,! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,ori5tal ,religion ,by ,james ,george ,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge ,pr(essor ( ,social ,an?ropology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool ,vol4 ,v4 ( ,,xii4 ,"p ,,iv3 ,adonis ,attis ,osiris4 ,vol4 #a ( #b4 ,new ,york & ,london ,mac,millan & ,co4 #aiad ,,cont5ts ,preface to ! ,fir/ ,edition4 ,preface to ! ,second ,edition4 ,preface to ! ,?ird ,edition4 ,book ,fir/4 ,adonis4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,my? ( ,adonis4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,adonis 9 ,syria4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,adonis 9 ,cyprus4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,sacr$ ,m5 & ,wom54 #a4 ,an ,alt]native ,!ory4 #b4 ,sacr$ ,wom5 9 ,india4 #c4 ,sacr$ ,m5 & ,wom5 9 ,we/ ,africa4 #d4 ,sacr$ ,wom5 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 #e4 ,sacr$ ,m5 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 #f4 ,sons ( ,god4 #g4 ,re9c>nation ( ! ,dead4 #h4 ,sacr$ ,/ocks & ,/ones among ! ,semites4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,melc>?4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,s&an4 #a4 ,! ,baal ( ,t>sus4 #b4 ,! ,god ( ,ibreez4 #c4 ,s&an ( ,t>sus4 #d4 ,! ,gods ( ,boghaz-,keui4 #e4 ,s&an & ,baal at ,t>sus4 #f4 ,prie/ly ,k+s ( ,olba4 #g4 ,! ,god ( ! ,corycian ,cave4 #h4 ,cilician ,goddesses4 #i4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,cilician ,gods4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,s>danapalus & ,h]cules4 #a4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,s>danapalus4 #b4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,croesus4 #c4 ,purification by ,fire4 #d4 ,! ,div9ity ( ,lydian ,k+s4 #e4 ,hittite ,gods at ,t>sus & ,s>des4 #f4 ,! ,resurrection ( ,tylon4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,volcanic ,religion4 #a4 ,! ,burn+ ( a ,god4 #b4 ,! ,volcanic ,region ( ,cappadocia4 #c4 ,fire-,wor%ip 9 ,cappadocia4 #d4 ,! ,burnt ,l& ( ,lydia4 #e4 ,! ,e>?quake ,god4 #f4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,mephitic ,vap\rs4 #g4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,hot ,spr+s4 #h4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,volcanoes 9 o!r ,l&s4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,ritual ( ,adonis4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,g>d5s ( ,adonis4 ,book ,second4 ,attis4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,my? & ,ritual ( ,attis4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,attis ,z a ,god ( ,vegetation4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,attis ,z ,! ,fa!r ,god4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,human ,repres5tatives ( ,attis4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,hang$ ,god4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ! ,we/4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,hyac9?4 ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! above cov] image 0 produc$ by ! submitt] at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 & is be+ plac$ into ! public doma94 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,^! /udies are an expansion ( ! correspond+ sections 9 my book ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & !y w =m "p ( ! ?ird edition ( t "w1 on ! prep>ation ( :i* ,i h be5 engag$ = "s "t4 ,by f> ! great] portion ( !m is new1 & !y make by !mselves a fairly complete &1 ,i hope1 intelligible :ole4 ,i %all be glad if criticisms pass$ on ! essays 9 _! pres5t %ape %\ld enable me to correct & improve !m :5 ,i come to incorporate !m 9 my l>g] "w4 ,9 /udy+ afre% ^! ?ree ,ori5tal wor%ips1 ak9 to ea* o!r 9 "*1 ,i h paid m att5tion ?an =m]ly to ! natural features ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y arose1 because ,i am m ?an ev] p]suad$ t religion1 l all o!r in/itutions1 has be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by physical environm5t1 & _c be und]/ood )\t "s appreciation ( ^? aspects ( ext]nal nature :i* /amp !mselves indelibly on ! ?\ghts1 ! habits1 ! :ole life ( a p4 ,x is a matt] ( great regret to me t ,i h nev] visit$ ! ,ea/1 & s _c describe f p]sonal k ! native l&s ( ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris4 ,b ,i h s\ght to rem$y ! defect by comp>+ ! descriptions ( eye-witnesses1 & pa9t+ f !m :at may be call$ composite pictures ( "s ( ! sc5es on :i* ,i h be5 l$ to t\* 9 ! c\rse ( ?is volume4 ,i %all n h :olly fail$ if ,i h caught f my au?orities & convey$ to my read]s "s notion1 h[ev] dim1 ( ! sc5]y1 ! atmosph]e1 ! gorge\s col\r+ ( ! ,ea/4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4 ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge1 #bbnd ,july #aijf4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ?is second edition "s m9or corrections h be5 made & "s fre% matt] add$4 ,:]e my views appe> to h be5 misund]/ood1 ,i h endeav\r$ to /ate !m m cle>ly2 :]e !y h be5 disput$1 ,i h c>efully reconsid]$ ! evid5ce & giv5 my reasons = adh]+ to my =m] op9ions4 ,mo/ ( ! additions ?us made to ! volume are compris$ 9 a new *apt] 78,sacr$ ,m5 & ,wom5071 a new section 78,influ5ce ( ,"m-k9 on ,religion071 & ?ree new app5dices 78,molo* ! ,k+10 8,! ,wid[$ ,flam510 & 8,"s ,cu/oms ( ! ,pelew ,isl&]s074 ,among ! fri5ds & correspond5ts :o h k9dly help$ me ) in=mation & criticisms ( v>i\s sorts ,i wi% to ?ank p>ticul>ly ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,rev]5d ,j4 ,roscoe ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,wyse4 ,above all ,i owe mu* to my tea*] ! ,rev]5d ,pr(essor ,r4 ,h4 ,k5nett1 :o1 besides initiat+ me into ! *>ms ( ! ,hebrew language & giv+ me a cle>] insight into ! c\rse ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 has contribut$ sev]al valuable sugge/ions to ! book & enhanc$ ! k9dness by read+ & criticiz+ "s ( ! pro(s4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4 ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge1 #bbnd ,septemb] #aijg4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,9 revis+ ! book = ?is ?ird edition ,i h made use ( sev]al important works :i* h appe>$ s9ce ! la/ edition 0 publi%$4 ,among ^! ,i w\ld "n p>ticul>ly ! le>n$ treatises ( ,c\nt ,baudiss9 on ,adonis1 ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge on ,osiris1 & ( my colleague ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g>/ang on ! civilization ( ! ,hittites1 t /ill my/]i\s p1 :o beg9 to loom a little m di/9ctly f ! mi/s ( ! pa/4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,i h indicat$ c]ta9 analogies :i* may be trac$ betwe5 ! wor%ip ( ,osiris & ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 especially ( dead k+s1 among ! mod]n tribes ( ,africa4 ,! conclusion to :i* ^! analogies appe> to po9t is t "u ! my?ical pall ( ! glorifi$ ,osiris1 ! god :o di$ & rose aga9 f ! dead1 !re once lay ! body ( a dead man4 ,:e!r t 0 s or n1 ,i w n v5ture to say4 ,! long] ,i occupy myself ) que/ions ( anci5t my?ology ! m diffid5t ,i become ( success 9 deal+ ) !m1 & ,i am apt to ?9k t we :o sp5d our ye>s 9 se>*+ = solutions ( ^! insoluble problems are l ,sisyphus p]petually roll+ 8 /one up hill only to see x revolve aga9 into ! valley1 or l ! daught]s ( ,danaus doom$ = ev] to p\r wat] into brok5 j>s t c hold no wat]4 ,if we are tax$ ) wa/+ life 9 seek+ to "k :at c nev] be kn[n1 & :at1 if x c\ld be discov]$1 w\ld n be wor? kn[+1 :at c we plead 9 our def5ce8 ,i fe>1 v little4 ,su* pursuits c h>dly be def5d$ on ! gr\nd ( pure reason4 ,we c only say t some?+1 we "k n :at1 drives u to attack ! great enemy ,ignorance :]ev] we see him1 & t if we fail1 z we probably %all1 9 our attack on 8 entr5*m5ts1 x may be useless b x is n +lori\s to fall 9 lead+ a ,=lorn ,hope4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] ,,cambridge1 #af? ,janu>y #aiad4 ,,book ,,fir/4 ,,adonis4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,my? ( ,adonis4 7,m#a7 ,! spectacle ( ! great *anges :i* annually pass ov] ! face ( ! e>? has p[]fully impress$ ! m9ds ( m5 9 all ages1 & /irr$ !m to m$itate on ! causes ( trans=mations s va/ & wond]ful4 ,_! curiosity has n be5 purely dis9t]e/$2 = ev5 ! savage _c fail to p]ceive h[ intimately 8 own life is b\nd up ) ! life ( nature1 & h[ ! same processes :i* freeze ! /ream & /rip ! e>? ( vegetation m5ace him ) ext9ction4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t m5 seem to h imag9$ t ! means ( av]t+ ! ?reat5$ calamity 7 9 _! own h&s1 & t !y c\ld ha/5 or ret>d ! flight ( ! seasons by magic art4 ,accord+ly !y p]=m$ c]emonies & recit$ spells to make ! ra9 to fall1 ! sun to %9e1 animals to multiply1 & ! fruits ( ! e>? to gr[4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! sl[ advance ( k1 :i* has dispell$ s _m *]i%$ illusions1 conv9c$ at lea/ ! m ?\ghtful portion ( mank9d t ! alt]nations ( summ] & w9t]1 ( spr+ & autumn1 7 n m]ely ! result ( _! own magical rites1 b t "s deep] cause1 "s mighti] p[]1 0 at "w beh9d ! %ift+ sc5es ( nature4 ,!y n[ pictur$ to !mselves ! gr[? & decay ( vegetation1 ! bir? & dea? ( liv+ creatures1 z effects ( ! wax+ or wan+ /r5g? ( div9e be+s1 ( gods & goddesses1 :o 7 born & di$1 :o m>ri$ & begot *ildr51 on ! patt]n ( human life4 7,m#b7 ,?us ! old magical !ory ( ! seasons 0 displac$1 or r supplem5t$1 by a religi\s !ory4 ,= al?\gh m5 n[ attribut$ ! annual cycle ( *ange prim>ily to correspond+ *anges 9 _! deities1 !y /ill ?\ght t by p]=m+ c]ta9 magical rites !y c\ld aid ! god1 :o 0 ! pr9ciple ( life1 9 8 /ruggle ) ! oppos+ pr9ciple ( dea?4 ,!y imag9$ t !y c\ld recruit 8 fail+ en]gies & ev5 raise him f ! dead4 ,! c]emonies :i* !y obs]v$ = ?is purpose 7 9 sub/ance a dramatic repres5tation ( ! natural processes :i* !y wi%$ to facilitate2 = x is a famili> t5et ( magic t y c produce any desir$ effect by m]ely imitat+ x4 ,& z !y n[ expla9$ ! fluctuations ( gr[? & decay1 ( reproduction & dissolution1 by ! m>riage1 ! dea?1 & ! rebir? or revival ( ! gods1 _! religi\s or r magical dramas turn$ 9 great measure on ^! !mes4 ,!y set =? ! fruitful union ( ! p[]s ( f]tility1 ! sad dea? ( "o at lea/ ( ! div9e p>tn]s1 & 8 joyful resurrection4 ,?us a religi\s !ory 0 bl5d$ ) a magical practice4 ,! comb9ation is famili> 9 hi/ory4 ,inde$1 few religions h ev] succe$$ 9 :olly extricat+ !mselves f ! old trammels ( magic4 ,! inconsi/5cy ( act+ on two opposite pr9ciples1 h[ev] x may vex ! s\l ( ! philosoph]1 r>ely tr\bles ! common man2 inde$ he is seldom ev5 aw>e ( x4 ,8 affair is to act1 n to analyse ! motives ( 8 action4 ,if mank9d _h always be5 logical & wise1 hi/ory w\ld n be a long *ronicle ( folly & crime47#a7 7,m#c7 ,( ! *anges :i* ! seasons br+ ) !m1 ! mo/ /rik+ )9 ! temp]ate zone are ^? :i* affect vegetation4 ,! influ5ce ( ! seasons on animals1 ?\gh great1 is n ne>ly s manife/4 ,h5ce x is natural t 9 ! magical dramas design$ to dispel w9t] & br+ back spr+ ! emphasis %\ld be laid on vegetation1 & t trees & plants %\ld 9 !m m prom95tly ?an bea/s & birds4 ,yet ! two sides ( life1 ! vegetable & ! animal1 7 n dissociat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o obs]v$ ! c]emonies4 ,inde$ !y commonly believ$ t ! tie betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetable _w 0 ev5 clos] ?an x really is2 h5ce !y (t5 comb9$ ! dramatic repres5tation ( reviv+ plants ) a real or a dramatic union ( ! sexes = ! purpose ( fur!r+ at ! same "t & by ! same act ! multiplication ( fruits1 ( animals1 & ( m54 ,to !m ! pr9ciple ( life & f]tility1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 0 "o & indivisible4 ,to live & to cause to live1 to eat food & to beget *ildr51 ^! 7 ! prim>y wants ( m5 9 ! pa/1 & !y w be ! prim>y wants ( m5 9 ! future s long z ! _w la/s4 ,o!r ?+s may be add$ to enri* & beautify human life1 b unless ^! wants are fir/ satisfi$1 humanity itself mu/ cease to exi/4 ,^! two ?+s1 !re=e1 food & *ildr51 7 :at m5 *iefly s\ght to procure by ! p]=mance ( magical rites = ! regulation ( ! seasons4 7,m#d7 ,n[h]e1 app>5tly1 h ^! rites be5 m widely & solemnly celebrat$ ?an 9 ! l&s :i* bord] ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean4 ,"u ! names ( ,osiris1 ,tammuz1 ,adonis1 & ,attis1 ! peoples ( ,egypt & ,we/]n ,asia repres5t$ ! ye>ly decay & revival ( life1 especially ( vegetable life1 :i* !y p]sonifi$ z a god :o annually di$ & rose aga9 f ! dead4 ,9 "n & detail ! rites v>i$ f place to place3 9 sub/ance !y 7 ! same4 ,! suppos$ dea? & resurrection ( ?is ori5tal deity1 a god ( _m names b ( ess5tially "o nature1 is ! subject ( ! pres5t inquiry4 ,we beg9 ) ,tammuz or ,adonis47#b7 7,m#e7 ,! wor%ip ( ,adonis 0 practis$ by ! ,semitic peoples ( ,babylonia & ,syria1 & ! ,greeks borr[$ x f !m z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/47#c7 ,! true "n ( ! deity 0 ,tammuz3 ! appellation ( ,adonis is m]ely ! ,semitic ,adon1 8"l10 a title ( hon\r by :i* 8 wor%ipp]s address$ him47#d7 ,9 ! ,hebrew text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! same "n ,adonai1 orig9ally p]haps ,adoni1 8my "l10 is (t5 appli$ to ,jehovah47#e7 ,b ! ,greeks ?r\gh a misund]/&+ conv]t$ ! title ( hon\r into a prop] "n4 ,:ile ,tammuz or 8 equival5t ,adonis enjoy$ a wide & la/+ popul>ity among peoples ( ! ,semitic /ock1 !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t 8 wor%ip orig9at$ ) a race ( o!r blood & o!r spee*1 ! ,sum]ians1 :o 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory inhabit$ ! flat alluvial pla9 at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf & creat$ ! civilization :i* 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,babylonian4 ,! orig9 & aff9ities ( ?is p are unkn[n2 9 physical type & language !y diff]$ f all _! neighb\rs1 & _! isolat$ position1 w$g$ 9 betwe5 ali5 races1 pres5ts to ! /ud5t ( mank9d problems ( ! same sort z ! isolation ( ! ,basques & ,etruscans among ! ,aryan peoples ( ,europe4 ,an +5i\s1 b unprov$1 hypo!sis w\ld repres5t !m z immigrants driv5 f c5tral ,asia by t gradual desiccation :i* = ages seems to h be5 conv]t+ once fruitful l&s into a wa/e & bury+ ! seats ( anci5t civilization "u a sea ( %ift+ s&4 ,:atev] _! place ( orig9 may h be51 x is c]ta9 t 9 ,s\!rn ,babylonia ! ,sum]ians atta9$ at a v e>ly p]iod to a consid]able pit* ( civilization2 = !y till$ ! soil1 re>$ cattle1 built cities1 dug canals1 & ev5 inv5t$ a sy/em ( writ+1 :i* _! ,semitic neighb\rs 9 "t borr[$ f !m47#f7 ,9 ! pan!on ( ?is anci5t p ,tammuz appe>s to h be5 "o ( ! olde/1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n "o ( ! mo/ important figures47#g7 ,8 "n consi/s ( a ,sum]ian phrase mean+ 8true son0 or1 9 a full] =m1 8true son ( ! deep wat]107#h7 & among ! inscrib$ ,sum]ian texts :i* h surviv$ ! wreck ( empires are a numb] ( hymns 9 8 hon\r1 :i* 7 writt5 d[n n lat] ?an ab\t two ?\s& ye>s be=e our era b 7 almo/ c]ta9ly compos$ at a mu* e>li] "t47#i7 7,m#f7 ,9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,babylonia ,tammuz appe>s z ! y\?ful sp\se or lov] ( ,i%t>1 ! great "m goddess1 ! embodim5t ( ! reproductive en]gies ( nature4 ,! ref]5ces to _! connexion ) ea* o!r 9 my? & ritual are bo? fragm5t>y & obscure1 b we ga!r f !m t e ye> ,tammuz 0 believ$ to die1 pass+ away f ! *e]ful e>? to ! gloomy subt]ranean _w1 & t e ye> 8 div9e mi/ress j\rney$ 9 que/ ( him 8to ! l& f :i* !re is no return+1 to ! h\se ( d>kness1 :]e du/ lies on door & bolt40 ,dur+ h] abs5ce ! passion ( love ceas$ to op]ate3 m5 & bea/s alike =got to reproduce _! k9ds3 all life 0 ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,s intimately b\nd up ) ! goddess 7 ! sexual functions ( ! :ole animal k+dom t )\t h] pres5ce !y c\ld n be dis*>g$4 ,a mess5g] ( ! great god ,ea 0 accord+ly despat*$ to rescue ! goddess on :om s mu* dep5d$4 ,! /]n que5 ( ! inf]nal regions1 ,allatu or ,ere%-,kigal by "n1 reluctantly all[$ ,i%t> to be spr9kl$ ) ! ,wat] ( ,life & to dep>t1 9 company probably ) h] lov] ,tammuz1 t ! two might return toge!r to ! upp] _w1 & t ) _! return all nature might revive4 7,m#g7 ,lam5ts = ! dep>t$ ,tammuz are conta9$ 9 sev]al ,babylonian hymns1 :i* lik5 him to plants t quickly fade4 ,he is 8,a tam>isk t 9 ! g>d5 has drunk no wat]1 ,^: cr[n 9 ! field has br\ght =? no blossom4 ,a will[ t rejoic$ n by ! wat]c\rse1 ,a will[ ^: roots 7 torn up4 ,a h]b t 9 ! g>d5 _h drunk no wat]40 ,8 dea? appe>s to h be5 annually m\rn$1 to ! %rill music ( flutes1 by m5 & wom5 ab\t midsumm] 9 ! mon? nam$ aft] him1 ! mon? ( ,tammuz4 ,! dirges 7 seem+ly *ant$ ov] an effigy ( ! dead god1 :i* 0 wa%$ ) pure wat]1 ano9t$ ) oil1 & clad 9 a r$ robe1 :ile ! fumes ( inc5se rose into ! air1 z if to /ir 8 dormant s5ses by _! pung5t fragrance & wake him f ! sleep ( dea?4 ,9 "o ( ^! dirges1 inscrib$ ,lam5t ( ! ,flutes = ,tammuz1 we seem /ill to he> ! voices ( ! s+]s *ant+ ! sad refra9 & to cat*1 l f>-away music1 ! wail+ notes ( ! flutes3-- 8,at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t1 #8,oh my *ild6' at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t2 #8,my ,damu6' at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t4 #8,my en*ant] & prie/6' at 8 vani%+ away %e lifts up a lam5t1 ,at ! %9+ c$>1 root$ 9 a spaci\s place1 ,9 ,eanna1 above & bel[1 %e lifts up a lam5t4 ,l ! lam5t t a h\se lifts up = its ma/]1 lifts %e up a lam5t1 ,l ! lam5t t a city lifts up = its "l1 lifts %e up a lam5t4 ,h] lam5t is ! lam5t = a h]b t gr[s n 9 ! b$1 ,h] lam5t is ! lam5t = ! corn t gr[s n 9 ! e>4 ,h] *amb] is a possession t br+s n =? a possession1 ,a we>y woman1 a we>y *ild1 =sp5t4 ,h] lam5t is = a great riv]1 :]e no will[s gr[1 ,h] lam5t is = a field1 :]e corn & h]bs gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = a pool1 :]e fi%es gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = a ?icket ( re$s1 :]e no re$s gr[4 ,h] lam5t is = woods1 :]e tam>isks gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = a wild]ness :]e no cypresses 787 gr[4 ,h] lam5t is = ! dep? ( a g>d5 ( trees1 :]e honey & w9e gr[ n4 ,h] lam5t is = mead[s1 :]e no plants gr[4 ,h] lam5t is = a palace1 :]e l5g? ( life gr[s n407#aj7 7,m#h7 ,! tragical /ory & ! melan*oly rites ( ,adonis are bett] kn[n to u f ! descriptions ( ,greek writ]s ?an f ! fragm5ts ( ,babylonian lit]ature or ! brief ref]5ce ( ! prophet ,ezekiel1 :o saw ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem weep+ = ,tammuz at ! nor? gate ( ! temple47#aa7 ,mirror$ 9 ! glass ( ,greek my?ology1 ! ori5tal deity appe>s z a comely y\? belov$ by ,aphrodite4 ,9 8 infancy ! goddess hid him 9 a *e/1 :i* %e gave 9 *>ge to ,p]sephone1 que5 ( ! ne!r _w4 ,b :5 ,p]sephone op5$ ! *e/ & beheld ! beauty ( ! babe1 %e refus$ to give him back to ,aphrodite1 ?\gh ! goddess ( love w5t d[n h]self to hell to ransom h] de> "o f ! p[] ( ! grave4 ,! dispute betwe5 ! two goddesses ( love & dea? 0 settl$ by ,zeus1 :o decre$ t ,adonis %\ld abide ) ,p]sephone 9 ! "u _w = "o "p ( ! ye>1 & ) ,aphrodite 9 ! upp] _w = ano!r "p4 ,at la/ ! fair y\? 0 kill$ 9 hunt+ by a wild bo>1 or by ! jeal\s ,ares1 :o turn$ himself into ! lik5ess ( a bo> 9 ord] to compass ! dea? ( 8 rival4 ,bitt]ly did ,aphrodite lam5t h] lov$ & lo/ ,adonis47#ab7 ,! /rife betwe5 ! div9e rivals = ! possession ( ,adonis appe>s to be depict$ on an ,etruscan mirror4 ,! two goddesses1 id5tifi$ by inscriptions1 are /ation$ on ei!r side ( ,jupit]1 :o occupies ! seat ( judgm5t & lifts an admonitory f+] z he looks /]nly t[>ds ,p]sephone4 ,ov]come ) grief ! goddess ( love buries h] face 9 h] mantle1 :ile h] p]t9aci\s rival1 grasp+ a bran* 9 "o h&1 po9ts ) ! o!r at a clos$ c(f]1 :i* probably conta9s ! y\?ful ,adonis47#ac7 ,9 ?is =m ( ! my?1 ! conte/ betwe5 ,aphrodite & ,p]sephone = ! possession ( ,adonis cle>ly reflects ! /ruggle betwe5 ,i%t> & ,allatu 9 ! l& ( ! dead1 :ile ! decision ( ,zeus t ,adonis is to sp5d "o "p ( ! ye> "u gr\nd & ano!r "p above gr\nd is m]ely a ,greek v]sion ( ! annual disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( ,tammuz4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,adonis 9 ,syria4 7,m#i7 ,! my? ( ,adonis 0 localiz$ & 8 rites celebrat$ ) mu* solemnity at two places 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,byblus on ! coa/ ( ,syria1 ! o!r 0 ,paphos 9 ,cyprus4 ,bo? 7 great seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite1 or r ( h] ,semitic c\nt]p>t1 ,a/>te27#ad7 & ( bo?1 if we accept ! leg5ds1 ,c9yras1 ! fa!r ( ,adonis1 0 k+47#ae7 ,( ! two cities ,byblus 0 ! m anci5t2 inde$ x claim$ to be ! olde/ city 9 ,pho5icia1 & to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w by ! great god ,el1 :om ,greeks & ,romans id5tifi$ ) ,cronus & ,saturn respectively47#af7 ,h[ev] t may h be51 9 hi/orical times x rank$ z a holy place1 ! religi\s capital ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,mecca or ,j]usalem ( ! ,pho5icians47#ag7 ,! city /ood on a height beside ! sea17#ah7 & conta9$ a great sanctu>y ( ,a/>te17#ai7 :]e 9 ! mid/ ( a spaci\s op5 c\rt1 surr\nd$ by cloi/]s & approa*$ f bel[ by /aircases1 rose a tall cone or obelisk1 ! holy image ( ! goddess47#bj7 ,9 ?is sanctu>y ! rites ( ,adonis 7 celebrat$47#ba7 ,inde$ ! :ole city 0 sacr$ to him17#bb7 & ! riv] ,nahr ,ibrahim1 :i* falls into ! sea a little to ! s\? ( ,byblus1 bore 9 antiquity ! "n ( ,adonis47#bc7 ,?is 0 ! k+dom ( ,c9yras47#bd7 ,f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times ! city appe>s to h be5 rul$ by k+s1 assi/$ p]haps by a s5ate or c\ncil ( eld]s47#be7 ,! fir/ ( ! k+s ( :om we h hi/orical evid5ce 0 a c]ta9 ,zek>-baal4 ,he reign$ ab\t a c5tury be=e ,solomon2 yet f t dim pa/ 8 figure /&s out /rangely fre% & lifelike 9 ! j\rnal ( an ,egyptian m]*ant or (ficial nam$ ,w5-,ammon1 :i* has =tunately be5 pres]v$ 9 a papyrus4 ,?is man sp5t "s "t ) ! k+ at ,byblus1 & receiv$ f him1 9 return = ri* pres5ts1 a supply ( timb] fell$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,lebanon47#bf7 ,ano!r k+ ( ,byblus1 :o bore ! "n ( ,sibitti-baal1 paid tribute to ,tigla?-piles] ,,iii41 k+ ( ,assyria1 ab\t ! ye> #gci ,b4,c47#bg7 ,fur!r1 f an inscription ( ! fif? or f\r? c5tury be=e our era we le>n t a k+ ( ,byblus1 by "n ,yehaw-mele*1 son ( ,yeh>-baal1 & gr&son ( ,adom-mele* or ,uri-mele*1 d$icat$ a pill>$ portico ) a c>v$ "w ( gold & a bronze alt> to ! goddess1 :om he wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,baala? ,gebal1 t is1 ! female ,baal ( ,byblus47#bh7 7,m#aj7 ,! names ( ^! k+s sugge/ t !y claim$ aff9ity ) _! god ,baal or ,molo*1 = ,molo* is only a corruption ( mele*1 t is1 8k+40 ,su* a claim at all ev5ts appe>s to h be5 put =w>d by _m o!r ,semitic k+s47#bi7 ,! e>ly mon>*s ( ,babylon 7 wor%ipp$ z gods 9 _! lifetime47#cj7 ,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab1 p]haps call$ himself ! son ( 8 god ,kemo%47#ca7 ,among ! ,aramean sov]eigns ( ,damascus1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 we f9d m ?an "o ,b5-hadad1 t is1 8son ( ! god ,hadad10 ! *ief male deity ( ! ,syrians27#cb7 & ,josephus tells u t d[n to 8 own "t1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 ,b5-hadad ,i41 :om he calls simply ,adad1 & 8 successor1 ,hazael1 cont9u$ to be wor%ipp$ z gods by ! p ( ,damascus1 :o held processions daily 9 _! hon\r47#cc7 ,"s ( ! k+s ( ,edom seem to h gone a /ep f>!r & id5tifi$ !mselves ) ! god 9 _! lifetime2 at all ev5ts !y bore 8 "n ,hadad )\t any qualification47#cd7 ,k+ ,b>-rekub1 :o reign$ ov] ,samal 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,syria 9 ! "t ( ,tigla?-piles] 7#gde-gbg ,b4,c47 appe>s f 8 "n to h reckon$ himself a son ( ,rekub-el1 ! god to ^: fav\r he deem$ himself indebt$ = ! k+dom47#ce7 ,! k+s ( ,tyre trac$ _! desc5t f ,baal17#cf7 & app>5tly pr(ess$ to be gods 9 _! own p]son47#cg7 ,sev]al ( !m bore names :i* are p>tly compos$ ( ! names ( ,baal & ,a/>te2 "o ( !m bore ! "n ( ,baal pure & simple47#ch7 ,! ,baal :om !y p]sonat$ 0 no d\bt ,melc>?1 8! k+ ( ! city10 z 8 "n signifies1 ! great god :om ! ,greeks id5tifi$ ) ,h]cules2 = ! equival5ce ( ! ,baal ( ,tyre bo? to ,melc>? & to ,h]cules is plac$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt by a bil+ual inscription1 9 ,pho5ician & ,greek1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,malta47#ci7 7,m#aa7 ,9 l mann] ! k+s ( ,byblus may h assum$ ! /yle ( ,adonis2 = ,adonis 0 simply ! div9e ,adon or 8"l0 ( ! city1 a title :i* h>dly diff]s 9 s5se f ,baal 78ma/]07 & ,mele* 78k+074 ,?is conjecture w\ld be confirm$ if "o ( ! k+s ( ,byblus actually bore1 z ,r5an believ$1 ! "n ( ,adom-mele*1 t is1 ,adonis ,mele*1 ! ,"l ,k+4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ! read+ ( ! inscription 9 :i* ! "n occurs is d\btful47#dj7 ,"s ( ! old ,canaanite k+s ( ,j]usalem appe> to h play$ ! "p ( ,adonis 9 _! lifetime1 if we may judge f _! names1 ,adoni-bezek & ,adoni-z$ek17#da7 :i* are div9e r ?an human titles4 ,adoni-z$ek means 8"l ( righte\sness10 & is !re=e equival5t to ,mel*iz$ek1 t is1 8k+ ( righte\sness10 ! title ( t my/]i\s k+ ( ,salem & prie/ ( ,god ,mo/ ,high1 :o seems to h be5 nei!r m nor less ?an "o ( ^! same ,canaaniti% k+s ( ,j]usalem47#db7 ,?us if ! old prie/ly k+s ( ,j]usalem regul>ly play$ ! "p ( ,adonis1 we ne$ n wond] t 9 lat] times ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem us$ to weep = ,tammuz1 t is1 = ,adonis1 at ! nor? gate ( ! temple47#dc7 ,9 do+ s !y may only h be5 cont9u+ a cu/om :i* _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! same place by ! ,canaanites long be=e ! ,hebrews invad$ ! l&4 ,p]haps ! 8sacr$ m510 z !y 7 call$1 :o lodg$ )9 ! walls ( ! temple at ,j]usalem d[n almo/ to ! end ( ! ,jewi% k+dom17#dd7 may h act$ ! "p ( ! liv+ ,adonis to ! liv+ ,a/>te ( ! wom54 ,at all ev5ts we "k t 9 ! cells ( ^! /range cl]gy wom5 wove g>m5ts = ! a%]im17#de7 ! sacr$ poles :i* /ood beside ! alt> & :i* appe> to h be5 by "s reg>d$ z embodim5ts ( ,a/>te47#df7 ,c]ta9ly ^! 8sacr$ m50 mu/ h dis*>g$ "s function :i* 0 deem$ religi\s 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem2 & we c h>dly d\bt t ! prohibition to br+ ! wages ( pro/itution into ! h\se ( ,god1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ! v same "t t ! m5 7 expell$ f ! temple17#dg7 0 direct$ aga9/ an exi/+ practice4 ,9 ,pale/9e z 9 o!r ,semitic l&s ! hire ( sacr$ pro/itutes 0 probably d$icat$ to ! deity z "o ( 8 regul> dues3 he took tribute ( m5 & wom5 z ( flocks & h]ds1 ( fields & v9ey>ds & olivey>ds4 7,m#ab7 ,b if ,j]usalem _h be5 f ( old ! seat ( a dyna/y ( spiritual pot5tates or ,gr& ,lamas1 :o held ! keys ( heav5 & 7 rev]$ f> & wide z k+s & gods 9 "o1 we c easily und]/& :y ! up/>t ,david *ose x = ! capital ( ! new k+dom :i* he _h won = himself at ! po9t ( ! sword4 ,! c5tral position & ! natural /r5g? ( ! virg9 =tress ne$ n h be5 ! only or ! pr9cipal inducem5ts :i* decid$ ! politic mon>* to transf] 8 ?rone f ,hebron to ,j]usalem47#dh7 ,by s]v+ himself heir to ! anci5t k+s ( ! city he might reasonably hope to inh]it _! gho/ly repute along ) _! broad acres1 to we> _! nimbus z well z _! cr[n47#di7 ,s at a lat] "t :5 he _h conqu]$ ,ammon & captur$ ! royal city ( ,rabbah1 he took ! heavy gold cr[n ( ! ,ammonite god ,milcom & plac$ x on 8 own br[s1 ?us pos+ z ! deity 9 p]son47#ej7 ,x c h>dly1 !re=e1 be unreasonable to suppose t he pursu$ precisely ! same policy at ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,& on ! o!r side ! calm confid5ce ) :i* ! ,jebusite inhabitants ( t city await$ 8 attack1 je]+ at ! besieg]s f ! battlem5ts17#ea7 may well h be5 born ( a firm tru/ 9 ! local deity r ?an 9 ! height & ?ickness ( _! grim old walls4 ,c]ta9ly ! ob/9acy ) :i* 9 aft] ages ! ,jews def5d$ ! same place aga9/ ! armies ( ,assyria & ,rome sprang 9 l>ge measure f a simil> fai? 9 ! ,god ( ,zion4 7,m#ac7 ,be t z x may1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew k+s pres5ts "s features :i* may p]haps1 )\t /ra9+ !m too f>1 be int]pret$ z traces or relics ( a "t :5 !y or _! pr$ecessors play$ ! "p ( a div9ity1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,adonis1 ! div9e "l ( ! l&4 ,9 life ! ,hebrew k+ 0 regul>ly address$ z ,adoni-ham-mele*1 8,my ,"l ! ,k+107#eb7 & aft] dea? he 0 lam5t$ ) cries ( ,hoi ahi6 ,hoi ,adon6 8,alas my bro!r6 alas ,"l607#ec7 ,^! exclamations ( grief utt]$ = ! dea? ( a k+ ( ,judah 71 we c h>dly d\bt1 ! v same cries :i* ! weep+ wom5 ( ,j]usalem utt]$ 9 ! nor? por* ( ! temple = ! dead ,tammuz47#ed7 ,h[ev]1 little /ress c be laid on su* =ms ( address1 s9ce ,adon 9 ,hebrew1 l 8"l0 9 ,engli%1 0 a secul> z well z a religi\s title4 ,b :e!r id5tifi$ ) ,adonis or n1 ! ,hebrew k+s c]ta9ly seem to h be5 reg>d$ z 9 a s5se div9e1 z repres5t+ & to "s ext5t embody+ ,jehovah on e>?4 ,= ! k+'s ?rone 0 call$ ! ?rone ( ,jehovah27#ee7 & ! application ( ! holy oil to 8 head 0 believ$ to imp>t to him directly a portion ( ! div9e _s47#ef7 ,h5ce he bore ! title ( ,messiah1 :i* ) its ,greek equival5t ,*ri/ means no m ?an 8! ,ano9t$ ,"o40 ,?us :5 ,david _h cut (f ! skirt ( ,saul's robe 9 ! d>kness ( a cave :]e he 0 9 hid+1 8 he>t smote him = hav+ laid sacrilegi\s h&s ^u ,adoni ,messiah ,jehovah1 8my ,"l ! ,ano9t$ ( ,jehovah407#eg7 7,m#ad7 ,l o!r div9e or semi-div9e rul]s ! ,hebrew k+s 7 app>5tly held answ]able = fam9e & pe/il5ce4 ,:5 a de>?1 caus$ p]haps by a failure ( ! w9t] ra9s1 _h visit$ ! l& = ?ree ye>s1 ,k+ ,david inquir$ ( ! oracle1 :i* discreetly laid ! blame n on him b on 8 pr$ecessor ,saul4 ,! dead k+ 0 inde$ beyond ! rea* ( puni%m5t1 b 8 sons 7 n4 ,s ,david _h sev5 ( !m s\ght out1 & !y 7 hang$ be=e ! ,"l at ! beg9n+ ( b>ley h>ve/ 9 spr+3 & all ! long summ] ! "m ( two ( ! dead m5 sat "u ! gall[s-tree1 keep+ (f ! jackals by night & ! vultures by day1 till ) ! autumn ! bless$ ra9 came at la/ to wet _! dangl+ bodies & f]tilize ! b>r5 e>? once m4 ,!n ! bones ( ! dead 7 tak5 d[n f ! gibbet & buri$ 9 ! sepul*re ( _! fa!rs47#eh7 ,! season :5 ^! pr9ces 7 put to dea?1 at ! beg9n+ ( b>ley h>ve/1 & ! l5g? ( "t !y hung on ! gall[s1 seem to %[ t _! execution 0 n a m]e puni%m5t1 b t x p>took ( ! nature ( a ra9-*>m4 ,= x is a common belief t ra9 c be procur$ by magical c]emonies p]=m$ ) dead m5's bones17#ei7 & x w\ld be natural to ascribe a special virtue 9 ?is respect to ! bones ( pr9ces1 :o are (t5 expect$ to give ra9 9 _! life4 ,:5 ! ,israelites dem&$ ( ,samuel t he %\ld give !m a k+1 ! indignant prophet1 lo? to be sup]s$$ by ! up/>t ,saul1 call$ on ! ,"l to s5d ?und] & ra91 & ! ,"l did s at once1 ?\gh ! season 0 e>ly summ] & ! reap]s 7 at "w 9 ! :eat-fields1 a "t :5 9 common ye>s no ra9 falls f ! cl\dless ,syrian sky47#fj7 ,! pi\s hi/orian :o records ! miracle seems to h reg>d$ x z a m]e tok5 ( ! wra? ( ! deity1 ^: voice 0 he>d 9 ! roll ( ?und]2 b we may surmise t 9 giv+ ?is impressive pro( ( 8 control ( ! wea!r ,samuel meant to h9t g5tly at ! naught9ess ( ask+ = a k+ to d = ! f]tility ( ! l& :at c\ld be done q z well & f> m *eaply by a prophet4 7,m#ae7 ,9 ,israel ! excess z well z ! defici5cy ( ra9 seems to h be5 set d[n to ! wra? ( ! deity47#fa7 ,:5 ! ,jews return$ to ,j]usalem f ! great captivity & assembl$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! squ>e be=e ! ru9$ temple1 x happ5$ t ! wea!r 0 v wet1 & z ! p sat %elt]less & dr5*$ 9 ! piazza !y trembl$ at _! s9 & at ! ra947#fb7 ,9 all ages x has be5 ! /r5g? or ! weakness ( ,israel to read ! h& ( ,god 9 ! *ang+ aspects ( nature1 & we ne$ n wond] t at su* a "t & 9 s dismal a sc5e1 ) a l[]+ sky ov]head1 ! black5$ ru9s ( ! temple be=e _! eyes1 & ! /eady drip ( ! ra9 ov] all1 ! return$ exiles %\ld h be5 oppress$ ) a d\ble s5se ( _! own guilt & ( ! div9e ang]4 ,p]haps1 ?\gh !y h>dly knew x1 memories ( ! bright sun1 fat fields1 & broad will[-fr+$ riv]s ( ,babylon17#fc7 :i* _h be5 s long _! home1 l5t a deep] %ade ( sadness to ! au/]ity ( ! ,judean l&scape1 ) its gaunt grey hills /ret*+ away1 range beyond range1 to ! horizon1 or dipp+ ea/w>d to ! f> l9e ( sombre blue :i* m>ks ! sull5 wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea47#fd7 7,m#af7 ,9 ! days ( ! ,hebrew mon>*y ! k+ 0 app>5tly cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( mak+ sick & mak+ :ole4 ,?us ! k+ ( ,syria s5t a lep] to ! k+ ( ,israel to be heal$ by him1 j z scr(ul\s pati5ts us$ to fancy t !y c\ld be cur$ by ! t\* ( a ,fr5* or ,engli% k+4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,hebrew mon>*1 ) m s5se ?an has be5 %[n by 8 royal bro!rs 9 mod]n times1 pr(ess$ himself unable to "w any su* miracle4 8,am ,i ,god10 he ask$1 8to kill & to make alive1 t ?is man do? s5d unto me to recov] a man ( 8 leprosy807#fe7 ,on ano!r occasion1 :5 pe/il5ce ravag$ ! c\ntry & ! excit$ fancy ( ! plague-/rick5 p saw 9 ! cl\ds ! figure ( ! ,de/roy+ ,angel ) 8 sword /ret*$ out ov] ,j]usalem1 !y laid ! blame on ,k+ ,david1 :o _h (f5d$ ! t\*y & irascible deity by tak+ a c5sus4 ,! prud5t mon>* b[$ to ! popul> /orm1 ackn[l$g$ 8 guilt1 & appeas$ ! angry god by (f]+ burnt sacrifices on ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah1 "o ( ! old ,jebusite inhabitants ( ,j]usalem4 ,!n ! angel %ea!d 8 fla%+ sword1 & ! %rieks ( ! dy+ & ! lam5tations = ! dead no long] res\nd$ 9 ! /reets47#ff7 7,m#ag7 ,to ?is !ory ( ! sanctity1 nay ! div9ity ( ! ,hebrew k+s x may be object$ t few traces ( x survive 9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,bible4 ,b ! =ce ( ! objection is weak5$ by a consid]ation ( ! "t & ! circum/ances 9 :i* ^! books assum$ _! f9al %ape4 ,! great prophets ( ! eigh? & ! sev5? c5turies by ! spiritual ideals & ! e?ical f]v\r ( _! tea*+ _h wr\ght a religi\s & moral re=m p]haps unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory4 ,"u _! influ5ce an au/]e mono!ism _h replac$ ! old s5su\s wor%ip ( ! natural p[]s3 a /]n ,puritanical _s1 an unb5d+ rig\r ( m9d1 _h succe$$ to ! old easy supple temp] ) its weak compliances1 its wax-l impressionability1 its proclivities to ! s9s ( ! fle%4 ,& ! moral lessons :i* ! prophets inculcat$ 7 driv5 home by ! political ev5ts ( ! "t1 above all by ! ev]-gr[+ pressure ( ! great ,assyrian empire on ! petty /ates ( ,pale/9e4 ,! long agony ( ! siege ( ,sam>ia7#fg7 mu/ h be5 foll[$ ) trembl+ anxiety by ! inhabitants ( ,judea1 = ! dang] 0 at _! door4 ,!y _h only to lift up _! eyes & look nor? to see ! blue hills ( ,ephraim1 at ^: foot lay ! beleagu]$ city4 ,its f9al fall & ! de/ruction ( ! nor!rn k+dom c\ld n fail to fill e ?\ghtful m9d 9 ! si/] realm ) sad =ebod+s4 ,x 0 z if ! sky _h l[]$ & ?und] mutt]$ ov] ,j]usalem4 ,!nce=? to ! close ( ! ,jewi% mon>*y1 ab\t a c5tury & a half lat]1 ! cl\d nev] pass$ away1 ?\gh once = a little x seem$ to lift1 :5 ,s5na*]ib rais$ ! siege ( ,j]usalem7#fh7 & ! wat*]s on ! walls beheld ! la/ ( ! long l9e ( spe>s & /&>ds disappe>+1 ! la/ squadron ( ! blue-coat$ ,assyrian cavalry sweep+1 9 a cl\d ( du/1 out ( sight47#fi7 7,m#ah7 ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod ( national gloom & despond5cy t ! two great re=mations ( ,israel's religion 7 accompli%$1 ! fir/ by k+ ,hezekiah1 ! second a c5tury lat] by k+ ,josiah47#gj7 ,we ne$ n wond] !n t ! re=m]s :o 9 t & subsequ5t ages compos$ or edit$ ! annals ( _! nation %\ld h look$ z s\rly on ! old unre=m$ paganism ( _! =efa!rs z ! fi]ce zealots ( ! ,commonweal? look$ on ! f> m innoc5t pa/imes ( ,m]ry ,engl&2 & t 9 _! zeal = ! glory ( ,god !y %\ld h blott$ _m pages ( hi/ory le/ !y %\ld p]petuate ! memory ( practices to :i* !y trac$ ! calamities ( _! c\ntry4 ,all ! hi/orical books pass$ ?r\gh ! (fice ( ! ,puritan c5sor17#ga7 & we c h>dly d\bt t !y em]g$ f x /ript ( _m gay fea!rs :i* !y _h flaunt$ :5 !y w5t 94 ,among ! %$ plumage may well h be5 ! passages :i* inve/$ human be+s1 :e!r k+s or common]s1 ) ! attributes ( deity4 ,c]ta9ly no pages c\ld seem to ! c5sor m rankly blasphem\s2 on none1 !re=e1 0 he likely to press m firmly ! (ficial sponge4 7,m#ai7 ,b if ,semitic k+s 9 g5]al & ! k+s ( ,byblus 9 p>ticul> (t5 assum$ ! /yle ( ,baal or ,adonis1 x foll[s t !y may h mat$ ) ! goddess1 ! ,baala? or ,a/>te ( ! city4 ,c]ta9ly we he> ( k+s ( ,tyre & ,sidon :o 7 prie/s ( ,a/>te47#gb7 ,n[ to ! agricultural ,semites ! ,baal or god ( a l& 0 ! au?or ( all its f]tility2 he x 0 :o produc$ ! corn1 ! w9e1 ! figs1 ! oil1 & ! flax1 by means ( 8 quick5+ wat]s1 :i* 9 ! arid p>ts ( ! ,semitic _w are (t5] spr+s1 /reams1 & und]gr\nd fl[ ?an ! ra9s ( heav547#gc7 ,fur!r1 8! life-giv+ p[] ( ! god 0 n limit$ to vegetative nature1 b to him also 0 ascrib$ ! increase ( animal life1 ! multiplication ( flocks & h]ds1 &1 n lea/1 ( ! human inhabitants ( ! l&4 ,= ! increase ( animate nature is obvi\sly condition$1 9 ! la/ resort1 by ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & primitive races1 :i* h n le>n$ to diff]5tiate ! v>i\s k9ds ( life ) precision1 ?9k ( animate z well z vegetable life z root$ 9 ! e>? & sprung f x4 ,! e>? is ! great "m ( all ?+s 9 mo/ my?ological philosophies1 & ! comp>ison ( ! life ( mank9d1 or ( a /ock ( m51 ) ! life ( a tree1 :i* is s common 9 ,semitic z 9 o!r primitive poetry1 is n 9 its orig9 a m]e figure4 ,?us :]e ! gr[? ( vegetation is ascrib$ to a p>ticul> div9e p[]1 ! same p[] receives ! ?anks & homage ( 8 wor%ipp]s = ! increase ( cattle & ( m54 ,fir/l+s z well z fir/-fruits 7 (f]$ at ! %r9es ( ! ,baalim1 & "o ( ! commone/ classes ( p]sonal names giv5 by p>5ts to _! sons or daught]s designates ! *ild z ! gift ( ! god40 ,9 %ort1 8! ,baal 0 conceiv$ z ! male pr9ciple ( reproduction1 ! husb& ( ! l& :i* he f]tilis$407#gd7 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! ,semite p]sonifi$ ! reproductive en]gies ( nature z male & female1 z a ,baal & a ,baala?1 he appe>s to h id5tifi$ ! male p[] especially ) wat] & ! female especially ) e>?4 ,on ?is view plants & trees1 animals & m51 are ! (fspr+ or *ildr5 ( ! ,baal & ,baala?4 7,m#bj7 ,if1 !n1 at ,byblus & else:]e1 ! ,semitic k+ 0 all[$1 or r requir$1 to p]sonate ! god & m>ry ! goddess1 ! int5tion ( ! cu/om c only h be5 to ensure ! f]tility ( ! l& & ! increase ( m5 & cattle by means ( homoeopa?ic magic4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t a simil> cu/om 0 obs]v$ f a simil> motive 9 o!r p>ts ( ! anci5t _w1 & p>ticul>ly at ,nemi1 :]e bo? ! male & ! female p[]s1 ! ,dianus & ,diana1 7 9 "o aspect ( _! nature p]sonifications ( ! life-giv+ wat]s47#ge7 7,m#ba7 ,! la/ k+ ( ,byblus bore ! anci5t "n ( ,c9yras1 & 0 behead$ by ,pompey ! ,great = 8 tyrann\s excesses47#gf7 ,8 leg5d>y namesake ,c9yras is said to h f\nd$ a sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite1 t is1 ( ,a/>te1 at a place on ,m\nt ,lebanon1 di/ant a day's j\rney f ! capital47#gg7 ,! spot 0 probably ,aphaca1 at ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,adonis1 half-way betwe5 ,byblus & ,baalbec2 = at ,aphaca !re 0 a fam\s grove & sanctu>y ( ,a/>te :i* ,con/ant9e de/roy$ on acc\nt ( ! flagiti\s "* ( ! wor%ip47#gh7 ,! site ( ! temple has be5 discov]$ by mod]n travell]s ne> ! mis]able village :i* /ill be>s ! "n ( ,afka at ! head ( ! wild1 romantic1 wood$ gorge ( ! ,adonis4 ,! hamlet /&s among groves ( noble walnut-trees on ! br9k ( ! lyn4 ,a little way (f ! riv] ru%es f a cav]n at ! foot ( a mighty amphi!atre ( t[]+ cliffs to plunge 9 a s]ies ( cascades into ! awful dep?s ( ! gl54 ,! deep] x desc5ds1 ! rank] & d5s] gr[s ! vegetation1 :i*1 spr\t+ f ! crannies & fissures ( ! rocks1 spreads a gre5 veil ov] ! ro>+ or murmur+ /ream 9 ! trem5d\s *asm bel[4 ,!re is some?+ delici\s1 almo/ intoxicat+1 9 ! fre%ness ( ^! tumbl+ wat]s1 9 ! sweetness & purity ( ! m\nta9 air1 9 ! vivid gre5 ( ! vegetation4 ,! temple1 ( :i* "s massive hewn blocks & a f9e column ( ,sy5ite granite /ill m>k ! site1 occupi$ a t]race fac+ ! s\rce ( ! riv] & comm&+ a magnific5t prospect4 ,across ! foam & ! ro> ( ! wat]falls y look up to ! cav]n & away to ! top ( ! sublime precipices above4 ,s l(ty is ! cliff t ! goats :i* creep along its l$ges to br[se on ! bu%es appe> l ants to ! spectator hundr$s ( feet bel[4 ,seaw>d ! view is especially impressive :5 ! sun floods ! pr(\nd gorge ) gold5 light1 reveal+ all ! fanta/ic buttresses & r\nd$ t[]s ( its m\nta9 ramp>t1 & fall+ s(tly on ! v>i$ gre5 ( ! woods :i* clo! its dep?s47#gi7 ,x 0 "h t1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,adonis met ,aphrodite = ! fir/ or ! la/ "t17#hj7 & "h 8 mangl$ body 0 buri$47#ha7 ,a fair] sc5e c\ld h>dly be imag9$ = a /ory ( tragic love & dea?4 ,yet1 seque/]$ z ! valley is & mu/ always h be51 x is n :olly des]t$4 ,a conv5t or a village may be obs]v$ "h & !re /&+ out aga9/ ! sky on ! top ( "s beetl+ crag1 or cl++ to ! face ( a ne>ly p]p5dicul> cliff high above ! foam & ! d9 ( ! riv]2 & at ev5+ ! lights t tw9kle ?r\gh ! gloom betray ! pres5ce ( human habitations on slopes :i* might seem inaccessible to man4 ,9 antiquity ! :ole ( ! lovely vale appe>s h be5 d$icat$ to ,adonis1 & to ?is day x is haunt$ by 8 memory2 = ! heights :i* %ut x 9 are cre/$ at v>i\s po9ts by ru9$ monum5ts ( 8 wor%ip1 "s ( !m ov]hang+ dreadful abysses1 d[n :i* x turns ! head dizzy to look & see ! eagles :eel+ ab\t _! ne/s f> bel[4 ,"o su* monum5t exi/s at ,gh9eh4 ,! face ( a great rock1 above a r\ghly hewn recess1 is "h c>v$ ) figures ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite4 ,he is portray$ ) spe> 9 re/1 await+ ! attack ( a be>1 :ile %e is seat$ 9 an attitude ( sorr[47#hb7 ,h] grief-/rick5 figure may well be ! m\rn+ ,aphrodite ( ! ,lebanon describ$ by ,macrobius17#hc7 & ! recess 9 ! rock is p]haps h] lov]'s tomb4 ,e ye>1 9 ! belief ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 ,adonis 0 w\nd$ to dea? on ! m\nta9s1 & e ye> ! face ( nature itself 0 dy$ ) 8 sacr$ blood4 ,s ye> by ye> ! ,syrian damsels lam5t$ 8 untimely fate17#hd7 :ile ! r$ anemone1 8 fl[]1 bloom$ among ! c$>s ( ,lebanon1 & ! riv] ran r$ to ! sea1 fr++ ! w9d+ %ores ( ! blue ,m$it]ranean1 :5ev] ! w9d set in%ore1 ) a s9u\s1 b& ( crimson4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,adonis 9 ,cyprus4 7,m#bb7 ,! isl& ( ,cyprus lies b "o day's sail f ! coa/ ( ,syria4 ,inde$1 on f9e summ] ev5+s its m\nta9s may be descri$ loom+ l[ & d>k aga9/ ! r$ fires ( sunset47#he7 ,) its ri* m9es ( copp] & its =e/s ( firs & /ately c$>s1 ! isl& naturally attract$ a comm]cial & m>itime p l ! ,pho5icians2 :ile ! abundance ( its corn1 its w9e1 & its oil mu/ h r5d]$ x 9 _! eyes a ,l& ( ,promise by comp>ison ) ! nigg>dly nature ( _! own rugg$ coa/1 hemm$ 9 betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! sea47#hf7 ,accord+ly !y settl$ 9 ,cyprus at a v e>ly date & rema9$ !re long aft] ! ,greeks _h also e/abli%$ !mselves on its %ores2 = we "k f inscriptions & co9s t ,pho5ician k+s reign$ at ,citium1 ! ,*ittim ( ! ,hebrews1 d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great47#hg7 ,naturally ! ,semitic coloni/s br\ght _! gods ) !m f ! "m-l&4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ,baal ( ! ,lebanon17#hh7 :o may well h be5 ,adonis1 & at ,ama?us on ! s\? coa/ !y in/itut$ ! rites ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite1 or r ,a/>te47#hi7 ,"h1 z at ,byblus1 ^! rites resembl$ ! ,egyptian wor%ip ( ,osiris s closely t "s p ev5 id5tifi$ ! ,adonis ( ,ama?us ) ,osiris47#ij7 ,! ,tyrian ,melc>? or ,molo* 0 also wor%ipp$ at ,ama?us17#ia7 & ! tombs discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood prove t ! city rema9$ ,pho5ician to a late p]iod47#ib7 7,m#bc7 ,b ! great seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis 9 ,cyprus 0 ,paphos on ! s\?-we/]n side ( ! isl&4 ,among ! petty k+doms into :i* ,cyprus 0 divid$ f ! e>lie/ times until ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era ,paphos mu/ h rank$ ) ! be/4 ,x is a l& ( hills & bill[y ridges1 div]sifi$ by fields & v9ey>ds & int]sect$ by riv]s1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ages h c>v$ = !mselves b$s ( su* trem5d\s dep? t travell+ 9 ! int]ior is difficult & t$i\s4 ,! l(ty range ( ,m\nt ,olympus 7! mod]n ,troodos71 capp$ ) sn[ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 scre5s ,paphos f ! nor!rly & ea/]ly w9ds & cuts x (f f ! re/ ( ! isl&4 ,on ! slopes ( ! range ! la/ p9e-woods ( ,cyprus l+]1 %elt]+ "h & !re mona/]ies 9 sc5]y n unwor?y ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,! old city ( ,paphos occupi$ ! summit ( a hill ab\t a mile f ! sea2 ! new] city sprang up at ! h>b\r "s t5 miles (f47#ic7 ,! sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite at ,old ,paphos 7! mod]n ,kuklia7 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ %r9es 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times x w\ld seem to h pres]v$ its ess5tial features un*ang$4 ,= ! sanctu>y is repres5t$ on co9s ( ! ,imp]ial age17#id7 & ^! repres5tations agree closely ) little gold5 models ( a %r9e :i* 7 f\nd 9 two ( ! royal graves at ,myc5ae47#ie7 ,bo? on ! co9s & 9 ! models we see a faade surm\nt$ by a pair ( doves & divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts or *apels1 ( :i* ! c5tral "o is cr[n$ by a l(ty sup]/ructure4 ,9 ! gold5 models ea* *apel conta9s a pill> /&+ 9 a pair ( horns3 ! c5tral sup]/ructure is cr[n$ by two pairs ( horns1 "o )9 ! o!r2 & ! two side *apels are 9 l mann] cr[n$ ea* ) a pair ( horns & a s+le dove p]*$ on ! out] horn ( ea* pair4 ,on ! co9s ea* ( ! side *apels conta9s a pill> or c&elabra-l object3 ! c5tral *apel conta9s a cone & is flank$ by two high columns1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( ball-topp$ p9nacles1 ) a /> & cresc5t appe>+ betwe5 ! tops ( ! columns4 ,! doves are d\btless ! sacr$ doves ( ,aphrodite or ,a/>te17#if7 & ! horns & pill>s rem9d u ( ! simil> religi\s emblems :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! great prehi/oric palace ( ,cnossus 9 ,crete1 z well z on _m monum5ts ( ! ,myc5aean or ,m9oan age ( ,greece47#ig7 ,if antiqu>ies are "r 9 reg>d+ ! gold5 models z copies ( ! ,paphian %r9e1 t %r9e mu/ h suff]$ little outw>d *ange = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s2 = ! royal graves at ,myc5ae1 9 :i* ! models 7 f\nd1 c h>dly be ( lat] date ?an ! twelf? c5tury be=e our era4 7,m#bd7 ,?us ! sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite at ,paphos 0 app>5tly ( great antiquity47#ih7 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 x 0 f\nd$ by ,pho5ician coloni/s f ,ascalon27#ii7 b x is possible t a native goddess ( f]tility 0 wor%ipp$ on ! spot be=e ! arrival ( ! ,pho5icians1 & t ! newcom]s id5tifi$ h] ) _! own ,baala? or ,a/>te1 :om %e may h closely resembl$4 ,if two deities 7 ?us fus$ 9 "o1 we may suppose t !y 7 bo? v>ieties ( t great goddess ( mo!rhood & f]tility ^: wor%ip appe>s to h be5 spread all ov] ,we/]n ,asia f a v e>ly "t4 ,! supposition is confirm$ z well by ! ar*aic %ape ( h] image z by ! lic5ti\s "* ( h] rites2 = bo? t %ape & ^? rites 7 %>$ by h] ) o!r ,asiatic deities4 ,h] image 0 simply a :ite cone or pyramid47#ajj7 ,9 l mann]1 a cone 0 ! emblem ( ,a/>te at ,byblus17#aja7 ( ! native goddess :om ! ,greeks call$ ,artemis at ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia17#ajb7 & ( ! sun-god ,heliogabalus at ,emesa 9 ,syria47#ajc7 ,conical /ones1 :i* app>5tly s]v$ z idols1 h also be5 f\nd at ,golgi 9 ,cyprus1 & 9 ! ,pho5ician temples ( ,malta27#ajd7 & cones ( s&/one came to light at ! %r9e ( ! 8,mi/ress ( ,torquoise0 among ! b>r5 hills & fr[n+ precipices ( ,s9ai47#aje7 ,! precise significance ( su* an emblem rema9s z obscure z x 0 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus47#ajf7 ,x appe>s to h be5 cu/om>y to ano9t ! sacr$ cone ) olive oil at a solemn fe/ival1 9 :i* p f ,lycia & ,c>ia p>ticipat$47#ajg7 ,! cu/om ( ano9t+ a holy /one has be5 obs]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w2 = example1 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,apollo at ,delphi47#ajh7 ,to ?is day ! old cu/om appe>s to survive at ,paphos1 = 89 hon\r ( ! ,maid ( ,be?lehem ! peasants ( ,kuklia ano9t$ lately1 & probably /ill ano9t ea* ye>1 ! great corn]-/ones ( ! ru9$ ,temple ( ! ,paphian ,goddess4 ,z ,aphrodite 0 supplicat$ once ) cryptic rites1 s is ,m>y entreat$ /ill by ,moslems z well z ,*ri/ians1 ) incantations & pass+s ?r\gh p]=at$ /ones1 to remove ! curse ( b>r5ness f ,cypriote wom51 or increase ! manhood ( ,cypriote m5407#aji7 ,?us ! anci5t wor%ip ( ! goddess ( f]tility is cont9u$ "u a diff]5t "n4 ,ev5 ! "n ( ! old goddess is reta9$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! isl&2 = 9 m ?an "o *apel ! ,cypriote peasants adore ! "m ( ,*ri/ "u ! title ,panaghia ,aphroditessa47#aaj7 7,m#be7 ,9 ,cyprus x appe>s t be=e m>riage all wom5 7 =m]ly oblig$ by cu/om to pro/itute !mselves to /rang]s at ! sanctu>y ( ! goddess1 :e!r %e w5t by ! "n ( ,aphrodite1 ,a/>te1 or :at n47#aaa7 ,simil> cu/oms prevail$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,:atev] its motive1 ! practice 0 cle>ly reg>d$1 n z an orgy ( lu/1 b z a solemn religi\s duty p]=m$ 9 ! s]vice ( t great ,"m ,goddess ( ,we/]n ,asia ^: "n v>i$1 :ile h] type rema9$ con/ant1 f place to place4 ,?us at ,babylon e woman1 :e!r ri* or poor1 _h once 9 h] life to submit to ! embraces ( a /rang] at ! temple ( ,mylitta1 t is1 ( ,i%t> or ,a/>te1 & to d$icate to ! goddess ! wages e>n$ by ?is sanctifi$ h>lotry4 ,! sacr$ prec9ct 0 cr[d$ ) wom5 wait+ to obs]ve ! cu/om4 ,"s ( !m _h to wait !re = ye>s47#aab7 ,at ,heliopolis or ,baalbec 9 ,syria1 fam\s = ! impos+ gr&eur ( its ru9$ temples1 ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry requir$ t e maid5 %\ld pro/itute h]self to a /rang] at ! temple ( ,a/>te1 & matrons z well z maids te/ifi$ _! devotion to ! goddess 9 ! same mann]4 ,! emp]or ,con/ant9e aboli%$ ! cu/om1 de/roy$ ! temple1 & built a *ur* 9 its /ead47#aac7 ,9 ,pho5ician temples wom5 pro/itut$ !mselves = hire 9 ! s]vice ( religion1 believ+ t by ?is conduct !y propitiat$ ! goddess & won h] fav\r47#aad7 8,x 0 a law ( ! ,amorites1 t %e :o 0 ab\t to m>ry %\ld sit 9 =nication sev5 days by ! gate407#aae7 ,at ,byblus ! p %av$ _! heads 9 ! annual m\rn+ = ,adonis4 ,wom5 :o refus$ to sacrifice _! hair _h to give !mselves up to /rang]s on a c]ta9 day ( ! fe/ival1 & ! money :i* !y ?us e>n$ 0 devot$ to ! goddess47#aaf7 ,?is cu/om may h be5 a mitigation ( an old] rule :i* at ,byblus z else:]e =m]ly compell$ e woman )\t exception to sacrifice h] virtue 9 ! s]vice ( religion4 ,i h already sugge/$ a reason :y ! (f]+ ( a woman's hair 0 accept$ z an equival5t = ! surr5d] ( h] p]son47#aag7 ,we are told t 9 ,lydia all girls 7 oblig$ to pro/itute !mselves 9 ord] to e>n a d[ry27#aah7 b we may suspect t ! real motive ( ! cu/om 0 devotion r ?an economy4 ,! suspicion is confirm$ by a ,greek inscription f\nd at ,tralles 9 ,lydia1 :i* proves t ! practice ( religi\s pro/itution surviv$ 9 t c\ntry z late z ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,x records ( a c]ta9 woman1 ,aurelia ,aemilia by "n1 n only t %e h]self s]v$ ! god 9 ! capacity ( a h>lot at 8 express comm&1 b t h] "m & o!r female ance/ors _h done ! same be=e h]2 & ! publicity ( ! record1 engrav$ on a m>ble column :i* support$ a votive (f]+1 %[s t no /a9 atta*$ to su* a life & su* a p>5tage47#aai7 ,9 ,arm5ia ! noble/ families d$icat$ _! daught]s to ! s]vice ( ! goddess ,anaitis 9 h] temple at ,acilis5a1 :]e ! damsels act$ z pro/itutes = a long "t be=e !y 7 giv5 9 m>riage4 ,nobody scrupl$ to take "o ( ^! girls to wife :5 h] p]iod ( s]vice 0 ov]47#abj7 ,aga91 ! goddess ,ma 0 s]v$ by a multitude ( sacr$ h>lots at ,comana 9 ,pontus1 & cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 flock$ to h] sanctu>y f ! neighb\r+ cities & c\ntry to att5d ! bi5nial fe/ivals or to pay _! v[s to ! goddess47#aba7 7,m#bf7 ,if we survey ! :ole ( ! evid5ce on ?is subject1 "s ( :i* has /ill to be laid be=e ! read]1 we may conclude t a great ,"m ,goddess1 ! p]sonification ( all ! reproductive en]gies ( nature1 0 wor%ipp$ "u diff]5t names b ) a sub/antial simil>ity ( my? & ritual by _m peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia2 t associat$ ) h] 0 a lov]1 or r s]ies ( lov]s1 div9e yet mortal1 ) :om %e mat$ ye> by ye>1 _! comm]ce be+ deem$ ess5tial to ! propagation ( animals & plants1 ea* 9 _! sev]al k9d27#abb7 & fur!r1 t ! fabul\s union ( ! div9e pair 0 simulat$ &1 z x 71 multipli$ on e>? by ! real1 ?\gh tempor>y1 union ( ! human sexes at ! sanctu>y ( ! goddess = ! sake ( !reby ensur+ ! fruitfulness ( ! gr\nd & ! increase ( man & bea/47#abc7 ,& if ! conception ( su* a ,"m ,goddess dates1 z seems probable1 f a "t :5 ! in/itution ( m>riage 0 ei!r unkn[n or at mo/ b>ely tol]at$ z an immoral infr+em5t ( old communal rights1 we c und]/& bo? :y ! goddess h]self 0 regul>ly suppos$ to be at once unm>ri$ & un*a/e1 & :y h] wor%ipp]s 7 oblig$ to imitate h] m or less completely 9 ^! respects4 ,= _h %e be5 a div9e wife unit$ to a div9e husb&1 ! natural c\nt]p>t ( _! union w\ld h be5 ! lawful m>riage ( m5 & wom51 & !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ to resort to a sy/em ( pro/itution or promiscuity 9 ord] to effect ^? purposes :i*1 on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic magic1 might 9 t case h be5 z well or bett] atta9$ by ! legitimate int]c\rse ( ! sexes 9 matrimony4 ,=m]ly1 p]haps1 e woman 0 oblig$ to submit at lea/ once 9 h] life to ! ex]cise ( ^? m>ital rights :i* at a /ill e>li] p]iod _h !oretically belong$ 9 p]man5ce to all ! males ( ! tribe4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t1 z ! in/itution ( individual m>riage grew 9 fav\r1 & ! old communism fell m & m into discr$it1 ! revival ( ! anci5t practice ev5 = a s+le occasion 9 a woman's life became ev] m repugnant to ! moral s5se ( ! p1 & accord+ly !y resort$ to v>i\s exp$i5ts = evad+ 9 practice ! obligation :i* !y /ill ackn[l$g$ 9 !ory4 ,"o ( ^! evasions 0 to let ! woman (f] h] hair in/ead ( h] p]son2 ano!r app>5tly 0 to sub/itute an obsc5e symbol = ! obsc5e act47#abd7 ,b :ile ! majority ( wom5 ?us contriv$ to obs]ve ! =ms ( religion )\t sacrific+ _! virtue1 x 0 /ill ?\ght necess>y to ! g5]al welf>e t a c]ta9 numb] ( !m %\ld dis*>ge ! old obligation 9 ! old way4 ,^! became pro/itutes ei!r = life or = a t]m ( ye>s at "o ( ! temples3 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( religion1 !y 7 inve/$ ) a sacr$ "*17#abe7 & _! vocation1 f> f be+ deem$ infam\s1 0 probably long reg>d$ by ! laity z an ex]cise ( m ?an common virtue1 & rew>d$ ) a tribute ( mix$ wond]1 rev]5ce1 & pity1 n unlike t :i* 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w is /ill paid to wom5 :o seek to hon\r _! ,creator 9 a diff]5t way by r5\nc+ ! natural functions ( _! sex & ! t5d]e/ relations ( humanity4 ,x is ?us t ! folly ( mank9d f9ds v5t 9 opposite extremes alike h>mful & deplorable4 7,m#bg7 ,at ,paphos ! cu/om ( religi\s pro/itution is said to h be5 in/itut$ by ,k+ ,c9yras17#abf7 & to h be5 practis$ by 8 daught]s1 ! si/]s ( ,adonis1 :o1 hav+ incurr$ ! wra? ( ,aphrodite1 mat$ ) /rang]s & end$ _! days 9 ,egypt47#abg7 ,9 ?is =m ( ! tradition ! wra? ( ,aphrodite is probably a feature add$ by a lat] au?ority1 :o c\ld only reg>d conduct :i* %ock$ 8 own moral s5se z a puni%m5t inflict$ by ! goddess in/ead ( z a sacrifice regul>ly enjo9$ by h] on all h] devotees4 ,at all ev5ts ! /ory indicates t ! pr9cesses ( ,paphos _h to con=m to ! cu/om z well z wom5 ( humble bir?4 7,m#bh7 ,! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! royal & prie/ly family ( ! ,c9yrads is in/ructive4 ,we are told t a ,syrian man1 by "n ,s&acus1 migrat$ to ,cilicia1 m>ri$ ,ph>nace1 daught] ( ,megass>es1 k+ ( ,hyria1 & f\nd$ ! city ( ,cel5d]is4 ,8 wife bore him a son1 ,c9yras1 :o 9 "t cross$ ! sea ) a company ( p to ,cyprus1 w$d$ ,me?>me1 daught] ( ,pygmalion1 k+ ( ! isl&1 & f\nd$ ,paphos47#abh7 ,^! leg5ds seem to conta9 rem9isc5ces ( k+doms 9 ,cilicia & ,cyprus :i* pass$ 9 ! female l9e1 & 7 held by m51 sometimes =eign]s1 :o m>ri$ ! h]$it>y pr9cesses4 ,!re are "s indications t ,c9yras 0 n 9 fact ! f\nd] ( ! temple at ,paphos4 ,an old] tradition ascrib$ ! f\ndation to a c]ta9 ,a]ias1 :om "s reg>d$ z a k+1 & o!rs z ! goddess h]self47#abi7 ,moreov]1 ,c9yras or 8 desc5dants at ,paphos _h to reckon ) rivals4 ,^! 7 ! ,tamirads1 a family ( div9]s :o trac$ _! desc5t f ,tamiras1 a ,cilician augur4 ,at fir/ x 0 arrang$ t bo? families %\ld preside at ! c]emonies1 b aft]w>ds ! ,tamirads gave way to ! ,c9yrads47#acj7 ,_m tales 7 told ( ,c9yras1 ! f\nd] ( ! dyna/y4 ,he 0 a prie/ ( ,aphrodite z well z a k+17#aca7 & 8 ri*es pass$ into a prov]b47#acb7 ,to 8 desc5dants1 ! ,c9yrads1 he appe>s to h bequea!d 8 weal? & 8 dignities2 at all ev5ts1 !y reign$ z k+s ( ,paphos & s]v$ ! goddess z prie/s4 ,_! dead bodies1 ) t ( ,c9yras himself1 7 buri$ 9 ! sanctu>y47#acc7 ,b by ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era ! family _h decl9$ & become ne>ly ext9ct4 ,:5 ,alex&] ! ,great expell$ a k+ ( ,paphos = inju/ice & wick$ness1 8 envoys made se>* = a memb] ( ! anci5t h\se to set on ! ?rone ( 8 fa!rs4 ,at la/ !y f\nd "o ( !m liv+ 9 obscurity & e>n+ 8 bread z a m>ket g>d5]4 ,he 0 9 ! v act ( wat]+ 8 b$s :5 ! k+'s mess5g]s c>ri$ him (f1 mu* to 8 a/oni%m5t1 to receive ! cr[n at ! h&s ( _! ma/]47#acd7 ,yet if ! dyna/y decay$1 ! %r9e ( ! goddess1 enri*$ by ! (f]+s ( k+s & private p]sons1 ma9ta9$ its reputation = weal? d[n to ,roman times47#ace7 ,:5 ,ptolemy ,auletes1 k+ ( ,egypt1 0 expell$ by 8 p 9 #eg ,b4,c41 ,cato (f]$ him ! prie/hood ( ,paphos z a suffici5t consolation 9 money & dignity = ! loss ( a ?rone47#acf7 7,m#bi7 ,among ! /ories :i* 7 told ( ,c9yras1 ! ance/or ( ^! prie/ly k+s & ! fa!r ( ,adonis1 !re are "s t des]ve our att5tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is said to h begott5 8 son ,adonis 9 ince/u\s int]c\rse ) 8 daught] ,myrrha at a fe/ival ( ! corn-goddess1 at :i* wom5 rob$ 9 :ite 7 wont to (f] corn-wrea?s z fir/-fruits ( ! h>ve/ & to obs]ve /rict *a/ity = n9e days47#acg7 ,simil> cases ( ince/ ) a daught] are report$ ( _m anci5t k+s47#ach7 ,x seems unlikely t su* reports are )\t f\ndation1 & p]haps equally improbable t !y ref] to m]e =tuit\s outbur/s ( unnatural lu/4 ,we may suspect t !y are bas$ on a practice actually obs]v$ = a def9ite reason 9 c]ta9 special circum/ances4 ,n[ 9 c\ntries :]e ! royal blood 0 trac$ ?r\gh wom5 only1 & :]e consequ5tly ! k+ held (fice m]ely 9 virtue ( 8 m>riage ) an h]$it>y pr9cess1 :o 0 ! real sov]eign1 x appe>s to h (t5 happ5$ t a pr9ce m>ri$ 8 own si/]1 ! pr9cess royal1 9 ord] to obta9 ) h] h& ! cr[n :i* o!rwise w\ld h gone to ano!r man1 p]haps to a /rang]47#aci7 ,may n ! same rule ( desc5t h furni%$ a motive = ince/ ) a daught]8 ,= x seems a natural coroll>y f su* a rule t ! k+ 0 b\nd to vacate ! ?rone on ! dea? ( 8 wife1 ! que51 s9ce he occupi$ x only by virtue ( 8 m>riage ) h]4 ,:5 t m>riage t]m9at$1 8 "r to ! ?rone t]m9at$ ) x & pass$ at once to 8 daught]'s husb&4 ,h5ce if ! k+ desir$ to reign aft] 8 wife's dea?1 ! only way 9 :i* he c\ld legitimately cont9ue to d s 0 by m>ry+ 8 daught]1 & ?us prolong+ ?r\gh h] ! title :i* _h =m]ly be5 8 ?r\gh h] "m4 7,m#cj7 ,9 ?is connexion x is wor? :ile to rememb] t at ,rome ! ,flam5 ,dialis 0 b\nd to vacate 8 prie/hood on ! dea? ( 8 wife1 ! ,flam9ica47#adj7 ,! rule w\ld be intelligible if ! ,flam9ica _h orig9ally be5 ! m important function>y ( ! two1 & if ! ,flam5 held (fice only by virtue ( 8 m>riage ) h]47#ada7 ,else:]e ,i h %[n reason to suppose t he & 8 wife repres5t$ an old l9e ( prie/ly k+s & que5s1 :o play$ ! p>ts ( ,jupit] & ,juno1 or p]haps r ,dianus & ,diana1 respectively47#adb7 ,if ! supposition is correct1 ! cu/om :i* oblig$ him to resign 8 prie/hood on ! dea? ( 8 wife seems to prove t ( ! two deities :om !y p]sonat$1 ! goddess1 :e!r nam$ ,juno or ,diana1 0 inde$ ! bett] half4 ,b at ,rome ! goddess ,juno always play$ an insignificant "p2 :]eas at ,nemi h] old d\ble1 ,diana1 0 all-p[]ful1 ca/+ h] mate1 ,dianus or ,virbius1 into deep %ad[4 ,?us a rule :i* po9ts to ! sup]iority ( ! ,flam9ica ov] ! ,flam51 appe>s to indicate t ! div9e orig9als ( ! two 7 ,dianus & ,diana r ?an ,jupit] & ,juno2 & fur!r1 t if ,jupit] & ,juno at ,rome /ood = ! pr9ciple ( fa!r-k91 or ! pr$om9ance ( ! husb& ov] ! wife1 ,dianus & ,diana at ,nemi /ood = ! old] pr9ciple ( "m-k91 or ! pr$om9ance ( ! wife 9 matt]s ( inh]itance ov] ! husb&4 ,if1 !n1 ,i am "r 9 hold+ t ! k+%ip at ,rome 0 orig9ally a plebeian in/itution & desc5d$ ?r\gh wom517#adc7 we mu/ conclude t ! p :o f\nd$ ! sanctu>y ( ,diana at ,nemi 7 ( ! same plebeian /ock z ! ,roman k+s1 t !y trac$ desc5t 9 ! female l9e1 & t !y wor%ipp$ a great ,"m ,goddess1 n a great ,fa!r ,god4 ,t goddess 0 ,diana2 h] mat]nal functions are abundantly prov$ by ! votive (f]+s f\nd at h] anci5t %r9e among ! wood$ hills47#add7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! patricians1 :o aft]w>ds invad$ ! c\ntry1 br\ght ) !m fa!r-k9 9 its /ricte/ =m1 & consi/5tly en\gh paid _! devotions r to ,fa!r ,jove ?an to ,"m ,juno4 7,m#ca7 ,a p>allel to :at ,i conjecture to h be5 ! orig9al relation ( ! ,flam9ica to h] husb& ! ,flam5 may to a c]ta9 ext5t be f\nd among ! ,khasis ( ,assam1 :o pres]ve to ?is day ! anci5t sy/em ( "m-k9 9 matt]s ( inh]itance & religion4 ,= among ^! p ! propitiation ( deceas$ ance/ors is deem$ ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! community1 & ( all _! ance/ors !y rev]e mo/ ! primaeval ance/ress ( ! clan4 ,accord+ly 9 e sacrifice a prie/ mu/ be assi/$ by a prie/ess2 inde$1 we are told t he m]ely acts z h] deputy1 & t %e 8is )\t d\bt a survival ( ! "t :51 "u ! matri>*ate1 ! prie/ess 0 ! ag5t = ! p]=mance ( all religi\s c]emonies40 ,x does n appe> t ! prie/ ne$ be ! husb& ( ! prie/ess2 b 9 ! ,khyrim ,/ate1 :]e ea* division has its own goddess to :om sacrifices are (f]$1 ! prie/ess is ! "m1 si/]1 niece1 or o!r mat]nal relation ( ! prie/4 ,x is h] duty to prep>e all ! sacrificial articles1 & )\t h] assi/ance ! sacrifice _c take place47#ade7 ,"h1 !n1 z among ! anci5t ,romans on my hypo!sis1 we h ! sup]iority ( ! prie/ess ov] ! prie/ bas$ on a correspond+ sup]iority ( ! goddess or div9e ance/ress ov] ! god or div9e ance/or2 & "h1 z at ,rome1 a prie/ w\ld cle>ly h to vacate (fice if he _h no woman ( ! prop] relation%ip to assi/ him 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 sacr$ duties4 7,m#cb7 ,fur!r1 ,i h conjectur$ t z repres5tatives ( ,jupit] & ,juno respectively ! ,flam5 & ,flam9ica at ,rome may h annually celebrat$ a ,sacr$ ,m>riage = ! purpose ( ensur+ ! f]tility ( ! p[]s ( nature47#adf7 ,?is conjecture also may be support$ by an analog\s cu/om :i* is /ill obs]v$ 9 ,india4 ,we h se5 h[ among ! ,oraons1 a primitive hill-tribe ( ,b5gal1 ! m>riage ( ! ,sun & ! ,e>? is annually celebrat$ by a prie/ & prie/ess :o p]sonate respectively ! god ( ! ,sun & ! goddess ( ! ,e>?47#adg7 ,! c]emony ( ! ,sacr$ ,m>riage has be5 describ$ m fully by a ,jesuit mission>y1 :o 0 intimately acqua9t$ ) ! p & _! native religion4 ,! rite is celebrat$ 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 :5 ! sal tree is 9 bloom1 & ! fe/ival takes its native "n 7khaddi7 f ! fl[] ( ! tree4 ,x is ! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ye>4 8,! object ( ?is fea/ is to celebrate ! my/ical m>riage ( ! ,sun-god 7,bhagawan7 ) ! ,goddess-e>? 7,dh>ti-mai71 to induce !m to be fruitful & give good crops40 ,at ! same "t all ! m9or deities or demons ( ! village are propitiat$1 9 ord] t !y may n h9d] ! b5efic5t activity ( ! ,sun ,god & ! ,e>? ,goddess4 ,on ! eve ( ! appo9t$ day no man may pl\gh 8 fields1 & ! prie/1 accompani$ by "s ( ! villag]s1 repairs to ! sacr$ grove1 :]e he beats a drum & invites all ! invisible gue/s to ! great fea/ t w await !m on ! morr[4 ,next morn+ v e>ly1 be=e cock-cr[1 an acolyte /eals out z quietly z possible to ! sacr$ spr+ to fet* wat] 9 a new e>!n pot4 ,?is holy wat] is full ( all k9ds ( bless+s = ! crops4 ,! prie/ has prep>$ a place = x 9 ! middle ( 8 h\se surr\nd$ by cotton ?reads ( div]se col\rs4 ,s sacr$ is ! wat] t x w\ld be defil$ & lose all its virtue1 7 any pr(ane eye to fall on x be=e x ent]$ ! prie/'s h\se4 ,dur+ ! morn+ ! acolyte & ! prie/'s deputy g r\nd f h\se to h\se collect+ victims = ! sacrifice4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! p all ga!r at ! sacr$ grove1 & ! prie/ proce$s to consummate ! sacrifice4 ,! fir/ victims to be immolat$ are a :ite cock = ! ,sun ,god & a black h5 = ! ,e>? ,goddess2 & z ! fea/ is ! m>riage ( ^! great deities ! m>riage s]vice is p]=m$ ov] ! two f[ls be=e !y are hurri$ into et]nity4 ,among/ o!r ?+s bo? birds are m>k$ ) v]milion j z a bride & bridegroom are m>k$ at a human m>riage2 & ! e>? is also sme>$ ) v]milion1 z if x 7 a real bride1 on ! spot :]e ! sacrifice is (f]$4 ,sacrifices ( f[ls or goats to ! m9or deities or demons foll[4 ,! bodies ( ! victims are collect$ by ! village boys1 :o cook !m on ! spot2 all ! heads g to ! sacrific]s4 ,! gods take :at !y c get & are m or less ?ankful4 ,meantime ! acolyte has collect$ fl[]s ( ! sal tree & set !m r\nd ! place ( sacrifice1 & he has also fet*$ ! holy wat] f ! prie/'s h\se4 ,a procession is n[ =m$ & ! prie/ is c>ri$ 9 triumph to 8 own abode4 ,!re 8 wife has be5 wat*+ = him1 & on 8 arrival ! two g ?r\gh ! m>riage c]emony1 apply+ v]milion to ea* o!r 9 ! usual way 8to symbolise ! my/ical m>riage ( ! ,sun-god ) ! ,e>?-goddess40 ,meantime all ! wom5 ( ! village are /&+ on ! ?re%olds ( _! h\ses ea* ) a w9n[+-fan 9 h] h&4 ,9 ! fan are two cups1 "o empty to receive ! holy wat]1 & ! o!r full ( rice-be] = ! consumption ( ! holy man4 ,z he arrives at ea* h\se1 he di/ributes fl[]s & holy wat] to ! happy wom51 & enri*es !m ) a %[] ( bless+s1 say+1 8,may y\r rooms & gran>y be fill$ ) rice1 t ! prie/'s "n may be great40 ,! holy wat] :i* he leaves at ea* h\se is spr9kl$ on ! se$s t h be5 kept to s[ next ye>'s crop4 ,hav+ ?us imp>t$ 8 b5$iction to ! h\sehold ! prie/ swigs ! be]2 & z he repeats 8 b5$iction & 8 potation at e h\se he is naturally dead-drunk by ! "t he gets to ! end ( ! village4 8,by t "t e "o has tak5 copi\s libations ( rice-be]1 & all ! devils ( ! village seem to be let loose1 & !re foll[s a sc5e ( debau*]y baffl+ description--all ^! to induce ! ,sun & ! ,e>? to be fruitful407#adh7 ,?us ! p ( ,cyprus & ,we/]n ,asia 9 antiquity 7 by no means s+ul> 9 _! belief t ! pr(ligacy ( ! human sexes s]v$ to quick5 ! fruits ( ! e>?47#adi7 7,m#cc7 ,c9yras is said to h be5 fam$ = 8 exquisite beauty7#aej7 & to h be5 woo$ by ,aphrodite h]self47#aea7 ,?us x w\ld appe>1 z s*ol>s h already obs]v$17#aeb7 t ,c9yras 0 9 a s5se a duplicate ( 8 h&some son ,adonis1 to :om ! inflammable goddess also lo/ h] he>t4 ,fur!r1 ^! /ories ( ! love ( ,aphrodite = two memb]s ( ! royal h\se ( ,paphos c h>dly be dissociat$ f ! correspond+ leg5d told ( ,pygmalion1 ! ,pho5ician k+ ( ,cyprus1 :o is said to h fall5 9 love ) an image ( ,aphrodite & tak5 x to 8 b$47#aec7 ,:5 we consid] t ,pygmalion 0 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,c9yras1 t ! son ( ,c9yras 0 ,adonis1 & t all ?ree1 9 successive g5]ations1 are said to h be5 conc]n$ 9 a love-intrigue ) ,aphrodite1 we c h>dly help conclud+ t ! e>ly ,pho5ician k+s ( ,paphos1 or _! sons1 regul>ly claim$ to be n m]ely ! prie/s ( ! goddess7#aed7 b also h] lov]s1 9 o!r words1 t 9 _! (ficial capacity !y p]sonat$ ,adonis4 ,at all ev5ts ,adonis is said to h reign$ 9 ,cyprus17#aee7 & x appe>s to be c]ta9 t ! title ( ,adonis 0 regul>ly borne by ! sons ( all ! ,pho5ician k+s ( ! isl&47#aef7 ,x is true t ! title /rictly signifi$ no m ?an 8"l02 yet ! leg5ds :i* connect ^! ,cyprian pr9ces ) ! goddess ( love make x probable t !y claim$ ! div9e nature z well z ! human dignity ( ,adonis4 ,! /ory ( ,pygmalion po9ts to a c]emony ( a sacr$ m>riage 9 :i* ! k+ w$d$ ! image ( ,aphrodite1 or r ( ,a/>te4 ,if t 0 s1 ! tale 0 9 a s5se true1 n ( a s+le man only1 b ( a :ole s]ies ( m51 & x w\ld be all ! m likely to be told ( ,pygmalion1 if t 0 a common "n ( ,semitic k+s 9 g5]al1 & ( ,cyprian k+s 9 p>ticul>4 ,pygmalion1 at all ev5ts1 is kn[n z ! "n ( ! fam\s k+ ( ,tyre f :om 8 si/] ,dido fl$27#aeg7 & a k+ ( ,citium & ,idalium 9 ,cyprus1 :o reign$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 0 also call$ ,pygmalion1 or r ,pumiya?on1 ! ,pho5ician "n :i* ! ,greeks corrupt$ into ,pygmalion47#aeh7 ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be not$ t ! names ,pygmalion & ,a/>te occur toge!r 9 a ,punic inscription on a gold m$allion :i* 0 f\nd 9 a grave at ,c>?age2 ! *>act]s ( ! inscription are ( ! e>lie/ type47#aei7 ,z ! cu/om ( religi\s pro/itution at ,paphos is said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,k+ ,c9yras & obs]v$ by 8 daught]s17#afj7 we may surmise t ! k+s ( ,paphos play$ ! "p ( ! div9e bridegroom 9 a less innoc5t rite ?an ! =m ( m>riage ) a /atue2 9 fact1 t at c]ta9 fe/ivals ea* ( !m _h to mate ) "o or m ( ! sacr$ h>lots ( ! temple1 :o play$ ,a/>te to 8 ,adonis4 ,if t 0 s1 !re is m tru? ?an has commonly be5 suppos$ 9 ! reproa* ca/ by ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs t ! ,aphrodite wor%ipp$ by ,c9yras 0 a common :ore47#afa7 ,! fruit ( _! union w\ld rank z sons & daught]s ( ! deity1 & w\ld 9 "t become ! p>5ts ( gods & goddesses1 l _! fa!rs & mo!rs be=e !m4 ,9 ?is mann] ,paphos1 & p]haps all sanctu>ies ( ! great ,asiatic goddess :]e sacr$ pro/itution 0 practis$1 might be well /ock$ ) human deities1 ! (fspr+ ( ! div9e k+ by 8 wives1 concub9es1 & temple h>lots4 ,any "o ( ^! might probably succe$ 8 fa!r on ! ?rone7#afb7 or be sacrific$ 9 8 /ead :5ev] /ress ( w> or o!r grave junctures call$1 z !y sometimes did17#afc7 = ! dea? ( a royal victim4 ,su* a tax1 levi$ occasionally on ! k+'s num]\s prog5y = ! good ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld nei!r ext+ui% ! div9e /ock nor break ! fa!r's he>t1 :o divid$ 8 pat]nal affection among s _m4 ,at all ev5ts1 if1 z !re seems reason to believe1 ,semitic k+s 7 (t5 reg>d$ at ! same "t z h]$it>y deities1 x is easy to und]/& ! frequ5cy ( ,semitic p]sonal names :i* imply t ! be>]s ( !m 7 ! sons or daught]s1 ! bro!rs or si/]s1 ! fa!rs or mo!rs ( a god1 & we ne$ n resort to ! %ifts employ$ by "s s*ol>s to evade ! pla9 s5se ( ! words47#afd7 ,?is int]pretation is confirm$ by a p>allel ,egyptian usage2 = 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! k+s 7 wor%ipp$ z div9e17#afe7 ! que5 0 call$ 8! wife ( ! god0 or 8! "m ( ! god107#aff7 & ! title 8fa!r ( ! god0 0 borne n only by ! k+'s real fa!r b also by 8 fa!r-9-law47#afg7 ,simil>ly1 p]haps1 among ! ,semites any man :o s5t 8 daught] to swell ! royal h>em may h be5 all[$ to call himself 8! fa!r ( ! god40 7,m#cd7 ,if we may judge by 8 "n1 ! ,semitic k+ :o bore ! "n ( ,c9yras 01 l ,k+ ,david1 a h>p]2 = ! "n ( ,c9yras is cle>ly connect$ ) ! ,greek c9yra1 8a lyre10 :i* 9 its turn comes f ! ,semitic k9nor1 8a lyre10 ! v ^w appli$ to ! in/rum5t on :i* ,david play$ be=e ,saul47#afh7 ,we %all probably n err 9 assum+ t at ,paphos z at ,j]usalem ! music ( ! lyre or h>p 0 n a m]e pa/ime design$ to :ile away an idle h\r1 b =m$ "p ( ! s]vice ( religion1 ! mov+ influ5ce ( its melodies be+ p]haps set d[n1 l ! effect ( w9e1 to ! direct inspiration ( a deity4 ,c]ta9ly at ,j]usalem ! regul> cl]gy ( ! temple prophesi$ to ! music ( h>ps1 ( psalt]ies1 & ( cymbals27#afi7 & x appe>s t ! irregul> cl]gy also1 z we may call ! prophets1 dep5d$ on "s su* /imulus = induc+ ! ec/atic /ate :i* !y took = imm$iate conv]se ) ! div9ity47#agj7 ,?us we read ( a b& ( prophets com+ d[n f a high place ) a psalt]y1 a timbrel1 a pipe1 & a h>p be=e !m1 & prophesy+ z !y w5t47#aga7 ,aga91 :5 ! unit$ =ces ( ,judah & ,ephraim 7 trav]s+ ! wild]ness ( ,moab 9 pursuit ( ! enemy1 !y c\ld f9d no wat] = ?ree days1 & 7 l to die ( ?ir/1 !y & ! bea/s ( burd54 ,9 ?is em]g5cy ! prophet ,eli%a1 :o 0 ) ! army1 call$ = a m9/rel & bade him play4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! music he ord]$ ! soldi]s to dig tr5*es 9 ! s&y b$ ( ! wat]less waddy ?r\gh :i* lay ! l9e ( m>*4 ,!y did s1 & next morn+ ! tr5*es 7 full ( ! wat] t _h dra9$ d[n into !m und]gr\nd f ! desolate1 =bidd+ m\nta9s on ei!r h&4 ,! prophet's success 9 /rik+ wat] 9 ! wild]ness resembles ! report$ success ( mod]n d[s]s1 ?\gh 8 mode ( proc$ure 0 diff]5t4 ,incid5tally he r5d]$ ano!r s]vice to 8 c\ntrym54 ,= ! skulk+ ,moabites f _! lairs among ! rocks saw ! r$ sun ( ! des]t reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 & tak+ x = ! blood1 or p]haps r = an om5 ( ! blood1 ( _! enemies1 !y pluck$ up he>t to attack ! camp & 7 defeat$ ) great slaught]47#agb7 7,m#ce7 ,aga91 j z ! cl\d ( melan*oly :i* f "t to "t d>k5$ ! moody m9d ( ,saul 0 view$ z an evil _s f ! ,"l vex+ him1 s on ! o!r h& ! solemn /ra9s ( ! h>p1 :i* soo!d & compos$ 8 tr\bl$ ?\ghts17#agc7 may well h seem$ to ! hag-ridd5 k+ ! v voice ( ,god or ( 8 good angel :isp]+ peace4 ,ev5 9 our own day a great religi\s writ]1 himself deeply s5sitive to ! wit*]y ( music1 has said t musical notes1 ) all _! p[] to fire ! blood & melt ! he>t1 _c be m]e empty s\nds & no?+ m2 no1 !y h escap$ f "s high] sph]e1 !y are outp\r+s ( et]nal h>mony1 ! voice ( angels1 ! ,magnificat ( sa9ts47#agd7 ,x is ?us t ! rude imag9+s ( primitive man are transfigur$ & 8 feeble lisp+s e*o$ ) a roll+ rev]b]ation 9 ! musical prose ( ,newman4 ,inde$ ! influ5ce ( music on ! developm5t ( religion is a subject :i* w\ld repay a sympa!tic /udy4 ,= we _c d\bt t ?is1 ! mo/ intimate & affect+ ( all ! arts1 has done mu* to create z well z to express ! religi\s emotions1 ?us modify+ m or less deeply ! fabric ( belief to :i* at fir/ sight x seems only to m9i/]4 ,! musician has done 8 "p z well z ! prophet & ! ?9k] 9 ! mak+ ( religion4 ,e fai? has its appropriate music1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cre$s might almo/ be express$ 9 musical notation4 ,! int]val1 = example1 :i* divides ! wild revels ( ,cybele f ! /ately ritual ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is measur$ by ! gulf :i* sev]s ! dissonant cla% ( cymbals & tamb\r9es f ! grave h>monies ( ,pale/r9a & ,h&el4 ,a diff]5t _s brea!s 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! music47#age7 7,m#cf7 ,! leg5d :i* made ,apollo ! fri5d ( ,c9yras7#agf7 may be bas$ on a belief 9 _! common devotion to ! lyre4 ,b :at function1 we may ask1 did /r+ music p]=m 9 ! ,greek & ! ,semitic ritual8 ,did x s]ve to r\se ! human m\?piece ( ! god to prophetic ec/asy8 or did x m]ely ban gobl9s & demons f ! holy places & ! holy s]vice1 draw+ z x 7 ar\nd ! wor%ipp]s a magic circle )9 :i* no evil ?+ might intrude8 ,9 %ort1 did x aim at summon+ good or bani%+ evil spirits8 0 its object inspiration or exorcism8 ,! examples drawn f ! lives or leg5ds ( ,eli%a & ,david prove t ) ! ,hebrews ! music ( ! lyre might be us$ = ei!r purpose2 = :ile ,eli%a employ$ x to tune himself to ! prophetic pit*1 ,david resort$ to x = ! sake ( exorcis+ ! f\l fi5d f ,saul4 ,) ! ,greeks1 on ! o!r h&1 9 hi/orical times1 x does n appe> t /r+ music s]v$ z a means ( induc+ ! condition ( trance or ec/asy 9 ! human m\?pieces ( ,apollo & ! o!r oracul> gods2 on ! contr>y1 its sob]+ & compos+ influ5ce1 z contra/$ ) ! excit+ influ5ce ( flute music1 is ! aspect :i* *iefly impress$ ! ,greek m9d47#agg7 ,! religi\s or1 at all ev5ts1 ! sup]/iti\s man might naturally ascribe ! m5tal composure wr\ght by grave1 sweet music to a riddance ( evil spirits1 9 %ort to exorcism2 & 9 h>mony ) ?is view1 ,p9d>1 speak+ ( ! lyre1 says t all ?+s hateful to ,zeus 9 e>? & sea tremble at ! s\nd ( music47#agh7 ,yet ! association ( ! lyre ) ! leg5d>y prophet ,orpheus z well z ) ! oracul> god ,apollo seems to h9t t 9 e>ly days its /ra9s may h be5 employ$ by ! ,greeks1 z !y c]ta9ly 7 by ! ,hebrews1 to br+ on t /ate ( m5tal exaltation 9 :i* ! ?ick-com+ fancies ( ! vision>y are reg>d$ z div9e communications47#agi7 ,:i* ( ^! two functions ( music1 ! positive or ! negative1 ! inspir+ or ! protective1 pr$om9at$ 9 ! religion ( ,adonis we _c say2 p]haps ! two 7 n cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 7,m#cg7 ,a con/ant feature 9 ! my? ( ,adonis 0 8 premature & viol5t dea?4 ,if1 !n1 ! k+s ( ,paphos regul>ly p]sonat$ ,adonis1 we mu/ ask :e!r !y imitat$ _! div9e prototype 9 dea? z 9 life4 ,tradition v>i$ z to ! end ( ,c9yras4 ,"s ?\ght t he slew himself on discov]+ 8 ince/ ) 8 daught]27#ahj7 o!rs alleg$ t1 l ,m>syas1 he 0 defeat$ by ,apollo 9 a musical conte/ & put to dea? by ! victor47#aha7 ,yet he _c /rictly be said to h p]i%$ 9 ! fl[] ( 8 y\? if he liv$1 z ,anacreon av]r$1 to ! ripe age ( "o hundr$ & sixty47#ahb7 ,if we mu/ *oose betwe5 ! two /ories1 x is p]haps m likely t he di$ a viol5t dea? ?an t he surviv$ to an age :i* surpass$ t ( ,?omas ,p>r by eight ye>s17#ahc7 ?