,,human ,,life      ,,by    ,s4 ,s4     
,,knight      ,illustration      ,,new  
,,york    ,r4 ,f4 ,,fenno  ,,company    
#ah ,,east #ag,,th ,,street             
,,copyright1 #aiaj1    ,,by ,s4 ,s4     
,,knight          ,,contents            
,,chapter                               
,,page       ,i4 ,,the ,,habitat ,,of   
,,man                                 #i
      ,,ii4 ,,the ,,length ,,of ,,time  
,,during ,,which ,,man ,,has ,,existed  
#bi     ,,iii4 ,,the ,,physical         
,,limitations ,,of ,,existence          
#ef      ,,iv4 ,,the ,,purpose ,,of     
,,life                               #gf
       ,v4 ,,knowledge ,,and ,,education
                           #ii          
,,vi4 ,,religion ,,and ,,ethics         
#abj     ,,vii4 ,,love                  
#aef    ,,viii4 ,,problems ,,of ,,the   
,,future                           #ahj 
,,dedication      ,this volume is       
dedicated to my ,mother and my          
,wife--the two women whose  influence   
has most largely shaped my life1 and    

whose companionship  has afforded me so 
much happiness4 ,it was written with the
 hope that  it might be of value to my  
two children1 and may they find as much 
happiness in life as has the author4    
,,human ,,life          ,,chapter ,i    
,,the ,,habitat ,,of ,,man      ,in     
reviewing the facts concerning humanity1
 which are well  authenticated at the   
present date1 with the object of getting
 a  composite view of the greatest of   
all world riddles--,life--possibly      
nothing tends so largely to expand our  
mental horizon as a study of  the earth 
itself or man's place of abode4 ,the    
ideas of the educated  and cultured     
mind1 at the beginning of the twentieth 
century1 upon  cosmogony1 are           
necessarily of such a character that    
man's heretofore  undisputed boast of   
being the objective and acme of creation
 or  evolution is forced into that great
 mass of theories which science has     
proven to be absolutely untenable4      
,since the relative importance of the   

factors of heredity and adaptation has  
become known1 the environment1  or      
conditions surrounding man's existence  
in times past1 is of  exceptional       
importance1 as1 from an understanding of
 these prehistoric  limitations1 we are 
better able to judge what must have been
 the  achievement of the individual and 
the race than we could be when in       
ignorance of these facts4    ,the length
 of prehistoric time 7so far as our     
earth is concerned7 has  been the       
subject of much intelligent labor and   
thought1 as well as  the occasion for   
much dissenting of opinion and more or  
less designed  misstatement4 ,until very
 recently1 it has been difficult to     
reconcile  the theories1 as promulgated 
by the authorities in the various       
departments of science2 but1            
notwithstanding this1 some light may be 
obtained by the summarization of the    
most plausible hypotheses now           
advocated4 ,we cannot take the space to 
go into detail concerning these1  but   

will merely touch upon the most salient 
points4    ,the constancy of the supply 
of heat furnished by the sun and the    
division of the year into definite      
seasons was one of the first  phenomena 
which attracted the attention of man at 
the dawn of history1  and in the many   
accounts of the creation which we find  
in literature  we see the feeble        
attempts of man to account for what he  
observed4  ,although the knowledge which
 we have at the present time is not     
complete enough to warrant any feeling  
of pride1 yet we do know enough  to say1
 with certainty1 some things concerning 
the solar system4 ,we  know that our sun
 cannot forever radiate away its heat   
into space  without sometime becoming as
 cold or colder than we are1 unless the 
energy which it is losing in the form of
 heat be restored to it by some  means  
not at this time known4 ,sir ,william   
,thomson 7,lord ,kelvin7 has  calculated
 that at the present rate of solar      
radiation1 which amounts  to about      

twenty-eight calories per minute1 per   
square centimeter1 at  the distance of  
the mean radius of the earth's orbit1 it
 would have  taken somewhat more than   
fifteen million years for the heat      
generated  by the contraction of the    
sun's mass from the orbit of the outer  
planet1 ,neptune1 to its present size1  
to have been radiated away into  space4 
,this means that gravity1 as a source of
 heat development1 at the  rate of solar
 radiation now known1 would account for1
 perhaps1 twenty  million years'        
expenditure of energy in reducing the   
sun's diameter to  but                  
one-thirteen-thousandth part of what it 
once was4 ,not only does  the nebular   
hypothesis fall short of accounting for 
the facts1 as will  subsequently be     
shown in this one particular of the     
length of time  during which our solar  
system has existed1 but it does not     
account for  the variation in the       
obliquity of the poles of the planets1  
which are  the attendants upon the sun2 

nor does gravitative attraction alone   
enable us to account for the tremendous 
velocities of some of the stars  through
 space1 such as ,arcturus1--so that it  
may be safely assumed that  we shall be 
forced to modify our ideas as to the    
value of the nebular  hypothesis as a   
working basis1 before we can harmonize  
our deductions  from astronomical and   
geological grounds4 ,fortunately1 the   
study of  the spiral nebul has done much
 to elucidate our conceptions of the    
formation of the planetary systems1 and 
from the discoveries made  concerning   
these highly attenuated bodies of       
matter1 a new hypothesis  has been      
formed which will completely harmonize1 
perhaps1 with these  above stated facts1
 which could not be made to accord with 
the nebular  theory as previously held4 
,one source of the continued acquisition
 of energy by our sun1 whose  value is  
hard to estimate1 is the shooting stars1
 or meteors1 which  constantly fall into
 it4 ,astronomical records show that1   

from the earth  alone1 no less than     
twenty million shooting stars are daily 
within  the limits of vision1 and       
inasmuch as the solar system is moving  
with  a velocity of some twenty miles   
per second through space1 it will be    
seen that the number of meteors which   
would come within the influence  of the 
sun1 being as it is about one and       
one-third million times the  volume of  
the earth1 would be practically         
infinite4 ,what then must be  said of   
the amount of energy acquired by the sun
 from these1 although  each meteor may  
have a mass of but a few grams1 and     
perhaps may be  only several hundred    
miles away from its successor8 ,it is   
clearly  demonstrated that1 if no such  
additions of energy were received by    
our sun1 in about ten million years its 
diameter would be reduced to  one-half  
of what it is now1 and its mass1 where  
now it exists as a gas1  would then     
become a solid1 at least upon the       
surface1 and the quantity  of heat      

received by the earth would become so   
small that life here1 as  we know of it1
 would be an impossibility4 ,but if it  
be granted that the  sun annually       
gathers1 by its gravitative attraction1 
a combined mass  of matter equal to the 
one-hundredth part of our earth1 at a   
distance  away from its center equal to 
the main radius of the earth's orbit1   
the  energy dissipated by its radiation 
of heat at its present rate would be    
accounted for1 while the sensible heat  
of the sun would not diminish1  and the 
supply would be kept up indefinitely4   
,that such additions of  mass are made1 
there can be no doubt1 but as to their  
quantity1 we  cannot1 with our present  
knowledge1 even hazard a guess4    ,in  
speaking of the solar heat and man's    
dependence upon it in a  constant       
definite quantity1 as one of the        
conditions of his existence1  perhaps it
 will give us some just appreciation of 
his place in nature  when we consider   
that the earth receives somewhat less   

than one  two-billionth part of the heat
 radiated away by the sun1 and while    
this expression makes the quantity which
 we receive seem rather small1  it is1  
nevertheless1 large enough annually to  
melt a layer of ice one  hundred and    
seventy-five feet thick--all over the   
surface of the earth1  and is a little  
more than one six-thousandth part of the
 quantity of  heat which would be       
generated by the burning of a mass of   
coal as large  as the sun4    ,the      
researches of ,halley and ,adams have   
shown that from some cause1  probably   
the result of gravity acting in         
conjunction with the varying            
eccentricity of the earth's orbit1 the  
motion of the moon has been  slightly   
accelerated as time went on1 while the  
diurnal motion of the  earth has been   
reduced by the action of the tides1 and 
that the amount  of this loss1 in time1 
is equal to about one second in the     
length of  our day1 in #afh1jjj years4  
,now1 this retardation in the earth's   

motion  has not taken place at a uniform
 rate if caused by the reaction of the  
tides1 as the nearer to the earth the   
moon was1 the greater would be  the     
tides1 and1 consequently1 the greater   
would be the reaction2  i4 e41 the      
retardation4 ,but assuming that this    
retardation took  place1 on the whole1  
at twice the rate now prevailing1 we    
would still  have a period of six       
million years since the moon was thrown 
off by the  earth1 when our days were   
but three hours long4    ,turning from  
the theories of astronomy1 which are    
obviously more or  less inaccurate1     
owing to their very nature and the      
character and  duration of the          
observations upon which they are based1 
we come to  the nearer and more certain 
deductions of geology4 ,here we have the
  phenomena of denudation and deposition
 with which to deal1 and inasmuch  as   
these are measurable at many places1 and
 under many conditions  upon the earth  
to-day1 it is safe to assume that       

computations made  from these           
measurements cannot be far from the     
truth4 ,we know that  practically all of
 the great formations of the earth were 
depositions  of material from water     
which contained them1 and that1 in many 
cases1 heat caused these strata to be   
metamorphosed or crystallized  ages     
after they were deposited1 and that in  
this crystallization  many of the       
fossils remaining imbedded in the       
deposited matter were  destroyed4       
,concerning this deposition we know that
 it is going on  to-day in the ,atlantic
 and ,pacific ,oceans1 where1 in the    
deeper  portions the ,globigerina ooze  
is filling in these depressions with a  
deposit1 resembling chalk1 at the rate  
of perhaps an inch per century4  ,we    
know that the ,gulf of ,mexico and      
several other ocean areas are  being    
filled in with silt at the rate of as   
high as three inches  per century4 ,this
 silt is brought down in the tributary  
rivers and  emptied into the gulfs4 ,we 

also know that large areas in the       
,indian  ,ocean are being covered with  
coral and the dbris from the coral      
reefs4 ,we are absolutely certain that  
every geological period has had  its    
characteristic fauna and flora1 and     
that1 in both the animal and  vegetable 
kingdoms1 some persistent types have    
connected it with both  the past and the
 future1 so that the fossils have become
 the open  sesame to the geological     
records4 ,we further know that the      
strata  composing the earth's surface   
are subject to elevation and subsidence1
  such as is now going on in the delta  
of the ,nile1 on the coast of the       
,netherlands1 and in many other places1 
and that such movement is a  measurable 
quantity1 given only the necessary time4
    ,the total thickness of known strata
 measures but about one-three  hundred  
and twentieth part of the earth's       
diameter1 or1 in round  numbers1        
twenty-five miles4 ,thirty thousand feet
 of this is quite  readily identified as

 belonging to the old ,archaic or       
,laurentian  period1 and constitutes the
 oldest stratified deposit known4 ,even 
in this1 we find the remains of the     
,eozoon ,canadense1 which is now        
universally acknowledged to be the      
petrifaction of a foraminiferous  living
 organism with a chambered shell4 ,this 
means that1 at this time1  the earth's  
atmosphere must have been very similar  
to what it is at the  present1 and that 
the temperature of the sea was somewhere
 between the  boiling and the freezing  
points of water4 ,what time had elapsed 
since  the earth was thrown off by the  
sun in an incandescent state can only   
be faintly imagined4 ,at the rate of    
deposition given for the deepest  of    
ocean deposits1 this ,archaic period    
would have taken perhaps  thirty-six    
million years2 but inasmuch as the water
 may have been far  warmer then than    
now1 and the rainfall more abundant1 and
 the forces of  denudation in all       
respects more active1 this figure may be

 excessive4  ,the next eighteen thousand
 feet of strata are easily identified as
  ,lower ,silurian1 by the ,diatoms     
which occur imbedded in them1 and these 
formations include some of the largest  
deposits of limestone known4 ,at  our   
rate of calculation1 this deposit would 
require no less than nine  and one-half 
million years1 and1 in assuming this    
figure1 no account  is made of the      
intervals of time during which no       
deposit took place1  although such      
periods of inactivity must necessarily  
have been4 ,the  ,upper ,silurian strata
 consists of twenty thousand feet1 the  
fossils of  which are the lower fishes1 
and for which we must assign a period of
  time equal to no less than twenty-five
 million years1 inasmuch as these       
deposits are limestones and sandstones1 
or the remains of water-living  animals 
and plants4    ,coming now to the       
,devonian and ,carboniferous periods1   
the strata  of the former1 which is     
filled with fossils of the dipnoi1 and  

the  latter with those of the amphibia2 
we have deposits aggregating about      
forty thousand feet1 and inasmuch as    
long intervals of time must have        
existed during the subsidence and       
elevation1 and vice versa1 of the  land1
 while the process of coal-forming was  
going on1 it is certain  that our rate  
of deposition as heretofore used1 is    
entirely too high4  ,dawson and ,huxley 
have estimated1 after most careful      
investigation1  that the period of time 
consumed in laying down the coal        
measures1  could not be less than six   
million years1 and upon this basis it is
  safe to assume that between           
seventy-five and eighty million years   
were  consumed in laying down the       
,devonian and ,carboniferous deposits4  
,this  makes ,paleozoic time occupy     
about one hundred and fifty million     
years1  which is probably under- rather 
than over-estimated4 ,the flora of the  
,carboniferous period was composed of   
tree ferns of the ,sagillaria  and      

,lepidodendron species which have since 
become extinct2 but the  ,lingula1 a    
shell in the ,cambrian and ,upper       
,silurian formations1 and  the          
,terbratula1 another shell1 is found in 
the ,devonian rocks4 ,both of  these are
 found living to-day1 of the same       
identical genus and species4    ,in the 
,silurian rocks1 we find the remains of 
an air-breathing  scorpion1 very similar
 to that found to-day1 which shows that 
the  atmosphere at that remote period   
was practically the same as we have at  
the present time4    ,in the ,mesozoic  
time1 we find deposits aggregating some 
fifteen  thousand feet1 and inasmuch as 
the ,triassic sandstones were formations
  of slow deposition1 our heretofore    
established rate will not answer  the   
conditions4 ,it has been estimated1     
after the most careful study  of the    
,triassic and ,jurassic measures1 that  
probably no less than  thirty million   
years were occupied by these periods1   
and that the  chalk deposits of the     

,cretaceous must have taken at the      
present  known rate1 in like formations1
 somewhat over six million years of     
ceaseless activity4 ,this gives to      
,mesozoic time a period of thirty-six   
million years1 as a minimum1 and1 from  
what we know of the rate of  biological 
evolution1 this figure is conservative4 
,the first period  of the ,mesozoic time
 was characterized by monotremes1 the   
,jurassic by  marsupials1 and the latter
 by the first of man's direct           
progenitors1  the placentals4 ,the flora
 of this period consisted almost        
entirely of  gymnosperms1 or naked seed 
plants1 and1 as far as we know1 at the  
close  of this second great division of 
geological time1 conditions on the      
earth were1 in all respects1 very much  
as they are to-day4    ,concerning the  
climatic conditions at the beginning of 
the ,cenozoic  time1 we have every      
reason to believe that from the         
commencement of  the ,lower ,silurian   
epoch1 until then1 there were no        

climatic zones  upon the earth4 ,not    
only have coral formations been found in
 what are  now ,arctic waters1 when we  
know that such reefs are formed only in 
waters where a moderately warm          
temperature is constantly maintained1   
but the cephalipods of the genus        
,ammonitoidea are found in what is now  
the ,antarctic zone1 and in the torrid4 
,while1 at the present time1 we  cannot 
see how the obliquity of the earth's    
poles to the plane of the  ecliptic     
could have been changed after the earth 
began its career as an  independent     
planet1 yet the facts above stated show 
that the climatic  zones must have been 
unknown during the ,tertiary period4    
,our common  cypress1 which is now so   
plentiful in ,florida and ,california1  
had  very close relatives living as far 
north as ,spitzbergen1 as lately as     
,miocene time4 ,magnolias1 which are now
 so abundant in all of the ,gulf        
,states1 are plentifully found in the   
,miocene strata of ,greenland4          

,returning to the length of the         
,tertiary period1 it is well to note    
that1 covering ,wyoming and ,nebraska1  
there was an immense lake1 at  least as 
large as ,lake ,superior is to-day1 and 
into which several  quite large rivers  
emptied1 whose head waters were in the  
surrounding  mountain ranges4 ,this lake
 was at one time at least five thousand 
feet deep1 and was completely filled up 
by the fine mud and silt1 as  the       
formation now shows1 although at the    
known rate of filling in of  smaller    
modern lakes1 into which rivers1 which  
originate in glaciers1  empty1 this     
would have taken the better part of     
fifty thousand years4  ,this figure is  
particularly conservative1 as during the
 ,eocene period1  there could have been 
neither glaciers nor melting snowfields 
to assist  in the denudation at the head
 waters of the tributary rivers4 ,during
  the ,miocene period1 many of the best 
geologists hold that ,america and       
,europe were connected1 and there are   

certain similarities in their  fauna and
 flora which make this very probable4   
,supposing that this  depression which  
constitutes the bed of the ,north       
,atlantic ,ocean1 took  place at the    
highest known rate of subsidence1 as    
measured upon the  coast of ,sweden     
to-day1 it is almost impossible to state
 the amount  of time that necessarily   
elapsed from the beginning of the       
sinking of  this strip until it finally 
went below the surface of the water4    
,that  such changes in level did take   
place in the ,tertiary period1 no one   
can doubt1 as chalk deposits in         
,england1 which must have been laid     
down in the deep oceans1 have now an    
elevation of thousands of feet4  ,the   
,nummulite limestone of this same period
 is found in both the ,alps  and the    
,himalayas1 at an elevation as great as 
ten thousand feet4 ,the  consideration  
of the fact that the greatest known rate
 of elevation or  subsidence is1        
perhaps1 scarcely more than two feet per

 century makes  the figure of five      
hundred thousand years1 as a minimum for
 ,pliocene  time1 seem rather           
conservative4    ,toward the close of   
the ,tertiary era the finishing touches 
were placed  upon some of the greatest  
of the geological works4 ,the folding of
 the  strata1 which had been going on   
for a long period in ,eastern ,new      
,york1  was brought to an end by a      
violent rupture therein1 and the        
out-rushing  igneous rock1 which was    
subsequently cooled rapidly by the      
floods of  water flowing over it1 gave  
us the beautiful palisades of the       
,hudson  ,river4 ,in the west1 this     
folding resulted in the ,rocky          
,mountains and  the ,coast ,range1 with 
their attendant high plateaux4 ,in      
,europe1 the  ,alps and the ,pyrenees   
,mountains both belong to this period1  
while the  grandest and highest of all  
mountain chains1 the ,himalayas1 of     
,asia1  were the culminating effect of  
the gigantic foldings of the earth's    

crust4    ,the deposits of the ,tertiary
 period will aggregate somewhat more    
than  three thousand feet1 and1 inasmuch
 as this entire time was one of         
continued change in level1 or the       
fluctuation between the subsidence  of  
the earth's strata on the one hand and  
the elevation on the other              
7particularly in the ,pliocene period71 
it is very hard to form any  conjecture 
as to the actual amount of time required
 to do this work4  ,certainly1 from what
 we know of the rate at which like      
phenomena are  taking place at the      
present time in ,northeastern ,north    
,america1 in  ,northwestern ,europe1 and
 ,western ,asia1 the figure1 as         
sometimes given1  of ten million years  
seems very conservative4    ,in the     
brief review which we have just given1  
of what can be  conservatively          
considered the minimum limits of        
geological time1 we  have taken into    
account generally only periods of       
activity1 and in  but a few cases has   

any estimation been hazarded as to the  
proportion  which this was of the whole 
time consumed in bringing about the     
changes which the fossils show so       
clearly to have taken place during  the 
various epochs4 ,but one thing should be
 kept clearly in mind1 and  that is1    
that no matter how long geological time 
may seem1 it is but  an infinitely small
 fraction of the period which must have 
elapsed  since the world came into      
existence1 as this globe had to cool    
down  to below the boiling point of     
water before any geological records     
could be made4 ,when thought of in this 
way1 the ,laurentian period  becomes as 
but yesterday1 and even man's dwelling  
place1 which seems  relatively so large1
 dwindles into nothingness1 when        
compared with the  vastness of the      
interstellar spaces or the size of the  
larger stars4  ,whoever conscientiously 
endeavors to form any idea of the       
teachings of  astronomy and geology1    
must necessarily feel any prejudice     

which he had  for man as the object and 
culmination of either the evolutionary  
or  creative power1 shrink at a         
tremendous rate1 while over his         
mentality  comes the sense of his       
diminutiveness1 which awakens in him a  
brotherly  feeling for even the         
primitive single-celled ,laurentian     
,eozoon  ,canadensis1 or the unnucleated
 monera of the present time4 ,it must   
have been this same sense-perception in 
the ,hindoos which made them  worship   
and revere life wherever they found it1 
and which inspired them  with so active 
a sympathy toward all living things4    
,,chapter ,,ii    ,,the ,,length ,,of   
,,time ,,during ,,which ,,man ,,has     
,,existed      ,in the preceding        
chapter1 no mention has been made of the
 length of the  ,quaternary sub-division
 of ,cenozoic time1 and it will now be  
our aim to  briefly review this period  
and then investigate the evidence which 
we  have as to how much of this time man
 has been a portion of its fauna4       

