,,my?s ,,& ,,leg5ds ,,anci5t ,,egypt by ,,lewis ,,sp5ce ,au?or ( ,! ,my?s ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 ,! ,civilisation ( ,anci5t ,mexico1 ,! ,popol ,vuh1 ,! ,my?s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ,,bo/on ,,david ,d4 ,,nick]son ,,company ,,publi%]s #aiae ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pres5tation ( ,ani to ,osiris7 ,f ! ,papyrus ( ,ani--,reproduc$ f ! ,facsimile by ,p]mission ( ! ,director ( ! ,briti% ,museum ,,preface ,9 ?is volume ! religi\s hi/ory ( anci5t ,egypt has be5 review$ 9 ! light ( ! sci5ce ( mod]n my?ology4 ,few ,egyptologi/s are well in=m$ reg>d+ ! basic laws ( t sci5ce1 & mu* misappreh5sion reg>d+ ! "* & attributes ( _m ( ! deities wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,nile ,valley 9 times pa/ has !reby result$4 ,! /atem5t t ,egyptian religi\s ideas _c be collat$ ) b>b>ian & savage conceptions simply because !y are ,egyptian & !re=e 'classic' & inviolate w no long] rema9 unque/ion$ among t section ( ! public accu/om$ to ?9k = itself1 & su* pron\ncem5ts z t ! animal gods ( ,egypt h no connexion ) totemic orig9s w %ortly assume _! prop] p]spective4 ,9 advanc+ ideas s iconocla/ic--:i* all w rememb] 7 adumbrat$ by ! late ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang & /rongly buttress$ by ,sir ,james ,fraz]--x is ess5tial t ,i %\ld at ! outset protect myself aga9/ any *>ges ( lack ( acqua9tance ) ! sci5ce ( ,egyptology4 ,su* a "w z ?is1 :i* attempts to fur!r rec5t views conc]n+ a well-worn subject1 mu/ by ! v circum/ances ( its ef=t be ca/ & writt5 9 popul> /yle4 ,t su* a treatm5t is suffici5t to prejudice x 9 ! eyes ( a c]ta9 type ( critic ,i am well aw>e4 ,a long s]ies ( h&books & articles _h prep>$ critics = my "w 9 ?is s]ies ^u ,mexican & ,p]uvian my?1 & x 0 g5]ally admitt$ t ,i spoke ^u ^! subjects out ( ! au?ority ( long exp]i5ce4 ,i f9d x necess>y to /ate1 !n1 t ! /udy ( ,egyptian hi]oglyphs is n new to me4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,i lab\r$ at ^! assidu\sly1 /udy+ ! languages1 ,semitic & ,african1 includ+ ,coptic1 :i* are cognate ) ! ,egyptian4 ,9 ! /udy ( hi]oglyphic sy/ems ,i 0 attract$ t[>d ! wond]ful sy/em ( writ+ :i* prevail$ among ! ,maya ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ?r\gh x to ! consid]ation ( ,mexican ar*ology 9 g5]al4 ,my gr\nd+ 9 ! ,egyptian language has also /ood me 9 good /ead1 & if = reasons connect$ ) ! necessity = popul> pres5tation my pages are n litt]$ ) hi]oglyphs1 ,i c lay claim to su* a k ( ,egyptian l+ui/ic orig9s z c control any d]ivations "h attempt$--:i*1 h[ev]1 h n be5 v5tur$ ^u )\t ! c\nt5ance ( o!r & high] au?orities4 ,if ,i h diff]$ f ,egyptologi/s ( /&+ 9 matt]s my?ological1 ,i h be5 s$ul\sly c>eful n to attempt ! imp]t95ce ( contradict+ !m 9 matt]s l+ui/ic4 ,_! lifelong acqua9tance ) orig9al texts gives !m1 ( c\rse1 au?ority to :i* ,i gladly b[1 b ,i feel1 on ! o!r h&1 t my own close /udies ( my?ological problems1 :i* are z vital to ! int]e/s ( ! sci5ce z its l+ui/ic & ar*ological sides1 entitle me to advance my p]sonal views ^u su*1 ev5 :5 ^! are oppos$ to ^? ( au?orities ^: reputation 9 ! field ( ,egyptology /&s des]v$ly high4 ,/ud5ts ( my? & ,egyptology1 z well z ! g5]al read] drawn to ! subjects by ! glam\r ( ! my/ic atmosph]e :i*1 let u hope1 w ev] surr\nd !m1 w f9d t ,i h n hesitat$ to attack hypo!ses conc]n+ ! "* & attributes ( c]ta9 deities ! my?ological type ( :i* may h be5 reg>d$ by _m z ultimately fix$4 ,?is applies especially to my attempt$ recon/ruction ( ! natures ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,?o?1 & sev]al o!r div9ities4 ,my rem>ks1 too1 ^u totemism 9 ,egypt may eng5d] opposition1 ?\gh ,i believe t ! rank ( ! au?orities ,i c call to my aid w succe$ 9 dis>m+ criticism ( my argum5ts4 ,no "o c rightly compreh5d ! tr5d & curr5ts ( ,egyptian fai? :o does n possess "s acqua9tance ) ,egyptian hi/ory1 mann]s1 & cu/oms4 ,i h !re=e provid$ brief synopses ( ^!1 z well z "s acc\nt ( ,egyptian ar*ology4 ,to ,mr4 ,w4,g4 ,blaikie ,murdo*1 ^: works & influ5ce on mod]n art are well kn[n to its m s]i\s /ud5ts1 ,i am oblig$ = ! greate/ possible assi/ance & guidance 9 ! section deal+ ) ! art ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,to my assi/ants1 ,miss ,mavie ,jack & ,miss ,ka!r9e ,nixey1 ,i am mu* behold5 = ! collection & arrangem5t ( valuable mat]ial & = _m sugge/ions4 ,l4,s4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,introductory ,,ii4 ,,exploration1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,iii4 ,,! ,,prie/hood3 ,,my/]ies ,,& ,,temples ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,osiris ,v4 ,,! ,,great ,,gods ,,vi4 ,,egyptian ,,lit]ature ,,vii4 ,,magic ,,viii4 ,,=eign ,,& ,,animal ,,gods3 ,,! ,,late ,,p]iod ,,gloss>y ,,& ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,! ,pres5tation ( ,ani to ,osiris ,frontispiece ,! ,egyptian ,symbol ( ! ,s\l ,pylon1 ,k>nak ,! ,pyramids ( ,gizeh ,model ( a ,fun]al ,boat ,canopic ,j>s repres5t+ ! ,f\r ,sons ( ,horus ,temple ( ,horus at ,edf ,sc5e repres5t+ ! driv+ ( a ,h]d ( ,cattle ,rhetep1 a ,prie/ ,osiris ,osiris beguil$ into ! ,*e/ ,isis & ! ,baby ,pr9ce ,! ,dep>ture ( ,isis f ,byblos ,a ,%r9e ( ,osiris ,isis ,w+$ ,isis ,cippus ( ,horus ,horus 9 ,battle ,neph?ys ,set ,anubis ,?o? & ,mat ,! ,weigh+ ( ! ,he>t ,ra ,isis & ,ra ,am5-,ra ,mut & ,ptah ,sekhmet & ,ba/ ,khnemu1 ,i-em-hetep & ,nef]-,tem ,at5 ,ha?or ,hapi ,taurt & ,khonsu ,! ,maid5 ( ,bekht5 ,! ,goddesses z ,danc+-girls ,?o? & ! ,*ief ,magician ,:o are y8 ,! ,treasure-,*amb] ( ,rhamps9ites ,isis conjur$ ,ra to tell 8 ,"n ,amulet ( ,ha?or ,bes ,procession ( ! ,sacr$ ,bull ,sebek ,rameses ,,ii accompani$ by a ,lion ,mummi$ ,cats ,horus ! ,*ild ,haul+ ,blocks ( ,/one = ! ,pyramids ,head-re/ ,temple ( ,isis at ,phil ,,*apt] ,i3 ,,introductory ,! gr\p ( beliefs :i* con/itut$ :at = conv5i5ce' sake is call$ ! ,egyptian religion 9 an exi/5ce ( "s ?\s&s ( ye>s pass$ ?r\gh ne>ly e phase kn[n to ! /ud5t ( comp>ative my?ology4 ,if ! !ologians ( anci5t ,egypt f\nd x impossible to =m a pan!on ( deities ) any hope ( consi/5cy1 assign+ to ea* god or goddess 8 or h] prop] position 9 ! div9e galaxy z rul+ ov] a def9ite sph]e1 cosmic or psy*ical1 x may be ask$ 9 :at mann] ! mod]n my?ologi/ is bett] equipp$ to r$uce to ord] elem5ts s recondite & difficult ( elucidation z ! my?ic %apes ( ! div9ities wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,b ! answ] is ready4 ,! mod]n sci5ce ( comp>ative religion is ext5d+ ye> by ye>1 & its light is sl[ly b c]ta9ly becom+ diffus$ among ! d>k places ( ! anci5t fai?s4 ,by ! gleam ( ?is magic lamp1 !n--m wond]ful ?an any dreamt ( by ! mak]s ( ,ea/]n fable--let u walk 9 ! gloom ( ! pyramids1 9 ! cool %ad[s ( ru9$ temples1 aye1 ?r\gh ! tortu\s labyr9? ( ! ,egyptian m9d itself1 tru/+ t by virtue ( ! light we c>ry we %all succe$ 9 unravell+ to "s ext5t ! age-long enigma ( ?is my/ic l&4 ,"o ( ! fir/ consid]ations :i* occur to u is t among su* a conc\rse ( gods z is pres5t$ by ! ,egyptian religion x w\ld h be5 surpris+ if confusion _h n aris5 9 ! native m9d conc]n+ !m4 ,?is is prov$ by ! texts1 :i* display 9 _m cases mu* difficulty 9 def9+ ! exact qualities ( c]ta9 deities1 _! gr\p+ & classification4 ,! orig9 ( ?is haz9ess is n f> to seek4 ,! deities ( ! c\ntry multipli$ at su* an a/oni%+ rate t :]eas we f9d ! texts ( ! e>ly dyna/ies give u ! names ( "s two hundr$ deities only1 ! lat] ,!ban ,rec5sion 7or v]sion7 ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead supplies ne>ly five hundr$1 to :i* rema9 to be add$ ! names ( my?ological be+s to ! numb] ( eight hundr$4 ,local ,gods ,ano!r cause :i* made = confusion 0 t 9 e l>ge t[n ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt & its neighb\rhood religion took :at might almo/ be call$ a local =m4 ,?us ! great gods ( ! c\ntry 7 kn[n by diff]5t names 9 ea* nome or prov9ce1 _! ritual 0 di/9ctive1 & ev5 ! leg5ds ( _! orig9 & adv5tures assum$ a diff]5t %ape4 ,_m ( ! great cities1 too1 possess$ special gods ( _! own1 & to ^! 7 (t5 add$ ! attributes ( "o or m ( ! great] & m popul> =ms ( godhead4 ,! fai? ( ! city t 0 ! royal resid5ce became ! religion p> excell5ce ( ! entire k+dom1 its temple became ! ,mecca ( all good ,egyptians1 & its god 01 s long z ^! conditions obta9$1 ! ,jupit] ( ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t :5 ,egypt atta9$ a uni=mity ( culture1 art1 & nationhood1 h] religion1 z 9 ! case ( o!r peoples1 w\ld also become uni=m & simplifi$4 ,b su* a consummation 0 nev] a*iev$4 ,ev5 =eign int]c\rse fail$ almo/ entirely to break d[n ! religi\s cons]vatism ( prie/hood & p4 ,inde$1 ! p may be said to h prov$ !mselves m cons]vative ?an ! prie/s4 ,alt]ations 9 religi\s policy1 diff]5tiation 9 leg5d & hi]atic texts emanat$ f "t to "t f ! v>i\s colleges ( prie/s1 or f t f\nt ( religion1 ! sov]eign himself2 b nev] 0 a *ange made 9 def]5ce to ! popul> clam\r unless x 0 a rev]sion to an old] type4 ,inde$1 z ! dyna/ies advance we behold ! spectacle ( a !ological gulf gr[+ betwixt prie/s & p1 ! =m] becom+ m ideali/ic & ! latt] rema9+ z true to ! out] semblance ( ?+s1 ! symbolic1 z ( old4 ,! evolution ( religion 9 anci5t ,egypt mu/ h tak5 ! same c\rse z among o!r races1 & any hypo!sis :i* attempts to expla9 x o!rwise is almo/ c]ta9ly doom$ to non-success4 ,( late ye>s _m works by le>n$ ,egyptologi/s h be5 publi%$ :i* purport to supply a m or less wide survey ( ,egyptian my?ology & to unravel its deep] significances4 ,! au?ors ( "s ( ^! works1 h[ev] admirable !y may be z ar*ologi/s or z translators ( hi]oglyphic texts1 are = ! mo/ "p b poorly equipp$ to grapple ) my?ological difficulties4 ,to ensure success 9 my?ological elucidation a special tra9+ is necess>y1 & a prolong$ famili>ity ) ! ph5om5a ( e>ly religion 9 its _m & div]se =ms is a fir/ ess5tial4 ,9 ! "w ( "o =eign ,egyptologi/ ( /&+1 = example1 a c&id confession is made ( ignorance reg>d+ my?ological processes4 ,he claims to pres5t ! ,egyptian religion z x appe>s to an unprejudic$ obs]v] :o kn[s no?+ ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( religions4 ,ano!r ,egyptologi/ ( ! fir/ rank writes ^u ! subject ( totemism 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y mann]1 & puts =w>d ! claim t su* a sy/em nev] exi/$ 9 ! ,nile valley4 ,b ^! que/ions w be dealt ) 9 _! prop] places4 ,beg9n+ ) =ms ( ! l[] cultus--=ms almo/ c]ta9ly ( ,african orig9--! old] religion ( ,egypt p]si/$ /rongly up to ! "t ( ! ,hyksos p]iod1 aft] :i* "t ! (ficial religion ( ! c\ntry may be f\nd 9 "o or o!r =m ( sun-wor%ip4 ,t is to say1 all ! pr9cipal deities ( ! c\ntry 7 at "s "t amalgamat$ or id5tifi$ ) ! c5tral idea ( a sun-god4 ,! ,egyptian religion ( ! ,middle & ,late ,k+doms 0 z mu* a ?+ ( philosophic inv5tion z lat] ,greek my?1 only1 s f> z we h ! means ( judg+1 x 0 n ne>ly s arti/ic or successful4 ,=1 :]eas we f9d num]\s allusions 9 ! texts to def9ite my?s1 we seldom f9d 9 ,egyptian lit]ature ! my?s !mselves4 ,inde$1 our *ief repository ( ,egyptian religi\s tales is ! ,de ,iside et ,osiride ( ! ,greek ,plut>*--an unc]ta9 au?ority4 ,x is presum$ t ! my?s 7 s well kn[n popul>ly t to write !m d[n = ! use ( su* a highly religi\s p z ! ,egyptians w\ld h be5 a "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,! loss to po/]ity1 h[ev]1 is immeasurable1 &1 lack+ a full *ronicle ( ! de$s ( ! gods ( ,egypt1 we c only grope ?r\gh textual & alli$ matt] = scraps ( intellig5ce :i*1 :5 piec$ toge!r1 pres5t any?+ b an appe>ance ( solidity & compreh5siv5ess4 ,animism ,x has be5 admitt$ t ! anci5t ,egyptians1 l o!r e>ly races1 c\ld n h evolv$ a religion unless by ! usual processes ( religi\s gr[?4 ,?us we discov]1 by means ( num]\s clues m or less /rong1 t !y pass$ ?r\gh ! phase kn[n z animism1 or animatism4#a ,?is is ! belief t practically e object 9 ! univ]se surr\nd+ man has a s\l & a p]sonality su* z he himself possesses4 ,man at an e>ly date ( 8 consci\sness =mulat$ ! belief 9 a s\l1 t my/]i\s second self :i* ev5 ! mo/ debas$ races believe 94 ,! ph5om5a ( sleep1 ! return ( consci\sness aft] slumb]1 & ! /range exp]i5ces ( life & adv5tures 9 dreaml& :ile asleep w\ld =ce e>ly man to ! conclusion t he possess$ a d\ble or second self1 & x 0 m]ely an ext5sion ( t idea :i* made him suppose t ?is second>y p]sonality w\ld cont9ue to exi/ aft] dea?4 ,b :at pro( h we t ! e>ly dwell]s 9 ,egypt pass$ ?r\gh ?is phase8 ,besides ! belief 9 a human s\l1 ! animi/ic condition ( m9d sees 9 e natural object a liv+ entity4 ,?us trees1 riv]s1 w9ds1 & animals all possess ! gift ( rational ?\ght & spee*4 ,h[ is x possible to prove t ! anci5t ,egyptians believ$ t su* objects possess$ consci\s s\ls & individualities ( _! own8 ,fir/ z to ! e>ly ,egyptian belief t man himself possess$ a s\l4 ,! ,egyptian symbol = ! s\l 7! ba7 is a man-head$ bird4 ,n[ ! conception ( ! s\l z a bird is a v common "o among savages & b>b>ians ( a l[ ord]4 ,to uncultur$ man ! bird is always incompreh5sible because ( its magical p[] ( flight1 its appe>ance 9 ! sky :]e dwell ! gods1 & its song1 approa*+ spee*4 ,f ! bird ! savage evolves ! idea ( ! w+$ _s or god1 ! mess5g] f ! heav5s4 ,?us _m sup]natural be+s 9 all my?ological sy/ems are giv5 w+s4 ,_m ,am]ican ,indian tribes believe t birds are ! visible spirits ( ! dead4 ,! ,p[hatans ( ,virg9ia believ$ t birds receiv$ ! s\ls ( _! *iefs at dea?1 & ! ,aztecs t ! spirits ( dep>t$ w>riors took ! %apes ( humm+-birds & flitt$ f fl[] to fl[] 9 ! sun%9e4 ,! ,boros ( ,brazil believe t ! s\l has ! %ape ( a bird1 & passes 9 t =m out ( ! body 9 dream4#b ,! ,bilquila ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia conceive ! s\l z resid+ 9 an egg situat$ 9 ! nape ( ! neck4 ,if ! %ell cracks & ! s\l flies away ! man mu/ p]i%4 ,a ,melanesian magician 0 accu/om$ to s5d out 8 s\l 9 ! =m ( an eagle to f9d out :at 0 happ5+ 9 pass+ %ips4 ,pl9y /ates t ! s\l ( ,ari/eas ( ,proconnesus 0 se5 to issue f 8 m\? 9 ! %ape ( a rav54 ,a l belief occurs 9 c\ntries s f> di/ant f "o ano!r z ,bohemia & ,malaysia4 ,we see f ^! p>allel examples1 !n1 t ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 n s+ul> 9 figur+ ! s\l 9 bird-%ape4 ,?is idea p>takes ( ! nature ( animi/ic belief4 ,b o!r & m concrete examples ( ?is phase ( religi\s activity occur to u4 ,= in/ance1 ! objects f\nd 9 e>ly graves 9 ,egypt1 z else:]e1 are sometimes brok5 ) ! manife/ int5tion ( sett+ free _! 'spirits1' d\btless to jo9 t ( _! own]4 ,aga91 9 ! my? ( ,osiris we f9d t 8 c(f9 :5 at re/ 9 ,byblos became entangl$ 9 ! gr[? ( a tree--an obvi\s piece ( folk-memory cry/alliz+ ! race rem9isc5ce ( an e>ly =m ( tree-wor%ip--a bran* ( animi/ic belief4 ,9 ! texts1 too1 /atem5ts frequ5tly occur :i* c be ref]r$ only to an e>ly condition ( animism4 ,?us ea* door 9 ! o!rworld 0 s5ti5t1 & w\ld op5 if correctly adjur$4 ,we f9d 9 *apt] lxxxvi ( ! ,papyrus ( ,ani ! ,flame ( ! ,sun address$ z an individual1 z is ! f]ry-boat ( ,ra 9 *apt] xlii4 ,i am ! knot ( ! ,as] tree1 says ! dead man 9 ! same *apt]1 ref]r+ to ! tree :i* w\nd itself ar\nd ! c(f9 ( ,osiris4 ,all ^! are animi/ic ref]5ces1 & c\ld be easily multipli$ by a glance ?r\gh any repres5tative ,egyptian manuscript4 ,! practice ( magic1 too1 9 lat] times 9 ! ,nile ,valley is to "s ext5t m]ely a survival ( animi/ic belief4 ,feti%ism & ,totemism ,feti%ism1 too1 bulks l>gely 9 ,egyptian religi\s conceptions4 ,_m ( ! gods are repres5t$ z c>ry+ ! feti%es f :i* !y may h orig9ally be5 d]iv$4 ,?us ! arr[ ( ,nei? is feti%i/ic 7a /atem5t :i* w aft]w>ds be ju/ifi$71 z are ! symbols ( ,m9 & o!r deities4 ,feti%ism1 reg>d+ :i* ,i h giv5 a prolong$ explanation else:]e1#c is a t]m appli$ to ! use ( objects l>ge or small1 natural or artificial1 reg>d$ z possess+ consci\sness1 volition1 & sup]natural qualities--9 %ort1 a feti% object is ! home ( a w&]+ _s :i* has tak5 up resid5ce !re4 ,! remnants ( feti%ism are also to be disc]n$ 9 ! amulets :i* 7 worn by e ,egyptian1 liv+ & dead4 ,all amulets p>take ( ! nature ( feti%es1 & ! rem>k is (t5 he>d t good luck resides 9 !m4 ,t is1 j z ! savage believes t a p[]ful ag5cy work+ = 8 good dwells 9 ! portable feti%1 s ! civiliz$ man _c altoge!r discr$it ! idea t ! object atta*$ to 8 wat*-*a9 does n possess "s inh]5t quality ( good =tune4 ,_m ( ^! amulets typify div9ities1 su* z ! 'buckle' sign :i* symbolizes ! protection ( ,isis2 ! sacr$ eye repres5tative ( ,horus2 & ! symbol ( ! p>allel f+]s might p]haps recall ! feti%i/ic necklaces ( f+]s f\nd among _m savage peoples4 ,_m ,egyptologi/s d5y t totemism ent]$ z a =ce into ! religion ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,totemism may be def9$ z ! recognition1 exploitation1 & adju/m5t ( ! imag9>y my/ic relation%ip ( ! individual or ! tribe to ! sup]natural p[]s or spirits :i* surr\nd !m4 ,:]eas ! feti% is to "s ext5t ! s]vant ( its own]1 a _s lur$ to dwell 9 a mat]ial object to d ! behe/ ( an individual or a community1 ! totem1 :e!r p]sonal or tribal1 is a patron & protector & is (t5 repres5t$ 9 animal or vegetable %ape4 ,! basic diff]5ce betwe5 ! individual & tribal totem is /ill obscure1 b = our pres5t purpose x w be suffici5t to deal ) ! latt]4 ,! mo/ notable antagoni/ ( ! !ory t "s ( ! div9ities ( anci5t ,egypt are ( totemic orig9 is ,dr4 ,e4,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ! well-kn[n ,egyptologi/4 ,9 8 ,gods ( ! ,egyptians he says3 ,x n[ seems to be g5]ally admitt$ by e?nologi/s t !re are ?ree ma9 causes :i* h induc$ m5 to wor%ip animals1 i4e4 !y h wor%ipp$ !m z animals or z ! dwell+-place ( gods or z repres5tatives ( tribal ance/ors4 ,!re is no reason :atsoev] = d\bt+ t 9 neoli?ic times ! primitive ,egyptians wor%ipp$ animals z animals & z no?+ m4 ,none ( ! above /atem5ts approa*es a def9ition ( totemism4 ,! !ory t ! totem is a tribal ance/or is n[ reg>d$ z d\btful4 ,dr4 ,budge cont9ues3 ,! "q z to :e!r ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ animals z repres5tatives ( tribal ance/ors or 'totems' is "o :i* has giv5 rise to mu* discussion1 & ?is is n to be wond]$ at1 = ! subject is "o ( difficulty4 ,we "k t _m ( ! /&>ds :i* repres5t ! nomes ( ,egypt are di/+ui%$ by figures ( birds & animals1 e4g4 ! hawk1 ! bull1 ! h>e1 etc4 ,b x is n cle> :e!r ^! are int5d$ to repres5t 'totems' or n4444 ,! animal or bird /&+ on ! top ( a nome p]* or /&>d is n int5d$ = a feti% or a repres5tative ( a tribal ance/or1 b = a creature :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! deity "u ^: protection ! p ( a c]ta9 tract ( t]ritory 7 plac$1 & we may assume t )9 ! limits ( t t]ritory x 0 unlawful to kill or injure su* animal or bird4 ,totems are inv>iably c>ri$ on bann]s1 poles1 & %ields1 & x is unlawful to kill !m4 ,he also /ates t ! totemic !ory may expla9 c]ta9 facts connect$ ) ! animal-wor%ip ( numb]s ( savage & half-savage tribes 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 b x _c 9 ! writ]'s op9ion be reg>d$ z af=d+ an explanation ( ! animal-wor%ip ( ! ,egyptians4 ,:]e=e1 x may be ask$1 0 ,egypt alone immune f ! influ5ce ( totemism8 ,dr4 ,budge cont9ues1 by way ( f9al refutation ( ! totemic !ory1 t on nome /&>ds sev]al objects besides animals 7 wor%ipp$ & reg>d$ z gods1 or t !y became ! symbols ( ! deities :i* 7 wor%ipp$ 9 !m4 ,?us on "s /&>ds 7 display$ repres5tations ( hills1 arr[s1 fi%1 & s =?4 ,^! objects1 ,dr4 ,budge seems to imply1 _c be feti%i/ic or totemic4 ,dr4 ,budge _c1 = example1 f9d ! reason :y ?ree hills 7 connect$ ) a god4 ,?is does n pres5t a my?ological problem ( high complexity4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w m\nta9-peaks1 sep>ately or 9 gr\ps1 are objects ( direct wor%ip4 ,a m\nta9 may be wor%ipp$ because x is ! abode ( a god2 = its own sake1 z 7 ,olympus1 ,s9ai1 & ,c>mel1 :i* latt]ly became ! high places ( deities2 or because !y 7 suppos$ to be ! bir?places ( c]ta9 tribes4 ,9 old ,p]u1 = example1 z we are in=m$ by ! ,indian writ] ,salcamayhua1 ea* localiz$ tribe or ,ayllu _h its own pacc>isca1 or place ( orig91 _m ( :i* 7 m\nta9s :i* 7 address$ by ! natives 9 ! =mula3 ,?\ art my bir?place1 ,?\ art my lifespr+1 ,gu>d me f evil1 ,o pacc>isca6 ,^! m\nta9s 71 ( c\rse1 oracul>1 z ^? repres5t$ on ! ,egyptian /&>ds w\ld probably be4 ,t !y 7 wor%ipp$ z ! h\ses ( oracles & = _! own sakes1 & n z ! home ( a deity1 seems to be prov$ 9 t !y1 r ?an su* a deity1 are repres5t$ 9 ! /&>ds4 ,nei!r c ,dr4 ,budge deciph] 9 a my?ological s5se ! symbol ( two arr[s plac$ not* to not* ) d\ble b>bs po9t+ outw>d4 ,arr[s ( ?is type are common z feti%es 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w4 ,among ! ,*ey5ne ,indians ( ! ,pla9s ! set ( f\r sacr$ 'm$ic9e' arr[s con/itutes ! tribal palladium :i* !y claim to h _h f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & :i* 0 annually utiliz$ 9 tribal c]emonial z lately z #aijd4 ,!y also _h a rite spok5 ( z 'fix+' ! arr[s1 :i* 0 und]tak5 by prie/s specially set ap>t z ! gu>dians ( ?is great feti%4#d ,b !re are o!r & mu* m app>5t pro(s ( ! totemic nature ( a numb] ( ! ,egyptian deities4 ,x is obvi\s1 = example1 t ! cat-head$ ,ba/1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ fir/ 9 ! %ape ( a cat1 0 orig9ally a cat totem4 ,! crocodile 0 ! inc>nation ( ! god ,sebek1 & dwelt 9 a lake ne> ,krokodilopolis4 ,ra & ,horus are repres5t$ ) ! heads ( hawks1 & ,?o? ) ! head ( an ibis4 ,anubis has ! head ( a jackal4 ,t "s ( ^! =ms are totemic is n op5 to d\bt4 ,b x 0 a decad5t totemism1 9 :i* ! m primitive s5tim5t 0 focus$ on p>ticul> animals consid]$ z div9e1 totems :i* _h become full-fl$g$ div9ities4 ,! ,egyptians c>ri$ /&>ds on :i* 7 repres5t$ _! totemic animals precisely z ! natives ( ! ,upp] ,d>l+ engrave _! totem on _! %ields1 & z sev]al ,am]ican tribes 9 "t ( w> c>ry /icks surm\nt$ by pieces ( b>k on :i* _! animal totems are pa9t$4 ,an in/ance ( protection by a totem is allud$ to by ,diodorus1 :o /ates t !re 0 a tale 9 ,egypt t "o ( ! anci5t k+s _h be5 sav$ f dea? by a crocodile4 ,la/ly1 9 _m ( ! nomes ( ,egypt c]ta9 animals 7 n eat5 by ! inhabitants4 ,?is is a sure indication ( ! exi/5ce ( totemism1 = ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 ,egypt no bett] pro( c\ld be adduc$4 ,!re is no reason to suppose1 h[ev]1 t 9 lat] times animals 7 n wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt = o!r ?an totemic reasons4 ,! lat] wor%ip ( animals may h be5 a relic ( totemism1 b x is m likely to h be5 m]ely symbolic 9 "*4 ,ev5 :5 ! att5dant rites & beliefs ( totemism cease to be recogniz$1 ! totem animal may reta9 its be/ial =m in/ead ( assum+ a semi-human "o4 ,!re is a pony totem wor%ipp$ by a c]ta9 tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians :i* is at pres5t 9 c\rse ( evolution into a full-fl$g$ div9ity1 b :i* p]si/s 9 reta9+ its equ9e =m4 ,aga91 ! ability ( ! ,egyptian gods to trans=m !mselves into animals by means ( magical =mul#e is eloqu5t 9 _m cases ( _! totemic orig94 ,x has be5 said t n only individual animals b all ! animals ( a class 7 sacr$ 9 c]ta9 nomes4 ,9 ^! cases1 says ,wi$emann1 ! animals 7 n hon\r$ z gods1 b r z specially fav\r$ by ! gods4 ,b z ?is is exactly :at happ5s among peoples 9 ! totemic /age1 ?is cont5tion mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,creation ,my?s ,!re are sev]al acc\nts 9 exi/5ce :i* deal ) ! ,egyptian conception ( ! creation ( ! _w & ( man4 ,we f9d a company ( eight gods allud$ to 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts z ! orig9al mak]s & m\ld]s ( ! univ]se4 ,! god ,nu & 8 consort ,nut 7 deities ( ! firmam5t & ! ra9 :i* proce$s !refrom4 ,hehu & ,hehut appe> to p]sonify fire1 & ,kekui & ,kekuit ! d>kness :i* brood$ ov] ! primeval abyss ( wat]4 ,k]h & ,k]het also appe> to h p]sonifi$ ,night or ,*aos4 ,"s ( ^! gods h ! heads ( frogs1#f o!rs ^? ( s]p5ts1 & 9 ?is connexion we are rem9d$ ( ! deities :i* are allud$ to 9 ! /ory ( creation record$ 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,ki*e ,indians ( ,guatemala1 two ( :om1 ,xpiyacoc & ,xmucane1 are call$ ! anci5t s]p5ts cov]$ ) gre5 fea!rs1 male & female4 ,we f9d 9 ! acc\nt ( ! creation /ory n[ "u consid]ation ! admixture ( ! g]ms ( life envelop$ 9 ?ick d>kness1 s well kn[n to ! /ud5t ( my?ology z symptomatic ( creation my?s all ! _w ov]4 ,a papyrus 7c4 #cab ,b4,c47 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a s]ies ( *apt]s ( a magical nature1 ! object ( :i* is to de/roy ,apepi1 ! fi5d ( d>kness1 & 9 x we f9d two copies ( ! /ory ( creation :i* detail ! means by :i* ! sun came into be+4 ,9 "o acc\nt ! god ,ra says t he took ^u himself ! =m ( ,khep]a1 ! deity :o 0 usually cr$it$ ) ! creative faculty4 ,he proce$s to say t he cont9u$ to create new ?+s out ( ^? :i* he _h already made1 & t !y w5t =? f 8 m\?4 ,heav51 he says1 did n exi/ & e>? _h n come into be+1 & ! ?+s ( ! e>? & creep+ ?+s _h n come into exi/5ce 9 t place1 & ,i rais$ !m f out ( ,nu f a /ate ( inactivity4 ,?is w\ld imply t ,khep]a m\ld$ life 9 ! univ]se f ! matt] suppli$ f ! wat]y abyss ( ,nu4 ,i f\nd no place1 says ,khep]a1 :]eon ,i c\ld /&4 ,i work$ a *>m ^u my own he>t4 ,i laid a f\ndation 9 ,mat4 ,i made e =m4 ,i 0 "o by myself4 ,i _h n emitt$ f myself ! god ,%u1 & ,i _h n spit out f myself ! goddess ,tefnut4 ,!re 0 no o!r be+ :o work$ ) me4 ,! ^w ,mat signifies law1 ord]1 or regul>ity1 & f ! allusion to work+ a *>m ^u 8 he>t we may take x t ,khep]a made use ( magical skill 9 ! creative process1 or x may mean1 9 ,scriptural phraseology1 t he took ?\ght unto himself to make a _w4 ,! god cont9ues t f ! f\ndation ( 8 he>t multitudes ( ?+s came into be+4 ,b ! sun1 ! eye ( ,nu1 0 cov]$ up beh9d ,%u & ,tefnut1 & x 0 only aft] an indef9ite p]iod ( "t t ^! two be+s1 ! *ildr5 ( ,nu1 7 rais$ up f out ! wat]y mass & br\ght _! fa!r's eye along ) !m4 ,9 ?is connexion we f9d t ! sun1 z an eye1 has a c]ta9 aff9ity ) wat]4 ,?us ,od9 pl$g$ 8 eye to ,mimir = a draught f ! well ( wisdom1 & we f9d t sacr$ wells fam\s = ! cure ( bl9dness are (t5 connect$ ) leg5ds ( sa9ts :o sacrific$ _! own eyesight4#g ,! allusion 9 ^? leg5ds is probably to ! circum/ance t ! sun z reflect$ 9 wat] has ! appe>ance ( an eye4 ,?us :5 ,%u & ,tefnut arose f ! wat]s ! eye ( ,nu foll[$ !m4 ,%u 9 ?is case may repres5t ! daylight & ,tefnut moi/ure4 ,khep]a !n wept copi\sly1 & f ! te>s :i* he %$ sprang m5 & wom54 ,! god !n made ano!r eye1 :i* 9 all probability 0 ! moon4 ,aft] ?is he creat$ plants & h]bs1 reptiles & creep+ ?+s1 :ile f ,%u & ,tefnut came ,geb & ,nut1 ,osiris & ,isis1 ,set1 ,neph?ys & ,horus at a bir?4 ,^! make up ! company ( ! great gods at ,heliopolis1 & ?is is suffici5t to %[ t ! latt] "p ( ! /ory at lea/ 0 a prie/ly concoction4 ,b !re 0 ano!r v]sion1 obvi\sly an acc\nt ( ! creation accord+ to ! wor%ipp]s ( ,osiris4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,khep]a tells u at once t he is ,osiris1 ! cause ( primeval matt]4 ,?is acc\nt 0 m]ely a frank usurpation ( ! creation leg5d = ! beho( ( ! ,osirian cult4 ,osiris 9 ?is v]sion /ates t 9 ! beg9n+ he 0 entirely alone4 ,f ! in]t abyss ( ,nu he rais$ a god-s\l--t is1 he gave ! primeval abyss a s\l ( its own4 ,! my? !n proce$s ^w = ^w 9 exactly ! same mann] z t :i* deals ) ! creative "w ( ,khep]a4 ,b only s f>1 = we f9d ,nu 9 a measure id5tifi$ ) ,khep]a1 & ,osiris decl>+ t 8 eye1 ! sun1 0 cov]$ ov] ) l>ge bu%es = a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,m5 are !n made by a process simil> to t describ$ 9 ! fir/ leg5d4 ,f ^! acc\nts we f9d t ! anci5t ,egyptians believ$ t an et]nal deity dwell+ 9 a primeval abyss :]e he c\ld f9d no foo?old end[$ ! wat]y mass b5ea? him ) a s\l2 t he creat$ ! e>? by plac+ a *>m ^u 8 he>t1 o!rwise f 8 own consci\sness1 & t x s]v$ him z a place to /& ^u2 t he produc$ ! gods ,%u & ,tefnut1 :o 9 turn became ! p>5ts ( ! great company ( gods2 & t he disp]s$ ! d>kness by mak+ ! sun & moon out ( 8 eyes4 ,aft] ^! acts foll[$ ! almo/ ins5sible creation ( m5 & wom5 by ! process ( weep+1 & ! m sophi/icat$ mak+ ( vegetation1 reptiles1 & />s4 ,9 all ?is we see ! survival ( a creation my? ( a mo/ primitive & b>b>\s type1 :i* mu* m resembles ! crude imag9+s ( ! ,r$ ,man ?an any concept :i* might be presum$ to h aris5 f ! consci\sness ( 'classic' ,egypt4 ,b x is f su* unpromis+ mat]ial t all religi\s sy/ems spr+1 & h[ev] /r5u\s ! def5ce made 9 ord] to prove t ! ,egyptians diff]$ 9 ?is respect f o!r races1 t def5ce is b\nd 9 no prolong$ "t to be batt]$ d[n by ! ru?less artill]y ( fact4 ,we h ref]5ces to o!r deities 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts1 "s ( :om appe> to be nameless4 ,= example1 9 ! text ( ,pepi ,i we f9d homage r5d]$ to "o :o has f\r faces & :o br+s ! /orm4 ,?is w\ld seem to be a god ( w9d & ra91 ^: c\nt5ances are set t[>d ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass1 :5ce come ! f\r w9ds4 ,inde$1 ! context proves ?is :5 x says3 ,?\ ha/ tak5 ?y spe> :i* is de> to !e1 ?y po9t$ weapon :i* ?ru/e? d[n riv]banks ) d\ble po9t l ! d>ts ( ,ra & a d\ble haft l ! claws ( ! goddess ,maftet4 ,! ',companies' ( ! ,gods ,9 ! ,pyramid ,texts we f9d frequ5t m5tion ( sev]al gr\ps consi/+ ( n9e gods ea*4 ,"o ( ^! companies ( gods1 or ,enneads1 0 call$ ! ,great & ano!r ! ,little1 & ! n9e gods ( ,horus are also allud$ to4 ,x is n kn[n1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is gr\p is 9 any way connect$ ) ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,we also read 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts ( ,teta ( a d\ble gr\p ( eighte5 gods :i* recur 9 ! text ( ,pepi ,i4 ,^! eighte5 gods may simply be ! ,great & ,little companies ( gods tak5 toge!r4 ,9 ! texts ( ,pepi ,i & ,teta1 h[ev]1 we f9d a ?ird company ( n9e gods1 (ficially recogniz$ by ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis1 & all ?ree companies are repres5t$ by tw5ty-sev5 symbols repres5t+ ! ^w net] 7god7 plac$ 9 a r[4 ,al?\gh ^! companies ( gods are spok5 ( z conta9+ n9e deities1 t is ow+ to _! designation ( ,pes$t1 :i* signifies 'n9e'4 ,! ,little company 9 reality conta9s elev5 gods1 b n9e 0 _! orig9al numb]1 &1 z ,sir ,ga/on ,masp]o says1 ea* ( !m1 especially ! fir/ & la/1 c\ld be develop$4 ,a local company su* z t ( ,heliopolis might h ! god ( ano!r nome or di/rict embrac$ 9 x 9 "o ( two ways2 t is1 ! ali5 god might replace "o ( ! local gods or be set side by side ) him4 ,aga91 /range gods c\ld be absorb$ 9 ! lead] ( ! ,pes$t4 ,:5 a fre% god 0 admitt$ into a company all ! o!r deities :o 7 connect$ ) him 7 also includ$1 b _! names 7 n class$ beside ^? ( its orig9al memb]s4 ,^! ?ree companies ( gods 7 fully develop$ by ! p]iod ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 & !re is little d\bt t ! ,egyptian !ology ow$ ! =mation ( ?is pan!on to ! ca/e ( prie/s rul+ at ,heliopolis4 ,to ! ?ird ,pes$t !y gave no "n4 ,! gods ( ! fir/ company are ,tem1 ,%u1 ,tefnut1 ,qeb1 ,nut1 ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,set1 ,neph?ys4 ,occasionally ,horus is giv5 z ! *ief ( ! company in/ead ( ,tem4 ,9 ! text ( ,unas we f9d ! names ( ! gods ( ! ,little company giv51 b !y are = ! mo/ "p q unimportant4 ,! ?ird company is r>ely m5tion$1 & ! names ( its gods are unkn[n4 ,e>? z well z heav5 & ! und]world _h its quota ( deities1 & x is consid]$ highly probable t ! ?ree companies ( gods are ref]able "o to ea* ( ^! regions4 ,! memb]s ( ea* company v>i$ 9 diff]5t p]iods & 9 diff]5t cities4 ,b ! great local god or goddess 0 always ! head ( ! company 9 a giv5 vic9ity4 ,z has be5 said1 he might be jo9$ to ano!r deity4 ,at ,heliopolis1 = example1 :]e ! *ief local god 0 ,tem1 ! prie/s jo9$ to 8 "n t ( ,ra1 & address$ him 9 pray] z ,ra-,tem4 ,texts ( all p]iods %[ t ! *ief local gods ( _m cities reta9$ _! pre-em95ce almo/ to ! end4 ,! l& ( ,egypt 0 divid$ into prov9ces call$ hesput1 to :i* ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( nome4 ,9 ea* ( ^! a c]ta9 god or gr\p ( gods held sway1 ! v>iation be+ caus$ by racial & o!r consid]ations4 ,to ! p ( ea* nome _! god 0 ! deity p> excell5ce1 & 9 e>ly times x is pla9 t ! wor%ip ( ea* prov9ce am\nt$ almo/ to a sep>ate religion4 ,?is division ( ! c\ntry mu/ h tak5 place at an e>ly epo*1 & x c]ta9ly contribut$ greatly to ! cons]vation ( religi\s diff]5ces4 ,! nome gods c]ta9ly date f pre-dyna/ic times1 z is prov$ by inscriptions ant$at+ ! ,pyramid ,texts4 ,! numb] ( ^! prov9ces v>i$ f "o p]iod to ano!r1 b ! av]age seems to h be5 betwe5 ?irty-five & =ty4 ,x w\ld s]ve no purpose to enum]ate ! gods ( ! v>i\s nomes 9 ?is place1 z _m ( !m are obscure1 b z ea* deity is dealt ) ! nome to :i* he belongs w be m5tion$4 ,sev]al nomes wor%ipp$ ! same god4 ,= example1 ,horus 0 wor%ipp$ 9 n less ?an six1 :ile 9 ?ree prov9ces ,khnemu 0 wor%ipp$1 & ,ha?or 9 six4 ,! ,egyptian ,idea ( ,god ,! ^w by :i* ! ,egyptians impli$ deity &1 inde$1 sup]natural be+s ( any description 0 net]4 ,! hi]oglyphic :i* repres5ts ?is idea is describ$ by mo/ ,egyptologi/s z resembl+ an axe-head let into a long wood5 h&le4 ,"s ar*ologi/s h attempt$ to %[ t ! figure resembl$ 9 outl9e a roll ( yell[ clo?1 ! l[] "p b\nd or lac$ ov]1 ! upp] "p appe>+ z a flap at ! top1 probably = unw9d+4 ,x has be5 ?\ght possible t ! object repres5ts a feti%--= in/ance1 a bone c>efully w\nd r\nd ) clo?1 & n ! clo? alone4 ,we are ignorant ( mo/ ( ! gods wor%ipp$ dur+ ! fir/ f\r dyna/ies1 *iefly because ( ! lack ( docum5t>y evid5ce1 al?\gh "s are kn[n f ! inscription call$ ! ,pal]mo ,/one1 :i* alludes to sev]al local deities4 ,"s portions ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead may h be5 revis$ dur+ ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 & f ?is we may argue t ! religion ( ! ,egyptians1 z reveal$ 9 ! lat] texts1 closely resembl$ t 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! fir/ ?ree dyna/ies4 ,x is only :5 we come to ! ,fif? & ,six? ,dyna/ies t we discov] mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! ,egyptian pan!on 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts ( ,unas1 ,teta1 ,pepi ! ,fir/1 & o!rs4 ,by ?is p]iod ! fir/ phase ( ,egyptian developm5t appe>s to h be5 ent]$ ^u4 ,at ! same "t x is pla9 t ! mat]ial af=d$ by ! ,pyramid ,texts conta9s /ratum ^u /ratum ( religi\s ?\ght & conception1 9 all probability bequea!d to ! pyramid build]s by innum]able g5]ations ( m54 ,9 ^! wondr\s texts we f9d cry/alliz$ examples ( ! mo/ primitive & b>b>\s religi\s elem5ts--animi/ic1 feti%i/ic1 & totemic4 ,^! texts are = ! mo/ "p fun]>y &1 9 consequ5ce1 relate *iefly to deities ( ! und]world4 ,deities ( ! ,pyramid ,texts ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is e>lie/ fix$ phase ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,egypt1 x is necess>y to pass 9 brief review ! deities allud$ to 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts1 & = ! mom5t to reg>d !m sep>ately f ! re/ ( ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,9 do+ s we mu/ bew>e ( def9itely labell+ ^! conceptions ) su* names z 'wat]-god1' '?und]-god1' 'sun-god1' & s =?4 ,despite ! lab\rs ( ! la/ half-c5tury1 ! sci5ce ( my?ology is yet 9 its infancy1 & work]s 9 its sph]e are n[ beg9n+ to suspect t m]e v>iants or phases ( c]ta9 deities1 :i* are by no means sep>ate entities1 h 9 _m cases be5 cr$it$ ) an individual /atus !y d n des]ve4 ,! deities ( ! ,greek & ,roman pan!ons are d\btless good examples ( gods ^: attributes are f9ally fix$4 ,?us "o may say ( ,m>s t he is a w>-god1 & ( ,pallas ,a!ne t %e is a goddess ( wisdom1 b ^! 7 m]ely ! attributes possess$ by ^! deities :i* 7 mo/ popul> & upp]mo/ 9 ! public consci\sness4 ,rec5t rese>* has prov$ t mo/ ( ! ,greek & ,roman deities are traceable to e>li] =ms1 "s ( :i* possess a v>iety ( attributes1 o!rs ( :i* are m simple 9 =m ?an ! lat] conception :i* is develop$ f !m4 ,aga91 _m deities :i* exhibit "s p>ticul> t5d5cy are necess>ily connect$ ) o!r natural =ms4 ,?us _m ra9 gods or goddesses are connect$ ) ?und] & lightn+4 ,possession ( ! lightn+ arr[ frequ5tly implies a connexion ) hunt+ or w>4 ,all moon-gods are deities ( moi/ure1 & preside ov] bir?4 ,"s deities ( ra9 preside also ov] ! w9ds1 ?und] & lightn+1 ! *ase & w>1 g5]al culture1 & s =?4 ,a sun-god1 z "l ( ! vault ( heav51 c preside ov] all ! meteorological manife/ations !re(4 ,he is god ( gr[?1 ( weal?1 because gold possesses ! yell[ col\r ( 8 beams1 ( travell+1 because he walks ! heav5s1 & he rules c\ntless o!r dep>tm5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,f poly!ism may evolve 9 "t a condition ( mono!ism1 9 :i* "o god holds complete sway ov] mank9d--t is1 "o deity may become s popul>1 or ! prie/ly ca/e connect$ ) him s p[]ful1 t all o!r cults langui% z 8 spreads & gr[s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 poly!ism1 or ! multiplicity ( deities1 may well spr+ f an e>ly mono!ism1#h itself ! *ild ( a successful feti% or totem1 = ! attributes ( a great s+le god may1 9 ! h&s ( a p /ill p>tially 9 ! animi/ic /age1 become s infus$ ) individuality z to appe> entirely sep>ate entities4 ,9 deal+1 !n1 ) ! gods allud$ to 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts1 sev]al ( :i* are obvi\sly d]ivative1 we mu/ recollect t al?\gh 9 a mann] x is necess>y to affix to !m "s m or less def9ite description1 x w be well to be> 9 m9d ! sub/ance ( ?is p>agraph4 ,we are n at pres5t f9ally consid]+ ! natures or *>act]i/ics ( ! deities m5tion$ 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts1 b m]ely af=d+ su* a brief outl9e ( !m z w give ! read] "s idea ( ,egyptian religion 9 g5]al dur+ ! e>ly dyna/ies4 ,! goddess ,net1 or ,nei?1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts ( ,unas1 is a figure 9 :i* we descry a p]sonification ( moi/ure or ra91 because ( h] possession ( ! arr[1 ! symbol ( lightn+4 ,! hawk-head$ ,horus1 probably orig9ally a hawk totem1 is "o ( ! manife/ations ( ! sun-deity1 f :om he may h evolv$1 or ) :om he may h be5 conf\nd$4 ,khep]a1 also f\nd 9 ! ,unas ,texts1 is ano!r =m ( ! sun4 ,8 possession ( ! beetle glyph is symbolical ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! sun rolls ov] ! face ( ! sky z ! ,egyptian beetle or sc>abu roll$ its eggs ov] ! s&4 ,khnemu1 ! ram-head$1 ^: "n signifies '! m\ld]' or 'unit]1' 0 probably ! totemic deity ( an immigrant race :o _h a*iev$ godhead1 & p]haps mono!ism1 or at lea/ creator%ip1 9 ano!r sph]e1 & :o _h be5 accept$ into ,egyptian belief ) all 8 attributes4 ,sebek1 ! crocodile-god1 ,ra & ,ptah1 two o!r =ms ( ! sun-god1 ,nu1 ! wat]y mass ( heav51 are also allud$ to 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts ( ,unas & ,teta1 z is ,ha?or4 ,e>ly ,burials ,egyptian religi\s t5ets c>efully fo/]$ ! idea ( ! pres]vation ( ! human body aft] dea?4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ! burials ( ! "t ?r[ mu* light on ! nature ( religi\s belief4 ,! corpse 0 buri$ 9 su* a po/ure t x w\ld appe> to h be5 d\bl$ up prior to int]m5t4 ,! knees t\* ! *91 & ! h&s are dispos$ 9 front ( ! face4 ,! head 0 turn$ to ! we/4 ,9 lat] prehi/oric times ! body 0 (t5 closely b\nd ) wrapp+s :i* 7 s tightly drawn z to =ce all ! bones p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,lat] /ill1 a less contract$ attitude 0 adopt$1 :i* 9 turn gave way to a fully ext5d$ position4 ,9 ! late prehi/oric p]iod ! corpse is f\nd wrapp$ 9 l95 clo?s4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ ) articles provid$ = its use1 n\ri%m5t1 or def5ce 9 ! o!r-_w1 or p]haps = t ( its ka1 or d\ble--/one vessels conta9+ be]1 ungu5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 fl9t knives & spe>-heads1 necklaces & o!r objects ( daily use :i* ! deceas$ _h employ$ dur+ life4 ,amulets 7 plac$ ^u ! corpse to protect x aga9/ evil spirits bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 ! life beyond4 ,9 ! ,old ,k+dom1 :i* may be designat$ ! ,pyramid ,age1 we f9d a new description ( burial com+ into fa%ion4 ,mummification ( a simple k9d became ! vogue4 ,!re is good reason to suppose t ?is cu/om arose out ( ! cult ( ,osiris1 ! god ( ! dead1 & x p[]fully influ5c$ all future ,egyptian fun]>y & !ological practice & ?\ght4 ,b betwe5 :at may be conv5i5tly describ$ z ! 'prehi/oric' p]iod & t ( ! ,pyramids sev]al o!r types ( tomb _h f\nd popul>ity4 ,! ,ph>aoh1 dur+ ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 0 buri$ 9 a l>ge rectangul> build+ ( brick1 :i* _h sev]al *amb]s inaccessible f outside4 ,9 "o ( ^! ! body ( ! k+ 0 laid1 & 9 ! o!rs a v>iety ( (f]+s & ut5sils 7 /or$4 ,! :ole 0 m]ely an elaboration ( ! prehi/oric me?od ( sepulture4 ,! ext]ior ( ! tomb 0 brok5 up by ni*es 9 ! =m ( doors1 ?r\gh :i* x 0 ?\ght ! ka ( ! dead k+ w\ld be able to leave & re-ent] 8 tomb at w4 ,r\nd ! :ole a wall 0 built1 & fre% (f]+s to ! deceas$ royalty 7 plac$ )9 ! ni*es or alcoves ( ! tomb f "t to "t1 & ov] all a m\nd ( e>? or brick 0 probably heap$4 ,! "n-/ele ( ! mon>* 0 blazon$ 9 hi]oglyphs on a l>ge memorial slab outside1 )\t any allusion to 8 life1 "*1 or actions4 ,sev]al ( ! e>ly royal burial-places conta9 ! graves ( wom51 s]vants1 & dogs4 ,^! 9 true ,neoli?ic fa%ion _h be5 slaught]$ at ! grave ( ! ,ph>aoh 9 ord] t !y might accompany him & att5d to 8 com=t & requirem5ts 9 ! new life4 ,lat] ^! sacrifices 7 discont9u$1 & in/ead ( a graveside holocau/ ! images or pictures ( wives & dep5d5ts 7 plac$ 9 ! royal tomb4 ,! ,pyramid ,f su* a re/+-place 0 gradually evolv$ ! /up5d\s conception ( ! pyramid4 ,! pyramid is1 9 effect1 no?+ b a va/ fun]al cairn1 a huge grave-m\nd1 on :i*1 in/ead ( /ones or pieces ( rock1 enorm\s blocks ( granite 7 pil$4 ,(t5 ! burial-*amb] x conta9s is no?+ m ?an a m]e vault1 to :i* access is ga9$ by a n>r[ passage or gall]y1 :i* 0 c>efully block$ up aft] ! royal fun]al4 ,orig9ally ^! burial-*amb]s 7 q unadorn$1 & x 0 n until ! end ( ! ,middle ,k+dom t x became usual to inscribe _! walls ) texts relat+ to ! future life4 ,?us orig9at$ ^? wond]ful ,pyramid ,texts f :i* we h le>n$ s mu* ( ! lore ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! pyramid 0 built a temple d$icat$ to ! defunct mon>*1 9 :i* (f]+s to 8 manes 7 duly & punctually made4 ,z he became deifi$ ^u dea?1 s 8 /atue 9 8 "* ( a div9ity 0 plac$ 9 an ap>tm5t specially prep>$ = x4 ,! pile ( /ones prop] f :i* ! pyramid 0 evolv$ may be trac$ to ! reta9+ wall ( ! tomb4 ,by ! ,?ird ,dyna/y ?is small reta9+ wall _h become ro($ ov] & exp&$ into a solid mass ( brickwork1 call$ by ! ,arabs a ma/aba1 :i* 0 practically a truncat$ pyramid4 ,?is pile ( brickwork 0 lat] 9 ! same dyna/y copi$ 9 /one1 z at ,saqq>a1 & enl>g$ by repeat$ additions & successive coats ( masonry4 ,la/ly1 ! :ole receiv$ a cas+ ( lime/one blocks1 & we h su* a /ructure z ! pyramid ( ,m$um4 ,pyramidal ,ar*itecture ,! pyramidal =m ( ar*itecture is peculi> to ,egypt1 & ev5 !re is conf9$ to ! p]iod f ! ,f\r? to ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 or be=e #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican teocalli1 or /epp$ temple1 has frequ5tly be5 errone\sly comp>$ to ! pyramid1 b :]eas x 0 a place ( wor%ip1 ! ,egyptian =m 0 purely a place ( sepulture4 ,a def9ite design lay beh9d ea* ( ^! va/ /ructures4 ,x seems to h occurr$ to "s writ]s t ! pyramids 7 built haphaz>d & by d9t ( brute =ce4 ,s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 !y 7 con/ruct$ ) extraord9>y c>e1 & ma!matical computations ( consid]able complexity are manife/ 9 _! design4 ,! e>ly pyramids 7 compos$ ( horizontal lay]s ( r\gh-hewn blocks ( /one1 held toge!r pr9cipally by _! own weight1 b betwe5 ! int]/ices ( :i* mort> 0 plac$4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( ! type ! core ( ! /ructure 0 =m$ *iefly ( rubble1 ( :i* /one1 mud1 & mud bricks 7 ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts4 ,?is 0 fac$ outw>dly ) a f9e cas+ ( /one1 c>efully dress$ & jo9$1 & ! mortu>y-*amb]s %[$ simil> c>e 9 con/ruction4 ,^! 7 g5]ally plac$ bel[ ! gr\nd level1 & access 0 ga9$ to !m by a gall]y op5+ on ! nor!rn side ( ! pyramid4 ,^! are usually block$ once or m by massive monoli?s1 & 7 sometimes clos$ ext]nally by /one doors revolv+ on a pivot 9 ord] t ! prie/s might ga9 entrance :5 desir$4 ,! fir/ pyramid has be5 def9itely attribut$ to ,*eops or ,khufu1 & is situat$ at ,gizeh4 ,! second is cr$it$ to ,dad-ef-ra1 & 0 built at ,abu ,roa%4 ,khafra 0 entomb$ 9 ! second pyramid ( ,gizeh1 & t kn[n z '! ,upp]' at ! same place 0 t5ant$ by ! corpse ( ,m5kaura4 ,! small] /ructures at ,gizeh ne> ! great & ?ird pyramids 7 con/ruct$ = ! families ( ,khufu & ,khafra4 ',lo/' ,pyramids ,sev]al ( ! pyramids allud$ to 9 ! anci5t texts ( ^! build+s h ei!r entirely disappe>$1 or _c be id5tifi$4 ,?us ! burial-place ( ,%epseskaf1 kn[n by ! delightful title ( '! ,cool1' is unkn[n4 ,we c picture ! %av5 prie/s /eal+ into ! recesses ( its ?ickly %ad[$ gall]ies to %elt] f ! fi]ce ,egyptian sun4 ,no d\bt ! ka ( ,%epseskaf f\nd its %ade acceptable en\gh z he play$ at draughts ) 8 mummy 9 its inaccessible *amb]s4 ,x is kn[n t ! pyramid ( ,m5kauhor1 '! mo/ div9e edifice1' is some:]e at ,saqq>a1 b :i* ( its /ately piles c be attribut$ to him x is impossible to say4 ,s ) ! pyramid ( ,assa1 :o is m5tion$ 9 tablets at ,saqq>a1 ,k>nak1 & else:]e4 ,?is 0 call$ '! ,beautiful4' ,nei!r c ! simil>ly nam$ 'beautiful ris+' ( ,rameses & ! 'firm life' ( ,nef]>k>a be satisfactorily plac$4 ,x is highly unlikely t ^! /ructures c h crumbl$ into a ru9 s complete t no trace :atsoev] has be5 left ( !m--t is1 unless !y 7 built ( mud bricks4 ,! brick pyramid ( ,am5emhat ,,iii at ,h[>a1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s1 z does t ( ,s5us]t ,,iii at ,dah%ur4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ( late conc]n+ ! pyramids t x w\ld be idle to pursue ! subject fur!r 9 a "w su* z ?is1 :i* pr(esses to give an acc\nt ( ! my?ology ( ,egypt & an outl9e only ( its polity & arts4 ,!re c be little int]e/ = ! g5]al read] 9 m]e measurem5ts & records ( bulk4 ,mummification ,mummification 01 z has be5 said1 probably an inv5tion ( ! ,osirian cult4 ,! prie/s ( ,osiris taught t ! body ( man 0 a sacr$ ?+ & n to be ab&on$ to ! bea/s ( ! des]t1 because f x w\ld spr+ ! effulg5t & reg5]at$ envelope ( ! purifi$ _s4 ,9 prehi/oric times "s attempt appe>s to h be5 made t[>d pres]vation1 ei!r by dry+ 9 ! sun or sme>+ ! corpse ) a res9\s prep>ation2 & z ! c5turies w5t by ?is primitive treatm5t develop$ into ! elaborate art ( embalm+1 ) all its gloomy1 if picturesque1 c]emonial4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,middle ,k+dom1 z is evid5c$ by ! graves ( ,b5i ,hassan1 ! practice prevail$ ( remov+ ! int]nal organs & plac+ !m 9 a box divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts inscrib$ ) ! names ( ! f\r canopic deities :o presid$ ov] !m4 ,9 "s burials ( ?is date1 to avoid ! tr\ble ( remov+ ! inte/9es ^? responsible = ! obsequies simply made up p>cels :i* purport$1 by writt5 descriptions ^u !m1 to conta9 ! organs 9 "q1 believ+1 d\btless1 t ! writt5 /atem5t t ^! bundles conta9$ ! he>t1 lungs1 & s =? 0 magically efficaci\s1 & q z satisfactory z _! real pres5ce )9 ! receptacle4 ,we d n f9d ! process ( mummification rea*+ any degree ( elaboration until ! p]iod ( ! ,new ,k+dom4 ,at fir/ x 0 conf9$ to ! ,ph>aohs alone1 :o 7 id5tifi$ ) ,osiris2 b ! necessity = a ret9ue :i* w\ld att5d him 9 ! d>k halls ( ! ,tuat prescrib$ t 8 c\rti]s also %\ld be embalm$4 ,! cu/om 0 tak5 up by ! weal?y1 & filt]$ d[n f rank to rank until at l5g? ev5 ! corpse ( ! poore/ ,egyptian 0 at lea/ subject$ to a process ( pickl+ 9 a ba? ( natron4 ,! art rea*$ its height 9 ! ,tw5ty-fir/ ,dyna/y4 ,at t p]iod ! process 0 co/ly 9 ! extreme1 & a mummification ( an elaborate k9d co/ ab\t #gjj 9 mod]n curr5cy4 ,:5 ! relations ( ! deceas$ consult$ ! pr(essional embalm]s !y 7 %[n models ( mummies1 "o ( :i* !y select$4 ,! corpse 0 !n plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! embalm]s4 ,fir/ ( all !y inject$ a corrosive into ! bra9 cavity1 aft] :i* its s(t5$ cont5ts 7 remov$ ?r\gh ! no/rils by hook$ in/rum5ts4 ,a mummifi]1 ^: (fice r5d]$ him almo/ a p>iah1 s sacr$ 0 ! human body consid]$1 made an incision 9 ! corpse ) a fl9t knife1 a "t-hon\r$ in/rum5t t seems eloqu5t ( prehi/oric practice4 ,! inte/9es & ! pr9cipal organs 7 !n remov$1 wa%$1 & /eep$ 9 palm w9e4 ,! body !n und]w5t a dry+ process1 &1 accord+ to ! p]iod1 0 /ripp$ ( its fle%1 only ! sk9 rema9+1 or 0 /uff$ ) sawdu/1 skilfully introduc$ ?r\gh incisions1 s t ! natural =m 0 completely re/or$4 ,! cavity occupi$ by ! organs might o!rwise be /uff$ ) myrrh1 cassia1 or o!r spices4 ,:5 sewn up ! corpse 0 next pickl$ 9 a ba? ( natron = sev5ty days1 & !n meticul\sly b&ag$ ) l95 :i* _h be5 dipp$ 9 "s adhesive sub/ance4 ,a c(f9 0 built = x :i* reta9$ ! %ape ( ! human =m1 & :i* 0 gaily & elaborately pa9t$ ) figures ( div9ities1 amulets1 symbols1 & sometimes burial sc5es4 ,! c>v5 c\nt5ance ( ! deceas$ surm\nt$ ?is fun]>y f9]y1 & ! %ort wig1 typical ( ! liv+ ,egyptian1 gl[$ 9 gild$ hues or 9 less co/ly col\r above ! conv5tional dea?-mask1 :i* 9 g5]al bore b little resemblance to him4 ,! canopic j>s 9 :i* ! inte/9es 7 plac$ _h lids s c>v5 z to resemble human heads1 b subsequ5t to ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y ! heads ( ! f\r sons ( ,horus1 ! man-head$ ,me/i1 ! ape-head$ ,hapi1 ! jackal ,tuamutef1 & ! falcon ,qebhs5nf1 ! 'g5ii' :o gu>d$ ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 7 repres5t$ ^u _! cov]s4 ,9 _! respective j>s 7 plac$ ! /oma* & l>g] inte/9es1 ! small] inte/9es1 ! lungs & he>t1 & ! liv] & gall-bladd]4 ,^! j>s 7 plac$ 9 ! tomb beside ! mummy1 s t ^u resurrection x c\ld easily comm& _! cont5ts4 ,x is a /rik+ circum/ance t we discov] a p>allel to ^! 'g5ii' among ! anci5t ,maya ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :o possess$ f\r deities plac$ "o at ea* po9t ( ! compass to uphold ! heav5s4 ,_! names 7 ,kan1 ,muluc1 ,ix1 & ,cauac1 or1 accord+ to o!r au?orities1 ,hobnil1 ,kanzicnal1 ,zacz9i1 & ,hozanek1 & x has be5 /at$ t ! ,maya made use ( fun]>y j>s call$ aft] ^!1 bacabs1 :i* held ! int]nal organs ( _! dead4#i ,/rangely en\gh1 ! anci5t ,mexicans also practis$ a description ( mummification1 z did ! ,p]uvians4#aj ,fun]al ,(f]+s ,! tomb furniture ( ! ,egyptians ( ! high] ranks 0 elaborate & co/ly--*airs1 j>s1 weapons1 mirrors1 sometimes ev5 *>iots1 & wigs4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,middle ,k+dom 7,eighte5? ,dyna/y71 small /atuettes1 call$ u%abtiu1 7 plac$ 9 ea* tomb4 ,^! repres5t$ v>i\s trades1 & 7 suppos$ to assi/ or s]ve ! deceas$ 9 ! o!rworld4 ,! walls ( ! tomb & ! sides ( ! s>cophagus 7 usually cov]$ ) texts f ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 or =mul devot+ (f]+s ( loaves1 geese1 be]1 & o!r provisions to ! ka ( ! deceas$4 ,! burial c]emony 0 /ately & impos+4 ,sometimes x *anc$ t ! corpse _h to be convey$ by wat]1 & gaily pa9t$ boats held ! fun]al procession2 or else ! *a9 ( m\rn]s mov$ sl[ly along by ! we/]n bank ( ! ,nile4 ,! c]emonial at ! tomb appe>s to h be5 almo/ ( a !atrical "*1 & symboliz$ ! night j\rney ( ,ra-,osiris4 ,! prescrib$ pray]s 7 recit$1 & inc5se 0 (f]$ up4 ,! k9sm5 ( ! deceas$ 7 l\d 9 _! lam5tations1 & 7 assi/$ 9 ^! by a pr(essional class ( m\rn]s :o 'ke5$' l\dly & %rilly z ! procession sl[ly approa*$ ! ma/aba1 or tomb1 9 :i* ! mummy 0 to be laid to re/4 ,x 0 tak5 f ! c(f9 :5 x arriv$ at ! door ( its long home1 & 0 plac$ upright aga9/ ! wall ( ! ma/aba by a prie/ we>+ ! mask ( ! jackal-head$ god ,anubis4 ,at ?is po9t an elaborate c]emony 0 p]=m$1 kn[n z ! 'op5+ ( ! m\?4' ,) _m magical spells & signs ! m\? ( ! deceas$ 0 op5$ by means ( a hook1 aft] :i* he 0 suppos$ to be able to make use ( 8 m\? = ! purpose ( speak+1 eat+1 or dr9k+4 ,special lit]ature _h sprung up 9 connexion ) ?is cu/om1 & 0 kn[n z ,! ,book ( ! ,op5+ ( ! ,m\?4 ,elaborate & num]\s 7 ! in/rum5ts employ$ 9 ! c]emony3 ! pe%-k51 or hook1 made ( a p9ki% fl9t1 ! knife ( greyi%-gre5 /one1 ! vases1 small /one knives repres5t+ ! 'metal ( ! nor?' & ! 'metal ( ! s\?1' ! ungu5ts & oils1 & s on4 ,int]m9able 0 ! c]emonial 9 ! case ( a p]son ( importance1 at lea/ tw5ty-eight =mul hav+ to be recit$1 _m ( :i* 7 accompani$ by lu/ration1 purification1 &1 on ! "p ( ! prie/s :o (ficiat$1 a *ange ( co/ume4 ,! c(f9 conta9+ ! mummy 0 !n l[]$ into ! tomb by means ( a long rope1 & 0 receiv$ by ! grave-digg]s4 ,! ,ka ,! dead man 0 practically at ! m]cy ( ! liv+ = subsi/5ce 9 ! o!rworld4 ,unless 8 k9sm5 cont9u$ _! (f]+s to him he 0 inde$ 9 bad case1 = 8 ka w\ld />ve4 ,?is ka 0 8 d\ble1 & came into ! _w at ! same "t z himself4 ,x mu/ be %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! ba1 or s\l1 :i* usually took ! =m ( a bird aft] ! dea? ( its own]1 &1 inde$1 0 capable ( assum+ su* %ape z x *ose if ! fun]al c]emonies 7 c>ri$ out correctly4 ,"s ,egyptologi/s consid] ! ka to be ! special active =ce :i* imbues ! human be+ ) life1 & x may be equival5t to ! ,hebrew expression '_s' z ap>t f 's\l4' ,9 ! book ( ,g5esis we are in=m$ t ,god brea!d ! brea? ( life into man & he liv$4 ,9 l mann] did ,he lay ,8 arms beh9d ! primeval gods1 & =?) ,8 ka w5t up ov] !m1 & !y liv$4 ,:5 ! man di$ 8 ka quitt$ ! body1 b did n cease to take an int]e/ 9 x1 & on occasion ev5 reanimat$ x4 ,x 0 on behalf ( ! ka t ,egyptian tombs 7 s well furni%$ ) food & dr9k1 & ! necessities1 n to say ! luxuries1 ( exi/5ce4 ,! ,ba ,! ba1 z has be5 m5tion$1 did n rema9 ) ! body1 b took w+ aft] dea?4 ,among primitive peoples--! aborig9es ( ,am]ica1 = in/ance--! s\l is frequ5tly reg>d$ z possess+ ! =m & attributes ( a bird4 ,! ability ( ! bird to make passage = itself across ! great ocean ( air1 ! incompreh5sibility ( its gift ( flight1 ! my/]y ( its song1 its connexion ) 'heav51' r5d] x a be+ at once /range & enviable4 ,su* fre$om1 argues primitive man1 mu/ h ! lib]at$ s\l1 untrammell$ by ! h9d]+ fle%4 ,s1 too1 mu/ gods & spirits be w+$1 & su*1 he hopes1 w be 8 own condition :5 he has %ak5 (f ! mortal coil & rises on p9ions to ! heav5ly mansions4 ,?us ! ,bororos ( ,brazil believe t ! s\l possesses ! =m ( a bird4 ,! ,bilquila ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia ?9k t ! s\l dwells 9 an egg 9 ! nape ( ! neck1 & t ^u dea? ?is egg is hat*$ & ! enclos$ bird takes flight4 ,9 ,bohemian folk-lore we le>n t ! s\l is popul>ly conceiv$ z a :ite bird4 ,! ,malays & ! ,battas ( ,sumatra also depict ! immortal "p ( man 9 bird-%ape1 z d ! ,javanese & ,borneans4 ,?us we see t ! ,egyptian concept is p>allel$ 9 _m a di/ant l&4 ,b n[h]e d we f9d ! belief s /rong or s p]si/5t ov] a prolong$ p]iod ( "t z 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,no race conf]r$ s mu* importance & dignity ^u ! cult ( ! dead z ! ,egyptian4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! life ( ! ,egyptian ( ! cultur$ class 0 "o prolong$ prep>ation = dea?4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t he 01 ?r\gh =ce ( cu/om & environm5t1 unaw>e ( ! circum/ance4 ,x is dang]\s to indulge 9 a univ]sal ass]tion ) ref]5ce to an entire nation4 ,b if any p ev] reg>d$ life z a m]e academy ( prep>ation = et]nity1 x 0 ! my/]i\s & fasc9at+ race ^: va/ rema9s litt] ! banks ( ! _w's mo/ anci5t riv]1 & fr[n ^u ! less maje/ic und]tak+s ( a civilization :i* has usurp$ ! !atre ( _! myriad wondr\s de$s4 #a ,c]ta9 =ms ( belief are n[ spok5 ( by "s my?ologi/s z 'pre-animi/ic4' ,b ^! are n z yet suffici5tly well def9$ to p]mit ( accurate classification4 ,see ,m>ett1 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion4 #b ,k4 von d5 ,/e95 ,unt] d5 ,naturvolk] ,z5tral-,brasili5s 7,b]l91 #ahid74 #c ,see ,my?s & ,leg5ds ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #hg4 #d ,see ,h&book ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 article ,*ey5ne4 #e ,z d _m primitive sup]natural be+s all ov] ! _w4 #f ,?is is typical ( _m wat] gods 9 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4 ,see ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 vol4 i1 p4 #dc4 #g ,see ,gomme1 ,e?nology 9 ,folklore4 #h ,see ,lang1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion & ,! ,new ,my?ology1 = hypo!sis ( a mono!ism prior to animi/ic belief4 #i ,h4 de ,*>5cey1 ,le ,my! de ,votan1 p4 #ci4 ,!re is b little sub/antiation = ! latt] "p ( ?is /atem5t1 h[ev]4 ,! bacabs 7 closely id5tifi$ ) ! ,maya *ac1 or ra9-gods4 #aj ,see my ,my?s ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,,*apt] ,,ii3 ,,exploration1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,cu/oms ,! ,nile ,valley ,! ,riv] ,nile is ! elem5t :i* creates ! special *>act]i/ics ( ,egypt1 & diff]5tiates x f o!r p>ts ( ! ,sah>a ,des]t4 ,at its annual ov]fl[ ?is riv] deposits a ri* s$im5t1 :i* makes ! f]tile pla9s on ei!r side su* a contra/ to ! br[n monotony ( ! des]t4 ,ea/ & we/ ( ! ,nile valley /ret* great wa/es1 brok5 "h & !re by gre5 oases1 & ! g5]al sc5]y is too uni=m to be int]e/+1 ! ,delta itself pres5t+ a ri*ly cultivat$ level pla91 int]sp]s$ by ! l(ty d>k br[n m\nds ( anci5t cities & villages set 9 groves ( palm-trees4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt ! ,nile valley is n>r[1 & is b\nd$ by m\nta9s inconsid]able 9 height1 & :i* nev] rise into peaks4 ,sometimes !y approa* ! riv] 9 ! =m ( promontories1 & sometimes are divid$ by ! b$s ( anci5t wat]c\rses4 ,^! are suffici5tly picturesque1 b o!rwise ! l&scape is n /rik+4 ,9 col\r1 h[ev]1 x is rem>kably s4 ,! bright gre5 ( ! fields1 ! r$di% br[n or dull gre5 ( ! great riv] contra/+ ) ! b>e yell[ rocks se5 b5ea? a brilliant sun & deep blue sky1 pres5t views ( great beauty4 ,racial ,orig9 ,! "q ( ! racial orig9 ( ! p ( anci5t ,egypt is "o ( great complexity4 ,9 graves & e>ly cultural rema9s we f9d traces ( sev]al races :i* at remote p]iods ent]$ ! c\ntry1 & conc]n+ :om ! data are s scanty t x is highly dang]\s to g5]alize ab\t !m4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,s]gi ( ,rome1 ! orig9ator ( ! !ory t a great civiliz+ /ock arose at an e>ly p]iod on ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! anci5t ,egyptian belong$ to ! ea/]n bran* ( ?is race1 along ) ! ,nubians1 ,abyss9ians1 ,galla1 ,masai1 & ,somali4 ,! evid5ce ( language is vague1 = 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 x may only be cultural4 ,ano!r !ory is t :i* w\ld p ! ,nile valley 9 e>ly times ) a pygmy race1 :o 7 dispossess$ & driv5 out by ! immigrant ,m$it]raneans4 ,! !ory t ! ,m$it]ranean p ent]$ ,egypt directly f _! orig9al home does n agree ) t :i* w\ld make a /one-work+ race populat+ ! c\ntry at an e>ly p]iod emanate f ,pale/9e4 ,x w\ld appe> f a consid]ation ( ! data t ^! 7 ,m$it]raneans :o _h _h long practice 9 work+ 9 /one 9 a c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 t mat]ial4 ,^! 7 probably foll[$ by successive immigrations f ! ea/ & f ,arabia or its neighb\rhood1 :5ce came a p cognate ) ! ,babylonians & conv]sant ) _! culture1 :i* !y _h absorb$ 9 a common e>ly home :i* _c n[ be locat$4 ,^! impos$ _! ,semitic vocabul>y ^u ! ,hamitic syntax ( ! p !y f\nd 9 ! ,nile valley4 ,b al?\gh !y revolutioniz$ ! language1 !y only p>tially succe$$ 9 alt]+ ! religion1 :i* rema9$ = ! mo/ "p ( ! ,osirian type1 bl5d+ lat] ) ! ,horus hawk-wor%ip ( ! new-com]s4 ,!re are n want+ ^? :o ?9k t ^! immigrants f ,arabia 7 ,hamites1 :o atta9$ to a high civilization 9 ,we/]n ,arabia1 &1 press$ on by ,semitic hordes f ! nor?1 cross$ ! ,r$ ,sea 9 vessels & made _! fir/ base 9 ,egypt at ,b]5ice4 ,! dyna/ic ,egyptians1 accord+ to ?is view1 are ,hamitic1 & n f> remov$ 9 physical type f ! ,galla ( to-day1 b _h1 p]haps1 "s elem5t ( ! proto-,semitic4#a ,!y are ?\ght to h conc5trat$ !mselves 9 ! n>r[ /rip ( f]tility along ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,x w\ld inde$ be difficult to disc]n :]e else !y c\ld h conc5trat$ !mselves4 ,! dyna/ic hi/ory ( anci5t ,egypt ext5ds1 at ! l[e/ computation1 ov] a p]iod ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 view ( *ronological difficulties1 x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t to adopt ! dyna/ic sy/em ( reckon+ *os5 by ,mane?o1 an ,egyptian prie/ :o liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,mane?o divid$ ! hi/ory ( ,egypt into ?irty-"o dyna/ies1 ( :i* "s tw5ty-six comprise ! p]iod betwe5 ,m5a's ,conque/ & ! ,p]sian ,conque/1 :ile ! o!rs cov] ! p]iod ( ,p]sian1 ,hell5ic1 & ,lat9 supremacy4 ,) ! ,p]sian ,conque/1 h[ev]1 came ! dis9tegration ( ! ,egyptian ,empire1 & at t po9t purely native hi/ory comes to an end4 ,?\gh ,mane?o's dyna/ic divisions h be5 adopt$ by mod]n ,egyptologi/s1 8 *ronology is n s well receiv$1 ?