\gh x fell f> %ort ( ! ant$iluvian /&>d4 ,! life ( em95t m5 9 remote ages is exce$+ly ela/ic & may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$1 9 ! int]e/s ( hi/ory1 at ! ta/e & fancy ( ! hi/orian4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,sacr$ ,m5 & ,wom54 #a4 ,an ,alt]native ,!ory4 7,m#ch7 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we saw t a sy/em ( sacr$ pro/itution 0 regul>ly c>ri$ on all ov] ,we/]n ,asia1 & t bo? 9 ,pho5icia & 9 ,cyprus ! practice 0 specially associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,adonis4 ,z ! explanation :i* ,i h adopt$ ( ! cu/om has be5 reject$ 9 fav\r ( ano!r by writ]s ^: op9ions are entitl$ to be treat$ ) respect1 ,i %all devote ! pres5t *apt] to a fur!r consid]ation ( ! subject1 & %all attempt to ga!r1 f a clos] scrut9y & a wid] survey ( ! field1 su* evid5ce z may set ! cu/om & ) x ! wor%ip ( ,adonis 9 a cle>] light4 ,at ! outset x w be well to exam9e ! alt]native !ory :i* has be5 put =w>d to expla9 ! facts4 7,m#ci7 ,x has be5 propos$ to d]ive ! religi\s pro/itution ( ,we/]n ,asia f a purely secul> & precaution>y practice ( de/roy+ a bride's virg9ity be=e h&+ h] ov] to h] husb& 9 ord] t 8! bridegroom's int]c\rse %\ld be safe f a p]il t is mu* dread$ by m5 9 a c]ta9 /age ( culture407#ahd7 ,among ! objections :i* may be tak5 to ?is view are ! foll[+3-- 7,m#dj7 7#a7 ,! !ory fails to acc\nt = ! deeply religi\s "* ( ! cu/oms z practis$ 9 antiquity all ov] ,we/]n ,asia4 ,t religi\s "* appe>s f ! obs]vance ( ! cu/om at ! sanctu>ies ( a great goddess1 ! d$ication ( ! wages ( pro/itution to h]1 ! belief ( ! wom5 t !y e>n$ h] fav\r by pro/itut+ !mselves17#ahe7 & ! comm& ( a male deity to s]ve him 9 ?is mann]47#ahf7 7,m#da7 7#b7 ,! !ory fails to acc\nt = ! pro/itution ( m>ri$ wom5 at ,heliopolis7#ahg7 & app>5tly also at ,babylon & ,byblus2 = 9 describ+ ! practice at ! two latt] places our au?orities1 ,h]odotus & ,lucian1 speak only ( wom51 n ( virg9s47#ahh7 ,9 ,israel also we "k f ,hosea t "y m>ri$ wom5 pro/itut$ !mselves at ! sanctu>ies on ! hilltops "u ! %ad[ ( ! sacr$ oaks1 popl>s1 & t]eb9?s47#ahi7 ,! prophet makes no m5tion ( virg9s p>ticipat+ 9 ^! orgies4 ,!y may h done s1 b 8 language does n imply x3 he speaks only ( 8y\r daught]s0 & 8y\r daught]s-9-law40 ,! pro/itution ( m>ri$ wom5 is :olly inexplicable on ! hypo!sis "h criticiz$4 ,yet x c h>dly be sep>at$ f ! pro/itution ( virg9s1 :i* 9 "s places at lea/ 0 c>ri$ on side by side ) x4 7,m#db7 7#c7 ,! !ory fails to acc\nt = ! repeat$ & pr(essional pro/itution ( wom5 9 ,lydia1 ,pontus1 ,arm5ia1 & app>5tly all ov] ,pale/9e47#aij7 ,yet ?is habitual pro/itution c 9 its turn h>dly be sep>at$ f ! fir/ pro/itution 9 a woman's life4 ,or are we to suppose t ! fir/ act ( un*a/ity is to be expla9$ 9 "o way & all ! subsequ5t acts 9 q ano!r8 t ! fir/ act 0 purely secul> & all ! subsequ5t acts purely religi\s8 7,m#dc7 7#d7 ,! !ory fails to acc\nt = ! ede%im 78sacr$ m507 side by side ) ! ede%o? 78sacr$ wom507 at ! sanctu>ies27#aia7 = :atev] ! religi\s functions ( ^! 8sacr$ m50 may h be51 x is highly probable t !y 7 analog\s to ^? ( ! 8sacr$ wom50 & are to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4 7,m#dd7 7#e7 ,on ! hypo!sis :i* ,i am consid]+ we %\ld expect to f9d ! man :o defl[]s ! maid remun]at$ = r5d]+ a dang]\s s]vice2 & s 9 fact we commonly f9d him remun]at$ 9 places :]e ! suppos$ cu/om is really practis$47#aib7 ,b 9 ,we/]n ,asia x 0 j ! contr>y4 ,x 0 ! woman :o 0 paid1 n ! man2 inde$1 s well 0 %e paid t 9 ,lydia & ,cyprus ! girls e>n$ d[ries = !mselves 9 ?is fa%ion47#aic7 ,?is cle>ly %[s t x 0 ! woman1 & n ! man1 :o 0 believ$ to r5d] ! s]vice4 ,or are we to suppose t ! man _h to pay = r5d]+ a dang]\s s]vice87#aid7 ,^! consid]ations seem to prove conclusively t :atev] ! remote orig9 ( ^! ,we/]n ,asiatic cu/oms may h be51 !y _c h be5 obs]v$ 9 hi/orical times f any su* motive z is assum$ by ! hypo!sis "u discussion4 ,at ! p]iod :5 we h to d ) !m ! cu/oms 7 to all appe>ance purely religi\s 9 "*1 & a religi\s motive mu/ accord+ly be f\nd = !m4 ,su* a motive is suppli$ by ! !ory ,i h adopt$1 :i*1 s f> z ,i c judge1 adequately expla9s all ! kn[n facts4 7,m#de7 ,at ! same "t1 9 ju/ice to ! writ]s ^: views ,i h criticiz$1 ,i wi% to po9t out t ! practice f :i* !y propose to d]ive ! sacr$ pro/itution ( ,we/]n ,asia has n always be5 purely secul> 9 "*4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ag5t employ$ is sometimes report$ to be a prie/27#aie7 &1 9 ! second place1 ! sacrifice ( virg9ity has 9 "s places1 = example at ,rome & 9 p>ts ( ,india1 be5 made directly to ! image ( a male deity47#aif7 ,! mean+ ( ^! practices is v obscure1 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our ignorance on ! subject x is unsafe to build conclusions on !m4 ,x is possible t :at seems to be a purely secul> precaution may be only a deg5]ate =m ( a religi\s rite2 & on ! o!r h& x is possible t ! religi\s rite may g back to a purely physical prep>ation = m>riage1 su* z is /ill obs]v$ among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia47#aig7 ,b ev5 if su* an hi/orical orig9 c\ld be e/abli%$1 x w\ld n expla9 ! motives f :i* ! cu/oms describ$ 9 ?is volume 7 practis$ by ! p ( ,we/]n ,asia 9 hi/orical times4 ,! true p>allel to ^! cu/oms is ! sacr$ pro/itution :i* is c>ri$ on to ?is day by d$icat$ wom5 9 ,india & ,africa4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! mod]n practices may ?r[ light on ! anci5t cu/oms4 #b4 ,sacr$ ,wom5 9 ,india4 7,m#df7 ,9 ,india ! danc+-girls d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,tamil temples take ! "n ( deva-dasis1 8s]vants or slaves ( ! gods10 b 9 common p>lance !y are spok5 ( simply z h>lots4 ,e ,tamil temple ( note 9 ,s\!rn ,india has its troop ( ^! sacr$ wom54 ,_! (ficial duties are to dance twice a day1 morn+ & ev5+1 9 ! temple1 to fan ! idol ) ,tibetan ox-tails1 to dance & s+ be=e x :5 x is borne 9 procession1 & to c>ry ! holy light call$ ,kmb>ti4 ,inscriptions %[ t 9 ,a4,d4 #ajjd ! great temple ( ! ,*ola k+ ,raj>aja at ,tanjore _h atta*$ to x f\r hundr$ 8wom5 ( ! temple10 :o liv$ at free qu>t]s 9 ! /reets r\nd ab\t x & 7 all[$ l& free ( taxes out ( its end[m5t4 ,f infancy !y are tra9$ to dance & s+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a safe deliv]y expectant mo!rs w (t5 v[ to d$icate _! *ild1 if %e %\ld prove to be a girl1 to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,among ! weav]s ( ,tiru-kalli-kundram1 a little t[n 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 ! elde/ daught] ( e family is devot$ to ! temple4 ,girls ?us made ov] to ! deity are =mally m>ri$1 sometimes to ! idol1 sometimes to a sword1 be=e !y ent] on _! duties2 f :i* x appe>s t !y are (t51 if n regul>ly1 reg>d$ z ! wives ( ! god47#aih7 ,among ! ,kaikolans1 a l>ge ca/e ( ,tamil weav]s :o are spread all ov] ,s\!rn ,india1 at lea/ "o girl 9 e family %\ld be d$icat$ to ! temple s]vice4 ,! ritual1 z x is obs]v$ at ! initiation ( "o ( ^! girls 9 ,coimbatore1 includes 8a =m ( nuptial c]emony4 ,! relations are invit$ = an auspici\s day1 & ! mat]nal uncle1 or 8 repres5tative1 ties a gold b& on ! girl's =ehead1 &1 c>ry+ h]1 places h] on a plank be=e ! assembl$ gue/s4 ,a ,brahman prie/ recites ! mantrams1 & prep>es ! sacr$ fire 7hmam74 ,! uncle is pres5t$ ) new clo?s by ! girl's "m4 ,= ! actual nuptials a ri* ,brahman1 if possible1 &1 if n1 a ,brahman ( m l[ly /atus is invit$4 ,a ,brahman is call$ 91 z he is next 9 importance to1 & ! repres5tative ( ! idol4 ,x is said t1 :5 ! man :o is to receive h] fir/ fav\rs1 jo9s ! girl1 a sword mu/ be plac$1 at lea/ = a few m9utes1 by h] side40 ,:5 "o ( ^! danc+-girls dies1 h] body is cov]$ ) a new clo? :i* has be5 tak5 = ! purpose f ! idol1 & fl[]s are suppli$ f ! temple to :i* %e belong$4 ,no wor%ip is p]=m$ 9 ! temple until ! la/ rites h be5 p]=m$ ov] h] body1 because ! idol1 be+ deem$ h] husb&1 is held to be 9 t /ate ( c]emonial pollution common to human m\rn]s :i* deb>s him f ! (fices ( religion47#aii7 ,9 ,mahratta su* a female devotee is call$ ,murli4 ,common folk believe t f "t to "t ! %ad[ ( ! god falls on h] & possesses h] p]son4 ,at su* times ! possess$ woman rocks h]self to & fro1 & ! p occasionally consult h] z a soo?say]1 lay+ money at h] feet & accept+ z an oracle ! words ( wisdom or folly t drop f h] lips47#bjj7 ,nor is ! pr(ession ( a temple pro/itute adopt$ only by girls4 ,9 ,tulava1 a di/rict ( ,s\!rn ,india1 any woman ( ! f\r highe/ ca/es :o we>ies ( h] husb& or1 z a wid[ & !re=e incapable ( m>riage1 gr[s tir$ ( celibacy1 may g to a temple & eat ( ! rice (f]$ to ! idol4 ,!reupon1 if %e is a ,brahman1 %e has ! "r to live ei!r 9 ! temple or outside ( its prec9cts1 z %e pleases4 ,if %e decides to live 9 x1 %e gets a daily all[ance ( rice1 & mu/ sweep ! temple1 fan ! idol1 & conf9e h] am\rs to ! ,brahmans4 ,! male *ildr5 ( ^! wom5 =m a special class call$ ,moyl>1 b are fond ( assum+ ! title ( ,/anikas4 ,z _m ( !m z c f9d employm5t hang ab\t ! temple1 sweep+ ! areas1 spr9kl+ !m ) c[-dung1 c>ry+ tor*es be=e ! gods1 & do+ o!r odd jobs4 ,"s ( !m1 deb>r$ f ^! holy (fices1 are r$uc$ to ! pa9ful necessity ( e>n+ _! bread by hone/ "w4 ,! daught]s are ei!r br\ght up to live l _! mo!rs or are giv5 9 m>riage to ! ,/anikas4 ,brahman wom5 :o d n *oose to live 9 ! temples1 & all ! wom5 ( ! ?ree l[] ca/es1 cohabit ) any man ( pure desc5t1 b !y h to pay a fix$ sum annually to ! temple47#bja7 7,m#dg7 ,9 ,travancore a danc+-girl atta*$ to a temple is kn[n z a ,ds1 or ,dvads1 or ,dv>atil1 8a s]vant ( ,god40 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( h] d$ication & way ( life des]ves to be quot$ because1 :ile x ignores ! bas] side ( h] vocation1 x br+s cle>ly out ! idea ( h] m>riage to ! deity4 8,m>riage 9 ! case ( a ,dv>atil 9 its orig9al import is a r5unciation ( ord9>y family life & a consecration to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,) a lady-nurse at a ,hospital1 or a si/] at a ,conv5t1 a ,dvads at a ,h9du %r9e1 su* z %e probably 0 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,h9du spirituality1 w\ld h claim$ fav\rable comp>ison4 ,9 ! c]emonial ( ! d$ication-m>riage ( ! ,ds1 elem5ts are n want+ :i* indicate a pa/ q ! rev]se ( disreputable4 ,! girl to be m>ri$ is g5]ally f six to eight ye>s 9 age4 ,! bridegroom is ! presid+ deity ( ! local temple4 ,! c]emony is done at 8 h\se4 ,! exp5ses ( ! celebration are suppos$ to be p>tly paid f 8 funds4 ,to in/ance ! practice at ! ,su*ndram temple1 a ,yga or meet+ ( ! *ief function>ies ( ! temple arranges ! prelim9>ies4 ,! girl to be w$d$ ba!s & goes to ! temple ) two pieces ( clo?1 a tli1 betel1 areca-nut1 etc4 ,^! are plac$ by ! prie/ at ! feet ( ! image4 ,! girl sits ) ! face t[>ds ! deity4 ,! prie/ k9dles ! sacr$ fire & goes ?r\gh all ! rituals ( ! ,tirukkalynam fe/ival4 ,he !n initiates ! bride into ! ,pan*k%>a mantra1 if 9 a ,saiva temple1 & ! ,a%tk%>a1 if 9 a ,vai%nava temple4 ,on behalf ( ! div9e bridegroom1 he pres5ts "o ( ! two clo?s %e has br\ght z (f]+ & ties ! ,tli ar\nd h] neck4 ,! practice1 h[ old x is n possible to say1 is !n to take h] to h] h\se :]e ! usual m>riage fe/ivities are celebrat$ = f\r days4 ,z 9 ,brahm9ical m>riages1 ! ,nalunku c]emony1 i4e4 ! roll+ ( a cocoanut by ! bride to ! bridegroom & vice v]sa a numb] ( times to ! accompanim5t ( music1 is gone ?r\gh1 ! temple prie/ play+ ! bridegroom's "p4 ,!nce=? %e becomes ! wife ( ! deity 9 ! s5se t %e =mally & solemnly d$icates ! re/ ( h] life to 8 s]vice ) ! same con/ancy & devotion t a fai?ful wife unit$ 9 holy matrimony %[s to h] w$d$ "l4 ,! life ( a ,dvads b$eck$ ) all ! accompli%m5ts t ! muses c\ld give 0 "o ( spotless purity4 ,ev5 n[ %e is ma9ta9$ by ! temple4 ,%e und]takes fa/s 9 connection ) ! temple fe/ivals1 su* z ! sev5 days' fa/ = ! ,apamrgam c]emony4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ?is fa/1 /rict cont95ce is enjo9$2 %e is requir$ to take only "o meal1 & t )9 ! temple--9 fact to live & behave at lea/ = a t]m1 9 ! mann] orda9$ = h] ?r\gh\t life4 ,"s ( ! details ( h] daily "w seem int]e/+2 %e att5ds ! ,dpradhana1 ! wav+ ( light$ lamps 9 front ( ! deity at sunset e day2 s+s hymns 9 8 praise1 dances be=e 8 pres5ce1 goes r\nd ) him 9 8 processions ) lights 9 h&4 ,aft] ! procession1 %e s+s a song or two f ,jayadva's ,gtagv9da & ) a few lullaby hymns1 h] "w = ! night is ov]4 ,:5 %e gr[s physically unfit = ^! duties1 %e is =mally invalid$ by a special c]emony1 i4e4 ,ttuvaikkuka1 or ! lay+ d[n ( ! e>-p5dants4 ,x is gone ?r\gh at ! ,maha ,raja's palace1 :]eaft] %e becomes a ,tikkizhavi 7old "m71 entitl$ only to a subsi/5ce-all[ance4 ,:5 %e dies1 ! temple contributes to ! fun]al exp5ses4 ,on h] dea?-b$1 ! prie/ att5ds & aft] a few c]emonies imm$iately aft] dea?1 gets h] ba!d ) saffron-p[d]407#bjb7 #c4 ,sacr$ ,m5 & ,wom5 9 ,we/ ,africa4 7,m#dh7 ,/ill m in/ructive = our pres5t purpose are ! ,we/ ,african cu/oms4 ,among ! ,ewe-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ 8recruits = ! prie/hood are obta9$ 9 two ways1 viz4 by ! affiliation ( "y p]sons1 & by ! direct consecration ( adults4 ,"y p ( ei!r sex d$icat$ or affiliat$ to a god are t]m$ kosio1 f kono1 #8unfruitful1' because a *ild d$icat$ to a god passes into 8 s]vice & is practically lo/ to 8 p>5ts1 & si1 #8to run away4' ,z ! females become ! #8wives' ( ! god to :om !y are d$icat$1 ! t]m9ation si 9 vdu-si ano!r "n = ^! d$icat$ wom51 has be5 translat$ #8wife' by "s ,europeans2 b x is nev] us$ 9 ! g5]al acceptation ( t t]m1 be+ entirely re/rict$ to p]sons consecrat$ to ! gods4 ,! *ief bus9ess ( ! female kosi is pro/itution1 & 9 e t[n !re is at lea/ "o in/itution 9 :i* ! be/-look+ girls1 betwe5 t5 & twelve ye>s ( age1 are receiv$4 ,"h !y rema9 = ?ree ye>s1 le>n+ ! *ants & dances peculi> to ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 & pro/itut+ !mselves to ! prie/s & ! inmates ( ! male sem9>ies2 & at ! t]m9ation ( _! novitiate !y become public pro/itutes4 ,?is condition1 h[ev]1 is n reg>d$ z "o = reproa*2 !y are consid]$ to be m>ri$ to ! god1 & _! excesses are suppos$ to be caus$ & direct$ by him4 ,prop]ly speak+1 _! lib]t9age %\ld be conf9$ to ! male wor%ipp]s at ! temple ( ! god1 b practically x is indiscrim9ate4 ,*ildr5 :o are born f su* unions belong to ! god407#bjc7 ,^! wom5 are n all[$ to m>ry s9ce !y are deem$ ! wives ( a god47#bjd7 7,m#di7 ,aga91 9 ?is "p ( ,africa 8! female ,kosio ( ,dah-gbi1 or ,dah-sio1 t is1 ! wives1 prie/esses1 & temple pro/itutes ( ,dah-gbi1 ! py?on-god1 h _! own organization4 ,g5]ally !y live toge!r 9 a gr\p ( h\ses or huts inclos$ by a f5ce1 & 9 ^! inclosures ! novices und]go _! ?ree ye>s ( initiation4 ,mo/ new memb]s are obta9$ by ! affiliation ( "y girls2 b any woman :atev]1 m>ri$ or s+le1 slave or free1 by publicly simulat+ possession1 & utt]+ ! conv5tional cries recogniz$ z indicative ( possession by ! god1 c at once jo9 ! body1 & be admitt$ to ! habitations ( ! ord]4 ,! p]son ( a woman :o has jo9$ 9 ?is mann] is inviolable1 & dur+ ! p]iod ( h] novitiate %e is =bidd51 if s+le1 to ent] ! h\se ( h] p>5ts1 &1 if m>ri$1 t ( h] husb&4 ,?is inviolability1 :ile x gives wom5 opportunities ( gratify+ an illicit passion1 at ! same "t s]ves occasionally to save ! p]secut$ slave1 or neglect$ wife1 f ! ill-treatm5t ( ! "l & ma/]2 = %e has only to g ?r\gh ! conv5tional =m ( possession & an asylum is assur$407#bje7 ,! py?on-god m>ries ^! wom5 secretly 9 8 temple1 & !y fa!r _! (fspr+ on him2 b x is ! prie/s :o consummate ! union47#bjf7 7,m#ej7 ,= our purpose x is important to note t a close connexion is app>5tly suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! f]tility ( ! soil & ! m>riage ( ^! wom5 to ! s]p5t4 ,= ! "t :5 new brides are s\ght = ! reptile-god is ! season :5 ! millet is beg9n+ to spr\t4 ,!n ! old prie/esses1 arm$ ) clubs1 run frantically ?r\gh ! /reets %riek+ l mad wom5 & c>ry+ (f to be brides ( ! s]p5t any little girls betwe5 ! ages ( eight & twelve :om !y may f9d outside ( ! h\ses4 ,pi\s p at su* times w sometimes leave _! daught]s at _! doors on purpose t !y may h ! hon\r ( be+ d$icat$ to ! god47#bjg7 ,! m>riage ( wives to ! s]p5t-god is probably deem$ necess>y to enable him to dis*>ge ! important function ( mak+ ! crops to gr[ & ! cattle to multiply2 = we read t ^! p 8invoke ! snake 9 excessively wet1 dry1 or b>r5 seasons2 on all occasions relat+ to _! gov]nm5t & ! pres]vation ( _! cattle2 or r1 9 "o ^w1 9 all necessities & difficulties1 9 :i* !y d n apply to _! new bat* ( gods407#bjh7 ,once 9 a bad season ! ,dut* factor ,bosman f\nd ! ,k+ ( ,:ydah 9 a great rage4 ,8 ,maje/y expla9$ ! reason ( 8 discomposure by say+ 8t t ye> he _h s5t mu* l>g] (f]+s to ! snake-h\se ?an usual1 9 ord] to obta9 a good crop2 & t "o ( 8 vice-roys 7:om he %ew$ me7 _h desir$ him afre%1 9 ! "n ( ! prie/s1 :o ?reat5$ a b>r5 ye>1 to s5d yet m4 ,to :i* he answ]$ t he did n int5d to make any fur!r (f]+s ?is ye>2 & if ! snake w\ld n be/[ a pl5tiful h>ve/ on !m1 he might let x alone2 = 7said he7 ,i _c be m damag$ !reby1 ! greate/ "p ( my corn be+ already rott5 9 ! field407#bji7 7,m#ea7 ,! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa 8h a cu/om :i* rem9ds "o ( ! ,we/ ,african py?on-god & 8 wives4 ,at int]vals (1 ,i believe1 sev]al ye>s ! m$ic9e-m5 ord] huts to be built = ! purpose ( wor%ipp+ a riv] snake4 ,! snake-god requires wives1 & wom5 or m especially girls g to ! huts4 ,"h ! union is consummat$ by ! m$ic9e-m54 ,if ! numb] ( females :o g to ! huts volunt>ily is n suffici5t1 girls are seiz$ & dragg$ !re4 ,i believe ! (fspr+ ( su* a union is said to be fa!r$ by ,god 7,ngai73 at any rate !re are *ildr5 9 ,kikuyu :o are reg>d$ z ! *ildr5 ( ,god407#baj7 7,m#eb7 ,among ! negroes ( ! ,slave ,coa/ !re are1 z we h se51 male kosio z well z female kosio2 t is1 !re are d$icat$ m5 z well z d$icat$ wom51 prie/s z well z prie/esses1 & ! ideas & cu/oms 9 reg>d to !m seem to be simil>4 ,l ! wom51 ! m5 und]go a ?ree ye>s' novitiate1 at ! end ( :i* ea* c&idate has to prove t ! god accepts him & f9ds him wor?y ( inspiration4 ,escort$ by a p>ty ( prie/s he goes to a %r9e & seats himself on a /ool t belongs to ! deity4 ,! prie/s !n ano9t 8 head ) a my/ic decoction & invoke ! god 9 a long & wild *orus4 ,dur+ ! s++ ! y\?1 if he is acceptable to ! deity1 trembles viol5tly1 simulates convulsions1 foams at ! m\?1 & dances 9 a fr5zi$ /yle1 sometimes = m ?an an h\r4 ,?is is ! pro( t ! god has tak5 possession ( him4 ,aft] t he has to rema9 9 a temple )\t speak+ = sev5 days & nights4 ,at ! end ( t "t1 he is br\ght out1 a prie/ op5s 8 m\? to %[ t he may n[ use 8 tongue1 a new "n is giv5 him1 & he is fully orda9$47#baa7 ,h5ce=? he is reg>d$ z ! prie/ & m$ium ( ! deity :om he s]ves1 & ! words :i* he utt]s 9 t morbid /ate ( m5tal excitem5t :i* passes = div9e inspiration1 are accept$ by ! he>]s z ! v words ( ! god spok5 by ! m\? ( ! man47#bab7 ,any crime :i* a prie/ committ$ 9 a /ate ( fr5zy us$ to rema9 unpuni%$1 no d\bt because ! act 0 ?\ght to be ! act ( ! god4 ,b ?is b5efit ( cl]gy 0 s mu* abus$ t "u ,k+ ,gezo ! law _h to be alt]$2 & al?\gh1 :ile he is /ill possess$ by ! god1 ! inspir$ crim9al is safe1 he is n[ liable to puni%m5t z soon z ! div9e _s leaves him4 ,nev]!less on ! :ole among ^! p 8! p]son ( a prie/ or prie/ess is sacr$4 ,n only mu/ a layman n lay h&s on or insult "o2 he mu/ be c>eful n ev5 to knock "o by accid5t1 or jo/le aga9/ "o 9 ! /reet4 ,! ,abb ,b\*e relates7#bac7 t once :5 he 0 pay+ a visit to ! *ief ( ,agweh1 "o ( ! wives ( ! *ief 0 br\ght into ! h\se by f\r prie/esses1 h] face bloody1 & h] body cov]$ ) /ripes4 ,%e _h be5 savagely flogg$ = hav+ accid5tally trodd5 ^u ! foot ( "o ( !m2 & ! *ief n only d>$ n give v5t to 8 ang]1 b _h to give !m a bottle ( rum z a peace-(f]+407#bad7 7,m#ec7 ,among ! ,t%i-speak+ peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 :o bord] on ! ,ewe-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ to ! we/1 ! cu/oms & beliefs 9 reg>d to ! d$icat$ m5 & d$icat$ wom51 ! prie/s & prie/esses1 are v simil>4 ,^! p]sons are believ$ to be f "t to "t possess$ or inspir$ by ! deity :om !y s]ve2 & 9 t /ate !y are consult$ z oracles4 ,!y "w !mselves up to ! necess>y pit* ( excitem5t by danc+ to ! music ( drums2 ea* god has 8 special hymn1 sung to a special beat ( ! drum1 & accompani$ by a special dance4 ,x is :ile ?us danc+ to ! drums t ! prie/ or prie/ess lets fall ! oracul> words 9 a croak+ or guttural voice :i* ! he>]s take to be ! voice ( ! god4 ,h5ce danc+ has an important place 9 ! education ( prie/s & prie/esses2 !y are tra9$ 9 x = mon?s be=e !y may p]=m 9 public4 ,^! m\?pieces ( ! deity are consult$ 9 almo/ e conc]n ( life & are h&somely paid = _! s]vices47#bae7 8,prie/s m>ry l any o!r memb]s ( ! community1 & pur*ase wives2 b prie/esses are nev] m>ri$1 nor c any #8head money' be paid = a prie/ess4 ,! reason appe>s to be t a prie/ess belongs to ! god %e s]ves1 & !re=e _c become ! prop]ty ( a man1 z w\ld be ! case if %e m>ri$ "o4 ,?is prohibition ext5ds to m>riage only1 & a prie/ess is n deb>r$ f sexual comm]ce4 ,! *ildr5 ( a prie/ or prie/ess are n ord9>ily educat$ = ! prie/ly pr(ession1 "o g5]ation be+ usually pass$ ov]1 & ! gr&*ildr5 select$4 ,prie/esses are ord9>ily mo/ lic5ti\s1 & cu/om all[s !m to gratify _! passions ) any man :o may *ance to take _! fancy407#baf7 ,! ranks ( ! h]$it>y prie/hood are con/antly recruit$ by p]sons :o devote !mselves or :o are devot$ by _! relations or ma/]s to ! pr(ession4 ,m51 wom51 & ev5 *ildr5 c ?us become memb]s ( ! prie/hood4 ,if a "m has lo/ sev]al ( h] *ildr5 by dea?1 %e w n uncommonly v[ to devote ! next born to ! s]vice ( ! gods2 = 9 ?is way %e hopes to save ! *ild's life4 ,s :5 ! *ild is born x is set ap>t = ! prie/hood1 & on arriv+ at maturity g5]ally fulfils ! v[ made by ! "m & becomes a prie/ or prie/ess4 ,at ! c]emony ( ord9ation ! vot>y has to prove 8 or h] vocation = ! sacr$ life 9 ! usual way by fall+ into or simulat+ convulsions1 danc+ frantically to ! beat ( drums1 & speak+ 9 a ho>se unnatural voice words :i* are deem$ to be ! utt]ance ( ! deity tempor>ily lodg$ 9 ! body ( ! man or woman47#bag7 #d4 ,sacr$ ,wom5 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 7,m#ed7 ,?us 9 ,africa1 & sometimes if n regul>ly 9 ,india1 ! sacr$ pro/itutes atta*$ to temples are reg>d$ z ! wives ( ! god1 & _! excesses are excus$ on ! gr\nd t ! wom5 are n !mselves1 b t !y act "u ! influ5ce ( div9e inspiration4 ,?is is 9 sub/ance ! explanation :i* ,i h giv5 ( ! cu/om ( sacr$ pro/itution z x 0 practis$ 9 antiquity by ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,9 _! lic5ti\s int]c\rse at ! temples ! wom51 :e!r maid5s or matrons or pr(essional h>lots1 imitat$ ! lic5ti\s conduct ( a great goddess ( f]tility = ! purpose ( ensur+ ! fruitfulness ( fields & trees1 ( man & bea/2 & 9 dis*>g+ ?is sacr$ & important function ! wom5 7 probably suppos$1 l _! ,we/ ,african si/]s1 to be actually possess$ by ! goddess4 ,! hypo!sis at lea/ expla9s all ! facts 9 a simple & natural mann]2 & 9 assum+ t wom5 c\ld be m>ri$ to gods x assumes a pr9ciple :i* we "k to h be5 recogniz$ 9 ,babylon1 ,assyria1 & ,egypt47#bah7 ,at ,babylon a woman regul>ly slept 9 ! great b$ ( ,bel or ,m>duk1 :i* /ood 9 8 temple on ! summit ( a l(ty pyramid2 & x 0 believ$ t ! god *ose h] f all ! wom5 ( ,babylon & slept ) h] 9 ! b$4 ,h[ev]1 unlike ! ,indian & ,we/ ,african wives ( gods1 ?is sp\se ( ! ,babylonian deity is report$ by ,h]odotus to h be5 *a/e47#bai7 ,yet we may d\bt :e!r %e 0 s2 = ^! wives or p]haps p>am\rs ( ,bel are probably to be id5tifi$ ) ! wives or vot>ies ( ,m>duk m5tion$ 9 ! code ( ,hammurabi1 & we "k f ! code t female vot>ies ( ! gods might be mo!rs & m>ri$ to m547#bbj7 ,at ,babylon ! sun-god ,%ama% z well z ,m>duk _h human wives =m]ly d$icat$ to 8 s]vice1 & !y l ! vot>ies ( ,m>duk might h *ildr547#bba7 ,x is significant t a "n = ^! ,babylonian vot>ies 0 adi%tu1 :i* is ! same ^w z ede%a1 8consecrat$ woman10 ! regul> ,hebrew ^w = a temple h>lot47#bbb7 ,x is true t ! law sev]ely puni%$ any disrespect %[n to ^! sacr$ wom527#bbc7 b ! example ( ,we/ ,africa w>ns u t a =mal respect %[n to su* p]sons1 ev5 :5 x is en=c$ by sev]e p5alties1 ne$ be no pro( at all ( _! virtu\s "*47#bbd7 ,9 ,egypt a woman us$ to sleep 9 ! temple ( ,ammon at ,!bes1 & ! god 0 believ$ to visit h]47#bbe7 ,egyptian texts (t5 m5tion h] z 8! div9e consort10 & 9 old days %e seems to h usually be5 ! ,que5 ( ,egypt h]self47#bbf7 ,b 9 ! "t ( ,/rabo1 at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 ^! consorts or concub9es ( ,ammon1 z !y 7 call$1 7 beautiful "y girls ( noble bir?1 :o held (fice only till pub]ty4 ,dur+ _! t]m ( (fice !y pro/itut$ !mselves freely to any man :o took _! fancy4 ,aft] pub]ty !y 7 giv5 9 m>riage1 & a c]emony ( m\rn+ 0 p]=m$ = !m z if !y 7 dead47#bbg7 ,:5 !y di$ 9 good e>ne/1 _! bodies 7 laid 9 special graves47#bbh7 #e4 ,sacr$ ,m5 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 7,m#ee7 ,z 9 ,we/ ,africa ! d$icat$ wom5 h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! d$icat$ m51 s x 0 9 ,we/]n ,asia2 = !re ! sacr$ m5 7ede%im7 cle>ly correspond$ to ! sacr$ wom5 7ede%o?71 9 o!r words1 ! sacr$ male slaves7#bbi7 ( ! temples 7 ! complem5t ( ! sacr$ female slaves4 ,& z ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! d$icat$ m5 9 ,we/ ,africa is _! suppos$ possession or inspiration by ! deity1 s we may conjecture 0 x ) ! sacr$ male slaves 7! ede%im7 ( ,we/]n ,asia2 !y1 too1 may h be5 reg>d$ z tempor>y or p]man5t embodim5ts ( ! deity1 possess$ f "t to "t by 8 div9e _s1 act+ 9 8 "n1 & speak+ ) 8 voice47#bcj7 ,at all ev5ts we "k t ?is 0 s at ! sanctu>y ( ! ,moon among ! ,albanians ( ! ,caucasus4 ,! sanctu>y own$ *ur* l&s ( great ext5t peopl$ by sacr$ slaves1 & x 0 rul$ by a high-prie/1 :o rank$ next aft] ! k+4 ,_m ( ^! slaves 7 inspir$ by ! deity & prophesi$2 & :5 "o ( !m _h be5 = "s "t 9 ?is /ate ( div9e fr5zy1 w&]+ alone 9 ! =e/1 ! high-prie/ _h him caught1 b\nd ) a sacr$ *a91 & ma9ta9$ 9 luxury = a ye>4 ,!n ! poor wret* 0 l$ out1 ano9t$ ) ungu5ts1 & sacrific$ ) o!r victims to ! ,moon4 ,! mode ( sacrifice 0 ?is4 ,a man took a sacr$ spe>1 & ?ru/ x ?r\gh ! victim's side to ! he>t4 ,z he /agg]$ & fell1 ! re/ obs]v$ him closely & drew om5s f ! mann] ( 8 fall4 ,!n ! body 0 dragg$ or c>ri$ away to a c]ta9 place1 :]e all 8 fell[s /ood ^u x by way ( purification47#bca7 ,9 ?is cu/om ! prophet1 or r ! maniac1 0 pla9ly suppos$ to be moon-/ruck 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 t is1 possess$ or inspir$ by ! deity ( ! ,moon1 :o 0 p]haps ?\ght by ! ,albanians1 z by ! ,phrygians17#bcb7 to be a male god1 s9ce 8 *os5 m9i/] & m\?piece 0 a man1 n a woman47#bcc7 ,x c h>dly !re=e be deem$ improbable t at o!r sanctu>ies ( ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e sacr$ m5 7 kept1 ^! m9i/]s ( religion %\ld h dis*>g$ a simil> prophetic function1 ev5 ?\gh !y did n %>e ! tragic fate ( ! moon-/ruck ,albanian prophet4 ,nor 0 ! influ5ce ( ^! ,asiatic prophets conf9$ to ,asia4 ,9 ,sicily ! sp>k :i* k9dl$ ! deva/at+ ,s]vile ,w> 0 /ruck by a ,syrian slave1 :o simulat$ ! prophetic ec/asy 9 ord] to r\se 8 fell[-slaves to arms 9 ! "n ( ! ,syrian goddess4 ,to inflame /ill m 8 inflammatory words ?is anci5t ,mahdi +5i\sly int]l>d$ !m ) real fire & smoke1 :i* by a common conjur]'s trick he brea!d f 8 lips47#bcd7 7,m#ef7 ,9 l mann] ! ,hebrew prophets 7 believ$ to be tempor>ily possess$ & inspir$ by a div9e _s :o spoke ?r\gh !m1 j z a div9e _s is suppos$ by ,we/ ,african negroes to speak ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! d$icat$ m5 8 prie/s4 ,inde$ ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! prophets ( ,israel & ,we/ ,africa are close & curi\s4 ,l _! black bro!rs1 ! ,hebrew prophets employ$ music 9 ord] to br+ on ! prophetic trance27#bce7 l !m1 !y receiv$ ! div9e _s ?r\gh ! application ( a magic oil to _! heads27#bcf7 l !m1 !y 7 app>5tly di/+ui%$ f common p by c]ta9 m>ks on ! face27#bcg7 & l !m !y 7 consult$ n m]ely 9 great national em]g5cies b 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( ev]yday life1 9 :i* !y 7 expect$ to give in=mation & advice = a small fee4 ,= example1 ,samuel 0 consult$ ab\t lo/ asses17#bch7 j z a ,zulu div9] is consult$ ab\t lo/ c[s27#bci7 & we h se5 ,eli%a act+ z a d[s] :5 wat] ran %ort47#bdj7 ,inde$1 we le>n t ! old "n = a prophet 0 a se]17#bda7 a ^w :i* may be und]/ood to imply t 8 special function 0 div9ation r ?an prophecy 9 ! s5se ( pr$iction4 ,be t z x may1 prophecy ( ! ,hebrew type has n be5 limit$ to ,israel2 x is inde$ a ph5om5on ( almo/ _w-wide occurr5ce2 9 _m l&s & 9 _m ages ! wild1 :irl+ words ( fr5zi$ m5 & wom5 h be5 accept$ z ! utt]ances ( an indwell+ deity47#bdb7 ,:at does di/+ui% ,hebrew prophecy f all o!rs is t ! g5ius ( a few memb]s ( ! pr(ession wre/$ ?is vulg> b p[]ful in/rum5t f bas] uses1 & by wield+ x 9 ! int]e/ ( a high morality r5d]$ a s]vice ( incalculable value to humanity4 ,t is inde$ ! glory ( ,israel1 b x is n ! side ( prophecy ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 7,m#eg7 ,m to our purpose is to note t prophecy ( ! ord9>y sort appe>s to h be5 9 vogue at ,byblus1 ! sacr$ city ( ,adonis1 c5turies be=e ! life-"t ( ! e>lie/ ,hebrew prophet ^: writ+s h come d[n to u4 ,:5 ! ,egyptian travell]1 ,w5-,ammon1 0 l+]+ 9 ! port ( ,byblus1 "u ! ,k+'s ord]s to quit ! place1 ! _s ( ,god came on "o ( ! royal pages or h5*m51 & 9 a prophetic fr5zy he ann\nc$ t ! ,k+ %\ld receive ! ,egyptian /rang] z a mess5g] s5t f ! god ,ammon47#bdc7 ,! god :o ?us took possession ( ! page & spoke ?r\gh him 0 probably ,adonis1 ! god ( ! city4 ,) reg>d to ! (fice ( ^! royal pages we h no in=mation2 b z m9i/]s ( a sacr$ k+ & liable to be inspir$ by ! deity1 !y w\ld naturally be !mselves sacr$2 9 fact !y may h belong$ to ! class ( sacr$ slaves or ede%im4 ,if t 0 s x w\ld confirm ! conclusion to :i* ! =ego+ inve/igation po9ts1 namely1 t orig9ally no %>p l9e ( di/9ction exi/$ betwe5 ! prophets & ! ede%im2 bo? 7 8m5 ( ,god10 z ! prophets 7 con/antly call$27#bdd7 9 o!r words1 !y 7 inspir$ m$iums1 m5 9 :om ! god manife/$ himself f "t to "t by ^w & de$1 9 %ort tempor>y inc>nations ( ! deity4 ,b :ile ! prophets rov$ freely ab\t ! c\ntry1 ! ede%im appe> to h be5 regul>ly atta*$ to a sanctu>y2 & among ! duties :i* !y p]=m$ at ! %r9es !re 7 cle>ly "s :i* revolt$ ! consci5ce ( m5 imbu$ ) a pur] morality4 ,:at ^! duties 71 we may surmise p>tly f ! behavi\r ( ! sons ( ,eli to ! wom5 :o came to ! tab]nacle17#bde7 p>tly f ! beliefs & practices z to 8holy m50 :i* survive to ?is day among ! ,syrian peasantry4 7,m#eh7 ,( ^! 8holy m50 we are told t 8s f> z !y are n impo/ors1 !y are m5 :om we w\ld call insane1 kn[n among ! ,syrians z mejnn1 possess$ by a j9n or _s4 ,!y (t5 g 9 fil?y g>m5ts1 or )\t clo?+4 ,s9ce !y are reg>d$ z intoxicat$ by deity1 ! mo/ dignifi$ m51 & ( ! highe/ /&+ among ! ,moslems1 submit to utt] indec5t language at _! bidd+ )\t rebuke1 & ignorant ,moslem wom5 d n %r9k f _! approa*1 because 9 _! sup]/iti\s belief !y attribute to !m1 z m5 possess$ by ,god1 a div9e au?ority :i* !y d>e n resi/4 ,su* an attitude ( compliance may be exceptional1 b !re are m ?an rum\rs ( its exi/5ce4 ,^! #8holy m5' diff] f ! ord9>y d]wi%es :om travell]s s (t5 see 9 ,cairo1 & f ! ord9>y madm5 :o are kept 9 fett]s1 s t !y may n d injury to !mselves & o!rs4 ,b _! appe>ance1 & ! expressions reg>d+ !m1 af=d "s illu/rations ( ! popul> e/imate ( anci5t se]s1 or prophets1 9 ! "t ( ,hosea3 #8,! prophet is a fool1 ! man t ha? ! _s is mad'27#bdf7 & 9 ! "t ( ,j]emiah17#bdg7 ! man :o made himself a prophet 0 consid]$ z good z a madman407#bdh7 ,to complete ! p>allel ^! vagabonds 8are also believ$ to be possess$ ( prophetic p[]1 s t !y are able to =etell ! future1 & w>n ! p among :om !y live ( imp5d+ dang]407#bdi7 7,m#ei7 ,we may conjecture t ) wom5 a p[]ful motive = submitt+ to ! embraces ( ! 8holy m50 is a hope ( obta9+ (fspr+ by !m4 ,= 9 ,syria x is /ill believ$ t ev5 dead sa9ts c beget *ildr5 on b>r5 wom51 :o accord+ly resort to _! %r9es 9 ord] to obta9 ! wi% ( _! he>ts4 ,= example1 at ! ,ba?s ( ,solomon 9 ,nor!rn ,pale/9e1 bla/s ( hot air escape f ! gr\nd2 & "o ( !m1 nam$ ,abu ,rabah1 is a fam\s resort ( *ildless wives :o wi% to satisfy _! mat]nal long+s4 ,!y let ! hot air /ream up ov] _! bodies & really believe t *ildr5 born to !m aft] su* a visit are begott5 by ! sa9t ( ! %r9e47#bej7 ,b ! sa9t :o enjoys ! highe/ reputation 9 ?is respect is ,/4 ,george4 ,he reveals himself at 8 %r9es :i* are scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry2 at ea* ( !m !re is a tomb or ! lik5ess ( a tomb4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! sanctu>ies is at ,kalat el ,hosn 9 ,nor!rn ,syria4 ,b>r5 wom5 ( all sects1 includ+ ,moslems1 resort to x4 8,!re are _m natives :o %rug _! %\ld]s :5 ?is %r9e is m5tion$ 9 connection ) wom54 ,b x is d\btless true t _m d n "k :at seems to be its true "*1 & :o ?9k t ! mo/ puissant sa9t1 z !y believe1 9 ! _w c give !m sons40 8,b ! true "* ( ! place is beg9n+ to be recogniz$1 s t _m ,moslems h =bidd5 _! wives to visit x407#bea7 #f4 ,sons ( ,god4 7,m#fj7 ,cu/oms l ! =ego+ may s]ve to expla9 ! belief1 :i* is n conf9$ to ,syria1 t m5 & wom5 may be 9 fact & n m]ely 9 metaphor ! sons & daught]s ( a god2 = ^! mod]n sa9ts1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,moslem1 :o fa!r ! *ildr5 ( ,syrian mo!rs1 are no?+ b ! old gods "u a ?9 disguise4 ,if 9 antiquity z at ! pres5t day ,semitic wom5 (t5 repair$ to %r9es 9 ord] to h ! reproa* ( b>r5ness remov$ f !m--& ! pray] ( ,hannah is a famili> example ( ! practice17#beb7 we c\ld easily und]/& n only ! tradition ( ! sons ( ,god :o begat *ildr5 on ! daught]s ( m517#bec7 b also ! exce$+ly common occurr5ce ( ! div9e titles 9 ,hebrew names ( human be+s47#bed7 ,multitudes ( m5 & wom51 9 fact1 ^: mo!rs _h resort$ to holy places 9 ord] to procure (fspr+1 w\ld be reg>d$ z ! actual *ildr5 ( ! god & w\ld be nam$ accord+ly4 ,h5ce ,hannah call$ h] infant ,samuel1 :i* means 8"n ( ,god0 or 88 "n is ,god027#bee7 & probably %e s9c]ely believ$ t ! *ild 0 actually begott5 9 h] womb by ! deity47#bef7 ,! d$ication ( su* *ildr5 to ! s]vice ( ,god at ! sanctu>y 0 m]ely giv+ back ! div9e son to ! div9e fa!r4 ,simil>ly 9 ,we/ ,africa1 :5 a woman has got a *ild at ! %r9e ( ,agbasia1 ! god :o alone be/[s (fspr+ on wom51 %e d$icates him or h] z a sacr$ slave to ! deity47#beg7 7,m#fa7 ,?us 9 ! ,syrian beliefs & cu/oms ( to-day we probably h ! clue to ! religi\s pro/itution practis$ 9 ! v same regions 9 antiquity4 ,!n z n[ wom5 look$ to ! local god1 ! ,baal or ,adonis ( old1 ! ,abu ,rabah or ,/4 ,george ( to-day1 to satisfy ! natural crav+ ( a woman's he>t2 & !n z n[1 app>5tly1 ! "p ( ! local god 0 play$ by sacr$ m51 :o 9 p]sonat+ him may (t5 h s9c]ely believ$ t !y 7 act+ "u div9e inspiration1 & t ! functions :i* !y dis*>g$ 7 necess>y = ! f]tility ( ! l& z well z = ! propagation ( ! human species4 ,! purify+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism has re/rict$ su* cu/oms )9 n>r[ limits2 ev5 "u ,turki% rule !y are n[ only c>ri$ on 9 holes & corn]s4 ,yet if ! practice has dw9dl$1 ! pr9ciple :i* x embodies appe>s to be fundam5tally ! same2 x is a desire = ! cont9uance ( ! species1 & a belief t an object s natural & legitimate c be accompli%$ by div9e p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! bodies ( m5 & wom54 7,m#fb7 ,! belief 9 ! physical fa!rhood ( ,god has n be5 conf9$ to ,syria 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,else:]e _m m5 h be5 c\nt$ ! sons ( ,god 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 be+ suppos$ to h be5 begott5 by 8 holy _s 9 ! wombs ( mortal wom54 ,"h ,i %all m]ely illu/rate ! cre$ by a few examples drawn f classical antiquity47#beh7 ,?us 9 ord] to obta9 (fspr+ wom5 us$ to resort to ! great sanctu>y ( ,aesculapius1 situat$ 9 a beautiful upl& valley1 to :i* a pa?1 w9d+ ?r\gh a long wood$ gorge1 leads f ! bay ( ,epidaurus4 ,"h ! wom5 slept 9 ! holy place & 7 visit$ 9 dreams by a s]p5t2 & ! *ildr5 to :om !y aft]w>ds gave bir? 7 believ$ to h be5 begott5 by ! reptile47#bei7 ,t ! s]p5t 0 suppos$ to be ! god himself seems c]ta92 = ,aesculapius repeat$ly appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t17#bfj7 & live s]p5ts 7 kept & f$ 9 8 sanctu>ies = ! heal+ ( ! sick1 be+ no d\bt reg>d$ z 8 inc>nations47#bfa7 ,h5ce ! *ildr5 born to wom5 :o _h ?us visit$ a sanctu>y ( ,aesculapius 7 probably fa!r$ on ! s]p5t-god4 ,_m celebrat$ m5 9 classical antiquity 7 ?us promot$ to ! heav5ly hi]>*y by simil> leg5ds ( a miracul\s bir?4 ,! fam\s ,aratus ( ,sicyon 0 c]ta9ly believ$ by 8 c\ntrym5 to be a son ( ,aesculapius2 8 "m is said to h got him 9 int]c\rse ) a s]p5t47#bfb7 ,probably %e slept ei!r 9 ! %r9e ( ,aesculapius at ,sicyon1 :]e a figur9e ( h] 0 %[n seat$ on a s]p5t17#bfc7 or p]haps 9 ! m seclud$ sanctu>y ( ! god at ,titane1 n _m miles (f1 :]e ! sacr$ s]p5ts crawl$ among anci5t cypresses on ! hill-top :i* ov]looks ! n>r[ gre5 valley ( ! ,asopus ) ! :ite turbid riv] ru%+ 9 its dep?s47#bfd7 ,!re1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! cypresses1 ) ! murmur ( ! ,asopus 9 h] e>s1 ! "m ( ,aratus may h conceiv$1 or fanci$ %e conceiv$1 ! future deliv]] ( 8 c\ntry4 ,aga91 ! "m ( ,augu/us is said to h got him by int]c\rse ) a s]p5t 9 a temple ( ,apollo2 h5ce ! emp]or 0 reput$ to be ! son ( t god47#bfe7 ,simil> tales 7 told ( ! ,mess5ian h]o ,ari/om5es1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 & ! eld] ,scipio3 all ( !m 7 report$ to h be5 begott5 by snakes47#bff7 ,9 ! "t ( ,h]od a s]p5t1 accord+ to ,aelian1 9 l mann] made love to a ,judean maid47#bfg7 ,c ! /ory be a di/ort$ rum\r ( ! p>5tage ( ,*ri/8 7,m#fc7 ,9 ,india ev5 /one s]p5ts are cr$it$ ) a p[] ( be/[+ (fspr+ on wom54 ,?us ! ,komatis ( ,mysore 8wor%ip ,nga or ! s]p5t god4 ,?is wor%ip is g5]ally conf9$ to wom5 & is c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale once a ye> on ! fif? day ( ! bright =tnight ( ,srvana 7,july & ,augu/74 ,! repres5tations ( s]p5ts are cut 9 /one slabs & are set up r\nd an ,asvat?a tree on a plat=m1 on :i* is also g5]ally plant$ a m>gosa tree4 ,^! snakes 9 /ones are set up 9 p]=mance ( v[s & are said to be specially efficaci\s 9 cur+ bad sores & o!r sk9 diseases & 9 giv+ *ildr54 ,! wom5 g to su* places = wor%ip ) milk1 fruits1 & fl[]s on ! prescrib$ day :i* is obs]v$ z a fea/ day40 ,!y wa% ! /ones1 sme> !m ) turm]ic1 & (f] !m curds & fruits4 ,sometimes !y se>* out ! d5s ( s]p5ts & p\r milk into ! holes = ! live reptiles47#bfh7 #g4 ,re9c>nation ( ! ,dead4 7,m#fd7 ,! reason :y snakes 7 s (t5 suppos$ to be ! fa!rs ( human be+s is probably to be f\nd 9 ! common belief t ! dead come to life & revisit _! old homes 9 ! %ape ( s]p5ts4 ,?is notion is widely spread 9 ,africa1 especially among tribes ( ! ,bantu /ock4 ,x is held1 = example1 by ! ,zulus1 ! ,?onga1 & o!r ,caffre tribes ( ,s\? ,africa27#bfi7 by ! ,ngoni ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa27#bgj7 by ! ,wabondei17#bga7 ! ,masai17#bgb7 ! ,suk17#bgc7 ! ,n&i17#bgd7 & ! ,akikuyu ( ,g]man & ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa27#bge7 & by ! ,d9kas ( ! ,upp] ,nile47#bgf7 ,x prevails also among ! ,betsileo & o!r tribes ( ,madagasc>47#bgg7 ,among ! ,iban or ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo a man's gu>dian _s 7,tua7 8has its ext]nal manife/ation 9 a snake1 a leop>d or "s o!r d5iz5 ( ! =e/4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! _s ( "s ance/or r5[n$ = brav]y or "s o!r virtue :o at dea? has tak5 an animal =m4 ,x is a cu/om among ! ,iban :5 a p]son ( note 9 ! tribe dies1 n to bury ! body b to place x on a neighb\r+ hill or 9 "s solit>y spot above gr\nd4 ,a quantity ( food is tak5 to ! place e day1 & if aft] a few days ! body disappe>s1 ! deceas$ is said to h become a ,tua or gu>dian _s4 ,p :o h be5 suff]+ f "s *ronic compla9t (t5 g to su* a tomb1 tak+ ) !m an (f]+ to ! s\l ( ! deceas$ to obta9 8 help4 ,to su* x is reveal$ 9 a dream :at animal =m ! hon\r$ dead has tak54 ,! mo/ frequ5t =m is t ( a snake4 ,?us :5 a snake is f\nd 9 a ,dyak h\se x is seldom kill$ or driv5 away2 food is (f]$ to x1 = x is a gu>dian _s :o has come to inquire aft] ! welf>e ( its cli5ts & br+ !m good luck4 ,any?+ t may be f\nd 9 ! m\? ( su* a snake is tak5 & kept z a *>m407#bgh7 ,simil>ly 9 ,kiriw9a1 an isl& ( ! ,trobri&s ,gr\p1 to ! ea/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 8! natives reg>d$ ! snake z "o ( _! ance/ral *iefs1 or r z ! abode ( 8 _s1 & :5 "o 0 se5 9 a h\se x 0 believ$ t ! *ief 0 pay+ a visit to 8 old home4 ,! natives consid]$ ?is z an ill om5 & s always tri$ to p]suade ! animal to dep>t z soon z possible4 ,! hon\rs ( a *ief 7 paid to ! snake3 ! natives pass$ x 9 a cr\*+ po/ure1 & z !y did s1 salut$ x z a *ief ( high rank4 ,native prop]ty 0 pres5t$ to x z an appeas+ gift1 accompani$ by pray]s t x w\ld n d !m any h>m1 b w\ld g away quickly4 ,!y d>$ n kill ! snake1 = its dea? w\ld br+ disease & dea? ^u ^? :o did s407#bgi7 7,m#fe7 ,:]e s]p5ts are ?us view$ z ance/ors come to life1 ! p naturally treat !m ) great respect & (t5 fe$ !m ) milk1 p]haps because milk is ! food ( human babes & ! reptiles are treat$ z human be+s 9 embryo1 :o c be born aga9 f wom54 ,?us 8! ,zulu-,caffres imag9e t _! ance/ors g5]ally visit !m "u ! =m ( s]p5ts4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z "o ( ^! reptiles appe>s ne> _! dwell+s1 !y ha/5 to salute x by ! "n ( fa!r1 place b[ls ( milk 9 its way1 & turn x back g5tly1 & ) ! greate/ respect407#bhj7 ,among ! ,masai ( ,ea/ ,africa1 8:5 a m$ic9e-man or a ri* p]son dies & is buri$1 8 s\l turns into a snake z soon z 8 body rots2 & ! snake goes to 8 *ildr5's kraal to look aft] !m4 ,! ,masai 9 consequ5ce d n kill _! sacr$ snakes1 & if a woman sees "o 9 h] hut1 %e p\rs "s milk on ! gr\nd = x to lick1 aft] :i* x w g away407#bha7 ,among ! ,n&i ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 8if a snake goes on to ! woman's b$1 x may n be kill$1 z x is believ$ t x p]sonifies ! _s ( a deceas$ ance/or or relation1 & t x has be5 s5t to intimate to ! woman t h] next *ild w be born safely4 ,milk is put on ! gr\nd = x to dr9k1 & ! man or 8 wife says3 #8444 ,if ?\ wante/ ! call1 come1 ?\ art be+ call$4' ,x is !n all[$ to leave ! h\se4 ,if a snake ent]s ! h\ses ( old p !y give x milk1 & say3 #8,if ?\ wante/ ! call1 g to ! huts ( ! *ildr51' & !y drive x away407#bhb7 ,?is association ( ! s]p5t1 reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( ! dead1 bo? ) ! m>riage b$ & ) ! huts ( "y p1 po9ts to a belief t ! deceas$ p]son :o is inc>nate 9 ! snake may be born aga9 z a human *ild into ! _w4 ,aga91 among ! ,suk ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa 8x seems to be g5]ally believ$ t a man's _s passes into a snake at dea?4 ,if a snake ent]s a h\se1 ! _s ( ! dead man is believ$ to be v hungry4 ,milk is p\r$ on to its tracks1 & a little meat & tobacco plac$ on ! gr\nd = x to eat4 ,x is believ$ t if no food is giv5 to ! snake "o or all ( ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold w die4 ,x1 h[ev]1 may none ! less be kill$ if enc\nt]$ outside ! h\se1 & if at ! "t ( its dea? x is inhabit$ by ! _s ( a dead man1 #8t _s dies also4' 07#bhc7 ,! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 :o simil>ly believe t snakes are ngoma or spirits ( ! dep>t$1 8d n kill a snake b p\r out honey & milk = x to dr9k1 :i* !y say x licks up & !n goes its way4 ,if a man causes ! dea? ( a snake he mu/ )\t delay summon ! s5ior ,eld]s 9 ! village & slaught] a %eep1 :i* !y eat & cut a rukw>u f ! sk9 ( its "r %\ld] = ! (f5d] to we> on 8 "r wri/2 if ?is c]emony is neglect$ he1 8 wife & 8 *ildr5 w die407#bhd7 ,among ! ,bag&a ! py?on god ,selwanga _h 8 temple on ! %ore ( ! lake ,victoria ,nyanza1 :]e he dwelt 9 ! =m ( a live py?on4 ,! temple 0 a hut ( ! ord9>y conical %ape ) a r\nd hole 9 ! wall1 ?r\gh :i* ! s9u\s deity crawl$ out & 9 at 8 pleasure4 ,a woman liv$ 9 ! temple1 & x 0 h] duty to fe$ ! py?on daily ) fre% milk f a wood5 b[l1 :i* %e held out to ! div9e reptile :ile he dra9$ x4 ,! s]p5t 0 ?\ght to be ! giv] ( *ildr52 h5ce "y c\ples liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood always came to ! %r9e to ensure ! bless+ ( ! god on _! union1 & *ildless wom5 repair$ f long di/ances to be reliev$ by him f ! curse ( b>r5ness47#bhe7 ,x is n said t ?is py?on god embodi$ ! s\l ( a dead ance/or1 b x may h be5 s2 8 p[] ( be/[+ (fspr+ on wom5 sugge/s x4 7,m#ff7 ,! ,romans & ,greeks appe> to h also believ$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 inc>nate 9 ! bodies ( s]p5ts4 ,among ! ,romans ! regul> symbol ( ! g5ius or gu>dian _s ( e man 0 a s]p5t17#bhf7 & 9 ,roman h\ses s]p5ts 7 lodg$ & f$ 9 su* numb]s t if _! sw>ms _h n be5 sometimes r$uc$ by conflagrations !re w\ld h be5 no liv+ = !m47#bhg7 ,9 ,greek leg5d ,cadmus & 8 wife ,h>monia 7 turn$ at dea? into snakes47#bhh7 ,:5 ! ,sp>tan k+ ,cleom5es 0 sla9 & crucifi$ 9 ,egypt1 a great s]p5t coil$ r\nd 8 head on ! cross & kept (f ! vultures f 8 face4 ,! p reg>d$ ! prodigy z a pro( t ,cleom5es 0 a son ( ! gods47#bhi7 ,aga91 :5 ,plot9us lay dy+1 a snake crawl$ f "u 8 b$ & disappe>$ into a hole 9 ! wall1 & at ! same mom5t ! philosoph] expir$47#bij7 ,app>5tly sup]/ition saw 9 ^! s]p5ts ! s\ls ( ! dead m54 ,9 ,greek religion ! s]p5t 0 inde$ ! regul> symbol or attribute ( ! wor%ipful dead17#bia7 & we c h>dly d\bt t ! e>ly ,greeks1 l ! ,zulus & o!r ,african tribes at ! pres5t day1 really believ$ ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ to be lodg$ 9 ! reptile4 ,! sacr$ s]p5t :i* liv$ 9 ! ,ere*!um at ,a!ns1 & 0 f$ ) honey-cakes once a mon?1 may h be5 suppos$ to h\se ! s\l ( ! dead k+ ,ere*!us1 :o _h reign$ 9 8 lifetime on ! same spot47#bib7 ,p]haps ! libations ( milk :i* ! ,greeks p\r$ ^u graves7#bic7 7 int5d$ to be drunk by s]p5ts z ! embodim5ts ( ! deceas$2 on two tomb/ones f\nd at ,tegea a man & a woman are respectively repres5t$ hold+ out to a s]p5t a cup :i* may be suppos$ to conta9 milk47#bid7 ,we h se5 t v>i\s ,african tribes fe$ s]p5ts ) milk because !y imag9e ! reptiles to be inc>nations ( _! dead k9sfolk27#bie7 & ! ,d9kas1 :o practise ! cu/om1 also p\r milk on ! graves ( _! fri5ds = "s "t aft] ! burial47#bif7 ,x is possible t a common type 9 ,greek art1 :i* exhibits a woman fe$+ a s]p5t out ( a sauc]1 may h be5 borr[$ f a practice ( ?us m9i/]+ to ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$47#big7 7,m#fg7 ,fur!r1 at ! s[+ fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria1 held by ,greek wom5 9 ,octob]1 x 0 cu/om>y to ?r[ cakes & pigs to s]p5ts1 :i* liv$ 9 cav]ns or vaults sacr$ to ! corn-goddess ,demet]47#bih7 ,we may guess t ! s]p5ts ?us propitiat$ 7 deem$ to be inc>nations ( dead m5 & wom51 :o might easily be incommod$ 9 _! e>?y b$s by ! op]ations ( husb&ry4 ,:at inde$ c\ld be m di/urb+ ?an to h ! ro( ( ! n>r[ h\se %ak5 & r5t ov] _! heads by clumsy ox5 dragg+ a pl\gh up & d[n on ! top ( x8 ,no wond] t at su* times x 0 ?\ght desirable to appease !m ) (f]+s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is n ! dead b ! ,e>? ,goddess h]self :o is di/urb$ by ! husb&man4 ,an ,indian prophet at ,prie/ ,rapids1 on ! ,middle ,columbia ,riv]1 dissuad$ 8 _m foll[]s f till+ ! gr\nd because 8x is a s9 to w\nd or cut1 te> up or scrat* our common "m by agricultural pursuits407#bii7 8,y ask me10 said ?is ,indian sage1 8to pl\gh ! gr\nd4 ,%all ,i take a knife & te> my "m's bosom8 ,y ask me to dig = /one4 ,%all ,i dig "u h] sk9 = h] bones8 ,y ask me to cut grass & hay & sell x & be ri* l :ite m54 ,b h[ d>e ,i cut (f my "m's hair807#cjj7 ,! ,baigas1 a primitive ,dravidian tribe ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 ,india1 us$ to practise a fitful & migratory agriculture1 burn+ d[n pat*es ( jungle & s[+ se$ 9 ! soil f]tiliz$ by ! a%es aft] ! break+ ( ! ra9s4 8,"o explanation ( _! refusal to till ! gr\nd is t !y consid] x a s9 to lac]ate ! brea/ ( _! "m e>? ) a pl\gh%>e407#cja7 ,9 ,*9a ! di/urbance caus$ to ! e>?-spirits by ! op]ations ( digg+ & pl\gh+ 0 s v s]i\s t ,*9ese philosophy appe>s to h contemplat$ a plan = all[+ ! p]turb$ spirits a close "t by =bidd+ ! f>m] to put 8 spade or 8 pl\gh into ! gr\nd except on c]ta9 days1 :5 ! e>?-spirits 7 ei!r n at home or k9dly cons5t$ to put up ) "s tempor>y inconv5i5ce = ! good ( man4 ,?is we may inf] f a passage 9 a ,*9ese au?or :o wrote 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 8,if x is true10 he says1 8t ! spirits :o inhabit ! soil object to x be+ di/urb$ & dug up1 !n x is prop] = u to select special good days = digg+ dit*es & pl\gh+ our fields4 7,b ?is is nev] done72 x !re=e foll[s t ! spirits ( ! soil1 ev5 ?\gh really annoy$ :5 x is di/urb$1 pass ov] su* an (f5ce if man commits x )\t evil int5t4 ,z he commits x m]ely to ensure 8 re/ & com=t1 ! act _c possibly excite any ang] aga9/ him 9 ! p]fect he>t ( ^? spirits2 & ?is be+ ! case1 !y w n visit him ) mis=tune ev5 if he d n *oose auspici\s days = x4 ,b if we believe t ! e>?-spirits _c excuse man on acc\nt ( ! object he pursues1 & dete/ him = annoy+ !m by di/urb+ ! gr\nd1 :at advantage !n c he d]ive f select+ prop] days = do+ s807#cjb7 ,:at advantage inde$8 ,9 t case ! only logical conclusion is1 ) ! ,indian prophet1 to =bid agriculture altoge!r1 z an impi\s encroa*m5t on ! spiritual _w4 ,few peoples1 h[ev]1 :o h once contract$ ! habit ( agriculture are will+ to r5\nce x out ( a reg>d = ! high] p[]s2 ! utmo/ concession :i* !y are will+ to make to religion 9 ! matt] is to prohibit agricultural op]ations at c]ta9 times & seasons1 :5 ! ex]cise ( !m w\ld be m ?an usually pa9ful to ! e>?-spirits4 ,?us 9 ,b5gal ! *ief fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,"m ,e>? is held at ! end ( ! hot season1 :5 %e is suppos$ to suff] f ! impurity common to wom51 & dur+ t "t all pl\gh+1 s[+1 & o!r "w cease47#cjc7 ,on a c]ta9 day ( ! ye>1 :5 (f]+s are made to ! ,e>?1 ! ,ewe f>m] ( ,we/ ,africa w n hoe ! gr\nd1 & ! ,ewe weav] w n drive a %>p /ake into x1 8because ! hoe & ! /ake w\ld w\nd ! ,e>? & cause h] pa9407#cjd7 ,:5 ,ratumaimbulu1 ! god :o made fruit-trees to blossom & be> fruit1 came once a ye> to ,fiji1 ! p _h to live v quietly = a mon? le/ !y %\ld di/urb him at 8 important "w4 ,dur+ ?is "t !y might n plant nor build nor sail ab\t nor g to w>2 inde$ mo/ k9ds ( "w 7 =bidd54 ,! prie/s ann\nc$ ! "t ( ! god's arrival & dep>ture47#cje7 ,^! p]iods ( re/ & quiet w\ld seem to be ! ,indian & ,fijian ,l5t4 7,m#fh7 ,?us beh9d ! ,greek notion t wom5 may conceive by a s]p5t-god7#cjf7 seems to lie ! belief t !y c conceive by ! dead 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts4 ,if su* a belief 0 ev] held1 x w\ld be natural t b>r5 wom5 %\ld resort to graves 9 ord] to h _! wombs quick5$1 & ?is may expla9 :y !y visit$ ! %r9e ( ! s]p5t-god ,aesculapius = t purpose2 ! %r9e 0 p]haps at fir/ a grave4 ,x is significant t 9 ,syria ! %r9es ( ,/4 ,george1 to :i* *ildless wom5 g to get (fspr+1 always include a tomb or ! lik5ess ( "o27#cjg7 & fur!r1 t 9 ! op9ion ( ,syrian peasants at ! pres5t day wom5 may1 )\t int]c\rse ) a liv+ man1 be> *ildr5 to a dead husb&1 a dead sa9t1 or a j9nee47#cjh7 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies also x is /ill commonly believ$ t spirits c consort ) wom5 & beget *ildr5 on !m4 ,! ,olo ,ngadjoe ( ,borneo imag9e t alb9oes are ! (fspr+ ( ! _s ( ! moon by mortal wom51 ! pallid hue ( ! human *ildr5 naturally reflect+ ! pallor ( _! heav5ly fa!r47#cji7 7,m#fi7 ,su* beliefs are closely ak9 to ! idea1 ent]ta9$ by _m peoples1 t ! s\ls ( ! dead may pass directly into ! wombs ( wom5 & be born aga9 z infants4 ,?us ! ,hurons us$ to bury little *ildr5 beside ! pa?s 9 ! hope t _! s\ls might ent] ! pass+ squaws & be born aga927#caj7 & simil>ly "s negroes ( ,we/ ,africa ?r[ ! bodies ( infants into ! bu% 9 ord] t _! s\ls may *oose a new "m f ! wom5 :o pass by47#caa7 ,among ! tribes ( ! ,l[] ,congo 8a baby is always buri$ ne> ! h\se ( its "m1 nev] 9 ! bu%4 ,!y ?9k t1 if ! *ild is n buri$ ne> its "m's h\se1 %e w be unlucky & nev] h any m *ildr540 ,! notion probably is t ! dead *ild1 buri$ ne> its "m's h\se1 w ent] into h] womb & be born aga91 = ^! p believe 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead4 ,!y ?9k t 8! only new ?+ ab\t a *ild is its body4 ,! _s is old & =m]ly belong$ to "s deceas$ p]son1 or x may h ! _s ( "s liv+ p]son40 ,= example1 if a *ild is l its "m1 fa!r1 or uncle1 !y imag9e t x mu/ h ! _s ( ! relative :om x resembles1 & t !re=e ! p]son ^: s\l has ?us be5 ab/ract$ by ! infant w soon die47#cab7 ,among ! ,bangalas1 a tribe ( cannibals 9 ,equatorial ,africa1 to ! nor? ( ! ,congo1 a woman 0 "o day se5 digg+ a hole 9 ! public road4 ,h] husb& entreat$ a ,belgian (fic] to let h] alone1 promis+ to m5d ! road aft]w>ds1 & expla9+ t 8 wife wi%$ to become a "m4 ,! good-natur$ (fic] compli$ ) 8 reque/ & wat*$ ! woman4 ,%e cont9u$ to dig till %e _h uncov]$ a little skeleton1 ! rema9s ( h] fir/-born1 :i* %e t5d]ly embrac$1 humbly entreat+ ! dead *ild to ent] into h] & give h] aga9 a "m's joy4 ,! (fic] rightly did n smile47#cac7 ,! ,bagi%u1 a ,bantu tribe ( ,m\nt ,elgon1 9 ! ,ug&a ,protectorate1 practise ! cu/om ( ?r[+ out _! dead 8except 9 ! case ( ! y\nge/ *ild or ! old gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r1 = :om1 l ! *ild1 a prolong$ life on e>? is desir$4444 ,:5 x is desir$ to p]petuate on ! e>? ! life ( "s old man or woman1 or t ( "s "y baby1 ! corpse is buri$ inside ! h\se or j "u ! eaves1 until ano!r *ild is born to ! ne>e/ relation ( ! corpse4 ,?is *ild1 male or female1 takes ! "n ( ! corpse1 & ! ,bagi%u firmly believe t ! _s ( ! dead has pass$ into ?is new *ild & lives aga9 on e>?4 ,! rema9s are !n dug up & ?r[n out into ! op5407#cad7 7,m#gj7 ,aga91 j z measures are adopt$ to facilitate ! rebir? ( good gho/s1 s on ! o!r h& precautions are tak5 to prev5t ! rebir? ( bad ones4 ,?us1 ) reg>d to ! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa we read t1 8:ile ! pres5t g5]ation "k ! cause ( pregnancy1 ! p 9 ! e>li] times 7 unc]ta9 z to its real cause1 & ?\ght t x 0 possible to conceive )\t any int]c\rse ) ! male sex4 ,h5ce _! precautions 9 pass+ places :]e ei!r a suicide _h be5 burnt1 or a *ild born feet fir/ _h be5 buri$4 ,wom5 7 c>eful to ?r[ grass or /icks on su* a spot1 = by s do+ !y ?\ght t !y c\ld prev5t ! gho/ ( ! dead f ent]+ into !m1 & be+ reborn407#cae7 ,! fe> ( be+ got ) *ild by su* gho/s 0 n conf9$ to m>ri$ wom51 x 0 %>$ by all wom5 alike1 :e!r "y or old1 :e!r m>ri$ or s+le2 & all ( !m s\ght to av]t ! dang] 9 ! same way47#caf7 ,& ,bag&a wom5 imag9$ t )\t ! help ( ! o!r sex !y c\ld be impregnat$ n only by ^! unpleasant gho/s b also by ! fl[] ( ! banana4 ,if :ile a woman 0 busy 9 h] g>d5 "u ! %ad[ ( ! banana trees1 a great purple bloom *anc$ to fall f "o ( ! trees on h] back or %\ld]s1 x 0 q en\gh1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,bag&a1 to get h] ) *ild2 & 7 a wife accus$ ( adult]y because %e gave bir? to a *ild :o c\ld n possibly h be5 begott5 by h] husb&1 %e _h only to fa!r ! infant on a banana fl[] to be hon\rably acquitt$ ( ! *>ge4 ,! reason :y ?is rem>kable prop]ty 0 ascrib$ to ! bloom ( ! banana w\ld seem to be t gho/s ( ance/ors 7 ?\ght to haunt banana groves1 & t ! aft]bir?s ( *ildr51 :i* ! ,bag&a reg>d$ z tw9s ( ! *ildr51 7 commonly buri$ at ! root ( ! trees47#cag7 ,:at m natural ?an t a gho/ %\ld lurk 9 ea* fl[]1 & dropp+ adroitly 9 ! lik5ess ( a blossom on a woman's back effect a lodgm5t 9 h] womb8 7,m#ga7 ,aga91 :5 a *ild dies 9 ,nor!rn ,india x is usually buri$ "u ! ?re%old ( ! h\se1 89 ! belief t z ! p>5ts tread daily ov] its grave1 its s\l w be reborn 9 ! family4 ,"h1 z ,mr4 ,rose sugge/s1 we rea* an explanation ( ! rule t *ildr5 ( ,h9dus are buri$1 n cremat$4 ,_! s\ls d n pass into ! e!r ) ! smoke ( ! pyre1 b rema9 on e>? to be re9c>nat$ 9 ! h\sehold407#cah7 ,9 ! ,punjaub ?is belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( dead infants gives rise to "s qua9t or pa!tic cu/oms4 ,?us1 89 ! ,hiss> ,di/rict1 ,bi%nois bury dead infants at ! ?re%old1 9 ! belief t x w\ld facilitate ! return ( ! s\l to ! "m4 ,! practice is also 9 vogue 9 ! ,kangra ,di/rict1 :]e ! body is buri$ 9 front ( ! back door4 ,9 "s places x is believ$ t1 if ! *ild dies 9 infancy & ! "m drops h] milk = two or ?ree days on ! gr\nd1 ! s\l ( ! *ild comes back to be born aga94 ,= ?is purpose milk dilut$ ) wat] is plac$ 9 a small e>!n pot & (f]$ to ! dead *ild's _s = ?ree consecutive ev5+s4 ,!re is also a belief 9 ! ,ambala & ,gujrat ,di/ricts t if jackals & dogs dig out ! dead body ( ! *ild & br+ x t[>ds ! t[n or village1 x means t ! *ild w return to its "m1 b if !y take x to "s o!r side1 ! s\l w re9c>nate 9 "s o!r family4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! second day aft] ! infant's dea?1 ! "m goes out e>ly 9 ! morn+ to see :e!r ! dogs h br\ght ! body t[>ds ! village4 ,:5 ! *ild is be+ tak5 away = burial ! "m cuts (f & pres]ves a piece ( its g>m5t ) a view to p]suade ! s\l to return to h]4 ,b>r5 wom5 or ^? :o h lo/ *ildr5 9 infancy te> a piece (f ! clo?+ ( a dead *ild & /it* x to _! we>+ app>el1 believ+ t ! s\l ( ! *ild w return to !m in/ead ( its own "m4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 p take great c>e n to lose ! clo!s ( dead *ildr51 & "s bury !m 9 ! h\se407#cai7 ,9 ,bilaspore 8a /ill-born *ild1 or "o :o has pass$ away be=e ! ,*hatti 7! six? day1 ! day ( purification7 is n tak5 out ( ! h\se = burial1 b is plac$ 9 an e>!n vessel & is buri$ 9 ! doorway or 9 ! y>d ( ! h\se4 ,"s say t ?is is done 9 ord] t ! "m may be> ano!r *ild407#cbj7 ,"h 9 ,bilaspore ! p h devis$ a v simple way ( id5tify+ a dead p]son :5 he or %e is born aga9 z an infant4 ,:5 anybody dies1 !y m>k ! body ) soot or oil1 & ! next baby born 9 ! family ) a simil> m>k is hail$ z ! dep>t$ come to life aga947#cba7 ,among ! ,kois ( ! ,godav>i di/rict1 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ! dead are usually burnt1 b ! bodies ( *ildr5 & ( "y m5 & wom5 are buri$4 ,if a *ild dies )9 a mon? ( its bir?1 x is g5]ally buri$ close to ! h\se 8s t ! ra91 dripp+ f ! eaves1 may fall ^u ! grave1 & !reby cause ! p>5ts to be bless$ ) ano!r *ild407#cbb7 ,app>5tly x is suppos$ t ! s\l ( ! dead *ild1 refre%$ & reviv$ by ! ra91 w pass aga9 into ! "m's womb4 ,indian crim9al records conta9 _m cases 9 :i* 8! c]emonial kill+ ( a male *ild has be5 p]=m$ z a cure = b>r5ness1 ! !ory be+ t ! s\l ( ! murd]$ boy becomes re9c>nat$ 9 ! woman1 :o p]=ms ! rite ) a desire to secure (fspr+4 ,usually %e effects union ) ! _s ( ! *ild by ba?+ ov] its body or 9 ! wat] 9 :i* ! corpse has be5 wa%$4 ,cases h rec5tly occurr$ 9 :i* ! woman actually ba!d 9 ! blood ( ! *ild407#cbc7 7,m#gb7 ,on ! fif? day aft] a dea? ! ,gonds p]=m ! c]emony ( br++ back ! s\l4 ,!y g to ! bank ( a riv]1 call al\d ! "n ( ! deceas$1 & ent]+ ! wat] cat* a fi% or an insect4 ,?is creature !y !n take home & place among ! sa9t$ dead ( ! family1 suppos+ t 9 ?is mann] ! _s ( ! dep>t$ has be5 br\ght back to ! h\se4 ,sometimes ! fi% or insect is eat5 9 ! belief t x w be ?us reborn z a *ild47#cbd7 ,?is la/ cu/om expla9s ! widely diffus$ /ory ( virg9s :o h conceiv$ by eat+ ( a plant or an animal or m]ely by tak+ x to _! bosom47#cbe7 ,9 all su* cases we may surmise t ! plant or animal 0 ?\ght to conta9 ! s\l ( a dead p]son1 :i* ?us pass$ into ! virg9's womb & 0 born aga9 z an infant4 ,among ! ,s\? ,slavs *ildless wom5 (t5 resort to a grave 9 :i* a pregnant woman is buri$4 ,!re !y bite "s grass f ! grave1 invoke ! deceas$ by "n1 & beg h] to give !m ! fruit ( h] womb4 ,aft] t !y take a little ( ! m\ld f ! grave & c>ry x ab\t ) !m !nce=? "u _! girdle47#cbf7 ,app>5tly !y imag9e t ! s\l ( ! unborn infant is 9 ! grass or ! m\ld & w pass f x into _! body4 7,m#gc7 ,among ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 8impossible z x may be ?\ght1 x is yet a fact t wom5 "h & !re d5y 9 all s]i\sness ! connexion betwe5 sexual int]c\rse & pregnancy4 ,( c\rse mo/ p are cle> z to ! process4 ,! ignorance ( "s individuals is p]haps bas$ on ! consid]ation t n uncommonly m>ri$ wom5 rema9 *ildless = ye>s or = life4 ,f9ally1 ! animi/ic fai? contributes its %>e to support ! ignorance407#cbg7 ,9 "s isl&s ( ,s\!rn ,melanesia ! natives appe> simil>ly to believe t sexual int]c\rse is n necess>y to impregnation1 & t a woman c conceive ?r\gh ! simple passage into h] womb ( a _s-animal or a _s-fruit )\t ! help ( a man4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,mota1 "o ( ! ,banks' gr\p1 8! c\rse ( ev5ts is usually z foll[s3 a woman sitt+ d[n 9 h] g>d5 or 9 ! bu% or on ! %ore f9ds an animal or fruit 9 h] lo9clo?4 ,%e takes x up & c>ries x to ! village1 :]e %e asks ! mean+ ( ! appe>ance4 ,! p say t %e w give bir? to a *ild :o w h ! *>act]s ( ?is animal or ev51 x appe>$1 w\ld be himself or h]self ! animal4 ,! woman !n takes ! creature back to ! place :]e %e _h f\nd x & places x 9 its prop] home2 if x is a l& animal on ! l&2 if a wat] animal 9 ! pool or /ream f :i* x _h probably come4 ,%e builds up a wall r\nd x & goes to fe$ & visit x e day4 ,aft] a "t ! animal w disappe>1 & x is believ$ t t is because ! animal has at ! "t ( its disappe>ance ent]$ into ! woman4 ,x seem$ q cle> t !re 0 no belief 9 physical impregnation on ! "p ( ! animal1 nor ( ! entry ( a mat]ial object 9 ! =m ( ! animal into h] womb1 b s f> z ,i c\ld ga!r1 an animal f\nd 9 ?is way 0 reg>d$ z m or less sup]natural1 a _s animal & n "o mat]ial1 f ! beg9n+4 ,x has happ5$ 9 ! memory ( an old man n[ liv+ 9 ,mota t a woman :o has f\nd an animal 9 h] lo9clo? has c>ri$ x c>efully 9 h] clos$ h&s to ! village1 b t :5 %e op5$ h] h&s to %[ x to ! p1 ! animal has gone1 & 9 ?is case x 0 believ$ t ! entry _h tak5 place :ile ! woman 0 on h] way f ! bu% to ! village4444 ,:5 ! *ild is born x is reg>d$ z be+ 9 "s s5se ! animal or fruit :i* _h be5 f\nd & t5d$ by ! "m4 ,! *ild may n eat ! animal dur+ ! :ole ( its life1 & if x does s1 w suff] s]i\s illness1 if n dea?4 ,if x is a fruit :i* has be5 f\nd1 ! *ild may n eat ?is fruit or t\* ! tree on :i* x gr[s1 ! latt] re/riction rema9+ 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! fruit is in$ible4444 ,i inquir$ into ! idea at ! bottom ( ! prohibition ( ! animal z food1 & x appe>$ to be t ! p]son w\ld be eat+ himself4 ,x seem$ t ! act w\ld be reg>d$ z a k9d ( cannibalism4 ,x 0 evid5t t !re is a belief 9 ! mo/ intimate relation betwe5 ! p]son & all individuals ( ! species ) :i* he is id5tifi$4 8,a fur!r aspect ( ! belief 9 ! animal nature ( a *ild is t x p>takes ( ! physical & m5tal *>act]s ( ! animal ) :i* x is id5tifi$4 ,?us1 if ! animal f\nd has be5 a sea-snake1 & ?is is a frequ5t occurr5ce1 ! *ild w\ld be weak1 indol5t & sl[2 if an eel1 !re w be a simil> disposition2 if a h]mit crab1 ! *ild w be hot-temp]$2 if a fly+ fox1 x w also be hot-temp]$ & ! body w be d>k2 if a bru% turkey1 ! disposition w be good2 if a liz>d1 ! *ild w be s(t & g5tle2 if a rat1 ?\ghtless1 ha/y & intemp]ate4 ,if ! object f\nd has be5 a fruit1 "h also ! *ild w p>take ( its nature4 ,9 ! case ( a wild ,malay apple 7malmalagaviga7 ! *ild w h a big belly1 & a p]son ) ?is condition w be ask$1 #8,d y come f ! malmalagaviga8' ,aga91 if ! fruit is "o call$ wom>ak>aqat1 ! *ild w h a good disposition4 7,m#gd7 8,9 ! isl& ( ,motlav n f> f ,mota !y h ! same belief t if a "m has f\nd an animal 9 h] dress1 ! *ild w be id5tifi$ ) t animal & w n be all[$ to eat x4 ,"h aga9 ! *ild is believ$ to h ! *>act]s ( ! animal1 & two in/ances giv5 7 t a *ild id5tifi$ ) a yell[ crab w h a good disposition & be ( a light col\r1 :ile if a h]mit crab has be5 f\nd1 ! *ild w be angry & disagreeable4 ,9 ?is isl& a woman :o desires h] *ild to h c]ta9 *>act]s w frequ5t a place :]e %e w be likely to enc\nt] ! animal :i* causes ! appe>ance ( ^! *>act]s4 ,?us1 if %e wants to h a light col\r$ *ild1 %e w g to a place :]e !re are light col\r$ crabs407#cbh7 7,m#ge7 ,?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ,au/ralia1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,c5tre1 ! ,nor?1 & ! ,we/1 ! aborig9es hold t ! comm]ce ( ! human sexes is n necess>y to ! production ( *ildr52 inde$ _m ( !m g fur!r & d5y t sexual int]c\rse is ! real cause ( ! propagation ( ! species4 ,among ! ,arunta1 ,kaiti%1 ,lurit*a1 ,ilpirra & o!r tribes1 :o roam ! b>r5 /eppes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 x appe>s to be a univ]sal article ( belief t e p]son is ! re9c>nation ( a deceas$ ance/or1 & t ! s\ls ( ! dead pass directly into ! wombs ( wom51 :o give !m bir? )\t ! ne$ ( comm]ce ) ! o!r sex4 ,!y ?9k t ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ ga!r & dwell at p>ticul> spots1 m>k$ by a natural feature su* z a rock or a tree1 & t f ^! lurk+-places !y d>t out & ent] ! bodies ( pass+ wom5 or girls4 ,:5 a woman feels h] womb quick5$1 %e kn[s t a _s has made its way into h] f ! ne>e/ abode ( ! dead4 ,?is is _! regul> explanation ( conception & *ildbir?4 8,! natives1 "o & all 9 ^! tribes1 believe t ! *ild is ! direct result ( ! entrance into ! "m ( an ance/ral _s individual4 ,!y h no idea ( procreation z be+ associat$ ) sexual int]c\rse1 & firmly believe t *ildr5 c be born )\t ?is tak+ place407#cbi7 ,! spots :]e ! s\ls ?us congregate wait+ to be born aga9 are usually ! places :]e ! remote ance/ors ( ! dream-"t are said to h pass$ into ! gr\nd2 t is1 !y are ! places :]e ! =efa!rs ( ! tribe are suppos$ to h di$ or to h be5 buri$4 ,= example1 9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe ! ance/or ( ! ,black-snake clan is said to h left _m spirits ( ,black-snake *ildr5 9 ! rocks & trees :i* bord] a c]ta9 creek4 ,h5ce no woman at ! pres5t day d>es to /rike "o ( ^! trees ) an axe1 be+ q conv9c$ t ! bl[ w\ld release "o ( ! _s-*ildr51 :o w\ld at once ent] h] body4 ,!y imag9e t ! _s is no l>g] ?an a gra9 ( s&1 & t x ent]s ! woman ?r\gh h] navel & gr[s into a *ild 9 h] womb47#ccj7 ,aga91 at sev]al places 9 ! wide t]ritory ( ! ,arunta tribe !re are c]ta9 /ones :i* are 9 l mann] ?\ght to be ! abode ( s\ls await+ rebir?4 ,h5ce ! /ones are call$ 8*ild-/ones40 ,9 "o ( !m !re is a hole ?r\gh :i* ! _s-*ildr5 look out = pass+ wom51 & x is firmly believ$ t a visit to ! /one w\ld result 9 conception4 ,if a "y woman is oblig$ to pass ne> ! /one & does n wi% to h a *ild1 %e w c>efully disguise h] y\?1 pull+ a wry face & hobbl+ along on a /ick4 ,%e w b5d h]self d\ble l a v old woman1 & imitat+ ! crack$ voice ( age %e w say1 8,don't come to me1 ,i am an old woman40 ,nay1 x is ?\ght t wom5 may conceive by ! /one )\t visit+ x4 ,if a man & 8 wife bo? wi% = a *ild1 ! husb& w tie 8 hair-girdle r\nd ! /one1 rub x1 & mutt] a direction to ! spirits to give he$ to 8 wife4 ,& x is believ$ t by p]=m+ a simil> c]emony a malici\s man c cause wom5 & ev5 *ildr5 at a di/ance to be pregnant47#cca7 7,m#gf7 ,su* beliefs are n conf9$ to ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia b prevail among all ! tribes f ,lake ,eyre nor?w>ds to ! sea & ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia47#ccb7 ,?us ! ,mung>ai say t 9 ! f> pa/ "t _! old ance/ors walk$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 mak+ all ! natural features ( ! l&scape & leav+ _s-*ildr5 beh9d !m :]e !y /opp$4 ,^! *ildr5 emanat$ f ! bodies ( ! ance/ors1 & !y /ill wait at v>i\s spots look+ out = wom5 into :om !y may g & be born4 ,= example1 ne> ,mc,minn's b> on ! ,rop] ,riv] !re is a l>ge gum tree full ( _s-*ildr51 :o all belong to "o p>ticul> totem & are always agog to ent] into wom5 ( t totem4 ,aga91 at ,cresc5t ,lagoon an ance/or1 :o belong$ to ! ?und] totem1 deposit$ numb]s ( _s-*ildr52 & if a woman ( ! ,gn>itjbellan subclass s mu* z dips h] foot 9 ! wat]1 "o ( ! _s-*ildr5 passes up h] leg & into h] body & 9 due "t is born z a *ild1 :o has ?und] = its totem4 ,or if ! woman /oops & dr9ks wat]1 "o ( ! sprites w ent] h] ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,aga91 !re are lagoons along ! ,rop] ,riv] :]e r$ lilies gr[2 & ! wat] is full ( _s-*ildr5 :i* 7 deposit$ !re by a kang>oo man4 ,s :5 wom5 ( ! ,gn>itjbellan subclass wade into ! wat] to ga!r lilies1 little sprites sw>m up _! legs & are born z kang>oo *ildr54 ,aga91 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,nullakun tribe !re is a c]ta9 spr+ :]e a man once deposit$ _s-*ildr5 ( ! ra9b[ totem2 & to ?is day :5 a woman ( ! "r totem comes to dr9k at ! spr+1 ! _s ( a ra9b[ *ild w d>t into h] & be born4 ,once m1 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,yungman tribe ! trees & /ones ne> ,elsey ,creek are full ( _s-*ildr5 :o belong to ! sug>-bag 7honeycomb7 totem2 & ^! sug>-bag *ildr5 are con/antly ent]+ into ! "r wom5 & be+ born into ! _w47#ccc7 7,m#gg7 ,! natives ( ! ,tully ,riv] 9 ,que5sl& d n recognize sexual int]c\rse z a cause ( conception 9 wom51 ?\gh curi\sly en\gh !y d recognize x z ! cause ( conception 9 all animals1 & pride !mselves on _! sup]iority to ! brutes 9 t !y are n indebt$ = ! cont9uance ( _! species to su* l[ & vulg> means4 ,! true causes ( conception 9 a woman1 accord+ to !m1 are f\r 9 numb]4 ,fir/1 %e may h receiv$ a p>ticul> species ( black bream f a man :om ! ,european 9 8 ignorance w\ld call ! fa!r2 ?is %e may h roa/$ & sat ov] ! fire inhal+ ! sav\ry smell ( ! roa/ fi%4 ,t is q suffici5t to get h] ) *ild4 ,or1 secondly1 %e may h gone out on purpose to cat* a c]ta9 k9d ( bull-frog1 & if %e succe$s 9 captur+ x1 t aga9 is a full & satisfactory explanation ( h] pregnancy4 ,?irdly1 "s man may h told h] to conceive a *ild1 & ! m]e comm& produces ! desir$ effect4 ,or1 f\r? & la/ly1 %e may h simply dream$ t ! *ild 0 put into h]1 & ! dream necess>ily works its own fulfilm5t4 ,:atev] :ite m5 may ?9k ab\t ! matt]1 ^! are ! real causes :y babies are born among ! blacks on ! ,tully ,riv]47#ccd7 ,ab\t ,cape ,b$=d 9 ,que5sl& ! natives believe t babies are s5t by c]ta9 long-hair$ spirits1 ) two sets ( eyes 9 ! front & back ( _! heads1 :o live 9 ! d5se scrub & und]wood4 ,! *ildr5 are made 9 ! f> we/ :]e ! sun goes d[n1 & !y are made n 9 ! =m ( infants b full gr[n2 b on _! passage f ! sunset l& to ! wombs !y are *ang$ into ! %ape ( spur-w+$ plov]s1 if !y are girls1 or ( pretty snakes1 if !y are boys4 ,s :5 ! cry ( a plov] is he>d by night1 ! blacks prick up _! e>s & say1 8,hallo6 !re is a baby some:]e ab\t40 ,& if a woman is out 9 ! bu% se>*+ = food & sees "o ( ! pretty snakes1 :i* are really baby boys on ! look out = mo!rs1 %e w call out to h] mates1 & !y w come runn+ & turn ov] /ones1 & leaves1 & logs 9 ! se>* = ! snake2 & if !y _c f9d x !y "k t x has gone into ! woman & t %e w soon give bir? to a baby boy47#cce7 ,on ! ,p5nefa!r ,riv] 9 ,que5sl& ! be+ :o puts babies into wom5 is call$ ,anje-a4 ,he takes a lump ( mud out ( "o ( ! mangrove swamps1 m\lds x into ! %ape ( an infant1 & ins9uates x into a woman's womb4 ,y c nev] see him1 = he lives 9 ! dep?s ( ! woods1 among ! rocks1 & along ! mangrove swamps2 b sometimes y c he> him laugh+ !re to himself1 & :5 y he> him y may "k t he has got a baby ready = somebody47#ccf7 ,among ! tribes ( ! ,cairns di/rict 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& 8! acceptance ( food f a man by a woman 0 n m]ely reg>d$ z a m>riage c]emony1 b z ! actual cause ( conception407#ccg7 7,m#gh7 ,simil>ly among ! ,au/ralian tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory1 ab\t ,port ,d>w9 & ! ,daly ,riv]1 especially among ! ,l>rekiya & ,wogait1 8conception is n reg>d$ z a direct result ( cohabitation40 ,! old m5 ( ! ,wogait say t !re is an evil _s :o takes babies f a big fire & puts !m 9 ! wombs ( wom51 :o mu/ give bir? to !m4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts1 :5 a man is out hunt+ & kills game or collects o!r food1 he gives x to 8 wife & %e eats x1 believ+ t ! game or o!r food w cause h] to conceive & br+ =? a *ild4 ,:5 ! *ild is born1 x may on no acc\nt p>take ( ! food :i* caus$ conception 9 ! "m until x has got its fir/ tee?47#cch7 ,a simil> belief t conception is caus$ by ! food :i* a woman eats is held by "s tribes ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,br[n reports z foll[s3 8,9 ! ,+>da tribe at ! m\? ( ! ,gascoyne ,riv]1 ,i f\nd a belief t a *ild is ! product ( "s food ( :i* ! "m has p>tak5 j be=e h] fir/ sickness 9 pregnancy4 ,my pr9cipal in=mant on ?is subject told me t 8 fa!r _h spe>$ a small animal call$ b&>u1 probably a b&icoot1 b n[ ext9ct 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,8 "m ate ! animal1 ) ! result t %e gave bir? to my in=mant4 ,he %[$ me ! m>k 9 8 side :]e1 z he said1 he _h be5 spe>$ by 8 fa!r be=e be+ eat5 by 8 "m4 ,a little girl 0 po9t$ out to me z be+ ! result ( h] "m eat+ a dome/ic cat1 & h] bro!r 0 said to h be5 produc$ f a bu/>d4444 ,! bu/>d 0 "o ( ! totems ( ! fa!r ( ^! two *ildr5 &1 !re=e1 ( ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 purely accid5tal4 ,9 mo/ cases ! animal to :i* conception is due is n "o ( ! fa!r's totems4 ,! species t is ?us connect$ ) an individual by bir? is n 9 any way sacr$ to him4 ,he may kill or eat x2 he may m>ry a woman ^: conceptional animal is ( ! same species1 & he is n by ! accid5t ( 8 bir? entitl$ to take "p 9 ! totemic c]emonies connect$ ) x4 8,i f\nd traces ( ?is same belief 9 a numb] ( tribes nor? ( ! ,+>da1 b ev]y:]e ! belief seem$ to be sporadic2 t is to say1 "s p]sons believ$ 9 x & o!rs did n4 ,"s individuals c\ld tell ! animal or plant f :i* !y or o!rs 7 desc5d$1 :ile o!rs did n "k or 9 "s cases d5i$ t conception 0 s caus$4 ,!re 7 to be met )1 h[ev]1 "s beliefs ( ! same "*4 ,a woman ( ! ,buduna tribe said t native wom5 n[adays be> half-ca/e *ildr5 because !y eat bread made ( :ite fl\r4 ,_m ( ! m5 believ$ t conception is due to sexual int]c\rse1 b z ^! natives h be5 = _m ye>s 9 contact ) ! :ites ?is _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory evid5ce ( ! nature ( _! orig9al beliefs4 7,m#gi7 8,9 "s tribes fur!r to ! nor? ,i f\nd a m int]e/+ & bett] organis$ sy/em ( beliefs4 ,9 ! ,k>i]a1 amal1 & ,injib&i tribes ! conception ( a *ild is believ$ to be due to ! ag5cy ( a p>ticul> man1 :o is n ! fa!r4 ,?is man is ! wororu ( ! *ild :5 x is born4 ,!re 7 ?ree diff]5t acc\nts ( h[ ! wororu produces conception1 ea* ( !m giv5 to me on sev]al diff]5t occasions4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ! man gives "s food1 ei!r animal or vegetable1 to ! woman1 & %e eats ?is & becomes pregnant4 ,accord+ to ! second1 ! man :5 he is out hunt+ kills an animal1 pref]ably a kang>oo or an emu1 & z x is dy+ he tells its _s or gho/ to g to a p>ticul> woman4 ,! _s ( ! dead animal goes into ! woman & is born z a *ild4 ,! ?ird acc\nt is v simil> to ! la/4 ,a hunt]1 :5 he has kill$ a kang>oo or an emu1 takes a portion ( ! fat ( ! dead animal :i* he places on "o side4 ,?is fat turns into :at we may speak ( z a _s-baby1 & foll[s ! man to 8 camp4 ,:5 ! man is asleep at night ! _s-baby comes to him & he directs x to ent] a c]ta9 woman :o ?us becomes pregnant4 ,:5 ! *ild is born ! man ackn[l$ges t he s5t x1 & becomes its wororu4 ,9 practically e case t ,i exam9$1 "s =ty 9 all1 ! wororu ( a man or woman 0 a p]son /&+ to him or h] 9 ! relation ( fa!r's bro!r own or tribal4 ,9 "o case a man _h a wororu :o 0 8 fa!r's si/]4 ,! duties ( a man to 8 wororu are v vaguely def9$4 ,i 0 told t a man #8looks aft]' 8 wororu1 t is1 p]=ms small s]vices = him1 &1 p]haps1 gives him food4 ,! conceptional animal or plant is n ! totem ( ei!r ! *ild or ! wororu4 ,! *ild has no p>ticul> magical connection ) ! animal f :i* he is d]iv$4 ,9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases t animal is ei!r ! kang>oo or ! emu407#cci7 7,m#hj7 ,?us x appe>s t a *ildlike ignorance z to ! physical process ( procreation /ill prevails to "s ext5t among c]ta9 rude races ( mank9d1 :o are accord+ly driv5 to acc\nt = x 9 v>i\s fanciful ways su* z might cont5t ! curiosity ( *ildr54 ,we may safely assume t =m]ly a l ignorance 0 f> m widely spread ?an x is n[2 inde$ 9 ! long ages :i* elaps$ be=e any portion ( mank9d em]g$ f savag]y1 x is probable t ! true cause ( *ildbir? 