,with the opening of the ,quaternary    
,period1 we come to what is  undoubtedly
 the most remarkable era in all         
geological time4 ,from a  climate which 
had been1 heretofore1 uniformly1 warmly 
temperate1 with  but few exceptions1 we 
come to a period known as the ,glacial1 
in which1  by a depression in the       
temperature1 all vegetation and animals 
in high  latitudes were killed2 viz43 in
 the central west--almost to the ,ohio  
,river2 in ,europe--to the northern part
 of ,italy--while the addition of  vast 
quantities of ice to the oceans1        
destroyed all life in them to  about the
 latitude of the northern portion of the
 ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,nor  was this period
 of cold confined to the northern       
hemisphere1 as the  southern part of    
,south ,america and ,africa show4       
,concerning the cause  of the ,glacial  
,period1 but little is positively known4
 ,of the theories  which have been      
advanced1 it seems very plausible that  
perhaps two more  clearly account for   

the conditions which must have then     
existed1 if we  consider them together1 
than all the rest4    ,the geological   
record teaches us that in the so-called 
,glacial ,period1  at least two distinct
 epochs of low temperature1 and the     
consequential  accumulation of ice1 are 
to be definitely discerned4 ,still      
further  back1 we see evidence of       
glacial action in the ,permian ,strata1 
and  possibly as far back as the        
,cambrian formations1 although these    
eras  of cold are not comparable with   
the period at the beginning of the      
,quaternary time4 ,croll1 the ,scottish 
physicist1 first called attention  to   
the fact that at certain regular        
intervals of time1 the precession  of   
the equinoxes1 and the eccentricity of  
the earth's orbit1 would  so act in     
conjunction as to render favorable a    
great many conditions  which would      
certainly all point toward a period of  
extreme cold4 ,he  calculated that the  
earth was traveling around the sun in an

 ellipse  of maximum eccentricity1 and  
that winter was occurring in the        
northern  hemisphere when the earth was 
furthest from the sun1 for the last time
  some quarter of a million years ago4  
,about eighty thousand years after  this
 date1 the coincidence of the two       
phenomena reached a maximum  effect1 and
 about eighty thousand years later1     
climatic conditions  were again about as
 we have them to-day4 ,upon this        
hypothesis1 another  period of extreme  
cold must have existed some one-half    
million years  earlier1 as calculations 
upon the same premises as were used in  
the  last computation will show4 ,it is 
likewise true that1 according to this   
theory1 there must have been at least   
one other such period further  back in  
geological time1 and it is now to be    
seen whether our records1  as shown by  
the strata1 establish these facts4      
,prior to the enunciation of this theory
 by ,croll1 the famous ,english         
geologist1 ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 from   

measurements of the strata1 had         
calculated that the last period of      
glaciation occurred about as  ,croll    
stated1 and that a period of cold and   
ice far more intense and  extensive     
occurred some four or five hundred      
thousand years earlier4  ,mr4 ,laing has
 shown that1 in order to make such      
conditions as must have  existed at this
 time1 not only is a low temperature    
necessary1 but a  certain amount of land
 must have an elevation sufficient to   
give the  required initial fall to the  
ice river1 so that it may move over the 
obstacles in its way1 and that the      
higher such elevations in the ,arctic   
zones1 and the greater the humidity of  
the air when it strikes such  elevated  
polar plateaux1 the more augmented will 
be the probability of  glacial activity4
 ,the rapidity of the glacier's movement
 can have no  bearing upon the duration 
of the glacial period1 inasmuch as a    
certain  length of time may have been   
required for the ice-cap to form and    

push  forward to a certain place1 and it
 may have remained there for an         
indeterminate period1 governed only by  
the amount of snow deposited  upon the  
original source1 and the rapidity of    
melting at the moraine4  ,in ,eastern   
,england1 no less than four distinct    
boulder clays have been  found separated
 by the dbris deposited from the        
moraines of each ice  sheet1 and a few  
hundred miles away in ,france1 the      
record is so certain  that we know that 
the ,arctic fauna and flora gave away   
twice for that  of the warmer parts of  
the ,temperate zones4    ,we are certain
 that both that portion of ,scandinavia 
and ,canada1 which  were the centers of 
the great ,european and ,american       
ice-caps1 had an  elevation greatly in  
excess of what it is to-day1 at the time
 of the  glacial epoch4 ,during the     
first glaciation1 ,eastern ,canada1 or  
that  part south of ,hudson's ,bay1 was 
certainly twenty-five hundred feet      
higher than it is now1 and the area     

covered by ocean formations or  marine  
beds to the southward1 show that at the 
same time these sections  were very much
 lower than they are at the present day4
 ,on the other  side of the ,atlantic   
,ocean1 the elevation in ,norway was at 
least a  couple of thousand feet more   
than at present2 while both ,england and
  ,ireland have risen a considerable    
amount since this period4    ,there are 
other ways by which we may form some    
estimate of the time  which has elapsed 
since the melting away of the great     
glaciers1 besides  that given by ,croll4
 ,from measurements taken on ,table     
,rock1 at ,niagara  ,falls1 which we    
know has receded in post-glacial times  
from ,lewiston  to the place which it   
occupies at present1 we are certain that
 ,lyell  was not far wrong when he      
estimated this to have taken at least   
sixty  thousand years4 ,shaler1 on      
entirely different grounds1--mainly the 
redistribution of certain               
angiosperms--has arrived at figures in  

excess of these4 ,calculations made upon
 the canyons of the ,columbia1  ,san    
,joaquin1 and ,colorado ,rivers1 all    
show the estimations previously  given  
to be conservative4 ,of course1 the     
figures given will apply  only to the   
time which has elapsed since the melting
 of the ,american  ice-cap1 as we have  
no means of knowing that the ,american  
and ,european  glaciers acted at all in 
unison in their retreat to the          
northward4 ,the  manner in which we can 
get some idea of the length of time     
required  to account for the enormous   
quantity of work done in the ,champlain 
period1 is by taking into account the   
deposits which lie in almost  all of the
 great river valleys which were covered 
by the glaciers1 or  whose watersheds   
were made into lakes by the subsidence  
of the land to  the north1 and the rapid
 melting of that portion of the ice-cap 
which  contained stones1 dirt1 and other
 material picked up in the travels of   
the glacier across the country4 ,the    

,rhine1 the ,rhone1 and the ,danube  in 
,europe1 and the ,st4 ,lawrence1 the    
,connecticut1 and the ,mississippi  in  
,america1 all flow through valleys lined
 with cliffs of loess4 ,these           
accumulations overlying the coarser     
sands and gravels1 and conforming  to   
the river valleys1 have been measured in
 the case of the ,rhine1 and  were found
 to be about eight hundred feet in      
depth4 ,it is unreasonable  to suppose  
that these deposits being1 as they are1 
material thrown down  out of the water  
after the rivers had lost their         
transporting power1  could have         
accumulated at a greater rate than that 
now going on in the  rivers1 such as the
 ,mississippi and the ,nile1 to-day1 and
 if this was  the case1 these deposits  
must have taken no less than three      
hundred and  twenty-five thousand years 
to form4 ,inasmuch as this work was all 
done  during the ,champlain period1 this
 figure can be safely taken as the      
minimum for the measure of the duration 

of that time4    ,arriving now at the   
recent period of ,quaternary time1 we   
find in ,europe  evidences of a very    
short and less intense period of cold2  
in the  remains of the reindeer and     
other ,arctic animals in southern       
,france4  ,associated with these1       
although of a later period1 we find the 
bones  of the cave bear1 hyena1 and     
lion1 and in many of the localities     
intimately associated with these are the
 bones of man4 ,in fact1 since  the     
first discovery of the paleolithic      
implements in the gravels of  the       
,somme1 there have been almost countless
 finds of human remains in  ,england1   
,france1 ,belgium1 ,spain1 ,italy1 and  
,greece1 in ,europe2 ,algiers1          
,morocco1 ,egypt1 and ,natal1 in        
,africa2 in ,china1 ,japan1 ,india1     
,syria1  and ,palestine1 in ,asia2 in   
,brazil and ,argentina in ,south        
,america1 and  in no less than ten      
,states of this country1 associated with
 stone  implements or paleoliths1 and   

all of which1 dating from the beginning 
of the ,quaternary period1 have         
established the certainty of human      
existence during the entire ,quaternary 
era1 beyond the possibility of  doubt4  
,the evidences of the existence of the  
human species during ,tertiary  time are
 many1 and hardly a year goes by without
 adding another  discovery of human     
remains in the deposits belonging to    
this period4 ,to  begin with1 the       
existence of man so generally and widely
 distributed as  we find him to be at   
the beginning of the ,quaternary period1
 is almost  prima facie evidence of his 
occupation of the earth for some time   
previous4 ,with the means of            
communication and the motives for it1   
such  as they must have been at this    
remote period1 we know that thousands   
of years would have been required to    
scatter any species all over the  earth1
 as we have seen that man was from the  
locations of the remains  found4        
,further than this1 there are three     

well-authenticated cases  where the     
bones of ,tertiary animals have been    
found1 upon which there  were cuts made 
by edged tools1 which could have been   
made only by human  agency4 ,since these
 have been discovered1 crude implements 
as well as  human bones have been found 
in no less than a dozen places in both  
the  ,eastern and ,western ,hemispheres1
 which attest1 beyond doubt1 to man's   
having existed since the ,middle        
,miocene or early ,pliocene time4 ,we   
not  only have the opinions of such     
authorities as ,rames1 ,hamy1           
,mortillet1  ,quatrefages1 and          
,delauney1 to accept in this matter1 but
 the more  recent thorough              
investigations of ,laing and ,haeckel4  
,turning now from geological evidence to
 that founded upon other  observations1 
as to the length of time man has been an
 inhabitant of  the earth1 perhaps one  
of the most interesting discoveries was 
that of  the ,tumuli or mounds of shells
 of such animals as the oyster1 cockle1 

limpet1 etc41 and1 along with this1 the 
bones of birds1 wild animals1  and fish1
 together with stone implements and rude
 pottery4 ,these  kitchen-middens were  
first discovered in ,denmark1 but they  
have since  been found in many countries
 where savages have lived along the     
coast4  ,in many of the ,swiss lakes1   
such as ,zurich and ,neufchatel1 there  
have  been found piles driven into the  
ground1 around which1 in dredging1      
human bones1 as well as stone           
implements1 have been brought up1 and   
which are now known to have been the    
dwelling-places and remains of          
prehistoric peoples1 who located in this
 manner so as to protect  themselves    
from prowling wild animals and from     
their savage neighbors4  ,from the      
amount and character of these deposits1 
we are forced to  assume that the       
habitations were used for a long period1
 and from  geological computation of the
 time required to deposit the silt      
around  these piles in the ,swiss       

,lake-villages1 and from the similarity 
of the  remains in the ,danish          
peat-mosses and the kitchen-middens no  
period  could be assigned to their      
antiquity of less than seven thousand   
years4    ,our earliest record of       
historic man is found in the ,valley of 
the  ,nile1 where we can say with       
certainty that1 over seven thousand     
years ago1 there existed a high state of
 civilization under the old  ,egyptian  
,empire4 ,menes was the first recorded  
king who sat on the  throne1 and during 
the six dynasties of kings which        
composed this  period1 we see the rise  
to supremacy of ,memphis1 the building  
of the  pyramids1 the accumulation of a 
varied and extensive literature1 and    
the perfection of the industrial and    
fine arts4 ,in fact1 so faithfully  and 
indestructibly were the lines of human  
faces reproduced upon  stone and other  
materials1 that1 at this day1 we have no
 difficulty  in identifying the         
different races of men from their       

resemblance at  the present time4       
,menes1 himself1 carried to completion  
the great  engineering feat of turning  
the course of the ,nile so as to obtain 
a  site for his capital1 at ,memphis4   
,his successor was not only a patron    
but a practitioner of the art of        
medicine4 ,from the monuments and       
papyri of the great tombs of ,ghizeh and
 ,sakkara1 we have learned so  much of  
the social and political life of ,egypt 
at this period through  the deciphering 
of the ,rosetta stone by ,champollion1  
that we may be  said to have a very     
accurate knowledge of mankind1 as his   
existence  was conditioned in ,egypt    
from four to five thousand years before 
the  beginning of our present era4 ,from
 ,memphis1 the seat of the government   
first shifts to ,heracleopolis1 and then
 to ,thebes1 and1 during these  changes1
 we see ,egypt go back into the night of
 semi-barbarism  7comparatively         
speaking71 and after a long period of   
time to again  develop a high state of  

civilization1 under a new language and a
 new  religion1 in the eleventh dynasty4
 ,egyptian influence extended from  the 
equator on the south1 to southern ,syria
 on the north1 and ,isis  and ,osiris   
were the deities that commanded the     
veneration of the then  civilized world4
 ,the kings of this dynasty built the   
famous labyrinth  of ,fayoum1 where in  
the desert was formed a large artificial
 lake  with tunnels and sluices so      
arranged that the annual inundations of 
the ,nile were partially controlled by  
allowing the surplus water  to fill this
 lake1 and in the time of a drouth1     
letting it out to  irrigate the valley  
as needed4 ,many temples1 obelisks1 and 
statues  were erected1 and the period   
was one of social and literary activity4
  ,about two thousand years before      
,christ1 the seat of the government was 
transferred from ,thebes to the ,delta1 
and1 shortly after this1 the  ,hyksos   
dynasty began with a conquest by these  
invaders1 who laid all  ,egypt under    

tribute4 ,the conquerors adopted both   
the civilization and  the religion of   
their subjects1 and reigned over ,egypt 
somewhat more  than five hundred years4 
,their expulsion marks the beginning of 
the new  empire1 which extended the     
,egyptian influence from the ,persian   
,gulf to  the ,mediterranean1 and       
subjugated both ,babylon and ,nineveh4  
,from this  time on1 we are on certain  
and firm historical grounds1 and with   
the  founding of the great library at   
,alexandria1 by ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 
,egypt received her last great literary 
impulse1 and since the fourth  century  
of this era the part which she has      
played in the struggle of  humanity has 
been inconsiderable4 ,from other data   
gathered by ,horner1  who sunk numerous 
shafts across the ,nile ,valley at      
,memphis1 and who  brought up copper    
knives and pottery from depths          
approximately of  sixty feet1 it has    
been calculated1 from the rate of       
deposition in  that valley to-day1 that 

these remains are upward of twenty-five 
thousand years old4 ,in other places1   
,paleoliths have been found that  are   
undoubtedly very much older than the    
oldest temples and tombs4  ,furthermore1
 we know that in all the traditions of  
this country1 the  first inhabitants are
 represented as being autochthonous1    
which1 if  correct1 must mean a very    
great state of antiquity1 so far as man 
is  concerned2 if it be granted that    
this ,egyptian civilization1 which is   
known to have existed at ,memphis1 had  
to develop of its own accord in  the    
,valley of the ,nile1 abundantly fertile
 though it always has been4    ,in the  
valleys of the ,euphrates and ,tigris   
,rivers1 we have further  evidence of   
the existence of a high state of        
civilization1 as taken  from the        
cylinder of ,sargon ,i1 which reads1    
,sharrukin the mighty king  am ,i1 who  
knew not his father1 but whose mother   
was a royal princess1  who1 to conceal  
my birth1 placed me in a basket of      

rushes closed with  pitch1 and cast me  
into the river1 from which ,i was saved 
by ,akki1 the  water-carrier1 who       
brought me up as his own child4 ,the    
date of this  king is generally accepted
 as about four thousand years before    
,christ1  and his exploits have been    
found pictured and described on the     
relics  taken from ,cyprus1 ,syria1 and 
,babylonia4 ,he did for ,mesopotamia    
what  ,menes did for ,egypt1 and the    
prestige of his arms1 and the renown  of
 his civilization1 spread over all ,asia
 ,minor4 ,as a patron of  literature1 he
 founded some of the most famous        
libraries in ,babylonia1  and compiled a
 work of seventy-two volumes on         
,astronomy and ,astrology1  which was   
even translated into ,greek4 ,from      
recent researches1 which  have resulted 
in the finding of a great many clay     
tablets from the  libraries of          
,mesopotamia1 it seems certain that this
 ,sargon ,i1 upon his  ascension to the 
throne1 found the ,accadian people 7he  

was a ,semite7  already enjoying a high 
civilization1 with sacred temples1 a    
sacred  and profane literature1 and one 
who had a large and well-ordered        
knowledge of astronomy1 as well as of   
agriculture and the industrial  arts4   
,from the archological remains which    
have been discovered1 and1  in          
particular1 the marble statue of a king 
by the name of ,david1 which  was       
recently found at ,bisinya1 and whose   
antiquity is probably greater  than     
#d1ejj ,b4 ,c41 it is entirely          
conservative to assume that ,chaldean   
civilization was as old1 if not older1  
than that of ,egypt2 while no  figure   
can be set upon the length of time which
 was required in these  fertile valleys 
for this state of affairs to develop    
from a condition  of barbarism4    ,in  
,china1 strangely enough1 where the     
oldest historical records would  be     
expected1 we can find nothing to compare
 with the ,egyptian papyri  or the      
,chaldean clay-cylinders1 and competent 

authorities are well  agreed that there 
is great reason to suppose that much of 
the early  civilization was brought from
 ,accadia4 ,in any case1 at the dawn of 
history1 we find ,china just as she is  
to-day3--an overpopulated1  agricultural
 country1 where blind imitation of      
predecessors ruled1 and1  consequently1 
progress1 unless brought in by conquest1
 is extremely  slow4 ,if the empire was 
founded1 as has been supposed1 by an    
,accadian  invasion or immigration1     
which must have occurred about #e1jjj   
,b4 ,c41  or at least before the time of
 ,sargon ,i1 then these wanderers drove 
out the aboriginal inhabitants1 the     
,mioutse1 who have been crowded at  last
 into the mountains of the western      
provinces4 ,certain it is that no       
greater date can be assigned to the     
civilization of this country1 at  the   
beginning of its historical record1 than
 about #b1gej ,b4 ,c41 which  time is   
known in ,chinese tradition as the ,age 
of the ,five ,rulers4    ,perhaps next  

in order of antiquity1 comes the small  
country known as  ,elam1 lying between  
the ,tigris ,river and the ,lagros      
,mountains1 and  extending to the south 
along the eastern shore of the ,persian 
,gulf  to the ,arabian ,sea4 ,as in both
 ,egypt and ,chaldea1 this country was  
brought into prominence by an aggressive
 and warlike king1--the famous  ,cyrus  
of history1--and1 fortunately1 his      
clay-cylinder2 from one of  the         
magnificent libraries of ,susa1 or      
,shushan2 was recently found by  ,mr4   
,rassam1 amid the dbris composing the   
mound1 which is now the  only mark left 
to show where these great centers of    
population once  were1 in the fertile   
valleys and coast plains of this part of
 ,asia2  and this cylinder is now kept1 
with hundreds from like sources1 in the 
,british ,museum at ,london4 ,on this   
memorial cylinder1 ,cyrus gives his     
genealogy and an account of his         
exploits1 and we find that he came from 
a line of kings1 and held to the popular

 faith of his country1 thanking  and    
petitioning the whole ,elamite          
,hierarchy of gods4 ,cyrus carried  the 
,elamite arms into southern ,syria and  
,palestine1 and overthrew  ,mesopotamia 
about #b1cjj ,b4 ,c4 ,it was the        
reaction from this conquest  that caused
 some of the most gigantic struggles of 
antiquity4    ,of the ,phoenician cities
 of ,tyre and ,sidon1 no definite       
historical  record can be found earlier 
than from fifteen hundred to two        
thousand  years before ,christ4 ,the    
,hittite civilization and influence we  
find at  their height at about the same 
time1 but here we can get no inkling of 
a greater antiquity for man than that   
given in the ,middle ,egyptian  ,empire4
 ,in the cities of ,troy and ,mycen1 we 
find civilization at its  crest some    
five hundred years later1 and it is not 
until we come to  ,arabia that we again 
find evidence of such high antiquity as 
we find  in ,chaldea and ,egypt4 ,the   
old kingdom of ,saba was built upon the 

ruins  of a still older1 known as       
,ma'in1 and the former was in its       
decline  as an empire at the beginning  
of the eighth century1 ,b4 ,c4 ,now1    
contemporary history shows that this    
country has gone through all the        
transformations which ,egypt and        
,chaldea had1 and if this is also true  
of the ,ma'in kingdom1 then a date of   
great antiquity must be given to  it4   
,but these are not certainties1 while in
 the cases of ,chaldea and  ,egypt there
 can be no mistake4 ,the ,israelite     
civilization was at its  height under   
,david and ,solomon1 about              
contemporaneously with that of  ,troy   
and ,mycen1 and even the ,hebrew        
tradition does not attempt to  antedate 
the year #b1jjj ,b4 ,c41 so that we can 
obtain no information  from this source4
 ,greece flourished but five hundred    
years before the  present era1 and even 
if we regard ,homer as authentic1 no    
more remote  date can be given to their 
earliest civilization than that of the  

attack by the ,hellenes upon ,troy1     
which was about #a1jjj ,b4 ,c4    ,in   
the ,western ,hemisphere archeologists  
are every year making valuable          
discoveries in ,mexico and ,peru which  
will probably give a remote date  for   
the civilizations which flourished in   
these countries long before  the        
conquests of the ,spaniards4 ,the great 
pyramids of the ,sun and  ,moon on the  
,mexican plateau and the similarity of  
their design and  orientation with the  
,egyptian all point to an interchange of
 ideas  between the ,east and the ,west 
in prehistoric time4    ,the geological 
table given at the close of this chapter
 may be of  interest1 as a careful      
consideration of it1 and the foregoing  
facts1  will show the real value of man 
in nature4 ,that man is ascendent now1  
does not1 in the light of experience1   
mean necessarily that he will by  any   
means remain so4 ,in the warm ,champlain
 period1 we know that brute  mammals    
thrived and attained gigantic size1 and1

 as ,dana aptly remarks1  the great     
abundance of their remains and their    
conditions show that  the climate and   
food were all that could have been      
desired4 ,yet the  mastodon and the     
cave-bear have gone1 together with      
countless other  species which have     
become extinct1 and1 if science teaches 
anything at  all1 it tells us that      
nature delights in fostering one species
 at the  expense of another4 ,in the    
case of man1 we most clearly see this4  
,for  the historical succession of      
vertebrate fossils corresponds          
completely  with the morphological scale
 which is revealed to us by comparative 
anatomy and ontology4 ,after the        
,silurian fishes come the dipnoi of the 
,devonian period1--the ,carboniferous   
amphibia1 the ,permian reptilia and  the
 ,mesozoic ,mammals4 ,of these again1   
the lowest forms1 the monotremes1       
appear first in the ,triassic period2   
the marsupials in the ,jurassic1  and   
then the oldest placentals in the       

,cretaceous4 ,of the placentals1  in    
turn1 the first to appear in the oldest 
,tertiary period are the  lowest        
primates1 the prosimi1 which are        
followed by the simi1 in the  ,miocene4 
,of the carrhin1 the cynopitheci precede
 the anthropomorpha2  from one branch of
 the latter1 during the ,pliocene       
period1 arises the  apeman1 without     
speech1 and from him descends finally   
the speaking man4    ,since the germ of 
the human embryo passes through the same
  chordula-stages as the germ of all    
other vertebrates2 since it evolves1    
similarly1 out of the two germinal      
layers of a gastrula1 we infer by       
virtue of the biogenetic law1 the early 
existence of corresponding  ancestral   
forms4 ,most important of all is the    
fact that the human  embryo1 like that  
of all other animals1 arises1           
originally1 from a  single cell1 for    
this stem-cell--the impregnated egg     
cell--points1  indubitably1 to a        
corresponding unicellular ancestor1 a   

primitive  ,laurentian protozoon4    ,in
 the foregoing quotation1 ,haeckel      
clearly states what every geologist  and
 embryologist plainly knows to be the   
truth1 and in this case1 as in  all     
others1 does it hold good3              
,because truth is truth1 to follow truth
      ,were wisdom1 in the scorn of     
consequence4    ,for any human being1   
endowed with reason1 to wilfully deceive
 himself  could be nothing less than the
 height of folly4 ,there is nothing     
more pitiful in all literature than     
,cicero1 at the close of his ,de        
,senectute1 bowed down with years1 and  
crushed with grief over the  loss of his
 son and intimate friends1 saying that  
if his belief in  personal immortality  
be illogical and untrue1 as he almost   
intimates  that he thinks it more than  
likely to be1 then he wishes to         
willingly  delude himself for the       
satisfaction which he will get          
therefrom4 ,how  different from the man 
who1 in his impeachment of ,verres1 or  

his  defense of ,archias1 runs the      
chance of public disfavor1--always      
little  less than death to the          
politician1--or even to that staunch    
patriot1  who1 with almost his last     
breath1 defied the powerful ,antony1    
although  it cost him his life6 ,how    
strange it is that ,tully did not       
realize that  allegiance to the truth1  
regardless of whether it be for or      
against us1  carries with it1 per se1   
the greatest of all virtues1--the virtue
 of  sincerity4 ,polonius' death        
demonstrated the truth of his           
philosophy3       ,this above all3 to   
thine own self be true1      ,and it    
must follow as the night the day1       
,thou canst not then be false to any    
man4    ,in considering this problem of 
the origin and destiny of man1 which1   
axiomatically1 includes ourselves1 let  
us remember that it matters not  what we
 may wish1 for we have no choice in the 
matter1--the truth is  inexorable1 and1 
consequently1 cannot be influenced4 ,it 

is directly up  to each human being to  
work out this problem for himself1 and  
this can  only be done by the fearless  
recognition of the truth1 wherever      
found4  ,it is in this spirit that the  
preceding and the succeeding chapters   
are  written1 and if they contain       
misstatements and errors1 the author    
will  not only most cheerfully          
acknowledge the same1 when proven to    
him1 but  will accept the logical       
conclusions drawn therefrom1 although   
they may  completely revolutionize the  
philosophy of life as he now sees it1   
and  is trying to live it4              
,geological ,table1 showing ,approximate
 ,minimum ,duration in ,time4           
,comparative ,duration of ,periods3     
,paleozoic1 #ab_/afths2 ,mesozoic1      
#c_/afths2 ,cenozoic1 #a_/afth4         
,geological ,time1 at least #bjj1jjj1jjj
      years4      ,geological ,epoch    
,petrographic      ,ascendant ,form     
,thickness        ,sub-,division        
,formation           of ,life         of

          of ,g4 ,e4                    
,deposits                               
,paleozoic                              
,laurentian     ,archaic ,igneous       
,eozoon                                 
,rocks                ,canadense        
#cj1jjj ft4        ,cambrian or         
,l4 ,silurian  ,potsdam ,sandstone      
,magnesian ,limestone  ,diatoms         
#ah1jjj ft4                             
,trenton ,limestone                     
,upper ,silurian ,niagara ,limestone    
,medina ,sandstone                      
,saline ,formations    ,lower ,fishes   
#bb1jjj ft4                       ,lower
 ,helderberg                            
,oriskany ,sandstone                    
,devonian       ,corniferous or         
,upper ,helderberg                      
,limestone1          ,dipnoi            
,hamilton1                              
,portage and ,chemung                   
,shales                                 
,carboniferous  ,crinoidal ,limestone   
,lower ,coal ,measures                  

