,,! ,,popul> ,,religion ,,& ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,india ,,by ,w4 ,,crooke1 ,b4,a4 ,,b5gal ,,civil ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,new ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$ ,,we/m9/] ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co4 #b1 ,:itehall ,g>d5s1 ,s4,w4 #ahif ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,! ,evil ,eye & ! ,sc>+ ( ,gho/s #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip #hc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,totemism & ,feti%ism #adf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,animal-,wor%ip #bja ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,black ,art #bei ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,"s ,rural ,fe/ivals & ,c]emonies #bhg ,bibliography #cbg ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,india4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,evil ,,eye ,,& ,,! ,,sc>+ ,,( ,,gho/s4 ,nescio quis t5]os oculus mihi fasc9at agnos4 ,virgil1 ,eclogues1 iii4 #ajc4 ,asma 'b9t ',umais relates t %e said1 ,o ,prophet6 ! family ( ,ja' af> are affect$ by ! baneful influ5ce ( ! ,evil ,eye4 ,may ,i use spells = !m or n8 ,! ,prophet said1 ,yes2 = if !re 7 any?+ 9 ! _w :i* w\ld ov]come fate1 x w\ld be ! ,evil ,eye4--,miskt1 xxi4-i4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! belief 9 ! baneful influ5ce ( ! ,evil ,eye prevails widely4 #a ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 #b x 0 "o ( ! special sup]/itions ( ! p ( ,india1 & at ! pres5t day x =ms an important "p ( ! popul> belief4 ,b ! inve/igation ( its pr9ciples is f> f easy4 ,x is v closely connect$ ) a numb] ( k9dr$ ideas on ! subject ( diabolical influ5ce1 & few natives c>e to speak ab\t x except 9 a furtive way4 ,9 fact1 x is f> too s]i\s a matt] to be discuss$ lightly4 ,walk+ ab\t villages1 y w con/antly see special m>ks on h\ses1 & symbols & devices ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* are c]ta9ly int5d$ to c\nt]act x2 b h>dly any "o c>es directly to expla9 ! real motive1 & if y ask ! mean+ ( !m1 y w almo/ inv>iably be told t !y are purely decorative1 or t !y h be5 made ) "s object :i* obvi\sly conceals ! real basis ( ! practice4 ,"o1 & p]haps ! mo/ common !ory ( ! ,evil ,eye is t :5 a *ild is born1 an invisible _s is born ) x2 & unless ! "m keeps "o brea/ ti$ up = =ty days1 :ile %e fe$s ! *ild ) ! o!r 79 :i* case ! _s dies ( hung]71 ! *ild gr[s up ) ! end[m5t ( ! ,evil ,eye1 & :5ev] any p]son s end[$ looks at any?+ con/antly1 some?+ w happ5 to x4 #c ,s1 9 ,irel& we are told t ! gift comes by ,nature & is born ) "o1 ?\gh x may n be call$ into ex]cise unless circum/ances arise to excite ! p[]2 !n x comes to act l a _s ( bitt] & malici\s envy t radiates a poison\s atmosph]e1 :i* *ills & blights ev]y?+ )9 its rea*4 #d ,9 ,bombay ! bla/ ( ! ,evil ,eye is suppos$ to be a =m ( _s possession4 ,9 ,we/]n ,india all wit*es & wiz>ds are said to be1 z a rule1 evil-ey$4 ,( ! re/1 ^? p]sons only :o are born "u c]ta9 circum/ances are believ$ to be evil-ey$4 ,! circum/ances are z foll[s3--,among ! ,h9dus x is believ$ t :5 a woman is pregnant1 %e beg9s to conceive peculi> long+s f ! day ( conception1 or f ! fif? mon?4 ,!y consi/ 9 eat+ v>i\s fruits & sweetmeats1 9 walk+ "u deep %ades1 or 9 g>d5s :]e brooks gurgle1 or 9 putt+ on ri* clo!s or ornam5ts1 & 9 _m o!r l ?+s4 ,if 9 ! case ( any woman ^! desires are n gratifi$1 ! *ild :om %e gives bir? to becomes weak & voraci\s1 & is said to h an ,evil ,eye4 ,if su* a p]son sees a man or woman eat any?+ :i* he feels a long+ =1 ! eat] ei!r vomits :at he or %e has eat51 or falls sick4 ,by "s x is believ$ t if a p]son come f )\t at ! "t ( d9n]1 & ent]s ! h\se )\t wa%+ 8 feet1 ! man :o is eat+ becomes sick or vomits ! food he has eat51 or does n feel long+ = food = "s "t1 until ! bla/ ( ! ,evil ,eye is w>d$ (f4 ,mr4 ,campbell expla9s ?is on ! pr9ciple t z he comes f places :]e ?ree or f\r roads meet1 & :i* are _s haunts1 an evil _s accompanies him )\t ent]+ 8 body1 f ! place ( its resid5ce by :i* he has pass$4 ,if he wa%es 8 feet1 ! _s goes back2 b if he ent]s ! h\se ) _s-lad5 feet1 ! _s ent]s ! h\se ) him1 & affects any "o ( ! p]sons eat+4 #e ,! real fact seems to be t 9 mo/ cases ! ,evil ,eye is ! result ( covet\sness4 #f ,?us1 a man bl9d ( an eye1 no matt] h[ well-dispos$ he may be1 is almo/ c]ta9 to envy a p]son bless$ ) a peculi>ly good pair ( eyes4 ,b if ! bl9d man's att5tion be di/ract$ by some?+ conspicu\s 9 ! appe>ance ( ! o!r1 su* z lampblack on 8 eyelids1 a mole1 or a sc>1 ! feel+ ( dissatisfaction1 :i* is fatal to ! complete effect ( ! envi\s glance1 is c]ta9 to arise4 ,?is !ory t ! glance may be neutraliz$ or avoid$ by "s blot or imp]fection is ! basis ( _m ( ! popul> rem$ies or prophylactics inv5t$ ) ! object ( av]t+ its influ5ce4 ,h5ce comes ! device ( mak+ an int5tional blot 9 any?+ "o values1 s t ! glance ( ! ,evil ,eye may be depriv$ ( its complete satisfaction4 ,?us1 mo/ p put lampblack on ! eyes ( _! *ildr5 z a protection aga9/ fasc9ation1 because black is a col\r hateful to evil spirits2 x has ! additional advantage ( protect+ ! eye f ! fi]ce heat ( ! ,indian summ]4 ,wom5 :5 deliv]y approa*es (t5 m>k !mselves ) black to av]t ! demon :o causes protract$ lab\r4 ,x is also believ$ t a p]son ^: eyelids are encircl$ ) lampblack is incapable ( ca/+ ! ,evil ,eye himself2 & x is consid]$ nice 9 a woman to ornam5t h]self 9 ?is way1 s9ce because %e h]self1 except at "s crisis ( h] life1 su* z m>riage or p>turition1 is n liable to fasc9ation1 x %[s h] indisposition to covet ! beauty ( o!rs1 ) ! inf]5ce t %e has no cause to d s4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 :5 a p>5t has lo/ a *ild by any disease :i*1 z is usually ! case1 c be attribut$ to fasc9ation or o!r demoniacal influ5ce1 x is a common practice to call ! next baby by "s opprobri\s "n1 ) ! int5tion ( s depreciat+ x t x may be reg>d$ z wor?less1 & s protect$ f ! ,evil ,eye ( ! envi\s4 ,?us a male *ild is call$ ,kuriya or ,dunghill2 ,kadh]an or ,ghasta1 ,he t has be5 dragg$ along ! gr\nd2 ,dukhi or ,dukhita1 ,! afflict$ "o2 ,phat+ua1 ,gras%opp]2 ,jh+ura1 ,cricket2 ,bhkhra or ,bhkhu1 ,begg>2 ,gh>b1 ,poor1 & s on4 ,s1 a girl is call$ ,&hr1 ,bl9d2 ,tnkauriy or ,*hahkauriy1 ,%e t 0 sold = ?ree or six c[ry %ells2 ,dhuriy1 ,du/y2 ,ma*hiy1 ,fly1 & s on4 #g ,all ?is is connect$ ) :at ! ,scot* call =e-speak+1 :5 praise beyond measure1 praise accompani$ ) a sort ( amazem5t or envy1 is consid]$ likely to be foll[$ by disease or accid5t4 #h ,?us ,pr(essor ,rhys writes ( ! ,isle ( ,man3 #i ,y w nev] get a ,manxman to say t he is v well4 ,he usually admits t he is 'middl+2' & if by any *ance he risks a /rong] adjective1 he ha/5s to qualify x by say+ 'n[' or 'j n[1' ) an emphasis indicative ( 8 anxiety n to say too mu*4 ,8 habits ( spee* po9t back to ! "t :5 ! ,manx m9d 0 dom9at$ by ! fe> ( awak+ malignant influ5ces 9 ! _s _w ar\nd him4 ,s1 9 ,irel&1 to avoid be+ suspect$ ( hav+ ! ,evil ,eye1 x is necess>y :5 look+ at a *ild to say1 ,god bless x6 & :5 pass+ a f>my>d :]e ! c[s are collect$ = milk+ to say1 ,! bless+ ( ,god be on y & all y\r lab\r6 #aj ,! same cu/oms prevail 9 ,india4 ,?us1 if a native g5tleman br+s 8 *ild to visit a ,european1 he dislikes to he> x prais$1 unless ! praise be accompani$ ) "s pi\s ejaculation4 ,& x is saf] to speak 9 a complim5t>y way ( "s conspicu\s ornam5t or piece ( dress1 :i* is always put on z a protective4 ,9 connection ) ! "q ( nam+1 a ref]5ce may be made to "s taboos :i* are probably bas$ on simil> pr9ciples4 ,a "n is "p ( a p]son 9 ! belief ( savages1 & a man c be injur$ ?r\gh 8 "n z well z ?r\gh ! p>+s ( 8 nails or hair1 :i* are c>efully look$ aft]4 ,?us ) all ,h9dus two names are giv5 to *ildr51 "o secret & us$ only = c]emonial purposes1 & ! o!r = ord9>y use4 ,! wit* if %e le>ns ! real "n c "w h] evil *>ms ?r\gh x4 #aa ,h5ce arises ! use ( _m contractions & p]v]sions ( ! real "n & _m ( ! nicknames :i* are g5]ally giv5 to *ildr51 z well z ! ord9>y t]ms ( ende>m5t :i* are con/antly employ$4 ,we h ?is "n taboo com+ out 9 a cycle ( folk-tales1 su* z ,rumpel/ilz*51 ,tom ,titty ,tot1 & ,:uppity ,/oorie4 ,"h ! imp or gnome has a secret "n ( 8 own1 :i* he ?9ks x impossible = any "o to f9d out1 & he himself uses x only :5 he ?9ks he is sure to be alone4 ,?is seems to be ! mo/ rational explanation ( ! curi\s taboo accord+ to :i* a ,h9du woman w n "n h] husb&1 or if %e wants to ref] to him1 does s 9 "s indirect way z ! fa!r ( h] *ild & s on4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is "o notable exception4 ,?us1 writ+ ( ,bombay1 ,mr4 ,campbell says3 #ab ,at m>riages1 com+ ( age1 fir/ pregnancy & fe/ive days1 su* z ! ,ngpan*am & ,mangal ,gaur 9 ,augu/1 x is usual = ! woman to recite "s c\plet or v]se 9 :i* ! husb&'s "n occurs4 ,at m>riages ?is nam+ is1 9 practice1 little m ?an a game4 ,an old man or an old lady gets close to ! door & refuses to all[ ! "y wom5 to g until !y h told _! husb&s' "n4 ,at ! pregnancy c]emony ! same cu/om is obs]v$4 ,mr4 ,campbell takes ?is to be "p ( a c]emony ^: object is to drive to a di/ance any spirits ^: influ5ce might blight ! t5d] life ( ! unborn *ild4 ,?is seems natural :5 x is rememb]$ t ! names ( m5 are ei!r ! names ( gods1 ( preci\s /ones1 or ( spices1 all ( :i* h a p[] to sc>e spirits2 & z repeat+ ! ?\s& names ( ,mahdeva is a s]vice 9 :i* he greatly delights1 app>5tly because x keeps spirits at a di/ance1 s ?is repeat+ ( ! husb&'s & wife's "n seems to h ! same object4 ,! "n1 9 o!r words1 is kept secret on acc\nt ( its sanctity1 & ! cu/om w\ld be bas$ on ! same rules ( taboo :i* h be5 design$ among mo/ savages = ! protection ( k+s & o!r p]sons ( dignity f ! influ5ce ( evil spirits4 ,ano!r mode ( protect+ boys f demoniacal influ5ce is bas$ on ! same idea ( ! blot ( imp]fection4 ,boys ( ri* p>5ts are (t5 dress$ 9 mean or fil?y clo!s s t !y may be consid]$ unwor?y ( ! malici\s glance ( "s envi\s neighb\r or enemy4 ,/ill ano!r device1 t ( dress+ up ! boy dur+ infancy z a girl1 9 o!r words a pret5d$ *ange ( sex1 may p]haps lead u on ! track ( a possible explanation ( "s v curi\s & obscure practices 9 ,europe4 ,we "k t leg5ds ( actual *ange ( sex are n unkn[n 9 ,indian folk-lore4 ,?us1 we h ! v primitive leg5d ( ,id or ,il1 :o 0 ! daught] ( ! ,manu ,vaivaswata1 :o pray$ to ,mitra & ,v>una = a boy & 0 giv5 a girl4 ,b ! pray]s ( h] fa!r to ! deities result$ 9 h] be+ *ang$ into a man1 ,sudyumna4 ,siva *ang$ him back aga9 into a woman1 & %e1 z ,il1 became ! wife ( ,budha4 ,9 m mod]n times we h ! v simil> /ory ( ! daught] ( ! ,bhadauriya ,rja4 ,he _h a daught]1 :o 0 seiz$ by =ce = ! s]aglio ( ! ,emp]or at ,delhi1 b %e fl$ to ! temple ( ,dev at ,bates> & by ! aid ( ! goddess 0 *ang$ into a boy4 ,by ano!r v]sion ( ! tale he arrang$ ) ano!r ,rja t _! *ildr5 %\ld be contract$1 if "o *anc$ to be a boy & ! o!r a girl4 ,bo? _h daught]s1 b ! ,rja conceal$ ! circum/ance & all[$ ! m>riage to g on z if 8 *ild 0 a son4 ,:5 ! fraud 0 detect$ ! girl tri$ to commit suicide 9 ! ,jumn1 b came out a boy1 & ev]yone 0 satisfi$4 #ac ,"o explanation ( ! cu/om ( pret5d$ *ange ( sex z %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,amazons1 has be5 ?us expla9$ by ,mr4 ,ab]cromby3 #ad ,! great desire ( wom51 m especially dur+ a p]iod ( w>like b>b>ism1 is to be> male *ildr54 ,turn+ our att5tion to ! result ( flatt5+ a girl's brea/s & lett+ h] we> male attire1 x is obvi\s t a sex di/9ction has be5 oblit]at$1 & %e has become ext]nally assimilat$ to a male y\?4 ,moreov]1 ! object has evid5tly be5 int5tional4 ,x w\ld be no outrage to ! reason+ p[]s ( ! ,s>matians to suppose t !y believ$ a woman's *ances ( be>+ male *ildr5 7 va/ly enhanc$ by h] we>+ a man's dress1 & by be+ 9 "s degree con=m$ to ! male type by =cible compression ( ! brea/s dur+ maid5hood4 ,!y w\ld argue ?us3 a woman wants to be> male *ildr51 !re=e %e ought to be made z mu* l a man z possible4 ,a conviction ( ?is k9d is ga9$ by a process id5tical ) ! immature reason+ t und]lies :at is call$ sympa!tic magic4 ,?is may possibly be "o explanation ( ! practice among ,*amrs & o!r l[ ca/es 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 :5 at m>riages boys dress up z wom5 & p]=m a rude & occasionally obsc5e dance4 ,among ! ,modh ,brhmans ( ,guj>t1 at m>riages1 ! bridegroom's mat]nal uncle1 ^: special position is almo/ c]ta9ly a survival f times :5 desc5t ?r\gh ! "m 0 ! only recogniz$ =m1 dresses z a ,jh&a or ,pa?n ,faqr1 ^: gho/ is dang]\s1 9 woman's clo!s f head to wai/1 & 9 m5's clo!s bel[1 rubs 8 face ) oil1 daubs x ) r$ p[d]1 goes ) ! bride & bridegroom to a place :]e two roads meet 7:i*1 z we h se51 is a haunt ( spirits71 & /ays !re till ! pair (f] ! goddess food4 #ae ,n[1 !re are num]\s cu/oms :i* h be5 gr\p$ 9 ,europe "u ! "n ( ! ,false ,bride4 ,?us1 among ! ,e/honians ! false bride is enact$ by ! bride's bro!r dress$ 9 woman's clo!s2 9 ,polonia by a be>d$ man call$ ! ,wilde ,brant2 9 ,pol&1 by an old woman veil$ 9 :ite1 & lame2 aga91 among ! ,e/honians1 by an old woman ) a bir*-b>k cr[n2 9 ,brittany1 :]e ! sub/itutes are fir/ a little girl1 !n ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 & la/ly1 ! gr&mo!r4 #af ,! supposition may !n be haz>d$1 t 9 ! light ( ! ,indian examples ! object may be t "s "o assumes ! "p ( ! bride 9 ord] to div]t on himself f h] ! envi\s glance ( ! ,evil ,eye4 ,) ! same object x is v common 9 ,india to bore ! noses ( little boys & ?us to make !m resemble girls4 ,! usual names ( ,na?u or ,bulqi1 ! =m] :]e ! r+ 0 plac$ 9 ! side ( ! nose & ! latt] 9 ! septum1 are evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! !ory ( ! blot ( imp]fection aga9 appe>s 9 ! cu/om ( n wa%+ ! face ( a little boy till he is six ye>s old4 #ag ,simil>ly1 "y m51 if vigor\s & /\t1 consid] !mselves v liable to ! fasc9ation ( lean p1 & tie a rag r\nd ! left arm1 or a blue ?read r\nd _! necks1 (t5 twi/+ ! blue fea!rs ( ! roll] bird into ! ?read z an additional precaution4 ,nor d !y c>e to expose _! bodies to ! public gaze1 b we> a light %awl ( a gaudy col\r1 ev5 9 ! w>me/ season ( ! ye>4 ,%\ld su* a y\?1 if suffici5tly conceit$ ab\t 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 detect a suspici\s p]son look+ at him1 he w imm$iately pret5d to limp1 or contort 8 face & spasmodically grasp 8 ankle or 8 elb[ z if he 7 9 pa91 to di/ract & div]t ! att5tion he fe>s4 ,s1 all natives dread be+ />$ at1 p>ticul>ly by ,europeans2 & y w (t5 see a witness ca/ 8 eyes on ! gr\nd :5 ! magi/rate looks him full 9 ! face1 sometimes because he kn[s he is ly+ & fe>s ! consequ5ces1 b x is (t5 done ?r\gh fe> ( fasc9ation4 ,a ,european1 9 fact1 is to ! ru/ic a /range inscrutable p]sonage1 gift$ ) _m occult p[]s bo? = good & evil1 & !re are num]\s extraord9>y leg5ds curr5t ab\t him4 ,we %all return to ?is 9 deal+ ) ! wond]ful ,momi /ory4 ,"h x may be not$ t he has control ov] ! ,j9n4 ,!re 0 a place ne> ,d]a ,ghzi ,khn s possess$ by !m t pass]sby 7 attack$4 ,a ,european (fic] p\r$ a bottle ( br&y on ! spot & no ,j9n has be5 se5 !re ev] s9ce4 ,a v dang]\s gho/ :i* "s "t ago us$ to infe/ a road 9 ! ,rrki ,cantonm5t 0 r\t$ 9 ! same way by an artill]yman1 :o spat on him :5 he came across him "o d>k night4 ,! nails ( a ,european1 l ^? ( ! ,rk%asa1 di/il a deadly poison1 & h5ce he is afraid to eat ) 8 f+]s1 z all reasonable p d1 & pref]s to use a knife & =k4 ,a few o!r examples illu/rat+ ! same pr9ciple may be giv5 "h4 ,:5 a man is copy+ a manuscript1 he w sometimes make an int5tional blot4 ,a fav\rite trick is to fold ! pap] back be=e ! ink ( ! la/ l9e has "t to dry1 s z to blot & at ! same "t make x appe> ! result ( *ance4 ,we h notic$ ! same idea 9 ! case ( c>pet patt]ns4 ,a simil> irregul>ity is introduc$ 9 pr9t+ *9tzes & l h&icrafts1 & ?is goes a long way to expla9 ! occasional & almo/ unacc\ntable defects to be f\nd 9 "s native "w4 ,! lett] f a ,rja is spott$ ) gold leaf1 p>tly to div]t fasc9ation & p>tly to act z a sc>] ( demons4 ,9 fact ! two conceptions meet & ov]lap all ?r\gh ! !ory ( ^! protectives4 ,ano!r plan is to pa9t up "s hide\s figure on ! po/s or ar* ( ! door4 ,! figure ( a ,*urel or ! c>icature ( a ,european ) 8 gun is (t5 del9eat$ 9 ?is way4 ,o!rs pa9t a figure ( ,yam>ja or "s ( ! gods or sa9ts = ! same purpose1 & ! regul> gu>dian deities1 l ,hanumn1 ,bhairon1 or ,bhm ,s51 (t5 figure on ^! protective frescoes4 ,s 9 ,italy ,mania 0 a mo/ frightful _s4 ,h] frightful image us$ to be hung ov] ! doors to fright5 away evil4 ,?is is q id5tical ) ! old ,assyrian obs]vance record$ by ,l5ormant ( plac+ ! images ( evil or dread$ deities 9 places to sc>e away ! demons !mselves4 #ah ,confection]s1 :5 "o ( _! vessels ( milk is expos$ to view1 put a little *>coal 9 x1 z c>eful ,scot* mo!rs d 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y wa% _! babies4 #ai ,! idea is probably connect$ ) ! use ( fire z a *>m4 ,9 ,scotl& x us$ to be ! practice to ?r[ a live coal into ! be] vat to av]t ! influ5ce ( ! fairies1 & a c['s milk 0 secur$ aga9/ !m by a burn+ coal be+ pass$ across h] back & "u h] belly imm$iately aft] calv+4 #bj ,9 ,india1 if a c[ gives a l>ge quantity ( milk1 ! own] tries to hide x1 & if x *ances to get s\r1 he attributes ! loss to fasc9ation1 or ! ma*9ations ( "s enemy1 wit*1 or demon4 ,a "m :ile dress+ h] baby makes a black m>k on its *eek1 & be=e a man eats betel he p9*es (f ! corn] ( ! leaf z a safegu>d4 ,:5 food is tak5 to ! lab\r] 9 ! field1 a piece ( *>coal or copp] co9 is plac$ 9 ! basket z a pres]vative2 & :5 horses :ile fe$+ ?r[ a little gra9 on ! gr\nd1 x is n replac$1 because ! horse is believ$ to d ?is to avoid fasc9ation4 ,grooms1 ) ! same object1 ?r[ a dirty du/] ov] ! )]s ( a horse :ile x is fe$+1 & !y are ! m p>ticul> to d ?is :5 x is new moon or moonlight1 :5 spirits are abroad4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 a man pur*ases food 9 ! op5 m>ket1 he ?r[s a little into ! fire1 & :5 a man is hav+ a specially good d9n]1 he %\ld select an auspici\s mom5t & d ! same4 ,! same idea acc\nts = v>i\s cu/oms ( grace-giv+ at meals4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,brhmans at ,pna beg9 d9n] !y repeat ! "n ( ,gov9da2 ! ,%5avis say1 ,h>6 ,h>6 ,mahdeva1 & :5 half f9i%$ s+ v]ses2 ! ,mhrs nev] eat )\t say+ ,kri%n>pana6 or ,x is d$icat$ to ,kri%na2 #ba ! ,muhammadan1 :5 he beg9s to eat1 says1 ,bismillah6--,9 ! "n ( ,god6 & :5 he f9i%es he says1 ,al-hamdulillah6--,praise be to ,god6 ,or?odox ,h9dus pret5d t ?is (f]+ ( food at a meal is a sacrifice to ,annadeva1 ! god ( food2 b "h _m v>i$ beliefs1 su* z fe> ( fasc9ation1 e>? & fire wor%ip1 appe> to comb9e to e/abli% ^! & simil> practices4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! v>i\s articles :i* are believ$ to h ! p[] ( sc>+ spirits1 & c\nt]act+ demoniacal influ5ce ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,fir/ among ^! is iron4 ,:y iron has be5 reg>d$ z a sc>] ( demons has be5 mu* debat$4 ,natives ( ,india w tell y t x is ! mat]ial out ( :i* weapons are made1 & t an arm$ man %\ld fe> no?+4 ,o!rs say t its virtues dep5d on its black col\r1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is obnoxi\s to evil spirits4 ,mr4 ,campbell #bb ?9ks ! explanation may be t 9 all cases ( swoon+ & seizures iron is ( great value1 ei!r appli$ 9 ! =m ( ! caut]y or us$ z a lancet to let blood4 ,! real reason is probably a v int]e/+ survival ( folk-?\ght4 ,we "k t 9 _m places ! /one axe & arr[ head ( ! ,age ( ,/one are inve/$ ) magic qualities1 & ,mr4 ,macrit*ie has gone s f> z to assume t ! v>i\s s-call$ fairy h\ses & fairy hills :i* ab\nd 9 ,europe are really ! abodes ( a primitive pigmy race1 :i* survive to our days z ! fairies4 ,! belief 9 ! fairies w\ld ?us g back to a "t ant]ior to ! use ( metals1 & ^! sup]natural be+s w\ld naturally feel an abhorr5ce = iron1 a new discov]y & "o ( ! greate/ ev] made by man4 ,!re is good evid5ce 9 cu/om t ! ,age ( ,/one exi/$ 9 _m places up to comp>atively mod]n times4 ,! ,hebrews us$ a /one knife = circumcision1 _! alt>s 7 =bidd5 to be hewn1 & ev5 ,solomon ord]$ t nei!r hamm] nor axe nor any tool ( iron %\ld be he>d :ile 8 ,temple 0 build+4 ,! same idea appe>s 9 _m cases 9 ,india4 ,! ,magahiya ,doms1 :o are c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ primitive races 9 ! c\ntry1 place iron "u a /r+5t taboo1 & any ,magahiya :o breaks into a h\se ) an iron implem5t is n only put out ( ca/e1 b x is believ$ t "s day or o!r he w lose 8 eyesight4 ,! ,ag>iyas1 ! primitive iron smelt]s ( ! ,c5tral ,indian ,hills1 h deifi$ iron "u ! =m ( ,lohsura1 z ! ,kas]as or brass-f\nd]s wor%ip brass z ,kanssura4 ,?is idea appe>s 9 _m v>i\s =ms4 ,we h already notic$ ! use ( iron z a *>m aga9/ hail4 ,9 ! same way a sword or knife is plac$ 9 ! b$ ( ! "y "m4 ,%e is1 at ?is crisis ( h] life1 p>ticul>ly expos$ to ! influ5ce ( evil spirits1 z ! ,scot* fairies are v fond ( milk1 & try to gratify _! desires on unsa9$ or un*ur*$ wom54 #bc ,!re is a case 9 ! ,indian ,law ,reports1 :]e ! knife ?us plac$ ne> ! woman 0 us$ to murd] h]4 #bd ,pl9y advises t a piece ( iron %\ld be plac$ 9 ! ne/ ( a sitt+ h5 to save h] eggs f ! influ5ce ( ?und]4 ,?is is n[ done 9 ,sicily1 ) ! object ( absorb+ e noise :i* might be injuri\s to ! *ick5s4 #be ,s1 ! ,indians ( ,canada put out swords 9 a /orm to fright5 (f ! demon ( ?und]4 #bf ,! common belief is t ! evil _s is su* a fool t he runs aga9/ ! %>p edge ( ! weapon & all[s himself to be w\nd$4 ,! magic sword con/antly appe>s 9 folk-lore4 ,we h ,excalibur & ,balmung2 9 ! tales ( ,somadeva x conf]s ! p[] ( mak+ ! we>] fly ?r\gh ! air & r5d]s him inv9cible2 ! snake demon obta9s f ! w>s ( ! ,gods & ! ,asuras ! magic sword ,vaiduryakanti4 ,:atev] man obta9s t sword w become a *ief ( ! ,siddhas & roam ab\t unconqu]$2 & t sword c only be obta9$ by ! aid ( h]oes4 #bg ,:ile a h\se is be+ built1 an iron pot1 or a pot pa9t$ black1 :i* is good en\gh to sc>e ! demon1 is always kept on ! works1 & :5 x is f9i%$ ! "y daught] ( ! own] ties to ! l9tel a *>m1 :i* is also us$ on o!r occasions1 ! pr9cipal virtue ( :i* consi/s 9 a small iron r+4 ,"h is comb9$ ! virtue ( ! iron & ! r+1 :i* is a sacr$ circle4 ,9 ,india iron r+s are con/antly worn z an amulet aga9/ disease1 z 9 ,irel& an iron r+ on ! f\r? f+] cures rheumatism4 ,! m\rn]1 dur+ ! p]iod ( c]emonial impurity1 c>ries a knife or a piece ( iron to drive (f ! gho/ ( ! dead man1 & ! bridegroom 9 ! m>riage procession we>s a sword z a protection2 if he _c procure a lic5ce f a magi/rate to c>ry a real sword1 he gets "o made ( la?1 :i* is good en\gh to fright5 ! evil _s4 ,9 ?is case he fa/5s an iron spike to ! po9t4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! blacksmi?'s anvil is us$ z a hail *>m1 & any "o :o d>es to sit on x is likely to be puni%$ = ! contempt by an attack ( boils4 ,! ,romans us$ to drive l>ge nails into ! side po/s ( ! door ) ! same object4 ,we h already notic$ ! value ( iron nails = ! purpose ( lay+ ! gho/ ( ! ,*urel1 & su* nails are 9 ,india v commonly driv5 into ! door-po/ or into ! legs ( ! b$1 ) ! object ( resi/+ evil spirits4 ,! horse-%oe is "o special =m ( ! *>m4 ,! wild ,iri%1 we are told1 us$ to hang r\nd ! necks ( *ildr5 ! beg9n+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 a crook$ nail out ( a horse-%oe1 or a piece ( wolf-sk94 #bh ,:y ! horse-%oe %\ld be us$ 9 ?is way has be5 mu* debat$4 ,mr4 ,f>r] ?9ks x may be connect$ ) ! respect paid to ! horse 9 folk-lore4 #bi ,! ,iri% say t ! reason is t ! horse & ass 7 9 ! /all :5 ,*ri/ 0 born1 & h5ce are bless$ = ev]more4 #cj ,! idea t its %ape connects x ) ! ,yon & phallicism h>dly des]ves m5tion4 ,"o ?+ is cle>1 t ! elem5t ( luck l>gely ent]s into ! matt]2 ! %oe mu/ h be5 f\nd by *ance on ! road4 ,mr4 ,lel& says1 ,to f9d & pick up any?+1 at once conv]ts x into a feti%1 or insures t all w g well ) x1 if we say :5 tak+ x up1 ',i d n pick x up1'--nam+ ! object--',i pick up good luck1 :i* may nev] ab&on me6' #ca ,?is1 comb9$ ) ! g5]al protective p[] ( iron1 is probably a suffici5t explanation ( ! practice4 ,! cu/om is common 9 ,india4 ,! great gate ( ! mosque at ,fatehpur ,skri is cov]$ ) !m1 & ! practice is g5]al at _m %r9es4 ,!re is also a cycle ( leg5ds :i* connect iron ) ! philosoph]'s /one & transmutation into gold4 ,! great ,*&ra ,v>ma1 :o 0 born ( ! embraces ( ,*&rama1 ! ,moon god1 possess$ ! p[] ( conv]t+ iron into gold4 ,laliya1 a blacksmi? ( ,ahmadbd1 made an axe = a ,bhl1 :o return$ & compla9$ t x w\ld n cut4 ,laliya1 on look+ at x1 f\nd t ! blade _h be5 turn$ into gold4 ,on que/ion+ ! ,bhl1 he asc]ta9$ t he _h tri$ to %>p5 x on :at turn$ out to be ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,laliya1 by possession ( ! /one1 acquir$ great weal?1 & 0 f9ally attack$ by ! k+'s troops4 ,at la/ he 0 oblig$ to ?r[ ! /one into ! ,bhad> riv]1 :]e x /ill lies1 b once "s iron *a9s 7 let d[n into ! wat]1 & :5 !y t\*$ x ! l9ks 7 conv]t$ into gold4 #cb ,gold & ,silv] ,protectives4 ,gold1 & 9 a less degree silv]1 h a simil> protective influ5ce4 ,! idea is app>5tly bas$ on _! sc>city & value1 & on _! col\r--yell[ & :ite be+ obnoxi\s to evil spirits4 ,h5ce a little bit ( gold is put into ! m\? ( ! dy+ ,h9du1 & bo? gold & silv]1 comb9$ ) tig]s' claws & simil> protectives1 are l>gely us$ z amulets4 ,^! metals are p>ticul>ly effective 9 ! =m ( ornam5ts1 _m ( :i* are images ( ! gods1 or h "s my/ic significance1 or are made 9 imitation ( "s sacr$ leaf1 fl[]1 or animal4 ,?is is "o ma9 cause ( ! recklessness ) :i* ri* natives load _! *ildr5 ) masses ( co/ly jewell]y1 ?\gh !y are well aw>e t ! practice (t5 leads to robb]y & murd]4 ,copp] & ,brass ,protectives4 ,next come copp] & brass4 ,! use ( copp] 9 ! =m ( r+s & amulet cases is v common4 ,_m ( ! vessels us$ 9 ! daily s]vice ( ! gods1 su* z ! ,argha1 ) :i* ! daily oblations are made1 are made ( ?is metal4 ,s ) brass & v>i\s k9ds ( alloy us$ = bells1 dr9k+ & cook+ ut5sils4 ,! common brass ,lota is always c>ri$ ab\t by a man dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+ z a pres]vative aga9/ ! evil spirits :i* surr\nd him until ! gho/ ( ! dead man is f9ally laid4 ,copp] r+s are specially worn z an antidote to pimples & boils1 :ile ^? ( iron are suppos$ to weak5 ! influ5ce ( ! planet ,sani or ,saturn1 :i* is prov]bially unlucky & malignant4 ,8 ,evil ,eye1 9 p>ticul>1 br+s mis=tune at int]vals ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s2 all (f]+s to him are black1 & consequ5tly ill-om5$1 su* z sesamum1 *>coal1 buffaloes1 & black salt2 & only ! ,dakaut1 ! l[e/ class ( ,brhman prie/1 w accept su* (f]+s4 #cc ,coral & ,m>9e ,products ,protectives4 ,next 9 value to ^! metals come coral & o!r m>9e products1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! ,h9dus probably d]ive _! virtue f be+ /range to an inl&-dwell+ p1 & z connect$ ) ! great ocean1 ! f9al home ( ! sa9t$ dead4 ,coral is p>ticul>ly valu$ 9 ! =m ( a necklace by ^? :o _c af=d ! co/li] metals1 & its a%es are con/antly us$ 9 v>i\s ru/ic rem$ies & /imulants4 ,9 ,guj>t a coral r+ is us$ to keep (f ! evil influ5ce ( ! sun1 #cd & 9 ,b5gal m\rn]s t\* x z a =m ( purification4 ,accord+ to ! old belief 9 ,engl&1 coral gu>d$ (f lightn+1 :irlw9d1 tempe/s & /orms f %ips & h\ses1 & 0 hung r\nd ! necks ( *ildr5 to assi/ tee?+ & keep (f ! fall+ sickness4 #ce ,s ) %ells1 p>ticul>ly ! ,sankha or con* %ell1 :i* is us$ = oblations & is reg>d$ z sacr$ to ,vi%nu4 ,x is bl[n at 8 temples :5 ! deity receives 8 daily meal1 9 ord] to wake him & sc>e (f vagrant spirits1 :o w\ld o!rwise consume or defile ! (f]+4 ,?is %ell1 9 popul> belief1 is ! bone ( ! demon ,pan*ajana1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 #cf liv$ 9 ! =m ( a con* %ell "u ! ocean4 ,kri%na plung$ into ! wat]1 kill$ him1 took ! %ell1 :i* con/itut$ 8 bones1 & aft]w>ds us$ x = a horn4 ,:5 s\nd$ x fills ! demon ho/s ) dismay1 animates ! gods1 & annihilates unrighte\sness4 ,all ^! %ells appe> to d]ive "p ( _! virtue f ! fact t !y are p]=at$4 ,! c[ry %ell1 :i* is worn r\nd ! neck by *ildr5 z an antidote to ! ,evil ,eye & diabolical influ5ce1 is suppos$ to h su* sympa?y ) ! we>] t x cracks :5 ! evil glance falls ^u x1 z 9 ,engl& coral 0 ?\ght to *ange col\r & gr[ pale :5 its own] 0 sick4 ,! c[ry %ell is1 ) ! same object1 ti$ r\nd ! neck or pa/]ns ( a valu$ horse1 or on a c[ or buffalo4 ,! %ell armlet worn by ,b5gal wom5 has ! same protective influ5ce4 #cg ,preci\s ,/ones ,protectives4 ,preci\s /ones possess simil> value4 ,sir ,?omas ,br[n w\ld n d5y t bezo> 0 antidotal1 b he c\ld n br+ himself to believe t sapphire is pres]vative aga9/ en*antm5ts4 ,9 "o special comb9ation ( n9e v>ieties1 kn[n z ! ,nauratana1 !y are specially efficaci\s--! ruby sacr$ to ! sun1 ! pe>l to ! moon1 coral to ,m>s1 em]ald to ,m]cury1 topaz to ,jupit]1 diamond to ,v5us1 sapphire to ,saturn1 ame?y/ to ,rhu1 & ! cat's-eye to ,ketu4 ,9 ! my?ology ! gods int]rupt$ ,prvat :5 %e 0 ) ,mahdeva1 & n9e jewels dropp$ f h] anklet4 ,:5 he look$ at !m he saw 8 image reflect$ 9 ea* ( !m1 & !y appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ! n9e ,kanys or heav5ly maid5s4 ,! ,naulakha or n9e lkh necklace con/antly appe>s 9 ,indian folk-lore4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! ,pr9cess ,aub]g9e we read t inside ! fi% !re is a bumble-bee1 inside ! bee a t9y box1 & inside ! box is ! wond]ful n9e lkh necklace4 ,put x on & ,i %all die4 ,& 9 "o ( ,somadeva's /ories1 at ! m>riage1 ,jaya gives ! bride a necklace ( su* a k9d t1 z long z x is ^u a p]son's neck1 hung]1 ?ir/1 & dea? _c h>m him4 #ch ,x is ( jewels t ! lamps :i* light fairy-l& are made4 ,_m ( ! preci\s /ones h tales & qualities ( _! own4 ,once ^u a "t a holy man came & settl$ at ,panna :o _h a diamond z l>ge z a c>t-:eel4 ,! ,rja1 he>+ ( ?is1 tri$ to take x by =ce1 b ! sa9t hid x 9 ! gr\nd out ( 8 way4 ,he told ! ,rja t ! diamond :eel c\ld n leave 8 dom9ions1 & t no "o c\ld ev] f9d x4 ,! ,muhammadans say t all ! diamonds f\nd s9ce1 9 ^! fam\s m9es1 7 fragm5ts ( ! :eel4 #ci ,! we>+ ( a r+ ( sapphire1 sacr$ to ,sani or ,saturn1 is suppos$ to turn out lucky or unlucky1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,= ?is reason1 ! we>] tries x = ?ree days1 t is1 he we>s x on ,saturday1 :i* is sacr$ to ,saturn1 & keeps x on till ,tuesday4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 if no mi%ap befalls him1 he cont9ues to we> x dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! planet's influ5ce is unfav\rable2 b %\ld any mi%ap befall him dur+ ! ?ree days1 he gives ! r+ to a ,brhman4 #dj ,! ame?y/ obta9s its "n because any "o :o we>s x _c be affect$ by w9e4 ,! turquoise or ,froza is a my/ic /one 9 ,india4 ,if y ba! we>+ a turquoise1 ! wat] t\*$ by x protects ! we>] f boils1 & snakes w n approa* him4 #da ,%ylock got a turquoise f ,leah :i* he w\ld n h giv5 = a wild]ness ( monkeys1 because x *ang$ col\r ) ! heal? ( ! own]1 & ! ,turkeys1 says an old writ]1 do? move :5 !re is any p]il prep>$ to him t we>e? x4 #db ,s ! onyx1 kn[n z ! ,sulaimni1 or /one ( ,solomon1 has my/ic virtues1 z1 accord+ to ,burton1 c>buncles & coral1 b]yl1 pe>ls & rubies 7 believ$ to drive away devils1 to ov]come sorr[1 & to /op dreams4 #dc ,beads ,protectives4 ,) poor] p beads take ! place ( gems1 & 9 p>ticul> ! curi\s enamell$ bead1 :i* probably came f ,*9a & is /ill f\nd 9 old des]t$ sites1 mo/ly ( ,buddhi/ic orig91 enjoys special repute4 ,we h already met ) ! p>turition bead1 & 9 ,kolhapur !re is a mu*-valu$ ,arabic /one :i*1 :5 any woman is 9 lab\r1 is wa%$ & ! wat] giv5 to h] to dr9k4 ,9 ,scotl& ! amb] bead cures inflam$ eyes & spra9s1 z 9 ,italy look+ ?r\gh amb] beads /r5g!ns ! sight4 #dd ,"h ! p]=ation conf]s a my/ical quality4 ,z an antidote to ! ,evil ,eye blue beads are specially valu$1 & are hung r\nd ! necks & pa/]ns ( horses & o!r valuable animals4 ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( beads is at ! basis ( ! use ( ros>ies1 :i*1 z us$ 9 ,europe1 are almo/ c]ta9ly ( ,ea/]n orig91 import$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 imitation ( ^? worn by ,buddhi/ic or ,h9du ascetics1 :o ascribe to !m manifold virtue4 ,su* are ^? ( ! ,tulas or sacr$ basil1 worn by ,vai%navas1 & ^? ( ! ,rudrk%a1 worn by ,saivas4 ,blood a ,protective4 ,blood is naturally closely connect$ ) life4 ,! fle% ) ! life !re(1 :i* is ! blood !re(1 %all ye n eat4 ,h5ce blood comes to be a sc>] ( demons4 ,9 ,scott's ,lay ! wiz>d's book w\ld n op5 till he sme>$ ! cov] ) ! ,bord]]'s curdl$ gore4 ,9 ,cornwall1 ! burn+ ( blood f ! body ( a dead animal is a v common me?od ( appeas+ ! spirits ( disease1 #de & ! blood sacrifices s preval5t all ov] ! _w are p]=m$ ) ! same object4 ,a curi\s ,evil ,eye *>m is record$ f ,allahbd4 ,a woman ( ! ,*amr or c>ri] ca/e gave bir? to a dead *ild4 ,?9k+ t ?is 0 due to fasc9ation1 %e put a piece ( ! clo? us$ at h] conf9em5t d[n a well1 hav+ previ\sly enclos$ 9 x two leaves ( betel1 "s cloves1 & a piece ( ! ca/or-oil plant4 #df ,"h we h1 fir/1 a case ( well-wor%ip2 secondly1 ! use ( betel1 cloves1 & ! ca/or-oil plant1 all sc>]s ( evil spirits2 & ?irdly1 an in/ance ( ! use ( blood = ! same purpose4 ,we h else:]e notic$ ! special "* atta*$ to m5/rual or p>turition blood4 ,b blood itself is mo/ effectual aga9/ demoniacal influ5ce4 ,!re are _m cases :]e blood is rubb$ on ! body z an antidote to disease4 ,9 ,bombay "s ,m>htas give w>m$ goat's blood 9 cases ( piles1 & 9 typhus1 or r$ discoloration ( ! sk9 ) blot*es1 ! pati5t is cur$ by kill+ a cock & rubb+ ! sick man ) ! blood4 ,o!rs use ! blood ( ! great liz>d 9 cases ( snake-bite4 #dg ,a ba? ( ! blood ( *ildr5 0 once ord]$ = ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 & because he1 mov$ by ! te>s ( ! p>5ts1 refus$ to take x1 8 extraord9>y humanity 0 rew>d$ by a miracul\s cure4 ,simil>ly1 among ! ,drvidians1 ! ,kos dr9k ! blood ( ! sacrificial bull2 ! ,mal]s cure demoniacs by giv+ ! blood ( a sacrific$ buffalo2 ! ,pah>iyas1 9 "t ( epidemics1 set up a pair ( po/s & a cross beam1 & hang on x a vessel ( blood4 #dh ,s1 ! ,jews spr9kl$ ! door-po/s & ! horns ( ! alt> ) blood1 & ! same cu/oms prevail among _m o!r peoples4 ,we %all meet ) in/ances ( ! same rite :5 deal+ ) ! blood cov5ant & human sacrifice4 ,on ! same analogy _m ,indian tribes m>k ! =ehead ( ! bride ) blood or v]milion1 & r$ pa9t is sme>$ on ! image ( ! village godl+ 9 lieu ( a regul> sacrifice4 ,inc5se4 ,simil>ly1 inc5se is l>gely us$ 9 religi\s rites1 p>tly to please ) ! sweet sav\r ! deity :i* is be+ wor%ipp$1 & p>tly to drive away demons :o w\ld /eal or defile ! (f]+s4 ,bad smells repel evil spirits1 & ?is is probably :y assafoetida is giv5 to a woman aft] h] deliv]y4 ,9 ,irel&1 if a *ild be sick1 !y take a piece ( ! clo? worn by ! p]son suppos$ to h ov]look$ ! infant & burn x ne> him4 ,if he sneezes1 he expels ! _s & ! spell is brok51 or ! clo? is burn$ to a%es & giv5 to ! pati5t1 :ile 8 =ehead is rubb$ ) spittle4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india1 if a *ild be sick1 a little bran1 p\nd$ *illies1 mu/>d1 & sometimes ! eyela%es ( ! *ild are pass$ r\nd its head & burn$4 ,if ! burn+ mixture does n smell v badly1 :i* x is ne$less to say is h>dly ev] ! case1 x is a sign t ! *ild is /ill "u ! evil influ5ce2 if ! od\r be abom9able1 t ! attack has be5 obviat$4 #di ,simil>ly1 9 ,b5gal1 r$ mu/>d se$s & salt are mix$ toge!r1 wav$ r\nd ! head ( ! pati5t1 & !n ?r[n into ! fire4 #ej ,?is rem9ds u ( ! flight ( ! ,evil ,"o into ! remote p>ts ( ,egypt f ! smell ( ! fi% liv] burnt by ,tobit1 & an old writ] says3 ,wyse cl]kes kn[e? well t dragons hate no?yng m ?an ! /5*e ( bre5ynge bones1 & !re=e !y gad]yd z _m z !y might fynde1 & br5t !m2 & s ) ! /5*e !re( !y drove away ! dragons1 & s !y 7 br\ght out ( greete dysease4 #ea ,spittle4 ,we h j met ) an in/ance ( ! use ( spittle = ! sc>+ ( ! disease demon or ! ,evil ,eye4 ,?is is a v common =m ( *>m = ?is purpose4 ,9 "o ( ! ,italian *>ms ! p]=m] is direct$ to spit beh9d himself ?rice & n to look back4 ,9 ano!r1 if y\r eyes pa9 y1 y mu/ take ! saliva ( a woman :o has giv5 bir? only to boys1 n girls4 ,& %e mu/ h ab/a9$ f sexual union & /imulat+ food = ?ree days4 ,!n1 if h] saliva be bright & cle>1 ano9t y\r eyes ) x & !y w be cur$4 #eb ,at ,innisb(f91 9 ,irel&1 :5 ! old wom5 meet a baby out ) its nurse !y spit on ! gr\nd all r\nd x to keep fairies f x4 ,9 ,wickl[ !y spit on a *ild = good luck ! fir/ day x is br\ght out aft] bir?4 #ec ,9 sev]al ( ! ,european folk-tales we f9d t spittle has ! p[] ( spee*4 ,! habit ( spitt+ on ! h&sell or fir/ money tak5 9 ! morn+ is common4 ,x is done ei!r to r5d] x t5aci\s t x may rema9 ) !m & n vani% away l a fairy gift1 or else to r5d] x propiti\s & lucky1 t x may draw m money to x4 #ed ,muhammad advis$ t :5 ! demon ,khanzab int]rupt$ any "o at 8 pray]s1 he 0 to spit ov] 8 left %\ld] ?ree times4 ,9 ,india1 spittle is reg>d$ z impure4 ,h5ce a native cleans 8 tee? daily ) a fre% twig ( ! ,nm tree1 & reg>ds ! ,european's use ( ! same too?-bru% day aft] day z "o ( ! num]\s extraord9>y impurities :i* we p]mit4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! practice ( spitt+ :5 any "o :o is fe>$ or dete/$ passes by4 ,:5 wom5 see a fall+ /> !y spit ?ree times to sc>e ! demon4 ,9 ,bombay1 spittle1 especially fa/+ spittle1 is us$ to rub on w\nds z a rem$y4 ,x cures inflammation ( ! eyes1 an idea :i* 0 famili> to ! ,jews4 ,x gu>ds *ildr5 aga9/ ! ,evil ,eye4 ,9 ! ,konkan1 :5 a p]son is affect$ by ! ,evil ,eye1 salt & mu/>d are wav$ r\nd 8 head1 ?r[n into ! fire1 & he is told to spit4 ,9 ,guj>t1 :5 an or?odox ,%iah ,musalmn travels ) a ,sunni1 he spits1 & among ! ,roman ,ca?olics ( ,kan>a1 at baptism ! prie/ wets 8 ?umb ) spittle & ) x t\*es ! *ild's e>s & no/rils4 #ee ,salt4 ,we h se5 above t salt is also us$ 9 ! same way4 ,salt1 app>5tly f its p[] ( *eck+ decay1 is reg>d$ z possess+ my/ical p[]s4 ,all ov] ,europe ! spill+ ( salt 9 ! direction ( a p]son 0 consid]$ om9\s4 ,x 0 held to indicate t some?+ _h already happ5$ to "o ( ! family1 or 0 ab\t to befall ! p]son spill+ x1 & also to d5ote ! rupture ( fri5d%ip4 #ef ,! cu/om ( putt+ a plate ( salt on a corpse ) ! object ( driv+ (f evil spirits is common 9 ,great ,brita94 ,we h already se5 t salt is giv5 to *ildr5 aft] !y h eat5 sweets4 ,_m classes ( ,h9du ascetics bury _! dead 9 salt4 ,x is wav$ r\nd ! head ( ! bride & bridegroom1 & buri$ ne> ! h\se door z a *>m4 ,9 classical antiquity x 0 mix$ ) wat] & spr9kl$ on ! wor%ipp]s4 ,salutation4 ,ano!r way ( dispell+ evil spirits is by ! v>i\s =ms ( salutation1 :i* g5]ally consi/ 9 ! invocation ( "s deity4 ,! ,h9du says1 ,rm6 ,rm6 :5 he meets a fri5d1 or ,jay ,gopl6 ,glory to ,kri%na6 or :oev] 8 p]sonal god may be1 & ! same idea acc\nts = _m ( ! cu/oms connect$ ) ! reception ( gue/s1 :o1 com+ f abroad1 may br+ evil spirits ) !m4 ,! ,sep>able ,s\l3 ,wav+4 ,ano!r s]ies ( prophylactics dep5ds on ! idea ( ! sep>able s\l or t spirits are always flutt]+ 9 ! air r\nd a p]son's head4 ,h5ce a long s]ies ( cu/oms kn[n z ,p>a*han1 p]=m$ at ,h9du m>riages 9 ,upp] ,india1 :5 lights1 a brass tray1 gra91 & h\sehold implem5ts l ! rice p\nd] or gr9d/one are wav$ r\nd ! head ( ! m>ri$ pair z a protective4 ,9 ,somadeva's tale ( ,bhun&ana we f9d t he p]=ms ! c]emony ( av]t+ evil spirits f all qu>t]s by wav+ ! h& ov] ! head4 #eg ,?is is p]haps "o explanation ( ! use ( flags at temples & village %r9es1 ?\gh 9 "s cases !y appe> to be us$ z a p]*1 on :i* ! deity sits :5 he makes 8 p]iodical visits4 ,h5ce1 too1 fea!rs h a my/ic significance1 ?\gh 9 "s cases1 z 9 ^? ( ! peacock & jay1 ! col\r is ! important "p4 ,h5ce ! wav+ ( ! fan & ,*aur ov] ! head ( ! great man & ! use ( ! umbrella z a symbol ( royalty4 ,a woman c>ry+ h] *ild on h] return f a /range village1 le/ %e %\ld br+ ! influ5ce ( "s =eign evil _s back ) h]1 w1 be=e ent]+ h] own home/ead1 pass sev5 little /ones sev5 times r\nd ! head ( ! baby1 & ?r[ !m 9 diff]5t directions1 s z to pass away any evil t may h be5 contract$4 ,:5 a sorc]] is call$ 9 to att5d a case attribut$ to demoniacal possession1 he :isks ! pati5t ) a bran* ( ! ,nm1 ,madr1 or ,camel ?orn1 all ( :i* are m or less sacr$ trees & h acquir$ a reputation z pres]vatives4 ,:5 ?is is complet$1 ! asp]sion ( ! afflict$ "o1 be he man or bea/1 ) "s wat] f ! blacksmi?'s %op1 9 :i* iron has be5 repeat$ly plung$ & has be/[$ additional efficacy ^u x1 usually foll[s4 ,blacksmi?1 ,respect =4 ,! respect paid to ! trade ( ! blacksmi? is a curi\s survival f ! "t ( ! e>ly h&icrafts & ! sub/itution ( weapons ( iron = ^? ( /one4 #eh ,9 ,scotl& ! same belief 9 ! virtues ( ! wat] ( ! =ge prevails1 & 9 ,irel& no "o w take any?+ by /eal? f su* a place4 #ei ,9 ,/4 ,patrick's ,hymn we h a pray] aga9/ ! spells ( wom51 ( smi?s1 & ( druids4 ,culann1 ! my/ic smi?1 appe>s 9 ,celtic folk-lore4 ,9 all ! my?ologies ! idea is widespread t ! art ( smi?+ 0 fir/ discov]$ & practis$ by sup]natural p]sonages4 ,we see ?is ?r\gh ! :ole range ( folk-lore1 f ! ,cyclopes to ,wayl& ,smi?1 :o f9ally came to be connect$ ) ! ,devil ( ,*ri/ianity4 #fj ,wat]4 ,we h already ref]r$ to wat] z a protective aga9/ ! influ5ce ( evil spirits4 ,we see ?is pr9ciple 9 ! rite ( c]emonial ba?+ z a propitiation = s94 ,x also appe>s 9 ! use ( wat] :i* has be5 bl[n ^u by a holy man z a rem$y = _s possession4 ,among _m m5ial tribes 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ) ! same object ! bride is wa%$ 9 ! wat] 9 :i* ! bridegroom has already tak5 8 w$d+ ba?4 ,aga91 on a lucky day fix$ by ! ,p&it ! rite ( ,nahwan or c]emonial ba?+ is p]=m$ = ! protection ( ! "y "m & h] *ild two or ?ree days aft] h] conf9em5t4 ,bo? ( !m are ba!d 9 a decoction ( ! leaves ( ! ,nm tree4 ,!n a h&ful ( ! se$s ( mu/>d & dill are wav$ r\nd ! "m's head & ?r[n into a vessel conta9+ fire4 ,:5 ! se$s are consum$ ! cup is upset1 & ! "m breaks x ) h] own foot4 ,next %e sits ) gra9 9 h] h&1 :ile ! h\sehold brass tray is beat5 to sc>e demons & ! midwife ?r[s ! *ild into ! air4 ,all ?is takes place 9 ! op5 air 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! h\se4 ,"h we h a s]ies ( antidotes to demoniacal possession1 ! purport ( :i* w be easily und]/ood on pr9ciples :i* h be5 already expla9$4 ,gra94 ,) ?is use ( gra9 we meet ) ano!r valuable antidote4 ,we h x 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! rule t ! ,engli%1 :5 ! bride comes f *ur*1 are wont to ca/ :eat ^u h] head4 #fa ,x survives 9 our cu/om ( ?r[+ rice ov] ! w$d$ pair :5 !y />t on ! honeymoon4 ,on ! analogy ( o!r races "o object ( ! rite w\ld seem to be to keep 9 ! s\l :i* is likely to dep>t at su* a crisis 9 life z m>riage4 ,?us1 9 ,celebes !y ?9k t a bridegroom's s\l is apt to fly away at m>riage1 s col\r$ rice is scatt]$ ov] him to induce x to /ay4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 at fe/ivals 9 ,s\? ,celebes rice is /rew$ on ! head ( ! p]son 9 ^: hon\r ! fe/ival is held1 ) ! object ( reta9+ 8 s\l1 :i* at su* times is 9 especial dang] ( be+ lur$ away by envi\s demons4 #fb ,?is rite appe>s widely 9 ,indian m>riage cu/oms4 ,among ! ,mhrs ( ,khnde%1 on ! bridegroom approa*+ ! bride's h\se1 a piece ( bread is wav$ r\nd 8 head & ?r[n away4 #fc ,9 a ,kunbi's w$d+ a ball ( rice is wav$ r\nd ! boy's head & ?r[n away1 & at ! lucky mom5t gra9s ( rice are ?r[n ov] ! c\ple4 ,among ! ,telang ,nhvis ( ,bijaypur ! *ief m>riage rite is t ! prie/ ?r[s rice ov] ! boy & girl4 ,! gra9 acquires special efficacy if x be ei!r p>*$1 & ?us purifi$ by fire1 or if x be /a9$ 9 "s lucky or demon-sc>+ col\r4 #fd ,?us1 9 ,upp] ,india gra9 p>*$ ) a special rite is ?r[n ov] ! pair z !y revolve r\nd ! m>riage %$1 & ?is function is1 if possible1 p]=m$ by ! bro!r ( ! bride4 ,rice /a9$ yell[ ) turm]ic is v (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,ano!r device is to make a pile ( rice1 ) a knot ( turm]ic & a copp] co9 conceal$ 9 x4 ,?is at a p>ticul> /age ( ! s]vice ! bride knocks d[n ) h] foot4 ,! ,lodhis ( ! ,dakkh91 9 ! same way1 put a pile ( rice at ! door ( ! boy's h\se1 :i* he upsets ) 8 foot4 ,all ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,india ! exorcis] %akes gra9 9 a fan1 :i* is1 z we %all see1 a pot5t feti%1 & by ! numb] ( gra9s :i* rema9 9 ! int]/ices calculates :i* p>ticul> gho/ is worry+ ! pati5t4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! ,orons put rice 9 ! m\? ( ! corpse1 & ! ,koiris1 :5 !y m>ry1 walk r\nd a pile ( wat]-pots & scatt] rice on ! gr\nd4 #fe ,! cu/om ( spr9kl+ gra9 at m>riage appe>s 9 _m ( ! folk-tales4 ,urad4 ,we are famili> 9 ,roman lit]ature ) ! use ( beans at fun]als1 & at ! ,lemuria ?rice e o!r night to pacify ! gho/s ( ! dead beans 7 flung on ! fire ( ! alt> to drive ! spirits out ( ! h\se4 ,! same idea appe>s 9 ! ,c>l+s or fri$ peas giv5 away & eat5 on ! ,sunday be=e ,palm ,sunday4 #ff ,no special sanctity appe>s to apply to ! pea or bean 9 ,india1 b !y are replac$ by ! ,urad pulse1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 rites ( all k9d1 & especially 9 magic1 :5 x is ?r[n ov] ! head ( ! p]son :om ! magician wi%es to br+ "u 8 control4 #fg ,b>ley4 ,b>ley1 ano!r sacr$ gra91 is rubb$ ov] ! corpse ( a ,h9du & spr9kl$ on ! head be=e ! cremation rite is p]=m$4 ,s1 ! ,orons ?r[ rice on ! urn z !y take x to ! tomb1 & spr9kle gra9 on ! gr\nd beh9d ! bones to keep ! _s f com+ back4 #fh ,sesamum4 ,til or black sesamum1 aga91 has c]ta9 qualities ( ! same k9d4 ,h5ce x is us$ 9 ! fun]al rites1 & 9 =m ( ,tilanjal or a h&ful mix$ ) wat] is "o ( ! (f]+s to ! sa9t$ dead1 & made up 9 ! =m ( a c[1 call$ ,tiladh5u1 x is pres5t$ to ,brhmans4 ,%eaves4 ,mo/ gra9s 9 ! e> h also my/ic uses4 ,x is hung up ov] ! h\se door to repel evil spirits1 & 9 ,ho%angbd !y tie a %eaf ( corn on a pole & fa/5 x to ! cattle %$ z a pres]vative4 #fi ,! comb9ation ( sev5 k9ds ( gra91 kn[n z ,satnaja1 is an +r$i5t 9 num]\s *>ms & is us$ 9 _m =ms ( wor%ip4 ,milk4 ,s ) ! products ( ! sacr$ c[1 :i* are1 z might h be5 expect$1 mo/ valuable = ?is purpose4 ,h5ce ! use ( ,ghilor or cl>ifi$ butt] 9 ! public & dome/ic ritual4 ,milk = ! same reason is us$ 9 (f]+s & spr9kl$ on ! gr\nd z an oblation4 ,c[dung1 9 p>ticul>1 is reg>d$ z efficaci\s4 ,aft] ! dea? or bir? impurity ! h\se is c>efully pla/]$ ) a mixture ( c[dung & clay4 ,no cook+ place is pure )\t x1 & ! corpse is cremat$ ) cakes ( c[dung fuel4 ,ev5 ! ur9e ( ! c[ is valu$ z a m$ic9e & a purificant4 ,! c[ gu>ds ! h\se f evil1 & e ri* man keeps a c[ s t 8 glance may fall on h] :5 he wakes f sleep1 & he reg>ds h] z ! gu>dian ( ! h\sehold4 ,col\rs4 ,col\rs1 aga91 are sc>]s ( evil spirits4 ,!y p>ticul>ly dread yell[1 black1 r$1 & :ite4 ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( yell[ acc\nts = ! use ( turm]ic 9 ! dome/ic ritual4 #gj ,a few days be=e ! m>riage rites comm5ce ! bride & bridegroom are ano9t$ ) a mixture ( oil & turm]ic kn[n z ,abtan4 ,! bride assumes a robe dy$ 9 turm]ic1 :i* %e we>s until ! w$d+4 ,! m>riage lett] ( invitation is col\r$ ) turm]ic1 & spla%es ( x are made on ! wall & wor%ipp$ by ! m>ri$ pair4 ,9 ! old times ! woman :o p]=m$ ,sat1 & n[adays m>ri$ wom5 :o die1 are tak5 to ! pyre wrapp$ 9 a %r\d dy$ ) turm]ic4 ,! corpse is v (t5 sme>$ ) turm]ic be=e cremation1 a cu/om :i* is n peculi> to ! s-call$ ,aryan ,h9dus1 because x prevails among ! ,?rus1 "o ( ! mo/ primitive tribes ( ! sub-,himlayan =e/s4 ,! same pr9ciple probably expla9s ! use ( yell[ clo!s by c]ta9 classes ( ascetics1 & ( ,*&an or s&al-wood 9 mak+ ca/e m>ks & = v>i\s c]emonial purposes4 ,yell[ & r$ are ! usual col\rs ( m>riage g>m5ts1 & ! p>t+ ( ! bride's hair is /a9$ ) v]milion1 ?\gh "h ! practice is probably bas$ on ! symbolical belief 9 ! ,blood ,cov5ant4 ,! same idea is probably ! explanation ( ! fl++ ( r$ p[d] & wat] col\r$ ) turm]ic at ! ,hol or spr+ fe/ival4 ,black1 aga91 is fe>$ by evil spirits1 & ! husb&man hangs a black pot 9 8 field to sc>e spirits & evade ! ,evil ,eye1 & "y wom5 & *ildr5 h _! eyelids m>k$ ) lampblack4 ,9 ! ,mirzapur ,baiga's sacrifice ! black f[l or ! black goat is ! fav\rite victim1 & *>coal is valu$1 "s put into ! milk z a pres]vative & "s buri$ "u ! ?re%old to gu>d ! h\sehold f h>m4 ,grasses4 ,= ! same reason v>i\s k9ds ( grass are consid]$ sacr$1 su* z ! ,kusa1 ! ,drva1 ! ,d>bha4 ,among ! ,prabhus ( ,bombay juice ( ! ,drva grass is p\r$ into ! left no/ril ( a woman :5 ! pregnancy & com+ ( age rites are p]=m$1 & ! ,kanaujiya ,brhman husb& drops "s ( ! juice d[n h] nose :5 %e rea*es maturity4 #ga ,! ,%olapur ,mngs :5 !y come back f ! grave /rew "s ,h>iyli grass & ,nm leaves on ! place :]e ! deceas$ di$4 ,! ,mnj grass is also sacr$1 & a ?read made ( x is worn at "o /age ( ! ,brhman's life4 ,"s ( ^! sacr$ grasses =m an important +r$i5t 9 ! ,srddha (f]+s to ! sacr$ dead1 "s are us$ 9 ! m>riage & cremation ritual1 on "s ! dy+ man is laid at ! mom5t ( dissolution4 ,!y are pot5t to av]t ! ,evil ,eye1 & h5ce ! "m ( ,rma & ,lak%mana1 :5 %e looks at !m1 breaks a blade ( grass4 #gb ,tattoo+4 ,next come special m>ks made on ! body4 ,su* are ! m>ks br&$ on v>i\s p>ts ( _! bodies by _m classes ( ascetics1 & ! ca/e m>ks made 9 clay or a%es by mo/ high-class ,h9dus4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t _m ( ^! m>ks are ( totemi/ic orig94 ,t ?is is s among races beyond ! ,indian bord] is almo/ c]ta9ly ! case4 #gc ,b ?\gh tattoo+1 a widespread practice ( ! ,indian p1 v possibly orig9at$ 9 totemism1 /ill1 z f> z has hi!rto be5 asc]ta9$1 no di/9ct trace rema9s ( a tribal tattoo1 & x is saf] at pres5t to class m>ks ( ?is k9d 9 ! g5]al category ( devices to repel evil spirits4 ,among purely sect>ial m>ks we h ! =ehead m>k ( ! ,saivas1 compos$ ( ?ree curv$ l9es l a half-moon1 to :i* is add$ a r\nd m>k on ! nose2 x is made ) ! clay ( ! ,ganges1 or ) s&al-wood1 or ! a%es ( c[dung1 ! a%es be+ suppos$ to repres5t ! dis9tegrat+ =ce ( ! deity4 ,! m>k ( ! ,vai%navas is 9 ! =m ( ! foot ( ,vi%nu1 & consi/s ( two l9es r oval drawn ! :ole l5g? ( ! nose & c>ri$ =w>d 9 /raight l9es across ! =ehead4 ,x is g5]ally made ) ! clay ( ! ,ganges1 sometimes ) ! p[d] ( s&al-wood4 ,! ,skta =ehead m>k is a small semi-circul> l9e betwe5 ! eyebr[s1 ) a dot 9 ! middle4 ,! practice ( tattoo+ is common bo? among ! ,aryan & ,drvidian races1 b is m g5]al among ! l[] ?an ! high] ca/es4 ,?us1 ! ,jung wom5 tattoo !mselves ) ?ree /rokes on ! =ehead j ov] ! nose1 & ?ree on ea* ( ! temples4 ,!y atta* no mean+ to ! m>ks1 h no c]emony 9 adopt+ !m1 & are ignorant ( ! orig9 ( ! practice4 ,! ,kh>iya wom5 make ?ree p>allel m>ks on ! =ehead1 ! out] l9es t]m9at+ at ! ends 9 a crook1 & two on ea* temple4 ,! ,ho wom5 tattoo !mselves 9 ! =m ( an arr[1 :i* !y reg>d z _! national emblem4 ,! ,birhor wom5 tattoo _! *e/s1 arms1 & ankles1 b n _! faces4 ,! ,oron wom5 h ?ree m>ks on ! br[ & two on ea* temple4 ,! "y m5 burn m>ks on _! =e-arms z "p ( ! ordeal c]emony2 girls1 :5 adult1 or ne>ly s1 h !mselves tattoo$ on ! arms & back4 ,! ,kisn wom5 h no su* m>ks2 if a female ( ! tribe indulges h]self 9 ! vanity ( hav+ h]self tattoo$1 %e is at once turn$ adrift z hav+ degrad$ h]self4 ,"h we may h "s fa9t indications ( a tribal tattoo1 b among mo/ ( ! tribes :i* practise ! cu/om x has become purely protective or ornam5tal4 #gd ,among ! ,drvidian tribes ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces tattoo+ g5]ally prevails4 ,! ,korwas & _m o!r ( ^! tribes get _! wom5 tattoo$ by a woman ( ! ,bdi sub-division ( ,nats4 ,!y are tattoo$ only on ! brea/ & arms1 n on ! ?ighs4 ,!re are no c]emonies connect$ ) x1 nor any special patt]n4 ,any girl gets h]self tattoo$ 9 any figure %e approves = a small sum4 ,well-to-d wom5 always get x done2 b if a woman is n tatoo$1 x is n consid]$ unlucky4 ,! m5 ( ! tribe are n tattoo$4 ,! ,ghasiya wom5 tattoo !mselves on ! brea/s1 arms1 ?ighs1 & feet4 ,!y say t :5 a woman dies :o is n tattoo$1 ! ,great ,"l ,p>amesw> is displeas$ & turns h] out ( heav51 or has h] br&$ ) ! ?orn ( ! acacia4 ,9 ! same way among ! ,*amrs1 :5 a woman :o has n be5 tattoo$ dies1 ,p>amesw> asks h] :]e are ! m>ks & signs :i* %e ought to possess to %[ t %e _h liv$ 9 ! _w4 ,if %e _c %[ !m1 %e w 9 h] next bir? be re-born z a ,bhtn1 ,pretn1 or ,rk%as4 ,at pres5t among l[-ca/e wom5 ! process ( tattoo+ is reg>d$ z a species ( initiation1 & usually m>ks ! atta9m5t ( pub]ty4 ,x ?us corresponds ) ! rite ( e>-pi]c+ among males4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces a girl is n all[$ to cook until %e is tattoo$ ) a m>k repres5t+ ! ,st k ,raso or cook-h\se ( ,st1 & 9 ,b5gal high-ca/e p w n dr9k f ! h&s ( a girl :o does n we> ! ,ullikh or />-%ap$ tattoo m>k betwe5 h] eyebr[s4 ,a ,*amr woman :o is n tattoo$ at m>riage w n1 x is believ$1 see h] fa!r & "m 9 ! next _w4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! idea preval5t 9 ,fiji1 t wom5 :o are n tattoo$ are liable to special puni%m5t 9 ! l& ( ! dead4 #ge ,9 ,bombay ! cu/om has be5 provid$ ) a ,brhmanical leg5d4 ,"o day ,lak%m1 ! wife ( ,vi%nu1 told h] husb& t :5ev] he w5t out on bus9ess or to visit 8 devotees %e became fright5$4 ,he>+ ?is1 ,vi%nu took 8 weapons & /amp$ !m on h] body1 say+ t ! m>ks ( 8 weapons w\ld save h] f evil4 ,h5ce wom5 9 ,bombay tattoo !mselves ) ! figures ( ! lotus1 con* %ell1 & discus1 & f ?is ! pres5t cu/om is said to h orig9at$4 #gf ,9 ,upp] ,india ! =ms ( ! tattoo m>ks fall into v>i\s classes4 ,"s are rude or conv5tionaliz$ repres5tations ( animals1 plants1 & fl[]s4 ,! op]ators c>ry r\nd ) !m sket*es ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ornam5t1 & ! girl selects ^! accord+ to ta/e4 ,! peacock1 ! horse1 ! s]p5t1 ! scorpion1 tortoise1 c5tip$e1 appe> con/antly 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are repres5tations ( jewell]y actually worn--necklaces1 bracelets1 armlets1 or r+s4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are purely religi\s1 su* z ! trid5t or matt$ hair ( ,siva1 ! weapons ( ,vi%nu1 & ! cook+ h\se ( ,st1 ! type ( wifely virtue4 ,"s ( ^! m>ks 7 probably ( totemi/ic orig91 b !y h n[ become m]ely ornam5tative1 z 0 ! case 9 ,c5tral ,asia 9 ! "t ( ,m>co ,polo1 :]e !y 7 reg>d$ only z a piece ( elegance or a sign ( g5tility1 & among ! ,?racians1 z describ$ by ,h]odotus4 #gg ,x may be notic$ t 9 ! "t ( ,m>co ,polo p us$ to g f ,upp] ,india to ,zayton 9 ,*9a to be tattoo$4 #gh ,^! animal =ms ( tattoo+ are f\nd also among ! ,drvidian tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 :]e ! =ms us$ are a peacock1 an antelope1 or a dagg]1 & ! m>ks are made on ! back ( ! ?ighs & legs4 ,9 ,b5gal tattoo+ is us$ z a cure = goitre4 #gi ,we may close ?is long catalogue ( devices int5d$ to sc>e spirits1 ) a numb] ( miscellane\s examples4 ,x seems to be a well-e/abli%$ pr9ciple t evil spirits fe> lea!r4 ,on ?is is p]haps bas$ ! idea ( ! %oe be+ a mode ( repell+ ! ,evil ,eye & ! influ5ce ( demons4 ,we f9d ?is con/antly appe>+ 9 ! folk-lore ( ! ,we/4 ,?us1 ! ,highl&]s paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! leav+ ( ! bridegroom's left %oe )\t buckle or lat*et1 to prev5t ! secret influ5ces ( wit*es on ! w$d+ night4 #hj ,& ,hudibras tells h[-- ,augu/us hav+ by ov]sight ,put on 8 left %oe '=e 8 "r1 ,_h l to h be5 sla9 t day ,by soldi]s mut9y+ = pay4 ,maid5s 9 ,europe asc]ta9 :e!r !y w be m>ri$ & :o w be _! future husb&s by ?r[+ ! slipp] at ! new ye>4 ,! ?r[+ ( old %oes at an ,engli% w$d+ seems on ! same pr9ciple to be bas$ on ! idea ( sc>+ ! demon ( b>r5ness4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 #ha ! gipsies ( ,transylvania ?r[ old %oes & boots on a newly m>ri$ pair :5 !y ent] _! t5t1 expressly to enhance ! f]tility ( ! union4 ,9 ! same way 9 ,india1 p :o are too poor to af=d ano!r protective place on ! top ( _! h\ses a %oe heel upw>ds4 ,?is seems to give "s additional efficacy to ! *>m1 because we f9d ! same rule 9 =ce else:]e4 ,?us1 9 ,cornwall1 a slipp] ) ! po9t turn$ up plac$ ne> ! b$ cures cramp4 #hb ,9 ,pna1 if a man feels t he has be5 /ruck by an incantation1 he at once takes hold ( an upturn$ %oe4 #hc ,! fe> :i* spirits feel = lea!r is also illu/rat$ by ! proc$ure ( ! ,drvidian ,baiga1 :o flagellates p suff]+ f demoniacal possession ) a tawse or lea!rn /rap4 ,9 ! ,dakkh9 a p]son tr\bl$ ) nightm>e sleeps ) a %oe "u 8 pill[1 & an exorci/ fright5s evil spirits by ?reat5+ to make !m dr9k wat] f a tann]'s well4 ,we %all see t ?is is "o way ( puni%+ & repell+ ! p[] ( wit*es4 ,! ,pna ,kunbis believe t a dr9k ( wat] f a tann]'s h& de/roys ! p[] ( a wit*4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 if a man sits on a curri]'s /one1 he gets boils4 #hd ,! same pr9ciple probably acc\nts = mu* ( ! fe> or contempt g5]ally felt 9 ,india reg>d+ %oe-beat+ z a =m ( puni%m5t4 ,at ! same "t x is said 9 ,p]sia & ,arabia t ! dread ( a flagellation ) ! slipp] is bas$ on ! idea t :ile a flogg+ ) ! regul> sc\rge involves little discr$it1 a beat+ ) any?+ n orig9ally int5d$ = ! purpose1 su* z a %oe or knott$ clo?1 is disgraceful4 ,! same feel+ = ! p[] ( lea!r possibly expla9s ! use z a seat ( v>i\s k9ds ( sk9s1 su* z ^? ( ! tig] & antelope1 by _m k9ds ( ascetics1 & 9 ! old ritual ! wife ) h] husb& sat on ! hide ( a bull to promote ! f]tility ( _! union4 ,g>lic4 ,g>lic1 aga91 f its pung5cy1 is valu$ 9 ! same way4 ,g>lic 0 "o ( ! sub/ances us$ by ,dani% mo!rs to keep evil f *ildr54 #he ,! ,sw$i% bridegroom sews 9 8 clo!s g>lic1 cloves1 & rosem>y4 ,g>lic 0 an e>ly ,engli% cure = a fi5d-/ruck pati5t4 #hf ,juv5al said t ! ,egyptians _h gods gr[+ 9 _! g>d5s1 9 allusion to _! rev]5ce = onions or g>lic4 ,9 ,sanskrit g>lic is call$ ,mle*ha-k&a1 ! =eign]'s root1 & its virtues = ! removal ( demons are s well kn[n t x w be (t5 se5 hung f ! l9tel ( ! h\se door4 ,! same idea may acc\nt = ! v common prejudice among "s ca/es aga9/ eat+ onions4 ,glass4 ,glass 9 ! =m ( beads1 :i* seem to d]ive "s ( _! efficacy f be+ p]=at$1 is also v useful 9 ?is way4 ,mirrors f "t immemorial h be5 held to possess ! same quality4 ,fasc9ators1 l basilisks1 _h _! own t]rible glance turn$ aga9/ !m if !y saw !mselves reflect$1 ,si on luy pres5te un miror1 p> end>dem5t reciproque1 ces rayons ret\rn5t sur l'au!ur d'iceux4 ,philo/ratus decl>es t if a mirror be held be=e a sleep+ man dur+ a hail or ?und]-/orm1 ! /orm w cease4 #hg ,h5ce wom5 9 ,india we> mirrors 9 _! ?umb r+s1 & ! ,jtn cov]s h] %eet ) little pieces ( %9+ glass4 ,pieces ( horn1 especially t :i* is said to come f ! jackal1 & t ( ! antelope1 are also efficaci\s4 ,! bzr ,banya treasures up ! gaudy labels f 8 clo? bales = ! same purpose4 ,g>l&s ( fl[]s possess ! same quality1 & s d v>i\s fruits1 su* z dates1 cocoanuts1 betel-nuts1 & planta9s1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! lap ( ! bride or pregnant woman to sc>e ! evil spirits :i* cause b>r5ness1 & sug> is di/ribut$ at m>riages4 ,! bones ( ! camel are v useful = driv+ (f insects f a sug>-cane field1 & buri$ "u ! ?re%old keep gho/s out ( ! h\se4 ,pl9y says t a bracelet ( camel's hair keeps (f fev]4 #hh ,la/ly1 ! demon may be trapp$ by physical means4 ,to be deliv]$ f wit*es !y hang 9 _! entries :ite?orn ga!r$ on ,may ,day4 #hi ,s1 _m ( ! m5ial ca/es 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces keep a net & "s ?orns 9 ! deliv]y room to sc>e evil spirits4 ,!re are c]ta9 p]sons :o are naturally protect$ f ! ,evil ,eye & demoniacal ag5cy1 or :o h control ov] evil spirits4 ,su* is a man born by ! foot pres5tation1 :o c cure rheumatism & v>i\s o!r diseases by m]ely rubb+ ! "p affect$4 ,m5 ) d\ble ?umbs are consid]$ safe aga9/ ! ,evil ,eye1 & s is a bald man1 app>5tly because no "o ?9ks x wor? 8 :ile to envy su* p4 ,accord+ to ,engli% belief1 *ildr5 born aft] midnight h p[] all ?r\gh _! lives ( see+ ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,9 ,india1 p :o are born )9 ! p]iod ( ! ,salono fe/ival 9 ,augu/ are n only protect$ f1 b possess ! p[] ( ca/+1 ! ,evil ,eye4 ,! same is ! case ( ^? :o h accid5tally eat5 ordure 9 *ildhood4 ,we h already notic$ ! my/ic p[] ( c[dung4 ,dung g5]ally is (f5sive to spirits4 ,x 0 believ$ 9 ,europe t hors$ung plac$ be=e ! h\se or beh9d ! door br\ght good luck4 #ij ,wom5 :o eat dung possess1 z we %all see1 ! p[] ( wit*craft4 ,a man ) only "o eye is dread$ because he is naturally envi\s ( ^? ) good sight1 & he is prov]bially a sc\ndrel4 ,! giant ) "o eye is famili> 9 folk-lore1 & he is g5]ally vici\s & malignant4 ,we h ! black man ( ,celtic folk-lore :o has only "o eye & "o leg4 #ia ,9 ! ,iri% tales ,cr9naur1 l ! ,cyclopes1 has only "o eye4 ,s9dbad 9 8 ?ird voyage enc\nt]s a mon/] ( ! same k9d4 ,lapl&]s h a "o-ey$ giant ,/alo1 & 9 "o ( ! mod]n v]sions ( ! ,p]seus my? !re are two hags :o h only a s+le eye betwe5 !m4 ,! same idea appe>s 9 ,indian folk-lore4 ,! planet ,sukra is said to h only "o eye4 ,su* 0 also ! case ) ! mon/] ,kab&ha1 :o 0 kill$ by ,rma1 & ,ary1 ! female fi5d ( ! ,v$a4 ,! "o-ey$ devil appe>s 9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales4 #ib ,gonds3 ,proc$ure 9 ,cases ( ,fasc9ation4 ,! ,gonds h a special proc$ure 9 cases ( dea?s :i* !y believe to h occurr$ ?r\gh fasc9ation4 ,! burn+ ( ! body is po/pon$ till x is made to po9t out ! del9qu5t4 ,! relations solemnly call ^u ! corpse to d ?is1 & ! !ory is t if !re has be5 f\l play ( any k9d1 ! body on be+ tak5 up1 w =ce ! be>]s to convey x to ! h\se ( ! p]son by :om ! spell 0 ca/4 ,if ?is be ?ree times repeat$1 ! own] ( ! h\se is condemn$1 8 prop]ty is de/roy$1 & he is expell$ f ! neighb\rhood4 #ic ,amulets4 ,9 ord9>y cases mo/ p f9d x advisable to c>ry an amulet ( "s k9d z a pres]vative4 ,an amulet is prim>ily a portion ( a dead man or animal1 by :i* ho/ile spirits are co]c$ or _! good (fices secur$4 #id ,! amulet1 !n1 9 its orig9al s5se1 is suppos$ to conc5trate 9 itself ! virtues & p[]s ( ! man or animal ( :i* x =m$ a "p4 ,h5ce ! claws ( ! tig]1 :i* repres5t 9 !mselves ! innate /r5g? & brav]y ( ! animal1 are greatly e/eem$ = ?is purpose1 & ! sportsman1 :5 he %oots a tig]1 has to c\nt ov] ! claws c>efully to ! coolies 9 *>ge ( ! dead animal1 or !y w c]ta9ly misappropriate !m4 ,9 ! same way a portion ( ! umbilical cord is plac$ among ! clo!s ( ! "m & infant to av]t ! ,evil ,eye & sc>e ! demons :i* are !n p>ticul>ly active4 ,mr4 ,f]guson may be correct 9 8 op9ion t 9 ,india1 prior to ! di/ribution ( ! rema9s ( ! ,buddha at ,kus9ag>a1 we h no hi/orical record ( ! wor%ip ( relics2 #ie /ill ! idea mu/ h prevail$ widely among ! ,h9du races1 out ( :om ! vot>ies ( ! new fai? 7 recruit$4 ,) "s ( ^! relics ( ! ,buddha1 su* z 8 begg+ b[l1 :i* 0 long kept 9 a ,dagoba or ,vihra erect$ by ,k+ ,kani%ka1 !n remov$ = a "t to ,b5>es1 & f9ally to ,k&ahr1 :]e x is n[ held 9 ! highe/ respect by ,musalmns1 & has accumulat$ r\nd x a cycle ( leg5ds l ^? connect$ ) ! ,sangrail1 we rea* ! zone ( pure feti%ism4 ,ano!r =m ( amulet is a piece ( metal1 /one1 bone1 or simil> sub/ance worn on ! p]son1 ) an invocation inscrib$ on x to "s special god4 ,^! are v commonly us$ among ,muhammadans4 ,by ,h9dus ! ,yantras or my/ic diagrams are ?\ght to be q z effective 9 _! op]ation z ! ,mantras or spells1 &1 ( c\rse1 a comb9ation ( ! two is held to be absolutely irresi/ible4 ,an enemy may be kill$ or remov$ to "s o!r place1 or a :ole army de/roy$1 or salvation & supreme felicity obta9$ by draw+ a six-sid$ or eight-sid$ diagram & writ+ a p>ticul> ,mantra und]nea?4 ,if ?is be done ) ! blood ( an animal kill$ sacrificially 9 a ,smasna or place :]e corpses are burn$1 no p[] 9 e>? or heav5 c resi/ ! t]rific pot5cy ( ! *>m4 #if ,on ! same pr9ciple ,h9dus head _! lett]s ) ! words ,sr ,rmj6 ! great god1 ,rma1 or ! figures #gd1 ( :i* "o n v probable explanation is t !y repres5t ! weight 9 maunds ( ! gold ornam5ts tak5 f ! ,rjput dead at ! fam\s siege ( ,*i?or4 ,! equilat]al triangle is ano!r fav\rite my/ic sign4 ,accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian ideas1 ! figure ( ?ree triangles int]sect$ & conta9+ five l9es1 is call$ ! p5tangle ( ,solomon1 & :5 x is del9eat$ on ! body ( a man1 x m>ks ! five places 9 :i* our ,savi\r 0 w\nd$2 x 01 !re=e1 reg>d$ z a fuga demonum1 or a means ( fright5+ demons4 #ig ,simil>ly 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ! equilat]al triangle is reg>d$ z a my/ic sign1 & ! little broadclo? bags hung r\nd ! necks ( *ildr5 to av]t ! ,evil ,eye are made 9 ?is %ape4 ,! diamond %ape is also approv$ because x conta9s two equilat]al triangles base to base4 ,ano!r =m ( my/ic sign is ! m>k ( ! spread h& ) ! f+]s ext5d$4 ,?is is made by ! wom5 ( ! family on ! out] wall & r\nd ! door-po/1 & is consid]$ to be p>ticul>ly efficaci\s4 ,mr4 ,campbell sugge/s t ! cu/om is bas$ on ! belief 9 ! h& be+ a _s entry4 #ih ,natives w tell y t x is because ! numb] five1 t ( ! f+]s1 is lucky4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! cu/om is v g5]ally preval5t4 ,! ,bloody ,h& ( ,ul/]1 worn z a cre/ by ! ,b>onets ( "o creation1 is well kn[n4 #ii ,! ,u*las ( ,pna /rew s& on ! spot :]e ! dead man brea!d 8 la/4 ,!y cov] ! spot ) a basket1 :i* !y raise next morn+ 9 ! hope ( f9d+ ! m>k ( a palm1 :i* %[s t ! dead is pleas$ & br+s vig\r on ! family2 & ! ,?kurs on ! fif? day aft] ! bir? ( a *ild dip a h& 9 r$ p[d] & wat] & make a m>k on ! wall ( ! ly+-9 room1 :i* !y wor%ip4 #ajj ,at ! rock-cut temple ( ,tilok ,s5dur 9 ,ho%angbd1 an annual fe/ival is held1 & ^? :o come to dem& any special b5efit1 su* z heal? or *ildr51 m>k _! v[ by /a9+ _! h& dipp$ 9 r$ pa9t aga9/ ! rock wall1 f+]s upw>d4 ,if ! pray] be he>d1 !y revisit ! place & make ! same m>k1 ?is "t ) ! f+]s d[nw>d2 b :e!r ,mahdeva is n graci\s to 8 vot>ies1 or :e!r x is t ! s5se ( fav\rs to come is n ke5 en\gh aft] ! pray] ( ! mom5t has be5 grant$1 ! h&-/amps po9t+ d[nw>ds are n a t5? 9 numb] ( ^? po9t+ upw>ds4 #aja ,! /amp+ ( ! h& & five f+]s imm]s$ 9 a solution ( s&al-wood has always be5 reg>d$ z a peculi>ly solemn mode ( atte/+ an important docum5t1 & x is said t ,muhammad himself adopt$ ?is practice4 #ajb ,!re are num]\s v>ieties ( ^! protective amulets4 ,"o purpose :i* !y s]ve is ! procur+ ( (fspr+4 ,*ildr5 naturally require special protection4 ,?us1 ! ,mirzapur ,korwas tie on ! necks ( _! *ildr5 roots ( v>i\s jungle plants1 su* z ! ,siyr ,s+h1 :i* owes its "n & repute to its resemblance to ! s-call$ horn ( ! jackal4 ,9 cases ( disease ! ,kh>wrs we> leaves ( ! ,bel1 a sacr$ tree1 cloves & fl[]s select$ by a ,brhman4 ,9 ! ,konkan1 9 ord] t a *ild may n suff] f ! ,evil ,eye1 a necklace ( m>k+ nuts is put r\nd its neck4 #ajc ,! ,gj>s ( ,hazra hang ! b]ries ( ! ,batk> tree 7,celtis caucasia7 r\nd ! necks ( m5 & animals to protect !m f ! ,evil ,eye4 #ajd ,! pi\s ,musalmn inscribes on 8 amulet ! five v]ses kn[n z ,aytu-l-,hifz or v]ses ( protection1 or he makes a magic squ>e ) ! lett]s mak+ up ! ^w ,hfiz1 ! protector4 ,_m village ,musalmns use little /one or glass tablets = ! same purpose4 ,"s h a hocus-pocus inscription purport+ to be a v]se ( ! ,qurn 9 ,arabic2 o!rs h ! "n ( ,ftima c\pl$ ) t ( ! fam\s m>tyrs ,hasan & ,husa94 ,ano!r amulet ( a v elaborate "* is describ$ z conta9+ a piece ( ! umbilical cord encas$ 9 metal1 a tig]'s claw1 two claws ( ! l>ge horn$ owl turn$ 9 opposite directions1 & encas$ 9 metal1 a /one kn[n z ! ,a?rh k mank1 because x has ! prop]ty ( turn+ eight col\rs accord+ to ! light 9 :i* x is plac$ 7probably a t\rmal9e or qu>tzose pebble71 & a special ,evil ,eye de/roy] 9 ! %ape ( a jasp] or m>ble bead4 ,^! five articles are necess>ies1 b z an extra precaution ! amulet conta9$ "s crude gold1 a :orl$ %ell1 an anci5t copp] co91 "s a%es f ! fire ( a ,jogi ascetic1 & ! five +r$i5ts ( ! sacr$ inc5se4 ,! own] admitt$ t x w\ld h be5 improv$ _h x also conta9$ a magic squ>e4 #aje ,?is rem9ds u ( ! necklace ( amb] beads hung r\nd ! neck ( ,scot* *ildr5 to keep (f ill-luck1 & ! ,iri% scapul>1 a piece ( clo? on :i* ! "n ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y is writt5 on "o side1 & ,i4,h4,s4 on ! o!r1 :i* are pres]vatives aga9/ evil spirits4 ,9 old times 9 ,engl& su* *>ms 7 call$ ,*>acts1 & "o f\nd ) a crim9al conta9$ an invocation to ! ?ree holy k+s1 ,gasp>1 ,mel*ior & ,bal?as>4 #ajf ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ^! protectives is ! magic circle1 :i* appe>s 9 v>i\s =ms ?r\gh ! :ole range ( folk-lore4 ,! idea is t no evil _s c cross ! sacr$ l9e4 ,?us1 9 ,mirzapur !y make a circle ( gra9 r\nd ! circul> pile ( corn on ! ?re%+-floor to gu>d x f evil4 ,among "s ca/es ! circle r\nd :i* ! bride & bridegroom revolve at m>riage is gu>d$ by a circul> l9e ( /r+ hung on ! necks ( a numb] ( wat]-pots surr\nd+ x4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,baiga p]ambulates 8 village & drops a l9e ( spirits r\nd ! b\nd>y to repel =eign gho/s4 ,?is acc\nts = ! /one circles :i* are f\nd bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,india1 & 9 ,irel& are consid]$ to be ! resort ( ! fairies4 #ajg ,we h con/ant ref]5ces to ! same cu/om 9 ! folk-tales4 ,lak%mana1 9 ! ,rmyana1 draws su* a circle r\nd ,st :5 he is oblig$ to leave h] alone4 ,we h _m ref]5ces to ! circle )9 :i* ! ascetic or magician sits :5 he is p]=m+ 8 sorc]ies4 ,?us1 9 ! /ory ( ,nis*ayadatta1 ! ascetics quickly made a great circle ) a%es1 & ent]+ into x1 !y light$ a fire ) fuel1 & all rema9$ !re mutt]+ a *>m to protect !mselves4 ,9 ! tales ( ! ,vetla1 we f9d ! m5dicant "u a banyan tree engag$ 9 mak+ a circle1 & ,ksantisila makes a circle ( ! yell[ p[d] ( bones1 ! gr\nd )9 :i* 0 sme>$ ) blood1 & :i* _h pit*]s ( blood plac$ 9 ! direction ( ! c>d9al po9ts4 #ajh ,! same idea appe>s 9 ! magic circle us$ z an ordeal1 or to compel paym5t ( a debt4 ,?us1 we read 9 ,m>co ,polo3 #aji ,if a debtor h be5 sev]al times ask$ by 8 cr$itor = paym5t & %all h put him (f day by day ) promises1 !n if ! cr$itor once meet ! debtor & succe$ 9 draw+ a circle r\nd him1 ! latt] mu/ n pass out ( ?is circle until he %all h satisfi$ ! claim1 or giv5 security = its dis*>ge4 ,if he 9 any o!r case presume to pass ! circle1 he is puni%$ ) dea?1 z a transgressor aga9/ "r & ju/ice4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ?is circle is kn[n z a ,gururu or ,gaurua1 & a p]son :o takes an oa? /&s )9 x1 or takes f inside an article :i* he claims4 ,9 "o =m ( ?is c]emony ! circle is made on ! gr\nd ) calf's dung by an unm>ri$ girl1 & 9 ! c5tre is plac$ a vessel ( wat]4 ,if money is 9 dispute1 ! am\nt claim$ is plac$ 9 ! wat] vessel by ! def5dant4 ,! n>rator tells a /ory to prove ! efficacy ( ! rite3-- ,my fa!r ow$ a ,kalwr "o rupee & ! ,kalwr claim$ five4 ,! matt] 0 br\ght be=e ! tribal c\ncil1 & ! ,kalwr swore to ! five rupees ^u ! ,gaurua4 ,)9 an h\r 8 boy1 :ile play+ beh9d ! h\se1 0 c>ri$ (f by a wolf4 ,he 0 rescu$1 b he 0 "u ! curse ( ! ,gaurua1 & %ortly aft] he put 8 f+] into a rat hole1 0 bitt5 by a snake1 & di$ )9 ! h\r4 #aaj ,! ,r+1 ,bracelet1 & ,knott$ ,cord4 ,f ! same pr9ciple arises ! belief 9 ! magic virtue ( ! r+1 ! bracelet1 & ! knott$ cord4 ,to beg9 ) r+s--we h 9 ,plato ! /ory ( ,gyges1 :o by means ( ! r+ ( invisibility introduc$ himself to ! wife ( ,c&aules1 ,k+ ( ,lycia1 murd]$ ! latt] & got possession ( 8 k+dom4 ,?is is l ! cloak or cap :i* appe>s s con/antly 9 folk-lore4 ,9 ! ,indian tales invisibility is g5]ally obta9$ by means ( a magic o9tm5t1 to :i* !re are _m p>allels 9 ,we/]n /ories4 ,we f9d also ! magic r+1 :i*1 l t ( ,ala-ud-dn1 :5 t\*$ procures ! pres5ce & aid ( ! demons4 ,a woman's nose-r+ 9 ,india has special respect paid to x1 & = a /rang] ev5 to m5tion x is a brea* ( delicacy4 #aaa ,x is ! symbol ( m>ri$ happ9ess1 & is remov$ :5 ! we>] becomes a wid[4 ,among ,muhammadans1 ,%iah wom5 remove _! nose-r+s dur+ ! ,muh>ram z a sign ( m\rn+4 ,!re 0 an old habit 9 ,engl& ( m>ry+ by ! ru% r+1 b x 0 *iefly practis$ by design+ m51 = ! purpose ( debau*+ _! mi/resses1 :o sometimes 7 s infatuat$ z to believe t ?is mock c]emony 0 a real m>riage4 #aab ,9 ! same way 9 ,india a r+ ( ,kusa grass is put on ! f+] dur+ ! mo/ sacr$ rites & at m>riage4 ,! cu/om appe>s 9 ! folk-tales4 ,! r+ repres5ts an imp]i%able bond betwe5 ! giv] & ! receiv]1 & is a symbol ( ! orig9al blood cov5ant1 :i* is an important elem5t 9 ! belief ( all primitive p4 #aac ,! idea ( ! magic r+ con/antly appe>s 9 folk-lore4 ,?us1 we h ! r+ plac$ 9 a sacr$ squ>e & spr9kl$ ) butt]-milk1 :i* imm$iately gives :atev] ! own] dem&s4 ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales ! m]*ant's son speaks to ! magic r+1 & imm$iately a beautiful h\se & a lovely woman ) gold5 hair appe>$4 #aad ,s1 9 ! tales ( ,somadeva1 ,sridatta places a r+ on ! f+] ( ! unconsci\s pr9cess & %e imm$iately revives2 ! disloyal wife "h1 z 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 takes a r+ f ea* ( h] lov]s z a tok54 #aae ,! same idea atta*es to ! bracelet1 :i* is 9 close connection ) ! s\l ( ! we>]4 ,su* is ! ,*&anhr or s&al-wood necklace ( ,*&an ,rja1 & ,sodewa ,b is born ) a gold5 necklace r\nd h] neck1 conc]n+ :i* h] p>5ts consult$ ! a/rolog]s4 ,!y ann\nc$1 ,?is is no common *ild2 ! necklace ( gold ab\t y\r daught]'s neck conta9s y\r daught]'s s\l4 ,let x1 !re=e1 be gu>d$ ) ! utmo/ c>e2 = if x 7 tak5 (f & worn by ano!r p]son1 %e w\ld die4 #aaf ,! same idea appe>s 9 ! ,ka%mr tales1 :]e ,panj ,phl refuses to give up h] necklace1 z x conta9s ! secret ( h] life1 & 0 a *>m to h] aga9/ all dang]s1 sickness & trials2 depriv$ ( x %e might become sick & mis]able1 or be tak5 away f !m & die4 #aag ,all ?is is bas$ on ! conception ( ! ext]nal s\l1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made4 ,! ,mls ( ,brbhm ex*ange necklaces at m>riages1 & ! ,pr9cess ,kal+as5 we>s a bracelet & necklace ( lotus fibre to secure relief f ! pa9s ( love4 #aah ,! same idea %[s itself 9 ! use ( /r+s & knots4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india a piece ( bat's bone is ti$ r\nd ! ankle z a rem$y = rheumatism1 & answ]s to ! eel-sk91 :i* is us$ = ! same purpose 9 ,europe4 #aai ,9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 to cure a spra91 a ?read ( black wool ) n9e knots is ti$ on ! injur$ place ) a metrical spell4 #abj ,an ,italian *>m says3 ,take f a live h>e ! ankle bone1 remove ! hair f 8 belly1 f ! hair make a ?read1 & ) x tie ! bone to ! body ( ! suff]]1 & y w see a wond]ful cure4 #aba ,9 ,irel& a /r& ( black wool is ti$ r\nd ! ankle1 & a *>m is recit$ to cure a spra92 a r$ /r+ is ti$ r\nd a *ild's neck 9 *9c\gh & epilepsy4 #abb ,9 ,ho%angbd a ?read is ti$ r\nd ! ankle z a rem$y 9 fev]4 ,if possible1 a bit ( ,a%t>a root %\ld be fa/5$ 9 ! knot1 & be=e ty+ x an oblation ( butt] is burnt be=e x4 #abc ,simil>ly1 a peacock's fea!r ti$ on ! ankle cures a w\nd4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 x is a *>m aga9/ snake-bite to smoke "o ( ! tail fea!rs ( ! peacock 9 a tobacco pipe4 #abd ,! ,rjput fa!r b9ds r\nd ! arm ( 8 new-born infant a root ( t species ( grass kn[n z ! ,am>db or imp]i%able ,db1 well kn[n = its nutritive qualities & luxuriant vegetation1 9 ! same way z ,scot* wom5 we> r\nd _! necks blue wooll5 ?reads or small cords till !y wean _! *ildr54 #abe ,we h already notic$ ! efficacy ( v>i\s grasses z _s sc>]s4 ,la/ly1 ! cord itself has p[]s 9 folk-lore1 & we meet ) ! magic cord1 :i*1 ti$ r\nd ! neck ( ! h]o by a wit*1 makes him turn into a ram or an ape4 #abf ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( ! magic circle acc\nts = a v>iety ( o!r cu/oms4 ,?us1 9 a family sacrifice among ! ,*akmas ( ,b5gal1 r\nd ! :ole sacrificial plat=m _h be5 run1 f ! h\se "m's di/aff1 a long :ite ?read :i* encircl$ ! alt>1 & !n c>ri$ into ! h\se1 0 held at ! two ends by ! good man's wife4 ,among ! ,hris1 at m>riages1 ! "r h& little f+] ( ! bridegroom's si/]'s husb& is pi]c$1 & a few drops ( blood all[$ to fall on ?reads ( jute1 :i* are roll$ up 9 a t9y pellet4 ,?is ! bridegroom holds 9 8 h&1 :ile ! bride attempts to snat* x f him4 ,h] success 9 ! attempt is consid]$ to be a good om5 ( ! happ9ess ( ! m>riage4 #abg ,"h we h a survival ( desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 ! blood cov5ant1 & ! magic influ5ce ( ! cord all comb9$4 ,connect$ ) ?is is ! belief 9 ! =m+ a connection by knott+ ! magic /r+4 ,we h ! ,european true love-knot1 an emblem ( fidelity betwe5 ! pair betro!d4 ,s 9 ,italy int]lac$ s]p5ts & all k9ds ( int]weav+1 braid+1 & int]lac+ cords are valuable z protectives because !y attract ! eyes ( wit*es4 #abh ,?us1 among ! ,krans ( ,b5gal1 ! ess5tial "p ( ! m>riage c]emony is believ$ to be ! lay+ ( ! bride's "r h& 9 t ( ! bridegroom1 & b9d+ _! two h&s toge!r ) a piece ( /r+ spun 9 a special way4 #abi ,?is belief 9 ! my/ic p[] ( knots is common 9 all folk-lore4 #acj ,! clo!s ( ! bride & bridegroom 9 ,upp] ,india are knott$ toge!r z !y revolve r\nd ! sacr$ fire4 ,a simil> belief expla9s ! we>+ ( ! ,jane or sacr$ ?read by high-ca/e ,h9dus4 ,! knots on x1 kn[n z ,brahma-gran?i1 or ! knots ( ! ,creator1 repel evil influ5ces1 & ,muhammadans on _! bir?days tie knots 9 a cord1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,slgirah or ye> knot4 ,face-cov]+4 ,ano!r device to avoid fasc9ation or o!r dang]\s influ5ce is to cov] ! face s z to prev5t ! evil glance rea*+ ! victim = :om x is int5d$4 ,?us1 at wid[ m>riages 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ! bride & bridegroom are cov]$ ) a %eet dur+ ! rite1 probably 9 ord] to av]t ! envi\s or malignant influ5ce ( ! _s ( ! woman's fir/ husb&4 ,x is 9 secret t ! bridegroom m>ks ! p>t+ ( ! bride's hair ) v]milion4 ,s 9 ,bombay1 #aca ! ,*itpwan bride 9 "o "p ( ! w$d+ s]vice has h] head cov]$ ) a piece ( broadclo?4 ,! ,ramo%is tie ! ends ( ! bride's & bridegroom's robes to a clo? :i* f\r m5 ( ! family hold ov] !m4 ,! ,dhors ( ,pna put a face-clo? on ! dead1 :i* is a g5]al practice all ov] ! _w4 ,! same belief is almo/ c]ta9ly at ! root ( mu* ( ! cu/oms ( ,p>dah & ! seclusion ( wom54 ,x is z mu* ?r\gh fe> ( fasc9ation z mode/y t wom5 draw _! %eet across ! face :5 !y meet a /rang] 9 ! /reets4 ,we come across ! same feel+ 9 ! rule by :i* all doors 7 clos$ :5 ! pr9cess 9 ! ,arabian ,nights w5t to ! ba?1 & :5 n long ago ! ,mikado ( ,japan & o!r ,ea/]n pot5tates took _! walks abroad4 ,we ?us rea* by ano!r r\te ! cycle ( ,godiva leg5ds4 #acb ,om5s4 ,closely connect$ ) ! class ( ideas :i* we h be5 discuss+ is ! belief 9 om5s4 ,?is con/itutes a v important bran* ( folk-lore bo? 9 ! ,we/ & 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! success ( a j\rney or ent]prise is believ$ 9 a great measure to dep5d on ! object :i* 0 fir/ se5 9 ! morn+1 or obs]v$ on ! road at an e>ly p]iod ( ! m>*4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,!ophra/us1 ,! sup]/iti\s man1 if a weasel run across 8 pa?1 w n pursue 8 walk until "s "o else has trav]s$ ! road1 or until he has ?r[n ?ree /ones across x4 ,& ,sir ,?omas ,br[n writes3 ,if an h>e cross ! highway1 !re are few above ?reescore ye>s t are n p]plex$ !reat1 :i*1 not)/&+1 is b an augurial t]ror accord+ to t receiv$ expression1 ,inauspicatum dat it] oblatus lepus4 ,& ! gr\nd ( ! conceit 0 probably no great] ?an ?is1 t a fe>ful animal pass+ by u port5d$ unto u some?