\gh x is support$ by at lea/ "o di/+ui%$ au?ority--,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy at ! pres5t day is to accept ! m9imum *ronology :i* is kn[n z t ( ! ,b]l9 ,s*ool1 :i* places ,m5a's ,conque/ at #cdjj ,b4,c4 & ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c41 r ?an t ( ,pr(essor ,petrie1 :i* w\ld place ^! ev5ts at #eejj ,b4,c4 & #cdjj ,b4,c4 respectively4 ,x is cu/om>y to gr\p ! v>i\s dyna/ies into ?ree p]iods--! ,old ,k+dom1 compris+ ,dyna/ies ,i to ,,viii2 ! ,middle ,k+dom1 ,dyna/ies ,,ix to ,,xviii2 & ! ,new ,empire1 ,dyna/ies ,,xviii to ,,xxvi4 ,^! divisions1 h[ev]1 d n imply any break 9 ! c\rse ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 b are m]ely us$ = ! sake ( conv5i5ce4 ,! foll[+ ,table comp>es ! sy/ems ( dat+ 9 vogue ) /ud5ts ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,petrie & ! ,b]l9 ,s*ool1 z repres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,brea/$3 ,,petrie 7#aijf7 ,,b]l9 ,,s*ool 7#aijf7 ,b4,c4 ,b4,c4 ,i #eeaj #cdjj ,,ii #ebdg ,,iii #dide #bihj ,,iv #dgca #bijj ,v #dded #bgej ,,vi #dbjf #bfbe ,,vii #djjc #bdge ,,viii #cicc ,,ix #cghg #bdde ,x #cfhg ,,xi #cejb #bafj ,,xii #cdei #bjjj ,,xiii #cbdf #aghh ,,xiv #bgic ,,xv #becc ,,xvi #bbdi ,,xvii #agca ,,xviii #aehj #aehj ,,xix #acbb #acej ,,xx #abjb #abjj ,,xxi #aajb #ajij ,,xxii #ieh #ide ,,xxiii #gee #gde ,,xxiv #gba #gah ,,xxv #gae #gab ,,xxvi #ffd #ffc ,,xxvii #ebe #ebe ,,xxviii #dje ,,xxix #cii ,,xxx #cgh ,egyptian ,exploration ,egypt1 ) its mighty ru9s wrapp$ 9 sil5ce & my/]y1 long ago attract$ ! curiosity ( ! travell]1 = ! traditions ( a high civilization1 ( its religion1 gov]nm5t1 & culture1 l+]$ 9 ! memory ( man2 & !re1 f temple1 pyramid1 palace1 & city1 he has s\ght & ga9$ actual & manifold pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( t anci5t k+dom4 ,& n only has its own hi/ory ?us be5 unveil$ to ! mod]n _w1 b int]tw9$ !re) has be5 trac$ t ( o!r nations & p[]s1 among !m ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance 9 ?is c\ntry ( ! collect+ ( ,egyptian antiques is 9 #afhc1 :5 a valuable /ele belong+ to ! ,old ,k+dom 0 br\ght f ,saqq>a & pres5t$ to ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d1 :ile 9 ! eighte5? c5tury "s attempt 0 made at plann+ & describ+ ,egyptian ru9s1 & ! id5tification ( "s ( ! sites ) cities m5tion$ 9 classical writ+s4 ,9 #agih a sci5tific commission1 includ+ arti/s & ar*ologi/s1 accompani$ ,napoleon's milit>y exp$ition into ,egypt1 & mu* valuable "w 0 accompli%$ by ^! savants1 ! record ( :i* fills sev]al volumes ( ! ,description de l',egypte1 :ile ! l>ge collection ( antiquities ga!r$ by !m1 includ+ ! fam\s ,rosetta ,/one1 :i* prov$ ! key to ! my/]y ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic writ+1 came into ,briti% possession 9 ! ye> #ahja4 ,!n1 "u ,mehemet ,ali1 ,egypt 0 op5$ to ,europeans1 & f ?is "t onw>d great numb]s ( antiquities 7 tak5 f ! c\ntry & f\nd _! way into ,european collections & museums1 especially ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,l\vre1 & ^? at ,leyd51 ,b]l91 & ,tur94 ,! l>ge/ collection ( ,egyptian objects is t at ,cairo4 ,e>ly ,rese>*es ,9 #ahba came ! deciph]m5t ( ! ,rosetta ,/one by ,*ampollion1 & ?is add$ a new ze/ to exploration & collect+4 ,*ampollion himself1 toge!r ) ,rosell9i1 0 s5t by ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,france & ,tuscany on an exp$ition to ,egypt1 & mu* 0 done 9 copy+ /el & inscriptions4 ,b ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t initiat$ a great] und]tak+ 9 #ahdb1 "u ,lepsius1 :o ext5d$ 8 rese>*es f ,egypt into ,nubia z f> z ,kh>t\m1 & aga9 into ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,?is exp$ition1 ) its sci5tific me?ods1 yield$ a wond]ful h>ve/ ( valuable results4 ,! (ficial pres]vation ( ! anci5t monum5ts & ru9s aga9/ exploitation by deal]s or de/ruction by v&als 0 fir/ und]tak5 by ,mehemet ,ali1 :o appo9t$ ,m>iette to ?is on]\s po/1 & "u 8 wise & able direction invaluable "w 0 accompli%$4 ,?is has be5 develop$ "u ! ,briti% suz]a9ty4 ,! anci5t sites are claim$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! ,s]vice ( ,antiquities has an annual grant ( l>ge dim5sions & employs _m ,european & native (ficials4 ,all prov9ces are includ$ 9 its survey1 & no excavations may take place )\t its p]mission2 & ?is is grant$ to responsible p]sons only1 & on ! t]ms t half ( ! antiquities discov]$ %all become ! prop]ty ( ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t1 ! o!r half go+ to ! f9d]s4 ,sir ,ga/on ,masp]o1 director ( ! ,museum at ,cairo1 has made _m brilliant contributions to ,egyptian ar*ology4 ,z e>ly z #ahfb ! ,scotti% ar*ologi/1 ,rh9d1 saw ! necessity = "s def9ite sci5tific & compreh5sive sy/em ( excavation if really valuable results 7 to be obta9$1 & lam5t$ ! lack ( any su* me?ods 9 8 "t4 ,9 #ahhc ?is sy/em ( inve/igation 0 inaugurat$ at ,tanis "u ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie4 ,ev]y?+1 l>ge & small1 f\nd dur+ ! excavation ( city1 temple1 or grave is collect$ & int]pret$1 & made to yield its quota ( evid5ce & in=mation4 ,?is me?od gives e object its value4 ,att5tion is n conc5trat$ on "o dep>tm5t alone1 h5ce no?+ is wa/$ or lo/1 & k ( ! arts & crafts1 ! cu/oms1 ! lit]ature & religion ( anci5t ,egypt is sl[ly ga!r$1 & all takes its due place 9 ! pageant ( hi/ory unfold$ be=e u4 ,mu* ( ! my/]y t hung ov] ,egypt has dep>t$1 b ! glam\r & fasc9ation %e ex]t$ 9 ! pa/ are /ill z great z ev]4 ,^! are n less5$ by our m intimate k ( h] anci5t civilization1 b r increas$ a hundr$fold4 ,! sil5ce ( c5turies has be5 brok51 ! hi]oglyphs h told _! tale to mod]n man1 :o li/5s ) ev]-deep5+ int]e/ to ! voice ( ! ,pa/4 ,! drift+ s& ( ! des]t has be5 cle>$ away & anci5t build+s /& aga9 9 ! sunlight & yield _! secrets veil$ = s _m c5turies4 ,! graves tell ov] aga9 ! un*ang+ sorr[ ( dea? & ! _w-old long+s ( man4 ,ap>t f ! lit]>y rema9s1 papyri & inscriptions1 ! mat]ial results h be5 imm5se4 ,! anci5t topography ( ! l& has become kn[n by ! rema9s ( roads1 canals1 qu>ries1 & m9es4 ,! sites ( t[ns1 ) ! temples1 =tifications1 & private dwell+s1 h be5 compreh5sively treat$1 s t ! record is almo/ complete f ! build+ ( ! f\ndation to ! decorative designs ( ! arti/s4 ,! site ( ea* city1 aga91 is g5]ally t ( sev]al belong+ to diff]5t epo*s2 ! ru9s ( ! old] build+s 7 levell$ to an ev5 surface & ! new] "o begun sev]al feet high]4 ,! artificial m\nds ?us made are sometimes z mu* z #hj or #ij feet 9 height4 ,^! f\ndations did n det] ! ,egyptian ar*itects f erect+ l(ty build+s1 su* z ^? 9 ,memphis1 = 9 sev]al cities walls exi/ to-day f #cj to #dj feet 9 height4 ,to support ^! !y 7 ?ick5$ at ! base & ! floors vault$4 ,among/ ! lime/one rema9s ( h\ses are (t5 f\nd fragm5ts ( s&/one1 granite1 & alaba/] qu>ri$ f "s ru9$ temple1 :i* %[s t ! ,egyptians ( ^? f>-away days did exactly ! same z _! desc5dants1 & despoil$ ! neglect$ & ru9$ monum5ts4 ,t[n ,plann+ ,! plan ( a t[n excavat$ %[s ! h\ses ga!r$ closely ar\nd ! temple & its squ>e enclosure4 ,?is s]v$ z =tress & refuge if ! t[n 7 attack$4 ,! plan 0 regul> 9 t[ns t 7 built 9 "o p]iod1 ) wide pav$ /reets runn+ at "r angles & provid$ ) /one *annels to c>ry (f wat] & dra9age4 ,! build+s 7 arrang$ 9 l9e4 ,9 cities t 7 ! product ( c5turies !re 01 h[ev]1 great irregul>ity--h\ses heap$ 9 mazes ( bl9d alleys1 & d>k1 n>r[ /reets4 ,!re 0 g5]ally an op5 space1 %ad$ by sycamores1 us$ two or ?ree times a mon? z a m>ket-place4 ,! poor] classes 7 h\s$ 9 hovels1 r>ely exce$+ #ab or #af feet 9 l5g?1 & little bett] ?an ! huts ( ! fellahe5 ( to-day4 ,! h\ses ( ! middle class1 su* z %op-keep]s1 small (ficials1 & =em51 7 ( a bett] description1 ?\gh r small4 ,!y usually conta9$ half a doz5 rooms1 & "s 7 two or ?ree /ories high1 :ile n>r[ c\rty>ds sep>at$ !m f ! /reet1 ?\gh m (t5 ! h\se front$ directly on ! road & 0 built on ?ree sides ( a c\rty>d4 ,t excell5t sanit>y & hygi5ic conditions 7 kn[n 9 anci5t ,egypt has be5 amply prov$1 = ev5 poor] h\ses at ,kahn boa/$ a /one tank1 & ?is luxury 0 univ]sal except among ! v poor4 ,at ,tell el ,am>na1 9 ! h\se ( a high (ficial ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 an elaborate ba? & +5i\s sy/em ( wat]-supply h be5 f\nd4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! ord9>y h\se 7 mu* ! same z obta9 9 ! ,ea/ ( to-day1 ! gr\nd floor includ+ /ore-rooms1 b>ns1 & /ables2 ! next = liv+ & sleep+2 ! ro( = sleep+ 9 summ]1 :ile "h also ! wom5 gossip$ & cook$4 ,an outside /aircase1 n>r[ & v /eep1 l$ to ! upp] rooms4 ,^! 7 oblong 9 %ape1 & ! door 0 ! only means ( v5tilation & light+4 ,= decoration ! walls 7 sometimes :itewa%$1 or decorat$ ) r$ & yell[1 or pa9t$ ) dome/ic sc5es4 ,palaces & ,mansions ,! palaces & mansions ( ! weal?y & great g5]ally /ood 9 ! mid/ ( a g>d5 or c\rty>d plant$ ) trees surr\nd$ ) cr5ellat$ walls1 brok5 only by a doorway1 :i* (t5 indicat$ ! social importance ( ! family4 ,at times x 0 a portico support$ on columns & adorn$ ) /atues2 at o!rs1 a pylon simil> to ^? at ! entrance ( temples4 ,! int]ior1 says ,masp]o1 almo/ resembl$ a small t[n divid$ into qu>t]s by irregul> walls4 ,9 "s cases ! dwell+-h\se /ood at ! f>!r end2 :ile ! gran>ies1 /ables1 & dome/ic (fices 7 di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! enclosure4 ,pa9t+s & plans on walls ( tombs1 ! rema9s ( h\ses at ,tell el ,am>na & ( ! palace ( ,akh5at51 h suppli$ ! means by :i* we le>n ^! details4 ,! pictorial plan ( a ,!ban h\se1 half palace1 half villa1 is ?us elucidat$ by ,masp]o3 ,! enclosure is rectangul>1 surr\nd$ by a cr5ellat$ wall4 ,! pr9cipal entrance op5s ^u a road bord]$ by trees by ! side ( a canal or bran* ( ! ,nile4 ,! g>d5 is symmetrically divid$ by l[ /one walls4 ,9 ! c5tre is a l>ge trellis support$ on f\r r[s ( small columns2 to "r & left are f\r pools /ock$ ) ducks & geese1 two leafy cons]vatories1 two summ]-h\ses1 & av5ues ( sycamores1 date-palms1 & dm-palms4 ,at ! back1 fac+ ! entrance1 is ! h\se1 two-/ori$ & ( small dim5sions1 surm\nt$ by a pa9t$ cornice4 ,on "o ( ! tombs ( ,tell el ,am>na is to be f\nd a repres5tation ( ! palace ( ,a1 :o lat] asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,egypt4 ,?is is ( l>ge size1 rectangul> 9 %ape1 ! faade wid] ?an ! sides4 ,! /aircases runn+ to ! t]rac$ ro( lead into two small *amb]s at ea* corn] ( ! back wall4 ,! dwell+-h\se itself is conta9$ )9 ?is out] build+1 & 0 sacr$ to ! family & its head1 & only intimate fri5ds _h ! "r ( entrance4 ,! rema9s ( ! ru9$ palace ( ,akh5at5 at ,tell el ,am>na also foll[s mu* ! same plan1 ) ! addition ( a pavilion = ! que5's use1 conta9+ a l>ge hall #ea feet by #ba feet4 ,9 ?is palace 0 ano!r imm5se hall1 its dim5sions be+ #dbc feet by #bcd feet4 ,x conta9$ #edb mud pill>s1 #eb in*es squ>e4 ,x communicat$ ) five small] halls4 ,! pill>s 7 :it5$1 & ! ceil+s 7 pa9t$ ) v9e-leaves & bun*es ( grapes on a yell[ gr\nd4 ,_m ( ! mansions & h\ses af=d "s beautiful specim5s ( ! decorative art ( ^? days4 ,rema9s ( ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ! ,old ,k+dom are n num]\s1 b ! g5]al plan seems to h be5 mu* ! same z 9 ! lat] p]iods4 ,! small antiquities discov]$1 su* z ut5sils1 clo!s1 weapons1 amulets1 & o!r articles :i* h be5 f\nd 9 great numb]s1 fill 9 ! picture ( ! dome/ic life ( anci5t ,egypt2 :ile temple & =tress & monum5t tell ( ! religion1 ! w>f>e1 & ! ent]prise 9 t di/ant epo*4 ,^! excavations cov] a l>ge area4 ,upp]1 ,middle1 & ,l[] ,egypt & ,nubia h be5 ext5sively explor$1 likewise ! ,s9ai ,p59sula & ,syria1 ) its num]\s tablets ( conque/4 ,9 ,nubia1 /ates an au?ority1 ow+ to ! pov]ty ( ! c\ntry & its scanty population1 ! proportion ( monum5ts surviv+ is inf9itely great] ?an 9 ,egypt4 ,_m temples1 tombs1 qu>ries1 =ts1 grottos1 & pyramids h be5 f\nd 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt are to be f\nd ! great pyramids & ! necropolis ( ,memphis1 ) v>i\s small] pyramids to ! s\?1 & x also boa/s ( ! /up5d\s ru9s ( ,!bes on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 ! tombs & qu>ries ( ,assuan1 & ! temples ( ,phil1 ?\gh ^! by no means exhau/ ! li/ ( sites :i* h be5 excavat$1 :ile x is well kn[n t _m /ill hold my/]ies z yet unt\*$4 ,life & ,law 9 ,anci5t ,egypt ,! exi/5ce ( ,egypt z a native mon>*y /ret*$ ov] su* an ext5d$ p]iod t x is extremely difficult to g5]alize conc]n+ ! me?od ( its gov]nm5t or ! life ( its p4 ,at ! same "t no civilization ) a record ( ?\s&s ( ye>s beh9d x exhibits less *ange ei!r 9 political or dome/ic affairs4 ,x is c]ta9 t once an agricultural mode ( life 0 accept$ by ! ,egyptians !y quickly contract$ ^? mann]s & cu/oms :i* !y reta9$ up to ! p]iod ( =eign invasion2 & s f> z ! l[] classes are conc]n$1 !re c be little d\bt t ! /ream ( daily life fl[$ on f c5tury to c5tury placid & unalt]$4 ,! sci5ce ( folklore has ( late ye>s prov$ to u h[ little alt]ation ! passage ( "t br+s to ! life & ?\ght ( a p ^: environm5t is su* t outw>d =ces are seldom br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,especially 0 ?is ! case ) ! inhabitants ( ! ,nile valley1 :o = _m c5turies 7 %elt]$ by geographical & o!r peculi>ities f ! inroads ( o!r civiliz$ races1 & :o by ! "t t =eign invad]s m+l$ ) !m _h atta9$ su* a settl$ c\rse ( exi/5ce1 & 7 s p[]fully influ5c$ by tradition1 z to be practically immune f ! effects ( racial int]mixture4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t su* invad]s z ,egypt knew w\ld n br+ _! womank9d ) !m1 & t _! m>riage to ,egyptian wom5 w\ld h ! effect 9 a g5]ation or two ( completely absorb+ !m into ! native population1 s t ! racial /&>d rema9$ practically unalt]$4 ,aga91 _! numb]s w\ld be relatively small comp>$ ) ! population ( ,egypt4 ,! environm5t ( ! ,nile valley is exceptionally well suit$ to ! cont9uance ( type1 z is evid5c$ by ! p]si/5ce ( =m 9 its dome/ic & o!r animals4 ,"t & aga9 h =eign %eep1 goats1 asses1 & s =? be5 introduc$ into x1 ) ! result t %ortly aft]w>d !y became absorb$ into ! prevail+ ,egyptian type ( _! k9d1 ) sc>cely any modification4 ,! horse & ! camel 7 comp>atively late importations into ,egypt1 & ! t>dy introduction ( ! =m] is eloqu5t ( ! isolat$ "* ( ! c\ntry4 ,! feudal sy/em 0 g5]al ?r\gh\t anci5t ,egypt1 & ! ,ph>aoh 0 *iefly employ$ 9 keep+ 8 great] subjects 9 *eck4 ,^! modell$ _! pr9cipalities ^u ! c5tral p[]1 & ev5 su* z _h no claim to royal blood kept up e/abli%m5ts ( consid]able magnitude4 ,(ficials sw>m$ 9 ! ,nile valley1 & x does n seem t !y 7 actuat$ by a v high /&>d ( political morality1 or1 at lea/ 9 practice1 !y fell %ort ( x4 ,memb]s ( ! royal family 7 g5]ally grant$ high (fice1 & ?is meant t ! c\ntry 0 9 effect adm9i/]$ by an h]$it>y bureaucracy4 ,a *ancellor or vizi] 0 directly responsible to ! mon>* = ! condition ( ! c\ntry--its bus9ess1 f9ance1 & legal adm9i/ration4 ,comm]ce ,we "k b little conc]n+ ! comm]cial affairs ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,9 all probability op5-air m>kets 7 held4 ,curr5cy 0 unkn[n until ! era ( ! ,p]sian invasion1 & until !n r+s ( gold1 silv]1 & bronze 7 employ$ 9 ex*ange4 ,b>t]1 h[ev]1 prevail$ univ]sally4 ,corn 01 ( c\rse1 ! /aple produce ( ,egypt1 & seems to h be5 export$ to "s ext5t to o!r c\ntries1 z 7 papyrus rolls & l952 b practically all silv] & copp] _h to be import$1 z _h preci\s woods1 ! pelts ( r>e animals1 ivory1 spices & inc5se1 & /one = ! manufacture ( r>e vessels4 ,_m ( ^! supplies rea*$ ,egypt 9 ! %ape ( tribute1 b records are extant ( exp$itions s5t out by ! k+ = ! purpose ( obta9+ =eign r>ities4 ,a great deal ( ,egyptian trade 0 9 ! h&s ( =eign]s4 ,! ,phnicians evid5tly op5$ up communication ) ,egypt z e>ly z ! ,?ird ,dyna/y4 ,9 lat] times an ext5sive trade 0 c>ri$ on ) ,greece1 & ,psammeti*us ,i 7c4 #egj ,b4,c47 f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,naucratis z ! c5tre ( ,greek trade 9 ,egypt4 ,agriculture ,agriculture 0 ! backbone ( ,egyptian weal?2 ! nature ( ! soil--ri*1 black mud1 deposit$ by ! ,nile1 :i* also s]v$ to irrigate x--r5d]$ ! practice ( f>m+ peculi>ly simple4 ,! int5se heat1 too1 assi/$ ! spe$y gr[? ( gra94 ,cultivation 0 possible almo/ all ! ye> r\nd1 b usually t]m9at$ ) ! h>ve/s ga!r$ 9 at ! end ( ,april1 f :i* mon? to ,june a p]iod ( slackness 0 af=d$ ! f>m]4 ,a great v>iety ( crops 0 s[n1 b :eat & b>ley 7 ! mo/ popul>2 durra1 ( :i* bread 0 made1 l5tils1 peas1 beans1 radi%es1 lettuces1 onions1 & flax 7 also cultivat$4 ,fruits 7 repres5t$ by ! grape1 pomegranate1 fig1 & date4 ,timb] 0 scanty &1 z has be5 said1 0 mo/ly import$4 ,9 e>ly times x 0 probably m abundant1 b ! introduction ( ! camel & ! goat prov$ its ru91 ^! animals /ripp+ ! b>k f ! trees & dev\r+ ! %oots4 ,w9e 0 *iefly made 9 ! di/rict ( ,m>eotis1 ne> ,alex&ria1 & appe>s to h possess$ a v delicate flav\r4 ,! papyrus plant 0 widely cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ times2 ! /em 0 employ$ = boat-build+ & rope-mak+1 z well z = writ+ mat]ials4 ,legal ,code ,egyptian law appe>s to h be5 traditional1 & no rema9s ( any specific code h come d[n to u4 ,royal decrees & regulations 7 promulgat$ f "t to "t1 & ^! 7 usually engrav$ on /one & c>efully pres]v$4 ,9 ! ,ptolemaic p]iod travell+ c\rts 7 in/itut$1 :i* settl$ litigation ( all descriptions2 b ! traditional law ( ! c\ntry appe>s to h be5 well kn[n to ! p & fully recogniz$ by _! rul]s4 ,a fav\rite way ( hav+ a grievance r$ress$ 0 to petition ! k+ or "o ( ! great feudal pr9ces4 ,c\rts sitt+ to he> specific cases 7 ne>ly always compos$ ( royal or t]ritorial p]sons 9 e>ly days1 & 9 lat] times ( (ficials4 ,! "r to appeal to ! k+ exi/$4 ,evid5ce 0 giv5 ^u oa?1 a fav\rite oa? be+ ,by ! k+ or ,by ! life ( ! k+4 ,only occasionally 0 torture employ$ = ! purpose ( extract+ evid5ce4 ,p5alties 7 v>i\s4 ,9 _m in/ances ! accus$ 0 all[$ to take 8 own life4 ,= m9or crimes ! ba/9ado or disfigurem5t by cutt+ (f ! nose1 bani%m5t or f9e1 7 ! usual puni%m5ts4 ,dur+ ! ,old ,k+dom decapitation 0 ! usual means ( inflict+ dea?4 ,! draw+ up ( contracts 0 univ]sal1 & ^! 71 z a rule1 duly witness$4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,tw5ty-fif? ,dyna/y ^! are discov]$ 9 abundance1 & usually ref] to sales or loans4 ,al?\gh a woman c\ld inh]it prop]ty1 %e _h n ! entire "r ( deal+ ) x1 b1 if divorc$1 h] d[ry c\ld n be =feit$4 ,_m ( ^! anci5t docum5ts deal ) ! buy+ & sell+ ( slaves4 ,x is n cle>1 h[ev]1 :e!r or n ! cons5t ( a slave 0 necess>y to 8 sale4 ,sci5ce ,k & le>n+ ( e description 71 ( c\rse1 subord9at$ to ! religi\s idea1 :i* 0 ! p>am\nt consid]ation 9 ,egyptian life4 ,) ar*itecture we h dealt else:]e4 ,x w\ld seem t sci5tific op]ations ( all sorts 7 c>ri$ out1 n by means ( any giv5 =mul1 b m]ely by rule ( ?umb4 ,wond]ful results 7 obta9$ by ! simple/ means1 & ! me?ods by :i* ! pyramids 7 rais$ are /ill some:at ( a my/]y4 ,! dates ( fe/ivals 7 a/ronomically fix$2 & x has be5 /at$ t ! pyramids & o!r l>ge build+s 7 ori5tat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! inundation ( ! ,nile 0 m>k$ by ! ris+ ( ! /> ,so?is or ,sirius4 ,a great _m ,egyptian inv5tions appe> to be ( consid]able antiquity1 b ! inv5tive faculty ( ! race w\ld seem to h be5 /unt$ or altoge!r lo/ 9 lat] times4 ,attempts at progress 7 absolutely unkn[n ev5 :5 ! ,egyptians came into contact ) =eign]s1 & all innovations 7 look$ ^u askance4 ,! ,peasantry ,x is unc]ta9 to :at ext5t ! p foll[$ ! nobility 9 ! v rigor\s religi\s programme t ^! _h set !mselves4 ,t !y 7 z deeply sup]/iti\s z _! bett]s !re c be little d\bt2 b t !y reg>d$ !mselves z fit subjects = ! same o!rworld to :i* ! ari/ocracy 7 b\nd is unlikely 9 ! extreme4 ,probably at ! be/ !y ?\ght !y might f9d "s corn] 9 ! d>k realm ( ,osiris :]e !y w\ld n be utt]ly annihilat$1 or t at lea/ _! kas w\ld be duly f$ & n\ri%$ by ! (f]+s made to !m by _! *ildr54 ,! ,egyptian peasant 0 pre-em95tly a son ( ! soil1 h>d-work+1 pati5t1 & cont5t1 ) little 9 ! way ( food1 %elt]1 & raim5t--n at all unlike ! fellah ( ! pres5t day4 ,! lot ( ! ,egyptian peasant woman 01 l t ( h] husb&1 "o ( ardu\s toil4 ,%e 0 usually m>ri$ ab\t ! age ( fifte51 & by ! age ( ?irty 0 (t5 a gr&mo!r4 ,! c>e ( h] dwell+ & *ildr5 0 n1 h[ev]1 p]mitt$ to occupy all h] "t1 = at c]ta9 seasons %e 0 expect$ to assi/ h] husb& 9 ! field1 :]e %e probably receiv$ m bl[s ?an ?anks4 ,ju/ice 0 n v ev5-h&$1 & r$ress = any individual ( ! peasant class 0 n easily obta9$2 x is /range t ! conditions "u :i* ! peasantry dwelt did n fom5t rebellion4 ,probably ! only reason t su* outbreaks did n take place 0 t ! condition ( s]vitude 0 too deep & t1 l mo/ ,ori5tals1 ! ,egyptians 7 fatali/s4 ,co/ume ,! fa%ion ( app>el diff]$ consid]ably ) ! dyna/ies4 ,z we h already not$1 ! ,ph>aoh possess$ a peculi> attire ( 8 own1 ^u :i* t ( ! upp] ranks ( society 0 to "s ext5t modell$4 ,! climate did n p]mit or enc\rage ! we>+ ( heavy mat]ial1 s t f9e l95 0 greatly 9 use4 ,! upp] portions ( ! body 7 only p>tially cov]$1 & among/ ! nobility 9 anci5t times a species ( l95 skirt 0 worn4 ,! wom5's dress f ! e>lie/ times 0 a dress rea*+ f ! armpits to ! ankles1 ) /raps ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,! m5's dress 0 usually a =m ( lo9-clo?4 ,! we>+ ( wigs 0 practically univ]sal1 & orig9at$ 9 prehi/oric times4 ,at "s e>ly p]iod native ritual _h prescrib$ t ! head mu/ be %av$1 s t ! fa%ion ( ! long p]uke1 or ! close-fitt+ clo? cap ) e>-lappets1 became practically a necessity4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t "s ladies refus$ to sacrifice _! hair1 & 9 ! well-kn[n /atue ( ,nef]t we notice ! b&s ( natural hair1 neatly smoo!d d[n ov] ! br[1 peep+ out b5ea? ! heavy wig %e is we>+4 ,practically all classes wore s&als ( lea!r or plait$ papyrus4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! ,egyptian 0 tall1 be+ consid]ably above ! ,european av]age 9 height4 ,! race 7 = ! mo/ "p doli*ocephalic1 or long-skull$1 n>r[-wai/$ & angul>4 ,9 lat] life !y frequ5tly became corpul5t1 b dur+ y\? & e>ly manhood pres5t$ r a 'wiry' appe>ance4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 broad %\ld]s & a well-develop$ *e/-cavity4 ,! exam9ation ( ?\s&s ( mummies by ,dr4 ,elliot ,smi? has prov$ t 9 lat] times ! ,egyptian race greatly improv$ 9 physique & muscul> qualities4 ,9 "* ! ,egyptian 0 grave1 & p]haps a little taciturn1 be+ 9 ?is respect n unlike ! ,scot & ! ,spani>d2 b1 l ^! peoples1 he _h also a /ra9 ( gaiety 9 8 composition1 & 8 popul> lit]ature is 9 places eloqu5t ( ! philosophy ( laissez-faire4 ,x is probable t ! /]n religi\s code "u :i* he liv$ drove him at times to deep disgu/ ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! ,egyptian peasant's amusem5t at times took ! =m ( intoxication1 & pictures are extant :i* %[ ! lab\r] be+ borne home on ! %\ld]s ( 8 fell[s4 ,among ! upp] classes1 too1 x _c be d5i$ t a philosophy ( pleasure _h ga9$ a v /rong hold1 especially 9 lat] times4 ,!y probably ?\ght t if !y committ$ ! ,book ( ! ,dead to he>t !y 7 sure ( a blissful future1 & t 9 ?is lay _! :ole moral duty4 ,z reg>ds _! e?ical /&po9t1 x may be said t !y 7 r unmoral ?an immoral1 & t good & evil1 z we und]/& x1 7 almo/ unkn[n to !m4 ,! ,egyptians z a race possess$1 h[ev]1 an innate love ( ju/ice & "r ?9k+1 & !y w always take _! place 9 ! roll ( nations z a p :o h done m ?an p]haps any o!r to upbuild ! fabric ( ord]1 dec5cy1 & propriety4 ,,*apt] ,,iii3 ,,! ,,prie/hood3 ,,my/]ies ,,& ,,temples ,! ,prie/hood ,! p[] & condition ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood v>i$ greatly ) ! pass+ ( ! c5turies4 ,x 0 9 all likelihood at all times indep5d5t ( ! royal p[]1 & inde$ !re 7 p]iods 9 ,egyptian hi/ory :5 ! sway ( ! ,ph>aohs 0 s]i\sly endang]$1 or altoge!r eclips$1 by ! ecclesia/ical p>ty4 ,va/ grants ( l& _h enri*$ ! hundr$s ( temples :i* cr[d$ ! ,egyptian l&1 & ^! gave employm5t to a v]itable army ( dep5d5ts & (ficials4 ,"u ! ,new ,k+dom1 = example1 ! weal? & p[] ( ! god ,am5 rivall$1 if x did n eclipse1 t ( ! ,ph>aoh himself4 ,9 ! "t ( ,rameses ,,iii ?is influ5tial cult numb]$ no few] ?an #hj1jjj dep5d5ts1 exclusive ( wor%ipp]s1 & its weal? c be assess$ by ! circum/ance t x c\ld c\nt its cattle by ! hundr$ ?\s& head4 ,! k+s1 h[ev]1 p]iodically attempt$ to dim9i% ! p[] ( ! prie/hood by nom9at+ _! own relatives or adh]5ts to its pr9cipal (fices4 ,9 e>ly days ! great lords ( ! soil took ^u !mselves ! title & duties ( *ief prie/ 9 _! t]ritory1 ?us comb9+ ! feudal & ecclesia/ical (fices4 ,b5ea? !m 7 a numb] ( prie/s1 bo? lay & pr(essional4 ,b 9 lat] times ?is sy/em 0 ex*ang$ = "o 9 :i* a rigor\s discipl9e necessitat$ ! appo9tm5t ( a pr(essional class ^: duties 7 %>ply outl9$ & specializ$4 ,despite ?is1 h[ev]1 & contr>y to popul> belief1 at no "t did ! prie/ly p[] comb9e itself into a ca/e t 0 di/9ctly sep>ate f ! laity1 ! memb]s ( :i* cont9u$ to act along ) x4 ,individuals ( ! prie/hood 7 g5]ally allud$ to z h5 net] 7's]vant ( ! god'7 or uab 7'! pure'74 ,9 "s localities ! *ief prie/s possess$ di/9ctive titles1 su* z ,khorp hemtiu 7'*ief ( ! artific]s'7 9 ! temple ( ,ptah1 or ,ur ma 7'! ,great ,se]'--lit]ally1 ',great ,"o ( ,see+'7 at ,heliopolis4 ,at ,m5des he 0 kn[n by ! title1 odd en\gh = an ecclesia/ical dignit>y1 ( ',director ( ! ,soldi]s1' & at ,!bes z ',fir/ ,prophet ( ,am54' ,^? prie/s :o conduct$ ! c]emonial 7 kn[n z kh]i-heb4 ,! duties ( ! prie/hood 7 ardu\s4 ,a mo/ /r+5t & exact+ code _h to be foll[$ s f> z cleanl9ess & discipl9e 7 conc]n$4 ,con/ant purifications & lu/rations succe$$ ea* o!r1 & ! g>b ( ! religi\s mu/ be fre% & unspott$4 ,x consi/$ entirely ( ! pure/ & :ite/ l951 ! we>+ ( wooll5 & o!r fabrics be+ /rictly =bidd51 & ev5 abhorr$4 ,! head 0 closely %av51 & no head-dress 0 worn4 ,! prie/'s day 0 ?or\ghly mapp$ out = him4 ,if he 0 on duty1 he duly wa%$ himself & proce$$ to ! ,holy ( ,holies1 :]e he repeat$ c]ta9 =mul1 accompany+ !m by prescrib$ ge/ures1 prep>atory to break+ ! seal :i* clos$ ! sanctu>y4 ,/&+ face to face ) ! god1 he pro/rat$ himself1 & aft] p]=m+ o!r rituali/ic (fices he pres5t$ ! deity ) a small image ( ,mat1 ! goddess ( ,tru?4 ,! god1 p[]less be=e ?is mom5t to p>ticipate 9 ! c]emonial1 0 !n suppos$ly regal$ ) a collation ! pr9cipal items 9 :i* seem to h be5 beef1 geese1 bread1 & be]1 hav+ consum$ :i* he re-ent]$ 8 %r9e1 & did n appe> until ! morn+ foll[+4 ,9 ! entire ritual ( ^! morn+ (f]+s x w\ld appe> t ! (ficiat+ prie/ repres5ts ,horus1 son ( ,osiris1 :o1 l all dutiful ,egyptian sons1 sees to ! welf>e ( 8 fa!r aft] dea?4 ,?us ! ritual is col\r$ by ! ,osirian my?4 ,! rema9d] ( ! day 0 pass$ 9 m$itation1 ! /udy ( v>i\s arts & sci5ces1 !oretical & manual1 & (ficiation at public religi\s c]emonies4 ,ev5 ! night _h its duties2 = lu/ration & purification 7 und]tak5 9 ! small h\rs1 ! prie/ be+ awak5$ = t purpose ab\t or aft] midnight4 ,! ,college ( ,!bes ,e>ly ,greek travell]s 9 ,egypt1 & especially ,h]odotus & ,/rabo1 speak ) en?usiasm ( ! abilities ( ! ,egyptian prie/s & ! high /&>d ( philosophic ?\ght to :i* !y _h atta9$4 ,! great college ( prie/s at ,!bes is allud$ to ) admiration by ,/rabo4 ,its memb]s 7 probably ! mo/ le>n$ & acute !ologians & philosoph]s 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,colleges ( almo/ equal importance exi/$ else:]e1 z at ,anu1 ! ,on or ,heliopolis ( ! ,greeks4 ,ea* nome or prov9ce _h its own great temple1 :i* develop$ ! prov9cial religion reg>dless ( fai?s :i* exi/$ b a few miles away4 ,! god ( ! nome 0 its div9ity p> excell5ce1 ,rul] ( ! ,gods1 ,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 & giv] ( all good ?+s to 8 folk4 ,b x mu/ n be imag9$ t1 if ! prie/hood z a body 0 weal?y1 "s ( its memb]s did n suff] ! p9* ( h>d%ip4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! be/ conditions atta*$ to (fice 9 ! great temples1 ^! 7 by no means ov]/aff$4 ,at ,abydos only five prie/s compos$ ! /aff1 :ile ,siut _h t5 atta*$ to x4 ,aga91 ! small] temples possess$ rev5ues by no means 9 proportion to _! size4 ,a /udy ( ?is subject %[s ! /ip5d ( ! *ief prie/s ( ! small] %r9es4 ,on ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,faym1 says ,erman1 on ! lake ( ,mo]is1 0 ! temple ( ,sobk#b ( ! ,isl&1 ,soknopaios z x is call$ by ! ,greeks4 ,x _h a high-prie/ :o receiv$ a small /ip5d ( #cdd dra*m1 & all ! o!r prie/s toge!r receiv$ daily ab\t "o bu%el ( :eat z remun]ation = _! tr\ble4 ,!y 7 n ev5 immune f ! /atutory lab\r on ! embankm5ts1 & if ?is 0 less5$ = !m1 x 0 ow+ to ! good (fices ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,! rev5ues ( ! temple1 bo? 9 regul> incomes & :at 0 giv5 9 (f]+s1 0 us$ = ! requirem5ts ( ! c]emonies1 = at e fe/ival f9e l95 mu/ be provid$ = ! clo?+ ( ! ?ree /atues ( ! gods1 & ea* "t t co/ #ajj dra*m2 #bj dra*m 7 paid on ea* occasion = ! ungu5ts & oil ( myrrh employ$ 9 ano9t+ ! /atues1 #ejj dra*m 7 = inc5se1 :ile #dj dra*m 7 requir$ to supply sacrifices & inc5se = ! bir?days ( ! emp]or4 ,& yet ^! prie/s1 :o 7 9 ! position ( ! peasantry & ( ! l[] classes ( t[nspeople1 ma9ta9$ t _! position 9 no way dim9i%$ _! anci5t sanctity4 ,prie/esses also held (fices 9 ! temples4 ,9 e>li] times ^! (ficiat$ at ! %r9es ( bo? gods & goddesses1 & x is only at a lat] date t we f9d !m less (t5 z celebrants 9 ! temples d$icat$ to male deities1 :]e !y act$ *iefly z musicians4 ,my/]ies ,!re is a popul> fallacy to ! effect t 'volumes' h be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! ,egyptian 'my/]ies1' ^? picturesque & une>?ly c]emonies ( initiation :i* are suppos$ to h tak5 place 9 subt]ranean dusk1 surr\nd$ by all ! circum/ances ( occult rite & cu/om4 ,! tru? is t works :i* deal ) ! subject are exce$+ly r>e1 & are c]ta9ly n ( ! k9d f :i* we c hope to glean any?+ conc]n+ ! my/]ies ( ,egyptian prie/craft4 ,we %all d bett] to turn to ! analog\s in/ances ( ,grecian practice or ev5 to ^? ( savage & semi-civiliz$ peoples conc]n+ ^: my/]ies a good deal has be5 une>!d ( rec5t ye>s4 ,reg>d+ ! ,egyptian my/]ies b little is kn[n4 ,we h x on ! au?ority ( ,h]odotus t my/]ies exi/$1 possibly ^? 9 ! case cit$ be+ ! annual commemoration ( ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,osiris4 ,says ,h]odotus3 ,at ,sas 9 ! ,temple ( ,m9]va1 b5ea? ! ,*ur*e & ne]e unto ! walle ( ,m9]va1 9 a base ,*appell1 are /&+e c]tayne greate broo*es ( /one1 :]eto is adioyn+e a l[e place 9 mann] ( a ,dungeon1 c\]$ ov] wy? a /one curi\sly wr\ghte1 ! vaute x selfe be+ on eu]y side c>u$ ) mo/ exquisite arte1 9 biggnesse mat*+ ) t 9 ,delos1 :i* is call$ ,tro*odes4 ,h]e9 eu]y "o c\nt]fayte? ! %ad[es ( 8 owne affections & phantasies 9 ! nyghte season1 :i* ! ,aegyptians call ,my/]yes2 t\*+e :i*e1 ,god =bid1 ,i %\ld adu5ture to disc\] s mu* z !y v\*saf$ to tell mee4 ,9 *apt] i ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 too1 we enc\nt] ! phrase1 ,i look ^u ! hidd5 ?+s 9 ,re-/au--an allusion to ! c]emonies :i* 7 p]=m$ 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,sek]1 ! god ( dea? at ,saqq>a4 ,^! typifi$ ! bir? & dea? ( ! sun-god1 & 7 celebrat$ betwixt midnight & dawn4 ,aga91 9 *apt] cxxv ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead 7,papyrus ( ,ani7 we read1 ,i h ent]$ into ,re-/au ! o!r _w ( ,sek]1 ne> ,memphis & ,i h se5 ! ,hidd5 ,"o or my/]y :o is !re94 ,*apt] cxlviii 7,sate ,rec5sion7 is to be recit$ on ! day ( ! new moon1 on ! six?-day fe/ival1 on ! fifte5?-day fe/ival1 on ! fe/ival ( ,uag1 on ! fe/ival ( ,?o?1 on ! bir?day ( ,osiris1 on ! fe/ival ( ,m5u1 on ! night ( ,hek]1 dur+ ! my/]ies ( ,mat1 dur+ ! celebration ( ! my/]ies ( ,ak]tet1 & s =?4 ,h]odotus1 :o 0 suppos$ to h be5 initiat$ into ^! my/]ies1 is righte\sly cryptic conc]n+ !m1 & j z he has ar\s$ our int]e/ to fev] heat he inv>iably sees fit to rem>k t 8 lips are seal$ on ! subject4 ,b is !re any?+ s v extraord9>y 9 ^! t]rible do+s8 ,!osophi/s & o!rs w\ld lead u to suppose t 9 ! gloomy crypts ( ,egypt weird spiriti/ic rites ( evocation & magical c]emonies ( d>k import 7 gone ?r\gh4 ,:at are ! probabilities8 ,! ,greek ,my/]ies ,let u briefly exam9e ! my/]ies ( anci5t ,greece4 ,we f9d t ^! are = ! mo/ "p pre-,hell5ic1 & t ! conqu]$ populations ( ! c\ntry adopt$ ! my/ic attitude 9 ord] to %r\d _! religi\s c]emonies f ! eyes ( ! invad]s4 ,n[ ^? e>ly populations inh]it$ a /rong cultural influ5ce f ,egypt4 ,! mo/ important ( ! my/]ies 0 p]haps ! ,eleus9ian1 & we may take x z typical ( ! ,greek religi\s my/]ies z a :ole4 ,! *ief figures 9 ?is my/]i\s cult 7 ,demet] & ,kore 7or ,p]sephone7 & ,pluto4 ,n[ ^! are all deities ( ! und]world &1 l _m o!r gods ( ,hades all ! _w ov]1 !y are also deities possess+ an agricultural significance4 ,mu* rema9s unc]ta9 reg>d+ ! actual ritual 9 ! hall ( ! ,my/1 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 & t is t ! c]emony 0 9 ! nature ( a religi\s drama or ,passion-play1 9 :i* 7 enact$ ! adv5tures ( ,demet] & ,kore1 symbolic ( ! gr[? ( ! corn4 ,hippolytus also /at$ t a corn/alk 0 %[n to ! wor%ipp]s at ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,! :ole my/]y !n resolv$ itself into symbolism ( ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,exactly h[ ! c]emonies 9 connexion ) ?is came to h ! appe>ance ( ^? usually associat$ ) a savage secret society is n q cle>4 ,! blackfell[s ( ,au/ralia & c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes possess societies & celebrations almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,eleusis1 b :y !y %\ld be wrapp$ 9 su* my/]y x is difficult to und]/&4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! my/ic sett+ ( ^! cults arose 9 _m cases f ! dread ( ! "u-_w & ! miasma :i* emanat$ !refrom1 & :i* necessitat$ a ritual purification2 b ?is does n seem at all explanatory4 ,9 ! ,popul ,vuh ( ,c5tral ,am]ica we f9d :at appe> to be ! do+s ( a secret society among ! deities ( ! und]world1 "s ( :om are gods ( gr[?4 ,we seem to see "s su* society outl9$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 :i* p]haps dates f prehi/oric times1 & is mo/ probably ! rema9s ( a ,neoli?ic cult connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( gr[?4 ,9 its pages we f9d password & c\nt]sign & all ! magical mat]ial necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( su* a secret cult z we h be5 speak+ (4 ,we may take x1 !n1 t ! ,egyptian my/]ies /rongly resembl$ ^? ( ,greece1 t _! ritual 0 ( a "* simil> to t ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 & t x p]haps possess$ an orig9 9 common ) t "w4 ,^! my/ical associations w\ld appe> to be all ( ,neoli?ic orig91 & to possess an agricultural basis = ! mo/ "p4 ,:51 !re=e1 we see 9 ,h]odotus & else:]e a /rong disposition to pres]ve ^! my/]ies intact we f9d ourselves once m face to face ) ! orig9al "q--,:y are !y my/]ies8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all gr[? is my/]i\s1 & primitive man probably reg>d$ x z 9 "s mann] magical4 ,secondly1 x is noticeable t ne>ly all ^! my/]ies1 9 ! old _w at lea/1 took place und]gr\nd1 9 d>kness1 & t !re 0 enact$ ! symbolism ( ! gr[? ( corn1 probably = ! purpose ( incit+ ! p[]s ( gr[? to great] activity by d9t ( sympa!tic magic4 ,! ,egyptian ,temple ,! e>lie/ =m ( temple 0 a m]e hut ( plait$ wick]work1 s]v+ z a %r9e = ! symbols ( ! god2 ! alt> b a mat ( re$s4 ,! e>lie/ temples evolve f a wall built r\nd ! "n-/el1 :i* 0 aft]w>d ro($ 94 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,new ,empire ! temple-build+ became ( a mu* m complicat$ "*1 ?\gh ! ess5tial plan f ! e>lie/ p]iod to ! late/ rema9$ practically un*ang$4 ,! simple/ =m 0 a surr\nd+ wall1 ! pylon or entrance gateway ) flank+ t[]s1 be=e :i* 7 g5]ally plac$ two colossal /atues ( ! k+ & two obelisks1 !n ! inn]mo/ sanctu>y1 ! naos1 :i* held ! div9e symbols4 ,?is 0 elaborat$ by v>i\s additions1 su* z ?ree pylons1 divid$ by ?ree av5ues ( sph9xes1 !n column$ c\rts1 & a hypo/yle or column> hall4 ,9 ?is way _m ( ! ,egyptian k+s enl>g$ ! build+s ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,^! temples /ood 9 ! mid/ ( popul\s cities1 ! huge surr\nd+ wall %utt+ out ! noise & bu/le ( ! n>r[ /reets4 ,lead+ up to ! great pylon1 ! *ief gateway1 0 a broad road c>ri$ "r ?r\gh ! inhabit$ qu>t] & gu>d$ on ea* side by r[s ( lions1 rams1 or o!r sacr$ animals4 ,9 front ( ! gateway 7 two obelisks1 likewise /atues ( ! k+ :o f\nd$ ! temple1 z protector ( ! sanctu>y4 ,on ei!r side ( ! entrance /ood a high t[]1 squ>e 9 %ape1 ) ! sides slop+ inw>d4 ,^! 7 ( c\rse orig9ally design$ = def5sive purposes1 & ! passage ?r\gh ! pylon c\ld ?us be successfully b>r$ aga9/ all foes1 :ile f po/]n-gates 9 ! wall sorties c\ld be made4 ,tall ma/s 7 fix$ 9 sockets at ! foot ( ! pylon4 ,f ^! gaily col\r$ /ream]s wav$ to keep af> all m5ace ( evil1 z did ! symbol ( ! sun1 ! ,w+$ ,disk1 ov] ! great doors4 ,^! 7 (t5 made ( wood1 a valuable mat]ial 9 ,egypt1 & cov]$ ) a %ea?+ ( glitt]+ gold4 ,! out] walls 7 decorat$ ) brightly col\r$ reliefs & inscriptions1 depict+ ! de$s ( ! f\nd]1 = ! temple 0 z mu* a p]sonal monum5t z a %r9e ( ! tutel>y deity4 ,inside ! pylon 0 a great c\rt1 op5 to ! sky1 usually only colonnad$ on ei!r side1 b 9 l>g] temples1 z t ( ,k>nak1 a s]ies ( columns ran ! l5g? ( ! c5tre4 ,"h ! great fe/ivals 7 held1 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( citiz5s _h ! "r to take "p4 ,by a l[ doorway f ?is ! hypo/yle 0 ent]$1 ! w9d[s ( :i* 7 ne> ! ro(1 s t ! light 0 dim1 :ile ! sanctu>y 0 9 complete & pr(\nd d>kness4 ,! ,holy ,place ,?is1 ! ,holy ,place1 0 ! *ief room ( ! temple4 ,"h /ood ! naos1 a box rectangul> 9 %ape & op5 9 front1 (t5 ) a latticework door4 ,?is s]v$ z ! receptacle ( ! div9e symbols or 9 "s cases z ! cage ( ! sacr$ animal4 ,on ei!r side ( ! sanctu>y 7 d>k *amb]s1 us$ z ! /ore-rooms = ! sacr$ ve/m5ts1 ! processional /&>ds & sacr$ b>que1 ! temple furniture1 & s on4 ,x is to be not$ t z ! progression 0 f ! blaz+ light ( ! fir/ great c\rt to ! complete d>kness ( ! ,holy ( ,holies1 s ! ro(s grew less l(ty4 ,! inside walls & columns 7 decorat$ ) reliefs 9 brilliant col\rs depict+ ! rites & wor%ip connect$ ) ! presid+ deity 9 c]emonial ord]4 ,surr\nd+ ! temple 0 ! tem5os1 envelop$ by a wall 9 :i* 7 situat$ o!r & small] temples1 ) groves ( sacr$ trees & birds1 lakes on :i* ! sacr$ b>que float$1 ! dwell+s ( ! prie/s1 & sometimes palaces amid ! g>d5s4 ,outside aga9 7 sacr$ ways t l$ 9 diff]5t directions1 "s bran*+ f temple to temple1 ?r\gh cities1 villages1 & fields1 :ile at ! side /eps slop$ d[n to ! ,nile1 :]e boats 7 an*or$4 ,along ^! ways w5t ! sacr$ processions1 be>+ ! images ( ! gods2 by !m came ! mon>* 9 royal /ate to make (f]+s to ! gods2 & "h ! dead 7 c>ri$ to _! tombs across ! ,nile4 ,greece has frequ5tly be5 allud$ to z ! ',l& ( ,temples4' ,! appellation might ) great] ju/ice be appli$ to ,egypt1 :]e fanes ( ,cyclopean magnitude rose 9 e nome ere yet ,hellas c\ld boa/ k ( ! mason's art4 ,/ill !y /&1 ^? giant %r9es1 well-nigh z p]fect z :5 fre% f ! *isels ( ! old hi]ophants :o %ap$ & design$ !m4 ,& s long z a fo/]+ love ( ! pa/ dwells 9 ! he>t ( man s long %all !y rema94 #a ,see ,seligmann1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vol4 xliii4 #b ,sebek4 ,,*apt] ,,iv3 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,osiris ,osiris ,"o ( ! pr9cipal figures 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on1 & "o ^: elem5ts x is mo/ difficult to dis5tangle1 is ,osiris1 or ,z-ar4 ,! olde/ & mo/ simple =m ( ! "n is express$ by two hi]oglyphics repres5t+ a ?rone & an eye4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 ca/ b little light on ! mean+ ( ! "n4 ,ev5 ! lat] ,egyptians !mselves 7 ignorant ( its d]ivation1 = we f9d t !y ?\ght x meant '! ,/r5g? ( ! ,eye'--t is1 ! /r5g? ( ! sun-god1 ,ra4 ,! second syllable ( ! "n1 ar1 may1 h[ev]1 be 9 "s mann] connect$ ) ,ra1 z we %all see lat]4 ,9 dyna/ic times ,osiris 0 reg>d$ z god ( ! dead & ! "u-_w4 ,inde$1 he occupi$ ! same position 9 t sph]e z ,ra did 9 ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,we mu/ also recollect t ! realm ( ! "u-_w 0 ! realm ( night4 ,! orig9s ( ,osiris are extremely obscure4 ,we _c glean f ! texts :5 or :]e he fir/ began to be wor%ipp$1 b t 8 cult is greatly m anci5t ?an any text is c]ta94 ,! e>lie/ dyna/ic c5tres ( 8 wor%ip 7 ,abydos & ,m5des4 ,he is p]haps repres5t$ on a mace-head ( ,n>m] f\nd at ,hi]aconpolis1 & on a wood5 plaque ( ! reign ( ,udy-mu 7,d57 or ,hesepti1 ! fif? k+ ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 :o is figur$ z danc+ be=e him4 ,?is %[s t a c5tre ( ,osiris-wor%ip exi/$ at ,abydos dur+ ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y4 ,b allusions 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts give u to und]/& t prior to ?is %r9es _h be5 rais$ to ,osiris 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,nile c\ntry4 ,z has be5 outl9$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ,osiris dwells peaceably 9 ! und]world ) ! ju/ifi$1 judg+ ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ z !y appe> be=e him4 ,?is p>adise 0 kn[n z ,a>u1 :i*1 x is important to note1 al?\gh situat$ 9 ! "u-_w1 0 orig9ally ?\ght to be 9 ! sky4 ,osiris is usually figur$ z wrapp$ 9 mummy b&ages & we>+ ! :ite cone-%ap$ cr[n ( ! ,s\?1 yet ,dr4 ,budge says ( him3 ,ev]y?+ :i* ! texts ( all p]iods record conc]n+ him goes to %[ t he 0 an indig5\s god ( ,nor?-ea/ ,africa1 & t 8 home & orig9 7 possibly ,libyan4 ,9 any case1 we may take x t ,osiris 0 g5u9ely ,african 9 orig91 & t he 0 indig5\s to ! soil ( ! ,d>k ,cont95t4 ,brugs* & ,sir ,ga/on ,masp]o bo? reg>d$ him z a wat]-god1#a & ?\ght t he repres5t$ ! creative & nutritive p[]s ( ! ,nile /ream 9 g5]al1 & ( ! inundation 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is !ory is agre$ to by ,dr4 ,budge1 b if ,osiris is a god ( ! ,nile alone1 :y import him f ! ,libyan des]t1 :i* boa/s ( no riv]s8 ,riv]-gods d n z a rule emanate f regions ( s&4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x w be well to relate ! my? ( ,osiris4 ,! ,my? ( ,osiris ,plut>* is our pr9cipal au?ority = ! leg5d ( ,osiris4 ,a complete v]sion ( ! tale is n to be f\nd 9 ,egyptian texts1 ?\gh ^! confirm ! acc\nts giv5 by ! ,greek writ]s4 ,! foll[+ is a brief acc\nt ( ! my? z x is relat$ 9 ,plut>*'s ,de ,iside et ,osiride3 ,rhea 7! ,egyptian ,nut1 ! sky-goddess7 0 ! wife ( ,helios 7,ra74 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 belov$ by ,kronos 7,geb71 ^: affection %e return$4 ,:5 ,ra discov]$ 8 wife's infidelity he 0 wra?ful inde$1 & pron\nc$ a curse ^u h]1 say+ t h] *ild %\ld n be born 9 any mon? or 9 any ye>4 ,n[ ! curse ( ,ra ! mighty c\ld n be turn$ aside1 = ,ra 0 ! *ief ( all ! gods4 ,9 h] di/ress ,nut call$ ^u ! god ,?o? 7! ,greek ,h]mes71 :o also lov$ h]4 ,?o? knew t ! curse ( ,ra mu/ be fulfill$1 yet by a v cunn+ /ratagem he f\nd a way out ( ! difficulty4 ,he w5t to ,sil5e1 ! moon-goddess1 ^: light rivall$ t ( ! sun himself1 & *all5g$ h]#b to a game ( tables4 ,! /akes on bo? sides 7 high1 b ,sil5e /ak$ "s ( h] light1 ! sev5tie? "p ( ea* ( h] illum9ations1 & lo/4 ,?us x came ab\t t h] light wanes & dw9dles at c]ta9 p]iods1 s t %e is no long] ! rival ( ! sun4 ,f ! light :i* he _h won f ! moon-goddess ,?o? made five days :i* he add$ to ! ye> 7at t "t consi/+ ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days7 9 su* wise t !y belong$ nei!r to ! prec$+ nor to ! foll[+ ye>1 nor to any mon?4 ,on ^! five days ,nut 0 deliv]$ ( h] five *ildr54 ,osiris 0 born on ! fir/ day1 ,horus on ! second1 ,set on ! ?ird1 ,isis on ! f\r?1 & ,neph?ys on ! fif?4#c ,on ! bir? ( ,osiris a l\d voice 0 he>d ?r\gh\t all ! _w say+1 ,! "l ( all ! e>? is born6 ,a slightly diff]5t tradition relates t a c]ta9 man nam$ ,pamyles1 c>ry+ wat] f ! temple ( ,ra at ,!bes1 he>d a voice comm&+ him to proclaim ! bir? ( ! good & great k+ ,osiris1 :i* he /raightway did4 ,= ?is reason ! education ( ! "y ,osiris 0 entru/$ to ,pamyles4 ,?us1 x is said1 0 ! fe/ival ( ! ,pamilia in/itut$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! prophecies conc]n+ ,osiris 7 fulfill$1 & he became a great & wise k+4 ,! l& ( ,egypt fl\ri%$ "u 8 rule z x _h nev] done h]et(ore4 ,l _m ano!r 'h]o-god1' he set himself ! task ( civiliz+ 8 p1 :o at 8 com+ 7 9 a v b>b>\s condition1 indulg+ 9 cannibali/ic & o!r savage practices4 ,he gave !m a code ( laws1 taught !m ! arts ( husb&ry1 & %[$ !m ! prop] rites :]e) to wor%ip ! gods4 ,& :5 he _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ law & ord] 9 ,egypt he betook himself to di/ant l&s to cont9ue !re 8 "w ( civilization4 ,s g5tle & good 0 he1 & s pleasant 7 8 me?ods ( in/ill+ k into ! m9ds ( ! b>b>ians1 t !y wor%ipp$ ! v gr\nd :]eon he trod4 ,set1 ! ,enemy ,he _h "o bitt] enemy1 h[ev]1 9 8 bro!r ,set1 ! ,greek ,typhon4 ,dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,osiris 8 wife ,isis rul$ ! c\ntry s well t ! s*emes ( ! wick$ ,set to take a %>e 9 its gov]nm5t 7 n all[$ to mature4 ,b on ! k+'s return ,set fix$ on a plan :]eby to rid himself altoge!r ( ! k+1 8 bro!r4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( 8 ends he leagu$ himself ) ,aso1 ! que5 ( ,e?iopia1 & sev5ty-two o!r conspirators4 ,!n1 aft] secretly measur+ ! k+'s body1 he caus$ to be made a m>vell\s *e/1 ri*ly fa%ion$ & adorn$1 :i* w\ld conta9 exactly ! body ( ,osiris4 ,?is done1 he invit$ 8 fell[-plott]s & 8 bro!r ! k+ to a great fea/4 ,n[ ,osiris _h frequ5tly be5 w>n$ by ! que5 to bew>e ( ,set1 b1 hav+ no evil 9 himself1 ! k+ fe>$ x n 9 o!rs1 s he betook himself to ! banquet4 ,:5 ! fea/ 0 ov] ,set _h ! beautiful *e/ br\ght into ! banquet+-hall1 & said1 z ?\gh 9 je/1 t x %\ld belong to him :om x w\ld fit4 ,"o aft] ano!r ! gue/s lay d[n 9 ! *e/1 b x fitt$ none ( !m till ! turn ( ,osiris came4 ,q unsuspici\s ( trea*]y1 ! k+ laid himself d[n 9 ! great receptacle4 ,9 a mom5t ! conspirators _h nail$ d[n ! lid1 p\r+ boil+ lead ov] x le/ !re %\ld be any ap]ture4 ,!n !y set ! c(f9 adrift on ! ,nile1 at its ,tanaitic m\?4 ,^! ?+s befell1 say "s1 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? ye> ( ,osiris' life2 o!rs say 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? ye> ( 8 reign4 ,:5 ! news rea*$ ! e>s ( ,isis %e 0 sore /rick51 & cut (f a lock ( h] hair & put on m\rn+ app>el4 ,kn[+ well t ! dead _c re/ till _! bodies h be5 buri$ ) fun]al rites1 %e set out to f9d ! corpse ( h] husb&4 ,= a long "t h] se>* w5t unrew>d$1 ?\gh %e ask$ e man & woman %e met :e!r !y _h se5 ! ri*ly decorat$ *e/4 ,at l5g? x occurr$ to h] to inquire ( "s *ildr5 :o play$ by ! ,nile1 &1 z x *anc$1 !y 7 able to tell h] t ! *e/ _h be5 br\ght to ! ,tanaitic m\? ( ! ,nile by ,set & 8 accomplices4 ,f t "t *ildr5 7 reg>d$ by ! ,egyptians z hav+ "s special faculty ( div9ation4 ,! ,tam>isk-tree ,by & by ! que5 ga9$ in=mation ( a m exact k9d ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( demons1 by :om %e 0 in=m$ t ! *e/ _h be5 ca/ up on ! %ore ( ,byblos1 & flung by ! waves into a tam>isk-bu%1 :i* _h %ot up miracul\sly into a magnific5t tree1 enclos+ ! c(f9 ( ,osiris 9 its trunk4 ,! k+ ( t c\ntry1 ,melc>?us by "n1 0 a/oni%$ at ! height & beauty ( ! tree1 & _h x cut d[n & a pill> made f its trunk :]e) to support ! ro( ( 8 palace4 ,)9 ?is pill>1 !re=e1 0 hidd5 ! *e/ conta9+ ! body ( ,osiris4 ,isis ha/5$ ) all spe$ to ,byblos1 :]e %e seat$ h]self by ! side ( a f\nta94 ,to none ( ^? :o approa*$ h] w\ld %e v\*safe a ^w1 sav+ only to ! que5's maid5s1 & ^! %e address$ v graci\sly1 braid+ _! hair & p]fum+ !m ) h] brea?1 m fragrant ?an ! od\r ( fl[]s4 ,:5 ! maid5s return$ to ! palace ! que5 inquir$ h[ x came t _! hair & clo!s 7 s delightfully p]fum$1 :]eupon !y relat$ _! enc\nt] ) ! beautiful /rang]4 ,que5 ,a/>te1 or ,a!nais1 bade t %e be conduct$ to ! palace1 welcom$ h] graci\sly1 & appo9t$ h] nurse to "o ( ! "y pr9ces4 ,! ,grief ( ,isis ,isis f$ ! boy by giv+ him h] f+] to suck4 ,e night1 :5 all _h retir$ to re/1 %e w\ld pile great logs on ! fire & ?ru/ ! *ild among !m1 &1 *ang+ h]self into a swall[1 w\ld twitt] m\rnful lam5tations = h] dead husb&4 ,rum\rs ( ^! /range practices 7 br\ght by ! que5's maid5s to ! e>s ( _! mi/ress1 :o det]m9$ to see = h]self :e!r or n !re 0 any tru? 9 !m4 ,s %e conceal$ h]self 9 ! great hall1 & :5 night came sure en\gh ,isis b>r$ ! doors & pil$ logs on ! fire1 ?ru/+ ! *ild among ! gl[+ wood4 ,! que5 ru%$ =w>d ) a l\d cry & rescu$ h] boy f ! flames4 ,! goddess reprov$ h] /]nly1 decl>+ t by h] action %e _h depriv$ ! "y pr9ce ( immortality4 ,!n ,isis reveal$ h] id5tity to ! awe-/rick5 ,a!nais & told h] /ory1 begg+ t ! pill> :i* support$ ! ro( might be giv5 to h]4 ,:5 h] reque/ _h be5 grant$ %e cut op5 ! tree1 took out ! c(f9 conta9+ ! body ( ,osiris1 & m\rn$ s l\dly ov] x t "o ( ! "y pr9ces di$ ( t]ror4 ,!n %e took ! *e/ by sea to ,egypt1 be+ accompani$ on ! j\rney by ! eld] son ( ,k+ ,melc>?us4 ,! *ild's ultimate fate is v>i\sly rec\nt$ by sev]al conflict+ traditions4 ,! tree :i* _h held ! body ( ! god 0 long pres]v$ & wor%ipp$ at ,byblos4 ,arriv$ 9 ,egypt1 ,isis op5$ ! *e/ & wept long & sorely ov] ! rema9s ( h] royal husb&4 ,b n[ %e be?\ght h]self ( h] son ,h>pocrates1 or ,horus ! ,*ild1 :om %e _h left 9 ,buto1 & leav+ ! *e/ 9 a secret place1 %e set (f to se>* = him4 ,mean:ile ,set1 :ile hunt+ by ! light ( ! moon1 discov]$ ! ri*ly adorn$ c(f9 & 9 8 rage r5t ! body into f\rte5 pieces1 :i* he scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,^u le>n+ ( ?is fre% outrage on ! body ( ! god1 ,isis took a boat ( papyrus-re$s & j\rney$ =? once m 9 se>* ( h] husb&'s rema9s4 ,aft] ?is crocodiles w\ld n t\* a papyrus boat1 probably because !y ?\ght x conta9$ ! goddess1 /ill pursu+ h] we>y se>*4 ,:5ev] ,isis f\nd a portion ( ! corpse %e buri$ x & built a %r9e to m>k ! spot4 ,x is = ?is reason t !re are s _m tombs ( ,osiris 9 ,egypt4#d ,! ,v5geance ( ,horus ,by ?is "t ,horus _h rea*$ manhood1 & ,osiris1 return+ f ! ,duat1 :]e he reign$ z k+ ( ! dead1 enc\rag$ him to av5ge ! wrongs ( 8 p>5ts4 ,horus !reupon did battle ) ,set1 ! victory fall+ n[ to "o1 n[ to ! o!r4 ,at "o "t ,set 0 tak5 captive by 8 enemy & giv5 into ! cu/ody ( ,isis1 b ! latt]1 to h] son's amazem5t & indignation1 set him at lib]ty4 ,s angry 0 ,horus t he tore ! cr[n f 8 "m's head4 ,?o?1 h[ev]1 gave h] a helmet 9 ! %ape ( a c['s head4 ,ano!r v]sion /ates t ,horus cut (f 8 "m's head1 :i* ,?o?1 ! mak] ( magic1 /uck on aga9 9 ! =m ( a c['s4 ,horus & ,set1 x is said1 /ill d battle ) "o ano!r1 yet victory has fall5 to nei!r4 ,:5 ,horus %all h vanqui%$ 8 enemy1 ,osiris w return to e>? & reign once m z k+ 9 ,egypt4 ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] on ,osiris ,f ! p>ticul>s ( ?is my? ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has argu$#e t ,osiris 0 "o ( ^? p]sonifications ( vegetation ^: annual dea? & resurrection h be5 celebrat$ 9 s _m l&s--t he 0 a god ( vegetation analog\s to ,adonis & ,attis4 ,! g5]al simil>ity ( ! my? & ritual ( ,osiris to ^? ( ,adonis & ,attis1 says ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz]1 is obvi\s4 ,9 all ?ree cases we see a god ^: untimely & viol5t dea? is m\rn$ by a lov+ goddess & annually celebrat$ by 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! "* ( ,osiris z a deity ( vegetation is br\ght out by ! leg5d t he 0 ! fir/ to tea* m5 ! use ( corn1 & by ! cu/om ( beg9n+ 8 annual fe/ival ) ! tillage ( ! gr\nd4 ,he is said also to h introduc$ ! cultivation ( ! v9e4 ,9 "o ( ! *amb]s d$icat$ to ,osiris 9 ! great temple ( ,isis at ,phil ! dead body ( ,osiris is repres5t$ ) /alks ( corn spr++ f x1 & a prie/ is depict$ wat]+ ! /alks f a pit*] :i* he holds 9 8 h&4 ,! accompany+ leg5d sets =? t '?is is ! =m ( him :om "o may n "n1 ,osiris ( ! my/]ies1 :o spr+s f ! return+ wat]s4' ,x w\ld seem impossible to devise a m graphic way ( depict+ ,osiris z a p]sonification ( ! corn2 :ile ! inscription atta*$ to ! picture proves t ?is p]sonification 0 ! k]nel ( ! my/]ies ( ! god1 ! inn]mo/ secret t 0 only reveal$ to ! initiat$4 ,9 e/imat+ ! my?ical "* ( ,osiris1 v great weight mu/ be giv5 to ?is monum5t4 ,! /ory t 8 mangl$ rema9s 7 scatt]$ up & d[n ! l& may be a my?ical way ( express+ ei!r ! s[+ or ! w9n[+ ( ! gra94 ,! latt] int]pretation is support$ by ! tale t ,isis plac$ ! sev]$ limbs ( ,osiris on a corn-sieve4 ,or ! leg5d may be a rem9isc5ce ( ! cu/om ( slay+ a human victim z a repres5tative ( ! corn-_s1 & di/ribut+ 8 fle% or scatt]+ 8 a%es ov] ! fields to f]tilize !m4 ,b ,osiris 0 m ?an a _s ( ! corn2 he 0 also a tree-_s1 & ?is may well h be5 8 orig9al "*1 s9ce ! wor%ip ( trees is naturally old] 9 ! hi/ory ( religion ?an ! wor%ip ( ! c]eals4 ,8 "* z a tree-_s 0 repres5t$ v graphically 9 a c]emony describ$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus4 ,a p9e-tree hav+ be5 cut d[n1 ! c5tre 0 holl[$ out1 & ) ! wood ?us excavat$ an image ( ,osiris 0 made1 :i* 0 !n 'buri$' 9 ! holl[ ( ! tree4 ,"h1 aga91 x is h>d to imag9e h[ ! conception ( a tree z t5ant$ by a p]sonal be+ c\ld be m pla9ly express$4 ,! image ( ,osiris ?us made 0 kept = a ye> & !n burn$1 exactly z 0 done ) ! image ( ,attis :i* 0 atta*$ to ! p9e-tree4 ,! c]emony ( cutt+ ! tree1 z describ$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 appe>s to be allud$ to by ,plut>*4 ,x 0 probably ! ritual c\nt]p>t ( ! my?ical discov]y ( ! body ( ,osiris enclos$ 9 ! erica-tree4 ,we may conjecture t ! erection ( ! ,tatu pill> at ! close ( ! annual fe/ival ( ,osiris 0 id5tical ) ! c]emony describ$ by ,firmicus2 x is to be not$ t 9 ! my? ! erica-tree =m$ a pill> 9 ! k+'s h\se4 ,l ! simil> cu/om ( cutt+ a p9e-tree & fa/5+ an image to x1 9 ! rites ( ,attis1 ! c]emony p]haps belong$ to ! class ( cu/oms ( :i* ! br++ 9 ! ,maypole is among ! mo/ famili>4 ,z to ! p9e-tree 9 p>ticul>1 at ,d5d]ah ! tree ( ,osiris is a conif]1 & ! c(f] conta9+ ! body ( ,osiris is "h depict$ z enclos$ )9 ! tree4 ,a p9e-cone (t5 appe>s on ! monum5ts z an (f]+ pres5t$ to ,osiris1 & a manuscript ( ! ,l\vre speaks ( ! c$> z sprung f him4 ,! sycamore & ! tam>isk are also 8 trees4 ,9 inscriptions he is spok5 ( z resid+ 9 !m1 & 8 "m ,nut is frequ5tly portray$ 9 a sycamore4 ,9 a sepul*re at ,h[ 7,diospolis ,p>va7 a tam>isk is depict$ ov]%ad[+ ! c(f] ( ,osiris2 & 9 ! s]ies ( sculptures :i* illu/rate ! my/ic hi/ory ( ,osiris 9 ! great temple ( ,isis at ,phil a tam>isk is figur$ ) two m5 p\r+ wat] on x4 ,! inscription on ?is la/ monum5t leaves no d\bt1 says ,brugs*1 t ! v]dure ( ! e>? 0 believ$ to be connect$ ) ! v]dure ( ! tree1 & t ! sculpture ref]s to ! grave ( ,osiris at ,phil1 ( :i* ,plut>* tells u t x 0 ov]%ad[$ by a me?ide plant1 tall] ?an any olive-tree4 ,?is sculpture1 x may be obs]v$1 occurs 9 ! same *amb] 9 :i* ! god is depict$ z a corpse ) e>s ( corn spr\t+ f him4 ,9 inscriptions he is ref]r$ to z '! "o 9 ! tree1' '! solit>y "o 9 ! acacia1' & s =?4 ,on ! monum5ts he sometimes appe>s z a mummy cov]$ ) a tree or ) plants4 ,x accords ) ! "* ( ,osiris z a tree-_s t 8 wor%ipp]s 7 =bidd5 to injure fruit-trees1 & ) 8 "* z a god ( vegetation 9 g5]al t !y 7 n all[$ to /op up wells ( wat]1 :i* are s important = ! irrigation ( hot s\!rn l&s4 ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] goes on to combat ! !ory ( ,lepsius t ,osiris 0 to be id5tifi$ ) ! sun-god ,ra4 ,osiris1 says ! ,g]man s*ol>1 0 nam$ ,osiris-,ra ev5 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 & ,isis1 8 sp\se1 is (t5 call$ ! royal consort ( ,ra4 ,?is id5tification1 ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz] ?9ks1 may h _h a political significance4 ,he admits t ! my? ( ,osiris might express ! daily appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ! sun1 & po9ts out t mo/ ( ! writ]s :o fav\r ! sol> !ory are c>eful to indicate t x is ! daily1 & n ! annual1 c\rse ( ! sun to :i* !y und]/& ! my? to apply4 ,b1 !n1 :y1 p]t95tly asks ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 0 x celebrat$ by an annual c]emony8 ,?is fact alone seems fatal to ! int]pretation ( ! my? z descriptive ( sunset & sunrise4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! sun may be said to die daily1 9 :at s5se c x be said to be torn 9 pieces8 ,plut>* says t "s ( ! ,egyptian philosoph]s int]pret$ ,osiris z ! moon1 because ! moon1 ) h] humid & g5]ative light1 is fav\rable to ! propagation ( animals & ! gr[? ( plants4 ,among primitive peoples ! moon is reg>d$ z a great s\rce ( moi/ure4 ,vegetation is ?\ght to fl\ri% b5ea? h] pale rays1 & %e is und]/ood z fo/]+ ! multiplication ( ! human species z well z animal & plant life4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] enum]ates sev]al reasons to prove t ,osiris possess$ a lun> significance4 ,briefly ^! are t he is said to h liv$ or reign$ tw5ty-eight ye>s1 ! my?ical expression ( a lun> mon?1 & t 8 body is said to h be5 r5t into f\rte5 pieces--,?is might be int]pret$ z ! wan+ moon1 :i* appe>s to lose a portion ( itself on ea* ( ! f\rte5 days t make up ! second half ( ! lun> mon?4 ,typhon f\nd ! body ( ,osiris at ! full moon2 ?us its dismemb]m5t w\ld beg9 ) ! wan+ ( ! moon4 ,primitive ,conceptions ( ! ,moon ,primitive man expla9s ! wan+ moon z actually dw9dl+1 & x appe>s to him z if x is be+ brok5 9 pieces or eat5 away4 ,! ,klama? ,indians ( ,s\?-we/ ,oregon allude to ! moon z '! ,"o ,brok5 9 ,pieces1' & ! ,dacotas believe t :5 ! moon is full a horde ( mice beg9 to nibble at "o side ( x until !y h dev\r$ ! :ole4 ,to cont9ue ,sir ,j4,g4 ,fraz]'s argum5t1 he quotes ,plut>* to ! effect t at ! new moon ( ! mon? ,phanemo?1 :i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 ! ,egyptians celebrat$ :at !y call$ '! entry ( ,osiris into ! moon'2 t at ! c]emony call$ ! ',burial ( ,osiris' !y made a cresc5t-%ap$ *e/1 because ! moon :5 x approa*es ! sun assumes ! =m ( a cresc5t & vani%es2 & t once a ye>1 at ! full moon1 pigs 7possibly symbolical ( ,set1 or ,typhon7 7 sacrific$ simultane\sly to ! moon & to ,osiris4 ,aga91 9 a hymn suppos$ to be address$ by ,isis to ,osiris x is said t ,?o? ,place? ?y s\l 9 ! b>que ,mat ,9 t "n :i* is ?9e ( god-moon4 ,& aga93 ,?\ :o come/ to u z a *ild ea* mon?1 ,we d n cease to contemplate !e4 ,?9e emanation height5s ! brilliancy ,( ! />s ( ,orion 9 ! firmam5t4 ,9 ?is hymn ,osiris is delib]ately id5tifi$ ) ! moon4#f ,9 effect1 !n1 ,sir ,james ,fraz]'s !ory reg>d+ ,osiris is t he 0 a vegetation or corn god1 :o lat] became id5tifi$1 or conf\nd$1 ) ! moon4 ,b surely x is z reasonable to suppose t x 0 because ( 8 /atus z moon-god t he rank$ z a deity ( vegetation4 ,a brief consid]ation ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) lun> wor%ip might lead u to "s su* supposition4 ,! sun 9 8 /atus ( deity requires b little explanation4 ,! ph5om5a ( gr[? are attribut$ to 8 ag5cy at an e>ly p]iod ( human ?\ght1 & x is probable t w9d1 ra91 & o!r atmosph]ic manife/ations are likewise cr$it$ to 8 action1 or reg>d$ z emanations f him4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 tropical climates1 :]e ! rapidity ( vegetable gr[? is su* z to af=d to man an absolute demon/ration ( ! sol> p[]4 ,by analogy1 !n1 t sun ( ! night1 ! moon1 comes to be reg>d$ z an ag5cy ( gr[?1 & primitive peoples attribute to x p[]s 9 ?is respect almo/ equal to ^? ( ! sun4 ,aga91 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 = "s reason /ill obscure1 ! moon is reg>d$ z ! great res]voir ( magical p[]4 ,! two great orbs ( night & day require b little excuse = godhead4 ,to primitive man ! sun is obvi\sly godlike1 = ^u him ! b>b>ian agriculturi/ dep5ds = 8 v exi/5ce1 & !re is beh9d him no hi/ory ( an evolution f e>li] =ms4 ,x is likewise ) ! moon-god4 ,9 ! ,libyan des]t at night ! moon is an object :i* dom9ates ! entire l&scape1 & x is difficult to believe t its int5se brilliance & all-p]vad+ light mu/ n h deeply impress$ ! w&]+ tribes ( t region ) a s5se ( rev]5ce & wor%ip4 ,inde$1 rev]5ce = su* an object might well prec$e ! wor%ip ( a m]e corn & tree _s1 :o 9 su* surr\nd+s c\ld n h mu* scope = ! manife/ation ( 8 p[]s4 ,we c see1 !n1 t ?is moon-god ( ! ,neoli?ic ,nubians1 import$ into a m f]tile l&1 w\ld spe$ily become id5tifi$ ) ! p[]s ( gr[? ?r\gh moi/ure1 & ?us ) ! ,nile itself4 ,osiris 9 8 "* ( god ( ! dead af=ds no great difficulties ( elucidation1 & 9 ?is "o figure we behold ! junction ( ! ideas ( ! moon1 moi/ure1 ! "u-_w1 & dea?--9 fact1 all ! ph5om5a ( bir? & decay4 ,osiris & ! ,p]sephone ,my? ,! read] _c fail to h obs]v$ ! v close resemblance betwe5 ! my? ( ,osiris & t ( ,demet] & ,kore1 or ,p]sephone4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! adv5tures ( ,isis1 notably t conc]n+ ! *ild ( ! k+ ( ,byblos1 are practically id5tical ) incid5ts 9 ! c>e] ( ,demet]4 ,x is highly probable t ! two my?s possess$ a common orig94 ,b :]eas 9 ! ,greek example we f9d ! "m se>*+ = h] *ild1 9 ! ,egyptian my? ! wife se>*es = ! rema9s ( h] husb&4 ,9 ! ,greek tale we h ,pluto z ! husb& ( ,p]sephone & ! rul] ( ! "u-_w also reg>d$1 l ,osiris1 z a god ( gra9 & gr[?1 :il/ ,p]sephone1 l ,isis1 probably p]sonifies ! gra9 itself4 ,9 ! ,greek my? we h "o male & two female pr9ciples1 & 9 ! ,egyptian "o male & "o female4 ,! analogy c\ld p]haps be press$ fur!r by ! inclusion 9 ! ,egyptian v]sion ( ! goddess ,neph?ys1 :o 0 a si/]-goddess to ,isis or /ood to h] 9 "s su* relation%ip4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 z if ! ,hell5ic my? _h be5 sophi/icat$ by e>ly ,egyptian influ5ces1 p]haps work+ ?r\gh a ,cretan int]communication4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 to reg>d ,osiris 9 ! light ( rul] ( ! und]world4 ,to "s ext5t ?is has be5 done 9 ! *apt] :i* deals ) ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,! god ( ! und]world1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 is 9 ne>ly e in/ance a god ( vegetable gr[?1 & x 0 n because ,osiris 0 god ( ! dead t he presid$ ov] f]tility1 b ! conv]se4 ,to speak m pla9ly1 ,osiris 0 fir/ god ( f]tility1 & ! circum/ance t he presid$ ov] ! und]world 0 a lat] innovation4 ,b x 0 n adv5titi\s2 x 0 ! logical outcome ( 8 /atus z god ( gr[?4 ,a ,new ,osirian ,!ory ,we mu/ also take into brief consid]ation 8 p]sonification ( ,ra1 :om he meets1 bl5ds )1 & "u ^: "n he nightly sails ?r\gh 8 own dom9ions4 ,?is w\ld seem l ! fusion ( a sun & moon my?2 ! my? ( ! sun travell+ nightly b5ea? ! e>? fus$ ) t ( ! moon's nocturnal j\rney across ! vault ( heav54 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w %[ h[ ?is fusion took place4 ,osiris 0 a moon-god4 ,t circum/ance acc\nts = "o half ( ! my?2 ! o!r half is to be acc\nt$ = z foll[s3 ,ra1 ! sun-god1 mu/ p]ambulate ! und]world at night if he is to appe> on ! fr+es ( ! ea/ 9 ! morn+4 ,b ,osiris z a lun> deity1 & p]haps z ! old] god1 z well z 9 8 "* z god ( ! und]world1 is already occupy+ ! orbit he mu/ trace4 ,! orbits ( bo? deities are fus$ 9 "o1 & !re w\ld appe> to be "s pro( ( ?is 9 ! fact t1 9 ! realm ( ,sek]1 ,afra 7or ,ra-,osiris7 *anges ! direction ( 8 j\rney f nor? to s\? to a l9e due ea/ t[>d ! m\nta9s ( sunrise4 ,! fusion ( ! two my?s is q a logical "o1 z ! moon dur+ ! night travels 9 ! same direction z ! sun has tak5 dur+ ! day--t is1 f ea/ to we/4 ,x w readily be se5 h[ ,osiris came to be reg>d$ n only z god & judge ( ! dead1 b also z symbolical ( ! resurrection ( ! body ( man4 ,sir ,james ,fraz] lays great /ress ^u a picture ( ,osiris 9 :i* 8 body is %[n cov]$ ) spr\t+ %oots ( corn1 & he seems to be ( op9ion t ?is is positive evid5ce t ,osiris 0 a corn-god4 ,9 our view ! picture is simply symbolical ( resurrection4 ,! circum/ance t ,osiris is repres5t$ 9 ! picture z 9 ! recumb5t position ( ! dead l5ds add$ weight to ?is supposition4 ,! corn-%oot is a _w-wide symbol ( resurrection4 ,9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies a %oot ( corn 0 %[n to ! neophytes z typical ( physical rebir?1 & a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian is quot$ by ,loskiel1 "o ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r51 z hav+ spok53 ,we ,indians %all n = ev] die4 ,ev5 ! gra9s ( corn we put "u ! e>? gr[ up & become liv+ ?