0 univ]sally unkn[n1 & t p made %ift to expla9 ! my/]y by "s su* !ories z are /ill curr5t among ! savage or b>b>\s races ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ,melanesia1 & ,au/ralia4 ,a little reflection on ! conditions ( savage life may satisfy u t ! ignorance is by no means s surpris+ z x may seem at fir/ sight to a civiliz$ obs]v]1 or1 to put x o!rwise1 t ! true cause ( ! bir? ( *ildr5 is n ne>ly s obvi\s z we are apt to ?9k4 ,among l[ savages1 su* z all m5 7 orig9ally1 x is cu/om>y = boys & girls to cohabit freely ) ea* o!r "u ! age ( pub]ty1 s t !y are famili> ) a comm]ce ( ! sexes :i* is n & _c be att5d$ ) ! bir? ( *ildr54 ,x is1 !re=e1 n v wond]ful t !y %\ld confid5tly d5y ! connexion ( sexual int]c\rse ) ! production ( (fspr+4 ,aga91 ! long int]val ( "t :i* divides ! act ( conception f ! fir/ manife/ symptoms ( pregnancy might easily disguise f ! he$less savage ! vital relation betwe5 ! two4 ,^! consid]ations may remove or less5 ! hesitation :i* civiliz$ man naturally feels at admitt+ t a consid]able "p or ev5 ! :ole ( 8 species %\ld ev] h d\bt$ or d5i$ :at seems to him "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s & elem5t>y tru?s ( nature47#cdj7 7,m#ha7 ,9 ! light ( ! =ego+ evid5ce1 /ories ( ! miracul\s bir? ( gods & h]oes f virg9 mo!rs lose mu* ( ! glam\r t encircl$ !m 9 days ( old1 & we view !m simply z relics ( sup]/ition surviv+ l fossils to tell u ( a bygone age ( *ildlike ignorance & cr$ulity4 #h4 ,sacr$ ,/ocks & ,/ones among ! ,semites4 7,m#hb7 ,traces ( beliefs & cu/oms l ! =ego+ may p]haps be detect$ among ! anci5t ,semites4 ,:5 ! prophet ,j]emiah speaks ( ! ,israelites :o said to a /ock or to a tree 7= 9 ,hebrew ! words are ! same71 8,?\ art my fa!r10 & to a /one1 8,?\ ha/ br\ght me =?107#cda7 x is probable t he 0 n us+ vague rhetorical language1 b d5\nc+ real beliefs curr5t among 8 contempor>ies4 ,n[ we "k t at all ! old ,canaanite sanctu>ies1 includ+ ! sanctu>ies ( ,jehovah d[n to ! re=mations ( ,hezekiah & ,josiah1 ! two regul> objects ( wor%ip 7 a sacr$ /ock & a sacr$ /one17#cdb7 & t ^! sanctu>ies 7 ! seats ( pr(ligate rites p]=m$ by sacr$ m5 7ede%im7 & sacr$ wom5 7ede%o?74 ,is x n natural to suppose t ! /ock & /one :i* ! sup]/iti\s ,israelites reg>d$ z _! fa!r & "m 7 ! sacr$ /ock 7a%]ah7 & ! sacr$ /one 7massebah7 ( ! sanctu>y1 & t ! *ildr5 born ( ! loose int]c\rse ( ! sexes at ^! places 7 believ$ to be ! (fspr+ or emanations ( ^! unc\? b wor%ipful idols 9 :i*1 z 9 ! sacr$ trees & /ones ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ! s\ls ( ! dead may h be5 suppos$ to await rebir?8 ,on ?is view ! sacr$ m5 & wom5 :o actually begot or bore ! *ildr5 7 deem$ ! human embodim5ts ( ! two div9ities1 ! m5 p]haps p]sonat+ ! sacr$ /ock1 :i* appe>s to h be5 a tree /ripp$ ( its bran*es1 & ! wom5 p]sonat+ ! sacr$ /one1 :i* seems to h be5 9 ! %ape ( a cone1 an obelisk1 or a pill>47#cdc7 7,m#hc7 ,^! conclusions are confirm$ by ! result ( rec5t rese>*es at ,gez]1 an anci5t ,canaaniti% city1 :i* occupi$ a high1 isolat$ po9t on ! s\!rn bord] ( ,ephraim1 betwe5 ,j]usalem & ! sea4 ,"h ! ,engli% excavations h laid b>e ! rema9s ( a sanctu>y ) ! sacr$ /one pill>s or obelisks 7massebo?7 /ill /&+ 9 a r[1 :ile betwe5 two ( !m is set a l>ge socket$ /one1 beautifully squ>$1 :i* p]haps conta9$ ! sacr$ /ock or pole 7a%]ah74 ,9 ! soil :i* _h accumulat$ ov] ! floor ( ! temple 7 f\nd va/ numb]s ( male emblems rudely c>v$ out ( s(t lime/one2 & tablets ( t]ra-cotta1 repres5t+ 9 l[ relief ! "m-goddess1 7 discov]$ ?r\gh\t ! /rata4 ,^! objects 7 no d\bt votive-(f]+s pres5t$ by ! wor%ipp]s to ! male & female deities :o 7 repres5t$ by ! sacr$ /ock & ! sacr$ /ones2 & _! occurr5ce 9 l>ge quantities raises a /rong presumption t ! div9ities ( ! sanctu>y 7 a god & goddess reg>d$ z above all s\rces ( f]tility4 ,! supposition is fur!r /r5g!n$ by a v rem>kable discov]y4 ,"u ! floor ( ! temple 7 f\nd ! bones ( _m new-born *ildr51 none m ?an a week old1 buri$ 9 l>ge j>s4 ,none ( ^! little bodies %[$ any trace ( mutilation or viol5ce2 & 9 ! light ( ! cu/oms practis$ 9 _m o!r l&s7#cdd7 we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 conjectur+ t ! infants 7 /ill-born or di$ soon aft] bir?1 & t !y 7 buri$ by _! p>5ts 9 ! sanctu>y 9 ! hope t1 quick5$ by ! div9e p[]1 !y might ent] aga9 into ! "m's womb & aga9 be born into ! _w47#cde7 ,if ! s\ls ( ^! buri$ babes 7 suppos$ to pass into ! sacr$ /ocks & /ones & to d>t f !m into ! bodies ( w\ld-be mo!rs :o resort$ to ! sanctu>y1 ! analogy ) ,c5tral ,au/ralia w\ld be complete4 ,t ! analogy is real & n fanciful is /rongly sugge/$ by ! mod]n practice ( ,syrian wom5 :o /ill repair to ! %r9es ( sa9ts to procure (fspr+1 & :o /ill look on 8holy m50 z human embodim5ts ( div9ity4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r d>k places ( sup]/ition1 ! pres5t is ! be/ guide to ! int]pretation ( ! pa/2 = :ile ! high] =ms ( religi\s fai? pass away l cl\ds1 ! l[] /& firm & inde/ructible l rocks4 ,! 8sacr$ m50 ( "o age are ! d]vi%es ( ! next1 ! ,adonis ( ye/]day is ! ,/4 ,george ( to-day4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,melc>?4 7,m#hd7 ,if a cu/om ( putt+ a k+ or 8 son to dea? 9 ! "* ( a god has left small traces ( itself 9 ,cyprus1 an isl& :]e ! fi]ce zeal ( ,semitic religion 0 e>ly temp]$ by ,greek humanity1 ! ve/iges ( t gloomy rite are cle>] 9 ,pho5icia itself & 9 ! ,pho5ician colonies1 :i* lay m remote f ! highways ( ,grecian comm]ce4 ,we "k t ! ,semites 7 9 ! habit ( sacrific+ "s ( _! *ildr51 g5]ally ! fir/-born1 ei!r z a tribute regul>ly due to ! deity or to appease 8 ang] 9 seasons ( public dang] & calamity47#cdf7 ,if common]s did s1 is x likely t k+s1 ) all _! heavy responsibilities1 c\ld exempt !mselves f ?is dreadful sacrifice = ! fa!rl&8 ,9 po9t ( fact1 hi/ory in=ms u t k+s /eel$ !mselves to d z o!rs did47#cdg7 ,x des]ves to be notic$ t if ,me%a1 k+ ( ,moab1 :o sacrific$ 8 elde/ son by fire1 claim$ to be a son ( 8 god17#cdh7 he w\ld no d\bt transmit 8 div9ity to 8 (fspr+2 & fur!r1 t ! same sacrifice is said to h be5 p]=m$ 9 ! same way by ! div9e f\nd] ( ,byblus1 ! great seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,adonis47#cdi7 ,?is sugge/s t ! human repres5tatives ( ,adonis =m]ly p]i%$ 9 ! flames4 ,at all ev5ts1 a cu/om ( p]iodically burn+ ! *ief god ( ! city 9 effigy appe>s to h prevail$ at ,tyre & 9 ! ,tyrian colonies d[n to a late "t1 & ! effigy may well h be5 a lat] sub/itute = a man4 ,= ,melc>?1 ! great god ( ,tyre1 0 id5tifi$ by ! ,greeks ) ,h]cules17#cej7 :o is said to h burn$ himself to dea? on a great pyre1 asc5d+ up to heav5 9 a cl\d & a peal ( ?und]47#cea7 ,! common ,greek leg5d1 immortaliz$ by ,sophocles1 laid ! sc5e ( ! fi]y trag$y on ! top ( ,m\nt ,oeta1 b ano!r v]sion transf]r$ x significantly to ,tyre itself47#ceb7 ,comb9$ ) ! o!r evid5ce :i* ,i %all adduce1 ?is latt] tradition raises a /rong presumption t an effigy ( ,h]cules1 or r ( ,melc>?1 0 regul>ly burn$ at a great fe/ival 9 ,tyre4 ,t fe/ival may h be5 ! "o kn[n z 8! awak5+ ( ,h]cules10 :i* 0 held 9 ! mon? ( ,p]itius1 answ]+ ne>ly to ,janu>y47#cec7 ,! "n ( ! fe/ival sugge/s t ! dramatic repres5tation ( ! dea? ( ! god on ! pyre 0 foll[$ by a semblance ( 8 resurrection4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! resurrection 0 suppos$ to be effect$ is p]haps indicat$ by ! /atem5t ( a ,greek writ] t ! ,pho5icians us$ to sacrifice quails to ,h]cules1 because ,h]cules on 8 j\rney to ,libya _h be5 sla9 by ,typhon & br\ght to life aga9 by ,iolaus1 :o held a quail "u 8 nose3 ! dead god snuff$ at ! bird & reviv$47#ced7 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt ,iolaus burnt a quail alive1 & ! dead h]o1 :o lov$ quails1 came to life aga9 ?r\gh ! sav\ry smell ( ! roa/$ bird47#cee7 ,?is latt] tradition seems to po9t to a cu/om ( burn+ ! quails alive 9 ! ,pho5ician sacrifices to ,melc>?47#cef7 ,a fe/ival ( ! god's resurrection might appropriately be held 9 spr+1 :5 ! quails migrate nor?w>ds across ! ,m$it]ranean 9 great b&s1 & imm5se numb]s ( !m are nett$ = ! m>ket47#ceg7 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>* ! birds return to ,pale/9e by myriads 9 a s+le night1 & rema9 to bre$ 9 all ! op5 pla9s1 m>%es1 & cornfields47#ceh7 ,c]ta9ly a close connexion seems to h subsi/$ betwe5 quails & ,melc>?2 = leg5d ran t ,a/]ia1 ! "m ( ! ,tyrian ,h]cules1 t is1 ( ,melc>?1 0 trans=m$ into a quail47#cei7 ,x 0 probably to ?is annual fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,melc>? t ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 wont to s5d ambassadors e ye> to ,tyre1 _! "m-city47#cfj7 7,m#he7 ,9 ,gades1 ! mod]n ,cadiz1 an e>ly colony ( ,tyre on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,spa917#cfa7 !re 0 an anci5t1 fam\s1 & weal?y sanctu>y ( ,h]cules1 ! ,tyrian ,melc>?4 ,inde$ ! god 0 said to be buri$ on ! spot4 ,no image /ood 9 8 temple1 b a p]petual fire burn$ on ! alt>1 & inc5se 0 (f]$ by :ite-rob$ prie/s1 ) b>e feet & %orn heads1 :o 7 b\nd to *a/ity4 ,nei!r wom5 nor pigs might pollute ! holy place by _! pres5ce4 ,9 lat] times _m di/+ui%$ ,romans w5t on pilgrimage to ?is remote %r9e on ! ,atlantic %ore :5 !y 7 ab\t to emb>k on "s p]il\s ent]prise1 & !y return$ to x to pay _! v[s :5 _! petitions _h be5 grant$47#cfb7 ,"o ( ! la/ ?+s ,hannibal himself did be=e he m>*$ on ,italy 0 to repair to ,gades & (f] up to ,melc>? pray]s :i* 7 nev] to be answ]$4 ,soon aft] he dream$ an om9\s dream47#cfc7 ,n[ x w\ld appe> t at ,gades1 z at ,tyre1 ?\gh no image ( ,melc>? /ood 9 ! temple1 an effigy ( him 0 made up & burn$ at a ye>ly fe/ival4 ,= a c]ta9 ,cleon ( ,magnesia relat$ h[1 visit+ ,gades1 he 0 oblig$ to sail away f ! isl& ) ! re/ ( ! multitude 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,h]cules1 t is1 ( ,melc>?1 & h[ on _! return !y f\nd a mon/r\s man ( ! sea /r&$ on ! bea* & burn+2 = ! god1 !y 7 told1 _h /ruck him ) a ?und]bolt47#cfd7 ,we may conjecture t at ! annual fe/ival ( ,melc>? /rang]s 7 oblig$ to quit ! city1 & t 9 _! abs5ce ! my/]y ( burn+ ! god 0 consummat$4 ,:at ,cleon & ! re/ saw on _! return to ,gades w\ld1 on ?is hypo!sis1 be ! sm\ld]+ rema9s ( a gigantic effigy ( ,melc>? 9 ! lik5ess ( a man rid+ on a sea-horse1 j z he is repres5t$ on co9s ( ,tyre47#cfe7 ,9 l mann] ! ,greeks portray$ ! sea-god ,melic]tes1 ^: "n is only a slightly alt]$ =m ( ,melc>?1 rid+ on a dolph9 or /ret*$ on ! bea/'s back47#cff7 7,m#hf7 ,at ,c>?age1 ! greate/ ( ! ,tyrian colonies1 a rem9isc5ce ( ! cu/om ( burn+ a deity 9 effigy seems to l+] 9 ! /ory t ,dido or ,elissa1 ! f\ndress & que5 ( ! city1 /abb$ h]self to dea? ^u a pyre1 or leap$ f h] palace into ! blaz+ pile1 to escape ! fond importunities ( "o lov] or 9 despair at ! cruel des]tion ( ano!r47#cfg7 ,we are told t ,dido 0 wor%ipp$ z a goddess at ,c>?age s long z ! c\ntry ma9ta9$ its indep5d5ce47#cfh7 ,h] temple /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! city %ad$ by a grove ( solemn yews & firs47#cfi7 ,! two app>5tly contradictory views ( h] "* z a que5 & a goddess may be reconcil$ if we suppose t %e 0 bo? ! "o & ! o!r2 t 9 fact ! que5 ( ,c>?age 9 e>ly days1 l ! que5 ( ,egypt d[n to hi/orical times1 0 reg>d$ z div9e1 & _h1 l human deities else:]e1 to die a viol5t dea? ei!r at ! end ( a fix$ p]iod or :5ev] h] bodily & m5tal p[]s began to fail4 ,9 lat] ages ! /]n old cu/om might be s(t5$ d[n into a pret5ce by sub/itut+ an effigy = ! que5 or by all[+ h] to pass ?r\gh ! fire unsca!d4 ,a simil> modification ( ! anci5t rule appe>s to h be5 all[$ at ,tyre itself1 ! "m-city ( ,c>?age4 ,we h se5 reason to ?9k t ! k+s ( ,tyre1 f :om ,dido 0 desc5d$1 claim$ to p]sonate ! god ,melc>?1 & t ! deity 0 burn$ ei!r 9 effigy or 9 ! p]son ( a man at an annual fe/ival47#cgj7 ,n[ 9 ! same *apt] 9 :i* ,ezekiel *>ges ! k+ ( ,tyre ) claim+ to be a god1 ! prophet describes him z walk+ 8up & d[n amid/ ! /ones ( fire407#cga7 ,! description becomes at once intelligible if we suppose t 9 lat] times ! k+ ( ,tyre comp\nd$ = be+ burnt 9 ! fire by walk+ up & d[n on hot /ones1 !reby sav+ 8 life at ! exp5se p]haps ( a few bli/]s on 8 feet4 ,x is possible t :5 all w5t well ) ! commonweal?1 *ildr5 :om /rict law doom$ to ! furnace ( ,molo* may also h be5 m]cifully all[$ to escape on condition ( runn+ ! fi]y gauntlet4 ,at all ev5ts1 a religi\s rite ( ?is sort has be5 & is /ill practis$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w3 ! p]=m]s solemnly pace ?r\gh a furnace ( heat$ /ones or gl[+ wood-a%es 9 ! pres5ce ( a multitude ( spectators4 ,examples ( ! cu/om h be5 adduc$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w47#cgb7 ,"h ,i w cite only "o4 ,at ,ca/abala1 9 ,s\!rn ,cappadocia1 !re 0 wor%ipp$ an ,asiatic goddess :om ! ,greeks call$ ! ,p]asian ,artemis4 ,h] prie/esses us$ to walk b>efoot ov] a fire ( *>coal )\t su/a9+ any injury4 ,t ?is rite 0 a sub/itute = burn+ human be+s alive or dead is sugge/$ by ! tradition :i* plac$ ! adv5ture ( ,ore/es & ! ,tauric ,artemis at ,ca/abala27#cgc7 = ! m5 or wom5 sacrific$ to ! ,tauric ,artemis 7 fir/ put to ! sword & !n burn$ 9 a pit ( sacr$ fire47#cgd7 ,among ! ,c>?ag9ians ano!r trace ( su* a practice may p]haps be detect$ 9 ! /ory t at ! desp]ate battle ( ,him]a1 f\ght f dawn ( day till late 9 ! ev5+1 ! ,c>?ag9ian k+ ,hamilc> rema9$ 9 ! camp & kept sacrific+ holocau/s ( victims on a huge pyre2 b :5 he saw 8 army giv+ way be=e ! ,greeks1 he flung himself into ! flames & 0 burn$ to dea?4 ,aft]w>ds 8 c\ntrym5 sacrific$ to him & erect$ a great monum5t 9 8 hon\r at ,c>?age1 :ile less] monum5ts 7 re>$ to 8 memory 9 all ! ,punic colonies47#cge7 ,9 public em]g5cies :i* call$ = extraord9>y measures a k+ ( ,c>?age may well h felt b\nd 9 hon\r to sacrifice himself 9 ! old way = ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,t ! ,c>?ag9ians reg>d$ ! dea? ( ,hamilc> z an act ( h]oism & n z a m]e suicide ( despair1 is prov$ by ! po/hum\s hon\rs !y paid him4 7,m#hg7 ,! =ego+ evid5ce1 tak5 altoge!r1 raises a /rong presumption1 ?\gh x _c be said to am\nt to a pro(1 t a practice ( burn+ a deity1 & especially ,melc>?1 9 effigy or 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative1 0 obs]v$ at an annual fe/ival 9 ,tyre & its colonies4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ ,h]cules1 9 s f> z he repres5t$ ! ,tyrian god1 0 believ$ to h p]i%$ by a volunt>y dea? on a pyre4 ,= on _m a bea* & headl& ( ! ,aegean1 :]e ! ,pho5icians _h _! trad+ factories1 ! ,greeks may h wat*$ ! bale-fires ( ,melc>? blaz+ 9 ! d>kness ( night1 & h le>n$ ) wond] t ! /range =eign folk 7 burn+ _! god4 ,9 ?is way ! leg5d ( ! voyages ( ,h]cules & 8 dea? 9 ! flames may be suppos$ to h orig9at$4 ,yet ) ! leg5d ! ,greeks borr[$ ! cu/om ( burn+ ! god2 = at ! fe/ivals ( ,h]cules a pyre us$ to be k9dl$ 9 memory ( ! h]o's fi]y dea? on ,m\nt ,oeta47#cgf7 ,we may surmise1 ?\gh we are n expressly told1 t an effigy ( ,h]cules 0 regul>ly burn$ on ! pyre4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,s&an4 #a4 ,! ,baal ( ,t>sus4 7,m#hh7 ,9 ,cyprus ! ,tyrian ,melc>? 0 wor%ipp$ side by side ) ,adonis at ,ama?us17#cgg7 & ,pho5ician inscriptions prove t he 0 rev]$ also at ,idalium & ,l>nax ,lape?us4 ,at ! la/ ( ^! places he seems to h be5 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z a m>9e deity & id5tifi$ ) ,poseidon47#cgh7 ,a rem>kable /atue f\nd at ,ama?us may repres5t ,melc>? 9 ! "* ( ! lion-slay]1 a "* :i* ! ,greeks be/[$ on ,h]cules4 ,! /atue 9 "q is ( colossal size1 & exhibits a ?ick-set1 muscul>1 hirsute deity ( almo/ be/ial aspect1 ) goggle eyes1 huge e>s1 & a pair ( /umpy horns on ! top ( 8 head4 ,8 be>d is squ>e & curly3 8 hair falls 9 ?ree pigtails on 8 %\ld]s3 8 brawny arms appe> to be tattoo$4 ,a lion's sk91 clasp$ by a buckle1 is knott$ r\nd 8 lo9s2 & he holds ! sk9 ( a lioness 9 front ( him1 grasp+ a h9d paw ) ea* h&1 :ile ! head ( ! bea/1 :i* is miss+1 hung d[n betwe5 8 legs4 ,a f\nta9 mu/ h issu$ f ! jaws ( ! lioness1 = a rectangul> hole1 :]e ! bea/'s head %\ld be1 communicates by a *annel ) ano!r hole 9 ! back ( ! /atue4 ,greek arti/s work+ on ?is or a simil> b>b>\s model produc$ ! ref9$ type ( ! ,grecian ,h]cules ) ! lion's scalp ?r[n l a c[l ov] 8 head4 ,/atues ( him h be5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 :i* repres5t int]m$iate /ages 9 ?is arti/ic evolution47#cgi7 ,b !re is no pro( t 9 ,cyprus ! ,tyrian ,melc>? 0 burn$ ei!r 9 effigy or 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative47#chj7 7,m#hi7 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is cle> evid5ce ( ! obs]vance ( su* a cu/om 9 ,cilicia1 ! c\ntry :i* lies across ! sea f ,cyprus1 & f :i* ! wor%ip ( ,adonis1 accord+ to tradition1 0 d]iv$47#cha7 ,:e!r ! ,pho5icians ev] coloniz$ ,cilicia or n is d\btful17#chb7 b at all ev5ts ! natives ( ! c\ntry1 d[n to late times1 wor%ipp$ a male deity :o1 9 spite ( a sup]ficial assimilation to a fa%ionable ,greek god1 appe>s to h be5 an ,ori5tal by bir? & "*4 ,he _h 8 pr9cipal seat at ,t>sus1 9 a pla9 ( luxuriant f]tility & almo/ tropical climate1 temp]$ by breezes f ! sn[y range ( ,t>sus on ! nor? & f ! sea on ! s\?47#chc7 ,?\gh ,t>sus boa/$ ( a s*ool ( ,greek philosophy :i* at ! beg9n+ ( our era surpass$ ^? ( ,a!ns & ,alex&ria17#chd7 ! city app>5tly rema9$ 9 mann]s & _s ess5tially ,ori5tal4 ,! wom5 w5t ab\t ! /reets muffl$ up to ! eyes 9 ,ea/]n fa%ion1 & ,dio ,*ryso/om reproa*es ! natives ) resembl+ ! mo/ dissolute ( ! ,pho5icians r ?an ! ,greeks ^: civilization !y ap$47#che7 ,on ! co9s ( ! city !y assimilat$ _! native deity to ,zeus by repres5t+ him seat$ on a ?rone1 ! upp] "p ( 8 body b>e1 ! l[] limbs drap$ 9 a fl[+ robe1 :ile 9 "o h& he holds a sceptre1 :i* is topp$ sometimes ) an eagle b (t5 ) a lotus fl[]4 ,yet 8 =eign nature is indicat$ bo? by 8 "n & 8 attributes2 = 9 ,aramaic inscriptions on ! co9s he be>s ! "n ( ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 & 9 "o h& he grasps an e> ( corn & a bun* ( grapes47#chf7 ,^! attributes cle>ly m>k him out z a god ( f]tility 9 g5]al1 :o conf]r$ on 8 wor%ipp]s ! two ?+s :i* !y priz$ above all o!r gifts ( nature1 ! corn & ! w9e4 ,he 0 probably !re=e a ,semitic1 or at all ev5ts an ,ori5tal1 r ?an a ,greek deity4 ,= :ile ! ,semite ca/ all 8 gods m or less 9 ! same m\ld1 & expect$ !m all to r5d] him ne>ly ! same s]vices1 ! ,greek1 ) 8 ke5] intellig5ce & m pictorial imag9ation1 inve/$ 8 deities ) individual *>act]i/ics1 allott+ to ea* ( !m 8 or h] sep>ate function 9 ! div9e economy ( ! _w4 ,?us he assign$ ! production ( ! corn to ,demet]1 & t ( ! grapes to ,dionysus2 he 0 n s unreasonable z to dem& bo? f ! same h>d-work$ deity4 #b4 ,! ,god ( ,ibreez4 7,m#ij7 ,n[ ! suspicion t ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 = all 8 pos+ 9 ! attitude ( ,zeus1 0 really an ,ori5tal is confirm$ by a rem>kable rock-hewn monum5t :i* is to be se5 at ,ibreez 9 ,s\!rn ,cappadocia4 ,?\gh ! place is di/ant little m ?an fifty miles f ,t>sus z ! cr[ flies1 yet ! j\rney on horseback occupies five days2 = ! great b>ri] ( ! ,taurus m\nta9s rises l a wall betwe54 ,! road runs ?r\gh ! fam\s pass ( ! ,cilician ,gates1 & ! sc5]y ?r\gh\t is ( ! gr&e/ ,alp9e "*4 ,on all sides ! m\nta9s t[] skyw>d1 _! peaks %eet$ 9 a dazzl+ pall ( sn[1 _! l[] slopes veil$ 9 ! almo/ inky blackness ( d5se p9e-=e/s1 torn "h & !re by impassable rav9es1 or brok5 into prodigi\s precipices ( r$ & grey rock :i* bord] ! n>r[ valley = miles4 ,! magnific5ce ( ! l&scape is enhanc$ by ! exhil>at+ influ5ce ( ! brisk m\nta9 air1 all ! m by contra/ ) ! sultry heat ( ! pla9 ( ,t>sus :i* ! travell] has left beh9d4 ,:5 he em]ges f ! defile on ! wide op5 tablel& ( ,anatolia he feels t 9 a s5se he has pass$ out ( ,asia1 & t ! highroad to ,europe lies /raight be=e him4 ,! great m\nta9s on :i* he n[ looks back =m$ = c5turies ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian ,we/ & ! ,mohamm$an ,ea/2 on ! s\!rn side lay ! doma9 ( ! ,caliphs1 on ! nor!rn side ! ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,! ,taurus 0 ! dam t long repell$ ! tide ( ,arab invasion2 & ?\gh ye> by ye> ! waves broke ?r\gh ! pass ( ! ,cilician ,gates & c>ri$ havoc & deva/ation ?r\gh ! tablel&1 ! reflu5t wat]s always retir$ to ! l[] level ( ! ,cilician pla9s4 ,a l9e ( beacon lights /ret*+ f ! ,taurus to ,con/ant9ople fla%$ to ! ,byzant9e capital tid+s ( ! approa* ( ! ,moslem invad]s47#chg7 7,m#ia7 ,! village ( ,ibreez is *>m+ly situat$ at ! nor!rn foot ( ! ,taurus1 "s six or sev5 miles s\? ( ! t[n ( ,eregli1 ! anci5t ,cybi/ra1 ,f ! t[n to ! village ! pa? goes ?r\gh a ri*ly cultivat$ di/rict ( :eat & v9es along gre5 lanes m lovely ?an ^? ( ,devon%ire1 l9$ by ?ick h$ges & r[s ( will[1 popl>1 hazel1 haw?orn1 & huge old walnut-trees1 :]e 9 e>ly summ] ! night+ales w>ble on e side4 ,ibreez itself is emb[]$ 9 ! v]dure ( or*>ds1 walnuts1 & v9es4 ,x /&s at ! m\? ( a deep rav9e enclos$ by great precipices ( r$ rock4 ,f ! we/]n ( ^! precipices a riv] cle> z cry/al1 b ( a deep blue t9t1 bur/s 9 a p[]ful jet1 & be+ re9=c$ by a multitude ( spr+s becomes at once a rag+ impassable torr5t foam+ & leap+ ) a ro> ( wat]s ov] ! rocks 9 its b$4 ,a little way f ! s\rce a bran* ( ! ma9 /ream fl[s 9 a deep n>r[ *annel along ! foot ( a r$di% wea!r-/a9$ rock :i* rises %e] f ! wat]4 ,on its face1 :i* has be5 smoo!d to receive !m1 are ! sculptures4 ,!y consi/ ( two colossal figures1 repres5t+ a god ador$ by 8 wor%ipp]4 ,! deity1 "s f\rte5 feet high1 is a be>d$ male figure1 we>+ on 8 head a high po9t$ cap adorn$ ) sev]al pairs ( horns1 & pla9ly clad 9 a %ort tunic1 :i* does n rea* 8 knees & is drawn 9 at ! wai/ by a belt4 ,8 legs & arms are b>e2 ! wri/s are encircl$ by bangles or bracelets4 ,8 feet are %od 9 high boots ) turn$-up toes4 ,9 8 "r h& he holds a v9e-bran* lad5 ) clu/]s ( grapes1 & 9 8 rais$ left h& he grasps a bun* ( be>d$ :eat1 su* z is /ill gr[n 9 ,cappadocia2 ! e>s ( corn project above 8 f+]s1 :ile ! long /alks hang d[n to 8 feet4 ,9 front ( him /&s ! less] figure1 "s eight feet high4 ,he is cle>ly a prie/ or k+1 m probably p]haps bo? 9 "o4 ,8 ri* ve/m5ts contra/ ) ! simple co/ume ( ! god4 ,on 8 head he we>s a r\nd b n po9t$ cap1 encircl$ by flat b&s & ornam5t$ 9 front ) a rosette or bun* ( jewels1 su* z is /ill worn by ,ea/]n pr9ces4 ,he is drap$ f ! neck to ! ankles 9 a long robe heavily fr+$ at ! bottom1 ov] :i* is ?r[n a %awl or mantle secur$ at ! brea/ by a clasp ( preci\s /ones4 ,bo? robe & %awl are elaborately c>v$ ) patt]ns 9 imitation ( embroid]y4 ,a heavy necklace ( r+s or beads encircles ! neck2 a bracelet or bangle clasps ! "o wri/ t is visible2 ! feet are %od 9 boots l ^? ( ! god4 ,"o or p]haps bo? h&s are rais$ 9 ! act ( adoration4 ,! l>ge aquil9e nose1 l ! beak ( a hawk1 is a conspicu\s feature 9 ! face bo? ( ! god & ( 8 wor%ipp]2 ! hair & be>d ( bo? are ?ick & curly47#chh7 7,m#ib7 ,! situation ( ?is rem>kable monum5t resembles t ( ,aphaca on ! ,lebanon27#chi7 = 9 bo? places we see a noble riv] issu+ abruptly f ! rock to spread f]tility ?r\gh ! ri* vale bel[4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 c\ld man m appropriately rev]e ^? great p[]s ( nature to ^: fav\r he ascribes ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 & ?r\gh x ! life ( animate creation4 ,) its cool brac+ air1 its mass ( v]dure1 its magnific5t /ream ( pure ice-cold wat]--s grateful 9 ! burn+ heat ( summ]--& its wide /ret* ( f]tile l&1 ! valley may well h be5 ! resid5ce ( an anci5t pr9ce or high-prie/1 :o desir$ to te/ify by ?is monum5t 8 devotion & gratitude to ! god4 ,! seat ( ?is royal or prie/ly pot5tate may h be5 at ,cybi/ra17#cij7 ! mod]n ,eregli1 n[ a decay$ & mis]able place /raggl+ amid or*>ds & g>d5s full ( luxuriant groves ( walnut1 popl>1 will[1 mulb]ry1 & oak4 ,! place is a p>adise ( birds4 ,"h ! ?ru% & ! night+ale s+ full-?roat$1 ! hoopoe waves 8 cre/$ top-knot1 ! bright-hu$ woodpeck]s flit f b\gh to b\gh1 & ! swifts d>t scream+ by hundr$s ?r\gh ! air4 ,yet a little way (f1 beyond ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! spr+s & /reams1 all is desolation--9 summ] an arid wa/e brok5 by great m>%es & wide pat*es ( salt1 9 w9t] a broad %eet ( /agnant wat]1 :i* z x dries up ) ! gr[+ heat ( ! sun exhales a poison\s mal>ia4 ,to ! we/1 z f> z ! eye c see1 /ret*es ! endless expanse ( ! dre>y ,lycaonian pla91 b>r51 treeless1 & solit>y1 till x fades into ! blue di/ance1 or is b\nd$ af> (f by abrupt ranges ( jagg$ volcanic m\nta9s1 on :i* 9 sun%9y wea!r ! %ad[s ( ! cl\ds re/1 purple & s(t z velvet47#cia7 ,no wond] t ! smil+ luxuriance ( ! "o l&scape1 %>ply contra/+ ) ! bleak /]ility ( ! o!r1 %\ld h r5d]$ x 9 ! eyes ( primitive man a v]itable g>d5 ( ,god4 7,m#ic7 ,among ! attributes :i* m>k out ! deity ( ,ibreez z a p[] ( f]tility ! horns on 8 high cap %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,!y are probably ! horns ( a bull2 = to primitive cattle-bre$]s ! bull is ! mo/ natural emblem ( g5]ative =ce4 ,at ,c>*emi%1 ! great ,hittite capital on ! ,euphrates1 a relief has be5 discov]$ :i* repres5ts a god or a prie/ clad 9 a ri* robe1 & we>+ on 8 head a tall horn$ cap surm\nt$ by a disc47#cib7 ,sculptures f\nd at ! palace ( ,euyuk 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,cappadocia prove t ! ,hittites wor%ipp$ ! bull & sacrific$ rams to x47#cic7 ,simil>ly ! ,greeks conceiv$ ! v9e-god ,dionysus 9 ! =m ( a bull47#cid7 #c4 ,s&an ( ,t>sus4 7,m#id7 ,t ! god ( ,ibreez1 ) ! grapes & corn 9 8 h&s1 is id5tical ) ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 :o be>s ! same emblems1 may be tak5 z c]ta947#cie7 ,b :at 0 8 "n8 & :o 7 8 wor%ipp]s8 ,! ,greeks app>5tly call$ him ,h]cules2 at lea/ 9 ,byzant9e times ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,cybi/ra adopt$ ! "n ( ,h]aclea1 :i* seems to %[ t ,h]cules 0 deem$ ! pr9cipal deity ( ! place47#cif7 ,yet ! /yle & co/ume ( ! figures at ,ibreez prove unque/ionably t ! god 0 an ,ori5tal4 ,if any confirmation ( ?is view 7 ne$$1 x is furni%$ by ! inscriptions c>v$ on ! rock beside ! sculptures1 = ^! inscriptions are compos$ 9 ! peculi> sy/em ( hi]oglyphics n[ kn[n z ,hittite4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! deity wor%ipp$ at ,t>sus & ,ibreez 0 a god ( ! ,hittites1 t anci5t & little-kn[n p :o occupi$ ! c5tre ( ,asia ,m9or1 inv5t$ a sy/em ( writ+1 & ext5d$ _! influ5ce1 if n _! dom9ion1 at "o "t f ! ,euphrates to ! ,aegean4 ,f ! l(ty & arid tablel&s ( ! int]ior1 a prolongation ( ! great plateau ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ) a climate rang+ f ! mo/ burn+ heat 9 summ] to ! mo/ pi]c+ cold 9 w9t]17#cig7 ^! h>dy highl&]s seem to h swept d[n ?r\gh ! m\nta9-passes & e/abli%$ !mselves at a v e>ly date 9 ! ri* s\!rn l[l&s ( ,syria & ,cilicia47#cih7 ,_! language & race are /ill "u discussion1 b a great prepond]ance ( op9ion appe>s to decl>e t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r 0 ,semitic47#cii7 7,m#ie7 ,9 ! inscription atta*$ to ! colossal figure ( ! god at ,ibreez two s*ol>s h pr(ess$ to read ! "n ( ,s&an or ,s&a47#djj7 ,be t z x may1 !re are indep5d5t gr\nds = ?9k+ t ,s&an1 ,s&on1 or ,s&es may h be5 ! "n ( ! ,cappadocian & ,cilician god ( f]tility4 ,= ! god ( ,ibreez 9 ,cappadocia appe>s1 z we saw1 to h be5 id5tifi$ by ! ,greeks ) ,h]cules1 & we are told t a ,cappadocian & ,cilician "n ( ,h]cules 0 ,s&an or ,s&es47#dja7 ,n[ ?is ,s&an or ,h]cules is said to h f\nd$ ,t>sus1 & ! p ( ! city commemorat$ him at an annual or1 at all ev5ts1 p]iodical fe/ival by erect+ a f9e pyre 9 8 hon\r47#djb7 ,app>5tly at ?is fe/ival1 z at ! fe/ival ( ,melc>?1 ! god 0 burn$ 9 effigy on 8 own pyre4 ,= co9s ( ,t>sus (t5 exhibit ! pyre z a conical /ructure re/+ on a g>l&$ alt> or basis1 ) ! figure ( ,s&an himself 9 ! mid/ ( x1 :ile an eagle ) spread w+s p]*es on ! top ( ! pyre1 z if ab\t to be> ! s\l ( ! burn+ god 9 ! pill> ( smoke & fire to heav547#djc7 ,9 l mann] :5 a ,roman emp]or di$ leav+ a son to succe$ him on ! ?rone1 a wax5 effigy 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! deceas$ & burn$ on a huge pyramidal pyre1 :i* 0 re>$ ^u a squ>e basis ( wood2 & f ! summit ( ! blaz+ pile an eagle 0 releas$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ to heav5 ! s\l ( ! dead & deifi$ emp]or47#djd7 ,! ,romans may h borr[$ f ! ,ea/ a gr&iose cu/om :i* sav\rs ( ,ori5tal adulation r ?an ( ,roman simplicity47#dje7 7,m#if7 ,! type ( ,s&an or ,h]cules1 z he is portray$ on ! co9s ( ,t>sus1 is t ( an ,asiatic deity /&+ on a lion4 ,x is ?us t he is repres5t$ on ! pyre1 & x is ?us t he appe>s z a sep>ate figure )\t ! pyre4 ,f ^! repres5tations we c =m a fairly accurate conception ( ! =m & attributes ( ! god4 ,!y exhibit him z a be>d$ man /&+ on a horn$ & (t5 w+$ lion4 ,^u 8 head he we>s a high po9t$ cap or mitre1 & he is clad sometimes 9 a long robe1 sometimes 9 a %ort tunic4 ,on at lea/ "o co9 8 feet are %od 9 high boots ) flaps4 ,at 8 side or ov] 8 %\ld] are slung a sword1 a b[-case1 & a quiv]1 sometimes only "o or two ( !m4 ,8 "r h& is rais$ & sometimes holds a fl[]4 ,8 left h& grasps a d\ble-head$ axe1 & sometimes a wrea? ei!r 9 addition to ! axe or in/ead ( x2 b ! d\ble-head$ axe is "o ( ,s&an's mo/ con/ant attributes47#djf7 #d4 ,! ,gods ( ,boghaz-,keui4 7,m#ig7 ,n[ a deity ( almo/ precisely ! same type figures prom95tly 9 ! celebrat$ gr\p ( ,hittite sculptures :i* is c>v$ on ! rocks at ,boghaz-,keui 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,cappadocia4 ,! village ( ,boghaz-,keui1 t is1 8! village ( ! defile10 /&s at ! m\? ( a deep1 n>r[1 & picturesque gorge 9 a wild upl& valley1 %ut 9 by rugg$ m\nta9s ( grey lime/one4 ,! h\ses are built on ! l[] slopes ( ! hills1 & a /ream issu+ f ! gorge fl[s pa/ !m to jo9 ! ,halys1 :i* is di/ant ab\t t5 h\rs' j\rney to ! we/4 ,imm$iately above ! mod]n village a great anci5t city1 enclos$ by massive =tification walls1 rose on ! r\gh brok5 gr\nd ( ! m\nta9side1 culm9at+ 9 two citadels p]*$ on ! tops ( precipit\s crags4 ,! walls are /ill /&+ 9 _m places to a height ( twelve feet or m4 ,!y are ab\t f\rte5 feet ?ick & consi/ ( an out] & inn] fac+ built ( l>ge blocks ) a core ( rubble betwe5 !m4 ,on ! out] side !y are /r5g!n$ at int]vals ( ab\t a hundr$ feet by project+ t[]s or buttresses1 :i* seem design$ r z ar*itectural supports ?an z milit>y def5ces4 ,! masonry1 compos$ ( l>ge /ones laid 9 r\ghly p>allel c\rses1 resembles 9 /yle t ( ! walls ( ,myc5ae1 ) :i* x may be contempor>y2 & ! celebrat$ ,lion-gate at ,myc5ae has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! s\!rn gate ( ,boghaz-,keui1 :i* is flank$ by a pair ( colossal /one lions execut$ 9 ! be/ /yle ( ,hittite art4 ,! ea/]n gate is adorn$ on its inn] side ) ! figure ( a ,hittite w>rior or ,amazon c>v$ 9 high relief4 ,a d5se und]gr[? ( /unt$ oak coppice n[ cov]s mu* ( ! site4 ,! ru9s ( a l>ge palace or temple1 built ( enorm\s blocks ( /one1 occupy a t]race 9 a comm&+ situation )9 ! circuit ( ! walls4 ,?is va/ city1 "s f\r or five miles 9 circumf]5ce1 appe>s to h be5 ! anci5t ,pt]ia1 :i* ,croesus1 k+ ( ,lydia1 captur$ 9 8 w> ) ,cyrus4 ,x 0 probably ! capital ( a p[]ful ,hittite empire be=e ! ,phrygians made _! way f ,europe into ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or & e/abli%$ a rival /ate to ! we/ ( ! ,halys47#djg7 7,m#ih7 ,f ! village ( ,boghaz-,keui a /eep & rugg$ pa? leads up hill to a sanctu>y1 di/ant ab\t a mile & a half to ! ea/4 ,"h among ! grey lime/one cliffs !re is a spaci\s natural *amb] or hall ( r\ghly oblong %ape1 ro($ only by ! sky1 & enclos$ on ?ree sides by high rocks4 ,"o ( ! %ort sides is op51 & ?r\gh x y look out on ! brok5 slopes beyond & ! m di/ant m\nta9s1 :i* make a graceful picture set 9 a massy frame4 ,! l5g? ( ! *amb] is ab\t a hundr$ feet2 its bread? v>ies f tw5ty-five to fifty feet4 ,a ne>ly level sw>d =ms ! floor4 ,on ! "r-h& side1 z y face inw>d1 a n>r[ op5+ 9 ! rock leads into ano!r b mu* small] *amb]1 or r corridor1 :i* w\ld seem to h be5 ! inn] sanctu>y or ,holy ( ,holies4 ,x is a romantic spot1 :]e ! deep %ad[s ( ! rocks are reliev$ by ! bright foliage ( walnut-trees & by ! sight ( ! sky & cl\ds ov]head4 ,on ! rock-walls ( bo? *amb] are c>v$ ! fam\s bas-reliefs4 ,9 ! out] sanctu>y ^! reliefs repres5t two great processions :i* defile along ! two long sides ( ! *amb] & meet face to face on ! %ort wall at ! inn] end4 ,! figures on ! left-h& wall are = ! mo/ "p m5 clad 9 ! *>act]i/ic ,hittite co/ume1 :i* consi/s ( a high po9t$ cap1 %oes ) turn$-up toes1 & a tunic drawn 9 at ! wai/ & fall+ %ort ( ! knees47#djh7 ,! figures on ! "r-h& wall are wom5 we>+ tall1 squ>e1 flat-topp$ bonnets ) ribb$ sides2 _! long dresses fall 9 p]p5dicul> folds to _! feet1 :i* are %od 9 %oes l ^? ( ! m54 ,on ! %ort wall1 :]e ! processions meet1 ! great] size ( ! c5tral figures1 z well z _! po/ures & attributes1 m>k !m out z div9e4 ,at ! head ( ! male procession m>*es or is c>ri$ a be>d$ deity clad 9 ! ord9>y ,hittite co/ume ( tall po9t$ cap1 %ort tunic1 & turn$-up %oes2 b 8 feet re/ on ! b[$ heads ( two m51 9 8 "r h& he holds on 8 %\ld] a mace or trun*eon topp$ ) a knob1 :ile 8 ext5d$ left h& grasps a symbol1 :i* app>5tly consi/s ( a trid5t surm\nt$ by an oval ) a cross-b>4 ,beh9d him foll[s a simil>1 ?\gh some:at small]1 figure ( a man1 or p]haps r ( a god1 c>ry+ a mace or trun*eon ov] 8 %\ld] 9 8 "r h&1 :ile ) 8 left he holds al(t a long sword ) a flat hilt2 8 feet re/ n on two m5 b on two flat-topp$ p9nacles1 :i* p]haps repres5t m\nta9s4 ,at ! head ( ! female procession & fac+ ! great god :o is borne on ! two m51 /&s a goddess on a lioness or pan!r4 ,h] co/ume does n diff] f t ( ! wom53 h] hair hangs d[n 9 a long plait beh9d3 9 h] ext5d$ "r h& %e holds out an emblem to t\* t ( ! god4 ,! %ape & mean+ ( h] emblem are obscure4 ,x consi/s ( a /em ) two pairs ( protub]ances1 p]haps leaves or bran*es1 "o above ! o!r1 ! :ole be+ surm\nt$1 l ! emblem ( ! god1 by an oval ) a cross-b>4 ,"u ! out/ret*$ arms ( ! two deities appe> ! front p>ts ( two animals1 :i* h be5 usually int]pret$ z bulls b are r goats2 ea* ( !m we>s on its head ! high conical ,hittite cap1 & its body is conceal$ by t ( ! deity4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! goddess m>*es a small] & app>5tly y\?ful male figure1 /&+ l h] ^u a lioness or pan!r4 ,he is be>dless & we>s ! ,hittite dress ( high po9t$ cap1 %ort tunic1 & %oes ) turn$-up toes4 ,a cresc5t-hilt$ sword is girt at 8 side2 9 8 left h& he holds a d\ble-head$ axe1 & 9 8 "r a /aff topp$ by an armless doll ) ! symbol ( ! cross-b>r$ oval in/ead ( a head4 ,beh9d him foll[ two wom51 or r p]haps goddesses1 resembl+ ! goddess at ! head ( ! procession1 b ) diff]5t emblems & /&+ n on a lioness b on a s+le two-head$ eagle ) outspread w+s4 7,m#ii7 ,! entrance to ! small] *amb] is gu>d$ on ei!r side by ! figure ( a w+$ mon/] c>v$ on ! rock2 ! bodies ( bo? figures are human1 b "o ( !m has ! head ( a dog1 ! o!r ! head ( a lion4 ,9 ! inn] sanctu>y1 to :i* ?is mon/]-gu>d$ passage leads1 ! walls are also c>v$ 9 relief4 ,on "o side we see a procession ( twelve m5 9 ,hittite co/ume m>*+ ) curv$ swords 9 _! "r h&s4 ,on ! opposite wall is a colossal erect figure ( a deity ) a human head & a body curi\sly compos$ ( f\r lions1 two above & two bel[1 ! latt] /&+ on _! heads4 ,! god we>s ! high conical ,hittite hat3 8 face is y\?ful & be>dless l t ( ! male figure /&+ on ! lioness 9 ! l>ge *amb]2 & ! e> turn$ to ! spectator is pi]c$ ) a r+4 ,f ! knees d[nw>ds ! legs1 curi\sly en\gh1 are replac$ by a device :i* has be5 int]pret$ z ! tap]+ po9t ( a great dagg] or dirk ) a midrib4 ,to ! "r ( ?is deity a squ>e panel cut 9 ! face ( ! rock exhibits a gr\p ( two figures 9 relief4 ,! l>g] ( ! two figures closely resembles ! y\? on ! lioness 9 ! out] sanctu>y4 ,8 *9 is be>dless2 he we>s ! same high po9t$ cap1 ! same %ort tunic1 ! same turn$-up %oes1 ! same cresc5t-hilt$ sword1 & he c>ries a simil> armless doll 9 8 "r h&4 ,b 8 left arm encircles ! neck ( ! small] figure1 :om he seems to clasp to 8 side 9 an attitude ( protection4 ,! small] figure ?us embrac$ by ! god is cle>ly a prie/ or prie/ly k+4 ,8 face is be>dless2 he we>s a skull-cap & a long mantle rea*+ to 8 feet ) a sort ( *asuble ?r[n ov] x4 ,! cresc5t-%ap$ hilt ( a sword projects f "u 8 mantle4 ,! wri/ ( 8 "r arm is clasp$ by ! god's left h&2 9 8 left h& ! prie/ holds a crook or pa/oral /aff :i* ends bel[ 9 a curl4 ,bo? ! prie/ & 8 protector are fac+ t[>ds ! lion-god4 ,9 an upp] corn] ( ! panel beh9d !m is a div9e emblem compos$ ( a w+$ disc re/+ on :at look l two ,ionic columns1 :ile betwe5 !m appe> ?ree symbols ( d\btful significance4 ,! figure ( ! prie/ or k+ 9 ?is co/ume1 ?\gh n 9 ?is attitude1 is a famili> "o2 = x occurs twice 9 ! out] sanctu>y & is repeat$ twice at ! great ,hittite palace ( ,euyuk1 di/ant ab\t f\r & a half h\rs' ride to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,boghaz-,keui4 ,9 ! out] sanctu>y at ,boghaz-,keui we see ! prie/ m>*+ 9 ! procession ( ! m51 & hold+ 9 "o h& 8 curl$ /aff1 or lituus1 & 9 ! o!r a symbol l t ( ! goddess on ! lioness3 above 8 head appe>s ! w+$ disc )\t ! o!r attributes4 ,moreov] he occupies a conspicu\s place by himself on ! "r-h& wall ( ! out] sanctu>y1 q ap>t f ! two processions1 & c>v$ on a l>g] scale ?an any ( ! o!r figures 9 !m4 ,"h he /&s on two heaps1 p]haps int5d$ to repres5t m\nta9s1 & he c>ries 9 8 "r h& ! emblem ( ! w+$ disc support$ on two ,ionic columns ) ! o!r symbols betwe5 !m1 except t ! c5tral symbol is replac$ by a mascul9e figure we>+ a po9t$ cap & a long robe decorat$ ) a dog-too? patt]n4 ,on "o ( ! reliefs at ! palace ( ,euyuk we see ! prie/ ) 8 *>act]i/ic dress & /aff foll[$ by a prie/ess1 ea* ( !m ) a h& rais$ z if 9 adoration3 !y are approa*+ ! image ( a bull :i* /&s on a high p$e/al ) an alt> be=e x4 ,beh9d !m a prie/ leads a flock ( rams to ! sacrifice4 ,on ano!r relief at ,euyuk ! prie/1 simil>ly attir$ & foll[$ by a prie/ess1 is approa*+ a seat$ goddess & app>5tly p\r+ a libation at h] feet4 ,bo? ^! sc5es d\btless repres5t acts ( wor%ip paid 9 ! "o case to a goddess1 9 ! o!r to a bull47#dji7 7,m#ajj7 ,we h /ill to inquire into ! mean+ ( ! rock-c>v+s at ,boghaz-,keui4 ,:at are ^! processions :i* are meet+8 ,:o are ! p]sonages repres5t$8 & :at are !y do+8 ,"s h ?\ght t ! sc5e is hi/orical & commemorates a great ev5t1 su* z a treaty ( peace betwe5 two peoples or ! m>riage ( a k+'s son to a k+'s daught]47#daj7 ,b to ?is view x has be5 rightly object$ t ! attributes ( ! pr9cipal figures prove !m to be div9e or prie/ly1 & t ! sc5e is !re=e religi\s or my?ical r ?an hi/orical4 ,) reg>d to ! two p]sonages :o head ! processions & hold out _! symbols to ea* o!r1 ! mo/ probable op9ion appe>s to be t !y /& = ! great ,asiatic goddess ( f]tility & h] consort1 by :atev] names ^! deities 7 kn[n2 = "u div]se names a simil> div9e c\ple appe>s to h be5 wor%ipp$ ) simil> rites all ov] ,we/]n ,asia47#daa7 ,! be>d$ god :o1 grasp+ a trid5t 9 8 ext5d$ left h&1 heads ! procession ( male figures is probably ! ,fa!r deity1 ! great ,hittite god ( ! ?und]+ sky1 ^: emblems 7 ! ?und]bolt & ! bull2 = ! trid5t :i* he c>ries may reasonably be int]pret$ z a ?und]bolt4 ,! deity is repres5t$ 9 simil> =m on two /one monum5ts ( ,hittite art :i* 7 f\nd at ,z5jirli 9 ,nor!rn ,syria & at ,babylon respectively4 ,on bo? we see a be>d$ male god we>+ ! usual ,hittite co/ume ( tall cap1 %ort tunic1 & %oes turn$ up at ! toes3 a cresc5t-hilt$ sword is girt at 8 side3 8 h&s are rais$3 9 ! "r he holds a s+le-head$ axe or hamm]1 9 ! left a trid5t ( wavy l9es1 :i* is ?\ght to /& = =k$ lightn+ or a bundle ( ?und]bolts4 ,on ! ,babylonian slab1 :i* be>s a long ,hittite inscription1 ! god's cap is ornam5t$ ) a pair ( horns47#dab7 ,! horns on ! cap are probably ^? ( a bull2 = on ano!r ,hittite monum5t1 f\nd at ,malatia on ! ,euphrates1 !re is c>v$ a deity 9 ! usual ,hittite co/ume /&+ on a bull & grasp+ a trid5t or ?und]bolt 9 8 left h&1 :ile fac+ him /&s a prie/ clad 9 a long robe1 hold+ a crook or curl$ /aff 9 "o h& & p\r+ a libation ) ! o!r47#dac7 ,! ,hittite ?und]-god is also kn[n to u f a treaty ( alliance :i* ab\t ! ye> #abij ,b4,c4 0 contract$ betwe5 ,hattusil1 ,k+ ( ! ,hittites1 & ,rameses ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,egypt4 ,by a s+ul> piece ( good =tune we possess copies ( ?is treaty bo? 9 ! ,hittite & 9 ! ,egyptian language4 ,! ,hittite copy 0 f\nd "s ye>s ago inscrib$ 9 cunei=m *>act]s on a clay tablet at ,boghaz-,keui2 two copies ( ! treaty 9 ! ,egyptian language are engrav$ on ! walls ( temples at ,!bes4 ,f ! ,egyptian copies1 :i* h be5 read & translat$1 we ga!r t ! ?und]-god 0 ! pr9cipal deity ( ! ,hittites1 & t ! two ,hittite seals :i* 7 app5d$ to ! treaty exhibit$ ! ,k+ embrac$ by ! ?und]-god & ! ,que5 embrac$ by ! sun-goddess ( ,ar5na47#dad7 ,?is ,hittite div9ity ( ! ?und]+ sky appe>s to h long surviv$ at ,doli*e 9 ,commag5e1 = 9 lat] ,roman art he reappe>s "u ! title ( ,jupit] ,doli*5us1 we>+ a ,phrygian cap1 /&+ on a bull1 & wield+ a d\ble axe 9 "o h& & a ?und]bolt 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ?is =m 8 wor%ip 0 transport$ f 8 native ,syrian home by soldi]s & slaves1 till x _h spread ov] a l>ge "p ( ! ,roman empire1 especially on ! fronti]s1 :]e x fl\ri%$ 9 ! camps ( ! legions47#dae7 ,! comb9ation ( ! bull ) ! ?und]bolt z emblems ( ! deity sugge/s t ! animal may h be5 *os5 to repres5t ! sky-god = ! sake n m]ely ( its virility b ( its voice2 = 9 ! peal ( ?und] primitive man may well h he>d ! bell[+ ( a cele/ial bull4 7,m#aja7 ,! goddess :o at ! head ( ! procession ( wom5 confronts ! great sky-god 9 ! sanctu>y at ,boghaz-,keui is g5]ally recogniz$ z ! div9e ,"m1 ! great ,asiatic goddess ( life & f]tility4 ,! tall flat-topp$ hat ) p]p5dicul> grooves :i* %e we>s1 & ! lioness or pan!r on :i* %e /&s1 rem9d u ( ! turret$ cr[n & lion-drawn c> ( ,cybele1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! neighb\r+ l& ( ,phrygia across ! ,halys47#daf7 ,s ,at>gatis1 ! great ,syrian goddess ( ,hi]apolis-,bambyce1 0 portray$ sitt+ on lions & we>+ a t[] on h] head47#dag7 ,at ,babylon an image ( a goddess :om ! ,greeks call$ ,rhea _h ! figures ( two lions /&+ on h] knees47#dah7 7,m#ajb7 ,b 9 ! rock-hewn sculptures ( ,boghaz-,keui1 :o is ! y\? ) ! tall po9t$ cap & d\ble axe :o /&s on a lioness or pan!r imm$iately beh9d ! great goddess8 ,8 figure is all ! m rem>kable because he is ! only male :o int]rupts ! long procession ( wom54 ,probably he is at once ! div9e son & ! div9e lov] ( ! goddess2 = we %all f9d lat] on t 9 ,phrygian my?ology ,attis unit$ 9 himself bo? ^! *>act]s47#dai7 ,! lioness or pan!r on :i* he /&s m>ks 8 aff9ity ) ! goddess1 :o is support$ by a simil> animal4 ,x is natural t ! lion-goddess %\ld h a lion-son & a lion-lov]4 ,= we may take x z probable t ! ,ori5tal deities :o are repres5t$ /&+ or sitt+ 9 human =m on ! backs ( lions & o!r animals 7 orig9ally indi/+ui%able f ! bea/s1 & t ! complete sep>ation ( ! be/ial f ! human or div9e %ape 0 a consequ5ce ( t gr[? ( k & ( p[] :i* l$ man 9 "t to respect himself m & ! brutes less4 ,! hybrid gods ( ,egypt ) _! human bodies & animal heads =m an int]m$iate /age 9 ?is evolution ( an?ropomorphic deities out ( bea/s4 7,m#ajc7 ,we may n[ p]haps haz>d a conjecture z to ! mean+ ( t /range colossal figure 9 ! inn] %r9e at ,boghaz-,keui ) its human head & its body compos$ ( lions4 ,= x is to be obs]v$ t ! head ( ! figure is y\?ful & be>dless1 & t x we>s a tall po9t$ cap1 ?us resembl+ 9 bo? respects ! y\? ) ! d\ble-head$ axe :o /&s on a lion 9 ! out] sanctu>y4 ,we may suppose t ! leon9e figure 9 ! inn] %r9e sets =? ! true my/ic1 t is1 ! old savage nature ( ! god :o 9 ! out] %r9e pres5t$ himself to 8 wor%ipp]s 9 ! dec5t semblance ( a man4 ,to ! *os5 few :o 7 all[$ to pass ! mon/]-gu>d$ portal into ! ,holy ( ,holies1 ! awful secret may h be5 reveal$ t _! god 0 a lion1 or r a lion-man1 a be+ 9 :om ! be/ial & human natures my/]i\sly co-exi/$47#dbj7 ,! read] may rememb] t on ! rock beside ?is leon9e div9ity is c>v$ a gr\p :i* repres5ts a god ) 8 arm tw9$ r\nd ! neck ( 8 prie/ 9 an attitude ( protection1 hold+ "o ( ! prie/'s h&s 9 8 own4 ,bo? figures are look+ & /epp+ t[>ds ! lion-mon/]1 & ! god is hold+ out 8 "r h& z if po9t+ to x4 ,! sc5e may repres5t ! deity reveal+ ! my/]y to ! prie/1 or prep>+ him to act 8 "p 9 "s solemn rite = :i* all 8 /r5g? & c\rage w be ne$$4 ,he seems to be lead+ 8 m9i/] onw>d1 com=t+ him ) an assurance t no h>m c come ne> him :ile ! div9e arm is ar\nd him & ! div9e h& clasps 84 ,:i!r is he lead+ him8 ,p]haps to dea?4 ,! deep %ad[s ( ! rocks :i* fall on ! two figures 9 ! gloomy *asm may be an emblem ( d>k] %ad[s soon to fall on ! prie/4 ,yet /ill he grasps 8 pa/oral /aff & goes =w>d1 z ?\gh he said1 8,yea1 ?\gh ,i walk ?r\gh ! valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ,i w fe> no evil2 = ?\ art ) me3 ?y rod & ?y /aff !y com=t me40 7,m#ajd7 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ^! guesses--= !y are little m--! ?ree pr9cipal figures 9 ! processional sc5e at ,boghaz-,keui repres5t ! div9e ,fa!r1 ! div9e ,"m1 & ! div9e ,son4 ,b we h /ill to ask1 ,:at are !y do+8 ,t !y are engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( "s religi\s rite seems c]ta94 ,b :at is x8 ,we may conjecture t x is ! rite ( ! ,sacr$ ,m>riage1 & t ! sc5e is copi$ f a c]emony :i* 0 p]iodically p]=m$ 9 ?is v place by human repres5tatives ( ! deities47#dba7 ,inde$1 ! solemn meet+ ( ! male & female figures at ! head ( _! respective processions obvi\sly sugge/s a m>riage1 & has be5 s int]pret$ by s*ol>s1 :o1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ x z ! hi/orical w$d+ ( a pr9ce & pr9cess in/ead ( ! my/ic union ( a god & goddess1 ov]look+ or expla9+ away ! symbols ( div9ity :i* accompany ! pr9cipal p]sonages47#dbb7 ,we may suppose t at ,boghaz-,keui1 z at _m o!r places 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( a family :o comb9$ royal ) prie/ly functions & p]sonat$ ! gods ^: names !y bore4 ,?us at ,pess9us 9 ,phrygia1 z we %all see lat] on1 ! prie/s ( ,cybele bore ! "n ( h] consort ,attis1 & d\btless repres5t$ him 9 ! ritual47#dbc7 ,if ?is 0 s at ,boghaz-,keui1 we may surmise t ! *ief pontiff & 8 family annually celebrat$ ! m>riage ( ! div9e p[]s ( f]tility1 ! ,fa!r ,god & ! ,"m ,goddess1 = ! purpose ( ensur+ ! fruitfulness ( ! e>? & ! multiplication ( m5 & bea/s4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts 9 ! c]emony w\ld naturally be play$ by ! pontiff himself & 8 wife1 unless inde$ !y pref]r$ = good reasons to delegate ! on]\s duty to o!rs4 ,t su* a delegation took place is p]haps sugge/$ by ! appe>ance ( ! pontiff himself 9 a subord9ate place 9 ! procession1 z well z by 8 sep>ate repres5tation 9 ano!r place1 z if he 7 9 ! act ( survey+ ! c]emony f a di/ance47#dbd7 ,! "p ( ! div9e ,son at ! rite w\ld fitly devolve ^u "o ( ! high-prie/'s own (fspr+1 :o may well h be5 num]\s4 ,= x is probable t "h1 z else:]e 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,"m ,goddess 0 p]sonat$ by a cr[d ( sacr$ h>lots17#dbe7 ) :om ! spiritual rul] may h be5 requir$ to consort 9 8 "* ( inc>nate deity4 ,b if ! p]sonation ( ! ,son ( ,god at ! rites laid a heavy burd5 ( suff]+ on ! %\ld]s ( ! actor1 x is possible t ! repres5tative ( ! deity may h be5 drawn1 p]haps by lot1 f among ! num]\s prog5y ( ! consecrat$ c\rtesans2 = ^! wom51 z inc>nations ( ! ,"m ,goddess1 7 probably suppos$ to transmit to _! (fspr+ "s portion ( _! own div9ity4 ,be t z x may1 if ! ?ree pr9cipal p]sonages 9 ! processional sc5e at ,boghaz-,keui are inde$ ! ,fa!r1 ! ,"m1 & ! ,son1 ! rem>kable position assign$ to ! ?ird ( !m 9 ! procession1 :]e he walks beh9d 8 ,"m alone 9 ! procession ( wom51 appe>s to indicate t he 0 suppos$ to be m closely ak9 to h] ?an to 8 ,fa!r4 ,f ?is aga9 we may conjecturally inf] t "m-k9 r ?an fa!r-k9 0 ! rule :i* regulat$ desc5t among ! ,hittites4 ,! conjecture d]ives "s support f ,hittite ar*ives1 = ! names ( ! ,great ,que5 & ! ,que5 ,"m are m5tion$ along ) t ( ! ,k+ 9 /ate docum5ts47#dbf7 ,! o!r p]sonages :o figure 9 ! procession may repres5t human be+s masqu]ad+ 9 ! co/umes & ) ! attributes ( deities4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! two female figures :o /& on a d\ble-head$ eagle2 ! two male figures /epp+ on :at seem to be two m\nta9s2 & ! two w+$ be+s 9 ! procession ( m51 "o ( :om may be ! ,moon-god1 = he we>s a cresc5t on 8 head47#dbg7 #e4 ,s&an & ,baal at ,t>sus4 7,m#aje7 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ^! speculations1 "o ?+ seems fairly cle> & c]ta94 ,! figure :i* ,i h call$ ! div9e ,son at ,boghaz-,keui is id5tical ) ! god ,s&an1 :o appe>s on ! pyre at ,t>sus4 ,9 bo? p]sonages ! co/ume1 ! attributes1 ! attitude are ! same4 ,bo? repres5t a man clad 9 a %ort tunic ) a tall po9t$ cap on 8 head1 a sword at 8 side1 a d\ble-head$ axe 9 8 h&1 & a lion or pan!r "u 8 feet47#dbh7 ,accord+ly1 if we are "r 9 id5tify+ him z ! div9e ,son at ,boghaz-,keui1 we may conjecture t "u ! "n ( ,s&an he bore ! same "* at ,t>sus4 ,! conjecture squ>es p]fectly ) ! title ( ,h]cules1 :i* ! ,greeks be/[$ on ,s&an2 = ,h]cules 0 ! son ( ,zeus1 ! great fa!r-god4 ,moreov]1 we h se5 t ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 ) ! grapes & ! corn 9 8 h&1 0 assimilat$ to ,zeus47#dbi7 ,?us x w\ld appe> t at ,t>sus z at ,boghaz-,keui !re 0 a pair ( deities1 a div9e ,fa!r & a div9e ,son1 :om ! ,greeks id5tifi$ ) ,zeus & ,h]cules respectively4 ,if ! ,baal ( ,t>sus 0 a god ( f]tility1 z 8 attributes cle>ly imply1 8 id5tification ) ,zeus w\ld be natural1 s9ce x 0 ,zeus :o1 9 ! belief ( ! ,greeks1 s5t ! f]tiliz+ ra9 f heav547#dcj7 ,& ! id5tification ( ,s&an ) ,h]cules w\ld be equally natural1 s9ce ! lion & ! dea? on ! pyre 7 features common to bo?4 ,our conclusion !n is t x 0 ! div9e ,son1 ! lion-god1 :o 0 burn$ 9 effigy or 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative at ,t>sus1 & p]haps at ,boghaz-,keui4 ,semitic p>allels sugge/ t ! victim :o play$ ! "p ( ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! fi]y furnace ought 9 /rictness to be ! k+'s son47#dca7 ,b no d\bt 9 lat] times an effigy w\ld be sub/itut$ = ! man4 #f4 ,prie/ly ,k+s ( ,olba4 7,m#ajf7 ,un=tunately we "k next to no?+ ( ! k+s & prie/s ( ,t>sus4 ,9 ,greek times we he> ( an ,epicurean philosoph] ( ! city1 ,lysias by "n1 :o 0 elect$ by 8 fell[-citiz5s to ! (fice ( ,cr[n-we>]1 t is1 to ! prie/hood ( ,h]cules4 ,once rais$ to t dignity1 he w\ld n lay x d[n aga91 b play$ ! "p ( tyrant1 we>+ a :ite robe edg$ ) purple1 a co/ly cloak1 :ite %oes1 & a gold5 wrea? ( laurel4 ,he truckl$ to ! mob by di/ribut+ among !m ! prop]ty ( ! weal?y1 :ile he put to dea? su* z refus$ to op5 _! money-bags to him47#dcb7 ,?\gh we _c di/+ui% 9 ?is acc\nt betwe5 ! legal & ! illegal ex]cise ( au?ority1 yet we may safely inf] t ! prie/hood ( ,h]cules1 t is ( ,s&an1 at ,t>sus cont9u$ d[n to late times to be an (fice ( great dignity & p[]1 n unwor?y to be held 9 e>li] times by ! k+s !mselves4 ,scanty z is our in=mation z to ! k+s ( ,cilicia1 we he> ( two ^: names appe> to indicate t !y /ood 9 "s special relation to ! div9e ,s&an4 ,"o ( !m 0 ,s&u'arri1 "l ( ,kundi & ,sizu1 :i* h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,an*iale & ,sis 9 ,cilicia47#dcc7 ,! o!r 0 ,s&a-s>me1 :o gave 8 daught] 9 m>riage to ,a%urbanipal1 k+ ( ,assyria47#dcd7 ,x w\ld be 9 accordance ) analogy if ! k+s ( ,t>sus =m]ly held ! prie/hood ( ,s&an & claim$ to repres5t him 9 _! own p]son4 7,m#ajg7 ,we "k t ! :ole ( ,we/]n or ,m\nta9\s ,cilicia 0 rul$ by k+s :o comb9$ ! regal (fice ) ! prie/hood ( ,zeus1 or r ( a native deity :om1 l ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 ! ,greeks assimilat$ to _! own ,zeus4 ,^! prie/ly pot5tates _h _! seat at ,olba1 & mo/ ( !m bore ! "n ei!r ( ,teuc] or ( ,ajax17#dce7 b we may suspect t ^! appellations are m]ely ,greek di/ortions ( native ,cilician names4 ,teuc] 7,teukros7 may be a corruption ( ,t>k1 ,trok1 ,t>ku1 or ,troko1 all ( :i* occur 9 ! names ( ,cilician prie/s & k+s4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is wor?y ( notice t "o1 if n two1 ( ^! prie/ly ,teuc]s _h a fa!r call$ ,t>ku>is17#dcf7 & t 9 a long li/ ( prie/s :o s]v$ ,zeus at ! ,corycian cave1 n _m miles f ,olba1 ! names ,t>ku>is1 ,t>kumbios1 ,t>kimos1 ,troko>basis1 & ,trokombigremis1 besides _m o!r obvi\sly native names1 occur side by side ) ,teuc] & o!r purely ,greek appellations47#dcg7 ,9 l mann] ! ,teucrids1 :o trac$ _! desc5t f ,zeus & reign$ at ,salamis 9 ,cyprus17#dch7 may well h be5 a native dyna/y1 :o concoct$ a ,greek p$igree = !mselves 9 ! days :5 ,greek civilization 0 fa%ionable4 ,! leg5d :i* attribut$ ! f\ndation ( ! ,cyprian ,salamis to ,teuc]1 son ( ,telamon1 appe>s to be late & unkn[n to ,hom]47#dci7 ,moreov]1 a cruel =m ( human sacrifice :i* 0 practis$ 9 ! city d[n to hi/orical times sav\rs r ( ,ori5tal b>b>ity ?an ( ,greek humanity4 ,l$ or driv5 by ! y\?s1 a man ran ?rice r\nd ! alt>2 !n ! prie/ /abb$ him 9 ! ?roat ) a spe> & burn$ 8 body :ole on a heap$-up pyre4 ,! sacrifice 0 (f]$ 9 ! mon? ( ,aphrodite to ,diom$e1 :o along ) ,agraulus1 daught] ( ,cecrops1 _h a temple at ,salamis4 ,a temple ( ,a!na /ood )9 ! same sacr$ enclosure4 ,x is said t 9 old5 times ! sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ,agraulus1 & n to ,diom$e4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt x 0 in/itut$ by ,teuc] 9 hon\r ( ,zeus4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 ! b>b>\s cu/om la/$ d[n to ! reign ( ,hadrian1 :5 ,diphilus1 k+ ( ,cyprus1 aboli%$ or r mitigat$ x by sub/itut+ ! sacrifice ( an ox = t ( a man47#ddj7 ,on ! hypo!sis "h sugge/$ we mu/ suppose t ^! ,greek names ( div9e or h]oic figures at ! ,cyprian ,salamis cov]$ m or less simil> figures ( ! ,asiatic pan!on4 ,& 9 ! ,salam9ian burnt-sacrifice ( a man we may p]haps detect ! orig9al =m ( ! c]emony :i* 9 hi/orical times appe>s to h be5 p]=m$ ^u an image ( ,s&an or ,h]cules at ,t>sus4 ,:5 an ox 0 sacrific$ in/ead ( a man1 ! old sacrificial rites w\ld naturally cont9ue to be obs]v$ 9 all o!r respects exactly z be=e3 ! animal w\ld be l$ ?rice r\nd ! alt>1 /abb$ ) a spe>1 & burn$ on a pyre4 ,n[ at ! ,syrian ,hi]apolis ! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ye> bore ! "n ( ! ,pyre or ! ,tor*4 ,x 0 held at ! beg9n+ ( spr+4 ,great trees 7 !n cut d[n & plant$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple3 %eep1 goats1 birds1 & o!r creatures 7 hung ^u !m3 sacrificial victims 7 l$ r\nd3 !n fire 0 set to ! :ole1 & ev]y?+ 0 consum$ 9 ! flames47#dda7 ,p]haps "h also ! burn+ ( animals 0 a sub/itute = ! burn+ ( m54 ,:5 ! practice ( human sacrifice becomes too revolt+ to humanity to be tol]at$1 its abolition is commonly effect$ by sub/itut+ ei!r animals or images = liv+ m5 or wom54 ,at ,salamis c]ta9ly1 & p]haps at ,hi]apolis1 ! sub/itutes 7 animals3 at ,t>sus1 if ,i am "r1 !y 7 images4 ,9 ?is connexion ! /atem5t ( a ,greek writ] z to ! wor%ip ( ,adonis 9 ,cyprus des]ves att5tion4 ,he says t z ,adonis _h be5 hon\r$ by ,aphrodite1 ! ,cyprians aft] 8 dea? ca/ live doves on a pyre to him1 & t ! birds1 fly+ away f ! flames1 fell into ano!r pyre & 7 consum$47#ddb7 ,! /atem5t seems to be a description ( an actual cu/om ( burn+ doves 9 sacrifice to ,adonis4 ,su* a mode ( hon\r+ him w\ld be v rem>kable1 s9ce doves 7 commonly sacr$ to 8 div9e mi/ress ,aphrodite or ,a/>te4 ,= example1 at ! ,syrian ,hi]apolis1 "o ( ! *ief seats ( h] wor%ip1 ^! birds 7 s holy t !y might n ev5 be t\*$4 ,if a man inadv]t5tly t\*$ a dove1 he 0 unclean or taboo$ = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,h5ce ! birds1 nev] be+ mole/$1 7 s tame t !y liv$ ) ! p 9 _! h\ses1 & commonly pick$ up _! food fe>lessly on ! gr\nd47#ddc7 ,c ! burn+ ( ! sacr$ bird ( ,aphrodite 9 ! ,cyprian wor%ip ( ,adonis h be5 a sub/itute = ! burn+ ( a sacr$ man :o p]sonat$ ! lov] ( ! goddess8 7,m#ajh7 ,if1 z _m s*ol>s ?9k1 ,t>k or ,t>ku 0 ! "n1 or "p ( ! "n1 ( a great ,hittite deity1 sometimes id5tifi$ z ! god ( ! sky & ! lightn+17#ddd7 we may conjecture t ,t>k or ,t>ku 0 ! native "n ( ! god ( ,olba1 :om ! ,greeks call$ ,zeus1 & t ! prie/ly k+s :o bore ! "n ( ,teuc] repres5t$ ! god ,t>k or ,t>ku 9 _! own p]sons4 ,?is conjecture is confirm$ by ! obs]vation t ,olba1 ! anci5t "n ( ! city1 is itself m]ely a ,greciz$ =m ( ,oura1 ! "n :i* ! place reta9s to ?is day47#dde7 ,! situation ( ! t[n1 moreov]1 speaks /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! view t x 0 f ! beg9n+ an aborig9al settlem5t1 ?\gh 9 aft] days1 l s _m o!r ,asiatic cities1 x took on a v>ni% ( ,greek culture4 ,= x /ood remote f ! sea on a l(ty & b>r5 tablel&1 ) a rigor\s w9t] climate1 9 ! highl&s ( ,cilicia4 7,m#aji7 ,great inde$ is ! contra/ betwe5 ! bleak w9dy upl&s ( ,we/]n or ,rugg$ ,cilicia1 z ! anci5ts call$ x1 & ! s(t luxuriant l[l&s ( ,ea/]n ,cilicia1 :]e w9t] is almo/ unkn[n & summ] annually drives ! population to seek 9 ! cool air ( ! m\nta9s a refuge f ! intol]able heat & deadly fev]s ( ! pla9s4 ,9 ,we/]n ,cilicia1 on ! o!r h&1 a l(ty tablel&1 end+ 9 a high %>p edge on ! coa/1 rises /eadily inl& till x passes gradually into ! *a9 ( heights :i* divide x f ! int]ior4 ,look$ at f ! sea x resembles a great blue wave swell+ 9 "o uni=m sweep till its cre/ breaks into foam 9 ! di/ant sn[s ( ! ,taurus4 ,! surface ( ! tablel& is almo/ ev]y:]e rocky & ov]gr[n1 9 ! int]vals ( ! rocks1 ) d5se1 ?orny1 almo/ imp5etrable scrub4 ,only "h & !re 9 a holl[ or gl5 ! nigg>dly soil all[s ( a pat* ( cultivation2 & "h & !re f9e oaks & planes1 t[]+ ov] ! bru%wood1 clo! ) a ri*] foliage ! dep? ( ! valleys4 ,none b w&]+ h]dsm5 ) _! flocks n[ ma9ta9 a prec>i\s exi/5ce 9 ?is rocky wild]ness4 ,yet ! ru9$ t[ns :i* /ud ! c\ntry prove t a d5se population liv$ & ?rove "h 9 antiquity1 :ile num]\s rema9s ( w9e-presses & w9e-vats be> witness to ! successful cultivation ( ! grape4 ,! *ief cause ( ! pres5t desolation is lack ( wat]2 = wells are few & bracki%1 p]5nial /reams h>dly exi/1 & ! anci5t aqu$ucts1 :i* once br\ght life & f]tility to ! l&1 h long be5 suff]$ to fall into disrepair4 7,m#aaj7 ,b = ages toge!r ! anci5t inhabitants ( ^! upl&s e>n$ _! bread by less reputable means ?an ! toil ( ! husb&man & ! v9$ress]4 ,!y 7 buccane]s & slav]s1 sc\r+ ! high seas ) _! galleys & retir+ ) _! booty to ! inaccessible fa/nesses ( _! m\nta9s4 ,9 ! decl9e ( ,greek p[] all ov] ! ,ea/ ! pirate communities ( ,cilicia grew into a =midable /ate1 recruit$ by gangs ( desp]adoes & brok5 m5 :o flock$ to x f all sides4 ,! holds ( ^! robb]s may /ill be se5 p]*$ on ! br9k ( ! pr(\nd rav9es :i* cleave ! tablel& at frequ5t int]vals4 ,) _! walls ( massive masonry1 _! t[]s & battlem5ts1 ov]hang+ dizzy dep?s1 !y are admirably adapt$ to bid defiance to ! pursuit ( ju/ice4 ,9 antiquity ! d>k =e/s ( c$>1 :i* clo!d mu* ( ! c\ntry & suppli$ ! pirates ) timb] = _! %ips1 mu/ h r5d]$ access to ^! fa/nesses /ill m difficult4 ,! great gorge ( ! ,lamas ,riv]1 :i* eats its way l a %eet ( =k$ lightn+ into ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s1 is dott$ e few miles ) =tifi$ t[ns1 "s ( !m /ill magnific5t 9 _! ru9s1 dom9at+ %e] cliffs high above ! /ream4 ,!y are n[ ! haunt only ( ! ibex & ! be>4 ,ea* ( ^! communities _h its own cre/ or badge1 :i* may /ill be se5 c>v$ on ! corn]s ( ! m\ld]+ t[]s4 ,no d\bt1 too1 x blazon$ ! same cre/ on ! hull1 ! sails1 or ! /ream]s ( ! galley :i*1 mann$ ) a crew ( ruffians1 x s5t out to prey ^u ! ri* m]*antm5 9 ! ,gold5 ,sea1 z ! corsairs call$ ! highway ( comm]ce betwe5 ,crete & ,africa4 7,m#aaa7 ,a /aircase cut 9 ! rock connects "o ( ^! ru9$ ca/les ) ! riv] 9 ! gl51 a ?\s& feet bel[4 ,b ! /eps are worn & dang]\s1 inde$ impassable4 ,y may g = miles along ! edge ( ^! /up5d\s cliffs be=e y f9d a way d[n4 ,! pa?s keep on ! heights1 = 9 _m ( its rea*es ! gully af=ds no foo?old ev5 to ! agile nomads :o alone roam ^! solitudes4 ,at ev5+ ! w9d+ c\rse ( ! riv] may be trac$ = a long di/ance by a mi/ :i*1 z ! heat ( ! day decl9es1 rises l /eam f ! deep gorge & hangs susp5d$ 9 a wavy l9e ( fleecy cl\d above x4 ,b ev5 m impos+ ?an ! rav9e ( ! ,lamas is ! t]rific gorge kn[n z ! ,%eitan d]e or ,devil's ,gl5 ne> ! ,corycian cave4 ,prodigi\s walls ( rock1 gl[+ 9 ! int5se sunlight1 black 9 ! %ad[1 & spann$ by a summ] sky ( ! deepe/ blue1 hem 9 ! dry b$ ( a w9t] torr5t1 *ok$ ) rocks & tangl$ ) ?ickets ( ev]gre5s1 among :i* ! ole&]s ) _! slim /alks1 delicate tap] leaves1 & bun*es ( crimson blossom /& out conspicu\s47#ddf7 7,m#aab7 ,! ru9s ( ,olba1 among ! mo/ ext5sive & rem>kable 9 ,asia ,m9or1 7 discov]$ 9 #ahij by ,mr4 ,j4 ,!odore ,b5t4 ,b ?ree ye>s be=e ano!r ,engli% travell] _h caught a di/ant view ( its battlem5ts & t[]s outl9$ aga9/ ! sky l a city ( en*antm5t or dreams47#ddg7 ,/&+ at a height ( ne>ly six ?\s& feet above ! sea1 ! upp] t[n comm&s a free1 ?\gh some:at uni=m1 prospect = imm5se di/ances 9 all directions4 ,! sea is j visible f> away to ! s\?4 ,on ^! heights ! w9t] is long & sev]e4 ,sn[ lies on ! gr\nd = mon?s4 ,no ,greek w\ld h *os5 su* a site = a city1 s bleak & *ill1 s f> f blue wat]2 b x s]v$ well = a fa/ness ( brig&s4 ,deep gorges1 "o ( !m fill$ = miles ) tombs1 surr\nd x on all sides1 r5d]+ =tification walls sup]flu\s4 ,b a great squ>e t[]1 f\r /ories high1 rises conspicu\s on ! hill1 =m+ a l&m>k & e>n+ = ?is upp] t[n ! native "n ( ,jebel ,hiss>1 or ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,ca/le4 ,a ,greek inscription cut on ! t[] proves t x 0 built by ,teuc]1 son ( ,t>ku>is1 "o ( ! prie/ly pot5tates ( ,olba4 ,among o!r rema9s ( public build+s ! mo/ notable are =ty tall ,cor9?ian columns ( ! great temple ( ,olbian ,zeus4 ,?\gh co>se 9 /yle & corrod$ by long exposure to fro/ & sn[1 ^! massive pill>s1 t[]+ above ! ru9s1 produce an impos+ effect4 ,t ! temple ( :i* !y =m$ "p belong$ inde$ to ,olbian ,zeus is %[n by a ,greek inscription f\nd )9 ! sacr$ area1 :i* records t ! p5t-h\ses on ! inn] side ( ! b\nd>y wall 7 built by ,k+ ,seleucus ,nicator & repair$ = ,olbian ,zeus by 8! great high-prie/ ,teuc]1 son ( ,z5ophanes40 ,ab\t two hundr$ y>ds f ?is great temple are /&+ five elegant granite columns ( a small temple d$icat$ to ! goddess ,=tune4 ,fur!r1 ! rema9s ( two !atres & _m o!r public build+s atte/ ! =m] spl5d\r ( ?is m\nta9 city4 ,an ar*$ colonnade1 ( :i* "s ,cor9?ian columns are /&+ ) _! ar*itraves1 ran ?r\gh ! t[n2 & an anci5t pav$ road1 l9$ ) tombs & ru9s1 leads d[n hill to a l[] & small] city two or ?ree miles di/ant4 ,x is ?is l[] t[n :i* reta9s ! anci5t "n ( ,oura4 ,"h ! pr9cipal ru9s occupy an isolat$ fir-clad height b\nd$ by two n>r[ rav9es full ( rock-cut tombs4 ,bel[ ! t[n ! rav9es unite & =m a f9e gorge1 d[n :i* ! old road pass$ seaw>d47#ddh7 #g4 ,! ,god ( ! ,corycian ,cave4 7,m#aac7 ,no?+ yet f\nd at ,olba ?r[s light on ! nature ( ! god :o 0 wor%ipp$ !re "u ! ,greek "n ( ,zeus4 ,b at two places ne> ! coa/1 di/ant only "s f\rte5 or fifte5 miles f ,olba1 a deity also call$ ,zeus by ! ,greeks 0 rev]$ 9 natural surr\nd+s ( a rem>kable k9d1 :i* mu/ h /ood 9 close relation ) ! wor%ip1 & are !re=e fitt$ to illu/rate x4 ,9 bo? places ! features ( ! l&scape are ( ! same g5]al ca/1 & at "o ( !m ! god 0 def9itely id5tifi$ ) ! ,zeus ( ,olba4 ,! c\ntry "h consi/s ( a tablel& ( calc>e\s rock r5t at int]vals by ^? great *asms :i* are *>act]i/ic ( a lime/one =mation4 ,simil> fissures1 ) ! accompanim5t ( /reams or riv]s :i* p\r into !m & vani% "u gr\nd1 are frequ5t 9 ,greece1 & may be obs]v$ 9 our own c\ntry ne> ,+lebor\gh 9 ,york%ire4 ,fossil bones ( ext9ct animals are (t5 f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! /alagmite or breccia ( lime/one caves4 ,= example1 ! fam\s ,k5t's ,hole ne> ,torquay conta9$ bones ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 lion1 hya5a1 & be>2 & r$ osse\s breccias1 *>g$ ) ! bones ( quadrup$s :i* h long disappe>$ f ,europe1 are common 9 almo/ all ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean47#ddi7 ,we/]n ,cilicia is ri*] 9 ,mioc5e deposits ?an any o!r "p ( ,anatolia1 & ! lime/one gorges ( ! coa/ ne> ,olba are cr[d$ ) fossil oy/]s1 corals1 & o!r %ells47#dej7 ,"h1 too1 )9 ! space ( five miles ! lime/one plateau is r5t by ?ree great *asms1 :i* ,greek religion associat$ ) ,zeus & ,typhon4 ,"o ( ^! fissures is ! celebrat$ ,corycian cave4 7,m#aad7 ,to visit ?is spot1 inve/$ ) ! d\ble *>m ( natural beauty & leg5d>y r5[n1 y />t f ! dead ,cilician city ( ,corycus on ! sea1 ) its ru9$ walls1 t[]s1 & *ur*es1 its rock-hewn h\ses & ci/]ns1 its %att]$ mole1 its isl&-=tress1 /ill impos+ 9 decay4 ,view$ f ! sea1 ?is "p ( ! ,cilician coa/1 ) its long succession ( :ite ru9s1 reliev$ by ! d>k wood$ hills beh9d1 pres5ts an appe>ance ( popul\sness & spl5d\r4 ,b a ne>] approa* reveals ! nak$ness & desolation ( ! once prosp]\s l&47#dea7 ,foll[+ ! %ore we/w>d f ,corycus = ab\t an h\r y come to a pretty cove enclos$ by wood$ heights1 :]e a spr+ ( pure cold wat] bubbles up close to ! sea1 giv+ to ! spot its "n ( ,tatlu-su1 or ! ,sweet ,wat]4 ,f ?is bay a /eep asc5t ( ab\t a mile along an anci5t pav$ road leads inl& to a plateau4 ,"h1 ?read+ y\r way ?r\gh a labyr9? or petrifi$ sea ( jagg$ calc>e\s rocks1 y sudd5ly f9d y\rself on ! br9k ( a va/ *asm :i* yawns at y\r feet4 ,?is is ! ,corycian cave4 ,9 reality x is n a cave b an imm5se holl[ or tr\gh 9 ! plateau1 ( oval %ape & p]haps half a mile 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! cliffs :i* enclose x v>y f "o hundr$ to ov] two hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,its unev5 bottom slopes ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? f nor? to s\?1 & is cov]$ by a ?ick jungle ( trees & %rubs--myrtles1 pomegranates1 c>obs1 & _m m1 kept always fre% & gre5 by rivulets1 und]gr\nd wat]1 & ! %ad[ ( ! great cliffs4 ,a s+le n>r[ pa? leads d[n into its dep?s4 ,! way is long & r\gh1 b ! deep] y desc5d ! d5s] gr[s ! vegetation1 & x is "u ! dappl$ %ade ( :isp]+ leaves & ) ! purl+ ( brooks 9 y\r e>s t y at la/ rea* ! bottom4 ,! saffron :i* ( old grew "h among ! bu%es is no long] to be f\nd1 ?\gh x /ill fl\ri%es 9 ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,?is luxuriant bottom1 ) its ri* v]dure1 its refre%+ moi/ure1 its grateful %ade1 is call$ ,p>adise by ! w&]+ h]dsm54 ,!y te!r _! camels & pa/ure _! goats 9 x & come hi!r 9 ! late summ] to ga!r ! ripe pomegranates4 ,at ! s\!rn & deepe/ end ( ?is great cliff-encircl$ holl[ y come to ! cav]n prop]4 ,! ru9s ( a ,byzant9e *ur*1 :i* replac$ a hea!n temple1 p>tly block ! entrance4 ,inw>ds ! cave desc5ds ) a g5tle slope into ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! old pa? pav$ ) polygonal masonry /ill runs ?r\gh x1 b soon disappe>s "u s&4 ,at ab\t two hundr$ feet f its m\? ! cave comes to an end1 & a trem5d\s ro> ( subt]ranean wat] is he>d4 ,by crawl+ on all f\rs y may rea* a small pool ar*$ by a dripp+ /alactite-hung ro(1 b ! /ream :i* makes ! deaf5+ d9 is invisible4 ,x 0 o!rwise 9 antiquity4 ,a riv] ( cle> wat] bur/ f ! rock1 b only to vani% aga9 into a *asm4 ,su* *anges 9 ! c\rse ( /reams are common 9 c\ntries subject to e>?quakes & to ! disruption caus$ by volcanic ag5cy4 ,! anci5ts believ$ t ?is my/]i\s cav]n 0 haunt$ gr\nd4 ,9 ! rumble & ro> ( ! wat]s !y seem$ to he> ! cla% ( cymbals t\*$ by h&s div9e47#deb7 7,m#aae7 ,if n[1 quitt+ ! cav]n1 we return by ! same pa? to ! summit ( ! cliffs1 we %all f9d on ! plateau ! ru9s ( a t[n & ( a temple at ! we/]n edge ( ! great ,corycian *asm4 ,! wall ( ! holy prec9ct 0 built )9 a few feet ( ! precipices1 & ! sanctu>y mu/ h /ood "r ov] ! actual cave & its subt]ranean wat]s4 ,9 lat] times ! temple 0 conv]t$ into a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,by pull+ d[n a portion ( ! sacr$ edifice ,mr4 ,b5t _h ! good =tune to discov] a ,greek inscription conta9+ a long li/ ( names1 probably ^? ( ! prie/s :o sup]9t5d$ ! wor%ip4 ,"o "n :i* meets u frequ5tly 9 ! li/ is ,zas1 & x is tempt+ to reg>d ?is z m]ely a dialectical =m ( ,zeus4 ,if t 7 s1 ! prie/s :o bore ! "n might be suppos$ to p]sonate ! god47#dec7 ,b _m /range & b>b>\s-look+ names1 evid5tly =eign1 occur 9 ! li/1 & ,zas may be "o ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t ,zeus 0 wor%ipp$ at ! ,corycian cave2 = ab\t half a mile f x1 on ! summit ( a hill1 are ! ru9s ( a l>g] temple1 :i* an inscription proves to h be5 d$icat$ to ,corycian ,zeus47#ded7 7,m#aaf7 ,b ,zeus1 or :atev] native deity masqu]ad$ "u 8 "n1 did n reign alone 9 ! deep dell4 ,a m dreadful be+ haunt$ a /ill m awful abyss :i* op5s 9 ! gr\nd only a hundr$ y>ds to ! ea/ ( ! great ,corycian *asm4 ,x is a circul> cauldron1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 resembl+ ! ,corycian *asm 9 its g5]al "*1 b small]1 deep]1 & f> m t]rific 9 appe>ance4 ,its sides ov]hang & /alactites droop f !m4 ,!re is no way d[n into x4 ,! only mode ( rea*+ ! bottom1 :i* is cov]$ ) vegetation1 w\ld be to be l[]$ at ! end ( a long rope4 ,! nomads call ?is *asm ,purgatory1 to di/+ui% x f ! o!r :i* !y "n ,p>adise4 ,!y say t !re is a subt]ranean passage betwe5 ! two1 & t ! smoke ( a fire k9dl$ 9 ! ,corycian cave may be se5 curl+ out ( ! o!r4 ,! "o anci5t writ] :o expressly m5tions ?is second & m grisly cav]n is ,mela1 :o says t x 0 ! lair ( ! giant ,typhon1 & t no animal let d[n into x c\ld live47#dee7 ,aes*ylus puts into ! m\? ( ,prome!us an acc\nt ( 8! e>?-born ,typhon1 dwell] 9 ,cilician caves1 dread mon/]1 hundr$-head$10 :o 9 8 pride rose up aga9/ ! gods1 hiss+ de/ruction f 8 dreadful jaws1 :ile f 8 ,gorgon eyes ! lightn+ fla%$4 ,b him a flam+ lev9 bolt1 cra%+ f heav51 smote to ! v he>t1 & n[ he lies1 %rivell$ & scor*$1 "u ! weight ( ,etna by ! n>r[ sea4 ,yet "o day he w bel* a fi]y hail1 a boil+ angry flood1 riv]s ( flame1 to deva/ate ! fat ,sicilian fields47#def7 ,?is poetical description ( ! mon/]1 confirm$ by a simil> passage ( ,p9d>17#deg7 cle>ly proves t ,typhon 0 conceiv$ z a p]sonification ( ^? active volcanoes :i* sp\t fire & smoke to heav5 z if !y w\ld assail ! cele/ial gods4 ,! ,corycian cav]ns are n volcanic1 b ! anci5ts app>5tly reg>d$ !m z su*1 else !y w\ld h>dly h made !m ! d5 ( ,typhon4 7,m#aag7 ,accord+ to "o leg5d ,typhon 0 a mon/]1 half man & half brute1 begott5 9 ,cilicia by ,t>t>us ^u ! goddess ,e>?4 ,! upp] "p ( him 0 human1 b f ! lo9s d[nw>d he 0 an enorm\s snake4 ,9 ! battle ( ! gods & giants1 :i* 0 f\ght out 9 ,egypt1 ,typhon hugg$ ,zeus 9 8 snaky coils1 wre/$ f him 8 crook$ sword1 & ) ! blade cut ! s9ews ( ! god's h&s & feet4 ,!n tak+ him on 8 back he convey$ ! mutilat$ deity across ! sea to ,cilicia1 & deposit$ him 9 ! ,corycian cave4 ,"h1 too1 he hid ! sev]$ s9ews1 wrapt 9 a be>'s sk94 ,b ,h]mes & ,aegipan contriv$ to /eal ! miss+ !ws & re/ore !m to _! div9e own]4 ,?us made :ole & /rong aga91 ,zeus pelt$ 8 beat5 adv]s>y ) ?und]bolts1 drove him f place to place1 & at la/ ov]:elm$ him "u ,m\nt ,etna4 ,& ! spots :]e ! hiss+ bolts fell are /ill m>k$ by jets ( flame47#deh7 7,m#aah7 ,x is possible t ! discov]y ( fossil bones ( l>ge ext9ct animals may h help$ to localize ! /ory ( ! giant at ! ,corycian cave4 ,su* bones1 z we h se51 are (t5 f\nd 9 lime/one cav]ns1 & ! lime/one gorges ( ,cilicia are 9 fact ri* 9 fossils4 ,! ,arcadians laid ! sc5e ( ! battle ( ! gods & ! giants 9 ! pla9 ( ,megalopolis1 :]e _m bones ( mammo?s h come to light1 & :]e1 moreov]1 flames h be5 se5 to bur/ f ! e>? & ev5 to burn = ye>s47#dei7 ,^! natural conditions w\ld easily sugge/ a fable ( giants :o _h f\ght ! gods & _h be5 sla9 by ?und]bolts2 ! sm\ld]+ e>? or jets ( flame w\ld be reg>d$ z ! spots :]e ! div9e lightn+s _h /ruck ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce ! ,arcadians sacrific$ to ?und] & lightn+47#dfj7 ,9 ,sicily1 too1 great quantities ( bones ( mammo?s1 elephants1 hippopotamuses1 & o!r animals long ext9ct 9 ! isl& h be5 f\nd1 & h be5 appeal$ to ) confid5ce by patriotic ,sicilians z conclusive evid5ce ( ! gigantic /ature ( _! ance/ors or pr$ecessors47#dfa7 ,^! rema9s ( huge unwieldy creatures :i* once trampl$ ?r\gh ! jungle or spla%$ 9 ! riv]s ( ,sicily may h contribut$ ) ! fires ( ,etna to build up ! /ory ( giants imprison$ "u ! volcano & vomit+ smoke & flame f its crat]4 8,tales ( giants & mon/]s1 :i* /& 9 direct connexion ) ! f9d+ ( great fossil bones1 are scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! my?ology ( ! _w4 ,huge bones1 f\nd at ,punto ,santa ,el5a1 9 ! nor? ( ,guayaquil1 h s]v$ z a f\ndation = ! /ory ( a colony ( giants :o dwelt !re4 ,! :ole area ( ! ,pampas is a great sepul*re ( enorm\s ext9ct animals2 no wond] t "o great pla9 %\ld be call$ ! #8,field ( ! giants1' & t su* names z #8! hill ( ! giant1' #8! /ream ( ! animal1' %\ld be guides to ! geologi/ 9 8 se>* = fossil bones407#dfb7 7,m#aai7 ,ab\t five miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,corycian cav]ns1 b divid$ f !m by _m deep gorges & impassable rocks1 is ano!r & v simil> *asm4 ,x may be rea*$ 9 ab\t an h\r & a qu>t] f ! sea by an anci5t pav$ road1 :i* asc5ds at fir/ v /eeply & !n g5tly ?r\gh bu%-clad & wood$ hills4 ,?us y come to a /ret* ( level gr\nd cov]$ ) ! well-pres]v$ ru9s ( an anci5t t[n4 ,rema9s ( =tresses con/ruct$ ( polygonal masonry1 /ately *ur*es1 & _m h\ses1 toge!r ) num]\s tombs & reliefs1 f9ely *isell$ 9 ! calc>e\s lime/one ( ! neighb\rhood1 be> witness to ! ext5t & importance ( ! place4 ,yet x is m5tion$ by no anci5t writ]4 ,inscriptions prove t its "n 0 ,kanyteldeis or ,kanytelideis1 :i* /ill survives 9 ! mod]n =m ( ,kanidiwan4 ,! great *asm op5s 9 ! v he>t ( ! city4 ,s cr[d$ are ! ru9s t y d n p]ceive ! abyss till y are )9 a few y>ds ( x4 ,x is almo/ a complete circle1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile wide1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & uni=mly two hundr$ feet or m 9 dep?4 ,! cliffs g %e] d[n & rem9d ! travell] ( ! great qu>ries at ,syracuse4 ,b l ! ,corycian caves1 ! l>g] ( :i* x closely resembles1 ! huge fissure is natural2 & its bottom1 l !irs1 is ov]gr[n ) trees & vegetation4 ,two ways l$ d[n into x 9 antiquity1 bo? cut ?r\gh ! rock4 ,"o ( !m 0 a tunnel1 :i* is n[ ob/ruct$2 ! o!r is /ill op54 ,rema9s ( columns & hewn /ones 9 ! bottom ( ! *asm seem to %[ t a temple once /ood !re4 ,b !re is no cave at ! foot ( ! cliffs1 & no /ream fl[s 9 ! deep holl[ or c be he>d to rumble und]gr\nd4 ,a ru9$ t[] ( polygonal masonry1 :i* /&s on ! s\!rn edge ( ! *asm1 be>s a ,greek inscription /at+ t x 0 d$icat$ to ,olbian ,zeus by ! prie/ ,teuc]1 son ( ,t>ku>is4 ,! lett]s are beautifully cut 9 ! /yle ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,we may inf] t at ! "t ( ! d$ication ! t[n belong$ to ! prie/ly k+s ( ,olba1 & t ! great *asm 0 sacr$ to ,olbian ,zeus47#dfc7 7,m#abj7 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! "* ( ! god :o 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,zeus at ^! two great natural *asms8 ,! dep? ( ! fissures1 op5+ sudd5ly & z x 7 )\t w>n+ 9 ! mid/ ( a plateau1 0 well fitt$ to impress & awe ! spectator2 & ! sight ( ! rank ev]gre5 vegetation at _! bottom1 f$ by rivulets or und]gr\nd wat]1 mu/ h pres5t$ a /rik+ contra/ to ! grey1 b>r51 rocky wild]ness ( ! surr\nd+ tablel&4 ,su* a spot mu/ h seem$ to simple folk a p>adise1 a g>d5 ( ,god1 ! abode ( high] p[]s :o caus$ ! wild]ness to blossom1 if n ) roses1 at lea/ ) myrtles & pomegranates = man1 & ) grass & und]wood = 8 flocks4 ,s to ! ,semite1 z we saw1 ! ,baal ( ! l& is he :o f]tilizes x by subt]ranean wat] r ?an by ra9 f ! sky1 & :o !re=e dwells 9 ! dep?s ( e>? r ?an 9 ! height ( heav547#dfd7 ,9 ra9less c\ntries ! sky-god is depriv$ ( "o ( ! pr9cipal functions :i* he dis*>ges 9 cool cl\dy climates l t ( ,europe4 ,he has1 9 fact1 little or no?+ to d ) ! wat]-supply1 & has !re=e small excuse = levy+ a wat]-rate on 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,n1 inde$1 t ,cilicia is ra9less2 b 9 c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean ! dr\ght is almo/ unbrok5 ?r\gh ! long mon?s ( summ]4 ,vegetation !n )]s3 ! face ( nature is scor*$ & br[n3 mo/ ( ! riv]s dry up2 & only _! :ite /ony b$s1 hot to ! foot & dazzl+ to ! eye1 rema9 to tell :]e !y fl[$4 ,x is at su* seasons t a gre5 holl[1 a %ady rock1 a murmur+ /ream1 are welcom$ by ! w&]] 9 ! ,s\? ) a joy & wond] :i* ! untravell$ ,nor!rn] c h>dly imag9e4 ,nev] d ! broad sl[ riv]s ( ,engl&1 ) _! w9d+ rea*es1 _! grassy banks1 _! grey will[s mirror$ ) ! s(t ,engli% sky 9 ! placid /ream1 appe> s beautiful z :5 ! travell] views !m = ! fir/ "t aft] leav+ beh9d him ! aridity1 ! heat1 ! bl9d+ gl>e ( ! :ite s\!rn l&scape1 set 9 seas & skies ( ca]ulean blue4 7,m#aba7 ,we may take x1 !n1 z probable t ! god ( ! ,corycian & ,olbian cav]ns 0 wor%ipp$ z a s\rce ( f]tility4 ,9 antiquity1 :5 ! riv]1 :i* n[ ro>s und]gr\nd1 /ill bur/ f ! rock 9 ! ,corycian cave1 ! sc5e mu/ h resembl$ ,ibreez1 :]e ! god ( ! corn & ! v9e 0 ador$ at ! s\rce ( ! /ream2 & we may comp>e ! vale ( ,adonis 9 ! ,lebanon1 :]e ! div9ity :o gave 8 "n to ! riv] 0 rev]$ at its foam+ cascades4 ,! ?ree l&scapes _h 9 common ! elem5ts ( luxuriant vegetation & copi\s /reams leap+ full-born f ! rock4 ,we %all h>dly err 9 suppos+ t ^! features %ap$ ! conception ( ! deities :o 7 suppos$ to haunt ! fav\r$ spots4 ,at ! ,corycian cave ! exi/5ce ( a second *asm1 ( a fr[n+ & awful aspect1 might well sugge/ ! pres5ce ( an evil be+ :o lurk$ 9 x & s\ght to undo ! b5efic5t "w ( ! good god4 ,?us we %\ld h a fable ( a conflict betwe5 ! two1 a battle ( ,zeus & ,typhon4 7,m#abb7 ,on ! :ole we conclude t ! ,olbian ,zeus1 wor%ipp$ at "o ( ^! great lime/one *asms1 & cle>ly id5tical 9 nature ) ! ,corycian ,zeus1 0 also id5tical ) ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 ! god ( ! corn & ! v9e1 :o 9 8 turn c h>dly be sep>at$ f ! god ( ,ibreez4 ,if my conjecture is "r ! native "n ( ! ,olbian ,zeus 0 ,t>k or ,trok1 & ! prie/ly ,teuc]s ( ,olba repres5t$ him 9 _! own p]sons4 ,on t hypo!sis ! ,olbian prie/s :o bore ! "n ( ,ajax embodi$ ano!r native deity ( unkn[n "n1 p]haps ! fa!r or ! son ( ,t>k4 ,a comp>ison ( ! co9-types ( ,t>sus ) ! ,hittite monum5ts ( ,ibreez & ,boghaz-,keui l$ u to ! conclusion t ! p ( ,t>sus wor%ipp$ at lea/ two di/9ct gods1 a fa!r & a son1 ! fa!r-god be+ kn[n to ! ,semites z ,baal & to ! ,greeks z ,zeus1 :ile ! son 0 call$ ,s&an by ! natives1 b ,h]cules by ! ,greeks4 ,we may surmise t at ,olba ! names ( ,teuc] & ,ajax designat$ two gods :o correspond$ 9 type to ! two gods ( ,t>sus2 & if ! less] figure at ,ibreez1 :o appe>s 9 an attitude ( adoration be=e ! deity ( ! corn & ! v9e1 c\ld be int]pret$ z ! div9e ,son 9 pres5ce ( ! div9e ,fa!r1 we %\ld h 9 all ?ree places ! same pair ( deities1 repres5t$ probably 9 ! fle% by successive g5]ations ( prie/ly k+s4 ,b ! evid5ce is f> too sl5d] to ju/ify u 9 advanc+ ?is hypo!sis z any?