+ to be fe>$2 z ^u ! l consid]ation1 ! meet+ ( a fox presag$ "s future impo/ure4 ,tulasi ,ds1 9 8 ,rmyana1 sums up ! fav\rable om5s3-- ,on ! left-h& side a blue-neck$ jay 0 pick+ up food1 z if to ann\nce ! v highe/ good =tune2 on a fair field on ! "r 7 a cr[ & a mungoose 9 ! sight ( all2 a woman 0 se5 ) a pit*] & a *ild2 a fox %[$ himself w9d+ ab\t2 & 9 front a c[ 0 suckl+ its calf2 a h]d ( de] came out on ! "r2 a ,brhman kite promis$ all success2 also a ,syma bird p]*$ on a tree to ! left2 a man 0 met be>+ curds1 & two le>n$ ,brhmans ) books 9 _! h&s4 #acc ,! face ( a ,teli or oilman1 p]haps f ! dirt :i* accompanies 8 bus9ess1 is ab\t ! wor/ :i* c be se5 9 ! e>ly morn+2 b1 ) ! curi\s inconsi/5cy :i* crops up ev]y:]e 9 phases ( simil> belief1 t ( a sweep] is lucky4 ,8 face %\ld be always look$ at fir/1 b on meet+ a ,brhman1 ! glance %\ld />t f 8 feet4 ,! ,?ags1 l all crim9al tribes ( ! pres5t day1 7 great believ]s 9 :at ,dr4 ,tylor calls ,angang or meet+ om5s4 #acd ,) !m1 if a wolf cross$ ! pa? f "r to left x 0 consid]$ a bad om52 if f "r to left ! import 0 unc]ta94 ,! call ( ! wolf 0 consid]$ om9\s2 if he>d dur+ ! day1 ! gang _h imm$iately to leave ! neighb\rhood4 ,! same idea atta*$ to a cr[ sitt+ sil5t on a tree1 :i* is curi\sly 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,roman belief--,saepe s9i/ra cav pra$ixit ab ilice cornix4 ,x 0 also consid]$ v unlucky if a memb] ( ! gang _h 8 turban knock$ (f by accid5tally t\*+ a bran*4 ,! jungle tribes h a /rong belief 9 su* om5s4 ,! ,korwas ( ,mirzapur ab&on a j\rney if a jackal cross ! road f ! left1 or if a little bird1 kn[n z ! ,suiya or small p>rot1 calls 9 ! same direction4 ,! ,patris & ,majhwrs return if ! ,nlg cross ! road f ! "r4 ,all natives h m or less ! same feel+1 & sci5tific treatises h be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,m5tion+ a monkey 9 ! morn+ br+s />vation = ! re/ ( ! day2 ?\gh look+ on its face is consid]$ lucky4 ,h5ce monkeys are commonly ti$ 9 /ables to protect horses1 & an old adage says t ! evil ( ! /able is on ! monkey's head4 ,s1 9 ,morocco ! weal?y ,moors keep a wild bo> 9 _! /ables1 9 ord] t ! ,j9n & evil spirits may be div]t$ f ! horses & ent] into ! bo>4 #ace ,= ! same reason an ,engli% groom is fond ( keep+ a cat ne> 8 horses4 ,if a dog flaps its e>s & %akes its head :ile any bus9ess is go+ on1 disa/] is sure to foll[1 & p c>eful 9 su* matt]s w /op ! "w if !y c4 ,! bay+ ( a dog indicates dea? & mis=tune1 an idea common 9 ,briti% folk-lore4 #acf ,! "t :5 scree*-owls cry & lean dogs h[l1 ,& spirits walk & gho/s break up _! graves4 ,ev5 ! little h\se liz>d is1 l 8 k9sfolk1 ! murd]+ basilisks1 _! s(te/ t\* z sm>t z liz>d's /+s1 consid]$ by ! ,b5glis v unlucky1 & :5 !y he> its twitt]+ !y po/pone a j\rney4 #acg ,! h>e is always a bad om54 ,he is a god among ! ,kalmucs1 :o call him ,sakya ,muni1 or ! ,buddha1 & say t on e>? he all[$ himself to be eat5 by a />v+ man1 = :i* graci\s act he 0 rais$ to dom9e] ov] ! moon1 :]e !y pr(ess to see him4 ,!re are traces ( ! same idea 9 ,upp] ,india4 #ach ,! sites ( _m cities are said to h be5 f\nd$ :]e a h>e cross$ ! pa? ( ! fir/ settl]4 ,! h>e is dete/$ by ! agricultural & fi%+ population ( ! ,hebrides1 & x is "o ( ! ord9>y disguises ( ! wit* 9 ,european folk-lore4 #aci ,black is1 ( c\rse1 unlucky1 & if a man1 :5 digg+ ! f\ndations ( a new h\se1 turns up a piece ( *>coal1 x is advisable to *ange ! site4 ,owls are naturally ( evil om54 ,ev5 ! /\t-he>t$ ,zlim ,s9h1 ! fam\s reg5t ( ,kota1 ab&on$ 8 h\se because an owl hoot$ on ! ro(4 #adj ,! hoot+ ( ! owl is a sign t ! bird means to leave ! place1 & wise p w\ld d well to foll[ 8 example4 ,"o k9d ( owl1 ! ,raghui ,*iraiya1 le>ns p's names1 & if any "o by *ance answ] 8 call he is sure to die4 ,to see a ,dhobi1 or wa%]man1 :o is associat$ ) f\l raim5t1 is exce$+ly dang]\s4 ,i once _h a be>] :o 0 sadly afflict$ because on t\r he _h to sleep 9 ! same t5t ) a ,dhobi4 ,! old man 0 con/antly bruis+ 8 %9s ov] ! ropes & pegs1 because he 0 9 ! habit ( /umbl+ out be=e dawn ) 8 h&s press$ ov] 8 eyes to protect himself f ! sight ( 8 ill-om5$ companion4 ,a "o-ey$ man is1 z we h already said1 v unlucky4 ,:5 ,jaswant ,ro ,holk> lo/ "o ( 8 eyes1 he said1 ,i 0 be=e bad en\gh2 b n[ ,i %all be ! ,guru1 or preceptor1 ( rogues4 #ada ,i once _h an (fice cl]k afflict$ 9 ?is way1 & 8 colleagues refus$ to sit 9 ! same room ) him1 because _! acc\nts always w5t wrong :5 he look$ 9 _! direction4 ,:5 x 0 impossible to provide any o!r accommodation = him1 !y insi/$ t he %\ld cov] ! obnoxi\s organ ) a h&k]*ief :5 he _h to "w 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,"o ( ! la/ ( ! ,anglo-,indians1 :o _h become ?or\ghly ori5taliz$1 us$ to insi/ on 8 valet1 :5 he came to wake him1 hold+ 9 8 h& a tray conta9+ "s milk & a gold co91 s t 8 fir/ glance on wak+ might fall on ^! lucky articles4 ,numb]s4 ,!re are my/ic qualities atta*$ to numb]s4 ,?us1 :5 ,h9dus h remov$ ! a%es f a burn+ gr\nd !y write ! figures #di on ! spot :]e ! corpse 0 cremat$4 ,! ,p&its expla9 ?is by say+ t :5 writt5 9 ,h9di ! figures resemble ! con*-%ell & :eel ( ,vi%nu1 or t x is an invocation to ! =ty-n9e w9ds ( heav5 to come & purify ! gr\nd4 ,x is m probably bas$ on ! idea t ! numb] sev51 z is ! case all ov] ! _w1 has "s my/ic application4 ,s 9 ! folk-tales ! numb] ?ree has a special application to ! te/s ( ! h]o :o endures ! assaults ( demons or wit*es = ?ree successive nights4 ,! idea ( luck 9 odd numb]s is univ]sal1 & ! sev5? son ( a sev5? son is gift$ ) p[]s ( heal+4 ,bodily ,functions4 ,! functions ( ! body supply _m om5s4 ,?us1 9 ,somadeva we read3 ,my "r eye ?robb$ frequ5tly1 z if ) joy1 & told me t x 0 none o!r ?an %e4 #adb ,:5 our *eek burns1 or e> t+les1 we usually say "s "o is talk+ ( u1 writes ,sir ,?omas ,br[n1 a conceit ( great antiquity1 & rank$ among sup]/iti\s op9ions by ,pl9y4 ,he supposes x to h proce$$ f ! notion ( a signify+ ,g5ius1 or ,univ]sal ,m]cury1 t conduct$ s\nds to _! di/ant subjects1 & taught to he> by t\*4 ,! numb] ( beliefs ( ?is class is inf9ite & record$ 9 num]\s popul> h&books4 ,lucky & ,unlucky ,days4 ,s1 !re are days :i* are lucky & unlucky4 ,a ,p]sian c\plet lays d[n t "o %\ld n g ea/ on ,saturday & ,monday2 we/ on ,friday & ,sunday2 nor? on ,tuesday & ,w$nesday2 s\? on ,?ursday4 ,ev5 ,"l ,burghley advis$ 8 son to be cauti\s z reg>ds ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,april1 :5 ,ca9 0 born & ,abel sla92 ! second ,monday 9 ,augu/1 :5 ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7 de/roy$2 ! la/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 :i* 0 ! bir?day ( ,judas4 ,akb> laid d[n t ! clo!s :i* came into 8 w>drobe on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? ,f>w>dn 7 unlucky4 #adc ,! way "s p get ov] om5s ( ?is k9d is to s5d "s article ahead ( ! travell] on ! unlucky day1 :i* absorbs ! ill om51 :i* w\ld o!rwise h fall5 ^u him4 ,! catalogue ( sup]/itions ( ?is class might be almo/ indef9itely ext5d$4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* mo/ ( !m dep5d are cle> en\gh4 ,!y re/ on a sort ( sympa!tic magic4 ,?+s :i* are good-look+1 p :o are heal?y or prosp]\s1 give fav\rable om5s1 :ile ^? t are ugly1 or ( l[ ca/e1 or associat$ ) m5ial or unpleasant duties1 & s on1 are om9\s4 ,europeans 9 ,india usually q fail to realize ! influ5ce :i* su* ideas ex]cise ov] ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,mo/ ( u h be5 /ruck by ! almo/ unacc\ntable failure ( natives to att5d a summons f ! ,c\rts1 to keep an appo9tm5t to meet a ,european (fic] = ! inspection ( a s*ool or m>ket4 ,if inquiries are made x w (t5 be f\nd t "s idea ( ?is k9d expla9s ! matt]4 ,?us1 ,colonel ,tod describes h[ he _h a visit f ,mnik ,*&4 ,he look$ v disconsolate & expla9$ t he _h sev5 times left 8 t5t & z (t5 turn$ back1 ! bird ( om5 hav+ ea* "t pass$ him on ! adv]se side2 b t at l5g? he _h det]m9$ to disreg>d x1 z hav+ =feit$ confid5ce he 0 indiff]5t to ! future4 #add ,! same idea ( good or evil om5 atta*es to _m places & p]sons4 ,nolai 0 built by ,rja ,nol4 ,its mod]n appellation ( ,b>nag> has its orig9 9 a /range1 vulg> sup]/ition ( names ( ill om51 :i* mu/ n be pron\nc$ be=e ! morn+ meal4 ,! city is call$ ei!r ,nolai or ,b>nag>1 accord+ to ! h\r at :i* ! m5tion becomes necess>y4 #ade ,s ) ! t[n ( ,jammu 9 ,ka%mr1 :i* is unlucky f its association ) ,yama1 ! god ( dea?2 ) ,talwra 9 ! ,ho%yrpur ,di/rict1 :i* is connect$ ) ! sword 7talwr72 ) ,rohtak1 :i* %\ld be call$ ,ru/ajg>h1 & ) num]\s o!r places 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,?us1 if p want to speak ( ,bul&%ahr 9 ! morn+ !y call x by ! old ,h9di "n ( ,un*gnw2 ,bhongnw 9 ,ma9puri !y call ,pa*kosa2 ,nnauta 9 ,sahranpur1 ,phta%ahr2 ,m&wa 9 ,fatehpur1 ,rotiwla1 & s on4 #adf ,s1 !re is h>dly a village 9 :i* x is n consid]$ om9\s to "n be=e breakfa/ "s "o :o1 f 8 mis]y1 rascality1 or "s o!r reason1 is consid]$ unlucky4 ,9 ,ma?ura !re is a tank built by ,rja ,patni ,mall4 ,%\ld a /rang] visit x 9 ! morn+ & inquire ( any ,h9du by :om x 0 con/ruct$1 he w h consid]able difficulty 9 elicit+ a /raight=w>d answ]4 ,! ,rja1 x is said1 0 ( su* a delicate con/itution t he c\ld nev] at any "t take m ?an a few morsels ( ! simple/ food2 h5ce arises ! belief t any "o :o m5tions him ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+ w1 l him1 h to pass ! day fa/+4 #adg ,:5 we wond] at p suff]+ bondage ( ?is k9d1 we mu/ n =get t simil> beliefs prevail 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 ,buckie !re are c]ta9 family names :i* no fi%]man w pron\nce4 ,! ban lies p>ticul>ly heavy on ,ross4 ,c\ll also be>s x1 b n to su* a degree4 ,! folks ( t village talk ( spitt+ out ! bad "n4 #adh ,a simil> euphemi/ic =m ( expression is (t5 us$ 9 reg>d to animals4 ,if y are civil & d n abuse ! h\se rats1 !y w n damage y\r goods4 #adi ,! ,mirzapur ,patris :5 !y h to m5tion a monkey 9 ! morn+1 call him ,hanumn1 & ! be> ,jat>i1 or he ) ! long hair1 or ,dmkhauiya1 he t eats :ite ants4 ,! ,pankas call ! camel ,lambghn*a or long-neck$4 ,i ask$ ! ,rja1 says ,g54 ,sleeman1 :e!r we 7 likely to fall 9 ) any h>es1 mak+ use ( ! t]m ,kh>go%1 or 'ass-e>$4' ,c]ta9ly n1 said ! ,rja1 if y beg9 by abus+ !m by su* a "n4 ,call !m ,lambkanna or 'long-e>$1' & y w get pl5ty4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easy to avoid ! effect ( evil om5s by ! use ( a little tact & wit1 z 0 ! case ) ,william ! ,conqu]or1 & !re are _m natives :o are not$ = _! clev]ness 9 ?is way4 ,( an ,ea/]n ,sultn x is told t1 leav+ 8 palace on a w>like exp$ition1 8 /&>d t\*$ a clu/] ( lamps1 call$ ,surayya1 because !y resembl$ ! ,pleiades4 ,he w\ld h turn$ back1 b "o ( 8 (fic]s said1 ,my ,"l6 our /&>d has rea*$ ! ,pleiades2 s he 0 reliev$1 advanc$1 & 0 victori\s4 ,facilitat+ ,dep>ture ( & ,b>r+ ! ,gho/4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! v>i\s means adopt$ to facilitate ! j\rney ( ! dep>t+ s\l1 & to prev5t x f return+ z a malignant gho/ to br+ tr\ble1 disease1 or dea? on ! survivors4 ,fir/ comes ! cu/om ( plac+ ! dy+ man on ! gr\nd at ! mom5t ( dissolution4 ,?is is done p>tly1 z we h se51 ?r\gh "s feel+ ( ! sanctity ( ,"m e>? & t anyone re/+ on h] bosom is safe f demoniacal ag5cy1 & p>tly t ! _s may meet ) no ob/ruction 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,?is la/ idea prevails v g5]ally4 ,?us1 9 ,great ,brita91 dea? is believ$ to be ret>d$ & ! dy+ p]son kept 9 a /ate ( suff]+ by hav+ any lock clos$ or any bolt %ut 9 ! dwell+4 #aej ,! tortures :i* ! s\l und]goes 9 its j\rney to ! l& ( ! dead are vividly pictur$ 9 "s ( ! sacr$ writ+s4 #aea ,he is scor*$ by heat & pi]c$ by w9d & cold1 attack$ by bea/s ( prey1 /umbl+ ?r\gh ?orns & fil?1 until he at la/ rea*es ! dread riv] ,vait>an1 :i* rolls its flood ( abom9ations betwe5 him & ! o!r %ore4 ,s1 :5 a ,h9du dies1 a lamp made ( fl\r is plac$ 9 8 h&s to light 8 gho/ to ! realm ( ,yama4 ,dev\t p believe t ! _s takes ?ree hundr$ & sixty days to accompli% ! j\rney1 s an (f]+ ( t numb] ( lamps is made4 ,9 ord]1 also1 to help him on 8 way1 !y fe$ a ,brhman e day = a ye>2 if ! deceas$ 0 a woman1 a ,brhman is f$4 ,! lamps are light$ fac+ ! s\?1 & ?is is ! only occasion on :i* ?is is done1 because ! s\? is ! realm ( dea?1 & no "o w sleep or h _! h\se door op5+ t[>ds t ill-om5$ qu>t] ( ! sky4 ,) ! same int5tion ( aid+ ! _s on 8 way1 ! relations h[l dur+ ! fun]al rites1 l ! ke5]s at an ,iri% wake1 9 ord] to sc>e ! evil spirits :o w\ld ob/ruct ! passage ( ! s\l to its f9al re/4 #aeb ,ano!r plan is to c>ry out ! corpse by a special way1 :i* is !n b>r$ up1 s t x may n be able to f9d its way back4 ,! same end is atta9$ by c>ry+ out ! corpse feet =emo/4 ,?us ,m>co ,polo writes3 ,sometimes _! sorc]]s %all tell !m t x is n good luck to c>ry ! corpse out by ! door1 s !y h to break a hole 9 ! wall1 & to draw x out t way :5 x is tak5 to ! burn+4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! same cu/om prevails 9 ,great ,brita94 #aec ,! ,banjras ( ,khnde% rev]se ! process4 ,!y move _! huts aft] a dea?1 & make a special entrance in/ead ( ! ord9>y door1 :i* is suppos$ to be pollut$ by ! passage ( ! _s ( ! dead4 #aed ,a some:at simil> cu/om prevails among ! ,maghs ( ,b5gal4 ,:5 ! fri5ds return f ! cremation gr\nd1 if x is ! ma/] ( ! h\se :o has di$1 ! ladd] lead+ up to ! h\se is ?r[n d[n1 & !y mu/ effect an entrance by cutt+ a hole 9 ! back wall & s creep+ up4 #aee ,! !ory appe>s to be t ! evil spirits :o 7 on ! wat* = ! gho/ may be lurk+ ne> ! r\te by :i* ! corpse 0 remov$4 ,we h ! same idea 9 ! ,european cu/om ( salut+ a corpse :i* is be+ c>ri$ pa/4 ,grose di/9ctly /ates t ! homage 0 really (f]$ to ! att5dant evil spirits4 #aef ,s1 ! ,birhors ( ,b5gal1 on ! six? day aft] bir?1 take ! *ild out ( ! h\se by an op5+ made 9 ! wall1 s z to evade ! evil _s on ! wat* at ! door4 #aeg ,! mo/ elaborate precautions are1 h[ev]1 devot$ to b>r+ out ! gho/ & prev5t+ its return to its =m] home4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consi/ ( rules to prev5t ! brea* ( ! curiosity taboo4 ,all ?r\gh folk-lore we h in/ances ( ! dang] ( look+ back1 z 9 ! case ( ,lot's wife4 ,"o ( ! maxims ( ,py?agoras 03 ,on sett+ out on a j\rney1 d n return back2 = if y d ! fairies w cat* y4 #aeh ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales ! y\? is w>n$ n to look back1 o!rwise he w\ld be *ang$ into a pill> ( /one4 #aei ,9 "o ( ! ,italian spells ! (ficiant is told3 ,spit beh9d y ?rice & look n beh9d y4 #afj ,9 an ,indian tale ! god promises to help ! ,brhman & to foll[ him4 ,! ,brhman looks back & ! deity becomes a /one4 #afa ,! dang] ( look+ back is t ! p]son's s\l may be deta9$ among ! gho/s ( ! dead4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,h9du m\rn]s d n look back :5 !y are return+ f ! cremation gr\nd1 & s we f9d t 9 ,naxos x is a rule t none ( ! wom5 :o foll[ ! bi] mu/ look back1 = if %e d %e w die on ! spot1 or else "o ( h] relations w die4 #afb ,ano!r means is to b> ! return ( ! gho/ 9 a physical way4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,ah]iyas ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces burn ! corpse1 !y fl+ pebbles 9 ! direction ( ! pyre to prev5t ! _s accompany+ !m4 ,9 ! ,himlayas1 :5 a man has att5d$ ! fun]al c]emonies ( a relative1 he takes a piece ( ! %r\d worn by ! deceas$ & hangs x on "s tree 9 ! cremation gr\nd1 z an (f]+ to ! spirits :i* frequ5t su* places4 ,on 8 return1 he places a ?orny bu% on ! road :]ev] x is cross$ by ano!r pa?1 & ! ne>e/ male relative ( ! deceas$1 on see+ ?is1 puts a /one on x1 & press+ x d[n ) 8 feet1 prays ! _s ( ! dead man n to tr\ble him4 #afc ,among ! ,b5gal ,limbus1 ! ,ph$angma att5ds ! fun]al1 & deliv]s a brief address to ! dep>t$ _s on ! g5]al doom ( mank9d & ! succession ( life & dea?1 conclud+ ) ! comm& to g :]e 8 fa!rs h gone1 & n to come back to tr\ble ! liv+ ) dreams4 #afd ,practically ! same cu/om /ill prevails 9 ,irel&4 ,:5 a corpse is c>ri$ to ! grave1 x is ! rule = ! be>]s to /op half-way :ile ! ne>e/ relatives build up a small monum5t ( loose /ones1 & no h& w\ld d>e to di/urb ?is monum5t :ile ! _w la/s4 #afe ,9 ! case ( ! ,dhng>s & ,basors1 bo? m5ial tribes 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 we come across an usage :i* appe>s to be ( a v primitive type & to be int5d$ to secure ! same object ( b>r+ ! return ( ! gho/4 ,aft] !y h buri$ ! corpse !y return to ! h\se ( ! dead man1 kill a hog1 & aft] sep>at+ ! limbs1 :i* are cook$ = ! fun]al fea/1 !y bury ! trunk 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! h\se1 mak+ an invocation to x z ! repres5tative ( ! dead man1 & ord]+ him to re/ !re 9 peace & n worry 8 desc5dants4 ,9 ! grave 9 :i* !y bury ?is !y pile /ones & ?orns to keep ! gho/ d[n4 ,_m o!r m\rn+ cu/oms appe> to be bas$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,?us1 ! old ritual directs t all :o return f a fun]al mu/ t\* ! ,l+am1 fire1 c[dung1 a gra9 ( b>ley1 a gra9 ( sesame & wat]--all1 z ,pr(essor ,de ,gub]natis says1 symbols ( t fecundity :i* ! contact ) a corpse might h de/roy$4 #aff ,! real motive is d\btless to get rid ( ! gho/1 :i* may h accompani$ ! m\rn]s f ! cremation gr\nd4 ,9 ,borneo rice is spr9kl$ ov] !m ) ! same object1 & ! ,basutos :o h c>ri$ a corpse to ! grave h _! h&s scrat*$ ) a knife & magic /uff is rubb$ into ! w\nd to remove ! gho/ :i* may be adh]+ to !m4 #afg ,9 ,upp] ,india1 among ! l[] ,h9du ca/es1 :5 ! m\rn]s return aft] ! c]emony1 !y ba!1 wat] be+ a sc>] ( gho/s1 & at ! h\se door !y t\* a /one1 c[dung1 iron1 fire1 & wat]1 :i* h be5 plac$ outside ! h\se 9 read9ess :5 ! corpse 0 remov$4 ,!y !n t\* ea* _! left e>s ) ! little f+] ( ! left h&1 *ew leaves ( ! bitt] ,nm tree z a sign ( m\rn+1 &1 aft] sitt+ "s "t 9 sil5ce1 disp]se4 ,o!rs1 z ! ,ghasiyas1 pass _! feet ?r\gh ! smoke ( burn+ oil1 & o!rs m]ely rub _! feet ) oil to drive away ! gho/4 ,! same idea ( b>r+ ! return ( ! gho/ by means ( fire is f\nd among ! ,nats ( ,k?iwr1 :o burn hay on ! face ( ! corpse be=e cremat+ x1 & among ! ,?oris1 :o br& ! great toe ( ! "r foot ( ! deceas$4 #afh ,?is sitt+ 9 sil5ce aft] ! fun]al is commonly expla9$ m]ely z a m>k ( sympa?y = ! b]eav$ relatives1 b an analog\s cu/om 9 ,irel& leads to ! inf]5ce t ! real reason may be to give ! gho/ "t to dep>t1 & n to int]rupt 9 any way its progress to ! _s l&4 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel&1 aft] ! dea? no wail is all[$ to be rais$ until ?ree h\rs h elaps$1 because ! s\nd ( ! cry+ w\ld h9d] ! s\l f speak+ to ,god :5 x /&s be=e ,him1 & w\ld wak5 up ! great dogs t are wat*+ = ! s\ls ( ! dead to dev\r !m4 #afi ,we h 9 ^! rites & 9 ! ord9>y ritual "s fur!r illu/rations ( ! protective influ5ce ( v>i\s articles :i* sc>e evil spirits4 ,?us1 aft] ! cremation ! (ficiat+ ,brhman t\*es fire & ba!s 9 ord] to purify himself & b> ! return ( ! gho/2 & ! relative :o lights ! fun]al pyre keeps a piece ( iron ) him1 & goes ab\t ) a brass dr9k+ vessel 9 8 h& z a pres]vative aga9/ evil spirits :ile ! p]iod ( m\rn+ la/s4 ,! sy/em ( protection is exactly ! same z 9 ! case ( ! "y "m & h] *ild dur+ ! p]iod ( impurity consequ5t on p>turition4 ,z ! ,h$ley ,k[1 ! ,nor? ,briti% gobl91 is peculi>ly obnoxi\s at *ildbir?1 s ! ,rk%as ( ,indian folk-lore c>ries (f ! baby if ! suitable precautions to repel h] are neglect$4 #agj ,ano!r me?od ( b>r+ ! gho/ is to bury ! dead face d[nw>ds4 ,?is is common among sweep]s ( ,upp] ,india1 ^: gho/s1 z se5 9 ! probable connection ( ! ,*hra & ! ,*urel1 are always malignant4 ,! same cu/om prevails among ! ,*ran ,banjras ( ,khnde%4 ,) ?is may be contra/$ ! ,iri% cu/om ( loos5+ ! nails ( ! c(f9 be=e int]m5t1 9 ord] to facilitate ! passage ( ! s\l to heav54 #aga ,a m elaborate ritual is t p]=m$ by ! ,mang>s ( ,b5gal4 ,"o ( ! mat]nal relatives ( ! deceas$1 usually ! mat]nal uncle1 is *os5 to act z prie/ = ! occasion1 & to conduct ! ritual = ! propitiation ( ! dead4 ,fir/ ( all he puts 9 ! m\? ( ! corpse "s silv] co9s & "s coral1 :i* is mu* priz$ by ! ,himlayan races4 ,!n he lights a wick soak$ 9 cl>ifi$ butt]1 t\*es ! lips ) fire1 scatt]s "s p>*$ rice ab\t ! m\?1 &1 la/ly1 cov]s ! face ) a clo?4 ,two bits ( wood ab\t ?ree feet long are set up on ei!r side ( ! grave4 ,9 ! "o are cut n9e /eps or not*es1 =m+ a ladd] = ! _s ( ! dead to asc5d to heav52 on ! o!r e "o pres5t at ! fun]al cuts a not* to %[ t he has be5 !re4 ,z ! mat]nal uncle /eps out ( ! grave1 he bids a solemn f>ewell to ! dead & calls ^u him to asc5d to heav5 by ! ladd] prep>$ = him4 ,:5 ! e>? has be5 fill$ 91 ! /ick not*$ by ! fun]al p>ty is tak5 away to a di/ance & brok5 9 two pieces1 le/ by its means ! dead man %\ld d ! survivors a mis*ief4 ,! pole us$ to c>ry ! corpse is also brok5 up1 & ! spades & ropes are left 9 ! grave4 #agb ,among o!r devices to b> ! return ( ! _s may be not$ ! cu/om aft] a dea? 9 ! family ( prep>+ a re/+-place = ! gho/1 until on ! completion ( ! prescrib$ fun]al rites x is admitt$ to ! company ( ! sa9t$ dead4 ,?us1 among high-ca/e ,h9dus a j> ( wat] is hung on a ,ppal tree = ! refre%m5t ( ! _s4 ,! l[] ca/es practise a m elaborate ritual4 ,:5 ! obsequies are complet$ !y plant by ! bank ( a tank a bun* ( grass1 :i* ! *ief m\rn]s daily wat] until ! fun]al rites are ov]4 ,9 ,bombay ,mr4 ,campbell writes3 #agc ,) a few exceptions g5]ally among almo/ all classes ( ,h9dus1 :5 ! dead is c>ri$ to ! burn+ gr\nd1 on ne>+ ! cemet]y1 a small /one is pick$ up & appli$ to ! eyes1 *e/1 & feet ( ! deceas$4 ,?is /one is call$ ,jivkhda or ! _s /one1 is consid]$ z ! repres5tative or type ( ! deceas$1 & (f]+s ( milk & wat] are giv5 to x = t5 days4 ,fur!r he says3 ,on ne>+ ! burn+ gr\nd a small /one is pick$ up1 & ) x ! feet1 nose1 & *e/ ( ! deceas$ are t\*$ ?rice4 ,?is /one is call$ ,a%ma1 & is consid]$ z a type ( ! deceas$1 & to x fun]al oblations are (f]$ = t5 days4 ,! bi] is !n put d[n1 & a c]emony call$ ,visrnti ,srddha is p]=m$ by ! *ief m\rn]1 :o comes =w>d & (f]s two balls ( rice1 call$ ,bht or '_s1' & ,khe*>1 or 'roam] 9 ! sky1' to ! deceas$4 ,a hole is dug & ! balls are buri$ !re1 & ! litt] is rais$ aga9 on %\ld]s by f\r p]sons & c>ri$ to ! cemet]y4 ,! same idea ( b>r+ ! return ( ! gho/ acc\nts = ! tomb/one & cairn4 ,briti% evil spirits h be5 secur$ 9 ?is way4 ,mr4 ,h5d]son tells ( a vici\s _s :i* 0 entomb$ "u a l>ge /one = ! space ( n9ety ye>s & a day4 ,%\ld any luckless p]son sit on t /one1 he w\ld be unable to leave x = ev]4 #agd ,9 ,india1 :5 a ,ho or ,munda dies1 a v sub/antial c(f9 is con/ruct$ & plac$ on faggots ( bru%wood4 ,! body1 c>efully wa%$ & ano9t$ ) oil1 is rev]5tly laid 9 ?is c(f91 & all ! clo!s1 ornam5ts1 & agricultural implem5ts t ! deceas$ 0 9 ! habit ( us+ are plac$ ) x1 & also any money t he _h ) him :5 he di$4 ,!n ! lid ( ! c(f9 is put on & ! :ole is burn$4 ,! bones are collect$1 tak5 9 procession to ! h\ses ( fri5ds1 & e place :]e ! deceas$ 0 9 ! habit ( visit+4 ,!y are f9ally buri$ "u a l>ge slab1 & a megali?ic monum5t is erect$ to ! memory ( ! dead4 ,a quantity ( rice is ?r[n into ! grave ) o!r food4 #age ,?is cu/om ( p>ad+ ! corpse also prevails 9 ,irel&4 ,i believe x is ! cu/om 9 mo/1 if n all1 small t[ns 9 ! s\? = a body to be c>ri$1 on its way to ! gravey>d1 r\nd ! t[n by ! longe/ way to bid its la/ f>ewell to ! place4 ,if ! body be t ( a murd]$ man1 x is1 if possible1 c>ri$ pa/ ! h\se ( ! murd]]4 ,9 c\nty ,wickl[1 if an old *ur* lies on ! way to ! grave1 ! body is borne r\nd x ?ree times4 #agf ,! ,korkus ( ,ho%angbd h a rem>kable me?od ( lay+ ! gho/4 ,ea* clan has a place 9 :i* ! fun]al rite ( e memb] ( t clan mu/ be p]=m$2 & h[ev] f> ! ,korku may h w&]$ f ! orig9al c5tre ( 8 tribe1 he mu/ return !re to set 8 fa!r's _s to re/1 & enable x to jo9 its own family & ance/ral gho/s4 ,9 ?is spot a sep>ate /ake 7munda7 is set up = e "o ^: rites are sep>ately p]=m$1 & if a poor ,korku p]=ms !m = sev]al ance/ors at once1 he /ill puts up only "o /ake4 ,x /&s two or two & a half feet above ! gr\nd1 plan$ smoo? & squ>$ at ! top2 on "o side is c>v$ at ! top ! lik5ess ( ! sun & moon1 a spid]1 & a :eat e>1 & bel[ x a figure repres5t+ ! pr9cipal p]son 9 ^: hon\r x is put up1 on horseback1 ) weapons 9 8 h&s4 ,if m ?an "o p]son's dea? is be+ celebrat$1 ! re/ are c>v$ bel[ z subord9ate figures4 ,i c\ld n le>n t ! spirits are suppos$ to specially haunt ?is grove ( /akes1 or t ,korkus h any dread ( go+ ne> x at night2 b !y are f> bold] ?an ,h9dus 9 ?is respect4 ,:5 ! fun]al rite is to be p]=m$1 ! fir/ ?+ is to cut a bamboo & take out ! pi?1 :i* is to repres5t ! bones ( ! deceas$1 unless he has be5 burnt1 9 :i* case ! bones !mselves w h be5 pres]v$4 ,a *ick5 is !n sacrific$ at ! grave1 & all t night ! m\rn]s wat* & dance1 & s+ & make m]ry4 ,next day !y g out v e>ly1 & cut d[n "s p]fectly unblemi%$ tree1 ei!r teak or ,sali1 n holl[ or decay$ or m>k$ ) an axe1 :i* !y cut to make ! ,munda /ake4 ,x is br\ght home at once & fa%ion$ by a skilful man4 ,9 ! aft]noon x is c>ri$ to ! place :]e cattle re/ outside ! village at noontide1 & is wa%$ & cov]$ ) turm]ic l a bridegroom1 & five *ick5s are sacrific$ to x4 ,x is !n br\ght home aga91 & ! pi? repres5t+ ! bones is tak5 outside ! village & hung to "s tree = safety dur+ ! night4 7,! idea1 z we h else:]e se51 is m probably to all[ ! gho/ an opportunity ( revisit+ !m47 ,all ! fri5ds & relations h by ?is "t assembl$1 & ?is ev5+ ! *ief fun]al d9n] is giv54 ,next day1 ! :ole p>ty set out = ! place :]e ! /akes ( _! clan are set up1 & aft] digg+ a hole & putt+ two copp] co9s 9 x1 & ! bones ( ! deceas$ or ! pi? :i* repres5ts !m1 !y put ! /ake 9 & fix x upright4 ,!n !y (f] a goat or *ick5s to x1 :i* are pres5tly eat5 close by1 & 9 ! ev5+ ! :ole p>ty returns home4 #agg ,all ?is ritual1 c>ri$ out by "o ( ! mo/ primitive ,indian tribes1 admirably illu/rates ! pr9ciples :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,! obvi\s int5tion ( ! cu/om is to provide a re/+-place = ! _s ( ! dead man1 s t x may no long] be a s\rce ( dang] to ! survivors4 ,simil> cu/oms prevail among o!r aborig9al races ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,9 "s places !y burn _! dead & !n erect plat=ms1 at ! corn]s ( :i* !y place tall1 r$ /ones4 ,9 o!r places a sort ( l[ squ>e m\nd is rais$ ov] ! rema9s ( ! deceas$1 at ! corn]s ( :i* are erect$ wood5 po/s1 r\nd :i* ?read is w\nd to complete ! sacr$ circle1 & a /one is set up 9 ! c5tre4 ,"h (f]+s are pres5t$1 z 9 ! jungle wor%ip ( _! deities1 ( rice & o!r gra9s1 f[ls or %eep4 ,on "o occasion aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,bhonsla or ,m>hta ,gov]nm5t 9 ,gondwna a c[ 0 (f]$ to ! manes ( a ,gond2 b ?is hav+ come to ! notice ( ! au?orities1 ! relations 7 publicly :ipp$1 & all 7 int]dict$ f do+ su* an act aga94 ,to p]sons ( m ?an usual reputation = sanctity (f]+s cont9ue to be pres5t$ = _m ye>s aft] _! decease4 ,9 ! ,di/rict ( ,bh&ra rude collections ( co>se e>!nw>e 9 ! =m ( horses may be se51 :i* h accumulat$ f ye> to ye> on ! tombs ( su* m54 #agh ,! ,pau>iyas ( ,*ota ,ngpur bury _! dead1 except ! bodies ( _! prie/s1 :i* are c>ri$ on a cot into ! =e/s cov]$ ) leaves & bran*es & kept !re1 ! reason assign$ be+ t if laid 9 ! village cemet]y _! gho/s become v tr\blesome4 ,! bodies ( p :o die ( contagi\s disease are simil>ly dispos$ (1 ! fact ( dea? 9 ?is way be+ suppos$ to be ! direct act ( "o ( ! deities :o gov]n plagues4 #agi ,9 a c\ntry :]e imm$iate burial or cremation is necess>y & habitual1 we ne$ n expect to meet _m examples ( ! cu/oms1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] gives examples1 #ahj ( plac+ ! body on a plat=m or ! l 9 ord] to secure its p]sonal com=t & conciliate ! _s4 ,) ! object ( keep+ a place ready = ! _s1 "s tribes are c>eful to pres]ve ! body4 ,! ,s+poo ( ! nor?-ea/]n fronti] keep ! bodies ( _! dead *iefs = sev]al ye>s1 & ! ,kkis dry ! dead at a sl[ fire1 #aha practices :i* among m civiliz$ races rise to embalm+1 z among ! ,*9ese & ,egyptians4 ,! ,?rus ( ! sub-,himlayan ,t> h a cu/om ( plac+ ! corpse on ! village feti% m\nd dur+ ! night aft] dea?1 & !n ! m\rn+ goes on4 ,! practice is p]haps int5d$ z mu* to prev5t1 by ! sanctity ( ! spot on :i* x is plac$1 ! _s f h>m+ ! survivors1 z f any special desire to conciliate x4 ,among all ,h9dus1 ( c\rse1 z f> z exig5cies ( ! rapid disposal ( ! rema9s all[1 x is habitual to treat ! dead ) respect2 corpses are c>efully cov]$ ) r$ clo?1 & remov$ rev]5tly = burial or cremation4 ,!re is also among "s tribes ! cu/om ( dis9t]r+ corpses aft] tempor>y burial4 ,?us1 ! ,bhotiyas ( ! ,himlayas burn _! dead only 9 ! mon? ( ,krttik2 ^? :o die 9 ! meantime are tempor>ily buri$ & dis9t]r$ :5 ! season = cremation arrives4 ,! ,ka?kris1 a jungle tribe 9 ,bombay1 dig up ! corpse "s "t aft] burial & hold a wake ov] ! gha/ly relics4 ,!y appe> to d ?is only 9 ! case ( p]sons dy+ ( *ol]a or small-pox1 ) "s idea ( appeas+ ! deity ( disease4 ,9 p>ts ( ,oudh ! cu/om is said /ill to prevail among ! l[] ca/es dur+ epidemics1 & x has rec5tly attract$ ! att5tion ( ! sanit>y (fic]s4 #ahb ,! ,fun]al ,fea/4 ,! fun]al fea/ is evid5tly a survival ( ! fea/ :5 ! dead k9sman 0 consum$ by 8 relatives1 :o wi%$ ?us to p>take ( ! prop]ties ( ! dead4 ,by ano!r !ory ! fea/+ ( ! m\rn]s is int5d$ to resi/ ! attempt ( ! gho/ ( ! dead man to ent] _! bodies1 food be+ (f5sive to spirits4 ,mutilation a ,sign ( ,m\rn+4 ,p]haps ! only di/9ct survival ( ! c]emonial mutilation s common among savages z a sign ( m\rn+1 is ! %av+ :i* is compulsory on all ! clansm5 :o %>$ 9 ! dea? pollution4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 at ! dea? ( ,antilo*us1 ,peisi/ratus says1 ,?is is n[ ! only due we pay to mis]able m51 to cut ! hair & let ! te> fall f ! *eek1 & at ! burial rites ( ,patroklus !y heap$ all ! corpse ) _! hair :i* !y cut (f & ?rew !reon4 ,! cutt+ ( ! hair is always a s]i\s matt]4 ,among/ ! ,maoris _m spells 7 utt]$ at hair-cutt+2 "o1 = example1 0 spok5 to consecrate ! obsidian knife ) :i* ! hair 0 cut2 ano!r 0 pron\nc$ to av]t ! ?und] & lightn+ :i* hair-cutt+ 0 believ$ to cause4 #ahc ,?is c]emonial %av+ is also p]haps ! only survival 9 ,nor!rn ,india ( pub]ty initiation c]emonies4 ,9 "s cases ! hair cut appe>s to be reg>d$ z a sacrifice4 ,?us betwe5 ! ages ( two & five ! ,bhls %ave ! heads ( _! *ildr54 ,! *ild's aunt takes ! hair 9 h] lap1 & wrapp+ x 9 h] clo!s1 receives a c[1 buffalo1 or o!r pres5t f ! *ild's p>5t4 #ahd ,respect ,paid to ,hair4 ,all ov] ! _w ! hair is inve/$ ) p>ticul> sanctity z embody+ ! /r5g? ( ! own]1 z 9 ! ,samson-,delilah /ory4 ,vi%nu1 accord+ to ! old /ory1 took two hairs1 a :ite & a black "o1 & ^! became ,bal>ma & ,kri%na4 ,_m *>ms are work$ ?r\gh hair1 & if a wit* gets possession ( x %e c "w evil to ! own]4 ,an ,italian *>m directs1 ,:5 y ent] any city1 collect be=e ! gate z _m hairs z y w :i* may lie on ! road1 say+ to y\rself t y d ?is to remove y\r heada*e1 & b9d "o ( ! hairs to y\r head4 #ahe ,! /r5g? ( ,nisus lay 9 8 gold5 hair1 & :5 x 0 pull$ out he 0 kill$ by ,m9os4 ,x is ?is p[] ( hair :i* possibly acc\nts = its pres]vation z a relic ( ! dead 9 lockets & bracelets1 or1 z ,mr4 ,h>tl& %[s1 ! idea at ! root ( ^! practices is t ( sacram5tal communion ) ! dead4 #ahf ,we h already come across in/ances ( gr[+ hair z a curse4 ,mr4 ,fraz] gives num]\s examples ( ?is cu/om among savage races1 & 9 ! ,teutonic my?ology ! av5g] ( ,baldur w n cut 8 hair until he has kill$ 8 enemy4 ,9 ! folk-tales hair is a p[]ful deus ex ma*91 human hair = *oice1 b any k9d w answ] ! purpose4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ common incid5ts t ! h]o recognizes ! h]o9e by a lock ( h] hair :i* floats d[n ! /ream4 #ahg ,a curi\s in/ance ( mutilation reg>d$ z a *>m may be quot$ f ,b5gal4 ,%\ld a woman give bir? to sev]al /illborn *ildr51 9 succession1 ! popul> belief is t ! same *ild reappe>s on ea* occasion4 ,s1 to fru/rate ! designs ( ! evil _s t has tak5 possession ( ! *ild1 ! nose or a portion ( ! e> is cut (f & ! body is ca/ on a dunghill4 ,food = ! ,dead4 ,ano!r means = conciliat+ ! _s ( ! dead man is to lay up food = its use4 #ahh ,?is is int5d$ p>tly z provision = ! gho/ 9 its j\rney to ! o!r _w4 ,b 9 "s cases x w\ld seem t !re is a diff]5t basis = ! cu/om4 ,z we h se51 x is dang]\s to eat ! food ( fairy-l&1 & unless food is suppli$ to ! w&]+ gho/1 x may be oblig$ to eat ! food ( ! l[] _w & h5ce be unable to return to ! _w ( m54 ,accord+ to ! anci5t ,indian ritual x 0 recomm5d$ to put into ! h&s ( ! dead man ! re9s ( ! animal kill$ 9 ! fun]al sacrifice1 or 9 default ( an animal victim at lea/ two cakes ( rice or fl\r1 s t he may ?r[ !m to ! dogs ( ,yama1 :i* w\ld o!rwise b> 8 passage1 #ahi & ! same idea con/antly appe>s 9 ! folk-tales :]e ! h]o takes "s food ) him :i* he fl+s to ! fi]ce bea/s :i* prev5t him f ga9+ ! wat] ( life or :atev] may h be5 ! te/ impos$ ^u him4 ,! use ( pulse 9 ! fun]al rites dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciple1 & 9 ! ,greek belief ! dead c>ri$ vegetables ) !m to hell1 ei!r to w9 ! "r ( passage or z provisions = ! road4 ,articles left ) ! ,corpse4 ,h5ce too comes ! practice ( burn+ ) ! corpse ! articles :i* ! dead man 0 9 ! habit ( us+4 ,!y rise ) ! fumes ( ! pyre & solace him 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,! ,kos told ,colonel ,dalton t ! reason ( ?is 0 t !y 7 unwill+ to d]ive any imm$iate b5efit by ! dea? ( a memb] ( ! family4 ,h5ce !y burn 8 we>+ app>el & p]sonal effects1 b !y d n de/roy clo!s & o!r ?+s :i* h n be5 worn4 ,= ?is reason1 old m5 ( ! tribe1 9 a _s ( c>eful economy1 avoid we>+ new clo!s1 s t !y may n be wa/$ at ! fun]al4 #aij ,! cu/om ( lay+ out food = ! gho/ /ill prevails 9 ,irel&1 :]e x is a v preval5t practice dur+ "s nights aft] dea? to leave food outside ! h\se1 a griddle cake or a di% ( potatoes4 ,if x is gone 9 ! morn+1 ! spirits mu/ h tak5 x1 = no human be+ w\ld t\* ! food left = ! dead1 z x might compel him to jo9 _! company4 ,on ,novemb] ,eve food is laid out 9 ! same way4 #aia ,!re are num]\s examples ( simil> practices 9 ,india4 ,! ,mhrs ( ,khnde%1 :5 !y remove a corpse1 put 9 its m\? a ,pn leaf ) a gold bead f 8 wife's necklace4 ,at ! grave ! bro!r or son ( ! dead man wets ! end ( 8 turban & drops a little wat] on ! lips ( ! corpse4 #aib ,s ! ,greeks us$ to put a co9 9 ! dead man's m\? to enable him to pay 8 f>e to ,*>on4 ,9 ! ,panjb x is a common practice to put 9 ! m\? ( ! corpse ! ,pan*>atana or five k9ds ( jewels1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 coral1 & pewt]4 ,! leaves ( ! ,tulasi or sweet basil & ,ganges wat] are put into ! m\? ( a dy+ man1 & ! =m] into ! e>s & no/rils also4 ,!y are said to be (f]+s to ,yama1 ! god ( dea?1 :o on receiv+ !m %[s m]cy to ! s\l ( ! deceas$4 ,! same cu/oms g5]ally prevail among ! ,h9dus ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,among ! ,buddhi/s ( ! ,himlaya1 ,moorcr(t 0 pres5t at ! consecration ( ! food ( ! dead4 #aic ,! ,lma consecrat$ b>ley & wat] & p\r$ !m f a silv] sauc] into a brass vessel1 occasionally /rik+ two brass cymbals toge!r1 recit+ or *ant+ pray]s1 to :i* f "t to "t an inf]ior ,lma utt]$ responses al\d1 accompani$ by ! re/ 9 an und]tone4 ,?is 0 int5d$ = ! use ( ! s\ls 9 hell1 :o w\ld />ve 7 x n provid$4 ,! music & s++1 if we may apply ! analogy ( ,indian practices1 are int5d$ to sc>e ! vagrant gho/s1 :o w\ld o!rwise consume or defile ! food4 ,! same is ! case among ! ,drvidian races4 ,?us1 ! ,bhuiyrs ( ,mirzapur aft] ! fun]al fea/ ?r[ a cupful ( oil & "s food into ! wat] hole 9 :i* ! a%es ( ! dead man are deposit$4 ,!y say t he w nev] be hungry or want oil to ano9t himself aft] ba?+4 ,! ,korwas1 :5 burn+ a corpse1 place ) x ! ornam5ts & clo!s ( ! deceas$1 & an axe1 :i* !y d n break1 z is ! habit ( _m o!r savages4 ,!y say t ! _s ( ! dead man w want x to hack 8 way ?r\gh ! jungles ( ! l[] _w4 ,:5 ! ,bhuiyrs cremate a corpse !y ?r[ ne> ! spot an axe1 if ! deceas$ 0 a man1 & a ,khurpi or we$+ spud1 if a woman4 ,no "o w\ld d>e to appropriate su* ?+s1 z he w\ld be =c$ to jo9 ! gha/ly company ( _! own]s4 ,:]e ! corpse is burn$ !y leave a platt] made ( leaves conta9+ a little boil$ rice1 & !y spr9kle on ! gr\nd all ! ord9>y k9ds ( gra9 & "s turm]ic & salt z food = ! dead 9 ! next _w4 ,all ^! tribes & _m l[-ca/e ,h9dus 9 ,nor!rn ,india lay out platt]s ( food "u ! eaves ( ! h\se dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+1 & !y asc]ta9 by peculi> m>ks :i* !y exam9e next day :e!r ! _s has p>tak5 ( ! food or n4 ,among ! jungle tribes !re is a rule t ! food = ! dead is prep>$1 n by ! h\se-"m1 b by ! s5ior daught]-9-law1 & ev5 if incapacitat$ by illness f p]=m+ ?is duty1 %e is b\nd at lea/ to comm5ce ! "w by cook+ "o or two cakes1 ! re/ be+ prep>$ by "o ( ! junior wom5 ( ! family4 ,among ! m ,h9duiz$ ,majhwrs & ,patris we rea* ! /age :]e ! clo!s1 implem5ts ( ! deceas$1 & "s food are giv5 to ! ,patri prie/1 :o1 by vic>i\sly consum+ !m1 lays up a /ore = ! use ( ! dead man 9 ! o!r _w4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple on :i* food & o!r articles are giv5 to ! ,mahbrhman or ord9>y ,h9du fun]al prie/ at ! close ( ! p]iod ( m\rn+4 ,among ! ,b5gal tribes1 ! ,ml ,pah>iyas p\r ! blood ( goats & f[ls on _! ance/ral memorial pill>s t ! s\ls may n hung] 9 ! _w ( ! dead4 ,among ! ,bhmij1 at ! fun]al c]emony1 an outsid]1 :o is (t5 a ,laiya or prie/1 comes =w>d to p]sonate ! deceas$1 by ^: "n he is address$1 & ask$ :at he wants to eat4 ,act+ ?us z ! dead man's proxy1 he m5tions v>i\s articles ( food1 :i* are plac$ be=e him4 ,aft] mak+ a regul> meal1 he goes away1 & ! _s ( ! deceas$ is believ$ to g ) him4 ,s among ! ,kolis ( ! ,konkan1 ! dead man's s\l is br\ght back into "o ( ! m\rn]s4 ,among ! ,vrlis ( ,?na1 on ! twelf? day aft] dea?1 a d9n] is giv5 to ! ne>e/ relations1 & dur+ ! night ! _s ( ! dead ent]s into "o ( ! relations1 :o ent]ta9s ! re/ ) ! /ory ( "s ev5t 9 ! dead man's life4 ,among ! ,santls1 "o ( ! m\rn]s drums by ! a%es ( ! dead1 & ! _s ent]s ! body1 :5 ! m\rn] %aves1 ba!s1 eats a cock1 & dr9ks "s liquor4 #aid ,among ! ,b5gal ,*akmas1 a bamboo po/ or o!r portion ( a dead man's h\se is burn$ ) him1 probably 9 ord] to provide him ) %elt] 9 ! next _w4 ,among ! ,kmis1 be=e !y c p>take ( ! fun]al fea/1 a small portion ( e di% mu/ be plac$ 9 a leaf plate & tak5 out into ! jungle = ! _s ( ! dead man1 & c>efully wat*$ until a fly or o!r insect settles ^u x4 ,! wat*] !n cov]s up ! plate ) a slab ( /one1 eats 8 own food1 & returns to tell ! relatives t ! _s has receiv$ ! (f]+ prep>$ = him4 ,! ,fly z a ,life ,index4 ,! fly "h repres5ts ! _s1 an idea v common 9 folk-lore1 :]e an insect (t5 appe>s z ! ,life ,index4 ,an ,engli% lady has be5 kn[n 9 ,india to /op play+ lawn-t5nis because a butt]fly settl$ 9 ! c\rt4 ,9 ,cornwall w&]+ spirits take ! =m ( mo?s1 ants1 & weasels4 #aie ,we h ! same idea 9 ,titus ,&ronicus1 :5 ,m>cus1 hav+ be5 rebuk$ = kill+ a fly1 gives z 8 reason1-- ,x 0 a black1 ill-fav\r$ fly1 ,l to ! empress ,moor2 !re=e ,i kill'd him4 ,a fly is ! gu>dian _s ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's well 9 ,banff4 #aif ,recall+ ! ,gho/4 ,b :ile x is exp$i5t by "s or o!r ( ^! devices to b> or lay ! gho/1 or prev5t its return by provid+ = its j\rney to1 & accommodation 9 ! next _w1 "s tribes h a cu/om ( mak+ arrangem5ts to br+ back ! s\l ( ! deceas$ to ! family abode1 :]e he is wor%ipp$ z a h\sehold _s4 ,"s ( ! ,c5tral ,indian tribes cat* ! _s re-embodi$ 9 a f[l or fi%1 "s br+ x home 9 a pot ( wat] or fl\r4 #aig ,among ! ,tipp]as ( ,b5gal1 :5 a man dies 9 a /range village sep>at$ f 8 home by ! riv]1 !y /ret* a :ite /r+ f bank to bank along :i* ! _s is believ$ to return4 #aih ,?is illu/rates an idea common to all folk-lore t ! gho/ _c cross runn+ wat] )\t mat]ial assi/ance4 ,among ! ,hos on ! ev5+ ( ! cremation day c]ta9 prep>ations are made 9 anticipation ( a visit f ! gho/4 ,"s boil$ rice is laid ap>t = x1 & a%es are spr9kl$ on ! floor1 9 ord] t1 %\ld x come1 its foot/eps may be detect$4 ,on return+ !y c>efully scrut9ize ! a%es & ! rice1 & if !re is ! fa9te/ indication ( ^! hav+ be5 di/urb$1 x is attribut$ to ! action ( ! _s1 & !y sit d[n %iv]+ ) horror & cry+ bitt]ly1 z if !y 7 by no means pleas$ ) ! visit1 ?\gh x be made at _! e>ne/ solicitation4 #aii ,a%es4 ,?is use ( a%es z a means ( id5tify+ ! gho/1 con/itutes 9 itself q an important *apt] 9 folk-lore4 ,x rem9ds u ( ! ,apocryphal leg5d ( ,bel & ! ,dragon4 ,! idea probably orig9ally arose f ! respect paid to ! a%es ( ! h\se fire by primitive races1 among :om ! he>? & ! kit*5 are ! home ( ! h\sehold godl+s4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ?is practice f ,europe4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl& on ,c&lemas ,day ! mi/ress takes a %eaf ( oats1 dresses x 9 woman's app>el1 & aft] putt+ x 9 a l>ge basket beside :i* a wood5 club is plac$1 cries ?ree times1 ,briid is come6 ,briid is welcome6 ,next morn+ !y look = ! impression ( ,briid's club 9 ! a%es1 :i* is an om5 ( a good h>ve/4 #bjj ,a%-riddl+ is a cu/om 9 ! nor!rn c\nties4 ,! a%es be+ riddl$ or sift$ on ! he>?1 if any "o ( ! family be to die )9 ! ye>1 ! m>k ( a %oe w be impress$ ^u ! a%es4 #bja ,9 ,wales !y make a bonfire1 & :5 x is ext+ui%$ ea* "o ?r[s a :ite /one into ! a%es4 ,9 ! morn+ !y se>* out ! /ones1 & if any "o is f\nd want+1 he t ?rew x w die )9 ! ye>4 #bjb ,9 ,manxl& ! a%es are c>efully swept to ! op5 he>? & nicely flatt5$ d[n by ! wom5 be=e !y g to b$4 ,9 ! morn+ !y look = footm>ks on ! he>?1 & if !y f9d su* footm>ks direct$ to ! door1 x means 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> a dea? 9 ! family1 & if ! rev]se1 !y expect an addition to x by m>riage4 #bjc ,accord+ to "o ( ! ,italian *>ms1 ,& !y 7 accu/om$ to div9e sometimes ) ! a%es f ! sacrifices4 ,& to ?is day !re is a trace ( x1 :5 t :i* is to be div9$ is writt5 on ! a%es ) ! f+] or ) ! /ick4 ,!n ! a%es are /irr$ by ! fre% breeze1 & "o looks = ! lett]s :i* !y =m by be+ mov$4 #bjd ,among/ "s ,h9dus1 on ! t5? night aft] ! dea? ( a p]son1 he :o fir$ ! fun]al pyre is requir$ to sift "s a%es1 ne> :i* a lamp is plac$1 & ! :ole cov]$ ) a basket4 ,next morn+ ! a%es are exam9$1 & ! gho/ is suppos$ to h migrat$ into ! animal ^: m>k appe>s on ! a%es4 #bje ,s1 at ! annual fea/ ( ! dead1 ! jungle tribes ( ,mirzapur spread a%es on ! floor1 & a m>k g5]ally l t ( a *ick5's foot %[s t ! family gho/s h visit$ ! h\se4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 says ,aubrey1 sift or smoo? ! a%es & leave x s :5 y g to b$2 next morn+ look1 & if y f9d !re ! lik5ess ( a c(f91 "o w die2 if a r+1 "o w be m>ri$4 #bjf ,9 ,nor? ,scotl&1 on ! night aft] ! fun]al1 bread & wat] are plac$ 9 ! ap>tm5t :]e ! body lay4 ,! dead man 0 believ$ to return t night & p>take ( ! food2 unless ?is 7 done ! spirits c\ld n re/ 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,?is probably acc\nts = ! s-call$ food vases & dr9k+ cups f\nd 9 ! long b>r[s4 #bjg ,all ,h9dus believe t ! gho/s ( ! dead return on ! night ( ! ,diwl or fea/ ( lamps4 ,replac+ ,h\sehold ,vessels4 ,aft] a dea? all ! h\sehold e>!n pots are brok5 & replac$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is is due ei!r to ! belief t ! gho/ ( ! dead man is 9 "s ( !m1 or t ! cu/om may h "s connection ) ! idea ( provid+ ! gho/ ) ut5sils 9 ! next _w4 #bjh ,9 popul> belief1 h[ev]1 ! cu/om is expla9$ by ! dea? pollution atta*+ to all ! family cook+ vessels1 :i*1 if ( metal1 are purifi$ ) fire4 ,! vessel is ! home ( ! _s3 ,at mo/ ,h9du fun]als a wat] j> is c>ri$ r\nd ! pyre1 & !n da%$ to ! gr\nd1 app>5tly to %[ t ! _s has left its e>?ly home4 ,s1 ! ,surat ,*ondras set up z _s homes l>ge :itewa%$ e>!n j>s laid on _! sides4 ,s1 to please any _s likely to injure a crop1 an e>!n j> is set on a pole z ! _s's h\se1 & s at a w$d+ or o!r c]emonies1 j>s1 sometimes empty1 sometimes fill$ ) wat]1 are pil$ z homes = planets & o!r m>riage gods & goddesses1 t !y may feel pleas$ & _! influ5ce be fri5dly4 #bji ,we h already met ) ! ,kalasa or sacr$ j>4 ,! same idea ( ! pollution ( e>!n vessels prevail$ among ! ,hebrews1 :5 an e>!n vessel rema9+ 9 a t5t 9 :i* a p]son di$ 0 consid]$ impure = sev5 days4 #baj ,fun]al ,rites 9 ,effigy4 ,:5 a p]son dies at a di/ance f home1 & x is impossible to p]=m ! fun]al rites ov] ! body1 x is cremat$ 9 effigy4 ,! special t]m = ?is is ,kusa-putra1 or son ( ! ,kusa grass4 ,colonel ,tod gives a case ( ?is :5 ,rja ,umm$a ( ,bndi abdicat$3 ,an image ( ! pr9ce 0 made1 & a pyre 0 erect$ on :i* x 0 consum$4 ,! hair & :isk]s ( ,ajt1 8 successor1 7 tak5 (f & (f]$ to ! ,manes2 lam5tations & wail+ 7 he>d 9 ! ,que5's ap>tm5ts1 & ! twelve days ( m\rn+ 7 held z if ,umm$a _h really deceas$2 on ! expiration ( :i* ! in/allation ( 8 successor took place4 #baa ,gho/s ,l5g!n+ ,!mselves4 ,gho/s1 z we h already se5 9 ! case ( ! ,naugaza1 h ! p[] ( *ang+ _! l5g?4 ,9 ! well-kn[n tale 9 ! ,arabian ,nights ! demon is %ut up 9 a j> "u ! seal ( ! ,"l ,solomon1 z 9 "o ( ! ,g]man tales ! ,devil is %ut up 9 a crevice 9 a p9e tree1 & ! gho/ ( ,major ,weir ( ,ed9burgh resid$ 9 8 walk+-/ick4 #bab ,"s ( ! ,indian gho/s1 l ! ,ifrt ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 c gr[ to ! l5g? ( t5 yojanas or eighty miles4 ,9 "o ( ! ,b5gal tales a gho/ is id5tifi$ because %e c /ret* out h] h&s sev]al y>ds = a vessel4 #bac ,"s gho/s possess ! v dang]\s p[] ( ent]+ human corpses1 l ! ,vetla1 & swell+ to an enorm\s size4 ,! ,kh>wrs ( ,mirzapur h a wild leg5d1 :i* tells h[ long ago an unm>ri$ girl ( ! tribe di$1 & 0 be+ cremat$4 ,:ile ! relations 7 collect+ wood = ! pyre1 a gho/ ent]$ ! corpse1 b ! fri5ds manag$ to expel him4 ,s9ce !n great c>e is tak5 n to leave ! bodies ( wom5 unwat*$4 ,s1 9 ! ,panjb1 :5 a great p]son is cremat$ ! bones & a%es are c>efully wat*$ till ! f\r? day1 to prev5t a magician int]f]+ ) !m4 ,if he has a *ance1 he c re/ore ! deceas$ to life1 & ev] aft] reta9 him "u 8 influ5ce4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! cu/om 9 ,great ,brita9 ( wak+ ! dead1 a practice :i* mo/ probably orig9at$ f a silly sup]/ition z to ! dang] ( a corpse be+ c>ri$ (f by "s ( ! ag5ts ( ! invisible _w1 or expos$ to ! om9\s lib]ties ( brute animals4 #bad ,b 9 ,india x is consid]$ ! be/ c\rse1 if ! corpse _c be imm$iately dispos$ (1 to measure x c>efully1 & !n no malignant ,bht c occupy x4 ,we h already met ) in/ances ( a simil> idea ( ! my/ic effect suppos$ to foll[ on measur+ or weigh+ gra94 ,k9dly ,gho/s4 ,mo/ ( ! gho/s :om we h be5 z yet consid]+ are malignant4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!rs :i* are fri5dly4 ,su* are ! ,g]man ,elves1 ! ,rob9 ,goodfell[1 ,puck1 ,br[nie & ! ,cauld ,lad ( ,hilton ( ,engl&1 ! ,gla%an ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 ! ,ph\ka or ,leprehaun ( ,irel&4 ,su*1 9 "o ( 8 _m =ms1 is ! ,brahmadaitya1 or gho/ ( a ,brhman :o has di$ unm>ri$4 ,9 ,b5gal he is believ$ to be m neat & less mis*iev\s ?an o!r gho/s2 ! ,bhts c>ry him 9 a palanqu91 he we>s wood5 s&als1 lives 9 a ,banyan or ,bel tree1 & ,sankha*rn is 8 mi/ress4 ,he appe>s to be ab\t ! only respectable ba*elor gho/4 ,9 "o ( ! folk-tales a gho/ly reap] ( ?is class assi/s 8 human fri5d1 & c cut z mu* ( ! crop 9 a m9ute z an ord9>y p]son c 9 a day4 #bae ,s1 ! ,manx ,br[nie is call$ ! ,f5odyree1 & he is describ$ z a hairy1 clumsy fell[ :o w\ld ?re% a :ole b>nful ( corn 9 a s+le night = ! p to :om he felt well dispos$4 #baf ,?is ,brahmadaitya is ! lead] ( ! o!r gho/s 9 virtue ( 8 respectable orig92 he lives 9 a tree1 &1 unlike o!r v>ieties ( ,bhts1 does n eat all k9ds ( food1 b only su* z are consid]$ c]emonially pure4 ,he nev]1 l common ,bhts1 fright5s m51 b is h>mless & quiet1 nev] plagu+ b5ight$ travell]s1 nor ent]+ into ! bodies ( liv+ m5 or wom51 b if 8 dignity be insult$1 or any "o trespass on 8 doma9s1 he wr+s _! necks4 ,tree ,gho/s4 ,h5ce 9 reg>d to trees great caution is requir$4 ,a ,h9du w nev] climb "o ( ! v>ieties ( fig1 ! ,ficus ,cordifolia1 except ?r\gh dire necessity1 & if a ,brhman is =c$ to asc5d ! ,bel tree or ,aegle ,m>melos = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! sacr$ trefoil s l>gely us$ 9 ,saiva wor%ip1 he only does s aft] (f]+ pray]s to ! gods 9 g5]al1 & to ! ,brahmadaitya 9 p>ticul> :o may h tak5 up 8 abode 9 ?is special tree4 ,^! tree gho/s are1 x is ne$less to say1 v num]\s4 ,h5ce mo/ local %r9es are con/ruct$ "u trees1 & 9 "o p>ticul> tree1 ! ,bra1 ! jungle tribes ( ,mirzapur locate ,bghesw>1 ! tig] godl+1 "o ( _! mo/ dread$ deities4 ,9 ! ,konkan1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,campbell1 #bag ! m$ium or ,bhagat :o becomes possess$ is call$ ,jhd1 or tree1 app>5tly because he is a fav\rite dwell+-place = spirits4 ,9 ! ,dakkh9 x is believ$ t ! _s ( ! pregnant woman or ,*urel lives 9 a tree1 & ! ,abors & ,padams ( ,ea/ ,b5gal believe t spirits 9 trees kidnap *ildr54 #bah ,_m ( ^! tree spirits appe> 9 ! folk-tales4 ,?us1 ,devadatta wor%ips a tree :i* "o day sudd5ly clave 9 two & a nymph appe>$ :o introduc$ him inside ! tree1 :]e 0 a heav5ly palace ( jewels1 9 :i*1 recl9+ on a c\*1 appe>$ ,vidyatprabh1 ! maid5 daught] ( ! k+ ( ! ,yak%as2 9 ano!r /ory ! m5dicant he>s inside a tree ! ,yak%a jok+ ) 8 wife4 #bai ,s ,daphne is turn$ into a tree to avoid ! pursuit ( h] lov]4 ,! ,brahmap>u%a4 ,b !re is ano!r v>iety ( ,brhman gho/ :o is mu* dread$4 ,?is is ! ,brahmap>u%a or ,brahma ,rk%asa4 ,9 "o ( ! folk-tales he appe>s black z soot1 ) hair yell[ z ! lightn+1 look+ l a ?und]-cl\d4 ,he _h made himself a wrea? ( entrails2 he wore a sacrificial cord ( hair2 he 0 gnaw+ ! fle% ( a man's head & dr9k+ blood out ( a skull4 ,9 ano!r /ory ^! ,brahma ,rk%asas h =midable tusks1 flam+ hair1 & insatiable hung]4 ,!y w&] ab\t ! =e/s cat*+ animals & eat+ !m4 #bbj ,mr4 ,campbell tells a ,m>hta leg5d ( a ma/] :o became a ,brahmap>u%a 9 ord] to tea* gramm> to a pupil4 ,he haunt$ a h\se at ,b5>es1 & ! pupil w5t to take lessons f him4 ,he promis$ to tea* him ! :ole sci5ce 9 a ye> on condition t he nev] left ! h\se4 ,"o day ! boy w5t out & le>n$ t ! h\se 0 haunt$1 & t he 0 be+ taught by a gho/4 ,! boy return$ & 0 ord]$ by ! preceptor to take 8 bones to ,gaya1 & p]=m ! necess>y c]emonies = ! emancipation ( 8 s\l4 ,?is he did1 & ! uneasy _s ( ! le>n$ man 0 laid4 #bba ,we h already enc\nt]$ simil> angry ,brhman gho/s1 su* z ,h>%u ,pnr & ,mah54 ,! ,jk & ,jkn4 ,! really fri5dly agricultural sprites are ! pair kn[n 9 "s places z ! ,jk & ,jkn1 & 9 o!rs z ,*ordeva & ,*ordev1 ! ?ief godl+s4 ,) ! ,jk we come on ano!r ( ^! curi\s survivals f ! e>ly my?ology 9 a sadly degrad$ =m4 ,z ,v>una1 ! god ( ! firmam5t1 has be5 r$uc$ 9 ^! lat] days to ,b>un1 a petty wea!r godl+1 s ! ,jk is ! mod]n repres5tative ( ! ,yak%a1 :o 9 bett] times 0 ! att5dant ( ,kuv]a1 ! god ( weal?1 9 :i* duty he 0 assi/$ by ! ,guhyaka4 ,! "* ( ! ,yak%a is n v c]ta94 ,he 0 call$ ,punya-janas1 ! good p1 b he sometimes appe>s z an imp ( evil4 ,9 ! folk-tales1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ! ,yak%as h an equivocal reputation4 ,9 "o /ory ! female1 or ,yak%91 bewild]s travell]s at night1 makes horns gr[ on _! =eheads1 & f9ally dev\rs !m2 9 ano!r ! ,yak%as h1 l ! ,*urel1 feet turn$ ! wrong way & squ9t+ eyes2 9 a ?ird !y sep>ate ! h]o f ! h]o9e because he fail$ to make due (f]+s to !m on 8 w$d+ day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a f\r? tale ! ,yak%9 is describ$ z possess$ ( heav5ly beauty2 %e appe>s aga9 :5 a sacrifice is made 9 a cemet]y to get h] into ! h]o's p[]1 z a heav5ly maid5 beautifully adorn$1 seat$ 9 a *>iot ( gold surr\nd$ by lovely girls2 & la/ly1 a ,brhman meets "s ,buddhi/ ascetics1 p]=ms ! ,upo%ana v[1 & w\ld h become a god1 _h x n be5 t a wick$ man compell$ him by =ce to take food 9 ! ev5+1 & s he 0 re-born z a ,guhyaka4 #bbb ,9 ! mod]n folk-lore ( ,ka%mr1 ! ,yak%a has turn$ into ! ,ye* or ,ya*1 a humor\s1 ?\gh p[]ful1 sprite 9 ! %ape ( a civet cat ( a d>k col\r1 ) a :ite cap on 8 head4 ,?is small high cap is "o ( ! m>ks ( ! ,iri% fairies1 & ! ,incubones ( ,italy we> caps1 ! symbols ( _! hidd51 secret natures4 ,! feet ( ! ,ye* are s small z to be almo/ invisible1 & x squeaks 9 a fel9e way4 ,x c assume any %ape1 & if its :ite cap c be secur$1 x becomes ! s]vant ( ! possessor1 & ! :ite cap makes him invisible4 #bbc ,9 ! ,vi%nu ,purna we read t ,vi%nu creat$ ! ,yak%as z be+s emaciate ) hung]1 ( hide\s aspect1 & ) big be>ds1 & t f _! habit ( cry+ = food !y 7 s nam$4 #bbd ,by ! ,buddhi/s !y 7 reg>d$ z b5ignant spirits4 ,"o ( !m acts z sort ( *orus 9 ! ,meghadta or ,cl\d ,mess5g] ( ,klidsa4 ,yet we read ( ! ,yaka ,alawaka1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,buddhi/ leg5d1 us$ to live 9 a ,banyan tree1 & slay any "o :o approa*$ x2 :ile 9 ,ceylon !y are repres5t$ z demons :om ,buddha de/roy$4 #bbe ,9 lat] ,h9duism !y are g5]ally ( fair repute1 & "o ( !m 0 appo9t$ by ,indra to be ! att5dant ( ! ,ja9a ,sa9t ,mahvra4 ,x is curi\s t 9 ,guj>t ! t]m ,yak%a is appli$ to ,musalmns1 & 9 ,cut* to a mu* old] race ( nor!rn conqu]ors4 #bbf ,at any rate ! mod]n ,jk & ,jkn1 ,*ordeva & ,*ordev1 are em95tly respectable & k9dly sprites4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 an obvi\s survival ( ! pair ( corn spirits :i* inhabit ! /&+ crop4 #bbg ,! ,jk is compell$ to live ap>t f ! ,jkn 9 neighb\r+ villages1 b he is an uxori\s husb&1 & robs 8 own village to supply ! wants ( 8 consort4 ,s1 if y see a comp>atively b>r5 village1 :i* is next to "o m productive1 y may be sure t ! ,jk lives 9 ! =m] & ! ,jkn 9 ! latt]4 ,! same is ! "* ( ! ,*or or ,*ordeva & ! ,*orn or ,*ordev ( ! jungle tribes ( ,mirzapur4 ,gho/s :i* ,protect ,cattle4 ,9 ! ,hills !re are v>i\s b5evol5t gho/s or godl+s :o protect cattle4 ,s91 ! _s ( an old ascetic1 helps ! ,bhotiyas to recov] lo/ cattle1 & ,siddhua & ,buddhua1 ! gho/s ( two h>mless goa!rds1 are invok$ :5 a goat falls ill4 #bbh ,9 ! same class is ,nag>deo ( ,g>hwl1 :o is repres5t$ 9 ne>ly e village by a ?ree-prong$ pike or ,trisla on a plat=m4 ,:5 c[s & buffaloes are fir/ milk$1 ! milk is (f]$ to him4 ,x is p]haps possible t f "s blameless godl+ ( ! c[-p51 su* z ,nag>deo1 ! cultus ( ,pasupat9?a1 ! "l ( animals1 an epi!t ( ,siva or ,rudra1 :o has a /ately %r9e at ,h>dwr1 :]e 8 l+am is wrea!d ) cobras1 0 d]iv$4 ,ano!r ,hill godl+ ( ! same class is ,*aumu or ,baudhn1 :o has a %r9e 9 e village1 :i* ! p at ! risk ( (f5d+ him are suppos$ to keep clean & holy4 ,lamps are light$1 sweetmeats & ! fruits ( ! e>? are (f]$ to him4 ,:5 a calf dies ! milk ( ! "m is consid]$ unholy till ! twelf? day1 :5 "s is (f]$ to ! deity4 ,he also recov]s lo/ animals1 if duly propitiat$1 b if neglect$1 he br+s disease on ! h]d4 #bbi ,ano!r cattle godl+ 9 ! ,hills is ,kaluva or ,kalbi%t1 :o liv$ on e>? "s two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,8 enemies p]suad$ 8 bro!r-9-law to kill him4 ,aft] 8 dea? he became a b5evol5t _s1 & ! only p he injur$ 7 ! enemies :o compass$ 8 dea?4 ,8 "n is n[ a *>m aga9/ wild bea/s1 & p :o are oppress$ resort to 8 %r9e = ju/ice4 ,except 9 "n he seems to h no?+ to say to ,klu ,kahr1 :o 0 born ( a ,kahr girl1 :o by magical *>ms compell$ ,k+ ,solomon to m>ry h]4 ,8 feti% is a /ick cov]$ ) peacock's fea!rs to :i* (f]+s ( food are made4 ,he has m ?an a qu>t] ( a million wor%ipp]s1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1 9 ! ,me]ut ,division4 ,bugaboos4 ,we close ?is long li/ ( gho/ly p]sonages ) ^? :o are m]ely bugaboos to fright5 *ildr54 ,su* are ,hawwa1 probably a corruption ?r\gh ! ,prkrit ( ! ,sanskrit ,bhta1 & ,humma or ,humu1 :o is said to be ! gho/ ( ! ,emp]or ,humayn1 :o di$ by an untimely dea?4 ,ak9 p]haps to him are ! ,humanas ( ,kumaun1 :o take ! =m ( m51 b _c act z ord9>y p]sons4 #bcj ,^! sprites are to ! ,b5gli matron :at ,old ,scrat* & ,r$ ,nose & ,bloody ,bones are to ,engli% mo!rs1 #bca & :5 a ,b5gli baby is p>ticul>ly naughty its "m ?reat5s to s5d = ,w>r5 ,ha/+s4 ,ak9 to ^! is ,ghogh>1 :o repres5ts ,ghuggu or ! hoot+ ( ! owl4 #bcb ,nek ,bb1 ! good lady2 ,mno or ! cat2 ,bhkur2 ,bhokaswa2 & ,dok>kaswa1 ! old man ) ! bag1 :o c>ries (f naughty *ildr51 :o is ! ,mr4 ,miacca ( ! ,engli% nurs]y4 #bcc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tree ,,& ,,s]p5t ,,wor%ip4 ,sylv>um num9a1 ,fauni ,et satyri fratres4 ,ovid1 ,metamorp4 iii4 #afc4 ,aut> ep' aut ,kyaneos elelikto drakn1 kephalai de hoi san ,treis hamphi/rephees1 h5os au*5os ekpephyuiai4 ,iliad1 xi4 #ch-dj4 ,! wor%ip ( trees & s]p5ts may be conv5i5tly consid]$ toge!r2 n t !re is mu* connection betwe5 ^! two classes ( belief1 b because ?is c\rse has be5 foll[$ 9 ,mr4 ,f]guson's elaborate monograph on ! subject4 ,! wor%ip ( trees appe>s to be bas$ on _m conv]g+ l9es ( ?\ght1 :i* x is n easy to dis5tangle4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] #bcd classes x z an ab]rant species ( ance/or wor%ip3 ,a species some:at m disguis$ ext]nally1 b hav+ ! same int]nal nature2 & ?\gh x develops 9 ?ree diff]5t directions1 /ill ^! h all "o common orig94 ,fir/1 ! toxic excitem5ts produc$ by c]ta9 plants are attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( spirits or demons2 secondly1 tribes t h come out ( places *>act]iz$ by p>ticul> trees or plants1 unaw>es *ange ! leg5d ( em]g5ce f !m into ! leg5d ( desc5t f !m2 ?irdly1 ! nam+ ( individuals aft] plants becomes a s\rce ( confusion4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,tylor1 #bce aga91 ! wor%ip dep5ds ^u man's animi/ic !ory ( nature3 ,:e!r su* a tree is look$ on z inhabit$ by its own prop] life & s\l1 or z possess$ l a feti% by "s o!r _s :i* has ent]$ x or us$ x = a body1 is (t5 h>d to det]m9e4 ,! tree may be ! spirits' p]* or %elt] 7z we h se5 9 ! case ( ! ,*urel or ,rk%asa71 or ! sacr$ grove is assum$ to be ! spirits' resort4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has giv5 a v c>eful analysis ( ?is bran* ( popul> religion4 #bcf ,he %[s t to ! savage 9 g5]al ! _w is animate & trees are no exception to ! rule2 he ?9ks !y h s\ls l 8 own & treats !m accord+ly2 !y are suppos$ to feel injuries done to !m2 ! s\ls ( ! dead sometimes animate !m2 ! tree is reg>d$ sometimes z ! body1 sometimes z ! home ( ! tree _s2 trees & tree spirits give ra9 & sun%9e2 !y cause ! crops to gr[2 ! tree _s makes ! h]ds to multiply & blesses wom5 ) (fspr+2 ! tree _s is (t5 conceiv$ & repres5t$ z deta*$ f ! tree & ev5 z embodi$ 9 liv+ m5 & wom54 ,! basis ( ! cultus may !n p]haps be /at$ z foll[s3 ,!re is fir/ ! tree :i* is reg>d$ z embody+ or repres5t+ ! _s :i* influ5ces ! f]tility ( crops & human be+s4 ,h5ce ! respect paid to memorial trees1 :]e ! p assemble1 z at ! village ,ppal1 :i* is valu$ = its %ade & beauty & its long connection ) ! social life ( ! community4 ,?is w\ld naturally be reg>d$ z ! abode ( "s god & =ms ! village %r9e1 a conv5i5t c5tre = ! religi\s wor%ip ( ! local deities1 :]e !y reside & accept ! wor%ip & (f]+s ( _! vot>ies4 ,x may1 aga91 be ! la/ survival ( ! primitive =e/1 :]e ! dispossess$ spirits ( ! jungle f9d _! f9al & only re/+-place4 ,su* seclud$ groves =m ! only & p]haps ! e>lie/ %r9e ( _m primitive races4 ,aga91 an allegorical mean+ w\ld naturally be atta*$ to v>i\s trees4 ,x is inve/$ ) a my/ic p[] ow+ to ! my/]i\s wav+ ( its leaves & bran*es1 ! result ( sup]natural ag5cy2 & ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! weird s\nds ( ! =e/ at night4 ,_m trees are ev]gre51 & ?us enjoy et]nal life4 ,e tree is a sort ( emblem ( life1 reproduc+ itself 9 "s uncanny fa%ion ) ea* recurr+ spr+4 ,x has "s my/ic connection ) ! ?ree worlds-- ,quantum v]tice ad auras ,ae!rias tantum radice 9 ,t>t>a t5dit4 ,l ,yggdrassil1 x connects ! _w ( man ) ! _w ( gods1 & m5 may1 l ,jack ( ! ,bean/alk1 climb by its aid to heav54 ,9 ?is connection x may be not$ t _m ,indian tribes bury _! dead 9 trees4 ,! ,khasiyas ( ,ea/ ,b5gal lay ! body 9 ! holl[ trunk ( a tree4 ,! ,ngas dispose ( _! dead 9 ! same way1 or hang !m 9 c(f9s to ! bran*es4 ,! ,mriya ,gonds tie ! corpse to a tree & burn x4 ,! ,mal]s lay ! corpse ( a prie/1 ^: gho/ (t5 gives tr\ble1 "u a tree & cov] x ) leaves4 #bcg ,simil> cu/oms prevail among primitive races 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! tree embodies 9 itself _m utilities necess>y to human life1 & _m qualities :i* m5ace its exi/5ce4 ,its wood is ! s\rce ( fire1 itself a feti%4 ,its fruits1 juices1 fl[]s or b>k are s\rces ( food or possess intoxicat+ or poison\s attributes1 :i* are naturally connect$ ) demoniacal influ5ces4 ,trees (t5 develop into curi\s or uncanny =ms1 :i* compel fe> or adoration4 ,?us accord+ to ! old ritual #bch trees :i* h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 or knock$ d[n by inundation1 or :i* h fall5 9 ! direction ( ! s\?1 or :i* grew on a burn+ gr\nd or consecrat$ site1 or at ! conflu5ce ( l>ge riv]s1 or by ! roadside2 ^? :i* h )]$ tops1 or an entanglem5t ( heavy creep]s ^u !m1 or are ! receptacles ( _m honey-combs or birds' ne/s1 are reckon$ unfit = ! fabrication ( b$/eads1 z !y are inauspici\s & sure to br+ disease & dea?4 ,! /ep f su* beliefs to ! wor%ip ( any curi\s & rem>kable tree is easy4 ,h5ce ! belief t ! plant+ ( a grove is a "w ( religi\s m]it1 :i* is s /rongly felt by ,h9dus1 & ! idea t ! grove has special religi\s associations1 %[n by ! m>riage ( its trees to ! well1 & o!r rites ( ! same k9d4 ,9 ! ,konkan x is v g5]ally believ$ t b>r5ness is caus$ by uneasy spirits :i* w&] ab\t1 & t if a home be made = ! _s by plant+ trees1 x w g & reside !re & ! curse ( b>r5ness w be remov$4 #bci ,?\gh ?is bran* ( ! subject has be5 pu%$ to q an unreasonable l5g? 9 "s rec5t books1 #bdj !re may be "s association ( tree wor%ip ) ! phallic cultus1 su* z is f\nd 9 ! ,a%]ah or groves ( ! ,hebrews1 ! ,european ,maypole1 & s on4 ,?is has be5 sugge/$ z an explanation ( ! hon\r paid by ! ,gypsy race 9 ,g]many to ! fir tree1 ! bir* & ! haw?orn1 & ( ! v5]ation ( ! ,wel% ,gypsies to ! fasciat$ vegetable gr[? kn[n to !m z ! ,broado ,koro4 #bda ,9 ! same way an attempt has be5 made to connect ! ,bel tree ) ! ,saiva wor%ip ( ! ,l+am & ! lotus ) ! ,yon4 ,b ?is "p ( ! subject has be5 involv$ 9 s mu* crude speculation t any analogies ( ?is k9d1 h[ev] tempt+1 mu/ be accept$ ) ! utmo/ caution4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x may be reasonably suspect$ t ?is cultus re/s to "s ext5t on a basis ( totemism4 ,"s ( ! evid5ce 9 support ( ?is view w be discuss$ else:]e1 b x is1 on ! analogy ( ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! ,brhmanical pan!on has be5 recruit$1 n improbable t trees & plants1 l ! ,tulas & ! ,ppal1 may h be5 orig9ally tribal totems import$ into ,brhmanism f "s aborig9al or o!r =eign s\rce4 ,on ! :ole x is tol]ably c]ta9 t !re is m 9 tree wor%ip ?an c be acc\nt$ = ei!r by ,mr4 ,f]guson's !ory t ! wor%ip sprang f a p]ception ( ! utility or beauty ( trees1 or by ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( nicknames4 ,x is suffici5t to say t bo? fail to acc\nt = ! wor%ip ( insignificant & comp>atively useless %rubs1 we$s1 or grasses4 ,tree wor%ip holds an important "p 9 ! popul> ritual & folk-lore4 ,?is is %[n by ! prejudice aga9/ cutt+ trees4 ,! jungle tribes are v av]se to cutt+ c]ta9 trees1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,if a ,kh>wr1 except at ! "t ( ! annual fea/1 cuts 8 tribal tree1 ! ,k>ama1 he loses weal? & life1 & none ( ^! tribes w cut ! l>ge ,sl trees :i* are fix$ by ! ,baiga z ! abode ( ! =e/ godl+4 ,?is feel+ prevails v /rongly among ! ,maghs ( ,b5gal4 ,no?+ b positive ord]s & ! pres5ce ( ,europeans w\ld induce !m to trespass on _m hill-tops1 :i* !y reg>d$ z occupi$ by ! tree demons4 ,) ! ,europeans1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld advance fe>lessly1 & did n hesitate to fell trees1 ! blame ( su* sacrilege be+ always laid on ! /rang]s4 ,on fell+ any l>ge tree1 "o ( ! p>ty 0 always prep>$ ) a gre5 sprig1 :i* he ran & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ump :5 ! tree fell1 z a propitiation to ! _s :i* _h be5 displac$ s r\ghly1 plead+ at ! same "t ! ord]s ( ! /rang]s = ! "w4 ,9 cle>+ "o spot an ord]ly _h to take ! dh or cleav] & fell ! fir/ tree himself be=e a ,magh w\ld make a /roke1 & 0 consid]$ to be> all ! odium ( ! "w ) ! di/urb$ spirits till ! arrival ( ! ,europeans reliev$ him ( ! burd54 #bdb ,9 folk-lore we h _m magic trees4 ,we h ! ,kalpat>u or ,kalpadruma1 also kn[n z ,kalpavrik%a1 or ,manora?a dayaka1 ! tree :i* gr[s 9 ,sw>ga or ! p>adise ( ,indra & grants all desires4 ,!re is1 aga91 ! ,prijta1 :i* 0 produc$ at ! *urn+ ( ! ocean1 & appropriat$ by ,indra1 f :om x 0 recov]$ by ,kri%na4 ,! tree 9 ! ,meghadta be>s clo!s1 tr9kets1 & w9e1 :i* is l ! ,junip] tree ( ! ,g]man tale1 :i* grants a woman a son4 ,_m su* trees appe> 9 ! ,indian folk-tales4 ,! ,k+ ,jimutaketu _h a tree 9 8 h\se :i* came d[n f 8 ance/ors1 & 0 kn[n z ! giv] ( desires2 ! g5]\s ,induprabha crav$ a boon f ,indra1 & became a wi%+ tree 9 8 own city2 & ! fai?ful m9i/] ( ,yasaketu sees a wave rise out ( ! sea & !n a wi%+ tree appe>s1 adorn$ ) b\ghs glitt]+ ) gold1 embelli%$ ) sprays ( coral1 be>+ lovely fruits & fl[]s ( jewels4 ,& he beheld on its trunk a maid51 allur+ on acc\nt ( h] wond]ful beauty1 recl9+ on a gem-be/udd$ c\*4 #bdc ,s1 9 ! /ory ( ,devadatta1 ! tree is clov5 & a heav5ly nymph appe>s4 ,we h trees :i*1 l ^? 9 ! ,odyssey1 be> fruit & fl[]s at ! same "t1 & 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,asura maid5 ! trees 7 ev] produc+ fl[]s & fruits1 = all seasons 7 pres5t !re at ! same "t4 #bdd ,we h _m trees1 aga91 :i* are produc$ 9 miracul\s ways4 ,9 "o ( ! mod]n tales ! tig] collects ! bones ( 8 fri5d1 ! c[1 & f h] a%es spr+ two bamboos1 :i* :5 cut give blood1 & are f\nd to be two boys ( exquisite grace & beauty4 #bde ,s 9 ,grimm's tale ( ,"o ,eye1 ,two ,eyes1 & ,?ree ,eyes1 ! tree gr[s f ! buri$ entrails ( ! goat4 ,9 ano!r ( ,somadeva's /ories ! h]o9e drops a te> on ! ,jambu fl[] & a fruit grew1 )9 :i* a maid5 0 produc$4 #bdf ,! incid5t ( ! tree :i* gr[s on ! "m's grave & protects h] helpless *ildr5 is ! common prop]ty ( folk-lore4 ,aga91 we h ! heav5ly fruit :i* 0 giv5 by ! grateful monkey1 & fre$ him :o ate x f old age & disease1 l ! tree 9 ,aelian :i* makes an old man become y\ng] & y\ng] until he rea*es ! ant5atal /age ( non-exi/5ce4 #bdg ,we h _m in/ances ( trees :i* talk4 ,! mango tree %[s ! h]o h[ ! magic bird is to be cut out ( x2 ! h]o9e is bless$ & aid$ by ! planta9 tree1 cotton tree1 & sweet basil2 %e is rew>d$ by a plum & fig tree = s]vices r5d]$ to !m4 #bdh ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales ! tree in=ms ! h]o ( ! safety ( 8 wife4 ,s1 9 ,grimm's tale ( ! ,lucky ,sp9n]1 ! tree speaks :5 ! man is ab\t to cut x d[n4 #bdi ,9 "o ( ! /ories1 z a l9k betwe5 tree & s]p5t wor%ip1 ! great palace ( ! snake k+ is situat$ "u a solit>y ,asoka tree 9 ! ,v9dhyan =e/4 ,9 ! same collection we meet cont9ually in/ances ( tree wor%ip4 ,! ,brhman ,somadatta wor%ips a great ,asvat?a1 or fig tree1 by walk+ r\nd x s z to keep x on 8 "r1 b[+ & mak+ an oblation2 ,mrigankadatta takes refuge 9 a tree sacr$ to ,ganesa2 & ,n>avhanadatta comes to a s&al tree surr\nd$ ) a plat=m made ( preci\s jewels1 up :i* he climbs by means ( ladd]s & adores x4 #bej ,we h a long s]ies ( leg5ds by :i* c]ta9 fam\s trees are suppos$ to h be5 produc$ f ! too? twig ( "s sa9t4 ,! fam\s haw?orn ( ,gla/onbury 0 suppos$ to be sprung f ! /aff ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 :o hav+ fix$ x 9 ! gr\nd on ,*ri/mas ,day1 x took root imm$iately1 put =? leaves1 & ! next day 0 cov]$ ) milk-:ite blossoms4 #bea ,traditions ( ! ,dantadhvana or too?-bru% tree ( ,buddha /ill exi/ at ,gonda2 ano!r at ,ludhina is attribut$ to ,abdul ,qdir ,jilni2 !re is a ,buddha tree at ,saketa1 & ! great ,banyan tree at ,broa* 0 simil>ly produc$ by ,kabr4 ,s1 ! ,santls believe t good m5 turn into fruit-trees4 #beb ,next come ! num]\s sacr$ groves scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,^!1 z we h se51 are v (t5 reg>d$ z a survival f ! primeval jungle1 :]e ! =e/ spirits h tak5 refuge4 ,! idea is common bo? to ! ,aryan z well z to ! ,drvidian races1 f ! latt] ( :om x 0 possibly d]iv$4 ,?us1 among ! jungle races we f9d t !re are _m groves1 kn[n z ,s>na1 9 :i* ! ,*]os & ,kh>wrs (f] tri5nial sacrifices ( a buffalo or o!r animal4 ,! ,kisns h sacr$ groves1 call$ ,s4 ,! ,mundri ,kols keep a fragm5t ( ! orig9al =e/1 ! trees 9 :i* h be5 = ages c>efully protect$1 left :5 ! cle>ance 0 fir/ made1 le/ ! sylvan gods ( ! place1 disgu/$ at ! :olesale fell+ ( ! trees :i* protect$ !m1 %\ld ab&on ! locality4 ,ev5 n[ if a tree is de/roy$ 9 ! sacr$ grove1 ! gods ev9ce _! displeasure by )hold+ seasonable ra94 ,?is idea ( ! influ5ce ( cutt+ trees on wea!r has be5 illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,fraz] f ! usages ( o!r races4 #bec ,s1 among ! ,khndhs1 t timb] may nev] be want+1 9 case ( accid5ts f fire or f enemies1 a consid]able grove1 g5]ally ( ,sl1 is uni=mly d$icat$ by e village to ! =e/ god1 ^: fav\r is ev] & anon s\ght by ! sacrifice ( birds1 hogs1 & %eep1 ) ! usual accompanim5ts ( rice & an addl$ egg4 ,! consecrat$ grove is religi\sly pres]v$1 ! trees be+ occasionally prun$1 b n a twig cut = use )\t ! =mal cons5t ( ! village & ! =mal propitiation ( ! god4 #bed ,among ! ,kols1 9 ^! groves ! tutel>y deities ( ! village are suppos$ to soj\rn :5 att5d+ to ! wants ( _! vot>ies4 #bee ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! ,badiyas wor%ip ! manes ( _! ance/ors 9 a grove ( ,sj trees4 #bef ,9 ,b]r ! wood ( ! ,pa?rot =e/s is believ$ to be d$icat$ to a neighb\r+ temple1 & no "o w cut or buy x2 & 9 o!r places 9 ! same prov9ce ! sacr$ groves are s c>efully pres]v$1 t dur+ ! annual fe/ivals held 9 !m x is ! cu/om to collect & burn solemnly all dead & fall5 bran*es & trees4 #beg ,among ! high] races ! same feel+s atta* to ! holy groves ( ,ma?ura1 ea* ( :i* has appropriat$ "o ( ! leg5ds ( ! ,kri%na my?4 ,?us1 !re is a p>ticul>ly sacr$ grove at ,bhadanwra1 & x is believ$ t any "o violat+ ! sanctity ( ! place by tell+ a lie )9 its prec9cts w be /rick5 ) leprosy4 ,9 ano!r at ,hasanpur ,b>a ! trees are "u ! protection ( ! curse ( a ,faqr1 & 9 _m places p object to hav+ toddy collect$ f ! palm trees1 because x necessitates cutt+ _! necks4 #beh ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,hills ! ,sl & bamboos at ,b>mdeo are nev] cut1 z !y are sacr$ to ! local ,dev4 #bei ,9 ,kulu1 ne> ! village 7 a numb] ( cypresses1 mu* decay$1 & _m q dead4 ,"s ( my p _h begun to /rip (f _! dry bran*es = fuel1 :5 "o ( ! conductors ( our c>avan came to me 9 great agitation1 & implor$ me to comm& !m to desi/4 ,! trees1 he said1 7 sacr$ to ! deities ( ! elem5ts1 :o w\ld be sure to rev5ge any injury done to !m by visit+ ! neighb\rhood ) heavy & untimely sn[4 #bfj ,9 a village 9 ,luckn[1 noticeable among ! trees is a s+le mango tree1 ( f9e gr[? & comely %ape4 ,x is ! survivor ( "s old grove1 :i* ! own]1 ?r\gh /rait5$ circum/ances1 has reluctantly cut d[n4 ,he call$ x ,jk1 or ,sakhiya1 ! witness ( ! place :]e ! old grove /ood4 #bfa ,jk is1 z we h se51 ! ,corn _s4 ,! pres]vation ( ^! little pat*es ( ! primeval jungle1 ) a view to conciliate ! sylvan spirits ( ! place1 is exactly analog\s to :at is kn[n 9 ,scotl& z ! ,gudeman's ,cr(t1 ,cl\tie's ,cr(t1 or ,gudeman's ,field4 ,(t5 9 ,nor!rn ,india little pat*es are left uncultivat$ 9 ! corn]s ( fields z a refuge = ! spirits1 z 9 ,nor? ,scotl& _m f>m]s leave a corn] ( ! field untill$1 & say x is = ! ,aul ,man1 or ! ,devil4 #bfb ,"s trees are1 aga91 consid]$ to be my/ically connect$ ) ! =tunes ( p & places4 ,?us1 ! ,*ilbil tree at ,gonda1 :i*1 l o!rs :i* h already be5 m5tion$1 spr\t$ f ! too?