+s4 ,among ! ,maya ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 z well z among ! ,mexicans1 ! maize-goddess has a son1 ! "y1 gre51 t5d] %oot ( ! maize plant1 :o is /rongly rem9isc5t ( ,horus1 ! son ( ,osiris1 & :o may be tak5 z typical ( bodily resurrection4 ,lat] ! vegetation my? clu/]+ r\nd ,osiris 0 metamorphos$ into a !ological t5et reg>d+ human resurrection1 & ,osiris 0 believ$ to h be5 once a human be+ :o _h di$ & _h be5 dismemb]$4 ,8 body1 h[ev]1 0 made :ole aga9 by ,isis1 ,anubis & ,horus act+ ^u ! in/ructions ( ,?o?4 ,a good deal ( magical c]emony appe>s to h be5 m+l$ ) ! process1 & ?is 9 turn 0 utiliz$ 9 ! case ( e dead ,egyptian by ! prie/s 9 connexion ) ! embalmm5t & burial ( ! dead 9 ! hope ( resurrection4 ,osiris1 h[ev]1 0 reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal cause ( human resurrection1 & he 0 capable ( giv+ life aft] dea? because he _h atta9$ to x4 ,he 0 entitl$ ',et]nity & ,ev]la/+ness1' & he x 0 :o made m5 & wom5 to be born aga94 ,?is conception ( resurrection appe>s to h be5 9 vogue 9 ,egypt f v e>ly times4 ,! great au?ority ^u ,osiris is ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 :i* might well be call$ ! ',book ( ,osiris1' & 9 :i* are rec\nt$ 8 daily do+s & 8 nightly j\rney+s 9 8 k+dom ( ! und]world4 ,isis ,isis1 or ,a/1 mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important conceptions ( female godhead 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,9 ! dyna/ic p]iod %e 0 reg>d$ z ! fem99e c\nt]p>t ( ,osiris1 & we may take x t be=e ! dawn ( ,egyptian hi/ory %e occupi$ a simil> position4 ,! philology ( ! "n appe>s to be unfa?omable4 ,no o!r deity has probably be5 wor%ipp$ = su* an ext5t ( "t1 = h] cult did n p]i% ) t ( mo/ o!r ,egyptian gods1 b fl\ri%$ lat] 9 ,greece & ,rome1 & is s]i\sly c>ri$ on 9 ,p>is to-day4 ,isis 0 p]haps ( ,libyan orig91 & is usually depict$ 9 ! =m ( a woman cr[n$ ) h] "n-symbol & hold+ 9 h] h& a sceptre ( papyrus4 ,h] cr[n is surm\nt$ by a pair ( horns hold+ a disk1 :i* 9 turn is sometimes cre/$ by h] hi]oglyph1 :i* repres5ts a seat or ?rone4 ,sometimes also %e is repres5t$ z possess+ radiant & _m-col\r$ w+s1 ) :i* %e /irs to life ! inanimate body ( ,osiris4 ,no o!r goddess 0 on ! :ole s popul> ) ! ,egyptians1 & ! reason = ?is is probably to be f\nd 9 ! circum/ances ( travail & pity :i* run ?r\gh h] my?4 ,^! drew ! sympa?ies ( ! p to h]1 b !y 7 n ! only reasons :y %e 0 belov$ by ! ,egyptian masses1 = %e 0 ! great & b5efic5t "m-goddess & repres5t$ ! mat]nal _s 9 its mo/ intimate & affectionate guise4 ,9 h] my?1 p]haps "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ & beautiful :i* ev] sprang f ! consci\sness ( a p1 we f9d evolv$ f :at may h be5 a m]e corn-_s a type ( wifely & mat]nal affection m\rn+ ! dea? ( h] *]i%$ husb&1 & seek+ by e means 9 h] p[] to re/ore him to life4 ,isis z ! ,w9d ,al?\gh ,isis _h und\bt$ly _m =ms1 & al?\gh %e may be reg>d$ z ! great corn-"m ( ,egypt1 ! probabilities are t 9 "o ( h] phases %e repres5ts ! w9d ( heav54 ,?is does n appe> to h be5 recogniz$ by /ud5ts ( ,egyptology1 b ! record seems a fairly cle> "o4 ,osiris 9 8 guise ( ! corn dies & comes to life aga9 & is s[n broadca/ ov] ! l&4 ,isis is disconsolate & moans t]ribly ov] 8 loss2 9 fact1 s l\d & he>tr5d+ is h] grief t ! *ild ( ! ,k+ ( ,byblos1 :om %e is nurs+1 dies ( t]ror4 ,f h]1 grateful od\rs emanate1 z ! wom5 ( ! ,que5 ( ,byblos exp]i5ce4 ,%e trans=ms h]self into a swall[4 ,%e re/ores ! dead ,osiris to life by fann+ him ) h] w+s & fill+ 8 m\? & no/rils ) sweet air4 ,x is notewor?y t %e is "o ( ! few ,egyptian deities :o possess w+s4 ,%e is a great travell]1 & unceas+ly moans & sobs4 ,if ^! qualities & circum/ances are n allegorical ( ! w9d1 a mu* m +5i\s hypo!sis ?an ! above w be necess>y to acc\nt = _! my?ological connexion4 ,isis wails l ! w9d1 %e %rieks 9 tempe/1 %e c>ries ! fragrance ( spices & fl[]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 %e takes ! %ape ( a swall[1 "o ( ! swifte/ ( birds & typical ( ! rapidity ( ! w9d1 %e employs ! elem5t ( :i* %e is mi/ress to revivify ! dead ,osiris1 %e possesses w+s1 z d all deities connect$ ) ! w9d1 & l ! re/ ( h] k9d %e is con/antly travell+ up & d[n ! l&4 ,we d n advance ! hypo!sis t %e is a w9d-goddess p> excell5ce1 b 9 "o ( h] phases %e c]ta9ly typifies ! revivify+ p[] ( ! spr+ w9d1 :i* wails & sobs ov] ! grave ( ! sleep+ gra91 br++ reanimat+ brea? to ! in]t se$s4 ,isis is "o ( ^? deities :o f =tuit\s & o!r circum/ances are fat$ to a*ieve greatness4 ,f a ,libyan _s connect$ 9 "s mann] ) ! gr[? ( ! crops1 %e rose to su* supreme importance dur+ h] reign ( ne>ly f\r ?\s& ye>s 9 ,egypt t e description ( attribute 0 heap$ ^u h] 9 abundance4 ,?is is inv>iably ! case ) successful deities4 ,n only d !y absorb ! attributes ( _! contempor>ies 9 ! pan!on1 b qualities :i* are actually at v>iance ) _! orig9al "* are graft$ ^u !m because ( _! v popul>ity4 ,?is 0 ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ,tezcatlipoca1 a ,mexican deity1 orig9ally god ( ! air1 :o lat] became god ( fate & =tune1 & practically head ( ! ,aztec pan!on2 & _m o!r in/ances might be adduc$4 ,?us ,isis is a giv] ( life & food to ! dead 9 ! ,duat--t is1 %e br+s ) h] ! fre% air ( heav5 into ! und]world--& z ! air-god ,tezcatlipoca 0 id5tifi$ ) ju/ice1 s ,isis is id5tifi$ ) ,mat1 ! goddess ( ju/ice4 ,isis may also typify ! w9d ( morn+1 f :i* ! sun is born4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries at ! mom5t ( sunrise a w9d spr+s up :i* may be said to u%] ! sun into exi/5ce4 ,9 h] my?1 too1 we f9d t on leav+ ! h\se :]e %e _h be5 imprison$ by ,set 7! summ] dwell+ ( ! w9d1 :i* dur+ t season leaves ,egypt altoge!r7 %e is prec$$ by sev5 scorpions1 ! fi]ce-/++ bla/s ( w9t]4 ,!y %[ h] ! way ?r\gh swamps & m>%es4 ,wom5 %ut ! doors 9 h] face2 a *ild is /ung by "o ( ! scorpions1 b ,isis re/ores x to life--t is1 ! *ild recov]s ) ! approa* ( bett] wea!r4 ,h] own son ,horus is /ung by a scorpion--t is1 ! heat ( ! sun is r5d]$ weak by ! cold ( w9t] until x is re/or$ by ,isis1 ! g5ial spr+ w9d4 ,manifold ,attributes ( ,isis ,! my? ( ,isis became s real to ! p ( ,egypt t !y came to reg>d h] v intimately inde$1 & fully believ$ t %e _h once be5 a v]itable woman4 ,9 a m allegorical mann] %e 0 ( c\rse ! great fem99e fructifi] ( ! soil4 ,%e 0 also a p[]ful en*antress1 z is %[n by ! numb] ( deities & human be+s :om %e rescu$ f dea?4 ,words ( great & compell+ p[] 7 h]s4 ,h] a/ronomical symbol 0 ! /> ,sept1 :i* m>k$ ! spr+ & ! approa* ( ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 an add$ evid5ce t 9 "o ( h] phases %e 0 goddess ( ! w9ds ( spr+4 ,z ! light-giv] at ?is season ( ! ye> %e 0 call$ ,khut1 & z goddess ( ! fruitful e>? ,us]t4 ,z ! =ce :i* impell$ ! p[]s ( spr+ & s5t =? ! ,nile flood %e 0 ,sati1 & z ! goddess ( f]tile wat]s %e 0 ,anqet4 ,%e 0 fur!r ! deity ( cultivat$ l&s & fields1 goddess ( h>ve/ & goddess ( food4 ,s t f fir/ to la/ %e p]sonifi$ ! =ces :i* make = gr[? & n\ri%m5t4 ,%e p]sonifies ! p[] ( ! spr+ season1 ! p[] ( ! e>? to gr[ & yield gra91 mo!rhood & all ! attributes & aff9ities :i* spr+ !refrom4 ,x is n necess>y 9 ?is place to trace h] wor%ip into ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e x became greatly degrad$ f its pri/9e purity4 ,! dignifi$ wor%ip ( ! great "m took on "u ,european auspices an orgia/ic "* :i* appeal$ to ! false my/ic ( ,greece1 ,rome1 ,gaul1 & ,brita9 j z x does to-day to 8 ,transatlantic or ,p>isian prototype4 ,b ! /r5g? ( ! cult 9 ! c\ntry ( its orig9 is ev9c$ by ! circum/ance t x 0 n f9ally des]t$ until ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,horus ,z we h se51 ! god ,ra 0 depict$ z a falcon1 b !re 0 ano!r god ( simil> =m :o _h be5 wor%ipp$ be=e him 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,?is 0 ! god ,h]u1 or ,horus1 ',he :o is above4' ,?is god _h _m %apes4 ,z ,horus ! ,eld] he is del9eat$ z a man ) ! head ( a falcon1 & 0 believ$ to be ! son ( ,geb & ,nut4 ,horus prop] 0 p]haps reg>d$ z ! face ( heav51 ! c\nt5ance ( ! sky1 & z ,horus ! ,eld] he repres5t$ ! face by day 9 contradi/9ction to ,set1 :o 0 ! face by night4 ,horus ! ,y\ng]1 or ,h>pocrates z he 0 call$ by ! ,greeks to di/+ui% him f ,horus ! ,eld]1 is repres5t$ z a y\?1 & 0 ! son ( a ,horus-god & ! goddess ,rat-,tauit1 :o appe>s to h be5 wor%ipp$ at ,h]mon?is 9 ! =m ( a hippopotamus4 ,horus ! ,y\ng] repres5t$ ! e>lie/ rays ( ! ris+ sun1 & _h no few] ?an sev5 aspects or =ms4 ,to detail all ! v>iants ( ,horus w\ld be =eign to ! purpose ( ?is "w1 s x mu/ suffice to enum]ate ! m important ( !m4 ,! ,horus ( ! ,two ,horizons1 ! ,h>ma*is ( ! ,greeks1 0 "o ( ! *ief =ms ( ! sun-god ,ra1 & repres5t$ ! sun 9 8 diurnal c\rse f sunrise to sunset4 ,he ?us includ$ ! p]sonalities ( ,ra1 ,tem1 & ,khep]a1 & ?is af=ds a good example ( ! widespread sy/em ( ov]lapp+ :i* obta9$ 9 ,egyptian my?ology1 & :i* does n appe> to su* an ext5t 9 any o!r my?ology4 ,probably a numb] ( ^! ,horus-gods 7 local4 ,?us we f9d ,h>ma*is wor%ipp$ pr9cipally at ,heliopolis & ,apoll9opolis4 ,8 be/-kn[n monum5t is ! fam\s ,sph9x1 ne> ! pyramids ( ,gizeh4 ,we f9d ! fir/ m5tion ( ! ,sph9x 9 inscriptions 9 ! days ( ,?o?mes ,,iv1 :5 we read 9 ! text inscrib$ on ! /ele betwe5 ! paws ( ! ,sph9x ! foll[+ leg5d ( ,?o?mes & ! ,sph9x4 ,! ,dream ( ,?o?mes ,!re 0 a k+ 9 ,egypt call$ ,?o?mes1 a mighty mon>*1 skill$ 9 ! arts ( w> & ( ! *ase4 ,he 0 good to look ^u1 too1 ) a beauty l unto t ( ,horus1 :om ,isis b>e 9 ! ,nor!rn ,m>%es1 & greatly 0 he lov$ by gods & m54 ,he 0 wont to hunt 9 ! burn+ des]t1 alone1 or ) only a few companions1 & ?is is told ( "o ( 8 hunt+ exp$itions4 ,"o day1 be=e he _h asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,egypt1 he 0 hunt+ unatt5d$ 9 ! des]t4 ,x 0 noontide1 & ! sun beat fi]cely d[n ^u him1 s t he 0 fa9 to seek ! %ad[ ( ! mighty ,h>ma*is1 ! ,sph9x4 ,great & p[]ful 0 ! god1 & v maje/ic 0 8 image1 ) ! face ( a man & ! body ( a lion1 a snake ^u 8 br[4 ,9 _m temples 7 sacrifices made to him1 9 _m t[ns did m5 wor%ip ) _! faces turn$ t[>d him4 ,9 ! great cool %ad[ ,?o?mes laid himself d[n to re/1 & sleep en*a9$ 8 s5ses4 ,& z he slept he dream$1 & behold6 ! ,sph9x op5$ its lips & spoke to him2 x 0 no long] a ?+ ( motionless rock1 b ! god himself1 ! great ,h>ma*is4 ,& he address$ ! dream] ?us3 ,behold me1 ,o ,?o?mes1 = ,i am ! ,sun-god1 ! rul] ( all peoples4 ,h>ma*is is my "n1 & ,ra1 & ,khep]a1 & ,tem4 ,i am ?y fa!r1 & ?\ art my son1 & ?r\gh me %all all good come ^u !e if ?\ wilt he>k5 to my words4 ,! l& ( ,egypt %all be ?9e1 & ! ,nor? ,l&1 & ! ,s\? ,l&4 ,9 prosp]ity & happ9ess %alt ?\ rule = _m ye>s4 ,he paus$1 & x seem$ to ,?o?mes z if ! god 7 /ruggl+ to free himself f ! ov]:elm+ s&s1 = only 8 head 0 visible4 ,x is z ?\ see/1 ,h>ma*is resum$2 ! s&s ( ! des]t are ov] me4 ,d t quickly :i* ,i comm& !e1 ,o my son ,?o?mes4 ,ere ,?o?mes c\ld reply ! vision fad$ & he awoke4 ,! liv+ god 0 gone1 & 9 8 place 0 ! mighty image1 hewn f ! solid rock4 ,& "h ! /ory mu/ p]=ce end4 ,x is inscrib$ on a /ele 9 ! little temple :i* lies betwe5 ! paws ( ! ,sph9x1 & ! rema9d] ( ! inscription is s defac$ z to be indeciph]able4 ,h]u-,behudeti ,"o ( ! greate/ & mo/ important ( all ! =ms ( ,horus is ,h]u-,behudeti1 :o typifies midday1 & !re=e ! greate/ heat ( ! sun4 ,x 0 9 ?is =m t ,horus wag$ w> aga9/ ,set4 ,8 pr9cipal %r9es 7 at ,edf1 ,phil1 ,mes51 ,aat-ab1 & ,tanis1 :]e he 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( a lion trampl+ ^u its enemies4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 he is depict$ z hawk-head$ & be>+ 9 8 h& a weapon1 usually a club or mace to symbolize 8 "* z a de/roy]4 ,9 ! old ,ar?urian romances1 &1 inde$1 9 _m m$ival tales :i* h a my?ological ance/ry1 we read ( h[ c]ta9 knights 9 combat ) _! enemies grew /rong] z ! sun wax$ 9 ! heav5s1 & :5 8 beams decl9$ _! /r5g? fail$ !m4 ,s 0 x ) ,sir ,bel91 ) ,k+ ,ar?ur1 :o 9 8 fr5zy slew ?\s&s1 & ) ,/ ,george1 ! patron sa9t ( ,engl&1 orig9ally an ,egyptian h]o4 ,^! figures 7 all probably sun-gods at "s e>ly p]iod ( _! developm5t4 ,!y are obscure 9 bir? & orig91 z is ! lum9>y !y symbolize--t is1 !y spr+ f ! d>kness4 ,ar?ur's orig91 = example1 0 unkn[n to him until ! age ( manhood1 & ! same holds good ( ,be[ulf4 ,z !y grew 9 p[]1 l ! sun :i* !y typify1 ! sol> h]oes frequ5tly became insane1 & laid ab\t !m ) su* pitiless fury t !y slaught]$ ?\s&s 9 a mann] ( :i* no ord9>y palad9 w\ld be capable4 ,?is is typical ( ! /r5g? & fury ( ! sun at midday 9 ,ea/]n climates4 ,h]u-,behudeti1 !n1 because he 0 god ( ! midday sun1 0 ! pitiless w>rior wield+ ! club1 p]haps typify+ sun/roke1 & ! b[ & arr[s1 symboliz+ 8 fi]ce beams :i* 7 to de/roy ! dragon ( night & 8 fi5di% crew4 ,he 0 well repres5t$ z a lion1 = :at is s fi]ce z ! tropical sun8 ,at midday he 0 all-conqu]+ & _h trampl$ ! night-dragon out ( sight4 ,9 ?is mann]1 too1 he repres5t$ ! =ce ( good aga9/ t ( evil4 ,! foll[+ is ! my? ( 8 battles ) ,set & ! battalions ( 8 evil companions4 ,! ,my? ( ! ,w+$ ,disk ,9 ! ye> #cfc ( ! reign ( ,ra-,horakhti ^u ! e>? x befell t ! god 0 9 ,nubia ) a mighty army4 ,set1 ! ,evil ,"o1 _h rebell$ aga9/ him1 = ,ra 0 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 & ,set 0 ( all be+s ! mo/ cunn+ & trea*]\s4 ,he x 0 also :o _h sla9 8 tw9-bro!r ,osiris1 ! great & good k+2 & = ?is reason ,horus1 ! bro!r ( ,osiris1 desir$ greatly to h 8 life4 ,) 8 *>iots & horsem5 & foot-soldi]s ,ra emb>k$ on ! ,great ,riv] & came to ,edf1 :]e ,horus ( ,edf jo9$ him4 ,o ,ra1 said ,horus1 great are ?9e enemies1 & cunn+ly d !y conspire aga9/ !e6 ,my son1 answ]$ ,ra1 arm !e & g =? aga9/ m9e enemies1 & slay !m spe$ily4 ,!reupon ,horus s\ght ! aid ( ! god ,?o?1 ! ma/] ( all magic1 by ^: aid he *ang$ himself into a great sun-disk1 ) respl5d5t w+s out/ret*$ on ei!r side4 ,/raight to ! sun he flew1 & f ! heav5s he look$ s fi]cely ^u 8 enemies & ,ra's1 t !y nei!r he>d nor saw aright4 ,ea* man judg$ 8 neighb\r to be a /rang]1 & a cry w5t up t ! foe 7 ^u !m4 ,ea* turn$ 8 weapon aga9/ ! o!r1 ! majority 7 sla91 & ! h&ful ( survivors scatt]$4 ,& ,horus hov]$ = a :ile ov] ! battle-pla91 hop+ to f9d ,set1 b ! ar*-enemy 0 n !re2 he 0 hid+ 9 ! ,nor? ,c\ntry4 ,!n ,horus return$ to ,ra1 :o embrac$ him k9dly4 ,& ,horus took ,ra & ! goddess ,a/>te1 & %[$ !m ! battlefield /rewn ) corpses4 ,ra1 k+ ( ! gods1 said to ^? 9 8 tra93 ,come1 let u voyage to ! ,nile1 = our enemies are sla94 ,b ,set /ill _h a l>ge foll[+1 & "s ( 8 associates he comm&$ to turn !mselves into crocodiles & hippopotami1 s t !y might swall[ ! occupants ( ! div9e b>que & yet rema9 invuln]able by reason ( _! ?ick hides4 ,horus1 h[ev]1 _h ga!r$ 8 b& ( smi?s1 ea* ( :om made = himself an iron lance & a *a91 on :i* ,?o? be/[$ "s ( 8 ev]-p[]ful magic4 ,horus also repeat$ ! =mul 9 ! ,book ( ,slay+ ! ,hippopotamus4 ,s t :5 ! fi]ce animals *>g$ up ! riv] ! god 0 ready = !m2 _m ( !m 7 pi]c$ by ! magic weapons & di$1 :ile ! rema9d] fl$4 ,^? :o fl$ to ! s\? 7 pursu$ by ,horus1 & 7 at l5g? ov]tak54 ,ano!r great conflict ensu$1 :]e9 ! foll[]s ( ,set 7 aga9 vanqui%$4 ,accord+ to ! desire ( ,ra1 a %r9e 0 rais$ to commemorate ! victory1 & 8 image plac$ !re94 ,yet ano!r enc\nt]1 h[ev]1 0 to take place 9 ! ,s\? ,l& ere ! foll[]s ( ,set 7 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,! ,slaught] ( ! ,mon/]s ,!n ,horus & ,ra sail$ nor?w>d t[>d ! sea 9 se>* ( ,set & 8 allies1 hop+ to slay all ! crocodiles & hippopotami1 :i* 7 ! bodily =ms ( _! foes4 ,b ! bea/s kept "u wat]1 & f\r days _h elaps$ ere ,horus caught sight ( !m4 ,he at once attack$ !m1 & wr\ght great havoc ) 8 glitt]+ weapons1 to ! delight ( ,ra & ,?o?1 :o wat*$ ! conflict f ! boat4 ,a hundr$ & =ty-two prison]s 7 tak5 on ?is occasion4 ,yet did ,horus cont9ue to pursue 8 enemies1 always 9 ! =m ( a burn+ disk ) w+s l unto ! sunset1 & att5d$ by ! goddesses ,nekhbet & ,uazet 9 ! %ape ( two snakes4 ,once m he ov]took ! allies ( ,set1 ?is "t at ! ,we/]n ,wat]s ( ,m]t4 ,on ?is occasion1 z on ! o!rs1 ,horus 0 victori\s1 & ne>ly f\r hundr$ prison]s 7 br\ght to ! boat ( ,ra & sla94 ,!n 0 ,set v greatly inc5s$1 & decid$ to come =? 9 p]son to d battle ) ,horus4 ,horrible inde$ 7 8 cries & curses :5 he he>d ! losses 8 army _h su/a9$4 ,& ,horus & 8 foll[]s w5t out to meet ! army ( ,set1 & long & furi\s 0 ! battle4 ,at l5g? ,horus took a prison] :om he believ$ to be ,set4 ,! wret*$ be+ 0 dragg$ be=e ,ra1 :o gave him into ! h&s ( 8 captor1 bidd+ ! latt] d ) him :at he w\ld4 ,!n ,horus kill$ 8 prison]1 cut (f 8 head1 dragg$ him ?r\gh ! du/1 & cut 8 body 9 pieces1 ev5 z ,set _h done to ,osiris4 ,b1 aft] all1 x 0 only "o ( ,set's associates :o _h p]i%$ ?us mis]ably4 ,! ,evil ,"o himself 0 /ill at l>ge1 v[+ v5geance on 8 enemies4 ,9 ! =m ( a l>ge snake he hid himself "u ! e>?1 :ile 8 foll[]s took c\rage f ! k t he _h elud$ 8 enemy4 ,yet aga91 h[ev]1 7 !y defeat$ by ,horus1 :o slew great numb]s ( !m4 ,! gods rema9$ = six days on ! canal1 wait+ = ! reappe>ance ( ! foe1 b none 7 to be se54 ,!n ,horus scatt]$ abroad 8 foll[]s to de/roy ! remnant ( ,set's army4 ,! la/ two battles 7 f\ght at ,?al 7,z>u71 & at ,%as1 9 ,nubia4 ,at ,?al ,horus took ! =m ( a fi]ce lion1 & slew a hundr$ & =ty-two enemies4 ,at ,%as he appe>$ once m 9 ! %ape ( a great %9+ disk ) w+s ( spl5did plumage1 & ) ! goddesses ,nekhbet & ,uazet on ei!r side ( x 9 ! %ape ( cr[n$ snakes4 ,on ^! occasions also ,horus 0 victori\s4 ,!re are v>i\s end+s to ?is my?4 ,x is said t ! prison] :om ,horus caus$ to be decapitat$ 0 none o!r ?an ,set1 ^: fate1 h[ev]1 did n h9d] him f liv+ aga9 & tak+ ! =m ( a s]p5t4 ,accord+ to ?is v]sion ,horus ( ,edf 0 accompani$ by ,horus ! ,*ild1 son ( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,9 ! same inscription :i* gives an acc\nt ( ! battles ,horus ! ,eld] & ,horus ! ,*ild are utt]ly confus$ at ! end4 ,s :ile ,horus ! ,eld] fights ! battles1 ,horus ! ,*ild kills ,set4 ,!y are look$ ^u z "o & ! same4 ,on captur+ ,set1 !re=e1 ,horus1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 deliv]$ him into ! h&s ( ,isis1 :o cut (f 8 head4 ,ano!r v]sion1 aga91 has x t ! decisive battle has n yet be5 f\ght1 & t ,horus w f9ally de/roy 8 enemy1 :5 ,osiris & ! gods once m return to e>?4 ,o!r ,horus ,leg5ds ,yet ano!r acc\nt /ates t :5 ,horus ! ,*ild _h become a man ,set came =? & *all5g$ him to mortal combat4 ,s ,horus set out 9 a boat spl5didly decorat$ by ,isis1 :o also laid magic spells ^u x1 s t its occupant might n be ov]come4 ,mean:ile ! ar*-foe ( ! gods _h tak5 ^u himself ! %ape ( a huge r$ hippopotamus4 ,& he caus$ a rag+ /orm to break ov] ! boats ( ,horus & 8 tra91 s t ! wat]s 7 la%$ into fury2 & _h x n be5 t ! boats 7 protect$ by magic1 all w\ld assur$ly h p]i%$4 ,horus1 h[ev]1 held on 8 c\rse undismay$4 ,he _h tak5 ! =m ( a y\? ( giant /ature1 & t[]$ at ! gild$ pr[ ( 8 boat1 :i* %one l sunlight amid ! /orm & ! d>kness4 ,a great h>poon 0 pois$ 9 8 h&1 su* a weapon z an ord9>y mortal c\ld n lift4 ,9 ! wat] ! r$ hippopotamus wait$ = ! wreck+ ( ! boat1 s t he might swall[ 8 enemies4 ,b ?is he 0 de/9$ nev] to d1 = directly he %[$ himself above wat] ! mighty h>poon 0 laun*$ at 8 head & sank into 8 bra94 ,& ?is 0 ! end ( ,set1 ! ,evil ,"o1 ! murd]] ( ,osiris & ! enemy ( ,ra4 ,9 hon\r ( ,horus ! ,conqu]or hymns & triumphal *oruses 7 sung ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,9 ! my? ( ! battles ( ,horus x is easy to disc]n :at is p]haps ! mo/ univ]sal ( all my?ological conceptions--! sol> my?4 ,horus 7call$ 9 ! ,edf text ,horbehdti1 i4e4 ,horus ( ,edf7 0 orig9ally a sun-god1 & z su* 0 equival5t to ,ra1 b 9 "t ! two gods came to be reg>d$ z sep>ate & di/9ct p]sonages1 ,ra be+ ! highe/1 & ,horus s]v+ him z a sort ( w>-capta94 ,! w+$ disk1 !re=e1 & all 8 tra9 repres5t$ ! p[]s ( light1 :ile ! wick$ ,set & 8 companions symboliz$ d>kness4 ,?us x is t :ile ,horus 0 always victori\s ov] 8 enemies1 he nev] succe$$ 7accord+ to ! mo/ widespread =m ( ! tradition7 9 de/roy+ !m utt]ly4 ,:5 ,horus _h r\t$ ! enemy 9 ! =m ( a w+$ disk1 t symbol came to be reg>d$ z an excell5t protective aga9/ viol5ce & de/ruction4 ,x 0 !re=e repeat$ _m times--especially 9 ! ,new ,k+dom--9 temples1 on monum5ts1 /el1 & s on1 & x 0 believ$ t ! m num]\s ! repres5tations ( x1 ! m efficaci\s did ! *>m become4 ,9 its simple/ =m ! image is m]ely t ( a w+$ disk1 b at times !re is a s]p5t on ei!r side ( ! disk1 repres5t+ ! goddesses ,nekhbet & ,uazet4 ,! pr9cipal v]sion ( ! my?1 deal+ ) ,hor-,behdti1 or ,horus ( ,edf1 0 really a local =m belong+ to ,edf1 ?\gh 9 "t x ga9$ a wid] acceptance4 ,9 o!r =ms ( ! leg5d o!r gods took ! *ief rle z de/roy] ( ! enemies ( ,ra4 ,) ?is leg5d ( light & d>kness came to be fus$ ano!r1 t :i* relates h[ ,horus av5g$ ! dea? ( ,osiris4 ,x is noticeable t 9 ?is second my? !re exi/s "s confusion betwe5 ,horus ! ,eld] & ,horus ! ,*ild1 respectively bro!r & son ( ,osiris4 ,no m5tion is made ( ,osiris 9 ! ,edf text1 b t ?is my? is a sequel to ! leg5d ( ,osiris is impli$ by ! circum/ance t ,set is h&$ ov] = puni%m5t to ,isis & ,horus ! ,*ild4 ,9 ! lat] =m ( ! /ory ! conflict is n prop]ly betwe5 light & d>kness1 b r betwe5 ! =ces ( good & evil4 ,9 ?is leg5d "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y circum/ances is t ! foll[]s ( ,horus 7 arm$ ) weapons ( metal4 ,8 foll[]s are call$ 9 ! ,egyptian text ,mesniu1 or ,mesnitu1 :i* 9 all probability signifies 'work]s 9 metal1' or 'blacksmi?s4' ,! wor%ipp]s ( ,horus ( ,behudet cont9ually allud$ to him z ',"l ( ! ,=ge-city1' or ,edf1 :]e tradition ass]t$ he c>ri$ on ! "w ( a blacksmi?4 ,at ,edf1 inde$1 ! great gold5 disk ( ! sun itself _h be5 =g$1 z we see f a c]ta9 inscription1 & 9 ! temple ( t city 0 a *amb] beh9d ! sanctu>y call$ ,mesnet1 or '! f\ndry1' :]e ! blacksmi? ca/e ( prie/s att5d$ ^u ! god4 ,f sculptures ^u ! walls ( ! temple we see t ^! are array$ 9 %ort robes & a species ( coll> :i* is almo/ a cape1 t !y c>ry _! spe>s head d[nw>d1 & a weapon ( metal resembl+ a dagg]4 ,horus ( ,behudet1 :o accompanies !m1 is dress$ 9 a simil> fa%ion1 & is repres5t$ z spe>+ a hippopotamus1 r\nd :i* he has w\nd a d\ble *a9 ( metal4 ,?is illu/rates ! /ory ( ! defeat ( ,set by ,horus ( ,behudet1 & we may be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ! leg5d possess$ a m or less hi/oric basis4 ,"h we h a tribe or ca/e ( metal-work]s at w> ) :at is obvi\sly a m primitive race1 :om !y defeat ) _! weapons ( metal & b9d ) _! *a9s1 aft]w>d slaught]+ !m at leisure4 ,x is significant t !y d n slay !m out ( h&4 ,= :at1 !n1 d !y res]ve !m8 ,obvi\sly = human sacrifice4 ,!y are a ca/e ( sun-wor%ipp]s1 & human blood 0 z necess>y to ! su/5ance ( ! sun 9 e>ly ,egypt z x 0 9 anci5t ,mexico1 :]e ! milit>y ca/e1 liv+ "u ! patronage ( ! sun1 always refra9$ f slay+ an enemy 9 battle if !y c\ld make him prison]1 to be sacrific$ at leisure4 ,! circum/ances ( ! leg5d w\ld appe> to indicate t we are "h foll[+ ! adv5tures ( "s ,we/ ,asiatic invad] :o1 ) foll[]s arm$ ) metal1 l&$ on ! soil ( ,egypt1 made himself ma/] ( ,edf1 &1 m>*+ nor?w>d1 e/abli%$ himself 9 ! l& by =ce ( arms4 ,?is /ory1 or portion ( hi/ory1 probably became amalgamat$1 p]haps by prie/ly influ5ce1 ) ! leg5d ( ,horus1 ! god ( heav5 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,ano!r important =m ( ,horus 0 t kn[n z ,horus1 son ( ,isis1 & ( ,osiris4 ,he repres5t$ ! ris+ sun1 z did sev]al o!r =ms ( ,horus1 & possess$ _m aspects or v>iants4 ,8 %r9es 7 s num]\s t at "o epo* or ano!r he 0 id5tifi$ ) all ! o!r ,horus-gods1 b he *iefly repres5t$ ! new sun1 born daily1 & he 0 son & successor ( ,osiris4 ,he 0 extremely popul>1 z be+ a well-m>k$ type ( resurrection aft] dea?4 ,z ,osiris repres5t$ 'ye/]day1' s ,horus1 8 son1 /ood = 'to-day' 9 ! ,egyptian m9d4 ,al?\gh "s texts /ate t ,osiris 0 8 fa!r1 o!rs claim ?is position = ,ra1 b ! two 9 ?is in/ance are really "o & ! same & int]*angeable4 ,osiris became ! fa!r ( ,horus aft] he 0 dead2 su* is ! orig9 ( sev]al sun-h]oes4 ,z has be5 said1 ! bir? ( su* is usually peculi> & obscure4 ,isis1 :ile t5d+ ! infant ,horus & 9 fe> ( ! p]secutions ( ,set1 took %elt] 9 ! swamps ( ! ,delta1 & hid h]self & h] *ild amid/ a d5se mass ( papyrus plants4 ,to ! ,egyptian ( ! ,delta x w\ld ( c\rse seem z if ! sun took its rise f amid/ ! papyrus-cov]$ swamps :i* /ret*$ on e side to ! horizon1 s we may reg>d ?is "p ( ! my? z allegory pure & simple4 ,! circum/ances ( ! escape ( ,isis f ,set h already be5 detail$ 9 ! my? ( ,osiris4 ,! filial respect :i* ,horus display$ = ! memory ( 8 fa!r ,osiris won him mu* hon\r f ! ,egyptians4 ,he x 0 :o fix$ ! details ( ! god's mummification1 & :o set ! /&>d = ! pi\s ,egyptian son4 ,9 ?is respect he 0 reg>d$ z a help] ( ! dead1 & 0 ?\ght to m$iate betwe5 !m & ! judges ( ! ,taut4 ,9 8 "w ( c>+ = ! deceas$ he _h a numb] ( help]s1 kn[n z ! foll[]s ( ,horus1 :o 7 reg>d$ z gods ( ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,!y are giv5 positions ( great importance 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 & %>$ ! protection ( ! body ( ! deceas$1 z has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! p>agraph conc]n+ ! mummy4 ,!y 7 f\r 9 numb] & 7 nam$ ,hapi1 ,tuamutef1 ,amset1 & ,qebhs5nuf4 ,horus1 son ( ,isis & ,osiris1 0 reg>d$ z ( su* importance t he absorb$ ! attributes ( all ! o!r ,horus-gods1 b 9 c]ta9 texts he is repres5t$ z a *ild1 ) =ef+] to lip1 & we>+ ! lock ( hair at ! side ( ! head :i* indicates y\?4 ,9 lat] times he 0 figur$ 9 a great _m diff]5t fanciful =ms4 ,! ,black ,hog ,ra1 ,set1 & ,horus are conc]n$ 9 an ,egyptian my? :i* attempts an explanation ( eclipses ( ! sun & moon4 ,set & ,horus 7 bitt] enemies1 yet ,set did n d>e to ent] ! fray op5ly1 = he fe>$ ,horus z evil mu/ ev] fe> good4 ,s he devis$ subtle & und]h& s*emes :]eby he might compass ! fall ( ,horus1 & ?is is h[ ! matt] fell out4 ,"o day ,horus s\ght ,ra ) a reque/ to be all[$ to read ! future 9 8 eyes4 ,?is reque/ ,ra grant$ will+ly because ( 8 love = ,horus1 ! belov$ ( gods & m54 ,:il/ !y conv]s$ !re pass$ !m a black hog1 a huge1 s9i/] animal1 f]oci\s ( aspect1 & ) eyes t gl9t$ ) cunn+ & cruelty4 ,n[1 ?\gh nei!r ,ra nor ,horus 0 aw>e ( ! fact1 ! black hog 0 ,set himself1 :o _h ! p[] to take ^u him ! %ape ( any animal he *ose4 ,:at an evil mon/]6 cri$ ,ra1 z he look$ ^u ! animal4 ,horus also turn$ 8 gaze 9 ! direction ( ! black hog1 9 :om he /ill fail$ to recognize 8 enemy4 ,?is 0 ,set's opportunity4 ,he %ot a bolt ( fire /raight into ! eye ( ! god4 ,horus 0 half craz$ ) ! viol5ce ( ! pa94 ,set ha? done me ?is evil1 he cri$2 he %all n g unpuni%$4 ,b ,set _h vani%$1 & 0 n to be f\nd any:]e4 ,yet = ! evil t _h come ^u ,horus ,ra curs$ ! pig4 ,:5 ! "y god recov]$ 8 sight ,ra gave to him ! city ( ,p1 :]eat he 0 mu* delight$2 & at 8 smile ! cl\d ( d>kness pass$ away1 & all ! l& rejoic$4 ,a ,greek v]sion ( ! my? has x t ! black hog tore out ! eye ( ,horus & swall[$ x1 b 0 =c$ by ,ra 7,helios7 to re/ore x4 ,! eyes ( ,horus are ( c\rse ! sun & moon1 "o ( :i* is swall[$ or de/roy$ by ! 'black hog' dur+ an eclipse4 ,! re/oration ( light to ! e>? is occasion$ by ! joy ( ,horus on be+ pres5t$ ) ! city ( ,p4 ,neph?ys ,! female c\nt]p>t ( ,set 0 ,neph?ys4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,geb#g & ,nut1 ! si/] & wife ( ,set1 & ! "m ( ,anubis1 b :e!r by ,osiris or ,set is n cle>4 ,! words ,nebt-het mean '! lady ( ! h\se1' or sky4 ,al?\gh ,neph?ys is associat$ ) ,set1 %e appe>s to rema9 m fai?ful to h] si/] ,isis1 :om %e assi/s to rega9 ! scatt]$ limbs ( ,osiris4 ,%e is repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a woman we>+ ^u h] head ! symbol ( h] "n1 i4e4 a basket & a h\se 7read+ ,nebt-het74 ,%e appe>s 9 "s ways 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead z an assi/ant ( h] si/] ,isis1 /&+ beh9d ,osiris :5 ! he>ts ( ! dead are weigh$1 & kneel+ at ! head ( ,osiris' bi]4 ,%e 0 suppos$ to possess great magical p[]s l h] si/]1 & resembles h] 9 possess+ _m =ms4 ,%e is also suppos$ to protect ,osiris 9 8 =m ( moon-god4 ,plut>* ?r[s "s light ^u ,egyptian belief conc]n+ ?is goddess4 ,he says t ,anubis 0 ! son ( ,osiris & ,neph?ys1 & t ,typhon or ,set 0 fir/ appris$ ( _! am\r by f9d+ a g>l& ( fl[]s :i* _h be5 left beh9d him by ,osiris4 ,z ,isis repres5ts fruitfulness1 s1 he says1 ,neph?ys signifies corruption4 ,dr4 ,budge1 comm5t+ ^u ?is passage1 says t x is cle> t ,neph?ys is ! p]sonification ( d>kness & ( all t belongs to x1 & t h] attributes 7 ( a passive r ?an ( an active "*4 ,%e 0 ! opposite ( ,isis 9 e respect4 ,isis symboliz$ bir?1 gr[?1 developm5t1 & vig\r2 b ,neph?ys 0 ! type ( dea?1 decay1 dim9ution1 & immobility4 ,! two goddesses 71 h[ev]1 associat$ insep>ably ) ea* o!r4 ,isis1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 repres5ts ! "p ( ! _w :i* is visible1 :il/ ,neph?ys repres5ts t :i* is invisible4444 ,isis & ,neph?ys repres5t respectively ! ?+s :i* are & ! ?+s :i* are yet to come into be+1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 bir? & dea?1 & life & dea?4 ,we h un=tunately no means ( kn[+ :at ! primitive conception ( ! attributes ( ,neph?ys 01 b x is mo/ improbable t x includ$ any ( ! views on ! subject :i* 7 curr5t 9 ,plut>*'s "t4 ,neph?ys is n a goddess ) well-def9$ *>act]i/ics1 b %e may1 g5]ally speak+1 be describ$ z ! goddess ( ! dea? :i* is n et]nal4 ,dr4 ,budge proce$s to say t ,neph?ys1 al?\gh a goddess ( dea?1 0 associat$ ) ! com+ into exi/5ce ( ! life :i* spr+s f dea?4 ,) ,isis %e prep>$ ! fun]al b$ ( ,osiris & made 8 mummy-wrapp+s4 ,along ) ,isis %e gu>d$ ! corpse ( ,osiris4 ,9 lat] times ! goddesses 7 repres5t$ by two prie/esses ^: hair 0 %av$ (f & :o wore ram's-wool g>l&s ^u _! heads4 ,on ! arm ( "o 0 a fillet inscrib$ to ,isis1 & ! o!r wore a l b& inscrib$ to ,neph?ys4 ,set ,! cult ( ,set 0 ( ! greate/ antiquity1 & al?\gh 9 lat] times he 0 reg>d$ z evil p]sonifi$1 ?is 0 n 8 orig9al rle4 ,accord+ to ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis he 0 ! son ( ,geb & ,nut1 & !re=e bro!r ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 & ,neph?ys1 husb& ( ! latt] goddess & fa!r ( ,anubis4 ,^! relation%ips1 h[ev]1 7 all manufactur$ = him at a comp>atively late p]iod4 ,9 ! ,pyramid ,texts we f9d ,set act+ z a fri5d to ! dead1 & he ev5 assi/$ ,osiris to rea* heav5 by means ( a ladd]4 ,he is also associat$ ) ,horus & is reg>d$ z 8 equal4 ,b 9 "t !y came to be reg>d$ z mortal enemies1 :o 7 only prev5t$ f entirely de/roy+ "o ano!r by ! wise ,?o?4 ,horus ! ,eld] 0 ! god ( ! sky by day1 & ,set ! god ( ! sky by night4 ,! "o 0 9 fact ! direct opposite ( ! o!r4 ,! d]ivation ( ! "n ,set pres5ts _m difficulties ( elucidation4 ,! det]m9ative ( 8 hi]oglyph is ei!r ! figure ( an animal or a /one1 :i* latt] seems to symbolize ! /ony or des]t c\ntry on ei!r side ( ! ,nile4 ,z to ! animal :i* pictorially repres5ts him1 x has by no means be5 id5tifi$1 b v>i\s au?orities h lik5$ x to a camel & an okapi4 ,9 any case x mu/ h be5 a d5iz5 ( ! des]t inimical to man4 ,z ,horus 0 ! god ( ! ,nor?1 s 0 ,set god ( ! ,s\?4 ,dr4 ,brugs* consid]$ ,set symboliz$ ! d[nw>d motion ( ! sun 9 ! l[] hemisph]e1 ?us mak+ him ! s\rce ( ! de/ructive heat ( summ]4 ,z ! days began to %ort5 & ! nights to l5g!n x 0 ?\ght t he /ole ! light f ! sun-god4 ,he 0 likewise in/rum5tal 9 ! mon?ly de/ruction ( ! moon4 ,/orms1 e>?quakes1 & eclipses & all natural ph5om5a :i* caus$ d>kness 7 attribut$ to him1 & f an e?ical po9t ( view he 0 ! god ( s9 & evil4 ,we f9d ! my?s ( ! combat betwe5 ,set & ,horus evolv+ f a simple opposition ( day & night into a combat betwe5 ! two gods4 ,ra & ,osiris1 in/ead ( ,horus1 are sometimes rang$ aga9/ ,set4 ,! combat symboliz$ ! moral idea ( ! victory ( good ov] evil1 & ^? ( ! dead :o 7 ju/ifi$ 7 reg>d$ z hav+ ov]come ,set z ,osiris _h done4 ,9 8 combat ) ! sun-god ,set took ! =m ( ! mon/] s]p5t ,apep & 0 accompani$ by an army ( less] s]p5ts & reptiles ( e description4 ,9 lat] times we f9d him id5tifi$ ) ,typhon4 ,all des]t animals & ^? :i* inhabit$ ! wat]s 7 reg>d$ z ! *ildr5 ( ,set1 z 7 animals ) r$ hair or sk9s1 or ev5 r$-hair$ m54 ,su* animals 7 (t5 sacrific$ ritually 9 propitiation ( ,set4 ,9 ! mon? ,pa*ons an antelope & a black pig 7 sacrific$ to him 9 ord] to det] him f attack+ ! full moon1 & on ! great fe/ival ( ,h]u-,behudeti su* birds & fi% z 7 ?\ght to be ( 8 foll[+ 7 trodd5 und]foot to ! cry t ,ra _h triumph$ ov] 8 enemies4 ,set _h also a k+dom 9 ! nor!rn sky1 & 8 peculi> abode 0 ! ,great ,be>4 ,z 9 "s o!r c\ntries1 ! nor? 0 consid]$ by ! ,egyptians z ! place ( d>kness1 cold1 & dea?4 ,?us we f9d t by ! ,mexicans & ,maya ! abode ( ! god ( dea? 0 consid]$ to be ! nor?1 & t among ! latt] p ! hi]oglyph = ! nor? is a human bone plac$ be=e ! head ( ! dea?-god4 ,! goddess ,r]et1 :o has ! head & body ( a hippopotamus1 0 suppos$ to h ! evil influ5ce ( ,set 9 re/ra9t4 ,%e is pictur$ z hold+ d>kness fett]$ by a *a91 & is consid]$ to be a =m ( ,isis4 ,x 0 probably ab\t ! ,tw5ty-second ,dyna/y t ! wor%ip ( ,set began to decl9e1 & t he took on ! %ape ( an evil deity4 ,! !ory has be5 put =w>d t ! ,hyksos invad]s id5tifi$ him ) c]ta9 ( _! gods1 & t ?is suffic$ to br+ him into disrepute ) ! ,egyptians4 ,set & ! ,ass ,plut>*1 9 8 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 has an int]e/+ passage conc]n+ ! alleg$ resemblance betwe5 ! ass & ,set4 ,he says 7! translation is ! old "o ( ,squire73 ,h5ce _! ignom9i\s treatm5t ( ^? p]sons1 :om f ! r$ness ( _! complexions !y imag9e to be> a resemblance to him2 & h5ce likewise is d]iv$ ! cu/om ( ! ,coptites ( ?r[+ an ,ass d[n a precipice2 because x is usually ( ?is col\r4 ,nay1 ! inhabitants ( ,busiris & ,lycopolis c>ry _! dete/ation ( ?is animal s f>1 z nev] to make any use ( trumpets1 because ( ! similitude betwe5 _! s\nd & ! bray+ ( an ass4 ,9 a ^w1 ?is animal is 9 g5]al reg>d$ by !m z unclean & impure1 m]ely on acc\nt ( ! resemblance :i* !y conceive x be>s to ,typho2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is notion1 ^? cakes :i* !y (f] ) _! sacrifices dur+ ! la/ two mon?s ,pani & ,phaophi1 h ! impression ( an ass1 b\nd1 /amp$ ^u !m4 ,= ! same reason likewise1 :5 !y sacrifice to ! ,sun1 !y /rictly enjoyn all ^? :o approa* to wor%ip ! ,god1 nei!r to we> any gold ab\t !m1 nor to give prov5d] to any ass4 ,x is moreov] evid5t1 say !y1 t ev5 ! ,py?agoreans look$ ^u ,typho to h be5 ( ! rank or ord] ( ,demons1 z1 accord+ to !m1 'he 0 produc$ 9 ! ev5 numb] fifty-six4' ,= z ! p[] ( ! ,triangle is expressive ( ! nature ( ,pluto1 ,bac*us1 & ,m>s1 ! prop]ties ( ! ,squ>e ( ,rhea1 ,v5us1 ,c]es1 ,ve/a1 & ,juno2 ( ! ,dodecagon ( ,juppit]2 s1 z we are in=m$ by ,eudoxus1 is ! figure ( #ef angles expressive ( ! nature ( ,typho3 z !re=e all ! o!rs above-m5tion$ 9 ! ,py?agorean sy/em are look$ ^u z s _m ,g5ii or ,demons1 s 9 l mann] mu/ ?is latt] be reg>d$ by !m4 ',tis f ?is p]suasion likewise ( ! r$ complexion ( ,typho1 t ! ,egyptians make use ( no o!r bullocks 9 _! sacrifice b :at are ( ?is col\r4 ,nay1 s extremely curi\s are !y 9 ?is respect1 t if !re be s mu* z "o black or :ite hair 9 ! bea/1 'tis suffici5t to r5d] x improp] = ?is s]vice4 ,= 'tis _! op9ion1 t sacrifices ought n to be made ( su* ?+s z are 9 !mselves agreeable & well-pleas+ to ! ,gods1 b1 on ! contr>y1 r ( su* creatures :]e9 ! s\ls ( wick$ & unju/ m5 h be5 conf9$ dur+ ! c\rse ( _! transmigration4 ,h5ce sprang t cu/om1 :i* 0 =m]ly obs]v$ by !m1 ( pron\nc+ a solemn curse ^u ! head ( ! bea/ :i* 0 to be (f]$ 9 sacrifice1 & aft]w>ds ( cutt+ x (f & ?r[+ x into ! ,nile1 ?\gh n[ !y dispose ( x to =eign]s4 ,no bullock !re=e is p]mitt$ to be (f]$ to ! ,gods1 :i* has n ! seal ( ! ,sphragi/ fir/ /amp$ ^u x1 an ord] ( prie/s peculi>ly set ap>t = ?is purpose1 f :5ce likewise !y d]ive _! "n4 ,_! impress1 accord+ to ,ca/or1 is 'a man ^u 8 knees ) 8 h&s ti$ beh9d him & a sword po9t$ at 8 ?roat'4 ,nor is x f 8 col\r only t !y ma9ta9 a resemblance betwe5 ! ass & ,typho1 b f ! /upidity likewise & s5suality ( 8 disposition2 & agreeably to ?is notion1 hav+ a m p>ticul> hatr$ to ,o*us ?an to any o!r ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s :o reign$ ov] !m1 look+ ^u him z an execrable & abom9able wret*1 !y gave him ! nickname ( ! ,ass1 :i* drew ! foll[+ reply f t pr9ce1 ',b ?is ass %all d9e ^u y\r ox1' & accord+ly he slew ! ,apis3 ?is /ory is ?us relat$ by ,d9o4 ,9 c]ta9 phases ( 8 my? ,set is symboliz$ z a black pig4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 he is %[n by ,ra to ,horus1 & te>s ! latt]'s eye out ( 8 head4 ,anubis ,anubis1 or1 z ! ,egyptians call$ him1 ,an-pu1 01 accord+ to "s1 ! son ( ,osiris & ,neph?ys1 & to o!rs ! son ( ,set4 ,he _h ! head ( a jackal & ! body ( a man1 & 0 evid5tly symbolical ( ! animal :i* pr[l$ ab\t ! tombs ( ! dead4 ,8 wor%ip 0 ( great antiquity1 & x may be t 9 e>ly times he _h be5 a totem4 ,he 0 ! guide ( ! dead 9 ! und]world on _! way to ! abode ( ,osiris4 ,9 _m my?ologies a dog is ! companion ( ! dead man to ! o!rworld4 ,its rema9s are f\nd 9 prehi/oric graves2 9 bo? ,mexico & ,p]u dogs 7 sacrific$ at burial1 &1 inde$1 ! cu/om is a v widespread "o4 ,n[ x is n improbable t ,anubis may h typifi$ ! prehi/oric half-dome/icat$ jackal1 or e>ly type ( dog t 0 suppos$ to guide ! w&]] ?r\gh ! und]world4 ,plut>* says ( ,anubis t ! ,egyptians imag9e a resemblance betwe5 him & ! dog4 ,anubis 0 p>ticul>ly wor%ipp$ at ,lycopolis1 ,abt1 & else:]e4 ,he plays a prom95t "p 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 especially 9 ^? passages :i* are connect$ ) ! ju/ification & ! embalm+ ( ! deceas$4 ,he x 0 :o embalm$ ! body ( ,osiris4 ,inde$1 he r5d]$ great assi/ance to ! m\rn+ si/]s1 & 9 ?is he may typify ! fai?ful & helpful qualities ( ! dog4 ,?is is all ! m /rik+ if he is to be accept$ z ! son ( ,set1 & ! :ole evolution ( ! deity w\ld seem to imply t :]eas ! semi-savage1 half-dome/icat$ dog 0 orig9ally nocturnal & ( d\btful value1 "u dome/ication its virtues became app>5t4 ,x is probable t1 c\ld rese>* be pu%$ back to a suffici5tly remote epo*1 & did pa9t+s ( su* an e>ly p]iod exi/1 we %\ld f9d ,anubis pictur$ z ! fai?ful dog prec$+ ! deceas$ on ! j\rney to ! ,duat4 ,lat]1 :5 e deity 9 ! picture _h receiv$ a special function ?r\gh ! aid ( prie/ly +5uity1 & p]haps 9 an area :]e ! jackal or dog 0 totemic1 we f9d ! companion ( ! dead /ill accompany+ him inde$1 /ill 8 guide ?r\gh ! d>kness1 b 9 ! guise & ) ! attributes ( a full-gr[n deity4 ,h[ he came to be ! mummifi] ( ,osiris x w\ld1 inde$1 be h>d to say2 probably ! association or ! jackal ) ! burial-gr\nd w\ld acc\nt = ?is4 ,he 0 symbolical ( ! grave4 ,pr(essor ,petrie has put x on record t ! be/ guides to ,egyptian tombs are ! jackal-trails4 ,a spee* ( ,anubis 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 *apt] cli1 is sugge/ive ( 8 protective "*4 ,i h come1 he says1 to protect ,osiris4 ,9 _m c\ntries ! dog is dispat*$ ) ! deceas$ = ! purpose ( protect+ him aga9/ v>i\s grisly enemies he may meet on ! way to ,hades1 & x is n unlikely t ,anubis play$ a simil> "p 9 v e>ly times4 ,x is ! duty ( ,anubis to see t ! beam ( ! great balance :]e9 ! he>t ( ! deceas$ is weigh$ is 9 its prop] position4 ,z ,?o? acts = ! gods1 s ,anubis appe>s = ! dead man1 :om he also protects aga9/ ! ',eat] ( ! ,dead4' ,he also guid$ ! s\ls ( ! dead ?r\gh ! und]world1 be+ assi/$ 9 ?is duty by ,up-uaut1 ano!r jackal-head$ deity1 ^: "n signifies ',op5] ( ! ,ways4' ,^! gods h sometimes be5 conf\nd$ ) "o ano!r1 b 9 c]ta9 texts !y are sep>ately allud$ to4 ,! "n ( ! latt] deity is significant ( 8 probable e>ly function4 ,anubis1 ?9ks ,dr4 ,budge1 0 ! op5] ( ! roads ( ! nor?1 & ,up-uaut ( ^? ( ! s\?4 ,9 fact1 he says1 ,anubis 0 ! p]sonification ( ! summ] sol/ice1 & ,ap-uat ,up-uaut ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,he goes on to say t :5 !y appe> ) ! two ,ut*ats1 or eyes ( ,ra1 !y symbolize ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav5 & ( e>?1 & ! f\r seasons ( ! ye>4 ,plut>* has also a passage ^u ! a/ronomical significance ( ,anubis :i* seems f> f cle>4 ,at ,heliopolis1 ,anubis 0 to "s ext5t fus$ ) ,horus z reg>ds 8 attributes1 & 9 "s mann] he took on ! "* ( ! old fusion betwe5 ,horus & ,set1 9 ?is latt] connexion p]sonify+ dea? & decay4 ,9 ! ,gold5 ,ass ( ,apuleius we f9d t ,anubis _h vot>ies 9 ,rome1 & x is noticeable t 9 ?is acc\nt he is spok5 ( z hav+ a dog's head4 ,?o? ,?o?1 or ,tehuti1 0 a highly composite deity4 ,8 bir? 0 coeval ) t ( ,ra4 ,let u enum]ate 8 attributes be=e we seek to dis5tangle 8 significance4 ,he is allud$ to z ! c\nt] ( ! />s1 ! measur] & enum]ator ( ! e>?1 z be+ twice great & ?rice great "l ( books1 scribe ( ! gods1 & z possess+ k ( div9e spee*1 9 :i* he 0 'mighty4' ,9 g5]al he 0 figur$ 9 human =m ) ! head ( an ibis1 b sometimes he appe>s 9 ! %ape ( t bird4 ,he we>s ^u 8 head ! cresc5t moon & disk1 ! ,atef cr[n1 & ! cr[ns ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead he is drawn z hold+ ! writ+ re$ & palette ( ! scribe1 & z plac+ on 8 tablets ! records ( ! deceas$ ^: he>t is be+ weigh$ be=e him4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,?o? 0 totemic 9 "*1 z he belongs to ! cosmogonic or nature deities1 few or none ( :om 7 ( ?is type4 ,ano!r =m ( ,?o? is t ( ! dog-head$ ape1 :i*1 x has be5 /at$1 symbolizes 8 p[]s ( equilibrium4 ,8 pr9cipal seat ( wor%ip 0 ,h]mopolis1 :]e ,ra 0 suppos$ to h ris5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,to ,?o? 0 ascrib$ ! m5tal p[]s ( ,ra1 &1 inde$1 ! dicta ( ,ra seem to h come f 8 lips4 ,he 0 ! ,div9e ,spee* p]sonifi$4 ,b we are look+ ahead4 ,let u discov] 8 primitive significance be=e we enum]ate ! m or less complex attributes :i* are heap$ ^u him 9 lat] times4 ,x is pretty cle> t ,?o? is orig9ally a moon-god4 ,he is call$ ! 'great god' & '"l ( heav54' ,among primitive peoples ! moon is ! great regulator ( ! seasons4 ,a lun> cal5d> is inv>iably 9 use prior to ! introduction ( ! computation ( "t by sol> revolution4 ,! moon is ?us ! 'great measur]' ( primitive life4 ,?us primitive peoples speak ab\t ! 'se$ moon1' ! 'de] moon1' ! 'gra9' or 'h>ve/ moon1' & s on4 ,?o?1 !n1 0 a measur] because he 0 a moon-god1 & conv]sely because ( 8 lun> significance he 0 ! measur]4 ,z ,aah-,tehuti he symbolizes ! new moon1 z x is f ! fir/ appe>ance t "t is measur$ by primitive peoples4 ,8 eye signifies ! full moon 9 ! same mann] t ! eye ( ,ra signifies ! sun at mid-day4 ,b x also symbolizes ! left eye ( ,ra1 or ! cold half ( ! ye>1 :5 ! sun's rays 7 n s /rong4 ,x is sometimes also call$ ! 'black eye ( ,horus1' ! ':ite eye' be+ ! sun4 ,?is s]ves to illu/rate h[ greatly ! attributes ( ! ,egyptian deities _h become confus$4 ,z he 0 a moon-god1 s he 0 to "s ext5t connect$ ) moi/ure1 & we f9d him allud$ to 9 *apt] xcv ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead z a ra9 & ?und] god4 ,?o? z ,s\l-,record] ,x is1 h[ev]1 z ! record] ( s\ls be=e ,osiris t ,?o? 0 important 9 ! eyes ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood4 ,he held ?is (fice because ( 8 k ( lett]s & 8 gift ( kn[+ :at 0 "r or 9 equilibrium4 ,aga91 he _h ! p[] ( imp>t+ ! mann] 9 :i* words %\ld be correctly spok54 ,z has already be5 said1 ! mode ( spee*1 ! tone 9 :i* words 7 pron\nc$1 spelt success or failure 9 bo? pray] & magical incantations4 ,! secret ( ?is ,?o? taught to m51 & ?is x 0 t ! ,egyptians especially desir$ to le>n4 ,?r\gh ! =mula ( ,?o? ! gates ( ! ,duat 7 op5$ to ! deceas$1 & he 0 safegu>d$ aga9/ its t]rors4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 inde$ believ$ to be ! "w ( ,?o?1 z 0 ! ,book ( ,brea?+s1 a mu* lat] "w4 ,! ,greek writ]s ^u ?+s ,egyptian imag9$ ,?o?1 :om !y call$ ,trismegi/os1 or ,h]mes ! ,?rice ,great1 z ! prime s\rce ( all le>n+ & wisdom4 ,!y ascrib$ to him ! inv5tion ( ! sci5ces ( a/ronomy & a/rology1 ma!matics1 geometry1 & m$ic9e4 ,! lett]s ( ! alphabet 7 also 8 inv5tion1 f :i* sprang ! arts ( read+ & writ+4 ,accord+ to !m ! ',books ( ,?o?' 7 =ty-two 9 numb]1 & 7 divid$ into six classes1 deal+ ) law & !ology1 ! s]vice ( ! gods1 hi/ory1 geography & writ+1 a/ronomy & a/rology1 religi\s writ+s & m$ic9e4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t mo/ ( ?is mass ( mat]ial 0 ! "w ( ,alex&rian ,greeks sophi/icat$ by anci5t ,egyptian lore4 ,mat ,! goddess ,mat closely resembles ,?o?1 & has inde$ be5 reg>d$ z ! female c\nt]p>t ( t god4 ,%e 0 "o ( ! orig9al goddesses1 = :5 ! boat ( ,ra rose above ! wat]s ( ! primeval abyss ( ,nu = ! fir/ "t %e _h h] place 9 x beside ,?o?4 ,%e is symboliz$ by ! o/ri* fea!r1 :i* %e ei!r holds or :i* decorates h] headdress4 ,dr4 ,budge /ates t ! reason = ! association ( ! o/ri* fea!r ) ,mat is unkn[n1 z is ! primitive conception :i* und]lies h] "n4 ,b x is likely t ! equal-sid$ness ( ! fea!r1 its division into halves1 r5d]$ x a fitt+ symbol ( balance or equilibrium4 ,among ! ,maya ( ,c5tral ,am]ica ! fea!r d5ot$ ! plural numb]4 ,! ^w1 we are told1 indicates t :i* is /raight4 ,! "n ,mat ) ! anci5t ,egyptians came to imply any?+ :i* 0 true1 g5u9e1 or real4 ,?us ! goddess 0 ! p]sonification ( law1 ord]1 & tru?4 ,%e indicat$ ! regul>ity ) :i* ,ra rose & set 9 ! sky1 &1 assi/$ by ,?o?1 wrote d[n 8 daily c\rse = him e day4 ,9 ?is capacity %e is call$ ! 'daught] ( ,ra' & ! 'eye ( ,ra4' ,z ! p]sonification ( ju/ice h] moral p[] 0 imm5se & inexorable4 ,9 fact1 %e came to be reg>d$ z t fate f :om e man receives 8 des]ts4 ,%e sat 9 a hall 9 ! und]world to he> ! confessions ( ! dead1 ! door ( :i* 0 gu>d$ by ,anubis4 ,! deceas$ _h to satisfy =ty-two assessors or judges 9 ?is hall1 aft] :i* he proce$$ to ! pres5ce ( ,osiris1 :om he assur$ t he _h 'done ,mat1' & _h be5 purifi$ by h]4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! ,egyptian title ( :i*1 ,p]t em hru1 has be5 v>i\sly translat$ 'com+ =? by day' & ! 'manife/ation day1' is a great body ( religi\s compositions compil$ = ! use ( ! dead 9 ! o!rworld4 ,x is probable t ! "n _h a significance = ! ,egyptians :i* is incapable ( be+ r5d]$ 9 any mod]n language1 & ?is is borne out by ano!r ( its titles--',! *apt] ( mak+ p]fect ! ,khu' 7or _s74 ,texts deal+ ) ! welf>e ( ! dead & _! life 9 ! _w beyond ! grave are kn[n to h be5 9 use among ! ,egyptians z e>ly z #djjj ,b4,c4 ,! olde/ =m ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead kn[n to u is repres5t$ 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts4 ,) ! inv5tion ( mummification a m complete fun]>y ritual arose1 bas$ on ! hope t su* c]emonies z x impos$ w\ld ensure ! corpse aga9/ corruption1 pres]ve x = ev]1 & introduce x to a beatifi$ exi/5ce among ! gods4 ,almo/ imm$iately prior to ! dyna/ic era a great /imulus appe>s to h be5 giv5 to ! cult ( ,osiris ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,he _h n[ become ! god ( ! dead p> excell5ce1 & 8 dogma taught t f ! pres]v$ corpse w\ld spr+ a beautifi$ a/ral body1 ! future home ( ! _s ( ! deceas$4 ,x !re=e became necess>y to adopt measures ( ! greate/ precaution = ! pres]vation ( human rema9s4 ,! g5]ality ( ! texts compris$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead are 9 "o =m or ano!r ( mu* great] antiquity ?an ! p]iod ( ,m5a1 ! fir/ hi/orical k+ ( ,egypt4 ,inde$1 f int]nal evid5ce x is possible to %[ t _m ( ^! 7 revis$ or edit$ long be=e ! copies kn[n to u 7 made4 ,ev5 at z e>ly a date z #ccjj ,b4,c4 ! pr(essional writ]s :o transcrib$ ! anci5t texts appe> to h be5 s puzzl$ by _! cont5ts t !y h>dly und]/ood _! purport4#h ,dr4 ,budge /ates3 ,we are 9 any case ju/ifi$ 9 e/imat+ ! e>lie/ =m ( ! "w to be contemporane\s ) ! f\ndation ( ! civilization :i* we call ',egyptian' 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4#i ,a ',discov]y' #cdjj ,ye>s ,old ,a hi]atic inscription ^u ! s>cophagus ( ,que5 ,khnem-nef]t1 wife ( ,m5tu-hetep1 a k+ ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y 7c4 #bejj ,b4,c471 /ates t a c]ta9 *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 discov]$ 9 ! reign ( ,hesep-ti1 ! fif? k+ ( ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #dbff ,b4,c4 ,?is s>cophagus af=ds u two copies ( ! said *apt]1 "o imm$iately foll[+ ! o!r4 ,t z e>ly z #bejj ,b4,c4 a *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead %\ld be ref]r$ to a date almo/ #bjjj ye>s be=e t "t is a/\nd+1 & ! m9d reels be=e ! idea ( a tradition :i*1 dur+ comp>atively unlett]$ c5turies1 c\ld h cons]v$ a religi\s =mula almo/ unimpair$4 ,?us ?irty-f\r c5turies ago a portion ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 reg>d$ z extremely anci5t1 my/]i\s1 & difficult ( compreh5sion4 ,x w be not$ also t ! inscription on ! tomb ( ,que5 ,khnem-nef]t be>s out t ! *apt] 9 "q 0 'discov]$' ab\t #dbff ,b4,c4 ,if x 0 m]ely discov]$ at t e>ly era1 :at p]iods ( remot5ess lie betwe5 t epo* & ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ r$uc$ to writ+8 ,! description ( ! *apt] on ! s>cophagus ( ! royal lady /ates t ?is *apt] 0 f\nd 9 ! f\ndations b5ea? ! ,dwell] 9 ! ,h5nu ,boat by ! =eman ( ! build]s 9 ! "t ( ! k+ ( ! ,s\? & ,nor?1 ,hesep-ti1 ^: ^w is tru?2 & ! ,nebs5i ,papyrus says t ! *apt] 0 f\nd 9 ! city ( ,khem5nu or ,h]mopolis1 on a block ( alaba/]1 writt5 9 lett]s ( lapis-lazuli1 "u ! feet ( ! god4 ,x also appe>s f ! ,tur9 ,papyrus1 :i* dates f ! p]iod ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y1 t ! "n ( ! f9d] 0 ,h]u-ta-ta-f1 ! son ( ,*eops1 :o 0 at ! "t engag$ 9 a t\r ( inspection ( ! temples4 ,sir ,ga/on ,masp]o is d\btful conc]n+ ! importance :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! *apt] on ! tomb ( ,que5 ,khnem-nef]t1 b ,m4 ,naville consid]s ! *apt] 9 "q "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,a bas-relief ( ! ,second ,dyna/y be>s an inscription d$icat+ to ! %ade ( a c]ta9 prie/ ! =mula ( ! ?\s&s ( loaves ( bread1 ?\s&s ( jugs ( ale1 & s =?1 s common 9 lat] times4 ,we ?us see t #djjj ye>s ,b4,c4 x 0 reg>d$ z a religi\s duty to provide (f]+s ( meat & dr9k = ! dead1 & !re seems to be good evid5ce1 f ! nature ( ! =mula 9 "q1 t x _h become fix$ & rituali/ic by ?is p]iod4 ,?is passage w\ld appe> to ju/ify ! text on ! s>cophagus ( ! wife ( ,m5tu-hetep4 ,a few c5turies lat]1 ab\t ! "t ( ,s5ef]u 7c4 #cgff ,b4,c471 ! cult ( ! dead _h exp&$ greatly f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view1 & l>g] & m impos+ c5otaphs 7 provid$ = !m4 ,victori\s w>s _h br\ght mu* weal? to ,egypt1 & its inhabitants 7 bett] able to meet ! v consid]able exp5diture entail$ ^u !m by "o ( ! mo/ exp5sive cults kn[n to ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,9 ! reign ( ,m5-kau-,ra a revision ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! text ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead appe>s to h be5 und]tak54 ,! au?ority = ?is is ! rubrics atta*$ to c]ta9 *apt]s :i* /ate t !y 7 f\nd inscrib$ ^u a block ( alaba/] 9 lett]s ( lapis-lazuli 9 ! "t ( t mon>*4 ,we d n f9d a text compris+ ! ,book ( ! ,dead z a :ole until ! reign ( ,unas 7#cccc ,b4,c471 ^: pyramid 0 op5$ 9 #ahha by ,sir ,g4 ,masp]o4 ,! /one walls 7 cov]$ ) texts extremely difficult ( deciph]m5t1 because ( _! ar*aic "* & spell+1 among !m _m f ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,cont9u+ 8 excavations at ,saqq>ah1 ,masp]o made 8 way into ! pyramid ( ,teta 7#ccjj ,b4,c471 9 :i* he discov]$ inscriptions1 "s ( :i* 7 id5tical ) ^? 9 ! pyramid ( ,unas1 s t ! exi/5ce ( a fully =m$ ,book ( ! ,dead by ! "t ( ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y 0 prov54 ,additional texts 7 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,pepi ,i 7#cbcc ,b4,c474 ,f ?is x w be se5 t be=e ! close ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y five copies ( a s]ies ( texts1 =m+ ! ,book ( ! ,dead ( t p]iod1 are 9 evid5ce1 &1 z has be5 obs]v$1 !re is sub/antial pro( t its c]emonial 0 9 vogue 9 ! ,second1 & probably 9 ! ,fir/1 ,dyna/y4 ,its text cont9u$ to be copi$ & employ$ until ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x w\ld appe> t ea* *apt] ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead _h an indep5d5t orig91 & x is probable t _! inclusion & adoption into ! body ( ! "w 7 spread ov] _m c5turies4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! texts reflect *anges 9 !ological op9ion1 b ea* *apt] /&s by itself4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a traditional ord] 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! *apt]s4 ,! ,?ree ,rec5sions ,!re 7 ?ree rec5sions or v]sions ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead--! ,heliopolitan1 ! ,!ban1 & ! ,sate4 ,! ,heliopolitan ,rec5sion 0 edit$ by ! prie/s ( ! ,college ( ,anu1 or ,on1 kn[n to ! ,greeks z ,heliopolis1 & 0 bas$ ^u texts n n[ recov]able4 ,! ,pyramids ( ,unas1 ,teta1 & ,pepi conta9 ! orig9al texts ( ?is rec5sion1 :i* repres5t ! !ological sy/em introduc$ by ! prie/s ( ,ra4 ,! ess5tials ( ! primitive ,egyptian religion are1 h[ev]1 reta9$1 ! only modification 9 !m be+ ! introduction ( ! sol> doctr9e ( ,ra4 ,9 lat] times ! prie/hood ( ,ra 7 =c$ to ackn[l$ge ! supremacy ( ,osiris1 & ?is !ological defeat is visible 9 ! m mod]n texts4 ,betwe5 ! ,six? & ,elev5? ,dyna/ies ! prie/s ( ,on edit$ a numb] ( fre% *apt]s f "t to "t4 ,! ,!ban ,rec5sion 0 mu* 9 vogue f ! ,eighte5? to ! ,tw5ty-second ,dyna/ies1 & 0 usually writt5 ^u papyri & pa9t$ ^u c(f9s 9 hi]oglyphs4 ,ea* *apt] 0 pres]v$ di/9ct f ! o!rs1 b appe>s to h _h no di/9ct place 9 ! entire collection4 ,! ,sate ,rec5sion 0 def9itely arrang$ at "s date prior to ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y1 & is writt5 ^u c(f9s & papyri1 & also 9 hi]atic & demotic script4 ,x cont9u$ to be employ$ to ! end ( ! ,ptolemaic p]iod4 ,z we h previ\sly notic$1 ! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 = _! use f ! mom5t :5 !y f\nd !mselves inhabitants ( ! o!rworld4 ,magic 0 ! v ma9spr+ ( exi/5ce 9 t sph]e1 & unless a _s 0 acqua9t$ ) ! =mul :i* compell$ ! respect ( ! v>i\s gods & demons1 & ev5 ( inanimate objects1 x 0 helpless4 ,! region to :i* ! dead dep>t$ ! primitive ,egyptians call$ ,duat4 ,!y believ$ x to be =m$ ( ! body ( ,osiris4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z d>k & gloomy1 conta9+ pits ( fire & dreadful mon/]s :i* circl$ ! e>?1 & 0 9 its turn b\nd$ by a riv] & a l(ty *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,! "p ( x t 0 ne>e/ to ,egypt 0 reg>d$ z a description ( m+l$ des]t & =e/1 ?r\gh :i* ! s\l ( ! deceas$ might n hope to /ruggle unless guid$ by "s b5evol5t _s :o knew ! pa?s ?r\gh ?is c\ntry ( despair4 ,?ick d>kness cov]$ ev]y?+1 & "u veil ( ?is ! hide\s inhabitants ( ! place practis$ all sorts ( ho/ility to ! new-com]1 unless by ! use ( words ( p[] he c\ld prove 8 sup]iority ov] !m4 ,b !re 0 "o delectable "p 9 ?is horrid region--! ,sekhet ,hetepet1 ! ,elysian fields :i* conta9$ ! ,sekhet ,a>u1 or ! ,field ( ,re$s1 :]e dwelt ! god ,osiris & 8 company4 ,at fir/ he _h doma9 ov] ?is "p ( ! ,duat alone1 b gradually he succe$$ 9 ext5d+ x ov] ! entire c\ntry ( ! dead1 ( :i* he 0 mon>*4 ,we f9d also a god ( ! ,duat nam$ ,duati1 b :o appe>s to h be5 m a p]sonification ( ! region ?an any?+ else4 ,n[ ! wi% ( all good m5 0 to w9 to ! k+dom ( ,osiris1 & to t end !y made an exhau/ive /udy ( ! pray]s & ritual ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 9 ord] t !y might ! m easily p5etrate to ! region ( bliss4 ,?is !y might rea* by two ways--by l& & by wat]4 ,! pa? by wat] 0 no :it less dreadful ?an t by l&1 ! passage ( ! s\l be+ b>r$ by /reams ( fire & boil+ wat]1 & ! banks ( ! riv]s navigat$ 7 popul\s ) evil spirits4 ,! ,place ( ,re$s ,we le>n f ! ,!ban ,rec5sion t !re 7 sev5 halls or mansions 9 ! ,field ( ,re$s1 all ( :i* _h to be pass$ ?r\gh by ! s\l be=e x 0 receiv$ by ! god 9 p]son4 ,?ree gods gu>d$ ! door ( ea* hall--! doorkeep]1 wat*man1 & que/ion]4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! new-com] to address ea* god by 8 "n4 ,!re 7 also names = ! doors :i* mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,! "n ( ea* god 0 9 reality a spell consi/+ ( a numb] ( words4 ,! ,place ( ,re$s 0 divid$ into fifte5 regions1 ea* ( :i* 0 presid$ ov] by a god4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 call$ ,am5tet1 :]e dwelt ^? s\ls :o liv$ ^u e>?-(f]+s2 x 0 rul$ ov] by ,m5uqet4 ,! second 0 ,sekhet ,a>u1 ! ,field ( ,re$s prop]1 ! walls surr\nd+ :i* 7 =m$ ( ! /uff ( :i* ! sky is made4 ,"h dwelt ! s\ls1 :o 7 n9e cubits high1 "u ! rule ( ,ra ,h]u-,khuti1 & ?is place 0 ! c5tre ( ! k+dom ( ,osiris4 ,! ?ird 0 ! place ( ! _s-s\ls1 a region ( fire4 ,9 ! f\r? dwelt ! t]rible s]p5t ,sati-temui1 :i* prey$ on ! dead :o dwelt 9 ! ,duat4 ,! fif? region 0 inhabit$ by spirits :o f$ ^u ! %ad[s ( ! weak & helpless s\ls4 ,!y appe> to h be5 a description ( vampire4 ,! rema9+ regions 7 v simil> to ^!4 ,! ,j\rney ( ,osiris ,we f9d o!r descriptions ( ! ,duat 9 ! ,book ( ,gates & ! ,book ( ,him t is 9 ! ,duat1 9 :i* is outl9$ ! j\rney t ! sun-god makes ?r\gh ! o!rworld aft] he has set ^u ! e>?-_w4 ,imm$iately aft] s9k+ he takes ! =m ( ,osiris1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance is t ( a ram ) a man's head4 ,com+ to ! ante*amb] ( ! ,duat 9 ! we/1 8 entrance is h]ald$ by songs ( praise1 rais$ by ! ,ape-gods1 :ile s]p5ts bl[ fire f _! m\?s by ! light ( :i* 8 ,pilot-gods /e] 8 craft4 ,all ! doors are ?r[n op51 & ! dead1 reviv$ by ! e>?ly air :i* ,osiris c>ries ) him1 come to life aga9 = a brief h\r4 ,all ! creatures ( ?is portion ( ! ,duat are provid$ ) meat & dr9k by comm& ( ! god4 ,su* ( ! dead z dwell "h are ^? :o h fail$ to pass ! v>i\s te/s = entrance to 8 c\rt1 & all t !y exi/ = is ! mat]ial com=t provid$ = !m by ! brief diurnal passage ( ! deity4 ,:5 ! sun1 :o 9 ?is =m is kn[n z ,af ,ra1 rea*es ! entrance to ! second "p ( ! ,duat1 :i* is call$ ,urnes1 ! gods ( ! fir/ section dep>t f him1 & d n aga9 behold 8 face until ! foll[+ night4 ,at ?is po9t ! boat ( ,af ,ra is met by ! boats ( ,osiris & 8 att5dant gods1 & 9 ?is place also ,osiris desires t ! dead %\ld receive food1 light1 & air4 ,"h he grapples ) ! s]p5ts ,hau & ,neha-h]1 z d mo/ sun-gods dur+ ! "t ( d>kness1 &1 hav+ ov]come !m1 is l$ into ! ,field ( ! ,gra9-gods1 :]e he reposes = a :ile4 ,:5 !re he he>k5s to ! pray]s ( ! liv+ on behalf ( ! dead1 & takes acc\nt ( ! (f]+s made by !m4 ,cont9u+ 8 j\rney1 he trav]ses ! twelve sections ( ! ,duat4 ,9 "s ( ^! we see :at 7 probably q sep>ate realms ( ! dead1 su* z ! ,realm ( ,sek]1 a god :o is p]haps ( great] antiquity ?an ,osiris4 ,9 ?is place 8 boat is useless1 z !re is no riv] 9 ! gloomy k+dom ( ,sek]1 :i* appe>s completely ali5 to ,osiris4 ,he !re=e repeats words ( awful p[]1 :i* compel ! gods ( ! place to lead him by subt]ranean passages f :i* he em]ges into ,amhet1 :]e is situat$ a /ream ( boil+ wat]4 ,b he is n out ( ! k+dom ( ,sek] until he rea*es ! six? section1 :]e dwell ! dead k+s ( ,egypt & ! ',khu' or ,_s-s\ls4 ,x is at ?is po9t ( 8 j\rney t ,af ,ra turns 8 face t[>d ! ea/ & directs 8 c\rse to ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,sunrise2 previ\s to ?is he has be5 j\rney+ f ! s\? to ! nor?4 ,9 ! sev5? section he is jo9$ by ,isis & o!r deities1 & "h 8 pa? is ob/ruct$ by ! wick$ s]p5t ,apep1 ?r\gh ^: body ! att5dant deities drive _! dagg]s4 ,a company ( gods t[ him ?r\gh ! eigh? section1 b 8 vessel sails itself ?r\gh ! n9?1 & 9 ! t5? & elev5? he seems to pass ov] a s]ies ( lakes1 :i* may repres5t ! lagoons ( ! ea/]n delta4 ,9 ! latt] section 8 progress is light$ by a disk ( light1 encircl$ by a s]p5t1 :i* re/s ^u ! pr[ ( ! boat4 ,! twelf? section conta9s ! great mass ( cele/ial wat]s call$ ,nu1 & "h dwells ,nut1 ! p]sonification ( ! morn+4 ,be=e ! boat looms ! great s]p5t ,ankh-net]u1 & twelve ( ! gods1 tak+ hold ( ! t[-l9e1 ent] ?is s]p5t at ! tail & draw ! god 9 8 boat ?r\gh ! mon/r\s body1 br++ ,af ,ra out at its m\?2 b n z ,af ,ra1 = dur+ ?is passage he has be5 trans=m$ into ,khep]a1 9 :i* %ape he is t[$ into ! sky by twelve goddesses1 :o lead him be=e ,%u1 ! god ( ! atmosph]e ( ! t]re/rial _w4 ,%u places him 9 ! op5+ 9 ! semicircul> wall :i* =ms ! end ( ! twelf? section1 & he n[ appe>s to mortal eyes z a disk ( light1 hav+ disc>d$ 8 mummifi$ =m1 9 :i* he trav]s$ ! ,duat4 ,8 progress is foll[$ by ! acclamations ( 8 company ( gods1 :o fall ^u & de/roy 8 enemies & s+ hymns ( praise to him4 ,! ,duat1 z describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,gates1 diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! ,book ( ,him t is 9 ! ,duat1 b x also possesses twelve sections1 & a simil> j\rney is outl9$ 9 x4 ,! pr9cipal gods allud$ to 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead are3 ,tem or ,atmu1 ,nu1 ,ra1 ,khepra1 ,ptah1 ,ptah-,sek]1 ,khnemu1 ,%u1 ,set1 ,horus1 ,?o?1 ,neph?ys1 ,anubis1 ,am51 & ,anu--9 fact1 ! majority ( ! pr9cipal div9ities ( ,egypt4 ,besides ^! !re 7 _m less] gods & a great company ( spirits1 demons1 & o!r sup]natural be+s4 ,_m ( ^! demons 7 v anci5t =ms ( half-=gott5 deities4 ,x w be notic$ t at practically e /age ( 8 j\rney ,osiris left beh9d him "o or m ( 8 div9e companions1 :o h5ce=? 