+ m ?an a b>e conjecture4 #h4 ,cilician ,goddesses4 7,m#abc7 ,s f>1 ! ,cilician deities discuss$ h be5 males2 we h z yet f\nd no trace ( ! great ,"m ,goddess :o plays s important a "p 9 ! religion ( ,cappadocia & ,phrygia1 beyond ! great divid+ range ( ! ,taurus4 ,yet we may suspect t %e 0 n unkn[n 9 ,cilicia1 ?\gh h] wor%ip c]ta9ly seems to h be5 f> less prom95t !re ?an 9 ! c5tre ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! diff]5ce may p]haps be int]pret$ z evid5ce t "m-k9 & h5ce ! pr$om9ance ( ,"m ,goddesses surviv$1 9 ! bleak highl&s ( ! int]ior1 long aft] a g5ial climate & teem+ soil _h fo/]$ ! gr[? ( a high] civilization1 & ) x ! advance f female to male k9%ip1 9 ! ri* l[l&s ( ,cilicia4 ,be t z x may1 ,cilician goddesses ) or )\t a male p>tn] are kn[n to h be5 rev]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 7,m#abd7 ,?us at ,t>sus itself ! goddess ',a!h 0 wor%ipp$ along ) ,baal2 _! effigies are engrav$ on ! same co9s ( ! city4 ,%e is repres5t$ we>+ a veil & seat$ ^u a lion1 ) h] "n 9 ,aramaic lett]s engrav$ beside h]47#dfe7 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t at ,t>sus1 z at ,boghaz-,keui1 ! ,fa!r ,god mat$ ) a lion-goddess l ! ,phrygian ,cybele or ! ,syrian ,at>gatis4 ,n[ ! "n ,at>gatis is a ,greek r5d]+ ( ! ,aramaic ',a?>-'a!h1 a comp\nd ^w :i* includes ! "n ( ! goddess ( ,t>sus47#dff7 ,?us 9 "n z well z 9 attributes ! female p>tn] ( ! ,baal ( ,t>sus appe>s to correspond to ,at>gatis1 ! ,syrian ,"m ,goddess ^: image1 seat$ on a lion or lions1 0 wor%ipp$ ) great pomp & spl5d\r at ,hi]apolis-,bambyce ne> ! ,euphrates47#dfg7 ,may we g a /ep f>!r & f9d a correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,baal ( ,t>sus & ! husb&-god ( ,at>gatis at ,hi]apolis-,bambyce8 ,t husb&-god1 l ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 0 id5tifi$ by ! ,greeks ) ,zeus1 & ,lucian tells u t ! resemblance ( 8 image to ! images ( ,zeus 0 9 all respects unmi/akable4 ,b 8 image1 unlike ^? ( ,zeus1 0 seat$ ^u bulls47#dfh7 ,9 po9t ( fact he 0 probably ,hadad1 ! *ief male god ( ! ,syrians1 :o appe>s to h be5 a god ( ?und] & f]tility2 = at ,baalbec 9 ! ,lebanon1 :]e ! ru9$ temple ( ! ,sun is ! mo/ impos+ monum5t bequea!d to ! mod]n _w by ,greek art 9 its decl9e1 8 image grasp$ 9 8 left h& a ?und]bolt & e>s ( corn17#dfi7 & a colossal /atue ( ! deity1 f\nd ne> ,z5jirli 9 ,nor!rn ,syria1 repres5ts him ) a be>d$ human head & horns1 ! emblem ( /r5g? & f]tility47#dgj7 ,a simil> god ( ?und] & lightn+ 0 wor%ipp$ f e>ly times by ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians2 he bore ! simil> "n ( ,adad & 8 emblems appe> to h be5 a ?und]bolt & a bull4 ,on an ,assyrian relief 8 image is repres5t$ z t ( a be>d$ man clad 9 a %ort tunic1 we>+ a cap ) two pairs ( horns1 & grasp+ an axe 9 8 "r h& & a ?und]bolt 9 8 left4 ,8 resemblance to ! ,hittite god ( ! ?und]+ sky 0 !re=e v close4 ,an alt]native "n = ?is ,babylonian & ,assyrian deity 0 ,ramman1 an appropriate t]m1 d]iv$ f a v]b rammu to 8scream0 or 8ro>407#dga7 ,n[ we h se5 t ! god ( ,ibreez1 ^: attributes tally ) ^? ( ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 we>s a cap adorn$ ) bull's horns27#dgb7 t ! ,fa!r ,god at ,boghaz-,keui1 meet+ ! ,"m ,goddess on h] lioness1 is att5d$ by an animal :i* accord+ to ! usual int]pretation is a bull27#dgc7 & t ! bull itself 0 wor%ipp$1 app>5tly z an emblem ( f]tility1 at ,euyuk ne> ,boghaz-,keui47#dgd7 ,?us at ,t>sus & ,boghaz-,keui1 z at ,hi]apolis-,bambyce1 ! ,fa!r ,god & ! ,"m ,goddess w\ld seem to h _h z _! sacr$ animals or emblems ! bull & ! lion respectively4 ,9 lat] times1 "u ,greek influ5ce1 ! goddess 0 app>5tly ex*ang$ =1 or conv]t$ into1 ! ,=tune ( ! ,city1 :o appe>s on co9s ( ,t>sus z a seat$ woman ) veil$ & turret$ head1 grasp+ e>s ( corn & a poppy 9 h] h&4 ,h] lion is gone1 b a trace ( him p]haps rema9s on a co9 :i* exhibits ! ?rone ( ! goddess adorn$ ) a lion's leg47#dge7 ,9 g5]al x w\ld seem t ! goddess ,=tune1 :o figures commonly z ! gu>dian ( cities 9 ! ,greek ,ea/1 especially 9 ,syria1 0 no?+ b a disguis$ =m ( ,gad1 ! ,semitic god ( =tune or luck1 :o1 ?\gh ! exig5cies ( gramm> requir$ him to be mascul9e1 is suppos$ to h be5 (t5 m]ely a special aspect ( ! great goddess ,a/>te or ,at>gatis conceiv$ z ! patroness & protector ( t[ns47#dgf7 ,9 ,ori5tal religion su* p]mutations or comb9ations ne$ n surprise u4 ,to ! gods all ?+s are possible4 ,9 ,cyprus ! goddess ( love wore a be>d17#dgg7 & ,alex&] ! ,great sometimes disport$ himself 9 ! co/ume ( ,artemis1 :ile at o!r times he ransack$ ! div9e w>drobe to figure 9 ! g>b ( ,h]cules1 ( ,h]mes1 & ( ,ammon47#dgh7 ,! *ange ( ! goddess ',a!h ( ,t>sus into ,gad or ,=tune w\ld be easy if we suppose t %e 0 kn[n z ,gad-',a!h1 8,luck ( ',a!h10 :i* occurs z a ,semitic p]sonal "n47#dgi7 ,9 l mann] ! goddess ( ,=tune at ,olba1 :o _h h] small temple beside ! great temple ( ,zeus17#dhj7 may h be5 orig9ally ! consort ( ! native god ,t>k or ,t>ku4 7,m#abe7 ,ano!r t[n 9 ,cilicia :]e an ,ori5tal god & goddess appe> to h be5 wor%ipp$ toge!r 0 ,mallus4 ,! city 0 built on a height 9 ! great ,cilician pla9 ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,pyramus47#dha7 ,its co9s exhibit two w+$ deities1 a male & a female1 9 a kneel+ or runn+ attitude4 ,on "s ( ! co9s ! male deity is repres5t$1 l ,janus1 ) two heads fac+ opposite ways1 & ) two pairs ( w+s1 :ile b5ea? him is ! =ep>t ( a bull ) a human head4 ,! obv]se ( ! co9s :i* be> ! female deity displays a conical /one1 sometimes flank$ by two bun*es ( grapes47#dhb7 ,?is conical /one1 l ^? ( o!r ,asiatic cities17#dhc7 0 probably ! emblem ( a ,"m ,goddess1 & ! bun*es ( grapes indicate h] f]tiliz+ p[]s4 ,! god ) ! two heads & f\r w+s c h>dly be any o!r ?an ! ,pho5ician ,el1 :om ! ,greeks call$ ,cronus2 = ,el 0 *>act]iz$ by f\r eyes1 two 9 front & two beh9d1 & by ?ree pairs ( w+s47#dhd7 ,a discrepancy 9 ! numb] ( w+s c sc>cely be deem$ fatal to ! id5tification4 ,! god may easily h m\lt$ "s sup]flu\s fea!rs on ! road f ,pho5icia to ,mallus4 ,on lat] co9s ( ,mallus ^! qua9t ,ori5tal deities disappe>1 & are replac$ by correspond+ ,greek deities1 p>ticul>ly by a head ( ,cronus on "o side & a figure ( ,demet]1 grasp+ e>s ( corn1 on ! o!r47#dhe7 ,! *ange d\btless sprang f a wi% to assimilate ! anci5t native div9ities to ! new & fa%ionable div9ities ( ! ,greek pan!on4 ,if ,cronus & ,demet]1 ! h>ve/ god & goddess1 7 *os5 to supplant ,el & 8 female consort1 ! gr\nd ( ! *oice mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 a suppos$ resemblance betwe5 ! two pairs ( deities4 ,we may assume1 !re=e1 t ! disc>d$ c\ple1 ,el & 8 wife1 _h also be5 wor%ipp$ by ! husb&man z s\rces ( f]tility1 ! giv]s ( corn & w9e4 ,"o ( ^! lat] co9s ( ,mallus exhibits ,dionysus sitt+ on a v9e lad5 ) ripe clu/]s1 :ile on ! obv]se is se5 a male figure guid+ a yoke ( ox5 z if 9 ! act ( pl\gh+47#dhf7 ,^! types ( ! v9e-god & ! pl\ghman probably repres5t ano!r attempt to adapt ! native religion to *ang$ conditions1 to p\r ! old ,asiatic w9e into new ,greek bottles4 ,! b>b>\s mon/] ) ! multiplicity ( heads & w+s has be5 r$uc$ to a p]fectly human ,dionysus4 ,! sacr$ b deplorable old conical /one no long] flaunts pr\dly on ! co9s2 x has retir$ to a dec5t obscurity 9 fav\r ( a natural & graceful v9e4 ,x is ?us t a truly progressive !ology keeps pace ) ! m>* ( intellect4 ,b if ^! ?+s 7 done by ! apo/les ( culture at ,mallus1 we _c suppose t ! cl]gy ( ,t>sus1 ! capital1 lagg$ beh9d _! prov9cial bre?r5 9 _! ef=ts to place ! anci5t fai? ^u a s\nd mod]n basis4 ,! fruit ( _! lab\rs seems to h be5 ! m or less nom9al sub/itution ( ,zeus1 ,=tune1 & ,h]cules = ,baal1 ',a!h1 & ,s&an47#dhg7 7,m#abf7 ,we may suspect t 9 l mann] ! ,s>p$onian ,artemis1 :o _h a sanctu>y 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,cilicia1 ne> ! ,syrian bord]1 0 really a native goddess p>ad+ 9 borr[$ plumes4 ,%e gave oracul> responses by ! m\? ( inspir$ m51 or m probably ( wom51 :o 9 _! mom5ts ( div9e ec/asy may h be5 deem$ inc>nations ( h] div9ity47#dhh7 ,ano!r ev5 m transp>5tly ,asiatic goddess 0 ,p]asia1 or ,artemis ,p]asia1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ at ,hi]opolis-,ca/abala 9 ,ea/]n ,cilicia4 ,! ext5sive ru9s ( ! anci5t city1 n[ kn[n z ,bodr\m1 cov] ! slope ( a hill ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile to ! nor? ( ! riv] ,pyramus4 ,above !m t[]s ! acropolis1 built on ! summit ( d>k grey precipices1 & divid$ f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9 by a deep cutt+ 9 ! rock4 ,a m$iaeval ca/le1 built ( hewn blocks ( r$di%-yell[ lime/one1 has replac$ ! anci5t citadel4 ,! city possess$ a l>ge !atre1 & 0 trav]s$ by two h&some colonnades1 ( :i* "s columns are /ill /&+ among ! ru9s4 ,a ?ick gr[? ( bru%wood & grass n[ cov]s mo/ ( ! site1 & ! place is wild & solit>y4 ,only ! w&]+ h]dsm5 encamp ne> ! des]t$ city 9 w9t] & spr+4 ,! neighb\rhood is treeless2 yet 9 ,may magnific5t fields ( :eat & b>ley gladd5 ! eye1 & 9 ! valleys ! clov] gr[s z high z ! horses' knees47#dhi7 ,! ambigu\s nature ( ! goddess :o presid$ ov] ?is ,city ( ! ,sanctu>y 7,hi]opolis77#dij7 0 confess$ by a puzzl$ wor%ipp]1 a physician nam$ ,lucius ,m9ius ,claudianus1 :o confid$ 8 d\bts to ! deity h]self 9 "s v indiff]5t ,greek v]ses4 ,he wisely left x to ! goddess to say :e!r %e 0 ,artemis1 or ! ,moon1 or ,hecate1 or ,aphrodite1 or ,demet]47#dia7 ,all t we "k ab\t h] is t h] true "n 0 ,p]asia1 & t %e 0 9 ! enjoym5t ( c]ta9 rev5ues47#dib7 ,fur!r1 we may reasonably conjecture t at ! ,cilician ,ca/abala %e 0 wor%ipp$ ) rites l ^? :i* 7 held 9 hon\r ( h] namesake ,artemis ,p]asia at ano!r city ( ! same "n1 ,ca/abala 9 ,cappadocia4 ,!re1 z we saw1 ! prie/esses ( ! goddess walk$ ov] fire ) b>e feet unsca!d47#dic7 ,probably ! same impressive c]emony 0 p]=m$ be=e a cr[d ( wor%ipp]s 9 ! ,cilician ,ca/abala also4 ,:atev] ! exact mean+ ( ! rite may h be51 ! goddess 0 9 all probability "o ( ^? ,asiatic ,"m ,goddesses to :om ! ,greeks (t5 appli$ ! "n ( ,artemis47#did7 ,! immunity enjoy$ by ! prie/ess 9 ! furnace 0 attribut$ to h] inspiration by ! deity4 ,9 discuss+ ! nature ( inspiration or possession by a deity1 ! ,syrian philosoph] ,jambli*us notes z "o ( its symptoms a total ins5sibility to pa94 ,_m inspir$ p]sons1 he tells u1 8are n burn$ by fire1 ! fire n tak+ hold ( !m by reason ( ! div9e inspiration2 & _m1 ?\gh !y are burn$1 p]ceive x n1 because at ! "t !y d n live an animal life4 ,!y pi]ce !mselves ) skew]s & feel no?+4 ,!y ga% _! backs ) hat*ets1 !y sla% _! arms ) dagg]s1 & "k n :at !y d1 because _! acts are n ^? ( m]e m54 ,= impassable places become passable to ^? :o are fill$ ) ! _s4 ,!y ru% into fire1 !y pass ?r\gh fire1 !y cross riv]s1 l ! prie/ess at ,ca/abala4 ,^! ?+s prove t "u ! influ5ce ( inspiration m5 are beside !mselves1 t _! s5ses1 _! w1 _! life are ^? nei!r ( man nor ( bea/1 b t !y lead ano!r & a div9] life in/ead1 :]eby !y are inspir$ & :olly possess$407#die7 ,?us 9 trav]s+ ! fi]y furnace ! prie/esses ( ,p]asia 7 believ$ to be beside !mselves1 to be fill$ ) ! goddess1 to be 9 a real s5se inc>nations ( h] div9ity47#dif7 ,a simil> t\*/one ( inspiration is /ill appli$ by "s villag]s 9 ! ,himalayan di/ricts ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india4 ,once a ye> !y wor%ip ,airi1 a local deity1 :o is repres5t$ by a trid5t & has 8 temples on lonely hills & desolate tracts4 ,at 8 fe/ival ! p seat !mselves 9 a circle ab\t a bonfire4 ,a kettle-drum is beat51 & "o by "o 8 wor%ipp]s become possess$ by ! god & leap ) %\ts r\nd ! flames4 ,"s br& !mselves ) heat$ iron spoons & sit d[n 9 ! fire4 ,su* z escape unhurt are believ$ to be truly inspir$1 :ile ^? :o burn !mselves are despis$ z m]e pret5d]s to ! div9e fr5zy4 ,p]sons ?us possess$ by ! _s are call$ ,airi's horses or 8 slaves4 ,dur+ ! revels1 :i* commonly la/ ab\t t5 days1 !y we> r$ sc>ves r\nd _! heads & receive alms f ! fai?ful4 ,^! m5 deem !mselves s holy t !y w let nobody t\* !m1 & !y alone may t\* ! sacr$ trid5t1 ! emblem ( _! god47#dig7 ,9 ,we/]n ,asia itself mod]n fanatics /ill practise ! same au/]ities :i* 7 practis$ by _! bre?r5 9 ! days ( ,jambli*us4 8,asia ,m9or ab\nds 9 d]vi%es ( diff]5t ord]s1 :o lap r$-hot iron1 call+ x _! #8rose1' *ew coals ( liv+ fire1 /rike _! heads aga9/ solid walls1 /ab !mselves 9 ! *eek1 ! scalp1 ! temple1 ) %>p spikes set 9 heavy weights1 %\t+ #8,allah1 ,allah1' & always consi/5tly av[+ t dur+ su* fr5zy !y are entirely ins5sible to pa9407#dih7 #i4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,cilician ,gods4 7,m#abg7 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t "u a ?9 v5e] ( ,greek humanity ! b>b>\s native gods ( ,cilicia cont9u$ long to survive1 & t among !m ! great ,asiatic goddess reta9$ a place1 ?\gh n ! prom95t place :i* %e held 9 ! highl&s ( ! int]ior d[n at lea/ to ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! pr9ciple t ! inspir$ prie/ or prie/ess repres5ts ! deity 9 p]son appe>s1 if ,i am "r1 to h be5 recogniz$ at ,ca/abala & at ,olba1 z well z at ! sanctu>y ( ,s>p$onian ,artemis4 ,!re c be no intr9sic improbability1 !re=e1 9 ! view t at ,t>sus also ! div9e triad ( ,baal1 ',a!h1 & ,s&an may also h be5 p]sonat$ by prie/s & prie/esses1 :o1 on ! analogy ( ,olba & ( ! great sanctu>ies 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or1 w\ld orig9ally be at ! same "t k+s & que5s1 pr9ces & pr9cesses4 ,fur!r1 ! burn+ ( ,s&an 9 effigy at ,t>sus w\ld1 on ?is hypo!sis1 answ] to ! walk ( ! prie/ess ( ,p]asia ?r\gh ! furnace at ,ca/abala4 ,bo? 7 p]haps mitigations ( a cu/om ( putt+ ! prie/ly k+ or que51 or ano!r memb] ( ! royal family1 to dea? by fire4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,s>danapalus & ,h]cules4 #a4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,s>danapalus4 7,m#abh7 ,! !ory t k+s or pr9ces 7 =m]ly burn$ to dea? at ,t>sus 9 ! "* ( gods is s+ul>ly confirm$ by ano!r & :olly indep5d5t l9e ( argum5t4 ,=1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! city ( ,t>sus 0 f\nd$ n by ,s&an b by ,s>danapalus1 ! fam\s ,assyrian mon>* ^: dea? on a great pyre 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s incid5ts 9 ,ori5tal leg5d4 ,ne> ! sea1 )9 a day's m>* ( ,t>sus1 might be se5 9 antiquity ! ru9s ( a great anci5t city nam$ ,an*iale1 & outside its walls /ood a monum5t call$ ! monum5t ( ,s>danapalus1 on :i* 0 c>v$ 9 /one ! figure ( ! mon>*4 ,he 0 repres5t$ snapp+ ! f+]s ( 8 "r h&1 & ! ge/ure 0 expla9$ by an accompany+ inscription1 engrav$ 9 ,assyrian *>act]s1 to ! foll[+ effect3--8,s>danapalus1 son ( ,anacynd>axes1 built ,an*iale & ,t>sus 9 "o day4 ,eat1 dr9k1 & play1 = ev]y?+ else is n wor? t10 by :i* 0 impli$ t all o!r human affairs 7 n wor? a snap ( ! f+]s47#dii7 ,! ge/ure may h be5 mis9t]pret$ & ! inscription mi/ranslat$17#ejj7 b !re is no reason to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( su* a monum5t1 ?\gh we may conjecture t x 0 ( ,hittite r ?an ,assyrian orig92 =1 n to speak ( ! traces ( ,hittite art & religion :i* we h f\nd at ,t>sus1 a gr\p ( ,hittite monum5ts has be5 discov]$ at ,m>a%1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,pyramus47#eja7 ,! ,assyrians may h rul$ ov] ,cilicia = a "t1 b ,hittite influ5ce 0 probably mu* deep] & m la/+47#ejb7 ,! /ory t ,t>sus 0 f\nd$ by ,s>danapalus may well be apocryphal17#ejc7 b !re mu/ h be5 "s reason = 8 association ) ! city4 ,on ! pres5t hypo!sis t reason is to be f\nd 9 ! traditional mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,to avoid fall+ into ! h&s ( ! rebels1 :o laid siege to ,n9eveh1 he built a huge pyre 9 8 palace1 heap$ x up ) gold & silv] & purple raim5t1 & !n burnt himself1 8 wife1 8 concub9es1 & 8 eunu*s 9 ! fire47#ejd7 ,! /ory is false ( ! hi/orical ,s>danapalus1 t is1 ( ! great ,assyrian k+ ,a%urbanipal1 b x is true ( 8 bro!r ,%ama%%umuk94 ,be+ appo9t$ k+ ( ,babylon by ,a%urbanipal1 he revolt$ aga9/ 8 suz]a9 & b5efactor1 & 0 besieg$ by him 9 8 capital4 ,! siege 0 long & ! resi/ance desp]ate1 = ! ,babylonians knew t !y _h no m]cy to expect f ! ru?less ,assyrians4 ,b !y 7 decimat$ by fam9e & pe/il5ce1 & :5 ! city c\ld hold out no m1 ,k+ ,%ama%%umuk91 det]m9$ n to fall alive into ! h&s ( 8 (f5d$ bro!r1 %ut himself up 9 8 palace1 & !re burn$ himself to dea?1 along ) 8 wives1 8 *ildr51 8 slaves1 & 8 treasures1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! conqu]ors 7 break+ 9 ! gates47#eje7 ,n _m ye>s aft]w>ds ! same trag$y 0 repeat$ at ,n9eveh itself by ,s>acus or ,s9%>i%kun1 ! la/ k+ ( ,assyria4 ,besieg$ by ! rebel ,nabopolass>1 k+ ( ,babylon1 & by ,cyax>es1 k+ ( ! ,m$es1 he burn$ himself 9 8 palace4 ,t 0 ! end ( ,n9eveh & ( ! ,assyrian empire47#ejf7 ,?us ,greek hi/ory pres]v$ ! memory ( ! cata/rophe1 b transf]r$ x f ! real victims to ! f> m fam\s ,a%urbanipal1 ^: figure 9 aft] ages loom$ va/ & dim aga9/ ! sett+ sun ( ,assyrian glory4 #b4 ,! ,burn+ ( ,croesus4 7,m#abi7 ,ano!r ,ori5tal mon>* :o prep>$ at lea/ to die 9 ! flames 0 ,croesus1 k+ ( ,lydia4 ,h]odotus tells h[ ! ,p]sians "u ,cyrus captur$ ,s>des1 ! ,lydian capital1 & took ,croesus alive1 & h[ ,cyrus caus$ a great pyre to be erect$1 on :i* he plac$ ! captive mon>* 9 fett]s1 & ) him twice sev5 ,lydian y\?s4 ,fire 0 !n appli$ to ! pile1 b at ! la/ mom5t ,cyrus rel5t$1 a sudd5 %[] ext+ui%$ ! flames1 & ,croesus 0 sp>$47#ejg7 ,b x is mo/ improbable t ! ,p]sians1 ) _! pr(\nd rev]5ce = ! sanctity ( fire1 %\ld h ?\ght ( defil+ ! sacr$ elem5t ) ! wor/ ( all pollutions1 ! contact ( dead bodies47#ejh7 ,su* an act w\ld h seem$ to !m sacrilege ( ! deepe/ dye4 ,= to !m fire 0 ! e>?ly =m ( ! heav5ly light1 ! et]nal1 ! inf9ite1 ! div9e2 dea?1 on ! o!r h&1 0 9 _! op9ion ! ma9 s\rce ( corruption & uncleanness4 ,h5ce !y took ! mo/ /r+5t precautions to gu>d ! purity ( fire f ! defilem5t ( dea?47#eji7 ,if a man or a dog di$ 9 a h\se :]e ! holy fire burn$1 ! fire _h to be remov$ f ! h\se & kept away = n9e nights 9 w9t] or a mon? 9 summ] be=e x might be br\ght back2 & if any man broke ! rule by br++ back ! fire )9 ! appo9t$ "t1 he might be puni%$ ) two hundr$ /ripes47#eaj7 ,z = burn+ a corpse 9 ! fire1 x 0 ! mo/ he9\s ( all s9s1 an inv5tion ( ,ahriman1 ! devil2 !re 0 no atonem5t = x1 & x 0 puni%$ ) dea?47#eaa7 ,nor did ! law rema9 a dead lett]4 ,d[n to ! beg9n+ ( our era ! dea? p5alty 0 inflict$ on all :o ?rew a corpse or c[-dung on ! fire1 nay1 ev5 on su* z blew on ! fire ) _! brea?47#eab7 ,x is h>d1 !re=e1 to believe t a ,p]sian k+ %\ld h comm&$ 8 subjects to p]petrate a de$ :i* he & !y view$ ) horror z ! mo/ flagiti\s sacrilege conceivable4 7,m#acj7 ,ano!r & 9 "s respects tru] v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,croesus & ,cyrus has be5 pres]v$ by two old] witnesses--namely1 by ! ,greek poet ,bac*ylides1 :o 0 born "s =ty ye>s aft] ! ev5t17#eac7 & by a ,greek arti/ :o pa9t$ ! sc5e on a r$-figur$ vase ab\t1 or soon aft]1 ! "t ( ! poet's bir?4 ,bac*ylides tells u t :5 ! ,p]sians captur$ ,s>des1 ,croesus1 unable to brook ! ?\ght ( slav]y1 caus$ a pyre to be erect$ 9 front ( 8 c\rty>d1 m\nt$ x ) 8 wife & daught]s1 & bade a page apply a light to ! wood4 ,a bright blaze %ot up1 b ,zeus ext+ui%$ x ) ra9 f heav51 & ,apollo ( ! ,gold5 ,sword waft$ ! pi\s k+ & 8 daught]s to ! happy l& beyond ! ,nor? ,w9d47#ead7 ,9 l mann] ! vase-pa9t] cle>ly repres5ts ! burn+ ( ,croesus z a volunt>y act1 n z a puni%m5t inflict$ on him by ! conqu]or4 ,he lets u see ! k+ en?ron$ ^u ! pyre ) a wrea? ( laurel on 8 head & a sceptre 9 "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r he is p\r+ a libation4 ,an att5dant is 9 ! act ( apply+ to ! pile two objects :i* h be5 v>i\sly int]pret$ z tor*es to k9dle ! wood or :isks to spr9kle holy wat]4 ,! demean\r ( ! k+ is solemn & compos$3 he seems to be p]=m+ a religi\s rite1 n suff]+ an ignom9i\s dea?47#eae7 ,?us we may fairly conclude ) "s em95t mod]n s*ol>s7#eaf7 t 9 ! extremity ( 8 =tunes ,croesus prep>$ to meet dea? l a k+ or a god 9 ! flames4 ,x 0 ?us t ,h]cules1 f :om ! old k+s ( ,lydia claim$ to be sprung17#eag7 asc5d$ f e>? to heav53 x 0 ?us t ,zimri1 k+ ( ,israel1 pass$ beyond ! rea* ( 8 enemies3 x 0 ?us t ,%ama%%umuk91 k+ ( ,babylon1 escap$ a bro!r's v5geance3 x 0 ?us t ! la/ k+ ( ,assyria expir$ 9 ! ru9s ( 8 capital2 & x 0 ?us t1 sixty-six ye>s aft] ! capture ( ,s>des1 ! ,c>?ag9ian k+ ,hamilc> s\ght to retrieve a lo/ battle by a h]o's dea?47#eah7 7,m#aca7 ,semiramis h]self1 ! leg5d>y que5 ( ,assyria1 is said to h burnt h]self on a pyre out ( grief at ! dea? ( a fav\rite horse47#eai7 ,s9ce !re are /rong gr\nds = reg>d+ ! que5 9 h] my?ical aspect z a =m ( ,i%t> or ,a/>te17#ebj7 ! leg5d t ,semiramis di$ = love 9 ! flames furni%es a rem>kable p>allel to ! tradition>y dea? ( ! love-lorn ,dido1 :o h]self appe>s to be simply an ,avat> ( ! same great ,asiatic goddess47#eba7 ,:5 we comp>e ^! /ories ( ! burn+ ( ,semiramis & ,dido ) ea* o!r & ) ! hi/orical cases ( ! burn+ ( ,ori5tal mon>*s1 we may p]haps conclude t !re 0 a "t :5 que5s z well z k+s 7 expect$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 p]haps on ! dea? ( _! consort1 to p]i% 9 ! fire4 ,! conclusion c h>dly be deem$ extravagant :5 we rememb] t ! practice ( burn+ wid[s to dea? surviv$ 9 ,india "u ,engli% rule d[n to a "t )9 liv+ memory47#ebb7 7,m#acb7 ,at ,j]usalem itself a rem9isc5ce ( ! practice ( burn+ k+s1 alive or dead1 appe>s to h l+]$ z late z ! "t ( ,isaiah1 :o says3 8,= ,tophet is prep>$ ( old2 yea1 = ! k+ x is made ready2 he ha? made x deep & l>ge3 ! pile !re( is fire & mu* wood2 ! brea? ( ! ,"l1 l a /ream ( brim/one1 do? k9dle x407#ebc7 ,we "k t 8great burn+s0 7 regul>ly made = dead k+s ( ,judah17#ebd7 & x c h>dly be accid5tal t ! place assign$ by ,isaiah to ! k+'s pyre is ! v spot 9 ! ,valley ( ,h9nom :]e ! fir/-born *ildr5 7 actually burn$ by _! p>5ts 9 hon\r ( ,molo* 8! ,k+40 ,! exact site ( ! ,valley ( ,h9nom is disput$1 b all are agre$ 9 id5tify+ x ) "o ( ! rav9es :i* encircle or int]sect ,j]usalem2 & accord+ to "s em95t au?orities x 0 ! "o call$ by ,josephus ! ,tyropoeon47#ebe7 ,if ?is la/ id5tification is correct1 ! valley :]e ! *ildr5 7 burn$ on a pyre lay imm$iately b5ea? ! royal palace & ! temple4 ,p]haps ! "y victims di$ = ,god & ! k+47#ebf7 7,m#acc7 ,) ! 8great burn+s0 = dead ,jewi% k+s x seems wor? :ile to comp>e ! great burn+s /ill annually made = dead ,jewi% ,rabbis at ! l(ty village ( ,meiron 9 ,galilee1 ! mo/ fam\s & v5]at$ place ( pilgrimage = ,jews 9 mod]n ,pale/9e4 ,"h ! tombs ( ! ,rabbis are hewn out ( ! rock1 & "h on ! ?irtie? ( ,april1 ! eve ( ,may ,day1 multitudes ( pilgrims1 bo? m5 & wom51 assemble & burn _! (f]+s1 :i* consi/ ( %awls1 sc>fs1 h&k]*iefs1 books1 & ! l4 ,^! are plac$ 9 two /one bas9s on ! top ( two l[ pill>s1 & be+ dr5*$ ) oil & ignit$ !y are consum$ to a%es amid ! l\d applause1 %\ts1 & cries ( ! spectators4 ,a man has be5 kn[n to pay z mu* z two ?\s& pia/res = ! privilege ( be+ all[$ to op5 ! c]emony by burn+ a co/ly %awl4 ,on su* occasions ! solemn unmov$ s]5ity ( ! ,turki% (ficials1 :o keep ord]1 pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ! int5se excitem5t ( ! ,jews47#ebg7 ,?is curi\s c]emony may be expla9$ by ! widespread practice ( burn+ prop]ty = ! use & b5efit ( ! dead4 ,s1 to take a s+le in/ance1 ! tyrant ,p]i&] collect$ ! f9e/ raim5t ( all ! wom5 9 ,cor9? & burn$ x 9 a pit = 8 dead wife1 :o _h s5t him ^w by necromancy t %e 0 cold & nak$ 9 ! o!r _w1 because ! clo!s he buri$ ) h] _h n be5 burnt47#ebh7 ,9 l mann]1 p]haps1 g>m5ts & o!r valuables may h be5 consum$ on ! pyre = ! use ( ! dead k+s ( ,judah4 ,9 ,siam1 ! corpse ( a k+ or que5 is burn$ 9 a huge /ructure resembl+ a p]man5t palace1 :i* ) its _m-gabl$ & high-pit*$ ro(s & multitud9\s t9sell$ spires1 so>+ to a height ( ov] two hundr$ feet1 sometimes occupies an area ( ab\t an acre47#ebi7 ,! blaze ( su* an enorm\s catafalque may resemble1 ev5 if x f> surpasses1 ! 8great burn+s0 = ! ,jewi% k+s4 #c4 ,purification by ,fire4 7,m#acd7 ,^! ev5ts & ^! traditions seem to prove t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ,ori5tal mon>*s delib]ately *ose to burn !mselves to dea?4 ,:at 7 ^! circum/ances8 & :at 7 ! consequ5ces ( ! act8 ,if ! int5tion _h m]ely be5 to escape f ! h&s ( a conqu]or1 an easi] mode ( dea? w\ld naturally h be5 *os54 ,!re mu/ h be5 a special reason = elect+ to die by fire4 ,! leg5d>y dea? ( ,h]cules1 ! hi/orical dea? ( ,hamilc>1 & ! picture ( ,croesus en?ron$ 9 /ate on ! pyre & p\r+ a libation1 all comb9e to indicate t to be burnt alive 0 reg>d$ z a solemn sacrifice1 nay1 m ?an t1 z an apo!osis :i* rais$ ! victim to ! rank ( a god47#ecj7 ,= x is to be rememb]$ t ,hamilc> z well z ,h]cules 0 wor%ipp$ aft] dea?4 ,fire1 moreov]1 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z a purgative s p[]ful t prop]ly appli$ x c\ld burn away all t 0 mortal ( a man1 leav+ only ! div9e & immortal _s beh9d4 ,h5ce we read ( goddesses :o essay$ to conf] immortality on ! infant sons ( k+s by burn+ !m 9 ! fire by night2 b _! b5efic5t purpose 0 always fru/rat$ by ! ignorant int]position ( ! "m or fa!r1 :o peep+ into ! room saw ! *ild 9 ! flames & rais$ a cry ( horror1 ?us disconc]t+ ! goddess at h] magic rites4 ,?is /ory is told ( ,isis 9 ! h\se ( ! k+ ( ,byblus1 ( ,demet] 9 ! h\se ( ! k+ ( ,eleusis1 & ( ,!tis 9 ! h\se ( h] mortal husb& ,peleus47#eca7 ,9 a slightly diff]5t way ! wit* ,m$ea pr(ess$ to give back to ! old _! lo/ y\? by boil+ !m ) a hell-bro? 9 h] magic cauldron27#ecb7 & :5 ,pelops _h be5 but*]$ & s]v$ up at a banquet ( ! gods by 8 cruel fa!r ,tantalus1 ! div9e be+s1 t\*$ ) pity1 plung$ 8 mangl$ rema9s 9 a kettle1 f :i* aft] decoction he em]g$ alive & "y47#ecc7 8,fire10 says ,jambli*us1 8de/roys ! mat]ial "p ( sacrifices1 x purifies all ?+s t are br\ght ne> x1 releas+ !m f ! bonds ( matt] &1 9 virtue ( ! purity ( its nature1 mak+ !m meet = communion ) ! gods4 ,s1 too1 x releases u f ! bondage ( corruption1 x lik5s u to ! gods1 x makes u meet = _! fri5d%ip1 & x conv]ts our mat]ial nature into an immat]ial407#ecd7 ,?us we c und]/& :y k+s & common]s :o claim$ or aspir$ to div9ity %\ld *oose dea? by fire4 ,x op5$ to !m ! gates ( heav54 ,! quack ,p]egr9us1 :o end$ 8 disreputable c>e] 9 ! flames at ,olympia1 gave out t aft] dea? he w\ld be turn$ into a _s :o w\ld gu>d m5 f ! p]ils ( ! night2 &1 z ,lucian rem>k$1 no d\bt !re 7 pl5ty ( fools to believe him47#ece7 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! ,sicilian philosoph] ,emp$ocles1 :o set up = be+ a god 9 8 lifetime1 leap$ into ! crat] ( ,etna 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 claim to godhead47#ecf7 ,!re is no?+ incr$ible 9 ! tradition4 ,! crack-bra9$ philosoph]1 ) 8 it* = notoriety1 may well h done :at ,indian fakirs7#ecg7 & ! braz5-fac$ m\ntebank ,p]egr9us did 9 antiquity1 & :at ,russian peasants & ,*9ese ,buddhi/s h done 9 mod]n times47#ech7 ,!re is no extremity to :i* fanaticism or vanity1 or a mixture ( ! two1 w n impel its victims4 #d4 ,! ,div9ity ( ,lydian ,k+s4 7,m#ace7 ,b ap>t f any g5]al notions ( ! purificatory virtues ( fire1 ! k+s ( ,lydia seem to h _h a special reason = reg>d+ dea? 9 ! flames z _! appropriate end4 ,= ! anci5t dyna/y ( ! ,h]aclids :i* prec$$ ! h\se ( ,croesus on ! ?rone trac$ _! desc5t f a god or h]o :om ! ,greeks call$ ,h]cules27#eci7 & ?is ,lydian ,h]cules appe>s to h be5 id5tical 9 "n & 9 sub/ance ) ! ,cilician ,h]cules1 ^: effigy 0 regul>ly burn$ on a great pyre at ,t>sus4 ,! ,lydian ,h]cules bore ! "n ( ,s&on27#edj7 ! ,cilician ,h]cules bore ! "n ( ,s&an1 or p]haps r ( ,s&on1 s9ce ,s&on is kn[n f inscriptions & o!r evid5ce to h be5 a ,cilician "n47#eda7 ,! *>act]i/ic emblems ( ! ,cilician ,h]cules 7 ! lion & ! d\ble-head$ axe2 & bo? ^! emblems meet u at ,s>des 9 connexion ) ! dyna/y ( ! ,h]aclids4 ,= ! d\ble-head$ axe 0 c>ri$ z "p ( ! sacr$ regalia by ,lydian k+s f ! "t ( ! leg5d>y que5 ,omphale d[n to ! reign ( ,c&aules1 ! la/ ( ! ,h]aclid k+s4 ,x is said to h be5 giv5 to ,omphale by ,h]cules himself1 & x 0 app>5tly reg>d$ z a palladium ( ! ,h]aclid sov]eignty2 = aft] ! dot>d ,c&aules ceas$ to c>ry ! axe himself1 & _h h&$ x ov] to ! keep+ ( a c\rti]1 a rebellion broke out1 & ! anci5t dyna/y ( ! ,h]aclids came to an end4 ,! new k+ ,gyges did n attempt to c>ry ! old emblem ( sov]eignty2 he d$icat$ x ) o!r spoils to ,zeus 9 ,c>ia4 ,h5ce ! image ( ! ,c>ian ,zeus bore an axe 9 8 h& & receiv$ ! epi!t ( ,labr&eus1 f labrys1 ! ,lydian ^w = 8axe407#edb7 ,su* is ,plut>*'s acc\nt2 b we may suspect t ,zeus1 or r ! native god :om ! ,greeks id5tifi$ ) ,zeus1 c>ri$ ! axe long be=e ! "t ( ,c&aules4 ,if1 z is commonly suppos$1 ! axe 0 ! symbol ( ! ,asiatic ?und]-god17#edc7 x w\ld be an appropriate emblem 9 ! h& ( k+s1 :o are s (t5 expect$ to make ra91 ?und]1 & lightn+ = ! good ( _! p4 ,:e!r ! k+s ( ,lydia 7 b\nd to make ?und] & ra9 we d n "k2 b at all ev5ts1 l _m e>ly mon>*s1 !y seem to h be5 held responsible = ! wea!r & ! crops4 ,9 ! reign ( ,meles ! c\ntry suff]$ sev]ely f de>?1 s ! p consult$ an oracle1 & ! deity laid ! blame on ! k+s1 "o ( :om _h 9 =m] ye>s incurr$ ! guilt ( murd]4 ,! soo?say]s accord+ly decl>$ t ,k+ ,meles1 ?\gh 8 own h&s 7 clean1 mu/ be bani%$ = ?ree ye>s 9 ord] t ! ta9t ( blood%$ %\ld be purg$ away4 ,! k+ obey$ & retir$ to ,babylon1 :]e he liv$ ?ree ye>s4 ,9 8 abs5ce ! k+dom 0 adm9i/]$ by a deputy1 a c]ta9 ,sadyattes1 son ( ,cadys1 :o trac$ 8 desc5t f ,tylon47#edd7 ,z to ?is ,tylon we %all he> m pres5tly4 ,aga91 we read t ! ,lydians rejoic$ greatly at ! assass9ation ( ,sp]mus1 ano!r ( _! k+s1 8= he 0 v wick$1 & ! l& suff]$ f dr\ght 9 8 reign407#ede7 ,app>5tly1 l ! anci5t ,iri% & _m mod]n ,africans1 !y laid ! dr\ght at ! k+'s door1 & ?\ght t he only got :at he des]v$ "u ! knife ( ! assass94 7,m#acf7 ,) reg>d to ! lion1 ! o!r emblem ( ! ,cilician ,h]cules1 we are told t ! same k+ ,meles1 :o 0 bani%$ because ( a de>?1 s\ght to make ! acropolis ( ,s>des impregnable by c>ry+ r\nd x a lion :i* a concub9e _h borne to him4 ,un=tunately at a s+le po9t1 :]e ! precipices 7 su* t x seem$ z if no human foot c\ld scale !m1 he omitt$ to c>ry ! bea/1 & sure en\gh at t v po9t ! ,p]sians aft]w>ds clamb]$ up into ! citadel47#edf7 ,n[ ,meles 0 "o ( ! old ,h]aclid dyna/y7#edg7 :o boa/$ _! desc5t f ! lion-h]o ,h]cules2 h5ce ! c>ry+ ( a lion r\nd ! acropolis 0 probably a =m ( consecration int5d$ to place ! /ronghold "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! lion-god1 ! h]$it>y deity ( ! royal family4 ,& ! /ory t ! k+'s concub9e gave bir? to a lion's :elp sugge/s t ! ,lydian k+s n only claim$ k9%ip ) ! bea/1 b pos$ z lions 9 _! own p]sons & pass$ (f _! sons z lion-cubs4 ,croesus d$icat$ at ,delphi a lion ( pure gold1 p]haps z a badge ( ,lydia17#edh7 & ,h]cules ) 8 lion's sk9 is a common type on co9s ( ,s>des47#edi7 7,m#acg7 ,?us ! dea?1 or ! attempt$ dea?1 ( ,croesus on ! pyre completes ! analogy betwe5 ! ,cilician & ! ,lydian ,h]cules4 ,at ,t>sus & at ,s>des we f9d ! wor%ip ( a god ^: symbols 7 ! lion & ! d\ble-head$ axe1 & :o 0 burn$ on a great pyre1 ei!r 9 effigy or 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative4 ,! ,greeks call$ him ,h]cules1 b 8 native "n 0 ,s&an or ,s&on4 ,at ,s>des he seems to h be5 p]sonat$ by ! k+s1 :o c>ri$ ! d\ble-axe & p]haps wore1 l _! ance/or ,h]cules1 ! lion's sk94 ,we may conjecture t at ,t>sus also ! royal family ap$ ! lion-god4 ,at all ev5ts we "k t ,s&an1 ! "n ( ! god1 ent]$ into ! names ( ,cilician k+s1 & t 9 lat] times ! prie/s ( ,s&an at ,t>sus wore ! royal purple47#eej7 #e4 ,hittite ,gods at ,t>sus & ,s>des4 7,m#ach7 ,n[ we h trac$ ! religion ( ,t>sus back by a d\ble ?read to ! ,hittite religion ( ,cappadocia4 ,"o ?read jo9s ! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 ) 8 grapes & 8 corn1 to ! god ( ,ibreez4 ,! o!r ?read unites ! ,s&an ( ,t>sus1 ) 8 lion & 8 d\ble axe1 to ! simil> figure at ,boghaz-,keui4 ,)\t be+ unduly fanciful1 !re=e1 we may surmise t ! ,s&on-,h]cules ( ,lydia 0 also a ,hittite god1 & t ! ,h]aclid dyna/y ( ,lydia 7 ( ,hittite blood4 ,c]ta9ly ! influ5ce1 if n ! rule1 ( ! ,hittites ext5d$ to ,lydia2 = at lea/ two rock-c>v+s accompani$ by ,hittite inscriptions are /ill to be se5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,bo? ( !m attract$ ! att5tion ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,"o ( !m repres5ts a god or w>rior 9 ,hittite co/ume arm$ ) a spe> & b[4 ,x is c>v$ on ! face ( a grey rock1 :i* /&s out conspicu\s on a bu%y hillside1 :]e an old road runs ?r\gh a gl5 f ! valley ( ! ,h]mus to ! valley ( ! ,cay/]4 ,! place is n[ call$ ,k>a-,bel4 ,h]odotus ?\ght t ! figure repres5t$ ! ,egyptian k+ & conqu]or ,seso/ris47#eea7 ,! o!r monum5t is a colossal seat$ figure ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 locally kn[n 9 antiquity z ,"m ,pla/5e4 ,x is hewn out ( ! solid rock & occupies a l>ge ni*e 9 ! face ( a cliff at ! /eep nor!rn foot ( ,m\nt ,sipylus47#eeb7 ,?us x w\ld seem t at "s "t or o!r ! ,hittites c>ri$ _! arms to ! %ores ( ! ,aegean4 ,!re is no improbability1 !re=e1 9 ! view t a ,hittite dyna/y may h reign$ at ,s>des47#eec7 #f4 ,! ,resurrection ( ,tylon4 7,m#aci7 ,! burn+ ( ,s&an1 l t ( ,melc>?17#eed7 0 probably foll[$ by a c]emony ( 8 resurrection or awak5+1 to indicate t ! div9e life 0 n ext9ct1 b _h only assum$ a fre%] & pur] =m4 ,( t resurrection we h1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no direct evid5ce4 ,9 default ( x1 h[ev]1 !re is a tale ( a local ,lydian h]o call$ ,tylon or ,tylus1 :o 0 kill$ & br\ght to life aga94 ,! /ory runs ?us4 ,tylon or ,tylus 0 a son ( ,e>?47#eee7 ,"o day z he 0 walk+ on ! banks ( ! ,h]mus a s]p5t /ung & kill$ him4 ,8 di/ress$ si/] ,moire _h rec\rse to a giant nam$ ,damas51 :o attack$ & slew ! s]p5t4 ,b ! s]p5t's mate cull$ a h]b1 8! fl[] ( ,zeus0 9 ! woods1 & br++ x 9 h] m\? put x to ! lips ( ! dead s]p5t1 :i* imm$iately reviv$4 ,9 h] turn ,moire took ! h9t & re/or$ h] bro!r ,tylon to life by t\*+ him ) ! same plant47#eef7 ,a simil> incid5t occurs 9 _m folk-tales4 ,s]p5ts are (t5 cr$it$ ) a k ( life-giv+ plants47#eeg7 ,b ,tylon seems to h be5 m ?an a m]e h]o ( fairy-tales4 ,he 0 closely associat$ ) ,s>des1 = he figures on ! co9s ( ! city along ) 8 *ampion ,damas5 or ,masnes1 ! dead s]p5t1 & ! life-giv+ bran*47#eeh7 ,& he 0 relat$ 9 v>i\s ways to ! royal family ( ,lydia2 = 8 daught] m>ri$ ,cotys1 "o ( ! e>lie/ k+s ( ! c\ntry17#eei7 & a desc5dant ( 8 act$ z reg5t dur+ ! bani%m5t ( ,k+ ,meles47#efj7 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! /ory ( 8 dea? & resurrection 0 act$ z a pageant to symbolize ! revival ( plant life 9 spr+47#efa7 ,at all ev5ts1 a fe/ival call$ ! ,fea/ ( ! ,gold5 ,fl[] 0 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ,p]sephone at ,s>des17#efb7 probably 9 "o ( ! v]nal mon?s1 & ! revival ( ! h]o & ( ! goddess may well h be5 repres5t$ toge!r4 ,! ,gold5 ,fl[] ( ! ,fe/ival w\ld !n be ! 8fl[] ( ,zeus0 ( ! leg5d1 p]haps ! yell[ crocus ( nature or r h] m gorge\s si/]1 ! ,ori5tal saffron4 ,= saffron grew 9 great abundance at ! ,corycian cave ( ,zeus27#efc7 & x is an elegant conjecture1 if x is no?+ m1 t ! v "n ( ! place meant 8! ,crocus ,cave407#efd7 ,h[ev]1 on ! co9s ( ,s>des ! magical plant seems to be a bran* r ?an a blossom1 a ,gold5 ,b\gh r ?an a ,gold5 ,fl[]4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,volcanic ,religion4 #a4 ,! ,burn+ ( a ,god4 7,m#adj7 ,?us x appe>s t a cu/om ( burn+ a god 9 effigy or 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative 0 practis$ by at lea/ two peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ! ,pho5icians & ! ,hittites4 ,:e!r !y bo? develop$ ! cu/om indep5d5tly1 or :e!r "o ( !m adopt$ x f ! o!r1 we _c say4 ,& _! reasons = celebrat+ a rite :i* to u seems /range & mon/r\s are also obscure4 ,9 ! prec$+ inquiry "s gr\nds h be5 adduc$ = ?9k+ t ! practice 0 bas$ on a conception ( ! purify+ virtue ( fire1 :i*1 by de/roy+ ! corruptible & p]i%able elem5ts ( man1 0 suppos$ to fit him = union ) ! imp]i%able & ! div9e4 ,n[ to p :o creat$ _! gods 9 _! own lik5ess1 & imag9$ !m subject to ! same law ( decad5ce & dea?1 ! idea w\ld naturally occur t fire might d = ! gods :at x 0 believ$ to d = m51 t x c\ld purge !m ( ! ta9t ( corruption & decay1 c\ld sift ! mortal f ! immortal 9 _! composition1 & s end[ !m ) et]nal y\?4 ,h5ce a cu/om might arise ( subject+ ! deities !mselves1 or ! m important ( !m1 to an ordeal ( fire = ! purpose ( refre%+ & r5ovat+ ^? creative en]gies on ! ma9t5ance ( :i* s mu* dep5d$4 ,to ! co>se appreh5sion ( ! un9/ruct$ & unsympa!tic obs]v] ! solemn rite might easily we> a v diff]5t aspect4 ,accord+ z he 0 ( a pi\s or ( a sceptical turn ( m9d1 he might d5\nce x z a sacrilege or d]ide x z an absurdity4 8,to burn ! god :om y wor%ip10 he might say1 8is ! height ( impiety & ( folly4 ,if y succe$ 9 ! attempt1 y kill him & deprive y\rselves ( 8 valuable s]vices4 ,if y fail1 y h mortally (f5d$ him1 & soon] or lat] he w visit y ) 8 sev]e displeasure40 ,to ?is ! wor%ipp]1 if he 0 pati5t & polite1 might li/5 ) a smile ( indulg5t pity = ! ignorance & obtus5ess ( ! critic4 8,y are mu* mi/ak510 he might obs]ve1 89 imag9+ t we expect or attempt to kill ! god :om we adore4 ,! idea ( su* a ?+ is z repugnant to u z to y4 ,our int5tion is precisely ! opposite ( t :i* y attribute to u4 ,f> f wi%+ to de/roy ! deity1 we desire to make him live = ev]1 to place him beyond ! rea* ( t process ( deg5]ation & f9al dissolution to :i* all ?+s "h bel[ appe> by _! nature to be subject4 ,he does n die 9 ! fire4 ,oh no6 ,only ! corruptible & mortal "p ( him p]i%es 9 ! flames3 all t is incorruptible & immortal ( him w survive ! pur] & /rong] = be+ fre$ f ! contagion ( bas] elem5ts4 ,t little heap ( a%es :i* y see !re is n our god4 ,x is only ! sk9 :i* he has sl\gh$1 ! husk :i* he has ca/4 ,he himself is f> away1 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 9 ! dep?s ( e>?1 9 ! runn+ wat]s1 9 ! tree & ! fl[]1 9 ! corn & ! v9e4 ,we d n see him face to face1 b e ye> he manife/s 8 div9e life afre% 9 ! blossoms ( spr+ & ! fruits ( autumn4 ,we eat ( 8 brok5 body 9 bread4 ,we dr9k ( 8 %$ blood 9 ! juice ( ! grape40 #b4 ,! ,volcanic ,region ( ,cappadocia4 7,m#ada7 ,"s su* tra9 ( reason+ may suffice to expla91 ?\gh naturally n to ju/ify1 ! cu/om :i* we bluntly call ! burn+ ( a god4 ,yet x is wor? :ile to ask :e!r 9 ! developm5t ( ! practice ^! g5]al consid]ations may n h be5 re9=c$ or modifi$ by special circum/ances2 = example1 by ! natural features ( ! c\ntry :]e ! cu/om grew up4 ,= ! hi/ory ( religion1 l t ( all o!r human in/itutions1 has be5 pr(\ndly affect$ by local conditions1 & _c be fully und]/ood ap>t f !m4 ,n[ ,asia ,m9or1 ! region :]e ! practice 9 "q appe>s to h be5 widely diffus$1 has f "t immemorial be5 subject$ to ! action ( volcanic =ces on a great scale4 ,x is true t1 s f> z ! memory ( man goes back1 ! crat]s ( its volcanoes h be5 ext9ct1 b ! ve/iges ( _! dead or slumb]+ fires are to be se5 9 _m places1 & ! c\ntry has be5 %ak5 & r5t at int]vals by trem5d\s e>?quakes4 ,^! ph5om5a _c fail to h impress$ ! imag9ation ( ! inhabitants1 & !reby to h left "s m>k on _! religion4 7,m#adb7 ,among ! ext9ct volcanoes ( ,anatolia ! greate/ is ,m\nt ,argaeus1 9 ! c5tre ( ,cappadocia1 ! he>t ( ! old ,hittite c\ntry4 ,x is inde$ ! highe/ po9t ( ,asia ,m9or1 & "o ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s kn[n to ! anci5ts2 = 9 height x falls n v f> %ort ( ,m\nt ,blanc4 ,t[]+ abruptly 9 a huge pyramid f ! pla91 x is a conspicu\s object = miles on miles4 ,its top is :ite ) et]nal sn[1 & 9 antiquity its l[] slopes 7 clo!d ) d5se =e/s1 f :i* ! inhabitants ( ! treeless ,cappadocian pla9s drew _! supply ( timb]4 ,9 ^! woods1 & 9 ! l[ gr\nds at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 ! langui%+ fires ( ! volcano manife/$ !mselves z late z ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! gr\nd 0 trea*]\s4 ,"u a grassy surface !re lurk$ pits ( fire1 into :i* /ray cattle & unw>y travell]s (t5 fell4 ,exp]i5c$ woodm5 us$ great caution :5 !y w5t to fell trees 9 ! =e/4 ,else:]e ! soil 0 m>%y1 & flames 7 se5 to play ov] x at night47#efe7 ,sup]/iti\s fancies no d\bt ga!r$ ?ick ar\nd ^! p]il\s spots1 b :at %ape !y took we _c say4 ,nor d we "k :e!r sacrifices 7 (f]$ on ! top ( ! m\nta91 ?\gh a curi\s discov]y may p]haps be ?\ght to indicate t !y 74 ,%>p & l(ty p9nacles ( r$ porphyry1 inaccessible to ! climb]1 rise 9 impos+ gr&eur f ! et]nal sn[ ( ! summit1 & "h ,mr4 ,toz] f\nd t ! rock _h be5 p]=at$ 9 v>i\s places ) human habitations4 ,"o su* rock-hewn dwell+ w9ds inw>d = a consid]able di/ance2 rude ni*es are holl[$ 9 its sides1 & on its ro( & walls may be se5 ! m>ks ( tools47#eff7 ,! anci5ts c]ta9ly did n climb m\nta9s = pleasure or heal?1 & x is difficult to imag9e t any motive b sup]/ition %\ld h l$ !m to provide dwell+s 9 su* a place4 ,^! rock-cut *amb]s may h be5 %elt]s = prie/s *>g$ ) ! p]=mance ( religi\s or magical rites on ! summit4 #c4 ,fire-,wor%ip 9 ,cappadocia4 7,m#adc7 ,"u ! ,p]sian rule ,cappadocia became1 & long cont9u$ to be1 a great seat ( ! ,zoroa/rian fire-wor%ip4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/rabo1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era1 ! vot>ies ( t fai? & _! temples 7 /ill num]\s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! p]petual fire burn$ on an alt>1 surr\nd$ by a heap ( a%es1 9 ! middle ( ! temple2 & ! prie/s daily *ant$ _! liturgy be=e x1 hold+ 9 _! h&s a bundle ( myrtle rods & we>+ on _! heads tall felt caps ) *eek-pieces :i* cov]$ _! lips1 le/ !y %\ld defile ! sacr$ flame ) _! brea?47#efg7 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! natural fires :i* burn$ p]petually on ! outskirts ( ,m\nt ,argaeus attract$ ! devotion ( ! disciples ( ,zoroa/]1 = else:]e simil> fires h be5 ! object ( religi\s rev]5ce d[n to mod]n times4 ,?us at ,jualamukhi1 on ! l[] slopes ( ! ,himalayas1 jets ( combu/ible gas issue f ! e>?2 & a great ,h9doo temple1 ! resort ( _m pilgrims1 is built ov] !m4 ,! p]petual flame1 :i* is ( a r$di% hue & emits an aromatic p]fume1 rises f a pit 9 ! =e-c\rt ( ! sanctu>y4 ,! wor%ipp]s deliv] _! gifts1 consi/+ usually ( fl[]s1 to ! att5dant fakirs1 :o fir/ hold !m ov] ! flame & !n ca/ !m into ! body ( ! temple47#efh7 ,aga91 ,h9doo pilgrims make _! way ) great difficulty to ,baku on ! ,caspian1 9 ord] to wor%ip ! ev]la/+ fires :i* !re issue f ! b$s ( petroleum4 ,! sacr$ spot is ab\t t5 miles to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! city4 ,an ,engli% travell]1 :o visit$ ,baku 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 has ?us describ$ ! place & ! wor%ip4 8,!re are sev]al anci5t temples built ) /one1 suppos$ to h be5 all d$icat$ to fire2 mo/ ( !m are ar*$ vaults1 n above t5 to fifte5 feet high4 ,among/ o!rs !re is a little temple1 9 :i* ! ,indians n[ wor%ip2 ne> ! alt>1 ab\t ?ree feet high1 is a l>ge holl[ cane1 f ! end ( :i* issues a blue flame1 9 col\r & g5tl5ess n unlike a lamp t burns ) spirits1 b seem+ly m pure4 ,^! ,indians affirm t ?is flame has cont9u$ ev] s9ce ! flood1 & !y believe x w la/ to ! end ( ! _w2 t if x 0 resi/$ or suppress$ 9 t place1 x w\ld rise 9 "s o!r4 ,"h are g5]ally =ty or fifty ( ^! poor devotees1 :o come on a pilgrimage f _! own c\ntry1 & subsi/ ^u wild sall>y1 & a k9d ( ,j]usalem arti*oke1 :i* are v good food1 ) o!r h]bs & roots1 f\nd a little to ! nor?w>d4 ,_! bus9ess is to make expiation1 n = _! own s9s only1 b = ^? ( o!rs2 & !y cont9ue ! long] "t1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( p]sons = :om !y h engag$ to pray4 ,!y m>k _! =eheads ) saffron1 & h a great v5]ation = a r$ c[407#efi7 ,?us x w\ld seem t a purify+ virtue is attribut$ to ! sacr$ flame1 s9ce pilgrims come to x f f> to expiate s94 #d4 ,! ,burnt ,l& ( ,lydia4 7,m#add7 ,ano!r volcanic region ( ,asia ,m9or is ! di/rict ( ,lydia1 to :i*1 on acc\nt ( its rem>kable appe>ance1 ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( ! ,burnt ,l&4 ,x lies to ! ea/ ( ,s>des 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,h]mus1 & cov]s an area ( ab\t fifty miles by =ty4 ,z describ$ by ,/rabo1 ! c\ntry 0 :olly treeless except = ! v9es1 :i* produc$ a w9e inf]ior to none ( ! mo/ fam\s v9tages ( antiquity4 ,! surface ( ! pla9s 0 l a%es2 ! hills 7 compos$ ( black /one1 z if !y _h be5 scor*$ by fire4 ,"s p laid ! sc5e ( ,typhon's battle ) ! gods 9 ?is ,black ,c\ntry1 & suppos$ t x _h be5 burnt by ! ?und]bolts hurl$ f heav5 at ! impi\s mon/]4 ,! philosophic ,/rabo1 h[ev]1 held t ! fires :i* _h wr\ght ?is havoc 7 subt]ranean1 n cele/ial1 & he po9t$ to ?ree crat]s1 at int]vals ( ab\t f\r miles1 ea* 9 a hill ( scoriae :i* he suppos$ to h be5 once molt5 matt] eject$ by ! volcanoes47#egj7 ,8 obs]vation & 8 !ory h bo? be5 confirm$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,! ?ree ext9ct volcanoes to :i* he ref]r$ are /ill conspicu\s features ( ! l&scape4 ,ea* is a black cone ( loose c9d]s1 scoriae1 & a%es1 ) /eep sides & a deep crat]4 ,f ea* a flood ( rugg$ black lava has fl[$ =?1 bur/+ out at ! foot ( ! cone1 & !n ru%+ d[n ! dale to ! b$ ( ! ,h]mus4 ,! d>k /reams foll[ all ! s9uosities ( ! valleys1 _! sombre hue contra/+ ) ! ri* v]dure ( ! surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,_! surface1 brok5 into a ?\s& fanta/ic =ms1 resembles a sea la%$ into fury by a gale1 & !n sudd5ly h>d5$ into /one4 ,reg>d$ f ! geological po9t ( view1 ^! black cones ( c9d]s & ^! black riv]s ( lava are ( comp>atively rec5t =mation4 ,exposure to ! wea!r = ?\s&s ( ye>s has n yet s(t5$ _! asp]ities & decompos$ !m into vegetable m\ld2 !y are z h>d & ung5ial z if ! volcanic /ream _h ceas$ to fl[ b ye/]day4 ,b 9 ! same di/rict !re are upw>ds ( ?irty o!r volcanic cones1 ^: great] age is prov$ by _! s(t5$ =ms1 _! smoo!r sides1 & _! mantle ( vegetation4 ,"s ( !m are plant$ ) v9ey>ds to _! summits47#ega7 ,?us ! volcanic soil is /ill z fav\rable to ! cultivation ( ! v9e z x 0 9 antiquity4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two 0 not$ by ! anci5ts4 ,/rabo comp>es ! v9es ( ! ,burnt ,l& ) ! v9ey>ds ( ,catania f]tiliz$ by ! a%es ( ,m\nt ,etna2 & he tells u t "s +5i\s p]sons expla9$ ! fire-born ,dionysus z a my? ( ! grapes fo/]$ by volcanic ag5cy47#egb7 #e4 ,! ,e>?quake ,god4 7,m#ade7 ,b ! inhabitants ( ^! regions 7 rem9d$ ( ! slumb]+ fires by o!r & less agreeable tok5s ?an ! g5]\s juice ( _! grapes4 ,= n ! ,burnt ,l& only b ! c\ntry to ! s\?1 includ+ ! :ole valley ( ! ,mae&]1 0 subject to frequ5t & viol5t %ocks ( e>?quake4 ,! soil 0 loose1 friable1 & full ( salts1 ! gr\nd holl[1 und]m9$ by fire & wat]4 ,9 p>ticul> ! city ( ,philadelphia 0 a great c5tre ( di/urbance4 ,! %ocks !re1 we are told1 7 cont9u\s4 ,! h\ses rock$1 ! walls crack$ & gap$2 ! few inhabitants 7 kept busy repair+ ! brea*es or buttress+ & propp+ ! edifices :i* ?reat5$ to tumble ab\t _! e>s4 ,mo/ ( ! citiz5s1 inde$1 _h ! prud5ce to dwell disp]s$ on _! f>ms4 ,x 0 a m>vel1 says ,/rabo1 t su* a city %\ld h any inhabitants at all1 & a /ill great] m>vel t x %\ld ev] h be5 built47#egc7 ,h[ev]1 by a wise disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1 ! e>?quakes :i* %ook ! f\ndations ( _! h\ses only /r5g!n$ ^? ( _! fai?4 ,! p ( ,apameia1 ^: t[n 0 repeat$ly deva/at$1 paid _! devotions ) great f]v\r to ,poseidon1 ! e>?quake god47#egd7 ,aga91 ! isl& ( ,santor91 9 ! ,greek ,ar*ipelago1 has be5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s a great !atre ( volcanic activity4 ,on "o occasion ! wat]s ( ! bay boil$ & flam$ = f\r days1 & an isl& compos$ ( r$-hot matt] rose gradually1 z if hoi/$ by ma*9]y1 above ! waves4 ,x happ5$ t ! sov]eignty ( ! seas 0 !n ) ! ,rhodians1 ^? m]*ant-pr9ces ^: prud5t policy1 /rict b b5evol5t olig>*y1 & beautiful isl&-city1 ri* ) accumulat$ treasures ( native art1 r5d]$ !m 9 a s5se ! ,v5etians ( ! anci5t _w4 ,s :5 ! ebullition & heat ( ! eruption _h subsid$1 _! sea-capta9s l&$ 9 ! new isl&1 & f\nd$ a sanctu>y ( ,poseidon ! ,e/abli%] or ,secur]17#ege7 a complim5t>y epi!t (t5 be/[$ on him z a h9t n to %ake ! e>? m ?an he c\ld conv5i5tly help47#egf7 ,9 _m places p sacrific$ to ,poseidon ! ,e/abli%]1 9 ! hope t he w\ld be z good z 8 "n & n br+ d[n _! h\ses on _! heads47#egg7 7,m#adf7 ,ano!r in/ance ( a ,greek attempt to quiet ! p]turb$ _s und]gr\nd is in/ructive1 because simil> ef=ts are /ill made by savages 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,once :5 a ,sp>tan army "u ,k+ ,agesipolis _h tak5 ! field1 x *anc$ t ! gr\nd "u _! feet 0 %ak5 by an e>?quake4 ,x 0 ev5+1 & ! k+ 0 at mess ) ! (fic]s ( 8 /aff4 ,no soon] did !y feel ! %ock ?an1 ) great pres5ce ( m9d1 !y rose f _! d9n] & /ruck up a popul> hymn 9 hon\r ( ,poseidon4 ,! soldi]s outside ! t5t took up ! /ra91 & soon ! :ole army jo9$ 9 ! sacr$ melody47#egh7 ,x is n said :e!r ! flute-b&1 :i* always play$ ! ,sp>tan r$coats into action17#egi7 accompani$ ! deep voices ( ! m5 ) its %rill music4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! int5tion ( ?is s]vice ( praise1 address$ to ! e>?-%ak+ god1 c only h be5 to prevail on him to /op4 ,i h spok5 ( ! ,sp>tan r$coats because ! uni=m ( ,sp>tan soldi]s 0 r$47#ehj7 ,z !y f\ght 9 an ext5d$1 n a deep1 =mation1 a ,sp>tan l9e ( battle mu/ always h be51 :at ! ,briti% us$ to be1 a ?9 r$ l9e4 ,x 0 9 ?is ord]1 & no d\bt ) ! music play+ & ! sun fla%+ on _! arms1 t !y advanc$ to meet ! ,p]sians at ,!rmopylae4 ,l ,cromwell's ,ironsides1 ^! m5 c\ld fight z well z s+ psalms47#eha7 7,m#adg7 ,if ! ,sp>tans imag9$ t !y c\ld /op an e>?quake by a soldi]s' *orus1 _! !ory & practice resembl$ ^? ( _m o!r b>b>ians4 ,?us ! p ( ,timor1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ?9k t ! e>? re/s on ! %\ld] ( a mighty giant1 & t :5 he is we>y ( be>+ x on "o %\ld] he %ifts x to ! o!r1 & s causes ! gr\nd to quake4 ,at su* times1 accord+ly1 !y all %\t at ! top ( _! voices to let him "k t !re are /ill p on ! e>?2 = o!rwise !y fe> le/1 impati5t ( 8 burd51 he might tip x into ! sea47#ehb7 ,! ,mani*aeans held a precisely simil> !ory ( e>?quakes1 except t accord+ to !m ! we>y giant transf]r$ 8 burd5 f "o %\ld] to ! o!r at ! end ( e ?irty ye>s17#ehc7 a view :i*1 at all ev5ts1 po9ts to ! obs]vation ( a cycle 9 ! recurr5ce ( e>?quake %ocks4 ,b we are n told t ^! h]etics r$uc$ an absurd !ory to an absurd practice by rais+ a %\t 9 ord] to rem9d ! e>?-%ak] ( ! inconv5i5ce he 0 putt+ !m to4 ,h[ev]1 bo? ! !ory & ! practice are to be f\nd 9 full =ce 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,:5 ! ,bal9ese & ! ,sundanese feel an e>?quake !y cry out1 8,/ill alive10 or 8,we /ill live10 to acqua9t ! e>?-%ak+ god or giant ) _! exi/5ce47#ehd7 ,! natives ( ,leti1 ,moa1 & ,lakor1 isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 imag9e t e>?quakes are caus$ by ,gr&mo!r ,e>? 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r h] desc5dants are /ill to ! =e4 ,s !y make l\d noises = ! purpose ( satisfy+ h] gr&mo!rly solicitude47#ehe7 ,! ,tami ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea ascribe e>?quakes to a c]ta9 old ,panku :o sits "u a great rock2 :5 he /irs1 ! e>? quakes4 ,if ! %ock la/s a long "t !y beat on ! gr\nd ) palm-bran*es1 say+1 8,y d[n !re6 easy a little6 ,we m5 are /ill "h407#ehf7 ,! ,%ans ( ,burma are taught by ,buddhi/ monks t "u ! _w !re sleeps a great fi% ) 8 tail 9 8 m\?1 b sometimes he wakes1 bites 8 tail1 & quiv]+ ) pa9 causes ! gr\nd to quiv] & %ake likewise4 ,t is ! cause ( great e>?quakes4 ,b ! cause ( little e>?quakes is diff]5t4 ,^! are produc$ by little m5 :o live und]gr\nd & sometimes feel+ lonely knock on ! ro( ( ! _w ov] _! heads2 ^! knock+s we p]ceive z slight %ocks ( e>?quakes4 ,:5 ,%ans feel su* a %ock1 !y run out ( _! h\ses1 kneel d[n1 & answ] ! little m5 say+1 8,we are "h6 ,we are "h607#ehg7 ,e>?quakes are common 9 ! ,pampa del ,sacram5to ( ,ea/]n ,p]u4 ,! ,conibos1 a tribe ( ,indians on ! left bank ( ! great ,ucayali ,riv]1 attribute ^! di/urbances to ! creator1 :o usually resides 9 heav51 b comes d[n f "t to "t to see :e!r ! "w ( 8 h&s /ill exi/s4 ,! result ( 8 desc5t is an e>?quake4 ,s :5 "o happ5s1 ^! ,indians ru% out ( _! huts ) extravagant ge/ures %\t+1 z if 9 answ] to a "q1 8,a mom5t1 a mom5t1 "h ,i am1 fa!r1 "h ,i am60 ,_! int5tion is1 no d\bt1 to assure _! heav5ly fa!r t !y are /ill alive1 & t he may return to 8 mansion on high ) an easy m9d4 ,!y nev] rememb] ! creator nor pay him any he$ except at an e>?quake47#ehh7 ,9 ,africa ! ,atonga tribe ( ,lake ,nyassa us$ to believe t an e>?quake 0 ! voice ( ,god call+ to inquire :e!r 8 p 7 all !re4 ,s :5 ! rumble 0 he>d und]gr\nd !y all %\t$ 9 answ]1 8,ye1 ye10 & "s ( !m w5t to ! mort>s us$ = p\nd+ corn & beat on !m ) pe/les4 ,!y ?\ght t if any "o ( !m did n ?us answ] to ! div9e call he w\ld die47#ehi7 ,9 ,ourwira ! p ?9k t an e>?quake is caus$ by a dead sultan m>*+ pa/ und]gr\nd2 s !y /& up to d him hon\r1 & "s raise _! h&s to ! salute4 ,7 !y to omit ^! m>ks ( respect to ! deceas$1 !y w\ld run ! risk ( be+ swall[$ up alive47#eij7 ,! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa us$ to attribute e>?quakes to a c]ta9 god nam$ ,musisi1 :o liv$ und]gr\nd & set ! e>? 9 a tremor :5 he mov$ ab\t4 ,at su* times p]sons :o _h feti%es to h& patt$ !m & begg$ ! god to be /ill2 wom5 :o 7 ) *ild patt$ _! bellies to keep ! god f tak+ ei!r _! own life or t ( _! unborn babes2 o!rs rais$ a %rill cry to induce him to rema9 quiet47#eia7 7,m#adh7 ,:5 ! ,bataks ( ,sumatra feel an e>?quake !y %\t 8,! h&le6 ,! h&le60 ,! mean+ ( ! cry is v>i\sly expla9$4 ,"s say t x conta9s a delicate allusion to ! sword :i* is ?ru/ up to ! hilt into ! body ( ! demon or s]p5t :o %akes ! e>?4 ,?us expla9$ ! words are a je] or taunt levell$ at t mis*iev\s be+47#eib7 ,o!rs say t :5 ,bat>a-guru1 ! creator1 0 ab\t to fa%ion ! e>? he began by build+ a raft1 :i* he comm&$ a c]ta9 ,naga-padoha to support4 ,:ile he 0 h>d at "w 8 *isel broke1 & at ! same mom5t ,naga-padoha budg$ "u 8 burd54 ,!re=e ,bat>a-guru said1 8,hold h>d a mom5t6 ,! h&le ( ! *isel is brok5 (f40 ,& t is :y ! ,bataks call out 8,! h&le ( ! *isel0 dur+ an e>?quake4 ,!y believe t ! delud$ ,naga-padoha w take ! words = ! voice ( ! creator1 & t he w hold h>d accord+ly47#eic7 7,m#adi7 ,:5 ! e>? quakes 9 "s p>ts ( ,celebes1 x is said t all ! inhabitants ( a village w ru% out ( _! h\ses & grub up grass by h&fuls 9 ord] to attract ! att5tion ( ! e>?-_s1 :o1 feel+ 8 hair ?us torn out by ! roots1 w be pa9fully consci\s t !re are /ill p above gr\nd47#eid7 ,s 9 ,samoa1 dur+ %ocks ( e>?quake1 ! natives sometimes ran & ?rew !mselves on ! gr\nd1 gnaw$ ! e>?1 & %\t$ frantically to ! e>?quake god ,mafuie to desi/ le/ he %\ld %ake ! e>? to pieces47#eie7 ,!y consol$ !mselves ) ! ?\ght t ,mafuie has only "o arm1 say+1 8,if he _h two1 :at a %ake he w\ld give607#eif7 ,! ,bagobos ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s believe t ! e>? re/s on a great po/1 :i* a l>ge s]p5t is try+ to remove4 ,:5 ! s]p5t %akes ! po/1 ! e>? quakes4 ,at su* times ! ,bagobos beat _! dogs to make !m h[l1 = ! h[l+ ( ! animals fright5s ! s]p5t1 & he /ops %ak+ ! po/4 ,h5ce s long z an e>?quake la/s ! h[ls ( dogs may be he>d to proce$ f e h\se 9 a ,bagobo village47#eig7 ,! ,tongans ?9k t ! e>? is support$ on ! pro/rate =m ( ! god ,mooi4 ,:5 he is tir$ ( ly+ 9 "o po/ure1 he tries to turn himself ab\t1 & t causes an e>?quake4 ,!n ! p %\t & beat ! gr\nd ) /icks to make him lie /ill47#eih7 ,dur+ an e>?quake ! ,burmese make a great upro>1 beat+ ! walls ( _! h\ses & %\t+1 to fright5 away ! evil g5ius :o is %ak+ ! e>?47#eii7 ,on a l occasion & = a l purpose "s natives ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9 beat drums & bl[ on %ells47#fjj7 ,! ,dorasques1 an ,indian tribe ( ,panama1 believ$ t ! volcano ( ,*iriqui 0 inhabit$ by a p[]ful _s1 :o1 9 8 ang]1 caus$ an e>?quake4 ,at su* times ! ,indians %ot volleys ( arr[s 9 ! direction ( ! volcano to t]rify him & make him desi/47#fja7 ,"s ( ! ,p]uvian ,indians reg>d$ an e>?quake z a sign t ! gods 7 ?ir/y1 s !y p\r$ wat] on ! gr\nd47#fjb7 ,9 ,a%antee sev]al p]sons us$ to be put to dea? aft] an e>?quake2 !y 7 sla9 z a sacrifice to ,sasabonsun1 ! e>?quake god1 9 ! hope ( satiat+ 8 cruelty = a "t4 ,h\ses :i* _h be5 ?r[n d[n or damag$ by an e>?quake 7 spr9kl$ ) human blood be=e !y 7 rebuilt4 ,:5 "p ( ! wall ( ! k+'s h\se at ,coomassie 0 knock$ d[n by an e>?quake1 fifty "y girls 7 slaught]$1 & ! mud to be us$ 9 ! repairs 0 knead$ ) _! blood47#fjc7 7,m#aej7 ,an ,engli% resid5t 9 ,fiji attribut$ a sudd5 access ( piety 9 ,kantavu1 "o ( ! isl&s1 to a trem5d\s e>?quake :i* de/roy$ _m ( ! natives4 ,! ,fijians ?9k t _! isl&s re/ on a god1 :o causes e>?quakes by turn+ ov] 9 8 sleep4 ,s !y sacrifice to him ?+s ( great value 9 ord] t he may turn z g5tly z possible47#fjd7 ,9 ,nias a viol5t e>?quake has a salut>y effect on ! morals ( ! natives4 ,!y suppose t x is br\ght ab\t by a c]ta9 ,batoo ,b$ano1 :o int5ds to de/roy ! e>? because ( ! iniquity ( mank9d4 ,s !y assemble & fa%ion a great image out ( ! trunk ( a tree4 ,!y make (f]+s1 !y confess _! s9s1 !y correct ! fraudul5t weights & measures1 !y v[ to d bett] 9 ! future1 !y implore m]cy1 & if ! e>? has gap$1 !y ?r[ a little gold into ! fissure4 ,b :5 ! dang] is ov]1 all _! f9e v[s & promises are soon =gott547#fje7 7,m#aea7 ,we may surmise t 9 ^? ,greek l&s :i* h suff]$ sev]ely f e>?quakes1 su* z ,a*aia & ! we/]n coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,poseidon 0 wor%ipp$ n less z an e>?quake god ?an z a sea-god47#fjf7 ,x is to be rememb]$ t an e>?quake is (t5 accompani$ by a trem5d\s wave :i* comes roll+ 9 l a m\nta9 f ! sea1 swamp+ ! c\ntry f> & wide2 inde$ on ! coa/s ( ,*ili & ,p]u1 :i* h (t5 be5 deva/at$ by bo?1 ! wave is said to be ev5 m dread$ ?an ! e>?quake47#fjg7 ,! ,greeks (t5 exp]i5c$ ?is comb9ation ( cata/rophes1 ?is conspiracy1 z x 71 ( e>? & sea aga9/ ! life & works ( man47#fjh7 ,x 0 ?us t ,helice1 on ! coa/ ( ,a*aia1 p]i%$ ) all its inhabitants on a w9t] night1 ov]:elm$ by ! bill[s2 & its de/ruction 0 set d[n to ! wra? ( ,poseidon47#fji7 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t to p famili> ) ! tw(old calamity ! dreadful god ( ! e>?quake & ( ! sea %\ld appe> to be "o & ! same4 ,! hi/orian ,diodorus ,siculus obs]ves t ,peloponnese 0 deem$ to h be5 9 anci5t days ! abode ( ,poseidon1 t ! :ole c\ntry 0 9 a mann] sacr$ to him1 & t e city 9 x wor%ipp$ him above all ! gods4 ,! devotion to ,poseidon he expla9s p>tly by ! e>?quakes & floods by :i* ! l& has be5 visit$1 p>tly by ! rem>kable *asms & subt]ranean riv]s :i* are a conspicu\s feature ( its lime/one m\nta9s47#faj7 #f4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,mephitic ,vap\rs4 7,m#aeb7 ,b eruptions & e>?quakes1 ?\gh ! mo/ trem5d\s1 are n ! only ph5om5a ( volcanic regions :i* h affect$ ! religion ( ! inhabitants4 ,poison\s mephitic vap\rs & hot spr+s1 :i* ab\nd especially 9 volcanic regions17#faa7 h also _h _! devotees1 & bo? are1 or 7 =m]ly1 to be f\nd 9 ^? we/]n di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,to beg9 ) vap\rs1 we may take z an illu/ration ( _! deadly effect ! ,guevo ,upas1 or ,valley ( ,poison1 ne> ,batur 9 ,java4 ,x is ! crat] ( an ext9ct volcano1 ab\t half a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & f ?irty to ?irty-five feet deep4 ,nei!r man nor bea/ c desc5d to ! bottom & live4 ,! gr\nd is cov]$ ) ! c>cases ( tig]s1 de]1 birds1 & ev5 ! bones ( m51 all kill$ by ! abundant emanations ( c>bonic acid gas :i* exhale f ! soil4 ,animals let d[n into x die 9 a few m9utes4 ,! :ole range ( hills is volcanic4 ,two neighb\r+ crat]s con/antly emit smoke47#fab7 ,9 ano!r crat] ( ,java1 ne> ! volcano ,talaga ,bodas1 ! sulphure\s exhalations h prov$ fatal to tig]s1 birds1 & c\ntless insects2 & ! s(t p>ts ( ^! creatures1 su* z fibres1 muscles1 hair1 & sk91 are well pres]v$1 :ile ! bones are corrod$ or de/roy$47#fac7 7,m#aec7 ,! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) su* noxi\s vap\rs 9 _! own c\ntry1 & !y reg>d$ ! v5ts f :i* !y 7 dis*>g$ z entrances to ! inf]nal regions47#fad7 ,! ,greeks call$ !m places ( ,pluto 7,plutonia7 or places ( ,*>on 7,*>onia747#fae7 ,9 ,italy ! vap\rs 7 p]sonifi$ z a goddess1 :o bore ! "n ( ,mefitis & 0 wor%ipp$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! p59sula47#faf7 ,%e _h a temple 9 ! fam\s valley ( ,amsanctus 9 ! l& ( ! ,hirp9i1 :]e ! exhalations1 suppos$ to be ! brea? ( ,pluto himself1 7 ( s deadly a "* t all :o set foot on ! spot di$47#fag7 ,! place is a gl51 p>tly wood$ ) *e/nut trees1 among lime/one hills1 di/ant ab\t f\r miles f ! t[n ( ,frig5to4 ,"h1 "u a /eep %elv+ bank ( decompos$ lime/one1 !re is a pool ( d>k a%-col\r$ wat]1 :i* cont9ually bubbles up ) an explosion l di/ant ?und]4 ,a rapid /ream ( ! same blacki% wat] ru%es into ! pool f "u ! b>r5 rocky hill1 b ! fall is n m ?an a few feet4 ,a little high] up are ap]tures 9 ! gr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* w>m bla/s ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 are con/antly issu+ ) m or less noise1 accord+ to ! size ( ! holes4 ,^! bla/s are no d\bt :at ! anci5ts deem$ ! brea? ( ,pluto4 ,! pool is n[ call$ ,mefite & ! holes ,mefit9elle4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! pool is a small] pond call$ ! ,coccaio1 or ,cauldron1 because x appe>s to be p]petually boil+4 ,?ick masses ( mephitic vap\r1 visible a hundr$ y>ds (f1 float 9 rapid undulations on its surface4 ,! exhalations giv5 (f by ^! wat]s are sometimes fatal1 especially :5 !y are borne on a high w9d4 ,b z ! c>bonic acid gas does n naturally rise m ?an two or ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 x is possible 9 calm wea!r to walk r\nd ! pools1 ?\gh to /oop is difficult & to fall w\ld be dang]\s4 ,! anci5t temple ( ,mefitis has be5 replac$ by a %r9e ( ! m>tyr$ ,santa ,felicita47#fah7 7,m#aed7 ,simil> dis*>ges ( poison\s vap\rs took place at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! volcanic di/rict ( ,c>ia1 & 7 ! object ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation 9 antiquity4 ,?us at ! village ( ,?ymbria !re 0 a sacr$ cave :i* gave out deadly emanations1 & ! place 0 deem$ a sanctu>y ( ,*>on47#fai7 ,a simil> cave might be se5 at ! village ( ,a*>aca ne> ,nysa1 9 ! valley ( ! ,mae&]4 ,"h1 bel[ ! cave1 !re 0 a f9e grove ) a temple d$icat$ to ,pluto & ,p]sephone4 ,! place 0 sacr$ to ,pluto1 yet sick p resort$ to x = ! re/oration ( _! heal?4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! neighb\r+ village1 & ! prie/s prescrib$ = !m accord+ to ! revelations :i* !y receiv$ f ! two deities 9 dreams4 ,(t5 ! prie/s w\ld take ! pati5ts to ! cave & leave !m !re = days )\t food4 ,sometimes ! suff]]s !mselves 7 fav\r$ ) revelations 9 dreams1 b !y always act$ "u ! spiritual direction ( ! prie/s4 ,to all b ! sick ! place 0 unapproa*able & fatal4 ,once a ye> a fe/ival 0 held 9 ! village1 & !n afflict$ folk came 9 cr[ds to be rid ( _! ailm5ts4 ,ab\t ! h\r ( noon on t day a numb] ( a?letic "y m51 _! nak$ bodies greas$ ) oil1 us$ to c>ry a bull up to ! cave & !re let x g4 ,b ! bea/ _h n tak5 a few /eps into ! cav]n be=e x fell to ! gr\nd & expir$3 s deadly 0 ! vap\r47#fbj7 7,m#aee7 ,ano!r ,plutonian sanctu>y ( ! same sort exi/$ at ,hi]apolis1 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,mae&]1 on ! bord]s ( ,lydia & ,phrygia47#fba7 ,"h "u a br[ ( ! hill !re 0 a deep cave ) a n>r[ m\? j l>ge en\gh to admit ! body ( a man4 ,a squ>e space 9 front ( ! cave 0 rail$ (f1 & )9 ! rail+ !re hung s ?ick a cl\dy vap\r t x 0 h>dly possible to see ! gr\nd4 ,9 calm wea!r p c\ld /ep up to ! rail+ ) safety1 b to pass )9 x 0 in/ant dea?4 ,bulls driv5 into ! enclosure fell to ! e>? & 7 dragg$ out lifeless2 & sp>r[s1 :i* spectators by way ( exp]im5t all[$ to fly into ! mi/1 dropp$ dead at once4 ,yet ! eunu* prie/s ( ! ,great ,"m ,goddess c\ld ent] ! rail$-(f area ) impunity2 nay m1 !y us$ to g up to ! v m\? ( ! cave1 /oop1 & creep into x = a c]ta9 di/ance1 hold+ _! brea?2 b !re 0 a look on _! faces z if !y 7 be+ *ok$4 ,"s p ascrib$ ! immunity ( ! prie/s to ! div9e protection1 o!rs to ! use ( antidotes47#fbb7 #g4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,hot ,spr+s4 7,m#aef7 ,! my/]i\s *asm ( ,hi]apolis1 ) its deadly mi/1 has n be5 discov]$ 9 mod]n times2 inde$ x w\ld seem to h vani%$ ev5 9 antiquity47#fbc7 ,x may h be5 de/roy$ by an e>?quake4 ,b ano!r m>vel ( ! ,sacr$ ,city rema9s to ?is day4 ,! hot spr+s ) _! calc>e\s deposit1 :i*1 l a wiz>d's w&1 turns all t x t\*es to /one1 excit$ ! wond] ( ! anci5ts1 & ! c\rse ( ages has only enhanc$ ! fanta/ic spl5d\r ( ! great trans=mation sc5e4 ,! /ately ru9s ( ,hi]apolis occupy a broad %elf or t]race on ! m\nta9-side comm&+ di/ant views ( extraord9>y beauty & gr&eur1 f ! d>k precipices & dazzl+ sn[s ( ,m\nt ,cadmus away to ! burnt summits ( ,phrygia1 fad+ 9 rosy t9ts into ! blue ( ! sky4 ,hills1 brok5 by wood$ rav9es1 rise beh9d ! city4 ,9 front ! t]race falls away 9 cliffs ?ree hundr$ feet high into ! desolate treeless valley ( ! ,lycus4 ,ov] ! face ( ^! cliffs ! hot /reams h p\r$ or trickl$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 encru/+ !m ) a pe>ly :ite sub/ance l salt or driv5 sn[4 ,! appe>ance ( ! :ole is z if a mighty riv]1 "s two miles broad1 _h be5 sudd5ly arre/$ 9 ! act ( fall+ ov] a great cliff & trans=m$ into :ite m>ble4 ,x is a petrifi$ ,niag>a4 ,! illusion is /ronge/ 9 w9t] or 9 cool summ] morn+s :5 ! mi/ f ! hot spr+s hangs 9 ! air1 l a veil ( spray re/+ on ! foam ( ! wat]fall4 ,a clos] inspection ( ! :ite cliff1 :i* attracts ! travell]'s att5tion at a di/ance ( tw5ty miles1 only adds to its beauty & *anges "o illusion = ano!r4 ,= n[ x seems to be a glaci]1 its long p5d5t /alactites look+ l icicles1 & ! sn[y :it5ess ( its smoo? expanse be+ t+$ "h & !re ) delicate hues ( blue1 rose & gre51 all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,^! petrifi$ cascades ( ,hi]apolis are among ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,inde$ !y h probably be5 )\t a rival 9 _! k9d ev] s9ce ! fam\s :ite & p9k t]races or /aircases ( ,rotomahana 9 ,new ,zeal& 7 de/roy$ by a volcanic eruption4 7,m#aeg7 ,! hot spr+s :i* h wr\ght ^! miracles at ,hi]apolis rise 9 a l>ge deep pool among ! va/ & impos+ ru9s ( ! anci5t city4 ,! wat] is ( a gre5i%-blue t9t1 b cle> & transp>5t4 ,at ! bottom may be se5 ! :ite m>ble columns ( a beautiful ,cor9?ian colonnade1 :i* mu/ =m]ly h encircl$ ! sacr$ pool4 ,%imm]+ ?r\gh ! gre5-blue wat] !y look l ! ru9s ( a ,naiad's palace4 ,clumps ( ole&]s & pomegranate-trees ov]hang ! little lake & add to its *>m4 ,yet ! en*ant$ spot has its dang]s4 ,bubbles ( c>bonic acid gas rise incessantly f ! bottom & m\nt l flick]+ p>ticles ( silv] to ! surface4 ,birds & bea/s :i* come to dr9k ( ! wat] are sometimes f\nd dead on ! bank1 /ifl$ by ! noxi\s vap\r2 & ! villag]s tell ( ba!rs :o h be5 ov]p[]$ by x & dr[n$1 or dragg$ d[n1 z !y say1 to dea? by ! wat]-_s4 7,m#aeh7 ,! /reams ( hot wat]1 no long] regulat$ by ! c>e ( a religi\s population1 h = c5turies be5 all[$ to ov]fl[ _! *annels & to spread un*eck$ ov] ! tablel&4 ,by ! deposit :i* !y leave beh9d !y h rais$ ! surface ( ! gr\nd _m feet1 _! :ite ridges conceal+ ! ru9s & imp$+ ! foot/ep1 except :]e ! old *annels1 fill$ up solidly to ! brim1 n[ =m h>d level footpa?s1 f :i* ! travell] may survey ! /range sc5e )\t quitt+ ! saddle4 ,9 antiquity ! husb&m5 us$ purposely to lead ! wat] 9 rills r\nd _! l&s1 & ?us 9 a few ye>s _! fields & v9ey>ds 7 enclos$ ) walls ( solid /one4 ,! wat] 0 also peculi>ly adapt$ = ! dye+ ( wooll5 /uffs4 ,t+$ ) dyes extract$ f c]ta9 roots1 x imp>t$ to clo?s dipp$ 9 x ! f9e/ %ades ( purple & sc>let47#fbd7 7,m#aei7 ,we _c d\bt t ,hi]apolis ow$ its reputation z a holy city 9 great "p to its hot spr+s & mephitic vap\rs4 ,! curative virtue ( m9]al & !rmal spr+s 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & x w\ld be int]e/+1 if x 7 possible1 to trace ! causes :i* h gradually elim9at$ ! sup]/iti\s elem5t f ! use ( su* wat]s1 & s conv]t$ _m old seats ( volcanic religion into ! m$ic9al ba?s ( mod]n times4 ,x 0 an article ( ,greek fai? t all hot spr+s 7 sacr$ to ,h]cules47#fbe7 8,:o ev] he>d ( cold ba?s t 7 sacr$ to ,h]cules80 asks ,inju/ice 9 ,ari/ophanes2 & ,ju/ice admits t ! brawny h]o's patronage ( hot ba?s 0 ! excuse alleg$ by "y m5 = sprawl+ all day 9 ! /eam+ wat] :5 !y ought to h be5 sweat+ 9 ! gymnasium47#fbf7 ,hot spr+s 7 said to h be5 fir/ produc$ = ! refre%m5t ( ,h]cules aft] 8 lab\rs2 "s ascrib$ ! k9dly ?\ght & de$ to ,a!na1 o!rs to ,hephae/us1 & o!rs to ! nymphs47#fbg7 ,! w>m wat] ( ^! s\rces appe>s to h be5 us$ especially to heal diseases ( ! sk92 = a ,greek prov]b1 8! it* ( ,h]cules10 0 appli$ to p]sons 9 ne$ ( hot ba?s = ! scab47#fbh7 ,on ! /r5g? ( 8 connexion ) m$ic9al spr+s ,h]cules set up z a patron ( ! heal+ art4 ,9 heav51 if we c tru/ ,lucian1 he ev5 refus$ to give place to ,aesculapius himself1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two deities l$ to a v unseemly brawl4 8,d y mean to say10 dem&$ ,h]cules ( 8 fa!r ,zeus1 9 a bur/ ( indignation1 8t ?is apo!c>y is to sit d[n to table be=e me80 ,to ?is ! apo!c>y repli$ ) mu* acrimony1 recall+ c]ta9 pa9ful episodes 9 ! private life ( ! burly h]o4 ,f9ally ! dispute 0 settl$ by ,zeus1 :o decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,aesculapius on ! gr\nd t he di$ be=e ,h]cules1 & 0 !re=e entitl$ to rank z s5ior god47#fbi7 7,m#afj7 ,among ! hot spr+s sacr$ to ,h]cules ! mo/ fam\s 7 ^? :i* rose 9 ! pass ( ,!rmopylae1 & gave to ! defile its "n ( ! ,hot ,gates47#fcj7 ,! w>m ba?s1 call$ by ! natives 8! ,pots10 7 enl>g$ & improv$ = ! use ( invalids by ! weal?y sophi/ ,h]odes ,atticus 9 ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,an alt> ( ,h]cules /ood beside !m47#fca7 ,accord+ to "o /ory1 ! hot spr+s 7 "h produc$ = 8 refre%m5t by ! goddess ,a!na47#fcb7 ,!y exi/ to ?is day app>5tly un*ang$1 al?\gh ! recession ( ! sea has conv]t$ :at us$ to be a n>r[ pass into a wide1 swampy flat1 ?r\gh :i* ! broad b %all[1 turbid /ream ( ! ,sp]*ius creeps sluggi%ly seaw>d4 ,on ! o!r side ! rugg$ m\nta9s desc5d 9 crags & precipices to ! pass1 _! grey rocky sides tuft$ ) l[ wood or bu%es :]ev] vegetation c f9d a foo?old1 & _! summits fr+$ along ! sky-l9e ) p9es4 ,!y rem9d a ,scot*man ( ! 8crags1 knolls1 & m\nds confus$ly hurl$0 9 :i* ,b5 ,v5ue comes d[n to ! ,silv] ,/r& ( ,lo* ,katr9e4 ,! pr9cipal spr+ bur/s f ! rocks j at ! foot ( ! /eepe/ & l(tie/ "p ( ! range4 ,aft] =m+ a small pool x fl[s 9 a rapid /ream ea/w>d1 skirt+ ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! wat] is s hot t x is almo/ pa9ful to hold ! h&s 9 x1 at lea/ ne> ! s\rce1 & /eam rises ?ickly f its surface along ! c\rse ( ! brook4 ,inde$ ! cl\ds ( :ite /eam & ! /rong sulphur\s smell acqua9t ! travell] ) 8 approa* to ! fam\s spot be=e he comes 9 sight ( ! spr+s4 ,! wat] is cle>1 b has ! appe>ance ( be+ ( a deep sea-blue or sea-gre5 col\r4 ,?is appe>ance x takes f ! ?ick1 slimy deposits ( blue-gre5 sulphur :i* l9e ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,f its s\rce ! blue1 /eam+1 sulphur-reek+ brook ru%es ea/w>d = a few hundr$ y>ds at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 & is !n jo9$ by ! wat] ( ano!r spr+1 :i* rises mu* m tranquilly 9 a sort ( natural ba? among ! rocks4 ,! sides ( ?is ba? are n s ?ickly coat$ ) sulphur z ! banks ( ! /ream2 h5ce its wat]1 ab\t two feet deep1 is n s blue4 ,j beyond x !re is a second & l>g] ba?1 :i*1 f its squ>e %ape & smoo? sides1 w\ld seem to be 9 "p artificial4 ,^! two ba?s are probably ! ,pots m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s4 ,!y are /ill us$ by ba!rs1 & a few wood5 dress+-rooms are provid$ = ! accommodation ( visitors4 ,"s ( ! wat] is conduct$ 9 an artificial *annel to turn a mill ab\t half a mile (f at ! ea/]n end ( ! pass4 ,! re/ crosses ! flat to f9d its way to ! sea4 ,9 its passage x has coat$ ! swampy gr\nd ) a :ite cru/1 :i* s\nds holl[ "u ! tread47#fcc7 7,m#afa7 ,we may conjecture t ^! rem>kable spr+s furni%$ ! pr9cipal reason = associat+ ,h]cules ) ?is di/rict1 & = lay+ ! sc5e ( 8 fi]y dea? on ! top ( ! neighb\r+ ,m\nt ,oeta4 ,! di/rict is volcanic1 & has (t5 be5 %ak5 by e>?quakes47#fcd7 ,across ! /rait ! isl& ( ,euboea has suff]$ f ! same cause & at ! same "t2 & on its s\!rn %ore sulphure\s spr+s1 l ^? ( ,!rmopylae1 b mu* hott] & m p[]ful1 7 9 l mann] d$icat$ to ,h]cules47#fce7 ,! /rong m$ic9al qualities ( ! wat]s1 :i* are especially adapt$ = ! cure ( sk9 diseases & g\t1 h attract$ pati5ts 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,sulla took ! wat]s "h = 8 g\t27#fcf7 & 9 ! days ( ,plut>* ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,a$epsus1 situat$ 9 a gre5 valley ab\t two miles f ! spr+s1 0 "o ( ! mo/ fa%ionable resorts ( ,greece4 ,elegant & commodi\s build+s1 an agreeable c\ntry1 & abundance ( fi% & game unit$ ) ! heal?