-twig ( a sa9t1 0 suppos$ to be my/]i\sly connect$ ) ! fate ( ! la/ ( ! ,gonda ,rjas4 ,8 k+dom 0 to la/ until ! day a monkey sat on ! tree1 & ?is1 x is said1 happ5$ on ! morn+ :5 ! ,mut9y broke out :i* end$ 9 ! ru9 ( ! dyna/y4 #bfc ,9 ! same way ! mov+ wood ( ,duns9ane 0 fateful to ! =tunes ( ,macbe?4 ,we h already ref]r$ to "s ( ! regul> tree sprites1 l ! ,*urel1 ,rk%asa1 & ,bansapt ,m4 ,!y are1 l ,kliddo1 ! ,nor? ,briti% sprite1 small & delicate at fir/1 b rapidly %oot+ into ! cl\ds1 :ile ev]y?+ x ov]%ad[s is ?r[n into confusion4 #bfd ,h[ sprites come to inhabit trees is well %[n 9 an in/ance giv5 f ,bombay by ,mr4 ,campbell4 ,9 ! ,dakkh91 :5 a man is worri$ by a _s1 he gives x a tree to live 94 ,! pati5t1 or "o ( 8 relations1 goes to a se] & br+s ! se] to 8 h\se1 frank9c5se is burnt1 & ! sick man's _s comes into ! se]'s body4 ,! p ask ! _s 9 ! se] :y ! man is sick4 ,he says1 ',! gho/ ( ! man y kill$ has come back1 & is tr\bl+ y4' ,!n !y say1 ',:at is to be done8' ,! _s says1 ',put him 9 a place 9 8 or 9 y\r l&4' ,! p say1 ',h[ c we put him8' ,! _s says1 ',take a cock1 five cocoanuts1 rice1 & r$ lead1 & fill a bamboo basket ) !m next ,sunday ev5+1 & by wav+ ! basket r\nd ! head ( ! pati5t1 take ! gho/ out ( ! pati5t4' ,:5 ,sunday aft]noon comes !y call ! exorci/4 ,if ! gho/ has n haunt$ ! sick man = a week1 x is held t ! man 0 worri$ by t gho/1 :o is n[ cont5t ) ! propos$ arrangem5t4 ,if ! pati5t is /ill sick1 x is held t x _c be t gho/1 b x mu/ be ano!r gho/1 p]haps a god :o tr\bles him4 ,! se] is aga9 call$1 & 8 famili> _s comes into him4 ,!y set ! sick man opposite him1 & ! se] ?r[s rice on ! sick man1 & ! gho/ comes into ! pati5t's body & beg9s to speak4 ,! se] asks him1 ',are y go+ or n8' ,! gho/ replies1 ',i w g if y give me a cock1 a f[l1 a cocoanut1 r$ lead1 & rice4' ,!y !n br+ ! articles & %[ !m to ! _s4 ,! _s sees ! articles1 & says1 ',:]e is ! cocoanut8' or1 ',:]e is ! rice8' ,!y add :at he says1 & ask1 ',is x "r8' ',yes1 x is "r1' replies ! _s4 ',if we drive y out ( ,bpu1 w y come out8' ask ! p4 ',i w come out1' replies ! gho/4 ,! p !n say1 ',w y nev] come back8' ',i w nev] return1' replies ! gho/4 ',if y ev] return1' says ! se]'s _s1 ',i w put y 9 a tann]'s well1 s9k y1 & ru9 y4' ',i w1' says ! _s1 'nev] come back1 if y take ^! ?+s to ! ,ppal tree 9 my field4 ,y mu/ nev] hurt ! ,ppal4 ,if y hurt ! ,ppal1 ,i w come & worry y4' ,!n ! fri5ds ( ! pati5t make ! cook$ rice 9 a ball1 & "w a little holl[ 9 ! top ( ! ball4 ,!y spr9kle ! ball ) r$ p[d]1 & 9 ! holl[ put a piece ( a planta9 leaf1 & on ! leaf put oil1 & a wick1 :i* !y light4 ,!n ! ,gdi1 or fle%-eat+ prie/1 br+s ! goat 9 front ( ! sick man1 spr9kles ! goat's head ) r$ p[d] & fl[]s1 & says to ! _s1 ',?is is = y2 take x4' ,he !n passes ?ree f[ls ?ree times f ! head to ! foot ( ! sick man1 & !n f ! head l[]s all ! o!r articles4 ,! ,gdi1 or ,mhr1 & "s fri5ds ( ! pati5t />t = ! place nam$ by ! _s4 ,:5 ! p>ty leave1 ! sick man is tak5 into ! h\se & set close to ! ?re%old4 ,!y put wat] on 8 eyes1 & fill+ a pot ) wat]1 ?r[ x outside :]e ! articles 71 & inside & outside scatt] c[dung a%es1 say+1 ',if y come 9 y w h ! curse ( ,rma & ,lak%mana4' ,:5 ! ,gdi & ! p>ty rea* _! de/9ation1 ! ,gdi tells ! p>ty to br+ a /one ! size ( a cocoanut4 ,:5 ! /one is br\ght1 ! ,gdi wa%es x & puts x to ! root ( ! tree & sets ab\t x small /ones4 ,on ! tree & on ! middle /one he puts r$ lead1 r$ p[d]1 & frank9c5se4 ,! p !n tell ! _s to /ay !re1 & promise to give him a cocoanut e ye> if he does !m no h>m4 ,!y !n kill ! goat & ! f[ls1 &1 lett+ ! blood fall 9 front ( ! /one1 (f] ! he>t & liv] to ! _s1 & !n return home4 #bfe ,f c]emonies l ^!1 9 :i* a malignant _s is entomb$ 9 a tree & its surr\nd+ /ones1 ! transition to ! g5]al belief 9 tree sprites is easy4 ,! use ( ! v>i\s articles to sc>e spirits w be und]/ood f :at has be5 already said on t subject4 ,! ,k>am ,tree4 ,pass+ on to trees :i* are consid]$ specially sacr$1 we f9d a good example 9 ! ,k>am 7,neuclea p>vifolia71 :i* is rev]$ by ! ,kh>wrs1 ,mnjhis1 & "s ( ! o!r alli$ ,drvidian races ( ! ,v9dhyan & ,kaimr ranges4 ,9 ,%hbd1 _! great fe/ival is ! wor%ip ( ! sacr$ tree4 ,comm5c$ e>ly 9 ! bright portion ( ! mon? ,bhdon 7,augu/--,septemb]71 x cont9ues = fifte5 days4 ,x m>ks ! gladness ) :i* p w9d up _! agricultural op]ations all ov] ! _w4 ,! fe/ivities beg9 ) a fa/ dur+ ! day4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! "y m5 ( ! village only proce$ 9 a gay circle to ! =e/4 ,a leafy bran* ( ! ,k>am is select$1 cut1 & daub$ ) r$ lead & butt]4 ,br\ght 9 due /ate1 x is plant$ 9 ! y>d 9 front ( ! h\se1 & is decorat$ ) wrea?s ( wild fl[]s1 su* z autumn yields to ! ,hill m5 ) a b\ntiful h&4 ,! homely ritual ( ! ,kh>wr !n foll[s1 & is f9i%$ ) ! (f]+ ( corn & molasses4 ,! wor%ip ov]1 ! head ( ! village community s]ves ! m5 ) a suitable fea/4 ,b ! great rejoic+ ( ! season is res]v$ = a lat] h\r4 ,aft] d9n] ! m5 & wom5 appe> 9 _! gala dress1 & range !mselves 9 two opposite r[s4 ,! ,mnd>1 or national drum ( ! aborig9es1 is !n /ruck1 & ! dance comm5ces ) a movem5t =w>d1 until ! m5 & wom5 draw close4 ,once face to face1 a gradual movem5t t[>ds ! "r is comm5c$1 & ! m5 & wom5 advance 9 a sl[ b m]ry circle1 :i* takes ab\t an h\r to describe4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! example ( ! ,h9dus1 ! practice ( a national dance 9 :i* wom5 take a prom95t "p is already on ! decl9e4 ,:5 indulg$ 91 x is done ) an am\nt ( privacy1 clos$ to ! public1 b op5 to ! memb]s ( ! race only4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to expla9 :y ! ,k>am tree %\ld be s greatly ador$ by ! ,kh>wrs4 ,x is an insignificant tree1 ) small leaves1 :i* h>dly af=ds %elt] or %ade1 & possesses no title to be consid]$ sup]ior to o!rs 9 its native =e/4 ,nor 9 ! religi\s belief ( ! ,kh>wrs h we be5 able to trace any classic tale connect$ ) ! gr[? ( ! ,k>am grove1 simil> to t ( ! peaceful olive ( old1 or aromatic laurel4 ,"o important1 ?\gh ! la/ incid5t ( ! ,k>am wor%ip is ! appe>ance ( ! demon to ! ,kh>wr village m54 ,g5]ally at ! conclusion ( ! dance ! demon takes possession ( a ,kh>wr1 :o comm5ces to talk1 tremble1 & jump1 & ultimately climbs up ! bran* ( ! ,k>am & beg9s to eat ! leaves4 ,consultation ab\t ! =tunes ( ! ye> !n takes place1 & :5 ! demon has =etold !m ! fe/ivities are conclud$4 #bff ,?is acc\nt omits two important po9ts :i* enable u to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! rite4 ,! fir/ is t :5 ! fe/ivities are ov] ! bran* ( ! ,k>am tree is tak5 & ?r[n into a /ream or tank4 ,?is c h>dly1 on ! analogy ( simil> practices to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made1 be any?+ b a *>m to produce seasonable ra94 ,ano!r is t sprigs ( b>ley gr[n 9 a special way1 z at ! ,upp] ,india fe/ival ( ! ,jay1 :i* w be discuss$ lat] on1 are (f]$ to ! tree4 ,?is mu/ be an invocation to ! deity ( ! tree to prosp] ! gr[? ( ! autumn rice1 :i* is j at ?is "t be+ plant$ out4 ,i h se5 ! ,k>ama danc$ by ! ,mnjhis1 a ,drvidian tribe 9 ,mirzapur1 closely alli$ to ! ,kh>wrs4 ,! p !re seem to affect no secrecy ab\t x1 & are q ready to come & dance be=e ,europeans = a small gratuity4 ,! m5 expect to receive a little native liquor betwe5 ! acts1 b ! ladies ( ! ballet w accept only a light supp] ( co>se sug>4 ,! tr\pe consi/s ( ab\t a doz5 m5 & ! same numb] ( wom54 ,! sexes /& 9 r[s opposite to ea* o!r1 ! wom5 cl++ toge!r1 ea* ) h] arms clasp$ r\nd h] neighb\r's wai/4 ,"o man c>ry+ ! sacr$ ,mnd> drum1 beats x & leads ! ballet1 hopp+ ab\t 9 a curi\s way on "o leg alt]nately4 ,! two l9es advance & retreat1 ! wom5 b[+ l[ all ! "t1 ) _! heads b5d+ t[>ds ! gr\nd1 & jo9+ occasionally 9 ! refra94 ,mo/ ( ! songs are app>5tly mod]n1 be>+ on ! adv5tures ( ,rma1 ,lak%mana1 & ,st2 "s are love songs1 _m ( :i* are1 z might h be5 expect$1 rude & indec5t4 ,! :ole sc5e is a curi\s picture ( g5u9e aborig9al life4 ,at ! regul> autumn fe/ival ! c]emony deg5]ates into regul> saturnalia1 & is1 if common rum\r be tru/$1 accompani$ by an absolute ab&onm5t ( dec5cy & self-respect :i* culm9ates 9 ! mo/ unre/ra9$ debau*]y4 ,! mod]n explanation ( ! dance is embodi$ 9 a folk-tale :i* turns on ! v]bal confusion betwe5 ,k>am1 ! "n ( ! tree1 & ! ,sanskrit ,k>ma1 mean+ good works4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 comp>atively mod]n1 & q useless z a means = asc]ta9+ ! real basis ( ! cu/om1 :i* is probably a means ( propitiat+ ! tree god to grant fav\rable wea!r4 ,! ,fig ,tree4 ,among ! sacr$ trees ! v>i\s v>ieties ( ! fig hold a conspicu\s place4 ,_m ideas h probably unit$ 9 secur+ rev]5ce = !m4 ,?us ! ,banyan ) its num]\s /ems may fitly be reg>d$ z ! home ( gods or spirits4 ,o!rs are valu$ z a s\rce ( food1 or because !y possess juices valu$ z dr9k or m$ic9e4 ,su* is ! ,umb>1 ! ,udamb>a ( ! ,sanskrit writ]s1 :i* is kn[n z ,k%ra ,vrik%a or milk tree1 & ,hemadugha or gold5 juic$1 ! ,ficus glom]ata ( botani/s1 f ! succul5t roots ( :i* wat] c be f\nd 9 times ( dr\ght4 ,! juice has1 9 popul> belief1 _m valuable prop]ties4 ,a decoction ( x is useful = bile1 melan*oly1 & fa9t+2 x prev5ts abortion & increases ! "m's milk4 #bfg ,accord+ to ! old ritual1 ( its wood is made ! seat ( ! fa!r god ,vivasvat1 :i* is specially wor%ipp$ at ! close ( ! ,soma sacrifice2 ! ?rone on :i* ,soma is plac$ is made ( x1 & s is ! /aff giv5 by ! ,adhv>yu to ! sacrific] at ! initiation rite1 & ! /aff ( ! ,vaisya /ud5t4 ,s ) ! ,ppal 7,ficus religiosa71 :i* is connect$ ) old temples1 z x =ces its roots into ! crumbl+ masonry1 gr[s to a great age1 &1 l ! popl>1 moves its leaves at ! slighte/ brea? ( w9d4 ,! ,engli% tradition ab\t ! asp5 is t s9ce its wood 0 us$ to make ! ,cross x ev] trembles ) %ame4 ,! ,pippala or ,asvat?a is said by "s to be ! abode ( ,brahma1 & is sometimes inve/$ ) ! sacr$ ?read by ! regul> ,upanyana rite4 ,o!rs say t 9 x abide ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva1 b specially ,vi%nu 9 8 inc>nation z ,kri%na4 ,o!rs1 aga91 connect x ) ,bsdeo or ,vasudeva1 ! fa!r ( ,kri%na4 ,! ,vata or ,nyagrodha 7,ficus ,indica7 01 accord+ to ! anci5t ritual1 possess$ ( _m virtues1 & ! k+ 0 direct$ to dr9k its juice in/ead ( t ( ! ,soma4 #bfh ,! fam\s ,allahbd fig tree is m5tion$ 9 ! ,rmyana & 9 ! ,utt>a ,rma ,*>itra4 ,rma1 ,st & ,lak%mana are said to h re/$ b5ea? its bran*es4 ,ano!r leg5d tells h[ ! ,ri%i ,mrk&eya _h ! presumption to ask ,nryana to %[ him a specim5 ( 8 delusive p[]4 ,! god 9 answ] to 8 pray] dr[n$ ! :ole _w 9 a sudd5 flood1 & only ! ,ak%aya ,vata or imp]i%able ,banyan tree rais$ its head above ! wat]s1 ) a little *ild seat$ on its topmo/ b\gh1 t put out its head & sav$ ! t]rifi$ sa9t j z he 0 on ! po9t ( dr[n+4 ,! ,buddhi/ pilgrim1 ,hw5 ,?sang1 says t 9 8 "t be=e ! pr9cipal room ( ! temple !re 0 a tree ) wide-spread+ bran*es1 :i* 0 said to be ! dwell+ ( a man-eat+ demon4 ,! tree 0 surr\nd$ ) human bones1 ! rema9s ( pilgrims :o _h (f]$ !mselves at ! temple1 a cu/om :i* _h be5 obs]v$ f "t immemorial4 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham id5tifies ?is tree ) ! ,ak%aya ,vata1 :i* is /ill an object ( wor%ip4 ,! well-kn[n ,banyan tree ( ,ceylon is said to be desc5d$ f x4 #bfi ,x 0 "u ! ,bodhi tree at ,gaya t ! ,buddha obta9$ enlight5m5t4 ,! great sacr$ ,banyan tree ( ! ,himlaya is said to h rea*$ f ,bad>9? to ,n& ,prayg1 a di/ance ( eighty miles4 #bgj ,9 ,bombay wom5 wor%ip ! ,banyan tree on ! fifte5? ( ! mon? ( ,je? 9 hon\r ( ,savitr1 ! pi\s wife ( ,satyavan1 :o :5 h] husb& 0 cutt+ a ,banyan tree 0 /ruck by ! axe & kill$4 ,yama appe>$ & claim$ h] husb&1 b at la/ he 0 ov]come by ! devotion ( ,savitr & re/or$ h] husb& to h]4 #bga ,( ! ,gl> 7,ficus glom]ata7 x is believ$ t on ! night ( ! ,divl ! gods assemble to pluck its fl[]s2 h5ce no "o has ev] se5 ! tree 9 blossom4 ,x is unlucky to gr[ a ,gl> tree ne> ! h\se1 z x causes ! dea? ( sons 9 ! family4 ,high-ca/e ,h9du wom5 wor%ip ! ,ppal tree 9 ! =m ( ,vasudeva on ! ,amvasya or fifte5? day ( ! mon?1 :5 x falls on ,monday4 ,!y p\r wat] at its roots1 sme> ! trunk ) r$ lead & gr\nd s&alwood1 & walk r\nd x "o hundr$ & eight times 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun1 putt+ at ea* circuit a copp] co91 a sweetmeat1 or a ,brhmanical cord at ! root1 all ( :i* are ! p]quisite ( begg>s4 ,an old woman !n recites ! tale ( ! ,rja ,nikunjali & 8 que5 ,satyavrat1 :o won h] husb& by h] devotion to ! sacr$ tree4 ,h5ce devotion to x is suppos$ to promote w$d$ happ9ess4 ,9 ,rjputna ! ,ppal & ,banyan are wor%ipp$ by wom5 on ! #bi? day ( ,baiskh 7,april-,may7 to pres]ve !m f wid[hood4 #bgb ,! ,ppal is invok$ at ! rite ( inve/iture ) ! sacr$ ?read at m>riages & at ! f\ndation-lay+ ( h\ses4 ,v[s are made "u its %ade = ! boon ( male (fspr+1 & pi\s wom5 veil _! faces :5 !y pass x4 ,_m1 z !y revolve r\nd x1 twi/ a /r+ ( s(t cotton r\nd ! trunk4 ,! vessel ( wat] = ! com=t ( ! dep>t+ s\l on its way to ! l& ( ! dead is hung f its bran*es1 & b5ea? x are plac$ ! r\gh /ones :i* =m ! %r9e ( ! village godl+4 ,its wood is us$ 9 p>ts ( ! ,aran1 or sacr$ fire-drill1 & = ! spoons ) :i* butt] is p\r$ on ! holy fire4 ,:5 its bran*es are attack$ by ! lac insect1 a bran* on :i* !y h settl$ is tak5 to ! ,ganges at ,allahbd & consign$ to ! ,ganges4 ,?is1 x is believ$1 saves ! tree f fur!r injury4 ,! tree %\ld be t\*$ only on ,sunday1 :5 ,lak%m1 ! goddess ( weal?1 abides 9 x2 on e o!r day ( ! week1 pov]ty & mis=tune take up _! qu>t]s 9 x4 ,! son ( a deceas$ p>5t %\ld p\r ?ree hundr$ & sixty brass vessels ( wat] r\nd its root to ensure ! repose ( ! dead man4 ,h9dus on ,sunday aft] ba?+ p\r a vessel ( wat] at its root & walk r\nd x f\r times4 ,milk & sug> are sometimes mix$ ) ! wat] to int5sify ! *>m4 ,:5 ! new moon falls on ,monday1 pi\s ,h9dus walk "o hundr$ & eight times r\nd x & w9d cotton ?reads ab\t ! trunk4 ,9 ri* ,h9du families small silv] models ( ! tree answ] ! same purpose4 ,:5 a /atem5t is made on oa?1 ! witness takes "o ( ! leaves 9 8 h& & invokes ! gods above him to cru% him1 z he cru%es ! leaf1 if he is guilty ( falsehood4 ,?\gh ,sir ,moni]-,williams gives curr5cy to x1 x may be suspect$ t ! /ory ( ! ,banyas :o object$ to ,ppal trees be+ plant$ 9 _! bzr1 z !y c\ld n c>ry on _! rogu]y "u ! %ade ( ! holy tree1 has be5 inv5t$ = ! delectation ( ! confid+ ,european t\ri/4 ,z a matt] ( fact y w (t5 see m]*ants plant ! tree 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( _! %ops4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is reg>d = ! ,ppal ext5ds ?r\gh ,africa1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,sumatra1 & ,java4 #bgc ,! ,sl4 ,! ,sl or ,skhu is also a holy tree4 ,x is held 9 mu* respect by ! jungle races1 :o consid] x ! abode ( spirits & erect _! %r9es "u its %ade4 ,! ,bgdis & ,bauris ( ,b5gal are m>ri$ 9 an arb\r made ( ! bran*es ( ! ,sl 7,%orea robu/a7 aft] !y h be5 fir/ m>ri$ to a ,mahua tree 7,bassia latifolia74 ,pat*es ( ?is tree are (t5 res]v$ z fragm5ts ( ! primitive jungle1 ( :i* x mu/ h con/itut$ an important "p4 ,! ,%%am4 ,! ,%%am or ,sson1 ! ,s9sapa ( ! ,sanskrit writ]s1 is 9 ! tales ( ,somadeva ! haunt ( ! ,vetla4 #bgd ,! ,j&4 ,9 ! ,panjb ! ,j& tree 7,prosopis spicig]a7 is v g5]ally rev]5c$1 m especially 9 ^? p>ts :]e x =ms a *ief feature 9 ! l>g] flora ( ! great arid graz+ tracts4 ,x is commonly select$ to m>k ! abode or %elt] ! %r9e ( "s deity4 ,x is to x t1 z a rule1 rags are d$icat$ z (f]+s1 & x is employ$ 9 ! m>riage c]emonies ( _m tribes4 ,mo/ ,khatris & ,brhmans p]=m rites to x1 especially at fe/ivals connect$ ) dome/ic occurr5ces4 ,a cu/om prevails 9 "s families ( nev] putt+ home-made clo!s ^u ! *ildr51 b ( begg+ !m f fri5ds4 ,?is is1 z we h already se51 done ) ! view ( avoid+ ! ,evil ,eye4 ,! c]emony ( putt+ on ^! clo!s is usually p]=m$ :5 ! *ild is ?ree ye>s ( age4 ,x is tak5 to ! ,j& tree1 f :i* a b\gh is cut ) a sickle & plant$ at ! root ( ! tree z a propitiation ( ! indwell+ _s4 ,! ,sw/ika symbol is made be=e x ) ! rice1 fl\r1 & sug> br\ght z an (f]+ to ! tree4 ,n9e ?reads f ! ,mauli1 or /r+ us$ by wom5 to tie up _! back hair1 are !n tak5 out & cut into l5g?s1 "o ( :i* is ti$ r\nd ! tree ) ! knot *>act]i/ic ( ,siva or ,kri%na1 & ano!r r\nd a piece ( dri$ molasses1 :i* is plac$ on ! ,sw/ika4 ,mantras or spells are repeat$ & ! sug> & rice are di/ribut$ among ! wom5 & *ildr52 = no male adult1 except ! (ficiat+ ,brhman1 att5ds ! c]emony4 ,! ,brhman !n dresses ! *ild 9 ! new clo!s1 on :i* he impresses ! m>k ( 8 h& 9 saffron1 & girds ! *ild's lo9s ) a hair /r+1 on :i* is ti$ ! bag or purse conta9+ ! ,brhman's fee4 ,! hair /r+ has 9 front a triangul> piece ( r$ silk1 :i*1 z we h already notic$1 is "o ( ! mo/ famili> =ms ( amulet int5d$ to repel ! influ5ce ( evil spirits4 ,simil>ly at m>riages1 !y p]=m ! c]emony ( cutt+ (f & burn+ a small bran* ( ! tree1 & (f]+s are made to x by ! relations ( p]sons suff]+ f small-pox4 #bge ,! ,aonla4 ,! ,aonla 7,emblica (fic9alis7 is ano!r sacr$ tree4 ,x is consid]$ propiti\s & *a/e1 & is wor%ipp$ 9 ! mon? ( ,krttik 7,decemb]7 by ,brhmans be+ f$ "u x1 hair /r+s 7mauli7 be+ ti$ r\nd x1 & sev5 circumambulations made 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun4 ,! elev5? ( ! mon? ,phlgun 7,febru>y7 is sacr$ to x1 & on ?is occasion libations are p\r$ at ! foot ( ! tree1 a /r+ ( r$ or yell[ col\r is b\nd r\nd ! trunk1 pray]s are (f]$ to x = ! fruitfulness ( wom51 animals1 & crops1 & ! c]emony concludes ) a rev]5tial incl9ation to ! sacr$ tree4 #bgf ,! ,mahua4 ,! ,mahua 7,bassia latifolia71 :i* s admirably comb9es beauty ) utility1 & is "o ( ! ma9 s\rces :5ce ! jungle tribes d]ive _! food & intoxicants1 is held 9 ! highe/ respect by ! p ( ! ,c5tral ,indian ,highl&s4 ,x is ! m>riage tree ( ! ,kurmis1 ,lohrs1 ,mahilis1 ,mundas1 & ,santls ( ,b5gal4 ,_m ( ! ,drvidian races1 su* z ! ,bhuiyas1 adore x1 & a bran* is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! bride & bridegroom dur+ ! m>riage c]emony4 ,!y also revolve r\nd a b\gh ( ! tree plant$ 9 ! gr\nd by ! ,baiga or aborig9al prie/4 ,"s ( ! semi-,h9duiz$ ,b5gal ,gonds h ! rem>kable cu/om ( ty+ ! corpses ( adult males by a cord to ! ,mahua tree1 9 an upright position1 previ\s to burial4 ,x is also ! rule ) !m t all adult males g to ! =e/ & cle> a space r\nd an san tree 7,t]m9alia alata torm5tosa71 :]e !y make an alt> & pres5t (f]+s to ! tribal godl+1 ,b>a ,deo1 aft] :i* !y h a g5]al picnic4 #bgg ,! ,cotton ,tree4 ,! ,salmali or ,semal 7,bombax heptaphyllum7 is likewise sacr$1 an idea p]haps d]iv$ f its weird appe>ance & ! value ( its fibre1 :i* 0 l>gely us$ by ! primitive races ( ! jungle4 ,x gave its "n to "o ( ! sev5 ,dvpas or great divisions ( ! kn[n cont95t1 & to a special hell1 9 :i* ! wick$ are tortur$ ) ! ,kta ,salmali1 or ?orny rod ( ?is tree4 ,9 ! folk-tales a holl[ cotton tree is ! refuge ( ! h]o9e4 #bgh ,! po/s ( ! m>riage pavilion & /ake r\nd :i* ! bride & bridegroom revolve are v commonly made ( its wood among ! ,kols & alli$ ,drvidian tribes1 z are also ! p>rot totem emblems us$ at m>riages by ! ,kh>wrs & _m m5ial ca/es4 ,! ,bnsphors1 a bran* ( ! great ,dom race 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 fix up a bran* ( ! ,gl> & ,semal 9 ! m>riage %$4 ,among ! wild tribes x is consid]$ ! fav\rite seat ( gods /ill m t]rible ?an ^? ( ! ,ppal1 because _! sup]9t5d5ce is conf9$ to ! neighb\rhood1 & hav+ _! att5tion less occupi$1 !y c v5ture to make a m m9ute scrut9y into ! conduct ( ! p imm$iately ar\nd !m4 ,! ,ppal is occupi$ by "o or two ( ! ,h9dus triad1 ! gods ( creation1 pres]vation1 & de/ruction1 :o h ! affairs ( ! univ]se to look aft]1 b ! cotton & o!r trees are occupi$ by "s m9or deities1 :o are ve/$ ) a local sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! affairs ( a di/rict1 or p]haps ( a s+le village4 #bgi ,! ,nm4 ,! ,nimba or ,nm 7,azidira*ta ,indica7 is sacr$ 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! godl+s ( disease1 :o are suppos$ to reside 9 x4 ,9 p>ticul> x is occupi$ by ,stal & h] six si/]s4 ,h5ce dur+ ! season :5 epidemics prevail1 f ! sev5? day ( ! wan+ moon ( ,*ait to ! same date 9 ,zrh1 t is dur+ ! hot wea!r1 wom5 ba!1 dress !mselves 9 fre% clo!s1 & (f] rice1 s&al-wood1 fl[]s1 & sometimes a burnt (f]+ ) inc5se at ! root ( ! tree4 ,! ,nm tree is also connect$ ) snake wor%ip1 z its leaves repel snakes4 ,9 ?is x resembles ! ,yggdrassil ( ,europe1 ! roots ( :i* 7 half de/roy$ by ! s]p5ts :i* ne/l$ among !m4 ,! leaves & wood ( ! a% tree1 ! mod]n successor ( ! my/ic tree ( ,teutonic my?ology1 are /ill reg>d$ ?r\gh\t all ,nor!rn ,europe z a p[]ful protective f all mann] ( snakes & evil worms4 #bhj ,9 ,cornwall no k9d ( snake is ev] f\nd ne> ! a%5 tree1 & a bran* ( x w prev5t a snake f com+ ne> a p]son4 #bha ,nm leaves are1 x may be not$1 useless z a snake sc>] unless !y are fre%4 #bhb ,! leaves are also us$ ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,india z a means ( avoid+ ! dea? pollution1 or r z a mode ( driv+ (f ! _s :i* accompanies ! m\rn]s f ! cremation gr\nd4 ,h5ce aft] ! fun]al !y *ew ! leaves & "s wat] is spr9kl$ ov] !m ) a bran* ( ! tree4 ,s great is ! p[] ( ! ,nm ov] spirits & _s disease1 t 9 ,bombay1 :5 a woman is deliv]$ ( a *ild1 ,nm leaves & c['s ur9e are1 z a rule1 kept at ! entrance ( ! ly+-9 room1 9 ord] t ! *ild & its "m may n be affect$ by an evil _s1 & on _! ,new ,ye>'s ,day x is consid]$ ess5tial = e ,h9du to wor%ip ! ,nm tree & to eat its leaves mix$ ) pepp] & sug>1 t he may n suff] f any sickness or disease dur+ ! ye>4 ,9 practice v few wor%ip ! tree1 b its leaves are g5]ally eat5 by mo/ ( !m4 ,among ! ,*itpwan ,brhmans1 a pot fill$ ) c['s ur9e is set at ! door ( ! ly+-9 room ) a ,nm bran* 9 x1 & anyone com+ 9 mu/ dip ! bran* 9 ! ur9e & ) x spr9kle 8 feet4 ,among ,gov>dhan ,brhmans ( ,pna1 :5 a *ild is born1 ,nm leaves are hung at ! front & back doors ( ! h\se4 ,9 ,ahmadnag>1 :5 a p]son is bitt5 by a snake1 he is tak5 to ,bhairoba's temple1 cru%$ ,nm leaves mix$ ) *illies are giv5 him to eat1 & ,nm leaves wav$ r\nd 8 head4 ,among ! ,nmdeo ,%impis ( ,ahmadnag> ea* ( ! m\rn]s c>ries f ! pyre a twig ( ! ,nm tree1 & ! ,kanphatas ( ,cut* get ! c>tilage ( _! e>s slit1 & 9 ! slit a ,nm /ick is /uck1 ! w\nd be+ cur$ by a dress+ ( ,nm oil4 #bhc ,we h already f\nd ?is tree connect$ ) ,sun wor%ip1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,nimbrak ,vai%navas1 z well z ) t ( ,stal1 ! goddess ( small-pox4 ,among ! wild] tribes x is also rev]$4 ,! ,jogis1 a crim9al tribe 9 ,madras1 rev]5ce x & br& _! dogs ) a repres5tation ( ! tree4 #bhd ,! ,banjras1 or w&]+ c>ri]s1 use a bran* ( ! tree z a te/ ( cont95ce4 ,! jeal\s husb& ?r[s x on ! gr\nd & says1 ,if ?\ be a true woman1 lift t ,nm bran*4 ,! ,doms1 or vagrant sweep]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 hold ! ,nm tree sacr$ to ,kl or ,stal1 & ! ,kurmis d$icate x to ,kl ,bhavn1 & wor%ip ?is tree & ! ,ppal "u :i* ! image ( ,dev is plac$4 #bhe ,! ,cocoanut4 ,! cocoanut is consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ fruits1 & is call$ ,srphala1 or ! fruit ( ,sr1 ! goddess ( prosp]ity4 ,x is ! symbol ( f]tility1 & all ?r\gh ,upp] ,india is kept on %r9es & pres5t$ by ! prie/s to wom5 :o desire *ildr54 ,"o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! respect paid to x seems to be its resemblance to a human head1 & h5ce x is (t5 us$ z a type ( an actual human sacrifice4 ,x is also rev]$ = its uses z food & a s\rce ( intoxicat+ liquor4 ,b x is n a native ( ,nor!rn ,india1 & is naturally m rev]$ 9 its home along ! we/]n coa/4 ,9 ,guj>t & ,kan>a x repres5ts ! h\se _s1 & is wor%ipp$ z a family god4 ,! ,konkan ,kunbis put up & wor%ip a cocoanut = ea* ( _! relations :o dies1 & be=e beg9n+ to cut ! rice1 break a cocoanut & di/ribute x among ! reap]s4 ,! ,prabhus1 at e place :]e ?ree roads meet1 wave a cocoanut r\nd ! face ( ! bridegroom1 & break x into pieces to repel evil influ5ces4 ,! ,musalmns ( ! ,dakkh9 cut a cocoanut & lime into pieces & ?r[ !m ov] ! head ( ! bridegroom to sc>e evil spirits4 ,among "s classes ( ascetics ! skull is brok5 at ! "t ( cremation ) a cocoanut 9 ord] to all[ ! gho/ to escape4 ,9 ,we/]n ,india1 at ! close ( ! ra9s1 cocoanuts are ?r[n 9 to pacify ! sea4 ,its place z a sub/itute = a human sacrifice 9 ,nor!rn ,india seems to h be5 tak5 by ! pumpk91 :i* is us$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,! ,mimosa4 ,! ,khair1 or ,mimosa 7,acacia cate*u7 seems to owe mo/ ( ! e/imation 9 :i* x is held to its use 9 produc+ ! sacr$ fire4 ,x =ms1 on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 ! base ( ! ,aran or sacr$ fire-drill1 & 9 x ! w$ge ( ! s(t] ,ppal wood works & fire is produc$ by friction4 ,! ,ypa or sacrificial po/ to :i* ! victim 0 ti$ = ! sacrifice 0 (t5 made ( ?is wood4 ,9 ! great horse sacrifice ( ! ,rmyana1 tw5ty-"o ( ^! po/s 7 erect$1 six made ( ,vilva 7,agle m>melos71 six ( ,khadira or ,acacia1 six ( ,palsa 7,butea frondosa71 "o ( ,udumb>a 7,ficus glom]ata71 ,sle%mataka 7,cordia myxa71 & "o ( ,devadru1 ! ,deodr p9e tree4 ,( ! ,khair tree ,bi%op ,heb] ?us writes 9 8 ,j\rnal3 #bhf ,z ,i return$ home ,i pass$ a f9e tree ( ! ,mimosa1 ) leaves at a little di/ance s mu* resembl+ ^? ( ! m\nta9 a%1 t ,i 0 = a mom5t deceiv$1 & ask$ if x did n be> fruit4 ,he answ]$1 ',no2 b x 0 a v noble tree1 be+ call$ ! ,imp]ial tree1 = its excell5t qualities4' ,t x slept all night1 & 0 alive all day1 )draw+ its leaves if any "o attempt$ to t\* !m4 ,above all1 h[ev]1 x 0 useful z a pres]vative aga9/ magic2 a sprig worn 9 ! turban1 or susp5d$ ov] ! b$1 0 a p]fect security aga9/ all spells1 ,evil ,eye1 etc41 insomu* t ! mo/ =midable wiz>d w\ld n1 if he c\ld help x1 approa* its %ade4 ,"o inde$1 !y said1 :o 0 v r5[n$ = 8 p[] 7l ,lorr9ite ( ,kehama7 ( kill+ plants & dry+ up _! sap ) a look1 _h come to ?is v tree & gaz$ ^u x int5tly2 'b1' said ! old man1 :o told me ?is ) an air ( triumph1 'look z he might1 he c\ld d ! tree no h>m1' a fact ( :i* ,i made no "q4 ,i 0 amus$ & surpris$ to f9d ! sup]/ition1 :i* 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& atta*es to ! r[an tree1 "h appli$ to a tree ( ne>ly simil> =m4 ,?is sup]/ition reg>d+ ! r[an tree & ! eld] is famili> 9 ,european folk-lore4 ,9 ,irel& ! roots ( ! eld] & ^? ( an apple tree :i* be>s r$ apples1 boil$ toge!r & drunk fa/+1 expel evil spirits4 ,9 connection ) ?is idea t ! mimosa sleeps at night1 pi\s ,h9dus pref] n to eat betel leaves aft] sunset1 z cate*u =ms "p ( ! +r$i5ts ) :i* !y are prep>$4 ,! ,planta94 ,! planta9 is also sacr$1 probably on acc\nt ( ! value ( its fruit4 ,! leaves are hung on ! m>riage boo?1 & a bran* is plac$ ne> ! pole or sacr$ fire r\nd :i* ! bride & bridegroom revolve4 ,9 ,madras1 :5 premature deliv]y takes place1 ! *ild is laid on a planta9 leaf sme>$ ) oil1 ! leaf is *ang$ daily1 & ! baby is ?us treat$ = ! p]iod :i* is less ?an ! normal "t ( deliv]y4 ,9 ,b5gal1 9 consecrat+ an image ( ,durg1 a planta9 tree is br\ght 9 & ba!d4 ,x is clo!d z a woman ) ,bel apples repres5t+ ! brea/s2 n9e sorts ( leaves sme>$ ) r$ pa9t are hung r\nd ! brea/ & x is wor%ipp$4 #bhg ,! leaves are also us$ z a rem$y = w\nds & ulc]s1 a practice :i* prevail$ 9 ! "t ( ,%akespe>e4 ,9 ,romeo & ,juliet ,b5volio says3-- ,take ?\ "s new infection to ?9e eye1 ,& ! rank poison ( ! old w die4 ,to :i* ,romeo answ]s3-- ,y\r planta9 leaf is excell5t = t4 ,= :at1 ,i pray !e8 ,= y\r brok5 sk94 ,9 ! folk-tales ! des]t$ wife sweeps ! gr\nd r\nd a planta9 tree & x gives h] a bless+4 #bhh ,! ,pomegranate4 ,s ) ! pomegranate1 :i* among ! ,prsis ( ,bombay is held 9 high respect4 ,its twigs 7 us$ to make ! sacr$ broom1 its se$s1 9 ord] to sc>e evil spirits1 7 ?r[n ov] ! *ild :5 x 0 girt ) ! sacr$ ?read1 & its juice 0 squeez$ into ! m\? ( ! dy+4 #bhi ,9 its fruit ,anr ,%hzd1 ! ,pr9cess ,pomegranate1 commonly lies hidd54 ,b x is 9 ,upp] ,india consid]$ unlucky to h su* a tree 9 ! h\se1 z x is envi\s & _c be> t any "o %\ld be loveli] ?an itself4 #bij ,! ,tam>9d4 ,! ,orons ( ,b5gal rev]e ! tam>9d & bury _! dead "u its %ade4 #bia ,"o special rite among ! ,drvidian races is ! ,iml ghontn or ! gr9d+ ( ! tam>9d1 :5 ! "m ( ! bridegroom gr9ds on ! family curry /one "s pods ( ! tam>9d4 ,! tree 0 a special fav\rite ) ! e>ly ,musalmn conqu]ors1 & ! f9e/ specim5s ( x w be f\nd 9 _! cemet]ies & ne> _! orig9al settlem5ts4 ,! ,siras4 ,9 ! ,panjb ! leaves ( ! ,siras 7,acacia sirisa7 are a p[]ful *>m4 ,9 _m villages 9 ,upp] ,india !y w be se5 hung up on ! rope cross+ ! village cattle pa?1 :5 epidemics prevail among m5 or animals4 #bib ,9 ?is case ! effect ( ! *>m is enhanc$ by add+ to !m a tile cov]$ ) "s hocus-pocus =mula1 writt5 by a ,faqr1 & rude models ( a pair ( wood5 s&als1 a mud rake1 a pl\gh-%>e & o!r agricultural implem5ts :i* are consid]$ effectual to sc>e ! demon :i* br+s ! plague4 ,! ,mango4 ,! ,mango is us$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,x is1 z we %all see1 us$ 9 mak+ ! asp]sion at rural c]emonies4 ,! leaves are hung up at m>riages 9 g>l&s on ! h\se door1 & on ! %$ 9 :i* ! rite is p]=m$1 & aft] ! w$d+ is ov] ^! are c>efully consign$ to runn+ wat] by ! bride & bridegroom4 ,x is also us$ z a *>m4 ,be=e y see a fl[] on a mango tree %ut y\r eyes & make "s "o lead y to a tree 9 fl[]4 ,rub ! fl[]s into y\r h&s1 & y ?us acquire ! p[] ( cur+ scorpion /+s by mov+ y\r h& ov] ! place4 ,b ?is p[] la/s only = "o ye>1 & mu/ be r5ew$ :5 ! season ( fl[]s aga9 returns4 ,! ,tulas4 ,! ,tulas or holy basil 7,ocymum sanctum7 is closely connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu4 ,at ! la/ c5sus ov] elev5 hundr$ p]sons 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces record$ !mselves z wor%ipp]s ( ! plant4 ,x is kn[n 9 ,sanskrit z ,h>ipriya1 or ! belov$ ( ,vi%nu1 & ,bhtaghni1 or de/roy] ( demons4 ,x seems to owe ! fav\r ) :i* x is reg>d$ to its aromatic & heal+ prop]ties4 ,vi%nu1 s runs ! leg5d1 0 fasc9at$ ) ! beauty ( ,vr9d1 ! wife ( ,jl&h>a1 to r$eem him f ^: en?ralm5t1 ! gods appli$ to ,lak%m1 ,gaur1 & ,swadh4 ,ea* gave !m se$ to s[ :]e ,vi%nu 0 en*ant$4 ,! se$s giv5 by ! deities sprang up z ! ,dhtr or ,emblica ,myrobalan1 ! ,mlat or jasm9e1 & ! ,tulas1 or basil1 & appe>+ 9 female =m !y attract$ ! admiration ( ! deity & sav$ him f ! wiles ( ,vr9d4 #bic ,ano!r leg5d comes f ,bombay4 #bid ,tulas 0 daught] ( ! ,rja ,dh>madhwaja1 & by h] devotions ga9$ ! fav\r ( ,vi%nu1 b %e m>ri$ ! demon ,sankha*da1 :o by ! virtue ( 8 wife ov]came ! gods4 ,!y appeal$ to ,vi%nu1 b he c\ld n help !m1 z ! demon 0 8 vot>y4 ,at la/ x 0 resolv$ t he %\ld p]sonate h] husb& & ga9 h] love4 ,:5 ,tulas 0 aw>e ( ! deception %e 0 ab\t to curse him1 b he pacifi$ h] by promis+ to m>ry h] & make h] "n immortal4 ,he add$ t ^? wom5 :o m>ri$ an image ( him to ! ,tulas on ! elev5? day ( ! mon? ,krttik w\ld prosp]4 ,! ,tulas is also connect$ ) ,st & ,rukm91 & ! pray] to h] is3 ,i adore t ,tulas1 9 ^: roots are all ! places ( pilgrimage1 9 ^: c5tre are all ! deities1 & 9 ^: upp] bran*es are all ! ,v$as4 ,! plant is specially wor%ipp$ by wom5 aft] ba?+1 & m p>ticul>ly at ! full moon ( ,krttik1 if ! ba?+ be 9 ! ,ganges4 ,! *ief c]emony is1 h[ev]1 ! m>riage ( ! infant ,kri%na to ! plant1 :i* is c>ri$ out by pi\s p1 (t5 at a consid]able co/1 9 accordance ) ! /&>d ritual4 ,! ,palsa4 ,! ,palsa or ,dhk is sacr$1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its use 9 produc+ ! sacr$ fire1 & p>tly because its orange blossoms are us$ to dye ! col\r$ du/ & wat] ?r[n ab\t at ! ,hol fe/ival4 ,x is suppos$ to be 9 "s way connect$ ) ! ,soma1 & by "o acc\nt 0 produc$ f ! fea!r ( ! falcon imbu$ ) ! ,soma4 ,its trifoliate leaves repres5t ! trid5t1 or ! ?ree great gods1 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva1 or bir?1 life1 & dea?4 ,! leaves are us$ to =m ! platt]s employ$ at v>i\s fea/s & religi\s rites2 ! wood 9 ! ,ypa1 or sacrificial pole1 & 9 ! fun]al pyre4 ,9 "o respect x resembles ! r[an1 :i* is also a sacr$ tree1 b :y ?is is s has be5 mu* debat$4 ,possibly ! inaccessible rocks on :i* ! tree is n unfrequ5tly f\nd to gr[ & ! conspicu\s col\r ( its b]ries may h c\nt$ = some?+1 b ?is falls decid$ly %ort ( a solution ( ! "q4 ,"o k9d ( answ] t w\ld meet ! case1 provid$ x be c\nt5anc$ by facts1 may be briefly indicat$1 namely1 t ! b]ries ( ! r[an 7 us$ 9 "s e>ly p]iod 9 ! brew+ ( an intoxicat+ dr9k1 or bett] /ill1 ( ! fir/ intoxicat+ dr9k kn[n to ! ,teuto-,aryan ,celts4 #bie ,! connection betwe5 ! ,palsa & ! ,soma p]haps indicates t ?is may h be5 ! case4 ,x 0 aga9 a ,v$ic cu/om to drive ! c[s f _! calves by /rik+ !m ) a rod ( a ,palsa tree4 ,9 ,york%ire x us$ to be ! cu/om = f>m]s to h :ip-/ocks ( r[an tree wood1 & x 0 held t ?us suppli$1 !y 7 safe aga9/ hav+ _! draught fix$1 or _! horses made re/ive by a wit*4 ,if ev] a draught came to a /&/ill1 !n ! ne>e/ wit*wood tree 0 resort$ to1 & a /ick cut to flog ! horses on )1 to ! discomfiture ( ! malevol5t wit* :o _h caus$ ! /oppage4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,scotl& ! milkmaid c>ries a swit* ( ! magical r[an to expel ! demon :i* sometimes ent]s ! c[2 & 9 ,g]many1 /rik+ ! c[ ) ?is magical w& is believ$ to r5d] h] f]tile4 #bif ,! ,bel4 ,! ,bel 7,aegle m>melos7 is specially d$icat$ to ,siva1 because x has ?ree leaflets 9 ! leaf1 & because ( its m$ic9al value4 ,siva is call$ ,bilvad&a1 he ) a /aff ( ! ,bel wood1 & its leaves are us$ 9 8 s]vice4 ,its leaves laid on ! ,l+am cool & refre% ! heat$ deity4 ,! wood is "o ( ^? us$ = ! sacrificial po/4 ,its fruit is call$ ,srphala1 because x is suppos$ to h be5 produc$ f ! milk ( ! goddess ,sr4 ,! ,bamboo4 ,! bamboo is sacr$ on acc\nt ( its manifold uses & because among ! jungle races fire is produc$ by ! friction ( two /rips ( bamboo4 ,besides ?is x conta9s a sort ( manna1 kn[n z ,bnslo*an or ,taba%r1 :i* is 9 high repute z a m$ic9e4 ,! fl[]+ ( ! bamboo is g5]ally reg>d$ z a sure sign ( fam9e4 ,! bamboo (t5 appe>s 9 ! folk-tales4 ,?us 9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva1 #big !y ask$ ,sum]u ab\t ! orig9 ( ! b[1 & he said3 ',"h is a great & glori\s wood ( bamboo canes2 :atev] bamboos are cut f x & ?r[n into ?is lake1 become great & wond]ful b[s2 & ^? b[s h be5 acquir$ by sev]al ( ! gods1 & by ,asuras & ,g&h>vas & di/+ui%$ ,vidyadhras4' ,9 "o ( ! ,santl tales1 #bih ! bamboo gr[s f ! grave ( ! murd]$ girl1 & remon/rates :5 ! ,jogi goes to cut x1 b out ( a piece he f9ally makes a flute ( wondr\s sweetness4 ,among ! jungle races ! bamboo (t5 is us$ to make ! poles ( ! m>riage %$1 :ile ! c5tral po/ is made ( ! wood ( ! holy ,siddh tree1 ! ,h>dwickia b9ata4 ,9 ,guj>t1 #bii ! ,turis1 to keep (f evil spirits1 lay two slips ( bamboo 9 ! ly+-9 room4 ,! ,prabhus ( ,pna at _! m>riages put bamboo baskets on ! heads ( ! bride1 bridegroom1 & gue/s4 ,! ,mhrs & ,mngs make ! m>ri$ pair /& 9 bamboo baskets4 ,! ,musis ( ,b5gal make ! w$d$ pair revolve r\nd a bamboo po/4 ,! ,birhors wor%ip ,d>ha 9 ! =m ( a split bamboo2 ! ,ka*ris & ,gros wor%ip a bamboo plant$ 9 ! gr\nd2 ! ,rjmahl hill-man wor%ips ?ree bamboos ) /ream]s1 z ,*aunda ,gusn4 #cjj ,! use ( ! bamboo decorat$ ) a /ream] z a p]* = ! deity is common at all l[-ca/e %r9es 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! ,s&al4 ,! ,s&al1 aga91 9 ! =m ( p[d] or pa/e is v l>gely us$ 9 all ,h9du rites1 & 9 mak+ ! m>ks *>act]i/ic ( sect or ca/e4 ,9 ,bombay1 e ev5+1 ! ,prsis burn s&al *ips 9 _! h\ses1 z ! smell ( s&al is suppos$ to drive away evil spirits1 & ! ,pna ,ghadsis or musicians say t !y are sprung f s&al wood1 because x is "o ( _! tribal gu>dians4 #cja ,! ,bir*4 ,! ,bhrja1 a species ( bir*1 is also sacr$4 ,x1 too1 is suppos$ to drive away evil spirits4 ,its b>k1 n[ call$ ,bhojpatra1 is us$ = writ+ *>ms1 & = o!r my/ic purposes4 ,:5 a corpse is burnt by l[-ca/e p1 :5 a p]son dies at ! h&s ( an execution]1 :5 he dies on a b$1 or :5 he is dr[n$ & 8 body _c be f\nd1 a rite kn[n z ,palsvidhi is p]=m$4 ,an effigy ( ! deceas$ is made1 9 :i* twigs ( ! ,palsa tree repres5t ! bones1 a cocoanut or ,bel fruit ! head1 pe>ls or c[ry %ells ! eyes1 & a piece ( bir* b>k or ! sk9 ( a de] ! cuticle4 ,x is !n fill$ up ) ,urad pulse in/ead ( fle% & blood1 & a presid+ prie/ recites a spell to br+ life into ! image1 :i* is symboliz$ by putt+ a light$ lamp close to ! head4 ,:5 ! light goes out1 life is believ$ to be ext9ct & ! fun]al rites are p]=m$ 9 ! regul> way1 ! only exception be+ t ! p]iod ( impurity la/s = ?ree1 in/ead ( t5 days4 ,o!r ,sacr$ ,trees4 ,! numb] ( ^! trees & plants :i* sc>e evil spirits or are inve/$ ) o!r my/ic qualities is inf9ite4 ,we may close ! catalogue ) ! ,babl or ,kk> 7,acacia ,arabica71 :i* :5 cut p\rs out a r$di% juice4 ,"o ( ^! trees1 :5 ! ,musalmns tri$ to cut x ne> a %r9e at ,lahore1 is said to h p\r$ out drops ( blood z a w>n+4 ,b on ! :ole x is an unlucky tree1 & ! resort ( evil spirits4 ,if y ?r[ wat] = ?irte5 days successively on a ,babl tree1 y w get ! evil spirits :i* inhabit x into y\r p[]4 ,!y tell ( a man :o did ?is ne> ,sahranpur1 :o :5 tak5 to 8 cremation1 no soon] 0 ! light set to 8 pyre ?an he got up & walk$ home1 & is alive to ?is day4 ,8 neighb\rs naturally look on 8 proce$+s ) a c]ta9 degree ( suspicion4 ,! gho/ ( a man burnt ) ?is wood w n re/ quietly1 & any "o :o re/s on a b$ made ( x is afflict$ ) evil dreams4 ,an old s]vant ( m9e once solemnly remon/rat$ aga9/ ! use ( su* a b$ by 8 ma/]4 ,su* a b$1 he rem>k$1 %\ld be only us$ = a cl]gyman gue/1 :o by virtue ( 8 pr(ession is naturally protect$ aga9/ su* uncanny visitations4 ,tree ,m>riages4 ,we n[ come to discuss ! curi\s cu/om ( m>riages to trees4 ,?is prevails widely ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,india4 ,?us1 9 "s p>ts ( ,kngra1 if a betro!d b z yet unm>ri$ girl c succe$ 9 p]=m+ ! m>riage c]emony ) ! object ( h] *oice r\nd a fire made 9 ! jungle ) c]ta9 wild plants1 h] betro?al is annull$1 & ?is in=mal m>riage is recogniz$4 #cjb ,9 ! ,panjb a ,h9du _c be legally m>ri$ a ?ird "t4 ,s1 if he wi%es to take a ?ird wife1 he is m>ri$ to a ,babl tree 7,acacia ,arabica71 or to ! ,akh plant 7,asclepia gigantea71 fir/1 s t ! wife he subsequ5tly m>ries is c\nt$ z 8 f\r?1 & ! evil consequ5ces ( m>ry+ a ?ird "t are ?us avoid$4 #cjc ,9 ,b5gal1 writes ,dr4 ,bu*anan1 #cjd ,premature m>riage is consid]$ s necess>y to ,h9du ideas ( prosp]ity1 t ev5 ! un=tunate *ildr5 :o are br\ght up = pro/itution are m>ri$ ) all due c]emony to a planta9 tree1 be=e ! age :5 !y w\ld be defil$ by rema9+ s+le4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 among "s ( ! high] classes ( ,brhmans1 if a man happ5s to lose "o or two wives & is anxi\s to m>ry a ?ird1 ! c]emony ( 8 ?ird m>riage is fir/ gone ?r\gh ) an ,akh plant4 ,! family prie/ takes ! int5d+ bridegroom to ! fields :]e !re are ,akh plants & repeats ! m>riage =mula4 ,?is is kn[n z ,arka ,vivh1 or ,akh m>riage1 & x is believ$ t ! plant itself dies soon aft] be+ m>ri$4 ,9 ,oudh1 x is v unlucky to m>ry a c\ple if ! rul+ />s ( ! y\? =m a m p[]ful comb9ation ?an ^? ( ! female4 ,! way to get out ( ! difficulty is to m>ry ! girl fir/ to a ,ppal tree4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 ri* p :o h no *ildr5 m>ry a ,brhman to a ,tulas plant4 ,! pseudo-fa!r ( ! bride treats ! ,brhman ev] aft]w>ds z 8 son-9-law1 :i*1 x is ne$less to say1 is a v good ?+ = ! ,brhman4 #cje ,if ! bir? ( a *ild does n foll[ ?is c]emony1 !y h good reason = appreh5d+ t a mess5g] f ,yama1 ! god ( dea?1 w h>ass !m on _! way to ! _s _w4 ,9 ,bombay1 among ! ,kudva ,kunbis ( ,guj>t1 :5 !re are c]ta9 difficulties 9 ! m>riage ( a girl1 %e is m>ri$ to a mango or "s o!r fruit tree4 ,mr4 ,campbell #cjf acc\nts = ?is on ! pr9ciple t a _s fe>s trees1 especially fruit trees4 ,among ano!r bran* ( ! same tribe1 :5 a girl is m>riageable & a bridegroom _c be f\nd1 ! practice is to sub/itute a bun* ( fl[]s1 & ! m>riage c]emony proce$s4 ,next day1 by :i* "t ! fl[]s h begun to fade1 !y are ?r[n into a well1 & ! bride ( ye/]day is consid]$ a wid[4 ,z a wid[ c m>ry at any "t )\t social discr$it1 ! p>5ts f9d a husb& = h] at _! leisure4 #cjg ,s 9 ,b5gal1 ! ,rautiyas be=e ! w$d+ g ?r\gh ! =m ( m>riage to a mango tree4 #cjh ,among ! ,mundri ,kols1 ! bride & bridegroom are well ano9t$ ) turm]ic1 & w$d$1 n to ea* o!r1 b ! bride to a ,mahua tree1 & ! groom to a mango1 or bo? to mango trees4 ,!y are made to t\* ! tree ) r$ lead1 & !n to clasp x1 & !y are ti$ to x4 #cji ,among ! ,kurms1 ! bridegroom on ! w$d+ morn+ is fir/ m>ri$ to a mango tree4 ,he embraces ! tree1 is = a "t ti$ to x 9 a peculi> mann] ) a ?read1 & he daubs x ) r$ lead4 ,!n ! ?read is remov$ f ! tree1 & is us$ to atta* "s ( ! leaves to ! bridegroom's wri/4 ,! bride is simil>ly w$d$ to a ,mahua tree4 #caj ,simil>ly 9 ! ,himlayas1 if anyone desires to m>ry a ?ird "t1 :e!r 8 o!r wives are alive or n1 he is m>ri$ to ! ,akh plant4 ,he builds an alt> ne> ! plant1 or br+s a bran* home & plants x ne> ! alt>4 ,! regul> m>riage c]emony is !n p]=m$1 & a ?read is w\nd t5 times r\nd ! plant ) ! recitation ( appropriate v]ses4 ,f\r days ! plant rema9s :]e x 0 fix$1 & on ! fif? day ! celebrant is entitl$ to comm5ce ! m>riage c]emony ) 8 ?ird wife4 ,simil>ly1 a p]son is m>ri$ to an e>!n j>1 :5 f "s conjunction ( ! planets ! om5s are unfav\rable1 or :51 f "s bodily or m5tal defect1 no "o w m>ry ! boy or girl4 ,! usual c]emonies are gone ?r\gh1 & ! neck ( ! boy or girl is connect$ by a /r+ ) ! neck ( ! vessel1 & wat] is spr9kl$ ov] !m ) a bru% made ( five leaves4 #caa ,9 ,nepl e ,newr girl is1 :ile a *ild1 m>ri$ to a ,bel fruit1 :i*1 aft] ! c]emony1 is ?r[n into "s sacr$ riv]4 ,:5 %e arrives at pub]ty a husb& is select$ = h]1 b %\ld ! m>riage prove unpleasant1 %e c divorce h]self by ! simple process ( plac+ a betel-nut "u h] husb&'s pill[1 & walk+ (f4 ,wid[s are all[$ to re-m>ry2 9 fact1 a ,newr woman is nev] a wid[1 z ! ,bel fruit to :i* %e fir/ m>ri$ is suppos$ to be always 9 exi/5ce4 #cab ,be=e consid]+ a possible explanation ( ?is gr\p ( cu/oms1 we may note o!r in/ances ( pseudo-m>riages4 ,we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 in/ances ( ! m>riage ( girls to a god4 ,9 ! ,gurgon ,di/rict1 9 ! ,rewri ,tahsl1 at ! village ( ,bs ,doda1 a fair is held on ! #bf? ( ,*ait & ! two foll[+ days4 ,i 0 told t =m]ly girls ( ! ,dhnw> class us$ to be m>ri$ to ! god at ^! fe/ivals1 & t !y always di$ soon aft]w>ds1 b t ( late ye>s ! practice has be5 discont9u$4 #cac ,aga91 we h "s traces ( ! alli$ cu/om ( compulsory religi\s pro/itution4 ,x is said t ,santl girls are requir$ to submit to compulsory pro/itution once 9 _! lives at ,telkpi ,ght4 ,x is said t ! cu/om orig9ally arose f ! kill+ ( a girl by h] p>5ts = incont95ce2 s9ce :51 girls h be5 p]mitt$ to d z !y please1 & :at 0 once p]missive has become compulsory4 #cad ,!re is no ref]5ce to ?is 9 ,colonel ,dalton's acc\nt ( ! ,santls1 & ,mr4 ,begl>'s au?ority is n q satisfactory4 ,b on ! analogy ( simil> rites 9 ,babylon1 z describ$ by ,h]odotus1 x is v likely t su* a cu/om once prevail$4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t simil> cu/oms once prevail$ at ! temple ( ,jaggann? & o!r ,indian %r9es4 ,we h1 aga91 folk-tale ref]5ces to ! same cu/om 9 a tradition ( ! ,vallabha*rya sect ( ! daught] ( a bank]1 :o1 by h] devotion to him1 won ! love ( ! god ,kri%na 9 ! =m ( an image4 ,f9ally ! deity reveal$ himself1 & %e w5t ) him to ,br9daban & rema9$ ) h] div9e husb& till he c>ri$ h] (f to ! heav5 ( ,vi%nu4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is h>dly p]haps m ?an an example ( ! my/ic union ( ! god ) 8 wor%ipp]s1 :i* =ms su* a l>ge "p ( ! ,vai%nava hagiology1 & is famili> 9 ! tales ( ,kri%na & ! ,gops4 ,!re is1 aga91 among *ildr5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sahranpur1 a game :i* may be a survival ( "s m primitive rite4 ,at ! ,tj fe/ival1 :i* occurs 9 ! ra9y season1 girls dress$ 9 _! be/ g to a tank ne> ! city4 ,aft] dropp+ (f]+s into ! wat] 9 hon\r ( ,khwja ,khizr1 !y divide into two p>ties1 ea* ( :i* selects a lead]1 "o ( :om is kn[n z ! bride & ! o!r a bridegroom4 ,! latt] is decorat$ ) a pap] cr[n deck$ ) t9sel4 ,! clo!s ( ! pair are knott$ toge!r1 & !y are made to walk r\nd a ,tulas plant or a ,ppal tree on ! banks ( ! tank1 9 a mock =m ( ! m>riage ritual4 ,mean:ile ea* p>ty *affs ! o!r1 say+1 ,y\r bride 7or bridegroom7 is "o-ey$4 ,!y return home ) m]rim5t ( ?is k9d1 & :5 !y come to ! h\se ! knot ti$ 9 ! g>m5ts ( ! pair is unloos$4 ,we h1 aga91 in/ances ( ! m>riages (1 or to animals4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,panjb1 if a man h lo/ two or ?ree wives 9 succession1 he gets a woman to cat* a bird & adopt x z h] daught]4 ,he !n m>ries ! bird1 & imm$iately pays ov] ! bride-gift to ! woman t adopt$ 8 bird-bride1 :i* he divorces4 ,aft] ?is he c get himself m>ri$ to ano!r woman1 & %e w probably live4 #cae ,s1 !re h be5 _m in/ances ( ,rjas m>ry+ animals ) ! cu/om>y rites4 ,"s ye>s ago1 "o ( ! ,gekwrs ( ,b>oda sp5t a l>ge sum 9 m>ry+ "s fav\rite pigeons1 & a ,rja ( ,nadiya sp5t a lkh ( rupees 9 m>ry+ two monkeys4 ,la/ly1 !re are num]\s survivals ( :at c h>dly be any?+ else b tree m>riage4 ,among ! ,bw>iyas1 a vagrant tribe 9 ,sirsa1 ! bride & bridegroom g outside ! village to a ,j& tree1 :i*1 z we h se5 already1 is reg>d$ z sacr$1 move r\nd x sev5 times1 & !n cut (f a bran* ) an axe4 #caf ,9 a ,bhl m>riage1 ! pair walk r\nd ! ,salyra tree1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! m>riage boo?1 twelve times4 #cag ,we h a simil> cu/om among mo/ ( ! m5ial tribes4 ,! ,kols make ! m>riage boo? ( n9e bamboo poles1 ) a bamboo or a bran* ( ! ,siddh tree z ! c5tral po/4 ,z ! bridegroom sme>s ! p>t+ ( ! bride's hair ) r$ lead1 he makes a daub ( ! same sub/ance on ! tree4 ,mu* ! same cu/om prevails among all ! inf]ior ca/es4 ,! wor%ip ( trees at m>riage prevails 9 ,madras1 :]e "s ,rjas wor%ip at _! m>riages ! fire & ! ,vahni tree1 a twig ( :i* is us$ z an arr[ at ! hunt+ fea/ at ! ,nav>tri or ,dasahra4 #cah ,on ! :ole1 x seems probable t ?is cu/om ( pseudo-m>riages may be bas$ on v>i\s pr9ciples4 ,! popul> explanation ( ! cu/om is1 z we h se51 t x is int5d$ to avoid ! curse ( wid[hood1 ! tree-husb& be+ always alive2 ! woman1 ev5 if h] husb& die1 c nev] be a wid[1 nor c ! p>5ts be liable to ! contempt :i*1 accord+ to popul> ,h9du belief1 awaits ^? :o keep a girl :o has rea*$ maturity unm>ri$4 ,b :5 we f9d ! same cu/om prevail+ among races :o habitually p]mit pre-nuptial infidelity1 & among :om e m>riageable wid[ is ei!r subject$ to ! levirate or made ov] to a /rang]1 x seems obvi\s t ?is _c be ! orig9al explanation ( ! practice4 ,aga91 accord+ to ,mr4 ,fraz]1 :o has collect$ num]\s examples ( ! cu/om1 x is difficult to sep>ate f totemism ! cu/om obs]v$ by totem clans 9 ,b5gal ( m>ry+ ! bride & bridegroom to trees be=e !y are m>ri$ to ea* o!r4 #cai ,b ! idea t1 z we h se5 9 "o ( ! cases ( tree m>riages1 ! tree itself is suppos$ to die soon aft] ! c]emony1 seems to po9t to ! fact t ! m>riage may be int5d$ to div]t to ! tree "s evil influ5ce1 :i* w\ld o!rwise atta* to ! w$d$ pair4 ,we h an in/ance ( a some:at analog\s practice f ,bombay4 ,among ! ,konkan ,kunbis1 :5 a woman is 9 lab\r & _c get a spe$y deliv]y1 "s gold ornam5t f h] hair is tak5 to a ,r plant 7! ,dhk--,callotropis gigantea ( ,nor!rn ,india71 & aft] digg+ at its roots1 "o ( ! roots is tak5 out1 & ! ornam5t is buri$ 9 its /ead4 ,! root is !n br\ght home & put 9 ! hair ( ! woman 9 lab\r4 ,x is suppos$ t by ?is means ! woman gets spe$y deliv]y4 ,z soon z %e is deliv]$ ( a *ild1 ! root is tak5 f h] hair & br\ght back to ! ,r plant1 & aft] digg+ at its root ! ornam5t is tak5 out & ! root plac$ 9 its =m] place4 #cbj ,! idea seems to be t ! evil influ5ce h9d]+ p>turition is ?us transf]r$ to ! plant4 ,& ?is may be "o explanation ( ! practice :]e1 z we h se51 a man is m>ri$ to a bird1 or s on1 :5 8 =m] wives h di$4 ,! bird acts z ! scape-animal1 & c>ries ! disease _s away ) x4 ,la/ly1 we h se5 in/ances 9 :i* ! w$d$ pair are made to clasp ! tree or are ti$ to x 9 "s special way4 ,!re are num]\s cases 9 :i* wom51 9 ord] to procure (fspr+1 clasp an idol1 l t ( ,hanumn & "o ( ! o!r gu>dian deities4 ,! clasp+ ( ! tree at m>riage may possibly be a sort ( sympa!tic magic to br+ on ! pair ! f]tility & p[] ( reproduction1 ( :i* vegetable life is ! well-kn[n symbol4 ,we h ! same pr9ciple ( ! w$d+ ( ! grove to its well1 & e ,h9du :o goes to ! exp5se ( mak+ a tank1 does n dr9k ( its wat]s until he has m>ri$ ! tank to a planta9 or "s o!r tree gr[+ on its banks4 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! k+ & 8 son1 told 9 ! ,baitl ,pa*si1 ! k+ supplicates ! sacr$ tree to give him a son4 ,! reque/ is grant$1 & ! k+ !n implores ! tree to make 8 p happy2 ! result 0 t poor wret*es1 hi!rto liv+ 9 ! woods1 came =? & conc]t$ measures to seize 8 k+dom4 ,r ?an %$ blood1 ! old k+1 8 que51 & 8 son retir$ to a l(ty m\nta94 ,!re ! son f9ds some?+ :ite ly+ "u a mimosa tree4 ,on inquiry he le>nt t x is a heap ( s]p5ts' bones left !re by ,g>uda1 :o comes daily to fe$ on s]p5ts4 ,on he>+ ?is1 ! k+ goes t[>ds a temple1 b is arre/$ by ! cry ( a woman1 :o says3 ,my son to-day w be eat5 by ,g>uda4 ,%e & h] p 71 9 fact1 s]p5ts 9 human %ape4 ,! k+ 0 mov$ to pity1 & z 9 ! fam\s leg5d ( ,buddha & ! tigress1 he (f]$ to expose himself to ,g>uda 9 ! room ( h] son4 ,?is is discov]$2 ,g>uda releases ! k+1 & at 8 reque/ re-animates ! s]p5ts to :om ! bones belong4 #cba ,"h we h an example ( ! comb9ation ( tree & s]p5t wor%ip1 & x w\ld be easy to adduce m in/ances1 z has be5 done by ,mr4 ,f]guson & o!r writ]s ( 8 s*ool4 ,b 9 deal+ ) ?is phase ( belief mu* caution is requir$4 ,z ,dr4 ,tylor obs]ves3 ,s]p5t-wor%ip un=tunately fell ye>s ago into ! h&s ( speculative writ]s1 :o mix$ x up ) occult philosophies1 ,druidical my/]ies1 & t port5t\s nons5se call$ ! ,arkite symbolism1 till n[ sob] /ud5ts he> ! v "n ( ophiolatry ) a %iv]4 #cbb ,x is almo/ ne$less to say t snake-wor%ip prevails l>gely 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! la/ c5sus %[$ 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ov] tw5ty-five ?\s& ,nga wor%ipp]s2 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree p]sons record$ !mselves z vot>ies ( ,gga1 ! snake god4 ,!re are also a c]ta9 numb] :o wor%ip ,snp ,deot1 or ! snake godl+1 & ,ahran1 ano!r deity ( ! same class1 :o is wor%ipp$ 9 ,sultnpur by daily (f]+s ( r$ lead1 wat]1 & rice4 ,sokha1 said to be ! gho/ ( a ,brhman kill$ by a snake1 has ne>ly f\rte5 ?\s& wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 aga91 !re are ov] ?irty-five ?\s& special vot>ies ( ! snake godl+s1 ( :i* ! great majority wor%ip ,gga4 ,t ! cultus ( ! snake has be5 d]iv$ f aborig9al beliefs appe>s tol]ably c]ta94 ,! ,h9dus ( ,v$ic times look$ on ! s]p5t ) fe> & dislike4 ,x 0 imp]sonat$ z ,ahi or ,vritra1 ! snake demon :i* br+s d>kness & drives away ! k9dly ra94 ,! regul> snake-wor%ip1 z we n[ f9d x1 0 obvi\sly ( a lat] date4 ,x does n appe> difficult to dis5tangle ! ideas on :i* snake-wor%ip is bas$4 ,to beg9 )1 ! snake is dread$ & rev]$ on acc\nt ( ! my/]i\s fe> :i* is associat$ ) x1 its /eal?y habits1 its s9u\s motion1 ! cold fixity ( its gaze1 ! protrusion ( its =k$ tongue1 ! sudd5ness & deadl9ess ( its attacks4 ,x w\ld be p>ticul>ly dread$ by wom51 ^: habits ( walk+ b>efoot 9 fields 9 ! e>ly dawn1 & grop+ 9 d>k corn]s ( _! huts1 r5d] !m specially expos$ to its malice4 ,! *ief basis ( ! cultus w\ld !n be fe>1 z 9 ! case ( ! tig] & o!r bea/s ( prey4 ,x w\ld soon be discov]$ t !re 7 v>i\s h>mless snakes :i* w\ld1 z h\se-hunt]s1 come to be id5tifi$ ) ! ance/ral gho/s z ! protectors ( h\ses & goods4 ,! p[] ( controll+ & tam+ ! m v5om\s snakes w\ld !n be discov]$1 & ! snake-*>m] w\ld come to be reg>d$ z ! wise/ ( mank9d1 z a wiz>d1 & f9ally z a prie/4 ,we h ?us ?ree aspects "u :i* ! snake is wor%ipp$ by _m savage races--z a dread$ enemy1 z ! protector ( home & treasure1 z ! accompanim5t & attribute ( wisdom4 ,! village temple w\ld be (t5 9 e>ly times a /oreh\se ( treasure1 & ! snake1 respect$ z its gu>dian1 w\ld f9ally1 z 9 ,ka%mr1 be in/all$ !re z a god4 ,next1 we h ! e>ly connection betwe5 ! s]p5t & ! p[]s ( nature1 ! cl\d & ! ra91 z appe>s 9 ! famili> ,v$ic leg5d ( ,indra & ! ,dragon ,ahi1 & ,se%anga1 ! great _w s]p5t1 :i* appe>s 9 s _m ( ! primitive my?ologies4 ,! s]p5t w\ld aga9 receive respect z ! emblem ( life2 8 %ape w\ld1 z 9 _m =ms ( primitive ornam5t1 be associat$ ) ! r+1 z a symbol ( et]nity2 he is excessively long-liv$1 & p]iodically r5ews 8 life4 ,he has1 fur!r1 z 9 ! ,saiva cultus1 become associat$ ) phallicism1 & ) ! sexual p[]s1 z 9 ! ,adam leg5d4 ,! s]p5t r\nd ! neck ( ,siva d5otes ! endless cycle ( recurr+ ye>s1 & a second necklace ( skulls ab\t 8 p]son1 ) num]\s o!r s]p5ts1 symbolizes ! et]nal revolution ( ages & ! successive dissolution & reg5]ation ( ! races ( mank9d4 #cbc ,la/ly1 ! cultus may h a totemi/ic basis4 ,z ,/rabo describes ! ,ophiog5eis or s]p5t races ( ,phrygia actually reta9+ physical aff9ity ) ! snakes to :om !y 7 to be believ$ to be alli$1 ! ,*]os ( ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ! ,bais ,rjputs ( ,oudh pr(ess to be desc5d$ f ! ,great ,s]p5t4 ,gautama ,buddha himself is said to h be5 ( s]p5t l9eage4 ,b ! great s]p5t race 0 t ( ! ,ngas1 to :om mu* ill-consid]$ argum5t & crude speculation h be5 devot$4 ,accord+ to "o !ory !y 7 ,sky?ic emigrants f ,c5tral ,asia1 b :e!r antec$5t or subsequ5t to ! s-call$ ,aryan inroad is disput$4 ,!y seem to h be5 accu/om$ to use ! s]p5t z a national symbol1 & h5ce became id5tifi$ ) ! snake4 ,"s ( ! my?s seem to imply t !y suff]$ p]secution at ! h&s ( ! ,brhmans1 su* z ! tale ( ! burn+ ( ! ,khndava =e/1 ! op5+ sc5es ( ! ,mahbhrata1 & ! exploits ( ! y\?ful ,kri%na4 ,!y are1 aga91 associat$ ) ,buddhism on monum5ts l ^? ( ,ajanta1 & ano!r !ory w\ld make !m out to be ! ,dasyus1 or aborig9al races ( ,upp] ,india1 :o 7 ! fir/ to adopt ,buddhism & 7 ext]m9at$ 9 ! ,brhmanical revival4 ,little1 9 fact1 is kn[n ( !m1 save t !y may h be5 e>ly wor%ipp]s ( ! snake1 may h embrac$ ,buddhism1 & may h introduc$ ! wor%ip into ,india f "s nor!rn home4 #cbd ,b ,mr4 ,f]guson's !ory t snake-wor%ip 0 ( purely ,turanian orig9 is1 to say ! lea/1 v d\btful1 & 8 belief t ,saivism is antagoni/ic to snake-wor%ip1 & t ,vai%navism1 :i* he reg>ds z a modification ( ,buddhism1 enc\rages x1 is oppos$ by ! num]\s examples ( ! connection ( ! s]p5t ) ! ,l+am4 ,se%anga4 ,bel[ ! sev5 ,ptlas1 accord+ to ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 is ,vi%nu inc>nat$ z ,se%anga1 & kn[n by ! "n ,ananta1 or ,endless4 ,he has a ?\s& heads adorn$ ) ! my/ical ,sw/ika1 & 9 ea* head a jewel to give light4 ,he is accompani$ by ,v>un1 ! goddess ( w9e 7:o has n[adays be5 replac$ by ,mada91 :o is v5]at$ by ,*amrs 9 ,oudh71 supports ! _w on 8 head1 holds 9 "o h& a pe/le & 9 ! o!r a pl\gh1 :i*1 z we %all see lat] on1 connects him ) agriculture4 ,snake ,%r9es4 ,9 v>i\s places snakes are provid$ ) special %r9es4 ,?us1 9 ,g>hwl1 ,se%anga is hon\r$ at ,p&ukesw>2 ,bhekal ,ng at ,ratgon2 ,sangal ,ng at ,talor2 ,bnpa ,ng at ,m>gon1 & _m o!rs ( ! same k9d4 #cbe ,9 fact1 all along ! ,himlaya ! wor%ip ext5sively prevails4 ,kailang ,ng is ! *ief ,himlayan godl+1 & z ! ,v$ic ,ahi controls ! cl\ds1 s he gives f9e wea!r4 ,a victim is kill$1 & "o ( 8 disciples1 aft] dr9k+ ! blood1 gets into a /ate ( afflatus4 ,f9ally1 he gasps out t ! sacrifice is accept$1 & falls d[n 9 a /ate ( exhau/ion4 ,! old %r9e to ! s]p5t deity at ,kngra1 kn[n z ,baghsu ,ng1 has be5 conv]t$ into a ,saiva temple "u ! "n ( ,baghsun?a1 ano!r in/ance ( ! adoption ( /range deities into or?odox ,h9duism4 ,! ,ng is specially ! gu>dian ( cattle & wat]-spr+s4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! valleys ( ,ka%mr & ,nepl 7 9 "s remote p]iod ! abode ( ,ngas4 ,! milk ( a c[ is usually pres5t$ to a ,ng1 & goats & %eep are usually sacrific$ to him1 z to o!r godl+s4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! only place 9 ! ,himlaya :]e ! liv+ snake is wor%ipp$ is at ! foot ( ! ,rotung pass4 #cbf ,! ,nepl s]p5t k+ is ,k>kotaka1 :o dwelt 9 ! lake ,ngavsa1 & ,siva 9 ! =m ( ,k>kotaka ,nga has a temple at ,b>ha ,kotra 9 ! ,bnda ,di/rict4 ,9 "o ( ! ,nepl temples is a repres5tation ( a ,ng ,kany1 a s]p5t maid5 or m]maid1 sitt+ on a tortoise4 #cbg ,?is s]p5t maid5 con/antly appe>s 9 ,indian folk-lore4 ,su* is ,vijayvat1 daught] ( ,g&aml91 "o ( ! snake k+s1 :o is ( surpass+ lovel9ess1 rescues & m>ries ! h]o4 ,%e is repres5t$ by ! ,melus9a ( ,european folk-lore1 & "o ( h] k9dr$ surviv$ to our own day1 to appe> z ,elsie ,v5n] 9 "o ( ! f9e/ novels ( ?is g5]ation4 #cbh ,curi\s z x may appe>1 all ! ,ka%mr temples 7 orig9ally surr\nd$ by artificial tanks1 con/ruct$ 9 ord] to propitiate ! ,ngas4 ,anci5t /ones cov]$ ) figures ( snakes are occasionally to be se5 work$ up into ! walls ( mod]n build+s4 ,abul ,fazl says t 9 8 "t !re 7 ne>ly sev5 hundr$ figures ( snake gods exi/+ 9 ,ka%mr4 ,! snake1 x is ne$less to say1 is a common emblem 9 temples all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,an anci5t temple at ,bilspur 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces has1 z its only image1 t ( ! cobra4 #cbi ,snake-wor%ip appe>s con/antly 9 hi/ory & leg5d4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,plut>* f :i* x appe>s to h be5 ! cu/om to sacrifice an old woman 7previ\sly condemn$ to dea? = "s crime7 to ! s]p5t gods by bury+ h] alive on ! banks ( ! ,indus4 ,ktesias also m5tions ! wor%ip ( snakes1 & 9 ! ,buddhi/ leg5ds snakes are (t5 ref]r$ to z ! gu>dian deities ( t[ns4 #ccj ,9 ! folk-tales1 ,n>avhanadatta wor%ips snakes 9 a grove sacr$ to !m1 & ,bhmabhatta goes to ! temple ( ! *ief ( ! snakes1 :i* he f9ds full ( long wrea?s ( fl[]s 9 =m l s]p5ts1 & a great lake sacr$ to ,vsuki1 /udd$ ) r$ lotuses1 :i* seem$ l cl\ds ( smoke f ! fume ( snake poison4 #cca ,a curi\s leg5d tells h[ ,kadr & ,v9at 7 ! two wives ( ! patri>* ,kasyapa1 ! =m] be+ ! "m ( ! s]p5t race1 & ! o!r ( ! birds4 ,a discussion arose betwe5 !m reg>d+ ! col\r ( ! tails ( ! horses ( ! sun1 ,v9at insi/+ t !y 7 :ite & ,kadr t !y 7 black4 ,x 0 agre$ t :i*ev] ( ! two 0 prov$ to be wrong %\ld s]ve ! o!r4 ,s ,kadr contriv$ to fa/5 "o ( h] black snakes on to ! back ( "o ( ! horses1 & ,v9at1 ?9k+ ?is 0 ! real tail1 accept$ defeat2 s ! snakes rule ! birds = ev]4 ,nahu%a1 accord+ to "o v]sion ( 8 leg5d1 aspir$ to ! love ( ! que5 ( ,india :5 h] husb& conceal$ himself because he _h kill$ a ,brhman4 ,a ?\s& ,ri%is bore ! litt] ( ! presumptu\s s9n] ?r\gh ! air1 & :5 9 8 pride he t\*$ ,aga/ya ,muni ) 8 foot1 ! (f5d$ sage curs$ him1 & he became a s]p5t4 ,f9ally he 0 p>don$ by ! int]cession ( ,yudhi/hira1 ?rew (f 8 s]p5t =m1 & 0 rais$ to ! heav5 ( ! gods4 ,ne> ,jait1 9 ! ,ma?ura ,di/rict1 is a tank ) ! brok5 /atue ( a hood$ s]p5t 9 x4 ,once ^u a "t a ,rja m>ri$ a pr9cess f a di/ant l&1 & wi%$ to br+ h] home ) him4 ,%e refus$ to come until he ann\nc$ 8 l9eage4 ,h] husb& told h] t %e w\ld regret h] curiosity1 b %e p]si/$4 ,at la/ he took h] to ! riv] & w>n$ h] aga91 b 9 va94 ,!n he told h] n to be al>m$ at any?+ %e saw1 add+ t if %e did s1 %e w\ld lose him4 ,say+ ?is1 he began to desc5d sl[ly into ! wat]1 all ! "t try+ to dissuade h]1 till ! wat] rose to 8 neck4 ,!n1 aft] a la/ attempt to induce h] to ab&on h] curiosity1 he div$ & reappe>$ 9 ! =m ( a ,nga1 & rais+ 8 head ov] ! wat]1 he said1 ,?is is my l9eage4 ,i am a ,ngavansi4 ,8 wife c\ld n suppress an exclamation ( grief1 on :i* ! ,nga 0 turn$ into /one1 :]e he lies to ?is day4 ,"h we h ano!r in/ance ( ! consequ5ces ( ! violation ( ! curiosity taboo4 #ccb ,! t[n ( ,nigohan 9 ! ,luckn[ ,di/rict is said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,raja ,nhuk ( ! ,*&ravansi l9e ( k+s4 ,ne> x is a l>ge tank1 9 :i* ! leg5d says t ! ,rja1 trans=m$ into a snake = ! s9 ( kill+ a ,brhman1 0 compell$ to live4 ,"h at l5g? ! ,pndava bro!rs1 9 _! w&]+s aft] _! battle ) ! ,kauravas1 came1 & z !y w5t to draw wat]1 ! s]p5t put to ea* ( !m five que/ions t\*+ ! vanity ( human wi%es & ! advantages ( absorption f ! _w4 ,f\r out ( ! five bre?r5 fail$ to answ] & 7 dragg$ "u ! wat]1 b ! riddle 0 solv$ by ! fif?4 ,! spell 0 ?us loos$1 & ! ,rja's deliv]] _h come4 ,! ,pndu put 8 r+ r\nd ! body ( ! s]p5t1 & he 0 re/or$ to human =m4 ,9 8 gratitude he p]=m$ a great sacrifice1 & to ?is day ! cultivators digg+ small wells 9 ! c5tre ( ! tank 9 ! dry season1 come across ! burnt b>ley1 rice1 & betel-nuts us$ 9 ! sacrifices4 #ccc ,! old ,buddhi/ travell] ?us describes ! s]p5t deity 9 ! temple at ,sankisa 9 ! ,f>rukhbd ,di/rict--,a :ite-e>$ dragon is ! patron ( ?is body ( ! prie/s4 ,x is he :o causes f]tiliz+ & seasonable %[]s ( ra9 to fall )9 _! c\ntry1 & pres]ves x f plagues & calamity1 & s causes ! prie/hood to dwell 9 security4 ,! prie/s1 9 gratitude = ^! fav\rs1 h erect$ a dragon *apel1 & )9 x plac$ a seat = 8 accommodation2 &1 moreov]1 !y make special contributions 9 ! %ape ( religi\s (f]+s to provide ! dragon ) food4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ea* season ( re/1 ! dragon incont95tly assumes ! =m ( a little s]p5t1 bo? ( ^: e>s are :ite4 ,! body ( prie/s1 recogniz+ him1 place 9 ! mid/ = 8 use a copp] vessel full ( cream4 ,! s]p5t !n proce$s to come d[n f ! highe/ "p ( ! alcove1 all ! :ile mov+1 z ?\gh he w\ld pay 8 respects to all ^? ar\nd him4 ,he !n sudd5ly disappe>s4 ,he makes 8 appe>ance once e ye>4 #ccd ,accord+ to ,g54 ,cunn+ham1 ! only spot :i* c be id5tifi$ ) any c]ta9ty at ,sankisa is ! tank ( ! ,nga1 :i* /ill exi/s to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! ru9s4 ,! "n ( ! ,nga is ,krew>1 :i* appe>s to mean ! black "o1 & t ( ! tank ,k&aiya ,tl4 ,milk is /ill (f]$ to him on e day ( ,may1 ! ,ngpan*am fe/ival 9 ,augu/1 & at any o!r "t :5 ra9 is want$4 #cce ,!re are _m in/ances ( ?is control ( ! ,nga ov] ! wea!r4 ,?us1 9 ,nepl1 :5 ,rja ,gunkamdeva committ$ ince/1 ! gods 9 _! wra? )held ! ra94 ,f9ally ! ,rja manag$ to cat* ! great ,nga ,k>kotaka1 & ! o!r ,ngas came & wor%ipp$ him & gave him ea* a lik5ess ( himself drawn ) 8 own blood1 & decl>$ t :5ev] !re 0 a dr\ght h]eaft]1 pl5tiful ra9 w\ld fall z soon z ^! pictures 7 wor%ipp$4 ,s1 ,gorakhn?a conf9$ ! n9e ,ngas1 & !re 0 a dr\ght until ,matsy5dran?a appe>$ & releas$ !m1 on :i* ! cl\ds gave ra94 #ccf ,! plan ( propitiat+ ! ,nga ) an (f]+ ( milk is f\nd also 9 ! case ( ! ,durham leg5d ( ! ,lambton worm & ! dragon ( ,de]hur/ 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 #ccg ,! sacr$ dragons ( ?is k9d are innum]able4 ,! ,buddhi/ cave at ,pabhosa 9 ! ,allahbd ,di/rict 0 ! home ( a mon/] ( ?is class1 :o 0 subdu$ by ,buddha4 #cch ,t 9 ! dragon tank at ,rmagrma us$ to assume ! =m ( a ,brhman4 #cci ,dr4 ,bu*anan tells ( ano!r at ,bhgalpur4 ,!y %[$ me a hole 9 a rock op5+ into a holl[ space close by ! pa? lead+ up to _! village4 ,!y said t ?is hole 0 ! abode ( a v l>ge s]p5t1 :i* !y consid]$ a k9d ( god4 ,9 cold wea!r !y nev] saw x1 b 9 ! hot season x 0 con/antly obs]v$ ly+ 9 ! holl[ be=e its d54 ,! p pass by x )\t appreh5sion1 ?9k+ x und]/&s _! language1 & w\ld on no acc\nt injure "o ( !m1 %\ld ev5 a *ild or a drunk5 p]son fall on x4 #cdj ,b all su* snakes are n fri5dly4 ,9 ! ,hitopadesa1 ! fai?ful mungoose takes ! place 9 ! leg5d ( ,be?gel]t ( ! h\nd & kills ! deadly snake4 ,"s ref]5ce to ?is fam\s folk-tale w be made 9 ano!r connection4 ,aghsura1 ! evil demon1 ! k+ ( ! s]p5ts1 tri$ to dev\r ! div9e infant ,kri%na4 ,:5 he & 8 fo/]-fa!r ,n&a 7 asleep toge!r1 a huge boa-con/rictor laid hold ( ,n&a by ! toe1 & w\ld spe$ily h dev\r$ him1 b ,kri%na1 he>+ 8 cries1 ran to 8 side & lightly set 8 foot on ! mon/]'s head4 ,at ! v t\* ! s]p5t 0 trans=m$1 & assum$ ! figure ( a lovely y\?2 = ye>s ago a ,ganym$e ( ,heav5's ,c\rt1 by "n ,sud>sana1 9 pride ( beauty & exalt$ bir?1 _h vex$ ! holy sage ,angiras :5 9 deep contemplation1 by danc+ backw>ds & =w>ds be=e him1 & by 8 curses _h be5 metamorphos$ into a snake1 9 t vile %ape to expiate 8 (f5ce1 until ! adv5t ( ,kri%na4 #cda ,we h already spok5 ( ano!r fam\s ,ma?ura snake1 ! ,nga ( ,jait1 ^: tail is suppos$ to rea* und]gr\nd to ,br9daban1 sev5 miles away4 #cdb ,! curi\s dragon cave at ,kausambhi at ,allahbd 0 "o ( ! la/ notable discov]ies ( ! ,ar*ological ,survey4 #cdc ,! ,snake ,gods4 ,besides ! sacr$ ,ngas !re are ! regul> snake gods4 ,! s]p5t deity ( ,b5>es is ,ngsw>1 :o is repres5t$ by a s]p5t tw9+ r\nd ! *ief idol1 & l 8 k9dr$ rules ! wea!r4 ,! ,ng ,kun1 or dragon well1 is "o ( ! olde/ %r9es 9 ! city4 #cdd ,tr is ! snake goddess ( ! ,kols1 & ! ,khndhs call h] ,tr ,p5u1 ! heav5ly /> snake4 ,vsuki1 ! abid]1 n[ kn[n z ,bsuk ,ng1 has _m %r9es1 & 9 all ( !m1 z at ,draganj1 ne> ,allahbd1 describ$ by ,sir ,moni]-,williams1 #cde ! prie/ 9 *>ge is always a man ( l[ ca/e1 a fact po9t+ to ! non-,aryan "* ( ! wor%ip4 ,he =ms "o ( ! triad ( ! snake gods :i* rule ! snakes ( e>? & hell1 8 fell[s be+ ,se%a & ,tak%aka1 he :o cuts (f4 ,vsuki (t5 appe>s 9 ! folk-tales4 ,we f9d him resi/+ ,g>uda1 ! de/roy] ( 8 subjects4 ,8 bro!r's son ,kirtis5a is1 accord+ to "o leg5d1 a ,brhman1 & w$s a mortal maid5 by ! ,g&h>va =m2 8 elde/ bro!r ,vasunemi pres5ts a b5evol5t ,sav>a ) a magic lute2 ,vsuki himself m>ries ! pr9cess ,yasodh>1 & _! son is ,priyad>sana4 ,vsuki has a ?\s& e>s4 ,once he s]v$ ! gods by becom+ ! rope :i* ! m\nt ,m&>a 0 :irl$ r\nd1 & ! sea 0 *urn$ & produc$ ,sr or ,lak%m1 goddess ( weal?4 #cdf ,! foot ( ! celebrat$ iron pill> at ,delhi 0 driv5 s deep 9 ord] t x might re/ on ! head ( ,vsuki4 ,a ,brhman told ! k+ t ?is w\ld secure ! /ability ( 8 k+dom4 ,! ,rja d\bt$ ?is1 & _h ! pill> dug up1 :5 its base 0 f\nd wet ) ! blood ( ! s]p5t k+4 ,ow+ to ! incr$ulity ( ! ,rja x c\ld nev] aga9 be firmly fix$1 & 8 want ( fai? l$ to ! ultimate d[nfall ( 8 dyna/y4 ,! same tale has rea*$ ! ,himlaya1 & is told ( ! f\ndation ( ,almora4 #cdg ,! ,s9has4 ,next come ! ,s9has1 or snake godl+s ( ! ,panjb & ! we/]n p>ts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,!y are males1 & ?\gh !y cause fev] !y are n v malevol5t1 (t5 tak+ away pa94 ,!y h got great p[] ov] mil* cattle1 & ! milk ( ! elev5? day aft] calv+ is sacr$ to !m1 & libations ( milk 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,sankisa dragon7 are always acceptable4 ,!y are g5]ally di/+ui%$ by "s col\r1 ! mo/ commonly wor%ipp$ be+ ,kl1 '! black "o1' ,h>i1 'gre51' ,bhra1 'grey1' ,s9h4 ,b ! div9] w (t5 decl>e a fev] to be caus$ by "s ,s9h no "o has ev] he>d ( be=e1 b to :om a %r9e mu/ be built4 ,& s !y multiply 9 a mo/ p]plex+ mann]4 ,dead m5 also h a way ( becom+ snakes--a fact :i* is reveal$ 9 a dream1 :5 aga9 a %r9e mu/ be built4 ,if a peasant sees a snake he w salute x1 & if x bite him1 he or 8 heirs1 z ! case may be1 w build a %r9e on ! spot to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( su* an occurr5ce4 ,!y are ! s]vants ( ,vsuki ,nga1 ,k+ ( ,ptla1 or ,t>t>us1 & _! wor%ip is c]ta9ly connect$ ) t ( ! ,pitris or ance/ors1 ?\gh x is difficult to see exactly 9 :at ! connection lies4 #cdh ,connection ( ,snakes ) ,ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! connection is ?us expla9$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]3 ,! o!r self ( ! dead relative is suppos$ to come back occasionally to ! old h\se2 h[ else is x possible ( ! survivors sleep+ !re to see him 9 _! dreams8 ,"h are creatures :i* commonly1 unlike wild animals1 come into h\ses2 come 91 too1 secretly at night4 ,! implication is cle>4 ,t snakes :i* specially d ?is are ! return$ dead1 is inf]r$ by p 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica2 ! haunt+ ( h\ses be+ ! common trait ( ! k9d ( snakes rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$4 #cdi ,! b5evol5t h\sehold snake1 :i* 9 ! folk-tales assi/s ! h]o & protects ! family ( :i* he is ! gu>dian1 ?us repres5ts ! s\l ( "s deceas$ ance/or :i* has tak5 up its resid5ce !re4 ,t ! dead d appe> z snakes is famili> 9 ,european folk-lore4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! pi\s neas saw 8 fa!r ,an*ises 9 ! snake :i* crept f 8 tomb4 ,we h already come across ! same idea 9 ! case ( ! ,sat4 ,x 0 an old ,european idea t ?is h\sehold snake1 if n conciliat$1 & :5 dead buri$ "u ! ?re%old1 a sacr$ place1 prev5t$ conception4 #cej ,deifi$ ,snake ,h]oes4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! regul> snake godl+ ,gga4 ,) him are (t5 wor%ipp$ 8 fa!r ,jaur or ,jew> ,s9h1 & ,arjan & ,s>jan1 8 tw9 half-bro!rs4 #cea ,ppa1 ! ,brhman1 is ano!r deity ( ! same class 9 ,rjputna4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( giv+ milk to a s]p5t ^: retreat 0 on ! banks ( ! ,sampu1 or ,snake ,lake4 ,! s]p5t us$ 9 return to pres5t him daily ) two pieces ( gold4 ,be+ oblig$ to g away on bus9ess1 he gave in/ructions to 8 son to cont9ue ! (f]+2 b ! y\?1 deem+ x a good opportunity ( becom+ ma/] ( ! treasure1 took a /ick ) him1 & :5 ! s]p5t came =? = 8 expect$ food1 he /ruck him viol5tly4 ,b ! snake manag$ to retreat into 8 hole4 ,on 8 return1 ! "y ,brhman relat$ 8 adv5tures to 8 "m4 ,%e 0 horrifi$ at ! acc\nt1 & =?) made arrangem5ts = s5d+ h] son away out ( dang]4 ,b 9 ! morn+ :5 %e w5t to call him %e f\nd to h] horror t h] son 0 dead1 & a huge snake lay coil$ up beside 8 body4 ,ppa on 8 return 0 inconsolable1 b1 /ifl+ 8 ?\ghts ( rev5ge1 he propitiat$ ! mon/] ) copi\s libations ( milk4 ,! s]p5t 0 appeas$1 & reveal$ to ,ppa ! treasures :i* he gu>d$1 comm&+ him to erect a monum5t :i* %\ld transmit ! k ( ! ev5t to future ages4 ,h5ce ,ppa has become a sort ( snake godl+1 & ! t[n ( ,pp> & ! ,sampu ,lake /ill by _! names commemorate ! leg5d4 #ceb ,?is fam\s tale1 :i* 0 orig9ally f\nd$ on a /ory 9 ! ,pan*atantra1 has come into ,european folk-lore ?r\gh ! ,ge/a ,romanorum1 & =ms an excell5t example ( a g5u9e ,indian folk-tale :i* has be5 naturaliz$ 9 ,we/]n l&s4 #cec ,! incid5t ( ! animals :i* produce gold is common bo? 9 ,european & ,indian folk-lore4 ,ev5 ,m>abhuti 9 ! tale ( ,somadeva is able to spit gold1 & e "o kn[s ,grimm's pretty tale ( ! ,?ree little m5 9 ! wood1 9 :i* a piece ( gold drops f ! m\? ( ! good girl e "t %e speaks4 ,snake ,treasure ,gu>dians4 ,snakes ?r\gh\t folk-lore are ! gu>dians ( treasure4 #ced ,! griff9s ( ,scy?ia gu>d$ ! treasures covet$ by ! ,arimaspians2 ! dragon wat*$ ! gold5 apples ( ! ,hesp]ides2 9 ! ,nibelung5li$ ! dragon ,fafnir keeps gu>d ov] a va/ treasure ( gold1 :i* ,sigurd seizes aft] he has kill$ ! mon/]4 ,x is a common ,indian belief t :5 a v ri* man dies )\t an heir1 he _c take away 8 ?\ghts f 8 treasure1 & returns to gu>d x 9 ! =m ( a mon/r\s s]p5t4 ,b aft] a "t he becomes tir$ ( ?is s]p5t life1 & ei!r 9 a dream1 or assum+ ! human voice1 he asks ! p]sons liv+ ne> ! treasure to take x & (f] him "o ( _! de>e/ relatives 9 return4 ,:5 "s av>ici\s p]son complies ) ! s]p5t's wi%es1 he gets possession ( ! weal?1 & ! s]p5t !n ent]s into "s o!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,in/ances ( treasure speak+ are n uncommon4 ,"s "t ago two old ladies1 ^: h\ses 7 divid$ by a wall1 =mally appli$ to me to h ! wall excavat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( respectable witnesses1 because a treasure-gu>d+ snake 0 (t5 he>d speak+ f inside ! wall1 & begg+ "s "o to take ov] ! weal? :i* 0 9 8 *>ge4 ,snake *>m]s are suppos$ to h ! p[] ( recogniz+ ^! s]p5t treasure gu>dians1 foll[ !m /eal?ily to _! holes1 & ask !m to po9t out ! deposit4 ,?is !y w d 9 consid]ation ( ! (f]+ ( a drop ( blood f ! little f+] ( a fir/-born son1 #cee an obvi\s survival ( human sacrifice1 :i* is con/antly f\nd connect$ ) ! s]p5t cultus4 ,v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made to acc\nt = ! idea ( snakes gu>d+ treasure4 ,by "o !ory !re is "s connection betwe5 ! snake & primitive metallurgy2 by ano!r1 t ! snake may h be5 ! totem ( ! e>ly jewell]s2 by a ?ird1 t ! jewell$ head ( ! snake is at ! bottom ( ! matt]4 #cef ,b x seems m probable t ! idea is bas$ on ! conception ( ! snake z a haunt] ( h\ses & temples1 & ! div9e protector ( ! inmates & _! weal?4 ,indian folk-lore is full ( su* /ories4 ,9 ! ,dakkh9 tale1 ,sev5tee ,b gets possession ( ! enorm\s diamond :i* ! cobra us$ to take ab\t 9 8 m\?2 & 9 ! ,b5gal /ory ,faqr ,*& obta9s ! s]p5t's cre/-jewel4 #ceg ,! same idea appe>s 9 ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,mr4 ,=bes tells r a gha/ly tale on ?is subject4 ,he p]sonally inve/igat$ a my/]i\s *amb] suppos$ to conta9 treasure4 ,view$ f above x 0 a gloomy dungeon ( great dep?4 ,he desir$ 8 m5 to ent] x1 b !y positively refus$1 alleg+ t :]ev] money 0 conceal$1 !re exi/$ "o ( ! ,g5ii 9 ! mortal =m ( a snake to gu>d x4 ,he at la/ prevail$ on !m to desc5d by means ( ropes4 ,!y _h n be5 at ! bottom _m seconds1 :5 !y call$ out vehem5tly t !y 7 encircl$ by a l>ge snake4 ,f9ally he obs]v$ some?+ l billets ( wood1 or r m resembl+ a %ip's cable coil$ up 9 a d>k hole4 ,!n he saw ! mon/] raise 8 head ov] an imm5se l5g? ( body1 coil$ 9 volumes on ! gr\nd4 ,a l>ge snake 0 subsequ5tly de/roy$ by fire1 b no treasure 0 f\nd1 ! own] hav+ d\btless already remov$ x4 #ceh ,p[]s ( ,snakes 9 ,folk-lore4 ,manifold are ! p[]s ( snakes 9 folk-lore4 ,he c /rike p dead ) 8 look f a di/ance1 l ! dea?