,,! ,,popul> ,,religion ,,& ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,india ,,by ,w4 ,,crooke1 ,b4,a4 ,,b5gal ,,civil ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,i4 ,a ,,new ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$ ,,we/m9/] ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co4 #b1 ,:itehall ,g>d5s1 ,s4,w4 #ahif ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! success ( ?is book has be5 mu* beyond my expectations4 ,t a consid]able edition has be5 exhau/$ )9 a few mon?s aft] publication proves t x meets a want4 ,i h n[ practically re-writt5 ! book1 & h tak5 ! opportunity ( introduc+ a consid]able am\nt ( fre% in=mation collect$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,e?nographical ,survey ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 ! results ( :i* w be sep>ately publi%$4 ,= ! illu/rations1 :i* n[ appe> = ! fir/ "t1 ,i am indebt$ to ! photographic skill ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,o',neal1 ( ! ,?omason ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ,rurki4 ,i c\ld h wi%$ t !y c\ld h be5 drawn f a wid] area4 ,b ,h>dw> & its %r9es are v fairly repres5tative ( popul> ,h9duism 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,w4 ,crooke4 ,sah>anpur1 ,febru>y1 #ahie4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,_m books h be5 writt5 on ,brhmanism1 or ! (ficial religion ( ! ,h9du2 b1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ?is is ! fir/ attempt to br+ toge!r "s ( ! in=mation available on ! popul> beliefs ( ! races ( ,upp] ,india4 ,my object 9 writ+ ?is book has be5 ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i desir$ to collect1 = ! use ( all (fic]s ^: "w lies among ! rural classes1 "s in=mation on ! beliefs ( ! p :i* w enable !m1 9 "s degree1 to und]/& ! my/]i\s inn] life ( ! races among :om _! lot is ca/2 secondly1 x may be hop$ t ?is introductory sket* w /imulate inquiry1 p>ticul>ly among ! educat$ races ( ! c\ntry1 :o h1 z yet1 done little to enable ,europeans to ga9 a full] & m sympa!tic k ( _! rural bre?r52 & la/ly1 :ile ,i h endeav\r$ m to collect facts ?an to !orize ^u !m1 ,i hope t ,european s*ol>s may f9d 9 ^! pages "s fre% examples ( famili> pr9ciples4 ,my difficulty has aris5 n s mu* f defici5cy ( mat]ial1 z 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( ! mass ( in=mation1 :i* lies scatt]$ ?r\gh a consid]able lit]ature1 mu* ( :i* is fugitive4 ,i believe t ! m we explore ^! popul> sup]/itions & usages1 ! ne>] are we likely to atta9 to ! discov]y ( ! basis on :i* ,h9duism has be5 f\nd$4 ,! (ficial cre$ has always be5 *>act]iz$ by extreme ca?olicism & receptivity1 & _m ( its pr9ciples & leg5ds h und\bt$ly be5 d]iv$ f t /ratum ( ! p :i* x is conv5i5t to call non-,aryan or ,drvidian4 ,! necessity1 !n1 ( inve/igat+ ^! beliefs be=e !y become absorb$ 9 ,brhm9ism1 "o ( ! mo/ active mission>y religions ( ! _w1 is obvi\s4 ,i may say t ! mat]ials ( ?is book 7 practically complete be=e ,i 0 able to use ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,campbell's valuable collection ( ,notes on ! ,_s ,basis ( ,belief & ,cu/om2 b1 9 revis+ ! manuscript1 ,i h avail$ myself to "s ext5t ( ?is useful collection1 & :5 ,i h done s1 ,i h be5 c>eful to ackn[l$ge my obligations to x4 ,ev5 at ! risk ( ov]load+ ! notes ) ref]5ces1 ,i h quot$ ! au?orities :i* ,i h us$1 & ,i h add$ a ,bibliography :i* may be ( use to /ud5ts to :om ! subject is unfamili>4 ,! only excuse ,i c plead = ! obvi\s imp]fections ( ?is ha/y survey ( a v wide subject is t x has be5 writt5 9 ! int]vals ( ! scanty leisure ( a ,di/rict ,(fic]'s life 9 ,india1 & (t5 at a di/ance f works ( ref]5ce & libr>ies4 ,w4 ,crooke4 ,mirzapur1 ,febru>y1 #ahic4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,! ,godl+s ( ,nature #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,h]oic & ,village ,godl+s #hc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,godl+s ( ,disease #abc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,sa9t$ ,dead #age ,,*apt] ,v4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,malevol5t ,dead #bcj ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,india4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,godl+s ,,( ,,nature4 ,en m5 gaian eteux' en d' ouranon1 en de ?alassan elion t' akamanta selnn te pl?\san1 en de ta teirea panta1 ta t' ouranos e/ephantai ,pladas ?' ,hyadas te1 to te /h5os rinos ,arkton ?'1 hn kai amaxan epikls9 kale\s91 ht aut\ /rephatai kai t' rina dokeuei1 oi d' ammoros e/i loetrn keanoio4 ,iliad1 xviii4 #dhc-hh4 ,among all ! great religions ( ! _w !re is none m ca?olic1 m assimilative ?an ! mass ( beliefs :i* g to make up :at is popul>ly kn[n z ,h9duism4 ,to :at 0 probably its orig9al =m--a nature wor%ip 9 a l>ge degree introduc$ by ! ,aryan mission>ies--has be5 add$ an enorm\s am\nt ( demonolatry1 feti%ism & k9dr$ =ms ( primitive religion1 mu* ( :i* has be5 adopt$ f races :i* x is conv5i5t to describe z aborig9al or auto*?on\s4 ,! same 0 ! case 9 ,we/]n l&s4 ,z ! ,romans ext5d$ _! ,empire !y br\ght ) !m & includ$ 9 ! national pan!on ! deities ( ! conqu]$ peoples4 ,greece & ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,gallia & ,g]mania 7 ?us successively laid "u contribution4 ,?is p[] ( assimilation 9 ! doma9 ( religion _h its advantages z well z its dang]s4 ,:ile on ! "o h& x t5d$ to promote ! unity ( ! empire1 x degrad$1 on ! o!r h&1 ! national "* by ! introduction ( ! impure cults :i* fl\ri%$ along ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 #a ,b1 besides ^! =ms ( religion :i* 7 directly import$ f =eign l&s1 !re rema9$ a /ratum ( local beliefs :i* ev5 aft] tw5ty c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity /ill fl\ri%1 discr$it$ ?\gh !y may be by prie/s & plac$ "u ! ban ( ! (ficial cre$4 ,?us 9 ,greece1 :ile ! high gods ( ! div9e race ( ,a*illes & ,agamemnon are =gott51 ! ,n]eids1 ! ,cyclopes & ! ,lamia /ill live 9 ! fai? ( ! peasants ( ,!ssaly4 #b ,s 9 mod]n ,tuscany !re is actually z mu* hea!nism z ca?olicism1 & !y /ill believe 9 ,la ,vec*ia ,religione--! old religion2--& :ile on great occasions !y h rec\rse to ! prie/s1 !y use magic & wit*craft = all ord9>y purposes4 #c ,x is "p ( ! object ( ! foll[+ pages to %[ t 9 ,india ! hi/ory ( religi\s belief has be5 develop$ on simil> l9es4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d t ! great primal gods ( ,h9duism h suff]$ griev\s degradation4 ,?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,indian p59sula ,brahma1 ! ,creator1 has h>dly m ?an a c\ple ( %r9es specially d$icat$ to him4 #d ,indra has1 z we %all see1 become a vague wea!r deity1 :o rules ! *oirs ( fairies 9 8 heav5 ,indra-loka3 ,v>una1 z ,b>un1 has also become a degrad$ wea!r godl+1 & sailors wor%ip _! boat z 8 feti% :5 !y comm5ce a voyage4 ,! wor%ip ( ,agni survives 9 ! fire sacrifice :i* has be5 specializ$ by ! ,agnihotri ,brhmans4 ,( ,p%an & ,u%as1 ,vyu & ! ,m>uts1 h>dly ev5 ! names survive1 except among ! small philosophical class ( re=m]s :o aim at re/or+ ,v$ism1 a fai? :i* is z dead z ,jupit] or ,aphrodite4 ,! ,deva4 ,! g5]al t]m = ^! great gods ( ,h9duism is ,deva1 or ! %9+ ones4 ,( ^! ev5 ! survivors h 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! religi\s belief ( ! p suff]$ s]i\s *ange4 ,mod]n ,vai%navism has little left ( ! orig9al conception ( ! sol> deity :o 9 ! ,rig ,v$a /rides 9 ?ree /eps ?r\gh ! sev5 regions ( ! univ]se1 & envelops all ?+s 9 ! du/ ( 8 beams4 ,to 8 cult has1 9 mod]n times1 be5 add$ ! erotic cycle ( my?s :i* c5tre r\nd ,kri%na & ,rdh & ,rukm94 ,! successive ,avatras or inc>nations m>k ! progressive developm5t ( ! cultus :i* has absorb$ 9 succession ! totemi/ic or feti% wor%ip ( ! tortoise1 ! bo>1 ! fi% & ! man-lion4 ,9 ! same way ,rudra-,siva has annex$ v>i\s fai?s1 _m ( :i* are probably ( local orig91 su* z ! wor%ip ( ! bull & ! l+a4 ,durg-,dev1 aga91 mo/ likely is indebt$ to ! same s\rces = ! blood sacrifices :i* %e loves 9 h] =ms ( ,kl1 ,bhawn1 ,*&ik or ,bhairav4 ,a /ill lat] developm5t is t ( ! f\l my/]ies ( ! ,tantra & ! ,sktis4 ,! ,deot4 ,b 9 ! pres5t survey ( ! popul>1 z contra/$ ) ! (ficial fai?1 we h little conc]n ) ^! supremely p[]ful deities4 ,!y are ! gods ( ! ri*] or high] classes1 & to ! ord9>y peasant ( ,nor!rn ,india are n[ little m ?an a "n4 ,he w1 x is true1 occasionally b[ at _! %r9es2 he w p\r "s wat] or lay "s fl[]s on ! images or feti% /ones :i* are ! special re/+-places ( ^! div9ities or repres5t ! productive p[]s ( nature4 ,b f "t immemorial1 :5 ,brhmanism _h z yet n succe$$ 9 occupy+ ! l&1 8 allegiance 0 be/[$ on a class ( deities ( a mu* l[] & m primitive k9d4 ,_! inf]iority to ! great] gods is m>k$ 9 _! title3 !y are ,devat or ,deot1 godl+s1 n gods4 #e ,godl+s ,pure & ,impure4 ,^! godl+s fall into two well m>k$ classes--! pure & ! impure4 ,! =m] are1 z a rule1 s]v$ by prie/s ( ! ,brhman ca/es or "o ( ! ascetic ord]s3 _! (f]+s are su* ?+s z are pure food to ! ,h9du--cakes ( :eat5 fl\r1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* h be5 /ill fur!r purifi$ by int]mixture ) cl>ifi$ butt] 7gh71 ! mo/ valu$ product ( ! sacr$ c[1 wa%$ rice 7ak%ata7 & sweetmeats4 ,!y are v g5]ally wor%ipp$ on a ,sunday1 & ! (ficiat+ high-ca/e prie/ accepts ! (f]+s4 ,! (f]+s to ! impure godl+s conta9 articles su* z pork & spirits1 :i* are abom9ation to ! or?odox ,h9du4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,indian hills _! prie/ is ! ,baiga1 :o rules ! gho/s & demons ( ! village & is always drawn f "o ( ! ,drvidian tribes4 ,9 ! pla9 c\ntry ! prie/ is a non-,aryan ,*amr1 ,dusdh1 or ev5 a sweep] or a ,muhammadan ,dafli or drumm]4 ,no respectable ,h9du w1 x is ne$less to say1 p>take ( a %>e ( ! food consecrat$ 7prasd7 to a h$ge deity ( ?is class4 ,mu* ( ! wor%ip consi/s 9 (f]+ ( blood4 ,b ! jungle man or ! village m5ial ( ! pla9s c seldom1 except 9 an h\r ( griev\s ne$1 af=d an exp5sive animal victim1 & x is only :5 ! village %r9e has come "u ! patronage ( ! (ficial prie/s ( ! or?odox fai?1 t ! alt> ( ! goddess reeks ) gore1 l ^? ( ! ,devs ( ,b9dh*al or ,dev ,ptan4 ,b z reg>ds ! acceptance ( a %>e ( ! (f]+ ! l9e is (t5 n v rigidly drawn4 ,z ,mr4 ,ibbetson writ+ ( ! ,panjb says3 #f ,( c\rse1 ! l9e _c always be drawn ) precision1 & ,brhmans w (t5 cons5t to be f$ 9 ! "n ( a deity1 :ile !y w n take (f]+s made at 8 %r9e1 or w all[ _! girls1 b n _! boys1 to accept ! (f]+1 z1 if ! girls die 9 consequ5ce1 x does n mu* matt]4 ,9 fact1 z we %all see lat] on1 ! ,baiga or devil prie/ ( ! aborig9al tribes1 is gradually m]g+ into ! ,ojha or mean] class ( demon exorcis]1 :o calls himself a ,brhman & p]=ms ! same functions = tribes ( a some:at high] social rank4 ,sraj ,nryan1 ! ,sun ,godl+4 ,! fir/ & greate/ ( ! pure godl+s is ,srya or ,sraj ,nryan1 ! ,sun godl+4 ,he is ?us reg>d$ z ,nryana or ,vi%nu occupy+ ! sun4 ,a curi\sly primitive leg5d repres5ts 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,viswak>ma1 z plac+ ! deity on 8 la! & trimm+ away "o-eigh? ( 8 effulg5ce1 leav+ only 8 feet4 ,out ( ! blaz+ fragm5ts he weld$ ! weapons ( ! gods4 ,srya 0 "o ( ! great deities ( ! ,v$ic pan!on3 he is call$ ,prajapati or "l ( creatures3 he 0 ! son ( ,dyaus1 or ! bright sky4 ,u%as1 ! dawn1 0 8 wife1 & he moves ?r\gh ! sky drawn by sev5 ruddy m>es4 ,8 wor%ip 0 p]haps orig9ally connect$ ) t ( fire1 b x is easy to und]/& h[1 "u a tropical sky1 ! ,indian peasant came to look on him z ! "l ( life & dea?1 ! br+] ( pl5ty or ( fam9e4 ,if "o int]pretation ( ! rite be correct1 ! ,hol fe/ival is int5d$ z a means ( propitiat+ sun%9e4 ,he is n[1 h[ev]1 l ,helios 9 ! ,hom]ic my?ology1 look$ on z only a godl+1 n a god1 & ev5 z a h]o :o _h once liv$ & reign$ on e>?4 ,z f> z ! village wor%ip ( ,sraj ,nryan goes1 ! ass]tion1 :i* has sometimes be5 made1 t no %r9e has be5 erect$ 9 8 hon\r is correct en\gh2 & !re is no d\bt t images ( ,srya & ,aditya are comp>atively r>e 9 rec5t epo*s4 ,b !re are _m not$ temples d$icat$ to him1 su* z ^? at ,taxila1 ,gwlior1 ,gaya1 ,multn1 ,jaypur1 & 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces at ,indor1 ,hawalbgh1 ,srya ,bhta & ,lakhmipur4 #g ,8 %r9e at ,kanrak 9 ,orissa ne> t ( ,jagann?1 is describ$ z "o ( ! mo/ exquisite memorials ( ,sun-wor%ip 9 exi/5ce4 #h ,mr4 ,b5dall rec5tly f\nd 9 ,nepl an image d$icat$ to him z late z ! elev5? c5tury4 #i ,!re is a small %r9e 9 8 hon\r close to ! ,annaprna temple 9 ,b5>es1 :]e ! god is repres5t$ seat$ 9 a *>iot drawn by sev5 horses1 & is wor%ipp$ ) ! fire sacrifice 7homa7 9 a build+ deta*$ f ! temple4 #aj ,9 ! "t ( ,sank>a ,a*rya 7,a4,d4 #ajjj7 !re 7 six di/9ct sects ( ,sun-wor%ipp]s--"o wor%ipp+ ! ris+ sun z id5tifi$ ) ,brahma2 ! second ! m]idian sun z ,siva2 ! ?ird ! sett+ sun z ,vi%nu2 ! f\r? wor%ipp]s ( ! sun 9 all ! above phases z id5tifi$ ) ! ,trimurti2 ! fif? wor%ipp]s ( ! sun reg>d$ z a mat]ial be+ 9 ! =m ( a man ) a gold5 be>d & gold5 hair4 ,zeal\s memb]s ( ?is sect refus$ to eat any?+ 9 ! morn+ till !y _h se5 ! sun rise4 ,! la/ class wor%ipp$ an image ( ! sun =m$ 9 ! m9d4 ,^! sp5t all _! "t m$itat+ on ! sun1 & 7 9 ! habit ( br&+ circul> repres5tations ( 8 disc on _! =eheads1 arms & brea/s4 #aa ,! ,saura sect wor%ip ,sryapati z _! special god4 ,!y we> a cry/al necklace 9 8 hon\r1 ab/a9 f eat+ salt on ,sundays & on ! days :5 ! sun ent]s a sign ( ! zodiac4 ,!y make a frontal m>k ) r$ s&>s1 & n[adays h _! headqu>t]s 9 ,oudh4 #ab ,ano!r sect ( ,vai%navas1 ! ,nmbrak1 wor%ip ! sun 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,_! "n means ! sun 9 a ,nm tree 7,azidira*ta ,indica74 ,! /ory ( ! sect runs t _! f\nd]1 an ascetic nam$ ,bhsk>*rya1 _h invit$ a ,bairgi to d9e ) him1 & _h arrang$ ev]y?+ = 8 reception1 b un=tunately delay$ to call 8 gue/ till aft] sunset4 ,! holy man 0 =bidd5 by ! rules ( 8 ord] to eat except 9 ! day-"t1 & 0 afraid t he w\ld be compell$ to practise an unwill+ ab/95ce2 b at ! solicitation ( 8 ho/1 ! ,sun god1 ,sraj ,nryan1 desc5d$ on ! ,nm tree "u :i* ! fea/ 0 spread & cont9u$ beam+ on !m until d9n] 0 ov]4 #ac ,9 ?is we obs]ve an approximation to ! ,ja9a rule by :i* x is =bidd5 to eat aft] sunset1 le/ insects may ent] ! m\? & be de/roy$4 ,?is ov]-/ra9$ respect = animal life is "o ( ! ma9 features ( ! cre$4 ,z a curi\s p>allel x may be not$ t :5 an ,au/ralian black-fell[ wi%es to /ay ! sun f go+ d[n till he gets home1 he places a sod 9 ! =k ( a tree exactly fac+ ! sett+ sun2 & an ,indian ( ,yucatan1 j\rney+ we/w>d1 places a /one 9 a tree1 or pulls out "s ( 8 eye-la%es & bl[s !m t[>ds ! sun4 #ad ,! great ,emp]or ,akb> endeav\r$ to introduce a special =m ( ,sun-wor%ip4 ,he ord]$ t x 0 to be ador$ f\r times a day3 9 ! morn+1 noon1 ev5+1 & midnight4 ,8 maje/y _h also "o ?\s& & "o ,sanskrit names ( ! sun collect$1 & read !m daily1 dev\tly turn+ to ! sun4 ,he !n us$ to get hold ( bo? e>s1 & turn+ himself quickly r\nd1 us$ to /rike ! l[] ends ( 8 e>s ) 8 fi/s4 ,he ord]$ 8 b& to play at midnight1 & us$ to be weigh$ aga9/ gold at 8 sol> anniv]s>y4 #ae ,village ,wor%ip ( ,sraj ,nryan4 ,! village wor%ip ( ,sraj ,nryan is q di/9ct f ?is4 ,_m peasants 9 ,upp] ,india d n eat salt on ,sundays1 & d n set _! milk = butt]1 b make rice-milk ( x1 & give a portion to ,brhmans4 ,brhmans are sometimes f$ 9 8 hon\r at h>ve/s1 & ! pi\s h\sehold] b[s to him z he leaves 8 h\se 9 ! morn+4 ,8 m le>n$ bre?r5 repeat ! ,gyatr1 t mo/ anci5t ( ,aryan pray]s3 ,tat savitur v>5yam bh>go devasya dhmahi1 ,dhiyo yo nah pra*odayt 7,may we receive ! glori\s brightness ( ?is1 ! g5]ator1 ! ,god :o %all prosp] our works674 ,9 ! *illy morn+s ( ! cold wea!r y w he> ! sleepy coolies z !y wake1 yawn+ & mutt]+ ,sraj ,nryan1 z ! yell[ gleam ( dawn spreads ov] ! ,ea/]n sky4 ,9 fact1 ev5 9 ,v$ic times !re seems to h be5 a local wor%ip ( ,srya connect$ ) "s primitive folk-lore4 ,h>adatta m5tions z "o ( ! cu/oms n sanction$ 9 ! ,v$a1 t :5 ! sun is 9 ,aries ! "y girls w\ld pa9t ! sun ) 8 ret9ue on ! soil 9 col\r$ du/1 & wor%ip ?is 9 ! morn+ & ev5+2 #af & 9 ,c5tral ,india ! sun 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages wor%ipp$ "u ! local =m ( ,bhilla1 or ,"l ( ,life1 a t]m :i* appe>s to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! "n ,bhilsa1 kn[n to m rec5t ages z a fam\s seat ( ,buddhism4 #ag ,at ,udaypur 9 ,rjputna ! sun has univ]sal prec$5ce4 ,8 portal 7,sryapul7 is ! *ief entrance to ! city2 8 "n gives dignity to ! *ief ap>tm5t or hall 7,sryamahal7 ( ! palace1 & f ! balcony ( ! sun 7,srya-gokhru71 ! desc5dant ( ,rma %[s himself 9 ! d>k monsoon z ! sun's repres5tative4 ,a l>ge pa9t$ sun ( gypsum 9 high relief ) gild$ rays adorns ! hall ( audi5ce1 & 9 front ( x is ! ?rone4 ,! sacr$ /&>d be>s 8 image1 z does ! disc 7*ang7 ( black felt or o/ri* fea!rs ) a plate ( gold 9 its c5tre to repres5t ! sun1 borne al(t on a pole4 ,! royal p>asol is call$ ,kiraniya1 9 allusion to its %ape1 l a ray 7kiran7 ( ! orb4 #ah ,ano!r fam\s c5tre ( ,sun-wor%ip 0 ,multn1 :]e1 z we h se51 a temple d$icat$ to him has be5 discov]$1 & :]e ! tribes ( ! ,blas & ,k?is 7 devot$ to him4 ,! wor%ip cont9u$ till ! idol 0 de/roy$ by ord]s ( ,aurangzeb4 ,sun-wor%ip among ! non-,aryan ,races4 ,! ,ah]iyas1 a tribe ( jungle-liv]s & ?ieves 9 ! ,c5tral ,dub ( ! ,ganges & ,jumna1 h adopt$ z _! my?ical ance/or ,priyavrata1 :o be+ dissatisfi$ t only half ! e>? 0 at "o "t illum9at$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 foll[$ him sev5 times r\nd ! e>? 9 8 flam+ c>1 resolv$ to turn night into day4 ,b he 0 /opp$ by ,brahma1 & ! :eels ( 8 *>iot =m$ ! sev5 oceans :i* divide ! sev5 cont95ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! l[] ranges ( ! ,himlaya ,sun-wor%ip is conduct$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,decemb] & ,janu>y & :5 eclipses occur4 ,! pr9cipal obs]vances are ! eat+ ( a meal )\t salt at ea* passage ( ! sun into a new sign ( zodiac1 & eat+ meals on o!r days only :5 ! sun has ris54 ,among ! ,drvidian races1 along ! ,c5tral ,indian hills1 ,sun-wor%ip is widely preval5t4 ,:5 9 great affliction ! ,kh>wrs appeal to ! sun4 ,any op5 space 9 :i* he %9es may be 8 alt>4 ,! ,kisns (f] a :ite cock to him :5 a sacrifice is ne$$4 ,he is wor%ipp$ by ! ,bhuiyas & ,orons z ,borm or ,dh>m ,devat1 ! godl+ ( pity1 & is propitiat$ at ! s[+ season by ! sacrifice ( a :ite cock4 ,! ,korwas wor%ip him z ,bhagwn1 or ! only ,god1 9 an op5 space ) an ant-hill z an alt>4 ,! ,kh>iyas adore him "u ! "n ( ,b]o4 ,e head ( a family %\ld dur+ 8 lifetime make n less ?an five sacrifices to ?is deity--! fir/ ( f[ls1 ! second ( a pig1 ! ?ird ( a :ite goat1 ! f\r? ( a ram1 & ! fif? ( a buffalo4 ,he is !n consid]$ suffici5tly propitiat$ = t g5]ation1 & reg>d$ z an ungrateful god if he does n behave h&somely to 8 vot>y4 ,he is address$ z ,p>amesw>1 or great god1 & 8 sacrifices are always made 9 front ( an ant-hill :i* is reg>d$ z 8 alt>4 ,! ,kols wor%ip ,s+ ,bonga1 ! creator & pres]v]1 z ! sun4 ,pray] & sacrifice are made to him1 z to a b5efic5t deity1 :o has no pleasure 9 ! de/ruction ( any ( 8 subjects1 ?\gh1 z a fa!r1 he *a/ises 8 err+ *ildr51 :o owe him gratitude = all ! bless+s !y enjoy4 ,he is said to h m>ri$ ,*&o ,omal1 ! moon4 ,%e deceiv$ him on "o occasion1 & he cut h] 9 two2 b rep5t+ ( 8 ang]1 he re/ores h] to h] orig9al %ape once a mon?1 :5 %e %9es 9 h] full beauty4 ,! ,orons address ! sun z ,dh>mi1 or ! holy "o1 & d n reg>d him z ! au?or ( sickness or calamity2 b he may be invok$ to av]t x1 & ?is appeal is (t5 made :5 ! sacrifices to m9or deities h be5 unproductive4 ,he is ! tribal god ( ! ,korkus ( ,ho%angbd2 !y d n1 h[ev]1 (f] libations to him1 z ,h9dus d2 b once 9 ?ree ye>s ! head ( ea* family1 on "s ,sunday 9 ,april or ,may1 (f]s outside ! village a :ite %e-goat & a :ite f[l1 turn+ 8 face to ! ,ea/ dur+ ! sacrifice4 ,simil>ly ! ,krs ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces c>ve rude repres5tations ( ! sun & moon on wood5 pill>s1 :i* !y wor%ip1 ne> _! villages4 #ai ,sun-wor%ip 9 ! ,dome/ic ,ritual4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! cu/om ( walk+ r\nd any sacr$ object 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun prevails widely4 ,?us 9 ,irel&1 :5 9 a gravey>d1 x is cu/om>y to walk z mu* z possible ) ! sun1 ) ! "r h& t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! circle4 #bj ,ev5 to ?is day 9 ! ,hebrides animals are l$ r\nd a sick p]son1 foll[+ ! sun2 & 9 ! ,highl&s x is ! cu/om to make ! deazil or walk ?ree times 9 ! sun's c\rse r\nd ^? :om !y wi% well4 ,:5 a ,highl&] goes to ba! or to dr9k wat] out ( a consecrat$ spr+1 he mu/ always approa* by go+ r\nd ! place f ea/ to we/ on ! s\? side1 9 imitation ( ! daily motion ( ! sun4 #ba ,we foll[ ! same rule :5 we pass ! decant]s r\nd our d9n] tables4 ,9 ! same way 9 ,india ! bride & bridegroom are made to revolve r\nd ! sacr$ fire or ! c5tral pole ( ! m>riage-%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun2 ! pilgrim makes 8 solemn p]ambulation 7p>ikrama7 r\nd a temple or %r9e 9 ! same way2 9 ?is direction ! cattle move z !y tread out ! gra94 ,"o special "p ( ! purificatory rite foll[+ *ildbir? is to br+ ! "m out & expose h] to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,all ?r\gh ! range ( popul> belief & folk-lore appe>s ! idea t girls may be impregnat$ by ! sun4 #bb ,h5ce !y are n all[$ to expose !mselves to 8 rays at ! m5/rual p]iod4 ,= ! same reason ! bride is br\ght out to salute ! ris+ sun on ! morn+ aft] %e beg9s to live ) h] husb&4 ,a survival ( ! same belief may be trac$ 9 ! ,engli% belief t happy is ! bride on :om ! sun %9es4 ,! same belief 9 ! p[] ( ! sun is %[n 9 ! pr9ciple s common 9 folk-lore t to %[ a c]ta9 ?+ to x 79 a ,ka%mr tale x is a tuft ( ! hair ( ! k9dly tigress7 w be suffici5t to summon an abs5t fri5d4 #bc ,! my/ical emblem ( ! ,sw/ika1 :i* appe>s to repres5t ! sun 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! heav5s1 is ( con/ant occurr5ce4 ,! trad] pa9ts x on ! fly-leaf ( 8 l$g]2 ! man :o has "y *ildr5 or animals liable to ! ,evil ,eye makes a repres5tation ( x on ! wall beside 8 door-po/2 x holds ! fir/ place among ! lucky m>ks ( ! ,ja9as2 x is drawn on ! %av5 heads ( *ildr5 on ! m>riage-day 9 ,guj>t2 a r$ circle ) a ,sw/ika 9 ! c5tre is depict$ on ! place :]e ! gods are kept4 #bd ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ,bhmiya is wor%ipp$ z a village gu>dian deity 8 vot>y con/ructs a rude model ( x on ! %r9e by fix+ up two cross$ /raws ) a daub ( pla/]4 ,x (t5 occurs 9 folk-lore4 ,9 ! drama ( ! ,toy ,c>t ! ?ief hesitates :e!r he %all make ! hole 9 ! wall ( ,*>udatta's h\se 9 ! lik5ess ( a ,sw/ika or ( a wat] j>4 ,a hymn ( ! ,rigv$a #be speaks ( ! all-see+ eye ( ! sun ^: beams reveal 8 pres5ce1 gleam+ l brilliant flames to nation aft] nation4 ,?is same conception ( ! sun z an eye is common 9 ! folk-lore ( ! ,we/4 #bf ,moon-wor%ip4 ,! fate ( ,*&ra or ,soma1 ! ,moon godl+1 is v simil>4 ,! "n ,soma1 orig9ally appli$ to ! plant ! juice ( :i* 0 us$ z a religi\s intoxicant1 came to be us$ 9 connection ) ! moon 9 ! po/-,v$ic my?ology4 ,!re are _m leg5ds to acc\nt = ! wan+ ( ! moon & ! spots on 8 surface1 = ! moon1 l ! sun1 is always treat$ z a male godl+4 ,"o ( ! leg5ds curr5t to expla9 ! phases ( ! moon has be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,accord+ to ano!r /ory ! moon m>ri$ ! tw5ty-sev5 a/]isms1 ! daught]s ( ! ,ri%i ,dak%a1 :o is ! h]o ( ! curi\s tale ( ! sacrifice n[ locat$ at ,kankhal1 a suburb ( ,h>dwr4 ,um or ,prvat1 ! sp\se ( ,siva1 0 also a daught] ( ,dak%a1 & :5 he1 (f5d$ ) 8 son-9-law ,siva1 did n invite him to ! great sacrifice1 ,um became ,sat1 & 9 8 rage ,siva creat$ ,vrabhadra1 :o kill$ ! sage4 ,soma aft] m>ry+ ! a/]isms devot$ himself to "o ( !m1 ,roh91 :i* ar\s$ ! jeal\sy ( ! o!rs4 ,!y compla9$ to _! fa!r ,dak%a1 :o curs$ ! moon ) *ildlessness & consumption4 ,8 wives1 9 pity1 int]c$$ = him1 b ! curse ( ! angry sage c\ld n be :olly remov$3 all t 0 possible 0 to modify x s t x %\ld be p]iodical1 n p]man5t4 ,9 an e>li] leg5d1 ( :i* !re is a trace 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 #bg ! gods1 by dr9k+ up ! nect>1 caus$ ! wan+ ( ! moon4 ,ano!r curi\s explanation is curr5t 9 ,bombay4 ,"o ev5+ ,ganesa fell (f 8 /e$1 ! rat1 & ! moon c\ld n help laugh+ at 8 mis=tune4 ,to puni% him ! angry god v[$ t no "o %\ld ev] see ! moon aga94 ,! moon pray$ = =giv5ess1 & ,ganesa agre$ t ! moon %\ld be disgrac$ only on 8 bir?day1 ! ,ganesa ,*atur?4 ,on ?is night ! wild hogs hide !mselves t !y may n see ! moon1 & ! ,kunbis hunt !m d[n & kill !m4 #bh ,!re are also _m explanations to acc\nt = ! spots 9 ! moon4 ,9 ,we/]n l&s ! moon is inhabit$ by a man ) a bundle ( /icks on 8 back2 b x is n cle> ( :at (f5ce ?is 0 ! puni%m5t4 ,dante says he is ,ca92 ,*auc] says he 0 a ?ief1 & gives him a ?orn-bu% to c>ry2 ,%akespe>e gives him ?orns to c>ry1 b provides him ) a dog z a companion4 ,9 ,irel& *ildr5 are taught t he pick$ faggots on a ,sunday & is puni%$ z a ,sabba?-break]4 ,9 ,india ! creature 9 ! moon is usually a h>e1 & h5ce ! moon is call$ ,sasadh>a1 he t is m>k$ l a h>e4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d ! moon became enam\r$ ( ,ahaly1 ! wife ( ! ,ri%i ,gautama1 & visit$ h] 9 ! abs5ce ( h] husb&4 ,he return$1 & f9d+ ! guilty pair toge!r1 curs$ 8 wife1 :o 0 turn$ into a /one2 !n he ?rew 8 %oe at ! moon1 :i* left a black m>k1 & ?is rema9s to ?is day4 ,! sc5e ( ?is ev5t has be5 localiz$ at ,gond> 9 ! ,k>nl ,di/rict4 ,by ano!r v>iant ( ! leg5d x 0 ,vrihaspati1 ! ,guru or religi\s advis] ( ! gods1 :o f\nd ! moon ) 8 wife4 ,! holy man 0 j return+ f 8 ba? 9 ! ,ganges1 & he ?rew 8 dripp+ lo9-clo? at ! moon1 :i* produc$ ! spots4 ,9 ,upp] ,india1 aga91 little *ildr5 are taught to call ! moon ,mm or mat]nal uncle1 & ! d>k spots are said to repres5t an old woman :o sits !re work+ h] sp9n+-:eel4 ,! moon has "o special function 9 connection ) disease4 ,"o ( 8 titles is ,o%adhipati or "l ( ! m$ic9al plants4 ,h5ce comes ! idea t roots & simples1 & 9 p>ticul> ^? t are to be us$ = any magical or my/ic purpose1 %\ld be collect$ by moonlight4 ,?us 9 ,%akespe>e ,jessica says1-- ,9 su* a night ,m$ea ga!r$ ! en*ant$ h]bs ,t did r5ew old ,aeson4 ,& ,la]tes speaks ( ! poison collect$ f all simples t h virtue "u ! moon4 #bi ,h5ce ! belief t ! moon has a sympa!tic influ5ce ov] vegetation4 ,tuss] #cj advis$ ! peasant1-- ,s[ peason & beans1 9 ! wane ( ! moon4 ,:o s[e? !m soon]1 he s[e? too soon2 ,t !y ) ! planet may re/ & arise1 ,& fl\ri%1 ) be>+ mo/ pl5tiful wise4 ,! same rule applies all ov] ,nor!rn ,india1 & ! phases ( ! moon ex]cise an important influ5ce on all agricultural op]ations4 ,bas$ on ! same pr9ciple is ! cu/om ( dr9k+ ! moon4 ,among ,muhammadans 9 ,oudh1 a silv] bas9 be+ fill$ ) wat]1 is held 9 su* a situation t ! full moon may be reflect$ 9 x4 ,! p]son to be b5efit$ by ! draught is requir$ to look /eadfa/ly on ! moon 9 ! bas91 !n %ut 8 eyes & quaff ! liquid at a draught4 ,?is rem$y is advis$ by m$ical pr(essors 9 n]v\s cases1 & also = palpitation ( ! he>t4 #ca ,some:at simil> cu/oms prevail among ,h9dus 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,at ! full moon ( ! mon? ,kur 7,septemb]-,octob]7 p lay out food on ! h\se-tops1 & :5 x has absorb$ ! rays ( ! moon !y di/ribute x among _! relations2 ?is is suppos$ to l5g!n life4 ,on ! same night girls p\r out wat] 9 ! moonlight1 & say t !y are p\r+ out ! cold wea!r1 :i* 0 hidd5 9 ! wat] j>4 ,! habit ( mak+ pati5ts look at ! moon 9 ghi1 oil1 or milk is common1 & is said to be specially efficaci\s = leprosy & simil> diseases4 ,!re is n[ little special wor%ip ( ,soma or ,*&ra1 & :5 an image is erect$ to him x is g5]ally associat$ ) t ( ,srya4 ,9 ! old ritual ,anumati or ! moon j %ort ( full 0 specially wor%ipp$ 9 connection ) ! ,manes4 ,! full-moon day 0 provid$ ) a special goddess1 ,rk4 ,n[adays ! phases l>gely influ5ce ! dome/ic ritual4 ,all ov] ! _w we f9d ! idea t any?+ done or suff]$ by man on a wax+ moon t5ds to develop1 :]eas any?+ done or suff]$ on a wan+ moon t5ds to dim9i%4 ,?us a popul> trick *>m = w>ts is to look at ! new moon1 lift "s du/ f "u ! left foot1 rub ! w>t ) x1 & z ! moon wanes ! w>t dies4 #cb ,x is on ! days ( ! new & full moon t spirits are mo/ num]\s & active4 ,! ,code ( ,manu directs t c]emonies are to be p]=m$ at ! conjunction & opposition ( ! moon4 #cc ,among ! ,jews x w\ld seem t ! full moon 0 prescrib$ = national celebrations1 :ile ^? ( a dome/ic "* took place at ! new moon2 !re is "s evid5ce to %[ t ?is may be connect$ ) ! habit ( pa/oral nations p]=m+ j\rneys 9 ! cool moonlight nights4 #cd ,horace speaks ( ru/ic ,phidyle1-- ,coelo sup9as si tul]is manus1 ,nasc5te ,lun ru/ica ,phidyle1 #ce & ,aubrey ( ! ,york%ire maids :o doe wor%ip ! new moon on _! b>e knees1 kneel+ ^u an e>?-fa/ /one4 ,iri% girls on fir/ see+ ! moon :5 new fall on _! knees & address h] ) a l\d voice 9 ! pray]--,o ,moon6 ,leave u z well z y f\nd u6 #cf ,x is a common practice 9 ,europe to turn a piece ( silv]1 :i* be+ :ite is ! lun> metal1 :5 ! new moon is fir/ se54 ,s ,h9dus at ! fir/ sight ( ! new moon hold "o end ( _! turbans 9 _! h&s1 take f x sev5 ?reads1 pres5t !m to ! moon ) a pray]1 & !n ex*ange ! complim5ts ( ! season4 ,9 ,bombay #cg on all new moon days ,brhmans (f] oblations ( wat] & sesamum se$ to _! ance/ors1 & ^? :o are ,agnihotris & d ! fire sacrifice k9dle ! sacr$ fire on all new & full moon days4 ,musalmns on ! new moon :i* comes aft] ! new ye> spr9kle ! blood ( a goat beside ! h\se door4 ,9 ,bombay a "y ,musalmn girl w n g out at ! new moon or on a ,?ursday1 app>5tly because ?is is ! "t t evil spirits roam abroad4 ,9 ,upp] ,india ! h\ses ( ! pi\s are freely pla/]$ ) a mixture ( e>? & c[-dung1 & no animal is yok$4 ,a curi\s idea applies to ! new moon ( ,bhdon 7,augu/74 ,:oev] looks at ! moon on ?is day w be ! victim ( false accusations dur+ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! only way to avoid ?is is to p]=m a sort ( p5ance by gett+ someone to %y brickbats at y\r h\se1 :i* at o!r times is reg>d$ z an extreme =m ( insult & degradation4 ,!re is a regul> fe/ival held = ?is purpose at ,b5>es on ! f\r? day ( ,bhdon 7,augu/71 :i* is kn[n z ! ,dhela ,*au? ,mela1 or ! clod fe/ival ( ! f\r?4 #ch ,we %all come across lat] on o!r examples ( ! pr9ciple t to c\rt abuse "u c]ta9 circum/ances is a means ( propitiat+ ! spirits ( evil & avoid+ dang] f !m4 ,?is is probably ! orig9 ( ! practice 9 ,orissa--,on ! ,khurda e/ate ! peasants give a curi\s reason = ! abs5ce ( g>d5 cultivation & fruit trees1 :i* =m a sali5t feature 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 our own di/ricts e home/ead has its little r+ ( vegetable gr\nd4 ,b 9 ,khurda "o seldom meets ) ^! gre5 spots except 9 ,brhman villages4 ,! common cultivators say t f "t immemorial !y consid]$ x lucky at a c]ta9 fe/ival = a man to be annoy$ & abus$ by 8 neighb\rs4 ,) a view to giv+ ample cause ( (f5ce !y mutilate ! fruit trees & trample ! g>d5s ( _! neighb\rs1 & s c\rt =tune by br++ d[n ! wra? ( ! injur$ own]4 #ci ,we %all see t ?is is "o probable explanation ( ! indec5cy :i* prevails at ! ,hol fe/ival4 ,moon-wor%ip appe>s to be m popul> 9 ,bihr & ,b5gal ?an 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces or ! ,panjb4 #dj ,! f\r? day ( ! wax+ moon 9 ! mon? ( ,bhdon is sacr$ to ! moon & kn[n z ,*auk ,*&a4 ,x is v unlucky to look at ! moon on t day1 z :oev] does s w make 8 "n infam\s4 ,! /ory runs t ,tak%aka1 ! k+ ( ! snakes1 /ole ! e>-r+s ( ,k+ ,aditi1 :o1 be+ unable to discov] ! ?ief1 laid x to ! *>ge ( ,kri%na1 ^: !fts ( milk & cream f ! ,gops _h made him suffici5tly notori\s4 ,kri%na1 mortifi$ at ?is false accusation1 recov]$ & re/or$ ! e>-r+1 & z ?is 0 ! day on :i* ,kri%na 0 wrongfully disgrac$1 ! moon ( t night is inve/$ ) associations ( special s9fulness4 ,"s p fa/ & 9 ! ev5+ eat only rice & curds4 ,brhmans wor%ip ! moon ) (f]+s ( fl[]s & sweetmeats1 & p get /ones ?r[n at _! h\ses1 z fur!r we/ on ! day ( ! ,dhela ,*au?4 ,on ?is day s*oolboys visit _! fri5ds & make a peculi> noise by knock+ toge!r two col\r$ /icks1 l ca/anets4 ,"o idea ly+ at ! base ( mu* ( ! respect paid to ! moon is t x is ! abode ( ! ,pitri or sa9t$ dead4 ,?is is a !ory :i* is ! common prop]ty ( _m primitive races4 #da ,! explanation probably is t ! s\l ( ! dead man rises ) ! smoke ( ! fun]al pyre1 & h5ce ! realm ( ,yama w\ld naturally be fix$ 9 ! moon4 ,?is seems to be ! reason :y ! e>ly ,indian ,buddhi/s wor%ipp$ ! moon4 ,at ! new moon ! monks ba!d & %av$ ea* o!r2 & at a special s]vice ! duties ( a monk 7 recit$4 ,on full moon days !y d9$ at ! h\ses ( laym54 ,on t night a plat=m 0 rais$ 9 ! prea*+ hall4 ,! sup]ior bre?r5 *ant$ ! law1 & ! p greet$ ! "n ( ,buddha ) %\ts ( ,sdhu or ! holy "o4 #db ,eclipses & ! ,fire ,sacrifice4 ,h9dus1 l o!r primitive races1 h _! eclipse demons4 ,:5 once ! practice ( br++ d[n ! moon _h become famili> to ! primitive ,greek1 :o saw x done at sacr$ m>riages & o!r rites1 he 0 provid$ ) an explanation ( lun> eclipses2 "s o!r fell[ 0 br++ d[n ! moon = 8 private ends4 ,& at ! pres5t day 9 ,greece ! prop] way to /op a lun> eclipse is to call out ',i see y6' & ?us make ! work] ( ?is de$ ( d>kness desi/4 ,s completely did ?is !ory1 :i* we mu/ reg>d z peculi>ly ,greek1 e/abli% itself 9 anci5t ,greece1 t /range to say1 n a trace ( ! e>li] primitive !ory1 accord+ to :i* "s mon/] swall[s ! eclips$ moon1 is to be f\nd 9 classical ,greek lit]ature1 unless ! beat+ ( metal in/rum5ts to fright5 away ! mon/] be a survival ( ! primitive practice4 #dc ,9 ,india1 h[ev]1 ?is e>li] explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( eclipses fl\ri%es 9 full vig\r4 ,! eclipse demon1 ,rhu1 ^: "n means ! loos] or ! seiz]1 0 "o ( ! ,asuras or demons4 ,:5 ! gods produc$ ! ,amrita1 or nect>1 f ! *urn$ ocean1 he disguis$ himself l "o ( !m & drank a portion ( x4 ,! sun & moon detect$ 8 fraud & in=m$ ,vi%nu1 :o sev]$ ! head & two ( ! arms ( ,rhu f ! trunk4 ,! portion ( nect> :i* he _h drunk secur$ 8 immortality2 ! head & tail 7 transf]r$ to ! sol> sph]e1 ! head wreak+ its v5geance on ! sun & moon by occasionally swall[+ !m1 :ile ! tail1 "u ! "n ( ,ketu1 gave bir? to a num]\s prog5y ( comets & fi]y meteors4 ,by ano!r leg5d ,ketu 0 turn$ into ! demon ,sa9hikeya & ! ,arunah ,ketavah or ,r$ app>itions1 :i* (t5 appe> 9 ! old] folk-lore4 ,ketu n[adays is only a vague demon ( disease1 & ,rhu too has suff]$ a griev\s degradation4 ,he is n[ ! special godl+ ( ! ,dusdhs & ,dhng>s1 two m5ial tribes f\nd 9 ! ,ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,8 wor%ip is a k9d ( fire sacrifice4 ,a dit* sev5 cubits long & "o & a qu>t] cubits broad 7bo? numb]s ( my/ical significance7 is dug & fill$ ) burn+ faggots1 :i* are all[$ to sm\ld] into c9d]s4 ,"o ( ! tribal prie/s 9 a /ate ( religi\s afflatus walks ?r\gh ! fire1 into :i* "s oil or butt] is p\r$ to make a sudd5 blaze4 ,x is said t ! sacr$ fire is h>mless2 b "s admit t a c]ta9 pres]vative o9tm5t is us$ by ! p]=m]s4 ,! wor%ipp]s insi/ on ! prie/ com+ 9 actual contact ) ! flames1 & a case occurr$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,gorakhpur :5 "o ( ! prie/s 0 degrad$ on acc\nt ( 8 p]functory dis*>ge ( ?is sacr$ duty4 ,! same rule applies to ! prie/ :o p]=ms ! rites at ! light+ ( ! ,hol fire4 ,x is ne$less to say t simil> rites prevail else:]e1 *iefly 9 ,s\!rn ,india4 #dd ,9 connection ) ?is rite ( fire-walk+ !y h ano!r function 9 :i* a ladd] is made ( wood5 sword-blades1 up :i* ! prie/ is compell$ to climb1 re/+ ! soles ( 8 feet on ! edges ( ! weapons4 ,:5 he rea*es ! top he decapitates a :ite cock :i* is ti$ to ! summit ( ! ladd]4 ,?is k9d ( victim is1 z we h already se51 appropriate to propitiate ! ,sun godl+1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! ma9 object ( ?is =m ( symbolical magic is to appease ! deities :i* control ! ra9 & h>ve/s4 ,brhmans s f> jo9 9 ?is l[-ca/e wor%ip z to p]=m ! fire sacrifice 7homa7 ne> ! tr5* :]e ! c]emony is be+ p]=m$4 ,9 ,mirzapur "o ( ! songs recit$ on ?is occasion runs3 ,o devotee6 ,h[ _m cubits long is ! tr5* :i* ?\ ha/ dug8 ,h[ _m maunds ( butt] ha/ ?\ p\r$ ^u x t ! fire bill[s rise 9 ! air8 ,sev5 cubits long is ! tr5*2 sev5 maunds ( firewood ha/ ?\ plac$ )9 x4 ,"o & a qu>t] maunds ( firewood ha/ ?\ plac$ )9 x4 ,"o & a qu>t] maunds ( butt] ha/ ?\ p\r$ into ! tr5* t ! fire bill[s rise to ! sky4 ,all ?is is bas$ on ! idea t fire is a sc>] ( demons1 a !ory :i* widely prevails4 ,! ,romans made _! flocks & h]ds pass ?r\gh fire1 ov] :i* !y leap$ !mselves4 ,9 ,irel&1 :5 ! ,/4 ,john's ,eve fire has burnt l[1 ! "y m5 /rip to ! wai/ & leap ov] or ?r\gh ! flames1 & he :o braves ! greate/ blaze is consid]$ ! victor ov] ! p[]s ( evil4 #de ,by a curi\s process ( an?ropomorphism1 ano!r leg5d makes ,rh or ,rhu1 ! ,dusdh godl+1 to h be5 n an eclipse demon1 b ! gho/ ( an anci5t lead] ( ! tribe :o 0 kill$ 9 battle4 #df ,a /ill gross] !ory ( eclipses is f\nd 9 ! belief held by ! ,ghasiyas ( ,mirzapur t ! sun & moon once borr[$ money f "s ( ! ,dom tribe & did n pay x back4 ,n[ 9 rev5ge a ,dom occasionally dev\rs !m & vomits !m up aga9 :5 ! eclipse is ov]4 ,eclipse ,obs]vances4 ,eclipses are ( evil om54 ,gl\ce/] sums up ! matt]3 #dg ,^! late eclipses 9 ! sun & moon port5d no good to u2 ?\gh ! wisdom ( nature c reason x ?us & ?us1 yet nature f9ds itself sc\rg$ by ! sequ5t effects2 love cools1 fri5d%ip falls (f1 bro!rs divide2 9 cities mut9ies2 9 c\ntries discord2 9 palaces treason2 & ! bond crack$ 'twixt son & fa!r4 ,! ,h9du au?ority #dh writes mu* to ! same effect4 ,eclipses usually port5d or cause grief2 b if ra9 )\t unusual symptoms fall )9 a week ( ! eclipse1 all baneful influ5ces come to n\ght4 ,among high-ca/e ,h9dus no food :i* has rema9$ 9 ! h\se dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun or moon c be eat52 x mu/ be giv5 away1 & all e>!n vessels 9 use 9 ! h\se at ! "t mu/ be brok54 ,mr4 ,conway #di takes ?is to mean t ! eclipse 0 to h 8 att5tion call$ by outcries & pray]s to ! fact t if x 0 fire he ne$$ !re 0 pl5ty on e>?2 & if food1 he might h all 9 ! h\se1 provid$ he w\ld cons5t to satisfy 8 appetite ) articles ( food less important ?an ! lum9>ies ( heav54 ,! obs]vance is m probably bas$ on ! idea ( c]emonial pollution caus$ by ! actual work+ ( demoniacal ag5cy4 ,food is p>ticul>ly liable to ?is =m ( pollution4 ,! wise h\sewife1 :5 an eclipse is ann\nc$1 takes a leaf ( ! ,tulas or sacr$ basil1 & spr9kl+ ,ganges wat] on x1 puts ! leaf 9 ! j>s conta9+ ! dr9k+ wat] = ! use ( ! family & ! cook$ food1 & ?us keeps !m pure :ile ! eclipse is go+ on4 ,confection]s1 :o are oblig$ to keep l>ge quantities ( cook$ food ready1 relieve !mselves & _! cu/om]s f ! taboo by keep+ "s ( ! sacr$ ,kusa or ,db grass 9 _! vessels :5 an eclipse is expect$4 ,a pregnant woman w d no "w dur+ an eclipse1 z o!rwise %e believes t h] *ild w\ld be de=m$1 & ! de=mity is suppos$ to be> "s relation to ! "w :i* is be+ done by h] at ! "t4 ,?us1 if %e 7 to sew any?+1 ! baby w\ld h a hole 9 its fle%1 g5]ally ne> ! e>2 if %e cut any?+1 ! *ild w\ld h a h>e-lip4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! horns ( pregnant cattle are sme>$ ) r$ pa9t dur+ an eclipse1 because r$ is a col\r abhorr$ by demons4 ,:ile ! eclipse is go+ on1 dr9k+ wat]1 eat+ food1 & all h\sehold bus9ess1 z well z ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 are all prohibit$4 ,no respectable ,h9du w at su* a "t sleep on a b$/ead or lie d[n to re/1 & he w give alms 9 b>ley or copp] co9s to relieve ! pa9 ( ! suff]+ lum9>ies4 ,s among ,muhammadans1 #ej a bride-elect s5ds (f]+s ( int]cession 7sadqa7 to h] int5d$ husb&1 accompani$ by a goat or kid1 :i* mu/ be ti$ to 8 b$/ead dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! eclipse4 ,^! (f]+s are aft]w>ds di/ribut$ 9 *>ity4 ,wom5 expect+ to be mo!rs are c>efully kept awake1 z !y believe t ! security ( ! com+ infant dep5ds on ! "m be+ kept f sleep4 ,!y are n all[$ to use a ne$le1 scissors1 knife1 or any o!r in/rum5t = fe> ( draw+ blood1 :i* at t "t w\ld be injuri\s to bo? "m & *ild4 ,b among ,h9dus ! mo/ effectual means ( sc>+ ! demon & releas+ ! afflict$ planet is to ba! 9 "s sacr$ /ream4 ,at ?is "t a ,brhman %\ld /& 9 ! wat] beside ! wor%ipp] & recite ! ,gyatr4 ,at an eclipse ( ! moon x is advisable to ba! at ,b5>es1 & :5 ! sun is eclips$ at ,kuruk%etra4 ,b]ni] #ea gives a v curi\s acc\nt ( ! ba?+ :i* he witness$ at ,delhi dur+ ! great eclipse ( #afff4 ,9 ! l[] ,himlayas ! curr5t ritual prescribes an elaborate c]emony1 :5 num]\s articles are plac$ 9 ! sacr$ wat] j>2 ! image ( ! snake god1 /amp$ 9 silv]1 is wor%ipp$1 & ! usual gifts are made4 #eb ,9 ,ladkh ram horns are fix$ on ! /ems ( fruit trees z a propitiatory (f]+ at ! "t ( an eclipse1 & trees ?us hon\r$ are believ$ to be> an unfail+ crop ( ! *oice/ fruit4 #ec ,ano!r effectual means ( sc>+ ! demon is by music & noise1 ( :i* we %all f9d in/ances lat] on4 ,! ,iri% & ,wel%1 dur+ eclipses1 run ab\t beat+ kettles & pans1 ?9k+ _! clam\r & vexations available to ! assi/ance ( ! high] orbs4 #ed ,s 9 ,india1 wom5 g ab\t ) brass pans & beat !m to drive ,rhu f 8 prey4 ,( c\rse1 ! "t ( an eclipse is mo/ inauspici\s = ! comm5cem5t ( any important bus9ess4 ,"h aga9 ! le>n$ ,aubrey confirms ! curr5t ,h9du belief4 ,accord+ to ! rules ( a/rology1 he says1 x is n good to und]take any bus9ess ( importance 9 ! new moon or at an eclipse4 ,/>-wor%ip4 ,! wor%ip ( ! o!r con/ellations is mu* less important ?an ^? ( ! great] lum9>ies :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,! ,h9du names n9e con/ellations1 kn[n z ,nava-graha1 ! n9e seiz]s1 specially 9 ref]5ce to ,rhu1 :i* grips ! sun & moon 9 eclipses1 & m g5]ally 9 ! a/rological s5se ( influ5c+ ! de/9ies ( m54 ,^! n9e />s are ! sun 7,srya71 ! moon 7,soma1 ,*&ra71 ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ nodes 7,rhu1 ,ketu71 & ! five planets--,m]cury 7,budha71 ,v5us 7,sukra71 ,m>s 7,mangala1 ,angraka71 ,jupit] 7,vrihaspati71 & ,saturn 7,sani74 ,?is gr\p ( n9e />s is wor%ipp$ at m>riages & o!r important religi\s rites4 ,( ! signs ( ! ,zodiac 7rsi-*akra7 ! rural ,h9du kn[s little m ?an ! names--,me%a 7,aries71 ,vri%a 7,taurus71 ,mi?una 7,gem9i71 ,k>ka 7,canc]71 ,s9ha 7,leo71 ,kanya 7,virgo71 ,tula 7,libra71 ,vris*ika 7,scorpio71 ,dhanu 7,sagitt>ius71 ,mak>a 7,capricornus71 ,kumbha 7,aqu>ius71 & ,mna 7,pisces74 ,practically ! only direct influ5ce !y ex]cise ov] 8 life is t f ! op5+ ,rsi or sign 9 :i* he is born ! fir/ lett] ( ! secret "n :i* he be>s is select$4 ,/ill less conc]n has he ) ! a/]isms or ,nak%atra1 a ^w :i* has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$ to mean com+ or asc5d+1 night gu>dians1 or undecay+4 ,z already /at$1 !y are said to h be5 ! tw5ty-sev5 daught]s ( ! ,ri%i ,dak%a1 & wives ( ,soma or ! moon4 ,! usual enum]ation gives tw5ty-eight1 & !y are vaguely suppos$ to repres5t c]ta9 />s or con/ellations1 b ! id5tification ( ^! is v unc]ta94 ,"o li/1 ) "s ( ! correspond+ />s1 gives ,sravi%? or ,dhani%? 7,delph9us71 ,sata-bhi%aj 7,aqu>ius71 ,prva ,bhdrapad1 ,utt>a ,bhdrapad1 ,revat1 ,asv9 7,aries71 ,bh>an 7,musca71 ,krittik 7! ,pleiades71 ,roh9 7,aldeb>an71 ,mriga-siras 7,orion71 rdr1 ,pun>vas1 ,pu%ya1 sle%1 ,magh 7,leo71 ,prv-,phalgun1 ,utt>a ,phalgun1 ,ha/a 7,corvus71 ,*itr 7,spica ,virg9is71 ,svt 7,arcturus71 ,viskha 7,libra71 ,anurdh1 ,jye%?1 ,mla1 ,prva %dh1 ,utt>a %dh1 ,abhijit 7,lyra71 & ,sravana4 ,^! are us$ only 9 calculat+ ! m>riage horoscope1 & ! only "o ( !m ) :i* ! fairly well-to-d ru/ic has mu* conc]n is ) ! unlucky ,mla4 ,%\ld by an evil *ance 8 son be born 9 ?is a/]ism1 he has to und]go a mo/ elaborate rite ( purification4 ,o!rs />s h _! leg5ds4 ,! ,rik%a or con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be> repres5ts ! sev5 deifi$ ,ri%is--,gautama1 ,bhradwaja1 ,viswamitra1 ,jamadagni1 ,va%i%?a1 ,kasyapa & ,atri4 ,dhruva1 ! ,pole ,/>1 0 ! gr&son ( ,manu ,swayambhuva1 & 0 driv5 f 8 home by 8 /ep-"m4 ,he1 ?\gh a ,k%atriya1 jo9$ ! company ( ! ,ri%is & 0 f9ally rais$ to ! skies z ,grahadhra1 ! pivot ( ! plants4 ,s ,canopus is ! ,ri%i ,aga/ya :o 0 p]haps "o ( ! e>ly ,aryan mission>ies to ,s\!rn ,india & won a place 9 heav5 by 8 piety4 ,orion is ,mrigasiras1 ! head ( ,brahma 9 ! =m ( a /ag :i* 0 /ruck (f by ,siva :5 ! deity attempt$ viol5ce to 8 own daught] ,s&hy1 ! twilight4 ,krittik or ! ,pleiades repres5t ! six nurses ( ,krttikeya1 ! god ( w>4 ,"p ( ! purificatory rite = a woman aft] h] deliv]y is to br+ h] out at night & let h] look at ! />s1 :ile h] husb& /&s ov] h] ) a bludgeon to gu>d h] f ! assaults ( demons4 ,"o int]e/+ survival ( ! old my?ology is t 9 ,upp] ,india wom5 are fond ( tea*+ _! *ildr5 t ! />s are k9e & ! moon _! %eph]d1 an idea :i* has =m$ ! basis ( mu* ( ! speculations ( a s*ool ( comp>ative my?ology n[ almo/ completely discr$it$4 ,! ,ra9b[4 ,!re is mu* curi\s folk-lore ab\t ! ra9b[4 ,by mo/ ,h9dus x is call$ ! ,dhanus or b[ ( ,rma ,*&ra1 & by ,muhammadans ! b[ ( ,bba dam or fa!r ,adam4 ,9 ! ,panjb x is (t5 kn[n z ! sw+ ( ,bb ,b1 ! wife ( ! ,sa9t ,sakhi ,s>w>4 ,! ,p]sians call x ! b[ ( ,ru/am or ( ,%aitn or ,satan1 or ,%am%]-i-',ali--! sword ( ',ali4 ,9 ,sanskrit x is ,rohitam1 ! invisible b[ ( ,indra4 ,9 ! hills x is call$ ,panihr9 or ! female wat]-be>]4 ,! ,milky ,way4 ,s ) ! ,milky ,way1 ( :i* an e>ly "n is ,ngavi?i or ! pa? ( ! snake4 ,! ,p]sians call x ,kahka%n1 ! dragg+ ( a bundle ( /raw ?r\gh ! sky4 ,! ,h9du calls x ,ak% ,gang or ! heav5ly ,ganges1 ,bhagwn k ka*ahr or ! ,c\rt ( ,god1 ,sw>ga-duri or ! door ( ,p>adise2 :ile to ! ,panjbi x is kn[n z ,b]a d ghs or ! pa? ( ,noah's ,ark4 ,9 ,celtic leg5d x is ! road along :i* ,gwydion pursu$ 8 err+ wife4 ,e>?-wor%ip4 ,next 9 ord] ( rev]5ce to ! heav5ly bodies comes ! ,e>? goddess1 ,dh>itr or ,dh>t ,mt or ,dh>t ,m1 a "n :i* means ! uphold] or support]4 ,%e is di/+ui%$ f ,bhmi1 ! soil1 :i*1 z we %all see1 has a god ( its own1 & f ,pri?iv1 ! wide ext5d$ _w1 :i* 9 ! ,v$as is p]sonifi$ z ! "m ( all ?+s1 an idea common to all folk-lore4 ,! my? ( ,dyaus1 ! sky1 & ,pri?iv1 ! e>?1 once jo9$ & n[ sep>at$1 is ! basis ( a great *apt] 9 my?ology1 su* z ! mutilation ( ,uranus by ,cronus & o!r tales ( a mo/ di/9ctively savage type4 #ee ,we meet ! same idea 9 ! case ( ,demet]1 ! fruitful soil1 z contra/$ ) ,gaea1 ! e>li]1 ,titanic1 =mless e>?2 unless1 inde$1 we are to accept ,mr4 ,fraz]'s id5tification ( ,demet] ) ! ,corn ,"m4 #ef ,wor%ip ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,! wor%ip ( ,"m ,e>? assumes _m v>i$ =ms4 ,! pi\s ,h9du does rev]5ce to h] z he rises f 8 b$ 9 ! morn+2 & ev5 ! indiff]5t foll[s 8 example :5 he beg9s to pl\gh & s[4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 #eg :5 a c[ or buffalo is fir/ b\ght1 or :5 %e fir/ gives milk aft] calv+1 ! fir/ five /reams ( milk drawn f h] are all[$ to fall on ! gr\nd 9 hon\r ( ! goddess1 & e "t ( milk+ ! fir/ /ream is s treat$4 ,s1 :5 m$ic9e is tak51 a little is spr9kl$ 9 h] hon\r4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! great ,kublai ,khn us$ to spr9kle ! milk ( 8 m>es on ! gr\nd4 ,?is is done1 says ,m>co ,polo1 #eh on ! injunction ( ! idolat]s & idol prie/s1 :o say t x is an excell5t ?+ to spr9kle milk on ! gr\nd e #bh? ( ,augu/1 s t ! e>? & ! air & ! false gods %all h _! %>e ( x1 & ! spirits likewise t inhabit ! air & ! e>?1 & ^? be+s w protect & bless ! ,kaan & 8 *ildr51 & 8 wives1 & 8 folk & 8 ge>1 & 8 cattle & 8 horses1 & all t is 84 ,! same feel+ is also %[n 9 ! primitive taboo1 :i* =bids t any holy ?+1 su* z ! blood ( a tribesman1 %\ld fall ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?us we are told t ,kublai ,khn ord]$ 8 captive ,nayan to be wrapp$ 9 a c>pet & toss$ to & fro s m]cilessly t he di$1 & ! ,kaan caus$ him to be put to dea? 9 ?is way1 because he w\ld n h ! blood ( 8 ,l9e ,imp]ial spilt ^u ! gr\nd1 & expos$ to ! eye ( heav5 & be=e ! sun4 ,ev5 "s savages :5 !y are oblig$ to %$ ! blood ( a memb] ( ! tribe1 z at ! rite ( circumcision1 receive x ^u _! own bodies4 ,! s\l1 9 fact1 is suppos$ to be 9 ! blood1 & any gr\nd on :i* ! blood falls becomes taboo or accurs$4 #ei ,?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,india ! belief 9 ! sanctity ( ! e>? is univ]sal4 ,! dy+ man is laid on ! e>? at ! mom5t ( dissolution1 & s is ! "m at ! "t ( p>turition4 ,9 ! case ( ! dy+ !re is p]haps ano!r influ5ce at "w 9 ?is precaution1 ! idea t ! s\l mu/ n be b>r$ by ro( or wall1 & all[$ to w+ its c\rse unimp$$ to ! place res]v$ = x4 ,9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces !re is a regul> rite common to all ! inf]ior ca/es t a few days be=e a w$d+ ! wom5 g 9 procession to ! village clay-pit & fet* f !re ! sacr$ e>? 7matmang>a71 :i* is us$ 9 mak+ ! m>riage alt> & ! fireplace on :i* ! w$d+ fea/ is cook$4 ,!re are v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! ritual :i* po9t to a v primitive orig94 ,?us1 "o "p ( ! proce$+s is t a ,*amr1 "o ( ! non-,aryan ca/es1 leads ! procession1 beat+ 8 drum ! :ole "t to sc>e demons4 ,:5 ! e>? has be5 collect$ ! drum is wor%ipp$ & sme>$ ) r$ lead4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! drum 0 "o ( ! v primitive feti%es ( ! aborig9al races4 ,"o1 & p]haps ab\t ! mo/ primitive1 =m ( x is ! ,dam>u or drum %ap$ l an h\r-glass :i* accompanies ,siva1 & next to ?is comes ! ,mnd>1 ! sides ( :i* are =m$ out ( e>!nw>e1 & :i* is ! fir/ /age 9 ! developm5t ( a musical in/rum5t f a vessel cov]$ ) "s sub/ance :i* res\nds :5 beat54 ,?is latt] =m ( drum is ! national musical in/rum5t ( ! ,c5tral ,indian ,gonds & _! bre?r54 ,! ,*amr1 aga91 digs ! e>? ) an affectation ( secrecy1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is indisp5sable 9 rites ( ?is class4 ,! "m ( ! bride or bridegroom veils h]self ) h] %eet1 & ! digg] passes ! e>? ov] 8 left %\ld] to a virg9 :o /&s beh9d him & receives x 9 a corn] ( h] robe4 ,du/1 aga91 :i* has be5 trodd5 on has my/ic p[]s4 ,9 ! villages y may see little *ildr5 aft] an elephant has pass$ patt+ ! m>ks ( 8 feet 9 ! du/ & s++ a song4 ,among ! ,kunbis ( ,kolba1 :5 ! wom5 neighb\rs come to inspect a newly-born *ild1 !y t\* ! soles ( ! "m's feet1 z if pick+ "s du/ (f !m1 wave x ov] ! *ild1 & bl[ ! du/ p>ticul>ly into ! air & p>tly ov] ! baby4 #fj ,9 ,?na1 :5 a "m goes out ) a "y *ild on h] hip1 if %e _c get lamp-black to rub betwe5 its eyes1 %e takes du/ (f h] left foot & rubs x on ! *ild's =ehead4 #fa ,s we read ( ! ,isle ( ,man--,if a p]son end[$ ) ! ,evil ,eye has j pass$ by a f>m]'s h]d ( cattle1 & a calf has sudd5ly be5 seiz$ ) a s]i\s illness1 ! f>m] hurries aft] ! man ) ! ,evil ,eye to get ! du/ f "u 8 feet4 ,if he objects1 he may1 z has sometimes be5 v unc]emoni\sly done1 ?r[ him d[n by =ce1 take (f 8 %oes & scrape (f ! du/ adh]+ to _! soles1 & c>ry x back to ?r[ ov] ! calf4 ,ev5 t is n always necess>y1 z x appe>s to be q en\gh if he takes up du/ :]e he ( ! ,evil ,eye has j trod4 #fb ,e>?1 aga91 is reg>d$ z a rem$y = disease4 ,i h se5 p 9 ,irel& take a p9* ( e>? f ! grave ( a prie/ not$ = 8 piety1 & dr9k x dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,p suff]+ f a c]ta9 class ( disease come to ! tomb ( ! ,sa9t ,kadri at ,yemnur 9 ,dh>wr & sme> _! bodies ) mud t !y may be cur$ ( ! disease4 #fc ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ! use ( e>? z a p\ltice & an application = ! cure ( w\nds & sores among ! savage tribes ( ,africa & else:]e4 ,x is on mu* ! same pr9ciple t among "s tribes 9 ,india ,"m ,e>? is wor%ipp$ z a ,kuladevat or h\sehold goddess & appeal$ to 9 times ( dang]4 ,! ,h9du troop]s at ! battle ( ,kmpti1 at ! crisis ( ! engagem5t1 took du/ f _! grooms & ?rew x ov] _! heads4 ,at ,srat 9 #afdj1 9 fe> ( dr\ght1 ,brhmans w5t ab\t c>ry+ a bo>d ) e>? on x on _! heads4 #fd ,s wre/l]s1 :5 !y are ab\t to engage 9 a conte/1 rub e>? on _! arms & legs & roll on ! gr\nd4 ,z 9 ! classical leg5d ( ,antaeus1 !y believe t !y d]ive /r5g? f ! t\* ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,! same pr9ciple1 also1 appe>s to be at ! bottom ( _m simil> practices4 ,?us ! ,h9du always uses e>? to purify 8 cook+ vessels1 :i* he reg>ds ) peculi> respect4 ,m\rn]s ( ! ,ja9a cre$ on go+ home aft] a fun]al rub _! h&s ) e>? & wat] to remove ! dea? impurity4 ,9 8 daily ba? ! pi\s ,h9du rubs a little ,ganges mud on 8 body4 ,! ,prsis cov] ! p>+s ( _! hair & nails ) a little e>? s t demons may n ent] into !m4 ,! ,muhammadan uses e>? = ! purpose ( purification :5 wat] is n procurable4 ,= ! same reason ! ascetic rubs 8 body ) du/ & a%es1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is a pot5t sc>] ( demons4 ,?\gh "h !re is possibly ano!r !ory at "w at ! same "t4 ,! practice 0 common to ! ,greek z well z to ! b>b>ian my/]ies1 & accord+ to ,mr4 ,lang1 ! idea cle>ly 0 t by clean+ away ! fil? pla/]$ ov] ! body 0 symboliz$ ! pure & free condition ( ! initiate4 #fe ,la/ly1 x is p]haps on ! same pr9ciple t _m univ]sal burial cu/oms h orig9at$4 ,! ,muhammadan phrase = burial is matt-d51 to give e>?4 ,! unburi$ m>9] asks ,horace = ! gift ( a little e>?4 ,we ourselves consid] x a pi\s duty to ?r[ a little e>? on ! c(f9 ( a dep>t$ fri5d4 ,! same cu/om prevails among _m ,h9du tribes4 ,! ,*ambhrs ( ,pna ?r[ h&fuls ( e>? ov] ! corpse2 s d ! ,hall-khors2 ! ,l+yats ( ,dh>wr foll[ ! same practice4 ,! ,bani ,isrils at a fun]al /uff a h&ful ( e>? into a pill[ :i* is put "u ! head ( ! corpse4 #ff ,! same conception 0 probably ! basis ( ! univ]sal cu/om ( fun]al oblations4 ,ev5 n[adays 9 ,scotl& all ! milk 9 ! h\se is p\r$ on ! gr\nd at a dea?1 & ! same cu/om is famili> ?r\gh _m ,hebrew & ,hom]ic in/ances4 ,! same idea appe>s 9 ! cu/om preval5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,g]many1 t :5 a nun r5\nc$ ! _w & became civilly dead h] relations ?rew du/ on h] arms4 #fg ,e>?-wor%ip among ! ,drvidians4 ,among ! ,drvidian races ( ,c5tral ,india e>?-wor%ip prevails widely4 ,9 ,*ota ,ngpur ! ,orons celebrate 9 spr+ ! m>riage ( ! e>?4 ,! ,dryad ( ! ,sl tree 7,%orea robu/a71 :o controls ! ra91 is propitiat$ ) a sacrifice ( f[ls4 ,fl[]s ( ! ,sl tree are tak5 to ! village & c>ri$ r\nd f h\se to h\se 9 a basket4 ,! wom5 wa% ! feet ( ! prie/ & d obeisance to him4 ,he dances ) !m & puts "s fl[]s ^u !m & ^u ! h\se4 ,!y fir/ d\se him ) wat] z a means ( br++ ! ra91 & !n refre% him ) be]4 #fh ,9 ,ho%angbd1 :5 ! s[+ is ov]1 its completion is celebrat$ by ! ,ma*&r ,pj1 or wor%ip ( ,"m ,e>?1 a c]emony int5d$ to invoke f]tility4 ,e cultivator does ! wor%ip himself1 ) 8 family1 s]vants1 etc42 no ,brhman ne$ jo9 9 x4 ,at ! edge ( "o ( 8 fields int5d$ = ! spr+ h>ve/1 he puts up a little semicircle or ?ree-sid$ wall ( clods ab\t a foot high1 meant to repres5t a hut4 ,?is is cov]$ ov] ) gre5 ,kns grass 7,imp]ata spontanea7 to repres5t ?at*4 ,at ! two ends ( ! hut two po/s ( ,palsa wood 7,butea frondosa7 are erect$1 ) leaves r\nd ! head l ^? :i* are put up at m>riage4 ,!y are ti$ to ! ?at* ) r$ ?read4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is little h\se1 :i* is ! temple ( ,ma*&r1 or ,"m ,e>?1 a little fire is made1 & milk plac$ on x to boil 9 a t9y e>!n pot4 ,x is all[$ to boil ov] z a sign ( abundance4 ,:ile ?is is go+ on1 ! pl\ghm51 :o are all collect$ 9 a field1 drive _! bullocks at a trot1 /rik+ !m wildly2 x is ! end ( ! ye>'s lab\r = ! cattle4 ,! cultivator mean:ile (f]s a little rice1 molasses1 & saffron to ,ma*&r1 & !n makes two t9y holes 9 ! gr\nd to repres5t gran>ies2 he drops a few gra9s 9 & cov]s !m ov]2 ?is is a symbol ( pray]1 t 8 gran>y may be fill$ f ! produce ( ! l&4 ,simil> in/ances ( symbolical magic w con/antly occur 9 connection ) simil> rites4 ,!n he puts a little saffron on ! =eheads ( ! pl\ghman & ! bullocks1 & ties a r$ ?read r\nd ! horns ( ! cattle4 ,! animals are !n let g1 & ! pl\ghm5 run (f at full spe$ across c\ntry1 scatt]+ :eat boil$ :ole z a sign ( abundance4 ,?is concludes ! rite1 & e "o returns home4 #fi ,_m simil> usages prevail among ! jungle tribes ( ,s\? ,mirzapur4 ,! ,korwas consid] ,dh>t ,mt "o ( _! *ief godl+s4 ,%e lives 9 ! village 9 ! ,deohr or g5]al village %r9e "u a ,sl tree4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,aghan 7,novemb]-,decemb]7 %e is wor%ipp$ ) fl[]s & ! (f]+ ( a goat4 ,:5 %e is duly wor%ipp$ ! crops prosp] & !re are no epidemics4 ,! ,patris & ,majhwrs also recognize h] z a goddess1 & wor%ip h] 9 ! mon? ( ,swan 7,augu/74 ,! local devil prie/ or ,baiga (f]s to h] a goat1 cock1 & ri* cakes 7pri74 ,%e is also wor%ipp$ 9 ! cold wea!r be=e ! gra9 & b>ley are s[n1 & aga9 on ! ?re%+-floor be=e ! w9n[+ beg9s4 ,! fle% ( ! animals is consum$ by ! males & unm>ri$ girls2 no gr[n-up girl or m>ri$ woman is all[$ to t\* ! fle%4 ,! ,ghasiyas also believe 9 ,dh>t ,mt4 ,%e is _! village goddess1 & is pres5t$ ) a ram or a goat or cakes4 ,! (f]+ is made by ! ,baiga1 = :om ! mat]ials are provid$ by a g5]al contribution 9 ! village4 ,! ,kh>wrs wor%ip h] at ! village %r9e be=e wood-cutt+ & pl\gh+ beg94 ,9 ! mon? ( ,swan 7,augu/7 !y d a special s]vice 9 h] hon\r1 kn[n z ! ,h>iyr ,pj1 or wor%ip ( gre5]y1 at ! "t ( transplant+ ! rice4 ,9 ,aghan 7,novemb]7 !y d ! ,kh> ,pj1 :5 !y beg9 cutt+ ?at*+-grass 7kh>74 ,a cock1 "s ,mahua 7,bassia latifolia7 & p>*$ gra9 are (f]$ to h]4 ,all ?is is done by ! ,baiga1 :o receives ! (f]+s1 & none b males are all[$ to att5d4 ,simil>ly ! ,pankas wor%ip h] be=e s[+ & h>ve/+ ! gra94 ,!y & ! ,bhuiyrs (f] a pig & "s liquor at ! m important agricultural seasons4 ,! ,kh>wrs sometimes call h] ,dev ,d1 or ,nurse ,dev1 & 9 times ( tr\ble spr9kle rice & pulse 9 h] "n on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! crops are be+ s[n !y release a f[l z a scapegoat & pray--,h ,dh>t ,mahtr6 ,kusal mangala rakhiyo6 ,h>wh1 bail1 sab ba*5 rah5--,o ,"m ,e>?6 ,keep 9 prosp]ity & protect ! pl\ghm5 & ! ox54 ,9 mu* ! same _s is ! pray] ( ! peasant 9 ,k>nl to ,"m ,e>?3--,sh ,bd%h s surkhr rakhiy6 ,aur is m5 a**ha nj d1 to bd%h ko bh paisa d51 aur ,sh k bhi ut> jw--,keep our rul]s & bank]s cont5t$6 ,grant u a pl5tiful yield6 ,s %all we pay our rev5ue & satisfy our bank]6 #gj ,secrecy 9 ,wor%ip ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,we %all meet o!r in/ances 9 :i* secrecy is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ^! rural rites4 ,?is condition prevails almo/ univ]sally4 ,notable1 too1 is ! rule by :i* m>ri$ wom5 are exclud$ f a %>e 9 (f]+s to ! ,e>? goddess4 ,?und] & ,lightn+4 ,z is natural1 ?und] & lightn+ are consid]$ ill-om5$4 ,9 ! old my?ology lightn+ 7vidyut7 0 "o ( ! weapons ( ! ,m>uts1 & ,p>janya 0 ! deity :o wield$ ! ?und]bolt4 ,_m leg5ds tell t ! s\l ( ! fir/ man came to e>? 9 ! =m ( ! lightn+4 ,?us ,yama 0 ! fir/ man born ( ! ?und]bolt1 & he fir/ trod ! pa? ( dea? & became reg5t ( ! dead4 ,_m are ! devices to sc>e ! lightn+ demon4 ,dur+ a ?und]/orm x 0 a ,greek cu/om to put out ! fire1 & hiss & *eep ) ! lips4 ,! reason = ! cu/om 0 expla9$ by ! ,py?agoreans to be t by act+ ?us y sc>$ ! spirits 9 ,t>t>us1 :o 7 d\btless suppos$ to make ! ?und] & lightn+4 ,simil>ly "s ( ! ,au/ralian blacks1 :o attribute ?und] to ! ag5cy ( demons1 & are mu* afraid ( x1 believe t !y c dispel x by *ant+ "s p>ticul> words & brea?+ h>d2 & x is a ,g]man sup]/ition t ! dang] f a ?und]/orm c be av]t$ by putt+ out ! fire4 ,dur+ a ?und]/orm ! ,sakai ( ! ,malay ,p59sula run out ( _! h\ses & br&i% _! weapons to drive away ! demons2 & ! ,e/honians 9 ,russia fa/5 scy!s1 edge upw>ds1 ov] ! door1 t ! demons1 flee+ f ! ?und]+ god1 may cut _! feet if !y try to seek %elt] 9 ! h\se4 ,sometimes ! ,e/honians1 = a simil> purpose1 take all ! edg$ tools 9 ! h\se & ?r[ !m out into ! y>d4 ,x is said t :5 ! ?und] is ov]1 spots ( blood are (t5 f\nd on ! scy!s & knives1 %[+ t ! demons h be5 w\nd$ by !m4 ,s :5 ! ,indians ( ,canada 7 ask$ by ! ,jesuit mission>ies :y !y plant$ _! swords 9 ! gr\nd po9t upw>ds1 !y repli$ t ! _s ( ! ?und] 0 s5sible1 & t if he saw ! nak$ blades he w\ld turn away & take good c>e n to approa* _! huts4 ,?is is a fair example ( ! close simil>ity ( ,european sup]/itions to ! sup]/itions ( savages4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! diff]5ce happ5s to be slightly 9 fav\r ( ! ,indians1 s9ce !y did n1 l our ,european savages1 delude !mselves into see+ ! blood ( demons on ! swords4 ,! reason = ! ,greek & ,g]man cu/om ( putt+ out ! fire dur+ a ?und]/orm is probably a wi% to avoid attract+ ! att5tion ( ! ?und] demons4 ,f a l motive "s ( ! ,au/ralian blacks hide !mselves dur+ a ?und]/orm1 & keep absolutely sil5t1 le/ ! ?und] %\ld f9d !m out4 ,once dur+ a /orm a :ite man call$ out 9 a l\d voice to a black fell[1 ) :om he 0 work+1 to put ! saw "u a log & seek %elt]4 ,he f\nd t ! saw _h be5 already put aside1 & ! black fell[ 0 v indignant at 8 ma/] = speak+ s l\d4 ',:at =1' said he1 9 great wra?--':at = speak s l\d8 ,n[ um ?und] he> & "k :]e um saw is4' ,& he w5t out & *ang$ its hid+-place4 #ga ,all ^! precautions are well kn[n to ! p ( ,upp] ,india4 ,x is a v common habit to ?r[ out axes & knives to sc>e ! ?und] demon1 z we %all see is ! case ) ! evil _s ( hail4 ,! rule ( keep+ quiet & mutt]+ incantations "u ! brea? is also famili> to !m4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly c>eful le/ a fir/-born son may lean aga9/ any?+ & ?us attract ! demon on himself4 ,?und] 9 a cle> sky is mu* dread$1 an idea :i* (t5 appe>s 9 classical lit]ature4 #gb ,e>?quakes4 ,e>?quakes are also naturally an object ( t]ror4 ,py?agoras believ$ t !y 7 caus$ by dead m5 fight+ b5ea? ! e>?4 ,! common explanation ( ^! occurr5ces 9 ,india is t ,v>ha1 or ! bo> inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 :o supports ! e>?1 is *ang+ ! burd5 ( ! _w f "o tusk to ano!r4 ,by ano!r acc\nt x is due to ! great bull or elephant :i* supports ! _w4 ,d]iv$ f a m advanc$ !ological /age is ! !ory t ! e>? %akes because x is ov]-burd5$ by ! s9s ( mank9d 9 ?is evil age4 ,colonel ,dalton describes h[ a rumbl+ 7probably caus$ by an e>?quake7 9 ! cave 9 :i* ! blood?ir/y div9ity ( ! ,korwas 0 suppos$ to dwell1 caus$ extreme t]ror among !m4 #gc ,riv]-wor%ip4 ,high on ! li/ ( b5evol5t deities ( ,nor!rn ,india are ! great riv]s1 especially ! ,ganges & ! ,jumn1 :i* are kn[n respectively z ,gang ,m or ,"m ,ganges & ,jumn j or ,lady ,jumn4 ,gang1 ( c\rse1 9 ! my?ologies has a div9e orig94 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt %e fl[s f ! toe ( ,vi%nu1 & 0 br\ght d[n f heav5 by ! incantations ( ! ,sa9t ,bhgra?a1 to purify ! a%es ( ! sixty ?\s& sons ( ,k+ ,sg>a1 :o _h be5 burnt up by ! angry glance ( ,kapila1 ! sage4 ,by ano!r /ory %e desc5ds 9 sev5 /reams f ,siva's br[4 ,! desc5t ( ,gang di/urb$ ! ,sa9t ,jahnu at 8 au/]ities1 & 9 8 ang] he drank up ! /ream2 b he f9ally rel5t$1 & all[$ ! riv] to fl[ f 8 e>4 ,by a ?ird acc\nt %e is ! daught] ( ,himavat1 ! imp]sonation ( ! ,himlayan range4 ,ano!r curi\s tale1 :i* mu/ h be5 bas$ on "s ,indian tradition1 is f\nd 9 ,plut>* #gd--,! ,ganges is a riv] ( ,india1 call$ s = ! foll[+ reason3--,! nymph ,kalauria bore to ,indus a son ( notable beauty1 by "n ,ganges1 :o 9 ! ignorance ( intoxication _h connection ) 8 "m4 ,b :5 lat] on he le>n$ ! tru? f 8 nurse1 9 ! passion ( 8 remorse he ?rew himself into ! riv] ,*li>os1 :i* 0 call$ ,ganges aft] him4 ,ano!r leg5d aga9 is f\nd 9 ! ,mahbhrata4 #ge ,! wise ,santanu goes to hunt on ! banks ( ! ,ganges & f9ds a lovely nymph1 ( :om he becomes enam\r$4 ,%e puts him "u ! taboo t he is nev] to say any?+ to displease h]1 an idea famili> 9 ! well-kn[n ,swan ,maid5 cycle ( folk-tales4 ,%e be>s him eight sons1 ( :om %e ?r[s sev5 into ! riv]1 & h] husb& d>es n remon/rate ) h]4 ,:5 %e is ab\t to ?r[ away ! la/ *ild he *all5ges h] to tell him :o %e is & to h pity ^u him4 ,%e !n tells him t %e is ,gang p]sonifi$1 & t ! sev5 sons are ! div9e ,vasavas1 :o by be+ ?r[n into ! riv] are lib]at$ f ! curse ( human life4 ,! eigh? rema9s among m5 z ,dyaus1 ! sky1 9 ! =m ( ! eunu* ,bh%ma4 ,x is rem>kable t1 z 9 ,plut>*'s leg5d1 ! ,jumn is connect$ ) a tale ( ince/4 ,yam or ,yamun 0 ! daught] ( ! ,sun & si/] ( ,yama1 ! god ( dea?4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ human pair & ! prog5itors ( ! race ( m54 ,x is ne$less to say t simil> traditions ( bro!r & si/] m>riage are f\nd 9 ,egypt1 ,p]u & else:]e4 ,yamun1 accord+ to ! mod]n /ory told on h] banks1 0 unm>ri$1 & h5ce "s p w n dr9k f h] because %e 0 n purifi$ by ! m>riage rite1 & s ! wat] is heavy & indige/ible4 ,ano!r tale tells h[ ,bal>ma1 9 a /ate ( inebriety1 call$ ^u h] to come to him t he might ba! 9 h] wat]s2 & z %e did n he$1 he1 9 8 rage1 seiz$ 8 pl\gh%>e weapon1 dragg$ h] to him1 & compell$ h] to foll[ him :i!rsoev] he w&]$ ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,! riv] !n assum$ a human =m & bes\ght 8 =giv5ess2 b x 0 "s "t be=e %e c\ld appease ! angry h]o4 ,?is has be5 tak5 to repres5t ! con/ruction ( "s anci5t canal f ! riv]2 b ,mr4 ,gr[se %[s t ?is idea is incorrect4 #gf ,! wor%ip ( ,"m ,ganges is comp>atively mod]n4 ,%e is m5tion$ only twice 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1 & !n )\t any emphasis or complem5t>y epi!t4 ,app>5tly at ?is "t ! s-call$ ,aryan invad]s _h n rea*$ h] banks4 #gg ,!re are num]\s temples to ,gang all along h] banks1 ( :i* ^? at ,h>dwr1 ,g>hmuktes>1 ,soron1 ,ma?ura1 ,prayg1 & ,b5>es are p]haps ! mo/ important 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,%e has h] special fe/ival on ! sev5? ( ! mon? ( ,baiskh 7,may-,june71 :i* is celebrat$ by g5]al ba?