7 suppos$ to become ! rul]s or satraps ( ! regions 9 :i* he _h quitt$ !m4 ,s might an e>?ly ,ph>aoh rew>d 8 c\rti]s = s]vices r5d]$4 ,x 0 only dur+ ! ,middle ,k+dom t ! conception ( ,osiris z judge ( ! dead took def9ite =m & receiv$ g5]al recognition4 ,9 "o ( ! *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead we f9d him seat$ 9 a l>ge hall ! ro( ( :i* is cov]$ ) fire & symbols ( tru?4 ,be=e him are ! symbol ( ,anubis1 ! f\r sons ( ,horus1 & ! ,dev\r] ( ! ,we/1 a mon/] :o s]ves z 8 protector4 ,9 ! re> sit ! =ty-two judges ( ! dead4 ,! deceas$ makes 8 appe>ance be=e ! god & 8 he>t is plac$ 9 a great balance to be weigh$ by ,anubis1 ,?o?1 ! scribe ( ! gods1 /&+ by to note ! result ^u 8 tablets4 ,hav+ communicat$ ?is to ,osiris1 ! dead man1 if f\nd wor?y1 is pres5t$ to ! deity1 to :om he repeats a long pray]1 9 :i* he /ates t he has n committ$ any evil4 ,^? :o c\ld n pass ! te/ 7 hurri$ away1 & s f> z is kn[n 7 9 dang] ( be+ dev\r$ by a frightful mon/] call$ ,beby1 :i* await$ !m outside4 ,! ju/ifi$ deceas$ took "p 9 ! life ( ,osiris & ! o!r gods1 :i* appe>s to h be5 v mu* ! same z t ( ! ,egyptian ari/ocracy4 ,z has be5 said1 ! deceas$ might also trans=m himself into any animal =m he c>$4 ,! life ( ! ju/ifi$ dead is well outl9$ 9 an inscription on ! tomb ( ,pah]i1 pr9ce ( ,el ,kab1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,?\ goe/ 9 & out ) a glad he>t1 & ) ! rew>ds ( ! gods4444 ,?\ become/ a liv+ s\l2 ?\ ha/ p[] ov] bread1 wat]1 & air4 ,?\ *ange/ ?yself into a phnix or a swall[1 a sp>r[-hawk or a h]on1 z ?\ desire/4 ,?\ do/ cross 9 ! boat & art n h9d]$4 ,?\ saile/ ^u ! wat] :5 a flood arise?4 ,?\ live/ anew & ?y s\l is n p>t$ f ?y body4 ,?y s\l is a god toge!r ) ! illum9at$1 & ! excell5t s\ls speak ) !e4 ,?\ art among !m & 7v]ily7 receive/ :at is giv5 ^u e>?2 ?\ possesse/ wat]1 possesse/ air1 ha/ sup]abundance ( t :i* ?\ desire/4 ,?9e eyes are giv5 to !e to see1 & ?9e e>s to he> spee*1 ?y m\? speake?1 ?y legs move1 ?y h&s & arms be/ir !mselves = !e1 ?y fle% gr[s1 ?y ve9s are 9 heal?1 & ?\ feele/ ?yself well 9 all ?y limbs4 ,?\ ha/ ?9e upright he>t 9 ?y possession1 & ?y e>li] he>t belongs to !e4 ,?\ do/ m\nt up to heav51 & art summon$ ea* day to ! libation table ( ,w5n(re1 ?\ receive/ ! good :i* has be5 (f]$ to him & ! gifts ( ! ,lords ( ! necropolis4 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead is obvi\sly an allegory ( ! passage ( ! sun ?r\gh ! und]world4 ,! s9k+ ( ! sun at nightfall w\ld naturally ar\se 9 primitive man ?\ghts z to :]e ! lum9>y dwelt dur+ ! h\rs ( gloom1 = ! sun 0 to e>ly man a liv+ ?+4 ,he c\ld wat* its motion across ! sky1 & ! light & o!r b5efits :i* he receiv$ f x came to make him reg>d x z ! s\rce ( all good4 ,x appe>$ pla9 to him t its diurnal c>e] 0 cut %ort by ! attacks ( "s enemy1 & ! logical sequel ( ! belief 9 ! sol> deity z a b5efic5t p[] 0 ( c\rse t ! =ce ho/ile to him mu/ be ( evil disposition4 ,x came to be figur$ z a s]p5t or dragon :i* nightly battl$ ) ! lum9>y & = a season prevail$4 ,! gods ( _m religions h to desc5d into ! o!rworld to d battle ) ! =ces ( dea? & hell4 ,we may see an analogy to ! ,book ( ! ,dead 9 ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,popol ,vuh1 9 :i* two h]o-gods1 ! sons & nephews ( ! sun & ! moon1 desc5d into ! d>k abyss ( ! ,maya ,hades1 r\t its =ces1 & return triumphant4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,book ( ! ,dead 0 no?+ m or less ?an ! ritual ( a secret bro!rhood1 & t ! v>i\s halls m5tion$ 9 x symboliz$ ! sev]al /ages ( initiation ?r\gh :i* ! memb]s _h to pass4 ,x is curi\s t 9 8 rec5t int]e/+ book on ,mexican ,ar*ology ,mr4 ,t4 ,a?ol ,joyce1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 has m5tion$ t ! c\rt ( ! ,maya und]world1 z allud$ to 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 seems to h be5 conduct$ on ! pr9ciple ( a secret society ) a def9ite =m ( initiation4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 & simil> ,greek initiatory c]emonies1 7 conc]n$ ) ! life ( ! und]world1 especially ) ! /ory ( ,demet] & ,kore1 or ,c]es1 & t a !atric repres5tation ( ! w&]+s ( ! "m 9 se>* ( h] daught] 9 ! und]world 0 giv5 9 ! c\rse ( ! c]emonial4 ,^! ,greek deities1 besides be+ gods ( ! dead1 7 gods ( agriculture--corn-gods2 b gods ( ! und]world (t5 presid$ ov] ! gr[? ( ! crops1 z x 0 believ$ t ! gra9 g]m9at$ und]nea? ! e>? by _! influ5ce4 ,= example1 we f9d 9 ! ,popol ,vuh t ,xquiq1 daught] ( "o ( ! lords ( ! und]world1 0 able to reap a field ( maize 9 a few m9utes 9 a spot :]e be=e !re _h be5 none4 ,all ?is w\ld seem to po9t to ! probability t if ! ,book ( ! ,dead did n conta9 an e>ly type ( initiatory c]emonial1 x may h p[]fully influ5c$ ! c]emonial ( my/]ies :5 !y arose4 ,! my/]ies ( ! ,cabiri1 = example1 are suppos$ to be ( ,egyptian orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be possible t ! ,book ( ! ,dead repres5ts ! c]emonial ( an old] prehi/oric my/]y1 :i* _h be5 =gott5 by ! dyna/ic ,egyptians4 ,savage races all ov] ! _w possess su* my/]ies4 ,! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,blackfell[s ( ,au/ralia possess mo/ elaborate initiatory c]emonies2 & x is q possible t ! ,book ( ! ,dead may pres]ve ! ritual ( ,neoli?ic savages :o practis$ x ?\s&s ( ye>s prior to its connexion ) ! wor%ip ( ,osiris4 ,! ,place ( ,puni%m5t ,al?\gh !re does n appe> to h be5 a portion ( ! ,duat specially res]v$ = ! wick$1 !y 7 suffici5tly torm5t$ 9 _m ways to r5d] _! exi/5ce a puni%m5t = any misde$s committ$ dur+ life4 ,at "o end ( ?is region 7 pits ( fire :]e grisly deities presid$1 sup]9t5d+ ! de/ruction ( ! bodies ( ! deceas$ & hack+ !m to pieces be=e !y 7 burn$4 ,_! puni%m5t 01 h[ev]1 mitigat$ by ! appe>ance ( ,ra-,osiris on 8 nightly j\rney1 = z he advanc$ _! torm5ts ceas$ = ! "t be+4 ,! deities :o inflict$ puni%m5t ^u ! damn$ 7 ! enemies ( ,ra-,osiris--p]sonifications ( d>kness1 night1 fog1 mi/1 vap\r1 tempe/1 w9d1 & s =?1 & ^! 7 de/roy$ daily by ! fi]y beams ( ! lum9>y4 ,^! 7 pictur$ 9 human =m1 & ! sc5es ( _! de/ruction by fire h (t5 be5 mi/ak5ly suppos$ to repres5t ! burn+ ( ! s\ls ( ! doom$4 ,?is evil ho/ 0 r5ew$ ) e revolution ( ! sun1 s t a fre% phalanx ( enemies appe>$ to attack ,ra ea* night & morn+4 ,x 0 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 dawn & sunrise t !y 7 discomfit$ & puni%$4 ,! s\ls ( ! doom$ 7 9 no wise enabl$ to h9d] ! progress ( ,ra1 b 9 lat] times ^! 7 9 "s measure id5tifi$ ) ! enemies ( ,ra1 ) :om !y dwelt & :om !y assi/$ to attack ! sun-god4 ,9 ! /rife :i* ensu$ !y 7 pi]c$ by ! fi]y sun-rays1 symboliz$ z d>ts or spe>s1 & ! knives :i* hack$ _! bodies 9 pieces 7 typical ( ! flames ( fire emanat+ f ! body ( ,ra4 ,! lakes & pits ( fire 9 :i* !y 7 subm]g$ typifi$ ! appe>ance ( ! ea/]n heav5s at sunrise4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! ,egyptian cre$ to ju/ify ! belief 9 ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 & su* a view is unsupport$ by ! mat]ial ( ! texts4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no p>allel 9 ! ,egyptian religion to ! ,geh5na ( ! ,hebrews1 or ! ,purgatory & ,hell ( m$ieval ,europe4 ,! ,egyptian idea ( dea? did n include ! conception ( ! resurrection ( a second physical body 9 ! und]world1 b1 %\ld ! physical body be de/roy$1 !y consid]$ t ! ka or d\ble1 ! %ad[ & _s ( man1 might also p]i%4 ,x is /range1 all ! same1 to obs]ve t ! ,egyptian idea ( tempor>y puni%m5t aft] dea? appe>s to h col\r$ ! m$ieval ,*ri/ian conception ( t /ate ?r\gh ,coptic s\rces4 ,inde$1 ! ,coptic ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt appe> to h borr[$ ! idea ( puni%m5t 9 ! ,duat almo/ entire f _! pagan ance/ors or contempor>ies4 ,aml9eau cites a ,coptic "w 9 :i* a dead ,egyptian tells h[ at ! h\r ( dissolution av5g+ angels collect$ ar\nd him ) knives & o!r weapons1 :i* !y ?ru/ ?r\gh & ?r\gh him4 ,o!r spirits tore 8 s\l f 8 body &1 secur+ x to ! back ( a black horse1 gallop$ (f ) x to ,am5tet4 ,on arrival !re he 0 fir/ tortur$ 9 a place fill$ ) noisome reptiles1 & 0 !n ?ru/ into out] d>kness4 ,he fell into ano!r pit at lea/ two hundr$ feet deep1 9 :i* 7 assembl$ reptiles ( e description1 ea* hav+ sev5 heads1 & "h he 0 giv5 ov] to a s]p5t :i* _h tee? l iron /akes4 ,f ,monday to ,friday ( ea* week ?is mon/] gnaw$ & tore at ! doom$ wret*1 :o re/$ only f ?is torm5t on ,saturday & ,sunday4 ,9 ! circum/ance t x does n posit et]nal puni%m5t1 ! region ( torm5t1 if s x c be nam$1 diff]s f simil> ideas 9 o!r my?ologies2 b 9 ! ess5ce conc]n+ ! nature ( ! puni%m5t met$ out1 ! cutt+ ) knives1 /abb+ ) spe>s1 burn+ ) fire1 & s =?1 x is practically at "o ) ! und]worlds ( o!r fai?s4 ,! sc5]y ( ! ,egyptian inf]nal regions also closely resembles t ( its equival5ts 9 o!r my?ologies4 ,x 0 n to be suppos$ t ! ,egyptians1 ) _! elaborate precautions aga9/ bodily attack aft] dea?1 %\ld believe 9 et]nal puni%m5t4 ,!y may h believ$ 9 puni%m5t = ea* o!r1 b x is highly improbable t any ,egyptian :o _h devot$ any "t to ! /udy ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead believ$ t he himself 0 doom$4 ,8 :ole future1 accord+ to t book1 hung ^u 8 k ( ! words ( p[] writt5 !re91 & surely no "o ) su* a comp>atively easy means ( escape c\ld h be5 s fooli% z to neglect x4 ,! ,egyptian ,heav5 ,z has be5 said1 ! exact position ( heav5 does n appe> to h be5 locat$1 b x may be said 9 a g5]al s5se t ! ,egyptians believ$ x to be plac$ some:]e above ! sky4 ,!y call$ x ,pet1 :i* expression !y us$ 9 contradi/9ction to ! ^w ,nu1 mean+ sky4 ,! heav5s & ! sky !y reg>d$ z a slab1 ea* end ( :i* re/$ on a support =m$ ( ! two m\nta9s ,bakhau & ,manu1 ! m\nta9s ( sunrise & sunset4 ,9 primitive times heav5 0 conceiv$ z consi/+ ( two portions1 ! ea/ & ! we/2 b lat] x 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 plac$ "u ! sov]eignty ( a god4 ,?is region 0 support$ by f\r pill>s1 ea* ( :i* aga9 0 "u ! direction ( a deity1 & at a comp>atively late p]iod an extra pill> 0 add$ to support ! middle4 ,9 "o my? we f9d ! heav5s spok5 ( z repres5t+ a human head1 ! sun & moon =m+ ! eyes1 & ! supports ( heav5 be+ =m$ by ! hair4 ,! gods ( ! f\r qu>t]s :o gu>d$ ! orig9al pill>s 7 ^? deities kn[n z ,canopic 7see p4 #bh71 or o!rwise call$ ! ,*ildr5 ( ,horus4 ,9 heav5 dwelt ! great god ,ra1 :o sat ^u a metal ?rone1 ! sides ( :i* 7 emboss$ ) ! faces ( lions & ! ho(s ( bulls4 ,8 tra9 or company surr\nd$ him1 & 0 9 its turn encircl$ by ! less] companies ( deities4 ,ea* ( ! gods :o presid$ ov] ! _w & ! ,duat _h also 8 own place 9 heav54 ,b5ea? ! less] gods aga9 came be+s :o might well be describ$ z angelical4 ,fir/ among ^! 7 ! ,%emsu-h]u1 or foll[]s ( ,horus1 :o wait$ ^u ! sun-god1 &1 if necess>y1 came to 8 protection4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z be+ ess5tial to 8 welf>e4 ,next came ! ,a%emu1 ! attributes ( :i* are unkn[n1 & aft] ^? ! ,h5memet1 p]haps s\ls :o 7 to become human be+s1 b _! /atus is by no means cle>4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to live ^u gra9 & h]bs4 ,!re 7 also be+s call$ ,ut5nu & ,afa1 reg>d+ ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* absolutely no?+ is kn[n4 ,foll[+ ^! came an innum]able ho/ ( spirits1 s\ls & s =?1 *iefly ( ^? :o _h once dwelt ^u ! e>?1 & :o 7 kn[n collectively z '! liv+ ones4' ,! ,egyptians ?\ght ^! might w&] ab\t ! e>? & return to heav5 at c]ta9 fix$ times1 ! idea aris+ probably because !y wi%$ to provide a future = ! body z well z = ! s\l & _s4 ,z expla9$ previ\sly1 ! gods ( heav5 _h _! complem5ts or d\bles on e>?1 & man 9 "s degree 0 suppos$ to p>take ( ?is dual nature4 ,! ,egyptian conception ( heav5 alt]$ sl[ly ?r\gh\t ! c5turies4 ,an exam9ation ( ! e>lie/ records available %[s t ! idea ( exi/5ce aft] dea? 0 a sort ( %ad[y ext5sion ( ! life ( ?is _w4 ,su* an idea is common to all primitive races4 ,z !y progress$1 h[ev]1 ?is conception became entirely *ang$ & a m spiritual "o took its place4 ,! s\l1 ba1 & ! _s1 khu1 :i* 7 usually repres5t$ z a hawk & a h]on 9 ! hi]oglyphic texts1 p>took ( heav5ly food & became "o ) ! gods1 & 9 "t became unit$ ) ! glorifi$ body or heav5ly frame1 s t ! s\l-_s1 p[]1 %ade1 d\ble1 & "n ( ! deceas$ 7 all collect$ 9 ! "o heav5ly body kn[n z sahu1 :i* may be describ$ z ! spiritual body4 ,x 0 consid]$ to gr[ out ( ! dead body1 & its exi/5ce became possible ?r\gh ! magic c]emonies p]=m$ & ! words ( p[] spok5 by ! prie/s dur+ ! burial s]vice4 ,h[ ! ,bless$ ,liv$ ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead x is /at$ t ! spirits ( heav5 are 9 numb] #d1fja1bjj4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is numb] 0 probably ! ,egyptian enum]ation ( all ^? human spirits :o _h di$ & _h atta9$ to heav52 b ?is is h>dly probable1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! spirits employ$ _! "t is a little obscure4 ,"s direct$ ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 o!rs accompani$ ! great gods 9 _! j\rney ?r\gh ! heav5s2 :ile /ill o!rs sup]9t5d$ mundane affairs4 ,!y *ant$ et]nal praises ( ,ra z supreme mon>* ( ! gods1 & _! hymns describ$ ! wond]s ( 8 p[] & glory4 ,!y liv$ ^u ! rays ( light :i* fell f ! eye ( ,horus--t is1 !y 7 n\ri%$ ^u sunlight1 s t 9 "t _! bodies became :olly compos$ ( light4 ,accord+ to "o my? ! gods !mselves liv$ ^u a species ( plant call$ ! 'plant ( life1' :i* appe>s to h gr[n beside a great lake4 ,b su* a conception is 9 consonance ) an almo/ sep>ate !ological idea to ! effect t ! deceas$ dwelt 9 a ,p>adise :]e luxuriant gra9-fields 7 wat]$ by num]\s canals1 & :]e mat]ial delights ( e k9d ab\nd$4 ,x 0 p]haps ?is place 9 :i* ! 'bread ( et]nity' & ! 'be] ( et]nity1' ! cele/ial fig-tree1 & o!r su* conceptions 7 suppos$ to =m ! food ( ! dead4 ,! bless$ 7 suppos$ to be array$ 9 g>m5ts simil> to ^? :i* clo!d ! gods1 b c]ta9 ( !m seem to h worn :ite l95 app>el1 ) :ite s&als on _! feet4 ,all ?is goes to %[ t ! heav5 ( ! primitive ,egyptians 0 no?+ m ?an an ext5sion ( t]re/rial conditions1 or p]haps x might be said an improvem5t ^u !m4 ,s long z ! ,egyptian _h ! :]e)al to make bread & to brew be]1 & _h cleanly g>m5ts1 & %elt] "u a home/ead ! gr\nd r\nd :i* 0 int]sect$ ) num]\s canals1 he consid]$ t to be ! be/ ( all possible heav5s4 ,! crops1 ( c\rse1 w\ld gr[ ( !mselves4 ,! :ole idea 0 q a mat]ial "o1 if ! life 0 simple b com=table4 ,!re is no?+ sophi/icat$ ab\t ! ,egyptian heav5 l ! ,mohamm$an or ,*ri/ian realms ( bliss2 ev5 ! mann] ( rea*+ x 0 primitive1 ! e>ly dwell]s by ! ,nile imag9+ t !y c\ld rea* x by climb+ on to its metal floor by way ( ! m\nta9s :i* support$ x1 & _! lat] desc5dants believ+ t a ladd] 0 necess>y = ! asc5t4 ,9 _m tombs models ( ^! ladd]s 7 plac$ s t ! dead p might make use ( _! a/ral c\nt]p>ts to ga9 ! cele/ial regions4 ,ev5 ,osiris requir$ su* a ladd]1 & 0 help$ to asc5d x by ,ra & ,horus1 or by ,horus & ,set4 ,_m pictures ( su* ladd]s are also f\nd 9 v>i\s papyri ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead :i* 7 plac$ 9 tombs4 ,its l5g? 0 regulat$ by ! deceas$ himself accord+ to ! p[] ( ! magical words he pron\nc$ ov] x4 ,! deceas$ by words ( p[] 0 fur!r enabl$ to turn himself into _m bird & animal %apes4 ,x is difficult to und]/& ! reason = ^! animal trans=mations 9 ,p>adise1 b ! conception has a p>allel 9 ! idea ( ! ,aztec w>riors t :5 !y ent]$ ! doma9 ( ! sun-god !y w\ld accompany him 9 8 c\rse & w\ld desc5d to e>? dur+ "p ( 8 daily j\rney 9 ! %ape ( humm+-birds4 #a ,see ,zeits*rift fr ,aeg4 ,spra*e1 li4 p4 #abg3 ,! ,cult ( ! ,dr[n$ 9 ,egypt4 #b ,! moon is always mascul9e 9 ,egypt4 ,i am "h foll[+ ,plut>*4--,,au?or4 #c ,ano!r v]sion gives ! *ildr5 ( ,nut ?us3 ,osiris1 ,isis1 ,set1 ,neph?ys1 & ,anubis4 #d ,lang /ates 7art4 ,my?ology 9 ,encyclopdia ,britannica7 t ! ,osirian my? orig9at$ 9 ! same sort ( fancy z ! ,pacullic /ory ( ! dismemb]$ beav] out ( ^: body ?+s 7 made4 #e ,gold5 ,b\gh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg4 #f ,see ,m4,a4 ,murray1 ,osireion at ,abydos1 p4 #bf4 #g ,or ,seb4 #h ,masp]o1 ,recueil de ,travaux1 vol4 iv1 p4 #fb4 #i ,book ( ! ,dead1 ,papyrus ( ,ani1 vol4 i1 p4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,v3 ,,! ,,great ,,gods ,ra1 ! ,sun-,god ,ra1 ! great god ( ! sun1 appe>s to h occupi$ a prom95t position 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! ,egyptians ( lat] days appe> to h ?\ght t ! "n 0 9 "s way associat$ ) creation4 ,sun-wor%ip 9 ,egypt 0 v anci5t1 & x is probable t a numb] ( sun-cults became fus$ 9 t ( ,ra4 ,x is c]ta91 inde$1 t ?is 0 ! case ) ! cult ( ! hawk-god ,h]u or ,horus4 ,bo? ( ^! deities are usually figur$ ) ! body ( a man & ! head ( a hawk1 b !y sometimes h ! v]itable =m ( t bird4 ,! hawk 9 ,egypt appe>s to h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! sun f ! e>lie/ times4 ,its p[] ( flight & ! heights to :i* x c rise 7 probably ! reasons assign$ = its association ) ! great lum9>y ( day4 ,b 9 _m l&s birds ( heav5-aspir+ flight h symboliz$ ! sun4 ,among sev]al ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes ! eagle typifies ! sun4 ,! condor typifi$ ! orb ( day 9 anci5t ,p]u1 & p]haps ! eagle did ! same 9 "s aspects ( ! ,mexican religion4 ,b x is n always birds ( l(ty flight :i* typify ! sun4 ,?us ! quetzal bird seems to h /ood = x 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & 9 ! same c\ntries ! humm+-bird or colibri 0 sometimes associat$ ) x4 ,x is /range t j z we f9d ! bird & ! s]p5t comb9$ 9 ! ,mexican god ,quetzalcoatl1 s we discov] !m to "s ext5t associat$ 9 ,ra1 :o we>s z 8 symbol ! disk ( ! sun encircl$ by ! s]p5t ,khut4 ,! ,egyptians _h sev]al v>y+ conceptions z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! sun cross$ ! heav5s4 ,"o ( ^! 0 t x sail$ ov] ! wat]y mass ( ! sky 9 relays ( boats or b>ques4 ,?us ! ris+ sun occupi$ ! b>que ,manzet1 :i* means 'gr[+ /rong1' & ! ev5+ sun 0 f]ri$ to ! place ( sett+ by ! b>que ,mesektet1 :i* means 'gr[+ weak1' 9 bo? ( :i* names w be readily discov]$ allegorical titles = ! ris+ & sett+ sun4 ,! def9ite pa? ( ,ra across ! sky _h be5 plann$ at ! "t ( creation by ! goddess ,mat1 :o p]sonifi$ ju/ice & ord]4 ,! daily voyage ( ,ra 0 assi/$ by a company ( fri5dly deities1 :o navigat$ 8 b>que to ! place ( ! sett+ sun1 ! c\rse be+ set out by ,?o? & ,mat1 :ile ,horus act$ z /e]sman & comm&]4 ,on ea* side ( ! boat swam "o ( two pilot fi%es call$ ,abtu & ,ant1 b1 not)/&+ ! assi/ance ( 8 fell[ deities1 ! b>que ( ,ra 0 con/antly beset by ! mo/ grisly mon/]s & demons1 :o /rove to put e ob/acle 9 ! way ( its successful passage4 ,by f> ! mo/ pot5t ( ^! 0 ! s]p5t ,apep1 :o p]sonifi$ ! d>kness ( night1 & conc]n+ :om we ga9 mu* in=mation f ! ,book ( ,ov]?r[+ ,apep1 :i* gives spells & o!r in/ructions = ! *eckmat+ ( ! mon/]1 :i* 7 recit$ daily 9 ! temple ( ,am5-,ra at ,!bes4 ,9 ^! ,apep is ref]r$ to z a crocodile & a s]p5t1 & x is describ$ h[ by ! aid ( sympa!tic magic he is to be spe>$1 cut ) knives1 decapitat$1 roa/$1 & f9ally consum$ by fire1 & 8 evil foll[]s also4 ,^! magical acts 7 duly c>ri$ out at ,!bes day by day1 & x 0 suppos$ t !y greatly assi/$ ! j\rney ( ! sun-god4 ,9 ,apep we h a figure su* z is kn[n 9 ne>ly e my?ology4 ,he is ! mon/] :o daily combats )1 & f9ally succe$s 9 dev\r+1 ! sun4 ,he is ! same z ! dragons :i* f\ght ) ,be[ulf ! sun-h]o1 z ! night-dragon ( ,*9ese my?ology1 z ! ,f5ris-wolf ( ,sc&9avian /ory1 & ! multitud9\s mon/]s ( fable1 leg5d1 & romance4 ,we f9d 8 c\nt]p>t also 9 ! ,babylonian dragon ,tiamat1 :o 0 sla9 by ,m>duk4 ,rat ,9 ! late p]iod !re 0 inv5t$ = ,ra a female c\nt]p>t1 ,rat1 :o is depict$ z a woman hav+ on h] head a disk ) horns & a uru4 ,%e does n seem to h be5 ( any great importance1 & p]haps only sprang f ! idea t e great deity mu/ h 8 female d\ble4 ,! wor%ip ( ,ra 9 ,egypt dur+ ! dyna/ic p]iod 0 c5tr$ 9 ! city ( ,anu1 ,on1 or ,heliopolis1 ab\t five miles f ! mod]n ,cairo4 ,! prie/s ( ! god _h settl$ !re dur+ ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 ! fir/ k+ ( :i*1 ,us]-ka-f1 0 high-prie/ ( ! god1 a circum/ance :i* d5otes t ! cult mu/ ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod 7#ccej ,b4,c47 h ga9$ great asc5dancy 9 t "p ( ,egypt4 ,an anci5t leg5d describes h[ ! prog5y ( ,ra fir/ ga9$ ! ,egyptian ?rone1 & w be f\nd on page #bjj4 ,?is tradition proves t 9 e>ly times ! k+s ( ,egypt believ$ !mselves to h be5 desc5d$ f ,ra1 :o1 x 0 affirm$1 _h once rul$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & ^: blood fl[$ 9 ! ve9s ( ! entire ,egyptian royal family4 ,inde$1 ,ra 0 said to h be5 ! actual fa!r ( sev]al ,egyptian k+s1 :o 7 !re=e reg>d$ z gods inc>nate4 ,su* prie/ly fictions gave ! !ocratic class add$ p[]1 until at la/ ! wor%ip ( ,ra practically sup]s$$ t ( almo/ e o!r deity 9 ! ,nile valley1 ^! be+ absorb$ into ! !ological sy/em ( ! prie/s ( ,heliopolis1 & grant$ subord9ate positions 9 ! gr\p :i* surr\nd$ ! great sun-god4 ,fusion ( ,my?s ,x is n 9 ,egypt alone t we f9d su* a/ute subt]fuges made to subs]ve ! purposes ( ! prie/hood4 ,9 mo/ my?ologies we discov] t leg5ds ( creation & ( ! orig9 ( deities h 9 _m cases be5 manufactur$ f two or m my?s :i* h be5 s skilfully amalgamat$ t x is only by ! mo/ c>eful & pati5t /udy t !y c be resolv$ into _! orig9al compon5ts4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis t beside ! exi/5ce ( ,jahveh1 ! creative p[]1 we h evid5ces ( a poly!i/ic pan!on call$ ,elohim4 ,?is %[s t two acc\nts ( ! ,hebrew creation1 ! "o mono!i/ic & ! o!r poly!i/ic1 h become fus$ toge!r4 ,p]haps "o ( ! be/ examples ( ?is dovetail+ ( my?s is to be f\nd 9 "o ( ! creation leg5ds ( ,p]u1 9 :i* philosophic skill has fus$ all ! =ms ( wor%ip ?r\gh :i* ,p]uvian ?\ght pass$ into "o def9ite :ole4 ,?us ! v>i\s /ages ( belief f simple animism to an?ropomorphism are visible to ! /ud5t ( my?ology 9 p]us+ ?is "o leg5d4 ,t ! same feat _h be5 accompli%$ by ! ,ki*es ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 9 _! wond]ful book1 ! ,popol ,vuh1 0 %[n by ! writ] 9 an article pr9t$ 9 ! ,times "s ye>s ago4 ,! orig9al local god ( ,heliopolis 0 ,tem or ,atum1 :o 0 unit$ ) ,ra z ,ra-,tem4 ,! p[] ( ! prie/s ( ,ra decl9$ some:at ab\t ! close ( ! ,six? ,dyna/y1 b 9 ! reign ( ,s5us]t ,i#a 7c4 #bdcc ,b4,c47 ! temple at ,heliopolis 0 rebuilt1 be+ d$icat$ to ,ra & to two ( 8 =ms1 ,horus & ,temu4 ,9 ?is temple 7 kept models ( ! sacr$ boats ( ,ra1 ! ,manzet1 conta9+ a hawk-head$ figure ( ,ra1 & ! ,mesektet1 a man-head$ /atue ( him4 ,primitive z is ! nature ( sun-wor%ip1 x possesses elem5ts :i* enable x to survive :]e _m m advanc$ & complicat$ cults succumb4 ,ev5 9 su* a c\ntry1 side by side ) an ari/ocracy ( real intellig5ce b limit$ opportunities1 !re mu/ naturally h exi/$ millions ( peasants & helots :o 7 only to be di/+ui%$ f savages because ( _! contact ) _! sup]iors & _! settlem5t z an agricultural race4 ,to !m ! sun w\ld1 x might be ?\ght1 appe> z ! god p> excell5ce1 ! great quick5] & fructifi]2 b we f9d ! cult ( ,ra m or less ( an ari/ocratic !ological sy/em1 9 e>ly times at lea/2 & = ! cult ( ! p we h to turn to ! wor%ip ( ,osiris4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ p>allel to ! wor%ip ( ,ra 9 ,egypt is to be f\nd 9 t ( ! sun 9 anci5t ,p]u4 ,j z ! mon>* ( ,p]u p]sonifi$ ! sun on e>?1 & act$ z 8 reg5t 9 ! t]re/rial sph]e1 s ! ,egyptian mon>*s /yl$ !mselves 'sons ( ! sun4' ,9 bo? in/ances ! sol> cult 0 em95tly ari/ocratic 9 "*4 ,?is is prov$ by ! circum/ance t ! p>adise ( ,ra 0 a sph]e m spiritual by f> ?an t ( ,osiris1 ) its purely mat]ial delights4 ,^? happy en\gh to ga9 ! heav5 ( ! sun-god 7 clo!d ) light1 & _! food 0 describ$ z 'light4' ,! ,osirian p>adise1 aga91 x w be recall$1 consi/$ ( conv]se ) ,osiris & fea/+ ) him4 ,inde$1 ! ari/ocratic ca/e 9 all c\ntries %r9ks f ! conception t x mu/ 9 ! aft]life rub %\ld]s ) ! common h]d4 ,?is 0 def9itely ! case 9 anci5t ,mexico & ,sc&9avia1 :]e only w>riors kill$ 9 battle might ent] p>adise4 ,^! beliefs1 h[ev]1 7 nev] suffici5tly p[]ful to oblit]ate ! cult ( ,osiris1 & z ! ,egyptian m9d 0 ( a /rongly mat]ial ca/1 x greatly fav\r$ ! conception ( a 'field ( re$s' & a 'field ( peace1' :]e man c\ld enjoy ! good ?+s & creature-com=ts t he s mu* desir$ ^u e>?1 r ?an ! unsub/antial f>e & raim5t ( ! m sup]lative sph]e ( ,ra4 ,ra & ,osiris ,a great b sil5t /ruggle 0 wag$ = _m c5turies betwe5 ! prie/hoods ( ,ra & ,osiris1 b 9 ! end ! beliefs clu/]+ ar\nd ! latt] deity ga9$ pre-em95ce1 & he took ov] ! titles1 p[]s1 & attributes ( ! great god ( ! sun4 ,!n x 0 probable1 z has else:]e be5 /at$1 t ! conception ( a moon- & a sun-god became fus$ 9 8 p]son4 ,! wor%ip ( ,osiris 0 fundam5tally ,african & ,egyptian 9 "*1 b !re is /rong reason to believe t ! cult ( ,ra possess$ _m =eign elem5ts1 possibly ,we/ ,asiatic 9 orig91 :i* acc\nts = ! coldness ) :i* ! masses ( ,egypt reg>d$ 8 wor%ip4 ,heliopolis1 8 city1 conta9$ _m inhabitants ( ,asiatic bir?1 & ?is may acc\nt to "s ext5t = ! introduction ( "s ( ! t5ets 9 8 cre$ :i* ! native ,egyptians f\nd unpalatable4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t1 to ! ari/ocracy ( ,egypt at lea/1 ,ra /ood 9 ! position ( creator & fa!r ( ! gods4 ,osiris /ood 9 relation to him z a son4 ,9 fact1 ! relations ( ^! two deities may be reg>d$ z t betwe5 god ! fa!r & god ! son1 & j z 9 c]ta9 !ologies ! figure ( god ! son has ov]%ad[$ t ( god ! fa!r1 s did ,osiris ov]%ad[ ,ra4 ,! god ,tem1 or ,atum1 :o1 z has be5 said1 0 orig9ally ! local deity ( ,heliopolis1 0 9 ! dyna/ic p]iod held to be "o ( ! =ms ( ,ra1 & a p]sonification ( ! sett+ sun4 ,tem 0 "o ( ! fir/ gods ( ! ,egyptians4 ,he is depict$ z sail+ 9 ! boat ( ,ra1 ) :om he 0 cle>ly unit$ 9 e>ly times z ,ra-,tem4 ,he appe>s to h be5 a god :o possess$ _m attributes 9 common ) ,ra1 & lat] on he seems to h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,osiris z well4 ,9 ! my? ( ,ra & ,isis ,ra says1 ,i am ,khep]a 9 ! morn+1 & ,ra at noonday1 & ,tem 9 ! ev5+1 :i* %[s t to ! ,egyptians ! day 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 presid$ ov] by a special =m ( ! sun-god4 ,tem 0 wor%ipp$ 9 "o ( 8 =ms z a s]p5t1 a fairly common %ape = a sun-god1 = 9 _m c\ntries ! snake or s]p5t1 tail 9 m\?1 symbolizes ! disk ( ! sun4 ,! ,sacr$ ,beetle ,khep]a1 ! rema9+ =m ( ,ra1 is g5]ally repres5t$ 9 human =m ) a beetle ^u 8 head4 ,! wor%ip ( ! beetle 0 v anci5t 9 ,egypt1 & we mu/ reg>d its fusion ) ! cult ( ,ra z due to prie/ly influ5ce4 ,! sc>abu1 hav+ laid its eggs 9 ! s& ( ,egypt1 rolls !m into a little ball ( manure1 :i* x !n propels across ! s& ) its h9d legs to a hole :i* x has previ\sly dug1 :]e ! eggs are hat*$ by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,?is action ( ! beetle seem$ to ! anci5t ,egyptians to resemble ! roll+ ( ! sun across ! heav5s1 s t ,khep]a1 ! ris+ lum9>y1 0 symboliz$ by x4 ,khep]a is a deity ( "s importance1 = he is call$ creator ( ! gods & fa!r ( ! gods4 ,he 0 also look$ ^u z a type ( ! resurrection1 because ( 8 symboliz+ ! ball enclos+ liv+ g]ms1 & probably 9 a second>y s5se1 because ! ris+ sun /eps z x 7 f ! grave ( night morn+ aft] morn+ ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty4 ,! sc>abs :i* 7 f\nd on ,egyptian mummies typifi$ ?is hope ( resurrection1 & h be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian tombs z old z ! "t ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y4 ,am5 ,al?\gh ! god ,am5 appe>s to h be5 numb]$ among ! deities ( ,egypt z e>ly z ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 :5 he 0 allud$ to z "o ( ! primeval gods1#b x 0 n until a lat] p]iod t 8 vot>ies began to ex]cise ! enorm\s p[] :i* !y wield$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,) ! exception ( ,ra & ,osiris1 ! wor%ip ( ,am5 0 m widespread ?an t ( any o!r god 9 ! ,nile valley2 b ! circum/ances beh9d ! gr[? ( 8 cult c]ta9ly po9t to its hav+ be5 dissem9at$ by political r ?an religi\s propag&a4 ,:at 8 attributes 7 9 ! "t ( ! ,anci5t ,empire we d n "k4 ,! "n means ':at is hidd51' or :at _c be se51 & we are con/antly in=m$ 9 votive hymns & o!r compositions t he is hidd5 to 8 *ildr5 & hidd5 to gods & m54 ,x has be5 advanc$ t ^! expressions ref] to ! sett+ ( ! sun1 b !re is f> bett] reason = suppos+ t !y imply t ,am5 is a god :o _c be view$ by mortal eyes1 invisible & inscrutable4 ,x is n difficult to see t ! conception ( su* a deity w\ld spe$ily w9 fav\r ) a prie/ly & !ological class1 :o w\ld quickly tire ( ! m mat]ial cults by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$1 & :o w\ld /ra9 aft] a =m ( godhead less crude ?an ! purely symbolical sy/ems :i* held sway 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole !ological hi/ory ( ,am5 is t ( a prie/hood :o 7 det]m9$ to impose ^u a r mat]iali/ic population a m spiritual type ( wor%ip & a high] conception ( ,god4 ,am5 0 repres5t$ 9 num]\s =ms3#c 9 ! %ape ( a man seat$ on a ?rone1 ) ! head ( a frog & ! body ( a man1 ) a s]p5t's head1 z an ape & z a lion4 ,b ! mo/ g5]al =m 9 :i* he 0 drawn 0 t ( a be>d$ man we>+ on 8 head two long & v /raight plumes1 :i* are col\r$ alt]nately r$ & gre5 or r$ & blue4 ,he is clo!d 9 a l95 tunic1 we>s bracelets1 & necklet1 & f ! back ( 8 dress !re hangs an animal's tail1 :i* d5otes t he 0 a god orig9at+ 9 e>ly times4 ,9 a lat] =m he has ! head ( a hawk :5 fus$ ) ,ra4 ,! great c5tre ( 8 wor%ip & ( 8 rise to p[] 0 ! city ( ,!bes1 :]e 9 ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y a temple 0 built 9 8 hon\r4 ,at t p]iod he 0 a m]e local god1 b :5 ! pr9ces ( ,!bes came into p[] & grasp$ ! sov]eignty ( ,egypt ! reputation ( ,am5 rose ) !irs1 & he became a prom95t god 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,8 prie/hood1 seiz+ ^u ! new political conditions1 clev]ly succe$$ 9 id5tify+ him ) ,ra & 8 subsidi>y =ms1 all ( ^: attributes !y ascrib$ to ,am52 b !y fur!r /at$ t al?\gh _! deity includ$ 9 himself all _! *>act]i/ics1 he 0 mu* great] & l(ti] ?an !y4 ,z we h already obs]v$1 ! god ( ! capital ( ,egypt = ! "t be+ 0 ! national deity1 & :5 ?is lot fell to ! =tune ( ,am5 8 prie/hood took full advantage ( x4 ,nev] 0 a god s exploit$ &1 if ! t]m may be employ$1 adv]tis$ z 0 ,am54 ,:5 evil days fell ^u ,egypt & ! ,hyksos ov]ran ! c\ntry1 ,am51 ?anks to 8 prie/ly protagoni/s1 wea!r$ ! /orm &1 because ( int]nec9e /rife1 _h become ! god p> excell5ce ( ! ,egyptians4 ,:5 ! c\ntry recov]$ f its tr\bles & matt]s began to "r !mselves once m1 ! milit>y successes ( ! k+s ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y r$\nd$ greatly to ! p[] & glory ( ,am51 & ! spoil ( conqu]$ ,pale/9e & ,syria load$ 8 temples4 ,!re 0 ( c\rse great dissatisfaction on ! "p ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ,ra at su* a condition ( affairs4 ,osiris1 z ! popul> god1 c\ld n well be displac$1 z he _h too l>ge a hold on ! imag9ation ( ! p1 & 8 cult & "* 7 ( too peculi> a nature to admit ( usurpation by ano!r deity4 ,8 cult _h be5 sl[ly evolv$1 probably ?r\gh _m c5turies1 & ! circum/ances ( 8 wor%ip 7 unique4 ,b ! cult ( ,ra 0 *all5g$ by t ( a deity :o n only pres5t$ l attributes1 b ^: wor%ip 0 on ! :ole m spiritual & ( a high] tr5d ?an t ( ! great sun-god4 ,we d n "k :at !ological battles 7 wag$ ov] ! "q ( ! supremacy ( ! two gods1 b we d "k t prie/ly skill 01 z 9 o!r cases1 m ?an equal to ! occasion4 ,a fusion ( ! gods took place4 ,x w\ld be ra% to ass]t t ?is amalgamation 0 a plann$ affair betwe5 ! two w>r+ cults1 & x is m probable t _! devotees quietly acquiesc$ 9 a gradual process ( fusion4 ,! ,!ban prie/s w\ld come to recognize t x 0 impossible to de/roy altoge!r ! wor%ip ( ,ra1 s !y w\ld z politic m5 b[ to ! inevitable & accept 8 amalgamation ) _! own deity4 ,am5's ,rise to ,p[] ,_m hymns ( ,am5-,ra1 especially t occurr+ 9 ! papyrus ( ,hu-nef]1 %[ ! complet5ess ( ?is fusion & ! rapidity ) :i* ,am5 _h ris5 to p[]4 ,9 ab\t a c5tury f be+ a m]e local god he _h ga9$ ! title ( 'k+ ( ! gods' ( ,egypt4 ,8 prie/hood _h become by f> ! mo/ p[]ful & weal?y 9 ! l&1 & ev5 rivall$ royalty itself4 ,_! political p[] c only be describ$ z enorm\s4 ,!y made w> & peace1 & :5 ! ,ramessid ,dyna/y came to an end ! high-prie/ ( ,am5-,ra 0 rais$ to ! royal p[]1 in/itut+ ! ,tw5ty-fir/ ,dyna/y1 kn[n z ! 'dyna/y ( prie/-k+s4' ,b if !y 7 /rong 9 !ology1 !y 7 c]ta9ly n s 9 milit>y g5ius4 ,!y c\ld n en=ce ! paym5t ( tribute :i* _! pr$ecessors _h wrung f ! surr\nd+ c\ntries1 & _! pov]ty increas$ rapidly4 ,! %r9es ( ! god langui%$ = want ( att5dants1 & ev5 ! high] ranks ( ! prie/hood itself suff]$ a good deal ( h>d%ip4 ,robb] b&s infe/$ ! vic9ity ( ! temples1 & ! royal tombs 7 loot$4 ,b if _! p[] wan$1 _! pret5sions c]ta9ly did n1 & ev5 9 ! face ( ,libyan aggression 9 ! ,delta !y cont9u$ to vaunt ! glory ( ! god :om !y s]v$4 ,exam9+ ! texts & hymns :i* tell u :at we "k ( ,am5-,ra1 we f9d t 9 !m he is consid]$ z ! g5]al s\rce ( life1 animate & inanimate1 & is id5tifi$ ) ! creator ( ! univ]se1 ! 'unkn[n god4' ,all ! attributes ( ! entire ,egyptian pan!on 7 lavi%$ ^u him1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ,osiris1 ( :om ! prie/s ( ,am5-,ra appe> to h tak5 no notice4 ,b !y c\ld n displace ! great god ( ! dead1 al?\gh !y might ignore him4 ,9 "o ( 8 =ms c]ta9ly1 t ( ,kh5su ! ,moon-god1 ,am5 be>s a slight lik5ess to ,osiris1 b we _c say t 9 ?is =m he usurps ! rle ( ! god ( ! und]world 9 any respect4 ,am5-,ra ev5 occupi$ ! %r9es ( _m o!r gods ?r\gh\t ! ,nile valley1 absorb+ _! attributes & entirely tak+ _! place4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ popul> =ms 0 t ( a goose1 & ! animal 0 sacr$ to him 9 _m p>ts ( ,egypt1 z 0 ! ram4 ,small figures ( him made 9 ! ,ptolemaic =m h ! be>d$ face ( a man1 ! body ( a beetle1 ! w+s ( a hawk1 human legs ) ! toes & claws ( a lion4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 only symbolizes ! _m-sid$ "* ( him :o 0 reg>d$ z ! greate/ ( all gods1 & typifi$ ! mann] 9 :i* attributes ( e description resid$ 9 him4 ,! entire pes$t or company ( ! gods 0 suppos$ to be unifi$ 9 ,am51 & inde$ we may describe 8 cult z "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s attempts ( antiquity to =mulate a sy/em ( mono!ism1 ! wor%ip ( a s+le god4 ,t !y did n a*ieve ?is 0 by no means _! fault4 ,we mu/ look ^u !m z a b& ( enlight5$ m5 animat$ by a spiritual fire1 :i* burn$ v brightly among ! sadly mat]ial surr\nd+s ( ,egypt4 ,b1 l all prie/ly hi]>*ies1 !y possess$ ! inh]5t weakness ( ambition & ! love ( ov]we5+ p[]4 ,_h !y relegat$ politics to its prop] sph]e1 !y might h be5 mu* m successful ?an !y 72 b ! true cause ( _! ultimate failure to conqu] entirely ! o!r cults ( ,egypt lay 9 ! circum/ance ( ! v anci5t & deep-seat$ nature ( ^! cults1 & ( ! primeval & besott$ ignorance ( ^? :o support$ !m4 ,! ,oracle ( ,jupit]-,ammon ,no "p ( ,egypt 0 free f ! dom9ion ( ,am5-,ra1 :i* spread nor? & s\?1 ea/ & we/1 & _h ramifications 9 ,syria1 ,nubia1 & o!r ,egyptian dep5d5cies4 ,its mo/ p[]ful c5tres 7 ,!bes1 ,h]mon?is1 ,coptos1 ,panopolis1 ,h]mopolis ,magna1 & 9 ,l[] ,egypt ,memphis1 ,sas1 ,heliopolis1 & ,m5des4 ,9 "o ( ! oases 9 lat] times he _h a great oracle1 kn[n z t ( ,jupit]-,ammon1 a my/]i\s spot frequ5t$ by sup]/iti\s ,greeks & ,romans1 :o w5t !re to consult ! deity on matt]s ( /ate or private importance4 ,"h e rogu]y ( prie/craft 0 practis$4 ,an idol ( ! god 0 on occasion c>ri$ ?r\gh ! temple by 8 prie/s1 respond+1 if he 7 9 a good hum\r1 to 8 vot>ies1 n by spee*1 b by nodd+ & po9t+ ) out/ret*$ arm4 ,we "k f classical au?ors t ! ,egyptians possess$ ! mo/ wond]ful skill 9 ! manufacture ( automata1 & !re is no room = d\bt t ! god respond$ to ! que/ions ( ! eag] devotees :o _h made ! j\rney to 8 %r9e by means ( clev]ly conceal$ /r+s4 ,b ! oracle ( ,jupit]-,ammon 9 ,libya is surr\nd$ 9 obscurity4 ,ev5 ,alex&] ! ,great paid a visit to ?is fam\s %r9e to satisfy himself :e!r or n he 0 ! son ( ,jupit]4 ,lys&] & ,hannibal also j\rney$ ?i!r1 & ! =m] receiv$ a two-edg$ answ] f ! deity1 n unlike t :i* ,macbe? receiv$ f ! wit*es4 ,mut ! ,"m ,! great female c\nt]p>t ( ,am5-,ra 0 ,mut1 ! '_w-"m4' ,%e is usually repres5t$ z a woman we>+ ! unit$ cr[ns ( nor? & s\?1 & hold+ ! papyrus sceptre4 ,9 "s pictures %e is del9eat$ ) w+s1 & 9 o!rs ! heads ( vultures project f h] %\ld]s4 ,l h] husb&1 %e is occasionally adorn$ ) e description ( attribute1 human & animal1 probably to typify h] univ]sal nature4 ,mut1 l ,am51 swall[$ up a great _m ( ! attributes ( ! female deities ( ,egypt4 ,%e 0 ?us id5tifi$ ) ,ba/1 ,nekhebet1 & o!rs1 *iefly = ! reason t because ,am5 _h usurp$ ! attributes ( o!r gods1 %e1 z 8 wife1 mu/ d ! same4 ,%e is a /rik+ example 9 my?ology ( :at m>riage c d = a goddess4 ,ev5 ,ha?or 0 id5tifi$ ) h]1 z 0 ,ta-urt & e o!r goddess :o c\ld be reg>d$ z hav+ ! attributes ( a "m4 ,h] wor%ip c5tr$ at ,!bes1 :]e h] temple 0 situat$ a little to ! s\? ( ! %r9e ( ,am5-,ra4 ,%e 0 /yl$ ! 'lady ( heav5' & 'que5 ( ! gods1' & h] hi]oglyphic symbol1 a vulture1 0 worn on ! cr[ns ( ,egypt's que5s z typical ( _! mo!rhood4 ,! temple ( ,mut at ,!bes 0 built by ,am5-hetep ,,iii ab\t #adej ,b4,c4 ,its approa* 0 l9$ by a wond]ful av5ue ( sph9xes1 & x ov]look$ an artificial lake4 ,mut 0 probably ! orig9al female c\nt]p>t ( ,nu1 :o 9 "s mann] became associat$ ) ,am54 ,%e is m5tion$ only once 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead 9 ! ,!ban ,rec5sion1 :i* is n a little /range consid]+ ! reputation %e mu/ h enjoy$ ) ! prie/hood ( ,am54 ,ptah ,ptah 0 ! greate/ ( ! gods ( ,memphis4 ,he p]sonifi$ ! ris+ sun1 or1 r1 a phase ( x--t is1 he repres5t$ ! orb at ! "t :5 x beg9s to rise above ! horizon1 or imm$iately aft] x has ris54 ,! "n is said to mean 'op5]1' f ! circum/ance t ,ptah 0 ?\ght to op5 ! day2 b ?is d]ivation has be5 combat$4 ,dr4 ,brugs* sugge/s 'sculptor' or 'engrav]' z ! true translation1 & z ,ptah 0 ! god ( all h&icrafts x seems mo/ probable t ?is is correct4 ,ptah seems to h reta9$ ! same *>act]i/ics f ! p]iod ( ! ,second ,dyna/y d[n to ! late/ times4 ,9 e>ly days he seems to h be5 reg>d$ z a creator1 or p]haps he 0 conf\nd$ ) "o ( ! fir/ ,egyptian creative deities4 ,we f9d him allud$ to 9 ! ,pyramid ,text ( ,teta z ! own] ( a 'work%op1' & ! passage seems to imply t x 0 ,ptah :o fa%ion$ new boats 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 to live 9 ! ,duat4 ,f ! ,book ( ! ,dead we le>n t he 0 a great work] 9 metals1 a ma/] ar*itect1 & fram] ( ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se2 & ! fact t ! ,romans id5tifi$ him ) ,vulcan greatly assi/s our und]/&+ ( 8 attributes4 ,x 0 ,ptah :o1 9 company ) ,khnemu1 c>ri$ out ! comm&s ( ,?o? conc]n+ ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,to ,khnemu 0 giv5 ! fa%ion+ ( animals1 :ile ,ptah 0 employ$ 9 mak+ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,! great metal plate :i* 0 suppos$ to =m ! floor ( heav5 & ! ro( ( ! sky 0 made by ,ptah1 :o also fram$ ! supports :i* upheld x4 ,we f9d him con/antly associat$ ) o!r gods--t is1 he takes on ! attributes or *>act]i/ics ( o!r deities = c]ta9 fix$ purposes4 ,= example1 z ar*itect ( ! univ]se he p>takes ( ! nature ( ,?o?1 & z ! god :o beat out ! metal floor ( heav5 he resembles ,%u4 ,ptah is usually repres5t$ z a be>d$ man hav+ a bald head1 & dress$ 9 habilim5ts :i* fit z closely z a %r\d4 ,f ! back ( 8 neck hangs a ,m5at1 ! symbol ( happ9ess1 & along ) ! usual insignia ( royalty & godhead he holds ! symbol ( /ability4 ,z ,ptah-,sek] he repres5ts ! union ( ! creative p[] ) t ( *aos or d>kness3#d ,ptah-,sek] is1 inde$1 a =m ( ,osiris 9 8 guise ( ! ,night-sun1 or dead ,sun-god4 ,sek] is figur$ z a hawk-head$ man 9 ! =m ( a mummy1 8 body resembl+ t ( ,ptah4 ,orig9ally ,sek] repres5t$ d>kness alone1 b 9 lat] times came to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,night-sun4 ,sek] is1 inde$1 conf\nd$ 9 places ) ,sept1 & ev5 ) ,geb4 ,he appe>s to h rul$ t portion ( ! und]world :]e dwelt ! s\ls ( ! inhabitants ( ,memphis & its neighb\rhood4 ,! ,sek]-boat ,9 ! great c]emonies connect$ ) ?is god1 & especially on ! day ( 8 fe/ival1 a boat call$ ! ,sek]-boat 0 plac$ ^u a sl$ge at sunrise1 at ! "t :5 ! rays ( ! sun 7 sl[ly beg9n+ to diffuse !mselves ov] ! e>?4 ,x 0 !n drawn r\nd ! sanctu>y1 :i* act typifi$ ! revolution ( ! sun4 ,?is boat 0 kn[n z ,h5u1 & is m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,x did n resemble an ord9>y boat1 b "o end ( x 0 mu* high] ?an ! o!r1 & 0 fa%ion$ 9 ! %ape ( ! head ( an animal resembl+ a gazelle4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! vessel 0 a c(f] surm\nt$ by a hawk ) outspread w+s1 :i* 0 suppos$ to conta9 ! body ( ,osiris1 or ( ! dead ,sun-god4 ,! ,sek]- or ,h5u-boat 0 probably a =m ( ! ,mesektet-boat1 9 :i* ! sun sail$ ov] ! sky dur+ ! second half ( 8 daily j\rney1 & 9 :i* he ent]$ ! und]world 9 ! ev5+4 ,al?\gh ,sek] 0 fairly popul> z a deity 9 anci5t ,egypt1 8 attributes seem to h be5 entirely usurp$ by ,ptah4 ,we also f9d ! triple-nam$ deity ,ptah-,sek]-,as> or ,ptah-,sek]-,osiris1 :o is (t5 repres5t$ z a hawk on c(f]s & s>cophagi4 ,ab\t ! ,tw5ty-second ,dyna/y ?is triad _h practically become "o ) ,osiris1 & he _h ev5 v>iants :i* took ! attributes ( ,m91 ,amsu1 & ,khep]a4 ,he has be5 describ$ z ! 'triune god ( ! resurrection4' ,!re is v little d\bt t ! amalgamation ( ^! gods 0 br\ght ab\t by prie/ly influ5ce4 ,ptah 0 also connect$ ) ! god kn[n z ,t551 :o is usually repres5t$ 9 human =m & we>+ on 8 head ! cr[n ) o/ri* fea!rs4 ,he is also drawn work+ at a pott]'s :eel1 ^u :i* he %apes ! egg ( ! _w4 ,9 o!r draw+s he is depict$ z hold+ a scimit>4 ,dr4 ,budge sugge/s t ?is weapon %[s t he is ! de/ructive p[] ( nature or ! w>rior-god1 b ?is is mo/ unlikely4 ,! scimit> ( ,ptah 9 8 guise z ,t55 is precisely ! same z ^? axes :i* are ! attributes ( creative deities all ov] ! _w4 ,) ?is scimit> he c>ves out ! e>?1 z ! god ( ! ,a9u ( ,japan %apes x ) 8 hat*et1 or z o!r deities :i* h already be5 m5tion$ use _! axes or hamm]s4 ,t55 0 probably a primeval creative god1 b = t reason 0 co-ord9at$ ) ,ptah4 ,sekhmet ,! pr9cipal c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ,ptah 0 ,memphis1 9 :i* 7 also situat$ ! temples ( ,sekhmet1#e ,ba/1 ,osiris1 ,sek]1 ,ha?or1 & ,i-em-hetep1 z well z t ( ,ra4 ,! female c\nt]p>t ( ,ptah 0 ,sekhmet1 & !y 7 ! p>5ts ( ,nef]-tem4 ,sekhmet 0 lat] id5tifi$ ) =ms ( ,ha?or4 ,%e _h ! head ( a lioness1 & may be look$ ^u z be>+ ! same relation to ,ba/ z ,neph?ys be>s to ,isis4 ,%e 0 ! p]sonification ( ! fi]ce de/roy+ heat ( ! sun's rays4 ,"o ( h] names is ,nes]t1 flame1 9 :i* %e p]sonifies ! de/roy+ elem5t4 ,! ,sev5 ,wise ,ones ,we occasionally f9d ,ptah 9 company ) c]ta9 be+s call$ ! ,sev5 ,wise ,ones ( ! goddess ,meh-urt1 :o 0 _! "m4 ,we are told t !y came =? f ! wat]1 f ! pupil ( ! eye ( ,ra1 & t !y took ! =m ( sev5 hawks1 flew upw>d1 &1 toge!r ) ,?o?1 presid$ ov] le>n+ & lett]s4 ,ptah z ma/]-ar*itect & demiurge1 c>ry+ out ! designs ( ,?o? & 8 assi/ants1 p>took ( ! attributes ( all ( !m1 z did 8 female c\nt]p>t ,sekhmet4 ,ba/ ,ba/1 ! ,buba/is ( ! ,greeks1 possess$ ! attributes ( ! cat or lioness1 ! latt] be+ a m mod]n developm5t ( h] "*4 ,! "n implies '! te>]' or 'r5d]1' & %e is also entitl$ '! lady ( ,sept'--t is1 ( ! /> ,so?is4 ,%e 0 fur!r sometimes id5tifi$ ) ,isis & ,ha?or4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! fi]ce ,sekhmet1 %e typifi$ ! mild f]tiliz+ heat ( ! sun4 ,! cat loves to bask 9 ! sun's rays1 & x is probably = ?is reason t ! animal 0 tak5 z symboliz+ ?is goddess4 ,%e is amalgamat$ ) ,sekhmet & ,ra 9 a deity kn[n z ,sekhmet-,ba/-,ra1 & z su* is repres5t$ z a woman ) a man's head1 & w+s spr\t+ f h] arms1 & ! heads ( two vultures spr++ f h] neck4 ,%e has also ! claws ( a lion4 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,delta1 & 0 wor%ipp$ at ,buba/is1 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,h] wor%ip seems to h be5 ( v consid]able antiquity 9 t region1 & al?\gh %e is m5tion$ 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts1 x is only occasionally t %e figures 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,9 all probability %e 0 orig9ally a cat totem1 & 9 any case 0 fir/ wor%ipp$ 9 ! %ape ( a cat pure & simple4 ,x has be5 /at$ t %e possesses ! *>act]i/ics ( a =eign goddess1 b !re d n appe> to be any v /rong gr\nds = ?is assumption4 ,al?\gh %e is connect$ ) fire & ) ! sun1 x w\ld appe> t %e also has "s association ) ! lun> disk1 = h] son ,kh5su is a moon-god4 ,cat-gods are (t5 associat$ ) ! moon1 *iefly because ( ! f]tility ( ! animal :i* typifi$ ! ideals ( fruitfulness & gr[? connect$ ) ! lun> orb4 ,! ,fe/ival ( ,ba/ ,h]odotus gives a v picturesque description ( a fe/ival ( ?is goddess1 :i* took place 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may4 ,he says t ! inhabitants ( ! city ( ,buba/is sail$ t[>d x 9 %ips1 play+ ^u drums & tabors & mak+ a great noise1 ^? :o did n play clapp+ _! h&s & s++ l\dly4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! city1 !y danc$ & held fe/ival ) dr9k+ & song4 ,( ! city ( ,buba/is he gives a vivid picture1 :i* has be5 translat$ by an old ,engli% au?or z foll[s3 ,! noble city ( ,buba/is seeme? to be v haughty & highly plant$1 9 :i* city is a temple ( excell5t memory d$icate to ! goddesse ,buba/is1 call$ 9 our spee* ,diana1 ?an ! :i*1 albeit !re be o!r *ur*es bo? bigg] & m ri*ly furni%$1 yet = ! sightly grace & seemelynesse ( build+1 !re is none comp>able unto x4 ,besides1 ! v entrance & way t leade? unto ! city1 ! re/ is 9 =me ( an ,il&e1 inclos$ r\nd ab\t ) two sundry /reames ( ! riv] ,nilus1 :i* runne to ei!r side ( ! pa? way1 & leau+ z x 7 a lane or causey betwe5e !m1 )\t meet+1 take _! c\rse ano!r way4 ,^! armes ( ! fl\d are ea* ( !m an hundr$ foote broade1 beset on bo? sides ! banckes ) fayre braun*$ trees1 ou]%ad[+ ye wat]s ) a coole & pleasant %ade4 ,! gate or entry ( ! city is 9 heigh? #aj4 paces1 hau+ 9 ! front a beautifull image1 #f4 cubites 9 measure4 ,! temple x selfe situate 9 ! midde/ ( ye city1 is eu]more 9 sight to ^? yt passe to & fro4 ,= al?\gh ye city by addition ( e>? 0 arr]$ & made high]1 yet ye temple /&+ z x did 9 ye beg9n+1 & neu] mo\$1 is 9 man] ( a l(ty & /ately t[]1 9 op5 & cle>e viewe to eu]y p>te ( ye city4 ,r\nd ab\t ! :i* goe? a wall1 +rau5 ) figures & portraitures ( sundry bea/s4 ,! inn] temple is enuiron$ ) an high grove ( trees1 set & plant$ by ! h&e & indu/rie ( m53 9 ! :i*e temple is /&+ an image4 ,! l5g? ( ! temple is 9 eu]y way a furlong4 ,f ! entrance ( ! temple ,ea/w>d1 !re is a fayre l>ge causey lead+ to ! h\se ( ,m]cury1 9 l5g? ?ree furlongs & f\r acres broade1 all ( faire /one1 & hemm$ 9 on ea* side ) a c\rse ( goodly tall trees plant$ by ! h&s ( m51 & ?us z t\*+ ! description ( ye temple4 ,nef]-,tem ,nef]-tem 0 ! son ( ,ptah & ,sekhmet1 or ( ,ptah & ,ba/4 ,he is drawn z a man surm\nt$ by plumes & sometimes /&+ ^u a lion4 ,inde$1 occasionally he is pa9t$ z hav+ ! head ( a lion & ) a body 9 mummy-%ape4 ,9 e>ly times he 0 symboliz$ by ! lotus-fl[]4 ,he 0 ! ?ird memb] ( ! triad ( ,memphis1 :i* 0 made up ( himself ) ,ptah & ,sekhmet4 ,8 attributes are any?+ b well def9$1 b he is probably ! "y ,tem1 god ( ! ris+ sun4 ,he is p]haps typifi$ by ! lotus because ! sun w\ld (t5 seem to ! ,egyptians to rise f b$s ( ?is plant 9 ! ,delta ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 lat] texts he is id5tifi$ ) num]\s gods all ( :om appe> to be =ms ( ,horus or ,?o?4 ,i-em-hetep ,i-em-hetep1 ano!r son ( ,ptah1 0 also reg>d$ z ! ?ird memb] ( ! great triad ( ,memphis4 ,! "n means ',come 9 peace1' & 0 giv5 him because he 0 suppos$ to br+ ! art ( heal+ to mank9d4 ,l 8 fa!r ,ptah1 he is depict$ z we>+ a skull-cap4 ,be=e him is /ret*$ a roll ( papyrus to typify 8 "* z a god ( /udy & le>n+2 b x is z a god ( m$ic9e t he 0 mo/ popul> 9 ,egypt4 ,9 lat] times he took ! place ( ,?o? z scribe ( ! gods1 & provid$ ! words ( magic p[] :i* protect$ ! dead f _! enemies 9 ! ,duat4 ,he _h also a fun]>y "*1 :i* p]haps implies t physicians may h be5 9 "s mann] connect$ ) ! art ( embalmm5t4 ,he is address$ 9 a text ( ! ,ptolemies 9 8 temple on ! isl& ( ,phil z he :o give? life to all m54 ,he 0 also suppos$ to s5d ! boon ( sleep to ! suff]+1 & inde$ ! sorr[ful & afflict$ 7 "u 8 especial patronage4 ,dr4 ,budge v5tures ! op9ion t if we c\ld trace 8 hi/ory to its beg9n+1 we %\ld f9d probably t he 0 orig9ally a v highly skill$ m$ic9e-man1 :o _h introduc$ "s elem5t>y k ( m$ic9e among/ ! ,egyptians1 & :o 0 connect$ ) ! practice ( ! art ( pres]v+ ! bodies ( ! dead by means ( drugs & spices & l95 b&ages4 ,! supposition is a v likely "o inde$1 only ! m$ic9e-man mu/ h become fairly sophi/icat$ 9 lat] times1 z is evid5c$ by 8 p]us+ a roll ( papyrus4 ,i-em-hetep 0 ! god ( physicians & ^? :o dealt 9 m$ical magic1 & 8 wor%ip 0 c]ta9ly ( v anci5t date 9 ,memphis4 ,dr4 ,budge goes s f> z to sugge/ t ,i-em-hetep 0 ! deifi$ =m ( a di/+ui%$ physician :o 0 atta*$ to ! prie/hood ( ,ra1 & :o fl\ri%$ be=e ! end ( ! rule ( ! k+s ( ! ,?ird ,dyna/y4 ,9 ! songs :i* 7 sung 9 ! temple ( ,antuf occurs ! passage3 ,i h he>d ! words ( ,i-em-hetep & ( ,h]u-tata-f1 :i* are repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 b :]e are _! places ?is day8 ,_! walls are ov]?r[n1 _! seats h no long] any be+1 & !y are z if !y _h nev] exi/$4 ,no man come? to decl>e unto u :at mann] ( be+s !y 71 & none telle? u ( _! possessions4 ,h]u-tata-f 0 a man ( great le>n+1 :o1 z we f9d 9 ! ,tale ( ! ,magician giv5 else:]e 9 ?is book1 br\ght t my/]i\s p]son to ! c\rt ( 8 fa!r ,khufu4 ,he also discov]$ c]ta9 *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead4 ,x is likely1 ?9ks ,dr4 ,budge1 t ! said ,i-em-hetep :o is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) him 0 a man ( ! same type1 a skill$ physician1 ^: acts & de$s 7 wor?y ( be+ class$ ) ! words ( ,h]u-tata-f4 ,! pictures & figures ( ,i-em-hetep sugge/ t he 0 ( human & local orig91 & he _h a great hold ^u ! imag9ation ( lat] ,egyptians ( ! ,sate & ,ptolemaic p]iods4 ,he 0 inde$ a species ( ,egyptian ,hippocrates1 :o _h probably1 z ,dr4 ,budge inf]s1 become deifi$ because ( 8 great m$ical skill4 ,khnemu ,at ! city ( ,elephant9e or ,abu a great triad ( gods 0 held 9 rev]5ce4 ,?is consi/$ ( ,khnemu1 ,satet1 ,anqet4 ,! wor%ip ( ! fir/-m5tion$ deity 0 ( great antiquity1 & ev5 9 ! inscription ( ,k+ ,unas we f9d him allud$ to 9 a mann] :i* proves t 8 cult 0 v old4 ,8 position1 too1 _h always be5 an exalt$ "o1 & ev5 to ! la/ he appe>s to h be5 ( importance 9 ! eyes ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,khnemu 0 probably a god ( ! pre-dyna/ic ,egyptians4 ,he 0 symboliz$ by ! flat-horn$ ram1 :i* appe>s to h be5 introduc$ into ! c\ntry f ! ,ea/4 ,we d n f9d him ref]r$ to 9 any inscription subsequ5t to ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y4 ,he is usually repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a ram-head$ man we>+ ! :ite cr[n1 & sometimes ! disk4 ,9 "s in/ances he is pictur$ z p\r+ wat] ov] ! e>?1 & 9 o!rs ) a jug above 8 horns--a sure indication t he is connect$ 9 "s way ) moi/ure4 ,8 "n signifies ! build] or fram]1 & he x 0 :o fa%ion$ ! fir/ man ^u a pott]'s :eel1 :o made ! fir/ egg f :i* sprang ! sun1 :o made ! bodies ( ! gods1 & :o cont9u$ to build !m up & ma9ta9 !m4 ,khnemu _h be5 wor%ipp$ at ,elephant9e f "t immemorial & 0 !re=e ! god ( ! ,fir/ ,cat>act4 ,8 female c\nt]p>ts1 ,satet & ,anqet1 h be5 id5tifi$ z a =m ( ! /> ,sept & z a local ,nubian goddess4 ,f ! texts x is pretty cle> t ,khnemu 0 orig9ally a riv]-god :o1 l ,hapi1 0 reg>d$ z ! god ( ! ,nile & ( ! annual ,nile flood1 & x may be t he & ,hapi 7 ,nile gods introduc$ by two sep>ate races1 or by ! p ( two diff]5t portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! texts he is allud$ to z fa!r ( ! fa!rs ( ! gods & goddesses1 "l ( creat$ ?+s f himself1 mak] ( heav5 & e>? & ! ,duat & wat] & m\nta9s1 s we see t1 l ,hapi1 he _h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! creative deities4 ,he is sometimes repres5t$ z hav+ f\r rams' heads ^u a human body1 & z he unit$ )9 himself ! attributes ( ,ra1 ,%u1 ,geb1 & ,osiris1 ^! heads may h typifi$ ! deities 9 "q4 ,dr4 ,brugs* consid]$1 h[ev]1 t !y symboliz$ ! f\r elem5ts--fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]4 ,b x is a little difficult to see h[ ?is c\ld be s4 ,9 any case1 :5 repres5t$ ) f\r heads ,khnemu typifi$ ! great primeval creative =ce4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,nile's ,s\rce ,! p[]s t 7 ascrib$ to ,khnemu-,ra z god ( ! e>?ly ,nile are exemplifi$ 9 a /ory f\nd inscrib$ on a rock on ! isl& ( ,sahal 9 #ahij4 ,! k+ m5tion$ 9 ! inscription has be5 id5tifi$ z ,t*es]1 ! ?ird mon>* ( ! ,?ird ,dyna/y4 ,! /ory relates t 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ?is k+'s reign a fam9e spread ov] ,egypt because = sev5 ye>s ! ,nile _h n ris5 9 flood4 ,?us gra9 ( all k9ds 0 sc>ce1 ! fields & g>d5s yield$ naught1 s t ! p _h no food4 ,/rong m5 tott]$ l ! ag$1 ! old fell to ! gr\nd & rose no m1 ! *ildr5 cri$ al\d ) ! pangs ( hung]4 ,& = ! little food !re 0 m5 became ?ieves & robb$ _! neighb\rs4 ,reports ( ^! t]rible conditions rea*$ ! k+ ^u 8 ?rone1 & he 0 /rick5 ) grief4 ,he rememb]$ ! god ,i-em-hetep1 ! son ( ,ptah1 :o _h once deliv]$ ,egypt f a l disa/]1 b :5 8 help 0 invok$ no answ] 0 v\*saf$4 ,!n ,t*es] ! k+ s5t to 8 gov]nor ,mt]1 :o rul$ ov] ! ,s\?1 ! isl& ( ,elephant9e1 & ,nubia1 & ask$ him :]e 0 ! s\rce ( ! ,nile & :at 0 ! "n ( ! god or goddess ( ! riv]4 ,& to answ] ?is dispat* ,mt] ! gov]nor w5t 9 p]son be=e ! k+4 ,he told him ( ! wond]ful isl& ( ,elephant9e1 :]eon 0 built ! fir/ city ev] kn[n2 t out ( x rose ! sun :5 he want$ to be/[ life ^u mank9d4 ,"h also 0 a d\ble cav]n1 ,qu]ti1 9 %ape l two brea/s1 & f ?is cav]n rose ! ,nile flood to bless ! l& ) fruitfulness :5 ! god drew back ! bolts ( ! door at ! prop] season4 ,& ?is god 0 ,khnemu4 ,mt] describ$ to 8 royal ma/] ! temple ( ! ,nile god at ,elephant9e1 & /at$ t o!r gods 7 9 x1 includ+ ! great deities ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,isis1 & ,neph?ys4 ,he told ( ! products ( ! c\ntry ar\nd1 & said t f ^!1 (f]+s %\ld be made to ,khnemu4 ,!n ! k+ rose & (f]$ sacrifices unto ! god & made supplication be=e him 9 8 temple4 ,& ! god he>d & appe>$ be=e ! grief-/rick5 k+4 ,he said1 ,i am ,khnemu ! ,creator4 ,my h&s re/ ^u !e to protect ?y p]son & to make s\nd ?y body4 ,i gave !e ?9e he>t 444 ,i am he :o creat$ himself4 ,i am ! primeval wat]y abyss1 & ,i am ! ,nile :o rise? at 8 w to give heal? to ^? :o toil4 ,i am ! guide & director ( all m51 ! ,almighty1 ! fa!r ( ! gods1 ,%u1 ! mighty possessor ( ! e>?4 ,& !n ! god promis$ unto ! k+ t h5ce=w>d ! ,nile %\ld rise e ye> z 9 ! old5 "t1 t ! fam9e %\ld be end$ & great good come ^u ! l&4 ,b also he told ! k+ h[ 8 %r9e 0 desolate & t no "o tr\bl$ to re/ore x ev5 al?\gh /one lay all ar\nd4 ,& ?is ! k+ rememb]$ & made a royal decree t l&s on ea* side ( ! ,nile ne> ! isl& :]e ,khnemu dwelt 7 to be set ap>t z ! end[m5t ( 8 temple1 t prie/s 7 to m9i/] at 8 %r9e1 & = _! ma9t5ance a tax mu/ be levi$ on ! products ( ! l& ne> by4 ,& ?is decree ! k+ caus$ to be cut ^u a /one /ele & set up 9 a prom95t place z a la/+ tok5 ( gratitude unto ! god ,khnemu1 ! god ( ! ,nile4 ,satet ,satet1#f ! pr9cipal female c\nt]p>t ( ,khnemu1 0 also a goddess ( ! inundation4 ,! "n probably means 'to p\r out' or 'to scatt] abroad1' s t x might signify a goddess :o wield$ ! p[]s ( ra94 ,%e c>ries 9 h] h&s a b[ & arr[s1 z did ,nei?1 typical ( ! ra9 or ?und]bolt4 ,%e 0 reg>d$ z a =m ( ,isis f ! circum/ance t bo? 7 connect$ ) ! /> ,sept1 & 9 ?is guise %e appe>s 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead z a c\nt]p>t ( ,osiris4 ,anqet ,anqet1 ! ?ird memb] ( ! triad ( ,elephant9e1 0 a si/]-goddess ( ,satet4 ,%e we>s a cr[n ( fea!rs1 :i* w\ld g to %[ t h] orig9 is a purely ,african "o1 & %e may h be5 a goddess ( "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,fir/ ,cat>act4 ,%e _h be5 associat$ ) ! o!r memb]s ( ! triad f v e>ly dyna/ic times1 h[ev]1 & h] cult 0 fairly widely dissem9at$ ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,nubia4 ,9 lat] times h] wor%ip 0 c5tr$ at ,sahal1 :]e %e 0 reg>d$ z a goddess ( t isl&1 & :]e %e _h a temple built p]haps 9 ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,%e _h also a %r9e at ,phil1 :]e %e 0 id5tifi$ ) ,neph?ys1 z 0 almo/ necess>y1 see+ t ,osiris _h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,khnemu & ,satet ) ,isis4 ,dr4 ,brugs* consid]$ h] a p]sonification ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile1 & ?\ght t h] "n signifi$ 'to surr\nd1' 'to embrace1' & t x _h ref]5ce to ! embrac+ & n\ri%+ ( ! fields by ! riv]4 ,at5 ,at51 ! disk ( ! sun1 /&s 9 a class by himself 9 ,egyptian my?ology4 ,al?\gh he possesses c]ta9 broad *>act]i/ics 9 common ) o!r sun-gods ( ,egypt1 yet an exam9ation ( ?is deity %[s t he diff]s widely f ^! 9 _m respects1 & t 8 cult is inde$ entirely =eign to ! religi\s g5ius ( ! ,egyptian p4 ,! cult ( ,at51 ( :i* !re is little record be=e ! "t ( ,am5-hetep ,,iv1 sprang into sudd5 prom95ce dur+ t mon>*'s reign & became = a "t ! ,/ate religion ( ,egypt4 ,( its orig9 no?+ is kn[n1 & x w\ld appe> t "u ! ,middle ,k+dom ,at5 0 an obscure local deity1 wor%ipp$ some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,heliopolis4 ,8 important position 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on is due to ! fact t 8 cult 0 directly responsible = a great religi\s1 social1 & arti/ic revolution :i* occurr$ dur+ ! reign ( ,am5-hetep ,,iv4 ,) ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,hyksos k+s & ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t ( ! ,!ban mon>*y 7at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y71 ,am51 ! local god ( ,!bes1 took ! place ( hon\r 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on1 & 0 wor%ipp$ z ,am5-,ra4 ,h[ev]1 x is kn[n t ,?o?mes ,,iv did mu* to re/ore ! wor%ip ( ,ra-,h>ma*is4 ,8 son1 ,am5-hetep ,,iii1 built temples to ?is deity & to ,at5 at ,memphis & ,!bes4 ,9 ?is he w\ld appe> to h be5 support$ by 8 wife ,tyi1#g daught] ( ,iuaa & ,?uau1 :o1 ?\gh n connect$ ) ! ,egyptian royal l9e1 became *ief ( ! royal wives4 ,possibly %e h]self 0 orig9ally a vot>y ( ,at51 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! rev]5ce ) :i* h] son1 ,am5-hetep ,,iv1 reg>d$ t deity4 ,on ! accession ( ! la/-nam$ mon>* he adopt$ ! title ( 'high-prie/ ( ,ra-,h]u-,akhti1#h ! exalt$ "o 9 ! horizon1 9 8 "n ( ,%u :o is 9 ,at51' ?is imply+ t1 accord+ to ! view g5]ally curr5t at t p]iod1 he reg>d$ ,at5 z ! abode ( ! sun-god r ?an z ! div9ity himself4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 reign ,am5-hetep wor%ipp$ bo? ,am5 & ,at51 ! =m] 9 8 rle ( mon>*1 ! latt] 9 8 private capacity1 :ile he also built a great obelisk at ,!bes 9 hon\r ( ,ra-,h>ma*is4 ,!n x became app>5t t ! k+ desir$ to exalt ,at5 above all ! o!r gods4 ,?is 0 by no means pleas+ to ! wor%ipp]s ( ,am51 ^: prie/hood 0 recruit$ f ! noble/ families 9 ! l&4 ,a /ruggle ensu$ betwe5 ! vot>ies ( ,am5-,ra & ^? ( ,at51 & f9ally ! k+ built a new capital1 d$icat$ to ! fai? ( ,at51 on ! site ( :at is n[ ,tell-el-,am>na1 9 ,middle ,egypt4 ,!nce he )drew ) 8 foll[]s :5 ! /ruggle rea*$ its height4 ,to ! new city he gave ! "n ( ,akhet-,at5 7',horizon ( ,at5'74 ,8 own "n1 ,am5-hetep1 he *ang$ to ,akh-en-,at5 7',glory ( ,at5'74 ,a ,religion ( ,"o ,god ,"o ( ! features ( ! new religion 0 t x 0 ess5tially mono!i/ic1 & c\ld n tol]ate ! inclusion ( o!r deities4 ,?us :]eas c]ta9 sun-gods 9 l circum/ances might h become fus$ ) ,ra1 su* fusion 0 impossible 9 ! case ( ,at54 ,n only 0 he k+ ( ! gods1 he 0 ! god1 ! div9ity p> excell5ce4 ,yet did ?is mono!i/ic religion reta9 _m ( ! =ms & rites ( o!r cults1 p>adoxical z ?is mu/ h appe>$4 ,! k+ reta9$ 8 title ( 'son ( ! sun' 7,at571 :ile he ex*ang$ 8 ,horus & o!r titles = ,at5 titles4 ,! burial cu/oms & ! use ( sc>abs 7 /ill cont9u$4 ,yet ! "n ( ,am5-,ra1 ) :i* !y _h previ\sly be5 associat$1 0 ev]y:]e oblit]at$ by ord] ( ! k+1 ev5 :]e x =m$ "p ( prop] names4 ,! temple :i* ! k+ built to 8 god 9 ,akhet-,at5 he call$ ,het-,b5b51 ! ',h\se ( ! ,pyramidion4' ,x 0 nev] complet$4 ,! religion ?us ?ru/ ^u ! p ( ,egypt met ) a by no means ready acceptance4 ,! deities :i* _h hi!rto be5 evolv$ 9 ea* nome or prov9ce _h ea* 8 special attributes & ritual1 any or all ( :i* might be absorb$ by ! c5tral deity4 ,b1 z has be5 said1 ,at5 0 incapable ( ?is fusion ) ! local gods4 ,he 0 inde$ a mu* m col\rless deity ?an ,am5 or ,horus4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate ^u ! probable motives ( ,akh-en-,at5 9 introduc+ ?is new cult into ,egypt4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 8 inauguration ( ,at5-wor%ip 0 an enlight5$1 if some:at misplac$1 attempt to unite ,egypt "u ! sway ( "o religion1 a religion 9 :i* all c\ld p>ticipate1 :i* did n be> ! ca*et ( any "o race or ca/e1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce w\ld prove equally acceptable to ,syrian1 ,e?iopian1 or ,egyptian4 ,if su* 7 8 aim1 x is evid5t t ! p ( ,egypt 7 n prep>$ = ! upheaval4 ,! dra/ic & fanatical measures1 too1 ( ,akh-en-,at5 defeat$ 8 own ends & r\s$ di/ru/ & hatr$ ( ! ',at5 h]esy4' ,a ,social ,revolt ,accompany+ ?is religi\s revolution came a social & arti/ic revolt ( no less /rik+ proportions4 ,at5 z a deity 0 fre$1 9 !ory at lea/1 f ! trammels ( my? & ritual :i* _h gr[n up r\nd 8 pr$ecessors 9 ,egypt4 ,8 0 ess5tially a naturali/ic cult4 ,social life 9 ,akhet-,at51 !re=e1 t5d$ to become mu* fre] & m natural4 ,! k+ & que5 mov$ among ! p ) less =mality ?an _h hi!rto obta9$2 family life 0 subject to few] re/ra9ts2 9 %ort1 a decid$ t5d5cy to all t 0 natural & spontane\s 0 obs]vable4 ,! movem5t spread 9 "t ev5 to ! art ( ! nation1 :i* %[s a c]ta9 dep>ture f e/abli%$ traditions 9 ! matt] ( col\r+1 :ile dur+ ?is reign ,egyptian arti/s %[ = ! fir/ "t t !y appreciat$ ! effects ( light & %ade z well z ( m]e outl9e4 ,we h un=tunately no means ( kn[+ ! exact p]iod ( ,akh-en-,at5's reign4 ,probably x cov]$ ab\t a score ( ye>s4 ,aft] him came v>i\s o!r rul]s1 b none ( ^! upheld ! ,at5 cult1 :i* spe$ily decl9$1 :ile ! supremacy ( ,am5-,ra 0 triumphantly re/or$4 ,all monum5ts & temples 9 hon\r ( ,at5 7 effac$1 & only recov]$ )9 rec5t times by ,lepsius1 ,petrie1 & ,davies4 ,! la/ refuge ( ! god 0 at ,heliopolis1 :]e a sanctu>y rema9$ to him4 ,at5's ,attributes ,n[ z to ! attributes ( ,at54 ,z already /at$ he 0 a some:at col\rless deity1 & is p]haps bett] to be di/+ui%$ by ! attributes :i* are n ascrib$ to him ?an by ^? :i* are1 ?