-d>t+ eye ( cockatrice 9 ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,he has ! p[] ( spitt+ fire f 8 m\?1 :i* de/roys 8 enemies & consumes =e/s4 ,8 saliva is v5om\s1 & !re are _m /ories ( snakes spitt+ v5om into food4 ,9 "o ( ! v]sions ( ,be?gel]t1 ! pr9ce1 b = 8 gu>dian bird1 w\ld h drunk z wat] ! v5om ( ! black snakes :i* drips f a tree4 ,9 ! leg5ds ( ,rja ,raslu1 ,gga1 & ,newal ,d1 ! snake has p[] to kill & re/ore to life2 x has ! faculty ( metamorphosis & fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales1 ! ,brhman1 wi%+ to get rid ( 8 wife1 gives h] a snake 9 a bag2 b :5 %e op5s x1 x turns into a beautiful little boy4 #cei ,we h1 aga91 ! _w-wide /ory ( ! snake rescu$ by ! travell]1 :i* rew>ds ! s]vice r5d]$ to him by bit+ 8 b5efactor4 ,:5 ,indra c>ri$ (f ! nect>1 ! snakes lick$ ! b$ ( ,kusa grass on :i* ! vessel lay4 ,! %>p edges ( ! grass cut !m z !y lick$1 s !y h _h d\ble tongues ev] s9ce4 #cfj ,e ,indian ru/ic believes 9 ! ,domunha or snake ) a m\? at bo? ends1 :i* is1 z might h be5 expect$1 mo/ virul5t4 ,!re are snake wom51 l ,lamia or ,vasudeva1 ! my/ic s]p5t1 :o g ab\t at night1 & by day resume _! hateful =m4 ,! humanity ( ! s]p5t race comes out cle>ly 9 ! leg5d ( ,safdon1 :i* attributes ! leprosy /ill f\nd 9 ! ,panjb to ! sacrilegi\s acts ( ,vsuki1 ! k+ ( ! s]p5ts4 #cfa ,mod]n ,snake-wor%ip4 ,"s in/ances may be giv5 ( ! =m assum$ by ! wor%ip ( ! snake 9 mod]n times4 ,! great snake fe/ival is ! ,ngpan*am1 or ,dragon's fif?1 held on ! fif? day ( ! mon? ( ,bhdon4 ,9 ! ,hills x is call$ ! ,rikh or ,birur ,pan*am4 ,rikhesw>a has n[ become a title ( ,siva z "l ( ! ,ngas1 a =m 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z surr\nd$ by s]p5ts & cr[n$ ) ! *aplet ( hood$ snakes4 ,on ! day ( ! fea/ ! p pa9t figures ( s]p5ts & birds on ! walls ( _! h\ses1 & sev5 days be=e ! fe/ival !y /eep a mixture ( :eat1 gram1 & pulse 9 wat]4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! fea/ !y take a wisp ( grass1 tie x up 9 ! =m ( a snake1 dip x 9 ! wat] 9 :i* ! gram has be5 /eep$1 & (f] x ) money & sweetmeats to ! s]p5ts4 #cfb ,9 ,udaypur on ?is day !y /rew p>ticul> plants ab\t ! ?re%olds ( h\ses to prev5t ! entrance ( v5om\s reptiles1 & 9 ,nepl ! day is obs]v$ z ! anniv]s>y ( a great /ruggle betwe5 a fam\s ,nga & ,g>uda1 ! foe ( ! s]p5t race4 #cfc ,9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces on ?is day milk & dri$ rice are p\r$ into a snake's hole2 :ile do+ ?is !y call out ,snake6 snake6 ,! fe$+ ( snakes on ?is holiday is done 9 mu* ! same way 9 ,bombay4 #cfd ,aft] ! ,diwl 9 ,kngra1 a fe/ival is held to bid good-bye to ! snakes1 at :i* an image ( ! ,nga made ( c[dung is wor%ipp$4 ,if a snake be se5 aft] ?is x is call$ ungrateful1 & imm$iately kill$4 #cfe ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ! usual cu/om is = ! head ( ! family to ba! on ! morn+ ( ! fea/1 to pa9t on ! wall ( 8 sleep+-room two rude repres5tations ( s]p5ts1 & to make (f]+s to ,brhmans4 ,on ?is day p pray to :at ,dr4 ,bu*anan calls ! *ief eight dragons ( ! pit1 #cff girls ?r[ "s play?+s into ! wat]1 & lab\r]s take a holiday & wor%ip ! tools ( _! craft4 ,9 ,behr dur+ ! mon? ( ,swan 7,augu/7 cr[ds ( wom5 call+ !mselves ,ng91 or wives ( ! snake1 g ab\t begg+ = two & a half days1 dur+ :i* p]iod !y nei!r sleep "u a ro( nor eat salt4 ,half ! proce$s ( ! begg+ are giv5 to ,brhmans1 & ! o!r half inve/$ 9 salt & sweetmeats1 :i* are eat5 by all ! p ( ! village4 #cfg ,9 ,g>hwl1 ! gr\nd is freely sme>$ ) c[dung & mud1 & figures ( five1 sev51 or n9e s]p5ts are rudely drawn ) s&al-wood p[d] or tum]ic2 rice1 beans1 or peas are p>*$2 lamps are light$ & wav$ be=e !m2 inc5se is burnt & food & fruit (f]$4 ,^! obs]vances take place bo? morn+ & ev5+1 & ! night is sp5t 9 li/5+ to /ories 9 praises ( ! ,nga4 #cfh ,9 p>ts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 ) ! usual ,ngpan*am1 is p]=m$ :at is kn[n z ! ,guru fe/ival4 ,on t day (f]+s are made by wom5 to ! ,dragon godl+ ,ng ,deot4 ,girls let dolls float 9 ! wat] ( "s conv5i5t riv] or tank1 & ! village lads beat ! dolls ) long swit*es specially cut = ! purpose4 ,! leg5d ( ?is rite is ?us told4 ,:5 ,rja ,janamejya held ! ,s>pa ,sattra or snake rite 9 ord] to de/roy ,tak%aka1 ! k+ ( ! s]p5ts1 all ! snakes 7 captur$ by spells & kill$4 ,b ,tak%aka escap$ & 0 f\nd to h tak5 refuge ) ,indra1 on ^: ?rone he seat$ himself 9 ! %ape ( a mosquito4 ,indra 0 ord]$ to produce ! fugitive1 & begg$ ! life ( ,tak%aka1 :i* 0 grant$ on condition t he 0 bani%$ f ! l&4 ,s ! snake k+ took ! %ape ( a ,brhman lad & retir$ to ! ,caucasus4 ,!re he settl$ & m>ri$1 b he fooli%ly told ! /ory to 8 wife1 & %e be+ unable to keep ! secret1 x f9ally rea*$ ! e>s ( ,janamejya1 :o s5t5c$ him to dea?4 ,tak%aka !n retort$ by ord]+ ,janamejya to cause ev]yone 9 8 dom9ions to kill 8 wife z a rev5ge = 8 own wife's trea*]y4 ,janamejya 0 unwill+ to issue su* a cruel ord]1 s he consult$ ! ,brhmans4 ,f9ally1 x 0 proclaim$ t on ! ,ngpan*am1 e woman1 to prove h] devotion to h] husb&1 %\ld make a doll & (f] x up z a vic>i\s sacrifice = h]self4 ,x w\ld seem t ! rite is ! survival ( "s rite ( human sacrifice 9 connection ) snake-wor%ip4 ,! ,ag>wla ,banyas1 :o say t !y are desc5d$ f ,rja ,vsuki1 h a special rite 9 hon\r ( ,a/ika ,muni1 :o is said to h be5 ! in/ructor ( ,vsuki4 ,!y ba! & make m>ks repres5t+ ! snake on ! walls ( ! h\se1 :i* !y wor%ip1 fe$ ,brhmans1 & d ! rt or lamp rite4 ,ea* woman takes home ) h] "s ( ! sesamum (f]$ to ! snake1 :i* !y spr9kle ) ! recitation ( a spell 9 _! h\ses z a means ( driv+ away v5om\s snakes4 ,cure ( ,snake-bite4 ,9 ,ho%angbd !re 7 once two bro!rs1 ,rjawa & ,soral2 ! gho/ ( ! =m] cures snake-bite1 & t ( ! latt] cattle murra94 ,! mom5t a man is bitt51 he mu/ tie a /r+ or a /rip ( 8 dress & fa/5 x r\nd 8 neck1 cry+1 ,m]cy6 ,o ,god ,rjawa6 ,to call on ,ghori ,bd%h1 ! ,delhi ,emp]or1 :o conqu]$ ! c\ntry1 or ,rmj ,ds ,bba w d z well4 ,at ! same "t he makes a v[ to give s mu* to ! god if he recov]s4 ,:5 he gets home !y use v>i\s te/s to asc]ta9 if ! poison is 9 him /ill4 ,!y take him 9 & out ov] ! ?re%old1 & light a lamp be=e him1 acts :i* are suppos$ to h ! effect ( develop+ lat5t poison4 ,!y !n give him salt & leaves ( ! bitt] ,nm tree4 ,if he c take !m he is safe4 ,^! are all1 z we h already se51 sc>]s ( evil spirits1 9 ?is case ! snake demon4 ,if he _c take !m1 ! :ole village goes out & cries to ,rjawa ,deo until he recov]s4 ,no "o 7,sir ,c4 ,a4 ,elliott's in=mant told him7 _h be5 ev] kn[n to die ( a snake-bite aft] ?is treatm5t4 ,b ! god has no p[] ov] ! dread$ ,biscobra1 :i* takes its "n f ! ,h9di ,bi%khpra1 ,sanskrit ,vi%akh>p>a1 or poison-head$1 :i* is said to be s deadly t its v brea? is v5om\s1 "o ( ! num]\s popul> delusions out ( :i* x is hopeless to argue ! ru/ic4 ,! bitt5 man mu/ n untie ! /r+ r\nd 8 neck till ! day :5 he goes to (f] :at he v[s1 :i* %\ld be1 at late/1 on ! next ,dasahra2 b if he attempts to *eat ! god by (f]+ ev] s little less ?an he promis$1 he w die on ! spot 9 agonies4 #cfi ,all ?r\gh ,upp] ,india ! /ock rem$y = snake-bite is ! exorcism ( ! ,ojha or sorc]]1 a p]=mance kn[n z ,jhr ,phnk1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( passes1 massage1 & incantations1 :i* are suppos$ to disp]se ! v5om4 ,_m1 too1 h fai? 9 ! s-call$ ,snake /one1 :i* seems to be usually a piece ( bone soak$ 9 blood & repeat$ly bak$4 ,?is is suppos$ to h absorb5t prop]ties & to draw ! v5om out ( ! w\nd4 ,x probably works by fai?1 & is z effective z ! ,a*ates or ,agate ( :i* ,pl9y writes3 ,p are p]suad$ t x availe? mu* aga9/ ! v5om\s spid]s & scorpions1 :i* prop]ty ,i c\ld v well believe to be 9 ! ,sicilian ,agate1 = t s soon z s]p5ts come )9 ! air & brea? ( ! said prov9ce ( ,sicily1 z v5om\s z !y be o!rwise1 !y die !reupon4 #cgj ,! ,snake 9 ,folk-lore4 ,! ref]5ces to ! snake 9 folk-lore & popul> belief are s num]\s t only a few examples c be giv54 ,! ,dhman 7,ptyas mucosus71 a q h>mless snake1 is said 9 ,bombay to give a fatal bite on ,sundays1 & to kill cattle by crawl+ "u !m1 or putt+ its tail up _! no/rils4 ,its %ad[ is also consid]$ malignant4 ,x is believ$ to suck ! milk ( cattle1 & t if a buffalo is look$ on by x1 x imm$iately dies4 ,( ! ,ghonas snake x is believ$ t x bites only at night1 & at :atev] h\r ( ! night ! victim is bitt51 he dies j be=e daybreak4 #cga ,ab\t ^! snake /ones "s curi\s tales are told4 ,by "o acc\nt1 :5 a goat kills a snake1 x eats x & !n rum9ates1 aft] :i* x spits out a bead1 :i*1 :5 appli$ to a snake-bite1 absorbs ! poison & swells4 ,if x be put into milk1 & squeez$1 ! poison drips out ( x l blood1 & ! bitt5 p]son is cur$4 ,if x be n put 9 milk x w bur/ 9 pieces4 ,by ano!r acc\nt1 9 ! p\*-l app5dages ( ! old] ,adjutant birds 7,leptoptilos ,argala7 ! fang ( a snake is sometimes f\nd4 ,?is1 if rubb$ ov] ! place :]e a poison\s snake has bitt5 a man1 is suppos$ to prev5t ! v5om spread+ to ! vital p>ts ( ! body4 ,o!rs say t x is f\nd )9 ! head ( ! ,adjutant1 & t x is only necess>y to rub x to ! bitt5 place & put x into milk1 :5 x becomes black ?r\gh ! v5om4 ,:at 0 kn[n z ! ,ovum ,angu9um ( ! ,britons is said to h be5 a bead :i* assi/s *ildr5 to cut _! tee? & cures ! *9c\gh & ! ague4 ,mr4 ,campbell #cgb says he once possess$ "o ( ^! snake's eggs1 :i* 0 a blue & :ite glass bead & suppos$ to be a *>m us$ by ! wom5 ( ! prehi/oric races4 ,a v common incid5t 9 ! folk-tales is t ! h]o9e is beset by snakes :i* come out ( h] nose or m\? at night & kill h] newly-w$d$ husb&1 z ! evil _s kills ! husb& ( ,s>a 9 ! m>riage *amb]1 until ! h]o lies awake & succe$s 9 de/roy+ !m4 ,ano!r p[] snakes possess is t ( id5tify+ ! rightful heirs ( k+doms1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ,drona1 :o f\nd ! ,ahr ,adirja sleep+ 9 ! %ade ( ! hood ( a cobra1 ann\nce t he is born to rule4 #cgc ,s 9 ! my?ology ! ,nga k+ ,ma*al9da spreads 8 hood ov] ! ,buddha to protect him f ! ra9 & flies4 #cgd ,_m ( ^! ,ngas inde$ are fri5dly1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,banjra1 :o1 9 ord] to avoid octroi duty1 decl>$ 8 valuable goods to be ,glaub] salts1 & ,glaub] salts !y became until !y 7 re/or$ to _! orig9al condition by ! int]cession ( ! k9dly ,nga ( ! ,gundwa tank4 #cge ,9 "o ( ,somadeva's tales ! fri5dly snake cl+s r\nd ! ,rja till he promises to release ! ,bodhisattwa out ( prison4 ,snakes & ,euphemism4 ,snakes %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be address$ euphemi/ically z ,mat]nal uncle1 or ,rope1 & if a snake bites y1 y %\ld nev] m5tion its "n1 b say1 ,a rope has t\*$ me4 ,! ,mirzapur ,kh>wrs tell ( a man :o once came on a ,ng9 lay+ h] eggs4 ,:5 %e saw him %e fell at 8 feet & ask$ him to ?r[ ! eggs 9 a wat]-hole4 ,s he took up ! eggs on a bamboo sieve & w5t ) h] to ! br9k4 ,! ,ng9 plung$ 9 & said1 ,d n be afraid6 ,come on6 ,he foll[$ h]1 ! wat]s dri$ up1 & he came to ! palace ( ! ,ng1 :o ent]ta9$ him royally1 & (f]$ to give him any?+ he wi%$4 ,! boor ask$ only = a pan1 pot1 & spoon1 :i* ! ,nga gave him1 & he came home to f9d 8 relations do+ ! dea? c]emonies 9 8 hon\r1 believ+ he _h be5 c>ri$ (f by a tig]4 ,he said no?+ ( 8 adv5tures till ! day ( 8 dea?1 :5 he told ! /ory4 ,s ! ,nga 9 o!r tales ( ! same class blesses & rew>ds ! lucky man :o has deliv]$ ! "y snake f 8 p]secutors :o caught him :ile 9 ! upp] air4 ,s 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 ! relations ( ,jullan> ( ! sea %[ _! gratitude to ! k+ :o is k9d to h] on e>?4 ,on ! basis ( ! same idea :i* has be5 already ref]r$ to 9 ! case ( ! ,*urel1 x is believ$ t if ! %ad[ ( a pregnant woman fall on a snake x becomes bl9d4 #cgf ,! ,snake ,jewel4 ,! snake1 l ! toad ugly & v5om\s1 we>s on 8 head ! ,mani or preci\s jewel1 :i* is a /ock subject 9 ,indian folk-tales4 ,?us1 9 "o ( ,somadeva's /ories1 :5 ,nala he>d ?is1 he look$ r\nd1 & beheld a snake coil$ up ne> ! fire1 hav+ 8 head encircl$ ) ! rays ( ! jewels ( 8 cre/4 #cgg ,x is sometimes metamorphos$ into a beautiful y\?2 x equals ! treasure ( sev5 k+s2 x c be hidd5 or secur$ only by c[dung or hors$ung be+ ?r[n ov] x2 & if x is acquir$ ! s]p5t dies4 ,x lights ! h]o on 8 way to ! palace "u ! sea :]e is ! silv] jewell$ tree2 or x is possess$ by ! sleep+ beauty1 :o _c return to h] home b5ea? ! wat]s1 & loses ! h]o until x is recov]$4 ,its pres5ce acts z an amulet aga9/ evil1 & secures ! atta9m5t ( e wi%4 ,x protects ! own] f dr[n+1 ! wat]s p>t+ on ea* side ( him1 & all[+ him to pass ov] riv]s dry-%od4 #cgh ,! ,ra9b[ & ! ,snake4 ,s ! ra9b[ is connect$ ) ! snake1 be+ ! fume ( a gigantic s]p5t bl[n up f und]gr\nd4 ,9 ,p]sia x 0 call$ ! cele/ial s]p5t4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,milky ,way is reg>d$ z ! pa? ( ! ,ngas 9 ! sky4 ,x is possibly "u ! influ5ce ( ! association ( ! snake1 a treasure gu>dian1 t ! ,engli% *ildr5 run to f9d :]e ! ra9b[ meets ! e>?1 & expect to f9d a crock ( gold buri$ at its base4 #cgi ,! ,h\sehold ,snake4 ,! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ! gu>dian dome/ic or national snake is univ]sal4 ,:5 ! ,p]sians invad$ ,a!ns ! p w\ld n leave ! city till !y le>n$ t ! gu>dian snake _h refus$ its food & ab&on$ ! citadel4 ,a snake at ,lanuvium & at ,epirus resid$ 9 a grove & 0 wait$ on by a virg9 prie/ess1 :o ent]$ nak$ & f$ x once a ye>1 :5 by its acceptance or refusal ( ! (f]+1 ! prospects ( ! h>ve/ 7 asc]ta9$4 ,! ,teutons & ,celts _h also _! sacr$ gu>dian snake4 ,9 ! ,panjb ,hills1 e h\sehold] keeps an image ( ! ,nga or h>mless snake1 z contra/$ ) ! ,snp1 :i* is v5om\s4 ,?is snake is put 9 *>ge ( ! h\sehold]'s home/ead1 & is held responsible t no cobra or dang]\s s]p5t ent]s x4 ,x is suppos$ to h ! p[] ( driv+ all cobras out ( ! place4 ,%\ld ra9 drive ! h\se snake out ( 8 hole1 he is wor%ipp$4 ,no image ( a cobra or o!r v5om\s snake is ev] made = purposes ( wor%ip4 ,ant-hills are believ$ to be ! homes ( snakes1 & !re ! p (f] sug>1 rice1 & millet = =ty days4 #chj ,^! correspond to ! b5evol5t dome/ic snakes1 ( :om ,aubrey says t ! ,bram5s h !m 9 great v5]ation2 !y keep _! corne4 ,i ?9k x is ,tav]ni] m5tions x4 #cha ,!y are1 9 fact1 z we h already se51 ! repres5tatives ( ! b5evol5t ance/ral gho/s4 ,h5ce ! deep-root$ prejudice aga9/ kill+ ! snake1 :i* is bo? gu>dian & god4 ,if1 says ,mr4 ,lang1 #chb ! s]p5t 7 ! deity ( an e>li] race1 we c\ld und]/& ! prejudice aga9/ kill+ x1 z %[n 9 ! ,apollo leg5d4 ,! evid5ce accumulat$ 9 ?is *apt] w p]haps g "s way to settle ?is "q1 z f> z ,india is conc]n$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,totemism ,,& ,,feti%ism4 ,olim truncus eram ficulnus1 inutile lignum1 ,cum fab] inc]tus scamnum fac]etne ,priapum1 ,maluit esse deum4 ,horace1 ,sat4 ,i4 viii4 #a-c4 ,a totem is a class ( mat]ial objects1 :i* a savage reg>ds ) sup]/iti\s respect1 believ+ t !re exi/s betwe5 !m & e memb] ( ! class an intimate & altoge!r special relation4 #chc ,z di/+ui%$ f a feti%1 a totem is nev] an isolat$ individual1 b always a class ( objects1 g5]ally a class ( animals or plants1 r>ely a class ( inanimate objects1 v r>ely a class ( artificial objects4 ,orig9 ( ,totemism4 ,z reg>ds ! orig9 ( totemism great div]sity ( op9ion exi/s4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] consid]s t x arose f a mis9t]pretation ( nicknames2 savages fir/ took _! names f natural objects1 & !n confus+ ^! objects ) _! ance/ors ( ! same "n1 paid ! same respect to ! mat]ial totem z !y 7 9 ! habit ( do+ to _! own ance/ors4 #chd ,! objection to ?is is1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] %[s1 t x attributes to v]bal misund]/&+s f> m influ5ce ?an1 9 spite ( ! comp>ative my?ologi/s1 !y ev] seem to h ex]cis$4 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock d]ives ! idea f ! practice ( nam+ p]sons & families aft] animals1 b 9 dropp+ ! int]m$iate l9ks ( ance/or-wor%ip & v]bal misund]/&+1 he has /ripp$ ! !ory ( all t l5t x ev5 an air ( plausibility4 #che ,rec5t inquiries 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,e?nographical ,survey ( ,b5gal & ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces enable u p]haps to approa* to a solution ( ! problem4 ,to beg9 )1 at a c]ta9 /age ( culture ! idea ( ! connection betwe5 m5 & animals is exce$+ly vivid1 & reacts p[]fully on curr5t beliefs4 ,! animal or plant is suppos$ to h a s\l or _s1 l t ( a human be+1 & ?is s\l or _s is capable ( transf] to ! man or animal & vice v]s4 ,?is feel+ comes out /rongly 9 popul> folk-lore1 mu* ( :i* is made up ( in/ances ( metamorphosis su* z ^!4 ,! wit* or sorc]] is always *ang+ into a tig]1 a monkey1 or a fi%2 ! pr9cess is always appe>+ out ( ! aub]g9e or pomegranate4 ,we h1 aga91 ! famili> !ory to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 t ! demon or magician has an ext]nal s\l1 :i* he keeps occasionally 9 ! ,life ,index1 :i* is (t5 a bird1 a tree1 & an animal4 ,if ?is life index c be seiz$ & de/roy$1 ! life ( ! mon/] is lo/ ) x4 ,^! pr9ciples1 :i* are ?or\ghly cong5ial to ! beliefs ( all primitive races1 naturally sugge/ a mu* clos] union betwe5 man & o!r =ms ( animal or vegetable life ?an p ( a high] /age ( developm5t ei!r accept or admit4 ,) p1 !n1 at ?is /age ( culture1 ! !ory t ! ance/or ( ! clan may h be5 a be> or a tortoise w\ld pres5t no features ( improbability4 ,?is !ory acc\nts1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] %[s1 = _m ( ! obscure rites ( initiation :i* prevail among mo/ savage tribes & 9 a modifi$ =m among ! ,brhmaniz$ ,h9dus4 ,! basis ( su* rites is probably to extract ! s\l ( ! y\? & tempor>ily transf] x to ! totem1 f :i* 9 turn fre% life is infus$ into him4 ,la/ly1 ! result ( ! ,indian evid5ce is t x is only 9 connection ) ! rules ( exogamy t totemism at ! pres5t day displays any consid]able degree ( vitality4 ,! real basis ( exogamy 9 ,nor!rn ,india seems to be ! totem sept1 :i*1 h[ev]1 fl\ri%es at ! pres5t day only among ! ,drvidian tribes & ^? alli$ to !m4 ,b x w\ld1 x is almo/ c]ta91 be incorrect to say t :ile totemism is at pres5t mo/ active among ! ,drvidians1 9 connection ) m>riage1 x 0 peculi> to !m4 ,x is m reasonable to inf] t x cont9ues to fl\ri% among ^! races1 because ( _! isolation f ,brhmanical influ5ce4 ,z among ! inf]ior races ( ! ,gangetic valley1 ! primitive family cu/oms connect$ ) m>riage1 bir?1 & dea? h und]gone a process ( d5udation f _! connection ) ! m advanc$ ,h9du races :i* surr\nd !m1 s to a l>ge degree 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ! totemi/ic sept names h be5 gradually %$ (f1 & replac$ by an eponym\s1 local1 or t]ritorial nom5clature4 ,9 %ort1 "u ! pressure ( high] culture1 ! k9dr$ ( ! swan1 turtle1 or p>rot h pref]r$ to call !mselves ,kanaujiya or m5 ( ,kanauj1 ,s>w>iya or resid5ts ( ! l& beyond ! ,s>ju riv]1 & ,raghuvansa or ,bhriguvansa1 desc5dants ( ! sages ,raghu or ,bhrigu4 ,we f9d1 !n1 among su* races1 z might h be5 expect$1 t at ! pres5t day ! totemi/ic sept sy/em exi/s only 9 obscure & n easily recognizable =ms4 ,folk etymology has also ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce1 & a sept a%am$ ( its totemi/ic title readily adopts "s title ( ! eponym\s type1 or a local cognom5 s\nd+ some?+ l ! "n ( ! primitive totem4 ,x is p]haps too mu* to expect t a c>eful exploration ( ! sept titles or tribal cu/oms ( ,nor!rn ,india w lead to ext5sive discov]ies ( ! primitive totemi/ic organization4 ,! process ( trituration :i* has affect$ ! ca/e nom5clature = su* a l5g!n$ p]iod1 & ! obscuration ( primitive belief by association ) m cultur$ tribes1 h be5 s cont9u\s z to leave only a few fragm5ts & isolat$ survivals2 b x is by a c\rse ( su* inquiry t ! totemi/ic basis ( ! exi/+ ca/e sy/em c alone be rea*$4 ,i h consid]$ ?is "q 9 ! light ( ! mo/ rec5t evid5ce 9 ano!r place1 #chf & x is ne$less to repeat ! results :i* 7 !re arriv$ at4 ,= ! purpose ( su* an inve/igation x is conv5i5t to h "s sort ( work+ classification ( ! te/s (1 & ! =ms 9 :i*1 totemism usually appe>s4 ,^! h be5 laid d[n by ! late ,pr(essor ,rob]tson-,smi? z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,! exi/5ce ( /ocks nam$ aft] plants1 animals1 or simil> totems4 7b7 ,! preval5ce ( a conception t ! memb]s ( ! /ock are ( ! blood ( ! eponym1 or are sprung f a plant1 etc41 ( ! species *os5 z ! totem4 7c7 ,! ascription ( a sacr$ "* to ! totem4 ,/ocks ,nam$ f ,animals1 ,plants1 etc4 ,fir/ z to ! /ocks nam$ f animals1 plants1 etc4 ,!re are two divisions ( ! ,pra ,brhmans ( ! ,dakkh91 kn[n z ,bakriyr & ,*h]iyr1 f\nd$ on ! names ( ! male & female goat4 ,9 ,upp] ,india1 ! ,k*his or m>ket g>d5]s1 & ! ,ka*hwha sept ( ,rjputs allege t !y take _! names f ! ,ka**hapa or tortoise1 z ! ,kurmis ref] _! "n to ! ,krma or turtle4 ,! ,ahban ,rjputs & ! ,ahiwsis ( ,ma?ura connect _! names ) ,ahi1 ! dragon4 ,! ,kalhans ,rjputs d]ive _! "n f ! ,klahans or black goose4 ,among ,brhmans & o!r high ca/es1 ,bhradvaja1 ! l>k1 ! br+] ( food1 has giv5 its "n to _m sections4 ,mr4 ,risley ?9ks t ! fact ( !re be+ a ,kasyapa division ( ,kumhrs or pott]s1 :o v5]ate ! tortoise1 po9ts to ! "n be+ a corruption ( ,ka**hapa1 ! tortoise1 9 :i* case _! "n w\ld h ! same orig9 z t ( ! ,k*his already m5tion$4 ,_m p1 aga91 claim k9dr$ ) ! sun & moon4 ,su* are ! ,nat*ez ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,incas ( ,p]u4 #chg ,!re are _m *ildr5 ( ! sun & moon 9 ,arabia1 #chh & gypsies ( ! ea/ ( ,europe h a leg5d t !y are desc5d$ f ! sun & moon2 ! sun hav+ debau*$ 8 moon si/]1 0 condemn$ to w&] = ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* _! desc5dants c nev] re/4 #chi ,s 9 ,india1 ! ,srajbansi & ,*&rabansi ,rjputs are said to take _! names f ,sraj1 ! sun1 & ,*&ra1 ! moon1 respectively4 ,accord+ to ,capta9 ,j4 ,montgom]ie1 #cij r\nd ,ka%mr1 & among ! aborig9al tribes ( ! ,himlayan slopes1 m5 are usually nam$ aft] animals1 z ! ,bakhtiyris1 "o ( ! nomad tribes ( ,p]sia1 "n _! *ildr5 usually n aft] ! ,prophet1 b aft] wild animals1 su* z ! wolf1 tig]1 & ! l1 add+ "s descriptive epi!t4 ,9 ! same way a tribe ( ,lodi ,pa?ns 9 ! ,panjb are kn[n z ,nh> or wolf4 ,?is is said to be due to _! rapacity1 & may be z likely a nickname z a survival ( totemism4 #cia ,totem ,names among ! ,drvidians4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is po9t is1 z has be5 already said1 mu* m di/9ct among ! ,drvidians ?an among ! m ,h9duiz$ races4 ,details ( su* names among ! ,ag>iyas1 ,nats1 ,baiswrs1 & ,ghasiyas h be5 giv5 9 detail else:]e4 #cib ,?us1 to take ! ,dhng>s1 a ca/e 9 ,mirzapur1 alli$ to ! ,orons ( ,b5gal1 we f9d t !y h eight exogam\s septs1 all or mo/ ( :i* are ( totemi/ic orig94 ,?us1 ,ilha is said to mean a k9d ( fi%1 :i* memb]s ( ?is sept d n eat2 ,kujur is a k9d ( jungle h]b :i* ?is sept does n use2 ,tirik is probably ! ,tirki or bull sept ( ! ,orons4 ,9 ,*ota ,ngpur1 memb]s ( ?is sept d n t\* any cattle aft] _! eyes are op54 ,x illu/rates ! unc]ta9ty ( ^! usages t 9 o!r places !y say t ! ^w ,tirki means "y mice1 :i* !y are prohibit$ f us+4 #cic ,aga91 ! ,mirzapur sept ( ! ,dhng>s1 kn[n z ,lak>a1 is app>5tly id5tical ) t call$ ,lakr> among ! ,b5gal ,orons1 :o mu/ n eat tig]'s fle% z !y are nam$ aft] ! tig]2 9 ,mirzapur !y d]ive _! "n f ! ,lak> ,bagha1 or hyna1 :i* !y w n hunt or kill4 ,! ,b>a sept is app>5tly ! same z ! ,b>> ( ! ,orons1 :o w n eat ! leaves ( ! ,b> tree or ,ficus ,indica4 ,9 ,mirzapur !y w n cut ?is tree4 ,! ,ekka sept 9 ,mirzapur say t ?is "n means leop>d1 an animal :i* !y w n kill1 b 9 ,*ota ,ngpur ! same ^w is said to mean tortoise & to be a totemi/ic sept ( ! ,orons4 ,s1 ! ,mirzapur ,dhng>s h a ,tiga sept1 :i* !y say takes its "n f a jungle root :i* is prohibit$ to !m2 b ! ,orons ( ,bhgalpur h a ,tig sept1 :i*1 accord+ to !m1 means monkey4 ,! la/ ( ! ,mirzapur septs is ! ,khha1 :i*1 l ! ,khakk> sept ( ! ,orons1 means cr[1 & nei!r w eat ! bird4 ,simil> in/ances might be almo/ indef9itely repeat$ f usages ( ! alli$ tribes 9 ,mirzapur & ! adjo9+ ,b5gal ,di/ricts4 ,! ,panjb ,snake ,tribe4 ,9 ! ,panjb !re is a special snake tribe4 ,!y obs]ve e ,monday & ,?ursday 9 ! snake's hon\r1 cook+ rice & milk1 sett+ a portion aside = ! snake1 & nev] eat+ or mak+ butt] on ^? days4 ,if !y f9d a dead snake1 !y put clo!s ^u x1 & give x a regul> fun]al4 ,!y w n kill a snake1 & say t its bite is h>mless to !m4 ,! snake1 !y say1 *anges its =m e hundr$ ye>s1 & !n becomes a man or a bull4 #cid ,s1 9 ,s5egambia1 a py?on is expect$ to visit e *ild ( ! ,py?on clan )9 eight days aft] bir?2 & ! ,psylli1 a snake clan ( anci5t ,africa1 us$ to expose _! infants to snakes 9 ! belief t ! snakes w\ld n h>m true-born *ildr5 ( ! clan4 #cie ,s1 9 ,nor!rn ,india ! ,bais ,rjputs are *ildr5 ( ! snake1 & suppos$ to be safe f its bite1 & ,nga ,rja is ! tribal godl+ ( ! ,bjgis4 ,!re is a well-kn[n leg5d ( a que5 ( ,india1 :o is said to h s5t to ,alex&]1 among o!r co/ly pres5ts1 a girl1 :o1 hav+ be5 f$ ) s]p5ts f h] infancy1 p>took ( _! v5om\s nature4 ,! well-kn[n tale ( ,elsie ,v5n] has be5 already ref]r$ to 9 ! same connection4 ,totemism 9 ,prop] ,names4 ,! subject ( ,indian prop] names has n yet receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,! only attempt to inve/igate ! subject1 s f>1 is t ( ,major ,temple4 #cif ,9 8 copi\s li/s !re is ample evid5ce t names are freely adopt$ f ^? ( animals1 plants1 etc4 ,?us we h ,bagha1 ,tig]2 ,bh]iya1 ,wolf2 ,billa1 ,cat2 ,*ha1 ,rat1 & s on f animals2 ,bagla1 ,h]on2 ,tota1 ,p>rot1 & s on f birds2 ,ajg>1 ,py?on2 ,m5dak1 ,frog2 ,ka*hua1 ,tortoise22 ,bhaunra1 ,bumble ,bee2 ,ghun1 ,weevil2 ,dmak1 ,:ite ,ant1 etc4 ,f plants come ,bta1 ,tree2 ,h>abansa1 ,gre5 ,bamboo 7or m probably ,h>i-vansa1 ! g5ealogy ( ,h>i or ,vi%nu72 ,nma1 ,nm tree2 ,ppal1 ,ppal tree2 ,gulba1 ,rose2 ,imliya1 ,tam>9d2 ,sewa1 ,apple2 ,il*a1 ,c>damum2 ,mir*i1 ,pepp]2 ,bhutta1 ,maize4 ,! evid5ce ( nom5clature mu/1 ( c\rse1 be receiv$ ) caution4 ,! ess5ce ( totemism is a confess$ belief 9 animal desc5t1 a "n decl>+ t desc5t & "s sacr$ness atta*$ to ! animal or o!r fanci$ ance/or4 ,_m ( ^! names may be nicknames1 or titles ( opprobrium select$1 z we h already %[n1 to baffle ! ,evil ,eye or ! influ5ce ( demons4 ,besides1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 x does n necess>ily foll[ because an ,engli%man lives 9 ,acacia ,villa or ,laburnum ,cottage1 & calls 8 daught] ,rose or ,violet1 t he is 9 ! totemi/ic /age4 ,at ! same "t1 x is q possible t fur!r inquiry w discov] und\bt$ in/ances ( totemism 9 ! nom5clature ( ,nor!rn ,india1 z is ! case ) o!r races 9 a simil> /age ( culture4 ,desc5t f ! ,totem4 ,we next come to ,pr(essor ,rob]tson-,smi?'s second te/1 ! belief 9 desc5t f ! totem4 ,?is bran* ( ! subject has be5 v fully illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 #cig ,z 9 old times 9 ,georgiana1 accord+ to ,m>co ,polo1 all ! k+'s sons 7 born ) an eagle on ! "r %\ld] m>k+ _! royal orig91 #cih s ,*&ragupta1 k+ ( ,ujja91 0 ! son ( a scorpion4 ,8 "m accid5tally imbib$ ! scorpion's emission1 by means ( :i* %e conceiv$4 #cii ,! ,jaitwas ( ,rjputna trace _! desc5t f ! monkey god ,hanumn1 & confirm x by alleg+ t ! sp9e ( _! pr9ces is elongat$ l a tail4 ,9 ! ,rmyana1 "o ( ! wives ( ,k+ ,sg>a gives bir? to a son :o cont9ues ! race2 ! o!r wife produces an ,ik%vku1 a g\rd or cane conta9+ sixty ?\s& sons4 ,! fam\s ,*&ragupta 0 miracul\sly pres]v$ by ! f\nd] ( 8 race1 ! bull ,*&o4 #djj ,! wolf is 9 ! same way traditionally connect$ ) ! settlem5t ( ! ,janwr ,rjputs 9 ,oudh1 & !y believe t ! animal nev] preys on _! *ildr54 ,e native believes t *ildr5 are re>$ 9 ! d5s ( wolves1 & !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( respectable evid5ce 9 support ( ! belief4 #dja ,simil> examples are num]\s among ! ,drvidian tribes4 ,! ,*]os ( ! ,v9dhyan plateau claim desc5t f ! ,nga or dragon4 ,! ,rja & *ief memb]s ( ! ,*ota ,ngpur family we> turbans s arrang$ z to make ! head-dress resemble a s]p5t coil$ r\nd ! skull1 ) its head project+ ov] ! we>]'s br[4 ,! seal ( ! ,mahrja & ! arms ( 8 family %[ z a cre/ a cobra ) a human face "u its exp&$ hood1 surr\nd$ ) all ! insignia ( royalty4 ,! ,santl leg5d ascribes ! orig9 ( ! tribe to ! wild goose1 & simil> /ories are told by ! family ( ! ,rja ( ,s9hbhm1 ! ,hos1 ! ,mal]s1 & ! ,krs4 #djb ,special ,respect ,paid to ! ,totem4 ,next come in/ances ( special respect paid to ! totem4 ,"s idea ( ! k9d may be p>tly ! orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( ! c[ & ! s]p5t4 ,dr4 ,ball describes h[ "s ,khndhs refus$ to c>ry ! sk9 ( a leop>d because x 0 _! totem4 #djc ,! ,kadanballis ( ,kan>a w n eat ! ,smbh> /ag1 ! ,b>gaballis ! ,b>ga de]1 & ! ,kuntiballis ! woodcock4 ,! ,vaydas ( ,cut* wor%ip ! monkey god :om !y consid] to be _! ance/or1 & to please him 9 _! m>riage c]emony1 ! bridegroom goes to ! bride's h\se dress$ up z a monkey & !re leaps ab\t 9 monkey fa%ion4 #djd ,x is possibly f reg>d to ! totem t ! ,p>ihr ,rjputs ( ,rjputna w n eat ! wild bo>1 b !y h n[ inv5t$ a leg5d t "o ( _! pr9ces w5t into a riv] :ile pursu+ a bo> & 0 cur$ ( a loa?some disease4 #dje ,!re is a ,celtic leg5d 9 :i* a *ild is turn$ into a pig1 & ,gessa is laid on ,di>mid n to kill a pig1 z x has ! same span ( life z himself4 #djf ,! ,b5gal ,bw>iyas take ! h]on z _! emblem1 & mu/ n eat x4 #djg ,! ,orissa ,kumhrs ab/a9 f eat+1 & ev5 wor%ip ! ,sl fi%1 because ! r+s on its scales resemble ! :eel :i* is ! symbol ( _! craft4 #djh ,! peacock is a totem ( ! ,jts & ( ! ,khndhs1 z ! ,yizidis wor%ip ! ,tous1 a half my?ical peacock1 :i* has be5 connect$ ) ! ,pho5ix :i* ,h]odotus saw 9 ,egypt4 #dji ,! ,p>haiyas h a tradition t _! tribe us$ to hold %eep & de] sacr$1 & us$ ! dung ( ^! animals in/ead ( c[dung to pla/] _! floors4 ,s ! ,k>iyas d n eat ! fle% ( %eep1 & may n ev5 use a wooll5 rug4 ,! same prohibition ( meats appe>s to be a survival ( totemism 9 ,arabia4 #daj ,! ,devak4 ,"o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( ?is =m ( totemism is t ( ! ,devak or family gu>dian gods ( ,b]r & ,bombay4 ,be=e conclud+ an alliance1 ! ,kunbi & o!r ,b]r tribes look to ! ,devak1 :i* lit]ally means ! deity wor%ipp$ at m>riage c]emonies2 ! fact be+ t c]ta9 families hold 9 hon\r p>ticul> trees & plants1 & at ! m>riage c]emony bran*es ( ^! trees are set up 9 ! h\se4 ,x is said t a betro?al1 9 e o!r respect irreproa*able1 w be brok5 (f if ! two h\ses are discov]$ to pay hon\r to ! same tree1 9 o!r words if !y wor%ip ! same family totem & h5ce mu/ belong to "o & ! same endogam\s gr\p4 #daa ,! same cu/om prevails 9 ,bombay4 ,! usual ,devaks are "s animals1 l ! elephant1 /ag1 de]1 or cock1 or "s tree1 z ! ,jambul1 ,b]1 ,mango1 or ,banyan4 ,! ,devak is ! ance/or or ! head ( ! h\se1 & s families :i* h ! same gu>dian d n int]m>ry4 ,if ! ,devak be an animal1 its fle% is n eat52 b if x be a fruit tree1 ! use ( ! fruit g5]ally is n =bidd51 ?\gh "s families ab/a9 f eat+ ! fruit ( ! tree :i* =ms _! ,devak or badge4 #dab ,mr4 ,campbell gives num]\s examples ( ^! family totems1 su* z :eat bread1 a %ell1 an e>!n pot1 an axe1 a ,banyan tree1 an elephant4 ,oil-mak]s h z _! totem an iron b>1 or an oil-mill2 sc5t-mak]s use five piles1 ea* ( five e>!n pots1 ) a light$ lamp 9 ! middle4 ,! ,bang>s' ,devak is a con*-%ell1 t ( ! ,p>desi ,rjputs an e>!n pot fill$ ) :eat1 & s on4 ,_m ( ^! are probably tribal or occupational feti%es1 ( :i* in/ances w be giv5 9 ano!r place4 ,! ,vhanas & ,avatras4 ,"s h pr(ess$ to f9d indications ( totemism 9 ! ,vhanas & ,avatras1 ! ,vehicles & ! ,inc>nations ( ! my?ology2 b ?is is f> f c]ta94 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! may repres5t tribal deities import$ into ,h9duism4 ,brahma rides on ! ,hansa or goose2 ,vi%nu on ,g>uda1 half eagle & half man1 :i* is ! cre/ ( ! ,*&ravansi ,rjputs2 ,siva on 8 bull ,n&i2 ,yama on a buffalo2 ,krttikeya on a peacock2 ,kmadeva on ! m>9e mon/] ,mak>a1 or on a p>rot2 ,agni on a ram2 ,v>una on a fi%4 ,ganesa is accompani$ by 8 rat1 :5ce 8 "n ,akhura?a1 rat-borne4 ,?is an +5i\s comp>ative my?ologi/ makes out to repres5t ! pagan ,sun god cru%+ "u 8 feet ! m\se ( night4 #dac ,vyu rides on an antelope1 ,sani or ,saturn on a vulture1 & ,durg on a tig]4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ,avatras or inc>nations ( ! deities4 ,vi%nu appe>s 9 ! =m ( ,vrha1 ! bo>2 ,kurma1 ! tortoise2 ,matsya1 ! fi%2 ,n>a ,s9ha1 ! man-lion2 ,kalki1 ! :ite horse4 ,rudra & ,indra are also repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( ! bo>4 ,! ,bo> z a ,totem4 ,h[ ! bo> came to be associat$ ) ,vi%nu has be5 mu* disput$4 ,"o & n a v plausible explanation :i* has be5 sugge/$ is t x is because ! bo> is a de/roy] ( snakes4 #dad ,we "k t 9 ,rjputna !re 0 a regul> spr+ fe/ival at :i* ! bo> 0 kill$ because he 0 reg>d$ z ! special enemy ( ,gaur1 ! ,rjput tribal goddess4 #dae ,! comp>ative my?ologi/s acc\nt = ! spr+ bo> fe/ival by connect+ x ) ! c]emonial eat+ ( ! bo>'s head at ,*ri/mas 9 ,europe1 z a symbol ( ! gloomy mon/] ( w9t]1 kill$ at ! w9t] sol/ice1 aft] :i* ! days get long] & bright]4 #daf ,mr4 ,fraz] expla9s x by ! kill+ ( ! ,corn ,_s 9 ! =m ( ! bo>4 #dag ,b x is1 p]haps1 simpl] to believe ) ,sir ,a4 ,lyall #dah t :5 ! ,brhmans conv]t a tribe ( pig-wor%ipp+ aborig9es1 !y tell _! proselytes t ! pig 0 an ,avatr ( ,vi%nu4 ,! ,mnas 9 "o "p ( ,rjputna us$ to wor%ip ! pig4 ,:5 !y took a turn t[>ds ,islm !y *ang$ _! pig into a sa9t call$ ,fa!r ,adam1 & wor%ipp$ him z su*4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has po9t$ out t ! cu/oms ( ! ,egyptians t\*+ ! pig are to be expla9$ z bas$ ^u an op9ion ( ! extreme sanctity r ?an ( ! extreme uncleanness ( ! animal2 or r to put x m correctly1 !y imply t ! animal 0 look$ on n simply z a fil?y & a disgu/+ creature1 b z a be+ end[$ ) high sup]natural p[]s1 & t z su* x 0 reg>d$ ) t primitive s5tim5t ( religi\s awe & fe> 9 :i* ! feel+s ( rev]5ce are almo/ equally bl5d$4 ,!re are indications ( ! same belief 9 ,india4 ,?us1 9 ,bagh]a ! bo> is a sacr$ animal1 & ! natives !re say t if any man 7 to kill a wild bo> 9 ! neighb\rhood1 he w\ld be sure to die imm$iately aft]w>ds1 :ile no su* fatal result w\ld foll[ if ! same man kill$ a bo> any:]e else4 #dai ,9 ! same way ! ,prabhus ( ,bombay eat wild pork once a ye> z a religi\s duty4 ,! ,vadd>s ( ! ,dakkh9 say t !y are n tr\bl$ ) gho/s1 because ! pork !y eat & hang 9 _! h\ses sc>es gho/s4 ,we "k t among ! ,drvidian races & _m ( ! m5ial tribes ( ,h9du/n ! pig is ! fav\rite (f]+ to ! local godl+s & to ! deities ( disease4 ,sw9e's tee? are (t5 worn by ,h9du ascetics1 & among ! ,kol>ian races ! wom5 are =bidd5 to eat ! fle%4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ! *ief place :]e ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu 9 8 ,vrha or bo> inc>nation is localiz$ is at ,soron on ! banks ( ! ,brh ,gang1 or old ,ganges1 9 ! ,etah ,di/rict4 ,! "n ( ! place has be5 d]iv$ f ,suk>ak%etra1 ! place ( ! good de$1 because "h ,vi%nu slew ! demon ,hiranyakesu4 ,x is c]ta9ly ,suk>ak%etra1 ! pla9 ( ! hog4 #dbj ,g>uda1 ano!r ( ^! vehicles1 is ! wond]-work+ bird common to _m my?ologies--! ,rukh ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 ! ,eoro% ( ! ,z5d1 ! ,simurgh ( ! ,p]sians1 ! ,anka ( ! ,arabs1 ! ,k>gas ( ! ,turks1 ! ,kirni ( ! ,japanese1 ! ,dragon ( ,*9a1 ! ,norka ( ,russia1 ! ,pho5ix ( classical fable1 ! ,griff9 ( *ivalry & ( ,temple ,b>4 ,f totemism we get a clue to _m curi\s usages1 especially 9 ! matt] ( food4 ,f ?is idea probably arose ! unclean bea/s ( ! ,hebrew ritual4 ,_m ,h9du tribes w n eat ! onion or ! turnip4 ,brhmans & ,ba*goti ,rjputs object to potatoes4 ,! ,rjputs place a special value on ! wood ( ! ,nm tree2 "o clan alone1 ! ,raikwrs1 are =bidd5 to use x z a too?-/ick4 ,"s ,kol>ian tribes1 z we h already se51 refuse to use ! fle% or wool ( ! %eep4 ,! ,murmu1 or ,santls ( ! blue bull sept1 w n eat ! fle% ( t animal4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,orons is m elaborate /ill1 = no sub-tribe c eat ! plant or animal aft] :i* x is nam$4 ,s1 ! ,bansetti ,b9jhiyas1 :o take _! "n f ! bamboo1 d n t\* ! tree at a w$d+2 ! ,h>bans ,*amrs1 :o are said to be 9 "s way connect$ ) a bone 7hadda71 _c we> bones 9 any %ape2 ! ,rikhisan ,*iks d n eat beef or pork2 ! ,sanuni ,dh5urs _c we> gold2 ! ,dhanur ,kh>iyas _c eat rice gruel4 ,num]\s in/ances ( ?is k9d are giv5 by ,mr4 ,risley4 #dba ,! transition f su* obs]vances & re/rictions to ! elaborate food regulations ( ! mod]n ca/es is n difficult4 ,feti%ism ,def9$4 ,feti%ism is ! /raight=w>d1 objective admiration ( visible sub/ances fanci$ to possess "s my/]i\s influ5ce or faculty4444 ,! orig9al d[nright adoration ( que]-look+ objects is modifi$ by pass+ into ! high] ord] ( imag9ative sup]/ition4 ,fir/1 ! /one is ! abode ( "s _s1 its curi\s %ape or position betray+ possession4 ,next1 ! /range =m or aspect argues "s design or h&iwork ( sup]natural be+s1 or is ! ve/ige ( _! pres5ce ^u e>?1 & "o /ep fur!r leads u to ! regions ( my?ology & h]oic leg5d4 #dbb ,! unusual appe>ance ( ! object is ?us suppos$ to imply an indwell+ gho/1 )\t :i* deviation f ! ord9>y type w\ld be inexplicable4 ,h5ce feti%ism dep5ds on animism & ! gho/ !ory1 to :i* 9 ord] ( "t x mu/ h succe$$4 ,feti%ism ,illu/rat$ 9 ,afghni/n4 ,! process by :i* ! wor%ip ( su* a feti% gr[s is well illu/rat$ by a case f ,afghni/n4 ,x is suffici5t = an ,afghn devotee to see a small heap ( /ones1 a few rags1 or "s ru9$ tomb1 some?+1 9 %ort1 ^u :i* a tale c be inv5t$1 to imag9e at once t "s sa9t is buri$ !re4 ,! idea conceiv$1 he ?r[s "s m /ones ^u ! heap & /icks up a pole or flag2 ^? :o come aft] foll[ ! lead]2 m /ones & m rags are add$2 at la/ its dim5sions are s consid]able t x becomes ! vogue2 a ,mullah is always at h& ) a leg5d :i* he makes or _h reveal$ to him 9 a dream2 all ! village believe x3 a few pilgrims come2 cr[ds foll[2 miracles are wr\ght1 & ! game goes on1 mu* to ! satisfaction ( ! holy speculator1 :o drives a good trade by x1 till "s o!r ,mullah m cunn+ ?an himself />ts a sa9t ( m rec5t date & great] miracul\s p[]s1 :5 ! traffic *anges h&s4 #dbc ,! same process is daily go+ on be=e our eyes 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 & x w\ld be difficult to sugge/ any?+ curi\s or abnormal :i* ! ,h9du villag] w n adopt z feti%4 ,! ,lorik ,leg5d4 ,! leg5d ( ,lorik is v popul> among ! ,ahr tribe1 & has be5 localiz$ 9 ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict 9 a curi\s way :i* admirably illu/rates ! pr9ciples :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,! /ory is relat$ at we>isome l5g?1 b ! ma9 features ( x1 accord+ to ! ,%hbd v]sion1 are z foll[s3 ,siudh>1 an ,ahr1 m>ries ,*&an1 & is curs$ by ,prvat ) ! loss ( all passion4 ,*&an =ms an atta*m5t = h] neighb\r ,lorik & elopes ) him4 ,! husb& pursues1 fails to induce h] to return1 fights ,lorik & is beat54 ,! pair g & meet ,mahapatiya1 a ,dusdh1 ! *ief ( ! gambl]s4 ,he & ,lorik play until ! latt] loses ev]y?+1 includ+ ! girl4 ,%e urges t h] jewels did n =m "p ( ! /ake1 & induces !m to gamble aga94 ,%e /&s opposite ,mahapatiya & di/racts 8 att5tion by giv+ him a glance ( h] pretty ankles4 ,f9ally ,lorik w9s ev]y?+ back4 ,! girl !n tells ,lorik h[ %e has be5 insult$1 & ,lorik ) 8 mighty sword cuts (f ! gambl]'s head1 :5 x & ! body are turn$ into /one4 ,lorik _h be5 betro!d to a girl nam$ ,satman91 :o 0 n ( age & _h n jo9$ h] husb&4 ,lorik _h an adopt$ bro!r nam$ ,semru4 ,lorik & ,*&an1 aft] kill+ ! gambl]1 w5t on to ,h>doi1 ne> ,mongir1 :]e ,lorik defeat$ a ,rja & conqu]$ 8 c\ntry4 ,lorik 0 f9ally seiz$ & put into a dungeon1 :5ce he 0 releas$ by ! aid ( ! goddess ,durg4 ,he aga9 conqu]$ ! ,rja1 recov]$ ,*&an1 _h a son born to him1 & ga9$ consid]able weal?4 ,s !y det]m9$ to return to _! native l&4 ,mean:ile ,semru1 ,lorik's bro!r by adoption1 _h be5 kill$ by ! ,kols & all 8 cattle & prop]ty 7 plund]$4 ,lorik's real wife1 ,satman91 _h gr[n into a h&some woman1 b /ill rema9$ 9 h] fa!r's h\se4 ,lorik 0 anxi\s to te/ h] fidelity2 s :5 %e came to sell milk 9 8 camp1 n kn[+ h] husb&1 he /ret*$ a lo9 clo? across ! entrance4 ,all ! o!r wom5 /epp$ ov] x1 b ! delicacy ( ,satman9 0 s excessive t %e w\ld n put h] foot across x4 ,lorik 0 pleas$1 & fill+ h] basket ) jewels1 cov]$ !m ) rice4 ,:5 %e return$1 h] si/] saw ! jewell]y & *>g$ h] ) obta9+ !m z ! price ( h] di%on\r4 ,%e indignantly d5i$ ! accusation1 & h] nephew1 ,semru's son1 prep>$ to fight ,lorik to av5ge ! di%on\r ( 8 aunt4 ,next day ! matt] 0 cle>$ up to ! satisfaction ( all p>ties4 ,lorik !n reign$ ) ju/ice1 & incurr$ ! displeasure ( ,indra1 :o s\ght to de/roy him4 ,s ! goddess ,durg took ! =m ( 8 mi/ress ,*&an & tempt$ him4 ,he succumb$ to h] wiles1 & %e /ruck him s t 8 face turn$ completely r\nd4 ,ov]come by grief & %ame1 he w5t to ,b5>es1 & !re he & 8 fri5ds 7 turn$ into /one & sleep ! sleep ( magic at ,manik>nika ,ght4 ,! ,mirzapur ,v]sion4 ,! ,mirzapur v]sion is int]e/+ f its association ) feti%ism4 ,z y desc5d ! ,mrkundi ,pass into ! valley ( ! ,son1 y obs]ve a l>ge isolat$ b\ld] split into two p>ts1 ) a n>r[ fissure betwe5 !m4 ,fur!r on 9 ! b$ ( ! ,son is a curi\s wat]-worn rock1 :i*1 to ! eye ( fai?1 sugge/s a rude resemblance to a headless elephant4 ,on ?is f\ndation has be5 localiz$ ! leg5d ( ,lorik1 :i* takes u back to ! "t :5 ! ,aryan & ! aborig9al ,dasyu cont5d$ = ma/]y 9 ! wild bord]l&4 ,!re 0 once1 s ! tale runs1 a b>b>ian k+ :o reign$ at ! =t ( ,agori1 ! fronti] =tress on ! ,son4 ,among 8 dep5d5ts 0 a c[h]d maid51 nam$ ,manjan1 :o 0 lov$ by h] clansman ,lorik4 ,he1 ) 8 bro!r ,snw>1 came to claim h] z 8 bride4 ,! ,rja insi/$ on en=c+ ! ,jus primae noctis4 ,! h]oic bre?r51 9 ord] to escape ?is infamy1 c>ri$ (f ! maid54 ,! ,rja pursu$ on 8 fam\s wild elephant1 :i* ,lorik decapitat$ ) a s+le bl[4 ,:5 !y rea*$ 9 _! flight ! ,mrkundi ,pass1 ! wise ,manjan advis$ ,lorik to use h] fa!r's sword1 :i*1 ) admirable =e?\ght1 %e _h br\ght ) h]4 ,he pref]r$ 8 own weapon1 b %e w>n$ him to te/ bo?4 ,8 own sword broke to pieces aga9/ ! huge b\ld] ( ! ,pass1 b ,manjan's weapon clave x 9 twa94 ,s ,lorik & 8 bro!r1 ) ! aid ( ! magic br&1 defeat$ ! infidel ho/s ) enorm\s slaught]1 & c>ri$ (f ! maid5 9 triumph4 ,if y d\bt ! /ory1 !re are ! clov5 b\ld] & ! petrifi$ elephant to witness to its tru?1 & bo? are wor%ipp$ to ?is day 9 ! "n ( ,lorik & 8 bride ) (f]+s ( milk & gra94 ,?is tale embodies a numb] ( incid5ts :i* con/antly appe> 9 ! folk-tales4 ,we h ! gambl+ mat* 9 ! ,mahbhrata & 9 ! tale ( ,nala & ,damayant1 z well z 9 ! ,celtic leg5d ( ! "y k+ ( ,easaidh ,ruadh4 #dbd ,! magic sword & ! v>i\s fidelity te/s appe> bo? 9 ! folk-tales ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,( liv+ creatures turn$ into /one we h _m in/ances 9 connection ) ! ,pndava leg5d1 z 9 ,cornwall1 ! granite rocks kn[n z ! ,m]ry ,maid5s & ! ,pip]s are a p>ty :o broke ! ,sabba?1 7 /ruck by lightn+1 & turn$ into /one4 #dbe ,jiry ,bhavn4 ,( a simil> type is ,jiry ,bhavn1 :o is wor%ipp$ at ,jungail1 s\? ( ! ,son4 ,9 h] place ( wor%ip1 a cave on ! hillside1 ! only repres5tative ( ! goddess is an anci5t ru/-eat5 coat ( mail4 ,?is gives h] "n1 :i* is a corruption ( ! ,p]sian ,zirah1 mean+ a coat ( arm\r4 ,close by is a little /ream1 kn[n z ! ,su>aiya1 ! mean+ ( :i* is1 ( c\rse1 assum$ to be ,hog riv]1 f ! ,h9di ,sar1 a pig4 ,"h we h all ! elem5ts ( a my?4 ,9 "o ( ! e>ly fights betwe5 ,h9du & ,musalmn1 a w\nd$ h]o ( ,islm came /agg]+ to ! bank ( ! /ream1 & 0 ab\t to dr9k1 :5 he he>d t its "n 0 connect$ ) :at is an abom9ation to ! true believ]4 ,s he pref]r$ to die ( ?ir/1 & no "o sees any incongruity 9 ! fact t ! arm\r ( a m>tyr ( ! fai? has become a =m ( ! ,h9du goddess4 ,! %r9e is n[ on its promotion1 & ,jiry ,bhavn w be provid$ ) a ,sanskrit etymology & develop be=e long into a g5u9e manife/ation ( ,kl4 ,village ,feti% ,/ones4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t1 z ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock has %[n1 ! wor%ip ( feti% /ones prevails 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 #dbf ,!re is h>dly a village 9 ,nor!rn ,india )\t a feti% ( ?is k9d1 :i* is v (t5 n appropriat$ to any special deity1 b repres5ts ! ,grmadevat or ,gnw-dev1 or ,deohr1 ! collective local div9e cab9et :i* has ! affairs ( ! community "u its *>ge4 ,:y spirits %\ld live 9 /ones has be5 debat$4 ,mr4 ,campbell p]haps presses ! matt] too f> :5 he sugge/s t /ones 7 by e>ly man f\nd to conta9 fire1 & t heat$ /ones be+ f\nd useful 9 disease1 cook+1 & ! l may h /r5g!n$ ! idea4 ,! e>lie/ !ory 0 p]haps t z ! life ( ! millet 0 9 ! millet se$ & ! life ( ! ,mango tree 0 9 ! ,mango /one1 a human _s c\ld live 9 a rock or a pebble4 ,! belief t ! s\l1 or "p ( ! s\l ( a man1 lives 9 8 bones1 seems closely connect$ ) ! belief 9 ! /one z a _s h\se4 ,probably x 0 an e>ly belief t ! bones %\ld be kept1 s t if ! _s comes back & worries ! survivors he may h a place to g to4 #dbg ,x is q possible t ! wor%ip ( /ocks & /ones may n 9 all places be bas$ on exactly ! same tra9 ( ideas4 ,to ! rud] races1 ! m curi\s or ecc5tric ! =m ( ! /one is1 ! m likely x is to be ! "w & possibly ! abode ( a _s1 & 9 a /oneless l&1 l ! ,gangetic pla91 any /one is a wond]1 & likely to be rev]$4 ,! conception ( ! wor%ipp] w always v>y 9 reg>d to x4 ,to ! savage x w be ! actual home or ! occasional re/+-place ( ! _s2 to ! idolat] ( m advanc$ ideas x w be little m ?an a symbol1 :i* rem9ds him ( ! deity )\t %ape or =m :om he is b\nd to wor%ip4 ,o!r feti% /ones1 aga91 by _! =m prove t !y are ! "w ( ano!r or a high] race4 ,?us1 on ! village feti% m\nds we (t5 f9d ! c>v$ relics ( "s ,buddhi/ic %r9e1 or ! prehi/oric /one implem5ts1 :i* 7 ! "w ( a =gott5 p4 ,la/ly1 _m /ones l5d !mselves directly to ! ne$s ( ! phallic cultus4 ,"o =m ( /one is reg>d$ ) special rev]5ce1 ^? t h holes or p]=ations4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! ,slagrma1 a sort ( ammonite f\nd 9 ! ,g&ak riv]1 :i* has p]=ations1 said to be ! "w ( ! ,vajrakta insect & h5ce sacr$ to ,vi%nu4 ,! /ory goes t ! div9e ,nryana once w&]$ ?r\gh ! _w 9 ! =m ( ! ,vajrakta or gold5 bee4 ,! gods1 attract$ by 8 beauty1 also took ! =m ( bees1 & :irl$ ab\t him 9 su* numb]s t ,vi%nu1 afraid ( ! consequ5ces1 assum$ ! =m ( a rock & /opp$ ! mov+ ( ,g>uda & ! gods4 ,on ?is ,g>uda1 foll[$ by all ! gods1 made ea* a sep>ate dwell+ 9 ! rock = ! conv]sion ( ! infidels4 ,s ! ,corni% ,milpreve1 or add] /one :i* is a pres]vative aga9/ vip]s1 is a ball ( corall9e lime/one1 ! sections 9 ! coral be+ ?\ght to be entangl$ "y snakes4 #dbh ,9 ,italy1 pieces ( /alagmite full ( cavities are valu$ z amulets4 ,! respect = ^! p]=at$ /ones re/s1 aga91 on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple t look+ ?r\gh a /one :i* has a hole bor$ ?r\gh x improves ! sight4 ,all ov] ! _w x is a recogniz$ !ory t creep+ ?r\gh ! orifice 9 a p]=at$ /one or "u an ar*+ /one or tree is a valuable rem$y 9 cases ( disease4 ,mr4 ,lane describes h[ wom5 9 ,cairo walk "u ! /one on :i* ! decapitat$ bodies ( crim9als are wa%$1 9 ! hope ( cur+ oph?almia or procur+ (fspr+4 ,! woman mu/ d ?is 9 sil5ce1 & ) ! left foot =emo/4 #dbi ,9 ,cornwall1 ,mr4 ,hunt writes3 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re are1 among/ ! granitic masses1 rocks :i* h fall5 across ea* o!r1 leav+ small op5+s1 or !re are holes1 l[ & n>r[1 ext5d+ "u a pile ( rocks4 ,9 ne>ly e case ( ?is k9d1 we f9d x is popul>ly /at$ t any "o suff]+ f rheumatism or lumbago w\ld be cur$ if he crawl$ ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,9 "s cases n9e times are insi/$ on to make ! *>m complete4 #dcj ,s1 walk+ "u a bramble :i* has =m$ a second root 9 ! e>? is a cure = rheumatism1 & /rum\s *ildr5 7 pass$ n9e times ?r\gh a cleft a% tree1 aga9/ ! sun4 ,! tree 0 !n b\nd up1 & if ! b>k grew ! *ild 0 cur$1 if ! tree di$ ! dea? ( ! *ild 0 sure to foll[4 #dca ,9 ! same way at _m %r9es x is "p ( ! wor%ip to creep ?r\gh a n>r[ orifice f "o side to ! o!r4 ,at ,kankhal1 wor%ipp]s at ! temple ( ,dak%a creep ?r\gh a sort ( tunnel f "o side to ! o!r4 ,! same is ! rule at ! temple at ,kabraiya 9 ! ,hamrpur ,di/rict1 & at _m o!r places ( ! same k9d4 #dcb ,! same pr9ciple probably acc\nts = ! respect paid to ! gr9d/one4 ,"p ( ! e>lie/ =m ( ! m>riage ritual consi/$ 9 ! bride /&+ on ! family gr9d/one4 ,at ! pres5t day %e puts h] foot ^u x & knocks d[n little piles ( heap$ gra94 ,x is wav$ ov] ! heads ( ! pair to sc>e evil spirits4 ,9 ,bombay x is said t sitt+ on a gr9d/one %ort5s life1 & ! ,kunbis ( ,kolba place a gr9d/one 9 ! ly+-9 room1 & on x set a rice fl\r image ( a woman1 :i* is wor%ipp$ z ! goddess1 & ! baby is laid be=e x4 ,su* a /one readily passes into a feti%1 z at ,ahmadnag>1 :]e !re is a /one ) two holes1 :i* any two f+]s ( any p]son's h& c fill1 & ! mosque :]e x /&s is1 9 consequ5ce1 mu* respect$4 #dcc ,mu*1 h[ev]1 ( ! wor%ip ( /ones appe>s to be ! result ( ! respect paid to ! tomb/one or cairn1 :i*1 z we h already said1 keeps d[n ! gho/ ( ! dead man1 & is (t5 a place 9 :i* 8 _s *ooses to reside4 ,^! rude /ones are v (t5 sme>$ ) ruddle or r$ o*re4 ,we h "h a survival ( ! blood sacrifice ( a human be+ or animal :i* 0 once univ]sal4 #dcd ,su* sacrifices re/ on ! pr9ciple t x is necess>y to supply att5dants to ! dead or to ! tribal gods 9 ! o!r _w2 & ! commutation ( human sacrifices1 fir/ into ^? ( animals1 & !n into a m]e sc>let /a9 on ! feti% /one1 is a con/antly recurr+ fact 9 ! hi/ory ( cu/om4 #dce ,x may be wor? :ile to discuss ?is transition f ! ,indian evid5ce4 ,human ,sacrifice among ! ,indo-,aryans4 ,t human sacrifice prevail$ among ! e>ly ,aryans 9 ,india is g5]ally admitt$4 ,! :ole "q has be5 treat$ 9 detail by t em95t ,h9du s*ol>1 ,raj5dra ,lla ,mitra4 ,he arrives at ! conclusion t1 look+ to ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t civilization & ! ritual ( ! ,h9dus1 !re is no?+ to ju/ify ! belief t ! ,h9dus 7 incapable ( sacrific+ human victims to _! gods2 t ! ,sunasepha hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a ,sanhita mo/ probably ref] to a human sacrifice2 t ! ,ait>eya ,brhmana ref]s to an actual & n to a typical human sacrifice2 t ! ,p>u%am$ha orig9ally requir$ ! actual sacrifice ( m52 t ! ,tait>eya ,brhmana enjoys ! kill+ ( a man at ! horse sacrifice2 t ! ,satapa?a ,brhmana sanctions human sacrifice 9 "s cases1 b makes ! ,p>u%am$ha emblematic2 t ! ,purnas recognize human sacrifices to ,*&ik1 b prohibit ! ,p>u%am$ha rite2 t ! ,tantras enjo9 human sacrifices to ,*&ik1 & require t :5 human victims are n available1 an effigy ( a human be+ %\ld be sacrific$ to h]4 #dcf ,human ,sacrifice 9 ! ,folk-tales4 ,!re is ample evid5ce f ! folk-tales ( ! exi/5ce ( human sacrifice 9 e>ly times4 ,we h 9 ! tales ( ,somadeva con/ant ref]5ce to human sacrifices made 9 hon\r ( ,*&ik or ,*mund4 ,we f9d "o ,murav>a1 a ,turu%ka or ,indo-,scy?ian1 :o proposes to make a human sacrifice 9 memory ( 8 dead fa!r2 we h expiatory sacrifices to ,*&ik to save ! life ( a k+4 ,9 "o ( ! ,panjb tales a %ip w n leave port till a human victim is (f]$4 ,9 "o ( ! mod]n tales we h an acc\nt ( a man & 8 family :o sacrifice !mselves be=e ! god ,jyoti ,b>a1 ! great div9]1 :o is wor%ipp$ by ! ,snsya gypsies4 #dcg ,! folk-tales also disclose ample evid5ce ( cannibalism4 ,! ,magian cannibals ( ! ,book ( ,s9dibad us$ to eat human fle% raw1 & ! same tale is told by ,h]odotus ( ! ,massagetae1 ! ,padaei ( ,india1 :om ,col4 ,dalton id5tifies ) ! ,birhors ( ,*ota ,ngpur1 & ( ! ,ess$ones ne> ,lake ,moeotis4 #dch ,x is ne$less to say t ,indian folk-tales ab\nd ) ref]5ces to ! same practices4 ,we h cannibal ,rk%asas 9 abundance1 & 9 "o ( ,somadeva's /ories ,devaswm91 ! ,brhman1 looks out & f9ds 8 wife's m\? /a9$ ) blood1 = %e _h dev\r$ 8 s]vant & left no?+ ( him b ! bones4 ,& 9 ! tale ( ,asokadatta we h a woman :o climbs on a /ake & cuts slices ( ! fle% ( an impal$ crim9al1 :i* %e eats4 #dci ,9 ! ,mahbhrata we f9d ! leg5d ( ,kalma%apada1 :o1 :ile hunt+1 meets ,saktri1 son ( ,vasi%?a1 & /rikes him ) 8 :ip4 ,! inc5s$ sage curs$ him to become a cannibal4 ,?is curse 0 he>d by ,viswamitra1 ! rival ( ,vasi%?a1 & he s contriv$ t ! body ( ! k+ became possess$ by a man-eat+ ,rk%asa4 ,kalma%apada dev\r$ ,saktri & ! hundr$ sons ( ,vasi%?a1 :o f9ally re/or$ him to 8 orig9al /ate4 ,9 a tale rec5tly collect$ among ! ,drvidian ,mnjhis1 a girl accid5tally cuts h] f+] & "s ( ! blood falls ^u ! gre5s1 :]eupon h] bro!rs1 f9d+ t x flav\r$ ! mess1 kill$ & dev\r$ h]4 #ddj ,human ,sacrifice 9 ,mod]n ,times4 ,up to q mod]n times ! same 0 ! case1 & !re is "s evid5ce to %[ t ! cu/om has n q ceas$4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! cu/om ( (f]+ a fir/-born *ild to ! ,ganges 0 common4 ,ak9 to ?is is ! ,gang ,jtra1 or murd] ( sick relatives on ! banks ( ! sacr$ riv]1 ( :i* a case occurr$ q rec5tly at ,calcutta4 ,at ,katwa1 ne> ,calcutta1 a lep] 0 burnt alive 9 #ahab2 he ?rew himself into a pit t5 cubits deep :i* 0 fill$ ) burn+ coals4 ,he tri$ to escape1 b 8 "m & si/] ?ru/ him 9 aga9 & he 0 burnt4 ,!y believ$ t by s do+ he w\ld ga9 a pure body 9 ! next bir?4 #dda ,( ?is religi\s suicide 9 ,c5tral ,india1 ,sir ,j4 ,malcolm wrote3 ,self-sacrifice ( m5 is less common ?an x us$ to be1 & ! m5 :o d x are g5]ally ( l[ tribes4 ,"o ( _! *ief motives is t !y w be born ,rjas at _! next inc>nation4 ,wom5 :o h be5 long b>r51 v[ _! fir/ *ild1 if "o be giv5 to !m1 to ,omkr ,m&hta4 ,! fir/ k imp>t$ to ! infant is ?is v[1 & ! impression is s implant$ 9 8 m9d1 t ye>s be=e 8 dea? he seems l a man haunt$ by 8 de/9y4 ,!re is a tradition t anyone sav$ aft] ! leap ov] ! cliff ne> ! %r9e mu/ be made ,rja ( ! place2 b to make ?is impossible1 poison is mix$ ) ! la/ victuals giv5 to ! devot$ man1 :o is compell$ to c>ry out 8 purpose4 #ddb ,! mod]n in/ances ( human sacrifice among ! ,khndhs ( ,b5gal & ! ,m]s ( ,rjputna are suffici5tly notori\s4 ,x also prevail$ among "s ( ! ,drvidian tribes up to q rec5t times4 ,! ,kh>wrs1 s9ce adopt+ ,h9duism1 p]=m$ human sacrifices to ,kl 9 ! =m ( ,*&4 ,"s ( our p :o fell into _! h&s dur+ ! ,mut9y 7 s dealt )4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ! ,bhuiyas1 ,khndhs1 & ,mundas4 ,"s ( ! ,gonds ( ,s>guja us$ to (f] human sacrifice to ,burha ,deo1 & /ill g ?r\gh a =m ( do+ s4 #ddc ,!re is a rec5t in/ance quot$ among ! ,tiy>s1 a class ( boatm5 9 ,b5>es2 "o ,tonurm sacrific$ f\r m5 9 ! hope ( recov]+ ! treasures ( sev5 ,rjas2 ano!r man 0 kill$ to propitiate a ,rk%asa :o gu>d$ a treasure suppos$ to be conceal$ 9 a h\se :]e ! de$ 0 committ$4 #ddd ,ab\t #ahha a village headman sacrific$ a human be+ to ,kl 9 ! ,sambalpur ,di/rict1 & a simil> *>ge 0 made aga9/ ! *ief ( ,ba/> n _m ye>s ago4 ,( ! ,k>hda ,brhmans ( ,bombay1 ,sir ,j4 ,malcolm writes3 #dde ,! tribe ( ,brhmans call$ ,k>hda _h =m]ly a horrid cu/om ( annually sacrific+ to _! deities a "y ,brhman4 ,! ,sakt is suppos$ to delight 9 human blood1 & is repres5t$ ) fi]y eyes & cov]$ ) r$ fl[]s4 ,?is goddess holds 9 "o h& a sword & 9 ! o!r a battle-axe4 ,! pray]s ( h] vot>ies are direct$ to h] dur+ ! fir/ n9e days ( ! ,dasahra fea/1 & on ! ev5+ ( ! t5? a gr& repa/ is prep>$1 to :i* ! :ole family is invit$4 ,an intoxicat+ drug is contriv$ to be mix$ ) ! food ( ! int5d$ victim1 :o is (t5 a /rang] :om ! ma/] ( ! h\se has = sev]al mon?s treat$ ) ! greate/ k9dness & att5tion1 & sometimes1 to lull suspicion1 giv5 him 8 daught] 9 m>riage4 ,z soon z ! poison\s & intoxicat+ drug op]ates1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se unatt5d$ takes ! devot$ p]son into ! temple1 leads him ?ree times r\nd ! idol1 & on 8 pro/rat+ himself be=e x1 takes ?is opportunity ( cutt+ 8 ?roat4 ,he collects ) ! greate/ c>e ! blood 9 a small b[l1 :i* he fir/ applies to ! lips ( ! f]oci\s goddess1 & !n spr9kles x ov] h] body2 & a hole hav+ be5 dug at ! feet ( ! idol = ! corpse1 he deposits x ) great c>e to prev5t discov]y4 ,aft] ?is ! ,k>hda ,brhman returns to 8 family1 & sp5ds ! night 9 mir? & revelry1 conv9c$ t by ! blood?ir/y act he has propitiat$ ! goddess = twelve ye>s4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! foll[+ day ! corpse is tak5 f ! hole 9 :i* x _h be5 ?r[n1 & ! idol deposit$ till next ,dasahra1 :5 a simil> sacrifice is made4 ,!re seems reason to suspect t ev5 9 ! pres5t day su* sacrifices are occasionally p]=m$ at remote %r9es ( ,kl or ,durg ,dev4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a significant case ( ! k9d occurr$ at ,b5>es4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances f ,nepl4 #ddf ,at ,jaypur1 ne> ,vizagapatam1 ! ,rja is said1 at 8 in/allation 9 #ahfa1 to h sacrific$ a girl to ,durg4 #ddg ,a rec5t case ( su* sacrifice ) ! object ( recov]+ hidd5 treasure occurr$ 9 ,b]r2 a second connect$ ) wit*craft at ,muzaff>nag>4 #ddh ,at ,*&a & ,lanji 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,ngpur !re are %r9es to ,kl at :i* human sacrifices to ! goddess h be5 (f]$ almo/ )9 ! memory ( ?is g5]ation4 ,besides ! religi\s =m ( human sacrifice 9 hon\r ( "o ( ^! blood?ir/y deities1 !re are =ms ( ! rite :i* dep5d on ! my/ic p[] attribut$ to human fle% & blood 9 v>i\s *>ms & black magic4 ,9 connection ) human fle% a curi\s /ory is told ( a man :o w5t to ba! 9 ! ,ganges1 & met "o ( ! abom9able ,faqrs kn[n z ,aug>s or ,aghorpan?is1 :o c>ry ab\t ) !m fragm5ts ( a human corpse4 ,he saw ! ,faqr cut (f & eat a piece ( ! fle% ( a corpse1 & he !n (f]$ him a piece1 say+ t if he ate x he w\ld become enorm\sly ri*4 ,he refus$ ! gha/ly food1 & ! ,faqr !n ?rew a piece at him :i* /uck to 8 head1 =m+ a p]man5t lump4 #ddi ,9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva ! wit*es are se5 fly+ ab\t 9 ! air1 & say1 ,^! are ! magic p[]s ( wit*es' spells1 & are due to ! eat+ ( human fle%4 ,9 ano!r ! h]o ex*anges an anklet ) a woman = "s human fle%4 #dej ,! same my/]i\s p[] is attribut$ to human blood4 ,! blood ( ! ,j9n has1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 special p[]s ( its own4 ,?us1 9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr /ories ! angel says3 ,?is is a mo/ p[]ful ,j9n4 ,%\ld a drop ( 8 blood fall to ! gr\nd :ile life is 9 him1 ano!r ,j9n w be quickly =m$ !refrom1 & spr+ up & slay y4 #dea ,ba?+ 9 human blood has be5 reg>d$ z a p[]ful rem$y = disease4 ,! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e 0 ord]$ a ba? ( *ildr5's blood1 b mov$ by ! pray]s ( ! p>5ts1 he =bore to apply ! rem$y & 0 rew>d$ by a miracul\s recov]y4 ,9 "o ( ! ,european folk-tales a woman desir\s ( (fspr+ is direct$ to take a horn & cup h]self1 draw out a clot ( blood1 place x 9 a pot1 lute x d[n & only uncov] x 9 ! n9? mon?1 :5 a *ild w\ld be f\nd 9 ! pot4 ,9 ! ,g]man folk-tales1 ba?+ 9 ! blood ( innoc5t maid5s is a cure = leprosy4 #deb ,! same beliefs l>gely prevail 9 ,india4 ,9 #ahgj1 a ,musalmn but*] los+ 8 *ild 0 told by a ,h9du conjuror t if he wa%$ 8 wife 9 ! blood ( a boy1 8 next infant w\ld be heal?y4 ,to ensure ?is result a *ild 0 murd]$4 ,a simil> case occurr$ 9 ,muzaff>nag>1 :]e a *ild 0 kill$ & ! blood drunk by a b>r5 woman4 #dec ,9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva ! pregnant que5 asks h] husb& to gratify h] long+ by fill+ a tank ) blood = h] to ba! 94 ,he 0 a righte\s man1 & 9 ord] to gratify h] crav+ he _h a tank fill$ ) ! juice ( lac & o!r extracts1 s t x seem$ to be full ( blood4 ,9 ano!r tale ! ascetic tells ! woman t if %e kill$ h] "y son & (f]$ him to ! div9ity1 ano!r son w\ld c]ta9ly be born to h]4 ,q rec5tly at ,muzaff>nag> a *ildless ,jt woman 0 told t %e w\ld atta9 h] desire if %e ba!d 9 wat] mix$ ) ! blood ( a ,brhman *ild4 ,a ,h9du coolie at ,mauritius ba!d 9 & drank ! blood ( a girl1 ?9k+ t !reby he w\ld be gift$ ) sup]natural p[]s4 ,x w\ld be easy to add l>gely to ! numb] ( in/ances ( simil> beliefs4 #ded ,survivals ( ,human ,sacrifice4 ,!re are1 9 addition1 num]\s cu/oms :i* appe> to be survivals ( human sacrifice1 or ( ! blood cov5ant1 :i* also prevail$ 9 ,arabia4 #dee ,among ! l[] ca/es 9 ,nor!rn ,india ! p>t+ ( ! bride's hair is m>k$ ) r$1 a survival ( ! orig9al blood cov5ant1 by :i* %e 0 introduc$ into ! sept ( h] husb&4 ,we see t ?is is ! case f ! rites ( ! m savage tribes4 ,among ! ,kewats ( ,b5gal1 a t9y scrat* is made on ! little f+] ( ! bridegroom's "r h& & ( ! bride's left1 & ! drops ( blood drawn f ^! are mix$ ) ! food4 ,ea* !n eats ! food ) :i* ! o!r's blood has be5 mix$4 ,among ! ,santls blood is drawn 9 ! same way f ! little f+] ( ! bride & bridegroom1 & ) x m>ks are made on bo? above ! clavicle4 #def ,human ,sacrifice & ,build+s4 ,"o /&+ difficulty at ea* dec5nial c5sus has be5 ! rum\r :i* spreads 9 remote tracts t ,gov]nm5t is mak+ ! enum]ation ) a view ( collect+ victims to be sacrific$ at "s bridge or o!r build+1 or t a toll ( pretty girls is to be tak5 to rew>d ! soldi]y aft] "s w>4 ,?us1 ab\t a =t 9 ,madras x _h long be5 a tradition t :5 x 0 fir/ built a girl _h be5 built into ! wall to r5d] x impregnable4 #deg ,x is said t a ,rja 0 once build+ a bridge ov] ! riv] ,j>go at ,*unr1 & :5 x fell d[n sev]al times he 0 advis$ to sacrifice a ,brhman girl to ! local deity4 ,%e has n[ become ! ,m> or gho/ ( ! place1 & is regul>ly wor%ipp$ 9 "t ( tr\ble4 #deh ,9 ,kumaun ! same belief prevails1 & kidnapp]s1 kn[n z ,dokhutiya1 or two-legg$ bea/s ( prey1 are said to g ab\t captur+ boys = ?is purpose4 ,9 ,k?iwr1 if a ca/le 0 be+ built & ! t[] w\ld n /&1 or if a pond _h be5 dug & w\ld n hold wat]1 a human victim 0 (f]$4 #dei ,! rum\r t a victim 0 requir$ spread q rec5tly 9 connection ) ! ,hughli ,bridge at ,calcutta & ! ,b5>es wat]-works4 ,! ,n>mad1 x 0 believ$1 w\ld nev] all[ h]self to be bridg$ until %e c>ri$ away "p ( ! sup]/ructure1 & caus$ ! loss ( lives z a sacrifice4 ,at ,ahmadbd1 by ! advice ( a ,brhman1 a *ildless ,vnya 0 induc$ to dig a tank to appease ! goddess ,stal4 ,! wat] refus$ to ent] x )\t ! sacrifice ( a man4 ,z soon z ! victim's blood fell on ! gr\nd1 ! tank fill$ & ! goddess came d[n f heav5 & rescu$ ! victim4 #dfj ,9 build+ ! =t ( ,sik&>pur 9 ,baliya1 a ,brhman & a ,dusdh girl 7 bo? immolat$4 #dfa ,! ,vadala lake 9 ,bombay refus$ to hold wat] till ! local _s 0 appeas$ by ! sacrifice ( ! daught] ( ! village headman4 ,:5 ! ,%orkot =t 0 be+ built "o side repeat$ly fell d[n4 ,a ,faqr advis$ ! ,rja to put a fir/-born son "u ! ramp>t4 ,?is 0 done & ! wall /ood4 ,! *ild's "m w5t to ,mecca1 & return$ ) an army ( ,muhammadans2 b !y c\ld n take ! =t4 ,!n a ,faqr trans=m$ himself into a cock & flew on ! ro( ( ! palace1 :]e he set up a l\d cr[4 ,! ,rja 0 fright5$ & ab&on$ ! place4 ,z he 0 leav+ x1 he %\t$1 ,%ame on !e1 ,o ,=t6 to rema9 /&+6 & ! walls at once fell d[n4 #dfb ,modifications ( ,human ,sacrifice4 ,!re are also _m in/ances ( ! transition f human sacrifices to ^? ( a mild] =m4 ,?us1 :5 ,ahmadbd 0 build+1 ,mnik ,bwa1 a sa9t1 e day made a cu%ion1 & e night pick$ x to pieces4 ,z he did s ! day's "w fell d[n4 ,! ,sultn refra9$ f sacrific+ him1 b got him into a small j> & kept him !re till ! "w 0 ov]4 #dfc ,! ,villlis ( ,pna on ! fifte5? day aft] a dea? %ape two bricks l human be+s1 dress !m1 & lay !m on a wood5 /ool4 ,!y weep by !m all night1 & next day1 tak+ !m to ! burn+ gr\nd1 cremate !m4 ,among ! ,telugu ,brhmans ( ,pna1 if a man dies at an unlucky "t1 :eat5 figures ( m5 are made & burnt ) ! corpse4 ,! ,konkani ,m>?as ( ,kan>a on ! fea/ ( ,rauln? get a man to cut 8 h& ) a knife & let ?ree drops ( blood fall on ! gr\nd4 #dfd ,=m]ly 9 ,ho%angbd1 m5 us$ to sw+ !mselves f a pole1 z 9 ! fam\s ,b5gal ,*>akh ,pj4 ,9 our t]ritories ?is is n[ uncommon1 z ! village headm5 be+ afraid ( responsibility = an accid5t1 g5]ally1 in/ead ( a man1 fa/5 up a :ite pumpk91 :i* !y sw+ ab\t4 #dfe ,at ! in/allation ( a ,bhuiya ,rja1 a man comes =w>d :om ! ,rja t\*es on ! neck1 z if ab\t to cut (f 8 head4 ,! victim disappe>s = ?ree days2 !n he pres5ts himself be=e ! ,rja1 z if miracul\sly re/or$ to life4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,gonds1 in/ead ( a human sacrifice1 n[ make an image ( /raw1 :i* !y f9d answ]s ! purpose4 ,! ,bhuiyas ( ,keunjh> us$ to (f] ! head ( _! prime m9i/] to ,?akurn ,m4 ,%e is n[ trans=m$ into ! ,h9du ,durg & accepts a sacrifice ( goats & %eep4 #dff ,9 ,nepl1 aft] ! ,si?i ,jtra fea/1 ! p divide into two p>ties & h a mat* at /one-?r[+2 =m]ly ?is us$ to be a s]i\s matt]1 & any "o :o 0 knock$ d[n & fell into ! h&s ( ! o!r side 0 sacrific$ to ! goddess ,kankesw>4 ,! actual kill+ ( ! victim1 z 9 ! case ( sacrifices to ! goddess ,ba*hl ,dev1 has n[ be5 discont9u$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,briti% (fic]s4 #dfg ,we %all meet lat] on 9 ano!r connection o!r in/ances ( mock fights ( ! same k9d4 ,momi4 ,9 connection ) human sacrifice may be m5tion$ ! curi\s sup]/ition ab\t ,momi or mummy4 ,! virtues ( human fat z a magical o9tm5t appe> all ?r\gh folk-lore4 ,o!llo1 ref]r+ to ! h&k]*ief :i* he _h giv5 to ,desdemona1 says1-- ,x 0 dy$ 9 ! mummy :i* ! skilful ,cons]v$ ( maid5s' he>ts4 ,writ+ ( wit*es ,reg9ald ,scot says3 ,! devil tea*e? !m to make o9tm5t ( ! b[els & memb]s ( *ildr51 :]eby !y ride 9 ! air & accompli% all _! desires4 ,aft] burial !y /eal !m out ( _! graves & see! !m 9 a cauldron till ! fle% be made potable1 ( :i* !y make an o9tm5t by :i* !y ride 9 ! air4 ,9 ,macbe? ! fir/ wit* speaks (-- ,grease t sweat5 ,f ! murd]]'s gibbet4 ,indian wit*es are believ$ to use ! same my/ic prep>ation to enable !m to fly ?r\gh ! air1 z _! ,european si/]s are suppos$ to use ! fat ( a toad4 #dfh ,human fat is believ$ to be specially efficaci\s = ?is purpose4 ,9 "o ( ,somadeva's /ories ! ,brhman se>*es = treasure ) a c&le made ( human fat 9 8 h&4 #dfi ,"o ( ! ,mongol ,g5]als1 ,m>co ,polo tells u1 0 accus$ ( boil+ d[n human be+s & us+ _! fat to grease 8 mangonels2 & ,c>p9i says t :5 ! ,t>t>s ca/ ,greek fire into a t[n !y us$ to %oot human fat ) x1 9 ord] to cause ! fire to burn m quickly4 #dgj ,s1 9 ,europe a c&le ( human fat is said to h be5 us$ by robb]s ) ! ,h& ( ,glory to prev5t ! inmates wak+1 & on ! ,scot* bord] ! tor* us$ 9 ! my/ic c]emony ( sa9+ 0 made f ! fat ( a slaught]$ enemy4 #dga ,9 ,india1 ! popul> idea ab\t ,momi is t a boy1 ! fatt] & black] ! bett]1 is caught1 a small hole is bor$ 9 ! top ( 8 head1 & he is hung up by ! heels ov] a sl[ fire4 ,! juice or ess5ce ( 8 body is 9 ?is way di/ill$ into sev5 drops ( ! pot5t m$ic9e kn[n z ,momi4 ,?is sub/ance possesses heal+ prop]ties ( a sup]natural k9d4 ,sword cuts1 spe> ?ru/s1 w\nds f arr[s & o!r weapons ( w>f>e are in/antly cur$ by its use1 & he :o possesses x is practically invuln]able4 ,9 ,kumaun1 ?is sub/ance is kn[n z ,nryan ,tel or ,rm ,tel1 ! oil ( ,vi%nu or ,rma4 ,x is fur!r believ$ t a ,european g5tleman1 kn[n z ! ,momi-wla ,shib1 has a contract f ,gov]nm5t ( ! "r ( entic+ away suitable boys = ?is purpose4 ,he makes !m smell a /ick or w&1 :i* obliges !m to foll[ him1 & he !n packs !m (f to "s hill /ation :]e he c>ries on ?is nef>i\s manufacture4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is belief1 ,a v black s]vant ( a fri5d ( m9e /ates t he _h a v n>r[ escape f ?is ,shib at ! ,nau*&i fair at ,me]ut1 :]e ,gov]nm5t all[s him to walk ab\t = "o day & make z _m suitable victims z he c by means ( 8 /ick4 ,! ,shib _h j put 8 h& 9 8 pocket & tak5 out ! /ick1 :i* 0 dry & %rivell$ & ab\t a span long1 :5 ! s]vant ) great pres5ce ( m9d held out 8 h&s & said1 ',bas6 ,bas6' ',en\gh6 en\gh6' ,?us intimidat$1 ! ,shib w5t away into ! cr[d4 ,9 connection ) ,momi1 a lady "h n>r[ly escap$ a v uncanny reputation4 ,"s ( h] s]vants gave out t %e possess$ a ,momi /ick1 = :i* %e _h paid a hundr$ rupees4 ,on he>+ ?is an inquiry 0 made :i* br\ght out t ! lady _h miss$ a pod ( vanilla ab\t sev5 in*es long1 ( a v special quality1 t %e kept roll$ up 9 a piece ( pap] among "s ( h] tr9kets4 ,! ayah :o mislaid x 0 scold$ = h] c>elessness1 & told t x 0 wor? m ?an %e ?\ght4 ,%e promptly put two & two toge!r4 ,! %rivell$ appe>ance :i* is suppos$ to be peculi> to my/]i\s /icks1 su* z snake *>m]s produce1 ! fuss made ab\t x1 & ! value atta*$ to x conv9c$ h] t h] mi/ress own$ a ,momi /ick4 #dgb ,^! my/ic /icks appe> con/antly 9 folk-lore4 ,we h ! caduceus ( ,h]mes1 ! rod ( ,moses1 ! /aff ( ,eli%a1 ! w& ( ,circe1 or ( ,gwydion or ,skirni4 ,9 "o ( ,somadeva's tales ! ,kaplika ascetic has a magic /ick :i* dances4 ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales ! magic w& plac$ "u ! feet ( ! pr9ce makes him ins5sible1 :5 laid "u 8 head he revives4 ,_m p 9 ,engl& /ill believe 9 ! div9+ rod :i* po9ts out conceal$ spr+s und]gr\nd4 #dgc ,e native boy1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o are black & fat1 believes himself a possible victim to ! wiles ( ! dread$ ,momi ,shib1 :o frequ5ts hill /ations because he is ?us enabl$ to c>ry on 8 villa9\s practices ) comp>ative impunity & less dang] ( detection4 ,ev5 to :isp] ! ^w ,momi is en\gh to make ! cr[d ( ur*9s :o dog ! /eps ( a di/rict (fic] :5 he is on 8 r\nds ?r\gh a t[n1 disp]se 9 dismay4 ,surgeons are naturally expos$ to ! suspicion ( be+ engag$ 9 ?is awful bus9ess1 & "s ye>s ago mo/ ( ! coolies des]t$ "o ( ! hill /ations1 because an en?usia/ic anatomi/ set up a private dissect+-room ( 8 own4 ,freemasons1 :o are look$ on by ! g5]al native public z a k9d ( sorc]]s or magicians1 are also n free f ?is suspicion4 ,t su* ideas %\ld prevail among ! rural population ( ,india is n to be wond]$ at1 :5 9 our own mod]n ,engl& x is v commonly believ$ t lum9\s pa9t is made out ( human fat4 #dgd ,! ,dnapurwla ,shib4 ,ano!r ( ^! dread$ ,shibs is ! ,dnapurwla ,shib1 or g5tleman f ,d9apur4 ,:y ?is p]sonage %\ld be connect$ ) ,d9apur1 a respectable ,briti% cantonm5t1 no "o c make out4 ,at any rate1 x is g5]ally believ$ t he has a contract f ,gov]nm5t = procur+ heads = "s ( ! museums1 & he too has a magic /ick ) :i* he entices un=tunate travell]s on d>k nights & *ops (f _! heads ) a pair ( %e>s4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! magic w&s by smell+ may p]haps be associat$ ) ! fact t ! nose is a _s entry1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( sneez+4 ,feti% ,/ones4 ,to return aft] ?is digression to feti% /ones4 ,( ?is phase ( belief we h well-kn[n in/ances 9 ! coronation /one 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :i* is associat$ ) ! dream ( ,jacob1 & ! ,hajuru'l ,aswad ( ,mecca1 :i* ,sir ,r4 ,burton believ$ to be an arolite4 ,no "o w br+ a /one f ! ,sacr$ ,hill at ,gov>dhan ne> ,ma?ura1 because x is suppos$ to be end[$ ) life4 ,! ,ydavas1 :o are connect$ ) ! same "p ( ! c\ntry1 _h a /one feti%1 describ$ 9 ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 :i* br\ght ra9 & pl5ty4 ,!re are num]\s leg5ds connect$ ) _m ( ^! feti% /ones1 su* z t 9 ! temple ( ,dak%a at ,kankhal & ,gorakhn?a 9 ,kh]i1 #dge :i* are said to owe ! fissures 9 !m to ! bl[ ( ! battle-axe or sword ( "o ( ! iconocla/ ,muhammadan ,emp]ors4 ,( ,gorakhn?a x is said t ,aurangzeb attempt$ to drag up ! great ,l+am1 & fail$ to d s ev5 ) ! aid ( elephants4 ,:5 he came to inve/igate ! cause ( 8 failure1 tongues ( flame bur/ f ! bottom ( ! pill>4 ,! /alactites 9 ! ,behr ,hills are reg>d$ z ! images ( ! gods4 #dgf ,! pe/le & mort> 9 :i* a not$ ,d>ve% ( ,oudh us$ to gr9d 8 drugs are n[ wor%ipp$1 & a lead+ family 9 ! ,luckn[ ,di/rict keep be=e _! family resid5ce a l>ge squ>e /one :i* !y rev]5ce4 ,!y say t _! ance/ors br\ght x f ,delhi1 & t x is ! symbol ( _! title to ! e/ates1 :i* 7 grant$ to !m by "o ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,he enjo9$ !m to take x z ! f\ndation ( _! settlem5t1 & s9ce t "t ea* new ,rja on 8 accession pres5ts fl[]s1 sweetmeats1 & money to x4 #dgg ,a great rock 9 ! riv] above ,bad>9?1 ! fam\s %r9e 9 ! ,hills1 is wor%ipp$ z ,brahm ,kapl or ! skull ( ,brahma1 & ,n& ,dev1 ! m\nta9 goddess ( ! ,himlaya1 is wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( two great /ones glitt]+ ) mica1 & reflect+ ! rays ( ! sun4 #dgh ,at ,amosi 9 ! ,luckn[ ,di/rict !y wor%ip at m>riages & bir? ( boys ! door-po/ ( ! h\se ( an old ,rjput lead]1 nam$ ,b9ik1 :o is hon\r$ ) ! title ( ,bba or fa!r4 #dgi ,at ,deodhra 9 ! ,hills ! grey granite b\ld]s ne> ! cre/ ( ! ridge are said to h be5 ?r[n !re 9 sport by ! ,pndavas4 ,close to ! temple ( ,dev at ! same place are two l>ge b\ld]s1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* is call$ ,ransila1 or ! /one ( battle1 & is cleft ?r\gh ! c5tre by a deep1 fre%-look+ fissure1 at "r angles to :i* is a simil> rift 9 ! l[] rock4 ,a small b\ld] on ! top is said to h be5 ! weapon ) :i* ,bhms5 produc$ ^! fissures1 & ! pr9t ( 8 five f+]s is /ill to be se5 ^u x4 ,ransila itself is m>k$ ) ! l9es = play+ ! gambl+ game ( ,pa*si1 :i*1 ?