-giv+ prop]ties ( ! ba?s to draw cr[ds ( idl]s to ! place1 especially 9 ! prime ( ! glori\s ,greek spr+1 ! height ( ! season at ,a$epsus4 ,:ile "s wat*$ ! danc]s danc+ or li/5$ to ! /ra9s ( ! h>p1 o!rs pass$ ! "t 9 disc\rse1 l\ng+ 9 ! %ade ( cloi/]s or pac+ ! %ore ( ! beautiful /rait ) its prospect ( m\nta9s beyond m\nta9s immortaliz$ 9 /ory across ! wat]47#fcg7 ,( all ?is ,greek elegance & luxury h>dly a ve/ige rema9s4 ,yet ! heal+ spr+s fl[ n[ z freely z ( old4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! :ite & yell[ calc>e\s deposit :i* ! wat] leaves beh9d x1 has =m$ a hillock at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! /ream n[ falls 9 a /eam+ cascade f ! face ( ! rock into ! sea47#fch7 ,once1 aft] an e>?quake1 ! spr+s ceas$ to fl[ = ?ree days1 & at ! same "t ! hot spr+s ( ,!rmopylae dri$ up47#fci7 ,! incid5t proves ! relation ( ^! ,ba?s ( ,h]cules on bo? sides ( ! /rait to ea* o!r & to volcanic ag5cy4 ,on ano!r occasion a cold spr+ sudd5ly bur/ out beside ! hot spr+s ( ,a$epsus1 & z its wat] 0 suppos$ to be peculi>ly b5eficial to heal?1 pati5ts ha/5$ f f> & ne> to dr9k ( x4 ,b ! g5]als ( ,k+ ,antigonus1 anxi\s to raise a rev5ue1 impos$ a tax on ! use ( ! wat]2 & ! spr+1 z if 9 disgu/ at be+ turn$ to s base a use1 disappe>$ z sudd5ly z x _h come47#fdj7 7,m#afb7 ,! association ( ,h]cules ) hot spr+s 0 n conf9$ to ,greece itself4 ,greek influ5ce ext5d$ x to ,sicily17#fda7 ,italy17#fdb7 & ev5 to ,dacia47#fdc7 ,:y ! h]o %\ld h be5 *os5 z ! patron ( !rmal wat]s1 x is h>d to say4 ,yet x is wor? :ile1 p]haps1 to rememb] t su* spr+s comb9e 9 a mann] ! tw(old & seem+ly discordant pr9ciples ( wat] & fire17#fdd7 ( f]tility & de/ruction1 & t ! dea? ( ,h]cules 9 ! flames seems to connect him ) ! fi]y elem5t4 ,fur!r1 ! app>5t conflict ( ! two pr9ciples is by no means z absolute z at fir/ sight we might be tempt$ to suppose2 = heat is z necess>y z moi/ure to ! support ( animal & vegetable life4 ,ev5 volcanic fires h _! b5efic5t aspect1 s9ce _! products l5d a m g5]\s flav\r to ! juice ( ! grape4 ,! anci5ts !mselves1 z we h se51 p]ceiv$ ! connexion betwe5 good w9e & volcanic soil1 & propos$ m or less s]i\sly to int]pret ! v9e-god ,dionysus z a *ild ( ! fire47#fde7 ,z a patron ( hot spr+s ,h]cules comb9$ ! g5ial elem5ts ( heat & moi/ure1 & may !re=e h /ood1 9 "o ( 8 _m aspects1 = ! pr9ciple ( f]tility4 7,m#afc7 ,9 ,syria *ildless wom5 /ill resort to hot spr+s 9 ord] to procure (fspr+ f ! sa9t or ! j9nee ( ! wat]s47#fdf7 ,?is1 = example1 !y d at ! fam\s hot spr+s 9 ! l& ( ,moab :i* fl[ ?r\gh a wild gorge into ! ,dead ,sea4 ,9 antiquity ! spr+s w5t by ! ,greek "n ( ,callirrhoe1 ! ,fair-fl[+4 ,x 0 to !m t ! dy+ ,h]od1 weigh$ d[n by a complication ( disord]s :i* ! pi\s ,jews trac$ to ,god's v5geance1 repair$ 9 ! va9 hope ( arre/+ or mitigat+ ! fatal progress ( disease4 ,! heal+ wat]s br\ght no alleviation ( 8 suff]+s1 & he retir$ to ,j]i*o to die47#fdg7 ,! hot spr+s bur/ 9 v>i\s places f ! sides ( a deep romantic rav9e to =m a l>ge & rapid /ream ( lukew>m wat]1 :i* ru%es d[n ! dep?s ( ! lynn1 da%+ & foam+ ov] b\ld]s1 "u ! d5se %ade ( tam>isk-trees & cane-brakes1 ! rocks on ei!r bank drap$ ) an em]ald fr+e ( maid5hair f]n4 ,"o ( ! spr+s falls f a high rocky %elf ov] ! face ( a cliff :i* is t9t$ bright yell[ by ! sulphur\s wat]4 ,! l(ty crags :i* %ut 9 ! n>r[ *asm are bold & impos+ 9 outl9e & v>i$ 9 col\r1 = !y range f r$ s&/one ?r\gh :ite & yell[ lime/one to black basalt4 ,! wat]s issue f ! l9e :]e ! s&/one & lime/one meet4 ,_! temp]ature is high1 & f great clefts 9 ! m\nta9-sides y may see cl\ds ( /eam ris+ & he> ! rumbl+ ( ! runn+ wat]s4 ,! bottom ( ! gl5 is clo!d & half *ok$ ) rank vegetation2 =1 situat$ f> bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 ! hot rav9e is almo/ ,african 9 climate & flora4 ,"h gr[ d5se ?ickets ( canes ) _! fea!ry tufts t %ake & nod 9 e pass+ brea? ( w9d3 "h ! ole&] fl\ri%es ) its d>k-gre5 glossy foliage & its beautiful p9k blossoms3 "h tall date-palms re> _! /ately heads :]ev] ! hot spr+s fl[4 ,gorge\s fl[]s1 too1 c>pet ! gr\nd4 ,spl5did oroban*es1 "s p9ki% purple1 "s bright yell[1 gr[ 9 l>ge tufts1 ea* fl[]-/alk m ?an ?ree feet high1 & cov]$ ) blossoms f ! gr\nd upw>ds4 ,an exquisite rose-col\r$ g]anium ab\nds among ! /ones2 & :]e ! soil is a little ri*] ?an usual x is a mass ( ! night-sc5t$ /ock1 :ile ! crannies ( ! rocks are gay ) sc>let ranunculus & masses ( sorrel & cyclam54 ,ov] all ?is luxuriant vegetation flit great butt]flies ( brilliant hues4 ,look+ d[n ! f>-/ret*+ gorge to its m\? y see 9 ! di/ance ! purple hills ( ,judah fram$ betwe5 walls ( black basaltic columns on ! "o side & ( bright r$ s&/one on ! o!r47#fdh7 7,m#afd7 ,e ye> 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may ! ,arabs resort 9 cr[ds to ! gl5 to b5efit by ! wat]s4 ,!y take up _! qu>t]s 9 huts made ( ! re$s :i* !y cut 9 ! ?ickets4 ,!y ba! 9 ! /eam+ wat]1 or all[ x to spla% on _! bodies z x gu%es 9 a p[]ful jet f a crevice 9 ! rocks4 ,b be=e !y indulge 9 ^! ablutions1 ! visitors1 bo? ,moslem & ,*ri/ian1 propitiate ! _s or g5ius ( ! place by sacrific+ a %eep or goat at ! spr+ & all[+ its r$ blood to t+e ! wat]4 ,!n !y ba! 9 :at !y call ! ,ba?s ( ,solomon4 ,leg5d runs t ,solomon ! ,wise made 8 ba?+-place "h1 & 9 ord] to keep ! wat] always w>m he comm&$ ! j9n nev] to let ! fire die d[n4 ,! j9n obey 8 ord]s to ?is day1 b sometimes !y slack5 _! ef=ts1 & !n ! wat] runs l[ & cool4 ,:5 ! ba!rs p]ceive t1 !y say1 8,o ,solomon1 br+ gre5 wood1 dry wood10 & no soon] h !y said s ?an ! wat] beg9s to gurgle & /eam z be=e4 ,sick p tell ! sa9t or %eikh1 :o lives invisible 9 ! spr+s1 all ab\t _! ailm5ts2 !y po9t out to him ! precise spot t is ! seat ( ! malady1 x may be ! back1 or ! head1 or ! legs2 & if ! heat ( ! wat] dim9i%es1 !y call out1 8,?y ba? is cold1 ,o %eikh1 ?y ba? is cold60 :]eupon ! oblig+ %eikh /okes up ! fire1 & out comes ! wat] boil+4 ,b if 9 spite ( _! remon/rances ! temp]ature ( ! spr+ cont9ues l[1 !y say t ! %eikh has gone on pilgrimage1 & !y %\t to him to ha/5 8 return4 ,b>r5 ,moslem wom5 also visit ^! hot spr+s to obta9 *ildr51 & !y d ! same at ! simil> ba?s ne> ,k]ak4 ,at ! latt] place a *ildless woman has be5 kn[n to address ! _s ( ! wat]s say+1 8,o %eikh ,solomon1 ,i am n yet an old woman2 give me *ildr5407#fdi7 ,! respect ?us paid by ,arab m5 & wom5 to ! %eikh ,solomon at 8 hot spr+s may help u to und]/& ! wor%ip :i* at simil> spots ,greek m5 & wom5 us$ to r5d] to ! h]o ,h]cules4 ,z ! ideal ( manly /r5g? he may h be5 deem$ ! fa!r ( _m ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 & ,greek wives may h gone on pilgrimage to 8 /eam+ wat]s 9 ord] to obta9 ! wi% ( _! he>ts4 #h4 ,! ,wor%ip ( ,volcanoes 9 o!r ,l&s4 7,m#afe7 ,h[ f> ^! consid]ations may s]ve to expla9 ! cu/om ( burn+ ,h]cules1 or gods id5tifi$ ) him1 9 effigy or 9 ! p]son ( a human be+1 is a "q :i* des]ves to be consid]$4 ,x might be m easily answ]$ if we 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) analog\s cu/oms 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 b our in=mation ) reg>d to ! wor%ip ( volcanic ph5om5a 9 g5]al appe>s to be v scanty4 ,h[ev]1 a few facts may be not$4 7,m#aff7 ,! l>ge/ active crat] 9 ! _w is ,kirauea 9 ,hawaii4 ,x is a huge cauldron1 sev]al miles 9 circumf]5ce & hundr$s ( feet deep1 ! bottom ( :i* is fill$ ) boil+ lava 9 a /ate ( t]rific ebullition2 f ! r$ surge rise _m black cones or insulat$ crat]s bel*+ columns ( grey smoke or pyramids ( brilliant flame f _! ro>+ m\?s1 :ile torr5ts ( blaz+ lava roll d[n _! sides to fl[ into ! molt51 toss+ sea ( fire bel[4 ,! sc5e is especially impressive by night1 :5 flames ( sulphur\s blue or metallic r$ sweep across ! heav+ bill[s ( ! inf]nal lake1 ca/+ a broad gl>e on ! jagg$ sides ( ! insulat$ crat]s1 :i* %oot up eddy+ /reams ( fire ) a cont9u\s ro>1 v>i$ at frequ5t int]vals by l\d detonations1 z sph]ical masses ( fus+ lava or bright ignit$ /ones are hurl$ into ! air47#fej7 ,x is no wond] t s appall+ a spectacle %\ld h impress$ ! imag9ation ( ! natives & fill$ x ) ideas ( ! dreadful be+s :o inhabit ! fi]y abyss4 ,!y consid]$ ! great crat]1 we are told1 z ! primaeval abode ( _! volcanic deities3 ! black cones t rise l isl&s f ! burn+ lake appe>$ to !m ! h\ses :]e ! gods (t5 amus$ !mselves by play+ at draughts3 ! ro>+ ( ! furnaces & ! crackl+ ( ! flames 7 ! music ( _! dance2 & ! r$ flam+ surge 0 ! surf :]e9 !y play$1 sportively swimm+ on ! roll+ wave47#fea7 7,m#afg7 ,= ^! fe>ful div9ities !y _h appropriate names2 "o 0 ! ,k+ ( ,/eam or ,vap\r1 ano!r ! ,ra9 ( ,night1 ano!r ! ,husb& ( ,?und]1 ano!r ! ,*ild ( ,w> ) a ,spe> ( ,fire1 ano!r ! ,fi]y-ey$ ,canoe-break]1 ano!r ! ,r$-hot ,m\nta9 hold+ or lift+ ,cl\ds1 & s on4 ,b above !m all 0 ! great goddess ,pl4 ,all 7 dread$3 !y nev] j\rney$ on err&s ( m]cy b only to receive (f]+s or to execute v5geance2 & _! arrival 9 any place 0 ann\nc$ by ! convulsive trembl+ ( ! e>?1 by ! lurid light ( volcanic eruption1 by ! fla% ( lightn+1 & ! clap ( ?und]4 ,! :ole isl& 0 b\nd to pay !m tribute or support _! temples & devotees2 & :5ev] ! *iefs or p fail$ to s5d ! prop] (f]+s1 or incurr$ _! displeasure by insult+ !m or _! prie/s or break+ ! taboos :i* %\ld be obs]v$ r\nd ab\t ! crat]s1 !y fill$ ! huge cauldron on ! top ( ,kirauea ) molt5 lava1 & sp\t$ ! fi]y liquid on ! surr\nd+ c\ntry2 or !y w\ld m>* to "s ( _! o!r h\ses1 :i* mortals call crat]s1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! s9n]s1 & ru%+ =? 9 a riv] or column ( fire ov]:elm ! guilty4 ,if fi%]m5 did n br+ !m en\gh fi% f ! sea1 !y w\ld g d[n1 kill all ! fi%1 fill ! %oals ) lava1 & s de/roy ! fi%+-gr\nds4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! volcano 0 9 active eruption or ?reat5$ to break out1 ! p us$ to ca/ va/ numb]s ( hogs1 alive or dead1 into ! crat]s or into ! roll+ torr5t ( lava 9 ord] to appease ! gods & arre/ ! progress ( ! fi]y /ream47#feb7 ,to pluck c]ta9 sacr$ b]ries1 :i* gr[ on ! m\nta91 to dig s& on its slopes1 or to ?r[ /ones into ! crat] 7 acts p>ticul>ly (f5sive to ! deities1 :o w\ld in/antly rise 9 volumes ( smoke1 cru% ! (f5d] "u a %[] ( /ones1 or s involve him 9 ?ick d>kness & ra9 t he c\ld nev] f9d 8 way home4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 lawful to pluck & eat ( ! sacr$ b]ries1 if only a portion ( !m 7 fir/ (f]$ to ! goddess ,pl4 ,! (f]] w\ld take a bran* lad5 ) clu/]s ( ! beautiful r$ & yell[ b]ries1 & /&+ on ! edge ( ! abyss & look+ t[>ds ! place :]e ! smoke rose 9 d5se/ volumes1 he w\ld say1 8,pl1 "h are y\r b]ries3 ,i (f] "s to y1 "s ,i also eat40 ,) t he w\ld ?r[ "s ( ! b]ries into ! crat] & eat ! re/47#fec7 ,a k9d ( brittle volcanic glass1 ( a d>k-olive col\r & semi-transp>5t1 is f\nd on ! m\nta9 9 ! %ape ( filam5ts z f9e z human hair2 ! natives call x ! hair ( ! goddess ,pl47#fed7 ,wor%ipp]s us$ to ca/ locks ( _! own hair into ! crat] ( ,kirauea z an (f]+ to ! dreadful goddess :o dwelt 9 x4 ,%e _h also a temple at ! bottom ( a valley1 :]e /ood a numb] ( rude /one idols wrapt 9 :ite & yell[ clo?4 ,once a ye> ! prie/s & devotees ( ,pl assembl$ !re to p]=m c]ta9 rites & to fea/ on hogs1 dogs1 & fruit1 :i* ! pi\s inhabitants ( ,hamakua br\ght to ! holy place 9 great abundance4 ,?is annual fe/ival 0 int5d$ to propitiate ! volcanic goddess & !reby to secure ! c\ntry f e>?quakes & floods ( molt5 lava47#fee7 ,! goddess ( ! volcano 0 suppos$ to inspire p1 ?\gh to ! c>nal eye ! inspiration resembl$ intoxication4 ,"o ( ^! inspir$ prie/esses solemnly affirm$ to an ,engli% mission>y t %e 0 ! goddess ,pl h]self & z su* immortal4 ,assum+ a haughty air1 %e said1 8,i am ,pl2 ,i %all nev] die2 & ^? :o foll[ me1 :5 !y die1 if "p ( _! bones be tak5 to ,kirauea 7! "n ( ! volcano71 w live ) me 9 ! bright fires !re407#fef7 ,= 8! wor%ipp]s ( ,pl ?rew a "p ( bones ( _! dead into ! volcano1 "u ! impression t ! spirits ( ! deceas$ w\ld !n be admitt$ to ! society ( ! volcanic deities1 & t _! influ5ce w\ld pres]ve ! survivors f ! ravages ( volcanic fire407#feg7 7,m#afh7 ,?is la/ belief may help to expla9 a cu/om1 :i* "s peoples h obs]v$1 ( ?r[+ human victims into volcanoes4 ,! int5tion ( su* a practice ne$ n be simply to appease ! dreadful volcanic spirits by m9i/]+ to _! fi5di% lu/ ( cruelty2 x may be a notion t ! s\ls ( ! m5 or wom5 :o h be5 burnt to dea? 9 ! crat] w jo9 ! ho/ ( demons 9 ! fi]y furnace1 mitigate _! fury1 & induce !m to sp>e ! works & ! life ( man4 ,b1 h[ev] we may expla9 ! cu/om1 x has be5 usual 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w to ?r[ human be+s z well z less preci\s (f]+s into ! crat]s ( active volcanoes4 ,?us ! ,indians ( ,nic>agua us$ to sacrifice m51 wom51 & *ildr5 to ! active volcano ,massaya1 fl++ !m into ! crat]s3 we are told t ! victims w5t will+ly to _! fate47#feh7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,siao1 to ! nor? ( ,celebes1 a *ild 0 =m]ly sacrific$ e ye> 9 ord] to keep ! volcano ,go[oong ,awoo quiet4 ,! poor wret* 0 tortur$ to dea? at a fe/ival :i* la/$ n9e days4 ,9 lat] times ! place ( ! *ild has be5 tak5 by a wood5 puppet1 :i* is hack$ to pieces 9 ! same way4 ,! ,galel>eese ( ,halmah]a say t ! ,sultan ( ,t]nate us$ annually to require "s human victims1 :o 7 ca/ into ! crat] ( ! volcano to save ! isl& f its ravages47#fei7 ,9 ,java ! volcano ,bromo or ,bromok is annually wor%ipp$ by p :o ?r[ (f]+s ( coco-nuts1 planta9s1 mangoes1 rice1 *ick5s1 cakes1 clo?1 money1 & s =? into ! crat]47#ffj7 ,to ! ,t5gg]eese1 an aborig9al hea!n tribe inhabit+ ! m\nta9s ( :i* ,bromo is ! c5tral crat]1 ! fe/ival ( mak+ (f]+s to ! volcano is ! greate/ ( ! ye>4 ,x is held at full moon 9 ! twelf? mon?1 ! day be+ fix$ by ! high prie/4 ,ea* h\sehold prep>es its (f]+s ! night be=e4 ,v e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! p set out by moonlight = ,m\nt ,bromo1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 all array$ 9 _! be/4 ,be=e !y rea* ! m\nta9 !y mu/ cross a wide s&y pla91 :]e ! spirits ( ! dead are suppos$ to dwell until by means ( ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,dead !y obta9 admittance to ! volcano4 ,x is a rem>kable sight to see ?\s&s ( p /ream+ across ! level s&s f ?ree diff]5t directions4 ,!y h to desc5d into x f ! neighb\r+ heights1 & ! horses break into a gallop :51 aft] ! /eep desc5t1 !y rea* ! level4 ,! gay & v>i$ col\rs ( ! dresses1 ! fanta/ic co/umes ( ! prie/s1 ! (f]+s borne along1 ! :ole lit up by ! w>m beams ( ! ris+ sun1 l5d to ! spectacle a peculi> *>m4 ,all assemble at ! foot ( ! crat]1 :]e a m>ket is held = (f]+s & refre%m5ts4 ,! sc5e is a lively "o1 = hundr$s ( p mu/ n[ pay ! v[s :i* !y made dur+ ! ye>4 ,! prie/s sit 9 a long r[ on mats1 & :5 ! high prie/ appe>s ! p pray1 say+1 8,bromo1 we ?ank !e = all ?y gifts & b5efits ) :i* ?\ ev] blesse/ u1 & = :i* we (f] !e our ?ank-(f]+s to-day4 ,bless u1 our *ildr51 & our *ildr5's *ildr540 ,! pray]s ov]1 ! high prie/ gives a signal1 & ! :ole multitude arises & climbs ! m\nta94 ,on rea*+ ! edge ( ! crat]1 ! pontiff aga9 blesses ! (f]+s ( food1 clo!s1 & money1 :i* are !n ?r[n into ! crat]4 ,yet few ( !m rea* ! spirits = :om !y are int5d$2 = a sw>m ( ur*9s n[ scrambles d[n into ! crat]1 & at m or less risk to life & limb succe$s 9 appropriat+ ! great] "p ( ! (f]+s4 ,! spirits1 defraud$ ( _! dues1 mu/ take ! w = ! de$47#ffa7 ,tradition says t once 9 a "t ( de>? a *ief v[$ to sacrifice "o ( 8 *ildr5 to ! volcano1 if ! m\nta9 w\ld bless ! p ) pl5ty ( food4 ,8 pray] 0 answ]$1 & he paid 8 v[ by ca/+ 8 y\nge/ son z a ?ank-(f]+ into ! crat]47#ffb7 7,m#afi7 ,on ! slope ( ,m\nt ,sm]oe1 ano!r active volcano 9 ,java1 !re are two small idols1 :i* ! natives wor%ip & pray to :5 !y asc5d ! m\nta94 ,!y lay food be=e ! images to obta9 ! fav\r ( ! god ( ! volcano47#ffc7 ,9 antiquity p ca/ into ! crat]s ( ,etna vessels ( gold & silv] & all k9ds ( victims4 ,if ! fire swall[$ up ! (f]+s1 ! om5 0 good2 b if x reject$ !m1 "s evil 0 sure to befall ! (f]]47#ffd7 7,m#agj7 ,^! examples sugge/ t a cu/om ( burn+ m5 or images may possibly be d]iv$ f a practice ( ?r[+ !m into ! crat]s ( active volcanoes 9 ord] to appease ! dread$ spirits or gods :o dwell !re4 ,b unless we reckon ! fires ( ,m\nt ,argaeus 9 ,cappadocia7#ffe7 & ( ,m\nt ,*ima]a 9 ,lycia17#fff7 !re is app>5tly no record ( any m\nta9 9 ,we/]n ,asia :i* has be5 9 eruption )9 hi/orical times4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we conclude t ! ,asiatic cu/om ( burn+ k+s or gods 0 probably 9 no way connect$ ) volcanic ph5om5a4 ,yet x 0 p]haps wor? :ile to raise ! "q ( ! connexion1 ev5 ?\gh x has receiv$ only a negative answ]4 ,! :ole subject ( ! influ5ce :i* physical environm5t has ex]cis$ on ! hi/ory ( religion des]ves to be /udi$ ) m att5tion ?an x has yet receiv$47#ffg7 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,ritual ( ,adonis4 7,m#aga7 ,?us f> we h dealt ) ! my? ( ,adonis & ! leg5ds :i* associat$ him ) ,byblus & ,paphos4 ,a discussion ( ^! leg5ds l$ u to ! conclusion t among ,semitic peoples 9 e>ly times1 ,adonis1 ! div9e "l ( ! city1 0 (t5 p]sonat$ by prie/ly k+s or o!r memb]s ( ! royal family1 & t ^! 8 human repres5tatives 7 ( old put to dea?1 :e!r p]iodically or occasionally1 9 _! div9e "*4 ,fur!r1 we f\nd t c]ta9 traditions & monum5ts ( ,asia ,m9or seem to pres]ve traces ( a simil> practice4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! cruel cu/om 0 app>5tly mitigat$ 9 v>i\s ways2 = example1 by sub/itut+ an effigy or an animal = ! man1 or by all[+ ! de/9$ victim to escape ) a m]ely make-believe sacrifice4 ,! evid5ce ( all ?is is drawn f a v>iety ( scatt]$ & (t5 ambigu\s indications3 x is fragm5t>y1 x is unc]ta91 & ! conclusions built ^u x inevitably p>take ( ! weakness ( ! f\ndation4 ,:]e ! records are s imp]fect1 z !y happ5 to be 9 ?is bran* ( our subject1 ! elem5t ( hypo!sis mu/ ent] l>gely into any attempt to piece toge!r & int]pret ! disjo9t$ facts4 ,h[ f> ! int]pretations "h propos$ are s\nd1 ,i leave to future inquiries to det]m9e4 7,m#agb7 ,f dim regions ( ! pa/1 :]e we h _h to grope our way ) small help f ! lamp ( hi/ory1 x is a relief to pass to ^? lat] p]iods ( classical antiquity on :i* contempor>y ,greek writ]s h %$ ! light ( _! cle> intellig5ce4 ,to !m we owe almo/ all t we "k = c]ta9 ab\t ! rites ( ,adonis4 ,! ,semites :o practis$ ! wor%ip h said little ab\t x2 at all ev5ts little t !y said has come d[n to u4 ,accord+ly1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ritual is d]iv$ ma9ly f ,greek au?ors :o saw :at !y describe2 & x applies to ages 9 :i* ! gr[? ( humane feel+ _h s(t5$ "s ( ! h>%] features ( ! wor%ip4 7,m#agc7 ,at ! fe/ivals ( ,adonis1 :i* 7 held 9 ,we/]n ,asia & 9 ,greek l&s1 ! dea? ( ! god 0 annually m\rn$1 ) a bitt] wail+1 *iefly by wom52 images ( him1 dress$ to resemble corpses1 7 c>ri$ out z to burial & !n ?r[n into ! sea or into spr+s27#ffh7 & 9 "s places 8 revival 0 celebrat$ on ! foll[+ day47#ffi7 ,b at diff]5t places ! c]emonies v>i$ some:at 9 ! mann] & app>5tly also 9 ! season ( _! celebration4 ,at ,alex&ria images ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis 7 display$ on two c\*es2 beside !m 7 set ripe fruits ( all k9ds1 cakes1 plants gr[+ 9 fl[]-pots1 & gre5 b[]s tw9$ ) anise4 ,! m>riage ( ! lov]s 0 celebrat$ "o day1 & on ! morr[ wom5 attir$ z m\rn]s1 ) /ream+ hair & b>$ brea/s1 bore ! image ( ! dead ,adonis to ! sea-%ore & committ$ x to ! waves4 ,yet !y sorr[$ n )\t hope1 = !y sang t ! lo/ "o w\ld come back aga947#fgj7 ,! date at :i* ?is ,alex&rian c]emony 0 obs]v$ is n expressly /at$2 b f ! m5tion ( ! ripe fruits x has be5 inf]r$ t x took place 9 late summ]47#fga7 ,9 ! great ,pho5ician sanctu>y ( ,a/>te at ,byblus ! dea? ( ,adonis 0 annually m\rn$1 to ! %rill wail+ notes ( ! flute1 ) weep+1 lam5tation1 & beat+ ( ! brea/2 b next day he 0 believ$ to come to life aga9 & asc5d up to heav5 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,! disconsolate believ]s1 left beh9d on e>?1 %av$ _! heads z ! ,egyptians did on ! dea? ( ! div9e bull ,apis2 wom5 :o c\ld n br+ !mselves to sacrifice _! beautiful tresses _h to give !mselves up to /rang]s on a c]ta9 day ( ! fe/ival1 & to d$icate to ,a/>te ! wages ( _! %ame47#fgb7 7,m#agd7 ,?is ,pho5ician fe/ival appe>s to h be5 a v]nal "o1 = its date 0 det]m9$ by ! discoloration ( ! riv] ,adonis1 & ?is has be5 obs]v$ by mod]n travell]s to occur 9 spr+4 ,at t season ! r$ e>? wa%$ d[n f ! m\nta9s by ! ra9 t+es ! wat] ( ! riv]1 & ev5 ! sea1 = a great way ) a blood-r$ hue1 & ! crimson /a9 0 believ$ to be ! blood ( ,adonis1 annually w\nd$ to dea? by ! bo> on ,m\nt ,lebanon47#fgc7 ,aga91 ! sc>let anemone is said to h sprung f ! blood ( ,adonis1 or to h be5 /a9$ by x27#fgd7 & z ! anemone blooms 9 ,syria ab\t ,ea/]1 ?is may be ?\ght to %[ t ! fe/ival ( ,adonis1 or at lea/ "o ( 8 fe/ivals1 0 held 9 spr+4 ,! "n ( ! fl[] is probably d]iv$ f ,naaman 78d>l+071 :i* seems to h be5 an epi!t ( ,adonis4 ,! ,arabs /ill call ! anemone 8w\nds ( ! ,naaman407#fge7 ,! r$ rose also 0 said to owe its hue to ! same sad occasion2 = ,aphrodite1 ha/5+ to h] w\nd$ lov]1 trod on a bu% ( :ite roses2 ! cruel ?orns tore h] t5d] fle%1 & h] sacr$ blood dy$ ! :ite roses = ev] r$47#fgf7 ,x w\ld be idle1 p]haps1 to lay mu* weight on evid5ce drawn f ! cal5d> ( fl[]s1 & 9 p>ticul> to press an argum5t s fragile z ! bloom ( ! rose4 ,yet s f> z x c\nts at all1 ! tale :i* l9ks ! damask rose ) ! dea? ( ,adonis po9ts to a summ] r ?an to a spr+ celebration ( 8 passion4 ,9 ,attica1 c]ta9ly1 ! fe/ival fell at ! height ( summ]4 ,= ! fleet :i* ,a!ns fitt$ out aga9/ ,syracuse1 & by ! de/ruction ( :i* h] p[] 0 p]man5tly crippl$1 sail$ at midsumm]1 & by an om9\s co9cid5ce ! sombre rites ( ,adonis 7 be+ celebrat$ at ! v "t4 ,z ! troops m>*$ d[n to ! h>b\r to emb>k1 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* !y pass$ 7 l9$ ) c(f9s & corpse-l effigies1 & ! air 0 r5t ) ! noise ( wom5 wail+ = ! dead ,adonis4 ,! circum/ance ca/ a gloom ov] ! sail+ ( ! mo/ spl5did armam5t t ,a!ns ev] s5t to sea47#fgg7 ,_m ages aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,emp]or ,julian made 8 fir/ entry into ,antio*1 he f\nd 9 l mann] ! gay1 ! luxuri\s capital ( ! ,ea/ plung$ 9 mimic grief = ! annual dea? ( ,adonis3 & if he _h any pres5tim5t ( com+ evil1 ! voices ( lam5tation :i* /ruck ^u 8 e> mu/ h seem$ to s\nd 8 knell47#fgh7 7,m#age7 ,! resemblance ( ^! c]emonies to ! ,indian & ,european c]emonies :i* ,i h describ$ else:]e is obvi\s4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ap>t f ! some:at d\btful date ( its celebration1 ! ,alex&rian c]emony is almo/ id5tical ) ! ,indian47#fgi7 ,9 bo? ( !m ! m>riage ( two div9e be+s1 ^: aff9ity ) vegetation seems indicat$ by ! fre% plants ) :i* !y are surr\nd$1 is celebrat$ 9 effigy1 & ! effigies are aft]w>ds m\rn$ ov] & ?r[n into ! wat]47#fhj7 ,f ! simil>ity ( ^! cu/oms to ea* o!r & to ! spr+ & midsumm] cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe we %\ld naturally expect t !y all admit ( a common explanation4 ,h5ce1 if ! explanation :i* ,i h adopt$ ( ! latt] is correct1 ! c]emony ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,adonis mu/ also h be5 a dramatic repres5tation ( ! decay & revival ( plant life4 ,! inf]5ce ?us bas$ on ! resemblance ( ! cu/oms is confirm$ by ! foll[+ features 9 ! leg5d & ritual ( ,adonis4 ,8 aff9ity ) vegetation comes out at once 9 ! common /ory ( 8 bir?4 ,he 0 said to h be5 born f a myrrh-tree1 ! b>k ( :i* bur/+1 aft] a t5 mon?' ge/ation1 all[$ ! lovely infant to come =?4 ,accord+ to "s1 a bo> r5t ! b>k ) 8 tusk & s op5$ a passage = ! babe4 ,a fa9t rationali/ic col\r 0 giv5 to ! leg5d by say+ t 8 "m 0 a woman nam$ ,myrrh1 :o _h be5 turn$ into a myrrh-tree soon aft] %e _h conceiv$ ! *ild47#fha7 ,! use ( myrrh z inc5se at ! fe/ival ( ,adonis may h giv5 rise to ! fable47#fhb7 ,we h se5 t inc5se 0 burnt at ! correspond+ ,babylonian rites17#fhc7 j z x 0 burnt by ! idolatr\s ,hebrews 9 hon\r ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav517#fhd7 :o 0 no o!r ?an ,a/>te4 ,aga91 ! /ory t ,adonis sp5t half1 or accord+ to o!rs a ?ird1 ( ! ye> 9 ! l[] _w & ! re/ ( x 9 ! upp] _w17#fhe7 is expla9$ mo/ simply & naturally by suppos+ t he repres5t$ vegetation1 especially ! corn1 :i* lies buri$ 9 e>? half ! ye> & reappe>s above gr\nd ! o!r half4 ,c]ta9ly ( ! annual ph5om5a ( nature !re is none :i* sugge/s s obvi\sly ! idea ( dea? & resurrection z ! disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( vegetation 9 autumn & spr+4 ,adonis has be5 tak5 = ! sun2 b !re is no?+ 9 ! sun's annual c\rse )9 ! temp]ate & tropical zones to sugge/ t he is dead = half or a ?ird ( ! ye> & alive = ! o!r half or two-?irds4 ,he might1 inde$1 be conceiv$ z weak5$ 9 w9t]1 b dead he c\ld n be ?\ght to be2 8 daily reappe>ance contradicts ! supposition47#fhf7 ,)9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 :]e ! sun annually disappe>s = a cont9u\s p]iod :i* v>ies f tw5ty-f\r h\rs to six mon?s accord+ to ! latitude1 8 ye>ly dea? & resurrection w\ld c]ta9ly be an obvi\s idea2 b no "o except ! un=tunate a/ronom] ,bailly7#fhg7 has ma9ta9$ t ! ,adonis wor%ip came f ! ,arctic regions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! annual dea? & revival ( vegetation is a conception :i* readily pres5ts itself to m5 9 e /age ( savag]y & civilization2 & ! va/ness ( ! scale on :i* ?is ev]-recurr+ decay & reg5]ation takes place1 toge!r ) man's intimate dep5d5ce on x = subsi/5ce1 comb9e to r5d] x ! mo/ impressive annual occurr5ce 9 nature1 at lea/ )9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,x is no wond] t a ph5om5on s important1 s /rik+1 & s univ]sal %\ld1 by sugge/+ simil> ideas1 h giv5 rise to simil> rites 9 _m l&s4 ,we may1 !re=e1 accept z probable an explanation ( ! ,adonis wor%ip :i* accords s well ) ! facts ( nature & ) ! analogy ( simil> rites 9 o!r l&s4 ,moreov]1 ! explanation is c\nt5anc$ by a consid]able body ( op9ion among/ ! anci5ts !mselves1 :o aga9 & aga9 int]pret$ ! dy+ & reviv+ god z ! reap$ & spr\t+ gra947#fhh7 7,m#agf7 ,! "* ( ,tammuz or ,adonis z a corn-_s comes out pla9ly 9 an acc\nt ( 8 fe/ival giv5 by an ,arabic writ] ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,9 describ+ ! rites & sacrifices obs]v$ at ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> by ! hea!n ,syrians ( ,h>ran1 he says3 8,tammuz 7,july74 ,9 ! middle ( ?is mon? is ! fe/ival ( el-,bgt1 t is1 ( ! weep+ wom51 & ?is is ! ,t-uz fe/ival1 :i* is celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! god ,t-uz4 ,! wom5 bewail him1 because 8 "l slew him s cruelly1 gr\nd 8 bones 9 a mill1 & !n scatt]$ !m to ! w9d4 ,! wom5 7dur+ ?is fe/ival7 eat no?+ :i* has be5 gr\nd 9 a mill1 b limit _! diet to /eep$ :eat1 sweet vet*es1 dates1 rais9s1 & ! l407#fhi7 ,t-uz1 :o is no o!r ?an ,tammuz1 is "h l ,burns's ,john ,b>leycorn-- 8,!y wa/$ o'er a scor*+ flame ,! m>r[ ( 8 bones2 ,b a mill] u'd him wor/ ( all-- ,= he cru%'d him betwe5 two /ones40 ,?is conc5tration1 s to say1 ( ! nature ( ,adonis ^u ! c]eal crops is *>act]i/ic ( ! /age ( culture rea*$ by 8 wor%ipp]s 9 hi/orical times4 ,!y _h left ! nomadic life ( ! w&]+ hunt] & h]dsman f> beh9d !m2 = ages !y _h be5 settl$ on ! l&1 & _h dep5d$ = _! subsi/5ce ma9ly on ! products ( tillage4 ,! b]ries & roots ( ! wild]ness1 ! grass ( ! pa/ures1 :i* _h be5 matt]s ( vital importance to _! rud] =efa!rs1 7 n[ ( little mom5t to !m3 m & m _! ?\ghts & en]gies 7 engross$ by ! /aple ( _! life1 ! corn2 m & m accord+ly ! propitiation ( ! deities ( f]tility 9 g5]al & ( ! corn-_s 9 p>ticul> t5d$ to become ! c5tral feature ( _! religion4 ,! aim !y set be=e !mselves 9 celebrat+ ! rites 0 ?or\ghly practical4 ,x 0 no vague poetical s5tim5t :i* prompt$ !m to hail ) joy ! rebir? ( vegetation & to m\rn its decl9e4 ,hung]1 felt or fe>$1 0 ! ma9spr+ ( ! wor%ip ( ,adonis4 7,m#agg7 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,fa!r ,lagrange t ! m\rn+ = ,adonis 0 ess5tially a h>ve/ rite design$ to propitiate ! corn-god1 :o 0 !n ei!r p]i%+ "u ! sickles ( ! reap]s1 or be+ trodd5 to dea? "u ! ho(s ( ! ox5 on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,:ile ! m5 slew him1 ! wom5 wept crocodile te>s at home to appease 8 natural indignation by a %[ ( grief = 8 dea?47#fij7 ,! !ory fits 9 well ) ! dates ( ! fe/ivals1 :i* fell 9 spr+ or summ]2 = spr+ & summ]1 n autumn1 are ! seasons ( ! b>ley & :eat h>ve/s 9 ! l&s :i*1 wor%ipp$ ,adonis47#fia7 ,fur!r1 ! hypo!sis is confirm$ by ! practice ( ! ,egyptian reap]s1 :o lam5t$1 call+ ^u ,isis1 :5 !y cut ! fir/ corn27#fib7 & x is recomm5d$ by ! analog\s cu/oms ( _m hunt+ tribes1 :o te/ify great respect = ! animals :i* !y kill & eat47#fic7 7,m#agh7 ,?us int]pret$ ! dea? ( ,adonis is n ! natural decay ( vegetation 9 g5]al "u ! summ] heat or ! w9t] cold2 x is ! viol5t de/ruction ( ! corn by man1 :o cuts x d[n on ! field1 /amps x to pieces on ! ?re%+-floor1 & gr9ds x to p[d] 9 ! mill4 ,t ?is 0 inde$ ! pr9cipal aspect 9 :i* ,adonis pres5t$ himself 9 lat] times to ! agricultural peoples ( ! ,levant1 may be admitt$2 b :e!r f ! beg9n+ he _h be5 ! corn & no?+ b ! corn1 may be d\bt$4 ,at an e>li] p]iod he may h be5 to ! h]dsman1 above all1 ! t5d] h]bage :i* spr\ts aft] ra91 (f]+ ri* pa/ure to ! lean & hungry cattle4 ,e>li] /ill he may h embodi$ ! _s ( ! nuts & b]ries :i* ! autumn woods yield to ! savage hunt] & 8 squaw4 ,& j z ! husb&man mu/ propitiate ! _s ( ! corn :i* he consumes1 s ! h]dsman mu/ appease ! _s ( ! grass & leaves :i* 8 cattle mun*1 & ! hunt] mu/ soo! ! _s ( ! roots :i* he digs1 & ( ! fruits :i* he ga!rs f ! b\gh4 ,9 all cases ! propitiation ( ! injur$ & angry sprite w\ld naturally comprise elaborate excuses & apologies1 accompani$ by l\d lam5tations at 8 decease :5ev]1 ?r\gh "s deplorable accid5t or necessity1 he happ5$ to be murd]$ z well z robb$4 ,only we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! savage hunt] & h]dsman ( ^? e>ly days _h probably n yet atta9$ to ! ab/ract idea ( vegetation 9 g5]al2 & t accord+ly1 s f> z ,adonis exi/$ = !m at all1 he mu/ h be5 ! ,adon or "l ( ea* individual tree & plant r ?an a p]sonification ( vegetable life z a :ole4 ,?us !re w\ld be z _m ,adonises z !re 7 trees & %rubs1 & ea* ( !m might expect to receive satisfaction = any damage done to 8 p]son or prop]ty4 ,& ye> by ye>1 :5 ! trees 7 decidu\s1 e ,adonis w\ld seem to ble$ to dea? ) ! r$ leaves ( autumn & to come to life aga9 ) ! fre% gre5 ( spr+4 7,m#agi7 ,we h se5 reason to ?9k t 9 e>ly times ,adonis 0 sometimes p]sonat$ by a liv+ man :o di$ a viol5t dea? 9 ! "* ( ! god4 ,fur!r1 !re is evid5ce :i* goes to %[ t among ! agricultural peoples ( ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 ! corn-_s1 by :atev] "n he 0 kn[n1 0 (t5 repres5t$1 ye> by ye>1 by human victims sla9 on ! h>ve/-field47#fid7 ,if t 0 s1 x seems likely t ! propitiation ( ! corn-_s w\ld t5d to fuse to "s ext5t ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,= ! spirits ( ^! victims might be ?\ght to return to life 9 ! e>s :i* !y _h fatt5$ ) _! blood1 & to die a second dea? at ! reap+ ( ! corn4 ,n[ ! gho/s ( ^? :o h p]i%$ by viol5ce are surly & apt to wreak _! v5geance on _! slay]s :5ev] an opportunity (f]s4 ,h5ce ! attempt to appease ! s\ls ( ! slaught]$ victims w\ld naturally bl5d1 at lea/ 9 ! popul> conception1 ) ! attempt to pacify ! sla9 corn-_s4 ,& z ! dead came back 9 ! spr\t+ corn1 s !y might be ?\ght to return 9 ! spr+ fl[]s1 wak$ f _! long sleep by ! s(t v]nal airs4 ,!y _h be5 laid to _! re/ "u ! sod4 ,:at m natural ?an to imag9e t ! violets & ! hyac9?s1 ! roses & ! anemones1 sprang f _! du/1 7 empurpl$ or inc>nad9$ by _! blood1 & conta9$ "s portion ( _! _s8 8,i sometimes ?9k t nev] bl[s s r$ ,! ,rose z :]e "s buri$ ,caes> bl$2 ,t e ,hyac9? ! ,g>d5 we>s ,dropt 9 h] ,lap f "s once lovely ,head4 8,& ?is reviv+ ,h]b ^: t5d] ,gre5 ,fl$ges ! ,riv]-,lip on :i* we lean-- ,ah1 lean ^u x lightly1 = :o kn[s ,f :at once lovely ,lip x spr+s unse580 7,m#ahj7 ,9 ! summ] aft] ! battle ( ,l&51 ! mo/ sangu9>y battle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,europe1 ! e>?1 saturat$ ) ! blood ( tw5ty ?\s& sla91 broke =? into millions ( poppies1 & ! travell] :o pass$ t va/ %eet ( sc>let might well fancy t ! e>? _h inde$ giv5 up h] dead47#fie7 ,at ,a!ns ! great ,commemoration ( ! ,dead fell 9 spr+ ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 :5 ! e>ly fl[]s are 9 bloom4 ,!n ! dead 7 believ$ to rise f _! graves & g ab\t ! /reets1 va9ly endeavor+ to ent] ! temples & ! dwell+s1 :i* 7 b>r$ aga9/ ^! p]turb$ spirits ) ropes1 buck?orn1 & pit*4 ,! "n ( ! fe/ival1 accord+ to ! mo/ obvi\s & natural int]pretation1 means ! ,fe/ival ( ,fl[]s1 & ! title w\ld fit well ) ! sub/ance ( ! c]emonies if at t season ! poor gho/s 7 inde$ ?\ght to creep f ! n>r[ h\se ) ! op5+ fl[]s47#fif7 ,!re may !re=e be a measure ( tru? 9 ! !ory ( ,r5an1 :o saw 9 ! ,adonis wor%ip a dreamy voluptu\s cult ( dea?1 conceiv$ n z ! ,k+ ( ,t]rors1 b z an insidi\s en*ant] :o lures 8 victims to himself & lulls !m into an et]nal sleep4 ,! inf9ite *>m ( nature 9 ! ,lebanon1 he ?\ght1 l5ds itself to religi\s emotions ( ?is s5su\s1 vision>y sort1 hov]+ vaguely betwe5 pa9 & pleasure1 betwe5 slumb] & te>s47#fig7 ,x w\ld d\btless be a mi/ake to attribute to ,syrian peasants ! wor%ip ( a conception s purely ab/ract z t ( dea? 9 g5]al4 ,yet x may be true t 9 _! simple m9ds ! ?\ght ( ! reviv+ _s ( vegetation 0 bl5t ) ! v concrete notion ( ! gho/s ( ! dead1 :o come to life aga9 9 spr+ days ) ! e>ly fl[]s1 ) ! t5d] gre5 ( ! corn & ! _m-t9t$ blossoms ( ! trees4 ,?us _! views ( ! dea? & resurrection ( nature w\ld be col\r$ by _! views ( ! dea? & resurrection ( man1 by _! p]sonal sorr[s & hopes & fe>s4 ,9 l mann] we _c d\bt t ,r5an's !ory ( ,adonis 0 itself deeply t+$ by passionate memories1 memories ( ! slumb] ak9 to dea? :i* seal$ 8 own eyes on ! slopes ( ! ,lebanon1 memories ( ! si/] :o sleeps 9 ! l& ( ,adonis nev] aga9 to wake ) ! anemones & ! roses4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,g>d5s ( ,adonis4 7,m#aha7 ,p]haps ! be/ pro( t ,adonis 0 a deity ( vegetation1 & especially ( ! corn1 is furni%$ by ! g>d5s ( ,adonis1 z !y 7 call$4 ,^! 7 baskets or pots fill$ ) e>?1 9 :i* :eat1 b>ley1 lettuces1 f5nel1 & v>i\s k9ds ( fl[]s 7 s[n & t5d$ = eight days1 *iefly or exclusively by wom54 ,fo/]$ by ! sun's heat1 ! plants %ot up rapidly1 b hav+ no root !y )]$ z rapidly away1 & at ! end ( eight days 7 c>ri$ out ) ! images ( ! dead ,adonis1 & flung ) !m into ! sea or into spr+s47#fih7 7,m#ahb7 ,^! g>d5s ( ,adonis are mo/ naturally int]pret$ z repres5tatives ( ,adonis or manife/ations ( 8 p[]2 !y repres5t$ him1 true to 8 orig9al nature1 9 vegetable =m1 :ile ! images ( him1 ) :i* !y 7 c>ri$ out & ca/ into ! wat]1 portray$ him 9 8 lat] human %ape4 ,all ^! ,adonis c]emonies1 if ,i am "r1 7 orig9ally int5d$ z *>ms to promote ! gr[? or revival ( vegetation2 & ! pr9ciple by :i* !y 7 suppos$ to produce ?is effect 0 homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,= ignorant p suppose t by mimick+ ! effect :i* !y desire to produce !y actually help to produce x2 ?us by spr9kl+ wat] !y make ra91 by light+ a fire !y make sun%9e1 & s on4 ,simil>ly1 by mimick+ ! gr[? ( crops !y hope to ensure a good h>ve/4 ,! rapid gr[? ( ! :eat & b>ley 9 ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 0 int5d$ to make ! corn %oot up2 & ! ?r[+ ( ! g>d5s & ( ! images into ! wat] 0 a *>m to secure a due supply ( f]tiliz+ ra947#fii7 ,! same1 ,i take x1 0 ! object ( ?r[+ ! effigies ( ,dea? & ! ,c>nival into wat] 9 ! correspond+ c]emonies ( mod]n ,europe47#gjj7 ,c]ta9ly ! cu/om ( dr5*+ ) wat] a leaf-clad p]son1 :o und\bt$ly p]sonifies vegetation1 is /ill resort$ to 9 ,europe = ! express purpose ( produc+ ra947#gja7 ,simil>ly ! cu/om ( ?r[+ wat] on ! la/ corn cut at h>ve/1 or on ! p]son :o br+s x home 7a cu/om obs]v$ 9 ,g]many & ,france1 & till q lately 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&71 is 9 "s places practis$ ) ! av[$ int5t to procure ra9 = ! next ye>'s crops4 ,?us 9 ,walla*ia & among/ ! ,r\manians 9 ,transylvania1 :5 a girl is br++ home a cr[n made ( ! la/ e>s ( corn cut at h>ve/1 all :o meet h] ha/5 to ?r[ wat] on h]1 & two f>m-s]vants are plac$ at ! door = ! purpose2 = !y believe t if ?is 7 n done1 ! crops next ye> w\ld p]i% f dr\ght47#gjb7 ,s among/ ! ,saxons ( ,transylvania1 ! p]son :o we>s ! wrea? made ( ! la/ corn cut is dr5*$ ) wat] to ! sk92 = ! wett] he is1 ! bett] w be next ye>'s h>ve/1 & ! m gra9 !re w be ?rea%$ out4 ,sometimes ! we>] ( ! wrea? is ! reap] :o cut ! la/ corn47#gjc7 ,9 ,nor!rn ,euboea1 :5 ! corn-%eaves h be5 pil$ 9 a /ack1 ! f>m]'s wife br+s a pit*] ( wat] & (f]s x to ea* ( ! lab\r]s t he may wa% 8 h&s4 ,e man1 aft] he has wa%$ 8 h&s1 spr9kles wat] on ! corn & on ! ?re%+-floor1 express+ at ! same "t a wi% t ! corn may la/ long4 ,la/ly1 ! f>m]'s wife holds ! pit*] slant+ly & runs at full spe$ r\nd ! /ack )\t spill+ a drop1 :ile %e utt]s a wi% t ! /ack may endure z long z ! circle %e has j describ$47#gjd7 ,at ! spr+ pl\gh+ 9 ,prussia1 :5 ! pl\ghm5 & s[]s return$ 9 ! ev5+ f _! "w 9 ! fields1 ! f>m]'s wife & ! s]vants us$ to spla% wat] ov] !m4 ,! pl\ghm5 & s[]s retort$ by seiz+ e "o1 ?r[+ !m into ! pond1 & duck+ !m "u ! wat]4 ,! f>m]'s wife might claim exemption on paym5t ( a =feit1 b e "o else _h to be duck$4 ,by obs]v+ ?is cu/om !y hop$ to ensure a due supply ( ra9 = ! se$47#gje7 ,also aft] h>ve/ 9 ,prussia1 ! p]son :o wore a wrea? made ( ! la/ corn cut 0 dr5*$ ) wat]1 :ile a pray] 0 utt]$ t 8z ! corn _h sprung up & multipli$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 s x might spr+ up & multiply 9 ! b>n & gran>y407#gjf7 ,at ,s*lan[1 9 ,br&5burg1 :5 ! s[]s return home f ! fir/ s[+ !y are dr5*$ ) wat] 89 ord] t ! corn may gr[407#gjg7 ,9 ,anhalt on ! same occasion ! f>m] is /ill (t5 spr9kl$ ) wat] by 8 family2 & 8 m5 & horses1 & ev5 ! pl\gh1 receive ! same treatm5t4 ,! object ( ! cu/om1 z p at ,ar5sdorf expla9$ x1 is 8to wi% f]tility to ! fields = ! :ole ye>407#gjh7 ,s 9 ,hesse1 :5 ! pl\ghm5 return ) ! pl\gh f ! field = ! fir/ "t1 ! wom5 & girls lie 9 wait = !m & slyly dr5* !m ) wat]47#gji7 ,ne> ,naaburg1 9 ,bav>ia1 ! man :o fir/ comes back f s[+ or pl\gh+ has a vessel ( wat] ?r[n ov] him by "s "o 9 hid+47#gaj7 ,at ,hett+5 9 ,bad5 ! f>m] :o is ab\t to beg9 ! s[+ ( oats is spr9kl$ ) wat]1 9 ord] t ! oats may n %rivel up47#gaa7 ,be=e ! ,tusayan ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica g out to plant _! fields1 ! wom5 sometimes p\r wat] on !m2 ! reason = do+ s is t 8z ! wat] is p\r$ on ! m51 s may wat] fall on ! plant$ fields407#gab7 ,! ,indians ( ,santiago ,tepehuacan /eep ! se$ ( ! maize 9 wat] be=e !y s[ x1 9 ord] t ! god ( ! wat]s may be/[ on ! fields ! ne$$ moi/ure47#gac7 7,m#ahc7 ,! op9ion t ! g>d5s ( ,adonis are ess5tially *>ms to promote ! gr[? ( vegetation1 especially ( ! crops1 & t !y belong to ! same class ( cu/oms z ^? spr+ & midsumm] folk-cu/oms ( mod]n ,europe :i* ,i h describ$ else:]e17#gad7 does n re/ = its evid5ce m]ely on ! intr9sic probability ( ! case4 ,=tunately we are able to %[ t g>d5s ( ,adonis 7if we may use ! expression 9 a g5]al s5se7 are /ill plant$1 fir/1 by a primitive race at _! s[+ season1 &1 second1 by ,european peasants at midsumm]4 ,among/ ! ,oraons & ,mundas ( ,b5gal1 :5 ! "t comes = plant+ out ! rice :i* has be5 gr[n 9 se$-b$s1 a p>ty ( "y p ( bo? sexes g to ! =e/ & cut a "y ,k>ma-tree1 or ! bran* ( "o4 ,be>+ x 9 triumph !y return danc+1 s++1 & beat+ drums1 & plant x 9 ! middle ( ! village danc+-gr\nd4 ,a sacrifice is (f]$ to ! tree2 & next morn+ ! y\? ( bo? sexes1 l9k$ arm-9-arm1 dance 9 a great circle r\nd ! ,k>ma-tree1 :i* is deck$ ) /rips ( col\r$ clo? & %am bracelets & necklets ( plait$ /raw4 ,z a prep>ation = ! fe/ival1 ! daught]s ( ! headman ( ! village cultivate blades ( b>ley 9 a peculi> way4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 moi/1 s&y soil1 mix$ ) turm]ic1 & ! blades spr\t & unfold ( a pale-yell[ or primrose col\r4 ,on ! day ( ! fe/ival ! girls take up ^! blades & c>ry !m 9 baskets to ! danc+-gr\nd1 :]e1 pro/rat+ !mselves rev]5tially1 !y place "s ( ! plants be=e ! ,k>ma-tree4 ,f9ally1 ! ,k>ma-tree is tak5 away & ?r[n into a /ream or tank47#gae7 ,! mean+ ( plant+ ^! b>ley blades & !n pres5t+ !m to ! ,k>ma-tree is h>dly op5 to "q4 ,trees are suppos$ to ex]cise a quick5+ influ5ce ^u ! gr[? ( crops1 & among/ ! v p 9 "q--! ,mundas or ,mund>is--8! grove deities are held responsible = ! crops407#gaf7 ,!re=e1 :5 at ! season = plant+ out ! rice ! ,mundas br+ 9 a tree & treat x ) s mu* respect1 _! object c only be to fo/] !reby ! gr[? ( ! rice :i* is ab\t to be plant$ out2 & ! cu/om ( caus+ b>ley blades to spr\t rapidly & !n pres5t+ !m to ! tree mu/ be int5d$ to subs]ve ! same purpose1 p]haps by rem9d+ ! tree-_s ( 8 duty t[>ds ! crops1 & /imulat+ 8 activity by ?is visible example ( rapid vegetable gr[?4 ,! ?r[+ ( ! ,k>ma-tree into ! wat] is to be int]pret$ z a ra9-*>m4 ,:e!r ! b>ley blades are also ?r[n into ! wat] is n said2 b if my int]pretation ( ! cu/om is "r1 probably !y are s4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 ?is ,b5gal cu/om & ! ,greek rites ( ,adonis is t 9 ! =m] ! tree-_s appe>s 9 8 orig9al =m z a tree2 :]eas 9 ! ,adonis wor%ip he appe>s 9 human =m1 repres5t$ z a dead man1 ?\gh 8 vegetable nature is indicat$ by ! g>d5s ( ,adonis1 :i* are1 s to say1 a second>y manife/ation ( 8 orig9al p[] z a tree-_s4 7,m#ahd7 ,g>d5s ( ,adonis are cultivat$ also by ! ,h9doos1 ) ! int5tion app>5tly ( ensur+ ! f]tility bo? ( ! e>? & ( mank9d4 ,?us at ,oodeypoor 9 ,rajputana a fe/ival is held 89 hon\r ( ,g\ri1 or ,isani1 ! goddess ( abundance1 ! ,isis ( ,egypt1 ! ,c]es ( ,greece4 ,l ! ,rajpoot ,saturnalia1 :i* x foll[s1 x belongs to ! v]nal equ9ox1 :5 nature 9 ^! regions proximate to ! tropic is 9 ! full expanse ( h] *>ms1 & ! matronly ,g\ri ca/s h] gold5 mantle ov] ! v]dant ,vassanti1 p]sonification ( spr+4 ,!n ! fruits exhibit _! promise to ! eye2 ! kohil fills ! e> ) melody2 ! air is impregnat$ ) aroma1 & ! crimson poppy contra/s ) ! spikes ( gold5 gra9 to =m a wrea? = ! b5efic5t ,g\ri4 ,g\ri is "o ( ! names ( ,isa or ,p>vati1 wife ( ! greate/ ( ! gods1 ,mahadeva or ,isw>a1 :o is conjo9$ ) h] 9 ^! rites1 :i* almo/ exclusively app]ta9 to ! wom54 ,! mean+ ( g\ri is #8yell[1' emblematic ( ! rip5$ h>ve/1 :5 ! vot>ies ( ! goddess adore h] effigies1 :i* are ^? ( a matron pa9t$ ! col\r ( ripe corn40 ,! rites beg9 :5 ! sun ent]s ! sign ( ! ,ram1 ! op5+ ( ! ,h9doo ye>4 ,an image ( ! goddess ,g\ri is made ( e>?1 & a small] "o ( h] husb& ,isw>a1 & ! two are plac$ toge!r4 ,a small tr5* is next dug1 b>ley is s[n 9 x1 & ! gr\nd wat]$ & heat$ artificially till ! gra9 spr\ts1 :5 ! wom5 dance r\nd x h& 9 h&1 invok+ ! bless+ ( ,g\ri on _! husb&s4 ,aft] t ! "y corn is tak5 up & di/ribut$ by ! wom5 to ! m51 :o we> x 9 _! turbans4 ,e weal?y family1 or at lea/ e subdivision ( ! city1 has its own image4 ,^! & o!r rites1 kn[n only to ! initiat$1 occupy sev]al days1 & are p]=m$ )9 doors4 ,!n ! images ( ! goddess & h] husb& are decorat$ & borne 9 procession to a beautiful lake1 ^: deep blue wat]s mirror ! cl\dless ,indian sky1 m>ble palaces1 & orange groves4 ,"h ! wom51 _! hair deck$ ) roses & jessam9e c>ry ! image ( ,g\ri d[n a m>ble /aircase to ! wat]'s edge1 & dance r\nd x s++ hymns & love-songs4 ,meantime ! goddess is suppos$ to ba! 9 ! wat]4 ,no m5 take "p 9 ! c]emony2 ev5 ! image ( ,isw>a1 ! husb&-god1 attracts little att5tion47#gag7 ,9 ^! rites ! di/ribution ( ! b>ley %oots to ! m51 & ! invocation ( a bless+ on _! husb&s by ! wives1 po9t cle>ly to ! desire ( (fspr+ z "o motive = obs]v+ ! cu/om4 ,! same motive probably expla9s ! use ( g>d5s ( ,adonis at ! m>riage ( ,brahmans 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,se$s ( five or n9e sorts are mix$ & s[n 9 e>!n pots1 :i* are made specially = ! purpose & are fill$ ) e>?4 ,bride & bridegroom wat] ! se$s bo? morn+ & ev5+ = f\r days2 & on ! fif? day ! se$l+s are ?r[n1 l ! real g>d5s ( ,adonis1 into a tank or riv]47#gah7 7,m#ahe7 ,9 ! ,himalayan di/ricts ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india ! cultivators s[ b>ley1 maize1 pulse1 or mu/>d 9 a basket ( e>? on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! f\r? mon? 7,zrh71 :i* falls ab\t ! middle ( ,july4 ,!n on ! la/ day ( ! mon? !y place amid/ ! new spr\ts small clay images ( ,mahadeo & ,p>vati & wor%ip !m 9 remembrance ( ! m>riage ( ^? deities4 ,next day !y cut d[n ! gre5 /alks & we> !m 9 _! head-dress47#gai7 ,simil> is ! b>ley fea/ kn[n z ,jy or ,jawra 9 ,upp] ,india & z ,bhuj>iya 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,on ! sev5? day ( ! light half ( ! mon? ,swan gra9s ( b>ley are s[n 9 a pot ( manure1 & spr+ up s quickly t by ! end ( ! mon? ! vessel is full ( long1 yell[i%-gre5 /alks4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! next mon?1 ,bhdon1 ! wom5 & girls take ! /alks out1 ?r[ ! e>? & manure into wat]1 & di/ribute ! plants among _! male fri5ds1 :o b9d !m 9 _! turbans & ab\t _! dress47#gbj7 ,at ,s>gal 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india ?is c]emony is obs]v$ ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,none b wom5 may take "p 9 x1 ?\gh cr[ds ( m5 come to look on4 ,"s little "t be=e ! fe/ival :eat or o!r gra9 has be5 s[n 9 pots +5i\sly con/ruct$ ( l>ge leaves1 :i* are held toge!r by ! ?orns ( a species ( acacia4 ,hav+ gr[n up 9 ! d>k1 ! /alks are ( a pale col\r4 ,on ! day appo9t$ ^! g>d5s ( ,adonis1 z we may call !m1 are c>ri$ t[>ds a lake :i* abuts on ! native city4 ,! wom5 ( e family or circle ( fri5ds br+ _! own pots1 & hav+ laid !m on ! gr\nd !y dance r\nd !m4 ,!n tak+ ! pots ( spr\t+ corn !y desc5d to ! edge ( ! wat]1 wa% ! soil away f ! pots1 & di/ribute ! "y plants among _! fri5ds47#gba7 ,at ! temple ( ! goddess ,padmavati1 ne> ,p&h>pur 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 a ,n9e ,nights' fe/ival is held 9 ! bright half ( ! mon? ,a%v9 7,septemb]-,octob]74 ,at ?is "t a bamboo frame is hung 9 front ( ! image1 & f x dep5d g>l&s ( fl[]s & /r+s ( :eat5 cakes4 ,"u ! frame ! floor 9 front ( ! p$e/al is /rewn ) a lay] ( e>? 9 :i* :eat is s[n & all[$ to spr\t47#gbb7 ,a simil> rite is obs]v$ 9 ! same mon? be=e ! images ( two o!r goddesses1 ,ambabai & ,lakhubai1 :o also h temples at ,p&h>pur47#gbc7 7,m#ahf7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia x is cu/om>y to s[ flax 9 a pot on ! la/ ?ree days ( ! ,c>nival2 f ! se$ :i* gr[s be/ an om5 is drawn z to :e!r ! e>ly1 ! middle1 or ! late s[+ w produce ! be/ crop47#gbd7 ,9 ,s>d9ia ! g>d5s ( ,adonis are /ill plant$ 9 connexion ) ! great ,midsumm] fe/ival :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/4 ,john4 ,at ! end ( ,m>* or on ! fir/ ( ,april a "y man ( ! village pres5ts himself to a girl1 & asks h] to be 8 com>e 7gossip or swee!>t71 (f]+ to be h] comp>e4 ,! invitation is consid]$ z an hon\r by ! girl's family1 & is gladly accept$4 ,at ! end ( ,may ! girl makes a pot ( ! b>k ( ! cork-tree1 fills x ) e>?1 & s[s a h&ful ( :eat & b>ley 9 x4 ,! pot be+ plac$ 9 ! sun & (t5 wat]$1 ! corn spr\ts rapidly & has a good head by ,midsumm] ,eve 7,/4 ,john's ,eve1 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june74 ,! pot is !n call$ ,erme or ,n5n]i4 ,on ,/4 ,john's ,day ! "y man & ! girl1 dress$ 9 _! be/1 accompani$ by a long ret9ue & prec$$ by *ildr5 gamboll+ & frolick+1 move 9 procession to a *ur* outside ! village4 ,"h !y break ! pot by ?r[+ x aga9/ ! door ( ! *ur*4 ,!n !y sit d[n 9 a r+ on ! grass & eat eggs & h]bs to ! music ( flutes4 ,w9e is mix$ 9 a cup & pass$ r\nd1 ea* "o dr9k+ z x passes4 ,!n !y jo9 h&s & s+ 8,swee!>ts ( ,/4 ,john0 7,comp>e e com>e di ,san ,giovanni7 ov] & ov] aga91 ! flutes play+ ! :ile4 ,:5 !y tire ( s++ !y /& up & dance gaily 9 a r+ till ev5+4 ,?is is ! g5]al ,s>d9ian cu/om4 ,z practis$ at ,ozi]i x has "s special features4 ,9 ,may ! pots are made ( cork-b>k & plant$ ) corn1 z already describ$4 ,!n on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john ! w9d[-sills are drap$ ) ri* clo?s1 on :i* ! pots are plac$1 adorn$ ) crimson & blue silk & ribbons ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,on ea* ( ! pots !y us$ =m]ly to place a /atuette or clo? doll dress$ z a woman1 or a ,priapus-l figure made ( pa/e2 b ?is cu/om1 rigor\sly =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*1 has fall5 into disuse4 ,! village swa9s g ab\t 9 a troop to look at ! pots & _! decorations & to wait = ! girls1 :o assemble on ! public squ>e to celebrate ! fe/ival4 ,"h a great bonfire is k9dl$1 r\nd :i* !y dance & make m]ry4 ,^? :o wi% to be 8,swee!>ts ( ,/4 ,john0 act z foll[s4 ,! "y man /&s on "o side ( ! bonfire & ! girl on ! o!r1 & !y1 9 a mann]1 jo9 h&s by ea* grasp+ "o end ( a long /ick1 :i* !y pass ?ree times backw>ds & =w>ds across ! fire1 ?us ?ru/+ _! h&s ?rice rapidly into ! flames4 ,?is seals _! relation%ip to ea* o!r4 ,danc+ & music g on till late at night47#gbe7 ,! correspond5ce ( ^! ,s>d9ian pots ( gra9 to ! g>d5s ( ,adonis seems complete1 & ! images =m]ly plac$ 9 !m answ] to ! images ( ,adonis :i* accompani$ 8 g>d5s4 7,m#ahg7 ,cu/oms ( ! same sort are obs]v$ at ! same season 9 ,sicily4 ,pairs ( boys & girls become gossips ( ,/4 ,john on ,/4 ,john's ,day by draw+ ea* a hair f 8 or h] head & p]=m+ v>i\s c]emonies ov] !m4 ,?us !y tie ! hairs toge!r & ?r[ !m up 9 ! air1 or ex*ange !m ov] a pot%]d1 :i* !y aft]w>ds break 9 two1 pres]v+ ea* a fragm5t ) pi\s c>e4 ,! tie =m$ 9 ! latt] way is suppos$ to la/ = life4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sicily ! gossips ( ,/4 ,john pres5t ea* o!r ) plates ( spr\t+ corn1 l5tils1 & can>y se$1 :i* h be5 plant$ =ty days be=e ! fe/ival4 ,! "o :o receives ! plate pulls a /alk ( ! "y plants1 b9ds x ) a ribbon1 & pres]ves x among 8 or h] greate/ treasures1 re/or+ ! platt] to ! giv]4 ,at ,catania ! gossips ex*ange pots ( basil & great cucumb]s2 ! girls t5d ! basil1 & ! ?ick] x gr[s ! m x is priz$47#gbf7 7,m#ahh7 ,9 ^! midsumm] cu/oms ( ,s>d9ia & ,sicily x is possible t1 z ,mr4 ,r4 ,wns* supposes17#gbg7 ,/4 ,john has replac$ ,adonis4 ,we h se5 t ! rites ( ,tammuz or ,adonis 7 commonly celebrat$ ab\t midsumm]2 accord+ to ,j]ome1 _! date 0 ,june47#gbh7 ,& besides _! date & _! simil>ity 9 respect ( ! pots ( h]bs & corn1 !re is ano!r po9t ( aff9ity betwe5 ! two fe/ivals1 ! hea!n & ! ,*ri/ian4 ,9 bo? ( !m wat] plays a prom95t "p4 ,at 8 midsumm] fe/ival 9 ,babylon ! image ( ,tammuz1 ^: "n is said to mean 8true son ( ! deep wat]10 0 ba!d ) pure wat]3 at 8 summ] fe/ival 9 ,alex&ria ! image ( ,adonis1 ) t ( 8 div9e mi/ress ,aphrodite1 0 committ$ to ! waves2 & at ! midsumm] celebration 9 ,greece ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 7 ?r[n into ! sea or into spr+s4 ,n[ a great feature ( ! midsumm] fe/ival associat$ ) ! "n ( ,/4 ,john is1 or us$ to be1 ! cu/om ( ba?+ 9 ! sea1 spr+s1 riv]s1 or ! dew on ,midsumm] ,eve or ! morn+ ( ,midsumm] ,day4 ,?us1 = example1 at ,naples !re is a *ur* d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ "u ! "n ( ,/4 ,john ( ! ,sea 7,s4 ,giovan a m>e72 & x 0 an old practice = m5 & wom5 to ba! 9 ! sea on ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 t is1 on ,midsumm] ,eve1 believ+ t ?us all _! s9s 7 wa%$ away47#gbi7 ,9 ! ,abruzzi wat] is /ill suppos$ to acquire c]ta9 m>vell\s & b5efic5t prop]ties on ,/4 ,john's ,night4 ,!y say t on t night ! sun & moon ba! 9 ! wat]4 ,h5ce _m p take a ba? 9 ! sea or 9 a riv] at t season1 especially at ! mom5t ( sunrise4 ,at ,ca/iglione a ,casauria !y g be=e sunrise to ! ,pesc>a ,riv] or to spr+s1 wa% _! faces & h&s1 !n gird !mselves ) twigs ( bryony 7vitalba7 & tw9e ! plant r\nd _! br[s1 9 ord] t !y may be free f pa9s4 ,at ,pesc9a boys & girls wa% ea* o!r's faces 9 a riv] or a spr+1 !n ex*ange kisses1 & become gossips4 ,! dew1 also1 t falls on ,/4 ,john's ,night is suppos$ 9 ! ,abruzzi to b5efit :atev] x t\*es1 :e!r x be wat]1 fl[]s1 or ! human body4 ,= t reason p put out vessels ( wat] on ! w9d[-sills or ! t]races1 & wa% !mselves ) ! wat] 9 ! morn+ 9 ord] to purify !mselves & escape heada*es & colds4 ,a /ill m efficaci\s mode ( accompli%+ ! same end is to rise at ! peep ( dawn1 to wet ! h&s 9 ! dewy grass1 & !n to rub ! moi/ure on ! eyelids1 ! br[1 & ! temples1 because ! dew is believ$ to cure maladies ( ! head & eyes4 ,x is also a rem$y = diseases ( ! sk94 ,p]sons :o are ?us afflict$ %\ld roll on ! dewy grass4 ,:5 pati5ts are prev5t$ by _! infirmity or any o!r cause f quitt+ ! h\se1 _! fri5ds w ga!r ! dew 9 %eets or tableclo?s & s apply x to ! suff]+ "p47#gcj7 ,at ,m>sala 9 ,sicily !re is a spr+ ( wat] 9 a subt]ranean grotto call$ ! ,grotto ( ! ,sibyl4 ,beside x /&s a *ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* has be5 suppos$ to occupy ! site ( a temple ( ,apollo4 ,on ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june1 wom5 & girls visit ! grotto1 & by dr9k+ ( ! prophetic wat] le>n :e!r _! husb&s h be5 fai?ful to !m 9 ! ye> t is pa/1 or :e!r !y !mselves w w$ 9 ! ye> t is to come4 ,sick p1 too1 imag9e t by ba?+ 9 ! wat]1 dr9k+ ( x1 or duck+ ?rice 9 x 9 ! "n ( ! ,tr9ity1 !y w be made :ole47#gca7 ,at ,*i>amonte 9 ,sicily ! foll[+ cu/om is obs]v$ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,! m5 repair to "o f\nta9 & ! wom5 to ano!r1 & dip _! heads ?rice 9 ! wat]1 repeat+ at ea* ablution c]ta9 v]ses 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,john4 ,!y believe t ?is is a cure or prev5tive ( ! scald47#gcb7 ,:5 ,petr>* visit$ ,cologne1 he *anc$ to arrive 9 ! t[n on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 ,! sun 0 ne>ly sett+1 & 8 ho/ at once l$ him to ! ,rh9e4 ,a /range sight !re met 8 eyes1 = ! banks ( ! riv] 7 cov]$ ) pretty wom54 ,! cr[d 0 great b good-hum\r$4 ,f a ris+ gr\nd on :i* he /ood ! poet saw _m ( ! wom51 girt ) fragrant h]bs1 kneel d[n on ! wat]'s edge1 roll _! sleeves up above _! elb[s1 & wa% _! :ite arms & h&s 9 ! riv]1 murmur+ s(tly "s words :i* ! ,italian did n und]/&4 ,he 0 told t ! cu/om 0 a v old "o1 mu* hon\r$ 9 ! obs]vance2 = ! common folk1 especially ! wom51 believ$ t to wa% 9 ! riv] on ,/4 ,john's ,eve w\ld av]t e mis=tune 9 ! com+ ye>47#gcc7 ,on ,/4 ,john's ,eve ! p ( ,cop5hag5 us$ to g on pilgrimage to a neighb\r+ spr+1 !re to heal & /r5g!n !mselves 9 ! wat]47#gcd7 ,9 ,spa9 p /ill ba! 9 ! sea or roll nak$ 9 ! dew ( ! mead[s on ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 believ+ t ?is is a sov]eign pres]vative aga9/ diseases ( ! sk947#gce7 ,to roll 9 ! dew on ! morn+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,day is also e/eem$ a cure = diseases ( ! sk9 9 ,norm&y & ,p]igord4 ,9 ,p]igord a field ( hemp is especially recomm5d$ = ! purpose1 & ! pati5t %\ld rub himself ) ! plants on :i* he has roll$47#gcf7 ,at ,ciotat 9 ,prov5ce1 :ile ! midsumm] bonfire blaz$1 "y p us$ to plunge into ! sea & spla% ea* o!r vigor\sly4 ,at ,vitrolles !y ba!d 9 a pond 9 ord] t !y might n suff] f fev] dur+ ! ye>1 & at ,sa9t-,m>ies !y wat]$ ! horses to protect !m f ! it*47#gcg7 ,a cu/om ( dr5*+ p on ?is occasion ) wat] =m]ly prevail$ 9 ,t\lon1 ,m>seilles1 & o!r t[ns ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,! wat] 0 squirt$ f syr+es1 p\r$ on ! heads ( pass]s-by f w9d[s1 & s =?47#gch7 ,f ,europe ! practice ( ba?+ 9 riv]s & spr+s on ,/4 ,john's ,day appe>s to h pass$ ) ! ,spani>ds to ! ,new ,_w47#gci7 7,m#ahi7 ,x may p]haps be sugge/$ t ?is wide-spread cu/om ( ba?+ 9 wat] or dew on ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day is purely ,*ri/ian 9 orig91 hav+ be5 adopt$ z an appropriate mode ( celebrat+ ! day d$icat$ to ! ,bapti/4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact ! cu/om is old] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 = x 0 d5\nc$ & =bidd5 z a hea!n practice by ,augu/9e17#gdj7 & to ?is day x is practis$ at midsumm] by ! ,mohamm$an peoples ( ,nor? ,africa47#gda7 ,we may conjecture t ! ,*ur*1 unable to put d[n ?is relic ( paganism1 foll[$ its usual policy ( accommodation by be/[+ on ! rite ( a ,*ri/ian "n & acquiesc+1 ) a sigh1 9 its obs]vance4 ,& ca/+ ab\t = a sa9t to supplant a hea!n patron ( ba?+1 ! ,*ri/ian doctors c\ld h>dly h hit ^u a m appropriate successor ?an ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 7,m#aij7 ,b into ^: %oes did ! ,bapti/ /ep8 ,0 ! displac$ deity really ,adonis1 z ! =ego+ evid5ce seems to sugge/8 ,9 ,s>d9ia & ,sicily x may h be5 s1 = 9 ^! isl&s ,semitic influ5ce 0 c]ta9ly deep & probably la/+4 ,! midsumm] pa/imes ( ,s>d9ian & ,sicilian *ildr5 may !re=e be a direct cont9uation ( ! ,c>?ag9ian rites ( ,tammuz4 ,yet ! midsumm] fe/ival seems too widely spread & too deeply root$ 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe to all[ u to trace x ev]y:]e to an ,ori5tal orig9 9 g5]al & to ! cult ( ,adonis 9 p>ticul>4 ,x has ! air ( a native ( ! soil r ?an ( an exotic import$ f ! ,ea/4 ,we %all d bett]1 !re=e1 to suppose t at a remote p]iod simil> modes ( ?\ght1 bas$ on simil> ne$s1 l$ m5 indep5d5tly 9 _m di/ant l&s1 f ! ,nor? ,sea to ! ,euphrates1 to celebrate ! summ] sol/ice ) rites :i*1 :ile !y diff]$ 9 "s ?+s1 yet agre$ closely 9 o!rs2 t 9 hi/orical times a wave ( ,ori5tal influ5ce1 />t+ p]haps f ,babylonia1 c>ri$ ! ,tammuz or ,adonis =m ( ! fe/ival we/w>d till x met ) native =ms ( a simil> fe/ival2 & t "u pressure ( ! ,roman civilization ^! diff]5t yet k9dr$ fe/ivals fus$ ) ea* o!r & cry/alliz$ into a v>iety ( %apes1 :i* subsi/$ m or less sep>ately side by side1 till ! ,*ur*1 unable to suppress !m altoge!r1 /ripp$ !m s f> z x c\ld ( _! gross] features1 & dext]\sly *ang+ ! names all[$ !m to pass mu/] z ,*ri/ian4 ,& :at has j be5 said ( ! midsumm] fe/ivals probably applies1 ) ! necess>y modifications1 to ! spr+ fe/ivals also4 ,!y1 too1 seem to h orig9at$ indep5d5tly 9 ,europe & ! ,ea/1 & aft] ages ( sep>ation to h amalgamat$ "u ! sway ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 ,syria1 z we h se51 !re appe>s to h be5 a v]nal celebration ( ,adonis2 & we %all pres5tly meet ) an und\bt$ in/ance ( an ,ori5tal fe/ival ( spr+ 9 ! rites ( ,attis4 ,meantime we mu/ return = a little to ! midsumm] fe/ival :i* goes by ! "n ( ,/4 ,john4 7,m#aia7 ,! ,s>d9ian practice ( mak+ m]ry r\nd a great bonfire on ,/4 ,john's ,eve is an in/ance ( a cu/om :i* has be5 practis$ at ! midsumm] fe/ival f "t immemorial 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,t cu/om has be5 m fully dealt ) by me else:]e47#gdb7 ,! in/ances :i* ,i h cit$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is "w seem to indicate a connexion ( ! midsumm] bonfire ) vegetation4 ,= example1 bo? 9 ,sw$5 & ,bohemia an ess5tial "p ( ! fe/ival is ! rais+ ( a ,may-pole or ,midsumm]-tree1 :i* 9 ,bohemia is burn$ 9 ! bonfire47#gdc7 ,aga91 9 a ,russian midsumm] c]emony a /raw figure ( ,kupalo1 ! repres5tative ( vegetation1 is plac$ beside a ,may-pole or ,midsumm]-tree & !n c>ri$ to & fro across a bonfire47#gdd7 ,kupalo is "h repres5t$ 9 duplicate1 9 tree-=m by ! ,midsumm]-tree1 & 9 human =m by ! /raw effigy1 j z ,adonis 0 repres5t$ bo? by an image & a g>d5 ( ,adonis2 & ! duplicate repres5tatives ( ,kupalo1 l ^? ( ,adonis1 are f9ally ca/ into wat]4 ,9 ! ,s>d9ian & ,sicilian cu/oms ! ,gossips or ,swee!>ts ( ,/4 ,john probably answ]1 on ! "o h& to ,adonis & ,a/>te1 on ! o!r to ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,may4 ,9 ! ,sw$i% prov9ce ( ,blek+e "p ( ! midsumm] fe/ival is ! election ( a ,midsumm] ,bride1 :o *ooses h] bridegroom2 a collection is made = ! pair1 :o = ! "t be+ are look$ ^u z man & wife47#gde7 ,su* ,midsumm] pairs may be suppos$1 l ! ,may pairs1 to /& = ! p[]s ( vegetation or ( f]tility 9 g5]al3 !y repres5t 9 fle% & blood :at ! images ( ,siva or ,mahadeo & ,p>vati 9 ! ,indian c]emonies1 & ! images ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite 9 ! ,alex&rian c]emony1 set =? 9 effigy4 7,m#aib7 ,! reason :y c]emonies ^: aim is to fo/] ! gr[? ( vegetation %\ld ?us be associat$ ) bonfires2 :y 9 p>ticul> ! repres5tative ( vegetation %\ld be burn$ 9 ! lik5ess ( a tree1 or pass$ across ! fire 9 effigy or 9 ! =m ( a liv+ c\ple1 has be5 discuss$ by me else:]e47#gdf7 ,"h x is en\gh to h adduc$ evid5ce ( su* association1 & !re=e to h obviat$ ! objection :i* might h be5 rais$ to my !ory ( ! ,s>d9ian cu/om1 on ! gr\nd t ! bonfires h no?+ to d ) vegetation4 ,"o m piece ( evid5ce may "h be giv5 to prove ! contr>y4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria "y m5 & girls leap ov] midsumm] bonfires = ! express purpose ( mak+ ! hemp or flax gr[ tall47#gdg7 ,we may1 !re=e1 assume t 9 ! ,s>d9ian cu/om ! blades ( :eat & b>ley :i* are =c$ on 9 pots = ! midsumm] fe/ival1 & :i* correspond s closely to ! g>d5s ( ,adonis1 =m "o ( ^? widely-spread midsumm] c]emonies1 ! orig9al object ( :i* 0 to promote ! gr[? ( vegetation1 & especially ( ! crops4 ,b z1 by an easy ext5sion ( ideas1 ! _s ( vegetation 0 believ$ to ex]cise a b5efic5t & f]tiliz+ influ5ce on human z well z animal life1 ! g>d5s ( ,adonis w\ld be suppos$1 l ! ,may-trees or ,may-b\ghs1 to br+ good luck1 & m p>ticul>ly p]haps (fspr+17#gdh7 to ! family or to ! p]son :o plant$ !m2 & ev5 aft] ! idea _h be5 ab&on$ t !y op]at$ actively to conf] prosp]ity1 !y might /ill be us$ to furni% om5s ( good or evil4 ,x is ?us t magic dw9dles into div9ation4 ,accord+ly we f9d modes ( div9ation practis$ at midsumm] :i* resemble m or less closely ! g>d5s ( ,adonis4 ,?us an anonym\s ,italian writ] ( ! sixte5? c5tury has record$ t x 0 cu/om>y to s[ b>ley & :eat a few days be=e ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john 7,midsumm] ,day7 & also be=e t ( ,/4 ,vitus2 & x 0 believ$ t ! p]son = :om !y 7 s[n w\ld be =tunate1 & get a good husb& or a good wife1 if ! gra9 spr\t$ well2 b if x spr\t$ ill1 he or %e w\ld be unlucky47#gdi7 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy & all ov] ,sicily x is /ill cu/om>y to put plants 9 wat] or 9 e>? on ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,john1 & f ! mann] 9 :i* !y are f\nd to be bloom+ or fad+ on ,/4 ,john's ,day om5s are drawn1 especially z to =tune 9 love4 ,among/ ! plants us$ = ?is purpose are ,ciuri di ,s4 ,giuvanni 7,/4 ,john's wort87 & nettles47#gej7 ,9 ,prussia two hundr$ ye>s ago ! f>m]s us$ to s5d out _! s]vants1 especially _! maids1 to ga!r ,/4 ,john's wort on ,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day 7,/4 ,john's ,day74 ,:5 !y _h fet*$ x1 ! f>m] took z _m plants z !re 7 p]sons & /uck !m 9 ! wall or betwe5 ! beams2 & x 0 ?\ght t he or %e ^: plant did n bloom w\ld soon fall sick or die4 ,! re/ ( ! plants 7 ti$ 9 a bundle1 fa/5$ to ! end ( a pole1 & set up at ! gate or :]ev] ! corn w\ld be br\ght 9 at ! next h>ve/4 ,! bundle 0 call$ ,kupole3 ! c]emony 0 kn[n z ,kupole's fe/ival2 & at x ! f>m] pray$ = a good crop ( hay1 & s =?47#gea7 ,?is ,prussian cu/om is p>ticul>ly notable1 inasmu* z x /rongly confirms ! op9ion t ,kupalo 7d\btless id5tical ) ,kupole7 0 orig9ally a deity ( vegetation47#geb7 ,= "h ,kupalo is repres5t$ by a bundle ( plants specially associat$ ) midsumm] 9 folk-cu/om2 & h] influ5ce ov] vegetation is pla9ly signifi$ by plac+ h] vegetable emblem ov] ! place :]e ! h>ve/ is br\ght 91 z well z by ! pray]s = a good crop :i* are utt]$ on ! occasion4 ,?is furni%es a fre% argum5t 9 support ( ! view t ! ,dea?1 ^: analogy to ,kupalo1 ,y>ilo1 & ! re/ ,i h %[n else:]e1 orig9ally p]sonifi$ vegetation1 m especially ! dy+ or dead vegetation ( w9t]47#gec7 ,fur!r1 my int]pretation ( ! g>d5s ( ,adonis is confirm$ by f9d+ t 9 ?is ,prussian cu/om ! v same k9d ( plants is us$ to =m ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 7z we may call !m7 & ! image ( ! deity4 ,no?+ c\ld set 9 a /rong] light ! tru? ( ! !ory t ! g>d5s ( ,adonis are m]ely ano!r manife/ation ( ! god himself4 7,m#aic7 ,9 ,sicily g>d5s ( ,adonis are /ill s[n 9 spr+ z well z 9 summ]1 f :i* we may p]haps inf] t ,sicily z well z ,syria celebrat$ ( old a v]nal fe/ival ( ! dead & ris5 god4 ,at ! approa* ( ,ea/]1 ,sicilian wom5 s[ :eat1 l5tils1 & can>y-se$ 9 plates1 :i* !y keep 9 ! d>k & wat] e two days4 ,! plants soon %oot up2 ! /alks are ti$ toge!r ) r$ ribbons1 & ! plates conta9+ !m are plac$ on ! sepul*res :i*1 ) ! effigies ( ! dead ,*ri/1 are made up 9 ,ca?olic & ,greek *ur*es on ,good ,friday17#ged7 j z ! g>d5s ( ,adonis 7 plac$ on ! grave ( ! dead ,adonis47#gee7 ,! practice is n conf9$ to ,sicily1 = x is obs]v$ also at ,cos5za 9 ,calabria17#gef7 & p]haps 9 o!r places4 ,! :ole cu/om--sepul*res z well z plates ( spr\t+ gra9--may be no?+ b a cont9uation1 "u a diff]5t "n1 ( ! wor%ip ( ,adonis4 7,m#aid7 ,nor are ^! ,sicilian & ,calabrian cu/oms ! only ,ea/] c]emonies :i* resemble ! rites ( ,adonis4 8,dur+ ! :ole ( ,good ,friday a wax5 effigy ( ! dead ,*ri/ is expos$ to view 9 ! middle ( ! ,greek *ur*es & is cov]$ ) f]v5t kisses by ! ?rong+ cr[d1 :ile ! :ole *ur* r+s ) melan*oly1 monoton\s dirges4 ,late 9 ! ev5+1 :5 x has gr[n q d>k1 ?is wax5 image is c>ri$ by ! prie/s into ! /reet on a bi] adorn$ ) lemons1 roses1 jessam9e1 & o!r fl[]s1 & !re beg9s a gr& procession ( ! multitude1 :o move 9 s]ri$ ranks1 ) sl[ & solemn /ep1 ?r\gh ! :ole t[n4 ,e man c>ries 8 tap] & breaks out into doleful lam5tation4 ,at all ! h\ses :i* ! procession passes !re are seat$ wom5 ) c5s]s to fumigate ! m>*+ ho/4 ,?us ! community solemnly buries its ,*ri/ z if he _h j di$4 ,at la/ ! wax5 image is aga9 deposit$ 9 ! *ur*1 & ! same lugubri\s *ants e*o anew4 ,^! lam5tations1 accompani$ by a /rict fa/1 cont9ue till midnight on ,saturday4 ,z ! clock /rikes twelve1 ! bi%op appe>s & ann\nces ! glad tid+s t #8,*ri/ is ris51' to :i* ! cr[d replies1 #8,he is ris5 inde$1' & at once ! :ole city bur/s into an upro> ( joy1 :i* f9ds v5t 9 %rieks & %\ts1 9 ! endless dis*>ge ( c>ronades & muskets1 & ! explosion ( fire-works ( e sort4 ,9 ! v same h\r p plunge f ! extremity ( ! fa/ into ! enjoym5t ( ! ,ea/] lamb & neat w9e407#geg7 7,m#aie7 ,9 l mann] ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be5 accu/om$ to br+ be=e its foll[]s 9 a visible =m ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,su* sacr$ dramas are well fitt$ to impress ! lively imag9ation & to /ir ! w>m feel+s ( a susceptible s\!rn race1 to :om ! pomp & pageantry ( ,ca?olicism are m cong5ial ?an to ! cold] temp]am5t ( ! ,teutonic peoples4 ,! solemnities obs]v$ 9 ,sicily on ,good ,friday1 ! (ficial anniv]s>y ( ! ,crucifixion1 are ?us describ$ by a native ,sicilian writ]4 8,a truly mov+ c]emony is ! procession :i* always takes place 9 ! ev5+ 9 e commune ( ,sicily1 & fur!r ! ,deposition f ! ,cross4 ,! bro!rhoods took "p 9 ! procession1 & ! re> 0 br\ght up by a great _m boys & girls repres5t+ sa9ts1 bo? male & female1 & c>ry+ ! emblems ( ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,! ,deposition f ! ,cross 0 manag$ by ! prie/s4 ,! c(f9 ) ! dead ,*ri/ 9 x 0 flank$ by ,jews arm$ ) swords1 an object ( horror & av]sion 9 ! mid/ ( ! pr(\nd pity excit$ by ! sight n only ( ,*ri/ b ( ! ,mat] ,dolorosa1 :o foll[$ beh9d him4 ,n[ & !n ! #8my/]ies' or symbols ( ! ,crucifixion w5t 9 front4 ,sometimes ! procession foll[$ ! #8?ree h\rs ( agony' & ! #8,deposition f ! ,cross4' ,! #8?ree h\rs' commemorat$ ^? :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ pass$ ^u ! ,cross4 ,beg9n+ at ! eighte5? & end+ at ! tw5ty-fir/ h\r ( ,italian "t two prie/s prea*$ alt]nately on ! ,passion4 ,anci5tly ! s]mons 7 deliv]$ 9 ! op5 air on ! place call$ ! ,calv>y3 at la/1 :5 ! ?ird h\r 0 ab\t to /rike1 at ! words emisit spiritum ,*ri/ di$1 b[+ 8 head amid ! sobs & te>s ( ! by/&]s4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds 9 "s places1 ?ree h\rs aft]w>ds 9 o!rs1 ! sacr$ body 0 unnail$ & deposit$ 9 ! c(f94 ,9 ,ca/ronuovo1 at ! ,ave ,m>ia1 two prie/s clad z ,jews1 repres5t+ ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ,nicodemus1 ) _! s]vants 9 co/ume1 repair$ to ! ,calv>y1 prec$$ by ! ,company ( ! ,:ites4 ,!re1 ) doleful v]ses & *ants appropriate to ! occasion1 !y p]=m$ ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! ,deposition1 aft] :i* ! procession took its way to ! l>g] *ur*4444 ,9 ,salap>uta ! ,calv>y is erect$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,at ! prea*+ ( ! dea?1 ! ,crucifi$ is made to b[ 8 head by means ( ma*9]y1 :ile guns are fir$1 trumpets s\nd1 & amid ! sil5ce ( ! p1 impress$ by ! dea? ( ! ,r$eem]1 ! /ra9s ( a melan*oly fun]al m>* are he>d4 ,*ri/ is remov$ f ! ,cross & deposit$ 9 ! c(f9 by ?ree prie/s4 ,aft] ! procession ( ! dead ,*ri/ ! burial is p]=m$1 t is1 two prie/s lay ,*ri/ 9 a fictiti\s sepul*re1 f :i* at ! mass ( ,ea/] ,saturday ! image ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ issues & is elevat$ ^u ! alt> by means ( ma*9]y407#geh7 ,sc5ic repres5tations ( ! same sort1 ) v>iations ( detail1 are exhibit$ at ,ea/] 9 ! ,abruzzi17#gei7 & probably 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,ca?olic _w47#gfj7 7,m#aif7 ,:5 we reflect h[ (t5 ! ,*ur* has skilfully contriv$ to plant ! se$s ( ! new fai? on ! old /ock ( paganism1 we may surmise t ! ,ea/] celebration ( ! dead & ris5 ,*ri/ 0 graft$ ^u a simil> celebration ( ! dead & ris5 ,adonis1 :i*1 z we h se5 reason to believe1 0 celebrat$ 9 ,syria at ! same season4 ,! type1 creat$ by ,greek arti/s1 ( ! sorr[ful goddess ) h] dy+ lov] 9 h] arms1 resembles & may h be5 ! model ( ! ,piet ( ,*ri/ian art1 ! ,virg9 ) ! dead body ( h] div9e ,son 9 h] lap1 ( :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ example is ! "o by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,t noble gr\p1 9 :i* ! liv+ sorr[ ( ! "m contra/s s wond]fully ) ! languor ( dea? 9 ! son1 is "o ( ! f9e/ compositions 9 m>ble4 ,anci5t ,greek art has bequea!d to u few works s beautiful1 & none s pa!tic47#gfa7 7,m#aig7 ,9 ?is connexion a well-kn[n /atem5t ( ,j]ome may n be )\t significance4 ,he tells u t ,be?lehem1 ! tradition>y bir?place ( ! ,"l1 0 %ad$ by a grove ( t /ill old] ,syrian ,"l1 ,adonis1 & t :]e ! infant ,jesus _h wept1 ! lov] ( ,v5us 0 bewail$47#gfb7 ,?\gh he does n expressly say s1 ,j]ome seems to h ?\ght t ! grove ( ,adonis _h be5 plant$ by ! hea!n aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/ = ! purpose ( defil+ ! sacr$ spot4 ,9 ?is he may h be5 mi/ak54 ,if ,adonis 0 inde$1 z ,i h argu$1 ! _s ( ! corn1 a m suitable "n = 8 dwell+-place c\ld h>dly be f\nd ?an ,be?lehem1 8! ,h\se ( ,bread107#gfc7 & he may well h be5 wor%ipp$ !re at 8 ,h\se ( ,bread long ages be=e ! bir? ( ,him :o said1 8,i am ! bread ( life407#gfd7 ,ev5 on ! hypo!sis t ,adonis foll[$ r ?an prec$$ ,*ri/ at ,be?lehem1 ! *oice ( 8 sad figure to div]t ! allegiance ( ,*ri/ians f _! ,"l _c b /rike u z em95tly appropriate :5 we rememb] ! simil>ity ( ! rites :i* commemorat$ ! dea? & resurrection ( ! two4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ seats ( ! wor%ip ( ! new god 0 ,antio*1 & at ,antio*1 z we h se517#gfe7 ! dea? ( ! old god 0 annually celebrat$ ) great solemnity4 ,a circum/ance :i* att5d$ ! entrance ( ,julian into ! city at ! "t ( ! ,adonis fe/ival may p]haps ?r[ "s light on ! date ( its celebration4 ,:5 ! emp]or drew ne> to ! city he 0 receiv$ ) public pray]s z if he _h be5 a god1 & he m>vell$ at ! voices ( a great multitude :o cri$ t ! ,/> ( ,salvation _h dawn$ ^u !m 9 ! ,ea/47#gff7 ,?is may d\btless h be5 no m ?an a fulsome complim5t paid by an obsequi\s ,ori5tal cr[d to ! ,roman emp]or4 ,b x is also possible t ! ris+ ( a bright /> regul>ly gave ! signal = ! fe/ival1 & t z *ance w\ld h x ! /> em]g$ above ! rim ( ! ea/]n horizon at ! v mom5t ( ! emp]or's approa*4 ,! co9cid5ce1 if x happ5$1 c\ld h>dly fail to /rike ! imag9ation ( a sup]/iti\s & excit$ multitude1 :o might !reupon hail ! great man z ! deity ^: com+ 0 ann\nc$ by ! sign 9 ! heav5s4 ,or ! emp]or may h mi/ak5 = a greet+ to himself ! %\ts :i* 7 address$ to ! />4 ,n[ ,a/>te1 ! div9e mi/ress ( ,adonis1 0 id5tifi$ ) ! planet ,v5us1 & h] *anges f a morn+ to an ev5+ /> 7 c>efully not$ by ! ,babylonian a/ronom]s1 :o drew om5s f h] alt]nate appe>ance & disappe>ance47#gfg7 ,h5ce we may conjecture t ! fe/ival ( ,adonis 0 regul>ly tim$ to co9cide ) ! appe>ance ( ,v5us z ! ,morn+ or ,ev5+ ,/>4 ,b ! /> :i* ! p ( ,antio* salut$ at ! fe/ival 0 se5 9 ! ,ea/2 !re=e1 if x 0 inde$ ,v5us1 x c only h be5 ! ,morn+ ,/>4 ,at ,aphaca 9 ,syria1 :]e !re 0 a fam\s temple ( ,a/>te1 ! signal = ! celebration ( ! rites 0 app>5tly giv5 by ! fla%+ ( a meteor1 :i* on a c]ta9 day fell l a /> f ! top ( ,m\nt ,lebanon into ! riv] ,adonis4 ,! meteor 0 ?\ght to be ,a/>te h]self17#gfh7 & its flight ?r\gh ! air might naturally be int]pret$ z ! desc5t ( ! amor\s goddess to ! arms ( h] lov]4 ,at ,antio* & else:]e ! appe>ance ( ! ,morn+ ,/> on ! day ( ! fe/ival may 9 l mann] h be5 hail$ z ! com+ ( ! goddess ( love to wake h] dead leman f 8 e>?y b$4 ,if t 7 s1 we may surmise t x 0 ! ,morn+ ,/> :i* guid$ ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ to ,be?lehem17#gfi7 ! hall[$ spot :i* he>d1 9 ! language ( ,j]ome1 ! weep+ ( ! infant ,*ri/ & ! lam5t = ,adonis4 ,,book ,,second4 ,,attis4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,my? & ,ritual ( ,attis4 7,m#aih7 ,ano!r ( ^? gods ^: suppos$ dea? & resurrection /ruck su* deep roots into ! fai? & ritual ( ,we/]n ,asia is ,attis4 ,he 0 to ,phrygia :at ,adonis 0 to ,syria4 ,l ,adonis1 he appe>s to h be5 a god ( vegetation1 & 8 dea? & resurrection 7 annually m\rn$ & rejoic$ ov] at a fe/ival 9 spr+47#ggj7 ,! leg5ds & rites ( ! two gods 7 s mu* alike t ! anci5ts !mselves sometimes id5tifi$ !m47#gga7 ,attis 0 said to h be5 a fair "y %eph]d or h]dsman belov$ by ,cybele1 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 a great ,asiatic goddess ( f]tility1 :o _h h] *ief home 9 ,phrygia47#ggb7 ,"s held t ,attis 0 h] son47#ggc7 ,8 bir?1 l t ( _m o!r h]oes1 is said to h be5 miracul\s4 ,8 "m1 ,nana1 0 a virg91 :o conceiv$ by putt+ a ripe almond or a pomegranate 9 h] bosom4 ,inde$ 9 ! ,phrygian cosmogony an almond figur$ z ! fa!r ( all ?+s17#ggd7 p]haps because its delicate lilac blossom is "o ( ! fir/ h]alds ( ! spr+1 appe>+ on ! b>e b\ghs be=e ! leaves h op5$4 ,su* tales ( virg9 mo!rs are relics ( an age ( *ildi% ignorance :5 m5 _h n yet recogniz$ ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes z ! true cause ( (fspr+4 ,t ignorance1 /ill %>$ by ! l[e/ ( exi/+ savages1 ! aborig9al tribes ( c5tral ,au/ralia17#gge7 0 d\btless at "o "t univ]sal among mank9d4 ,ev5 9 lat] times1 :5 p are bett] acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( nature1 !y sometimes imag9e t ^! laws may be subject to exceptions1 & t miracul\s be+s may be born 9 miracul\s ways by wom5 :o h nev] kn[n a man4 ,9 ,pale/9e to ?is day x is believ$ t a woman may conceive by a j9nee or by ! _s ( h] dead husb&4 ,!re is1 or 0 lately1 a man at ,nebk :o is curr5tly suppos$ to be ! (fspr+ ( su* a union1 & ! simple folk h nev] suspect$ 8 "m's virtue47#ggf7 ,two diff]5t acc\nts ( ! dea? ( ,attis 7 curr5t4 ,accord+ to ! "o he 0 kill$ by a bo>1 l ,adonis4 ,accord+ to ! o!r he unmann$ himself "u a p9e-tree1 & bl$ to dea? on ! spot4 ,! latt] is said to h be5 ! local /ory told by ! p ( ,pess9us1 a great seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,cybele1 & ! :ole leg5d ( :i* ! /ory =ms a "p is /amp$ ) a "* ( rud5ess & savag]y t speaks /rongly = its antiquity47#ggg7 ,bo? tales might claim ! support ( cu/om1 or r bo? 7 probably inv5t$ to expla9 c]ta9 cu/oms obs]v$ by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,! /ory ( ! self-mutilation ( ,attis is cle>ly an attempt to acc\nt = ! self-mutilation ( 8 prie/s1 :o regul>ly ca/rat$ !mselves on ent]+ ! s]vice ( ! goddess4 ,! /ory ( 8 dea? by ! bo> may h be5 told to expla9 :y 8 wor%ipp]s1 especially ! p ( ,pess9us1 ab/a9$ f eat+ sw9e47#ggh7 ,9 l mann] ! wor%ipp]s ( ,adonis ab/a9$ f pork1 because a bo> _h kill$ _! god47#ggi7 ,aft] 8 dea? ,attis is said to h be5 *ang$ into a p9e-tree47#ghj7 7,m#aii7 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,phrygian ,"m ( ! ,gods 0 adopt$ by ! ,romans 9 #bjd ,b4,c4 t[>ds ! close ( _! long /ruggle ) ,hannibal4 ,= _! droop+ spirits _h be5 opportunely *e]$ by a prophecy1 alleg$ to be drawn f t conv5i5t f>rago ( nons5se1 ! ,sibyll9e ,books1 t ! =eign invad] w\ld be driv5 f ,italy if ! great ,ori5tal goddess 7 br\ght to ,rome4 ,accord+ly ambassadors 7 despat*$ to h] sacr$ city ,pess9us 9 ,phrygia4 ,! small black /one :i* embodi$ ! mighty div9ity 0 entru/$ to !m & convey$ to ,rome1 :]e x 0 receiv$ ) great respect & in/all$ 9 ! temple ( ,victory on ! ,palat9e ,hill4 ,x 0 ! middle ( ,april :5 ! goddess arriv$17#gha7 & %e w5t to "w at once4 ,= ! h>ve/ t ye> 0 su* z _h n be5 se5 = _m a long day17#ghb7 & 9 ! v next ye> ,hannibal & 8 vet]ans emb>k$ = ,africa4 ,z he look$ 8 la/ on ! coa/ ( ,italy1 fad+ beh9d him 9 ! di/ance1 he c\ld n =esee t ,europe1 :i* _h repell$ ! arms1 w\ld yet yield to ! gods1 ( ! ,ori5t4 ,! vangu>d ( ! conqu]ors _h already encamp$ 9 ! he>t ( ,italy be=e ! re>gu>d ( ! beat5 army fell sull5ly back f its %ores4 7,m#bjj7 ,we may conjecture1 ?\gh we are n told1 t ! ,"m ( ! ,gods br\ght ) h] ! wor%ip ( h] y\?ful lov] or son to h] new home 9 ! ,we/4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,romans 7 famili> ) ! ,galli1 ! emasculat$ prie/s ( ,attis1 be=e ! close ( ! ,republic4 ,^! unsex$ be+s1 9 _! ,ori5tal co/ume1 ) little images susp5d$ on _! brea/s1 appe> to h be5 a famili> sight 9 ! /reets ( ,rome1 :i* !y trav]s$ 9 procession1 c>ry+ ! image ( ! goddess & *ant+ _! hymns to ! music ( cymbals & tamb\r9es1 flutes & horns1 :ile ! p1 impress$ by ! fanta/ic %[ & mov$ by ! wild /ra9s1 flung alms to !m 9 abundance1 & buri$ ! image & its be>]s "u %[]s ( roses47#ghc7 ,a fur!r /ep 0 tak5 by ! ,emp]or ,claudius :5 he incorporat$ ! ,phrygian wor%ip ( ! sacr$ tree1 & ) x probably ! orgia/ic rites ( ,attis1 9 ! e/abli%$ religion ( ,rome47#ghd7 ,! great spr+ fe/ival ( ,cybele & ,attis is be/ kn[n to u 9 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 celebrat$ at ,rome2 b z we are in=m$ t ! ,roman c]emonies 7 also ,phrygian17#ghe7 we may assume t !y diff]$ h>dly1 if at all1 f _! ,asiatic orig9al4 ,! ord] ( ! fe/ival seems to h be5 z foll[s47#ghf7 7,m#bja7 ,on ! tw5ty-second day ( ,m>*1 a p9e-tree 0 cut 9 ! woods & br\ght into ! sanctu>y ( ,cybele1 :]e x 0 treat$ z a great1 div9ity4 ,! duty ( c>ry+ ! sacr$ tree 0 entru/$ to a guild ( ,tree-be>]s4 ,! trunk 0 swa!d l a corpse ) wooll5 b&s & deck$ ) wrea?s1 ( violets1 = violets 7 said to h sprung f ! blood ( ,attis1 z roses & anemones f ! blood ( ,adonis2 & ! effigy ( a "y man1 d\btless ,attis himself1 0 ti$ to ! middle ( ! /em47#ghg7 ,on ! second day ( ! fe/ival1 ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,m>*1 ! *ief c]emony seems to h be5 a bl[+ ( trumpets47#ghh7 ,! ?ird day1 ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,m>*1 0 kn[n z ! ,day ( ,blood3 ! ,ar*igallus or high-prie/ drew blood f 8 arms & pres5t$ x z an (f]+47#ghi7 ,nor 0 he alone 9 mak+ ?is bloody sacrifice4 ,/irr$ by ! wild b>b>ic music ( cla%+ cymbals1 rumbl+ drums1 dron+ horns1 & scream+ flutes1 ! inf]ior cl]gy :irl$ ab\t 9 ! dance ) waggl+ heads & /ream+ hair1 until1 rapt into a fr5zy ( excitem5t & ins5sible to pa91 !y ga%$ _! bodies ) pot%]ds or sla%$ !m ) knives 9 ord] to bespatt] ! alt> & ! sacr$ tree ) _! fl[+ blood47#gij7 ,! gha/ly rite probably =m$ "p ( ! m\rn+ = ,attis & may h be5 int5d$ to /r5g!n him = ! resurrection4 ,! ,au/ralian aborig9es cut !mselves 9 l mann] ov] ! graves ( _! fri5ds = ! purpose1 p]haps1 ( enabl+ !m to be born aga947#gia7 ,fur!r1 we may conjecture1 ?