,mill ,stone ,grit      ,amphibia and   
#db1jjj ft4                       ,upper
 ,coal ,measures   ,sagillaria          
,permian ,sandstone                     
,mesozoic                               
,triassic       ,sandstones             
,monotremes and                         
,gymnosperms            ,jurassic       
,wassatch ,mountains   ,marsupials      
#ae1jjj ft4                             
,cretaceous     ,sandstone and ,chalk   
,placentals                             
,cenozoic                               
,tertiary--                             
,lowest ,primates           ,eocene     
and ,angiosperms  #c1jjj ft4            
,miocene                        ,simi   
,pliocene                               
,catarrhin                              
,quaternary--                           
,glacial                                
,champlain                              
,recent                                 
,,chapter ,,iii    ,,the ,,physical     
,,limitations ,,of ,,existence      ,the

 tremendous strides made in the sciences
 of biology1 histology1  physiology1 and
 psychology in the latter part of the   
last century1 in  connection with the   
development of the science of organic   
chemistry1  have done much to unravel   
the life-mystery from a physical point  
of  view4 ,one by one the determining   
characteristics of the mentality  of the
 genus homo have dwindled down until    
to-day even reason in  its broadest     
sense is granted by the most            
conservative to some of  the vegetable  
forms of life1 and any unbiased mind    
will have hard  work to determine the   
difference between the so-called        
,brownian  movement of particles of     
gamboge when macerated in a little      
water1  or even of bits of camphor when 
dropped upon the surface of water1  and 
the movements of the particles of a     
protoplasmic mass2 although  one is     
caused by temperature changes1 and the  
other by chemism4 ,the  selectative     
growth of a vertex of a crystal in a    

saturated solution1  and the claw of a  
crab1 both of which have previously     
suffered the  loss of their respective  
parts1 are perhaps not so different as  
the words organic or inorganic would    
lead us to believe when  applied as a   
classification to their principals4 ,we 
know that in the  life-process1 as      
everywhere else1 the law of substance   
and the law of  the conservation of     
energy are held inviolate1 and the      
theory which  treats of life as a       
characteristic entity apart from the    
condition  which makes it possible1 is  
certainly false4 ,the matter which      
composes the living body is chemically  
the same as that which we find          
everywhere4 ,the fact that some living  
bodies have the power to form           
protoplasm out of its chemical elements 
or simple combinations of  them1 or only
 assimilate such protoplasm after it has
 been formed from  inorganic matter1    
constitutes1 in the broadest sense1 the 
difference  between the vegetable and   

the animal life1 as we now know it4     
,but1  whether living or dead1 the      
protoplasm has about the same           
composition1  and1 therefore1 it must be
 that life per se is in reality only the
  manifestation of a form of motion4    
,science1 by deduction1 teaches us  to  
look upon the living body very much as a
 theoretically perfect  motor-generator 
set1 the line terminals of the dynamo   
being the feed  wires of the motor4     
,such a machine1 standing still1 would  
be dead in  all senses of the word1     
although1 potentially1 its integrity    
would be  the same as when in operation4
 ,but1 once put in motion1 this machine 
would directly come up to speed1 and    
maintain itself at its normal rate  of  
rotation until something interfered with
 it1 or set up resistance  within its   
circuit4 ,from this time on1 its rate of
 rotation would  diminish until it      
stopped4 ,if its integrity were suddenly
 violated1  this stop would come at     
once4    ,fifty years ago1 heat1 light1 

and electricity were all talked of1 and 
believed to be forces whose existence   
was in no way dependent upon  matter4   
,since the investigations of ,thomson   
and ,helmholtz1 there is no  unbiased   
scientist who can for a minute think    
that the manifestation  of any of these 
could possibly exist without material of
 some sort1  such as in a general way we
 call matter4 ,even chemism1 the most   
obscure of all physical forces1 we know 
to be very closely allied to            
gravitative attraction1 and to be so    
powerful since it operates through  such
 short distances4 ,in fact1 if we adopt 
the only known feasible  hypothesis to  
account for the formation of matter1 we 
must1 in the  end1 admit that motion1   
and not matter1 is the most potent of   
all the  primal causes which we can     
imagine to-day4 ,if we could eliminate  
motion  entirely from the universe1 we  
do not know of a single characteristic  
which would be left1 by which we could  
identify existence as we know  it1      

certainly not even matter itself4 ,every
 investigation or experiment  which has 
been made in the domain of the natural  
sciences has only  amassed additional   
evidence to the tremendous amount       
already gathered2  all going certainly  
to prove that at least the former two of
 the old  three universally accepted    
postulates were false1 viz43 the free   
moral agency of man1 the immortality of 
the soul1 and the existence  of a       
personal ,god1 or a power outside of and
 superior to nature4  ,the latter will  
in no wise interest us1 inasmuch as     
experience has  taught us that1 in      
general as well as in particular1 the   
universe is  governed by law2 all honor 
to ,humboldt and ,descartes for so      
clearly  demonstrating this4    ,we are 
quite sure to-day that1 roughly         
estimated1 each pound of human  flesh   
represents an amount of potential energy
 equal to about sixteen  million        
foot-pounds1 and that all of the        
life-processes are1 in the  last        

analysis1 purely physical1 and that they
 follow physical laws4 ,any  exertion1  
either muscular or nervous1 which we    
make1 over and above  that supplied by  
the energy in our assimilated food1 will
 have to be  taken from the stock as    
represented in the                      
tissue1--consequently1  continued work  
means hunger2 if continued longer       
without food1 it means  exhaustion1 and 
if continued longer without food and    
rest intervening1  it means the         
deterioration of the tissues4 ,the      
recent investigations of  ,matthews upon
 the manner of nerve action1 and the    
fact that the same  is due to substances
 known as reversible gelatines1 as well 
as to the  cause of the negative        
variation of nerves exposed to exciting 
stimuli1  all show that these most      
complex of life's processes are as      
purely  physical1 in the largest sense1 
as the most simple ones4 ,the artificial
  fertilization of sterile eggs by the  
use of dilute solutions1 whose  actions 

might almost be called catalytic1 still 
further emphasizes  the fact that life's
 processes1 even in the embryo1 are     
essentially  physical4 ,take1 for       
instance1 the sterile egg of the        
sea-urchin2 the  two per cent4 solution 
of potassium cyanide2 the continued     
constant  temperature for a definite    
time1 and all of the other conditions   
which  enter into the development of    
this crude protoplasmic mass1 are all   
physical factors1 regardless of the fact
 that the result is a living  organism1 
where we would1 according to our old    
ideas1 certainly expect  an undeveloped 
sterile egg1 or a potentially dead body4
 ,as with this  ovum1 so with the       
vegetable protoplasmic mass in the      
germinal radical  of a seed3 if its     
development is once started1 it must    
continue its  natural course without    
interference1 upon pain of speedy       
degeneration  upon interruption1 and1 in
 this light1 both the egg and the grain 
of  seed are places where life can be   

started 7or motion on a larger scale    
begun7 rather than living things before 
their development began1 or  while they 
were lying in their dormant state4      
,the death-knell to the theory of the   
personal immortality of the  human soul1
 as ordinarily enunciated1 was rung in  
#ahge by the ,german  biologist1        
,hertzig1 when he succeeded in bringing 
the living ovum into  the presence of   
the ciliated sperm-cells under the      
microscope1 while in  the field of a    
lens of sufficient power to enable him  
to see clearly  what took place4 ,it is 
sufficient for our purpose to state that
 the  minute the spermatozoon had       
pierced the cell wall of the egg-cell1  
the new individual of that species came 
into existence1 and had1  potentially1  
all of the life-possibilities1 or was1  
in fact1 as much  alive as it would have
 been if this had happened under        
conditions which  would have been       
favorable to its further development4   
,the fact that  the fertilized egg-cell 

immediately forms a mucous sheath the   
moment  that its nucleus coalesces with 
that of the spermatozoon to prevent  the
 further entrance of other spermatozoa1 
has done much to give rise  and impetus 
to the theory that each cell has a soul1
 and that when  these two nuclei        
completely fuse together1 the resulting 
cytula1 or  fertilized ovum or          
stem-cell1 has a soul peculiarly its    
own2 which is  made up in much the same 
way as two corresponding magnetic fields
 which  are blended when two magnets are
 brought within the territory of each   
other's influence and unite to form a   
resultant field4 ,that each of the      
sexual una-cells is distinguished by a  
form of sensation and motion of  its    
own1 and that this is true throughout   
the whole animal world1 has  given      
peculiar significance to these empirical
 facts of conception2 as  these will at 
once offer an explanation of the        
mysterious influence  of heredity1 such 
as was never possible heretofore4 ,that 

each human  individual has a beginning  
of existence with the coalescing of the 
nuclei of the parent cells1 just as he  
has an end of existence with the        
violation of the integrity of his       
physical body1 whether after the        
lapsing of one second or one century1   
must1 to anyone who has observed        
biological phenomena like the above1 be 
perfectly clear4    ,with the recent    
development of the science of           
embryology1 there is no  longer any     
ground upon which man can lay claim1 in 
the largest sense1  to free moral       
agency4 ,conditioned as he is1 even     
before birth1 by the  influence of      
heredity1 which science has now         
localized to the inner  nucleus of the  
cytula1 not only are his natural tastes 
and temperament  quite largely          
determined for him1 but often1 in at    
least as large a  sense1 his mental and 
physical possibilities4 ,it was our     
genial ,dr4  ,holmes1 who1 some years   
ago1 said1 ,if you would make a man1 you

 must  begin at least four generations  
before he is born1 and1 as embryology   
has since proven1 he spoke more truth   
than he thought4 ,any person  possessing
 a normally trained observation cannot  
help but note in  their aptitude1 or in 
their manner of doing certain things1   
their debt  to their ancestors4 ,how    
seldom 7we might say1 never7 do we find 
in  our friends what we had pictured and
 hoped for1 owing1 perhaps more  than   
anything else1 to the baneful influence 
of heredity4 ,degenerate  features1     
scrofula1 epilepsy1 melancholia1 etc41  
are all practically  in every case the  
gift of some progenitor4 ,tendencies to 
insanity and  crime are clearly         
recognized to-day by the administrators 
of the law1  in every civilized country1
 as possible a legacy as coin1 real     
estate1  or chattels were a few         
centuries ago4    ,whatever influence   
can be ascribed to heredity1 as a       
positive  limitation to human existence1
 we know absolutely that in a much      

larger sense is man a victim of his     
environment1 particularly during  the   
period of his childhood and adolescence4
 ,professor ,loeb has shown  that at    
least as large proportion 7possibly     
one-half7 of the influence  of heredity 
may be eliminated by the artificial     
fertilization of the  ovum of many      
species1 but embryology tells us that it
 is beyond the  possibilities of science
 to ever render impotent the adaptive   
tendency  of the individual4 ,with human
 beings1 the importance of environment  
is  much greater under a high state of  
civilization than in the condition  of  
savagery or barbarism1 since the        
possibilities of achievement are        
infinitely greater in the individual    
well-educated than in a condition  of   
illiteracy4 ,what would the mathematical
 genius of ,newton or ,leibnitz         
accomplish in developing the calculus1  
had they been born among the            
,patagonians or the bushmen of          
,australia8 ,would ,napoleon's military 

talent have availed him anything if he  
had been placed by birth among  the     
cliff-dwellers of ,arizona instead of   
the fomenting political  corruption of  
overpopulated ,france8 ,even in a much  
more restricted  sense1 ,austerlitz1    
,marengo1 and ,lodi could not have      
become noted as  the stepping-stones    
toward his imperialism1 had he not      
attended the  military school at        
,brienne4    ,in the discussion of this 
question1 of the freedom of the will1 or
 the  free moral agency of man1 it seems
 almost preposterous that educated      
people still cling to a theory so at    
variance with all known facts4  ,that   
all men are created free and equal is   
not only relatively but  absolutely     
untrue in the largest sense1 but that   
they are all entitled  to1 and have     
equal possibilities1 so far as is within
 their power1 is  not only the meaning  
which the writer of the ,declaration    
intended to  convey1 but is what every  
fair-minded man must necessarily accord 

to  all of his fellow-men1 even         
regardless of sex4 ,in ,jefferson's     
time1  the last clause could not have   
been inserted1 but at the beginning of  
the twentieth century1 at least in four 
of the ,states of this country1  woman  
has been given her full property rights1
 and in one she has  full and complete  
citizenship on an equal basis with man4 
,it cannot  be many years until culture 
and a sense of equity will have been so 
disseminated that1 at least under       
democratic forms of government1 woman   
will be given her full civil and        
political rights1 and regarded1 as  she 
justly should be1 as no longer a forced 
parasite of man1 but as  potentially his
 equal in every respect4    ,while      
considering this matter1 it is worthy of
 note that no less an  authority than   
,havelock ,ellis has conclusively shown 
that1 not only in  the moral world1     
where woman is and has been the         
acknowledged superior  of man1 is she at
 least his peer1 but also in her        

intellectual power  and physical        
development as concerns the evolution of
 the race when  surrounded by equally   
advantageous conditions has she occupied
 the  very van4 ,the chivalrous and     
insane worship which man has bestowed   
upon her as an exchange for her         
condoning his moral crimes1 has tended  
both to make him lax in his morality1 by
 reason of her readily granted          
forgiveness1 and to rob her of her      
rights as his equal1 by keeping  her in 
seclusion and incapacitated for         
self-support4 ,probably no one  thing   
has worked more harm to the race as a   
whole than this1 and it  is perhaps the 
crowning glory of the age in which we   
are living that  woman1 in ,america1 no 
longer has to accept the physical and   
moral  derelict which the average man is
 when he comes to the age at which he   
has finished sowing his wild oats1 and  
wishes to settle down to a  domestic    
existence1 as a candidate for reform    
under the tutelage of a  pure and       

virtuous woman2 or by refusing his      
proffer of marriage1 become  the        
laughing-stock of not only her suitor1  
but of her own sex as  well1 under the  
name of an old maid4 ,as woman has      
become capable of  self-support1 man has
 lost his power over her1 and his       
accountability  for his actions has     
directly increased1 just as woman has   
gone from  under his power4 ,that woman 
can have an honorable destiny to fulfill
  other than as a convenience or source 
of amusement for man is1 at last1  after
 countless ages of darkness1 beginning  
to dawn upon the world of  culture and  
intelligence4    ,perhaps the greatest  
of all human limitations arises from the
 fact  that after the gratification of  
physical desire1 of whatsoever kind1    
comes satiety4 ,the food which1 to the  
starving man1 was priceless1  and which 
afforded him keen delight as he ate it1 
but nauseates him  when temporarily his 
appetite is satisfied and try1 as hard  
as he  may1 he can contain no more4 ,how

 many a man has failed to realize  this1
 and1 after a youth of penury has1 by   
the closest application1  obtained a    
competence1 and by its use1 a           
gratification of his desires1  but      
without consideration kept up his       
earning power1 and hoarded his  wealth1 
only to find1 to his sorrow1 that it was
 impossible to furnish  gratifications  
when he no longer had the shadow of a   
desire6 ,no matter  how much of a       
gormand a man is he can eat but a       
certain small quantity  of food per day1
 the amount of which varies directly    
with the manual  labor which he does1   
and1 as a usual thing1 the more he is   
able to  purchase1 the less likely he is
 to do that labor which alone will make 
his money of value to him from a        
gastronomic standpoint4 ,should his     
desire be to pale the lilies of the     
field with his raiment1 he is  still    
limited to a certain quantity and       
character of vesture1 so that  in       
comparison with unreasoning vegetable   

life1 his pride will not  be greatly    
gratified should he possess any sense of
 humor at all4 ,if  prestige and prowess
 resulting as the outcome of any        
physical endeavor  be his ambition1 he  
must realize that whatever pinnacle of  
popularity  he may attain to1 it will be
 only a few years until he must         
acknowledge  a successful rival4    ,in 
the constant mutation of all the        
conditions which surround human         
existence1 we find another most potent  
limitation to life4 ,how few  of these  
vital conditions1 from a physical       
standpoint1 are under our  control8 ,and
 yet how important some of the even     
trivial ones really  are8 ,the extent to
 which we are dependent upon health1    
comeliness1  wealth1 location1 the      
physical aspects in the lives of our    
friends1 and  all of those complex      
details which go to make up our routine 
of life1  can hardly be over-estimated4 
,starting1 as the individual does1 with 
a  complete lack of experience from     

which to judge1 and without even the    
power to exercise his reason1 as this   
develops within him after years  of     
mistakes1 until his fund of recollection
 of these errors constitutes  a basis of
 experimental knowledge1 he is at best  
upon most dangerous  ground in early    
life4 ,he is handicapped just in        
proportion as he has  not some guardian 
who pilots him until he is able to judge
 for himself  of the character of his   
actions4 ,it is the most pathetic       
thought  which the human mind is capable
 of comprehending1 that nature cannot   
be imprecated1 bribed1 or frightened out
 of her relentless rule of  exacting    
full and complete consequence of our    
every action4 ,ignorance  is no plea for
 mercy before her court1 and her        
penalties are exacted  without either   
fear or favor4 ,nor is her tribunal     
cognizant of any plan  of vicarious     
atonement1 but in many cases partially  
are we visited  with the penalties of   
our progenitors' disobedience to her    

immutable  laws4 ,in view of these      
truths1 let us not falsely be inflated  
with  pride1 because of any ephemeral   
successes4 ,let us in the moments of    
aggrandizement remember ,massillon1 as  
he stood at the bier of ,le ,grand      
,monarch1 and when we consider the truth
 in his opening statement1 in  that     
magnificent funeral oration1 ,god only  
is ,great1 we must feel our  sense of   
importance leave us4 ,whoever stood     
erect with egotism over  the corpse of a
 friend1 even though he be as mad as    
,lear1 raving1 ,o  that a horse1 a dog1 
a rat hath life1 and thou no breath68   
,our control  over our physical         
condition is worthy of mention only on  
account of its  paucity1 and we can     
never appreciate our true position on   
earth1 until  at times we are filled    
with the sentiment1 so well expressed by
 ,bryant3       ,in sadness then ,i     
ponder1 how quickly fleets the hour1    
,of human strength and action1 man's    
courage and his power4    ,it is not for

 us to be crushed with the appreciation 
of our real lack  of importance1 from a 
physical and moral viewpoint1 but no    
scheme of  life can be built upon a sure
 foundation without an understanding of 
what in the case of ,schopenhauer1 and  
some other brilliant intellects1  formed
 the basis of their pessimistic         
philosophy4 ,that we are not  absolutely
 free1 morally1 to select our course1   
does not keep us from  being relatively 
so1 and1 after all1 the destiny of the  
individual is  very largely within his  
power to shape4 ,it is only through     
incessant  and vigorous struggle that   
anything worth while is accomplished1   
and  nature1 in this and many other     
instances1 is with us1 since we become  
capacitated for greater endeavor through
 practice1 and the habit1 once  formed1 
makes the effort for advancement become 
almost an instinct  within us1 so that  
our mental activity does not have to be 
continually  consumed in holding our    
will to the course1 but can be applied  

to  fighting our way upward along it4   
,just as fresh recruits are unable  to  
render the efficient service of veterans
 in actual warfare1 so our              
capabilities1 morally and               
intellectually1 become augmented by     
constant  practice4 ,in the succeeding  
chapters1 we shall attempt to show what 
is  possible to be got from life by the 
use of all of the advantages which  we  
have1 and1 in doing this1 we shall      
elucidate a philosophy which is  as     
consistent with the facts of life as    
known to us as we can make it4    ,in   
the days of the decadence of the ,roman 
,empire1 when perhaps life was  as      
uncertain as it ever was in the history 
of the world1 the walls of  the banquet 
halls of a certain clique were always   
adorned with skulls  and other tokens of
 death1 and according to all accounts1  
the mirth  was more furious1 and the    
licentiousness greater1 as the guests   
were  brought to realize the shortness  
of the time during which they had to    

live4 ,we moderns may well get an idea  
from these feasts1 in which  the        
sentiment of ,solomon1 as voiced a      
thousand years earlier--than  the       
instance cited1 and under similar       
conditions1 let us eat1 drink1  and be  
merry1 for to-morrow we die1 is the     
dominating one1 and1 in  considering the
 shortness of life1 realize that every  
minute should be  filled with effort1 as
 time which is passed is gone forever4  
,even at  the best1 whatever we may     
elect to accomplish1 should take all of 
our  attention1 and1 although we may    
give it this1 we will still be able to  
find moments in which we did not live up
 to our possibilities4                  
,,chapter ,,iv    ,,the ,,purpose ,,of  
,,life      ,in the preceding chapters1 
we have attempted to get a view of life 
from a purely physical standpoint1 and  
to show in what ways our race  is       
connected with the terrestrial past1 and
 how much the individual  is dependent  
upon physical conditions1 beyond his    

control1 which  constitute both the     
background and the framework of his     
existence4 ,but  as great as are these  
limitations1 they are still not so      
important  as they at first sight would 
seem1 since at least a portion of each  
person's environment is of his own      
choosing1 and both his body and his     
mind are1 to a greater or lesser degree1
 what he may elect to make  them4       
,diligence and pertinacity have         
accomplished wonders along this  line1  
and the poor struggling manual laborer  
very frequently turns out  to be the    
great discoverer1 not only in the       
province of geography1  perhaps on the  
,dark ,continent1 but along all the     
lines of truth4 ,nor  is even age a bar 
to achievement1 as our own bard tells   
us3       ,cato learned ,greek at       
eighty2 ,sophocles        ,wrote his    
grand ,oedipus1 and ,simonides          
,bore off the prize of verse from his   
compeers        ,when each had numbered 
more than fourscore years2      ,and    

,theophrastus1 at fourscore and ten1    
,had but begun his ',characters of      
,men4'      ,chaucer at ,woodstock1 with
 his nightingales1        ,at sixty1    
wrote the ,canterbury ,tales4           
,goethe1 at ,weimar1 toiling to the     
last1        ,completed ,faust1 when    
eighty years were past4    ,however1 it 
is far more safe to assume that1        
whatever we have to  do1 should be      
started early in life1 for1 if we are to
 carve out  our own destinies1 we shall 
need all the time which we have at our  
disposal4 ,while fully realizing the    
limiting conditions of heredity and     
environment1 it is difficult to disprove
 the statement of ,cassius1 when  he    
says3       ,men1 at some time1 are     
masters of their fates2      ,the fault1
 dear ,brutus1 is not in our stars      
,but in ourselves2 that we are          
underlings4    ,perhaps ,bulwer-,lytton 
has1 in other words1 more forcibly      
expressed a  similar idea when he says3 
,we are our own fates4 ,our own deeds   