\gh x l$ to _! mis=tunes1 ! ,pndavas ev5 9 _! exile c\ld n ab&on4 ,!re are _m places :]e ! m>ks ( ! ho(s ( ! horse ( ,bhms5 are %[n4 #dhj ,"o spot on ! m>g9 ( ,lake ,regillus 0 reg>d$ dur+ _m ages ) sup]/iti\s awe4 ,a m>k1 resembl+ 9 %ape a horse's ho(1 0 disc]nible 9 ! volcanic rock2 & ?is m>k 0 believ$ to h be5 made by "o ( ! cele/ial *>g]s4 #dha ,feti%es among ! ,santls4 ,! ,santls1 l all unciviliz$ races1 h a :ole army ( feti%es4 ,a r\nd piece ( wood1 ne>ly a foot 9 l5g?1 ! top ( :i* is pa9t$ r$1 is call$ ,banh1 or ! protector ( ! jungle4 ,ano!r /&s = ,lagh1 ! goddess ( ! e>?1 :o is sometimes repres5t$ by a m\nta94 ,an oblong piece ( wood1 pa9t$ r$1 /&s = ,mahm1 ! great ,"m1 ,dev's daught]2 a small piece ( :ite /one daub$ ) r$ is ,burhiy ,m1 or ! old ,"m1 h] gr&daught]2 an arr[-head /&s = ,ddh ,m1 ! milk ,"m1 ! daught] ( ,burhiy2 a trid5t pa9t$ r$ repres5ts ! monkey god ,hanumn1 :o executes all ! ord]s ( ,dev4 ,sets ( ^! symbols are plac$1 "o on ! ea/ & "o on ! we/ ( _! huts to protect !m f evil spirits1 snakes1 tig]s1 & all sorts ( mis=tune4 #dhb ,v simil> to ?is is ! wor%ip ( ,brn?1 ! feti% ( ! ,mirzapur ,ahrs4 ,8 plat=m1 :i* is made ( clay1 usually conta9s "o1 ?ree1 or five rude wood5 images1 ea* ab\t ?ree feet high1 ) a r\gh repres5tation ( a human face sculptur$ on ! top4 ,he 01 x is said1 an ,ahr :o 0 kill$ by a tig]1 & he is n[ wor%ipp$ by !m 9 times ( tr\ble4 ,8 special function is to protect ! cattle f bea/s ( prey4 ,! wor%ipp] ba!s1 pla/]s 8 plat=m ) fre% clay1 & lay+ 8 (f]+ on x1 says3 ,brn?6 ,keep our cattle safe & y w get m4 ,! same =m ( wor%ip prevails all along ! ,c5tral ,indian ,hills4 ,9 ! s\? ( ! ,bh&ra ,di/rict ! travell] frequ5tly meets ) squ>$ pieces ( wood1 ea* ) a rude figure c>v$ 9 front1 set up close to ea* o!r4 ,^! repres5t ,bang>m1 ,bang> ,b1 or ,dev1 :o is said to h "o si/] & five bro!rs1 ! si/] be+ /yl$ ,kl1 & f\r out ( ! five bro!rs be+ kn[n z ,gant>m1 ,*amp>m1 ,nik>m1 & ,potl+a4 ,!y are all deem$ to possess ! p[] ( s5d+ disease & dea? ^u m51 & "u ^! or o!r names seem to be g5]ally fe>$ 9 ! region ea/ ( ,ngpur4 ,bhms51 aga91 is g5]ally ador$ "u ! =m ( "o or two pieces ( wood /&+ ?ree or f\r feet 9 l5g? above ! gr\nd1 l ^? set up 9 connection ) ,bang>m's wor%ip4 #dhc ,feti% ,/ones :i* ,cure ,disease4 ,_m ( ^! /ones h ! p[] ( cur+ disease1 & ! wat] ) :i* !y h be5 ba!d is consid]$ a useful m$ic9e4 ,?is is ! case ) a numb] ( sacr$ ,mahdeva ,l+ams all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,a common prov]b speaks ( ! old woman :o is ready en\gh to eat ! ,prasd or (f]+ to ! god1 b hesitates to dr9k ! wat] 9 :i* 8 feet h be5 wa%$4 ,9 ,we/]n ,india no or?odox ,brhman w eat 8 food till he has ?rice sipp$ ! wat] 9 :i* 8 ,slagrma /one has be5 wa%$4 #dhd ,we h already notic$ ! feti% b[l1 ! wa%+s ( :i* are adm9i/]$ by midwives to secure easy p>turition4 ,s1 9 ,we/]n l&s ! /ones fet*$ by ,m]l9 _h ! p[] ( heal+ if wa%$ 9 wat] & ! pati5t ba!d 9 x4 #dhe ,/one celts are1 9 ,cornwall1 suppos$ to imp>t a heal+ effect to wat] 9 :i* !y h be5 soak$4 #dhf ,9 ,java a decoction ( ! li*5 :i* gr[s on feti% /ones is us$ z a rem$y = disease4 #dhg ,9 ! ,isle ( ,lewis cattle disease is attribut$ to ! bites ( s]p5ts1 & ! suff]+ animals are made to dr9k wat] into :i* *>m /ones are put2 9 ! ,highl&s l>ge cry/als ( a some:at oval %ape 7 kept by ! prie/s to "w *>ms )1 & wat] p\r$ !reon 0 giv5 to cattle z a prev5tative ( disease4 #dhh ,feti% ,/ones ! ,abode ( ,spirits4 ,! virtue ( all ^! feti% /ones re/s 9 _! embody+ ! spirits ( gods or deifi$ m54 ,z we h %[n1 ?is is a common pr9ciple ( popul> belief4 ,9 "o ( ,miss ,/okes's ,indian tales1 ,! man :o w5t to seek 8 fate1 ! fate is f\nd 9 /ones1 "s /&+ up & "s ly+ d[n4 ,! man beats ! /one :i* embodies 8 fate because he is mis]ably poor4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,sp5c] ?9ks t ! idea ( p]sons be+ turn$ into /ones may h aris5 f in/ances ( actual petrifaction ( trees & ! l2 b ?is is n v probable1 & x is mu* simpl] to believe ) ,dr4 ,tylor t x dep5ds on ! pr9ciples ( animism4 #dhi ,family ,feti%es4 ,"s feti%es1 l ! ,bombay ,devaks1 are special to p>ticul> families4 ,su* is ! case ) ! ,?rus1 a non-,aryan tribe 9 ! sub-,himlayan ,t>4 ,ea* memb] ( ! tribe con/ructs a holl[ m\nd 9 front ( 8 door1 & !reon erects a /ake ( ,palsa wood 7,butea frondosa71 :i* is reg>d$ z ! family feti% & p]iodically wor%ipp$4 ,tool ,feti%es4 ,next comes ! wor%ip ( ! tool feti%1 :i*1 accord+ to ,sir ,a4 ,lyall1 is ! e>lie/ phase or type ( ! t5d5cy :i* lat] on leads ^? ( "o guild or walk 9 life to support & cultivate "o god1 :o is elect$ 9 lieu ( ! individual trade feti%es melt$ d[n to preside ov] _! craft or trade int]e/s4 #dij ,a good example ( ?is is ! pickaxe feti% ( ! ,?ags4 ,:5 ,kl refus$ to help !m 9 ! burial ( _! victims %e gave !m "o ( h] tee? = a pickaxe1 & ! hem ( h] l[] g>m5t = a noose4 ,h5ce ! pickaxe 0 v5]at$ by ! ,?ags4 ,its fabrication 0 sup]9t5d$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 & x 0 consecrat$ ) _m c]emonies4 ,a lucky day 0 select$1 & a smi? 0 appo9t$ to =ge x ) ! mo/ pr(\nd secrecy4 ,! door 0 clos$ aga9/ all intrud]s2 ! lead] nev] left ! =ge :ile ! manufacture 0 go+ on2 & ! smi? 0 all[$ to d no o!r "w until ?is 0 complet$4 ,next came ! consecration4 ,?is 0 done on ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 or ,friday1 & c>e 0 tak5 t ! %ad[ ( no liv+ ?+ fell ^u ! axe4 ,! consecrator sat ) 8 face to ! we/1 & receiv$ ! implem5t 9 a brass di%4 ,x 0 !n wa%$ 9 wat] :i* 0 all[$ to fall into a pit made = ! purpose4 ,!n fur!r ablutions foll[$1 ! fir/ 9 sug> & wat]1 ! second 9 s\r milk1 & ! ?ird 9 spirits4 ,! axe 0 !n m>k$ f ! head to ! po9t ) sev5 spots ( r$ lead1 & replac$ on ! brass di% ) a cocoanut1 "s cloves1 :ite s&alwood1 & o!r articles4 ,a fire 0 next made ( c[dung & ! wood ( ! ,mango & ,b] tree4 ,all ! articles deposit$ on ! brass plate1 ) ! exception ( ! cocoanut1 7 ?r[n into ! fire1 & :5 ! flame rose ! ,?ag prie/ pass$ ! pickaxe ) bo? h&s sev5 times ?r\gh ! fire4 ,! cocoanut 0 !n /ripp$ ( its husk & plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! (ficiant1 hold+ ! axe by ! po9t1 ask$3 ,%all ,i /rike8 ,! by/&]s ass5t$1 & he !n broke ! cocoanut ) ! blunt end ( ! weapon1 exclaim+1 ,all hail1 ,dev6 ,great ,"m ( u all6 ,! spectators respond$1 ,all hail1 ,dev1 & prosp] ! ,?ags4 ,if ! cocoanut 0 n brok5 at "o bl[1 all ! lab\r 0 lo/2 ! goddess 0 consid]$ unpropiti\s1 & ! entire c]emony _h to be repeat$4 ,! brok5 %ell & k]nel ( ! cocoanut 7 !n ?r[n into ! fire1 ! pickaxe wrapt 9 :ite clo? 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd t[>ds ! we/1 & all pres5t pro/rat$ !mselves be=e x4 #dia ,"h we h ano!r example ( magic 9 its sympa!tic =m1 ! use ( sundry _s sc>]s1 :i* h be5 already discuss$1 & ! cocoanut repres5t+ an actual human victim4 ,weapons & ,implem5t ,feti%es4 ,9 ! same way soldi]s & w>like tribes wor%ip _! weapons4 ,?us1 ! sword 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,rjputs1 & :5 a man ( l[] ca/e m>ri$ a ,rjput girl1 %e 0 m>ri$1 z 9 ! case ( ,holk>1 to 8 sword ) 8 k]*ief b\nd r\nd x4 #dib ,?is sword-wor%ip is specially p]=m$1 z by ! ,baiswrs ( ,mirzapur & ! ,gautam sept ( ,rjputs4 ,! ,neplese wor%ip _! weapons & regim5tal col\rs at ! ,dasahra fe/ival4 ,at ! ,diwl1 or fea/ ( lamps1 on ! fir/ day !y wor%ip dogs2 on ! second day c[s & bulls2 on ! ?ird day capitali/s wor%ip _! treasure "u ! "n ( ,lak%m1 ! goddess ( weal?2 on ! f\r? day e h\sehold] wor%ips z deities ! memb]s ( 8 family1 & on ! fif? day si/]s wor%ip _! bro!rs4 #dic ,! same cu/oms prevail among ! artisan ca/es 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! hair-scrap] ( ! tann] is wor%ipp$ by curri]s1 & ! pott]'s :eel1 reg>d$ z a type ( productiv5ess1 is rev]5c$ at m>riages by _m ( ! l[] ca/es4 ,ev5 ! clay :i* has be5 mix$ by ! pott] has my/ic p[]s4 ,:5 a p]son has be5 bitt5 by a mad dog1 a lump ( ?is clay is br\ght1 & ! w\nd is t\*$ ) x :ile a spell is recit$4 #did ,c>p5t]s wor%ip _! y>d measure2 ,*amrs swe> by ! %oemak]'s la/1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! ,d>zi or tailor are made to wor%ip ! scissors4 ,9 ,b5gal1 ! ,alakhiya sect ( ,saiva ascetics pr(ess pr(\nd respect = _! alms-bag2 ! c>p5t]s wor%ip _! adze1 *isel1 & saw2 ! b>b]s _! razors1 scissors1 & mirror4 ,at ! ,srpan*am1 or fif? day ( ! mon? ( ,mgh1 ! writ] class wor%ip _! books1 p5s1 & ink/&4 ,! writ+ implem5ts are clean$1 & ! books1 wrapp$ 9 :ite clo?1 are /rewn ov] ) fl[]s & ! leaves ( "y b>ley4 #die ,! same cu/oms prevail 9 ,bombay4 ,a mill is ! ,devak or gu>dian ( oil-mak]s2 danc+ girls wor%ip a musical in/rum5t2 jewell]s wor%ip _! p9c]s & bl[pipe2 curri]s wor%ip an axe1 & m>ket g>d5]s a pair ( scales4 #dif ,9 ! ,panjb1 f>m]s wor%ip _! ox5 9 ,augu/1 _! pl\gh at ! ,dasahra fe/ival1 & !y h a c]emony at ! end ( ,octob] to drive away ticks f _! cattle2 %eph]ds wor%ip _! %eep at ! full moon ( ,july2 bank]s & cl]ks wor%ip _! books at ! ,diwl fe/ival2 gra9-sell]s wor%ip _! weights at ! ,dasahra1 ,diwl1 & ,hol1 &1 9 a way1 e morn+ z well4 ,oilm5 wor%ip _! presses at odd times2 artisans salute _! tools daily :5 !y ba!2 & g5]ally ! means ( livelihood1 :atev] !y may be1 are wor%ipp$ ) hon\r at ! ,diwl1 ,dasahra1 & ,hol4 #dig ,s ! ,pokh>na ,brhmans1 :o are said to h be5 ! navvies :o orig9ally excavat$ ! lake at ,pu%k>1 wor%ip 9 memory ( ?is ! ,kudla1 or mattock4 #dih ,all ^! cu/oms are z old z ! "t ( ! ,*aldeans1 :o sacrifice unto _! net & burn inc5se unto _! drag1 because by !m _! portion is fat & _! meat pl5te\s4 #dii ,among ^! implem5t feti%es ! corn-sieve & ! pl\gh1 ! basket1 ! broom1 & ! rice-p\nd] are ( special importance4 ,! ,corn-sieve4 ,! corn-sieve or w9n[+ basket1 ! ,my/ica vannus ,iac*i ( ,virgil1 has always enjoy$ a reputation z an emblem ( increase & prosp]ity1 & z possess+ magical p[]s4 ,! wit* 9 ,macbe? says3-- ,h] husb&'s to ,aleppo gone1 ,ma/] ( ! ,tig]2 ,b 9 a sieve ,i'll ?i!r sail4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ,scotl& to =etell ! future at ,allhall[ ,eve4 ,div9ation 0 p]=m$ ) a pair ( %e>s & a sieve4 ,aubrey describes h[ ! %e>s are /uck 9 a sieve1 & ! maid5s hold up ! sieve ) ! top ( _! f+]s by ! h&le ( ! %e>s1 !n say1 ',by ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 he ha? n /ol5 x4' ,aft] _m adjurations ! sieve w turn at ! "n ( ! ?ief4 #ejj ,9 ,india ! sieve is ! fir/ cradle ( ! baby1 & 9 ,bombay ! w9n[+ fan 9 :i* a newly-born *ild is laid is us$ on ! fif? day = ! wor%ip ( ,satv4 ,?is makes x impure1 & x is h5ce=w>d us$ only = ! h\se sweep+s4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india1 :5 a "m has lo/ a *ild1 %e puts ! next 9 a sieve & drags x ab\t1 call+ x ,kadh]an or ,ghastan1 ! dragg$ "o1 s z to baffle ! ,evil ,eye by a pret5ce ( contempt4 ,all ?r\gh ,upp] ,india1 at l[-ca/e m>riages1 ! bride's bro!r accompanies ! pair z !y revolve 9 ! m>riage %$1 & spr9kles p>*$ gra9 ov] !m out ( a sieve z a *>m = good luck & a means ( sc>+ ! demon :i* causes b>r5ness4 ,s ,iri% brides 9 old times us$ to be foll[$ by two att5dants be>+ high ov] ! heads ( ! c\ple a sieve fill$ ) meal1 a sign ( ! pl5ty t w\ld be 9 ! h\se1 & an om5 ( good luck & ! bless+ ( *ildr54 #eja ,we h already se5 t ?is rite survives 9 ! cu/om ( fl++ rice ov] ! newly-m>ri$ pair z !y leave = ! honeymoon4 ,?is habit ( sc>+ ! spirits ( evil by means ( ! sieve appe>s 9 a special usage at ! ,diwl fe/ival4 ,v e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! h\se-"m takes a sieve & a broom1 & beats !m 9 e corn] ( ! h\se1 exclaim+1 ,god abide1 & pov]ty dep>t6 ,! fan is !n c>ri$ outside ! village1 g5]ally to ! ea/ or nor?1 & be+ ?r[n away1 is suppos$1 l ! scapegoat1 to be> away ) x ! pov]ty & di/ress ( ! h\sehold4 ,! same cu/om prevails 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,po/]li is imag9$ to be a spectre 9 ! %ape ( an old woman4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! "y fell[s ( ! village assemble1 & ) l\d %\ts & cla%+ ( t9s1 r++ ( c[-bells & goat-bells1 & crack+ ( :ips1 tramp ov] hill & dale to ano!r village1 :]e ! "y m5 receive !m ) l upro>4 ,"o ( ! p>ty repres5ts ! ,po/]li1 or !y draw x 9 a sl$ge 9 ! %ape ( a puppet1 & leave x /&+ 9 a corn] ( ! o!r village4 ,9 ! same way ! ,eskimo drive ! demon ,tuna out ( _! h\ses4 #ejb ,among ! ,kols1 :5 a vacancy occurs 9 ! (fice ( ! village prie/1 ! w9n[+ fan ) "s rice is us$1 & by its magical p[] x drags ! p]son :o holds x t[>ds ! individual on :om ! sacr$ mantle has fall54 ,! same cu/om prevails among ! ,orons4 #ejc ,! ,greeks _h a special "n1 ,kosk9omantis1 = ! man :o div9$ 9 ?is way ) ! sieve1 & ! practice is m5tion$ by ,!ocritus4 #ejd ,! sieve is v commonly us$ 9 ,india z a rude =m ( ! plan*ette4 ,?r\gh ! wick]-"w ( ! rais$ side or back a /rong ,t-%ap$ twig is fix$1 "o end ( :i* re/s on ! f+]4 ,a "q is ask$1 & accord+ z ! sieve turns to ! "r or left1 ! answ] is ,yes or ,no4 ,?is is exactly :at is kn[n z ,cauff-riddl+ 9 ,york%ire & ,scotl&4 #eje ,9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 :5 ! ,ojha or cunn+ man is call$ 9 to cure disease1 or possession by evil spirits1 he puts "s sesamum into a sieve1 %akes x ab\t1 & !n proce$s to id5tify ! gho/ conc]n$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( gra9s :i* rema9 /uck betwe5 ! re$s4 ,at a ,santl cremation1 a man takes 8 seat ne> ! a%es1 & tosses rice on !m ) a w9n[+ fan till a fr5zy appe>s to seize him1 & he becomes inspir$ & says wond]ful ?+s4 #ejf ,x is "o ( ! curiosities ( comp>ative folk-lore t ?is in/rum5t %\ld be cr$it$ ) magical p[]s all ov] two cont95ts4 #ejg ,! w9n[+ basket1 aga91 p]haps f its association1 l ! w9n[+ fan1 ) ! sacr$ gra91 has my/ic p[]s4 ,9 ,scotl& x 0 us$ 9 ! rite ( creel+ z a means ( sc>+ b>r5ness4 ,! "y w$d$ pair1 ) _! fri5ds1 assemble 9 a conv5i5t spot4 ,a small creel or basket is prep>$ = ! occasion1 into :i* !y put "s /ones2 ! "y m5 c>ry x alt]nately1 & all[ !mselves to be caught by ! maid5s1 :o h a kiss :5 !y succe$4 ,aft] a great deal ( innoc5t mir? & pleasantry1 ! creel falls at l5g? to ! "y husb&'s %>e1 :o is oblig$ g5]ally to c>ry x = a long "t1 none ( ! "y wom5 hav+ compassion ^u him4 ,at l5g? 8 fair mate k9dly relieves him f 8 burd52 & h] complaisance1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 is consid]$ z a pro( ( h] satisfaction at ! *oice %e has made4 #ejh ,9 ,b5gal1 at ! full moon imm$iately foll[+ ! ,durg ,pj1 ! fe/ival ( ,lak%m1 ! goddess ( weal?1 is held4 ,9 e ,h9du h\se a basket1 :i* s]ves z ! repres5tative ( prosp]ity1 is set up & wor%ipp$4 ,?is basket1 or corn measure1 is fill$ ) paddy1 encircl$ ) a g>l& ( fl[]s1 & cov]$ ) a piece ( clo?4 ,!y sit up all night & wat* = ,lak%m to arrive1 & any neglig5ce 9 wat*+ is believ$ to br+ mis=tune on ! family4 #eji ,! ,broom4 ,! same idea applies to ! broom us$ 9 sweep+ ! h\se or collect+ ! gra9 on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,we h already se5 ! use ( x to drive out pov]ty4 ,py?agoras w>n$ 8 foll[]s aga9/ /epp+ ov] a broom4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia1 h\semaids 9 sweep+ out ! h\se are c>eful n to /ep ov] ! broom = fe> ( ! wit*es4 ,aga91 x is a ,bav>ian rule n to /ep ov] a broom :ile a conf9em5t is tak+ place 9 a h\se2 o!rwise ! bir? w be t$i\s1 & ! *ild w always rema9 small ) a l>ge head4 ,b if anyone has /epp$ ov] a broom inadv]t5tly1 he c undo ! spell by /epp+ backw>ds ov] x aga94 #eaj ,s1 9 ,bombay1 !y say y %\ld nev] /ep ov] a broom1 or y w cause a woman to suff] sev]ely 9 *ildb$4 ,9 ,bombay1 "s old ,h9du woman1 to cure a *ild affect$ by ! ,evil ,eye1 waves salt & wat] r\nd its face & /rikes ! gr\nd ) a broom ?ree times2 & among ! ,bani ,isrls ( ,bombay1 :5 ! midwife drives (f ! bla/ ( ! ,evil ,eye1 %e holds 9 h] left h& a %oe1 a w9n[+ fan1 & a broom4 #eaa ,9 ,italy1 ! broom is an old ,lat9 *>m aga9/ sorc]y4 ,! ,b]iyas1 a gypsy tribe ( ! ,ganges-,jumna ,dub1 drive (f ! disease demon ) a broom4 ,9 ,oudh1 x is said1 :5 a broom/ick has be5 done )1 x %\ld always be laid d[n1 & n left /&+4 ,mah-,brhmans1 :o ga9 by (ficiat+ at fun]al c]emonies1 are alleg$ to violate ?is rule 9 ord] to cause dea?s4 #eab ,! ,rice-p\nd]4 ,! rice-p\nd]1 too1 has magical p[]s4 ,we h se5 t x is "o ( ! articles wav$ r\nd ! heads ( ! bride & bridegroom to sc>e evil spirits4 ,9 ,b5gal1 x is wor%ipp$ :5 ! *ild is fir/ f$ ) gra94 ,& !re is a regul> wor%ip ( x 9 ! mon? ( ,baiskh1 or ,may4 ,! top is sme>$ ) r$ lead1 ano9t$ ) oil1 & (f]+s ( rice & holy ,drva grass made to x4 ,! wor%ip has ev5 be5 provid$ ) a ,brhmanical leg5d4 ,a ,guru once ord]$ 8 disciple to pron\nce ! ^w ,dh5k at lea/ "o hundr$ & eight times a day4 ,nrada ,muni 0 s pleas$ ) 8 devotion1 z he is ! patron deity ( ! rice-p\nd]1 t he paid him a visit rid+ on "o1 & c>ri$ (f 8 vot>y to heav54 #eac ,! ,pl\gh4 ,next comes ! pl\gh z a feti%4 ,! c>ry+ ab\t ( ! pl\gh & ! prohibition common 9 ,europe aga9/ mov+ x on ,%rove ,tuesday & o!r holidays h1 l _m o!r images ( ! same class1 be5 connect$ ) ,phallicism4 #ead ,b1 consid]+ ! respect :i* an agricultural p w\ld naturally pay to ! *ief implem5t us$ 9 husb&ry1 x is simpl] to class x ) ! o!r tool feti%es ( a simil> k9d4 ,9 ,india1 z 9 ,europe on ,pl\gh ,monday1 #eae !re is a regul> wor%ip ( ! pl\gh at ! end ( ! s[+ season1 :5 ! beam is col\r$ ) turm]ic1 adorn$ ) g>l&s1 & br\ght home f ! field 9 triumph4 ,aft] t day x is consid]$ unlucky to use x or l5d x4 ,! beam is put up 9 ! village cattle track :5 r9d]pe/ is ab\t1 z a *>m to drive away ! disease4 ,among "s ca/es ! poli%$ %>e is fix$ up 9 ! m>riage %$ dur+ ! c]emony4 ,among ! ,orons1 ! bride & bridegroom are made to /& on a curry /one1 "u :i* is plac$ a %eaf ( corn re/+ on ! pl\gh yoke1 & among ! same p _! god ,d>ha is repres5t$ by a pl\gh-%>e set ^u an alt> d$icat$ to him4 #eaf ,"h we h ! my/ic influ5ce ( gra9 & iron comb9$ ) ! agricultural implem5t feti%4 ,fire4 ,fire is und\bt$ly a v anci5t ,h9du protective feti%1 & its virtue z a sc>] ( demons is v g5]ally recogniz$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ leg5ds ( ! ,h9du race is t record$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 :]e ,agni1 ! god ( fire1 conceal$ himself 9 heav51 0 br\ght d[n to e>? by ,mt>isvan1 & made ov] to ! pr9cely tribe ( ,bhrigu1 9 :i* we h ! ,ori5tal v]sion ( ! my? ( ,prome!us4 ,9 ! ,v$as1 ,agni ranks next to ! ,ra9 god1 & takes prec$5ce ( e o!r god 9 connection ) sacrificial rites4 ,ev5 ! ,sun godl+ is reg>d$ z a =m ( ! heav5ly fire4 ,"o ( ! titles ( ,agni is ,praman?a1 because on ea* occasion :5 he 0 requir$ he 0 summon$ by ! friction ( ! ,aran1 or sacr$ fire-drill4 ,?is ^w ,praman?a is probably ! equival5t ( ! ,prome!us ( ! ,greeks4 ,orig9 ( ,fire-wor%ip4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,tylor1 ! real & absolute wor%ip ( fire falls into two great divisions1 ! fir/ belong+ to feti%ism1 ! second to poly!ism prop]1 & ! two app>5tly repres5t+ an e>li] & lat] /age ( !ological ideas4 ,! fir/ is ! rude1 b>b>\s adoration ( ! actual flame :i* he wat*es wri?+1 dev\r+1 ro>+ l a wild animal2 ! second belongs to an advanc$ g5]alization t any individual fire is a manife/ation ( "o g5]al elem5tal be+1 ! fire god4 #eag ,9 a tropical c\ntry x w\ld naturally be associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 & ) t ( ! sa9t$ dead z ! m$ium by :i* ! _s w+s its way to ! o!r _w4 ,among _m races fire is provid$ = ! gho/ aft] int]m5t1 to enable x to w>m itself & cook its food4 ,z ,mr4 ,sp5c] po9ts out1 ! grave fire w\ld t5d to develop into k9dr$ religi\s rites4 #eah ,! ,sacr$ ,fire4 ,b x is almo/ c]ta9ly errone\s to class ! sacr$ fire z an in/itution peculi> to ! s-call$ ,aryan races4 ,! ,homa is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( ! mod]n ,h9du ritual2 b at ! same "t x prevails ext5sively z a means ( propitiat+ ! local or village godl+s among _m ( ! ,drvidian races1 :o are q z likely to h discov]$ = !mselves ! my/ical art ( fire production by me*anical means1 z to h adopt$ x by a process ( consci\s or unconsci\s imitation f ! usages ( _! ,h9du neighb\rs4 ,! production ( fire by means ( friction is a discov]y :i* w\ld naturally occur to jungle races1 :o mu/ h con/antly se5 x occur by ! ignition ( ! bamboo /alks rubb$ toge!r by ! bla/s ( summ]4 ,f ?is w\ld easily be develop$ ! v primitive fire-drill or ,asg>a1 us$ to ?is day by ! ,*]os1 ,korwas1 ,bhuiyas & o!r ,drvidian dwell]s 9 ! jungle4 ,^! p ev5 to ! pres5t day habitually produce fire 9 ?is way4 ,a small r\nd cavity is made 9 a dry piece ( bamboo1 9 :i* two m5 alt]nately ) _! op5 h&s revolve a second po9t$ piece ( ! wood ( ! same tree4 ,smoke & f9ally fire are rapidly produc$ 9 ?is way1 & ! sp>ks are receiv$ on a dry leaf or o!r suitable t9d]4 ,! use ( ! fl9t & /eel is also common1 & 0 possibly an e>ly & indep5d5t inv5tion ( ! same p4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t day 9 "s ( _! m secret wor%ip ( ! village godl+s ( disease1 fire is produc$ = ! fire sacrifice by ?is primitive me?od4 ,! ,fire-drill4 ,:at has be5 call$ ! ,aryan fire-drill1 ! ,aran1 :i* 9 "o s5se means =eign or /range1 & 9 ano!r mov+ or ent]+1 be+ ins]t$1 is n app>5tly n[adays us$ 9 ! ord9>y ritual = ! production ( fire = ! ,homa or fire sacrifice4 ,! rites connect$ ) ! sacr$ fire h be5 giv5 9 detail 9 ano!r place4 #eai ,9 ,nor!rn ,india1 at lea/1 ! production ( ! sacr$ fire has become ! speciality ( "o bran* ( ! ,brhmans1 ! ,guj>ti1 :o are employ$ to conduct c]ta9 special s]vices occasionally conduct$ at l>ge co/ by weal?y devotees1 & kn[n z ,jag or ,yak%a1 9 ! s5se ( "s p>ticul> religi\s rite4 ,! ,aran 9 its mod]n =m consi/s ( five pieces4 ,! ,adh>>an is ! l[] b$ ( ! in/rum5t1 & is usually made ( ! h>d wood ( ! ,khadira or ,khair--,acacia cate*u4 ,9 ?is are bor$ two %all[ holes1 "o1 ! ,g>ta1 a small %all[ r\nd cavity1 9 :i* ! plung] or revolv+ drill works & produces fire by friction4 ,close to ?is is a %all[ oblong cavity1 kn[n z ! ,yon or matrix1 9 :i* combu/ible t9d]1 g5]ally ! husk ( ! cocoanut1 is plac$1 & 9 :i* ! sp>ks & heat$ a%es are receiv$ & ignit$4 ,! upp] or revolv+ portion ( ! drill is kn[n z ,utt>>an or ,praman?a4 ,?is consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! upp] portion a piece ( h>d1 r\nd wood :i* "o prie/ revolves ) a rope or cord kn[n z ,netra4 ,?is "p ( ! implem5t is kn[n z ,man?a or ! *urn]4 ,x has a socket at ! base 9 :i* ! ,sanku1 a spike or d>t1 is fix$4 ,?is ,sanku is made ( a s(t] wood1 g5]ally t ( ! ,ppal1 or sacr$ fig tree1 ?an ! ,adh>>an or base2 & ea* ,aran is provid$ ) sev]al sp>e pieces ( fig wood = ! purpose ( replac+ ! ,sanku1 z x becomes gradually *>r$ away by friction4 ,! la/ piece is ! ,upaman?a or upp] *urn]1 :i* is a flat bo>d ) a socket4 ,?is is press$ d[n by "o prie/1 s z to =ce ! ,sanku deep & h>d into ! ,g>ta or l[] cavity1 & to increase ! resi/ance4 ,! work+ ( ! implem5t ?us requires ! lab\r ( two prie/s1 "o ( :om presses d[n ! plung]1 & ! o!r :o revolves ! drill rapidly by means ( ! rope4 ,x is n easy to obta9 specim5s ( ! implem5t1 :i* is reg>d$ z possess+ my/ical prop]ties1 & ! production ( ! sacr$ fire is always conduct$ 9 secret4 ,we h 9 "o ( ! ,african folk-tales a ref]5ce to ! production ( ! fire by friction1 9 :i* ! hyna gets 8 e> burnt4 #ebj ,9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva we read1 ,!n ! ,brhman bless$ ! k+ & said to him1 ',i am a ,brhman nam$ ,nga ,s>man1 & be> ! fruit1 ,i hope1 f my sacrifice4 ,:5 ! god ( fire is pleas$ ) ?is ,vilva sacrifice1 !n ,vilva fruits ( gold w come out ( ! fire cavity4 ,!n ! god ( fire w appe> 9 bodily =m1 & grant me a boon1 & s ,i h sp5t mu* "t 9 (f]+ ,vilva fruits4' ,!n ! sev5-ray$ god appe>$ f ! sacrificial cavity1 br++ ! k+ a gold5 ,vilva fruit ( 8 tree ( val\r4 #eba ,! ,agnikunda1 ! hole or enclos$ space = ! sacr$ fire1 out ( :i*1 accord+ to ! popul> leg5d1 v>i\s ,rjput tribes 7 produc$1 is ?us probably d]iv$ f ! ,g>ta or pit out ( :i* ! sp>ks fly 9 ! fire-drill4 ,! ,agnihotri ,brhman has to take p>ticul> c>e to pres]ve ! g]m ( ! sacr$ fire1 z did ! ,roman ve/al virg9s4 ,x is 9 *>ge ( ! special gu>dians at "s %r9es1 su* z ^? ( ,sambhun? & ,kh>g ,jog9 at ,nepl4 #ebb ,! ,muhammadan ,sacr$ ,fire4 ,b x is n only 9 ! ,h9du ritual t ! sacr$ fire holds a prom95t place4 ,?us1 9 anci5t ,irel&1 ! sacr$ fire 0 obta9$ by ! friction ( wood & ! /rik+ ( /ones1 & x 0 suppos$ t ! spirits ( fire dwelt 9 ^! objects1 & :5 ! prie/s invok$ !m to appe>1 !y br\ght good luck to ! h\sehold = ! com+ ye>1 b if invok$ by o!r h&s on t special day1 _! influ5ce 0 malific4 #ebc ,s1 among ! ,muhammadans 9 ! "t ( ,akb>1 at noon ( ! day :5 ! sun ent]s ! #ai? degree ( ,aries1 ! :ole _w be+ surr\nd$ by ! light1 !y expose a r\nd piece ( a :ite %9+ /one1 call$ 9 ,h9di ,srajkrant4 #ebd ,a piece ( cotton is !n held ne> x1 :i* cat*es fire f ! heat ( ! /one4 ,! cele/ial fire is committ$ to ! c>e ( prop] p]sons4 #ebe ,p]haps ! be/ example ( ! ,muhammadan sacr$ fire is t at ! ,immbra at ,gorakhpur4 ,!re x 0 fir/ />t$ by a r5[n$ ,%iah ,faqr1 nam$ ,ro%an ',ali1 & has be5 ma9ta9$ unqu5*$ = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 a special body ( att5dants & supplies ( wood be+ provid$ = x4 ,!re seems little reason to believe t ! fire is a regul> ,muhammadan in/itution2 x has probably aris5 f an imitation ( ! cu/oms ( ! ,h9du ,jogis4 ,x is respect$ bo? by ,h9dus & ,musalmns1 & z 9 ! case ( ! fires ( ! same k9d1 ma9ta9$ by _m not$ ,jogis1 its a%es h a reputation z a cure = fev]4 ,we %all meet ) ! same belief ( ! curative effects ( ! a%es ( ! sacr$ fire 9 ! case ( ! ,hol4 ,! a%es ( ! ,jogi's fire =m a "p ( _m popul> *>ms4 ,9 ,italy1 ! holy log burnt on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 :i* corresponds to ! ,yule log ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 is tak5 ) due obs]vances to ! ,faunus1 or o!r spirits ( ! =e/4 #ebf ,9 ,irel& "p ( ! a%es f ! bonfire on ! #bd? ( ,june is ?r[n into s[n fields to make _! produce abundant4 #ebg ,! c]emony ( /rew+ a%es on ! p5it5t on ,a% ,w$nesday dates f ,saxon times4 #ebh ,a mod]n ,muhammadan ( ! advanc$ s*ool has endeav\r$ to rationalize ! curative effect ( ! a%es ( ! ,gorakhpur fire by ! sugge/ion t x is ! pota% 9 x :i* works ! cure1 b probably ! elem5t ( fai? has mu* to d ) x4 #ebi ,volcanic ,fire2 ,w-o'-!-,wisp4 ,fire ( a volcanic nature is1 z might be expect$1 reg>d$ ) v5]ation4 ,su* is ! fire :i* 9 "s places 9 ,ka%mr rises out ( ! gr\nd4 #ecj ,! meteoric light or ,%ahba is also mu* respect$4 ,9 ,ho%angbd !re is a local godl+1 kn[n z ,khapra ,bba1 :o lives on ! edge ( a tank1 & is said to appe> 9 ! d>kness ) a procession ( lights4 #eca ,9 ,rohilkh& & ! we/]n di/ricts ( ,oudh1 "o (t5 he>s ( ! ,%ahba4 ,9 burial-gr\nds1 especially :]e ! bodies ( ^? sla9 9 battle are int]r$1 x is said t phantom armies appe> 9 ! night4 ,t5ts are pit*$1 ! horses are te!r$1 & lovely girls dance be=e ! h]oes & ! ,j9n :o are 9 _! tra94 ,sometimes "s fooli% mortal is attract$ by ! spectacle1 & he suff]s = 8 foolh>d9ess by loss ( life or reason4 ,sometimes ^! ignes fatui mislead ! travell] at night1 z ,rob9 ,goodfell[ misleads night w&]]s1 laugh+ at _! h>m1 or ! ,corni% piskies1 :o %[ a light & entice p into bogs4 #ecb ,!re appe>s to be 9 ,nor!rn ,india no trace ( ! idea :i* s widely appe>s 9 ,europe1 t su* lights are ! s\ls ( unbaptiz$ *ildr54 #ecc ,! ,tomb ,feti%4 ,next comes ! respect paid to ! cairn :i* cov]s ! rema9s ( ! dead or is a m]e c5otaph commemorat+ a dea?4 ,we h already se5 in/ances ( ?is 9 ! pile ( /ones :i* m>ks ! place :]e a tig] has kill$ a man1 & 9 ! cairns 9 hon\r ( ! jungle deities1 or ! spirits :i* infe/ dang]\s passes4 ,! rationale ( ^! sepul*ral cairns is to keep d[n ! gho/ ( ! dead man & prev5t x f injur+ ! liv+4 ,we see ! same idea 9 ! rule ( ! old ritual1 t on ! dep>ture ( ! la/ m\rn]1 aft] ! conclusion ( ! fun]al c]emony1 ! ,adhvryu1 or (ficiat+ prie/1 %\ld place a circle ( /ones beh9d him1 to prev5t dea? ov]tak+ ^? :o h gone 9 advance4 #ecd ,! primitive grave-heap gr[s into ! cairn1 & ! cairn into ! tomb or ,/pa4 #ece ,9 ! way ( a tomb ,h9dus w wor%ip almo/ any?+4 ,! tomb ( an ,engli% lady is wor%ipp$ at ,bh&ra 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,at ,murm>i1 9 ! ,ngpur ,di/rict1 a simil> tomb is sme>$ ) turm]ic & lime1 & p (f] cocoanuts to x 9 ! hope ( gett+ increas$ produce f _! fields4 ,! tomb ( an ,engli% (fic] ne> ! ,=t ( ,bijayg>h 9 ! ,alig>h ,di/rict 01 :5 ,i visit$ ! place "s ye>s ago1 rev]$ z ! %r9e ( ! local village godl+4 ,!re is a simil> case at ,rwalp9di4 ,!re is a curr5t tale ( "s p (f]+ br&y & cig>s to ! tomb ( a ,european plant] :o 0 addict$ to ^! luxuries 9 8 lifetime1 b no "o c tell :]e ! tomb actually exi/s4 #ecf ,miscellane\s ,feti%es4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! ,slagrma feti%4 ,ak9 to ?is is ! ,vi%nupada1 ! suppos$ footm>k ( ,vi%nu1 :i* is v l ! footm>k ( ,h]cules1 ( :i* ,h]odotus speaks4 #ecg ,!re is a celebrat$ ,vi%nupada temple at ,gaya1 :]e ! footpr9t ( ,vi%nu is 9 a l>ge silv] bas9 "u a canopy1 inside an octagonal %r9e4 ,p9das or holy balls & v>i\s k9ds ( (f]+s are plac$ by ! pilgrims inside ! bas9 & ar\nd ! footpr9t4 #ech ,x 0 probably d]iv$ f ! footm>k ( ,buddha1 :i* is a fav\rite subject 9 ! e>ly ,buddhi/ic sculptures4 ,dr4 ,tylor1 curi\sly en\gh1 ?9ks t x may h "s connection ) ! footm>ks ( ext9ct birds or animals impr9t$ on ! /rata ( alluvial rocks4 #eci ,ev5 among ,muhammadans we h ! same idea1 & ! ,qadam-i-,rasl1 or mosque ( ! footpr9t ( ! ,prophet at ,luckn[1 us$ to conta9 a /one m>k$ ) 8 footm>ks1 :i* 0 said to h be5 br\ght by "s pilgrim f ,arabia4 ,x disappe>$ dur+ ! ,mut9y4 #edj ,!re is ano!r 9 a mosque at ,*unr & at _m o!r places4 ,! same respect is paid to ! footpr9t ( ,rman& 9 8 mona/]y at ,b5>es1 & ! p9 ( ,brahma's slipp] is n[ fix$ up 9 ! /eps ( ! ba?+-place at ,bi?r1 kn[n z ! resid5ce ( ! infam\s ,nna ,shib1 :]e x is wor%ipp$ at an annual fea/4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,animal-,,wor%ip4 ,t de kai ,autom$n hypage zygon keas hipp\s ,*an?on kai ,balion1 t hama pnoisi pete/hn ,t\s eteke ,zephyr anem ,h>puia ,pod>g ,boskom5 leimni p>a rhoon keanoio4 ,iliad1 xvi4 #adh-ea4 ,orig9 ( ,animal-wor%ip4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! special wor%ip ( c]ta9 animals4 ,! orig9 ( ?is =m ( belief may possibly be trac$ to _m diff]5t s\rces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no savage fixes ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 man & ! l[] =ms ( animal life s def9itely z m civiliz$ races are wont to d4 ,! animal1 9 _! belief1 has v mu* ! same s\l1 mu* ! same feel+s & passion z m5 h1 a !ory exemplifi$ 9 ! way ! ,indian pl\ghman speaks to 8 ox1 or ! %eph]d calls 8 flock4 ,to him1 aga91 ! belief is famili> t ! spirits ( 8 ance/ors appe> 9 ! =m ( animals1 z among ! ,drvidian races !y come 9 ! %ape ( a tig] :i* attacks ! surviv+ relatives1 or z a *ick5 :i* leaves ! m>k ( its foot/eps 9 ! a%es :5 x re-visits its =m] home4 ,s1 all ^! p believe t ! wit* s\l w&]s ab\t at night1 & = want ( a bett] %ape ent]s into "s animal1 takes ! =m ( a tig] or a be>1 or flies ?r\gh ! air l a bird4 ,all ?r\gh folk-lore we f9d ! idea t man has k9%ip ) animals g5]ally accept$4 ,we con/antly f9d ! girl woo$ by ! frog1 m>ry+ ! pigeon1 elephant1 eagle1 or :ale4 ,e *ild 9 ! nurs]y reads ( ! frog ,pr9ce1 & no savage sees any p>ticul> incongruity 9 8 m>riage & trans=mation4 ,9 m ?an "o ( ! ,indian tales ! *ildless wife longs = a *ild & is deliv]$ ( a snake4 ,! incid5t ( animal metamorphosis is also famili>4 ,?us1 9 "o ( ,somadeva's tales 8 mi/ress turns a man into an ox2 9 ano!r 8 wife trans=ms him into a buffalo2 9 a ?ird ! angry h]mit turns ! k+ into an elephant4 #eda ,ev]yone rememb]s ! t]rific sc5e ( trans=mation into v>i\s animals :i* makes up ! tale ( ! second ,qal&> 9 ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,animals1 too1 con/antly assume o!r %apes4 ,9 "o ( ! ,b5gal /ories ! m\se becomes a cat4 ,9 o!r ,indian tales ! gold5 de] becomes ! mannik9 demon1 ! :ite h9d becomes ! :ite wit*1 ! h]o's "m becomes a black bit*1 ! h]o himself a p>rot1 & s on4 #edb ,9 fact a l>ge "p ( ! incid5ts ( ,indian /ories turns on v>i\s =ms ( metamorphosis1 & e ,engli% *ild kn[s h[ ! lov] ( ,e>l ,m>'s daught] took ! %ape ( a dove4 ,we h aga9 ! v common incid5t 9 ! folk-tales ( animals und]/&+ ! spee* ( human be+s1 & m5 le>n+ ! tongue ( birds1 & ! l4 ,solomon1 accord+ to ! ,qurn1 knew ! language ( animals2 9 ! tales ( ,somadeva1 ! ,vaisya ,bh%jna kn[s ! language ( all bea/s & birds1 a faculty :i* 9 ,g]many is ga9$ by eat+ a :ite snake4 #edc ,!n !re is ! l>ge cycle ( tales 9 :i* ! grateful animal w>ns ! h]o or h]o9e ( approa*+ dang]1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,bopulu*i1 or br+s news1 or produces gold4 ,! idea ( grateful animals assi/+ _! b5efactors runs ?r\gh ! :ole range ( folk-lore4 #edd ,ano!r s]ies ( cognate ideas has be5 v c>efully analyz$ by ,mr4 ,campbell4 ,! spirits ( ! dead haunt two places1 ! h\se & ! tomb4 ,^? :o haunt ! h\se are fri5dly2 ^? :o haunt ! tomb are unfri5dly4 ,two classes ( animals correspond to ^! two classes ( spirits--an at-home1 fe>less class1 z ! snake1 ! rat1 flies & ants & bees1 into :i* ! home-haunt+ or fri5dly spirits w\ld g2 & a wild1 unsociable class1 su* z bats & owls1 dogs1 jackals1 or vultures1 into :i* ! unfri5dly or tomb-haunt+ spirits w\ld g4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ^! tomb-haunt+ animals1 ! dog1 jackal1 & vulture1 ! feel+ t[>ds !m z tomb-haunt]s seems to h giv5 place to ! belief t z ! _s lives 9 ! tomb :]e ! body is laid1 s1 if ! body be eat5 by an animal1 ! _s lives 9 ! animal1 z 9 a liv+ tomb4 #ede ,o!r animals1 aga91 are inve/$ ) p>ticul> qualities1 fi]c5ess & c\rage1 /r5g? or agility1 & eat+ "p ( _! fle%1 or we>+ a portion z an amulet1 conveys to ! possessor ! qualities ( ! animal4 ,a famili> in/ance ( ?is is ! belief 9 ! claws & fle% ( ! tig] z amulets or *>ms aga9/ disease & ! influ5ce ( evil spirits4 ,_m animals1 too1 are respect$ = _! use to man or z sc>]s ( demons1 z ! c[2 z possessors ( wisdom1 l ! elephant or snake2 z semi-human 9 orig9 or "*1 z ! ape4 ,b x is1 p]haps1 dang]\s to attempt1 z ,mr4 ,campbell has done1 to pu% ! classification mu* f>!r1 because ! respect paid to any p>ticul> animal is possibly bas$ on v>i$ & div]g+ l9es ( belief4 ,la/ly1 z ,mr4 ,fraz] has %[n1 _m animals are reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! ,corn _s1 & are ei!r rev]$ or kill$ 9 _! div9e =ms to promote ! return ( vegetation ) ea* recurr+ spr+4 ,horse-wor%ip4 ,to illu/rate "s ( ^! pr9ciples f ! wor%ip ( c]ta9 special animals1 we may beg9 ) ! horse4 ,w> horses 7 s highly priz$ by ! e>ly ,aryans 9 _! battles ) ! aborig9es1 t ! horse1 "u ! "n ( ,dadhikra1 he t scatt]s ! ho> fro/ l milk1 soon became an object ( wor%ip1 & 9 ! ,v$a we h a spirit$ acc\nt ( ! wor%ip paid to ?is godlike be+4 #edf ,ano!r horse (t5 spok5 ( 9 ! e>ly leg5ds is ,syma ,k>na1 he ) ! black e>s1 :i* alone 0 consid]$ a suitable victim 9 ! horse sacrifice or ,asvam$ha4 ,"o hundr$ horse sacrifices entitl$ ! sacrific] to displace ,indra f heav51 s ! deity 0 always try+ to capture ! horse :i* 0 all[$ to roam ab\t be=e immolation4 ,! sa9t ,glava1 :o 0 a pupil ( ,visvamitra1 :5 he _h complet$ 8 /udies1 ask$ 8 tutor :at fee he %\ld pay4 ,! sa9t told him t he *>g$ no fee1 b he insi/$ 9 ask+1 till at la/ ! angry ,ri%i said t he w\ld be cont5t ) no?+ less ?an a ?\s& black-e>$ horses4 ,aft] long se>* ,glava f\nd ?ree *ildless ,rjas1 :o _h ea* two hundr$ su* horses1 & !y cons5t$ to ex*ange !m = sons4 ,glava !n w5t to ,yayti1 ^: daught] c\ld be> a son = any "o & /ill rema9 a virg94 ,by h] means ! ?ree ,rjas became fa!rs ( sons1 ,visvamitra took !m1 & to make up ! numb]1 _h himself two sons by ! same my/ic bride4 ,9 ! ,mahbhrata1 ,u**aihsravas1 he ) ! long e>s1 or he t neighs l\dly1 is ! k+ ( ! horses1 & belongs to ,indra4 ,he is swift z ?\ght1 foll[s ! pa? ( ! sun1 & is lum9\s & :ite1 ) a black tail1 made s by ! magic ( ! s]p5ts1 :o h cov]$ x ) black hair4 ,9 ! folk-tales he consorts ) m>es ( mortal bir?1 & begets /e$s ( unrivall$ spe$1 l ! div9e ,hom]ic c\rs]s ( neas4 #edg ,9 ! tales ( ,somadeva we f9d ! k+ address+ 8 fai?ful horse1 & pray+ = 8 aid 9 dang]1 z ,a*illes speaks to 8 /e$s ,xan?os & ,balios1 & 9 ! ,k>l+ leg5d ( ,bay>d4 #edh ,we meet also ) ! horse ( ,manidatta1 :i* 0 :ite z ! moon2 ! s\nd ( its neigh+ 0 z musical z t ( a cle> con* or o!r sweet-s\nd+ in/rum5t2 x look$ l ! waves ( ! sea ( milk surg+ on high2 x 0 m>k$ ) curls on ! neck1 & adorn$ ) ! cre/ jewels1 ! bracelet1 & o!r signs1 :i* x seem$ x _h acquir$ by be+ born 9 ! race ( ,g&h>vas4 ,at a lat] my?ological /age we meet ,kalki1 ! :ite horse :i* is to be ! la/ ,avatra ( ,vi%nu1 & rem9ds u ( ! :ite horse ( ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,we meet 9 ! ,rig ,v$a ) ,yatudhanas1 ! demon horse1 :i* fe$s n[ ^u human fle% 7l ! ,bucephalus ( ! leg5d ( ,alex&]71 n[ ^u horsefle%1 & n[ ^u milk f c[s4 ,he has a ho/ ( bre?r51 su* z ,arvan1 half horse1 half bird1 on :i* ! ,daityas are suppos$ to ride4 ,dadhyan* or ,dadh*a has a curi\s leg5d4 ,he 0 a ,ri%i&4 ,indra1 aft] tea*+ him ! sci5ces1 ?reat5$ to cut 8 head (f if he communicat$ ! k to any "o else4 ,b ! ,asw9s tempt$ him to disobey ! god1 & !n1 to save him f ! wra? ( ,indra1 cut (f 8 head & replac$ x ) t ( a horse4 ,f9ally ,indra f\nd 8 horse-head 9 ! lake at ,kuruk%etra1 & us+ x z ,sampson did ! jaw-bone ( ! ass1 he slew ! ,asuras4 ,we h1 aga91 ,vi%nu 9 ! =m ( ,hayagrva1 or horse-neck$1 :i* he assum$ to save ! ,v$a1 c>ri$ (f by two ,asuras1 & 9 ano!r %ape he is ,hayasiras or ,hayasr%a1 :i* vomits =? fire & dr9ks up ! wat]s4 ,9 ! ,purnas we meet ! ,daitya ,kesi1 :o assumes ! =m ( a horse & attacks ,kri%na1 b ! h]o ?ru/s 8 h& into 8 m\? & r5ds him asund]4 ,a l>ge *apt] ( ,scotti% folk-lore dep5ds on ! do+s ( magic horses su* z ^!4 #edi ,! fly+ horse ( ! ,arabian ,nights has be5 transf]r$ into _m ( ! curr5t folk-tales1 & has f\nd its way into ,european folk-lore4 #eej ,9 ! same connection we meet ! magic bridle2 ! fly+ c>1 su* z ,pu%paka1 ! fly+ vehicle ( ,kuv]a1 ! god ( weal?2 ! fly+ b$1 ! ,urn ,khatola ( ! ,indian tales2 ! fly+ boat1 & ! fly+ %oes4 #eea ,!re are num]\s o!r horses fam\s 9 ,h9du leg5d4 ,! sa9t ,alam ,sayyid ( ,b>oda 0 kn[n z ,ghor ,k ,pr1 or ! horse sa9t4 ,8 horse 0 buri$ ne> him1 & ,h9dus hang images ( ! animal on trees r\nd 8 tomb4 #eeb ,we h already spok5 ( ,gga & 8 m>e ,javdiy4 ,! horse ( ! k+ ( ,bhilsa or ,bhadrvat 0 ( dazzl+ brightness1 & reg>d$ z ! palladium ( ! k+dom1 b 9 spite ( all ! c>e be/[$ ^u x1 x 0 c>ri$ (f by ! ,pndavas4 ,!re is a /ock horse miracle /ory told 9 connection ) ,ll ,beg1 ! patron sa9t ( ! sweep]s4 ,! k+ ( ,delhi lo/ a valuable horse1 & ! sweep]s 7 ord]$ to bury x1 b z ! animal 0 v fat1 !y proce$$ to cut x up = !mselves1 giv+ "o leg to ! k+'s prie/4 ,!y took ! meat home & proce$$ to cook x1 b be+ %ort ( salt1 !y s5t an old woman to buy "s4 ,%e w5t to ! salt m]*ant's %op & press$ him to s]ve h] at once1 ,if y d n hurry1 said %e1 a ?\s& rupees' wor? ( meat w be ru9$4 ,he in=m$ ! k+1 :o1 suspect+ ! /ate ( ! case1 ord]$ ! sweep]s to produce ! horse4 ,!y 7 9 dismay at ! ord]1 b !y laid :at 0 left ( ! animal on a m\nd sacr$ to ,ll ,beg1 & pray$ to him to save !m1 :]eupon ! horse /ood up1 b only on ?ree legs4 ,s !y w5t to ! k+ & confess$ h[ !y _h dispos$ ( ! f\r? leg4 ,! unlucky prie/ 0 execut$1 & ! horse soon aft] di$ also4 #eec ,! horse is reg>d$ z a lucky & exce$+ly pure animal4 ,:5 a cook+ vessel has become 9 any way defil$1 a common way ( purify+ x is to make a horse smell x4 ,9 ! ,dakkh9 x is said t evil spirits w n approa* a horse = fe> ( 8 foam4 #eed ,9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ! entry ( a man on horseback into a sug>-cane field dur+ s[+ "t is reg>d$ z auspici\s4 ,?is tak+ ( om5s f horses 0 well kn[n 9 ,g]many1 & ,tacitus says1 ,proprium g5tis equorum praesagia ac monitus exp]iri1 h9nitus ac fremitus obs]vant4 #eee ,!re does n appe> to be 9 ,india any trace ( ! idea preval5t 9 ,engl& t ! horse has ! p[] ( see+ gho/s1 or t x c cure diseases su* z :oop+ c\gh4 #eef ,b1 l ! bull1 ! /allion is believ$ to sc>e ! demon ( b>r5ness4 ,9 ! ,rmyana1 ,kausaly t\*es ! /allion 9 ! hope ( obta9+ sons1 & ) ! same object ! k+ & que5 smell ! od\r ( ! burnt m>r[ or fat ( ! horse4 ,! wat] 9 :i* a fi% is wa%$ has ! same effect on wom5 9 ,we/]n folk-lore4 ,) ! same object1 at ! ,asvam$ha1 ! que5 lies at night beside ! sla9 sacrificial horse4 #eeg ,x is popul>ly suppos$ t ! horse orig9ally _h w+s1 & t ! *e/nuts or sc>s on ! legs are ! places :]e ! w+s orig9ally grew4 ,eat+ horsefle% is suppos$ to br+ on cramp1 & :5 a ,sepoy at rifle practice misses ! t>get1 8 comrades taunt him ) hav+ eat5 ! unlucky meat4 #eeh ,mod]n ,horse-wor%ip4 ,( mod]n horse-wor%ip !re are _m examples4 ,! ,palliwl ,brhmans ( ,jaysalm] wor%ip ! bridle ( a horse1 :i* ,colonel ,tod supposes to prove ! ,scy?ic orig9 ( ! e>ly coloni/s1 :o 7 eque/rian z well z nomadic4 #eei ,horse-wor%ip is /ill mix$ up ) ! cre$ ( ! ,buddhi/s ( ,yunn1 :o d\btless d]iv$ x f ,india4 #efj ,9 ,we/]n ,india ?is =m ( wor%ip is common4 ,x is ! *ief object ( rev]5ce at ! ,dasahra fe/ival4 ,"s ,rjput ,bhls wor%ip a deity call$ ,ghordeva or a /one horse2 ! ,bhtiyas wor%ip a clay horse at ! ,dasahra1 & ! ,ojha ,kumhrs erect a clay horse on ! six? day aft] bir?1 & make ! *ild wor%ip x4 ,rag horses are (f]$ at ! tombs ( sa9ts at ,guj>t4 ,! ,kunbis wa% _! horses on ! day ( ! ,dasahra1 decorate !m ) fl[]s1 sacrifice a %eep to !m1 & spr9kle ! blood on !m4 #efa ,! cu/om among ! ,drvidian races ( (f]+ clay horses to ! local gods has be5 already notic$4 ,! ,gonds h a horse godl+ 9 ,kodap51 & at ! op5+ ( ! ra9y season !y wor%ip a /one 9 8 hon\r outside ! village4 ,a ,gond prie/ (f]s a pott]y image ( ! animal & a heif]1 say+1 ,?\ art our gu>dian6 ,protect our ox5 & c[s6 ,let u live 9 safety6 #efb ,! heif] is !n sacrific$ & ! meat eat5 by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,devak or m>riage gu>dian ( "s ( ! ,dakkh9 tribes is a horse4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,ass4 ,! contempt = ! ass seems to h aris5 9 po/-,v$ic times4 ,indra _h a swift-foot$ ass1 & "o ( ! epi!ts ( ,vikramaditya 0 ,gadh>bha-rpa1 or he 9 ! =m ( an ass4 ,! ,vi%nu ,purna tells ( ! demon ,dh5uka1 :o took ! =m ( an ass & began to kick ,bal>ma & ,kri%na1 z !y 7 pluck+ fruit 9 ! demon's grove4 ,bal>ma seiz$ him1 ) sundry ( 8 companions & flung him on ! top ( a palm tree4 ,kh>a1 a cannibal ,rk%asa :o 0 kill$ by ,rma ,*&ra1 also us$ to take ! =m ( an ass4 ,muhammad said1 ,! mo/ ungrateful ( all voices is surely ! voice ( asses4 ,muhammadans believe t ! la/ animal :i* ent]$ ! ark 0 ! ass to :i* ,ibls 0 cl++4 ,at ! ?re%old ! bea/ seem$ tr\bl$ & c\ld ent] no f>!r1 :5 ,noah said unto him1 ,fie ^u !e6 ,come 96 ,b z ! ass 0 /ill 9 tr\ble & did n advance1 ,noah cri$1 ,come 91 ?\gh ! ,devil be ) !e6 ,s ! ass ent]$1 & ) him ,ibls4 ,!reupon ,noah ask$1 ,o enemy ( ,allah6 ,:o br\ght !e into ! ark8 ,& ,ibls answ]$1 ,?\ art ! man1 = ?\ saide/ to ! ass1 ',come 91 ?\gh ! ,devil be ) !e6' #efc ,! wor%ip ( ! ass is *iefly associat$ ) t ( ,stal1 ^: vehicle he is4 ,! ,ag>wla sub-ca/e ( ,banyas h a curi\s rule ( mak+ ! bridegroom j be=e m>riage m\nt an ass4 ,?is is done 9 secret1 & ?\gh said to be int5d$ to propitiate ! goddess ( small-pox1 is possibly a survival ( "s primitive =m ( wor%ip4 ,9 folk-lore ! ass con/antly appe>s4 ,we h 9 ,somadeva ! fable ( ! ass 9 ! pan!r's sk91 :i* also appe>s 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,pan*atantra4 ,pr(essor ,web] ass]ts t x 0 d]iv$ f ! orig9al 9 sop1 b ?is is improbable1 z x is also f\nd 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,jtakas4 ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales we h ! bird say+1 ,if any p]son w peel (f ! b>k ( my tree1 p\nd x1 mix ! p[d] ) "s ( ! juice ( its leaves & !n "w x into a ball1 x w be f\nd to "w l a *>m2 = any "o :o smells x w be turn$ into an ass4 #efd ,we h in/ances ( ass trans=mation 9 ,apuleius & ,lucian1 & 9 ,g]man & o!r ,we/]n folk-tales4 ,! ,lion4 ,! lion1 f 8 comp>ative r>ity 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 appe>s little 9 popul> belief4 ,x is "o ( ! vehicles ( ,prvat1 & rude images ( ! animal are sometimes plac$ ne> %r9es d$icat$ to ,dev4 ,!re is a curr5t idea t only "o pair ( lions exi/s 9 ! _w at ! same "t4 ,!y h two cubs1 a male & a female1 :i*1 :5 !y arrive at maturity1 dev\r _! p>5ts4 ,9 ! folk-tales ! *ildless k+ is in/ruct$ t he w f9d 9 ! =e/ a boy rid+ on a lion1 & ?is w be 8 son4 ,! lovely maid5 9 ! leg5d ( ,jimutavhana is met rid+ on a lion4 ,we h ! lion ,p+alika1 k+ ( bea/s1 ) ! jackal z 8 m9i/]1 & 9 "o ( ! cycle ( tales 9 :i* ! weak animal ov]comes ! m p[]ful1 ! h>e by 8 wisdom causes ! lion to dr[n himself4 ,! basis ( ! fam\s tale ( ,&rocles is probably ,buddhi/ic1 b only a fa9t ref]5ce to x is f\nd 9 ,somadeva4 ,9 "o ( ! mod]n /ories ! soldi] takes a ?orn out ( ! tig]'s foot1 & is rew>d$ ) a box :i* conta9s a manik91 :o procures = him all he desires4 #efe ,! ,tig]4 ,! tig] naturally takes ! place ( ! lion4 ,accord+ to ! comp>ative my?ologi/s1 ! tig]1 pan!r1 & leop>d possess sev]al ( ! my/ical *>act]i/ics ( ! lion z ! hidd5 sun4 ,?us1 ,dionysos & ,siva1 ! phallical god p> excell5ce1 h ^! animals z _! emblems4 #eff ,siva1 x is true1 is repres5t$ z sitt+ 9 8 ascetic =m on a tig] sk91 b x is 8 consort1 ,durg1 :o uses ! animal z h] vehicle4 ,q ap>t f ! sol> my? !ory1 ! belief t wit*es are *ang$ into tig]s1 & ! t]ror inspir$ by him1 are q suffici5t to acc\nt = ! hon\r be/[$ ^u him4 ,mu* also ( ! wor%ip ( ! tig] is probably ( totemi/ic orig94 ,?us ! ,baghel ,rjputs claim desc5t1 & f him 7bgh1 vyghra1 ! spott$ "o7 d]ive _! "n4 ,?is tribe w n1 9 ,c5tral ,india1 de/roy ! animal4 ,s1 no consid]ation w induce a ,sumatran to cat* or w\nd a tig]1 except 9 self-def5ce1 or imm$iately aft] ! tig] has de/roy$ a fri5d or a relation4 ,:5 a ,european has set traps = tig]s1 ! p ( ! neighb\rhood h be5 kn[n to g by night to ! spot & expla9 to ! tig] t ! traps 7 n set by !m1 nor ) _! cons5t4 ,! ,bhls & ! ,bajrwat ,rjputs ( ,rjputna also claim tig] orig94 #efg ,ano!r idea appe>+ 9 tig]-wor%ip is t he eats human fle%1 & ?us obta9s possession ( ! s\ls ( ! victims :om he dev\rs4 ,= ?is reason a man-eat+ tig] is suppos$ to walk along ) 8 head b5t1 because ! gho/s ( 8 victims sit on x & weigh x d[n4 #efh ,he is1 aga91 (t5 ! disguise ( a sorc]] ( evil temp]1 an idea simil> to t :i* 0 ! basis ( ! ,european dread ( lycan?ropy & ! 7-wolf4 ,acc\nts diff] z to ! way 9 :i* ! 7-wolf 0 *os54 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 a human victim 0 sacrific$1 "o ( 8 b[els 0 mix$ ) ! b[els ( animal victims1 ! :ole 0 consum$ by ! wor%ipp]s1 & ! man :o unwitt+ly ate ! human b[el 0 *ang$ into a wolf4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 lots 7 ca/ among ! memb]s ( a p>ticul> family1 & he ^u :om ! lot fell 0 ! 7-wolf4 ,be+ l$ to ! br9k ( a t>n1 he /ripp$ himself1 hung 8 clo!s on an oak tree1 plung$ into ! t>n1 & swimm+ across x1 w5t into des]t places4 ,!re he 0 *ang$ into a wolf1 & h]d$ ) wolves = n9e ye>s4 ,if he ta/$ human blood be=e ! n9e ye>s 7 out he _h to rema9 a wolf = ev]4 ,if dur+ ! n9e ye>s he ab/a9$ f prey+ on m51 !n1 :5 ! t5? ye> came r\nd1 he recov]$ 8 human %ape4 ,simil>ly1 !re is a negro family at ! m\? ( ! ,congo :o are suppos$ to possess ! p[] ( turn+ !mselves into leop>ds 9 ! gloomy dep?s ( ! =e/4 ,z leop>ds1 !y knock p d[n1 b d no fur!r h>m1 = !y ?9k t if1 z leop>ds1 !y once lapp$ blood1 !y w\ld be leop>ds = ev]4 #efi ,h5ce 9 ,india ! jungle p :o are 9 ! way ( meet+ him w n pron\nce 8 "n1 b speak ( him z ,gd>1 ! jackal1 ,jnw>1 ! bea/1 or use "s o!r euphemi/ic t]m4 ,!y d ! same 9 _m cases ) ! wolf & be>1 & ?\gh !y sometimes hesitate to kill ! animal !mselves1 !y w readily assi/ sportsm5 to de/roy him1 & make great rejoic+s :5 he is kill$4 ,a ,%ikri w break (f a bran* on ! road z he goes along1 & say1 ,z ?y life has dep>t$1 s may ! tig] die6 ,:5 he is kill$ !y w br+ =w>d "s spirits & p\r x on ! head ( ! animal1 address+ him1 ,mahrja6 ,dur+ y\r life y conf9$ y\rself to cattle1 & nev] injur$ y\r human subjects4 ,n[ t y are dead1 sp>e u & bless u6 ,9 ,akola ! g>d5]s are unwill+ to in=m ! sportsm5 ( ! :]eab\ts ( a tig] or pan!r :i* may h tak5 up its qu>t]s 9 _! plantation1 = !y h a sup]/ition t a g>d5 plot loses its f]tility f ! mom5t "o ( ^! animals is kill$ !re4 ,s1 ) ! ,a9os ( ,japan1 :o :5 a be> is trapp$ or w\nd$ by an arr[1 g ?r\gh an apologetic or propitiatory c]emony4 #egj ,9 ,nepl !y h a regul> fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! tig] kn[n z ! ,bgh ,jtra1 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s us$ to dance 9 ! disguise ( tig]s4 ,tig]-wor%ip among ! ,jungle ,races4 ,b1 z is natural1 ! wor%ip ( ! tig] prevails m widely among ! jungle races4 ,we h already met ) ,bghesw>1 ! tig] deity ( ! ,mirzapur =e/ tribes4 ,! ,santls also wor%ip him1 & ! ,kisns hon\r him z ,banrja1 or "l ( ! jungle4 ,!y w n kill him1 & believe t 9 return = _! devotion he w sp>e !m4 ,ano!r bran* ( ! tribe does n wor%ip him1 b all swe> by him4 ,! ,bhuiyrs1 on ! contr>y1 h no v5]ation = him1 & ?9k x _! int]e/ to slay him :5ev] !y h an opportunity4 ,! ,jungs take _! oa?s on e>? f an ant-hill1 & on a tig]'s sk92 ! ant-hill is a sacr$ object ) ! ,kh>iyas1 & ! tig] sk9 is br\ght 9 :5 ! ,hos & ,santls are sworn4 ,among ! ea/]n ,santls1 ! tig] is wor%ipp$1 b 9 ,rmg>h only ^? :o h suff]$ f ! animal's f]ocity condesc5d to adore him4 ,if a man is c>ri$ (f by a tig]1 ! ,bgh ,bht1 or ,tig] gho/1 is wor%ipp$1 & an oa? on a tig]'s sk9 is consid]$ mo/ solemn4 #ega ,bgh ,deo1 ! ,tig] ,godl+4 ,fur!r we/ ! ,kurkus ( ,ho%angbd wor%ip ! tig] godl+1 ,bgh ,deo1 :o is ! ,wgh ,deo ( ,b]r4 ,at ,petri 9 ,b]r is a sort ( alt> to ,wgh ,dev1 ! tig] goddess1 f\nd$ on a spot :]e a ,gond woman 0 once seiz$ by a tig]4 ,%e is said to h vani%$ z if by "s sup]natural ag5cy1 & ! ,gonds :o desire protection f wild bea/s pres5t to h] alt> gifts ( e k9d ( animal f a c[ d[nw>ds4 ,a ,gond presides ov] ! %r9e & receives ! votive (f]+s4 ,9 ,ho%angbd ! ,bhomka is ! prie/ ( ,bgh ,deo4 ,on him devolves ! dang]\s duty ( keep+ tig]s out ( ! b\nd>ies4 ,:5 a tig] visits a village1 ! ,bhomka repairs to ,bgh ,deo1 & makes 8 (f]+s to ! god1 & promises to repeat !m = s _m ye>s on condition t ! tig] does n appe> = t "t4 ,! tig]1 on 8 "p1 nev] fails to fulfil ! compact ?us solemnly made by 8 "l2 = he is pre-em95tly an upright & hon\rable bea/--'pi\s )al1' z ,m&eville says1 n fai?less or trea*]\s l ! leop>d1 :om no compact c b9d4 ,"s ,bhomkas1 h[ev]1 ma/]s ( m p[]ful spell1 are n oblig$ to rely on ! traditional hon\r ( ! tig]1 b compel 8 att5dance be=e ,bgh ,deo2 & su* a ,bhomka has be5 se51 a v ,daniel among tig]s1 mutt]+ 8 incantations ov] two or ?ree at a "t z !y cr\*$ be=e him4 ,/ill m my/]i\s 0 ! p[] ( ,klibht ,bhomka 7n[1 alas6 no m74 ,he di$1 ! victim ( misplac$ confid5ce 9 a ,l\is ,napoleon ( tig]s1 ! base/ & mo/ blood?ir/y ( 8 race4 ,he _h a f9e l>ge ,sj tree into :i*1 :5 he utt]$ 8 spells1 he w\ld drive a nail4 ,on ?is ! tig] came & ratifi$ ! contract ) enorm\s paw manual4 ,su* 0 t ( ,timr ! ,lame1 :5 he dipp$ 8 mighty h& 9 blood & /amp$ its impression on a p>*m5t grant4 #egb ,9 ! same way 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ! village sorc]]s pr(ess to be able to call tig]s f ! jungles1 to seize !m by ! e>s1 & control _! voracity by :isp]+ to !m a comm& n to come ne> _! villages1 or !y pret5d to "k a p>ticul> k9d ( root1 by bury+ :i* !y c prev5t ! bea/s ( ! =e/ f dev\r+ m5 or cattle4 ,) ! same object !y lay on ! pa?way small models ( b$/eads & o!r ?+s :i* are suppos$ to act z *>ms & /op _! advance4 ,magical ,p[]s ( ,dead ,tig]s4 ,all sorts ( magical p[]s are ascrib$ to ! tig] aft] dea?4 ,! fangs1 ! claws1 ! :isk]s are pot5t *>ms1 valuable = love philt]s & prophylactics aga9/ demoniacal influ5ce1 ! ,evil ,eye1 disease & dea?4 ,! milk ( a tigress is valuable m$ic9e1 & x is "o ( ! /ock impossible tasks or te/s impos$ ^u ! h]o to f9d & fet* x1 z he is s5t to get ! fea!rs ( ! eagle1 wat] f ! well ( dea?1 or ! my/ical c[ gu>d$ by ,dnos or ,rk%asas4 #egc ,! fat is consid]$ a valuable rem$y = rheumatism & simil> maladies4 ,! he>t & fle% are tonics1 /imulants & aphrodisiacs1 & give /r5g? & c\rage to ^? :o use !m4 ,! ,miris ( ,assam prize tig]'s fle% z food = m52 x gives !m /r5g? & c\rage2 b x is n suit$ = wom51 z x w\ld make !m too /rong-m9d$4 #egd ,! :isk]s are believ$1 among o!r qualities :i* !y possess1 to be a sl[ poison :5 tak5 ) food1 & ! curi\s rudim5t>y clavicles1 kn[n z ,santokh or happ9ess1 are highly valu$ z amulets4 ,!re is a g5]al belief t a tig] gets a new lobe to 8 liv] e ye>4 ,a fav\rite amulet to repel demoniacal influ5ce consi/s ( ! :isk]s ( ! tig] or leop>d mix$ ) nail p>+s1 "s sacr$ root or grass1 & r$ lead1 & hung on ! ?roat or upp] arm4 ,?is treatm5t is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 ! case ( "y *ildr5 imm$iately aft] bir?4 ,tig]'s fle% is also a pot5t m$ic9e & *>m1 & x is burnt 9 ! c[-/all :5 cattle disease prevails4 ,! fle% ( ! tig]1 or if t be n procurable1 ! fle% ( ! jackal is burnt 9 ! fields to keep (f blight f ! crops4 ,tig]s1 ,propitiation (4 ,"s tig]s are suppos$ to be am5able to c\rtesy4 ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales1 ! h]o 9 se>* ( tig]'s milk %oots an arr[ & pi]ces "o ( ! teats ( ! tigress1 to :om he expla9s t he hop$ %e w\ld ?us be able to suckle h] cubs ) less tr\ble4 ,9 o!r tales we f9d ! tig] pacifi$ if he is address$ z ,uncle4 #ege ,s1 ,colonel ,tod describes h[ a tig] attack$ a boy ne> 8 camp1 & 0 suppos$ to h1 l ! fi]ce ,rk%asa ( ! ,nepl leg5d1 releas$ ! *ild :5 he 0 address$ z ,uncle4 #egf ,?is ,"l ( ! ,black ,rock1 = su* is ! designation ( ! tig]1 is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t b\rgeois ( ,morwan2 8 /ronghold is ,kla ,pahr1 betwe5 ?is & ,magawr2 & 8 reign dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s has be5 unmole/$1 not)/&+ num]\s acts ( aggression on 8 bov9e subjects4 ,inde$1 only two nights be=e he 0 di/urb$ gorg+ on a buffalo belong+ to a poor oilman ( ,morwan4 ,:e!r ! tig] 0 an inc>nation ( "o ( ! ,mori lords ( ,morwan1 tradition does n say2 b nei!r gun1 b[1 nor spe> has ev] be5 rais$ aga9/ him4 ,9 return = ?is =be>ance1 x is said1 he nev] prey$ on man2 or if he seiz$ "o1 w\ld1 on be+ entreat$ ) ! ende>+ epi!t ( ',uncle1' let g 8 hold4 #egg ,tig]-wor%ip among ! ,gonds4 ,among ! ,gonds tig]-wor%ip assumes a p>ticul>ly disgu/+ =m4 ,at m>riages among !m1 a t]rible app>ition appe>s ( two demoniacs possess$ by ,bghesw>1 ! tig] god4 ,!y fall rav5\sly on a bleat+ kid1 & gnaw x ) _! tee? till x expires4 ,! mann]1 says ,capta9 ,samuells1 :o witness$ ! p]=mance1 9 :i* ! two m5 seiz$ ! kid ) _! tee? & kill$ x 0 a sight :i* c\ld only be equall$ on a fe$+ day 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s or a m5ag]ie4 #egh ,m5 ,metamorphos$ into ,tig]s4 ,! only visible diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord9>y animal & a man metamorphos$ into a tig] 0 expla9$ to ,colonel ,sleeman to consi/ 9 ! fact t ! latt] _h no tail4 ,9 ! jungles ab\t ,deori !re is said to be a root1 :i* if a man eats1 he is conv]t$ into a tig] on ! spot2 & if1 :5 9 ?is /ate1 he eats ano!r species ( root1 he is turn$ back into a man aga94 ,a melan*oly in/ance ( ?is1 said ,colonel ,sleeman's in=mant1 occurr$ 9 my own fa!r's family :5 ,i 0 an infant4 ,8 wa%]man ,raghu 01 l all wa%]m51 a great drunk>d4 ,be+ seiz$ ) a viol5t desire to asc]ta9 :at a man felt l 9 ! /ate ( a tig]1 he w5t "o day to ! jungle & br\ght back two ( ^! roots1 & desir$ 8 wife to /& by ) "o ( !m1 & ! in/ant %e saw him assume ! tig]'s %ape to ?ru/ ! root %e held into 8 m\?4 ,%e cons5t$1 & ! wa%]man ate 8 root & in/antly became a tig]1 :]eupon %e 0 s t]rifi$ t %e ran (f ) ! antidote 9 h] h&4 ,poor old ,raghu took to ! woods1 & !re ate a good _m ( 8 fri5ds f ! neighb\r+ villages2 b he 0 at la/ %ot1 & recogniz$ f 8 hav+ no tail4 ,y may be q sure :5 y he> ( a tig] hav+ no tail t x is "s un=tunate man :o has eat5 ( t root1 & ( all ! tig]s he w be f\nd ! mo/ mis*iev\s4 #egi ,?is is a curi\s rev]sal ( ! ord9>y !ory reg>d+ ! tail ( ! tig]1 to :i* a murd]\s /r5g? is attribut$4 ,a ,h9du prov]b says t ! hair ( a tig]'s tail may be ! means ( los+ "o's life4 ,?is has be5 comp>$ by ,pr(essor ,de ,gub]natis ) ! tig] ,mantikora spok5 ( by ,ktesias1 :i* has on its tail hairs :i* are d>ts ?r[n by x = ! purpose ( def5ce4 #ehj ,a ,nepl leg5d describes h[ "s *ildr5 made a clay image ( a tig]1 & ?9k+ ! figure incomplete )\t a tongue1 w5t to fet* a leaf to supply ! defect4 ,on _! return !y f\nd t ,bhairava _h ent]$ ! image & _h begun to dev\r _! %eep4 ,! image ( ,bgh ,bhairava & ! deifi$ *ildr5 are /ill to be se5 at ?is place4 ,we h ! same leg5d 9 ! ,pan*atantra & ! tales ( ,somadeva1 :]e f\r ,brhmans resuscitate a tig] & are dev\r$ by x4 #eha ,we h _m in/ances 9 ! folk-tales ( ! tig] befool$4 ,9 "o ( ! tales told by ! ,mnjhis ( ,mirzapur ! goat has kids 9 ! tig]'s d51 & :5 he arrives %e makes h] kids squall & pret5ds t %e wants "s tig]'s fle% = !m4 #ehb ,9 a ,panjbi tale ! f>m]'s wife rides up to ! tig] call+ out1 ,i hope ,i may f9d a tig] 9 ?is field1 = ,i h n ta/$ tig]'s fle% s9ce ! day be=e ye/]day1 :5 ,i kill$ ?ree1 :]eupon ! tig] runs away4 ,! tale :i* tells h[ ! jackal succe$s 9 gett+ ! tig] back into ! cage & ?us saves ! ,brhman is common 9 ,indian folk-lore4 #ehc ,dog-wor%ip4 ,9 ! ,nepl leg5d :i* we h be5 discuss+ we f9d ,bhairava associat$ ) ! tig]1 b 8 prototype1 ! local godl+ ,bhairon1 has ! dog z 8 sacr$ animal1 & 8 is ! only temple 9 ,b5>es into :i* ! dog is admitt$4 #ehd ,two conflict+ l9es ( ?\ght seem to meet 9 dog-wor%ip4 ,z ,mr4 ,campbell says1 ,!re is a good h\se-gu>d+ dog1 & an evil scav5g+ & tomb-haunt+ dog4 ,"s ( ! products ( ! dog are s valu$ 9 driv+ (f spirits t !y seem to be a di/9ct elem5t 9 ! feel+ ( respect %[n to ! dog4 ,/ill x seems bett] to consid] ! dog z a man-eat]1 & to hold t1 l ! tig]1 ?is 0 ! orig9al reason :y ! dog 0 consid]$ a gu>dian4 #ehe ,x is p]haps 9 ?is connection t ! dog is associat$ ) ,yama1 ! god ( dea?4 ,an anci5t epi!t ( ! dog is ,kritajna1 he t is m9dful ( fav\rs1 :i* is also a title ( ,siva4 ,! mo/ t\*+ episode ( ! ,mahbhrata is :]e ,yudhi/hira refuses to ent] ! heav5 ( ,indra )\t 8 fav\rite dog1 :i* is really ,yama 9 disguise4 ,^! dogs ( ,yama probably correspond to ! ,or?ros & ,k]b]os ( ! ,greeks1 & ,k]b]os has be5 connect$ etymologically ) ,s>v>i1 :i* is an epi!t ( ! night1 mean+ orig9ally d>k or pale4 #ehf ,! same idea %[s itself 9 ! ,prsi respect = ! dog1 :i* may be trac$ to ! belief ( ! e>ly ,p]sians4 ,! dog's muzzle is plac$ ne> ! m\? ( ! dy+ ,prsi 9 ord] t x may receive 8 p>t+ brea? & be> x to ! wait+ angel1 & ! de/ruction ( a corpse by dogs is look$ on ) no feel+ ( abhorr5ce4 ,! same idea is f\nd 9 ,buddhism1 :]e on ! e>ly co9s ! figure ( a dog 9 connection ) a ,buddhi/ ,/pa recalls to m9d ! use to :i* ! animal 0 put 9 ! bleak highl&s ( ,asia 9 ! pref]5tial =m ( sepul*re ov] exposure to birds & wild bea/s 9 ! case ( deceas$ monks or p]sons ( position 9 ,tibet4 ,/range & horrible z x may seem to u to be dev\r$ by dome/ic dogs1 tra9$ & br$ = ! purpose1 x 0 ! mo/ hon\rable =m ( burial among ,tibetans4 #ehg ,! ,kois ( ,c5tral ,india hold 9 great respect ! ,pndava bre?r5 ,arjuna & ,bhma4 ,! wild dogs or ,dhol are reg>d$ z ! ,dtas or mess5g]s ( ! h]oes1 & ! long black beetles :i* appe> 9 l>ge numb]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! hot wea!r are call$ ! ,pndavas' goats4 ,none ( !m w on any acc\nt int]f]e ) ^! div9e dogs1 ev5 :5 !y attack _! cattle4 #ehh ,dog-wor%ip3 ,bhairon4 ,9 mod]n times dog-wor%ip appe>s specially 9 connection ) ! cultus ( ,bhairon1 ! ,brhmanical ,bhairava1 ! ,bhairoba ( ,we/]n ,india4 ,no ,m>?a w lift 8 h& aga9/ a dog1 & 9 ,bombay _m ,h9dus wor%ip ! dog ( ,kla ,bhairava1 ?\gh ! animal is consid]$ unclean by !m4 ,kh& ,ro or ,kh&oba or ,kh&oji is reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( ,siva & mu* wor%ipp$ by ,m>?as4 ,he is mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ z rid+ on horseback & att5d$ by a dog & accompani$ by 8 wife ,malsur1 ano!r =m ( ,prvat4 ,8 "n is usually d]iv$ f ! ,kh&a or sword :i* he c>ries1 b ,pr(essor ,opp]t )\t mu* probability w\ld connect x ) t ( ! aborig9al ,khndhs :o are suppos$ to h be5 orig9al settl]s 9 ,khnde%1 aft] :om x 0 call$4 #ehi ,9 _m temples ( ,bhaironn?1 z at ,b5>es & ,h>dwr1 he is depict$ on ! wall 9 a deep blue col\r approa*+ to black1 & beh9d him is ! figure ( ! dog on :i* he rides4 ,sweetmeat sell]s make little images ( a dog 9 sug>1 :i* are pres5t$ to ! deity z an (f]+4 ,at ,lohru1 9 ! ,panjb1 a common-look+ grave is mu* respect$ by ! ,h9dus4 ,x is said to conta9 ! rema9s ( a dog =m]ly possess$ by ! *ief ( ! victori\s ,?kurs1 :i* is cr$it$ ) hav+ done noble s]vice 9 battle1 spr++ up & seiz+ ! w\nd$ w>riors' ?roats1 _m ( :om x slew4 ,f9ally x 0 kill$ & buri$ on ! spot ) beat ( drum1 & has s9ce be5 an object ( wor%ip & homage4 ,7 x n1 says ,g5]al ,cunn+ham1 = ! ,sagp>a/ ( ,nai%apur1 m5tion$ 9 ,khusru's *>m+ ,d>ve% tales1 ?is example ( dog-wor%ip w\ld probably be unique4 #eij ,?is is1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 a mi/ake4 ,?us1 close to ,bul&%ahr1 !re is a grove ) f\r tombs1 :i* are said to be ! re/+-place ( ?ree holy m5 & _! fav\rite dog1 :i* di$ :5 ! la/ ( ! sa9ts dep>t$ ?is life4 ,!y 7 buri$ toge!r1 & _! tombs are held 9 mu* respect by ,muhammadans4 #eia ,9 ,pna1 ,datttreya is gu>d$ by f\r dogs :i* are said to /& = ! f\r ,v$as1 & at ,jejuri & ,ngpur *ildr5 are d$icat$ to ! dogs ( ,kh& ,ro4 ,! ,ghisdis1 on ! sev5? day aft] a bir?1 g & wor%ip wat]1 & on com+ back rub _! feet on a dog4 ,at ,dh>wr1 on ! fair day ( ! ,dasahra at ,malahri's temple1 ! ,vggayya m9i/rants dress 9 blue wooll5 coats & meet ) bell & sk9s ti$ r\nd _! middles1 ! pilgrims b>k+ & h[l+ l dogs4 ,ea* ,vggayya has a wood5 b[l into :i* ! pilgrims put milk & planta9s4 ,!n ! ,vggayyas lay d[n ! b[ls1 fight ) ea* o!r l dogs1 & putt+ _! m\?s into ! b[ls1 eat ! cont5ts4 #eib ,9 ,nepl1 !re is a fe/ival1 kn[n z ! ,khi* ,pj1 9 :i* wor%ip is done to dogs1 & g>l&s ( fl[]s are plac$ r\nd ! neck ( e dog 9 ! c\ntry4 #eic ,among ! ,gonds1 if a dog dies or is born1 ! family has to und]go purification4 #eid ,dogs 9 ,folk-lore3 ,! ,be?gel]t ,leg5d4 ,! fam\s tale ( ,be?gel]t1 ! fai?ful h\nd :i* saves ! *ild ( 8 ma/] f ! wolf & is kill$ by mi/ake1 appe>s all ?r\gh ! folk-tales & 0 probably d]iv$ f ,india4 ,9 ! ,indian v]sion ! dog usually belongs to a ,banya or to a ,banjra1 :o mortgages him to a m]*ant4 ,! m]*ant is robb$ & ! dog discov]s ! /ol5 goods4 ,9 8 gratitude ! m]*ant ties r\nd ! neck ( ! dog a scrap ( pap]1 on :i* he records t ! debt has be5 satisfi$4 ,! dog returns to 8 orig9al ma/]1 :o upbraids him = des]t+ 8 po/1 &1 )\t look+ at ! pap]1 kills him1 only to be ov]come by remorse :5 he le>ns ! hone/y ( ! fai?ful bea/4 ,?is fam\s tale is told at ,haid>bd1 ,luckn[1 ,stapur1 ,mirzapur1 & ,ka%mr4 ,9 its m usual =m1 z 9 ! ,pan*atantra & ! collection ( ,somadeva1 ! mungoose takes ! place ( ! dog & kills ! cobra on ! baby's cradle4 #eie ,?r\gh\t folk-lore ! dog is associat$ ) ! spirits ( ! dead1 z we h se5 to be ! case ) ,syma1 ! black "o1 & ,sabala or ,k>v>a1 ! spott$ ones1 ! att5dants ( ,yama4 #eif ,h5ce ! dog is reg>d$ z ! gu>dian ( ! h\sehold1 :i* !y protect f evil spirits4 ,accord+ to ,aubrey1 #eig all ov] ,engl& a spay$ bit* is acc\nt$ :olesome 9 a h\se2 t is to say !y h a /rong belief t x keeps away evil spirits f haunt+ ( a h\se4 ,z 9 ! ,odyssey1 ! two swift h\nds ( ,telema*us be> him company & recognize ,a!ne :5 %e is invisible to o!rs1 & ! dogs ( ,virgil h[l :5 ! goddess approa*es1 s ! ,muhammadans believe t dogs recognize ,azral1 ! angel ( dea?1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,india x is suppos$ t dogs h ! p[] ( see+ spirits1 & :5 !y see "o !y h[l4 ,9 ,%akespe>e ,k+ ,h5ry says3-- ,! owl %riek'd at ?y bir?1 an evil sign2 ,! night-cr[ cri$1 abod+ luckless "t2 ,dogs h[l$ & hide\s tempe/s %ook d[n trees4 ,h5ce 9 all c\ntries ! h[l+ ( dogs 9 ! vic9ity ( a h\se is an om5 ( approa*+ mis=tune4 ,! respect = ! dog is well %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,bauris ( ,b5gal1 :o w on no acc\nt kill a dog or t\* its body1 & ! wat] ( a tank 9 :i* a dog has be5 dr[n$ _c be us$ until an entire ra9y season has wa%$ ! impurity away4 ,!y allege t z !y kill c[s & mo/ o!r animals1 !y deem x "r to fix on "s bea/ :i* %\ld be z sacr$ to !m z ! c[ to ! ,brhman1 & !y select$ ! dog because x 0 a useful animal :5 alive & n v nice to eat :5 dead1 a neat reconciliation ( ! tw+es ( consci5ce & crav+s ( appetite4 #eih ,v>i\s om5s are 9 ! ,panjb drawn f dogs4 ,:5 out hunt+1 if !y lie on _! backs & roll1 z !y g5]ally d :5 !y f9d a tuft ( grass or s(t gr\nd1 x %[s t pl5ty ( game w be f\nd4 ,if a dog lies quietly on 8 back 9 ! h\se1 x is a bad om51 = ! sup]/ition runs t ! dog is address+ heav5 = support1 & t "s calamity is b\nd to happ54 #eii ,we h se5 already t "s ( ! ,c5tral ,indian tribes respect ! wild dog4 ,! same is ! case 9 ! ,hills1 :]e !y are kn[n z ,god's h\nds1 & no native sportsman w kill !m4 #fjj ,9 "o ( ,grimm's tales we read t ! ,"l ,god _h creat$ all animals1 & _h *os5 out ! wolf to be 8 dog1 & ! dogs ( ,od9 7 wolves4 #fja ,ano!r sacr$ dog 9 ,indian folk-lore is t ( ! hunt] ,%ambuka4 ,8 ma/] ?rew him into ! sacr$ pool ( ,uradh 9 ! ,himlaya4 ,com+ out dripp+1 he %ook "s ( ! wat] on 8 own]1 & su* 0 ! virtue ( ev5 ?is p>tial ablution t on _! dea? bo? hunt] & dog 7 summon$ to ! heav5 ( ,siva4 #fjb ,all ov] ,nor!rn ,india ! belief 9 ! curative p[] ( ! tongue ( ! dog widely prevails4 ,9 ,irel& !y say t a dri$ tongue ( a fox w draw out ?orns1 h[ev] deep !y be1 & an old late ,lat9 v]se says3-- ,9 cane bis b9a sunt1 et l+ua m$ic9a ,n>is odoratus1 amor intig]1 atque latratus4 #fjc ,among ,musalmns ! dog is impure4 ,! vessel x dr9ks f mu/ be wa%$ sev5 times & scrubb$ ) e>?4 ,! ,qurn directs t be=e a dog is slipp$ 9 *ase ( game1 ! sportsman %\ld call out1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! great ,god6 ,!n all game seiz$ by him becomes lawful food4 ,! ,goat4 ,! goat is ano!r animal to :i* my/ic p[]s are attribut$4 ,9 ! my?ology ( ! ,we/ he is associat$ ) ,dionysos1 ,pan1 & ! ,satyr4 ,9 ,engl& x is commonly believ$ t he is nev] se5 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs toge!r1 & t once 9 ?is space he pays a visit to ! ,devil to h 8 be>d comb$4 #fjd ,! ,devil1 !y say1 sometimes appe>s 9 ?is =m1 :i* acc\nts = 8 horns & tail4 ,! wild goat 0 associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,artemis1 ! ,arab unm>ri$ goddess4 #fje ,9 ! ,rmyana1 ,agamukh1 or goat's face1 is ! wit* :o wi%es ,st to be torn to pieces4 ,mr4 ,conway asks :e!r ?is idea ab\t ! goat is due to ! smell ( ! animal1 its butt+ & injury to plants1 or 0 x demoniz$ m]ely because ( its uncanny & %aggy appe>ance8 #fjf ,probably ! *ief reason is because x has a curi\s habit ( occasionally %iv]+1 :i* is reg>d$ z caus$ by "s indwell+ _s4 ,! ,?ags 9 _! sacrifice us$ to select two goats1 black1 & p]fect 9 all _! p>ts4 ,!y 7 ba!d & made to face ! we/1 & if !y %ook !mselves & ?rew ! wat] (f _! hair1 !y 7 reg>d$ z a sacrifice acceptable to ,dev4 ,h5ce 9 ,india a goat is l$ along a disput$ b\nd>y1 & ! place :]e x %iv]s is reg>d$ z ! prop] l9e4 ,plut>* says t ! ,greeks w\ld n sacrifice a goat if x did n %iv] :5 wat] 0 ?r[n ov] x4 ,9 ! ,panjb x is believ$ t :5 a goat kills a snake x eats x & !n rum9ates1 aft] :i* x spits out a ,manka or bead1 :i*1 :5 appli$ to a snake-bite1 absorbs ! poison & swells4 ,if x be !n put 9 milk & squeez$1 ! poison drips out ( x l blood1 & ! pati5t is cur$4 ,if x is n put 9 milk1 x w bur/ to pieces4 #fjg ,x h5ce resembles ! ,ovum ,angu9um1 or ,druid's ,egg1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made4 #fjh ,if a p]son suff]s f sple51 !y take ! sple5 ( a he-goat1 if ! pati5t be a male2 or ( a %e-goat1 if ! pati5t be a female4 ,x is rubb$ on ! region ( ! sple5 sev5 times on a ,sunday or ,tuesday1 pi]c$ ) acacia ?orns & hung on a tree4 ,z ! goat's sple5 dries1 ! sple5 ( ! pati5t r$uces4 ,! horn is reg>d$ z someh[ mo/ closely connect$ ) ! bra94 ,s1 9 ! ,m]ry ,wives ( ,w9dsor1 ,mrs4 ,quickly says3 ,if he _h f\nd ! "y man1 he w\ld h be5 horn mad1 & ,horace gives ! advice1 ,f5um habet 9 cornu longe fuge4 ,m>tial describes h[ 9 8 "t ! ,roman %r9es 7 cov]$ ) horns1 ,dissimulatque deum cornibus ora frequ5s4 #fji ,x is = ?is reason t ! local %r9es 9 ! ,himlaya are decorat$ ) horns ( ! wild %eep1 ibex1 & goat4 ,9 ,p]sia _m h\ses are adorn$ ) rams' heads fix$ to ! corn]s ne> ! ro(1 :i* are to protect ! build+ f mis=tune4 ,9 ,bilo*i/n & ,afghani/n x is cu/om>y to place ! horns ( ! wild goat & %eep on ! walls ( =ts & mosques4 #faj ,akb> cov]$ 8 ,kos ,m9>s or mile-/ones ) ! horns ( ! de] he _h kill$4 ,! conical support ( ! ,banjra woman's head-dress 0 orig9ally a horn1 & _m classes ( ,faqrs tie a piece ( horn r\nd _! necks4 ,we h ! well-kn[n horn ( pl5ty1 & x is v common 9 ! folk-tales to f9d objects tak5 out ( ! e>s or horns ( ! helpful animals4 #faa ,goat & ,totemism4 ,we p]haps get a glimpse ( totemism 9 connection ) ! goat 9 "s ( ! e>ly ,h9du leg5ds4 ,:5 ,p>u%a1 ! primeval man1 0 divid$ into 8 male & female p>ts1 he produc$ all ! animals1 & ! goat 0 fir/ =m$ out ( 8 m\?4 ,!re is1 aga91 a my/ical connection betwe5 ,agni1 ! fire god1 ,brhmans1 & goats1 z betwe5 ,indra1 ! ,k%atriyas1 & %eep1 ,vaisyas & k9e1 ,sdras & ! horse4 ,^! may possibly h be5 tribal totems ( ! races by :om ^! animals 7 v5]at$4 #fab ,! %eep1 z we h already se51 is a totem ( ! ,k]iyas4 ,! ,ah]iyas1 a vagrant tribe ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 wor%ip ,mekhasura or ,me%asura 9 ! =m ( a ram4 ,c[ & ,bull ,wor%ip4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! animal totems or feti%es is ! c[ or bull4 ,accord+ to ! s*ool ( comp>ative my?ology ! bull :i* bore away ,europe f ,kadmos is ! same f :i* ! dawn flies 9 ! ,v$ic hymn4 ,he1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 is ! bull ,indra1 :i*1 l ! sun1 trav]ses ! heav51 be>+ ! dawn f ea/ to we/4 ,b ! ,cretan bull1 l 8 fell[ 9 ! ,gnossian labyr9?1 :o dev\rs ! tribute *ildr5 f ! city ( ! ,dawn goddess1 is a d>k & malignant mon/]1 ak9 to ! ?rottl+ snake :o repres5ts ! p[]s ( night & d>kness4 #fac ,?is may be s1 b ! id5tification ( primitive religion1 9 all its v>i$ phases1 ) ! sun or o!r physical ph5om5a is op5 to ! obvi\s objection t x limits ! ideas ( ! e>ly ,aryans to ! wea!r & _! dairies1 & ant$ates ! reg>d = ! c[ to a p]iod :5 ! animal 0 held 9 mu* less rev]5ce ?an x is at pres5t4 ,respect = ! ,c[ ,mod]n4 ,t ! respect = ! c[ is ( comp>atively mod]n date is be/ e/abli%$ on ! au?ority ( a writ]1 himself a ,h9du4 ,animal food 0 9 use 9 ! ,epic p]iod1 & ! c[ & bull 7 (t5 laid "u requisition4 ,9 ! ,ait>eya ,brhmana1 we le>n t an ox1 or a c[ :i* suff]s misc>riage1 is kill$ :5 a k+ or hon\r$ gue/ is receiv$4 ,9 ! ,brhmana ( ! ,black ,yajur ,v$a ! k9d & "* ( ! cattle :i* %\ld be slaught]$ 9 m9or sacrifices = ! gratification ( p>ticul> div9ities are laid d[n 9 detail4 ,?us a dw>f "o is to be sacrific$ to ,vi%nu1 a droop+-horn$ bull to ,indra1 a ?ick-legg$ c[ to ,vyu1 a b>r5 c[ to ,vi%nu & ,v>una1 a black c[ to ,p%an1 a c[ hav+ two col\rs to ,mitra & ,v>una1 a r$ c[ to ,indra1 & s on4 ,9 a l>g] & m important c]emonial1 l ! ,aswam$ha1 no less ?an "o hundr$ & eighty dome/ic animals1 includ+ horses1 bulls1 goats1 %eep1 de]1 etc41 7 sacrific$4 ,! same ,brhmana lays d[n in/ructions = c>v+1 & ! ,gopa?a ,brhmana tells u :o receiv$ ! portions4 ,! prie/s got ! tongue1 ! neck1 ! %\ld]1 ! rump1 ! legs1 etc41 :ile ! ma/] ( ! h\se wisely appropriat$ to himself ! sirlo91 & 8 wife _h to be satisfi$ ) ! pelvis4 ,pl5tiful libations ( ,soma be] 7 to be all[$ to wa% d[n ! meat4 ,9 ! ,satapa?a ,brhmana we h a detail$ acc\nt ( ! slaught] ( a b>r5 c[ & its cook+4 ,9 ! same ,brhmana !re is an amus+ discussion z to ! propriety ( eat+ ! meat ( an ox or c[4 ,! conclusion is n v def9ite4 ',let him 7! prie/7 n eat ! fle% ( ! c[ & ! ox4' ,nev]!less ,yajnavalkya said 7tak+ app>5tly a v practical view ( ! matt]71 ',i1 = "o1 eat x1 provid$ x is t5d]4' #fad ,! evid5ce t c[s 7 freely slaught]$ 9 anci5t times c\ld be l>gely ext5d$4 ,x is laid d[n 9 ! e>ly laws t ! meat ( mil* c[s & ox5 may be eat51 & a gue/ is call$ a ,goghna or c[-kill]1 because a c[ 0 kill$ = 8 ent]ta9m5t4 #fae ,9 ! ,grihya ,stra we h a description ( ! sacrifice ( an ox to ,k%etrapati1 ! "l ( ! fields4 ,9 ano!r anci5t ritual ! sacrifice ( a c[ is /at$ to be v simil> to t ( ! ,sat1 &1 accord+ to an e>ly leg5d1 k9e 7 creat$ f ,p>u%a1 ! primal male1 & are to be eat5 z !y 7 =m$ f ! receptacle ( food4 #faf ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ! wor%ip ( ! c[ is n peculi> to ,india1 b prevails widely 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 #fag ,orig9 ( ,c[-wor%ip4 ,! explanation ( ! orig9 ( c[-wor%ip has be5 a subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,! mod]n ,h9du1 if he has =m$ any di/9ct ideas at all on ! subject1 bases 8 respect = ! c[ on h] value = supply+ milk1 & = g5]al agricultural purposes4 ,! ,pan*agvya1 or five products ( ! c[--milk1 curds1 butt]1 ur9e1 & dung--are efficaci\s z sc>]s ( demons1 are us$ z rem$ies 9 disease1 & play a v important "p 9 dome/ic ritual ,gauro*ana1 a bright yell[ pigm5t prep>$ f ! ur9e or bile ( ! c[1 or1 z is said by "s1 vomit$ by h] or f\nd 9 h] head1 is us$ = mak+ ! sect>ial m>k1 & z a s$ative1 tonic1 & an!lm9tic4 ,9 ,bombay x is specially us$ z a rem$y = measles1 :i* is consid]$ to be a _s disease4 #fah ,!re is1 aga91 some?+ to be said = ! !ory :i* f9ds 9 ^! animals tribal totems & feti%es4 #fai ,we h a p>allel case among ! ,jews1 :]e ! bull 0 probably ! anci5t symbol ( ! ,hyksos1 :i* ! ,israelites hav+ succe$$ !m c\ld adopt1 especially z x may h be5 reta9$ 9 use by _! conf$]ates ! ,midianites2 & x appe>s 9 ! e>lie/ annals ( ,israel z a tok5 ( ! =m] supremacy ( ,joseph & 8 tribe1 & 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ z an image ( ,iahveh himself4 ,s1 speak+ ( ,egypt1 ,mr4 ,fraz] writes3 ,osiris 0 regul>ly id5tifi$ ) ! bull ,apis ( ,memphis & ! bull ,mnevis ( ,heliopolis4 ,b x is h>d to say :e!r ^! bulls 7 embodim5ts ( him z ! corn _s1 z ! r$ ox5 appe> to h be51 or :e!r !y 7 n entirely di/9ct deities :i* got fus$ ) ,osiris by syncretism4 ,! fact t ^! two bulls 7 wor%ipp$ by all ! ,egyptians1 seems to put !m on a diff]5t foot+ f ! ord9>y sacr$ animals1 ^: cults 7 purely local4 ,h5ce1 if ! latt] 7 evolv$ f totems1 z !y probably 71 "s o!r orig9 w\ld h to be f\nd = ! wor%ip ( ,apis & ,mnevis4 ,if ^! bulls 7 n orig9ally embodim5ts ( ! corn god ,osiris1 !y may possibly be desc5dants ( ! sacr$ cattle wor%ipp$ by a pa/oral p4 ,if ?is 7 s1 anci5t ,egypt w\ld exhibit a /ratification ( ! ?ree great types ( religion correspond+ to ! ?ree great /ages ( society4 ,totemism or 7r\ghly speak+7 ! wor%ip ( wild animals--! religion ( society 9 ! hunt+ /age--w\ld be repres5t$ by ! wor%ip ( ! local sacr$ animals2 ! wor%ip ( cattle--! religion ( society 9 ! pa/oral /age--w\ld be repres5t$ by ! cults ( ,apis & ,mnevis2 & ! wor%ip ( cultivat$ plants1 especially ( corn--! religion ( society 9 ! agricultural /age--w\ld be repres5t$ by ! wor%ip ( ,osiris & ,isis4 ,! ,egyptian rev]5ce = c[s1 :i* 7 nev] kill$1 might belong ei!r to ! second or ?ird ( ^! /ages4 #fbj ,!re is "s evid5ce t ! same process ( religi\s developm5t may h tak5 place 9 ,india4 ,x is at lea/ significant t ! e>li] leg5ds repres5t ,indra z creat$ f a c[2 & we "k t ,indra 0 ! ,kuladevat or family godl+ ( ! race ( ! ,kusikas1 z ,kri%na 0 probably ! clan deity ( "s p[]ful conf$]ation ( ,rjput tribes4 ,c[-wor%ip is ?us closely connect$ ) ,indra & ) ,kri%na 9 8 =ms z ! h]dman god1 ,gov9da or ,gopla2 & x is at lea/ plausible to conjecture t ! wor%ip ( ! c[ may h be5 due to ! absorption ( ! animal z a tribal totem ( ! two races1 :o v5]at$ ^! two div9ities4 ,fur!r1 ! phallic significance ( ! wor%ip1 9 its mod]n =m at lea/1 & its connection ) f]tility _c be altoge!r ignor$4 #fba ,?is is p>ticul>ly %[n 9 ! close connection betwe5 ,siva's bull ,n&i & ! ,l+am wor%ip2 & !re seems reason to suspect t ! bull is int5d$ to int]cept ! evil influ5ces :i* 9 ! popul> belief are cont9ually emitt$ f ! female pr9ciple ?r\gh ! ,yon4 ,z we h already se51 ! dread ( ?is =m ( pollution is univ]sal4 ,h5ce :5 ! ,l+am is set up 9 a new village ! p are c>eful 9 turn+ ! sp\t ( ! ,yon t[>ds ! jungle1 & n 9 ! direction ( ! roads & h\ses1 le/ its evil influ5ce %\ld be communicat$ to !m2 & 9 ord] /ill fur!r to secure ?is object1 ! bull ,n&i is plac$ sitt+ z a gu>dian betwe5 ! ,yon & ! inhabit$ site4 #fbb ,c[-wor%ip assumes ano!r =m 9 connection ) ! !ory ( transmigration4 ,x has become "p ( ! !ory t ! s\l migrates into ! c[ imm$iately prec$+ its assumption ( ! human =m1 & %e escorts ! s\l across ! dread$ riv] ,vait>an1 :i* b\nds ! l[] _w4 ,c[-wor%ip3 ,its ,lat] ,developm5t4 ,?