\gh we are n expressly told1 t x 0 on ! same ,day ( ,blood & = ! same purpose t ! novices sacrific$ _! virility4 ,wr\ght up to ! highe/ pit* ( religi\s excitem5t !y da%$ ! sev]$ portions ( !mselves aga9/ ! image ( ! cruel goddess4 ,^! brok5 in/rum5ts ( f]tility 7 aft]w>ds rev]5tly wrapt up & buri$ 9 ! e>? or 9 subt]ranean *amb]s sacr$ to ,cybele17#gib7 :]e1 l ! (f]+ ( blood1 !y may h be5 deem$ in/rum5tal 9 recall+ ,attis to life & ha/5+ ! g5]al resurrection ( nature1 :i* 0 !n bur/+ into leaf & blossom 9 ! v]nal sun%9e4 ,"s confirmation ( ?is conjecture is furni%$ by ! savage /ory t ! "m ( ,attis conceiv$ by putt+ 9 h] bosom a pomegranate sprung f ! sev]$ g5itals ( a man-mon/] nam$ ,agde/is1 a sort ( d\ble ( ,attis47#gic7 7,m#bjb7 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is conjectural explanation ( ! cu/om1 we c readily und]/& :y o!r ,asiatic goddesses ( f]tility 7 s]v$ 9 l mann] by eunu* prie/s4 ,^! fem99e deities requir$ to receive f _! male m9i/]s1 :o p]sonat$ ! div9e lov]s1 ! means ( dis*>g+ _! b5efic5t functions3 !y _h !mselves to be impregnat$ by ! life-giv+ en]gy be=e !y c\ld transmit x to ! _w4 ,goddesses ?us m9i/]$ to by eunu* prie/s 7 ! great ,artemis ( ,ephesus7#gid7 & ! great ,syrian ,a/>te ( ,hi]apolis17#gie7 ^: sanctu>y1 frequ5t$ by sw>ms ( pilgrims & enri*$ by ! (f]+s ( ,assyria & ,babylonia1 ( ,arabia & ,pho5icia1 0 p]haps 9 ! days ( its glory ! mo/ popul> 9 ! ,ea/47#gif7 ,n[ ! unsex$ prie/s ( ?is ,syrian goddess resembl$ ^? ( ,cybele s closely t "s p took !m to be ! same47#gig7 ,& ! mode 9 :i* !y d$icat$ !mselves to ! religi\s life 0 simil>4 ,! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ye> at ,hi]apolis fell at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 :5 multitudes ?rong$ to ! sanctu>y f ,syria & ! regions r\nd ab\t4 ,:ile ! flutes play$1 ! drums beat1 & ! eunu* prie/s sla%$ !mselves ) knives1 ! religi\s excitem5t gradually spread l a wave among ! cr[d ( onlook]s1 & _m a "o did t :i* he little ?\ght to d :5 he came z a holiday spectator to ! fe/ival4 ,= man aft] man1 8 ve9s ?robb+ ) ! music1 8 eyes fasc9at$ by ! sight ( ! /ream+ blood1 flung 8 g>m5ts f him1 leap$ =? ) a %\t1 & seiz+ "o ( ! swords :i* /ood ready = ! purpose1 ca/rat$ himself on ! spot4 ,!n he ran ?r\gh ! city1 hold+ ! bloody pieces 9 8 h&1 till he ?rew !m into "o ( ! h\ses :i* he pass$ 9 8 mad c>e]4 ,! h\sehold ?us hon\r$ _h to furni% him ) a suit ( female attire & female ornam5ts1 :i* he wore = ! re/ ( 8 life47#gih7 ,:5 ! tumult ( emotion _h subsid$1 & ! man _h come to himself aga91 ! irrevocable sacrifice mu/ (t5 h be5 foll[$ by passionate sorr[ & lifelong regret4 ,?is revulsion ( natural human feel+ aft] ! fr5zies ( a fanatical religion is p[]fully depict$ by ,catullus 9 a celebrat$ poem47#gii7 7,m#bjc7 ,! p>allel ( ^! ,syrian devotees confirms ! view t 9 ! simil> wor%ip ( ,cybele ! sacrifice ( virility took place on ! ,day ( ,blood at ! v]nal rites ( ! goddess1 :5 ! violets1 suppos$ to spr+ f ! r$ drops ( h] w\nd$ lov]1 7 9 bloom among ! p9es4 ,inde$ ! /ory t ,attis unmann$ himself "u a p9e-tree7#hjj7 0 cle>ly devis$ to expla9 :y 8 prie/s did ! same beside ! sacr$ violet-wrea!d tree at 8 fe/ival4 ,at all ev5ts1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! ,day ( ,blood witness$ ! m\rn+ = ,attis ov] an effigy ( him :i* 0 aft]w>ds buri$47#hja7 ,! image ?us laid 9 ! sepul*re 0 probably ! same :i* _h hung ^u ! tree47#hjb7 ,?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( m\rn+ ! wor%ipp]s fa/$ f bread1 nom9ally because ,cybele _h done s 9 h] grief = ! dea? ( ,attis17#hjc7 b really p]haps = ! same reason :i* induc$ ! wom5 ( ,h>ran to ab/a9 f eat+ any?+ gr\nd 9 a mill :ile !y wept = ,tammuz47#hjd7 ,to p>take ( bread or fl\r at su* a season might h be5 deem$ a wanton pr(anation ( ! bruis$ & brok5 body ( ! god4 ,or ! fa/ may possibly h be5 a prep>ation = a sacram5tal meal47#hje7 7,m#bjd7 ,b :5 night _h fall51 ! sorr[ ( ! wor%ipp]s 0 turn$ to joy4 ,= sudd5ly a light %one 9 ! d>kness3 ! tomb 0 op5$3 ! god _h ris5 f ! dead2 & z ! prie/ t\*$ ! lips ( ! weep+ m\rn]s ) balm1 he s(tly :isp]$ 9 _! e>s ! glad tid+s ( salvation4 ,! resurrection ( ! god 0 hail$ by 8 disciples z a promise t !y too w\ld issue triumphant f ! corruption ( ! grave47#hjf7 ,on ! morr[1 ! tw5ty-fif? day ( ,m>*1 :i* 0 reckon$ ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! div9e resurrection 0 celebrat$ ) a wild outbur/ ( glee4 ,at ,rome1 & probably else:]e1 ! celebration took ! =m ( a c>nival4 ,x 0 ! ,fe/ival ( ,joy 7,hil>ia74 ,a univ]sal lic5ce prevail$4 ,e man might say & d :at he pleas$4 ,p w5t ab\t ! /reets 9 disguise4 ,no dignity 0 too high or too sacr$ = ! humble/ citiz5 to assume ) impunity4 ,9 ! reign ( ,commodus a b& ( conspirators ?\ght to take advantage ( ! masqu]ade by dress+ 9 ! uni=m ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 & s1 m+l+ ) ! cr[d ( m]rymak]s1 to get )9 /abb+ di/ance ( ! emp]or4 ,b ! plot misc>ri$47#hjg7 ,ev5 ! /]n ,alex&] ,sev]us us$ to relax s f> on ! joy\s day z to admit a pheasant to 8 frugal bo>d47#hjh7 ,! next day1 ! tw5ty-six? ( ,m>*1 0 giv5 to repose1 :i* mu/ h be5 mu* ne$$ aft] ! v>i$ excitem5ts & fatigues ( ! prec$+ days47#hji7 ,f9ally1 ! ,roman fe/ival clos$ on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,m>* ) a procession to ! brook ,almo4 ,! silv] image ( ! goddess1 ) its face ( jagg$ black /one1 sat 9 a wagon drawn by ox54 ,prec$$ by ! nobles walk+ b>efoot1 x mov$ sl[ly1 to ! l\d music ( pipes & tamb\r9es1 out by ! ,porta ,cap5a1 & s d[n to ! banks ( ! ,almo1 :i* fl[s into ! ,tib] j bel[ ! walls ( ,rome4 ,!re ! high-prie/1 rob$ 9 purple1 wa%$ ! wagon1 ! image1 & ! o!r sacr$ objects 9 ! wat] ( ! /ream4 ,on return+ f _! ba?1 ! wa9 & ! ox5 7 /rewn ) fre% spr+ fl[]s4 ,all 0 mir? & gaiety4 ,no "o ?\ght ( ! blood t _h fl[$ s lately4 ,ev5 ! eunu* prie/s =got _! w\nds47#haj7 7,m#bje7 ,su*1 !n1 appe>s to h be5 ! annual solemnization ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,attis 9 spr+4 ,b besides ^! public rites1 8 wor%ip is kn[n to h compris$ c]ta9 secret or my/ic c]emonies1 :i* probably aim$ at br++ ! wor%ipp]1 & especially ! novice1 into clos] communication ) 8 god4 ,our in=mation z to ! nature ( ^! my/]ies & ! date ( _! celebration is un=tunately v scanty1 b !y seem to h includ$ a sacram5tal meal & a baptism ( blood4 ,9 ! sacram5t ! novice became a p>tak] ( ! my/]ies by eat+ out ( a drum & dr9k+ out ( a cymbal1 two in/rum5ts ( music :i* figur$ prom95tly 9 ! ?rill+ or*e/ra ( ,attis47#haa7 ,! fa/ :i* accompani$ ! m\rn+ = ! dead god7#hab7 may p]haps h be5 design$ to prep>e ! body ( ! communicant = ! reception ( ! bless$ sacram5t by purg+ x ( all t c\ld defile by contact ! sacr$ elem5ts47#hac7 ,9 ! baptism ! devotee1 cr[n$ ) gold & wrea!d ) fillets1 desc5d$ into a pit1 ! m\? ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) a wood5 grat+4 ,a bull1 adorn$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s1 its =ehead glitt]+ ) gold leaf1 0 !n driv5 on to ! grat+ & !re /abb$ to dea? ) a consecrat$ spe>4 ,its hot reek+ blood p\r$ 9 torr5ts ?r\gh ! ap]tures1 & 0 receiv$ ) dev\t eag]ness by ! wor%ipp] on e "p ( 8 p]son & g>m5ts1 till he em]g$ f ! pit1 dr5*$1 dripp+1 & sc>let f head to foot1 to receive ! homage1 nay ! adoration1 ( 8 fell[s z "o :o _h be5 born aga9 to et]nal life & _h wa%$ away 8 s9s 9 ! blood ( ! bull47#had7 ,= "s "t aft]w>ds ! fiction ( a new bir? 0 kept up by diet+ him on milk l a new-born babe47#hae7 ,! reg5]ation ( ! wor%ipp] took place at ! same "t z ! reg5]ation ( 8 god1 namely at ! v]nal equ9ox47#haf7 ,at ,rome ! new bir? & ! remission ( s9s by ! %$d+ ( bull's blood appe> to h be5 c>ri$ out above all at ! sanctu>y ( ! ,phrygian goddess on ! ,vatican ,hill1 at or ne> ! spot :]e ! great basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]'s n[ /&s2 = _m inscriptions relat+ to ! rites 7 f\nd :5 ! *ur* 0 be+ enl>g$ 9 #afjh or #afji47hag7 ,f ! ,vatican z a c5tre ?is b>b>\s sy/em ( sup]/ition seems to h spread to o!r p>ts ( ! ,roman empire4 ,inscriptions f\nd 9 ,gaul & ,g]many prove t prov9cial sanctu>ies modell$ _! ritual on t ( ! ,vatican47#hah7 ,f ! same s\rce we le>n t ! te/icles z well z ! blood ( ! bull play$ an important "p 9 ! c]emonies47#hai7 ,probably !y 7 reg>d$ z a p[]ful *>m to promote f]tility & ha/5 ! new bir?4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,attis ,z a ,god ( ,vegetation4 7,m#bjf7 ,! orig9al "* ( ,attis z a tree-_s is br\ght out pla9ly by ! "p :i* ! p9e-tree plays 9 8 leg5d1 8 ritual1 & 8 monum5ts47#hbj7 ,! /ory t he 0 a human be+ trans=m$ into a p9e-tree is only "o ( ^? transp>5t attempts at rationaliz+ old beliefs :i* meet u s frequ5tly 9 my?ology4 ,! br++ 9 ( ! p9e-tree f ! woods1 deck$ ) violets & wooll5 b&s1 is l br++ 9 ! ,may-tree or ,summ]-tree 9 mod]n folk-cu/om2 & ! effigy :i* 0 atta*$ to ! p9e-tree 0 only a duplicate repres5tative ( ! tree-_s ,attis4 ,aft] be+ fa/5$ to ! tree1 ! effigy 0 kept = a ye> & !n burn$47#hba7 ,! same ?+ appe>s to h be5 sometimes done ) ! ,may-pole2 & 9 l mann] ! effigy ( ! corn-_s1 made at h>ve/1 is (t5 pres]v$ till x is replac$ by a new effigy at next ye>'s h>ve/47#hbb7 ,! orig9al int5tion ( su* cu/oms 0 no d\bt to ma9ta9 ! _s ( vegetation 9 life ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,:y ! ,phrygians %\ld h wor%ipp$ ! p9e above o!r trees we c only guess4 ,p]haps ! sight ( its *angeless1 ?\gh sombre1 gre5 cre/+ ! ridges ( ! high hills above ! fad+ spl5d\r ( ! autumn woods 9 ! valleys may h seem$ to _! eyes to m>k x out z ! seat ( a div9] life1 ( some?+ exempt f ! sad vicissitudes ( ! seasons1 con/ant & et]nal z ! sky :i* /oop$ to meet x4 ,= ! same reason1 p]haps1 ivy 0 sacr$ to ,attis2 at all ev5ts1 we read t 8 eunu* prie/s 7 tattoo$ ) a patt]n ( ivy leaves47#hbc7 ,ano!r reason = ! sanctity ( ! p9e may h be5 its usefulness4 ,! cones ( ! /one-p9e conta9 edible nut-l se$s1 :i* h be5 us$ z food s9ce antiquity1 & are /ill eat51 = example1 by ! poor] classes 9 ,rome47#hbd7 ,moreov]1 a w9e 0 brew$ f ^! se$s17#hbe7 & ?is may p>tly acc\nt = ! orgia/ic nature ( ! rites ( ,cybele1 :i* ! anci5ts comp>$ to ^? ( ,dionysus47#hbf7 ,fur!r1 p9e-cones 7 reg>d$ z symbols or r in/rum5ts ( f]tility4 ,h5ce at ! fe/ival ( ! ,!smophoria !y 7 ?r[n1 along ) pigs & o!r ag5ts or emblems ( fecundity1 into ! sacr$ vaults ( ,demet] = ! purpose ( quick5+ ! gr\nd & ! wombs ( wom547#hbg7 7,m#bjg7 ,l tree-spirits 9 g5]al1 ,attis 0 app>5tly ?\ght to wield p[] ov] ! fruits ( ! e>? or ev5 to be id5tical ) ! corn4 ,"o ( 8 epi!ts 0 8v fruitful03 he 0 address$ z ! 8reap$ gre5 7or yell[7 e> ( corn02 & ! /ory ( 8 suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection 0 int]pret$ z ! ripe gra9 w\nd$ by ! reap]1 buri$ 9 ! gran>y1 & com+ to life aga9 :5 x is s[n 9 ! gr\nd47#hbh7 ,a /atue ( him 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum at ,rome cle>ly indicates 8 relation to ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & p>ticul>ly to ! corn2 = x repres5ts him ) a bun* ( e>s ( corn & fruit 9 8 h&1 & a wrea? ( p9e-cones1 pomegranates1 & o!r fruits on 8 head1 :ile f ! top ( 8 ,phrygian cap e>s ( corn are spr\t+47#hbi7 ,on a /one urn1 :i* conta9$ ! a%es ( an ,ar*igallus or high-prie/ ( ,attis1 ! same idea is express$ 9 a slightly diff]5t way4 ,! top ( ! urn is adorn$ ) e>s ( corn c>v$ 9 relief1 & x is surm\nt$ by ! figure ( a cock1 ^: tail consi/s ( e>s ( corn47#hcj7 ,cybele 9 l mann] 0 conceiv$ z a goddess ( f]tility :o c\ld make or m> ! fruits ( ! e>?2 = ! p ( ,augu/odunum 7,autun7 9 ,gaul us$ to c>t h] image ab\t 9 a wagon = ! good ( ! fields & v9ey>ds1 :ile !y danc$ & sang be=e x17#hca7 & we h se5 t 9 ,italy an unusually f9e h>ve/ 0 attribut$ to ! rec5t arrival ( ! ,great ,"m47#hcb7 ,! ba?+ ( ! image ( ! goddess 9 a riv] may well h be5 a ra9-*>m to ensure an abundant supply ( moi/ure = ! crops4 ,or p]haps1 z ,mr4 ,hepd+ has sugge/$1 ! union ( ,cybele & ,attis1 l t ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis1 0 dramatically repres5t$ at ! fe/ival1 & ! subsequ5t ba? ( ! goddess 0 a c]emonial purification ( ! bride1 su* z is (t5 obs]v$ at human m>riages47#hcc7 ,9 l mann] ,aphrodite is said to h ba!d aft] h] union ) ,adonis17#hcd7 & s did ,demet] aft] h] int]c\rse ) ,poseidon47#hce7 ,h]a wa%$ 9 ! spr+s ( ! riv] ,burrha aft] h] m>riage ) ,zeus27#hcf7 & e ye> %e recov]$ h] virg9ity by ba?+ 9 ! spr+ ( ,cana?us47#hcg7 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! rules ( diet obs]v$ by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,cybele & ,attis at _! solemn fa/s are cle>ly dictat$ by a belief t ! div9e life ( ^! deities manife/$ itself 9 ! fruits ( ! e>?1 & especially 9 su* ( !m z are actually hidd5 by ! soil4 ,= :ile ! devotees 7 all[$ to p>take ( fle%1 ?\gh n ( pork or fi%1 !y 7 =bidd5 to eat se$s & ! roots ( vegetables1 b !y might eat ! /alks & upp] p>ts ( ! plants47#hch7 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,attis ,z ,! ,fa!r ,god4 7,m#bjh7 ,! "n ,attis appe>s to mean simply 8fa!r407#hci7 ,?is explanation1 sugge/$ by etymology1 is confirm$ by ! obs]vation t ano!r "n = ,attis 0 ,papas27#hdj7 = ,papas has all ! appe>ance ( be+ a common =m ( t ^w = 8fa!r0 :i* occurs indep5d5tly 9 _m di/9ct families ( spee* all ! _w ov]4 ,simil>ly ! "m ( ,attis 0 nam$ ,nana17#hda7 :i* is itself a =m ( ! _w-wide ^w = 8"m40 8,! imm5se li/ ( su* words collect$ by ,bus*mann %[s t ! types pa & ta1 ) ! simil> =ms ap & at1 prepond]ate 9 ! _w z names = #8fa!r1' :ile ma & na1 am & an1 prepond]ate z names = #8"m4' 07#hdb7 7,m#bji7 ,?us ! "m ( ,attis is only ano!r =m ( 8 div9e mi/ress ! great ,"m ,goddess17#hdc7 & we are br\ght back to ! my? t ! lov]s 7 "m & son4 ,! /ory t ,nana conceiv$ miracul\sly )\t comm]ce ) ! o!r sex %[s t ! ,"m ,goddess ( ,phrygia h]self 0 view$1 l o!r goddesses ( ! same primitive type1 z a ,virg9 ,"m47#hdd7 ,t view ( h] "* does n re/ on a p]v]se & mis*iev\s !ory t virg9ity is m hon\rable ?an matrimony4 ,x is d]iv$1 z ,i h already indicat$1 f a /ate ( savag]y 9 :i* ! m]e fact ( pat]nity 0 unkn[n4 ,t expla9s :y 9 lat] times1 long aft] ! true nature ( pat]nity _h be5 asc]ta9$1 ! ,fa!r ,god 0 (t5 a mu* less important p]sonage 9 my?ology ?an 8 div9e p>tn] ! ,"m ,goddess4 ,) reg>d to ,attis 9 8 pat]nal "* x des]ves to be notic$ t ! ,bi?ynians us$ to asc5d to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s & !re call ^u him "u ! "n ( ,papas4 ,! cu/om is atte/$ by ,arrian17#hde7 :o z a native ( ,bi?ynia mu/ h _h good opportunities ( obs]v+ x4 ,we may p]haps inf] f x t ! ,bi?ynians conceiv$ ,attis z a sky-god or heav5ly fa!r1 l ,zeus1 ) :om inde$ ,arrian id5tifies him4 ,if t 7 s1 ! /ory ( ! loves ( ,attis & ,cybele1 ! ,fa!r ,god & ! ,"m ,goddess1 might be 9 "o ( its aspects a p>ticul> v]sion ( ! widespread my? :i* repres5ts ,"m ,e>? f]tiliz$ by ,fa!r ,sky27#hdf7 &1 fur!r1 ! /ory ( ! emasculation ( ,attis w\ld be p>allel to ! ,greek leg5d t ,cronus ca/rat$ 8 fa!r1 ! old sky-god ,uranus17#hdg7 & 0 himself 9 turn ca/rat$ by 8 own son1 ! y\ng] sky-god ,zeus47#hdh7 ,! tale ( ! mutilation ( ! sky-god by 8 son has be5 plausibly expla9$ z a my? ( ! viol5t sep>ation ( ! e>? & sky1 :i* "s races1 = example ! ,polynesians1 suppose to h orig9ally clasp$ ea* o!r 9 a close embrace47#hdi7 ,yet x seems unlikely t an ord] ( eunu* prie/s l ! ,galli %\ld h be5 bas$ on a purely cosmogonic my?3 :y %\ld !y cont9ue = all "t to be mutilat$ because ! sky-god 0 s 9 ! beg9n+8 ,! cu/om ( ca/ration mu/ surely h be5 design$ to meet a con/antly recurr+ ne$1 n m]ely to reflect a my?ical ev5t :i* happ5$ at ! creation ( ! _w4 ,su* a ne$ is ! ma9t5ance ( ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 annually imp]ill$ by ! *anges ( ! seasons4 ,yet ! !ory t ! mutilation ( ! prie/s ( ,attis & ! burial ( ! sev]$ p>ts 7 design$ to f]tilize ! gr\nd may p]haps be reconcil$ ) ! cosmogonic my? if we rememb] ! old op9ion1 held app>5tly by _m peoples1 t ! creation ( ! _w is ye> by ye> repeat$ 9 t great trans=mation :i* dep5ds ultimately on ! annual increase ( ! sun's heat47#hej7 ,h[ev]1 ! evid5ce = ! cele/ial aspect ( ,attis is too slight to all[ u to speak ) any confid5ce on ?is subject4 ,a trace ( t aspect appe>s to survive 9 ! />-spangl$ cap :i* he is said to h receiv$ f ,cybele17#hea7 & :i* is figur$ on "s monum5ts suppos$ to repres5t him47#heb7 ,8 id5tification ) ! ,phrygian moon-god ,m5 ,tyrannus7#hec7 po9ts 9 ! same direction1 b is probably due r to ! religi\s speculation ( a lat] age ?an to g5u9e popul> tradition47#hed7 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,human ,repres5tatives ( ,attis4 7,m#baj7 ,f inscriptions x appe>s t bo? at ,pess9us & ,rome ! high-prie/ ( ,cybele regul>ly bore ! "n ( ,attis47#hee7 ,x is !re=e a reasonable conjecture t he play$ ! "p ( 8 namesake1 ! leg5d>y ,attis1 at ! annual fe/ival47#hef7 ,we h se5 t on ! ,day ( ,blood he drew blood f 8 arms1 & ?is may h be5 an imitation ( ! self-inflict$ dea? ( ,attis "u ! p9e-tree4 ,x is n inconsi/5t ) ?is supposition t ,attis 0 also repres5t$ at ^! c]emonies by an effigy2 = in/ances c be %[n 9 :i* ! div9e be+ is fir/ repres5t$ by a liv+ p]son & aft]w>ds by an effigy1 :i* is !n burn$ or o!rwise de/roy$47#heg7 ,p]haps we may g a /ep f>!r & conjecture t ?is mimic kill+ ( ! prie/1 accompani$ by a real effusion ( 8 blood1 0 9 ,phrygia1 z x has be5 else:]e1 a sub/itute = a human sacrifice :i* 9 e>li] times 0 actually (f]$4 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ^: au?ority on all que/ions relat+ to ,phrygia no "o w dispute1 is ( op9ion t at ^! ,phrygian c]emonies 8! repres5tative ( ! god 0 probably sla9 ea* ye> by a cruel dea?1 j z ! god himself di$407#heh7 ,we "k f ,/rabo7#hei7 t ! prie/s ( ,pess9us 7 at "o "t pot5tates z well z prie/s2 !y may1 !re=e1 h belong$ to t class ( div9e k+s or popes ^: duty x 0 to die ea* ye> = _! p & ! _w4 ,! "n ( ,attis1 x is true1 does n occur among ! names ( ! old k+s ( ,phrygia1 :o seem to h borne ! names ( ,midas & ,gordias 9 alt]nate g5]ations2 b a v anci5t inscription c>v$ 9 ! rock above a fam\s ,phrygian monum5t1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,tomb ( ,midas1 records t ! monum5t 0 made =1 or d$icat$ to1 ,k+ ,midas by a c]ta9 ,ates1 ^: "n is d\btless id5tical ) ,attis1 & :o1 if n a k+ himself1 may h be5 "o ( ! royal family47#hfj7 ,x is wor?y ( note also t ! "n ,atys1 :i*1 aga91 appe>s to be only ano!r =m ( ,attis1 is record$ z t ( an e>ly k+ ( ,lydia27#hfa7 & t a son ( ,croesus1 k+ ( ,lydia1 n only bore ! "n ,atys b 0 said to h be5 kill$1 :ile he 0 hunt+ a bo>1 by a memb] ( ! royal ,phrygian family1 :o trac$ 8 l9eage to ,k+ ,midas & _h fl$ to ! c\rt ( ,croesus because he _h unwitt+ly sla9 8 own bro!r47#hfb7 ,s*ol>s h recogniz$ 9 ?is /ory ( ! dea? ( ,atys1 son ( ,croesus1 a m]e d\ble ( ! my? ( ,attis27#hfc7 & 9 view ( ! facts :i* h come be=e u 9 ! pres5t inquiry7#hfd7 x is a rem>kable circum/ance t ! my? ( a sla9 god %\ld be told ( a k+'s son4 ,may we conjecture t ! ,phrygian prie/s :o bore ! "n ( ,attis & repres5t$ ! god ( t "n 7 !mselves memb]s1 p]haps ! elde/ sons1 ( ! royal h\se1 to :om _! fa!rs1 uncles1 bro!rs1 or o!r k9sm5 deput$ ! hon\r ( dy+ a viol5t dea? 9 ! "* ( gods1 :ile !y res]v$ to !mselves ! duty ( liv+1 z long z nature all[$ !m1 9 ! humbl] "* ( k+s8 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! ,phrygian dyna/y ( ,midas may h pres5t$ a close p>allel to ! ,greek dyna/y ( ,a?amas1 9 :i* ! elde/ sons seem to h be5 regul>ly de/9$ to ! alt>47#hfe7 ,b x is also possible t ! div9e prie/s :o bore ! "n ( ,attis may h belong$ to t indig5\s race :i* ! ,phrygians1 on _! irruption into ,asia f ,europe1 appe> to h f\nd & conqu]$ 9 ! l& aft]w>ds kn[n z ,phrygia47#hff7 ,on ! latt] hypo!sis ! prie/s may h repres5t$ an old] & high] civilization ?an t ( _! b>b>\s conqu]ors4 ,be t z x may1 ! god !y p]sonat$ 0 a deity ( vegetation ^: div9e life manife/$ itself especially 9 ! p9e-tree & ! violets ( spr+2 & if !y di$ 9 ! "* ( t div9ity1 !y correspond$ to ! mumm]s :o are /ill sla9 9 mimicry by ,european peasants 9 spr+1 & to ! prie/ :o 0 sla9 long ago 9 grim e>ne/ on ! wood$ %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,nemi4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,hang$ ,god4 7,m#baa7 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! old repres5tatives ( ! deity 7 put to dea? is p]haps pres]v$ 9 ! fam\s /ory ( ,m>syas4 ,he 0 said to be a ,phrygian satyr or ,sil5us1 accord+ to o!rs a %eph]d or h]dsman1 :o play$ sweetly on ! flute4 ,a fri5d ( ,cybele1 he roam$ ! c\ntry ) ! disconsolate goddess to soo! h] grief = ! dea? ( ,attis47#hfg7 ,! composition ( ! ,"m's ,air1 a tune play$ on ! flute 9 hon\r ( ! ,great ,"m ,goddess1 0 attribut$ to him by ! p ( ,cela5ae 9 ,phrygia47#hfh7 ,va9 ( 8 skill1 he *all5g$ ,apollo to a musical conte/1 he to play on ! flute & ,apollo on ! lyre4 ,be+ vanqui%$1 ,m>syas 0 ti$ up to a p9e-tree & flay$ or cut limb f limb ei!r by ! victori\s ,apollo or by a ,scy?ian slave47#hfi7 ,8 sk9 0 %[n at ,cela5ae 9 hi/orical times4 ,x hung at ! foot ( ! citadel 9 a cave f :i* ! riv] ,m>syas ru%$ ) an impetu\s & noisy tide to jo9 ! ,mae&]47#hgj7 ,s ! ,adonis bur/s full-born f ! precipices ( ! ,lebanon2 s ! blue riv] ( ,ibreez leaps 9 a cry/al jet f ! r$ rocks ( ! ,taurus2 s ! /ream1 :i* n[ rumbles deep und]gr\nd1 us$ to gleam = a mom5t on its passage f d>kness to d>kness 9 ! dim light ( ! ,corycian cave4 ,9 all ^! copi\s f\nta9s1 ) _! glad promise ( f]tility & life1 m5 ( old saw ! h& ( ,god & wor%ipp$ him beside ! ru%+ riv] ) ! music ( its tumbl+ wat]s 9 _! e>s4 ,at ,cela5ae1 if we c tru/ tradition1 ! pip] ,m>syas1 hang+ 9 8 cave1 _h a s\l = h>mony ev5 9 dea?2 = x is said t at ! s\nd ( 8 native ,phrygian melodies ! sk9 ( ! dead satyr us$ to ?rill1 b t if ! musician /ruck up an air 9 praise ( ,apollo x rema9$ deaf & motionless47#hga7 7,m#bab7 ,9 ?is ,phrygian satyr1 %eph]d1 or h]dsman :o enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,cybele1 practis$ ! music s *>act]i/ic ( h] rites17#hgb7 & di$ a viol5t dea? on h] sacr$ tree1 ! p9e1 may we n detect a close resemblance to ,attis1 ! fav\rite %eph]d or h]dsman ( ! goddess1 :o is himself describ$ z a pip]17#hgc7 is said to h p]i%$ "u a p9e-tree1 & 0 annually repres5t$ by an effigy hung1 l ,m>syas1 ^u a p9e8 ,we may conjecture t 9 old days ! prie/ :o bore ! "n & play$ ! "p ( ,attis at ! spr+ fe/ival ( ,cybele 0 regul>ly hang$ or o!rwise sla9 ^u ! sacr$ tree1 & t ?is b>b>\s cu/om 0 aft]w>ds mitigat$ into ! =m 9 :i* x is kn[n to u 9 lat] times1 :5 ! prie/ m]ely drew blood f 8 body "u ! tree & atta*$ an effigy in/ead ( himself to its trunk4 ,9 ! holy grove at ,upsala m5 & animals 7 sacrific$ by be+ hang$ ^u ! sacr$ trees47#hgd7 ,! human victims d$icat$ to ,od9 7 regul>ly put to dea? by hang+ or by a comb9ation ( hang+ & /abb+1 ! man be+ /rung up to a tree or a gall[s & !n w\nd$ ) a spe>4 ,h5ce ,od9 0 call$ ! ,"l ( ! ,gall[s or ! ,god ( ! ,hang$1 & he is repres5t$ sitt+ "u a gall[s tree47#hge7 ,inde$ he is said to h be5 sacrific$ to himself 9 ! ord9>y way1 z we le>n f ! weird v]ses ( ! ,havamal1 9 :i* ! god describes h[ he acquir$ 8 div9e p[] by le>n+ ! magic runes3 8,i "k t ,i hung on ! w9dy tree ,= n9e :ole nights1 ,w\nd$ ) ! spe>1 d$icat$ to ,od91 ,myself to myself407#hgf7 ,! ,bagobos ( ,m9danao1 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 us$ annually to sacrifice human victims = ! good ( ! crops 9 a simil> way4 ,e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 :5 ! con/ellation ,orion appe>$ at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ! p knew t ! "t _h come to cle> _! fields = s[+ & to sacrifice a slave4 ,! sacrifice 0 pres5t$ to c]ta9 p[]ful spirits z paym5t = ! good ye> :i* ! p _h enjoy$1 & to ensure ! fav\r ( ! spirits = ! com+ season4 ,! victim 0 l$ to a great tree 9 ! =e/2 !re he 0 ti$ ) 8 back to ! tree & 8 arms /ret*$ high above 8 head1 9 ! attitude 9 :i* anci5t arti/s portray$ ,m>syas hang+ on ! fatal tree4 ,:ile he ?us hung by ! arms1 he 0 sla9 by a spe> ?ru/ ?r\gh 8 body at ! level ( ! armpits4 ,aft]w>ds ! body 0 cut clean ?r\gh ! middle at ! wai/1 & ! upp] "p 0 app>5tly all[$ to dangle = a little f ! tree1 :ile ! "u "p wall[$ 9 blood on ! gr\nd4 ,! two portions 7 f9ally ca/ into a %all[ tr5* beside ! tree4 ,be=e ?is 0 done1 anybody :o wi%$ might cut (f a piece ( fle% or a lock ( hair f ! corpse & c>ry x to ! grave ( "s relation ^: body 0 be+ consum$ by a gh\l4 ,attract$ by ! fre% corpse1 ! gh\l w\ld leave ! m\ld]+ old body 9 peace4 ,^! sacrifices h be5 (f]$ by m5 n[ liv+47#hgg7 7,m#bac7 ,9 ,greece ! great goddess ,artemis h]self appe>s to h be5 annually hang$ 9 effigy 9 h] sacr$ grove ( ,condylea among ! ,arcadian hills1 & !re accord+ly %e w5t by ! "n ( ! ,hang$ ,"o47#hgh7 ,inde$ a trace ( a simil> rite may p]haps be detect$ ev5 at ,ephesus1 ! mo/ fam\s ( h] sanctu>ies1 9 ! leg5d ( a woman :o hang$ h]self & 0 !reupon dress$ by ! compassionate goddess 9 h] own div9e g>b & call$ by ! "n ( ,hecate47#hgi7 ,simil>ly1 at ,melite 9 ,ph?ia1 a /ory 0 told ( a girl nam$ ,aspalis :o hang$ h]self1 b :o appe>s to h be5 m]ely a =m ( ,artemis4 ,= aft] h] dea? h] body c\ld n be f\nd1 b an image ( h] 0 discov]$ /&+ beside ! image ( ,artemis1 & ! p be/[$ on x ! title ( ,heca]ge or ,f>-%oot]1 "o ( ! regul> epi!ts ( ! goddess4 ,e ye> ! virg9s sacrific$ a "y goat to ! image by hang+ x1 because ,a/ypalis 0 said to h hang$ h]self47#hhj7 ,! sacrifice may h be5 a sub/itute = hang+ an image or a human repres5tative ( ,artemis4 ,aga91 9 ,rhodes ! fair ,hel5 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! title ( ,hel5 ( ! ,tree1 because ! que5 ( ! isl& _h caus$ h] h&maids1 disguis$ z ,furies1 to /r+ h] up to a b\gh47#hha7 ,t ! ,asiatic ,greeks sacrific$ animals 9 ?is fa%ion is prov$ by co9s ( ,ilium1 :i* repres5t an ox or c[ hang+ on a tree & /abb$ ) a knife by a man1 :o sits among ! bran*es or on ! animal's back47#hhb7 ,at ,hi]apolis also ! victims 7 hung on trees be=e !y 7 burnt47#hhc7 ,) ^! ,greek & ,sc&9avian p>allels be=e u we c h>dly dismiss z :olly improbable ! conjecture t 9 ,phrygia a man-god may h hung ye> by ye> on ! sacr$ b fatal tree4 7,m#bad7 ,! tradition t ,m>syas 0 flay$ & t 8 sk9 0 exhibit$ at ,cela5ae d[n to hi/orical times may well reflect a ritual practice ( flay+ ! dead god & hang+ 8 sk9 ^u ! p9e z a means ( effect+ 8 resurrection1 & ) x ! revival ( vegetation 9 spr+4 ,simil>ly1 9 anci5t ,mexico ! human victims :o p]sonat$ gods 7 (t5 flay$ & _! bloody sk9s worn by m5 :o appe> to h repres5t$ ! dead deities come to life aga947#hhd7 ,:5 a ,scy?ian k+ di$1 he 0 buri$ 9 a grave along ) "o ( 8 concub9es1 8 cup-be>]1 cook1 groom1 lacquey1 & mess5g]1 :o 7 all kill$ = ! purpose1 & a great b>r[ 0 heap$ up ov] ! grave4 ,a ye> aft]w>ds fifty ( 8 s]vants & fifty ( 8 be/ horses 7 /rangl$2 & _! bodies1 hav+ be5 disemb[ell$ & clean$ out1 7 /uff$ ) *aff1 sewn up1 & set on scaffolds r\nd ab\t ! b>r[1 e dead man be/rid+ a dead horse1 :i* 0 bitt$ & bridl$ z 9 life47#hhe7 ,^! /range horsem5 7 no d\bt suppos$ to m\nt gu>d ov] ! k+4 ,! sett+ up ( _! /uff$ sk9s might be ?\ght to ensure _! gho/ly resurrection4 7,m#bae7 ,t "s su* notion 0 ent]ta9$ by ! ,scy?ians is made probable by ! acc\nt :i* ! m$iaeval travell] de ,plano ,c>p9i gives ( ! fun]al cu/oms ( ! ,mongols4 ,! travell] tells u t :5 a noble ,mongol di$1 ! cu/om 0 to bury him seat$ 9 ! middle ( a t5t1 along ) a horse saddl$ & bridl$1 & a m>e & h] foal4 ,also !y us$ to eat ano!r horse1 /uff ! c>case ) /raw1 & set x up on poles4 ,all ?is !y did 9 ord] t 9 ! o!r _w ! dead man might h a t5t to live 91 a m>e to yield milk1 & a /e$ to ride1 & t he might be able to bre$ horses4 ,moreov]1 ! bones ( ! horse :i* !y ate 7 burn$ = ! good ( 8 s\l47#hhf7 ,:5 ! ,arab travell] ,ibn ,batuta visit$ ,pek+ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 he witness$ ! fun]al ( an emp]or ( ,*9a :o _h be5 kill$ 9 battle4 ,! dead sov]eign 0 buri$ along ) f\r "y female slaves & six gu>ds 9 a vault1 & an imm5se m\nd l a hill 0 pil$ ov] him4 ,f\r horses 7 !n made to run r\nd ! hillock till !y c\ld run no long]1 aft] :i* !y 7 kill$1 impal$1 & set up beside ! tomb47#hhg7 ,:5 an ,indian ( ,patagonia dies1 he is buri$ 9 a pit along ) "s ( 8 prop]ty4 ,aft]w>ds 8 fav\rite horse1 hav+ be5 kill$1 sk9n$1 & /uff$1 is propp$ up on /icks ) its head turn$ t[>ds ! grave4 ,at ! fun]al ( a *ief f\r horses are sacrific$1 & "o is set up at ea* corn] ( ! burial-place4 ,! clo!s & o!r effects ( ! deceas$ are burn$2 & to conclude all1 a fea/ is made ( ! horses' fle%47#hhh7 ,! ,scy?ians c]ta9ly believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? & 9 ! possibility ( turn+ x to acc\nt4 ,?is is prov$ by ! practice ( "o ( _! tribes1 ! ,taurians ( ! ,crimea1 :o us$ to cut (f ! heads ( _! prison]s & set !m on poles ov] _! h\ses1 especially ov] ! *imneys1 9 ord] t ! spirits ( ! sla9 m5 might gu>d ! dwell+s47#hhi7 ,"s ( ! savages ( ,borneo allege a simil> reason = _! fav\rite cu/om ( tak+ human heads4 8,! cu/om10 said a ,kayan *ief1 8is n horrible4 ,x is an anci5t cu/om1 a good1 b5efic5t cu/om1 bequea!d to u by our fa!rs & our fa!rs' fa!rs2 x br+s u bless+s1 pl5tiful h>ve/s1 & keeps (f sickness & pa9s4 ,^? :o 7 once our enemies1 h]eby become our gu>dians1 our fri5ds1 our b5efactors407#hij7 ,?us to conv]t dead foes into fri5ds & allies all t is necess>y is to fe$ & o!rwise propitiate _! skulls at a fe/ival :5 !y are br\ght into ! village4 8,an (f]+ ( food is made to ! heads1 & _! spirits1 be+ ?us appeas$1 cease to ent]ta9 malice aga9/1 or to seek to inflict injury ^u1 ^? :o h got possession ( ! skull :i* =m]ly adorn$ ! n[ =sak5 body407#hia7 ,:5 ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,s>awak return home successful f a head-hunt+ exp$ition1 !y br+ ! head a%ore ) mu* c]emony1 wrapt 9 palm leaves4 8,on %ore & 9 ! village1 ! head1 = mon?s aft] its arrival1 is treat$ ) ! greate/ consid]ation1 & all ! names & t]ms ( ende>m5t ( :i* _! language is capable are abundantly lavi%$ on x2 ! mo/ da9ty morsels1 cull$ f _! abundant ?\gh inelegant repa/1 are ?ru/ into its m\?1 & x is in/ruct$ to hate its =m] fri5ds1 & t1 hav+ be5 n[ adopt$ into ! tribe ( its captors1 its _s mu/ be always ) !m2 sirih leaves & betel-nut are giv5 to x1 & f9ally a cig> is frequ5tly plac$ betwe5 its gha/ly & pallid lips4 ,none ( ?is disgu/+ mock]y is p]=m$ ) ! int5tion ( ridicule1 b all to propitiate ! _s by k9dness1 & to procure its good wi%es = ! tribe1 ( :om x is n[ suppos$ to h become a memb]407#hib7 ,among/ ^! ,dyaks ! 8,head-,fea/10 :i* has be5 j describ$1 is suppos$ to be ! mo/ b5eficial 9 its influ5ce ( all _! fea/s & c]emonies4 8,! object ( !m all is to make _! rice gr[ well1 to cause ! =e/ to ab\nd ) wild animals1 to enable _! dogs & sn>es to be successful 9 secur+ game1 to h ! /reams sw>m ) fi%1 to give heal? & activity to ! p !mselves1 & to ensure f]tility to _! wom54 ,all ^! bless+s1 ! possess+ & fea/+ ( a fre% head are suppos$ to be ! mo/ effici5t means ( secur+4 ,! v gr\nd itself is believ$ to be b5efit$ & r5d]$ f]tile1 m f]tile ev5 ?an :5 ! wat] 9 :i* fragm5ts ( gold pres5t$ by ! ,rajah h be5 wa%$1 has be5 spr9kl$ ov] x407#hic7 7,m#baf7 ,9 l mann]1 if my conjecture is "r1 ! man :o repres5t$ ! fa!r-god ( ,phrygia us$ to be sla9 & 8 /uff$ sk9 hung on ! sacr$ p9e 9 ord] t 8 _s might "w = ! gr[? ( ! crops1 ! multiplication ( animals1 & ! f]tility ( wom54 ,s at ,a!ns an ox1 :i* appe>s to h embodi$ ! corn-_s1 0 kill$ at an annual sacrifice1 & its hide1 /uff$ ) /raw & sewn up1 0 aft]w>ds set on its feet & yok$ to a pl\gh z if x 7 pl\gh+1 app>5tly 9 ord] to repres5t1 or r to promote1 ! resurrection ( ! sla9 corn-_s at ! end ( ! ?re%+47#hid7 ,?is employm5t ( ! sk9s ( div9e animals = ! purpose ( ensur+ ! revival ( ! slaught]$ div9ity might be illu/rat$ by o!r examples47#hie7 ,p]haps ! hide ( ! bull :i* 0 kill$ to furni% ! reg5]at+ ba? ( blood 9 ! rites ( ,attis may h be5 put to a simil> use4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ! ,we/4 7,m#bag7 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods & h] lov] or son 0 v popul> "u ! ,roman ,empire4 ,inscriptions prove t ! two receiv$ div9e hon\rs1 sep>ately or conjo9tly1 n only 9 ,italy1 & especially at ,rome1 b also 9 ! prov9ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,africa1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,bulg>ia47#hif7 ,_! wor%ip surviv$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity by ,con/ant9e2 = ,symma*us records ! recurr5ce ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,great ,"m17#hig7 & 9 ! days ( ,augu/9e h] effem9ate prie/s /ill p>ad$ ! /reets & squ>es ( ,c>?age ) :it5$ faces1 sc5t$ hair1 & m9c+ gait1 :ile1 l ! m5dicant fri>s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 !y begg$ alms f ! pass]s-by47#hih7 ,9 ,greece1 on ! o!r h&1 ! bloody orgies ( ! ,asiatic goddess & h] consort appe> to h f\nd little fav\r47#hii7 ,! b>b>\s & cruel "* ( ! wor%ip1 ) its frantic excesses1 0 d\btless repugnant to ! good ta/e & humanity ( ! ,greeks1 :o seem to h pref]r$ ! k9dr$ b g5tl] rites ( ,adonis4 ,yet ! same features :i* %ock$ & repell$ ! ,greeks may h positively attract$ ! less ref9$ ,romans & b>b>ians ( ! ,we/4 ,! ec/atic fr5zies1 :i* 7 mi/ak5 = div9e inspiration17#ijj7 ! mangl+ ( ! body1 ! !ory ( a new bir? & ! remission ( s9s ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( blood1 h all _! orig9 9 savag]y17#ija7 & !y naturally appeal$ to peoples 9 :om ! savage in/9cts 7 /ill /rong4 ,_! true "* 0 inde$ (t5 disguis$ "u a dec5t veil ( allegorical or philosophical int]pretation17#ijb7 :i* probably suffic$ to impose ^u ! rapt & en?usia/ic wor%ipp]s1 reconcil+ ev5 ! m cultivat$ ( !m to ?+s :i* o!rwise mu/ h fill$ !m ) horror & disgu/4 7,m#bah7 ,! religion ( ! ,great ,"m1 ) its curi\s bl5d+ ( crude savag]y ) spiritual aspirations1 0 only "o ( a multitude ( simil> ,ori5tal fai?s :i* 9 ! lat] days ( paganism spread ov] ! ,roman ,empire1 & by saturat+ ! ,european peoples ) ali5 ideals ( life gradually und]m9$ ! :ole fabric ( anci5t civilization47#ijc7 ,greek & ,roman society 0 built on ! conception ( ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! community1 ( ! citiz5 to ! /ate2 x set ! safety ( ! commonweal?1 z ! supreme aim ( conduct1 above ! safety ( ! individual :e!r 9 ?is _w or 9 a _w to come4 ,tra9$ f infancy 9 ?is unselfi% ideal1 ! citiz5s devot$ _! lives to ! public s]vice & 7 ready to lay !m d[n = ! common good2 or if !y %rank f ! supreme sacrifice1 x nev] occurr$ to !m t !y act$ o!rwise ?an basely 9 pref]r+ _! p]sonal exi/5ce to ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry4 ,all ?is 0 *ang$ by ! spread ( ,ori5tal religions :i* inculcat$ ! communion ( ! s\l ) ,god & its et]nal salvation z ! only objects wor? liv+ =1 objects 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! prosp]ity & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate sank into insignificance4 ,! inevitable result ( ?is selfi% & immoral doctr9e 0 to )draw ! devotee m & m f ! public s]vice1 to conc5trate 8 ?\ghts on 8 own spiritual emotions1 & to bre$ 9 him a contempt = ! pres5t life :i* he reg>d$ m]ely z a probation = a bett] & an et]nal4 ,! sa9t & ! recluse1 disda9ful ( e>? & rapt 9 ec/atic contemplation ( heav51 became 9 popul> op9ion ! highe/ ideal ( humanity1 displac+ ! old ideal ( ! patriot & h]o :o1 =getful ( self1 lives & is ready to die = ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! e>?ly city seem$ poor & contemptible to m5 ^: eyes beheld ! ,city ( ,god com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,?us ! c5tre ( gravity1 s to say1 0 %ift$ f ! pres5t to a future life1 & h[ev] mu* ! o!r _w may h ga9$1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is "o lo/ heavily by ! *ange4 ,a g5]al dis9tegration ( ! body politic set 94 ,! ties ( ! /ate & ! family 7 loos5$3 ! /ructure ( society t5d$ to resolve itself into its individual elem5ts & !reby to relapse into b>b>ism2 = civilization is only possible ?r\gh ! active co-op]ation ( ! citiz5s & _! will+ness to subord9ate _! private int]e/s to ! common good4 ,m5 refus$ to def5d _! c\ntry & ev5 to cont9ue _! k9d47#ijd7 ,9 _! anxiety to save _! own s\ls & ! s\ls ( o!rs1 !y 7 cont5t to leave ! mat]ial _w1 :i* !y id5tifi$ ) ! pr9ciple ( evil1 to p]i% ar\nd !m4 ,?is obsession la/$ = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! revival ( ,roman law1 ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 ( anci5t art & lit]ature at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 m>k$ ! return ( ,europe to native ideals ( life & conduct1 to san]1 manli] views ( ! _w4 ,! long halt 9 ! m>* ( civilization 0 ov]4 ,! tide ( ,ori5tal invasion _h turn$ at la/4 ,x is ebb+ /ill47#ije7 7,m#bai7 ,among ! gods ( ea/]n orig9 :o 9 ! decl9e ( ! anci5t _w compet$ aga9/ ea* o!r = ! allegiance ( ! ,we/ 0 ! old ,p]sian deity ,mi?ra4 ,! imm5se popul>ity ( 8 wor%ip is atte/$ by ! monum5ts illu/rative ( x :i* h be5 f\nd scatt]$ 9 pr(usion all ov] ! ,roman ,empire47#ijf7 ,9 respect bo? ( doctr9es & ( rites ! cult ( ,mi?ra appe>s to h pres5t$ _m po9ts ( resemblance n only to ! religion ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods7#ijg7 b also to ,*ri/ianity47#ijh7 ,! simil>ity /ruck ! ,*ri/ian doctors !mselves & 0 expla9$ by !m z a "w ( ! devil1 :o s\ght to s$uce ! s\ls ( m5 f ! true fai? by a false & insidi\s imitation ( x47#iji7 ,s to ! ,spani% conqu]ors ( ,mexico & ,p]u _m ( ! native hea!n rites appe>$ to be diabolical c\nt]feits ( ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts47#iaj7 ,) m probability ! mod]n /ud5t ( comp>ative religion traces su* resemblances to ! simil> & indep5d5t work+s ( ! m9d ( man 9 8 s9c]e1 if crude1 attempts to fa?om ! secret ( ! univ]se1 & to adju/ 8 little life to its awful my/]ies4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,mi?raic religion prov$ a =midable rival to ,*ri/ianity1 comb9+ z x did a solemn ritual ) aspirations aft] moral purity & a hope ( immortality47#iaa7 ,inde$ ! issue ( ! conflict betwe5 ! two fai?s appe>s = a "t to h hung 9 ! balance47#iab7 ,an in/ructive relic ( ! long /ruggle is pres]v$ 9 our fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas1 :i* ! ,*ur* seems to h borr[$ directly f its hea!n rival4 ,9 ! ,julian cal5d> ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 0 reckon$ ! w9t] sol/ice17#iac7 & x 0 reg>d$ z ! ,nativity ( ! ,sun1 because ! day beg9s to l5g!n & ! p[] ( ! sun to increase f t turn+-po9t ( ! ye>47#iad7 ,! ritual ( ! nativity1 z x appe>s to h be5 celebrat$ 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 0 rem>kable4 ,! celebrants retir$ into c]ta9 inn] %r9es1 f :i* at midnight !y issu$ ) a l\d cry1 8,! ,virg9 has br\ght =?6 ,! light is wax+607#iae7 ,! ,egyptians ev5 repres5t$ ! new-born sun by ! image ( an infant :i* on 8 bir?day1 ! w9t] sol/ice1 !y br\ght =? & exhibit$ to 8 wor%ipp]s47#iaf7 ,no d\bt ! ,virg9 :o ?us conceiv$ & bore a son on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 0 ! great ,ori5tal goddess :om ! ,semites call$ ! ,heav5ly ,virg9 or simply ! ,heav5ly ,goddess2 9 ,semitic l&s %e 0 a =m ( ,a/>te47#iag7 ,n[ ,mi?ra 0 regul>ly id5tifi$ by 8 wor%ipp]s ) ! ,sun1 ! ,unconqu]$ ,sun1 z !y call$ him27#iah7 h5ce 8 nativity also fell on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]47#iai7 ,! ,gospels say no?+ z to ! day ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 & accord+ly ! e>ly ,*ur* did n celebrate x4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt came to reg>d ! six? ( ,janu>y z ! date ( ! ,nativity1 & ! cu/om ( commemorat+ ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r on t day gradually spread until by ! f\r? c5tury x 0 univ]sally e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,b at ! end ( ! ?ird or ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 :i* _h nev] recogniz$ ! six? ( ,janu>y z ! day ( ! ,nativity1 adopt$ ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] z ! true date1 & 9 "t its decision 0 accept$ also by ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,at ,antio* ! *ange 0 n introduc$ till ab\t ! ye> #cge ,a4,d47#ibj7 7,m#bbj7 ,:at consid]ations l$ ! ecclesia/ical au?orities to in/itute ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas8 ,! motives = ! innovation are /at$ ) great frankness by a ,syrian writ]1 himself a ,*ri/ian4 8,! reason10 he tells u1 8:y ! fa!rs transf]r$ ! celebration ( ! six? ( ,janu>y to ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 0 ?is4 ,x 0 a cu/om ( ! hea!n to celebrate on ! same tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] ! bir?day ( ! ,sun1 at :i* !y k9dl$ lights 9 tok5 ( fe/ivity4 ,9 ^! solemnities & fe/ivities ! ,*ri/ians also took "p4 ,accord+ly :5 ! doctors ( ! ,*ur* p]ceiv$ t ! ,*ri/ians _h a lean+ to ?is fe/ival1 !y took c\nsel & resolv$ t ! true ,nativity %\ld be solemniz$ on t day & ! fe/ival ( ! ,epiphany on ! six? ( ,janu>y4 ,accord+ly1 along ) ?is cu/om1 ! practice has prevail$ ( k9dl+ fires till ! six?407#iba7 ,! hea!n orig9 ( ,*ri/mas is pla9ly h9t$ at1 if n tacitly admitt$1 by ,augu/9e :5 he exhorts 8 ,*ri/ian bre?r5 n to celebrate t solemn day l ! hea!n on acc\nt ( ! sun1 b on acc\nt ( him :o made ! sun47#ibb7 ,9 l mann] ,leo ! ,great rebuk$ ! pe/il5t belief t ,*ri/mas 0 solemniz$ because ( ! bir? ( ! new sun1 z x 0 call$1 & n because ( ! nativity ( ,*ri/47#ibc7 7,m#bba7 ,?us x appe>s t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* *ose to celebrate ! bir?day ( its ,f\nd] on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] 9 ord] to transf] ! devotion ( ! hea!n f ! ,sun to him :o 0 call$ ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness47#ibd7 ,if t 0 s1 !re c be no intr9sic improbability 9 ! conjecture t motives ( ! same sort may h l$ ! ecclesia/ical au?orities to assimilate ! ,ea/] fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( _! ,"l to ! fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ano!r ,asiatic god :i* fell at ! same season4 ,n[ ! ,ea/] rites /ill obs]v$ 9 ,greece1 ,sicily1 & ,s\!rn ,italy be> 9 "s respects a /rik+ resemblance to ! rites ( ,adonis1 & ,i h sugge/$ t ! ,*ur* may h consci\sly adapt$ ! new fe/ival to its hea!n pr$ecessor = ! sake ( w9n+ s\ls to ,*ri/47#ibe7 ,b ?is adaptation probably took place 9 ! ,greek-speak+ r ?an 9 ! ,lat9-speak+ p>ts ( ! anci5t _w2 = ! wor%ip ( ,adonis1 :ile x fl\ri%$ among ! ,greeks1 appe>s to h made little impression on ,rome & ! ,we/47#ibf7 ,c]ta9ly x nev] =m$ "p ( ! (ficial ,roman religion4 ,! place :i* x might h tak5 9 ! affections ( ! vulg> 0 already occupi$ by ! simil> b m b>b>\s wor%ip ( ,attis & ! ,great ,"m4 ,n[ ! dea? & resurrection ( ,attis 7 (ficially celebrat$ at ,rome on ! tw5ty-f\r? & tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*17#ibg7 ! latt] be+ reg>d$ z ! spr+ equ9ox17#ibh7 & !re=e z ! mo/ appropriate day = ! revival ( a god ( vegetation :o _h be5 dead or sleep+ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,b accord+ to an anci5t & widespread tradition ,*ri/ suff]$ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*1 & accord+ly "s ,*ri/ians regul>ly celebrat$ ! ,crucifixion on t day )\t any reg>d to ! /ate ( ! moon4 ,?is cu/om 0 c]ta9ly obs]v$ 9 ,phrygia1 ,cappadocia1 & ,gaul1 & !re seem to be gr\nds = ?9k+ t at "o "t x 0 foll[$ also 9 ,rome47#ibi7 ,?us ! tradition :i* plac$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>* 0 anci5t & deeply root$4 ,x is all ! m rem>kable because a/ronomical consid]ations prove t x c h _h no hi/orical f\ndation47#icj7 ,! inf]5ce appe>s to be inevitable t ! passion ( ,*ri/ mu/ h be5 arbitr>ily ref]r$ to t date 9 ord] to h>monize ) an old] fe/ival ( ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,?is is ! view ( ! le>n$ ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,mgr4 ,du*esne1 :o po9ts out t ! dea? ( ! ,savi\r 0 ?us made to fall ^u ! v day on :i*1 accord+ to a widespread belief1 ! _w _h be5 creat$47#ica7 ,b ! resurrection ( ,attis1 :o comb9$ 9 himself ! *>act]s ( ! div9e ,fa!r & ! div9e ,son17#icb7 0 (ficially celebrat$ at ,rome on ! same day4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,george 9 ,april has replac$ ! anci5t pagan fe/ival ( ! ,p>ilia27#icc7 t ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ,june has succe$$ to a hea!n ,midsumm] fe/ival ( wat]27#icd7 t ! fe/ival ( ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 9 ,augu/ has ou/$ ! fe/ival ( ,diana27#ice7 t ! fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls 9 ,novemb] is a cont9uation ( an old hea!n fea/ ( ! dead27#icf7 & t ! ,nativity ( ,*ri/ himself 0 assign$ to ! w9t] sol/ice 9 ,decemb] because t day 0 deem$ ! ,nativity ( ! ,sun27#icg7 we c h>dly be ?\ght ra% or unreasonable 9 conjectur+ t ! o!r c>d9al fe/ival ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*--! solemnization ( ,ea/]--may h be5 9 l mann]1 & f l motives ( edification1 adapt$ to a simil> celebration ( ! ,phrygian god ,attis at ! v]nal equ9ox47#ich7 7,m#bbb7 ,at lea/ x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 if x is no?+ m1 t ! ,*ri/ian & ! hea!n fe/ivals ( ! div9e dea? & resurrection %\ld h be5 solemniz$ at ! same season & 9 ! same places4 ,= ! places :i* celebrat$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ at ! spr+ equ9ox 7 ,phrygia1 ,gaul1 & app>5tly ,rome1 t is1 ! v regions 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ,attis ei!r orig9at$ or /ruck deepe/ root4 ,x is difficult to reg>d ! co9cid5ce z purely accid5tal4 ,if ! v]nal equ9ox1 ! season at :i* 9 ! temp]ate regions ! :ole face ( nature te/ifies to a fre% outbur/ ( vital en]gy1 _h be5 view$ f ( old z ! "t :5 ! _w 0 annually creat$ afre% 9 ! resurrection ( a god1 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an to place ! resurrection ( ! new deity at ! same c>d9al po9t ( ! ye>4 ,only x is to be obs]v$ t if ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 dat$ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*1 8 resurrection1 accord+ to ,*ri/ian tradition1 mu/ h happ5$ on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,m>*1 :i* is j two days lat] ?an ! v]nal equ9ox ( ! ,julian cal5d> & ! resurrection ( ,attis4 ,a simil> displacem5t ( two days 9 ! adju/m5t ( ,*ri/ian to hea!n celebrations occurs 9 ! fe/ivals ( ,/4 ,george & ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,h[ev]1 ano!r ,*ri/ian tradition1 foll[$ by ,lactantius & p]haps by ! practice ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,gaul1 plac$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/ on ! tw5ty-?ird & 8 resurrection on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*47#ici7 ,if t 0 s1 8 resurrection co9cid$ exactly ) ! resurrection ( ,attis4 7,m#bbc7 ,9 po9t ( fact x appe>s f ! te/imony ( an anonym\s ,*ri/ian1 :o wrote 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 t ,*ri/ians & pagans alike 7 /ruck by ! rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 ! dea? & resurrection ( _! respective deities1 & t ! co9cid5ce =m$ a !me ( bitt] controv]sy betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! rival religions1 ! pagans cont5d+ t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 a spuri\s imitation ( ! resurrection ( ,attis1 & ! ,*ri/ians ass]t+ ) equal w>m? t ! resurrection ( ,attis 0 a diabolical c\nt]feit ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ^! unseemly bick]+s ! hea!n took :at to a sup]ficial obs]v] might seem /rong gr\nd by argu+ t _! god 0 ! old] & !re=e presumably ! orig9al1 n ! c\nt]feit1 s9ce z a g5]al rule an orig9al is old] ?an its copy4 ,?is feeble argum5t ! ,*ri/ians easily rebutt$4 ,!y admitt$1 inde$1 t 9 po9t ( "t ,*ri/ 0 ! junior deity1 b !y triumphantly demon/rat$ 8 real s5iority by fall+ back on ! subtlety ( ,satan1 :o on s important an occasion _h surpass$ himself by inv]t+ ! usual ord] ( nature47#idj7 7,m#bbd7 ,tak5 altoge!r1 ! co9cid5ces ( ! ,*ri/ian ) ! hea!n fe/ivals are too close & too num]\s to be accid5tal4 ,!y m>k ! compromise :i* ! ,*ur* 9 ! h\r ( its triumph 0 compell$ to make ) its vanqui%$ yet /ill dang]\s rivals4 ,! inflexible ,prote/antism ( ! primitive mission>ies1 ) _! fi]y d5unciations ( hea!ndom1 _h be5 ex*ang$ = ! supple policy1 ! easy tol]ance1 ! compreh5sive *>ity ( %rewd ecclesia/ics1 :o cle>ly p]ceiv$ t if ,*ri/ianity 0 to conqu] ! _w x c\ld d s only by relax+ ! too rigid pr9ciples ( its ,f\nd]1 by wid5+ a little ! n>r[ gate :i* leads to salvation4 ,9 ?is respect an in/ructive p>allel might be drawn betwe5 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity & ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism47#ida7 ,bo? sy/ems 7 9 _! orig9 ess5tially e?ical re=ms born ( ! g5]\s ard\r1 ! l(ty aspirations1 ! t5d] compassion ( _! noble ,f\nd]s1 two ( ^? beautiful spirits :o appe> at r>e int]vals on e>? l be+s come f a bett] _w to support & guide our weak & err+ nature47#idb7 ,bo? prea*$ moral virtue z ! means ( accompli%+ :at !y reg>d$ z ! supreme object ( life1 ! et]nal salvation ( ! individual s\l1 ?\gh by a curi\s anti!sis ! "o s\ght t salvation 9 a blissful et]nity1 ! o!r 9 a f9al release f suff]+1 9 annihilation4 ,b ! au/]e ideals ( sanctity :i* !y inculcat$ 7 too deeply oppos$ n only to ! frailties b to ! natural in/9cts ( humanity ev] to be c>ri$ out 9 practice by m ?an a small numb] ( disciples1 :o consi/5tly r5\nc$ ! ties ( ! family & ! /ate 9 ord] to "w out _! own salvation 9 ! /ill seclusion ( ! cloi/]4 ,if su* fai?s 7 to be nom9ally accept$ by :ole nations or ev5 by ! _w1 x 0 ess5tial t !y %\ld fir/ be modifi$ or trans=m$ s z to accord 9 "s measure ) ! prejudices1 ! passions1 ! sup]/itions ( ! vulg>4 ,?is process ( accommodation 0 c>ri$ out 9 aft] ages by foll[]s :o1 made ( less e!real /uff ?an _! ma/]s1 7 = t reason ! bett] fitt$ to m$iate betwe5 !m & ! common h]d4 ,?us z "t w5t on1 ! two religions1 9 exact proportion to _! gr[+ popul>ity1 absorb$ m & m ( ^? bas] elem5ts :i* !y _h be5 in/itut$ = ! v purpose ( suppress+4 ,su* spiritual decad5ces are inevitable4 ,! _w _c live at ! level ( its great m54 ,yet x w\ld be unfair to ! g5]ality ( our k9d to ascribe :olly to _! intellectual & moral weakness ! gradual div]g5ce ( ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity f _! primitive patt]ns4 ,= x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t by _! glorification ( pov]ty & celibacy bo? ^! religions /ruck /raight at ! root n m]ely ( civil society b ( human exi/5ce4 ,! bl[ 0 p>ri$ by ! wisdom or ! folly ( ! va/ majority ( mank9d1 :o refus$ to pur*ase a *ance ( sav+ _! s\ls ) ! c]ta9ty ( ext+ui%+ ! species4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,hyac9?4 7,m#bbe7 ,ano!r my?ical be+ :o has be5 suppos$ to belong to ! class ( gods "h discuss$ is ,hyac9?4 ,he too has be5 int]pret$ z ! vegetation :i* blooms 9 spr+ & )]s "u ! scor*+ heat ( ! summ] sun47#idc7 ,?\gh he belongs to ,greek1 n to ,ori5tal my?ology1 "s acc\nt ( him may n be out ( place 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,hyac9? 0 ! y\nge/ & h&some/ son ( ! anci5t k+ ,amyclas1 :o _h 8 capital at ,amyclae 9 ! beautiful vale ( ,sp>ta4 ,"o day play+ at quoits ) ,apollo1 he 0 accid5tally kill$ by a bl[ ( ! god's quoit4 ,bitt]ly ! god lam5t$ ! dea? ( 8 fri5d4 ,! hyac9?--8t sangu9e fl[] inscrib$ ) woe0--sprang f ! blood ( ! hapless y\?1 z anemones & roses f ! blood ( ,adonis1 & violets f ! blood ( ,attis37#idd7 l ^! v]nal fl[]s x h]ald$ ! adv5t ( ano!r spr+ & gladd5$ ! he>ts ( m5 ) ! promise ( a joyful resurrection4 ,! fl[] is usually suppos$ to be n :at we call a hyac9?1 b a little purple iris ) ! lett]s ( lam5tation 7,,ai1 :i* 9 ,greek means 8alas07 cle>ly inscrib$ 9 black on its petals4 ,9 ,greece x blooms 9 spr+ aft] ! e>ly violets b be=e ! roses47#ide7 ,"o spr+1 :5 ! hyac9?s 7 9 bloom1 x happ5$ t ! r$-coat$ ,sp>tan regim5ts lay encamp$ "u ! walls ( ,cor9?4 ,_! comm&] gave ! ,amyclean battalion leave to g home & celebrate z usual ! fe/ival ( ,hyac9? 9 _! native t[n4 ,b ! sad fl[] 0 to be to ^! m5 an om5 ( dea?2 = !y _h n gone f> be=e !y 7 envelop$ by cl\ds ( light-arm$ foes & cut to pieces47#idf7 7,m#bbf7 ,! tomb ( ,hyac9? 0 at ,amyclae "u a massive alt>-l p$e/al1 :i* support$ an ar*aic bronze image ( ,apollo4 ,9 ! left side ( ! p$e/al 0 a bronze door1 & ?r\gh x (f]+s 7 pass$ to ,hyac9?1 z to a h]o or a dead man1 n z to a god1 be=e sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,apollo at ! annual ,hyac9?ian fe/ival4 ,bas-reliefs c>v$ on ! p$e/al repres5t$ ,hyac9? & 8 maid5 si/] ,polyboea caught up to heav5 by a company ( goddesses47#idg7 ,! annual fe/ival ( ! ,hyac9?ia 0 held 9 ! mon? ( ,hecatombeus1 :i* seems to h correspond$ to ,may47#idh7 ,! c]emonies occupi$ ?ree days4 ,on ! fir/ ! p m\rn$ = ,hyac9?1 we>+ no wrea?s1 s++ no paeans1 eat+ no bread1 & behav+ ) great gravity4 ,x 0 on ?is day probably t ! (f]+s 7 made at ,hyac9?'s tomb4 ,next day ! sc5e 0 *ang$4 ,all 0 joy & bu/le4 ,! capital 0 empti$ ( its inhabitants1 :o p\r$ out 9 _! ?\s&s to witness & %>e ! fe/ivities at ,amyclae4 ,boys 9 high-girt tunics sang hymns 9 hon\r ( ! god to ! accompanim5t ( flutes & lyres4 ,o!rs1 spl5didly attir$1 p>ad$ on horseback 9 ! !atre3 *oirs ( y\?s *ant$ _! native ditties3 danc]s danc$3 maid5s rode 9 wick] c>riages or w5t 9 procession to witness ! *>iot races3 sacrifices 7 (f]$ 9 pr(usion3 ! citiz5s fea/$ _! fri5ds & ev5 _! slaves47#idi7 ,?is outbur/ ( gaiety may be suppos$ to h celebrat$ ! resurrection ( ,hyac9? & p]haps also 8 asc5sion to heav51 :i*1 z we h se51 0 repres5t$ on 8 tomb4 ,h[ev]1 x may be t ! asc5sion took place on ! ?ird day ( ! fe/ival2 b z to t we "k no?+4 ,! si/] :o w5t to heav5 ) him 0 by "s id5tifi$ ) ,artemis or ,p]sephone47#iej7 7,m#bbg7 ,x is highly probable1 z ,erw9 ,rohde p]ceiv$17#iea7 t ,hyac9? 0 an old aborig9al deity ( ! und]world :o _h be5 wor%ipp$ at ,amyclae long be=e ! ,dorians invad$ & conqu]$ ! c\ntry4 ,if t 0 s1 ! /ory ( 8 relation to ,apollo mu/ h be5 a comp>atively late inv5tion1 an attempt ( ! newcom]s to fit ! anci5t god ( ! l& into _! own my?ical sy/em1 9 ord] t he might ext5d 8 protection to !m4 ,on ?is !ory x may n be )\t significance t sacrifices at ! fe/ival 7 (f]$ to ,hyac9?1 z to a h]o1 be=e !y 7 (f]$ to ,apollo47#ieb7 ,fur!r1 on ! analogy ( simil> deities else:]e1 we %\ld expect to f9d ,hyac9? c\pl$1 n ) a male fri5d1 b ) a female consort4 ,t consort may p]haps be detect$ 9 8 si/] ,polyboea1 :o asc5d$ to heav5 ) him4 ,! new my?1 if new x 01 ( ! love ( ,apollo = ,hyac9? w\ld involve a *ang$ conception ( ! aborig9al god1 :i* 9 its turn mu/ h affect$ t ( 8 sp\se4 ,= :5 ,hyac9? came to be ?\ght ( z "y & unm>ri$ !re 0 no long] room 9 8 /ory = a wife1 & %e w\ld h to be dispos$ ( 9 "s o!r way4 ,:at 0 easi] = ! my?-mak] ?an to turn h] into 8 unm>ri$ si/]8 ,h[ev] we may expla9 x1 a *ange seems c]ta9ly to h come ov] ! popul> idea ( ,hyac9?2 = :]eas on 8 tomb he 0 portray$ z a be>d$ man1 lat] art repres5t$ him z ! p9k ( y\?ful beauty47#iec7 ,b x is p]haps ne$less to suppose t ! si/]ly relation ( ,polyboea to him 0 a late modification ( ! my?4 ,! /ories ( ,cronus & ,rhea1 ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 ( ,osiris & ,isis1 rem9d u t 9 old days gods1 l k+s1 (t5 m>ri$ _! si/]s1 & probably = ! same reason1 namely1 to ensure _! own title to ! ?rone "u a rule ( female k9%ip :i* treat$ wom5 & n m5 z ! *annel 9 :i* ! blood royal fl[$47#ied7 ,x is n impossible t ,hyac9? may h be5 a div9e k+ :o actually reign$ 9 8 lifetime at ,amyclae & 0 aft]w>ds wor%ipp$ at 8 tomb4 ,! repres5tation ( 8 triumphal asc5t to heav5 9 company ) 8 si/] sugge/s t1 l ,adonis & ,p]sephone1 he may h be5 suppos$ to sp5d "o "p ( ! ye> 9 ! "u-_w ( d>kness & dea?1 & ano!r "p 9 ! upp]-_w ( light & life4 ,& z ! anemones & ! spr\t+ corn m>k$ ! return ( ,adonis & ,p]sephone1 s ! fl[]s to :i* he gave 8 "n may h h]ald$ ! asc5sion ( ,hyac9?4 ,end ,( ,vol4 #a4 ,,footnotes ,m#a ,! *anges ( ! seasons expla9$ by ! life & dea? ( gods4 ,m#b ,magical c]emonies to revive ! fail+ en]gies ( ! gods4 #a ,z 9 ! pres5t volume ,i am conc]n$ ) ! beliefs & practices ( ,ori5tals ,i may quote ! foll[+ passage f "o :o has liv$ long 9 ! ,ea/ & kn[s x well3 8,! ,ori5tal m9d is free f ! trammels ( logic4 ,x is a lit]al fact t ! ,ori5tal m9d c accept & believe two opposite ?+s at ! same "t4 ,we f9d fully qualifi$ & ev5 le>n$ ,indian doctors practis+ ,greek m$ic9e1 z well z ,engli% m$ic9e1 & en=c+ sanit>y re/rictions to :i* _! own h\ses & families are entirely /rang]s4 ,we f9d a/ronom]s :o c pr$ict eclipses1 & yet :o believe t eclipses are caus$ by a dragon swall[+ ! sun4 ,we f9d holy m5 :o are cr$it$ ) miracul\s p[]s & ) close communion ) ! ,deity1 :o live 9 drunk5ness & immorality1 & :o are capable ( elaborate frauds on o!rs4 ,to ! ,ori5tal m9d1 a ?+ mu/ be incr$ible to comm& a ready belief0 78,riots & ,unre/ 9 ! ,punjab1 f a correspond5t10 ,! ,times ,weekly ,edition1 ,may #bd1 #aijg1 p4 #cbf74 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! p ( ! ,l[] ,congo1 an exp]i5c$ mission>y describes _! religi\s ideas z 8*aotic 9 ! extreme & impossible to r$uce to any sy/ematic ord]4 ,! same p]son w tell y at diff]5t times t ! dep>t$ _s goes to ! ne!r regions1 or to a d>k =e/1 or to ! moon1 or to ! sun4 ,!re is no coh]5ce 9 _! beliefs1 & _! ideas ab\t cosmogony & ! future are v nebul\s4 ,al?\gh !y believe 9 puni%m5t aft] dea? _! fai? is s hazy t x has lo/ all its det]r5t =ce4 ,if 9 ! foll[+ pages a lack ( logical unity is obs]v$1 x mu/ be put to ! debit ( ! native m9d1 z t lack ( logical unity really repres5ts ! mi/9ess ( _! views40 ,see ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,weeks1 8,notes on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,l[] ,congo ,p10 ,folk-lore1 xx4 7#aiji7 pp4 #ed sq4 ,unless we all[ = ?is innate capacity ( ! human m9d to ent]ta9 contradictory beliefs at ! same "t1 we %all 9 va9 attempt to und]/& ! hi/ory ( ?\ght 9 g5]al & ( religion 9 p>ticul>4 ,m#c ,! pr9ciples ( animal & ( vegetable life confus$ 9 ^! c]emonies4 ,m#d ,preval5ce ( ^! rites 9 ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt4 #b ,! equival5ce ( ,tammuz & ,adonis has be5 d\bt$ or d5i$ by "s s*ol>s1 z by ,r5an 7,mission de ,phnicie1 ,p>is1 #ahfd1 pp4 #baf1 #bce7 & by ,*wolsohn 7,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef1 ii4 #eaj74 ,b ! two gods are id5tifi$ by ,orig5 7,selecta 9 ,eze*ielem1 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xiii4 #gig71 ,j]ome 7,epi/4 lviii4 #c & ,comm5t>4 9 ,eze*ielem1 viii4 #ac1 #ad1 ,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xxii4 #eha1 xxv4 #hb71 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria 7,9 ,isaiam1 lib4 ii4 tomus4 iii41 & ,comm5t4 on ,hosea1 iv4 #ae1 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 lxx4 #dda1 lxxi4 #acf71 ,!odoretus 7,9 ,eze*ielis cap4 viii41 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 lxxxi4 #hhe71 ! au?or ( ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xcii4 #cbi7 & ,melito 79 ,w4 ,cureton's ,spicilegium ,syriacum1 ,london1 #ahee1 p4 #dd72 & accord+ly we may fairly conclude t1 :atev] _! remote orig9 may h be51 ,tammuz & ,adonis 7 9 ! lat] p]iod ( antiquity practically equival5t to ea* o!r4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,/udi5 zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te 7,leipsic1 #ahgf-ahgh71 i4 #bii2 id41 9 ,real5cyclopdie fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie und ,kir*5ges*i*te1#c s4v4 8,tammuz02 id41 ,adonis und ,esmun 7,leipsic1 #aiaa71 pp4 #id sqq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 pp4 #bgc sqq42 ,*4 ,vellay1 8,le dieu ,?ammuz10 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 xlix4 7#aijd7 pp4 #aed-afb4 ,baudiss9 holds t ,tammuz & ,adonis 7 two diff]5t gods sprung f a common root 7,adonis und ,esmun1 p4 #cfh74 ,an ,assyrian orig9 ( ! cult ( ,adonis 0 long ago affirm$ by ,macrobius 7,sat4 i4 #ba4 #a74 ,on ,adonis & 8 wor%ip 9 g5]al see also ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 7,bonn1 #ahda7 pp4 #aia sqq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,engel1 ,kypros 7,b]l91 #ahda71 ii4 #ecf sqq42 ,*4 ,vellay1 ,le culte et les ftes d' ,adonis-,?amm\z dans l',ori5t antique 7,p>is1 #aijd74 ,m#e ,tammuz or ,adonis 9 ,babylonia4 ,8 wor%ip seems to h orig9at$ ) ! ,sum]ians4 #c ,! m\rn+ = ,adonis is m5tion$ by ,sappho1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,see ,?4 ,b]gk's ,poetae ,lyrici ,graeci1#c iii4 7,leipsic1 #ahfg7 p4 #hig2 ,pausanias1 ix4 #bi4 #h4 #d ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b 7,b]l91 #aiji71 pp4 #cid sq42 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #fe sqq4 #e ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 ed4 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne & ,j4 ,s4 ,black1 iii4 #ccbg4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! title ,adoni1 8my "l10 is frequ5tly giv5 to m54 ,see1 = example1 ,g5esis xxxiii4 #h1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 xlii4 #aj1 xliii4 #bj1 xliv4 #e1 #g1 #i1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bd4 #f ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum 7,go?a1 #ahif-aijc71 i4 #acd sqq42 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 les ,orig9es 7,p>is1 #ahie71 pp4 #eej sq42 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #a sqq42 id41 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,sum] & ,akkad 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #a sqq41 #dj sqq42 ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #aj sq41 #cdi2 ,fr4 ,hommel1 ,grundriss d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,ori5ts 7,muni*1 #aijd71 pp4 #ah sqq42 ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b 7,b]l91 #aiji71 pp4 #dja sqq4 ,z to ! hypo!sis t ! ,sum]ians 7 immigrants f ,c5tral ,asia1 see ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,hi/ory ( ,sum] & ,akkad1 pp4 #cea sqq4 ,! gradual desiccation ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* is conjectur$ to h caus$ ! ,sum]ian migration1 has be5 simil>ly invok$ to expla9 ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman empire2 = by r5d]+ great regions un9habitable x is suppos$ to h driv5 hordes ( fi]ce b>b>ians to f9d new homes 9 ,europe4 ,see ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,gregory's lecture 8,is ! e>? dry+ up80 deliv]$ be=e ! ,royal ,geographical ,society & report$ 9 ,! ,times1 ,decemb] #i?1 #aiac4 ,x is held by ,pr(4 ,hommel 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ai sqq47 t ! ,sum]ian language belongs to ! ,ural-altaic family1 b ! bett] op9ion seems to be t its l+ui/ic aff9ities are unkn[n4 ,! view1 once ard5tly advocat$1 t ,sum]ian 0 n a language b m]ely a cabali/ic mode ( writ+ ,semitic1 is n[ g5]ally explod$4 #g ,h4 ,zimm]n1 8,d] babylonis*e ,gott ,tamz10 ,abh&lung5 d] philologis*-hi/oris*5 ,klasse d] ,knigl4 ,s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 xxvii4 ,no4 xx4 7,leipsic1 #aiji7 pp4 #gja1 #gbb4 #h ,dumu-zi1 or 9 full] =m ,dumuzi-abzu4 ,see ,p4 ,j5s51 ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep5 7,b]l91 #aijj71 p4 #efj2 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gjc sqq42 id41 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #cig2 ,p4 ,dhorme1 ,la ,religion ,assyro-,babyloni5ne 7,p>is1 #aiaj71 p4 #aje2 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun 7,leipsic1 #aiaa71 p4 #ajd4 #i ,h4 ,zimm]n1 8,d] babylonis*e ,gott ,tamz10 ,abh&l4 d4 ,kn4 ,s*s4 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 xxvii4 ,no4 xx4 7,leipsic1 #aiji7 p1 #gbc4 ,= ! text & translation ( ! hymns1 see ,h4 ,zimm]n1 8,sum]is*-babylonis*e ,tamzli$]10 ,b]i*te b] die ,v]h&lung5 d] ,knigli* ,s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,leipzig1 ,philologis*-hi/oris*e ,klasse1 lix4 7#aijg7 pp4 #bja-beb4 ,comp>e ,h4 ,gressmann1 ,altori5talis*e ,texte und ,bild] 7,tb+51 #aiji71 i4 #ic sqq42 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun 7,leipsic1 #aiaa71 pp4 #ii sq42 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,ox=d1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #agi-ahe4 ,m#f ,tammuz ! lov] ( ,i%t>4 ,desc5t ( ,i%t> to ! ne!r _w to recov] ,tammuz4 ,m#g ,lam5ts = ,tammuz4 #aj ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,die babylonis*-assyris*5 ,vor/ellung5 vom ,leb5 na* dem ,tode 7,leipsic1 #ahhg71 pp4 #d sqq42 id41 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #hjh1 iii4 #beh sqq42 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 #ahih71 pp4 #efe-egf1 #ehd1 #fhb sq42 ,w4 ,l4 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology1 pp4 #agh-ahc2 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,assyris*-babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep51 pp4 #ha sqq41 #ie sqq41 #afi2 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1 #aija71 pp4 #caf sq41 #cch1 #djh sqq42 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1#c pp4 #cig sqq41 #efa sqq42 id41 8,sum]is*-babylonis*e ,tamzli$]10 ,b]i*te b] die ,v]h&lung5 d] ,knigli* ,s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,leipzig1 ,philologis*-hi/oris*e ,klasse1 lix4 7#aijg7 pp4 #bbj1 #bcb1 #bcf sq42 id41 8,d] babylonis*e ,gott ,tamz10 ,abh&lung5 d] philologis*-hi/oris*5 ,klasse d] ,knigl4 ,s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 xxvii4 ,no4 xx4 7,leipsic1 #aiji7 pp4 #gbe sq41 #gbi-gce2 ,h4 ,gressmann1 ,altori5talis*e ,texte und ,bild] zum ,alt5 ,te/am5te 7,tb+51 #aiji71 i4 #fe-fi2 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,ox=d1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #aba-aca2 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun 7,leipsic1 #aiaa71 pp4 #ii sqq41 #cec sqq4 ,accord+ to ,j]ome 7on ,ezekiel viii4 #ad7 ! mon? ( ,tammuz 0 ,june2 b accord+ to mod]n s*ol>s x correspond$ r to ,july1 or to "p ( ,june & "p ( ,july4 ,see ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #baj2 ,f4 ,l5ormant1 8,il mito di ,adone-,tammuz nei docum5ti cunei=mi10 ,atti del ,,iv4 ,congresso ,int]nazionale degli ,ori5tali/i 7,flor5ce1 #ahhj71 i4 #add sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #bge2 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,mon?s10 iii4 #caid4 ,my fri5d ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? in=m$ me t ow+ to ! v>iations ( ! local ,syrian cal5d>s ! mon? ( ,tammuz fell 9 diff]5t places at diff]5t times1 f midsumm] to autumn1 or f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ! fe/ival ( ,tammuz 0 celebrat$ j be=e ! summ] sol/ice 7,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #edg1 #fhb74 ,he obs]ves t 8! cal5d> ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* /ill m>ks ! #ag? day ( ,tammuz z a fa/1 & ,h\tsma has %[n t ! association ( ! day ) ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans repres5ts m]ely ! attempt to give an anci5t fe/ival a wor?i] int]pretation40 ,m#h ,adonis 9 ,greek my?ology m]ely a reflection ( ! ,ori5tal ,tammuz4 #aa ,ezekiel viii4 #ad4 #ab ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #ad4 #d2 ,bion1 ,idyl1 i41 ,j4 ,tzetzes4 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #hca2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 x4 #ejc sqq42 ,ari/ides1 ,apology1 edit$ by ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris 7,cambridge1 #ahia71 pp4 #dd1 #ajf sq4 ,9 ,babylonian texts relat+ to ,tammuz no ref]5ce has yet be5 f\nd to dea? by a bo>4 ,see ,h4 ,zimm]n1 8,sum]is*-babylonis*e ,tamzli$]10 p4 #dea2 id41 8,d] babylonis*e ,gott ,tamz10 p4 #gca4 ,baudiss9 incl9es to ?9k t ! incid5t ( ! bo> is a late importation into ! my? ( ,adonis4 ,see 8 ,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #adb sqq4 ,z to ! relation ( ! bo> to ! k9dr$ gods ,adonis1 ,attis1 & ,osiris see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #bb sqq41 :]e ,i h sugge/$ t ! idea ( ! bo> z ! foe ( ! god may be bas$ on ! t]rible ravages :i* wild pigs notori\sly commit 9 fields ( corn4 #ac ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun 7,leipsic1 #aiaa71 pp4 #aeb sq41 ) plate iv4 ,z to ! repres5tation ( ! my? ( ,adonis on ,etruscan mirrors & late works ( ,roman art1 especially s>cophaguses & wall-pa9t+s1 see ,otto ,jahn1 ,ar*ologis*e ,beitrge 7,b]l91 #ahdg71 pp4 #de-ea4 ,m#i ,wor%ip ( ,adonis & ,a/>te at ,byblus1 ! k+dom ( ,c9yras4 ,! k+s ( ,byblus4 #ad ,! anci5ts 7 aw>e t ! ,syrian & ,cyprian ,aphrodite1 ! mi/ress ( ,adonis1 0 no o!r ?an ,a/>te4 ,see ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 iii4 #bc4 #ei2 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4 #dd4 ,on ,adonis 9 ,pho5icia see ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun 7,leipsic1 #aiaa71 pp4 #ga sqq4 #ae ,z to ,c9yras1 see ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #bch sqq41 ii4 #b4 #bbf-bca2 ,w4 ,h4 ,engel1 ,kypros 7,b]l91 #ahda71 i4 #afh-agc1 ii4 #id-acf2 ,/oll1 s4v4 8,k9yras10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #aahi sqq4 ,melito calls ! fa!r ( ,adonis by ! "n ( ,cu?>1 & repres5ts him z k+ ( ! ,pho5icians ) 8 capital at ,gebal 7,byblus74 ,see ,melito1 8,oration to ,anton9us ,caes>10 9 ,w4 ,cureton's ,spicilegium ,syriacum 7,london1 #ahee71 p4 #dd4 #af ,philo ( ,byblus1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,praep>atio ,evangelii1 i4 #aj2 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4 #efh2 ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 4 ,byblus is a ,greek corruption ( ! ,semitic ,gebal 771 ! "n :i* ! place /ill reta9s4 ,see ,e4 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie 7,p>is1 #ahfd71 p4 #aee4 #ag ,r4 ,piets*mann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pho5izi] 7,b]l91 #ahhi71 p4 #aci4 ,on ! co9s x is designat$ 8,holy ,byblus40 #ah ,/rabo1 xvi4 #a4 #ah1 p4 #gee4 #ai ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #f4 #bj ,! sanctu>y & image are figur$ on co9s ( ,byblus4 ,see ,t4 ,l4 ,donaldson1 ,ar*itectura ,numismatica 7,london1 #ahei71 pp4 #aje sq42 ,e4 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie1 p4 #agg2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iii4 7,p>is1 #ahhe7 p4 #fj2 ,r4 ,piets*mann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pho5izi]1 p4 #bjb2 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 7,p>is1 #ahig7 p4 #agc4 ,r5an excavat$ a massive squ>e p$e/al built ( colossal /ones1 :i* he ?\ght may h support$ ! sacr$ obelisk 7op4 cit4 pp4 #agd-agh74 #ba ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #f4 #bb ,/rabo1 xvi4 #a4 #ah1 p4 #gee4 #bc ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #h2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 v4 #gh2 ,e4 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie1 pp4 #bhb sqq4 #bd ,eu/a?ius1 ,comm5t>y on ,dionysius ,p]iegetes1 #iab 7,geographi ,graeci ,m9ores1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 ii4 #cgf72 ,melito1 9 ,w4 ,cureton's ,spicilegium ,syriacum1 p4 #dd4 #be ,ezekiel xxvii4 #i4 ,z to ! "n ,gebal see above1 p4 #ac1 note #a4 #bf ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,syria & ,pale/9e 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #afi-aga4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ge sq4 #bg ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bce2 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature1 p4 #eg 7! ,nimrud inscription ( ,tigla?-piles] ,,iii474 #bh ,! inscription 0 discov]$ by ,r5an4 ,see ,*4 ,vellay1 ,le culte et les ftes d',adonis-,?amm\z dans l',ori5t antique 7,p>is1 #aijd71 pp4 #ch sq42 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions 7,ox=d #aijc71 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #ah sq4 ,9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great ! k+ ( ,byblus 0 a c]ta9 ,enylus 7,arrian1 ,anabasis1 ii4 #bj71 ^: "n appe>s on a co9 ( ! city 7,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 ii4 #a1 p4 #ajc1 note #ha74 ,m#aj ,div9ity ( ,semitic k+s4 #bi ,on ! div9ity ( ,semitic k+s & ! k+%ip ( ,semitic gods see ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites#b 7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #dd sq41 #ff sqq4 #cj ,h4 ,radau1 ,e>ly ,babylonian ,hi/ory 7,new ,york & ,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #cjg-cag2 ,p4 ,dhorme1 ,la ,religion ,assyro-,babyloni5ne 7,p>is1 #aiaj71 pp4 #afh sqq4 #ca ,! evid5ce = ?is is ! ,moabite /one1 b ! read+ ( ! inscription is d\btful4 ,see ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,me%a10 vol4 iii4 #cjda sqq42 id41 ,notes on ! ,hebrew ,text & ! ,topography ( ! ,books ( ,samuel1 ,second ,edition 7,ox=d1 #aiac71 pp4 lxxxv41 lxxxvi41 lxxxviii4 sq42 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #a sq41 #f4 #cb #b ,k+s viii4 #g1 #i1 xiii4 #bd sq42 ,j]emiah xlix4 #bg4 ,z to ! god ,hadad see ,macrobius1 ,saturn1 i4 #bc4 #ag-ai 7:]e1 z s (t5 9 late writ]s1 ! ,syrians are call$ ,assyrians72 ,philo ( ,byblus1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4 #efi2 ,f4 ,bae?g51 ,beitrge zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 pp4 #ff-fh2 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,nos4 #fa1 #fb1 pp4 #afa sq41 #afd1 #agc1 #age2 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques#b 7,p>is1 #aije71 pp4 #ic1 #dic1 #dif sq4 ,! prophet ,ze*>iah speaks 7xii4 #aa7 ( a great m\rn+ ( or = ,hadadrimmon 9 ! pla9 ( ,megiddon4 ,?is has be5 tak5 to ref] to a lam5t = ,hadad-,rimmon1 ! ,syrian god ( ra91 /orm1 & ?und]1 l ! lam5t = ,adonis4 ,see ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]'s note on ! passage 7,! ,m9or ,prophets1 pp4 #bff sq41 ,c5tury ,bible72 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 p4 #ib4 #cc ,josephus1 ,antiquit4 ,jud4 ix4 #d4 #f4 #cd ,g5esis xxxvi4 #ce sq42 #a ,k+s xi4 #ad-bb2 #a ,*ronicles i4 #ej sq4 ,( ! eight k+s ( ,edom m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis 7xxxvi4 #ca-ci7 & 9 #a ,*ronicles 7i4 #dc-ej7 n "o 0 ! son ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,?is seems to indicate t 9 ,edom1 z else:]e1 ! blood royal 0 trac$ 9 ! female l9e1 & t ! k+s 7 m5 ( o!r families1 or ev5 =eign]s1 :o succe$$ to ! ?rone by m>ry+ ! h]$it>y pr9cesses4 ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bfh sqq4 ,! ,israelites 7 =bidd5 to h a =eign] = a k+ 7,deut]onomy xvii4 #ae ) ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]'s note71 :i* seems to imply t ! cu/om 0 kn[n among _! neighb\rs4 ,x is significant t "s ( ! names ( ! k+s ( ,edom seem to be ^? ( div9ities1 z ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce obs]v$ long ago 7,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians1 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg1 p4 #ed74 #ce ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 op4 cit4 ,nos4 #fb1 #fc1 pp4 #afc1 #afe1 #agc sqq41 #aha sqq42 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dif sqq4 ,! god ,rekub-el is m5tion$ along ) ! gods ,hadad1 ,el1 ,re%ef1 & ,%ama% 9 an inscription ( ,k+ ,b>-rekub's mortal fa!r1 ,k+ ,panammu 7,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #fa1 p4 #afa74 #cf ,virgil1 ,a54 i4 #gbi sq41 ) ,s]vius's note2 ,silius ,italicus1 ,punica1 i4 #hf sqq4 #cg ,ezekiel xxviii4 #b1 #i4 #ch ,m5&] ( ,ephesus1 quot$ by ,josephus1 ,contra ,apionem1 i4 #ah & #ba2 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iv4 #ddf sq4 ,accord+ to ! text ( ,josephus1 z edit$ by ,b4 ,niese1 ! names ( ! k+s 9 "q 7 ,abibal1 ,balbaz]1 ,abda/>t1 ,me?usa/>t1 son ( ,lea/>t1 ,i?obal1 ,balezor1 ,baal1 ,balator1 ,m]bal4 ,! passage ( ,m5&] is quot$ also by ,eusebius1 ,*ronic4 i4 pp4 #aah1 #abj1 ed4 ,a4 ,s*o5e4 #ci ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #cf1 p4 #ajb4 ,z to ,melc>?1 ! ,tyrian ,h]cules1 see ,ed4 ,mey]1 s4v4 8,melq>t10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d4 grie*4 u4 rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bfej sqq4 ,"o ( ! ,tyrian k+s seems to h be5 call$ ,abi-milk 7,abi-mele*71 t is1 8fa!r ( a k+0 or 8fa!r ( ,molo*10 t is1 ( ,melc>?4 ,a lett] ( 8 to ! k+ ( ,egypt is pres]v$ 9 ! ,tel-el-,am>na correspond5ce4 ,see ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature1 p4 #bcg4 ,z to a title :i* implies t ! be>] ( x 0 ! fa!r ( a god1 see bel[1 pp4 #ea sq4 ,m#aa ,div9ity ( ! ,pho5ician k+s ( ,byblus & ! ,canaanite k+s ( ,j]usalem4 ,! 