---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,,lead-,,paint ,,warning6 ,,do ,,not ,,use ,,the ,,ground-,,lead ,,paint ,,ingredients mentioned in the ,coloring the ,toys chapter4 ,see ,transcriber's ,notes at end of document for more details4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,educational ,,toys ,consisting ,chiefly of ,coping-,saw ,problems for ,children in the ,school and the ,home by ,,louis ,c4 ,,petersen1 ,b4 ,sc4 ,director of ,manual ,arts1 ,state ,normal ,university1 ,carbondale1 ,illinois ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,illinois ,,copyright ,,louis ,c4 ,,petersen #aibj ,,contents ,page ,,introduction #e ,,tools ,,and ,,supplies #g ,,bow ,,drill #h ,,transferring ,,designs #i ,,woods #i ,,laying ,,out ,,work #aj ,,sawing #aj ,,fastening ,,bases #aa ,,fastenings #aa ,,coloring ,,toys #ab ,,working ,,drawings ,,and ,,directions #ae ,the ,buzzer #af ,the ,shark ,puzzle #af ,duck #ah ,goose #ah ,wild ,duck #bj ,hen #bj ,deer #bb ,cow #bb ,weasel #bf ,tiger #bf ,rocking ,rhino #bh ,minstrels #cj ,squirrel #cb ,pig #cb ,kangaroo #cb ,camel #cf ,giraffe #ch ,swan ,rocker #dj ,balancing ,peacock #db ,toy ,dog #dd ,teddy ,bear #df ,parrot #dh ,doll's ,hobby ,horse #ej ,stern ,wheeler #ej ,the ,weather-cock #ej ,arm-chair and ,rocking-chair #ed ,doll's ,cradle #ed ,doll's ,bed #ef ,doll's ,table #ef ,kites #eh ,wood ,choppers #fj ,the ,bucking ,goats #fj ,pecking ,hens #fj ,acrobat #fd ,climbing ,sailor #fd ,the ,jumping ,jack #fh ,balancing ,barrister #fh ,the ,dancing ,rastus #gj ,the ,spanking ,esquimaux #gb ,wabbler #gd ,falling ,teeter-,totter #gf ,tumbling ,tommie #gh ,the ,busy ,pup #hj ,the ,dinkey ,bird #hb ,pelican ,sewing ,stand #hd ,whirligig #hf ,the ,cart #hf ,the ,wagon #hh ,flying ,goose #ij ,the ,dodo ,bird #ib ,rocking-horse and ,rider #id ,animated ,elephant #ig ,the ,bucking ,mule #ajj ,fox-and-,goose ,game #ajd ,nine ,men's ,mill #ajf ,disc ,puzzle #ajh ,ball ,puzzle #ajh ,,appendix ,knots and ,braids #aaa ,,introduction ,the purpose in sending out this collection of toys is to promote among children a love for educational occupation4 ,this book is intended to be of real service to parents and teachers who are intrusted with the arduous responsibility of child-training4 ,it is with this object in view that the directions1 drawings and photographs have been prepared4 ,the experience of almost twenty years as a teacher has convinced the author that only when the child approaches subject-matter with interest and enthusiasm can the best results be obtained4 ,giving a child an opportunity to make things1 arouses his interest2 therefore1 learning by doing is a most effective method in gaining educational ends4 ,toy-making incorporates this method1 with several vital elements added4 ,it takes into account the child's view-point1 his proclivities and his emotions4 ,it is a form of activity that appeals strongly to his fancy1 has a direct relation to his environments1 and is within the range of his mental grasp and constructive ability4 ,his wonderful imagination endows the creatures of his handiwork with life1 individuality and cunning4 ,the toy problem is in harmony with the child's resourcefulness1 his powers and his interests4 ,the problems contained in this book have been selected from those worked out in the ,normal ,model ,school4 ,they have been tested under ordinary class-room conditions4 ,to survive the weeding-out process1 a toy has had to meet the following requirements3 #a4 ,it must be within the child's power4 #b4 ,it must excite and sustain interest4 #c4 ,it must possess educational value4 #d4 ,it must be adaptable to light-wood construction4 #e4 ,it must conform in size and complexity to the limited space and equipment of class-room conditions4 ,in his early years1 the child begins tinkering with what materials and tools he can find1 making something4 ,the wise parent and teacher will turn that healthful1 happy1 creative instinct into good1 useful channels4 ,he will encourage and guide the child1 in these early attempts1 by surrounding him with congenial conditions1 by furnishing him suggestions1 pictures1 drawings and such other aids as will direct him to occupational problems of educational value1 and by providing him with a place to work1 the tools1 wood1 nails1 wire and other necessary equipment4 ,one advantage in connection with the kind of educational hand work presented in this book is that it can be carried on with a very small and inexpensive equipment4 ,moreover1 it is light1 clean and agreeable in every respect4 ,the tools are safe for a child to handle4 ,the material is substantial and durable4 ,the articles made are firm1 strong and of lasting quality4 ,they become an excellent means for providing an abundance of entertainment1 and constitute most acceptable gifts1 promoting as much genuine happiness for the industrious donor as for the fortunate receiver4 ,toy-making may readily be adapted to class-room conditions and a period be devoted to it each day4 ,members of the class may be appointed to distribute the tools and material at the beginning of the period1 and collect them at the end4 ,while at work1 each pupil should stay at his desk and keep it neat and orderly4 ,when not in use1 the equipment should be locked up in a box having suitable compartments for the tools and materials4 ,the teacher who is to conduct the class should be thoroly familiar with the work and should have made each model before taking it up as a class problem4 ,the work as a whole should be conducted in a systematic and quiet manner2 concise planning1 prompt action1 and accuracy in details should be insisted upon4 ,the cheerful spirit1 the formation of correct habits1 and the proper regard for everything and everybody should be cultivated along with skill in constructing and good taste in coloring the toys4 ,if for any valid reason this work can not be carried on in the school1 the teacher should encourage the pupils to do it as home work4 ,the child can buy his own scroll saw and colors1 and furnish his own wood4 ,the work can be done outside of school1 but still be under the supervision and guidance of the teacher4 ,the training that comes thru reading and interpreting directions and drawings1 and carrying out the instruction in every detail1 is of value to every child1 no matter what his future career may be4 ,the child should1 therefore1 have a book of his own1 giving directions and drawings4 ,furthermore1 the teacher should give the proper amount of credit for the home work4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,petersen4 ,,tools ,,and ,,supplies ,the equipment listed below is suggestive for ordinary class-room conditions4 ,the number of pupils should not exceed twenty-four4 ,tools for each pupil3 #ab rule4 ,coping-saw4 ,saw-bracket1 ,fig4 #a4 ,a working drawing of the saw-bracket is shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,a water-color brush4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,tools for every four pupils3 ,scissors4 ,compass4 ,water-color pan4 #d-a_/b round-nose pliers1 ,fig4 #d4 #e side-cutting pliers4 #e oz4 claw hammer4 #h half-round mill file4 ,bow-drill1 see ,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,general class equipment and supplies3 ,a box for locking up equipment and work4 #b breast drills4 ,iron block to serve as anvil4 #f quires of ,no4 #a_/b sand-paper4 ,le ,page's glue in two one-pint cans4 #a gross coping-saw blades4 #a lb4 each of #a_/b1 #c_/d and #a brads4 #b lbs4 each of #c_/d ,no4 #ai1 #a ,no4 #ah1 #a-a_/d ,no4 #ag1 #a-a_/b ,no4 #af1 and #a-c_/d ,no4 #ae flat-headed nails4 #a lb4 each of #a_/b1 #e_/h and #c_/d brass escutcheon pins4 #cj ft4 of ,no4 #ab copper-coated steel wire4 ,a few nails of various sizes for making drills4 ,turpentine4 ,alcohol4 ,borax4 ,brushes of various sizes4 ,paint--red1 yellow1 green1 blue1 black and white of the paints to be used4 ,several good enamel paints1 ready for use1 are on the market4 ,calcimo is cheaper1 but not so convenient1 as it must be prepared4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,,bow ,,drill ,the bow drill is useful for drilling small holes in wood1 and may easily be made by a child4 ,first1 procure an ordinary thread spool4 ,push a round stick six inches long thru the hole with a tight fit4 ,shape the top of the stick to a point 7,fig4 #c74 ,drive a nail into the other end of the stick4 ,cut the head off the nail1 hammer it flat at the end1 and sharpen it with a file4 ,in this way a drill of any size needed for the work can be made4 ,the bow is made from a slender1 flexible stick1 about twenty inches long4 ,a notch is cut at each end where the ends of a strong string are securely tied4 ,slip the bow string once around the spool and spin it4 ,the top end of the spindle is guided in a shallow hole in a piece of wood as shown at ,h in ,fig4 #c4 ,this block of wood is held in the left hand while the right moves the bow back and forth1 spinning the spindle and drilling the hole4 ,,transferring ,,designs ,the shapes of people1 animals and birds on the plates that follow are drawn full size4 ,they are intended to be made of wood1 and may be transferred by any one of the following methods3 7a7 ,place a piece of transparent paper1 known as tracing paper1 over the drawing in the book1 and with a soft1 sharp lead pencil1 trace all the lines on the drawing4 ,cut out the traced shape with a pair of scissors4 ,place it on the wood1 and with pencil trace along the edge of the paper pattern4 7b7 ,make a tracing and paste it on the wood4 7c7 ,place a piece of carbon paper on the wood1 carbon side down4 ,on this1 place the tracing in position and fasten it down with two thumb tacks4 ,with a hard pencil1 or a stylus1 go over all the lines of tracing4 ,pressure should be applied as the lines are being traced so that they may show plainly on the wood4 7d7 ,rub the back of the tracing with graphite 7the lead of the pencil74 ,place it on the wood1 and with a hard pencil1 or a stylus1 trace the lines4 7e7 ,when a permanent pattern is desired for class use1 place the tracing on a piece of cardboard1 and transfer the outline by method c or d1 indicated above4 ,with a sharp1 pointed knife or shears cut the cardboard accurately to line4 ,place this template on the wood1 and with a sharp pencil1 held vertically1 draw lines around the edge of the template4 ,this method serves well for class work4 ,,woods ,save the thin-wood boxes found at home4 ,ask the store-keeper to save boxes instead of burning them4 ,a rich supply of wood for toy-making may be