+ all along ! banks ( ! sacr$ /ream4 ,ganges wat] is c>ri$ long di/ances into ! int]ior1 & is highly valu$ = its use 9 sacrifices1 z a rem$y1 a =m ( /r+5t oa?1 & a viaticum = ! dy+4 ,! wat] ( c]ta9 holy wells 9 ,scotl& #gh & else:]e enjoys a simil> value4 ,b x is by ba?+ 9 ! sacr$ /ream at ! full moon1 dur+ eclipses1 & on special fe/ivals t ! greate/ efficacy is assur$4 ,on ^! occasions an opportunity is tak5 = mak+ oblations to ! sa9t$ dead ^: a%es h be5 consign$ to h] wat]s4 ,ba?+ is ?r\gh\t ,india reg>d$ z "o ( ! *ief means ( religi\s advancem5t4 ,! idea re/s on a metaphor--z ! body is cleans$ f physical pollution1 s ! s\l is purifi$ f s94 ,! /ock case ( ! m]it ( ?is religi\s ba?+ is t ( ,k+ ,trisanku1 he :o _h committ$ ! ?ree deadly s9s1 :o is also kn[n z ,satyavrata4 ,! leg5d appe>s 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,by "o /ory he tri$ to w9 8 way to heav5 by a great sacrifice :i* 8 prie/1 ,vasi%?a1 decl9$ to p]=m4 ,he !n appli$ to ,visvamitra1 ! rival ,levite1 :o agre$ to assi/ him4 ,he 0 oppos$ by ! sons ( ,vasi%?a1 :om he consum$ to a%es4 ,f9ally1 ,trisanku 0 admitt$ to heav51 b he 0 =c$ by ! angry sa9t to hang = ev] ) 8 head d[nw>ds4 ,by ano!r acc\nt he committ$ ! deadly s9s ( runn+ away ) ! wife ( a citiz51 (f5d+ 8 fa!r1 & kill+ 9 a "t ( fam9e ,kmadh5u1 ! wondr\s c[ ( ,va%i%?a4 ,by ano!r /ory he kill$ a c[ & a ,brhman & m>ri$ 8 /ep-"m4 ,at any rate he & ! wick$ ,rja ,v5a 7 ! types ( viol5t s9n]s 9 ! e>ly leg5ds2 possibly !y repres5t a revolt aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ! ,brhmans4 ,at l5g? ! sage ,visvamitra took pity ^u him1 & hav+ collect$ wat] f all ! sacr$ places 9 ! _w1 wa%$ him clean ( 8 (f5ces4 ,spr+s ,connect$ ) ! ,ganges4 ,_m fam\s spr+s are suppos$ to h und]gr\nd connection ) ! ,ganges4 ,su* is t ( ,*ngdeo 9 ,khnde%1 ( :i* ,abul ,fazl gives an acc\nt1 & t at ,jahnpur 9 ,alw>4 #gi ,x 0 at ! village ( ,ba/ali 9 ! ,k>nl ,di/rict t ! sage ,vysa liv$1 & !re ! ,ganges fl[$ into 8 well to save him ! tr\ble ( go+ to ! riv] to ba!1 br++ ) h] 8 lo9 clo? & wat]-pot to conv9ce him t %e 0 really ! ,ganges h]self4 #hj ,sacr$ ,riv] ,junctions4 ,:5 two sacr$ riv]s comb9e _! wat]s ! junction 7,sangama7 is reg>d$ z ( peculi> sanctity4 ,su* is ! fam\s junction ( ! ,ganges & ,jumn at ,prayg1 ! mod]n ,allahbd1 :i* is presid$ ov] by ! gu>dian deity ,v5i ,mdhava4 ,! same virtue1 b 9 a less] degree1 atta*es to ! junction ( ! ,ganges & ! ,son or ,g&ak4 ,9 ! ,himlayas cairns are rais$ at ! junction ( ?ree /reams1 & e pass]-by adds a /one4 ,at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,gaula & ,baliya riv]s 9 ! ,hills !re is said to be a h\se ( gold1 b un=tunately x is at pres5t invisible on acc\nt ( "s pot5t en*antm5t4 #ha ,ba?+ 9 su* riv]s is n only a propitiation = s91 b is also efficaci\s = ! cure ( disease4 ,ev5 ! wick$ ,rja ,v5a1 :o 01 z we h se51 a type ( old-_w impiety1 0 cur$1 l ,naaman ! ,syrian1 ( 8 leprosy by ba?+ 9 ! ,sraswati1 ! lo/ riv] ( ! ,indian des]t4 ,ev5 m9or /reams h _! sanctity & _! leg5ds4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,s>ju 0 op5$ by a ,ri%i1 f :i* "t dates ! efficacy ( a pilgrimage to ,bghesw>4 #hb ,rja ,rantideva 0 su* a pi\s k+ & (f]$ up s _m cattle 9 sacrifice1 t 8 blood =m$ ! riv] ,*ambal4 ,anasy1 ! wife ( ,atri1 0 a daught] ( ! ,ri%i ,dak%a4 ,%e did p5ance = t5 ?\s& ye>s1 & s 0 enabl$ to create ! riv] ,m&k91 & ?us sav$ ! l& f fam9e4 ,h] wor%ip is localiz$ at ,ansuyaji 9 ! ,bnda ,di/rict4 ,! sacr$ portion ( ! ,phalgu is said occasionally to fl[ ) milk1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,bu*anan 0 n =tunate en\gh to meet anyone :o pr(ess$ to h witness$ ! occurr5ce4 #hc ,! ,n>mad 0 woo$ by ! riv] ,son1 :o prov$ fai?less to h]1 & 0 beguil$ by ! ,johil1 a rival lady /ream1 :o act$ ! "p ( ! b>b]'s wife at ! w$d+4 ,! ,n>mad1 enrag$ at h] lov]'s p]fidy1 tore h] way ?r\gh ! m>ble rocks at ,jabalpur1 & has worn ! will[ ev] s9ce4 #hd ,%e is n[ ! great rival ( ,"m ,ganges4 ,:ile 9 ! case ( ! latt] only ! ,nor!rn 7or z x is call$ ! ,ksi or ,b5>es bank7 is efficaci\s = ba?+ or = ! cremation ( ! dead1 ! ,n>mad is free f any re/riction ( ! k9d4 ,! same is ! case ) ! ,son1 at lea/ dur+ its c\rse ?r\gh ! ,di/rict ( ,mirzapur4 ,by "s ! sanctity ( ! ,n>mad is reg>d$ z sup]ior ev5 to t ( ! ,ganges4 ,:ile accord+ to "s au?orities x is necess>y to ba! 9 ! ,ganges 9 ord] to obta9 =giv5ess ( s9s1 ! same result is atta9$ by m]e contemplation ( ! ,n>mad4 ,accord+ to ! ,bhvi%ya ,purna ! sanctity ( ! ,ganges w cease on ! expiration ( five ?\s& ye>s ( ! ,kali ,yuga1 or ! f\r? age ( ! _w1 :i* occurr$ 9 #ahie1 & ! ,n>mad w take its place4 ,! ,ganges prie/s1 h[ev]1 repudiate ?is calumny1 & x may safely be assum$ t ,"m ,ganges w n ab&on h] primacy 9 ! religi\s _w ( ,h9duism )\t a det]m9$ /ruggle4 #he ,ill-om5$ ,/reams4 ,b all riv]s are n b5efic5t4 ,wor/ ( all is ! dread ,vait>an1 ! riv] ( dea?1 :i* is localiz$ 9 ,orissa & p\rs its /ream ( ordure & blood on ! conf9es ( ! realm ( ,yama4 ,woe to ! wret* :o 9 t dread h\r lacks ! aid ( ! ,brhman & ! holy c[ to help him to ! o!r %ore4 ,! "n ( "o /ream is accurs$ 9 ! e>s ( all ,h9dus1 ! hateful ,k>amnsa1 :i* fl[s = "p ( its c\rse ?r\gh ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict4 ,ev5 to t\* x de/roys ! m]it ( works ( piety1 = su* is ! popul> int]pretation ( its "n4 ,no plausible reason = ! evil reputation ( ?is p>ticul> /ream has be5 sugge/$ except t x may h be5 9 e>ly times ! fronti] betwe5 ! invad+ ,aryans & ! aborig9es1 & possibly ! sc5e ( a campaign 9 :i* ! latt] 7 victori\s4 ,! ,k>am tree is1 h[ev]1 ! totem ( ! ,drvidian ,kh>wrs & ,mnjhis1 :o live along its banks1 & x is p]haps possible t ?is may be ! real orig9 ( ! "n1 & t its association ) good works 7k>ma7 0 an aft]?\ght4 ,! leg5d ( ?is ill-om5$ /ream is associat$ ) t ( ! wick$ k+ ,trisanku1 to :om ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,:5 ! sage ,visvamitra collect$ wat] f all ! sacr$ /reams ( ! _w1 x fell burd5$ ) ! mon>*'s s9s into ! ,k>amnsa1 :i* has rema9$ defil$ ev] s9ce4 ,by ano!r acc\nt1 ! s9n] 0 hung up betwe5 heav5 & e>? z a puni%m5t = 8 (f5ces1 & f 8 body drips a baneful moi/ure :i* /ill pollutes ! wat]4 ,simil> leg5ds ( ! orig9 ( riv]s are n want+ 9 folk-lore4 ,an ,au/rian /ory tells t all riv]s take _! orig9 f ! te>s %$ by a giant's wife z %e lam5ts 8 dea?4 #hf ,! same idea ( a riv] spr++ f a corpse appe>s 9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva & 9 ! twelf? novel ( ! ,ge/a ,romanorum4 #hg ,n[adays no ,h9du ) any pret5sions to p]sonal purity w dr9k f ?is accurs$ /ream1 & at its =ds _m l[ ca/e p make _! liv+ by convey+ on _! %\ld]s _! m scrupul\s bre?r5 across its wat]s4 ,orig9 ( ,riv]-wor%ip4 ,x is p]haps wor? consid]+ ! possible orig9 ( ?is riv]-wor%ip4 ,f> f be+ peculi> to ,h9duism1 x is common to ! :ole ,aryan _w4 ,! pray] ( ! pati5t ,odysseus #hh to ! riv] aft] 8 suff]+s 9 ! deep is he>d 9 almo/ ! same language at e ba?+ ,ght 9 ,upp] ,india1 f ! s\rce ( ,"m ,ganges to :]e %e jo9s ! ocean4 ,! riv] is always fl[+1 always be+ repl5i%$ by its tribut>y /reams1 & h5ce comes to be reg>d$ z a ?+ ( life1 an emblem ( et]nal exi/5ce1 a b5evol5t _s :i* wa%es away ! s9s ( humanity & supplies 9 a tropical l& ! *ief ne$s ( m54 ,9 a ?ir/y l& ! mighty /ream ( ! ,ganges w\ld naturally ar\se feel+s ( respect & adoration1 n s mu* p]haps to ^? liv+ on its banks & ev] bless$ by its k9dly influ5ce1 z to ! travel-worn pilgrim f ! s&y /eppes ( ,rja/hn or ! wat]less valleys ( ! ,c5tral ,indian hills4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t f ?is po9t ( view ,"m ,ganges has be5 a pot5t factor 9 ! spread ( ,h9duism4 ,%e became ! h&maid ( ! only real civilization ( :i* ,h9du/n c\ld boa/1 & f h] %r9es b&s ( eag] mission>ies 7 ev] />t+ to s[ ! se$s ( ! wor%ip ( ! gods 9 ! l&s ( ! unbeliev]4 ,! two great riv]s ( ,upp] ,india 71 aga91 associat$ ) t l& ( fable & my/]y1 ! sn[y range :i* 0 ! home ( ! gods & ! refuge ( c\ntless sa9ts & my/ics1 :o 9 its solitudes work$ out ! enigma ( ! _w = ! mod]n ,h9du4 ,!y end$ 9 ! great ocean1 ! f9al home ( ! a%es ( ! sa9t$ dead4 ,ev5 ! p>tially ,h9duis$ ,drvidian tribes ( ! ,v9dhyan ,plateau br+ ! bones ( _! dead relations to m+le ) ^? ( ! congregation ( ! fai?ful1 :o h f\nd _! f9al re/ 9 its wat]s s9ce ! _w 0 "y4 ,! ,ganges & ! /reams :i* swell its flood ?us come to be associat$ ) ! deepe/ beliefs ( ! race1 & x is h>d to exagg]ate its influ5ce z a bond ( union betwe5 ! nondescript entities :i* g to make up mod]n ,h9duism4 ,aga91 mu* ( ! wor%ip ( riv]s is connect$ ) ! propitiation ( ! wat]-snakes1 demons & gobl9s1 ) :i* 9 popul> belief _m ( !m are infe/$4 ,su* 7 ,kliy1 ! great black s]p5t ( ! ,jumn1 :i* attack$ ! infant ,kri%na2 ! s]p5t ,k+ ( ,nepl1 ,k>kotaka1 :o dwelt 9 ! lake ,ng>sa :5 ! div9e lotus ( ,adi ,buddha float$ on its surface4 #hi ,at ! temple ( ,triyugi ,nryana 9 ,g>hwl is a pool said to be full ( snakes ( a yell[ col\r :i* come out at ! fea/ ( ! ,ngpan*am to be wor%ipp$4 ,! ,grdev1 or riv] sprite ( ,g>hwl1 is v malignant1 & is ! gho/ ( a p]son :o has met 8 dea? by suicide1 viol5ce1 or accid5t4 #ij ,^! malignant wat] demons naturally infe/ dang]\s rapids & :irlpools1 & x is necess>y to propitiate !m4 ,?us we le>n t on ! riv] ,tpti 9 ,b]r timb] float$ d[n sometimes disappe>s 9 a subt]rane\s cavity2 s be=e try+ ! navigation !re ! ,gonds sacrifice a goat to propitiate ! riv] demon4 #ia ,ano!r v>iety ( ^! demons ( wat] is ! ,nga & 8 wife ! ,ng91 ( :om we %all he> m 9 connection ) snake-wor%ip4 ,9 ! ,sik&>1 a tribut>y ( ! ,son1 is a deep wat]-hole :]e no "o d>es to g4 ,! wat] is said to rea* d[n z f> z ,ptla1 or ! inf]nal regions4 ,"h live ! ,nga & ! ,ng94 ,9 ! middle ( ! riv] is a tree ( ! ,kulo v>iety1 & :5 gho/s tr\ble ! neighb\rhood an exp]i5c$ ,ojha or sorc]] is call$1 :o bores holes 9 ! b>k ( ! tree & !re %uts up ! noxi\s gho/s1 :i* !n come "u ! rule ( ! ,nga & ,ng91 :o are ! supreme rul]s ( ! gho/ly b&4 ,ano!r ,mirzapur riv]1 ! ,k>sa1 is infe/$ by a ,deo1 or demon1 kn[n z ,jata ,roh9i1 or ,roh9i ( ! matt$ locks4 ,he is wor%ipp$ by ! ,baiga prie/ to ensure abundant ra9 & h>ve/s & to keep (f disease4 ,! ,baiga cat*es a fi% :i* he pres5ts to ! ,deo1 b if any "o b a ,baiga d>es to dr9k !re1 ! wat] bubbles up & ! demon sweeps him away4 ,l ?is ,deo ( ,mirzapur1 mo/ ( ^! wat] demons are malignant & wait until "s wret*$ creature ent]s _! doma9s1 :5 !y seize & drag him away4 ,"s ( !m c ev5 cat* ! reflection ( a p]son z he looks into wat]1 & h5ce savages all ov] ! _w are v av]se to look+ into deep wat]-holes4 ,?us1 ! ,zulus believe t !re is a bea/ 9 ! wat] :i* c seize ! %ad[ ( a man1 & m5 are =bidd5 to lean ov] & look into a deep pool1 le/ _! %ad[ %\ld be tak5 away4 ,!re is a tale ( ! ,godiva cycle 9 :i* a woman at ,arles is c>ri$ (f by a creature call$ a ,drac & made to act z nurse to ! demon's *ild4 #ib ,9 ,scotl& wat]-holes are kn[n z ! cups ( ! fairies4 ,& !re is ! ,tr9ity well 9 ,irel&1 into :i* no "o c gaze ) impunity1 & f :i* ! riv] ,boyne once bur/ =? 9 pursuit ( a lady :o _h insult$ x4 #ic ,9 ,india1 also1 dang]\s creatures ( ?is k9d ab\nd4 ,!re is 9 ,mirzapur a fam\s wat]-hole1 kn[n z ,b>ewa4 ,a h]dsman 0 once graz+ 8 buffaloes ne> ! place1 :5 ! wat]s rose 9 ang] & c>ri$ (f him & 8 cattle4 ,n[adays ! dr[n$ buffaloes h tak5 ! %ape ( a dang]\s demon kn[n z ,bha9ssura1 or ! buffalo demon1 :o n[ 9 company ) ! ,nga & ! ,ng9 lives 9 ?is place1 & no "o d>es to fi% !re until he has propitiat$ ! demons ) ! (f]+ ( a f[l1 eggs1 & a goat4 ,ano!r k9d ( wat] demon attacks fi%]m52 x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a turban :i* fixes itself to 8 hook & increases 9 l5g? z he tries to drag x to ! %ore4 ,!re is1 aga91 ! wat]-horse1 ) :om we are famili> 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 :]e he consorts ) m>es ( mortal race4 ,?is creature is kn[n 9 ,ka%mr z ! ,zalgur4 #id ,! wat]-bull ( ,manxl& is a creature ( ! same class1 & !y con/antly appe> ?r\gh ! :ole range ( ,celtic folk-lore4 #ie ,su* aga9 is ! ,hydra ( ,greek my?ology1 & ! ,teutonic ,nikke or ,nixy1 :o has orig9at$ ! leg5d ( ! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 & 9 ! %ape ( ,old ,nick is ! t]ror ( sailors4 ,l him is ! ,kelpie ( ,scotl&1 a wat]-horse :o is believ$ to c>ry (f ! unw>y by sudd5 floods & dev\r !m4 ,( ! same k9dr$ is ! la/ ( ! dragons :i* ,/4 ,patrick *a9$ up 9 a lake on ! ,galtee ,m\nta9s 9 ,tipp]>y4 ,_m pools1 aga91 9 ,nor!rn ,india are infe/$ by a creature kn[n z ! ,brna1 :o is ! gho/ ( a dr[n$ p]son4 ,he is always on ! look-out = someone to take 8 place1 s he drags 9 p :o come to fi% 9 8 doma9s4 #if ,he is p>ticul>ly fe>$ by ! ,magahiya ,doms1 a ca/e ( degrad$ nomadic gipsies :o infe/ ,gorakhpur & ,behr4 ,_m ( ^! demons1 su* z ! ,nga & ,ng91 h k+doms & palaces /or$ ) treasure "u ! wat]1 & !re !y entice "y m5 & maid5s1 :o occasionally come back to _! mortal k9dr$ & tell !m ( ! wond]s :i* !y h se54 ,^! are ak9 to ,morgan la ,fay ( ! ,orl&o ,innamorato1 ,la ,motte ,f\qu's ,und9e1 & !y (t5 m]ge into ! m]maid ( ! ,swan ,maid5 type ( tale1 :o m>ries a mortal lov] & leaves him at la/ because 9 8 folly he breaks "s taboo :i* is a condition ( ! p]man5ce ( _! love4 ,b besides ^! dragons :i* infe/ riv]s & lakes !re are special wat] gods1 _m ( :i* are ! primitive wat] mon/] 9 a develop$ =m4 ,su* is ,mahi%sura1 :o is ! ,mahi%oba ( ,b]r1 & l ! ,bha9ssura already m5tion$1 infe/s great riv]s & dem&s propitiation4 ,accord+ to ! e>ly my?ology ?is ,mahi%a1 ! buffalo demon1 0 kill$ by ,krttikeya at ! ,kraun*a pass 9 ! ,himlaya1 :i* 0 op5$ by ! god to make a passage = ! deities to visit ! pla9s f ,kailsa4 ,! ,kols1 aga91 h ,nga ,era1 :o presides ov] tanks1 wells1 & any /agnant wat]1 & ,g>ha ,era1 ! riv] goddess4 ,!y1 z ,col4 ,dalton rem>ks1 are frequ5tly & v truly d5\nc$ z ! cause ( sickness & propitiat$ ) sacrifices to sp>e _! victims4 #ig ,floods & ,dr[n+ ,p4 ,floods are1 z we h se51 reg>d$ z produc$ by demoniacal ag5cy4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 :5 a village is 9 dang] ( floods1 ! headman makes an (f]+ ( a cocoa-nut & a rupee to ! flood demon4 ,z 9 _m o!r places ! cocoa-nut repres5ts ! head ( a human victim1 :i* 9 old5 times 0 ! prop] (f]+4 ,he holds ! (f]+ 9 8 h& & /&s 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 ! flood rises high en\gh to wa% ! (f]+ f 8 h&1 x is believ$ t ! wat]s w abate4 ,"s p ?r[ sev5 h&fuls ( boil$ :eat & sug> into ! /ream & di/ribute ! rema9d] among ! p]sons pres5t4 ,"s take a male buffalo1 a horse1 or a ram1 & aft] bor+ ! "r e> ( ! victim1 ?r[ x into ! wat]4 ,if ! victim be a horse1 x %\ld be saddl$ be=e x is (f]$4 ,a %ort "t ago1 :5 ! t[n & temples at ,h>dwr 7 9 imm95t dang] dur+ ! ,gohna flood1 ! ,brhmans p\r$ vessels ( milk1 rice & fl[]s into ! wat]s ( ,"m ,ganges & pray$ to h] to sp>e !m4 ,9 ! same connection may be notic$ ! v common prejudice :i* exi/s 9 ,india aga9/ sav+ dr[n+ p4 ,?is is famili> 9 ,we/]n folk-lore4 ,x is suppos$ to be allud$ to 9 ! ,twelf? ,night ( ,%akespe>e1 & ! plot ( ,sir ,w4 ,scott's ,pirate turns ^u x4 ,num]\s in/ances ( ! same idea h be5 collect$ by ,dr4 ,tylor & ,mr4 ,conway4 #ih ,dr4 ,tylor consid]s t x is bas$ ^u ! belief t to snat* a victim f ! v clut*es ( ! wat] _s is a ra% defiance ( ! deity :i* w\ld h>dly pass unav5g$4 ,mr4 ,black #ii acc\nts = ! idea on ! gr\nd t ! spirits ( p :o h di$ a viol5t dea? may return to e>? if !y c f9d a sub/itute2 h5ce ! s\l ( ! la/ dead man is insult$ or injur$ by anyone prev5t+ ano!r f tak+ 8 place4 ,?is la/ !ory is v common 9 ,we/]n folk-lore4 ,?us ,lady ,wilde writes f ,irel& #ajj3--;,x is believ$ t ! _s ( ! dead la/ buri$ has to wat* 9 ! *ur*y>d until ano!r corpse is laid !re1 or to p]=m m5ial (fices 9 ! _s _w1 su* z c>ry+ wood & wat]1 till ! next _s comes f e>?4 ,!y are also s5t on messages to e>?1 *iefly to ann\nce ! com+ dea? ( "s relative1 & at ?is !y are glad1 = _! own "t ( peace & re/ w come at la/4 ,s 9 ,argyll%ire1 #aja x 0 believ$ t ! _s ( ! la/ int]r$ kept wat* ar\nd ! *ur*y>d until ! arrival ( ano!r occupant1 to :om its cu/ody 0 transmitt$4 ,?is1 z we %all see 9 connection ) ! cu/om ( b>r+ ! return ( ! gho/1 q agrees ) popul> feel+ 9 ,india1 & furni%es an adequate explanation ( ! prejudice aga9/ rescu+ ! dr[n+ & incurr+ ! wra? ( ! =m] gho/1 :o is ?us depriv$ ( ! *ance ( release by mak+ ov] 8 functions to a sub/itute4 ,khwja ,khizr1 ! ,god ( ,wat]4 ,b besides ^! wat] spirits & local riv] gods1 ! ,h9dus h a special god ( wat]1 ,khwja ,khizr1 ^: ,muhammadan title has be5 ,h9duis$ into ,rja ,kidr1 or z he is call$ 9 ,b5gal1 ,kwaj or ,pr ,badr4 ,?is is a good in/ance ( a fact1 :i* w be sep>ately discuss$ else:]e1 t ! ,h9dus are always ready to annex ! deities & beliefs ( o!r races4 ,accord+ to ! ,sik&>nma1 ,khwja ,khizr 0 a sa9t ( ,islm1 :o presid$ ov] ! well ( immortality1 & direct$ ,alex&] ( ,mac$on 9 8 va9 se>* = ! bless$ wat]s4 ,! fi% is 8 vehicle1 & h5ce its image is pa9t$ ov] ! doors ( bo? ,h9dus & ,muhammadans1 :ile x became ! family cre/ ( ! late royal h\se ( ,oudh4 ,among ,muhammadans a pray] is said to ,khwja ,khizr at ! fir/ %av+ ( a boy1 & a little boat is laun*$ 9 a riv] or tank 9 8 hon\r4 ,! same rite is p]=m$ at ! close ( ! ra9y season1 :5 x is suppos$ to h "s connection ) ! sa9t ,ili%a1 t is to say ! prophet ,eli%a4 ,eli%a1 by ! way1 app>5tly f ! miracul\s way 9 :i* 8 bones reviv$ ! dead1 has come d[n 9 mod]n times to ,italy z a work] ( miracles1 & is kn[n to ! ,tuscan peasant z ,elisaeus4 #ajb ,ano!r leg5d repres5ts ,khwja ,khizr to be ( ! family ( ,noah1 :o is also reg>d$ by rural ,muhammadans z a wat] deity 9 connection ) ! flood4 ,o!rs connect him ) ,/4 ,george1 ! patron sa9t ( ,engl&1 :o is ! ,gh]gis ( ,syria1 & accord+ to ,muhammadan tradition 0 s5t 9 ! "t ( ! ,prophet to conv]t ! ,k+ ( ,mau%il1 & came to life aft] ?ree successive m>tyrdoms4 ,o!rs id5tify him ) ,?ammuz1 ,tauz1 or ,adonis4 ,o!rs call him ! companion ( ,moses1 & ! comm5tator ,husa9 says he 0 a g5]al 9 ! army ( ,zu'l ,q>na91 he ( ! horns1 or ,alex&] ! ,great4 #ajc ,out ( ?is jumble ( all ! my?ologies has be5 evolv$ ! ,h9du god ( wat]1 ! patron deity ( boatm51 :o is invok$ by !m to prev5t _! boats f be+ brok5 or subm]g$1 or to %[ !m ! way :5 !y h lo/ x4 ,he is wor%ipp$ by burn+ lamps1 fe$+ ,brhmans1 & by sett+ afloat on a village pond a little raft ( grass ) a light$ lamp plac$ ^u x4 ,?is1 x may be not$1 is "o ( ! _m ways 9 :i* ! demon ( evil or disease is s5t away 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 #ajd ,ano!r curi\s function is1 9 popul> belief1 allott$ to ,khwja ,khizr1 t ( haunt+ m>kets 9 ! e>ly morn+ & fix+ ! rates ( gra91 :i* he also protects f ! ,evil ,eye4 #aje ,! ,folk-lore ( ,wells4 ,9 ?is connection "s ( ! folk-lore ( wells may be m5tion$4 ,! digg+ ( a well is a duty requir+ inf9ite c>e & caution4 ,! "w %\ld beg9 on ,sunday1 & on ! previ\s ,saturday night little b[ls ( wat] are plac$ r\nd ! propos$ site1 & ! "o :i* dries up lea/ m>ks ! be/ site = ! well1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! fleece ( ,gideon4 ,! circumf]5ce is !n m>k$ & !y comm5ce to dig1 leav+ ! c5tral lump ( e>? intact4 ,!y cut out ?is clod ( e>? la/ & 9 ! ,panjb call x ,khwjaj1 p]haps aft] ,khwja ,khizr1 ! wat] god1 wor%ip x & fe$ ,brhmans4 ,if x breaks x is a bad om51 & a new site w be select$ a week aft]w>ds4 ,fur!r ea/ :5 a man int5ds to s9k a well he inquires f ! ,p&it an auspici\s mom5t = comm5c+ ! "w4 ,:5 t h\r comes he wor%ips ,gaur1 ,ganesa1 ,se%a ,nga1 ! _w s]p5t1 ! e>?1 ! spade & ! n9e planets4 ,!n fac+ 9 ! direction 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! directions ( ! ,p&it1 ,se%a ,nga is suppos$ to be ly+ at ! "t1 he cuts five clods ) ! spade4 ,:5 ! workm5 rea* ! po9t at :i* ! wood5 well-curb has to be fix$1 ! own] sme>s ! curb 9 five places ) r$ p[d]1 & ty+ ,db grass & a sacr$ ?read to x1 l[]s x into its place4 ,a fire sacrifice is done1 & ,brhmans are f$4 ,:5 ! well is ready1 c[-dung1 milk1 c[ ur9e1 butt] & ,ganges wat]1 leaves ( ! sacr$ ,tulas & honey are ?r[n 9 be=e ! wat] is us$4 ,b no well is consid]$ lucky until ! ,slagrma1 or spiral ammonite sacr$ to ,vi%nu1 is solemnly w$d$ to ! ,tulas or basil plant1 repres5t+ ! g>d5 :i* ! well is int5d$ to wat]4 ,! rite is done accord+ to ! /&>d m>riage =mula3 ! relations are assembl$2 ! own] ( ! g>d5 repres5ts ! bridegroom1 :ile a k9sman ( 8 wife /&s = ! bride4 ,gifts are giv5 to ,brhmans1 a fea/ is held 9 ! g>d51 & bo? x & ! well may !n be us$ )\t dang]4 ,all ?is is on ! same l9es z _m ( ! emblematical m>riage rites :i* 9 o!r places are int5d$ to promote ! gr[? ( vegetation4 #ajf ,9 ,sirsa !y h a leg5d t long ago1 9 "t ( dr\ght1 a headman ( a village w5t to a ,faqr to beg him to pray = ra91 & promis$ him 8 daught] 9 m>riage if 8 pray] 0 successful4 ,! ra9 came1 b ! headman w\ld n p]=m 8 promise1 & ! ,faqr curs$ ! l&1 s t all ! wat] became bracki%4 ,b he s f> rel5t$ z to p]mit sweet wat] to fl[ on condition t x 0 giv5 to all m5 free ( co/4 ,9 "o village ! spr+ became at once bracki% :5 a wat]-rate 0 levi$1 & turn$ sweet aga9 :5 ! tax 0 remitt$4 ,9 ano!r ! bracki% wat] became sweet at ! int]cession ( a ,faqr4 ,9 ! ,panjb !re is a class ( ,faqrs :o are kn[n z ,snga1 or sniff]s1 because !y c smell out sweet wat] und]gr\nd4 ,!y "w on mu* ! same l9es z _! bre?r5 9 ,engl&1 :o discov] spr+s by means ( ! div9+ rod4 #ajg ,9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva we h a doll :i* c produce wat] at w1 :i* is l ,lucian's /ory ( ! pe/le t 0 s5t to fet* wat]4 ,:5 ! ,egyptian sorc]] 0 away 8 pupil tri$ to p]=m ! trick1 b he did n "k ! *>m = mak+ ! wat] /op1 & ! h\se 0 flood$4 ,!n he *opp$ ! pe/le 9 two1 b t only made matt]s worse1 = bo? halves set to br+ ! wat]4 ,?is is some:at l ! magic qu]n ( ,european folk-lore4 #ajh ,! wat] ( _m wells is efficaci\s 9 ! cure ( disease4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! fir/ wat] drawn f a sacr$ well aft] midnight on ,may ,eve is consid]$ an effective antidote to wit*craft4 #aji ,9 ,india _m wells h a reputation = cur+ b>r5ness1 :i* is univ]sally reg>d$ z a disease1 ! "w ( sup]natural ag5cy4 ,9 ,india ! wat] ( sev5 wells is collect$ on ! night ( ! ,diwl1 or fea/ ( lamps1 & b>r5 wom5 ba! 9 x z a means ( procur+ *ildr54 ,9 a well 9 ,orissa ! prie/s ?r[ betel-nuts into ! mud1 & b>r5 wom5 scramble = !m4 ,^? :o f9d !m w h _! desire = *ildr5 gratifi$ be=e long4 #aaj ,= ! same reason1 aft] *ildbir? ! "m is tak5 to wor%ip ! village well4 ,%e walks r\nd x 9 ! c\rse ( ! sun & sme>s ! plat=m ) r$ lead1 :i* is probably a survival ( ! orig9al rite ( blood sacrifice4 ,9 ,dh>wr ! *ild ( a ,brhman is tak5 9 ! ?ird mon? to wor%ip wat] at ! village well4 #aaa ,9 ,palmau ! ,srhul fea/ is obs]v$ 9 ! mon? ( ,baiskh 7,may71 :5 danc+ & s++ goes on & ! headm5 ent]ta9 _! t5ants4 ,! :ole village is purifi$1 & !n !y proce$ to ! village well1 :i* is clean$ out1 :ile ! village ,baiga does a sacrifice & e "o sme>s ! plat=m ) r$ lead4 ,no "o may draw wat] f ! well dur+ ! ,srhul4 #aab ,hydrophobia all ov] ,nor!rn ,india is cur$ by look+ d[n sev5 wells 9 succession4 ,9 ! ,panjb ! sites ( des]t$ wells are discov]$ by driv+ ab\t a h]d ( goats1 :i* are suppos$ to lie d[n at ! place :]e se>* %\ld be made4 ,"s p discov] wells by dreams2 o!rs1 z ! ,luniyas1 a ca/e ( navvies1 are said1 l ! ,faqrs 9 ,sirsa1 to be able to discov] by smell :]e wat] is likely to be f\nd4 ,i 0 once %[n a well 9 ! ,muzaff>nag> di/rict into :i* a ,faqr once spat1 & = a long "t aft] ! visit ( ! holy man x ran ) excell5t milk4 ,! supply _h ceas$1 ,i regret to say1 be=e my visit4 ,! well ( life :i* c survive ev5 ! a%es ( a corpse is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,indian folk-tales4 #aac ,sacr$ ,wells4 ,sacr$ wells1 ( c\rse1 ab\nd all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,_m ( !m are suppos$ to h und]gr\nd connection ) ! ,ganges or "s o!r holy riv]4 ,_m ( ^! are connect$ ) ! w&]+s ( ,rma & ,st aft] _! exile f ,ayodhya4 ,st's kit*5 7,st k raso7 is %[n 9 v>i\s places1 z at ,kanauj & ,deoriya 9 ! ,allahbd ,di/rict4 #aad ,h] well is on ! ,b9dh*al hill 9 ,mirzapur1 & is a fam\s resort ( pilgrims4 ,!re is ano!r ne> ,monghyr1 & a ?ird 9 ! ,sultnpur ,di/rict 9 ,oudh4 ,! ,monghyr well has be5 provid$ ) a special leg5d4 ,st 0 suspect$ ( fai?lessness dur+ h] captivity 9 ! k+dom ( ,rvana4 ,%e ?rew h]self into a pit fill$ ) fire1 :]e ! hot spr+ n[ fl[s1 & came out purifi$4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,bu*anan visit$ ! place !y _h j inv5t$ a new leg5d 9 connection ) x4 ,%ortly be=e1 x 0 said1 ! wat] became s cool z to all[ ba?+ 9 x4 ,! gov]nor prohibit$ ! practice1 z x made ! wat] s dirty t ,europeans c\ld n dr9k x4 ,b on ! v day :5 ! bricklay]s began to build a wall 9 ord] to exclude ! ba!rs1 ! wat] became s hot t no "o c\ld d>e to t\* x1 s t ! precaution be+ unnecess>y1 ! "w ( ! infidels 0 ab&on$4 #aae ,at ,b5>es are ! ,manik>nika well1 :i* 0 produc$ by an e>-r+ ( ,siva fall+ into x1 & ! ,jnnavpi1 to dr9k ( :i* br+s wisdom4 ,! well at ,sihor 9 ,rjputna is sacr$ to ,gautama1 & is consid]$ efficaci\s 9 ! cure ( v>i\s disord]s4 ,at ,s>kuhiya 9 ! ,ba/i ,di/rict is a well :]e ,buddha /ruck ! gr\nd ) 8 arr[ & caus$ wat] to fl[1 z ,moses did f ! rock4 ,!re are1 aga91 _m wells :i* give om5s4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages p us$ to resort to ! f\nta9 ( ,b>anta 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,breclieu & fl+ wat] f a tank>d on a /one close by1 an act :i* 0 foll[$ by ?und]1 lightn+ & ra94 #aaf ,at a ,corni% well p us$ to g & inquire ab\t abs5t fri5ds4 ,if ! p]son be liv+ & 9 heal?1 ! /ill1 quiet wat]s ( ! well pit w in/antly bubble or boil up z a pot ( cle>1 cry/all9e wat]2 if sick1 f\l & puddl$ wat]2 if dead1 x w nei!r boil nor bubble up1 nor alt] its col\r or /illness4 #aag ,_m o!r in/ances ( ! same fact might be giv54 ,s 9 ,ka%mr1 9 "o well wat] ru%es out :5 a %eep or goat is sacrific$2 ano!r runs if ! n9? ( any mon? happ5 to fall on ,friday2 9 a ?ird1 ^? :o h any special ne$s ?r[ 9 a nut2 if x floats1 x is consid]$ an om5 ( success2 if x s9ks1 x is consid]$ adv]se4 ,at ,askot1 9 ! ,himlaya1 !re is a holy well :i* is us$ = div9ation ( ! prospects ( ! h>ve/4 ,if ! spr+ 9 a giv5 "t fills ! brass vessel to ! brim into :i* ! wat] falls1 !re w be a good season2 if only a little wat] comes1 dr\ght may be expect$4 #aah ,hot ,spr+s4 ,hot spr+s are naturally reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,we h already notic$ an example 9 ! case ( ,st's well at ,monghyr4 ,! holy tract 9 ! hills1 kn[n z ,vai%nava ,k%etra1 conta9s sev]al hot spr+s1 9 :i* ,agni1 ! fire god1 resides by ! p]mission ( ,vi%nu4 ,! hot spr+s at ,jamnotri are occupi$ by ! twelve ,ri%is :o foll[$ ,mahdeva f ,lanka4 #aai ,wat]falls4 ,wat]falls1 naturally uncommon 9 ! flat c\ntry ( ,upp] ,india1 are1 z might h be5 expect$1 reg>d$ ) v5]ation1 & ! deity ( ! fall is c>efully propitiat$4 ,! visitor to ! magnific5t wat]fall 9 :i* ! riv] ,*&raprabha p\rs its wat]s ov] a %e] precipice ?ree hundr$ feet high 9 its desc5t f ! ,v9dhyan plateau to ! ,gangetic valley1 w le>n t x is visit$ by wom51 p>ticul>ly ^? :o are desir\s ( (fspr+4 ,on a rock beside ! fall !y lay a simple (f]+ consi/+ ( a few glass bangles1 e> ornam5ts made ( palm leaves1 & cotton wai/ /r+s4 ,9 ,g>hwl !re is a wat]fall kn[n z ,basodhra1 :i* ceases to fl[ :5 x is look$ at by an impure p]son4 #abj ,sacr$ ,lakes4 ,!re are also num]\s lakes :i* are consid]$ sacr$ & visit$ by pilgrims4 ,su* is ,pu%k>1 or ,pokh>1 ! lake p> excell5ce1 9 ,rjputna4 ,"o !ory ( ! sanctity ( ?is lake is t x 0 orig9ally a natural depression & enl>g$ at a subsequ5t date by sup]natural ag5cy4 ,e ,h9du family ( note has its ni*e = purposes ( devotion4 ,"h is ! only temple 9 ,india sacr$ to ,brahma1 ! ,creator4 ,:ile he 0 creat+ ! _w he k9dl$ ! sacr$ fire2 b 8 wife ,sawant> 0 n[h]e to be f\nd1 & z )\t a woman ! rites c\ld n proce$1 a ,gj> girl took h] place4 ,sawant> on h] return 0 s enrag$ at ! indignity t %e retir$ to ! height close by1 kn[n z ,ratnagir1 or '! hill ( gems1' :]e %e disappe>$4 ,on ?is spot a f\nta9 gu%$ out1 /ill call$ by h] "n1 close to :i* is h] %r9e1 n ! lea/ attractive 9 ! prec9cts ( ,pokh>4 ,l _m ( ^! lakes1 su* z are kn[n 9 ,great ,brita9 z ! ,devil's ,pun*-b[ls1 ,pokh> has its dragon leg5d1 & "o ( ! rocks ne> ! lake is kn[n z ,ngpahr1 or ,dragon ,hill4 ,!re is a simil> leg5d atta*$ to ! ,lonr ,lake 9 ,b]r1 :i* 0 !n ! d5 ( ! giant ,lonsura1 :om ,vi%nu de/roy$4 #aba ,mo/ fam\s ( all ! lakes is ,mna ,s>ov>a 9 ,tibet1 ab\t :i* _m leg5ds are told4 ,! lake ( ,mna ,s>ov>a 0 =m$ f ! m9d ( ,brahma1 & !nce d]iv$ its "n4 ,!re dwell also ,mahdeva & ! gods1 & !nce fl[ ! ,s>j & o!r female riv]s1 & ! ,satadru 7,satlaj7 & o!r male riv]s4 ,:5 ! e>? ( ,mna ,s>ov>a t\*es any "o's body1 or :5 any "o ba!s !re91 he %all g to ! ,p>adise ( ,brahma2 & he :o dr9ks its wat]s %all g to ! ,heav5 ( ,siva1 & %all be releas$ f ! s9s ( a hundr$ bir?s2 & ev5 ! bea/ :i* be>s ! "n ( ,mna ,s>ov>a %all g to ! ,p>adise ( ,brahma4 ,x is said t ! sons ( ,brahma1 ,m>i*i1 ,vasi%?a & ! re/ ( ! sages proce$$ to ! nor? ( ,himlaya & p]=m$ au/]ities on ,m\nt ,kailsa1 :]e !y saw ,siva & ,prvat & rema9$ = twelve ye>s absorb$ 9 m$itation & pray]4 ,!re 0 v little ra9 & wat] 0 scanty4 ,9 _! di/ress !y appeal$ to ,brahma4 ,he ask$ !m :at _! wi%es might be4 ,! ,ri%is repli$1 ,we are absorb$ 9 devotion on ,kailsa1 & mu/ always g !nce to ba! 9 ! ,m&k9 riv]2 make a place = u to ba! 94 ,!n ,brahma1 by a m5tal ef=t1 =m$ ! holy lake ( ,mnasa1 & ! ,ri%is wor%ipp$ ! gold5 ,l+a :i* rose f ! mid/ ( ! wat]s ( ! lake4 #abb ,s ! ,na9 ,tl ,lake is sacr$ to ,kl 9 "o ( h] num]\s =ms4 ,! goddess ,sambr1 ! tutel>y deity ( ! ,*auhn ,rjputs1 conv]t$ a d5se =e/ into a pla9 ( gold & silv]4 ,b !y1 dread+ ! /rife :i* su* a possession w\ld excite1 begg$ ! goddess to retract h] gift1 & %e gave !m ! pres5t lake ( salt4 #abc ,! p say t ! ,katr valley 0 once a great lake :]e liv$ a ,rk%asa nam$ ,rna :o us$ to dev\r ! inhabitants ( ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,indra's elephant ,airvata desc5d$ to e>? at ! place n[ kn[n aft] him by ! "n ,h?i ,*na1 & ) 8 mighty tusks he bur/ ! embankm5t ( ! lake & ! wat] fl[$ away1 s t ! goddess ,bhraw>1 ^: %r9e is !re to ?is day1 0 enabl$ to de/roy ! mon/]4 ,! ,lake ( ! ,fairy ,gifts4 ,9 ! ,*nda ,di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces is ! lake ( ,t>oba or ,tadala1 :i* is connect$ ) an int]e/+ s]ies ( folk-lore leg5ds4 ,a m>riage procession 0 once pass+ ! place1 &1 f9d+ no wat]1 a /range old man sugge/$ t ! bride & bridegroom %\ld jo9 9 digg+ = a spr+4 ,!y laugh+ly cons5t$1 & aft] remov+ a little e>? a cle> f\nta9 gu%$ =?4 ,z !y 7 all dr9k+ ) delight ! wat]s rose1 & spread+ ov] ! l&1 ov]:elm$ ! m>ri$ pair4 ,b fairy h&s soon con/ruct$ a temple 9 ! dep?s1 :]e ! spirits ( ! dr[n$ are suppos$ to dwell4 ,aft]w>ds1 on ! lake side1 a palm tree grew up1 :i* appe>$ only dur+ ! day1 s9k+ into ! e>? at twilight4 ,"o day a ra% pilgrim seat$ himself on ! tree & 0 borne into ! skies1 :]e ! flames ( ! sun consum$ him4 ,?is "p ( ! /ory reads l a g5u9e sol> my?4 ,! palm tree !n %rivell$ away into du/1 & 9 its place appe>$ an image ( ! _s ( ! lake1 :i* is wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,t>oba1 or '! palm-tree deity4' ,=m]ly1 at ! call ( pilgrims1 all necess>y vessels rose f ! lake1 & aft] be+ wa%$ 7 return$ to ! wat]s4 ,b an evil-m9d$ man at la/ took ^? he _h receiv$ to 8 h\se1 & f t day ! my/ic provision :olly ceas$4 ,?is leg5d ( ! fairy gifts :i* are lo/ ?r\gh ! selfi% gre$ ( "s mean-spirit$ man has be5 admirably illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,h>tl&4 ,x is also told ( ! ,amn] ,lake 9 ,eli*pur1 ( ! ,k>sota ,lake 9 ,mirzapur1 & ( _m o!r places4 #abd ,_m ( ^! lakes possess subaque\s palaces b5ea? _! wat]s4 ,at ,cudd5 ,po9t 9 ,cornwall1 ! unhall[$ revelry ( a p>ty ( roi/]]s is he>d f "u ! waves4 #abe ,9 "o ( ,somadeva's /ories ! h]o dives aft] a lady1 & comes on a spl5did temple ( ,siva2 ,sattvasila falls into ! sea & f9ds a city ) palaces ( gold1 support$ on pill>s ( jewels2 ,yasahketu plunges into ! sea & f9ds a city gleam+ ) palaces t _h bright pill>s ( preci\s /one1 walls fla%+ ) gold1 & lattic$ w9d[s ( pe>l4 ,s 9 ! six? fable ( ! second *apt] ( ! ,hitopadesa1 ! h]o dives into ! wat] & sees a pr9cess seat$ on a c\* 9 a palace ( gold1 wait$ on by y\?ful sylphs4 ,! sage ,m&ak>ni al>m$ ! gods by 8 au/]ities1 & ,indra s5t five ( 8 fairies to beguile him4 ,!y succe$$1 & n[ dwell 9 a h\se b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! lake call$ f !m ,pan*aps>as4 ,at ! ,lake ( ,t>oba1 ! tale ( :i* has be5 already told1 on quiet nights ! c\ntry p he> fa9t s\nds ( drum & trumpet pass+ r\nd ! lake1 & old m5 say t 9 "o dry ye> :5 ! wat]s sank l[1 gold5 p9nacles ( a fairy temple 7 se5 glitt]+ 9 ! dep?s4 ,?is is exactly ! leg5d ( ,l\gh ,neagh1 immortaliz$ by ,?omas ,moore4 ,! ,%hg>h ,lake4 ,a lake at ,%hg>h 9 ! ,b>eilly ,di/rict is ! seat ( ano!r leg5d :i* appe>s widely 9 folk-lore4 ,:5 ,rja ,v5a rul$ ! l&1 he1 l ,buddha1 /ruck by ! inequality ( human life1 retir$ ) 8 "y wife ,sund> or ,ketak to live l a peasant4 ,"o day %e w5t to ! lake to draw wat]1 & %e _h naught b a j> ( unbak$ clay & a ?read ( untwi/$ cotton4 ,9 ! innoc5ce ( h] he>t %e /epp$ into ! lake1 b ! gods pres]v$ h]4 ,aft] a "t %e we>i$ ( ?is sordid life1 & "o morn+ %e array$ h]self 9 h] que5ly robes & jewels1 & go+ to ! lake1 z usual1 /epp$ on ! lotus petals4 ,:5 %e plung$ 9 h] j> x melt$ away1 & ! untwi/$ ?read broke1 & %e h]self sank b5ea? ! wat]4 ,b %e 0 sav$1 & !nce=w>d le>n$ ! evil ( vanity & pride 9 ri*es1 & ! /r5g? ( innoc5ce & a pure m9d4 ,& ! lotus pool1 9 hon\r ( ! good que5 ,sund>1 0 call$ by all m5 ! ,rn ,tl1 or ! ,que5's ,tank1 & is to be se5 to ?is day j outside ! t[n ( ,kb>1 ?\gh ! lotus fl[]s h p]i%$ & ! ca/le ( ,%hg>h has sunk into du/4 #abf ,! same tale is told 9 ,s\!rn ,india ( ,r5uk1 ! "m ( ,p>asurma4 ,9 its ,we/]n =m x is told 9 ,switz]l& ( a pi\s boy :o s]v$ a mona/]y1 & 9 8 innoc5ce 0 able to c>ry wat] 9 a sieve )\t spill+ a s+le drop4 #abg ,o!r ,sacr$ ,tanks4 ,! numb] ( lakes & tanks associat$ ) "s leg5d1 or endu$ ) "s special sanctity ( _! own1 is legion4 ,?us1 ! tank at ,*akratra?a1 ne> ,nmkhr1 m>ks ! spot :]e ! ,*akra or discus ( ,vi%nu fell dur+ 8 conte/ ) ,asuras4 #abh ,t ne> ! ,satopant glaci] is said to be fa?omless1 & no bird c fly ov] x4 ,bhotiyas pres5ts (f]+s to ! lake1 reque/+ ! wat] _s to keep ! passes op5 & aid !m 9 _! dang]\s j\rneys4 ,z !y are d5i$ entrance into ! temple ( ,bad>9?1 x has = !m all ! virtue ( ,bad>9? itself4 #abi ,ano!r fam\s tank is t at ,amrits>1 ! ,lake ( ,immortality4 ,a holy woman once took pity on a lep]1 & c>ri$ him to ! banks ( ! tank4 ,z he lay !re a cr[ swoop$ into ! wat] & came out a dove z :ite z sn[4 ,! lep] saw ! miracle1 ba!d1 & 0 heal$4 ,! woman on h] return c\ld n recognize h] fri5d1 & )drew 9 horror f 8 embraces4 ,b ! ,guru ,rm ,ds came & expla9$ matt]s1 & ! grateful pair assi/$ him 9 embelli%+ ! tank1 :i* has become ! c5tre ( ! ,sikh religion4 ,! ,tadag ,tl 9 ! ,hills is sacr$ to ,bhm ,s51 & ! curi\s fi% :i* x conta9s are said to be lice f ! body ( ! h]o4 ,"o day a ,brhman 0 pass+ ! ,m&kalla tank & saw a m>riage p>ty sitt+ be=e ! w$d+ fea/2 b !y 7 all mo/ unacc\ntably sil5t & motionless4 ,!y ask$ him to jo9 9 ! meal1 & he did s ) "s misgiv+s1 :i* 7 soon ju/ifi$ :5 he saw ! heads ( ! :ole p>ty fall (f be=e 8 eyes1 & !y soon disappe>$4 #acj ,! ,rja ,rma ,*&ra ,s5a 0 once hunt+ ne> ! site ( ! pres5t ,dh>wat tank4 ,he saw a cr[ dr9k+ f a puddle1 &1 be+ 9 want ( wat]1 he ord]$ ! c\rti]s to h a tank dug1 ! limits ( :i* 7 to be ! space t 8 horse w\ld gallop r\nd :5 releas$4 ,=tunately = !m !y select$ a site close to "s hills :i* *eck$ ! c\rse ( ! horse4 ,?is r$uc$ ! tank to comp>atively mod]ate dim5sions4 #aca ,! tank at ,lalitpur is fam\s = ! cure ( leprosy4 ,"o day1 a ,rja afflict$ ) ! disease 0 pass+ by1 & 8 ,rn dreamt t he %\ld eat "s ( ! conf]v on ! surface4 ,he ate x1 & 0 cur$2 & next night ! ,rn dreamt t !re 0 a va/ treasure conceal$ !re1 :i* :5 dug up 0 suffici5t to pay ! co/ ( excavation4 #acb ,s1 at ,qasr is ! tank ( ! sa9t ,basant ,%h1 9 :i* *ildr5 are ba!d to cure !m ( boils4 ,( ! ,r9 ,mo*an pool ! ,brhmans say t any "o :o ba!s !re becomes free f debt4 #acc ,ano!r at ,pu%k> turns r$ if ! %ad[ ( a woman dur+ h] m5/rual p]iod fall ^u x4 #acd ,st prov$ h] virtue by ba?+ 9 a tank4 ,%e pray$ to ,"m ,e>?1 :o appe>$ & c>ri$ h] to ! o!r bank1 an incid5t ( :i* a curi\s p>allel is quot$ by ,mr4 ,cl\/on f ! ,gospel ( ! pseudo ,ma!w4 #ace ,9 ! leg5d ( ,*yavana1 z told 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 ! ?ree suitors ( ,sukany ba!d 9 a tank & came =? ( a cele/ial beauty equal to h]s4 ,s 9 "o ( ! ,b5gal folk-tales ! old disc>d$ wife ba!s 9 a tank & recov]s h] y\? & beauty4 #acf ,x is a frequ5t condition impos$ on visitors to ^! holy tanks t !y %\ld remove a c]ta9 quantity ( e>? & ?us improve x4 ,_m tanks1 aga91 are suppos$ to conta9 buri$ treasure :i* is g5]ally 9 *>ge ( a ,yak%a4 ,h5ce su* places are reg>d$ ) mu* awe4 ,!re is a tank ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,bijayg>h =t 9 ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict1 :]e _m speculators h dug 9 va92 ano!r =ms an incid5t 9 ,ll ,bihri ,d's tale ( ,gov9da ,smanta4 #acg ,m\nta9-wor%ip2 ! ,himlaya4 ,he :o ?9ks ( ,him*al 7! ,himlaya71 ?\gh he %\ld n behold him1 is great] ?an he :o p]=ms all wor%ip at ,ksi 7,b5>es72 z ! dew is dri$ up by ! morn+ sun1 s are ! s9s ( mank9d by ! sight ( ,him*al4 #ach ,su* 0 ! devotion ) :i* ! e>ly ,h9dus look$ on x z ! home ( ! gods4 ,beyond x _! fancy creat$ ! elysium ( ,utt>a ,kuru1 :i* may be mo/ prop]ly reg>d$ z an ideal picture creat$ by ! imag9ation ( a life ( tranquil felicity1 & n z a rem9isc5ce ( any actual resid5ce ( ! ,kurus 9 ! nor?4 #aci ,f e>ly times ! ,himlayan valleys 7 ! resort ( ! sage & ! ascetic4 ,almo/ e hill & riv] is consecrat$ by _! leg5ds1 & ! :ole c\ntry teems ) memories ( ! e>ly religi\s life ( ! ,h9du race4 ,z 9 ! my?ology ( _m o!r peoples1 #adj x 0 reg>d$ z ! home ( ! sa9t$ dead1 & ! common s\rce or orig9 ( ,h9duism4 ,its caves 7 believ$ to be ! haunt ( wit*es & fairies4 ,demons lurk$ 9 its recesses1 z at ! ,blockb]g1 :]e1 z ,aubrey tells u1 ! devils & wit*es d dance & fea/4 #ada ,_m ( its mo/ not$ peaks are ! home ( ! deities4 ,siva & ,kuv]a re/ on ,m\nt ,kailsa2 ,vaikun?a1 ! p>adise ( ,vi%nu1 is on ,m\nt ,m]u4 ,! :ole range is p]sonifi$ 9 ,himavat1 :o is ! fa!r ( ,gang & ,um ,dev1 :o f h] orig9 is kn[n z ,prvat1 or ! m\nta9e]4 ,"o ( ! titles ( ,siva is ,girisa1 ! m\nta9 god4 ,8 son ,krttikeya delights 9 ! weird m\nta9 heights4 ,m\nta9-wor%ip among ! ,drvidians4 ,b1 deeply root$ z ! v5]ation = m\nta9s is 9 ! m9ds ( ! e>ly ,aryans1 !re is reason to suspect t ?is reg>d = m\nta9s may be a survival f ! beliefs ( non-,aryan races :om ! ,h9dus supplant$ or absorb$4 ,at any rate1 ! belief 9 ! sanctity ( m\nta9s widely prevails among ! non-,aryan or ,drvidian races4 ,mo/ ( ^! peoples wor%ip m\nta9s 9 connection ) ! god ( ! ra94 ,! ,santls sacrifice to ,m>ang ,bura on a flat rock on ! top ( a m\nta91 & aft] fea/+1 "w !mselves up into a /ate ( fr5zy to *>m ! ra94 ,! ,korwas & ,krs wor%ip 9 ! same way ,ma9pt1 a plateau 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry s\? ( ! ,son4 ,! ,ngbansis & ! ,mundri ,kols wor%ip a huge rock z ! abode ( ! great god1 ,b>adeo4 #adb ,s1 9 ,g>hwl 9 ! ,*hipula pass is a %r9e to ! god ( ! m\nta94 ,at ,tolma is a temple to ! ,himlaya1 & bel[ ,dungagiri 9 ! same valley is a %r9e 9 hon\r ( ! same peak4 #adc ,9 ,ho%angbd 9 ! ,c5tral ,indian plateau1 ,sryabhn or ,sun-rays is a v common "n = isolat$ r\nd-peak$ hills1 on :i* ! god is suppos$ to dwell1 & among ! ,kurkus1 ,dung>deo1 ! m\nta9 god1 resides on ! ne>e/ hill outside ! village4 ,he is wor%ipp$ e ye> at ! ,dasahra fe/ival ) a goat1 two cocoa-nuts1 five dates1 ) a ball ( v]milion pa/e1 & is reg>d$ by !m z _! special god4 #add ,! idea t dw>fs1 spirits1 & fairies live on ! tops ( m\nta9s is a common belief 9 ,europe4 ,z 9 ! ,himlaya1 "o ( ! ma9 peaks1 ,n& ,dev1 has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,prvat1 ! m\nta9 goddess1 s ! aborig9es ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces h 9 ,katt>pr1 ! ,kattip5 ( ! ,khndhs1 a special deity ( rav9es1 z ,rhoea ,sybeli 0 to ! ,etruscans4 #ade ,9 ! ,mirzapur hills ! aborig9al tribes h an int5se respect = m\nta9s4 ,on ! ,mtra hill lives a ,deo or demon kn[n z ,d>rapt ,deo4 ,:5 ,rvana abduct$ ,st he is said to h kept h] on ?is hill = "s "t1 & h] palanqu91 turn$ into /one1 is !re to ?is day4 ,no "o asc5ds ! m\nta9 ?r\gh fe> ( ! demon1 except an ,ojha or sorc]]1 :o sacrifices a goat at ! foot ( ! hill be=e he makes ! attempt4 ,s1 9 ,g>hwl ! peak ( ,b>mdeo is sacr$ to ,dev1 & none c intrude ) impunity4 ,a ,faqr :o v5tur$ to d s 9 ! days ( yore 0 pit*$ across ! riv] by ! (f5d$ goddess4 #adf ,on ano!r ,mirzapur hill1 ,*a9pur1 lives ,kot ,rn1 :o is embodi$ 9 ! locu/s :i* usually are f\nd !re4 ,simil>ly ,pahr ,p&o is a m\nta9 deity ( ! ,dh>krs1 a sub-ca/e ( ! ,doms4 ,bansapt ,m1 :o is half a =e/ & half a m\nta9 goddess1 lives on ,jhurma hill1 & if any "o d>es to s+ 9 h] neighb\rhood1 he becomes sick or mad4 ,^! m\nta9 demons (t5 take ! =m ( tig]s & kill incauti\s intrud]s on _! doma9s4 ,on ! ,aunri hill are two dread$ demons1 ,deorsan & ,birwat1 ! latt] a ,br or malignant gho/ ( "s "o :o di$ a viol5t dea?4 ,!y rule ! hail1 & at h>ve/ "t ! ,baiga (f]s a goat1 & spread+ rice on ! gr\nd1 prays--,o ,"l ,mahdeva6 ,may ?is (f]+ be effectual4 ,manges>1 ! rugg$ peak :i* fr[ns ov] ! valley ( ! ,son1 is a popul> local god ( ! v>i\s ,kol>ian races1 & a %r9e to ,bba or ,rja ,manges>1 ! fa!r & ! k+1 is f\nd 9 _m ( _! villages4 ,respect ,paid to ! ,v9dhya & ,kaimr ,ranges4 ,! ,kaimr & ,v9dhyan ranges also enjoy a c]ta9 am\nt ( sanctity4 ,on ! latt] ! mo/ fam\s %r9es are ^? ( ,a/hbhuja or ! eight-arm$ ,dev1 ,stkunda or ! pool ( ,st1 & ! temple ( ,mahrn ,v9dhyesw>1 ! patron goddess ( ! range1 built :]e x tr5ds t[>ds ! ,gangetic valley4 ,%e has travell$ z f> z ,cut*1 :]e %e is wor%ipp$ "u ! corrupt$ "n ( ,v9jn4 #adg ,h] %r9e has evil associations ) traditions ( human sacrifice1 d]iv$ f ! co>s] aborig9al cultus :i* has n[ be5 adopt$ into ,brhmanism4 #adh ,!re ! ,?ags us$ to meet & %>e _! spoils ) _! patron goddess1 & h] ,p&as or prie/s are s disord]ly t a special police gu>d has to be po/$ at ! %r9e to ensure ! peaceable division ( ! (f]+s among ! %>]s1 :o mortgage & sell _! "r to p>ticipate 9 ! pr(its1 l ! adv[son ( a liv+ 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,^! two ranges1 says ! leg5d1 are an (f%oot f ! ,himlaya4 ,:5 ,rma 0 build+ ! bridge across ! /rait to ,lanka1 he s5t 8 foll[]s to ,himlaya to collect mat]ials4 ,!y return$ ) a mighty burd51 b mean:ile ! h]o _h complet$ 8 task2 s he ord]$ !m to ?r[ d[n _! loads1 & :]e ! /ones fell ^! ranges 7 produc$4 ,9 ! same way ! ,manip>vata at ,ajudhya is said to h be5 dropp$ by ,sugrva1 ! monkey k+ ( ,ki%k9dhya1 & ! ,iri*h hills at ,jhnsi are describ$ to h be5 =m$ 9 ! same way4 ,!re is ano!r leg5d ( ! ,v9dhyas told 9 ! /ory ( ,nala & ,damayant4 ,!y 7 jeal\s ( ! ,himlaya1 ! peaks ( :i* 7 ea* morn+ visit$ by ! e>lie/ rays ( ! ris+ sun4 ,! sun1 on be+ appeal$ to1 decl>$ t x 0 impossible = him to *ange 8 c\rse4 ,imm$iately ! ,v9dhyas swell$ ) rage1 & ris+ 9 ! heav5s1 int]cept$ ! view ( ! sun1 moon1 & ! con/ellations4 ,! gods1 al>m$1 invok$ ! aid ( ! sa9t ,aga/ya4 ,he w5t1 accompani$ by 8 wife1 & reque/$ ! ,v9dhyas to s9k & let him pass to ! s\?1 & n rise till he return$4 ,!y agre$1 & gave passage to ! sa9t1 b z he nev] came back !y h nev] resum$ _! =m] height4 ,aga/ya f9ally settl$ on ! ,malayam or ,potiyam m\nta91 n f> f ,cape ,comor94 ,he n[ %9es 9 ! heav5s z ! reg5t ( ! /> ,canopus1 & to him is ascrib$ almo/ all ! civilization ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,! leg5d possibly goes back to ! arrival ( ! e>lie/ ,brhmanic mission>ies 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 & ! "n ( ! range1 :i* probably means ! divid]1 m>k$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,aryan & ,drvidian peoples4 ,a simil> /ory is told ( "o ( ! ranges 9 ,nepl4 #adi ,o!r ,fam\s ,hills4 ,a m5tion ( "s o!r fam\s hills 9 ,nor!rn ,india may close ?is acc\nt ( m\nta9-wor%ip4 ,at ,gaya is ! ,dh>ma ,sila1 or rock ( piety1 :i* 0 once ! wife ( ! sa9t ,m>*i4 ,! "l ( ! inf]nal regions1 by ord] ( ,brahma1 cru%$ x d[n on ! head ( ! local demon4 #aej ,! hills ( ,gogh> k dhr1 9 ! ,mundi ,/ate1 h a reputation simil> to t ( ! ,brock5 9 ! ,h>tz m\nta9s on ,wulpurgis night4 ,on ! #crd ( ,septemb] ! demons1 wit*es1 & magicians f ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ,india assemble "h & hold _! revels1 f :i* "t x is dang]\s = m5 to cross ! m\nta9s4 ,! spirits ( ! ,kulu range are said to wage w> ) ^? ( ! ,gogh>1 & aft] a viol5t /orm ! peasants w %[ ! travell] ! /ones :i* h be5 hurl$ f range to range4 ,! la/ *ief ( ,mundi 0 a mighty wiz>d himself4 ,he _h a little book ( spells :i* ! demons 7 =c$ to obey1 & :5 he plac$ x 9 8 m\? he 0 in/antly transport$ :]e he pleas$ ?r\gh ! air4 #aea ,ano!r fam\s hill is t ( ,gov>dhan1 ne> ,ma?ura4 ,?is is ! hill :i* ,kri%na is fabl$ to h held al(t on ! tip ( 8 f+] = sev5 days1 to protect ! p ( ,braj f ! tempe/s p\r$ d[n on !m by ,indra :5 he 0 depriv$ ( 8 wont$ sacrifices4 ,!re is a local belief t z ! wat]s ( ! ,jumn are ye>ly decreas+ 9 volume1 s ?is hill is gradually s9k+4 ,n a p>ticle ( /one is all[$ to be remov$ f x1 & ev5 ! road :i* crosses x at its l[e/ po9t1 :]e only a few fragm5ts ( ! rock crop up ov]gr\nd1 _h to be c>ri$ ov] !m by a pav$ causeway4 #aeb ,! ,spirits ( ! ,air4 ,a]ial spirits or devils are su* z keep qu>t] 9 ! air1 cause _m tempe/s1 ?und] & lightn+s1 te> oaks1 fire /eeples1 h\ses1 /rike m5 & bea/s1 make x ra9 wool1 frogs1 etc4 ,!y cause :irlw9ds on a sudd51 & tempe/u\s /orms1 :i* ?\gh our meteorologi/s ref] to natural causes1 yet ,i am ( ,bod9's m9d t !y are m (t5 caus$ by ^? a]ial devils 9 _! sev]al qu>t]s4 #aec ,?is /atem5t ( ,burton is a good summ>y ( curr5t ,h9du op9ion on ?is subject2 & x is j ?is class ( physical ph5om5a :i* civiliz$ man admits to be beyond 8 control1 t primitive races pr(ess to be able to regulate4 ,z ,dr4 ,taylor puts x--,! ra9fall is pass+ f ! region ( ! sup]natural to jo9 ! tides & seasons 9 ! realm ( physical sci5ce4 #aed ,! old wea!r god 0 ,indra1 :o w>s ) ,vritra or ,ahi1 ! dragon demon ( dr\ght1 :om he compels to disp5se ! ra94 ,he 0 rev]$ z ! caus] ( f]tility1 & fe>$ z ! "l ( ! lightn+ & ! ?und]4 ,he has n[ be5 depos$ f 8 pre-em95ce1 & is little m ?an a roi fa9ant1 :o lives 9 a luxuri\s heav5 ( 8 own1 solac$ by ! dances ( ! fairies :o =m 8 c\rt1 "o ( :om he occasionally be/[s on "s fav\r$ mortal :o w9s 8 k9dness or =ces him to obey 8 ord]s4 ,b 8 /atus is at pres5t decid$ly l[1 & x is rem>kable 9 :at a contemptu\s way ev5 s or?odox a poet z ,tulas ,ds speaks ( him4 #aee ,mr4 ,:eel] #aef sugge/s t ?is degradation ( ,indra may possibly be due to ! fact t he 0 a tribal god notori\sly ho/ile to ,brhmans2 & x is c]ta9ly v sugge/ive f ?is po9t ( view t he has come to be reg>d$ z ! great deity ( ! ,burman ,buddhi/s4 ,x is /ill fur!r rem>kable t at ,b5>es1 ! headqu>t]s ( ,brhmanism1 he has be5 replac$ by a special ra9 god1 ,dalbhyesw>a1 :o p]haps takes 8 "n f ,dalbhya1 an anci5t ,ri%i1 :o mu/ be wor%ipp$ & kept prop]ly dress$ if ! seasons are n to become unfav\rable4 #aeg ,bhms51 a ,wea!r ,godl+4 ,bhms51 ( :om m w be said lat] on1 is reg>d$ by ! ,gonds z a god ( ra91 & has a fe/ival ( f\r or five days' duration held 9 8 hon\r at ! end ( ! ra9y season1 :5 two poles ab\t tw5ty feet high & five feet ap>t are set up ) a rope atta*$ to ! top1 by :i* ! boys ( ! village climb up & !n slide d[n ! poles4 ,?is is app>5tly an in/ance ( rude sympa!tic magic1 repres5t+ ! desc5t ( ! ra94 #aeh ,demoniacal ,control ( ! ,wea!r4 ,x is an idea common to ! beliefs ( _m races1 t ! spirits ( ! w9d may be ti$ up 9 sacks & let out to injure an enemy & assi/ a fri5d4 ,to ?is day ! ,lapps give _! sailors magic sacks conta9+ c]ta9 w9ds to secure !m a safe j\rney4 #aei ,ano!r side ( ! matt] may be illu/rat$ f ,m>co ,polo4 ,dur+ ! ?ree mon?s ( e ye> t ! ,"l 7,kublai ,khn7 resides at t place1 if x %\ld happ5 to be bad wea!r1 !re are c]ta9 crafty en*ant]s & a/rolog]s 9 8 tra91 :o are su* adepts 9 necromancy & ! diabolical arts1 t !y are able to prev5t any cl\d or /orm pass+ ov] ! spot on :i* ! ,emp]or's palace /&s4 ,:atev] !y d 9 ?is way is by ! help ( ! ,devil2 b !y make ^? p believe t x is compass$ by _! own sanctity & ! help ( ,god4 ,!y always g 9 a /ate ( dirt & uncleanness1 devoid ( respect = !mselves or = ^? :o see !m1 unkempt & sordidly attir$4 ,timr 9 8 ,memoirs speaks ( ! ,indian ,jts us+ incantations to produce heavy ra91 :i* h9d]$ 8 cavalry f act+ aga9/ !m4 ,a ,yada*i 0 captur$1 & :5 8 head _h be5 tak5 (f ! /orm ceas$4 ,bb> speaks ( "o ( 8 e>ly fri5ds1 ,khwjaka ,mulai1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ,yadag>1 or ! art ( br++ on ra9 & sn[ by incantations4 ,9 ! same way 9 ,nepl ! control ( ! wea!r is suppos$ to be ve/$ 9 ! ,lamas4 #afj ,ra9-mak+ & ,nudity4 ,"o v curi\s cu/om ( ra9-mak+ has a s]ies ( rem>kable p>allels 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,s]via1 9 "t ( dr\ght1 a girl is /ripp$ & cov]$ ) fl[]s4 ,%e dances at ea* h\se1 & ! mi/ress /eps out & p\rs a j> ( wat] ov] h]1 :ile h] companions s+ ra9 songs4 #afa ,9 ,russia ! wom5 draw a furr[ r\nd ! village1 & bury at ! juncture a cock1 a cat1 & a dog4 ,! dog is a demonic "* 9 ,russia1 :ile ! cat is sacr$4 ,! (f]+ ( bo? seems to repres5t a desire to conciliate bo? sides4 #afb ,mr4 ,conway ?9ks t ! nudity ( ! wom5 repres5ts _! utt] pov]ty & inability to give m to conciliate ! god ( ! ra92 or t we h "h a =m ( ! ,godiva & ,peep+ ,tom leg5d1 :]e !re is probably a di/ant reflection ( ! puni%m5t sometimes said to ov]take ^? :o gaz$ too curi\sly ^u ! ,swan ,maid5 ) h] fea!rs4 #afc ,! ,godiva leg5d has be5 admirably illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 #afd :o comes to ! conclusion t x is ! survival ( an annual rite 9 hon\r ( a hea!n goddess1 & closely connect$ ) ^? nudity obs]vances :i* we are discuss+4 ,! difficulty is1 h[ev]1 to acc\nt = ! nudity "p ( ! c]emony4 ,x may possibly be bas$ on ! !ory t spirits dread indec5cy1 or r ! male & female pr9ciples4 #afe ,?is may be ! orig9 ( ! indec5cies ( ^w & act practis$ at ! ,hol & ,kaj> fe/ivals 9 ,upp] ,india1 :i* are bo? closely connect$ ) ! control ( ! wea!r4 ,among ! ,ramo%is ( ! ,dakkh9 ! bridegroom is /ripp$ nak$ be=e ! ano9t+ c]emony comm5ces1 & ! same cu/om prevails v g5]ally 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,! ,mhrs ( ,%olapur are buri$ nak$1 ev5 ! lo9-clo? be+ tak5 (f4 ,b>r5 wom5 wor%ip a nak$ female figure at ,bijapur4 ,at ,dayamava's fe/ival 9 ! ,k>ntak1 wom5 walk nak$ to ! temple :]e !y make _! v[s2 & ! ,mng1 :o c>ries ! scraps ( holy meat :i* he scatt]s 9 ! fields to promote f]tility1 is also nak$4 #aff ,! same idea ( sc>+ evil spirits f temples possibly acc\nts = mu* ( ! obsc5e sculpture to be f\nd on ! walls ( _m ,h9du %r9es1 & x may be not$ 9 illu/ration ( ! same pr9ciple t 9 ,nepl temples are decorat$ ) gr\ps ( obsc5e figures z a protection aga9/ lightn+4 #afg ,rites ,special to ,wom54 ,connect$ ) ! same pr9ciple x may be not$ t 9 ,india1 z 9 _m o!r places1 !re are rites ( ! nature ( ! ,bona ,dea1 9 :i* only wom5 take "p1 & f :i* males are exclud$4 ,9 "s ( ^! rites nudity =ms a "p4 ,?us1 9 ,italy1 ,la ,bella ,m>te is invok$ :5 ?ree girls1 always />k nak$1 consult ! c>ds to "k :e!r a lov] is true or :i* ( !m is likely to be m>ri$4 #afh ,a numb] ( simil> usages h be5 discuss$ by ,mr4 ,h>tl&4 ,we h already notic$ ! cu/om ( sun impregnation4 ,among ,h9dus1 a woman :o is b>r5 & desires a *ild /&s nak$ fac+ ! sun & desires 8 aid to remove h] b>r5ness4 ,9 "o ( ! folk-tales ! wit* /&s nak$ :ile %e p]=ms h] spells4 #afi ,! ra9 cu/om 9 ,india is precisely ! same z has be5 already illu/rat$ by examples f ,europe4 ,dur+ ! ,gorakhpur ,fam9e 9 #ahgc-gd1 !re 7 _m acc\nts receiv$ ( wom5 go+ ab\t ) a pl\gh by night1 /ripp+ !mselves nak$ & dragg+ ! pl\gh ov] ! fields z an invocation ( ! ra9 god4 ,! m5 kept c>efully out ( ! way :ile ?is 0 be+ done1 & x 0 suppos$ t if ! wom5 7 se5 by ! m5 ! rite w\ld lose its effect4 ,mr4 ,fraz] on ?is rem>ks t x is n said !y plunge ! pl\gh into a /ream or spr9kle x ) wat]4 ,b ! *>m w\ld h>dly be complete )\t x4 #agj ,x 0 on my au?ority t ! cu/om :i* ,messrs4 ,fraz] & ,h>tl& quote 0 orig9ally record$1 & ,i d n rememb] at ! "t he>+ ( ?is "p ( ! ritual4 ,lat] inquiries d n po9t to x z "p ( ! rite 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,x may be well to adduce o!r in/ances ( ?is nudity rite4 ,9 ,sirsa1 :5 a horse falls sick1 ! cure is to kill a f[l or a he-goat & let its w>m blood fl[ into ! m\? ( ! animal2 b if ?is _c be done quickly1 x is suffici5t = a man to take (f all 8 clo!s & /rike ! horse sev5 times on ! =ehead ) 8 %oe4 #aga ,"h ! nudity & ! bl[s ) ! %oe are means to drive (f ! demon ( disease4 ,9 ,*hatt>pur1 :5 ra9 falls a woman & h] husb&'s si/] take (f all _! clo!s & drop sev5 cakes ( c[-dung into a mud res]voir = /or+ gra94 ,if a man & 8 mat]nal uncle p]=m ! same c]emony1 x is equally effective2 b z a rule wom5 d x1 & ! special days = ! rite are ,sunday & ,w$nesday4 ,"h we h ! cu/om 9 process ( modification1 males1 "o ( :om is a relation 9 ! female l9e1 be+ sub/itut$ = ! female (ficiants4 ,ano!r simil> means ( expell+ ! demon ( disease is giv5 by ,mrs4 ,fanny ,p>kes 9 h] curi\s book entitl$ ,w&]+s ( a ,pilgrim 9 se>* ( ! ,picturesque4 #agb ,! ,h9du wom5 9 a mo/ curi\s way propitiate ! goddess :o br+s *ol]a into ! bzr4 ,!y g out 9 ! ev5+1 ab\t #g p4m41 sometimes two or ?ree hundr$ at a "t1 ea* c>ry+ a lota or brass vessel fill$ ) sug>1 wat]1 cloves1 etc4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y make pj2 !n1 /ripp+ (f _! %eets & b9d+ _! sole petticoat r\nd _! wai/s1 z high above ! knee z x c be pull$ up1 !y p]=m a mo/ frantic sort ( dance1 =m+ !mselves into a circle1 :ile 9 ! c5tre ( ! circle ab\t five or six wom5 dance entirely nak$1 beat+ _! h&s toge!r ov] _! heads1 & !n apply+ !m beh9d ) a great smack t keeps "t ) ! music1 & ) ! song !y scream out all ! "t1 accompani$ by native in/rum5ts play$ by m5 :o /& at a di/ance1 to ! s\nd ( :i* ^! wom5 dance & s+1 look+ l frantic creatures4 ,! m5 avoid ! place :]e ! c]emony takes place1 b "h & !re "o or two m5 may be se5 look+ on1 ^: pres5ce does n seem to mole/ ! nut-br[n danc]s 9 ! lea/2 !y %riek & s+ & dance & scream mo/ m>vell\sly4 ,"h we f9d ! rule ( privacy at ^! nudity rites slightly modifi$4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! nudity rite 9 connection ) cattle disease comes f ,jl&h>4 #agc ,:5 an animal is sick ! rem$y is = "s "o to /rip himself & to walk r\nd ! pati5t ) "s burn+ /raw or cane fibre 9 8 h&s4 ,nudity also appe>s to be 9 "s places a condition ( ! erection ( a p9nacle on a ,h9du temple4 ,! ,temple ( ,arang 9 ,rpur di/rict & t at ,deobalada 7 built at ! same "t4 ,:5 !y 7 f9i%$ & ! p9nacles 7kalas7 _h to be put on1 ! mason & 8 si/] agre$ to put !m on simultane\sly at an auspici\s mom5t4 ,! day & h\r be+ fix$ by ,brhmans1 ! two1 /ripp+ !mselves nak$1 accord+ to cu/om on su* occasions1 climb$ up to ! top4 ,z !y got up to ! top ea* c\ld see ! o!r1 & ea* ?r\gh %ame jump$ d[n into ! tank close to _! respective temples1 :]e !y /ill /& turn$ into /one1 & are visible :5 ! tank wat] falls l[ 9 seasons ( dr\ght4 #agd ,( ! regul> nudity rite 9 case ( failure ( ra91 we h a rec5t in/ance f ,*unr 9 ! ,mirzapur di/rict4 ,! ra9s ?is ye> held (f = a long "t1 & la/ night 7#bd? ,july1 #ahib7 ! foll[+ c]emony 0 p]=m$ secretly4 ,betwe5 ! h\rs ( #i & #aj p4m4 a b>b]'s wife w5t f door to door & invit$ all ! wom5 to jo9 9 pl\gh+4 ,!y all collect$ 9 a field f :i* all males 7 exclud$4 ,?ree wom5 f a cultivator's family /ripp$ (f all _! clo!s2 two 7 yok$ to a pl\gh l ox51 & a ?ird held ! h&le4 ,!y !n began to imitate ! op]ation ( pl\gh+4 ,! woman :o _h ! pl\gh 9 h] h& %\t$1 ',o ,"m ,e>?6 br+ p>*$ gra91 wat] & *aff4 ,our bellies are bur/+ to pieces f hung] & ?ir/4' ,!n ! l&lord & village acc\ntant approa*$ !m & laid d[n "s gra91 wat] & *aff 9 ! field4 ,! wom5 !n dress$ & w5t home4 ,by ! grace ( ,god ! wea!r *ang$ almo/ imm$iately1 & we _h a good %[]4 #age ,"h we see ! c]emony elaborately organiz$2 ! privacy taboo is en=c$1 & ! ritual is 9 ! nature ( sympa!tic magic1 int5d$ to propitiate ,"m ,e>?4 ,! nudity rite = ! expulsion ( disease is also f\nd 9 ,madras4 ,! image ( ,m>iyamma1 cut out ( ,m>gosa wood1 is c>ri$ f h] temple to a /one call$ a ,baddukal1 9 ! c5tre ( ! village1 on ! aft]noon ( ! fir/ day ( ! fea/4 ,a r\nd$ /one1 ab\t six in*es above ! gr\nd & ab\t eight in*es across1 is to be se5 j inside ! gate ( e village4 ,x is :at is call$ ! ,baddukal or navel /one2 x is wor%ipp$ 9 times ( calamity1 especially dur+ p]iods ( cattle disease2 (t5 wom5 pass+ x ) wat] p\r a little on x1 & e "o on fir/ go+ out ( ! village 9 ! morn+ is suppos$ to give x "s little tribute ( att5tion4 ,! foll[+ day all m5 & wom5 ( ,sdra ca/es sub/itute g>m5ts ( leaves ( ! ,m>gosa1 little bran*es ti$ toge!r1 = _! ord9>y clo!s1 & ?us attir$ g ) music to ! goddess4 #agf ,"h ! dress may imply "s =m ( nudity rite1 or may be a rem9isc5ce ( ! "t :51 l ! ,jungs ( ,*ota ,ngpur1 !y wore leaf aprons4 ,!re c be little d\bt t rites ( ?is k9d l>gely prevail 9 ,india1 b1 z might naturally be expect$1 !y are v c>efully conceal$1 & x is extremely difficult to obta9 precise in=mation ab\t !m4 ,o!r ,rites to br+ ,ra94 ,besides ^! nudity rites !re are _m ways ( caus+ ra9 to fall4 ,9 ,kumaun :5 ra9 fails !y s9k a ,brhman up to 8 lips 9 a tank1 & !re he goes on repeat+ ! "n ( ,rja ,indra1 ! god ( ra91 = a day or two1 :5 ra9 is sure to fall2 or !y dig a tr5* five or six feet deep & make a ,brhman or a ,jogi sit 9 x1 :5 ! god1 9 pity = ! holy man1 w rel5t & give ra94 ,ano!r plan is to hang a frog ) 8 m\? op5 on a bamboo1 & ! deity pities him & br+s ! ra94 #agg ,9 ,mirzapur !y turn a pl\gh upside d[n & bury x 9 a field1 rub ! l+am ( ,mahdeva ) c[-dung1 & (f] wat] at ! grave ( a ,brahm or ba*elor ,brhman4 ,among ! ,bhls 9 "t ( dr\ght wom5 & girls g out danc+ & s++ ) b[s & arr[s 9 _! h&s1 & seiz+ a buffalo belong+ to ano!r village1 sacrifice x to ! goddess ,kl4 ,! headman ( ! village to :i* ! animal belongs seldom objects to ! appropriation ( x4 ,if he does1 ! wom5 by abus+ & ?reat5+ to %oot him always h _! own way4 #agh ,analog\s to ?is regul> ra9 sacrifice is ! cu/om at ,ahmadnag>1 :]e on ! bright #crd ( ,baiskh 7,april-,may7 ! boys ( two neighb\r+ villages fight ) sl+s & /ones4 ,! local belief is t if ! fight be discont9u$1 ra9 fails1 or if ra9 does fall t x produces a plague ( rats4 #agi ,at ,ahmadbd1 aga91 !re is a city headman1 kn[n z ! ,nag> ,se? or *ief man ( ! t[n4 ,:5 ra9 holds (f he has to p]ambulate ! city walls1 p\r+ out milk to appease ,rja ,indra4 #ahj ,"h we rea* ! sympa!tic magic type ( obs]vance "u :i* mo/ ( ! o!r practices may be class$1 ?\gh "h & !re we seem to f9d ! g]m ( ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s sacrifice4 ,?us 9 ! ,panjb ! village girls p\r d[n on an old woman z %e passes "s c[-dung dissolv$ 9 wat]2 or an old woman is made to sit d[n "u ! h\se-ro( sp\t & get a wett+ :5 x ra9s4 ,"h ! idea mu/ be t h] suff]+s 9 "s way propitiate ! angry god4 ,9 ! ,muzaff>nag> ,di/rict1 if ra9 fails1 !y wor%ip ,rja ,indra & read ! /ory ( ! ,megha ,rja1 or k+ ( ! ra94 ,9 8 "n !y give alms to ! poor & release a "y bull or buffalo4 ,cru%$ gra9 is cook$ on ! edge ( a tank 9 8 hon\r & 9 ! "n ( ! ra9 god ,khwja ,khizr1 & "s (f]+ is made to ,bhmiya1 ! "l ( ! soil4 ,9 ,*hatt>pur1 on a wall fac+ ! ea/1 !y pa9t two figures ) c[-dung--"o repres5t+ ,indra & ! o!r ,megha ,rja1 ) _! legs up & _! heads hang+ d[n4 ,x is suppos$ t ! discom=t ?us caus$ to !m w compel !m to grant ! boon ( ra94 ,! ,mirzapur ,korwas1 :5 ra9 fails1 get ! ,baiga to make a sacrifice & pray] to ,sraj ,deota1 ! ,sun godl+4 ,ano!r common plan 9 ,upp] ,india is = a gang ( wom5 to come out to :]e a man is pl\gh+ & drive him & 8 ox5 by =ce back to ! village1 :]e he & 8 cattle are well f$4 ,ano!r device is to seize ! blacksmi?'s anvil & pit* x into a well or ! village tank4 ,we h already giv5 in/ances ( ! connection ( wells ) ra9fall1 su* z ! case ( ! well 9 ,f>ghna :i* caus$ ra9 if defil$4 #aha ,mr4 ,gomme has collect$ sev]al ,european in/ances ( ! same belief4 #ahb ,! anvil is probably us$ = ?is purpose because x is reg>d$ z a sort ( feti%1 & ! blacksmi? himself is1 z we %all see lat] on1 consid]$ z inve/$ ) sup]natural p[]s4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 app>5tly on ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s sacrifice to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made1 an e>!n pot ( fil? is c>ri$ to ! door ( "s old woman curs$ ) a bad temp]1 & ?r[n d[n at h] ?re%old1 :i* is a sacr$ place4 ,if %e !n falls into a rage & gives v5t to h] feel+s 9 abusive language1 ! ra9 w come d[n4 ,! old woman is consid]$ a sort ( wit*1 & if %e is puni%$ ! influ5ce :i* re/ra9s ! ra9 w be remov$4 #ahc ,!re are num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! k+ is held responsible = a failure ( ! ra94 ,9 ,kngra !re are "s local gods ^: temples are end[$ ) r5t-free l&s4 ,:5 ra9 is want$1 ^! deities are ord]$ to provide x2 & if !y fail1 !y h to pay a f9e into ! ,rja's treasury4 ,?is is ! way ! ,*9ese treat _! gods :o refuse to d _! duty4 #ahd ,! song ( ,alha & ,udal1 :i* describes ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,h9dus & ! e>ly ,muhammadan invad]s1 is sung 9 ,oudh to procure ra94 ,9 ! ,hills sm>t %[]s are attribut$ to ! numb] ( m>riages go+ on at ! "t 9 ! pla9s4 ,! bride & bridegroom1 z we %all see 9 ! leg5d ( ,dulha ,deo1 are p>ticul>ly expos$ to ! demoniacal influ5ce ( ! wea!r4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ! p w n kill wolves1 z !y say t :]ev] !re falls a drop ( a wolf's blood ! ra9 w be defici5t4 ,to close ?is catalogue ( devices to procure ra91 we may note t x is a common belief t sacr$ /ones are connect$ ) ra9fall4 ,9 ! temple ( ,m>s at ,rome !re 0 a great /one cyl9d] :i*1 :5 !re 0 a dr\ght1 0 roll$ by ! prie/s ?r\gh ! t[n4 #ahe ,9 ,m+relia1 to get ra9 !y dip a holy image 9 wat] daily till x ra9s4 ,9 ,nav>re ! image ( ,/4 ,pet] 0 tak5 to a riv]1 :]e "s pray$ to him = ra91 b o!rs call$ out to duck him 9 ! wat]4 #ahf ,a /one 9 ! =m ( a cross at ,iona 0 us$ = ! same purpose4 #ahg ,s 9 ,india ! relics ( ,gautama ,buddha 7 believ$ to h ! same influ5ce4 #ahh ,9 ,behr 9 seasons ( dr\ght a holy /one1 kn[n z ,nryana ,*akra1 is kept 9 a vessel ( wat]2 sometimes a piece ( planta9 leaf on :i* are writt5 ! names ( "o hundr$ & eight villages beg9n+ ) ! lett] ,k & n end+ 9 ,pur is ?r[n into ! wat]4 #ahi ,9 ! same way ! l+am ( ,mahdeva1 a ?ir/y deity1 :o ne$s cont9ual cool+ to relieve 8 di/ress1 mu/ be kept cont9ually moi/ to avoid dr\ght4 ,n long ago :5 ra9 fail$ at ,mirzapur1 ! p contribut$ to ma9ta9 a gang ( lab\r]s :o br\ght wat] to p\r on a fam\s l+am4 ,! same cu/om prevails 9 ,samoa4 #aij ,!re1 :5 ra9 0 excessive1 ! /one repres5t+ ! ra9-mak+ god 0 laid by ! fire & kept w>m till f9e wea!r set 92 b 9 "t ( dr\ght ! prie/ & 8 foll[]s1 dress$ up 9 f9e mats1 w5t 9 procession to ! /ream1 dipp$ ! /one1 & pray$ = a %[]4 ,devices to ,cause ,ra9 to ,cease4 ,9 ,engl& :5 ra9 is 9 excess ! little *ildr5 s+1 ,ra96 ,ra96 ,g away6 ,come aga9 on a ,saturday6 ,9 ,india !re are _m devices int5d$ to secure ! same object4 ,"o is ! rev]se ( ! nudity *>m :i* we h already discuss$4 ,9 ,madras1 a woman1 g5]ally an ugly wid[1 is made to dance1 sometimes nak$1 ) a burn+ /ick 9 h] h& & fac+ ! sky4 ,?is is suppos$ to disgu/ ,v>una1 ! sky god1 :o %r9ks away f su* a sight & )holds ! ra94 #aia ,o!r devices h ! same object1 to put pressure on ! deities :o are responsible = ! excessive ra94 ,?us1 9 ,muzaff>nag> ! ,muni or ,ri%i ,aga/ya1 :o is a great p]sonage 9 e>ly folk-lore1 is suppos$ to h p[] to /op ! ra94 ,:5 ra9 is 9 excess !y draw a figure ( him on a lo9 clo? & put x out 9 ! ra94 ,"s pa9t 8 figure on ! outside ( ! h\se & let ! ra9 wa% x away4 ,?is g5]ally br+s him to 8 s5ses & he gives relief4 ,ano!r practice1 :i* is believ$ to be employ$ by evil-m9d$ p :o are selfi%ly int]e/$ 9 a dr\ght1 is to light a lamp ) melt$ butt] & put x outside :5 ! ra9-cl\ds collect4 ,! ra9 god is afraid to put out ! sacr$ light1 & retires4 ,ano!r way 9 use 9 ! ,panjb is to give an unm>ri$ girl "s oil & get h] to p\r x on ! gr\nd1 say+1 ,if ,i p\r n out ! oil1 m9e ! s92 if ?