\gh 9 "t "s ( ! attributes ( ,ra1 ,horus1 & o!r =ms ( ! sun-god 7 giv5 to him4 ,f 8 orig9al subord9ate position z ! abode ( ,ra--! mat]ial disk :]e9 ! sun-god _h 8 dwell+ 7',ra 9 8 ,at5'7--,at5 came 9 "t to signify bo? ! god & ! actual sol> disk4 ,attempts made to id5tify him ) ! ,semitic ,adonai1 ! ,greek ,adonis1 h met ) no success4 ,evid5ce ( ,at5's e>ly position 9 ! pan!on is to be f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 :]e ,ra is address$ ?us3 ,o ?\ beautiful be+1 ?\ do/ r5ew ?yself & make ?yself "y aga9 "u ! =m ( ,at54 ,?\ turne/ ?y face t[>d ! und]world1 & ?\ make/ ! e>? to %9e l f9e copp]4 ,! dead rise up to see !e1 !y brea! ! air & !y look ^u ?y face :5 ,at5 %9e? 9 ! horizon4 ,a ,hymn to ,at5 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 8 cult 0 supreme 9 ,egypt ,at5 0 reg>d$ by 8 wor%ipp]s z ! creator1 self-exi/5t & ev]la/+1 fructifi] & n\ri%] ( ! e>? & all x conta9s1 measur] ( ! lives ( m54 ,at5 0 inve/$ ) a c>t\*e1 :]e9 he is /yl$ ',"l ( heav51' ',"l ( e>?1' ',he :o live? = ev]1' ',he :o illum9e? ! e>?1' ',he :o reigne? 9 tru?'4 ,a s+ul>ly beautiful & poetic v]sion ( a hymn to ,at51 9 :i* he is exalt$ z ! giv] ( life & fruitfulness to all ?+s1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,a1 a high (ficial "u ,am5-hetep1 or ,akh-en-,at54 ,x beg9s ?us3 ,beaute\s is ?y respl5d5t appe>+ on ! horizon ( heav51 ,o ,at51 :o live/ & art ! beg9n+ ( life6 ,he x 0 :o made ! ,nile 9 ! ,duat & conduct$ x to m51 caus+ its wat]s to rise2 he1 also1 :o s5t ! ra9 to ^? l&s :i* 7 beyond ! rea* ( ! ,nile's b5efic5t flood4 ,?\ make/ ! ,nile 9 ! und]world1 ?\ conducte/ x hi!r at ?y pleasure1 ,t x may give life to m5 :om ?\ ha/ made = ?yself1 ,"l ( ,all6 ,?\ give/ ! ,nile 9 heav5 t x desc5de? to !m4 ,x cause? its wat]s to rise ^u ! rocks l ! sea2 x wat]e? _! fields 9 _! di/ricts4 ,s are ?y me?ods accompli%$1 ,o ,"l ( ,et]nity6 ?\ :o art ?yself ! cele/ial ,nile3 ,?\ art ! k+ ( ! inhabitants ( ! l&s1 ,& ( ! cattle go+ ^u _! feet 9 e l&1 :i* g ^u feet4 ,! ,nile come? out ( ! und]world to ,egypt4 ,! ,at5 hymns1 !n1 ascribe to ! deity su* attributes z any p might see 9 _! sun-god4 ,all ! p>aph]nalia ( ! cult ( ,ra1 ,osiris1 & l div9ities are abs5t4 ,!re is no m5tion ( ! b>ques 9 :i* !y sail$ across ! heav5s2 ( ,apep1 ! great s]p5t1 & ! o!r enemies ( ,ra2 ( ! companies ( gods & goddesses :i* =m$ 8 tra94 ,we f9d 9 ! cult ( ,at5 no my?s su* z t ( ! battles ( ,horus1 nor d ! c]emonies & ritual ( ! doma9 ( ,osiris ent] into x4 ,all ^! are )\t p>allel 9 ! ,at5-wor%ip4 ,x is easily und]/ood :y x fail$ 9 its appeal to ! ,egyptian p4 ,at5 0 n ev5 figur$ z an?ropomorphic1 z 7 ,ra & ,osiris1 b 0 inv>iably repres5t$ z ! sun-disk1 ) rays emanat+ f x 9 a d[nw>d direction4 ,ea* ray t]m9at$ 9 a human h&1 to :i* 7 sometimes atta*$ ! sign ( life1 ! sign ( p[]1 & s on4 ,reliefs ( ?is p]iod frequ5tly depict ! k+ & que5 seat$ ) _! *ildr51 ov] _! heads ! symbol ( ,at51 "o ( ^: num]\s h&s pres5ts ! sign ( life to ea* memb] ( ! royal family4 ,9 %ort1 ! cult ( ,at5 0 ! wor%ip ( ! sun-god pure & simple1 %orn ( ! picturesque /ory & ritual s de> to ! he>t ( ! ,egyptian4 ,ha?or ,x is no easy matt] to gauge ! true my?ological significance ( ! ,egyptian goddess ,ha?or1 patron ( wom51 ( love1 & ( pleasure1 ,lady ( ,heav51 & ,mi/ress ( ! ,und]world4 ,%e occupi$ a v important position 9 ! pan!on ( anci5t ,egypt1 dat+ z %e did f ar*aic or ev5 pre-dyna/ic times4 ,we f9d a multitude ( my?ological ideas fus$ 9 ! ,ha?or conception3 %e is a moon-goddess1 a sky-goddess1 a goddess ( ! ea/1 a goddess ( ! we/1 a cosmic deity1 an agricultural goddess1 a goddess ( moi/ure1 ev5 on occasion a sol> deity4 ,?\gh h] orig9al /atus is ?us 9 a measure obscur$1 x is suppos$ t %e is prim>ily a moon-goddess1 = reasons :i* foll[ h]eaft]4 ,! orig9al =m "u :i* ,ha?or 0 wor%ipp$ 0 t ( a c[4 ,lat] %e is repres5t$ z a woman ) ! head ( a c[1 & f9ally ) a human head1 ! face broad1 k9dly1 placid1 & decid$ly bov9e1 sometimes reta9+ ! e>s or horns ( ! animal %e repres5ts4 ,%e is also %[n ) a head-dress resembl+ a pair ( horns ) ! moon-disk betwe5 !m4 ,sometimes %e is met ) 9 ! =m ( a c[ /&+ 9 a boat1 surr\nd$ by tall papyrus-re$s4 ,n[ 9 my?ology ! c[ is (t5 id5tifi$ ) ! moon--:y x is h>d to say4 ,p]haps x may n be too f>-fet*$ to suppose t ! horn$ appe>ance ( ! moon at c]ta9 seasons has sugge/$ its association ) ! c[4 ,my?ology is l>gely bas$ on su* sup]ficial resemblances & analogies2 x is by means ( ^! t ! primitive m9d fir/ le>ns to reason4 ,or x may be t ! c[1 naturally ( great importance to agricultural peoples1 01 by reason ( ?is importance1 associat$ ) ! moon1 mi/ress ( ! wea!r & pr9ciple ( gr[? & fruitfulness4 ,! fact t ,ha?or ! c[ is sometimes %[n 9 a boat sugge/s t %e 0 also a wat]-goddess1 & height5s ! probability t %e 0 id5tifi$ ) ! moon1 = ! latt] 0 reg>d$ by ! ,egyptians z ! s\rce ( all moi/ure4 ,! "n ,ha?or signifies ',h\se ( ,horus'--t is1 ! sky1 :]e9 dwelt ! sun-god ,horus1 & !re is no d\bt t at "o "t ,ha?or 0 reg>d$ z a sky-goddess1 or a goddess ( ! ea/]n sky1 :]e ,horus 0 born2 %e has also be5 id5tifi$ ) ! night sky & ) ! sunset sky4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we reg>d h] z a moon-goddess1 a good deal ( ! my?ology conc]n+ h] w become cle>4 ,%e is1 = example1 frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! ',eye ( ,ra1' ,ra1 ! sun-god1 probably possess+ 9 ?is in/ance ! wid] significance ( sky-god4 ,%e is also designat$ ',! ,gold5 ,"o1' :o /&s high 9 ! s\? z ! ,lady ( ,teka1 & illum9es ! we/ z ! ,lady ( ,sas4 ,t %e is mi/ress ( ! und]world is likewise n surpris+ :5 we consid] h] z id5tical ) ! moon1 = does n ! moon make a daily pilgrimage ?r\gh ,am5tet8 ,nei!r is x a/oni%+ t a goddess ( moi/ure & vegetation %\ld be f\nd 9 ! und]world disp5s+ wat] to ! s\ls ( ! dead f ! bran*es ( a palm or a sycamore4 ,ha?or z ,love-,goddess ,on ! same hypo!sis we may expla9 ! some:at p>adoxical /atem5t t ,ha?or is '"m ( h] fa!r1 daught] ( h] son'--t %e is "m1 wife1 & daught] to ,ra4 ,! moon1 :5 %e appe>s 9 ! heav5s be=e ! sun1 may be reg>d$ z 8 "m2 :5 %e reigns toge!r ) him %e is 8 wife2 :5 %e rises aft] he has set %e is 8 daught]4 ,x is possible t ! moon1 ) h] g5]ative & su/a9+ p[]s1 may h be5 consid]$ ! creative & uphold+ =ce ( ! univ]se1 ! great cosmic "m1 :o br\ght =? n only ! gods & goddesses ov] :om %e rules1 b likewise h]self z well4 ,x 0 z ! ideal ( womanhood1 !re=e1 :e!r z "m1 wife1 or daught]1 t %e receiv$ ! homage ( ,egyptian wom51 & became ! patron deity ( love1 joy1 & m]ry-mak+1 lady ( music & mi/ress ( song1 lady ( leap+1 & mi/ress ( wrea?+ g>l&s4 ,temples 7 rais$ 9 h] hon\r1 notably "o ( exceptional beauty at ,d5d]ah1 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 & %e _h %r9es )\t numb]4 ,%e became 9 "t associat$ or ev5 id5tifi$ ) _m local goddesses1 &1 inde$1 x has be5 said t all ,egyptian goddesses 7 =ms ( ,ha?or4 ,z gu>dian ( ! dead ,ha?or is figur$ z a c[1 issu+ f ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,we/1 & %e is also repres5t$ z /&+ on its summit receiv+ ! sett+ sun & ! s\ls ( ! dead 7! latt] travell+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! sun-god74 ,9 ?is case ,ha?or might be reg>d$ z ! we/]n sky1 b ! my? might be equally significant ( ! moon1 :i* sometimes /&s on ! m\nta9s ( ! we/ aft] ! "t ( sunset1 ) horns resembl+ h&s out/ret*$ to welcome ! unse5 s\ls4 ,yet ano!r po9t is wor?y ( note 9 connexion ) ! my?ological aspect ( ,ha?or4 ,:5 %e 0 born z ! daught] ( ,ra 7h] "m 0 ,nut1 ! sky-goddess7 %e 0 q black4 ,?is fact admits ( sev]al int]pretations4 ,x may be t ,ha?or's sw>?y complexion is indicative ( an ,e?iopian orig91 or x may be t %e repres5ts ! night sky1 :i* light5s ) ! gr[? ( day4 ,x is /ill possible1 h[ev]1 to reg>d h] z typify+ ! moon1 :i* is 'born black1' ) only a n>r[ cresc5t ( light1 b :i* gr[s bright] z x becomes old]4 ,x is unlikely t ! ke5 eyes ( ^! primitive peoples w\ld fail to obs]ve ! d>k disk ( ! new moon1 fa9tly outl9$ ) light reflect$ f ! e>?4 ,! ,slay+ ( ,m5 ,9 ! foll[+ my? ( ,ra & ,ha?or ! latt] is pla9ly id5tifi$ ) ! lun> deity3 ,long ago !re dwelt on e>? ,ra1 ! sun-god1 ! creator ( m5 & ?+s1 & rul] ov] ! gods4 ,= a "t m5 gave to him ! rev]5ce due to 8 exalt$ position1 b at l5g? he began to gr[ old1 & !y mock$ him1 say+1 ,behold6 8 bones are l silv]1 8 limbs are l gold1 8 hair is l unto real lapis-lazuli4 ,n[ ,ra 0 v wro? :5 he he>d _! blasphemy1 s he call$ toge!r 8 foll[]s1 ! gods & goddesses ( 8 tra91 ,%u & ,tefnut1 ,geb & ,nut1 & ,ha?or1 ! eye ( ,ra4 ,! gods assembl$ secretly1 s t ! race ( mank9d might "k no?+ ( _! meet+4 ,& :5 !y 7 all ga!r$ ab\t ! ?rone ( ,ra1 he said to ,nun1 ! olde/ ( ! gods3 ,o ,nun1 ?\ fir/-born ( ! gods1 ^: son ,i am1 ,i pray !e give me ?y c\nsel4 ,! m5 :om ,i h creat$ h conceiv$ evil aga9/ me1 ev5 ^? m5 :o h issu$ =? f m9e eye4 ,!y h murmur$ 9 _! he>ts1 say+1 ',behold6 ! k+ has become old1 8 bones are l silv]1 8 limbs l gold1 8 hair l unto real lapis-lazuli4' ,tell me :at %all be done unto !m8 ,= ?is h ,i s\ght ?y c\nsel4 ,i w n de/roy !m till ?\ ha/ spok54 ,!n answ]$ ,nun3 ,o ?\ great god1 :o art great] ?an he :o made !e1 ?\ son :o art mighti] ?an 8 fa!r1 d ?\ b turn ?9e eye ^u !m :o blaspheme !e1 & !y %all p]i% f (f ! e>?4 ,ra turn$ 8 eye ^u ! blasphem]s1 accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,nun4 ,b ! m5 fl$ f ! eye ( ,ra1 & hid !m 9 des]ts & rocky places4 ,!n did all ! gods & goddesses give c\nsel to ,ra t he %\ld s5d 8 eye d[n among m5 to smite !m sorely4 ,& ! eye ( ,ra desc5d$ 9 ! =m ( ! goddess ,ha?or1 & smote ! m5 9 ! des]t & slew !m4 ,!n ,ha?or return$ to ! c\rt ( ,ra1 & :5 ! k+ _h giv5 h] welcome %e said1 ,i h be5 mighty among mank9d4 ,x is well pleas+ to my he>t4 ,all night ,sekhmet#i wad$ 9 ! blood ( ^? :o _h be5 sla91 & on ! morr[ ,ra fe>$ t ,ha?or w\ld slay ! remnant ( ! human race1 :]e=e he said unto 8 att5dants1 ,fet* to me swift mess5g]s :o c out/rip ! w9d4 ,:5 ! mess5g]s appe>$ ! maje/y ( ,ra bade !m br+ a great numb] ( m&rakes f ,elephant9e4 ,^! ,ra gave to ,sekhmet1 bidd+ h] to p\nd !m1 & :5 ?is 0 done he mix$ ! m&rakes ) "s ( ! blood ( ^? :om ,ha?or _h sla94 ,mean:ile s]vant-maids 7 busy prep>+ be] f b>ley1 & into ?is ,ra p\r$ ! mixture4 ,?us 7 sev5 ?\s& j>s ( be] made4 ,9 ! morn+ ,ra bade 8 att5dants c>ry ! be] to ! place :]e ,ha?or w\ld seek to slay ! remnant ( mank9d1 & !re p\r x out4 ,= ! sun-god said )9 himself1 ,i w deliv] mank9d out ( h] h&s4 ,& x came to pass t at dawn ,ha?or rea*$ ! place :]e ! be] lay1 flood+ ! fields f\r spans deep4 ,%e 0 pleas$ ) h] beautiful reflection1 :i* smil$ at h] f ! floods2 & s deeply did %e dr9k ( ! be] t %e became drunk51 & 0 no m able to de/roy m54 ,h5ce=w>d fe/ivals 7 celebrat$ ) high revelry 9 commemoration ( ?is ev5t4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 ?is my? ! be] repres5ts ! annual rise ( ! ,nile1 & if fur!r evid5ce be requir$ ?an t conta9$ 9 ! /ory1 x lies 9 ! fact t ! ,intoxication fe/ivals ( ,ha?or fall 9 ! mon? ( ,?o?1 ! fir/ mon? ( ! inundation4 ,! v5geance ( ,ra is d\btless ! plagues & />vation :i* accompany ! dry season imm$iately prec$+ ! rise ( ! riv]4 ,! eye ( ,ra--t is1 ,ha?or--mu/ be ei!r ! sun or ! moon2 b ,ra himself is ! sun-god1 !re=e ,ha?or is mo/ probably ! moon4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 t ! ,egyptians believ$ ! moon wilfully to prev5t ! inundation1 & ?us 7 likely to reg>d h] z ! s\rce ( disa/]s aris+ f ! dr\ght4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 t ! eye ( ,ra wr\ght havoc among m5 dur+ ! night--,day dawn$1 aft] ?is goddess _h be5 slaught]+ m5 z %e w5t up/ream4 ,! ,=ms ( ,ha?or ,ha?or is sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! /> ,sept1 or ,so?is 7,sirius71 :i* rose heliacally on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? ( ,?o?4 ,:5 ,ra ent]$ 8 boat ,so?is1 or ! goddess ,ha?or1 took h] place on 8 head l a cr[n4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! num]\s =ms ( ?is goddess4 ,%e 0 id5tifi$ ) ,aphrodite by ! ,greeks1 & by ! ,egyptians ) a multitude ( local deities4 ,! ,sev5 ,ha?ors1 sometimes /at$ to be indep5d5t deities1 7 9 reality b a selection ( =ms ( ! goddess1 :i* selection v>i$ 9 ! v>i\s localities4 ,?us ! ,sev5 ,ha?ors wor%ipp$ at ,d5d]ah 7 ,ha?or ( ,!bes1 ,ha?or ( ,heliopolis1 ,ha?or ( ,aphroditopolis1 ,ha?or ( ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 ,ha?or ( ,momemphis1 ,ha?or ( ,h]akleopolis1 & ,ha?or ( ,keset4 ,^! 7 repres5t$ z "y wom5 c>ry+ tamb\r9es & we>+ ! ,ha?or head-dress ( a disk & a pair ( horns4 ,9 ! ,litanies ( ,sek] o!r gr\ps ( ,sev5 ,ha?ors are m5tion$1 :ile ,m>iette includes yet a diff]5t company "u t title4 ,briefly1 ,ha?or is a p]sonification ( ! female pr9ciple--primitive1 fruitful1 attractive--su* z is kn[n to mo/ b>b>ic peoples1 & becom+ m sophi/icat$ z ! c5turies pass4 ,hapi1 ! ,god ( ! ,nile ,?is deity 0 especially connect$ ) ! great riv] :5ce ,egypt drew h] su/5ance1 & z su* 0 a god ( v consid]able importance 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,9 "t he became id5tifi$ ) ,osiris4 ,! "n ,hapi /ill baffles translation1 & is probably ( pre-dyna/ic orig94 ,p]haps ! fir/ m5tion ( ?is deity is 9 ! ,text ( ,unas1 :]e ! ,nile god is exhort$ to fructify gra9 = ! requirem5ts ( ! dead mon>*4 ,9 ! same texts ,hapi is allud$ to z a de/ructive =ce1 symboliz+1 ( c\rse1 ! inundations s frequ5tly caus$ by ! ,riv] ,nile4 ,9 appe>ance ,hapi possesses bo? male & female *>act]i/ics1 ! latt] indicat+ 8 p[]s ( n\ri%m5t4 ,z god ( ! ,nor? ,nile he is cr[n$ ) papyrus plants1 & z god ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! riv] ) lotus plants4 ,^! two =ms ( ,hapi result$ f ! geographical division ( ! c\ntry into ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 & !y are sometimes comb9$ 9 a s+le figure1 :5 ! god is %[n hold+ 9 8 h&s bo? plants4 ,on ! ?rones ( c]ta9 ( ! ,ph>aohs we (t5 f9d ! lotus & papyrus conjo9$ ) ! emblem ( union1 to signify ! sov]eignty ( ! mon>* ov] bo? regions4 ,! v position ( ,hapi made x c]ta9 t he w\ld become successful z a deity4 ,! entire c\ntry look$ to ! ,nile z ! s\rce ( all weal? & prov5d]1 s t ! deity :i* presid$ ov] x rapidly rose 9 public e/imation4 ,?us ,hapi quickly became id5tifi$ ) ! great] & m out/&+ figures 9 e>ly ,egyptian my?ology4 ,he ?us became a p>tn] ) ! great orig9al gods :o _h creat$ ! _w1 & f9ally came to be reg>d$ z ! mak] & m\ld] ( ev]y?+ )9 ! univ]se4 ,we f9d him cr$it$ ) ! attributes ( ,nu1 ! primeval wat]-mass1 & ?is 9 effect made him a fa!r ( ,ra1 :o _h em]g$ f t elem5t4 ,hapi1 inde$1 /ood 9 m imm$iate relation%ip to ! ,egyptians ?an almo/ any o!r god 9 _! pan!on4 ,)\t ! sun ,egypt w\ld h be5 plung$ into d>kness1 b )\t ! ,nile e liv+ creature )9 its bord]s w\ld assur$ly h p]i%$4 ,! circum/ance1 too1 t ! s\rce ( ! ,riv] ,nile 0 unkn[n to ! ,egyptians t5d$ to add a my/]y to ! "* ( its presid+ deity4 ,! p ( ! c\ntry c\ld n und]/& ! rise & fall ( ! riv]1 :i* appe>$ to !m to take place "u sup]natural auspices4 ,on ! occasion ( ! annual rise ( ! ,nile a great fe/ival 0 held 9 hon\r ( ,hapi1 & /atues ( ! god 7 c>ri$ ab\t ?r\gh ! t[ns & villages4 ,x is noticeable 9 _m my?ologies t gods ( fructification are ^? hon\r$ by ! circulation ( _! images ?r\gh\t ! region :]e !y are wor%ipp$1 & x is a little difficult to see :y ?is %\ld be s4 ,x _c be said t none b deities ) an agricultural significance 7 ?us c>ri$ ab\t1 b x is notewor?y t ^! are by f> ! mo/ num]\s to receive su* hon\rs4 ,c\nt]p>ts ( ,hapi ,isis 0 9 a mann] reg>d$ z ! female c\nt]p>t ( ,hapi1 b we also f9d t 9 ! nor? ( ,egypt ! goddess ,nat*-ura 0 reg>d$ z ! female companion ( ,hapi1 & t ,nekhebet reign$ 9 ! s\? 9 a l capacity4 ,! foll[+ hymn to ,hapi1 f\nd 9 a papyrus ( ! ,eighte5? or ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 cle>ly %[s ! great importance ( 8 wor%ip 9 ,egypt3 ,homage to !e1 ,o ,hapi1 ?\ appe>e/ 9 ?is l&1 & ?\ come/ 9 peace to make ,egypt to live4 ,?\ art ! ,hidd5 ,"o1 & ! guide ( ! d>kness on ! day :5 x is ?y pleasure to lead ! same4 ,?\ art ! wat]] ( ! fields :i* ,ra ha? creat$1 ?\ give/ life unto all animals1 ?\ make/ all ! l& to dr9k unceas+ly z ?\ desc5de/ on ?y way f heav54 ,?\ art ! fri5d ( bread & ( ,t*abu1 ?\ make/ to increase & be /rong ,nepra1 ?\ make/ prosp]\s e work%op1 ,o ,ptah1 ?\ "l ( fi%2 :5 ! ,inundation rise?1 ! wat]f[l d n alight ^u ! fields t are s[n ) :eat4 ,?\ art ! creator ( b>ley1 & ?\ make/ ! temples to endure1 = millions ( ye>s repose ( ?y f+]s ha? be5 an abom9ation to !e4 ,?\ art ! "l ( ! poor & ne$y4 ,if ?\ w]t ov]?r[n 9 ! heav5s ! gods w\ld fall ^u _! faces & m5 w\ld p]i%4 ,he cause? ! :ole e>? to be op5$ by ! cattle1 & pr9ces & peasants lie d[n & re/4444 ,?y =m is t ( ,khnemu4 ,:5 ?\ %9e/ ^u ! e>? %\ts ( joy asc5d1 = all p are joyful1 & e mighty man receive? food1 & e too? is provid$ ) food4 ,?\ art ! br+] ( food1 ?\ art ! mighty "o ( meat & dr9k1 ?\ art ! creator ( all good ?+s1 ! "l ( div9e meat1 pleasant & *oice4444 ,?\ make/ ! h]b to gr[ = ! cattle1 & ?\ take/ he$ unto :at is sacrific$ unto e god4 ,! *oice/ inc5se is t :i* foll[e? !e1 ?\ art ! "l ( ! two l&s4 ,?\ fille/ ! /oreh\ses1 ?\ heape/ high ) corn ! gran>ies1 & ?\ take/ he$ unto :at is sacrific$ unto e god4 ,! *oice/ inc5se is t :i* foll[e? !e1 ?\ art ! "l ( ! two l&s4 ,?\ fille/ ! /oreh\ses1 ?\ heape/ high ) corn ! gran>ies1 & ?\ take/ he$ to ! affairs ( ! poor & ne$y4 ,?\ make/ ! h]b & gre5 ?+s to gr[ t ! desires ( all may be satisfi$1 & ?\ art n r$uc$ !reby4 ,?\ make/ ?y /r5g? to be a %ield = man4 ,nut ,! goddess ,nut 0 ! daught] ( ,%u & ,tefnut1 ! wife ( ,geb1 & ! "m ( ,osiris & ,isis1 ,set & ,neph?ys4 ,%e p]sonifi$ ! sky & ! vault ( heav54 ,a good _m o!r goddesses probably became absorb$ 9 h] f "t to "t4 ,%e is1 h[ev]1 ! p]sonification ( ! day sky1 a c]ta9 ,naut repres5t+ ! sky ( night1 b ?is di/9ction 0 an e>ly "o4 ,%e 0 inde$ ! c\nt]p>t ( ,nu1 & repres5t$ ! great wat]y abyss1 out ( :i* all ?+s orig9ally came1 s t ,nut1 ! sp\se ( ,nu1 & ,nut1 ! sp\se ( ,geb1 are "o & ! same be+4 ,%e is usually repres5t$ z a woman c>ry+ ^u h] head a vase ( wat]1 :i* pla9ly indicates h] "*4 ,sometimes %e we>s ! horns & disk ( ,ha?or1 b %e has _m o!r guises z ! great "m ( ! gods4 ,h] mo/ g5]al appe>ance1 h[ev]1 is t ( a woman re/+ on h&s & feet1 h] body =m+ an ar*1 ?us repres5t+ ! sky4 ,h] limbs typifi$ ! f\r pill>s on :i* ! sky 0 suppos$ to re/4 ,%e 0 suppos$ orig9ally to be recl9+ on ,geb1 ! e>?1 :5 ,%u rais$ h] f ?is position4 ,?is my? is a v common "o among ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica1 b 9 an inv]t$ s5se1 z x is usually ! sky :i* takes ! place ( ! orig9al fa!r1 & ! e>? t ( ! great "m4 ,^! are usually sep>at$ by ! creative deity1 j z 7 ,geb & ,nut1 & ! allegory repres5ts ! sep>ation ( ! e>? f ! wat]s :i* 7 above x1 & ! creation ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to ano!r my? ,nut gave bir? daily to ! sun-god1 :o pass$ across h] body1 :i* repres5t$ ! sky4 ,9 a v>iant acc\nt he is repres5t$ z travell+ across h] back4 ,! limbs & body ( ! goddess are bespangl$ ) />s4 ,9 ano!r pictorial description ( ,nut we see a second female figure drawn inside ! fir/1 & )9 t aga9 ! body ( a man1 ! la/ two con=m+ to ! semicircul> %ape ( ! sky-goddess4 ,?is is expla9$ z mean+ t ! two wom5 p]sonify ! day & night skies1 b x does n acc\nt = ! male body1 :i* may repres5t ! ,duat4 ,aga9 we read t ,nut 0 trans=m$ into a great c[1 & %e is frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ?is =m4 ,! deceas$ are describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead z rely+ on h] = fre% air 9 ! und]world1 ov] ! wat]s ( :i* %e 0 suppos$ to h dom9ion4 ,%e possess$ a sacr$ tree1 ! sycamore1 :i* 0 situat$ at ,heliopolis1 at ! foot ( :i* ! s]p5t ,apep 0 sla9 by ! great cat ,ra4 ,! bran*es ( ?is tree 7 reg>d$ z a place ( refuge = ! we>y dead 9 noonday dur+ ! summ]1 & 9 its %ade !y 7 refre%$ by ! food on :i* ! goddess h]self liv$4 ,x 0 ass]t$ by ! prie/s ( ,d5d]ah t ,nut _h h] orig9 9 _! city1 & t !re %e became ! "m ( ,isis4 ,h] five *ildr51 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,set1 ,isis1 & ,neph?ys1 7 born on ! five epagom5al days ( ! ye>--t is1 ! five days ov] ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty4 ,z 9 ,mexico1 c]ta9 ( ^! 7 reg>d$ z unlucky4 ,nut plays a prom95t "p 9 ! und]world1 & ! dead are c>eful to reta9 h] good (fices1 probably 9 ord] t !y may h pl5ty ( air4 ,inde$1 h] fav\r r5ew$ _! bodies & !y 7 enabl$ to rise & j\rney ) ! sun-god ea* day1 ev5 z did ,ra1 ! son ( ,nut4 ,a portrait ( ! goddess 0 (t5 pa9t$ on ! cov] ( ! c(f9 z a m>k ( h] protection1 & ?is 0 r>ely omitt$ 9 ! ,egyptian burial c]emonies4 ,taurt ,taurt is usually pictur$ z a hippopotamus /&+ ^u h] h9d legs1 hold+ 9 h] h& an amulet :i* has n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,%e we>s on h] head ! sol> disk & two tall fea!rs4 ,occasionally %e is pictur$ 9 human =m ) ! c[-horns worn by all ,egyptian goddesses4 ,%e 0 reg>d$ z ! "m & nurse ( ! gods1 & _h a c\nt]p>t 9 ,apet1 ! hippopotamus-goddess ( ,!bes1 :o 0 suppos$ by "s ,egyptians to h be5 ! "m ( ,osiris4 ,9 lat] times ,taurt 0 kn[n z ,r]t or ,r]et1 ! female hippopotamus1 b %e 0 also id5tifi$ ) ,isis1 ,ha?or1 ,ba/1 & o!r goddesses4 ,h] image 9 fai5ce =m$ a fav\rite amulet1 :i*1 inde$1 0 almo/ z popul> z t ( ,bes4 ,inde$1 figures :i* appe> to h be5 copi$ f t ( ,taurt are to be se5 on ,myk5an wall-sc5es1 s widespread 0 h] fame4 ,%e 0 suppos$ to be ! gu>dian ( ! m\nta9 ( ! we/1 ?r\gh :i* lay ! road to ,hades4 ,x w\ld appe> t %e 0 c]ta9ly ( totemic orig94 ,h] popul>ity seems to h be5 greate/ dur+ ! ,new ,empire1 & increas$ greatly dur+ ! latt] p]iod4 ,hekt ,hekt1 ! frog-head$ goddess1 0 reg>d$ z ! wife ( ,khnemu1 al?\gh 9 "s degree %e may be look$ ^u z a =m ( ,ha?or4 ,h] "* has n be5 made v cle> by writ]s on ,egyptian my?ology1 b ! circum/ance t %e possesses ! head ( a frog obvi\sly %[s h] connexion ) wat]1 & !re=e ) ! p[]s ( fructification4 ,%e appe>s also to h be5 associat$ ) ! deities ( gr[?4 ,_m corn-gods are deities ( resurrection & re-bir?4 ,at ! fe/ival ( a c]ta9 ,mexican goddess ( ! maize a frog 0 plac$ ^u ! top ( a %eaf ( gra9 z be+ symbolical ( ! goddess4 ,x might be haz>d\s to id5tify ,hekt ) ! ,greek ,hecate1 :o 0 p]haps a moon-goddess1 & z su* associat$ ) wat]4 ,x is noticeable t ,hecate is reg>d$ by ,f>nell z a =eign importation f ,?race4 ,%e is1 ( c\rse1 ! goddess ( ! l[] _w z well1 j z ,osiris1 ! moon-god1 0 god ( ! ,egyptian dead4 ,%e 0 also wor%ipp$ at ! ,samo?racian my/]ies1 :i* probably _h an ,egyptian orig94 ,we f9d t ,hecate 0 also a goddess ( f]tility4 ,khonsu ,khonsu 0 a lun> deity1 & z su* 0 (t5 id5tifi$ ) ,?o?4 ,inde$1 at ,h]mopolis & ,edf ! two 7 occasionally jo9$ "u ! "n ( ,khonsu-,?o?4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f ! root kh5s1 to trav]se1 %[+ t he 0 ! travell] :o nightly cross$ ! heav5s4 ,he 0 depict$ z a hawk-head$ god cr[n$ ) ! lun> cresc5t & ! sol> disk4 ,rameses ,,iii built him a great temple at ,!bes betwe5 ^? ( ,am5 & ,mut4 ,he _h two di/9ct =ms3 ,khonsu 9 ,!bes ,nef]hetep1 & ,khonsu ! c>ri] out ( plans4 ,! ,greeks comp>$ ,khonsu to ,h]acles1 = :at reason x w\ld be difficult to say4 ,occasionally ! ,egyptians fus$ him ) ,horus1 ,%u1 & ,ra1 :i* %[s t he c\ld assume a sol> "*1 z is indicat$ by 8 hawk-head4 ,x w\ld appe> z if ,khonsu1 orig9ally a moon-god1 became also a sun-god :5 ! lun> cal5d> 0 m]g$ into or ab&on$ = ! sol> me?od ( computation4 ,! foll[+ tale illu/rates ! heal+ p[] ( ,khonsu3 ,! ,pr9cess & ! ,demon ,9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,rameses !re 7 _m fair wom5 9 ,egypt1 b loveli] ?an !m all 0 ! daught] ( ! pr9ce ( ,bekht51 "o ( ! k+'s vassals4 ,tall & sl5d] & v %apely1 ( exquisite =m & feature1 !re 0 no?+ on e>? ) :i* to comp>e h] beauty1 s m5 comp>$ x ) ! beauty ( ,am5-,ra1 ! great sun-god1 ! god ( ! light ( day4 ,n[ ,k+ ,rameses 0 a great conqu]or & a mighty man ( val\r1 :o numb]$ among 8 vassals pr9ces ( no mean degree4 ,^! latt] came e ye> to ,nah>a9a1 at ! m\? ( ! ,euphrates1 to d homage to _! ov]lord & to r5d] tribute to him4 ,ri* inde$ 0 ! tribute t ! k+ receiv$1 = e pr9ce :o b[$ be=e him 0 accompani$ by a ret9ue ( slaves be>+ treasures ( gold & preci\s /ones & sweet-smell+ woods1 ! *oice/ ?+s t _! dom9ions c\ld af=d4 ,on "o su* occasion ,rameses & 8 pr9ces 7 ga!r$ at ,nah>a9a1 & ! vassals vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! (f]+s4 ,b ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 _h a treasure :i* f> surpass$ t ( ! o!rs1 = he _h br\ght 8 beautiful daught]1 %e ^: beauty 0 z t ( ,am5-,ra4 ,:5 ! k+ saw h] he lov$ h] beyond all else1 & wi%$ to make h] 8 wife4 ,= ! re/ ( ! tribute he c>$ no?+1 & ! homage ( ! rema9+ pr9ces 0 a we>9ess to him4 ,s he m>ri$ ! pr9cess1 & gave to h] a "n :i* signifies ',beauty ( ,ra4' ,& :5 !y return$ home ! que5 fulfill$ h] royal duties z became ! ,great ,royal ,wife1 & 0 belov$ ( h] husb& & h] p4 ,n[ x came ab\t t on ! fe/ival ( ! god ,am51 :5 ! sacr$ b>que is born al(t = all to see1 ! k+ & que5 w5t up to ! temple to d hon\r to ! sun-god4 ,& :ile !y wor%ipp$1 att5dants s\ght !m ) ! news t a mess5g] f ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 wait$ )\t & w\ld h spee* ) !m4 ,! k+ bade t ! mess5g] be admitt$4 ,ri* gifts he bore f ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 to 8 daught]1 ! ,great ,royal ,wife1 :ile to ! k+ he b[$ v l[1 say+3 ,behold1 ,o k+1 ! little si/] ( ! ,great ,royal ,wife lies ill4 ,i pray !e1 !re=e1 to s5d a physician to heal h] ( h] malady4 ,!n ! k+ call$ 8 wise m5 ab\t him & delib]at$ :om he %\ld s5d to ! succ\r ( 8 wife's si/]4 ,at l5g? ! wise m5 br\ght be=e ! k+ "o ( _! numb]1 a scribe nam$ ,tehuti-em-heb1 :o 0 accord+ly appo9t$ to accompany ! mess5g] to ,bekht51 !re to heal ! que5's si/]1 ,b5t-re%y4 ,b1 alas6 :5 !y rea*$ ! doma9s ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 ,tehuti-em-heb f\nd t ! demon :o 0 ! cause ( ! pr9cess's affliction 0 f> too p[]ful to be expell$ by 8 skill4 ,:5 ! maid's fa!r he>d t ! ,egyptian scribe 0 p[]less to ca/ out ! demon he fell into despair1 ?9k+ 8 la/ hope _h gone4 ,b ,tehuti-em-heb com=t$ him z be/ he might1 bidd+ him s5d once m to ,egypt to besee* ! int]v5tion ( ,khonsu1 ,expell] ( ,demons1 on 8 daught]'s behalf4 ,s ! ,"l ( ,bekht5 s5t yet ano!r mess5g] to ! c\rt ( ,rameses4 ,n[ ! l& ( ,bekht5 0 f> f ! l& ( ,egypt1 & ! j\rney betwe5 !m occupi$ a ye> & five mon?s4 ,:5 ! mess5g] ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 rea*$ ,egypt he f\nd ,rameses 9 ,!bes1 9 ! temple ( ,khonsu1 = x 0 ! mon? :i* 0 sacr$ to t god4 ,& ! mess5g] b[$ be=e ,rameses & gave him ! message s5t by ! que5's fa!r4 ,9 ! temple at ,!bes !re 7 two /atues ( ! god ,khonsu1 "o call$ ,khonsu 9 ,!bes ,nef]hetep1 ! o!r ,khonsu1 ,expell] ( ,demons1 bo? repres5t+ ! god z a h&some y\?4 ,rameses approa*$ ,khonsu 9 ,!bes ,nef]hetep & pray$ t he w\ld p]mit ,khonsu1 ! ,expell] ( ,demons1 to g to ! l& ( ,bekht5 = ! heal+ ( ,b5t-re%y1 ! que5's little si/]4 ,khonsu 9 ,!bes ,nef]hetep b[$ 8 ass5t1 & gave 8 protection to ! ,expell] ( ,demons4 ,:5 ?is 0 done ,khonsu1 ,expell] ( ,demons1 0 dispat*$ to ,bekht51 accompani$ by a l>ge ret9ue1 & ) c]emony befitt+ a k+4 ,!y j\rney$ = a ye> & five mon?s1 & at l5g? rea*$ ! l& ( ! que5's fa!r4 ,! pr9ce himself & all 8 p ha/5$ to greet ,khonsu1 pro/rat+ !mselves & (f]+ ri* gifts ev5 z !y might h done to ! ,k+ ( ,egypt himself4 ,mean:ile ,b5t-re%y's illness _h cont9u$ unabat$1 = ! demon :o possess$ h] 0 v pot5t4 ,b :5 ,khonsu 0 conduct$ to h] *amb]1 behold6 %e grew well 9 a mom5t1 to ! joy ( h] fa!r & 8 c\rti]s4 ,! demon :o _h come out ( h] ackn[l$g$ ,khonsu z 8 sup]ior1 & ^? :o /ood by he>d ) awe a conv]sation pass betwe5 !m4 ,o ,khonsu1 said ! _s1 ,i am ?y slave4 ,if ?\ comm&e/ t ,i g f h5ce1 ,i w g4 ,b ,i pray !e ask ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 t he w make a holy day = me & a sacrifice4 ,!n %all ,i g 9 peace4 ,x %all be z ?\ ha/ said1 repli$ ,khonsu1 & he comm&$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 to make a sacrifice & a holy day = ! demon :o _h possess$ ,b5t-re%y4 ,fir/ ! p made a great sacrifice to ,khonsu1 ! ,expell] ( ,demons2 !n !y made "o = ! demon1 :o !reaft] dep>t$ 9 peace4 ,b :5 he _h gone ! m9d ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 0 griev\sly tr\bl$1 = he ?\ght3 ,p]*ance he w come aga9 unto our l&1 & torm5t ! p ev5 z he has torm5t$ my daught]1 ,b5t-re%y4 ,s he det]m9$ t ,khonsu1 ! ,expell] ( ,demons1 mu/ n be all[$ to dep>t f ,bekht51 b mu/ be kept !re always1 le/ ! demon %\ld return4 ,= m ?an ?ree ye>s1 !re=e1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,bekht5 kept ,khonsu )9 8 doma9s1 & w\ld n all[ him to dep>t4 ,b "o night he _h a dream :i* alt]$ 8 det]m9ation4 ,9 8 dream he /ood be=e ! %r9e ( ,khonsu1 ,expell] ( ,demons4 ,& z he look$1 behold6 ! doors ( ! %r9e 7 flung wide1 & ! god himself issu$ =?1 took ! =m ( a hawk ) wond]ful gold5 plumage1 & flew t[>d ,egypt4 ,:5 he awoke ! ,"l ( ,bekht5 knew t ! real god _h dep>t$ to ,egypt1 & t x 0 useless to keep any long] 8 /atue4 ,moreov]1 he fe>$ ! v5geance ( ,khonsu4 ,s on ! morr[ he load$ ! /atue ( ,khonsu1 ! ,expell] ( ,demons1 ) ri* & beautiful gifts1 & s5t him away to ,egypt ) a pr9cely ret9ue4 ,:5 ! return j\rney 0 accompli%$ ,khonsu1 ,expell] ( ,demons1 be/[$ all ! co/ly gifts on ,khonsu 9 ,!bes ,nef]hetep1 keep+ no?+ = himself ( all he _h receiv$4 ,m9or ,deities ,!re 7 hundr$s ( m9or gods surr\nd+ ! ,egyptian pan!on1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( only a few ( ^! c be dealt )4 ,ea* h\r ( ! day _h its repres5tative deity1 z _h ea* h\r ( ! night4 ,! f\r w9ds 7 also repres5t$ 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on1 z 9 ! ,greek4 ,! nor? w9d 0 call$ ,qebui1 & is pictur$ z a f\r-head$ ram ) w+s2 ! s\? w9d1 ,%ehbui1 is repres5t$ z a man ) a lion's head1 & w+s2 & ! we/ w9d1 ,huzayui1 has a s]p5t's head on ! body ( a w+$ man4 ,! ea/ w9d1 ,h5khisesui1 sometimes times occurs 9 an?ropomorphic %ape1 &1 l ! nor? w9d1 has a ram's head1 b he is occasionally figur$ z a w+$ beetle ) ! head ( a ram4 ,! s5ses 7 also symboliz$ by deities4 ,saa 0 ! god ( ! s5se ( t\* or feel+4 ,he is depict$ 9 human %ape & we>s ^u 8 head a sign compos$ ( p>allel l9es1 :i* z !y rise gr[ small]4 ,9 ! ,!ban ,rec5sion ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead he is %[n 9 ! judgm5t sc5e among/ ^? gods :o wat* ! weigh+ ( ! he>t ( ! deceas$4 ,saa is sometimes %[n z sail+ ) ,?o? & o!r gods 9 ! boat ( ,ra4 ,9 "o passage he is allud$ to z ! son ( ,geb4 ,he is ! p]sonification ( intellig5ce1 human & div9e4 ,! god ( ta/e 0 call$ ,hu4 ,he is also depict$ z a man1 & is said to h come into exi/5ce f a drop ( blood :i* fell f ,ra4 ,he became ! p]sonification ( ! div9e food ^u :i* ! gods & ! bless$ dead liv$4 ,maa 0 ! god ( sight4 ,he is also drawn z a man hav+ an eye plac$ ov] 8 head1 :i* is also ! symbol ( 8 "n4 ,setem 0 ! god ( he>+1 & 9 8 case 8 head is surm\nt$ by an e>4#aj ,! planets 7 also deifi$4 ,saturn 0 call$ ,horus1 ! bull ( heav52 ,m>s 0 also id5tifi$ ) ,horus "u ! "n ( ! 'r$ ,horus1' b1 /rictly speak+1 0 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ,ra2 ! god ( ,m]cury 0 ,set1 & ( ,v5us1 ,osiris4 ,"s ( ! con/ellations 7 also id5tifi$ ) deities4 ,! ,great ,be> 0 kn[n z '! haun*1' & ,draco 0 id5tifi$ ) ! hippopotamus ,r]et4 ,! days ( ! mon? _h also patron gods4 #a ,or ,us]ts54 #b ,!re is a m5tion 9 ! pyramid ( ,unas 7,six? ,dyna/y7 ( a deity :i* may mean ,am51 b may also mean ',! ,hidd5 ,"o1' & ! epi!t :i* foll[s appe>s to apply to ,osiris4 #c ,budge1 ,! ,gods ( ,egypt1 ii4 p4 #b4 #d ,budge1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #ejc4 #e ,or ,sekmet4 #f ,or ,setet %oot] 7) arr[s74 #g ,or ,?i4 #h ,or ,ra-,h]u-,khuti4 #i ,or ,sekhet4 ,sekhmet is ! same p]sonage z ,ha?or 9 ! orig9al text4 ,! be] 0 made by ! p ( ,on1 :o mix$ ! 'm&rake' ) x1 & ,sekhmet-,ha?or drank x4 #aj ,p]sonifications ( ! s5ses ) appropriate names4 ,,*apt] ,,vi3 ,,egyptian ,,lit]ature ,egyptian ,language & ,writ+ ,! e>lie/ k we h ( ! ,egyptian language is furni%$ by anci5t inscriptions belong+ to ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 ab\t #ccjj ,b4,c4 ,f ^! onw>d its rise & its decay may be trac$ d[n ?r\gh ! diff]5t writ+s on temples1 monum5ts1 & papyri to ! f\rte5? c5tury ,a4,d41#a :5 ,coptic manuscripts end ! tale4 ,( ! liv+ tongue1 z ap>t f ! purely lit]>y language ( ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions1 ! true/ idea is giv5 by ! popul> tales1 lett]s1 & bus9ess docum5ts :i* h come d[n to u1 :]e9 ! scribes naturally kept close to ! curr5t =ms ( spee*1 ?us reveal+ ! *anges ! language und]w5t4 ,t ,egyptian is relat$ to ,semitic is practically c]ta91 ?\gh "h a racial problem int]v5es & confuses1 = ! ,egyptian race prop] is n & nev] 01 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 ,semitic 9 type4 ,erman tries to expla9 ?is by ! q probable !ory t 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod a horde ( w>like ,semites conqu]$ a "p ( ,egypt & settl$ !re1 l ! ,arabs ( a lat] p]iod1 & impos$ _! language on ! c\ntry1 b z a di/9ct race di$ out1 ei!r by reason ( ! climate or absorption by ! native population1 :o1 h[ev]1 _h acquir$ ! /rang]s' language1 ?\gh b imp]fectly4 ,"u ^! conditions ! language gradually *ang$4 ,! consonants 7 mispron\nc$1 /rong consonants giv+ place to weak1 & ^! 9 turn1 disappe>+ altoge!r1 produc$ bilit]als f ! trilit]al roots4 ,?is t5d5cy1 toge!r ) p]iphra/ic in/ead ( v]bal conjugation1 cont9u$ to ! end4 ,coptic1 ! late/ =m1 is ?us bilit]al 9 "*1 & t5ses ( rem>kable precision 7 develop$ 9 ! v]b by means ( p]iphrases2 b ! great resemblances betwe5 ,coptic & ,semitic mu/ also be trac$ to ! cont9u\s ,semitic influ5ces ( late p]iods4 ,! ,egyptian language naturally divides into its progressive /ages4 ,^! are ,old ,egyptian1 ,middle & ,late ,egyptian1 ,demotic & ,coptic4 ,old ,egyptian is ! language belong+ to ! ,old ,k+dom4 ,x suppli$ ! lit]>y model = ! lat] p]iod1 z evid5c$ by ! inscriptions1 b t x %\ld be affect$ by ! *ang+ =ms ( contempor>y spee* 0 inevitable1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 its *ief *>act]i/ics 7 pres]v$4 ,! e>lie/ specim5s we h are inscriptions belong+ to ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are too brief to give mu* insight into ! language & spee* ( t p]iod4 ,next come _m inscriptions & "s few hi/orical texts 9 ! language ( ! ,f\r?1 ,fif?1 & ,six? ,dyna/ies4 ,! greate/ am\nt belong+ to ?is phase is ! l>ge collection ( ritual texts & spells inscrib$ 9 ! ,pyramids belong+ to ! ,six? ,dyna/y4 ,middle & ,late ,egyptian belong to ! ,middle & ,new ,k+doms respectively1 & approximate to ! common spee* ( ! p4 ,writ+s 9 ! =m]1 extant to ?is day1 are tales1 lett]s1 & bus9ess docum5ts ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y on to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,k+dom1 writt5 on papyri 9 hi]atic script4 ,! ,eighte5? to ! ,tw5ty-fir/ ,dyna/y furni% u ) specim5s ( ,late ,egyptian 9 v>i\s hi]atic papyri4 ,9 reg>d to ^! an au?ority /ates3 ,! spell+ ( ,late ,egyptian is v extraord9>y1 full ( false etymologies1 otiose signs1 etc41 ! old or?ography be+ q unable to adapt itself neatly to ! pr(\ndly modifi$ language4 ,nev]!less1 ?is clumsy spell+ is expressive1 & ! v mi/akes are in/ructive z to ! pronunciation4 ,demotic repres5ts ! vulg> dialect ( ! ,sate p]iod1 & is really appli$ to ! "* 9 :i* x is writt54 ,x may be trac$ back to ! ,tw5ty-fif? ,dyna/y1 ab\t #ijj ,b4,c41 & x cont9u$ 9 use until ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,demotic docum5ts are mo/ly contracts ( sale & legal matt]s1 ?\gh "s magical texts & a curi\s tale1 ! ,papyrus ( ,setna1 are also writt5 9 ?is "*4 ,coptic is ! late/ =m :i* ! language took1 or r x is a dialect =m ( ,egyptian1 ( :i* f\r or five v>ieties are kn[n4 ,coptic is writt5 ) ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 & is really ! only /age ( ! language :]e ! spell+ gives a cle> idea ( ! pronunciation4 ,to ! ,greek *>act]s 7 add$ six tak5 f ! ,demotic 9 ord] to express s\nds peculi> to ! ,egyptian language4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ,greek transcriptions ( ,egyptian names & words1 h suppli$ ! only means ( arriv+ at "s idea ( ! accurate vocalization ( ! ,egyptian language4 ,"o reason = ?is ignorance t ( necessity prevail$ is ! fact t ! ,egyptian sy/em ( writ+ gives m]ely ! consonantal skeletons ( words1 nev] record+ ! int]nal v[el *anges1 & (t5 omitt+ semi-consonants4 ,! ,hi]oglyphs ,! anci5t ,egyptian sy/em ( writ+ w\ld seem to be1 f all available evid5ce1 ( purely native orig94 ,its rise1 developm5t1 & f9al ext9ction c all be trac$ )9 ! ,nile valley1 ?\gh x travell$ by conque/ into ,syria "u ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y & onw>d = ! engrav+ ( ,egyptian inscriptions 9 t c\ntry4 ,aga91 x is held by "s au?orities to be q possible t ! m]*ants ( ,phnicia & ! gean _h evolv$ f ! ,egyptian hi]atic ! cursive =m ( writ+1 _! ',phnician' alphabet1 ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,! hi]oglyphic "* 0 orig9ally picture-writ+ 9 its simple/ =m1 b _h become m complex by ! "t x is met ) fir/1 9 inscriptions belong+ to ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y4 ,x und]w5t "s *anges1 b ! f9al mode x assum$ p]si/$ practically unalt]$ f ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y d[n to its expiry 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,by t "t all k ( ! mean+ ( ! *>act]s _h di$ out1 & x 0 n until ! discov]y ( ! ,rosetta ,/one#b & ! deciph]m5t ( its l+ual inscription 9 ,greek & ,egyptian t any progress c\ld be made 9 ! read+ ( hi]oglyphic writ+4 ,! signs are ( two k9ds1 "o to repres5t s\nds1 ! phonetic--:i* is aga9 divid$ into two v>ieties1 ! alphabetic & syllabic--& ! o!r to repres5t ideas1 ! ideographic4 ,^! latt] signs are pictorial repres5tations ( ! object spok5 (1 :i* are plac$ aft] ! phonetically writt5 words z 'det]m9atives1' or repres5tative symbols4 ,^! aga9 are ( two k9ds1 g5]ic1 be+ det]m9ative ( a class1 & specific1 ( a p>ticul> object4 ,!re is no rule#c z to ! arrangem5t ( ! text4 ,x is read ei!r f "r to left1 left to "r1 or 9 columns1 its comm5cem5t be+ f t side t[>d :i* ! bird & animal *>act]s face4 ,ab\t five hundr$ *>act]s 7 us$4 ,hi]atic writ+ is to be f\nd 9 ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 approximat+ closely to ! hi]oglyphic1 b by ! "t ( ! ,middle ,k+dom ?is resemblance is lo/4 ,! comm]cial era ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y br\ght into ev]yday use ! ,demotic =m1 & !nce=? hi]atic 0 us$ = ! copy+ ( religi\s & traditional texts on papyrus1 & 9 "t 0 und]/ood by ! le>n$ only1 = 9 ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1 :5ev] ! text ( a royal decree 0 inscrib$ ^u a /ele :i* 0 to be set up 9 a public place1 a v]sion ( ! said decree 9 ! ,demotic "* 0 add$4 ,/el inscrib$ 9 hi]oglyphic1 ,demotic1 & ,greek h be5 f\nd1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! be+ ! ,decree ( ,canopu1 belong+ to ,ptolemy ,,iii1 #bdg ,b4,c41 & ! ,rosetta ,/one1 set up 9 ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,v1 ,epiphanes1 #bje ,b4,c4 ,x 0 ?is latt] /one & its inscription :i* gave ! key to unravell+ ! my/]y ( hi]oglyphic writ+ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ?us re/or+ to mod]n times ! k ( anci5t ,egyptian language & lit]ature4 ,z has be5 %[n1 ! hi]oglyphic sy/em ( writ+ _h fall5 into disuse long be=e ! close ( ,roman rule 9 ,egypt1 & aga9 ! widespread use ( ,greek & ,lat9 among ! ari/ocratic & (ficial classes _h caus$ ! disappe>ance ( ,egyptian z ! language ( /ate4 ,x probably l+]$1 toge!r ) ! /udy ( hi]oglyphs1 among le>n$ m5 & prie/s 9 remote di/ricts1 b by ! f\r? or fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 _h become a lo/ art4 ,!n 9 #agii came ! f9d+ ( ! ,rosetta ,/one ) its l+ual inscription1 consi/+ ( f\rte5 l9es ( hi]oglyphs1 ?irty-two l9es ( ,demotic1 & fifty-f\r l9es ( ,greek4 ,by ! comp>ison & deciph]m5t ( ^! v]sions ! ,egyptian alphabet 0 discov]$1 & ! clue ?us f\nd to ! lo/ language ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,to ,ak]blad 9 #ahjb1 ,"y 9 #ahah1 & ,*ampollion 9 #ahbb mu/ be giv5 ! hon\r = ?is mom5t\s discov]y1 re/or+ to our k ! wond]ful civilization1 art1 & lit]ature ( a great race4 ,lit]ature ,if "o comm5ces ! /udy ( ,egyptian texts ) an exam9ation ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 & turns f its gloomy1 if picturesque1 pages to ! re/ ( ! national lit]ature1 he is p]haps doom$ to disappo9tm5t1 = ! field ( ,egyptian lett]s1 ?\gh some:at widespread1 pres5ts a pov]ty ( inv5tion & v]biage exhibit$ by few lit]atures1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iods1 z might be expect$1 ! /yle is simple to banality1 :il/ lat] a /iff & pomp\s fa%ion too (t5 m>s :at might o!rwise h be5 m]itori\s "w4 ,docum5ts ( almo/ e conceivable k9d h come d[n to u--lett]s ( bus9ess m51 legal scripts1 fragm5ts ( hi/orical in=mation1 magical papyri2 sci5tific1 !ological1 & popul> works1 ev5 fiction & poetry1 are fairly well repres5t$4 ,mo/ ( ! /&>d works1 su* z books ( prov]bs or in/ructions l ^? attribut$ to ,ptah-hotep & ,kagemni1 appe> to h be5 ( great age1 dat+ n lat] ?an ! ,middle ,k+dom4 ,! /yle ( ^! 0 imitat$ by mo/ writ]s1 j z ! %ape & col\r ( ! hi]oglyphs & wall-pa9t+s 7 s$ul\sly copi$ by draughtsm5 & scribes4 ,am5emhat ,i wrote a "w resembl+ ,ma*iavelli's ,! ,pr9ce = ! in/ruction ( 8 son 9 ! pr9ciples ( good gov]nm5t1 & ! in/ructions ( ,ani to 8 heir are ( simil> "*4 ,9 ,egyptian lit]ature we frequ5tly f9d p>allelisms ( phrase l ^? ( ,hebrew poetry1 & repetitions are common4 ,philosophical treatises1 al?\gh r>e1 appe> to h _h "s vogue1 & ! great problems ( exi/5ce seem to h be5 disput$ 9 _! pages 9 ! =m ( a dialogue4 ,a papyrus ( ! ,middle ,k+dom 7c4 #bejj ,b4,c47 n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum descants ^u ! ju/ification ( suicide4 ,! disputants are a man & 8 khu or o!r-self4 ,! man 9 "q appe>s to be we>y ( exi/5ce & has made up 8 m9d to de/roy himself4 ,he trembles = ! future1 & seems afraid t 8 corpse may be neglect$4 ,9 ?is dilemma he turns to 8 khu & entreats x to p]=m = him ! duties ( a relative4 ,?is reque/ ! khu refuses po9t-blank1 & urges its possessor to =get 8 sorr[s & to r5d] 8 life z happy z possible4 ,x indicates t aft] dea? ! remembrance ( ! deceas$ spe$ily vani%es1 & ev5 granite monum5ts _c reta9 x = long4 ,?is c\nsel ! man bitt]ly rejects1 exclaim+ t 8 relatives h =sak5 him & t 8 "n is utt]ly condemn$2 ev]y:]e ! pr\d triumph & ! humble are oppress$2 ! wick$ man fl\ri%es & di%one/y is univ]sal2 ( j & cont5t$ m5 !re are none4 ,dea? appe>s to him v pleas+2 9 8 c(f9 he w be surr\nd$ by ! fragrance ( myrrh1 w repose 9 ! cool %ad[s & p>take ( ! (f]+s made to him4 ,aft] ?is outbur/ ! khu argues no long] & ass5ts to ! man's proposals1 agree+ t :5 he is at re/ x %all desc5d to him1 & toge!r !y w prep>e = !mselves an abid+-place4 ,! ,cat & ! ,jackal ,ano!r su* discussion1 :i* possesses "s r amus+ *>act]i/ics1 is f\nd 9 a ,late ,demotic papyrus1 & is p]haps t+$ ) ,greek ideas4 ,! dialecticians 9 ?is in/ance are a mon/] cat1 :o repres5ts ! goddess ,ba/1 & a dim9utive jackal4 ,! fel9e adopts or?odox views & gives x z h] op9ion t ! _w is direct$ by ! gods1 :o w see to x t vice is vanqui%$ & t virtue is triumphant 9 ! end4 ,if ev5 a little lamb be injur$1 ! viol5ce (f]$ w reb\nd ^u ! man :o h>ms x4 ,! sun may be d>k5$ by cl\ds = a season1 ?und]/orms may roll1 ! sunrise may be veil$ by ! vap\rs ( morn+2 b ev5tually ! light ( day w break =? ?r\gh all1 & joy w reign supreme4 ,! jackal1 on ! o!r h&1 is a reali/4 ,accord+ to him might is "r on e>?4 ,! liz>d1 he rem>ks1 dev\rs ! insect1 & 9 its turn becomes ! prey ( ! bat1 :i* is swall[$ by ! snake1 ^u :i* ! hawk p\nces4 ,nature is ev] at /rife4 ,! s*eme ( ! jackal's reason+ rem9ds "o ( t advanc$ by ,d>w9 9 8 !ory ( ! survival ( ! fitte/3 ,nature is c>eless ( ! s+le life4 ,h[ is ! s9n] to be puni%$1 & :at pray]1 h[ev] p[]ful1 c det] him8 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! animals gr[s w>m]2 !y adduce _m prov]bs & fables to illu/rate ! v>i\s po9ts at issue1 & occasionally specific compla9ts are made aga9/ ! gods !mselves4 ,! au?or has evid5tly a lean+ t[>d ! jackal1 ^: subtle reason+ occasionally ?r[s ! cat into a rage4 ,mo/ un=tunately ! text is badly pres]v$1 & _m ( its passages are exce$+ly obscure2 b x /&s z an e>ly example ( ! nev]-end+ w> betwe5 ! optimi/ & ! pessimi/4 ,travell]s' ,tales ,"s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ passages 9 ,egyptian lit]ature are ^? :i* deal ) travel & adv5ture4 ,! natives ( ,egypt 7 by no means travell]s1 & = ! mo/ "p conf9$ _! j\rney+s & excursions to ! prec9cts ( _! own c\ntry1 & ev5 to _! own nomes or prov9ces4 ,to pass beyond ! bord]s ( ,khemi appe>$ to !m a =midable und]tak+4 ,b x 0 necess>y t ambassadors %\ld be s5t to ! surr\nd+ /ates1 & t tribute :i* _h be5 agre$ ^u %\ld be prop]ly en=c$4 ,z ! b5efits ( trade grew app>5t ,egyptian m]*ants pu%$ _! way into ! surr\nd+ regions1 & crim9als (t5 sav$ !mselves by flight into =eign c\ntries4 ,^? :o _h soj\rn$ abroad 7 wont ^u return home to ga!r _! fri5ds & neighb\rs ab\t !m & regale !m ) an acc\nt ( _! travels4 ,"s ( ^! are 9 ! be/ /yle ( ,sir ,john ,maundeville1 :ile o!rs aga9 are simple & correct n>ratives ( possible ev5ts4 ,! ,/ory ( ,saneha ,"o ( ^!1 ! /ory ( ,saneha1 dates f ! ,middle ,k+dom1 & possess$ a great vogue = at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is unkn[n :e!r its c5tral figure is real or fictiti\s1 z ! "n 0 a fairly common "o at t p]iod4 ,saneha 0 an (ficial "u ! fir/ k+ ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 ,am5emhat ,i4 ,:5 ,am5emhat di$ & 8 son ,s5us]t ,i#d came to ! ?rone1 he *anc$ to be hidd5 ne> by :]e a secret reception ( a c]ta9 embassy 0 held1 all k ( :i* 8 royal ma/] desir$ %\ld be kept inviolate4 ,9 t]ror le/ 8 pres5ce %\ld h be5 obs]v$ by someone1 he fl$ ea/w>d across ! ,delta1 pass$ ! fronti]1 & j\rney$ to ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 :]e he became ov]p[]$ by ?ir/4 ,"h he felt t dea? _h come ^u him1 b1 summon+ 8 c\rage1 he press$ =w>d &1 he>+ ! l[+ ( cattle1 walk$ 9 _! direction4 ,t5d+ ! cattle 0 a man ( ! des]t1 :o provid$ him ) wat] & boil$ milk1 & (f]$ him a home ) 8 tribe4 ,b ,saneha consid]$ himself unsafe s ne> ! fronti]1 & proce$$ to ! ,upp] ,t5u1 p]haps ! s\? ( ,pale/9e4 ,"h he enc\nt]$ a tribe1 ) :i* he dwelt = "s "t1 m>ry+ ! elde/ daught] ( its *ief1 & he became weal?y 9 l& & cattle & 0 reg>d$ ) mu* respect4 ,b z he grew old] a great long+ came ^u him to behold ! l& ( ,egypt once m4 ,k+ ,s5us]t 0 communicat$ )1 & p]mission 0 grant$ to ,saneha to return4 ,! k+ receiv$ him k9dly & 8 b$\9 g>m5ts 7 ex*ang$ = co/ly ,egyptian robes4 ,a spl5did tomb 0 built = him1 & he 0 once m receiv$ into ! royal fav\r4 ,! papyrus is valuable z af=d+ vivid descriptions ( ! life ( ! tribes ( ,s\!rn ,pale/9e1 ! =ays ( ! v>i\s clans & ! picturesque b>b>ism ( nomadic life4 ,b ! n>rative is (t5 int]rupt$ by irritat+ eulogies ^u ! ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,! ,%ipwreck$ ,sailor ,9 %>p contradi/9ction to ?is is a tale ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y1 kn[n z ! ,/ory ( ! ,%ipwreck$ ,sailor1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,h]mitage ,collection at ,petrograd4 ,a w&]+ sailor1 rec\nt+ 8 adv5tures to 8 sup]ior (fic]1 begs ( him an introduction to ,ph>aoh4 ,8 ma/] w n cr$it 8 /ory1 b ! man prote/s t x is true4 ,he 0 b\nd = ! m9es ( ! k+1 he says1 & took %ip on a vessel #aej cubits long & #dj cubits wide1 mann$ by "o hundr$ ( ! be/ sailors ( ,egypt1 ^: he>ts 7 /rong] ?an lions1 & :o 7 inur$ to h>d%ip & voyage4 ,!y laugh$ at ! ?\ght ( tempe/s1 b z !y approa*$ l& a great w9d arose & mighty waves da%$ aga9/ ! vessel4 ,! n>rator seiz$ ^u a piece ( timb]1 & n too soon1 = ! %ip & all :o rema9$ 9 h] 7 subm]g$4 ,he float$ = ?ree days & !n 0 ca/ on an isl&1 :]e he crawl$ into ! %ad[ ( "s bu%es ^u :i* grew figs & grapes4 ,he also succe$$ 9 f9d+ melons1 b]ries1 & gra91 & 9 sn>+ fi%es & birds4 ,cont5t$ to rema9 !re a:ile1 he dug a pit & light$ a fire1 & (f]$ up a sacrifice to ! gods4 ,all at once a t]rible upro> l to ! rumbl+ ( ?und] surpris$ him out ( 8 equanimity4 ,at fir/ he took x to be ! noise ( a tempe/ at sea1 b %ortly he p]ceiv$ t ! trees %ook & t ! e>? _h become viol5tly agitat$4 ,j be=e him lay a great s]p5t ?irty cubits long1 ) a be>d two cubits 9 l5g?2 its back 0 cov]$ ) scales ( gold1 & its body 0 ! col\r ( lapis-lazuli4 ,t]rifi$1 ! sailor ?rew himself on 8 face be=e ?is mon/]1 :i* reg>d$ him = a mom5t ) its t]rible eyes1 & !n1 op5+ its pond]\s jaws1 address$ him z foll[s3 ,:at has br\ght !e to ?is isl&1 little "o8 ,speak quickly1 & if ?\ do/ n acqua9t me ) some?+ ,i h n he>d1 or knew n be=e1 ?\ %alt vani% l flame4 ,)\t giv+ ! un=tunate m>9] "t to answ]1 x rais$ him 9 its jaws & c>ri$ him to its lair1 :]e x laid him d[n g5tly en\gh1 safe & s\nd4 ,once m x dem&$ ( him :at p[] _h br\ght him to t isl&1 & ! sailor1 trembl+ 9 e limb1 repli$ t on 8 way to ! m9es ( ,ph>aoh he _h be5 wreck$4 ,on he>+ 8 tale ! s]p5t told him to be ( good *e] & n to be afraid2 t ,god _h br\ght him to a bless$ isl& :]e no?+ 0 lack+1 & :i* 0 fill$ ) all good ?+s2 t 9 f\r mon?s' "t a %ip %\ld come = him2 t he %\ld return into ,egypt2 & t he %\ld die 9 8 own t[n4 ,to *e] him up ! b5evol5t mon/] describ$ ! isl& to him4 ,its population consi/$ ( sev5ty-five s]p5ts1 "y & old1 & !re ^! be+s dwelt 9 h>mony & pl5ty4 ,! sailor on 8 "p 0 none ! less fri5dly1 & 9 ! goodness ( 8 he>t (f]$ to rec\nt to ,ph>aoh ! pres5ce & condition ( ! s]p5t isl&1 promis+ to br+ to ! mon/] p]sonally sacr$ oils & p]fumes & ! inc5se ) :i* ! gods 7 hon\r$4 ,he w\ld also slay asses = him 9 sacrifice1 pluck birds = him1 & br+ him %ips full ( ! treasures ( ,egypt4 ,9 reply ! s]p5t m]ely smil$ at him indulg5tly & a little disda9fully4 ,tell me n1 he said1 t y are ri* 9 p]fumes1 = ,i "k t all y h is b ord9>y inc5se4 ,i am ,pr9ce ( ! ,l& ( ,punt & possess z mu* p]fume z ,i require1 & let me tell y t :5 y dep>t f ?is place y %all nev] behold x aga91 = x %all be *ang$ into waves4 ,9 due "t ! %ip approa*$1 z ! s]p5t _h prophesi$1 & 9 ord] to obs]ve by :at sort ( company x 0 mann$ ! sailor climb$ into a high tree4 ,z x ne>$ ! %ore ! s]p5t bade him f>ewell1 & provid$ him ) gifts ( preci\s p]fumes1 sweet woods1 cassia1 kohl1 inc5se1 ivory tusks1 apes1 baboons1 & all k9ds ( preci\s m]*&ise4 ,emb>k+ ) ^!1 he 0 f9ally told by ! g5ius ( ! isl& t 9 two mon?s he %\ld behold 8 wife & *ildr54 ,! rescu$ m>9] !n sail$ ?r\gh ,nubia d[n ! ,nile to ! resid5ce ( ! ,ph>aoh1 & ! tale ends ) ! reque/ on ! "p ( its n>rator t 8 capta9 %\ld provide him ) an escort s t he might pres5t himself be=e ! ,ph>aoh & rec\nt 8 /ory4 ,! isl& ^u :i* he _h be5 wreck$ 0 ! isl& ( ! ,ka--t is1 ! ,s\l4 ,su* a /ory w\ld n by any means seem a/\nd+ to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 among :om _m su* romances 7 curr5t4 ,inde$1 s abundant 7 ^!1 & s _m absurd notions did !y propagate1 t we f9d ! _s ( satire ar\s$ aga9/ !m 9 a ,london papyrus dat+ ab\t #abej ,b4,c41 :i* relates an imag9>y j\rney ?r\gh ,pale/9e & ,phnicia1 ! aim ( :i* is n to describe ! j\rney itself1 b to laugh to scorn ! artificialities & absurdities ( ! popul> romances ( ! day4 ,! ,fable ( ! ,head & ! ,/oma* ,romances reg>d+ life 9 ,egypt1 su* z t deal+ ) ,k+ ,rhamps9itus giv5 else:]e1 are frequ5t4 ,a papyrus ( ab\t #abej ,b4,c4 has = its backgr\nd ! w> aga9/ ! ,hyksos1 & describes an enc\nt] betwe5 rival pr9ces--,apepi1 lead] ( ! ,hyksos1 & ! nationali/ pr9ce1 ,ra-sek551 :o dwelt 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,!y prop\nd$ riddles to "o ano!r1 & on _! solutions ! fate ( "o ( !m dep5d$4 ,fables 7 extremely popul> 9 ! ,nile valley f an e>ly p]iod4 ,9 ! ,tur9 ,museum an example1 dat+ ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c41 is pa9t$ ^u two small bo>ds & conta9s ! /ory ( a dispute betwe5 ! head & ! /oma*4 ,! ,c\rt ( ! ,?irty1 ! supreme tribunal ( ,egypt1 sits 9 judgm5t4 ,! /oma* fir/ br+s =w>d its case2 b "h ! docum5t is defective4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 ! reply ( ! head1 :o at consid]able l5g? argues t he is ! pr9cipal beam1 f :i* all ! o!r beams t support ! h\se radiate4 ,8 is ! eye t sees1 ! m\? t speaks1 ! nose t brea!s4 ,! re/ ( ! proce$+s & ! v]dict are un=tunately want+4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to "k ( ?is e>ly prog5itor ( ! widespread fable ( ! /rife betwe5 ! /oma* & its pr9cipals :i* 0 adduc$ by ,m55ius ,agrippa to ! ,roman plebeians1 :51 9 #dib ,b4,c41 !y ?reat5$ to =sake ! city1 z a symbol ( :at might happ5 if !y proce$$ to extremities4 ,x conta9s good pro( t ! popul> /ory has1 z a rule1 a lease ( life spread+ ov] _m c5turies1 & t1 orig9at+ 9 "o c\ntry1 x becomes 9 "t ! prop]ty ( _m4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t 9 all likelihood ! fables ( sop mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ,egypt1 ! l& ( animal-wor%ip2 & x is notewor?y t 9 ! ,leyd5 ,demotic papyrus we f9d ! fable ( ! grateful m\se & ! lion :i* _h become entangl$ 9 ! net4 ,b ?is dates )9 ! ,*ri/ian era1 & is probably ,greek 9 conception4 ,h[ev]1 we discov] /ories ( animals act+ z human be+s1 play+ games1 engag+ 9 w>1 j z we d 9 ! folklore ( o!r b>b>ian peoples4 ,lepsius imag9es t ! purport ( mo/ ( ^! is satirical4 ,! ,rebuk+ ( ,amasis ,9 a papyrus ( ! ,ptolemaic p]iod we f9d ! old exp$i5t ( rebuk+ a k+ by rec\nt+ to him an apposite /ory4 ,! mon>* 9 "q 0 ,amasis 7di$ #ebf ,b4,c471 a pleasure-lov+ rul]1 :o 0 wont to imbibe too freely & too (t5 ( an ,egyptian intoxicat+ bev]age call$ kelebi4 ,x happ5$ "o day t he spake to 8 nobles1 ,x is my good pleasure to dr9k ,egyptian kelebi4 ,!y spake1 ,o our mighty "l1 x is h>d to dr9k ,egyptian kelebi4 ,he said unto !m1 ,ha? t :i* ,i say unto y an evil sav\r8 ,!y said1 ,o our mighty "l1 t :i* please? ! k+1 let him d4 ,! k+ comm&$1 ,let ,egyptian kelebi be br\ght to ! lake1 & !y did accord+ to ! ^w ( ! k+4 ,! k+ wa%$ himself1 ) 8 *ildr51 & !re 0 no o!r w9e set be=e !m b ,egyptian kelebi4 ,! k+ fea/$ ) 8 *ildr51 he drank mu* w9e = ! love :i* he bore to ,egyptian kelebi2 !n1 on ! ev5+ ( t day1 ! k+ fell asleep by ! lake1 = he _h comm&$ a c\* to be plac$ 9 an arb\r on ! %ore ( ! lake4 ,:5 ! morn+ dawn$ ! k+ c\ld n arise because ( ! heav9ess ( 8 c>\se4 ,:5 an h\r _h pass$ & he /ill c\ld n arise1 !n ! c\rti]s lam5t$1 say+1 ,c su* ?+s be8 ,behold1 ! k+ dr9ke? himself drunk5 l a man ( ! p4#e ,a man ( ! p _c come into ! pres5ce ( ! k+ on matt]s ( bus9ess4 ,!re=e ! c\rti]s w5t to ! place :]e ! k+ 0 ly+1 & spake1 ,o our mighty "l1 :at wi% do? ! k+ *]i%8 ,! k+ said1 ,x is my w & pleasure to make myself drunk54 ,is !re none among y c tell me a /ory t ,i may keep myself f sleep8 ,n[ among ! c\rti]s !re 0 a high (ficial nam$ ,peun1 :o knew _m tales4 ,he /ood be=e ! k+1 & began3 ,o our mighty "l1 kn[e? ! k+ n ! /ory ( ! "y sailor8 ,9 ! days ( ,k+ ,psammeti*us !re 0 a "y sailor & he 0 w$d$4 ,ano!r sailor fell 9 love ) ! wife ( ! fir/1 & %e lov$ him 9 return4 ,!n x happ5$ "o day t ! k+ summon$ him to 8 pres5ce4 ,:5 ! fea/ 0 ov] great desire took hold ^u him--"h a hiatus occurs 9 ! text--& he wi%$ once m to come into ! pres5ce ( ! k+4 ,he return$ to 8 home & wa%$ himself1 ) 8 wife1 b he c\ld n dr9k z a=etime4 ,:5 ! h\r came = b$ he c\ld n br+ himself to sleep because ( ! great grief t oppress$ him4 ,!n said 8 wife unto him1 ',:at ha? befall5 !e on ! riv]8' ,mo/ un=tunately ! rema9d] ( ! text is want+1 & exactly 9 :at mann] ! relation ( :at happ5$ to ,k+ ,psammeti*us edifi$ ,k+ ,amasis we _c tell4 ,tales ( ,magic ,z 0 only to be expect$1 a goodly numb] ( ,egyptian /ories ab\nd$ 9 ! magical elem5t4 ,notably is ?is ! case 9 ! ,we/c> papyrus writt5 ab\t #ahjj ,b4,c4 & n[ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,unluckily bo? ! beg9n+ & end ( ?is manuscript are want+1 yet suffici5t ( x rema9s to p]mit u to glean ! purport ( ! :ole4 ,x rec\nts h[ ,khufu1 or ,kheops1 ! fam\s build] ( ! great pyramid at ,gizeh1 ga!r$ 8 sons & 8 c\ncillors ar\nd him & ask$ if any ( !m 7 aw>e ( a man :o c\ld rec\nt to him tales ( ! magicians4 ,8 son ,khafra1 9 reply1 /at$ t he 0 aw>e ( "o su* tale1 :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f ! days ( ! k+'s =efa!r ,nebka1 & t x dealt ) :at occurr$ :5 he w5t into ! temple ( ,ptah ( ,ankhtaui4 ,:il/ proce$+ to ! temple ,nebka turn$ aside to visit 8 *ief recit]1 ,uba-an]4 ,he 0 foll[$ by 8 ret9ue1 among :om 0 a c]ta9 page1 ) :om ,uba-an]'s wife fell 9 love1 & s5t h] s]vant to him ) a pres5t ( a *e/ full ( beautiful raim5t4 ,!y met cl&e/9ely 9 a summ]-h\se or pavilion 9 ! g>d5 ( ,uba-an]1 :]e !y quaff$ w9e & made m]ry4 ,b ! /ew>d ( ! h\se consid]$ x 8 duty to in=m 8 ma/] ( ^! happ5+s1 & ,uba-an]1 be+ a man v]s$ 9 magic1 resolv$ to av5ge himself !reby4 ,he call$ = 8 casket ( ebony & electrum1 & :5 !y _h br\ght x he fa%ion$ a crocodile ( wax ( ! l5g? ( sev5 f+]s1 & he laid a spell ^u x2 & t[>d ev5+ ! page w5t to ! lake1 :i* 0 9 ! g>d51 to ba!1 :]eupon1 act+ on 8 ma/]'s in/ructions1 ! /ew>d ?rew 9 ! wax5 crocodile beh9d him4 ,at once x became a great crocodile1 sev5 cubits 9 l5g?1 &1 op5+ its horrid jaws1 seiz$ on ! page & dragg$ him "u4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! k+ _h be5 /ay+ ) ,uba-an]1 & at ! end ( sev5 days he w5t =? aga94 ,z he 0 ab\t to leave ! h\se ,uba-an] reque/$ him to come & see ! m>vel :i* _h happ5$4 ,!y w5t to ! lake-side1 & ! recit] call$ ^u ! crocodile1 :i* at once arose f ! wat] hold+ ! page4 ,o k+1 said ,uba-an]1 :atev] ,i desire ?is crocodile to d1 he w d4 ,! k+ reque/$ t ! animal %\ld be return$ to ! wat]2 b ,uba-an] lift$ ! crocodile 9 8 h&1 & /raightway x turn$ to wax aga94 ,he !n acqua9t$ ! k+ ) :at _h pass$ betwe5 ! page & 8 wife1 & ! mon>* indignantly ord]$ ! crocodile once m to seize ! page1 :i* x imm$iately did1 plung+ into ! wat] ) its prey & disappe>+ = ev]4 ,nebka !n comm&$ t ! wife ( ,uba-an] be br\ght =? & t %e be burn$ ) fire & h] a%es ca/ into ! riv]4 ,s pleas$ 0 ,khufu ) ?is /ory t he ord]$ t ! %ade ( ,nebka %\ld be pres5t$ ) a ?\s& loaves1 a hundr$ draughts ( be]1 an ox1 & two j>s ( inc5se1 & t ! ka ( ,uba-an] %\ld receive a loaf1 a j> ( be]1 a j> ( inc5se1 & a portion ( meat4 ,! ,p>t+ ( ! ,wat]s ,ano!r ( ! k+'s sons !n told ( a m>vell\s happ5+ :i* came to pass 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,s5ef]u4 ,s5ef]u1 feel+ extremely bor$ & jad$1 s\ght 9 e ap>tm5t ( 8 palace = some?+ ) :i* to amuse himself1 b 9 va92 s he call$ = ,zazamankh1 8 *ief recit] & scribe ( ! rolls1 to :om he told 8 pr$icam5t4 ,zazamankh advis$ t ! k+ %\ld comm& t a boat be made ready1 & t he %\ld g ^u ! lake ( ! palace & be r[$ to & fro ^u its glassy surface by ! royal ladies4 ,he ask$ = tw5ty o>s ( ebony inlaid ) gold1 ) blades ( light wood inlaid ) electrum4 ,^! 7 to be r[$ by tw5ty ladies4 ,! k+'s he>t 0 gladd5$ by ! ex]cise2 b "o ( ! ladies :o 0 /e]+ lo/ a jewel ( mala*ite f h] hair4 ,imm$iately %e ceas$ h] s++1 & s did h] companions1 & !y ceas$ to r[4 ,s5ef]u inquir$ ! reason1 & !y repli$1 ,! /e]swoman r[s n4 ,! k+ !n turn$ to ! lady :o _h lo/ h] jewel & ask$ h] :y %e did n r[4 ,alas6 %e repli$1 my jewel ( mala*ite has fall5 9 ! wat]1 & my he>t is sad4 ,! k+ bade h] be ( good *e] & said t he w\ld replace x2 b %e *ildi%ly repli$ t %e want$ h] own piece ( mala*ite back 9 its sett+4 ,! k+ !n call$ = ,zazamankh & acqua9t$ him ) ! circum/ance :i* _h befall54 ,zazamankh !n utt]$ a p[]ful spell1 & behold6 "o "p ( ! wat]s ( ! lake 0 pil$ ^u ! o!r1 s t f> bel[ !m ! k+ & ! r[]s c\ld see ! jewel ly+ ^u a piece ( pot%]d4 ,zazamankh desc5d$ f ! boat & secur$ ! jewel & br\ght x back to its own]1 aft] :i* he once m comm&$ ! wat]s to return to ! place :5ce !y came4 ,?is surpris+ act light5$ ! he>ts ( ! entire company1 s t !y sp5t a joyful aft]noon1 & ,zazamankh 0 ri*ly rew>d$ = 8 magical skill4 ,ph>aoh 0 s pleas$ ) ?is tale t he comm&$ t ! %ade ( ,s5ef]u %\ld receive an (f]+ simil> to :at _h be5 pres5t$ to ,nebka1 & t ! ka ( ,zazamankh %\ld h pres5t$ to x a loaf1 a j> ( be]1 & a j> ( inc5se4 ,! ,prophecy ( ,d$i ,b a ?ird son told ! k+ t1 s f> f rec\nt+ tales conc]n+ p]sons ( bygone times1 he c\ld tell him a magical /ory ( a man :o liv$ 9 8 own days4 ,8 "n 0 ,d$i1 & he dwelt at ,d$snef]u4 ,he 0 #aaj ye>s old1 & he ate daily five hundr$ loaves ( bread & a side ( beef1 & drank a hundr$ draughts ( be]4 ,s great 0 8 magical le>n+ t if ! head ( a man or an animal 7 smitt5 (f1 ,d$i c\ld re/ore ! deceas$ to life4 ,he c\ld tame wild bea/s1 & knew ! designs ( ! ,h\se ( ,?o?4 ,?is design ! k+1 ,khufu1 might l to "k1 & x w\ld p]haps be ( use to him 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 pyramid4 ,khufu at once ord]$ 8 son to br+ ?is ,d$i be=e him1 & ! pr9ce1 ^: "n 0 ,hord$ef1#f took %ip up ! ,nile to :]e ! v5]able magician dwelt4 ,he 0 c>ri$ 9 a litt] to ! h\se ( ,d$i1 :om he f\nd ly+ on a c\* at ! door ( 8 h\se 9 process ( be+ massag$ by 8 s]vants4 ,hord$ef told him t he _h come f af> to br+ him be=e 8 fa!r1 ,khufu4 ,d$i repli$ ) ! salutation ( praise1 & toge!r !y w5t t[>d ! %ip :i* _h br\ght ! pr9ce ?i!r4 ,d$i ask$ t he might be giv5 a boat & t 8 y\?s & 8 books might be br\ght to him4 ,he 0 provid$ ) two boats1 9 :i* ^! 7 /[$1 & ,d$i himself sat 9 ! b>ge ( ! pr9ce4 ,!y duly rea*$ ! palace1 :]e ,hord$ef ann\nc$ to ! k+ t he _h br\ght ! anci5t sorc]]4 ,! ,ph>aoh at once gave ord]s t he %\ld be l$ be=e him1 & :5 he came ask$ h[ x 0 t he _h n be=e he>d ( him2 & ,d$i repli$1 ,he only :o is call$ come?2 ! k+ calle? me1 & behold ,i come4 ,khufu said to him1 ,is x soo?1 z is said ( !e1 t if ! head is smitt5 (f a man or an animal1 ?