secured in this way4 ,for class work1 it will be necessary to buy wood prepared and surfaced to dimensions4 ,the thicknesses most convenient for school work are #c_/af1 #a_/d1 #c_/h1 #a_/b1 #g_/h4 ,while three-ply wood is best for the thin stock1 the single-ply answers the purpose when due care is given to the direction of the wood fibers--the grain4 ,such woods as maple1 elm1 birch1 cherry and bay wood are very durable1 but rather hard to work4 ,bass wood1 poplar and sugar pine are easy to work1 are preferable in school1 and give satisfactory results4 ,,laying ,,out ,,work ,it is important to have the patterns placed correctly on the wood so that the desired result may be reached4 ,one of the things sought is the greatest possible strength in the parts sawed out4 ,the grain of the wood should1 therefore1 run lengthwise of the wood where the parts are narrow4 ,another thing desired is the economical use of material4 ,the patterns should1 therefore1 be so arranged on the wood that the outlines will match closely together and thus use up as nearly as possible all surface space on the board4 ,generally1 it is advisable to place the larger patterns first1 beginning near a corner of the board1 and then fit in the smaller patterns on the intermediate spaces4 ,where the drawings are not full size1 the dimensions are shown in inches or fractions of an inch4 ,guided by the figures1 the outlines of the object may be laid out directly on the wood by ruler1 pencil and compasses4 ,in laying out the different shapes on the wood1 attention should be given to the direction of the grain of the wood1 to have it run lengthwise the object1 not crosswise4 ,,sawing ,after the different shapes have been properly laid out on the wood1 the next thing to do is to saw them out with a coping-saw4 ,the wood is placed flat on a saw-bracket1 pattern side up4 ,this saw-bracket is fastened to the edge of a desk or a table top and should be adjusted in height so the top of it is about #f below the child's chin4 ,the child may stand or sit1 when at work1 whichever is most comfortable1 but a standing position gives more freedom of movement4 ,the wood is held and guided on the saw-bracket with the left hand1 while the right hand operates the coping-saw with an up-and-down motion in the ,v-shaped opening in the bracket4 ,the coping-saw is the principal tool needed for this work1 and may be purchased with extra blades for about #be cents4 ,the frame is made of spring steel and holds the blade in tension4 ,by pressing the frame against the edge of a table1 it may readily be sprung enough to allow the blade to be put into the slots in the ends of the frame4 ,there is a pair of end slots and a pair of side slots in the frame4 ,the blade may be inserted into these slots with either the teeth edge or the smooth edge of the blade towards the frame4 ,the points of the teeth should always point towards the handle of the frame4 ,the frame is held with the handle down4 ,the saw does the cutting as it is pulled downward4 ,in working the saw1 the blade must be kept perpendicular to the face of the wood4 ,the blade should never be forced against the wood1 as that will cause the wood to tear1 and leave a ragged edge4 ,saw right to the line4 ,keep the saw going up and down to insure freedom and plenty of room for the blade1 especially in turning corners4 ,when removing it from the work1 do not attempt to twist the blade or let the frame hang on it1 as the blades are brittle and break easily4 ,when an opening is to be sawed out1 bore a hole in the middle of the part to be cut out1 remove the blade from the upper part of the frame1 while holding it in place in the lower part with the thumb of the right hand4 ,slip the blade thru the hole from below1 and replace it in the slot while pressing the upper part of the frame against the edge of the desk4 ,when the opening has been cut1 the saw may be removed by reversing the operation4 ,in all cases1 saw the edge of the wood to a finish as far as possible4 ,rough or fuzzy edges should be removed by filing and sand-papering4 ,,fastening ,,to ,,bases ,where toys have bases1 they should be made of two or more thicknesses1 one overlapping the other4 ,the lower piece should be thicker than the upper1 extending a distance equal to the thickness of the upper part4 ,when both the toy and the base parts are ready to fasten together1 hold the toy in a vise1 with its feet up1 and drive nails thru the upper part of the base into the feet4 ,then fasten the top to the lower part with escutcheon pins4 ,space the pins accurately4 ,,fastenings ,several methods are employed in fastening parts together in toy-making4 ,where parts are joined together permanently1 a thin coat of liquid glue should be rubbed on the joining surfaces with a small paddle1 and then fastened with several brads4 ,where possible1 these brads should reach thru the parts just enough to be clenched on the other side 7,a1 ,fig4 #e74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e ,a movable joint is secured by one flat-headed nail which acts as a pivot1 on which one or more of the parts turn4 ,the nail must reach thru the wood far enough to allow the end to be bent back like a staple and be driven into the wood4 ,a loose joint is required in some toys so that the parts may swing without friction4 ,a flat-headed nail is used as a pivot1 and holes1 a little bigger than the nail1 are bored thru all but one of the parts to be joined together4 ,the part that will be nearest to the point of the nail has no hole bored in it1 for it should fit tight4 ,the nail must reach thru the joint far enough so that it may be bent back1 staple-like1 and when the point is driven back into the wood1 the joint should swing freely4 ,the nail may be bent with round-nose pliers 7,b1 ,fig4 #e74 ,,coloring ,,the ,,toys ,the possibilities that may be achieved in beautifying these wooden toys are almost limitless4 ,they may be treated as design problems1 thereby serving as a means of training the taste and imagination as well as developing an appreciation of space relations and color harmonies4 ,the work is fascinating to children and presents an excellent opportunity for acquiring knowledge and skill in mixing and applying colors4 ,several methods are given here4 ,the choice of method should be guided by the child's ability and experience in doing work of this kind4 ,the employment of striking and brilliant colors will enhance the charm and increase the artistic effect4 ,the methods of coloring are arranged in the order of their difficulty in manipulation3 ,method ,no4 #a4 ,water colors may be used to color the wood1 but only a little water should be used so as to prevent the tendency to spread4 ,when the toy is dry1 a coat of shellac may be applied over the water color4 ,this protects the wood and gives the toy a crisp and bright appearance4 ,method ,no4 #b4 ,of the calcimine paints1 the one known as ,calcimo may be used successfully by children4 ,it is procured in powder form and costs from #ae to #ej cents a pound according to color4 ,it is mixed with water that contains a binder to prevent the colors from rubbing off in handling the toys4 ,the binder may be either glue or mucilage mixed with the water4 ,the proportion is about a tablespoonful of glue to a quart of water4 ,in preparing the colors1 put a teaspoonful of powder in a water-color pan and add water1 while stirring and rubbing out the lumps1 till the mixture comes to a consistency of thick cream4 ,it may then be applied with a ,no4 #f water-color brush4 ,,tr ,note3 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,lead ,,warning6 ,,do ,,not ,,use ,,the ,,white ,,lead ,,or ,,ground ,,lead ,,ingredients ,,mentioned ,,in ,,methods #c ,,and #d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------,end of ,,tr ,note ,method ,no4 #c4 ,when handled correctly1 oil paint and enamel paint give excellent results1 producing a smooth1 brilliant gloss4 ,first1 give the toy a coat of white lead or flat white tone4 ,apply it with a flat sash brush about an inch wide4 ,allow the toy to dry four or five days and then sand-paper it smoothly with ,no4 #a_/b sand-paper4 ,finally1 give it a coat of enamel paint of the colors desired4 ,if colored enamel is not at hand1 use white enamel and add colors ground in oil4 ,the enamel paint is put on a surface with a large camel-hair brush4 ,use ,no4 #aj artist's flat brush for features4 ,natural details and life-like effects should be avoided4 ,the features should be conventionalized4 ,eyes1 ears1 nose and mouth may be dotted in with a tooth-pick4 ,method ,no4 #d4 ,for a second coat1 instead of using enamel for coloring1 white lead ground in oil may be used1 mixed with colors ground in oil4 ,this produces a mat or dull finish that is quite pleasing4 ,however1 if a gloss finish is desired1 a coat of varnish may be applied over the dull color4 ,dry colors may be mixed with shellac varnish until it is heavy enough to cover the wood4 ,if this mixture becomes too thick to spread smoothly1 it may be thinned with alcohol4 ,the brush that has been used in varnish may be cleaned by washing in borax water4 ,when the joints are movable1 it is advisable to paint each part separately before putting them together4 ,where glue has been used to form joints1 it should be thoroly dry before the toy is painted4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,working ,,drawings ,,and ,,directions ,in beginning the construction of these toys1 read the directions carefully so as to understand the process of construction4 ,study how you can best arrive at the desired results4 ,by thinking ahead1 as you proceed1 many mistakes may be prevented4 ,be careful in making your drawings4 ,keep your pencil sharp4 ,be precise in making measurements4 ,handle the tools with care4 ,finish one job before starting another4 ,have a place for your tools4 ,keep your glue and wood-finishes well covered to prevent drying4 ,keep your brushes in kerosene to prevent them from getting stiff4 ,be clean in handling colors4 ,let one color get dry before joining on another4 ,let the colors join on sharp and definite lines4 ,pick up only a small amount of color with the brush4 ,lay the color on in a thin coat4 ,clean your brushes before putting them away4 ,give your work that clean1 crisp1 snappy appearance which is the mark of superior craftsmanship4 ,illustration ,,the ,,buzzer ,this toy is made from #a_/d stock4 ,two #a_/h holes are located on a straight line passing thru the center1 one on each side of the center and #a_/d from it4 ,the circle is drawn with compass1 and