\ disp]se n ! cl\ds1 ?9e ! s94 ,9 ,mirzapur x is consid]$ a good plan to "n tw5ty-"o m5 :o are bl9d ( an eye1 & consequ5tly ill-om5$1 & make tw5ty-"o knots 9 a cord & tie x "u ! eaves ( ! h\se4 ,9 ,kumaun _m devices are us$ to effect ! same result4 ,"s hot oil is p\r$ into ! left e> ( a dog4 ,:5 ! pa9 makes him yell x is believ$ t ,rja ,indra takes pity on him & /ops ! ra94 ,ano!r plan is v l ! ,mirzapur device4 ,five1 sev51 or elev5 gra9s ( ,urad pulse are plac$ 9 a piece ( clo?1 wrapp$ up & ti$ ) a treble cord4 ,ea* gra9 be>s ! "n ( a bl9d p]son1 kn[n to ! man :o is c>ry+ out ! rite4 ,?is is kn[n z ! b9d+ ( ! bl9d m54 ,! packet is ei!r buri$ "u ! eaves ( a h\se :]e ! wat] drips1 or put 9 a tree4 ,! object is to excite ! compassion ( ,rja ,indra by _! suff]+s4 ,o!rs take sev5 pieces ( granite1 sev5 gra9s ( mu/>d1 & sev5 bits ( goat-dung1 p>* !m 9 an ov51 & !n put !m "u ! drip ( ! eaves4 ,^! repres5t ! demons1 :o are enemies ( ,indra1 & he is s pleas$ at _! discomfiture t he disp]ses ! cl\ds4 ,o!rs fix up a h>r[ p]p5dicul>ly :]e f\r roads meet4 ,z ?is in/rum5t is always us$ 9 a horizontal position1 ?is indicates t gross inju/ice is be+ done to ! _w1 & ! ra9 god rel5ts4 ,o!rs :5 ! ?und] ro>s 9 ! ra9-cl\ds invoke ! sa9t ,aga/ya1 :o once drank up all ! wat]s ( ! _w 9 f\r sips2 s all ! cl\ds fe> him & disp]se :5 he is invok$4 ,ano!r fav\rite plan is to fee a ,brhman to make sixty holes 9 a piece ( wood & run a /r+ ?r\gh all ( !m4 ,:ile he is ?us b9d+ up ! ra9 he recites spells 9 hon\r ( ! ,sun godl+1 ,sraj ,nryan1 :o is mov$ to int]f]e4 ,o!rs take a piece ( unleav5$ bread1 g into ! fields & place x on ! gr\nd2 or tak+ "s sug>1 rice1 & o!r articles ord9>ily us$ 9 wor%ip to a place :]e f\r roads meet1 defile !m 9 a p>ticul>ly disgu/+ way4 ,on su* sub/ances ! ra9 is a%am$ to fall4 ,9 ,bombay a leaf-plate fill$ ) cook$ rice & curds is plac$ 9 "s op5 spot :]e ! ra9 c see x & avoid x4 ,if ! ra9 %\ld p]si/ 9 com+1 a live coal is laid on a tile & plac$ 9 "s op5 place1 :]e x is implor$ to swall[ ! hateful ra94 ,all ^! practices are magic ( ! ord9>y sympa!tic k9d4 #aib ,ra9-cl\ds are suppos$ also to be "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,evil ,eye1 & w bl[ ov] )\t giv+ ra9 if ! malici\s glance falls ^u !m4 ,h5ce1 :5 ra9 is ne$$1 if any "o runs out ( a h\se b>ehead$ :ile x is ra9+1 he is ord]$ 9 at once1 or he is told to put on 8 cap or turban1 = a b>ehead$ man is apt to wi% involunt>ily t ! ra9 may cease1 & ?us injure 8 neighb\rs4 ,ev]y:]e x is believ$ t ! ,banya or corn*&l]1 :o is int]e/$ 9 high prices1 buries "s wat] 9 an e>!n pot 9 ord] to /op ! ra94 ,hail & ,:irlw9d4 ,! hail & ! :irlw9d are1 l mo/ ( ! natural ph5om5a :i* we h be5 discuss+1 attribut$ to demoniacal ag5cy4 ,! ,m>uts :o ride on ! :irlw9d & direct ! /orm hold a prom95t place 9 ! ,v$a1 :]e !y are repres5t$ z ! fri5ds & allies ( ,indra4 ,ano!r fam\s tempe/ demon 0 ,tr9v>tta1 :o assum$ ! =m ( a :irlw9d & c>ri$ (f ! infant ,kri%na1 b 0 kill$ by ! *ild4 ,mr4 ,lel& #aic tells a curi\s ,italian /ory ( a peasant :o kill$ ! *ur* sexton ) 8 billhook because he /opp$ r++ ! bell & ?us all[$ ! hail to injure 8 v9es4 ,?is illu/rates a well-kn[n pr9ciple t demons1 & 9 p>ticul> ! demon :o br+s ! hail1 c be sc>$ by noise4 ,?us ,aubrey tells u3 #aid--;,at ,p>is1 :5 x beg9s to ?und] & light51 !y d pres5tly r+ out ! great bell at ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,g]ma91 :i* !y d believe makes x cease4 ,:5 x ?und]$ & light5$ !y did r+ ,/4 ,adelm's bell 9 ,malmesbury ,abbey4 ,! curi\s d say t ! r++ ( bells exce$+ly di/urbs spirits4 ,h5ce "o plan ( driv+ away ! hail is to take out an iron griddle-plate & beat x ) a bamboo4 ,"h ! use ( iron1 a well-kn[n demon sc>]1 increases ! efficacy ( ! rite4 ,x is also an improvem5t if ?is be done by a virg91 & 9 "s places x is consid]$ suffici5t if :5 ! hail falls an unm>ri$ girl is s5t out ) an iron plate 9 h] h&4 ,possibly foll[+ out ! same tra9 ( ideas1 ! ,kh>wrs ( ,mirzapur1 :5 hail falls1 ?r[ into ! c\rty>d ! wood5 peg ( ! corn-mill1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is consid]$ possess$ ( c]ta9 magical p[]s4 ,9 ,muzaff>nag>1 :5 hail beg9s !y pray at once to two not$ demons1 ,isml ,jogi & ,non ,*amr91 & r+ a bell 9 a ,saiva temple to sc>e ! demon4 ,ano!r me?od is to put pressure on ! hail demon by ! pret5ce ( %e] physical pa94 ,?us 9 ,multn x is believ$ t if y c cat* a hail/one 9 ! air be=e x rea*es ! gr\nd & cut x 9 two ) a pair ( scissors ! hail w abate4 #aie ,n long ago a lady at ,nam ,tl1 :5 a hail/orm came on1 saw h] g>d5] ru% into ! kit*5 & br+ out ! cook's *opp]1 ) :i* he began to make /rokes on ! gr\nd :]e ! hail 0 fall+4 ,x appe>$ on inquiry t he believ$ t ! hail w\ld dread be+ cut & cease to fall4 #aif ,9 ,kumaun1 :]e hail is mu* dread$1 !re are _m devices ( ! same k9d4 ,"s put an axe 9 ! op5 air ) ! edge turn$ up1 s t ! hail/ones may be cut 9 pieces & cease fall+4 ,ano!r plan is to spit at ! hail z x falls1 or to spr9kle ! hail/ones ) blood drawn f "s fam\s magician1 a rite :i* c h>dly be any?+ b a survival ( human sacrifice4 ,a ?ird device is to call an en*ant] & make him bl[ a con*-%ell 9 ! direction ( ! hail4 ,o!rs put a *urn 9 ! op5 air :5 ! ra9 is fall+1 9 ! belief t :5 ! hail/ones t\* x !y w become z s(t z butt]4 ,o!rs1 aga91 :5 hail falls1 s5d out a wiz>d or "o possess$ by "s deity & make him beat ! hail/ones ) a %oe4 #aig ,!re are1 aga91 c]ta9 p]sons specially 9 *>ge ( ! hail4 ,?us1 at ! t[n ( ,cleon 9 ,argolis !re 7 wat*m5 ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se to look out = hail/orms4 ,:5 !y saw a hail-cl\d approa*+ !y made a signal1 :]eupon ! f>m]s turn$ out & sacrific$ lambs & f[ls4 ,!y believ$ t :5 ! cl\ds _h ta/$ ! blood !y w\ld turn aside & g some:]e else4 ,if any man 0 too poor to af=d a lamb or a f[l1 he prick$ 8 f+] ) a %>p in/rum5t & (f]$ 8 own blood to ! cl\ds2 & ! hail1 we are told1 turn$ aside f 8 fields z readily z f ^? :]e x _h be5 propitiat$ ) ! blood ( victims4 #aih ,9 ! same way ! duty ( *>m+ away ! hail is1 9 ,kumaun1 entru/$ to a c]ta9 class ( ,brhmans kn[n z ,woli or ,oliya 7ola1 hail74 ,_! me?od is to take a dry g\rd1 :i* !y fill ) pebbles1 gra9s ( ,urad pulse1 mu/>d1 goat-dung & se$s ( cotton4 ,?is is !n ti$ by a triple cord to ! highe/ tree on a m\nta9 ov]hang+ ! village4 ,until ! crops are cut ! ,oliya goes to ?is place e day & mutt]s 8 incantations4 ,if ! crops are reap$ )\t disa/] ( any k9d he is lib]ally remun]at$4 #aii ,z has be5 already said1 :irlw9ds are ! "w ( demons4 ,! wit*es 9 ,macbe? meet 9 ?und]1 lightn+ & ra91 !y c loose & b9d ! w9ds & cause vessels to be tempe/-toss$ at sea4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 laid d[n by ,py?agoras2 #bjj & ,h]odotus #bja describes ! p ( ,psylli m>*+ 9 a body to fight ! s\? w9d :i* _h dri$ up _! wat]-tanks4 ,9 ,irel& x is believ$ t a :irlw9d d5otes t a devil is danc+ ) a wit*2 or t ! fairies are ru%+ by1 int5t on c>ry+ (f "s victim to fairyl&4 ,! only help is to fl+ clay at ! pass+ w9d1 & ! fairies w be compell$ to drop ! mortal *ild or ! beautiful "y girl !y h abduct$4 #bjb ,a g5tleman at ,li/[el n long ago 0 mu* a/oni%$ :5 a cl\d ( du/ 0 be+ bl[n along a road to see an old woman ru% to ! side & drag h&fuls ( grass out ( ! f5ce1 :i* %e ?rew 9 great ha/e into ! cl\d ( du/4 ,he inquir$ & le>n$ t ?is 0 9 ord] to give some?+ to ! fairies :i* 7 fly+ along 9 ! du/4 ,s 9 ,italy1 ,spolvi]o is ! w9d _s :i* flies along 9 ! du/ eddies4 #bjc ,9 ! ,panjb ,ph]u #bjd is ! deity ( ! petty :irlw9ds :i* bl[ :5 ! little du/-cl\ds rise 9 ! hot wea!r4 ,he 0 a ,brhman1 & a long /ory is told ( him1 h[ he wor%ipp$ ,sakhi ,s>w>1 0 made ,gov]nor ( ,imnbd by ,akb>1 b he ab&on$ ! sa9t & return$ to 8 ca/e1 :]eupon he 0 afflict$ ) leprosy4 ,:5 he rep5t$ he 0 cur$ by eat+ "s magical e>? & believ$ 9 ! sa9t till he di$4 ,8 %r9e is at ,miynk1 9 ! ,lahore ,di/rict1 & :5 a ,panjbi sees a :irlw9d he calls out1 ,bhi ,ph]u1 t]i kr--,may ,bhi ,ph]u protect u6 ,ano!r :irlw9d demon1 ! sa9t ,rahma1 0 once neglect$ at ! :eat h>ve/1 & he rais$ a :irlw9d :i* blew = n9e days 9 succession1 & wr\ght su* damage 9 ! ?re%+-floors t s9ce !n 8 %r9e receives ! appropriate (f]+s4 ,on ! same pr9ciple :irlw9ds are call$ 9 ,bombay ,baglya or devils4 #bje ,among ! ,mirzapur ,korwas1 :5 a du/-/orm comes1 ! wom5 ?ru/ ! h\se broom1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is a demon sc>]1 into ! ?at*1 s t x may n be bl[n away4 ,! ,pankas 9 ! same way make _! wom5 hold ! ?at* & ?r[ ! rice mort> & ! fl\r-mill pivot into ! c\rty>d4 ,! w9d is a%am$ ( be+ defeat$ by ! p[] ( wom5 & ceases to bl[4 ,a]olites4 ,all ov] ! _w p say t if :5 a meteor or fall+ /> d>ts across ! sky !y c utt] a wi% be=e x disappe>s1 t wi% w be grant$4 ,! old ,norsem5 believ$ t x impli$ t a dragon 0 fla%+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 ,italy #bjf ! sight ( su* a body is a cure = ble> eyes4 ,9 ,india x is believ$ t ! resid5ce ( a s\l 9 heav5 is proportionate to ! *>ities done by him on e>?1 & :5 8 allott$ p]iod is ov] he falls z an a]olite4 ,a fall+ /> means t ! s\l ( "s great man is pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 & :5 p see "o ( ^! />s !y ?ru/ _! five f+]s into _! m\?s to prev5t _! own s\ls f jo9+ 8 company4 ,_m ( ^! a]olites are wor%ipp$ z l+ams 9 ,saiva %r9es4 ,"o :i* fell at ,stm>hi 9 ,b5gal 9 #ahhj1 has n[ be5 deifi$1 & is wor%ipp$ z ,adbht-n?a1 or ! miracul\s god4 #bjg ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,h]oic ,,& ,,village ,,godl+s4 ,arma procul currusque virum miratur inanes4 ,/ant t]r defix ha/1 passimque soluti ,p] campum pascuntur equi4 neid1 vi4 #feb-fed4 ,! ,h]oic ,godl+s4 ,next to ^! deities :i* h be5 class$ z ! godl+s ( nature1 come ^? :i* h a special local wor%ip ( _! own4 ,! numb] ( ^! godl+s is imm5se1 & _! functions & attributes s v>i$1 t x is extremely difficult to classify !m on any intelligible pr9ciple4 ,"s ( !m are pure village godl+s1 ( :om ! la/ ,c5sus has une>!d an enorm\s numb] all ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,india4 ,"s ( !m1 l ,hanumn or ,bhms51 are survivals 9 a some:at debas$ =m ( ! second-rate deities or h]oes ( ! old] my?ology4 ,"s h ris5 to ! rank1 or are gradually be+ elevat$ to ! /atus1 ( national deities4 ,"s are 9 all probability ! local gods ( ! degrad$ races1 :om we may t5tatively assume to be auto*?on\s4 ,_m ( ^! h almo/ c]ta9ly be5 absorb$ into ,brhmanism at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,"s are 9 process ( elevation to ! or?odox pan!on4 ,b x w require a mu* m detail$ analysis ( ! national fai? ?an ! exi/+ mat]ials p]mit1 be=e x w be possible to make a f9al classification ( ?is mob ( deities on any?+ approa*+ a def9ite pr9ciple4 ,! deities ( ! h]oic class are z a rule b5ignant1 & are g5]ally wor%ipp$ by mo/ ,h9dus4 ,^? t h be5 def9itely promot$ into ! respectable div9e cab9et1 l ,hanumn1 h ,brhmans or memb]s ( ! ascetic ord]s z _! prie/s1 & _! images1 if n exactly admitt$ into ! holy ( holies ( ! great] %r9es1 are /ill allott$ a respectable position 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & receive a %>e 9 ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful4 ,! local position ( ! %r9e v (t5 def9es ! /atus ( ! deity4 ,to _m godl+s ( ?is class is allott$ ! duty ( act+ z w>d]s 7dwrapla7 to ! temples ( ! great gods4 ,?us1 at ! ,a%?bhuja hill 9 ,mirzapur1 ! pilgrim to ! %r9e ( ! eight-arm$ ,dev meets fir/ on ! road an image ( ! monkey god ,hanumn1 be=e he comes into ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! goddess4 ,s at ,b5>es1 ,bhaironn? is *ief police (fic] 7,kotwl7 or gu>dian ( all ! ,saiva temples4 ,simil>ly at ,jagesw> beyond ,almora we f9d ,k%etrapl1 at ,bad>9? ,ghantak>an1 at ,k$rn? ,bhairava1 & at ,tungn? ,kl ,bhairon4 #bjh ,9 _m places1 z ! pilgrim asc5ds to ! great] temples1 he comes to a place :]e ! fir/ view ( ! %r9e is obta9$4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,devadekhn or spot f :i* ! deity is view$4 ,?is is g5]ally occupi$ by "s l[]-class deity1 :o is j beg9n+ to be consid]$ respectable4 ,!n comes ! temple d$icat$ to ! w>d51 & la/ly ! real %r9e itself4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is repres5ts ! process by :i* gods :i* are n[ admitt$ly )9 ! inn] circle ( ! fir/ class1 su* z ! bea/ inc>nations ( ,vi%nu1 ! elephant-head$ ,ganesa1 & ! ,sktis or imp]sonations ( ! female en]gies ( nature1 und]w5t a gradual elevation4 ,?is process is actually /ill go+ on be=e our eyes4 ,?us1 ! famili> ,gor ,bba1 a deifi$ gho/ ( ! aborig9al races1 has 9 _m places become a new manife/ation ( ,siva1 z ,goresw>a4 ,simil>ly1 ! p[]ful & malignant goddesses1 :o 7 by rud] tribes propitiat$ ) ! sacrifice ( a buffalo or a goat1 h be5 annex$ to ,brhmanism z two ( ! num]\s =ms ( ,durg ,dev1 by ! transp>5t fiction ( a ,bha9ssur or ,kl ,dev4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] h] orig9 is cle>ly prov$ by ! fact t %e is reg>d$ z a sort ( tribal deity ( ! mix$ tribe ( ,knhpuriya ,rjputs 9 ,oudh4 ,simil>ly ,mahm1 or ! ,great ,"m1 a di/9ctively aborig9al goddess ^: %r9e consi/s ( a l[ flat m\nd ( e>? ) sev5 knobs ( col\r$ clay at ! head or we/ side1 has be5 promot$ into ! high] pan!on z ,jagadamb ,dev1 or ,"m ( ! ,_w4 ,h] %r9e is /ill a simple flat m\nd ( e>? ) sev5 knobs at ! top1 & a flag 9 front to ! ea/4 #bji ,m ext5d$ analysis w probably %[ t ! obligations ( ,brhmanism to ! local cultus are mu* great] ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,hanumn4 ,fir/ among ! h]oic godl+s is ,hanumn1 ,he ( ! l>ge jaws1 or1 z he is g5]ally call$1 ,mahbr1 ! great h]o1 ! celebrat$ monkey *ief ( ! ,rmyana1 :o assi/$ ,rma 9 8 campaign aga9/ ! giant ,rvana to recov] ,st4 ,h>dly any ev5t 9 8 my?ology1 ?anks to ! g5ius ( ,tulas ,ds1 ! great ,h9di poet ( ,h9du/n1 is m famili> to ! ,h9du peasant ?an ?is4 ,x =ms ! fav\rite subject ( dramatic repres5tation at ! annual fe/ival ( ! ,dasahra4 ,!re ,hanumn1 9 fitt+ attire1 m>*es along ! /age at ! head ( 8 army ( be>s & monkeys1 & ! play ends ) ! de/ruction ( ,rvana1 ^: great body1 =m$ ( wick]work & pap]1 is bl[n up ) fireworks1 amid ! delight$ en?usiasm ( ! excit$ audi5ce4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! wor%ip ( ,hanumn does n come d[n f ! e>lie/ ages ( ! ,h9du fai?1 ?\gh x has be5 sugge/$ t he is ! legitimate desc5dant ( ,vri%a-kapi1 ! great monkey ( ! ,v$a4 #baj ,besides be+ a great w>rior he 0 not$ = 8 skill 9 magic1 gramm> & ! art ( heal+4 ,_m local leg5ds connect him ) sites 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,hills1 l ! ,v9dhya & t at ,gov>dhan1 are1 z we h se51 attribut$ to him or to 8 companions4 ,! m extreme s*ool ( mod]n comp>ative my?ologi/s w\ld make out t ,hanumn is only ! imp]sonation ( ! great cl\d-monkey :i* fights ! sun4 #baa ,b ! fact ( monkey-wor%ip is susceptible ( a mu* simpl] explanation4 ,! ape1 f 8 appe>ance & human ways1 is closely associat$ ) man4 ,x is a belief common to all folk-lore t monkeys 7 once human be+s :o h suff]$ degradation1 #bab & accord+ to "o common belief /eal]s ( fruit become monkeys 9 _! next inc>nation4 ,b ! common !ory t ! monkey is v5]at$ 9 memory ( ! demigod ,hanumn is1 z ,sir ,a4 ,lyall #bac rem>ks1 pla9ly putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse1 = ! monkey is evid5tly at ! bottom ( ! :ole /ory4 ,hanumn is n[ g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 adopt$ into ! ,h9du heav5 f ! non-,aryan or aborig9al idolat]s2 ?\gh1 to my m9d1 any unciviliz$ ,indian w\ld surely fall d[n & wor%ip at fir/ sight ( an ape4 ,!n !re is ! mod]n idea t ! god 0 really a great *ief ( "s su* aborig9al tribe z ^? :i* to ?is day dwell almo/ l wild creatures 9 ! remote =e/s ( ,india2 & ?is may be ! nucleus ( fact 9 ! leg5d reg>d+ him4 ,x seems z if h]o-wor%ip & animal-wor%ip _h got mix$ up 9 ! leg5d ( ,hanumn4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! s-call$ ,aryans enjoy no monopoly ( 8 wor%ip4 ,he is sometimes l a tribal godl+ ( ! aborig9al ,suiris1 & ! wild ,bhuiyas ( ,keunjh> id5tify him ) ,borm1 ! ,sun godl+4 #bad ,x is at lea/ a possible supposition t 8 wor%ip may h be5 import$ into ,brhmanism f "s su* s\rce z ^!4 ,hanumn z a ,village ,godl+4 ,b :atev] may be ! orig9 ( ! cult1 ! fact rema9s t he is a great village godl+1 ) pot5t influ5ce to sc>e evil spirits f 8 vot>ies4 ,8 rude image1 sme>$ ) oil & r$ o*re1 meets "o some:]e or o!r 9 almo/ e respectable ,h9du village4 ,"o ( 8 functions is to act z an embodim5t ( virile p[]4 ,he is a giv] ( (fspr+1 & 9 ,bombay wom5 sometimes g to 8 temple 9 ! e>ly morn+1 /rip !mselves nak$1 & embrace ! god4 #bae ,mr4 ,h>tl& has collect$ _m in/ances ( simil> practices4 ,?us a cannon at ,batavia us$ to be utiliz$ 9 ! same way2 & at ,a!ns !re is a rock ne> ! ,callirrhoe1 :]eon wom5 :o wi% to be made f]tile rub !mselves1 call+ on ! ,moirai to be graci\s to !m4 #baf ,on ! same pr9ciple he is1 ) ,h9du wre/l]s1 _! patron deity1 8 place among ,musalmns be+ tak5 by ',ali4 ,_! aid is invok$ at ! comm5cem5t ( all a?letic ex]cises1 & at ea* wre/l+ s*ool a plat=m is erect$ 9 _! hon\r4 ,tuesday is sacr$ to ,mahbr & ,friday to ',ali4 ,h9du wre/l]s on ,mahbr's day ba! 9 a riv] 9 ! morn+1 & aft] ba?+ dress 9 clean clo!s4 ,!n tak+ a j> ( wat]1 "s inc5se1 sweets1 & r$ or :ite fl[]s1 !y repair to ! wre/l+ s*ool1 b[ d[n be=e ! plat=m & sme> x ) c[-dung or e>?4 ,aft] ?is ! sweets are (f]$ to ,mahbr & v]ses are recit$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,!n !y d ! ex]cise five times & b[ be=e ! plat=m4 ,:5 ! s]vice is ov] !y sme> _! bodies ) ! inc5se1 :i* is suppos$ to give !m /r5g? & c\rage4 ,c>e is tak5 t no woman sees ! a?letes ex]cis+1 le/ %e %\ld ca/ ! ,evil ,eye ^u !m4 ,"o special haunt ( ! monkey deity is :at is kn[n z ! ,b&>pn*h or monkey tail peak 9 ! ,himlayas4 ,!y say t e ye> 9 ! spr+ a s+le monkey comes f ,h>dwr to ?is peak & rema9s !re twelve mon?s1 :5 he makes way = 8 successor4 ,hanumn is a fav\rite deity ( ! semi-,h9duiz$ ,drvidian races ( ! ,v9dhya-,kaimr plateau4 ,! mo/ awe-inspir+ ( _! trem5d\s rocks are 8 fanes2 ! mo/ lovely ( _! pools are sacr$ by virtue ( ! tradition ( 8 hav+ ba!d 9 !m4 ,he 0 kn[n z ,pawan-k-pt1 or son ( ! w9d1 :i* corresponds to 8 old] title ( ,m>utputra1 or son ( ! w9d god4 ,& ! ,bhuiyas ( ,s9hbhm1 :o are1 z ,colonel ,dalton gravely rem>ks1 )\t d\bt ! apes ( ! ,rmyana1 call !mselves ,pawan-bans1 or sons ( ! w9d1 to ?is day4 #bag ,b 9 ! pla9s 8 *ief function is z a w>d5 or gu>dian aga9/ demoniacal influ5ce1 & at ! ,hanumng>hi %r9e at ,ajudhya he is provid$ ) a regul> prie/hood consi/+ ( ,khki ascetics4 ,! respect paid to ! monkey does n ne$ mu* illu/ration4 ,! ord9>y monkey ( ! pla9s 7,macacus ,rhesus7 is a mo/ tr\blesome1 mis*iev\s bea/1 & does enorm\s mis*ief to crops1 :ile 9 cities he is little %ort ( a pe/4 ,b 8 life is protect$ by a mo/ effective sanction1 & no "o d>es to injure him4 ,g5]al ,sleeman #bah tells a /ory ( a ,muhammadan ,nawb ( ,oudh1 :o 0 believ$ to h di$ ( fev]1 ! result ( kill+ a monkey4 ,mumtz-ud-daula1 said 8 in=mant1 might h be5 ,k+ ( ,oudh _h 8 fa!r n %ot t monkey4 ,9 ! ,panjb an appeal to ! monkey ov]comes ! demon ( ! :irlw9d4 ,!re is a ,bombay /ory t 9 ! village ( ,mak>gon1 :5ev] !re is a m>riage 9 a h\se1 ! own] puts outside ! w$d+ boo? a turban1 a wai/-clo?1 rice1 fruits1 turm]ic1 & betel-nuts = ! village monkeys4 ,! monkeys assemble & sit r\nd _! ,patel1 or *ief4 ,! *ief te>s ! turban & gives a piece to ea* ( !m1 & ! o!r ?+s are divid$4 ,if ! h\sehold] does n pres5t ^! (f]+s !y asc5d ! boo? & defile ! w$d+ fea/4 ,he has !n to come out & apologize1 & :5 he gives !m ! usual gifts !y retire4 #bai ,! fe$+ ( monkeys is "p ( ! ritual at ! ,durg ,temple at ,b5>es1 & !re1 too1 !re is a k+ ( ! monkeys :o is treat$ ) mu* respect4 ,in/ances ( ,rjas c>ry+ out ! w$d+ ( a monkey at enorm\s exp5se are n unkn[n4 ,:]e a monkey has be5 kill$ x is believ$ t no "o c live4 ,8 bones are also exce$+ly unlucky1 & a special class ( exorcis]s 9 ,bihr make x _! bus9ess to asc]ta9 t 8 bones d n pollute ! gr\nd on :i* a h\se is ab\t to be erect$4 #bbj ,! wor%ip ( ,hanumn appe>s1 if ! ,c5sus returns are to be tru/$1 to be mu* m popul> 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces ?an 9 ! ,panjb4 ,9 ! =m] 8 devotees numb]$ ab\t a million1 & 9 ! latt] less ?an t5 ?\s& p]sons4 ,b ! figures are probably op5 to "q1 z he is (t5 wor%ipp$ 9 association ) o!r deities4 ,wor%ip ( ,bhms54 ,ano!r ( ^! b5efic5t gu>dians or w>d5s is ,bhms51 he :o has a t]rible army4 ,he has n[ 9 popul> belief v little 9 common ) ! burly h]o ( ! ,mahbhrata1 :o 0 notori\s = 8 gigantic /r5g?1 great animal c\rage1 prodigi\s appetite & irascible temp]2 jovial & jocul> :5 9 good hum\r1 b abusive1 trucul5t & brutal :5 8 passions 7 r\s$4 #bba ,he is n[ little m ?an "o ( ! w>d5s ( ! h\se or village4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces he has become degrad$ into a m]e feti%1 & is repres5t$ by a piece ( iron fix$ 9 a /one or 9 a tree4 #bbb ,"u ! "n ( ,bhms5 or ,bhmp51 8 wor%ip ext5ds f ,b]r to ! extreme ea/ ( ,ba/>1 & n m]ely among ! ,h9duiz$ aborig9es1 :o h begun to hon\r ,kh&oba1 ,hanumn1 ,ganpati & _! bre?r51 b among ! rude/ & mo/ savage tribes4 ,he is g5]ally ador$ "u ! =m ( an un%apely /one cov]$ ) v]milion1 or ( two pieces ( wood /&+ f ?ree to f\r feet out ( ! gr\nd1 :i* are possibly connect$ ) ! phallic idea1 t[>ds :i* s _m ( ^! deities (t5 div]ge4 ,bhiwsu1 ! regul> ,gond deity1 is id5tical ) him4 ,mr4 ,hislop #bbc m5tions a l>ge idol ( him eight feet high1 ) a dagg] 9 "o h& & a javel9 9 ! o!r4 ,he has an aborig9al prie/1 kn[n z ,bhmak1 or he ( ! soil1 & ! p repair to wor%ip on ,tuesdays & ,saturdays1 (f]+ he-goats1 hogs1 h5s1 cocks & cocoa-nuts4 ,! headman ( ! village & ! cultivators subscribe = an annual fea/1 :i* takes place at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9s1 :5 ! prie/ takes a c[ f ! headman by =ce & (f]s x to ! godl+ 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 congregation4 ,! ,mriya ,gonds wor%ip him 9 ! =m ( two pieces ( wood previ\s to ! s[+ ( ! crops4 ,! ,naikud ,gonds adore him 9 ! =m ( a huge /one daub$ ) v]milion4 ,be=e x a little rice is cook$4 ,!y !n besme> ! /one ) v]milion & burn res9 z inc5se 9 its hon\r1 aft] :i* ! victims--%eep1 hogs & f[ls--) ! usual oblation ( spirits1 are (f]$4 ,! god is n[ suppos$ to inspire ! prie/1 :o rolls 8 head1 leaps frantically r\nd & r\nd1 & f9ally falls d[n 9 a trance1 :5 he ann\nces :e!r ,bhms5 has accept$ ! s]vice or n4 ,at night all jo9 9 dr9k+1 danc+ & beat+ drums4 ,next morn+ ! congregation disp]ses4 ,^? :o are unable to att5d ?is tribal ga!r+ p]=m simil> rites at home "u ! %ade ( ! ,mahua tree 7,bassia latifolia74 #bbd ,pill>-wor%ip ( ,bhms54 ,! local wor%ip ( ,bhms5 beyond ! ,drvidian tract is specially 9 ! =m ( pill>s1 :i* are call$ ,bhml? or ,bhmgada1 ,bhm's clubs4 ,_m ( ^! are really ! edict pill>s :i* 7 erect$ by ! pi\s ,buddhi/ ,k+ ,asoka1 b !y h be5 appropriat$ by ,bhms54 ,su* are ! pill>s 9 ! ,blaght ,di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces & at ,kahon 9 ,gorakhpur4 ,at ,devadhra1 9 ! ,l[] ,himlaya1 are two b\ld]s1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* is call$ ,ransila1 or ! /one ( w>4 ,on ?is re/s a small] b\ld]1 said to be ! same z t us$ by ,bhms5 to produce ! fissures 9 ! rocks2 9 pro( ( :i* ! pr9t ( 8 five f+]s is /ill po9t$ out1 z !y %[ ! h&-m>k ( ! ,giant ,bol/] 9 ,cornwall4 #bbe ,bhms5 is "o ( ! special gods ( ! ,bhuiyas ( ,keunjh>1 & !y consid] !mselves to be desc5d$ f him1 z he is ! bro!r ( ,hanumn1 ! f\nd] ( _! race4 ,accord+ to ! ,h9du ritual he has 8 special fea/ on ! ,bhaimy ,ekda%1 or elev5? ( ! bright =tnight 9 ! mon? ( ,mgh4 ,! ,b5gal leg5d tells t ,bhms51 ! bro!r ( ,yudhi/hira1 :5 he 0 s5t to ! sn[y m\nta9s & lay b5umb$ ) cold1 0 re/or$ by ! ,sa9t ,gorakhn?1 & made k+ ( "o hundr$ & t5 ?\s& hills1 /ret*+ f ! s\rce ( ! ,ganges to ,bhutn4 ,among o!r miracles ,bhms5 & ,gorakhn? introduc$ ! sacrifice ( buffaloes 9 place ( human be+s1 & 9 ord] to effect ?is ,bhms5 ?ru/ "s ( ! fle% d[n ! ?roat ( ! holy man4 ,s ?\gh !y h bo? lo/ ca/e 9 consequ5ce1 !y are bo? deifi$4 ,! sa9t is /ill ! tutel>y deity ( ! reign+ family ( ,nepl1 & all ov] t k+dom & ,mi?ila ,bhms5 is a v common object ( wor%ip4 ,t my/]i\s p]sonage ,gorakhn? flits ?r\gh religi\s leg5d & folk-lore f po/-,v$ic to m$ival times2 & little has yet be5 done to discov] ! elem5t ( hi/orical tru? :i* und]lies an imm5se mass ( ! wilde/ fiction4 #bbf ,wor%ip ( ,bh%ma4 ,9 ab\t ! same rank z ,bhms5 is ,bh%ma1 ! t]rible "o1 ano!r h]o ( ! ,mahbhrata4 ,to ! ,h9du n[adays he is *iefly kn[n by ! tragic circum/ances ( 8 dea?4 ,he 0 cov]$ all ov] by ! innum]able arr[s dis*>g$ at him by ,arjuna1 & :5 he fell f 8 *>iot he 0 upheld f ! gr\nd by ! arr[s & lay z on a c\* ( d>ts4 ,?is ,s>a-sayya or arr[-b$ ( ,bh%ma is probably ! orig9 ( ! ,kantaka-sayya or ?orn-c\* ( "s mod]n ,bairgis1 :o lie & sleep on a c\* /udd$ ) nails4 ,he wi%$ to m>ry ! maid5 ,satyavat1 b he gave h] up to 8 fa!r ,sntanu1 & ,bh%ma elect$ to live a s+le life1 s t 8 sons might n claim ! ?rone f 8 /ep-bre?r54 ,h5ce1 z he di$ *ildless & left no desc5dant to p]=m 8 fun]al rites1 he is wor%ipp$ ) libations ( wat] on ! ,bh%ma ,a%tam1 or #bcrd ( ! mon? ( ,mgh2 b ?is c]emony h>dly ext5ds beyond ,b5gal4 ,9 ,upp] ,india five days 9 ! mon? ( ,krttik 7,novemb]-,decemb]7 are sacr$ to him4 ,?is is a woman's fe/ival4 ,!y s5d lamps to a ,brhman's h\se1 ^: wife dur+ ^! five days mu/ sleep on ! gr\nd1 on a spot cov]$ ) c[-dung1 close to ! lamps1 :i* x is h] duty to keep alight4 ,! lamps are fill$ ) sesamum oil1 & r$ wicks w\nd r\nd /icks ( ! sesamum plant re/ 9 ! lamp sauc]s4 ,a walnut1 an onla 7! fruit ( ! emblic myrobolon71 a lotus-se$1 & two copp] co9s are plac$ 9 ea* lamp4 ,ea* ev5+ ! wom5 come & pro/rate !mselves be=e ! lamps or walk r\nd !m4 ,!y ba! on ea* day ( ! fea/ be=e sunrise1 & are all[$ only "o meal 9 ! day1 consi/+ ( sug>-cane1 sweet potatoes & o!r roots1 ) meal made ( am>9? se$1 millet & buck:eat cakes1 to :i* ! ri* add sug>1 dry g+]1 & butt]4 ,!y dr9k only milk4 ,( c\rse ! ,brhman gets a %>e ( ^! good ?+s1 to :i* ! ri* contribute 9 addition a lamp-sauc] made ( silv]1 ) a gold5 wick1 clo!s1 & money4 ,at ! e>ly morn+ ba? ( ! la/ day five light$ lamps made ( d\gh are plac$1 "o at ! entrance ( ! t[n or village1 o!rs at ! f\r cross-roads1 "u ! ,ppal or sacr$ fig tree1 at a temple ( ,siva1 & at a pond4 ,?is la/ is put 9 a small raft made ( ! leaves ( ! sug>-cane1 & float$ on ! wat]4 ,a little gra9 is plac$ beside ea* lamp4 ,aft] ! lamps h&$ ov] to ! ,brhman h burnt away or gone out1 ! black f ! wicks is rubb$ on ! eyes & f+]s ( ! wor%ipp]s1 & _! toe-nails are ano9t$ ) ! rema9d] ( ! oil4 ,all ! articles us$ 9 ! wor%ip are well-kn[n sc>]s ( demons1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! rite is int5d$ to conciliate ,bh%ma 9 8 "* ( a gu>dian deity1 & induce him to w>d (f evil spirits f ! h\sehold ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,!re is a curi\s leg5d told to expla9 ! motive ( ! rite4 ,a *ildless ,rja once ?reat5$ to kill all 8 que5s unless "o ( !m gave bir? to a *ild4 ,"o ( ! ,rns :o _h a cat1 ann\nc$ t %e _h be5 br\ght to b$ ( a girl1 :o 0 to be %ut up = twelve ye>s1 a common incid5t 9 ! folk-tales4 #bbg ,?is 0 all v well1 b ! suppos$ pr9cess _h to be m>ri$1 & "h lay ! difficulty4 ,n[ ?is cat _h be5 v att5tive dur+ ?is rite 9 hon\r ( ,bh%ma1 keep+ ! wicks alight by rais+ !m f "t to "t ) h] paws1 & clean+ !m on h] body4 ,s ! grateful godl+ turn$ h] into a beautiful girl1 b h] tail rema9$ z be=e4 ,h[ev]1 ! bridegroom's fri5ds admir$ h] s mu* t !y kept h] secret at ! w$d+1 & s sav$ ! ,rn f de/ruction1 & :5 ! "t came = ! bride to g to h] husb& h] tail dropp$ (f too4 ,s ,h9du ladies use ! oil & lamp-black ( ,bh%ma's fea/ day z valuable aids to beauty4 ,su* cases ( animal trans=mation con/antly appe> 9 ! folk-tales4 ,9 "o ( ! ,ka%mr /ories a cat1 by ! advice ( ,prvat1 rubs h]self ) oil & is turn$ into a girl2 b %e does n rub a small pat* betwe5 h] %\ld]s1 & ?is rema9$ cov]$ ) ! cat's fur4 #bbh ,! wor%ip ( ! h]oes ( ! ,mahbhrata does n prevail widely1 unless we h a survival ( x 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,pn* ,pr4 ,at ! la/ ,c5sus 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces less ?an f\r ?\s& p]sons decl>$ !mselves wor%ipp]s ( ! ,pndavas4 ,! numb] 9 ! ,panjb is ev5 small]4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,local ,godl+s4 ,we n[ come to ! local or village godl+s1 a mo/ nondescript collection ( deities1 possess+ v v>i\s attributes4 ,!re is good reason to believe t mo/ ( ^! deities1 if n all1 belong to ! races :om x is conv5i5t to call non-,aryan1 or at lea/ outside ,brhmanism1 ?\gh "s ( !m may h be5 f "t to "t promot$ into ! (ficial pan!on4 ,b ,dr4 ,opp]t1 #bbi writ+ ( ,s\!rn ,india1 rem>ks t if ! pure ,v$ic doctr9e has be5 alt]$ by ! influx ( non-,aryan t5ets1 s h also ! latt] und]gone a *ange by com+ 9 contact ) ,aryan ideas1 & n only h males intrud$ into ! once exclusive female circle ( ! ,grmadevats1 b also a motley ( que] figures h crept 91 =m+ inde$ a v /range ga!r+4 ,! ,grmadevat-pra?i%?a m5tions z ,grmadevats ! skull ( ,brahma1 ! head ( ,vi%nu1 ! skull ( ,r5uk1 ! figure ( ,draupad1 ! body ( ,st1 ! h>ass+ foll[]s ( ,siva 7! ,prama?as71 ! att5dants ( ,vi%nu 7,pri%adas71 demons1 ,yog9s1 v>i\s k9ds ( ,sktis made ( wood1 /one1 or clay2 p]sons :o 7 unsuccessful 9 _! devotional practice1 ,sunasepha1 ,trisanku1 ,ghatotka*a1 & o!rs2 ,devak's daught]1 multi=m ,durgs & ,sktis2 ,ptan & o!rs :o kill *ildr52 ,bhtas1 ,pretas1 & ,pis*as2 ,ksmnda1 ,sk91 ,dk91 ,vetlas1 & o!rs2 ,yak%as1 ,kirtadev1 ,sab>1 ,rudra1 "o hundr$ millions ( =ms ( ,rudra2 ,mtang1 ,symal1 unclean ,ganapati1 unclean ,*ndal1 ! goddess ( ! liquor pot 7,surabh&esw>71 ,moh91 ,rk%as1 ,tripur1 ,lankh91 ,saubhadev1 ,smudrik1 ,vanadurg1 ,jaladurg1 ,agnidurg1 suicides1 culprits1 fai?ful wives1 ! goddesses ( matt]1 goddesses ( qualities1 & goddesses ( de$s1 etc4 ,?r\gh su* a maze z ?is x is no easy task to f9d a clue4 ,! non-,brhmanic "* ( ! wor%ip is impli$ by ! "* ( ! prie/hood4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,delhi1 :]e ! wor%ip ( ,bhmiya z a local godl+ widely prevails1 ! s-call$ prie/ ( ! %r9e1 ^: functions are limit$ to beat+ a drum dur+ ! s]vice & receiv+ ! (f]+s1 is usually ( ! sweep] ca/e4 ,stal1 ! small-pox goddess1 is v (t5 s]v$ by a ,mli1 or g>d5]4 ,sir ,john ,malcolm notes t ! ,bhopa ( ,c5tral ,india1 :o acts z ! village prie/1 is g5]ally drawn f "s m5ial tribe4 #bcj ,9 ! hill c\ntry ( ,s\? ,mirzapur1 ! ,baiga :o manages ! wor%ip ( ,gansm1 ,rja ,lkhan1 or ! aggregate ( ! local deities1 kn[n z ! ,dih or ,deohr1 is almo/ inv>iably a ,bhuiyr or a ,*]o1 bo? semi-savage ,drvidian tribes4 ,ev5 ! %r9e erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,nh> ,ro1 ! fam\s ,k+ ( ,m&or1 :o met 9 equal combat ! *ivalr\s ,*auhn 9 ! pass ( ! ,aravalli range1 is t5d$ by a b>b] (ficiant4 #bca ,?\gh ! vot>ies ( ! mean] godl+ are look$ on ) "s contempt or pity by _! m respectable neighb\rs1 little active ho/ility or intol]ance is exhibit$4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! high] classes1 & p>ticul>ly _! wom51 occasionally jo9 9 ! wor%ip ( ! old] gods4 ,at w$d+s & o!r fea/s _! aid & protection are invok$4 ,e woman1 no matt] :at h] ca/e may be1 w b[ to ! gho/s :i* haunt ! old banyan or ppal tree 9 ! village1 & 9 "t ( tr\ble1 :5 ! cl\ds )hold ! ra91 :5 ! pe/il5ce walke? 9 d>kness1 & ! murra9 deva/ates ! h]ds1 x is to ! patron deities ( ! village t !y appeal = assi/ance4 ,village ,%r9es4 ,! %r9e ( ! regul> village godl+1 ! ,grmadevat or ,ganwdevat1 is g5]ally a small squ>e build+ ( brick masonry1 ) a bulb\s head & p]haps an iron spike z a f9ial4 ,a r$ flag hung on an adjo9+ tree1 (t5 a ppal1 or "s o!r sacr$ fig1 or a nm1 m>ks ! position ( ! %r9e4 ,9 ! int]ior lamps are occasionally light$1 fire sacrifices 7homa7 made & petty (f]+s pres5t$4 ,if a victim is (f]$1 its head is cut (f outside ! %r9e & p]haps a few drops ( blood all[$ to fall on ! inn] plat=m1 :i* is ! seat ( ! godl+4 ,^! %r9es nev] conta9 a special image1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! temples ( ! high] gods4 ,!re may be a few c>v$ /ones ly+ ab\t1 ! relics ( "s dismantl$ temple1 b ^! are seldom id5tifi$ ) any special deity1 & villag]s w rub a project+ knob on "o ( !m ) a little v]milion & oil z an act ( wor%ip4 ,speak+ ( ?is class ( %r9e 9 ! ,panjb1 ,mr4 ,ibbetson writes3 #bcb ,! ,h9du %r9e mu/ always face ea/1 :ile ! ,musalmn %r9e is 9 ! =m ( a tomb & faces ! s\?4 ,?is sometimes gives rise to delicate que/ions4 ,9 "o village a section ( ! community _h become ,muhammadan4 ,! %r9e ( ! common ance/or ne$$ rebuild+1 & !re 0 mu* dispute z to its %ape & aspect4 ,!y solv$ ! difficulty by build+ a ,musalmn grave fac+ s\?1 & ov] x a ,h9du %r9e fac+ ea/4 ,9 ano!r village an ,imp]ial troop] 0 once burnt alive by ! %$ 9 :i* he 0 sleep+ cat*+ fire1 & x 0 ?\ght be/ to propitiate him by a %r9e1 or 8 gho/ might become tr\blesome4 ,he 0 by religion a ,musalmn1 b he _h be5 burnt1 n buri$1 :i* seem$ to make him a ,h9du4 ,aft] mu* discussion ! latt] op9ion prevail$1 & a ,h9du %r9e ) an ea/]n aspect n[ /&s to 8 memory4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ! village %r9es are mu* less sub/antial erections4 ,9 ! ,gangetic valley1 :]e ! population has be5 completely ,h9duiz$1 ! %r9e ( ! collective village deities1 kn[n z ! ,deohr1 consi/s ( a pile ( /ones1 "s ( :i* may be ! fragm5ts ( a temple ( ! old5 days1 collect$ "u "s anci5t1 sacr$ tree4 ,! %r9e is ! /ore-h\se ( any?+ 9 ! way ( a curi\s /one to be f\nd 9 ! village1 wat]-worn pebbles or b\ld]s1 any?+ ) ecc5tric ve9+ or m>k+4 ,"h h be5 occasionally f\nd celts & /one hat*ets1 relics ( an age ant]ior to ! g5]al use ( iron4 ,9 ! same way 9 "s ,european c\ntries ! celt or /one arr[-head is worn z an amulet4 ,little clay images ( elephants & horses are (t5 f\nd ne> ^! %r9es4 ,"s villag]s w say t ^! repres5t ! equipage 7sawr7 ( ! deity2 o!rs expla9 !m by ! fact t a p]son 9 di/ress v[s a horse or an elephant to ! god1 & :5 8 wi%es are realiz$1 (f]s z a sub/itute ?is trump]y donation4 ,x 0 a common practice to (f] sub/itutes ( ?is k9d4 ,?us :5 an animal c\ld n be procur$ = sacrifice1 an image ( x 9 d\gh or wax 0 prep>$ & (f]$ z a sub/itute4 #bcc ,we %all meet lat] on o!r examples ( sub/itution ( ! same k9d4 ,on ! same pr9ciple wom5 us$ to give cakes 9 ! =m ( a phallus to a ,brhman4 #bcd ,at ^! %r9es are also f\nd curi\s little clay b[ls ) %ort legs :i* are kn[n z kalsa4 ,! kalsa or wat] j> is always plac$ ne> ! pole ( ! m>riage %$1 & ! use ( ^! beehive-%ap$ vessels at village %r9es is f\nd all along ! hills ( ,c5tral ,india4 #bce ,on ! neighb\r+ trees are (t5 hung m9iature cots1 :i* commemorate ! recov]y ( a pati5t f small-pox or o!r infecti\s disease4 ,among ! semi-,h9duiz$ ,drvidian races ( ! ,v9dhyan range1 _m ( :om wor%ip ,gansm or ,rja ,lkhan1 ! %r9e usually consi/s ( a rude mud build+ or a /ructure made ( bamboo & /raw1 ro($ ) a co>se ?at*1 :i* is (t5 all[$ to fall into disrepair1 until ! godl+ rem9ds 8 vot>ies ( 8 displeasure by an outbreak ( epidemic disease or "s o!r mis=tune :i* attacks ! village4 ,! %r9e is 9 *>ge ( ! village ,baiga1 :o is inv>iably select$ f among "s ( ! rud] =e/ tribes1 su* z ! ,bhuiya1 ,bhuiyr or ,*]o4 ,inside is a small plat=m kn[n z ! seat ( ! godl+ 7,devat k bai?ak71 on :i* are usually plac$ "s ( ! curi\s e>!n b[ls already describ$1 :i* are made specially = ?is wor%ip1 & are n us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,9 ^! wat] is plac$ = ! refre%m5t ( ! godl+1 & !y ?us resemble ! fun]al vases ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ord9>y cases ! (f]+ deposit$ on ! plat=m consi/s ( a ?ick griddle cake1 a little milk1 & p]haps a few jungle fl[]s2 b 9 m s]i\s cases :]e ! deity makes 8 pres5ce disagreeably felt1 he is propitiat$ ) a goat1 pig1 or f[l1 :i* is decapitat$ outside ! %r9e1 ) ! national & sacrificial axe4 ,! head is br\ght inside dripp+ ) blood1 & a few drops ( blood are all[$ to fall on ! plat=m4 ,! head ( ! victim !n becomes ! p]quisite ( ! (ficiat+ ,baiga1 & ! re/ ( ! meat is cook$ & eat5 ne> ! %r9e by ! adult male wor%ipp]s1 m>ri$ wom5 & *ildr5 be+ c>efully exclud$ f a %>e 9 ! (f]+4 ,! special reg>d paid to ! head ( ! victim is q 9 consonance ) traditions ( ,european paganism & folk-lore 9 _m c\ntries4 #bcf ,l[] s\?1 beyond ! riv] ,son1 ! %r9e is ( ev5 a simpl] type1 & is !re (t5 repres5t$ by a few b\ld]s ne> a /ream1 :]e ! wor%ipp]s assemble & make _! (f]+s4 ,! non-,brhmanic "* ( ! wor%ip is /ill fur!r m>k$ by ! fact t no special direction f ! home/ead is prescrib$ 9 select+ ! site = ! %r9e4 ,no or?odox ,h9du temple c be built s\? ( ! village site1 z ?is qu>t] is reg>d$ z ! realm ( ,yama1 ! god ( dea?2 "h vagrant evil spirits pr[l & consume or defile ! (f]+s made to ! great] gods4 ,9 ! m ,h9duiz$ jungle villages "s attempt is occasionally made to con=m to ?is rule1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ! m respectable ,h9du %r9es1 ! door faces ! ea/4 ,b ?is rule is n univ]sal1 & ! site ( ! %r9e is (t5 select$ "u "s suitable tree1 :atev] may be its position z reg>ds ! home/ead1 & x v (t5 commemorates "s half-=gott5 trag$y1 :]e a man 0 c>ri$ (f by a tig] or sla9 or murd]$1 :]e he fell f a tree or 0 dr[n$ 9 a wat]c\rse4 ,"h "s sort ( %r9e is g5]ally erect$ ) ! object ( appeas+ ! angry _s ( ! dead man4 ,^! %r9es h no idol1 no bell to sc>e vagrant gho/s & awake ! godl+ to p>take ( ! (f]+s or li/5 to ! pray]s ( 8 vot>ies4 ,if he is believ$ to be abs5t or asleep1 a drum is beat5 to awak5 or recall him1 & ?is answ]s ! additional purpose ( sc>+ (f intrud+ spirits1 :o are always hungry & on ! wat* to appropriate ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful4 ,"h are also none ( ! sacrificial vessels1 braz5 lamps & cups1 :i* are l>gely us$ 9 respectable fanes = wav+ a light be=e ! deity z "p ( ! s]vice1 or = cool+ ! idol ) libations ( wat]1 & ! in/rum5t us$ = sacrific+ ! victim is only ! ord9>y axe :i* ! dwell] 9 ! jungle always c>ries4 ,!re is "o special implem5t :i* is v commonly f\nd 9 ! village %r9es ( ! hill c\ntry s\? ( ! ,ganges4 ,?is is an iron *a9 ) a heavy knob at ! end1 to :i* a /rap1 l a ,scot* tawse1 is (t5 atta*$4 ,! *a9 is ord9>ily ?ree & a half feet long1 ! tawse two feet1 & ! total weight is ab\t sev5 p\nds4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,gurda2 x hangs f ! ro( ( ! %r9e1 & is believ$ to be directly "u ! influ5ce ( ! deity1 s t x is v difficult to procure a specim54 ,! ,baiga prie/1 :5 8 s]vices are requir$ = ! exorcism ( a disease gho/1 ?ra%es himself on ! back & lo9s ) 8 *a91 until he works himself up to ! prop] degree ( religi\s ec/asy4 ,among ! m primitive ,gonds ! *a9 has become a godl+ & is regul>ly wor%ipp$4 ,9 s]i\s cases ( epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 & ! l1 :i* d n readily yield to ord9>y exorcism1 ! pati5t is tak5 to ! %r9e & sev]ely beat5 ) ! holy *a9 until ! demon is expell$4 ,?is treatm5t is1 ,i und]/&1 consid]$ p>ticul>ly effective 9 ! case ( hy/]ia & k9dr$ ailm5ts "u :i* "y wom5 are wont to suff]1 & l ! use ( ! ?ong at ! ,lup]calia at ,rome1 a few bl[s ( ! *a9 are consid]$ advisable z a rem$y = b>r5ness4 ,! cu/om ( ca/igat+ girls :5 !y atta9 pub]ty prevails among _m races ( savages4 #bcg ,id5tification ( ! ,local ,godl+4 ,! bus9ess ( select+ a site = a new village or hamlet is "o :i* ne$s inf9ite c>e & att5tion to ! local godl+s ( ! place4 ,no place c be *os5 )\t special reg>d to ! local om5s4 ,!re is a /ory told ( "o ( ! ,gond ,rjas ( ,g>h ,m&la1 ^: att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ! place by see+ a h>e1 :5 pursu$ by 8 dogs1 turn & *ase !m4 ,x /ruck him t !re mu/ be mu* virtue 9 ! air ( a place :]e a timid animal acquir$ su* c\rage4 #bch ,! site ( ! settlem5t ( ,almora is said to h be5 select$ by "o ( ! k+s be=e :om 9 ?is place a h>e 0 trans=m$ into a tig]4 #bci ,simil> leg5ds are told ( ! f\ndation ( _m =ts & cities4 ,b x is ) ! local godl+s t ! f\nd] ( a new settlem5t has mo/ conc]n4 ,! speciality ( ?is class ( godl+s is t !y frequ5t only p>ticul> places4 ,ea* has 8 sep>ate jurisdiction1 :i* includes g5]ally "o or sometimes a gr\p ( villages4 ,?is idea has d\btless promot$ ! root$ dis9cl9ation ( ! ,h9du to leave 8 home & come into ! doma9 ( a fre% set ( godl+s ) :om he has no acqua9tance1 :o h nev] receiv$ due propitiation f him or 8 =efa!rs1 & :o are h5ce 9 all probability inimical to him4 ,b p to :om ! local godl+ ( _! village has %[n 8 ho/ility by br++ affliction ^u !m = _! neglect ( 8 s]vice1 c usually escape f 8 malignity by leav+ 8 di/rict4 ,?is habit ( emigration to escape ! malignity ( ! (f5d$ godl+ d\btless acc\nts = _m ( ! sites ( des]t$ villages1 :i* are scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,we say t !y 7 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( a great fam9e or a sev]e epidemic1 b to ! native m9d ^! afflictions are ! "w ( ! local deity1 :o c\ld h w>d$ !m (f _h he be5 s dispos$4 ,h5ce :5 a settlem5t is be+ f\nd$ x is a matt] ( prime necessity t ! local godl+ or gr\p ( godl+s %\ld be br\ght "u prop] control & c>efully id5tifi$1 s z to ensure ! safety & prosp]ity ( ! settlem5t4 ,! next & f9al /age is ! e/abli%m5t ( a suitable %r9e & ! appo9tm5t ( a compet5t prie/4 ,!re are1 z might h be5 expect$1 _m me?ods ( id5tify+ & e/abli%+ ! local gods4 ,?us 9 ,nor? ,oudh1 :5 a village is f\nd$ ! site is m>k$ (f by cross /akes ( wood driv5 into ! gr\nd1 :i* are solemnly wor%ipp$ on ! day ( ! completion ( ! settlem5t1 & !n lapse into neglect unless "s indication ( ! displeasure ( ! god aga9 direct att5tion to !m4 ,^! crosses1 :i* are call$ ,dah>*&1 are p>ticul>ly frequ5t & well-m>k$ 9 ! villages occupi$ by ! aborig9al ,?rus 9 ! sub-,himlayan ,t>1 :]e !y may be f\nd 9 gr\ps ( t5 or m on ! edge ( ! cultivat$ l&s4 ,s1 among ! ,santls1 a piece ( split bamboo1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 is plac$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 an incl9$ position & is call$ ! ,siph or s5t9el ( ! hamlet2 among ! ,gonds two curv$ po/s1 "o ( :i* is mu* small] ?an ! o!r1 repres5t ! male & female tutel>y gods4 #bdj ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces a m elaborate process is c>ri$ out1 :i* admirably illu/rates ! special =m ( local wor%ip n[ "u consid]ation4 ,:5 ! site ( a new settlem5t is select$1 an ,ojha is call$ 9 to id5tify & m>k d[n ! deities ( ! place4 ,he beg9s by beat+ a drum r\nd ! place = "s "t1 :i* is int5d$ to sc>e vagrant1 outsid] gho/s & to call toge!r ! local deities4 ,all ! p assemble1 & two m51 kn[n z ! ,mattiwh & ! ,pattiwh1 ! e>? man & ! leaf man1 :o repres5t ! gods ( ! soil & ( ! trees1 soon become fill$ ) ! _s & are f\nd to be possess$ by ! local deities4 ,!y dance & %\t = "s "t 9 a /ate ( religi\s fr5zy1 & _! disconnect$ ejaculations are int]pret$ by ! ,ojha1 :o sudd5ly ru%es ^u !m1 grasps ) 8 h&s at ! spirits :i* are suppos$ to be circl+ r\nd !m1 & f9ally p\rs ?r\gh _! h&s "s gra9s ( sesamum1 :i* is receiv$ 9 a p]=at$ piece ( ! wood ( ! ,gl> or sacr$ fig-tree4 ,! :ole is imm$iately pla/]$ up ) a mixture ( clay & c[-dung1 & ! wood is c>efully buri$ on ! site select$ = ! ,deohr or local %r9e4 ,by ?is process ! deities are suppos$ to be fa/5$ up 9 ! sacr$ wood & to be unable to d any mis*ief1 provid$ t ! usual p]iodical (f]+s are made 9 _! hon\r4 ,?is sy/em does n seem to prevail among ! ,drvidian races ( ! ,v9dhyan plateau4 ,"s "t ago ,i discuss$ ! matt] ) ,hannu ,baiga1 ! *ief prie/ ( ! ,bhuiyas beyond ! ,son1 & he 0 pleas$ to express 8 unqualifi$ approval ( ! arrangem5t4 ,inde$1 he promis$ to adopt x himself1 b un=tunately ,hannu1 :o 0 a m9e ( in=mation on ! religion & demonology ( 8 p1 di$ be=e he c\ld apply ?is te/ to ! local deities ( 8 p>i%4 ,8 wife has di$ also1 & ,i und]/& t he is kn[n to be ! head ( all ! ,bhts or malignant gho/s ( ! neighb\rhood1 :ile 8 wife rules all ! ,*urels :o infe/ t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,at ! same "t1 to an ord9>y ,baiga ! plan w\ld h>dly be z com=table z ! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,x w\ld n suit him to h ! local gho/s br\ght "u any control1 because he makes 8 liv+ by do+ ! p]iodical s]vices to propitiate !m4 ,n[adays he believes fully 9 ! influ5ce ( ! magic circle & ( spiritu\s liquor z gho/ sc>]s4 ,bo? ^! pr9ciples w be discuss$ else:]e4 ,s he is suppos$ once a ye> at lea/1 or (t5] 9 case ( pe/il5ce or o!r tr\ble1 to p]ambulate all r\nd ! village b\nd>y1 spr9kl+ a l9e ( spirits z he walks4 ,! idea is to =m a magic circle imp]vi\s to /range &1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 necess>ily malignant gho/s1 :o might wi% to intrude f outside2 & to control ! resid5t local deities1 & prev5t !m f contract+ evil habits ( mis*ief by w&]+ beyond _! prescrib$ doma9s4 ,! wor/ ab\t ?is ritual is t ! ,baiga is apt to be v delib]ate 9 8 movem5ts1 & to dr9k ! liquor on ! road & to spoil ! symmetry ( ! circle dur+ 8 fits ( intoxication4 ,i "k ( "o disreputable %eph]d :o 0 upw>ds ( a =tnight gett+ r\nd an ord9>y siz$ village1 & ! levy on 8 p>i%ion]s to pay ! w9e bill 01 z may easily be imag9$1 a v s]i\s matt]1 to say no?+ ( sev]al calamities1 :i* occurr$ to ! inhabitants 9 _! unprotect$ /ate ow+ to 8 neglig5ce4 ,at pres5t ! feel+ 9 8 p>i% is v /rong aga9/ him1 & 8 con/itu5ts are ?9k+ ( remov+ him1 p>ticul>ly z he has only "o eye4 ,?is is a v dang]\s de=mity 9 ord9>y p1 b 9 a ,baiga1 :o is inve/$ ) religi\s functions1 x is mo/ objectionable1 & likely to detract f 8 effici5cy4 ,9 ,ho%angbd a diff]5t sy/em prevails4 ,:5 a new village is =m$ by ! aborig9al ,kurkus1 !re is no difficulty 9 f9d+ ! abode ( ! godl+s ,dng> ,devat & ,mt1 because y h only to look = & discov] !m ^u _! hill & "u _! tree4 ,b ,mutua ,devat has g5]ally to be creat$ by tak+ a heap ( /ones f ! ne>e/ /ream & sacrific+ a pig & sev5 *ick5s to him4 ,!re is "o c]emony1 h[ev]1 :i* is wor? notice1 n s mu* z be+ di/9ctively ,kurku1 z illu/rat+ ! s5se ( my/]y & *ance :i* 9 ! native m9d seems to be connect$ ) ! idea ( measurem5t1 & :i* arises probably f ! fact t ) sup]ficial measures1 by heap+ lightly or press+ d[n tight1 v diff]5t results c be obta9$4 ,a measure is fill$ up ) gra9 to ! level ( ! brim1 b no head is p\r$ on1 & x is put be=e ,mutua ,devat4 ,!y wat* x all night1 & 9 ! morn+ p\r x out1 & measure x aga94 ,if ! gra9 n[ fills up ! measure & leaves en\gh = a head to x1 & /ill m1 if x brims & runs ov]1 ?is is a sign t ! village w be v prosp]\s1 & t e cultivator's gran>ies w run ov] 9 ! same way4 ,b x is an evil om5 if ! gra9 does n fill up to ! level ( ! rims ( ! vessel4 ,a simil> practice obta9s 9 ! ,n>mad valley :5 !y beg9 w9n[+1 & "s repeat x e night :ile ! w9n[+ goes on4 #bda ,! same cu/om prevails among ! ,kols & k9dr$ races 9 ,mirzapur1 :o make ! bride & bridegroom c>ry x out z an om5 ( _! success or failure 9 life4 ,by c>efully pack+ & press+ d[n ! gra91 any *ance ( an evil augury is easily avoid$4 ,we %all see lat] on t measur+ ! gra9 is a fav\rite device int5d$ to save x f ! depr$ations ( evil-m9d$ gho/s4 ,wor%ip ( ,dwra ,gusn4 ,a typical case ( ! wor%ip ( a local godl+ is f\nd among ! ,mal]s ( ,*ota ,ngpur4 ,8 "n is ,dwra ,gusn1 or ,"l ( ! h\se door4 ,:5ev] f "s calamity fall+ ^u ! h\sehold1 x is consid]$ necess>y to propitiate him1 ! head ( ! family cleans a place 9 front ( 8 door1 & sets up a bran* ( ! tree call$ ,mukmum1 :i* is held v sacr$2 an egg is plac$ ne> ! bran*1 !n a hog is kill$ & fri5ds fea/$2 & :5 ! c]emony is ov] ! egg is brok5 & ! bran* plac$ on ! suppliant's h\se4 #bdb ,dwra ,gusn is n[ call$ ,brahdvri1 because he is suppos$ to live 9 a temple ) twelve doors & is wor%ipp$ by ! :ole village 9 ! mon? ( ,mgh4 #bdc ,! egg is app>5tly suppos$ to hold ! deity1 & ?is1 x may be rem>k$1 is n an uncommon folk-lore incid5t4 #bdd ,wor%ip ( ,bhmiya4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! b5evol5t village godl+s is ,bhmiya--! godl+ ( ! l& or soil 7bhmi74 ,he is v commonly kn[n z ,khetpl or ,k%etrapla1 ! protector ( ! fields2 ,kh]a or ! home/ead m\nd2 ,zamndr or ! l&[n]2 & 9 ! hills ,sim or ,syam1 ! black "o 7,sanskrit syma74 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,delhi he is a male godl+2 9 ,oudh ,bhmiy is a goddess & is call$ ,bhmiy ,rn or soil que54 ,%e is wor%ipp$ by spread+ flat cakes & sweetmeats on ! gr\nd1 :i* hav+ be5 expos$ "s "t to ! sun1 are ev5tually consum$ by ! wor%ipp] & 8 family4 ,! rite obvi\sly implies ! close connection betwe5 ! f]tility ( ! soil & sun%9e4 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,prov9ce ! creation ( ,bhmiya's %r9e is ! fir/ =mal act by :i* ! propos$ site ( a village is consecrat$1 & :5 two villages h comb9$ _! home/eads = great] security aga9/ ! m>aud]s ( =m] days1 ! p ( ! "o :i* mov$ /ill wor%ip at ! ,bhmiya ( ! des]t$ site4 ,bhmiya is wor%ipp$ aft] ! h>ve/s1 at m>riages1 & on ! bir? ( a male *ild2 & ,brhmans are commonly f$ 9 8 "n4 ,wom5 (t5 take _! *ildr5 to ! %r9e on ,sundays1 & ! fir/ milk ( a c[ or buffalo is always (f]$ !re4 #bde ,"y bulls are sometimes releas$ 9 8 hon\r1 & ! t]m ,bhmiya snd has come to be equival5t to our p>i% bull4 ,9 ! ,hills he is reg>d$ by "s z a b5efic5t deity1 :o does n1 z a rule1 =ce 8 wor%ip on anyone by possess+ !m or injur+ _! crops4 ,:5 se$ is s[n1 a h&ful ( gra9 is spr9kl$ ov] a /one 9 ! field ne>e/ to 8 %r9e1 9 ord] to protect ! crop f hail1 blight1 & ! ravages ( wild animals1 & at h>ve/ "t he receives ! fir/-fruits to protect ! g>n]$ gra9 f rats & insects4 ,he puni%es ! wick$ & rew>ds ! virtu\s1 & is "l ( ! village1 always int]e/$ 9 its prosp]ity1 & a p>tak] 9 ! good ?+s provid$ on all occasions ( rejoic+1 su* z m>riage1 ! bir? ( a son1 or any great good =tune4 ,unlike ! o!r rural deities1 he seldom receives animal sacrifices1 b is satisfi$ ) ! humble/ (f]+ ( ! fruits ( ! e>?4 #bdf ,9 ,gurgon1 aga91 he is v g5]ally id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! village or ) a ,brhman prie/ ( ! orig9al settl]s4 ,! special day = mak+ (f]+s to him is ! f\rte5? day ( ! mon?4 ,"s ( ! ,bhmiyas are said to grant ! pray]s ( _! vot>ies & to puni% sev]ely ^? :o (f5d !m4 ,he visits p :o sleep 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 %r9e ) pa9s 9 ! *e/1 & "o man :o 0 ra% en\gh to clean 8 tee? ne> 8 %r9e 0 attack$ ) sore disease4 ,^? ,bhmiyas :o ?us be> ! reputation ( be+ rev5geful & vici\s 9 temp] are respect$1 & (f]+s to !m are (t5 made1 :ile ^? :o h ! "* ( easy good-nature are neglect$4 #bdg ,9 p>ts ( ! ,panjb #bdh ,kh]a ,devat or ,*nw& is id5tifi$ ) ,bhmiya2 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt %e is a lady & ! wife ( ,bhmiya1 & %e sometimes has a special %r9e1 & is wor%ipp$ on ,sunday only4 ,to illu/rate ! close connection betwe5 ?is wor%ip ( ,bhmiya z ! soil godl+ ) t ( ! sa9t$ dead1 x may be not$ t 9 "s places ! %r9e ( ,bhmiya is id5tifi$ ) ! ,ja!ra1 :i* is ! ance/ral m\nd1 sacr$ to ! common ance/or ( ! village or tribe4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! ,ja!ras is ,kla ,mah>1 ! ance/or ( ! ,s9dhu ,jts1 :o has peculi> influ5ce ov] c[s1 & to :om ! fir/ milk ( e c[ is (f]$4 ,! place ( ! ,ja!ra is1 h[ev]1 (t5 tak5 by ! ,!h or m\nd :i* m>ks ! site ( ! orig9al village ( ! tribe4 ,b ,bhmiya1 a simple village godl+1 is already well on 8 way to promotion to ! high] heav54 ,9 ,patna "s h already begun to id5tify him ) ,vi%nu4 ,9 ! ,hills ! same process is go+ on1 & he is beg9n+ to be kn[n z ,sim1 a corruption ( ,svayambhuva1 ! ,bauddha =m n[ wor%ipp$ 9 ,nepl4 ,9 ! pla9s he is becom+ promot$ "u ! title ( ,bhmsv>a ,mahdeva & 8 sp\se ,bhmsv> ,dev1 bo? ( :om h temples at ,bnda4 #bdi ,9 ! ,hills x is believ$ t he sometimes possesses p1 & ! sign ( ?is is t ! hair ( ! scalplock becomes hopelessly entangl$4 ,?is rem9ds u ( t v ,mab t plaits ! manes ( horses 9 ! night & bakes ! elflocks 9 f\l slutti% hairs1 :i* once untangl$ mu* mis=tune bodes4 ,x 0 a common ,engli% belief t all :o h communication ) fairies f9d _! hair all ti$ 9 d\ble knots4 #bej ,z we %all see lat] on1 ! hair is univ]sally reg>d$ z an entry = spirits1 p]haps1 z ,mr4 ,campbell sugge/s1 because x leads to ! op5+ 9 ! skull ?r\gh :i* ! dy+ _s makes its exit4 ,h5ce _m ( ! cu/oms connect$ ) lett+ ! hair loose1 cutt+ x (f or %av+4 ,no less ?an eighty-five ?\s& p]sons decl>$ !mselves1 at ! la/ c5sus1 to be wor%ipp]s ( ,bhmiya 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 :ile 9 ! ,panjb !y numb]$ only "o hundr$ & sixty-?ree4 ,wor%ip ( ,bhairon4 ,bhmiya1 aga91 is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ,bhairon1 ano!r w>d5 godl+ ( ! l&2 :ile1 to illu/rate ! extraord9>y jumble ( ^! my?ologies1 ,bhairon1 :o is almo/ c]ta9ly ! ,kro ,bairo 7,kl ,bhairon7 ( ! ,bhuiyas ( ,keunjh>1 is id5tifi$ by !m ) ,bhms54 #bea ,bhairon has a curi\s hi/ory4 ,!re is little d\bt t he 0 orig9ally a simple village deity2 b ) a slight *ange ( "n he has be5 adopt$ into ,brhmanism z ,bhairava1 ! t]rible "o1 "o ( ! mo/ awful =ms ( ,siva1 :ile ! female =m ,bhairav is an equival5t = ,dev1 a wor%ip specially preval5t among ,jogis & ,sktas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ja9as wor%ip ,bhairava z ! protector or ag5t ( ! ,ja9a *ur* & community1 & d n (f] him fle% & blood sacrifices1 b fruits & sweetmeats4 #beb ,9 8 ,saiva =m he is (t5 call$ ,svsva1 or he :o rides on a dog1 & ?is vehicle ( 8 m>ks him d[n at once z an (f%oot f ! village ,bhairon1 because all ?r\gh ,upp] ,india ! fav\rite me?od ( conciliat+ ,bhairon is to fe$ a black dog until he is surfeit$4 ,"o ( 8 di/9ctive =ms is ,kl ,bhairon1 or ,kla ,bhairava1 ^: image depict$ ) 8 dog is (t5 f\nd z a sort ( w>d5 9 ,saiva temples4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ fam\s %r9es is at ,kal9j>1 ( :i* ,abul ,fazl says m>vell\s tales are relat$4 #bec ,he is depict$ ) eighte5 arms & is ornam5t$ ) ! usual g>l&s ( skulls1 ) snake e>r+s & snake armlets & a s]p5t tw9$ r\nd 8 head4 ,9 8 h&s he holds a sword & a b[l ( blood4 ,9 ! ,panjb he is said to fright5 away dea?1 & 9 ,rjputna ,col4 ,tod calls him ! blood-/a9$ div9ity ( w>4 #bed ,! same godl+ is kn[n 9 ,bombay z ,bhairoba1 ( :om ,mr4 ,campbell #bee writes--,he is repres5t$ z a /&+ male figure ) a trid5t 9 ! left h& & a drum 7dam>u7 9 ! "r1 & encircl$ ) a s]p5t4 ,:5 ?us repres5t$ he is call$ ,kla ,bhairava4 ,b g5]ally he is repres5t$ by a r\gh /one cov]$ ov] ) oil & r$ lead4 ,he is said to be v t]rible1 &1 :5 (f5d$1 difficult to be pleas$4 ,by "s he is believ$ to be an inc>nation ( ,siva himself1 & by o!rs z a _s mu* 9 fav\r ) ! god ,siva4 ,he is also consult$ z an oracle4 ,:5 anyone is desir\s ( asc]ta9+ :e!r any?+ he is ab\t to und]take w turn out accord+ to 8 wi%es1 he /icks two unbrok5 betel-nuts1 "o on ea* brea/ ( ! /one image ( ,bhairava1 & tells x1 if 8 wi% is to be accompli%$1 t ! "r or left nut is to fall fir/4 ,x is said1 l o!r spirits1 ,bhairava is n a subord9ate ( ,vetla1 & t :5 he sets out on 8 circuit at night1 he rides a black horse & is accompani$ by a black dog4 ,9 ! ,panjb he #bef is usually repres5t$ z an inf]ior deity1 a /\t black figure1 ) a bottle ( w9e 9 8 h&2 he is an evil _s1 & 8 foll[]s dr9k w9e & eat meat4 ,"o set ( ascetics1 ak9 to ! ,jogis1 besme> !mselves ) r$ p[d] & oil & g ab\t begg+ & s++ ! praises ( ,bhairon1 ) bells or gongs hung ab\t _! lo9s & /rik+ !mselves ) :ips4 ,!y are f\nd ma9ly 9 l>ge t[ns1 & are n celibates4 ,_! *ief place ( pilgrimage is ! ,girnr ,hill 9 ,k?iawr4 ,t v old temple1 ! ,bhairon ,k ,a/hn ne> ,lahore1 is s nam$ f a qua9t leg5d reg>d+ ,bhairon1 connect$ ) its f\ndation4 ,9 ! old days ! ,dhnwr girls ( ,riwri us$ to be m>ri$ to ! godl+ at ,b&oda1 b !y always di$ soon aft]1 & ! cu/om has be5 ab&on$4 ,we %all meet lat] on o!r in/ances ( ! m>riage ( girls to a god4 ,z a village godl+ ,bhairon appe>s 9 v>i\s =ms z ,l? ,bhairon or ,bhairon ( ! club1 :i* approximates him to ,bhms51 ,battuk ,bhairon or ! *ild ,bhairon1 & ,n& ,bhairon1 9 :i* we may possibly trace a connection ) ! leg5d ( ! div9e *ild ,kri%na & 8 fo/]-fa!r ,n&a4 ,9 ,b5>es1 aga91 he is kn[n z ,bhaironn? or ,"l ,bhairon1 & ,bht ,bhairon1 ,gho/ ,bhairon1 & he is reg>d$ z ! deifi$ magi/rate ( ! city1 :o gu>ds all ! temples ( ,siva & saves 8 vot>ies f demons4 #beg ,b 9 8 orig9al "* z a simple village godl+ ,bhairon is wor%ipp$ ) milk & sweetmeats z ! protector ( fields1 cattle & home/ead4 ,"s wor%ip him by p\r+ spirits at 8 %r9e & dr9k+ !re2 & on a new h\se be+ built1 he is propitiat$ to expel ! local gho/s4 ,he is respect$ ev5 by ,muhammadans z ! m9i/] ( ! great sa9t ,sakhi ,s>w>1 & 9 ?is connection is usually kn[n z ,bhairon ,jati or ,bhairon ! *a/e4 #beh ,b z we h se51 he is becom+ rapidly promot$ into ! m respectable cab9et ( ! gods1 & 8 apo!osis w possibly f9ally take place at ! great ,saiva %r9e ( ,m&hta on ! ,n>mad1 ) :i* a local leg5d closely connects him4 #bei ,all ov] ,nor!rn ,india 8 /one feti% is f\nd 9 close connection ) ! images ( ! great] gods1 to :om he acts ! "p ( gu>dian1 & ?is1 z we h already se51 probably m>ks a /age 9 8 promotion4 ,he has1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1 only five ?\s& foll[]s 9 ! ,panjb1 z comp>$ ) "o hundr$ & & sev5ty-five ?\s& 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,wor%ip ( ,ganesa4 ,on pretty mu* ! same /age z ^! w>d5 godl+s :om we h be5 consid]+ is ,ganesa1 ^: "n means "l ( ! ,ganas or inf]ior deities1 especially ^? 9 att5dance on ,siva4 ,he is repres5t$ z a %ort1 fat man1 ( a yell[ col\r1 ) a protub]ant belly1 f\r h&s1 & ! head ( an elephant ) a s+le tusk4 ,prvat is said to h =m$ him f ! scurf ( h] body1 & s pr\d 0 %e ( h] (fspr+ t %e %[$ him to ! ill-om5$ ,sani1 :o :5 he look$ at him r$uc$ 8 head to a%es4 ,brahma advis$ h] to replace ! head ) ! fir/ %e c\ld f9d1 & ! fir/ %e f\nd 0 t ( an elephant4 ,ano!r /ory says t ,ganesa's head 0 t ( ! elephant ( ,indra1 & t "o ( 8 tusks 0 brok5 (f by ! axe ( ,p>asurma4 ,ganesa is ! god ( le>n+1 ! patron ( und]tak+s & ! remov] ( ob/acles4 ,h5ce he is wor%ipp$ at m>riages1 & 8 qua9t figure /&s ov] ! h\se door & ! entrance ( ! great] temples4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t he1 too1 is an importation f ! indig5\s my?ology4 ,8 elephant head & ! rat z 8 vehicle sugge/ t 8 wor%ip arose f ! primitive animal cultus4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,great ,mo!rs4 ,f ^! g5]ally b5evol5t village godl+s we pass on to a v obscure =m ( local wor%ip1 t ( ! ,great ,mo!rs4 ,x prevails bo? 9 ,aryan & ,semetic l&s1 #bfj & !re c be v little d\bt t x is f\nd$ on "s ( ! v e>lie/ beliefs ( ! human race4 ,no great religion is )\t its deifi$ woman1 ! ,virg91 ,my1 ,rdh1 ,ftimah1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ! cultus has come d[n f a "t be=e ! pres5t organization ( ! family came into exi/5ce1 & :5 desc5t ?r\gh ! "m 0 ! only recogniz$ =m4 #bfa ,we h already met in/ances ( ?is "m-wor%ip 9 ! case ( ,gang ,m1 ,"m ,ganges1 & ,dh>t ,mt1 ! ,e>? ,"m4 ,we %all meet x aga9 9 ,stal ,mt1 ! small-pox ,"m4 ,9 ! old my?ology ,adit1 or inf9ite space1 0 reg>d$ z ! ,et]nal ,"m1 & ,prkrit 0 ! ,et]nal ,"m1 capable ( evolv+ all creat$ ?