\ can/ re/ore ei!r to life8 ,d$i repli$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! k+ !n reque/$ t a prison] be br\ght to him1 b ,d$i begg$ t a man %\ld n be us$ = ?is purpose1 say+1 ,behold1 we d n ev5 ?us to our cattle4 ,a duck 0 !n br\ght to him & decapitat$1 & its body 0 laid on ! we/ side ( ! hall1 & its head on ! ea/ side4 ,d$i !n spoke "s magic words1 & lo6 ! body & ! head ( ! bird approa*$ ea* o!r & jo9$1 & ! duck /ood up & quack$4 ,he !n p]=m$ ! same feat ) a goose & an ox4 ,khufu1 delight$ ) ! success ( ^! exp]im5ts1 !n ask$ ,d$i if he knew ( ! designs ( ! ,h\se ( ,?o?4 ,! magician repli$ t he did n "k _! numb]1 b t he knew :]e !y 74 ,ph>aoh !n ask$ him _! hid+-place1 & 0 told t 9 a *amb] 9 ,heliopolis1 call$ ! ,plan-room1 0 a *e/ ( :et/one 9 :i* ! plans 7 conceal$1 ,d$i add+1 ,o k+1 x is n ,i t %all br+ !m to !e4 ,:o1 !n1 ask$ ,khufu1 %all br+ !m to me8 ,& ,d$i repli$1 ,! elde/ ( ! ?ree *ildr5 ( ,rud-didet %all br+ !m to !e4 ,& :o is ,rud-didet8 ask$ ,khufu4 ,%e is1 repli$ ,d$i1 ! wife ( a prie/ ( ,ra1 "l ( ,sakhebu4 ,b ^! ?ree sons ( h]s are ! sons ( ,ra ! god1 :o has promis$ h] t !y %all reign ov] all ?is l&1 & t ! elde/ ( !m %all be high-prie/ 9 ,heliopolis4 ,at ?is ! k+'s he>t 0 mu* tr\bl$1 & ,d$i1 see+ t he 0 9 fe> ( ! future1 said to him1 ,be n afraid because ( :at ,i h said1 ,o k+2 = ?y son %all reign1 & ?y son's son1 be=e ,rud-didet's sons %all rule ! l&2 & behold6 ?is prog5y ( ,ra is n yet born4 ,khufu !n ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( visit+ ! temple ( ,ra :5 ! banks ( ! canal ( ,letopolis 7 cut1 & ,d$i promis$ t ! banks ( ! canal %\ld hold at lea/ f\r cubits ( wat]4 ,! sorc]] 0 !n plac$ 9 ! palace ( ,hord$ef1 & 0 daily provid$ ) a ?\s& loaves1 a hundr$ draughts ( be]1 an ox1 & a hundr$ bun*es ( onions4 ,! ,visit ( ! ,goddesses ,n[ :5 ! sons ( ,ra & ,rud-didet 7 born1 t deity reque/$ ,isis1 ,nebhat1 ,meskh5t1 ,hakt1 & ,khnumu to g to h]1 & tak+ ! =m ( danc+-girls1 all except ! god ,khnumu1 :o foll[$ !m z a port]1 !y desc5d$ to e>? & approa*$ ! h\se ( ! prie/ ,ra-us]1 ,rud-didet's husb&1 & play$ be=e him ) _! in/rum5ts ( music4 ,!y end[$ ! *ildr5 ) v>i\s attributes1 & call$ !m ,us]-ref1 ,sah-ra1 & ,kaku4 ,!y !n quitt$ ! h\se & bade ,ra-us] rejoice4 ,9 return = _! good wi%es he be/[$ ^u !m a bu%el ( b>ley1 :i* ,khnumu plac$ ^u 8 head2 b z !y 7 on ! way back to _! div9e abode ,isis said unto ! o!rs1 ,w\ld x n h be5 bett] _h we done a m>vel = ^! *ildr58 ,to ?is ! o!rs ass5t$1 & !y !re & !n fa%ion$ a lik5ess ( ! cr[ns ( ,egypt1 ( ! cr[n ( ! ,upp] ,l&1 & ( ! cr[n ( ! ,l[]1 & hid !m 9 ! bu%el ( b>ley4 ,!y !n return$ to ! h\se ( ,ra-us] & reque/$ p]mission to leave ! b>ley 9 a clos$ *amb]1 :i* !y seal$ up1 & !n took _! leave4 ,a few weeks aft]w>d ,rud-didet ask$ h] h&maid if ! h\se & all t 0 9 x 7 9 good condition1 & ! h&maid repli$ t all 0 satisfactory except t ! brew+ b>ley 0 n yet br\ght4 ,h] mi/ress !n inquir$ :y t _h n be5 done1 & ! s]vant answ]$ t _! /ore _h be5 giv5 to ! danc+-girls1 :o _h arriv$ on ! day ( ! *ildr5's bir?1 & t x n[ lay 9 ! clos$ *amb] "u _! seal4 ,rud-didet !n ord]$ ! maid to use x = ! pres5t1 say+ t ,ra-us] c\ld replace x be=e _! return4 ,! girl op5$ ! *amb] &1 ent]+1 0 surpris$ to he> p talk+ & s++1 music & ! s\nd ( danc+1 & su* s\nds z "o he>s 9 ! palace ( ! k+4 ,%e quickly return$ & acqua9t$ h] mi/ress ) :at %e _h he>d4 ,rud-didet !n ent]$ ! room h]self & also he>d ! s\nds1 b c\ld n locate !m4 ,at la/ %e laid h] e> to ! sack :i* held ! b>ley1 & f\nd t ! s\nds proce$$ f x4 ,%e at once plac$ x 9 a *e/1 :i* %e put = security 9 a great] *e/1 & ?is %e b\nd r\nd ) lea!r & laid 9 a /ore-room1 tak+ ! precaution to seal x1 & :5 ,ra-us] return$ %e told him :at _h occurr$4 ,"s days aft]1 ,rud-didet _h occasion to rebuke h] s]vant & beat h] ) /ripes1 & ! maid grumbl$ & said to h] companions1 ,:y has ?is be5 done to me8 ,i w g to ,k+ ,khufu & tell him t h] ?ree sons are de/9$ to become k+s4 ,%e !n betook h]self to h] uncle2 b he w\ld n he>k5 to h] trea*]y & /ruck h] a viol5t bl[ ) a bun* ( flax :i* he held4 ,feel+ fa9t1 %e w5t d[n to ! riv]side = a draught ( wat]1 b 0 seiz$ ^u by a crocodile1 :o c>ri$ h] away4 ,h] uncle !n pres5t$ himself to ,rud-didet1 :om he f\nd 9 a mo/ deject$ condition4 ,he ask$ h] :at made h] d[nca/1 & %e repli$ t %e fe>$ trea*]y f ! h&maid54 ,y ne$ n fe> = h]1 repli$ ! man1 because %e has be5 seiz$ ^u by a crocodile4 ,at ?is po9t ! manuscript fails u4 ,x is inde$ un=tunate t su* an int]e/+ dome/ic passage has n be5 sp>$4 ,! ?ree k+s ^: names appe> 9 ! /ory z ! triplet sons ( ,rud-didet reign$ dur+ ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 s t !y c\ld h>dly h be5 born 9 ! ,f\r?4 ,! tale w\ld seem to be bas$ ^u ! (ficial adoption ( ! wor%ip ( ,ra 9 ,egypt4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! real names ( ! ?ree *ildr51 ,us]-ref1 ,sah-ra1 & ,kaku1 are int5d$ z a play ^u ! names ( ! fir/ ?ree k+s ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 ,us]-kaf1 ,sahu-ra1 & ,kaka4 ,! /ory ( ! fatal *ildr5 born to usurp a ?rone is a v common "o 9 all my?ologies1 & x is inevitable t ! mon>* ^: l9e is doom$ to ext9ction %\ld make an ef=t to de/roy !m :ile yet !y are 9 ! cradle4 ,! ,greek my? ( ,dana & ! old romance ( ,sir ,torr5t ( ,portugal are examples ( ?is4 ,m$ival romance is1 inde$1 full ( su* /ories1 b ?is is probably ! e>lie/ example on record4 ,lyric & ,folk ,poetry ,egypt 0 n )\t its lyric & folk poetry2 h[ev]1 ! romantic 0 n ! =te ( ! ,egyptians4 ,x is notewor?y at ! same "t t mo/ ,ori5tal peoples s+ :ile at _! "w1 & x w\ld be /range if ! lab\r] on ! banks ( ! ,nile _h n done s4 ,! fellah ( to-day *ants monoton\sly & endlessly :ile toil+1 repeat+ ! same words & music ov] & ov] aga92 b ! scribe ( e>ly ,egypt reg>d$ ! folk-song z unfit = transmission to po/]ity4 ,occasionally a song is recaptur$ f mural inscriptions4 ,! %eph]d :o wades ?r\gh ! half-subm]g$ fields1 driv+ 8 %eep be=e him1 s+s3 ,9 ! wat] walks ! %eph]d ) ! fi%es4 ,he talks ) ! cat-fi%2 ) ! fi% he ex*anges a greet+4 ,we h also a ?re%+ song3 ,?re% ye1 ,o ox52 ?re% = y\rselves4 ,?re% /raw = y\r fodd] & gra9 = y\r ma/]s4 ,re/ n1 = ! air is cool ?is day4 ,a few love-songs h also surviv$4 ,^! 7 probably v num]\s4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y are int5se & passionate4 ,?ree collections ( love-songs ( ab\t #abjj ,b4,c4 h be5 une>!d1 "o ( :i* is conta9$ 9 a papyrus n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,on a /ele 9 ! ,l\vre ! praise ( ! wife ( a k+ ( ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 is sung z foll[s3 ,! sweet "o1 sweet 9 love2 ! sweet "o1 sweet 9 love 9 ! pres5ce ( ! k+2 ! sweet "o1 sweet 9 love be=e all m52 ! belov$ be=e all wom52 ! k+'s daught] :o is sweet 9 love4 ,! faire/ among wom51 a maid ^: l none has se54 ,black] is h] hair ?an ! d>kness ( night1 black] ?an ! b]ries ( ! blackb]ry bu%4 ,h>d] are h] tee? ?an ! fl9ts on ! sickle4 ,a wrea? ( fl[]s is ea* ( h] brea/s1 close ne/l+ on h] arms4 ,! ,true ,hi/ory ( ,setne & 8 son ,se-,osiris#g ,?is /ory 0 discov]$ writt5 on "s papyrus belong+ to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,an ,engli% translation 0 publi%$ 9 #aijj by ,mr4 ,f4 ,ll4 ,griffi?s1 & "o 9 ,fr5* by ,sir ,g4 ,masp]o 9 #aija4 ,x is writt5 on ! back ( "s (ficial docum5ts 9 ,greek & dates f ! sev5? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,claudian4 ,! papyrus is mu* dilapidat$ & pa/$ end to end2 x is incomplete1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory has disappe>$4 ,by ! writ+ "o w\ld judge ! copy to belong to ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,! ,setne allud$ to is ! same :o figures 9 ! /ory ( ,setne & ! ,mummies relat$ 9 ! *apt] on ,magic4 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 a k+ call$ ,ousim>es1 & he _h a son call$ ,setne4 ,?is son 0 a scribe2 he 0 clev] ) 8 h&s1 inde$ 9 all ?+s1 & he excell$ all m5 ( ! _w le>n$ 9 ! arts or ^? among ! r5[n$ scribes ( ,egypt4 ,x happ5$ t ! *iefs ( c]ta9 =eign l&s s5t a message to ,ph>aoh *all5g+ him to f9d "o :o w\ld d su* & su* a ?+ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,if ?is 7 done1 !n ^! *iefs w\ld ackn[l$ge ! inf]iority ( _! c\ntry to ,egypt2 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 nei!r scribe nor wise man c\ld accompli% x1 !n !y w\ld proclaim ! inf]iority ( ,egypt4 ,n[ ,ousim>es call$ 8 son ,setne & repeat$ ^! words to him1 & imm$iately ,setne gave ! answ] to t :i* ! *iefs _h prop\nd$1 s t ! latt] 7 =c$ to c>ry out ! conditions & admit ! sup]iority ( ,egypt4 ,& ?us 7 !y robb$ ( _! triumph1 s great 0 ! wisdom ( ,setne1 & none o!r ev] d>$ to s5d su* messages to ,ph>aoh4 ,n[ ,setne & 8 wife ,maht\askht 7 greatly griev$1 = !y _h no son4 ,"o day :5 he 0 tr\bl$ m ?an usual ov] ?is 8 wife w5t to ! temple ( ,imhetep1 & %e pray$ be=e him1 say+1 ,turn ?y face to me1 ,o ,imhetep1 son ( ,ptah1 ?\ :o worke/ miracles1 :o art b5efic5t 9 all ?y do+s4 ,x is ?\ :o can/ give a son to ^? :o are sonless4 ,oh1 he> my pray]1 & grant t ,i %all be> a son6 ,& t night ,maht\askht slept 9 ! temple1 & !re %e dream$ a dream :]e9 %e 0 direct$ to prep>e a magical rem$y1 & told t by ?is means h] desire = a son %\ld be fulfill$4 ,on wak+ %e did all accord+ to h] dream1 & 9 "t x 0 kn[n t a *ild 0 to be born to h] & ,setne1 :o told x be=e ,ph>aoh ) great joy1 :ile to 8 wife1 = h] protection1 he gave an amulet & put spells ab\t h]4 ,& "o night ,setne dream$1 & a voice said to him1 ,maht\askht1 ?y wife1 w br+ =? a son1 & ?r\gh him _m wond]s %all be accompli%$ 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,& ! "n ( ?y son %all be ,se-,osiris4 ,:5 ,setne awoke & rememb]$ ^! words he rejoic$ & 0 glad 9 he>t4 ,se-,osiris ,9 due "t a son 0 born1 & accord+ to ! dream he 0 call$ ,se-,osiris4 ,& ! *ild develop$ rapidly beyond all o!r *ildr51 & ,setne lov$ him s greatly t sc>ce an h\r pass$ )\t 8 see+ him4 ,9 "t he 0 put to s*ool1 b soon %[$ t he knew m ?an ! tutor c\ld tea* him4 ,he began to read ! magical papyri ) ! prie/ly scribes 9 ! ',d\ble ,h\se ( ,life' ( ! temple ( ,ptah1 & all ^? ab\t him 7 lo/ 9 a/oni%m5t4 ,!n 0 ,setne s pleas$ t he l$ 8 son be=e ,ph>aoh to ! fe/ival t all ! magicians ( ! k+ might /rive aga9/ him & h to ackn[l$ge _! defeat4 ,& "o day1 :5 ,setne1 toge!r ) ! boy ,se-,osiris1 0 prep>+ = ! fe/ival1 l\d voices ( lam5tation rose ^u ! air1 & ,setne1 look+ =? f ! t]race ( 8 ap>tm5ts1 saw ! body ( a ri* man be+ c>ri$ to ! m\nta9s = burial ) great hon\r & l\d wail+4 ,aga9 he look$ =?1 & ?is "t he saw ! body ( a peasant borne along wrapp$ 9 a mat ( /raw & )\t a s\l to m\rn him4 ,& see+ ?is ,setne exclaim$1 ,by ! life ( ,osiris1 god ( ,am5ti1 may x be t ,i come into ,am5ti z ?is ri* man comes1 hon\r$ & lam5t$1 & n z ! peasant1 alone & already =gott56 ,^u he>+ ?is ,se-,osiris said1 ,nay1 my fa!r1 r may ! fate ( ! poor man be ?9e1 & n t ( ! ri* "o6 ,setne 0 a/oni%$ & hurt at ?is & cri$1 ,are !y ! words ( a son :o loves 8 fa!r8 ,se-,osiris answ]$ him3 ,my fa!r1 ,i w %[ to !e ea* 9 8 place1 ! peasant unwept & ! ri* man s lam5t$4 ,a ,vision ( ,am5ti ,!n ,setne dem&$ ( him h[ he c\ld accompli% ?is4 ,! *ild ,se-,osiris began to recite words f ! magical books1 words ( p[]4 ,next he took 8 fa!r by ! h& & l$ him to an unkn[n place 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,memphis4 ,"h !re 7 sev5 great halls fill$ ) p ( all conditions4 ,!y trav]s$ ?ree ( ^! )\t h9drance4 ,^u ent]+ ! f\r? ,setne saw a mass ( m5 :o ru%$ hi!r & ?i!r1 wri?+ z creatures attack$ !m f beh9d2 o!rs1 fami%$1 7 spr++ & jump+ 9 _! ef=ts to rea* ! food susp5d$ above !m1 :il/ "s1 aga91 dug holes at _! feet to prev5t !m atta9+ _! object4 ,9 ! fif? hall 7 v5]able %ades :o _h ea* f\nd _! prop] & fitt+ place1 b ^? :o 7 accus$ ( crimes l+]$ kneel+ at ! door1 :i* pivot$ ^u ! eye ( a man :o ceaselessly pray$ & groan$4 ,9 ! six? hall 7 ! gods ( ,am5ti1 :o sat 9 c\ncil1 ea* 9 8 place1 :il/ ! keep]s ( ! portals call$ out ! causes4 ,9 ! sev5? hall 0 seat$ ! great god ,osiris on a gold5 ?rone1 cr[n$ ) ! plum$ diadem4 ,on 8 left 0 ,anubis1 & on 8 "r ! god ,?o?4 ,9 ! mid/ 7 ! scales :]e9 7 weigh$ ! faults & virtues ( ! s\ls ( ! dead1 :ile ,?o? wrote d[n ! judgm5t t ,anubis pron\nc$4 ,!n ^? ^: faults outweigh$ _! virtues 7 deliv]$ to ,amait1 ! att5dant ( ! ,"l ( ,am5ti2 _! s\ls & bodies 7 de/roy$ = ev]4 ,b ^? ^: virtues 7 great] ?an _! fail+s took _! place among ! gods & %ades1 & !re _! s\ls f\nd a heav54 ,^?1 aga91 ^: m]its & faults 7 equal 7 put among/ ! s]vitors ( ,sek]osiris4 ,!n ,setne saw ne> ! place ( ,osiris "o ( exalt$ rank & rob$ 9 ! f9e/ l954 ,& :ile ,setne 0 m>vell+ at all he _h se5 9 ! l& ( ,am5ti1 ,se-,osiris1 8 little son1 said unto him1 ,my fa!r ,setne1 see/ ?\ t great p]sonage 9 f9e robes & ne> to ,osiris8 ,t peasant :om ?\ did/ see c>ri$ out ( ,memphis )\t a s\l to accompany him1 & 8 body wrapp$ 9 a mat1 do/ ?\ rememb]1 my fa!r8 ,well1 t peasant is ! "o beside ,osiris6 ,:5 he _h come to ,am5ti & !y weigh$ 8 faults & virtues1 lo6 8 virtues outweigh$ all4 ,& by ! judgm5t ( ! gods all ! hon\rs t _h be5 ! %>e ( ! ri* man 7 giv5 to ! peasant1 & by ! law ( ,osiris he takes 8 place mid/ ! hon\r$ & exalt$4 ,b ! ri* man1 :5 he _h come to ,hades & 8 m]its 7 weigh$1 lo6 8 faults weigh$ heavi]1 & he is t man y h se5 ^u ^: eye pivots ! door ( ! fif? hall1 ! man :o cries & prays al\d ) great agony4 ,by ! life ( ,osiris1 god ( ,am5ti1 if ^u e>? ,i said to !e1 ',r may ! fate ( ! peasant be ?9e ?an t ( ! ri* man1' x 0 because ,i knew _! fates1 my fa!r4 ,& ,setne answ]$ & said1 ,my son ,se-,osiris1 numb]less m>vels h ,i se5 9 ,am5ti2 b tell me ! mean+ ( ^? p we saw ru%+ be=e creatures :o dev\r$ !m1 & ! o!rs ev] try+ to rea* ! food beyond _! rea*4#h ,se-,osiris answ]$ him3 ,9 tru?1 my fa!r1 !y are "u ! curse ( ! gods2 !y are ^? :o ^u e>? wa/$ _! sub/ance1 & ! creatures :o dev\r !m )\t ceas+ are ! wom5 ) :om !y squ&]$ bo? life & sub/ance1 & n[ !y h naught1 ?\gh !y %\ld "w day & night4 ,& s x is ) all3 z !y h be5 on e>?1 s x is ) !m 9 ,am5ti1 accord+ to _! good & bad de$s4 ,t is ! immutable law ( ! gods1 ! law t kn[s no *ange & "u :i* all m5 mu/ come :5 !y ent] ,hades4 ,!n ,setne & 8 son return$ h& 9 h& f ! m\nta9s ( ,memphis4 ,a fe> 0 ^u ,setne because ( ,se-,osiris1 :o answ]$ n1 & !n he pron\nc$ words t exorcize ! gho/s ( ! dead4 ,always aft]w>d he rememb]$ all he _h se5 & m>vell$ !reat1 b spoke ( x to no man4 ,& :5 ,se-,osiris 0 twelve ye>s ( age !re 0 no scribe or magician 9 ,memphis :o 0 8 equal 9 ! read+ ( ! magical books4 ,! ,read+ ( ! ,seal$ ,lett] ,aft] ?is x happ5$ "o day t ! ,ph>aoh ,ousim>es 0 seat$ 9 ! ,hall ( ,audi5ce ) ! pr9ces1 ! milit>y *iefs1 & ! nobles ( ,egypt1 ea* accord+ to 8 rank1 ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,"o said unto ,ph>aoh1 ,"h is a rascally ,e?iopian :o w\ld fa9 h spee* ) y & :o c>ries a seal$ lett]4 ,& ,ph>aoh comm&$ t ! man be br\ght be=e him4 ,& :5 he 0 come he made obeisance & said1 ,"h is a seal$ lett] :i* ,i be>1 & ,i w\ld fa9 "k if among/ y\r wise m5 !re are any :o c read its cont5ts )\t break+ ! seals4 ,if1 ,o k+1 y h n su* a "o among y\r scribes & magicians1 ,i %all take back to my c\ntry1 ! l& ( ! ,negro1 ! /ory ( ,egypt's failure & inf]iority4 ,^u he>+ ^! words all 7 amaz$1 & ^? ab\t ! k+ exclaim$ l\dly1 :ile ,ph>aoh bade "s br+ to him 8 son ,setne4 ,:5 he _h come1 in/antly obey+ ! royal comm& & b[+ l[ be=e him1 ,ph>aoh said1 ,my son ,setne1 ha/ ?\ he>d ! words ( ?is insol5t ,e?iopian8 & !n he repeat$ ! *all5ge4 ,!n 0 ,setne a/oni%$1 b he answ]$ imm$iately1 ,great ,"l1 :o c read a lett] )\t its be+ op5$ & spread be=e him8 ,b if y w give me t5 days1 ,i w ?9k ^u x & d :at ,i c to avoid ! report ( ,egypt's failure be+ c>ri$ to ! ,negroes1 eat]s ( gum4 ,& ,ph>aoh said1 ,^? days are grant$1 my son4 ,!n 7 rooms appo9t$ = ! ,e?iopian1 & ,ph>aoh rose f 8 palace sad at he>t & w5t fa/+ to 8 c\*4 ,& ,setne1 pond]+ & mu* di/urb$1 ?rew himself ^u 8 c\*1 b knew no re/4 ,8 wife ,maht\askht came to him & w\ld fa9 h %>$ 8 tr\ble1 b he said t x 0 n = a woman to %>e or "o t %e might help him 94 ,lat]1 8 son ,se-,osiris came & begg$ to "k :at s sorely tr\bl$ 8 fa!r1 & aga9 ,setne refus$ to speak1 say+ t x 0 n = a *ild4 ,b ! boy p]si/$1 & at la/ ,setne told him ( ! *all5ge ( ! ,e?iopian4 ,! mom5t he _h f9i%$ ,se-,osiris laugh$1 & 8 fa!r ask$ ! reason ( 8 mir?4 ,my fa!r1 he answ]$1 ,i laugh to see y !re1 s tr\bl$ 9 he>t because ( su* a small affair4 ,i w read t lett] ( ! ,e?iopian1 read x all )\t break+ ! seals4 ,he>+ ?is1 ,setne rose in/antly4 ,b :at pro( c y give me ( ! tru? ( :at y say1 my son8 ,se-,osiris answ]$1 ,my fa!r1 g ?\ to ! l[] floor ( ?is h\se & take :at books y please f _! place4 ,z y d s ,i %all read t :i* y h tak5 f its place :ile ,i /& be=e y4 ,& x happ5$ z ,se-,osiris _h said4 ,ea* book t 8 fa!r lift$ ! boy read )\t its be+ op5$4 ,^u ?is ,setne lo/ no "t 9 acqua9t+ ,ph>aoh ) all t ,se-,osiris _h done1 & s light5$ 0 ! he>t ( ! k+ t he made a fea/ 9 hon\r ( ,setne & 8 "y son4 ,aft] ?is ,ph>aoh s5t = ! ,e?iopian4 ,& :5 he ent]$ ! ,hall ( ,audi5ce he 0 plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( all1 & ! "y ,se-,osiris took up 8 place beside him4 ,b fir/ ! boy put a curse ^u ! man & 8 gods if he %\ld d>e to say falsely t :at he read 0 n true4 ,& see+ ! boy1 ! ,e?iopian pro/rat$ himself be=e him 9 fe>4 ,!n ,se-,osiris began to read ! lett] ) its seals /ill unbrok51 & all he>d 8 voice4 ,& ! words 73 ,! ,cont5ts ( ! ,lett] ,x happ5$ dur+ ! reign ( ! ,ph>aoh ,manakhphr-,siamon1 :o 0 a b5efic5t rul] & 9 ^: "t ! l& ov]fl[$ ) all good ?+s1 :o end[$ ! temples ri*ly1 t :5 ! ,k+ ( ,nubia 0 tak+ 8 re/ 9 ! pleasure-kiosk ( ,am5 he ov]he>d ! voices ( ?ree ,e?iopians :o 7 talk+ beh9d ! h\se4 ,"o ( !m 0 speak+ 9 a high voice1 say+1 among o!r ?+s1 t if ! god ,am5 w\ld pres]ve him f ! enmity ( ! ,k+ ( ,egypt he c\ld put a spell on ! p ( t c\ntry s t a great d>kness %\ld reign & !y %\ld n see ! moon = ?ree days & ?ree nights4 ,!n ! second man said t if ,am5 w\ld gu>d him he w\ld cause ! ,ph>aoh to be transport$ to ! l& ( ! ,negroes1 & !re1 be=e ! k+ ( t c\ntry & 9 public1 he %\ld suff] five hundr$ bl[s1 & aft]w>d he %\ld be tak5 back to 8 c\ntry 9 n m ?an six h\rs4 ,aft] ?is ! ?ird man spoke1 say+ t if ,am5 w\ld pres]ve him he w\ld !n s5d a blight ^u ! l& ( ,egypt1 a blight = ! space ( ?ree ye>s4 ,:5 ! k+ he>d ?is he ord]$ t ^! ?ree m5 be br\ght be=e him4 ,he said unto !m1 ',:i* ( y said t he w\ld cause t ! p ( ,egypt %\ld n see ! moon = ?ree days & ?ree nights8' ,& !y answ]$ t x 0 ,horus1 ! son ( ,tririt 7! s[74 ,aga9 ! k+ said1 ',:i* ( y said t he _h p[] to cause ! ,k+ ( ,egypt to be br\ght hi!r8' ,& !y answ]$ t x 0 ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit 7! negress74 ,aga9 ! k+ said1 ',:i* ( y said t he w\ld cause a blight to fall ^u ,egypt8' ,& !y answ]$ t x 0 ,horus1 ! son ( ,tripht 7! pr9cess74 ,!n ! k+ bade ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit1 come ne>1 & he said to him1 ',by ,am51 ! ,bull ( ,m]oe1 if ?\ can/ accompli% :at ?\ ha/ said1 !n ri* rew>ds %all be ?9e4' ,& ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit1 fa%ion$ a litt] & f\r be>]s ( wax4 ,ov] !m he *ant$ magical words1 he brea!d ^u !m & gave !m life1 & f9ally he bade !m w5d _! way to ,egypt & br+ back ! k+ ( t l& 9 ord] t he might suff] five hundr$ bl[s f ! k\rba% be=e ! ,k+ ( ! ,negroes4 ,"h ,se-,osiris paus$ &1 turn+ to ! ,e?iopian1 said1 ,! curse ( ,am5 fall ^u !e6 ,^! words t ,i h said1 are !y n writt5 9 ! lett] ?\ holde/ 9 ?9e h&8 ,& ! rascally ,e?iopian b[$ l[ be=e him1 say+1 ,!y are writt5 !re1 my "l6 ,!n ,se-,osiris resum$ 8 magical read+3 ,& all happ5$ z ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit1 _h devis$4 ,by ! p[] ( sorc]y 0 ,ph>aoh tak5 to ! l& ( ! ,negroes1 & !re suff]$ five hundr$ bl[s ( ! k\rba%4 ,aft] t he 0 c>ri$ back to ,egypt1 z _h be5 said1 &1 wak5+ ! next morn+ 9 ! temple ( ! god ,horus1 he lay 9 great pa91 8 body sorely bruis$4 ,bewild]$1 he ask$ 8 c\rti]s h[ su* c\ld h happ5$ 9 ,egypt4 ,!y1 ?9k+ "s madness _h fall5 ^u _! k+1 & yet a%am$ ( _! ?\ghts1 spoke soo?+ly to him1 & said t ! great gods w\ld heal 8 afflictions4 ,b /ill !y ask$ him ! mean+ ( 8 /range words1 & sudd5ly he rememb]$ all t _h happ5$ to him & rec\nt$ x to 8 c\rti]s4 ,magic v]sus ,magic ,:5 !y saw 8 bruis$ body !y made a great clam\r4 ,& !n ,ph>aoh s5t = 8 *ief magician1 & he at once cri$ out t ! evil & affliction ( ! k+ 7 due to ! sorc]ies ( ! ,e?iopians4 ',by ! life ( ,ptah1' he cont9u$1 ',i %all br+ !m to torture & execution4' ,& ,ph>aoh bade him make all spe$ le/ he %\ld be c>ri$ away ! next night4 ,& ! *ief magician c>ri$ 8 secret books & amulets to ! place :]e ,ph>aoh lay1 & *ant$ above him magical words & incantations4 ,!n1 ) _m gifts1 he emb>k$ 9 a boat & made ha/e to rea* ! temple ( ,khm\non1 & !re he pray$ to ! god ,?o? t all evil %\ld be av]t$ f ,ph>aoh & ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,& t night he slept 9 ! temple1 & he dream$ a dream 9 :i* ! god ,?o? appe>$ to him & in/ruct$ him 9 div9e magic t w\ld pres]ve ! k+ f ! wiles ( ! ,e?iopians4 ,on wak+ ! magician rememb]$ all1 & )\t los+ a mom5t fulfill$ all t he _h be5 told 9 8 dream4 ,& !n he wrote ! *>m to pres]ve ,ph>aoh f all sorc]y4 ,on ! second day ! ,e?iopians endeav\r$ to r5ew _! en*antm5ts1 b all 0 n[ unavail+ aga9/ ! p]son ( ,ph>aoh4 ,! ?ird morn+ ,ph>aoh rec\nt$ to 8 *ief musicians all t _h happ5$ dur+ ! night1 & h[ ! ,e?iopians _h fail$ 9 _! attempts4 ,!n ! magician fa%ion$ a litt] & f\r be>]s ( wax4 ,he put a spell ^u !m & brea!d life into !m1 bidd+ !m g & br+ be=e ,ph>aoh ! ,k+ ( ! ,negroes1 t he might suff] five hundr$ bl[s ^u 8 body & !n be c>ri$ back to 8 own l& aga94 ,& ! wax5 figures promis$ to d all z ! magician _h comm&$4 ,aga9 ,se-,osiris paus$1 & aga9 he dem&$ ( ! ,e?iopian if 8 words 7 n ! words ( ! seal$ lett]4 ,& ! ,e?iopian b[$ l[ to ! gr\nd1 say+ !y 7 ! words 9 v tru?4 ,se-,osiris began aga9 to read ! hidd5 words3 ,& z x happ5$ to ,ph>aoh1 s 0 ! fate ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,negroes1 :o awoke sorely bruis$ 9 ! morn+ foll[+4 ,he call$ l\dly = 8 c\rti]s1 & :5 !y saw ! /ate ( _! k+ !y made a great clam\r4 ,aga9 he call$ & comm&$ t ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit1 be br\ght be=e him4 ,:5 he _h come ! k+ ?reat5$ him1 & comm&$ him to g to ,egypt & !re le>n h[ to save him f ! sorc]ies ( ,ph>aoh's *ief magician4 ,b no spell devis$ by ! ,e?iopian c\ld pres]ve ! k+ f ! magic ( ! ,egyptians1 & ?ree times 0 he c>ri$ to t c\ntry & humiliat$1 :il/ 8 body 0 9 great pa91 s sorely bruis$ 0 x4 ,!n he curs$ ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit1 & ?reat5$ him ) a sl[ & dreadful dea? unless he c\ld pres]ve him f ,ph>aoh's v5geance4 ,!n 9 fe> & tr\ble ,horus w5t to 8 "m ,tnahsit & told h] all1 & t he mu/ g to ,egypt to see ! "o :o _h work$ ^! p[]ful sorc]ies & endeav\r to inflict ^u him a fitt+ puni%m5t4 ,& 8 "m1 ,tnahsit1 on he>+ ?is1 w>n$ him aga9/ com+ into ! pres5ce ( ,ph>aoh's *ief magician1 = aga9/ him he w\ld nev] prevail1 b "k defeat4 ,b he answ]$ t he mu/ g4 ,!n %e arrang$ ) him t by signs & signals betwe5 !m he %\ld let h] "k h[ he f>$1 & if he 7 9 dang]1 !n %e %\ld try to save him4 ,& he promis$1 say+ t if he 7 vanqui%$1 !n t :i* %e ate1 t :i* %e drank1 & ! sky above %\ld turn to ! col\r ( blood4 ,! ,w> ( ,en*antm5ts ,& aft] ?is he j\rney$ to ,egypt1 track+ ! "o ^: sorc]ies _h prevail$ aga9/ 8 own4 ,he p5etrat$ to ! ,royal ,hall ( ,audi5ce & came be=e ,ph>aoh1 cry+ 9 a high voice1 ',:o is x among y :o is putt+ spells ^u me8' ,& ,ph>aoh's *ief magician call$ out 9 answ]1 say+1 ',ha6 ,e?iopian1 is x ?\ :o work$/ evil aga9/ ,ph>aoh8' & ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit1 cri$ out 9 great ang] & by a spell he caus$ a great flame to rise f ! mid/ ( ! hall1 at :i* ,ph>aoh & ! ,egyptians cri$ out to ! *ief ( ! magicians to succ\r !m4 ,!n by 8 p[] he caus$ a %[] ( ra9 to fall s t ! flame 0 ext+ui%$4 ,aga9 ! ,e?iopian wr\ght 8 magic & !reby caus$ a great d>kness to fall ^u !m all s t ! p c\ld n see ea* o!r1 b ?is also 0 disp]s$ by ! magician ( ! ,egyptians4 ,!n foll[$ m ma*9ations by ,horus1 ! son ( ,tnahsit1 b ea* "t 0 he vanqui%$4 ,at la/ he ask$ = m]cy & v[$ be=e ! gods t nev] aga9 w\ld he tr\ble ,egypt or ,ph>aoh4 ,!y gave him a boat & s5t him back to 8 own l&4 ,s 7 ! sorc]ies ( ! ,e?iopians r5d]$ z naught4 ,) ?is ,se-,osiris f9i%$ ! read+ ( ! seal$ lett]4 ,& !n he began to reveal to all !re1 ,ph>aoh1 ! pr9ces1 & ! nobles1 t ! ,e?iopian n[ be=e !m 0 none o!r ?an t ,horus1 son ( ,tnahsit1 return$ aft] five hundr$ ye>s to tr\ble ,egypt & its k+ aga94 ,b aga9/ ?is day he himself1 ,se-,osiris1 _h be5 born aga91 = he 0 t =m] *ief magician ( ! ,ph>aoh ,manakhphr come back once m to protect ,egypt & ,ph>aoh f ! wiles ( ! ,e?iopians4 ,& ) ^! words he caus$ a great flame to consume ! ,e?iopian1 !re 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,hall ( ,audi5ce1 s t n a ve/ige ( ! creature rema9$4 ,b aft]w>d :5 !y look$ = ,se-,osiris he _h disappe>$ z a %ad[ f be=e ,ph>aoh & 8 fa!r ,setne1 & nev] aga9 0 he se5 ( !m4 ,at ^! happ5+s ev]yone m>vell$1 & ,ph>aoh said t ,se-,osiris 0 ! wise/ & mo/ wond]ful ( all magicians1 & t nev] aga9 w\ld ! _w see 8 l4 ,b ! he>ts ( ,setne & 8 wife 7 tr\bl$1 & !y griev$ sorely = _! son ,se-,osiris4 ,!n com=t came to !m1 & aga9 ! wife ( ,setne bore a son1 & !y call$ him ,ousiman?or4 ,& s ! he>t ( ,setne 0 glad & he made (f]+s 9 ! "n ( ,se-,osiris 9 remembrance4 ,h[ ,setnau ,triumph$ ov] ! ,assyrians ,aft] ! close ( ! reign ( ,amysis a prie/ ( ',vulcan' nam$ ,setnau asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,& ?is k+ treat$ ! army ) contempt & disda91 ?9k+ he _h no ne$ ( !m4 ,among o!r inju/ices he appropriat$ ! l&s :i* =m] k+s _h giv5 to !m4 ,n[ x came to pass t :5 ,s5na*]ib1 ,k+ ( ! ,arabs & ,assyrians1 l$ 8 ho/s aga9/ ,egypt1 ! soldi]s ( ! ,egyptian army refus$ to fight & repel !m4 ,setnau1 ?us r$uc$ to p[]lessness1 w5t to ! temple & pray$ ! gods to help him 9 8 dire /raits4 ,:ile ?us tr\bl$ a sleep fell ^u him1 & 9 a dream x seem$ t ! god himself appe>$ & exhort$ him to c\rage1 say+ t all w\ld fall to 8 advantage 9 ! campaign aga9/ ! ,assyrians4 ,greatly *e]$ by ?is dream1 ,setnau call$ ^u ^? ( ! army :o w\ld foll[ him1 & !y camp$ at ,peluce1 a ma9 approa* into ,egypt4 ,n only soldi]s foll[$ him1 b m]*ants1 artisans1 & m5 ( ! /reet4 ,n[ :5 ! ,assyrians besieg$ ! t[n1 z !y lay encamp$ ab\t ! field rats dur+ ! night gnaw$ & dev\r$ all ! quiv]s1 b[s1 & fitt+s ( %ields ( ! invad]s1 s t1 on ! morr[1 :5 !y w\ld h giv5 battle1 behold6 !y 7 weaponless4 ,?us dis>m$1 _m ( ! ho/s fl$ & _m p]i%$4 ,& n[ 9 ! temple ( ,vulcan /&s a /one image ( ! god1 be>+ 9 8 h& ! figure ( a rat4 ,& ! leg5d inscrib$ !reon runs1 ,:o beholds me beholds ,god4 ,! ,peasant & ! ,workman ,a tale ( ! ,n9? ,dyna/y1 :i* f ! numb] ( copies extant w\ld seem to h be5 v popul>1 relates h[ a peasant succe$$ 9 obta9+ ju/ice aft] he _h be5 robb$4 ,ju/ice 0 n v easily obta9$ 9 ,egypt 9 ^? times1 = x seems to h be5 requisite t a peasant %\ld attract ! judge's att5tion by "s special means1 if 8 case 7 to be he>d at all4 ,! /ory runs ?us3 ,9 ! ,salt ,c\ntry !re dwelt a sekhti 7peasant7 ) 8 family4 ,he made 8 liv+ by trad+ ) ,h55set5 9 salt1 natron1 ru%es1 & ! o!r products ( 8 c\ntry1 & z he j\rney$ ?i!r he _h to pass ?r\gh ! l&s ( ! h\se ( ,fefa4 ,n[ !re dwelt by ! canal a man nam$ ,tehuti-nekht1 ! son ( ,asri1 a s]f to ! ,high ,/ew>d ,m]uit5sa4 ,tehuti-nekht _h s f> encroa*$ on ! pa?--= roads & pa?s 7 n protect$ by law 9 ,egypt z 9 o!r c\ntries--t !re 0 b a n>r[ /rip left1 ) ! canal on "o side & a cornfield on ! o!r4 ,:5 ,tehuti-nekht saw ! sekhti approa*+ ) 8 burd5$ asses1 8 evil he>t covet$ ! bea/s & ! goods !y bore1 & he call$ to ! gods to op5 a way = him to /eal ! possessions ( ! sekhti4 ,?is 0 ! plan he conceiv$4 ,i w take1 said he1 a %awl1 & w spread x ^u ! pa?4 ,if ! sekhti drives 8 asses ov] x--& !re is no o!r way--!n ,i %all easily pick a qu>rel ) him4 ,he _h no soon] ?\ght ( ! project ?an x 0 c>ri$ into effect4 ,a s]vant1 at ,tehuti-nekht's bidd+1 fet*$ a %awl & spread x ov] ! pa? s t "o end 0 9 ! wat]1 ! o!r among ! corn4 ,:5 ! sekhti drew nigh he drove 8 asses ov] ! %awl4 ,he _h no alt]native4 ,hold6 cri$ ,tehuti-nekht ) well-simulat$ wra?1 surely y d n int5d to drive y\r bea/s ov] my clo!s6 ,i w try to avoid !m1 respond$ ! good-natur$ peasant1 & he caus$ ! re/ ( 8 asses to pass high] up1 among ! corn4 ,d y1 !n1 drive y\r asses ?r\gh my corn8 said ,tehuti-nekht1 m wra?fully ?an ev]4 ,!re is no o!r way1 said ! h>ass$ peasant4 ,y h block$ ! pa? ) y\r %awl1 & ,i mu/ leave ! pa?4 ,:ile ! two argu$ ^u ! matt] "o ( ! asses help$ itself to a m\?ful ( corn1 :]eupon ,tehuti-nekht's pla9ts broke out afre%4 ,behold6 he cri$1 y\r ass is eat+ my corn4 ,i w take y\r ass1 & he %all pay = ! !ft4 ,%all ,i be robb$1 cri$ ! sekhti1 9 ! l&s ( ! ,"l ,/ew>d ,m]uit5sa1 :o treate? robb]s s h>dly8 ,behold1 ,i w g to him4 ,he w n suff] ?is misde$ ( ?9e4 ,?9ke/ ?\ he w he>k5 to ?y pla9t8 sne]$ ,tehuti-nekht4 ,poor z ?\ art1 :o w conc]n himself ) ?y woes8 ,lo1 ,i am ! ,"l ,/ew>d ,m]uit5sa1 & s say+ he beat ! sekhti sorely1 /ole all 8 asses & drove !m into pa/ure4 ,9 va9 ! sekhti wept & implor$ him to re/ore 8 prop]ty4 ,tehuti-nekht bade him hold 8 peace1 ?reat5+ to s5d him to ! ,demon ( ,sil5ce if he cont9u$ to compla94 ,nev]!less1 ! sekhti petition$ him = a :ole day4 ,at l5g?1 f9d+ t he 0 wa/+ 8 brea?1 ! peasant betook himself to ,h55-ni-sut1 !re to lay 8 case be=e ! ,"l ,/ew>d ,m]uit5sa4 ,on 8 arrival he f\nd ! latt] prep>+ to emb>k 9 8 boat1 :i* 0 to c>ry him to ! judgm5t-hall4 ,! sekhti b[$ himself to ! gr\nd1 & told ! ,"l ,/ew>d t he _h a grievance to lay be=e him1 pray+ him to s5d "o ( 8 foll[]s to he> ! tale4 ,! ,"l ,/ew>d grant$ ! suppliant's reque/1 & s5t to him "o f among 8 tra94 ,to ! mess5g] ! sekhti reveal$ all t _h befall5 him on 8 j\rney1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,tehuti-nekht _h clos$ ! pa? s z to =ce him to trespass on ! corn1 & ! cruelty ) :i* he _h beat5 him & /ol5 8 prop]ty4 ,9 due "t ^! matt]s 7 told to ! ,"l ,/ew>d1 :o laid ! case be=e ! nobles :o 7 ) him 9 ! judgm5t-hall4 ,let ?is sekhti br+ a witness1 !y said1 & if he e/abli% 8 case1 x may be necess>y to beat ,tehuti-nekht1 or p]*ance he w be made to pay a trifle = ! salt & natron he has /ol54 ,! ,"l ,/ew>d said no?+1 & ! sekhti himself came unto him & hail$ him z ! greate/ ( ! great1 ! orphan's fa!r1 ! wid['s husb&1 ! guide ( ! ne$y1 & s on4 ,v eloqu5t 0 ! sekhti1 & 9 8 florid spee* he skilfully comb9$ eulogy ) 8 plea = ju/ice1 s t ! ,"l ,/ew>d 0 int]e/$ & flatt]$ 9 spite ( himself4 ,n[ at t "t !re sat ^u ! ?rone ( ,egypt ! ,k+ ,neb-ka-n-ra1 & to him came ! ,"l ,/ew>d ,m]uit5sa1 say+3 ,behold1 my "l1 ,i h be5 s\ght by a sekhti ^: goods 7 /ol54 ,mo/ eloqu5t ( mortals is he4 ,:at w\ld my "l t ,i d unto him8 ,d n answ] 8 spee*es1 said ! k+1 b put 8 words 9 writ+ & br+ !m to u4 ,see t he & 8 wife & *ildr5 are suppli$ ) meat & dr9k1 b d n let him "k :o provides x4 ,! ,"l ,/ew>d did z ! k+ _h comm&$ him4 ,he gave to ! peasant a daily ration ( bread & be]1 & to 8 wife suffici5t corn to fe$ h]self & h] *ildr54 ,b ! sekhti knew n :5ce ! provisions came4 ,a second "t ! peasant s\ght ! judgm5t-hall & p\r$ =? 8 compla9t to ! ,"l ,/ew>d2 & yet a ?ird "t he came1 & ! ,"l ,/ew>d comm&$ t he be beat5 ) /aves1 to see :e!r he w\ld desi/4 ,b no1 ! sekhti came a f\r?1 a fif?1 a six? "t1 endeav\r+ ) pleasant spee*es to op5 ! e> ( ! judge4 ,m]uit5sa he>k5$ to him n at all1 yet ! sekhti did n despair1 b came aga9 unto ! n9? "t4 ,& at ! n9? "t ! ,"l ,/ew>d s5t two ( 8 foll[]s to ! sekhti1 & ! peasant trembl$ exce$+ly1 = he fe>$ t he 0 ab\t to be beat5 once m because ( 8 importunity4 ,! message1 h[ev]1 0 a reassur+ "o4 ,m]uit5sa decl>$ t he _h be5 greatly delight$ by ! peasant's eloqu5ce & w\ld see t he obta9$ satisfaction4 ,he !n caus$ ! sekhti's petitions to be writt5 on clean papyri & s5t to ! k+1 accord+ z ! mon>* _h comm&$4 ,neb-ka-n-ra 0 also mu* pleas$ ) ! spee*es1 b ! giv+ ( judgm5t he left entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,"l ,/ew>d4 ,m]uit5sa !re=e depriv$ ,tehuti-nekht ( all 8 (fices & 8 prop]ty1 & gave !m to ! sekhti1 :o !nce=? dwelt at ! k+'s palace ) all 8 family4 ,& ! sekhti became ! *ief ov]se] ( ,neb-ka-n-ra1 & 0 greatly belov$ by him4 ,/ory ( ! ,two ,bro!rs ,! manuscript ( ?is tale ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y 0 b\ght 9 ,italy by ,mme4 ,elizabe? d',orb9ey1 & is call$ ! d',orb9ey ,papyrus4 ,x 0 acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum 9 #aheg & copi$ 9 facsimile4 ,x has be5 translat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! manuscript ext5ds to n9ete5 pages ( t5 l9es ea*1 ! fir/ five pages hav+ be5 consid]ably torn4 ,sev]al gaps h be5 fill$ 9 by ! mod]n possessors ( ! manuscript1 & ! re/orations are sign$4 ,! orig9al manuscript is /amp$ 9 two places ) ! "n ( its anci5t own]1 ,sety ,m]5ptah1 :om we "k z ,sety ,,ii4 ,x 0 execut$ by ,an5a1 a scribe :o liv$ dur+ ! reigns ( ,rameses ,,ii1 ,m]5ptah1 & ,sety ,,ii1 & is m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s old4 ,bit\1 ! h]o ( ! /ory1 a h]d & husb&man1 is p]haps id5tifiable ) ! ,greek god ,bitys4 ,anap\ & ,bit\ 7 two bro!rs :o liv$ 9 ,egypt a long "t ago4 ,to ,anap\1 z ! eld]1 belong$ h\se1 cattle1 & fields2 & ,bit\1 ! y\ng]1 work$ = him4 ,bit\ 0 m>vell\sly clev] 9 8 managem5t ( ! cattle & 9 all ?+s relat+ to agriculture--he c\ld ev5 tell :at ! cattle said to him & to ea* o!r4 ,"o day1 z ! bro!rs 7 work+ 9 ! fields1 ,anap\ s5t ,bit\ home = a l>ge quantity ( se$1 z he saw ! "t _h come = s[+4 ,bit\ w5t & got ! se$1 & aft] _! day's "w ! two return$1 to f9d ,anap\'s wife ly+ moan+1 & say+ %e _h be5 ?ra%$ by ,bit\ until %e 0 sore because %e w\ld n yield him some?+ he _h ask$ ( h] :5 he came = ! se$4 ,!n ,anap\ s\ght to kill ,bit\ by /eal?1 b ,bit\1 w>n$ by ! cattle1 fl$4 ,8 bro!r ov]took him1 b ! god ,phra-,h>makhis caus$ a wide /ream full ( crocodiles to arise betwe5 !m1 & ,bit\ ask$ 8 bro!r to wait till break ( day1 :5 he w\ld expla9 all t _h happ5$4 ,:5 day broke ,bit\ told ,anap\ ! tru?1 refus+ at ! same "t ev] to return to ! h\se :]e ,anap\'s wife 04 ,i %all g1 he said1 to ! ,vale ( ! ,acacia4 ,n[ li/5 to :at w happ54 ,i %all te> out my he>t by magic s z to place x on ! topmo/ b\gh ( ! acacia1 & :5 ! acacia is cut d[n1 & my he>t w fall to ! gr\nd1 y w come to look = x4 ,aft] y h look$ = sev5 ye>s d n be disc\rag$1 b put x 9 a vessel ( cold wat]2 t w br+ me to life aga94 ,i %all c]ta9ly live aga9 & be rev5g$ on my enemies4 ,y w "k t some?+ ( mom5t is ab\t to happ5 to me :5 a jug ( be] is giv5 y & ! fro? %all run ov]4 ,!y w !n give y a jug ( w9e ( :i* ! s$im5t w rise to ! top4 ,re/ no m :5 ^! ?+s come ab\t4 ,he w5t to ! valley & 8 bro!r return$ home1 kill$ 8 wife1 & m\rn$ = ,bit\4 ,bit\1 9 ! valley1 sp5t 8 days 9 hunt+1 & at night slept "u ! acacia1 on top ( :i* 8 he>t 0 plac$4 ,"o day he met ! n9e gods1 :o gave him ! daught] ( ! gods = 8 wife2 b ! ,sev5 ,ha?ors swore %e %\ld die by ! sword4 ,he told h] ab\t 8 he>t1 & t :oev] %\ld f9d ! acacia w\ld h to fight ) him4 ,! ,trea*]y ( ,bit\'s ,wife ,ph>aoh1 he>+ ( ?is beautiful woman1 desir$ to take possession ( h]1 & s5t arm$ m5 into ! valley1 all ( :om ,bit\ kill$4 ,ph>aoh at la/ entic$ h] away & made h] 8 *ief fav\rite4 ,%e told him h] husb&'s secret & bade him cut d[n ! acacia-tree1 :i* 0 accord+ly done1 & ,bit\ fell d[n dead at ! same mom5t4 ,!n :at ,bit\ _h =etold happ5$ to 8 bro!r4 ,be] t foam$ 0 br\ght to him1 & !n w9e :i* became muddy :ile he held ! cup4 ,by ^! signs he knew t ! "t _h come to act1 & tak+ 8 clo!s & s&als & weapons1 he set (f = ! valley4 ,:5 he got !re he f\nd 8 bro!r ly+ dead on 8 b$4 ,he w5t to ! acacia to look = ! he>t1 b c\ld f9d only a b]ry1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ! he>t4 ,he plac$ x 9 cold wat]1 & ,bit\ 0 re/or$ to life4 ,!y embrac$ ea* o!r1 & ,bit\ said to 8 bro!r1 ,i %all n[ become a sacr$ bull 7,apis74 ,lead me1 !n1 to ,ph>aoh1 :o w rew>d y ) gold & silv] = hav+ br\ght me4 ,i %all !n f9d means to puni% my wife = hav+ betray$ me4 ,anap\ did z ,bit\ direct$1 & :5 ! sun rose aga9 next day1 ,bit\ hav+ !n assum$ ! =m ( a bull1 he l$ him to c\rt4 ,!re 7 great rejoic+s ov] ! miracul\s bull1 & ,ph>aoh rew>d$ ,anap\ ri*ly & pref]r$ him be=e any o!r man4 ,"s days aft]1 ! bull ent]$ ! h>em & address$ 8 =m] wife4 ,y see1 ,i am /ill alive1 aft] all1 he said4 ,:o are y8 %e repli$4 ,he said1 ,i am ,bit\4 ,y knew well :at y 7 do+ :5 y got ,ph>aoh to h ! acacia cut d[n4 ,!n %e 0 v mu* afraid1 & begg$ ,ph>aoh to grant h] any reque/ %e w\ld make4 ,ph>aoh1 :o lov$ h] s mu* t he c\ld refuse h] no?+1 cons5t$4 ,!n1 %e said1 give me ! liv] ( ! sacr$ bull to eat1 = no?+ else w satisfy me4 ,ph>aoh 0 v mu* griev$ at ?is1 b he _h sworn1 & "o day :5 ! p 7 (f]+ up sacrifices to ! bull he s5t 8 but*]s to cut its ?roat4 ,:5 ! bull 0 be+ kill$ two big drops ( blood fell f 8 neck1 & fl[+ till !y 7 opposite ,ph>aoh's doorway1 !y sprang up 9 ! =m ( two great trees1 "o at ei!r side ( ! portal4 ,at ?is second miracle all ! p rejoic$ aga9 & (f]$ sacrifices to ! two trees4 ,a long "t aft]1 ,ph>aoh1 9 8 cr[n ( lapis-lazuli1 ) a g>l& ( fl[]s r\nd 8 neck1 got into 8 electrum *air & 0 c>ri$ out to look at ! two trees4 ,8 *ief fav\rite--,bit\'s wife--0 br\ght aft] him & !y 7 set d[n1 "o "u ea* tree4 ,!n ,bit\1 ! tree "u :i* 8 wife 0 seat$1 :isp]$ to h]1 ,fai?less woman6 ,i am ,bit\1 & ,i am /ill alive 9 spite ( y4 ,y made ,ph>aoh cut d[n ! acacia1 & kill$ me4 ,!n ,i became a bull & y _h me sla94 ,aft]w>d1 :5 %e 0 seat$ aga9 ) ,ph>aoh at table1 %e made him swe> ano!r oa? to d :atev] %e ask$ him1 & ,ph>aoh swore aga94 ,!n %e said1 ,cut me d[n ^! two trees & make !m into two good beams4 ,:at %e dem&$ 0 done1 b z ! trees 7 be+ cut d[n a *ip flew into h] m\?4 ,9 due "t %e br\ght =? a male *ild1 :om ,ph>aoh lov$ & made ,pr9ce ( ! ,upp] ,nile1 & :5 ,ph>aoh di$1 ,bit\1 = he 0 ?is *ild1 succe$$ him4 ,!n he summon$ all ! great (ficials1 _h 8 wife br\ght be=e him1 & told !m all t _h happ5$4 ,s %e 0 put to dea?4 ,bit\ liv$ & reign$ = tw5ty ye>s1 & !n 8 bro!r ,anap\1 :om he _h made 8 successor1 reign$ 9 8 /ead4 ,! ,doom$ ,pr9ce ,?is /ory is to be f\nd 9 ! ,h>ris ,papyrus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 0 complete :5 fir/ discov]$1 b an un=tunate accid5t p>tly de/roy$ x1 s t ! end ( ! tale is lo/4 ,x is suppos$ to belong to ! end ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y4 ,!re 0 once a k+ :o 0 sore 9 he>t because no son _h be5 born to him4 ,he pray$ ! gods to grant 8 desire1 & !y decre$ t z he _h pray$1 s x %\ld be4 ,& 8 wife br\ght =? a son4 ,:5 ! ,ha?ors came to decide 8 de/9y !y said1 ,8 dea? %all be by ! crocodile1 or by ! s]p5t1 or by ! dog4 ,& ^? :o /ood r\nd1 ^u he>+ ?is1 hurri$ to tell ! k+1 :o 0 mu* griev$ !reat & fe>$ greatly4 ,& because ( :at he _h he>d he caus$ a h\se to be built 9 ! m\nta9s & furni%$ ri*ly & ) all t c\ld be desir$1 s t ! *ild %\ld n g abroad4 ,:5 ! boy 0 gr[n he w5t "o day ^u ! ro(1 & f !re he saw a dog foll[+ a man ^u ! road4 ,!n he turn$ to 8 att5dant & said1 ,:at is t :i* foll[s ! man com+ along ! road8 ,& he 0 told t x 0 a dog4 ,& ! *ild at once wi%$ to possess a dog1 & :5 ! k+ 0 told ( 8 desire he might n d5y him1 le/ 8 he>t %\ld be sad4 ,z "t w5t on & ! *ild became a man he grew re/ive1 &1 be+ told ( ! decree ( ! ,ha?ors1 at once s5t a message to 8 fa!r1 say+1 ,come1 :y & :]e=e am ,i kept a prison]8 ,?\gh ,i am fat$ to ?ree evil fates1 let me foll[ my desires4 ,let ,god fulfil ,8 w4 ,& aft] ?is he 0 free & did z o!r m54 ,he 0 giv5 weapons & 8 dog 0 all[$ to foll[ him1 & !y took him to ! ea/ c\ntry & said to him1 ,behold1 ?\ art free to g :]esoev] ?\ wilt4 ,he set 8 face to ! nor?1 8 dog foll[+1 & 8 :im dictat$ 8 pa?4 ,!n he liv$ on all ! *oice/ ( ! game ( ! des]t4 ,& !n he came to ! *ief ( ,nahairana4 ,& ?is *ief _h b "o *ild1 a daught]4 ,= h] _h be5 built a h\se ) sev5ty w9d[s sev5ty cubits f ! gr\nd4 ,& "h ! *ief _h comm&$ all ! sons ( ! *iefs ( ! c\ntry ( ,khalu to be br\ght1 & he said to !m1 ,he :o climbs & rea*es my daught]'s w9d[s %all w9 h] = wife4 ,& "s "t aft] ?is ! pr9ce arriv$1 & ! p ( ! *ief ( ,nahairana took ! y\? to ! h\se & treat$ him ) ! greate/ hon\r & k9dness4 ,& z he p>took ( _! food !y ask$ him :5ce he _h come4 ,he answ]$ !m1 say+1 ,i come f ,egypt2 ,i am ! son ( an (fic] ( t l&4 ,my "m di$ & my fa!r has tak5 ano!r wife1 :o1 :5 %e bore my fa!r o!r *ildr51 grew to hate me4 ,!re=e h ,i fl$ z a fugitive f h] pres5ce4 ,& !y 7 sorry = him & embrac$ him4 ,!n "o day he ask$ ! climb+ y\?s :at x 0 !y did !re4 ,& :5 !y told him t !y climb$ ! height t !y might w9 ! *ief's daught] = wife1 he decid$ to make ! attempt ) !m1 = af> (f he beheld ! face ( ! *ief's daught] look+ =? f h] w9d[ & turn$ t[>d !m4 ,& he climb$ ! dizzy height & rea*$ h] w9d[4 ,s glad 0 %e t %e kiss$ & embrac$ him4 ,& ?9k+ to make glad ! he>t ( h] fa!r1 a mess5g] w5t to him1 say+1 ,"o ( ! y\?s ha? rea*$ ?y daught]'s w9d[4 ,! *ief inquir$ :i* ( ! *ief's sons _h accompli%$ ?is1 & he 0 told t x 0 ! fugitive f ,egypt4 ,at ?is ! *ief ( ,nahairana 0 wro? & v[$ t 8 daught] 0 n = an ,egyptian fugitive4 ,let him g back :5ce he came6 he cri$4 ,an att5dant hurri$ to w>n ! y\?1 b ! maid5 held him fa/ & w\ld n let him g4 ,%e swore by ! gods1 say+1 ,by ! be+ ( ,ra ,h>akhti1 if he is tak5 f me1 ,i w nei!r eat nor dr9k & 9 t h\r ,i %all die6 ,& h] fa!r 0 told ( h] v[1 & he>+ x he s5t "s to slay ! y\? :ile he %\ld be 9 8 h\se4 ,b ! daught] ( ! *ief div9$ ?is & said aga91 ,by ! great god ,ra1 if he be sla91 !n ,i %all die ere ! set ( sun4 ,if ,i am p>t$ f him1 !n ,i live no long]6 ,aga9 h] words 7 c>ri$ to ! *ief4 ,he caus$ 8 daught] & ! y\? to be br\ght be=e him1 & at fir/ ! "y man 0 afraid1 b ! *ief ( ,nahairana embrac$ him affectionately1 say+1 ,tell me :o ?\ art1 = n[ ?\ art z a son to me4 ,he answ]$ him1 ,i come f ,egypt2 ,i am ! son ( an (fic] ( t l&4 ,my "m di$ & my fa!r has tak5 ano!r wife1 :o1 :5 %e bore my fa!r *ildr51 grew to hate me4 ,!re=e h ,i fl$ z a fugitive f h] pres5ce6 ,!n ! *ief gave him 8 daught] to wife2 he gave him a h\se & slaves1 he gave him l&s & cattle & all mann] ( good gifts4 ,! "t pass$4 ,"o day ! y\? told 8 wife ( 8 fate1 say+ to h]1 ,i am doom$ to ?ree evil fates--to die by a crocodile1 a s]p5t1 or a dog4 ,& h] he>t 0 fill$ ) a great dread4 ,%e said to him1 ,!n let "o kill ! dog :i* foll[s !e4 ,b he told h] t c\ld n be1 = he _h br\ght x up f ! "t x 0 small4 ,at la/ ! y\? desir$ to travel to ! l& ( ,egypt1 & 8 wife1 fe>+ = him1 w\ld n let him g alone1 s "o w5t ) him4 ,!y came to a t[n1 & ! crocodile ( ! riv] 0 !re4 ,n[ 9 t t[n 0 a great & mighty man1 & he b\nd ! crocodile & w\ld n suff] x to escape4 ,:5 x 0 b\nd ! mighty man 0 at peace & walk$ abroad4 ,:5 ! sun rose ! man w5t back to 8 h\se1 & ?is he did e day = two mon?s4 ,aft] ?is z ! days pass$ ! y\? sat at ease 9 8 h\se4 ,:5 ! night came he lay on 8 c\* & sleep fell ^u him4 ,!n 8 wife fill$ a b[l ( milk & plac$ x by 8 side4 ,out f a hole came a s]p5t1 & x tri$ to bite ! sleep+ man1 b 8 wife sat beside him wat*+ & unsleep+4 ,& ! s]vants1 behold+ ! s]p5t1 gave x milk s t x drank & 0 drunk & lay helpless on its back4 ,see+ ?is1 ) h] dagg] ! wife dispat*$ x4 ,^u ?is h] husb& woke &1 und]/&+ all1 0 a/oni%$4 ,see1 %e said to him1 ?y god ha? giv5 "o ( ?y dooms into ?y h&4 ,surely he %all also give !e ! o!rs6 ,& !n ! y\? made sacrifices to 8 god & prais$ him always4 ,"o day aft] ?is ! y\? walk$ abroad 9 8 fields1 8 dog foll[+ him4 ,& 8 dog *as$ aft] ! wild game1 & he foll[$ aft] ! dog1 :o plung$ into ! riv]4 ,he also w5t into ! riv]1 & !n out came ! crocodile1 :o took him to ! place :]e ! mighty man liv$4 ,& z he c>ri$ him ! crocodile said to ! y\?1 ,behold1 ,i am ?y doom1 foll[+ aft] !e4444 ,at ?is po9t ! papyrus is s ext5sively mutilat$ t 9 all probability we %all nev] "k :at happ5$ to ! pr9ce4 ,0 he at la/ dev\r$ by ! crocodile8 or p]*ance did 8 fai?ful dog lead him into /ill grav] dang]8 ,let ev]yone concoct 8 own end+ to ! tale6 ,! ,visit ( ,ounam\n\ to ! ,coa/s ( ,egypt ,on ! sixte5? day ( ! ?irte5? mon?1 ! h>ve/ mon?1 ,ounam\n\1 ! *ief prie/ ( ! temple ( ,am5-,ra1 dep>t$ on a voyage to procure wood = ! fa%ion+ ( ! sacr$ b>que ( ! god4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at ,tanis1 he says1 ,i gave !m ! edicts ( ,am5-,ra1 :i* !y read & decid$ to obey4 ,i /ay$ at ,tanis till ! f\rte5? mon? ( ,%om\1 :5 ,i emb>k$ to voyage ^u ! ,syrian sea4 ,:5 ! %ip arriv$ at ,dora1 city ( ,zakkala1 ! ,pr9ce ( ! place1 ,badl1 s5t bread1 meat1 & w9e unto me4 ,:ile 9 ?is place a man ( ! vessel des]t$1 c>ry+ ) him mu* gold & silv]4 ,!reupon ,i w5t to ! ,pr9ce & made my compla9t to him1 say+ t ! gold belong$ to ,am5-,ra4 ,& ! ,pr9ce answ]$ & said he knew naught ( x1 b if ! robb] 7 ( 8 c\ntry1 he w\ld reimburse me out ( 8 own treasury2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! robb] 7 ( my own company1 ,i mu/ /ay !re = "s days & he w\ld se>* = ! ?ief4 ,i /ay$ n9e days 9 t port4 ,!n ,i w5t aga9 to ! ,pr9ce1 say+1 ',y h n yet f\nd ! /ol5 gold4 ,b n[ ,i mu/ g4 ,if y %\ld f9d x 9 my abs5ce1 !n keep x aga9/ my return4' ,?is 0 s arrang$ betwe5 u4 ,!n ,i emb>k$ aga9 & rea*$ ,tyre1 to ^: ,pr9ce ,i rec\nt$ my loss1 & compla9$ t ! ,pr9ce ( ,dora _h n f\nd my gold1 b1 be+ a fri5d ( ,badl1 he w\ld n li/5--inde$1 ?reat5$ me4 ,at break ( day we set out 9 ! direction ( ,byblos1 & on ! way a vessel ( ,zakkala ov]took u ) a c(f] on bo>d4 ,on op5+ ?is c(f] ,i discov]$ money1 & took possession ( x4 ,i said to !m t ,i w\ld keep & use x until my /ol5 gold 0 re/or$ to me4 ,:5 !y saw ,i 0 firm !y accept$ ! situation & left me1 & we at la/ rea*$ ,byblos4 ,i disemb>k$1 c>ry+ ! naos conta9+ ! /atue ( ,am5-,ra1 hav+ put !re9 ! treasure4 ,b ! ,pr9ce ( ,byblos bade me begone4 ,i said to him1 ',is ?is because ! m5 ( ,zakkala h told y t ,i took _! money8 ,t money is my own1 = 9 _! port ! gold ( ,am5-,ra 0 /ol54 ,besides1 ,i come f ,h]ihor to procure wood = ! sacr$ b>que ( ! god ,am5-,ra4' ,i /ay$ 9 ?is port = n9ete5 days1 & ea* day ! ,pr9ce s5t ?is message bidd+ me begone4 ,!n "o eve :5 ! ,pr9ce ( ,byblos sacrific$ to 8 gods1 & "o danc$ be=e !m1 he mock$ me & bade me br+ my god to life4 ,t night ,i met a man ^: vessel 0 b\nd = ,egypt1 & ,i *>g$ him ) all conc]n+ me4 ,i said to him t ,i w\ld emb>k & dep>t unkn[n to any1 & surely ! gods ,i tru/ w\ld wat* ov] me4 ,:ile s debat+ ! comm&] ( ! port came to me1 say+1 ',/ay2 x is ! w ( ! ,pr9ce4' ,& ,i answ]$ him1 ',are y n ! "o :o br\ght me ! message ea* day bidd+ me begone1 & nev] bade me /ay8 ,n[ :y is x t y bid me re/8' ,he turn$ & left me & w5t to ! ,pr9ce1 :o ?is "t s5t a message to ! capta9 ( ! vessel bidd+ him wait till ! morr[4 ,! next morn+ he s5t = me to be br\ght to ! palace 9 :i* he liv$ beside ! sea4 ,i 0 tak5 to 8 *amb]1 & !re he ask$ me h[ long x 0 ,i _h be5 on ?is j\rney4 ,i answ]$ five mon?s1 b he d\bt$ me1 ask+ :]e 7 ! edicts ( ,am5-,ra :i* ought to be 9 my h&s1 & :]e 0 ! lett] ( ! high-prie/8 ,i told him t ,i _h giv5 !m to o!r pr9ces4 ,he 0 ang]$1 & said t ,i came ) no pro(s1 & :at 0 !re to h9d] him ord]+ ! capta9 ( ! vessel to kill me8 ,aga9 ,i answ]$ t ,i _h come f ,egypt = wood = ! sacr$ b>que4 ,& !n he told h[ =m]ly ^? f ,egypt _h come 9 /ate to visit 8 city4 ,aft] a long alt]cation ) ! ,pr9ce1 & :5 ,i _h told him t if he execut$ ! comm&s ( ,am5-,ra mu* good w\ld be 81 he /ill hesitat$4 ,!n ,i ask$ = a mess5g] to take a lett] f me to ! o!r ,pr9ces1 ,sm5des & ,tantam\n\1 & he w\ld see h[ !y w\ld d my bidd+ & succ\r me4 ,x seem$ t ! ,pr9ce _h *ang$ 8 m9d1 = aft] he _h giv5 my lett] to 8 mess5g] he ord]$ a %ip to be load$ ) wood1 sev5 pieces 9 all1 & to be tak5 to ,egypt4 ,8 mess5g] w5t to ,egypt & return$ to me 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! w9t]4 ,& soon ! ,pr9ces ,sm5des & ,tantam\n\ s5t me %ips lad5 ) _m gifts4 ,see+ ?is1 ! ,pr9ce 0 rejoic$1 & soon he comm&$ mu* wood to be hewn = me4 ,& :5 x 0 f9i%$ he came say+ t he _h done z 8 fa!rs _h done be=e him1 & giv+ ord]s t ! wood %\ld be load$ on a vessel4 ,he also said t ,i _h n be5 treat$ z 7 ! envoys ( ,khamos1 :o _h liv$ sev5te5 ye>s 9 ! c\ntry & di$ !re4 ,turn+ to 8 c\rti]1 he bade him %[ me _! tomb4 ,b ,i _h no desire to see x1 & said s4 ,i also said1 ',! envoys ( ,khamos 7 b m5 ( 8 h\sehold2 ,i came z ! mess5g] ( ! great god ,am5-,ra4' ,!n ,i bade him erect a /ele & ?is inscription to be engrav$ !reon3 ',am5-,ra1 ! great god ( ! gods1 s5t me a div9e mess5g]1 toge!r ) ,ounam\n\ z 8 human ambassador1 = ! wood :]e) 8 sacr$ b>que %\ld be fa%ion$4 ,i cut d[n trees = ?is & load$ !m1 furni%+ ! vessels by :i* x 0 c>ri$ into ,egypt4 ,i did ?is t ,i may obta9 immortal life f ! great god ,am54' ',&1' ,i cont9u$1 'a mess5g] %all come f ! l& ( ,egypt :o %all read y\r "n ^u ! /ele1 & y %all receive ! wat] ( ,am5ti ev5 z ! gods4' ,he said1 ',?is is a wond]ful ?+ y tell me4' ,!n ,i told him t :5 ,i return$ ,i %\ld acqua9t ! high-prie/ ( ,am5 ( h[ he1 ! ,pr9ce1 _h done all z he 0 comm&$1 & t he %\ld assur$ly receive ! gifts4 ,:5 ,i w5t d[n to ! %ore :]e ! wood 0 load$ ,i beheld elev5 vessels s5t f ,zakkala to seize & imprison & prev5t me f rea*+ ,egypt4 ,!n ,i 0 di/ress$ & cri$ out1 & a mess5g] f ! ,pr9ce approa*$ me1 say+1 ',:at tr\bles y8' ,i expla9$ to him :at m5ac$ me1 & he w5t & told ! ,pr9ce1 :o 0 mu* di/ress$4 ,to *e] me he s5t gifts ( food & w9e1 & an ,egyptian s+]1 ,tantn\it1 ^: songs he ?\ght might *ase away my sorr[4 ,8 message 01 ',eat1 dr9k1 & be n tr\bl$4 ,y %all he> my plans 9 ! morn4' ,& :5 ! day 0 come ! ,pr9ce call$ 8 m51 & !y set out & spoke to ! m5 ( ,zakkala1 ask+ !m ! object ( _! com+4 ,!y answ]$ t !y _h come to seize ! vessels & _! rascally crews4 ,he answ]$1 ',i h n ! p[] to take prison] ! mess5g] ( ,am5-,ra 9 my c\ntry4 ,i %all let him g1 & aft] y c d ) him z y please4' ,i emb>k$ & left ! port1 & ! w9d drove me into ! c\ntry ( ,alasia4 ,!re ! p ( ! t[n came to put me to dea?1 dragg+ me to ! pres5ce ( ,hatibi1 ! ,pr9cess ( ! city4 ,i look$ at ! m5 ar\nd1 & ask$ 0 !re n "o :o c\ld und]/& ,egyptian8 ,"o came =w>d say+ t he und]/ood x4 ,i said t ,i _h he>d t if ju/ice 0 to be f\nd any:]e x 0 9 ,alasia1 & yet "h 7 !y ready to "w an inju/ice4 ,! ,pr9cess inquir$ :at ,i _h said4 ,aga9 ,i spoke1 & plead$ t z ! /orm _h driv5 me into _! c\ntry !y %\ld n slay me1 = 9 tru? ,i 0 a mess5g] ( ! great god ,am5-,ra4 ,!n ,i po9t$ out t if h>m came to me ,i w\ld be av5g$4 ,9 a little :ile ! ,pr9cess call$ h] p & caus$ !m to rel9qui% _! evil designs1 say+ to me1 ',be n tr\bl$4444 ,"h ! papyrus ends4 ,x is tantaliz+ n to "k h[ ,ounam\n\ manag$ to return to ,egypt1 b we may be sure a p]son ( su* inf9ite res\rce & det]m9ation1 n to say dogg$ness1 accompli%$ all he desir$4 ,! ,/ory ( ,rhamps9ites ,! olde/ =m ( ?is leg5d has be5 h&$ d[n to u by ,h]odotus4 ,x occurs 9 ! anci5t folklore ( bo? ,ea/]n & ,we/]n peoples & its orig9 has (t5 be5 debat$4 ,if n really ( ,egyptian orig91 x _h c]ta9ly become ,egyptianiz$ :5 ,h]odotus f\nd x4 ,x relates h[ ,k+ ,rhamps9ites possess$ s mu* treasure t none ( 8 successors ev] surpass$ or ev5 came ne> to hav+ a l am\nt4 ,to ensure its safety he _h a seem+ly impregnable /one h\se built1 9 :i* he plac$ all 8 great weal?4 ,by a clev] trick1 h[ev]1 ! ar*itect contriv$ to provide access to ! treasure4 ,he made "o ( ! /ones 9 two p>ts1 s t "o "p c\ld be remov$2 b s skilfully 7 ! two p>ts plac$ toge!r t !y pres5t$ a p]fectly ev5 surface1 z ( "o s+le /one4 ,be=e he di$ he acqua9t$ 8 two sons ) ! secret ( ! treasure-h\se1 & aft] 8 dea? !y did n delay 9 putt+ _! k into practice4 ,!y w5t by night1 f\nd ! /one )\t any difficulty1 )drew x1 /ole a l>ge sum ( money1 & replac$ x 9 position4 ,:5 ! k+ discov]$ t ?ieves 7 at "w he _h man-traps plac$ ne> ! site ( ! treasure-h\se4 ,"o night ! two bro!rs came z usual1 & "o ( !m 0 caught 9 a trap4 ,see+ 8 dang]1 he call$ 8 bro!r & said to him1 ,we %all bo? p]i% & ! treasure be lo/ unless y cut (f my head & take x away1 s t no "o w recognize u z ! ?ieves4 ,! bro!r did z he advis$3 he mov$ ! /one back into position1 cut (f 8 bro!r's head & c>ri$ x home4 ,:5 ! k+ f\nd ! headless body he 0 mu* di/urb$1 = !re 7 no traces ( entrance to or exit f ! treasure-h\se1 & he be?\ght himself ( ?is exp$i5t3 he _h ! dead body expos$ on ! city wall & plac$ a gu>d r\nd x ) in/ructions to wat* & report :oev] manife/$ any sign ( grief on see+ ! body4 ,?is act 0 contr>y to ! practice ( ! ,egyptians1 :o _h usually too mu* respect = ! dead to indulge 9 x4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( an execut$ crim9al ! rema9s 7 return$ to ! relatives to be embalm$4 ,nev]!less ,rhamps9ites consid]$ himself ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ ?is measure4 ,! body 0 expos$1 & ! "m1 al?\gh %e did n betray any sign ( grief1 insi/$ on h] o!r son br++ x to h]2 o!rwise %e ?reat5$ to divulge 8 secret to ! k+4 ,see+ t he d>$ n disobey1 ! son devis$ a /ratagem4 ,he saddl$ "s asses & load$ !m ) goatsk9s full ( w9e--sk9s 7 us$ 9 ,egypt = wat] only at mo/ times1 w9e be+ held 9 %ort n>r[ vases--he drove ! asses pa/ ! gu>d &1 :5 pass+1 /eal?ily unti$ "o or two ( ! sk9s1 & z ! w9e ran d[n & fl[$ on ! gr\nd began to beat 8 head & make a great outcry4 ,! gu>ds ran = vessels to save ! preci\s liquid1 & ov] ! cata/rophe !y became q fri5dly ) ! ?ief & gave him meat1 = :i* he (f]$ 9 ex*ange "o ( 8 sk9s ( w9e4 ,!y all sat d[n to dr9k toge!r1 & z !y became m]ry ov] ! w9e he (f]$ !m ! rema9d] ( 8 w9e1 :i* !y took & drank until !y 7 q tipsy4 ,! ?ief1 ne$less to say1 _h tak5 c>e to rema9 tol]ably sob]4 ,aft] ! gu>ds 7 9 a drunk5 sleep1 he wait$ till nightfall & !n cut d[n 8 bro!r's body & took x home on ! asses to 8 "m4 ,be=e quitt+ ! gu>ds he %av$ (f all ! hair on "o side ( _! faces4 ,:5 ! k+ he>d ( ! trick he 0 furi\s1 &1 det]m9$ by fair means or f\l to discov] its au?or1 he hit ^u ! foll[+ plan4 ,he ord]$ ! pr9cess1 8 daught]1 to receive any man 9 ! l&1 no matt] :om1 & to grant him :atev] fav\r he might ask ( h]1 b fir/ %e mu/ make him tell h] :at 0 ! clev]e/ & wick$e/ ?+ he _h ev] done4 ,:5 ! ?ief told h] 8 trick %e 0 to h him b\nd be=e he c\ld escape4 ,! pr9cess 0 ready to d h] fa!r's bidd+1 b ! ?ief1 kn[+ well :at ! k+ _h 9 8 m9d1 resolv$ to circumv5t him a ?ird "t4 ,he cut (f ! arm ( a newly dead man &1 hid+ x "u 8 robe1 obta9$ admission to ! pr9cess4 ,on be+ ask$ ! "q t %e put to all com]s1 he told h] fir/ ab\t cutt+ (f 8 bro!r's head 9 ! trap1 & !n w5t on to tell h[1 hav+ made ! gu>ds tipsy1 he _h cut d[n 8 bro!r's body4 ,%e at once call$ out & tri$ to seize him1 b he plac$ 9 h] h& t ( ! dead man1 :i* %e grasp$ firmly1 believ+ x to be ! ?ief's1 & he escap$ 9 ! d>kness ( ! room4 ,! k+ n[ own$ himself beat51 & (f]$ a free p>don & ri* rew>ds to ! man :o _h s boldly outwitt$ him4 ,tru/+ to 8 ^w1 ! ?ief pres5t$ himself be=e ! k+1 & receiv$ n only :at ,rhamps9ites _h promis$1 b also ! h& ( ! pr9cess 9 m>riage1 = he held ! ?ief to be ! clev]e/ ( m5 9 t he _h dup$ ! ,egyptians1 :o prid$ !mselves on _! a/ut5ess4 ,civil ,w> 9 ,egypt3 ,! ,!ft ( ! ,cuirass ,9 ! reign ( ! ,ph>aoh ,pet\ba/is ! ,delta & great "p ( ,l[] ,egypt 7 divid$ into two rival factions1 "o "p be+ head$ by ! *iefta9 ,kam5ophis1 ,pr9ce ( ,m5des1 & ! o!r rul$ by ! k+-prie/ ( ,heliopolis1 ,i]h>]\1 & 8 ally ,pakr\r\1 ! great *iefta9 ( ! ea/4 ,only f\r nomes 9 ! middle ( ! ,delta 7 subject to ,kam5ophis1 :il/ ,i]h>]\ _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ei!r 8 *ildr5 or relations 9 mo/ ( ! o!r nomes4 ,i]h>]\ possess$ a cuirass to :i* he atta*$ great value & :i* 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a talisman4 ,at 8 dea? ,kam5ophis1 tak+ advantage ( ! m\rn+ & confusion 9 ,heliopolis1 seiz$ ! cuirass & plac$ x 9 "o ( 8 own /rongholds4 ,pr9ce ,pimon '! little'--,pimon ( ! /rong fi/1 z he is sometimes call$ 9 ! n>rative--! successor ( ,i]h>]\1 dem&$ its re/oration4 ,kam5ophis refus$1 & h5ce arose a qu>rel 9 :i* all ! prov9ces ( ,egypt 7 implicat$4 ,pimon & ,pakr\r\ bo? pres5t$ !mselves be=e ,k+ ,pet\ba/is1 ask+ 8 p]mission to be rev5g$ on ,kam5ophis2 b ,ph>aoh1 :o knew t ?is w\ld entail civil w>1 endeav\r$ to dissuade ,pimon f tak+ /eps aga9/ ,kam5ophis &1 inde$1 =bade him to proce$ ) 8 int5tions1 promis+ z comp5sation a spl5did fun]al = ,i]h>]\4 ,unwill+ly ,pimon submitt$1 b aft] ! fun]al c]emonies 7 ov] res5tm5t /ill burn$ )9 him1 & he & ,pakr\r\1 ! great *iefta9 ( ! ea/1 return$ aga9 to ,pet\ba/is at 8 c\rt 9 ,tanis4 ,he receiv$ !m r impati5tly1 ask+ !m :y !y tr\bl$ him aga9 & decl>+ t he w\ld n all[ civil w> dur+ 8 reign4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be satisfi$ & said !y c\ld n g on ) ! celebration ( ! fea/ t 0 to foll[ ! religi\s rites ( ,i]h>]\'s fun]al until ! %ield or cuirass 0 re/or$ to its rightful own]4 ,ph>aoh !n s5t = ,kam5ophis1 & reque/$ him urg5tly to return ! %ield1 b 9 va94 ,kam5ophis decl9$ to d s4 ,!n said ,pimon1 ,by ,tem1 ! "l ( ,heliopolis1 ! great god1 my god1 7 x n = ,ph>aoh's decree & t my respect = him protects y1 ,i %\ld kill y ?is v in/ant4 ,kam5ophis repli$1 ,by ! life ( ,m5des1 ! great god1 ! w> :i* w break out 9 ! nome1 ! battle :i* w break out 9 ! city w /ir up clan aga9/ clan1 & man aga9/ man1 be=e ! cuirass %all be wre/$ f ! /ronghold :]e ,i h plac$ x4 ,! ,horrors ( ,w> ,pakr\r\ !n said be=e ! k+1 ,is x "r :at ,kam5ophis has done1 & ! words he has j spok5 are !y n said to provoke u to ang] t we may measure our /r5g? aga9/ 88 ,i w make ,kam5ophis & ! nome ( ,m5des feel ! %ame ( ^! words utt]$ to provoke civil w> :i* ,ph>aoh has =bidd52 ,i w glut !m ) w>4 ,i said no?+ because ,i knew ! k+ did n want w>2 b if ! k+ rema9s neutral ,i %all be sil5t no long]1 & ! k+ %all see all ! horrors ( civil w>4 ,ph>aoh said1 ,be nei!r boa/ful nor timid1 ,pakr\r\1 great *iefta9 ( ! ea/1 b n[ g ea* "o ( y to y\r nomes & y\r t[ns 9 peace1 & give me b five days1 & ,i swe> by ,am5-,ra t ,i %all cause ! cuirass to be put back 9 ! place f :i* x 0 tak54 ,pimon !n said t if ! cuirass 7 replac$ no?+ m %\ld be said ab\t x1 & !re %\ld be no w>2 b if x 7 )held1 he w\ld fight = x1 aga9/ ! :ole ( ,egypt if necess>y4 ,kam5ophis at ?is respectfully ask$ & obta9$ p]mission f ,ph>aoh to ord] all 8 m5 to arm !mselves1 & to g ) him to ! ,lake ( ! ,gazelle & prep>e to fight4 ,!n ,pimon1 enc\rag$ by ,pakr\r\1 s5t messages ( a simil> import to all 8 nomes & cities4 ,pakr\r\ fur!r advis$ him to ha/5 to ! ,lake ( ! ,gazelle & be !re be=e ,kam5ophis _h assembl$ all 8 m51 & ,pimon1 ) only "o b& ( m51 took 8 advice & 0 fir/ 9 ! field1 int5d+ to wait !re till 8 bro!rs1 at ! head ( _! respective clans1 %\ld jo9 him4 ,news ( ?is 0 tak5 to ,kam5ophis1 & he ha/ily assembl$ 8 f\r nomes1 ,tanis1 ,m5des1 ,tahait1 & ,seb5nytos4 ,arriv$ at ! lake1 he at once *all5g$ ,pimon1 & ,pimon1 ?\gh 8 o!r =ces _h n yet arriv$1 accept$ ! *all5ge4 ,pimon put on a %irt ( byssus embroid]$ ) silv] & gold1 & ov] t a second %irt ( gold tissue2 he also donn$ 8 copp] corselet & c>ri$ two gold5 swords2 he put on 8 helmet & salli$ =? to meet ,kam5ophis4 ,:ile !y 7 fight+1 ,z9onfi1 ,pimon's "y s]vant1 ran (f to wat* = ! =ces t 7 to come to ,pimon's aid1 & he soon descri$ a flotilla s l>ge t ! riv] c\ld h>dly c>ry all ! b>ges4 ,!y 7 ! p ( ,heliopolis com+ to help _! *ief4 ,z soon z !y came )9 e>%ot ,z9onfi call$ out to !m to hurry1 because ,pimon 0 be+ h>d press$ by ,kam5ophis1 :i*1 inde$1 0 true1 = 8 horse 0 sla9 "u him4 ,kam5ophis r$\bl$ 8 ef=ts :5 he saw ! fre% =ces arriv+1 & ,petekh\s\1 ,pimon's bro!r1 *all5g$ ,an\khoron1 ! k+'s son1 to s+le combat4 ,:5 ,ph>aoh he>d ?is he 0 v angry4 ,he w5t 9 p]son to ! field ( battle & =bade ! combatants to proce$1 & also comm&$ a truce until all ! =ces %\ld be assembl$4 ,pet\ba/is & all ! *iefta9s occupi$ prom95t positions s t !y c\ld wat* :at 0 go+ on1 & ! m5 7 z num]\s z ! s&s ( ! sea%ore & _! rage aga9/ ea* o!r uncontrollable4 ,! b&s ( ! f\r nomes 7 rang$ beh9d ,kam5ophis1 & ! b&s ( ! nome ( ,heliopolis beh9d ,pimon ! ,little4 ,!n ,pet\ba/is gave ,pakr\r\ a signal & he arm$ himself & w5t d[n among ! =ces1 /irr+ !m all to de$s ( val\r2 he pitt$ man aga9/ man1 & great 0 ! ard\r he ar\s$ 9 !m4 ,succ\r = ,pakr\r\ ,aft] ,pakr\r\ _h left ! mle1 he met a mighty man 9 arm\r lead+ =ty galleys & eight ?\s& soldi]s4 ,?is 0 ,m\t\baal1 a pr9ce ( ,syria1 :o _h be5 w>n$ 9 a dream to repair to ! ,lake ( ! ,gazelle to help to rega9 ! /ol5 cuirass4 ,pakr\r\ gave him a place1 ?\gh all ! =ces 7 n[ dispos$2 b he ord]$ him n to jo9 9 ! fight until ! opposite side--! m5 ( ,kam5ophis--%\ld attack _! vessels4 ,m\t\baal1 !re=e1 rema9$ 9 8 b>que1 & ,pakr\r\ w5t back to 8 po9t ( vantage to wat* ! progress ( ! battle4 ,! two factions f\ght f f\r 9 ! morn+ to n9e 9 ! ev5+4 ,f9ally ,an\khoron1 ! k+'s son1 broke "u ! /ress ( ! b&s ( ,seb5nytos & !y ru%$ t[>d ! boats4 ,!n ,m\t\baal took 8 opportunity & w5t aga9/ ! b&s ( ,seb5nytos & ov]?rew !m4 ,he w5t on spread+ de/ruction among ! =ces ( ,kam5ophis till ,ph>aoh call$ a halt2 !n proce$$ ) ,pakr\r\ to ,m\t\baal & bes\ght him to /ay 8 h&1 promis+ t he w\ld see to x t ! %ield 0 re/or$4 ,m\t\baal accord+ly quitt$ ! li/s aft] hav+ wr\ght great havoc among ! m5 ( ,kam5ophis4 ,!n ,ph>aoh & ,pakr\r\ w5t ) ,m\t\baal to ! place :]e ,pimon 0 f\nd engag$ 9 mortal combat ) ,kam5ophis4 ,pimon _h got ! upp] h& & 0 ab\t to slay 8 adv]s>y1 b !y /opp$ him1 & ,ph>aoh ord]$ ,kam5ophis to quit ! li/s4 ,aft] ?is ,an\khoron1 ! royal pr9ce1 0 ov]?r[n by ,petekh\s\1 ! bro!r ( ,pimon1 b ,ph>aoh int]pos$ & p]suad$ ,petekh\s\ to sp>e 8 son1 s ! "y man 0 all[$ to )draw unhurt4 ,! k+ said1 ,by ,am5-,ra1 ! sceptre has fall5 f ! h&s ( ,kam5ophis1 pr9ce ( ,m5des4 ,petekh\s\ has vanqui%$ my son1 & ! b&s ( ! f\r /ronge/ nomes 9 ,egypt h be5 ov]?r[n4 ,! ,%ield ,rega9$ ,!n ,m9nemai1 ,pr9ce ( ! ,eupuant9e1 ! son ( ,i]h>]\1 ! prie/-k+1 to :om ! %ield _h belong$1 advanc$ f ,!bes ) all 8 =ces4 ,!y assign$ him a place next ! %ip ( ,takhos1 ! *ief soldi] ( ! nome ( ,m5des1 & x happ5$ t 9 ! galley ( ,takhos lay ! cuirass itself4 ,& ,m9nemai call$ ^u 8 gods to let him behold 8 fa!r's cuirass t he might be ! in/rum5t ( its recapture4 ,he arm$ himself1 w5t to ! galley ( ,takhos1 & met !re n9e ?