then sawed to the line4 ,the circumference is stepped off into lengths equal to the radius1 and every second point connected by line with the center4 ,this divides the surface into three equal spaces called sectors4 ,color each sector with one of the primary colors--red1 blue and yellow4 ,a strong cord is slipped thru the two holes1 and the ends tied together in a square knot1 leaving a loop on each side of the wheel4 ,to operate the buzzer1 insert a finger of each hand in the loops and swing the disk around in a circular motion till the strands of the cord are twisted together4 ,then pull hard on the cord so that the disk will be set into a spinning motion as the cord is being unwound4 ,at this instant slacken the cord so that the disk may continue turning1 and rewind the string4 ,then pull on the cord again1 and the disk will spin in the opposite direction4 ,by whirling the disks rapidly in this way1 the colors will blend and show a new color produced by the three primary colors4 ,the other side of the wheel may have half of it colored yellow and half colored blue4 ,this will blend into green when spun4 ,by pasting paper sectors of different colors on the wheel1 an infinite number of tests in color-blending may be made4 ,,the ,,shark ,,puzzle ,the shark is sawed out as shown in the drawing and three holes bored4 ,to make one of the rings1 draw two concentric circles--one #a_/b radius and the other #c_/d radius4 ,first1 saw out the inner circle and then the outer4 ,take a piece of cord a foot long1 double it and slip the loop thru the middle hole in the shark4 ,next1 put the two ends of the cord thru the loop4 ,slip a ring on each end of the cord1 and tie with a slip knot into the end hole in the shark4 ,puzzle3 ,transfer a ring from one end to the other4 ,illustration3 ,,buzzer ,,shark ,,puzzle ,,duck ,the parts for this fowl are sawed out of #a_/d stock4 ,the edges should be sawed square and to line1 and may be made smooth and slightly rounded by filing and sand-papering4 ,the two feet should be made alike and held together when the hole for the nail is drilled thru them4 ,the bottom of the feet will then be on the same level1 and the duck will stand upright4 ,put a fine #a nail thru one foot1 drive it thru the body1 at the proper place1 and press it thru the other foot4 ,with round-nose pliers1 bend the end of the nail around so the end will point toward the wood 7,fig4 #e74 ,place the head of the nail against a block of iron1 and with the hammer drive the point of the nail into the foot4 ,the joint should be firm and movable so the duck will stand at different postures4 ,color the body brown1 with black outlines and streaks on the wings1 the bill yellow1 the head green1 and the feet red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,platform ,bases4 ,,goose ,this project may be made of #c_/h stock and fastened to a platform base 7,fig4 #f74 ,the platform is made of two rectangular pieces one on top of the other4 ,the upper is #a-a_/b by #b-a_/d2 the lower1 #b-a_/d by #c4 ,the grain in the two pieces should cross to prevent warping4 ,to fasten the goose to the platform1 outline on the upper piece of the platform the position for the foot4 ,hold the goose with foot up4 ,drive #a-a_/b brads thru the upper piece of the platform into the foot4 ,on the upper side of this upper piece of the platform1 locate points at each corner1 #a_/d from the outer edges1 and drive #e_/h escutcheon pins thru it into the lower piece of the platform4 ,smooth all parts1 and color the body white with black trimmings4 ,make the bill yellow1 the feet red and the platform green4 ,illustration3 ,,duck ,,goose ,,wild ,,duck ,the body may be cut from #c_/h stock1 or from heavier material if so desired4 ,it may be whittled to natural shape with a pocket knife before fastening it onto the platform4 ,the bill1 eye and feet are colored yellow1 throat1 breast and tail red1 head and wings dark green1 and platform blue4 ,,hen ,the construction of this problem is similar to that of the goose4 ,her feet and comb are colored red1 body white with black trimming1 beak and platform yellow4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,wild ,,duck ,,hen ,,deer ,the stock is #c_/h thick1 the grain running vertical4 ,it should be mounted on a wheel base #c_/h by #b by #e-a_/b 7,fig4 #g74 ,the deer is colored reddish brown1 but nearly white under the body and on the lower parts of the legs4 ,color the base black and the wheels red4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,wheel ,base4 ,illustration3 ,,deer ,,cow ,the stock is #c_/h thick4 ,the grain of the wood should run vertical4 ,the cow should be mounted on a wheel base #c_/h by #b by #e-a_/b4 ,wheels are #c_/h thick1 #a-a_/b diameter4 ,this is a ,jersey cow1 and should be colored accordingly4 ,the base may be colored green1 and the wheels red4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,cow ,,weasel ,this little creature is wary and swift as lightning in its movements4 ,the stock should be #a_/d thick1 the grain running lengthwise of the body4 ,it may be mounted on rocker base #a_/d by #a-a_/b by #e 7,fig4 #h4 ,see text on ,minstrels1 page #cj74 ,it is reddish brown with under part of body light4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,rocker ,bases4 ,illustration3 ,,weasel ,,tiger ,this may be treated in the same way as the weasel except the coloring4 ,examine a tiger in the zoo1 or look up some colored pictures of tigers so you will know just how to draw his stripes and just what color to make them4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,tiger ,,rocking ,,rhino ,the rhinoceros should be cut out and colored and mounted on a platform which has rockers fastened to its edges 7,fig4 #h74 ,hold the animal in the vise1 head down1 and nail thru the platform into the feet4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,rocking ,,rhino ,,minstrels ,the stock for the two minstrels1 the platform and the rockers is #a_/d thick1 with the grain of the wood running lengthwise in each object4 ,the bottom of the feet of the figures should fit squarely onto the platform4 ,the rockers are laid off with the compass4 ,the center of the arc is on a separate piece of wood of the same thickness as the rocker4 ,when the rockers are accurately finished and nailed to the platform1 a center line is drawn along the under side of the platform1 and points located to match the position of the feet of the figures4 ,use #c_/d brads and drive them thru the platform4 ,hold the figures1 heads down1 in the vise1 or in clamps1 and1 in turn1 drive the brads thru the feet and into the legs so that the figures will stand in an upright position4 ,they are then colored in such brilliant attire as is becoming two gay minstrels4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,minstrels ,,squirrel ,the squirrel is generally regarded as being wary and wild4 ,still1 by wise and kind treatment1 its timidity can be overcome1 and it may become quite tame4 ,all parts of the squirrel may be made from #a_/d stock4 ,saw out the body1 two fore1 two hind legs and a nut4 ,hold each pair of legs together in boring holes thru them4 ,smooth the parts and assemble them by firm movable joints4 ,color throat and breast light gray1 and the remainder brown4 ,illustration3 ,,squirrel ,,pig ,this problem is worked out similar to the squirrel4 ,it may be colored red1 black or white1 with large spots4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,pig ,,kangaroo ,this animal has its home in ,australia1 where the birds are songless and the trees give no shade4 ,it has a very powerful tail which serves with the two long hind legs as its support and for making enormous bounds4 ,the fore legs1 much like arms1 are used with surprising dexterity by this strange animal4 ,the nose1 throat and breast are very light1 the rest of the body is reddish brown4 ,illustration3 ,,kangaroo ,,camel ,it is with significance that this beast is called the ship of the desert4 ,like a ship crossing a wide ocean of water1 the camel travels across a great expanse of sand carrying heavy loads of freight4 ,it has a wonderful endurance and can go for a week without drinking1 subsisting on the coarse grass of that waste region1 and the water stored up in its humps4 ,its dreamy eyes1 sullen nature1 angular figure and neutral grey-brown color--all seem to resemble the rocky desert itself4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,camel ,,giraffe ,this creature 7,fig4 #i7 is1 unquestionably1 the tallest of all the beasts of the forests of ,africa4 ,it does not stoop to obtain its living from the ground1 but browses on the tops of trees4 ,it is also called the camelopard1 suggesting a resemblance in shape to the camel and in color to the leopard4 ,it is cream-colored with a shower of dark-brown spots on its back and sides4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,,giraffe ,,swan ,,rocker ,all the parts may be made from #a_/d stock4 ,the two sides are made like the pattern4 ,the seat is #b-a_/d wide1 the back #b-a_/b4 ,both are #c long1 and serve to unite the two sides4 ,when the parts are finished and ready for assembling1 mark on the sides the exact location of seat and back2 also the position of each nail on all parts4 ,hold the two sides together and make small holes thru them where the nails are to be driven4 ,nail1 in turn1 the seat and back to the first side1 and then to the second side4 ,color white and decorate appropriately4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,swan ,,rocker ,,balancing ,,peacock ,saw out the shape of the fowl as outlined in the drawing4 ,there is good chance for display of fine color in dark-green and blue4 ,the breast should be colored brown4 ,make a small stick about #b long for a perch4 ,drive a small nail into each end of the stick1 and tie the ends of a fine cord to each nail4 ,press a brad thru the middle of the stick up into the foot of the peacock4 ,it may then be hung up by the long loop of the string and swung freely4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,peacock ,,toy ,,dog ,this dog may be made of #c_/af or #a_/d stock4 ,when put together1 the two pieces for the body are separated by the head1 tail and two circular pieces4 ,the legs are fastened to the outside of the body by two long nails that reach thru the five thicknesses4 ,the ends of the nails are bent back4 ,smooth the parts and color white1 with large black spots on head1 back1 tail and legs4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,toy ,,dog ,,teddy ,,bear ,this animal has two pieces