+s out ( h]self1 b nev] s creat+ unless unit$ ) ! et]nal _s pr9ciple embodi$ 9 ! ,et]nal ,male1 ,p>u%a4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! ,indo-,g]manic race to look ^u _! deities z belong+ to bo? sexes at once1 & h5ce ! duali/ic idea 9 ,brhmanism ( ,ardhan>i1 or ! &rogyn\s ,siva4 #bfb ,we %all meet lat] on ) ! gho/ ( ! unpurifi$ "m1 ! ,*urel1 :i* is bas$ on a diff]5t b cognate association ( ideas4 ,ak9 to ?is1 aga91 is ! wor%ip ( ! ,sat1 or model wife1 to :i* we %all ref] aga91 & t ( ! ,*ran wom5 ( ,guj>t1 :o 7 oblig$ to immolate !mselves to prev5t outrage f ! ,kolis & o!r freeboot]s4 ,?is wor%ip1 probably d]iv$ f "o ( ! s-call$ non-,aryan races1 0 subsequ5tly develop$ into t ( ! female en]gies ( ! great] gods1 a ,brhmn ( ,brahma1 ,indrn ( ,indra1 & s on2 & ?us ! simple wor%ip ( ! "m has develop$ & deg5]at$ into ! abom9ations ( ! ,tantras4 ,^! mo!rs are usually reg>d$ z eight 9 numb]1 ! ,a%ta ,mtr1 b ! enum]ation ( !m v>ies4 ,sometimes !re are only sev5--,brhm or ,brhmn1 ,mahe%v>1 ,kaumr1 ,vai%nav1 ,vrh1 ,indrn or ,a9drn1 or ,mah5dr & ,*mund4 ,sometimes ! numb] is n9e--,brhmn1 ,vai%nav1 ,raudr1 ,vrh1 ,n>as9hik1 ,kaumr1 ,mah5dr1 ,*mund1 ,*&ik4 ,sometimes sixte5--,gaur1 ,padm1 ,sa*1 ,m$h1 ,savitr1 ,vijay1 ,jay1 ,devas51 ,svadh1 ,svh1 ,snt1 ,pu%t1 ,dhrit1 ,tu%t1 ,atmadevat1 ,kuladevat4 #bfc ,!y are closely connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,siva & are att5dants on 8 son ,sk&a1 or ,krttikeya1 & rise 9 ! lat] my?ology to a mu* great] numb]4 ,"m-wor%ip 9 ,guj>t4 ,b x is 9 ,guj>t t ?is =m ( wor%ip prevails mo/ widely at ! pres5t day4 ,sir ,moni]-,williams enum]ates ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty di/9ct ,mo!rs1 besides num]\s v>ieties ( ! m popul> =ms4 ,!y are probably all local deities ( ! ,*urel type1 :o h be5 adopt$ into ,brhmanism4 ,"s are repres5t$ by rudely c>v$ images1 o!rs by simple %r9es1 & o!rs are rem>kable = pref]r+ empty %r9es1 & ! abs5ce ( all visible repres5tations4 ,ea* has special functions4 ,?us "o call$ ,khodir1 or mis*ief1 is said to cause tr\ble unless propitiat$2 ano!r call$ ,ant causes & prev5ts :oop+ c\gh2 ano!r nam$ ,b] prev5ts *ol]a2 ano!r call$ ,m>ak causes *ol]a2 ,hadak controls mad dogs & prev5ts hydrophobia2 ,asapur1 repres5t$ by two idols1 satisfies ! hopes ( wives by giv+ *ildr54 ,n a few are wor%ipp$ ei!r z caus+ or prev5t+ demoniacal possession z a =m ( disease4 ,! (f]+ ( a goat's blood to "s ( ^! ,mo!rs is reg>d$ z v effectual4 ,a /ory is told ( a ,h9du doctor :o cur$ a :ole village ( an outbreak ( viol5t influ5za1 attribut$ to ! malignant influ5ce ( an angry ,"m goddess1 by simply assembl+ ! inhabitants1 mutt]+ "s cabali/ic texts1 & solemnly lett+ loose a pair ( scapegoats 9 a neighb\r+ wood z an (f]+ to ! (f5d$ deity4 ,"o ( ^! ,mo!rs is connect$ ) ! curi\s cu/om ( ! ,c\vade1 :i* w be discuss$ lat] on4 #bfd ,ano!r fam\s ,guj>t ,"m is ,amb ,bhavn4 ,on ! eigh? night ( ! ,naurtra ! ,rna ( ,danta att5ds ! wor%ip1 fans ! goddess ) a horsehair fly-flapp]1 celebrates ! fire sacrifice1 & fills ) sweetmeats a huge cauldron1 :i*1 on ! fall ( ! g>l& f ! neck ( ! goddess1 ! ,bhls empty4 ,among ! (f]+s to h] are animal sacrifice & spiritu\s liquor4 ,! image is a block ( /one r\ghly hewn into ! semblance ( a human figure4 #bfe ,"m-wor%ip 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,9 ! ,hills :at is kn[n z ! ,mtr ,pj is v popul>4 ,! celebrant takes a plank & cleans x ) rice fl\r4 ,on x he draws sixte5 figures repres5t+ ! ,mtrs1 & to ! "r ( !m a repres5tation ( ,ganesa4 ,figures ( ! sun & moon are also del9eat$1 & a bru% made ( sacr$ grass is dipp$ 9 c[-dung & ! figures t\*$ ) x4 ,aft] ! recital ( v]ses1 a mixture ( sug> & butt] is let drop on ! plank1 ?ree1 five1 or sev5 times4 ,! celebrant !n m>ks ! =ehead ( ! p]son = ^: b5efit ! s]vice is int5d$ ) a co9 soak$ 9 butt]1 & keeps ! money z 8 fee4 ,! s]vice concludes ) a wav+ ( lamps to sc>e vici\s gho/s1 s++ ( hymns & (f]+ ( gifts to ,brhmans4 #bff ,at ,khalr1 9 ! ,rpur ,di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 is a ,sat pill> wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,khalr ,mt4 ,accord+ to ! curr5t leg5d ,khalr ,mt (t5 assumes a female human =m & goes to ! adjac5t fairs1 c>ry+ vegetables = sale4 ,:oev] asks any gift f h] receives x4 ,once a "y man return+ f a fair 0 ov]tak5 by a /range woman on ! road1 :o said %e 0 go+ to see h] si/]4 ,%e ask$ him to g 9 front1 & said t %e w\ld foll[4 ,n wi%+ to all[ a beautiful "y woman to travel alone at night1 he hid himself among "s bu%es4 ,pres5tly he he>d a great j+l+ noise & saw a f\r-arm$ woman g up ! /eep1 b>e hill & disappe>4 ,x 0 q c]ta9 t ?is 0 ,khalr ,mt h]self4 #bfg ,9 _m p>ts ( ! pla9s1 ,my1 ! "m ( ,buddha1 has be5 introduc$ into ! local wor%ip z ! ,gnwdev1 or village goddess4 ,h] /atues1 :i* are v num]\s 9 "s places1 are freely utiliz$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! same way a figure ( ! ,buddha ,asvagho%a is wor%ipp$ at ,deoriya 9 ! ,allahbd ,di/rict z ,sr9ag> ,dev4 #bfh ,! ,jungle ,mo!rs4 ,z an in/ance ( ano!r type ( ,"m-wor%ip we may take ,por ,m ( ,nadiya4 ,%e is repres5t$ by a little piece ( r\gh black /one pa9t$ ) r$ o*re1 & plac$ b5ea? ! b\ghs ( an anci5t banyan tree4 ,%e is said to h be5 9 ! he>t ( ! jungles1 ) :i* ,nadiya 0 orig9ally cov]$1 & to h suff]$ f ! fire :i* ,rja ,ksi ,n?'s m5 light$ to burn d[n ! jungle4 #bfi ,%e is1 9 fact1 a ,"m goddess ( ! jungle1 ( :om !re are num]\s in/ances4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces %e is usually kn[n z ,banspat or ,bansapat ,m 7,vanaspat1 mi/ress ( ! wood74 ,agni1 ! fire god1 is describ$ 9 ! ,rig ,v$a z ! son ( ! ,vanaspatis1 or ! deities ( ! l>ge1 old =e/ trees4 #bgj ,ano!r "n = h] 9 ! ,we/]n ,di/ricts is s>or1 because h] %r9e is a pile ( pebbles 7ror7 9 :i* h] vot>ies h confid5ce 7s7 t x w protect !m f h>m4 ,! %r9e ( ! jungle "m is usually a pile ( /ones & bran*es to :i* e pass]-by contributes4 ,:5 %e is displeas$ %e all[s a tig] or a leop>d to kill h] neglig5t vot>y4 ,%e is ! great goddess ( ! h]dsm5 & o!r dwell]s 9 ! =e/1 & !y v[ to h] a cock1 a goat1 or a "y pig if %e saves !m & _! cattle f bea/s ( prey4 ,sometimes %e is id5tifi$ ) ! ,*urel1 m (t5 ) a ,havva or ,bht1 ! _s1 usually malignant1 ( "s "o :o has met untimely dea? 9 ! jungle4 ,ak9 to h] is ! ,ghataut ( ,mirzapur1 :o is ! deity ( dang]\s hill passes 7ght7 & is wor%ipp$ 9 ! same way1 & ,baghaut1 ! gho/ ( a man :o 0 kill$ by a tig] 7bgh74 ,^! all1 9 ! villages along ! edge ( ! jungle1 m]ge 9 "* & function ) ! div9e c\ncil1 or ,deohr1 ( ! local gods4 ,o!r ,"m ,goddesses4 ,ano!r ( ^! div9e mo!rs1 ,mt ,januv or ,janam1 ! goddess ( bir?s1 is a sort ( ,juno ,luc9a among ! ,rjputs1 l ! ,greek ,ili?yia1 or ! ,c>m5ta ( ! ,romans4 ,h] p[] re/s 9 a bead1 & all ov] ,nor!rn ,india midwives c>ry z a *>m to secure easy deliv]y a p>ticul> sort ( bead1 kn[n z ,kails ,maura1 or ! cr[n ( ! sacr$ m\nta9 ,kailsa4 ,difficult p>turition is a disease caus$ by malignant spirits1 & num]\s are ! devices to cure x4 ,! anci5t ,britons1 we are told1 #bga us$ to b9d a magic girdle1 impress$ ) num]\s my/ical figures1 r\nd ! wai/ ( ! expectant "m1 & ! jewel nam$ ,aetites1 f\nd 9 ! eagle's ne/1 appli$ to ! ?igh ( "o 9 lab\r1 eases pa9 & quick5s deliv]y4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott #bgb _h a small /one1 call$ a toad-/one1 :i* repell$ demons f ly+-9 wom54 ,on ! sacr$ pla9 ( ,kuruk%etra !re once /ood a =t1 kn[n z ,*akravyha1 & to ! mod]ns z ,*akbu ,k ,qila1 f :i* to ! pres5t day imm5se anci5t bricks are occasionally dug4 ,popul> belief ascribes great efficacy to ^! bricks1 & 9 cases ( protract$ lab\r1 "o ( !m is soak$ 9 wat]1 :i* is giv5 to ! pati5t to dr9k4 ,sometimes an image ( ! =t1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( a labyr9? or maze1 is drawn on a di%1 :i* is fir/ %[n to ! "m & !n wa%$ 9 wat]1 :i* is adm9i/]$ to ! woman4 ,all ?r\gh ,nepl & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 ! local rupee1 :i* is cov]$ ) ,saiva emblems1 is us$ 9 ! same way1 & ,akb>'s squ>e rupee1 kn[n z ! ,*ryr1 because x be>s ! names ( ! f\r companions 7,*r-,yr7 ( ! ,prophet1 is cr$it$ ) ! same p[]4 ,!re are num]\s ,mantras or my/ic =mul :i* are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,dread fam9e has become a goddess "u ! title ( ,bhkh ,mt1 ! hung] ,"m1 :o1 l all ! deities ( ?is class1 is ( a lean & />v$ appe>ance4 #bgc ,an int]e/+ c]emony = ! exorcism ( ! hung] ,"m is record$ f ,bombay4 ,! p subscrib$ to pur*ase t5 %eep1 fifty f[ls1 "o hundr$ cocoanuts1 betel nuts1 sug>1 cl>ifi$ butt]1 frank9c5se1 r$ p[d]1 turm]ic1 & fl[]s4 ,a day previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! c]emony1 all ! inhabitants ( ! village1 tak+ ) !m _! clo!s1 vessels1 cattle1 & o!r movable goods1 left _! h\ses & encamp$ at ! gate or b\nd>y ( ! village4 ,at ! village gate a triumphal ar* 0 erect$1 & x 0 adorn$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s & mango leaves cov]$ ) r$ p[d] & turm]ic4 ,all ^! ?+s are1 z we %all see1 well kn[n z sc>]s ( demons4 ,! villag]s ba!d1 put on new clo!s1 & !n a procession 0 =m$4 ,on com+ to ! triumphal ar* ! :ole procession 0 /opp$4 ,a hole 0 dug 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! village wat*man put 9 x ! head ( a %eep1 a cocoanut1 betel nuts1 ) leaves & fl[]s4 ,! ar* 0 !n wor%ipp$ by ea* ( ! villag]s4 ,! village wat*man fir/ ent]$ ! ar*1 & he 0 foll[$ by ! villag]s ) music1 l\d *e]+1 & clapp+ ( h&s4 ,! :ole p>ty !n w5t to ! village temple1 b[$ to ! village god1 & w5t to _! respective h\ses4 ,! blood ( ! t5 %eep & fifty f[ls 0 (f]$ to ! village god1 & ! fle% 0 di/ribut$ among ! p4 ,a d9n] 0 giv5 to ,brhmans & ! rite came to an end4 #bgd ,! idea ( ! sanctity ( ! ar* is probably bas$ on ! same pr9ciple z t ( p]=at$ /ones1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 ano!r connection4 ,greate/ ( all ! "m goddesses ( ! ,rjputs is ,mm ,dev1 ! "m ( ! gods4 ,%e is ?us on ! same plane z ,cybele ,rhea & ,demet]1 ! ,corn ,"m1 :o gives ! k9dly increase ( ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,9 "o ( h] temples %e is repres5t$ 9 ! mid/ ( h] num]\s family1 includ+ ! great] & ! m9or div9ities4 ,_! /atues are all ( ! pure/ m>ble1 ea* ab\t ?ree feet high & tol]ably execut$1 ?\gh evid5tly s9ce ! decl9e ( ! art4 #bge ,wor%ip ( ,gansm ,deo4 ,we n[ come to consid] "s div9ities special to ! ,drvidian races1 :o t\* on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces to ! s\?1 across ! ,kaimr & ,v9dhyan ranges1 ! physical z well z ! e?nical fronti] betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,ganges & ,jumn & ! m\nta9 c\ntry ( ,c5tral ,india4 ,! *ief ,gond deity is ,gansm ,deo4 ,"s vague attempt has be5 made to elevate him into ! pan!on ( ,brhmanism1 & 8 "n has be5 corrupt$ into ,ghanasyma1 :i* means 9 ,sanskrit1 black l ! heavy ra9 cl\ds ( ! ra9y season1 & is an epi!t ( ,rma & ( ,kri%na4 ,"o leg5d d]ives him f an actual ,gond *iefta91 j z _m ( ! local godl+s :om we %all consid] aft]w>ds h sprung f real liv+ p]sons ( em95ce1 or ^? :o h lo/ _! lives 9 "s exceptional way4 ,x is said t ?is *iefta9 0 dev\r$ by a tig] soon aft] 8 m>riage4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 8 _s 0 re/less1 & "o ye> aft] 8 dea? he visit$ 8 wife & %e conceiv$ by him4 ,in/ances ( su* miracul\s conceptions are common 9 folk-lore4 #bgf ,! desc5dants ( ?is gho/ly embrace are1 x is said1 liv+ to ?is day at ,amoda1 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,he1 ab\t ! same "t1 appe>$ to _m ( 8 old fri5ds1 & p]suad$ !m t he c\ld save !m f ! maws ( tig]s & o!r calamities1 if 8 wor%ip 7 duly inaugurat$ & regul>ly p]=m$2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 two fe/ivals 9 ! ye> 7 e/abli%$ 9 8 hon\r2 b he may be wor%ipp$ at any "t1 & 9 all sickness & mis=tunes 8 vot>ies confid5tly appeal to him4 #bgg ,9 ! ,hill c\ntry ( ,mirzapur1 ! %r9e ( ,gansm is ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds f ! village site & )\t any ornam5tation4 ,bo? inside & outside is a plat=m ( mud1 on :i* ! deity c re/ :5 s dispos$4 ,! only special (f]+s to him are ! curi\s wat]-pots 7kalsa7 already describ$1 & "s rude clay figures ( horses & elephants1 :i* are reg>d$ z ! equipage 7sawr7 ( ! deity4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 a bamboo ) a r$ or yell[ flag ti$ to ! end is plant$ 9 "o corn]1 an old )]$ g>l& or two is hung up1 a few blocks ( r\gh /one1 "s sme>$ ) v]milion1 are /rewn ab\t ! place :i* is specially d$icat$ to ,gansm ,deo4 #bgh ,wor%ip ( ,dntan ,deo & ,lalit4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict1 !re is a project+ mass ( rock1 :i*1 look$ at f a p>ticul> place1 be>s a rude resemblance to a hide\s1 gr9n+ skull1 ) enorm\s tee?4 ,?is has come to be kn[n z ,dntan ,deo or ! deity ( ! tee?1 & is c>efully propitiat$ by p :5 !y are sick or 9 tr\ble4 ,ak9 to ?is deity is ,lalit1 :o is wor%ipp$ to ! we/ ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,%e is ! si/] ( ,kl1 & br+s bad dreams4 ,h] speciality is h] long tee?1 & %e has sometimes a curi\s way ( bl[+ up or inflat+ ! bodies ( p :o d n pay h] due respect4 ,wor%ip ( ,dlha ,deo1 ! ,bridegroom ,godl+4 ,ano!r great godl+ ( ! ,drvidian races is ,dlha ,deo1 ! bridegroom godl+4 ,9 8 wor%ip we h an e*o ( "s great trag$y1 :i* /ill ex]cises a pr(\nd influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,! bridegroom on 8 way to fet* ! bride1 is1 by e/abli%$ ,h9du cu/om1 treat$ ) special rev]5ce1 & ?is un=tunate bridegroom1 ^: "n is =gott51 is said to h be5 kill$ by lightn+ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 m>riage rejoic+s1 & he & 8 horse 7 turn$ into /one4 ,9 fact1 l ,ganym$e or ,hylas1 he 0 c>ri$ (f by ! envy or cruel love ( ! m]ciless div9e p[]s4 ,he is n[ "o ( ! *ief h\sehold deities ( ! ,drvidian p4 ,fl[]s are (f]$ to him on ! la/ day ( ,phlgun 7,febru>y71 & at m>riages a goat4 ,among "s ( ! ,gond tribes he has ! fir/ place1 & is id5tifi$ ) ,ph>sip51 ! god ( w>4 ,9 ! native ,/ates ( ,rwa & ,s>guja1 ev5 ,brhmans wor%ip him1 & 8 symbol or feti% is ! battle-axe1 ! national weapon ( ! ,drvidian races1 fa/5$ to a tree4 ,9 ,mirzapur he is pre-em95tly ! m>riage godl+4 ,9 ! m>riage season he is wor%ipp$ 9 ! family cook-room1 & at w$d+s oil & turm]ic are (f]$ to him4 ,:5 two or ?ree *ildr5 9 ! same hamlet are be+ m>ri$ at ! same "t1 !re is a great (f]+ made ( a r$ goat & cakes2 & to m>k ! b5evol5t "* ( ! deity z a h\sehold godl+1 ! wom51 contr>y to ! usual rule1 are all[$ a %>e ( ! meat4 ,?is purely dome/ic wor%ip is n done by ! ,baiga or devil prie/1 b by ! ,tikx or elde/ son ( ! family4 ,he is specially ! tribal god ( ! ,ghasiyas1 :o p\r a little spirits 9 ! cook-room 9 hon\r ( him & ( deceas$ relatives4 ,! songs 9 8 hon\r lay special /ress on ! delicacies :i* ! h\se-"m prep>es = 8 ent]ta9m5t4 ,among ! ,kh>wrs1 :5 ! newly m>ri$ pair come home1 he is wor%ipp$ ne> ! family he>?4 ,a goat is f$ on rice & pulse1 & its head is cut (f ) an axe1 ! wor%ipp] fold+ 8 h&s & say+1 ,take x1 ,dlha ,deo6 ,on ! day :5 ?is wor%ip is p]=m$1 ! a%es ( ! fireplace are c>efully remov$ ) ! h&s1 a broom is n us$1 & special precautions are tak5 t none ( ! a%es fall on ! gr\nd4 ,g5]al ,sleeman gives ! leg5d ( ,dlha ,deo 9 ano!r =m4 ,9 desc5d+ into ! valley ( ! ,n>mad ov] ! ,v9dhya range f ,bhopl1 "o may see on ! side ( ! road1 ^u a spur ( ! hill1 a s+ul> pill> ( s&/one ris+ 9 two spires1 "o turn+ & ris+ above ! o!r to ! height ( "s tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,on ! spur ( a hill1 half a mile di/ant1 is ano!r s&/one pill> n q s high4 ,! tradition is t ! small] pill> 0 ! affianc$ bride ( ! l>g] "o1 :o 0 a y\? ( a family ( great em95ce 9 ^? p>ts4 ,com+ ) 8 uncle to pay 8 fir/ visit to 8 bride 9 ! m>riage procession1 he grew m & m impati5t z he approa*$ ne>] & ne>]1 & %e %>$ ! feel+4 ,at la/1 unable to re/ra9 himself1 he jump$ f 8 uncle's %\ld]s1 & look$ ) all 8 might t[>ds ! place :]e 8 bride 0 said to be seat$4 ,unhappily %e felt no less impati5t ?an he did1 & !y saw ea* o!r at ! same mom5t4 ,9 t mom5t ! bride1 bridegroom1 & uncle 71 all ?ree1 conv]t$ into pill>s1 & !re !y /& to ?is day1 a monum5t to w>n mank9d aga9/ an incl9ation to indulge 9 curiosity4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t 9 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive tribes ( ! ,gond population1 to :i* ?is c\ple is said to h belong$1 ! bride always1 contr>y to ! usual ,h9du cu/om1 goes to ! bridegroom 9 procession to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ?is calamity4 #bgi ,?is leg5d is int]e/+ f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is an example ( a process ( ?\ght ( :i* we %all f9d in/ances 9 deal+ ) feti%ism1 :]eby a leg5d is localiz$ 9 connection ) "s curi\s ph5om5on 9 ! sc5]y1 :i* attracts g5]al att5tion4 ,secondly1 we h an in/ance ( ! primitive taboo :i* appe>s con/antly 9 folk-lore1 :]e1 z 9 ! case ( ,lot's wife1 ! p]son :o %[s indiscreet curiosity by a look is turn$ into /one or a%es4 #bhj ,?irdly1 x may repres5t a survival ( a cu/om n uncommon among primitive races1 :]e ! m>riage captur+ is done1 n by ! bridegroom1 b by ! bride4 ,?us1 among ! ,gros1 all proposals ( m>riage mu/ come f ! lady's side1 & any infr+em5t ( ! cu/om c only be aton$ = by lib]al pres5ts ( be] giv5 to h] relations by ! fri5ds ( ! bridegroom1 :o pret5ds to be unwill+ & runs away1 b is caught & subject$ to ablution1 & !n tak51 9 spite ( ! resi/ance & c\nt]feit$ grief & lam5tations ( ! p>5ts1 to ! bride's h\se4 #bha ,x may !n reasonably be expect$ t ?is cu/om ( m>riage prevail$ among "s bran*es ( ! ,gond tribe1 & t z !y came m & m "u ,h9du influ5ce1 an unor?odox ritual prevail+ 9 c]ta9 clans 0 expla9$ by annex+ ! famili> leg5d ( ,dlha ,deo4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,godl+s ,,( ,,disease4 ,kai g> toisi kakon *ryso?ronos ,artemis rs5 ,*sam5 ho oi outi ?alysia g\n als ,o9eus rhex4 ,iliad ix4 #ecc-ece4 ,we n[ come to consid] a class ( rural godl+s1 ! deities :o control disease4 ,! ,demoniacal ,!ory ( ,disease4 ,x is a commonplace ( folk-lore & ! beliefs ( all savage races t disease & dea? are n ! result ( natural causes1 b are ! "w ( devils & demons1 wit*craft1 ! ,evil ,eye1 & s =?4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& ! basis on :i* beliefs ( ?is class dep5d4 ,!re are c]ta9 v>ieties ( disease1 su* z hy/]ia1 dem5tia1 epilepsy1 convulsions1 ! delirium ( fev]1 :i* 9 ! rural m9d indicate ! actual work+ ( an evil _s :i* has attack$ ! pati5t4 ,!re are1 aga91 o!rs1 su* z *ol]a1 :i* are s sudd5 & unexpect$1 s irregul> 9 _! appe>ances1 s caprici\s 9 ! victims :i* !y select1 t !y naturally sugge/ ! idea t !y are caus$ by demons4 ,ev5 to ?is day ! belief 9 ! orig9 ( disease f _s possession is /ill common 9 rural ,engl&4 ,fits1 ! fall+ sickness1 ague1 cramp1 w>ts1 are all believ$ to be caus$ by a _s ent]+ ! body ( ! pati5t4 ,h5ce comes ! idea t ! _s :i* is work+ ! mis*ief c be sc>$ by a *>m or by ! exorcism ( a sorc]]4 ,!y say to ! ague1 ,ague6 f>ewell till we meet 9 hell1 & to ! cramp1 ,cramp6 be ?\ faultless1 z ,our ,lady 0 :5 %e bore ,jesus4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! same !ory fl\ri%es 9 rural ,india4 ,?us1 9 ,rjputna1 #bhb sickness is popul>ly attribut$ to ,khor1 or ! ag5cy ( ! (f5d$ spirits ( deceas$ relations1 & = treatm5t !y call 9 a cunn+ man1 :o propitiates ! ,khor by (f]+ sweetmeats1 milk1 & simil> ?+s1 & gives burnt a% & black pepp] sanctifi$ by *>ms to ! pati5t4 ,! ,mahadeo ,kolis ( ,ahmadnag> believe t e malady or disease t seizes man1 woman1 *ild1 or cattle is caus$ ei!r by an evil _s or by an angry god4 ,! ,bijapur ,vadd>s h a ye>ly fea/ to _! ance/ors to prev5t ! dead br++ sickness into ! h\se4 #bhc ,fur!r ea/ 9 ,nor? ,bhutan all diseases are suppos$ to be due to possession1 & ! only treatm5t is by ! use ( exorcisms4 ,among ! ,gros1 :5 a man sick5s ! prie/ asks :i* god has done x4 ,! ,kukis & ,khndhs believe t all sickness is caus$ by a god or by an (f5d$ ance/or4 #bhd ,s among ! jungle tribes ( ,mirzapur1 ! ,korwas believe t all disease is caus$ by ! displeasure ( ! ,deohr1 or ! collective village godl+s4 ,^! deities sometimes become displeas$ = no app>5t reason1 sometimes because _! accu/om$ wor%ip is neglect$1 & sometimes ?r\gh ! malignity ( "s wit*4 ,! special diseases :i* are attribut$ to ! displeasure ( ^! godl+s are fev]1 di>rhoea & c\gh4 ,if small-pox comes ( its own accord 9 ! ord9>y =m1 x is h>mless1 b a m dang]\s v>iety is attribut$ to ! ang] ( ! local deities4 ,*ol]a & fev] are reg>d$ z g5]ally ! "w ( "s special ,bht or angry gho/4 ,! ,kh>wrs believe t disease is due to ! ,baiga n hav+ paid prop] att5tion to ,rja ,*&ol & ! o!r tutel>y godl+s ( ! village4 ,! ,pankas ?9k t disease comes 9 v>i\s ways--sometimes ?r\gh gho/s or wit*es1 sometimes because ! godl+s & deceas$ ance/ors 7 n suitably propitiat$4 ,all ^! p believe t 9 ! blaz+ days ( ! ,indian summ] ! goddess ,dev flies ?r\gh ! air & /rikes any *ild :i* we>s a r$ g>m5t4 ,! result is ! symptoms :i* less imag9ative p call sun/roke4 ,in/ances ( simil> beliefs drawn f ! sup]/itions ( ! l[] races all ov] ! c\ntry might be almo/ indef9itely ext5d$4 ,ev5 9 our own pray]s = ! sick we pray ! ,fa!r to r5ew :atsoev] has be5 decay$ by ! fraud & malice ( ! ,devil1 or by ! c>nal w & frailness ( ! pati5t4 ,leprosy is a disease :i* is specially reg>d$ z a puni%m5t = s91 & a ,h9du affect$ by ?is disease rema9s an outca/ until he c af=d to und]take a purificatory c]emony4 ,ev5 less] ailm5ts are (t5 attribut$ to ! wra? ( "s (f5d$ god or sa9t4 ,?us1 9 ,satra1 ! ,k+ ,satesw> ask$ ! sa9t ,sumitra = wat]4 ,! sage 0 wrapp$ 9 contemplation1 & did n answ] him4 ,s ! angry mon>* took "s lice f ! gr\nd & ?rew !m at ! sa9t1 :o curs$ ! ,k+ ) v]m9 all ov] 8 body4 ,he endur$ ! affliction = twelve ye>s1 until he 0 cur$ by ablution at ! sacr$ f\nta9 ( ,devr%ta4 #bhe ,z we %all see1 ! ,b5glis h a special deity :o rules ! it*4 ,f ideas ( ?is k9d ! next /age is ! actual imp]sonation ( ! deity :o br+s disease1 & h5ce ! troop ( disease godl+s :i* are wor%ipp$ all ov] ,india1 & to ^: propitiation mu* ( ! ?\ghts ( ! peasant are devot$4 ,stal1 ! ,goddess ( ,small-pox4 ,( ^! deities ! mo/ famili> is ,stal1 %e t loves ! cool1 s call$ euphemi/ically 9 consequ5ce ( ! fev] :i* accompanies small-pox1 ! *ief infant plague ( ,india1 :i* is "u h] control4 ,stal has o!r euphemi/ic names4 ,%e is call$ ,mt1 ! ,"m p> excell5ce2 ,jag ,rn1 ! que5 ( ! _w2 ,phapholewl1 %e ( ! vesicle2 ,kalejewl1 %e :o attacks ! liv]1 :i* is to ! ru/ic ! seat ( all disease4 ,"s call h] ,mah ,m1 ! great ,"m4 ,^! euphemi/ic titles = ! deities ( t]ror are common to all ! my?ologies4 ,! ,greeks ( old call$ ! awful ,er9yes1 ! ,eum5ides1 ! well-mean+4 ,s ! mod]n ,greeks picture ! small-pox z a woman1 ! enemy ( *ildr51 & call h] ,sun*orem5e1 indulg5t1 or exorable1 & ,eulogia1 "o to be prais$ or bless$2 & ! ,celts call ! fairies ! m5 ( peace & ! good p1 or good neighb\rs4 #bhf ,9 h] orig9al =m z a village goddess %e has seldom a special prie/ or a regul> temple4 ,a few feti% /ones1 t5d$ by "s l[-class m5ial1 con/itute h] %r9e4 ,z %e comes to be promot$ into "s =m ( ,kl or ,dev1 %e is provid$ ) an or?odox %r9e4 ,%e receives little or no respect f m51 b wom5 & *ildr5 att5d h] s]vice 9 l>ge numb]s on ,stal's sev5?1 ,stal ,k ,saptam1 :i* is h] fea/ day4 ,9 ,b5gal %e is wor%ipp$ on a piece ( gr\nd m>k$ out & sme>$ ) c[-dung4 ,a fire be+ light$1 & butt] & spirits ?r[n ^u x1 ! wor%ipp] makes obeisance1 b[+ 8 =ehead to ! gr\nd & mutt]+ incantations4 ,a hog is !n sacrific$1 & ! bones & (fal be+ burnt1 ! fle% is roa/$ & eat51 b no "o mu/ take home ) him any scrap ( ! victim4 #bhg ,two special %r9es ( ,stal 9 ,upp] ,india may be specially ref]r$ to4 ,t at ,kankhal ne> ,h>dwr has a curi\s leg5d1 :i* admirably illu/rates ! ca?olicity ( ,h9duism4 ,"h ! local ,stal has ! special title ( ,turk91 or ! ,muhammadan lady4 ,!re 0 once a pr9cess born to "o ( ! ,mughal ,emp]ors1 :o1 accord+ to ! traditions ( ! dyna/y1 :5 _m ( ! *ief ladies ( ! h>em 7 ( ,h9du bir?1 _h a w>m sympa?y = h] ance/ral fai?4 ,s %e made a pilgrimage to ,h>dwr1 & !nce set (f to visit ! holy %r9es situat$ 9 ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,ganges4 ,:5 %e rea*$ ! holy l& ( ,bad>9?1 ! god himself appe>$ to h] 9 a dream1 & w>n$ h] t %e be+ a ,musalmn1 h] intrusion into 8 doma9s w\ld probably enc\rage ! attacks ( ! infidel4 ,s he ord]$ h] to return & take up h] abode 9 ,kankhal1 :]e z a rew>d = h] piety %e %\ld aft] h] dea? become ! gu>dian goddess ( *ildr5 & be deifi$ z a manife/ation ( ,stal4 ,s aft] h] dea? a temple 0 erect$ on ! site ( h] tomb1 & %e receives ! homage ( multitudes ( pilgrims4 ,!re is ano!r not$ %r9e ( ,stal at ,rwala1 9 ! ,dehra ,dn ,di/rict4 ,%e is a ,sat1 ,gndh>1 ! wife ( ,dhrit>%tra1 ! "m ( ,duryodhana4 ,:5 ,dhrit>%tra1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( 8 div9e absorption1 0 consum$ ) fire at ,sapta-srota1 ne> ,h>dwr1 ,gndh> also jump$ into ! fire & became ,sat ) h] husb&4 ,!n1 9 recognition ( h] piety1 ! gods bless$ h] ) ! boon t 9 ! ,iron ,age %e %\ld become ! gu>dian deity ( *ildr5 & ! goddess ( small-pox 9 p>ticul>4 ,ano!r not$ ,stal 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry is ! deity kn[n z ,ujal ,mt1 or ! ,:ite ,"m1 :o has a %r9e 9 ! ,muzaff>nag> ,di/rict4 ,"h va/ cr[ds assemble1 & wom5 make v[s at h] temple = ! boon ( sons1 & :5 a *ild is born !y take x !re & p]=m _! v[ by mak+ ! necess>y (f]+ to ! goddess4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,kankhal goddess & ( ,ujal ,mt is t calves are releas$ at h] %r9e4 ,?is c h>dly be any?+ else b a survival ( ! rite ( cattle slaught]1 & ?is is "o ( _m indications t ! wor%ip ( ,stal is a mo/ primitive cult1 & probably ( indig5\s orig94 ,stal1 accord+ to "o /ory1 is only ! elde/ ( a b& ( sev5 si/]s1 by :om ! pu/ul> gr\p ( diseases is suppos$ to be caus$4 ,s ! *>m] ,lili? has twelve daught]s1 :o are ! twelve k9ds ( fev]s1 & ?is arrangem5t ( diseases or evil spirits 9 categories ( sev5s or twelves is f\nd 9 ! ,*aldaic magic4 #bhh ,simil>ly 9 ! old] ,indian my?ology we h ! sev5 ,mtrs1 ! sev5 oceans1 ! sev5 ,ri%is1 ! sev5 ,adityas & ,dnavas1 & ! sev5 horses ( ! sun1 & num]\s o!r comb9ations ( ?is my/ic numb]4 ,"o li/ gives _! names z ,stal1 ,masn1 ,basanti1 ,mah ,m1 ,polamd1 ,lamk>iy1 & ,agwn4 #bhi ,we %all meet ,masn or ,masn1 ! deity ( ! cremation gr\nd1 9 ano!r connection4 ,basant is ! yell[ goddess1 s call$ probably on acc\nt ( ! col\r ( ! sk9 9 ^! diseases4 ,mah ,m is m]ely ! great ,"m4 ,polamd is possibly %e :o makes ! body s(t or flabby1 & ,lamk>iy1 %e t ha/5e?4 ,agwn is said to mean ! lead]1 & by "o acc\nt1 ,agwn1 :o has tw5ty-five ?\s& vot>ies1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus returns1 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces1 is ! son ( ,rja ,b51 or ,v5a1 & ! bro!r ( ! small-pox si/]s4 ,at ,h>dwr !y give ! names ( ! sev5 si/]s z ,stal1 ,s$al1 ,runuk1 ,jhunuk1 ,mihil1 ,m]hal1 & ,m&il1 a set ( names :i* smacks ( "s modification ( an aborig9al cultus4 ,_! %r9es clu/] r\nd ! special %r9e ( ,stal1 & ! villag]s to ! we/ ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces call !m h] ,khidmatgrs1 or body s]vants4 ,r\nd _m ( ! %r9es aga91 z at ,kankhal1 we f9d a gr\p ( m9or %r9es1 :i* by "o explanation are call$ ! %r9es ( ! o!r disease godl+s4 ,villag]s say t :5 disease appe>s 9 a family1 ! h\sewife comes & makes a v[1 & if ! pati5t recov]s %e makes a little %r9e to ! peculi> =m ( ,dev :i* %e consid]s responsible = ! illness4 ,! ,brhmans say t ^! m9or %r9es are 9 hon\r ( ! ,yog9s1 :o are usually said to numb] eight--,mrjan1 ,k>pratilak1 ,malayag&h9 ,kauamudik1 ,bh]und1 ,mtl1 ,nyak1 ,jay or ,subh*r1 ,sulak%an & ,sun&4 ,9 ! ,gurgon ,di/rict1 accompany+ images ( ,stal1 is "o ( ,s$hu ,lla1 :o is inf]ior to h]1 yet (t5 wor%ipp$ be=e h]1 because he is reg>d$ z h] s]vant & int]cessor4 ,copp] co9s are ?r[n beh9d h] %r9e into a sauc]1 :i* is kn[n z h] ,mlkhna or ,treasury4 ,rice & o!r articles ( food are plac$ 9 front ( h] %r9e1 & aft]w>ds di/ribut$ to ,*amrs1 ! curri] ca/e1 & to dogs4 #bij ,l s _m deities ( ?is class ,stal is on ! way to promotion to ! high] heav54 ,9 "s places %e is id5tifi$ ) ,klik ,bhavn1 & "o li/ ( ! sev5 small-pox si/]s gives _! names z ,stal1 ,phlmat1 ,*am>iy1 ,durg ,kl1 ,mah ,kl1 & ,bhadr ,kl4 ,?is has obvi\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! mill ( ,brhmanism4 ,( ^!1 ,*am>iy is d\btless alli$ to ,*m>1 :o is a vaguely describ$ l[-ca/e deity1 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,"s say he is ! gho/ ( a ,*amr1 or work] 9 lea!r1 :o di$ an untimely dea?4 ,*am>iy is said to be ! elde/ & ,phlmat ! y\nge/ si/] ( ,stal4 ,%e1 by ! common acc\nt1 takes h] "n f ! pu/ules 7phl7 ( ! disease4 ,%e br+s ! malady 9 its milde/ =m1 & ! wor/ v>iety is ! "w ( ,stal 9 p]son4 ,%e lives 9 ! ,nm tree1 & h5ce a pati5t suff]+ f ! disease is fann$ ) its leaves4 ,a v bad =m ( conflu5t small-pox is ! "w ( ,*am>iy1 :o mu/ be propitiat$ ) ! (f]+ ( a pig ?r\gh a ,*amr or o!r l[-ca/e prie/4 ,! influ5ce ( ,kl 9 h] ?reefold =m is *iefly felt 9 connection ) o!r pu/ul> diseases besides small-pox4 ,e>!nw>e images ( elephants are plac$ at h] %r9e1 & h] (f]+s consi/ ( cakes1 sweetmeats1 pigs1 goats1 %eep1 & black f[ls4 ,bhadr ,kl is ! lea/ =midable ( all4 ,! only p]son :o has influ5ce ov] ,kl is ! ,ojha1 or sorc]]1 :o1 :5 *ol]a & simil> epidemics prevail1 collects a subscription & p]=ms a regul> expiatory s]vice4 ,connection ( ,stal ) ,human ,sacrifice4 ,9 h] =m z h\sehold goddess1 ,stal is (t5 kn[n z ,?&1 or ! cool "o1 & h] habitation is 9 ! h\se beh9d ! wat]-pots1 9 ! cold1 damp place :]e ! wat] drips4 ,"h %e is wor%ipp$ by ! h\se-"m1 b only cold food or cold wat] is (f]$ to h]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a d>k] side to ! wor%ip ( ,stal & ! o!r disease godl+s ?an ?is mild h\sehold s]vice4 ,9 #ahag a t]rible epidemic ( *ol]a broke out at ,jessore4 ,! disease comm5c$ its ravages 9 ,augu/1 & x 0 at once discov]$ t ! ,augu/ ( ?is ye> _h five ,saturdays 7a day "u ! influ5ce ( ! ill-om5$ ,sani74 ,! numb] five be+ ! express prop]ty ( ! de/ructive ,siva1 a my/ical connection 0 at once detect$1 ! infallibly baneful influ5ce ( :i* x w\ld h be5 sacrilege to "q4 ,on ! night ( ! #bg? a /range commotion spread ?r\gh ! villages adjac5t to ! /ation4 ,a numb] ( magicians 7 report$ to h quitt$ ,m>elli ) a human head 9 _! possession1 :i* !y 7 to be direct$ by ! pres5ce ( sup]natural signs to leave 9 a c]ta91 & to !m unkn[n1 village4 ,! p on all sides 7 ready by =ce to arre/ ! progress ( ^! nocturnal visitors4 ,= ! prophecy =etold t :]ev] ! head fell1 ! de/roy+ angel t]m9at+ h] sangu9>y c\rse w\ld re/1 & ! demon ( dea?1 ?us satisfi$1 w\ld refra9 f fur!r deva/ation 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,tytl] says t on t night1 :ile walk+ along ! road1 endeav\r+ to allay ! agitation1 ! judge & he p]ceiv$ a fa9t light aris+ f a ?ick clump ( bamboos4 ,attract$ to ! spot1 !y f\nd a hut :i* 0 illum9at$1 & conta9$ images ( five ,h9du gods1 "o ( :i* 0 ,stal1 ! celebrat$ & =midable ,aul ,bb1 ',our ,lady ( ! ,flux1' an inc>nation ( ,kl1 :o x is believ$ is "o day to appe> rid+ on a horse = ! purpose ( slaught]+ mank9d1 & ( sett+ ! _w on fire4 ,9 front ( ! idol a female *ild ab\t n9e ye>s ( age lay on ! gr\nd4 ,%e 0 evid5tly /upefi$ ) intoxicat+ drugs1 & 9 ?is way prep>$ to answ] responses to su* que/ions z ^? initiat$ into ! my/]ies %\ld ?9k prop] to propose4 #bia ,!re is mu* 9 ?is /atem5t :i* is op5 to "q1 & x seems d\btful :e!r1 z ,dr4 ,*ev]s is dispos$ to believe1 ! case 0 really "o ( int5d$ human sacrifice4 ,small-pox ,wor%ip 9 ,b5gal4 ,9 ,b5gal ! div9e =ce antagoni/ic to ,stal is ,%a%?1 goddess ( ! six?1 :o is reg>d$ z ! special gu>dian ( *ildr54 ,! wor%ip ( ,%a%? re/s on a physiological fact1 :i* has only rec5tly be5 appli$ to expla9 ?is special =m ( wor%ip4 ,! mo/ fatal disease ( ,indian *ildr5 is a =m ( infantile lock-jaw1 :i* is caus$ by ! use ( a co>se1 blunt in/rum5t1 su* z a sickle1 = sev]+ ! umbilical cord4 ,?is disease usually makes its appe>ance betwe5 ! six? & twelf? day ( ! life ( ! *ild1 & h5ce we h ! =mal rites ( purification f ! bir? pollution p]=m$ z ! ,*ha? on ! six? & ! ,b>ah on ! twelf? day aft] deliv]y4 ,9 ,b5gal :5 small-pox rages1 ! g>d5]s are busie/4 ,z soon z ! nature ( ! disease is det]m9$1 ! physician retires & a g>d5] is summon$4 ,8 fir/ act is to =bid ! introduction ( meat1 fi%1 & all food requir+ oil or spices = its prep>ation4 ,he !n ties a lock ( hair1 a c[ry %ell1 a piece ( turm]ic1 & an article ( gold on ! "r wri/ ( ! pati5t4 7,! use ( ^! articles z sc>]s ( evil spirits w be consid]$ lat] on47 ,! sick p]son is !n laid on ! ,majhpatta1 ! "y & unexp&$ leaf ( ! planta9 tree1 & milk is prescrib$ z ! sole article ( food4 ,he is fann$ ) a bran* ( ! sacr$ ,nm 7,azidira*ta ,indica71 & any "o ent]+ ! *amb] is spr9kl$ ) wat]4 ,%\ld ! fev] become aggravat$ & delirium ensue1 or if ! *ild cries mu* & sleeps little1 ! g>d5] p]=ms ! ,mt ,pj4 ,?is consi/s 9 ba?+ an image ( ! goddess caus+ ! disease1 & giv+ a draught ( ! wat] to dr9k4 ,to relieve ! irritation ( ! sk91 pease meal1 turm]ic1 fl\r or %ell sawdu/ is spr9kl$ ov] ! body4 ,if ! eruption be copi\s1 a piece ( new clo? 9 ! figure ( eight is wrapp$ r\nd ! *e/ & %\ld]s4 ,on ! night betwe5 ! sev5? & eigh? days ( ! eruption1 ! g>d5] has mu* to d4 ,he places a wat]-pot 9 ! sick-room1 & puts on x rice1 a cocoanut1 sug>1 planta9s1 a yell[ rag1 fl[]s1 & a few ,nm leaves4 ,hav+ mumbl$ sev]al spells 7mantra71 he recites ! tale 7qissa7 ( ! p>ticul> goddess1 :i* (t5 occupies sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 ! pu/ules are mature1 ! g>d5] dips a ?orn ( ! ,k>aunda 7,c>issa7 9 sesamum oil & punctures ea* "o4 ,! body is !n ano9t$ ) oil1 & cool+ fruits are giv54 ,:5 ! scabs h peel$ (f1 ano!r c]emony call$ ,godm is gone ?r\gh4 ,all ! (f]+s on ! wat]-pot are roll$ 9 a clo? & fa/5$ r\nd ! wai/ ( ! pati5t4 ,! (f]+s are ! p]quisite ( ! g>d5]1 :o also receives a fee4 ,gov]nm5t vacc9ators e>n a consid]able sum ye>ly by execut+ ! ,stal wor%ip1 & :5 a *ild is vacc9at$1 a portion ( ! s]vice is p]=m$--a curi\s compromise betwe5 ! indig5\s fai? & ,european m$ical sci5ce4 #bib ,! special ,tirht obs]vance ( ! ,jur ,stal or smallpox fev] fea/ w be m conv5i5tly consid]$ 9 connection ) o!r usages ( ! same k9d4 ,mtang ,sakt & ,masn4 ,we h already se5 t ,stal is 9 ! /age ( promotion to ! ,brhmanical heav54 ,"h h] special "n is ,mtang ,sakt1 a ^w :i* has be5 connect$ ) ,mt & ,masn1 b really ref]s to ,durg-,dev 9 h] t]rible elephant =m4 ,masn or ,masn is q a diff]5t goddess4 ,%e resides at ! ,masn or cremation gr\nd1 & is greatly dread$4 ,! same "n is 9 ! ea/]n di/rict ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces appli$ to ! tomb ( "s l[-ca/e man1 v (t5 a ,teli or oilman1 or a ,dhobi or wa%]man1 bo? ( ^: gho/s are g5]ally obnoxi\s4 ,envi\s wom5 w take ! a%es f a cremation gr\nd & ?r[ !m ov] an enemy's *ild4 ,?is is said to cause !m to be "u ! influ5ce ( ! %ad[ 7,sya1 ,*hya7 & to wa/e away by sl[ decl9e4 ,?is idea is famili> 9 folk-lore4 ,all savages believe t _! %ad[ is a "p ( !mselves1 t if x be hurt ! own] ( x w feel pa91 t a man may lose 8 %ad[ altoge!r & ?us be depriv$ ( "p ( 8 s\l & /r5g?1 & t vici\s p1 z 9 ! pres5t case1 c fl+ _! %ad[ ^u y & cause y injury4 #bic ,mtang ,sakt1 aga91 appe>s 9 at lea/ eight =ms--,rauk ,dev1 ,ghrauk ,dev1 ,mel ,dev1 ,m&l ,dev1 ,stal ,dev1 ,durg ,dev & ,sank> ,dev1 a collection ( names :i* indicates ! extraord9>y mixture ( beliefs1 "s ( !m importations f ! regul> my?ology1 b o!rs obscure & local manife/ations ( ! deity1 out ( :i* ?is wor%ip has be5 develop$4 ,%e is describ$ z hav+ e>s z l>ge z a w9n[+ fan1 project+ tee?1 a hide\s face ) a wide op5 m\?4 ,h] vehicle is ! ass1 an animal v (t5 f\nd 9 association ) %r9es ( ,stal4 ,%e c>ries a broom & w9n[+ fan ) :i* %e sifts mank9d1 & 9 "o h& a pit*] & ew]4 ,?is fan & broom are1 z we %all see lat] on1 mo/ p[]ful feti%es4 ,all ?is is %e] my?ology at its l[e/ /age1 & repres5ts ! gr\p+ ( v>i\s local feti% beliefs on ! orig9al h\sehold wor%ip4 ,j\rney =bidd5 dur+ an ,epidemic ( ,small-pox4 ,dur+ a small-pox epidemic no j\rney1 n ev5 a pilgrimage to a holy %r9e1 %\ld be und]tak54 ,g54 ,sleeman #bid gives a curi\s case 9 illu/ration ( ?is3 ,at ?is "t ! only son ( ,rma ,kri%na's bro!r1 ,khu%hl ,*&1 an int]e/+ boy ( ab\t f\r ye>s ( age1 0 extremely ill ( small-pox4 ,8 fa!r 0 told t he _h bett] def] 8 j\rney to ,b5>es till ! *ild %\ld recov]2 b he c\ld nei!r eat nor sleep1 s great 0 8 t]ror le/ "s dreadful calamity %\ld befall ! :ole family be=e he c\ld expiate a sacrilege :i* he _h committ$ unwitt+ly1 or take ! advice ( 8 high prie/1 z to ! be/ mann] ( do+ s1 & he resolv$ to leave ! decision to ,god himself4 ,he took two pieces ( pap] & hav+ caus$ ,b5>es to be writt5 on "o & ,jabalpur on ! o!r1 he put !m bo? 9 a brass vessel4 ,aft] %ak+ ! vessel well1 he drew =? t on :i* ,b5>es _h be5 writt54 ',x is ! w ( ,god1' said ,rma ,kri%na4 ,all ! family :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! poor boy implor$ him n to set out1 le/ ! ,dev :o presides ov] small-pox %\ld be angry4 ,x 0 all 9 va94 ,he w\ld set out ) 8 h\sehold god1 & unable to c>ry x himself1 he put x ^u a small litt] ^u a pole1 & hir$ a be>] to c>ry x at "o end :ile he support$ ! o!r4 ,8 bro!r ,khu%hl ,*& s5t 8 second wife at ! same "t ) (f]+s to ! ,dev1 to w>d (f ! effects ( 8 bro!r's ra%ness f ! *ild4 ,by ! "t 8 bro!r _h got ) 8 god to ,adh>tl1 ?ree miles f ,jabalpur1 he he>d ( ! dea? ( 8 nephew4 ,b he seem$ n to feel ?is slight bl[ 9 ! t]ror ( ! dreadful1 b undef9$1 calamity :i* he felt to be imp5d+ ov] him & ! :ole family1 & he w5t on 8 road4 ,soon aft]1 an infant son ( 8 uncle di$ ( ! same disease1 & ! :ole t[n at once became divid$ into two p>ties--^? :o held t ! *ild _h be5 kill$ by ! ,dev z a puni%m5t = ,rma ,kri%na's presum+ to leave ,jabalpur be=e !y recov]$1 & ^? :o held t !y 7 kill$ by ! god ,vi%nu himself = hav+ depriv$ him ( "o ( 8 arms4 ,khu%hl ,*&'s wife sick5$ on ! road & di$ be=e rea*+ ,mirzapur2 & z ! ,dev 0 suppos$ to h no?+ to say to fev]s1 ?is ev5t greatly augm5t$ ! advocates ( ,vi%nu4 ,obs]vances dur+ ,small-pox ,epidemics4 ,9 ! ,panjb :5 a *ild falls ill ( small-pox no "o is all[$ to ent] ! h\se1 especially if he h ba!d1 wa%$1 or comb$ 8 hair1 & if any "o does come 91 he is made to burn inc5se at ! door4 ,%\ld a ?und]/orm come on be=e ! vesicles h fully come out1 ! s\nd is n all[$ to ent] ! e> ( ! sick *ild1 & metal plates are viol5tly beat5 to dr[n ! noise ( ! ?und]4 ,= six or sev5 days1 :5 ! disease is at its height1 ! *ild is f$ ) rais9s cov]$ ) silv] leaf4 ,:5 ! vesicles h fully develop$ x is believ$ t ,dev ,mt has come4 ,:5 ! disease has abat$ a little1 wat] is ?r[n ov] ! *ild4 ,s+]s & drumm]s are summon$ & ! p>5ts make ) _! fri5ds a procession to ! temple ( ,dev1 c>ry+ ! *ild dress$ 9 saffron-col\r$ clo!s4 ,a man goes 9 advance ) a bun* ( sacr$ grass 9 8 h&s1 f :i* he spr9kles a mixture ( milk & wat]4 ,9 ?is way !y visit "s fig-tree or o!r %r9e ( ,dev1 to :i* !y tie r$ ribbons & besme> x ) r$ lead1 pa9t & curds4 #bie ,"o me?od ( protect+ *ildr5 f ! disease is to give !m opprobri\s names1 & dress !m 9 rags4 ,?is1 ) o!r devices = disease transf]5ce1 w be discuss$ lat] on4 ,we h se5 t ! ,nm tree is suppos$ to influ5ce ! disease2 h5ce bran*es ( x are hung ov] ! door ( ! sick-room4 ,?und] di/urbs ! goddess 9 possession ( ! *ild1 s ! family fl\r-mill1 :i*1 z z we %all see1 has my/ic p[]s1 is rattl$ ne> ! *ild4 ,ano!r device is to fe$ a donkey1 :i* is ! animal on :i* ,stal rides4 ,?is is specially kn[n 9 ! ,panjb z ! ,j& ,pj4 #bif ,9 ! same belief t ! pati5t is "u ! direct influ5ce ( ! goddess1 if dea? ensues ! purification ( ! corpse by cremation is consid]$ bo? unnecess>y & improp]4 ,l ,gusns1 ,jogis1 & simil> p]sons :o are reg>d$ z inspir$1 ^? :o die ( ?is disease are buri$1 n cremat$4 ,z ,sir ,a4 ,c4 ,lyall obs]ves1 #big ,! rule is ord9>ily exp\nd$ by ! prie/s to be imp]ative1 because ! outw>d signs & symptoms m>k ! actual pres5ce ( div9ity2 ! small-pox is n ! god's "w1 b ! god himself manife/2 b !re is also "s gr\nd = conclud+ t ! process ( bury+ has be5 f\nd m :olesome ?an ! hurri$ & ill-manag$ cremation1 :i* prevails dur+ a fatal epidemic4 ,g54 ,sleeman gives an in/ance ( an outbreak ( ! disease :i* 0 attribut$ to a violation ( ?is traditional rule4 #bih ,m9or ,disease ,godl+s4 ,!re are a numb] ( m9or disease godl+s1 "s ( :om may be m5tion$ "h4 ,! ,b5>es godl+ ( mal>ia is ,jv>ah>sv>a1 ! god :o repels ! fev]4 ,! special (f]+ to him is :at is call$ ,dudhbhanga1 a confection made ( milk1 ! leaves ( ! hemp plant & sweetmeats4 ,among ! ,kols ( ,*aibsa1 ,bang>a is ! godl+ ( fev] & is associat$ ) ,gohem1 ,*ondu1 ,negra & ,di*ali1 :o are consid]$ respectively ! godl+s ( *ol]a1 ! it*1 indige/ion & dea?4 ,! ,b5glis h a special s]vice = ! wor%ip ( ,gh5tu1 ! it* godl+4 ,! sc5e ( ! s]vice is a dunghill4 ,a brok5 e>!nw>e pot1 its bottom black5$ ) con/ant use = cook+1 daub$ :ite ) lime1 int]sp]s$ ) a few /reaks ( turm]ic1 toge!r ) a bran* or two ( ! ,gh5tu plant1 & la/1 n lea/1 a broom/ick ( ! g5u9e palmyra or cocoanut /ock1 s]ve z ! repres5tation ( ! presid+ deity ( it*4 ,! mi/ress ( ! family1 = ^: b5efit ! wor%ip is done1 acts z prie/ess4 ,aft] a few doggrel l9es are recit$1 ! pot is brok5 & ! pieces collect$ by ! *ildr51 :o s+ songs ab\t ! it* godl+4 #bii ,"s ( ^! godl+s are1 l ,%a%?1 protectors ( *ildr5 f infantile disord]s4 ,su* are 9 ,ho%angbd ,bijays51 9 ^: "n a /r+1 :i*1 z we %all see1 ex]cises a p[]ful influ5ce ov] demons1 is hung r\nd ! necks ( *ildr5 f bir? till m>riage1 & ,kurdeo1 ^: "n repres5ts ! ,kuladevat1 or family deity4 ,among ! ,kurkus he presides ov] ! gr[? & heal? ( ! *ildr5 9 ?ree or f\r villages toge!r4 #cjj ,a*]i1 a disease sprite 9 ! ,hills1 p>ticul>ly fav\rs ^? :o we> r$ g>m5ts1 & 9 8 "n a sc>let ?read is ti$ r\nd ! ?roat z an amulet aga9/ cold1 & goitre4 ,ghanta ,k>ana1 he :o has e>s z broad z a bell1 or :o we>s bells 9 8 e>s1 is ano!r disease godl+ ( ! ,hills4 ,he is suppos$ to be ( great p]sonal attractions1 & is wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( a wat] j> z ! heal] ( cutane\s diseases4 ,he is a gate-keep]1 or1 9 o!r words1 a godl+ on 8 promotion1 9 _m ( ! ,g>hwl temples4 #cja ,among ! ,kurkus ( ,ho%angbd1 ,mutua ,deo is repres5t$ by a heap ( /ones inside ! village4 ,8 special sacrifice is a pig1 & 8 p>ticul> mission is to s5d epidemics1 & p>ticul>ly fev]s1 9 :i* case he mu/ be propitiat$ ) extraord9>y sacrifices4 #cjb ,"o ( ! great disease ,mo!rs is ,m> ,bhavn4 ,%e has h] speciality 9 ! regulation ( *ol]a1 :i* %e spreads or )holds accord+ to ! att5tion %e receives4 ,!y tell a curi\s /ory ab\t h] 9 ,oudh4 ,safd> ,jang1 hav+ e/abli%$ 8 virtual indep5d5ce ( ! ,mughal ,empire1 det]m9$ to build a capital4 ,he select$ z ! site = x ! high bank ( ! ,gmti1 ov]look+ ,pp>ght 9 ,sultnpur4 ,& b = ! accid5t ( a sickly season1 t n[ comp>atively unkn[n locality might h enjoy$ ! celebrity :i* aft]w>ds fell to ! lot ( ,faizbd4 ,! =t 0 already begun :5 ! news rea*$ ! ,emp]or1 :o s5t 8 m9i/] a khilat1 to all outw>d appe>ance suit$ to 8 rank & dignity4 ,! royal gift _h be5 pack$ up ) becom+ c>e1 & its arrival does n seem to h /ruck ,safd> ,jang z incompatible ) ! rebelli\s attitude :i* he _h assum$4 ,! box 9 :i* x 0 enclos$ 0 op5$ ) due c]emony1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t ! ,emp]or1 ) grim pleasantry1 _h select$ z an appropriate gift an image ( ,m> ,bhavn4 ,! mortality :i* ensu$ 9 ,safd> ,jang's army 0 appall+1 & ! site 0 ab&on$1 ,m> ,bhavn be+ left 9 sole possession4 ,p]iodical fairs are n[ held !re 9 h] hon\r4 #cjc ,h>daul ,lla1 ! ,*ol]a ,godl+4 ,b ! great *ol]a godl+ ( ,nor!rn ,india is ,h>daul1 ,h>daur1 ,h>da1 ,h>diya or ,h>diha ,lla4 ,x is only nor? ( ! ,jumn t he appe>s to control ! plague1 & 9 ,bundelkh&1 8 native home1 he seems to h little connection ) x4 ,) him we rea* a class ( godl+s q di/9ct f ne>ly all ^? :om we h be5 consid]+4 ,he is "o ( t num]\s class :o 7 9 _! lifetime actual hi/orical p]sonages1 & :o f "s special cause1 9 8 case f ! tragic circum/ances ( 8 dea?1 h be5 elevat$ to a seat among ! ho/s ( heav54 ,h>daur ,lla1 or ,dvn ,h>daur1 0 ! second son ( ,br ,s9ha ,deva1 ! miscreant ,rja ( ,or*ha1 9 ,bundelkh&1 :o1 at ! in/igation ( ,pr9ce ,jahngr1 assass9at$ ! accompli%$ ,abul ,fazl1 ! litt]ateur ( ! c\rt ( ,akb>4 #cjd ,8 bro!r ,jhajhr1 or ,jhujhr1 ,s9h succe$$ to ! ?rone on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r2 & aft] "s "t suspect+ ,h>daur ( undue intimacy ) 8 wife1 he compell$ h] to poison h] lov] ) all 8 companions at a fea/ 9 #afbg ,a4,d4 ,aft] ?is trag$y x happ5$ t ! daught] ( ! ,pr9cess ,kanjvat1 si/] ( ,jhajhr & ,h>daur1 0 ab\t to be m>ri$4 ,h] "m1 accord+ to ! ord9>y rule ( family etiquette1 s5t an invitation to ,jhajhr ,s9h to att5d ! w$d+4 ,he refus$ ) ! mock+ taunt t %e w\ld be wise to invite h] fav\rite bro!r ,h>daur4 ,!reupon1 %e 9 despair w5t to 8 c5otaph & lam5t$ 8 wret*$ end4 ,h>daur f bel[ answ]$ h] cries1 & promis$ to att5d ! w$d+ & make all ! necess>y arrangem5ts4 ,! gho/ kept 8 promise1 & arrang$ ! m>riage c]emony z befitt$ ! hon\r ( 8 h\se4 ,subsequ5tly he is said to h visit$ ! b$side ( ! ,emp]or ,akb> at midnight1 & bes\ght him to issue an ord] t plat=ms %\ld be erect$ 9 8 "n1 & hon\r be paid to him 9 e village ( ! ,empire1 promis+ t if he 7 duly propitiat$1 no w$d+ %\ld ev] be m>r$ ) /orm or ra91 & t no "o :o be=e eat+ pres5t$ a %>e ( 8 meal to him1 %\ld ev] want = bread4 ,akb>1 x is said1 compli$ ) ^! reque/s1 & s9ce !n ! gho/ ( ,h>daul has be5 wor%ipp$ 9 ne>ly e village 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,b "h1 z 9 _m ( ^! leg5ds1 ! *ronology is hopeless4 ,akb> di$ 9 #afje ,a4,d41 & ! murd] ( ,h>daul is fix$ 9 #afbg4 ,he is *iefly hon\r$ at w$d+s1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,baiskh 7,may71 :5 ! wom51 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! l[] classes1 visit 8 %r9e & eat ! (f]+s pres5t$ to him4 ,! %r9e is always erect$ outside ! hamlet1 & is decorat$ ) flags4 ,on ! day b "o be=e ! arrival ( a w$d+ procession1 ! wom5 ( ! family wor%ip ,h>daul1 & invite him to ! c]emony4 ,if any signs ( a /orm appe>1 he is propitiat$ ) songs1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( :i* runs ?us-- ,lla6 ,?y %r9e is 9 e hamlet6 ,?y "n ?r\gh\t ! l&6 ,"l ( ! ,bundela l&6 ,may ,god increase ?y fame6 ,or 9 ! local patois-- ,gnwn *auntra1 ,lla desan nm3 ,bundel des k ,raiya1 ,r k4 ,tumhr jay rakh ,bhagwn6 ,_m ( ^! %r9es h a /one figure ( ! h]o repres5t$ on horseback1 set up at ! head or we/ side ( ! plat=m4 ,f 8 bir?place ,h>daul is also kn[n z ,bundela1 & "o ( ! qu>t]s 9 ,mirzapur1 & 9 ! t[n ( ,br9daban 9 ! ,ma?ura ,di/rict1 is nam$ aft] him4 #cje ,b :ile 9 8 native l& ( ,bundelkh& ,h>daul is a w$d+ godl+1 9 ab\t ! same rank z ,dulha ,deo among ! ,drvidian tribes1 to ! nor? ( ! ,jumn x is on 8 p[] ( influ5c+ epidemics ( *ol]a t 8 reputation ma9ly re/s4 ,! t]rible outbreak ( ?is pe/il5ce1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! camp ( ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 ! ,m>quess ,ha/+s1 dur+ ! ,p9dri w>1 0 g5]ally attribut$ by ! p to ! kill+ ( beef = ! use ( ! ,briti% troops 9 ! grove :]e ! a%es ( ,h>daul repose4 ,sir ,c4 ,a4 ,elliott rem>ks t he has se5 /atem5ts 9 ! old (ficial correspond5ce ( #ahbh ,a4,d41 :5 we fir/ took possession ( ,ho%angbd1 t ! di/rict (fic]s 7 direct$ to =ce ! village headm5 to set up alt>s to ,h>daul ,lla 9 e village4 ,?is 0 "p ( ! sy/em ( pres]v+ ! cultivators1 s9ce x 0 f\nd t !y ran away1 if _! fe>s ( epidemics 7 n calm$ by ! respect paid to ! local gods4 ,b 9 ,ho%angbd1 ! wor%ip ( ,h>daul ,lla has fall5 into great neglect 9 rec5t times1 ! repeat$ recurr5ce ( *ol]a hav+ %ak5 ! belief 9 ! pot5cy ( 8 influ5ce ov] ! disease4 #cjf ,exorcism ( ! ,*ol]a ,demon4 ,m5tion has be5 already made ( ! common belief 9 an actual embodim5t ( pe/il5ce 9 a human or gho/ly =m4 ,a disease s sudd5 & my/]i\s z *ol]a is naturally capable ( a sup]/iti\s explanation ( ?is k9d4 ,ev]y:]e x is believ$ to be due to ! ag5cy ( a demon1 :i* c be expell$ by noise & special incantations1 or remov$ by means ( a scapegoat4 ,?us1 ! ,muhammadans ( ,h]at believ$ t a _s ( *ol]a /alk$ ?r\gh ! l& 9 advance ( ! actual disease4 #cjg ,all ov] ,upp] ,india1 :5 *ol]a prevails1 y may see fires light$ on ! b\nd>ies ( villages to b> ! approa* ( ! demon ( ! plague1 & ! p %\t+ & beat+ drums to ha/5 8 dep>ture4 ,on "o occasion ,i 0 pres5t at su* a c]emonial :ile out = an ev5+ drive1 & z we approa*$ ! place ! grooms advis$ u to /op ! horses 9 ord] to all[ ! demon to cross ! road ahead ( u )\t int]ruption4 ,?is expulsion ( ! disease _s is (t5 a cause ( qu>rels & riots1 z villages :o are /ill safe f ! epidemic /rongly res5t ! introduction ( ! demon )9 _! b\nd>ies4 ,9 a rec5t case at ,allahbd a man /at$ t ! *ol]a mon/] us$ to attempt to ent] 8 h\se nightly1 t 8 head resembl$ a l>ge e>!n pot1 & t he & 8 bro!r 7 oblig$ to b> 8 entrance ) _! clubs4 ,ano!r attribut$ ! immunity ( 8 family to ! fact t he possess$ a gun1 :i* he regul>ly fir$ at night to sc>e ! demon4 ,n long ago "s m5 9 ! same di/rict entic$ ! *ol]a demon into an e>!n pot by magical rites1 & clapp+ on ! lid1 =m$ a procession 9 ! dead ( night = ! purpose ( c>ry+ ! pot to a neighb\r+ village1 ) :i* _! relations 7 ! rev]se ( cordial1 & bury+ x !re secretly4 ,b ! enemy 7 on ! wat*1 & turn$ out 9 =ce to fru/rate ?is fell int5t4 ,a s]i\s riot occurr$1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! receptacle conta9+ ! evil _s 0 un=tunately brok5 & he escap$ to cont9ue 8 ravages 9 ! neighb\rhood4 #cjh ,9 ,bombay1 :5 *ol]a breaks out 9 a village1 ! village pott] is ask$ to make an image ( ! goddess ( *ol]a4 ,:5 ! image is ready1 ! village p g 9 procession to ! pott]'s h\se1 & tell him to c>ry ! image to a spot outside ! village4 ,:5 x is tak5 to ! select$ place1 x is fir/ wor%ipp$ by ! pott] & !n by ! villag]s4 #cji ,"h1 z 9 _m in/ances ( simil> rites1 ! prie/ is a man ( l[ ca/e1 :i* po9ts to ! indig5\s "* ( ! wor%ip4 ,9 ! we/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ! rite takes a m advanc$ =m4 ,:5 *ol]a prevails1 ,kl ,dev is wor%ipp$1 & a magic circle ( milk & spirits is drawn r\nd ! village1 ov] :i* ! *ol]a demon does n c>e to /ep4 ,!y h also a read+ ( ! ,scriptures 9 hon\r ( ,durg1 & wor%ip a ,sat %r9e1 if !re be "o 9 ! village4 ,! next /age is ! actual scapegoat1 :i* is1 z we %all see1 v g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a buffalo bull is m>k$ ) a r$ pigm5t & driv5 to ! next village1 :]e he c>ries ! plague ) him4 ,q rec5tly1 at ,me]ut1 ! p pur*as$ a buffalo1 pa9t$ x r$ & l$ ! animal ?r\gh ! city 9 procession4 ,colonel ,tod describes h[ ,zlim ,s9h1 ! celebrat$ reg5t ( ,kota1 drove *ol]a out ( ! place4 ,hav+ assembl$ ! ,brhmans1 a/rolog]s & ^? v]s$ 9 incantations1 a gr& rite 0 got up1 sacrifices made1 & a solemn decree ( bani%m5t 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ ,m>1 ! *ol]a goddess4 ,accord+ly an equipage 0 prep>$ = h]1 decorat$ ) fun]al emblems1 pa9t$ black & drawn by a d\ble team ( black ox52 bags ( gra91 also black1 7 put into ! vehicle1 t ! lady might n g )\t food1 & driv5 by a man 9 sable ve/m5ts1 foll[$ by ! yells ( ! populace1 ,m> 0 deport$ across ! ,*ambal riv]1 ) ! comm&s ( ! prie/s t %e %\ld nev] aga9 set foot 9 ,kota4 ,no soon] did my deceas$ fri5d he> ( h] expulsion f t capital1 & be+ plac$ on ! road = ,bndi1 ?an ! wise m5 ( ! city 7 call$ on to provide means to keep h] f ent]+ !re94 ,accord+ly1 all ! wat] ( ! ,ganges at h& 0 9 requisition2 an e>!n vessel 0 plac$ ov] ! s\!rn portal f :i* ! sacr$ wat] 0 cont9ually dripp+1 & aga9/ :i* no evil c\ld prevail4 ,:e!r my fri5d's supply ( ! holy wat] fail$1 or ,m> disreg>d$ su* opposition1 %e rea*$ ! palace4 #caj ,*ol]a caus$ by ,wit*craft4 ,9 ,guj>t1 among ! wild] tribes1 ! belief prevails t *ol]a is caus$ by old wom5 :o fe$ on ! corpses ( ! victims ( ! pe/il5ce4 ,=m]ly1 :5 a case occurr$ _! practice 0 to g to ! soo?say] 7,bhagat71 f9d out f him :o 0 ! guilty wit*1 & kill h] ) mu* torture4 ,( late ye>s ?is practice has1 to a great ext5t1 ceas$4 ,! p n[ attribute an outbreak to ! wra? ( ! goddess ,kl1 &1 to please h]1 draw h] c>t ?r\gh ! /reets1 & lift+ x ov] ! village b\nd>ies1 (f] up goats & buffaloes4 ,sometimes1 to keep (f ! disease1 !y make a magic circle ) milk or col\r$ ?reads r\nd ! village4 ,at ,nsik1 :5 *ol]a breaks out 9 ! city1 ! lead+ ,brhmans collect 9 little doles f ea* h\se a small all[ance ( rice1 put ! rice 9 a c>t1 take x beyond ! limits ( ! t[n1 & !re x is ?r[n away4 #caa ,a visitation ( ! plague 9 ,nepl 0 attribut$ to ! ,rja insi/+ on celebrat+ ! ,dasahra dur+ an int]cal>y mon?4 ,on ano!r occasion ! arrival ( ! disease 0 attribut$ to ! ,evil ,eye ( ,saturn & o!r planets1 :i* secretly came toge!r 9 "o sign ( ! zodiac4 ,a ?ird attack 0 suppos$ to be caus$ by ! ,rja be+ 9 8 eighte5? ye>1 & ! ye> ( ! cycle be+ eighty-eight--eight be+ a v unlucky numb]4 #cab ,s ! ,gonds try to w>d (f ! ang] ( ! spirits ( *ol]a & small-pox by sacrifices1 & by ?or\ghly clean+ _! villages & transf]r+ ! sweep+s into "s road or travell$ track4 ,_! idea is t unless ! disease is communicat$ to "s p]son :o w take x on to ! next village1 ! plague w n leave !m4 ,= ?is reason !y d n ?r[ ! sweep+s into ! jungle1 z no "o passes t way1 & consequ5tly ! b5efit ( sweep+ is lo/4 #cac ,an extraord9>y case 0 rec5tly report$ f ! ,dehra ,isml ,khn ,di/rict4 ,!re _h be5 a good deal ( sickness 9 ! village1 & ! p spread a report t ?is 0 due to ! fact t a woman1 :o _h di$ "s sev5 mon?s previ\sly1 _h be5 *ew+ h] fun]al %eet4 ,! relatives 7 ask$ to all[ ! body to be exam9$1 :i* 0 done1 & x 0 f\nd t ow+ to ! subsid5ce ( ! gr\nd ?r\gh ra91 "s e>? _h fall5 into ! m\? ( ! corpse4 ,a copp] co9 0 plac$ 9 ! m\? z a viaticum1 & a f[l kill$ & laid on ! body1 :i* 0 aga9 int]r$4 ,! same result is v (t5 believ$ to foll[ f bury+ p]sons ( ! sweep] ca/e 9 ! usual ext5d$ position1 in/ead ( a sitt+ po/ure or ) ! face d[nw>ds4 ,a sweep] be+ "o ( ! aborig9al or ca/eless tribes is believ$ to h some?+ uncanny ab\t him4 ,rec5tly 9 ,muzaff>nag>1 a corpse buri$ 9 ! unor?odox way 0 dis9t]r$ by =ce1 & ! matt] f9ally came be=e ! c\rts4 ,! ,demon ( ,cattle ,disease4 ,9 ! same way cattle disease is caus$ by ! plague demon4 ,once ^u a "t a man1 ^: desc5dants live 9 ! ,ma?ura ,di/rict1 0 sleep+ out 9 ! fields :5 he saw ! cattle disease creep+ up to 8 ox5 9 an animal %ape4 ,he wat*$ 8 opportunity & got ! demon "u 8 %ield1 :i* he fix$ firmly d[n4 ,! disease demon entreat$ to be releas$1 b he w\ld n let x g till x promis$ t x w\ld nev] rema9 :]e he or 8 desc5dants 7 pres5t4 ,s to ?is day1 :5 ! murra9 visits a village1 8 desc5dants are summon$ & "w r\nd ! village1 call+ on ! disease to fulfil its contract4 #cad ,! murra9 demon is expell$ 9 ! same way z t ( ! *ol]a1 & remov$ by ! ag5cy ( ! scapegoat4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces y w (t5 notice wisps ( /raw ti$ r\nd ! trunks ( acacia trees1 :i*1 z we %all see1 possess my/ic p[]s1 z a means to b> disease4 ,ksi ,bba is ! tribal deity ( ! ,b9ds ( ,b5gal4 ,( him x is report$3 ,a my/]i\s epidemic 0 c>ry+ (f ! h]ds on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 & ! ord9>y expiatory sacrifices 7 ineffectual4 ,"o ev5+ a cl[ni% ,ahr1 on go+ to ! riv]1 saw a figure r9s+ its m\? f "t to "t1 & mak+ an une>?ly s\nd ) a con* %ell4 ,! l\t1 conclud+ t ?is mu/ be ! demon t caus$ ! epidemic1 crept up & clubb$ ! unsuspect+ ba!r4 ,ksi ,n? 0 ! "n ( ! murd]$ ,brhman1 & z ! cessation ( ! murra9 co9cid$ ) 8 dea?1 ! l[ ,h9du/ni ca/es h ev] s9ce reg>d$ ,ksi ,bba z ! malefic5t _s t s5ds disease among ! cattle4 ,n[adays he is propitiat$ by ! foll[+ curi\s c]emony4 ,z soon z an infecti\s disease breaks out1 ! village cattle are mass$ toge!r1 & cotton se$ spr9kl$ ov] !m4 ,! fatte/ & sleeke/ animal be+ s+l$ out1 is sev]ely beat5 ) rods4 ,! h]d1 sc>$ by ! noise1 scamp] (f to ! ne>e/ %elt]1 foll[$ by ! scape bull2 & by ?is means x is ?\ght ! murra9 is /ay$4 #cae ,ksi ,ds1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1 has #agb1jjj wor%ipp]s 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,o!r ,*ol]a ,godl+s4 ,beside ,h>daul ,lla1 ! great *ol]a godl+1 ,hulk ,dev1 ! imp]sonation ( vomit+1 is wor%ipp$ 9 ,b5gal ) ! same object4 ,%e appe>s to be ! same z ,holik or ,hork ,maiyy1 :om we %all meet 9 connection ) ! ,hol fe/ival4 ,we h already notic$ ,m> or ,m> ,m1 ,"m dea?1 or z %e is call$ :5 promot$ to ,brhmanism1 ,m> ,bhavn4 ,%e & ,hat?1 a m9or *ol]a goddess1 are wor%ipp$ :5 *ol]a prevails4 ,by "o acc\nt %e & ,stal are daught]s ( ,rja ,v5a4 ,ab\t t5 ?\s& p record$ !mselves at ! la/ c5sus z wor%ipp]s ( ,hat? & ,m> 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,among ! jungle tribes ( ,mirzapur %e is kn[n z ,ob1 an ,arabic ^w 7waba7 mean+ pe/il5ce4 ,m>1 z we h said1 has a special %r9e 9 ,sultnpur to commemorate a fatal outbreak ( *ol]a 9 ! army ( ,safd> ,jang4 ,9 ! ,panjb ,m> is hon\r$ ) an (f]+ ( a pumpk91 a male buffalo1 a cock1 a ram & a goat4 ,^! animals are ea* decapitat$ ) a s+le bl[ be=e h] alt>4 ,if m ?an "o bl[ is requir$ ! c]emony is a failure4 ,=m]ly1 9 addition to ^! five k9ds ( (f]+ a man & woman 7 sacrific$1 to make up ! my/ic numb] sev54 #caf ,exorcism ( ,disease4 ,! practice ( exorcis+ ^! demons ( disease has be5 elaborat$ into some?+ l a sci5ce4 ,disease1 accord+ to ! g5]al belief ( ! rural population1 c be remov$ by a species ( magic1 usually ( ! v>iety kn[n z sympa!tic1 & x c be transf]r$ f ! suff]] to "s "o else4 ,! special incantations = disease are 9 ! h&s ( l[-ca/e sorc]]s or magicians4 ,among ! m primitive races1 su* z ^? ( ,drvidian orig9 9 ,c5tral ,india1 ?is is ! bus9ess ( ! ,baiga1 or aborig9al devil prie/4 ,b ev5 "h !re is a diff]5tiation ( function1 & ?\gh ! ,baiga is usually consid]$ compet5t to deal ) ! cases ( p]sons possess$ ( evil spirits1 x is only special p]sons :o c und]take ! regul> exorcism4 ,?is is among ! l[] tribes ( ,h9dus ! bus9ess ( ! ,syna1 ! cunn+ man1 ! ,sokha 7,sanskrit sukskma1 ! subtile "o71 or ! ,ojha1 :i* is a corruption ( ! ,sanskrit ,updhyya or tea*]4 ,l sculapius1 ,paieon1 & ev5 ,apollo himself1 ! successful magician & heal] gradually develops into a god4 ,all ov] ! c\ntry !re are1 z we h se51 ! %r9es ( sa9ts :o won ! rev]5ce ( ! p by ! cures wr\ght at _! tombs4 ,! great deifi$ heal] 9 ,behr & ! ea/]n ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces is ,sokha ,bba1 :o1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1 _h ?irte5 ?\s& special wor%ipp]s4 ,he is said to h be5 a ,brhman :o 0 kill$ by a snake1 & n[ possesses ! p[] ( inflict+ snake-bite on ^? :o d n propitiate him4 ,exorcis]s are bo? pr(essional & non-pr(essional4 ,non-pr(essional exorcis]s are g5]ally p]sons :o get naturally improv$ by a gu>dian _s 7deva71 & a few ( !m le>n ! art ( exorcism f a ,guru or tea*]4 ,mo/ ( ! pr(essional exorcis]s le>n f a ,guru4 ,! fir/ /udy is begun on a lun> or on a sol> eclipse day4 ,on su* a day ! tea*] aft] ba?+1 & )\t wip+ 8 body1 or 8 head or hair1 puts on dry clo!s1 & goes to ! village godl+'s temple4 ,! c&idate !n spreads a :ite clo? be=e ! god1 & on "o side ( ! clo? makes a heap ( rice1 & on ano!r a heap ( ,urad 7phaseolus radiatus71 spr9kles r$ lead on ! heaps1 & breaks a cocoanut 9 front ( ! idol4 ,! ,guru !n tea*es him ! incantation 7mantra71 :i* he commits to memory4 ,an o*re-col\r$ flag is !n ti$ to a /aff 9 front ( ! temple1 & ! tea*] & c&idate come home4 ,aft] ?is1 on ! fir/ new moon :i* falls on a ,saturday1 ! tea*] & ! c&idate g toge!r out ( ! village to a place previ\sly m>k$ out by !m on ! b\nd>y4 ,a s]vant accompanies !m1 :o c>ries a bag ( ,urad1 oil1 sev5 e>!n lamps1 lemons1 cocoanuts1 & r$ p[d]4 ,aft] com+ to ! spot1 ! tea*] & ! c&idate ba!1 & !n ! tea*] goes to ! village temple1 & sits pray+ = ! safety ( ! c&idate4 ,! c&idate1 :o has be5 already in/ruct$ z to :at %\ld be done1 !n />ts = ! b\nd>y ( ! next village1 accompani$ by ! s]vant4 ,on rea*+ ! village b\nd>y1 he picks up sev5 pebbles1 sets !m 9 a l9e on ! road1 & aft] light+ a lamp ne> !m1 he wor%ips !m ) fl[]s1 r$ p[d]1 & ,urad4 ,inc5se is !n burnt1 & a cocoanut is brok5 ne> ! pebble :i* repres5ts ,vetla & 8 lieut5ants1 & a second cocoanut is brok5 = ! village godl+4 ,"h ! cocoanut is symbolical ( a sacrifice :i* 0 probably orig9ally ( a human victim4 ,:5 ?is is ov]1 he goes to a riv]1 well1 or o!r ba?+ place1 & ba!s1 & )\t wip+ 8 body or putt+ on dry clo!s1 proce$s to ! b\nd>y ( ! next village4 ,!re he repeats ! same process z he did be=e1 & !n goes to ! b\nd>y ( a ?ird village4 ,9 ?is mann] he goes to sev5 villages & repeats ! same process4 ,all ?is :ile he keeps on repeat+ incantations4 ,aft] f9i%+ 8 wor%ip at ! sev5? village1 ! c&idate returns to 8 village1 & go+ to ! temple1 sees 8 tea*] & tells him :at he has done4 ,9 ?is mann]1 hav+ wor%ipp$ & propitiat$ ! ,vetlas ( sev5 villages1 he becomes an exorci/4 ,aft] hav+ be5 able to ex]cise ^! p[]s1 he mu/ obs]ve c]ta9 rules4 ,?us1 on e eclipse day he mu/ g to a sea-%ore or a riv] bank1 ba! 9 cold wat]1 & :ile /&+ 9 ! wat] repeat incantations a numb] ( times4 ,aft] ba?+ daily he mu/ nei!r wr+ 8 head hair1 nor wipe 8 body dry4 ,:ile he is tak+ 8 meals1 he %\ld leave (f if he he>s a woman 9 h] mon?ly sickness speak or if a lamp be ext+ui%$4 ,! ,muhammadan me?ods ( /udy+ exorcism are diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,h9dus4 ,"o ( !m is z foll[s3--,! c&idate beg9s 8 /udy "u ! guidance ( 8 tea*] on ! la/ day ( ! lun> mon?1 provid$ x falls on a ,tuesday or ,sunday4 ,! initiation takes place 9 a room1 ! walls & floor ( :i* h be5 pla/]$ ) mud1 & "h & !re daub$ ) s&al pa/e4 ,on ! floor a :ite %eet is spread1 & ! c&idate aft] wa%+ 8 h&s & feet1 & we>+ a new wai/-clo? or tr\s]s1 sits on ! %eet4 ,he lights "o or two inc5se /icks & makes (f]+s ( a :ite clo? & meat to "o ( ! pr9cipal ,musalmn sa9ts4 ,?is process is repeat$ = f f\rte5 to =ty days4 #cag ,few rural exorcis]s g ?r\gh ?is elaborate ritual1 ! object ( :i* x is n difficult to und]/&4 ,! c&idate wi%es to get ! ,vetla or local demon ( ! village into 8 p[] & to make him "w 8 w4 ,s he provides himself ) a numb] ( articles :i*1 z we %all see1 are kn[n = _! influ5ce ov] ! spirits ( evil1 su* z ! ,urad pulse1 lamps1 cocoanuts1 etc4 ,! c>eful rule ( ba?+1 ! precautions aga9/ p]sonal impurity1 ! wor%ip done at ! %r9e ( ! village godl+ by ! tea*]1 are all int5d$ to gu>d him 9 ! h\r ( dang]4 ,! common village wise man cont5ts himself ) le>n+ a few *>ms ( ! hocus pocus v>iety1 & a cure 9 "s difficult case ( devil possession secures 8 reputation z a heal]4 ,me?ods ( ,rural ,exorcism4 ,! numb] ( ^! *>ms is legion1 & mo/ exorcis]s h "o ( _! own 9 :i* !y place special confid5ce & :i* !y are unwill+ to disclose4 ,z ,sir ,moni] ,williams writes #cah3--,no magician1 wiz>d1 sorc]] or wit* ^: feats are record$ 9 hi/ory1 biography or fable1 has ev] pret5d$ to be able to accompli% by incantation & en*antm5t half ( :at ! ,mantra-s/ri claims to h p[] to effect by help ( 8 ,mantras4 ,= example1 he c progno/icate futurity1 "w ! mo/ />tl+ prodigies1 infuse brea? into dead bodies1 kill or humiliate enemies1 afflict any "o any:]e ) disease or madness1 inspire anyone ) love1 *>m weapons & give !m un]r+ efficacy1 en*ant arm\r & make x imp5etrable1 turn milk into w9e1 plants into meat1 or inv]t all su* processes at w4 ,he is ev5 sup]ior to ! gods1 & c make goddesses1 gods1 imps & demons c>ry out 8 mo/ trifl+ behe/s4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t ! foll[+ rem>kable say+ is ev]y:]e curr5t ?r\gh\t ,india3 ',! :ole univ]se is subject to ! gods2 ! gods are subject to ! ,mantras2 ! ,mantras to ! ,brhmans2 !re=e ! ,brhmans are our gods4' ,all ^! devices ( ,mantras or spells1 ,kav*as or amulets1 ,nysas or m5tally assign+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! body to ! protection ( tutel>y presid+ deities1 & ,mudras or int]tw9+ ( ! f+]s ) a my/ic mean+1 spr+ f ! corrupt f\nta9 head ( ! ,tantras1 ! bible ( ,sktism4 ,b ^! are ! speciality ( ! high] class ( pr(essional exorcis]1 :o is v g5]ally a ,brhman1 & d n conc]n u "h4 ,a few examples ( ! =mul us$ by ! village cunn+ man may be giv5 "h4 ,?us 9 ,mirzapur :5 a p]son is kn[n to be "u ! influ5ce ( a wit* ! ,ojha recites a spell1 :i* runs--,b9d ! evil eye2 b9d ! fi/2 b9d ! spell2 b9d ! curse2 b9d ! gho/ & ! *urel2 b9d ! wit*'s h&s & feet4 ,:o c b9d h]8 ,! tea*] c b9d h]4 ,i1 ! disciple ( ! tea*]1 c b9d h]4 ,g1 wit*1 to :]ev] ?y %r9e may be2 sit !re & leave ! afflict$ p]son4 ,9 ^! spells ,hanumn1 ! monkey godl+1 is (t5 invok$4 ,?us--,i salute ! comm& ( my tea*]4 ,hanumn1 ! h]o1 is ! h]o ( h]oes4 ,he has 9 8 quiv] n9e lkhs ( arr[s4 ,he is sometimes on ! "r1 sometimes on ! left1 & sometimes 9 ! front4 ,i s]ve !e1 p[]ful ma/]4 ,may n ?is man's body be crippl$4 ,i see ! cremation gr\nd 9 ! two worlds & outside !m4 ,if 9 my body or 9 ! body ( ?is man any ill arise1 !n ,i call on ! influ5ce ( ,hanumn4 ,my piety1 ! p[] ( ! tea*]1 ?is *>m is true because x comes f ! ,almighty4 ,9 ! same way two great wit*es1 ,lon ,*amr9 & ,isml ! ,jogi are (t5 invok$4 ,! ,musalmn calls on ,sulaimn1 ! "l ,solomon1 :o is a lead] ( demons & a controll] ( evil spirits1 = :i* !re is ample au?ority 9 ! ,qurn4 ,b x is 9 *>ms = disease t ! rural exorcis] is mo/ pr(ici5t4 ,accid5ts1 su* z ! bites ( snakes1 /+s ( scorpions1 or wasps are 9 p>ticul> treat$ 9 ?is way1 & ^! *>ms make up mo/ ( ! folk-m$ic9e ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,?us1 :5 a man is /ung by a scorpion ! exorcis] says--,black scorpion ( ! lime/one6 ,gre5 is ?y tail & black ?y m\?4 ,god ord]s !e to g home4 ,come out6 ,come out6 ,if ?\ fail to come out ,mahdeva & ,prvat w drive !e out6 ,ano!r spell = scorpion /+ runs ?us--,on ! hill & m\nta9 is ! holy c[4 ,f its dung ! scorpions 7 born1 six black & six br[n4 ,help me6 ,o ,n>a ,s9ha6 7! man lion inc>nation ( ,vi%nu74 ,rub ea* foot ) millet & ! poison w dep>t4 ,s1 to cure ! bite ( a dog1 get "s clay :i* has be5 work$ on a pott]'s :eel1 :i* z we %all see is a not$ feti%1 make a lump ( x & rub x to ! w\nd & say--,! black dog is cov]$ ) ?ick hair4 ,ano!r plan 9 cases ( hydrophobia is to kill a dog1 & aft] burn+ x to make ! pati5t imbibe ! smoke4 ,heada*e is caus$ by a worm 9 ! head1 :i* comes out if ! e> be rubb$ ) butt]4 ,wom5 ( ! gipsy tribes are not$ = _! *>ms to take out ! worm :i* causes too?a*e4 ,:5 a man is bitt5 by a snake ! practition] says--,true god1 true h]o1 ,hanumn6 ,! snake moves 9 a tortu\s way4 ,! male & female weasel come out ( _! hole to de/roy x4 ,:i* poison w !y dev\r8 ,fir/ !y w eat ! black ,k>ait snake1 !n ! snake ) ! jewel1 !n ! ,ghor snake4 ,i pray to !e = help1 my true tea*]4 ,s1 if y desire to be safe f ! attacks ( ! tig]1 say--,tie up ! tig]1 tie up ! tigress1 tie up h] sev5 cubs4 ,tie up ! roads & ! footpa?s & ! fields4 ,o ,vasudeva1 h m]cy8 ,h m]cy1 ,o ,lon ,*amr96 ,la/ly1 if y desire an appo9tm5t1 say--,o ,kl1 ,kankl1 ,mahkli6 ,?y face is beautiful1 b at ?y he>t is a s]p5t4 ,!re are f\r demon h]oes & eighty-f\r ,bhairons4 ,if ?