\gh c[-wor%ip 0 little kn[n 9 ! ,v$ic p]iod1 by ! "t ( ! compilation ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu x _h become "p ( ! popul> belief4 ,he classes ! slaught] ( a c[ or bull among ! deadly s9s2 ! pres]v] ( a c[ or a ,brhman atones = ! crime ( kill+ a prie/2 #fbc & we f9d con/ant ref]5ces 9 ! m$ival folk-lore to ! impiety ( ! ,sav>as & o!r ,drvidian races :o kill$ & ate ! sacr$ animal4 ,saktideva "o day1 z he 0 /&+ on ! ro( ( 8 palace1 saw a ,*&la com+ along ) a load ( c['s fle%1 & said to 8 belov$ ,v9dumat3 ',look1 sl5d] "o6 ,h[ c ! evil-do] eat ! fle% ( c[s1 t are ! object ( v5]ation to ! ?ree worlds8' ,!n ,v9dumat1 he>+ t1 said to h] husb&3 ',! wick$ness ( ?is act is inconceivable2 :at c we say 9 palliation ( x8 ,i h be5 born 9 ?is race ( fi%]m5 = a v small (f5ce ow+ to ! might ( c[s4 ,b :at c atone = ?is man's s98' #fbd ,re-bir? ?r\gh ! ,c[4 ,:5 ! horoscope =ebodes "s crime or special calamity1 ! *ild is clo!d 9 sc>let1 a col\r :i* repels evil influ5ces1 & ti$ on ! back ( a new sieve1 :i*1 z we h se51 is a p[]ful feti%4 ,?is is pass$ ?r\gh ! h9dlegs ( a c[1 =w>d ?r\gh ! =elegs t[>ds ! m\?1 & aga9 9 ! rev]se direction1 signify+ ! new bir? f ! sacr$ animal4 ,! usual wor%ip & asp]sion take place1 & ! fa!r smells 8 *ild1 z ! c[ smells h] calf4 ,?is rite is kn[n z ! ,hiranyag>bha1 & n long s9ce ! ,mahrja ( ,travancore 0 pass$ 9 ?is way ?r\gh a c[ ( gold4 #fbe ,! same idea is illu/rat$ 9 ! leg5d ( ! ,pu%k> ,lake1 :i* probably repres5ts a case ( t fusion ( races :i* und\bt$ly occurr$ 9 anci5t times4 ,! /ory runs t ,brahma propos$ to d wor%ip !re1 b 0 p]plex$ :]e he %\ld p]=m ! sacrifice1 z he _h no temple on e>? l ! o!r gods4 ,s he collect$ all ! o!r gods1 b ! sacrifice c\ld n proce$ z ,savitr alone 0 abs5t2 & %e refus$ to come )\t ,lak%m1 ,prvat1 & ,indrn4 ,on he>+ ( h] refusal1 ,brahma 0 wro?1 & said to ,indra3 ,se>* me out a girl t ,i may m>ry h] & comm5ce ! sacrifice1 = ! j> ( ambrosia weighs heavy on my head4 ,accord+ly ,indra w5t & f\nd none b a ,gj>'s daught]1 :om he purifi$1 & pass+ h] ?r\gh ! body ( a c[1 br\ght h] to ,brahma1 tell+ him :at he _h done4 ,vi%nu said3 ,brhmans & c[s are really id5tical2 y h tak5 h] f ! womb ( a c[1 & ?is may be consid]$ a second bir?4 ,siva said3 ,z %e has pass$ ?r\gh a c[1 %e %all be call$ ,gyatr4 ,! ,brhmans agre$ t ! sacrifice might n[ proce$2 & ,brahma hav+ m>ri$ ,gyatr1 & hav+ enjo9$ sil5ce ^u h]1 plac$ on h] head ! j> ( ambrosia & ! sacrifice 0 p]=m$4 #fbf ,respect ,paid to ! ,c[4 ,! respect paid to ! c[ appe>s ev]y:]e 9 folk-lore4 ,we h ! c[ ,kmadh51 kn[n also z ,kmadugh or ,kmaduh1 ! c[ ( pl5ty1 ,saval1 ! spott$ "o1 & ,surabh1 ! fragrant "o1 :i* grants all desires4 ,among _m ( ! l[] ca/es ! c[-%$ becomes ! family temple4 #fbg ,9 ! old ritual1 ! bride1 on ent]+ h] husb&'s h\se1 0 plac$ on a r$ bull's hide z a sign t %e 0 receiv$ into ! tribe1 & 9 ! ,soma sacrifice ! /ones :5ce ! liquor 0 produc$ 7 laid on ! hide ( a bull4 ,:5 a disput$ b\nd>y is "u settlem5t1 a c[ sk9 is plac$ ov] ! head & %\ld]s ( ! arbitrator1 :o is ?us imbu$ ) ! div9e influ5ce1 & gives a j decision4 ,x is curi\s t until q rec5tly !re 0 a cu/om 9 ! ,hebrides ( sew+ up a man 9 ! hide ( a bull1 & leav+ him = ! night on a hill-top1 t he might become a _s m$ium4 #fbh ,! pi\s ,h9du t\*es ! c['s tail at ! mom5t ( dissolution1 & by h] aid he is c>ri$ across ! dread riv] ( dea?4 ,i h m ?an once se5 a crim9al asc5d ! scaffold ) ! utmo/ composure :5 he 0 all[$ to grasp a c['s tail be=e ! hangman did 8 (fice4 ,! tail ( ! c[ is also us$ 9 ! m>riage ritual1 & ! tail ( ! wild c[1 ?\gh n[adays only us$ by grooms1 0 once ! symbol ( p[]1 & wav$ ov] ! rul] to protect him f evil spirits4 ,q rec5tly ,i f\nd t "o ( ! *ief ,brhman prie/s at ! sacr$ pool ( ,h>dwr keeps a wild c['s tail to wave ov] 8 cli5ts1 & sc>e demons f !m :5 !y are ba?+ 9 ! ,brahma ,kund or sacr$ pool4 ,! ,hill leg5d tells h[ ,siva once manife/$ himself 9 8 fi]y =m1 & ,vi%nu & ,brahma w5t 9 v>i\s directions to see h[ f> ! light ext5d$4 ,on _! return ,vi%nu decl>$ t he _h be5 unable to f9d out h[ f> ! light prevail$2 b ,brahma said t he _h gone beyond its limits4 ,vi%nu !n call$ on ,kmadh51 ! cele/ial c[1 to be> te/imony1 & %e corroborat$ ,brahma ) h] tongue1 b %e %ook h] tail by way ( d5y+ ! /atem5t4 ,s ,vi%nu curs$ h] t h] m\? %\ld be impure1 b t h] tail %\ld be held holy = ev]4 #fbi ,mod]n ,c[-wor%ip4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( mod]n c[-wor%ip4 ,! ,jts & ,gj>s adore h] "u ! title ( ,g ,mt1 ,"m c[4 ,! cattle are decorat$ & suppli$ ) special food on ! ,gopa%tam or ,gokula%tam fe/ival1 :i* is held 9 connection ) ! ,kri%na cultus4 ,9 ,nepl !re is a ,newri fe/ival1 kn[n z ! ,g ,jtra1 or c[ fea/1 :5 all p]sons :o h lo/ relations dur+ ! ye> ought to disguise !mselves z c[s & dance r\nd ! palace ( ! k+4 #fcj ,9 _m ( ! ,c5tral ,indian ,/ates1 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,diwl1 ! ,maun ,*>n1 or sil5t t5d+ ( cattle1 is p]=m$4 ,! celebrants rise at daybreak1 wa% & ba!1 ano9t _! bodies ) oil1 & hang g>l&s ( fl[]s r\nd _! necks4 ,all ?is "t !y rema9 sil5t & communicate _! wants by signs4 ,:5 all is ready !y g to ! pa/ure 9 procession 9 p]fect sil5ce4 ,ea* ( !m holds a peacock's fea!r ov] 8 %\ld] to sc>e demons4 ,!y rema9 9 sil5ce ) ! cattle = an h\r or two1 & !n return home4 ,?is is foll[$ by an ent]ta9m5t ( wre/l+ among ! ,ahrs or c[h]ds4 ,:5 night has come1 a gun is fir$1 & ! ,mahrja breaks 8 fa/ & speaks4 ,! rite is said to be 9 commemoration ( ,kri%na fe$+ ! c[s 9 ! pa/ures ( ! l& ( ,braj4 #fca ,dur+ an eclipse1 ! c[1 if 9 calf1 is rubb$ on ! horns & belly ) r$ o*re to repel ! evil influ5ce1 & prev5t ! calf be+ born blemi%$4 ,cattle are n work$ on ! ,amvas or ,ides ( ! mon?4 ,!re are _m devices1 su* z burn+ tig]'s fle%1 & simil> prophylactics1 9 ! c[-h\se to drive away ! demon ( disease4 ,s1 on ,new ,ye>'s ,day ! ,highl&] us$ to fumigate 8 cattle %$ ) ! smoke ( junip]4 #fcb ,c[ hair is reg>d$ z an amulet aga9/ disease & dang]1 9 ! same way z ! hair ( ! yak 0 valu$ by ! p ( ,c5tral ,asia 9 ! "t ( ,m>co ,polo4 #fcc ,an ox ) a fle%y excresc5ce on 8 eye is reg>d$ z sacr$1 & is kn[n z ,nadiya or ,n&i1 ! happy "o1 ! title ( ! bull ( ,siva4 ,he is n us$ = agriculture1 b giv5 to a ,jogi1 :o cov]s him ) c[ry %ells1 & c>ries him ab\t on begg+ excursions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ unpleasant sights at ! great ba?+ fairs1 su* z ^? ( ,prayg or ,h>dwr1 is ! mal=m$ c[s & ox5 :i* begg>s ( ?is class c>ry ab\t & exhibit4 ,! ,gonds kill a c[ at a fun]al1 & hang ! tail on ! grave z a sign t ! c]emonies h be5 duly p]=m$4 #fcd ,! ,kurkus spr9kle ! blood ( a c[ on ! grave1 & believe t if ?is be n done ! _s ( ! dep>t$ refuses to re/1 & returns ^u e>? to haunt ! survivors4 #fce ,! ,vri%ots>ga practis$ by ,h9dus on ! elev5? day aft] dea?1 :5 a bull calf is br&$ & let loose 9 ! "n ( deceas$1 is app>5tly an attempt to %ift on ! animal ! burd5 ( ! s9s ( ! dead man1 if x be n a survival ( an actual sacrifice4 ,feel+ aga9/ ,c[-kill+4 ,( ! unhappy agitation aga9/ c[-kill+1 :i* has be5 9 rec5t ye>s su* a s]i\s problem to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 no?+ fur!r c be said "h4 ,to ! or?odox ,h9du1 kill+ a c[1 ev5 accid5tally1 is a s]i\s matt]1 & involves ! fe$+ ( ,brhmans & ! p]=mance ( pilgrimages4 ,9 ! ,hills a special ritual is prescrib$ 9 ! ev5t ( a pl\gh ox be+ kill$ by accid5t4 #fcf ,! idea t mis=tune foll[s ! kill+ ( a c[ is common4 ,x us$ to be said t /orms arose on ! ,pr ,panjl ,pass 9 ,ka%mr if a c[ 0 kill$4 #fcg ,g5]al ,sleeman gives a case at ,sg>1 :]e an epidemic 0 attribut$ to ! practice ( cattle slaught]1 & a popul> movem5t arose = its suppression4 #fch ,s9dhia (f]$ ,sir ,john ,malcolm 9 #ahjb an additional cession ( t]ritory if he w\ld introduce an article into ! ,treaty ) ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t prohibit+ ! slaught] ( c[s )9 ! t]ritory he _h be5 already compell$ to ab&on4 ,! ,emp]or ,akb> ord]$ t cattle %\ld n be kill$ dur+ ! ,pa*s>1 or twelve sacr$ days obs]v$ by ! ,ja9as2 ,sir ,john ,malcolm gives a copy ( ! orig9al ,firmn4 #fci ,c[-kill+ is to ?is day prohibit$ 9 or?odox ,h9du ,/ates1 l ,nepl4 ,bull-wor%ip among ,banjras4 ,!re is a good example ( bull-wor%ip among ! w&]+ tribe ( ,banjras4 ,:5 sickness occurs1 !y lead ! sick man to ! foot ( ! bullock call$ ,hatdiya2 = ?\gh !y say t !y pay rev]5ce to images1 & t _! religion is t ( ! ,sikhs1 ! object ( _! wor%ip is ?is ,hatdiya1 a bullock devot$ to ! god ,blaj4 ,on ?is animal no burd5 is ev] laid1 b he is decorat$ ) /ream]s ( r$-dy$ silk & t9kl+ bells1 ) _m brass *a9s & r+s on neck & feet1 & /r+s ( c[ry %ells & silk5 tassels hang+ 9 all directions4 ,he moves /eadily at ! head ( ! convoy1 & ! place he lies d[n on :5 tir$1 t !y make _! halt+-place = ! day4 ,at 8 feet !y make _! v[s :5 difficulties ov]take !m1 & 9 illness1 :e!r ( !mselves or cattle1 !y tru/ to 8 wor%ip = a cure4 ,! respect paid by ,banjras to cattle seems1 h[ev]1 to be dim9i%+4 ,once ^u a "t !y w\ld nev] sell cattle to a but*]1 b n[adays x is an e-day occurr5ce4 #fdj ,sup]/itions ab\t ,cattle4 ,inf9ite are ! sup]/itions ab\t cattle1 _! m>ks1 & e k9d ( peculi>ity connect$ ) !m1 & ?is has be5 embodi$ 9 a great mass ( rural rhymes & prov]bs :i* are always on ! lips ( ! p4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x is unlucky = a c[ to calve 9 ! mon? ( ,bhdon4 ,! rem$y is to swim x 9 a /ream1 sell x to a ,muhammadan1 or 9 ! la/ resort give x away to a ,guj>ti ,brhman4 ,"h may be notic$ ! curi\s prejudice aga9/ ! use ( a c['s milk1 :i* prevails among "s tribes su* z ! ,hos & "s ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,b5gal4 ,! latt] use a species ( wild cattle1 ! ,mi?un1 = milk+ purposes1 b w n t\* ! milk ( ! ord9>y c[4 #fda ,! ,buffalo4 ,! respect paid to ! c[ does n fully ext5d to ! buffalo4 ,! buffalo is ! vehicle ( ,yama1 ! god ( dea?4 ,! female buffalo is 9 ,we/]n ,india reg>d$ z ! inc>nation ( ,savitr1 wife ( ,brahma1 ! ,creator4 ,durg or ,bhavn kill$ ! buffalo-%ap$ ,asura ,mahisa1 ,mahissura1 aft] :om ,maisr is call$4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d z told 9 ! ,mrk&eya ,purna1 ,dit1 hav+ lo/ all h] sons1 ! ,asuras1 9 ! fight ) ! gods1 turn$ h]self into a buffalo 9 ord] to annihilate !m4 ,%e und]w5t su* t]rible au/]ities to propitiate ,brahma1 t ! :ole _w 0 %ak5 & ! sa9t ,sup>sva di/urb$ at 8 devotions4 ,he curs$ ,dit t h] son %\ld be 9 ! %ape ( a buffalo1 b ,brahma s f> mitigat$ ! curse t only 8 head 0 to be t ( a buffalo4 ,?is 0 ,mahissura1 :o ill-treat$ ! gods1 until !y appeal$ to ,vi%nu & ,siva1 :o jo9tly produc$ a lovely repres5tation ( a ,bhavn1 ! ,mahissurm>dan1 :o slew ! mon/]4 ,?is ,mahissura is suppos$ to be ! orig9 ( ! godl+ ,mahasoba1 wor%ipp$ 9 ,we/]n ,india 9 ! =m ( a rude /one cov]$ ) r$ lead4 ,ano!r ( ^! buffalo demons is ,dundubhi1 he t ro>s l ! s\nd ( ! kettle-drum1 :o 9 ! ,rmyana bur/s ) 8 horns ! cav]n ( ,bali1 son ( ,indra & k+ ( monkeys4 ,bali seiz$ him by ! horns & da%$ him to pieces4 ,! comp>ative my?ologi/s reg>d him z "o ( ! =ms ( ! cl\d mon/] ! sun4 #fdb ,sadasiva1 "o ( ! =ms ( ,mahdeva1 took ! =m ( a buffalo to escape ! ,pndavas1 & sank into ! gr\nd at ,k$rn?4 ,! upp] portion ( 8 body is said to h come to ! surface at ,mukhr ,b9d 9 ,nepl1 :]e he is wor%ipp$ z ,pasupat9?a4 ,:5 ! ,pndavas 7 fre$ f _! guilt1 !y 9 _! gratitude built five temples 9 hon\r ( ! h9d] p>ts ( ! deity1 :i* are n[ kn[n z ! ,pn* ,k$r-,k$>n?1 ,madhya ,mahesw>1 ,rudran?1 ,tungun?1 & ,kalpesw>4 ,! buffalo is con/antly sacrific$ at %r9es 9 hon\r ( ,durg ,dev4 ,! ,toda wor%ip ( ! buffalo is famili> to all /ud5ts ( ,indian e?nology4 ,! ,antelope4 ,! black buck 0 9 all probability ! tribal totem ( "s ( ! races occupy+ ! c\ntry anci5tly kn[n z ryv>ta4 ,mr4 ,campbell acc\nts = ! respect paid to ! animal by ! use ( h>t%orn z a rem$y = fa9tness1 swoons1 & n]v\s disord]s4 #fdc ,b ?is h>dly expla9s ! respect paid to x1 & ! use ( its dung by ! ,b5gal ,p>haiyas in/ead ( c[dung to sme> _! floors looks z if x 7 bas$ on totemism4 #fdd ,?is too is %[n by ! reg>d paid its sk94 ,z ,mr4 ,fraz] has prov$1 x is a cu/om among _m savage tribes to reta9 ! sk9 z an image ( ! deity :i* ! animal repres5t$4 #fde ,h5ce accord+ to ! old ritual1 ! sk9 ( ! antelope 0 ! prescrib$ dress ( ! /ud5t ( !ology1 & x is /ill ! seat ( ! ascetic4 #fdf ,! antelope con/antly appe>s 9 ! folk-tales z a sort ( ,deus ex ma*91 :i* leads ! h]o a/ray 9 ! *ase & br+s him to ! home ( ! ogress or ! ensorcell$ maid54 #fdg ,9 ! ,mahbhrata1 ! ,k+ ,p>k%it is l$ a/ray by a gazelle1 & ,k+ ,pndu dies :5 he meets 8 wife ,madr1 because he _h once kill$ "u simil> circum/ances a gazelle ) 8 mate4 ,9 ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,bh>ata loses ! fruits ( 8 au/]ities by becom+ enam\r$ ( a fawn4 ,^! fairy h9ds appe> ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( folk-lore4 ,a ,neplese leg5d tells h[ ! ?ree gods ,vi%nu1 ,siva1 & ,brahma once appe>$ 9 ! =m ( de]1 :5ce ! place :]e !y 7 se5 is kn[n z ,mriga/hali4 #fdh ,! ,elephant4 ,! elephant naturally claims wor%ip z ! type ( /r5g? & wisdom4 ,to ! ru/ic he imp]sonates ,ganesa1 ! god ( wisdom1 ! remov] ( ob/acles1 :o is propitiat$ at ! comm5cem5t ( any important ent]prise1 su* z m>riage & ! l4 ,_m leg5ds are told to acc\nt = 8 elephant head4 ,"o tells h[ 8 "m ,prvat 0 s pr\d ( h] baby t %e ask$ ,sani to look at him1 =gett+ ! baneful effects ( ! look ( ! ill-om5$ deity4 ,:5 he look$ at ! *ild its head 0 burn$ to a%es1 & ,brahma1 to console h]1 told h] to fix on ! fir/ head %e c\ld f9d1 :i* happ5$ to be t ( ! elephant4 ,by ano!r acc\nt %e put ,ganesa to gu>d ! door :ile %e 0 ba?+1 & :5 he refus$ to all[ ,siva to ent]1 ! angry god cut (f 8 head1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds replac$ by t ( ! elephant4 ,aga91 "o ( 8 tusks 0 brok5 (f by ,p>asurma ) ! axe :i* ,siva1 fa!r ( ,ganesa1 _h giv5 him4 ,aga91 !re are ! ,lokaplas1 ! eight support]s ( ! _w4 ,^! eight pairs ( elephants support ! e>?4 ,indra ) ,airvata & ,abhramu support ! ea/2 ,agni ) ,pund>ka & ,kapil ! s\?-ea/2 ,yama ) ,vmana & ,p+al ! s\?2 ,srya ) ,kumuda & ,anupam ! s\?-we/2 ,v>una ) ,anjana & ,anjanavat ! we/2 ,vyu ) ,pu%padanta & ,subhadant ! nor?-we/2 ,kuv]a on ! nor? ) ,s>vabhauma1 & ,soma on ! nor?-ea/ ) ,supratka4 ,z usual1 !re are diff]5ces 9 ! enum]ation4 ,f ^! all ! mod]n elephants are desc5d$4 ,z ,abul ,fazl writes3 ,:5 occasion arises p read incantations 9 _! names & address !m 9 wor%ip4 ,!y also ?9k t e elephant 9 ! _w is (fspr+ ( "o ( !m4 ,?us1 elephants ( a :ite sk9 & :ite hairs are relat$ to ! fir/1 & elephants ) a l>ge head & long e>s1 ( a fi]ce & bold temp]1 & eyelids f> ap>t1 belong to ! second4 ,su* z are good-look+1 black1 & high 9 ! back1 are ! (fspr+ ( ! ?ird4 ,if tall1 ungov]nable1 quick 9 und]/&+1 %ort-hair$1 & ) r$ & black eyes1 !y come f ! f\r?4 ,if bright black1 ) "o tusk long] ?an ! o!r1 ) a :ite brea/ & belly1 & long & ?ick =efeet1 f ! fif?4 ,if fe>ful1 ) prom95t ve9s1 a %ort hump & e>s1 & a long trunk1 f ! six?4 ,if ?9-belli$1 r$-ey$1 & ) a long trunk1 f ! sev5?4 ,& if ( a comb9ation ( ! prec$+ sev5 qualities1 f ! eigh?4 #fdi ,?r\gh ,india ! rev]5ce = ! :ite elephant ( ,burma & ,siam has aris54 ,! figure ( ! elephant appe>s on "s ( ! pill>s ( ,asoka4 ,!re is an elephant gate at ,fatehpur ,skri1 "o ( ! ,k+ ,huvi%ka at ,ma?ura1 & ano!r connect$ ) ! dyna/y ( ,kanauj at ,dabhon 9 ! ,azamg>h ,di/rict4 ,delhi conta9s ! rem>kable elephant /atues1 believ$ by ,g5]al ,cunn+ham to h be5 erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,jaymal & ,patta1 ! two ,rjput h]oes :o def5d$ ! ,=t ( ,*i?or aga9/ ,akb>4 #fej ,! elephant con/antly occurs 9 folk-lore4 ,9 ! projection ( its =ehead x possesses a pe>l1 kn[n z ! ,kunj>a ,mani1 or ,gaja ,mukta1 :i* is inve/$ ) magical qualities4 ,9 ! folk-tales ! wood5 horse ( ,troy is repres5t$ by an artificial elephant fill$ ) soldi]s2 o!r elephants h ! p[] ( fly+ ?r\gh ! air2 9 o!r /ories1 z 9 "o ( ,la ,fonta9e's fables1 an elephant selects a k+ by rais+ him up ) 8 trunk2 ! elephant ,kuvalyapda is ! gu>dian ( a k+dom1 & t\*+ an elephant is "o ( ! te/s ( a woman's *a/ity4 ,we h also num]\s in/ances ( ! metamorphosis ( human be+s into elephants4 #fea ,! hair ( ! elephant's tail is 9 high repute z an amulet1 & little village *ildr51 :5 an elephant passes1 pat ! du/ :]e 8 feet h re/$ & s+ a song1 ( :i* "o v]sion is-- ,h?i h?i1 br d ,sone k t>wr d-- ,give u a hair1 elephant1 l a sword ( gold4 ,9 ,europe1 x may be not$1 ! hair f ! tail ( a horse is commonly reg>d$ z a cure = w5s4 #feb ,9 ! ,fatehpur ,di/rict !re is an elephant turn$ into /one4 ,! fam\s ,jay*& ( ,kanauj1 x is said1 z 9 ! ,c>?age leg5d1 (f]$ to ,p>s>a ,ri%i z _m villages z an elephant c\ld walk r\nd4 ,x trav]s$ an enorm\s ext5t ( c\ntry1 & f9ally halt$ at ,irdatnag>1 :]e x 0 turn$ into /one1 & once a ye> an enorm\s fair is held 9 its hon\r4 #fec ,! ,cat4 ,! cat is ev]y:]e inve/$ ) demoniac qualities1 & is ! companion ( ! wit*4 ,9 ,macbe? ! fir/ wit* says1 ,?rice ! br9d$ cat has mew$4 ,among ,muhammadans ! cat is a pure animal1 & to kill a cat is v unlucky1 & br+s on tr\ble & sickness4 ,s1 among ,h9dus1 ! kill+ ( a cat c be expiat$ only by ! p]=mance ( ! rite kn[n z ! ,prajapati ,yajna1 :i* secures ! bir? ( male issue4 ,!y say t ,mahdeva & ,prvat 7 "o day play+ dice1 & ,prvat call$ 9 ,ganesa 9 8 =m z a rat to upset ! dice ) 8 tail & cause h] to make a good ?r[4 ,mahdeva 0 wro?1 & call$ 9 a demon l a cat1 b he 0 afraid to kill ,ganesa4 ,!n ,mahdeva curs$ any "o 9 aft] days :o %\ld kill a cat4 ,we h ! same tale 9 ! ,raslu cycle1 :]e ! rat ( ,dhol ,rja *anges ! c\rse ( ! game betwe5 him & ,rja ,s>kap4 ,! cat is respect$ because %e is ! vehicle ( ,%a%?1 ! protectress ( *ildr51 & "p ( ! or?odox ,h9du rite at d9n] is giv+ food to ! cat4 ,among ! ,orons1 z we h se51 ! bir? fi5d ,*ordeva comes 9 ! =m ( a cat4 ,! ,rat & ,m\se4 ,! rat is sacr$ z ! vehicle ( ,ganesa4 ,9 ,bombay1 to call a rat a rat is consid]$ by l[] classes ( ,h9dus z unlucky1 & s !y call him ,undir ,mma1 or '! rat uncle4' ,he is s call$ because he is probably suppos$ to be ! _s ( an uncle4 ,x is consid]$ a great s9 to kill a rat1 & s1 :5 rats give tr\ble 9 a h\se1 ! wom5 ( ! h\se make a v[ to !m t1 if !y cease tr\bl+1 sweet balls w be giv5 to !m on a c]ta9 day1 & x is believ$ by ! ,h9dus t :5 su* a v[ has be5 made1 ! rats cease tr\bl+ !m = "s "t4 #fed ,9 p>ts ( ,engl& x is believ$ t a field m\se creep+ ov] ! back ( a %eep gives x p>alysis1 & t ?is c be cur$ only by %utt+ up a m\se 9 a holl[ ( ! trunk ( ! wit* elm or wit* hazel tree & leav+ x to die ( fam9e4 #fee ,! curi\sly de=m$ idiot boys :i* are collect$ at ! %r9e ( ,%h ,daula at ,guj>t are kn[n f _! wiz5$ appe>ance z ! rats ( ,%h ,daula4 #fef ,! ,squirrel4 ,! little ,indian squirrel is call$ 9 ! ,panjb ,rma ,*&ra ,k ,bhagat1 or ! sa9t ( ,rma ,*&ra1 because :5 he 0 build+ ! bridge across ! /rait to ,lanka1 ! squirrel help$ by %ak+ du/ f 8 tail1 & ! god /rok$ x on ! back1 h5ce ! d>k m>ks :i* x be>s to ! pres5t day4 ,_m ( ! ,drvidian tribes claim desc5t f ! squirrel4 ,! ,be>4 ,! be> is reg>d$ z a sc>] ( disease1 & sickly *ildr5 are tak5 = a ride on ! back ( a tame be> or "o ( 8 hairs is worn r\nd ! neck z an amulet4 ,x 0 ,jmbavat1 ! k+ ( ! be>s1 :o c>ri$ (f ! celebrat$ amulet1 ,syamantaka4 ,he 0 pursu$ by ,kri%na1 to :om he surr5d]$ ! gem & gave him 8 daught] ,jmbavat to wife4 ,he aft]w>ds ) 8 army ( be>s assi/$ ,rma 9 8 invasion ( ,lanka4 ,! ,jackal4 ,! jackal is an important "* 9 ! folk-tales1 :]e he assumes ! "p tak5 9 ,europe by ! fox4 ,_m are ! tales told ( 8 acut5ess4 ,! pack is suppos$ to h[l only at ea* wat* ( ! night1 & ! lead] says1 ,ma9 ,dilli k ,bd%h hn--,i am ,k+ ( ,delhi ?rice1 & 8 companions say1 ,ho6 ho6 ho6--,yes6 ( c\rse y are4 ,! ,h>e4 ,( ! h>e 9 ! moon we h spok5 already1 & also ref]r$ to ! animal 9 connection ) om5s4 ,9 ,cornwall1 :5 a girl has lov$ n wisely b too well1 %e haunts h] deceiv] 9 ! %ape ( a :ite h>e4 #feg ,birds3 ,! ,cr[4 ,pass+ on to birds1 ! cr[ is a fam\s totem or sacr$ bird4 #feh ,x p]sonifies 9 ,indian tradition ! s\l ( ! dead man2 h5ce1 to give food to ! cr[s1 kn[n 9 ,nor!rn ,india z ,kgaur1 is equival5t to (f]+ food to ! ,manes4 ,rma 9 ! ,rmyana ord]s ,st to make ?is (f]+1 & ,yama1 9 rew>d = its s]vices1 conc$$ to x ! "r ( eat+ ! fun]al meats1 = :i* reason ! s\ls ( ! dead1 :5 ?is food is giv5 to ! cr[s1 are enabl$ to pass into a bett] _w4 ,h5ce ! bird is kn[n z ,balipu%ta or n\ri%$ by (f]+s1 & ,balibhuj or dev\r] ( oblations4 #fei ,9 ! ,mahbhrata1 ! son ( ,drona1 "o ( ! few survivors ( ! ,kauravas1 sees an owl kill+ ! cr[s on a sacr$ fig tree1 & ?is sugge/s to him ! idea ( attack+ ! camp ( ! ,pndavas4 ,?is conte/ ( ! owl & ! cr[ =ms ! subject ( "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva4 #ffj ,! incid5t ( ! wick$ cr[1 :i* bit ! foot ( ,st1 is relat$ 9 ! ,rmyana4 ,! ,bhtus ( ,c5tral ,india1 a class ( migratory a?letes1 wor%ip ,nryana & ! bamboo1 ) :i* all _! feats are p]=m$4 ,:5 !y bury _! dead !y place rice & oil at ! head ( ! grave1 & /& ne> to wor%ip :atev] animal comes to eat ! (f]+s4 ,!y draw ! happie/ om5 ( ! /ate ( ! dep>t$ f cr[s visit+ ! spot4 #ffa ,9 ! ,g>uda ,purna a tale is told ( a wick$ hunt] :o 0 kill$ by a tig] 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/1 & 8 gho/ became a tr\blesome ,bht1 until "o day a cr[ c>ri$ (f "o ( ! bones & dropp$ x into ! ,ganges1 :5 ! s9n] 0 at once c>ri$ 9 a heav5ly *>iot to ! mansions ( ! bless$4 ,?is leg5d is localiz$ 9 ! ,hills & tells h[ ,k>ma ,s>ma 0 kill$ by a tig] 9 ! =e/4 ,a cr[ took up "o ( 8 bones & c>ri$ x to ! %r9e at ,tungk%etra1 & su* is ! virtue ( ! soil !re t ! hunt] 0 at once c>ri$ (f to ! heav5 ( ,indra4 #ffb ,bhusundi is ! leg5d>y cr[ ( ! battlefield1 :o dr9ks ! blood ( ! sla94 ,he _h m blood ?an he c\ld dr9k 9 ! w>s ( ! two ,asuras1 ,sumbha & ,nisumbha1 :o cont5d$ ) ! gods4 ,he j qu5*$ 8 ?ir/ 9 ! w>s ( ,rma1 b broke 8 beak aga9/ ! h>d1 dry gr\nd1 :i* _h soak$ 9 ! small am\nt ( blood %$ by ! comp>atively deg5]ate h]oes ( ! ,mahbhrata4 ,he n[ croaks ov] ! armies z !y g out to w>1 & looks = "s ,armag$don1 :5 8 ?ir/ w at la/ be satisfi$4 ,manifold are ! ideas ab\t cr[s & om5s tak5 f _! appe>ance & caw+4 ,"s p ?9k a cr[ has only "o eye1 :i* he %ifts f "o cavity to ! o!r z he f9ds x conv5i5t4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 if a cr[ picks up a woman's h&k]*ief & !n drops x1 %e w n use x1 b gives x to a begg>4 #ffc ,! bra9s ( a cr[ are a specific aga9/ old age1 b ! caw+ ( a cr[ is om9\s at ! beg9n+ ( a j\rney4 ,if a cr[ hops & caws on ! ro( a gue/ may be expect$4 ,musalmns h bo? fe> & respect = ! cr[1 because x 0 he %[$ ,ca9 h[ to bury ,abel4 ,! ,h& ( ,glory4 ,x is a common belief 9 ,europe t ! ,h& ( ,glory1 or ! dri$-up h& ( a crim9al :o has be5 execut$1 is a p[]ful *>m = ?ieves4 ,9 ,irel&1 if a c&le is plac$ 9 a dead h&1 nei!r w9d nor wat] c ext+ui% x1 & if c>ri$ into a h\se1 ! inmates w sleep ! sleep ( ! dead z long z x rema9s "u ! ro(1 & no p[] on e>? c wake !m z long z ! dead h& holds ! c&le4 ,! h& ( a dead man is also us$ to /ir ! milk :5 butt] w n =m4 #ffd ,s1 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 ?ieves h a sup]/ition t ! a%es ( a corpse w1 if spr9kl$ by ! door ( a h\se1 prev5t ! inmates f awak+ dur+ ! commission ( a burgl>y4 ,! ,h& ( ,glory1 accord+ to ,sir ,g4 ,cox1 is ! light fla%+ f ! dim & dusky /orm-cl\d1 #ffe b ?is c h>dly1 ) ! utmo/ +5uity1 be invok$ to expla9 ! simil> usage ( ,indian burgl>s1 :o c>ry ab\t ) !m ! /ick out ( a cr['s ne/1 ! ,gad k ,lakr1 :i* op5s locks & holds ! h\sehold spell-b\nd4 ,! ,indian ?ief1 l 8 ,engli% bro!r1 by ! way1 (t5 c>ries ab\t a piece ( *>coal z a *>m 9 8 op]ations4 ,! ,f[l4 ,among "s ( ! ,indian races ! value set on ! f[l may possibly1 z ,mr4 ,campbell sugge/s1 dep5d on ! feel+ t ! spirits ( ! dead w&]+ ne> _! anci5t homes f9d an asylum 9 ! dome/ic f[ls4 #fff ,at any rate1 z a sacrifice1 ! black f[l is v g5]ally pref]r$4 ,?is is s among ! ,drvidian races ( ,c5tral ,india4 ,9 ,irel& ! fir/ egg laid by a little black h51 eat5 ! v fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+1 w keep y f fev] = ! ye>4 #ffg ,9 ,g]many x 0 held t to f9d treasure1 t is to say1 to sc>e ! fi5ds :i* gu>d & hide x1 "o %\ld use a black he-goat & a black f[l4 #ffh ,"o ( ! ,italian *>ms directs1 ,to bewit* "o till he die1 take a black h5 & pluck f x e fea!r2 & ?is done1 keep !m all c>efully1 s t n "o be lo/4 ,) ^! y may d any h>m to gr[n-up p or *ildr54 #ffi ,ano!r possible reason = ! respect paid to ! f[l is t ! corn _s is (t5 kill$ 9 ! =m ( a cock to promote ! p]iodical vegetation ( ! crops4 ,! ,dove & ,pigeon4 ,! dove is held 9 mu* respect by ,musalmns4 ,among ! ,nor!rn ,semites ! dove is sacr$ to ,a%tore? & has all ! m>ks ( a totem1 = ! ,syrians w\ld n eat x4 ,x 0 n m]ely a symbol1 b receiv$ div9e hon\r4 ,9 ,arabia we f9d a dove idol 9 ! ,qaaba1 & sacr$ doves surr\nd x4 #fgj ,s1 ! ,khe%gi ,pa?ns ( ,qasr 9 ! ,panjb w n kill pigeons2 !y are simil>ly protect$ by ,h9dus at ,bh>atpur1 & among ,muhammadans !y rank z ! ,sayyid among birds4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india a h\se ) pigeons is suppos$ to be safe f gho/s4 ,! dove is believ$ to utt] a peculi> note f\r times 9 succession1 9 :i* %e bewails h] neglect$ lov]4 ,%e says1-- ,pisn ?i1 ktn ?i3 ,ay ?1 *al gay4 ,:ile ,i 0 gr9d+ fl\r & sp9n+1 he came & dep>t$4 #fga ,! ,goose or ,swan4 ,! goose or swan is possibly an illu/ration ( :at may be a tribal totem4 ,x is said 9 ! ,bhgavata ,purna t at "o "t !re exi/$ "o ,v$a1 "o god ,agni1 & "o ca/e4 ,?is we le>n f ! comm5tator 0 9 ! ,krita age1 & ! "o ca/e he tells u ( 0 nam$ ,hansa or ,swan4 ,! ,hansas are1 aga91 9 ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 said to be "o ( f\r ca/es or tribes exi/+ 9 a di/rict ext]ior to ,india1 & f9ally we le>n f ! ,l+a ,purna t ,hansa 0 a "n ( ,brahma himself4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t we h a swan tribe 9 ! ,indian ,hansas4 #fgb ,z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! !ory t ! ,hansa 0 a tribal totem1 we f9d t ! ,kalhans ,rjputs ( ,oudh are said to take _! "n f ! ,kla ,hansa or ,black ,swan2 t ,rjputs n[adays w n eat x2 & t ! same respect is %[n to a bird ( alli$ type1 ! ,brhmani ,duck1 & its mate1 ! ,*akwa1 ,*akwi ( our riv]s4 ,!y 7 once two lov]s1 sep>at$ by fate1 *ang$ into ducks1 & all ?r\gh ! night !y call sadly to ea* o!r across ! broad /ream ( ! ,ganges1 :i* keeps !m ap>t4 ,to ! ,hansa is ascrib$ ! fabul\s p[] ( be+ able to sep>ate milk f wat] aft] ! two h be5 mix$ toge!r4 #fgc ,9 ,engl& ! goose is suppos$ to h "s uncanny way ( pr$ict+ wea!r4 #fgd ,9 ,wel% belief ! wild goose is a wit*1 especially if fir/ se5 on ! fir/ ,?ursday night ( ! lun> mon?4 #fge ,! anci5t ,greeks ascrib$ to ! swan ! gift ( prophecy & song2 ! sacr$ geese ( ! capital 7 respect$ at ,rome1 & ! anci5t ,g]mans consid]$ x a prophetic bird4 ,! goose 0 a fav\rite ,buddhi/ emblem1 & a flock ( !m is depict$ on ! ,lion ,pill> at ,betiya 9 ,tirht4 #fgf ,9 ! /ory ( ,nala & ,damayant1 a flock ( ^! birds arranges ! int]views betwe5 ! lov]s1 & 9 ! ,mahbhrata ! ,ri%is take ! =m ( a swan to convey ! div9e message4 ,accord+ to ! comp>ative my?ologi/s1 x is ne$less to say1 ! ,hansa is ! sun4 #fgg ,sundry ,sacr$ ,birds4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ,g>uda1 half man1 half bird1 ! vehicle ( ,vi%nu4 ,he is ! son ( "o ( ! daught]s ( ,dak%a1 :om we h already met ) 9 connection ) ! moon1 & ! sage ,kasyapa4 ,accord+ to ! ,mahbhrata1 he 0 giv5 leave to dev\r wick$ m51 b n to t\* a ,brhman4 ,once he did dev\r a ,brhman1 b ! holy man s burnt 8 ?roat t he 0 glad to disgorge him4 ,9 ! ,rmyana we meet ) ,jatyu1 :o is said to be a son ( ,g>uda & k+ ( ! vultures4 ,he tri$ to /op ! *>iot 9 :i* ,rvana 0 abduct+ ,st1 & ?\gh w\nd$1 0 able to c>ry ! news to ,rma4 ,a bird kn[n z ! ,malahri or fil? de/roy] is a sort ( totem ( ! ,kanj> gipsies4 ,if !y see x s++ on a gre5 bran* to ! front or "r1 x is an auspici\s om51 & !y />t at once on ! pr[l4 ,s ) ! ,khanj>t1 9 ,sanskrit ,khanjankriti1 ! wagtail1 :i* is also kn[n z ,rm ,*iraiya or ! bird ( ,rma4 ,x is associat$ ) ,vi%nu1 because ! m>ks on its ?roat are said to resemble ! ,slagrma4 ,x comes f ! heav5 ( ,rma 9 ! end ( ! ra9s1 & rema9s till ! close ( spr+1 & !n be>s back to ,rma a report ( ! /ate ( ! _w & ! crops4 ,:5 x fir/ appe>s e "o b[s to x4 ,a ,sanskrit text lays d[n t :5 a p]son fir/ sees ! bird1 if he be /&+ ne> a ,brhman1 or ne> wat]1 or sitt+ on an elephant1 or at daybreak1 or :5 ! bird is fly+ ne> or sitt+ on a s]p5t1 x is consid]$ propiti\s4 ,:5 a p]son fir/ sees x 9 ! ea/1 x br+s him good luck all ?r\gh ! ye>2 :5 se5 9 ! s\?-ea/1 x pr$icts loss by fire2 to ! s\?-we/1 fight+2 to ! we/1 acquisition ( weal?2 if se5 to ! nor?-ea/1 ! obs]v] w ga9 good clo!s & jewels4 ,he :o sees x 9 ! nor?-we/ w die4 ,! sup]/itions 9 ,europe connect$ ) ! magpie & cuckoo are ( mu* ! same class4 ,9 ,irel& x is said1 ,bew>e ( kill+ ! wat] wagtail1 = x has ?ree drops ( ! ,devil's blood 9 its little body1 & ill-luck ev] goes ) x & foll[s x4 #fgh ,! ,ojhiyls or wiz>ds ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces sell ! sk9s ( a species ( ,buc]os1 call$ ,dhan*irya1 :i* are us$ to hang up 9 ! h\se to secure weal? 7dhan71 :5ce its "n2 & ?igh bones ( ! same bird are hung r\nd ! wri/s ( *ildr5 z a *>m aga9/ evil spirits4 #fgi ,! ,hoopoe4 ,! leg5d ( ! hoopoe is ?us told by ,arrian3 ,to ! k+ ( ! ,indians 0 born a son4 ,! *ild _h eld] bro!rs1 :o1 :5 !y came to man's e/ate1 turn$ out to be v unju/ & ! greate/ ( reprobates4 ,!y despis$ _! bro!r because he 0 ! y\nge/2 & !y sc(f$ at _! fa!r & _! "m1 :om !y despis$ because !y 7 old & grey-head$4 ,! boy1 accord+ly1 & 8 ag$ p>5ts c\ld no long] live ) ^! wick$ m51 & away !y fl$ f home1 all ?ree toge!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! protract$ j\rneys :i* !y _h !n to und]go1 ! old p succumb$ to fatigue & di$1 & ! boy %[$ !m no light reg>d1 b buri$ !m 9 himself1 hav+ cut (f 8 head ) a sword4 ,!n1 z ! ,bra*manes 7,brhman7 tell u1 ! all-see+ sun1 9 admiration ( ?is surpris+ act ( piety1 trans=m$ ! boy into a bird1 :i* is mo/ beautiful to behold1 & :i* lives to a v advanc$ age4 ,s on 8 head !re grew up a cre/1 :i* 01 z x 71 a memorial ( :at he _h done 9 ! "t ( 8 flight4 #fhj ,somadeva gives ano!r /ory ( ?is bird4 ,rajatadan%tra "o day saw 8 si/] ,somaprabh play+ on a ,p9j>a1 & :5 %e w\ld n give x to him1 took ! =m ( a bird & flew away ) x to heav54 ,%e curs$ him t he %\ld become a bird ) a gold5 cre/1 b promis$ t :5 9 8 bird %ape he %\ld fall into a bl9d well1 & a m]ciful p]son draws y out1 & y d him a s]vice 9 return1 y %all be releas$ f ?is curse4 #fha ,! ,muhammadan tradition is t ! ,hudhud1 or hoopoe1 _h ! p[] ( f9d+ wat] :i* ! devils h buri$ "u ! e>?1 & %e assi/$ ,solomon to f9d wat] = ablution1 & help$ him to f9d ,bilqs1 ! que5 ( ,%eba4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! appe>ance ( ! hoopoe is look$ on z an om5 ( w>4 #fhb ,! ,woodpeck]4 ,s ( ! woodpeck]1 :i* is said to h be5 a ,rja 9 a =m] bir?1 & /ill to reta9 8 royal cre/4 ,9 ,italian tradition ! woodpeck] 7,picus ,m>tis7 is a digg] 9 =e/s1 :]e he lives alone & digs & hews1 & kn[s all hidd5 secrets & treasures4 #fhc ,9 ,india ! ,titihr1 or s&pip]1 is said to sleep ) 8 legs 9 ! air & ?us supports ! firmam5t4 ,! ,peacock4 ,! peacock is1 ( c\rse1 a sacr$ bird4 ,he is specially v5]at$ by ! ,jts1 :o /rongly object to see+ ! bird kill$ ne> _! villages4 ,a bun* ( ! fea!rs is wav$ ov] ! sick to sc>e ! demon ( disease4 ,z we h already se51 x is a *>m aga9/ snake-bite to smoke "o ( its fea!rs 9 a pipe4 ,9 ,europe ! l\d call+ ( ! bird presages a dea?4 ,! ,pheasant4 ,once ^u a "t ! ,monl pheasant ( ! ,hills & ! ,kal*uniya _h a dispute z to :5 ! sun arose4 ,! ,monl woke fir/ & !n walk$ betwe5 ! legs ( ! o!r1 :o 0 s injur$ t he has nev] be5 able to d any?+ b skip ev] s9ce4 ,! ,kite4 ,"y kites d n op5 _! eyes till !y are %[n a bit ( gold4 ,! be/ cure = weak eyes is to apply to !m antimony mix$ ) ! yolk ( a kite's egg1 a good in/ance ( sympa!tic magic1 because ! kite is ! mo/ long-sight$ ( birds4 ,:5 sweep]s suff] f rheumatic pa9s1 !y kill a kite on ,tuesday1 cut up ! bones1 & tie !m to ! affect$ "p1 :i* br+s ab\t an imm$iate cure4 #fhd ,! ,p>tridge4 ,! p>tridge & ! peacock once cont5d$ 9 danc+1 & :5 ! turn ( ! p>tridge came he borr[$ ! pretty feet ( ! peacock1 :i* he has nev] return$ s9ce4 ,rja ,nala1 at "o p]iod ( 8 life1 came "u ! malignant influ5ce ( ,sani or ,saturn & lo/ all he possess$ 9 ! _w4 ,at la/1 z he 0 />v+1 he manag$ to cat* a black p>tridge & set ab\t roa/+ x4 ,b ! ill-luck ( ! evil planet ass]t$ itself & ! dead bird came to life & flew away4 ,! result is ! black m>ks ( *>r+ :i* /ill rema9 ^u its body4 ,n[ x cries 9 ! words1 ,subhn t] qudrat--,great is ! p[] ( ! ,almighty1 because x 0 sav$ f ! fire4 ,! ,p>rot4 ,la/ among sacr$ birds comes ! p>rot4 ,( c\rse1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,de ,gub]natis & 8 s*ool1 he repres5ts ! sun4 #fhe ,! bird appe>s con/antly 9 ! folk-tales z gift$ ) ! p[] ( speak+ & possess$ ( wisdom4 ,! wife ( ! sage ,kasyapa 01 accord+ to ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 ! "m ( all ! p>rots4 ,9 ! folk-tales we h ! p>rot :o kn[s ! f\r ,v$as :o is l ! falcon 9 ! ,squire's tale ( ,*auc]4 #fhf ,9 o!rs he w>ns ! h]o ( =tune1 befri5ds ! h]o9e1 & is ! companion ( ,rja ,raslu4 #fhg ,! talk+ p>rot con/antly w>ns ! deceiv$ husb&4 ,! bird seems to h be5 a sort ( m>riage totem among ! ,drvidian races1 = images ( x made ( ! wood ( ! cotton tree or ( clay are hung up 9 ! m>riage %$ among ! ,kols & l[] ca/es 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,! ,alligator4 ,! alligator & crocodile are rev]$ because ( _! habit ( kill+ human be+s4 ,writ+ ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,mr4 ,macdonald says3 ,to ! ,ba?lap9 ! crocodile is sacr$1 & by all x is rev]$1 b r "u ! =m ( fe> ?an ( affection4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t ! 'riv] call+' ( ,s\? ,africa1 :]e !re are no crocodiles1 is ! survival ( an anci5t recollection ( ! "t :5 ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,kaffirs dwelt on ! m>g9s ( riv]s infe/$ by ^! murd]\s brutes1 & :]e !y (t5 saw _! wom5 drawn und]nea? :5 go+ to ! riv] to fet* wat]4 #fhh ,! crocodile may ?us be ! type ( _m ( ! ,indian wat] demons to :om ref]5ce has be5 already made4 ,h5ce1 x is a g5]al rule among savages to sp>e crocodiles1 or r only to kill !m 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( blood feud1 t is1 z a retaliation = ! slaught] ( m5 by crocodiles4 ,9 ,india x became a fav\rite =m ( religi\s suicide to be dev\r$ by ! crocodiles at ,gangasg>4 ,mak>a1 a sort ( m>9e mon/]1 half crocodile & half %>k1 is ! vehicle ( ,kmadeva1 ! god ( love1 & ,gang ,m is depict$ z rid+ on an alligator4 ,!y are sometimes put into tanks & wor%ipp$1 & fi%]m5 h a tradition t1 if duly appeas$1 !y nev] attack !m4 #fhi ,fi%4 ,fi% are 9 _m places reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,! salmon ( k appe>s 9 ! ,celtic folk-lore4 #fij ,! sacr$ speckl$ tr\t are f\nd 9 _m ,iri% wells1 & ! same idea prevails 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 #fia ,we f9d ! fi% figur+ 9 ! ,h9du my? ( ! ,creation4 ,manu1 :ile he 0 ba?+1 f\nd a fi% 9 ! wat]1 :i* said1 ,i w save !e f ! flood :i* %all de/roy ! _w4 ,! fi% grew & 0 ab\t to g to ! ocean1 :5 he direct$ ,manu to build a boat4 ,:5 ! deluge came1 ! fi% dragg$ ! boat by 8 horn to a place ( safety4 ,! my? appe>s 9 o!r =ms1 m or less ak9 to ! ,hebrew /ory bas$ on ,babylonian tradition4 ,!re are _m places 9 ,india :]e fi% are protect$1 su* z ^? at ,kota & 9 ! ,mahnad riv]1 ! ,betwa at ,bhilsa1 ,h>dwr1 ,ma?ura1 ,mirzapur1 ,b5>es1 ,nepl1 & 9 ,afghani/n4 #fib ,9 ! ,sraswata pool 9 ! ,himlaya liv$ ! sacr$ fi% call$ ,mrikunda2 !y are f$ on ! f\rte5? ( ! light half ( ea* mon?1 & oblations are (f]$ = ! repose ( ! ,manes ( deceas$ relations4 #fic ,x is a common cu/om among pi\s ,h9dus to fe$ fi% at sacr$ places ) a lkh or m ( little balls ( fl\r wrapp$ up 9 ,bhojpatra or bir* b>k or pap] ) ! "n ( ,rma writt5 ^u x4 ,_! eat+ ! "n ( ! deity ensures _! salvation1 & ?us conf]s religi\s m]it on ! giv]4 ,! fi% is ! vehicle ( ,khwja ,khizr1 ! wat] god1 & h5ce has become a sort ( totem ( ! ,%iah ,musalmns & ! cre/ ( ! late royal family ( ,oudh4 ,pictures ( fi% are con/antly drawn on ! walls ( h\ses z a *>m aga9/ demoniacal influ5ce4 ,! ,fi% 9 ,folk-lore4 ,! fi% con/antly appe>s 9 ! folk-tales4 ,we h 9 ,somadeva ! fi% t laugh$ :5 x 0 dead2 ! fi% t swall[s ! h]o or h]o9e or a boat4 #fid ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales we h ! fi% swall[+ ! r+1 :i* is l ! tale :i* ,h]odotus tells ( ,polycrates4 ,9 ano!r we h ! ,ori5tal v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,jonah1 :]e ! m]*ant is f\nd by ! pott] 9 ! belly ( ! fi%4 #fie ,s1 ,pradyumna1 son ( ,kri%na & ,rukm91 0 ?r[n into ! ocean by ! demon ,samb>a1 & recov]$ f ! belly ( a fi% by 8 wife ,my ,dev4 ,9 _m ( ! mod]n tales ! fi% takes ! =m ( ! ,life ,index4 ,! k+ ,bh>t>i1 ! bro!r ( ! celebrat$ ,rja ,vikramaditya1 :o is n[ a godl+ & sp5ds "p ( ! day at ,b5>es & "p at ! ,*unr ,=t1 _h a fi%1 ! dige/ion ( :i* gave him k ( all t occurr$ 9 ! ?ree worlds4 ,by a div9e curse ! nymph ,adrik 0 trans=m$ into a fi% :i* liv$ 9 ! ,jumn4 ,"h %e conceiv$ by ! k+ ,up>i*>a1 0 caught by a fi%]man1 tak5 to ! k+ & op5$1 :5 %e rega9$ h] heav5ly =m1 & f h] 7 produc$ ,matsya1 ! male1 & ,matsy1 ! female fi%1 ! prog5itors ( ! f9ny race4 ,! fi% (t5 plays a "p 9 ! miracul\s conception my?s1 z 9 ! ,mahbhrata we read ( a fi% :i* dev\rs ! se$1 & a girl hav+ eat5 x br+s =? a *ild4 ,! fi% inc>nation ( ,vi%nu possibly repres5ts ! adoption ( a fi% totem into ,brhmanism4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! leg5d>y fi% has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! sun by ! s*ool ( comp>ative my?ologi/s4 #fif ,! ,eel4 ,! eel is a totem ( ! ,mundri ,kols ( ,b5gal & ( ! ,orons1 nei!r ( :om w eat x4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,engl& an eel sk9 ti$ r\nd ! leg is a cure = cramp4 ,eel fat1 9 ! ,european tales1 is us$ z a magic o9tm5t1 & gives ! p[] ( see+ ! fairies4 #fig ,! ,tortoise4 ,! tortoise1 aga91 is sacr$4 ,vi%nu appe>$ z a tortoise 9 ! ,satya ,yuga or fir/ age to recov] "s ?+s ( value :i* _h be5 lo/ 9 ! deluge4 ,9 ! =m ( a tortoise he plac$ himself at ! bottom ( ! sea ( milk1 & made 8 back ! basis on :i* ! gods & demons1 us+ ! s]p5t ,vsuki z a rope1 *urn$ ! ocean by means ( ! m\nt ,m&>a4 ,! ,ganrr1 a tribe ( ,b5gal fi%]m51 make sacrifices ( ! riv] tortoise to ! goddess ,kolokumr1 ! daught] ( ! deep2 ?is is ! only sacrifice %e w accept1 & %e br+s sickness on ^? :o fail to make ?is (f]+4 #fih ,! tortoise is a totem ( ! ,mundri ,kols1 & ! ,kh>wrs & ,mnjhis ( ,mirzapur wor%ip clay images ( x1 :i* !y keep 9 _! h\se1 because on "o occasion x convey$ _! fir/ ance/or across a riv] 9 flood4 ,! ,gonds h a simil> tradition t ! tortoise sav$ _! ance/or ,l+o f ! clut*es ( ! alligator4 ,! tortoise is also a help] 9 "o ( ! ,g]man tales4 #fii ,9 "o ( ,somadeva's /ories1 ! tortoise is sacrific$ by a ,brhman to ! ,manes ( 8 fa!r4 #gjj ,! ,frog4 ,! frog1 aga91 is inve/$ ) my/ical p[]s4 ,! mon/r\s toad ( ,b]keley ,ca/le is said to be really a seal4 #gja ,9 ,engli% folk-lore x is associat$ ) wit*es1 & we>s a preci\s jewel 9 its head4 ,h9dus believe t ! female frog is ! _s ( ,m&od>1 ! wife ( ,rvana4 ,x is a common belief t ! fat ( ! frog =ms a magic o9tm5t :i* enables wit*es to fly ?r\gh ! air4 #gjb ,accord+ to a ,scot* ,saga1 ! middle piece ( a :ite snake roa/$ by ! fire gives a k ( sup]natural ?+s to anyone :o %all put 8 f+] 9 ! fat :i* drops f x4 ,accord+ to "o ( ! ,indian leg5ds1 ,agni1 ! fire god1 took refuge 9 ! wat] to escape ! gods1 b ! frogs1 suff]+ f ! heat1 in=m$ ! gods1 & ! angry deity curs$ !m t _! spee* %\ld h5ce=? be in>ticulate4 ,! frog by 8 voice ann\nces ! com+ ( ra92 h5ce :5 ra9 holds (f x is a common *>m to p\r wat] ov] a frog1 ano!r in/ance ( sympa!tic magic4 ,insects4 ,ev5 insects are 9 "s cases reg>d$ ) v5]ation4 ,9 ,cornwall1 ! ants are ! small p 9 _! /ate ( decay f (f ! e>?2 x is deem$ mo/ unlucky to de/roy a colony ( ants4 #gjc ,! ant-hill is1 z we h se51 us$ z an alt> by "s ( ! ,drvidian tribes1 & on x !y take _! oa?s4 ,h5ce ants are c>efully f$ on c]ta9 days by bo? ,h9dus & ,ja9as1 & are reg>d$ z 9 "s way connect$ ) ! s\ls ( ! sa9t$ dead4 ,we h 9 _m ( ! folk-tales ! ant z a help]4 ,s1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,panjb1 ! _m-col\r$ gras%opp]1 :i* fe$s on ! leaves ( ! ,madr or great swall[ wort1 is call$ ,rmj-k-g or ,rma's c[1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! respect paid by ,engli% *ildr5 to ! ladybird insect4 #gjd ,s1 ! ,greeks & ,romans call$ ! ,cicada ,mantis or ! soo?say]1 & x is (t5 del9eat$ on _! tombs z a *>m aga9/ evil4 ,my/ic p[]s ( ! same k9d are attribut$ to ! spid]1 & to ,daddy ,longlegs 9 our nurs]ies4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead are believ$ to ent] into flies & bees4 ,h5ce 9 p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 news ( a dea? 9 a family is :isp]$ into ! beehive4 #gje ,9 "o ( ,somadeva's tales we f9d ! monkeys try+ to w>m !mselves ov] a firefly1 :i* is gift$ ) v>i\s miracul\s p[]s4 #gjf ,a fly fall+ into an ink/& is a lucky om54 ,9 ! ,rmyana ,hanumn metamorphoses himself into a fly to rea* ,st1 & !re are _m in/ances ( ?is 9 ! tales4 ,la/ly1 comes ! ,tass> silkworm4 ,9 ,mirzapur1 :5 ! se$ ( ! silkworm is br\ght to ! h\se1 ! ,kol or ,bhuiyr puts x 9 a place :i* has be5 c>efully pla/]$ ) c[dung to br+ good luck4 ,f t "t ! own] mu/ be c>eful to avoid c]emonial impurity2 he mu/ give up cohabitation ) 8 wife1 he mu/ n sleep on a b$1 he mu/ n %ave nor h 8 nails cut1 nor ano9t himself ) oil1 nor eat food cook$ ) butt]1 nor tell lies1 nor d any?+ oppos$ to 8 simple code ( morality4 ,he v[s to ,s+rmat ,dev t if ! worms are duly born he w make h] an (f]+4 ,:5 ! cocoons op5 & ! worms appe>1 he collects ! wom5 ( 8 h\se & !y s+ ! usual song z at ! bir? ( a baby into ! family1 & "s r$ lead is sme>$ on ! p>t+ ( ! hair ( all ! m>ri$ wom5 ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,he fe$s 8 clansm51 & duly makes ! promis$ (f]+ to ,s+rmat ,dev4 ,:5 ! worms pair1 ! rejoic+s are made z at a m>riage4 ,9 ,b5gal1 9 addition to ^! precautions1 ! wom51 app>5tly ?r\gh fe> ( sexual pollution1 are c>efully exclud$ f ! silkworm %$4 #gjg ,we h ! same idea 9 ! ,we/]n ,isles ( ,scotl&1 :]e !y s5d a man v e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! fir/ ( ,may to prev5t any woman f cross+1 = t1 !y say1 w\ld prev5t ! salmon f com+ into ! riv] all ! ye> r\nd4 #gjh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,black ,,art4 ,simulacraque c]ea figit ,et mis]um t5ues 9 jecur urget acus4 ,ovid1 ,h]oides1 vi4 #ia1 #ib4 ,f ! ,baiga or ,ojha1 :o by means ( 8 gra9 sieve feti% id5tifies ! p>ticul> evil _s by :i* 8 pati5t is afflict$1 we come to ! regul> wit* or wiz>d4 ,he works 9 ,india by means & appliances :i* c be readily p>allel$ by ! proc$ure ( 8 bre?r5 9 ,we/]n c\ntries4 #gji ,! ,wit*4 ,! position ( ! wit* has be5 s cle>ly /at$ by ,sir ,a4 ,lyall1 t 8 rem>ks des]ve quotation4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! wit* is t he does ev]y?+ )\t ! help ( ! gods4 ,x beg9s :5 a savage /umbles on a few natural effects out ( ! common run ( ?+s1 :i* he f9ds himself able to "w by unv>y+ rule ( ?umb4 ,he becomes a feti% to himself4 ,feti%ism is ! adoration ( a visible object suppos$ to possess active p[]4 ,a wit* is "o :o pr(esses to "w m>vels1 n ?r\gh ! aid or c\nsel ( ! sup]natural be+s 9 :om he believes z mu* z ! re/1 b by c]ta9 occult faculties :i* he conceives himself to possess4 ,!re is a real di/9ction ev5 9 feti%ism betwe5 ! wit* & ! bro!r practition] on a feti%1 or betwe5 ! wit* & ! ,%aman1 :o rolls ab\t ! gr\nd & screams out 8 oracles2 & ?is l9e1 betwe5 adoration & inspiration1 v[s & oracles on ! "o side1 & ?aumaturgy by occult1 incompreh5sible arts on ! o!r1 divides ! two pr(essions f bottom to top4 ,h5ce1 ! wit*1 & n ! man :o works ?r\gh ! feti%1 is proscrib$4 ,h5ce any disappo9tm5t 9 ! aid :i* ! aborig9al tribes are entitl$ to expect f _! gods to avoid av]t+ disease or fam9e1 ?r[s ! p on ! sc5t ( wit*craft4 #gaj ,aga91 ,! mo/ primitive wit*craft looks v l m$ic9e 9 ! embryonic /ate2 b z no "o w give ! aborig9al physician any cr$it = cures or *emical effects produc$ by simple human k1 he is soon =c$ back into occult & my/ic devices1 :i* belong nei!r to religion nor to de/9y1 b are a ridicul\s mixture ( bo?2 :5ce ! ord9>y k9d ( wit*craft is g5]at$4 ,& he goes on to %[ h[ ! great plagues1 *ol]a & ! small-pox1 belong to ! gods2 b a man _c expect a great inc>nation ( ,vi%nu to cure 8 c[1 or f9d 8 lo/ purse2 nor w public op9ion tol]ate 8 go+ to any respectable %r9e ) a petition t 8 neighb\r's wife1 8 ox1 or 8 ass may be smitt5 ) "s sore disease4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 ) ! correction t1 z we h se5 already1 ! deities :i* rule disease are ( a mu* l[] grade ?an ! div9e cab9et :i* rules ! _w4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce !n betwe5 ! h$ge prie/ & ! wit* is1 z ,sir ,a4 ,lyall %[s1 t ! =m] s]ves 8 god or devil1 :]eas ! latt] makes ! famili> demon1 if "o is kept1 s]ve him4 ,wit*craft3 ,h[ ,develop$4 ,! belief 9 wit*craft is g5]al among ! l[] & less advanc$ ,indian races4 ,colonel ,dalton's ass]tion t ! ,jungs1 :o 7 q rec5tly 9 ! /age ( we>+ leaf aprons1 d n believe 9 wit*craft or sorc]y1 mu/ be accept$ ) great caution4 ,x is q c]ta9 t all ! alli$ ,drvidian races1 ev5 ^? at a some:at high] /ate ( culture ?an ! ,jungs1 su* z ,kols1 ,kh>wrs1 & ,*]os1 firmly believe 9 wit*craft4 ,b all ^! p obs]ve ! mo/ extreme retic5ce on ! subject4 ,if y ask a ,mirzapur ,hill-man if !re are any wit*es 9 8 neighb\rhood1 he w look r\nd furtively & suspici\sly1 & ev5 if he admits t he has he>d ( su* p1 he w be v reluctant to give mu* in=mation ab\t !m4 ,a belief 9 wit*craft is1 !n1 prim>ily ! h]itage ( ! m isolat$ & lea/ advanc$ races1 l ! ,kols & ,bhls1 ,santls & ,?rus4 ,9 fact1 :atev] may be ! e?nical orig9 ( ! !ory1 x is at pres5t 9 ,nor!rn ,india almo/ specializ$ among ! ,drvidian1 or aborig9al peoples4 ,x also widely prevails among ^? :o lead a nomadic life & are ?us br\ght m directly 9 contact ) nature 9 h] wild] & /]n] moods1 su* z ! ,nat & ! ,kanj>1 ! ,hbra & ! ,snsiya4 ,s1 9 ,europe sorc]y & =tune-tell+1 ! *>m+ ( disease1 ! mak+ ( love philt]s1 & s on are ! function ( ! ,romani2 & ,mr4 ,lel& haz>ds ! supposition t ,h]odias 0 a gipsy4 #gaa ,! belief t a c]ta9 p]son is a wit* is probably g5]at$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,_m a "o becomes reput$ z a wit* f ! realization ( "s unlucky prophecy1 or ! fulfilm5t ( "s casual1 passionate curse or imprecation ^u an enemy or rival4 ,! old ,scotti% rhymes exactly express ?is feel+3-- ,!re dwelt a weav] 9 ,m(fat t\n1 ,t said ! m9i/] w\ld die sune2 ,! m9i/] di$1 & ! f\k o' ! t\n ,!y brant ! weav] wi' ! wadd o' ! lume1 ,& ca'd x weel-wan$ on ! w>lo* loon4 #gab ,) ?is is intimately connect$ ! belief 9 ! ,evil ,eye1 & t c]ta9 p]sons h ! p[] ( call+ d[n on _! enemies ! influ5ce ( evil spirits2 &1 z 9 ,we/]n l&s1 su* a p[] is (t5 attribut$ to p]sons afflict$ ) ugl9ess1 de=mity1 crank9ess ( temp]1 liability to sudd5 fits ( passion1 epilepsy1 & ! l4 ,disease or dea?1 fam9e1 accid5t1 or any =m ( tr\ble1 nev]1 9 popul> belief1 come naturally4 ,!re is always beh9d calamity "s malignant p[] :i* selects ! victim1 & ! attribution ( ?is faculty to any "o naturally reg>d$ z uncanny1 or :o practises rites or wor%ip /range to or?odox belief1 is 9 ! op9ion ( ! ru/ic only reasonable4 ,! ,jig> ,khor4 ,"o p>ticul>ly dread$ =m ( wit* is ! ,jig> ,khor or liv]-eat]1 ( :om ,abul ,fazl gives a description3 ,"o ( ?is class c /eal away ! liv] ( ano!r by looks & incantations4 ,o!r acc\nts say t by look+ at a p]son he deprives him ( 8 s5ses1 & !n /eals f him some?+ resembl+ ! se$ ( a pomegranate1 :i* he hides 9 ! calf ( 8 leg2 aft] be+ swell$ by ! fire1 he di/ributes x among 8 fell[s to be eat51 :i* c]emony concludes ! life ( ! fasc9at$ p]son4 ,a ,jig> ,khor is able to communicate 8 art to ano!r by tea*+ him incantations1 & by mak+ him eat a bit ( ! liv] cake4 ,^! ,jig> ,khors are mo/ly wom54 ,x is said !y c br+ intellig5ce f a long di/ance 9 a %ort space ( "t1 & if !y are ?r[n into a riv] ) a /one ti$ to !m1 !y nev]!less w n s9k4 ,9 ord] to deprive any "o ( ?is wick$ p[]1 !y br& 8 temples & e jo9t ( 8 body1 cram 8 eyes ) salt1 susp5d him = =ty days 9 a subt]rane\s *amb]1 & repeat ov] him c]ta9 incantations4 ,( ! mod]n ,jig> ,khors ( ! ,panjb we are told t :5 a wit* succe$s 9 tak+ out a man's liv]1 %e w n eat x = two & a half days4 ,if aft] eat+ x %e is put "u ! influ5ce ( an exorcis]1 %e c be =c$ to take ! liv] ( "s animal & put x back to replace t tak5 f ! orig9al victim4 #gac ,9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva ! wick$ wife ( ! b>b] is a wit*1 & :5 he is asleep %e takes out 8 entrails & sucks !m1 & !n replaces !m z be=e4 #gad ,! ,wit* 9 ,folk-lore4 ,we h already le>n$ to look to ! folk-tales = ! mo/ tru/wor?y indications ( popul> belief1 & "h ! d>k %ad[ ( wit*craft ov]cl\ds mu* ( _! delicate fancy4 ,"h we f9d ! wit* tak+ _m =ms--( an old woman 9 tr\ble1 ( a :ite h9d ) gold5 horns1 ( a que54 ,o!rs1 l ! ar*wit* ,kl>tr or black night1 are ( repulsive appe>ance2 %e has dull eyes1 a depress$1 flat nose4 ,h] eyebr[s1 l ^? ( ! w]ewolves or vampires ( ,slavonia1 #gae meet toge!r2 %e has l>ge *eeks1 widely p>t$ lips1 project+ tee?1 a long neck1 p5dul\s brea/s1 a l>ge belly1 & broad1 exp&$ feet4 ,%e appe>s z if ! ,creator _h made a specim5 ( 8 skill 9 produc+ ugl9ess4 ,l ! ,jig> ,khor %e obta9s h] p[]s by eat+ human fle%1 or l mod]n wit*es1 :o claim to possess ! ,dyan k ,mantra or ,dk9's spell1 by :i* %e c te> out ! he>t ( h] victim4 ,! p[]s ( su* wit*es are innum]able4 ,!y c f9d any?+ on e>?1 c op5 or pat* up ! sky1 possess second sight1 c re/ore ! dead to life1 c set fire to wat]1 c turn /ones into wax1 c sep>ate lov]s1 c metamorphose ! h]o into any %ape !y please4 ,!y control ! wea!r & cause /orms & tempe/s4 ,if !y foll[ "o !y hate & measure 8 foot/eps 9 ! du/1 he at once becomes lame4 #gaf ,!y c>ry on _! unholy revels 9 cemet]ies & cremation gr\nds4 ,!y meet "u ! lead]%ip ( ! dread$ ,bhairava1 z ,g]man wit*es assemble on ! ,blocksb]g4 ,s ,diana ,h]odias leads ! ,italian wit*es :o meet at ! walnut tree ( ,b5ev5to1 z ^? ( ,cornwall collect at ,trewa4 #gag ,_m wit*es obta9 p[] ov] ! fev] demon4 ,%e fa/5s a /r+ r\nd ! h]o's neck1 & by a spell turns him into an ape4 ,%e (t5 kills a *ild1 & ! h]o9e1 l ,g5oveva1 is falsely accus$1 & expell$ f h] home1 until ! plot is discov]$ & %e is re/or$ to h] husb&'s love4 ,la/ly1 we h ! conflict betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & evil1 ! b5evol5t & malignant wit*1 :i* =ms "o ( ! /ock incid5ts ( ! ,european folk-tales4 #gah ,! malignant1 liv]-eat+ wit* is naturally associat$ ) ! tomb-haunt+ badg]4 ,"o ( !m appe>$ q rec5tly at ,ahmadbd1 & be+ suppos$ to c>ry (f *ildr5 9 ! disguise ( a badg]1 0 call$ ,adam ,khor1 or ! dev\r] ( ! sons ( m54 #gai ,in/ruction 9 ,wit*craft4 ,writ+ ( ,italy1 ,mr4 ,lel& says3 #gbj--;,among ! prie/esses ( ! hidd5 spell1 an eld] dame has usually 9 h& "s y\ng] girl1 :om %e in/ructs1 fir/ly1 9 ! art ( bewit*+ or injur+ enemies1 & secondly1 9 ! m important processes ( annull+ or unb9d+ ! spells ( o!rs1 or caus+ mutual love or conf]r+ luck4 ,s1 among ! ,ag>iyas ( ,b5gal1 !re are old wom51 pr(essors ( wit*craft1 :o /eal?ily in/ruct ! "y girls4 ,! latt] are all eag] to be taught1 & are n consid]$ pr(ici5t till a f9e =e/ tree select$ to be exp]im5t$ on is de/roy$ by ! pot5cy ( _! *>ms2 s t ! wife a man takes to 8 bosom has probably done h] tree1 & is confid5t 9 ! belief t %e c1 if %e pleases1 dispose ( h] husb& 9 ! same mann]1 if he makes himself obnoxi\s4 #gba ,s1 9 ,bombay1 :5 a ,guru1 or tea*]1 wi%es to initiate a c&idate into ! my/]ies ( ! ,black ,art1 he directs ! c&idate to wat* a fav\rable opportunity = ! comm5cem5t ( ! /udy1 ! opportunity be+ ! dea? ( a woman 9 *ildbir?4 ,z soon z ?is ev5t takes place1 ! c&idate is in/ruct$ :at to d4 ,he wat*es ! procession z ! dead is be+ tak5 to ! burn+ or burial gr\nd1 & takes c>e to see :o ! be>]s are4 ,he !n takes a small t9 box 9 8 h&1 & pick+ up a p9* ( ! e>? out ( ! h9d foot/eps ( ! two re> be>]s1 he keeps ! e>? 9 ! t9 box4 ,!n he wat*es :]e ! dead body is be+ burnt1 & goes home4 ,next day he goes to ! spot1 & tak+ a little ( ! a%es ( ! corpse1 puts x 9 ! t9 box4 ,subsequ5tly1 on a suitable day1 t is on a new moon or on an eclipse day1 he goes to ! burn+ gr\nd at midnight1 & tak+ (f 8 clo!s1 he sits on ! gr\nd1 & plac+ ! t9 box 9 front ( him1 lights a little inc5se1 & repeats ! incantations taught to him by 8 guru or tea*]4 ,:5 he has practis$ ! repetition ( ! incantations1 ! _s ,hadal becomes subject to 8 control1 & by h] help he becomes able to annoy any "o he pleases4 ,among ! tr\bles :i* ! wit* or magician br+s ^u 8 enemies1 ! foll[+ are said to be ! mo/ common 9 ! ,dakkh9 z well z 9 ! ,konkan4 ,! wit* causes />-%ap$ or cross-l m>ks ( m>k+-nuts on ! body ( ! p]son %e has a grudge aga9/4 ,! peculi>ity ( ^! m>ks is t !y appe> 9 numb]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 & z sudd5ly disappe>4 ,! o!r tr\bles are ! dry+-up ( ! milk ( mil* cattle1 or turn+ ! milk into blood2 /opp+ or ret>d+ ! gr[? ( ! foetus 9 cattle1 & turn+ !m into moles2 /eal+ gra9 or o!r field produce f ! f>m-y>ds ( ! victim2 lett+ loose wolves1 jackals1 or rats into ! victim's field2 prick+ ne$les or ?orns into ! victim's eyes or body2 apply+ turm]ic to ! eyes ( a female victim1 or putt+ lampblack into h] eyes2 or te>+ ! op5 end ( h] robe2 & caus+ dea? to an enemy by means ( a me?od ( ! ,black ,art1 call$ ,m?1 lit]ally 'a h&ful4' ,! ,m? g5]ally consi/s ( a h&ful ( rice or ,urad pulse 7,phaseolus radiatus7 *>m$ & s5t by ! wit* aga9/ h] enemy ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! famili> _s4 ,x is lik5$ to a %ock ( electricity sudd5 & %>p1 :i* /rikes 9 ! c5tre ( ! he>t1 causes vomit+ & spitt+ ( blood1 & may1 if n w>d$ aga9/1 end 9 ! dea? ( ! victim4 ,practis$ exp]ts pret5d to see ! ,m? roll+ ?r\gh ! air1 l a r$-hot ball1 & say t !y c av]t its evil consequ5ces 9 two ways--ei!r by satiat+ x1 :i* is done s z to cause a little ble$+1 & all[+ ! blood to drop on a *>m$ lemon1 :i* is aft]w>ds cut & ?r[n into a riv]2 or by rev]s+ its action & s5d+ x back to ! p]son :o issu$ x1 :i* is done by *>g+ a lemon & ?r[+ x 9 ! direction :5ce ! ,m? has be5 se5 to come4 ,! op]ation ( a ,m? is mo/ dread$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,bombay1 & especially 9 ! ,konkan4 ,cases ( sudd5 illness1 blood vomit+1 or sudd5 dea? are frequ5tly attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( a ,m? or *>m$ h&ful ( rice or pulse s5t by an enemy4 #gbb ,we h "h examples ( ! dread ( ! woman dy+ at h] conf9em5t1 :i* we h already notic$ 9 ! case ( ! ,*urel1 & ! nudity *>m is also famili>4 ,wit* ,seasons4 ,9 ,c5tral ,india1 wit*es are suppos$1 by ! aid ( _! famili>s1 :o are kn[n z ,br1 or ! h]o1 to inflict pa91 disease1 & dea? ^u human be+s4 ,_! p[] ( wit*craft1 l t ( all ,indian wit*es1 exi/s on ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & tw5ty-n9? ( ea* mon?1 & 9 p>ticul> at ! ,diwl or fea/ ( lamps1 & ! ,naurtr or n9e days devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,durg4 ,9 ! same way ! ,iri% wit*es flit on ,novemb] ,eve1 & on t night mortal p %\ld keep at home1 or !y w suff] = x2 = s\ls ( ! dead h p[] ov] all ?+s on t night ( ! ye>1 & !y hold a fe/ival ) ! fairies1 & dr9k r$ w9e f ! fairy cups & dance to fairy music till ! moon goes d[n4 #gbc ,( ! ,allhall[s demon ,pr(essor ,rhys writes3 ,?is night 0 ! ,saturnalia ( all t 0 hide\s & uncanny 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,x _h be5 fix$ z ! "t ( all o!rs :5 ! ,sun god1 ^: p[] _h be5 gradually fall+ (f s9ce ! great fea/ associat$ ) him on ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 succumb$ to 8 enemies1 ! p[]s ( d>kness & ( w9t]4 ,x 0 _! fir/ h\r ( triumph aft] an int]val ( subjection1 & ! popul> imag9ation pictur$ !m /alk+ abroad ) m ?an ord9>y insol5ce & aggressiv5ess4 #gbd ,at o!r times ! ,indian wit*es appe>1 dress1 talk1 & eat l o!r wom51 b :5 ! fit is on !m1 !y are sometimes se5 ) _! eyes gl>+ r$1 _! hair di%evell$ & bri/l$1 :ile _! heads are (t5 turn$ r\nd 9 a /range1 convulsive mann]4 ,on ! nights ( ^? days1 !y are believ$ to g abroad1 & aft] ca/+ (f _! g>m5ts1 to ride ab\t on tig]s & o!r wild animals2 & if !y desire to g on ! wat]1 alligators come l ! bea/s ( ! =e/s at _! call1 & !y disport 9 riv]s & lakes ^u _! backs till dawn ( day1 ab\t :i* p]iod !y always return home1 & resume _! usual =ms & occupations4 #gbe ,wit*es ,tak+ ! ,=m ( ,tig]s4 ,! idea t wit*es take ! =m ( tig]s is widespread4 ,colonel ,dalton describes h[ a ,kol1 tri$ = ! murd] ( a wiz>d1 /at$ 9 8 def5ce t 8 wife hav+ be5 kill$ by a tig] 9 8 pres5ce1 he /eal?ily foll[$ ! animal z x glid$ away aft] gratify+ its appetite1 & saw t x ent]$ ! h\se ( "o ,psa1 a ,kol1 :om he knew4 ,he call$ out ,psa's relations1 & :5 !y he>d ! /ory1 !y n only cr$it$ x1 b decl>$ t !y _h long suspect$ ,psa ( possess+ su* p[]2 on ent]+ !y f\nd him1 & n a tig]2 !y deliv]$ him b\nd into ! h&s ( 8 accus]1 :o at once kill$ him4 ,9 explanation ( _! proce$+s1 !y depos$ t ,psa _h "o night dev\r$ an entire goat1 & ro>$ l a tig] :ile he 0 eat+ x2 & on ano!r occasion he _h in=m$ 8 fri5ds t he felt a long+ = a p>ticul> bullock1 & t v night ! bullock 0 c>ri$ (f by a tig]4 #gbf ,mr4 ,campbell gives a v simil> /ory f ,bombay1 9 :i* a man-eat+ tig] 0 suppos$ to be a wit* 9 disguise4 #gbg ,all ^! /ories v closely resemble ! ,european 7-wolf & simil> leg5ds4 #gbh ,9 ,mirzapur !y tell a tale ( "o ( ! ,drvidian ,bhuiyrs1 ^: wife w5t rec5tly on ! ,pura ,mamur ,hill1 :5 an evil _s 9 ! =m ( a tig] attack$ & kill$ h]4 ,?is 0 aft] h] dea? asc]ta9$ to be ! case by ! inquiries ( ! village ,baiga1 :o n[ does an annual c]emony & sacrifice ne> ! place4 ,= su* wit* tig]s ! fav\rite rem$y is to knock out _! tee? to prev5t _! do+ any m mis*ief & becom+ ! ,indian equival5t ( ! ,l\pg>\4 #gbi ,wit*es ,extract+ ,sub/ances f _! ,victims4 ,ano!r rem$y is ?us describ$ by ,abul ,fazl3 ,! sorc]ess ca/s some?+ out ( h] m\? l ! gra9 ( a pomegranate1 :i* is believ$ to be "p ( ! he>t :i* %e has eat54 ,! pati5t picks x up z "p ( 8 own inte/9e & gre$ily swall[s x4 ,by ?is means1 z if 8 he>t 0 replac$ 9 8 body1 he recov]s 8 heal? by degrees4 ,! idea t wit*es extract sub/ances out ( a sick p]son's body is v common4 #gcj ,! wit* 9 ,macbe? says1 ,i w dra9 him dry z hay4 ,9 ! same way ! orig9al object ( kiss+ is said to be to extract an evil _s out ( a p]son4 ,_m p get a holy man to kiss a sick *ild & bl[ ov] "s wat] :i* is giv5 x to dr9k1 & ?us ! evil _s is remov$4 ,g5]al ,sleeman gives ! case ( a troop] :o _h tak5 "s milk f an old woman )\t paym5t1 & 0 seiz$ ) sev]e int]nal pa9s1 :i* he attribut$ to h] wit*craft4 ,%e 0 s5t =1 b d5i$ hav+ bewit*$ him4 ,%e admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! h\sehold gods may h puni%$ him = 8 wick$ness4 ,%e 0 ord]$ to cure him1 & set ab\t collect+ mat]ials = ! purpose1 b mean:ile ! pa9s left him4 ,ano!r man took a cock f an old ,gond woman & 0 simil>ly affect$4 ,! old cock 0 actually he>d cr[+ 9 8 belly4 ,9 spite ( all ! usual rem$ies he di$1 & ! cock nev] ceas$ cr[+ at int]vals till 8 dea?4 ,he tells ( ano!r wit* :o 0 kn[n to be su* by ! juice ( ! sug>-cane %e 0 eat+ turn+ into blood4 ,a man saw h] />+ at him & left ! di/rict at once4 ,x is well kn[n t ^! spells & curses c only rea* a di/ance ( t5 or twelve miles1 & if y (f5d "o ( ^! wit*es1 ! soon] y put t di/ance betwe5 y & !m1 ! bett]4 ,ano!r wit* 0 b>ga9+ ) a man = "s sug>-cane4 ,%e seiz$ "o end ( ! /alk & ! pur*as] ! o!r4 ,a scuffle ensu$1 & a soldi] came up & cut ! cane 9 two ) a sword4 ,imm$iately a quantity ( blood fl[$ f ! cane to ! gr\nd1 :i* ! wit* _h be5 draw+ ?r\gh x f ! man's body4 ,s we read ( ! two wit*es 9 ! ,italian tale1 :o see+ t he w\ld n g1 ca/ him by _! wit*craft into a deep sleep1 & ) a small tube suck$ all 8 blood f 8 ve9s1 & made x into a blood pudd+ :i* !y c>ri$ ) !m4 ,& ?is gave !m ! p[] to be invisible till !y %\ld return4 #gca ,x is ! g5]al belief t !re is n a village or a s+le family )\t its wit* 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,inde$1 no "o w give 8 daught] 9 m>riage to a family )\t "o1 say+1 ',if my daught] has *ildr51 :at w become ( !m )\t a wit* to protect !m f wit*es ( o!r families 9 ! neighb\rhood8' #gcb ,sir ,john ,malcolm notices ! same fact4 ,9 "s places m5 w n m>ry into a family :]e !re is n a ,dk9 or wit* to save !m f ! malice ( o!rs2 b ?is "n1 :i* is odi\s1 is n giv5 to ^? p]sons by _! relations & fri5ds4 ,!y are t]m$ ,rakhwl or gu>dians4 #gcc ,wit*es & ,cats4 ,"o sign ( ! wit* is t %e is accompani$ by h] cat4 ,?is is an idea :i* prevails all ov] ! _w4 ,?us1 9 ,irel&1 cats are believ$ to be connect$ ) demons4 ,on ent]+ a h\se ! usual salutation is1 ,god save all "h except ! cat6 ,ev5 ! cake on ! griddle may be bless$1 b no "o says1 ,god bless ! cat6 #gcd ,! negroes 9 ,muss\ri say "s cats are real cats & "s are devils2 y c nev] tell :i* is :i*1 s = safety x is well to :ip !m all s\ndly4 #gce ,"o explanation ( ! connection ( wit*es & cats is t :5 ,gal9?is 0 *ang$ into a cat by ! ,fates1 ,hecate took pity on h] & made h] h] prie/ess1 9 :i* (fice %e cont9ues to ?is day4 #gcf ,we h already se5 t x is probably h] /eal?y ways & habit ( go+ ab\t at night :i* gave ! cat h] uncanny "*4 ,! cat1 say ! jungle p1 is aunt ( ! tig]1 & taught him ev]y?+ b h[ to climb a tree4 ,! ,orons ( ,*ota ,ngpur say t ,*ordeva1 ! bir? fi5d1 comes 9 ! =m ( a cat & worries ! "m4 #gcg ,! ,?ags us$ to call ! cat]waul+ ( cats ,kl ki ,mauj1 or ! ro>+ wave ( ,kl1 & x 0 ( evil om54 ,! om5 c\ld be obviat$ only by g>gl+ ! m\? 9 ! morn+ ) s\r milk & spitt+ x out4 ,we h already se5 ! dang] ( kill+ a cat4 ,zlim ,s9h1 ! fam\s reg5t ( ,kota1 ?\ght t cats 7 associat$ ) wit*es1 & on "o occasion :5 he believ$ himself expos$ to en*antm5t1 ord]$ t e cat %\ld be expell$ f 8 cantonm5t4 #gch ,wit* ,ordeals4 ,all ! ordeals = wit*es turn on ! efficacy ( c]ta9 ?+s to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made z sc>]s ( evil spirits4 ,?us1 ! ordeal ( walk+ ov] hot coals & on heat$ pl\gh%>es 0 a common me?od ( te/+ a wit* bo? 9 ,india & 9 ,europe4 #gci ,zlim ,s9h1 h[ev]1 g5]ally us$ ! wat] ordeal1 a te/ :i* is kn[n all ov] ! _w4 #gdj ,ev5 ,pl9y knew t ,indian wit*es c\ld n s9k 9 wat]4 #gda ,manu prescribes wat] z a =m ( oa?1 & to ?is day x is a common =m ( oa? ordeal = a man to /& 9 wat] :5 he is *all5g$ to swe>4 ,zlim ,s9h us$ to say t h&l+ balls ( hot iron 0 too slight a puni%m5t = su* s9n]s z wit*es1 = x 0 well kn[n t !y possess$ sub/ances :i* enabl$ !m to d ?is ) impunity2 s he us$ to ?r[ !m into a pool ( wat]2 if !y sank1 !y 7 innoc5t2 if !y1 unhappily1 came to ! surface1 _! league ) ! p[]s ( d>kness 0 app>5t4 ,a bag ( cay5ne pepp] ti$ ov] ! head1 if x fail$ to suffocate1 af=d$ ano!r te/4 ,! mo/ humane me?od employ$ 0 rubb+ ! eyes ) a well-dri$ capsicum2 & c]ta9ly if !y c\ld furni% ! demon/ration ( _! innoc5ce by )hold+ te>s1 !y might ju/ly be deem$ wit*es4 #gdb ,ak9 to ^! te/s is ! folk-tale ordeal by :i* ! calumniat$ h]o9e ba!s 9 boil+ oil to prove h] *a/ity4 #gdc ,santl ,wit* ,ordeals4 ,=bes gives ! te/s 9 vogue 9 8 day among ! ,santls1 :om he calls ,soonta>4 ,bran*es ( ! ,sl tree 7,%orea robu/a7 m>k$ ) ! names ( all ! females ( ! village1 :e!r m>ri$ or unm>ri$1 :o _h atta9$ ! age ( twelve ye>s1 7 plant$ 9 ! morn+ 9 wat] = ! space ( f\r & a half h\rs2 & ! )]+ ( any ( ^! bran*es 0 pro( ( wit*craft aga9/ ! p]son ^: "n 0 atta*$ to x4 ,small portions ( rice envelop$ 9 pieces ( clo? m>k$ z be=e1 7 plac$ 9 a ne/ ( :ite ants2 ! consumption ( ! rice 9 any ( ! bags 0 pro( ( wit*craft aga9/ ! woman ^: "n x bore4 ,lamps 7 light$ at night2 wat] 0 plac$ 9 cups made ( leaves1 & mu/>d oil 0 p\r$ drop by drop into ! wat]1 :ile ! "n ( ea* woman 9 ! village 0 pron\nc$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! %ad[ ( any woman 9 ! wat] dur+ ! c]emony prov$ h] to be a wit*4 #gdd ,wit* ,te/s1 ,bilspur4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ wit*-f9d]s 9 ! ,bilspur ,di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces _h two mo/ effectual means ( *eckmat+ ! wit*es4 ,8 fir/ ef=t 0 to get ! villag]s to describe ! m>k$ ecc5tricities ( ! old wom5 ( ! community1 & :5 ^! _h be5 detail$1 8 exp]i5ce soon enabl$ him to seize on "s ugly or unlucky idiosyncrasy1 :i* indicat$ 9 unmi/akable cle>ness ! unhappy (f5d]4 ,if no conclusion c\ld be arriv$ at 9 ?is way1 he light$ an ord9>y e>!n lamp1 & repeat+ consecutively ! "n ( ea* woman 9 ! village1 he fix$ on ! wit* or wit*es by ! flick] ( ! wick :5 ! "n or names 7 m5tion$4 ,! discov]y ( ! wit* soon l$ to h] be+ grossly maltreat$1 &1 "u ! ,native ,gov]nm5t1 almo/ inv>iably 9 h] dea?4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,briti% rule ^! cases are becom+ ye> to ye> r>]2 b ! belief itself rema9s /rong & univ]sal1 & ! same class ( sup]/itions p]vades e-day life4 #gde ,wit* ,te/s1 ,ba/>4 ,9 ,ba/>1 a fi%]man's net is w\nd r\nd ! head ( ! suspect$ wit* to prev5t h] escap+ or bewit*+ h] gu>ds4 ,two leaves ( ! ,ppal or sacr$ fig tree1 "o repres5t+ h] & ! o!r h] accus]s1 are ?r[n ^u h] out/ret*$ h&s4 ,if ! leaf 9 h] "n fall upp]mo/1 %e is suppos$ to be a suspici\s "*2 if ! leaf fall ) ! l[] "p upw>ds1 x is possible t %e may be innoc5t1 & popul> op9ion is 9 h] fav\r4 ,! f9al te/ is ! usual wat] ordeal4 #gdf ,miscellane\s ,te/s3 ,eggs4 ,sev]al p]sons1 natives ( ! ,khasiya ,hills1 7 convict$ ( beat+ to dea? a man :om !y believ$ to be a wiz>d4 ,!y confess$ freely1 say+ t he de/roy$ _! wives & daught]s by wit*craft4 ,"o ( ! accus$ 0 ! bro!r ( ! wife ( ! deceas$4 ,x appe>s t !y discov]$ he 0 a sorc]] by ! appe>ance ( an egg :5 brok54 #gdg ,a simil> case is report$ among ! ,banjras ( ,b]r4 #gdh ,! use ( eggs 9 ?is way op5s up an int]e/+ *apt] 9 folk-lore4 ,?us1 we h ! fam\s leg5d :i* tells h[ a gold5 egg 0 produc$ at ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 & f x ,prajapati ,brahma1 ! great prog5itor ( ! univ]se1 0 produc$4 ,?is piece ( primitive folk-lore appe>s 9 ! folk-tales 9 ! num]\s /ories ( *ildr5 produc$ f eggs4 #gdi ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr tales ! egg ( ! wondr\s bird has ! p[] ( transmut+ any?+ x t\*es into gold4 #gej ,aga91 we h ev]y:]e in/ances ( ! belief 9 ! p[] ( eggs z gu>dians aga9/ evil spirits4 ,an egg laid on ,asc5sion ,day hung to ! ro( ( ! h\se pres]ve? ! same f all hurts4 #gea ,*ildr5 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :5 fir/ s5t abroad 9 ! arms ( ! nurse1 are pres5t$ ) an egg1 salt1 & f9e bread4 ,9 ,india1 we con/antly see ! eggs ( ! o/ri* hung up 9 mosques & tombs to repel evil influ5ces4 ,we h ! same idea 9 ! use ( eggs at ,ea/] 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ,konkan1 ,kunbis give a mixture ( eggs & turm]ic to a man :o spits blood2 & to remove ! effects ( ! ,evil ,eye1 !y wave bread & an egg r\nd a sick p]son4 ,! ,sultnkrs1 :5 _! wives are possess$ ) evil spirits1 (f] rice1 a f[l1 & an egg1 & ! _s passes away4 ,! ,b5i ,israels1 to av]t evil1 break a h5's egg "u ! =efoot ( ! bridegroom's horse4 #geb ,!re is ano!r =m ( wit* te/ 9 ,*hatsg>h1 :]e a pole ( a p>ticul> wood is erect$ on ! banks ( a /ream1 & ea* suspect$ p]son1 aft] ba?+1 is requir$ to t\* ! pole2 x is suppos$ t if any wit* does ?is h] h& w swell4 ,! ,r[an ,tree4 ,accord+ to ,briti% folk-lore1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t antidotes = wit*es is a twig ( ! r[an tree b\nd ) sc>let ?read1 or a /alk ( clov] ) f\r leaves laid 9 ! byre1 or a b\gh ( ! :itty1 or wayf>+ tree4 #gec ,_m1 9 fact1 are ! h]bs :i* are pot5t 9 ?is way1 ( :i* ! *ief is p]haps t ,moly1 t ,h]mes once to wise ,ulysses gave4 ,9 ,india1 ! sub/itute = ^! magic trees is a bran* ( ! tam>9d1 or a /alk ( ! ca/or-oil tree 7,palma ,*ri/i74 ,if1 aft] receiv+ 9 sil5ce an ord9>y sc\rg+ by ! usual me?ods1 ! suspect$ p]son cries out at a bl[ ) ! magic bran*1 he is c]ta9ly guilty4 #ged ,^! plants are ev]y:]e suppos$ to ex]cise p[] ov] wit*es1 & ev5 9 places l ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 :]e wit*-hunt+ is happily a ?+ ( ! pa/1 a ,*amr or curri]1 a class :i* enjoy an uncanny reputation1 is exce$+ly afraid ( ev5 a slight bl[ ) a ca/or-oil swit*4 ,wit*-f9d+ among ,kols4 ,! ,kol>ian wit*-f9d]'s te/ is to put a l>ge wood5 gra9 measure "u a flat /one z a pivot on :i* ! latt] c revolve4 ,a boy is !n seat$ on ! /one support+ himself ) 8 h&s1 & ! names ( all ! p 9 ! neighb\rhood are sl[ly pron\nc$4 ,z ea* "n is utt]$ a few gra9s ( rice are ?r[n at ! boy4 ,:5 !y come to ! "n ( ! wit* or wiz>d1 ! /one turns & ! boy rolls (f4 #gee ,?is1 no d\bt1 is ! effect ( ! boy's fall+ into a /ate ( coma1 & los+ ! p[] ( support+ himself ) 8 h&s4 ,m>ks ( ,wit*es4 ,"s wit*es are believ$ to le>n ! secrets ( _! craft by eat+ fil?4 ,we h already se5 t ?is is also believ$ to be ! case ) evil spirits4 ,su* a woman1 9 popul> belief1 is always v lovely & scrupul\sly neat 9 h] p]sonal appe>ance1 & %e always has a cle> l9e ( r$ lead appli$ to ! p>t+ ( h] hair4 ,wit*es h a special p[] ( ca/+ evil glances on *ildr51 & aft] a *ild is buri$1 !y are believ$ to exhume ! corpse1 ano9t x ) oil1 & br+ x to life to s]ve "s occult purpose ( _! own4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! ,kfirs believe t dead bodies are re/or$ to life1 & made hobgobl9s to aid _! own]s 9 mis*ief4 #gef ,indian wit*es1 moreov]1 are suppos$ to keep a light burn+ dur+ ! c]emony ( *ild exhumation1 & if ! fa!r or ! "m has ! c\rage to run & snat* away ! *ild j z x is reviv$1 & be=e ! wit* c bl[ out ! light1 ! *ild w be re/or$ to !m safe & s\nd4 #geg ,*>ms ,recit$ ,backw>d4 ,"o well-kn[n *>act]i/ic ( wit*es is t %e _c die z long z %e is a wit*1 b mu/ :ile alive pass on h] craft to ano!r1 is well recogniz$ 9 ,india4 ,h5ce a wit* is always on ! look-out = "s "o to :om %e may delegate h] functions1 & _m well-mean+ p h be5 ru9$ 9 ?is way ?r\gh misplac$ confid5ce 9 ! b5evol5ce ( a wit*4 #geh ,indian wit*es also resemble _! ,european si/]s 9 _! habit ( recit+ _! *>ms backw>d1-- ,he :o'd read h] aright mu/ say h] ,backw>ds l a wit*'s pray]4 ,& 9 ,mu* ado ab\t ,no?+1 ,h]o says ( ,beatrice1-- ,i nev] yet saw man ,h[ wise1 h[ noble1 "y1 h[ r>ely featur$1 ,b %e w\ld spell him backw>d4 ,?is backw>d recital ( spells appe>s all ?r\gh folk-lore4 #gei ,indian wit*es are suppos$ to repeat two lett]s & a half f a v]se 9 ! ,qurn1 kn[n only to !mselves1 & to say !m backw>ds4 ,we h ! same belief 9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva1 :]e ,bhmabhatta prays 9 8 extremity to ,"m ,ganges1 & %e says1 ,n[ receive f me ?is *>m call$ '=w>ds & backw>ds4' ,if a man repeats x =w>ds1 he w become invisible to 8 neighb\r2 b if he repeats x backw>ds1 he w assume :atev] %ape he desires4 #gfj ,! use ( ?is *>m enables ! wit* to take ! liv] out ( a liv+ *ild & eat x4 ,b1 9 ord] to d ?is effectively1 %e mu/ fir/ cat* "s p>ticul> k9d ( wild animal n l>g] ?an a dog1 fe$ x ) cakes ( sug> & butt]1 ride on x1 & repeat ! *>m "o hundr$ times4 ,:5 dy+1 ! brea? w n leave ! body ( ! wit* until %e has taught ! two & a half lett]s to ano!r woman1 or fail+ a woman1 until %e has repeat$ x to a tree4 #gfa ,wit*craft by ,means ( ,hair1 ,nail ,p>+s1 etc4 ,! idea is common 9 folk-lore t a wit* c acquire p[] ov] h] victim by gett+ possession ( a lock ( hair1 ! p>+s ( 8 nails1 or "s o!r "p ( 8 body4 ,9 ! ,com$y ( ,errors1 ,dromio ( ,syracuse says1-- ,"s devils ask b ! p>+s ( "o's nail1 ,a ru%1 a hair1 a drop ( blood1 a p91 ,a nut1 a *]ry /one4 ,9 ,irel&1 nail-p>+s are an +r$i5t 9 _m *>ms1 & hair-cutt+s %\ld n be plac$ :]e birds c f9d !m1 = !y take !m to build _! ne/s1 & !n y w h heada*es all ! ye> aft]4 #gfb ,! same is ! case ) ! leav+s ( food1 :i* %\ld be ?r[n to ! cr[s le/ "s ill-dispos$ p]son get possession ( !m4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ,engli% mo!rs hide away ! fir/ too? ( a *ild4 #gfc ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ^! & simil> beliefs all ?r\gh ! :ole range ( folk-lore4 ,h5ce natives ( ,india are v c>eful ab\t ! disposal ( hair-cutt+s & nail-p>+s2 & x is only at %r9es & sacr$ places ( pilgrimage :]e %av+ is a religi\s duty t su* ?