for the body4 ,the head and two circular pieces hold these two pieces apart4 ,the head and legs move on tight joints so that the bear will stay in the desired position4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,teddy ,,bear ,,parrot ,this may be made of #a_/d stock4 ,the base has two holes bored thru it for the uprights with fit tight into the holes 7,fig4 #aj74 ,the perch is #b long and has a brad in each end to swing on4 ,these brads fit loose thru the uprights near the top ends4 ,the parrot is sawed out1 and a #c_/d brad driven up thru the foot which also fits into the hole in the middle of the perch4 ,the parrot may be colored white with black trimmings1 yellow beak and eyes1 red crest1 tail and foot4 ,the wings are green4 ,the stand should have a green base1 red uprights1 and yellow perch4 ,the bird should balance well and swing freely4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,,parrot ,,doll',s ,,hobby ,,horse ,the two body pieces of the horse with rocker are sawed from #a_/d wood4 ,the seat and back are made alike1 as are also the shelf and foot-rest4 ,the ends of these four pieces should be at right angles to the sides1 and the edges should be slightly rounded4 ,mark carefully on both side pieces where the cross-pieces are to be fastened4 ,hold the two together and make fine holes thru the two thicknesses where the nails are to go thru4 ,by driving the brads thru these holes1 fasten all the cross pieces to one side1 and watch that the brads go straight4 ,then fasten the other side in a similar way4 ,color the horses white1 rockers red1 and seat blue4 ,illustration3 ,,doll',s ,,hobby ,,horse ,,stern ,,wheeler ,this boat is sawed out according to the drawing1 and notches cut on the arms at the stern as a place for the rubber band which serves both as axle and motive power4 ,the paddles are sawed out to fit together to form a stern wheel with four paddles4 ,the elastic is made in a double loop of four thicknesses1 one of which is placed in each of the four angles of the paddle4 ,by twisting the elastic band1 power is stored up sufficient for the boat to attain a fair rate of speed4 ,a spool serves as smoke-stack4 ,paint the boat white and smoke-stack red4 ,illustration ,,the ,,weather-,,cock ,this fowl may be made of #c_/h stock2 a shingle will do4 ,let the grain run vertically4 ,the perch may be made of similar stock1 triple thickness1 with the middle piece short to allow room for the foot of the rooster4 ,the pieces are securely fastened together with nails1 and a hole bored in the other end of the perch for a metal pivot1 on which it should swing to tell the way the wind blows4 ,give it two coats of paint1 using brilliant colors4 ,illustration3 ,,stern ,,wheeler ,,weather ,,cock ,,arm-,,chair ,,and ,,rocking-,,chair ,these two doll's chairs are similar in construction4 ,make them from #a_/d wood4 ,saw out two sides1 a back and a seat for each chair4 ,have edges finished accurately4 ,the seats are alike for the two chairs4 ,the backs1 also1 are alike1 except that the one for the rocker is #a_/d longer than the other4 ,assemble as shown in dotted lines1 and fasten with #a brads4 ,the chairs may be colored white or mahogany4 ,with due care and skill1 this furniture may be made very attractive and valuable4 ,illustration3 ,,rocking ,,chair ,,arm ,,chair ,,doll',s ,,cradle ,every little girl loves to own a cradle for her doll4 ,here is one that is strong and pretty1 and can easily be made from thin wood about #a_/d thick4 ,saw out the two ends after tracing the outline from the full-sized drawing4 ,the two sides and bottom have their dimensions given4 ,when properly shaped and smooth1 the bottom is fastened with #a brads between the ends4 ,one-inch brads are driven thru the sides into the edges of the ends4 ,be careful when driving the brads that the sides do not split and that the brads go straight4 ,paint the cradle white on the outside and violet or pink inside4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,doll',s ,,cradle ,,doll',s ,,bed ,this is a problem that will appeal to the little girl4 ,it is also needed to complete the set of doll's house furniture4 ,it is made of #a_/d wood and fastened with #a brads4 ,the grain should be run from top to bottom in the ends of the bed and lengthwise in sides and bottom4 ,the parts should be cut out of paper full size and placed on the wood as patterns4 ,in cutting out the ends1 fold the paper on the vertical center line so as to cut the two halves at the same time4 ,when all parts are sawed out1 fasten the bottom to the two ends1 and then put the sides in place4 ,the bed is colored like the rest of the furniture4 ,,doll',s ,,table ,this table1 being part of the furniture set1 may be made from #a_/d stock4 ,the four pieces comprising the legs are made from two paper patterns that are laid out to measure1 folded on the vertical center line1 cut out symmetrically1 then traced on the wood1 sawed out1 smoothed and fastened together with #c_/d brads4 ,the top is drawn directly on the wood with compass and fastened with #c_/d brads1 centrally on the legs4 ,it is colored white1 brown1 mahogany or some other shade to harmonize with the general color scheme of the ,doll's ,house and its furnishings4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,doll',s ,,bed ,,doll',s ,,table ,,kites ,kite-flying is known the world over4 ,every boy wants to make and fly a kite4 ,it is a sport that is almost limitless in its possibilities4 ,kites may be made any size1 of almost any shape and with all sorts of decorations4 ,the two models here presented are types of practical fliers and are easily made4 ,one needs a tail to steady it in its flight1 the other is tailless1 but has the cross rod sprung by means of a string into the shape of a bow4 ,the wind is caught against the convex surface and renders it steady4 ,in the making of kites1 it is essential that a few things be observed3 ,if the size be changed1 the same proportions should be maintained4 ,make the wooden stays as light as possible consistent with strength4 ,be sure to preserve balance both in distance and weight of the various parts4 ,make the cross-lap joint secure by driving a light nail thru the several thicknesses and bending down the end2 then tie them together with strong twine4 ,cut a notch in the outer ends of the stays and in stringing the twine taut prevent it from slipping by tying a knot around the stick and thru the notch4 ,the paper should be very light and strong4 ,it is doubled over the string and pasted together4 ,the guy-strings are fastened to the ends of the wooden stays and the anchor line securely tied to them with several knots directly opposite where the stays cross4 ,a few adjustments in point of balance and of the weight of the tail may be necessary in starting to fly the kite1 but after they are made1 it should rise to a great height and maintain a steady flight4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,kites ,,wood ,,choppers ,the stock required is #a_/d thick4 ,two bodies1 two arms with axes1 and two bars are needed for this toy4 ,the upper bar has a place #e_/h from its center which is widened to resemble a tree stump an inch high4 ,the pairs of parts are held together while holes are being bored thru them4 ,the shoulders of the men and arms should have small holes to make a fixed joint while the men's legs and the bars should have holes closely fitting #a nails4 ,both bars are located on the side of the men on which the arms are fastened4 ,color the coats1 hats and sleeves blue1 boots and axes black1 arms1 fingers1 faces pink1 and trousers red1 bars green1 and stump brown4 ,illustration3 ,,wood ,,choppers ,,the ,,bucking ,,goats ,from #a_/d stock1 saw out two bodies1 as shown in the full-size drawing1 and two bars shown in the dimensioned drawing4 ,place the two bodies together and bore holes in the hind legs1 as shown1 for #a nails4 ,do likewise with the two bars4 ,color the goats white1 with large brown spots on their backs1 necks and legs4 ,color the horns and hoofs black1 and the bars gray or brown4 ,fasten with movable joints1 one bar on each side of the goats1 having them cross as indicated in the assembled drawing4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,bucking ,,goats ,,pecking ,,hens ,saw out two bodies and four legs for the two hens4 ,hold two legs together and bore five fine holes thru them as shown in the drawing4 ,then place one of these with each of the unbored legs and bore these1 using the first pair as template for boring the second4 ,also bore holes in the two bodies together1 saw out the two bars and bore the holes thru the two together4 ,saw out the upright and the tilting pans2 bore holes1 and fasten together with a loose joint4 ,enlarge the two lower holes in legs of the hens to the size of a #a nail4 ,fasten two legs to each hen with three #c_/d brads1 and clench4 ,finish the parts in appropriate contrasting colors4 ,place the two bars between the legs of the hens and insert thru the holes #a nails1 bending their ends back to form a loose joint4 ,take the upright and the pans1 and fasten the lower end of the upright to the middle of the upper bar so that each pan will tilt when the hens peck4 ,illustration3 ,,pecking ,,hen ,,acrobat ,the body1 arms and legs are made of #c_/af wood4 ,after the acrobat is sawed out and holes are bored1 paint the parts in gay colors4 ,assemble with loose joints4 ,the two upright sticks are fastened to the cross piece by two #a brads at each end1 after the two holes are bored in the upper ends for the cord4 ,it is colored green or black4 ,insert a strong double cord thru the frame and the hands of the acrobat4 ,there is a twist in the cord when the legs are down1 but it is straight when the arms point down4 ,illustration3 ,,acrobat ,,climbing ,,sailor ,this nimble tar climbs a rope according to a style that is all his own4 ,pull on the string1 and the friction on the two nails between his legs being greater than that between his hands1 his hands glide upward4 ,let go1 and the elastic band between his legs and arms pulls his legs up1 and he thus gets a fresh grip4 ,saw out of #c_/af stock one body1 two arms and two legs4 ,the arms are fastened to the body with three #c_/d brads and clenched4 ,the legs have a loose hip joint on a #a nail with the end bent back4 ,the rubber band is held between arms and legs by two nails4 ,the string is held between two thicknesses of felt or cardboard that are fastened between the hands with two brads to produce the required friction4 ,bore holes to avoid splitting4 ,the