\s& soldi]s gu>d+ ! cuirass ( ,i]h>]\1 son ( ,osiris4 ,m9nemai plac$ ?irty-f\r gu>ds on ! footbridge ( ! galley to prev5t anyone f gett+ (f1 & he fell ^u ! soldi]s gu>d+ ! cuirass4 ,takhos f\ght well & kill$ fifty-f\r m51 b f9ally gave 9 & retir$ to 8 vessel1 :]e ,m9nemai foll[$ him ) 8 ,e?iopian w>riors4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,i]h>]\ support$ him & !y seiz$ ! cuirass ( ,i]h>]\4 ,?us 0 ! arm\r recaptur$ & br\ght back to its =m] place4 ,!re 0 great joy among ! *ildr5 ( ,i]h>]\ & ! troops ( ,heliopolis4 ,!y w5t be=e ,ph>aoh & said to him1 ,great ma/]1 h ! hi/ory ( ! w> ( ! cuirass writt51 & ! names ( ! w>riors :o wag$ x1 t po/]ity may "k :at a w> 0 made 9 ,egypt on acc\nt ( ! cuirass1 9 ! nomes & 9 ! cities2 !n cause ! hi/ory to be engrav$ on a /one /ele 9 ! temple ( ,heliopolis4 ,& ,k+ ,pet\ba/is did z !y ask$4 ,! ,bir? ( ,hat%epsut ,! foll[+ /ory ( ! bir? ( ,hat%epsut1 ! great que51 ! belov$ ( ! gods1 mi/ress ( all l&s "u ! sun1 is n a direct translation f ! old papyrus :i* rec\nts x1 b is told 9 ! writ]'s own words3 ,9 ! l& ( ! gods ,am5-,ra held c\rt4 ,k+ ( ! gods 0 ,am5-,ra1 & ! mak] ( m54 ,on 8 "r 0 ,osiris1 ) ! tw9 goddesses ,isis & ,neph?ys1 ,ha?or ! goddess ( love1 & ,horus & ,anubis4 ,on 8 left 0 ,m5tu1 ! god ( w>1 ) ,geb1 ! e>?-god1 & ,nut1 ! sky-goddess1 ! gods ,atmu & ,%u1 & ! goddess ,tefnut4 ,& to ! assembl$ gods ,am5-,ra spake ?us3 ,i w make a great que51 :o %all rule ov] ,egypt & ,syria1 ,nubia & ,punt1 s t all l&s may be unit$ "u h] sway4 ,wor?y mu/ ! maid5 be ( h] great dom9ions1 = %e %all rule ! :ole _w4 ,z he spoke ! god ,?o? ent]$1 he :o has ! =m ( an ibis1 t he may fly m swiftly ?an ! swifte/ arr[4 ,9 sil5ce he li/5$ to ! words ( ,am5-,ra1 ! mightie/ ( ! gods1 ! mak] ( m54 ,!n he said3 ,behold1 ,o ,am5-,ra1 !re is 9 ! l& ( ,egypt a maid5 ( wondr\s beauty4 ,! sun 9 8 circuit %9es n on any?+ m fair4 ,surely x is fitt+ t %e be ! "m ( ! great que5 ( :om ?\ speake/4 ,?\ saye/ well1 said ,am5-,ra4 ,:]e %all we seek ?is fair pr9cess8 ,:at is h] "n8 ,h] "n is ,aahmes1 answ]$ ,?o?2 %e is wife to ! ,k+ ( ,egypt1 & dwelle? 9 8 palace4 ,i w lead !e to h]4 ,x is well1 said ,am5-,ra4 ,!n ,?o?1 9 ! %ape ( an ibis1 flew t[>d ! l& ( ,egypt1 & ) him w5t ,am5-,ra1 9 ! =m ( ! ,k+ ( ,egypt1 & all ! gods & goddesses1 among !m ,nei?1 goddess ( ,sais1 & ! scorpion goddess1 ,selk1 on ^: head 0 a scorpion be>+ 9 ea* claw ! sign ( life4 ,sil5tly ! gods & goddesses ent]$ ! sleep+ palace1 & 7 conduct$ by ,?o? to ! *amb] ( ,que5 ,aahmes4 ,! que5 lay asleep on a c\* %ap$ l a lion1 & z !y gaz$ ^u h] !y saw t ,?o? _h spok5 truly1 t %e 0 inde$ ! faire/ ( mortal wom51 & !y /ood spee*less ) admiration = h] beauty4 ,b ! fragrance :i* !y _h borne ) !m f ! l& ( ,punt awoke ! maid51 :o look$ ) a/oni%m5t on h] sup]natural visitors4 ,v magnific5t 0 ,am5-,ra1 ! k+ ( ! gods1 ! mak] ( m51 z he /ood be=e ! que54 ,jewels ( gold & preci\s /ones adorn$ 8 p]son1 & 8 beauty 0 z ! beauty ( ! sun1 s t ! maid5's he>t 0 fill$ ) delight4 ,am5-,ra plac$ 9 h] h& ! sign ( life & ! emblem ( p[]1 & ! goddesses ,nei? & ,selk rais$ h] c\* above ! gr\nd1 s t %e might be above ! e>? :ile %e conv]s$ ) ! gods4 ,at l5g? ! gods return$ to ! l& ( ,punt1 & ,am5-,ra call$ = ,khnum1 ! creator1 ! fa%ion] ( ! bodies ( m54 ,fa%ion = me1 said ,am5-,ra1 ! body ( my daught]1 & ! body ( h] ka4 ,a great que5 %all ,i make ( h]1 & hon\r & p[] %all be h]s all ! days ( h] life4 ,o ,am5-,ra1 answ]$ ,khnum1 ! creator1 x %all be done z ?\ ha/ said4 ,! beauty ( ?y daught] %all surpass t ( ! gods1 & %all be wor?y ( h] dignity & glory4 ,s ,khnum fa%ion$ ! body ( ,am5-,ra's daught] & ! body ( h] ka1 ! two =ms exactly alike1 & m beautiful ?an ! daught]s ( m54 ,he fa%ion$ !m ( clay ) ! aid ( 8 pott]'s :eel1 & ,hekt1 goddess ( bir?1 knelt by 8 side1 hold+ ! sign ( life t[>d ! clay t ! bodies ( ,hat%epsut & h] ka might be fill$ ) ! brea? ( life4 ,!n did ! gods br+ ! bodies to ! palace ( ! ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,khnum1 ! creator1 & ,hekt1 ! goddess ( bir?1 ,isis1 ! great "m1 & h] tw9 si/] ,neph?ys1 ,bes1 ! protector ( *ildr51 & ,meskh5t & ,ta-urt1 all 7 pres5t to hail ! bir? ( ,hat%epsut1 ! great que51 ! daught] ( ,am5-,ra & ,que5 ,aahmes4 ,great 7 ! rejoic+s :5 ! *ild 0 born1 & l\d ! praises *ant$ 9 h] hon\r4 ,& 9 "t %e became rul] ( all c\ntries1 ri* & p[]ful & belov$ ( ,am5-,ra1 ! great que5 = :om %e _h be5 design$ by ! k+ ( ! gods4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,nile !re 0 erect$ a temple to ,que5 ,hat%epsut4 ,! temple /&s to ?is day1 & is n[ kn[n z ,deir-el-,bah>i1 ! ,nor!rn ,conv5t4 ,h[ ,?\tii took ! ,t[n ( ,joppa ,! fragm5ts ( ?is /ory are inscrib$ on ! ,h>ris ,papyrus4 ,l ! /ory ( ! ,pr$e/9$ ,pr9ce1 !y 7 discov]$ 9 #ahgd by ,goodw91 :o recogniz$ 9 !m ! remnants ( an hi/orical n>rative1 & :o in=m$ ! ,ar*ological ,society ( 8 f9d4 ,! beg9n+ is lo/4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! n>rative comm5ces !re are ?ree *>act]s3 an ,egyptian (fic] call$ ,?\tii1 ! pr9ce ( a t[n 9 ,syria1 & 8 equ]ry4 ,! tale deals ) ! recapture ( ,joppa 7a t[n ( ,pale/9e m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible7 by ,?\tii's /ratagem4 ,! /ratagem employ$ be>s "s resemblance to t relat$ 9 ! /ory ( ! robb]-capta9 9 ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,9 ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii1 ,k+ ( ,egypt 7,eighte5? ,dyna/y71 ! ,pr9ce ( ,joppa rose 9 rebellion & murd]$ all ! ,egyptian soldi]s t 7 qu>t]$ 9 ! t[n4 ,?is news naturally excit$ ,ph>aoh's wra?1 & he call$ toge!r 8 nobles & g5]als & scribes to see :at c\ld be done4 ,none ( !m1 h[ev]1 _h any sugge/ion to make except ,?\tii1 a brilliant "y infantry (fic]4 ,give me1 he begg$1 y\r magic cane1 ,o my k+1 & a body ( infantry & ( *>iote]s1 & ,i und]take to kill ! ,pr9ce ( ,joppa & to take ! t[n4 ,ph>aoh1 :o e/eem$ ?is (fic] highly & knew 8 wor?1 grant$ all t he ask$--n exactly a mode/ reque/1 = ! cane 0 a talisman suppos$ to r5d] invisible anyone into ^: possession x fell4 ,?\tii !n m>*$ to ,pale/9e ) 8 m54 ,hav+ arriv$ !re1 he _h a l>ge sk9 bag made1 big en\gh to hold a man1 & he _h irons made = feet & h&s1 "o pair be+ especially l>ge & /rong2 also %ackles & yokes ( wood1 & f\r hundr$ j>s4 ,!n he s5t to ! ,pr9ce ( ,joppa ! foll[+ message3 ,i am ,?\tii1 ! ,egyptian infantry g5]al4 ,k+ ,?o?mes 0 jeal\s ( my brav]y & s\ght to kill me2 b ,i h escap$ f him1 & ,i h /ol5 8 magic cane1 :i* is hidd5 9 my baggage2 &1 if y l1 ,i w give x to y1 & ,i w jo9 =ces ) y1 ,i & my m51 ! pick ( ! ,egyptian army4 ,?is message 0 v pleasant news to ! ,pr9ce ( ,joppa1 = he knew ,?\tii's reputation1 & knew t he _h no equal 9 all ,egypt4 ,he s5t to ,?\tii1 accept+ 8 (f]1 & promis+ him a %>e ( 8 t]ritory4 ,he !n left ,joppa1 tak+ ) him 8 equ]ry & ! wom5 & *ildr51 to greet ! man :om he took to be a new & p[]ful ally4 ,he welcom$ him w>mly1 & invit$ him into 8 camp to d9e ) him4 ,9 c\rse ( conv]sation1 z !y 7 eat+ & dr9k+ toge!r1 he ask$ ,?\tii ab\t ! magic cane4 ,?\tii repli$ t x 0 conceal$ 9 ! baggage ) :i* 8 horses 7 lad51 & reque/$ t 8 m5 & horses %\ld be br\ght into ! camp to be refre%$ & re/$4 ,?is 0 done3 8 horses 7 f$ & ti$ up1 ! baggage 0 se>*$1 & ! magic cane f\nd4 ,! ,/ratagem ,he>+ ?is1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,joppa express$ 8 eag] wi% to behold ! magic cane4 ,?\tii w5t & fet*$ x2 !n sudd5ly seiz+ ! ,pr9ce by 8 clo!s1 he said1 ,behold "h ,k+ ,?o?mes' magic cane1 & ) t he rais$ 8 h& & /ruck ! ,pr9ce on ! =ehead s t ! latt] fell d[n unconsci\s be=e him4 ,!n he put him into ! big lea!r sack he _h ) him & clapp$ ! h&cuffs on 8 wri/s & ! irons on 8 feet4 ,! face ( ! dead man be+ invisible1 ,?\tii's /ratagem 0 to pass (f ! corpse z 8 own4 ,he _h ! two hundr$ soldi]s put into an equal numb] ( ! f\r hundr$ j>s he _h br\ght ) him & fill$ ! rema9d] ) ! ropes & wood5 %ackles2 !n he seal$ !m1 cord$ !m1 & gave !m to z _m /rong soldi]s1 say+1 ,g quickly & tell ! ,pr9ce ( ,joppa's equ]ry t ,i am sla94 ,let him g & tell 8 mi/ress1 ! ,pr9cess ( ,joppa1 t ,?\tii is conqu]$1 t %e may op5 ! city gates to receive ! dead body ( ! vanqui%$ & ! j>s ( booty t h be5 tak5 f him4 ,! equ]ry receiv$ ?is message & ran to tell ! joyful news to 8 mi/ress4 ,! gates ( ! t[n 7 op5$1 & ,?\tii's m5 c>ri$ ! j>s conta9+ ! o!r soldi]s into ! t[n4 ,!n !y releas$ _! companions1 & ! ,egyptian =ce fell ^u ! inhabitants ( ! city & took !m & b\nd !m4 ,aft] he _h re/$ ,?\tii s5t a message to ,ph>aoh say+1 ,i h kill$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,joppa & all ! p ( ,joppa are prison]s4 ,let !m be s5t = & br\ght to ,egypt1 t y\r h\se may be fill$ ) male & female slaves :o w be y\rs = ev]4 ,let ,am5-,ra1 ?y fa!r1 ! god ( gods1 be glorifi$4 #a ,vansleb at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury p]haps he>d x spok54 #b ,! ,rosetta ,/one is writt5 9 ?ree scripts1 hi]oglyphic1 ,demotic1 & ,greek4 #c ,prop]ly speak+1 x %\ld be writt5 f "r to left horizontally4 ,only = decorative purposes is x inscrib$ f "r to left or 9 columns4 #d ,or ,us]ts54 #e ,?is expression argues a great] dec5cy 9 matt]s convivial 9 ! ,egypt ( #ebf ,b4,c4 ?an obta9$ 9 ,georgian ,engl&4 #f ,call$ ,h]-tata-f 9 ano!r "p ( ?is manuscript4 #g ,! ,demotic gives ! "n 7or title7 z ,setne or ,setme1 & ! "n ( ! miracul\s *ild z ,si-,osiris 7i4e4 son ( ,osiris74 #h ,! :ole ( ?is is v obscure 9 ! orig9al4 ,,*apt] ,,vii3 ,,magic ,to ! peoples ( antiquity ,egypt appe>$ z ! v "m ( magic4 ,9 ! my/]i\s ,nile c\ntry !y f\nd a magical sy/em mu* m highly develop$ ?an any )9 _! native k1 & ! cult ( ! dead1 ) :i* ,egyptian religion 0 s /rongly id5tifi$1 appe>$ to ! =eign] to sav\r ( magical practice4 ,if ! mat]ials ( ! magical papyri be omitt$1 ! acc\nts :i* we possess ( ,egyptian magic are almo/ :olly =eign1 s t x is wis] to d]ive our data conc]n+ x f ! orig9al native s\rces if we desire to arrive at a prop] und]/&+ ( ,egyptian sorc]y4 ,mo/ ( :at has be5 writt5 by ,egyptologi/s on ! subject ( ,egyptian magic has be5 p5n$ on ! assumption t magic is ei!r m]ely a degrad$ =m ( religion1 or its f\ndation4 ,?is is "o ( ! results ( ! ar*ologi/ ent]+ a doma9 7t ( an?ropology7 :]e he is usually r at a loss4 ,= example1 we f9d ,sir ,ga/on ,masp]o /at+ t anci5t magic 0 ! v f\ndation ( religion4 ,! fai?ful :o desir$ to obta9 "s fav\r f a god _h no *ance ( succe$+ except by lay+ h&s on ! deity1 & ?is arre/ c\ld only be effect$ by means ( a c]ta9 numb] ( rites1 sacrifices1 pray]s1 & *ants1 :i* ! god himself _h reveal$ & :i* oblig$ him to d :at 0 dem&$ ( him4#a ,!n we f9d ,dr4 ,budge /at+ t 9 ! religi\s texts & works we see h[ magic is made to be ! h&maid5 ( religion1 & t :]eas non-,egyptian races direct$ _! art aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & invok$ a class ( b5evol5t be+s to _! aid1 ! ,egyptians aim$ at complete control ov] _! native deities4 ,let u glance = a mom5t at ! "q ( ! orig9 ( magic4 ,consid]able div]sity ( op9ion exi/s reg>d+ ?is subject among pres5t-day an?ropologi/s1 & ! works ( ,fraz]1 ,m>ett1 ,hub]t1 & ,mauss1 etc41 al?\gh diff]+ widely z reg>ds its f\ndations1 h ?r[n mu* light ^u a hi!rto obscure problem4 ,all writ]s on ! subject1 h[ev]1 appe> to h ignor$ "o notable circum/ance 9 connexion ) x--t is1 ! elem5t ( wond]1 :i* is ! true f\nt & s\rce ( v]itable magic4 ,accord+ to ! w>r+ s*ools ( an?ropology1 ne>ly all magic is sympa!tic or mimetic 9 its nature4 ,= example1 :5 ! b>b>ian m$ic9e-man desires ra9 he climbs a tree & spr9kles wat] ^u ! p>*$ e>? b5ea?1 9 ! hope t ! deity responsible = ! wea!r w d likewise2 :5 ! ignorant sailor desires w9d1 he imitates ! :i/l+ ( ! gale4 ,?is sy/em is univ]sal1 b if our conclusions are well f\nd$1 ! magical elem5t does n reside 9 su* practices z ^!4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s1 z ,fraz] has po9t$ out1 t :5 ! savage p]=ms an act ( sympa!tic magic he does n reg>d x z magical--t is1 to 8 way ( ?9k+ x does n conta9 any elem5t ( wond] at all2 he reg>ds 8 action z a cause :i* is c]ta9 to br+ ab\t ! desir$ effect1 exactly z ! sci5tific man ( to-day believes t if he foll[s c]ta9 =mul c]ta9 results w be a*iev$4 ,n[ ! true magic ( wond] argues f effect to cause2 s x w\ld appe> z if sympa!tic magic 7 m]ely a description ( proto-sci5ce1 due to m5tal processes entirely simil> to ^? by :i* sci5tific laws are produc$ & sci5tific acts are p]=m$--t !re is a _s ( c]ta9ty ab\t x :i* is n f\nd1 = example1 9 ! magic ( evocation4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ra% to attempt to diff]5tiate sympa!tic magic entirely f :at ,i w\ld call ! 'magic ( wond]' at ?is juncture2 inde$1 our k ( ! basic laws ( magic is too slight z yet to p]mit ( su* a process4 ,we f9d consid]able ov]lapp+ betwe5 ! sy/ems4 ,= example1 "o ( ! ways by :i* evilly dispos$ p]sons c\ld trans=m !mselves into w]ewolves 0 by means ( buckl+ on a belt ( wolfsk94 ,?us we see t 9 ?is in/ance ! true wond]-magic ( animal trans=mation is 9 "s measure connect$ ) ! sympa!tic process1 ! idea be+ t ! donn+ ( wolfsk91 or ev5 ! b9d+ ar\nd "o ( a /rip ( ! animal's hide1 0 suffici5t to be/[ ! nature ( ! bea/ ^u ! we>]4 ,9 pass+1 ,i may say1 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 t ,i believe ! magic ( wond] to be almo/ entirely spiriti/ic 9 its nature1 & t x consi/s ( evocation & simil> processes4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 x may be quot$ aga9/ me t c]ta9 inc5ses1 planet>y signs1 & o!r m$ia kn[n to possess aff9ities = c]ta9 sup]natural be+s 7 br\ght into use at ! "t ( _! evocation4 ,once m ,i admit t ! two sy/ems ov]lap2 b t w n conv9ce me t !y are 9 ess5ce ! same4#b ,antiquity ( ,egyptian ,magic ,l all magic1 ,egyptian magic 0 ( prehi/oric orig94 ,z ! savage ( to-day employs ! sympa!tic process1 s did ! savage ( ! ,egyptian ,/one ,age make use ( x4 ,t he also 0 fully aw>e ( ! spiriti/ic side ( magic is c]ta94 ,animism is ! "m ( spiritism4 ,! concept ( ! s\l 0 arriv$ at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,! ph5om5on ( sleep puzzl$ him4 ,:i!r did ! real man betake himself dur+ ! h\rs ( slumb]8 ,! ,paloli?ic man wat*$ 8 sleep+ bro!r1 :o appe>$ to him z practically dead--dead1 at lea/1 to p]ception & ! realities ( life4 ,some?+ seem$ to h escap$ ! sleep]2 ! real1 vital1 & vivify+ elem5t _h tempor>ily dep>t$ f him4 ,f 8 own exp]i5ce ! puzzl$ savage knew t life did n cease ) sleep1 = 9 a m %ad[y & unsub/antial sph]e he re-enact$ ! sc5es ( 8 ev]yday exi/5ce4 ,if ! man dur+ sleep _h exp]i5ces 9 dreaml& or 9 di/ant p>ts1 x 0 only reasonable to suppose t 8 ego1 8 v self1 _h tempor>ily quitt$ ! body4 ,grant s mu*1 & y h two sep>ate entities1 body & s\l1 simil> 9 appe>ance because ! latt] on ! dream plane ex]cis$ functions id5tical ) ^? ( ! =m] on ! corporeal plane4 ,! ,w&]+ ,_s ,b prehi/oric logic did n /op "h4 ,s mu* premis$1 x ext5d$ its s\l-!ory to all animate be+s1 & ev5 to ?+s inanimate4 ,:]e1 = example1 did ! s\ls ( m5 g aft] dea?8 ,_! bodies decay$1 s x 0 only reasonable to suppose t !y ca/ ab\t !m = o!r corporeal m$ia4 ,fail+ _! ability to ent] ! body ( a new-born infant1 !y w\ld take up _! qu>t]s 9 a tree1 a rock1 or any suitable natural object1 & ! t]rifi$ savage c\ld he> _! voices cry+ d[n ! w9d & :isp]+ ?r\gh ! leaves ( ! =e/1 possibly clam\r+ or entreat+ = t food & %elt] :i* !y c\ld n obta9 9 _! disembodi$ condition4 ,all nature1 !n1 we see became animate to e>ly man1 & n less s to ! e>ly ,egyptian ?an to o!rs4 ,b 8 hunt+ life _h made prehi/oric man exceptionally cunn+ & res\rceful1 & x w\ld soon occur to him 79 :at mann] we d n presume to say1 z ! po9t greatly requires elucidation7 t he might possibly make use ( su* w&]+ & ma/]less spirits z he knew 7 close to 8 call4 ,9 ?is desire1 x appe>s to me 7if ! /atem5t be n a platitude71 we h "o ( ! orig9s ( ! magic ( wond]1 & c]ta9ly ! orig9 ( spiritism4 ,trad+ ^u ! wi% ( ! disembodi$ _s to mat]ialize1 prehi/oric man w\ld con/ruct a feti%#a ei!r 9 ! human %ape or 9 t ( an animal1 or 9 any weird pres5tm5t t squ>$ ) 8 ideas ( spiritual exi/5ce4 ,he usually made x ( no great dim5sions1 z he did n believe t ! alt] ego1 or s\l1 0 ( any great size4 ,by ?reats or coax+s he prevail$ ^u ! w&]+ _s 7:om he conceiv$ z1 l all ! dead1 cold1 hungry1 & homeless7 to ent] ! little image1 :i* duly became its corporeal abode1 :]e its lips 7 pi\sly sme>$ ) ! blood ( animals sla9 9 ! *ase1 & :]e x 0 c>efully att5d$4 ,9 return x 0 expect$1 by d9t ( its sup]natural k1 t ! s\l conta9$ 9 ! feti% %\ld assi/ its ma/] or coadjutor 9 e possible way4 ,co]c+ ! ,gods ,egyptian magic diff]$ f mo/ o!r sy/ems 9 ! circum/ance t ! native magician attempt$ to co]ce c]ta9 ( ! gods into action on 8 behalf4 ,in/ances ( ?is else:]e are extremely r>e1 & x w\ld seem z if ! deities ( ,egypt _h evolv$ 9 _m cases f m]e animi/ic conceptions4 ,?is is true 9 effect ( all deities1 b at a c]ta9 po9t 9 _! hi/ory mo/ gods arrive at su* a condition ( em95ce t !y so> f> above any possibility ( be+ employ$ by ! magician z m]e tools = any p]sonal purpose4 ,we (t51 h[ev]1 f9d ! brok5-d[n1 or des]t$1 deity co]c$ by ! magician4 ,( ?is class ,beelzebub might be tak5 z a good example4 ,a great reputation is a h>d ?+ to lose1 & x is possible t ! sorc]] may descry 9 ! ab&on$1 & !re=e idle1 god a v suitable m$ium = 8 purpose4 ,b we f9d ! div9ities ( ,egypt fright5$ into us+ _! p[] on behalf ( "s paltry sorc]] ev5 9 ! v z5i? ( _! fame4 ,"o ?+ is ( c\rse ess5tial to a complete sy/em ( sorc]y1 & t is ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( spirits1 ! detritus ( a vani%$ or subm]g$ religion4 ,z we "k1 !re 7 num]\s /rata 9 ,egyptian religion--m ?an "o fai? _h obta9$ on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 & x may be t ! wor%ipp]s ( ! deities ( "o sy/em reg>d$ ! deities ( ano!r z magical on ! fir/ introduction ( a new sy/em2 9 fact1 ^! may h be5 int]*angeable1 & x is possible t by ! "t ! v>i\s gods became common to all ! practice _h become s univ]sal z to be impossible ( ab&onm5t4 ,if our conclusions are correct1 x w\ld seem t ,masp]o's /atem5t t magic is ! f\ndation ( religion is sc>cely consonant ) fact4 ,we h se5 t at lea/ ! great] "p ( b>b>ian magic s-call$ 7t is1 sympa!tic magic7 is probably n ( ! nature ( magic at all1 s t ! scope ( 8 cont5tion is consid]ably less5$4 ,budge's dictum t ! magic ( e o!r nation ( ! ,anci5t ,ea/ b ! ,egyptian 0 direct$ entirely aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & 0 inv5t$ to fru/rate _! fell designs by invok+ a class ( b5evol5t be+s1 is s f> an error 9 t ! peoples ( ! ,anci5t ,ori5t invok$ evil be+s equally ) good4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ,egyptian magic _h mu* m 9 common ) religion ?an mo/ o!r magical sy/ems1 & ?is arose f ! extraord9>y circum/ances ( ! evolution ( religion on ,egyptian soil4 ,names ( ,p[] ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ circum/ances 9 connexion ) ,egyptian magic 0 ! use ( :at has come to be kn[n z 'names ( p[]4' ,! savage fancies t !re is a v sub/antial bond betwe5 a man & 8 "n--t1 9 fact1 magic may be wr\ght on a man j z easily ?r\gh 8 "n z ?r\gh ! possession ( 8 hair or 8 nails4 ,inde$1 primitive man reg>ds 8 "n z a vital portion ( himself4 ,sir ,john ,rhys has %[n t among ! anci5t ,celts !re 0 a univ]sal belief n only t ! "n 0 a "p ( ! man1 b t x 0 t "p ( him :i* is t]m$ ! 's\l1' & _m b>b>ian races at ! pres5t day reg>d _! names z vital p>ts ( !mselves & take extraord9>y precautions to conceal _! real names le/ ^! %\ld give to ! wit*1 or %aman1 a h&le by :i* to injure _! own]s4 ,h[itt has %[n 9 a monograph on ,au/ralian m$ic9e-m5 t ! ,au/ralian aborig9e believes t if an enemy has 8 "n he has some?+ :i* he c use magically to 8 detrim5t4 ,! ,au/ralian black is always reluctant to reveal 8 real "n to anyone4 ,?us 9 _m ,au/ralian tribes a man gives up 8 "n = ev] at ! "t :5 he und]goes initiation into ! c]emonies :i* conf] ^u him ! rites ( manhood4 ,?is results 9 ! use ( su* titles among ! memb]s ( ! tribe z 'bro!r1' 'nephew1' or 'c\s91' z ! case may be4 ,new names are ?us probably giv5 at initiation1 & c>efully conceal$ = fe> ( sorc]y4 ,we f9d ! same sup]/ition 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,*ile1 ,s5egambia1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & a score ( o!r c\ntries4 ,to return to ,egypt1 we f9d t _m ,egyptians receiv$ two names--! 'great' "n & ! 'little' "n1 or ! 'true' "n & ! 'good' "n2 ! latt] 0 t made public1 b ! 'true' or 'great' "n 0 mo/ c>efully conceal$4#d ,we f9d ! use ( ^! 'names ( p[]' extremely common all ov] ! ,ea/4 ,ev5 to-day1 9 read+ ! sacr$ "n1 ,jahveh1 ! ,jews r5d] x ',adonai'2 b n[h]e 0 its use 9 su* vogue z 9 ,egypt4 ,a good illu/ration ( ! p[] possible to ! wield] ( a "n is f\nd 9 ! leg5d ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,isis succe$$ 9 procur+ 8 secret "n f ,ra4 ,isis1 we>y ( ! _w ( mortals1 det]m9$ to ent] t ( ! gods1 & to ?is end made up h] m9d to worm 8 secret "n f ! almighty ,ra4 ,?is "n 0 kn[n to no mortal1 & n ev5 to any god b himself4 ,by ?is "t ,ra _h gr[n old1 &1 l _m ano!r v5]able p]son1 he (t5 p]mitt$ ! saliva to fl[ f ! corn]s ( 8 m\?4 ,"s ( ?is fell to ! e>?1 & ,isis1 mix+ x ) ! soil1 knead$ x into ! %ape ( a s]p5t1 & cunn+ly laid x 9 ! pa? trav]s$ by ! great god e day4 ,bur/+ ^u ! _w 9 8 effulg5ce1 & att5d$ by ! entire pan!on1 he 0 a/\nd$ :5 ! s]p5t1 ris+ f its coil1 /ung him4 ,he cri$ al\d ) pa91 &1 9 answ] to ! agitat$ que/ions ( 8 inf]ior div9ities1 0 sil5t4 ,! poison swiftly ov]came him1 & a great ague seiz$ him4 ,he call$ all ! gods to come t _! heal+ words might make him well1 & ) !m came ,isis1 :o cunn+ly inquir$ :at ail$ him4 ,he relat$ ! incid5t ( ! s]p5t to h]1 & add$ t he 0 suff]+ ! greate/ agony4 ,!n1 said ,isis1 tell me ?y "n1 ,div9e ,fa!r1 = ! man %all live :o is call$ by 8 "n4 ,ra attempt$ a compromise by /at+ t he 0 ',khep]a' 9 ! morn+1 ',ra' at noon1 & ',atem' 9 ! ev5+2 b ! poison work$ m fe>fully )9 him ?an be=e1 & he c\ld no long] walk4 ,isis conjur$ him to tell h] 8 "n 9 ord] t he might live2 s1 hid+ himself f all ! o!r gods1 he acqua9t$ h] ) 8 hidd5 title4 ,:5 ?is 0 reveal$ ,isis imm$iately bani%$ ! poison f 8 ve9s1 & he became :ole aga94 ,! scribe takes inf9ite c>e n to communicate ! sacr$ "n to 8 read]s1 & ! probabilities are t1 al?\gh he knew ! leg5d1 he did n "k ! "n himself1 :i* 0 possibly 'unkn[n' to ! wiz>ds ( ,egypt4 ,! spee* ( ,ra1 ,i cons5t t ,isis %all se>* into me & t my "n %all pass f my brea/ into h]s1 w\ld seem to %[ t n only 0 ! p[] ( ! god inextricably b\nd up ) 8 real "n1 b t x 0 suppos$ to be lodg$ 9 an almo/ physical s5se1 some:]e 9 8 brea/1 :5ce x c\ld be extricat$ & transf]r$ ) all its sup]natural p[]s to ! brea/ ( ano!r4 ,:at ,isis 0 able to d 0 aspir$ to by e ,egyptian magician1 :o left no /one unturn$ to accompli% ?is end4 ,we f9d magicians ?reat5+ ,osiris t if he does n d ! bidd+ ( ! sorc]]1 he w be nam$ al\d 9 ! port ( ,busiris4 ,! practice is by no means ext9ct 9 ,egypt1 = we f9d 9 ,lane's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians t ! man :o kn[s ! mo/ great "n ( ,god c1 by ! m]e utt]ance ( x1 kill ! liv+1 raise ! dead1 & p]=m mo/ m>vell\s miracles2 & if ?is 0 true ( ! ,egypt ( sixty ye>s ago1 we may be sure t x is true ( ! ,egypt ( to-day4 ,occasionally ! gods !mselves v\*saf$ to mank9d ! secret ( _! names1 & divulg$ ! =mulas by :i* !y might be evok$4 ,we f9d a p>allel 9 ! my?ology ( c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes1 :]e ! secrets ( initiatory c]emonies & 'm$ic9e' 9 g5]al are divulg$ by deities to m54 ',"r ,speak+' ,!re is no exact evid5ce t magical =ce 0 suppos$ 9 ,egypt to be drawn f a great c5tral res]voir l ! or5da ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ! kramat ( ! ,malays1 or ! mana ( ! ,melanesians4 ,b x is possible t an exam9ation ( ! texts :i* _h = its end ! discov]y ( ! belief 9 su* a =ce w\ld prove successful4 ,magic _h its recogniz$ repres5tatives2 ^! 7 ! 'kh]i-heb' prie/s1 & 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,old ,k+dom ! high] (fices 9 ?is ca/e 7 fill$ by sons ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,great importance 0 laid ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! spell or magical =mula 0 spok54 ,:5 a magician once f\nd t a c]ta9 =mula 0 effective at a c]ta9 "t1 he 0 c>eful to repeat x1 :5 next he desir$ to say x1 9 an exactly simil> tone & 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,?is 0 call$ '"r speak+1'#e & 0 practis$ by practically ev]yone 9 ,egypt1 z 9 ! next _w a correct k ( magic words & =mul 0 absolutely ess5tial4 ,! gu>dians ( ! v>i\s gateways :o are pictur$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead d n op5 to ^? :o "k n _! names & :o d n utt] !m correctly4 ,unless c]ta9 prescrib$ pray]s 7 utt]$ ) ! true intonations food 0 n =?com+4 ,! numb] ( ^! =mul 0 great4 ,ea* doorway 9 ! o!rworld _h a title1 & w\ld n op5 to ! new-com] unless invok$ by him correctly4 ,a ,magical ,conspiracy ,9 ^! circum/ances1 !n1 we see h[ univ]sal mu/ h be5 ! belief 9 magic1 &1 trad+ ^u ?is1 _m magical books 7 writt5 & d\btless sold4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^? t h come d[n to u is ! ,h>ris ,papyrus1 :i* conta9s _m spells & *>ms4 ,su* manuscripts seem to h be5 h\s$ 9 ! royal libr>ies1 & we read ( h[ a c]ta9 (ficial at ! c\rt ( ,rameses ,,iii 7ab\t #abjj ,b4,c471 hold+ ! (fice ( ov]se] ( ! ,treasury1 conspir$ ) c]ta9 ( 8 fell[s to de?rone ! k+4 ,! conspiracy 0 discov]$1 & 9 ! (ficial acc\nt ( x we read t ,hui1 ov]se] ( ! royal cattle1 procur$ a magical book f ! k+'s libr>y by means ( :i* he attempt$ to injure ! k+4 ,betak+ himself to a secret place1 he m\ld$ figures ( m5 9 wax1 & ^! he succe$$ 9 smuggl+ into ! royal palace ?r\gh ano!r (ficial4 ,! figures 7 evid5tly int5d$ to "w h>m to ! k+4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) c>ry+ out all ! wick$nesses :i* 8 he>t c\ld imag9e1 to ! horror ( ! gods2 & ) mak+ gods ( wax & figures ( m51 :i* %\ld cause ! p]sons :om !y repres5t$ to become p>alys$ & helpless4 ,! conspiracy 0 c>efully inve/igat$ by two sep>ate c\rts ( inquiry1 & ! k+ orda9$ t ^? :o 7 guilty %\ld die by _! own h&s4 ,he fur!r desir$ t he %\ld be told no?+ :atev] ab\t ! matt]4 ,hui1 among/ o!rs1 0 doom$ to ! fate ( a suicide4 ,su* wax figures z 7 employ$ by him 7 greatly 9 use among sorc]]s ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 & are n yet q disp5s$ )4 ,only a few ye>s ago a clay figure /uck full ( p9s & plac$ 9 a runn+ /ream 0 f\nd 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 modell$ to repres5t ! p]son x 0 desir$ to bewit*1 & plac$ 9 ! wat] 9 ord] t x %\ld sl[ly we> away1 ! hope ( ! amateur sorc]] d\btless be+ t 8 enemy might1 ?r\gh ! p[]s ( sympa!tic magic1 peak & p9e into a mortal illness4 ,! me?od ) ! figures ( wax 01 ( c\rse1 to place !m close by a fire s t !y might sl[ly melt4 ,amulets ,9 no c\ntry 0 ! amulet m 9 use ?an 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,x 0 worn bo? by ! dead & ! liv+1 &1 inde$1 e memb] ( ! body 0 "u ! specific protection ( "s su* talisman4 ,a numb] ( ! amulets f\nd ^u mummies are inscrib$ ) words ( p[]1 or magic =mul1 :i* w\ld prove ( use to !m 9 ! o!rworld4 ,"s ( ! m important amulets 7 ^? ( ! ,he>t1 ! ,sc>ab1 :i* protect$ ! he>t2 ! ,pill[1 :i* 0 plac$ "u ! neck ( ! mummy ) ! object ( protect+ its head2 ! ,coll> ( ,gold1 :i* 0 int5d$ to give ! deceas$ p[] to free himself f 8 swa?+s2 ! amulet ( ! ,eye ( ,horus1 ! use ( :i* 0 almo/ univ]sal1 & :i* br\ght /r5g?1 vig\r1 protection1 & safety4 ,spells ,! use ( spells 0 univ]sal4 ,9 ! mo/ primitive times ! magician seems to h imag9$ t all t 0 necess>y = him to d 0 to in=m ! evil demon t he int5d$ to exorcize x4 ,to ! dead :o haunt$ a c]ta9 h\se & br\ght illness into x he ?reat5s de/ruction ( _! graves & deprivation ( food-(f]+s4 ,to a disease :i* has attack$ a pati5t he expla9s t x has fa/5$ ^u a mo/ unlikely subject1 :o w\ld probably d x m h>m ?an good4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 we f9d ! magician reque/+ ! aid ( ! gods4 ,he invokes ,ra1 begg+ t he w keep wat* ov] ! evil spirits1 & relates to t god _! del9qu5cies4 ,occasionally he himself takes ! "n ( a div9ity1 & hurls 8 ?und]s at ! demon or ! malady t ?reat5s 8 cli5t1 say+1 = example1 ,?\ ha/ n ! upp] h& ov] me2 ,i am ,am52 ,i am ! ,great ,"o1 ! ,"l ( ,might4 ,! magician 0 (t5 guid$ 9 8 *oice ( a gu>dian deity by episodes t occurr$ 9 ! leg5ds connect$ ) him4 ,= example1 a god :o _h once triumph$ ov] s]p5ts w\ld probably be ! be/ protection aga9/ !m4 ,we f9d a c]ta9 spell :i* 0 suppos$ to cure scorpion /+s desir+ ,ra to remove ! poison z ! goddess ,ba/ ! ,cat 0 cur$--an incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! goddess4 ,b we f9d t ! deities :o 7 ne>e/ humanity1 & %\ld typify 9 _! leg5ds ! life ( a man1 7 mo/ g5]ally invok$4 ,! crocodile1 = example1 w hurry (f :5 he is told h[ ! body ( ,osiris lay 9 ! wat] & 0 gu>d$ by ! gods4 ,isis & ,horus at "o "t hid 9 ! swamps ( ! ,delta1 & if ?is be recall$ x w act z a safegu>d aga9/ ! /+ ( a scorpion1 an insect :i* haunts ! swamp-l&s4 ,! ,gibb]i% ( ,magic ,all ?is is1 ( c\rse1 ( ! nature ( sympa!tic magic1 & we c obs]ve f x h[ (t5 ! spok5 ^w c p>take ( ! "* ( proto-sci5ce4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( ! spok5 ^w we h a cleavage betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 = we f9d t x may consi/1 z 9 ^! la/ examples1 ( sympa!tic allusion to an incid5t 9 ! life ( a god1 or else ( m]e gibb]i%1 :i* c]ta9ly con/itutes x a "p ( ! magic ( wond]4 ,a great _m ( ^! seem+ly nons5sical spells consi/ ( =eign words & expressions1 "s ( !m ( ,syrian orig94 ,x is well kn[n t ! %amani/ic class 9 savage communities is prone to inv5t a secret language or dialect ( its own1 & t ! vocabul>y ( su* a j>gon is usually ei!r ar*aic or else borr[$ f a neighb\r+ language4 ,= example1 we f9d 9 "o magical =mula su* a s5t5ce z ! foll[+3 ,i am he t invokes !e 9 ! ,syrian tongue1 ! ,great ,god1 ,zaalar1 ,iphphon4 ,d ?\ n disreg>d ! ,hebrew appellation ,ablana?analb1 ,abrasila4 ,! ,tale ( ,setne ,a tale :i* well in/ances ! high /&+ ( ! magician 9 anci5t ,egypt & ! use ( magical models or figures is t relat$ 9 a papyrus ( ! ,ptolemaic p]iod reg>d+ ! pr9ce ,setne1 :o _h /udi$ to good purpose ! manuscripts 9 ! ,d\ble ,h\se ( ,life1 or ,libr>y ( ,magical ,books4 ,he 0 conv]s+ on "o occasion ) "o ( ! k+'s wise m5 :o appe>$ sceptical ( 8 p[]s4 ,9 reply to 8 /rictures ^u ! efficacy ( magic ,setne (f]$ to take him to a place :]e he w\ld f9d a book possess$ ( magical p[]s writt5 by ,?o? himself1 & conta9+ two pot5t spells1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 capable ( en*ant+ ! entire univ]se1 & s p[]ful t all animals & birds & fi%es c\ld be comm&$ by x4 ,! second enabl$ a man 9 ! tomb to see ,ra ris+ 9 heav5 ) 8 cycle ( gods2 ! ,moon ris+ ) all ! />s ( heav52 ! fi%es 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,! wise man !reupon v naturally reque/$ ,setne to tell him ! repository ( ?is m>vell\s volume1 & le>n$ t x 0 9 ! tomb ( ,nef]-ka-,ptah at ,memphis4 ,!nce ,setne proce$$1 accompani$ by 8 bro!r1 & pass$ ?ree days & nights 9 seek+ = ! tomb ( ,nef]-ka-,ptah1 :i* he ev5tually discov]$4 ,utt]+ ov] x "s magical words1 ! e>? op5$1 & !y desc5d$ to ! *amb] :]e ! actual tomb 0 situat$4 ,! book1 :i* lay 9 ! s>cophagus1 illum9at$ ! place s brilliantly t !y requir$ no tor*es1 & by its light !y p]ceiv$ 9 ! grave n only its orig9al inhabitant1 b 8 wife & son1 :o1 buri$ at ,coptos1 _h come 9 _! ka-%apes to reside ) _! husb& & fa!r4 ,setne in=m$ !m t he desir$ to remove ! book1 b ,ahura1 ! wife ( ,nef]-ka-,ptah1 e>ne/ly reque/$ him n to d s1 & in=m$ him h[ its possession _h already prov$ un=tunate to o!rs4 ,h] husb&1 %e said1 _h giv5 up mo/ ( 8 "t to ! /udy ( magic1 & = ! price ( a hundr$ pieces ( silv] & two elaborate s>cophagi _h b\ght f ! prie/ ( ,ptah ! secret ( ! hid+-place ( ! wond]ful volume4 ,! book 0 conta9$ 9 an iron *e/ sunk 9 ! middle ( ! riv] at ,coptos2 9 ! iron box 0 a bronze box2 9 ! bronze box a box ( palm-tree wood1 :i* aga9 conta9$ a box ( ebony & ivory1 9 :i* 0 a silv] box1 :i* la/ly conta9$ a gold box1 ! true receptacle ( ! book4 ,sw>ms ( s]p5ts & noxi\s reptiles ( all k9ds gu>d$ ! volume1 & r\nd x 0 coil$ a s]p5t :i* c\ld n die4 ,nef]-ka-,ptah1 8 wife & *ild1 set out = ,coptos1 :]e he obta9$ f ! high-prie/ a model ( a float+ raft & figures ( workm5 provid$ ) ! necess>y tools4 ,ov] ^! he recit$ words ( p[]1 s t !y became alive4 ,%ortly aft]w>d !y locat$ ! box1 & by fur!r magical =mul ,nef]-ka-,ptah put ! reptiles :i* surr\nd$ x to flight4 ,twice he slew ! great s]p5t :i* lay coil$ r\nd ! *e/ ( iron1 b ea* "t x came to life aga94 ,! ?ird "t1 h[ev]1 he cut x 9 twa91 & laid s& betwe5 ! two pieces1 s t !y might n aga9 jo9 toge!r4 ,op5+ ! v>i\s boxes1 he took out ! my/]i\s volume :i* !y _h conta9$1 & read ! fir/ spell ^u its pages4 ,?is acqua9t$ him ) all ! secrets ( heav5 & e>?4 ,he p]us$ ! second & saw ! sun ris+ 9 ! heav5s1 ) all ! accompany+ gods4 ,8 wife foll[$ 8 example ) simil> results4 ,nef]-ka-,ptah !n copi$ ! spells on a piece ( papyrus1 on :i* he spr9kl$ inc5se1 dissolv$ ! :ole 9 wat]1 & drank x1 ?us mak+ c]ta9 t ! k ( ! =mul w\ld rema9 ) him = ev]4 ,a ,game ( ,draughts ) ! ,dead ,b ! god ,?o? 0 angry ) him = :at he _h done1 & acqua9t$ ,ra ) ! sacrilegi\s act4 ,ra at once decid$ t ,nef]-ka-,ptah1 8 wife & *ild1 %\ld nev] return to ,memphis2 & :il/ return+ to ,coptos1 ,ahura & h] son fell into ! riv] & 7 dr[n$4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,nef]-ka-,ptah himself met a l fate4 ,all t !y c\ld say1 h[ev]1 c\ld n prevail ) ,setne1 :o _h made up 8 m9d to possess ! book4 ,! disembodi$ ,nef]-ka-,ptah propos$1 h[ev]1 t its own]%ip %\ld be settl$ by play+ a game ( draughts1 ! w9n] to reta9 ! volume4 ,to ?is ,setne agre$4 ,nef]-ka-,ptah did 8 be/ to w91 fir/ hone/ly1 & !n by fraud1 b 9 ! end he lo/ ! game4 ,setne reque/$ 8 bro!r1 :o _h accompani$ him into ! mausoleum1 to asc5d to ! place above & br+ him 8 magical writ+s4 ,?is 0 done1 & ! spells 9 "q 7 laid ^u ,setne1 :o grasp$ ! wond]ful book ( ,?o? & asc5d$ to heav5 ) m>vell\s swiftness4 ,z he dep>t$1 h[ev]1 ,nef]-ka-,ptah rem>k$ to 8 wife t he w\ld soon make him return4 ,! prophecy ( ,ahura t ,setne w\ld be unlucky if he p]si/$ 9 keep+ ! volume 0 fully borne out1 = he fell 9 love ) a beautiful woman :o work$ him mu* woe1 & su* 7 8 tr\bles t ! ,ph>aoh comm&$ him to return ! book to ! keep+ ( ,nef]-ka-,ptah4 ,m$ical ,magic ,magic v naturally play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! practice ( ,egyptian m$ic9e4 ,_m illnesses 7 suppos$ to be caus$ by demoniac possession1 & ! only cure 0 ! expulsion ( ! evil _s :o _h tak5 up 8 abode 9 ! body ( ! afflict$ p]son4 ,! ,egyptian physician c\ld n h f\nd ! practice ( 8 art v ardu\s1 = he !oretically divid$ ! human body into ?irty-six p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 presid$ ov] by a c]ta9 demon1 & if ! demon :o attack$ a specific "p 0 prop]ly invok$1 x 0 consid]$ t a cure %\ld result4 ,!re 7 gods ( heal+ = ea* ( ! bodily divisions4 ,sev]al m$ical papyri are 9 exi/5ce :i* conta9 =mul to be employ$ aga9/ ! demons ( disease1 z well z prescriptions = ! rem$ies to be us$ 9 specifi$ cases ( illness4 ,pray]s 7 prescrib$ to be spok5 :ile prep>+ ! drugs4 ,(t5 ! un=tunate pati5t _h to swall[ ! prescription writt5 ^u papyrus4 ,amulets 7 reg>d$ z mo/ efficaci\s 9 cases ( illness4 ,x is said t ! peculi> lett] :i* figures be=e mod]n m$ical prescriptions1 & :i* physicians int]pret z imply+ ! ^w 'recipe1' is 9 reality an invocation to ! god ,ra1 ^: symbol x is1 & t x signifies 9 ! "n ( ,ra1 or ,o ,ra1 ,god ( ,light & ,heal?1 inspire me4 ,al*emy ,x has be5 av]r$ ) mu* likelihood t ! sci5ce ( al*emy orig9at$ 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w is usually ref]r$ to ! ,arabic al khemeia1 b x has also be5 /at$#f t x may be d]iv$ f ! ,egyptian ^w kemt1 :i* means 'black' or 'dusky1' & :i* 0 appli$ to ! c\ntry on acc\nt ( ! d>k col\r ( ! mud :i* =ms ! soil on ea* side ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,egyptians or ,copts1 x is ?\ght1 transmitt$ ! ^w 9 ! =m khme to ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,syrians1 & ,arabs4 ,at an e>ly p]iod 9 _! hi/ory ! ,egyptians _h atta9$ to consid]able skill 9 ! work+ ( metals1 & accord+ to c]ta9 ,greek writ]s !y employ$ quicksilv] 9 ! sep>ation ( gold & silv] f ! native ore4 ,! detritus :i* result$ f ^! processes =m$ a black p[d]1 :i* 0 suppos$ to conta9 )9 itself ! individualities ( ! v>i\s metals :i* _h contribut$ to its composition4 ,9 "s mann] ?is p[d] 0 id5tifi$ ) ! body :i* ! god ,osiris 0 kn[n to possess 9 ! und]world1 & to bo? 7 attribut$ magical qualities1 & bo? 7 ?\ght to be s\rces ( light & p[]4 ,?us1 says ,dr4 ,budge1 side by side ) ! gr[? ( skill 9 p]=m+ ! ord9>y processes ( metal-work+ 9 ,egypt1 !re grew up 9 t c\ntry ! belief t magical p[]s exi/$ 9 fluxes & alloys2 & ! art ( manipulat+ ! metals1 & ! k ( ! *emi/ry ( ! metals & ( _! magical p[]s1 7 describ$ by ! "n khemeia--t is to say1 '! prep>ation ( ! black ore1' :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! active pr9ciple 9 ! transmutation4 ,if ?is +5i\s !ory be correct1 we h p]haps "h n only ! g5esis ( practical al*emy1 b also ! orig9 ( a "p ( al*emi/ical sci5ce1 :i* until rec5tly has be5 /rangely neglect$4 ,! allusion is to spiritual al*emy1 :i* employ$ ! same symbols & language z 7 us$ 9 ! practical sci5ce1 & :i* is cr$it$ ) conta9+1 9 allegory1 _m a deep psy*ical & my/ical secret4#g ,animal ,trans=mation ,! idea ( animal trans=mation 0 evid5tly a v anci5t "o 9 ,egypt4 ,we f9d f ! texts t x 0 ?\ght t 9 ! future life bo? ! gods & m5 7 able at w to assume ! =m ( c]ta9 animals1 birds1 & plants4 ,ne>ly twelve *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead are occupi$ ) spells :i* provide ! deceas$ ) =mul to enable him to trans=m himself into any %ape f a bird1 a s]p5t1 or a crocodile to a god 9 ! o!rworld4 ,he 0 able to assume practically any =m1 & to swim or fly to any di/ance 9 any direction4 ,/rangely en\gh1 no animal is allud$ to 9 ! texts z a type ( 8 possible trans=mation4 ,9 8 valuable "w ^u ,egyptian ,magic1 by f> ! mo/ illum9at+ text-book on ! subject1 ,dr4 ,budge says3 ,! ,egyptians believ$ t z ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ c\ld assume ! =m ( any liv+ ?+ or plant1 s ! 'gods1' :o 9 _m respects closely resembl$ !m1 c\ld & did take ^u !mselves ! =ms ( birds & bea/s4 ,?is 0 ! fundam5tal idea ( ! s-call$ ',egyptian animal-wor%ip1' :i* provok$ ! m]rim5t ( ! cultur$ ,greek1 & drew d[n ^u ! ,egyptians ! ridicule & abuse ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,he fur!r /ates t ! ,egyptians paid hon\r to c]ta9 animal =ms because !y consid]$ !y possess$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! gods1 to :om !y made !m sacr$4 ,9 ano!r *apt] we h dealt ) ! "q ( ! totemic orig9 ( c]ta9 ( ! ,egyptian deities4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! orig9 ( ! conception :]eby ! gods took ^u !mselves ! =ms ( animals 0 a totemic "o1 & n magical at all 9 its basis4 ,reg>d+ ,dr4 ,budge's o!r /atem5t t x is wrong to say t ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ animals 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 "o mu/ diff]5tiate betwe5 ! attitude ( primitive man t[>d 8 p]sonal or tribal totem & t[>d ! full-fl$g$ deity4 ,x is extremely difficult at ?is "t ( day1 ev5 ) ! example ( liv+ totemic tribes be=e u1 to asc]ta9 ! exact /atus ( ! totem z reg>ds wor%ip or adoration4 ,! ,egyptian god c]ta9ly receiv$ wor%ip ( a v ?or\gh description1 & if he receiv$ x 9 8 totem =m1 we may take x t x 0 on acc\nt ( 8 /atus z a deity1 & n z a totem4 ,! cont5tion t ! animal =m ( _m ( ! ,egyptian gods is n ( totemic orig9 is a va9 "o1 & _c be upheld 9 ! light ( mod]n rese>*es4 ,to /ate t ! ,egyptian gods 7 n totemic 9 _! orig9 simply because !y 7 ,egyptian is to take up a totally unt5able position--a position :i* _c be support$ by a s+le %r$ ( evid5ce4 ,we d n he> v mu* conc]n+ animal trans=mation on e>?--t is1 few tales exi/ :i* describe ! metamorphosis ( a sorc]] or wit* into an animal =m4 ,s f> z "o c judge1 ! idea ( ! w]ewolf or any simil> =m 0 unkn[n 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,b a k9dr$ type ( great antiquity 0 n want+--t ( ! vampire4 ,we d n f9d ! vampire 9 any concrete =m1 b figur$ z a gho/--inde$1 z ! wick$ or spiteful dead s common 9 ,h9du1 ,burmese1 & ,malay my?ology4 ,! ,egyptian gho/ slew ! sleep+ *ild by suck+ its brea?1 &1 /rangely en\gh1 ! *>m employ$ aga9/ su* a be+ 0 ! same z t us$ to-day 9 ! ,balkan p59sula aga9/ ! attacks ( ! vampire--to wit1 a wrea? ( g>lic1 a plant ! vampire is kn[n to dete/4 ,! a/rological k ( ! ,egyptians appe>s to h be5 ex]cis$ *iefly 9 ! ca/+ ( horoscopes4 ,c]ta9 gods presid$ ov] c]ta9 p]iods ( "t1 :ile o!rs 7 id5tifi$ ) ! heav5ly bodies1 & all 7 suppos$ to h p[] ov] ! ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 ! p]iods subject to _! control4 ,9 ! lat] papyri sph]es or tables ( nativity are f\nd1 by means ( :i* ! fate ( a man c\ld be calculat$ f su* data z ! h\r ( 8 bir? & s =?4 ,z among mo/ ,ori5tal peoples1 a/rological cal5d>s1 /at+ :i* days 7 auspici\s or o!rwise1 7 greatly 9 vogue1 & ^! 7 to "s ext5t f\nd$ on my?ological ev5ts :i* _h tak5 place on su* & su* a date1 ?us l5d+ to x a c]ta9 significance = all "t4 ,dreams ,dreams 7 also greatly reli$ ^u 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,^! 7 believ$ to be s5t by ! gods1 & x is probable t ! ,egyptian :o 0 ex]cis$ ov] 8 private affairs s\ght 8 repose 9 ! hope ( be+ v\*saf$ a dream :i* w\ld guide him 9 8 conduct4 ,su* a practice is 9 vogue among/ c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes to-day4 ,savage man goes to sleep tru/+ t 8 totem w grant him a vision = ! regulation ( 8 future affairs4 ,if ! anci5t ,egyptian desir$ su* illum9ation1 he consid]$ x wis] to sleep )9 a temple fam\s z ! seat ( an oracle4 ,a class ( pr(essional int]pret]s exi/$ ^: bus9ess x 0 to make cle> ! enigmatic portions ( dreams4 ,x 0 ?\ght t diseases might be cur$ by no/rums communicat$ by ! gods dur+ sleep4 ,mummy ,magic ,! treatm5t ( ! mummy & ! v>i\s c]emonies 9 connexion ) embalmm5t 7 und\bt$ly magical 9 orig94 ,z ea* b&age 0 laid 9 its exact position c]ta9 words ( p[] 7 utt]$ :i* 7 suppos$ to be efficaci\s 9 ! pres]vation ( ! "p swa!d4 ,aft] consecration ! prie/ utt]$ an invocation to ! deceas$ & !n took a vase ( liquid conta9+ t5 p]fumes1 ) :i* he sme>$ ! body twice f head to foot1 tak+ especial c>e to ano9t ! head ?or\ghly4 ,! int]nal organs 7 at ?is juncture !n plac$ on ! body1 & ! backbone imm]s$ 9 holy oil1 suppos$ to be an emanation f ! gods ,%u & ,geb4 ,c]ta9 preci\s /ones 7 !n laid on ! mummy1 ea* ( :i* _h its magical significance4 ,?us cry/al light5$ 8 face1 & c>nelian /r5g!n$ 8 /eps4 ,a prie/ :o p]sonifi$ ! jackal-head$ god ,anubis !n advanc$1 p]=m$ c]ta9 symbolical c]emonies on ! head ( ! mummy1 & laid c]ta9 b&ages ^u x4 ,aft] a fur!r ano9t+ ) oil ! deceas$ 0 decl>$ to h receiv$ 8 head4 ,! mummy's left h& 0 !n fill$ ) ?irty-six sub/ances us$ 9 embalm+1 symbolical ( ! ?irty-six =ms ( ! god ,osiris4 ,! body 0 !n rubb$ ) holy oil1 ! toes wrapp$ 9 l951 & aft] an appropriate address ! c]emony 0 complet$4 #a ,etudes de ,my?ologie et d',ar*ologie ,egypti5ne1 ,p>is1 #ahic1 vol4 i1 p4 #ajf4 #b ,i hope to elaborate ?is !ory m fully 9 a lat] "w4 #c ,= a v full acc\nt ( ,feti%ism see my article 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 #d ,lefbure1 ,la ,v]tu et la ,vie du ,nom en ,egypte4 #e ,?is expression ,ma kh]u etymologically means 'acquitt$1' & is a legal t]m4 #f ,see ,budge1 ,egyptian ,magic1 p4 #bj4 #g ,see ,a4 ,waite1 ,hidd5 ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,grail1 pp4 #ecc et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,viii3 ,,=eign ,,& ,,animal ,,gods3 ,,! ,,late ,,p]iod ,=eign ,deities ,! attitude ( ! ,egyptians z a nation t[>d 'o!r gods' seems to h be5 s+ul>ly free f any bigotry = _! native deities1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! prie/hood1 ( necessity1 7 m jeal\s & cons]vative 9 ?is respect4 ,b ! middle & l[] classes adopt$ =eign gods freely1 & 9 "t ! widespread belief 9 c]ta9 ( ^! compell$ (ficial recognition & consequ5t inclusion 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,v>i\s reasons = ?is lack ( exclusiv5ess are q app>5t4 ,! /ate religion 0 purely a matt] ( royal & prie/ly organization1 ( mom5t to ! att5dant c\rt ( nobles & (ficials1 b hav+ no p]man5t or deep-seat$ effect on ! p g5]ally1 ea* di/rict foll[+ its local cult4 ,poly!i/ic wor%ip 0 ?us a national t5d5cy1 & !re=e1 :5 ! p came into contact ) =eign deities :o possess$ desirable qualities & p[]s1 !re 0 no suffici5tly re/ra9+ =ce 9 _! own religion to prev5t !m f becom+ devotees ( ! /range god4 ,aga91 ! div9ity ( ano!r nation's god nev] seems to h be5 disput$1 = if a nation 7 p[]ful1 !n t itself 0 suffici5t pro( ( ! div9e & magical nature ( _! deity1 & by s mu*1 !re=e1 8 p[] 0 to be fe>$ & propitiat$4 ,t an elem5t ( fe> 0 pres5t 9 mu* ( ?is god-adoption _c be d\bt$4 ,?is w\ld hold true especially 9 ! case ( ! soldi]y1 :o w\ld propitiate gods ( w> belong+ to nations :o _h %[n !mselves savage & furi\s 9 w>f>e2 also 9 t ( m]*ants1 :o1 convoy+ _! preci\s c>goes1 w\ld seek ! gods :o rul$ ! sea4 ,!re 0 yet ano!r aspect ( ! "q & an important "o4 ,accord+ to ,egyptian ?\ght1 w> betwe5 peoples 0 9 fact w> betwe5 _! respective deities1 a trial ( _! p[]s2 & z ! vanqui%$ k+ & p might be tak5 captive1 s might ! god4 ,inde$1 x 0 a necessity1 = )\t ! possession ( ! god x c\ld n be said t ! conque/ 0 complet$ & ! k+dom won4 ,we f9d traces ( _m ( ^! adoptions1 n to be f\nd among ! (ficial deities1 9 ! num]\s small /el belong+ to private p & d$icat$ by !m to ^! /range gods2 9 ! small images :i* /ood 9 ! p's h\ses2 :ile _m an inscription c>v5 on ! rocks ( ! des]t yields its quota ( evid5ce4 ,libya1 ,pale/9e1 ,phnicia1 & ,syria1 ea* furni%$ ! ,egyptians ) new gods2 ,e?iopia also4 ,x is consid]$ probable by "s au?orities t ! goddesses ,ba/ & ,nei? 7 ( ,libyan orig91 ?\gh ( ?is no positive /atem5t c be made4 ,! wor%ip ( ,ba/ & ,nei? 0 preval5t *iefly 9 ! p>ts :]e ! majority ( ! population 7 ,libyan1 & ! latt] 0 almo/ neglect$ :]e ! p 7 ( pure ,egyptian race4 ,asiatic ,gods ,semitic ,asia suppli$ ! greate/ numb] ( gods borr[$ by ! ,egyptians1 =emo/ among !m be+ ,baal1 ,a%tore?1 ,an?at1 ,re%pu1 & ! goddess ,qete%4 ,! greate/ ( all is1 ( c\rse1 ! ,syrian ,baal1 ! t]rible god ( w>1 also a p]sonification ( ^? t]rors ( ! des]t1 ! burn+ heat ( ! sun & ! de/roy+ w9d4 ,?is god fir/ became kn[n to ! ,egyptians "u ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 :5 !y 7 at w> ) ! ,syrians = c5turies1 &1 z !y _h prov$ any?+ b easily vanqui%$ foes1 _! god mu/ be reg>d$ ) due rev]5ce & awe4 ,! ,ramessides especially e/eem$ ?is deity1 & _h a special pr$ilection = call+ !mselves z brave & mighty z ,baal 9 heav51 & "u ,rameses ,,ii a temple ( ! god exi/$ at ,tanis1 :]e ?is k+ c>ri$ out 8 ar*itectural und]tak+s on su* a l>ge scale4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ,baal 0 id5tifi$ ) ,set1 = a figure ( ! fabul\s animal 9 :i* ! latt] became inc>nate is plac$ by ! ,egyptians aft] _! translit]ations ( ! "n ,baal1 f :i* x is evid5t t !y believ$ ! two gods to h qualities & attributes 9 common4 ,inde$1 9 "o case1 t ( ! texts ( ,edf1 :]e9 is relat$ ! leg5d ( ! ,w+$ ,sun ,disk1 ! "n ( ,baal is sub/itut$ = t ( ,set4 ,un=tunately1 ( 8 =m & rites no?+ is kn[n4 ,an?at 0 a w>-goddess ^: cult 0 widespread 9 ,syria1 & at ! "t :5 ! ,egyptians 7 mak+ _! ,asiatic ,empire %e naturally became "o ( ! adopt$ deities4 ,aga91 ! huge numb] ( ,syrian captives br\ght into ,egypt w\ld und\bt$ly introduce h] wor%ip z well z t ( o!rs into ! c\ntry1 & !re=e x is no surprise to le>n t 9 ! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii a %r9e 0 built & d$icat$ to ,an?at at ,!bes4 ,rameses ,,ii1 ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y1 hon\r$ ?is goddess (t5 9 8 inscriptions1 a cu/om foll[$ by ,rameses ,,iii1 also a great w>rior1 & ! latt] gave to 8 fav\rite daught] ! "n ( ,ban?-,an?1 'daught] ( ,an?4' ,( ! =m ( h] wor%ip little is kn[n1 b on ,egyptian monum5ts %e is call$ ! lady ( heav5 & mi/ress ( ! gods1 & is depict$ seat$ on a ?rone or /&+ upright4 ,seat$1 %e wields a club ) h] left h&1 & ) h] "r holds spe> & %ield2 /&+1 %e is %[n we>+ a pan!r-sk91 ) ! emblem ( life 9 h] left h&1 :ile 9 ! "r %e holds a papyrus sceptre4 ,on h] head is ! ,:ite ,cr[n4 ,h] wor%ip 0 well e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt1 & 9 "t %e 0 id5tifi$ ) ! native gods1 & ev5 said to h be5 produc$ by ,set4 ,a%tore? ,a%tore? 0 call$ by ! ,egyptians mi/ress ( horses1 lady ( ! *>iot1 dwell] 9 ,apoll9opolis ,magna4 ,%e is a ,syrian deity1 ! t]rible & de/roy+ goddess ( w>1 & h] cult w\ld seem to h be5 br\ght into ,egypt dur+ ! ,syrian campaign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ,h] wor%ip seems to h be5 well e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry by ! "t ( ,am5-hetep ,,iii1 = 9 a lett] f ,tu%ratta1 k+ ( ! ,mitanni1 to ?is ,ph>aoh1 he speaks ( ,i%t> ( ,n9eveh1 ,lady ( ! ,_w1 go+ d[n into ,egypt 9 8 own reign & t ( 8 fa!r1 & seems to inf] t h] wor%ip !re has decl9$1 = he begs ,am5-hetep to make x increase t5fold4 ,t x 0 widespread _c be d\bt$4 ,x fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,delta1 & 0 kn[n !re d[n to ,*ri/ian times4 ,! ea/]n qu>t] ( ,tanis 0 d$icat$ to ,a%tore? z 0 a temple ne> by on ! %ores ( ! ,s]bonian lake4 ,m5tion is made ( a prie/ ( ,memphis :o s]v$ ,a%tore? toge!r ) ! moon-god ,ah1 = %e 0 also reg>d$ z a moon-goddess1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! =ms ( ,ha?or1 or ,isis-,ha?or4 ,9 ! treaty conclud$ betwe5 ! ,kheta & ! ,egyptians %e is m5tion$ z ! national goddess ( ! ,syrians1 ?\gh by ?is "t %e 0 also a famili> deity to ! ,egyptians1 = prop] names comp\nd$ ) h]s 7 curr5t1 & ,rameses ,,ii1 :o _h nam$ 8 daught] aft] ,an?at1 also nam$ "o ( 8 sons aft] ,a%tore?3 ,m]-,a/rot4 ,h] designation 'lady ( horses & *>iots' %[s ! comp>atively late p]iod at :i* %e ent]$ ,egypt1 = x 0 only ab\t #ahjj ,b4,c41 at ! e>lie/ dur+ ! ,hyksos p]iod1 t ! ,egyptians le>n$ f ! ,semites ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t h[ to use horses 9 w> = *>g+ & = draw+ w>-*>iots4 ,a%tore? is depict$ z lioness-head$1 & m\nt$ on a quadriga1 %e drives h] rampant horses ov] pro/rate foes1 & ?us 0 ! guide ( ! madly ru%+ w>-*>iot on ! battlefield4 ,qete% 9 h] native ,syria seems to h be5 wor%ipp$ z a nature-goddess ) rites t t5d$ to ! lic5ti\s4 ,9 ,egypt %e came to be id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! =ms ( ,ha?or1 ! goddess ( love & beauty1 also z a moon-goddess4 ,by "s au?orities %e is consid]$ to h be5 ano!r =m & aspect ( ,a%tore?4 ,9 ,egyptian art %e is repres5t$ z /&+ ^u a lion1 h] figure entirely nude2 9 h] "r h& %e holds lotus blossoms & a mirror1 :ile 9 h] left are two s]p5ts4 ,at a lat] p]iod %e is /ill depict$ 9 ! same attitude1 b on h] head %e we>s ! headdress ( ,ha?or4 ,on inscriptions ( ! ,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,dyna/ies %e is call$ lady ( heav51 mi/ress ( all ! gods1 eye ( ,ra1 :o has none l unto h]4 ,%e 0 pray$ to = gifts ( life & heal?1 & t aft] extreme old age h] devotees might h a good burial 9 ! we/ ( ,!bes1 prov+ t h] wor%ip exi/$ 9 ! capital ( ! c\ntry4 ,%e sometimes appe>s ) ,amsu & ! god ,re%pu1 ) :om %e seems to be associat$ z "o ( a tr9ity4 ,re%pu is ano!r ,syrian god ^: cult became kn[n 9 ,egypt1 ! *ief c5tre ( 8 wor%ip be+ at ,het-,re%p1 9 ! ,delta4 ,9 ,syria he 0 reg>d$ z a god ( w>1 & 9 ,egyptian monum5ts & temples he is depict$ 9 ! =m ( a w>rior ) %ield & spe> 9 8 left h& & a club 9 8 "r4 ,above 8 =ehead projects a gazelle1 :i* w\ld seem to be an anci5t symbol ( ! god d5ot+ 8 sov]eignty ov] ! des]t4 ,8 titles z giv5 9 ! ,egyptian texts1 :]e he is describ$ z ! great god1 ! "l ( et]nity1 ! pr9ce ( ev]la/+ness1 ! "l ( tw(old /r5g? among ! company ( gods1 are l>gely borr[$ f ! native deities4 ,re%pu corresponds to ! god kn[n to ! ,phnicians & wor%ipp$ bo? 9 ,cyprus & ,c>?age1 & is consid]$ by "s au?orities to be a god ( ! burn+ & de/ructive p[] ( fire1 also ( ! lightn+4 ,semitic & ,african ,influ5ce ,besides supply+ ! ,egyptians ) specific deities1 ,semitic ?\ght influ5c$ _! religi\s ideas reg>d+ ! my?ology & nature ( _! own gods4 ,c]ta9 inanimate objects--especially /ones1 & 9 "s cases trees--"u ?is influ5ce came to be look$ ^u z incorporations ( deity1 z t ( ! sun-god 9 ,heliopolis1 :ile a sign repres5t+ ! ar*aic =m ( ! symbol ,kh is ! usual det]m9ative ( ! "n ,set4 ,x is a circum/ance ( "s significance t ! ,asiatic deities 9 repres5tation1 z reg>ds physical appe>ance & symbolism1 are depict$ accord+ to ! ,egyptian religi\s conv5tion2 b ) gods ( ,african orig9 x is f> o!rwise4 ,!y are figur$ z hide\s1 frightful1 di/ort$1 & enorm\sly fat creatures1 resembl+ ! negro human feti% :i* may be f\nd to-day among ,african tribes4 ,bes is ! mo/ important ( ! ,african deities1 & ?\gh he und]w5t _m *anges z "t w5t on1 :i* w\ld seem to po9t to o!r orig9s1 8 orig9al conception is decid$ly ,african1 & 8 cult 9 ,egypt is coeval ) dyna/ic civilizations4 ,8 repres5tations po9t to a savage orig94 ,he is depict$ z a de=m$ dw>f ) l>ge /oma*1 b[$ legs1 & a huge1 be>d$ face4 ,f 8 ?ick lips hangs a protrud+ tongue2 8 nose is flat1 :ile 8 eyebr[s are v %aggy4 ,he we>s a ti>a ( fea!rs#a on 8 head1 & r\nd 8 body a pan!r-sk91 ! tail ( :i* hangs d[n & usually t\*es ! gr\nd beh9d him4 ,ano!r di/9ction is t he is g5]ally drawn 9 full face1 ! ,egyptian deities be+ usually pres5t$ 9 pr(ile4 ,?\gh _m names 7 giv5 to him lat]1 ,bes 0 8 usual appellation1 :i*1 accord+ to ,wi$emann1 is d]iv$ f besa1 a ^w designat+ "o ( ! great felid1 ! ,cynlurus guttatus1 ^: sk9 =m$ 8 clo?+4 ,8 cult exi/$ ov] a long p]iod--f ! "t ( ! ,old ,k+dom d[n to ,roman times1 9 :i* 8 oracle at ,abydos 0 consult$ d[n to a late p]iod--& 8 influ5ce may be trac$ 9 ,alex&rian1 ,hell5i/ic1 & ,phnician art4 ,! god ,bes _h v>i$ *>act]i/ics4 ,he 0 associat$ ) bir?1 & "o ( ! olde/ repres5tations ( him is to be f\nd 9 a relief 9 ! temple ( ,hat%epsut1 :]e he appe>s z att5dant at ! bir? ( ! ,great ,que54 ,9 ?is connexion he appe>s 9 all ! ',bir? ,h\ses' ( ,egyptian temples1 places :]e ! presid+ god 0 suppos$ to h be5 born4 ,z ! *ild grew ,bes 0 suppos$ to provide x ) amusem5t1 & 9 ?is aspect he is %[n z laugh+ at x1 danc+ grotesquely & play+ on ! h>p4 ,f ?is he came to be reg>d$ z god ( ! dance1 ( music & joviality1 h5ce ( re/1 joy1 & pleasure2 & 8 qua9t figure is to be f\nd c>v$ ^u ! h&les ( mirrors1 on palettes1 & on kohl vessels4 ,he 0 appo9t$ gu>dian ( ! "y sun-god1 & !re=e becomes ! foe ( all s]p5ts1 & is %[n z gripp+ & /rangl+ !m 9 8 h&s1 or bit+ !m 9 pieces4 ,9 "t he 0 :olly id5tifi$ ) 8 w>d ,horus1 & depict$ ) all ! symbols & attributes ( t deity1 ?\gh 8 peculi> sol> prov9ce 0 ! ea/4 ,9 ! und]world ,bes und]w5t a trans=mation4 ,he became an av5g+ deity1 c>ry+ a m5ac+ knife ) :i* he essay$ to te> out ! he>ts ( ! wick$1 yet1 ev5 ?us1 to ! good & des]v+ he nev] fail$ to be a true fri5d & *e]+ companion4 ,9 8 m5ac+ aspect he 0 call$ '! ,w>rior1' & sometimes ?is "* 0 ascrib$ to him on e>? also1 :]e1 be>+ a %ield & wield+ a sword1 he wages w> = ^? "u 8 protection1 & ^? :o we> 8 image z an amulet4 ,x is und\bt$ t _m local cults exi/$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,egypt & t gods ( _m & v>i$ orig9s 7 ! presid+ deities1 b usually _! p[] rema9$ purely local & nev] atta9$ to any great influ5ce or fame4 ,sacr$ ,animals ,f ! _m s\rces :5ce comes our k ( anci5t ,egypt !re is to be ga!r$ a mo/ compreh5sive survey ( ! great ext5t & influ5ce :i* animal-wor%ip atta9$ to 9 t c\ntry4 ,x prevail$ !re f ! e>lie/ times & 0 f> old] ?an ,egyptian civilization4 ,t mu* ( x is ( totemic orig9 _c be ga9said1 an orig9 to be f\nd among ! pre-dyna/ic tribes :5ce sprang ! ,egyptian p4 ,! inspir+ cause ( animal-wor%ip 0 und\bt$ly at fir/ no?+ m or less ?an fe>1 ) an admixture ( awesome admiration ( ! creature's excell+ p[] & /r5g?4 ,lat] !re develop$ ! idea ( animals z typify+ gods1 ! actual embodim5ts ( div9e & sup]human attributes4 ,?us ! bull & ! ram1 possessors ( exceptional procreative en]gy1 came to repres5t gods ( nature & ! ph5om5a ( ye>ly rejuv5esc5ce1 z is /at$ by ,wi$emann3 ,! g5]ative p[] 9 ! animal 0 id5tical ) ! =ce by :i* life is r5ew$ 9 nature cont9ually & 9 man aft] dea?4 ,?r\gh\t ,egypt ! bull & ! c[1 ! latt] z typify+ f]tility1 7 wor%ipp$ z agricultural gods4 ,aga91 to ! ,egyptian m9d1 incapable ( ab/ract ?\ght1 an immat]ial & intangible deity 0 an impossible conception4 ,a god1 & m s by reason ( 8 godhead1 mu/ manife/ & function 9 an actual body4 ,! k+ 0 believ$ to be an inc>nation ( a god1 b he 0 ap>t & only "o1 & z ! ,egyptian ev]y:]e crav$ ! manife/ation ( & communion ) 8 gods1 x ?us came ab\t t inc>nations ( deity & its _m attributes 7 multipli$4 ,c]ta9 animals c\ld repres5t ^! to a great] degree ?an man1 ?\gh ( c\rse to ,egyptian ?\ght man 0 ! /&>d by :i* all 9 ! univ]se 0 to be measur$ & weigh$4 ,! gods 7 b little great] ?an m52 !y 7 limit$1 & might "k dea?4 ,_! immortality 0 only acquir$ by ! p[] ( transmigration f "o body to ano!r1 escap+ human dea? by transf]5ce to successive =ms & a r5ewal ( ! life =ce4 ,! symbolism ( ! ,egyptian religion is mo/ly express$ by means ( animals4 ,?us ! god ( ! dead is spok5 ( z a jackal1 ! wat]-god z a crocodile1 :ile ! sky is a c[1 ! sun a falcon1 ! moon an ibis4 ,because ( ?is exaltation ( c]ta9 animals :ole species 7 held z sacr$1 & ?is l$ to ! _m /range ideas & cu/oms among/ ! ,egyptians m5tion$ s (t5 by classic writ]s1 z1 = in/ance1 consid]+ a man =tunate :o 0 eat5 by a crocodile4 ,:5 ^! animals di$ _! own]s m\rn$ z = a relative1 & ! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 9 ! disposal ( _! rema9s4 ,c[s 7 held 9 su* v5]ation t _! bodies 7 ca/ into ! sacr$ wat]s ( ! ,nile1 & a bull 0 buri$ outside ! t[n1 its horns protrud+ above ! gr\nd to m>k ! place ( int]m5t4 ,o!r in/ances might be adduc$4 ,apis ,f ! e>lie/ times ! bull 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt z ! p]sonification ( /r5g? & virility & might 9 battle4 ,mane?o traces ! cult ( ,apis to ,kaiekhos1 a k+ ( ! ,second ,dyna/y1 :o appo9t$ a *os5 bull1 ,hap1 to be a god2 b lian ascribes ?is to ,m5a1 ! fir/ hi/orical k+ ( ,egypt4 ,mu* ( our k conc]n+ ?is cult is d]iv$ f ,greek s\rces4 ,h]odotus gives ! foll[+ description ( ,apis3 ,he is ! calf ( a c[ :i* is incapable ( conceiv+ ano!r (fspr+1 & ! ,egyptians say t lightn+ desc5ds ^u ! c[ f heav5 & t f !nce x br+s =? ,apis4 ,?is calf has ! foll[+ m>ks3 x is black & has a squ>e spot ( :ite on ! =ehead2 & on ! back ! figure ( an eagle2 & 9 ! tail d\ble hairs1 & on ! tongue a beetle4 ,aga91 ,diodorus gives an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( ! ,apis & ! me?od ( its in/allation on ! dea? & fun]al ( a =m] inc>nation ( ! god ,osiris3 ,aft] ! spl5did fun]al ( ,apis is ov] ^? prie/s :o h *>ge ( ! bus9ess seek out ano!r calf z l ! =m] z !y c possibly f9d1 & :5 !y h f\nd "o an end is put to all fur!r m\rn+ & lam5tation1 & su* prie/s z are appo9t$ = t purpose lead ! "y ox ?r\gh ! city ( ,nile & fe$ him =ty days4 ,!n !y put him into a b>ge :]e9 is a gold5 cab9 & s transport him z a god to ,memphis & place him 9 ,vulcan's grove4 ,dur+ ! =ty days be=e m5tion$ none b wom5 are admitt$ to see him1 & ^!1 nak$1 are plac$ full 9 8 view4 ,aft]w>d !y are =bidd5 to come into ! sight ( ?is new god4 ,= ! adoration ( ?is ox !y give ?is reason4 ,!y say t ! s\l ( ,osiris pass$ into an ox & !re=e :5ev] ! ox is d$icat$1 to ?is v day ! _s ( ,osiris is infus$ into "o ox aft] ano!r to po/]ity4 ,b "s say t ! memb]s ( ,osiris 7:o 0 kill$ by ,typhon7 7 ?r[n by ,isis into an ox made ( wood cov]$ ) ox-hides1 & f !nce ! city ( ,buba/is 0 call$4 ,great hon\r 0 also paid to ! "m ( ! *os5 bull1 & ap>tm5ts 9 ! temple 7 set ap>t = h] beside ! spl5did ones occupi$ by ! ,apis4 ,?is animal 0 giv5 ri* b$s to lie ^u1 its food 0 ( ! pure/ & mo/ delicate1 :ile wat] f a special well at ,memphis 0 giv5 to x alone1 ! wat] ( ! ,nile be+ consid]$ fatt5+4 ,a numb] ( c>efully select$ c[s 7 pres5t$ to ! ,apis1 & ^! aga9 _h _! att5dant prie/s4 ,usually ! sacr$ bull 0 kept 9 seclusion1 b :5 on c]ta9 occasions he appe>$ 9 public a cr[d ( boys m>*$ 9 procession beside him s++ hymns4 ,! bir?day ( ! ,apis 0 celebrat$ = sev5 days ) great rejoic+s1 & x 0 believ$ t dur+ ?is p]iod no man 0 attack$ by a crocodile4 ,! ,apis ,oracle ,?us 9 ! temple ( ,ptah 7 great hon\rs paid to ! ,apis bull1 & ! ,ph>aohs gave lavi%ly ( _! weal? to its cult1 & =eign]s1 su* z ,alex&] ! ,great & ,titus1 pres5t$ x ) (f]+s4 ,oracles1 z usual1 7 look$ = f ?is god1 & ! me?od ( obta9+ !m is ?us describ$ by ,wi$emann3 ,*iefly x 0 r5[n$ = its oracles1 :i* 7 imp>t$ 9 v v>i\s ways4 ,:5 ! bull lick$ ! g>m5ts ( ! celebrat$ ,eudoxus ( ,cnidus1 ?is signifi$ ! a/ronom]'s approa*+ dea?2 a l fate 0 pr$ict$ to ,g]manicus :5 x refus$ to eat at 8 h&2 & ! conque/ ( ,egypt by ,augu/us 0 ann\nc$ be=eh& by its bell[+4 ,"s inquiries 7 answ]$ by ! animal's pass+ into "o or o!r ( ! two rooms plac$ at its disposition1 & o!rs by dreams :i* 7 v\*saf$ to inquir]s :o slept 9 ! temple1 & :i* 7 expla9$ by ! sacr$ int]pret]s4 ,o!r inquiries1 aga91 ?