+s are left ly+ ab\t on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,grihyastras x is provid$ t ! hair cut f a *ild's head at ! end ( ! fir/1 ?ird1 fif?1 or sev5? ye> %all be buri$ 9 ! e>? at a place cov]$ ) grass or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( wat]4 ,! c>elessness %[n at places ( pilgrimage 9 ?is respect re/s on ! belief t ! sanctity ( ! place is 9 itself a protective aga9/ sorc]y4 ,b "s p d n dep5d on ?is1 & fl+ ! hair into runn+ wat]4 ,at ,h>dwr ! b>b] at ! sacr$ pool takes ! hair :i* he keeps collect$ 9 a bag & fl+s x into ! air on ! top ( ! neighb\r+ hill1 at lea/ he assures 8 patrons t he does s4 ,wit*craft by ,means ( ,images4 ,ano!r means :i* wit*es are suppos$ to adopt 9 ord] to injure ^? :om !y dislike1 is to make an image ( wax1 fl\r1 or simil> sub/ances1 & torture x1 ) ! idea t ! pa9 w be communicat$ to ! p]son :om !y desire to annoy4 ,?us1 among ,muhammadans1 :5 ! dea? ( an enemy is desir$1 a doll is made ( e>? tak5 f a grave1 or a place :]e bodies are cremat$1 & v>i\s s5t5ces ( ! ,qurn are read backw>ds ov] tw5ty-"o small wood5 pegs4 ,! (ficiant is to repeat ! spell ?ree times ov] ea* peg1 & is !n to /rike !m s z to pi]ce v>i\s p>ts ( ! body ( ! image4 ,! image is !n to be %r\d$ l a corpse1 convey$ to a cemet]y1 & buri$ 9 ! "n ( ! enemy :om x is int5d$ to injure4 ,he w1 x is believ$1 c]ta9ly die aft] ?is rite is p]=m$4 ,! practice has become a bran* ( ! f9e arts & num]\s me?ods are detail$ by ,dr4 ,h]klots4 #gfd ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to say t simil> ideas prevail 9 ,europe4 ,! w\nd$ ,melun 9 ,k+ ,john says3-- ,h ,i n hide\s dea? )9 my view1 ,reta9+ b a quantity ( life1 ,:i* ble$s away1 ev5 z a =m ( wax ,resolve? f 8 figure 'ga9/ ! fire8 ,an old woman 9 ,cornwall 0 advis$ to buy a bullock's he>t1 & get a packet ( p\nd p9s4 ,%e 0 to /ick ! he>t z full ( p9s z %e c\ld1 & ! body t wi%$ h] ill felt e p9 run into ! bullock's he>t1 same z if !y _h be5 run into h]4 #gfe ,examples ( su* images may be se5 9 ! ,pitt-,riv]s collection at ,ox=d4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott describes h[1 "u ! ?re%old ( a h\se 9 ,dalkei?1 0 f\nd ! )]$ he>t ( "s animal1 full ( _m scores ( p9s2 & ,aubrey tells u ( "o ,hammond1 ( ,we/m9/]1 :o 0 hang$ or tri$ = 8 life 9 #afda = kill+ a p]son by means ( an image ( wax4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! *>ges made aga9/ ! un=tunate ,jane ,%ore4 #gff ,9 ,b5gal1 a p]son sometimes takes a bamboo :i* has be5 us$ to keep d[n a corpse dur+ cremation1 & mak+ a b[ & arr[ ) x1 repeats incantations ov] !m4 ,he !n makes an image ( 8 enemy 9 clay1 & lets fly an arr[ into ?is image4 ,! p]son ^: image is ?us pi]c$ is said to be imm$iately seiz$ ) a pa9 9 8 brea/4 ,9 ! folk-tales re/oration to life is usually effect$ by collect+ ! a%es or bones ( ! deceas$ & mak+ an image ( !m1 into :i* life is brea!d4 #gfg ,wit*craft ?r\gh ! ,foot/eps4 ,x 0 a precept ( ,py?agoras n to run a nail or a knife into a man's foot4 ,?is1 f ! primitive po9t ( view1 0 really a moral1 n m]ely a prud5tial precept4 ,= x is a _w-wide sup]/ition t by injur+ ! foot/eps y injure ! foot t made !m4 ,?us1 9 ,meckl5burgh x is ?\ght t if y ?ru/ a nail into a man's foot/eps ! man w g lame4 ,! ,au/ralian blacks held exactly ! same view4 ,see+ t a ,tutungolung 0 v lame1 says ,mr4 ,h[itt1 ,i ask$ him :at 0 ! matt]4 ,he said1 ',"s fell[ has put bottle 9 my foot4' ,i ask$ him to let me see x4 ,i f\nd t he 0 probably suff]+ f acute rheumatism4 ,he expla9$ t "s enemy mu/ h f\nd 8 foot-track1 & h buri$ 9 x a piece ( brok5 bottle4 #gfh ,! same feel+ widely prevails 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 & ru/ics are 9 ! habit ( attribut+ all sorts ( pa9s & sores to ! ma*9ations ( "s wit* or sorc]] :o has m$dl$ ) _! footpr9ts4 ,puni%m5t ( ,wit*es4 ,! me?od by :i* wit*es are puni%$ displays a diabolical +5uity4 ,! ,indian newspap]s a %ort "t ago record$ six out ( n9e murd]s 9 ! ,sambalpur ,di/rict z due to ! sup]/ition1 :i* is s g5]al1 t ! spread ( *ol]a is due to ! sorc]y ( "s individual1 ^: evil influ5ce c be nullifi$ if he be beat5 ) rods ( ! ca/or-oil plant4 ,! p :o are ?us suspect$ are s cruelly beat5 t 9 ! majority ( cases !y die "u ! infliction4 ,a mild] =m ( treatm5t is to make ! wit* dr9k ! fil?y wat] ( a wa%]man's tank1 :i* is believ$ to de/roy h] skill4 #gfi ,! puni%m5t 9 vogue 9 ,c5tral ,india 0 to make wit*es dr9k ! wat] us$ by curri]s1 lea!r be+1 z we h se51 a sc>] ( evil spirits1 & dr9k+ su* wat] involves degradation f ca/e4 ,9 m s]i\s cases ! wit*'s nose 0 cut (f1 or %e 0 put to dea?4 #ggj ,9 ,ba/>1 if a man is adjudg$ guilty ( wit*craft1 he is beat5 by ! cr[d1 8 hair is %av$1 ! hair be+ suppos$ to con/itute 8 p[] ( mis*ief1 8 front tee? are knock$ out1 9 ord]1 x is said1 to prev5t him f mutt]+ incantations1 or m probably1 z we h already se51 to prev5t him f becom+ a ,l\pg>\4 ,all descriptions ( fil? are ?r[n at him2 if he be ( good ca/e1 hog's fle% is ?ru/ into 8 m\?1 & la/ly he is driv5 out ( ! c\ntry1 foll[$ by ! abuse & execrations ( 8 enlight5$ fell[-m54 ,wom5 suspect$ ( sorc]y h to und]go ! same ordeal2 if f\nd guilty1 ! same puni%m5t is aw>d$1 & aft] be+ %av$1 _! hair is atta*$ to a tree 9 "s public place4 ,9 ,*hattsg>h1 a wit* has h] hair %av$ ) a blunt knife1 h] two front tee? are knock$ out1 %e is br&$ 9 ! h9d] p>ts1 has a pl\gh%>e1 :i* is a /rong feti%1 ti$ to h] legs1 & %e is made to dr9k ! wat] ( a tann]y4 #gga ,wit*craft ,puni%m5ts among ! ,drvidians4 ,9 =m] times among ! ,drvidian races p]sons d5\nc$ z wit*es 7 put to dea? 9 ! belief t wit*es bre$ wit*es & sorc]]s4 ,a t]rible raid 0 made on ^! un=tunate p :5 ,briti% au?ority 0 relax$ dur+ ! ,mut9y1 & mo/ atroci\s murd]s 7 committ$4 ,accusations ( wit*craft are /ill sometimes made1 & p]sons d5\nc$ are subject$ to mu* ill-usage1 if !y escape ) _! lives4 #ggb ,among ! ,bhls suspect$ p]sons us$ to be susp5d$ f a tree head d[nw>ds1 p\nd$ *illies be+ fir/ put into ! wit*'s eyes to see if ! sm>t+ w\ld br+ te>s f h]4 ,sometimes aft] susp5sion %e 0 swung viol5tly f side to side4 ,%e 0 f9ally compell$ to dr9k ! blood ( a goat1 slaught]$ = ! purpose1 :i* is reg>d$ z a sub/itute = ! sick man's life1 & to satisfy ! wit*'s crav+ = blood4 ,%e 0 !n br\ght to ! pati5t's b$side1 & requir$ to make passes ov] 8 head ) a ,nm bran*2 a lock ( hair 0 also cut f ! head ( ! wit* & buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 t ! la/ l9k betwe5 h] & h] =m] p[]s ( mis*ief might be brok54 #ggc ,o!r ,wit*craft ,puni%m5ts4 ,dr4 ,*ev]s has collect$ a numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* ! puni%m5t ( dea? or mutilation 0 inflict$ on suppos$ wit*es4 ,he quotes a case 9 #ahjb1 9 :i* sev]al ( ! witnesses decl>$ t !y rememb]$ num]\s in/ances ( p]sons be+ put to dea? = sorc]y2 "o ( !m1 9 p>ticul>1 prov$ t h] "m _h be5 tri$ & execut$ z a wit*4 ,9 ano!r case a ,kol1 ?9k+ t "s old wom5 _h bewit*$ him1 plac$ !m 9 a l9e & cut (f all _! heads1 except t ( ! la/1 :o1 object+ to ?is dra/ic =m ( ordeal1 ran away & escap$4 ,9 ano!r1 ! nose-r+ ( a suspect$ wit* 0 torn out ) su* viol5ce z to cause ext5sive lac]ation4 ,!re are record$ in/ances ( ev5 m brutal =ms ( mutilation4 ,a case occurr$ at ,dhka 9 :i* "s p w5t to ! h\se ( a suppos$ wit*1 int5d+1 z !y said1 to make h] discont9ue h] en*antm5ts1 & ill-treat$ h] 9 su* a %ameful way z to leave h] 9 a dy+ /ate4 ,%e appe>s to h be5 9 ! habit ( prescrib+ m$ic9e = *ildr51 & ?is seems to h be5 ! only basis = ! reports t %e practis$ magic4 #ggd ,draw+ ,blood f a ,wit*4 ,"o fav\rite way ( c\nt]act+ ! spells ( a wit* is to draw blood f h]4 ,?us1 ,pr(essor ,rhys1 writ+ ( ,manxl&1 says3 ,!re is a belief t if y c draw blood1 h[ev] little1 f a wit* or "o :o has ! ,evil ,eye1 he loses 8 p[] ( h>m+ y2 & ,i h be5 told t =m]ly ?is belief 0 sometimes act$ on4 ,?us1 on leav+ *ur*1 = in/ance1 ! man :o fanci$ himself 9 dang] f ano!r w\ld g up to him1 or walk by 8 side1 & inflict on him a slight scrat* or "s o!r trivial w\nd1 :i* elicit$ blood4 #gge ,9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,talbot says to ! ,pucelle de ,orleans1-- ,i'll h a b\t ) !e2 ,devil or devil's dam1 ,i'll conjure !e2 ,blood w ,i draw on !e1 ?\ art a wit*4 ,& ,hudibras says1-- ,till draw+ blood o' ! ,dames l wit*es1 ,!y're =?) cur'd ( _! capri*es4 ,s at ! pres5t day 9 ,mirzapur1 :5 a woman is m>k$ d[n z a wit*1 ! ,baiga or ,ojha pricks h] tongue ) a ne$le1 & ! blood ?us extract$ is receiv$ on "s rice1 :i* %e is compell$ to eat4 ,9 ano!r case %e is prick$ on ! brea/1 tongue1 & ?ighs1 & giv5 ! blood to dr9k4 ,! c]emony is mo/ efficaci\s if p]=m$ on ! banks ( a runn+ /ream4 ,?is is probably a survival ( ! actual blood sacrifice ( a wit*4 ,wit* ,haunts4 ,9 any c\ntry an isolat$ or outly+ race1 ! l+]+ survivors ( an old] nationality1 is liable to ! imputation ( sorc]y4 #ggf ,?is is exactly true ( ,asia4 ,m>co ,polo makes ! same ass]tion ab\t ,pa*ai 9 ,badakh%n4 ,he says ! p ( ,ka%mr h extraord9>y acqua9tance ) ! devilries ( en*antm5t1 insomu* t !y c make _! idols to speak4 ,!y c also by _! sorc]ies br+ on *anges ( wea!r1 & produce d>kness1 & d a numb] ( ?+s s extraord9>y1 t )\t see+ !m no "o w\ld believe !m4 ,inde$ ?is c\ntry is ! v orig9al s\rce f :i* idolatry has spread abroad4 ,9 ,tibet1 he says1 are ! be/ en*ant]s & a/rolog]s t exi/ 9 t "p ( ! _w2 !y p]=m su* extraord9>y m>vels & sorc]ies by diabolical art1 t x a/\nds "o to see or ev5 he> ( !m4 #ggg ,s 9 ,european folk-lore ! nor? 0 consid]$ ! home ( wit*es1 & 9 ,%akespe>e ,la ,pucelle invokes ! aid ( ! _s "u ! lordly mon>* ( ! nor?4 ,9 ,india1 ! same is ! case ) ! ,konkan 9 ,bombay4 #ggh ,! semi-aborig9al ,?rus ( ! ,himlayan ,t> are suppos$ to possess special p[]s ( ?is k9d1 & ,?ruhat1 or ! l& ( ! ,?rus1 is a common synonym = ,wit*l&4 ,at ,bhgalpur1 ,dr4 ,bu*anan 0 told t tw5ty-five *ildr5 di$ annually ?r\gh ! malevol5ce ( wit*es4 ,^! reput$ wit*es us$ to drive a ro>+ trade1 z wom5 w\ld conceal _! *ildr5 on _! approa* & bribe !m to g away4 ,9 ,gorakhpur1 he says1 ! ,tonahis or wit*es 7 v num]\s1 b "s ,judge s5t an ord] t no "o %\ld presume to injure ano!r by en*antm5t4 ,x is suppos$ t ! ord] has be5 obey$1 & no "o has s9ce imag9$ himself injur$1 a sign ( ! p be+ rem>kably easy to gov]n1 #ggi & x may be add$ ( ! patri>*al /yle ( gov]nm5t 9 ^? e>ly days4 ,n[adays ! accusation ( wit*craft is practically conf9$ to ! m5ial tribes4 ,! w&]+1 half-gipsy ,banjras1 or gra9-c>ri]s1 are notori\sly wit*-ridd51 & ! same is ! case ) ! ,dom1 ,snsiya1 ,hbra1 & o!r vagrants ( _! k94 ,non ,*amr91 ! ,wit*4 ,at ! pres5t day ! half-deifi$ wit* mo/ dread$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces is ,lon1 or ,non1 a ,*amr91 or woman ( ! curri] ca/e4 ,h] leg5d is 9 ?is wise4 ,! great physician ,dhanwant>a1 :o corresponds to ,luqmn ,hakm ( ! ,muhammadans1 0 once on 8 way to cure ,k+ ,p>ik%it1 & 0 deceiv$ & bitt5 by ! snake k+ ,tak%aka4 ,he !re=e desir$ 8 son to roa/ him & eat 8 fle%1 & ?us succe$ to 8 magical p[]s4 ,! snake k+ dissuad$ !m f eat+ ! unholy meal1 & !y let ! cauldron conta9+ x float d[n ! ,ganges4 ,a curri] woman1 nam$ ,lon1 f\nd x & ate ! cont5ts1 & ?us succe$$ to ! my/ic p[]s ( ,dhanwant>a4 ,%e became skilful 9 cures1 p>ticul>ly ( snake-bite4 ,f9ally %e 0 discov]$ to be a wit* by ! extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* %e c\ld plant out rice se$l+s4 ,"o day ! p wat*$ h]1 & saw t :5 %e believ$ h]self unobs]v$1 %e /ripp$ h]self nak$1 & tak+ ! bundle ( ! plants 9 h] h&s ?rew !m into ! air1 recit+ c]ta9 spells4 ,:5 ! se$l+s =?) arrang$ !mselves 9 _! prop] places1 ! spectators call$ out 9 a/oni%m5t1 & f9d+ h]self discov]$1 ,non ru%$ along ov] ! c\ntry1 & ! *annel :i* %e made 9 h] c\rse is ! ,lon riv] to ?is day4 ,s a sa9t 9 ,broa* =m$ a new c\rse = a riv] by dragg+ 8 clo!s beh9d him4 ,9 ,non's case we h ! nudity *>m1 ( :i* in/ances h be5 already giv54 ,ptan1 ! ,wit* ,fi5d4 ,ano!r t]rible wit*1 ^: leg5d is told at ,ma?ura1 is ,ptan1 ! daught] ( ,bali1 k+ ( ! l[] _w4 ,%e f\nd ! infant ,kri%na asleep1 & began to suckle him ) h] devil's milk4 ,! fir/ drop w\ld h poison$ a mortal *ild1 b ,kri%na drew h] brea/ ) su* /r5g? t he dra9$ h] life-blood1 & ! fi5d1 t]rify+ ! :ole l& ( ,braj ) h] cries ( agony1 fell lifeless on ! gr\nd4 ,european wit*es suck ! blood ( *ildr52 "h ! div9e ,kri%na turns ! tables on ! wit*4 #ghj ,! ,wit* ( ! ,palwrs4 ,! ,palwr ,rjputs ( ,oudh h a wit* ance/ress4 ,soon aft] ! bir? ( h] son %e 0 engag$ 9 bak+ cakes4 ,h] infant began to cry1 & %e 0 oblig$ to p]=m a d\ble duty4 ,at ?is juncture h] husb& arriv$ j 9 "t to see 8 demon wife assume gigantic & sup]natural proportions1 s z to all[ bo? ! bak+ & nurs+ to g on at ! same "t4 ,b f9d+ h] secret discov]$1 ! wit* disappe>$1 leav+ h] son z a legacy to h] a/oni%$ husb&4 #gha ,"h1 ?\gh ! /ory is incomplete1 we h almo/ c]ta9ly1 z 9 ! case ( ,non ,*amr91 "o ( ! ,melus9a type ( leg5d1 :]e ! sup]natural wife leaves h] husb& & *ildr51 because he violat$ "s taboo1 by :i* he is =bidd5 to see h] 9 a /ate ( nudity1 or ! l4 #ghb ,! hi/ory ( wit*craft 9 ,india1 z 9 ,europe1 is "o ( ! sadde/ pages 9 ! annals ( ! p4 ,n[adays1 ! p[] ( ,briti% law has almo/ entirely suppress$ ! horrible outrages :i*1 "u ! native adm9i/ration1 7 habitually practis$4 ,b p>ticul>ly 9 ! m remote & unciviliz$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ?is sup]/ition /ill exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 & occasional indications ( x1 :i* appe> 9 our crim9al records1 are q suffici5t to %[ t any relaxation ( ! activity ( our magi/rates & police w\ld und\bt$ly lead to its revival 9 "s ( its m %ock+ =ms4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,"s ,,rural ,,fe/ivals ,,& ,,c]emonies4 ,en d' eti!i neion malakn pieiran ar\ran1 ,eureian1 tripolon polloi d' apotres en aut ,zeugea d9euontes ela/reon en?a kai en?a4 ,iliad1 xviii4 #eda-dc4 ,! subject ( rural fe/ivals is mu* too ext5sive = treatm5t 9 a limit$ space4 ,"h ref]5ce w be made only to a few ( ^? c]emonies :i* illu/rate ! pr9ciples rec5tly elucidat$ f ! folk-lore ( ,europe by ,messrs4 ,fraz]1 ,gomme1 & ,mannh>dt4 #ghc ,! ,akhtj4 ,! respect paid to pl\gh+ is illu/rat$ by ! e>ly ,v$ic leg5d ( ,st1 :o1 l ! ,etruscan ,tago1 sprung f a furr[4 #ghd ,x is only 9 a lat] developm5t ( ! /ory t %e becomes ! daught] ( ,janaka1 & wife ( ,rma ,*&ra4 ,! agricultural ye> 9 ,nor!rn ,india beg9s ) ! c]emony ( ! ,akhtj1 ! undecay+ ?ird1 :i* is celebrat$ on ! ?ird day ( ! light =tnight 9 ! mon? ( ,baiskh1 or ,may4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ! cultivator fir/ fees 8 ,p&it to select an auspici\s h\r on t day = ! comm5cem5t ( pl\gh+4 ,9 mo/ places he does n beg9 till #c p4m42 9 ,mirzapur ! "t fix$ is usually dur+ ! night1 z secrecy is 9 mo/ ( ^! rural c]emonies an important "p ( ! ritual4 ,9 ,rohilkh& ! cultivator goes at daybreak to "o ( 8 fields1 :i* mu/ be ( a squ>e or oblong %ape4 ,he takes ) him a brass dr9k+ vessel ( wat]1 a bran* ( ! ,mango tree1 bo? ( :i* are1 z we h se51 efficaci\s 9 sc>+ spirits1 & a spade4 ,! object ( ! rite is to propitiate ,pri?iv1 ! broad _w1 z contra/$ ) ,dh>t ,m1 or ,"m ,e>?1 & ,se%a ,nga1 ! great snake :i* supports ! _w4 ,:5ev] ,se%a yawns he causes an e>?quake4 ,! ,p&it fir/ makes c]ta9 obs]vations by :i* he is able to det]m9e 9 :i* direction ! snake happ5s at ! "t to be ly+1 because1 9 ord] to ease himself ( 8 burd51 he moves ab\t b5ea? ! _w1 & lies1 sometimes nor? & s\?1 nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/1 & s on4 ,?is imag9>y l9e hav+ be5 m>k$ (f1 ! peasant digs up five clods ( e>? ) 8 spade4 ,?is is a lucky numb]1 z x is a qu>t] m ?an f\r4 ,h5ce ,sawi1 or "o & a qu>t]1 has be5 tak5 z "o ( ! titles ( ! ,mahrja ( ,jaypur4 ,he !n spr9kles wat] five times into ! tr5* ) ! bran* ( ! sacr$ mango4 ,! object ( ?is is by a =m ( sympa!tic magic to ensure ! productiv5ess ( ! crop1 & sc>e ! demons ( evil :i* w\ld injure x4 ,9 ,bombay1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! s[+ season1 a cocoanut is brok5 & ?r[n at ea* side ( ! pl\gh1 s t ! soil spirits may leave & make room = ,lak%m1 ! goddess ( prosp]ity1 :o is repres5t$ by ! pl\gh4 #ghe ,dur+ all ^! proce$+s ! peasant wat*es ! om5s mo/ c>efully1 & if any?+ inauspici\s happ5s1 ! c]emony mu/ be discont9u$ & recomm5c$ at a lucki] h\r lat] on 9 ! day4 ,:5 he gets home1 "s woman ( ! family1 :o mu/ n be a wid[1 :o is naturally consid]$ unlucky1 pres5ts him ) curds & silv] = good luck4 ,he !n /ays all day 9 ! h\se1 re/s1 & does no "w1 & does n ev5 g to sleep4 ,he avoids qu>rels & disputes ( all k9ds1 & on t day w give nei!r gra9 nor money1 nor fire to any "o4 #ghf ,next day he eats sweet food & balls ( :eat5 fl\r1 toa/$ ) curds & sug>1 b c>efully ab/a9s f salt4 ,^! usages h p>allels 9 ! cu/oms ( o!r l&s4 ,?us1 ! rule aga9/ giv+ fire on ! s[+ day prevail$ 9 ,rome1 & is /ill obs]v$ 9 ! rural p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,9 ,icel& & ! ,isle ( ,man x is believ$ t fire & salt are ! mo/ sacr$ ?+s giv5 to man1 & if y give !m away on ,may ,day y give away y\r luck = ! ye>2 no "o w give fire f a h\se :ile an unbaptiz$ baby is 9 x4 #ghg ,9 ,rjputna ! cu/om is less elaborate4 ,! fir/ day ( pl\gh+ aft] ! ra9s beg9 is kn[n z ! ,halsotiya fe/ival4 ,om5s be+ fav\rable1 ! villag]s proce$ to ! fields1 ea* h\sehold c>ry+ a new e>!n pot1 col\r$ ) turm]ic1 ! virtues ( :i* h be5 already expla9$1 & full ( ,bjra millet4 ,look+ to ! nor?1 ! home ( ! gods1 !y make an obeisance to ! e>?1 & !n a select$ man pl\ghs five furr[s4 ,! pl\ghman's h&s & ! bullock's ho(s are rubb$ ) h5na1 & ! =m] receives a d9n] ( delicacies4 #ghh ,9 ,mirzapur1 only ! nor!rn "p ( ! field1 t fac+ ! ,himlaya is dug up 9 five places ) a piece ( mango wood4 ,! peasant1 :5 he goes home1 eats ri* food1 & ab/a9s f qu>rels4 ,all ov] ! c\ntry ! p seem to be becom+ less c>eful ab\t ^! obs]vances4 ,"s1 )\t consult+ a ,p&it at all1 g e>ly to ! field on ! morn+ aft] ! ,hol fire is light$1 scrat* ! gr\nd ) a pl\gh%>e1 & on _! return eat cakes & sweetmeats4 ,o!rs1 on ! fir/ day aft] ! ,hol1 :5 !y he> ! voice ( ! ,koil1 or ,indian cuckoo at twilight1 g 9 sil5ce to ! field & make a few scrat*es4 #ghi ,among ! ,drvidian ,hill tribes ( ,mirzapur1 ! c]emony seems to be m]ely a =mal propitiation ( ! village godl+s4 ,among ! ,korwas1 be=e pl\gh+ comm5ces1 ! ,baiga makes an (f]+ ( butt] & molasses 9 8 own field4 ,?is he burns 9 ! "n ( ! village godl+s1 & does a special sacrifice at _! %r9e4 ,aft] ?is pl\gh+ comm5ces4 ,! ,kh>wrs1 be=e s[+1 take five h&fuls ( gra9 f ! s[+ basket1 & pray to ,dh>t ,mt1 ! e>? goddess1 to be propiti\s4 ,!y keep ! gra91 gr9d x1 & (f] x at h] annual fe/ival 9 ! mon? ( ,swan or ,augu/4 ,! ,pankas only d a burnt (f]+ ?r\gh ! ,baiga1 & (f] up cakes & o!r food1 kn[n z ,nuj4 ,be=e ! spr+ s[+1 a g5]al (f]+ ( five cocks is made to ! village godl+s by ! ,baiga1 :o consumes ! sacrifice himself4 ,all ^! p d n comm5ce agricultural "w till ! ,baiga />ts "w 9 8 own field1 & !y pref] to d ?is on ,monday4 ,9 ,ho%angbd ! c]emony is some:at diff]5t4 ,! pl\gh+ is usually begun by ! l&lord1 & all ! cultivators collect & assi/ at ! c]emony 9 8 field be=e !y g on to _! own4 ,x is ! cu/om = him to take a rupee & fa/5 x up 9 ! leaf ( ! ,palsa tree ) a ?orn4 ,he also folds up sev]al empty leaves 9 ! same way & cov]s !m all ) a heap ( leaves4 ,:5 he has done wor%ip to ! pl\gh & bullocks1 he yokes !m & drives !m ?r\gh ! heap1 & all ! cultivators !n scramble = ! leaf :i* conta9s ! rupee4 ,!y !n ea* pl\gh _! fields a little1 & return+ 9 a body1 !y are met by ! daught] or si/] ( ! l&lord1 :o comes out to meet !m ) a brass vessel full ( wat]1 a light 9 "o h& & ! :eat5 cakes 9 ! o!r4 ,! l&lord & ea* ( ! cultivators ( 8 ca/e put a rupee into h] wat] vessel & take a bit ( ! cake1 :i* !y put on _! heads4 ,on ! same day an e>!n j> full ( wat] is tak5 by ea* cultivator to 8 ?re%+-floor1 & plac$ to /& on f\r lumps ( e>?1 ea* ( :i* be>s ! "n ( "o ( ! f\r mon?s ( ! ra9y season4 ,next morn+ z _m lumps z are wett$ by ! leak+ ( ! wat] j> 7:i* is v por\s & always leaks71 s _m mon?s ( ra9 w !re be1 & ! cultivator makes 8 arrangem5ts = ! s[+ accord+ly4 #gij ,9 ! ,himlaya1 aga91 !re is a diff]5t ritual3 ,on ! day fix$ = ! comm5cem5t ( pl\gh+ ! c]emony kn[n z ,kudkhyo & ,halkhyo takes place4 ,! ,kudkhyo takes place 9 ! morn+ or ev5+1 & beg9s by light+ a lamp be=e ! h\sehold deity & (f]+ rice1 fl[]s1 & balls made ( turm]ic1 borax1 & lemon juice4 ,! con* is !n s\nd$1 & ! own] ( ! field or relative ^: lucky day x is1 takes ?ree or f\r p\nds ( se$-gra9 f a bas9 & c>ries x to ! edge ( ! field prep>$ = its reception4 ,he !n scrapes a portion ( ! e>? ) a mattock1 & s[s a "p ( ! se$4 ,"o to five lamps are plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & ! surplus se$ is giv5 away4 ,at ! ,halkhyo c]emony1 ! balls z above describ$ are plac$ on ! pl\ghman1 pl\gh1 & pl\gh cattle2 f\r or five furr[s are pl\gh$ & s[n1 & ! f>m s]vants are f$4 #gia ,?is cu/om ( giv+ away :at rema9s ( ! se$-gra9 to lab\r]s & begg>s prevails g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,india4 ,a curi\s rite is p]=m$ 9 ,kulu at ! rice plant+4 ,ea* family 9 turn keeps op5 h\se4 ,! neighb\rs1 m5 & wom51 collect at ! rice-fields4 ,z soon z a field is ready1 ! wom5 ent] x 9 l9e1 ea* ) a bundle ( "y rice 9 h] h&s1 & advance dabb+ ! "y plants into ! slu% z !y g4 ,! mi/ress ( ! h\se & h] daught]s1 dress$ 9 _! gaye/1 take _! /& 9 front ( ! l9e1 & supply m bundles ( plants z !y are want$4 ,! wom5 s+ 9 *orus z !y "w2 impromptu v]ses are (t5 put 91 :i* occasion a great deal ( laught]4 ,two or ?ree musicians are g5]ally ent]ta9$ by ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 :o also supplies food & dr9k ( 8 be/ = ! :ole p>ty4 ,! day's "w (t5 ends ) a trem5d\s romp1 9 :i* e "o ?r[s mud at 8 neighb\rs1 or tries to give him or h] a roll 9 x4 ,no su* c]emony is obs]v$ 9 s[+ o!r crops1 rice hav+ be5 =m]ly1 9 all probability1 ! mo/ important crop4 ,x is also ! cu/om to make a rude image ( a man 9 d\gh & to ?r[ x away z a sacrifice to ! ,i%ta ,deot or h\sehold deity4 #gib ,?is c h>dly be any?+ b a survival ( an actual sacrifice to appease ! field godl+s at s[+ "t4 ,! rude horseplay :i* goes on is l t at ! ,saturnalia & on ! ,engli% ,pl\gh ,monday4 ,go+ on to ! ,drvidian races1 ! ,mundas h a fea/ 9 ,may at ! "t ( s[+ = ! fir/ rice crop4 ,x is held 9 hon\r ( ! ance/ral %ades & o!r spirits1 :o1 if unpropitiat$1 w\ld prev5t ! se$ f g]m9at+4 ,a he-goat & a cock are sacrific$4 ,aga9 9 ,june !y h a fe/ival to propitiate ! local gods1 t !y may bless ! crops4 ,9 ! ,mundri villages ev]yone plants a bran* ( ! ,bel tree 9 8 l&1 & contributes to ! g5]al (f]+1 :i* is made by ! prie/ 9 ! sacr$ grove1 a f[l1 a pit*] ( be]1 & a h&ful ( rice4 ,9 ,july1 aga91 ea* cultivator sacrifices a f[l1 & aft] "s my/]i\s rites1 a w+ is /ripp$ (f & ins]t$ 9 a cleft ( a bamboo1 & /uck up 9 ! rice-field or dung-heap4 ,if ?is is omitt$1 ! rice crop1 x is suppos$1 w n come to maturity4 ,x appe>s m l a *>m ?an a sacrifice4 ,among ! ,kols ( ,*ota ,ngpur1 !re is a special dance1 ! wom5 foll[ ! m5 & *ange _! attitudes & positions 9 ob$i5ce to signals f !m4 ,9 "o special figure ! wom5 all kneel & pat ! gr\nd ) _! h&s1 9 tune ( music1 z if coax+ ! e>? to be f]tile4 #gic ,prohibition ( ,pl\gh+4 ,a cl]gyman 9 ,devon%ire in=m$ ,br& t ! old f>m]s 9 8 p>i% call$ ! ?ree fir/ days ( ,m>* ,bl9d ,days1 :i* 7 anci5tly consid]$ unlucky1 & on !m no f>m] w\ld s[ 8 se$4 #gid ,9 ,nor!rn ,india !re are c]ta9 days on :i* pl\gh+ is =bidd51 su* z ! ,ngpan*am or snake fea/ held on ! fif? ( ! light half ( ,swan1 & ! fifte5? ( ! mon? ,krttik4 ,turn+ up ! soil on su* days di/urbs ,se%anga1 ! great _w s]p5t & ,"m ,e>?4 ,b ,"m ,e>? is also suppos$ to sleep on six days 9 e mon?--! #e?1 #g?1 #i?1 #aa?1 #ba/1 & #bd?2 or1 z o!rs say1 ! #a/1 #bnd1 #e?1 #g?1 #aj?1 #ba/1 & #bd?4 ,on su* days x is inadvisable to pl\gh if x c be possibly avoid$4 ,! fifte5 days 9 ! mon? ( ,kur :i* are devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ! ,pitri or sa9t$ dead1 are also an inauspici\s "t = agricultural "w4 ,all ^! c]emonies at ! comm5cem5t ( ! agricultural season rem9d u 9 _m ways ( ! obs]vance ( ! fe/ivals ( ,pl\gh ,monday & simil> cu/oms 9 rural ,engl&4 #gie ,! ,rak%ab&han & ,jy ,fe/ivals4 ,we h already notic$ ! use ( ! knott$ cord or /r+ z an amulet4 ,on ! full moon ( ,swan is held ! ,salono or ,rak%ab&han fe/ival1 :5 wom5 tie ^! amulets r\nd ! wri/s ( _! fri5ds4 ,connect$ ) ?is is :at is kn[n z ! b>ley fea/1 ! ,jy or ,jawra ( ,upp] ,india1 & ! ,bhuj>iya ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,x is suppos$ to be connect$ 9 "s way ) ! fam\s /ory ( ,alha & ,udal1 :i* =ms ! subject ( a v popul> local epic4 ,!y 7 ,rjputs ( ! ,banph> clan1 & l$ ! ,*&els 9 _! fam\s campaign aga9/ ! ,rhtaurs ( ,kanauj1 :i* imm$iately prec$$1 & 9 fact l$ up to1 ! ,muhammadan conque/ ( ,nor!rn ,india4 #gif ,9 connection ) ?is simple rural fea/1 a mo/ elaborate ritual has be5 prescrib$ "u ,brhmanical influ5ce1 b all t is usually done is t on ! sev5? day ( ! light half ( ,swan1 gra9s ( b>ley are s[n 9 a pot ( manure1 & spr+ up s rapidly t by ! end ( ! mon? ! vessel is full ( long1 yell[i%-gre5 /alks4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! next mon?1 ,bhdon1 ! wom5 & girls take ^! out1 ?r[ ! e>? & manure into wat]1 & di/ribute ! plants to _! male fri5ds1 :o b9d !m 9 _! turbans & ab\t _! dress4 #gig ,we h already come across an in/ance ( a simil> practice among ! ,kh>wrs at ! ,k>ama fe/ival1 & num]\s examples ( ! same h be5 collect$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 #gih ,?us1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy & all ov] ,sicily x is /ill cu/om>y to put plants 9 wat] or 9 e>? on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john1 & f ! mann] 9 :i* !y are f\nd to be bloom+ or fad$ on ,/4 ,john's ,day om5s are drawn1 especially z to =tune 9 love4 ,9 ,prussia two hundr$ ye>s ago ! f>m]s us$ to s5d out _! s]vants1 especially _! maids1 to ga!r ,/4 ,john's wort on ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day4 ,:5 !y _h fet*$ x1 ! f>m] took z _m plants z !re 7 p]sons & /uck !m on ! wall or betwe5 ! beams2 & x 0 ?\ght t ! p]son ^: plant did n bloom w\ld soon fall sick or die4 ,! re/ ( ! plants 7 ti$ 9 a bundle1 fa/5$ to ! end ( a pole1 & set up at ! gate or :]ev] ! corn w\ld be br\ght 9 at ! next h>ve/4 ,?is bundle 0 call$ ,kupole1 ! c]emony 0 kn[n z ,kupole's fe/ival1 & at x ! f>m] pray$ = a good crop ( hay1 etc4 ,we h ! same idea 9 ! ,engli% rural cu/om ( we>+ ! rose4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t all ^! rites 7 int5d$ to propitiate ! _s ( vegetation & promote ! g]m9ation & gr[? ( ! next crop4 #gii ,! ,diwl1 or ,fea/ ( ,lamps4 ,! regul> ,diwl1 or ,fea/ ( ,lamps1 :i* is p]=m$ on ! la/ day ( ! d>k =tnight 9 ! mon? ( ,krttik1 is m ( a city ?an a rural fe/ival4 ,b ev5 9 ! villages ev]yone burns a lamp outside ! h\se on t night4 ,! fea/ has1 ( c\rse1 be5 provid$ ) an appropriate leg5d4 ,once ^u a "t an a/rolog] =etold to a ,rja t on ! new moon ( ,krttik 8 ,kl1 or fate1 w\ld appe> at midnight 9 ! =m ( a snake2 t ! way to avoid ?is 0 t he %\ld ord] all 8 subjects on t night to keep _! h\ses1 /reets1 & lanes clean2 t !re %\ld be a g5]al illum9ation2 t ! k+1 too1 %\ld place a lamp at 8 door1 & at ! f\r corn]s ( 8 c\*1 & spr9kle rice & sweetmeats ev]y:]e4 ,if ! door-lamp w5t out x 0 =etold t he w\ld become ins5sible1 & t he 0 to tell 8 ,rn to s+ ! praises ( ! snake :5 x arriv$4 ,^! in/ructions 7 c>efully c>ri$ out1 & ! snake 0 s pleas$ ) 8 reception1 t he told ! ,rn to ask any boon %e pleas$4 ,%e ask$ = long life = h] husb&4 ,! snake repli$ t x 0 out ( 8 p[] to grant ?is1 b t he w\ld make arrangem5ts ) ,yam>ja1 ! "l ( ! dead1 = ! escape ( h] husb&1 & t %e 0 to cont9ue to wat* 8 body4 ,!n ! snake c>ri$ (f ! _s ( ! k+ to ,yam>ja4 ,:5 ! pap]s ( ! k+'s life 7 produc$ be=e ,yam>ja 8 age 0 d5ot$ by a ciph]1 b ! k9dly snake put a sev5 be=e x1 & ?us rais$ 8 age to sev5ty ye>s4 ,!n ,yam>ja said3 ,i f9d t ?is p]son has /ill sev5ty ye>s to live4 ,take him back at once4 ,s ! snake br\ght back ! s\l ( ! k+1 & he reviv$ & liv$ = sev5ty ye>s m1 & e/abli%$ ?is fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! ev5t4 ,mu* ! same idea appe>s 9 "o ( ,grimm's ,g]man tales4 #hjj ,! orig9al basis ( ! fea/ seems to h be5 ! idea t on ?is night ! spirits ( ! dead revisit _! homes1 :i* are clean$ & light$ = _! reception4 ,n[ x is *iefly obs]v$ 9 hon\r ( ,lak%m1 ! goddess ( weal? & good luck1 :o is propitiat$ by gambl+4 ,on ?is night ! wom5 make :at is call$ ! new moon lampblack 7,am0 ,k ,kjal71 :i* is us$ ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ ye> z a *>m aga9/ ! ,evil ,eye1 &1 z we h already se51 ! symbolical expulsion ( pov]ty goes on4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ?is fe/ival is ! ,bhaiyya ,dj1 or ,bro!rs' second1 :5 si/]s make a m>k on ! =eheads ( _! bro!rs & cause !m to eat five gra9s ( gram4 ,^! mu/ be swall[$ :ole1 n *ew$1 & br+ l5g? ( days4 ,! si/] !n makes h] bro!r sit fac+ ! ea/1 & fe$s him ) sweetmeats1 9 return = :i* he gives h] a pres5t4 ,! ,gov>dhan4 ,foll[+ ! ,diwl comes :at is kn[n z ! ,gov>dhan1 or ,godhan1 :i* is a purely rural fea/4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 ! wom51 on a plat=m outside ! h\se1 make a little hut ( mud & images ( ,gaur & ,ganesa2 !re !y place ! p>*$ gra9 :i* ! girls (f]$ on ! night ( ! ,diwl2 ne> x !y lay "s ?orny grass1 wave a rice p\nd] r\nd ! hut1 & invoke bless+s on _! relations & fri5ds4 ,?is is also a cattle fea/1 & c[h]ds come r\nd half drunk & collect pres5ts f _! employ]s4 ,!y s+1 ,may ?is h\se gr[ z ! sug>-cane gr[s1 z ,ganga increases at ! sacr$ conflu5ce ( ,prayg6 ,9 ! ,panjb ! wom5 make a ,gov>dhan ( c[dung1 :i* consi/s ( ,kri%na ly+ on 8 back surr\nd$ ) little cottage loaves ( dung to repres5t m\nta9s1 9 :i* are /uck /ems ( grass ) tufts ( cotton or rag on ! top = trees1 & by little dung balls = cattle1 wat*$ by dung m5 dress$ 9 little bits ( rag4 ,ano!r op9ion is t ! cottage loaves are cattle1 & ! dung balls calves4 ,on ?is !y put ! *urn-/aff1 five :ite sug>-canes1 "s p>*$ rice1 & a lamp 9 ! middle4 ,! c[h]ds are !n call$ 91 & !y salute ! :ole1 & are f$ ) rice & sweets4 ,! ,brhman !n takes ! sug>-cane & eats a bit1 & till !n no "o mu/ eat1 cut1 or press cane4 ,rice-milk is !n giv5 to ! ,brhmans1 & ! bullocks h _! horns dy$ & are extra well f$4 #hja ,! ,emp]or ,akb>1 we are told1 us$ to jo9 9 ?is fe/ival4 #hjb ,! cu/om 9 ,cawnpur1 kn[n z ! ,dng1 or ,club1 ,diwl is v simil>4 ,! c[h]ds wor%ip ,gov>dhan 9 ! =m ( a little heap ( c[dung decorat$ ) cotton1 & g r\nd to ! h\ses ( ! p]sons ^: cattle !y graze1 dance to ! music ( two /icks beat5 toge!r & a drum play$ by a ,h9du weav]1 & get pres5ts ( gra91 clo?1 or money4 #hjc ,cattle ,fe/ivals4 ,!re are a numb] ( simil> usages 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry solemniz$ ) ! object ( protect+ ! h]ds4 ,?us 9 ,ho%angbd !y h ! rite ( fright5+ ! cattle4 ,ev]yone keeps awake all night1 & ! h]dsm5 g out begg+ 9 a body1 s++1 & keep+ ! cattle f sleep+4 ,9 ! morn+ !y are all /amp$ ) ! h& dipp$ 9 yell[ pa9t = ! :ite ones1 & :ite pa9t = ! r$ ones1 & /r+s ( c[ries or peacocks' fea!rs are ti$ to _! horns4 ,!n !y are driv5 out ) wild :oops or yells1 & ! h]dsman /&+ at ! doorway sma%es an e>!n wat] j> on ! la/4 ,! neck ( ?is is plac$ on ! gateway lead+ to ! cattle %$s1 & pres]ves !m f ! ,evil ,eye4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! cattle are all collect$ toge!r1 & ! ,p>ihr prie/ spr9kles !m ) wat]1 aft] :i* !y are secure f all possible evil4 #hjd ,?is rem9ds u ( ! cu/om ( ,manx cattle deal]s1 :o drive _! h]d ?r\gh fire on ,may ,day1 s z to s+e !m a little1 & pres]ve !m f h>m4 #hje ,! same 0 probably ! orig9 ( ! bull-runn+ 9 ! t[n ( ,/am=d ( :i* ,br& gives an acc\nt4 ,s ! ,*9ese make an effigy ( an ox 9 clay1 :i* aft] be+ beat5 by ! gov]nor1 is /on$ by ! p till !y break x 9 pieces1 f :i* !y expect an abundant ye>4 ,we h already met ) in/ances :]e ! scape animal m]ges 9 a sacrifice4 ,9 ,g>hwl1 at ! sacrifice 9 hon\r ( ,dev1 ! ,brhmans make a circle ( fl\r fill$ ) v>i\s sorts ( col\rs4 ,inside ?is !y sit & repeat sacr$ v]ses4 ,!n a male buffalo is made to move r\nd ! circle sev5 times1 & ev]yone ?r[s "s holy rice & oats ov] x4 ,aft] ?is ! headman ( ! village /rikes x lightly on ! back ) a sword & makes x run1 on :i* ! p foll[ & hack x to pieces ) _! swords4 #hjf ,s 9 ,b5gal1 on ! la/ day ( ! mon? ,krttik 7,octob]-,novemb]7 a pig is turn$ loose among a h]d ( buffaloes1 :o are enc\rag$ to gore x to dea?4 ,! c>case is giv5 to ! ,dusdh village m5ials to eat4 ,! ,ahrs1 :o practise ?is /range rite1 av] t x has no religi\s significance1 & is m]ely a sort ( popul> amusem5t4 ,!y d n !mselves p>take ( any "p ( ! pig4 #hjg ,x is pla9ly a survival ( a regul> sacrifice1 probably int5d$ to promote ! f]tility ( ! h]ds & crops4 ,simil> cu/oms = ! protection ( cattle prevail 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?us1 9 ,mirzapur1 at ! ,diwl1 a little e>!n bell is procur$ f ! village pott]1 & hung r\nd ! necks ( ! cattle z a protective4 ,9 ,b]r1 at ! ,pola fe/ival1 ! bullocks ( ! :ole village pass 9 procession "u a sacr$ rope made ( twi/$ grass & cov]$ ) mango leaves4 ,! sacr$ pole ( ! headman is !n borne al(t to ! front4 ,he gives ! ord] to advance1 & all ! bullocks1 8 own lead+ ! way1 file "u ! rope accord+ to ! respective rank ( _! own]s4 ,! villag]s vie ) ea* o!r 9 hav+ ! be/ decorat$ & pa9t$ bullocks1 & l>ge sums are (t5 exp5d$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is rope is suppos$ to possess ! magic p[] ( protect+ ! cattle f disease & accid5t4 #hjh ,9 ,nor!rn ,india x is a common *>m to drive ! cattle "u a rope fix$ ov] ! village cattle pa?1 & among ! ,drvidians ( ,mirzapur1 two poles & a cross b> are fix$ at ! entrance ( ! village ) ! same object4 ,! *>m is r5d]$ m p[]ful if a pl\gh beam is sunk 9 ! gr\nd close by4 ,! cu/om ( ! sil5t t5d+ ( cattle has be5 already m5tion$4 ,at ! cattle fe/ival 9 ,rjputna1 9 ! ev5+ ! c[ is wor%ipp$1 ! h]d hav+ be5 previ\sly t5d$4 ,f ?is c]emony no rank is except$2 on ! prec$+ day1 d$icat$ to ,kri%na1 pr9ce & peasant all become pa/oral att5dants ( ! c[ 9 ! =m ( ,pri?iv or ! ,e>?4 #hji ,9 "s places ! fl[]s & o!r ornam5ts ( ! cattle1 :i* !y lose 9 _! wild flight1 are eag]ly pick$ up & treat$ z relics br++ good =tune4 ,we h a simil> idea 9 ! bless+ ( cattle 9 ,italy1 #haj & ?is is probably ! orig9 ( ! obs]vance describ$ by ,aubrey1 :5 9 ,som]set%ire1 :]e ! wassaile 7:i* is1 ,i ?9k1 ,twelfe ,eve71 ! pl\ghm5 h _! ,twelfe cake1 & !y g into ! ox-h\se to ! cattle1 & dr9k to ! ox ) ! crumpl$ horn t treads out ! corne4 #haa ,! ,sleep ( ,vi%nu4 ,accord+ to ! rural belief1 ,vi%nu sleeps = f\r mon?s 9 ! ye>1 f ! elev5? ( ! bright half ( ! mon? ,zrh1 ! ,deosoni ,ekda%1 ! repos+ ( ! god1 till ! elev5? ( ! bright half ( ! mon? ,krttik1 ! ,deo?n1 or god's awak5+4 ,s ! demon ,kumbha ,k>ana 9 ! ,rmyana :5 he is gorg$ sleeps = six mon?s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,campbell1 #hab dur+ ^! f\r mon?s :ile ! god sleeps demons are abroad1 & h5ce !re are an unusual numb] ( protective fe/ivals 9 t p]iod4 ,on ! day he retires to re/ wom5 m>k ! h\se ) l9es ( c[dung z a safegu>d1 fa/ dur+ ! day1 & eat sweetmeats at night4 ,dur+ ! f\r mon?s ( ! god's re/ x is consid]$ unlucky to m>ry1 repair ! ?at* ( a hut1 or make ! h\se cots4 ,8 ris+ at ! ,deo?n m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ! sug>-cane h>ve/1 :5 ! cane mill is m>k$ ) r$ pa9t1 & lamps are light$ ^u x4 ,! own] ( ! crop !n does wor%ip 9 8 field1 & breaks (f "s /alks ( sug>-cane1 :i* he puts on ! b\nd>y4 ,he di/ributes five canes ea* to ! village ,brhman1 blacksmi?1 c>p5t]1 wa%]man1 & wat] c>ri]1 & takes five home4 ,!n on a wood5 bo>d ab\t "o & a half feet long two figures ( ,vi%nu & 8 wife ,lak%m are drawn ) l9es ( butt] & c[dung4 ,on ! bo>d are plac$ "s cotton1 l5tils1 wat]-nuts1 & sweets2 a fire sacrifice is (f]$1 & ! five canes are plac$ ne> ! bo>d & ti$ toge!r at ! top4 ,! ,slagrma1 or /one emblematical ( ,vi%nu1 is lift$ up1 & all s+ a rude melody1 call+ on ! god to wake & jo9 ! assembly4 ,!n all move rev]5tly r\nd ! emblems1 ! tops ( ! cane are brok5 (f & hung on ! ro( till ! ,hol1 :5 !y are burnt4 ,:5 ! wor%ip has be5 duly p]=m$1 & ! (ficiat+ ,brhman has decl>$ t ! =tunate mom5t has arriv$1 ! cutt+ may comm5ce4 ,! :ole village is a sc5e ( fe/ivity1 & danc+ & s++ g on frantically4 ,till ?is day no ,h9du w eat or t\* ! crop4 ,!y believe t ev5 jackals w n eat ! cane till !n4 ,! real fact is t till !n ! juice has n prop]ly come up1 & ! cane is n wor? eat+4 ,on ! fir/ day ! cane is cut ! own] eats none ( x1 x w\ld br+ him bad luck4 #hac ,c]emonies to ,av]t ,blight1 etc4 ,!re are v>i\s c]emonies int5d$ to save c]ta9 crops f ! ravages ( blight & insects4 ,blight is v g5]ally attribut$ to ! con/ant measurem5t ( ! soil :i* goes on dur+ settlem5t op]ations1 to ! irreligi\s cu/om ( eat+ beef1 or to adult]y1 or to a demon ( ! ea/ w9d1 :o c be appeas$ ) pray]s & c]emonies4 #had ,no pi\s ,h9du1 if ! se$ fails1 w re-s[ 8 w9t] crop4 ,:5 sug>-cane g]m9ates1 ! own] ( ! crop does wor%ip on ! next ,saturday be=e noon4 ,on "o ( ! days ( ! ,naurtr 9 ! mon? ( ,kur ! cultivator himself1 or ?r\gh 8 family prie/1 burns a fire sacrifice 9 ! field & (f]s pray]s4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,krttik he has a special c]emony to av]t a p>ticul>ly dang]\s grub1 kn[n z ! ,sndi4 ,= ?is purpose he takes f 8 h\se butt]1 cakes1 sweets1 & five or six lumps ( d\gh press$ into ! %ape ( a pe>1 ) "s clean wat]4 ,he goes to ! field1 (f]s a fire sacrifice1 & pres5ts "s ( ! cakes to ! field _s4 ,he !n buries "o ( ! lumps ( d\gh at ea* corn] ( 8 field1 &1 hav+ eat5 ! re/ ( ! cakes1 goes home happy4 #hae ,:5 field-mice d injury to ! crop ! own] goes to a ,syna1 or cunn+ man1 :o writes a *>m1 ! lett]s ( :i* he dissolves 9 wat] & scatt]s x ov] ! plants4 ,! anci5t ,greek f>m] 0 recomm5d$ to proce$ z foll[s3 ,take a %eet ( pap] & write on x ^! words1 ',ye mice "h pres5t1 ,i adjure ye t ye injure me n1 nei!r suff] ano!r m\se to injure me4 ,i give y yond] field 7specify+ ! field71 b if ev] ,i cat* y "h aga91 by ! help ( ! ,"m ( ! gods1 ,i w r5d y 9 sev5 pieces4' ,write ?is & /ick ! pap] on an unhewn /one 9 ! field :]e ! mice are1 tak+ c>e to keep ! writt5 side upp]mo/4 #haf ,g5]al ,sleeman gives a case ( a c[h]d :o saw 9 a vision t ! wat] ( ! ,biys riv] %\ld be tak5 up 9 pit*]s & convey$ to ! fields attack$ ) blight1 b t none ( x %\ld be all[$ to fall on ! gr\nd 9 ! way4 ,on rea*+ ! field a small hole %\ld be made 9 ! bottom ( ! pit*] s z to keep up a small b /eady /ream1 z ! be>] c>ri$ x r\nd ! bord] ( ! field1 s t ! wat] might fall 9 a complete r+ except at a small op5+ :i* 0 to be kept dry1 s t ! demon ( ! blight c\ld make 8 escape ?r\gh x4 ,cr[ds ( p came to fet* ! wat]1 :i* 0 n suppos$ to h any p>ticul> virtue except t aris+ f ?is revelation4 #hag ,sc>+ ( ,locu/s4 ,locu/s1 "o ( ! great pe/s ( ! ,indian peasant's life1 are sc>$ by %\t+1 light+ ( fires1 beat+ ( brass pots1 & 9 p>ticul>1 by r++ ! temple bell4 ,9 ,sirsa1 ! ,k>wa1 a fly+ insect :i* injures ! fl[] ( ! ,bjra millet1 is expell$ by a man tak+ 8 si/]'s son on 8 %\ld] & fe$+ him ) rice-milk :ile he repeats ! foll[+ *>m3 ,! nephew has m\nt$ 8 uncle's %\ld]4 ,g1 ,k>wa1 to "s o!r field6 #hah ,9 ! ,panjb a popul> leg5d ?us expla9s ! enmity betwe5 ! />l+ & ! locu/4 ,once ^u a "t ! locu/s us$ to come & de/roy ! crops z !y 7 rip5+4 ,! p pray$ to ,nryana1 & he imprison$ !m 9 a deep valley 9 ! ,himlaya1 putt+ ! />l+s to keep !m 9 conf9em5t4 ,n[ & aga9 ! locu/s try to escape & ! />l+s promptly put !m to dea?4 ,! leg5d is probably bas$ on ! fact t bo? ! />l+s & ! locu/s come f ! ,hills1 & ab\t ! same "t4 #hai ,ano!r device to sc>e !m is bas$ on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( treat+ ) high di/9ction "o or two *os5 individuals ( ! obnoxi\s species1 :ile ! re/ are pursu$ ) rel5tless vig\r4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indian isl& ( ,bali1 ! mice :i* ravage ! rice-fields are caught 9 great numb]s & burnt 9 ! same way t corpses are burnt4 ,b two ( ! captur$ mice are all[$ to live & receive a little packet ( :ite l954 ,!n ! p b[ d[n be=e !m1 z be=e gods1 & let !m g4 #hbj ,s 9 ,mirzapur ! ,drvidian tribes1 :5 a flight ( locu/s comes1 cat* "o1 decorate its head ) a spot ( r$ lead1 salaam to x1 & let x g1 :5 ! :ole flight imm$iately dep>ts4 ,betel ,plant+4 ,:5 cultivators 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces s[ betel1 !y cook rice-milk ne> ! plants & (f] x to ! local godl+4 ,!y divide ! (f]+1 & a little co>se sug> is d$icat$ to ,mahbr1 ! monkey god1 :i* is tak5 home & di/ribut$ among ! *ildr54 ,?is is kn[n z ,jeonr ,pj or ! banquet rite4 ,! ,b>ais1 :o make a speciality ( cultivat+ ! plant1 h two godl+s ( _! own1 ,sokha ,bba1 ! gho/ ( "s fam\s magician1 & ,ngbeli1 ! creep] ,nga1 or snake1 :o is connect$ ) ! s9u\s gr[? ( ! t5drils4 ,9 ,b5gal1 ! ,b>uis1 a simil> ca/e1 wor%ip _! patron goddess on ! f\r? day ( ! mon? ,baiskh ) (f]+s ( fl[]s1 rice1 sweetmeats1 & s&al-wood pa/e4 ,"s d ! ,navam ,pj 9 hon\r ( ,u%as1 or ! ,aurora1 on ! six? day ( ! wan+ moon 9 ,as94 ,planta9s1 rice1 sug>1 & sweetmeats are plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! g>d51 f :i* ! wor%ipp]s retire1 b aft] a little "t return1 & c>ry+ out ! (f]+s1 di/ribute !m among ! village *ildr54 ,9 ,bikrampur1 ,sunj1 a =m ( ,bhgawat1 is wor%ipp$4 ,!y d n employ ,brhmans 9 ! wor%ip1 because1 !y say1 a ,brhman 0 ! fir/ cultivator ( betel4 ,?r\gh 8 neglect ! plant grew s high t he us$ 8 sacr$ ?read to fa/5 up ! t5drils1 b z x /ill %ot up fa/] ?an he c\ld supply ?read1 its *>ge 0 giv5 to a ,kya/h or writ]4 ,h5ce x is t a ,brhman _c ent] a betel g>d5 )\t defilem5t4 #hba ,9 ano!r =m ( ! /ory1 ! ?read ( ! ,brhman grew up to ! sky & became a betel t5dril4 ,s1 9 a ,t>t> /ory1 ! hop plant orig9ates f ! b[-/r+ ( a man t _h be5 turn$ into a be>4 #hbb ,all ov] ,india1 ! betel plant1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ! delicacy ( its gr[?1 is consid]$ z be+ v susceptible to demoniacal influ5ce1 & a woman or a p]son 9 a /ate ( c]emonial pollution is exclud$ f ! nurs]y4 ,we meet ) an in/ance ( ! same idea among ! ,a9os4 ,!y prep>e = ! fi%+ by obs]v+ rules ( c]emonial purity1 & :5 !y h gone out to fi% ! wom5 at home mu/ keep /rict sil5ce1 or ! fi% w\ld he> !m & disappe>4 ,:5 ! fir/ fi% is caught he is br\ght home & pass$ ?r\gh a small op5+ at ! end ( ! hut1 b n ?r\gh ! door2 = if he 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! door1 ! o!r fi% w\ld c]ta9ly see him & disappe>4 #hbc ,all ^! protective measures int5d$ to gu>d ! crop f defilem5t & demoniacal influ5ce are r l ! old ,engli% rule ( ! "y m5 & girls walk+ r\nd ! corn to bless x on ,palm ,sunday1 an obs]vance :i* ,audley drily rem>ks 9 8 "t gave _m a conception4 #hbd ,sug>-cane ,s[+4 ,:5 sug>-cane is be+ plant$1 ! s[] is decorat$ ) silv] ornam5ts1 a necklace1 fl[]s1 & a r$ m>k is made on 8 =ehead4 ,x is consid]$ a fav\rable om5 if a man on horseback come into ! field :ile ! s[+ is go+ on4 ,aft] ! s[+ is complet$1 all ! m5 employ$ come home to ! f>m]'s h\se & h a good d9n]4 #hbe ,all surplus se$ is c>efully de/roy$ ) fire1 z x is believ$ t ! plants gr[n f x w\ld be wor?less & produce only fl[]s & se$4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 on ! fir/ day ( s[+1 sweet5$ rice is br\ght to ! field1 ! wom5 sme> ! outside ( ! vessel ) x1 & x is !n di/ribut$ to ! workm54 ,next morn+ a woman puts on a necklace & walks r\nd ! field1 w9d+ ?read on a sp9dle4 ,?is =ms a sacr$ circle :i* repels evil influ5ce f ! crop4 ,on ! night ( ! ,deo?n1 :5 ,vi%nu wakes f 8 f\r mon?s' sleep1 lamps are light$ on ! cane mill1 & x is sme>$ ) daubs ( r$ pa9t4 #hbf ,cotton ,plant+4 ,:5 ! cotton has sprung up1 ! own] ( ! field goes !re on ,sunday =5oon ) "s butt]1 sweetmeats1 & cakes4 ,he burns a fire sacrifice1 (f]s up "s ( ! food1 & eats ! rema9d] 9 sil5ce4 ,"h we h ano!r in/ance ( ! taboo aga9/ speak+1 :i* s commonly appe>s 9 ^! rural c]emonies4 #hbg ,:5 ! cotton comes into fl[]1 "s p>*$ rice is tak5 to ! field on a ,w$nesday or ,friday2 "s is ?r[n broadca/ ov] ! plants1 & ! re/ giv5 to *ildr51 ! object assign$ be+ t ! bolls may swell1 z ! rice does :5 p>*$4 ,_m in/ances ( symbolical or sympa!tic magic ( ! same k9d might be collect$ f ! usages ( o!r races4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ,sumatra1 ! rice is s[n by wom51 :o1 9 s[+1 let _! hair hang loose d[n _! back1 9 ord] t ! rice may gr[ luxuriantly & h long /alks4 #hbh ,:5 ! cotton is ripe & ready = pick+1 ! wom5 pick]s g to ! nor? or ea/ qu>t]s ( ! field ) p>*$ rice & sweetmeats4 ,^! directions are1 ( c\rse1 select$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,himlaya1 ! home ( ! gods1 & ! ris+ sun4 ,!y pick two or ?ree l>ge pods1 & !n sit d[n & pull out ! cotton 9 z long a /r+ z possible )\t break+ x4 ,!y hang ^! ?reads on ! l>ge/ cotton plant !y c f9d 9 ! field1 r\nd :i* !y sit1 & fill _! m\?s z full z possible ) ! p>*$ rice1 :i* !y bl[ out z f> z !y c 9 ea* direction2 ! idea be+1 ( c\rse1 ! same z 9 ! c]emony :5 ! plant fl[]s4 ,a fire (f]+ is made & ! pick+ comm5ces4 #hbi ,! cu/om 9 ,k>nl is v simil>4 ,:5 ! pods op5 & ! cotton is ready = pick+1 ! wom5 g r\nd ! field eat+ rice-milk1 ! fir/ m\?ful ( :i* !y spit on ! field t[>ds ! we/4 ,! fir/ cotton pick$ is ex*ang$ = its weight 9 salt1 :i* is pray$ ov] & kept 9 ! h\se till ! pick+ is ov]1 :5 x is di/ribut$ among ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold & fri5ds4 #hcj ,! ,la/ ,%eaf4 ,9 ,ho%angbd1 :5 ! reap+ is ne>ly ov]1 a small pat* ( corn is left /&+ 9 ! la/ field1 & ! reap]s re/ a little4 ,!n !y ru% at ?is piece1 te> x up1 & ca/ x 9 ! air1 %\t+ victory to _! deities1 ,omkr ,mahrja1 ,jhamaj1 ,rmj ,ds1 or o!r local godl+s accord+ to _! p]suasions4 ,a %eaf is made ( ?is corn1 :i* is ti$ to a bamboo1 /uck up on ! la/ h>ve/ c>t1 c>ri$ home 9 triumph1 & fa/5$ up at ! ?re%+-floor or to a tree1 or on ! cattle %$1 :]e its s]vices are ess5tial 9 av]t+ ! ,evil ,eye4 #hca ,! same cu/om prevails 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,sometimes a little pat* 9 ! corn] ( ! field is left untill$ z a refuge = ! field _s2 sometimes x is s[n & ! corn reap$ ) a ru% & %\t & giv5 to ! ,baiga z an (f]+ to ! local godl+s1 or di/ribut$ among begg>s4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ analogue ( a bran* ( ,european folk-lore :i* has be5 copi\sly illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]4 #hcb ,x is ! ,devon cu/om ( ,cry+ ! ,neck4 ,! la/ %eaf is ! imp]sonation ( ! ,corn ,"m1 & is wor%ipp$ accord+ly4 ,we h met already ) ! same idea 9 ! res]vation ( small pat*es ( ! orig9al =e/ = ! accommodation ( ! spirits ( ! jungle4 ,fir/-fruits4 ,!re are _m cu/oms connect$ ) ! disposal ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! crop4 ,! eat+ ( ! new gra9 is att5d$ ) v>i\s obs]vances1 9 :i* ! fe$+ ( ,brhmans & begg>s takes a prom95t place4 ,9 ,kngra1 ! fir/-fruits ( corn1 oil1 & w9e1 & ! fir/ fleece ( ! %eep are n inde$ actually giv51 b a symbolical (f]+ is made 9 _! /ead4 ,^! (f]+s are made to ! ,jk or field _s to :om ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! cu/om has n[ rea*$ a lat] /age1 = ! local ,rja puts ! "r ( receiv+ ! (f]+s on behalf ( ! ,jk to public auction4 #hcc ,9 ! same way at ,ladkh1 ! ma9 raft]s ( ! h\ses are support$ by cyl9drical or squ>e pill>s ( wood1 ! top ( :i*1 "u ! truss1 is1 9 ! h\ses ( ! peasantry1 encircl$ by a b& ( /raw & e>s ( :eat1 =m+ a primitive sort ( capital4 ,x is ! cu/om1 ,i 0 told1 to consecrate ! two or ?ree fir/ h&sful ( ea* ye>'s crop to ! _s :o presides ov] agriculture1 & ^! b&s are ?us deposit$4 ,sometimes rams' horns are add$ to ?is decoration4 #hcd ,9 ,nor!rn ,india ! fir/ press+ ( ! sug>-cane is att5d$ ) special obs]vances4 ,:5 ! "w ( press+ comm5ces1 ! fir/ piece ( sug> made is pres5t$ to fri5ds or begg>s1 z is ! fir/ b[l ( ! extract$ juice1 & 9 ! we/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces "s is (f]$ 9 ! "n ( ! sa9t ,%aikh ,f>d1 :o f ?is probably ga9s 8 title ( ,%akk>ganj1 or ,treasury ( sug>4 ,! ,santls h a h>ve/-home fea/ 9 ,decemb]1 at :i* ! ,jag ,mnjhi1 or headman ( ! village1 ent]ta9s ! p4 ,! cattle are ano9t$ ) oil & daub$ ov] ) v]milion1 & a %>e ( rice-be] is giv5 to ea* animal4 #hce ,ev]y:]e 9 tread+ out ! gra9 ! rule t ! cattle move r\nd ! /ake 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun is rigidly obs]v$4 ,c]emonies at ,w9n[+4 ,w9n[+ is a v s]i\s & solemn op]ation1 n lightly to be comm5c$ )\t due consultation ( ! />s4 ,9 ,ho%angbd1 :5 ! village prie/ has fix$ a fav\rable "t1 ! cultivator1 8 :ole family1 & 8 lab\r]s g to ! ?re%+-floor1 tak+ ) !m ! prescrib$ articles ( wor%ip1 su* z milk1 butt]1 turm]ic1 boil$ :eat1 & v>i\s k9ds ( gra94 ,! ?re%+-floor /ake is wa%$ 9 wat]1 & ^! ?+s are (f]$ to x & to ! pile ( ?re%$ gra94 ,! boil$ :eat is scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! hope t ! ,bhts or spirits may cont5t !mselves ) x & n take any ( ! h>ve/$ corn4 ,!n ! ma/] /&s on a ?ree-legg$ /ool1 & tak+ five basketsful f ! ?re%$ heap1 w9n[s !m4 ,aft] w9n[+1 ! gra9 & *aff are collect$ aga9 & measur$2 if ! five baskets are turn$ out full1 or any?+ rema9s ov]1 x is a good om54 ,if !y _c fill ! baskets1 ! place :]e !y began w9n[+ is consid]$ unlucky & x is remov$ a few y>ds to ano!r "p ( ! ?re%+-floor4 ,! five basketsful are pres5t$ to a ,brhman1 or di/ribut$ 9 ! village1 n mix$ ) ! re/ ( ! h>ve/4 ,w9n[+ c !n g on z conv5i5t1 b "o precaution mu/ be tak54 ,z long z w9n[+ goes on ! basket mu/ nev] be set d[n on its bottom1 b always upside d[n4 ,if ?is 7 n done1 ! spirits w\ld use ! basket to c>ry (f ! gra94 ,! day's results are measur$ g5]ally 9 ! ev5+4 ,?is is done 9 p]fect sil5ce1 ! measur] sitt+ ) 8 back to ! unlucky qu>t] ( ! sky1 & ty+ knots to keep c\nt ( ! numb] ( ! baskets4 ,! spirits rob ! gra9 until x is measur$1 b :5 once x has be5 measur$ !y are afraid ( detection4 #hcf ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,panjb1 ! clean gra9 is collect$ into a heap4 ,prep>atory to measur+1 ! greate/ c>e has to be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is heap1 or evil spirits w dim9i% ! yield4 ,"o man sits fac+ ! nor?1 & places two r\nd balls ( c[dung on ! gr\nd4 ,betwe5 !m he /icks 9 a pl\gh-c\lt]1 a symbol kn[n z ,%od ,mt or ! "m ( f]tility4 ,a piece ( ! kh or swall[-wort & "s ,db grass are add$1 & !y salute x1 say+3 ,o ,"m ,%od6 ,give ! increase6 ,make our bank]s & rul]s cont5t$6 ,! man !n c>efully hides ! image ( ,%od f all obs]v]s :ile he cov]s x up ) gra91 :i* ! o!rs ?r[ ov] 8 head f beh9d4 ,:5 x is well cov]$1 !y pile ! gra9 ^u x1 b ?ree times dur+ ! process ! c]emony ( ,*ng is p]=m$4 ,! man /&s to ! s\? ( ! heap & goes r\nd x t[>ds ! we/ ! fir/ & ?ird "t1 & ! rev]se way ! second "t4 ,z he goes r\nd1 he has ! h& fur!/ f ! heap full ( gra91 & 9 ! o!r a w9n[+ fan1 ) :i* he taps ! heap4 ,:5 ! heap is f9i%$ !y spr9kle x ) ,ganges wat]1 & put a clo? ov] x till x is "t to measure ! gra94 ,a l9e is !n drawn on ! gr\nd all r\nd ! heap1 inside :i* none b ! measur] mu/ g4 ,all ^! op]ations mu/ be p]=m$ 9 pr(\nd sil5ce4 #hcg ,9 ,b>eilly1 :5 ! :ole ( ! gra9 & *aff has be5 w9n[$1 all ! dress$ gra9 is collect$ into a heap4 ,! w9n[]1 ) 8 basket 9 8 "r h&1 goes f ! s\? t[>ds ! we/1 & !n t[>ds ! nor?1 till he rea*es ! pole to :i* ! tread+-out cattle h be5 te!r$4 ,he !n returns ! same way1 goes to ! ea/ till he rea*es ! pole1 & back aga9 to ! s\?2 !n he places ! basket on ! gr\nd & utt]s "s pi\s ejaculation4 ,!n an iron sickle1 a /ick ( ! sacr$ ,kusa grass1 & a bit ( swall[-wort1 ) a cake ( c[dung 9 a cleft /ick1 are plac$ on ! heap1 & f\r cakes ( c[dung at ! f\r corn]s2 & a l9e is trac$ r\nd x ) c[dung4 ,a fire (f]+ is !n made1 & "s butt] & co>se sug> are (f]$ z sacrifice4 ,wat] is next ?r[n r\nd ! pil$ gra9 & ! rema9d] ( ! sug> di/ribut$ to ^? pres5t4 #hch ,9 ! ,etah ,di/rict1 ! own] ( ! field places to ! nor? ( ! pile ( gra9 a ?re%+-floor rake1 a bullock's muzzle1 & a rope at a di/ance ( ?ree spans f ! pil$ gra92 & betwe5 ^! ?+s & ! pile he lays a little (f]+ consi/+ ( a few e>s ( gra91 "s leaves ( ! swall[-wort1 & a few fl[]s4 ,^! ?+s are laid on a piece ( c[dung4 ,he !n cov]s ! pile ( gra9 ) a clo? to protect x f ?iev+ ,bhts1 & puts 9 a basket ?ree h&fuls ( gra9 z ! p]quisite ( ! village prie/ :o lights ! ,hol fire4 ,some?+ is also laid by = ! village begg>s4 ,!n he spr9kles a little gra9 on ! clo?1 & fills a basket full ( gra9 :i* he p\rs back on ! pile z an emblem ( increase4 ,he !n b[s to ! gods :o live 9 ! nor!rn hills1 & mutt]s a pray]2 x is only at ?is "t t he breaks ! sil5ce ) :i* ! :ole c]emony is p]=m$4 ,! clo? is !n remov$1 & ! rite is consid]$ complete4 ,measurem5t ( ,gra94 ,all ^! precautions are bas$ on pr9ciples :i* h be5 already discuss$1 & we meet 9 !m ) ! famili> feti%es & demon-sc>]s1 ( :i* we h already quot$ in/ances--! iron implem5ts1 ! sacr$ grasses & plants1 wat] & milk1 c[dung1 ! w9n[+ fan1 & s on4 ,all ov] ,nor!rn ,india a piece ( c[dung1 kn[n z ,b>hwan1 t :i* gives ! increase1 is laid on ! pil$ gra91 & a sacr$ circle is made ) fire & wat] r\nd x4 ,sil5ce1 z we h already se51 is a special elem5t 9 ! wor%ip4 ,all ?is re/s on ! idea t until ! gra9 is measur$1 vagrant ,bhts w /eal or de/roy x4 ,?is is some?+ l ! pr9ciple ( travell]s1 :o keep a c[ry or two 9 _! purses1 s t ?ieves may n be able to div9e ! cont5ts4 ,s1 9 a ,talmudic leg5d we read1 ,x is v difficult = devils to obta9 money1 because m5 are c>eful to keep x lock$ or ti$ up2 & we h no p[] to take any?+ t is measur$ or c\nt$2 we are p]mitt$ to take only :at is free & common4 #hci ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,panjb gra9 mu/ n be measur$ on ! day ( ! new or full moon1 & ,saturday is a bad day = x4 ,x mu/ be begun at dawn1 or sunset1 or midnight1 :5 ! ,bhts are o!rwise engag$4 ,f\r m5 g inside ! enclosure l9e ) a wood5 measur+ vessel1 & no "o mu/ come ne> !m till !y h f9i%$4 ,!y sit fac+ ! nor? & spread a clo? on ! gr\nd4 ,"o fills ! measure f ! heap ) ! w9n[+ fan1 ano!r empties x on ! clo?1 sub/itut+ an empty "o = x4 ,! man :o has ! measure puts d[n = e measure fill$ a small heap ( gra9s ( corn1 by :i* ! acc\nt is kept4 ,p]fect sil5ce mu/ be obs]v$ till ! :ole op]ation is f9i%$1 & especially all c\nt+ al\d ( ! numb] ( measures mu/ be avoid$4 ,b :5 once ! gra9 is measur$1 x is safe f ! ,evil ,eye2 ! p are at lib]ty to qu>rel ov] ! division ( x4 #hdj ,! same rule ( sil5ce (t5 appe>s 9 ! cu/om ( ,europe4 ,favete l+uis 0 ! pr9ciple on su* occasions 9 ,rome4 ,s 9 ! ,tempe/ ,prosp]o says1-- ,hu% & be mute1 ,or else our spell is m>r$4 ,9 ! ,highl&s1 on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 a discreet p]son is s5t to draw a pit*] ( wat] f ! =d1 :i* is drunk next day z a *>m aga9/ ! spell ( wit*craft1 ! malignity ( ,evil ,eyes1 & ! activity ( all inf]nal ag5cy4 ,s ! bak] :o makes ! bannocks on ,%rove ,tuesday mu/ be mute z a /one2 ! cake on ,/4 ,m>k's ,eve mu/ be made 9 sil5ce1 & ! same is ! rule on ,/4 ,fai?'s ,day4 #hda ,! same rule ( secrecy & sil5ce is obs]v$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dulha ,deo4 ,among ! ,gaiti ,gonds1 _! great fe/ival is held aft] ! +a!r+ ( ! rice h>ve/1 :5 !y proce$ to a d5se "p ( ! jungle1 :i* no woman is p]mitt$ to ent]1 & :]e1 to repres5t ! great god1 a copp] co9 has be5 hung up1 enclos$ 9 a jo9t ( bamboo4 ,arriv+ at ! spot1 !y take d[n ! copp] god 9 8 case1 & select+ a small area ab\t a foot squ>e1 !y lay on x ! copp] co91 be=e :i* !y arrange z _m small heaps ( uncook$ rice z !re are deities wor%ipp$ by !m4 ,! *ick5s br\ght = sacrifice are loos$ & p]mitt$ to fe$ on ! rice1 aft] :i* !y are kill$ & _! blood spr9kl$ betwe5 ! copp] co9 & ! rice4 ,goats are also (f]$1 & _! blood pres5t$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,until prohibit$ by ! ,h9dus1 sacrifices ( c[s 7 also common4 ,on ! blood "s c\ntry spirits is p\r$ z a libation to _! deities4 ,! copp] co9 is n[ lift$1 replac$ 9 its bamboo case1 :i* is %ut up ) leaves1 wrapp$ up 9 grass1 & return$ to its place 9 ! tree1 to rema9 !re till x is requir$ on ! foll[+ ye>4 #hdb ,! ,hol3 ,its ,orig94 ,! mo/ fam\s & int]e/+ ( ! village fe/ivals is ! ,hol1 :i* is held 9 ! e>ly spr+1 at ! full moon ( ,phlgun4 ,"o acc\nt ( its orig9 describes x z f\nd$ 9 hon\r ( a female demon or ,rk%as call$ ,dundhas1 %e :o w\ld de/roy _m4 ,ano!r acc\nt connects ! obs]vance ) ! well-kn[n leg5d ( ,hiranya-kasipu1 gold5-dress$1 & 8 son ,prahlda4 ,hiranya-kasipu 01 x is said1 a ,daitya1 :o obta9$ f ,siva ! sov]eignty ( ! ?ree worlds = a million ye>s1 & p]secut$ 8 pi\s son ,prahlda because he 0 su* a devot$ wor%ipp] ( ,vi%nu4 ,f9ally ! angry god1 9 8 ,n>a-s9ha or man-lion inc>nation1 slew ! s9n]4 ,h>nkas1 z ! fa!r is call$ 9 ! mod]n v]sion ( ! /ory1 0 an ascetic1 :o claim$ t ! devotion ( ! _w 0 to be paid to him alone4 ,8 son ,prahlda became a devotee ( ,vi%nu1 & p]=m$ v>i\s miracles1 su* z sav+ a cat & h] kitt5s out ( ! blaz+ kiln ( a pott]4 ,8 fa!r 0 enrag$ at :at he consid]$ ! apo/asy ( 8 son1 & ) ! assi/ance ( 8 si/] ,hol or ,holik1 comm5c$ to torture ,prahlda4 ,_m attempts on 8 life fail$1 & f9ally ,vi%nu himself ent]$ a pill> ( heat$ iron1 :i* _h be5 prep>$ = ! de/ruction ( ,prahlda1 & tore ,h>nkas to pieces4 ,!n ,hol tri$ to burn h]self & ,prahlda toge!r1 b ! fire left him unsca!d & %e 0 consum$4 ,! fire is n[ suppos$ to be burnt 9 commemoration ( ?is trag$y4 ,?is leg5d has be5 localiz$ at a place call$ ,deokali ne> ,iri*h 9 ! ,jhnsi ,di/rict1 :]e ,hiranya-kasipu is said to h _h 8 palace4 ,j bel[ x is a deep pool1 into :i* ,prahlda 0 flung by ! ord]s ( 8 fa!r1 & ! m>k ( ! foot ( ! m>tyr is /ill %[n on a neighb\r+ rock4 #hdc ,ano!r leg5d id5tifies ,hol ) ! wit* ,ptan1 :o attempt$ to de/roy ! infant ,kri%na by giv+ him h] poison$ nipple to suck4 #hdd ,la/ly1 a tale told at ,h>dwr br+s u probably ne>] ! real orig9 ( ! rite4 ,holik or ,hol 01 !y say1 si/] ( ,sambat or ,sanvat1 ! ,h9du ye>4 ,once1 at ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 ,sambat di$1 & ,hol 9 h] excessive love = h] bro!r insi/$ on be+ burnt on 8 pyre1 & by h] devotion he 0 re/or$ to life4 ,! ,hol fire is n[ burnt e ye> to commemorate ?is trag$y4 ,propitiation ( ,sun%9e4 ,!re seems to be little d\bt t ! cu/om ( burn+ ! ,hol fire re/s on ! same basis z t ( simil> obs]vances 9 ,europe4 ,! :ole subject has rec5tly be5 copi\sly illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4 #hde ,8 conclusion is t !y are sun *>ms or magical c]emonies int5d$ to ensure a prop] supply ( sun%9e = m51 animals1 & plants4 ,we h se5 t savages resort to *>ms = mak+ sun%9e1 & we ne$ n wond] t primitive man 9 ,europe has done ! same4 ,inde$1 consid]+ ! cold & cl\dy climate ( ,europe dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! ye>1 x is natural t sun *>ms %\ld h play$ a mu* m prom95t "p among ! sup]/iti\s practices ( ,european peoples ?an among ^? ( savages :o live ne> ! equator4 ,?is view ( ! fe/ival 9 "q is support$ by v>i\s consid]ations drawn p>tly f ! rites !mselves1 p>tly f ! influ5ces !y are believ$ to ex]t on ! wea!r & on vegetation4 ,= example1 ! cu/om ( roll+ a burn+ :eel d[n a hill-side1 :i* is (t5 obs]v$ on ^! occasions1 seems a v natural imitation ( ! sun's c\rse 9 ! sky1 & ! imitation is p>ticul>ly appropriate on ,midsumm] ,day1 :5 ! sun's annual decl5sion beg9s4 ,n less graphic is ! imitation ( 8 app>5t revolution by sw++ a burn+ t> b>rel r\nd a pole4 ,! cu/om ( ?r[+ blaz+ discs1 %ap$ l suns1 into ! air1 is probably also a piece ( imitative magic4 #hdf ,9 ^!1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! magic =ce is suppos$ to take effect ?r\gh mimicry or sympa?y4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ! climatic conditions ( ,nor!rn ,india d n1 z a rule1 necessitate ! use ( incantations to produce sun%9e4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! native ( ! c\ntry does n look on ! fi]c5ess ( ! summ] sun ) ! same dread z is felt by ,europeans4 ,to him x is ab\t ! mo/ pleasant & heal?y season ( ! ye>1 & p :o are sometimes und]f$ & ne>ly always insuffici5tly dress$ h m reason to fe> ! *ills ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y ?an ! w>m? ( ,may & ,june4 ,x is also usually recogniz$ 9 popul> belief t seasonable & suffici5t ra9fall dep5ds on ! due supply ( sun%9e4 ,! ,hol ,obs]vances4 ,! ,hol1 :ile g5]ally obs]v$ 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 is p]=m$ ) special c>e by ! c[h]d classes ( ! l& ( ,braj1 or ! region r\nd ! city ( ,ma?ura1 :]e ! my? ( ,kri%na has be5 localiz$1 & x is "h t we meet ) "s curi\s incid5ts :i* are und\bt$ly survivals ( ! mo/ primitive usages4 ,! c]emonies 9 vogue at ,ma?ura h be5 v c>efully record$ by ,mr4 ,gr[se4 #hdg ,he notes ! *e]9ess ( ! holiday-mak]s z !y ?rong ! n>r[1 w9d+ /reets on _! way to & f ! c5tral squ>e ( ! t[n ( ,b>sna1 :]e !y break into gr\ps ( bright & ev] v>y+ comb9ations ( col\r1 ) ! buffoon]ies ( ! village cl[ns1 & ! grotesque dances ( ! lu/y swa9s1 :o1 ) ca/anets 9 h&1 c>icature 9 _! movem5ts ! conv5tional graces ( ! ,indian ballet girl4 ,!n foll[s a mock fight betwe5 ! m5 ( ! adjo9+ village ( ,n&gnw & ! wom5 ( ,b>sna4 ,! wom5 h _! mantles drawn d[n ov] _! faces & are arm$ ) long1 heavy bamboos1 ) :i* !y deal _! oppon5ts _m %rewd bl[s on ! head & %\ld]s4 ,! latt] def5d !mselves z be/ !y c ) r\nd lea!r %ields & /ag horns1 z !y dodge 9 & out among ! cr[d1 & n[ & aga9 h _! flight cut (f1 & are driv5 back ^u ! cr[d ( excit$ viragoes4 ,_m laughable incid5ts occur4 ,n unfrequ5tly blood is drawn2 b an accid5t ( ?is k9d is reg>d$ r z an om5 ( good =tune1 & has nev] be5 kn[n to give rise to any ill-feel+4 ,:5ev] ! fury ( _! female assailants appe>s to be subsid+1 x is aga9 excit$ by ! m5 %\t+ at !m snat*es ( ribald rhymes4 ,! ,light+ ( ! ,hol ,fire4 ,next day ! ,hol fire is lit4 ,by immemorial cu/om1 ! boys are all[$ to appropriate fuel ( any k9d = ! fire1 ! wood-"w ( des]t$ h\ses1 f5ces1 & ! l1 & ! own] nev] d>es to compla94 ,we h ! same cu/om 9 ,engl&4 ,! *orus ( ! ,ox=d%ire song sung at ! fea/ ( ,gunp[d] ,plot runs1-- ,a /ick & a /ake ,= ,k+ ,james's sake2 ,if y won't give me "o1 ,i'll take two1 ,! bett] = me1 ,! worse = y4 ,?is is *ant$ by ! boys :5 collect+ /icks = ! bonfire1 & x is consid]$ q lawful to appropriate any old wood !y c lay h&s on aft] ! recitation ( ^! l9es4 #hdh ,mr4 ,gr[se goes on to describe h[ a l>ge bonfire _h be5 /ack$ betwe5 ! pond & ! temple ( ,prahlda 7:o1 z we h already se51 is connect$ ) ! leg5d71 inside :i* ! local village prie/1 ! ,kh]apat or ,p&a1 :o 0 to take ! *ief "p 9 ! p]=mance ( ! day1 0 sitt+1 tell+ 8 beads4 ,at #f p4m4 ! pile 0 lit1 & be+ compos$ ( ! mo/ inflammable mat]ials1 at once bur/ into a trem5d\s blaze4 ,! lads ( ! village kept runn+ close r\nd x1 jump+ & danc+ & br&i%+ _! bludgeons1 :ile ! ,p&a w5t r\nd & dipp$ 9 ! pond1 & !n ) 8 dripp+ turban & lo9-clo? ran back & made a fe9t ( pass+ ?r\gh ! fire4 ,9 reality he only jump$ ov] ! out]mo/ v]ge ( ! sm\ld]+ a%es1 & !n da%$ into 8 cell aga91 mu* to ! dissatisfaction ( ! spectators1 :o say t ! =m] incumb5t us$ to d x mu* m ?or\ghly4 ,if on ! next recurr5ce ( ! fe/ival ! ,p&a %[s himself equally timid1 ! village proprietors ?reat5 to eject him z an impo/or f ! l& :i* he holds r5t-free1 simply on ! score ( 8 be+ fire-pro(4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is cu/om ( jump+ ?r\gh ! fire prevails 9 _m o!r places4 ,we h already _h an in/ance ( x 9 ! case ( ! fire wor%ip ( ,rhu4 ,9 ,greece p jump ?r\gh ! bonfires light$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,! ,iri% make _! cattle pass ?r\gh ! fire1 & *ildr5 are pass$ ?r\gh x 9 ! arms ( _! fa!rs4 ,! pass+ ( victims ?r\gh ! fire 9 hon\r ( ,molo* is well kn[n4 #hdi ,! ,?r[+ ( ! ,p[d]4 ,9 ! ,indian obs]vance ( ! ,hol next foll[$ a s]ies ( p]=mances *>act]iz$ by rude horseplay & ribald s++4 ,next day came ! ?r[+ ( ! p[d]4 ,h&fuls ( r$ p[d]1 mix$ ) gli/5+ talc1 7 ?r[n ab\t4 ,up to ! balconies1 above & d[n on ! heads ( ! p bel[2 & se5 ?r\gh ?is atmosph]e ( col\r$ cl\d1 ! frantic ge/ures ( ! ?rong1 _! :ite clo!s & faces all /a9$ ) r$ & yell[ pat*es1 & ! great timbrels ) bran*es ( peacocks' fea!rs1 artificial fl[]s & t9sel />s /uck 9 _! rims1 borne above ! play]s' heads1 & n[ & !n toss$ up 9 ! air1 comb9$ to =m a curi\s & picturesque spectacle4 ,!n foll[$ ano!r mock fight betwe5 m5 & wom51 conduct$ ) p]fect good-hum\r on bo? sides1 & :5 x 0 all ov]1 _m ( ! spectators ran into ! ar5a1 & roll$ ov] & ov] 9 ! du/1 or /reak$ !mselves ) x on ! =ehead1 tak+ x z ! du/ hall[$ by ! feet ( ,kri%na & ! ,gops4 ,! ,hol 9 ,mrwr4 ,colonel ,tod gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! fe/ival z p]=m$ at ,mrwr4 ,he describes ! p z light+ l>ge fires into :i* v>i\s sub/ances1 z well z ! common p[d]1 7 ?r[n2 & ar\nd :i* gr\ps ( *ildr5 danc$ & scream$ 9 ! /reets1 l s _m inf]nals2 until ?ree h\rs aft] sunrise ( ! new moon ( ! mon? ( ,*ait1 ^! orgies are cont9u$ ) increas$ vig\r2 :5 ! natives ba!1 *ange _! g>m5ts1 wor%ip1 & return to ! ranks ( sob] citiz5s1 & pr9ces & *iefs receive gifts f _! dome/ics4 #hej ,! ,a%es ( ! ,hol ,fire4 ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( ! ,hol fire 9 prev5t+ ! blight ( crops1 & 9 ! a%es z a rem$y = disease1 has be5 already notic$4 ,s 9 ,engl&1 ! ,yule log 0 put aside1 & 0 suppos$ to gu>d ! h\se f evil spirits4 #hea ,! ,basis ( ! ,hol ,rite4 ,we h se5 t ! prim>y basis ( ?is & simil> rites is probably ! propitiation ( sun%9e4 ,b ! pres5t obs]vances 9 ,india are probably a survival ( a v mu* m primitive cultus4 ,we h already se5 t 9 "o =m ( ! popul> leg5d1 ,hol is ! si/] ( ,sambat1 ! ye>1 & reviv$ him f dea? by burn+ h]self ) 8 corpse4 ,we f9d ! same idea 9 ,nepl1 :]e a wood5 po/ adorn$ ) flags is erect$ 9 front ( ! palace1 & ?is is burn$ at night1 repres5t+ ! burn+ ( ! body ( ! old ye>1 & its re-bir? ) ea* succe$+ spr+4 #heb ,! ,drvidian ,hill tribes ( ,mirzapur d n p]=m ! ,hol c]emony l _! ,h9du neighb\rs1 b on ! same date ! ,baiga burns a /ake1 a c]emony :i* is kn[n z ,sambat ,jaln1 or ! burn+ ( ! old ye>4 ,9 ,kumaun ea* clan puts up ! ,*r or rag-tree4 ,a middle-siz$ tree or a l>ge bran* is cut d[n & /ripp$ ( its leaves4 ,"y m5 g r\nd & beg scraps ( clo?1 :i* are ti$ to ! tree1 & x is !n set up 9 ! middle ( ! village4 ,ne> x ! ,hol fire is burnt4 ,on ! la/ day ! tree itself is burnt1 & ! p jump ov] ! a%es z a cure = it* & simil> diseases4 ,:ile ! tree is burn+1 m5 ( o!r clans try to snat* away "s ( ! rags4 ,x is reg>d$ z be+ v propiti\s to be able to d ?is1 & ! clan :i* loses is n all[$ to set up ! tree aga94 ,faction fight+ 9 ord] to ga9 ! "r ( sett+ up ! tree has practically ceas$ "u ,briti% law4 #hec ,! c]emony 9 ano!r =m appe>s at ,gwlior4 ,!re1 in/ead ( a tree1 !y burn l>ge heaps ( c[dung fuel4 ,! ,m>wris erect a nude figure kn[n z ,na?urm1 made ( bricks1 ( a mo/ disgu/+ %ape4 ,?is1 :5 ! pile ( c[dung cakes is consum$1 is brok5 to pieces ) bl[s ( %oes & bludgeons4 ,ano!r beautifully c>v$ image ( ! same k9d is p>ad$ ?r\gh ! baz>s & kept safely f ye> to ye>4 ,?is ,na?urm is said to h be5 a scamp f "s "p ( ,nor!rn ,india1 :o w5t to ,mrwr & s$uc$ a numb] ( wom51 until he 0 detect$ & put to dea?4 ,he !n became a malignant gho/ & began to torm5t wom5 & *ildr51 & n[ 8 _s c be appeas$ only by a s]ies ( indec5t songs & ge/ures p]=m$ by ! wom54 ,no ,mrwri h\sehold is )\t an image ( ,na?urm1 & a repres5tation ( him is laid ) ! m>ri$ pair aft] ! w$d+1 :ile b>r5 wom5 & ^? ^: *ildr5 die pray to him = (fspr+4 ,he is 9 %ort a phallic feti%4 ,! ,hol1 !n1 9 its mo/ primitive =m1 is possibly an aborig9al usage :i* has be5 import$ into ,brhmanism4 ,?is is specially %[n by ! functions ( ! ,kh]apat or village prie/1 :o lights ! fire4 ,he is sometimes a ,brhman1 b (t5 a man drawn f ! l[] races4 ,z we h se51 8 duties among ! ,drvidian races are p]=m$ by ! ,baiga1 :o is always drawn f ! non-,aryan races4 ,x seems probable t ! leg5ds connect+ ! rite ) ,prahlda & ,kri%na are a subsequ5t inv5tion1 & t ! fire is really int5d$ to repres5t ! burn+ ( ! old ye> & ! re-bir? ( ! new1 :i* !y pray may be m propiti\s to ! families1 cattle1 & crops ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! obs]vance seems also to include c]ta9 c]emonies int5d$ to sc>e ! evil spirits :i* br+ disease & fam9e4 ,! compulsory entry ( ! local prie/s into ! fire c h>dly be any?+ b a survival ( human sacrifice1 int5d$ to secure ! same results2 & ! danc+1 s++1 wav+ ( flags1 scream+1 ! mock fight1 & ! ?r[+ ( r$ p[d]1 a col\r suppos$1 z we h se51 to be obnoxi\s to evil spirits1 are probably bas$ on ! same tra9 ( ideas4 ,f9ally comes ! indec5cy ( ^w & ge/ure1 :i* is a di/9ct elem5t 9 ! rite4 ,!re seems reason to believe t 9 ! wor%ip ( c]ta9 deities 9 spr+1 promiscu\s int]c\rse 0 reg>d$ z a necess>y "p ( ! c]emony4 #hed ,?is appe>s at :at is call$ ! ,khi ka ,mela 9 ,kulu1 9 :i* indec5cy is suppos$ to sc>e evil spirits4 #hee ,we h already notic$ ! practice ( indec5cy z a ra9 *>m1 & x seems at lea/ a plausible hypo!sis t ! un*eck$ pr(ligacy :i* prevails among ! ,h9dus at ! spr+ fea/ & at ! ,kajal 9 autumn may be int5d$ to repel evil spirits :i* *eck ! fecundity ( m51 animals1 & crops4 ,! same idea probably also und]lies ! lic5ti\s obs]vance ( ! ,k>ama among ! ,drvidian races4 ,! same !ory expla9s simil> usages 9 ,europe1 su* z ! ,lup]calia1 ,fe/um ,/ultorum1 ,matronalia ,fe/a1 ,lib]alia1 & our own ,all ,fools' ,day1 :]e ! indec5t "p ( ! p]=mance has disappe>$ "u ! influ5ce ( a pur] fai? & a high] morality1 & a little k9dly m]rim5t is its only survival4 ,( ! mock fight z a *>m = ra9 we h spok5 already1 & at ! ,hol x may be m]ely a f]tility *>m4 ,( ^! mock fights we h num]\s in/ances 9 ! cu/oms ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,?us1 9 ,kumaun1 9 =m] days at ! ,bagwh fe/ival ! males ( sev]al villages us$ to divide into two bodies & sl+ /ones at ea* o!r across a /ream4 ,! results 7 s s]i\s t x 0 suppress$ aft] ! ,briti% occupation ( ! c\ntry4 #hef ,! p 9 "s places attribute ! increase ( *ol]a & o!r plagues to its discont9uance4 ,9 ! pla9s1 ! cu/om survives 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,b>ra1 :5 ! m5 ( two villages h a sort ( ,tug ( ,w> ) a rope across ! b\nd>y ( ! village4 ,pl5ty is suppos$ to foll[ ! side :i* is victori\s4 ,ano!r ( ^! spr+ rites is t kn[n z ! ,rli ka ,mela 9 ,kngra1 ! ,rli be+ a sort ( rude image ( ,siva or ,prvat4 ,! girls ( ! village 9 ,m>* take baskets ( ,db grass & fl[]s1 ( :i* !y make a heap 9 a select$ place4 ,r\nd ?is !y walk & s+ = t5 days1 & !n !y erect two images ( ,siva & ,prvat1 :o are m>ri$ accord+ to ! regul> rites4 ,at ! conjunction or ,sankrnt 9 ! mon? ( ,baiskh ! images are flung into a pool & mock fun]al obsequies are p]=m$4 ,! object ( ! c]emonial is said to be to secure a good husb&4 #heg ,9 ,gorakhpur ?is spr+ rite takes ! =m ( hunt+ & crucify+ a monkey on ! village b\nd>y4 ,?is is said to be int5d$ to sc>e ^! animals1 :i* injure ! crops4 ,b ! rite seems to be int5d$ to secure f]tility1 & is possibly ! survival ( an actual sacrifice4 ,( ! same class is :at is kn[n 9 ! ,hills z ! ,badwr rite1 :]e a ,dom1 "o ( ! m5ial ca/es1 is made to slide d[n a rope f a high precipice4 ,! int5tion is to promote ! f]tility ( ! crops & expel ! demons ( disease4 ,m>riage ( ! ,p[]s ( ,vegetation4 ,mr4 ,fraz] has collect$ in/ances ( ! m>riage ( ! p[]s ( vegetation1 ( :i* we h a survival 9 ! ,engli% ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,may4 ,?is seems to be ! explanation ( ! rem>kable rite among ! ,kh>wrs1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,=bes has giv5 an acc\nt4 #heh ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ,kh>wr deities is call$ ,durggiya ,deot2 ?is _s rejoices 9 ! "n ( ,m*ak ,rn4 ,%e is a ,*amr9 by ca/e1 & h] home is on a hill call$ ,buhorj2 h] prie/s are ,baigas4 ,all ! ,kh>wrs reg>d h] ) great v5]ation1 & (f] up pigs & f[ls to h] sev]al times dur+ ! ye>4 ,once a ye>1 9 ! mon? ( ,aghan1 :at is call$ ! ,kruj ,pj takes place 9 h] hon\r4 ,! c]emony is p]=m$ 9 ! village ?re%+-floor1 :5 a k9d ( bread & kids are (f]$ up4 ,once 9 ?ree ye>s ! c]emony ( m>ry+ ! ,rn is p]=m$ ) great pomp4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! bridal day bo? m5 & wom5 assemble ) drums & horns1 =m !mselves into procession & asc5d ! hill1 s++ a wild song 9 hon\r ( ! bride & bridegroom4 ,"o ( ! p>ty is con/itut$ ! prie/1 :o is to p]=m ! w$d+ c]emony4 ,?is man asc5ds ! hill 9 front ( ! procession1 %\t+ & danc+ till he works himself into a fr5zy4 ,! procession halts at ! m\? ( a cave1 :i* does1 or is suppos$ to1 exi/ on ! top ( ! hill4 ,! prie/ !n ent]s ! cave & returns be>+ ) him ! ,rn1 :o is repres5t$ z a small oblong-%ap$ & smoo? /one1 daub$ ov] ) r$ lead4 ,aft] go+ ?r\gh c]ta9 antics1 a piece ( ,tas> silk clo? is plac$ on ! ,rn's head1 & a new %eet is plac$ bel[ h]1 ! f\r corn]s be+ ti$ up 9 su* a mann] z to all[ ! ,rn1 :o is n[ suppos$ to be seat$ 9 h] bridal c\*1 to be slung on a bamboo1 & c>ri$ l a dooly or palanqu94 ,! procession !n desc5ds ! hill & halts "u a ,banyan tree till noon1 :5 ! m>riage procession />ts = ! home ( ! bridegroom1 :o resides on ! ,k&i hill4 ,on _! arrival !re1 (f]+s1 consi/+ ( sweet5$ milk1 two copp] pice1 & two bell-metal wri/lets1 are pres5t$ to ! bride1 :o is tak5 out ( h] dooly & put into ! cave 9 :i* ! bridegroom1 :o1 by ! way1 is ( ! ,ag>iya ca/e1 resides4 ,?is cave is suppos$ to be ( imm5se dep?1 = ! /one goes roll+ d[n1 /rik+ ! rocks z x falls1 & ! p all li/5 eag]ly till ! s\nd dies out1 :i* !y say x does n d = ne>ly half an h\r4 ,:5 all is sil5t1 ! p return rejoic+ d[n ! hill1 & f9i% (f ! ev5+ ) a dance4 ,! /range/ "p ( ! /ory is t ! p believe t ! caves on ! two hills are connect$1 & t e ?ird ye> ! ,rn returns to h] fa!r's h\se4 ,!y implicitly believe t ! /one ye>ly produc$ is ! same4 ,! village ,baigas c\ld probably expla9 ! my/]y4 ,9 =m] times ! m>riage us$ to take place e ye>1 b on "o occasion1 on ! morn+ succe$+ ! m>riage c]emony1 ! ,rn made h] appe>ance 9 ! ,baiga's h\se4 ,! ,baiga himself 0 n pres5t1 b 8 wife1 :o 0 at home1 0 v indignant at ?is flight9ess on ! "p ( ! ,rn1 & ! idea ( h] go+ ab\t ! c\ntry ! morn+ aft] h] m>riage s %ock$ ! ,baig9's s5se ( propriety1 t %e gave ! ,rn a good sett+ d[n1 & call$ ^u h] to expla9 h]self1 & z %e c\ld give no satisfactory acc\nt ( h] conduct1 %e 0 puni%$ by be+ m>ri$ e ?ree ye>s1 in/ead ( ye>ly z be=e4 ,! mock m>riage ( ,ghzi ,miyn1 to :i* "s ref]5ce has be5 already made1 a v fav\rite rite among ! ,musalmns & l[ ,h9du ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 is v possibly ! survival ( "s non-,aryan rite ( ?is k9d1 p]=m$ to secure ! annual revival ( ! ye> & ! p[]s ( vegetation4 ,! ,drvidian ,saturnalia4 ,"s ( ! ,drvidian tribes enjoy ! ,saturnalia 9 o!r =ms4 ,?us1 ! ,gond wom5 h ! curi\s fe/ival kn[n z ,gurttn or break+ ( ! sug>4 ,a /\t pole ab\t twelve or fifte5 feet high is set up1 & a lump ( co>se sug> ) a rupee 9 x plac$ on ! top2 r\nd x ! ,gond wom5 take _! /&1 ea* ) a little gre5 tam>9d rod 9 h] h&s4 ,! m5 collect outside1 & ea* has a k9d ( %ield made ( two p>allel /icks jo9$ ) a cross-piece held 9 ! h& to protect !mselves f ! bl[s4 ,!y make a ru% toge!r1 & "o ( !m sw>ms up ! pole1 ! wom5 all ! "t ply+ _! rods vigor\sly2 & x is no *ild's play1 z ! m5's backs atte/ next day4 ,:5 ! man gets to ! top1 he takes ! piece ( sug>1 slips d[n1 & gets (f z rapidly z he c4 ,?is is done five or six times ov] ) ! greate/ good-hum\r1 & g5]ally ends ) an attack ( ! wom5 en masse ^u ! m54 ,x is ! regul> ,saturnalia = ! wom51 :o lose all respect1 ev5 = a settlem5t (fic]2 & on "o occasion :5 he 0 look+ on1 he only escap$ by ! mo/ abject submission & pres5tation ( rupees4 #hei ,! ,bhls ( ,guj>t plant a small tree or bran* firmly 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! wom5 /& ne> x1 & ! m5 outside4 ,"o man ru%+ 9 tries to uproot ! tree1 & ! m5 & wom5 fall ^u him & beat him s s\ndly t he has to retire4 ,he is succe$$ by ano!r1 :o is belab\r$ 9 ! same way1 & ?is goes on till "o man succe$s 9 be>+ (f ! tree1 b seldom )\t a load ( bl[s :i* cripples him = days4 #hfj ,all ^! mock combats h _! p>allels 9 ,engli% cu/oms1 su* z ! ?r[+ ( ! hood at ,haxey1 ! football mat* at ,d]by1 ! fight+ on ,lammas ,day at ,lo?ian1 & hunt+ ( ! ram at ,eton4 #hfa ,! ,desauli ( ! ,hos4 ,! ,hos ( ,*utia ,ngpur h a simil> fe/ival1 ! ,desauli held 9 ,janu>y1 :5 ! gran>ies are full ( gra91 & ! p are1 to use _! own expression1 'full ( devilry6' ,!y h a /range notion t at ?is p]iod m5 & wom5 are s ov]*>g$ ) vici\s prop5sities t x is absolutely necess>y = ! safety ( ! p]son to let (f /eam by all[+ = ! "t full v5t to ! passions4 ,! fe/ival1 !re=e1 becomes a sort ( ,saturnalia1 dur+ :i* s]vants =get _! duty to _! ma/]s1 *ildr5 _! rev]5ce = _! p>5ts1 m5 _! respect = wom51 & wom5 all notions ( g5tl5ess1 mode/y1 & delicacy2 !y become rag+ ,bac*antes4 ,x op5s ) a sacrifice to ,desauli ( ?ree f[ls1 a cock & two h5s1 "o ( :i* mu/ be black1 & (f]$ ) "s fl[]s ( ! ,palsa tree 7,butea frondosa71 bread made f rice fl\r & sesamum se$s4 ,! sacrifice & (f]+ are made by ! village prie/1 if !re be "o1 or if n by any eld] ( ! village :o possesses ! necess>y leg5d>y lore2 & he prays t dur+ ! ye> !y are go+ to ent] on !y & _! *ildr5 may be pres]v$ f all mis=tune & sickness1 & t !y may h seasonable ra9 & good crops4 ,pray] is also made 9 "s places = ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,at ?is p]iod an evil _s is suppos$ to infe/ ! locality1 & to get rid ( x1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 g 9 procession r\nd & ?r\gh e "p ( ! village ) /icks 9 _! h&s1 z if beat+ = game1 s++ a wild *ant & vocif]at+ l\dly1 till !y feel assur$ t ! bad _s mu/ h fl$1 & !y make noise en\gh to fright5 a legion4 ,^! religi\s c]emonies ov]1 ! p give !mselves up to fea/+1 dr9k+ immod]ately ( rice-be] till !y are 9 a /ate ( wild ebriety mo/ suitable = ! purpose ( lett+ (f /eam4 #hfb ,) ^! survivals ( p]haps ! mo/ primitive obs]vances ( ! races ( ,nor!rn ,india we may close ?is survey ( _! religion & folk-lore4 ,to use ,dr4 ,tylor's words 9 speak+ ( savage religions g5]ally1 ,f> f its beliefs & practices be+ a rubbi% heap ( miscellane\s folly1 !y are consi/5t & logical 9 s high a degree z to beg91 z soon z ev5 r\ghly classifi$1 to display ! pr9ciples ( _! =mation & developm5t2 & ^! pr9ciples prove to be ess5tially rational1 ?