string passes down between the two legs around two nails that pass thru both legs but do not pull them together4 ,color the cap white and suit blue4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,climbing ,,sailor ,,the ,,jumping ,,jack ,the wood should be #c_/af thick4 ,two of each pattern is required1 except the head1 which may be made of slightly thicker stock4 ,bore the holes as shown to form loose joints4 ,color the cap and body blue1 thighs and upper arms yellow1 calves and fore arms pink1 and shoes brown4 ,insert small nails into edge of arms and thighs at the points where the strings are to be attached4 ,take two pieces of string1 two feet long2 tie the ends of one to nails in the arms1 the ends of the other to the nails in the thighs4 ,insert #a nails thru one of the body pieces2 drive #c_/d brads thru it and the neck2 place arms and legs in position2 adjust the strings to proper lengths1 and tie a knot on them4 ,place the other body piece in position4 ,bend back the ends of the nails1 making loose joints1 and drive the brads thru the neck into the second body piece1 and clench4 ,fasten the legs together with loose joints1 and all should work freely4 ,illustration3 ,,jumping ,,jack ,,balancing ,,barrister ,the body may be sawed from #c_/h stock as outlined in the drawing4 ,find its center of gravity by balancing it on a knife edge1 crosswise1 and then lengthwise4 ,draw lines along the knife edge where it balances4 ,where these intersect is the center of gravity4 ,bore a hole at this point of intersection perpendicular to the body1 and so as to fit tight on a #a_/d dowel rod4 ,make two discs #a diameter1 #a_/d thick1 with a hole to fit tight on the dowel on each side of the man4 ,color his shirt red1 hat and trousers blue1 arms and stockings white1 and dowel1 shoes and parallel bars black4 ,the frame on which the man should balance 7,fig4 #aa71 with his head just a little the lighter1 is made of seven pieces4 ,the base1 #a_/b x #b x #ab2 the four uprights1 #a_/d x #a x #e-c_/d1 and the two bars1 #c_/h x #c_/d x #ae1 are firmly fastened together so that the two bars will be parallel and horizontal4 ,when the man is properly balanced1 which may be accomplished by whittling off a little stock where needed1 he should roll from end to end of the bars by giving the dowel a twist between two fingers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,,balancing ,,barrister ,,the ,,dancing ,,rastus ,all parts of the body are of #c_/af stock4 ,when sawed out1 the parts are colored separately and assembled4 ,all joints should swing without friction4 ,therefore1 bore all holes larger than the nail1 thru all thicknesses1 except the one nearest to the point of the nail4 ,at elbows and knees have the heads of the nails on the inside4 ,at the shoulders place a small wheel between the arms and body1 and use a #a-a_/b nail for pivot1 with plenty of play4 ,the platform 7,fig4 #ab7 is of thin1 springy wood1 #a-a_/b wide and #i long4 ,the upright post is of #a_/b stock about #f long and securely nailed to the platform and braced with a small block4 ,holes are bored into ,rastus' back and the post so as to fit tight on ,no4 #af spring brass wire1 #e long4 ,put a weight on the rear end of the platform1 let the front end project out over the edge of a table and set it vibrating4 ,this should cause ,rastus to swing legs and arms in a merry fashion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,dancing ,,rastus ,,the ,,spanking ,,esquimaux ,the stock for all parts is #a_/d thick except for the oar and broom which should be #a_/h thick4 ,saw out the two figures1 wheels and bars4 ,hold the two wheels together and bore two holes for the pivot nails4 ,do similarly to the bars4 ,assemble wheels and bars temporarily to mark places on the wheels where the feet of the figures will be fastened4 ,saw out the oar and broom4 ,color all the parts separately in bright contrasting values to bring out the outlines of the arms and other parts of the figures4 ,fasten the wheels to the feet1 the bars to the wheels in loose joint1 and the oar and broom to the man and woman in positions indicated by the dotted lines4 ,when properly put together1 the figures should swing when the bars are moved back and forth1 and the oar and broom go flying and strike with a rattling bang4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,spanking ,,esquimaux ,,wabbler ,this toy is made so that the wabbler can go or glide down the ladder on his elbows4 ,the ladder is made from soft wood #c_/h to #a_/b thick1 #b-a_/b wide1 and #bj long4 ,the openings are cut as shown1 and nails located and driven in exactly as indicated in the drawing4 ,the ladder is then securely fastened to the base which is made of #c_/d wood1 #c-a_/b square4 ,the wabbler is sawed out of #a_/d wood4 ,a full-sized drawing is shown4 ,this is all one piece without openings4 ,features and parts of the body are to be worked out by using paints of different colors4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,wabbler ,,falling ,,teeter-,,totter ,the stock for the upright piece and end supports is #c_/h thick2 that for the two boys and teeter-totter is #a_/d thick4 ,the upright is made #b wide and #bh long4 ,on the center line lay off points #a-c_/h apart4 ,with these as centers1 draw semi-circles of #a radius alternately on both sides of center line4 ,from each center draw lines tangent to the circles1 as shown in the drawing4 ,saw to these lines and curves1 and finish the edges so that they are smooth4 ,saw out two boys and the teeter-totter board 7,b1 ,fig4 #ac71 cutting out the center opening accurately4 ,slip this board onto the upright1 and watch it fall from top to bottom in a see-saw motion4 ,if it fails to travel smoothly1 see where the rub is and remove the obstacle4 ,fasten the two pairs of cross pieces to each end of the upright so that it will stand vertically on either end4 ,give it a thin coat of paint4 ,color the boys and fasten them with a nail thru the body of each boy1 fitting loosely1 and driven into the ends of the board4 ,when the see-saw is turned up-end down1 the boys will swing on the nails and keep heads up4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,falling ,,teeter ,,totter ,,tumbling ,,tommie ,this problem is rather unique in its principle of operation and offers at once material for study and investigation4 ,like that of a circus performer1 the combinations must be exactly right or the little fellow may fall on his head4 ,in making the man1 first bore the holes thru the block and take care to make them parallel4 ,the openings into the holes from the ends must be in the same plane and made to slide over the rounds of the ladder without friction4 ,the tumbler may be shaped and colored to look like a man4 ,a base may be attached to each end1 but on opposite sides of the ladder1 so that ,tommie may tumble in both directions4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,tumbling ,,tommie ,,the ,,busy ,,pup ,all parts of this article are made of #a_/d wood except the ears which should be #a_/h thick4 ,saw out one body1 a pair each of fore legs1 hind legs1 ears and tail1 and the push-rod and guide4 ,the guide is made of four pieces and fastened together with glue and brads1 as shown in the drawing4 ,the two pairs of legs are fastened to the body by loose joints4 ,holes are bored thru one end of the push-rod and the forefeet2 also thru the projecting end of the guide and hind feet4 ,fasten that end of the guide between the hind feet with loose joint 7,fig4 #ad74 ,insert the push-rod thru the hole in the guide1 which should slide easily1 and fasten between the fore feet4 ,by holding the guide in the left hand and working the push-rod back and forth1 the dog should work freely and without a hitch in all the varied positions that it is possible for it to assume4 ,with fine brad fasten the tail4 ,bore holes thru head and ears1 and pivot them on a loose joint so that they will swing when the pup is busy scratching4 ,the pup may be colored white with black spots on neck1 body and legs4 ,the push-rod and guide may be finished in a dark color or black4 ,the stunts that this pup can perform are greater in number than one would suspect4 ,furthermore1 they increase also in variety as the child acquires skill in manipulation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,busy ,,pup ,,the ,,dinkey ,,bird ,when properly made up1 this bird can bob its head and tail up and down4 ,a swinging pendulum supplies the motive power4 ,the parts are shown in the drawing full size1 except the clamp that holds the ,dinkey in upright position 7,fig4 #ae74 ,the head1 tail and body pieces1 one with and one without the leg1 are sawed from #a_/d1 the back 7,e7 from #e_/af1 the wedge from #c_/h1 and the clamp from #a_/b stock4 ,finish all edges4 ,drill #a_/af holes at ,a and ,b4 ,put the two body pieces together so they coincide1 and drive fine #a nails thru both of them at ,c and ,d4 ,then separate them enough to let the back 7,e7 into place between them4 ,fasten the three pieces together with five #a brads1 and clench4 ,fasten clamp 7,f7 securely to the foot at ,h4 ,color the different parts in gay tints1 and let dry4 ,take #d ft4 of strong twine and with small nails fasten one end to the head and the other to the tail4 ,pull out the nails at ,c and ,d enough to let the head and the tail slip into their places between the body pieces4 ,then reinsert the nails4 ,the head and tail should swing freely1 and the back 7,e7 act as a stop in their up-and-down motion4 ,put the clamp onto the edge of a table top and fix with the wedge4 ,pull down on the loop of the string1 grasp it about #f from the top1 and there tie a simple knot4 ,fasten a stone or a piece of metal to the loop4 ,set it swinging and watch the bobbing performance according to ,dinkey fashion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,,dinkey ,,bird ,,pelican ,,sewing ,,stand ,whether or not this article may be within the toy class1 one thing is certain3 ,it is useful as well as ornamental4 ,the pelican is made of three thicknesses4 ,the middle piece is #c_/h and the two outside ones #a_/d thick4 ,the middle piece has parts cut away to give room for the pin-cushion1 and in the head1 an opening is left to give place for scissors1 which1 in turn1 serve as the bird's beak4 ,the cushion is stuffed with cotton or some other suitable material1 and covered with a double thickness of thin cloth1 and fastened in place securely by nails piercing from one side to the other4 ,the platform is six-sided in shape 7,fig4 #af71 of