\ give/ ! ord] ,i w wor%ip !m ) betel nuts & sweetmeats4 ,n[ %\t--',m]cy1 ,o ,"m ,kali6' ,x w\ld n be difficult to describe hundr$s ( su* *>ms1 b :at has be5 record$ w be suffici5t to exemplify ! ord9>y me?ods ( rural exorcism4 #cai ,:5 ! ,ojha is call$ 9 to id5tify ! demon :i* has beset a pati5t1 he beg9s by asc]ta9+ :e!r x is a local gho/ or an outsid] :i* has attack$ him on a j\rney4 ,!n he calls = "s cloves1 & mutt]+ a *>m ov] !m1 ties !m to ! b$/ead on :i* ! sick man lies4 ,!n ! pati5t is told to "n ! gho/ :i* has possess$ him1 & he g5]ally names "o ( 8 dead relations1 or ! gho/ ( a hill1 a tree or a burial gr\nd4 ,!n ! ,ojha sugge/s an appropriate (f]+1 :i* :5 be/[$ & food giv5 to ,brhmans1 ! pati5t ought 9 all dec5cy to recov]4 ,if he does n1 ! ,ojha ass]ts t ! "r gho/ has n be5 nam$1 & ! :ole process is gone ?r\gh aga91 if necess>y funds are =?com+4 ,! ,baiga ( ,mirzapur1 :o v (t5 comb9es ! function ( an ,ojha ) 8 own legitimate bus9ess ( manag+ ! local gho/s1 works 9 v mu* ! same way4 ,he takes "s b>ley 9 a sieve1 :i* z we %all see is a v p[]ful feti%1 & %akes x until only a few gra9s are left 9 ! int]/ices4 ,!n he m>ks d[n ! intrud+ gho/ by c\nt+ ! gra9s1 & recomm5ds ! sacrifice ( a f[l or a goat1 or ! (f]+ ( "s liquor1 mo/ ( :i* he usually consumes himself4 ,if 8 pati5t die1 he gets out ( ! difficulty by say+--,su* & su* a p[]ful ,bht c>ri$ him (f4 ,:at c a poor man1 su* z ,i am1 d8 ,if a tig] or a be> kills a man1 ! ,baiga tells 8 fri5ds t su* & su* a ,bht 0 (f5d$ because no att5tion 0 paid to him1 & 9 rev5ge ent]$ into ! animal :i* kill$ ! deceas$1 ! obvi\s moral be+ t 9 future m regul> (f]+s %\ld be made ?r\gh ! ,baiga4 ,9 ,ho%angbd ! ,bhomka sorc]] has a h&ful ( gra9 wav$ ov] ! head ( ! sick man4 ,?is is !n c>ri$ to ! ,bhomka1 :o makes a heap ( x on ! floor1 & sitt+ ov] x1 sw+s a light$ lamp susp5d$ by f\r /r+s f 8 f+]s4 ,he !n repeats sl[ly ! names ( ! pati5t's ance/ors & ( ! village & local godl+1 paus+ betwe5 ea*1 & :5 ! lamp /ops sp9n+ ! "n at :i* x halts is ! "n to be propitiat$4 ,!n 9 ! same way he asks--,:at is ! propitiation (f]+ to be8 ,a pig8 ,a cocoanut8 ,a *ick58 ,a goat8 ,& ! same my/ic sign indicates ! satisfaction ( ! god4 #cbj ,! ,kol div9] drops oil into a vessel ( wat]4 ,! "n ( ! deity is pron\nc$ z ! oil is dropp$4 ,if x =ms "o globule 9 ! wat]1 x is consid]$ t ! p>ticul> god to be appeas$ has be5 correctly nam$2 if x splutt]s & =ms sev]al globules1 ano!r "n is tri$4 ,! ,oron ,ojha puts ! f[ls int5d$ z victims be=e a small mud image1 on :i* he spr9kles a few gra9s ( rice2 if !y pick at ! rice x indicates t ! p>ticul> devil repres5t$ by ! image is satisfi$ ) ! int5tions ( 8 vot>ies1 & ! sacrifice proce$s4 #cba ,! ,panjb div9] adopts a /ock me?od common to su* practition]s all ov] ! _w4 ,he writes "s spells on a piece ( pap]1 & p\rs on x a l>ge drop ( ink4 ,fl[]s are !n plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a "y *ild1 :o is told to look into ! ink & say1 ,summon ! f\r gu>dians4 ,he is ask$ if he sees any?+ 9 ! ink1 & accord+ to ! answ] a result is arriv$ at4 #cbb ,! modus op]&i ( ^! exorcis]s is1 9 fact1 v mu* ! same 9 ,india z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 #cbc ,exorcism by ,danc+4 ,9 all rites ( ?is class religi\s danc+ z a means ( sc>+ ! demon ( evil holds an important place4 ,?us ( ! ,b5gal ,musis ,col4 ,dalton writes #cbd--,! affection comes on l a fit ( ague1 la/+ sometimes = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ! pati5t or possess$ p]son wri?+ & trembl+ ) int5se viol5ce1 especially at ! comm5cem5t ( ! p>oxysm4 ,!n he is se5 to spr+ f ! gr\nd into ! air1 & a succession ( leaps foll[1 all execut$ z ?\gh he 7 %ot at by unse5 ag5cy4 ,dur+ ?is /age ( ! seizure he is suppos$ to be q unconsci\s1 & rolls into ! fire1 if !re be "o1 or "u ! feet ( ! danc]s1 )\t su/a9+ injury f ! heat or f ! pressure4 ,?is la/s = a few m9utes only1 & is foll[$ by ! spasmodic /age4 ,) h&s & knees on ! gr\nd & hair loos5$1 ! body is convuls$1 & ! head %akes viol5tly1 :il/ f ! m\? issues a hiss+ or gurgl+ noise4 ,! pati5t next ev9c+ an incl9ation to /& on 8 legs1 ! by/&]s assi/ him1 & place a /ick 9 8 h&1 ) ! aid ( :i* he hops ab\t1 ! spasmodic action ( ! body /ill cont9u+1 & ! head p]=m+ by j]ks a viol5tly fatigu+ circul> movem5t4 ,?is may g on = h\rs1 ?\gh ,capta9 ,samuells says t no "o 9 8 s5ses c\ld cont9ue su* ex]tion = _m m9utes4 ,:5 ! ,baiga is appeal$ to to ca/ out ! _s1 he mu/ fir/ asc]ta9 :e!r x is ,gansm or "o ( 8 famili>s t has possess$ ! victim4 ,if x be ! great ,gansm1 ! ,baiga implores him to desi/1 mean:ile gradually ano9t+ ! victim ) butt]2 & if ! treatm5t is successful1 ! pati5t gradually & naturally subsides into a /ate ( repose1 f :i* he rises into consci\sness1 &1 re/or$ to 8 normal /ate1 feels no fatigue or o!r ill-effects f ! attack4 ,! same religi\s dance ( ec/asy appe>s 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,rs ,m&ala ( ! mod]n ,vai%nava sects1 :i* is suppos$ to repres5t ! dance ( ! ,gops ) ,kri%na4 ,s 9 ,bombay among ! ,m>?as ! wor%ip ( ! *ief goddess ( ! ,dakkh91 ,tulj ,bhavn1 is celebrat$ by a set ( danc+ devotees1 call$ ,gondhalis1 ^: lead] becomes possess$ by ! goddess4 ,a high /ool is cov]$ ) a black clo?4 ,on ! clo? ?irty-six p9*es ( rice are dropp$ 9 a heap1 & ) !m turm]ic & r$ p[d]1 all sc>]s ( demons1 are mix$4 ,on ! rice is set a copp] vessel fill$ ) milk & wat]1 & 9 ?is ! goddess is suppos$ to take h] abode4 ,ov] x are laid betel leaves & a cocoanut4 ,five tor*es are c>ri$ r\nd ! vessel by five m51 ea* %\t+ ,amb ,bhavn6 ,! music plays1 & danc]s dance be=e h]4 ,s at a ,brhman m>riage at ,pna ! boy & girl are seat$ on ! %\ld]s ( _! mat]nal uncles or o!r relations1 :o p]=m a frantic dance1 ! object be+1 z 9 all ^! cases1 to sc>e away ! spirits ( evil4 #cbe ,flagellation4 ,s ) flagellation1 :i* all ov] ! _w is suppos$ to h ! p[] ( sc>+ demons4 ,?us 9 ! ,c5tral ,indian ,hills ! ,baiga ) 8 ,gurda1 or sacr$ *a91 :i* be+ made ( iron1 possesses additional pot5cy1 s\ndly ?ra%es pati5ts attack$ ) epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 & simil> ailm5ts1 :i* f _! nature are obvi\sly due to demoniacal ag5cy4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ! use ( ! la% = ?is purpose4 ,9 ,bombay1 among ! ,l+yats1 ! woman :o names ! *ild has h] back beat5 ) g5tle bl[s2 & "s begg> ,brhmans refuse to take alms until ! giv] beats !m4 #cbf ,!re is a fam\s %r9e at ,ghauspur1 9 ! ,jaunpur ,di/rict1 :]e ! ,ojhas beat _! pati5ts to drive out ! disease demon4 #cbg ,! records ( ,roman ,ca?olic hagiology & ( ! special sect ( ! ,flagellants w furni% num]\s p>allel in/ances4 ,treatm5t ( ,sorc]]s4 ,:ile ! sorc]] by virtue ( 8 pr(ession is g5]ally respect$ & fe>$1 9 "s places !y h be5 dealt ) r summ>ily4 ,!re is ev]y:]e a /ruggle betwe5 ! ,brhman prie/ ( ! great] gods & ! exorcis]1 :o works by ! ag5cy ( demons4 ,sud>san ,sh rid ,g>hwl ( !m by summon+ all ! pr(essors ( ! black art ) _! books4 ,:5 !y 7 collect$ he _h !m b\nd h& & foot & ?r[n ) _! books & implem5ts into ! riv]4 ,! same mon>* also dispos$ v effectually ( a case ( possession 9 8 own family4 ,"o day he he>d a s\nd ( drumm+ & danc+ 9 "o ( 8 c\rty>ds1 & le>nt t a gho/ nam$ ,goril _h tak5 possession ( "o ( 8 female slaves4 ,! ,rja 0 wro?1 & tak+ a ?ick bamboo1 he proce$$ to ! spot & laid ab\t him s vigor\sly t ! vot>ies ( ,goril soon decl>$ t ! deity _h tak5 8 dep>ture4 ,! ,rja !n ord]$ ,goril to cease f possess+ p1 & n[adays if any ,g>hwli ?9ks himself possess$1 he has only to call on ! "n ( ,sud>san ,sh & ! demon dep>ts4 #cbh ,appo9tm5t ( ,ojhas4 ,! mode ( succession to ! dignity ( an ,ojha v>ies 9 diff]5t places4 ,9 ,mirzapur ! son is usually educat$ by 8 fa!r1 & taught ! v>i\s spells & modes ( incantation4 ,b ?is is n always ! case2 & "h at ! pres5t "t ! in/itution is 9 a transition /age4 ,s\? ( ! ,son we h ! ,baiga1 :o usually acts z an ,ojha also2 & he is inv>iably drawn f ! aborig9al races4 ,fur!r nor? he is kn[n z ,nya 7,sanskrit nyaka7 or lead]4 ,fur!r nor?1 aga91 z we leave ! hilly c\ntry & ent] ! completely ,brhmaniz$ ,gangetic valley1 he *anges into ! regul> ,ojha1 :o is always a l[-class ,brhman4 ,9 "o in/ance :i* came "u my own notice1 ! ,nya ( ! village _h be5 an aborig9al ,kol1 & he be=e 8 dea? ann\nc$ t ! god _h sat on ! head ( a ,brhman c&idate = ! (fice1 :o 0 duly initiat$1 & is n[ ! recogniz$ village ,ojha4 ,?is is a good example ( ! way 9 :i* ,brhmanism annexes & absorbs ! demonolatry ( ! l[] races4 ,?is1 too1 enables u to correct a /atem5t :i* has be5 made ev5 by su* a c>eful inquir] z ,mr4 ,%]r+ :5 he says #cbi--;,=m]ly ! ,ojha 0 always a ,brhman2 b 8 pr(ession has become s lucrative t %>p1 clev]1 %rewd m5 9 all ! ,h9du ca/es h tak5 to x4 ,!re c be no "q t ! process has be5 ! v rev]se ( ?is1 & t ! e>ly ,ojhas 7 aborig9al sorc]]s1 & t _! trade 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,brhman z ! l& became ,h9duiz$4 ,9 ,ho%angbd ! son usually succe$s 8 fa!r1 b a ,bhomka does n necess>ily m>ry into a ,bhomka family1 nor does x foll[ t once a ,bhomka1 always a ,bhomka4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! position seems to be ! result ( ! special fav\r ( ! godl+ ( ! p>ticul> village 9 :i* he lives2 & if ! :ole ( ! resid5ts emigrate 9 a body1 !n ! godl+ ( ! new village site w h to be consult$ afre% z to ! s]vant :om he *ooses to att5d ^u him4 ,if a ,bhomka dies or goes away1 or a new village is e/abli%$1 8 successor is appo9t$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,all ! villag]s assemble at ! %r9e ( ,mutua ,deo1 & (f] a black & :ite *ick5 to him4 ,a ,p>ihr1 or prie/1 %\ld be entic$ to grace ! solemnity & make ! sacrifice1 b if t _c be done ! olde/ man 9 ! assembly does x4 ,!n he sets a wood5 gra9 measure roll+ along ! l9e ( seat$ p1 & ! man be=e :om x /ops is m>k$ out by ! int]v5tion ( ! deity z ! new ,bhomka4 #ccj ,x m>ks p]haps "s approximation to ,h9duism t ! prie/1 :5 inspir$ by ! god1 we>s a ?read made ( ! hair ( a bullock's tail1 unless ?is is bas$ on ! common use ( ?read or hair z a sc>] ( demons1 or is "s tok5 or feti% peculi> to ! race4 ,at ! same "t ! non-,brhmanic "* ( ! wor%ip is prov$ by ! fact t ! prie/1 :5 9 a /ate ( ec/asy1 _c be> ! pres5ce ( a c[1 or ,brhman4 ,! god1 !y say1 w\ld leave _! heads if ei!r ( ^! came ne>4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ,sir ,c4 ,a4 ,elliott saw ! process ( exorcism1 ! m5 did n actually revolve :5 ! god came on 8 head4 ,he cov]$ 8 head up well 9 a clo?1 leav+ space = ! god to approa*1 & 9 ?is /ate he twi/$ & turn$ himself rapidly1 & soon sat d[n exhau/$4 ,we %all see else:]e t ! head is "o ( ! *ief _s entries1 & ! top ( ! head is left uncov]$ 9 ord] to let ! _s make its way ?r\gh ! sutures ( ! skull4 ,!n f ! pit ( 8 /oma* he utt]$ words :i* ! by/&]s int]pret$ to direct a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct = ! sick man to pursue4 ,b p]haps ! occasion 0 n a fair te/1 z ! ,p>ihr /rongly object$ to ! pres5ce ( an unbeliev]1 on ! pret5ce t ! god w\ld be afraid to come be=e s great an (ficial4 ,?is has always be5 ! /&+ difficulty 9 ,europeans obta9+ a practical k ( ! details ( rural sorc]y1 & :5 a p]=mance ( ! k9d is specially arrang$1 x w usually be f\nd t ! (ficiant p]=ms ! introductory rites ) comp>ative success1 b z x comes to ! crucial po9t he breaks d[n1 j z ! ec/atic crisis %\ld h comm5c$4 ,?is is always attribut$ to ! pres5ce ( an unbeliev]1 h[ev] int]e/$ & sympa!tic4 ,! same result usually happ5s at spirituali/ic sances1 :5 anyone ) ev5 an elem5t>y k ( physics or me*anics happ5s to be "o ( ! audi5ce4 ,fraud 9 ,exorcism4 ,! "q naturally arises--,are all ^! ,ojhas & ,baigas consci\s hypocrites & sw9dl]s8 ,dr4 ,tylor %rewdly rem>ks t ! sorc]] g5]ally le>ns 8 "t-hon\r$ pr(ession 9 good fai?1 & reta9s ! belief 9 x m or less f fir/ to la/4 ,at once dupe & *eat1 he comb9es ! en]gy ( a believ] ) ! cunn+ ( a hypocrite4 #cca ,?is co9cides ) ! exp]i5ce ( mo/ compet5t ,indian obs]v]s4 ,no "o :o consults a ,syna & obs]ves ! confid5t way 9 :i* he ass]ts 8 my/ic p[]1 c d\bt t he at lea/ believes to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! sacr$ness ( 8 mission4 ,capta9 ,samuells1 :o repeat$ly witness$ ^! p]=mances1 di/9ctly ass]ts t x is a mi/ake to suppose t !re is always int5tional deception4 #ccb ,disease ,*>ms4 ,next to ! s]vices ( ! pr(essional exorcis] = ! purpose ( prev5t+ or cur+ disease1 comes ! use ( special *>ms = ?is purpose4 ,!re is a l>ge native lit]ature deal+ ) ?is bran* ( sci5ce4 ,z a rule mo/ native pati5ts und]go a c\rse ( ?is treatm5t be=e !y visit our hospitals1 & ! result ( ,european m$ical sci5ce is h5ce occasionally disappo9t+4 ,"o fav\rite talisman ( ?is k9d is ! magic squ>e1 :i* consi/s 9 an arrangem5t ( c]ta9 numb]s 9 a special way4 ,= in/ance1 9 ord] to cure b>r5ness1 x is a good plan to write a s]ies ( numb]s :i* add$ up make #gc bo? ways on a piece ( bread1 & ) x fe$ a black dog1 :i* is ! att5dant ( ,bhairon1 a giv] ( (fspr+4 ,to cure a tum\r a figure 9 ! =m ( a cross is drawn ) ?ree cyph]s 9 ! c5tre & "o at ea* ( ! f\r ends4 ,?is is prep>$ on a ,sunday & ti$ r\nd ! left arm4 ,ano!r has a s]ies ( numb]s aggregat+ #ae e way4 ,?is is engrav$ on copp] & ti$ r\nd a *ild's neck to keep (f ! ,evil ,eye4 ,9 ! case ( cattle disease1 "s gibb]i%1 :i* pret5ds to be ,arabic or ,sanskrit1 appeal+ = ! aid ( ,lon ,*amr9 or ,isml ,jogi1 ) a s]ies ( my/ic numb]s1 is writt5 on a piece ( tile4 ,?is is hung on a rope ov] ! village cattle pa?1 & a pl\gh%>e is buri$ at ! entrance to make ! *>m m p[]ful4 ,:5 cattle are attack$ ) worms1 ! own] fills a clean e>!n pot ) wat] drawn f ! well ) "o h&2 he !n mutt]s a bless+1 & ) "s sacr$ ,dbh grass spr9kles a little wat] sev5 times along ! back ( ! animal4 ,! numb] ( ^! *>ms is legion4 ,_m ( !m m]ge into ! special pres]vatives aga9/ ! ,evil ,eye1 :i* w be discuss$ lat] on4 ,?us ! bzr m]*ant writes ! words ,rm6 ,rm6 sev]al times ne> 8 door1 or he makes a repres5tation ( ! sun & moon1 or a rude image ( ,ganesa1 ! godl+ ( good luck1 or draws ! my/ical ,sw/ika4 ,a h\se ( a bank] at ,kankhal :i* ,i rec5tly exam9$ bore a :ole gall]y ( pictures r\nd x4 ,!re 7 ,siva & ,prvat on an ox ) _! son ,mrk&eya2 ,yam>ja1 ! deity ( dea?1 ) a s]vant wav+ a fan ov] 8 head2 ,kri%na ) 8 sp\se ,rdh3 ,hanumn1 ! monkey godl+2 ! ,ganges rid+ on a fi%1 ) ,bhgra?a1 :o br\ght h] d[n f heav52 ,bh%ma1 ! h]o ( ! ,mahbhrata2 ,arjuna repres5t+ ! ,pndavas2 ! sa9ts ,uddalaka & ,nrada ,muni2 ,ganesa ) 8 two maids]vants2 & ,brahma & ,vi%nu rid+ on ,se%a ,nga1 ! great s]p5t4 ,b5ea? ^! 0 an inscription invok+ ,rma1 ,lak%mana1 ! ,ganges & ,hanumn4 ,rag ,(f]+s4 ,next come ! arrangem5ts by :i* disease may be expell$ or transf]r$ to someone else4 ,9 ?is connection we may discuss ! curi\s cu/om ( hang+ up rags on trees or ne> sacr$ wells4 ,( ?is cu/om ,india supplies num]\s examples4 ,at ! ,bal*ha pass 9 ,g>hwl !re is a small heap ( /ones at ! summit1 ) /icks & rags atta*$ to !m1 to :i* travell]s add a /one or two z !y pass4 #ccc ,9 ,p]sia !y fix rags on bu%es 9 ! "n ( ! ,imm ,raza4 ,!y expla9 ! cu/om by say+ t ! eye ( ! ,imm be+ always on ! top ( ! m\nta91 ! %r$s :i* are left !re by ^? :o hold him 9 rev]5ce1 rem9d him ( :at he ought to d 9 _! behalf ) ,muhammad1 ',ali & ! o!r holy p]sonages1 :o are able to propitiate ! ,almighty 9 _! fav\r4 #ccd ,moorcr(t 9 8 j\rney to ,ladkh describes h[ he propitiat$ ! evil _s ( a dang]\s pass ) ! leg ( a pair ( worn-out nank9 tr\s]s4 #cce ,among ! ,mirzapur ,korwas ! ,baiga hangs rags on ! trees :i* %ade ! village %r9e1 z a *>m to br+ heal? & good luck4 ,^! rag %r9es are to be f\nd all ov] ! c\ntry1 & are g5]ally kn[n z ,*i?>iy or ,*i?raiy ,bhavn1 ,our ,lady ( ,tatt]s4 ,s 9 ! ,panjb ! trees on :i* rags are hung are call$ ,l+r ,pr or ! rag sa9t4 #ccf ,! same cu/om prevails at v>i\s ,himlayan %r9es & at ! ,va/ra ,h>ana or sacr$ tree at ,br9daban ne> ,ma?ura1 :i* is n[ inve/$ ) a special leg5d1 z commemorat+ ! place :]e ,kri%na c>ri$ (f ! clo!s ( ! milkmaids :5 !y 7 ba?+1 an incid5t :i* con/antly appe>s 9 bo? ,european & ,indian folk-lore4 #ccg ,9 ,b]r a heap ( /ones daub$ ) r$ & plac$ "u a tree flutt]+ ) rags repres5ts ,*9diya ,deo or ! ,"l ( ,tatt]s1 :]e1 if y pres5t a rag 9 due season1 y may *ance to get new clo!s4 #cch ,! practice ( putt+ or ty+ rags f ! p]son ( ! sick to a tree1 especially a banyan1 cocoanut1 or "s ?orny tree1 is preval5t 9 ! ,konkan1 b n to su* an ext5t z t ( fix+ nails or ty+ bottles to trees4 ,9 ! ,konkan1 :5 a p]son is suff]+ f a _s disease1 ! exorci/ takes ! _s away f ! sick man & fixes x 9 a tree by ?ru/+ a nail 9 x4 ,we h already _h an example ( ?is treatm5t ( gho/s by ! ,baiga4 ,sometimes he cat*es ! _s ( ! disease 9 a bottle & ties ! bottle to a tree4 #cci ,9 a well-kn[n /ory ( ! ,arabian ,knights ! ,j9n is %ut up 9 a bottle "u ! seal ( ! ,"l ,solomon4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s explanations ( ?is cu/om ( hang+ rags on trees4 #cdj ,"o is t !y are (f]+s to ! local deity ( ! tree4 ,mr4 ,gomme quotes an in/ance ( an ,iri%man :o made a simil> (f]+ ) ! foll[+ invocation3 ,to ,/4 ,columbkill--,i (f] up ?is button1 a bit o' ! wai/b& o' my own bree*es1 an' a ta/e o' my wife's petticoat1 9 remembrance ( u hav9' made ?is holy /ation2 an' may !y rise up 9 glory to prove x = u 9 ! la/ day4 ,he po9ts to ! und\bt$ nature ( ! (f]+s & _! s]vice1 9 ! id5tification ( _! own]s--a s]vice :i* implies _! p[] to be> witness 9 _s-l& to ! pilgrimage ( ^? :o deposit$ !m dur+ lifetime at ! sacr$ well4 ,"s ( ! ,indian evid5ce seems to %[ t ^! rags are really (f]+s to ! sacr$ tree4 ,?us1 ,colonel ,tod #cda describes ! trees 9 a sacr$ grove 9 ,rjputna z decorat$ ) %r$s ( v>i\s col\r$ clo?1 (f]+s ( ! travell] to ! =e/ div9ity = protection aga9/ evil spirits4 ,?is usage (t5 m]ges into actual tree-wor%ip1 z among ! ,mirzapur ,patris1 :o1 :5 fev] prevails1 tie a cotton /r+ :i* has nev] t\*$ wat] r\nd ! trunk ( a ,ppal tree1 & hang rags f ! bran*es4 ,s1 ! ,kh>wrs h a sacr$ ,mahua tree1 kn[n z ! ,byhi ,mahua or ,mahua ( m>riage1 on :i* ?reads are hung at m>riages4 ,at almo/ any holy place wom5 may be se5 w9d+ a cotton ?read r\nd ! trunk ( a ,ppal tree4 ,ano!r explanation is t ! hang+ ( ! rags is done ) ! object ( transf]r+ a disease to "s "o else4 ,pr(essor ,rhys sugge/s t a di/9ction is to be drawn betwe5 ! rags hung on trees or ne> a well & ! p9s1 :i* are s commonly ?r[n into ! wat] itself4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 "s cases ! p9s are replac$ by buttons1 or ev5 by copp] co9s4 ,! rags1 on ! o!r h&1 he ?9ks may be vehicles ( ! disease4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,h>tl& objects--,if ?is op9ion 7 correct1 "o w\ld expect to f9d bo? c]emonies p]=m$ by ! same pati5t at ! same well2 he w\ld ?r[ 9 ! p9 & also place ! rag on ! bu%1 or :]ev] its prop] place might be4 ,! p]=mance ( bo? c]emonies is1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 exceptional4 ,:]e ! p9 or button is dropp$ into ! well1 ! pati5t does n tr\ble ab\t ! rag1 & vice v]s4 ,he goes on to say t ! curi\s detail m5tion$ by ,mrs4 ,evans 9 ref]5ce to ! rags ti$ on ! bu%es at ,/4 ,elian's well--namely1 t !y mu/ be ti$ ) wool--po9ts to a /ill fur!r degradation ( ! rite 9 ! case we are n[ exam9+4 ,probably at "o "t rags 7 us$ & simply ti$ to ! sacr$ tree ) wool4 ,:at may h be5 ! reason = us+ wool rema9s to be discov]$4 ,b x is easy to see h[1 if ! reason 7 lo/1 ! wool might be look$ on z ! ess5tial condition ( ! due p]=mance ( ! c]emony1 & s cont9ue aft] ! disuse ( ! rags4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is x may be not$ t !re is "s reason to believe t ! %eep 0 a sacr$ animal4 ,9 ,we/]n ,india high-ca/e ,h9dus we> blankets aft] ba?+4 ,! ,kunbis use a mixture ( %eep's milk ) lime juice & opium z a cure = di>rhoea4 ,! ,p>heyas ( ,b5gal us$ to wa% _! h\ses ) %eep's dung to sc>e spirits4 ,& ! use ( wooll5 clo!s 9 c]ta9 rites is prescrib$ 9 ! curr5t ritual4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& is incl9$ to ?9k t ! rags repres5t entire articles ( clo?+ :i* 7 at an e>li] "t deposit$1 & on ! analogy ( ! habit ( ! wit* ( gett+ hold ( "s "p ( ! body1 su* z nail-cutt+s & s on1 by :i* %e may get ! own] into h] p[]1 ! rags 7 meant to connect ! wor%ipp] ) ! deity4 ,9 l mann] my %irt or /ock+1 or a rag to repres5t x1 plac$ ^u a sacr$ bu% or ?ru/ into a sacr$ well1 my "n writt5 on ! walls ( a temple1 a /one or pellet f my h& ca/ ^u a sacr$ image or a sacr$ cairn1 is !nce=? 9 con/ant contact ) div9ity2 & ! efflu5ce ( div9ity1 rea*+ & involv+ x1 w rea* & involve me4 ,9 ?is way ,i may be p]man5tly unit$ ) ! god4 ,x is q possible t "s or all ( ! ideas ?us giv5 may h result$ 9 ! pres5t practice 9 ,india4 ,disease ,transf]5ce4 ,disease is also transf]r$ 9 an actual physical way4 ,?us1 9 ,irel&1 a *>m or curse is left on a gate or /ile1 & ! fir/ heal?y p]son :o passes ?r\gh w1 x is believ$1 h ! disease transf]r$ to him4 ,s1 9 ,scotl&1 if a *ild is affect$ ) ! :oop+ c\gh1 x is tak5 into ! l& ( ano!r laird1 & !re ! disease is left4 #cdb ,simil>ly1 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 "o way ( transf]r+ disease is to fill a pot ) fl[]s & rice & bury x 9 a pa?1 ) a /one to cov] x4 ,:oev] t\*es ?is is suppos$ to contract ! disease4 ,?is is kn[n z ,*alauwa1 :i* means pass+ on ! malady4 ,?is goes on daily 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,(t5 :5 walk+ 9 a bzr 9 ! e>ly morn+1 y w see a little pile ( e>? decorat$ ) fl[]s 9 ! middle ( ! road4 ,?is usually conta9s "s ( ! scabs or scales f ! body ( a small-pox pati5t1 :i* are plac$ !re 9 ! hope t someone may t\* !m1 contract ! malady & ?us relieve ! suff]]4 ,9 #ahhe x 0 (ficially report$ t 9 ,cawnpur small-pox _h greatly increas$ f ! practice ( plac+ ^! scales on ! roads4 ,at ! in/ance ( ,gov]nm5t ! matt] 0 inve/igat$1 & x 0 f\nd t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease1 ! ,diuli c]emony is p]=m$ at cross-roads2 & t at a lat] p]iod ! cru/s f smallpox pati5ts mix$ ) curdl$ milk & cocoanut juice are c>ri$ to ! temple or plat=m ( ! small-pox goddess & are d$icat$ to h]4 #cdc ,"o morn+1 9 a village ne> ,agra1 ,i came by *ance on two old wom5 fi]cely qu>rell+4 ,on mak+ inquiries1 ,i f\nd t "o ( !m _h plac$ "s small-pox cru/s f h] *ild on h] neighb\r's ?re%old4 ,! p agre$ t ?is 0 a wick$ act1 z x display$ special animus aga9/ a p>ticul> p]son4 ,if !y _h be5 plac$ on ! cross-road1 & any "o _h be5 unlucky en\gh to t\* !m & contract ! disease1 x w\ld n h matt]$ mu*--t 0 ! w ( ,god4 ,"s "t ago an indigo plant]1 ne> ,b5>es1 0 a/oni%$ by a respectable native fri5d ask+ ! loan ( "o ( 8 geese4 ,on inquiry he asc]ta9$ t 8 fri5d's son 0 suff]+ f b[el compla9t1 & t he _h be5 advis$ by a native physician to get a goose1 place x 9 ! boy's b$1 & t ! disease w\ld be communicat$ to ! bird1 ) ! result ( cur+ ! pati5t4 ,?is rem$y 0 kn[n 9 ,italy4 ,"o ( ! prescriptions ( ,m>cellus runs3 #cdd ,to ^? :o are suff]+ f a colic4 ,let !m fa/5 a live duck to _! /oma*s1 ?us ! disease w pass f ! man to ! duck1 & ! duck w die4 ,9 ! same way :5 any "o wants to set _! neighb\r's h\sehold at v>iance1 a quill ( a porcup9e1 :i* is suppos$ to be a qu>relsome animal1 is ?r[n ov] ! wall4 ,on ?is pr9ciple 9 ,italy a %ort & simple me?od ( sett+ p by ! e>s is to buy "s ( ! h]b ,discordia & ?r[ x into a h\se1 :5 ! result is sure to be a v5detta4 #cde ,9 ! ,indian ,hills1 9 case ( illness a /ake is driv5 d[n into ! e>? :]e f\r roads meet1 & c]ta9 drugs & gra9s are buri$ close by1 :i* are spe$ily dis9t]r$ & eat5 by cr[s4 ,?is gives imm$iate relief to ! suff]]4 #cdf ,"h ! idea app>5tly is1 t ! disease is transf]r$ to ! cr[1 a sacr$ bird1 & 9 close communication ) ! spirits ( ! sa9t$ dead4 ,s 9 cases ( cattle disease1 a buffalo's skull1 a small lamb1 fire 9 a pan1 vessels ( butt] & milk1 wisps ( grass & bran*es ( ! ,siras tree 7,acacia speciosa7 are ?r[n ov] ! b\nd>y ( ano!r village & are suppos$ to c>ry ! disease demon ) !m4 ,?is (t5 causes a riot4 #cdg ,9 ! same way1 kill+ buffaloes & putt+ _! heads 9 ! next village removes *ol]a1 & by p\r+ oil on gra9 & burn+ x1 ! disease flies else:]e 9 ! smoke4 ,?is seems to be "o ( ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! g5]al practice ( fire sacrifice4 ,scapegoats4 ,?is br+s u to ! regul> scapegoat4 ,at %r9es ( ,stal1 ! small-pox goddess1 sweep]s br+ r\nd a small pig4 ,contributions are call$ = f ! wor%ipp]s1 & :5 ! value ( ! animal is made up1 x is driv5 by ! p into ! jungle1 pursu$ by an excit$ cr[d1 :o believe t ! creature has tak5 ! disease ) x4 ,g5]al ,sleeman gives an excell5t example ( ?is cu/om4 #cdh ,m ?an f\r-fif?s ( ! city & cantonm5ts ( ,sg> _h be5 affect$ by a viol5t influ5za1 :i*1 comm5c+ ) a viol5t c\gh1 0 foll[$ by a fev] & 9 "s cases t]m9at$ 9 dea?4 ,i _h an application f ! old ,que5 ,d[ag] ( ,sg>1 to all[ ( a noisy religi\s procession = ! purpose ( implor+ deliv]ance f ?is great calamity4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 9 ?is procession 7 to d _! utmo/ to add to ! noise by rais+ _! voices 9 psalmody1 beat+ ^u _! brass pans & pots ) all _! might1 & dis*>g+ fire>ms :]e !y c\ld get !m4 ,be=e ! noisy cr[d 0 to be driv5 a buffalo1 :i* _h be5 pur*as$ by g5]al subscription1 9 ord] t e family might p>ticipate 9 ! m]it4 ,!y 7 to foll[ x out eight miles1 :]e x 0 to be turn$ out = anyone :o w\ld take x4 ,if ! animal return$1 ! disease mu/ return ) x1 & ! c]emony be p]=m$ ov] aga94 ,i 0 reque/$ to intimate ! circum/ances to ! (fic] comm&+ ! troops 9 cantonm5ts1 9 ord] t ! noise !y int5d$ to make might n excite any al>m & br+ d[n ^u !m ! visit ( ! soldi]y4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly det]m9$ t ! animal %\ld be a goat1 & he 0 driv5 be=e ! cr[d4 ,accord+ly1 ,i h on sev]al occasions be5 reque/$ to all[ ( su* noisy c]emonies 9 cases ( epidemics1 & ! confid5ce ! p feel 9 _! efficacy has1 no d\bt1 a good effect4 ,demons ,sc>$ by ,noise4 ,?is incid5tally leads to ! consid]ation ( ! pr9ciple t evil spirits are sc>$ by noise4 ,9 ! fir/ place ?is appe>s l>gely to acc\nt = ! use ( bells 9 religi\s wor%ip4 ,! toll+ ( ! bells keeps (f ! evil spirits :i* ?rong r\nd any place :]e ! wor%ip ( ! regul> gods is be+ p]=m$4 ,milton speaks (-- ,! bellman's dr[sy *>m2 ,to bless ! doors f nightly h>m4 #cdi ,s1 ! pass+ bell protects ! dep>t+ s\l z x flies ?r\gh ! air f demoniacal influ5ce4 ,z ,grose writes #cej--,! pass+ bell 0 anci5tly rung = two purposes2 "o to bespeak ! pray]s ( all good ,*ri/ians = a s\l j dep>t+2 ! o!r1 to drive away ! evil spirits :o /ood at ! b$'s foot1 & ab\t ! h\se1 ready to seize _! prey1 or at lea/ to mole/ & t]rify ! s\l 9 its passage2 b by ! r++ ( t bell 7= ,dur&us in=ms u evil spirits are mu* afraid ( bells71 !y 7 kept alo(1 & ! s\l1 l a hunt$ h>e1 ga9$ ! />t1 or _h :at is by sportsm5 call$ 'law4' ,! ke5+ at an ,iri% wake is probably a survival ( ! same cu/om4 ,b ,panjbi ,musalmns h a prejudice aga9/ beat+ a brass tray1 z x is believ$ to di/urb ! dead1 :o wake1 suppos+ ! ,day ( ,judgm5t has arriv$4 #cea ,ano!r fact :i* adds to ! efficacy ( bells = ?is purpose1 is t !y are made ( metal1 :i*1 z we %all see else:]e1 is a well-kn[n sc>] ( demons4 ,h5ce 9 ,indian temples ! use ( ! bell1 or res\nd+ %ell trumpet1 is univ]sal4 ,! int5tion is to call ! div9ity & wake him f 8 sleep1 s t he may consume ! (f]+s prep>$ = him by 8 vot>ies1 & to sc>e vagrant gho/s1 :o w\ld o!rwise p>take ( ! meal4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! drum is1 z we h se51 a sacr$ in/rum5t4 ,! same is ! case ) bells4 ,! ,todas ( ,madras wor%ip ,hiriya ,deva1 ^: repres5tative is ! sacr$ buffalo bell1 :i* hangs f ! neck ( ! f9e/ buffalo 9 ! sacr$ h]d4 #ceb ,! ,gonds h also elevat$ ! bell into a deity 9 ! =m ( ,ghg>ap51 & "o special class ( _! devil prie/s1 ! ,ojhyls1 always we> bells4 #cec ,s1 ! ,patri prie/ 9 ,mirzapur & _m classes ( ascetics ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry c>ry bells & rattles made ( iron1 :i* !y move z !y walk to sc>e demons4 ,iron1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 is mo/ efficaci\s = ?is purpose4 ,?is also acc\nts = ! music play$ at w$d+s1 :5 ! "y pair are 9 special dang] f ! attacks ( evil spirits4 ,at _m rites x is ! rule to clap ! h&s at a special "p ( ! ritual ) ! same purpose4 ,! ,rdsi ,*amrs & _m o!r p %\t or s+ l\dly z !y remove a corpse = burial or cremation1 & !re are few magi/rates 9 ,india :o h n be5 ask$ = leave by "s happy fa!r to all[ guns to be fir$ f 8 h\se-top to drive evil spirits f ! "m & h] *ild4 ,mr4 ,campbell records t !y fire a gun ov] ! back ( a sick c[ 9 ,scotl& ) ! same int5tion4 #ced ,disease ,scapegoats4 ,to return to ! use ( ! scape animal z a means ( expell+ disease4 ,9 ,b]r1 if *ol]a is v sev]e1 ! p get a scapegoat or "y buffalo1 b 9 ei!r case x mu/ be a female & z black z possible1 ! latt] condition be+ bas$ on ! fact t ,yam>ja1 ! "l ( dea?1 uses su* an animal z 8 vehicle4 ,!y !n tie "s gra91 cloves & r$ lead 7all demon sc>]s7 on its back & turn x out ( ! village4 ,a man ( ! g>d5] ca/e takes ! goat outside ! b\nd>y1 & x is n all[$ to return4 #cee ,s among ! ,korwas ( ,mirzapur1 :5 *ol]a beg9s1 a black cock1 & :5 x is sev]e1 a black goat1 is (f]$ by ! ,baiga at ! %r9e ( ! village godl+1 & he !n drives ! animal (f 9 ! direction ( "s o!r village4 ,aft] x has gone a little di/ance1 ! ,baiga1 :o is protect$ f evil by virtue ( 8 holy (fice1 foll[s x1 kills x & eats x4 ,among ! ,patris 9 *ol]a epidemics ! eld]s ( ! village & ! ,ojha wiz>d fe$ a black f[l ) gra9 & drive x beyond ! b\nd>y1 ord]+ x to take ! plague ) x4 ,if ! resid5t ( ano!r village f9ds su* a f[l & eats x1 *ol]a comes ) x into 8 village4 ,h5ce1 :5 disease prevails1 p are v cauti\s ab\t m$dl+ ) /range f[ls4 ,:5 ^! animals are s5t (f1 a little oil1 r$ lead1 & a woman's =ehead spangle are put ^u x1 a decoration :i*1 p]haps1 po9ts to a survival ( an actual sacrifice to appease ! demon ( disease4 ,:5 su* an animal comes into a village1 ! ,baiga takes x to ! local %r9e1 wor%ips x & !n passes x on quietly outside ! b\nd>y4 ,among ! ,kh>wrs1 :5 r9d]pe/ attacks ! cattle1 !y take a black cock1 put "s r$ lead on its head1 "s antimony on its eyes1 a spangle on its =ehead1 & fix+ a pewt] bangle to its leg1 let x loose1 call+ to ! disease--,m\nt on ! f[l & g else:]e into ! rav9es & ?ickets2 de/roy ! s96 ,?is dress+ up ( ! scape animal 9 a woman's ornam5ts & tr9kets is almo/ c]ta9ly a relic ( "s gross] =m ( expiation 9 :i* a human be+ 0 sacrific$4 ,we h ano!r survival ( ! same practice 9 ! ,panjb cu/om1 :i* directs t :5 *ol]a prevails1 a man ( ! ,*amr or curri] ca/e1 "o ( ! h]$it>y m5ials1 %\ld be br&$ on ! buttocks & turn$ out ( ! village4 #cef ,a curi\s modification ( ! ord9>y scape animal1 ( :i* x is unnecess>y to give any m in/ances1 comes f ,kulu4 #ceg ,! p occasionally p]=m an expiatory c]emony ) ! object ( remov+ ill-luck or evil influ5ce1 :i* is suppos$ to be brood+ ov] ! hamlet4 ,! godl+ 7,deota7 ( ! place is1 z usual1 fir/ consult$ ?r\gh 8 disciple 7,*ela7 & decl>es himself also "u ! influ5ce ( a *>m & advises a fea/1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ev5+ at ! temple4 ,next morn+ a man goes r\nd f h\se to h\se1 a creel on 8 back1 into :i* ea* family ?r[s all sorts ( odds & ends1 p>+s ( nails1 p9*es ( salt1 bits ( old iron1 h&fuls ( gra91 etc4 ,! :ole community !n turns out & p]ambulates ! village1 at ! same "t /ret*+ an unbrok5 ?read r\nd x1 fa/5$ to pegs at ! f\r corn]s4 ,?is done1 ! man ) ! creel c>ries x d[n to ! riv] bank & empties ! cont5ts !re91 & a %eep1 f[l1 & "s small animals are sacrific$ on ! spot4 ,half ! %eep is ! prop]ty ( ! man :o d>es to c>ry ! creel1 & he is also ent]ta9$ f h\se to h\se on ! foll[+ night4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is exactly corresponds ) ! old ,engli% cu/om ( s9-eat+4 ,?us we read3 #ceh--,)9 ! memory ( our fa!rs1 9 ,%rop%ire1 :5 a p]son di$1 !re 0 a notice giv5 to an old sire 7= s !y call$ him71 :o pres5tly repair$ to ! place :]e ! deceas$ lay1 & /ood be=e ! door ( ! h\se1 :5 "s ( ! family came out & furni%$ him ) a cricket on :i* he sat d[n fac+ ! door4 ,!n !y gave him a groat1 :i* he put 9 8 pocket2 a cru/ ( bread1 :i* he ate2 & a full b[l ( ale1 :i* he drank (f at a draught4 ,aft] ?is he got out f ! cricket & pron\nc$1 ) a compos$ ge/ure1 ! ease & re/ ( ! s\l dep>t$1 = :i* he w\ld pawn 8 own s\l4 ,!re are o!r ,indian cu/oms bas$ on ! same pr9ciple4 #cei ,?us1 9 ! ,ambla ,di/rict a ,brhman nam$ ,na?u /at$ t he _h eat5 food out ( ! h& ( ! ,rja ( ,bilspur1 aft] 8 dea?1 & t 9 consequ5ce he _h = ! space ( "o ye> be5 plac$ on ! ?rone at ,bilspur4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> he _h be5 giv5 pres5ts1 includ+ a village1 & _h !n be5 turn$ out ( ,bilspur t]ritory & =bidd5 app>5tly to return4 ,n[ he is an outca/ among 8 co-religioni/s1 z he has eat5 food out ( ! dead man's h&4 ,s at ! fun]al c]emonies ( ! late ,rn ( ,*amba1 x is said t rice & ghi 7 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! corpse1 :i* a ,brhman consum$ on paym5t ( a fee4 ,! cu/om has giv5 rise to a class ( outca/ ,brhmans 9 ! ,hill ,/ates ab\t ,kngra4 ,9 ano!r acc\nt ( ! fun]al rites ( ! ,rn ( ,*amba1 x is add$ t aft] ! fe$+ ( ! ,brhman1 z already describ$1 a /rang]1 :o _h be5 caught beyond ,*amba t]ritory1 0 giv5 ! co/ly wrapp+s r\nd ! corpse1 a new b$ & a *ange ( raim5t1 & !n told to dep>t1 & nev] to %[ 8 face 9 ,*amba aga94 ,at ! dea? ( a respectable ,h9du ! clo!s & o!r belong+s ( ! dead man are1 9 ! same way1 giv5 to ! ,mahbrhman or fun]al prie/4 ,?is seems to be p>tly bas$ on ! pr9ciple t he1 by us+ ^! articles1 passes !m on = ! use ( ! deceas$ 9 ! l& ( dea?2 b ! dete/ation & contempt felt = ?is class ( prie/ may be1 to "s ext5t1 bas$ on ! idea t by ! use ( ^! articles he takes ^u 8 head ! s9s ( ! dead man4 #cfj ,aga91 writ+ ( ! cu/oms prevail+ among ! ,rjput tribes ( ,oudh :i* practise female infanticide1 ,g54 ,sleeman writes3 #cfa--,! infant is de/roy$ 9 ! room :]e x 0 born1 & !re buri$4 ,! room is !n pla/]$ ov] ) c[-dung1 & on ! ?irte5? day aft]1 ! village or family prie/ mu/ cook & eat 8 food 9 ?is room4 ,he is provid$ ) wood1 ghi1 b>ley1 rice1 & sesamum4 ,he boils ! rice1 b>ley1 & sesamum 9 a brass vessel1 ?r[s ! ghi ov] !m :5 !y are dress$1 & eats ! :ole4 ,?is is consid]$ z a ,homa or burnt (f]+1 & by eat+ x 9 t place1 ! prie/ is suppos$ to take ! :ole ,hatya or s9 ^u himself1 & to cleanse ! family f x4 ,s1 9 ,c5tral ,india ! ,gonds 9 ,novemb] assemble at ! %r9e ( ,gansym ,deo to wor%ip him4 ,sacrifices ( f[ls & spirits1 or a pig1 occasionally1 accord+ to ! size ( ! village1 are (f]$1 & ,gansym ,deo is said to desc5d on ! head ( "o ( ! wor%ipp]s1 :o is sudd5ly seiz$ ) a k9d ( fit1 & aft] /agg]+ ab\t = a :ile1 ru%es (f into ! wilde/ jungles1 :]e ! popul> !ory is t1 if n pursu$ & br\ght back1 he w\ld inevitably die ( />vation1 & become a rav+ lunatic4 ,z x is1 aft] be+ br\ght back by "o or two m51 he does n recov] 8 s5ses = "o or two days4 ,! idea is t "o man is ?us s+l$ out z a scapegoat = ! s9s ( ! re/ ( ! village4 ,9 ! f9al /age we f9d ! scape animal m]g+ into a regul> expiatory sacrifice4 ,o!r examples w be giv5 9 ano!r connection ( ! curi\s cu/oms1 l t ( ! ,iri% & ,manxl& rites ( hunt+ ! wr51 :i* are almo/ c]ta9ly bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( a sacrifice4 ,"h x may be not$ t at "o ( _! fe/ivals1 ! ,bhmij us$ to drive two male buffaloes into a small enclosure1 :ile ! ,rja & 8 suite us$ to witness ! proce$+s4 ,!y fir/ dis*>g$ arr[s at ! animals1 & ! torm5t$ & enrag$ bea/s fell to & gor$ ea* o!r1 :ile arr[ aft] arr[ 0 dis*>g$4 ,:5 ! animals 7 pa/ do+ v mu* mis*ief1 ! p ru%$ 9 & hack$ !m to pieces ) axes4 ,?is cu/om is n[ discont9u$4 #cfb ,simil>ly 9 ! ,hills1 at ! ,n& ,a%tam1 or fea/ 9 hon\r ( ,n&a1 ! fo/] fa!r ( ,kri%na1 a buffalo is specially f$ ) sweetmeats1 &1 aft] be+ deck$ ) a g>l& r\nd ! neck1 is wor%ipp$4 ,! headman ( ! village !n lays a sword across its neck & ! bea/ is let loose1 :5 all proce$ to *ase x1 pelt x ) /ones1 & hack x ) knives until x dies4 ,x is curi\s t ?is savage rite is c>ri$ out 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,kri%na ,cultus1 9 :i* blood sacrifice f9ds no place4 #cfc ,9 ! same "p ( ! c\ntry ! same rite is p]=m$ aft] a dea?1 on ! analogy ( ! o!r in/ances1 :i* h be5 already quot$4 ,:5 a man dies1 8 relations assemble at ! end ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! dea? occurr$1 & ! ne>e/ male relative dances nak$ 7ano!r in/ance ( ! nudity *>m1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made7 ) a drawn sword 9 8 h&1 to ! music ( a drum1 9 :i* he is assi/$ by o!rs = a :ole day & night4 ,! foll[+ day a buffalo is br\ght & made intoxicat$ ) ,bhang or ,indian hemp1 & spirits1 & beat5 to dea? ) /icks1 /ones & weapons4 ,s1 ! ,hill ,bhotiyas h a fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! village god1 & t[>ds ev5+ !y take a dog1 make him drunk ) spirits & hemp1 & kill him ) /icks & /ones1 9 ! belief t no disease or mis=tune w visit ! village dur+ ! ye>4 #cfd ,at ! p]iodical fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! m\nta9 goddess ( ! ,himlaya1 ,n& ,dev1 x is said t a f\r-horn$ goat is inv>iably born & accompanies ! pilgrims4 ,:5 unloos$ on ! m\nta91 ! sacr$ goat sudd5ly disappe>s & z sudd5ly reappe>s )\t its head1 & !n furni%es food = ! p>ty4 ,! head is suppos$ to be consum$ by ! goddess h]self1 :o by accept+ x ) its load ( s91 wa%es away ! transgressions ( h] vot>ies4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,sa9t$ ,,dead4 ,aipssa d' ikonto kat' asphodelon leimna ,en?a te nai\si psy*ai1 eidla kamontn4 ,odyssey1 xxiv4 #ab1 #ad4 ,ance/or-wor%ip3 its ,orig94 ,! wor%ip ( ance/ors is "o ( ! ma9 bran*es ( ! religion ( ! ,indian races4 ,its pr9ciples are n difficult to und]/&1 = !y pla9ly keep up ! arrangem5ts ( ! liv+ _w4 ,! dead ance/or1 n[ pass$ into a deity1 simply goes on protect+ 8 own family1 & receiv+ suit & s]vice f !m z ( old2 ! dead *ief /ill wat*es ov] 8 own tribe1 /ill holds 8 au?ority by help+ fri5ds & h>m+ enemies2 /ill rew>ds ! "r & %>ply puni%es ! wrong4 #cfe ,x is 9 fact ! e>lie/ attempt ( ! savage to realize ! problems ( human exi/5ce1 z ! !ology ( ! ,v$as or ,olympus is ! explanation :i* ! y\? ( ! _w (f]s ( physical ph5om5a4 ,! latt] is primitive physics1 ! =m] primitive biology1 & x m>ks a /age 9 ! gr[? ( an?ropomorphism :5 ! wor%ip ( unse5 spirits 9 g5]al passes to t ( unse5 spirits 9 p>ticul>4 ,among ! ,aryans & ,drvidians4 ,x is admitt$ on all sides t ?is =m ( wor%ip 0 g5]al among ! ,aryan nations2 #cff b x is a mi/ake to suppose1 z is too (t5 done1 t ! wor%ip 0 peculi> to !m4 ,t su* 0 n ! case c be prov$ by num]\s examples drawn f ! practices ( aborig9al tribes 9 ,india1 :o h liv$ hi!rto 9 su* complete isolation1 t ! wor%ip c h>dly be due to imitation ( ! cu/oms ( _! m civiliz$ neighb\rs4 ,?us1 on ! t5? day aft] a dea? 9 ! family1 ! ,ghasiyas ( ,mirzapur1 ab\t ! mo/ degrad$ ( ! ,drvidian tribes1 fe$ ! bro!rhood1 & at ! door ( ! cook-h\se spread fl\r or a%es a cubit squ>e on ! gr\nd4 ,!y light a lamp !re & cov] bo? ! squ>e & ! light ) a basket4 ,!n ! son ( ! dead man goes a little di/ance 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! corpse _h be5 c>ri$ out1 & calls out 8 "n l\dly two or ?ree times4 ,he invites him to come & sit on ! %r9e :i* 8 desc5dants h prep>$ = him1 & to consume ! (f]+s :i* !y are ready to pres5t4 ,x is said t if ! deceas$ di$ 9 any ord9>y way & n by ! attack ( a ,bht1 he (t5 calls f ! bury+ gr\nd & says1 ,i am com+6 ,aft] call+ 8 fa!r's _s two or ?ree times1 ! son returns to ! h\se & exam9es ! fl\r or a%es1 & if ! deceas$ did n die by ! attack ( a ,bht1 ! m>k ( 8 _s is f\nd on ! fl\r or a%es 9 ! %ape ( ! footpr9t ( a rat or a weasel4 ,:5 ?is is obs]v$1 ! son takes a :ite f[l & sacrifices x ) a knife ne> ! cook-h\se1 call+ to ! _s ( 8 fa!r--,come & accept ! (f]+ :i* is ready = y6 ,"s ( !m /rangle ! f[l ) _! h&s1 & be=e kill+ x spr9kle a little gra9 be=e x1 say+--,if y are really ! _s ( my fa!r1 y w accept ! gra96 ,!n he goes on to 8 fa!r's _s--,accept ! (f]+1 sit 9 ! corn] & bless y\r (fspr+6 ,if ! f[l eats ! gra91 !re is great rejoic+1 z x implies t ! _s has quietly tak5 up its resid5ce 9 ! h\se4 ,if ! f[l does n eat1 x is suppos$ t "s sorc]] or enemy has deta9$ ! _s ) ! ultimate object ( releas+ x "s "t or o!r on its own family1 ) :om x is presumably displeas$ because !y h tak5 no c>e to propitiate x4 ,if ! s\l does n answ] f ! burial gr\nd1 or if !re is no m>k on ! squ>e ( a%es1 x is assum$ t he has fall5 into ! h&s ( "s ,bht or ,pret1 :o has %ut him up 9 ! holl[ /alk ( a bamboo1 or buri$ him 9 ! e>?2 9 any case !re is a risk t he may return1 & ! rite is /ill p]=m$ z a precaution>y measure4 ,among ! ,kh>wrs ! holie/ "p ( ! h\se is ! s\? room1 :]e x is suppos$ t ! ,devat pitri or sa9t$ dead reside4 ,!y wor%ip ! spirits ( ! dead 9 ! mon? ( ,swan 7,augu/7 ne> ! h\se-fire4 ,! h\se-ma/] (f]s up "o or two black f[ls & "s cakes & makes a burnt (f]+ ) butt] & molasses4 ,!n he calls out--,:atev] gho/s ( ! holy dead or evil spirits may be 9 my family1 accept ?is (f]+ & keep ! field & h\se free f tr\ble6 ,_m ( ! ,kh>wrs are n[ com+ m completely "u ,brhmanical influ5ce1 & ^! wor%ip ! ,pitri at w$d+s 9 ! c\rty>d4 ,! h\se-ma/] (f]s "s balls ( rice boil$ 9 milk1 & a ,brhman /&+ by mutt]s "s texts4 ,!y are n[ s advanc$ z to d ! annual s]vice = ! repose ( ! sa9t$ spirits at ! ,pitripak%a or =tnight ( ! dead 9 ! mon? ( ,kur 7,augu/74 ,! o!r ,drvidian tribes foll[ simil> cu/oms4 ,?us1 ! ,korwas wor%ip _! dead relations 9 ,febru>y ) an (f]+ ( goats1 :i* is done by ! elde/ son ( ! dead man 9 ! family cook-h\se4 ,_! ance/ors are said n to appe> 9 ! fle% aft] dea?1 b to %[ !mselves 9 dreams if !y are dissatisfi$ ) ! arrangem5ts made = _! com=t4 ,on ! day on :i* !y are expect$ to appe> ! h\sehold] makes an (f]+ ( cakes to !m 9 ! family kit*54 ,! ,patris ?9k t ! dead occasionally att5d :5 wor%ip is be+ done to !m4 ,at o!r times !y rema9 9 ! sky or w&] ab\t ! m\nta9s4 ,sometimes !y call 9 ! night to _! desc5dants & say--,wor%ip u6 ,give u food & dr9k6 ,if !y are n propitiat$ !y give tr\ble & cause sickness4 ,! ,kisns & ,bhuiyrs ( ,*ota ,ngpur adore _! ance/ors1 b !y h no notion t ! latt] are n[ spirits1 or t !re are spirits & gho/s1 or a future /ate1 or any?+4 ,! ,bhuiyas rev]e _! ance/ors "u ! "n ( ,br or ,vra1 h]o1 a t]m :i* is else:]e appli$ to gho/s ( a specially malignant "*4 ,! ,kh>iyas put ! a%es ( _! dead into an e>!n pot & ?r[ x into a riv]4 ,!y aft]w>ds set up 9 ! vic9ity slabs ( /one z a re/+-place = !m1 & to ^! !y make daily oblations4 ,! only wor%ip p]=m$ by ! ,korwas ( ,*ota ,ngpur is to _! dead relatives1 & ! same is ! case ) o!r alli$ races1 su* z ! ,bhls & ,santls4 #cfg ,spirits ,mortal4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,drvidian tribes believe t l !mselves ! spirits ( ! dead are mortal4 ,:at becomes ( !m aft] a c\ple ( g5]ations no "o c say4 ,b :5 ?is p]iod has elaps$ !y are suppos$ to be f9ally dispos$ ( "s way or o!r1 & be+ no long] objects ( fe> to ! survivors1 _! wor%ip is neglect$1 & att5tion is paid only to ! m rec5t dead1 ^: p[]s ( mis*ief /ill cont9ue4 ,! ,gonds g fur!r & propitiate = only "o ye> ! spirits ( _! dep>t$ fri5ds1 & ?is is done ev5 if !y h be5 p]sons ( no note dur+ _! lifetime2 b ) wor?ies ( ! tribe ! case is diff]5t1 & if "o ( !m1 = example1 has f\nd$ a village or be5 its headman or prie/1 !n he is treat$ z a god = ye>s1 & a small %r9e ( e>? is erect$ to 8 memory1 at :i* sacrifices are annually (f]$4 #cfh ,x is said t ! ,jungs1 :o until q rec5tly us$ to dress 9 g>m5ts ( leaves1 are ! only "o ( ^! tribes :o d n practise ?is =m ( wor%ip4 #cfi ,b ^! races are p>ticul>ly retic5t ab\t _! beliefs & usages1 & x is m ?an probable t fur!r inquiry w %[ t !y are n peculi> 9 ?is respect4 ,ance/ors ,re-born 9 ,*ildr54 ,among _m races1 aga91 !re is a common belief t ! fa!r or gr&fa!r is re-born 9 "o ( 8 desc5dants4 ,! mod]n read] is famili> ) examples ( su* beliefs 9 ,mr4 ,du ,mauri]'s ,pet] ,ibbetson1 & ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d's ,%e4 ,manu expresses ?is belief :5 he writes--,! husb& aft] conception by 8 wife1 becomes an embryo & is born aga9 ( h]2 = t is ! wifehood ( a wife1 t he is born aga9 by h]4 ,! feel+ t *ildr5 are really ! ance/ors re-born is obvi\sly bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( h]$it>y resemblance4 ,h5ce ! g5]al feel+ 9 fav\r ( call+ a *ild by ! "n ( ! gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 :i* is ab\t z f> z ! ru/ic goes 9 recogniz+ ! asc5d+ l9e4 ,! ,konkan ,kunbis1 & ev5 ,brhmans1 believe t ! dead ance/ors sometimes appe> 9 *ildr54 ,among ,guj>t ,musalmns ! nurse1 if a *ild is peevi%1 says1 ,its k9d has come ^u its head4 ,! same idea is f\nd among ! ,khndhs4 ,among ! ,lapl&]s ( ,europe an ance/ral _s tells ! "m t he has come into ! *ild1 & directs h] to call x aft] 8 "n4 #cgj ,ano!r v>iant ( ! same belief is t common among "s ( ! ,drvidian races t ! ance/or is reviv$ 9 a calf1 :i* is 9 consequ5ce well f$ & treat$ ) p>ticul> respect4 ,! ,srddha4 ,! ord9>y wor%ip ( ance/ors among ,brhmaniz$ ,h9du races has be5 s (t5 describ$ 9 well-kn[n books z to ne$ little fur!r illu/ration4 #cga ,! spirits ( dep>t$ ance/ors att5d ^u ! ,brhmans invit$ to ! c]emony ( ! ,srddha1 hov]+ r\nd !m l pure spirits1 & sitt+ by !m :5 !y are seat$4 ,an (f]+ to ! gods is to be made at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! ,srddha2 x mu/ n beg9 & end ) an (f]+ to ance/ors1 = he :o beg9s & ends x ) an (f]+ to ! ,pitri quickly p]i%es ) 8 prog5y4 ,! belief is common to _m races t ! spirits ( ! dead assemble to p>take ( ! food provid$ by ! piety ( _! relations on e>?4 ,alc9\s address+ ! ,phacians tells !m--,= ev] h]et(ore ! gods appe> manife/ among u1 :5soev] we (f] glori\s hecatombs1 & !y fea/ at our side sitt+ by ! same bo>d4 ,& ! old ,prussians us$ to prep>e a meal1 to :i*1 /&+ at ! door1 !y invit$ ! s\l ( ! deceas$4 ,:5 ! meal 0 ov] ! prie/ took a broom & swept ! s\ls out ( ! h\se1 say+--',de> s\ls6 ye h eat5 & drunk4 ,g =?6 g =?6' #cgb ,! place :]e ! oblation is to be made is to be seque/]$1 fac+ ! s\?1 ! l& ( dep>t$ spirits1 & sme>$ ) c[-dung4 ,! use ( ?is sub/ance is easily to be acc\nt$ =1 )\t foll[+ ! rem>kable explanation ( a mod]n writ]1 :o connects x ) ! dropp+ ( ! ,aurora4 #cgc ,! div9e manes are always pleas$ ) an oblation 9 empty glades1 naturally clean1 on ! banks ( riv]s1 & 9 solit>y spots4 ,! c]emony is to be p]=m$ by ! elde/ son1 :i* furni%es ! ,h9du ) ! well-kn[n argum5t = m>riage & ! procreation ( male issue4 ,we h se5 t ! ,drvidians also reg>d ! rite z m]ely dome/ic & to be p]=m$ by ! h\se-ma/]4 ,! or?odox ,h9du1 besides ! usual ,srddha1 9 connection ) 8 daily wor%ip1 (f]s ! ,t>pana or wat] oblation to ! sa9t$ dead4 ,! object ( ! annual ,srddha is1 z is well kn[n1 to accel]ate ! progress 7gati7 ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( bliss1 kn[n z ,slokya1 ,smpya & ,srpya1 & by its p]=mance at ,gaya ! we>i$ s\l passes into ,vaikun?a1 or ! p>adise ( ,vi%nu4 ,h9dus d n all[ _! sons to ba! dur+ ! =tnight sacr$ to ! manes1 z !y believe t ! dirt produc$ by ba?+1 %av+1 & wa%+ ! app>el w rea* & annoy ! sa9t$ dead4 ,! /ory goes t ,rja ,k>ana made a v[ t he w\ld n t\* food until he _h giv5 a maund & a qu>t] 7ab\t "o hundr$ p\nds7 ( gold daily to ,brhmans4 ,:5 he di$ he w5t to heav51 & 0 !re giv5 a palace ( gold to dwell 91 & gold = 8 food & dr9k1 z ?is 0 all he _h giv5 away 9 *>ity dur+ 8 mortal life4 ,s 9 8 di/ress he ask$ to be all[$ to return to e>? = fifte5 days4 ,8 pray] 0 grant$1 & w>n$ by sad exp]i5ce he occupi$ himself dur+ 8 "t ( grace 9 giv+ no?+ b food 9 *>ity1 be+ s busy t he neglect$ to ba!1 %ave1 or wa% 8 clo!s1 & ?us he became an example to succe$+ g5]ations4 #cgd ,degradation ( ,ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! wor%ip :i* has be5 ?us describ$ easily passes into o!r & gross] =ms4 ,?us1 9 ! family ( ! ,gikwrs ( ,b>oda1 :5 !y wor%ip ,mahdeva !y ?9k ( ! greate/ ( ?is l9e ( pr9ces4 ,! temple conta9s a rudely-execut$ portrait ( ,khnd ,ro1 ! %r9e to ! left ! b$1 g>m5ts1 & phial ( ,ganges wat]1 :i* commemorate 8 "m1 ,*imnb4 ,gov9d ,ro has an image dress$ up1 & ,fateh ,s9h a /one face4 #cge ,9 ,c5tral ,india ,rjputs we> ! figure ( a di/+ui%$ ance/or or relation engrav$ 9 gold or silv]4 ,?is image1 usually t ( a w>rior on horseback1 is sometimes wor%ipp$1 b its *ief utility is z a *>m to keep (f gho/s & evil spirits4 #cgf ,! aborig9al ,bhuiyas ( ,*ota ,ngpur1 aft] dispos+ ( _! dead1 p]=m a c]emony :i* is suppos$ to br+ back to ! h\se ! _s ( ! deceas$1 h5ce=? an object ( h\sehold wor%ip4 ,a vessel fill$ ) rice & fl\r is plac$ = ! "t on ! tomb1 & :5 br\ght back ! m>k ( a f[l's foot is f\nd at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & ?is indicates t ! _s ( ! deceas$ has return$4 #cgg ,?is is1 z we h se51 common to _m ( ! ,drvidian tribes1 & we %all meet in/ances ( simil> practices :5 we consid] ! malignant v>iety ( gho/s4 ,a curi\s example ( ! popul> =m ( ance/or-wor%ip is giv5 by ,g5]al ,sleeman3--,rma ,*&ra1 ! ,p&it1 said t villages :i* _h be5 held by old ,gond proprietors 7 m liable ?an o!rs to visitation f local gho/s1 t x 0 easy to say :at village 0 or 0 n haunt$1 b (t5 exce$+ly difficult to say to :om ! gho/ belong$4 ,?is once discov]$1 ! ne>e/ surviv+ relation 01 ( c\rse1 expect$ to take /eps to put him to re/4 ,b1 said he1 x is wrong to suppose t ! gho/ ( an old proprietor mu/ be always do+ mis*ief4 ,he is (t5 ! be/ fri5d ( ! cultivators1 & ( ! pres5t proprietor too1 if he treats him ) prop] respect2 = he w n all[ ! p ( any o!r village to encroa* ^u ! b\nd>ies ) impunity1 & !y w be sav$ all exp5se & annoyance ( a ref]5ce to ! judicial tribunals = ! settlem5t ( b\nd>y disputes4 ,x w n co/ mu* to conciliate ^! spirits1 & ! money is g5]ally well laid out4 ,he in/ances a case ( a family ( village proprietors1 :o _h = sev]al g5]ations insi/$ at e new settlem5t ^u hav+ ! "n ( ! _s ( ! old proprietor ins]t$ 9 ! lease in/ead ( _! own1 & !reby secur$ 8 good graces on all occasions4 ,a cultivator :o trespass$ on l& believ$ to be 9 *>ge ( su* a _s _h 8 son bitt5 by a snake1 & 8 two ox5 7 seiz$ ) ! murra94 ,9 t]ror he w5t (f to ! village temple1 confess$ 8 s91 & v[$ to re/ore n only ! half-acre ( l&1 b to build a v h&some temple on ! spot z a p]petual sign ( 8 rep5tance4 ,! boy & ! bullocks all !n recov]$1 ! %r9e 0 built1 & is1 ,i believe1 /ill to be se5 z a b\nd>y m>k4 #cgh ,wor%ip ( ,wor?ies4 ,f ?is family wor%ip ( deceas$ relations1 ! transition to ! special wor%ip ( p]sons ( high local reputation 9 life1 or :o h di$ 9 "s rem>kable way1 is easy4 ,! int]m$iate l9ks are ! ,sdhu & ! ,sat1 & ! wor%ip f9ally culm9ates 9 a cre$ l t ( ! ,ja9as1 :o wor%ip a pan!on ( deifi$ sa9ts1 t ( ! ,l+yat wor%ip ( ,siva inc>nat$ z ,*ambaspa1 or ! godlike weav] ,kabr ( ! ,kabrpan?is4 ,! l[e/ phase ( all is ! wor%ip by ! ,halbas ( ,c5tral ,india ( a pan!on ( glorifi$ di/ill]s4 #cgi ,! ,sdhu4 ,! ,sdhu is a sa9t :o is reg>d$ z ! great p[] ( ,god1 ! "n mean+ he t is em95t 9 virtue4 ,he is a visible manife/ation ( ! div9e en]gy acquir$ by 8 piety & self-devotion4 ,we %all meet lat] on in/ances ( deifi$ holy m5 ( ?is class4 ,mean:ile1 x may be not$1 we see ar\nd u ! con/ant developm5t ( ! cultus 9 all its successive /ages4 ,?us1 9 ,b]r at ,askot ! sa9t is /ill alive2 at ,wadn]a he di$ ne>ly a c5tury ago1 & 8 desc5dants live on ! (f]+s made by ! pi\s2 at ,jalgnw a crazy vagabond 0 canoniz$ on gr\nds :i* /rict p consid] q insuffici5t4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 among ! disciples & desc5dants ( ^! local sa9ts a con/ant competition go+ on = ! hon\r ( canonization1 :i* once secur$1 ! %r9e may become a v valuable s\rce ( income & reputation4 ,b ! indiscrim9ate & ill-regulat$ deification ( mortals is "o ( ! ma9 causes ( ! weakness ( mod]n ,h9duism1 because1 by a process ( abscission1 ! =mation ( multitud9\s sects1 :i* take _! titles & special =ms ( belief f ! sa9t ^: disciples !y pr(ess to be1 is promot$ & enc\rag$4 ,?us1 z has be5 well rem>k$1 ,h9duism lies 9 urg5t ne$ ( a ,pope or ackn[l$g$ or?odox head1 to control its wond]ful ela/icity & receptivity1 to keep up ! /&>d ( deities & sa9ts1 & g5]ally to prev5t sup]/itions runn+ wild into a tangl$ jungle ( poly!ism4 #chj ,x w\ld be out ( place to give "h any ( ! details ( ! num]\s sects :i* h be5 f\nd$ 9 ?is way to commemorate ! life & tea*+ ( "s em95t sa9t4 ,! rem>kable po9t ab\t ?is movem5t is t ! lead]s ( ^! sects are n always or ev5 con/antly drawn f ! prie/ly classes4 ,?us ! ,*>&sis1 :o are ,kri%na wor%ipp]s1 take _! "n f ,*>an ,ds1 a ,dhs>1 :o are usually class$ z ,banyas1 b claim to be ,brhmans2 ,jhambaj1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,bi%nois1 0 a ,rjput2 ,kabr1 :oev] he may h be51 0 br\ght up by a family ( ,muhammadan weav]s at ,b5>es2 ,nmdeo 0 a cotton c>d]2 ,r ,ds is said to h be5 a ,*amr2 ,ddu 0 a cotton clean]2 _m ( !m are half ,muhammadans1 z ! ,*haju-pan?is & ,%amsis4 ,x is difficult to e/imate highly en\gh ! result ( ?is feel+ ( tol]ation & ca?olicism on ! progress ( mod]n ,h9duism4 ,miracle-work+ ,tombs4 ,^! sa9ts h wre/$ f ! reluctant gods by %e] piety & rel5tless au/]ities1 a portion ( ! div9e ?aumaturgic p[]1 :i* exudes aft] _! dea? f ! places :]e _! bodies are laid4 ,?is is ! case ) ! %r9es ( bo? ,h9du & ,musalmn sa9ts4 ,_m in/ances ( ?is w be f\nd 9 succe$+ pages4 ,?us at ,*unr !re is a fam\s %r9e 9 hon\r ( ,%h ,qsim ,sulaimni1 #cha a local sa9t ^: op9ions 7 s displeas+ to ,akb> t he imprison$ him "h till 8 dea? 9 #afad ,a4,d4 ,8 cap & turban are /ill %[n at 8 tomb1 & ^!1 :5 g5tly rubb$ by "o ( 8 disciples1 p\r out a div9e influ5ce ?r\gh ! assembl$ multitude ( vot>ies1 _m ( :om are ,h9dus4 ,?is holy influ5ce ext5ds ev5 to ! animal k+dom4 ,?us ! tomb ( ! sa9t ,nirgan ,%h at ,s>auli 9 ! ,b>eilly ,di/rict ab\nds 9 scorpions1 :i* bite no "o ?r\gh ! virtue ( ! sa9t4 ,h9du sa9ts ( ! same class are s directly imbu$ ) ! div9e afflatus t !y ne$ n ! purify+ influ5ce ( fire1 & are buri$1 n cremat$4 ,_! ,samdhi or f9al re/+-place is usually repres5t$ by a pile ( e>?1 or a tomb or tumulus ( a conical or circul> =m4 ,o!rs1 aga91 l "s ( ! ,gusns1 are aft] dea? enclos$ 9 a box ( /one & consign$ to ! wat]s ( ! ,ganges4 ,^! %r9es are g5]ally occupi$ by a disciple or actual desc5dant ( ! sa9t1 & !re v[s & pray]s are made & (f]+s pres5t$4 ,! ,sat4 ,! next l9k betwe5 ance/or-wor%ip & t ( special deceas$ wor?ies is se5 9 ! ,sat1 or fai?ful wife1 :o1 be=e ! practice 0 prohibit$ by our ,gov]nm5t1 0 b\nd to be> h] deceas$ "l company to ! _w ( spirits = 8 consolation & s]vice4 ,! rite seems to h at "o "t prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,aryan _w4 #chb ,x und\bt$ly prevail$ 9 ,slavonic l&s1 #chc & !re are ev5 traces ( x 9 ,greece4 ,evadne is said to h burnt h]self ) ! body ( h] husb&1 ,capaneus1 & ,o5one1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 leap$ into ! pyre on :i* ! body ( ,p>is 0 be+ cremat$4 ,!re are indications t ! rite prevail$ among ! ,drvidian races1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,h9dus may h adopt$ x f !m4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t day among "s ( ! ,bhl tribes ! wife ( ! dead man is c>ri$ along ) him on ! bi] to ! burn+ gr\nd1 :]e %e is laid d[n4 ,!re %e breaks h] m>riage necklace1 & h] ornam5ts are consum$ ) ! corpse ( h] husb&1 obvi\sly a survival ( ! "t :5 %e 0 actually burnt ) him4 #chd ,x is unnecess>y "h to ent] into ! controv]sy :e!r or n ! rite 0 bas$ on a mis9t]pretation or p]v]sion ( "o ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,t 9 old times ! ,sat 0 treat$ ) exceptional hon\r is c]ta94 ,9 "s places %e w5t to ! burn+ gr\nd ri*ly dress$1 scatt]+ money & fl[]s1 & call+ out ! names ( ! deities1 ) music s\nd+ & drums beat+4 ,9 "s places %e us$ to m>k ) h] h&s ! gateways & walls ( ! *ief temple1 & %e sometimes m>k$ 9 ! same way a /one = h] desc5dants to wor%ip1 a practice to :i* ref]5ce w be made lat] on4 ,on su* /ones x 0 ! cu/om to c>ve a repres5tation ( h]1 & 9 _m places a ,*hatri1 or ornam5tal c5otaph pavilion1 0 erect$ 9 h] hon\r4 ,! small %r9es 9 hon\r ( ! village ,sat are f\nd (t5 9 consid]able numb]s on ! banks ( tanks all ov] ,upp] ,india4 ,!y are visit$ by wom5 at m>riages & o!r fe/ivals1 & are p]iodically repair$ & kept 9 ord]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,ibbetson1 #che 9 ! ,delhi t]ritory1 ^! %r9es take ! place ( ^? d$icat$ to ! ,pitri1 or sa9t$ dead4 ,!y (t5 conta9 a repres5tation 9 /one ( ! "l & 8 fai?ful sp\se1 & "o ( 8 arms re/s affectionately on h] neck4 ,sometimes1 if he di$ 9 battle1 he is m\nt$ on 8 w> /e$ & %e walks beside him2 b h] wor%ipp]s are n always c>eful 9 id5tify+ h] %r9e1 & ,i h se5 at lea/ "o und\bt$ ,rev5ue ,survey pill> do+ duty z a monum5t to "s unnam$ local div9ity ( ?is class4 ,among ! w>rior tribes ( ,rjputna1 ! ,sat %r9e usually takes ! =m ( a monum5t1 on :i* is c>v$ ! w>rior on 8 *>g]1 ) 8 wife /&+ beside him1 & ! images ( ! sun & ! moon on ei!r side1 emblematical ( nev]-dy+ fame4 ,su* places are ! sc5e ( _m a gho/ly leg5d4 ,z ,col4 ,tod writes 9 8 s5tim5tal way #chf--;,among ! alt>s on :i* h burnt ! beautiful & brave1 ! h>py or ,dk9 takes up h] abode1 & /alks =? to dev\r ! he>t ( h] victims4 ,! ,rjput nev] ent]s ^! places ( sil5ce1 b to p]=m /at$ rites or anniv]s>y (f]+s ( fl[]s & wat] to ! manes ( 8 ance/ors4 ,!re is a peculi>ly beautiful ,sat necropolis at ,udaypur1 & ! ,sat ,burj1 or t[] at ,ma?ura1 erect$ 9 hon\r ( ! que5 ( ,rja ,bihr ,mal ( ,jaypur 9 #aegj ,a4,d41 is "o ( ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! city4 #chg ,! ,sat & ! ,pitri4 ,! connection betwe5 ! special wor%ip ( ! ,sat & t ( ! ,pitri or sa9t$ dead w h be5 rem>k$4 ,9 _m places ! ,sat repres5ts ! company ( ! v5]at$ ance/ors & is reg>d$ z ! gu>dian "m ( ! village1 & 9 _m ( ! ru/ic %r9es ( ?is class ! same connection ) ! ,pitri is %[n 9 ano!r int]e/+ way4 ,! snake is1 z we %all see1 reg>d$ z a type ( ! h\sehold deity1 :i* is (t5 "o ( ! deifi$ ance/ors1 & s1 9 ! ,sat %r9e we (t5 see a snake del9eat$ 9 ! act ( ris+ out ( ! masonry1 z if x 7 ! gu>dian "m snake aris+ to receive ! devotion ( h] desc5dants4 ,! ,sat hav+ ?us secur$ ! hon\r ( deification by h] sacrifice1 is able to protect h] wor%ipp]s & gratify _! desires4 ,"s are ev5 ! subject ( special hon\r1 su* z ,sakh ,b1 :o is wor%ipp$ at ,akola4 #chh ,ev5 ! ,drvidian ,kaurs ( ,s>guja wor%ip a deifi$ ,sat1 ano!r l9k connect+ ! cultus ) ! aborig9al races4 ,%e has a sacr$ grove1 & e ye> a f[l is sacrific$ to h]1 & e ?ird ye> a goat4 ,col4 ,dalton #chi obs]ves t ! ,h9dus :o accompani$ him 7 int5sely amus$ at ! idea ( (f]+ f[ls to a ,sat1 :o is accu/om$ to ! simpl] bloodless tribute ( milk1 cakes1 fruit & fl[]s4 ,?is is ! =m ( ! (f]+ at ,jilmili1 ! ,sat %r9es belong+ to ! local ,rja4 ,! curses ( a dy+ ,sat 7 greatly fe>$4 ,num]\s in/ances ( families ru9$ 9 ?is way are told bo? 9 ,rjputna & 9 ,nepl1 ! la/ places :]e ! rite is occasionally p]=m$4 #cij ,! arrangem5ts = ! cremation v>i$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,9 ,we/]n ,india %e sat 9 a specially built grass hut1 & keep+ h] husb&'s head 9 h] lap1 support$ x ) h] "r h&1 :ile %e k9dl$ ! hut ) a tor* held 9 h] left h&4 ,n[adays 9 ,nepl ! husb& & ! ,sat are made to lie side by side on ! pyre4 ,! woman's "r h& is put "u ! husb&'s neck1 & r\nd h] face are plac$ all k9ds ( inflammable sub/ances4 ,?ree long poles ( undri$ wood are laid ov] ! bodies--"o ov] ! legs1 ! second ov] ! *e/1 & ! ?ird ov] ! neck4 ,?ree m5 on ei!r side press d[n ! poles till ! woman is burnt to dea?4 ,!re h be5 cases 9 :i* ! wret*$ victim tri$ to escape1 & 0 dragg$ back by =ce to h] dea?4 ,a curi\s modification ( ! practice ( ,sat1 :i* s f> has be5 trac$ only 9 ,rjputna1 is :at is kn[n z ,m ,sat1 or "m ,sat1 :]e ! "m immolates h]self ) h] dead *ild4 ,colonel ,p[lett #cia rem>ks t 9 inquir+ ab\t x "o is (t5 told t x is really ,mah ,sat1 or ! great ,sat4 ,he adds t !re c be no d\bt t "m ,sat really prevails1 b 0 conf9$ to ! s&y & des]t tract1 :]e dome/ic affection is said to be /rong] ?an else:]e4 ,9 "o l>ge remote village ,i f\nd five monum5ts to ,"m ,sats1 "o a ,*hatri or pavilion ( "s pret5sions4 ,a ,rjput lady f ,jaysalm] 0 on a visit to h] fa!r's family ) h] y\nge/ son4 ,! boy 0 ?r[n :5 ex]cis+ 8 pony1 dragg$ 9 ! /irrup & kill$4 ,8 "m became ,sat ) h] son's body1 & probably h] example1 = %e 0 a p]son ( "s rank1 l$ to ! subsequ5t practice ( ,m ,sat 9 ! same di/rict4 ,mod]n ,sa9ts4 ,we h already notic$ "s in/ances ( ! canonization 9 mod]n times ( sa9ts & holy m54 ,( wor?ies ( ?is k9d1 :o h receiv$ div9e hon\rs1 ! numb] is legion4 ,?is deification ( human be+s is f\nd 9 ! v e>ly ,brhmanical lit]ature4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notewor?y ideas to be f\nd 9 ! ,brhmanas is t ! gods 7 m]ely mortal till !y conqu]$ ,dea? by _! sacrifices4 ,dea?1 al>m$1 prote/$ to ! gods1 & x 0 !n arrang$ t no "o %\ld become immortal by ! =ce ( 8 piety )\t fir/ (f]+ 8 body to ,dea?4 ,manu decl>es t f 8 bir? alone a ,brhman is reg>d$ z a div9ity1 ev5 by ! gods4 #cib ,mod]n practice supports ?is by call+ him ,mah-rja or ,great k+1 & he rises to heav5 z a deity1 l _m ( ! fam\s k+s ( old4 #cic ,9 ! same way ! ,etruscans _h c]ta9 rites ?r\gh :i* ! s\ls ( m5 c\ld become gods & 7 call$ ,dii ,animales1 because !y _h once be5 human s\ls4 ,q 9 consonance ) ,indian practice !y fir/ became ,p5ates & ,l>es be=e !y rose to ! rank ( ! sup]ior deities4 #cid ,deification 9 ,mod]n ,times4 ,a few examples ( mod]n deification may be giv5 to illu/rate ?is phase ( ! popul> fai?4 ,?us1 "o ,gauh> ,%h 0 q rec5tly canoniz$ at ,me]ut because he deliv]$ a prophecy t a w9dmill belong+ to a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,smi? w\ld soon cease to "w4 ,! fulfilm5t ( 8 pr$iction 0 consid]$ ample evid5ce ( 8 sanctity1 & ! "q 0 put beyond ! possibility ( d\bt :51 j be=e 8 dea?1 ! holy man direct$ 8 disciples to remove him f an inn1 :i* imm$iately fell d[n4 ,ano!r sa9t ( ! same place is said to h giv5 five ye>s ( 8 life to ! notori\s ,begam ,samru1 :o di$ 9 #ahcf1 9 all ! od\r ( sanctity4 ,%aikh ,brhan4 ,%aikh ,brhan1 a sa9t ( ,amb]1 0 (f]$ a dr9k ( milk by ,mokul1 "o ( ! ,%aikhwat *iefs1 & imm$iately p]=m$ ! miracle ( draw+ a copi\s /ream ( milk f ! udd] ( an exhau/$ female buffalo4 ,?is 0 suffici5t to conv9ce ! old *ief t he c\ld "w o!r miracles1 & he pray$ t ?r\gh 8 means he might no long] be *ildless4 ,9 due "t he _h an heir1 :o1 accord+ to ! injunction ( ,brhan1 0 /yl$1 aft] 8 own tribe1 ,%aikh1 :5ce ! title ( ! clan4 ,he direct$ t ! *ild %\ld we> ! cross /r+s 7baddiya7 worn by ,muhammadan *ildr51 :i*1 :5 laid aside1 7 to be deposit$ at ! sa9t's %r9e1 & fur!r t he %\ld assume ! blue tunic & cap1 ab/a9 f hog's fle%1 & eat no meat 9 :i* ! blood rema9$4 ,he also orda9$ t at ! bir? ( e ,%aikhwat a goat %\ld be sacrific$1 ! ,islmite cre$ or ,kalima recit$1 & ! *ild spr9kl$ ) ! blood4 ,^! cu/oms are /ill obs]v$1 & ! ,%aikh's %r9e is /ill a sanctu>y1 :ile 8 desc5dants enjoy l&s specially assign$ to !m4 #cie ,salm ,*i%ti4 ,! p[] ( conf]r+ male (fspr+ has made ! reputation ( _m sa9ts ( ?is class1 l ! fam\s ,salm ,*i%ti ( ,fatehpur ,skri1 ^: pray]s 7 efficaci\s 9 procur+ an heir = ! ,emp]or ,akb>4 ,up to ! pres5t day *ildless wom5 visit 8 %r9e & hang rags on ! delicate m>ble trac]ies ( 8 tomb to m>k _! v[s4 ,deification ( ,not$ ,p]sons4 ,besides ?is sa9?ood :i* is bas$ on sanctity ( life & approv$ ?aumaturgic p[]s1 ! "r ( deification is conf]r$ on p]sons :o h be5 em95t or notori\s 9 _! lives1 or :o h di$ 9 "s extraord9>y or notori\s way4 ,all or ne>ly all ! deifi$ sa9ts ( ,nor!rn ,india may be gr\p$ "u "o or o!r ( ^! categories4 ,h>%u ,pnr4 ,we h already giv5 an in/ance ( ! second class 9 ,h>daul ,lla1 ! *ol]a godl+4 ,ano!r example ( ! same k9d is t ( ,h>%u ,pnr or ,h>%u ,bba1 ! local god ( ,*ayanpur1 ne> ,sahs>m 9 ,b5gal1 ^: wor%ip is n[ rapidly spread+ ov] ,nor!rn ,india1 & promises to become z widely diffus$ z t ( ,h>daul himself4 ,he 01 accord+ to ! curr5t acc\nt1 a ,kanaujiya ,brhman1 ! family prie/ ( ,rja ,slivhana ( ,*ayanpur4 ,! ,rja _h two que5s1 "o ( :om 0 jeal\s ( ! prie/'s influ5ce4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! prie/ built a f9e h\se close to ! palace1 & "o night ! ,rja & ! ,rn saw a light f its upp] /ory gleam+ al(t 9 ! sky4 ,! ,rn h9t$ to ! ,rja t ! prie/ _h designs ( ou/+ 8 ma/] f ! k+dom2 s ! ,rja _h 8 h\se demoli%$ & resum$ ! l&s :i* _h be5 conf]r$ ^u him4 ,! enrag$ ,brhman did dh>n1 9 o!r words fa/$ till he di$ at ! palace gate4 ,?is tragical ev5t occurr$ 9 #adbg ,a4,d41 & :5 !y took 8 body = cremation at ,b5>es1 !y f\nd ,h>%u /&+ 9 8 wood5 s&als on ! /eps ( ! burn+ ,ght4 ,he !n in=m$ !m t he _h become a ,brahm1 or malignant ,brhman gho/4 ,! ,rja's daught] _h be5 k9d to ! ,brhman 9 8 mis=tunes & he bless$ h]1 s t h] family exi/s 9 prosp]ity to ?is day4 ,b ! re/ ( 8 h\se 0 de/roy$1 & n[ only ! gateway at :i* ! ,brhman di$ rema9s to commemorate ! trag$y4 #cif ,h>%u is n[ wor%ipp$ z a ,brahm ) ! fire sacrifice & (f]+s ( ,brhmanical cords & sweetmeats4 ,if any "o obta9s 8 desires ?r\gh 8 int]cession1 he makes an (f]+ ( a gold5 sacr$ cord & a silk5 wai/-/r+1 & fe$s ,brhmans 9 8 hon\r4 ,h>%u's speciality is exorcis+ evil spirits :i* attack p & cause disease4 ,su* spirits are usually ( l[ ca/e & _c )/& ! influ5ce ( ?is deifi$ ,brhman4 ,ratan ,pnr4 ,ano!r wor?y1 ^: leg5d mu* resembles t ( ,h>%u1 is ,ratan ,pnr1 :o is v5]at$ by ! ,kalhans ,rjputs ( ,oudh4 ,! la/ ( ! race1 ,rja ,a*al ,nryan ,s9h1 ravi%$ ! daught] ( ,ratan ,pnr4 ,he plead$ 9 va9 to ! wick$ ,rja = rep>ation1 & at la/ he & 8 wife />v$ !mselves to dea? at ! gate ( ! =t4 ,he too1 l ,h>%u1 sp>$ a pr9cess ( ! ,rja's h\se1 b he curs$ ! re/ ( 8 family ) ru94 ,aft] he di$ 8 gho/ w5t to ! riv] ,s>j & claim$ h] assi/ance 9 rev5g+ himself on ! ,rja4 ,%e at la/ cons5t$ to help him1 provid$ he c\ld get ! ,rja into 8 p[] by induc+ him to accept "s pres5t f him4 ,s he w5t to ! ,rja's family prie/ & induc$ him to take f him a sacr$ cord ) :i* he 0 to inve/ ! ,rja4 ,:5 ,a*al ,nryan ,s9h he>d to :om he 0 indebt$ = ! gift he flung x away 9 t]ror4 ,b soon aft] an angry wave ru%$ f ! ,s>j1 & on its cre/ sat ! wrai? ( ,ratan ,pnr4 ,x swept away 8 palace & left n a s\l ( 8 h\sehold alive4 #cig ,mah54 ,!re is a simil> case among ! ,hayobans ,rjputs ( ,ghzipur4 ,9 #aebh ,a4,d4 _! ,rja ,bhopat ,deva1 or p]haps "o ( 8 sons1 s$uc$ ,mah51 a ,brhman girl1 a relation ( _! family prie/4 ,%e burn$ h]self to dea?1 & 9 dy+1 imprecat$ ! mo/ fe>ful curses on ! ,hayobans sept4 ,9 consequ5ce ( a succession ( disa/]s :i* foll[$1 ! tribe completely ab&on$ _! family settlem5t at ,baliya1 :]e ! woman's tomb is wor%ipp$ to ?is day4 ,ev5 n[ none ( ! sept d>es to ent] ! prec9cts ( _! =m] home4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! case ( ,h>%u ,pnr no pilgrim w eat or dr9k ne> 8 tomb1 z ! place is accurs$ ?r\gh ! murd] ( a ,brhman4 #cih ,!re are num]\s o!r cases ( ?is deification ( suicide ,brhmans 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! =ms 9 :i* !y s\ght v5geance by _! dea? on _! p]secutors are div]sifi$ 9 ! extreme4 ,!re is a case ( a ,brhman 9 ! ,"pbg>h ,di/rict :o1 :5 turn$ out ( 8 l&1 to av5ge himself1 ga!r$ a heap ( c[-dung 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! fields & lay d[n on x till he 0 dev\r$ by worms4 ,?is happ5$ sixty ye>s ago1 b 8 fields /ill /& a wa/e ( jungle grass 9 ! mid/ ( ri* cultivation1 & nei!r ,h9du nor ,muhammadan d>es to pl\gh !m4 #cii ,at ! la/ c5sus ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ov] f\r hundr$ ?