\gh work+ 9 a m5tal condition ( int5se & invet]ate ignorance4 #hfc ,,bibliography4 ,academy1 !1 ,london1 v4d4 ,an-i-,akb>i1 translation by ,pr(essor ,blo*mann & ,colonel ,j>rett1 ,calcutta1 v4d4 ,asiatic ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,london1 v4d4 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 ,calcutta1 v4d4 ,a!num1 ,london1 v4d4 ,atk9son1 ,e4 ,t41 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 #c vols41 ,allahabad1 #ahhb-hd4 ,aubrey1 ,j41 ,rema9es ( ,g5tilisme & ,judaisme1 edit$ by ,j4 ,britt51 ,folk-lore ,society1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,ball1 ,v41 ,jungle ,life 9 ,india1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,b>?1 ,a41 ,religions ( ,india1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,beal1 ,s41 ,travels ( ,fah ,hian & ,sangyun1 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,beale1 ,t4 ,w41 ,ori5tal ,biographical ,diction>y1 ,calcutta1 #ahhg4 ,b5jam91 ,s4 ,g4 ,w41 ,p]sia & ! ,p]sians1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,b]ni]1 ,f41 ,travels 9 ! ,moghul ,empire1 edit$ by ,a4 ,con/able1 ,london1 #ahia4 ,bholan? ,*&ra1 ,travels ( a ,h9du1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,black1 ,g4 ,b41 ,folk ,m$ic9e1 ,folk-lore ,society1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,br&1 ,j41 ,obs]vations on ,popul> ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,briggs1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,j41 ,hi/ory ( ! rise & fall ( ! ,muhammadan ,p[] 9 ,india till ! ye> #afab1 by ,muhamad ,qsim ,f>i%ta1 #d vols41 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,bu*anan1 ,f4 ,h41 ,ea/]n ,india1 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahcc4 ,burton1 ,r41 ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,burton1 ,sir ,r41 ,arabian ,nights1 #ab vols41 ,london1 #ahid4 ,calcutta ,review1 ,calcutta1 v4d4 ,campbell1 ,a41 ,santl ,folk-tales1 ,pokhuria1 #ahia4 ,campbell1 ,j4 ,f41 ,popul> ,tales ( ! ,we/ ,highl&s1 ,glasg[1 #d vols41 #ahij4 ,campbell1 ,major-,g5]al ,j41 ,a ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,?irte5 ,ye>s' ,s]vice among ! ,wild ,tribes ( ,khondi/an1 ,london1 #ahfd4 ,campbell1 ,j4 ,s41 ,notes on ! ,_s ,basis ( ,belief & ,cu/om1 ,bombay1 #ahhe4 ,c>negy1 ,p41 ,notes on ! ,races1 ,tribes & ,ca/es inhabit+ ! ,prov9ce ( ,oudh1 ,luckn[1 #ahfh4 ,*amb]s1 ,r41 ,book ( ,days1 #b vols41 ,london1 n4 d4 ,*ev]s1 ,n41 ,a ,manual ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce = ,india1 ,calcutta1 #ahgj4 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales & ,fictions1 #b vols41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg4 ,colebrooke1 ,h4 ,p41 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,contempor>y ,review1 !1 ,london1 v4d4 ,conway1 ,m4 ,d41 ,demonology & ,demon ,lore1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,coop]1 ,w4 ,m41 ,flagellation & ! ,flagellants1 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,cox1 ,sir ,g4 ,w41 ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology & ,folk-lore1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,cox1 ,sir ,g4 ,w41 ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,cox1 ,miss ,m4 ,r41 ,c9d]ella1 ,folk-lore ,society1 ,london1 #ahic4 ,cunn+ham1 ,major-,g5]al ,a41 ,ar*ological ,survey ,reports1 ,calcutta1 v4d4 ,cunn+ham1 ,major-,g5]al ,a41 ,! ,bhilsa ,topes1 a ,buddhi/ ,monum5t 9 ,c5tral ,india1 ,london1 #ahed4 ,dabi/n1 !1 ,translation (1 by ,d4 ,%ea & ,a4 ,troy]1 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,dalton1 ,col4 ,e4 ,t41 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,india1 ,calcutta1 #ahgb4 ,dey1 ,ll ,bihri1 ,folk-tales ( ,b5gal1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,dey1 ,ll ,bihri1 ,gov9da ,smanta1 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,de ,gub]natis1 ,a41 ,zoological ,my?ology1 or ! ,leg5ds ( ,animals1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,d[son1 ,pr(essor ,j41 ,a ,classical ,diction>y ( ,h9du ,my?ology & ,religion1 ,biography1 ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,dunck]1 ,max1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity1 translation by ,e4 ,abbot1 #e vols41 ,london1 #ahgg-hc4 ,dutt1 ,r4 ,c1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9 ,anci5t ,india1 #c vols41 ,calcutta1 #ahhi4 ,dy]1 ,t4 ,f4 ,t41 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,dy]1 ,t4 ,f4 ,t41 ,folk-lore ( ,%akespe>e1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,elliot1 ,sir ,h4 ,m41 ,supplem5t to ! ,gloss>y ( ,indian ,t]ms1 ,roorkee1 #ahfj4 ,elliot1 ,sir ,h4 ,m41 ,hi/ory ( ,india z told by its own ,hi/orians1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,d[son1 #h vols41 ,london1 #ahfg-gg4 ,elliott1 ,sir ,c4 ,a41 ,settlem5t ,report ( ,ho%angbd1 ,allahabad1 #ahfg4 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? edition1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahge4 ,ewald1 ,h41 ,antiquities ( ,israel1 translation by ,h4 ,s4 ,solly1 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,ewald1 ,g4 ,h4 ,a41 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 translation by ,r4 ,m>t9eau1 #d? edition1 ,london1 #ahfg-he4 ,f>r]1 ,j4 ,a41 ,primitive ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,fausbll1 ,v41 ,! ,buddhi/ ,jtakas1 ,cop5hag51 #ahfa4 ,f]guson1 ,j41 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,ar*itecture1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,f]guson1 ,j41 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,f]ri]1 ,j4 ,p41 ,c>avan ,j\rneys & ,w&]+s 9 ,p]sia1 ,afghni/n1 ,turke/n & ,bel*i/n1 ,london1 #ahef4 ,folk-lore1 ,london1 v4d4 ,folk-lore ,record1 ,london1 v4d4 ,=bes1 ,h4 ,o41 ,a ,naturali/'s ,w&]+s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,=bes1 ,j41 ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 ,london1 #ahac4 ,=long1 ,j4 ,g4 ,r41 ,riv]s ( ,life1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,=sy?1 ,capta9 ,j41 ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,india1 #bnd edition1 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,london1 v4d4 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahij4 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 ,totemism1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,fr]e1 ,miss ,m41 ,old ,deccan ,days1 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,fhr]1 ,a41 ,monum5tal ,antiquities & ,inscriptions ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 ,allahabad1 #ahia4 ,ganga ,datt ,upreti1 ,prov]bs & ,folk-lore ( ,kumaun & ,g>hwl1 ,ludhiana1 #ahid4 ,gazette] ( ,b]r1 ,bombay1 #ahgj4 ,gazette] ( ,bombay1 ,bombay1 v4d4 ,gazette] ( ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,nagpur1 #ahgj4 ,gazette] ( ,himlayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 by ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 #c vols41 ,allahabad1 #ahhb-hd4 ,gazette] ( ,oudh1 #c vols41 ,allahabad1 #ahgj4 ,gazette] ( ,rjputna1 #c vols41 ,calcutta1 v4d4 ,ge/a ,romanorum1 translation by ,c4 ,swan & ,w4 ,hoop]1 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,goldzih]1 ,i41 ,my?ology among ! ,hebrews1 translation by ,j4 ,m>t9eau1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,gordon-,cumm+1 ,miss ,c4 ,f41 ,f ! ,hebrides to ! ,himalayas1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahgf4 ,gregor1 ,rev4 ,w41 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl&1 ,folk-lore ,society1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,gri]son1 ,g41 ,bihr ,peasant ,life1 ,calcutta1 #ahhe4 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 translation by ,j4 ,s4 ,/allybrass1 #d vols41 ,london1 #ahhj-hh4 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 translat$ by ,m>g>et ,hunt1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,grote1 ,g41 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 #ab vols41 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,gr[se1 ,f4 ,s41 ,ma?ura1 a ,di/rict ,memoir1 ,allahabad1 #ahhe4 ,gr[se1 ,f4 ,s41 ,rmyan ( ,tulasi ,ds1 ,allahabad1 #ahgg-hj4 ,gun?orpe1 ,major ,e4 ,j41 ,notes on ! ,crim9al ,tribes ( ,bombay1 ,b]> & ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,bombay1 #ahhb4 ,h>dy1 ,e4 ,s41 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,h>tl&1 ,e4 ,s41 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 ,london1 #ahia4 ,h>tl&1 ,e4 ,s41 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ,london1 #ahid-ie4 ,haug1 ,m41 ,ait>eya ,brhmanam ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 #b vols41 ,bombay1 #ahfc4 ,he>n1 ,w4 ,e41 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,heb]1 ,bi%op ,r41 ,n>rative ( a j\rney ?r\gh ! ,upp] ,prov9ces ( ,india1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,h5d]son1 ,w41 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,engl& & ! ,bord]1 ,folk-lore ,society1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,h]klots1 ,g4 ,a41 ,qnn-i-,islm1 ,madras1 #ahfc4 ,h]odotus1 translat$ by ,g4 ,rawl9son1 #d vols41 #crd edition1 ,london1 #ahge4 ,hewitt1 ,j4 ,f41 ,! ,rul+ ,races ( ,prehi/oric ,times1 ,london1 #ahid4 ,hislop1 ,rev4 ,s41 ,pap]s relat+ to ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,nagpur1 #ahff4 ,hughes1 ,t4 ,p41 ,diction>y ( ,islm1 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,hunt1 ,r41 ,popul> ,romances ( ! ,we/1 #crd edition1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,ibbetson1 ,d4 ,c4 ,j41 ,panjb ,e?nography1 ,calcutta1 #ahhc4 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 !1 ,bombay1 v4d4 ,jacobs1 ,j41 ,celtic ,fairy ,tales1 ,london1 #ahib4 ,jacobs1 ,j41 ,engli% ,fairy ,tales1 ,london1 #ahij4 ,jacobs1 ,j41 ,indian ,fairy ,tales1 ,london1 #ahia4 ,jones1 ,w41 ,f+]-r+ ,lore1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,kn[les1 ,j4 ,h41 ,folk-tales ( ,ka%mr1 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,lane1 ,e4 ,w41 ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahga4 ,lang1 ,a41 ,cu/om & ,my?1 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,lang1 ,a41 ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,lel&1 ,c4 ,g41 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s 9 ,popul> ,tradition1 ,london1 #ahib4 ,let\rneau1 ,c41 ,sociology bas$ on ,e?nography1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,j41 ,orig9 ( ,civilization & ,primitive ,condition ( ,man1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,lyall1 ,sir ,a4 ,c41 ,asiatic ,/udies1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,maclagan1 ,e4 ,d41 ,panjb ,c5sus ,report1 ,calcutta1 #ahib4 ,malcolm1 ,sir ,j41 ,memoir ( ,c5tral ,india1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahbc4 ,mann+1 ,mrs41 ,anci5t & ,m$ival ,india1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,manu1 ,in/itutes (1 translat$ by ,sir ,w4 ,jones & ,g4 ,c4 ,haughton1 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,memoirs ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahfe-gj4 ,mr ,hasan ,ali1 ,mrs41 ,obs]vations on ! ,musalmns ( ,india1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,mo5s1 ,s4 ,m41 ,b>eilly ,settlem5t ,report1 ,allahabad1 #ahgd4 ,muir1 ,j41 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 #e vols41 ,london1 #ahfh-gj4 ,mll]1 ,f4 ,max1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 #d vols41 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,mll]1 ,f4 ,max1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 ,london1 #ahei4 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ,allahabad1 v4d4 ,o',bri51 ,e41 ,gloss>y ( ! ,multni ,language1 ,lahore1 #ahha4 ,oldfield1 ,h4 ,a41 ,sket*es f ,nepl1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,oldham1 ,w41 ,memoirs ( ! ,ghzipur ,di/rict1 #b vols41 ,allahabad1 #ahgj-gf4 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #d vols41 ,allahabad1 #ahhc-hg4 ,proce$+s ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 ,calcutta1 v4d4 ,proce$+s ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,london1 v4d4 ,raj5dra ,lla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 #b vols41 ,london & ,calcutta1 #ahha4 ,reid1 ,j4 ,r41 ,azamg>h ,settlem5t ,report1 ,allahabad1 #ahha4 ,rhys1 ,j41 ,lectures on ! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion1 z illu/rat$ by ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,risley1 ,h4 ,h41 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 #b vols41 ,calcutta1 #ahia4 ,rob]tson-,smi?1 ,w41 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 ,cambridge1 #ahhe4 ,r\sselet1 ,l41 ,india & its ,native ,pr9ces1 ,london1 #ahij4 ,r[ney1 ,h4 ,b4 7,%o%ee ,*und] ,dutt71 ,wild ,tribes ( ,india1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,s*liemann1 ,h41 ,ilios1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,s*rad]1 ,o41 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahij4 ,scott1 ,sir ,w41 ,lett]s on ,demonology & ,wit*craft1 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,%]r+1 ,m4 ,a41 ,! ,sacr$ ,city ( ! ,h9dus1 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,%]r+1 ,m4 ,a41 ,h9du ,tribes & ,ca/es1 #c vols41 ,calcutta1 #ahgb-ha4 ,sleeman1 ,w4 ,h41 ,j\rney ,?r\gh ! ,k+dom ( ,oudh1 #b vols41 ,london1 #aheh4 ,sleeman1 ,w4 ,h41 ,rambles & ,recollections ( an ,indian ,(ficial1 #b vols41 edit$ by ,v4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,london1 #ahic4 ,sp5c]1 ,h41 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #crd edition1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,/>cke1 ,c4 ,n41 ,! ,primitive ,family1 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,/okes1 ,miss ,m41 ,indian ,fairy ,tales1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,tawney1 ,c4 ,h41 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 #b vols41 ,calcutta1 #ahhj4 ,temple1 ,r4 ,c41 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 ,bombay1 v4d4 ,temple1 ,r4 ,c41 ,prop] ,names ( ,panjbis1 ,bombay1 #ahhc4 ,temple1 ,r4 ,c41 ,wideawake ,/ories1 ,bombay1 #ahhd4 ,t5n5t1 ,sir ,j4 ,e41 ,ceylon1 #bnd edition1 #b vols41 #ahei4 ,?omas1 ,e41 ,*ronicles ( ! ,pa?n ,k+s ( ,delhi1 ,london1 #ahga4 ,?ugs1 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory & ,practices ( !1 ,london1 #ahcg4 ,tod1 ,j41 ,annals & ,antiquities ( ,rja/hn1 #b vols41 ,calcutta1 #ahhd4 ,trumbull1 ,h4 ,c41 ,! ,blood ,cov5ant1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 ,primitive ,culture1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,wake1 ,c4 ,s41 ,s]p5t-wor%ip1 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,w>d1 ,w41 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,lit]ature1 & ,religion ( ! ,h9dus1 ,madras1 #ahfc4 ,we/ropp1 ,h4 ,m41 ,primitive ,symbolism1 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,:eel]1 ,j4 ,t41 ,hi/ory ( ,india1 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahfg-gd4 ,:itney1 ,w4 ,d41 ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies1 ,new ,york1 #ahgc4 ,wilde1 ,lady1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds1 ,my/ic ,*>ms & ,sup]/itions ( ,irel&1 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,williams1 ,sir ,moni]1 ,sanskrit-,engli% ,diction>y1 ,ox=d1 #ahgb4 ,williams1 ,sir ,moni]1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #d? edition1 ,london1 #ahia4 ,wilson1 ,j41 ,indian ,ca/e1 #b vols41 ,bombay1 #ahgg4 ,wilson1 ,h4 ,h41 ,works1 #ab vols41 ,london1 #ahfb-ga4 ,wilson1 ,h4 ,h41 ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,london1 #ahdj4 ,wilson1 ,j41 ,k>nl ,settlem5t ,report1 ,lahore1 #ahhf4 ,wright1 ,d41 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 ,cambridge1 #ahgg4 ,wright1 ,f4 ,n41 ,memor&um on ! ,agriculture ( ,cawnpur1 ,allahabad1 #ahgg4 ,yule1 ,h41 ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahga4 ,,notes #a ,= "s ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,evil ,eye see ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 #acd2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #ahg sq42 ,we/ropp1 ,primitive ,symbolism1 #eh sqq42 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #h4 #b ,natural ,hi/ory1 vii4 #b4 #c ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aag4 #d ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #bd4 #e ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bjg4 #f ,on ?is see valuable notes by ,w4 ,cockburn 9 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ad4 #g ,= _m li/s ( su* names see ,temple1 ,prop] ,names ( ,panjbis1 #bb sqq42 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 viii4 #cba sq42 x4 #cba sq42 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4#bf1 #ea2 iii4 #i4 #h ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #ce4 #i ,folk-lore1 iii4 #he4 #aj ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #bj4 #aa ,folk-lore1 i4 #bgc2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bdb2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #bdc2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #aai sq4 #ab ,notes1 #djj4 #ac ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 vii4 #f4 #ad ,folk-lore1 ii4 #agi4 #ae ,bombay ,gazette]1 v4 #de sq4 #af ,folk-lore1 iv4 #adg4 #ag ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #db4 #ah ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #ec4 #ai ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #g4 #bj ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #gec4 #ba ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ahd4 #bb ,notes1 #cd4 #bc ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #e1 #fj1 #fb4 #bd ,reg4 vs4 ,lalla1 ,nizmat ,adlat ,reports1 #bbnd ,septemb]1 #ahec4 #be ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 ii4 #bha4 #bf ,folk-lore1 i4 #aed4 #bg ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #chf1 #ege2 ii4 #fd4 #bh ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #cci4 #bi ,primitive ,mann]s1 #bic4 #cj ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aha4 #ca ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bfd4 #cb ,bombay ,gazette]1 v4 #abc2 & = ano!r in/ance1 see ,j>rett1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 ii4 #aig4 #cc ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales1 #ajh sqq42 ,wilson1 ,indian ,ca/e1 ii4 #agd4 #cd ,campbell1 ,notes1 #fi4 #ce ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #cdd1 #gcc4 #cf v4 #ba4 #cg ,= fur!r examples see ,campbell1 ,notes1 #abf sqq4 #ch ,temple1 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #hc2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4#dgh4 #ci ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 vii4 #ej4 #dj ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aai4 #da ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ec4 #db ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #gcc4 #dc ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 #dcd4 #dd ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #adf2 ,lel&4 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bfg4 #de ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #bac4 #df ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #fg4 #dg ,campbell1 ,notes1 #di sq4 #dh ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aae1 #bgj1 #bgb4 #di ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ea4 #ej ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 ii4 #bji4 #ea ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #aff4 #eb ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bfj1 #bgi2 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #beh sqq4 #ec ,folk-lore1 iv4 #ceh1 #cfa4 #ed ,br&1 loc4 cit41 #gbd4 #ee ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aca2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #dci4 #ef ,br&1 loc4 cit41 #ffh4 #eg ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #aih4 #eh ,s*rad]1 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities1 #afc sqq4 #ei ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #de2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #bje4 #fj ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bib2 ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #ddf1 #eec2 ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 ,introduction1 lxx42 ii4 #ih2 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #cg4 #fa ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #cee4 #fb ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #abe4 #fc ,bombay ,gazette]1 xii4 #aag4 #fd ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ie4 #fe ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bfa1 #cba4 #ff ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #eh4 #fg ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #bhi4 #fh ,dalton1 loc4 cit41 #bfa4 #fi ,settlem5t ,report1 #bgd4 #gj ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #bi4 #ga ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ib4 #gb ,gr[se1 ,rmyana1 #ii4 #gc ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 #bf sq4 #gd ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aeg1 #afa1 #aia1 #bai1 #bea4 #ge ,bholan? ,*&ra1 ,travels ( a ,h9du1 i4 #cbf2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #bg1 #ii2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #abe4 #gf ,campbell1 ,notes1 p4 #acd4 #gg ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 ii4 #fi1ii2 ,h]odotus1 v4 #f2 & = ! ,dacians1 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 vii4 #aj2 xxii4 #b4 #gh ,loc4 cit41 ii4 #bah4 #gi ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 ii41 note2 ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #bib4 #hj ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #cii4 ,= ! ,indian v]sions ( ,c9d]ella & h] %oe1 see ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ajb1 #aba4 #ha ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #aga4 #hb ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #dji4 #hc ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aje4 #hd ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #hf4 #he ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #cce4 #hf ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ia1 quot+ ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days1 #gbj4 #hg ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #ic4 #hh ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #acb2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bhd4 #hi ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #aba4 #ij ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #eih4 #ia ,rhys1 ,lectures4 #cdh2 ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #dhi2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dbi2 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #ab4 #ib ,kn[les1 ,folk-lore ( ,ka%mr1 #ccc4 #ic ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bhc4 #id ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bed1 note1 #cja4 #ie ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,ar*itecture1 #eg sqq42 ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 ii4 #hg2 xvi4 #h sqq4 #if ,moni]-,williams1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #bjc4 #ig ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #eg4 #ih ,notes1 #agg4 #ii ,we/ropp1 ,primitive ,symbolism1 #eh sqq41 #fa sqq4 #ajj ,bombay ,gazette]1 xviii4 #dgc1 #dbf4 #aja ,settlem5t ,report1 #ei sqq4 #ajb ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #chc1 note1 #daa1 note4 #ajc ,campbell1 ,notes4 #bea4 #ajd ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #dd4 #aje ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ahf4 #ajf ,folk-lore1 ii4 #ge2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aaj2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ged4 #ajg ,lady ,wilde1 loc4 cit41 #gi4 #ajh ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #ccg2 ii4 #bcc1 #ceh4 #aji ii4 #bgi4 #aaj ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #fa4 #aaa ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #deg2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #afi4 #aab ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #cei4 #aac ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 #fe2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #be2 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 #abh sq42 ,jones1 ,f+]-r+ ,lore1 #ia sqq4 #aad ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #bc4 #aae ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #fa2 ii4 #hj2 ,lane1 ,arabian ,nights1 i4 #i4 #aaf ,miss ,fr]e1 ,old ,deccan ,days1 #bcj1 #bcf4 #aag ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #dfg4 #aah ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 ii4 #di2 ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 i4 #cjj4 #aai ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #aee2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #ade4 #abj ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 s]4 iv4 #ejj4 #aba ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bei4 #abb ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aie1 #aig1 #aii4 #abc ,settlem5t ,report1 #bgh1 #bhf4 #abd ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ae4 #abe ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #dae2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bj4 #abf ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales ( ,ka%mr1 #ga2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #cdj4 #abg ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es4 i4 #agc1 #cae4 #abh ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #afh4 #abi ,risley1 loc4 cit41 i4 #dbe4 #acj ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #egf1 quot+ ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic & ,sorc]y1 #ada2 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 #bhh4 #aca ,campbell1 ,notes1 #fj4 #acb ,h>l&1 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 #gi sqq4 #acc ,gr[se1 #adf4 #acd ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #abj4 #ace ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #aea4 #acf ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #dh2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #adf sqq4 #acg ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,gov9da ,smanta1 i4 #ab4 #ach ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #ff4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! idea arose f ! ,sanskrit ^w sas91 mean+ h>e-m>k$ or ! moon2 b ?is seems r putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #abe2 ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 ii4 #h2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #bj1 #aji4 #aci ,bombay ,gazette]1 vi4 #abf2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #abh2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #agi4 #adj ,tod1 ,annals1 ii4 #egg sq4 #ada ,malcolm1 ,c5tral ,india1 i4 #bec1 note4 #adb ,tawney1 loc cit41 ii4 #abh4 #adc ,blo*mann1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 i4 #ia4 #add ,annals1 i4 #fid4 #ade ,malcolm1 ,c5tral ,india1 i4 #ab1 note4 #adf ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #acg1 #bjg2 ii4 #bh2 iii4 #ah2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ae1 #hg1 #acg4 #adg ,gr[se1 ,ma?ura1 #abh4 #adh ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #bjj sq4 #adi ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ae4 #aej ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #cgi2 ,contempor>y ,review1 xlviii4 #ajh2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #bjf4 #aea ,moni]-,williams1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #bic4 #aeb ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #aec4 #aec ,gregor1 loc4 cit41 #bjf2 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #ec2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #bc4 #aed ,bombay ,gazette]1 xii4 #ajg2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #cid4 #aee ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 ii4 #cd4 #aef ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #dej4 #aeg ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bai4 #aeh ,folk-lore1 i4 #aee4 #aei ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #dja4 #afj ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bfj4 #afa ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #aj2 iii4 #ij4 #afb ,folk-lore1 iv4 #beg4 #afc ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #hcb2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #abf2 ,wilson1 ,essays1 ii4 #bib2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #adg4 #afd ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 ii4 #ai4 #afe ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #hc4 #aff ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #di4 #afg ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aed4 #afh ,bombay ,gazette]1 viii4 #aei4 #afi ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #hc4 #agj ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #ad1 #bga2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #cje1 #edf2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #aid sq2 ,contempor>y ,review1 xlviii4 #aac2 ,gri]son1 ,behr ,peasant ,life1 #chh2 ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bf1 #bid4 #aga ,bombay ,gazette]1 xii4 #aji2 ,illu/rations ( ! ,hi/ory & ,practices ( ! ,?ags1 #i4 #agb ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 ii4 #ge4 #agc ,notes1 #bad1 #dgc4 #agd ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bfd4 #age ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bjb sq4 #agf ,folk-lore1 iv4 #cfj4 #agg ,settlem5t ,report1 #bfc sq4 #agh ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #ai4 #agi ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bgd4 #ahj ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #afa4 #aha ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #ab2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #cc sq4 #ahb ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #g2 iii4 #ag2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #die4 #ahc ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aif4 #ahd ,bombay ,gazette]1 iii4 #bbj4 #ahe ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bha4 #ahf ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #cbj4 #ahg ,temple1 ,wide-awake ,tales1 #dad2 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 i4 ,introduction xix42 ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bcf2 ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #ejd2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #cda2 ,campbell1 ,santl ,folk-tales1 #af2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #chb4 #ahh ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #aeg1 #bjf2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dhb2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #cg2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #ba sq4 #ahi ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #di4 #aij ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bje4 #aia ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aah1 #adj4 #aib ,bombay ,gazette]1 xii4 #aah2 ,folk-lore1 iv4 #bde4 #aic ,travels 9 ! ,himlaya1 i4 #cdb4 #aid ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #abf1 #agd1 #cie2 ii4 #ga2 ,bombay ,gazette]1 xiii4 #ahg2 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bah4 #aie ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #hb4 #aif ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #eai4 #aig ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #aeb4 #aih ,risley1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #cbf4 #aii ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bjd sq4 #bjj ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #eg4 #bja ,ibid41 #aii4 #bjb ,ibid41 #cih4 #bjc ,folk-lore1 ii4 #caj4 #bjd ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #cde4 #bje ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ce4 #bjf ,rema9es1 #ie2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #eg4 #bjg ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #bac4 #bjh ,fraz]1 ,contempor>y ,review1 xlviii4 #aag2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #aie4 #bji ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ccd4 #baj ,numb]s xix4 #ae4 #baa ,annals1 ii4 #edb4 #bab ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #djb2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #chj4 #bac ,lane1 ,arabian ,nights1 i4 #ga2 ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales1 #aih1 #bgd4 #bad ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #dce4 #bae ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales ( ,b5gal1 #aih1 #bjf2 ,gov9da ,smanta1 i4 #ace2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #aii4 #baf ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bhf4 #bag ,notes1 #afe4 #bah ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #be4 #bai ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bbi2 ii4 #aaf2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dgf2 ii4 #adh1 #bae4 #bbj ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #cch1 #eaa4 #bba ,notes1 #adf sq4 #bbb ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 i4 #ccg1 #bjd2 ii4 #dbg1 #hc4 #bbc ,temple1 ,wide-awake ,/ories1 #cag2 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xi4 #bfj sq42 ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #afc4 #bbd ,z if f ,jak%1 to eat2 a m probable d]ivation is ,yak%1 to move1 to wor%ip4 #bbe ,sp5c] ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 #bfi2 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #aea sq4 #bbf ,bombay ,gazette]1 v4 #acc1 #bcf4 #bbg ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ag4 #bbh ,himlayan ,gazette]1 iii4 #aag4 #bbi ,ibid41 ii4 #hcc2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ef4 #bcj ,ganga ,datt1 ,folk-lore1 #ga4 #bca ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #ei2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bfc4 #bcb ,ghogh> 9 ,bombay takes ! =m ( a native seaman or ,lasc>1 ,bombay ,gazette]1 iv4 #cdc4 #bcc ,jacobs1 ,engli% ,fairy ,tales4 #bcd ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #cei4 #bce ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bba1 #hi4 #bcf ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ci4 #bcg ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #ef1 #dj1 #dc1 #bhc2 ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #aj4 #bch ,brihatsanhita1 ,raj5dra ,lla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 i4 #bde4 #bci ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bbe4 #bdj ,=long1 ,riv]s ( ,life2 ,we/ropp1 ,primitive ,symbolism4 #bda ,groome1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 s4v4 ,gypsies4 #bdb ,calcutta ,review1 xxvi4 #eab4 #bdc ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #agd2 ii4 #aha1 #eib1 #bhf4 #bdd ,ibid41 ii4 #bgj4 #bde ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #abc2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dbi4 #bdf ,ibid41 ii4 #adb4 #bdg ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #eif4 #bdh ,temple1 ,wide-awake ,/ories1 #dac4 #bdi ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #ahd2 ,grimm1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #dbh4 #bej ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #aec2 ii4 #chg1 #dfj4 #bea ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #dfg4 #beb ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #cjd2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #d1 #cg2 ,bombay ,gazette]1 ii4 #cee4 #bec ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #fa4 #bed ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #aab4 #bee ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #abi1 #acb1 #ada1 #ahf1 #ahh4 #bef ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #bj4 #beg ,b]r ,gazette]1 #bi1 #ca4 #beh ,gr[se1 ,ma?ura1 #gj1 #gf sqq41 #hc1 #dbj1 #dgj1 #deh4 #bei ,himlayan ,gazette]1 iii4 #dg4 #bfj ,moorcr(t1 ,travels1 i4 #baa4 #bfa ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #af4 #bfb ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #cae sq42 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #cji2 ,sir ,w4 ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology1 #gi2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #aaf1 #agi2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bgh4 #bfc ,oudh ,gazette]1 i4 #eff2 ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #cjd4 ,see in/ances collect$ by ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #ce sqq4 #bfd ,h5d]son1 loc4 cit41 #bgc4 #bfe ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bba sq4 #bff ,calcutta ,review1 lxix4 #cfd sq4 #bfg ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bcg4 #bfh ,haug1 ,ait>eya ,brhmanam1 ii4 #dhf sq4 #bfi ,cunn+ham1 ,bhilsa ,topes1 #bd2 ,ar*ological ,reports1 i4 #e sq42 ,f]guson1 ,ea/]n ,ar*itecture1 #fi2 ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #abg4 #bgj ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #ghc4 #bga ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bch4 #bgb ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #faa4 #bgc ,see in/ances collect$ by ,wake1 ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 #ah4 #bgd ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #bic4 #bge ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aah2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #ee2 ,o',bri51 ,multni ,gloss>y1 #hb4 #bgf ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #gd2 ,elliot1 ,supplem5t>y ,gloss>y1 #bf4 #bgg ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #adh1 #bha1 #bhc2 ,r\sselet1 ,india & its ,native ,pr9ces1 #cfi sq4 #bgh ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #afb4 #bgi ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections1 ii4 #ah2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bbe4 #bhj ,qu>t]ly ,review1 cxiv4 #bbf2 ,folk-lore1 iii4 #hh4 #bha ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #dbj4 #bhb ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 i4 #dgc4 #bhc ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bcd4 #bhd ,mullaly1 ,notes on ,madras ,crim9al ,tribes1 #bj4 #bhe ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ch4 #bhf i4 #bhg4 #bhg ,w>d1 ,h9dus1 ii4 #ac1 quot$ by ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bbi4 #bhh ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales1 #bhj4 #bhi ,campbell1 loc4 cit41 #bbi4 #bij ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #bjg4 #bia ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #ahi4 #bib ,sirsa ,settlem5t ,report1 #aed4 #bic ,wilson1 ,works1 iii4 #fh4 #bid ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bdh4 #bie ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #cei4 #bif ,kelly1 ,curiosities1 #aei2 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #abf2 ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #bbe2 ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #bgd2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #faf4 #big ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #dci4 #bih ,campbell1 ,santl ,folk-tales1 #ed4 #bii ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bci4 #cjj ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aji1 #bbj1 #bcd4 #cja ,campbell1 loc4 cit41 #bcb4 #cjb ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aai4 #cjc ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #db2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #bg4 #cjd ,ea/]n ,india1 iii4 #eee4 #cje ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #aea sq4 #cjf ,notes1 #dfa4 #cjg ,bombay ,gazette]1 vii4 #fa4 #cjh ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 ii4 #bja4 #cji ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aid4 #caj ,ibid41 #cai4 #caa ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #iab4 #cab ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #cc4 #cac ,settlem5t ,report1 #ch4 #cad ,ar*ological ,reports1 x4 #agg4 #cae ,nor? 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,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ed4 #die ,wilson1 ,essays1 ii4 #ahh2 ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #af1 #fg1 #ic1 #dea4 #dif ,campbell1 ,notes1 #i4 #dig ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #bj sq41 #ic4 #dih ,tod1 ,annals1 ii4 #cbj4 #dii ,habakkuk i4 #af2 ,isaiah xxi4 #e4 #ejj ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #djj2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #bji1 #ggc2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #be4 #eja ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aaf4 #ejb ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 #icd2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #afd4 #ejc ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #ahg1 note1 #bdg4 #ejd ,idylls1 iii4 #ca4 #eje ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #eb2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #dc1 #ib4 #ejf ,dalton1 loc4 cit41 #bah4 #ejg ,academy1 #bcrd ,july1 #ahhg2 ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 ,july1 #ahhg2 ,h5d]son1 loc4 cit41 #bcc2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #bcc2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #bjg4 #ejh ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ced4 #eji ,calcutta ,review1 xviii4 #fj4 #eaj ,folk-lore1 i4 #aeg2 ii4 #bic4 #eaa ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ec4 #eab ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #bjb2 ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #gi4 #eac ,calcutta ,review1 xviii4 #ea4 #ead ,cox1 ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 ii4 #aai1 note4 #eae ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days1 i4 #id sq4 #eaf ,dalton1 loc4 cit41 #beb1 #beh4 #eag ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bgg4 #eah ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #aeh1 #bgc4 #eai ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,n4-,w4 ,p4 & ,oudh1 s4 v4 ,agnihotri4 #ebj ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #edg4 #eba ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #cbb4 #ebb ,oldfield1 ,sket*es1 ii4 #bdb2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #ce2 & comp>e ,prescott1 ,p]u1 i4 *ap4 #c2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #cab4 #ebc ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #abf4 #ebd ,abul ,fazl appe>s to h confus$ ,sraj ,sankrnti or ! entrance ( ! sun into a con/ellation ) ,srya-,knta or sun-belov$1 ! sun-cry/al or l5s1 :i* gives out heat :5 expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 #ebe ,blo*mann1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 i4 #dh4 #ebf ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #ajc4 #ebg ,folk-lore1 iv4 #cei4 #ebh ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #ib4 #ebi ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #aii4 #ecj ,hugel1 ,travels1 quot$ by ,j>rett1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 ii4 #cad4 #eca ,settlem5t ,report1 #aba4 #ecb ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #aag2 ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #ha2 ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 ii4 #hb4 #ecc ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #bbe4 #ecd ,raj5dra ,lla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 i4 #adf4 #ece ,f]guson1 ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 #hh2 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,ar*itecture1 #fj2 ,cunn+ham1 ,bhilsa ,topes1 #i2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bed sq4 #ecf ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 #fc2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #h2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #ic4 #ecg iv4 #hb4 #ech ,moni]-,williams1 ,h9duism & ,brhmanism1 #cji4 #eci ,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 ii4 #acb2 ,f]guson1 ,indian ,ar*itecture1 #ahd1 ) engrav+2 ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 #aaf4 #edj ,oudh ,gazette]1 ii4 #cgj4 #eda ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #cdb2 ii4 #ace1 #bcj1 #cjb1 #cfc2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ac2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #ddh4 #edb ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales1 #aci4 #edc ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 i4 #dii2 ii4 #bgf2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ,no4 #cc2 i4 #ceg2 ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales ( ,ka%mr1 #dcb2 ,campbell1 ,santl ,folk-tales1 #bb2 ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #dif2 ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #bhc4 #edd ,temple1 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #gd1 #dab2 ,ll ,bihri ,d1 loc4 cit41 #dj1 #ajf1 #acd1 #ach1 #aee1 #baj1 #bbc2 ,c9d]ella1 #ebf2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ac2 ,cl\/on1 loc4 cit41 i4 #bbc4 #ede ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bei4 #edf ,rig ,v$a1 iv4 #cc2 ,datt1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 i4 #gb sq41 #gi2 ,moni]-,williams1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #cbi4 #edg ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #afe2 ,iliad1 v4 #bfe sqq42 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #eic4 #edh ,tawney1 ibid41 i4 #acj1 #egd1 quot+ ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 i4 #cib4 #edi ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 ,introduction1 lxxviii4 #eej ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #dgf2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #cgc4 #eea ,cl\/on1 loc4 cit41 i4 #dag2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dgi2 ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #bfa2 ,cl\/on1 ibid41 #aaj1 #bah2 ,tawney1 ibid41 i4 #ac4 #eeb ,r\sselet1 ,india & its ,native ,pr9ces1 #aaf4 #eec ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xi4 #cbe sq42 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #b4 #eed ,campbell1 ,notes1 #cib4 #eee ,g]mania1 #aj4 #eef ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #adb4 #eeg ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #ccb4 #eeh ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #aac4 #eei ,annals1 ii4 #cai4 #efj ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #bge4 #efa ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bib4 #efb ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 ,app5dix1 i4 iii4 #efc ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 ii4 #cdj4 #efd ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #ij2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #afh2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #ig2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dai4 #efe ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 i4 #cg1 #gh2 ii4 #bh1 #cb2 ,grimm1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #djd2 ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #ajg4 #eff ,gub]natis1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #afj4 #efg ,=sy?1 ,highl&s ( ,c5tral ,indian1 #bgh2 ,tod1 ,annals1 ii4 #ffj2 ,r[ney1 ,wild ,tribes1 #aci2 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bad2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #aaj4 #efh ,trumbull1 ,blood ,cov5ant1 #cab2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cji2 ,sleeman1 ,rambles1 i4 #aec sqq4 #efi ,folk-lore1 i4 #afi2 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 #ac2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #cbc2 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #cac sq42 ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology1 #agd4 #egj ,b]r ,gazette]1 #fb2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #ch2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #aja4 #ega ,dalton1 loc4 cit41 #acb1 #acc1 #aeh1 #bad4 #egb ,b]r ,gazette]1 #aia sq42 ,ho%angbd ,settlem5t ,report1 #bee sq4 #egc ,see = example ,kn[les1 ,ka%mr ,folk-tales1 #c1 #de1 #df4 #egd ,dalton1 loc4 cit41 #cc4 #ege ,kn[les1 loc4 cit41 #dg2 ,campbell1 ,santl ,tales1 #ah4 #egf ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #afi4 #egg ,annals1 ii4 #ffi4 #egh ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bhj4 #egi ,rambles & ,recollections1 i4 #aed sqq4 #ehj ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #afj sq4 #eha ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #afa2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #cdh sq4 #ehb ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #fe4 #ehc ,temple1 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #aaf2 ,campbell1 ,santl ,folk-tales1 #dj2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #adf4 #ehd ,%]r+1 ,sacr$ ,city1 #fc1 #fe4 #ehe ,notes1 #bgf4 #ehf ,cox1 ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 ii4 #ccf4 #ehg ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society1 ,b5gal1 lix4 #bab4 ,! horror ) :i* ! ,hom]ic ,greeks reg>d$ ! eat+ ( a corpse by dogs comes out v /rongly 9 ! ,iliad4 #ehh ,indian ,antiqu>y1 v4 #ceh sq4 #ehi ,orig9al ,inhabitants1 #aeg sq4 #eij ,ar*ological ,reports1 xxiii4 #bf4 #eia ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #aah4 #eib ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bgf sq4 #eic ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #ci sq4 #eid ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #f4 #eie ,folk-lore1 iii4 #abg2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #id1 #adh2 iv4 #df1 #aej1 #agc2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ah1 #fg2 ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales ( ,ka%mr1 #cf1 #dbi2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 ii4 #aff2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #ij2 ,ge/a ,romanorum1 ,introd4 xlii4 #eif ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #acd2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #abf sq4 #eig ,rema9es1 #ec4 #eih ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #gi sq4 #eii ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #hh4 #fjj ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society1 ,b5gal1 #ahdg1 p4 #bcd4 #fja ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #ddd4 #fjb ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #cbi4 #fjc ,folk-lore1 iv4 #cea2 ,ge/a ,romanorum1 #be4 #fjd ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ehc4 #fje ,rob]tson-,smi?1 ,k9%ip1 #aid4 #fjf ,demonology1 i4 #abb4 #fjg ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ae4 #fjh ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ghe4 #fji ,epigrams1 i4 #f4 #faj ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #aca2 ,moorcr(t1 ,travels1 i4 #bb2 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society ,b5gal1 #ahdj1 p4 #egb2 ,an-i-,akb>i1 i4 #bhi4 #faa ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #dgc4 #fab ,muir1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,texts1 i4 #bd sq42 iii4 #aff1 #caj sq42 ,mc,lennan1 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahgj1 #aih sq4 #fac ,cox1 ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 i4 #ajg1 #dcg sq42 ii4 #di sq4 #fad ,rome% ,*&ra ,datt1 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,civilization1 i4 #bec sq4 #fae ,bhl]1 ,sacr$ ,laws1 ,"p i4 #fd1 #aai1 note4 #faf ,raj5dra ,lla ,mitra1 ,indo-,aryans1 ii4 #acd2 ,muir1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,texts1 i4 #bd sqq4 #fag ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 #aab2 ,rawl9son1 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #bg sq41 #da2 ,ewald1 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 ii4 #d2 ,rob]tson-,smi?1 ,k9%ip1 #aif2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #dj4 #fah ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bhe4 #fai ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #c sqq42 ,cox1 ,introduction1 #aea sqq42 ,ku551 ,religion ( ,israel1 i4 #bcf sq42 ,goldzih]1 ,my?ology among ! ,hebrews1 #bbf1 #cdc2 ,wake1 ,s]p5t-wor%ip1 #ce2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #cdj2 ,mc,lennan1 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahgj1 p4 #aii4 #fbj ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #fj4 #fba ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #aeh4 #fbb ,sellon1 ,memoirs ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 i4 #cbh4 #fbc ,in/itutes1 xi4 #fj1 #hj4 #fbd ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bbg4 #fbe ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #bae4 #fbf ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #iad2 ,rjputna ,gazette]1 ii4 #fg4 #fbg ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ci4 #fbh ,miss ,gordon-,cumm+1 ,f ! ,hebrides to ! ,himlaya1 i4 #ada4 #fbi ,atk9son1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #gga2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #hb4 #fcj ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #aji4 #fca ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #aed4 #fcb ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #ah4 #fcc ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 ii4 #cda4 #fcd ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bhc4 #fce ,indian ,antiqu>y1 i4 #cdh sq4 #fcf ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #iac4 #fcg ,j>rett1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 ii4 #cdh1 quot+ ,ersk9e2 ,bab>1 ,introduction1 #dg4 #fch ,rambles1 i4 #aii sqq4 #fci ,c5tral ,india1 i4 #cbi1 note2 ii4 #afd4 #fdj ,balf\r1 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society ,b5gal1 xiii4 ,n4,s42 ,gun?orpe1 ,notes on ,crim9al ,tribes ( ,b]r1 #cf4 #fda ,ball1 ,jungle ,life1 #afe2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #fj2 ,calcutta ,review1 lxxx4 #ec1 #eh4 #fdb ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #ge4 #fdc ,notes1 #bhg4 #fdd ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aca4 #fde ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ic4 #fdf ,manu1 ,in/itutes1 ii4 #da4 #fdg ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 ii4 #ejh2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #aff2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i42 ,ge/a ,romanorum1 ,tale xviii4 #fdh ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #ha4 #fdi ,blo*mann1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 i4 #aba4 #fej ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #h1 #gc1 #aje1 #ahh2 ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 i4 #bbe4 #fea ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #gc1 #agg1 #cbh sq42 ii4 #ajb1 #bae1 #ejj1 #edj2 ,kn[les1 ,ka%mr ,folk-tales1 #ag4 #feb ,black1 ,folk ,m$ic9e1 #aeb4 #fec ,fhr]1 loc4 cit41 #afa4 #fed ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bfg4 #fee ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #gci4 #fef ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #b4 #feg ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #cgg4 #feh ,= ! cr[ 9 ,engli% folk-lore1 see ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #abf2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,n4,e4 ,scotl&1 #ace sq4 #fei ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 ii4 #bec sq42 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #bg4 #ffj ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #fd1 #gc4 #ffa ,balf\r1 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 ,n4,s4 xiii4 #ffb ,moni]-,williams1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #cja2 ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #cbi4 #ffc ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ae4 #ffd ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #ha sq41 #agb2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #bd2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #gcb2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bci sq42 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #aig2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #bae4 #ffe ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 ii4 #bai sq4 #fff ,notes1 #bfd4 #ffg ,folk-lore1 iv4 #cej4 #ffh ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 iii4 #igg4 #ffi ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #ced4 #fgj ,rob]tson-,smi?1 ,k9%ip1 #aif sq4 #fga ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ab1 #db1 #fj2 ii4 #bi2 iii4 #afa2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 i4 #cfg2 ii4 #dbh1 #egc4 #fgb ,mc,lennan1 ,=tnightly ,review1 vi4 #ehb4 #fgc ,kn[les1 ,ka%mr ,folk-tales1 #ddi4 #fgd ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #fii4 #fge ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #age4 #fgf ,f]guson1 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,ar*itecture1 #ed2 ,t5n5t1 ,ceylon1 i4 #dhd4 #fgg ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 ii4 #cjg sqq4 #fgh ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #agg4 #fgi ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #f4 #fhj ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #agh4 #fha ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #aje4 #fhb ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #gja4 #fhc ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bgb4 #fhd ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ha2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #afb4 #fhe ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #cge4 #fhf ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #ah4 #fhg ,temple1 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #aci1 #bje1 #bee sqq4 #fhh ,folk-lore1 iii4 #cdb4 #fhi ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #d1 #ch4 #fij ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #eec4 #fia ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #bch sq4 #fib ,r\sselet1 ,india & its ,native ,pr9ces1 #djb2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #gf2 ii4 #eg1 #ic2 iii4 #acj4 #fic ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #chj1 #gge4 #fid ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bd1 #bjg2 ii4 #eii4 #fie ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #bg1 #aeh4 #fif ,cox1 ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 i4 #bib1 note2 ii4 #be sq4 #fig ,h>tl&1 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 #fe4 #fih ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 iii4 #ecb4 #fii ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #djg4 #gjj ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #bga4 #gja ,gl\ce/]%ire ,folk-lore1 #i4 #gjb ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #eid2 ,grimm1 loc4 cit41 i4 #ceg4 #gjc ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #acj4 #gjd ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #h4 #gje ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #fhe4 #gjf ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #ci4 #gjg ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 ii4 #aeg4 #gjh ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #bgj4 #gji ,= ! ,european wit*1 consult among o!r au?orities ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology & ,wit*craft1 passim2 ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days1 i4 #cef sq42 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #fi sq42 ,conway1 ,demonology1 ii4 #cag1 #cbg2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #bde sq4 #gaj ,asiatic ,/udies1 #gi sqq41 #hi sqq4 #gaa ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #aee4 #gab ,*amb]s1 ,popul> ,rhymes ( ,scotl&1 #bc4 #gac ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ad4 #gad ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bhi4 #gae ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #agf2 ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 i4 #cge4 #gaf ,temple1 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #cie2 ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 i4 #aeg1 #aei1 #bhi1 #cdj2 ii4 #afd1 #bdj2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ehi2 ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #aii3 ,hunt4 ,popul> ,romances1 #cbg4 #gag ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #aej2 ,hunt1 loc4 cit41 #cbh4 #gah ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #cie2 ,tawney1 loc4 cit41 i4 #cac4 #gai ,bombay ,gazette]1 iv4 #bg2 ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 iii4 #ac4 #gbj ,loc4 cit41 #c4 #gba ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #cbc4 #gbb ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bjc sq4 #gbc ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #gh4 #gbd ,lectures1 #eaf sq4 #gbe ,malcolm1 ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #bab4 #gbf ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bij4 #gbg ,notes1 #beg sq4 #gbh ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cab sqq42 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bja sq4 #gbi ,balf\r1 ,cyclopdia1 i4 #ifa2 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 #he2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #g4 #gcj ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 #bgf4 #gca ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bah4 #gcb ,rambles & ,recollections1 i4 #hd sqq4 #gcc ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #baf4 #gcd ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aea4 #gce ,lel&1 loc4 cit41 #bba4 #gcf ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #fji4 #gcg ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #beb4 #gch ,malcolm1 ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #bad1 note4 #gci ,lel&1 loc4 cit41 #eg2 ,br&1 loc4 cit41 #gdj2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #agg4 #gdj ,tod1 ,annals1 ii4 #ajf4 #gda ,natural ,hi/ory1 vii4 #b4 #gdb ,tod1 ,annals1 ii4 #fch2 ,malcolm1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #bab4 #gdc ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 i4 ,introduction1 xxi2 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #dbi4 #gdd ,ori5tal ,memoirs1 ii4 #cgd sq4 #gde ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 #aaj sq4 #gdf ,ibid41 #ci4 #gdg ,reports ,nizmat ,adlat1 #ad? ,decemb]1 #ahed4 #gdh ,b]r ,gazette]1 #aig4 #gdi ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #ih4 #gej ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #gg4 #gea ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #afd2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ajh1 #cda4 #geb ,campbell1 ,notes1 #hc4 #gec ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bij2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #ahh2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bja1 #bah sq41 #bdd2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #bdg2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #bij sq4 #ged ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 #aeg4 #gee ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aii4 #gef ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bdj4 #geg ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #f4 #geh ,see ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #aii4 #gei ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #cb2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #ahc4 #gfj ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #bba4 #gfa ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #g4 #gfb ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aig1 #bjf4 ,see in/ances collect$ by ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #fd sq4 #gfc ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #aa2 & = examples ( simil> practices see ,sir ,w4 ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology1 #bgc2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bdc2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #aaf2 ii4 #adi2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #bda1 #bdd2 ,h5d]son1 loc4 cit41 #adh2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #bhg2 ,old5b]g1 ,grihya ,stras1 i4 #eg42 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #gj sq4 #gfd ,qnn-i-,islm1 #bbb sq4 #gfe ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #cbj4 #gff ,lett]s on ,demonology1 #bgc2 ,rema9es1 #fa1 #bbh2 ,folk-lore1 iii4 #che2 iv4 #bef2 ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #dia4 #gfg ,w>d1 ,h9dus1 i4 #ajj2 ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 i4 ,introduction1 xvii2 & comp>e ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #gfh ,folk-lore1 i4 #aeg2 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #gh4 #gfi ,ho%angbd ,settlem5t ,report1 #bhg4 #ggj ,malcolm1 ,c5tral ,india1 ii4 #bab sq4 #gga ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 #ci1 #aeg4 #ggb ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aii4 #ggc ,*ev]s1 ,indian ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 #edf sq4 #ggd ,ibid41 #ab1 note1 #ad1 note1 #cic1 #dhh1 #dib1 note1 #dic1 #ead2 ,ball1 ,jungle ,life1 #aae sq42 ,calcutta ,review1 v4 #eb4 #gge ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bic2 ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #cae4 #ggf ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #aac4 #ggg ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 i4 #agb1 #age1 ) note2 ii4 #da2 ,sir ,w4 ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology1 #fh sq4 #ggh ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ada4 #ggi ,ea/]n ,india1 ii4 #ajh1 #dde4 #ghj ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 ii4 #bjb2 ,gr[se1 ,ma?ura1 #ec4 #gha ,oudh ,gazette]1 iii4 #dhj4 #ghb ,h>tl&1 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 #bgj sqq4 #ghc ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh2 ,gomme1 ,e?nology 9 ,folk-lore2 ,mannh>dt1 ,wald- und ,feldkulte4 #ghd ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #if4 #ghe ,campbell1 ,notes1 #hi4 #ghf ,on ! rule aga9/ giv+ fire f 8 h\se1 see ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #id4 #ghg ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #gd2 ,folk-lore1 iii4 #ab1 #hd1 #ij2 ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #ad2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #bjc4 #ghh ,gazette]1 iii4 #bcg4 #ghi ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ie4 #gij ,settlem5t ,report1 #abc sq4 #gia ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #hef4 #gib ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #aif4 #gic ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aih4 #gid ,obs]vations1 #caf4 #gie ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days1 i4 #id sqq42 ,aubrey ,rema9es1 #dj sq4 #gif ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 ii4 #dee4 #gig ,atk9son1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #hhf4 #gih ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #bdi4 #gii ,ho%angbd ,settlem5t ,report1 #abd2 ,atk9son1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #hgj2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #aig4 #hjj ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #bgf4 #hja ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nography1 #abj4 #hjb ,blo*mann1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 i4 #bag4 #hjc ,wright1 ,cawnpur ,memor&um1 #aje2 ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 i4 #aid4 #hjd ,settlem5t ,report1 #ag4 #hje ,folk-lore1 ii4 #cjc2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #g2 ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #ebj4 #hjf ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #ib4 #hjg ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #bij4 #hjh ,b]r ,gazette]1 #bjg4 #hji ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #fca4 #haj ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 i4 #ea4 #haa ,rema9es1 #dj2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ag4 #hab ,campbell1 ,notes1 #cgf4 #hac ,b>eilly ,settlem5t ,report1 #ic sq4 #had ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections1 i4 #bce1 #bdj4 #hae ,b>eilly ,settlem5t ,report1 #ic4 #haf ,folk-lore1 i4 #afc4 #hag ,rambles & ,recollections1 i4 #bdh4 #hah ,settlem5t ,report1 #bef4 #hai ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #fd4 #hbj ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #aca4 #hba ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #gb4 #hbb ,folk-lore1 iii4 #cba4 #hbc ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #abb4 #hbd ,rema9es1 #i2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #aah4 #hbe ,b>eilly ,settlem5t ,report1 #ic4 #hbf ,k>nl ,settlem5t ,report1 #aea4 #hbg ,b>eilly ,settlem5t ,report1 #ic2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #id2 & comp>e ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #dj2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aii4 #hbh ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 iii4 #id4 #hbi ,b>eilly ,settlem5t ,report1 #hg sq4 #hcj ,k>nl ,settlem5t ,report1 #ahc4 #hca ,settlem5t ,report1 #gh4 #hcb ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ccc sqq42 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #caa2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #hg2 ,folk-lore1 iv4 #abc2 ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #che4 #hcc ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ef4 #hcd ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #eg4 #hce ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bac4 #hcf ,settlem5t ,report1 #gh sq4 #hcg ,k>nl ,settlem5t ,report1 #agc4 #hch ,settlem5t ,report1 #gh4 #hci ,conway1 ,demonology1 ii4 #aag4 #hdj ,k>nl ,settlem5t ,report1 #agd4 #hda ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #ag1 #ij1 #aii1 #chd4 #hdb ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #bb4 #hdc ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #aah4 #hdd ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 ii4 #dhj2 ,wilson1 ,essays1 ii #bcc2 ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #hfg sq42 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #abg2 ,gr[se1 ,ma?ura1 #ef4 #hde ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bdf2 & see ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #fe sqq42 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #gb sqq42 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #afg sq42 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #afe sqq4 #hdf ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bfh4 #hdg ,ma?ura1 #hd sq4 #hdh ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #dad4 #hdi ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #bjh2 ,folk-lore1 i4 #ebj2 ii4 #abh2 ,dy]1 loc4 cit41 #bcd4 #hej ,annals1 i4 #eii sq4 #hea ,dy]1 loc4 cit41 #eb4 #heb ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #da4 #hec ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ib4 #hed ,folk-lore1 ii4 #agh2 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #eh4 #hee ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ahd4 #hef ,ibid41 iii4 #ag1 #ii4 #heg ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xi4 #big4 #heh ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #bd4 #hei ,ho%angbd ,settlem5t ,report1 #abf sq4 #hfj ,bombay ,gazette]1 vi4 #bi4 #hfa ,dy]1 ,popul> ,cu/oms1 #cb1 #ge1 #he1 #cec sq4 #hfb ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aif sq4 #hfc ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #bb sq4