double #c_/h thickness1 with grain at right angles in the two pieces1 and has four pins extending #a-a_/d above the surface for holding spools4 ,the pelican is fastened to the platform by placing the upper thickness against the foot1 and driving #a-a_/b brads thru and up into the foot4 ,bore holes and drive the pins for the spools thru the upper thickness4 ,lastly1 the bottom board of the platform1 which extends #c_/h beyond the upper1 is fastened by driving #c_/d brads thru the bottom piece into the upper4 ,the pelican may be colored with white enamel and black trimmings1 while the platform may be light green or blue4 ,besides the places for scissors and spools1 other attachments may be arranged to suit the convenience of the happy possessor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,pelican ,,sewing ,,stand ,,whirligig ,this little device might also be called a child's aeroplane1 for it soars up into the air over houses and trees1 and makes everybody around crane his neck in wonder4 ,the parts consist of the flyer1 a spool and the handle4 ,first1 get an ordinary thread spool1 bore two holes in one end and drive in two six-penny nails4 ,cut off the heads #c_/h from the end of the spool and file the ends round and smooth4 ,take a piece of strong wood 7yellow pine will do7 about #g long and #c_/d square4 ,whittle down one end for a distance #c_/h longer than the length of the spool and so it will make a running fit4 ,for a flyer1 get a piece of soft wood #c_/h x #a-a_/d x #h4 ,bore three holes at the center to fit onto the two pins on the spool and the top end of the handle4 ,whittle both faces down to a slant like a windmill so the blades will be less than #a_/h thick4 ,put the parts together4 ,wind about a yard of string around the spool in the proper direction1 and then set the flyer spinning by pulling the string quickly off the spool4 ,if all parts are properly balanced and adjusted1 the flyer should go way up high4 ,illustration3 ,,whirligig ,,the ,,cart ,this practical project is of heavier stock than most toys4 ,however1 dimensions and sizes of stock may be modified to suit the convenience and wishes of the maker4 ,the box may be of #c_/h stock1 the axle and tongue of #c_/d1 and the wheels of #a_/b or #c_/d4 ,illustration ,heavy round-headed screws with washers under the heads1 fitting thru holes bored in the wheels and screwed securely into the ends of the axle1 form the bearings4 ,take care to bore the holes thru the wheels and into the ends of the axle the proper size1 and central and true4 ,the box is fastened by driving #a-a_/d nails thru the bottom into the axle4 ,the tongue is shaped to fit on the axle1 and is securely fastened by nails to the axle and wagon bottom4 ,a handle of a loop of brass wire may be inserted thru the tongue near the small end1 and the ends bent4 ,the box is painted green and wheels and tongue red4 ,illustration3 ,,cart ,,the ,,wagon ,the stock required for the box of the wagon is #a_/d thick1 for the wheels #c_/h1 for the tongue #a_/b1 and for the axles #c_/d4 ,the axles are #e-a_/b long2 the rear one is #a wide2 the front one is #g_/h wide1 as shown in the drawing4 ,the holes for the screws in the ends of the axles are bored #c_/h from the lower side4 ,the screws are heavy1 #a-a_/b round-headed1 with metal washers under the heads4 ,the holes in the wheels are bored true1 and so that they will just slip over the screws4 ,the tongue is connected with the front axle by a piece of tin1 cut from a tin can after the pattern shown on the drawing4 ,the cross piece between the wagon box and the front axle1 called the bolster1 is #a-a_/h wide1 #e long and #c_/d thick4 ,it tapers from #e in length at the top to #b-a_/b at the bottom1 where it rests on and turns on the tin that is nailed to the top side of the axle4 ,always bore holes of the proper sizes before inserting screws4 ,the front axle is connected to the bolster by a #b round-headed screw on which it turns4 ,in making the wagon box1 the sides are nailed to the bottom1 the ends fastened in position1 and the back nailed onto the edge of the seat4 ,the box is painted green outside and red inside4 ,the two wings of the tin plate are bent down to fit tight onto the sides of the tongue1 and nails are driven thru the tin into the tongue4 ,the whole running gear is painted red4 ,the box is nailed to the bolster and to the rear axle4 ,the seat is nailed into position1 the wheels fitted on1 and the front axle screwed onto the bolster4 ,this wagon is strong and should last a long time and afford much wholesome pleasure4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,wagon ,,flying ,,goose ,the body1 platform and wheels 7,fig4 #ag7 are of #a_/d stock4 ,the wings are a little thinner4 ,saw out one body and two wings and bore holes for cords1 as shown in the drawing4 ,saw out the platform and four wheels1 and finish them carefully4 ,the front wheels turn on #a flat-headed nails that are driven into the edge of the platform #c_/d from the end4 ,the rear wheels are driven onto a wire axle which turns in two wire staples that are driven into the bottom of the platform1 #c_/d from the end and #a_/d from each edge4 ,in driving these staples1 take thought to avoid splitting the platform4 ,also1 when boring holes thru the center of the four wheels1 take care to secure proper direction and sizes of holes for a running fit in the front wheels and a press fit onto the axle in the rear wheels4 ,hold the body with foot up1 and nail the platform onto it4 ,with round-nose pliers make the connecting rods from ,no4 #ab wire with the eyes neatly shaped and at right angles to each other4 ,attach the rods to the wings by staples so the joints will work freely without too much play4 ,attach the other ends of the rods to the outer faces of the rear wheels by means of short flat-headed nails4 ,the nails pass thru the eyes of the rods and are driven into the wheels #a_/d from the outer rims4 ,the nails in the two wheels must be in line with each other1 as they act as cranks to actuate the wings4 ,after the rear axle is assembled and fastened in place1 the wings are fastened to the body4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,,flying ,,goose ,the parts of the wings that touch the body must have been rounded off1 as shown in section on the drawing4 ,the edges are removed from the holes so as not to wear the cord4 ,a heavy strong twine may be used for hinging the wings to the body4 ,each of the two hinges is formed by slipping the end of the cord up thru the wing1 then thru the body1 then down thru the second wing1 and back thru the body2 then tie the ends in a square knot under the first wing4 ,adjust all parts accurately so they are not too loose and yet work without friction4 ,this goose may be painted white with gray stripes on the wings1 red beak1 foot and wheels1 and green platform4 ,attach a string or slender stick to the end of the platform to roll it on the floor4 ,watch the flying goose and see if she can rise by flapping her wings4 ,,the ,,dodo ,,bird ,until recently this bird has been considered extinct1 but is here revived to show what it may have appeared like4 ,in this case it has chosen to perambulate on four wheels and maintain a bobbing motion of the head and body by means of a connecting rod between the breast and a crank on the front axle4 ,illustration ,the body swings on a pivot between two uprights which we will call the wings4 ,these wings are held apart by a piece between the feet1 which is slightly thicker than the body to give the body freedom of motion4 ,the two base pieces are fastened onto the outside of the feet by three #a-a_/b brads driven in from each side4 ,the front end of the base is held together by a piece #c_/d square and #c_/h thick1 which is also the thickness of the base pieces and wheels4 ,the body and wings are of #a_/d stock4 ,make saw cuts #a_/h deep across the bottom of the base pieces to form bearings for the two wire axles1 one #a_/b from the rear1 and the other #a-a_/d from the front end of the base4 ,the axles should turn freely in these cuts1 and nails bent over them will secure them in their places4 ,the parts are colored in gay contrasting colors before assembling4 ,the body is pivoted between the wings and the piece between the feet is fastened4 ,then the base is assembled and fastened to the outside of the feet of the dodo4 ,before inserting the axles into the wheels1 the ends should be hammered a little flat to prevent them from turning in the wheels4 ,it should be a tight fit4 ,next1 put the axles into the cuts1 and fasten4 ,slip a fine nail thru the hole in the upper end of the connecting rod1 and drive it thru the breast of the bird1 and bend the end4 ,then put the lower1 or forked1 end of the connecting rod over the crank on the front axle and secure it by a brad4 ,when rolling along on the floor1 the dodo should bob its head in a most polite manner in recognition of being well put together4 ,illustration3 ,,dodo ,,bird ,,rocking-,,horse ,,and ,,rider ,the body of the horse is shown full size and may be sawed from #c_/h wood4 ,all the other parts should be made of #a_/d wood and have the grain run lengthwise4 ,illustration ,two fore and two hind legs are required4 ,the upper end of each leg is tapered off on the side that fits against the body so that the feet will be far enough apart to be fastened on the inside of the rockers 7see end view ,b74 ,each pair of legs should be fastened to the body with a nail thru the three thicknesses at the place marked4 ,saw out two rockers and finish to true and smooth curves4 ,with fine brad fasten the feet on the inside of the rocker at the places marked1 but take care that the wood does not split4 ,saw out three rails #b long and #c_/h wide to be fastened onto the top of the rockers with two fine brads1 one at each end of the rocker and one in the middle1 as indicated on the drawing by the letter ,r4 ,the upper ends of the legs may now be secured to the body by two or three brads4 ,give the whole a general touching up to assure strength and smoothness4 ,give it a priming coat of paint4 ,let dry four days4 ,paint saddle1 bridle1 cross rails and rocker red1 and the body and legs white4 ,outline eyes1 nose1 hoofs and other features in black1 and the rocking horse is complete4 ,the body of the rider is #c_/h1 arms and legs #c_/af stock4 ,illustration3 ,,rocking ,,horse ,,and ,,rider ,illustration3 ,,rider ,,for ,,rocking ,,horse ,,animated ,,elephant ,the body is composed of three thicknesses4 ,the two on the outside are #a_/d thick1 the one in between is #c_/h