,are our own doomsmen4    ,let us not   
shift the responsibility of our being   
other than we desire  upon the shoulders
 of either our progenitors or           
circumstances1 but1  taking what is1 as 
a fact1 we should try to so regulate our
 conduct  that what we wish may come to 
pass4 ,it is not he who mourns the power
  which he has not--who becomes either  
the master of himself or of  others1 as 
the parable of the talents tells us1 but
 it is he who1  with a strong heart1    
dares and does1 that achieves the great 
things  on this earth4 ,perhaps as close
 an analogy as we can get to the real   
life-condition1 is to represent the     
individual's power over himself  and his
 destiny1 by one line1 and the power of 
heredity and forced  environment by one 
of equal length2 then his power of      
accomplishment  will be the vector sum  
of these two lines4 ,the line           
representing the  uncontrollable        
condition will necessarily be longer 7as
 the influence  is more powerful7 in    

youth1 while1 during the life period1 it
 gradually  shortens up until it reaches
 its minimum at the physical and mental 
culmination of life1 or when the        
individual is at his best1 and          
lengthens again as old age comes on1 and
 the physical and mental forces         
decline1 and habit and environment      
become the prevailing factors4 ,with    
our responsibility clearly before us1   
then1 let us investigate what is  worth 
having4    ,at this particular time1    
when all of the ,occidental world is    
hopelessly  insane with its             
,machiavelian money greed1 it would seem
 that one of  ,horace's sentiments1     
uttered satirically1 had become the     
slogan of the  battle3       ,get place 
and wealth1 if possible1 with grace2    
,if not1 by any means1 get wealth and   
place4    ,everything is thrown away by 
the average individual to-day1 in his   
haste to satisfy his desire for         
inordinate wealth2--friendship1         
liberty1 decency1 humanity1 honor1 and  

even life itself1 is hurled into  the   
maw of this ,mammon1 which is not       
satisfied with such sacrifices1  and    
gives only hard1 cold gold as a return  
for the priceless jewels of  the human  
soul1 and even this usually at a time in
 life when the little  value which the  
mental ever possessed has gone1 since   
there are no  longer desires to gratify 
by it1 with the one exception of that   
calling  constantly for more of the     
counters which have lost their          
purchasing  power4 ,our forefathers     
thought of wealth as worth having only  
because with it came leisure1 and with  
leisure came culture through            
application4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock has    
well said1 ,if wealth is to be valued   
because it gives leisure1 clearly it    
would be a mistake to sacrifice  leisure
 in the struggle for wealth4            
,unfortunately1 our country is going    
through that period which all other     
nations that have risen to world power  
have had to pass through1  only1 in our 

case1 we have reached this period much  
earlier in point of  time1 owing to our 
vast natural resources1 the activity of 
scientific  research1 and the multitude 
of inventions resulting therefrom within
  the last century4 ,but1 with the      
enormous increase in our national       
wealth1 the legislative branch of our   
,government neglected to pass  such     
restraining measures as would insure    
that no gigantic individual  fortunes   
were amassed1 or1 in case that they were
 to have such wealth1  bear its         
proportion of the tax2 and1             
consequently1 we are confronting  a     
condition of both anarchy and socialism1
 inasmuch as1 to-day1 our  law-making   
and higher judiciary branches of        
,government both have a  decided leaning
 toward whatever is favorable to        
capital1 as against  the interests of   
the laboring people4 ,our lower judicial
 and executive  officials1 however1 are 
in this country and in ,england1 owing  
to rank  partisan political influence1  

almost hopelessly under the domination  
of organized labor1 whose leaders       
7necessarily demagogues7 use all the    
means within their power to corrupt our 
system of jurisprudence to  further     
their own ends4 ,it remains to be seen  
whether our ,government1  owing to its  
democratic form1 will be able to right  
these evils and  withstand the stress   
and strain which such a changed social  
system  must necessarily involve4       
,remembering our experience at the time 
of  the ,civil ,war1 which was brought  
about by very similar causes1 we have   
every reason to be hopeful of the       
outcome4 ,our vast alien population is  
the only factor which would be decidedly
 against us at a time such as  this1    
since these foreigners have not had the 
privileges of citizenship  where they   
were born1 and into them has been       
instilled the blind hatred  of all who  
possess wealth1 owing to the monarchical
 feudal oppression  of the poorer       
laboring classes1 by the titled and     

plutocratic nobility  of ,europe4 ,the  
most crying need of our time is a law   
equitable for poor  and rich alike1 and 
a judicial and executive system which   
will see that  this law is enforced and 
its penalties are imposed impartially4  
,perhaps the worst feature about the    
possession of wealth1 is that  it tends 
to dwarf and belittle the finer         
sensibilities of man4 ,its  acquisition 
becomes a passion of such violence that1
 in the majority of  cases1 its         
possessor no longer cares for anything  
but the few paltry  pleasures which it  
will buy4 ,and as few as these          
apparently are1 they  are even less upon
 closer examination1 since only the     
counterfeits  of anything of real moral 
value can be purchased for money4       
,purity1  sincerity1 culture1 or love1  
owing to their nature1 never could be   
bought for gold4 ,yet many an individual
 has acquired the opposite of  the four 
pearls of great price just mentioned1 by
 having too much  money at his disposal2

 and most truly has it been said that   
poverty is  one of the greatest teachers
 of virtue4 ,in fact1 if it were not for
  the truth of our ,american aphorism1  
that three generations cover the  time  
it takes one of our wealthy families to 
go from shirt-sleeves to  shirt-sleeves1
 our wealthy aristocracy would be much  
more profligate4  ,there can be no      
heritage of equal value to children1 so 
long as  their poverty does not         
interfere with their fundamental        
education1  comparable to their being   
born in straitened1 rather than in      
opulent1  circumstances4 ,consequently1 
we must accept the fact that beyond a   
small competence set aside against age1 
money has no value of moment1  nor is it
 worthy of greater than a reasonable    
effort being spent to  acquire it4      
,in this age of bustle and hurry1 the   
nervous system is operated at  a very   
high tension1 and as a result often     
refuses to do the work  demanded of it4 
,as a consequence1 artificial stimulants

 are resorted  to1 with the most baneful
 effects upon our citizen body4         
,caffine1  thermo-bromine1 nicotine1    
narcine1 alcohol1 and1 frequently1      
chloral1  cocaine1 morphine1 and        
hyoscine1 are used in some quantity1 and
 often  under several forms1 for this   
purpose by over seventy-five per cent4  
of our population2 and we have seen the 
statement that over ninety per  cent4 of
 the males1 over the age of twenty-one1 
are addicted to some  narcotic habit in 
this country4 ,as a result of this1 the 
vitality of  the individual1 suffering  
from these habits1 is eventually        
lowered1  owing to the effect which such
 stimulants have upon the involuntary   
muscular fibre2 while the over-wrought  
nervous system1 sooner or later1        
collapses1 and we become1 both mentally 
and physically1 human wrecks4           
,particularly is the taking of the      
weaker stimulants1 such as are more     
commonly used1 harmful to children1     
inasmuch as1 at this period of          

development1 nature has about all that  
she can well care for1 without          
interference from the outside1 and      
abnormal activity of the imagination  at
 this time is not to be desired2 since1 
under these circumstances  with the     
majority of human beings1 the           
imaginative impulse runs more to        
sensual than to sthetic things4    ,the 
demands of our present civilization upon
 the individual1 especially  if he      
belongs to the coterie constituting the 
so-called social set1 is  so great for  
both time and effort1 that the use of   
narcotic stimulants  with this class is 
even greater than with the majority4    
,hence1 it  happens in ,america1 where  
wealth is often acquired very quickly1  
that  instead of bringing with it       
leisure1 health1 education1 and         
refinement1  as it should1 we see very  
frequently the opposite result4 ,on this
  account1 in our country1 we have no   
aristocracy1 in any real sense of  the  
word1 and1 in general we are forced to  

believe that real culture  and          
refinement are becoming all the time    
more rare4 ,the late ,mark ,twain  has  
well illustrated this tendency in his   
trite character sketch1 ,the  ,man who  
,corrupted ,hadleyburg4 ,if our age     
tends toward degeneration  ethically    
from this cause1 it does so even more   
from a physiological  point of view4 ,it
 is becoming more imperative all the    
while that  we ascertain1 for certain1  
that those with whom we must enter upon 
intimate relationship1 should be able to
 show a clean bill of health1  not only 
in a strictly physical sense1 but in a  
moral sense as well4  ,to-day1 luxury   
and vice in our centers of population   
are corrupting and  ruining a far larger
 proportion of our young and middle-aged
 men than  ever before4 ,since all      
branches of our ,government are         
influenced by  plutocratic power1 we are
 at a loss immediately to rectify these 
evils  by closing up the dens of vice1  
and raising the age of consent1 to stem 

the tide of infamy4    ,any system of   
ethics is valuable as a guide for       
conduct just to that  extent to which   
our interest is aroused4 ,inasmuch as   
with us all1 self  is always the        
paramount consideration1 the safest and 
surest basis  upon which we can build an
 ethical system is self-interest4 ,every
  human being of intelligence must      
sooner or later realize that he is  on  
earth primarily by no choice of his own1
 and1 since he is here1  it is of the   
first importance to him that he should  
know1 early in  life1 in just what way  
he will be able to secure the most out  
of his  terrestrial existence4 ,now1 as 
we take it1 happiness1 in its broadest  
and best sense1 is alone the desideratum
 which is per se worth the  individual's
 effort1 and1 in the aggregate1 is worth
 the pains1 both  as an end to be       
attained1 and through the effects of the
 struggle  of obtaining it upon others4 
,by happiness1 we mean that feeling of  
contentment and satisfaction which      

should1 at all times1 be with the       
conscientious and sincere being1 whether
 he is expecting to live a few  more    
decades1 or if he has arrived at that   
inevitable hour which must  sometime    
come to all4 ,in other words1 let his   
end come when it will1 if  he has       
happiness1 in our sense1 he feels and   
knows that he has had all  that he could
 get out of life1 and1 if he had to live
 it over again1  he would wish to       
operate upon only those principles which
 he had used  to guide his existence4   
,in this sense1 then1 should happiness  
be the  purpose of life1 we will now    
attempt to show what conditions must1 of
  necessity1 be fulfilled in order to   
attain it4    ,happiness1 for the       
individual1 is but slightly dependent   
upon  circumstances outside of his      
control1 and1 in general1 is the result 
of  living up to the highest moral      
possibility1 which means the development
  of self in the highest conception4    
,since any environment can be made  to  

serve the purpose1 we are always so     
conditioned that some degree of         
happiness may be ours4 ,the presence of 
the objects of our affection1  in the   
form of human beings1 is perhaps an     
actual necessary detail of  our         
environment1 without which we cannot    
experience that feeling of  satisfaction
 and contentment which we call          
happiness4    ,the matter of the        
greatest importance is so ordering your 
life that1  in all your actions1 you may
 be equitable in the most amplified     
sense  of the word4 ,this has1 at all   
times1 been understood by those teachers
  of humanity who have been reformers or
 saviors1 from the priests of  ,osiris  
in ,egypt and ,zoroaster in ,bactria1   
more than five thousand  years ago1 to  
,abbas ,effendi in ,palestine1 within   
the last century4  ,and1 strange as it  
may seem1 the world has advanced perhaps
 less in  the understanding and practice
 of this1 than in any of the truths of  
lesser importance4 ,the exposition of   

the ,decalogue of the ,pentateuch  is   
less refined and more constricted in    
meaning and application than  the       
,negative ,confession in the ,egyptian  
,book of the ,dead1 or the  ,vedantic   
philosophy1 as given in the older       
,hindoo writings1 or in the  more modern
 ,upanishads4 ,from this point of view1 
the ethics of the  ,zend or of the      
,chinese sages are infinitely beyond the
 best modern  practice of a majority of 
the people in any part of the earth4    
,but  all conscientious and fearless    
thinkers1 regardless of the date or     
locality in which they existed1 have    
realized that in every sense the        
,golden ,rule is the only safe guide for
 conduct1 if contentment and  real      
happiness were the end sought4 ,and if  
we once get thoroughly fixed  in the    
individual's mind that this is certain1 
and that1 no matter  what the intention1
 if our acts are not ordered in         
accordance with  this fundamental       
principle of equity1 we cannot be happy2

 we can rest  assured that the          
individual would no sooner pursue a line
 of action  which he absolutely knows   
will end in his own misery1 than he     
would  wilfully take a dose of poison4  
,it is the putting of ethical matters   
upon a plain commonsense basis that will
 greatly assist1 socially and  morally1 
in revolutionizing the world4 ,we have  
too long deformed and  twisted facts to 
fit our fancies and prejudices1 and we1 
as well as the  rest of the human race1 
have paid a pretty penny for our        
delusion4  ,the prevalence in all of the
 ,western countries since ,constantine  
raised  ,christianity to the prominence 
of a ,state religion1 of a belief in a  
scheme of vicarious atonement1 has      
worked inestimable harm to the human    
race4 ,certainly1 in one particular1 the
 doctrine taught by the gospel  of      
,gautama ,buddha is immeasurably further
 advanced ethically than that  of his   
subsequent rival1 ,jesus of ,nazareth1  
if we accept their gospels  as correct  

reports of their teachings4 ,our blood1 
to-day1 is tainted  with venereal       
diseases1 and our minds with a          
predisposition to infamy1  because our  
ancestors were not taught1 and did not  
know1 that from the  consequence of     
their actions1 both physically and      
mentally1 they could  not escape4 ,how  
many men would work day and night to    
accumulate wealth1  at the expense of   
their fellows1 through unfair advantage 
and unjust  means1 if they only knew    
that this could not1 on account of      
immutable  law1 add one iota to their   
happiness after they had secured        
possession  of their so much coveted    
gold8 ,how many women1 for the          
consideration  of a home of leisure and 
luxury1 would rush into a marriage of   
convenience with a man for whom they    
knew they had no semblance of  an       
affection1 if they felt1 with certainty1
 that nature does not  discriminate1    
even for a marriage license and a       
religious ceremony1  between            

prostitution within the bonds of        
wedlock1 and without1 and that  the     
horrors of remorse and disappointment   
are just as frightful in one  case as in
 the other8 ,how many young men would go
 out into the world  with a ,satanic    
sneer upon their faces1 a cigarette     
between their lips1  and a glass of     
champagne in their hands1 to sow their  
wild oats under  the tutelage of their  
older degenerate friends1 if they fully 
realized  that1 in this one act1 they   
were forever incapacitating themselves  
for  the highest pleasure of life1 and  
that no matter what their lives might   
be thereafter1 that nature would        
ruthlessly hold them to the strictest   
accountability for their actions1 and   
that ignorance would be no plea  for    
mercy before her bar8 ,this inexorable  
impartiality of nature is at  once the  
saddest and the sublimest matter of     
contemplation1 depending  entirely upon 
whether we are considering the awful    
weight of her  penalties or the         

magnificence of her rewards4 ,the old   
axiom of prudery  that knowledge often  
comes hard1 is1 in the cold light of    
fact and  reason1 a most palpable       
absurdity4 ,it is to-day1 the man and   
woman  who knows2 not necessarily from  
his or her own experience1 but from  the
 authentic records of the results of the
 actions of others1 whose  motives of   
narration cannot be questioned1 who are 
well-equipped to  fight the battles of  
life1 and get from terrestrial existence
 all the  real pleasure which is to be  
obtained4 ,it is from such simple yet   
grand  souls that we have inspirations1 
and fortunate is that individual  who   
can call himself a friend to a man or   
woman whose life has1 from  the earliest
 childhood1 been so ordered that purity 
and sincerity  have been kept inviolate1
 and all of the fundamental conditions  
of  equity1 as applicable to our fellow 
human beings1 have been observed4  ,a   
friendship with this character of human 
being is one of the few  unalloyed      

pleasures of life1 inasmuch as their    
company1 when present1  or their memory1
 when absent1 is equally delightful4    
,but to get the  highest enjoyment from 
such a person1 we must not only strive  
to reach  his or her level1 but1 just in
 proportion as we do attain their moral 
altitude1 we will have our capacity for 
enjoyment augmented4    ,perhaps in     
nothing more than in our moments of     
relaxation and amusement  should we be  
careful that we make our actions accord 
with this law  of equity4 ,how many a   
careless thing we do without thinking   
what  the result will be upon someone   
else6 ,while the indulging in some      
amusements1 such as a game of chance1   
for an insignificant stake1 in  order to
 maintain the interest1 may be done with
 impunity by parties  whose financial   
condition is such that the counters     
involved are of  no moment to them1 and 
the stability of their temperament is   
sedate  enough so that the excitement of
 the game will not fascinate them  with 

a snake's charm2 yet are these          
particular participants sure that  this 
is true of all of the company at such   
times8 ,if not--and in no  gathering of 
this kind can we be sure--there is a    
possibility of great  harm being done4  
,the same is also true of an occasional 
glass of  stimulant1 so much in vogue on
 all social occasions2 of the occasional
  cigar or cigarette2 of a little gossip
 or scandalous small-talk1 which  we all
 enjoy so much2 and of a thousand and   
one other things which1  in themselves1 
are almost positively not so harmful    
when properly  conditioned1 but which   
may1 and frequently do1 become the means
 of  a fellow mortal's ruin4 ,it is the 
lack of discerning and realizing  our   
responsibility in these matters of      
conduct that causes almost all  of the  
misery of the world4 ,it is not1        
however1 enough that we act  equitably  
only toward our friends and strangers1  
but we must1 within  reasonable limits1 
follow the injunction which the ,chinese

 philosopher  has so well enunciated    
twenty-five hundred years ago3 ,requite 
hatred  with goodness4 ,in this         
particular instance1 ,lao-,tse's        
philosophy is  more sensible than       
,christ's1 who commanded us to turn the 
other cheek4  ,it is not the part of    
good judgment that we should throw      
ourselves  open to the ravages of our   
enemies1 but it is essential that we do 
not wilfully harm or wrong even the     
least of human beings4 ,it has  been the
 most unfortunate thing for the         
,occidental world that those  in high   
authority in the ,christian movement    
should have so belittled  their physical
 self in comparison with their spiritual
 natures1 that  anything pertaining to  
the flesh was thought unclean and worthy
 of no  consideration4 ,everything which
 tends toward real beauty and sincerity1
  and helps to make us learned1 just1   
and charitable1 must necessarily  be    
worth striving for2 and the possession  
of this should be counted  above all    

other things4 ,at the same time1 we must
 appreciate the  awfulness of our       
responsibility1 and continually test our
 actions in  the light of their equity  
toward others1 if we would be following 
the  safe line of conduct4 ,on the other
 hand1 we should not be blind to  the   
evil in others1 and we should be willing
 to go to any reasonable  self-sacrifice
 to better terrestrial conditions4      
,the philosophy1 as enunciated in the   
foregoing1 is not at all  altruistic2 it
 is1 on the contrary1 very selfish1 and 
as such it has  its chief value4 ,if we 
teach our children that they must be    
good1  not for the sake of doing the    
right thing1 but for the purpose of     
increasing their happiness1 it would    
seem but reasonable that such  incentive
 in the latter case would be more potent
 than that given in  the former one4    
,above all1 the idea of vicarious       
atonement must be  abhorred as a false  
conceit1 and human beings should be     
taught that1 in  the moral as in the    

physical world1 consequences are always 
absolutely  true to their antecedents4  
,as ,orlando ,j4 ,smith so forcefully   
and  tritely says1 ,know that the       
consequences of your every act and      
thought  are registered instantly in    
your character4 ,this day1 this hour1   
this  moment1 is your time of judgment4 
,he who deceives1 betrays1 kills--he    
who entertains malice1 treachery1 or    
other vileness1 secretly in his         
heart--takes the penalty instantly in   
the debasement of his character4  ,and  
so1 also1 for every good thought or act1
 be it open or secret1 he  shall receive
 an instant reward in the improvement of
 his character4    ,every night as you  
lie down to sleep1 you are a little     
better or a  little worse1 a little     
richer or a little poorer1 than you were
 in  the morning4 ,you have nothing that
 is substantial1 nothing that is  truly 
your own1 but your character4 ,you shall
 lose your money and your  property2    
your home shall be your home no longer2 

the scenes which know  you now shall    
know you no more2 your flesh shall be   
food for worms2  the earth upon which   
you tread shall be cinders and cosmic   
dust4 ,your  character alone shall stay 
with you1 surviving all wreckage1 decay1
 and  death2 your character is you1 it  
shall be you forever4 ,your character   
is the perfect register of your progress
 or of your degradation1 of  your       
victory or of your defeat2 it shall be  
your glory or your shame1  your blessing
 or your curse1 your heaven or your     
hell4    ,truly has ,plato said3        
,character is man's destiny4 ,whatsoever
 a man  soweth1 that shall he also reap4
          ,,chapter ,v    ,,knowledge   
,,and ,,education      ,in entering upon
 the consideration of the part which    
knowledge plays  in the making of human 
happiness1 it seems impossible to secure
 a  view of satisfactory breadth4 ,what 
we1 as children1 knew as recently       
established facts was with our fathers1 
in many instances1 entirely             

undreamed-of1 so rapidly has the fund of
 knowledge grown within the  last       
century4 ,with us now1 more than at any 
other time1 is correctness  of judgment 
advantageous1 since1 with increased     
learning1 has come a  fiercer           
competition in all the affairs of life1 
and more dependent  than ever before is 
the individual now1 upon his            
intelligence for  his livelihood1 as    
well as for his happiness4 ,in this day1
 as never  previously1 are the words of 
,bacon true3 ,crafty men contemn        
studies2  simple men admire them1 and   
wise men use them4    ,at the present   
time1 also1 as at no time in the        
historic past1 is  experience gained at 
the hands of others or through them2 so 
that the  youth of to-day does not have 
to suffer the consequences of getting   
experience first hand on account of the 
lack of books1 or of the  prejudice or  
ignorance of his parents and teachers1  
as was so often  the case in the not    
remote past4 ,furthermore1 intelligent  

parents are  taking their children into 
their confidence1 and informing them    
upon  all subjects with perfect freedom1
 since1 inasmuch as knowledge must  come
 to children at some time1 it is vastly 
preferable that it should  come through 
those who have the interest of the      
inexperienced at heart1  so that the    
proper color and perspective may be     
given to each and every  fact4 ,it is   
almost an axiom of pedagogics to-day    
that ignorance is  the most potent cause
 of crime4 ,with the unprecedented      
dissemination  of knowledge which has   
taken place during the past few decades1
 there  has necessarily been a          
proportionate advancement in the culture
 of the  masses1 and1 with culture1     
comes refinement and conscience4    ,the
 cheapness and attractiveness of current
 literature1 before the  decline in     
culture which engulfed this country with
 the rise of  commercialism and         
imperialism1 was a thing of which       
,america had every  reason to be proud2 

and while we are now in the trough of   
the wave of  progress1 and will continue
 to be until money and commercial       
influence  lose their present prestige1 
yet it does not take an optimist to see 
that1 sooner or later1 and somewhere1   
humanity will take advantage of  its    
hard-won victories of the past and      
commence again its march toward  better 
conditions4    ,here1 again1 as with the
 individual1 so with the entire race4   
,as we  outgrow the things of our       
childhood at the arrival of mature      
years1  so has and will the human family
 as a whole4 ,who cannot remember the   
marvelous width and depth of the vistas 
of youth1 as looked back at in  the     
transmuting light of memory2 and yet1   
when1 after years of toil1  we look at  
the same scenes again in reality1 how   
disappointing and  dwarfed they are6 ,it
 is not the actual physical distance    
which has been  altered1 but we1        
ourselves4 ,our horizons have           
unconsciously widened  every day2 our   

standards of comparison have been       
insidiously raised4  ,just as an inch1  
when compared with a foot1 seems        
relatively small1  with a yard1 smaller1
 and so on until we reach the light     
year1 the  value of the fraction is     
reduced to almost an inappreciable sum2 
so1 as  we progress through life1 the   
momentous events of our youth lose their
  importance1 and we look at our past   
through the minifying glass of          
experience1 until at last we can hardly 
believe that the person whose  life we  
have been reviewing is1 in reality1 one 
with our present self4  ,furthermore1   
events seen at a distance assume their  
true proportions1  and we are less      
influenced by passions and prejudices   
after the lapse  of time2 hence it is   
only in retrospection that we are able  
to secure  a view of anything which we  
have experienced without distortion4    
,all  normal human beings are so        
constituted that their psychic activity 
runs  through a long series of periods  

of evolution during each individual     
life4 ,as ,haeckel has shown1 five of   
these1 at least1 can be clearly         
defined3    #ast--,the ,infantile       
,stage--from birth to the beginning of  
self-consciousness4    #bnd--,the       
adolescent stage--from                  
self-consciousness to puberty4          
#crd--,the idealistic stage--from       
puberty to the period of sexual         
intercourse4    #dth--,the mature       
stage--from the time of sexual          
intercourse to the  beginning of        
degeneration with age4    #eth--,the    
senile stage--from the commencement of  
degeneration with age  until death4     
,the investigation of a human life1     
according to this outline1 will  prove1 
quite readily1 the psychic possibilities
 of mundane existence4    ,as is well   
known1 the child enters life with its   
cerebellum almost  devoid of functions4 
,the vital processes are carried on     
through the  cerebrum and the medulla   
oblongata1 purely by virtue of the stamp