\gh pres5t$ to ! creature itself1 f\nd _! reply ?r\gh ! voices ( *ildr5 play+ be=e ! temple1 ^: words assum$ to ! believ+ inquir] ! =m ( a rhy?mic answ] to 8 "q4 ,prophecies ( a g5]al k9d took place dur+ ! procession ( ! ,apis4 ,( ?is ,pl9y says3 ,!n ! y\?s :o accompani$ him sang hymns 9 8 hon\r1 :ile ! ,apis appe>$ to und]/& all1 & to desire t he %\ld be wor%ipp$4 ,sudd5ly ! _s took possession ( ! y\?s & !y prophesi$4 ,!re 7 also sacrifices made to ! ,apis1 & ^!1 /rangely en\gh1 7 ox51 *os5 ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! head ( ! slaught]$ animal 0 usually ?r[n into ! ,nile ) ! foll[+ words pron\nc$ above x3 ,if any evil be ab\t to befall ei!r ^? :o n[ sacrifice or ^u ! l& ( ,egypt1 may x be av]t$ on ?is head4 ,"s au?orities /ate t aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s ! ,apis 0 sla9 & a new "o obta9$1 b x is g5]ally believ$ t ! ,apis di$ a natural dea?4 ,its body 0 embalm$ & g5]al m\rn+ 0 obs]v$4 ,! mummy 0 buri$ ) all magnific5ce4#b ,9 #ahea ,m>iette discov]$ ! fam\s ,s]apeum :]e9 _h be5 buri$ ! sacr$ bulls ( ,memphis f ! middle ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 #aejj ,b4,c4 ,"h 9 ! gigantic s>cophagi1 weigh+ ab\t fifty-eight tons ea*1 7 discov]$ "s ( ! rema9s ( ^! animals4 ,! *apels ( ! ,s]apeum 7 evid5tly places ( pilgrimage1 = _m votive /atues & /el h be5 f\nd !re d$icat$ to ! dead ,apis1 9 hopes ( !reby ga9+ 8 fav\r & ! fulfilm5t ( _! v>i\s wi%es4 ,! ,apis1 ?\gh dead1 0 ev5 yet m p[]ful1 = 8 s\l became jo9$ to t ( ,osiris1 & ?us ! dual god ,osiris-,apis 0 =m$1 a "n m famili> 9 ! ,grecian =m ,s]apis4 ,to ?is god ! ,greeks ascrib$ ! attributes ( _! own deity ,hades1 conv9c$ ( ! simil>ity to ,osiris1 ! great god ( ! und]world4 ,9 bo? ,egypt & ,greece ,s]apis came to be look$ ^u z ! male c\nt]p>t ( ,isis4 ,"u ! ,romans ! cult ( ,s]apis ext5d$ 9 all directions ( ! ,empire1 claim+ devotees ( all classes & races4 ,x rea*$ z f> nor? 9 ,brita9 z ,york4 ,at ,heliopolis ano!r bull1 ,mnevis1 0 wor%ipp$ z typify+ ! sun & its life-giv+ p[]s4 ,mane?o ascribes ?is cult also to ,kaiekhos1 ( ! ,second ,dyna/y1 z well z ! wor%ip ( ! ,ram ( ,m5des4 ,?is obta9$ *iefly 9 ! ,deltaic cities1 su* z ,h]mopolis1 ,lycopolis1 & ,m5des1 ! la/ nam$ be+ ! mo/ fam\s %r9e4 ,! orig9 ( ?is wor%ip 0 m]ely t ( a local & tribal animal god1 b1 p]si/+ ?r\gh ! *ang+ civilization1 x became ( m ?an local influ5ce z ! city grew 9 weal? & importance1 :ile ! prie/hood 7 among ! mo/ weal?y & p[]ful 9 ,egypt1 & ! animal god 0 id5tifi$ fir/ ) ! indig5\s god ,osiris1 secondly ) ! sun-god ,ra1 & ?irdly ) ! great ,ram-god ( ! ,s\? & ,elephant9e1 i4e4 ,khnemu4 ,greek writ]s furni% u ) mu* graphic mat]ial conc]n+ ^! animal cults1 z 9 "s in/ances !y 7 eye-witnesses ( ! ritual connect$ ) !m4 ,h]odotus /ates t ! god ,pan & ano!r goat-l deity 7 wor%ipp$ ) a weal? ( symbolic display & gorge\s rite z gods ( g5]ation & fecundity4 ,z 9 _m c\ntries :]e animal wor%ip obta9$ ! bea/ *os5 = adoration 0 pick$ f a numb] because ( c]ta9 di/+ui%+ m>ks ^u its hide1 0 en?ron$ ) mu* pomp & receiv$ an impos+ public fun]al on its decease4 ,on ! /ele ( ,m5des deciph]$ by ,m>iette 0 f\nd an inscription /at+ t ,ptolemy ,,ii ,philadelphus rebuilt ! temple ( ,m5des & assi/$ 9 p]son at ! en?ronem5t ( two ,rams1 & 9 a relief on ! upp] portion ( ?is /ele are to be se5 ! figures ( two royal ,ptolemies & an ,ars9o mak+ (f]+s to ! ,ram & 8 female c\nt]p>t ,hatmehit4 ,! ,crocodile ,! crocodile 0 ! inc>nation ( ! god ,sebek4 ,x w\ld seem beyond d\bt t abject fe> 0 ! primal orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( ?is repulsive creature1 & ! idea t its evil & m5ac+ traits might be av]t$ by propitiation1 = 9 ! dry season ^! reptiles w&]$ ov] ! cultivat$ l&s & dev\r$ all at w4 ,lat]1 b5efic5t attributes 7 ascrib$ to x1 b ! d>k side always p]si/$4 ,9 ! b5ign aspect he is connect$ ) ,ra1 & aga9 ) ,osiris1 ?\gh 9 leg5d>y lore he is bo? ! fri5d & foe ( ,osiris4 ,"o v]sion tells h[ a crocodile c>ri$ ! dead body ( ,osiris safely to l& ^u its back1 :il/ ano!r relates t only by ,isis plac+ ,horus 9 a little ark wov5 ( papyrus re$s 0 %e able to protect him aga9/ ! attacks ( ! malevol5t ,sebek4 ,?is cle>ly id5tifies him ) ,set1 ! murd]] ( ,osiris1 & 9 ?is connexion ! p[]s ( d>kness are symboliz$ by f\r crocodiles1 :o are %[n 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead z m5ac+ ! deceas$4 ,:il/ /ill liv+1 m5 s\ght deliv]ance f ^! horrible %apes ( ! und]world by means ( incantations4 ,b aga9 he is said to be b5efic5t to ! dead1 & 9 ! ,pyramid ,texts x is ,sebek :o re/ores sight to ! eyes ( ! deceas$1 :o1 inde$1 revives all 8 faculties1 is 8 guide 9 ! untri$ new life1 & helps him to ov]?r[ ,set1 ! evil "o :o preys ^u e ',osiris4' ,9 ?is "* he is ! help] & protector ( ! *ild ,horus4 ,b 8 *>act]s are multiple1 & he is to be f\nd p>ticipat+ 9 ! rites ( all ! o!r gods ( ! ,egyptian pan!on4 ,q 9 consonance ) ?is is ! fact t :ile 9 "s p>ts ( ,egypt ! crocodile 0 held sacr$1 9 o!r di/ricts x 0 kill$2 inde$1 ! hunt+ ( x 0 a popul> sport ) ! nobles ( ! ,old ,k+dom4 ,by "s ! crocodile 0 look$ ^u z a protector ( ,egypt1 ,diodorus /at+ t b = !m ,arabian & ,african robb]s w\ld swim across ! ,nile & pillage ! c\ntry 9 all directions4 ,h]odotus also /ates ^! conflict+ views reg>d+ ! crocodile1 toge!r ) _m ( ! fabul\s /ories ( its wisdom & habits4 ,he tells h[ at ,!bes & ,lake ,mo]is !y 7 held sacr$1 & h[ :5 tame ! p b$eck$ !m ) jewels1 plac+ bracelets on _! =e-paws1 :ile !y 7 f$ on ! mo/ delicate foods4 ,aft] dea? ! body 0 embalm$ ) _m rites & buri$ 9 ! subt]ranean ,labyr9?1 a place held s sacr$ t ,h]odotus 0 n all[$ to ent] x4 ,! c5tre ( ?is wor%ip 0 ,krokodilopolis1 9 ! ,faym1 & ,/rabo1 :o visit$ ,egypt dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt 9 :i* he tells t ! sacr$ crocodile 0 kept ap>t by himself 9 a lake2 x is tame & g5tle to ! prie/s4 ,x is f$ ) bread1 fle%1 & w9e1 :i* /rang]s :o come to see x always pres5t4 ,our ho/1 a di/+ui%$ p]son1 :o 0 our guide ab\t ! city1 accompani$ u to ! lake1 & br\ght f ! supp] table a small cake1 dress$ meat1 & a small vessel conta9+ honey & milk4 ,! animal 0 ly+ on ! edge ( ! lake4 ,! prie/s w5t up to x2 "s ( !m op5$ its m\?1 ano!r put ! cake into x1 !n ! meat1 & aft]w>d p\r$ d[n ! honey & milk4 ,! animal !n leap$ into ! lake & cross$ to ! o!r side4 ,:5 ano!r /rang] arriv$ ) 8 (f]+1 ! prie/s took x &1 go+ r\nd to ! o!r side1 caught ! animal & repeat$ ! process 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,?is cult la/$ f> into ! ,roman p]iod4 ,sebek also _h 8 oracle1 & =etold ! demise ( ,k+ ,ptolemu by refus+ to li/5 to him or obey ! att5dant prie/s4 ,9 religi\s art ,sebek is (t5 repres5t$ z a crocodile-head$ man we>+ ! sol> disk ) a uru1 or1 aga91 ) a pair ( horns & ! plumes ( ,am54 ,! ,lion ,! lion c\ld h>dly fail to be ! c5tre ( a cult1 & !re is ample pro( t ?is animal 01 f e>ly dyna/ic times1 wor%ipp$ = 8 great /r5g? & c\rage4 ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ! sol> deities1 ) ! sun-god ,horus or ,ra4 ,! ,delta 0 ! home ( ! ,egyptian lion1 & ! *ief c5tre ( ! cult 0 ! city ( ,leontopolis1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,delta1 :]e1 accord+ to lian1 ! sacr$ lions 7 f$ ^u slaught]$ animals1 & sometimes a live calf 0 put 9 ! d5 t !y might h ! pleasure ( kill+ x4 ,:il/ ! fe$+ 0 proce$+ ! prie/s *ant$ & sang4 ,b ! same writ] also /ates t lions 7 kept 9 ! temple at ,heliopolis1 z well z at _m o!r places ?r\gh\t ,egypt4 ,! ,lion ,gu>dian ,! out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ! lion 0 t ( gu>dian%ip1 & ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! "p play$ by ! anci5t lion-god ,ak]1 :o gu>d$ ! gate ( ! dawn ?r\gh :i* ! sun pass$ ea* morn+4 ,! lat] idea t ! sun-god pass$ ?r\gh a d>k passage 9 ! e>? :i* hid 8 light1 & s caus$ ! d>kness ( night1 :ile 8 em]g5ce !refrom 0 ! signal ( day1 necessitat$ ! exi/5ce ( two gu>dian lions1 :o 7 call$ ,sef & ,dua--t is1 ',ye/]day' & ',to-morr[4' ,f ?is 0 d]iv$ ! practice ( plac+ /atues ( lions at ! doors ( palaces & tombs z gu>dians ( bo? liv+ & dead aga9/ all evil4 ,^! /atues 7 (t5 giv5 ! heads ( m51 & are famili> "u ! ,greek "n ( ',sph9xes1' ?\gh ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,egyptian lion-/atue 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,grecian ',sph9x4' ,! mo/ fam\s ( all is1 ( c\rse1 ! wond]ful ',sph9x' at ,gizeh1 ! symbol ( ! sun-god ,ra1 or r 8 colossal abode erect$ !re1 fac+ ! ris+ sun t he might protect ! dead sleep+ 9 ! tombs r\nd ab\t4 ,!re 7 _m lion-head$ gods & goddesses1 9 "s cases p]sonify+ ! de/ructive p[]4 ,9 ! und]world lion-head$ deities gu>d$ "s ( ! halls & pylons !re1 & t ! lion 0 connect$ 9 "s way ) ! dead is prov$ by ! fact t ! head ( ! bi] 0 always made 9 ! =m ( a lion's head1 :ile ! foot 0 n seldom decorat$ ) a lion's tail4 ,a curi\s po9t is t x 0 evid5tly p]missible to kill ! lions ( ano!r c\ntry1 if n ^? ( ,egypt1 = we f9d t ,am5-hetep ,,iii boa/$ ( hav+ %ot ) 8 own b[ "o hundr$ & two fi]ce lions4 ,rameses ,,ii & ,rameses ,,iii bo? kept a tame lion1 :i* accompani$ !m into battle & actually attack$ ! enemy4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x is evid5t t prim>ily ! lion 0 a symbol ( gu>dian%ip4 ,! ,cat ,! cat 0 reg>d$ bo? z an inc>nation ( ,ba/1 ! goddess ( ,buba/is1 & !re=e sacr$ to h]1 & z a p]sonification ( ! sun4 ,?r\gh\t ,egyptian my?ology ! cat is to be f\nd1 & g5]ally 9 a b5efic5t aspect4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead x is a cat :o cuts (f ! head ( ! s]p5t ( d>kness & :o assi/s 9 ! de/ruction ( ! foes ( ,osiris4 ,on e side !re is ample evid5ce t ev]y:]e 9 ,egypt ! cat 0 held 9 great rev]5ce aft] ! ,tw5ty-second ,dyna/y4 ,! classical writ]s are aga9 our au?orities4 ,diodorus relates t ! cats 7 f$ on bread & milk & slices ( ,nile fi%1 & t ! animals came to _! meals at c]ta9 calls4 ,aft] dea? _! bodies 7 c>efully embalm$ &1 ) spices & drugs1 swa!d 9 l95 %eets4 ,! p5alty ( dea? 0 met$ out to anyone :o kill$ a cat1 be x by accid5t or ( int5t1 & a case is giv5 9 :i* a ,roman :o _h kill$ a cat 0 set ^u by ! enrag$ populace & made to pay = ! outrage ) 8 life4 ,a passage f ,h]odotus fur!r illu/rates ! e/eem 9 :i* ^! animals 7 held3 ,:5 a conflagration takes place a sup]natural impulse seizes on ! cats4 ,= ! ,egyptians1 /&+ at a di/ance1 take c>e ( ! cats & neglect to put out ! fire2 b ! cats1 mak+ _! escape1 & leap+ ov] ! m51 ?r[ !mselves into ! fire2 & :5 ?is happ5s great lam5tations are made among ! ,egyptians4 ,9 :atsoev] h\se a cat dies a natural dea? all ! family %ave _! eyebr[s only1 b if a dog die !y %ave _! :ole body & ! head4 ,all cats t die are c>ri$ to c]ta9 sacr$ h\ses1 :]e1 be+ fir/ embalm$1 !y are buri$ 9 ! city ( ,buba/is4 ,! ,dog ,dogs 7 held 9 great hon\r by ! ,egyptians1 z 9 ! city ( ,cynopolis1 yet /rangely en\gh1 !y 7 nev] look$ ^u z a possible inc>nation ( a god1 ?\gh !re seems to h be5 "s confusion ( ! dog ) ! jackal1 sacr$ to ,anubis1 :o m9i/]$ to ,osiris & act$ z guide to ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,ano!r animal s conf\nd$ 0 ! wolf1 :i* 0 specially v5]at$ at ,lycopolis4 ,! fact t ! jackal 0 to be f\nd *iefly 9 ! des]ts & m\nta9s :]e tombs 7 usually locat$ l$ to its e>ly association ) ! dead & ! und]world 9 ,egyptian my?ology1 ! "* ascrib$ to x be+ b5efic5t & t ( a guide4 ,! ,hippopotamus ,ano!r cult probably f\nd$ on fe> 0 t ( ! hippopotamus4 ,ta-urt1 ! hippopotamus-goddess1 came 9 "t to be id5tifi$ ) ne>ly e goddess 9 ! ,egyptian pan!on1 & ?\gh h] attributes are ^? ( b5evol5ce & protectiv5ess1 ! orig9al traits ( f]oci\s de/ructiv5ess 7 n :olly oblit]at$1 = we f9d ^! p]sonifi$ 9 ! mon/]1 half-hippopotamus1 call$ ,amemt1 :o att5ds ! ,judgm5t ,sc5e4 ,9 ?is same sc5e is ! dog-head$ ape1 :o sits & wat*es ! po9t] ( ! scales & reports ! results to ,?o?4 ,?is animal 0 greatly rev]$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,! cult is probably extremely anci5t4 ,apes 7 kept 9 _m temples1 mo/ly ^? ( ! lun> deities1 z t ( ,kh5su at ,!bes4 ,o!r ,animals ,two animals1 ! ass & ! pig1 atta9$ a peculi> reputation = evil1 ?\gh 9 "s aspects look$ ^u z sacrosanct4 ,!y 7 always connect$ ) ! p[]s ( d>kness & evil4 ,9 ! case ( ! ass op9ion seems to h fluctuat$1 = 9 "s in/ances ?is animal figures z a p]sonification ( ! sun-god ,ra4 ,_m small] animals are to be f\nd 9 ! my?ology ( ,egypt1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! h>e1 :i* 0 wor%ipp$ z a deity1 ! %rew-m\se1 sacr$ to ! goddess ,buto1 ! i*neumon1 & ! bat1 :il/ reptiles 7 repres5t$ by ! tortoise1 associat$ ) night1 !re=e ) d>kness & evil2 & ! s]p5t1 cle>ly propitiat$ ?r\gh fe> at fir/1 ?\gh aft]w>d cr$it$ ) b5efic5t motives4 ,! uru became ! symbol ( div9ity & royalty1 a symbol worn by ! gods & ! k+s4 ,b ! evil side 0 und\bt$ly prom95t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptian1 = all ! t]rors ( dea? & ! ,unkn[n 7 p]sonifi$ 9 ! mon/] s]p5t ,apep1 :o l$ 8 broods ( s]p5ts aga9/ bo? gods & m5 9 ! gloom ( ! und]world4 ,o!rs 7 ! scorpion1 associat$ sometimes ) evil1 b also sacr$ to ,isis2 & ! frog1 wor%ipp$ 9 pre-dyna/ic times z ! symbol ( g5]ation1 bir?1 & fecundity4 ,?is cult 0 ! mo/ anci5t 9 ,egypt & is connect$ ) ! creation my?4 ,! goddess ,heqt1 id5tifi$ ) ,ha?or1 is depict$ ) ! head ( a frog4 ,! ,ibis ,among/ birds wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians1 "o ( ! mo/ important 0 ! ibis4 ,x 0 associat$ ) ,?o? & ! moon1 & 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ! city ( ,h]mopolis 0 ! c5tre ( ?is cult4 ,a passage 9 ,h]odotus gives _m int]e/+ details conc]n+ ! ideas held reg>d+ ! bird4 ,he tells u t he w5t to a c]ta9 place 9 ,arabia1 ne> ! city ( ,buto1 to le>n ab\t ! w+$ s]p5ts1 br\ght into ,egypt by ! we/ w9d1 :i* ! ibis 0 believ$ to de/roy along ) ! ord9>y reptiles common to ! c\ntry4 ,arriv+ !re1 he saw ! backbones & ribs ( s]p5ts 9 su* numb]s z x 0 impossible to describe2 ( ! ribs !re 7 a multitude ( heaps1 "s great1 "s small1 "s ( m$ium size4 ,! place :]e ! bones lie is at ! entrance ( a n>r[ gorge betwe5 /eep m\nta9s1 :i* !re op5s ^u a wide pla9 communicat+ ) ! great pla9 ( ,egypt4 ,! /ory goes t1 ) ! spr+1 ! w+$ snakes come fly+ f ,arabia t[>d ,egypt1 b are met 9 ?is gorge by ! birds call$ ibises1 :o b> _! entrance & de/roy !m4 ,! ,arabians ass]t1 & ! ,egyptians admit1 t x is on acc\nt ( ?is s]vice t ! ,egyptians hold ! ibis 9 s mu* rev]5ce4 ,! ibis is a bird ( a deep black col\r1 ) legs l a crane2 its beak is /rongly hook$1 & its size t ( ! l&rail4 ,?is is a description ( ! black ibis :i* cont5ds ) ! s]p5ts4 ,ano!r bird held 9 great rev]5ce 0 ! b5nu1 a bird ( ! h]on species :i* gave rise to ! my?ical bird1 ! phnix4 ,x is id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 a symbol ( ! ris+ & ! sett+ sun4 ,_m fables arose conc]n+ ?is bird1 & are rec\nt$ by ,h]odotus & ,pl9y4 ,ano!r sun-bird 0 ! falcon1 sacr$ to ,horus1 ,ra1 & ,osiris1 & ?is 0 wor%ipp$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt 9 ! pre-dyna/ic p]iod4 ,9 ano!r =m1 repres5t$ ) a human head1 x 0 symbolic ( ! human s\l1 a di/9ction x %>$ ) ! h]on & swall[1 9 bo? ( :i* x 0 believ$ ! human s\l might re9c>nate itself4 ,plut>* says t x 0 9 ! =m ( a swall[ t ,isis lam5t$ ! dea? ( ,osiris4 ,also sacr$ to ,isis 0 ! goose1 ?\gh "o species ( x 0 devot$ to ,am5-,ra2 :ile ! vulture 0 ! symbol ( ! goddesses ,nekhebet & ,mut4 ,!re is "s evid5ce to prove t c]ta9 fi% 7 held z sacr$1 & wor%ipp$ because ( _! my?ological connexion ) div]s gods & goddesses4 ,sacr$ ,trees ,?\gh z a c\ntry ,egypt 0 n ri* 9 trees1 yet c]ta9 ( ! family play$ a n unimportant "p 9 ! religi\s cult1 s mu* s t tree-wor%ip has be5 accept$ z a fact by mo/ ,egyptologi/s4 ,t ^! trees 7 held 9 special v5]ation w\ld support t belief1 ?\gh record$ in/ances ( actual tree-wor%ip are r>e4 ,?is ,wi$emann attributes to ! same reason t acc\nts = ! scant notice tak5 9 ,egyptian texts ( animal-wor%ip1 ?\gh we "k f o!r s\rces t x =m$ ! mo/ consid]able "p 9 popul> religion4 ,& ! reason is t (ficial religion took b little notice ( ! 'm9or' div9ities to :om ! p turn$ r ?an to ! great] gods2 t ! prie/ly class h>dly admitt$ to _! pan!on ! 'ru/ic & plebeian' deities ( ! l[] classes4 ,he goes on to say t s f> z we c judge1 ! reception ( tree-wor%ip into temple-s]vice & my?ology 0 always ! result ( a compromise2 ! prie/s 7 compell$ to make concessions to ! fai? ( ! masses & admit into ! temples ! wor%ip ( ! p's div9ities2 b !y did s grudg+ly1 & ?is expla9s ! app>5t insignificance ( ! (ficial cult ( vegetation 9 ,egypt z comp>$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! great gods & _! cycles4 ,9 _! religi\s symbolism we f9d ! anci5t sacr$ tree :i* grew 9 ! ',great ,hall' ( ,heliopolis on ! place :]e ! sol> cat slew t great s]p5t ( evil1 ,apep1 ! place1 too1 f :i* ! ,phnix rose4 ,! leaves ( ?is tree possess$ magical p[]s1 = :5 ,?o? or ! goddess ,safekht wrote !reon ! "n ( ! mon>*1 !n 0 he end[$ ) immortality4 ,aga91 !re 0 ! wond]ful tree1 a tam>isk1 :i* w\nd its /em & bran*es ab\t ! *e/ t held ! dead ,osiris4 ,an olive-tree is m5tion$1 too1 ! habitation ( a nameless demon4 ,! sycamore1 ^: %ade 0 s welcome 9 ! braz5 gl>e ( ,egypt1 _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,l& ( ! ,dead1 & f its mid/ lean$ out a ,ha?or1 ,lady ( ! ,und]world1 (f]+ su/5ance & wat] to ! pass+ s\ls4 ,sometimes x is a palm-tree f :i* %e m9i/]s to ! dead1 & p]haps x is a leaf f ?is tree circl$ by inv]t$ horns :i* /&s = ! peculi> symbol ( ,safekht1 ! goddess ( le>n+4 ,b ! sycamore seems to h be5 fir/ fav\rite1 & on "s monum5ts x is repres5t$ ) peasants ga!r$ r\nd f]v5tly pay+ _! devotions to x & mak+ (f]+s ( fruit & vegetables & j>s ( wat]4 ,x 0 always held z sacr$ to ,nut & ,ha?or1 & _! d\bles 7 believ$ to inhabit x1 a c]ta9 species be+ reg>d$ z ! liv+ body ( ,ha?or on e>?2 inde$1 ! ,memphite ,ha?or 0 call$ ! ',lady ( ! ,sycamore4' ,z to ! lat] developm5t ( ?is belief ,wi$emann /ates3 ,9 ,ptolemaic times a sy/ematic attempt 0 made to introduce ?is =m ( cult into ! temple ( e nome2 accord+ to ! contempor>y li/s relat+ to ! subject1 tw5ty-f\r nomes wor%ipp$ ! ,nile acacia1 sev5te5 ! ,corda myxa1 sixte5 ! ,zizyphus ,sp9a ,*ri/i1 :ile o!r trees1 su* z ! sycamore1 ! ,junip]us ,phnica1 & ! ,tam>isk ,nilotica1 are nam$ b once or twice4 ,t5 k9ds ( sacr$ trees are "h m5tion$1 9 all ( :i* z _m z ?ree 7 sometimes wor%ipp$ 9 ! same nome4 ,aga91 !re is evid5ce to prove t e temple _h its sacr$ tree & sacr$ groves1 :il/ x is record$ t r>e trees 7 br\ght z preci\s spoil f conqu]$ c\ntries1 _! roots c>efully encas$ 9 great *e/s ( e>? t !y might be plant$ ab\t temples & palaces4 ,! ,lotus ,among/ flora ! only k9d :i* may be said to be sacr$ is ! lotus4 ,9 ,egyptian symbolism & decoration x is to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,f ! cup ( a lotus blossom issues ! boy ,horus1 ! 'ris+ sun1' & aga9 x is ! symbol ( resurrection1 :5 ,nef]-tem1 cr[n$ ) ! fl[]s1 grants cont9uance ( life 9 ! _w to come4 ,on ! alt>s ( (f]+ ! blossoms 7 laid 9 pr(usion4 ,religion ( ! ,late ,p]iod ,! conclusion ( ! ,new ,empire & ! succession ( political *aos dur+ :at is kn[n z ! ,libyan p]iod witness$ :at 0 really1 s f> z ,egyptian religion is conc]n$1 ! beg9n+ ( ! end4 ,!nce=w>d a gradual decl9e is app>5t 9 ! anci5t fai? ( ! ,ph>aohs1 a subtle decay :i* ! great revival ( ! eigh? c5tury & onw>d 0 p[]less to arre/4 ,! ev]-increas+ introduction into x ( =eign elem5ts1 ,greek & ,p]sian & ,semitic1 & ! treasur+ ( ! dry husks ( anci5t ?+s1 f :i* ! s\l _h long s9ce dep>t$--^! sapp$ ! /r5g? & virility ( ! ,egyptian religion1 hamp]$ true progress1 & contribut$ to its d[nfall1 till x 0 f9ally vanqui%$ & ?r[n into obscurity by ! devotees ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,libyan p]iod1 !n1 !re 7 a numb] ( petty rul]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt--a mon>* held c\rt at ,tanis1 9 ! ,delta2 at ,!bes ! prie/hood ( ,am5's cult 7 ! rul]s2 o!r di/ricts 7 gov]n$ by ! *ief m5 among ! ,libyan soldi]y4 ,"o ( ^! latt]1 ,%e%onk by "n1 atta9$ supremacy ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 & z 8 capital 0 at ,buba/is1 ,ba/1 ! cat-head$ goddess ( t locality1 became = a "t supreme deity ( ,egypt1 :ile o!r ,delta div9ities also came into vogue4 ,a %>e ( ! wor%ip also fell to ,am54 ,x is rem>kable t ?is deity 0 himself ! rul] ( ,!bes1 be+ repres5t$ by a ,div9e ,wife1 always ! elde/ pr9cess ( ! rul+ family4 ,s firm 0 ! belief 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ,!bes t no human mon>* ( ! ,late p]iod1 h[ev] p[]ful1 made any attempt to take ! city4 ,mean:ile a revulsion ( feel+ occurr$ aga9/ ,set1 ! d>k bro!r ( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,hi!rto 8 position among ! gods ( ! ,egyptian pan!on _h be5 unque/ion$1 b n[ he 0 ?r[n f 8 high e/ate & confus$ or id5tifi$ ) ! dragon ,apep2 he 0 no long] a god1 b a devil4 ,! cult ( ! oracle fl\ri%$ greatly dur+ ! decad5t p]iod1 & af=d$1 z we may conjecture1 consid]able scope = prie/ly +5uity4 ,! usual me?od ( consult+ ! oracle 0 to write on papyrus c]ta9 words1 :e!r ( advice or judgm5t1 :i* x 0 propos$ to put into ! m\? ( ! deity1 & to :i* he might ass5t by nodd+4 ,a ,religi\s ,reaction ,t[>d ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 a great religi\s reaction set 94 ,hi!rto ! brilliant op5+ ( ! ,new ,empire1 p>ticul>ly ! "t ( ,rameses ,,ii1 _h set a model = ! pi\s ( ! ,late p]iod2 n[ ! ,old ,k+dom1 its monum5ts1 rites1 & cu/oms1 its f]v5t piety & its pr\d cons]vatism1 0 become ! model epo* = ! :ole nation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 less a fai?ful copy ?an a c>icature ( ! ,old ,k+dom :i* ! ,decad5t p]iod provid$4 ,all t 0 mo/ /range & outr 9 ! anci5t religion 0 s\ght out & emulat$4 ,old monum5ts & religi\s lit]ature 7 /udi$2 ! language & or?ography ( long-pa/ c5turies 7 reviv$ & adopt$2 & if mu* ( ?is 0 incompreh5sible to ! bulk ( ! p1 its v my/]y b made x ! m sacr$4 ,9 ! fun]>y practices ( ! "t ! antiqu>ian _s is v evid5t4 ,anci5t fun]>y lit]ature 0 held 9 high e/eem2 ! ,pyramid ,texts 7 reviv$2 old c(f9s1 & ev5 fragm5ts ( su*1 7 utiliz$ 9 ! bury+ ( ! dead4 ,! tomb furniture 0 elaborate & magnific5t--9 ! case ( ri* p]sons1 at lea/--:ile ev5 ! poore/ _h "s su* furni%+s provid$ = !m4 ,u%abti figures ( blue fai5ce 7 buri$ ) ! deceas$1 to accompli% = him any compulsory lab\r he might be call$ ^u to d 9 ! doma9 ( ,osiris1 & sc>abs also 7 plac$ 9 8 c(f94 ,! rites & c]emonies ( mummification foll[$ ^? ( ! ,old ,k+dom1 & 7 religi\sly c>ri$ out4 ,! graves ( ev5 ! royal ,!bans 7 n s magnific5t z ^? ( private p]sons ( ?is era4 ,yet because _! inscriptions 7 almo/ inv>iably borr[$ f ! ,old ,k+dom1 x is h>d to guess :at _! ideas really 7 on ! subjects ( dea? & ! und]world4 ,x may be t ^! also 7 borr[$4 ,f ! tombs ( =eign]s--( ,syrians belong+ to ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4--"s little in=mation may be ga!r$ relative to ! /atus ( ! dead 9 ! und]world :i* probably repres5ts ! popul> view ( ! "t4 ,h]odotus ass]ts t ! ,egyptians ( ?is epo* believ$ 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 & x is possible t !y did hold ?is belief 9 "s =m4 ,x may well h be5 a developm5t ( ! /ill m anci5t idea t ! s\l 0 capable or appe>+ 9 a v>iety ( %apes--z a bird1 an animal1 & s on4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,animals ,a v prom95t feature ( ! religion ( ! ,late p]iod1 & "o :i* well illu/rates ! note ( exagg]ation already m5tion$1 0 ! wor%ip ( animals1 c>ri$ by ! pi\s ,egyptian to a po9t little %ort ( ludicr\s4 ,cats & crocodiles1 birds1 beetles1 rams1 snakes1 & c\ntless o!r creatures 7 rev]5c$ ) a lavi%ness ( c]emony & ritual :i* ! ,egyptian knew well h[ to be/[4 ,especially to ,apis1 ! bull ( ! temple ( ,ptah 9 ,memphis1 0 wor%ip accord$4 ,! ,sate k+ ,amasis1 :o did a great deal 9 connexion ) ! re/oration ( anci5t monum5ts1 is m5tion$ z hav+ be5 especially devot$ to ! sacr$ bull1 9 ^: hon\r he rais$ ! fir/ ( ! colossal s>cophagi at ,saqq>a4 ,b ^! elaborate burial rites 7 n res]v$ = individual sacr$ animals2 !y 7 accord$ to entire classes4 ,x 0 a "w ( piety1 = in/ance1 to mummify a dead cat1 convey ! rema9s to ,buba/is1 :]e reign$ ! cat-head$ ,ba/1 & !re int] ! animal 9 a vault provid$ ) suitable furni%+s4 ,dead mice & sp>r[hawks 7 tak5 to ,buto2 ! ibis f\nd 8 la/ re/+-place at ,e%munn2 :ile ! c[1 ! mo/ sacr$ ( ,egyptian animals1 0 ?r[n at dea? into ! ,nile4 ,x is notable t1 despite ! exclusiv5ess :i* *>act]iz$ ?is phase ( ! ,egyptian religion & ! contempt ) :i* ! ,egyptians reg>d$ ev]y?+ t 0 n ( _! l&1 sev]al =eign elem5ts crept into _! fai? & 7 incorporat$ ) x dur+ ! ,satic & ,p]sian supremacies4 ,! oracles1 :i* play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! religi\s gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 7 probably n ( ,egyptian orig92 ! burn+ ( sacrifices 0 a ,semitic cu/om :i* ! p ( ! ,nile valley _h adopt$4 ,already !re 0 a consid]able ,greek elem5t 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ! "t ( ,amasis a ,greek t[n--,naukratis--_h be5 f\nd$ !re4 ,x is !re=e n improbable t ,greek ideas also ent]$ into ! national fai?1 col\r+ ! anci5t gods1 & p]haps sugge/+ to ,h]odotus t resemblance :i* caus$ him to id5tify ! div9ities ( ,egypt ) ^? ( ,greece--,osiris ) ,dionysos1 ,isis ) ,demet]1 ,horus ) ,apollo1 ,set ) ,typhon1 & s on4 ,naturally ?is id5tification became mu* m g5]al & complete 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 ! ,hell5es 7 ma/]s 9 ,egypt4 ,besides ^! =eign ideas graft$ on ! ,egyptian religion1 !re 7 innovations sugge/$ by ! native prie/s !mselves1 su* z ! deification ( c]ta9 national h]oes admir$ by ! populace = _! skill 9 le>n+ & magic4 ,su* h]o-gods 7 ,imhotep1 a di/+ui%$ au?or & ar*itect "u ,k+ ,zos] at an e>ly p]iod ( dyna/ic hi/ory1 & ,am5hetep1 son ( ,hpu1 :o 0 ?\ght to h se5 & conv]s$ ) ! gods4 ,bo? h]oes 7 ador$ ) ! gods at ,!bes & ,k>nak4 ,religion "u ,p]sian ,rule ,if ! ,sate rul]s endeav\r$ to keep on good t]ms ) ! prie/hood1 ! ,p]sian mon>*s :o succe$$ !m 7 no :it beh9d 9 ?is matt]4 ,ev5 ! bolde/ ( !m f\nd x to 8 advantage to b[ be=e ! native deities1 & to give to ^! 8 protection4 ,mean:ile ! ,egyptian dyna/s1 :o rul$ contemporane\sly ) ! ,p]sians1 7 all[$ to proce$ unmole/$ ) ! build+ ( temples & monum5ts4 ,/rangely en\gh1 9 view ( ! ne>ness ( ! ,greek conque/ & ! consequ5t amalgamation ( ! religions ( ,greece & ,egypt1 ?is p]iod 0 *>act]iz$ by a hatr$ & contempt on ! "p ( ! ,egyptians = all =eign]s dwell+ 9 _! cities4 ,kambyses1 :o heap$ indignity ^u ! ,apis bull & f9ally slew ! animal1 0 aft]w>d p]suad$ by 8 physician1 ,usa-hor-res-net1 to recant 8 h]esy1 & 0 fur!r induc$ to bani% =eign]s out ( ! temple area & to de/roy _! h\ses4 ,o!r rul]s levi$ taxes on ,greek imports1 devot+ ! rev5ue ?us obta9$ to ! goddess ,nei?4 ,! ,ptolemaic ,p]iod ,z has be5 said1 ,greek ideas _h already f\nd _! way into ! religion ( ,egypt :5 ! ,alex&r9e conque/ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 made ! ,greeks dom9ant4 ,yet ! anci5t religion held its gr\nd & ma9ta9$ its e/abli%$ "* 9 all ess5tial respects4 ,! ,hell5ic mon>*s vi$ ) _! pr$ecessors 9 ! tol]ance & respect :i* !y accord$ to ! native religion4 ,x 0 !y :o ma9ta9$ ! ,egyptian deities 9 spl5did /ate2 re/or$ /atues1 books1 & s on :i* ! ,p]sians _h tak5 f ! c\ntry2 ev5 !y !mselves wor%ipp$ ! absurd animal deities ( ! ,egyptians4 ,?is 0 ! great epo* ( temple-build+ 9 ,egypt4 ,! temples ( ,d5d]eh1 ,edf1 ,kom ,ombo1 ,phil1 & _m o!r fam\s /ructures 7 rais$ "u ,ptolemaic & ,roman rul]s4 ,= ! fav\rs %[n !m by ! conqu]ors ! prie/s 7 duly grateful1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( deify+ _! rul]s :ile !y 7 yet alive4 ,x 0 said ( ,ptolemy & 8 consort t ! b5efic5t gods h b5efit$ ! temples 9 ! l& & greatly increas$ ! dignity ( ! gods4 ,!y h provid$ 9 e way = ,apis1 ,mnevis1 & ! o!r e/eem$ sacr$ animals ) great sumptu\sness & co/4 ,!re 0 ev5 a new ord]#c ( prie/hood in/itut$1 kn[n z ! prie/hood ( ! b5efic5t gods4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ,roman asc5dancy ! high-prie/ 0 ! mo/ important religi\s (ficial )9 a consid]able area1 act+ z ! repres5tative ( a /ill high] ,roman (ficial1 ! high-prie/ ( ,alex&] & ( all ,egypt4 ,! prie/s ( ! l>g] temples1 on :i* grants ( money & l& _h be5 lavi%ly be/[$1 7 d\btless suffici5tly well provid$ =1 b 9 ! small] temples ?+s 7 f> o!rwise1 if we are to judge f ! evid5ce at our disposal4 ,! ,!ban prie/s especially 7 reg>d$ z sages well v]s$ 9 ! lore ( antiquity1 & z su* 7 mu* s\ght aft] by travell]s f ,rome4 ,9 ,!bes also 7 prie/esses1 consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ,am51 ! god ( t di/rict1 to :om ! ,greeks z well z ! ,egyptians r5d]$ homage1 id5tify+ him ) ,zeus4 ,! wor%ip ( animals cont9u$ unabat$ dur+ ! ,hell5ic p]iod2 x is ev5 probable t ?is phase ( ! ,egyptian religion _h become m pron\nc$ "u ! ,greek rule1 = ,/rabo1 writ+ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ass]ts t /atues ( sacr$ animals _h practically displac$ ^? ( ! gods4 ,! sacr$ ,ram 7,khnemu7 ( ,m5des 0 wor%ipp$ bo? by conqu]$ & conqu]ors1 z 0 ! ,apis bull & ! sacr$ crocodile1 & x w\ld seem t ! temple rev5ues 7 at times increas$ by ! display+ ( ^! animals to ! curi\s gaze ( /rang]s4 ,fusion ( ,greek & ,egyptian ,ideas ,mean:ile ,greek & ,egyptian ideas 7 becom+ m & m completely fus$4 ,z already m5tion$1 ,am5 0 id5tifi$ ) ,zeus1 ,isis ) ,demet]1 ,ha?or ) ,aphrodite1 ,osiris ) ,pluto1 ,set ) ,typhon1 ,ba/ ) ,artemis1 & ,horus ) ,apollo4 ,?is feature 0 v /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! god ,s>apis1#d a deity equally rev]5c$ by ! ,greeks & ! ,egyptians4 ,s>apis1 z ! =m] call$ him1 or ,as>-,hapi1 z he 0 kn[n to ! latt]1 0 a "n comp\nd$ f ,osiris & ,apis4 ,s e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,empire ^! two deities--,apis1 ! sacr$ bull ( ,m5des1 & ,osiris1 ! ',bull ( ! ,we/'--_h be5 to "s ext5t id5tifi$1 & f9ally ! ,apis _h be5 giv5 ! attributes ( a god ( ! und]world4 ,to ! ,greeks1 x w\ld appe>1 ,s>apis 0 ! =m tak5 by ! deceas$ ,apis bull4 ,tradition assigns ! id5tification ( ,s>apis ) ,pluto to ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,sot]4 ,plut>* gives ! foll[+ v]sion ( ! leg5d4 ,! ,leg5d ( ,s>apis ,ptolemy1 surnam$ ! ,savi\r1 _h a dream :]e9 a c]ta9 colossean /atue1 su* z he _h nev] se5 be=e1 appe>$ unto him1 comm&+ him to remove x z soon z possible f ! place :]e x !n /ood to ,alex&ria4 ,^u ?is ! k+ 0 9 great p]plexity1 z he knew nei!r to :om ! /atue belong$ nor :]e to look = x4 ,^u 8 relat+ ! vision to 8 fri5ds1 a c]ta9 p]son nam$ ,sosibius1 :o _h be5 a great travell]1 decl>$ t he _h se5 j su* a /atue z ! k+ describ$ at ,s9ope4 ,soteles & ,dionysius 7 h]eupon imm$iately dispat*$ 9 ord] to br+ x away ) !m1 :i* !y at l5g? accompli%$1 ?\gh n )\t mu* difficulty & ! manife/ int]position ( provid5ce4 ,timo!us ! ,int]pret] & ,mane?o1 z soon z ! /atue 0 %[n to !m1 f ! ,c]b]us & ,dragon t accompani$ x conclud$ t x 0 design$ to repres5t ,pluto1 & p]suad$ ! k+ t x 0 9 reality none o!r ?an ! ,egyptian ,s>apis2 = x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! /atue _h n ?is "n be=e x 0 br\ght to ,alex&ria1 x be+ giv5 to x aft]w>d by ! ,egyptians1 z ! equival5t1 9 _! op9ion1 to its old "o ( ,pluto4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! tale ass]ts t ! p ( ,s9ope w\ld n cons5t to "p ) ! /atue ( _! god1 :]eupon ! /atue ( its own accord set sail = ,alex&ria1 :i* x rea*$ at ! end ( ?ree days4 ,b :atev] ! means by :i* ,ptolemy contriv$ to br+ ! /atue to ,egypt1 !re is no d\bt t 8 provision ( a god :i* c\ld be wor%ipp$ bo? by ,greeks & ,egyptians1 )\t violation ( ! pr9ciples ( ei!r1 0 a diplomatic move :i* 0 ju/ifi$ 9 its results4 ,9 ! temples ,s>apis 0 figur$ z a mummy ) a high cr[n & plait$ be>d2 or1 z ,as>-,hapi1 he 0 repres5t$ z a bull1 ) ! sol> disk & uru betwe5 8 horns4 ,9 ! small figures :i* 7 wor%ipp$ privately1 h[ev]1 he is %[n 9 human %ape1 be>d$ & curly-hair$ aft] ! ,greek fa%ion4 ,if ,s>apis 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ,egyptian deities ( ?is p]iod1 ,horus ! ,*ild 7! ,greek ,h>pocrates7 0 "o ( ! be/-lov$4 ,9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era he is %[n z a *ild1 sometimes seat$ 9 a lotus-blossom1 sometimes 9 a %ip1 or aga9 en?ron$ z a foll[] ( ! sun-god2 frequ5tly he c>ries a cornucopia or a j>4 ,x is z a *ild t he 0 lov$ & wor%ipp$ by ! p1 ) :om he seems to h be5 a univ]sal fav\rite4 ,ano!r popul> deity 0 ,isis1 "s ( ^: =ms 7 decid$ly ,grecian4 ,%e 0 ! goddess ( ,alex&ria & patron ( sea-f>+1 ! ,aphrodite ( ! ,greeks & ! ,isis ( ! ,egyptians1 & at times %e is confus$ ) ,ha?or4 ,%e & ,osiris are also figur$ z s]p5ts1 ?\gh ! god ( ! dead is m (t5 repres5t$ 9 8 ,s>apis =m1 rul+ 9 ! und]world & accompani$ by ,c]b]us4 ,ano!r deity :o became popul> dur+ ! ,hell5ic p]iod1 ?\gh =m]ly occupy+ a v obscure position 9 ! ,pan!on1 0 ! god ,bes1 figur$ z an arm$ w>rior1 /ill1 h[ev]1 reta9+ 8 grotesque "*4 ,a figure borr[$1 d\btless1 f ,*ri/ianity repres5ts ,isis & ,horus 9 a po/ure /rongly rem9isc5t ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,an ,ar*itectural ,r5aissance ,! cult ( ! ,old ,k+dom p]si/$ ?r\gh ! e>ly1 & p]haps ev5 into ! lat]1 ,hell5ic p]iod4 ,^? temples rais$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies exhibit /rong resemblances to ^? ( ! ,old ,k+dom4 ,d5d]eh1 = example1 0 built to a design ( ! "t ( ,kheops1 & ,imhotep1 ! h]o-god1 0 ! ar*itect ( ,edf4 ,! walls ( ^! ,ptolemaic temples 7 cov]$ ) inscriptions deal+ ) ! rites & cu/oms us$ !re94 ,temple c]emonials & fe/ivals1 su* z t ( ,horus ( ,edf1 7 held z 9 anci5t times4 ,! anci5t writt5 language 0 /udi$ by ! prie/s1 :o ?us _h at _! comm& a tongue unkn[n to ! laity4 ,a rev]sion to anci5t ?+s 0 evid5t 9 e phase ( ! ,egyptian religion1 & ! ,greeks1 f> f dispell+ ! du/ ( long-pa/ c5turies1 ent]$ p>tly into ! _s ( ! "t1 gave _! protection to ! old cu/oms & cults1 & !mselves wor%ipp$ at ! %r9es ( sacr$ cats1 c[s1 & crocodiles4 ,truly a /range position = ! fa!rs ( classicism6 ,dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era =eign religions began to p5etrate ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs & to m+le ) ! ,grco-,egyptian comp\nd 9 a mann] mo/ p]plex+ to ! /ud5t ( ! p]iod4 ,! pr$om9ant ali5 fai?1 & ! "o :i* f9ally triumph$1 0 ,*ri/ianity4 ,osiris1 ! ,greek gods1 & ! ar*angel ,sabao? are m5tion$ 9 ! same brea?4 ,9 ! magical texts especially ?is confusion is noticeable1 = !y frequ5tly conta9 ,*ri/ian1 ,jewi%1 ,greek1 & ,egyptian allusions4 ,d\btless ! magicians reason$ t if ! deities ( "o fai? fail$ !m ^? ( ano!r might prove m successful1 & s1 to make assurance d\bly sure1 !y includ$ all ! gods !y knew 9 _! =mul4 ,*ange 9 ! ,conception ( ! ,und]world ,mean:ile a *ange took place 9 ! popul> conception ( ! und]world4 ,x 0 /ill ! ,duat1 gov]n$ by ,osiris or ,s>apis2 b n[ x t5d$ to be a place ( puni%m5t = ! wick$1 :]e ! future ( ! deceas$ 0 influ5c$ less by 8 tomb-furni%+s & inscriptions ?an by ! conduct ( 8 life :ile on e>?4 ,nev]!less1 ! burial rites cont9u$ to be elaborate & co/ly4 ,mummification 0 ext5sively practis$ ev5 among ,*ri/ians1 & amulets 7 buri$ 9 _! c(f9s4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies !re 0 /ill a consid]able proportion ( pagans 9 ! c\ntry3 9 ,alex&ria ,s>apis 0 ! pr9cipal deity2 9 ,memphis ,imhotep 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,asklepios2 ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,rhea 7 fav\rite div9ities1 :ile at ,abydos ! oracle ( ,bes 0 wor%ipp$4 ,twilight ( ! ,gods ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ian fanaticism blott$ out ! anci5t religion ( ! ,ph>aohs1 z well z _m ( its prie/s & adh]5ts4 ,! temple ( ,s>apis 0 /orm$ amid sc5es ( riot & turbul5ce1 & ! la/ refuge ( ! ,egyptian fai? 0 gone4 ,h5ce=? ! names & my?s ( ! anci5t deities surviv$ only 9 ! spells & =mul ( ! magicians1 :ile _! dre>y gho/s haunt$ ! ru9$ temples :]e9 !y 7 nev]more to reign4 #a ,9 ! e>lie/ repres5tations ! fea!rs d n appe>4 #b ,9 ! e>lie/ s>cophagi 9 ! ,s]apeum no mummies 7 f\nd1 only a few bones4 #c ,cf4 ! prie/s ( ! k+s ( ! ,old ,k+dom4 #d ,or ,s]apis4 ,,*apt] ,,ix3 ,,egyptian ,,art ,! output ( ! great ,egyptian ma/]s ( ! graphic arts has virtually no c\nt]p>t1 &1 bold z ?is /atem5t may appe> at fir/ sight1 x w be f\nd to )/& tol]ably close scrut9y4 ,look+ at "s ( ! incomp>able embroid]ies ( bygone ,p]sia1 /udy+ ! div9e porcela9 ( m$ival ,*9a1 or turn+ ov] woodcuts by ! great ,japanese arti/s ( ! ,ukiyo s*ool--m5 l ,hokusai & ,utam>o1 ,hiro%ige1 ,yeizan & ,toyokuni--we no d\bt feel ourselves 9 t\* ) some?+ diff]5t f ,european art1 yet only p>tly diff]5t4 ,/range z ^! ,ea/]n objects are1 we f9d 9 !m a c]ta9 famili>ity1 we f9d !m expressive ( emotions & s5tim5ts n altoge!r unkn[n to u2 & h]e9 ,egyptian ?+s are diff]5t1 = ^! seem to u entirely novel1 !y sugge/ "s weird1 en*ant$ _w untrodd5 by ! foot ( man1 p]haps a sup]natural _w4 ,nor is _! /rang5ess1 _! almo/ s9i/] unfamili>ity s v h>d to expla91 x be+ due n only to ! curi\s conv5tions :i* ! ,egyptian ma/]s obey$ s implicitly c5tury aft] c5tury1 b to ! fact t ! arts 7 indig5\s to anci5t ,egypt4 ,japan d]iv$ h] pa9t+ f ,*9a ab\t ! f\rte5? c5tury ,a4,d42 ,*9ese "w1 9 turn1 frequ5tly discloses aff9ities ) t ( anci5t ,greece2 & ! great ,italian ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance ow$ mu* to ! ,grco-,roman s*ool2 :ile ! old ,spani% arti/s1 aga91 7 "u obligations to ! ,moors & ,arabs1 & 9 ,engl& & 9 ,scotl&1 9 ,g]many & 9 ,france1 pa9t+ did n gr[ up l a fl[]1 b 0 r an exotic import$ *iefly f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,9 %ort1 ?r\gh\t bygone times1 no less ess5tially ?an 9 mod]n p]iods1 ! arts 9 ne>ly e c\ntry ow$ some?+ to ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 a great int]*ange go+ =w>d p]petually2 b ! mighty works ( ,egypt 7 mo/ly wr\ght long be=e ! adv5t ( ?is int]*ange1 & pa9t+ & sculpture1 ar*itecture & o!r dome/ic arts1 w\ld seem to h aris5 ( _! own accord 9 ! l& ( ,isis1 !re to ?rive & develop ?r\gh\t ons ( ye>s a pure ,african product1 un9flu5c$ 9 any way by ! h&iwork ( o!r races4 ,x is always difficult to speak ( ! orig9 ( any?+1 = ev5 ! olde/ ?+ has its ance/ry4 ,& :ile x is possible to treat ) "s def9it5ess ( ! fir/ great p]iod ( ,egyptian art1 ! ,?9ite1 :i* comm5c$ ab\t #ejjj ,b4,c41 we h to rememb] t ! output ( ?is p]iod 0 no exception to ! rule a=esaid1 b _h its ance/ry1 ?is consi/+ 9 ! "w ( ! %ad[y pre-dyna/ic "t4 ,ev5 at t f>-(f era crude images ( liv+ animals 7 made 9 ,egypt1 mud1 ( c\rse1 be+ ! mat]ial commonly us$2 :ile a great deal ( pott]y1 "s ( x incis$ ) qua9t patt]ns1 0 also produc$2 & if _m ( ^! vases & ! l are no bett] ?an ^? ( mo/ primitive arti/s1 o!rs1 aga91 manife/ a di/9ct feel+ = %apel9ess & proportion4 ,nor did ! ,egyptians ( ?is p]iod es*ew t immemorial practice1 ! decoration ( !mselves2 = among ! olde/ relics ( ! c\ntry's art are num]\s p]sonal ornam5ts1 "s made ( bone or ( %ell1 "s ( /one or ivory1 & "s ev5 ( preci\s metals4 ,moreov]1 rude =ms ( ar*itecture 7 e>ly essay$1 ?is 9 its turn begett+ pri/9e ef=ts at mural embelli%m5t4 ,9 pre-dyna/ic ,egypt ! dead 7 usually int]r$ 9 %all[ graves ) no embelli%m5t1 only "o pa9t$ tomb ( t e>ly p]iod be+ kn[n4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we pass to ! /udy ( ! p]iod :i* succe$$1 x is ! art ( sepul*ral decoration :i* fir/ claims att5tion4 ,n ev5 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 n ev5 9 ,*9a1 has ! welf>e ( ! dead ev] be5 ?\ght ( s lov+ly1 s con/antly & zeal\sly1 z 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,a v solid affair 0 ! ,egyptian tomb ( ?is era1 built commonly ( lime/one or s&/one1 b occasionally ( granite1 or ( breccia f ! ,arabian m\nta9s2 & 9 ! case ( a notable p]son ! sides ( 8 tomb 7 duly c>v$ ) pictures ( 8 de$s :ile on e>?1 & m especially ) pictures illu/rat+ 8 prospective passage ?r\gh ! und]world4 ,g5]ally1 too1 a /atue glorifi$ ! outside ( 8 tomb1 ?is /atue be+ wr\ght ( alaba/]1 s*i/ or s]p5t9e1 diorite or lime/one1 granite or s&/one2 & ! sculptor1 be x not$1 nev] aim$ prim>ily at decoration1 b inv>iably at a portrait ( ! defunct4 ,moreov]1 he w\ld seem to h pond]$ v deeply on ! "q ( durability1 atta*+ 8 "w firmly to its rep\ssoir1 or1 m (t51 mak+ x a v "p !re(2 & to illu/rate ! ,egyptian's pr$ilection 9 ?is respect we may m5tion two works1 bo? 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1 ! "o %[+ ! ,ph>aoh ,myc]9us seat$1 ! o!r depict+ a gr\p ( ?ree p1 likewise seat$4 ,9 bo? cases ! /atu>y h be5 hewn out ( ! great pieces ( rock support+ !m1 & c\ld n possibly be remov$ !refrom save by elaborate cutt+ ) mallet & *isel4 ,a weal? ( o!r /atues belong+ to ! e>ly dyna/ic era are /ill extant1 _m ( !m possess+ r>e arti/ic value4 ,& if ! same c h>dly be said ) ref]5ce to exi/+ specim5s ( ! relief-cutt+ ( ?is p]iod1 :5 turn+ f ^! to e>ly dome/ic art we are /ruck repeat$ly by its inf9ite lovel9ess4 ,prom95t among su* ?+s z m]it ?is praise are num]\s bracelets1 :ile ! ,cairo ,museum conta9s two f9e c>v$ ivory feet ( a /ool :i* express great vig\r ( arti/ic conception1 & ! same collection includes sundry t9y figures ( monkeys1 lions1 & dogs1 all ( !m manife/ly ! "w ( a ma/] :o _h a ke5 s5se = ! curi\s beauty :i* lurks 9 ! grotesque4 ,to an e>ly p]iod also1 t ( ! ,pyramid ,k+s1 %\ld be assign$ ^? amaz+ monum5ts ( ! indu/ry & +5uity ( bygone ,egypt1 ! ,pyramids & ! ,sph9x--works :i* h evok$ ne>ly z mu* eloqu5ce1 alike 9 prose & v]se1 z ! ,monna ,lisa ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ! ,elg9 ,m>bles ( ,phidias4 ,usually suppos$ to h be5 wr\ght e>ly 9 ! era 9 "q1 _! inception is1 h[ev]1 wrapp$ 9 my/]y2 b :atev] ! true solution ( t enigma1 ?is ,memphite p]iod 0 c]ta9ly "o :i* witness$ consid]able developm5ts 9 ,egyptian art4 ,true1 !re is little opportunity ( /udy+ ! ar*itecture ( ! "t1 su* relics z exi/ consi/+ 9 little m ?an heaps ( /one or masses ( sun-dri$ brick2 yet 9 ! field ( sculpture1 on ! contr>y1 we are enabl$ to note & scrut9ize progress4 ,h]et(ore sepul*ral /atues _h be5 virtually a pres]ve ( ! ri* & great1 b n[ all sorts & conditions ( tombs--or1 at lea/1 ! tombs ( _m comp>atively poor p--7 g>ni%$ 9 ?is way2 & z ! defunct 0 (t5 portray$ 9 an attitude indicat+ 8 c>e] on e>?1 ?is /atu>y (f]s a valuable sidelight on ,memphite ,egyptian life4 ,?us we f9d1 "h a man engag$ 9 brew+1 !re ano!r seat$ at secret>ial "w1 8 po/ure practically t ( ! mod]n tailor2 :ile we obs]ve also t c>e = ! welf>e ( a deceas$ magnate ( any k9d 0 be+ manife/$ on a m intricate scale ?an hi!rto4 ,t is to say1 suppose 8 fri5ds & relations %\ld be anxi\s t he %\ld be well f$ 9 ! h]eaft]1 !y w\ld embelli% 8 re/+-place ) /atu>y del9eat+ a kit*5 9 be+2 :ile sometimes1 ) an analog\s end 9 view1 !y w\ld repres5t 9 ! tomb-*apel a gr\p ( musicians1 ea* depict$ ) 8 in/rum5t 9 8 h&s4#a ,& 9 all ^! works1 z also 9 div]s o!rs ( a diff]5t nature1 we notice a m flu5t h&l+ ?an t *>act]iz+ ! g5]ality ( ^? ( pre-dyna/ic days1 z witness :at is possibly ! v cr[n ( ! ,pyramid age 7,f\r? ,dyna/y7 sculpture1 ! full-l5g? at ,cairo ( ! ',%eikh-el-,bel$' 7^: real "n 0 ,ka-ap]71 a figure wr\ght 9 a fa%ion vigor\s & confid5t z any?+ f ! h& ( ,rod9 or ,me/rovic4 ,fur!rmore1 we m>k aga9 & aga9 t arti/s 7 n[ beg9n+ to express _! respective individualities1 !y 7 %[+ !mselves less prone to con=m slavi%ly to a giv5 rgime2 & x is significant t "o ( ! ,pyramid age sculptors1 ,ptah-,ankh1 f> f hid+ 8 id5tity l all 8 pr$ecessors1 saw fit on "o occasion to model a /one relief 9 :i* he himself figur$ z sitt+ 9 a boat4 ,! ,mat]ials ( ,pa9t+ ,x %\ld be not$ at ?is juncture t ^! ,egyptian bas-reliefs 7 n usually left 9 a mono*romatic /ate z is cu/om>y 9 mod]n ,europe2 = ! pa9t]1 on ! contr>y1 0 g5]ally call$ to ! sculptor's aid1 :ile ev5 portrait /atues 7 frequ5tly col\r$ also4 ,& ap>t f "w ( ?is ord]1 ! craft ( pa9t+ on sun-dri$ clay 0 c>ri$ to no mean height ( excell5ce dur+ ,pyramid days1 z also 0 t ( pa9t+ on papyrus1 :ile mummy cases 7 (t5 deck$ ) multitud9\s hues4 ,! col\rs 9 _m ( ^! old ,egyptian works /ill possess great dep? & brilliance1 :ile1 inde$1 "s ( !m h la/$ f> bett] ?an ^? 9 div]s ,italian frescoes ( ! ,r5aissance1 & inf9itely bett] ?an ^? 9 num]\s pictures by ,reynolds & ,turn]2 & ?us we naturally pause to ask ! que/ions3 ,:at mann] ( pigm5ts 7 commonly us$ 9 ,egypt8 & :at1 exactly1 0 ! modus op]&i ( ! c\ntry's pa9t]s8 ,well1 an ,egyptian arti/ usually kept 8 pa9ts 9 ! condition ( p[d]1 & on />t+ "w he liquefi$ !m ) a mixture ( wat] & gum tragacan?2 :ile he next proce$$ to apply ?is solution ) a re$ p51 or ) bru%es made ( s(t hair1 few m5 be+ 9 ! habit ( us+ m ?an two bru%es1 a ?ick "o & a ?94 ,!n z to ! col\rs !mselves1 ! gold we sometimes see is1 ( c\rse1 easily acc\nt$ =2 :ile black1 x w\ld seem1 0 obta9$ by burn+ ! bones ( animals1 & :ite 0 made ( gypsum mix$ ) honey or album54 ,r$ & yell[1 aga91 7 procur$ by m famili> processes1 ! =m] be+ d]iv$ f sulphuret ( m]cury1 ! latt] simply f clay2 :ile blue1 a comp>atively r>e %ade 9 natural objects o!r ?an ! sea & sky1 & !re=e h>d to obta91 0 evolv$ f lapis-lazuli4 ,! picture duly f9i%$1 "s pa9t]s w\ld cov] x ) a coat ( transp>5t v>ni%1 made f ! gum ( ! acacia2 b ! m5 :o did ?is 7 really few 9 numb]1 & ! col\rs 9 _! works h n la/$ well--n ne>ly s well z ^? 9 pa9t+s by ma/]s :o left v>ni% sev]ely alone4 ,leav+ ^! te*nical details & return+ to ! actual hi/ory ( ! arts 9 ,egypt1 we mu/ speak n[ ( ! ,middle ,k+dom1 :i* comm5c$ ) ! ,n9? ,dyna/y 7c4 #bdde7 & la/$ to ! ,sev5te5? ,dyna/y4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! craft ( build+ develop$ apace1 among ! results be+ ! obelisk ( ,heliopolis4 ,& if ^! are works reflect+ ?aumaturgic me*anical +5uity r ?an great arti/ic ta/e1 ! latt] is c]ta9ly manife/ 9 two o!r va/ /ructures ( e>ly ,!ban days1 ! temple ( ,kom-es-,sagha & ! portico ( ,sa ,r5put ,i4 ,mu* f9e dome/ic art 0 also made at ?is "t1 z witness ! diadem & cr[n ( ,khnemit1 bo? ( :i* are n[ at ,cairo4 ,a m natural /yle became disc]nible1 bo? z reg>ds bas-reliefs & pa9t+s4 ,inde$1 _m sket*es & pa9t+s ( ?is p]iod1 especially ^? :i* del9eate sc5es ( sport1 w>1 & a?letics1 possess a _s & da% :i* %[ t ! race ( ,egyptian arti/s 0 becom+ m skill$ 9 ! free use ( ! bru%4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pa9t+s ( ?is p]iod is a picture at ,b5i ,hassan1 ! subject ( :i* is a s]ies ( wre/l+ b\ts4 ,new ,empire ,art ,9 ! p]iod ( ! ,new ,empire 7,eighte5? to ,?irty-fir/ ,dyna/ies7 ! /ud5t ( ,egyptian art is confront$ ) a v]itable emb>rassm5t ( ri*es1 *iefly ar*itectural4 ,x 0 ?is p]iod :i* witness$ ! completion ( su* impos+ /ructures z ! hypo/yle hall at ,k>nak1 ! temple ( ,rameses ,,iii at ,m$9et-hab1 & ! great assemblage ( ecclesia/ical edifices at ,dr-el-,bah>i4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ impos+ build+s at ,luxor likewise belong to ?is era1 z d ! rock-cut temples at ,bt-el-,wl & ,abu-,simbel4 ,! sculptors ( ! p]iod also a*iev$ la/+ triumphs1 especially 9 ! two colossal figures ( ,memnon at ,!bes1 & ! fam\s ,av5ue ( ,sph9xes at ,k>nak4 ,! /atue ( ,?o?mes ,,iii1 ,am5ophis1 ! son ( ,hapu1 & ,que5 ,tyi are also ( great /hetic int]e/4 ,turn+ to bas-relief1 ! lik5esses ( ,seti ,i 7,abydos71 ,septah ,m5eptah1 & ,que5 ,aahmes 7a pla/] ca/ 9 ! temple at ,dr-el-,bah>i7 claim our att5tion1 ! la/-nam$ be+ among ! lovelie/ ( all ,egyptian works ( ! k9d4 ,! delicacy & ref9em5t ( ?is ma/]piece surpasses almo/ any relief execut$ 9 ,egypt be=e x4 ,9 fact1 a great] ref9em5t beg9s to be app>5t 9 ! ,egyptian art "w ( ?is p]iod1 ev5 ! dome/ic arts %[+ great] att5tion to delicacy4 ,l9es ( great subtlety appe> *as$ on table ut5sils1 :ile equal skill is app>5t 9 num]\s amulets & mu* ( ! jewell]y ( ! p]iod4 ,little boxes1 h&les ( mirrors & spoons design$ to hold cosmetics are 9 _m cases ! result ( craftsman%ip ( a v high ord]4 ,"o ( ! spoons depicts a woman swimm+ beh9d a swan1 & inevitably recalls ! my? ( ,l$a4 ,f9ally1 mu* beautiful furniture 0 made dur+ ?is p]iod1 p]haps ! be/ exi/+ specim5 be+ a *air 9 ! ,cairo ,museum1 its arms adroitly c>v$ 9 ! =m ( /eal?y-look+ pan!rs4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! use ( wood z a m$ium = arti/ic repres5tation seems to h be5 on ! increase4 ,contemporane\sly ! craft ( ca/+ 9 metal 0 improv$ & !n virtually p]fect$1 a consummation :i* _h an important influ5ce ^u sculpture4 ,?is1 too1 0 ! epo* at :i* ! ,egyptian arti/s 9 col\r revolt$ aga9/ ! conv5tionality :i* _h 9 anci5t times beset _! craft4 ,until ?is "t !y _h n attempt$ to col\r reali/ically4 ,c]ta9 objects 7 t9t$ accord+ to tradition z taught 9 _! s*ools4 ,?us ! fle% ( a man 0 pa9t$ a r$di% br[n1 t ( a woman yell[1 t ( a prie/ blue1 & s =?4 ,& x 0 n until ! p]iod ( ! ,new ,empire t arti/s began to revolt s]i\sly aga9/ ?is sy/em4 ,"o unkn[n ma/] w5t s f> z to indulge 9 rosy fle%-t9ts1 & x is natural to inquire :e!r x 0 =eign influ5ce :i* ar\s$ ?is iconocla/ic act4 ,be t z x may1 !re c be no d\bt t ,egyptian arti/s began to le>n f ^? ( o!r l&s--! ,assyrians1 = in/ance--& ?is circum/ance r5d]s ! /udy ( ,egyptian art dur+ ?is p]iod some:at difficult & complex4 ,! la/ p]iod ( ,egyptian art1 ! ,sate1 comm5c$ ab\t #gba ,b4,c4 ,dur+ ?is epo* ! incursions ( ! ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 & f9ally ( ! ,romans are se5 act+ mat]ially on ! c\ntry's productions1 (t5 to _! detrim5t1 = in/ead ( work+ naturally1 in/ead ( employ+ _! own national /yle1 ! ,egyptian arti/s ( ! ,sate p]iod 7 prone to imitate1 utt]+ !mselves halt+ly 9 fa%ions borr[$ f o!r races4 ,b x is a mi/ake to ma9ta91 z is occasionally done1 t ?is wan+ ( l(ty traditions began ) ! v adv5t ( ! ,sate age4 ,x is a mi/ake to cont5d t no vital art 0 execut$ by ! ,egyptians !nce=w>d4 ,n till ! eve ( ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ did ,egyptian jewell]y & craftsman%ip 9 g5]al beg9 to decl9e2 :ile z to ar*itecture1 ,h]odotus speaks 9 ! mo/ eulogi/ic t]ms ( ! great build+s at ,sas4 ,un=tunately mo/ ( ^! are demoli%$1 & we h no *ance ( /udy+ !m at fir/ h&4 ,! ,ph>aohs ( ! ,satic p]iod lo/ ! va/ comm& ( lab\r ( _! ,!ban & ,memphite pr$ecessors2 nev]!less ! dawn ( ! la/ p]iod 9 ,egyptian art saw ! completion ( _m noble edifices4 ,! pronaos ( ,komombos1 ! temple ( ,isis at ,phil1 & ! kiosk ( ,nectanebu at ! same place1 des]ve citation1 z also d ! ,mammisi & temple ( ,horus at ,edf4 ,yet ev]y:]e are to be se5 /ructures ( ?is p]iod influ5c$ by ,greek or ,roman ideas1 & o!rs :i* are cle>ly ! "w ( ,egyptian masons act+ "u ! in/ructions ( ali5 ma/]s4 ,! pa9t+ ( ?is p]iod embraces num]\s works equal to any product ( e>li] times--= example1 ! vignette ( ! ,judgm5t be=e ,osiris conta9$ 9 ! papyrus ( ,que5 ,mat-ka-r4 ,b we also obs]ve ,egyptian arti/s =sak+ _! "t-hon\r$ col\r-s*emes & us+ su* t9ts z gre5 & mauve1 probably copi$ f ,hell5ic decorations4 ,9 ! bas-reliefs ( ! "t1 moreov]1 we f9d mu* :i* is sadly me*anical--s me*anical t we are p]suad$ t x 0 done to ord] f draw+ suppli$ by =eign]s4 ,nor is ! hi/ory ( ,sate /atu>y greatly diff]5t f t ( ^? arts m5tion$ above1 = :ile at fir/ a weal? ( spl5did ?+s 7 a*iev$--notably a /udy ( ,osiris recumb5t & a portrait ( ,petuba/is--! me*anical elem5t crept into ?is doma9 z x _h done into ! o!rs4 ,sculptors became m]e artisans1 slav+ at ! reproduction ( prescrib$ patt]ns4 ,"s actually kept 9 /ock ready-made /atues ( ! human body1 ! heads to be add$ z cli5ts pres5t$ !mselves4 ,egyptian ,art ,influ5ces ,/ill1 ! expression ( a nation's s\l does n entirely vani%1 & if ,egyptian arti/s 7 ultimately influ5c$ by ! conqu]+ ,romans1 ! ,italian craftsm5 came no less surely "u ! sway ( ! great ,egyptian s*ools1 &1 z not$ at ! outset ( ?is *apt]1 ! ,romans inspir$ mu* ( ! "w ( ! ,italian ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ^: output 0 long reg>d$ z ! fl[] ( ,european art4 ,we f9d ,egyptian influ5ces /rong 9 ,spa91 = ! art ( ! ,nile _h ca/ its pot5t spell ov] ! ,arabs1 :o at a lat] date became almo/ ! fa!rs ( ! dome/ic arts 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula2 & s x is ) no surprise t1 :5 look+ at old ,spani% ornam5ts1 we frequ5tly f9d !m be>+ a close resemblance to analog\s articles made = ! belles ( ,memphis & ( ,!bes4 ,nor 0 ,france )\t "s m direct ,egyptian influ5ce ?an t :i* rea*$ h] indirectly ?r\gh ,italy4 ,! *>act]i/ic art ( ! ,fr5* ,empire 0 directly desc5d$ f ,egyptian art4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiv ,fr5* pa9t+ & craftsman%ip 7 ornate & pomp\s 9 ! extreme1 b 9 ! foll[+ reign luxury 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life 0 at a disc\nt4 ,a new simplicity 0 dem&$1 & :ile craftsm5 7 ca/+ ab\t = patt]ns suit$ to ?is ta/e1 ! ,comte de ,caylus publi%$ 8 monum5tal "w on ! antiquities ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,egypt1 its pages embelli%$ ?r\gh\t ) illu/rations f ! au?or's own h&4#b ,x spe$ily k9dl$ inspiration 9 ! m9ds ( num]\s arti/s1 & we may place to its cr$it "s ( ! mo/ ta/eful & beautiful furniture ev] design$4 ,! ,egyptian exp$ition ( ,napoleon1 too1 l$ to ! importation ( ,egyptian articles1 & !nce=? until ! eve ( ,wat]loo sc>cely a table1 *air1 or mirror ( ,fr5* manufacture ) any claims to arti/ry b disclos$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,egyptian s*ools4 ,n only 7 actual %apes borr[$1 b x 0 q common to decorate furniture ) pseudo-,egyptian /atuettes & reliefs1 or ) brass plaques *as$ 9 imitation ( p>ts ( ,egyptian pictures4 ,! pseudo-,egyptian craftsman%ip ( ! ,empire--s apt an expression ( ! temp] ( ,fr5* ?\ght at t "t--may be /udi$ well at ,fonta9ebleau or at ,m>lbor\gh ,h\se 9 ,london1 :ile ( c\rse x is 9 evid5ce 9 ! backgr\nds ( _m ,empire pictures1 9 p>ticul> ^? ( ,l\is ,david4 ,inde$1 t ma/] himself1 ! mo/ influ5tial ,fr5* pa9t] ( 8 day1 ow$ some?+ to ! ,egyptian s*ool1 :ile a simil> debt is sugge/$ by sundry works ( ! sculptors ,*9>d & ,h\don2 & a /udy ( ,empire build+s reveals t ! ar*itects ( ! p]iod1 ma9ly devot$ ?\gh !y 7 to anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 7 n un9flu5c$ by ! art ( ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,nor 0 ?is true only ( ! ,fr5* ar*itects1 = t great ,scotti% arti/ 9 /one1 ,rob]t ,adam1 :o di$ ! ye> ! ,fr5* ,republic 0 e/abli%$1 w\ld seem to h %>$ ! attraction4 ,he (t5 introduc$ ,egyptian objects into 8 decorative s*emes1 :ile ! l>ge1 impos+ simplicity he frequ5tly atta9$ is ri* 9 sugge/ion ( notable ,egyptian edifices4 ,! same massive ',egyptian' simplicity is to be se5 9 ! /atu>y ( ! mighty ,s]b1 ,ivan ,me/rovic1 z also 9 t ( ! ,sw$e1 ,david ,ed/rm4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be we>isome to enum]ate all ! arti/s ( diff]5t nationalities :o h cle>ly be5 indebt$ to ! g5ius ( ,egypt1 b we mu/ n conclude )\t "s ref]5ce to ! influ5ce ( ! s*ool on ! ,po/-,impressioni/ pa9t]s4 ,! ,po/-,impressioni/s 7 n1 z is commonly said1 direct desc5dants ( ! ,impressioni/ gr\p1 b r sec$]s !refrom4 ,_! wat*word 0 simplicity1 & 9 pursuance ( ?is ideal !y turn$ lov+ly to /udy primitive art1 especially t ( ! ,egyptians1 f9d+ !re9 t simple elem5t :i* !y desir$4 ,arti/ic ,rema9s ,return+ to our ma9 subject1 we may ask1 ,:at is ! actual /hetic value ( ,egyptian art to our own g5]ation8 ,imag9e a museum1 "s ?\s&s ( ye>s h5ce1 o/5sibly repres5t+ ! art ( ,france f ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury to ! end ( ! n9ete5?2 & suppose ?is cramm$ ) ! (f-sc\r+s ( ! ,salon s*ool & ! autotypes & bric--brac ( ! ,rue de ,rivoli1 ) only "h & !re a ,cl\et1 a ,b\*]1 or a ,lancret1 only "h & !re a ,clodion1 a ,dal\1 or a ,rod94 ,w\ld n visitors to su* a collection be c]ta9 to conclude t ! ,fr5* 7 any?+ b arti/ic8 ,conditions su* z ^? indicat$ above obta9 9 ne>ly e ,egyptian collection ( ! pres5t day4 ,! po9t ( view ( ^? 9 *>ge ( museums & exhibits seems to be t any?+ ( ,egyptian orig9 %\ld be treasur$1 h[ev] lack+ x may be 9 arti/ic m]it1 & small wond] if ! av]age visitor ( ta/e has n ! pati5ce to se>* ?r\gh su* het]og5e\s collections 9 :i* ! few vital articles are buri$4 ,! great mass ( ,egyptian rema9s are f> inf]ior to ^? ( ,greek orig91 wr\ght 9 ! "t ( ,phidias & ,apelles2 ! ma/] works ( ,egypt1 on ! o!r h&1 are equal to ! arti/ic products ( any age1 & x is ) ^! ma/] works1 & only ) ^!1 t we mu/ conc]n ourselves "h4 ,egyptian ,col\r-h>monies ,! ,egyptian pa9t] seldom or nev] s\ght to bl5d 8 diff]5t %ades into ea* o!r1 he seldom or nev] dealt 9 gradations2 in/ead he pa9t$ 9 l>ge pat*es1 ea* pat* cle>ly dem>k$ f its neighb\r4 ,b ) ?is sy/em he a*iev$ "s ( ! gr&e/ col\r-h>monies1 z witness ! papyrus ( ,ani1#c :]e9 ! prom95t notes are br[n & yell[1 gre51 :ite & black4 ,ev5 m beautiful is ! papyrus ( ,que5 ,mat-ka-r1 slightly high] 9 pit* ?an ! la/-nam$1 & dom9at$ by an exquisite r$di% yell[2 :ile1 turn+ to poly*romatic sculpture1 surely !re 0 nev] a loveli] piece ( col\r+ ?an ! /atue ( ,pr9cess ,nef]et1 ) its ri* gre5s & r$s1 its br[ns & :ites4 ,sc>cely inf]ior to ?is is ! c(f9 ( ,khnumu-,hotep1 pa9t$ ) gold1 black1 & br[n1 & ) /ripes ( peacock-blue decorat$ ) patt]ns 9 gold4 ,if ! ,egyptian 0 a div9e col\ri/1 he 0 /ill m surely a ma/] ( composition4 ,! arti/ /riv+ aft] h>mony 9 design may arrange a ho/ ( figures ^u a canvas1 or he may take = 8 purpose only a v few objects4 ,! =m]1 ! usual practice ( ! ,european s*ool1 is inf9itely ! easi] ( ! two2 b ! ,egyptian commonly *ose ! latt]1 & on 8 piece ( papyrus or on 8 plaque ( /one he plac$ 8 few objects s happily & 9 su* p]fect /hetic relation%ip to ea* o!r t ! :ole space us$ appe>s to be decorat$4 ,8 draughtsman%ip1 besides1 is usually ( high excell5ce2 "h1 too1 he faces a difficulty1 giv+ a bold impression r ?an a detail$ draw+1 yet s expressive are 8 l9es t ! "w possesses abundantly ! illusion ( life4 ,! ,great ,simplicity ( ,egyptian ,art ,we h spok5 ( sundry ,egyptian works z subtle1 delicate1 & ref9$2 b ^! are n *>act]i/ic examples1 !y are n ^? :i* *iefly comm& homage4 ,subtlety1 an exquisite quality1 "o ( ! ultimate qualities1 is nev]!less closely alli$ to weakness1 & ! su/a9$ ef=t to express x is apt to prove injuri\s to ! arti/4 ,:i/l]1 = "o1 /riv+ aft] ! delicate1 ! ref9$ & subtle1 too (t5 approximat$ effem9acy2 & "s ( ! great] ,japanese pa9t]s1 preoccupi$ ) dreamy half-t9ts & febrile l9es1 came dang]\sly ne> produc+ ! m]ely pretty4 ,9 ! *>act]i/ic "w ( ! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 we nev] detect a h9t ( ?is fail+2 = !irs is be=e all else a p[]ful1 bold1 simple art1 (t5 reflect+ a gr&1 ru?less brutality l t 9 ! great ,engli% dramati/s4 ,we h se5 t x 0 _! simplicity :i* engag$ ! ,fr5*m5 ( ! ,empire1 eag] to make some?+ ( a /r5u\s temp]2 we h se5 t x 0 ?is elem5t1 too1 :i* comm&$ homage f ! ,po/-,impressioni/s1 s int5sely s]i\s & aspirational a gr\p4 ,& may we n add t ?is simplicity is ! l(tie/ factor disc]nible 9 ,egyptian art8 ,may we n add t ! ,egyptians a*iev$ ?is m]it ) a triumph almo/ unrivall$ by o!r races8 ,& may we n say1 f9ally1 t simplicity is ! noble/ ( all arti/ic qualities8 ,! great poems1 ^? :i* live f g5]ation unto g5]ation1 are mo/ assur$ly ^? 9 :i* ! subject is express$ ) div9e simplicity1 ! poet atta9+ ! maximum ( expression ) ! m9imum ( means1 :i* is exactly :at ! great pa9t]s & sculptors ( ,egypt compass$4 ,b simplicity1 l subtlety1 has its concomitant dang]1 = :at is v simple is apt to be defici5t 9 my/]y1 s ess5tial an item 9 a vital "w ( art4 ,yet "h1 aga91 we f9d ! ,egyptian victori\s2 he has adroitly evad$ ! p]il ( baldness4 ,! ,egyptian sculptor1 produc+ a portrait1 always adumbrates ! "* ( 8 sitt]1 itself a my/]i\s quality1 & !re is 9 a ho/ ( ,egyptian works ( art a curi\s s5se ( inf9ity1 a sugge/ion ( ! et]nal riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,!y are ! mo/ my/]i\s works ev] wr\ght by man1 "s seem+ v]ily eloqu5t ( sil5ce2 we feel 9 _! pres5ce a /range mood ( awe1 a feel+ :i* has be5 ?us happily express$3 ,tread lightly1 ,o my danc+ feet1 ,le/ y\r untimely murmurs /ir ,du/ ( =gott5 m5 :o f9d dea? sweet1 ,at re/ )9 _! sepul*re4 ,^! l9es1 writt5 by ,lady ,m>g>et ,sackville :ile t>ry+ at ,ass\an1 cry/allize ! rev]5tial mood :i* (t5 possesses u 9 ! pres5ce ( ,egyptian art2 & yet1 are ^! entomb$ m5 ( :om ! writ] s+s really =gott58 ,pa/ ru9$ ,ilion ,hel5 lives1 et]nal life v\*saf$ to h] by ! song ( ,hom]2 surely bygone ,egyptians h1 9 l fa%ion1 won immortality ?r\gh ! g5ius ( _! mighty arti/s4 #a ,s+le /atues 9 ! ,old ,k+dom1 figures 9 gr\ps 9 ,middle ,k+dom4 #b ,recueil d'antiquits gypti5nes1 trusques1 grecques1 roma9es et gauloises4 ,six vols4 ,p>is1 #ageb-agee4 #c ,see ,frontispiece & illu/ration fac+ p4 #abj reproduc$ 9 black & :ite 9 ! pres5t edition4 ,,gloss>y ,,& ,,index ,,! ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,egyptian ,! correct pronunciation ( ,old1 ,middle1 & ,late ,egyptian c only be glean$ by analogy f t ( ,coptic1 :i* repres5ts ! popul> language ( ,egypt f ! ?ird to ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,b ?is tongue 0 /rongly re9=c$ by ,greek loan-words1 & z x 0 r5d]$ 9 writ+ by ! ,greek alphabet x is difficult to say h[ mu* ( ! native l+ui/ic elem5t x really repres5ts4 ,b its or?ography gives a cle> idea ( its pronunciation1 & x is ! ma9/ay ( ,egyptian philologi/s 9 re/or+ ! ^w-=ms ( ! anci5t language1 or at lea/ ,late ,egyptian1 betwe5 :i* & ! ,middle & ,old dialects !re is a wide l+ui/ic gap4 ,inde$1 ! pronunciation ( ^! ar*aic =ms is probably = ev] lo/ to mod]n s*ol>%ip4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ,egyptian words & names are usually pron\nc$ by s*ol>s z !y are spelt4 7,index n reta9$ 9 text-v]sion47