thick1 and reaches only to the dotted line 7,fig4 #ah71 to allow room for the head which is #c_/h thick and moves between the two outside pieces with #a-a_/d nail as pivot4 ,this is a loose joint4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,saw out the platform and wheels to dimensions4 ,the connecting rod should be of wood #a_/h thick and #a_/d wide4 ,a hole is bored near the end that is pivoted to the throat of the elephant2 in the other end is a fork to fit over the axle crank with a fine hole bored at right angle thru the connecting rod for a brad to prevent the crank from slipping out4 ,the two axles are made from ,no4 #ab steel wire4 ,one is straight1 the other has a crank in the middle4 ,flat places are hammered near each end of the axles so that they may be pressed into holes in the wheels and not turn4 ,each axle is held to the platform by two staples which may be made from long brads by cutting off the heads4 ,color the elephant gray1 the blanket red and yellow1 the platform and connecting rod red1 and the wheels yellow4 ,fasten the platform to the elephant by driving nails thru it into the feet4 ,press the wheels onto the axles and fasten the axles under the platform so they move freely4 ,fit head and rod in places so all connections are strong and move without friction4 ,attach a string to the front end of the platform1 and when pulled on the floor1 the elephant will swing his trunk up and down in a vicious manner4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,animated ,,elephant ,,the ,,bucking ,,mule ,saw out of #c_/h stock the bodies of the mule and rider 7,fig4 #ai74 ,all legs and arms are of #c_/af stock4 ,two circles to be placed between the man's arms and shoulders are of #a_/d wood4 ,the connecting rod1 marked ,z1 ,z 7,fig4 #bj71 shown full size and of #c_/h stock1 is to connect the fore legs of the mule and the crank on the axle4 ,fasten the legs to the mule and arms and legs to the rider with loose joints4 ,then take rod ,z1 ,z1 and make the fork-like cut in the wide end and drill a small hole thru it at right angles to that cut4 ,this is for the nail that holds the crank in place4 ,fasten the rod securely between the fore legs of the mule at the position indicated4 ,the tail is then fastened with two #a_/b brads4 ,paint the mule and rider in contrasting colors4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,,bucking ,,mule ,next1 make the frame and wheels as follows3 ,saw out two #e wheels and bore the center holes to fit tight on the wire axle and to run true4 ,the frame1 the handle1 the sides and end are shaped from #a_/b stock4 ,the two upright pieces are made of #c_/h stock and securely fastened on the inner faces of the sides4 ,then the sides are nailed to the end piece and the handle4 ,cuts are sawed into the lower edge of the sides1 #b from the end to form a bearing for the axle4 ,paint wheels red and frame green4 ,the axle is best made by holding the wire in a vise4 ,first1 make bends #c_/h on each side of the middle point4 ,then make the second pair of bends #a-a_/d from the middle4 ,near each end of the axle1 flattened places are hammered so that1 when driven into the wheels1 they will not turn4 ,drive the wheels onto the axle4 ,put the axle in place1 drive nails into the sides1 and bend them over the axle to hold it in place4 ,take the mule1 put the projection from the body between the two uprights on the frame1 insert a #a-a_/b nail thru the three holes1 and bend the end back4 ,join the connecting rod to the crank4 ,stride the rider on the mule and insert a nail thru his thighs and the back of the mule4 ,with a neat cord connect the hands to the mouth of the mule1 for a bridle4 ,take hold of the handle and watch the mule gallop when you push him along4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,,rider ,,for ,,bucking ,,mule ,,fox-,,and-,,goose ,,game ,this game is played by two people on a board with #cc holes1 as shown in the drawing4 ,the board may be made either square or octagonal4 ,the octagon is made from a square by placing one point of the compass at a corner and the other point at the center of the board4 ,with each corner in turn as a center1 draw arcs intersecting the edges of the board4 ,connect these points of intersection across the corners of the board2 saw off the four triangles4 ,smooth the edges and chamfer4 ,lay out and bore the holes4 ,make #bf pegs to fit loose4 ,leave #bd white for the geese and color #b red for the foxes4 ,in playing the game1 all the pegs are put in their places4 ,the foxes at ,nos4 #i and #aa2 the geese at #g1 #h1 #ab1 #ac1 and consecutively up to #cc4 ,the foxes and geese can move on the lines only1 in any direction from one hole to the next4 ,a fox can also jump over a goose and take it1 provided the hole just beyond it is vacant4 ,in fact1 the fox can jump and take several geese in various directions if conditions permit4 ,the geese can not jump1 but they can move so as to hem in the foxes and make it impossible for them to move4 ,this means that the foxes have lost the game4 ,in starting the game1 the player having the foxes gets the first move4 ,his aim is to jump and capture all the geese and win the game4 ,each player takes turn in moving4 ,when crowding a goose in on a fox1 the player always has another goose behind it so that the fox can not jump it4 ,this game is one of the kind that requires foresight and study4 ,it is highly interesting and entertaining1 and by experience1 players may become quite expert at the game4 ,solitaire--,this same board may also be used for the solitaire game4 ,however1 that requires #cb pegs4 ,they are put in all the holes except ,no4 #ag4 ,the object is to jump and take all the pegs but one1 and it must land in hole #ag4 ,unaided1 this is difficult to do1 and it would take a long time for a person to discover a solution4 ,for this reason1 the reader is presented with the following ,key3 #e jumps to #ag and takes #aj1 #ab to #aj and takes #aa1 etc42 #c to #aa1 #a-c1 #ah-f1 #c-aa1 #cj-ah1 #bg-be1 #ac-bg1 #bd-bf1 #bg-be1 #bb-bd1 #ca-bc1 #cc-ca1 #af-bh1 #ca-bc1 #d-af1 #g-i1 #ba-g1 #aj-h1 #g-i1 #bd-bb1 #bb-h1 #h-aj1 #aj-ab1 #ab-bf1 #bf-bd1 #ag-ae1 #bi-ag1 #ah-af1 #ae-ag4 ,illustration3 ,,fox-,,and-,,geese ,,game ,,nine ,,men',s ,,mill ,this is a game that is played by two persons and is as fascinating as it is old4 ,the upper part of the board is #c_/h thick and has #bd holes bored thru it1 as shown in the drawing4 ,the lower board is #g-a_/b square and #a_/d thick1 and extends #a_/d beyond the top board on all sides4 ,the grain in the two boards should run at right angles when fastened together4 ,the #ah pegs are #c_/h in diameter and #a long4 ,each player has a set of #i pegs1 the sets being differently colored4 ,in starting a game1 each player takes his turn in putting a peg into a hole till all the pegs are put down4 ,then they take turns in moving the pegs4 ,a peg may be moved from one hole to the next and only along rows parallel with the edges of the board1 not along the rows that run from corners of the board to its center4 ,that is1 along rows #a1 #b1 #c or #b1 #e1 #h1 but not along rows #a1 #d1 #g4 ,the object of a player in putting down pegs and in moving is to get a ,mill2 that is1 get #c pegs in a row parallel with the edges of the board4 ,for example3 ,pegs in holes #d1 #e1 #f or #b1 #e1 #h makes a ,mill1 but not #c1 #f1 #i4 ,when a player gets a ,mill1 he can take one of his opponent's pegs that is not in a ,mill4 ,another aim of a player is to place his pegs so that he prevents his opponent from getting a ,mill4 ,when the pegs of one of the players have all been taken except #c1 then he is allowed to jump anywhere on the board4 ,when the pegs are all gone but two1 then the game is lost4 ,when a player can get #e pegs into holes situated as #g1 #h1 #i and #d1 #f1 then he has a double ,mill by moving from #h to #e and from #e to #h1 etc41 and pick one of his opponent's pegs for each move4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,nine ,,men',s ,,mill ,,disk ,,puzzle ,this problem consists of a base1 three spindles and seven disks of different diameters4 ,the spindles are fitted tight into holes in the base and rounded at the top so the disks will slide over freely4 ,the seven disks are laid out on the wood with compass1 and to prevent splitting the holes are all bored before the sawing is done4 ,the parts may receive a finish of stain and two or three coats of shellac4 ,polish with ,no4 #a_/b sand-paper between each coat4 ,puzzle--,place all disks on one spindle1 decreasing in sizes upward4 ,the object is to transfer the disks to one of the other spindles and to be in the same order4 ,in doing this1 never have more than one disk at a time removed from the spindles1 and never place a larger disk on top of a smaller one4 ,illustration3 ,,disk ,,puzzle ,,ball ,,puzzle ,at first it is not evident why this is called a ball puzzle1 but1 when let into the secret1 most people see at once a good reason for naming it so4 ,the wooden ball or marble is hidden from sight inside of the wood and may be shifted in position from the middle to the upper piece of the puzzle and vice versa 7,fig4 #ba74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,the problem is to slide the middle piece off of the pin that projects up from the lower piece and swing it around its pivot4 ,this pivot is a #a-a_/b round-headed screw1 fitting loosely in the upper two and fixed in the lower piece4 ,a #a_/b hole is bored thru the middle and #a_/b deep in the upper piece to hold the #g_/af ball4 ,this hole is bored so it touches the hole for the screw4 ,in the middle piece1 the screw can slide into it4 ,in order to make the ball leave its position in the middle piece1 the puzzle must be held upside down4 ,the drawings show the puzzle both closed and open1 and supply directions for constructing this interesting problem4 ,finish with stain and two coats of shellac4 ,this puzzle may be a source of much genuine amusement when a circle of friends come together and all want a hand at opening it1 each having his advice to give how to solve this mysterious problem4 ,illustration3 ,,ball ,,puzzle ,illustration ,,appendix ,,knots ,,and ,,braids ,most of us are called upon1 in the course of our daily duties1 whether afloat or ashore1 in camp or at home1 to hitch up pack animals1 do up packages1 equipments and outfits1 and make fastenings on sails1 tents1 scaffolding and play apparatus4 ,this involves the tying of a great number of knots and in many cases life and limb depend upon the correct tying of those