\s& p record$ !mselves z wor%ipp]s ( v>i\s =ms ( ! ,brahm or malignant ,brhman gho/4 ,mo/ ( ^! are ,rjputs1 :o 7 probably ! mo/ viol5t oppressors ( ,brhmans 9 ! old5 days4 ,nh> ,khn4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! same type may be giv5 f ,rjputna4 ,jaswant ,s9h ( ,mrwr _h an intrigue ) ! daught] ( "o ( 8 *ief (fic]s4 ,b ! av5g+ gho/ ( ! ,brhman int]pos$ betwe5 him & 8 wi%es2 a dreadful /ruggle ensu$1 9 :i* ,jaswant lo/ 8 s5ses1 & no ef=t c\ld bani% ! impression f 8 m9d4 ,! gho/ p]secut$ 8 fancy1 & he 0 g5]ally believ$ to be possess$ ( a wick$ _s1 :i* :5 exorcis$ 0 made to say he w\ld dep>t only on ! sacrifice ( a *ief equal 9 dignity to ,jaswant4 ,nh> ,khn1 '! tig] "l1' *ief ( ! ,kumpwat clan1 :o l$ ! van 9 all 8 battles1 imm$iately (f]$ 8 head 9 expiation = 8 pr9ce2 & he _h no soon] express$ 8 loyal det]m9ation1 ?an ! holy man :o exorcis$ ! _s1 caus$ x to desc5d into a vessel ( wat]1 & hav+ wav$ x r\nd 8 head1 !y pres5t$ x to ,nh> ,khn1 :o drank x (f1 & ,jaswant's s5ses 7 in/antly re/or$4 ,?is miracul\s transf] ( ! gho/ is implicitly believ$ by e *ief ( ,rja/hn1 by :om ,nh> ,khn is call$ '! fai?ful ( ! fai?ful1' & wor%ipp$ z a local god4 #djj ,gangn? & ,bholan?4 ,two o!r godl+s ( ! ,hills owe _! promotion to ! tragic circum/ances ( _! dea?s4 ,gangn? 0 a ,rja's son1 :o qu>rell$ ) 8 fa!r & became a religi\s m5dicant4 ,he subsequ5tly fell into an intrigue ) ! wife ( an a/rolog]1 :o murd]$ him & 8 p>am\r4 ,!y bo? became malignant gho/s1 to :om num]\s temples 7 erect$4 ,:5 anyone is injur$ by ! wick$ or p[]ful1 he has rec\rse to ,gangn?1 :o puni%es ! evil-do]4 ,( ! same type is ,bholan?1 ^: bro!r1 ,gyn ,*&1 0 "o ( ! ,almora pr9ces4 ,he _h him assass9at$ ) 8 pregnant mi/ress1 bo? ( :om became malignant gho/s1 & are especially obnoxi\s to g>d5]s1 "o ( :om murd]$ !m4 ,?is ca/e n[ specially wor%ips !m1 & a small iron trid5t is sometimes plac$ 9 ! corn] ( a cottage & resort$ to 9 _! names :5 any sudd5 or unexpect$ calamity attacks ! occupants4 #dja ,bhairwan&4 ,simil> is ! case ( ,bhairwan&1 ! tribal deity ( ! ,rikwr ,rjputs ( ,oudh4 ,he 0 pu%$ into a well 9 ord] to fulfil a prophecy1 & has s9ce be5 deifi$4 #djb ,s ) ! que5 ( ,ganor1 :o kill$ h]self by means ( a poison$ robe :5 %e 0 oblig$ to surr5d] h] hon\r to h] ,mughal conqu]or4 ,he di$ 9 extreme torture1 & 0 buri$ on ! road to ,bhopl4 ,a visit to 8 grave is believ$ to cure t]tian ague4 #djc ,vysa4 ,next come ^? mortals :o h be5 deifi$ on acc\nt ( ! glory ( _! lives4 ,vysa1 ! compil] ( ! ,v$as1 has be5 canoniz$1 & !re is a temple 9 8 hon\r bo? at ,b5>es & ,rmnag>4 ,9 ! latt] place he has be5 promot$ to ! dignity ( an inc>nation ( ,siva1 :]eas 9 ,b5>es he has a temple ( 8 own4 ,8 wor%ip ext5ds z f> z ,kulu1 :]e he has an image ne> a /ream4 ,pilgrims (f] fl[]s 9 8 "n & set up a /one on end 9 commemoration ( _! visit4 #djd ,vlmki4 ,vlmki1 ! au?or ( ! ,rmyana1 is wor%ipp$ 9 ! same way4 ,he has %r9es at ,blu 9 ! ,k>nl ,di/rict & at ,bal5i ( ,me]ut4 ,baliya1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! di/rict ( t "n1 is said to be call$ aft] him4 ,! ,ah]iyas & ,baheliyas1 bo? hunt+ tribes ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces1 claim desc5t f him1 & he has n[1 by an extraord9>y feat 9 hagiolatry1 become id5tifi$ ) ,ll ,beg1 ! l[ ca/e godl+ ( ! sweep]s4 #dje ,v>i\s ,sa9ts4 ,_m o!r wor?ies ( ! old5 "t are wor%ipp$ 9 ! same way4 ,f ! ,himlaya to ,bombay1 ,datttreya1 a sa9t 9 :om a "p ( ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva 0 inc>nate1 is wor%ipp$ by ,vai%navas z a p>tial manife/ation ( ! deity1 & by ,saivas z a di/+ui%$ au?ority on ! ,yoga philosophy4 ,he has temples bo? 9 ,g>hwl & 9 ! ,konkan1 l ,p>s>a ,ri%i1 ! reput$ au?or ( ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 :o wi%$ to make a sacrifice to de/roy ! ,rk%asas1 b 0 dissuad$ by ! sa9ts1 & !n scatt]$ ! fire ov] ! slope ( ! ,himlaya1 :]e x blazes =? at ! phases ( ! moon4 #djf ,9 l fa%ion ! records ( ! la/ c5sus h %[n wor%ipp]s ( ! poets ,klidsa & ,tulasi ,ds1 z 9 ,bombay _! great writ]s ,dnynadeva & ,tk>m are deifi$ by ! ,m>?as4 ,ne>ly sev5 ?\s& p 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces adore ,vasi%?a1 ! fam\s ,ri%i1 & _m o!rs ,nrada ,muni1 :o is a well-kn[n p]sonage & g5]ally acts z a sort ( ,deus ex ma*9 9 ! folk-tales4 ,on ! :ole 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ov] a qu>t] million p record$ !mselves z vot>ies ( ^! deifi$ sa9ts1 devotees & tea*]s4 ,! same =m ( wor%ip l>gely prevails 9 ! ,panjb4 ,among o!r wor?ies we f9d ,symji1 a ,*auhn ,rja :o is said to h giv5 8 head to ,kri%na & ,arjuna on condition t he %\ld be all[$ to witness ! fight betwe5 ! ,kauravas & ,pndavas2 ,dhanwant>i1 ! physician ( ! gods2 ,drona ,a*rya1 ! tea*] ( milit>y sci5ce to ! h]oes ( ! great w>4 ,! ,kumhrs or pott]s wor%ip ,prajapati1 ! active creator ( ! univ]se2 & ! ,kya/h scribes adore ,*itragupta1 :o keeps ! regi/] ( ! de$s ( m51 :i* w be op5$ at ! la/ day4 ,?is is q irrespective ( a horde ( tutel>y sa9ts1 :o are ador$ by v>i\s tribes ( h&icraftsm54 ,deifi$ ,robb]s4 ,ev5 ! ?iev+ & nomadic tribes h z _! godl+s deifi$ b&its4 ,su* is ,g&ak1 ! patron ( ! ,magahiya ,doms1 & ,salhes1 :o is wor%ipp$ by ! ,doms & ,dusdhs ( ,behr4 ,he 0 a great h]o & ! fir/ wat*man4 ,he f\ght a fam\s battle ) ,*h> ,m ( ,mohma1 & is ! subject ( a popul> epic 9 ,tirht4 ,) 8 wor%ip is associat$ t ( 8 bro!r ,motirm1 ano!r wor?y ( ! same k9d4 #djg ,at ,%]pur ne> ,patna is ! %r9e ( ,goraiya or ,gauraiya1 a ,dusdh b&it *ief1 to :i* memb]s ( all ca/es resort1 ! high] ca/es mak+ (f]+s ( meal1 ! outca/es sacrific+ a hog or sev]al "y pigs & p\r+ out libations ( spirits on ! gr\nd4 ,b ev5 "h ! primitive local cultus is 9 a /ate ( transition1 z 9 ! case ( ,salhes1 :o1 accord+ to "s1 0 ! port] ( ,bhm ,s54 #djh ,d\btless he & 8 comrades w "s day blossom =? z manife/ations ( "o or o!r ( ! high] gods4 ,ano!r b&it godl+ is ,mit?u ,bhkhiya1 a freeboot]1 wor%ipp$ by ! ,banjras or w&]+ c>ri]s4 ,he has a special hut1 9 :i* no "o may dr9k or sleep1 & :i* is m>k$ ) a :ite flag4 ,! tribe always wor%ip him be=e committ+ a crime4 ,!y assemble toge!r & an image ( ! fam\s tribal ,sat is produc$4 ,butt] is put into a sauc]1 & 9 ?is a light is plac$1 v broad at ! bottom & tap]+ upw>ds4 ,! wick1 /&+ erect1 is lit1 an appeal is made to ! ,sat = an om51 & ^? wor%ipp+ m5tion 9 a l[ tone to ! godl+ :]e !y are go+1 & :at !y propose to d4 ,! wick is !n c>efully wat*$1 & %\ld x drop at all1 ! om5 is propiti\s4 ,all !n salute ! flag & />t on _! m>aud+ exp$ition4 #dji ,v9dhya-bs9 ,dev1 ! p]sonification ( ! ,v9dhyan range1 is1 z we h se51 ! goddess ( ! ,?ags1 & ! ,dhnuks1 a ?iev+ tribe 9 ,behr1 wor%ip "o ( _! *iefs :o 0 kill$ 9 a skirmi% ) ! ,muhammadans six hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ^: gho/ has s9ce be5 tr\blesome4 ,he is wor%ipp$ 9 a %r9e ( brick1 & "o ( ! memb]s ( ! tribe acts z 8 prie/4 #daj ,rja ,lkhan4 ,we h already spok5 ( ,gansm1 "o ( ! tribal deities ( ! ,kols4 ,ano!r fam\s ,kol deity 9 ,mirzapur is ,rja ,lkhan4 ,"o /ory ( him is t he came f ,luckn[1 a leg5d bas$1 ( c\rse1 on ! simil>ity ( ! "n4 ,b !re c be no reasonable d\bt t he 0 really ,lakhana ,deva1 ! son ( ! fam\s ,rja ,jay*& ( ,kanauj1 :o is kn[n 9 ! popul> ballads z ! ,kanaujiya ,r4 ,!re is an inscrib$ pill> erect$ by him ne> ,bhuili 9 ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict1 & he 0 p]haps locally connect$ ) t "p ( ! c\ntry 9 "s way4 #daa ,"s say t he 0 tak5 to ,delhi1 :]e he became a ,musalmn1 & ! popul>ity ( 8 "n 9 ! local leg5ds po9ts to ! !ory t he 0 possibly "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,h9dus aga9/ ! ,muhammadan invad]s4 ,all ?is be+ grant$1 x is rem>kable t he1 a ,rjput1 & almo/ z mu* a /rang] to ^? primitive jungle dwell]s z 8 ,muhammadan rival1 %\ld h f\nd a place 9 ! ,drvidian pan!on4 ,rja ,*&ol4 ,ano!r deity ( ! same race is ,rja ,*&ol1 :o is said to h be5 a jungle ,rja ( ! ,bhuiyr tribe4 ,he 0 attack$ by 8 neighb\r ! ,rja ( ,nag>1 :o ov]came him & cut (f 8 head4 ,mean:ile ! conqu]or =got 8 patron deity1 & 8 temple 0 ov]turn$ & ! image buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,"o day a goldsmi? :o 0 pass+ by ! place he>d a voice f b5ea? ! gr\nd say+ t if he dug !re he w\ld f9d ! idol4 ,he did s1 &1 digg+ up ! image1 :i* 0 ( gold1 cut x up & sold x4 ,b 8 :ole h\sehold came to ru91 & !n ! ,rja ( ,nag> re/or$ ! temple1 & ! ,kols rememb]$ ,rja ,*&ol & h v5]at$ him ev] s9ce4 ,bel4 ,! goddess ,bel 0 ! si/] ( ,lakhana ,deva1 ^: /ory has be5 already told4 ,once1 ! /ory goes1 ,siva w5t to pay a visit to ,ha/9apura1 & ! bell ( 8 bull ,n&i di/urb$ ! bro!rs ,arjuna & ,bhma1 :o1 ?9k+ ! god a w&]+ begg>1 drove him out ( ! palace4 ,!n he curs$ ! ,rjput race t among !m %\ld be born two fatal wom51 :o %\ld "w ! ru9 ( _! p[]4 ,s fir/ 0 born ,draupad1 :o caus$ ! w> ( ! ,mahbhrata1 & aft] h] ,bel1 to :om 0 due ! unhappy w>f>e :i* pav$ ! way to ! ,musalmn invasion4 ,bel n[ has a fam\s temple at ,belaun on ! banks ( ! ,ganges 9 ,bul&%ahr4 ,we %all come else:]e on in/ances ( ! belief t human be+s 7 sacrific$ "u ! f\ndations ( important build+s4 ,na?u ,kahr1 ! godl+ ( ! ,oudh boatm51 is said to h be5 buri$ alive "u ! f\ndations ( ! =t ( ,akb>pur 9 ! ,faizbd ,di/rict1 :]e a fair is held 9 8 hon\r4 #dab ,at ! la/ c5sus "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r ?\s& p]sons record$ !mselves z 8 vot>ies4 ,jokhaiya4 ,jokhaiya1 :o _h by ! same enum]ation eighty-sev5 ?\s& wor%ipp]s1 0 a ,bhangi or sweep]1 :o is said to h be5 kill$ 9 ! w> betwe5 ,pri?iv ,rja ( ,delhi & ,jay*& ( ,kanauj4 ,he has a not$ %r9e at ,pa9dhat 9 ! ,ma9puri ,di/rict1 :]e a sweep] = a small fee w kill a pig & let its blood drop on 8 %r9e4 ,ramsa ,pr4 ,s1 ! godl+ invok$ by ! ,p9dhri wom5 :5 _! husb&s w5t on m>aud+ exp$itions1 0 ,ramsa ,pr4 ,he 0 a well-kn[n w>rior kill$ 9 a battle at ,ranuja1 ne> ,pu%k>4 ,saturday is 8 day = pray]1 on :i* occasions small images ( horses 9 clay or /one are (f]$ at 8 %r9e4 ,! figure ( a man on horseback1 /amp$ 9 gold or silv]1 repres5t+ ! godl+1 0 f\nd on ! necks ( _m ( ! ,p9dhris kill$ 9 ! great campaign ( #ahag-ah4 ,x 0 worn by !m z an amulet4 ,he is n[ kn[n z ,deva ,dh>ma ,rja1 :i* is "o ( ! titles ( ,yama1 ! god ( dea?1 & ,yudhi/hira1 8 putative son4 ,r ,s9h4 ,ano!r local godl+ ( ! same class is ,r ,s9h1 ^: leg5d is ?us told by ,g5]al ,sleeman3 ,at ,sanoda !re is a v beautiful little =tress or ca/le1 n[ occupi$1 b /ill entire4 ,x 0 built by an (fic] ( ,rja ,*hatt> ,sl ( ,bundelkh& ab\t #agbe ,a4,d4 ,8 son1 by "n ,r ,s9h1 01 soon aft] ! ca/le _h be5 complet$1 kill$ 9 an attack ^u a t[n ne> ,*hat>kot1 & hav+ 9 ! e/imation ( ! p become a god1 he _h a temple & a tank rais$ to him4 ,i ask$ ! p h[ he became a god1 & 0 told t "s "o :o _h be5 long suff]+ f qu>tan ague w5t to ! tomb "o night & promis$ ,r ,s9h1 ^: a%es lay "u x1 t if he c\ld contrive to cure 8 ague = him1 he w\ld dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life make (f]+s at 8 %r9e4 ,aft] ?is he nev] _h an attack & 0 v punctual 9 8 (f]+s4 ,o!rs foll[$ 8 example & ) l success1 till ,r ,s9h 0 recogniz$ univ]sally among !m z a god1 & _h a temple rais$ to 8 "n4 ,?is is ! way1 rem>ks ,g5]al ,sleeman1 gods 7 made all ov] ! _w & are n[ made 9 ,india4 #dac ,! ,prs & ,sayyids4 ,we n[ come to a m miscellane\s class--! ,prs & ,sayyids4 ,"s ( ^! we h enc\nt]$ already4 ,we h also se5 in/ances ( "s holy m5 :o1 l ,paul & ,silas at ,ly/ra1 h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( deities4 ,^! sa9ts are usually ( ,muhammadan orig91 b mo/ ( !m are wor%ipp$ indiscrim9ately bo? by ,musalmns & l[ class ,h9dus4 ,! ^w ,pr prop]ly means an eld]1 b accord+ to ,sfi belief is ! equival5t ( ,mur%id1 or religi\s lead]4 ,sayyid1 an ,arabic ^w mean+ "l or pr9ce1 is probably 9 _m cases a corruption ( ,%ahd1 a m>tyr ( ! fai?1 because _m ( ^! wor?ies owe _! reputation to hav+ lo/ _! lives 9 ! e>ly /ruggles betwe5 ,islm & ,h9duism4 ,mr4 ,ibbetson notes t he has se5 a %r9e ( "s ,sayyids 9 ! ,jl&h> ,di/rict1 :o 7 said to h be5 ,sikhs1 :o di$ 9 ! front ( ! battle4 ,x took ! =m ( a ,muhammadan tomb1 ly+ ea/ & we/1 surm\nt$ by two small domes ( ,h9du %ape ) _! op5+s to ! s\?4 ,"u ea*1 9 ! face ( ! tomb1 0 a ni*e to receive a lamp4 #dad ,?is & _m o!r in/ances ( ! same k9d illu/rate 9 an admirable way ! extreme receptivity ( ! popul> belief4 ,we h "h a body ( sa9ts1 _m ( :om 7 deadly enemies ( ! ,h9du fai?1 :o are n[ wor%ipp$ by ,h9dus4 ,?is is well put by ,sir ,a4 ,lyall--,! ',urs1 or annual c]emony ( ^! sa9ts1 l ! m>tyr's day ( ,/4 ,edmund or ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury1 has deg5]at$ into mu* t is m]e c>nal traffic & pagan idolatry1 a sc&al to ! rigid ,islmite4 ,yet1 if he uplifts 8 voice aga9/ su* s\l-de/roy+ abuses1 he may be hoot$ by loose-liv+ ,musalmns z a ,wahhbi :o d5ies ! p[] ( int]cession1 :ile ! %opkeep]s are no bett] ?an ,ephesian goldsmi?s 9 cry+ d[n an inconv5i5t religi\s re=m]4 #dae ,& ! same writ] illu/rates ! fusion ( ! two cre$s 9 _! l[] =ms by ! fact t ! holy ,h9du n[ 9 ! fle% at ,askot has only rec5tly tak5 ov] ! bus9ess1 z x 71 f a ,muhammadan ,faqr1 ^: disciple he 0 dur+ 8 life1 & n[ t ! ,faqr is dead1 ,n>s9h ,bwa presides ov] ! annual v5]ation ( 8 slipp]s4 ,simil>ly at ! ,muh>ram celebration & at pilgrimages to tombs1 l ^? ( ,ghzi ,miyn1 a l>ge numb] ( ! vot>ies are ,h9dus4 ,9 _m t[ns ! ma9t5ance ( ^! ,muhammadan fe/ivals ma9ly dep5ds on ! assi/ance ( ! ,h9dus1 & x is only rec5tly t ! un=tunate concurr5ce ( ^! exhibitions ) special ,h9du holidays has1 x may be hop$ only tempor>ily1 int]rupt$ ! tol]ant & k9dly int]c\rse betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! rival cre$s4 ,9 _m ( ^! %r9es ! actual or pret5d$ relics ( ! deceas$ wor?y are exhibit$4 ,"u ! %ad[ ( ! ,=t ( ,*unr is ! %r9e ( ,%h ,qsim ,sulaimni1 ( :om m5tion has be5 already made4 ,! gu>dian ( ! %r9e %[s to pilgrims ! turban ( ! sa9t1 :o 0 deifi$ ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ! conical cap ( 8 suppos$ preceptor1 ! em95t ,pr ,jahniya ,jahnga%t2 b1 z 9 _m su* cases1 ! *ronology is hopeless4 ,! ,panj ,pr4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ! ,prs are1 ( c\rse1 ! ,panj ,pr1 or five orig9al sa9ts ( ,islm4 ,!y 7--! ,prophet ,muhammad1 ',ali1 8 c\s9-g]man & adopt$ son1 ,ftima1 ! daught] ( ! ,prophet & wife ( ',ali1 & _! sons1 ,hasan & ,husa91 ^: tragical fate is commemorat$ ) su* ard5t sympa?y at ! annual celebration ( ! ,muh>ram4 #daf ,b by mod]n ,indian ,muhammadans ! "n is usually appli$ to five lead+ sa9ts--,bah-ud-dn ,zik>iya ( ,multn1 ,%h ,ruqa-i-lam ,hazrat ( ,luckn[1 ,%h ,%ams ,tabrz ( ,multn1 ,%aikh ,jall ,makhdm ,jahniyn ,jahnga%t ( ,u**a 9 ,multn1 & ,bba ,%aikh ,f>d-ud-dn ,%akk>ganj ( ,pk ,patan4 ,ano!r enum]ation gives ! ,*r ,pr or f\r great sa9ts z ',ali & 8 successors 9 sa9t%ip--,khwja ,hasan ,basri1 ,khwja ,habb ',ajmi1 ',abdul ,whid4 ,ano!r li/ ( ,prs ( ,upp] ,india gives _! names z ,ghzi ,miyn1 ,pr ,ha?l1 si/]'s son ( ,ghzi ,miyn1 ,pr ,jall ( ,luckn[1 & ,pr ,muhammad ( ,jaunpur4 ,x is1 9 fact1 impossible to f9d a g5]ally recogniz$ catalogue ( ^! wor?ies1 & mod]n ,islm is no less subject to p]iodical *ange ?an o!r religions organiz$ on a less rigid sy/em4 #dag ,ca/e ,sa9ts4 ,! wor%ip ( ! orig9al sa9ts ( ,islm has1 h[ev]1 und]gone a griev\s degradation4 ,we are famili> 9 ,we/]n hagiology ) ! specialization ( sa9ts = c]ta9 purposes4 ,/4 ,aga?a is invok$ to cure sore brea/s1 ,/4 ,an?ony aga9/ inflammation1 ,/4 ,blaise aga9/ bones /ick+ 9 ! ?roat1 ,/4 ,m>t9 = ! it*1 ,/4 ,val5t9e aga9/ epilepsy1 & s on4 ,s ,/4 ,aga?a presides ov] nurses1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 ,gregory ov] le>n$ m51 ,/4 ,cecilia ov] musicians1 ,/4 ,val5t9e ov] lov]s1 ,/4 ,ni*olas ov] ?ieves1 :ile ,/4 ,?omas ,becket looks aft] bl9d m51 eunu*s1 & s9n]s4 #dah ,s almo/ all ! artizan classes h ea* _! special patron sa9t4 ,! dy]s v5]ate ,pr ',ali ,rangrez1 ! ,lohrs or blacksmi?s1 ,hazrat ,dd1 or ! ,"l ,david1 because ! ,qurn says--,we taught him ! art ( mak+ coats ( mail t !y might def5d y f y\r suff]+ 9 w>r+ ) y\r enemies4 ,! ,meht>s or sweep]s h ,ll ,pr or ,ll ,beg1 ( :om some?+ m w be said lat] on4 ,9 ! ,panjb ,sadhua ,bhagat is ! sa9t ( but*]s1 because once :5 he 0 ab\t to kill a goat1 ! animal ?reat5$ t he w\ld rev5ge himself 9 ano!r life1 & s he jo9$ ! sect ( ,sdhs1 :o refra9 f de/roy+ animal life4 ,! b>b]s rev]e ,sa9 ,bhagat or ,husa9 ,bhagat4 ,he is said to h be5 a resid5t ( ,pratppura 9 ! ,jl&h> ,di/rict1 & 8 desc5dants 7 = "s "t family ,gurus or preceptors ( ! ,rja ( ,b&hog>h4 ,"o day he 0 s engag$ 9 8 devotions t he =got to %ave ! ,rja's head1 b :5 he came 9 fe> & trembl+ to apologize1 he f\nd ! ,rja %av$ & 9 8 "r m9d4 ,!n x 0 f\nd t ! deity himself _h come & (ficiat$ = him4 ,s1 ,nmdeo1 ! ,*hpi or cotton-pr9t]1 became a foll[] ( ,rman&1 & is reg>d$ z ! tribal sa9t4 ,dome/ic ,wor%ip ( ! ,pr4 ,muhammadan dome/ic wor%ip is l>gely conc]n$ ) ! propitiation ( ! h\sehold ,pr4 ,9 almo/ e h\se is a dread$ spot :]e1 z ! ,russian peasant keeps 8 holy image1 is ! abode or corn] ( ! ,pr1 & ! own] erects a little %elf1 lights a lamp e ,?ursday night1 & hangs up g>l&s ( fl[]s4 ,%aikh ,saddu1 ( :om we %all see m lat] on1 is ! wom5's fav\rite ,pr1 especially ) ^? :o wi% to ga9 an undue asc5d5cy ov] _! husb&s4 ,:5 a woman wi%es to h a private ent]ta9m5t ( h] own1 %e pret5ds to be %ad[ smitt51 t is t ! %ad[ ( "s ,pr1 usually ,%aikh ,saddu1 has fall5 ^u h]1 & h] husb& is b\nd to give an ent]ta9m5t1 kn[n z a ,bai?ak or session1 = ! purpose ( exorcis+ him1 to :i* no male is all[$ admittance4 ,at ^! rites ( ! ,bona ,dea1 x is believ$ t ! ,pr ent]s ! woman's head & t %e becomes possess$1 & 9 t /ate ( fr5zy c answ] any "q put to h]4 ,all h] female neighb\rs1 accord+ly1 assemble to h _! =tunes told by ! ,pr1 & :5 !y are satisfi$ !y exorcise him ) music & s++4 ,! ,pa*piriyas4 ,b x is 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,behr t ! wor%ip has rea*$ its mo/ degrad$ =m4 ,no less ?an "o million sev5 hundr$ ?\s& p]sons at ! la/ c5sus1 almo/ entirely 9 ! ,gorakhpur & ,b5>es ,divisions1 record$ !mselves z ,pa*piriyas or wor%ipp]s ( ! ,pn* ,pr4 ,x is impossible to get any consi/5t acc\nt ( ^! wor?ies1 & ! :ole cultus has become imb$d$ 9 a mass ( ! wilde/ leg5d & my?ology4 #dai ,accord+ to ! c5sus li/s ^! five sa9ts are1 9 ! ord] ( _! popul>ity--,ghzi ,miyn1 ,buahna ,pr1 ,palihr1 ,am9 ,sat & ,ha?l or ,ha?la4 ,9 ,b5>es1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,greev51 !re are no less ?an five enum]ations ( ! sacr$ qu9tette4 ,"o gives--,ghzi ,miyn1 ,am9 ,sat1 ,su?n1 ',ajab ,slr & ,palihr2 a second--,ghzi ,miyn1 ,am9 ,sat1 ,su?n1 ',ajab ,slr & ,buahna2 a ?ird--,ghzi ,miyn1 ,am9 ,sat1 ,buahna1 ,bhairon & ,b&2 a f\r?--,ghzi ,miyn1 ,am9 ,sat1 ,palihr1 ,klik & ,%ahz2 a fif?--,ghzi ,miyn1 ,su?n1 ',ajab ,slr1 ,buahna & ,bahlno4 ,among ^! we h ! names ( well-kn[n ,h9du gods1 l ,bhairon & ,klik1 a =m ( ,kl4 ,among ! actual companions ( ,ghzi ,miyn are1 x is believ$1 ,ha?l ,pr1 :o is said to h be5 8 si/]'s son1 ,miyn ,rajjab or ,rajjab ,slr1 & ,sik&> ,diwna1 ! ,buahna ,pr1 :o are all buri$ at ,bahri*1 & ,shu ,slr1 fa!r ( ! m>tyr pr9ce1 ^: tomb is ne> ,brabanki4 ,9 ,behr1 aga91 ! five sa9ts are ,ghzi ,miyn1 ,ha?la1 ,p>ihr1 ,sahj ,m & ',ajab ,slr1 & ) !m are associat$ ,am9 ,sat1 ,langra ,tr1 :o is repres5t$ by a piece ( crook$ wire1 & ,sob>na ,tr1 ! bank ( ! ,sob>na riv]4 ,"h we rea* an atmosph]e ( ! crude/ feti%ism4 ,a little fur!r we/ ,snw> or ,kunw> ,dhr1 ( :om no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n1 is jo9$ ) !m1 & has num]\s wor%ipp]s 9 ! ,gorakhpur & ,b5>es ,divisions4 ,! ,pn* ,pr & ! ,pndavas4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t ! five ,pndavas h /rangely pass$ out ( ! national wor%ip4 ,at ! la/ c5sus 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces only f\r ?\s& p gave !m z _! p]sonal deities1 & 9 ! ,panjb only "o hundr$ ackn[l$g$ !m4 ,n[ 9 ! we/ ! title ( ,pn* ,pr is sometimes giv5 to five ,rjput h]oes1 ,rmdeo1 ,pbu1 ,h>bu1 ,mall9? & ,gga1 #dbj & x is at lea/ a plausible !ory t ! five ,prs may h orig9ally be5 ! five ,pndu bro!rs1 ^: wor%ip has1 9 c\rse ( "t1 become degrad$1 be5 annex$ by ! l[] ,musalmns1 & aga9 tak5 ov] by _! m5ial ,h9du bre?r54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! sy/em ( wor%ip does n mat]ially diff] f ! cultus ( ! degrad$ indig5\s godl+s1 su* z ,kr ,gr ,deo1 ,brh ,bba1 ,jokhaiya1 & _! k9dr$4 ,! prie/s ( ! fai? are drawn f ! ,dafli or ,musalmn drumm] ca/e1 :o g ab\t f h\se to h\se recit+ ! tale ( ,ghzi ,miyn & 8 m>tyrdom1 ) a numb] ( wild leg5ds :i* h 9 c\rse ( "t be5 adopt$ 9 connection ) him4 ,an iron b> wrapp$ 9 r$ clo? & adorn$ ) fl[]s repres5ts ,ghzi ,miyn1 :i* is tak5 f door to door1 drums are beat5 & petty (f]+s ( gra9 collect$ f ! villag]s4 ,l[ ca/e ,h9dus1 l ,psis & ,*amrs1 wor%ip !m 9 ! =m ( five wood5 pegs fix$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! h\se4 ,! ,b>wrs1 a degrad$ crim9al tribe 9 ,oudh1 build 9 _! h\ses an alt> 9 ! %ape ( a tomb1 at :i* ye>ly 9 ,augu/ ! head ( ! family sacrifices 9 ! "n ( ! ,prs a f[l & (f]s "s ?9 cakes1 :i* he makes ov] to a ,muhammadan begg> :o goes ab\t f h\se to h\se beat+ a drum4 ,ghzi ,miyn4 ,! :ole wor%ip c5tres r\nd ,ghzi ,miyn4 ,8 real "n 0 ,sayyid ,slr ,masaud1 & he 0 nephew ( ,sultn ,mahmd ( ,ghazni4 ,he 0 born 9 #ajae ,a4,d41 0 lead] ( "o ( ! e>ly invasions ( ,oudh1 & is claim$ z "o ( ! fir/ m>tyrs ( ,islm 9 ,india4 ,he 0 kill$ 9 battle ) ! ,h9dus ( ,bahri* 9 #ajcd ,a4,d4 ,close to ! battle-field 0 a tank ) an image ( ! sun on its banks1 a %r9e sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( all ,h9dus4 ,masaud1 :5ev] he pass$ x1 0 wont to say t he wi%$ to h ?is spot = a dwell+-place1 & w\ld1 if x s pleas$ ,god1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! spiritual sun1 de/roy ! wor%ip ( ! mat]ial4 ,he 01 x is said1 buri$ by "s ( 8 foll[]s 9 ! place :i* he _h *os5 = 8 re/+-place1 & tradition av]s t 8 head re/s on ! image ( ! sun1 ! wor%ip ( :i* he _h giv5 8 life to de/roy4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t ?is cultus ( ,masaud may h m]ely succe$$ to "s local wor%ip1 su* z t ( ! sun1 & 9 ?is connection x is significant t ! great rite 9 hon\r ( ! m>tyr is call$ ! ,byh or m>riage ( ! sa9t1 & ?is w\ld associate x ) o!r emblematical m>riages ( ! e>? & sun or sky :i* 7 int5d$ to promote f]tility4 #dba ,masaud1 aga91 is ! type ( y\? & val\r 9 milit>y ,islm1 & to ! ,h9du m9d assumes ! =m ( "o ( ^? godlike y\?s1 su* z ,kri%na or ,dlha ,deo1 snat*$ away by an untimely & tragical fate 9 ! prime ( boyi% beauty4 ,s1 ?\gh he 0 a fanatical devotee ( ,islm1 8 tomb is visit$ z mu* by ,h9dus z by ,muhammadans4 ,besides 8 regul> %r9e at ,bahri*1 he has c5otaphs at v>i\s places1 z at ,gorakhpur & ,bhadohi 9 ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict1 :]e annual fairs are held 9 8 hon\r4 ,! wor%ip ( ,masaud1 :i* is n[ disc\rag$ by ,muhammadan puri/s1 embodi$1 ev5 9 e>ly times1 s mu* idolatry & feti%ism z to be obnoxi\s to ! puritanic p>ty2 x fell "u ! c5sure ( ! au?orities1 & ,sik&> ,lodi int]dict$ ! procession ( 8 spe>4 #dbb ,n[adays at 8 fe/ivals a long spe> or pole is p>ad$ ab\t1 cr[n$ at ! top ) bu%y hair1 repres5t+ ! head ( ! m>tyr1 :i*1 x is said1 kept roll+ on ! gr\nd long aft] x 0 sev]$ f ! trunk4 #dbc ,sakhi ,s>w>4 ,sakhi ,s>w>1 or g5]\s lead]1 ! title ( a sa9t ^: real "n 0 ,sayyid ,ahmad1 is h>dly popul> beyond ! ,panjb1 :]e 8 foll[]s are kn[n z ,sultnis1 & are m ?an f\r hundr$ ?\s& 9 numb]4 #dbd ,no "o kn[s exactly :5 he liv$2 "s place him 9 ! twelf? & o!rs 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b !re are o!r traditions :i* w\ld br+ him d[n to ! sixte5?4 ,:atev] be ! exact "t ( 8 bir? & dea?1 he 0 "o ( ! class ( ,muhammadan sa9ts1 l ,bah-ud-dn & ,%ams ,tabrz1 :o settl$ & practis$ au/]ities 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,multn4 ,o!r names = him are ,lkhdta or ! giv] ( lkhs1 ,llanwla1 he ( ! rubies1 & ,rohinwla1 or he ( ! ,hills4 ,8 life1 z we h x1 is b a mass ( leg5ds4 ,he once cur$ a camel ( a brok5 leg by rivet+ x toge!r4 ,miracul\sly1 z s _m ( ^! sa9ts d1 he gave two sons to "o ,gannu ( ,multn & m>ri$ 8 daught]4 ,! hill t ov]looks 8 tomb at ,nigha 9 ! ,d]a ,ghzi ,khn ,di/rict1 at ! edge ( ! ,sulaimn m\nta9s1 is said to h be5 infe/$ by a fe>ful giant4 ,?is mon/] us$ at night to /& on ! hill-top & ) a tor* lure unw>y travell]s to _! de/ruction4 ,aga9/ him ,sakhi ,s>w> & 8 f\r companions wag$ w>1 b all except ! sa9t 7 kill$2 & su* 0 ! fall ( ! mon/] t ! hill trembl$ to its base4 ,)9 an enclosure are se5 ! tombs ( ! sa9t1 8 lady1 ,bb ,r1 & a ,j9n :o fell be=e ! onset ( ! h]o4 ,to ! ea/ is ! ap>tm5t conta9+ ! /ool & sp9n+-:eel ( ,m ',ae%an1 ,sakhi ,s>w>'s "m4 ,x is a curi\s in/ance ( ! comb9ation ( ! two rival fai?s1 s con/antly obs]vable 9 ?is phase ( ! popul> wor%ip1 t close to ! %r9e ( ,sakhi ,s>w> is a temple ( ,vi%nu1 a %r9e ( ,bba ,nnak1 ! f\nd] ( ,sikhism1 & an image ( ,bhairon1 :o appe>s 9 ! leg5ds z ! s]vant or mess5g] ( ! sa9t4 ,! tomb pres5ts a curi\s mixture ( ,musalmn & ,h9du ar*itecture4 ,x 0 rec5tly de/roy$ by fire1 & two rubies pres5t$ by ,ndir ,%h1 & "s valuable jewels1 ! gift ( ,sultn ,zamn ,%h1 7 de/roy$ or lo/4 ,! ,sultni sect1 9 l>ge numb]s1 "u ! guidance ( conductors kn[n z ,bh>ai1 make pilgrimages to ! tomb4 ,ne> x are two dead trees1 said to h sprung f ! pegs :i* 7 us$ to te!r ,kakk1 ! sa9t's m>e4 ,! walls are hung ) small pill[s ( v>i\s degrees ( ornam5tation4 ,p]sons :o suff] f oph?almia v[ gold or silv] eyes = _! recov]y4 ,!y v[ to %ave ! hair ( an expect$ *ild at ! temple1 & its weight 9 gold or silv] is pres5t$ to ! sa9t4 ,"s *ildless p>5ts v[ to him _! fir/ *ild1 & on its bir? take x to ! temple ) a cord r\nd its neck4 ,!re are numb]s ( sacr$ pigeons atta*$ to ! %r9e1 :i* are support$ by an all[ance realiz$ f c]ta9 d$icat$ villages4 ,! m>ks ( ',ali's f+]s & ! pr9t ( 8 foot are /ill %[n to ! dev\t 9 consid]ation ( a fee to ! gu>dians1 & a visit is consid]$ peculi>ly efficaci\s = ! cure ( demoniacal possession1 exhibit+ itself 9 ! =m ( epilepsy or hy/]ia4 ,besides ! %r9e at ,nigha1 !re are num]\s o!r %r9es ( ! sa9t1 ( :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ are ^? connect$ ) ! annual fair at ,dhonkal 9 ,gujrnwla1 ! ,jh&a fair at ,pe%w>1 & ! ,kadmon fair at ,anrkali1 ne> ,lahore4 ,at ,dhonkal !re is a magic well :i* 0 produc$ by ! sa9t1 ! wat] ( :i* is mu* 9 reque/4 ,at ,anrkali a class ( musicians1 call$ ,dholis1 take "y *ildr51 :o are pres5t$ at ! tomb1 & dance ab\t ) !m4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,delhi he is n held 9 s mu* respect1 b %r9es 9 8 hon\r are common1 v[s & pilgrimages to him are frequ5t1 & ,brhmans tie ?reads on ! wri/s ( _! cli5ts on a fix$ day 9 8 "n4 ,"u ! "n ( ,lkhdta he has become ! patron deity ( a?letes1 & especially ( wre/l]s4 ,9 ! c5tral di/ricts ( ! ,panjb1 8 %r9e1 an unpret5d+ little edifice1 is to be se5 outside ne>ly e hamlet4 ,! %r9e is a holl[ pla/]$ brick cube1 eight or t5 feet 9 ea* direction1 cov]$ ) a dome "s t5 or twelve feet high & ) l[ m9>ets or pill>s at ! f\r corn]s1 & a doorway 9 front1 op5+ out g5]ally on a pla/]$ brick plat=m4 ,fac+ ! doorway inside are two or ?ree ni*es = lamps1 b o!rwise ! %r9e is p]fectly empty4 ,! sa9t is especially wor%ipp$ on ,?ursdays1 :5 ! %r9e is swept1 & at night lamps are lit inside x4 ,! gu>dians ( ! %r9e are ,musalmns ( ! ,bh>ai clan1 :o g r\nd on ,?ursdays beat+ drums & collect+ (f]+s4 ,^! (f]+s1 :i* are g5]ally 9 small *ange or small h&fuls ( gra9 or cotton1 are ma9ly pres5t$ by wom54 ,ano!r me?od ( pleas+ ! sa9t is by v[+ a ,rt2 ! ,rt is made by plac+ d\gh to ! ext5t v[$ on a hot piece ( e>?1 :]e a fire has be5 burn+1 & di/ribut+ x :5 x is bak$4 ,he is also wor%ipp$ by sleep+ on ! gr\nd in/ead ( on a b$4 ,wre/l+ mat*es are also held 9 8 hon\r1 & ! (f]+s made to ! p]=m]s g t[>ds keep+ up ! %r9e at ,nigha4 ,a true wor%ipp] ( ,sultn w n sell milk on ,?ursday2 he w consume x himself or give x away4 ,s>w> is ess5tially a sa9t ( ! ,jts1 & he is also rev]$ by ,gj>s & ,jhnw>s1 & wom5 ev5 ( ! ,khatri & ,brhman ca/es adore him4 ,he has1 accord+ to ! la/ returns1 ov] f\r hundr$ ?\s& wor%ipp]s 9 ! ,panjb1 & eight ?\s& 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,gga ,pr4 ,ano!r not$ local sa9t is ,gga ,pr1 also kn[n z ,zhir ,pr1 ! sa9t app>5t1 or ,zhir ,dwn1 ! m9i/] app>5t1 or 9 ! ,panjb z ,bg>wla1 z 8 grave is ne> ,dadrewa 9 ,bikn]1 & he is said to h reign$ ov] ! ,bg> or great prairies ( ,nor!rn ,rjputna4 ,no?+ is kn[n = c]ta9 ab\t him1 & ! tales told ( him are m]ely a mass ( wild leg5ds4 ,accord+ to "s he fl\ri%$ some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ,indian hagiolatry 0 at its z5i?4 ,o!rs say t he 0 a ,*auhn ,rjput1 a contempor>y ( ,pri?iv ,rja ( ,delhi1 :ile by ano!r /ory he di$ ) 8 =ty-five sons & sixty nephews oppos+ ,mahmd ( ,ghazni4 ,he is said to h be5 a ,h9du ) ! title ( ,gga ,br1 or ! h]o2 & "o acc\nt repres5ts him to h become a conv]t to ,islm4 ,he is said to h kill$ 8 two nephews & to h be5 condemn$ by _! "m to foll[ !m bel[4 ,he attempt$ to d s1 b ! e>? object$ t he be+ a ,h9du1 %e 0 q unable to receive him till he %\ld be prop]ly burnt4 ,z he 0 anxi\s to revisit 8 wife nightly1 ?is did n suit him1 & s he became a ,musalmn1 & h] scruples be+ ?us remov$1 ! e>? swall[$ him & 8 horse alive4 #dbe ,9 ano!r & m degrad$ =m ( ! leg5d curr5t 9 ,muzaff>nag>1 he is said to h jump$ into a pile ( c[-dung1 :]e he disappe>$1 a s]ies ( /ories :i* rem9d u ( ! ,curtius my?4 #dbf ,ano!r elaborate leg5d repres5ts ,gga to be ! son ( ! ,rn ,b*hal1 & fixes 8 bir?place at ,sirswa 9 ! ,sahranpur ,di/rict4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! invasion ( ,mahmd ( ,ghazni1 %e m>ri$ ,vatsa1 ! ,rja ( ,bg>desa1 or ! ,rjputna des]t4 ,by ! influ5ce ( t ubiquit\s sa9t1 ,gorakhn?1 %e conceiv$ 9 spite ( ! intrigues ( h] si/]1 & h] *ild 0 call$ ,gga1 because ! sa9t gave to 8 "m1 z a pres]vative1 a piece ( gum res9 kn[n z ,ggal4 ,8 c\s9s attack$ him & tri$ to rob him ( 8 k+dom1 b ,gga defeat$ !m & cut (f _! heads1 :i* he pres5t$ to 8 "m4 ,%e1 9 h] ang]1 ord]$ him to g to ! place :]e he _h s5t h] nephews2 s he reque/$ ! e>? to receive him into h] bosom1 :i* %e refus$ to d until he became a conv]t to ,islm4 ,he !n w5t to ,mecca1 & became a disciple ( "o ,ratan ,hji1 & on 8 return ! e>? op5$ & receiv$ him1 ) 8 fam\s black m>e ,javdiy4 #dbg ,! m>e has1 ( c\rse1 a /ory ( h] own4 ,gga _h no *ildr51 & lam5t+ ?is to 8 gu>dian deity1 he receiv$ f him two b>ley-corns1 "o ( :i* he gave to 8 wife & ! o!r to 8 fam\s m>e1 :i* gave bir? to 8 *>g]1 h5ce call$ ,javdiy or b>ley-born4 ,we f9d ?is wond]ful m>e ?r\gh ! :ole range ( folk-lore1 b ! be/ p>allel to h] is ! fam\s m>e ( ,gwri ( ! gold5 hair1 & ,setanta 9 ! ,celtic tale4 #dbh ,f ,scotl&1 too1 we get a p>allel to ! magic bir?3 ,"h are ?ree gra9s = !e t ?\ %alt give ?y wife ?is v night1 & ?ree o!rs to ! dog1 & ^! ?ree to ! m>e2 & ^! ?ree ?\ %alt plant beh9d ?y h\se2 & 9 _! own "t ?y wife w h ?ree sons1 ! m>e ?ree foals1 & ! dog ?ree puppies1 & !re w gr[ ?ree trees beh9d ?y h\se2 & ! trees w be a sign1 :5 "o ( ?y sons dies "o ( ! trees w )]4 #dbi ,x is ne$less to say t ?is is a /ock incid5t 9 folk-lore4 ,gga & ,snake-wor%ip4 ,b x is 9 8 function z "o ( ! ,snake k+s t ,gga is specially wor%ipp$4 ,:5 he is duly propitiat$ he c save f snake-bite1 & cause ^? :o neglect him to be bitt54 ,8 %r9e is (t5 f\nd 9 association ) t ( ,n>a ,s9ha1 ! man-lion inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 & ( ,gorakhn?1 ! fam\s ascetic1 ^: disciple he is said to h be54 ,he is ador$ by ,h9dus & ,muhammadans alike1 & by all ca/es1 by ,rjputs & ,jts1 z well z by ,*amrs & ,*hras4 ,ev5 ! ,brhman looks on him ) respect4 ,:i* is great]1 says ! prov]b1 ,rma or ,gga8 & ! reply is1 ,be :o may ! great]1 %all ,i get myself bitt5 by a snake8 9 o!r words1 ,?\gh ,rma may be ! great]1 betwe5 ourselves1 ,i d>e n say s = fe> ( (f5d+ ,gga4 ,he is repres5t$ on horseback1 ) 8 "m try+ to deta9 him z he desc5ds to ! inf]nal regions4 ,he holds z a m>k ( dignity a long /aff 9 8 h&s1 & ov] him two snakes meet1 "o be+ coil$ r\nd 8 /aff4 ,bo? ! ,h9du & ,muhammadan ,faqrs take ! (f]+s devot$ to him1 & c>ry 8 ,*h> or /&>d1 cov]$ ) peacocks' fea!rs1 f h\se to h\se 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,z is ! case ) godl+s ( ?is class all ov] ,india1 x is significant ( ! association ( 8 wor%ip ) "s e>ly non-,aryan beliefs t ! village scav5g] is consid]$ to be entitl$ to a %>e ( ! (f]+s pres5t$ at 8 %r9e4 ,accord+ to ! la/ c5sus ,gga _h ?irty-five ?\s& wor%ipp]s 9 ! ,panjb & "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree ?\s& 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces4 ,wor%ip ( ,tejaj4 ,ano!r godl+ ( ! same k9d is ,tejaj1 ! ,jt snake godl+ ( ,mrwr4 ,he is said to h liv$ ab\t #ijj ye>s ago4 ,"o day he notic$ t a ,brhman's c[ 0 9 ! habit ( go+ to a c]ta9 place 9 ! jungle1 :]e milk fell f h] udd] into ! hole ( a snake4 ,teja agre$ to supply ! snake daily ) milk1 & ?us save ! ,brhman f loss4 ,once :5 he 0 prep>+ to visit 8 fa!r-9-law1 he =got ! compact1 & ! snake appe>+1 decl>$ t x 0 necess>y t he %\ld bite ,teja4 ,he /ipulat$ = p]mission fir/ to visit 8 fa!r-9-law1 to :i* ! snake agre$4 ,teja proce$$ on 8 j\rney1 & on ! way rescu$ ! village cattle f a gang ( robb]s1 b 0 desp]ately w\nd$ 9 ! enc\nt]4 ,m9dful ( 8 promise1 he ) difficulty pres5t$ himself to ! snake1 :o1 h[ev]1 c\ld f9d no spot to bite1 z ,teja _h be5 s griev\sly w\nd$ by ! robb]s4 ,teja !re=e put out 8 tongue1 :i* ! snake bit1 & s he di$4 ,he is n[ a protector aga9/ snake-bite1 & is repres5t$ z a man on horseback1 :ile a snake is bit+ 8 tongue4 #dcj ,tejaj & ,gga1 z snake godl+s1 ?us rank ) ,bhajang1 ! snake godl+ ( ,k?iawr1 :o is a bro!r ( ,se%a ,nga1 & ) ,mnas1 ! goddess ( ,b5gal1 :o is ! si/] ( ,vsuki1 ! wife ( ,j>atkru1 & "m ( ,a/ik1 ^: int]v5tion sav$ ! snake race f de/ruction by ,janamejya4 #dca ,wor%ip ( ,bba ,f>d ,%akk>ganj4 ,bba ,f>d ,%akk>ganj1 or f\nta9 ( sweets1 s call$ because he 0 able miracul\sly to transmute du/ or salt into sug>1 0 born 9 #aagc ,a4,d41 & di$ 9 #abfe4 ,8 tomb is at ,pkpatan1 & he enjoys high consid]ation 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,qutb-ud-dn ,bakhtyr ,kki1 :o aga9 sat at ! feet ( ,mun-ud-dn ,*i%ti ( ,ajm]1 also a great "n to swe> by4 ,f>d's mo/ di/+ui%$ disciple 0 ,nizm-ud-dn ,auliya1 :o has a lovely tomb at ,ghayspur1 ne> ,delhi4 ,f>d 0 v closely associat$ ) ,bba ,nnak1 & mu* ( ! doctr9e ( e>ly ,sikhism seems to h be5 bas$ on 8 tea*+4 ,he is said to h possess$ ! ,da/-i-ghaib1 or hidd5 h&1 a sort ( magic bag :i* gave him any?+ he wi%$1 :i* is l ! wi%+ hat & inexhau/ible pot or purse1 :i* is a /ock elem5t 9 ,indian & ,european folk-lore4 #dcb ,! ,emp]or1 x is said1 tri$ to humble him :5 he came to ,delhi1 b he answ]$ 9 ! fam\s prov]b--,delh dr a/--,delhi is f> away1 ! ,ori5tal equival5t to ,rob ,roy's ,x is a f> cry to ,lo*[4 ,! ,musalmn ,?ags look$ on him z ! f\nd] ( _! sy/em1 & us$ to make pilgrimages to 8 tomb4 ,he is believ$ to h be5 connect$ ) ! ,assass9s or disciples ( ! ,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta94 #dcc ,e devotee :o contrives to get ?r\gh ! door ( 8 mausoleum at ! prescrib$ "t ( 8 fea/ is assur$ ( a free entrance into ,p>adise h]eaft]4 ,! cr[d is !re=e imm5se1 & ! pressure s great t two or ?ree lay]s ( m51 pu%$ closely ov] ea* o!r1 g5]ally attempt ! passage at ! same "t1 & s]i\s accid5ts1 not)/&+ e precaution tak5 by ! police1 are n uncommon4 #dcd ,he comes 9 direct succession to "s ( ! wor?ies to :om ref]5ce has be5 already made4 ,to ,khwja ,mun-ud-dn ,*i%ti succe$$ ,khwja ,qutb-ud-dn ,bakhtyr ,kki1 & ,bba ,f>d foll[$ him4 ,!y 7 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,*i%tiya ord] ( ,faqrs4 ,besides 8 %r9e at ,pkpatan he has ano!r fam\s ,d>gh at ,%aikhsir 9 ,bikn]1 :i* is call$ aft] him1 & ! ,jts us$ to e/eem him highly until1 z ,col4 ,tod #dce says1 ,! ,bona ,dea assum$ ! %ape ( a ,jtn1 to :om 9 ! "n ( ,kiran ,mt1 ',our ,"m ( ! ray1' all b5d ! head4 ,ano!r leg5d fixes 8 tomb at ,girr1 9 ! ,wrdha ,di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,! zeolitic concretions ( ! ,girr hill are acc\nt$ = z ! petrifi$ cocoanuts & o!r articles ( m]*&ise belong+ to two travell+ deal]s :o mock$ ! sa9t1 on :i* he turn$ _! :ole /ock-9-trade into /ones z a puni%m5t4 ,!y implor$ 8 p>don1 & he creat$ a fre% supply = !m f dry leaves1 on :i* !y 7 s /ruck by 8 p[] t !y atta*$ !mselves to 8 s]vice till !y di$4 #dcf ,9 ! ,we/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ! fir/-fruits ( ! sug>-cane crop are d$icat$ to him4 ,he 0 a ?rifty sa9t1 & = ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( 8 life he support$ himself by hold+ to 8 /oma* wood5 cakes & fruits :5ev] he felt hungry4 ,9 ?is he resembl$ ,qutb-ud-,dn ,u%i1 :o 0 able by a miracle to produce cakes = ! support ( 8 family & himself4 #dcg ,m9or ,sa9ts4 ,( ! m9or sa9ts ! numb] is legion1 & only a few in/ances c be giv54 ,at ,makanpur 9 ! ,cawnpur ,di/rict is ! tomb ( ,z9da ,%h ,madr1 :o gives 8 "n to ! class ( ,musalmn ,faqrs1 kn[n z ,madri4 ,he is said to h be5 a native ( ,halab or ,aleppo1 & to h come to ?is place 9 #adae ,a4,d41 :5 he expell$ a fam\s demon nam$ ,makan ,deo1 aft] :om ! place 0 nam$4 ,l[ class ,h9dus & ,musalmns wor%ip him because he is suppos$ to save !m f snakes & scorpions1 & ! ,kahr be>]s1 z !y g ?r\gh jungle at night1 call out ,dam ,madr6 ,! sa9t is said to h _h ! p[] ( re/ra9+ 8 brea?1 :5ce 8 "n4 ,9 ! holy ( holies ( 8 %r9e no woman is all[$ to ent]1 no lights are light$1 no hymns are *ant$ & no food is cook$4 ',abdul ,qdir ,jilni1 :o is said to take 8 "n f ,jil1 a village ne> ,bghdd1 is ano!r not$ sa9t4 ,he is also kn[n z ,pr-i-,da/gr1 ,pr-i-',azam1 ,ghaus-ul-',azam1 & 0 born 9 #ajgh ,a4,d41 & di$ at ,bghdd4 ,"s say t he is id5tical ) ,mrn ,shib1 :o is wor%ipp$ all ov] ,nor!rn ,india4 ,he is said to h be5 a magician1 & to h subdu$ to 8 s]vice a ,j9n nam$ ,za9 ,khn1 :om he treat$ ) great cruelty4 ,"o day ! ,j9n surpris$ 8 ma/] 9 a /ate ( uncleanness & slew him1 b ev5 !n he 0 unable to escape f ! influ5ce ( ?is ar*-magician1 :o rules him 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,mrn ,shib is said to be buri$ at ,ajm]1 b he has ,d>ghs at ,amroha1 9 ! ,mordbd ,di/rict1 at ,b5>es & at ,bndi4 ,by ano!r acc\nt ! tomb at ,amroha is t ( ,%aikh ,saddu or ,sadr-ud-dn1 :o 0 once a cri] ( ! mosque1 & ne> 8 are po9t$ out ! tombs ( 8 "m ,ghziy or ,z & ( ,za9 ,khn1 ! ,j9n4 ,! sa9t ( ,jales>1 ,hazrat ,pr ,z>i1 is also kn[n z ,mrn ,shib1 & he is by "s id5tifi$ ) ! ,amroha wor?y4 ,9 ,k>nl he is said to h l$ ! ,sayyid army aga9/ ! ,rja ( ,?>wa1 & _h 8 head c>ri$ (f by a cannon ball dur+ ! battle4 ,he did n m9d ?is1 & w5t on fight+4 ,!n a woman 9 "o ( ! ,rja's villages said--,:o is fight+ )\t 8 head8 ^u :i* ! body said--,haq6 ,haq6 ,! ,"l6 ! ,"l6 & fell d[n dead1 call+ out--,:at8 ,are n ^! villages upside d[n yet8 ^u :i* e village 9 ! ,rja's t]ritory 0 turn$ upside d[n & ev]yone kill$ except a ,brhman girl1 ! p>am\r ( ! ,rja4 ,_! ru9s rema9 to au!nticate ! /ory4 ,n[ ! sa9t & 8 si/]'s son1 ,sayyid ,kabr1 are jo9tly wor%ipp$4 ,we %all meet ?is headless h]o aga9 9 ! case ( ! ,dnd1 & x w be rememb]$ t a simil> leg5d is told ( ,ghzi ,miyn4 ,villages ,ov]turn$4 ,( ^! villages :i* 7 ov]turn$ by a curse we h _m examples all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! ru9s at ,bakhira ,dih 9 ,ba/i are said to h be5 a great city :i* 0 ov]?r[n because a ,rja s$uc$ a ,brhman girl4 ,at ,bates> 9 ,agra is ! ,aundha ,kh]a1 :i* records a simil> cata/rophe4 ,s ,bng>mau 9 ,uno is call$ ! ,lauta ,%ahr or ov]?r[n city1 because ,mrn ,shib de/roy$ x to puni% ! curiosity ( ! ,rja :o want$ to "k :y ! robes ( ! sa9t :i* a wa%]man 0 wa%+ gave =? a div9e p]fume4 ,s ! t[n ( ,kko 0 ov]:elm$ by ! sa9t ,bb ,kamlo because ! ,buddhi/ ,rja gave h] a di% cook$ ( ! fle% ( rats1 :i* came to life :5 %e t\*$ !m4 ,at ,besnag> 9 ,bhopl ! k+ & 8 subjects clung to a heav5ly *>iot & 7 c>ri$ to ! skies & _! city 0 ov]?r[n1 & ! sa9t ,qutb ,%h ov]turn$ ! city ( ,sunit because ! ,rja us$ to kill a *ild daily to cure an ulc] ) :i* he 0 afflict$4 #dch ,ab ',ali ,qal&> is h>dly kn[n beyond ! ,panjb4 ,he came f ,p]sia & di$ at ,pnipat 9 #acbd ,a4,d4 ,he is usually kn[n z ,b ',ali ,qal&>1 & x is said t he us$ to ride ab\t on a wall4 ,he pray$ s con/antly t x 0 labori\s to get wat] = 8 ablutions ea* "t2 s he /ood 9 ! ,jumn1 :i* !n ran pa/ ! t[n4 ,aft] /&+ !re sev5 ye>s ! fi%es _h gnaw$ 8 legs & he 0 s /iff t he c\ld h>dly move1 s he ask$ ! ,jumn to /ep back sev5 paces4 ,%e1 9 h] hurry to oblige ! sa9t1 w5t back sev5 ,kos or t5 miles1 & !re %e is n[4 #dci ,_m o!r sa9ts are said to h _h simil> p[] ov] riv]s4 ,s rec5tly z #ahfe ,a4,d41 a miracul\s bridge ( s& 0 built ov] ! ,jumn at ,k>nl by ! pray] ( a ,faqr1 ( su* r>e virtue t lep]s pass+ ov] & ba?+ at bo? ends 7 cur$2 b ! p say t ! bridge _h got lo/ :5 !y came !re4 #ddj ,x 0 only ! pray]s ( ! sa9t ,f>d-ud-d9 ,%akk>ganj :i* /opp$ ! we/w>d movem5t ( ! ,satlaj1 & ! int]cession ( a holy ,ri%i *ang$ ! c\rse ( ! riv] at ,bghesw>4 #dda ,b ',ali gave ! ,pnipat p a *>m :i* dispell$ all ! flies f ! t[n1 b !y grumbl$ & said t !y r lik$ flies2 s he br\ght !m back a ?\s&fold4 ,he 0 buri$ fir/ at ,k>nl1 b ! ,pnipat p claim$ 8 body1 & op5$ 8 grave1 :]eupon he sat up & look$ at !m till !y became a%am$4 ,!y !n took away "s bricks = ! f\ndation ( a %r9e2 b :5 !y got to ,pnipat & op5$ ! box1 !y f\nd 8 body 9 x2 s he is n[ buri$ 9 bo? places1 & !re is a %r9e erect$ ov] ! place :]e he us$ to ride on ! wall4 ,malmat ,%h4 ,malmat ,%h is treat$ ) mu* respect 9 ,brabanki4 ,! disciple 9 *>ge ( 8 tomb calls ! jackals ) a peculi> cry at dusk4 ,!y dev\r :at is left ( ! (f]+s1 b w only t\* su* ?+s z are giv5 ) a s9c]e m9d & n to be se5 ( m54 ,a religi\s tig] is also said to come ov] f ,bahri* & pay an annual visit to ! %r9e4 #ddb ,miyn ,ahmad4 ,at ,qasr is ! tomb ( ! sa9t ,miyn ,ahmad ,khn ,d>ve%1 on :i* ! att5dants place a numb] ( small pebbles4 ,^! are call$ ,ahmad ,khn's lions1 & are sold to p :o tie !m r\nd ! necks ( *ildr5 tr\bl$ 9 _! sleep4 #ddc ,%aikh ,sadd4 ,%aikh ,sadd has be5 m5tion$ 9 ano!r connection4 ,8 visitations cause melan*oly & hypo*ondria4 ,he is exorcis$ by ! di/ribution ( sweets to ! poor & ! sacrifice ( a black goat4 ,he once f\nd a magic lamp1 l t ( ,aludd91 ! p[]s ( :i* he abus$1 & 0 torn to pieces by ! ,j9n4 #ddd ,! li/ ( ^! wor?ies is imm5se4 ,we c only m5tion 9 pass+ ,%h ,abdul ,ghafr1 commonly kn[n z ,bba ,kapr1 a disciple ( ,%h ,madr1 ^: %r9e is 9 ,gwlyr2 ,mr ,abdul ',ala1 ! ,nakh%b&i :o is buri$ at ,agra2 ,sultn ,bayazd1 :o k9dl$ a lamp :i* light$ ! _w = "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles1 & ?us drove ! ,j9n f ,*atgnw 9 ,b5gal1 :]e he is wor%ipp$2 ,%aikh ,kabr1 kn[n z ,bla ,pr1 ! son ( ,%h ,qsim ,sulaimni ( ,*unr1 ^: %r9e is at ,kanauj2 ,%aikh ,muhammad ,ghaus ( ,gwliyr2 & ,sidi ,maula1 :o possess$ ! p[] ( transmut+ metals into gold4 ,la/ly comes ,%h ,daula1 ^: %r9e is at ,guj>t 9 ! ,panjb4 ,8 prie/ is able to conf] (fspr+ on *ildless p on condition t !y d$icate ! fir/ *ild to ! sa9t1 & ?is *ild is !n born ) ! head ( a rat4 ,"s wret*$ imbeciles ) rat-l features are f\nd at 8 tomb4 #dde ,^! wond]-work+ %r9es belong to ,h9du z well z ,musalmn sa9ts4 ,9 ! ,etah ,di/rict is ! tomb ( ,kalyn ,bhrati1 a ,h9du ascetic4 ,he 0 buri$ alive at 8 own reque/ ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,be=e 8 dea? he ann\nc$ t exactly six mon?s aft] he 0 dead ! ar* ( 8 tomb w\ld crack1 & s x happ5$4 ,n[ a m\nd ( e>? 9 ! c5tre is suppos$ to m>k ! head ( ! sa9t4 ,! virtue ( 8 %r9e is su* t if any "o take a false oa? )9 its prec9cts he w die at once4 ,! tomb is h5ce l>gely us$ = ! settlem5t ( disputes1 & _m a we>i$ di/rict (fic] longs t !re 7 m su* places ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,%r9es ,:i* ,cure ,disease4 ,_m ( ^! local %r9es owe _! reputation to notori\s cures1 :i* h be5 p]=m$ by ! int]v5tion ( ! local sa9t4 ,at ,*hatt>pur is ! %r9e ( ,rkh> ,bba1 an ascetic ( ! ,gusn class1 :o has ! p[] ( remov+ fev] & ague1 & h5ce among ! _m tombs ( 8 bre?r5 8 is kept clean & :ite-wa%$1 :ile ! o!rs are neglect$4 #ddf ,a %r9e 9 ,b]r is not$ = its p[] 9 cases ( snake-bite & scr(ula4 ,a l>ge two-/ori$ gate ( its enclosure owes its erection to ! gratitude ( a weal?y tailor1 :o 0 cur$ ( sore disease ( ! lo9s4 #ddg ,rec5tly at ! %r9e ( ! sa9t ( ,fatehpur 9 ! ,sahranpur ,di/rict1 ! ,faqr 9 *>ge in=m$ me t :5 ! p br+ sick *ildr5 to him1 he pulls (f a leaf f ! tree ov]hang+ ! tomb1 bl[s ^u x1 & says to ! disease1 ,begone1 y rascal6 & ! *ild is cur$4 ,at ! tomb ( ,pr ,jahniyn 9 ! ,muzaff>g>h ,di/rict1 p suff]+ f leprosy & boils get ! incumb5t to prep>e ba?s ( heat$ s&1 9 :i* ! diseas$ "p1 or ! :ole body is plac$4 ,! efficacy ( ! rem$y is ascrib$ to ! ?aumaturgic p[] ( ! sa9t4 #ddh ,! tomb ( ,makhdm ,shib 9 ! ,faizbd ,di/rict is fam\s = ! exorcism ( evil spirits1 a reputation :i* x %>es ) ! %r9e ( ,bairm at ,bidauli 9 ,muzaff>nag>1 & t ( ,bb ,kamlo at ,kko1 half-way betwe5 ,gaya & ,patna4 #ddi ,s1 9 ,b5gal1 ! *ief disease %r9es are ^? ( ,t>akesw>a 9 ,hughli1 sacr$ to ,mahdeva1 ( ,vaidyan?a 9 ! ,santl ,p>ganas1 & ,gondalpra 9 ,hughli1 fam\s 9 cases ( hydrophobia4 ,! device foll[$ at ! la/ place is = ! bitt5 p]son1 aft] fa/+1 to defray ! exp5se ( a special s]vice1 & to receive a piece ( broad clo? impregnat$ ) ! snuff ( a lamp-wick1 & secret$ 9 ! he>t ( a planta94 ,z long z ?is *>m is pres]v$ & ! pati5t ab/a9s f eat+ ( ?is v>iety ( planta91 ! effects ( ! bite are w>d$ (f4 ,ano!r plan is = ! pati5t to take a secret m$ic9e1 probably can?>ides1 p\nd$ ) tw5ty-"o pepp]-corns1 be=e ! tw5ty-fir/ day4 ,?is causes ! pati5t to ?r[ (f "s mucus1 kn[n z '! dog's :elp1' & ?is leads to cure4 #dej ,9 ! ,"pbg>h ,di/rict are to be se5 "h & !re /range-look+ brick-built erections call$ ,kk> ,deora or dogs' h\se1 9 ! %ape ( cupolas or pyramids4 ,"s ( !m are suppos$ to be ! treasure h\ses ( ! anci5t races4 ,if a man walks r\nd "o ( ^! sev5 times & !n looks 9 at ! door1 he w be cur$ f ! bite ( a mad dog4 #dea ,sayyid ,ysuf4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan gives a case at ,patna ( a c]ta9 ,sayyid ,ysuf1 :o manife/$ himself to a poor bl9d weav] & told him t he w\ld recov] 8 sight next day4 ,at ! same "t ! sa9t ord]$ 8 pati5t to se>* = 8 tomb & proclaim its virtues4 ,! weav]1 on recov]+ 8 sight1 did n fail to obey ! ord]s ( 8 b5efactor1 & he & 8 desc5dants h s9ce !n liv$ on ! contributions ( ! fai?ful1 ?\gh ! tomb is a m]e heap ( clay & has no end[m5t4 #deb ,! tomb at ,faizbd kn[n z ,fazl-ul-haqq1 or ,grace ( ,god1 br+s good luck if sweetmeats are (f]$ e ,?ursday1 & ano!r1 call$ ',ilm ,bakh%1 or ,wisdom-giv]1 causes boys :o are tak5 !re to le>n _! lessons quickly4 #dec ,! same result may be secur$ by a *>m :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,samavidhana ,brhmana--,aft] a fa/ ( ?ree nights1 take a plant ( ,soma1 recite a c]ta9 =mula & eat ( ! plant a ?\s& times1 y w be able to repeat any?+ aft] he>+ x once4 ,wond]-work+ ,tombs4 ,!re are o!r tombs :i* pres5t special peculi>ities4 ,?us1 n long s9ce cr[ds ( p assembl$ at ,khetwadi1 9 ,bombay1 to see a %r9e erect$ by "s sweep]s to ,zhir ,pr1 :i* at int]vals seem$ to oscillate f its f\ndations4 ,at ,anj> 9 ,s9dh are ! tombs ( a not$ outlaw nam$ ,jais> ,pr & 8 wife ,tur ,khatrn1 :o 7 orig9ally buri$ ap>t1 b _! tombs are gradually approa*+1 & x is believ$ t at _! meet+ ! _w w be de/roy$4 ,s !re is a wall at ,gurdspur :i* a ,faqr saw be+ built1 & ask$ ! ma/]-mason if he consid]$ x to be firm4 ,! mason said t he believ$ x to be sub/antial1 :]eupon ! holy man t\*$ x & made x %ake1 & x has gone on %ak+ ev] s9ce4 ,at ,faizbd is ! tomb ( a sa9t1 & "s "t ago ! metal top ( "o ( ! p9nacles took to %ak+1 & ! weav] population 7 s impress$ t !y levi$ a tax on ! community = its repair4 ,at ,jhanjhna is ! tomb ( ,sayyid ,mahmd1 :o 0 buri$ next to "o ( 8 disciples4 ,b ! latt] is too mode/ to place himself on an equality ) 8 ma/]1 s 8 tomb1 h[ev] mu* x is repair$1 always s9ks to a l[] level ?an t ( 8 preceptor4 ,at ,brabanki is ! tomb ( ! sa9t ,%aikh ,ahmad ,abdul-haq1 :o ?\ght he c\ld acquire "s useful in=mation by keep+ company ) ! dead4 ,s he got himself buri$ alive1 & aft] six mon?s 8 grave op5$ ( its own accord & he 0 tak5 out half dead4 ,! ,n9e-y>d ,tombs4 ,!re is ano!r class ( tombs :i* are kn[n z ! ,naugaza or ,naugaja1 t is to say tombs n9e y>ds long4 ,9 ^! re/ ! giants ( ! old] _w4 ,!re is "o ( ^! tombs at ,ngaur 9 ,rjputna1 & sev]al o!rs h be5 discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,ar*ological ,survey4 #ded ,five ( !m at ,vijhi measure respectively #bi1 #ca1 #cj & #ch feet4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,simpson calls ^! tombs ,buddhi/ic1 b ?is is v d\btful4 #dee ,! belief l>gely prevails among ,muhammadans t !re 7 giants 9 ! e>ly times4 ,adam himself is said to h be5 sixty y>ds 9 height1 & !re 0 a mon/] call$ ',uj 9 ! days ( ,adam1 & ! flood ( ,noah rea*$ only to 8 wai/4 ,!re is a tomb ( ,noah at ,faizbd :i* is said to h be5 built by ,alex&] ! ,great1 & n f> (f are ^? ( ,se? & ,job4 ,! latt]1 curi\sly en\gh1 are gradually gr[+ 9 size4 ,!y are n[ #ag & #ab feet long respectively1 b :5 ,abul ,fazl wrote !y 7 only #aj-a_/b & #i feet long4 #def ,%r9es ) ,images or ,relics4 ,! reputation1 aga91 ( _m %r9es re/s on ! assum$ discov]y1 g5]ally by means ( a dream1 t an anci5t image or ! bones ( a m>tyr 7 buri$ on ! spot1 & 9 _! hon\r a %r9e 0 e/abli%$4 ,?us1 ! great temple at ,b&akpur 9 ! ,damoh ,di/rict owes its orig9 to ! fact t a ,p&it 9 #agha ,a4,d4 dream$ a dream1 t 9 a c]ta9 spot lay buri$ 9 ! e>? an image ( ,jagsw> ,mahdeva1 & t if he built a suitable temple ov] ! place indicat$1 ! image w\ld make its appe>ance4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is dream ! ,p&it built a temple1 & x is ass]t$ t 9 due c\rse ( "t ! image develop$ itself )\t ! aid ( man4 #deg ,s1 ! ,bhairava temple on ! ,langr peak owes its e/abli%m5t to a c[h]d hav+ f\nd on ! spot a yell[-col\r$ /ick1 :i* on 8 attempt+ to cut x ) an axe1 p\r$ out drops ( blood4 ,fright5$ at ! sight1 ! c[h]d fl$1 only to be visit$ at night by ! god 9 8 t]rible =m1 :o comm&$ him to set up 8 %r9e "h4 ,a simil> leg5d is atta*$ to ! ,nryana image 9 ,nepl4 #deh ,! celebrat$ %r9e ( ,hanumn at ,begu?iya 0 discov]$ by a w&]+ ascetic1 #dei & a ,gj> c[boy is said n v long ago to h f\nd 9 "o ( ! ,sahranpur jungles ! image ( ! goddess ,skamb> ,dev1 :i* n[ attracts l>ge numb]s ( wor%ipp]s4 ,! ,mahrja ( ,balrmpur "s "t ago notic$ a rude %r9e ( ,bijlesw> ,dev1 ! goddess ( lightn+1 & rem>k$ t he w\ld build a h&some temple 9 hon\r ( h]1 7 x n = ! sacr$ banyan tree :i* %ad$ x & prev5t$ ! erection ( ! spire to ! prop] height4 ,t v night ! tree 0 uproot$ by a hurricane1 & a h&some temple 0 erect$1 ?is manife/ation ( h] p[] hav+ made ! goddess m popul> ?an ev]4 #dfj ,mi/akes are1 h[ev]1 sometimes made4 ,?is 0 ! case "s "t ago at ,ajudhya1 :]e c]ta9 images 7 discov]$ & wor%ipp$1 until a le>n$ ,p&it asc]ta9$ t !y 7 actually ! deities ( ! aborig9al ,bh>s1 :o us$ to sacrifice ,brhmans to !m4 ,!y 7 really ,ja9a images1 b x is ne$less to say t _! wor%ip 0 imm$iately ab&on$4 #dfa ,z is only natural1 %r9es :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ?is way at ! outset re/ "u a c]ta9 degree ( suspicion1 & h to make _! reputation by works ( heal+ & simil> miracles4 ,if !y fail to d s !y s9k into disrepute4 ,su* 0 ! case ) a v promis+ %r9e1 suppos$ to be t ( ! sa9t ,a%raf ',ali1 ^: bones 7 f\nd accid5tally n long ago at ,ahraura 9 ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict4 ,x enjoy$ consid]able reputation = a "t1 b fail+ to ma9ta9 its "*1 0 f9ally discr$it$ & ab&on$4 ,cont9u\s respect is naturally accord$ to anci5t sa9ts & local godl+s1 :o h long s9ce e/abli%$ _! claim to recognition by a s]ies ( exhibitions ( _! ?aumaturgic virtues4 ,b ! competition is s ke5 & ! pecuni>y value ( a successful in/itution ( ?is k9d s consid]able1 t ! claims ( any int]lop] mu/ be well te/$ & approv$ be=e x e/abli%es its position & succe$s 9 attract+ pilgrims4 ,! ,cur+ ( ,b>r5ness4 ,b>r5ness is 9 popul> belief ma9ly due to ! ag5cy ( evil spirits4 ,/]ile wom5 7 9 ,rome beat5 ) rods by ! nak$ y\?s :o ran ?r\gh ! city at ! ,lup]calia4 ,! b>r51 z ,%akespe>e says1 ,t\*$ by ?is holy *ase1 %ake (f _! /]ile curse4 ,9 ,bombay x is believ$ t ! cause ( n gett+ *ildr5 is t ! man or 8 wife mu/ h kill$ a s]p5t 9 _! =m] bir?1 ^: _s haunts !m & makes ! woman b>r54 ,to get rid ( ! _s :i* causes /]ility1 ! s]p5t's image is burnt & its fun]al rites are p]=m$4 #dfb ,! desire = male (fspr+ is s int5se t "s ( ^! %r9es d a ?riv+ trade 9 provid+ no/rums = ?is purpose4 ,"o extraord9>y me?od ( procur+ *ildr51 :i* long tr\bl$ our magi/rates 9 ,upp] ,india1 0 = ! w\ld-be "m to burn d[n ! hut ( "s neighb\r4 ,! ,panjbi woman1 :o "u ! reign ( ,briti% law is prev5t$ f burn+ ! h\se ( h] neighb\r1 n[ takes a little grass f sev5 ?at*es & burns x4 #dfc ,9 ano!r =m ( ! *>m ! ,khndh prie/ takes ! woman to ! conflu5ce ( two /reams1 spr9kles wat] ov] h] to purify h] f ! dang]\s influ5ce ( ! _s & makes an (f]+ to ! god ( bir?s4 ,"s special influ5ce has be5 9 _m l&s consid]$ to atta* to a p]son :o has be5 publicly execut$1 & to ! appliances us$ by ! hangman4 ,rec5tly at an execution 9 ,bombay1 ! hangman 0 obs]v$ to c>efully secure ! rope1 & p>ticul>ly t "p ( x :i* _h encircl$ ! neck ( ! culprit4 ,he /at$ t he c\ld sell e qu>t] in* ( x1 z x av]t$ evil spirits & gho/s1 & ev5 prev5t$ dea? f hang+4 ,?is idea acc\nts = ! respect paid ?r\gh\t ,europe to ! m&rake1 :i* is suppos$ to be g5]at$ f ! dropp+s ( ! bra9 ( a ?ief on ! gall[s4 ,9 ,cornwall a w5 or /rum\s swell+ c be cur$ by t\*+ x ) ! h& ( a man :o has be5 publicly hang$4 #dfd ,accord+ to ! same pr9ciple1 b>r5 wom5 9 ,india ba! und]nea? a p]son :o has be5 hang$1 & wom5 ( ! middle classes try to obta9 a piece ( ! wood ( ! gall[s = ! same object4 ,ano!r practice dep5ds ^u ! pr9ciple t creep+ "u a b5t tree or ?r\gh a p]=at$ /one expels ! demon4 ,o!r in/ances ( ?is w be giv5 9 ano!r place4 ,h5ce 9 ,guj>t1 :5 an ascetic ( ! ,dndiya sect dies1 wom5 :o seek ! bless+ ( a son try to secure x by creep+ "u ! litt] on :i* 8 corpse is remov$4 #dfe ,a rite c>ri$ out ) ! same object re/s on a sort ( symbolic magic indicat+ f]tility4 ,along ! roads may (t5 be se5 trees almo/ de/roy$ by a noxi\s creep] kn[n z ! ,ak% ,bel4 ,wom5 9 hope ( (fspr+ (t5 transplant ?is f "o tree to ano!r1 & are ?us a decid$ nuisance to a di/rict (fic] ) a ta/e = arboriculture4 ,b ! mo/ approv$ plan is to visit a %r9e ) a reputation = heal+ ?is class ( malady4 ,!re ! pati5t is giv5 a cocoanut1 :i* is a magic sub/ance1 a fruit1 or ev5 a b>ley-corn f ! holy ( holies4 ,mr4 ,h>tl& has rec5tly made an elaborate /udy ( ?is subject1 & he po9ts out ! pr9ciple on :i* ! eat+ ( su* sub/ances produc$ ! desir$ effect4 ,:e!r f an analogy betwe5 ! normal act ( impregnation & t ( eat+ & dr9k+1 or because savages _h le>nt t at lea/ "o mode ( op]at+ effectively on ! organism1 = purposes alike ( injury & heal+1 0 by drugs tak5 ?r\gh ! m\?1 ?is 0 ! fav\rite me?od ( sup]natural impregnation4 ,& aga9--,fl[]s1 fruit & o!r vegetables1 eggs1 fi%es1 spid]s1 worms1 & ev5 /ones1 are all capable ( becom+ human be+s4 ,!y only await absorption 9 ! %ape ( food1 or 9 "s o!r appropriate mann]1 into ! body ( a woman1 to enable ! metamorphosis to be accompli%$4 #dff ,! same idea con/antly occurs 9 ,indian folk-lore4 ,! b>r5 que5 is giv5 ! juice ( a pomegranate by a ,faqr1 or ! k+ plucks "o ( ! sev5 mangoes :i* gr[ on a special tree1 or a begg> gives ! pr9cess ! drug :i* causes h] to give bir? to tw9s4 #dfg ,ev5 9 ! ,rmyana we read t ,rja ,das>a?a divides ! oblation among 8 wives & !y conceive4 ,ev5 n[adays 9 ,flor5ce1 if a woman wi%es to be ) *ild1 %e goes to a prie/ & gets f him an en*ant$ apple1 ) :i* %e repairs to ,sa9t ,anna1 :o 0 ! ,luc9a ( ,roman times1 & repeats a pray] or a spell4 #dfh ,"s holy m51 x mu/ be admitt$1 d n escape ! tongue ( sl&] = _! do+s 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( _! bus9ess4 ,h>mless ,sa9ts & ,godl+s4 ,mo/ ( ^! sa9ts & godl+s :om we h be5 consid]+1 are comp>atively h>mless1 & ev5 b5evol5t4 ,su* is ne>ly always ! case ) ! gho/s ( ! ,european dead1 :o are con/antly deifi$4 ,p]haps because ! ,shib is su* a curi\sly incompreh5sible p]sonage to ! ru/ic1 he is believ$ to reta9 8 p[]s 9 ! o!r _w4 ,b x is a rem>kable & unconsci\s tribute to ! =eign rul] t 8 gho/ %\ld be b5efic5t4 ,! g>d5] 9 *>ge ( ! /ation cemet]y 9 ,mirzapur "s "t ago in=m$ me t he con/antly sees ! gho/s ( ! ladies & g5tlem5 buri$ !re com+ out = a walk 9 ! hot summ] nights1 & t !y nev] h>m him4 ,b ) ord9>y graves x is necess>y to be cauti\s4 ,z appe>s 9 ! cycle ( tales :i* turn on ! magic o9tm5t :i* enables ! possessor to see ! be+s ( ! o!r _w1 spirits hate be+ wat*$4 ,! _s1 = in/ance1 (t5 ann\nces its wi%es4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,tughlaq began to build ! tomb ( ! ,sa9t ,bahwal ,haq1 a voice 0 he>d f bel[1 say+1 ,y are tread+ on my body4 ,ano!r site 0 *os5 at a %ort di/ance1 & ! voice said1 ,y are tread+ on my knees4 ,he w5t a little fur!r1 & ! voice said1 ,y are tread+ on my toes4 ,s he _h to g to ! o!r end ( ! =t1 & z ! voice 0 n he>d !re1 ! tomb 0 built4 ,if y visit an old tomb1 x is well to clap y\r h&s1 z ! gho/ sometimes revisits its re/+-place1 & if discov]$ 9 d%abille1 is likely to res5t ! intrusion 9 a v disagreeable mann]4 ,s x is v dang]\s to pollute a tomb or insult its occupant 9 any way1 & in/ances h occurr$ ( cases ( epilepsy & hy/]ia1 :i* 7 attribut$ to ! neglect ( ^! precautions4 ,?us1 !re is no?+ p]man5t1 no e/abli%$ rule ( fai? 9 ! popul> belief ( ! ru/ic4 ,discr$it$ sa9ts & %r9es are always pass+ into contempt & oblivion2 new wor?ies are be+ con/antly canoniz$4 ,! wor/ "p ( ! matt] is t !re is no (ficial controll] ( ! "r to deification1 no ,advocatus ,diaboli to dispute ! claims ( ! c&idate to cele/ial hon\rs4 ,at ! same "t ! sy/em1 ?\gh (t5 discr$it$ by fraud1 admirably illu/rates ! ela/ic "* ( ! popul> cre$4 ,h9duism w\ld h>dly be s cong5ial to ! m9ds ( ! masses1 if "s rigid sup]vis+ ag5cy disput$ ! "r ( any tribe to wor%ip its h]o1 ( any village to canonize its local wor?y4 ,! /eady popul>ity ( ! sy/em1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 %[s t x satisfactorily provides = ! religi\s wants ( ! p4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,malevol5t ,,dead4 ,prt de psy* ,elpnoros l!n etair\1 ,ou g> p ete?apto hypo *?onos euryodeis4 ,odyssey1 xi4 #ea1 #eb4 ,^! deifi$ gho/s & sa9ts :om we h be5 discuss+1 ?