 of  heredity1 and it is only after some
 days that the outside stimuli1 such  as
 light1 heat1 pressure or contact1 etc41
 of the most elementary and  primitive  
sort1 are responded to by the infant4   
,its life is a matter  of little or no  
individual interest to it1 and it is    
usually only  after many months1 and1 in
 some cases1 years1 before the child has
 any  conception of its own existence4  
,previous to the comprehension of its   
existence1 the infant has to learn to   
see and judge something of the  distance
 and size of objects by the use of its  
eyes1 if not to invert  the retina      
image4 ,in a non-monistic sense1 the    
child1 during this  period1 has no soul1
 and its life or death is of absolutely 
no moment  to it4    ,in the second1 or 
adolescent stage1 the most important of 
the  individual's concrete knowledge is 
obtained--that upon which the basis  of 
judgment rests in after-years4 ,the     
developing mentality seizes  new facts  
with avidity1 and the memory is more    

keen1 potentially1  at this stage than  
at any other4 ,the value of correct     
associations  at this era cannot be     
over-estimated1 as ideas and habits     
formed in  this period cling tenaciously
 to the individual4 ,so deeply seated do
  they become that they form a part of  
what we call1 in after-years1  our      
instinct1 and upon these memories and   
the foundation of habits  we build our  
later intuition4 ,voltaire has somewhere
 remarked that  ,mankind is led more by 
instinct than by reason1 and his        
observation  is a just one4 ,the        
acquisition of concrete facts or        
knowledge1 in  a specialized form1 takes
 place at a very much more rapid rate at
  this period than during any other one1
 and the child's mind is very  plastic1 
and absorbs information greedily4       
,nature has so arranged it  that at this
 time1 when most is to be learned1      
learning comes more  easily than before 
or afterwards4 ,in the normal child1 the
 sense of  duty begins to make itself   

felt at this juncture1 and while this   
may  be entirely an objective idea1     
nevertheless1 it clearly shows an       
appreciation of justice in a regard for 
the rights of others4 ,coupled  with    
this1 there is a satisfaction which     
comes both from a sense of  our         
knowledge--little though it be--and the 
feeling that this is being  used as a   
guide to our conduct2 a sentiment which 
,bacon eloquently  expresses in his     
aphorism3 ,no pleasure is comparable    
with the standing  upon the vantage     
ground of ,truth4 ,with this            
realization1 life for  the first time   
becomes worth living1 and our desire for
 more knowledge  follows directly upon  
our appreciation of the power which     
truth gives  over our destiny4 ,the     
grasping and comprehension of this idea 
by the  child is one of the greatest1 if
 not the most important1 points to be   
attained in any educational system4 ,the
 absorption of abstract facts  does not 
constitute1 primarily1 any part of an   

education1 as ,spencer  has so clearly  
shown2 but the implanting of the desire 
for truth1 and  the manner in which we  
should assimilate and use it1 does      
attain the  highest aim of any scheme of
 erudition4 ,it is in this second stage 
of development that this must be done   
rudimentally2 consequently1  compulsory 
education must be carried at least      
through this period4    ,at the         
beginning of the third subdivision in   
the life of the  individual1 we find a  
peculiar nervous tension1 which is      
invariably an  accompaniment of this    
stage of physical development4 ,the     
imaginative  faculties are enormously   
stimulated1 and1 unless directed into   
the  right channels1 are sure to work to
 the eternal harm of both male and      
female children4 ,they should have been 
given a general knowledge of  their     
physical peculiarities1 previous to this
 time1 by their parents1  and should be 
allowed the companionship of playmates  
of the opposite  sex so long as their   

characters are not objectionable4 ,these
 close  acquaintances between girls and 
boys should be fostered and allowed  to 
become friendship1 rather than be       
discouraged and ridiculed1 by  the      
parents and guardians1 as is so often   
the case4 ,the polarity of  sex will    
assert itself at this early age1 and the
 boys will strive to  appear manly1     
strong and noble1 while the girls1 in a 
less positive  sense1 perhaps1 but in an
 equally beneficial manner1 will attempt
 to  assume the womanly peculiarities of
 reserved kindliness and sympathy1      
which has made the female character so  
lovable and universally admired  through
 all the ages4 ,in this matter of the   
intersexual association  of children1   
our public school system is usually in  
error1 since1 in  most towns1 the       
playgrounds of the boys and girls are   
separated by  high fences1 and          
communication is entirely cut off during
 play times4  ,the association with a   
large number of individuals of the      

opposite  sex gives the child a broader 
basis upon which to form a judgment     
concerning any one1 and if taught at the
 same time to use his mind              
analytically1 will mean a               
correspondingly high ideal of his own4  
,the  ideal of the child is but the     
selected striking characteristics of his
  own acquaintances1 coalesced into an  
imaginative being4 ,this ideal  is high 
or low1 just as he has been taught to   
reverence and worship  beautiful or     
unlovely and vile things2 but1 all      
conditions being equal1  there is no    
other time in life when the human mind  
will so readily  respond to the pure and
 noble stimulation of stheticism as     
against the  baseness and depravity of  
unbridled sensuality4    ,much has been 
said concerning the difference in the   
systems of  education and the class of  
facts to be presented to the male1 as   
distinguished from the female1 mind4    
,there can be no doubt that the  desired
 result of education in either case is  

broadly similar--the  fitting of the    
individual for a useful and happy life4 
,but it  does not follow that1 because  
in our present civilization1 the  woman 
is necessarily the guardian of the      
sthetic1 while the man is  engrossed    
with the practical1 that the same set of
 facts and power of  investigation and  
reason are not just as good a           
preparation with which  to meet the     
identical world-problems in the one life
 as in the other4  ,truth is the same to
 the boy as to the girl1 and the        
material facts  do not change whether   
faced by one sex or its opposite4 ,since
 in our  industrial life1 we have       
allowed woman to assume already no mean 
part1  we have more than ever a valid   
reason for giving her the same course   
of training in general which we         
prescribe for her brother4 ,nor are we  
speaking of intellectual and moral      
education alone--but the physical  as   
well--and this in its broadest sense4   
,if we can but stamp indelibly  upon the

 minds of our children that the natural 
consequences of their  actions are the  
punishments1 per se1 which they must    
suffer in  person1 we have done about   
all possible toward making their        
pathways  through the world lead at     
least through negative enjoyment1 in    
place  of absolute grief4 ,there must be
 inculcated a frankness and sincerity   
into the processes of their mentality1  
before correct judgment can  exist1 and1
 without this1 no scheme of education   
can fulfill its  mission4 ,this honesty 
of character or intro-active integrity  
is a hard  matter to instill into the   
child1 since our methods and actions are
  very rarely consistent1 as ,richter1  
,rousseau1 ,spencer1 and others--in     
truth1 all of our great educational     
thinkers--have so well realized4  ,the  
indispensability of this candor and     
fervor is none the less  appreciated1   
however1 owing to the almost            
insurmountable difficulties  attending  
its procuration4 ,it is just in this    

connection that intimate  friendships   
with members of both sexes so nicely    
supplement the work  accomplished by    
parental association1 since the         
restraint certain to  come from the     
authority of the parent or guardian1 is 
unknown as an  influence between those  
equal in age and station in life4    ,in
 the use of the beginning of sexual     
intercourse1 as a line of  demarcation  
between periods of human existence1 it  
would seem that  a most natural and     
rational selection were made4 ,as a     
proof of this1  it is but necessary to  
call to mind the large number of        
barbaric and  semi-civilized peoples who
 observe some initiatory rites or       
mysteries  connected with the arrival of
 the individual at puberty or nubility1 
which with them is1 to all intents and  
purposes1 the same as1 if not           
absolutely identical with1 the beginning
 of sexual indulgence4 ,under  our civic
 law1 it is at this time that1 through  
marriage1 the human  being assumes his  

full responsibilities1 and1 by the      
beginning of an  independent family     
relation1 becomes an integral1          
co-ordinate member  of the state4 ,it is
 at this stress and storm period that   
the real  work of life--the fruition of 
existence--takes place4 ,beginning with 
the intimate association with another   
human being1 whose rights and           
privileges are so interwoven with our   
own that it is frequently a  hard matter
 to respect them without becoming       
distant1 tolerating the  idiosyncrasies1
 and lauding the virtues1 in such a way 
that the former  are diminished1 while  
the latter are increased2 trying to     
anticipate  the wants and wishes of the 
other so that they may be gratified--not
  for their own satisfaction1 primarily1
 but for our own2 seeing the  pleasures 
of sensuality transmuted in the crucible
 of pain into the  gold of a new        
existence2 feeling the supplementary    
affection and  interest1 which1 for the 
want of a better name1 we call parental 

love1 and1 as the offspring grow older1 
the pride and elation which  comes with 
their achievements2 standing at last    
beside the grave1  crushed with grief1  
raving like ,macbeth in despair1 or     
inspired with a  transcendental insanity
 like ,richter's--these all are the     
vicissitudes  of mature human life1 when
 at its best4    ,but1 great and varied 
as they are1 we find them1 in fact1 very
 closely  fused together2 and like all  
life-processes1 they take place at a    
comparatively slow rate1 so that before 
we are aware1 we have arrived  at the   
beginning of senile degeneration4       
,prior to the ending of this fourth     
stage1 the education of the  individual 
has been finished1 and it depends       
largely upon the  previous mode of      
living1 and the manner of thinking      
whether he  may not remain at his best  
for a while1 or must at once begin the  
descent1 from which there is no return4 
,fortunate1 indeed1 is he  whose star   
remains long bright at the zenith4      

,considering now what  constitutes an   
education and the best means of         
obtaining it1 we can  profitably review 
the principles involved4 ,as ,spencer   
has shown1  intellectual1 moral1 and    
even physical development for the human 
being must proceed in one               
direction--call it what we will4 ,there 
can  be no question that the infant1 as 
an individuality1 is homogeneous  in its
 ignorance and positive influence2 that 
the first facts which  dawn upon its    
germinating intelligence are concrete   
and empirical1  and that all of its acts
 are simple1 resulting from             
comparatively  simple stimuli4          
,education1 in its broadest sense1 is   
the development1  cultivation1 and      
direction of all the natural powers of  
man1 and  its purpose should be to fit  
the individual for a useful and happy   
life4 ,education can come only through  
the acquisition of knowledge1  but      
knowledge can be obtained in two ways4  
,by knowledge1 we mean  assurance born  

of conviction1 based upon sufficient    
evidence1 that  a mental conception     
corresponds with that which it          
represents4 ,the  primal way of gaining 
knowledge is by experience1 and         
undoubtedly  this is the most           
satisfactory and thorough in all cases1 
where the  result of such experience is 
not of such a nature as to potentially  
lessen the possibilities of the         
individual for future usefulness and    
happiness4 ,where this would occur1 or  
where1 for any reason1 such as  lack of 
time or opportunity1 it cannot be       
resorted to1 the accurately  recorded   
experience of others can be assimilated 
through the memory and  reasoning       
faculties1 and added to the store of    
knowledge for the mind's  use4 ,in using
 the second method of acquiring         
knowledge1 we should not  only exercise 
the utmost care in selecting authorities
 who have a  reputation for keenness of 
perception and truthfulness of          
narration1  but we should not accept    

their dictum for what seems to be to us 
contrary to our previous experience1 and
 unsound to our reason and  judgment4   
,unless we are able to follow with our  
reason their narration  of the causes of
 events1 it is of but little avail that 
we reach their  conclusion4    ,the     
adoption of the scientific as           
distinguished from the ,aristotelian    
system of education by the leading      
teachers of all the ,occidental         
countries within the last century1 has  
been of enormous benefit to  the human  
race4 ,we know now that the first thing 
to be learned is  to maintain the body  
in as nearly perfect physical condition 
as  possible--since the mind1 to a      
marked degree1 reflects the pathological
  state of the flesh4 ,consequently1    
hygiene becomes the fundamental  science
 in the education of the human being1   
and facts relating thereto  should take 
precedence generally over all others in 
the priority of  time in a youth's      
education4    ,with the habit of health 

once established1 the next matter is to 
see  that those studies which will place
 the individual in possession of  the   
greatest numbers of facts concerning his
 physical and mental  environments1 and 
which will give him the best training in
 observation  and reasoning1 are        
pursued4    ,for this1 natural science  
and its accompanying mathematics1 are   
supreme1 although enough manual training
 and domestic science should be         
included in the curriculum to insure an 
acquaintance with the matters  of       
everyday life4 ,human physiology and    
anatomy1 as well as the subject  of     
parenthood1 should also have a share of 
attention commensurate  with their      
importance--and this has long been      
denied them4 ,elementary  psychology    
must also have a place even in that     
course of education  which should be    
made compulsory in every ,state4 ,a     
knowledge of the  elementary ,latin and 
,greek is also to be desired in those   
countries  whose vernaculars are largely

 made up from word-roots to be found in 
these dead languages4    ,as a matter of
 amusement and erudition every          
individual should have  some line of    
work other than that of his daily       
routine1 upon which to  devote his spare
 time1 regardless of the educational    
advantages which  he may have had before
 assuming his responsibilities in the   
world's  work4 ,this is equally true of 
woman4 ,however1 this should not be done
  with the intention of winning         
fame--although that is not impossible1  
since ,newton developed his ,calculus in
 his spare time after hours1  while     
working as a clerk upon a very moderate 
salary--or attracting the  attention of 
others1 but as a means of               
self-development4 ,either some          
particular unsolved problem may be taken
 hold of1 such as the sciences  of      
chemistry1 physics1 or biology are so   
replete with1 or the subject  of        
literature and belles lettres may be    
studied most entertainingly  and        

profitably4 ,this class of workers were 
very much more numerous  formerly than  
at present1 owing to the rise of        
commercialism recently  over the whole  
world1 and it is among these that labor 
for love1 rather  than for profit1 that 
much of the real accomplishment occurs4 
,from  our standpoint1 no plan of human 
existence can be complete1 in the       
highest and best sense of the word1     
which does not include this phase  of   
life1 nor can any scheme of education be
 comprehensive which does  not lead up  
to it4 ,there is probably no natural    
law1 the knowledge  of which is of so   
much importance to the human race at    
large1 as that  commonly known as the   
law of compensation4 ,how many of the   
thinking  vulgar have for ages repeated 
the ancient adage3 ,you cannot have your
  pie and eat it4 ,but it has remained  
for modern science to demonstrate  how  
absolutely true this is1 and ,emerson   
only partly stated his case in  one of  
his best essays3 ,tit for tat2 an eye   

for an eye2 a tooth for a  tooth2 blood 
for blood2 measure for measure1 love for
 love4 ,give and  it shall be given to  
you4 ,nothing venture1 nothing have4    
,thou shalt be  paid exactly for what   
thou hast done1 no more1 no less4 ,who  
doth not  work1 shall not eat4 ,harm    
watch1 harm catch4 ,curses always recoil
 on  the head of him who imprecates     
them4 ,if you put a chain around the    
neck  of a slave1 the other end fastens 
itself around your own4 ,bad council    
confounds the adviser4 ',what will you  
have8' quoth ,god2 'pay for it and  take
 it4' ,it is one of the largest parts of
 any education1 yea1 it is  the major1  
to know that you must pay for what you  
get in life whether  you will or no1 and
 that you are forced constantly to      
bargain and  barter what you have for   
what you have not1 and it is imperative 
that  you see that you get something    
which you really want1 and which will   
add to your happiness4 ,and1 in spite of
 yourself1 you will get what you  really

 want1 for you can't help it2 but for it
 you will have to pay out  something1 as
 you are doing all the time4 ,be sure to
 get something back  of value1 let your 
ideals be high1 choose the thing which  
will give you  the most happiness1 but1 
remember1 that you must pay its price4  
,it is  the sudden realization of the   
law of compensation1 held possibly to an
  untenable extreme1 that accounts for  
the recent rapid proselyting of  the    
,christian ,science cult4               
,,chapter ,,vi    ,,religion ,,and      
,,ethics      ,those who have noticed   
little children playing contentedly in  
the  early evening1 when one of their   
number suggested the change of          
amusement to the game of bugoo-bear1    
could not have failed to see the  almost
 immediate alteration in the infantile  
mind from the most happy  placidity to  
the most tense apprehension4 ,although  
the lights still  burned at their utmost
 brilliancy and the game was entered    
into with  perfect good faith by the    

children1 nevertheless it was a matter  
of  but a short while until all were    
thoroughly scared and expected the      
bugoo-bear to appear in any dark or     
shadowed place4 ,this phenomenon  has   
always seemed to be a very close analogy
 to just what happens  with grown       
persons who are working up a religious  
fervor4 ,just as the  darker the room   
is1 the more apprehensive the children  
become1 so the  deeper the ignorance of 
natural science is which engulfs the    
mature  human individuals1 directly in  
that proportion will be their capacity  
for religious fanaticism4 ,the          
consciousness of man that he is         
dependent  upon some supernatural being1
 has been and always will be the only   
basis upon which religious belief can be
 postulated4 ,if we insert  the idea of 
natural causes in place of the          
supernatural being in the  foregoing    
sentence1 then instead of a religious   
belief1 we have the  foundation for a   
system of ethics4    ,the dissemination 

of scientific knowledge in the last     
century has  done more to break down    
religious caste and hatred than all     
other  influences combined previous to  
that time4 ,the authority of age has    
been appreciably lessened1 the          
significance of miracles as certain     
proofs of divinity on the part of       
religious teachers has changed1 the     
reasonableness or expediency of any     
system of vicarious atonement  as a     
means of attaining either spiritual or  
moral grace1 and the  realization of    
humanity in general that the individual 
expiates his  physical crimes by bodily 
suffering1 and his moral sins by the    
tortures of a guilty conscience1 are all
 verifications of what has  occurred in 
the spiritual and moral world recently4 
,the enormous  strides made in          
proselyting by monism within the last   
few decades1  speak volumes upon this   
topic4 ,the statement has recently been 
made1 as  the result of an              
ecclesiastical census conducted by one  

of the largest  ,christian              
denominations1 that less than           
twenty-five per cent4 of our  people in 
this country regularly attend church    
service4 ,the demand  of the age for    
demonstration does not well accord with 
the credulity  insisted upon by the     
powerful religious organizations of     
to-day4  ,religious beliefs are of      
necessity mere matters of superstition1 
and  are based very largely upon the    
tendency of the human mind to bow  down 
before authority1 particularly1 if it is
 insolent1 and the power  of a falsehood
 to put on the appearance of a truth1 if
 it can but  gain sufficient repetition4
 ,credidi propter quod1 locutus sum4    
,the  brazenness of this in much of the 
literature of religious revelation1     
particularly in the ,hebrew1 ,christian1
 and ,mohammedan collections1 is  most  
readily apparent to the most cursory    
critic4 ,in fact1 no strictly  religious
 literature at the time of the supremacy
 of the belief is free  from it4    ,it 

is true of all religions that into the  
warp of superstition the woof  of a code
 of ethics is interwoven4 ,in the       
earlier stages of culture  it has long  
been one of the accepted criteria of any
 faith whether  its accompanying science
 of duty1 as developed in it1 was       
relatively  good or bad4 ,that there is 
a logical connection between these two  
elements no one can doubt1 but this     
inter-relation is more frequently       
accidental than it is essential4 ,facts 
show that the instituters and  early    
promulgators of all of the great        
religions of which we have  knowledge1  
have seized with avidity upon any moral 
stipulations which  were necessary for  
their locality or condition of life1 and
 that if  capital could be made out of  
these peculiar provincial circumstances1
  they were not slow in coining them to 
their advantage4 ,an instance  of this  
will be readily recognized in the       
inculcating within their  tenets such   
doctrines as the existence of an        

omnipresent and omniscient  deity1 whose
 favor may be won by supplication1      
humility1 or sacrifice1  or that of a   
personal immortality for each individual
 in a pleasurable  condition as one of  
the rewards for belief and an endless   
existence of  pain for its lack4 ,as the
 number of converts increased1 there    
has1 in  almost every case1 grown up a  
powerful and wealthy sacerdotal class   
having special privileges4 ,this cult of
 priesthood is soon corrupted  by       
idleness and luxury1 and the great      
influence which is attached to  it by   
virtue of its vocation1 has sooner or   
later been largely exerted  to keep its 
parishioners under its control by means 
of ignorance and  superstition4 ,no     
matter how pure and sincere may have    
been its founder1  or how elevating or  
altruistic its doctrines might be1      
practically  all religions have suffered
 from the infamy and gross selfishness  
of  their priesthoods1 who by their     
short-sighted policies of opposing all  

adjustment of its dogma to              
newly-discovered facts1 or their        
advancement  along with contemporary    
civilizations1 have but precipitated    
their  downfall4 ,from one to another of
 the gods of heaven has the sceptre of  
power and the purple of authority passed
 with advancing ages1 until it  is no   
wonder that thinking people are asking1 
,who will next occupy the  old throne8  
,the earliest religion of which we have 
any knowledge was that  prevailing in   
the ,valley of the ,nile over seven1 and
 perhaps as long  as ten1 thousand years
 ago4 ,the origin of these ,egyptian    
,aborigines  we do not know--some have  
supposed that they came from a mixture  
of  conquering ,lybians1 with the early 
dwellers along the lower courses of  the
 river4 ,time has effaced all record of 
any religious texts which  they may have
 possessed1 yet we can tell from the    
manner in which  they buried their dead1
 when not dismembered1 with their faces 
always  to the south1 and lying upon    

their left side1 while the corpse was   
wrapped in the skins of gazelles or in  
grass mats--that their ideas of  a      
future life were tolerably well-defined4
 ,the civilization of this  people was  
modified by the arrival of the          
conquering immigrants who  probably came
 from ,asia1 either by way of ,arabia or
 across the ,red  ,sea1 and who1 in     
turn1 engrafted upon the religion of the
 conquered  certain tenets of their own1
 and in this way formed a new system1   
the  records of which we find in ,the   
,book of the ,dead1 which is not only   
the oldest book extant1 but also the    
most antiquated collection of  sacred   
literature of which we have knowledge4  
,exploration in ,egyptian               
burying-grounds plainly shows that      
between the time of the disposition  of 
the dead1 as first noted1 and the date  
of the supremacy of the ,book  of the   
,dead1 that there existed civilizations 
in this valley who no  longer buried    
their dead whole1 with crude attempts at

 embalming with  bitumen1 but who burned
 their corpses more or less completely1 
and  threw the remaining bones into a   
shallow pit4 ,after this came a race    
who dismembered the bodies of their     
dead1 burying the hands and feet  in one
 place1 while the trunk and the rest of 
the arms and legs were  placed in a     
grave1 separate again from the head4 ,it
 is impossible1 of  course1 to even     
guess at the length of time necessary to
 effect such  changes in the customs of 
people1 but we do know that at least    
seventy  centuries ago the ritual       
contained in the ,book of the ,dead was 
generally accepted4 ,and from this      
remote pre-dynastic time down to the    
seventh century after ,christ1          
mummifying was1 in some form or other1  
continually practiced in the ,valley of 
the ,nile4 ,at the earliest time  of    
which we have record1 we find the       
,egyptians worshiping a number of       
autochthonic gods1 of whom ,osiris and  
his sister ,isis were the chief4  ,their

 ideas of the deities were entirely     
anthropomorphic4 ,osiris having  lived  
and suffered death and mutilation1 and  
having been embalmed1 was  by his       
sisters1 ,isis and ,nephthys1 provided  
with a series of charms1  by which he   
was protected from all evil and harm in 
the future life1  and who had recited   
certain magical formul which had1 in the
 world to  come1 given him everlasting  
life4 ,it is certain that the practice  
of  this belief changed in minor details
 many times as the semi-barbarous  and  
sensual ,north ,africans were subjected 
to the influence of their  more highly  
moral and spiritual ,asiatic conquerors4
 ,their tombs changed  from shallow pits
 to brick sepulchres1 and these were in 
turn replaced1  by those who could      
afford it1 by pyramids--the most        
substantial  form of human architecture 
left by historic races4 ,as showing the 
height of the civilization reached by   
the ancient ,egyptians1 it is  worthy of
 note that the great ,pyramid of ,cheops

 is not only the most  gigantic tomb    
ever built1 but that it was designed to 
serve also as an  astronomical          
observatory1 and that its ,orientation  
for this purpose is  very accurate1 when
 we consider that the ,egyptians had no 
transits or  other instruments such as  
we have now4 ,consequently1 in the      
location of  this work1 they were forced
 to either use the shadow or polar      
method1  and the latter being the most  
accurate was1 in fact1 selected by      
them4 ,had they known anything of the   
refraction of light as it passes  from  
space into our atmosphere1 and been able
 to make the correction  for horizontal 
parallax1 their location would have been
 accurate4  ,the purposes of their      
astronomical observations1 as made from 
this  pyramid1 were astrological        
undoubtedly1 as the completion of the   
tomb  shut off the galleries which had  
been so carefully located4    ,according
 to the ,book of the ,dead1 the human   
economy was composed  of nine different 

integral parts1 all of which1 except the
 ren or  name1 are comprised broadly    
within our idea of body and soul4 ,the  
judgment of each individual took place  
after death1 before the tribunal  of    
,osiris1 and in his ,hall of ,judgment4 
,here the soul1 stripped of all  chance 
of deceit or subterfuge1 was forced to  
make1 as his address  to ,osiris1 the   
justly famous ,negative ,confession1 and
 the truth  being apparent to ,osiris   
and his forty-two associates1 judgment  
was  given impartially and upon an      
absolute basis of fact4 ,the standard of
  ethics demanded of the individual can 
be realized from the fragments  quoted  
from this address3--,in truth ,i have   
come to thee and ,i have  brought right 
and truth to thee1 and ,i have destroyed
 wickedness for  thee4 ,i have not      
brought forward my name for exaltation  
to honors4  ,i have had no association  
with worthless men4 ,i have not uttered 
evil words against any man4 ,i have not 
stirred up strife4 ,i have not  judged  

hastily4 ,i have not made haughty my    
voice1 nor behaved with  insolence4 ,i  
have not ill-treated servants4 ,i have  
not caused harm to  be done to the      
servant by his master4 ,i have not made 
to be the first  consideration of each  
day that excessive labor should be      
performed for  me4 ,i have not oppressed
 the members of my family4 ,i have not  
defrauded  the oppressed one of his     
property4 ,i have neither filched away  
land1  nor have ,i encroached upon the  
fields of others4 ,i have not diminished
  from the bushel1 nor have ,i misread  
the pointer of the scales nor added  to 
the weights4 ,i have not carried away   
the milk from the mouths of  children4  
,i have caused no man to suffer hunger4 
,i have made no one  to weep4 ,i have   
not acted deceitfully4 ,i have not      
uttered falsehood4  ,i have not wrought 
evil in the place of right and truth4 ,i
 have not  committed theft4 ,i have not 
done violence to any man4 ,i have done  
no  murder4 ,i have ordered no murder   

done for me4 ,i have not caused pain4   
,i have not done iniquity4 ,i have not  
defiled the wife of any man4 ,i  have   
not committed fornication1 nor have ,i  
lain with any man4 ,i have  not done    
evil to mankind4 ,i have not committed  
any sin against purity4  ,i am pure4 ,i 
am pure4 ,i am pure4 ,those who were    
condemned before this  tribunal were    
instantly devoured by the ,eater of the 
,dead1 while  the good were admitted    
into the realm of ,osiris to enjoy      
everlasting  happiness and life4    ,we 
turn now from the ,valley of the ,nile  
to that of the ,tigris and  ,euphrates1 
lying about one thousand miles eastward4
 ,here we find the  home of the         
,assyrian and ,babylonian empires1 and  
interwoven with their  religion we find 
many of the old myths which1 in a       
corrupted form1  occur in our own       
,bible4 ,as the papyri of ,egypt have   
been forced to give  up their secrets1  
so have the clay cylinders of           
,mesopotamia4 ,these1  now lying in the 