knots4 ,the seamen1 textile workers and civil engineers are pastmasters of the art4 ,our scouts1 sailors and soldiers are taught knot-tying as an essential factor in their training4 ,would it not seem a part of wisdom1 for the sake of safety and economy in time and good nature1 for everybody to master these knot problems8 ,it would1 at least1 be a very practical part of the training for children in the schools4 ,they should be taught knot-tying and its application in an intelligent and thoro manner1 and have frequent practice-drill therein1 till it becomes second nature to them4 ,when a knot is tied1 it must be pulled together tight1 so as to stay4 ,otherwise1 especially if the cord is stiff1 the loops will slide apart or flop out of position1 and the knot will come loose4 ,a knot derives its strength and reliability from the friction between its different parts4 ,when tension is applied on a knot1 the two parts which lie alongside of each other should move in the reverse directions and produce a maximum amount of friction1 as the ropes tend to slip4 ,one may readily learn to tie the different knots by carefully following the accompanying drawings4 ,procure a slender1 flexible rope1 bend it into the shape shown in the drawing1 and go over and under1 as indicated1 so that the parts will be in the correct relative positions4 ,begin by making the simple knots1 and1 later1 tackle the more complex ones4 ,also learn their names4 ,,names ,,of ,,knots ,,and ,,braids #a4 ,overhand knot--to prevent unraveling of rope1 starting of a square knot2 also a stop knot4 #b4 ,figure-eight knot--used for a stop knot4 #c4 ,boat knot--used on sails and rigging4 #d4 ,slip knot--used to fasten rope end to a post4 #e4 ,flemish loop--stays tight1 will jam4 #f4 ,stevedore knot--will not jam4 #g4 ,sheet bend or weaver's knot--for joining two ends4 #h4 ,square or reef knot--for joining two cords--very useful1 is non-slipping4 #i4 ,granny knot--most people confuse it with the square knot4 ,it will slip4 #aj4 ,thief knot--will slip4 #aa4 ,carrick bend--used on top of gin pole or mast to hold it erect2 the four ends are fastened to the ground4 #ab4 ,carrick bend--used to join two ropes4 #ac4 ,bowline--a very useful non-slipping loop4 #ad4 ,clove hitch--an effective means for fastening rope to a post or ring4 #ae4 ,timber hitch--used for pulling logs4 #af4 ,handcuff hitch--used to convey prisoners4 #ag4 ,sheepshank--to decrease the length of a rope4 #ah4 ,bowknot--is tied like the square knot1 but with ends doubled back in tying the latter half--used on neckties and ribbons4 #ai4 ,spanish bowline--used as boatswain's chair4 #bj4 ,wall knot--used by electricians as a stop on drop-cord4 #ba4 ,wall knot crowned--a neat rope-end finish1 to prevent unraveling4 #bb4 ,three-strand flat braid4 #bc4 ,four-strand flat braid1 begun4 #bd4 ,four-strand flat braid1 continued--the right strand goes over1 the left one goes under1 and then is passed to the right1 in front of the middle strand4 #be4 ,six-strand flat braid1 begun4 #bf4 ,six-strand flat braid1 continued--note that each strand goes from one side clear to the other1 before turning around and goes over and under1 alternately1 in crossing the other strands4 #bg4 ,chain knot--is begun like a slip knot4 #bh4 ,chain knotting1 continued--each loop is pulled taut4 #bi4 ,double chain knotting--is started like the single chain knot1 but the second loop is formed from the free end1 and slipped thru from the same side as the first4 ,both ends are used1 alternately1 and the loops are pulled taut4 ,it makes a beautiful cord1 triangular in shape4 #cj4 ,genoese braid1 begun--two cords are used1 one end of each is used as a core1 tho a thicker core may be used1 and with the other two ends1 in turn1 loops are drawn around the core4 #ca4 ,genoese braid1 continued--makes a handsome flat braid4 #cb4 ,watch fob--may be made of three or more strings or ribbons4 ,four strings are used in this case4 ,take two shoe strings and double them4 ,tie thread around them1 about two inches from the loops4 ,hold the loops in the left hand1 with the ends up4 ,name them ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 as is shown in the drawing4 ,first1 bend ,a to the right2 bend ,d over ,a1 and away from you2 bend ,c over ,d1 and to the left2 bend ,b over ,c1 and toward you1 and slip the end under the loop of ,a4 ,second1 take string ,a and double it back to the left2 bend ,b over ,a1 and away from you2 bend ,c over ,b1 and to the right2 bend ,d over ,c1 and toward you1 and slip the end under loop at ,a4 ,the third step is like the first1 and the fourth like the second4 ,when finished1 slip the loops thru your watch-ring1 open the two loops and slip the watch fob thru them4 ,the charm is neatly fastened to the finishing ends4 #cc4 ,banister bar--is made by tying the overhand knot over a core of any desired thickness4 #cd4 ,banister bar1 continued--the process of tying this knot is as follows3 ,hold the left strand horizontally behind the core2 reach under it at the right of the core and take the right strand1 bring it forward and to the left across the front of the core1 and then back at the left of the core1 thru the loop formed by the left strand4 ,continue by repeating this process4 #ce4 ,solomon's knot--this is started like the banister bar1 but1 instead of tying all the knots alike1 the tying is done1 in turn1 first with the right-hand strand1 then with the left4 ,each strand will thus remain on the same side of the core as at the start4 ,the strand in front of the core is used continually for tying the knot by the left and right hand1 alternately1 as the strand moves from side to side4 ,it is a series of left and right overhand knots over a core4 #cf4 ,four-strand round braid--is very pretty1 and well repays any difficulty in mastering it4 ,it is not as easy to illustrate1 by drawing1 the process of making a round braid as a flat one2 however1 by carefully following the movement of each strand in the illustration1 while manipulating the four strings1 one will soon gain success and also much satisfaction4 ,first1 hold the four strands in the left hand1 as in the beginning of the flat braid1 but1 instead of taking the right strand1 reach in1 just in the left of the right strand1 and1 from behind1 take the left strand1 bring it forward and across in front from right to left4 ,second1 exchange the places of the words1 right and left1 and repeat the above-described process4 ,referring to the drawing1 reach in at ,b1 and from behind at the right1 below x#d1 take ,c2 bring it forward and across ,b1 at x#g4 ,next1 hold the braid in the left hand and1 with the right1 reach in at ,d and take ,a from behind1 and bring it forward and across ,c1 at ,e1 as is shown by dotted lines4 ,braiding with three strands1 or as many more as desired1 may be done with ropes1 strings of beads1 rich-colored cords and ribbons1 or basketry materials1 for making many useful and beautiful articles1 such as chains1 belts1 hangings1 bags1 portieres and wicker work for baskets1 lamp shades and chairs4 ,illustration ,,toy ,,patterns ,by ,,michael ,c4 ,,dank ,a collection of full-size toy patterns4 ,toys which make a strong appeal to the child4 ,each pattern sheet presents a particular class of toys including ,jointed ,animals1 ,animal ,rocker ,toys1 ,wheeled ,platform ,toys1 ,lever ,toys1 ,string ,toys1 ,freak ,toys1 ,novelties1 etc4 ,while intended to be worked out in wood many are equally well adapted for cardboard4 ,toy-making at home from these patterns is a fine hobby for the boy from six to twelve years of age1 and in the school is a fascinating manual training activity4 ,these patterns are based upon the author's long experience in the teaching of toy-making in public and private schools and summer camps4 ,they are well presented on sheets size #aj-a_/b x #ad inches and are enclosed in a portfolio with an attractive design in color4 ,price1 #hj cents4 ,,manual ,,training ,,toys for the ,,boys ,,workshop ,by ,,harris ,w4 ,,moore4--,a popular boys' book illustrating #db projects overflowing with boy interest4 ,the drawings are full-page and show each project complete and in detail4 ,a descriptive text accompanies giving full information as to materials needed and how to proceed with the simple tools required4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,coping ,,saw ,,work ,by ,,ben ,w4 ,,johnson4--,presents drawings and suggestions for a course of work in thin wood that is full of fun for the children1 and affording ample means for training in form study1 construction1 invention and careful work4 ,a helpful guide for the teacher of the fourth grade4 ,price1 #cj cents4 ,,kitecraft and ,,kite ,,tournaments ,by ,,charles ,m4 ,,miller4--,an authoritative and comprehensive treatment of kitecraft4 ,the book deals with the construction and flying of all kinds of kites1 and the making and using of kite accessories4 ,also aeroplanes1 gliders1 propellers1 motors1 etc4 ,four chapters are devoted to presenting a detailed description of kite flying tournaments4 ,abundantly illustrated and attractively bound4 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,,bird ,,houses ,,boys ,,can ,,build ,by ,,albert ,f4 ,,siepert4--,a book of rare interest to boys4 ,it is written in the boy spirit and combines the charm of nature with the allurements of continuation work in wood4 ,it illustrates hundreds of bird houses and shows working drawings of various designs1 also feeders1 shelters1 sparrow traps1 and other bird accessories4 ,the common house nesting birds are pictured and described with information regarding houses1 foods1 etc41 suitable for each4 ,a pleasing and practical book for wide-awake boys4 ,price1 #fe cents4 ,send for ,descriptive ,catalog4 ,,the ,,manual ,,arts ,,press ,,peoria1 ,,illinois ,transcriber's ,notes ,,reminder3 ,,lead-,,paint ,,warning6 ,,do ,,not ,,use ,,the ,,ground-,,lead ,,paint ,,ingredients mentioned in the ,coloring the ,toys chapter4 ,this book was published before the harmful effects of lead paint to children were known4 ,also1 when working with enamel paint that contains a high quantity of solvents1 make sure the area is as well-ventilated as possible4 ,if still in doubt1 wear a respirator mask to prevent the toxic effects of solvent inhalation4 ,paper masks do not block solvent fumes4 ,some of the diagrams have been moved from their original positions to the sections describing their constructions4 ,pages #f1 #ac3 ,retained original spelling of thoroly4 ,page #ae3 ,changed craftmanship to craftsmanship4 ,page #ca3 ,changed ,minsrels to ,minstrels4