\gh occasionally t\*y & s5sitive to insult or disrespect1 are1 z a rule1 b5evol5t4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( be+s at ^: feet ! ru/ic lies 9 griev\s & p]petual bondage4 ,^! are ! malevol5t dead4 ,spirits ( ! ,dead ,ho/ile4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& :y ! spirits ( ! dead %\ld be reg>d$ z ho/ile4 ,a /rang] is1 9 ! belief ( all primitive p1 synonym\s ) an enemy2 & ! _s ( ! dep>t$ hav+ ab&on$ 8 own & jo9$ "s o!r & invisible tribe1 ^: doma9s lie outside ! _w ( s5se1 is sure to be consid]$ inimical to ! survivors left on e>?4 ,z we h already se51 ev5 ! usually k9dly _s ( ! dep>t$ h\sehold dead requires propitiation & res5ts neglect2 mu* m ^? ( a diff]5t tribe or family4 ,aga91 ^? disembodi$ s\ls 9 p>ticul> ^: dep>ture f ! e>? occurr$ "u unexpect$ or specially tragical circum/ances are naturally consid]$ to h be5 eject$ aga9/ _! w f _! t5em5t ( clay1 & z = _m ( !m ! prop] fun]al rites h n be5 p]=m$1 !y c>ry ) !m to ! next _w an angry long+ = rev5ge4 ,z ,br&1 writ+ ( ,briti% gho/s1 says1 ,! gho/s ( murd]$ p]sons1 ^: bodies h be5 secretly buri$1 are re/less until _! bones h be5 tak5 up & deposit$ 9 consecrat$ gr\nd ) ! due rites ( ,*ri/ian burial2 ?is idea be+ ! survival ( ! old hea!n sup]/ition t ,*>on 0 n all[$ to f]ry ov] ! gho/s ( ! unburi$1 b t !y w&]$ up & d[n ! banks ( ! riv] ,/yx = a p]iod ( a hundr$ ye>s1 at ! expiration ( :i* !y 7 admitt$ to a passage4 #dfi ,?is conception ( ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea? may be illu/rat$ by ! savage !ory ( dreams4 ,savage ,!ory ( ,dreams4 ,_m savages believe t ! evid5ce ( dreams is suffici5t to prove t ! s\l moves ab\t dur+ sleep1 & t ! dream is ! record ( its exp]i5ces 9 hunt+1 danc+1 visit+ fri5ds1 & s on4 ,! ,sep>able ,s\l4 ,h5ce arises ! possibility t 9 ! tempor>y abs5ce ( a man's s\l 8 body may be occupi$ by "s o!r p]son's _s1 or ev5 by a malignant gho/ or demon4 ,9 ! ,pan*atantra !re is a /ory ( a k+ :o lo/ 8 own s\l1 b aft]w>ds recov]$ x4 ,a ,panjb tale tells h[ a ,h9du 0 once asleep & 8 s\l w5t on its travels z usual4 ,dur+ its w&]+s x felt ?ir/y & w5t into a pit*] ( wat] to dr9k4 ,:ile x 0 9 ! pit*] "s "o %ut ! lid1 & x 0 imprison$4 ,8 fri5ds took ! corpse to ! cremation gr\nd1 b "s "o happ5$ =tunately to op5 ! pit*] j 9 "t1 & ! _s flew into its own body1 :i* awoke on ! bi]4 #dgj ,9 ! same way1 accord+ to ,apollonius1 ! s\l ( ,h]motimos ( ,klazom5oe left 8 body frequ5tly1 resid$ 9 diff]5t places1 utt]$ all sorts ( pr$ictions1 & us$ to come back to 8 body1 :i* rema9$ 9 8 h\se4 ,at la/ "s spiteful p]sons burnt 8 body 9 ! abs5ce ( 8 s\l4 ,9 ano!r tale ( ,somadeva ! s\l ( ,*&raprabha ab&ons 8 own body & ent]s t ( a h]o "u ! influ5ce ( ,my or delusion4 #dga ,on ?is pr9ciple ,h9dus are v cauti\s ab\t awak+ a sleep+ fri5d1 le/ 8 s\l may happ5 to be abs5t at ! "t1 & 9 ,bombay x is consid]$ mo/ repreh5sible to play jokes on a sleep+ p]son1 su* z pa9t+ ! face 9 fanta/ic col\rs1 or giv+ m\/a*es to a sleep+ woman4 ,! abs5t s\l may n be able to f9d its own body1 ! appe>ance ( :i* has be5 ?us *ang$1 & may dep>t altoge!r1 leav+ ! body a corpse4 ,x is a common incid5t ( ! folk-tales t ! s\l dep>ts 9 a dream & falls 9 love ) a girl4 ,we h x 9 ! common tale ( ! ,rival ,que5s1 :]e ! k+ sees 9 a dream ! mo/ lovely woman 9 ! _w1 & imposes on 8 c\rti]s ! task ( f9d+ h]4 ,! same idea is f\nd m or less 9 ,somadeva1 & con/antly recurs 9 ,european folk-lore4 #dgb ,9 ! same way we h ! well-kn[n tale ( ! in/antane\s lapse ( "t 9 dreams1 z t ( ! k+ :o plunges 8 head into wat]1 goes ?r\gh wondr\s adv5tures1 & :5 he takes 8 head out ( ! vessel1 f9ds himself surr\nd$ by 8 c\rti]s z be=e4 ,! ru/ic ,h9du firmly believes t 9 ! abs5ce ( a man's prop] s\l 9 a dream 8 body is occupi$ by "s /range & consequ5tly malignant gho/4 ,h5ce come ! nightm>e & evil dreams4 ,?us ! ,korwas ( ,mirzapur believe t a ,bht9 or dang]\s female gho/ nam$ ,reiy besets !m at night "u ! ord]s ( "s wit*1 & attacks p's jo9ts ) ! rheumatism4 ,! ,majhwrs believe t ! ,rk%asa attacks !m 9 dreams4 ,he comes 9 ! %ape ( an old man ) enorm\s tee?1 br[n ( col\r1 ) black1 entangl$ hair1 & sometimes swall[s 8 victims4 ,x is fe> ( him t br+s ! fev]1 & he c be exorcis$ only by ! ,baiga ) an (f]+ ( rice & pulse4 ,! ,dno also comes 9 dreams1 squeezes a man's ?roat1 & /ops 8 brea?4 ,! ,bhuiyrs h adopt$ f ! ,h9du my?ology ,jam or ,yama z "o ( _! dream gho/s4 ,he sits on 8 victim's brea/ 9 sleep1 & x is impossible to %ake him (f or make an al>m4 ,sometimes ^! night gho/s come z tig]s1 wolves1 or be>s1 & hunt a man d[n 9 8 sleep4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! %ad[ ( a man is believ$ to be "p ( a man's s\l1 & may be sep>at$ f him1 injur$ or w\nd$ by an enemy4 ,h5ce x is consid]$ dang]\s to tread on ! %ad[ ( a man 9 ! sun%9e4 ,buddha is said to h left 8 %ad[ 9 ! cave at ,pabhosa1 :]e he kill$ ! ,nga4 #dgc ,! same is ! case ) look+ into o!r p's mirrors1 because y may *ance leave beh9d y\r reflection1 :i* is "p ( y\r s\l4 ,z we h se51 ?is is ! basis ( mu* ( ! !ory ( wat] spirits1 :i* lurk 9 wat] holes & seize ! reflection ( anyone :o looks into !m4 ,! ,sunni ,muhammadans 9 ,bombay cov] up all ! look+-glasses 9 a h\se :5 a p]son is sick1 z ! s\l1 :i* is j !n on ! pr[l1 may be absorb$1 & leave its own] a corpse4 ,la/ly1 ! same !ory acc\nts = ! dis9cl9ation :i* ru/ics h to be+ pa9t$ or photograph$4 ,"s ( ! s\l goes out 9 ! image & does n return4 ,!re is a re/-h\se on ! ,a/hbhuja ,hill at ,mirzapur :i* 0 _m ye>s ago pres5t$ to ! ,europeans ( ! /ation by a weal?y bank]4 ,he 0 ov]p]suad$ to all[ 8 picture to be pa9t$1 & fell into a l+]+ consumption1 ( :i* he soon aft] di$4 ,! ,bht4 ,! g5]al t]m = ^! spirits is ,bht1 9 ,sanskrit ,bhta1 :i* means =m$ or creat$4 ,9 ! e>li] ,h9du writ+s ! ^w is appli$ to ! p[]s ( ,nature1 & ev5 to deities4 ,siva himself is call$ ,bhtsv>a1 or ,"l ( spirits1 &1 "u ! "n ( ,bhtsv>a ,mahdeva1 has a %r9e at ,ma?ura4 ,b z ! ,greek ,dmon acquir$ a less respectable mean+ 9 ! lat] ages ( ! hi/ory ( ! nation1 s ,bht has n[ come to imply a malignant evil _s4 ,b ,bht is a g5]al t]m :i* includes _m grades ( evil spirits :i* x is necess>y to di/+ui%4 ,we %all fir/1 h[ev]1 deal ) c]ta9 *>act]s common to ,bhts 9 g5]al4 ,! prop] ,bht is ! _s emanat+ f a man :o has di$ a viol5t dea?1 ei!r by accid5t1 suicide1 or capital puni%m5t4 ,su* a s\l rea*es an additional grade ( malignancy if he has be5 d5i$ prop] fun]al c]emonies aft] dea?4 ,?is is "o ( 8 special wants :i* deprive ! _s ( 8 long$-= re/4 ,?us1 we read 9 ,*ilde ,h>old1 ,unsepul*r$ !y roam$ & %riek$1 ea* w&]+ gho/4 ,! %ade ( ,patroclus appe>$ to ,a*illes 9 8 sleep & dem&$ ! p]=mance ( 8 fun]al1 & ! y\ng] ,pl9y tells ( a haunt$ h\se 9 ,a!ns1 9 :i* a gho/ play$ all k9ds ( pranks ow+ to 8 fun]al rites hav+ be5 neglect$4 ,?is idea is at ! base ( ! ,h9du fun]al c]emonies1 & ( ! p]iodical ,srddha4 ,h5ce arose ! conception ( ! ,gayl1 or sonless gho/4 ,he is ! _s ( a man :o has di$ )\t any issue compet5t to p]=m ! cu/om>y rites2 h5ce he is spiteful1 & he is especially obnoxi\s to ! lives ( ! "y sons ( o!r p4 ,accord+ly 9 e ,panjb village w be se5 small plat=ms1 ) r[s ( little hemisph]ical depressions into :i* milk & ,ganges wat] are p\r$1 & by :i* lamps are lit & ,brhmans f$ to conciliate ! ,gayl2 :ile ! c>eful "m w always d$icate a rupee to him1 & hang x r\nd h] *ild's neck till he gr[s up4 ,mr4 ,ibbetson #dgd sugge/s t ?is may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! my/]i\s s-call$ cup-m>ks1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,rivett-,c>nac4 ,b ?is is f> f c]ta92 !y may equally well h be5 us$ = sacrifices to ,"m ,e>?1 or 9 any o!r primeval =m ( wor%ip4 ,%r9es to ,p]sons ,accid5tally ,kill$4 ,_m ( ^! %r9es to p]sons :o h di$ by an untimely dea? are kn[n by special names1 :i* indicate ! "* ( ! accid5t4 ,we %all meet aga9 ) ! ,baghaut1 or %r9e1 to a man kill$ by a tig]4 ,we h also ,bijaliya ,br1 ! man :o 0 kill$ by lightn+1 ,tr ,br1 a man :o fell f a ,tr or toddy tree1 & ,ngiya ,br1 a p]son kill$ by a snake4 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham m5tions %r9es ( ?is k9d2 "o to an elephant driv] :o 0 kill$ by a fall f a tree1 ano!r to a ,brhman :o 0 kill$ by a c[1 a ?ird to a ,ka%mri lady :o _h only "o leg & di$ 9 h] flight f ,delhi to ,oudh ( exhau/ion on ! j\rney4 ,bhts are mo/ to be fe>$ by wom5 & *ildr51 & by p at any s]i\s crisis ( _! lives1 su* z m>riage or *ild-bir?4 ,!y also attack p aft] eat+ sweets1 s t if y treat a s*ool to sweetmeats1 ! sweetmeat sell] w also br+ salt1 ( :i* he w give a p9* to ea* boy to take ! sweet ta/e out ( 8 m\?4 #dge ,salt is1 z we %all see lat] on1 p>ticul>ly (f5sive to evil spirits4 #dgf ,second ,m>riage & ,bhts4 ,wom5 :o h m>ri$ a second "t are specially liable to ! envi\s attacks ( ! fir/ husb&4 ,if 9 ,bombay a ,mahdeo ,koli wid[ bride or h] husb& sick51 x is consid]$ ! "w ( ! =m] husb&4 ,among ! ,somavansi ,k%atriyas1 !re is a /rong belief t :5 a woman m>ries ano!r husb&1 h] fir/ husb& becomes a gho/ & tr\bles h]4 ,?is fe> is s /rongly root$ 9 _! m9ds1 t :5ev] a woman ( ?is ca/e sick5s1 %e attributes h] sickness to ! gho/ ( h] =m] husb&1 & consults an exorci/ z to h[ %e c get rid ( him4 ,! exorci/ gives h] "s *>m$ rice1 fl[]s1 & basil leaves1 & tells h] to enclose !m 9 a small copp] box & we> x r\nd h] neck4 ,sometimes ! exorci/ gives h] a *>m$ cocoanut1 :i* he tells h] to wor%ip daily1 & 9 "s cases he advises ! woman to make a copp] or silv] image ( ! dead & wor%ip x e day4 #dgg ,s 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 p :o m>ry aga9 aft] ! dea? ( ! fir/ wife we> :at is kn[n z ! ,saukan ,maura1 or second wife's cr[n4 ,?is is a little silv] amulet1 g5]ally ) an image ( ,dev engrav$ on x4 ,?is is hung r\nd ! husb&'s neck1 & all pres5ts made to ! second wife are fir/ d$icat$ to x4 ,! idea is t ! new wife recognizes ! sup]iority ( h] pr$ecessor1 & ?us appeases h] malignity4 ,! illness or dea? ( ! second wife or ( h] husb& soon aft] m>riage is attribut$ to ! jeal\sy ( ! gho/ ( ! fir/ wife1 :i* has n be5 suitably propitiat$4 ,9 ! ,panjb1 on ! same pr9ciple1 if a man has lo/ two or ?ree wives 9 succession1 he gets a woman to cat* a bird & adopt x z h] daught]4 ,he !n pays ! d[]1 m>ries 8 bird bride1 & imm$iately divorces h]4 ,by ?is means ! malignant influ5ce is div]t$ to ! bird1 & ! real wife is safe4 #dgh ,we %all meet aga9 ) ! same pr9ciple 9 deal+ ) ! curi\s cu/om ( tree m>riage4 ,food ( ,bhts4 ,l evil spirits all ! _w ov]1 ,bhts w eat fil?y food1 & z !y are always ?ir/y1 !y are glad to secure ev5 a drop ( wat]1 no matt] h[ impure ! purpose may h be5 = :i* x has be5 us$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are v fond ( milk1 & no ,panjbi woman likes h] *ild to leave ! h\se aft] dr9k+ fre% milk4 ,if %e _c prev5t x f go+1 %e puts "s salt or a%es into its m\? to sc>e ! ,bht4 #dgi ,po/ure ( ,bhts4 ,bhts c nev] sit on ! gr\nd1 app>5tly1 because1 z has be5 %[n already1 ! e>?1 p]sonifi$ z a goddess1 sc>es away all evil influ5ce4 ,h5ce1 ne> ! l[-ca/e %r9es a c\ple ( pegs or bricks are set up = ! ,bht to re/ on1 or a bamboo is hung ov] x1 on :i* ! ,bht p]*es :5 he visits ! place4 #dhj ,on ! same pr9ciple ! ,orons hang up ! c9]>y urn conta9+ ! bones ( a dead man on a po/ 9 front ( ! h\se1 #dha & ! p]son :o is go+ on a pilgrimage1 or convey+ ! bones ( a relative to ! ,ganges1 sleeps on ! gr\nd2 b ! bones mu/ n re/ on ! gr\nd2 !y are hung on ! bran* ( a tree1 s t _! late own] may revisit !m if s dispos$4 ,ne> %r9es :]e ,bhts are always ab\t on ! *ance ( appropriat+ ! (f]+s1 x is exp$i5t to sleep on ! gr\nd4 ,s ! bride & bridegroom re/1 & ! dy+ man is laid at ! mom5t ( dissolution4 ,te/s ( ,bhts4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree infallible te/s by :i* y may recognize a ,bht4 ,9 ! fir/ place he ca/s no %ad[4 ,9 ! ?ird ,canto ( ! ,purgatorio1 ,dante is mu* di/ress$ because ,virgil1 be+ a disembodi$ _s1 ca/s no %ad[4 ,9 ! second place a ,bht c /& almo/ any?+ 9 8 neighb\rhood b ! sc5t ( burn+ turm]ic1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is a well-kn[n demon-sc>]4 ,?irdly1 a g5u9e ,bht always speaks ) a nasal twang1 & x is possibly = ?is la/ reason t ! t]m = ! gibb]i% 9 ! m$ival plays & = mod]n ,engli% is ,pis*a ,bh%a1 or ! language ( gobl9s4 #dhb ,"s ( !m h ?roats z n>r[ z a ne$le1 b !y c dr9k gallons ( wat] at a "t4 ,"s1 l ! ,*urel1 :om we %all meet lat] on1 h _! feet turn$ backw>ds4 ,"s1 l ,brhman gho/s1 are :eat-col\r$ or :ite2 o!rs1 l ! ,kf>i1 ! gho/ ( a murd]$ negro1 are black1 & p>ticul>ly dread$4 ,a fam\s gho/ ( ?is class haunts a lane 9 ,calcutta1 :i* takes its "n f him4 ,_s ,lov]s4 ,_m d5iz5s ( ! _s l& h connection ) mortals4 ,we h ! cycle ( folk-tales kn[n z t ( ! ,swan maid5s4 ,urvas came & liv$ ) ,p>ravas until he broke ! curiosity taboo4 ,we %all see in/ances :]e ,indra gives "o ( 8 fairies to a mortal lov]1 & spirits l ! ,incubi & ,succubi ( ,european folk-lore c be br\ght d[n by incantation4 ,_s ,entries3 ,! ,head4 ,spirits ent] & leave ! body 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!y (t5 use ! head 9 ?is way1 & 9 p>ticul> ! t5? ap]ture ( ! body1 "o ( ! skull sutures1 kn[n z ,brahma-r&hra4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! skull is brok5 at cremation to op5 ! crevice ( ,brahma1 z ?is orifice is call$4 ,9 ! case ( "o ( ! ascetic ord]s1 :o are buri$ & n cremat$1 a bl[ is giv5 on ! head ) a cocoanut or a con* %ell4 ,?us1 :5 ! *ief tea*] ( ! ,brhmans 9 ,bombay dies1 8 successor breaks a cocoanut on 8 skull & makes an op5+1 9 :i* ! sacr$ ,slagrma /one is laid4 #dhc ,?is rite ( skull-break+1 :i* is done by ! next relation1 is a recogniz$ "p ( ! ,h9du cremation rite1 & is kn[n z ,kaplakriya4 ,! same !ory t ! head is an entry = spirits acc\nts = num]\s /range practices4 ,?us1 :5 9 ,kumaun a man is bitt5 by a snake !y pull ?ree hairs f 8 scalp-lock & /rike him ?ree times on ! top ( ! head ) ! fir/ jo9t ( ! middle f+]1 a k9d ( bl[ :i* 9 ord9>y cases is reg>d$ ) ! utmo/ t]ror4 ,s :5 a p]son has fev]1 !y take a bone & fill x ) gra91 &1 mak+ ! pati5t /& 9 ! sun1 dig a hole :]e ! %ad[ ( 8 head falls1 & !re bury ! bone1 say+1 ,fev]6 ,begone ) ! bone6 #dhd ,at a ,gond w$d+1 ! old man :o (ficiates knocks ! heads ( ! bride & bridegroom toge!r to sc>e ! evil spirits1 #dhe & at a ,h9du m>riage 9 ,nor!rn ,india ! "m ( ! y\?1 z he leaves to fet* 8 bride1 & z he returns ) h]1 waves lamps1 a brass tray1 gra91 & a rice p\nd]1 to drive (f ! ,bhts flutt]+ r\nd 8 head4 ,x is on ! same pr9ciple t ! bridegroom we>s a m>riage cr[n1 & ?is also acc\nts = _m ( ! cu/oms ( bless+ by ! lay+ on ( h&s & ano9t+ :i* prevail all ov] ! _w4 ,9 ! same way ! hair has always be5 reg>d$ z a _s entry4 ,magi/rates 9 ,nor!rn ,india are (t5 tr\bl$ by p :o ann\nce _! int5tion ( lett+ _! hair gr[ at "s "o :om !y desire to injure4 ,?is1 if "o c judge by ! manife/ t]ror exhibit$ by ! p]son aga9/ :om ?is rite is direct$1 mu/ be a v /r+5t =m ( co]cion4 ,= ! same reason ascetics we> ! hair loose & keep x uncut1 z ,sampson did1 & ! same idea probably acc\nts = ! rites ( c]emonial %av+ ( y\?s1 & ( ! m\rn]s aft] dea?4 ,! ,m\?4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ,bhts are v fond ( ent]+ by ! m\?4 ,h5ce arise mu* ( ! m\?-wa%+ :i* is "p ( ! daily ritual ( ! ,h9du1 & _m ( ! elaborate precautions :i* he takes at meals4 ,?is w be ref]r$ to aga9 9 connection ) ! ,evil ,eye4 ,yawn+4 ,h5ce x is v dang]\s to yawn1 z two k9ds ( dang] are to be appreh5d$--ei!r a ,bht may g d[n y\r ?roat1 or "p ( y\r s\l may escape1 & y w be h>d set to recov] x4 ,s if y *ance to yawn1 y %\ld put y\r h& to y\r m\? & say ,nryan--,great ,god6 aft]w>ds1 or y %\ld crack y\r f+]s1 :i* sc>es ! evil _s4 ,?is idea is ! common prop]ty ( folk-lore4 #dhf ,sneez+4 ,s1 sneez+ is due to demoniacal influ5ce1 b op9ions diff] z to :e!r x is caus$ by a ,bht ent]+ or leav+ ! nose4 ,! latt] view is g5]ally tak5 by ,musalmns1 because x is "o ( ! traditions ( ! ,prophet t ! nose %\ld be wa%$ out ) wat]1 z ! devil resides 9 x dur+ ! night4 ,! sneez+ sup]/ition 9 ,india is at lea/ z old z ! ,buddhi/ ,jtakas1 :]e we h a rem>kable tale ab\t x1 :i* describes h[ ! future ,buddha & 8 fa!r ,gagga w5t to pass ! night 9 a place haunt$ by a ,yakkha1 or ,yak%a1 & 7 v ne> be+ dev\r$ by him because !y did n say ! spell ,live6 :5 !y sneez$4 #dhg ,s1 9 ,somadeva's tale ( ,sulo*ana & ,su%5a1 ! _s ( ! air says1 ,:5 he ent]s into 8 private ap>tm5ts1 he %all sneeze a hundr$ times2 & if "s "o !re does n say to him a hundr$ times1 ',god bless y1' he %all fall into ! grasp ( dea?4 #dhh ,x is ne$less to say t ! same belief prevails 9 ,europe4 ,z ,dr4 ,tylor says1 ,ev5 ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius1 t sadde/ ( m51 exact$ ?is obs]vance4 ,accord+ to ! ,muhammadan rule1 if a p]son sneezes & !n says imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ,al-hamdu li'llah1 ,god be prais$1 x is incumb5t ^u at lea/ "o ( ! p>ty to reply1 ,y>hamu-ka 'llah1 j z among ! ,jews ! sneez+ =mula 0 ,tobk9 ,khayim1 ,good life6 ,on ! :ole1 sneez+ is consid]$ auspici\s1 because x implies ! expulsion ( a ,bht4 ,z a g5]al rule1 if a p]son sneezes :5 ano!r is beg9n+ "s "w1 ! latt] /ops = a :ile1 & !n beg9s afre%2 if !re be two sneezes 9 succession1 !re is no necessity = int]ruption4 ,if a man sneezes beh9d ! back ( ano!r1 ! back ( ! latt] is slightly p9*$4 ,9 ,bombay1 if a man sneezes dur+ a meal1 "o ( ! p>ty calls on him to "n 8 bir?place4 #dhi ,! ?re%old 9 ! folk-lore ( all nations is reg>d$ z a sacr$ place4 ,x is "h1 accord+ to ! ,scot* & ,iri% belief1 t ! h\se fairies reside4 ,sitt+ on ! ?re%old is believ$ by ,indian matrons likely to produce boils 9 *ildr5 9 t "p ( ! body :i* t\*es x1 & x is ?\ght mo/ unlucky to sneeze on ! ?re%old4 ,on ! :ole1 "o sneeze is om9\s1 :ile aft] two "w may be comm5c$ ) safety4 ,s x 0 9 ! days ( ,hom]--,ev5 s %e spoke1 & ,telema*us sneez$ l\dly1 & ar\nd ! ro( rang wondr\sly1 & ,p5elope laugh$1 & /raightway spoke ,eumoeus w+$ words1 ',g6 call me ! /rang]1 ev5 s into my pres5ce4 ,do/ ?\ n m>k h[ my son has sneez$ a bless+ on all my words8' #dij ,! ,h&s & ,feet4 ,! h&s & feet are also means by :i* ,bhts ent] ! body4 ,h5ce mu* ( ! ablution at pray]s & meals2 ! h&-clapp+ :i* accompanies s _m religi\s & my/ical rites2 ! pass+ ( ! h& ov] ! head2 ! lay+ ( ! h&s on ! eyes to re/ore sight1 ( :i* we h _m examples 9 ! ,indian folk-tales2 ! h&-pl$g+ at m>riages2 ! dr9k+ ( ! ,*>an-amrita1 or wat]1 9 :i* ! feet ( a holy man h be5 wa%$2 ! c]emonial wa%+ ( ! feet ( ! bridegroom at a w$d+ by ! fa!r ( ! bride4 ,! /ock case ( ! dang] ( ! n wa%+ ! feet at night is t ( ,adil1 ^: impurity all[$ ,indra to =m ! ,m>uts out ( h] embryo4 ,a man ) flat feet is consid]$ mo/ unlucky1 z 9 ,nor? ,engl&1 :]e if y meet a flat-sol$ man on ,monday y are advis$ to g home1 eat & dr9k1 or evil w befall y4 #dia ,! *ief basis ( feet-wa%+ is ! idea t a p]son com+ f abroad & n imm$iately c>ry+ out ! requir$ ablution runs ! risk ( br++ "s =eign1 & presumably dang]\s1 _s ) him4 ,! ,e>s4 ,& s ) ! e>s1 :i* are believ$ to communicate direct ) ! bra91 & are kept by ! ru/ic c>efully muffl$ up on *illy morn+s4 ,h5ce ! cu/om ( ,kan*h$an1 or e>-pi]c+1 :i* is 9 ,nor!rn ,india ab\t ! only survival ( ! _w-wide rite ( mutilation :5 males atta9 pub]ty1 & ( we>+ e>-r+s & simil> ornam5ts1 :i* is habitual ) all classes ( ,h9dus1 & specializ$ among ! ,kanphata ,jogis1 :o take _! "n f ?is practice4 ,v>ieties ( ,bhts4 ,9 ,b5gal ! ord9>y ,bht is a memb] ( ! ,k%atriya1 ,vaisya1 or ,sdra class4 ,! ,brhman ,bht1 or ,brahmadaitya1 is q ano!r v>iety4 ,! ord9>y ,bhts are z tall z palmyra trees1 g5]ally ?9 & v black4 ,!y usually live on trees1 except ^? :i* ! ,brahmadaitya frequ5t4 ,at night1 & especially at ! h\r ( midnight1 !y w&] ab\t ! fields fright5+ travell]s4 ,!y pref] dirty places to ^? :i* are clean2 s :5 a p]son goes to wor%ip a ,bht1 he does s 9 "s dirty1 retir$ place1 & gives him only half-cook$ food1 s t he may n h "t to gobble x up1 & p]*ance r5d 8 wor%ipp]4 ,!y are nev] se5 9 ! temples ( ! gods1 ?\gh !y (t51 z we h se51 lurk ab\t 9 ! vic9ity 9 ! hope ( gett+ "s ( ! (f]+s if ! prie/ be n on ! al]t & sc>e !m ) 8 bell or %ell-trumpet4 ,!y are always />k nak$1 & are fond ( wom51 :om !y sometimes abduct4 ,!y eat rice1 & all sorts ( human food1 b _! fav\rite diet is fi%4 ,h5ce no ,b5gli1 except = a consid]able bribe1 w talk ab\t fi% at night4 ,"h !y agree ) ! fairies ( ,manxl&4 ,pr(essor ,rhys #dib tells a /ory ( a ,manx fi%]man1 :o 0 tak+ a fre% fi% home1 & 0 pursu$ by a pack ( fairy dogs1 s t x 0 only ) great tr\ble he rea*$ 8 own door4 ,he drove ! dogs away ) a /one1 b he 0 %ot by ! fairies1 & _h a n>r[ escape ( 8 life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,small ,p 9 ,cornwall hate ! smell ( fi% z mu* z ! sav\r ( salt or grease4 #dic ,! be/ *ance ( escape f ^! ,b5gal ,bhts is :5 !y beg9 to qu>rel among !mselves4 ,a p]son beset by !m %\ld invoke ! gods & goddesses1 especially ,kl1 ,durg1 & ,siva1 ! la/ ( :om is1 z already not$1 ! ,"l ( ,bhts4 #did ,bhts are ( _m v>ieties4 ,vetla1 or ,baitl1 _! lead]1 is famili> to ev]yone 9 ! tales ( ! ,baitl ,pa*si4 ,he is n1 z a rule1 p>ticul>ly (f5sive4 ,m usually he is a vagrant ,bht :i* ent]s ! body ( a man :5 ! real _s is abs5t4 ,b he (t5 approximates to ! ,vampire z we meet him 9 ,we/]n folk-lore4 ,x is z a vitaliz$ corpse t ! visitor f ! o!r _w comes to tr\ble mank9d1 (t5 subject to human appetites1 con/antly end[$ ) m ?an human /r5g? & malignity4 #die ,?us 9 "o ( ,somadeva's /ories ! h]o goes at night to a cemet]y & summons at ! foot ( a tree a ,vetla into ! body ( a man1 & aft] wor%ipp+ him1 makes an oblation ( human fle% to him4 ,9 ano!r !re is a ,vetla ) a body made up ( ! limbs ( _m animals1 :o hurls ! k+ to ! e>?1 & :5 he sits on ! ,vetla's back ! demon flies ) him ?r\gh ! air l a bird & fl+s him into ! sea4 #dif ,! _s ent]+ ! body ( ! dead man =ms ! lead+ incid5t 9 ! tale ( ,fadlallah 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 & !re are _m in/ances ( x 9 ,indian folk-lore4 ,?is disposes ( ! ass]tion :i* has be5 sometimes made t among races :i* bury _! dead little is kn[n ( regul> corpse spectres1 or t !y are special to l&s t5ant$ or influ5c$ by ! ,slavonians4 #dig ,mo/ usually ! ,vetla appe>s z ! _s ( "s liv+ p]son dissatisfi$ ) 8 lodg+s on e>?1 :i* leaves 8 own body & occupies a corpse 9 pref]5ce4 ,he1 9 company ) ! ,vasus1 ,yak%as1 ,bhtas1 & ,g&h>vas1 has pass$ into ! degrad$ ,tantrika wor%ip4 #dih ,! ,pret4 ,! ,h9du notion ( ! /ate ( ! s\l betwe5 dea? & ! p]=mance ( ! prescrib$ fun]al rites agrees exactly ) t ( ! old] ,european races4 ,!y w&]$ ab\t 9 a /ate ( unhappy re/lessness1 & 7 n suff]$ to mix ) ! o!r dead4 ,! t]m ,pret or ,preta1 :i* simply means deceas$ or dep>t$1 repres5ts ! s\l dur+ ?is "t4 ,x w&]s r\nd its orig9al home1 &1 l ! ,blakhilyas1 :o surr\nd ! *>iot ( ! sun1 is no l>g] ?an a man's ?umb4 ,! /ages ( 8 progress1 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 are t up to ! p]=mance ( ! t5 ,p9das ! dead man rema9s a ,preta1 ?r\gh ! ,nryanabali rite he becomes a ,pis*a1 & by ! ,sap9dik>ana he rea*es ! dignity ( ! ,pitri or sa9t$ dead4 ,! t]m ,preta is1 h[ev]1 sometimes appli$ to ! _s ( a de=m$ or crippl$ p]son1 or "o defective 9 "s limb or organ1 or ( a *ild :o dies prematurely ow+ to ! omission ( ! prescrib$ c]emonies dur+ ! =mation ( ! embryo4 ,"h x may be not$ t !re are indications 9 ,india ( ! belief :i* is common among savages1 t "y *ildr51 app>5tly 9 consequ5ce ( _! incomplete protection f ! bir? impurity1 are "u a taboo4 ,?us 9 ,india a *ild is reg>d$ z a ,bht until ! bir? hair is cut4 ,"s ( ! jungle tribes believe t x is unnecess>y to protect a *ild f evil spirits until x beg9s to eat gra91 because up to t "t x is no?+ m ?an a ,bht itself4 ,"u ! old ritual a *ild "u two ye>s ( age 0 n burnt1 b buri$1 & no (f]+ ( wat] 0 made to x4 ,we are famili> ) ! same idea 9 ,engl& reg>d+ unbaptiz$ *ildr51 ^: spirits are suppos$ to be responsible = ! noise ( ,gabriel's ,h\nds 9 ! sky1 really caus$ by ! bean geese 9 _! s\!rn flight4 ,! ,pret is occasionally "u provocation malignant1 b z x p>takes to "s degree ( ! functions ( ! b5ign ance/ral h\sehold _s1 x is n necess>ily malici\s or evil-dispos$ t[>ds liv+ p]sons4 ,! ,pret is specially wor%ipp$ at ,gaya on ! ,hill1 kn[n z ,pretsila1 or ! rock ( ! ,pret1 & a special class ( ,brhmans at ,patna call !mselves ,pretiya1 because !y wor%ip ! gho/ ( "s h]o or sa9t4 #dii ,! ,pis*a4 ,next comes ! ,pis*a1 :i*1 z we h se51 is by "o acc\nt only a /age 9 ! progress ( ! s\l to its f9al re/4 ,b m prop]ly speak+ x is an evil _s produc$ by a man's vices1 ! gho/ ( a li>1 adult]]1 or crim9al ( any k9d1 or ( "o :o has di$ insane4 ,b 8 attributes & functions are n v cle>ly def9$1 & he m]ges into ! g5]al class ( ,bhts4 ,9 "s cases he seems to h ! p[] to cure disease4 ,?us we read 9 ,somadeva1 ,rise up 9 ! la/ wat* ( ! night1 & ) di%evell$ hair1 & nak$1 & )\t r9s+ y\r m\?1 take two h&fuls ( rice z l>ge z y c grasp ) ! two h&s1 &1 utt]+ a =m ( words1 g to a place :]e f\r roads meet & !re place ! two h&fuls ( rice1 & return 9 sil5ce )\t look+ beh9d y4 ,d s always until t ,pis*a appe>s & says1 ',i w put an end to y\r ailm5t4' ,!n receive 8 aid gladly1 & he w remove y\r compla9t4 #ejj ,! ,rk%asa4 ,! ,rk%asa aga91 a ^w t means ! h>m] or ! de/roy]1 is ( ! ogre-vampire type4 ,he goes ab\t at night1 haunts cemet]ies1 di/urbs sacrifices & dev\t m51 animates dead bodies1 ev5 dev\r+ human be+s1 9 :i* capacity he is kn[n z ,kravyda1 or c>nivor\s1 & is g5]ally ho/ile to ! human race4 ,he is emphatically a dev\r] ( human fle%1 & eats c>rion4 ,he is (t5 repres5t$ 9 ! folk-tales z hav+ a pretty daught]1 :o protects ! h]o :5 he v5tures p]*ance into ! abode ( ! mon/]4 ,h] fa!r comes 91 & ) ! cry ( ,manu% g&ha1 :i* is equival5t to ! ,fee6 fo6 fum6 ,i smell ! blood ( an ,engli%man6 ( ! ,we/]n tale1 se>*es ab\t1 b fails to f9d him4 ,:5 ,hanumn ent]$ ! city ( ,lanka 9 ! =m ( a cat1 to reconnoitre1 he saw t ! ,rk%asas :o slept 9 ! h\se 7 ( e %ape & =m4 ,"s ( !m disgu/$ ! eye1 :ile "s 7 beautiful to look on4 ,"s _h long arms & frightful %apes2 "s 7 v fat & "s 7 v lean2 "s 7 dw>f & "s 7 prodigi\sly tall4 ,"s _h only "o eye1 & o!rs _h only "o e>4 ,"s _h mon/r\s bellies1 hang+ brea/s1 long project+ tee?1 & crook$ ?ighs2 :il/ o!rs 7 exce$+ly beautiful to behold & clo!d 9 great spl5d\r4 ,"s _h ! heads ( s]p5ts1 "s ! heads ( asses1 "s ( horses1 & "s ( elephants4 ,! lead] ( !m 0 ,rvana1 :o is said to h be5 once a ,brhman & to h be5 turn$ into a ,rk%asa1 ) tw5ty arms1 copp]-col\r$ eyes1 & bright tee? l ! "y moon4 ,8 =m 0 z a ?ick cl\d or z a m\nta91 or ! god ( dea? ) op5 m\?4 ,! ,rk%asa is ! great ,deus ex ma*9 ( folk-lore4 ,he c *ange into almo/ any =m he pleases1 8 brea? is a ro>+ w9d2 he c l5g!n 8 arms to eighty miles2 he c smell out human be+s l ,giant ,blund]bore4 ,he c c>ry a man leagues ?r\gh ! air2 if 8 head be cut (f1 x gr[s aga94 ,he is ! ,ea/]n type ( ! mon/] dragon :i* is subdu$ by ,/4 ,george1 ,siegmund1 ,siegfri$1 or ,be[ulf4 ,8 sp\se1 ! ,rk%as1 is a creature ( mu* ! same k9d4 ,9 ! folk-tales %e (t5 takes ! =m ( ! ogress que5 :o m>ries ! k+ & gets up at night & dev\rs an elephant1 or two or ?ree horses1 or "s %eep or a camel1 & !n puts ! blood & scraps ( meat at ! doors ( h] rivals1 & gets !m bani%$1 until ! clev] lad discov]s h] wiles & br+s h] to condign puni%m5t4 #eja ,(t5 %e besets a city & dem&s ! daily tribute ( a human victim4 ,! k+ takes ! place ( ! victim1 & ! ,rk%as is s affect$ by 8 g5]osity t %e ab&ons eat+ ! fle% ( m54 ,9 a case 9 ! folk-tales a boy becomes a ,rk%asa by eat+ ! bra9s ( a corpse4 #ejb ,l all o!r demons1 ,rk%asas are sc>$ by light1 & "o ( ! names ( ! lamp is ,rk%ogna1 or ! de/roy] ( ! ,rk%asas4 ,! idea ( ! ,rk%asa comes f ! e>lie/ times4 ,"s h ?\ght !m to be types ( ! e>ly ,drvidian oppon5ts ( ! ,h9dus4 ,nirrit1 ! female p]sonification ( dea?1 is a ,rk%asa deity 9 ! ,v$as1 & ,dr4 ,muir has trac$ ! v>i\s /ages by :i* ! ,rk%asa 0 develop$ into a godl+4 #ejc ,?us1 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 ,j> is call$ a h\sehold goddess2 ! great ,k+ ,j>as&ha 0 born 9 two halves1 & ,j> unit$ !m2 %e is always repres5t$ z seek+ to requite by b5efits ! wor%ip :i* is paid to h]4 ,manu prescribes a special oblation = ! spirits :i* walk 9 d>kness4 ,! blood 9 ! sacrifice is1 accord+ to ! old ritual1 (f]$ to !m1 ?\gh ev5 "h we notice ! transition f animal to corn (f]+s4 #ejd ,n[adays ,rk%asas live 9 trees & cause vomit+ & indige/ion to ^? :o trespass on _! doma9s at night4 ,!y mislead night travell]s l ,w-o'-!-,wisp1 & !y are always gre$y & 9 que/ ( food4 ,s1 if a man is eat+ by lamp-light & ! light goes out1 he w cov] ! di% ) 8 h&s1 :i* are1 z we h already se51 sc>]s ( demons1 to pres]ve ! food f ! ,rk%asa1 & ,b5gal wom5 g at night ) a lamp into e room to expel ! evil spirits4 #eje ,! ,rk%asas are said to be always fight+ ) ! gods & _! blood rema9s on _m ( ^! gho/ly battlefields4 ,9 ! ,hills ?is is believ$ to be ! cause ( ! r$ f]rug9\s clay :i* is occasionally obs]v$1 & ! ,loh or blood-r$ riv] has a simil> orig94 #ejf ,! same idea appe>s 9 ! folk-lore ( ,europe4 ,9 a ,swabian leg5d ! r$ col\r ( %oots ( rye :5 !y fir/ appe> above ! surface is attribut$ to ,ca9 hav+ kill$ ,abel 9 a rye-field1 :i* ?us became r$d5$ ) innoc5t blood4 #ejg ,"o species ( fea!r$ p9k has a d>k purple spot 9 x :i* p 9 ,g]many say is a drop ( ! blood ( ! ,r$eem] :i* fell f ! ,cross4 #ejh ,9 "o ( ! ,iri% ,sagas ! blood ( a murd]$ man fell on a :ite /one & =m$ ! r$ ve9s :i* are /ill %[n to ! travell]4 #eji ,9 ,cornwall a r$ /a9 on ! rocks m>ks :]e giant ,bol/] di$1 & ! r$ li*5 9 a brook commemorates a murd]4 #eaj ,e ,engli% *ild kn[s ! leg5d ( ,rob9 ,r$brea/4 ,9 folk-lore ,rk%asas h k+doms1 & possess enorm\s ri*es1 :i* !y be/[ on ^? :om !y fav\r1 l ,tr ,b 9 ! /ory ( ,sev5tee ,b4 ,9 ?is !y resemble ! ,iri% fairies1 :o hide away mu* treasure 9 _! palaces und]nea? ! hills & 9 ! lakes & sea4 ,all ! treasure ( wreck$ %ips is !irs2 & all ! gold t m5 h hidd5 or buri$ 9 ! e>? :5 dang] 0 on !m1 & !n di$ & left no sign to _! desc5dants4 ,& all ! gold ( ! m9e & ! jewels ( ! rocks belong to !m1 & 9 ! ,sifra or fairy h\se ! walls are silv] & ! pavem5t is gold1 & ! banquet hall is lit by ! diamonds t /ud ! rocks4 #eaa ,! f+] nails ( ! ,rk%asas1 z ^? ( ,europeans 9 popul> belief1 are a deadly poison1 & ! t\* ( !m produces ins5sibility1 or ev5 dea?4 ,!y (t5 take ! disguise ( old wom5 & h v long hair1 :i* is a pot5t *>m4 ,_! malignity is s great t x w\ld be difficult to avoid !m1 b =tunately1 l ! ,devil 9 ! ,european tales1 & evil spirits all ! _w ov]1 !y are usually fools1 & readily disclose ! secrets ( _! en*antm5t to ! di/ress$ h]o9e :o is unlucky en\gh to fall into _! p[]1 & ! victim has g5]ally only to address ! mon/] z ,uncle6 to escape f 8 clut*es4 #eab ,!y are1 z has be5 said already1 usually cannibals4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,vaka 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 :o liv$ at ,eka*akra & levi$ a daily toll ( food & human victims on ! ,rja till he 0 torn to pieces by ,bhma4 ,bhma also contriv$ to kill ano!r mon/] ( ! same k9d nam$ ,hidimba4 ,9 ! great ,panjb leg5d ( ,raslu1 he conqu]s ! sev5 ,rk%asas1 :o us$ to eat a human be+ e day1 & !re is a ,nepl /ory ( ! ,rk%asa ,gurung ,mpa1 :o us$ to eat corpses4 ,he 0 propitiat$ ) a grant ( l& to live on & an annual (f]+ ( a buffalo & "s rice4 #eac ,p[] ( ,l5g!n+ ,!mselves4 ,all gho/s1 z we %all see lat] on1 h ! p[] ( l5g!n+ !mselves l ! ,naugaza1 :om we h already m5tion$4 ,= ?is reason demons1 z a rule1 are ( gigantic =m1 & _m ( ! enorm\s fossil bones f\nd 9 ! ,siwlik ,hills 7 confid5tly attribut$ to ! ,rk%asas1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! /ory ( ! smi? 9 ,h]odotus :o f\nd ! gigantic c(f9 sev5 cubits long conta9+ ! bones ( ,ore/es4 #ead ,night ,spirits4 ,l ! gho/ 9 ,hamlet1 ! angel t visit$ ,jacob1 & ! de/roy+ angels ( ,sodom1 ! ,rk%asas always fly be=e ! dawn4 ,!y inv>iably travel ?r\gh ! air & keep _! s\ls 9 birds or trees--a f]tile elem5t 9 folk-lore :i* has be5 call$ by ,major ,temple ,! ,life ,index4 #eae ,rk%asas z ,build]s4 ,! tales ( ,we/]n l&s ab\nd ) in/ances ( build+s1 bridges1 etc41 con/ruct$ by ! ,devil4 ,s ! ,indian ,rk%asa is commonly reg>d$ z an ar*itect4 ,?us1 at ,rmtek 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !re is a curi\s old temple built ( hewn /ones1 well fitt$ toge!r )\t mort>4 ,f its %ape & /ructure x is probably ( ,ja9a orig91 ?\gh local tradition connects x ) ! "n ( ,hemdpant1 ! ,rk%asa4 ,he is an example ( ,rk%asas develop$ 9 comp>atively rec5t times f a hi/orical p]sonage4 ,he 0 probably ! ,m9i/] ( ,mahdeva 7#abfj-abga ,a4,d471 ! f\r? ( ! ,ydava ,k+s ( ,deogiri4 ,accord+ to ! common /ory1 he 0 a giant or a physician1 :o br\ght ! curr5t ,m>?i "* f ,ceylon4 ,! ,dakkh9 sw>ms ) anci5t build+s attribut$ to him4 #eaf ,su* is also ! case ) ano!r class ( demons1 ! ,asuras1 a ^w :i* means spiritual or sup]human1 :o 7 ! rivals ( ! gods4 ,9 ,mirzapur ! anci5t embankm5t at ! ,k>sota tank is consid]$ to be _! "w4 ,once ^u a "t two ( ^! demons v[$ t :oev] fir/ succe$$ 9 build+ a =t %\ld be ! conqu]or1 & t 8 defeat$ rival %\ld lose 8 life4 ,s !y set to "w 9 ! ev5+1 "o on ! ,bijayg>h ,hill1 & ! o!r on ! opposite peak ( ,kundakot1 ab\t twelve miles di/ant4 ,! demon ( ,bijayg>h1 hav+ lo/ 8 tools 9 ! d>k1 /ruck a light to se>* = !m4 ,8 adv]s>y see+ ! light1 & imag9+ t ! sun 0 ris+ & 8 rival's "w complet$1 fl$ precipit\sly4 ,! ,bijayg>h =t 0 complet$ dur+ ! night & /&s to ! pres5t day1 :ile on ,kundakot y see only a few enorm\s blocks ( /one :i* 0 all ! vanqui%$ ,asura _h "t to collect4 ,! tales ( demons int]f]+ ) ! con/ruction ( build+s are common 9 ,european folk-lore4 ,_m o!r build+s are said to h be5 built 9 ! same way4 ,! ,brahkhamba at ,%ikrpur 9 ! ,bul&%ahr ,di/rict 0 built by demons2 ,baliya 9 ,pilibht 0 ! "w ( ,bali1 ! ,daitya2 ! demon ,loha or ,lohajangha built ,lohban 9 ,ma?ura4 #eag ,9 ! same way ! ,corni% giants built *iefly 9 granite1 & ! ,hack & ,ca/ embankm5t 0 con/ruct$ by !m4 #eah ,9 ,patna ! ,asura ,j>s&ha is ! reput$ build] ( an enorm\s embankm5t :i* is call$ ,asur5 aft] him1 & ano!r demon ( ! same class is said to be ! ar*itect ( an anci5t =tification 9 ,puraniya4 #eai ,_m build+s1 aga91 are attribut$ to p]sonages :o succe$$ 9 gett+ an ,asura "u _! influ5ce1 & be+ oblig$ to f9d "w = him1 compell$ him to occupy 8 "t 9 ar*itecture4 ,9 ! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel ,mi*ael ,scott got out ( ! dilemma by mak+ ! demons twi/ ropes ( s&1 & ! same tale is told ( ,tregeagle 9 ,cornwall4 #ebj ,mod]n ,rk%asas4 ,rk%asas are develop$ ev5 9 ^! prosaic days ( ours4 ,9 ! folk-tales _m human be+s lie "u ! well-f\nd$ suspicion ( be+ ,asuras or ,rk%asas4 #eba ,! gho/ ( "s ,musalmns is believ$ by "s ,h9dus to become a mo/ malignant ,rk%asa4 ,su* a gho/ is conciliat$ by be+ address$ by ! euphemi/ic title ( ,mamduh1 ! prais$ "o4 ,visaladeva1 ! fam\s ,k+ ( ,ajm]1 0 turn$ into a ,rk%asa on acc\nt ( 8 oppression ( 8 subjects1 9 :i* condition he resum$ ! evil "w ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce1 dev\r+ 8 subjects1 until "o ( 8 gr&*ildr5 (f]$ himself z a victim to appease 8 hi!rto insatiable appetite4 ,! language ( innoc5t affection1 says ,col4 ,tod1 made its way to ! he>t ( ! ,rk%asa1 :o recogniz$ 8 (fspr+1 & w+$ 8 flight to ! ,jumn4 #ebb ,"y m5 :o are oblig$ to travel at night h reason to be cauti\s ( ! ,rk%as1 z well z ( ! ,*urel1 ) :om %e is occasionally id5tifi$4 ,%e takes ! =m ( a lovely woman & lures h] victims to de/ruction4 ,brhman ,gho/s4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! ,brahm or malignant ,brhman gho/4 ,^! (t5 develop into ,rk%asas1 & are a p>ticul>ly dang]\s species4 ,?us ! sept ( ,gaur ,rjputs are haunt$ by ! ,rk%asa or gho/ ( ! ,brhman ,mansa ,rm1 :o1 on acc\nt ( ! tyranny ( ! ,rja ,tej ,s9h1 committ$ suicide4 ,he lives 9 a tree 9 a =t 9 ! ,stapur ,di/rict1 & no m>riage or any o!r important bus9ess 9 ! family ( ! ,rja is und]tak5 until he has be5 duly propitiat$4 #ebc ,s1 at ! m\nd ( ,bils> 9 ! ,etah ,di/rict1 !re liv$ a ,rja ^: h\se ov]look$ t ( a ,brhman nam$ ,pran ,mall4 ,! ,brhman ask$ ! ,rja to *ange ! position ( 8 sitt+-room1 z x 0 inconv5i5t to ! ladies ( 8 family1 & :5 ! reque/ 0 refus$1 poison$ himself ) a dose ( opium4 ,8 body turn$ blue l indigo1 & he became a mo/ malignant demon or ,br1 kn[n z ! ,brahm ,rk%asa1 :i* caus$ ! dea? ( ! ,rja & 8 family1 & =c$ 8 successors to remove to a di/ance f _! orig9al family resid5ce4 ,! ,deo4 ,closely connect$ ) ! ,rk%asas are v>i\s classes ( demons1 kn[n z ,deo1 ,dno1 or ,br4 ,! ,deo is a survival ( ! ,devas or %9+ ones ( ! old my?ology4 ,x is ano!r ( ! t]ms :i* h suff]$ griev\s degradation4 ,x 0 orig9ally appli$ to ! ?irty-?ree great div9ities1 elev5 ( :i* inhabit$ ea* ( ! ?ree worlds4 ,n[ ! t]m repres5ts a vague class ( ! demon-ogre family4 ,! ,deo is a cannibal1 & 7 he n exce$+ly /upid c\ld d mu* h>m1 b 9 ! folk-tales he is always be+ deceiv$ 9 ! mo/ silly way4 ,he has long lips1 "o ( :i* /icks up 9 ! air1 :ile ! o!r hangs d[n p5dant4 ,l _m ( 8 k9sfolk all ov] ! _w1 he is a pot5t cause ( tempe/s4 #ebd ,! ,br4 ,! ,br1 :o takes 8 "n f ! ,sanskrit ,vra1 h]o1 is a v malignant village demon4 ,9 "o ( ! ,mirzapur villages is ! %r9e ( ,kh>b> ,br1 or ! noisy h]o4 ,no "o c give any satisfactory acc\nt ( him1 b x is q c]ta9 t if he is n propitiat$ by ! ,baiga1 he br+s disease on m5 & cattle4 ,g5d ,br1 a woman :o 0 tir$ ( life1 &1 in/ead ( burn+ h]self1 ?rew h]self d[n f a tree1 is wor%ipp$ at ,ngpur4 #ebe ,k]r ,br has1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus returns1 ?irty-"o ?\s& wor%ipp]s 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces4 ,he is said to h be5 a demon :o resid$ on ! spot :]e ! pres5t =t ( ,jaunpur n[ /&s4 ,he became su* a pe/ to ! c\ntry ab\t1 t ! great ,rma ,*&ra w>r$ aga9/ him & ov]came him4 ,8 head & limbs he flung to ! f\r corn]s ( heav51 & 8 trunk 9 ! =m ( a %apeless mass ( /one rema9s z a memorial & is wor%ipp$4 ,"s allege t he 0 really "s h]o ( ! aborig9al ,bh> race :o fell 9 battle ) ! ,aryan4 ,x is also alleg$ t :5 ! ,briti% eng9e]s attempt$ to bl[ d[n ! =t _! m9es fail$ to di/urb ! %r9e ( ,k]r1 ^: importance has be5 mu* increas$ by ?is example ( 8 pr[ess4 #ebf ,9 ,bombay !re are sev5 ,brs :o g ab\t toge!r & sc\r ! fields & g>d5s at night4 #ebg ,! ,dno4 ,! ,dno repres5ts ! ,dnava ( ! e>ly my?ology4 ,( ^! !re are sev5 also1 & ! lead] ( !m is ,vritra1 :o is ! ance/or ( ! dragons & keeps back & /eals ! heav5ly wat]s1 on :i* acc\nt ,indra slays him ) 8 ?und]bolt4 ,vala1 ! cave 9 :i* ! ra9 c[s are hidd51 is call$ ! bro!r ( ,vritra4 ,no trace rema9s n[ ( ?is beautiful wea!r my?4 ,! ,dno n[adays is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,br & 8 bre?r51 & at ,hazribgh he is wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( a /one daub$ ) five /reaks ( r$ lead & set up outside ! h\se4 #ebh ,! ,daitya4 ,s ) ! ,dait or ,daitya1 :o is connect$ 9 no?+ b "n ) ! demons ( ! old5 _w :o w>r$ ) ! gods4 ,9 ,mirzapur he lives 9 a tree2 9 front he looks l a man1 b se5 f beh9d he is q holl[1 only a m]e husk )\t a backbone4 ,9 ?is he resembles ! ,ellekone ( ,d5m>k1 :o is beautiful 9 front1 b holl[ 9 ! back l a knead+ tr\gh4 #ebi ,s ! ,hadal or ,h$ali ( ,bombay is said to be plump 9 front & a skeleton beh9d4 #ecj ,at midnight ! ,daitya %[s himself 9 8 tree 9 a fla% ( fire & smoke1 & sometimes flies (f to ano!r tree a %ort di/ance (f4 ,9 ,mirzapur he is sometimes kn[n z ,daitra ,br & is associat$ ) two o!rs nam$ ,akata ,br & ,latora ,br1 all ( :om live 9 trees & g out at night & dance = a :ile ) tor*es 9 _! h&s4 ,!y are wor%ipp$ ) an (f]+ consi/+ ( ! ,kalsa or holy wat]-pots & "s gre5s4 #eca ,9 "o village ! ,daitya is kn[n z ,beohr ,bba or ! fa!r ( m]*&ise1 z he is suppos$ 9 "s way to gu>d m]*ants4 ,col4 ,tod describes a place 9 ! table-l& ( ,c5tral ,india kn[n z ,daitya k h> or ! demon's bone1 on :i* ^? :o are 9 se>* ( ease jump f above4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! leap]s p]i%1 "s in/ances ( escape are record$4 ,! hope ( obta9+ (fspr+ is said to be ! mo/ usual motive = ! act4 #ecb ,in/ances ( religi\s suicides are common4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s places = ?is is beh9d ! peak ( ,k$r1 :]e ! ,pndavas devot$ !mselves & 7 c>ri$ (f to heav54 ,! practice seems to h almo/ completely ceas$ "u ,briti% rule4 ,! ,headless ,horseman4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! mo/ dread$ ( ^! creatures is1 p]haps1 ! ,headless ,horseman1 :o is popul>ly kn[n z ,dnd1 or truncat$4 ,he has _m ( 8 k9dr$ 9 o!r l&s4 ,sir ,francis ,drake us$ to drive a he>se into ,plym\? ) headless horses & foll[$ by yell+ h\nds4 ,colu9n gun ,*eann ( ! ,highl&s goes ab\t a headless trunk4 ,a coa* )\t horses us$ to c>e] ab\t ! neighb\rhood ( ,li/[el :5 any mis=tune 0 ab\t to take place4 ,a mon/] 9 "o ( ! ,g]man tales c>ries ab\t 8 head "u 8 arm4 #ecc ,by "o acc\nt ! ,dnd took 8 orig9 f ! w>s ( ! ,mahbhrata4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 he appe>s p]iodically 9 ! =m ( a headless trunk seat$ on horseback1 ) 8 head ti$ be=e him on ! pommel ( ! saddle4 ,he makes 8 r\nds at night & calls to ! h\sehold] f outside2 b woe to any "o :o answ]s him1 = ?is means dea?4 ,! belief 9 ^! vision>y dea? summonses is v common4 ,! ,iri% ,ban%ee h[ls at night & ann\nces dea?4 ,9 ,mirzapur1 ,bghes>1 or ! tig] demon1 lives on ! ,*urni ,hill4 ,he sometimes comes d[n at night 9 human =m1 & calls p by "n at _! doors4 ,if any "o answ]s him he becomes sick4 ,! ,b5gli p]sonifies ,nisi or ,night z ! ,hom]ic ,greeks did4 #ecd ,%e (t5 comes at midnight1 calls ! h\se-ma/]1 :o :5 he op5s ! door falls s5seless & foll[s h] :]e %e w4 ,sometimes %e takes him into a tank & dr[ns him1 or leads him into a d5se =e/ & drops him among ?orns or on ! top ( "s high tree4 ,9 fact x is always v dang]\s to speak to ^! spirits or gho/s4 ,fal/aff knew ?is well :5 he said1 ,!y are fairies2 he t speaks to !m %all die4 ,! ,dnd makes occasional incursions ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,agra 9 #ahhb1 & "s twelve ye>s aft] appe>$ 9 ,mirzapur4 ,on bo? occasions ! news ( 8 arrival caus$ consid]able al>m4 ,e "o %ut up _! h\ses at sunset1 & no "o on any consid]ation w\ld answ] a call f outside aft] nightfall4 ,x 0 %rewdly suspect$ at ! "t t ?is rum\r 0 spread by "s pr(essional burgl> :o made a h>ve/ :ile ! sc>e la/$4 ,some:at ak9 to ! ,dnd is ! spectral ,rja ( ,bndi :o occasionally appe>s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sahranpur4 ,"s ye>s ago a ,brhman a/rolog] he>d "s "o call+ him f outside "o night4 ,:5 he answ]$ ! summons he 0 told t ! ,rja ( ,bndi want$ to h 8 horoscope exam9$ & 0 !n encamp$ ne> ! t[n4 ,! ,p&it proce$$ to ! place ) ! guide & saw a spl5did encampm5t1 & ! ,rja 9 8 royal robes sitt+ 9 a t5t ornam5t$ ) pe>ls4 ,:5 he saw him ! un=tunate a/rolog] knew t he 0 a ,rk%asa1 & he 0 ! m conv9c$ ( ?is :5 he exam9$ 8 horoscope & f\nd t he 0 fat$ to live = ev]4 ,he told ! ,rja t 8 life w\ld be long & prosp]\s1 & aft] receiv+ ?ree gold co9s z 8 fee w5t home m dead ?an alive4 ,next morn+ he w5t to ! place1 b c\ld f9d no sign ( ! camp1 & :5 he look$ 9 8 box ! co9s 7 f\nd to h disappe>$4 ,!re are num]\s o!r v]sions ( ! ,headless ,horseman /ory 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,9 a fight at ,khnde% ! ,goli pr9ce engag$ 9 p]sonal conflict ) ! sa9t ,sayyid ,saadat ,pr1 & /ruck (f 8 head4 ,! headless body cont9u$ to fight1 & ! ,h9du army fl$ 9 panic4 ,! trunk !n snat*$ up ! head & l$ ! victori\s troops to a neighb\r+ hill1 :]e ! e>? op5$ & swall[$ x4 #ece ,s1 9 ,oudh1 ,malik ,amb>1 ! companion ( ,slr ,masaud1 01 x is said1 kill$ ) 8 ma/] at ,bahri*1 b w&]+ back f ,bijnor1 a headless trunk on horseback1 he at l5g? rea*$ ! place :]e 8 tomb n[ /&s1 :5 ! e>? op5$ & receiv$ him & 8 horse4 #ecf ,! ,dnd is app>5tly a close relation ( ! ,sk&hahta ( ,b5gal1 :o goes ab\t ) 8 head cut (f f ! %\ld]s4 ,he dwells 9 l[ moi/ l&s outside a village1 9 bogs & f5s1 & goes ab\t 9 ! d>k1 roll+ ab\t on ! gr\nd1 ) 8 long arms /ret*$ out4 ,woe betide ! belat$ peasant :o falls )9 8 grasp4 #ecg ,! ,gho/ly ,army4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is are ! num]\s leg5ds ( ! ,gho/ly ,army4 ,?us1 at ,faizbd1 ! c\ntry p po9t out a portion ( ! ,que5's highway along :i* !y w n pass at night4 ,!y say t aft] d>k ! road is ?rong$ ) troops ( headless horsem51 ! dead ( ! army ( ,pr9ce ,sayyid ,slr4 ,! great ho/ moves on ) a noiseless tread2 ! gho/ly horses make no s\nd2 & no words ( comm& are %\t$ to ! headless squadrons4 ,ano!r v]sion comes f ,ajm]4 ,!re = "s "t pa/ a troop ( f\r or five hundr$ horsem51 arm$ & dress$ 9 gre51 issue f a valley 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! city1 & aft] rid+ ab\t = "s "t1 my/]i\sly disappe>4 ,!y are believ$ to be ! escort ( ! ,imm ,husa91 ^: tragical fate is commemorat$ at ! ,muh>ram4 ,! same idea prevails all ?r\gh ,india1 & inde$ all ! _w ov]4 ,! p]sons kill$ at a rec5t disa/r\s railway accid5t haunt ! locality1 & h caus$ ! breakd[n ( o!r tra9s at ! same place4 #ech ,! gho/s ( ! battle ( ,*ilinwla began to appe> v %ortly aft] ! battle1 & ,abul ,fazl m5tions ! gho/s ( ,pnipat 9 ! days ( ,akb>4 #eci ,9 ,am]ica ! anniv]s>ies ( ! battles ( ,bunk]'s ,hill1 ,concord1 ,s>atoga1 & ev5 z late z t ( ,gettysburg1 are celebrat$ by spectral armies1 :o fight by night ! conflict o'er aga94 #edj ,if y walk n9e times r\nd ,neville's ,cross1 y w he> ! noise ( ! battle & ! cla% ( arm\r1 & ! same tale is told ( ! battle ( ,m>a?on1 :i* a rec5t prosaic au?ority attributes to ! beat+ ( ! waves on ! %ore1 :ile o!rs say t ^! spectral armies ( ! sky are no?+ m ?an wild geese or o!r migratory birds call+ 9 ! d>kness4 #eda ,masn4 ,masn1 ! mod]n =m ( ! ,sanskrit ,smasna1 a place ( cremation1 is ! g5]al t]m = ^? evil spirits :i* haunt ! place :]e !y 7 =c$ to ab&on _! t5em5ts ( clay4 ,s ! mod]n ,italian ,lemuri are ! spirits ( ! *ur*y>d & repres5t ! ,lemures or ,l>v1 ! unhappy gho/s ( ^? :o h di$ evil dea?s or "u a ban1 to :i* !re are innum]able allusions 9 ! ,lat9 writ]s4 #edb ,9 ,india ,masn is v g5]ally reg>d$ z ! gho/ ( a *ild1 & we h already se5 t "s tribes reg>d an infant z a ,bht4 ,he is occasionally ! gho/ ( a l[-ca/e man1 v (t5 t ( an oilman1 :o1 possibly f ! dirt :i* accompanies 8 trade1 is consid]$ ill-om5$4 ,by ano!r acc\nt su* gho/s pr[l ab\t 9 villages 9 ! ,hills 9 ! =m ( be>s & o!r wild animals4 #edc ,o!rs say t ,masn is ( black & hide\s appe>ance1 comes f ! a%es ( a fun]al pyre1 & *ases p z !y pass by4 ,"s die ( fright f 8 attacks1 o!rs l+] = a few days1 & "s ev5 g mad4 ,:5 a p]son becomes possess$ ( ,masn1 ! p invoke ! b5efic5t _s ( ! h\se to come & take possession ( "s memb] ( ! family1 & all beg9 to dance4 ,at l5g? "s "o works himself up into a /ate ( fr5zy1 & comm5ces to torture & belab\r ! body ( ! p]son possess$ by ,masn1 until at l5g? a cure is effect$1 or ! pati5t p]i%es "u ?is dra/ic treatm5t4 ,khabi% resembles ,masn 9 8 malignant nature & 8 fondness = burial gr\nds4 ,he is also met ) 9 d>k gl5s & =e/s 9 v>i\s %apes4 ,sometimes he imitates ! bell[ ( a buffalo1 or ! cry ( a goa!rd or nea!rd1 & sometimes he grunts l a pig4 ,at o!r times he assumes ! disguise ( a religi\s m5dicant & jo9s travell]s on _! way2 b 8 conv]sation is1 l t ( ord9>y ,bhts1 always un9telligible4 ,l ,masn1 he (t5 fright5s p & makes !m ill1 & sometimes possesses un=tunate travell]s :o get b5ight$4 #edd ,*ildr5 afflict$ by ,masn are said to be "u 8 %ad[ 7*hya71 & wa/e away by a sort ( consumption4 ,"h we h ano!r in/ance ( ! pr9ciple already ref]r$ to1 t ! %ad[ repres5ts ! actual s\l4 #ede ,?is malady is believ$ to be due to "s enemy fl++ ! a%es f a fun]al pyre ov] ! *ild4 ,! rem$y 9 su* cases is to weigh ! *ild 9 salt1 a well-kn[n demon sc>]1 & give x away 9 *>ity4 ,! cremation gr\nd & ! bones & a%es :i* x conta9s are con/antly us$ 9 v>i\s k9ds ( magical rites4 ,x is believ$ :5 ?ieves ent] a h\se1 t !y ?r[ ov] ! inmates "s ,masn or a%es f a pyre & make !m unconsci\s :ile ! robb]y is go+ on4 ,?is resembles ! ,engli% ,h& ( ,glory1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 ano!r connection4 ,z to ! influ5ce by means ( ! %ad[1 x may be not$ t a ,nepl leg5d describes h[ a ,lma arre/$ ! flight ( a ,brhman by pi]c+ 8 %ad[ ) a spe>1 & ! ,rk%as ,s9hik us$ to seize ! %ad[ ( ! object %e desir$ to dev\r & s drag ! prey into h] jaws4 #edf ,tola4 ,tola is a sort ( ,w-o'-!-,wisp 9 ! ,hills4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 he is1 l ! ,gayl1 ( :om we h spok5 already1 ! gho/ ( a ba*elor1 & o!r gho/s refuse to associate ) him2 s he is se5 only 9 wild & solit>y places4 ,o!rs say t he belongs to ! class ( *ildr5 gho/s1 :o h di$ too "y to und]go ! rites ( tonsure or cremation4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 h>mless1 & are n mu* dread$4 ,aft] a *ild und]goes ! specifi$ religi\s c]emonies1 its s\l is matur$1 & fitt$ ei!r to jo9 ! spirits ( ! sa9t$ dead or to assume a new exi/5ce by transmigration4 ,! e/ate ( ! ,tola is only tempor>y1 & aft] a "t1 x1 too1 ent]s ano!r =m ( exi/5ce4 #edg ,airi4 ,ano!r fam\s ,hill ,bht is ,airi4 ,he is ! gho/ ( "s "o :o 0 kill$ 9 hunt+4 ,we h _m in/ances ( ^! huntsm5 gho/s1 ( :i* ! mo/ famili> example is ! ,european leg5d ( ! ,wild ,huntsman1 :o haunts ! =e/ 9 :i* he us$ to hunt1 & is sometimes he>d halloo+ to 8 dogs4 ,s 9 ,cornwall ,d&o rides ab\t accompani$ ) 8 h\nds4 #edh ,! ,briti% fairies ride at night on horses :i* !y /eal f ! /ables1 & 9 ! morn+ ! poor bea/s are f\nd cov]$ ) sweat & foam4 #edi ,9 ,s\!rn ,india ,aiyanr rides ab\t ! l& at night on a wild elephant1 sword 9 h&1 & surr\nd$ by tor*-be>]s1 to cle> ! c\ntry f all obnoxi\s spirits4 #eej ,! companions ( ,airi are fairies1 :o1 l ! ,*urel1 h _! feet turn$ backw>ds4 ,he is accompani$ by two litt]-be>]s & a pack ( h\nds ) bells r\nd _! necks4 ,:oev] he>s _! b>k is c]ta9 to meet ) calamity4 ,airi is mu* giv5 to expectoration1 & 8 saliva is s v5om\s t x w\nds ^? on :om x falls4 ,incantations mu/ be us$ & ! affect$ "p rubb$ ) ! bran* ( a tree4 ,if ?is be n done at once1 ! injur$ man dies1 & 9 any case he mu/ ab/a9 f ri* food = sev]al days4 ,we %all meet aga9 ) ! magical p[] ( spittle4 ,"h x may be not$ t 9 ,we/]n folk-lore x conf]s ! p[] ( see+ spirits4 ,^? :o see ,airi face to face are burnt up by ! fla% ( 8 eye1 or are torn to pieces by 8 dogs1 or h _! liv]s extract$ & eat5 by ! fairies :o accompany him4 ,b %\ld any "o be =tunate en\gh to survive1 ! ,bht discloses hidd5 treasures to him4 ,! treasure-trove ?us disclos$ v>ies 9 value f gold co9s to old bones4 ,8 temples are always 9 des]t$ places4 ,a trid5t repres5ts ! god1 & a numb] ( surr\nd+ /ones 8 foll[]s4 ,he is wor%ipp$ once a ye> by light+ a bonfire1 r\nd :i* all ! p sit4 ,a kettle-drum is play$1 & "o aft] ano!r !y become possess$1 & leap & %\t r\nd ! fire4 ,"s br& !mselves ) heat$ iron spoons1 & sit 9 ! flames4 ,^? :o escape burn+ are believ$ to be truly possess$1 :ile ^? :o are burn$ are consid]$ m]e pret5d]s to div9e fr5zy4 #eea ,?is closely resembles ! wor%ip ( ,rhu already describ$4 ,! revels usually la/ = ab\t t5 nights1 & until !y are end$1 a lamp is kept burn+ at ! %r9e ( ! god4 ,^? possess$ dye a y>d ( clo? 9 r$ o*re & b9d x r\nd _! heads1 & c>ry a wallet 9 :i* !y place ! alms !y receive4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate !y ba! twice1 & eat b once 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!y all[ no "o to t\* !m1 z !y consid] o!r m5 unclean1 & no "o b !mselves is p]mitt$ to t\* ! trid5t & /ones 9 ,airi's temple1 at lea/ z long z ! fe/ival la/s4 ,! (f]+s1 goats1 milk1 etc41 are consum$ by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! kid is m>k$ on ! =ehead ) r$1 & rice & wat] are ?r[n ov] him4 ,if he %akes himself to get rid ( x1 ! god has accept$ ! (f]+1 :]eupon 8 head is sev]$ ) a knife4 ,if he does n %ake himself1 or bleats1 x is a sign t ! (f]+ is n accept$1 & ! victim escapes4 ,! same rule ( te/+ ! suitability ( ! sacrifice prevail$ among ! ,greeks4 ,! same practice prevails among o!r tribes4 ,?us1 ! ,bw>iyas1 :5 !y sacrifice a goat1 take a little wat] 9 ! palm ( ! h& & p\r x on ! nose ( ! victim4 ,if x %iv]1 its head is cut (f ) a s+le bl[ ( a sword4 ,! rule has else:]e receiv$ a fur!r developm5t4 ,?us :5 ! ,ro ( ,cut* sacrifices a buffalo1 z x /oops to eat1 a few drops ( wat] are scatt]$ betwe5 its horns4 ,if x %ake its head x is l$ away z displeas+ to ! goddess2 if x nods its head a glitt]+ scimit> desc5ds on its neck4 #eeb ,hill ,demons4 ,o!r ,bhts 9 ! ,hills are ,a*]i1 ! gho/s ( little girls1 :o live on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 b desc5d at night to hold _! revels 9 m conv5i5t places4 ,to fall 9 ) _! tra9 is fatal1 & !y h a p>ticul> antipa?y to r$ col\r4 ,:5 little girls fall sudd5ly ill1 ! ,a*]i is suppos$ to h ca/ h] %ad[ ov] !m4 ,! ,deo are ! regul> demons already describ$2 "s are obnoxi\s to m51 "s to cattle4 ,! ,rniya moves ab\t at night & uses a huge rock z 8 /e$1 ! clatt]+ ( :i* ann\nces 8 approa*4 ,he is ! demon ( ! avalan*e & l&slip4 ,%\ld he take a fancy to a woman1 %e is haunt$ by 8 _s 9 h] dreams1 & gradually wa/+ away1 f9ally falls a victim to h] passion4 ,he ?us resembles ! ,faun & ! ,satyr1 ! ,incubus & ,succubus1 aga9/ ^: wiles & fasc9ation ! ,roman maid5 0 w>n$4 #eec ,bir? ,fi5ds4 ,ano!r ( ^! night fi5ds is ! ,jilaiya ( ,bihr1 :i* takes ! %ape ( a night bird1 & is able to suck ! blood ( any p]son ^: "n x he>s4 ,h5ce wom5 are v c>eful n to call _! *ildr5 at night4 ,x is believ$ t if ?is bird fly ov] ! head ( a pregnant woman h] *ild w be born a weakl+4 #eed ,h5ce x closely approximates to ! bir? fi5ds :i* beset ! "m & *ild dur+ ! p]iod ( impurity aft] p>turition4 ,?us ! ,orons ( ,*ota ,ngpur believe t ! fi5d ,*ordevan comes 9 ! =m ( a cat & te>s ! "m's womb4 #eee ,! ,brhman1 ,prabhu1 & o!r high-ca/e wom5 ( ,bombay believe t on ! fif? & six? night aft] bir? ! "m & *ild are liable to be attack$ by ! bir? _s ,satv1 :o comes 9 ! %ape ( a cat or a h54 ,consequ5tly !y keep a wat* 9 ! ly+-9 room dur+ ! :ole night1 pass+ ! "t 9 play+1 s++ & talk+ to sc>e ! fi5d4 ,! ,m>?as ( ,nsik believe t on ! fif? night1 at ab\t twelve o'clock1 ! _s ,sa?1 accompani$ by a male fi5d1 call$ ,burmiya1 comes to ! ly+-9 room1 & mak+ ! "m ins5sible1 ei!r kills or disfigures ! *ild4 ,! ,vadls ( ,?na ?9k t on ! fif? night ! bir? _s ,sa? comes 9 ! =m ( a cat1 h51 or dog1 & dev\rs ! he>t & skull ( ! *ild4 ,!y !re=e surr\nd ! b$ ) /r&s ( a creep]1 place an iron knife or scy! on ! "m's cot1 fire 9 an iron bick]n at ! entrance ( ! ly+-9 room1 & keep a wat* = ! night4 ,! cu/oms all ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,india are v mu* ( ! same type4 ,x is ess5tial t ! fire %\ld be kept con/antly burn+1 le/ ! _s ( evil1 /epp+ ov] ! cold a%es1 %\ld ent] & make its fatal m>k on ! =ehead ( ! *ild4 ,! :ole belief turns on ! fe> ( infantile lockjaw1 :i* is caus$ by ! use ( f\l implem5ts 9 cutt+ ! umbilical cord & ! neglect ( all sanit>y precautions4 ,x usually comes betwe5 ! fif? & twelf? day1 & z ,satv1 or ! ,*ha? ( ,nor!rn ,india1 has be5 rais$ to ! dignity ( a goddess4 ,all ?is is ak9 to ! belief 9 fairy *angel+s & ! malignant influ5ces :i* surr\nd ! ,european "m & h] *ild4 #eef ,! ,p> & ,j9n4 ,little ref]5ce has yet be5 made to ! ,p> or fairies1 or ! ,j9n or g5ii1 because !y are1 9 _! pres5t /ate at lea/1 ( exotic orig91 ?\gh _! orig9al basis 0 possibly laid on ,indian soil4 ,?us we h ! ,aps>as1 :o 9 "n at lea/1 mov+ 9 ! wat]1 is ak9 to ,aphrodite4 ,!y appe> only fa9tly 9 ! ,v$a z ! nymphs ( ,indra's heav51 & ! *ief ( !m is ,urvas1 to :om ref]5ce has be5 already made4 ,two ( !m1 ,rambh & ,m5ak1 are %[n z lur+ au/]e sages f _! devotions1 z 9 ! ,iri% leg5d ( ,gl5dal\gh4 ,!y are ! wives or mi/resses ( ! ,g&h>vas1 ! s+]s & musicians :o att5d ! banquets ( ! gods4 ,indra 9 ! ,rig ,v$a is ! giv] ( wom51 & he provides "o ( 8 ag$ fri5ds ) a "y wife4 #eeg ,rambh1 "o ( ! fairies ( 8 c\rt1 appe>s con/antly 9 ! tales ( ,somadeva1 & desc5ds 9 human =m to ! arms ( h] e>?ly lov]s1 z ,titania ) ,bottom 9 ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,_! successor 9 ! mod]n tales is ,%hpas&1 ,! belov$ ( ! k+1 :o takes ! %ape ( a pigeon & kisses ! beautiful h]o4 ,9 "o ( ! /ories :i* appe>s 9 _m =ms1 ! y\? ) ! help ( a ,faqr f9ds 8 way to ! dance ( ,rja ,indra1 takes ! place ( 8 drumm]1 & w9s ! fairy1 :om he id5tifies 9 spite ( ! _m s*emes :i* ! jovial god inv5ts to deceive him4 ,^! ladies are all ( surpass+ beauty1 skill$ 9 music & ! dance1 ) :ite sk9s1 & always dress$ 9 r$4 ,) ! ,j9n we rea* a *apt] ( folk-lore ( great ext5t & complexity4 ,!y are probably 9 orig9 closely alli$ to ! ,rk%asa1 ,deo & 8 k9dr$4 #eeh ,!y are usually divid$ into ! ,jann1 :o are ! lea/ p[]ful ( all ! ,j9n1 ! ,%aitn or ,satan ( ! ,hebrews1 ! ,ifrt & ! ,mrid1 ! la/ ( :om rules ! re/4 ,! ,jann1 accord+ to ! ,prophet1 7 creat$ out ( a smokeless fire4 ,! ,jann is sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! s]p5t1 & sometimes ) ,ibls1 :o has be5 import$ direct f ! ,greek ,diabolos4 ,! ,j9n 7 ! pre-,adamite rul]s ( ! _w1 & = _! s9s 7 ov]come by ! angels1 tak5 prison]s & driv5 to di/ant isl&s4 ,!y appe> z s]p5ts1 lions1 wolves or jackals4 ,"o k9d rules ! l&1 ano!r ! air1 a ?ird ! sea4 ,!re are =ty troops ( !m1 ea* consi/+ ( six hundr$ ?\s&4 ,"s h w+s & fly1 o!rs move l snakes & dogs1 o!rs g ab\t l m54 ,!y are ( gigantic /ature1 sometimes respl5d5tly h&some1 sometimes horridly hide\s4 ,!y c become invisible & move on e>? :5 !y please4 ,sometimes "o ( !m is %ut up 9 a j> "u ! seal ( ! ,"l ,solomon :o rules !m4 ,!y ride ! :irlw9d l ,indian demons1 & direct ! /orm4 ,_! *ief home is ! m\nta9s ( ,qf1 :i* encompass ! e>?4 ,! ,gh\l4 ,besides ^! !re is a ho/ ( m9or demons1 su* z ! ,ghl1 ! ,engli% ,gh\l1 :o is a k9d ( ,%aitn1 eats m51 & is v>i\sly describ$ z a ,j9n or z an en*ant]4 ,by "o tradition1 :5 ! ,%aitn attempt by /eal? to he> ! words ( m51 !y are /ruck by %oot+ />s1 "s are burnt1 "s fall into ! sea & become crocodiles1 & "s fall ^u ! l& & become ,ghls4 ,! ,ghl is prop]ly a female1 & ! male is ,qutrub4 ,!y are ! (fspr+ ( ,ibls & 8 wife4 ,! ,silt or ,sil lives 9 =e/s1 & :5 x captures a man makes him dance & plays ) him1 z ! cat plays ) ! m\se4 ,simil> to ?is creature is ! ,ghaddr1 :o tortures & t]rifies m51 ! ,dalhm1 :o is 9 ! =m ( a man & rides ^u an o/ri*1 & ! ,%iqq or ,nasns1 :o are ogres & vampires4 ,b ^! are little kn[n 9 ,indian folk-lore1 except t directly import$ f ,arabic s\rces4 #eei ,! ,baghaut4 ,z an in/ance ( ! respect paid to ! gho/s ( ^? :o h p]i%$ by an untimely dea?1 we may m5tion ! ,baghaut4 ,accord+ to ! la/ c5sus returns "s eight ?\s& p]sons record$ !mselves z wor%ipp]s 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,bagahu or ,sapaha1 ! gho/s ( p kill$ by tig]s or snakes4 ,! ,baghaut is usually erect$ on ! place :]e a man 0 kill$ by a tig]1 b x sometimes m]ges into ! common =m ( %r9e1 z 9 a case giv5 by ,dr4 ,bu*anan1 :]e a p]son receiv$ ! same hon\r because he _h be5 kill$ by ! aborig9al ,kols4 #efj ,! %r9e is g5]ally a heap ( /ones or bran*es ne> "s pa?way 9 ! jungle4 ,e pass]-by adds to ! pile1 :i* is 9 *>ge ( ! ,baiga or aborig9al prie/1 :o (f]s ^u x a pig1 or a cock1 or "s spirits1 & lights a little lamp !re occasionally4 ,_m su* %r9es are to be f\nd 9 ! ,mirzapur jungles4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces !y are kn[n z ,pt1 a t]m appli$ 9 ,*ota ,ngpur to holy heights d$icat$ to v>i\s div9ities4 #efa ,!y are usually erect$ 9 a place :]e a man has be5 kill$ by a tig] or by a snake2 sometimes no reason :atev] is giv5 = _! selection4 ,9 connection ) ^! %r9es !y h a special c]emony = lay+ ! gho/ ( a tig]4 ,until x is gone ?r\gh1 nei!r ,gond nor ,baiga w g into ! jungles if he c help x1 z !y say n only does ! _s ( ! dead man walk1 b ! tig] is also possess$1 = ! nonce1 ) an additional _s ( evil 7by ! s\l ( ! dead man ent]+ into him7 :i* increases 8 p[] ( intellig5ce & f]ocity1 r5d]+ him m =midable ?an usual1 & m eag] to pursue 8 natural enemy1 man4 ,"s ( ! ,baigas are suppos$ to be gift$ ) great p[]s ( wit*craft1 & x is common = a ,baiga m$ic9e man to be call$ 9 to bewit* ! tig]s & prev5t !m c>ry+ (f ! village cattle4 ,! ,gonds ?or\ghly believe 9 ! p[]s ( ^! m54 #efb ,i myself came across a s+ul> in/ance ( ?is "s "t ago4 ,i 0 ask+ a ,baiga ( ! ,*]o tribe :at he c\ld d 9 ?is way1 b ,i f\nd him s+ul>ly retic5t on ! subject4 ,i ask$ ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,dudhi ,e/ate1 :o 0 ) me1 to expla9 ! reason4 ,well1 he answ]$1 :5 ,i came "h fir/ _m ye>s ago1 a not$ ,baiga came to me & propos$ to d "s wit*craft to protect me f tig]s1 :i* 7 v num]\s 9 ! neighb\rhood at ! "t4 ,i told him t ,i c\ld look aft] myself1 & advis$ him to d ! same4 ,t night a tig] seiz$ ! wret*$ ,baiga :ile he 0 on 8 way home1 & all t 0 f\nd ( him 7 "s scraps ( clo? & pieces ( bone4 ,s9ce !n ,i notice t ! ,baigas ( ^! p>ts d n talk s l\dly ( _! p[] ( manag+ tig]s :5 ,i am pres5t4 ,! ,*urel4 ,m dread$ ev5 ?an ! gho/ ( a man :o has be5 kill$ by a tig] is ! ,*urel1 a "n :i* has be5 connect$ ) t ( ! ,*hra or sweep] ca/e4 ,! gho/s ( all l[-ca/e p are notori\sly malignant1 an idea :i* possibly arises f _! connection ) ! aborig9al fai?1 :i* 0 treat$ half ) fe> & half ) contempt by _! conqu]ors4 ,! corpses ( su* p are ei!r cremat$ or buri$ face d[nw>ds1 9 ord] to prev5t ! evil _s f escap+ & tr\bl+ its neighb\rs4 ,s1 x 0 ! old cu/om 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ord] to prev5t ! _s ( a suicide f walk+ & becom+ a t]ror to ! neighb\rhood1 to turn ! c(f9 upside d[n & ?ru/ a spe> ?r\gh x & ! body :i* x conta9$ s z to fix x to ! gr\nd4 #efc ,riots h tak5 place & ! au?ority ( ! magi/rates has be5 invok$ to prev5t a sweep] f be+ buri$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 #efd ,! ,*urel1 :o corresponds to ! ,jakh1 ,jokh1 ,muk1 or ,naval ( ,bombay1 #efe is ! gho/ ( a woman dy+ :ile pregnant1 or on ! day ( ! *ild's bir?1 or )9 ! prescrib$ p]iod ( impurity4 ,! sup]/ition is bas$ on ! horror felt by all savages at ! blood1 or ev5 t\* ( a woman :o is c]emonially impure4 #eff ,! idea is1 x is ne$less to say1 common 9 ,india4 ,! woman 9 h] m5ses is kept c>efully ap>t1 & is n all[$ to d cook+ or any dome/ic "w until %e has und]gone ! purification by ba?+ & *ang+ h] g>m5ts4 ,"s ( ! ,drvidian tribes refuse to all[ a woman 9 ?is condition to t\* ! h\se-?at*1 & %e is oblig$ to creep ?r\gh a n>r[ hole 9 ! back wall :5ev] %e has to leave ! h\se4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! objection felt by m5 to walk "u walls or balconies :]e wom5 may be seat$ & ?us convey ! pollution4 ,f ,kulu1 on ! slopes ( ! ,himlayas1 a cu/om is report$ :i* is probably connect$ ) ?is pr9ciple & ) ! rules ( ! ,c\vade1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made lat] on4 ,:5 a woman :o is pregnant dies1 h] husb& is suppos$ to h committ$ "s s91 & he is deem$ unclean = a "t4 ,he turns a ,faqr & goes on pilgrimage = a mon? or s1 &1 hav+ ba!d 9 "s sacr$ place1 is re-admitt$ into ca/e4 ,! woman is buri$1 ! *ild hav+ be5 fir/ remov$ f h] body by "o ( ! ,dgi ca/e1 & h] dea? is n consid]$ a natural "o "u any circum/ances4 #efg ,! ,*urel is p>ticul>ly malignant to h] own family4 ,%e appe>s 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,sometimes %e is fair 9 front & black beh9d1 b %e inv>iably has h] feet turn$ r\nd1 heels 9 front & toes beh9d4 ,! same idea prevails 9 _m o!r places4 ,! ,gira1 a wat]-_s ( ! ,konkan1 has 8 feet turn$ backw>ds4 #efh ,9 ! ,teignm\? /ory ( ! ,devil he leaves 8 backw>d foot/eps 9 ! sn[4 ,pl9y s describes ,an?ropophagi ( ,m\nt ,imoeus1 & ,mega/h5es speaks ( a simil> race on ,m\nt ,nilo4 #efi ,%e g5]ally1 h[ev]1 assumes ! =m ( a beautiful "y woman & s$uces y\?s at night1 especially ^? :o are good-look+4 ,%e c>ries !m (f to "s k+dom ( h] own1 & if !y v5ture to eat ! food (f]$ to !m !re1 %e keeps !m till !y lose _! manly beauty & !n s5ds !m back to ! _w grey-hair$ old m51 :o1 l ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 f9d all _! fri5ds dead long ago4 ,s ! ,lady ( ! ,lake won ,m]l9 to h] arms4 #egj ,! same idea prevails 9 ,italy1 b !re ! abs5ce is only tempor>y4 ,among ! wiz>ds & wit*es are ev5 pr9ces & pr9cesses1 :o to conceal _! debau*]y & di%on\r take ! goat =m & c>ry away p>tn]s = ! dance1 be>+ !m ^u _! backs1 & s !y fly _m miles 9 a few m9utes1 & g ) !m to di/ant cities & o!r places1 :]e !y fea/1 dance1 dr9k1 & make love4 ,b :5 day approa*es !y c>ry _! p>tn]s home aga91 & :5 !y wake !y ?9k !y h _h pleasant dreams4 ,b inde$ _! div]sion 0 m real ?an !y suppos$4 #ega ,s1 ! ,manxm5 tell ( a man :o 0 abs5t f 8 p = f\r ye>s1 :i* he sp5t ) ! fairies4 ,he c\ld n tell h[ he return$1 b x seem$ z if1 hav+ be5 unconsci\s1 he woke up at la/ 9 ?is _w4 #egb ,i _h a sm>t "y butl] at ,etah1 :o once describ$ to me vividly ! n>r[ escape he _h f ! fasc9ations ( a ,*urel1 :o liv$ on a ,ppal tree ne> ! cemet]y4 ,he saw h] sitt+ on ! wall 9 ! dusk & ent]$ into conv]sation ) h]2 b he =tunately obs]v$ h] tell-tale feet & escap$4 ,he w\ld nev] g aga9 by t road )\t an escort4 ,s1 ! fairies ( ,engl& & ,irel& look ) envy on ! beautiful boys & girls1 & c>ry !m (f to fairyl&1 :]e !y keep !m till y\? & beauty h dep>t$4 ,eat+ ,food 9 ,_s ,l&4 ,! consequ5ces ( ra%ly eat+ ! food ( ! und]world are well kn[n4 ,! reason is t eat+ toge!r implies k9%ip ) ! dwell]s 9 ! l& ( spirits1 & he :o does s nev] returns to ! l& ( m54 #egc ,! ,*urel sup]/ition appe>s 9 o!r =ms4 ,?us1 ! ,korwas ( ,mirzapur say t if a woman dies 9 ! deliv]y-room1 %e becomes a ,*urel1 b !y d n "k1 or d n c>e to say1 :at f9ally becomes ( h]4 ,! ,patris & ,majhwrs ?9k t if a woman dies )9 ! p]iod ( pregnancy or uncleanness1 %e becomes a ,*urel4 ,%e appe>s 9 ! =m ( a pretty little girl 9 :ite clo!s1 & s$uces !m away to ! m\nta9s1 until ! ,baiga is call$ 9 to sacrifice a goat & release h] victim4 ,! ,bhuiyrs g fur!r & say t little baby girls :o die be=e !y are tw5ty days old become ,*urels4 ,!y live 9 /ones 9 ! m\nta9s & cause pa9 to m54 ,! rem$y is = ! afflict$ "o to put "s rice & b>ley on 8 head1 turn r\nd two or ?ree times1 & %ake (f ! gra9 9 ! direction ( ! jungle1 :5 %e releases h] victim4 ,! idea seems to be t ) ^! holy gra9s1 :i* are sc>]s ( demons1 ! evil influ5ce is disp]s$4 ,b %e cont9ues to visit him1 & requires propitiation4 ,among ^! p ! ,*urel has be5 v g5]ally enroll$ among ! regul> village godl+s & resides ) !m 9 ! common village %r9e1 :]e %e receives h] %>e ( ! p]iodical (f]+s4 ,any "o :o sees a ,*urel is liable to be attack$ by a wa/+ disease1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,dnd1 to answ] h] night summons br+s dea?4 ,modes ( ,repell+ ! ,*urel4 ,!re are =tunately v>i\s rem$ies :i* are effective 9 prev5t+ a woman :o dies "u ^! circum/ances f becom+ a ,*urel4 ,"o way is t practis$ by ! ,majhwrs ( ,mirzapur1 :i* resembles t = lay+ ! evil _s ( a sweep]1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made already4 ,!y d n cremate ! body1 b bury x1 fill ! grave ) ?orns & pile heavy /ones above to keep d[n ! gho/4 ,among ! ,bh&ris ( ,b5gal1 :5 a pregnant woman dies be=e deliv]y1 h] body is cut op5 & ! *ild tak5 out1 bo? corpses be+ buri$ 9 ! same grave4 #egd ,9 ,bombay1 :5 a woman dies 9 pregnancy1 h] corpse1 aft] be+ ba!d & deck$ ) fl[]s & ornam5ts1 is c>ri$ to ! burn+ gr\nd4 ,!re h] husb& spr9kles wat] on h] body f ! po9ts ( a wisp ( ! sacr$ ,d>bha grass & repeats holy v]ses4 ,!n he cuts h] "r side ) a %>p weapon & takes out ! *ild4 ,%\ld x be alive1 x is tak5 home & c>$ =2 %\ld x be dead1 x is !n & !re buri$4 ,! hole 9 ! side ( ! corpse is fill$ ) curds & butt]1 cov]$ ) cotton ?reads1 & !n ! usual rite ( cremation is c>ri$ out4 #ege ,9 "o ( ! tales ( ,somadeva1 ,saktideva cuts ! *ild out ( 8 pregnant wife4 #egf ,9 ! ,hills1 if a woman dies dur+ ! m5/rual p]iod or 9 *ildbir?1 ! corpse is ano9t$ ) ! five products ( ! c[1 & special texts are recit$4 ,a small quantity ( fire is !n plac$ on ! *e/ ( ! corpse1 :i* is ei!r buri$ or ?r[n into fl[+ wat]4 #egg ,"h we h ! ?ree great demon-sc>]s1--fire1 e>? & wat]1 comb9$4 ,9 ano!r device1 iron1 :i* has simil> virtue1 is us$4 ,small r\nd-head$ iron spikes1 specially made = ! purpose1 are driv5 into ! nails ( ! f\r f+]s ( ! corpse1 :ile ! ?umbs & great toes are securely fa/5$ toge!r ) iron r+s4 ,mo/ ,h9dus1 x may be rem>k$1 tie ! corpse to ! bi]1 :atev] may h be5 ! cause ( dea?1 & 9 p>ts ( ,irel& a ?read is ti$ r\nd ! toe ( ! corpse1 ! object app>5tly be+ to secure ! body & prev5t an evil _s f ent]+ x4 #egh ,9 ! ,hills ! place :]e a pregnant woman di$ is c>efully scrap$ & ! e>? remov$4 ,! spot is !n s[n ) mu/>d1 :i* is spr9kl$ along ! road trav]s$ by ! corpse on its way to ! burial gr\nd4 ,! reason giv5 = ?is is tw(old4 ,fir/1 ! mu/>d blossoms 9 ! _w ( ! dead1 & its sweet smell pleases ! _s & keeps h] cont5t1 s t %e does n long to revisit h] e>?ly home2 secondly1 ! ,*urel rises f h] grave at nightfall & seeks to return to h] fri5ds2 %e sees ! m9ute gra9s ( ! mu/>d scatt]$ abroad & /oops to pick x up1 & :ile s engag$ cock-cr[ comes1 %e is unable to visit h] home1 & mu/ return to h] grave4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance ( ! rule t evil spirits move ab\t only at night4 ,c\nt+4 ,?is c\nt+ ( ! gra9s ( mu/>d illu/rates ano!r pr9ciple :i* is ?us expla9$ by ,mr4 ,lel&3 #egi ,a travell] 9 ,p]sia has obs]v$ t ! patt]ns ( c>pets are made intricate1 s t ! ,evil ,eye1 re/+ ^u !m & foll[+ ! design1 loses its p[]4 ,?is 0 ! motive ( all ! int]laces ( ! ,celtic & ,norse designs4 ,:5 ! wit* sees ! ,slagrma1 h] glance is at once bewild]$ ) its holes & ve9s4 ,z ,i h else:]e rem>k$1 ! h]b ,rosaloaccio1 n ! corn poppy1 b a k9d ( small h\se leek1 o!rwise call$ ',rice ( ! ,goddess ( ! f\r ,w9ds1' d]ives its "n f look+1 ere x unfolds1 l confus$ gra9s ( rice1 & :5 a wit* sees x %e _c ent] till %e has c\nt$ !m1 :i* is impossible2 !re=e x is us$ to protect rooms f wit*craft4 ,s>son or mu/>d is1 x may be not$1 us$ z a sc>] ( demons4 ,9 all ! pr9cipal ,h9du c]emonies 9 ,we/]n ,india1 gra9s ( ,s>%apa or ,s>son 7,s9apts di*otoma7 & p>*$ rice are scatt]$ ab\t to sc>e fi5ds4 ,akb> us$ to h ,sip& or ,s>son burnt on a hot plate to keep (f ! ,evil ,eye--,naz>-i-bad--f 8 valuable horses4 #ehj ,?