,british and ,berlin ,museums1 tell in a
 purer and more  primitive form than    
that found in the ,old ,testament1 the  
story of the  fall of man1 and upon an  
old cylinder seal we have it            
illustrated1  apple tree1 woman1        
serpent1 and all4 ,the story of the     
deluge is also  there taken from the    
library of ,sardanapalus at ,nineveh1   
just as it was  written upon the        
cylinder more than two thousand years   
before ,christ4  ,all that is required  
to duplicate this deluge as far as the  
valley of  ,mesopotamia is concerned1 is
 a tremendous downpour of water1        
coincident  with a tornado blowing up   
the ,persian ,gulf1 just as some thirty 
years  ago1 in the delta of the ,ganges1
 nearly a quarter of a million persons  
perished during a like phenomenon in the
 ,bay of ,bengal4 ,here also we  find   
the creation myth1 and how after a      
terrible struggle with the  engulfing   
waters1 ,marduk finally cut them in     
twain1 and out of one-half  made the    

roof of heaven1 while out of the other  
half he made the  earth4 ,then1 too1 out
 of mingled clay and celestial blood1 he
 made the  first two human beings1 man  
and woman4 ,the ,babylonians and        
,assyrians  believed in the immortality 
of the soul1 dependent1 of course1 upon 
the mode in which it lived here4 ,thus1 
we find the fifth1 sixth1 and  seventh  
commandments just as we have them in the
 ,pentateuch1 together  with injunctions
 of humanity1 charity1 mercy1 and love  
on the part of  the follower of ,babel4 
,speaking the truth and keeping one's   
word1 as  well as freedom from deceit1  
are also commanded1 and infringements   
of these were regarded as sins          
punishable by human afflictions and     
ailments of all sorts1 including death4 
,their idea of heaven was fairly        
well-developed1 very greatly in excess  
of that of the ,hebrews4 ,their  heaven 
was a place of delight and ease1 while  
,sheol was a place full  of thirst and  
discomfort4 ,it is also interesting to  

know that the ,jews  got their ideas of 
angels from the ,babylonians1 with whom1
 as far as we  know1 this idea was      
original1 inasmuch as we find no mention
 of them in  the ,egyptian religious    
system4    ,considering now the         
civilization which existed in the       
valleys of  ,mesopotamia from five to   
six thousand years ago1 the first thing 
which  arrests our attention is their   
knowledge of astronomy4 ,in place of    
the ,egyptian pyramid1 with its sides   
,oriented toward the cardinal  points1  
we find the ziggurat pointing the angles
 instead4 ,this one  fact shows that    
,chaldea did not borrow from ,egypt1 but
 developed her  science independently of
 her western neighbor4 ,the planets were
 all  known and named1 eclipses were    
foretold with accuracy1 and to ,accadia 
we owe not only our observance of       
,sunday1 but our angular duodecimal     
scale4 ,what length of time must have   
been required to admit of such a        
highly-developed civilization as this1  

with such advanced religious and        
ethical ideas1 is beyond the faintest   
conjecture4 ,far more remote than  that 
time1 however1 were the first           
settlements on the alluvial plains  by  
the rude aborigines of the highlands4   
,on the plateau of ,iran1 in ,central   
,asia1 we find the location of the      
oldest known habitation of the ,aryan   
race4 ,here1 in the earliest  twilight  
of our history1 we find tribes of human 
beings who possessed  well-developed    
religious and ethical ideas1 and whose  
descendants1  moving toward the         
southeast and into the valleys of the   
,himalayas1  formulated the hymns which1
 when compiled1 constitute the ,vedas or
 the  sacred literature of the ,aryan   
,indians1 while the portion who remained
  behind1 became the progenitors of the 
,aryan ,iranians whose religious  lore  
we find in that wonderful collection    
known as the ,avesta4 ,in these  two    
literatures1 both of which are worthy of
 the deepest investigation  and maturest

 deliberation1 we have1 so far as is    
known1 the oldest idea  of a            
non-anthropomorphic deity4 ,his         
attributes with the ,indian were so     
subdivided and abstracted as to allow   
this one god essence to almost  fill a  
panthenon4 ,their worship took the form 
of adoration for the  striking grandeurs
 of nature1 each of whom they regarded  
as a separate  personal consciousness   
possessed of superhuman powers4 ,their  
religion  seems to the superficial      
investigator to be but an exceptionally 
pure form of pantheism1 but this is not1
 in fact1 the case1 since  philologists 
to-day recognize that the overwhelming  
spontaneous  impulse which forces the   
barbaric human mentality to give        
utterance  to its deepest emotions1 is a
 certain index of a crude monotheistic  
conception4 ,it is ,brahma who is the   
universal self-existent soul1  and who  
comprises1 in his infinity1 both the god
 and the adorer4  ,of course1 as time   
went on1 these ideas became more gross1 

until1  with the introduction of caste1 
the ancient ,vedic religion had lost    
much of its beauty and purity4 ,the     
religious system had become both        
dogmatic and pretentious1 and           
particularly insolent in its authority  
with the rise in power of the sacerdotal
 class1 the ,brahmans4 ,while  the      
,vedic religion is imbued with a spirit 
of strong belief in the  efficacy of    
sacrifice and prayer1 we find that this 
steadily increases  in domination as we 
approach modern times4 ,to all1 except  
the ,sudras  or ,serfs1 a course of life
 conduct is prescribed consisting of    
four  stages1 viz43 as a religious      
student1 as a householder1 as an        
anchorite1 and last1 as a religious     
mendicant4 ,corresponding to these1     
there were four sacred debts1 viz43 that
 due to the gods and paid by  worship2  
that due to the ancient sages and       
discharged by ,vedic study2  that which 
he owes to his manes1 and which he      
relieves himself of by  the perpetuation

 of his name in a son2 and last1 that   
which he owes to  mankind1 and which    
demands his incessantly practicing      
kindness and  hospitality4 ,they        
believed in the immortality of the soul 
and through  metempsychosis1 in its     
reward or punishment1 according to its  
existence  here4    ,in the sixth       
century before ,christ1 there lived in  
,india a member of  the ,brahman class  
who was destined to more than restore   
,brahmanism to  its pristine purity4    
,gautama ,buddha was born as the son of 
a local  ruler and his wife1 whose      
conception was accomplished by her      
falling  into a trance and dreaming that
 the future ,buddha had become a superb 
white elephant1 who1 walking around her 
and striking her upon the  right side   
with a lotus flower1 entered her womb4  
,such is the ,hindoo  myth4 ,this       
reformer altogether denied the existence
 of the soul1 as an  entity or substance
 possessing immortality in the          
individual sense1  and he taught that   

the soul's future happiness in the      
abstract was  entirely dependent upon   
its performance while here1 as          
distinguished  from any recollection or 
effect of its previous existences4 ,he  
denied  the authority of the ,veda and  
the efficacy of prayer--in fact1 his    
creed is best shown by a quotation from 
his gospel3 ,rituals have no  efficacy1 
prayers are but vain repetitions1 and   
incantations have no  saving power4 ,but
 to abandon covetousness and lust1 to   
become free  from all evil passions1 and
 to give up all hatred and ill-will2    
that  is the right sacrifice and the    
true worship4 ,this is the kernel of    
the pure ,buddhistic belief1 and this   
declaration at once reduces his  system 
from a religious to a purely ethical    
one4 ,excepting the myth of  his        
conception1 his life was a perfectly    
natural one4 ,nothing could  be more    
real than his discovery of sorrow and   
misery1 and his inquiry  after its      
cause2 nothing can be more touching than

 his parting from  his wife and son1    
whom he loved so much that he could not 
hazard the  pleasure of a last farewell4
 ,and under the stress of this          
situation1 we  are particularly told    
that he was human enough to give way to 
tears4  ,no ethics could be higher in   
the aggregate than his--not once1 but   
time and again1 does he speak thus3     
,indulge in lust but little1 and  lust1 
like a child1 will grow4 ,charity is    
rich in returns2 charity is  the        
greatest wealth1 for though it scatters1
 it brings no repentance4  ,better than 
sovereignty over the earth1 better than 
living in heaven1  better than lordship 
over all the worlds1 is the fruit of    
holiness4 ,for  seeking true religion1  
there is never a time that can be       
inopportune4  ,the present reaps what   
the past has sown1 and the future is the
  product of the present4 ,far better is
 it to revere the truth than try  to    
appease the gods by the shedding of     
blood4 ,what love can a man  possess who

 believes that the destruction of life  
will atone for evil  deeds8 ,can a new  
wrong expiate old wrongs8 ,and can the  
slaughter of  an innocent victim take   
away the sins of mankind8 ,this is      
practicing  religion by the neglect of  
moral conduct4 ,the sensual man is the  
slave  of his passions1 and             
pleasure-seeking is degrading and       
vulgar4 ,but to  satisfy the necessities
 of life is not evil4 ,to keep the body 
in good  health is a duty1 for otherwise
 we shall not be able to trim the lamp  
of wisdom1 and keep our mind strong and 
clear4 ,there is no savior in  the world
 except in truth2 there is no           
immortality except in truth4  ,the truth
 is best as it is1 have faith in the    
truth and live it4 ,not  by birth does  
one become an outcast2 not by birth does
 one become a  ,brahman2 by deeds one   
becomes an outcast and by deeds one     
becomes a  ,brahman4 ,what could more   
strongly emphasize the position of      
,buddha in  regard to the infamy of the 

caste system1 as it has been developed  
in  ,india1 than the parable of the     
low-caste girl at the well who had been 
asked by the disciple ,ananda for a     
drink4 ,this girl1 seeing that he was  a
 ,brahman1 or member of the highest     
caste1 replied that she could not  give 
him even a drink of water without       
contaminating his holiness4 ,to  this1  
,ananda promptly replied3 ,i ask not for
 caste1 but for water4  ,and when she   
came to ,buddha with her heart full of  
gratitude and love  for ,ananda1 he     
spoke to her in the following language3 
,verily1 there  is great merit in the   
generosity of a king when he is kind to 
a slave1  but there is greater merit in 
the slave when1 ignoring the wrongs     
which  he suffers1 he cherishes kindness
 and good-will to all mankind4 ,he will 
cease to hate his oppressors1 and even  
when powerless to resist their          
usurpation will1 with compassion1 pity  
their arrogance and supercilious        
demeanor4 ,blessed are thou1 ,prakrita1 

for although you are of low  caste1 you 
will be a model for noblemen and        
noblewomen4 ,you are of low  caste1 but 
,brahmans will learn a lesson from you4 
,swerve not from the  path of justice   
and righteousness1 and you will outshine
 the royal  glory of queens4    ,very   
little wonder is it that1 from ,north   
,hindustan1 the doctrines  of ,buddha   
soon largely prevailed over ,central1   
,southern1 and ,eastern  ,asia4 ,of the 
almost numberless sects into which      
,buddhism is divided1  all go back for  
their inspiration to his teachings4 ,in 
fact1 he left  little for his disciples 
to do in the matter of enunciating a    
pure  and virtuous system of ethics1 so 
thoroughly did he cover the ground      
himself4 ,when we remember that         
,confucius was living in ,china at      
almost  the identical time that ,buddha 
was preaching in ,hindustan1 we cannot  
help but wonder at the strangeness of   
the occurrence--both enunciating  a     
philosophy or system of ethics which was

 destined to affect the  conduct of so  
large a portion of the human race4 ,as  
we read ,lao-,tse's  injunction to      
requite hatred with goodness1 it seems  
that he must  have drawn his inspiration
 from an ,indian source4    ,we return  
now to the location in ,central ,asia1  
and to the remote  antiquity from which 
we digressed4 ,at the same time the     
,indians in the  southeast have been    
developing their religion1 the ,iranians
 have not  remained quiescent4 ,their   
great sage1 ,zarathustra1 or ,zoroaster1
 had  been teaching his dualism--in many
 respects the most subtle religious     
philosophy ever promulgated4 ,from what 
little of the ,zend lore that  has      
escaped the ravages of time1 we are able
 to-day to trace the  outlines of a     
religion and philosophy based upon      
primal polarities4  ,ahura is to        
,zoroaster the great                    
,life-,spirit-,lord1 the ,great         
,creator1  the ,great ,wise ,one4 ,his  
six characteristics are the fundamental 

laws  of a righteous universe2 simple1  
clear1 and pure4 ,ahura creates the     
world during six periods3 in the first1 
heaven2 in the second1 water2  in the   
third1 earth2 in the fourth1 plants2 in 
the fifth1 animals2  and in the sixth1  
man4 ,all of the human race is descended
 from a  primitive pair4 ,there is a    
deluge1 and one man is selected to save 
and protect representatives of each     
species so that the earth may be        
repeopled with a better race4 ,zoroaster
 questions ,ahura on the ,mount  of     
,holy ,conversations1 and receives from 
him answers4 ,so far1 the  parallel     
between ,zoroastrianism and ,judaism is 
complete4 ,the difference  now appears1 
for the former held that the world was  
to last four  periods--during the first 
two1 ,ahura has complete authority4     
,then comes  ,ahriman1 the self-existent
 evil-principle1 and their conflict     
fills  the third period4 ,the fourth    
period1 which opens with the advent of  
,zoroaster1 ends with the downfall of   

,ahriman1 and the resurrection of  the  
soul for a future life4 ,it is entirely 
within the power of the  individual as  
to whether he wishes to come under the  
power of the ,good  or ,evil ,spirit1   
and with whom he chooses to ally        
himself4 ,but the  struggle is          
incessant1 and watchfulness must always 
be maintained4  ,so much for the        
religion--now for the ethics4 ,to the   
,zoroastrian1  the natural and normal in
 life is not derided and scorned1 nor is
  woman looked upon as a necessary evil1
 as is the case in ,buddhism1           
,christianity1 and ,mohammedanism4 ,here
 is a quotation from the ,zend  ,avesta 
from the mouth of ,ahura himself3       
,verily1 ,i say unto you1 the  man who  
has a wife is far above him who lives in
 continence2 he who  keeps a house is   
far above him who has none2 he who has  
children is far  above him who is       
childless2 he who has riches is far     
above him who has  none4 ,if we can use 
the moral code of the only remaining    

,zoroastrians  in the world to-day1 the 
,parsees1 as a criterion to judge by1 we
 must  acknowledge that no religion     
enjoys a purer and more perfect course  
of  conduct4 ,dr4 ,haug tells us that   
the following are strictly denounced  by
 its code3 ,murder1 infanticide1        
poisoning1 adultery on the part  of men 
as well as of women1 sorcery1 sodomy1   
cheating in weight and  measure1 breach 
of promise1 regardless of to whom made1 
deception of  any kind1 false covenants1
 slander and calumny1 perjury1 dishonest
  appropriation of wealth1 taking       
bribes1 keeping back the wages of       
laborers1 misappropriation of religious 
property1 removal of a boundary  stone1 
turning people out of their property1   
maladministration and  defrauding1      
apostasy1 heresy1 and rebellion4        
,besides these1 there are  a number of  
special precepts relating to the        
enforcement of sanitary  regulations1   
kindness to animals1 hospitality to     
strangers1 respect to  superiors1 and   

help to the poor and needy4 ,the        
following are especially                
condemned--abandoning the husband1 not  
acknowledging the children on  the part 
of the father1 cruelty toward subjects  
on the part of a ruler1  avarice1       
laziness1 illiberality1 egotism1 and    
envy4 ,here we find a  system of        
religion whose predominating symbolism  
was the worship of  fire as the nearest 
human concept of ,ahura1 and well it    
might be1  for those primitive people   
who had so sacredly to cherish it4 ,in  
the  ,greek mythology1 ,prometheus was  
inconceivably tortured for filching     
from heaven the divine fire and carrying
 it to mortals4 ,but according  to the  
,zoroastrian philosophy1 ,ahura has     
placed all good within  the reach of    
man1 and it is for him to choose whether
 he will avail  himself of this or      
become a slave of ,ahriman4 ,it seems   
strange that  from ,bactria1 either from
 the old ,mazdaism or through           
,zoroaster1 the  world should have      

conceived its only monotheistic         
conception reasonably  free from        
anthropomorphism1 and whose associated  
code of ethics was  so reasonable1 firm 
and pure4 ,there is in ,zoroastrianism  
no thought  of dogmatic bigotry any more
 than there is in ancient ,buddhism1 and
  its philosophy of primitive polarity  
well corresponds with what modern       
science has taught us within the last   
five decades4 ,both of these  systems   
are meditative rather than militant1    
and1 consequently1 have  not exercised  
the influence over the destiny of the   
human race which  ,judaism has4    ,in  
the consideration of the ,jewish        
religion and its descendants1           
,christianity and ,mohammedanism1 we are
 face to face with the most  warlike and
 combative monotheism which history has 
recorded4 ,in the  earlier form1 and as 
in the ,hebrew worship of to-day1       
,jehovah shares  his authority with no  
one--in the ,christian system1 ,god and 
,christ  are equally powerful1 while    

with ,islam it would seem that ,mahomet 
had slightly the balance of power1      
notwithstanding the oft-repeated        
declaration that there is no ,god but   
,allah4 ,here we have the idea  of a    
chosen people of ,god carried to its    
logical conclusion2 the  jealousy of    
,jehovah being in no wise an efficient  
operative cause for  the terrible       
butcheries of men1 women1 and children1 
such as we have  described in the ,old  
,testament1 as having befallen the      
enemies of the  ,hebrews when they were 
victorious4 ,this wild and fanatical    
worship of  a suspicious and revengeful 
,god1 although it called for the waging 
of  countless wars upon his supposed    
orders1 and even for the immolation     
upon the sacrificial altar of one's own 
children2 yet it did not  promise1 until
 the rise of the ,pharisees into potent 
influence2 the  pleasure of a personal  
immortality for his followers1 or the   
punishment  by endless torture for his  
non-adherents4 ,the effect of the       

selfish  idea of ,god-ownership we see  
inherited by ,christianity with the     
ancient  heredity qualification changed 
to one of faith4 ,there can be no       
question that the historical ,christ    
was1 perhaps1 next to ,buddha1 the      
greatest religious reformer whom the    
world has known1 if we accept as a      
criterion the number of individuals     
affected1 and the nature of their  work4
 ,as the enunciator of a system of      
ethics1 it is impossible to see  how the
 ,jew could be regarded as the equal of 
the ,indian2 although  no estimate of   
,christ can be consistently formed from 
the ,st4 ,james  version of the ,bible1 
owing to the many and important         
interpolations  of recent church        
enthusiasts4 ,the plan of vicarious     
atonement is one  of the most immoral   
doctrines of which the world has a      
record1 and the  contempt for woman     
which the ,hebrew shows is not equalled 
by ,buddha1  although he1 too1 was      
filled with that eastern asceticism     

which looked  with disdain upon         
intersexual affection4 ,the narrowness  
and bigotry  which can regard an        
omnipresent and omniscient deity as     
working for  the benefit of but a few   
followers as against the great          
proportion of  human beings who have    
passed through an earthly existence     
entirely in  ignorance of ,him1 and who1
 on account of this1 have to suffer     
eternal  torture1 has been responsible  
for no less than ten million murders in 
the name of ,christ alone1 to say       
nothing of the numberless victims of    
war and famine who have perished as a   
result of the insatiable thirst  of     
,jehovah1 ,christ1 and ,mahomet for more
 influence in terrestrial  affairs and  
an augmentation of adherents4 ,the code 
of ethics prescribed  by the ,jewish    
rgime was good--far in advance of that  
of the greater  portion of their        
neighbors4 ,but ,egypt and ,chaldea both
 played a  very important part in this  
matter1 as we must remember that ,hebrew

  chronology only places the creation   
some four thousand years ago1  and we   
now know that at least three and perhaps
 five thousand years  previous to the   
possession of the ,garden of ,eden by   
,adam and ,eve1 the  ,valley of the     
,nile was teeming with a well-developed 
civilization4  ,christianity in the     
,egyptian ,city of the ,greeks1 through 
,philo1 became  deeply imbued with the  
spirit of ,zoroaster1 and the aid thus  
derived  has been of incalculable value 
to it4 ,the religion of ,islam remains  
much as ,mahomet left it1 and it has    
been1 and now is1 well suited for  much 
of the territory over which it has      
dominion4 ,while its code of  ethics is 
reasonably high1 its conceptions are    
usually grossly sensual1  and1          
unfortunately1 since shortly after the  
death of its founder1 the  institution  
of the church and the political         
organization of the various  countries  
where it prevails1 have both been under 
the same head1 and  are both1           

consequently1 full of corruption4       
,before taking up the possibility of a  
religious conception based  upon the    
best knowledge we have1 there is an     
interesting point to be  considered4    
,between the two dates of #fej ,b4 ,c41 
and #fej ,a4 ,d41 we have  the work of  
,buddha1 ,confucius1 ,mencius1 ,christ1 
,philo1 and ,mahomet1  as well as a     
score of lesser lights2 in fact1 all the
 great religious  reformers who have    
been instrumental in shaping the beliefs
 of the  majority of mankind since their
 time4 ,and1 stranger still1 that since 
,mahomet1 the world has seen no reformer
 who could wrest a following of  any    
note from the established religions1    
although now1 with modern  facilities   
for publication1 it would seem to be a  
much easier task than  formerly4 ,and so
 it would be1 were it not for the       
dissemination of  knowledge1 and the    
influence of the scientific system which
 has come  about during the last        
century1 so that now there is not that  

fanaticism  prevalent concerning        
religious matters which was so rife at  
almost all  stages of the world's       
history until recently4 ,more and more  
are people  beginning to realize the    
truth which ,pope so well expressed in  
his  ,alexandrine3       ,for modes of  
faith1 let graceless zealots fight1     
,his can't be wrong1 whose life is in   
the right4    ,about #ahej ,a4 ,d41     
there began to be felt among scientific 
men a  possibility that perhaps all of  
the natural phenomena of which we have  
knowledge are so inter-related that all 
of our observations are but  different  
views of a few fundamental primary laws4
 ,these so-called laws  or statements of
 facts in their natural order of        
sequence were always1  and under all    
conditions1 operative in natural        
affairs1 had been quite  thoroughly     
understood since ,humboldt's time4 ,but 
it remained for  ,herbert ,spencer in   
,england1 and ,ernest ,haeckel in       
,germany1 to correlate  the vast        

quantity of facts gained from experiment
 and observation  along the various     
lines of scientific research4           
,particularly has the  latter been a    
most potent factor in formulating the   
new and necessarily  predominating      
theology of the future--a system of     
belief which is  in accordance with     
everything which the individual knows1  
and which  is always ready to accept a  
new fact upon demonstration1 although   
its reception may revolutionize even its
 fundamental concepts4 ,this  doctrine1 
which has been most aptly termed monism1
 stands squarely  upon its basis of     
empirical investigation of facts1 and   
the rational  study of their efficient  
causes4 ,in place of worshiping the     
trinities  of the old superstitions1 it 
holds for reverence the good1 the true1 
and the beautiful wherever found1 and in
 antithesis to the sacredness  of       
,sabbath and the church1 it holds that  
for the contemplation of the  objects of
 its trinity1 all seasons to be summer  

and all climates  ,june4 ,while denying 
the existence of a ,god outside of      
,nature1 the  freedom of the human will 
and the possibility of an immortality   
for  the individual human soul1 as      
usually understood1 it does insist  upon
 the sequence of effect upon cause1 and 
shows that here1 in this  earthly       
existence1 we are forced to be virtuous 
if we would be happy1  and that although
 we are not completely masters of our   
fates1 yet  it fundamentally lies with  
us1 in the vast majority of cases1 to so
  conduct our lives that either misery  
or happiness will result therefrom4     
,monistic ethics differ from those of   
any religious system1 from the  fact    
that the good of all is selected and    
digested into a code which  looks toward
 the greatest good to the greatest      
number4 ,in doing  this1 individual     
effort is lauded and not proscribed1 and
 altruism  and egotism are developed    
with equal emphasis4 ,the pleasures of  
this  life are not forfeited to gain    

delectation in another1 nor is the      
illitative sense considered a safe guide
 for conduct4 ,woman is not  looked upon
 as fundamentally unclean1 nor is she   
denied any right  or any privilege which
 man enjoys4 ,the righteousness of      
intersexual  love and association is    
maintained1 when in operation within a  
proper  constraint1 and the family is   
not only the social and political unit1 
but the religious as well4 ,love is held
 to be more potent than hate1  and      
justice more beneficial than charity4   
,there is no such thing as  either the  
forgiveness or remission of sins--the   
responsibility of  our actions is ours1 
and ours alone1 and can be assumed by no
 other4  ,the result is the same whether
 our acts come through ignorance or     
intention--it is for the individual to  
know before doing4    ,in the foregoing1
 a very brief outline of the progress   
which humanity  has made in historic    
times in religion and ethics has been   
attempted1  and1 if an interest has been

 aroused in this subject1 its purpose   
will  have been fulfilled4 ,no matter   
what creed we hold1 we cannot afford to 
be bigoted1 as simple investigation will
 show that in many ways we are  but     
little in advance of our progenitors of 
seven thousand years ago4  ,only in the 
matter that we have a scientific basis  
to work upon1 and a  vast accumulation  
of observed facts1 have we any reason   
for pride4 ,and  this has been gained1  
at almost all times1 against every      
obstacle which  the church1 as          
established at the moment1 could bring  
into potency4          ,,chapter ,,vii  
,,love      ,without doubt1 the greatest
 source of happiness1 as known to human 
beings1 is love4 ,scott voiced the      
sentiment of all rational and normal    
persons when he said3       ,love rules 
the court1 the camp1 the grove1         
,and men below and saints above1        
,for love is ,heaven1 and ,heaven is    
love4    ,it is owing to the fact that  
we cannot enjoy anything to the fullest 

extent alone1 since our nature is so    
constituted that we must have  company  
in our pleasures1 that friends are      
indispensable4 ,cicero  realized this   
over two thousand years ago when he said
 that1 ,the  fruit of talent1 and worth1
 and every excellence1 is gathered most 
fully when it is bestowed upon every one
 most nearly connected with  us4        
,appreciating this1 nature has given us 
the love and friendship  of parents in  
our childhood2 of the companions of our 
youth as we  grow older2 of our         
life-partner at a later period1 and     
last1 the love  of our children and     
grandchildren1 so that1 by an interest  
in their  lives1 we may become ourselves
 rejuvenated4 ,in this1 as in everything
  else of a physical or mental          
character1 we start at the bottom1 and1 
by a crescendo movement1 reach the acme 
of the condition which with  age        
diminishes1 but in this instance the    
quality does not deteriorate4  ,our     
likelihood of forming acquaintances and 

friends in later years  is very much    
less than in youth1 and1 certainly1 with
 our habits  and idiosyncrasies         
established1 as they are after middle   
age1 the  possibility of forming        
intimate friendships is very much       
decreased4  ,in childhood and youth1 we 
are more imaginative and less practical1
  and1 consequently1 our inclinations in
 the line of friendships will be  more  
natural and less influenced by          
considerations alien to friendship      
itself4 ,nothing can be more true than  
the axiom of ,cicero1 ,friendship  does 
not follow upon advantage1 but advantage
 upon friendship4 ,clearly  demonstrated
 as this is1 but few people seem to     
realize it4 ,for the  fundamental truth 
at the bottom of this matter is1 as he  
further  states1 the basis of that      
steadfastness and constancy which we    
seek in  friendship is sincerity4 ,for  
nothing is enduring which is insincere4 
,of all virtues1 sincerity is the       
greatest1 yet1 broadly speaking1 how    

extremely rare6 ,there is almost no     
trouble and pains which people will  not
 take to make the world think that they 
are something other than  they really   
are1 when but a fraction of the cost    
might make them what  they are trying to
 seem to be4 ,the reciprocal relation of
 friendship  demands sincerity1 just in 
proportion as it becomes intimate1 and  
this  applies to all friendships1 of    
whatsoever character4    ,the love of   
children is perhaps the greatest of all 
affections in  the aggregate1 because   
experience has not taught them to doubt 
and  impugn the motives of others1 since
 everything to them is just what it     
superficially appears to be4 ,our most  
violent heartaches come through         
dissimulation toward others1 and nothing
 tends to make so callous and  blunt our
 finer sensibilities as this4 ,but just 
in proportion as we  are sincere1 must  
we be careful as to who arouses an      
interest of more  than passing moment   
within us1 as after affection is once   

started and  nurtured into luxuriance1  
it is not within our power to control   
it4  ,while love1 when reciprocated1 can
 afford an ecstasy and happiness1       
otherwise unknown1 it can1 also1 when   
not returned by the object of  our      
affection1 become the most potent cause 
of superlative pain and  anguish4 ,the  
expression of this truth by the greatest
 of all ,english  poets1 would1 in      
itself1 make his name forever immortal  
had he never  written another line1 and 
constitutes not only the soundest       
philosophy1  but the most sublime of all
 sentiments evolved from the human mind3
              ,love is not love         
,that alters when it alteration finds1  
,or bends with the remover to remove4   
,oh no6 ,it is an ever-fixed mark       
,that looks on tempests1 and is never   
shaken2      ,it is the star to every   
wandering bark      ,whose worth's      
unknown1 altho' his height is taken4    
,love's not ,time's fool2 though rosy   
lips and cheeks      ,within his bending

 sickle's compass come4      ,love      
alters not with his brief hours and     
weeks1      ,but bears it out e'en to   
the edge of doom4    ,if all the race   
thoroughly understood the truth of these
 words1 how  much more happiness there  
would be in the world6 ,it is our       
trifling  with our affections1 or the   
reckless manner in which we bestow them 
upon others1 which causes us our deepest
 sorrows4 ,in childhood1 with           
ordinarily kind parents1 we have such   
experiences as afford us pleasant       
memories throughout life1 simply because
 we lived in accordance with  nature's  
law1 which she makes easy for us at this
 age to follow1 when  we have no        
experience or reason by which we may be 
guided2 but as we  grow older1 we form  
those habits of dissimulation which lead
 us into  all sorts of trouble2 simply  
because we can do certain things without
  our friends and acquaintances becoming
 cognizant of our actions1 we  are      
foolish enough to think that no harm can

 be done4 ,if we would use  our         
intelligence at all1 we would see at    
once1 that while it may be  possible to 
deceive others in the matter of our     
thoughts and actions1  we cannot delude 
ourselves4 ,we would also realize that  
our actions and  our thoughts are       
efficient causes in the making of our   
own characters4  ,we would further see  
that in order to get any real enjoyment 
out of a  friendship1 of even the most  
,platonic kind1 we must be able to play 
our  part sincerely2 in other words1 we 
must be all that we attempt to make  our
 friends think we are4 ,the old proverb 
which tells us that we should  go       
courting in our old clothes1 is true in 
the largest sense in which  we can apply
 it4    ,when we consider how much we   
are dependent upon our after-affections 
and their outcome for our happiness1 we 
see that ,coleridge resorted to  no     
hyperbole when he wrote3       ,all     
thoughts1 all passions1 all delights1   
,whatever stirs this mortal frame1      

,are but the ministers of ,love         
,and feed his sacred flame4    ,nor did 
he overestimate the bearing which each  
and every act of our  life has upon our 
ability to either love or to be loved1  
since it is  only when we are capable of
 returning affection as pure and        
unsullied  as is given us1 that we      
achieve the acme of delight4 ,it is on  
account  of the necessity of the        
possession of these qualities which we  
have  found to constitute the only      
possible basis for really lasting love1 
that we are so much interested in those 
of great affection4 ,emerson  truly said
 that all mankind loves a lover1 and    
equally valid is his  observation that  
,love is not for levity1 but for the    
total worth of  man4 ,it is the         
affection of any human being which      
constitutes his  life and his           
friendships1 both as living and when    
coming into his  companionship1 and when
 dead1 as forming the memories upon     
which the  imagination will fondly      

dwell1 and that bring into his life     
whatever  real satisfaction he may have4
 ,as a means of sthetic development1    
nothing is of higher value than the     
affections1 and1 as a stimulant  for    
action along this line1 they are without
 an equal4 ,we have only to  remember   
the story of ,damon and ,pythias1 to see
 that the ancients fully  realized the  
power of affection2 or to read what     
,plato puts into the  mouth of          
,phoedrus1 when he has him say1 ,love   
will make men dare to  die for their    
beloved1 and women as well as men4      
,what we have noted1 heretofore1 refers 
to all affections4 ,now we come  to the 
culmination of all affairs of           
friendship1--that relationship  which is
 known as marriage4 ,upon the immensity 
of the importance of  this ceremony have
 almost all of the religious ideas of   
man been built1  and in many cases1 if  
not in all1 to the utter profanation of 
the thing  itself4    ,in the old tribal
 civilization which prevailed1 the idea 

of marriage  was ill-defined1 and it was
 only as the desire for the ownership of
  children grew that moral ideas in this
 relation became at all definite4  ,the 
fact that men wished to leave to their  
children property and  chattels1 which  
they might not have the opportunity of  
disposing of  satisfactorily before     
their death1 brought about a desire for 
marriage  upon the monogamous and       
monandrous basis2 and the fact that man 
was  the owner of the property1 and that
 the wife1 until recently1 had  no      
inherent right therein1 made the matter 
of the ownership of the  children of    
primal importance1 so that the wishes of
 the father in  regard to the           
inheritance might be fulfilled4 ,it was 
on account of the  supremacy of man in  
his own home that the family became the 
unit upon  which the ,state is built1   
just as the male individual was the unit
 upon  which the family was built1 and  
citizenship was primarily evolved and   
applicable only to the male portion of  

the population1 inasmuch as they  were  
necessary to the ,state both as         
tax-payers and as warriors4 ,this  idea 
of the ownership of children enforced   
upon woman the moral code  under which  
she lives in ,occidental countries      
to-day2 and1 at the same  time1 and for 
the reasons above stated1 kept man      
immune from it4    ,the significance    
attached to the sexual desire in this   
relationship  is and has been greatly   
overestimated1 to the greatest          
disadvantage  of mankind at large4 ,the 
most distinguishing feature about       
connubial  affection as compared with   
,platonic friendship1 is that in        
matrimony  there is the added           
unification of the parties thereto1     
owing to the  community of interest     
between them4 ,their individualities are
 merged  into one another2 their        
development must be along similar or    
parallel  lines4 ,richter has given us a
 good account of what a man should      
select  in the character of his wife to 

whom he may be able to give readings    
concerning the more essential principles
 of psychology and astronomy  without   
her bringing up the subject of his      
stockings in the middle of  his loftiest
 and fullest flights of enthusiasm2 yet 
he will be well  content should one     
possessed of moderate excellencies fall 
to his  lot--one who shall be capable of
 accompanying him1 side by side1 in  his
 flights so far as they extend--whose   
eyes and heart may be able to  take in  
the blooming earth and the shining      
heavens1 in great1 grand  masses at a   
time1 and not in mere infinitesimal     
particles2 one for whom  this universe  
may be something higher than a nursery  
or ball-room1 and  one who1 with        
feelings delicate and tender1 both pious
 and wide1 will  be continually making  
her husband better and holier4 ,since   
the time  of ,jean ,paul ,richter1 woman
 has been allowed educational advantages
  more nearly equal to those of her     
brothers than heretofore2 and1 as a     

consequence1 in many instances and quite
 often1 do we find the lady not  only   
the better but the larger half of the   
home1 intellectually4    ,as ,geoffrey  
,mortimer has well shown1 love among    
cultured people is  largely dependent   
upon the imagination4 ,in savages and in
 the human  race1 primarily1 when at    
this period of their existence1 it took 
the  form of hedonism1 or even the more 
gross sex-worship1 and it was not  until
 mankind was removed far from the brute 
that his imagination  developed1 and his
 mind was capable of abstract thought1  
that his  sthetic nature began to       
develop4 ,as his intellect became more  
profound1 and his mental range wider1   
his power of abstract thinking  was     
accordingly augmented1 until to-day1    
with the average human  being1 love is  
only1 in a restricted sense1 dependent  
upon physical  gratification4 ,herbert  
,spencer has given a very sure test of  
love1  based upon its dependence upon   
the imaginative faculty4 ,according to  

him1 when we are absent from the one we 
love1 the mental picture  which we form 
of her1 and the attributes which we at  
that time give  her1 are all found in   
her when in her actual presence4 ,then1 
we are  really in love with the person  
whose faults we cannot see4 ,the truth  
of the old adage1 ,absence makes the    
heart grow fonder1 still further  shows 
the part which the imagination plays in 
love4 ,there is no human  being who has 
been so fortunate as to marry the first 
object upon  which his affections       
settled1 providing1 of course1 that his 
previous  life has been spent so that he
 can enter into this relationship       
equitably1 who did not find that if his 
love was reciprocated1 life  possessed a
 transcendent charm which words cannot  
express4 ,such an  affection is         
necessarily based upon a most profound  
respect1 and can  only continue when    
this deferential regard exists4 ,while  
feeling a  security in its sense of     
ownership of the one loved1 yet it asks 

and  demands nothing1 and can only bud1 
blossom1 and ripen into its fullness  in
 the atmosphere of kindness and absolute
 liberty4 ,while sensual  gratification1
 in the earlier stages1 has been the    
means of nature  in perpetuating the    
species1 it is also the most powerful   
factor in  the evolution of that        
community of interest which is the very 
soul of  this attachment4 ,the infinite 
number of little incidents which are    
never to be forgotten by any real lover1
 are all of a purely physical  nature1  
but1 in the aggregate1 they form the    
nucleus of that amazement  of love and  
friendship and intimacy which is like   
the melodious  harmony of the sweetest  
sounds1 which lead us into an ecstasy in
 every  way supersensual4 ,it is in the 
realization of such delight that ,gay   
remarks1 ,not to know love1 is not to   
live4    ,we can best understand the    
real potency of sensual gratification in
  love1 if we consider that those       
moments which are the subject of  our   

most pleasant memories1 are not those in
 which our desires were  gratified1 but 
those in which we ourselves practiced   
the most ascetic  self-denial4 ,well has
 ,schlegel expressed this sentiment when
 he says1  in his essay upon the ,limits
 of the ,beautiful3--,those who yield   
their souls captive to the brief        
intoxication of 7sensual7 love1 if  no  
higher and holier feeling mingle with   
and consecrate their dreams  of bliss1  
will shrink tremblingly from the pangs  
which attend their  awakening4 ,but     
nature has here so arranged her course1 
that after  marriage1 our children's1   
or1 in their absence1 our lovers'       
affairs1  become a part and parcel of   
our lives1 and thus1 what began as      
selfish  interest1 from the pleasure    
which we obtain from the presence of our
  loved one1 is transmuted into altruism
 of the highest type4 ,to those  who    
love1 there is nothing of the spirit of 
boasting in the words of  ,valentine1   
when he says3              ,she is mine 

own1      ,and ,i as rich in having such
 a jewel      ,as twenty seas1 if all   
their sands were pearls1      ,the water
 nectar1 and the rocks pure gold2    but
 rather of a pious appreciation of the  
being who has brought him  such great   
happiness4 ,there is something          
unaccountable about this  passion called
 love1 and anyone who has experienced it
 does not wonder  at the words of       
,madame de ,stael1 ,love is the emblem  
of eternity2 it  confounds all notions  
of time1 effaces all memory of a        
beginning1 all  fear of an end4    ,in  
speaking of the happiness which is to be
 attained by means of love1  we should  
not fail to note the fact that in order 
to secure the most  enjoyment from it1  
we must be able to satisfy the          
conditions for which  such a close and  
reciprocal relationship calls4 ,it is   
here that the  philosophy of living1    
based upon self-interest1 is by far the 
safest  guide of conduct known1 since   
once the fact that we must be able to   

give to the ones whom we love all that  
we ask of them is instilled in  our     
minds1 we will have a most powerful     
stimulant to virtuous living4  ,and in  
this matter1 there is no chance for     
misunderstanding4 ,if we  would get all 
the happiness out of love1 we must go   
into it according  to the old injunction
 given to clients who were both about to
 try their  case before a court in      
equity3 ,you must enter with clean      
hands4 ,it is  strange1 that even in the
 affairs of a ,platonic friendship1 a   
citizen  of morally rotten ,rome at the 
time of the decadence of the consulate1 
should realize that ,nothing is more    
amiable than virtue2 nothing  which more
 strongly allures us to love it1 and    
yet1 two thousand years  later1 so few  
people are practicing this truth1 and   
many1 who1 in their  ignorance1 will    
utterly deny it4 ,this has largely come 
about from the  fact that1 in times     
past1 man has been able to mold the     
opinions of  his sisters1 and1          

consequently1 virtue was not demanded   
from him4 ,but  if we will teach our    
children that it is essential to their  
happiness  that they should be virtuous1
 so that they may enter into an affair  
d'amour with equity1 and obtain from it 
the happiness which it only  can bring1 
we would sweep from their paths1 with   
one stroke1 the  temptations of         
licentiousness which are to-day proving 
to be the ruin  of the majority of the  
young men of this country4 ,we should   
teach our  boys that they must be able  
to give to their wives a mind and body  
as  unpolluted by debauchery as they    
expect and insist upon receiving1  and  
that unless they are able to do this1   
the pleasures of love1 as  it affects   
the marriage relationship1 are forever  
beyond their power  to experience4 ,we  
should teach our girls that they should 
demand1  from the man who asks for their
 hand1 as clean and as spotless a past  
as they are able to give him1 and that1 
unless they insist upon this1  matrimony

 will not turn out to be the grand1     
sweet song which they  have been told   
about1 but will be more like an armed   
truce4 ,connubial  love is of such a    
nature that it will not find happiness  
in the  contemplation of the possibility
 of a rival1 and of all of the exacting 
passions with which humanity has to     
deal1 undoubtedly this of love  is the  
strongest4 ,the old saying that         
familiarity breeds contempt1  is based  
upon this fact--that unless we are able 
to maintain1 in the  one we love1 the   
esteem for us1 which under a smaller    
knowledge of  our individuality1 we have
 excited1 the sentiment of attraction   
soon  turns to one of repulsion even    
more potent than its opposite1 and even 
as great a source of misery as is the   
repulsion of hatred2 not even  being    
secondary when compared with jealousy1  
which mocks the meat it  feeds upon4    
,what possibility of happiness is there 
in marriage where  there is constantly  
running through the mind a comparison of

 the  partner which you have1 and a     
possibility of what you have given up8  
,how much happiness is possible when you
 are always comparing yourself  with    
some rival1 and wondering what your     
lover sees in him which you  do not     
possess8 ,it is the strongest argument  
in favor of monogamy and  monandry1 that
 only under this condition can the      
marriage relationship  be equitably     
fulfilled1 even more potent than the    
necessity of parental  guidance in      
directing the development of the growing
 mind4    ,man is1 by nature1 socially  
inclined1 and it is only in the society 
of his fellow-men that he really matures
 intellectually and morally4  ,under the
 influence of love1 in the most intimate
 association with a  limited number of  
others1 preferably of his own kin1 who  
will reprove  his faults gently and     
reasonably laud his courage and         
achievements--he  finds the perfect     
element for inspiration and development4
 ,holmes has  expressed this sentiment  

beautifully in his lines3       ,soft as
 the breath of a maiden's 'yes'2        
,not the light gossamer stirs with less2
      ,but never a cable holds so fast  
,through all the battles of wave and    
blast4    ,the enthusiasm which comes   
from the struggle of maintaining a home 
for  your loved ones1 where privacy and 
comfort may be found2 a retreat from    
the cares and trifling annoyances of the
 work-a-day world1 makes the  place of  
abode a shrine where all of our         
interests are centered4 ,most  truly has
 ,longfellow said3       ,each man's    
chimney is his golden milestone2        
,is the central point from which he     
measures      ,every distance1 through  
the gateways of the world around him4   
,without having experienced a real and  
genuine affection1 no man can  realize  
the highest possibility4 ,edwin ,markham
 has most truly said that  the love     
adventure is the episode of every human 
life1 and1 without  it1 no existence is 
complete4 ,there is no other earthly    

possession  with which it can be        
compared2 consequently1 we cannot be too
 careful  in seeing that our lives      
conform to the necessary demands of the 
nature of this passion4 ,the effect of  
love upon human ethics cannot be        
doubted4 ,the finest faculty which we   
have is that by means of which we  are  
able to judge right from wrong1 and is  
what we call conscience4  ,with this    
truth in mind1 we have only to remember 
a portion of an  incomplete sonnet of   
,shakespeare's1 saying1 ,conscience is  
born of  love4    ,in this observation1 
as in many of his others1 the bard of   
,avon has  reached the heart of the     
matter at once4 ,without love1 we would 
have1  and could have1 no conscience1 as
 we are only considerate of others  when
 we have much at stake ourselves1 and   
wish this consideration for  reciprocal 
reasons4 ,had we no affection1 we would 
have but little  incentive to moral     
discrimination4 ,in this sense1 as well 
as for its  happy memories1       ,it is