\gh ! ,*urel is reg>d$ ) disgu/ & t]ror1 curi\sly en\gh a family ( ,*auhn ,rjputs 9 ,oudh claim "o z _! ance/ress4 #eha ,! ,c\vade4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject ( p>turition impurity1 ! v rem>kable cu/om ( ! ,c\vade may be ref]r$ to "h4 ,?is is ! rule by :i* at ! bir? ( a *ild ! fa!r is treat$ z an invalid1 in/ead ( or 9 addition to ! "m3-- ,:5 ,*9eses g to b$1 ,& lie 9 9 _! ladies' /ead4 ,m>co ,polo1 writ+ ( ,z>d&an1 gives a good example3--,:5 "o ( _! wives has be5 deliv]$ ( a *ild1 ! infant is wa%$ & swa!d1 & !n ! woman gets up & goes ab\t h] h\sehold affairs1 :il/ ! husb& takes to b$ ) ! *ild by 8 side1 & s keeps 8 b$ = =ty days2 & all ! ki? & k9 come to visit h]1 & keep up a great fe/ivity4 ,!y d ?is because !y say ! woman has _h a bad "t ( x1 & x is b fair t ! man %\ld h a %>e ( suff]+4 #ehb ,pr(essor ,rhys rem>ks t ! gods ( ,celtic ,irel& us$ to practise ! ,c\vade4 #ehc ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] ?9ks t x is cle> t ! poor husb& 0 at fir/ tyranniz$ ov] by 8 female relations & aft]w>ds fright5$ into sup]/ition4 ,he !n began to make a m>tyr ( himself1 till he made himself really ill1 or took to b$ 9 self-def5ce4 ,! cu/om appe>s1 h[ev]1 to re/ on a mu* m primitive set ( ideas4 ,x p>tly implies1 p]haps1 ! transition f t social /ate 9 :i*1 ow+ to ! laxity ( ! connection betwe5 ! sexes1 ! only recogniz$ =m ( desc5t 0 ?r\gh ! "m1 & p>tly1 ! k9dr$ conception t ! fa!r has m to d ) ! production ( ! *ild ?an ! "m1 & t ! fa!r mu/1 at ! critical p]iod ( ! baby's exi/5ce1 ex]cise p>ticul> caution t ?r\gh 8 neglig5ce no demoniacal influ5ce may assail ! infant1 #ehd ,x is curi\s t 9 ,india itself s few actual in/ances ( ! ,c\vade h be5 discov]$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,h>tl& %[s1 is n unusual1 & ! ,c\vade is n f\nd 9 ! l[e/ /age ( savag]y4 ,b t ! cu/om once g5]ally prevail$ is q c]ta91 & 9 ,nor!rn ,india1 at lea/1 x seems to h be5 mask$ by special bir? c]emonies ( great /r+5cy & elaborate detail1 b ( di/9ctly lat] date ?an ! v primitive usage ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$4 ,"o in/ance ( ! actual ,c\vade is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,sir ,moni]-,williams4 #ehe ,among a v l[ ca/e ( basket-mak]s 9 ,guj>t1 x is ! usual practice = a wife to g ab\t h] "w imm$iately aft] deliv]y1 z if no?+ _h occurr$4 ,! presid+ ,"m 7,mt7 ( ! tribe is suppos$ to transf] ! weakness to h] husb&1 :o takes to 8 b$ & has to be support$ = sev]al days ) good n\ri%+ food4 ,aga91 among ! ,kols ( ,*ota ,ngpur1 fa!r & "m are consid]$ impure = eight days1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! memb]s ( ! family are s5t out ( ! h\se1 & ! husb& has to cook = 8 wife4 ,if x be a difficult case ( p>turition1 ! malignancy ( "s _s ( evil is suppos$ to be at "w1 & aft] div9ation to asc]ta9 8 "n1 a sacrifice is made to appease him4 #ehf ,among _m ( ! ,drvidian tribes ( ,mirzapur1 :5 ! posset or spic$ dr9k is prep>$ = ! "m aft] h] conf9em5t1 ! fa!r is oblig$ to dr9k ! fir/ sup ( x4 ,among all ^! p1 ! fa!r does n "w or leave ! h\se dur+ ! p]iod ( p>turition impurity1 & cooks = 8 wife4 ,:5 ask$ :y he refra9s f "w1 !y simply say t he is s pleas$ ) ! safety ( 8 wife & ! bir? ( 8 *ild1 t he takes a holiday2 b "s survival ( ! ,c\vade is probably at ! root ( ! cu/om4 ,! same idea prevails 9 a modifi$ =m 9 ,bombay4 ,! ,pomaliyas1 gold-wa%]s ( ,s\? ,guj>t1 aft] a bir?1 take great c>e ( ! husb&1 give him food1 & d n all[ him to g out2 & :5 a *ild is born to a ,de%a/h ,brhman1 he ?r[s himself into a well ) all 8 clo!s on1 &1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 wife's relations1 lets a c\ple ( drops ( honey & butt] fall into ! m\? ( ! *ild4 #ehg ,v>i\s ,bir? ,c]emonies4 ,! same idea t ! infant is likely to receive demoniacal influ5ces ?r\gh its fa!r appe>s to be ! explanation ( ano!r class ( bir? c]emonies4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india1 9 respectable families1 ! fa!r does n look on ! *ild until ! a/rolog] selects a fav\rable mom5t4 ,if ! bir? occur 9 ! unlucky lun> a/]ism ( ,ml1 ! fa!r is (t5 n all[$ to see 8 *ild = ye>s1 & has 9 addition to und]go an elaborate rite ( purification1 kn[n z ,mla-snti4 ,s1 9 ,bombay1 ! ,belgaum ,*itpavans d n all[ ! fa!r to look on ! new-born *ild1 b at its reflection 9 butt]4 ,! ,dh>wr ,radd]s d n all[ ! fa!r to see ! lamp be+ wav$ r\nd ! image ( ,satv1 ! bir? goddess4 ,if ! fa!r sees x1 x is believ$ t ! "m & *ild w sick54 ,! ,k>ntak ,ja9as all[ anyone to fe$ ! new-born babe ) honey & ca/or oil1 except ! fa!r4 ,among ! ,b5i ,isrels1 :5 ! boy is be+ circumcis$1 ! fa!r sits ap>t cov]$ ) a veil4 ,among ! ,pna ,musalmns1 fri5ds are call$ to eat ! goat (f]$ z a sacrifice on ! bir? ( a *ild4 ,all jo9 9 ! fea/ except ! p>5ts1 :o may n eat ! sacrifice4 #ehh ,probably on ! same pr9ciple1 among mo/ ( ! l[] ca/es1 ! fa!r & "m d n eat on ! w$d+ day ( _! *ildr5 until ! c]emony is ov]4 ,places ,infe/$ by ,bhts3 ,burial ,places4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 c]ta9 places :i* are p>ticul>ly infe/$ by ,bhts4 ,to beg9 )1 !y naturally infe/ ! neighb\rhood ( burial places & cremation gr\nds4 ,?is idea is f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,virgil says3-- ,mo]im1 saepe animas imis excire sepulcris1 ,atque satas alio vidi traduc]e messes2 & ,%akespe>e 9 ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1-- ,n[ x is ! "t ( night ,t graves all gap+ wide1 ,e "o lets =? its sprite1 ,9 ! *ur*-way pa?s to glide4 ,des]ts4 ,all des]ts1 also1 are a resort ( ,bhts1 z ! great des]t ( ,lop1 :]e ,m>co ,polo assures u !y are con/antly se5 at night4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,panjb des]ts1 dur+ ! prairie fires & 9 ! dead ( night1 ! lonely h]dsm5 us$ to he> cries aris+ f ! gr\nd1 & %\ts ( ,mr6 ,mr6 ,/rike6 ,/rike6 :i* 7 ascrib$ to ! spirits ( m5 :o _h be5 kill$ 9 =m] fronti] raids4 ,su* sup]natural s\nds 7 he>d by ! e>ly settl]s )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 &1 until q rec5tly1 ! p 7 afraid to travel )\t =m+ l>ge p>ties = fe> ( enc\nt]+ ! sup]natural enemies :o frequ5t$ ^! un9habit$ tracts4 #ehi ,s1 among ! ,mirzapur jungle tribes1 ! wild =e/s ( ,s>guja are suppos$ to be infe/$ ) ,bhts1 & if any "o goes !re ra%ly he is attack$ ?r\gh _! influ5ce ) di>rhoea & vomit+4 ,! site ( ! pres5t ,briti% ,resid5cy at ,ka?mndu 9 ,nepl 0 specially select$ by ! ,neplese z x 0 a b>r5 pat*1 suppos$ to be ! abode ( demons4 ,s1 9 ,scotl&1 ! local _s lives 9 a pat* ( untill$ gr\nd1 kn[n z ! ,gudeman's field or ,cl\tie's ,cr(t4 #eij ,owls & ,bats4 ,! gobl9s ( ! *ur*y>d type v (t5 take ! =m ( owls & bats1 :i* haunt ! abodes ( ! dead4 ,scree* owls are held unlucky 9 our days1 says ,aubrey4 #eia ,s$it 9 adv]so nocturnus culm9e bubo1 ,fun]eosque graves edidit ore sonos4 ,! ,/rix1 or scree* owl1 9 ,roman folk-lore 0 suppos$ to suck ! blood ( "y *ildr54 ,ano!r =m ( ! ^w 9 ,lat9 is ,/riga1 mean+ a hag or wit*4 ,! ,lili? ( ! ,jews1 ! night mon/] ( our late/ v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 becomes 9 ! ,rabb9ical /ories ,adam's fir/ wife1 ! ,que5 ( demons & murd]ess ( "y *ildr51 :o is ! night hag ( ,milton4 #eib ,! ,kumaun owl leg5d is t !y _h orig9ally no plumes ( _! own1 & 7 =c$ to borr[ ^? ( _! neighb\rs1 :o pursue !m if !y f9d !m abroad at daylight4 ,owl's fle% is a p[]ful love philt]1 & ! eat+ ( x causes a man to become a fool & to lose 8 memory2 h5ce1 wom5 give x to _! husb&s1 t z a result ( ! m5tal weakness :i* x produces !y may be able to c>ry on _! flirtations ) impunity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! owl is ! type ( wisdom1 & eat+ ! eyeballs ( an owl gives ! p[] ( see+ 9 ! d>k1 an excell5t example ( sympa!tic magic4 ,if y put an owl 9 a room1 g 9 nak$1 %ut ! door & fe$ ! bird ) meat all night1 y acquire magical p[]s4 ,i once _h a native cl]k :o 0 suppos$ to h gone ?r\gh ?is ordeal1 & 0 mu* fe>$ accord+ly4 ,"h we h ano!r in/ance ( ! nudity *>m4 ,9 ! same way 9 ,guj>t1 if a man takes sev5 cotton ?reads1 goes to a place :]e an owl is hoot+1 /rips nak$1 ties a knot at ea* hoot1 & fa/5s ! ?read r\nd ! "r arm ( a fev] pati5t1 ! fev] goes away4 #eic ,gho/s & ,burial ,gr\nds4 ,to return to ! connection ( gho/s ) burial gr\nds4 ,at ,bi%es> 9 ! ,hills1 ! ,h9du dead f ,almora are burnt4 ,! spirits ( ! dep>t$ are suppos$ to lurk !re & are occasionally se54 ,sometimes1 "u ! guidance ( _! lead] ,bholan?1 :om we h m5tion$ already1 !y come1 "s 9 palanqu9s & "s on foot1 at night1 to ! ,almora ,bzr & visit ! m]*ants' %ops4 ,dea? is suppos$ to foll[ soon on a meet+ ) _! processions4 ,^! gho/s are suppos$ to be defici5t 9 "s ( _! memb]s4 ,"o has no head1 ano!r no feet1 & s on2 b !y c all talk & dance4 #eid ,mutilation4 ,?is illu/rates ano!r pr9ciple ab\t gho/s1 t mutilation dur+ life is avoid$1 z be+ likely to turn ! _s into a malignant gho/ aft] dea?4 ,?is is ! reason t _m savages keep ! cutt+s ( _! hair & nails1 n only to put !m out ( ! way ( wit*es1 :o might "w evil *>ms by _! means1 b also t ! body :5 x rises at ! ,la/ ,day may n be defici5t 9 any "p4 #eie ,?is also expla9s ! /rong feel+ among ,h9dus aga9/ decapitation z a =m ( execution1 & ! dread :i* ,musalmns exhibit t[>ds cremation4 ,x also1 9 all probability1 expla9s ! lame demons1 :i* ab\nd all ! _w ov]1 l ,hephai/os1 ,wayl& ,smi?1 ! ,p]sian %ma1 ! ,asmodeus ( ! book ( ,tobit1 & ! ,club-foot$ ,devil ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! prejudice aga9/ amputation1 bas$ on ?is idea1 is "o ( ! _m difficulties :i* meet our surgeons 9 ,india4 ,gho/s ( ,old ,ru9s4 ,ano!r place :]e gho/s1 z might h be5 expect$1 resort is 9 old ru9s4 ,_m old build+s are1 z we h se51 attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( demons1 & 9 any case int]f]5ce ) !m is res5t$ by ! ,deus loci :o occupies !m4 ,?is expla9s ! numb] ( old ru9$ h\ses :i* "o sees 9 an ,indian t[n1 & ) :i* no "o c>es to m$dle1 z !y are occupi$ by ! spirits ( _! =m] own]s4 ,! same idea ext5ds to ! l>ge bricks ( ! anci5t build+s :i* are occasionally dis9t]r$4 ,dr4 ,bu*anan describes h[ on "o occasion no "o w\ld assi/ him 9 digg+ out an anci5t /one image4 ,! p told him t a man :o _h made an attempt to d s "s "t be=e _h met ) sudd5 dea?4 #eif ,! l&lord ( ! village /at$ t he w\ld gladly use ! bricks f ^! ru9s1 b t he 0 afraid ( ! consequ5ces4 ,s1 9 ,bombay1 int]f]5ce ) ! bricks ( an anci5t dam br\ght ,gu9ea worm & dys5t]y into a village1 & "s lab\r]s 7 cut (f :o m$dl$ ) "s anci5t tombs at ,ahmadnag>4 #eig ,g5]al ,cunn+ham1 9 "o ( 8 ,reports1 describes h[ on "o occasion1 :5 c>ry+ on "s excavations1 8 elephant escap$1 & 0 recov]$ ) difficulty2 ! p unanim\sly attribut$ ! disa/] to ! v5geance ( ! local gho/s1 :o res5t$ 8 proce$+s4 ,! p :o live 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! old city ( ,sahet ,mahet are1 = ! same reason1 v unwill+ to m$dle ) its ru9s1 or ev5 to ent] x at night4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,b5ett 0 !re1 a /orm :i* occurr$ 0 g5]ally believ$ to be a tok5 ( ! displeasure ( ! spirits at 8 intrusion on _! doma9s4 #eih ,! tomb ( ,%aikh ,mna ,%h at ,luckn[ 0 demoli%$ dur+ ! ,mut9y1 & ! workm5 suff]$ s mu* tr\ble f ! wra? ( ! sa9t1 t :5 ! di/urbances 7 ov] !y collect$ & rebuilt x at _! own exp5se4 ,! same !ory exi/s 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,?us1 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 a good ,manx s*ol> told me h[ a relative ( 8 _h c>t$ ! e>? f an old burial gr\nd on 8 f>m & us$ x z manure = 8 fields1 & h[ 8 bea/s di$ aft]w>ds4 ,x is possible = a simil> reason t a h\se 9 ru9s is seldom pull$ d[n & ! mat]ials us$ = o!r build+s2 :]e t has be5 done mis=tunes h ensu$4 #eii ,9 ! ,konkan x is believ$ t all treasures buri$ und]gr\nd1 all ! m9es ( gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones1 all old caves & all ru9$ =tresses1 are gu>d$ by und]gr\nd spirits 9 ! %ape ( a hairy s]p5t or frog4 ,^! spirits nev] leave _! places1 & !y attack & injure only ^? p]sons :o come to remove ! ?+s :i* !y are gu>d+4 #fjj ,9 %ort1 ^! places are l ! ,si? ,bhruai? m\nds 9 ,scotl&1 :i* 7 respect$1 & x 0 deem$ unlawful & dang]\s to cut wood1 dig e>? !re1 or o!rwise di/urb !m4 ,9 ! same way ! sites ( anci5t villages :i* ab\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,india are m or less respect$4 ,!y 7 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! ravages ( w>1 fam9e1 or pe/il5ce1 & are gu>d$ by ! spirits ( ! orig9al own]s1 ^! calamities be+ self-evid5t pro(s ( ! malignity & displeasure ( ! local deities4 ,m9e & ,cave ,spirits4 ,we h already m5tion$ incid5tally ! m9e spirits4 ,x is n difficult to see :y ! spirits ( m9e & cave %\ld be malignant & res5t trespass on _! t]ritories1 because by ! nature ( ! case !y are directly 9 communication ) ! "u-_w4 ,9 ! folk-tales ( ,somadeva we h m ?an "o ref]5ce to a cave :i* leads to ,ptla1 ! rift$ rock ^: entrance leads to hell4 ,o!rs are ! entrance to fairy palaces1 :]e dwell ! ,asura maid5s b5ea? ! e>?4 #fja ,( a m9e at ,patna1 ,dr4 ,bu*anan writes3 ,a /one-cutt] :o 0 9 my s]vice 0 go+ into "o ( ! %afts to break a specim51 :5 ! guide1 a ,muhammadan trad]1 acqua9t$ ) ! fe>s ( ! workm51 pull$ him back 9 al>m1 & said1 ',pull (f y\r %oes6 ,w y pr(ane ! abode ( ! gods8' ,"u ! same belief1 ! ,corni% m9]s w all[ no :i/l+ und]gr\nd4 #fjb ,mr4 ,sp5c] sugge/s t ! respect = caves is bas$ on ! e>ly practice ( burial 9 su* places4 #fjc ,at any rate1 ! belief is v g5]al t spirits & deities live 9 caves4 ,!re is a :ole cycle ( fairy leg5d c5t]+ r\nd ! belief t "s ( ! h]oes ( old live 9 caves surr\nd$ by _! fai?ful foll[]s1 & w arise "s day to w9 back _! k+dom4 ,?us1 ,bruce & 8 en*ant$ w>riors lie 9 a cave 9 ,ra?l9 ,isl&1 & "o day !y w arise & w9 back ! isl& = ,scotl&4 #fjd ,! same tale is told ( ,ar?ur1 ,k>l ! ,great1 ,b>b>ossa1 & _m o!r h]oes4 ,! same tale appe>s 9 ,ori5tal folk-lore 9 ! %ape ( ! ,a%bu-'l-,kahf1 ! companions ( ! cave1 ! sev5 sleep]s ( ,ephesus4 ,s ! fam\s ,alha ( ! ,bundelkh& epic is said to be /ill alive4 ,he makes regul> visits on ! la/ day ( ! moon to ,dev ,srad's temple on ! ,mahiyr ,hill1 :]e he has be5 repeat$ly se5 & foll[$4 ,b he /]nly w>ns any "o f approa*+ him1 & ! ma9 pro( ( 8 pres5ce is t "s unkn[n h& puts a fre% g>l& on ! /atue ( ! goddess e day4 #fje ,cave ,deities4 ,9 ,india _m deities live 9 caves4 ,!re are cave temples ( ,kl1 ,annaprna1 & ,sraj ,nryan1 ! ,sun god1 at ,h>dwr4 ,kumaun ab\nds 9 su* temples4 ,t at ,gaur ,udyr is :]e ,siva & ,prvat once halt$ = ! night ) _! m>riage procession4 ,_! att5dants ov]slept !mselves & 7 turn$ into ! /alactites = :i* ! cave is fam\s4 ,ano!r is call$ f its dep? ,ptla ,bhuvanesw>1 f ! ro( ( :i* a :ite liquid trickles4 ,! att5dant ( ! %r9e says t ?is 0 milk 9 ! old5 days1 b a gre$y ,jogi boil$ 8 rice 9 x & s9ce !n ! supply has ceas$4 ,ano!r is call$ ,gupt ,gang or ! hidd5 ,ganges1 ^: wat]s may be he>d ru%+ bel[4 ,h5ce ba?+ !re is z efficaci\s z 9 ! sacr$ riv] itself4 #fjf ,among ! ,korwas ( ,*ota ,ngpur1 _! blood?ir/y deity has a cave = h] resid5ce4 ,mahdeva1 say ! ,gonds1 %ut up ! f\nd]s ( _! race 9 a cave 9 ! ,himlayas1 b ,l+o remov$ ! /one & releas$ sixte5 crores ( ,gonds4 ,talo ,daitya1 a not$ demon ( ,k?iwr1 lives 9 a cave :]e a lamp is lit :i* nev] goes out1 h[ev] viol5tly ! w9d may bl[ or ! ra9 may fall4 ,saptasr ,dev1 a mu* dread$ _s 9 ! ,konkan1 lives 9 a cave2 su* is also ! case ) ! eight-arm$ ,dev at ,a/hbhuja1 9 ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict4 ,h] devotees h to creep ?r\gh a n>r[ passage into :at is n[ ! %r9e ( ! goddess1 b is said to h be51 & v probably 01 a cave4 #fjg ,:5 ! ,korwas ( ,mirzapur h to ent] a cave1 !y fir/ arm !mselves ) a rude spe> & axe z a protection aga9/ ,bhts4 ,!re are two haunt$ caves 9 ! ,mir*a & ,banka ,hills 9 ,s>guja4 ,! ,mir*a cave is inhabit$ by a demon call$ ,mahdni ,deo1 :o is mu* fe>$4 ,n ev5 a ,baiga c ent] ?is cave1 b _m ( !m h se5 8 :ite horse ti$ up ne> ! entrance1 & gre5 grass & hors$ung ly+ !re4 ,9 ! cave on ! ,banka ,hill lives a ,dno1 ^: "n ei!r no "o kn[s or d>es to tell4 ,no "o v5tures to ent] 8 cave1 & he worries p 9 dreams & br+s sickness1 unless a ,baiga p]iodically (f]s a cock ) black & :ite fea!rs bel[ ! cave1 makes a fire sacrifice & ?r[s "s gra9s ( rice 9 ! direction ( ! m\nta94 ,:5 ?is ,deo is enrag$1 a noise :i* s\nds l ,gudgud6 ,gudgud6 comes f ! cave4 ,he is also he>d %\t+ at night1 & :5 *ol]a is com+ he calls out ,khab>dr6 ,khab>dr6 ,be cauti\s6 ,be cauti\s6 ,any "o :o goes ne> ! cave gets di>rhoea4 ,capta9 ,y\nghusb& has rec5tly solv$ ! my/]y ( ! fam\s ,lamp ,rock cave ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* is simply ! light com+ ?r\gh a conceal$ ap]ture at ! re> ( ! entrance4 #fjh ,_m caves1 aga91 h acquir$ _! sanctity by be+ occupi$ by fam\s ,h9du & ,muhammadan sa9ts4 ,su* are "s ( ! ,buddhi/ic caves f\nd 9 _m places1 :i* are n[ occupi$ by _! successors ( o!r fai?s4 ,!re is a cave at ,bhuili1 9 ! ,mirzapur ,di/rict1 :i* has a v n>r[ entrance1 b miracul\sly exp&s to accommodate any possible numb] ( pilgrims4 ,!y say t :5 ! sa9t ,salm ,*i%ti came to visit ,%h ,vilyat at ,agra1 ! /one seat 9 front ( ! mosque ( ! latt] 0 l>ge en\gh to accommodate only "o p]son1 b :5 ,salm ,*i%ti sat on x its l5g? 0 miracul\sly d\bl$4 #fji ,^! cave spirits are common 9 ,european folk-lore4 ,su* are ! ,buccas & ,knock]s ( ! ,cornwall m9es1 #faj & ! ,kobolds ( ,g]many4 ,fal/aff speaks ( le>n+1 a m]e ho>d ( gold kept by a devil4 ,burton ?us sums up ! matt]3 ,subt]rane\s devils are z common z ! re/1 & d z mu* h>m4 ,^! 7sai? ,mun/]7 are commonly se5 among m9es ( metals1 & are "s ( !m noxi\s2 "s1 aga91 d no h>m4 ,! metal m5 9 _m places acc\nt x good luck1 a sign ( treasure & ri* ore1 :5 !y see !m4 ,georgius ,agricola reckons two m notable k9ds ( !m1 ,getuli & ,kobali2 bo? are clo!d aft] ! mann] ( mortal m51 & w _m times imitate _! works4 ,_! (fice is1 z ,pictorius & ,p>acelsus ?9k1 to keep treasure 9 ! e>?1 t x be n all at once reveal$4 #faa ,bhts ,treasure ,gu>dians4 ,?is leads u to ! common idea t ,bhts1 l ! ,cornwall ,spriggans1 #fab gu>d treasure4 ,ill luck v (t5 atta*es to treasure-trove4 ,"s ye>s ago a ,*amr dug up "s treasure 9 ! anci5t =t ( ,atranji ,kh]a 9 ! ,etah ,di/rict4 ,he did 8 be/ to purge himself ( ! ill luck atta*+ to x by giv+ away a l>ge portion 9 *>ity4 ,b he di$ a begg>1 & ! :ole c\ntry-side attributes 8 ru9 to ! ang] ( ! ,bhts :o gu>d$ ! treasure4 ,"s "t ago an old man came into my c\rt at ,mirzapur & gave up two old brass pots1 :i* he _h f\nd :ile pl\gh+ ab\t a ye> be=e4 ,s9ce !n he _h suff]$ a succession ( tr\bles1 & 8 son1 :o 0 ) him :5 he f\nd ! prop]ty1 di$4 ,he !n call$ a conf]5ce ( sorc]]s to consid] ! matt]1 & !y advis$ him to appease ! ,bht by giv+ up ! treasure4 ,he fur!r rem>k$ t ! ,s>kr or ,gov]nm5t d\btless knew "s ,mantra or *>m :i* w\ld prev5t any h>m to x f tak+ ov] su* dang]\s prop]ty4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! ,bht is wor/$1 z 9 a ,kumaun tale1 :]e an old man & 8 daught]-9-law tie up a ,bht & make him give up five j>s full ( gold4 #fac ,treasure is (t5 ?us kept gu>d$ 9 sacr$ caves4 ,9 ,jaynag> is said to be ! treasury ( ,indradyumna1 seal$ ) a magic seal4 ,he 0 k+ ( ,avanti1 :o set up ! image ( ,jagann?a 9 ,orissa4 ,! spot pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a pla9 smoo? rock1 :i* has be5 p]haps artificially smoo!d4 ,x is said t ,indradyumna _h a great w>rior1 :om he fully tru/$ & rais$ to ! highe/ hon\rs4 ,at la/ ?is man began to ent]ta9 ! idea ( ask+ 8 ma/]'s daught] 9 m>riage4 ,! k+1 he>+ ?is1 0 sorely wro?1 b 8 dep5d5t 0 too p[]ful to be easily subdu$4 ,s he contriv$ t a cav]n %\ld be excavat$1 & "h he remov$ all 8 treasure1 & :5 all 0 secur$ he invit$ ! w>rior to ! place4 ,! man unsuspect+ly w5t 91 :5 ,indradyumna let fall ! trap-door & seal$ x ) 8 magic seal2 b he 0 puni%$ = 8 wick$ness by defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,muhammadans4 #fad ,9 ,irel& ! ,leprehaun1 a little cobbl] :o sits "u ! h$ge & ^: tapp+ z he m5ds 8 %oes may be he>d 9 ! s(t summ] twilight1 is a gu>dian ( treasure1 & if any "o c seize him he w give a pot ( gold to secure 8 escape4 #fae ,fairy ,gifts4 ,9 connection ) ^! treasure gu>dians1 we rea* ano!r cycle ( folk-lore leg5ds1 t ( gifts or robb]ies f fairy-l&4 ,pr(essor ,rhys1 writ+ ( ! ,celts1 well expla9s ! pr9ciple on :i* ^! are bas$4 #faf ,! ,celts1 9 common ) all o!r peoples ( ,aryan race1 reg>d$ all _! dome/ic com=ts z d]iv$ by !m f _! ance/ors 9 ! =gott5 pa/1 t is to say f ! dep>t$4 ,!y seem1 !re=e1 to h argu$ t !re mu/ be a l& ( untold weal? & bliss some:]e 9 ! ne!r _w inhabit$ by _! dead ance/ors2 & ! fur!r inf]5ce w\ld be t ! ?+s !y mo/ valu$ 9 life _h be5 procur$ f ! lead]s ( t ne!r _w ?r\gh fraud or =ce by "s great b5efactor ( ! human race2 = x seldom seems to h ent]$ _! m9ds t ! p[]s bel[ w\ld give up any?+ = no?+4 ,h5ce ! _m tales :i* ?us acc\nt = ! br++ ( fire & o!r bless+s to man4 ,( ! same type are ! usual tales ( ! fairy gifts4 ,?us1 9 "o v]sion f ,patna we read t "o day a corpse came float+ d[n ! riv]1 & a ,faqr ann\nc$ t ?is 0 ,*n ,hji4 ,he 0 duly buri$ & hon\r$1 & 9 _m places he us$ to keep silv] & gold vessels = ! use ( travell]s4 ,if anyone want$ a vessel1 he _h only to say s1 & "o us$ to float out ( ! wat]4 ,b a covet\s man appropriat$ "o1 & s9ce !n ! supply has ceas$4 #fag ,! same leg5d is told ( ! great ,k>sota lake 9 ,mirzapur1 & ( numb]s ( o!rs all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! culprit is g5]ally a ,banya1 or corn-*&l]1 ! type ( sneak+ gre$9ess4 ,! same /ory appe>s con/antly 9 ,european folk-lore1 z is %[n by ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s admirable summ>y4 #fah ,ano!r v]sion curr5t 9 ,india also corresponds ) ! ,we/]n tradition4 ,?is is :]e a p]son receives a gift f ! fairies1 :i* he does n appreciate1 & s loses4 ,?us1 9 a tale f ,rpur1 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ! goa!rd us$ to wat* a /range goat1 :i* jo9$ 8 flock4 ,"o day x walk$ into ! tank & disappe>$4 ,:ile ! goa!rd 0 look+ on 9 wond]1 a /one 0 ?r[n to him f ! wat]1 & a voice exclaim$1 ,?is is ! rew>d ( y\r lab\r4 ,! disappo9t$ goa!rd knock$ ! /one back into ! wat] ) 8 axe4 ,b he f\nd t 8 axe _h be5 *ang$ by ! t\* into gold4 ,he se>*$ = ! /one1 b c\ld nev] f9d x aga94 #fai ,9 ano!r tale ( ! same k9d1 ! c[h]d t5ds ! c[ ( ! fairy1 &1 foll[+ ! animal into a cave1 receives "s gold5 :eat4 ,9 a ?ird v]sion1 ! fool ?r[s away a h&ful ( gold5 b>ley1 & only comes to "k ( 8 mi/ake :5 8 wife f9ds t "s fuel cakes1 on :i* he _h laid 8 blanket1 _h turn$ into gold4 #fbj ,s1 at ,pa?>i1 9 ,bhopl1 !re liv$ a ,muni1 or a ,pr1 9 a cave unkn[n to any "o4 ,8 goat us$ to graze ) ! h]dsman's flock4 ,! %eph]d1 "o day1 foll[$ ! goat into ! cave & f\nd an old man sitt+ int5t 9 m$itation4 ,he made a noise to attract ! sa9t's att5tion1 :o ask$ ! object ( 8 visit4 ,! h]dsman ask$ = wages1 :]eupon ! sa9t gave him a h&ful ( b>ley4 ,he took x home1 &1 9 disgu/1 ?rew x on fire1 :]e 8 wife soon aft] f\nd x turn$ into gold4 ,! h]dsman w5t back to ?ank ! old man1 b f\nd ! cave des]t$1 & its occupant 0 nev] he>d ( aga94 ,! %eph]d devot$ ! weal?1 ?us miracul\sly acquir$1 to build+ a temple4 #fba ,und]gr\nd ,treasure4 ,?is und]gr\nd k+dom1 /or$ ) untold treasure1 appe>s 9 o!r tales4 ,?us1 ,kfir ,kot1 l _m o!r places ( ! same k9d1 is suppos$ to h und]gr\nd gall]ies hold+ untold treasures4 ,"o day a man is said to h ent]$ an op5+1 :]e he f\nd a flight ( /eps4 ,go+ d[n ! /eps1 he came to rooms fill$ ) _m valuable ?+s4 ,select+ a few1 he turn$ to g1 b he f\nd ! entrance clos$4 ,on dropp+ ! treasure ! door op5$ aga91 & x %ut :5 he aga9 tri$ to take some?+ ) him4 ,accord+ to ano!r v]sion he lo/ 8 sight :5 he t\*$ ! magic weal?1 & x 0 re/or$ :5 he surr5d]$ ! treasure4 #fbb ,ano!r tale ( ! same k9d is pres]v$ by ! old ,buddhi/ travell]1 ,hw5 ,?sang4 #fbc ,!re 0 a h]dsman :o t5d$ 8 cattle ne> ,bhgalpur4 ,"o day a bull sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! h]d & roam$ into ! =e/4 ,! h]dsman fe>$ t ! animal 0 lo/1 b 9 ! ev5+ he return$ radiant ) beauty4 ,ev5 8 l[+ 0 s rem>kable t ! re/ ( ! cattle fe>$ to approa* him4 ,at la/ ! h]dsman foll[$ him into a cleft ( ! rock1 :]e he f\nd a lovely g>d5 fill$ ) fruits1 exquisite ( col\r & unkn[n to man4 ,! h]dsman pluck$ "o1 b 0 afraid to ta/e x1 &1 z he pass$ out1 a demon snat*$ x f 8 h&4 ,he consult$ a doctor1 :o recomm5d$ him next "t to eat ! fruit4 ,:5 he aga9 met ! demon1 :o z be=e tri$ to pluck x out ( 8 h&1 ! h]dsman ate x4 ,b no soon] _h x rea*$ 8 /oma* ?an x began to swell inside him1 & he grew s enorm\s1 t al?\gh 8 head 0 outside1 8 body 0 jamm$ 9 ! fissure ( ! rock4 ,8 fri5ds 9 va9 tri$ to release him1 & he 0 gradually *ang$ into /one4 ,ages aft]1 a k+ :o believ$ t su* a /one mu/ possess m$ical virtues1 tri$ to *isel away a small portion1 b ! workm51 aft] t5 days' lab\r1 7 n able to get ev5 a p9* ( du/4 ,^! treasure rocks1 :i* op5 to ! t\* ( magic1 are common 9 folk-lore4 #fbd ,gho/s ( ,roads4 ,bhts are also f\nd at roads1 cross-roads1 & b\nd>ies4 ,x is s 9 ,russia1 :]e1 at cross-roads1 or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( cemet]ies1 an animat$ corpse (t5 lurks wat*+ = "s unw>y travell] :om x may be able to slay & eat4 #fbe ,?us1 9 ! ,hills1 & inde$ z f> z ,madras1 an approv$ *>m = gett+ rid ( a disease ( demoniacal orig9 is to plant a /ake :]e f\r roads meet1 & to bury gra9s und]nea?1 :i* cr[s dis9t] & eat4 #fbf ,! cu/om ( lay+ small-pox scabs on roads has be5 already notic$4 ,! same idea is probably at ! root ( ! old ,engli% plan ( bury+ suicides at cross-roads1 ) a /ake driv5 ?r\gh ! *e/ ( ! corpse4 ,9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces we h ,sewanriya1 :o1 l ,t]m9us1 is a special godl+ ( b\nd>ies1 & ^: function is to keep =eign ,bhts f intrud+ into ! village "u 8 *>ge4 ,= ! same reason ! ,baiga p\rs a /ream ( spirits r\nd ! b\nd>y4 ,?is is also probably ! basis ( a long s]ies ( cu/oms p]=m$1 :5 ! bridegroom1 ) 8 procession1 rea*es ! b\nd>y ( ! bride's village4 ,( ! ,khndh godl+ ( b\nd>ies1 we read3--,he is ador$ by sacrifices human & be/ial4 ,p>ticul> po9ts ^u ! b\nd>ies ( di/ricts1 fix$ by anci5t usage1 & g5]ally ^u ! highways1 are 8 alt>s1 & ^! dem& ea* an annual victim1 :o is ei!r an unsuspect+ travell] /ruck d[n by ! prie/s1 or a sacrifice provid$ by pur*ase4 #fbg ,gho/s ( ,empty ,h\ses4 ,bhts p>ticul>ly infe/ anci5t empty h\ses4 ,if a h\se be unoccupi$ = any "t1 a ,bht is sure to take up 8 qu>t]s !re4 ,su* h\ses ab\nd ev]y:]e4 ,! old ,=t ( ,agori on ! ,son is said to h be5 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! malignancy ( its ,bhts4 ,n long ago a m]*ant built a spl5did h\se 9 ! ,mirzapur ,bzr1 & 0 oblig$ to ab&on x = ! same reason4 ,! ,collector's h\se at ,sahranpur is haunt$ by a "y ,engli% lady2 !re is "o 9 ! ,jhnsi cantonm5t1 :]e a ,bht1 9 ! =m ( a ,faqr1 dress$ 9 :ite clo!s1 appe>s at night4 ,=tunately he is ( a k9dly disposition4 ,gho/s ( ,fl[]s4 ,bhts occasionally take up _! abode 9 fl[]s1 & h5ce x is dang]\s to all[ *ildr5 to smell !m4 ,9 ,kumaun ! ,beta9a tree 7,melia semp]viv5s7 is suppos$ to be infe/$ by ,bhts1 & its fl[]s are nev] us$ z (f]+s to ! gods4 #fbh ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 z we %all see else:]e1 fl[]s & fruits are consid]$ sc>]s ( demons4 ,bhts1 x is believ$1 d _! cook+ at noon & ev5+1 s wom5 & *ildr5 %\ld be cauti\s ab\t walk+ at su* times1 le/ !y %\ld tread unwitt+ly ^u ?is gho/ly food & incur ! res5tm5t ( its own]s4 #fbi ,9 ! same way ! ,scot* fairies are suppos$ to be at _! meals :5 ra9 & sun%9e come toge!r4 ,9 ,engl&1 at su* times ! devil is said to be beat+ 8 wife1 & 9 ,india !y call x ! ,jackal's w$d+4 #fcj ,! ,he>?4 ,among ! _m places :]e ,bhts resort comes ! h\se he>?4 ,?is probably 9 a l>ge measure acc\nts = ! precautions tak5 by ,h9dus 9 prep>+ & protect+ ! family cook+-place1 & sme>+ x ) fre% c[dung1 :i* is a sc>] ( demons4 ,! idea 0 common among all ! ,aryan races1 #fca b x is f\nd also among ! ,drvidian tribes1 :o p]=m mu* ( ! wor%ip ( ,dulha ,deo & simil> family gu>dians at ! family he>?4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,india1 :5 a bride fir/ goes to ! h\se ( h] husb& %e is n p]mitt$ to cook4 ,on an auspici\s day1 select$ by ! family prie/1 %e comm5ces h] duties1 & receives pres5ts ( money & jewell]y f h] relations4 ,among ! l[ ca/es1 at m>riages a special rite1 t ( ,matmang>a1 or lucky e>?1 is p]=m$1 :5 ! e>? int5d$ = ! prep>ation ( ! m>riage cook+-place is br\ght home4 ,! wom5 g 9 procession to ! village clay-pit1 accompani$ by a ,*amr beat+ a drum1 :i* is decorat$ ) /reaks ( r$ lead4 ,! e>? is dug by ! village ,baiga1 :o passes five %ovelfuls into ! brea/-clo? ( a veil$ virg91 :o /&s beh9d him4 ,s1 9 ,bihr1 aft] ba?+ ! bride & bridegroom1 ! "m or female gu>dian br+s home a clod ( e>?1 out ( :i* a rude fireplace is prep>$4 ,on ?is butt] is burnt1 & paddy p>*$ on ! ?re%old ( ! kit*51 :]e ! _s is suppos$ to dwell4 ,a goat is sacrific$ at ! same "t1 & "s ( ?is p>*$ paddy is res]v$1 to be flung ov] ! pair z !y make ! m>riage revolutions4 #fcb ,= ! same reason great c>e is tak5 ( ! a%es1 :i* mu/ be remov$ ) caution & n all[$ to fall on ! gr\nd4 ,we h se5 t x is us$ to id5tify ! spirits ( ! return+ dead1 & a%es bl[n ov] by a holy man are us$ to expel ! ,evil ,eye4 ,9 ,bombay a p]son excommunicat$ f ca/e is re-admitt$ on swall[+ a%es giv5 him by ! religi\s tea*] ( ! ca/e4 ,mo/ ,h9dus p>ticul>ly dislike be+ wat*$ at _! meals1 & make a pret5ce ( eat+ 9 secret4 ,if on a walk r\nd y\r camp y come on "o ( y\r s]vants eat+1 he pret5ds n to recognize 8 ma/]1 & 8 hang-dog look is ! equival5t ( ! ord9>y salaam4 ,?is is an idea :i* prevails 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,vai%nava sect ( ,rmnujas #fcc are v p>ticul> 9 ?is respect4 ,!y cook = !mselves1 & %\ld ! meal dur+ its prep>ation1 or :ile !y are eat+1 attract ! looks ( a /rang]1 ! op]ation is in/antly /opp$1 & ! food buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,gho/s ( ,fil?y ,places4 ,bhts1 aga91 frequ5t privies & dirty places ( all k9ds4 ,h5ce ! caution ) :i* a ,h9du p]=ms ! (fices ( nature1 8 av]sion to go+ into a privy at night1 & ! precaution he uses ( tak+ a brass vessel ) him on su* occasions4 ,mr4 ,campbell supposes ?is to dep5d on ! exp]i5ce ( ! disease-be>+ prop]ties ( dirt4 #fcd ,?is belief expla9s ! puzzl+ inconsi/5cies ( ,h9dus ( all classes t ! h\se1 h\se door1 & a little 9 front is scrupul\sly clean1 :ile ! y>d may be a dung-heap or a privy4 ,z long z ! h\se is clean1 ! ,bht _c come 94 ,let him live 9 ! privy2 he _c d mu* h>m !re4 ,! ,h\se ,ro(4 ,la/ly comes ! h\se ro(4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,drvidian tribes w n all[ _! wom5 to t\* ! ?at* dur+ a :irlw9d4 ,s1 mo/ p p>ticul>ly object to p /&+ on _! ro(1 & 9 a special degree to a buffalo gett+ ^u x4 ,x is on ! ro(1 too1 t ! old %oe or black pot or pa9t$ tile is always kept to sc>e ! ,bhts :i* use x z a p]*4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,notes #a ,on ! assimilation by ,rome ( ,celtic fai?s1 see ,rhys1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,religion z illu/rat$ by ,celtic ,hea!ndom1 #b sq4 #b ,lang1 ,cu/om & ,my?1 #agh4 #c ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,rema9s1 #i4 #d ,at ,pu%k> & ,id>4 ,moni] ,williams1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #eff sqq4 #e ,devat 9 ,sanskrit prop]ly means ! /ate or nature ( a deity1 div9ity1 )\t any v decid$ idea ( inf]iority4 ,9 mod]n usage x c]ta9ly has ?is implication4 #f ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aac4 #g ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 ii4 #aad1 #cdb1 #cec2 iii4 #aaj1 #aab2 xiii4 #fc2 ,rjputna ,gazette]1 ii4 #afj2 ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #f1 #ej1 #ade1 #bhf4 #h ,hunt]1 ,orissa1 i4 #ahh2 ,j>rett1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 ii4 #abh4 #i ,asiatic ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ii4 #bcf4 #aj ,%]r+1 ,sacr$ ,city ( ! ,h9dus1 #ei1 #aeg2 ,bholan? ,*&ra1 ,travels1 ii4 #chd4 #aa ,moni]-,williams1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #cdb4 #ab ,wilson1 ,essays1 ii4 #chd4 #ac ,gr[se1 ,ma?ura1 #ahj4 ,! /ory ( ,jo%ua 7x4 #ab-ad7 is an obvi\s p>allel4 #ad ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #be4 #ae ,blo*mann1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 i4 #bjj-bff4 #af ,max ,mll]1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 #ec1 note4 #ag ,hall1 ,vi%nu ,purna1 ii4 #aej2 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society1 ,b5gal1 #ahfb1 p4 #aab4 #ah ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #eig4 #ai ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #ada1 #aeg1 #aei1 #ahf1 #bbc2 ,elliott1 ,ho%angbd ,settlem5t ,report1 #bee2 ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #bf4 #bj ,folk-lore1 iv4 #ceh4 #ba ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,f ! ,hebrides to ! ,himlayas1 ii4 #afd2 ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #abf2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #fa2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #ih1 #egc4 #bb ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #bcd2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dic1 #ebd2 ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #afj2 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #ii1 #aci1 #agj4 #bc ,kn[les1 ,ka%mr ,folk-tales1 #c2 fire is us$ 9 ! same way2 ,temple1 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #cb1 #bga2 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 i4 #db2 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4 #ajd4 #bd ,campbell1 ,notes1 #gj4 #be i4 #ej4 #bf ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dae4 #bg x4 #he1 #e4 #bh ,bombay ,gazette]1 xiii4 #ic4 #bi ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 v4 #a2 ,hamlet1 iv4 #g4 #cj ,five ,hundr$ ,po9ts ( ,good ,husb&ry1 ,febru>y2 see o!r ref]5ces collect$ by ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cah4 #ca ,mrs4 ,mr ,hasan ',ali1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,muhammadans ( ,india1 i4 #bge4 #cb ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bbb2 iv4 #cee4 #cc ,in/itutes1 vi4 #i2 ,wilson1 ,vi%nu ,purna1 #ade1 #bge note4 #cd ,ewald1 ,antiquities ( ,israel1 #cdi sq42 ,goldzih]1 ,my?ology among ! ,hebrews1 #fc4 #ce ,odes1 iii4 #bc1 #a1 #b1 & comp>e ,job xxxi4 #bf1 #bg2 ,psalm lxxxi4 #c4 #cf ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #bje sq4 #cg ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ahg4 #ch ,%]r+1 ,sacr$ ,city1 #bba2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #db4 #ci ,hunt]1 ,orissa1 ii4 #adj4 #dj ,s>at ,*&ra ,mitra1 ,ve/iges ( ,moon-wor%ip 9 ,bihr & ,b5gal1 9 ! ,j\rnal ,an?ropological ,society ( ,bombay1 #ahic4 #da ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bba2 ,moni] ,williams1 ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #cdc4 #db ,h>dy1 ,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 #adi4 #dc ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bbh4 #dd ,opp]t1 ,orig9al ,inhabitants ( ,bh>atav>sa1 #ig1 #ih1 #dj4 #de ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #gbh2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #aac2 ,folk-lore1 ii4 #abh2 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #cbf2 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 ii4 #ij2 iii4 #fh2 vii4 #abf sqq42 ,wilson1 ,essays1 s4v4 ,hol2 ,leviticus xviii4 #ba2 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #aj2 ,h]klot1 ,qnn-i-,islm1 s4v4 ,muh>ram4 #df ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 xvi4 #bh4 #dg ,le>1 i4 #b4 #dh ,brihat ,sanhita4 ,mann+1 ,anci5t ,india1 i4 #cga4 #di ,demonology1 i4 #de4 #ej ,mrs4 ,mr ,hasan ',ali1 ,obs]vations1 i4 #big sq4 #ea ,travels1 #cja4 #eb ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #iac sq4 #ec ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ch4 #ed ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #ffe2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #cg1 #he4 #ee ,! ,celtic =m ( ! my? is giv5 by ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #adj sq42 ! ,indian leg5d 9 ,muir1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,texts1 ii4 #bc4 #ef ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #cca sq42 & see ,lang1 ,cu/om & ,my?1 ii4 #bfb4 #eg ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nology1 #aad4 #eh ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 i4 #bia1 ) note ii4 #edc4 #ei ,= in/ances1 see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #agi4 #fj ,bombay ,gazette]1 xi4 #ee4 #fa ,campbell1 ,notes1 #gi4 #fb ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bih4 #fc ,bombay ,gazette]1 xxii4 #gij4 #fd ,fry]1 ,travels1 #dah2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ha4 #fe ,cu/om & ,my?1 i4 #bhe2 ii4 #bbi1 note4 #ff ,campbell1 ,notes1 #gh sqq4 #fg ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #bjf2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #cg2 ,ewald1 ,antiquities ( ,israel1 #cd2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bei1 #cad2 ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 ii4 #fdc4 #fh ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bfa4 #fi ,elliott1 ,settlem5t ,report1 #abe4 #gj ,settlem5t ,report1 #afh4 #ga ,folk-lore1 i4 #aec4 #gb ,virgil1 ,georgics1 i4 #dhg2 neid1 vii4 #ada2 ,horace1 ,odes1 i4 #cd1 #e4 #gc ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bbi4 #gd ,p]i ,potamn4 #ge i4 #chhh sqq4 #gf ,ma?ura1 #agi sq4 #gg ,dunck]1 ,hi/ory1 iv4 ,,ii1 note2 ,rome% ,*&ra ,datt1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 i4 #id4 #gh ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ,nor?-,ea/ ,scotl&1 #da4 #gi ,j>rett1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 ii4 #bbd2 ,rjputna ,gazette]1 iii4 #bai4 #hj ,k>nl ,gazette]1 #ca4 #ha ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 i4 ,,ii2 ,madd51 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society1 ,b5gal1 #ahdg1 #bbh1 #djj2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #aed1 #afc4 #hb ,madd51 loc4 cit41 #bcc4 #hc ,loc4 cit41 i4 #ad4 #hd ,sleeman1 ,rambles1 i4 #ag4 #he ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 #bfd4 #hf ,folk-lore1 iii4 #cb4 #hg ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #cgd4 #hh ,odyssey1 v4 #dej2 & = o!r in/ances see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bac2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #cbe sqq4 #hi ,gr[se1 ,ma?ura1 #ee2 ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #fge2 ,oldfield1 ,sket*es f ,nepl1 ii4 #bjd4 #ij ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #ghh1 #hcb4 #ia ,b]> ,gazette]1 #ce4 #ib ,folk-lore1 i4 #aeb1 #bji2 iii4 #gb4 #ic ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #abc4 #id ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales1 #cac4 #ie ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bhd1 #eji2 ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #aid2 ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 ii4 #bje2 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #aaj sq42 ,sir ,w4 ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology1 #he2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bai2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #cff2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #cj2 ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,f ! ,hebrides to ! ,himlayas1 i4 #aci2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #aji sq42 ii4 #bjh2 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore1 #ff sq42 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #baf2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #eh4 #if ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #aji4 #ig ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #ahh4 #ih ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ajh sq42 ,demonology1 i4 #bje4 #ii ,folk ,m$ic9e1 #bh sq4 #ajj ,leg5ds1 #hb sq4 #aja ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #dhj4 #ajb ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bdb4 #ajc ,h]klots1 ,qnn-i-,islm1 #ba1 #ff sq1 #bib2 ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islm1 s4v4 #ajd ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #ahe4 #aje ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aad2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #a2 iii4 #g2 iv4 #fh4 #ajf ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ajb4 #ajg ,sirsa ,settlem5t ,report1 #agh4 #ajh ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #beh2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #aah4 #aji ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #abd4 #aaj ,ball1 ,jungle ,life 9 ,india1 #eca2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #aff2 ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 i4 #b2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #bcf sqq4 #aaa ,campbell1 ,notes1 #djd4 #aab ,=bes1 ,settlem5t ,report1 #da4 #aac ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales ( ,ka%mr1 #ejd1 ) note2 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #dii4 #aad ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #hj1 #acd4 #aae ,ea/]n ,india1 ii4 #dc4 #aaf ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #ahd4 #aag ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #bib4 #aah ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #gic1 #gih4 #aai ,ibid41 iii4 #ch4 #abj ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 iii4 #bf4 #aba ,tod1 ,annals1 i4 #had sq42 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #aac2 ,b]r ,gazette]1 #afi4 #abb ,f ! ,mnasa ,kh&a2 ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #cjh4 #abc ,rjputna ,gazette]1 ii4 #aca4 #abd ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 *apt] vi42 ,b]r ,gazette]1 #adh4 #abe ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #aid4 #abf ,b>eilly ,settlem5t ,report1 #bj2 ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #bf2 ,bh&ra ,settlem5t ,report1 #dg2 ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjb1 i4 #ci4 #abg ,opp]t1 ,anci5t ,inhabitants1 #dfg2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dff4 #abh ,fhr]1 loc cit41 #bij4 #abi ,himlayan ,gazette]1 iii4 #bg4 #acj ,ar*ological ,reports1 iv4 #aib4 #aca ,ibid41 viii4 #ci4 #acb ,ibid41 xxi4 #age4 #acc ,ibid41 xiv4 #gf4 #acd ,opp]t1 ,orig9al ,inhabitants1 #bhi4 #ace ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #agf4 #acf ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales ( ,b5gal1 #bha2 ,b]r ,gazette]1 #aeh1 #agf2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #db2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #ace2 ,bombay ,gazette]1 v4 #ddj2 ,rjputna ,gazette]1 ii4 #bbj4 #acg i4 #ag4 #ach ,mnasa ,kh&a2 ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #bga4 #aci ,see ! rem>ks by ,lass51 quot$ by ,muir1 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,texts1 ii4 #ccg4 #adj ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bjj sq41 #baj1 #ccf4 #ada ,rema9es1 #ah2 ,sir ,w4 ,scott1 ,lectures on ,demonology1 #ace4 #adb ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #ahh1 #baj1 #bbc1 #bcj1 #ace1 #ahf2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #cjf4 #adc ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #hcb4 #add ,settlem5t ,report1 #aba1 #bed4 #ade ,atk9son1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #gib2 ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #ad2 ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #aci4 #adf ,atk9son1 loc4 cit41 iii4 #dh4 #adg ,bombay ,gazette]1 v4 #beb4 #adh ,human sacrifice to ! ,durg ( ! ,v9dhyas occurs (t5 9 ,indian folk-lore4 ,see ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #fd4 #adi ,opp]t1 ,orig9al ,inhabitants1 #bd2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #agh4 #aej ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 i4 #ea sq42 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #ccc4 #aea ,griff91 ,rjas ( ! ,panjb4 #aeb ,gr[se1 ,ma?ura1 #bgh1 :]e all ! local leg5ds are giv5 9 full4 #aec ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 #abc4 #aed ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bfa4 #aee ,gr[se1 ,rmyana1 #cah4 #aef ,hi/ory ( ,india1 *apt] iii4 #ba1 #ccj4 #aeg ,%]r+1 ,sacr$ ,city1 #abi4 #aeh ,hislop1 ,pap]s1 #ah4 #aei ,folk-lore1 iii4 #eda4 #afj ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 i4 #bib1 #cja2 ,oldfield1 ,sket*es f ,nepl1 ii4 #f4 #afa ,notes & ,qu]ies1 v4 ,s]4 iii4 #dbd2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #gj2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #af4 #afb ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #bfg4 #afc ,ibid41 #bbd4 #afd ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 #ga sqq4 #afe ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aja sq4 #aff ,bombay ,gazette]1 xviii4 #daf2 xxi4 #ahj2 ,j\rnal ,e?nological ,society1 ,n4 ,s4 i4 #ih4 ,9 ! ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #aed1 ! que5 ,kavalayaval wor%ips ! gods />k nak$4 #afg ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #aj4 #afh ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #adh1 #cja4 #afi ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ca1 #ce4 #agj ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ag2 ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #da1 #aae2 ,h>tl&1 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 #hd4 #aga ,settlem5t ,report1 #bjg4 #agb ,i _c procure ?is book4 ,! quotation is f ,calcutta ,review1 xv4 #dhf4 #agc ,settlem5t ,report1 #ace4 #agd ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 vii4 #afb4 #age ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #baj4 #agf ,opp]t1 ,orig9al ,inhabitants1 #dgf1 quot+ ,mr4 ,fawcett4 #agg ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #acd4 #agh ,bombay ,gazette]1 iii4 #bba4 #agi ,indian ,antiqu>y1 v4 #e4 #ahj ,bombay ,gazette]1 iv4 #aad4 #aha ,j>rett1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 ii4 #djh1 quot+ ,alb]uni1 *apt] viii4 #ahb ,e?nology 9 ,folk-lore1 #id4 #ahc ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ajb4 #ahd ,ibid41 ii4 #da2 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 #acf4 #ahe ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #cfi4 #ahf ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ad4 #ahg ,br&1 ,obs]vations1 #gec4 #ahh ,beal1 ,fah ,hian1 #gh4 #ahi ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #bah4 #aij ,turn]1 ,samoa1 #de4 #aia ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #aja2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #ahj2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! 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,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ej4 #dfd ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #cgh4 #dfe ,=bes1 ,rs ,mla1 ii4 #ccb1 quot$ by ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ae4 #dff ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #gb1 #bjg4 #dfg ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales ( ,b5gal1 #a1 #aag1 #ahg2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #eb1 #agb1 #cee1 #chb2 ii4 #baf2 ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales ( ,ka%mr1 #aca1 #daf4 #dfh ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bdf4 #dfi ,obs]vations1 #fbe2 & see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #aej2 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 #bbj2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #bg2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bae sq42 ,sir ,w4 ,scott1 ,lett]s on ,demonology1 #ij4 #dgj ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #aff4 #dga ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #ba1 #dbj2 ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #dhi2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #dcg4 #dgb ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ca2 ,cl\/on1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #bbh2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #ehh4 #dgc ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #add4 #dgd ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aaf4 #dge ,ibbetson1 loc4 cit41 #aag4 #dgf ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #aba2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #dd1 #bcc4 #dgg ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aga4 #dgh ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ac2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #d4 #dgi ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #eg4 #dhj ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 xvii4 #adg4 #dha ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bfa4 #dhb ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #ea2 ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk ,tales1 #aii2 ,gov9da ,smanta1 i4 #aji1 #aeb sq41 #aeg2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #hc4 #dhc ,bombay ,gazette]1 xv4 #aej2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #agb4 #dhd ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #e2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #i2 iii4 #gd4 #dhe ,hislop1 ,notes1 i4 #c4 #dhf ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #aad1 #afg2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #ajb2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #agg1 #aid2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #agg4 #dhg ,fausbll1 ,jtaka1 ii4 #ae sq42 ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aah4 #dhh ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bed4 #dhi ,campbell1 ,notes1 #agg4 #dij ,odyssey1 xvii4 #eda sq42 ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 ii4 #cea2 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es1 #agg4 #dia ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #aag4 #dib ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bhi4 #dic ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #aji4 #did ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,gob9da ,smanta1 i4 #aae sqq4 #die ,ral/on1 ,russian ,folk-tales1 #cjf4 #dif ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bca1 #edc4 #dig ,ibid41 ii4 #bjh4 #dih ,wilson1 ,essays1 i4 #bf4 #dii ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 i4 #fe1 #aff4 #ejj ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bef sqq4 #eja ,kn[les1 ,ka%mr ,folk-tales1 #dc2 ,cl\/on1 ,popul> ,tales1 i4 #ace4 #ejb ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #baj2 ii4 #cah4 #ejc ,j\rnal ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,n4,s4 ii4 #cjj2 ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,texts1 iv4 #bdg2 ,wilson1 ,rig ,v$a1 i4 #ajg4 #ejd ,manu1 ,in/itutes1 iii4 #ij2 ,haug1 ,ait>eya ,brhmanam1 ii4 #hg1 #ij sq4 #eje ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #acb2 ,lai ,behri ,d1 ,gov9da ,smanta1 i4 #aag2 ,campbell1 ,notes1 #bd sqq4 #ejf ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society ,b5gal1 #ahdg1 p4 #ehb4 #ejg ,folk-lore1 iii4 #cbc4 #ejh ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #cha4 #eji ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 i4 #af4 #eaj ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #ge1 #bgj4 #eaa ,miss ,fr]e1 ,old ,deccan ,days1 #da1 #aih2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #age2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #beg4 #eab ,miss ,fr]e1 loc4 cit41 #hb1 #eh1 #fb1 #bjh1 #bfh sqq42 ,kn[les1 ,ka%mr ,folk-tales1 #dg4 #eac ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #ceb1 note2 ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 ii4 #ba4 #ead ,tylor1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 #caf2 ,h]odotus1 i4 #fh4 #eae ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 ii4 #ie2 ,wideawake ,/ories1 #djd sqq42 ,miss ,/okes1 ,fairy ,tales1 #bfa2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #afa2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ii4 #cjj2 ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #db1 #dg2 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 *ap4 viii4 #eaf ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 #dbh2 ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 ix4 #adb2 xviii4 #e2 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 vi4 #cfj2 ,bombay ,gazette]1 xii4 #ddi2 comp>e ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cid sq42 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #age2 ,folk-lore1 i4 #ebd4 #eag ,fhr]1 ,monum5tal ,antiquities1 #g1 #dj1 #ajc4 #eah ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #dc1 #ge4 #eai ,bu*anan1 ,ea/]n ,india1 i4 #hh2 iii4 #ef4 #ebj ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 ii4 #dac2 ,hunt1 loc4 cit41 #acf4 #eba ,kn[les1 ,folk-tales ( ,ka%mr1 #dbc4 #ebb ,annals1 ii4 #chb1 note2 ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepl1 #hf4 #ebc ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ga4 #ebd ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,folk-tales1 #beg2 ,miss ,/okes1 ,fairy ,tales1 #bgc1 #bia2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #ih sq41 #cgh2 ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #ee4 #ebe ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 xvii4 #a4 #ebf ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #a4 #ebg ,gazette]1 xi4 #cjh4 #ebh ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,b5gal1 i4 #cjc4 #ebi ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,my?ology1 ii4 #ddi4 #ecj ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aej4 #eca ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #eg1 #hj1 #acj4 #ecb ,annals1 ii4 #fha4 #ecc ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #ade1 #bdd2 ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 ii4 #aja2 ,folk-lore1 iv4 #ceb2 ,grimm1 ,h\sehold ,tales1 i4 #cdf4 #ecd ,ll ,bihri ,d1 ,gov9da ,smanta1 i4 #i2 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #aii4 #ece ,bombay ,gazette]1 xxv4 #deg4 #ecf ,oudh ,gazette]1 i4 #cjh1 #caa4 #ecg ,ll ,behri ,d1 ,gov9da ,smanta1 i4 #aeh4 #ech ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #ahj4 #eci ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 xx4 #if4 #edj ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #bac4 #eda ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #cjh2 ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 iv4 #bhe2 ,folk-lore1 i4 #afg4 #edb ,lel&1 loc4 cit41 #ie4 #edc ,traill1 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 xvi4 #acg sq4 #edd ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #hbj4 #ede ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dbh sq4 #edf ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #aec2 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #adb4 #edg ,traill1 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 xvi4 #acg sq42 ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #bg4 #edh ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #bbc4 #edi ,br&1 ,obs]vation1 #ega4 #eej ,opp]t1 ,orig9al ,inhabitants1 #eje4 #eea ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #hbe sqq42 ,madd51 ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society ,b5gal1 #ahdg1 p4 #eii sqq4 #eeb ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #abj2 iii4 #aga4 #eec ,traill1 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 xvi4 #acg2 ,atk9son1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #hca2 ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #aja4 #eed ,gri]son1 ,behr ,peasant ,life1 #djh4 #eee ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #bea4 #eef ,campbell1 ,notes1 #chg2 ,h>tl&1 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 #ic sqq4 #eeg ,rig ,v$a1 iv4 #ag1 #af2 i4 #ea1 #ac4 #eeh ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 i4 #i1 note4 #eei ,hughes1 ,diction>y ( ,islm1 s4v4 ,g5ii2 ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 passim4 #efj ,ea/]n ,india1 i4 #ajf4 #efa ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #acb4 #efb ,c5tral ,prov9ces ,gazette]1 #bhj4 #efc ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #bec4 #efd ,ibbetson1 ,panjb ,e?nography1 #aag4 #efe ,campbell1 ,notes1 #adi4 #eff ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #ahe1 #ahg2 ii4 #bch4 #efg ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #bjd4 #efh ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aef4 #efi ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cjg2 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 vii4 #b4 #egj ,rhys1 ,lectures1 #aef4 #ega ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #aeh4 #egb ,folk-lore1 ii4 #bhh2 ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #g1 #ci4 #egc ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 ii4 #aih2 ,h>tl&1 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 #db4 #egd ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #id4 #ege ,campbell1 ,notes1 #dhh4 #egf ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #bbg4 #egg ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #icb4 #egh ,folk-lore1 iv4 #cfc4 #egi ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 #ccg4 #ehj ,blo*mann1 ,an-i-,akb>i1 i4 #aci4 #eha ,oudh ,gazette]1 ii4 #dah4 #ehb ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 ii4 #gj1 ) note4 #ehc ,lectures1 #fbf sq4 #ehd ,! mo/ rec5t au?ority on ! subject1 ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 sums up ! matt] ?us3 ,x is f\nd$ on ! belief t ! *ild is a "p ( ! p>5t2 &1 j z aft] app>5t sev]ance ( hair & nails f ! rema9d] ( ! body1 ! bulk is affect$ by any?+ :i* happ5s to ! sev]$ portion1 s z well aft] z be=e ! infant has be5 sev]$ f ! p>5t's body1 & 9 our eyes has acquir$ a di/9ct exi/5ce1 he w be affect$ by :atev] op]ates on ! p>5t4 ,h5ce :atev] ! p>5t ought = ! *ild's sake to d or avoid be=e sev]ance x is equally necess>y to d or avoid aft]4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ! infant gr[s & /r5g!ns he becomes able to dige/ ! same food z 8 p>5ts1 & to take "p 9 ! ord9>y avocations ( _! lives4 ,precaution !n may be relax$1 & ultimately remitt$ altoge!r1--,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #djf4 #ehe ,brhmanism & ,h9duism1 #bbi4 #ehf ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology1 #aia2 ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #cbc2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #hd4 #ehg ,campbell1 ,notes1 #daj4 #ehh ,ibid4 #ehi ,sirsa ,settlem5t ,report1 #cb4 #eij ,wright1 ,hi/ory1 #ae2 ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 i4 #bjc2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bdi sq42 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #bgh4 #eia ,rema9es1 #aji sq42 ,sp5c]1 loc4 cit41 i4 #cbi2 ,f>r]1 ,primitive ,mann]s1 #bd1 #bbe sq4 #eib ,isaiah xxxiv4 #ad2 ,mayhew1 ,academy1 ,june #ad?1 #ahhd2 ,conway1 ,demonology1 ii4 #ia sqq42 ,gub]natis1 ,zoological ,my?ology1 ii4 #bjb4 #eic ,campbell1 ,notes1 #ei4 #eid ,j\rnal ,asiatic ,society ,b5gal1 #ahdh1 p4 #fji2 ,b5jam91 ,p]sia1 #aib2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #dea4 #eie ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 #bjd2 ,tylor1 loc4 cit41 ii4 #bcj2 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 #ceh2 ,cox1 ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations1 ii4 #cbg2 ,conway1 ,demonology1 i4 #ah4 #eif ,ea/]n ,india1 i4 #dad4 #eig ,bombay ,gazette]1 xii4 #ac2 xvii4 #gjc4 #eih ,oudh ,gazette]1 iii4 #bhf4 #eii ,folk-lore1 iii4 #hc4 #fjj ,campbell1 ,notes1 #aej sq4 #fja ,tawney1 ,ka?a ,s>it ,sg>a1 i4 #ddf1 #eeh2 ii4 #aig4 #fjb ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #dca4 #fjc ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 i4 #bja4 #fjd ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #hf4 #fje ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #bg4 #fjf ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #ajf2 iii4 #adg4 #fjg ,atk9son1 ,himlayan ,gazette]1 ii4 #cba sq42 ,bombay ,gazette]1 viii4 #ffj2 xi4 #chc4 #fjh ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ajc sq4 #fji ,ibid41 ii4 #c4 #faj ,hunt1 ,popul> ,romances1 #hb4 #faa ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly1 #abf4 #fab ,hunt1 loc4 cit41 #ha4 #fac ,ganga ,datt ,upreti1 ,folk-lore1 #aj4 #fad ,cunn+ham1 ,ar*ological ,reports1 x4 #aag4 #fae ,lady ,wilde1 ,leg5ds1 #ef2 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties1 #cbj sq42 ,folk-lore1 iv4 #ahj4 #faf ,lectures1 #bfe4 #fag ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 #eh4 #fah ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales1 *ap4 vi4 #fai ,ar*ological ,reports1 xxiii4 #ia4 #fbj ,ibid41 xvii4 #ca2 x4 #gb4 #fba ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ,,ii4 #agd4 #fbb ,ibid41 ,,ii4 #bi4 #fbc ,juli5's ,translation1 i4 #agi4 #fbd ,miss ,cox1 ,c9d]ella1 #dih4 #fbe ,ral/on1 ,russian ,folk-tales1 #caa4 #fbf ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 #ajj4 #fbg ,macph]son1 ,khonds1 #fg sq4 #fbh ,ganga ,datt1 ,folk-lore1 #ig4 #fbi ,panjb ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iv4 #acb4 #fcj ,campbell1 ,popul> ,tales1 ii4 #fc4 #fca ,he>n1 ,aryan ,h\sehold1 #ee sq4 #fcb ,risley1 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 i4 #def4 #fcc ,wilson1 ,essays1 i4 #ci4 #fcd ,notes1 #afi4