 better to have loved and lost          
,than never to have loved at all4    ,in
 considering the advantages of real     
love1 it is also important that  the    
disadvantages of its counterfeits should
 be made clear4 ,in the  first place1   
many of the noted teachers during the   
last decade have  called attention to   
the frightful reduction in our marriage 
and birth  rates2 and this1             
notwithstanding the fact that we feel   
that we are  progressing upward in the  
scale of civilization4 ,now1 while many 
of our  political economists believe    
that the increased cost of living has   
been  largely responsible for this1 it  
seems that we should not1 however1      
attach too great importance to the      
claim4 ,there has been a growing of  the
 moral sense among women of the ,western
 nations1 and particularly in  ,america1
 during the last few years1 which has   
tremendously influenced  the foundations
 of our civilization4 ,the ,women's     
,christian ,temperance  movement1 under 

the guiding hand of ,miss ,willard1 not 
only advocated  the prohibition of the  
sale of alcoholic stimulants1 but also  
became  a tremendous power in the social
 purity crusade1 which began to sweep   
over this country some twenty-five years
 ago4 ,the agitation1 which  resulted   
from this reform movement1 developed    
facts which were  previously unknown to 
the general public1 and in every way    
caused  people to begin to think about  
subjects which had previously never     
been brought to their attention in a    
specific way4 ,when the statistics  were
 published that1 in this country of     
eighty million people1 we were  having  
one divorce for every twelve marriages1 
and that every year  showed a decrease  
in the marriage and birth rate1 thinking
 people of  all classes began to seek to
 find the cause for such facts4    ,it  
would seem that one of the primal causes
 for the decrease in the  marriage rate 
is the ease with which vice has been    
allowed to become  organized in this    

country into a regular system1 which is 
conducted  upon a basis of cold-blooded 
business calculation4 ,the fact that we 
have between six hundred thousand and   
three-quarters of a million  of         
prostitutes in ,america1 and that this  
class of people is being  recruited at  
the rate of over fifteen thousand per   
annum from foreign  countries and about 
seventy-five thousand per annum from our
 own  country1 is certainly highly      
significant4 ,furthermore1 the fact that
  probably three-quarters of the women  
in ,america who marry are forced  to    
undergo major operations within the     
first five years of their  married life1
 on account of the moral delinquency of 
their husbands1  has certainly not given
 any impetus to marriage in our own     
country4 ,we  have also to remember that
 over one-third of all the blindness in 
this  country is traceable to a like    
cause1 and that this occurs in innocent 
children1 who usually are less than a   
week old when their sight is  lost1 as  

the result of venereal infection4       
,furthermore1 in many of the  homes     
which we all have an opportunity to     
observe1 there is not that  happiness   
existing which would lead thinking      
people to rush ruthlessly  into         
matrimony1 and the necessity for making 
divorce easy and the  marriage          
relationship hard to enter into was     
never as imperative as it  is to-day4   
,the majority of the children being     
born1 and in whose hands  the entire    
welfare of this state in the future will
 rest1 are usually  those of parents who
 are either unfitted or unable1         
physically1  intellectually1 and        
morally1 to give them such character and
 education  as will make them good      
citizens2 in other words1 vice and crime
 are  breeding faster by far than moral 
restraint and virtue4 ,whenever we  are 
able to have our young men understand   
that self-control on their  part is a   
matter of first importance in the       
requirements of good  citizenship1 and a

 prime requisite if individual happiness
 is desired1  then and only then will we
 begin to find marriage becoming more   
popular  and divorce less to be desired 
by those who have entered into this     
relationship4          ,,chapter ,,viii 
,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,future      ,the
 close of the last century found        
humanity under a different aspect  than 
ever before4 ,westward and ever westward
 had swept the course of  empire until  
the early years of this decade found the
 ,mongolian again  demonstrating his    
superiority over the ,slavonic people of
 ,eastern  ,europe4 ,for centuries the  
battles for individual freedom of body  
and mind had been fought in torture     
chambers1 at heresy trials1 at  the     
stake of every auto-da-f1 as well as in 
the legislative halls  of insular and   
continental ,europe1 and finally this   
struggle has  culminated in the         
greatest1 fiercest and most devastating 
war of  modern times1 which was         
,america's tribute to the cause of      

democracy  and freedom4 ,the nations of 
,europe have looked with wonder upon the
  growth and sudden rise into importance
 of the ,american ,confederacy of       
,states1 and crowned and titled tyrants1
 ruling by the divine right1  have long 
dreaded the absorption of ,american     
ideas by their subjects  or ,american   
interference with the course of         
governmental procedure4  ,with the      
advancement and dissemination of        
learning1 democratic  government has got
 to come1 and woe to those who oppose it
 when the  time is ripe4 ,poor1         
bleeding1 ignorant ,russia is at this   
minute in  the throes of internecine    
strife1 and no one realizes better than 
those of the autocracy who by their     
selfishness and sloth have brought  upon
 themselves the engulfing tide of       
revolution1 what was meant by  the      
dissolute associates of the ,french     
,court directly before the  horrors of  
the ,commune when they used to say      
,after us the deluge4  ,and little as   

they expected it1 this deluge did not   
wait for them to  leave1 but in many    
instances helped to usher them from the 
field of  human activity1 upon the      
block1 before the guillotine4 ,it is not
 at  this time even improbable that the 
great ,siberian prisons may soon  be    
filled with the bluest blood of royalty1
 and perhaps the ,kara  mines will yet  
be worked in by their owners1 for the   
benefit of the  revolutionists4 ,but    
whether this comes to pass or not1 we   
know that  we have seen absolutism      
gradually give way to constitutional    
forms of  government1 and these in turn 
become metamorphosed into republics4    
,and  in these democracies we see a     
tendency to return to a centralized form
  of government1 particularly when the  
chief executive is an individual  whose 
judgment1 although it is in error1 has  
been actuated by motives  which no one  
can impugn4 ,what then is the meaning of
 this--is humanity  traveling in cycles8
 ,politically1 we can answer            

emphatically1 ,,no4 ,the  ease with     
which knowledge is communicated among   
people to-day and the  unimpeachable    
integrity of the great middle classes   
are the surest  guarantee that never    
will we return to the degrading darkness
 and  servility of the past1 while the  
trenchant manner in which our press     
uses the weapons of ridicule and cartoon
 insures for our posterity  an even     
better and more active public           
conscience1 which will demand  duty     
performed commensurate with privileges  
granted4 ,municipalities  and           
commonwealths may be full of political  
rottenness and corruption1  senates may 
be filled by the paid agents of capital1
 representative  halls may be packed by 
demagogues elected by the most radical  
element  of organized labor1 but        
regardless of temporary mistakes1 just  
as long  as we maintain an efficient    
public school system and make education 
compulsory and leave the press          
unshackled1 we cannot under a democratic

  form of government1 where tenure of   
office is for a short period only1  ever
 permanently retrograde4    ,students of
 contemporaneous ,american history who  
have followed closely  the exposure of  
municipal officials guilty of the worst 
forms of  malfeasance1 will probably be 
led to believe that we are going from   
bad to worse politically in our larger  
cities4 ,owing to the publicity1        
however1 which such matters get1 and the
 fact that our citizen body in  the     
aggregate respect honesty and integrity1
 we have nothing to fear4  ,the reform  
wave which oftentimes sweeps with       
violence over our cities1  to be checked
 only when persons of much influence    
have their liberty  jeopardized1 will   
inevitably bring about an understanding 
on the part  of the majority of the     
citizens that politics must not be      
corrupted by  people who make a business
 of seducing the electorate of our      
cities4  ,the commission form of        
government has already done much to lead

 the way  to a better state of affairs1 
and even if it had not1 it would be only
  a question of but a short time until  
publicity itself would bring about  a   
better1 purer1 and more economic        
administration of government4    ,as a  
nation1 we are more seriously menaced by
 the accumulation of  gigantic          
individual fortunes than from any other 
one and perhaps from  all other sources 
combined1 as in but very few cases does 
a competency  mean the use of time for a
 leisure of culture and ennoblement1 but
  rather for the development of         
selfishness1 avarice1 cruelty1 and      
immorality4 ,christ certainly did not   
overrate the awful disadvantage  of     
riches1 particularly if considered in   
relation to the recent  developments of 
our criminal trials in our great cities1
 when ,he said  that ,it is easier for a
 camel to pass through the eye of a     
needle  than for a rich man to enter    
,heaven4 ,wealth in the hands of the    
young  is the worst condition with which

 they can be surrounded--it almost      
forces them into the company of         
irresponsible and immoral persons who   
lead them into vice1 thus sapping their 
vitality1 as well as engrossing  them in
 habits of infamy1 which their weakened 
mentality can usually  never shake off4 
,the direst poverty1 on the other hand1 
pinches and  confines both the body and 
mind through lack of proper nutrition   
and  time for rest and recreation1 so   
that it is of double importance to  the 
,state to see that enormous private     
accumulations of wealth do not  exist1  
and more especially that they cannot be 
inherited4 ,a reasonable  sum should be 
fixed upon by our lawmakers as the      
maximum amount which  could be inherited
 by any one individual1 and any part of 
an estate  which was not legally        
disposed of under this act1 by will or  
otherwise1  should pass into the        
undisputed possession of the ,state and 
should  be spent1 not for the ordinary  
administration of the law1 but for the  

building of schools1 hospitals1 parks1  
museums1 and the purchase of  public    
utilities1 such as water1 lighting1     
power and transportation  companies4    
,should the means above suggested prove 
too slow in operation  or inadequate to 
meet present emergencies1 an income-tax 
might1 for  a decade or two1 be a       
necessity--the returns from which should
 be  expended as suggested above4       
,unless something of this character is  
done  within the next century1 it would 
seem that our country cannot continue   
to advance in civilization1 although she
 might in political prestige  and       
commercial importance1 but would follow 
in the steps of so many  other great    
states1 and sooner or later arrive at a 
time where her  present would be but a  
meagre shadow of her majestic past4     
,if we would have the most that is to be
 got out of life1 we should see  to it  
that more time and attention is paid to 
the development of the  sthetic side of 
our natures4 ,our public buildings are  

to-day usually  designed upon grand and 
majestic lines2 some of our public parks
 are  laid out with the idea of showing 
the beauty of simplicity and harmony2  a
 few of our private mansions are        
architecturally works of art2 we  have  
in our large cities a few museums which 
are kept open a few hours  to the public
 upon days when it has leisure1 but1    
further than this1  how little are we   
taught1 or do we see1 the beautiful     
aside from its  arrangement in nature in
 the ordinary routine of life8 ,with all
 but the  wealthier class1 the getting  
of a livelihood and the attention to    
other  material things1 consumes all the
 time and energy available under the    
present rgime so that no leisure is left
 to cultivate an appreciation  or desire
 for the beautiful4 ,it is the amount of
 development of the  sthetic nature of  
the masses which is the surest and most 
certain  index of any civilization4     
,schlegel has most justly observed that 
when men are left to the sole guidance  

of artificial law1 they become  reduced 
to mere empty shadows and soulless      
forms2 while the undivided  sway of     
nature leaves them savage and loveless4 
,it is therefore in  this middle ground 
that we should provide stimuli for the  
growth of  this cult of the beautiful1  
and to do this we must begin with the   
children4 ,it should be the care of the 
state to see that our streets  are kept 
clean1 that grass plots and flower beds 
are harmoniously  and tastily arranged  
at the intersection of the highways1    
wherever  possible1 and that all houses 
intended for tenement purposes be so    
built that plenty of light and air can  
be always available4 ,powerful  and     
elevating music should be performed in  
public parks at frequent  intervals1    
whenever the weather will permit of     
general gatherings  in the open air4    
,the best talent should be secured to   
address the  people upon subjects of a  
general nature1 such as topics of the   
day1  political economy1 popular        

science1 etc4 ,our school rooms should  
not  only be clean and well ventilated1 
but their walls should be hung  with    
interesting and beautiful pictures1 and 
our school libraries1  as well as our   
public libraries1 should be numerous1   
and filled with  the best literature    
that money can buy4 ,in our homes1 we   
should see  that every refining         
influence possible is thrown around the 
children1  and1 above all1 they should  
be taught the beauty of self-sacrifice  
and  heroism4 ,particularly should they 
be taught the value and beauty of       
affection1 and they should be both told 
and shown that the pleasure  derived    
therefrom1 and its value to the human   
species1 depends almost  wholly upon the
 self-restraint and self-sacrifice which
 is exercised  in connection with the   
intimate relations arising from it4     
,schlegel  again speaks right to the    
point1 ,every inordinate indulgence     
involves  a corresponding amount of     
suffering4444 ,others1 on the contrary1 

who  devote themselves to glorious deeds
 and seek enjoyment only in the         
intervals of more serious exertion1 will
 have their best reward in the  pure1   
unchanging happiness purchased by such  
self-denial4 ,pleasure1  indeed1 has a  
higher zest when spontaneous and        
self-created2 and it  rises in value in 
proportion to its affinity with that    
perfection of  beauty in which moral    
excellence is allied to external charms4
    ,our attention as a nation to the   
acquisition of material wealth to  the  
utter disregard of our sthetic natures  
may very largely account  for the fact  
that ,america has produced but few of   
those literary and  artistic stars which
 are almost always coincident with      
commercial  prosperity4 ,we seem to have
 neither passed the ,elizabethan nor the
  ,victorian age in literature upon this
 side of the water--not because we  have
 not produced talent along these lines1 
but because the quantity  has been so   
small and seems to be growing less every

 year4 ,since the  opening of the       
present century1 there has practically  
been nothing  produced which will demand
 recognition among literary and artistic
  people after our own generation4      
,there seems to be only one other great 
problem before humanity to-day4  ,next  
to the distribution of wealth1 it1      
however1 is undoubtedly the  most       
perplexing question with which every    
democratic country will  sooner or later
 have to deal4 ,in its two forms--as    
prostitution and the  restriction of    
birth--it constitutes what for a better 
name is commonly  called the social     
evil4 ,under our civilization and in our
 system of  social caste we have no     
class of serfs2 but as low1 if not      
lower1 than  these we have those women  
who sell their favors for money to      
anyone  who will pay the price4         
,unfortunately1 we have not yet reached 
the  place where the majority of our    
male population decry moral looseness   
on the part of women with whom they are 

not connected by blood or  matrimony2   
although this may or may not have been  
done for profit1 as  the case may be4   
,it is still largely a matter as to how 
general the  knowledge is1 as to how    
great is the crime4 ,nevertheless1 with 
those  unfortunates whose character is  
generally known1 our modern society  has
 no place--they are outcasts in the true
 sense of the word4 ,worse  than all1 is
 the fact that society refuses to       
proscribe immorality of  this nature in 
man as it does in woman--consequently1  
she alone before  the world is made to  
suffer for what he is as much to blame  
for as  she is1 and very frequently more
 so4 ,the incongruity of this1 under  a 
democratic form of government1 is       
readily apparent to anyone and  that    
such a condition of affairs may not     
exist permanently under our             
civilization cannot be doubted4 ,it     
would therefore seem that either  one of
 two things will have to come to pass in
 the future2 either we  shall have to   

regard our prostitutes as a class1 as   
they were probably  esteemed in ancient 
,greece1 or we shall have to attach an  
equal calumny  to man as we now attach  
to woman in these relations4 ,in the    
first  instance1 we tacitly admit that  
the nature of man differs from that  of 
woman1 in that continence and monogamy  
are not fitted for him but  are for her1
 which every fair-minded person knows to
 be a falsehood2  or else in the other  
alternative we have the entire sentiment
 of this  country upon this whole matter
 to make over and that against those who
  are in power4 ,mrs4 ,parsons1 in her  
carefully prepared and comprehensive    
study1 entitled ,the ,family1 does not1 
it would seem1 speak other than         
satirically when she proposes that the  
same license be allowed woman  before   
she bears children as society now allows
 man4 ,this would seem  to be a step    
backward1 inasmuch as there is to-day1  
with no small  percentage of the people 
in this country1 a decided stigma       

attached  to promiscuity on the part of 
man1 and this should be fostered and    
encouraged1 at any expense4 ,her        
recommendation of early trial marriage  
also smacks of the satirical1 while her 
propositions to make the  transmission  
of venereal diseases in marriage a penal
 offense1 to  render identical the age  
of consent with the legal age of        
marriage1  and to abolish all laws      
requiring parental consent to marriage1 
to  consider parental duties the same in
 the case of an illegitimate as in  that
 of a legitimate child1 and to abolish  
legal separation and divorce  law       
provisions prohibiting the defendant to 
remarry1 must appeal to  all fair-minded
 persons as exactly what is needed4     
,with sentiment once  well started in   
this direction1 we can hope that the    
next two or three  decades will         
accomplish much--more particularly if we
 lose our money  madness and return from
 the flesh-pots to things that are of   
real  value4 ,the happiness and virtue  

of our children will never be secure    
until society is founded upon a basis of
 real monogamy1 and male as  well as    
female continence before marriage1 and  
the sooner this fact  is admitted and   
enforced the better will it be for the  
human race4 ,in  this molding of        
sentiment1 woman can be and is an       
important factor1  and her position     
becomes the more commanding as she      
becomes more  independent financially4  
,if she demands purity on the part of   
her male  friends--sooner or later it   
will be accorded to her--if she insists 
upon it in her lover1 her ,prince       
,charming will come forth with the      
quality4    ,concerning that part of    
this question which deals with the      
restriction  of birth1 it has always    
seemed that outside of voluntary        
childless  marriages the importance of  
race suicide was over-estimated4 ,where 
there is no pathological reason why     
children should not be born1 there  can 
be no question but that voluntary       

childless marriage is what has  been    
well termed a progressive substitute for
 prostitution4 ,but  where not used to  
consummate this end1 but to keep within 
the limits  of the proper education and 
the bringing up of the progeny of a     
human  pair1 such practice as does not  
involve infanticide cannot be against   
the best interests of the race4         
,consequently1 it would seem that1      
before marriage1 young men and women    
should become acquainted with  the      
fundamental phenomena of conception1    
with the purpose in view of  regulating 
the number of children which they bring 
into the world to  such a number as they
 can properly educate and equip for the 
struggle  of existence4 ,such biological
 knowledge as is necessary to attain    
this  should become the common property 
of humanity1 and the state should  not  
restrict the sale of such articles as   
would further this end4 ,on  the other  
hand1 young men and women should be     
taught that it is their  duty to have   

what children they can care for1 and at 
such times and  under such conditions   
during wedlock as will insure their     
descendants  the best physical and      
mental equipment4 ,infanticide in any   
form and at  any time1 except when      
performed under the jurisdiction of a   
reputable  physician1 should be made a  
crime and proper punishment provided    
therefor4 ,in this phase of the         
question1 there is also a place for the 
fostering of proper sentiment4 ,parents 
should show their children that  they   
constitute a very large proportion of   
their happiness1 and that               
child-bearing1 within the limits above  
set forth1 is a privilege and  not a    
burden4 ,under these conditions1        
voluntary childless marriage will       
become less frequent and the family will
 occupy the position of primary         
importance in the state to which it is  
entitled4    ,it is impossible to       
estimate the far-reaching influence of  
the ,woman's  ,rights movement4 ,the    

agitation to-day extends completely     
around the  world1 and even such        
,oriental countries as ,turkey1 ,japan1 
and ,china  are being forced to realize 
that they have it to face in the near   
future4 ,politically1 there can be no   
question but that the movement  will    
tend more towards the purity of the     
administration of justice  and the      
elimination of corruption in politics   
than any movement which  has been       
started within the history of man2 and1 
as examples of this1  we have only to   
look for ample proof in countries where 
women have  been given full rights of   
citizenship1 such as ,new ,zealand1 and 
in  ,colorado1 ,idaho1 ,wyoming1 and    
,nevada ,states in this country4        
,socially1  we have already noticed the 
effect which this movement will have as 
tending towards the purity of masculine 
morals4 ,economically1 however1  it     
presents a far different aspect1 since  
every woman who enters  commercial life1
 whether in the office or factory1      

diminishes the  child-bearing population
 of the earth1 and with the greater     
sense of  justice and equity which comes
 from the higher education1 the demands 
of woman will not only become more and  
more exacting1 but she will be  becoming
 constantly more potent in their        
enforcement4 ,the economic  phase of    
this problem is so great that it is     
impossible to state at  this time what  
the outcome will be1 but a still further
 tremendous  decrease in the birth rate 
is absolutely sure to come about2 and it
  would seem that possibly those evils  
which will1 in the long run1  be most   
largely rectified by this movement will 
be augmented in the  immediate future1  
as a result of this agitation1 until    
such a time as  the majority of our     
citizens may be given such education as 
will enable  them to reason more        
logically about the fundamental         
propositions of  life4    ,we have      
looked at a few of the phases of human  
existence2 what shall  be said of the   

value of life8 ,modern science has      
forever taken from us  the comforting   
delusions of a personal ,deity1 an      
immortality for the  soul in a personal 
sense1 and the idea of our possessing a 
will1 free  to force our direction      
whithersoever we elect4 ,it has left1 in
 place of  these1 the idea of           
duty--individual and personal           
responsibility--which  cannot be        
shirked4 ,george ,eliot1 in the epilogue
 of ,romola1 preaches  as strong a      
sermon as she ever could to ,mr4        
,meyers1 when she talked to  him upon   
that now famous evening in ,may at      
,cambridge4 ,carlyle1 no less  than his 
countrywoman1 realized1 not only the    
importance of living up  to individual  
responsibility1 but also understood how 
hard it often  was to know just what    
should be done4 ,his rule1 which is most
 worthy  of emulation1 was3 ,do the     
nearest duty that lies to your hand1 and
  already the next duty will have become
 plainer4 ,in order that we may  be the 

better prepared to fulfill our          
responsibilities1 we should  obtain all 
the knowledge possible1 even although it
 may cause us lack  of insight          
temporarily1 and much mental agony4     
,faith is not comparable  to knowledge1 
any more than wishing is equal to the   
obtaining of  results4 ,we should       
therefore be aggressive in the discharge
 of our  duty--liberal and tolerant1    
pure and upright1 loving and unselfish1 
virtuous and truly religious1 so that it
 may be said of us1 when we  have       
finished1 that the world is a little    
better1 and life has been1  for as many 
as possible1 a little happier for our   
having lived4      ,,the ,,end          
,,the ,,how ,,does ,,it ,,work ,,series 
,no4 #a4 ,electricity4 ,by ,,thomas ,w4 
,,corbin4 ,with many ,illustrations4    
,price1 #ge ,cents1 ,cloth4    ,explains
 in simple language the working of      
,dynamos1 ,motors1 ,heating and         
,lighting ,apparatus1 ,trainways1       
,railways1 c4    ,the information given 

is clear and easily understood1 and many
  excellent halftones and line drawings 
are given4 ,it is an ,a#a book for  any 
boy or man with a leaning towards things
 electric4--,publishers'  ,circular4    
,the descriptions are given in very     
plain language and there are  excellent 
illustrations4      ,no4 #b4 ,model     
,making4 ,by ,,cyril ,,hall4 ,cloth4    
,with many ,diagrams4  ,price1 #ge      
,cents4    ,contains instructions for   
making a ,steam                         
,locomotive--,turbine--,steam           
,boat--,electric                        
,engines--,motors--,yacht--,printing    
,press--,steam                          
,crane--,telephone--,electric           
,bells--,telegraph1 c4      ,no4 #c4    
,modern ,engines4 ,by ,,thomas ,w4      
,,corbin4 ,with many illustrations4     
,price1 ,cloth1 #ge ,cents4    ,steam   
,engines1 ,gas ,engines1 ,petrol        
,engines1 ,marine ,engines1 ,steam      
,pumps1 ,steam ,boilers1 c41 c4         
,at all ,booksellers or postpaid by     

,r4 ,f4 ,fenno  ,company                
,transcriber's note      ,text in       
italics has been surrounded with        
underscores1 underlined  words with     
signs1 bold with signs and small        
capitals changed to all  capitals4      
,the first two columns of the           
,geological ,table at the end of        
,chapter ,,ii  have been combined to    
keep the width within limits4    ,the   
following corrections were made1 on page
       #ia posession changed to         
possession 7after they had secured      
possession of their7    #abg formlu     
changed to formul 7had recited certain  
magical        formul which had7    #age
 ' changed to  7never to have loved at  
all47    #bjj  added 7,the information  
given is clear74    ,otherwise the      
original has been preserved1 including  
archaic and  unusual words1 as well as  
unusual or inconsistent spelling and    
hyphenation4 ,for instance3 ,phoedrus is
 usually spelled as ,phdrus1  this has  
not been changed4