8sacr$ m50 at ,j]usalem4 #dj ,e4 ,r5an1 quot$ by ,*4 ,vellay1 ,le culte et les ftes d',adonis-,?amm\z1 p4 #ci4 ,mr4 ,cooke reads 7,uri-milk7 in/ead ( 7,adon-milk7 7,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #ah74 #da ,judges i4 #d-g2 ,jo%ua x4 #a sqq4 #db ,g5esis xiv4 #ah-bj1 ) ,pr(4 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]'s comm5t>y2 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4vv4 8,adoni-bezek10 8,adoni-z$ek10 8,mel*iz$ek40 ,x is to be obs]v$ t names comp\nd$ ) ,adoni- 7 occasionally borne by private p]sons4 ,su* names are ,adoni-kam 7,ezra ii4 #ac7 & ,adoni-ram 7#a ,k+s iv4 #f71 n to m5tion ,adoni-jah 7#a ,k+s i4 #e sqq471 :o 0 a pr9ce & aspir$ to ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,david4 ,^! names are commonly int]pret$ z s5t5ces expressive ( ! nature ( ! god :om ! be>] ( ! "n wor%ipp$4 ,see ,pr(4 ,?4 ,nldeke1 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,names10 iii4 #cbhf4 ,x is q possible t names :i* once impli$ div9ity 7 aft]w>ds degrad$ by application to common m54 #dc ,ezekiel viii4 #ad4 #dd ,!y 7 bani%$ f ! temple by ,k+ ,josiah1 :o came to ! ?rone 9 #fcg ,b4,c4 ,j]usalem fell j fifty-"o ye>s lat]4 ,see #b ,k+s xxiii4 #g4 ,z to ^! 8sacr$ m50 7ed%m71 see bel[1 pp4 #gb sqq4 #de #b ,k+s xxiii4 #g1 :]e1 foll[+ ! ,septuag9t1 we mu/ app>5tly read = ! ( ! ,massoretic ,text4 ,s ,r4 ,kittel & ,j4 ,sk9n]4 #df ,! a%rah 7s+ul> ( a%rm7 0 c]ta9ly ( wood 7,judges vi4 #bf73 x seems to h be5 a tree /ripp$ ( its bran*es & plant$ 9 ! gr\nd beside an alt>1 :e!r ( ,jehovah or ( o!r gods 7,deut]onomy xvi4 #ba2 ,j]emiah xvii4 #b74 ,t ! a%]ah 0 reg>d$ z a goddess1 ! female p>tn] ( ,baal1 appe>s f #a ,k+s xviii4 #ai2 #b ,k+s xxi4 #c1 xxiii4 #d2 & t ?is goddess 0 id5tifi$ ) ,a%tore? 7,a/>te7 may be inf]r$ f a comp>ison ( ,judges ii4 #ac ) ,judges iii4 #g4 ,yet on ! o!r h& ! pole or tree seems by o!rs to h be5 view$ z a male p[] 7,j]emiah ii4 #bg2 see bel[1 pp4 #ajg sqq471 & ! id5tification ( ! a%]ah ) ,a/>te has be5 d\bt$ or disput$ by "s em95t mod]n s*ol>s4 ,see on ?is subject ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1#b pp4 #ahg sqq42 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 on ,deut]onomy xvi4 #ba2 ,j4 ,sk9n]1 on #a ,k+s xiv4 #bc2 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les religions ,smitiques1#b pp4 #agc sqq42 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 vol4 i4 #ccj sqq41 s4v4 8,a%]ah40 #dg ,deut]onomy xxiii4 #ag sq4 79 ,hebrew #ah sq474 ,! code ( ,deut]onomy 0 publi%$ 9 #fba ,b4,c4 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,josiah1 ^: re=ms1 includ+ ! ejection ( ! ede%im f ! temple1 7 bas$ ^u x4 ,see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*#b 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahib71 pp4 #bef sqq41 #cec sqq42 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,critical & ,exegetical ,comm5t>y on ,deut]onomy#c 7,ed9burgh1 #aijb71 pp4 xliv4 sqq42 ,k4 ,budde1 ,ges*i*te d] al!bris*5 ,litt]atur 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #aje sqq4 ,m#ab ,david z heir ( ! old sacr$ k+s ( ,j]usalem4 #dh ,he reign$ sev5 ye>s 9 ,hebron & ?irty-?ree 9 ,j]usalem 7#b ,samuel v4 #e2 #a ,k+s ii4 #aa2 #a ,*ronicles xxix4 #bg74 #di ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce has argu$ t ,david's orig9al "n 0 ,elhanan 7#b ,samuel xxi4 #ai comp>$ ) xxiii4 #bd71 & t ! "n ,david1 :i* he took at a lat] "t1 %\ld be writt5 ,dod or ,dodo1 8! ,belov$ ,"o10 :i* accord+ to ,pr(4 ,sayce 0 a "n = ,tammuz 7,adonis7 9 ,s\!rn ,canaan1 & 0 9 p>ticul> be/[$ by ! ,jebusites ( ,j]usalem on _! supreme deity4 ,see ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg71 pp4 #eb-eg4 ,if he is "r1 8 conclusions w\ld accord p]fectly ) ^? :i* ,i _h rea*$ indep5d5tly1 & x w\ld become probable t ,david only assum$ ! "n ( ,david 7,dod1 ,dodo7 aft] ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem1 & = ! purpose ( id5tify+ himself ) ! god ( ! city1 :o _h borne ! same title f "t immemorial4 ,b on ! :ole x seems m likely1 z ,pr(essor ,k5nett po9ts out to me1 t 9 ! orig9al /ory ,elhanah1 a totally diff]5t p]son f ,david1 0 ! slay] ( ,golia?1 & t ! "p ( ! giant-kill] 0 ?ru/ on ,david at a lat] "t :5 ! brightness ( 8 fame _h eclips$ t ( _m less] h]oes4 #ej #b ,samuel xii4 #bf-ca2 #a ,*ronicles xx4 #a-c4 ,critics seem g5]ally to agree t 9 ^! passages ! ^w mu/ be po9t$ ,milcom1 n mal*am 8_! k+10 z ! ,massoretic text1 foll[$ by ! ,engli% v]sion1 has x4 ,! read+ ,milcom1 :i* involves no *ange ( ! orig9al ,hebrew text1 is support$ by ! read+ ( ! ,septuag9t 1 :]e ! ?ree la/ words are probably a gloss on 4 ,see ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,notes on ! ,hebrew ,text & ! ,topography ( ! ,books ( ,samuel1 ,second ,edition 7,ox=d1 #aiac71 p4 #bid2 ,dean ,kirkpatrick1 9 8 note on #b ,samuel xii4 #cj 7,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges72 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 iii4 #cjhe2 ,r4 ,kittel1 ,biblia ,hebraica1 i4 #dcc2 ,br[n1 ,driv]1 & ,briggs1 ,hebrew & ,engli% ,lexicon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,ox=d1 #aijf71 pp4 #ege sq4 ,david's son & successor adopt$ ! wor%ip ( ,milcom & made a high place = him outside ,j]usalem4 ,see #a ,k+s xi4 #e2 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #ac4 #ea #b ,samuel v4 #f-aj2 #a ,*ronicles xi4 #d-i4 ,m#ac ,traces ( ! div9ity ( ,hebrew k+s4 #eb ,see = example #a ,samuel xxiv4 #h2 #b ,samuel xiv4 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 xv4 #ae1 #ba1 xvi4 #d1 #i1 xviii4 #bh1 #ca1 #cb2 #a ,k+s i4 #b1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd1 #bg2 #a ,*ronicles xxi4 #c1 #bc4 #ec ,j]emiah xxii4 #ah1 xxxiv4 #e4 ,9 ! =m] passage1 accord+ to ! ,massoretic text1 ! full =mula ( m\rn+ 01 8,alas my bro!r6 alas si/]6 alas "l6 alas 8 glory60 ,:o 0 ! lam5t$ si/]8 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne supposes t %e 0 ,a/>te1 & by a v slight *ange 7 = 7 he w\ld read 8,dodah0 = 88 glory10 ?us re/or+ ! balance betwe5 ! clauses2 = 8,dodah0 w\ld !n answ] to 8,adon0 7"l7 z 8si/]0 answ]s to 8bro!r40 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(essor ,*eyne = k9dly communicat+ ?is conjecture to me by lett]4 ,he writes t ,dodah 8is a title ( ,i%t>1 j z ,dd is a title ( ,tamz10 & = evid5ce he ref]s me to ! ,dodah ( ! ,moabite ,/one1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! read+ ,dodah is n free f d\bt4 ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #a1 #c1 #aa2 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 ii4 #cjde2 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,notes on ! ,hebrew ,text & ! ,topography ( ! ,books ( ,samuel1 ,second ,edition 7,ox=d1 #aiac71 pp4 lxxxv41 lxxxvi41 xc42 ,f4 ,bae?g51 ,beitrge zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 p4 #bcd2 ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,ges*i*te ,israels 7,leipsic1 #ahie-aijj71 ii4 #beh4 ,z to ,hebrew names =m$ f ! root dd 9 ! s5se ( 8belov$10 see ,br[n1 ,driv]1 & ,briggs1 ,hebrew & ,engli% ,lexicon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #ahg sq42 ,g4 ,b4 ,gray1 ,/udies 9 ,hebrew ,prop] ,names 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #fj sqq4 #ed ,?is 0 p]ceiv$ by ,r5an 7,hi/oire du peuple d',israel1 iii4 #bgc71 & ,pr(4 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne writes to me3 8,! =mulae ( public m\rn+ 7 d]iv$ f ! c]emonies ( ! ,adonia2 ?is ,l5ormant saw long ago40 #ee #a ,*ronicles xxix4 #bc2 #b ,*ronicles ix4 #h4 #ef #a ,samuel xvi4 #ac1 #ad1 comp>e id41 x4 #a & #bj4 ,! oil 0 p\r$ on ! k+'s head 7#a ,samuel x4 #a2 #b ,k+s ix4 #c1 #f74 ,= ! conveyance ( ! div9e _s by means ( oil1 see also ,isaiah lx4 #a4 ,! k+s ( ,egypt appe> to h consecrat$ _! vassal ,syrian k+s by p\r+ oil on _! heads4 ,see ! ,tell-el-,am>na lett]s1 ,no4 #cg 7,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,?ontafeln von ,tell-el-,am>na1 p4 #ii74 ,"s ,we/ ,african prie/s are consecrat$ by a simil> c]emony4 ,see bel[1 p4 #fh4 ,! natives ( ,buru1 an ,ea/ ,indian isl&1 imag9e t !y c keep (f demons by sme>+ _! bodies ) coco-nut oil1 b ! oil mu/ be prep>$ by "y unm>ri$ girls4 ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51 8,bijdrage tot de k5nis d] ,alfo]5 van het eil& ,bo]oe10 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*app51 xxxviii4 7,batavia1 #ahge7 p4 #cj2 id41 ,v]spreide ,ges*rift5 7,! ,hague1 #aiab71 i4 #fa4 ,9 "s tribes ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica hunt]s habitually ano9t$ _! hair ) decoctions ( c]ta9 plants & de]'s bra9s be=e !y set out to hunt4 ,! practice 0 probably a *>m to secure success 9 ! hunt4 ,see ,c4 ,hill-,t\t1 ,! ,home ( ! ,sali% & ,dn 7,london1 #aijg71 p4 #gb4 #eg #a ,samuel xxiv4 #f4 ,messiah 9 ,hebrew is ,ma%iah 774 ,! ,engli% =m ,messiah is d]iv$ f ! ,aramaic ?r\gh ! ,greek4 ,see ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne1 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,messiah10 vol4 iii4 #cjeg sqq4 ,:y hair oil %\ld be consid]$ a vehicle ( inspiration is by no means cle>4 ,x w\ld h be5 intelligible if ! olive _h be5 ) ! ,hebrews1 z x 0 ) ! ,a!nians1 a sacr$ tree "u ! imm$iate protection ( a deity2 = !n a portion ( ! div9e ess5ce might be ?\ght to reside 9 ! oil4 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? suppos$ t ! unction 0 orig9ally p]=m$ ) ! fat ( a sacrificial victim1 = :i* vegetable oil 0 a lat] sub/itute 7,religion ( ! ,semites1#b pp4 #chc sq474 ,on ! :ole subject see ,j4 ,wellhaus51 8,zwei ,re*tsrit5 bei d5 ,hebrern10 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 vii4 7#aijd7 pp4 #cc-ci2 ,h4 ,we9el1 8 und se9e ,d]ivate10 ,zeits*rift fr die altte/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xviii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #a-hb4 ,m#ad ,! ,hebrew k+s seem to h be5 held responsible = dr\ght & fam9e4 #eh #b ,samuel xxi4 #a-ad1 ) ,dean ,kirkpatrick's notes on #a & #aj4 #ei ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #bhd sq4 #fj #a ,samuel xii4 #ag sq4 ,simil>ly1 ,moses /ret*$ =? 8 rod t[>d heav5 & ! ,"l s5t ?und] & ra9 7,exodus ix4 #bc74 ,! ^w = ?und] 9 bo? ^! passages is 8voices0 774 ,! ,hebrews he>d 9 ! clap ( ?und] ! voice ( ,jehovah1 j z ! ,greeks he>d 9 x ! voice ( ,zeus & ! ,romans ! voice ( ,jupit]4 ,m#ae ,excessive ra9 set d[n to ! wra? ( ! deity4 #fa ,ezekiel xiii4 #aa1 #ac1 xxxviii4 #bb2 ,j]emiah iii4 #b sq4 ,! ,hebrews look$ to ,jehovah = ra9 7,leviticus xxvi4 #c-e2 ,j]emiah v4 #bd7 j z ! ,greeks look$ to ,zeus & ! ,romans to ,jupit]4 #fb ,ezra x4 #i-ad4 ,! special s9 :i* !y laid to he>t on ?is occasion 0 _! m>riage ) ,g5tile wom54 ,x is impli$1 ?\gh n expressly said1 t !y trac$ ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r to ^! un=tunate alliances4 ,simil>ly1 8dur+ ! ra9y season1 :5 ! sun is hidd5 beh9d great masses ( d>k cl\ds1 ! ,indians set up a wail+ = _! s9s1 believ+ t ! sun is angry & may nev] %9e on !m aga940 ,see ,francis ,c4 ,ni*olas1 8,! ,aborig9es ( ,santa ,m>ia1 ,colombia10 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,n4,s41 iii4 7,new ,york1 #aija7 p4 #fda4 ,! ,indians 9 "q are ! ,aurohuacas ( ,colombia1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 #fc ,psalm cxxxvii4 ,! will[s beside ! riv]s ( ,babylon are m5tion$ 9 ! lam5ts = ,tammuz4 ,see above1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 #fd ,! l9e ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ly+ 9 its deep tr\gh1 is visible f ! ,m\nt ( ,olives2 inde$1 s cle> is ! atmosph]e t ! blue wat] seems q ne> ! eye1 ?\gh 9 fact x is m ?an fifte5 miles (f & ne>ly f\r ?\s& feet bel[ ! spectator4 ,see ,k4 ,ba$ek]1 ,pale/9e & ,syria#d 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 p4 #gg4 ,:5 ! sun %9es on x1 ! lake is ( a brilliant blue 7,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l&1 ,london1 #ahid1 pp4 #eja sq472 b its brilliancy is naturally dimm$ "u cl\d$ skies4 ,m#af ,hebrew k+s app>5tly suppos$ to heal disease & /op epidemics4 #fe #b ,k+s v4 #e-g4 #ff #b ,samuel xxiv42 #a ,*ronicles xxi4 ,9 ?is passage1 contr>y to 8 usual practice1 ! ,*ronicl] has enliv5$ ! dull t5or ( 8 hi/ory ) "s picturesque t\*es :i* we miss 9 ! correspond+ passage ( ,k+s4 ,x is to him t we owe ! vision ( ! ,angel ( ! ,plague fir/ /ret*+ out 8 sword ov] ,j]usalem & !n return+ x to ! scabb>d4 ,f him ,defoe seems to h tak5 a h9t 9 8 acc\nt ( ! prodigies1 real or imag9>y1 :i* h]ald$ ! outbreak ( ! ,great ,plague 9 ,london4 8,"o "t be=e ! plague 0 begun1 o!rwise ?an z ,i h said 9 ,/4 ,giles's1 ,i ?9k x 0 9 ,m>*1 see+ a cr[d ( p 9 ! /reet1 ,i jo9$ ) !m to satisfy my curiosity1 & f\nd !m all />+ up into ! air to see :at a woman told !m appe>$ pla9 to h]1 :i* 0 an angel clo!d 9 :ite ) a fi]y sword 9 8 h&1 wav+ x or br&i%+ x ov] 8 head4444 ,"o saw "o ?+ & "o ano!r4 ,i look$ z e>ne/ly z ! re/1 b1 p]haps1 n ) s mu* will+ness to be impos$ ^u2 & ,i said1 inde$1 t ,i c\ld see no?+ b a :ite cl\d1 bright on "o side1 by ! %9+ ( ! sun ^u ! o!r "p40 ,see ,daniel ,defoe1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,plague 9 ,london 7,ed9burgh1 #ahaj1 pp4 #cc sq474 ,x is ! m likely t ,defoe _h "h ! ,*ronicl] 9 m9d1 because a few pages e>li] he introduces ! prophet ,jonah & a man out ( ,josephus ) v good effect4 ,m#ag ,! r>ity ( ref]5ces to ! div9ity ( ,hebrew k+s 9 ! hi/orical books may be expla9$ by ! circum/ances 9 :i* ^! works 7 compos$ or edit$4 #fg #b ,k+s xvii4 #e sq41 xviii4 #i sq4 #fh #b ,k+s xix4 #cb-cf4 #fi ,we owe to ,ezekiel 7xxiii4 #e sq41 #ab7 ! picture ( ! h&some ,assyrian cavalrym5 9 _! blue uni=ms & gorge\s trapp+s4 ,! prophet writes z if 9 8 exile by ! wat]s ( ,babylon he _h se5 ! blue regim5ts fil+ pa/1 9 all ! pomp ( w>1 on _! way to ! front4 ,m#ah ,! hi/orical books 7 compos$ or edit$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! prophetic re=mation4 #gj ,sam>ia fell 9 #gbb ,b4,c41 dur+ or j be=e ! reign ( ,hezekiah3 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 ! corn]/one ( k+ ,josiah's re=mation1 0 produc$ 9 #fba ,b4,c42 & ,j]usalem fell 9 #ehf ,b4,c4 ,! date ( ,hezekiah's accession is a mu*-disput$ po9t 9 ! *ronology ( ,judah4 ,see ! ,introduction to ,k+s & ,isaiah i4-xxxix4 by ,j4 ,sk9n] & ,o4 ,c4 ,:iteh\se respectively1 9 ,! ,c5tury ,bible4 #ga ,or ! ,deut]onomic r$actor1 z ! critics call him4 ,see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*#b 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahib71 pp4 #cie sq41 #dbe2 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 ii4 #bjgh sqq41 #bfcc sqq41 iv4 #dbgc sqq42 ,k4 ,budde1 ,ges*i*te d] al!bris*5 ,litt]atur 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #ii1 #aba sqq41 #abg sqq41 #acb2 ,pr9cipal ,j4 ,sk9n]1 9 8 introduction to ,k+s 79 ,! ,c5tury ,bible71 pp4 #aj sqq4 ,m#ai ,! ,baal & 8 female ,baala? ! s\rces ( all f]tility4 #gb ,m5&] ( ,ephesus1 quot$ by ,josephus1 ,contra ,apionem1 i4 #ah 7,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iv4 #ddf72 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #bf4 ,accord+ to ,ju/91 h[ev]1 ! prie/ ( ,h]cules1 t is1 ( ,melc>?1 at ,tyre1 0 di/9ct f ! k+ & second to him 9 dignity4 ,see ,ju/91 xviii4 #d1 #e4 #gc ,hosea ii4 #e sqq42 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites#b 7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #ie-ajg4 #gd ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1#b pp4 #ajg sq4 ,m#bj ,p]sonation ( ! ,baal by ! k+4 #ge ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #abj sqq41 #cgf sqq4 ,m#ba ,c9yras1 k+ ( ,byblus4 ,aphaca & ! vale ( ! ,adonis4 ,monum5ts ( ,adonis4 #gf ,/rabo1 xvi4 #a4 #ah1 p4 #gee4 #gg ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #i4 #gh ,eusebius1 ,vita ,con/ant9i1 iii4 #ee2 ,sozom5us1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 ii4 #e2 ,socrates1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 i4 #ah2 ,zosimus1 i4 #eh4 #gi ,on ! valley ( ! ,nahr ,ibrahim1 its sc5]y & monum5ts1 see ,edw>d ,rob9son1 ,biblical ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e#c 7,london1 #ahfg71 iii4 #fjc-fji2 ,w4 ,m4 ,?omson1 ,! ,l& & ! ,book1 ,lebanon1 ,damascus1 & beyond ,jordan 7,london1 #ahhf71 pp4 #bci-bdf2 ,e4 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie1 pp4 #bhb sqq42 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 7,p>is1 #ahig7 pp4 #age-agi2 ,sir ,*>les ,wilson1 ,picturesque ,pale/9e 7,london1 ,n4,d471 iii4 #af1 #ag1 #bg4 ,among ! trees :i* l9e ! valley are oak1 sycamore1 bay1 plane1 orange1 & mulb]ry 7,w4 ,m4 ,?omson1 op4 cit4 p4 #bde74 ,travell]s are unanim\s 9 te/ify+ to ! extraord9>y beauty ( ! vale ( ! ,adonis4 ,?us ,rob9son writes3 8,!re is no spot 9 all my w&]+s on :i* memory l+]s ) great] delight ?an on ! seque/]$ retreat & exce$+ lovel9ess ( ,afka40 ,r5an says t ! l&scape is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w4 ,my fri5d ! late ,sir ,francis ,galton wrote to me 7#bj? ,septemb] #aijf73 8,i h no good map ( ,pale/9e1 b /rongly suspect t my w&]+s !re1 q sixty ye>s ago1 took me to ! place y m5tion1 above ! gorge ( ! riv] ,adonis4 ,be t z x may1 ,i h con/antly ass]t$ t ! view ,i !n _h ( a deep rav9e & blue sea se5 ?r\gh ! cliffs t b\nd$ x1 0 ! mo/ beautiful ,i _h ev] set eyes on40 #hj ,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 1 p4 #age4 #ha ,melito1 8,oration to ,anton9us ,caes>10 9 ,w4 ,cureton's ,spicilegium ,syriacum 7,london1 #ahee71 p4 #dd4 #hb ,e4 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie1 pp4 #bib-bid4 ,! writ] seems to h no d\bt t ! bea/ attack+ ,adonis is a be>1 n a bo>4 ,views ( ! monum5t are giv5 by ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,das ,alte ,te/am5t im ,li*te des ,alt5 ,ori5ts#b 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 p4 #ij1 & by ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 plates i4 & ii41 ) 8 discussion1 pp4 #gh sqq4 #hc ,macrobius1 ,saturn1 i4 #ba4 #e4 #hd ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #h4 ,m#bb ,pho5ician colonies 9 ,cyprus4 #he ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 ii4 #b1 p4 #bbd2 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 #aii2 ,g4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ! ,holy ,l& 7,london1 #ahid71 p4 #ace4 #hf ,on ! natural weal? ( ,cyprus see ,/rabo1 xiv4 #f4 #e2 ,w4 ,h4 ,engel1 ,kypros1 i4 #dj-ga2 ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 ii4 #b1 pp4 #bbd sq42 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 #bjj sq42 ,e4 ,ob]humm]1 ,die ,insel ,cyp]n1 i4 7,muni*1 #aijc7 pp4 #age sqq41 #bdc sqq4 ,z to ! firs & c$>s ( ,cyprus see ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/oria ,plant>um1 v4 #g4 #a1 v4 #i4 #a4 ,! ,cyprians boa/$ t !y c\ld build & rig a %ip complete1 f h] keel to h] topsails1 ) ! native products ( _! isl& 7,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xiv4 #h4 #ad74 #hg ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-,book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,nos4 #ab-be1 pp4 #ee-gf1 #cdg-cdi2 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,new ,*apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory 7,london1 #ahib71 pp4 #agi1 #ahe4 ,x has be5 held t ! "n ( ,citium is etymologically id5tical ) ,hittite4 ,if t 0 s1 x w\ld seem t ! t[n 0 built & inhabit$ by a non-,semitic p be=e ! arrival ( ! ,pho5icians4 ,see ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,kittim40 ,o!r traces ( ?is old] race1 ak9 to ! primitive /ock ( ,asia ,m9or1 h be5 detect$ 9 ,cyprus2 among/ !m ! mo/ obvi\s is ! ,cyprian syllab>y1 ! *>act]s ( :i* are nei!r ,pho5ician nor ,greek 9 orig94 ,see ,p4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aed1 #agc-age1 #agh sq4 #hh ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-,book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #aa1 p4 #eb4 #hi ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 2 ,pausanias1 ix4 #da4 #b sq4 ,accord+ to ,pausanias1 !re 0 a rem>kable necklace ( gre5 /ones & gold 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,adonis & ,aphrodite at ,ama?us4 ,! ,greeks commonly id5tifi$ x ) ! necklace ( ,h>monia or ,eriphyle4 ,a t]ra-cotta /atuette ( ,a/>te1 f\nd at ,ama?us 7871 repres5ts h] we>+ a necklace :i* %e t\*es ) "o h&4 ,see ,l4 ,p4 di ,cesnola1 ,cyprus 7,london1 #ahgg71 p4 #bge4 ,! scanty ru9s ( ,ama?us occupy an isolat$ hill beside ! sea4 ,among !m is an enorm\s /one j>1 half buri$ 9 ! e>?1 ( :i* ! f\r h&les are adorn$ ) figures ( bulls4 ,x is probably ( ,pho5ician manufacture4 ,see ,l4 ,ross1 ,reis5 na* ,kos1 ,halik>nassos1 ,rhodes und d] ,insel ,cyp]n 7,halle1 #aheb71 pp4 #afh sqq4 #ij ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 4 ,= ! relation ( ,adonis to ,osiris at ,byblus see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #i sq41 #bb sq41 #abg4 #ia ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 #ib ,l4 ,p4 di ,cesnola1 ,cyprus1 pp4 #bed-bhc2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iii4 7,p>is1 #ahhe7 pp4 #baf-bbb4 ,m#bc ,k+dom ( ,paphos4 ,sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite at ,paphos4 #ic ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,devia ,cypria 7,london1 #ahhi71 pp4 #a-c2 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1#i vi4 #gdg2 lise ,reclus1 ,n\velle ,gographie ,univ]selle 7,p>is1 #ahgi-ahid71 ix4 #ffh4 #id ,t4 ,l4 ,donaldson1 ,ar*itectura ,numismatica 7,london1 #ahei71 pp4 #ajg-aji1 ) fig4 #ca2 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #baj-bac2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,cyprus 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 cxxvii-cxxxiv1 ) plates xiv4 #b1 #c1 #f-h1 xv4 #a-d1 #g1 xvi4 #b1 #d1 #f-i1 xvii4 #d-f1 #h1 #i1 xxvi4 #c1 #f-af2 ,george ,macdonald1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection 7,glasg[1 #ahii-aije71 ii4 #eff1 ) pl4 lxi4 #ai4 ,z to ! exi/+ rema9s ( ! temple1 :i* 7 excavat$ by an ,engli% exp$ition 9 #ahhg-ahhh1 see 8,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 #ahhg-ahhh10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #aic sqq4 ,previ\s acc\nts ( ! temple are inaccurate & untru/wor?y4 #ie ,c4 ,s*u*h>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,ausgrabung5#b 7,leipsic1 #ahia71 pp4 #bca-bcc2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 vi4 7,p>is1 #ahid7 pp4 #ccf sq41 #feb-fed2 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #bac sq42 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,new ,*apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory1 p4 #aha4 #if ,j4 ,seld51 ,de dis ,syris 7,leipsic1 #affh71 pp4 #bgd sqq42 ,s4 ,bo*>t1 ,hi]ozoicon1 ,editio ,t]tia 7,leyd51 #afib71 ii4 #d sqq4 ,comp>e ! /atue ( a prie/ ) a dove 9 8 h&1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,cyprus 7,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iii4 ,p>is1 #ahhe1 p4 #eaj71 ) fig4 #cdi4 #ig ,a4 ,j4 ,evans1 8,myc5aean ,tree & ,pill> ,cult10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xxi4 7#aija7 pp4 #ii sqq4 ,m#bd ,! ,aphrodite ( ,paphos a ,pho5ician or aborig9al deity4 ,h] conical image4 #ih ,tacitus1 ,annals1 iii4 #fb4 #ii ,h]odotus1 i4 #aje2 comp>e ,pausanias1 i4 #ad4 #g4 ,h]odotus only speaks ( ! sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite 9 ,cyprus1 b he mu/ ref] to ! great "o at ,paphos4 ,at ,ascalon a goddess 0 wor%ipp$ 9 m]maid-%ape "u ! "n ( ,d]ceto1 & fi% & doves 7 sacr$ to h] 7,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #d2 comp>e ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ad74 ,! "n ,d]ceto1 l ! mu* m correct ,at>gatis1 is a ,greek corruption ( ',attr1 ! ,aramaic =m ( ,a/>te1 b ! two goddesses ,at>gatis & ,a/>te1 9 spite ( ! aff9ity ( _! names1 appe> to h be5 hi/orically di/9ct4 ,see ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aiji71 pp4 #fje1 #fej sq42 ,f4 ,bae?g51 ,beitrge zur ,semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 pp4 #fh sqq42 ,f4 ,cumont1 s4vv4 8,at>gatis0 & 8,dea ,syria10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft2 ,r5 ,dussaud1 ,notes de ,my?ologie ,syri5ne 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #hb sqq42 ,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,macali/]1 ,! ,phili/9es1 _! ,hi/ory & ,civilization 7,london1 #aiac71 pp4 #id sqq4 #ajj ,x is describ$ by anci5t writ]s & figur$ on co9s4 ,see ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 ii4 #c2 ,maximus ,tyrius1 ,diss]t4 viii4 #h2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 i4 #gbj2 ,t4 ,l4 ,donaldson1 ,ar*itectura ,numismatica1 p4 #ajg1 ) fig4 #ca2 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #baj-bab4 ,accord+ to ,maximus ,tyrius1 ! mat]ial ( ! pyramid 0 unkn[n4 ,probably x 0 a /one4 ,! ,engli% ar*aeologi/s f\nd sev]al fragm5ts ( :ite cones on ! site ( ! temple at ,paphos3 "o :i* /ill rema9s 9 its orig9al position 9 ! c5tral *amb] 0 ( lime/one & ( some:at l>g] size 7,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 p4 #ahj74 #aja ,see above1 p4 #ad4 #ajb ,on co9s ( ,p]ga ! sacr$ cone is repres5t$ z ri*ly decorat$ & /&+ 9 a temple betwe5 sph9xes4 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #ehe2 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,types ( ,greek ,co9s 7,cambridge1 #ahhc71 pl4 xv4 ,no4 #c2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycia1 ,pamphylia1 & ,pisidia 7,london1 #ahig71 pl4 xxiv4 #ab1 #ae1 #af4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill writes to me3 8,is ! /one at ,p]ga really a cone8 ,i h always ?\ght x 0 a cube or some?+ ( t k9d4 ,on ! co9s ! upp]1 slop+ portion is app>5tly an elaborate veil or head-dress4 ,! head atta*$ to ! /one is se5 9 ! middle ( ?is1 surm\nt$ by a tall kala?os40 ,! sanctu>y /ood on a height1 & a fe/ival 0 held !re annually 7,/rabo1 xiv4 #d4 #b1 p4 #ffg74 ,! native title ( ! goddess 0 ,anassa1 t is1 8,que540 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 l4c42 ,w]nicke1 s4v4 8,artemis10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ii4 #a1 col4 #acig4 ,aphrodite at ,paphos bore ! same title4 ,see bel[1 p4 #db1 note #f4 ,! wor%ip ( ,p]gaean ,artemis at ,halic>nassus 0 c>$ = by a prie/ess1 :o held (fice = life & _h to make int]cession = ! city at e new moon4 ,see ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um#b 7,leipsic1 #ahih-aija71 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgc1 ,no4 #fja4 #ajc ,h]odian1 v4 #c4 #e4 ,?is cone 0 ( black /one1 ) "s small knobs on x1 l ! /one ( ,cybele at ,pess9us4 ,x is figur$ on co9s ( ,emesa4 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #fei2 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,types ( ,greek ,co9s1 pl4 xv4 ,no4 #a4 ,! sacr$ /one ( ,cybele1 :i* ! ,romans br\ght f ,pess9us to ,rome dur+ ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 0 small1 black1 & rugg$1 b we are n told t x 0 ( conical %ape4 ,see ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 vii4 #di2 ,livy1 xxix4 #aa4 #g4 ,accord+ to "o read+1 ,s]vius 7on ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #ahh7 speaks ( ! /one ( ,cybele z a ne$le 7acus71 :i* w\ld po9t to a conical %ape4 ,b ! read+ appe>s to be )\t manuscript au?ority1 & o!r em5dations h be5 sugge/$4 #ajd ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iii4 #bgc1 #bih sq41 #cjd sq4 ,! sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite1 or r ,a/>te1 at ,golgi is said to h be5 ev5 m anci5t ?an h] sanctu>y at ,paphos 7,pausanias1 viii4 #e4 #b74 #aje ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,rese>*es 9 ,s9ai 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #ace sq41 #ahi4 ,votive cones made ( clay h be5 f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ,babylonia1 p>ticul>ly at ,laga% & ,nippur4 ,see ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahih71 pp4 #fgb-fgd4 #ajf ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 ii4 #c4 #ajg ,we le>n ?is f an inscription f\nd at ,paphos4 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #ahh1 #bca4 #ajh ,pausanias1 x4 #bd4 #f1 ) my note4 #aji ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,a ,w&]+ ,s*ol> 9 ! ,levant 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #agi sq4 ,wom5 us$ to creep ?r\gh a hol$ /one to obta9 *ildr5 at a place on ! ,dee 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,see ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 ii4 #ahg4 #aaj ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iii4 #fbh4 ,m#be ,sacr$ pro/itution 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,paphian ,aphrodite & ( o!r ,asiatic goddesses4 #aaa ,h]odotus1 i4 #aii2 ,a!naeus1 xii4 #aa1 p4 #eaf ,a2 ,ju/91 xviii4 #e4 #d2 ,lactantius1 ,div94 ,in/4 i4 #ag2 ,w4 ,h4 ,engel1 ,kypros1 ii4 #adb sqq4 ,asiatic cu/oms ( ?is sort h be5 rightly expla9$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt 7,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #bhc sqq474 #aab ,h]odotus1 i4 #aii2 ,/rabo1 xvi4 #a4 #bj1 p4 #gde4 ,z to ! id5tity ( ,mylitta ) ,a/>te see ,h4 ,zimm]n 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das alte ,te/am5t1#c pp4 #dbc1 note #g1 #dbh1 note #d4 ,accord+ to him1 ! "n ,mylitta comes f ,mu'allidtu1 8%e :o helps wom5 9 travail40 ,9 ?is "* ,i%t> w\ld answ] to ! ,greek ,artemis & ! ,lat9 ,diana4 ,z to sacr$ pro/itution 9 ! wor%ip ( ,i%t> see ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #dge sq41 #dhd sq42 ,p4 ,dhorme1 ,la ,religion ,assyro-,babyloni5ne 7,p>is1 #aiaj71 pp4 #hf1 #cjj sq4 #aac ,eusebius1 ,vita ,con/ant9i1 iii4 #eh2 ,socrates1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 i4 #ah4 #g-i2 ,sozom5us1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 v4 #aj4 #g4 ,socrates says t at ,heliopolis local cu/om oblig$ ! wom5 to be held 9 common1 s t pat]nity 0 unkn[n1 8= !re 0 no di/9ction ( p>5ts & *ildr51 & ! p pro/itut$ _! daught]s to ! /rang]s :o visit$ !m0 7 74 ,! pro/itution ( matrons z well z ( maids is m5tion$ by ,eusebius4 ,z he 0 born & sp5t 8 life 9 ,syria1 & 0 a contempor>y ( ! practices he describes1 ! bi%op ( ,caes>ea _h ! be/ opportunity ( in=m+ himself z to !m1 & we ought n1 z ,pr(4 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson does 7,grie*is*e ,fe/e1 ,leipsic1 #aijf1 p4 #cff n4#b71 to all[ 8 positive te/imony on ?is po9t to be outweigh$ by ! sil5ce ( ! lat] hi/orian ,sozom5us1 :o wrote long aft] ! cu/om _h be5 aboli%$4 ,eusebius _h good reason to "k ! hea!ni% cu/oms :i* 7 kept up 9 8 diocese2 = he 0 %>ply tak5 to task by ,con/ant9e = all[+ sacrifices to be (f]$ on alt>s "u ! sacr$ oak or t]eb9? at ,mamre2 & 9 ob$i5ce to ! imp]ial comm&s he caus$ ! alt>s to be de/roy$ & an oratory to be built in/ead "u ! tree4 ,s 9 ,irel& ! anci5t hea!n sanctu>ies "u ! sacr$ oaks 7 conv]t$ by ,*ri/ian mission>ies into *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,see ,socrates1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 i4 #ah2 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bdb sq4 #aad ,a?anasius1 ,oratio contra ,g5tes1 #bf 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xxv4 #eb71 1 1 4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,pho5ician cu/om :i* is giv5 by ,h4 ,ploss 7,das ,weib1#b i4 #cjb7 & repeat$ aft] him by ,fr4 ,s*wally 7,semitis*e ,kriegsalt]tm]1 ,leipsic1 #aija1 pp4 #gf sq47 may re/ only on a misappreh5sion ( ?is passage ( ,a?anasius4 ,b if x is correct1 we may conjecture t ! slaves :o defl[]$ ! virg9s 7 ! sacr$ slaves ( ! temples1 ! ede%im1 & t !y dis*>g$ ?is (fice z ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! god4 ,z to ^! ede%im1 or 8sacr$ m510 see above1 pp4 #ag sq41 & bel[1 pp4 #gb sqq4 #aae ,! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 translat$ & edit$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les 7,london1 #aijh71 *apt] xii4 p4 #ha4 #aaf ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #f4 ,! writ] is c>eful to indicate t none b /rang]s 7 all[$ to enjoy ! wom5 7 74 #aag ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #cj sq4 #aah ,h]odotus1 i4 #ic sq42 ,a!naeus1 xii4 #aa1 pp4 #eae sq4 #aai ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 8,un$it$ ,inscriptions ( ,asia ,m9or10 ,bullet9 de ,correspondance ,hellnique1 vii4 7#ahhc7 p4 #bgf2 id41 ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahie7 pp4 #id sq41 #aae4 #abj ,/rabo1 xi4 #ad4 #af1 p4 #ecb4 #aba ,/rabo1 xii4 #c4 #cb1 #cd & #cf1 pp4 #eeg-eei2 comp>e xii4 #b4 #c1 p4 #ece4 ,o!r sanctu>ies 9 ,pontus1 ,cappadocia1 & ,phrygia sw>m$ ) sacr$ slaves1 & we may conjecture1 ?\gh we are n told1 t _m ( ^! slaves 7 pro/itutes4 ,see ,/rabo1 xi4 #h4 #d1 xii4 #b4 #c & #f1 xii4 #c4 #ca & #cg1 xii4 #h4 #ad4 ,m#bf ,! ,asiatic ,"m ,goddess a p]sonification ( all ! reproductive en]gies ( nature4 ,h] wor%ip p]haps reflects a p]iod ( sexual communism4 #abb ,on ?is great ,asiatic goddess & h] lov]s see especially ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 i4 #hg sqq4 #abc ,comp>e ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #bhd sq42 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,prophets ( ,israel1 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #aga-agd4 ,simil>ly 9 ,camul1 =m]ly a prov9ce ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 ! m5 us$ to place _! wives at ! disposal ( any =eign]s :o came to lodge ) !m1 & deem$ x an hon\r if ! gue/s made use ( _! opportunities4 ,! emp]or1 he>+ ( ! cu/om1 =bade ! p to obs]ve x4 ,= ?ree ye>s !y obey$1 !n1 f9d+ t _! l&s 7 no long] fruitful & t _m mi%aps befell !m1 !y pray$ ! emp]or to all[ !m to reta9 ! cu/om1 8= x 0 by reason ( ?is usage t _! gods be/[$ ^u !m all ! good ?+s t !y possess$1 & )\t x !y saw n h[ !y c\ld cont9ue to exi/40 ,see ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 translat$ & edit$ by ,colonel ,h5ry ,yule1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahge71 i4 #bab sq4 ,"h app>5tly ! f]tility ( ! soil 0 deem$ to dep5d on ! int]c\rse ( ! wom5 ) /rang]s1 n ) _! husb&s4 ,simil>ly1 among ! ,oulad ,abdi1 an ,arab tribe ( ,morocco1 8! wom5 (t5 seek a divorce & engage 9 pro/itution 9 ! int]vals betwe5 _! m>riages2 dur+ t "t !y cont9ue to dwell 9 _! families1 & _! relations reg>d _! conduct z v natural4 ,! adm9i/rative au?ority hav+ be/irr$ itself & attempt$ to regulate ?is pro/itution1 ! :ole population oppos$ ! attempt1 alleg+ t su* a measure w\ld impair ! abundance ( ! crops40 ,see ,edmond ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #efj sq4 #abd ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ad1 p4 #ac1 ed4 ,pott]2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #ai2 comp>e ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #aj4 #abe ,9 ,hebrew a temple h>lot 0 regul>ly call$ 8a sacr$ woman0 7kd%a74 ,see ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,h>lot02 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 on ,g5esis xxxviii4 #ba4 ,z to su* 8sacr$ wom50 see bel[1 pp4 #gj sqq4 ,m#bg ,! daught]s ( ,c9yras4 #abf ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ac1 p4 #ab1 ed4 ,pott]2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #ai2 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #aj4 #abg ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #ad4 #c4 ,m#bh ,! ,paphian dyna/y ( ! ,c9yrads4 #abh ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #ad4 #c4 ,i foll[ ! text ( ,r4 ,wagn]'s edition 9 read+ 4 ,z to ,hyria 9 ,isauria see ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 4 ,! city ( ,cel5d]is1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ,cilicia1 possess$ a small h>b\r protect$ by a =tifi$ p59sula4 ,_m anci5t tombs surviv$ till rec5t times1 b h n[ mo/ly disappe>$4 ,x 0 ! port f :i* ! ,turki% c\ri]s f ,con/ant9ople us$ to emb>k = ,cyprus4 ,z to ! situation & rema9s see ,f4 ,beau=t1 ,k>mania 7,london1 #ahag71 p4 #bja2 ,w4 ,m4 ,leake1 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,asia ,m9or 7,london1 #ahbd71 pp4 #aad-aah2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosoph4-hi/oris*e ,classe1 xliv4 7#ahif7 ,no4 vi4 p4 #id4 ,! /atem5t t ! sanctu>y ( ,aphrodite at ,paphos 0 f\nd$ by ! ,arcadian ,agap5or1 :o plant$ a colony 9 ,cyprus aft] ! ,trojan w> 7,pausanias1 viii4 #e4 #b71 may safely be disreg>d$4 #abi ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 ii4 #c2 ,annals1 iii4 #fb4 #acj ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 ii4 #c2 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 #aca ,p9d>1 ,py?4 ii4 #ac-ag4 #acb ,tyrtaeus1 xii4 #f 7,poetae ,lyrici ,graeci1 ed4 ,?4 ,b]gk1#c ,leipsic1 #ahff-ahfg1 ii4 #djd72 ,p9d>1 ,py?4 viii4 #ah2 ,plato1 ,laws1 ii4 #f1 p4 #ffj ,e2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,pa$ag4 iii4 #f1 p4 #bgd1 ed4 ,pott]2 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,orat4 viii4 7vol4 i4 p4 #adi1 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf72 ,julian1 ,epi/4 lix4 p4 #egd1 ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle92 ,diog5ianus1 viii4 #ec2 ,suidas1 s4v4 4 #acc ,s*ol4 on ,p9d>1 ,py?4 ii4 #ae 7#bg72 ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 iii4 #de1 p4 #dj1 ed4 ,pott]2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 vi4 #f4 ,t ! k+s ( ,paphos 7 also prie/s ( ! goddess is prov$1 ap>t f ! te/imony ( anci5t writ]s1 by inscriptions f\nd on ! spot4 ,see ,h4 ,collitz1 ,sammlung d] grie*is*5 ,dialekt9s*rift51 i4 7,gtt+51 #ahhd7 p4 #bb1 ,nos4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj4 ,! title ( ! goddess 9 ^! inscriptions is ,que5 or ,mi/ress 77774 ,x is p]haps a translation ( ! ,semitic ,baala?4 #acd ,plut>*1 ,de ,alex&ri ,magni =tuna aut virtute1 ii4 #h4 ,! "n ( ! g>d5]-k+ 0 ,alynomus4 ,t ! ,c9yrads exi/$ z a family d[n to ,mac$onian times is fur!r prov$ by a ,greek inscription f\nd at ,old ,paphos1 :i* records t a c]ta9 ,democrates1 son ( ,ptolemy1 head ( ! ,c9yrads1 & 8 wife ,eunice1 d$icat$ a /atue ( _! daught] to ! ,paphian ,aphrodite4 ,see ,l4 ,ross1 8,ins*rift5 von ,cyp]n10 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 ,n4,f4 vii4 7#ahej7 pp4 #ebj sq4 ,x seems to h be5 a common practice ( p>5ts to d$icate /atues ( _! sons or daught]s to ! goddess at ,paphos4 ,! inscrib$ p$e/als ( _m su* /atues 7 f\nd by ! ,engli% ar*aeologi/s4 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #bbh1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bee4 #ace ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 ii4 #d2 ,pausanias1 viii4 #bd4 #f4 #acf ,plut>*1 ,cato ! ,y\ng]1 #ce4 ,m#bi ,ince/ ( ,c9yras ) 8 daught] ,myrrha1 & bir? ( ,adonis4 ,leg5ds ( royal ince/--a sugge/$ explanation4 #acg ,ovid1 ,metam4 x4 #bih sqq42 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #eh1 #fd2 ,fulg5tius1 ,my?olog4 iii4 #h2 ,lactantius ,placidius1 ,n>rat4 ,fabul4 x4 #i2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,ecl4 x4 #ah1 & ,a54 v4 #gb2 ,plut>*1 ,p>allela1 #bb2 ,s*ol4 on ,!ocritus1 i4 #ajg4 ,x is ,ovid :o describes 7,metam4 x4 #dca sqq47 ! fe/ival ( ,c]es1 at :i* ! ince/ 0 committ$4 ,8 s\rce 0 probably ! ,metamorphoses ( ! ,greek writ] ,!odorus1 :i* ,plut>* 7l4c47 ref]s to z 8 au?ority = ! /ory4 ,! fe/ival 9 "q 0 p]haps ! ,!smophoria1 at :i* wom5 7 b\nd to rema9 *a/e 7,s*ol4 on ,!ocritus1 iv4 #be2 ,s*ol4 on ,nic&]1 ,!r4 #gj sq42 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxiv4 #ei2 ,dioscorides1 ,de ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 i4 #acd 7#ace72 comp>e ,aelian1 ,de natura animalium1 ix4 #bf74 ,comp>e ,e4 ,fehrle1 ,die kultis*e ,keus*heit im ,alt]tum 7,giess51 #aiaj71 pp4 #ajc sqq41 #aba sq41 #aea sqq4 ,! corn & bread ( ,cyprus 7 fam\s 9 antiquity4 ,see ,aes*ylus1 ,suppliants1 #edi 7#eee72 ,hipponax1 cit$ by ,/rabo1 viii4 #c4 #h1 p4 #cdj2 ,eubulus1 cit$ by ,a!naeus1 iii4 #gh1 p4 #aab ,f2 ,e4 ,ob]humm]1 ,die ,insel4 ,cyp]n1 i4 7,muni*1 #aijc7 pp4 #bgd sqq4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ,adonis 0 ! fruit ( ! ince/u\s int]c\rse ( ,!ias1 a ,syrian k+1 ) 8 daught] ,myrrha4 ,see ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #ad4 #d 7:o cites ,panyasis z 8 au?ority72 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #hbi2 ,anton9us ,lib]alis1 ,trans=m4 #cd 7:o lays ! sc5e ( ! /ory on ,m\nt ,lebanon74 ,) ! corn-wrea?s m5tion$ 9 ! text we may comp>e ! wrea?s :i* ! ,roman ,arval ,bre?r5 wore at _! sacr$ functions1 & ) :i* !y seem to h cr[n$ ! images ( ! goddesses4 ,see ,g4 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium 7,b]l91 #ahgd71 pp4 #bd-bg1 #cc sq4 ,comp>e ,pausanias1 vii4 #bj4 #a4 sq4 #ach ,a li/ ( ^! cases is giv5 by ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bec4 ,x includes ! ince/ ( ,clym5us1 k+ ( ,arcadia1 ) 8 daught] ,h>palyce 7comp>e ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bjf72 t ( ,o5omaus1 k+ ( ,pisa1 ) 8 daught] ,hippodamia 7comp>e ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #aef2 ,lucian1 ,*>idemus1 #ai72 t ( ,ere*!us1 k+ ( ,a!ns1 ) 8 daught] ,procris2 & t ( ,epopeus1 k+ ( ,lesbos1 ) 8 daught] ,nyctim5e 7comp>e ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bjd74 #aci ,! cu/om ( bro!r & si/] m>riage seems to h be5 especially common 9 royal families4 ,see my note on ,pausanias1 i4 #g4 #a 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #hd sq472 z to ! case ( ,egypt see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bac sqq4 ,! true explanation ( ! cu/om 0 fir/1 s f> z ,i "k1 indicat$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan 7,! ,patri>*al ,!ory1 ,london1 #ahhe1 p4 #ie74 ,m#cj ,! ,flam5 ,dialis & 8 ,flam9ica at ,rome4 #adj ,aulus ,gellius1 x4 #ae4 #bb2 ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4#b 7,leipsic1 #ahhe7 p4 #cbh4 #ada ,prie/esses are said to h prec$$ prie/s 9 "s ,egyptian cities4 ,see ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt 7,london1 #aijf71 p4 #gd4 #adb ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #agi1 #aij sqq4 #adc ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bfh sqq4 #add ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #ab note #a4 ,m#ca ,prie/esses among ! ,khasis ( ,assam4 #ade ,major ,p4 ,r4 ,t4 ,gurdon1 ,! ,khasis 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #aji-aab1 #abj sq4 ,m#cb ,sacr$ m>riage ( a prie/ & prie/ess z repres5tatives ( ! ,sun-god & ! ,e>?-goddess4 ,m>riage ( ! ,sun-god & ,e>?-goddess act$ by a prie/ & 8 wife4 #adf ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #aia sqq4 #adg ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #adh4 #adh ,! late ,rev4 ,p4 ,dehon1 ,s4,j41 8,religion & ,cu/oms ( ! ,uraons10 ,memoirs ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #i 7,calcutta1 #aijf71 pp4 #add-adf4 #adi ,= m evid5ce see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ig sqq4 ,m#cc ,c9yras belov$ by ,aphrodite4 ,pygmalion & ,aphrodite4 ,! ,pho5ician k+s ( ,cyprus or _! sons appe> to h be5 h]$it>y lov]s ( ! goddess4 ,sacr$ m>riage ( ! k+s ( ,paphos4 ,sons & daught]s1 fa!rs & mo!rs ( a god4 #aej ,lucian1 ,rhetorum praeceptor1 #aa2 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bgj4 #aea ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #cc1 p4 #bi1 ed4 ,pott]4 #aeb ,w4 ,h4 ,engel1 ,kypros1 ii4 #ehe1 #fab2 ,a4 ,maury1 ,hi/oire des ,religions de la ,grce ,antique 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #aig1 note #c4 #aec ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 vi4 #bb2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 iv4 #eg1 p4 #ea1 ed4 ,pott]2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 x4 #bdc-big4 ,! au?ority = ! /ory is ! ,greek hi/ory ( ,cyprus by ,philo/ephanus1 cit$ bo? by ,arnobius & ,clem5t4 ,9 ,ovid's poetical v]sion ( ! leg5d ,pygmalion is a sculptor1 & ! image ) :i* he falls 9 love is t ( a lovely woman1 :i* at 8 pray] ,v5us end[s ) life4 ,t ,k+ ,pygmalion 0 a ,pho5ician is m5tion$ by ,porphyry 7,de ab/95tia1 iv4 #ae7 on ! au?ority ( ,asclepiades1 a ,cyprian4 #aed ,see above1 p4 #db4 #aee ,probus1 on ,virgil1 ,ecl4 x4 #ah4 ,i owe ?is ref]5ce to my fri5d ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook4 #aef ,9 8 treatise on ! political in/itutions ( ,cyprus1 ,ari/otle report$ t ! sons & bro!rs ( ! k+s 7 call$ 8lords0 771 & _! si/]s & wives 8ladies0 774 ,see ,h>pocration & ,suidas1 s4v4 4 ,comp>e ,isocrates1 ix4 #gb2 ,cle>*us ( ,soli1 quot$ by ,a!naeus1 vi4 #fh1 p4 #bef ,a4 ,n[ 9 ! bil+ual inscription ( ,idalium1 :i* furni%$ ! clue to ! ,cypriote syllab>y1 ! ,greek v]sion gives ! title z ! equival5t ( ! ,pho5ician ,adon 774 ,see ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,semitic>um1 i4 ,no4 #hi2 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 p4 #gd1 note #a4 #aeg ,josephus1 ,contra ,apionem1 i4 #ah1 ed4 ,b4 ,niese2 ,appian1 ,punica1 i2 ,virgil1 ,a54 i4 #cdf sq42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #egd2 ,ju/91 xviii4 #d2 ,eu/a?ius on ,dionysius ,p]iegetes1 #aie 7,geographi ,graeci ,m9ores1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll] ,p>is1 #ahhb1 ii4 #bej sq474 #aeh ,pumi-ya?on1 son ( ,milk-ya?on1 is kn[n f ,pho5ician inscriptions f\nd at ,idalium4 ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,nos4 #ab & #ac1 pp4 #ee sq41 #eg sq4 ,co9s inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,k+ ,pumi-ya?on are also 9 exi/5ce4 ,see ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,cyprus 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 xl4 sq41 #ba sq41 pl4 iv4 #bj-bd4 ,he 0 depos$ by ,ptolemy 7,diodorus ,siculus1 xix4 #gi4 #d74 ,mo/ probably he is ! ,pymaton ( ,citium :o pur*as$ ! k+dom f a dissolute mon>* nam$ ,pasicyprus "s "t be=e ! conque/s ( ,alex&] 7,a!naeus1 iv4 #fc1 p4 #afg74 ,9 ?is passage ( ,a!naeus ! "n ,pymaton1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,,mss4 & agrees closely ) ! ,pho5ician ,pumi-ya?on1 ought n to be *ang$ into ,pygmalion1 z ! late/ editor 7,g4 ,kaibel7 has done4 #aei ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee1 note #a4 ,mr4 ,cooke rem>ks t ! =m ( ! "n 7 in/ead ( 7 mu/ be due to ,greek influ5ce4 #afj ,see above1 p4 #da4 #afa ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ac1 p4 #ab2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #i2 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #aj4 #afb ,t ! k+ 0 n necess>ily succe$$ by 8 elde/ son is prov$ by ! case ( ,solomon1 :o on 8 accession execut$ 8 eld] bro!r ,adoni-jah 7#a ,k+s ii4 #bb-bd74 ,simil>ly1 :5 ,abimele* became k+ ( ,%e*em1 he put 8 sev5ty bro!rs 9 ru?less ori5tal fa%ion to dea?4 ,see ,judges viii4 #bi-ca1 ix4 #e sq41 #ah4 ,s on 8 accession ,jehoram1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 put all 8 bro!rs to ! sword 7#b ,*ronicles xxi4 #d74 ,k+ ,rehoboam _h eighty-eight *ildr5 7#b ,*ronicles xi4 #ba7 & ,k+ ,abi-jah _h ?irty-eight 7#b ,*ronicles xiii4 #ba74 ,^! examples illu/rate ! possible size ( ! family ( a polygam\s k+4 #afc ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #afj sqq4 #afd ,! names :i* imply t a man 0 ! fa!r ( a god h prov$ p>ticul>ly puzzl+ to "s em95t ,semitic s*ol>s4 ,see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1#b p4 #de1 note #b2 ,?4 ,nldeke1 s4v4 8,names10 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 iii4 #cbhg sqq42 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #ci sq41 #dc sqq4 ,su* names are ,abi-baal 78fa!r ( ,baal071 ,abi-el 78fa!r ( ,el071 ,abi-jah 78fa!r ( ,jehovah071 & ,abi-mele* 78fa!r ( a k+0 or 8fa!r ( ,molo*074 ,on ! hypo!sis put =w>d 9 ! text ! fa!r ( a god & ! son ( a god /ood precisely on ! same foot+1 & ! same p]son w\ld (t5 be bo? "o & ! o!r4 ,:]e ! common practice prevail$ ( nam+ a fa!r aft] 8 son 7,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #cca sqq471 a div9e k+ 9 lat] life might (t5 be call$ 8fa!r ( su*-&-su* a god40 #afe ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #dah sq4 #aff ,a4 ,erman1 ,aegypt5 und aegyptis*es ,leb5 im ,alt]tum 7,tb+51 ,n4,d471 p4 #aac4 #afg ,l4 ,bor*>dt1 8,d] gyptis*e ,titel #8,vat] des ,gottes' als ,bezei*nung fr #8,vat] od] ,s*wieg]vat] des ,knigs1' 0 ,b]i*te b] die ,v]h&lung5 d] ,knigli* ,s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,leipzig1 ,philolog4-hi/or4 ,klasse1 lvii4 7#aije7 pp4 #bed-bgj4 ,m#cd ,c9yras1 l ,k+ ,david1 a h>p]4 ,! use ( music z a means ( prophetic inspiration among ! ,hebrews4 #afh ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #bdc2 ,/oll1 s4v4 8,k9yras10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #aaia2 #a ,samuel xvi4 #bc4 #afi #a ,*ronicles xxv4 #a-c2 comp>e #b ,samuel vi4 #e4 #agj ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,prophets ( ,israel#b 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #cia sq42 ,e4 ,r5an1 ,hi/oire du peuple d',israel 7,p>is1 #ahic71 ii4 #bhj4 #aga #a ,samuel x4 #e4 #agb #b ,k+s iii4 #d-bd4 ,& = ! explanation ( ! suppos$ miracle1 see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*#b 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahib71 pp4 #adf sq4 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(essor ,k5nett = ! sugge/ion t ! ,moabites took ! ruddy light on ! wat] = an om5 ( blood r ?an = actual gore4 ,m#ce ,! influ5ce ( music on religion4 #agc #a ,samuel xvi4 #ad-bc4 #agd ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,s]mons prea*$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 ,no4 xv4 pp4 #cdf sq4 7?ird edition74 #age ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to pursue a simil> l9e ( inquiry 9 reg>d to ! o!r arts4 ,:at 0 ! influ5ce ( ,phidias on ,greek religion8 ,h[ mu* does ,ca?olicism owe to ,fra ,angelico8 ,m#cf ,! function ( /r+ music 9 ,greek & ,semitic ritual4 #agf ,p9d>1 ,py?4 ii4 #ae sq4 #agg ,on ! lyre & ! flute 9 ,greek religion & ,greek ?\ght1 see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7,ox=d1 #ahif-aiji71 iv4 #bdc sqq4 #agh ,p9d>1 ,py?4 i4 #ac sqq4 #agi ,?is seems to be ! view also ( ,dr4 ,f>nell1 :o rightly connects ! musical ) ! prophetic side ( ,apollo's "* 7op4 cit4 iv4 #bde74 ,m#cg ,traditions z to ! dea? ( ,c9yras4 #ahj ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bdb4 ,s 9 ! v]sion ( ! /ory :i* made ,adonis ! son ( ,!ias1 ! fa!r is said to h kill$ himself :5 he le>n$ :at he _h done 7,anton9us ,lib]alis1 ,trans=m4 #cd74 #aha ,s*olia/ & ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 xi4 #bj4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #bdc sq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,engel1 ,kypros1 ii4 #aji-aaf2 ,/oll1 s4v4 8,k9yras10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #aaia4 #ahb ,anacreon1 cit$ by ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 vii4 #aed4 ,nonnus also ref]s to ! long life ( ,c9yras 7,dionys4 xxxii4 #bab sq474 #ahc ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1#i xiv4 #heh4 ,m#ch ,sacr$ pro/itution ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,m#ci ,!ory ( its secul> orig94 #ahd ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 8,sociological hypo!ses conc]n+ ! position ( wom5 9 anci5t religion10 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 vii4 7#aijd7 p4 #hh2 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #cff sq42 ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,les religions ori5tales dans le paganisme ,roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #cfa sq4 ,a diff]5t &1 9 my judgm5t1 a tru] view ( ^! cu/oms 0 =m]ly tak5 by ,pr(4 ,nilsson4 ,see 8 ,/udia de ,dionysiis ,atticis 7,lund1 #aijj71 pp4 #aai-aba4 ,= a l>ge collection ( facts be>+ on ?is subject & a judici\s discussion ( !m1 see ,w4 ,h]tz1 8,die ,sage vom ,giftmd*510 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung5 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aije71 pp4 #aie-bai4 ,my att5tion 0 drawn to ?is la/ "w by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,l4 ,hamilton ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan aft] my manuscript _h be5 s5t to ! pr9t]4 ,) ,h]tz's treatm5t ( ! subject ,i am 9 g5]al agreem5t1 & ,i h d]iv$ f 8 le>n$ treatise sev]al ref]5ces to au?orities :i* ,i _h ov]look$4 ,m#dj ,! !ory does n acc\nt = ! religi\s "* ( ! cu/om1 #ahe ,above1 p4 #cg4 #ahf ,above1 p4 #ch4 ,pr(4 ,nilsson is mi/ak5 9 affirm+ 7op4 cit4 p4 #cfg7 t ! ,lydian practice 0 purely secul>3 ! inscription :i* ,i h cit$ proves ! contr>y4 ,bo? he & ,dr4 ,f>nell fully recognize ! religi\s aspect ( mo/ ( ^! cu/oms 9 antiquity1 & ,pr(4 ,nilsson attempts1 z x seems to me1 unsuccessfully1 to indicate h[ a practice suppos$ to be purely secul> 9 orig9 %\ld h come to contract a religi\s "*4 ,m#da ,nor = ! pro/itution ( m>ri$ wom54 #ahg ,above1 p4 #cg4 #ahh ,above1 pp4 #cf sq41 #ch4 #ahi ,hosea iv4 #ac sq4 ,m#db ,nor = ! repeat$ pro/itution ( ! same wom54 #aij ,above1 pp4 #cg sqq4 ,m#dc ,nor = ! 8sacr$ m50 beside ! 8sacr$ wom504 #aia ,see above1 pp4 #ag sq4 ,m#dd ,& is irreconcilable ) ! paym5t ( ! wom54 #aib ,l4 di ,v>!ma1 ,travels 7,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfc71 pp4 #ada1 #bjb-bjd 7,malab>72 ,j4 ,a4 de ,m&lesloe1 9 ,j4 ,h>ris's ,voyages & ,travels1 i4 7,london1 #agdd71 p4 #gfg 7,malab>72 ,ri*>d1 8,hi/ory ( ,tonqu910 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 ix4 #gfj sq4 7,aracan72 ,a4 de ,morga1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,moluccas1 ,siam1 ,cambodia1 ,japan1 & ,*9a 7,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfh71 pp4 #cjd sq4 7! ,philipp9es72 ,j4 ,mallat1 ,les ,philipp9es 7,p>is1 #ahdf71 i4 #fa 7! ,philipp9es72 ,l4 ,moncelon1 9 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 #cme ,srie1 ix4 7#ahhf7 p4 #cfh 7,new ,cal$onia72 ,h4 ,craw=d ,angas1 9 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te1 #ahih1 p4 #dha 7,azimba1 ,c5tral ,africa72 ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,john/on1 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1 #ahig71 p4 #daj 7! ,wa-,yao ( ,c5tral ,africa74 ,see fur!r1 ,w4 ,h]tz1 8,die ,sage vom ,giftmd*510 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 pp4 #aih-bjd4 #aic ,h]odotus1 i4 #ic2 ,ju/91 xviii4 #e4 #d4 ,"p ( ! wages ?us e>n$ 0 probably paid into ! local temple4 ,see above1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ,/rabo 7xi4 #ad4 #af1 p4 #ecb7 ! ,arm5ian girls ( ri* families (t5 gave _! lov]s m ?an !y receiv$ f !m4 #aid ,?is fatal objection to ! !ory "u discussion has be5 cle>ly /at$ by ,w4 ,h]tz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag4 ,i am glad to f9d myself 9 agreem5t ) s judici\s & le>n$ an inquir]4 ,m#de ,! practice ( de/roy+ virg9ity has sometimes _h a religi\s "*4 #aie ,l4 di ,v>!ma1 ,travels 7,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfc71 p4 #ada2 ,j4 ,a4 de ,m&lesloe1 9 ,j4 ,h>ris's ,voyages & ,travels1 i4 7,london1 #agdd7 p4 #gfg2 ,a4 ,hamilton1 8,new ,acc\nt ( ! ,ea/ ,indies10 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 viii4 #cgd2 ,*4 ,lass51 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde1 iv4 7,leipsic1 #ahfa71 p4 #djh2 ,a4 de ,h]r]a1 ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,va/ ,cont95t & ,isl&s ( ,am]ica1 translat$ by ,capta9 ,j4 ,/ev5s 7,london1 #agbe-agbf71 iii4 #caj1 #cdj2 ,fr4 ,coreal1 ,voyages aux ,indes ,occid5tales 7,am/]dam1 #agbb71 i4 #aj sq41 #aci sq42 ,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 v4 ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie und ,spra*5kunde ,am]ika's1 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahfg7 pp4 #aac sq4 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! au?orities ref] to ,malab>2 ! f\r? ref]s to ,cambodia2 ! la/ ?ree ref] to ! ,indians ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,see fur!r ,w4 ,h]tz1 8,die ,sage vom ,giftmd*510 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 pp4 #bjd-bjg4 ,= a criticism ( ! ,malab> evid5ce see ,k4 ,s*midt1 ,jus primae noctis 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahha71 pp4 #cab-cbj4 #aif ,lactantius1 ,div94 ,in/itut4 i4 #bj2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 iv4 #g2 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vi4 #i1 vii4 #bd2 ,d4 ,b>bosa1 ,description ( ! ,coa/s ( ,ea/ ,africa & ,malab> 7,hakluyt ,society1 #ahff71 p4 #if2 ,sonn]at1 ,voyage aux ,indes ,ori5tales et la ,*9e 7,p>is1 #aghb71 i4 #fh2 ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde 7,heilbronn1 #ahgi71 pp4 #cif sq41 #eaa2 ,w4 ,h]tz1 8,die ,sage vom ,giftmd*510 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 pp4 #bgj-bgb4 ,accord+ to ,arnobius1 x 0 matrons1 n maid5s1 :o resort$ to ! image4 ,?is sugge/s t ! cu/om 0 a *>m to procure (fspr+4 #aig ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 9 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te1 #ahgi1 pp4 #bce sq42 ,miklu*o-,maclay1 ibid4 #ahhj1 p4 #hi2 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es 7,brisbane & ,london1 #ahig71 pp4 #agd sq41 #ahj2 ,b4 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #ib-ie2 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #acc-acf4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! obs]vance ( ! cu/om is regul>ly foll[$ by ! ex]cise ( :at seem to be old communal rights ( ! m5 ov] ! wom54 ,m#df ,sacr$ wom5 9 ! ,tamil temples ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,su* wom5 are sometimes m>ri$ to ! god & possess$ by him4 #aih ,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1 ,murs1 ,in/itutions et ,crmonies des ,peuples de l',inde 7,p>is1 #ahbe71 ii4 #cec sqq42 ,j4 ,%ortt1 8,! ,bayadre or danc+-girls ( ,s\!rn ,india10 ,memoirs ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,london1 iii4 7#ahfg-fi7 pp4 #ahb-aid2 ,edw>d ,balf\r1 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,india#c 7,london1 #ahhe71 i4 #ibb sqq42 ,w4 ,francis1 9 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 xv41 ,madras1 ,"p ,i4 7,madras1 #aijb7 pp4 #aea sq42 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 pp4 #cf sq41 #dj sq4 ,! (fice ( ^! sacr$ wom5 has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 aboli%$1 on ! gr\nd ( immorality1 by ! native ,gov]nm5t ( ,mysore4 ,see ,homew>d ,mail1 #f? ,june #aiji 7extract k9dly s5t me by ,g5]al ,begbie74 #aii ,edg> ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 iii4 #cg-ci4 ,comp>e id41 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 pp4 #bi sq4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india ! mat]nal uncle (t5 takes a prom95t "p 9 ! m>riage c]emony to ! exclusion ( ! girl's fa!r4 ,see1 = example1 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india1 ii4 #dig1 iv4 #adg4 ,! cu/om is d]iv$ f ! old sy/em ( "m-k91 "u :i* a man's heirs are n 8 own *ildr5 b 8 si/]'s *ildr54 ,z to ?is sy/em see bel[1 ,*apt] ,,xii41 8,"m-k9 & ,"m ,goddesses40 #bjj ,e4 ,balf\r1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ajab4 #bja ,francis ,bu*anan1 8,a ,j\rney f ,madras ?r\gh ! c\ntries ( ,mysore1 ,can>a1 & ,malab>10 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 viii4 7,london1 #ahaa71 p4 #gdi4 ,m#dg ,9 ,travancore ! danc+-girls are regul>ly m>ri$ to ! god4 #bjb ,n4 ,subramhanya ,aiy>1 9 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 xxvi41 ,travancore1 ,"p i4 7,triv&rum1 #aijc71 pp4 #bgf sq4 ,i h to ?ank my fri5d ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke = ref]r+ me to ?is & o!r passages on ! sacr$ danc+-girls ( ,india4 ,m#dh ,among ! ,ewe peoples ( ,we/ ,africa ! sacr$ pro/itutes are reg>d$ z ! wives ( ! god4 #bjc ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #adj sq4 #bjd ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #adb4 ,m#di ,! human wives ( ! py?on-god4 #bje ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adh sq4 ,comp>e ,des ,m>*ais1 ,voyage en ,gu9e et ,cay5ne 7,am/]dam1 #agca71 ii4 #add-aea2 ,p4 ,b\*e1 ,la ,cte des ,esclaves 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 p4 #abh4 ,! ,abb ,b\*e calls ^! wom5 danws4 #bjf ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj2 ,des ,m>*ais1 op4 cit4 ii4 #adi sq4 ,m#ej ,suppos$ connexion betwe5 ! f]tility ( ! soil & ! m>riage ( wom5 to ! s]p5t4 #bjg ,des ,m>*ais1 ,voyage en ,gu9e et ,cay5ne 7,am/]dam1 #agca71 ii4 #adf sq4 #bjh ,w4 ,bosman1 8,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea10 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 7,london1 #ahad71 p4 #did4 #bji ,w4 ,bosman1 l4c4 ,! "n ( ,:ydah is spelt by ,bosman z ,fida1 & by ,des ,m>*ais z ,juda4 ,m#ea ,human wives ( a snake-god among ! ,akikuyu4 #baj ,,ms4 notes1 k9dly s5t to me by ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 #ba/ ,may1 #aijh4 ,m#eb ,sacr$ m5 z well z wom5 9 ,we/ ,africa3 !y are ?\ght to be possess$ by ! deity4 #baa ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 pp4 #adb-add2 ,le ,r4 ,p4 ,baud91 8,fti*eurs ou m9i/res religieux des ,ngres de la ,gu9e10 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 ,no4 #ghg 7#d juillet #ahhd71 p4 #cbb4 #bab ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aej sq4 #bac ,la ,cte des ,esclaves1 pp4 #abg sq4 #bad ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #adg4 ,m#ec ,simil>ly among ! ,t%i peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ !re are sacr$ m5 & wom51 :o are suppos$ to be inspir$ by ! deity4 #bae ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahhg71 pp4 #abj-ach4 #baf ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 p4 #aba4 #bag ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abj sq41 #abi-ach4 ,! slaves1 male & female1 d$icat$ to a god f *ildhood are (t5 m5tion$ by ! ,g]man mission>y ,mr4 ,j4 ,spie? 9 8 elaborate "w on ! ,ewe p 7,die ,ee-,/mme3 ,mat]ial zur ,kunde des ,ee-,volkes 9 ,deuts*-,togo1 ,b]l91 #aijf1 pp4 #bbh1 #bbi1 #cji1 #dej1 #dgd1 #gib1 #gig1 etc474 ,b 8 in=mation does n illu/rate ! pr9cipal po9ts to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion 9 ! text4 ,m#ed ,9 l mann] ! sacr$ pro/itutes ( ,we/]n ,asia may h be5 view$ z possess$ by ! deity & m>ri$ to ! god4 #bah ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #abi-ace4 #bai ,h]odotus1 i4 #aha sq4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ! same or a diff]5t woman slept e night 9 ! temple4 #bbj ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,die ,gesetze ,hammurabi#b 7,leipsic1 #aijc71 p4 #ca1 #ahb2 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,laws1 ,contracts1 & ,lett]s 7,ed9burgh1 #aijd71 pp4 #ed1 #ee1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa 7 #acg1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #aib1 #aic1 ( ! ,code ( ,hammurabi74 ,z to ^! female vot>ies see especially ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 8,notes on ! ,code ( ,hammurabi10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,semitic ,languages & ,lit]atures1 xix4 7,janu>y #aijc7 pp4 #ih-ajg4 ,comp>e ,s4 ,a4 ,cook1 ,! ,laws ( ,moses & ! ,code ( ,hammurabi 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #adg-aej4 #bba ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 8,notes on ! ,code ( ,hammurabi10 l4c41 :]e we read 7p4 #ajd7 ( a female vot>y ( ,%ama% :o _h a daught]4 #bbb ,code ( ,hammurabi1 #aha2 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 8,notes on ! ,code ( ,hammurabi10 op4 cit4 pp4 #ajj sq42 ,s4 ,a4 ,cook1 op4 cit4 p4 #adh4 ,dr4 ,johns translates ! "n by 8temple maid0 7,babylonian & ,assyrian ,laws1 ,contracts1 & ,lett]s1 p4 #fa74 ,he is scrupul\sly polite to ^! ladies1 b ,i ga!r f him t a f> less *>itable view ( _! religi\s vocation is tak5 by ,fa!r ,s*eil1 ! fir/ editor & translator ( ! code4 #bbc ,any man prov$ to h po9t$ ! f+] ( scorn at a vot>y 0 liable to be br&$ on ! =ehead 7,code ( ,hammurabi1 #abg74 #bbd ,see above1 pp4 #ff1 #fi4 #bbe ,h]odotus1 i4 #ahb4 #bbf ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots ,zweites ,bu* 7,leipsic1 #ahij71 pp4 #bfh sq4 ,see fur!r ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #acj sqq4 #bbg ,/rabo1 xvii4 #a4 #df1 p4 #haf4 ,! title 8concub9es ( ,zeus 7,ammon70 is m5tion$ by ,diodorus ,siculus 7i4 #dg74 #bbh ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #dg4 ,m#ee ,simil>ly ! sacr$ m5 7ede%im7 ( ,we/]n ,asia may h be5 reg>d$ z possess$ by ! deity & z act+ & speak+ 9 8 "n4 #bbi ,! 1 z ! ,greeks call$ !m4 #bcj ,i h to ?ank ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,h4 ,k5nett = ?is important sugge/ion z to ! true nature ( ! ede%im4 ,! passages ( ! ,bible 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ^! m5 are ,deut]onomy xxiii4 #ag 79 ,hebrew #ah72 #a ,k+s xiv4 #bd1 xv4 #ab1 xxii4 #df 79 ,hebrew #dg72 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #g2 ,job xxxvi4 #ad 7:]e ede%im is translat$ 8! unclean0 9 ! ,engli% v]sion74 ,! usual r5d]+ ( ede%im 9 ! ,engli% ,bible is n ju/ifi$ by any ( ^! passages2 b x may p]haps d]ive support f a ref]5ce :i* ,eusebius makes to ! pr(ligate rites obs]v$ at ,aphaca 7,vita ,con/ant9i1 iii4 #ee2 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xx4 #aabj72 1 1 4 ,b probably ,eusebius is "h speak+ ( ! m5 :o ca/rat$ !mselves 9 hon\r ( ! goddess1 & !reaft] wore female attire4 ,see ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ea2 & bel[1 pp4 #bfi sq4 #bca ,/rabo1 xi4 #d4 #g1 p4 #ejc4 #bcb ,drexl]1 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 s4v4 8,m510 ii4 #bfhg sqq4 #bcc ,x is true t ,/rabo 7l4c47 speaks ( ! ,albanian deity z a goddess1 b ?is may be only an accommodation to ! usage ( ! ,greek language1 9 :i* ! moon is fem99e4 #bcd ,florus1 ,epitoma1 ii4 #g2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,frag4 xxxiv4 #b 7vol4 v4 pp4 #hg sq41 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf1 9 ! ,teubn] s]ies74 ,m#ef ,resemblance ( ! ,hebrew prophets to ! sacr$ m5 ( ,we/]n ,africa4 #bce ,above1 pp4 #eb sq4 #bcf #a ,k+s xix4 #af2 ,isaiah lx4 #a4 #bcg #a ,k+s xx4 #da4 ,s 9 ,africa 8prie/s & prie/esses are readily di/+ui%able f ! re/ ( ! community4 ,!y we> _! hair long & unkempt1 :ile o!r p1 except ! wom5 9 ! t[ns on ! seabo>d1 h x cut close to ! head4444 ,frequ5tly bo? appe> ) :ite circles pa9t$ r\nd _! eyes1 or ) v>i\s :ite devices1 m>ks1 or l9es pa9t$ on ! face1 neck1 %\ld]s1 or arms0 7,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 p4 #abc74 8,besides ! ord9>y tribal tattoo-m>ks borne by all natives1 ! prie/hood 9 ,dahomi be> a v>iety ( su* m>ks1 "s v elaborate1 & an exp]t c tell by ! m>ks on a prie/ to :at god he is v[$1 & :at rank he holds 9 ! ord]4 ,^! hi]>*ical m>ks consi/ ( l9es1 scrolls1 diamonds1 & o!r patt]ns1 ) sometimes a figure1 su* z t ( ! crocodile or *ameleon4 ,! %\ld]s are frequ5tly se5 cov]$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( small m>ks l dots1 set close toge!r4 ,all ^! m>ks are consid]$ sacr$1 & ! laity are =bidd5 to t\* !m0 7,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 p4 #adf74 ,! reason :y ! prophet's %\ld]s are especially m>k$ is p]haps giv5 by ! /atem5t ( a ,zulu t 8! s5sitive "p ) a doctor m$ic9e-man is 8 %\ld]s4 ,ev]y?+ he feels is 9 ! situation ( 8 %\ld]s4 ,t is ! place :]e black m5 feel ! ,amatongo0 7ance/ral spirits74 ,see ,h4 ,callaway1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 "p ii4 p4 #aei4 ,^! ,african analogies sugge/ t ! 8w\nds betwe5 ! arms0 7lit]ally1 8betwe5 ! h&s07 :i* ! prophet ,ze*>iah m5tions 7xiii4 #f7 z ! badge ( a ,hebrew prophet 7 m>ks tattoo$ on 8 %\ld]s 9 tok5 ( 8 holy (fice4 ,! sugge/ion is confirm$ by ! prophet's own /atem5t 7l4c47 t he _h receiv$ ! w\nds 9 ! h\se ( 8 lov]s 7 72 = ! same ^w lov]s is repeat$ly appli$ by ! prophet ,hosea to ! ,baalim 7,hosea1 ii4 #e1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 v]ses #g1 #i1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae 9 ,hebrew74 #bch #a ,samuel ix4 #a-bj4 #bci ,h4 ,callaway1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 "p iii4 pp4 #cjj sqq4 #bdj ,see above1 pp4 #eb sq4 #bda #a ,samuel ix4 #i4 ,9 ! ,wiimbaio tribe ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia a m$ic9e-man us$ to be call$ 8mekig>1 f meki1 #8eye' or #8to see1' o!rwise #8"o :o sees1' t is1 sees ! causes ( maladies 9 p1 & :o c\ld extract !m f ! suff]]1 usually 9 ! =m ( qu>tz cry/als0 7,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 ,london1 #aijd1 p4 #chj74 #bdb ,t ! prophet's (fice 9 ,canaan 0 develop$ out ( ! widespread respect = insanity is duly recogniz$ by ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 p4 #chc4 ,m#eg ,inspir$ prophets at ,byblus4 #bdc ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijj1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ag2 ,a4 ,erman1 8,e9e ,reise na* ,phnizi5 im #aa ,jahrhund]t v4 ,*r40 ,zeits*rift fr gyptis*e ,spra*e und ,alt]tumskunde1 xxxviii4 7#aijj7 pp4 #f sq42 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,les contes populaires de l'gypte ,anci5ne1#c p4 #aib2 ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,altgyptis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #ii sq42 ,h4 ,gressmann1 ,altori5talis*e ,texte und ,bild] zum ,alt5 ,te/am5te 7,tb+51 #aiji71 p4 #bbf4 ,s*ol>s diff] z to :e!r ,w5-,ammon's n>rative is to be reg>d$ z hi/ory or romance2 b ev5 if x 7 prov$ to be a fiction1 we might safely assume t ! incid5t ( ! prophetic fr5zy at ,byblus 0 bas$ ^u famili> facts4 ,pr(4 ,wi$emann ?9ks t ! god :o inspir$ ! page 0 ! ,egyptian ,ammon1 n ! ,pho5ician ,adonis1 b ?is view seems to me less probable4 #bdd #a ,samuel ix4 #f-h1 #aj2 #a ,k+s xiii4 #a1 #d-h1 #aa1 etc4 #bde #a ,samuel ii4 #bb4 ,totally diff]5t f _! ,asiatic namesakes 7 ! 8sacr$ m50 & 8sacr$ wom50 :o 7 *>g$ ) ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! my/]ies at ,&ania 9 ,mess5ia4 ,!y 7 *os5 by lot & held (fice = a ye>4 ,! sacr$ wom5 might be ei!r m>ri$ or s+le2 ! m>ri$ wom5 _h to swe> t !y _h be5 true to _! husb&s4 ,see ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um#b 7,leipsic1 #ahih-aija71 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dfa sqq41 ,no4 #fec2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques 7,brussels1 #aijj71 pp4 #eif sqq41 ,no4 #fid2 ,leges ,graecorum ,sacrae1 ed4 ,j4 de ,prott1 ,l4 ,zieh51 ,p>s ,alt]a1 ,fasciculus i4 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 ,no4 #eh1 pp4 #aff sqq4 ,m#eh 8,holy m50 9 mod]n ,syria4 #bdf ,hosea ix4 #g4 #bdg ,j]emiah xxix4 #bf4 #bdh ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day 7,*icago1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto1 #aijb71 pp4 #aej sq4 #bdi ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 op4 cit4 p4 #aeb4 ,z to ^! 8holy m510 see fur!r ,c4 ,r4 ,cond]1 ,t5t-"w 9 ,pale/9e 7,london1 #ahgh71 ii4 #bca sq43 8,! mo/ peculi> class ( m5 9 ! c\ntry is t ( ! ,d]w%es1 or sacr$ p]sonages1 :o w&] f village to village1 p]=m+ tricks1 liv+ on alms1 & enjoy+ c]ta9 social & dome/ic privileges1 :i* v (t5 lead to sc&al\s sc5es4 ,"s ( ^! m5 are mad1 "s are fanatics1 b ! majority are1 ,i imag9e1 rogues4 ,!y are rev]5c$ n only by ! peasantry1 b also sometimes by ! gov]n+ class4 ,i h se5 ! ,kady ( ,naz>e? o/5tati\sly prep>+ food = a mis]able & fil?y begg>1 :o sat 9 ! ju/ice-hall1 & 0 consult$ z if he _h be5 inspir$4 ,a ,d]w% ( peculi> em95ce is (t5 dress$ 9 good clo!s1 ) a spotless turban1 & is prec$$ by a bann]-be>]1 & foll[$ by a b&1 ) drum1 cymbal1 & tamb\r9e4444 ,x is natural to reflect :e!r ! social position ( ! ,prophets among ! ,jews may n h resembl$ t ( ! ,d]w%es40 ,m#ei ,! lic5ce accord$ to su* 8holy m50 may be expla9$ by ! desire ( wom5 = (fspr+4 #bej ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aaf sq4 #bea ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aah1 #aai4 ,9 ,india also "s ,mohamm$an sa9ts are not$ z giv]s ( *ildr54 ,?us at ,fatepur-,sikri1 ne> ,agra1 is ! grave ( ,salim ,*i%ti1 & *ildless wom5 tie rags to ! delicate trac]y ( ! tomb1 8?us br++ !m into direct communion ) ! _s ( ! holy man0 7,w4 ,crooke1 ,natives ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ,london1 #aijg1 p4 #bjc74 ,m#fj ,belief t m5 & wom5 may be ! (fspr+ ( a god4 #beb #a ,samuel i4 #bec ,g5esis vi4 #a-c4 ,9 ?is passage 8! sons ( ,god 7or r ( ! gods70 probably means1 9 accordance ) a common ,hebrew idiom1 no m ?an 8! gods10 j z ! phrase 8sons ( ! prophets0 means ! prophets !mselves4 ,= m examples ( ?is idiom1 see ,br[n1 ,driv]1 & ,briggs1 ,hebrew & ,engli% ,lexicon1 p4 #aba4 #bed ,= example1 all ,hebrew names end+ 9 -el or -iah are comp\nds ( ,el or ,yahwe1 two names ( ! div9ity4 ,see ,g4 ,b4 ,gray1 ,/udies 9 ,hebrew ,prop] ,names 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #adi sqq4 #bee ,br[n1 ,driv]1 & ,briggs1 ,hebrew & ,engli% ,lexicon1 p4 #ajbh4 ,b comp>e ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 iii4 #cbhe1 iv4 #ddeb4 #bef ,a trace ( a simil> belief p]haps survives 9 ! n>ratives ( ,g5esis xxxi4 & ,judges xiii41 :]e b>r5 wom5 are repres5t$ z conceiv+ *ildr5 aft] ! visit ( ,god1 or ( an angel ( ,god1 9 ! lik5ess ( a man4 #beg ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pp4 #ddf1 #ddh-dej4 ,m#fa ,! sa9ts 9 mod]n ,syria are ! equival5ts ( ! anci5t ,baal or ,adonis4 ,m#fb ,belief 9 ! physical fa!rhood ( ,god n conf9$ to ,syria4 ,sons ( ! s]p5t-god4 #beh ,= m in/ances see ,h4 ,us5]1 ,das ,weihna*tsfe/#b 7,bonn1 #aiaa71 i4 #ga sqq4 #bei ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b vol4 ii4 pp4 #ffb1 #ffc1 ,no4 #hjc1 l9es #aag sqq41 #abi sqq4 #bfj ,pausanias1 ii4 #aj4 #c 7) my note71 iii4 #bc4 #g2 ,livy1 xi4 ,epitome2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxix4 #gb2 ,val]ius ,maximus1 i4 #h4 #b2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 xv4 #fbf-gdd2 ,aurelius ,victor1 ,de viris illu/r4 #bb2 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #id4 #bfa ,ari/ophanes1 ,plutus1 #gcc2 ,pausanias1 ii4 #aa4 #h2 ,h]odas1 ,mimiambi1 iv4 #ij sq42 ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b vol4 ii4 p4 #fee1 ,no4 #hjb1 l9es #aaf sqq42 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 p4 #hbf1 ,no4 #ajfi4 #bfb ,pausanias1 ii4 #aj4 #c1 iv4 #ad4 #g sq4 #bfc ,pausanias1 ii4 #aj4 #d4 #bfd ,pausanias1 ii4 #aa4 #e-h4 #bfe ,suetonius1 ,divus ,augu/us1 #id2 ,dio ,cassius1 xlv4 #a4 #b4 ,tame s]p5ts 7 kept 9 a sacr$ grove ( ,apollo 9 ,epirus4 ,a virg9 prie/ess f$ !m1 & om5s ( pl5ty & heal? or ! opposites 7 drawn f ! way 9 :i* ! reptiles took _! food f h]4 ,see ,aelian1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xi4 #b4 #bff ,pausanias1 iv4 #ad4 #g2 ,livy1 xxvi4 #ai2 ,aulus ,gellius1 vi4 #a2 ,plut>*1 ,alex&]1 #b4 ,all ^! cases h be5 already cit$ 9 ?is connexion by ,l4 ,deubn]1 ,de incubatione 7,leipsic1 #aijj71 p4 #cc note4 #bfg ,aelian1 ,de natura animalium1 vi4 #ag4 ,m#fc ,wom5 f]tiliz$ by /one s]p5ts 9 ,india4 #bfh ,h4 ,v4 ,nanjundayya1 ,! ,e?nographical ,survey ( ,mysore1 vi4 ,komati ,ca/e 7,bangalore1 #aijf71 p4 #bi4 ,m#fd ,belief t ! dead come to life 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts4 #bfi ,t4 ,arb\sset et ,f4 ,daumas1 ,voyage d',exploration au ,nord-,e/ de la ,colonie du ,cap de ,bonne-,esprance 7,p>is1 #ahdb71 p4 #bgg2 ,h4 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 "p ii4 pp4 #adj-add1 #aif-bjj1 #bjh-bab2 ,j4 ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal 7,london1 #aheg71 p4 #afb2 ,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #bdf2 8,words ab\t ,spirits10 7,s\? ,african7 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 ii4 7#ahhj7 pp4 #aja-ajc2 ,a4 ,kranz1 ,natur- und ,kulturleb5 d] ,zulus 7,wiesbad51 #ahhj71 p4 #aab2 ,f4 ,speckmann1 ,die ,h]mannsburg] ,mission 9 ,afrika 7,h]mannsburg1 #ahgf71 pp4 #afe-afg2 ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #he-hg2 ,h5ri ,a4 ,junod1 ,! ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe 7,neu*atel1 #aiab-aiac71 ii4 #ceh sq4 #bgj ,w4 ,a4 ,elmslie1 ,among ! ,wild ,ngoni 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #ga sq4 #bga ,o4 ,baumann1 ,usamb>a und se9e ,na*b>gebiete 7,b]l91 #ahia71 pp4 #ada sq4 #bgb ,s4 ,l4 ,h9de & ,h4 ,h9de1 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,masai 7,london1 #aija71 pp4 #aja sq42 ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,masai 7,ox=d1 #aije71 pp4 #cjg sq42 ,sir ,h4 ,john/on1 ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate 7,london1 #aijd71 ii4 #hcb4 #bgc ,m4 ,w4 ,h4 ,bee*1 ,! ,suk 7,ox=d1 #aiaa71 p4 #bj4 #bgd ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,n&i 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4 #ij4 #bge ,h4 ,r4 ,tate1 8,! ,native ,law ( ! ,s\!rn ,gikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 ,no4 xxxv4 ,april #aiaj1 p4 #bdc4 #bgf ,e4 de ,pruyss5a]e1 ,reis5 und ,=s*ung5 im ,gebiete des ,weiss5 und ,blau5 ,nil 7,go?a1 #ahgg71 p4 #bg 7,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 ,ergnzung%eft1 ,no4 #ej74 ,comp>e ,g4 ,s*we9fur?1 ,! ,he>t ( ,africa#c 7,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #ee4 ,among ! ,bahima ( ,ankole dead *iefs turn into s]p5ts1 b dead k+s into lions4 ,see ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,! ,bahima1 a ,c[ ,tribe ( ,enkole 9 ! ,ug&a ,protectorate10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvii4 7#aijg71 pp4 #aja sq42 ,major ,j4 ,a4 ,meldon1 8,notes on ! ,bahima ( ,ankole10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 ,no4 xxii4 7,janu>y #aijg71 p4 #aea4 ,major ,leon>d holds t ! py?ons wor%ipp$ 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia are reg>d$ z re9c>nations ( ! dead2 b ?is seems v d\btful4 ,see ,a4 ,g4 ,leon>d1 ,! ,l[] ,nig] & its ,tribes 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #cbg sqq4 ,py?ons are wor%ipp$ by ! ,ewe-speak+ peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 b app>5tly n f a belief t ! s\ls ( ! dead are lodg$ 9 !m4 ,see ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,ewe-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,slave ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa1 pp4 #ed sqq4 #bgg ,g4 ,a4 ,%aw1 8,! ,betsileo10 ,! ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 ,repr9t ( ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,numb]s 7,antanan>ivo1 #ahhe71 p4 #daa2 ,h4 ,w4 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 its ,hi/ory & ,p 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #hf sq42 ,a4 van ,g5nep1 ,tab\ et ,totmisme ,madagasc> 7,p>is1 #aijd71 pp4 #bgb sqq4 #bgh 8,religi\s ,rites & ,cu/oms ( ! ,iban or ,dyaks ( ,s>awak10 by ,leo ,nyuak1 translat$ f ! ,dyak by ! ,v ,rev4 ,edm4 ,dunn1 ,an?ropos1 i4 7#aijf7 p4 #ahb4 ,z to ! ,sea ,dyak rev]5ce = snakes & _! belief t spirits 7antus7 are inc>nate 9 ! reptiles1 see fur!r ,j4 ,p]ham1 8,sea ,dyak ,religion10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #aj 7,decemb]1 #ahhb71 pp4 #bbb-bbd2 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo 7,london1 #ahif71 i4 #ahg sq4 ,b f ?is latt] acc\nt x does n appe> t ! spirits 7antus7 :i* possess ! snakes are suppos$ to be ^? ( human ance/ors4 #bgi ,george ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #bch sq4 ,m#fe ,s]p5ts :i* are view$ z ance/ors come to life are treat$ ) respect & (t5 f$ ) milk4 #bhj ,rev4 ,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #bdf4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,kranz1 ,natur- und ,kulturleb5 d] ,zulus 7,wiesbad51 #ahhj71 p4 #aab4 #bha ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,masai 7,ox=d1 #aije71 p4 #cjg4 #bhb ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,n&i 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4 #ij4 #bhc ,m]vyn ,w4 ,h4 ,bee*1 ,! ,suk1 _! ,language & ,folklore 7,ox=d1 #aiaa71 p4 #bj4 #bhd ,h4 ,r4 ,tate 7,di/rict ,commission]1 ,ea/ ,africa ,protectorate71 8,! ,native ,law ( ! ,s\!rn ,gikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 ,no4 xxxv41 ,april #aiaj1 p4 #bdc4 ,see fur!r ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley1 8,fur!r ,rese>*es into ,kikuyu & ,kamba ,religi\s ,beliefs & ,cu/oms10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xli4 7#aiaa7 p4 #djh4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hobley x is only "o p>ticul> sort ( snake1 call$ nyamuya?i1 :i* is ?\ght to be ! abode ( a _s & is treat$ ) c]emoni\s respect by ! ,akikuyu4 ,comp>e ,p4 ,cayzac1 8,la ,religion des ,kikuyu10 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 p4 #cab2 & = m evid5ce ( milk (f]$ to s]p5ts z embodim5ts ( ! dead see ,e4 de ,pruyss5a]e & ,h4 ,w4 ,little1 cit$ above1 p4 #hc1 notes #a & #b4 #bhe ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cbj sq4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,roscoe tells me t s]p5ts are rev]$ & f$ ) milk by ! ,banyoro to ! nor? ( ,ug&a2 b he _c say :e!r ! creatures are suppos$ to be inc>nations ( ! dead4 ,"s ( ! ,gallas also reg>d s]p5ts z sacr$ & (f] milk to !m1 b x is n said t !y believe ! reptiles to embody ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,see ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,krapf1 ,travels1 ,rese>*es & ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa 7,london1 #ahfj71 pp4 #gg sq4 ,! negroes ( ,:ydah 9 ,gu9ea likewise fe$ ) milk ! s]p5ts :i* !y wor%ip4 ,see ,?omas ,a/ley's ,new ,g5]al ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 iii4 7,london1 #agdf7 p4 #bi4 ,m#ff ,! ,greeks & ,romans seem to h %>$ ! belief t ! s\ls ( ! dead c be re9c>nat$ 9 s]p5ts4 #bhf ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie#c 7,b]l91 #ahha-ahhc71 ii4 #aif sq42 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]#b 7,muni*1 #aiab71 pp4 #agf sq4 ,! wor%ip ( ! g5ius 0 v popul> 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,see ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes ,paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ,premire ,p>tie1 i4 7,p>is1 #aijg7 pp4 #dci sqq4 #bhg ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxix4 #gb4 ,comp>e ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 iv4 #ca4 #f4 #bhh ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #e4 #d2 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #f2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 iv4 #efc-fjc4 #bhi ,plut>*1 ,cleom5es1 #ci4 #bij ,porphyry1 ,de vita ,plot9i1 p4 #ajc1 ,didot edition 7app5d$ to ! lives ( ,diog5es ,la]tius74 #bia ,plut>*1 ,cleom5es1 #ci2 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,plutus1 #gcc4 #bib ,h]odotus1 viii4 #da2 ,plut>*1 ,!mi/ocles1 #aj2 ,ari/ophanes1 ,lysi/ra1 #geh sq41 ) ! ,s*olium2 ,philo/ratus1 ,imag4 ii4 #ag4 #f4 ,see fur!r my note on ,pausanias1 i1 #ah1 #b 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #afh sqq474 #bic ,sophocles1 ,electra1 #hic sqq42 ,euripides1 ,ore/es1 #aab sqq4 #bid ,mit!ilung5 des ,deuts*4 ,ar*o log4 ,in/itutes 9 ,a!n1 iv4 7#ahgi7 pl4 viii4 ,comp>e ib4 pp4 #ace sq41 #afb sq4 #bie ,above1 pp4 #hd sq4 #bif ,e4 de ,pruyss5a]e1 l4c4 7above1 p4 #hc1 note #a74 #big ,see ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,d5kml] d] alt5 ,kun/#b 7,gtt+51 #ahed71 pl4 lxi4 ) ! correspond+ text 9 vol4 i4 7:]e ! ecc5tric sy/em ( pag+ adopt$ r5d]s ref]5ces to x practically useless74 ,9 ^! gr\ps ! female figure is commonly1 & p]haps correctly1 int]pret$ z ! ,goddess ( ,heal? 7,hygieia74 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,hygieia 0 deem$ a daught] ( ! s]p5t-god ,aesculapius 7,pausanias i4 #bc4 #d71 & 0 con/antly associat$ ) him 9 ritual & art4 ,see1 = example1 ,pausanias1 i4 #dj4 #f1 ii4 #d4 #e1 ii4 #aa4 #f1 ii4 #bc4 #d1 ii4 #bg4 #f1 iii4 #bb4 #ac1 v4 #bj4 #c1 v4 #bf4 #b1 vii4 #bc4 #g1 viii4 #bh4 #a1 viii4 #ca4 #a1 viii4 #cb4 #d1 viii4 #dg4 #a4 ,! snake-entw9$ goddess ^: image 0 f\nd 9 a prehi/oric %r9e at ,g\rnia 9 ,crete may h be5 a pr$ecessor ( ! s]p5t-fe$+ ,hygieia4 ,see ,r4 ,m4 ,burr[s1 ,! ,discov]ies 9 ,crete 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #acg sq4 ,! snakes1 :i* 7 ! regul> symbol ( ! ,furies1 may h be5 orig9ally no?+ b ! emblems or r embodim5ts ( ! dead2 & ! ,furies !mselves may1 l ,aesculapius1 h be5 develop$ out ( ! reptiles1 sl\gh+ (f _! s]p5t sk9s ?r\gh ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,m#fg ,! s]p5ts f$ at ! ,!smophoria may h be5 deem$ inc>nations ( ! dead4 ,reluctance to di/urb ! ,e>? ,goddess or ! spirits ( ! e>? by ! op]ations ( digg+ & pl\gh+4 ,h5ce agricultural op]ations are sometimes =bidd54 #bih ,s*olia on ,lucian1 ,dial4 ,m]etr4 ii4 7,s*olia 9 ,lucianum1 ed4 ,h4 ,rabe1 ,leipsic1 #aijf1 pp4 #bge sq474 ,z to ! ,!smophoria1 see my article1 8,!smophoria10 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1#i xxiii4 #bie sqq42 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #ag sqq4 #bii ,a4 ,s4 ,gats*et1 ,! ,klama? ,indians ( ,s\?-,we/]n ,oregon 7,wa%+ton1 #ahij71 p4 xcii4 #cjj ,wa%+ton ,mat!ws1 8,my?s ( ,ge/ation & ,p>turition10 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,new ,s]ies1 iv4 7,new ,york1 #aijb7 p4 #gch4 #cja ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,e?nographic ,survey1 iii4 ,draft ,articles on ,=e/ ,tribes 7,allahabad1 #aijg71 p4 #bc4 #cjb ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 v4 7,leyd51 #aijg7 pp4 #ecf sq4 #cjc ,w4 ,crooke1 ,natives ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,london1 #aijg71 p4 #bcb4 #cjd ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 p4 #gif4 #cje ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7,london1 #ahec71 pp4 #bde sq4 ,m#fh ,graves z places ( conception = wom54 #cjf ,p]sons initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ,sabazius _h a s]p5t drawn ?r\gh ! bosom ( _! robes1 & ! reptile 0 id5tifi$ ) ! god 7 1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #af1 p4 #ad1 ed4 ,pott]74 ,?is may be a trace ( ! belief t wom5 c be impregnat$ by s]p5ts1 ?\gh x does n appe> t ! c]emony 0 p]=m$ only on wom54 #cjg ,see above1 p4 #gh4 ,among ! ,s\? ,slavs wom5 g to graves to get *ildr54 ,see bel[1 p4 #if4 #cjh ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 pp4 #aae sqq4 #cji ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 ,het ,animisme 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel 7,! ,hague1 #aijf71 ,p4 #cih4 ,m#fi ,re9c>nation ( ! dead 9 ,am]ica & ,africa4 #caj ,relations des ,jsuites1 #afcf1 p4 #acj 7,canadian repr9t1 ,quebec1 #aheh74 ,a simil> cu/om 0 practis$ = a simil> reason by ! ,musquakie ,indians4 ,see ,miss ,m>y ,alicia ,ow51 ,folk-lore ( ! ,musquakie ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #bb sq41 #hf4 ,"s ( ! in/ances "h giv5 h be5 already cit$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,k+1 :o sugge/s1 ) mu* probability1 t ! special modes ( burial adopt$ = infants 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w may (t5 h be5 int5d$ to ensure _! rebir?4 ,see ,j4 ,e4 ,k+1 8,infant ,burial10 ,classical ,review1 xvii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #hc sq4 ,= a l>ge collection ( evid5ce z to ! belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead1 see ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 ,primitive ,pat]nity 7,london1 #aiji-aiaj71 i4 #aef sqq4 #caa ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahig71 p4 #dgh4 #cab ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,weeks1 8,notes on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,l[] ,congo ,p10 ,folk-lore1 xix4 7#aijh7 p4 #dbb4 #cac ,?4 ,masui1 ,guide de la ,section de l'tat ,indp5dant du ,congo l',exposition de ,bruxelles-,t]vu]5 en #ahig 7,brussels1 #ahig71 pp4 #aac sq4 #cad ,j4 ,b4 ,purvis1 ,?r\gh ,ug&a to ,m\nt ,elgon 7,london1 #aiji71 pp4 #cjb sq4 ,z to ! ,bagi%u or ,bage%u & _! practice ( ?r[+ out ! dead1 see ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,notes on ! ,bage%u10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxix4 7#aiji7 pp4 #aha sqq4 ,m#gj ,measures tak5 to prev5t ! rebir? ( undesirable spirits4 ,belief ( ! ,bag&a t a woman c be impregnat$ by ! fl[] ( ! banana4 #cae ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #df sq4 ,wom5 adopt$ a l precaution at ! grave ( tw9s to prev5t ! gho/s ( ! tw9s f ent]+ into !m & be+ born aga9 7id41 pp4 #abd sq474 ,! ,bag&a always /rangl$ *ildr5 t 7 born feet fir/ & buri$ _! bodies at cross-roads4 ,! heaps ( /icks or grass ?r[n on ^! graves by pass+ wom5 & girls rose 9 "t into m\nds l>ge en\gh to deflect ! pa? & to attract ! notice ( travell]s4 ,see ,j4 ,roscoe1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abf sq41 #bhi4 #caf ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abf sq4 ,9 ! ,s5egal & ,nig] region ( ,we/]n ,africa x is said to be commonly believ$ by wom5 t !y c conceive )\t any c>nal k ( a man4 ,see ,maurice ,delafosse1 ,haut-,sngal-,nig]1 ,le ,pays1 les ,peuples1 les ,langues1 l',hi/oire1 les ,civilisations 7,p>is1 #aiab71 iii4 #aga4 #cag ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a1 pp4 #dg sq42 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 #ejf sq4 ,z to ! cu/om ( deposit+ ! aft]bir?s ( *ildr5 at ! foot ( banana 7planta97 trees1 see ,j4 ,roscoe1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eb1 #ed sq4 ,m#ga ,re9c>nation ( ! dead 9 ,india4 ,means tak5 to facilitate ! rebir? ( dead *ildr54 #cah ,w4 ,crooke1 ,natives ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,london1 #aijg71 p4 #bjb4 ,z to ! ,h9doo cu/om ( bury+ infants b burn+ old] p]sons1 see ,! ,belief 9 ,immortality & ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,dead1 i4 #afb sq4 #cai ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aiaa1 vol4 xiv4 ,punjab1 ,"p i41 ,report1 by ,p&it ,h>iki%an ,kaul 7,lahore1 #aiab71 p4 #bii4 #cbj ,e4 ,m4 ,gordon1 ,indian ,folk ,tales 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #di4 ,o!r explanations ( ! cu/om are report$ by ! writ]1 b ! orig9al motive 0 probably a desire to secure ! re9c>nation ( ! dead *ild 9 ! "m4 #cba ,e4 ,m4 ,gordon1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ej sq4 #cbb ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 p4 #aee2 id41 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 iv4 #eb4 #cbc ,w4 ,crooke1 ,natives ( ,nor!rn ,india1 p4 #bjb2 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 xvii4 ,punjab1 ,"p i41 ,report1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,rose 7,simla1 #aijb71 pp4 #bac sq4 ,m#gb ,br++ back ! s\l ( ! dead 9 a fi% or insect4 ,/ories ( ! ,virg9 ,bir?4 ,re9c>nation ( ! dead among ! ,s\? ,slavs4 #cbd ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 xiii4 ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,"p i41 ,report1 by ,r4 ,v4 ,russell 7,nagpur1 #aijb71 p4 #ic4 #cbe ,= /ories ( su* virg9 bir?s see ,comte ,h4 de ,*>5cy1 ,le folklore dans les deux ,mondes 7,p>is1 #ahid71 pp4 #aba-bef2 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahid7 pp4 #ga sqq42 & my note on ,pausanias vii4 #ag4 #aa 7vol4 iv4 pp4 #ach-adj74 ,to ! in/ances !re cit$ by me add3 ,a4 ,!vet1 ,cosmographie ,univ]selle 7,p>is1 #aege71 ii4 #iah wrongly numb]$ #ieb2 ,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s 7,b]l91 #ahhd71 pp4 #cgj1 #cgc2 ,h4 ,a4 ,c\dreau1 ,la ,france ,equ9oxiale1 ii4 7,p>is1 #ahhg7 pp4 #ahd sq42 ,relations des ,jsuites1 #afcg1 pp4 #abc sq4 7,canadian repr9t1 ,quebec1 #aheh72 ,franz ,boas1 ,indianis*e ,sag5 von d] ,nord-,pacifis*5 ,k/e ,am]ikas 7,b]l91 #ahie71 pp4 #caa sq42 ,a4 ,g4 ,morice1 ,au pays de l',ours ,noir 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahig71 p4 #aec2 ,a4 ,raffray1 8,voyage la cte nord de la ,n\velle ,gu9e10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,v,ie ,srie1 xv4 7#ahgh7 pp4 #cib sq42 ,j4 ,l4 van d] ,toorn1 8,het animisme bij d5 ,m9angkabau] d] ,padangs*e ,bov5l&510 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xxxix4 7#ahij7 p4 #gh2 ,e4 ,aymoni]1 8,les ,t*ames et leurs religions10 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 xxiv4 7#aija7 pp4 #bae sq42 ,major ,p4 ,r4 ,t4 ,gurdon1 ,! ,khasis 7,london1 #aijg71 p4 #aie4 ,9 "s /ories ! conception is br\ght ab\t n by eat+ food b by dr9k+ wat]4 ,b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 #cbf ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,sd-,slav5 7,vi5na1 #ahhe71 p4 #eca4 ,m#gc ,belief ( ! ,kai t wom5 may be impregnat$ )\t sexual int]c\rse4 ,belief 9 ! isl& ( ,mota t a woman c conceive ?r\gh ! entrance into h] ( a _s animal or fruit4 #cbg ,*4 ,keyss]1 8,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 p4 #bf4 ,m#gd ,simil> belief 9 ! isl& ( ,motlav4 #cbh ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 8,totemism 9 ,polynesia & ,melanesia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxix4 7#aiji7 pp4 #agc-age4 ,comp>e ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 #hi sqq4 ,z to ?is ,melanesian belief t animals c ent] into wom5 & be born f !m z human *ildr5 ) animal *>act]i/ics1 ,dr4 ,riv]s obs]ves 7p4 #agd73 8,x 0 cle> t ?is belief 0 n accompani$ by any ignorance ( ! physical rle ( ! human fa!r1 & t ! fa!r play$ ! same "p 9 conception z 9 cases ( bir? unaccompani$ by an animal appe>ance4 ,we f\nd x impossible to get def9itely ! belief z to ! nature ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! animal on ! woman1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t any belief ( ?is k9d c h>dly h escap$ ! _m ye>s ( ,european influ5ce & ,*ri/ian tea*+ :i* ! p ( ?is gr\p h receiv$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ev5 a prolong$ inve/igation ( ?is po9t c\ld n[ elicit ! orig9al belief ( ! p ab\t ! nature ( ! influ5ce40 ,to me x seems t ! belief describ$ by ,dr4 ,riv]s 9 ! text is incompatible ) ! recognition ( human fa!rhood z a necess>y condition = ! bir? ( *ildr51 & t ?\gh ! p may n[ recognize t necessity1 p]haps z a result ( int]c\rse ) ,europeans1 !y c]ta9ly _c h recogniz$ x at ! "t :5 ! belief 9 "q orig9at$4 ,m#ge ,au/ralian beliefs z to ! bir? ( *ildr54 ,re9c>nation ( ! dead 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 #cbi ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #ccj1 comp>e id4 ibid4 pp4 xi1 #ade1 #adg-aea1 #aee sq41 #afa sq41 #afi sq41 #agc sq41 #agd-agf1 #fjf2 id41 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #eb1 #abc-abe1 #abf1 #acb sq41 #bfe1 #cce-cch4 #ccj ,b4 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #afb1 #ccj sq4 #cca ,b4 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ccg sq4 ,m#gf ,re9c>nation ( ! dead 9 ,nor!rn ,au/ralia4 #ccb ,w4 ,baldw9 ,sp5c]1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,c]ta9 ,native ,tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory 7,melb\rne1 #aiab71 p4 #f3 8,! two fundam5tal beliefs ( re9c>nation & ( *ildr5 n be+ ( necessity ! result ( sexual int]c\rse1 are firmly held by ! tribes 9 _! normal wild /ate4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] ( ?is1 & we n[ "k t ^! two beliefs ext5d ?r\gh all ! tribes nor?w>ds to ,ka!r9e ,creek & ea/w>ds to ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia40 ,9 a lett] 7dat$ ,melb\rne1 ,july #bg?1 #aiac7 ,pr(essor ,baldw9 ,sp5c] writes to me t ! natives on ! ,alligator ,riv] 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory 8h detail$ traditions--z also h all ! tribes--( h[ great ance/ors w&]$ ov] ! c\ntry leav+ numb]s ( _s *ildr5 beh9d !m :o h be5 re9c>nat$ "t aft] "t4 ,!y "k :o ev]yone is a re9c>nation (1 z ! names are p]petuat$40 #ccc ,w4 ,baldw9 ,sp5c]1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,c]ta9 ,native ,tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory 7,melb\rne1 #aiab71 pp4 #da-de4 ,m#gg ,!ories z to ! bir? ( *ildr5 among ! tribes ( ,que5sl&4 #ccd ,walt] ,e4 ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic1 & ,m$ic9e 7,brisbane1 #aijc71 pp4 #bb1 #ha4 #cce ,walt] ,e4 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc1 #hb4 #ccf ,walt] ,e4 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc1 #hc4 ,mr4 ,ro? adds1 v ju/ly3 8,:5 x is rememb]$ t z a rule 9 all ^! ,nor!rn tribes1 a little girl may be giv5 to & w live ) h] sp\se z wife long be=e %e rea*es ! /age ( pub]ty--! relation%ip ( :i* to fecundity is n recognis$--! idea ( conception n be+ necess>ily due to sexual connection becomes p>tly intelligible40 #ccg ,! ,bi%op ( ,nor? ,que5sl& 7,dr4 ,frod%am7 9 a lett] to me1 dat$ ,bi%op's ,lodge1 ,t[nsville1 ,que5sl&1 ,july #i?1 #aiji4 ,! ,bi%op's au?ority = ! /atem5t is ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,morrison1 ,m4,a41 act+ head ( ! ,y>rubah ,mission4 ,9 ! same lett] ,dr4 ,frod%am1 speak+ f p]sonal obs]vation1 ref]s to 8! belief1 practically univ]sal among ! nor!rn tribes1 t copulation is n ! cause ( conception40 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 8,beliefs & ,cu/oms ( ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es10 ,folk-lore1 xx4 7#aiji7 pp4 #cej-ceb2 ,man1 ix4 7#aiji7 pp4 #ade-adg2 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 i4 #egg sq4 ,m#gh ,!ories z to ! bir? ( *ildr5 9 ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,belief t conception 9 wom5 is caus$ by ! food !y eat4 #cch ,h]b]t ,bas$[1 ,an?ropological ,notes on ! ,we/]n ,coa/al ,tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 pp4 #d sq4 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 vol4 xxxi4 #aijg74 ,m#gi ,conception suppos$ to be caus$ by a man :o is n ! fa!r4 #cci ,a4 ,r4 ,br[n1 8,beliefs conc]n+ ,*ildbir? 9 "s ,au/ralian ,tribes10 ,man1 xii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #ahj sq4 ,comp>e id41 8,?ree ,tribes ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xliii4 7#aiac7 p4 #afh4 ,m#hj ,"s rude races /ill ignorant z to ! cause ( procreation4 #cdj ,^? :o desire to pursue ?is subject fur!r may consult ) advantage ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&'s le>n$ treatise ,primitive ,pat]nity 7,london1 #aiji-aiaj71 :i* conta9s an ample collection ( facts & a c>eful discussion ( !m4 ,else:]e ,i h argu$ t ! primitive ignorance ( pat]nity furni%es ! key to ! orig9 ( totemism4 ,see ,totemism & ,exogamy1 i4 #aee sqq41 iv4 #dj sqq4 ,m#ha ,leg5ds ( virg9 mo!rs4 ,m#hb ,procreative virtue app>5tly ascrib$ to ! sacr$ /ocks & /ones at ,semitic sanctu>ies4 #cda ,j]emiah ii4 #bg4 ,! anci5t ,greeks seem also to h _h a notion t m5 7 sprung f trees or rocks4 ,see ,hom]1 ,od4 xix4 #afc2 ,f4 ,g4 ,welck]1 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre 7,gtt+51 #aheg-ahfb71 i4 #ggg sqq42 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 8,oak & ,rock10 ,classical ,review1 xv4 7#aija7 pp4 #cbb sqq4 #cdb ,! a%]a & ! masseba4 ,see #a ,k+s xiv4 #bc2 #b ,k+s xviii4 #d1 xxiii4 #ad2 ,micah v4 #ac sq4 79 ,hebrew1 #ab sq472 ,deut]onomy xvi4 #ba sq42 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1#b pp4 #ahg sqq41 #bjc sqq42 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore1 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 svv41 8,a%]ah0 & 8,massebah40 ,9 ! e>ly religion ( ,crete also ! two pr9cipal objects ( wor%ip seem to h be5 a sacr$ tree & a sacr$ pill>4 ,see ,a4 ,j4 ,evans1 8,myc5aean ,tree & ,pill> ,cult10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xxi4 7#aija7 pp4 #ii sqq4 #cdc ,z to conical images ( ,semitic goddesses1 see above1 pp4 #cd sqq4 ,! sacr$ pole 7a%]ah7 appe>s also to h be5 by "s p reg>d$ z ! embodim5t ( a goddess 7,a/>te71 n ( a god4 ,see above1 p4 #ah1 note #b4 ,among ! ,khasis ( ,assam ! sacr$ upright /ones1 :i* resemble ! ,semitic massebo?1 are reg>d$ z males1 & ! flat table-/ones z female4 ,see ,p4 ,r4 ,t4 ,gurdon1 ,! ,khasis 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #aab sq41 #aej sqq4 ,s 9 ,nikunau1 "o ( ! ,gilb]t ,isl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 ! natives _h s&/one slabs or pill>s :i* repres5t$ gods & goddesses4 8,if ! /one slab repres5t$ a goddess x 0 n plac$ erect1 b laid d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,be+ a lady !y ?\ght x w\ld be cruel to make h] /& s long40 ,see ,g4 ,turn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,samoa 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #bif4 ,m#hc ,^! conclusions confirm$ by ! excavation ( a sanctu>y at ! ,canaaniti% city ( ,gez]4 ,! infants buri$ 9 ! sanctu>y may h be5 expect$ to be born aga94 #cdd ,see above1 pp4 #ia sqq4 #cde ,z to ! excavations at ,gez]1 see ,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,macali/]1 ,reports on ! ,excavation ( ,gez] 7,london1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #gf-hi 7repr9t$ f ! ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund72 id41 ,bible ,side-lights f ! ,m\nd ( ,gez] 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #eg-fg1 #gc-ge4 ,pr(essor ,macali/] n[ incl9es to reg>d ! socket$ /one z a lav] r ?an z ! base ( ! sacr$ pole4 ,he supposes t ! buri$ infants 7 fir/-born *ildr5 sacrific$ 9 accordance ) ! anci5t law ( ! d$ication ( ! fir/-born4 ,! explanation :i* ,i h adopt$ 9 ! text agrees bett] ) ! un9jur$ /ate ( ! bodies1 & x is fur!r confirm$ by ! result ( ! ,au/rian excavations at ,tell ,ta'annek 7,taana*7 9 ,pale/9e1 :i* seem to prove t !re *ildr5 up to ! age ( two ye>s 7 n buri$ 9 ! family graves b int]r$ sep>ately 9 j>s4 ,"s ( ^! sepul*ral j>s 7 deposit$ "u or beside ! h\ses1 b _m 7 gr\p$ r\nd a rock-hewn alt> 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! hill4 ,!re is no?+ to indicate t any ( ! *ildr5 7 sacrific$3 ! size ( "s ( ! skeletons precludes ! idea t !y 7 sla9 at bir?4 ,probably !y all di$ natural dea?s1 & ! cu/om ( bury+ !m 9 or ne> ! h\se or beside an alt> 0 int5d$ to ensure _! rebir? 9 ! family4 ,see ,dr4 ,e4 ,sell91 8,tell ,ta'annek10 ,d5ks*rift5 d] ,kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosophis*-hi/oris*e ,klasse1 l4 7,vi5na1 #aijd71 ,no4 iv4 pp4 #cb-cg1 #if sq4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 p4 #ei n4#c4 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(essor ,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,macali/] = k9dly direct+ my att5tion to ! excavations at ,tell ,ta'annek 7,taana*74 ,x des]ves to be m5tion$ t 9 an enclosure close to ! /&+ /ones at ,gez]1 !re 0 f\nd a bronze model ( a cobra 7,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,macali/]1 ,bible ,side-lights1 p4 #gf74 ,p]haps ! reptile 0 ! deity ( ! %r9e1 or an embodim5t ( an ance/ral _s4 ,m#hd ,semitic cu/om ( sacrific+ a memb] ( ! royal family4 ,! burn+ ( ,melc>? at ,tyre4 ,fe/ival ( 8! awak5+ ( ,h]cules0 at ,tyre4 #cdf ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #aff sqq4 ,see ,note ,i41 8,molo* ! ,k+10 at ! end ( ?is volume4 #cdg ,philo ( ,byblus1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,praep>4 ,evang4 i4 #aj4 #bi sq42 #b ,k+s iii4 #bg4 #cdh ,see above1 p4 #ae4 #cdi ,philo ( ,byblus1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4 pp4 #efi1 #egj1 #ega4 ,see above1 p4 #ac4 #cej ,see above1 p4 #af4 #cea ,sophocles1 ,tra*9iae1 #aaia sqq42 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 ii4 #g4 #g2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4 #ch2 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #cf4 #ceb ,s4 ,clem5tis ,romani1 ,recognitiones1 x4 #bd1 p4 #bcc1 ed4 ,e4 ,g4 ,g]sdorf 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 i4 #adcd74 #cec ,josephus1 ,antiquit4 ,jud4 viii4 #e4 #c1 ,contra ,apionem1 i4 #ah4 ,:e!r ! quadri5nial fe/ival ( ,h]cules at ,tyre 7#b ,maccabees iv4 #ah-bj7 0 a diff]5t celebration1 or only 8! awak5+ ( ,melc>?10 celebrat$ ) unusual pomp once 9 f\r ye>s1 we d n "k4 #ced ,eudoxus ( ,cnidus1 quot$ by ,a!naeus1 ix4 #dg1 p4 #cib ,d1 ,e4 ,t ! dea? & resurrection ( ,melc>? 7 celebrat$ 9 an annual fe/ival at ,tyre has be5 recognis$ by s*ol>s4 ,see ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 pp4 #be sqq42 ,h4 ,hub]t et ,m4 ,mauss1 8,essai sur le sacrifice10 ,l',anne ,sociologique1 ii4 7#ahii7 pp4 #abb1 #abd2 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques1#b pp4 #cjh-caa4 ,iolaus is id5tifi$ by "s mod]n s*ol>s ) ,e%mun1 a ,pho5ician & ,c>?ag9ian deity ab\t :om little is kn[n4 ,see ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 7,bonn1 #ahda7 pp4 #ecf sqq42 ,f4 ,bae?g51 ,beitrge zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 pp4 #dd sqq42 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum 7,go?a1 #ahif-aijc71 i4 #bfh2 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #bhb sqq4 #cee ,z5obius1 ,c5tur4 v4 #ef 7,p>oemiographi ,graeci1 ed4 ,e4 ,l4 ,leuts* et ,f4 ,g4 ,s*neidew91 ,gtt+51 #ahci-ahea1 vol4 i4 p4 #adc74 #cef ,quails 7 p]haps burnt 9 hon\r ( ! ,cilician ,h]cules or ,s&an at ,t>sus4 ,see bel[1 p4 #abf1 note #b4 #ceg ,alfr$ ,newton1 ,diction>y ( ,birds 7,london1 #ahic-if71 p4 #gee4 #ceh ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram1 ,! ,fauna & ,flora ( ,pale/9e 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #abd4 ,= m evid5ce z to ! migration ( quails see ,aug4 ,dillmann's comm5t>y on ,exodus xvi4 #ac1 pp4 #afi sqq4 7,leipsic1 #ahhj74 #cei ,! ,tyrian ,h]cules 0 said to be a son ( ,zeus & ,a/]ia 7,eudoxus ( ,cnidus1 quot$ by ,a!naeus1 ix4 #dg1 p4 #cib ,d2 ,cic]o1 ,de natura deorum1 iii4 #af4 #db74 ,z to ! trans=mation ( ,a/]ia into a quail see ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #d4 #a2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #dja2 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #ec2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 iii4 #gc4 ,! "n ,a/]ia may be a ,greek =m ( ,a/>te4 ,see ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 p4 #cjg4 #cfj ,qu9tus ,curtius1 iv4 #b4 #aj2 ,arrian1 ,anabasis1 ii4 #bd4 #e4 ,m#he ,wor%ip ( ,melc>? at ,gades1 & trace ( a cu/om ( burn+ him !re 9 effigy4 #cfa ,/rabo1 iii4 #e4 #e1 pp4 #afi sq42 ,mela1 iii4 #df2 ,scymnus ,*ius1 ,orbis ,descriptio1 #aei-afa 7,geographi ,graeci ,m9ores1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 i4 #bjj sq474 #cfb ,silius ,italicus1 iii4 #ad-cb2 ,mela1 iii4 #df2 ,/rabo1 iii4 #e4 #c1 #e1 #g1 pp4 #afi1 #agj1 #agb2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 v4 #bj4 #b2 ,philo/ratus1 ,vita ,apollonii1 v4 #d sq42 ,appian1 ,hispanica1 #fe4 ,comp>e ,arrian1 ,anabasis1 ii4 #af4 #d4 ,t ! bones ( ,h]cules 7 buri$ at ,gades is m5tion$ by ,mela 7l4c474 ,comp>e ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 i4 #cf4 ,9 ,italy wom5 7 n all[$ to p>ticipate 9 sacrifices (f]$ to ,h]cules 7,aulus ,gellius1 xi4 #f4 #b2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #ab4 #bh2 ,sextus ,aurelius ,victor1 ,de orig9e g5tis ,romanae1 vi4 #f2 ,plut>*1 ,quae/iones ,romanae1 #fj74 ,:e!r ! prie/s ( ,melc>? at ,gades 7 celibate1 or _h only to obs]ve cont95ce at c]ta9 seasons1 does n appe>4 ,at ,tyre ! prie/ ( ,melc>? might be m>ri$ 7,ju/91 xviii4 #d4 #e74 ,! wor%ip ( ,melc>? "u ! "n ( ,h]cules cont9u$ to fl\ri% 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 d[n to ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,see ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ,premire ,p>tie1 i4 7,p>is1 #aijg7 pp4 #djj sqq4 #cfc ,livy1 xxi4 #ba4 #i1 #bb4 #e-i2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,div9atione1 i4 #bd4 #di2 ,silius ,italicus1 iii4 #a sqq41 #aeh sqq4 #cfd ,pausanias1 x4 #d4 #e4 #cfe ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #fgd2 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-,book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 p4 #cea4 #cff ,f4 ,imho(-,blum] & ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,numismatic ,comm5t>y on ,pausanias1 pp4 #aj-ab1 ) pl4 ,a2 ,/oll1 s4v4 8,melik]tes10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bfcd4 ,m#hf ,evid5ce ( a cu/om ( burn+ a god or goddess at ,c>?age4 ,! fire-walk at ,tyre4 ,! fire-walk at ,ca/abala4 ,! ,c>?ag9ian k+ ,hamilc> sacrifices himself 9 ! fire4 #cfg ,ju/91 xviii4 #f4 #a-g2 ,virgil1 ,a54 iv4 #dgc sqq41 v4 i4 sqq42 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #ede sqq42 ,timaeus1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 i4 #aig4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1#b pp4 #cgc sqq4 ,! "n ( ,dido has be5 plausibly d]iv$ by ,ges5ius1 ,mov]s1 ,e4 ,mey]1 & ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce f ! ,semitic dd1 8belov$40 ,see ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #faf2 ,meltz]1 s4v4 8,dido10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #ajag sq42 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg71 pp4 #ef sqq4 ,if !y are "r1 ! div9e "* ( ,dido becomes m probable ?an ev]1 s9ce 8! ,belov$0 7,dodah7 seems to h be5 a title ( a ,semitic goddess1 p]haps ,a/>te4 ,see above1 p4 #bj1 note #b4 ,accord+ to ,v>ro x 0 n ,dido b h] si/] ,anna :o slew h]self on a pyre = love ( ,a5eas 7,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 iv4 #fhb74 #cfh ,ju/91 xviii4 #f4 #h4 #cfi ,silius ,italicus1 i4 #ha sqq4 #cgj ,see above1 pp4 #af1 #aaj sqq4 #cga ,ezekiel xxviii4 #ad1 comp>e #af4 #cgb ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 ii4 #a sqq4 ,b1 z ,i h !re po9t$ out1 !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! cu/om ( walk+ ov] fire is n a sub/itute = human sacrifice1 b m]ely a /r+5t =m ( purification4 ,on fire z a purificatory ag5t see bel[1 pp4 #agi sqq41 #ahh sq4 #cgc ,/rabo1 xii4 #b4 #g1 p4 #ecg4 ,9 ,greece itself accus$ p]sons us$ to prove _! innoc5ce by walk+ ?r\gh fire 7,sophocles1 ,antigone1 #bfd sq41 ) ,jebb's note74 ,possibly ! fire-walk ( ! prie/esses at ,ca/abala 0 design$ to te/ _! *a/ity4 ,= ?is purpose ! prie/s & prie/esses ( ! ,t%i-speak+ p ( ! ,gold ,coa/ submit to an ordeal1 /&+ "o by "o 9 a n>r[ circle ( fire4 ,?is 8is suppos$ to %[ :e!r !y h rema9$ pure1 & refra9$ f sexual int]c\rse1 dur+ ! p]iod ( retirem5t1 & s are wor?y ( inspiration by ! gods4 ,if !y are pure !y w receive no injury & suff] no pa9 f ! fire0 7,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #ach74 ,^! cases fav\r ! purificatory explanation ( ! fire-walk4 #cgd ,euripides1 ,iphig5ia 9 ,tauris1 #fba-fbf4 ,comp>e ,diodorus ,siculus1 xx4 #ad4 #f4 #cge ,h]odotus1 vii4 #afg4 ,?is 0 ! ,c>?ag9ian v]sion ( ! /ory4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ,hamilc> 0 kill$ by ! ,greek cavalry 7,diodorus ,siculus1 xi4 #bb4 #a74 ,8 wor%ip at ,c>?age is m5tion$ by ,a!nagoras 7,supplicatio pro ,*ri/ianis1 p4 #fd1 ed4 ,j4 ,c4 ,t4 ,otto1 ,j5a1 #aheg47 ,i h call$ ,hamilc> a k+ 9 accordance ) ! usage ( ,greek writ]s 7,h]odotus1 vii4 #afe sq42 ,ari/otle1 ,politics1 ii4 #aa2 ,polybius1 vi4 #ea2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xiv4 #ed4 #e74 ,b ! suffetes1 or supreme magi/rates1 ( ,c>?age 7 two 9 numb]2 :e!r !y 7 elect$ = a ye> or = life seems to be d\btful4 ,cornelius ,nepos1 :o calls !m k+s1 says t !y 7 elect$ annually 7,hannibal1 vii4 #d71 & ,livy 7xxx4 #g4 #e7 comp>es !m to ! consuls2 b ,cic]o 7,de re publica1 ii4 #bc4 #db sq47 seems to imply t !y held (fice = life4 ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 pp4 #aae sq4 ,m#hg ,! dea? ( ,h]cules a ,greek v]sion ( ! burn+ ( ,melc>?4 #cgf ,lucian1 ,amores1 #a & #ed4 ,m#hh ,! ,tyrian ,melc>? 9 ,cyprus4 ,! lion-slay+ god4 #cgg ,see above1 p4 #cb4 #cgh ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,nos4 #bc & #bi1 ,,pp4 #gc1 #hc sq41 ) ! notes on pp4 #ha1 #hd4 #cgi ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iii4 #eff-egh4 ,! colossal /atue f\nd at ,ama?us may be relat$1 directly or indirectly1 to ! ,egyptian god ,bes1 :o is repres5t$ z a /urdy mis%ap5 dw>f1 we>+ r\nd 8 body ! sk9 ( a bea/ ( ! pan!r tribe1 ) its tail hang+ d[n4 ,see ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,! ,gods ( ! ,egyptians 7,london1 #aijd71 ii4 #bhd sqq42 ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians 7,london1 #ahig71 pp4 #aei sqq42 ,a4 ,furtwngl]1 s4v4 8,h]akles10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #badc sq4 #chj ,h[ev]1 human victims 7 burn$ at ,salamis 9 ,cyprus4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ade4 ,m#hi ,! ,baal ( ,t>sus1 an ,ori5tal god ( corn & grapes4 #cha ,see above1 p4 #da4 #chb ,= traces ( ,pho5ician influ5ce 9 ,cilicia see ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 ii4 #b1 pp4 #afg-agd1 #bjg sqq4 ,h]odotus says 7vii4 #ia7 t ! ,cilicians 7 nam$ aft] ,cilix1 a son ( ! ,pho5ician ,ag5or4 #chc ,z to ! f]tility & ! climate ( ! pla9 ( ,t>sus1 :i* is n[ v mal>i\s1 see ,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 ,life 9 ,asiatic ,turkey 7,london1 #ahgi71 *aps4 i4-vii4 ,! g>d5s = miles r\nd ! city are v lovely1 b wild & neglect$1 full ( magnific5t trees1 especially f9e oak1 a%1 orange1 & lemon-trees4 ,! v9es run to ! top ( ! highe/ bran*es1 & almo/ e g>d5 res\nds ) ! song ( ! night+ale 7,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 op4 cit4 p4 #ce74 #chd ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #ac1 pp4 #fgc sq4 #che ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 xxxiii4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ad sq41 #ag1 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf 7,leipsic1 #aheg74 #chf ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 ii4 #b1 pp4 #aga sq42 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,types ( ,greek ,co9s 7,cambridge1 #ahhc71 pl4 x4 ,nos4 #bi1 #cj2 ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #fad2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia 7,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #afg-agf1 pl4 xxix4-xxxii42 ,g4 ,macdonald1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection 7,glasg[1 #ahii-aije71 ii4 #edg2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #gbg4 ,9 lat] times1 f ab\t #age ,b4,c4 onw>d1 ! ,baal ( ,t>sus 0 completely assimilat$ to ,zeus on ! co9s4 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 op4 cit4 p4 #fag2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agg1 #aha4 ,m#ij ,! ,baal ( ,t>sus has 8 c\nt]p>t at ,ibreez 9 ,cappadocia4 ,! pass ( ! ,cilician ,gates4 #chg ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,luke ! ,physician1 & o!r ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #aab sqq4 ,m#ia ,! rock-sculptures at ,ibreez repres5t a god ( corn & grapes ador$ by 8 wor%ipp]1 a prie/ or k+4 #chh ,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 8,on a ,new ,hama?ite ,inscription at ,ibreez10 ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*aeology1 iv4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #ccf-cdf2 id41 ,life 9 ,asiatic ,turkey 7,london1 #ahgi71 pp4 #bde-bfj2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #gbc-gbi2 ,ramsay & ,hog>?1 8,prehell5ic ,monum5ts ( ,cappadocia10 ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs la ,philologie et l',ar*ologie gypti5nes et ,assyri5nes1 xiv4 7#aijc7 pp4 #gg-ha1 #he sq41 ) plates iii4 & iv42 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,hettitic>um 7,b]l91 #aijj71 ,tafel xxxiv42 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,luke ! ,physician 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #aga sqq42 ,john ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aia-aie1 #cgh sq4 ,( ?is sculptur$ gr\p ,messrs4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay & ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>? say t 8x yields to no rock-relief 9 ! _w 9 impressive "*0 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 vi4 7#ahij7 p4 #cdg74 ,pr(essor ,g>/ang w\ld date ! sculptures 9 ! t5? or n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,ano!r inscrib$ ,hittite monum5t f\nd at ,bor1 ne> ! site ( ! anci5t ,tyana1 exhibits a v simil> figure ( a prie/ or k+ 9 an attitude ( adoration4 ,! resemblance ext5ds ev5 to ! patt]ns embroid]$ on ! robe & %awl1 :i* include ! well-kn[n swa/ika c>v$ on ! l[] bord] ( ! long robe4 ,! figure is sculptur$ 9 high relief on a slab ( /one & w\ld seem to h be5 surr\nd$ by inscriptions1 ?\gh a portion ( !m has p]i%$4 ,see ,j4 ,g>/ang1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahe-ahh1 ) plate lvi4 ,= ! r\te f ,t>sus to ,ibreez 7,ivriz7 see ,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 ,life 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 pp4 #aih-bdd2 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dd sqq4 ,m#ib ,! f]tility ( ,ibreez contra/$ ) ! desolation ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 #chi ,see above1 pp4 #bh sq4 #cij ,/rabo1 xii4 #b4 #g1 p4 #ecg4 ,:5 ,cic]o 0 proconsul ( ,cilicia 7#ea-ej ,b4,c47 he encamp$ ) 8 army = "s days at ,cybi/ra1 f :i* two ( 8 lett]s to ,atticus are dat$4 ,b he>+ t ! ,p>?ians1 :o _h invad$ ,syria1 7 ?reat5+ ,cilicia1 he hurri$ by =c$ m>*es ?r\gh ! pass ( ! ,cilician ,gates to ,t>sus4 ,see ,cic]o1 ,ad ,atticum1 v4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj2 ,ad ,famili>es1 xv4 #b1 #d4 #cia ,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*aeology1 iv4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #ccf sq41 #cdf2 id41 ,life 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 pp4 #bcb sq41 #bcf sq41 #bfd sq41 #bgj-bgb4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia 7,london1 #ahdb71 ii4 #cjd-cjg4 ,m#ic ,! horn$ god4 #cib ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #di sq4 ,on an ,assyrian cyl9d]1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 we see a w>like deity ) b[ & arr[s /&+ on a lion1 & we>+ a simil> bonnet decorat$ ) horns & surm\nt$ by a /> or sun4 ,see ,de ,vog1 ,mlanges d',ar*ologie ,ori5tale 7,p>is1 #ahfh71 p4 #df1 :o int]prets ! deity z ! great ,asiatic goddess4 ,z to ! horn$ god ( ,ibreez 8x is a plausible !ory t ! horns may1 9 ?is case1 be analog\s to ! ,assyrian emblem ( div9ity4 ,! sculpture is late & its /yle r sugge/s ,semitic influ5ce0 7,pr(essor ,j4 ,g>/ang1 9 "s ,,ms4 notes ) :i* he has k9dly furni%$ me74 #cic ,see bel[1 p4 #acb4 #cid ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #af sq41 ii4 #c sqq4 ,m#id ,! god ( ,ibreez a ,hittite deity4 #cie ,! id5tification is accept$ by ,e4 ,mey] 7,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 p4 #fda71 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez 7,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #gbg71 & ,p4 ,j5s5 7,hittit] und ,arm5i]1 ,/rasburg1 #ahih1 p4 #ade74 #cif ,ramsay & ,hog>?1 8,pre-,hell5ic ,monum5ts ( ,cappadocia10 ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs la ,philologie et l',ar*ologie gypti5nes et ,assyri5nes1 xiv4 7#ahic7 p4 #gi4 #cig ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 #cfj-cfb2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #egb sqq41 #ehf sq4 #cih ,t ! cradle ( ! ,hittites 0 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,cappadocia1 & t !y spread f !re s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 is ! view ( ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 ,f4 ,hommel1 ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 & ,l4 ,mess]s*midt4 ,see ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund ,qu>t]ly ,/atem5t = #ahhd1 p4 #di2 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,! ,hittites#c 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #hj sqq42 ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 ,asi5 und ,europa 7,leipsic1 #ahic71 pp4 #cai sqq42 ,ramsay & ,hog>?1 8,pre-,hell5ic ,monum5ts ( ,cappadocia10 ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs la ,philologie et l',ar*ologie gypti5nes et ,assyri5nes1 xv4 7#ahic7 p4 #id2 ,f4 ,hommel1 ,grundriss d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,ori5ts 7,muni*1 #aijd71 pp4 #db1 #dh1 #ed2 ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,syria & ,pale/9e 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #aje sqq42 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #ab1 #ac1 #ai1 #bj2 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 8,rec5t ,hittite ,rese>*10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxix4 7#aiji7 pp4 #djh sqq4 ,comp>e ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aiji7 pp4 #fag sqq42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #cae sqq4 ,! native ,hittite writ+ is a sy/em ( hi]oglyphics :i* has n yet be5 read1 b 9 _! int]c\rse ) =eign nations ! ,hittites us$ ! ,babylonian cunei=m script4 ,clay tablets be>+ inscriptions bo? 9 ! ,babylonian & 9 ! ,hittite language h be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,h4 ,w9ckl] at ,boghaz-,keui1 ! great ,hittite capital 9 ,cappadocia2 s t ! s\nds ( ! ,hittite words1 ?\gh n _! mean+s1 are n[ kn[n4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ed4 ,mey]1 x seems c]ta9 t ! ,hittite language 0 nei!r ,semitic nor ,indo-,european4 ,z to ! inscrib$ tablets ( ,boghaz-,keui1 see ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 8,vorlufige ,na*ri*t5 b] die ,ausgrabung5 9 ,boghaz-ki im ,somm] #aijg1 #a4 ,die ,tontafelfunde10 ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft zu ,b]l91 ,no4 #ce1 ,decemb] #aijg1 pp4 #a-ei2 8,hittite ,ar*ives f ,boghaz-,keui10 translat$ f ! ,g]man transcripts ( ,dr4 ,w9ckl] by ,meta ,e4 ,williams1 ,annals ( ,ar*aeology & ,an?ropology1 iv4 7,liv]pool1 #aiab71 pp4 #ij-ih4 #cii ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 #cea1 note #c1 ) 8 ref]5ces2 ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aji2 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites1 p4 #aj2 ,f4 ,hommel1 op4 cit4 p4 #db2 ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 ,asi5 und ,europa1 p4 #ccb4 ,see ! prec$+ note4 ,m#ie ,! burn+ ( ,s&an or ,h]cules at ,t>sus4 #djj ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 8,! ,hittite ,inscriptions10 ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs la ,philologie et l',ar*ologie gypti5nes et ,assyri5nes1 xiv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #dh sq42 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,hittit] und ,arm5i] 7,/rasburg1 #ahih71 pp4 #db sq4 #dja ,georgius ,syncellus1 ,*ronographia1 vol4 i4 p4 #bij1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf 7,bonn1 #ahbi73 1 4 ,9 ?is passage is a correction ( ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s's 7,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #dfj7 = ! ,,ms4 read+ 1 ! hav+ app>5tly aris5 by dittography f ! prec$+ 2 & is a correction ( ,e4 ,mey]'s 78b] e9ige semitis*e ,gtt]10 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 xxxi4 #gcg7 = ! ,,ms4 read+ 4 ,comp>e ,j]ome 7quot$ by ,mov]s & ,mey]1 ll4cc473 8,h]cules cognom5to ,desanaus 9 ,syria ,pho5ice cl>us habetur4 ,inde ad no/ram usque memoriam a ,cappadocibus et ,eli5sibus 7al4 ,deliis7 ,desanaus adhuc dicitur40 ,if ! text ( ,j]ome is "h s\nd1 he w\ld seem to h _h be=e him a ,greek orig9al :i* 0 corrupt l ! text ( ,syncellus or ( ,syncellus's au?ority4 ,! ,cilician ,h]cules is call$ ,s&es by ,nonnus 7,dionys41 xxxiv4 #ahc sq474 ,comp>e ,ra\l-,ro*ette 9 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 pp4 #aei sqq4 #djb ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xiv4 #h4 #c2 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 xxxiii4 vol4 ii4 p4 #af1 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf 7,leipsic1 #aheg74 ,! pyre is m5tion$ only by ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ^: words cle>ly imply t its erection 0 a cu/om obs]v$ p]iodically4 ,on ,s&an or ,s&on see ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 8,s&on und ,s>danapal10 ,kun/>*aeologis*e ,w]ke1 iii4 #f sqq42 ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #deh sqq42 ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 pp4 #agh sqq42 ,e4 ,mey]1 8b] e9ige ,semitis*e ,gtt]10 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 xxxi4 7#ahgg7 pp4 #gcf-gdj3 id41 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #fda sqq4 #dhd4 #djc ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s1 ! ,seleucid ,k+s ( ,syria 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #gb1 #gh1 #hi1 #aab1 pl4 xxi4 #f1 xxiv4 #c1 xxviii4 #h2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia 7,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc1 #aij1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bbe1 pl4 xxxiii4 #b1 #c1 xxxiv4 #aj1 xxxvii4 #i2 ,f4 ,imho(-,blum]1 8,co9-types ( "s ,kilikian ,cities10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xviii4 7#ahih7 p4 #afi1 pl4 xiii4 #a1 #b4 ,! /ructure repres5t$ on ! co9s is sometimes call$ n ! pyre b ! monum5t ( ,s&an or ,s>danapalus4 ,c]ta9ly ! cone re/+ on ! squ>e base rem9ds u ( ! simil> /ructure on ! co9s ( ,byblus z well z ( ! conical image ( ,aphrodite at ,paphos 7see above1 pp4 #ad1 #cd72 b ! words ( ,dio ,*ryso/om make x probable t ! design on ! co9s ( ,t>sus repres5ts ! pyre4 ,at ! same "t1 ! burn+ ( ! god may well h be5 sculptur$ on a p]man5t monum5t ( /one4 ,! leg5d 1 lit]ally 8quail-hunt10 :i* appe>s on "s co9s ( ,t>sus 7,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 op4 cit4 pp4 lxxxvi4 sq471 may ref] to a cu/om ( cat*+ quails & burn+ !m on ! pyre4 ,we h se5 7above1 pp4 #aaa sq47 t quails 7 app>5tly burnt 9 sacrifice at ,byblus4 ,?is explanation ( ! leg5d on ! co9s ( ,t>sus 0 sugge/$ by ,ra\l-,ro*ette 7op4 cit4 pp4 #bja-bje74 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill writes to me t 8! int]pretation ( z any?+ b a p]sonal "n is r5d]$ v unlikely by ! analogy ( all ! o!r inscriptions on co9s ( ! same class40 ,doves 7 burnt on a pyre 9 hon\r ( ,adonis 7bel[1 p4 #adg74 ,simil>ly birds 7 burnt on a pyre 9 hon\r ( ,laphrian ,artemis at ,patrae 7,pausanias1 vii4 #ah4 #ab74 #djd ,h]odian1 iv4 #b4 #dje ,see ,franz ,cumont1 8,l',aigle funraire des ,syri5s et l',apo?ose des ,emp]eurs10 ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 lxii1 7#aiaj7 pp4 #aai-afc4 ,m#if ,s&an ( ,t>sus an ,asiatic god ) ! symbols ( ! lion & ! d\ble axe4 #djf ,f4 ,imho(-,blum]1 ,monnaies ,grecques 7,am/]dam1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cff sq41 #dcc1 #dce1 ) plates ,f4 #bd1 #be1 ,h4 #ad 7,v]h&el+5 d] ,kon9k4 ,akademie von ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 xiv472 ,f4 ,imho(-,blum] und ,o4 ,kell]1 ,ti]- und ,pflanz5bild] auf ,mnz5 und ,gemm5 des klassis*5 ,alt]tums 7,leipsic1 #ahhi71 pp4 #gj sq41 ) pl4 xii4 #g1 #h1 #i2 ,f4 ,imho(-,blum]1 8,co9-types ( "s ,kilikian ,cities10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xviii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #afi-aga2 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,types ( ,greek ,co9s1 pl4 xiii4 #bj2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia1 pp4 #agh1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #bjf1 #bac1 ) plates xxxii4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 xxxiv4 #b1 xxxvi4 #i2 ,g4 ,macdonald1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection1 ii4 #edh1 ) pl4 lx4 #aa4 ,! boot$ ,s&an is figur$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 op4 cit4 pl4 xxxvi4 #i4 ,m#ig ,boghaz-,keui ! anci5t capital ( a ,hittite k+dom 9 ,cappadocia4 #djg ,h]odotus1 i4 #gf2 ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 4 ,z to ! situation ( ,boghaz-,keui & ! ru9s ( ,pt]ia see ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia 7,london1 #ahdb71 i4 #cia sqq42 ,h4 ,b>?1 8,reise von ,trapezunt dur* die nrdli*e ,hlfte ,kle9-,asi5s10 ,ergnzung%eft zu ,pet]mann's ,geographis*5 ,mit!ilung51 ,no4 #b 7#ahfj71 pp4 #dd-eb2 ,h4 ,f4 ,toz]1 ,turki% ,arm5ia & ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or 7,london1 #ahha71 pp4 #fd1 #ga sqq42 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 8,hi/orical ,relations ( ,phrygia & ,cappadocia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,n4,s41 xv4 7#ahhc7 p4 #ajc2 id41 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,asia ,m9or 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #bh sq41 #cc sq42 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #eif sqq42 ,k4 ,humann und ,o4 ,pu*/e91 ,reis5 9 ,kle9asi5 und ,nordsyri5 7,b]l91 #ahij71 pp4 #ga-hj1 ) ,atlas1 plates xi4-xiv42 ,e4 ,*antre1 ,mission en ,cappadoce 7,p>is1 #ahih71 pp4 #ac sqq42 ,o4 ,pu*/e91 8,die ,baut5 von ,boghaz-,ki10 ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft zu ,b]l91 ,no4 #ce1 ,decemb] #aijg1 pp4 #fb sqq42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aif sqq4 ,m#ih ,! sanctu>y 9 ! rocks4 ,! rock-sculptures 9 ! out] sanctu>y at ,boghaz-,keui repres5t two processions meet+4 ,! c5tral figures4 #djh ,?is procession ( m5 is brok5 7a7 by two wom5 clad 9 long plait$ robes l ! wom5 on ! opposite wall2 7b7 by two w+$ mon/]s2 & 7c7 by ! figure ( a prie/ or k+ z to :i* see bel[1 pp4 #aca sq4 ,m#ii ,! rock-sculptures 9 ! inn] sanctu>y at ,boghaz-,keui4 ,! lion-god4 ,! god protect+ 8 prie/4 ,o!r repres5tations ( ! prie/ at ,boghaz-,keui & ,euyuk4 #dji ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia 7,london1 #ahdb71 i4 #cic-cie2 ,h4 ,f4 ,toz]1 ,turki% ,arm5ia & ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or1 pp4 #ei sq41 #ff-gh2 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 8,hi/orical ,relations ( ,phrygia & ,asia ,m9or10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,n4,s4 xv4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #aac-abj2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #fbc-fef1 #fff-fgb2 ,k4 ,humann und ,o4 ,pu*/e91 ,reis5 9 ,kle9asi5 und ,nordsyri51 pp4 #ee-gj1 ) ,atlas1 plates vii4-x42 ,e4 ,*antre1 ,mission en ,cappadoce1 pp4 #c-e1 #af-bf2 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites1 pp4 #db-ej2 ,?4 ,macridy-,bey1 ,la ,porte des ,sph9x ,eyuk1 pp4 #ac sq4 7,mitteilung5 d] ,vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijh1 ,no4 #c1 ,b]l972 ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #fca sq42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aif sqq4 7,boghaz-,keui7 #bef sqq4 7,eyuk74 ,comp>e ,p4 ,j5s51 ,hittit] und ,arm5i]1 pp4 #afe sqq4 ,9 "s notes ) :i* my colleague ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g>/ang has k9dly furni%$ me he tells me t ! two animals we>+ ,hittite hats1 :i* appe> betwe5 ! great god & goddess 9 ! out] sanctu>y1 are n bulls b c]ta9ly goats2 & he incl9es to ?9k t ! two heaps on :i* ! prie/ /&s 9 ! out] sanctu>y are fir-cones4 ,pr(essor ,ed4 ,mey] holds t ! co/ume :i* ! prie/ly k+ we>s is t ( ! ,sun-goddess1 & t ! correspond+ figure 9 ! procession ( males on ! left-h& side ( ! out] sanctu>y does n repres5t ! prie/ly k+ b ! ,sun-goddess 9 p]son4 8,! attributes ( ! ,k+10 he says 7op4 cit4 p4 #fcb71 8are to be expla9$ by ! circum/ance t he1 z ! ,hittite inscriptions prove1 pass$ = an inc>nation ( ! ,sun1 :o ) ! ,hittites 0 a female div9ity2 ! temple ( ! ,sun is !re=e 8 emblem40 ,z to ! title ( 8! ,sun0 be/[$ on ,hittite k+s 9 inscriptions1 see ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 8,vorlufige ,na*ri*t5 b] die ,ausgrabung5 9 ,boghaz-ki im ,somm] #aijg10 ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft zu ,b]l91 ,no4 #ce1 ,decemb] #aijg1 pp4 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #dd1 #de1 #ec4 ,! correct =m ( ! national "n appe>s to be ,*atti or ,hatti r ?an ,hittites1 :i* is ! ,hebrew =m 77 ( ! "n4 ,comp>e ,m4 ,ja/r[1 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 ii4 coll4 #bjid sqq41 s4v4 8,hittites40 ,an int]e/+ ,hittite symbol :i* occurs bo? 9 ! sanctu>y at ,boghaz-,keui & at ! palace ( ,euyuk is ! d\ble-head$ eagle4 ,9 bo? places x s]ves z ! support ( div9e or prie/ly p]sonages4 ,aft] be+ adopt$ z a badge by ! ,seljuk ,sultans 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x pass$ into ,europe ) ! ,crusad]s & became 9 "t ! escut*eon ( ! ,au/rian & ,russian empires4 ,see ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 op4 cit4 i4 #chc2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 op4 cit4 iv4 #fha-fhc1 pl4 viii4 ,e2 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites1 p4 #ej4 ,m#ajj ,! two deities at ! head ( ! processions at ,boghaz-,keui appe> to be ! great ,asiatic goddess & h] consort4 ,! ,hittite god ( ! ?und]+ sky4 ,jupit] ,doli*5us4 #daj ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia1 i4 #cid sq42 ,h4 ,b>?1 9 ,monatsb]i*te d] knigl4 ,preuss4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #ahei1 pp4 #abh sqq42 id41 8,reise von ,trapezunt10 ,ergnzung%eft zu ,pet]mann's ,geograph4 ,mit!ilung51 ,no4 #b 7,go?a1 #ahfj71 pp4 #de sq42 ,h4 ,f4 ,toz]1 ,turki% ,arm5ia & ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #fi2 ,e4 ,*antre1 ,mission en ,cappadoce1 pp4 #bj sqq4 ,accord+ to ,b>?1 ! sc5e repres5t$ is ! m>riage ( ,ary5is1 daught] ( ,alyattes1 k+ ( ,lydia1 to ,a/yages1 son ( ,cyax>es1 k+ ( ! ,m$es 7,h]odotus1 i4 #gd74 ,= a discussion ( v>i\s int]pretations :i* h be5 propos$ see ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #fcj sqq4 #daa ,?is is 9 sub/ance ! view ( ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 ,laj>d1 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,g4 ,p]rot1 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ed4 ,mey]1 & ,j4 ,g>/ang4 ,see ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 p4 #ahj note #a2 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 8,on ! ,e>ly ,hi/orical ,relations betwe5 ,phrygia & ,cappadocia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,n4,s4 xv4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #aac-abj2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #fcj sqq42 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum1 i4 #bee-beg2 ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #fcc sq42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #bce-bcg2 id41 ,! ,syrian ,goddess 7,london1 #aiac71 pp4 #e sqq4 #dab ,k4 ,humann und ,o4 ,pu*/e91 ,reis5 9 ,kle9asi5 und ,nordsyri5 7,b]l91 #aijb71 ,atlas1 pl4 xlv4 #c2 ,ausgrabung5 zu ,s5ds*irli1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aijb7 pl4 xli42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 p4 #bia1 ) plate lxxvii42 ,r4 ,koldewey1 ,die ,hettitis*e ,ins*rift gefund5 9 d] ,knigsburg von ,babylon 7,leipsic1 #aijj71 plates #a & #b 7,wiss5s*aftli*e ,v]ff5tli*ung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft1 ,heft #a72 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,hettitic>um1 pl4 i4 #e & #f2 id41 ,! ,hittites 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #dj-db1 ) fig4 #f on p4 #da2 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques#b 7,p>is1 #aije71 p4 #ic4 ,! "n ( ! god is ?\ght to h be5 ,te%ub or ,te%up2 = a god ( t "n is kn[n f ! ,tel-el-,am>na lett]s to h be5 ! *ief deity ( ! ,mitani1 a p ( ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia ak9 9 spee* & religion to ! ,hittites1 b rul$ by an ,aryan dyna/y4 ,see ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #egh1 #eia sq41 #fcf sq42 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature1 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc 7:]e ! god's "n is spelt ,ti%ub74 ,! god is also m5tion$ repeat$ly 9 ! ,hittite ar*ives :i* ,dr4 ,h4 ,w9ckl] f\nd inscrib$ on clay tablets at ,boghaz-,keui4 ,see ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 8,vorlufige ,na*ri*t5 b] die ,ausgrabung5 9 ,boghaz-ki im ,somm] #aijg10 ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft zu ,b]l91 ,no4 #ce1 ,decemb] #aijg1 pp4 #ac sq41 #cb1 #cd1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci1 #dc1 #dd1 #ea sq41 #ec2 8,hittite ,ar*ives f ,boghaz-,keui10 translat$ f ! ,g]man transcripts ( ,dr4 ,w9ckl]1 ,annals ( ,ar*aeology & ,an?ropology1 iv4 7,liv]pool & ,london1 #aiab7 pp4 #ij sqq4 ,z to ! ,mitani1 _! language & _! gods1 see ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cj sqq41 #df sqq4 ,9 ?us int]pret+ ! ,hittite god :o heads ! procession at ,boghaz-,keui ,i foll[ my colleague ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g>/ang 7,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 p4 #bcg2 ,! ,syrian ,goddess1 pp4 #e sqq471 :o has k9dly furni%$ me ) "s notes on ! subject4 ,i =m]ly int]pret$ ! deity z ! ,hittite equival5t ( ,tammuz1 ,adonis1 & ,attis4 ,b aga9/ t view x may be urg$ t 7#a7 ! god is be>d$ & !re=e ( mature age1 :]eas ,tammuz & 8 fell[s 7 regul>ly conceiv$ z y\?ful2 7#b7 ! ?und]bolt :i* he seems to c>ry w\ld be q inappropriate to ,tammuz1 :o 0 n a god ( ?und] b ( vegetation2 & 7#c7 ! ,hittite ,tammuz is appropriately repres5t$ 9 ! procession ( wom5 imm$iately beh9d ! ,"m ,goddess 7see bel[1 pp4 #acg sq471 & x is extremely improbable t he %\ld be repres5t$ twice ov] ) diff]5t attributes 9 ! same sc5e4 ,^! consid]ations seem to me conclusive aga9/ ! int]pretation ( ! be>d$ god z a ,tammuz & decisive 9 fav\r ( ,pr(essor ,g>/ang's view ( him4 #dac ,j4 ,g>/ang1 8,notes ( a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or10 ,annals ( ,ar*aeology & ,an?ropology1 i4 7,liv]pool & ,london1 #aijh7 pp4 #c sq41 ) plate iv42 id41 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #ach1 #cei1 ) plate xliv4 ,9 ?is sculpture ! god on ! bull holds 9 8 "r h& :at is describ$ z a triangul> b[ in/ead ( a mace1 an axe1 or a hamm]4 #dad ,a4 ,wi$emann1 gyptis*e ,ges*i*te 7,go?a1 #ahhd71 ii4 #dch-ddj2 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 7,p>is1 #ahig7 pp4 #dja sq42 ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 ,d] ,bndnisvortrag ,ramses' ,,ii4 und des ,*etitirknigs1 pp4 #ag-ai1 #ba sq41 #ch-dd 7,mitteilung5 d] ,vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #aijb1 ,no4 #e1 ,b]l972 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites1 pp4 #ad-ai2 ,j4 ,h4 ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records ( ,egypt 7,*icago1 #aijf-aijg71 iii4 #afc-agd2 id41 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #caa2 ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #fca1 #fce sqq42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #cdg-cdi4 ,! ,hittite copy ( ! treaty 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,w9ckl] at ,boghaz-,keui 9 #aijf4 ,! id5tification ( ,ar5na or ,ar9na is unc]ta94 ,9 a =?com+ article1 8,! ,sun ,goddess ( ,ar5na10 to be publi%$ 9 ! ,liv]pool ,annals ( ,ar*aeology & ,an?ropology1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g>/ang argues t ,ar5na is to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,cappadocian ,comana4 #dae ,ed4 ,mey]1 8,doli*5us10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #aaia-aaid2 ,a4 von ,domaszewski1 ,die ,religion des rmis*5 ,he]es 7,treves1 #ahie71 pp4 #ei sq41 ) plate iiii4 fig4 #a & #b2 ,franz ,cumont1 s4v4 8,doli*5us10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 v4 i4 coll4 #abgf sqq42 ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ii4 7,p>is1 #aiaa7 pp4 #ce-dc4 ,= examples ( ! inscriptions :i* relate to 8 wor%ip see ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 vol4 ii4 ,p>s i4 7,b]l91 #aijb7 pp4 #afg-agb1 ,nos4 #dbif-dcbd4 ,m#aja ,! ,"m ,goddess4 #daf ,z to ! lions & mural cr[n ( ,cybele see ,lucretius1 ii4 #fjj sqq42 ,catullus1 lxiii4 #gf sqq42 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #bc4 #bj2 ,rapp1 s4v4 8,kybele10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #afdd sqq4 #dag ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ca2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #bc4 #ai4 ,lucian's description ( h] image is confirm$ by co9s ( ,hi]apolis1 on :i* ! goddess is repres5t$ we>+ a high head-dress & seat$ on a lion4 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #fed2 ,g4 ,macdonald1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection 7,glasg[1 #ahii-aije71 iii4 #aci sq42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,syrian ,goddess1 pp4 #ba sqq41 #gj1 ) fig4 #g4 ,t ! "n ( ! ,syrian goddess ( ,hi]apolis-,bambyce 0 ,at>gatis is m5tion$ by ,/rabo 7xvi4 #a4 #bg1 p4 #gdh74 ,on ,egyptian monum5ts ! ,semitic goddess ,kade% is repres5t$ /&+ on a lion4 ,see ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 ,asi5 und ,europa1 pp4 #cad sq4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,hi]apolis-,bambyce 0 ! direct successor ( ,c>*emi%1 ! great ,hittite capital on ! ,euphrates1 & may h inh]it$ _m features ( ,hittite religion4 ,see ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,! ,hittites1#c pp4 #id sqq41 #aje sqq42 & z to ! ,hittite monum5ts at ,c>*emi%1 see ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #abb sqq4 #dah ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #i4 #e4 ,m#ajb ,! y\? on ! lioness1 be>+ ! d\ble axe1 at ,boghaz-,keui may be ! div9e son & lov] ( ! goddess4 #dai ,9 ?us int]pret+ ! y\? ) ! d\ble axe ,i agree ) ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay 78,on ! ,e>ly ,hi/orical ,relations betwe5 ,phrygia & ,cappadocia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,n4,s4 xv4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #aah1 #abj71 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele 7,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]turm1 i4 #bdf1 #bee71 & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g>/ang 7,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 p4 #bce2 ,! ,syrian ,goddess1 p4 #h74 ,t ! y\?ful figure on ! lioness or pan!r repres5ts ! lov] ( ! great goddess is ! view also ( ,pr(essors ,j5s5 & ,hommel4 ,see ,p4 ,j5s51 ,hittit] und ,arm5i]1 pp4 #agc-age1 #ahj2 ,f4 ,hommel1 ,grundriss d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 p4 #ea4 ,pr(4 ,p]rot holds t ! y\? 9 "q is a d\ble ( ! be>d$ god :o /&s at ! head ( ! male procession1 _! co/ume be+ ! same1 ?\gh _! attributes diff] 7,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #fea74 ,b1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 x is unlikely t ! same god %\ld be repres5t$ twice ov] ) diff]5t attributes 9 ! same sc5e4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! two figures is bett] expla9$ on ! supposition t !y are ,fa!r & ,son4 ,! same two deities1 ,fa!r & ,son1 appe> to be c>v$ on a rock at ,gia\r-,kalesi1 a place on ! road :i* 9 antiquity may h l$ f ,ancyra by ,gordium to ,pess9us4 ,"h on ! face ( ! rock are cut 9 relief two gigantic figures 9 ! usual ,hittite co/ume ( po9t$ cap1 %ort tunic1 & %oes turn$ up at ! toes4 ,ea* we>s a cresc5t-hilt$ sword at 8 side1 ea* is m>*+ to ! spectator's left ) rais$ "r h&2 & ! resemblance betwe5 !m is ne>ly complete except t ! figure 9 front is be>dless & ! figure beh9d is be>d$4 ,see ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #gad sqq41 ) fig4 #ceb2 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #afb-afd4 ,a simil>1 b solit>y1 figure is c>v$ 9 a ni*e ( ! rock at ,k>a-,bel1 b !re ! deity1 or ! man1 c>ries a triangul> b[ ov] 8 "r %\ld]4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ahe4 ,) reg>d to ! lionesses or pan!rs1 a bas-relief f\nd at ,c>*emi%1 ! capital ( a ,hittite k+dom on ! ,euphrates1 %[s two male figures 9 ,hittite co/ume1 ) po9t$ caps & turn$-up %oes1 /&+ on a cr\*+ lion4 ,! =emo/ ( ! two figures is w+$ & c>ries a %ort curv$ trun*eon 9 8 "r h&4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,p]rot1 ! two figures repres5t a god foll[$ by a prie/ or a k+4 ,see ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #edi sq42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #abc sqq4 ,aga91 on a sculptur$ slab f\nd at ,amrit 9 ,pho5icia we see a god /&+ on a lion & hold+ a lion's :elp 9 8 left h&1 :ile 9 8 "r h& he br&i%es a club or sword4 ,see ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 op4 cit4 iii4 #dab-dad4 ,! type ( a god or goddess /&+ or sitt+ on a lion occurs also 9 ,assyrian art1 f :i* ! ,pho5icians & ,hittites may h borr[$ x4 ,see ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 op4 cit4 ii4 #fdb-fdd4 ,mu* evid5ce z to ! repres5tation ( ,asiatic deities ) lions has be5 collect$ by ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 9 8 le>n$ diss]tation 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 pp4 #ajf sqq4 ,comp>e ,de ,vog1 ,mlanges d',ar*ologie ,ori5tale1 pp4 #dd sqq4 ,m#ajc ,! my/]y ( ! lion-god4 #dbj ,simil>ly 9 ,yam1 "o ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s1 two bro!rs nam$ ,sigai & ,maiau 7 wor%ipp$ 9 a %r9e "u ! =m ( a hamm]-head$ %>k & a crocodile respectively1 & 7 repres5t$ by effigies made ( turtle-%ell 9 ! lik5ess ( ^! animals4 ,b 8! %r9es 7 s sacr$ t no un9itiat$ p]sons might visit !m1 nor did !y "k :at !y conta9$2 !y 7 aw>e ( ,sigai & ,maiau1 b !y did n "k t ! =m] 0 a hamm]-head$ %>k & ! latt] a crocodile2 ?is my/]y 0 too sacr$ to be imp>t$ to un9itiates4 ,:5 ! h]oes 7 address$ x 0 always by _! human names1 & n by _! animal or totem names40 ,see ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 8,! ,religion ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s10 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor 7,ox=d1 #aijg71 p4 #ahe4 ,m#ajd ,! processions at ,boghaz-,keui appe> to repres5t ! ,sacr$ ,m>riage ( ! god & goddess4 ,traces ( "m-k9 among ! ,hittites4 #dba 8,!re c be no d\bt t !re is "h repres5t$ a ,sacr$ ,m>riage1 ! meet+ ( two deities wor%ipp$ 9 diff]5t places1 l ! ,horus ( ,edfu & ! ,ha?or ( ,d5d]ah0 7,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum1 i4 #bee74 ,?is view seems to diff] f1 ?\gh x approa*es1 ! "o sugge/$ 9 ! text4 ,t ! sc5e repres5ts a ,sacr$ ,m>riage betwe5 a great god & goddess is ! op9ion also ( ,pr(4 ,ed4 ,mey] 7,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #fcc sq471 & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g>/ang 7,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #bch sq42 ,! ,syrian ,goddess1 p4 #g74 #dbb ,see above1 p4 #acc4 #dbc ,see bel[1 p4 #bhe4 ,comp>e ! rem>ks ( ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay 78,pre-,hell5ic ,monum5ts ( ,cappadocia10 ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs la ,philologie et l',ar*ologie gypti5nes et ,assyri5nes1 xiii4 7#ahij7 p4 #gh73 8,simil> prie/-dyna/s are a widespread feature ( ! primitive social sy/em ( ,asia ,m9or2 _! exi/5ce is kn[n ) c]ta9ty or inf]r$ ) probability at ! two t[ns ,komana2 at ,v5asa n f> nor? ( ,tyana1 at ,olba1 at ,pess9\s1 at ,aizanoi1 & _m o!r places4 ,n[ !re are two *>act]i/ics :i* c be reg>d$ z probable 9 reg>d to mo/ ( ^! prie/s1 & z prov$ 9 reg>d to "s ( !m3 7#a7 !y wore ! dress & repres5t$ ! p]son ( ! god1 ^: prie/s !y 72 7#b7 !y 7 1 los+ _! individual "n at _! succession to ! (fice1 & assum+ a sacr$ "n1 (t5 t ( ! god himself or "s figure connect$ ) ! cultus ( ! god4 ,! prie/ ( ,cybele at ,pess9\s 0 call$ ,attis1 ! prie/s ( ,sabazios 7 ,saboi1 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,bac*os ,bac*oi40 ,z to ! prie/ly rul]s ( ,olba1 see bel[1 pp4 #add sqq4 #dbd ,see above1 p4 #acb4 ,h[ev]1 ,pr(4 ,ed4 ,mey] may be "r 9 ?9k+ t ! prie/-l figure 9 ! procession is n really t ( ! prie/ b t ( ! god or goddess :om he p]sonat$4 ,see above1 p4 #acc note4 #dbe ,see above1 pp4 #cf sqq4 #dbf ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 8,vorlufige ,na*ri*t5 b] die ,ausgrabung5 9 ,boghaz-ki im ,somm] #aijg10 ,mitteilung5 d] ,deuts*5 ,ori5t-,gesells*aft1 ,no4 #ce1 ,decemb]1 #aijg1 pp4 #bg sq41 #bi2 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #ceb sq42 8,hittite ,ar*ives f ,boghaz-,keui10 translat$ f ! ,g]man transcripts ( ,dr4 ,w9ckl] by ,meta ,e4 ,williams1 ,annals ( ,ar*aeology & ,an?ropology1 iv4 7,liv]pool & ,london1 #aiab7 p4 #ih4 ,we h se5 7above1 p4 #acf7 t 9 ! seals ( ! ,hittite treaty ) ,egypt ! ,que5 appe>s along ) ! ,k+4 ,if ,dr4 ,h4 ,w9ckl] is "r 9 ?9k+ 7op4 cit4 p4 #bi7 t "o ( ! ,hittite que5s 0 at ! same "t si/] to h] husb& ! ,k+1 we %\ld h 9 ?is relation%ip a fur!r pro( t "m-k9 regulat$ ! desc5t ( ! k+%ip among ! ,hittites z well z among ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,see above1 p4 #dd1 & bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bac sqq4 #dbg ,comp>e ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #fbi-fcc4 ,m#aje ,s&an at ,t>sus appe>s to be a son ( ,baal1 z ,h]cules 0 a son ( ,zeus4 #dbh ,! figure exhibits a few m9or v>iations on ! co9s ( ,t>sus4 ,see ! works cit$ above1 p4 #abg4 #dbi ,above1 p4 #aai4 #dcj ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ceh sqq4 #dca ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #aff sqq4 ,m#ajf ,prie/s ( ,s&an-,h]cules at ,t>sus4 ,k+s ( ,cilicia relat$ to ,s&an4 #dcb ,a!naeus1 v4 #ed1 p4 #bae ,b1 ,c4 ,! high-prie/ ( ! ,syrian goddess at ,hi]apolis held (fice = a ye>1 & wore a purple robe & a gold5 ti>a 7,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #db74 ,we may conjecture t ! prie/hood ( ,h]cules at ,t>sus 0 9 lat] times at lea/ an annual (fice4 #dcc ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhd7 #chi1 p4 #dge2 ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1#c p4 #hh4 ,ku9da 0 ! "n ( a ,cilician =tress a little way inl& f ,an*iale 7,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #aj1 p4 #fgb74 #dcd ,e4 ,mey]1 op4 cit4 i4 #cic1 p4 #dhj2 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,babylonis*-assyris*e ,ges*i*te1 p4 #cfj4 ,s&on & ,s&as occur repeat$ly z names ( ,cilician m54 ,!y are probably id5tical )1 or modifi$ =ms (1 ! div9e "n4 ,see ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #ad1 p4 #fgd2 ,plut>*1 ,poplicola1 #ag2 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 ed4 ,augu/ ,boeckh1 etc4 7,b]l91 #ahbh-ahgg7 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjj1 ,no4 #ddja2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques 7,brussels1 #aijj71 p4 #gah1 ,no4 #hgh2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] ,kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosoph4-hi/or4 ,classe1 xliv4 7,vi5na1 #ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #df1 #aca sq41 #adj 7,inscriptions #aae1 #bah1 #bcb74 ,m#ajg ,prie/ly k+s ( ,olba :o bore ! names ( ,teuc] & ,ajax4 ,! ,teucrids ( ,salamis 9 ,cyprus4 ,burnt sacrifices ( human victims at ,salamis & traces ( a simil> cu/om else:]e4 ,burnt sacrifice ( doves to ,adonis4 #dce ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #aj1 p4 #fgb4 ,! "n ( ! high-prie/ ,ajax1 son ( ,teuc]1 occurs on co9s ( ,olba1 dat+ f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era 7,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum1 ,ox=d1 #ahhg1 p4 #fji72 & ! "n ( ,teuc] is also kn[n f inscriptions4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ade1 #aea1 #aei4 #dcf ,e4 ,l4 ,hicks1 8,inscriptions f ,we/]n ,cilicia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #bbf1 #bfc2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] ,kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 xliv4 7#ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #ec1 #hh4 #dcg ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 pp4 #gah sqq41 ,no4 #hgh4 ,t>kondimotos 0 ! "n ( two k+s ( ,ea/]n ,cilicia 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"o ( !m correspond$ ) ,cic]o & fell at ! battle ( ,actium4 ,see ,cic]o1 ,epi/4 ad ,famili>es1 xv4 #a4 #b2 ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #ah1 p4 #fgf2 ,dio ,cassius1 xli4 #fc4 #a1 xlvii4 #bf4 #b1 l4 #ad4 #b1 li4 #b4 #b1 li4 #g4 #d1 liv4 #i4 #b2 ,plut>*1 ,anton9us1 #fa2 ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #fah2 ,w4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,ori5tis ,graeci ,inscriptiones ,selectae 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aije71 ii4 pp4 #did sq41 ,nos4 #geb1 #gec4 ,moreov]1 ,t>kudimme or ,t>kuwassimi occurs z ! "n ( a k+ ( ,erme 787 or ,urmi 787 9 a bil+ual ,hittite & cunei=m inscription engrav$ on a silv] seal4 ,see ,w4 ,wright1 ,! ,empire ( ! ,hittites#b 7,london1 #ahhf71 pp4 #afc sqq42 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,hettitic>um1 pp4 #db sq41 pl4 xlii4 #i2 id41 ,! ,hittites1 pp4 #bi sq42 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,hittit] und ,arm5i] 7,/rasburg1 #ahih71 pp4 #bb1 #ej sq4 ,9 ?is inscription ,pr(4 ,j5s5 sugge/s ,t>bibi- z an alt]native read+ = ,t>ku-4 ,comp>e ,p4 ,krets*m]1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,spra*e 7,gtt+51 #ahif71 pp4 #cfb-cfd4 #dch ,isocrates1 ,or4 ix4 #ad & #ah sq42 ,pausanias1 ii4 #bi4 #b & #d2 ,w4 ,e4 ,engel1 ,kypros1 i4 #bab sqq4 ,z to ! names ,teuc] & ,teucrian see ,p4 ,krets*m]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahi-aia4 ,pr(4 ,krets*m] believes t ! native population ( ,cyprus belong$ to ! non-,aryan /ock ( ,asia ,m9or4 #dci ,w4 ,e4 ,engel1 ,kypros1 i4 #baf4 #ddj ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 ii4 #ed sq42 ,lactantius1 ,div94 ,in/4 i4 #ba4 ,z to ! date :5 ! cu/om 0 aboli%$1 ,lactantius says t x 0 done 8rec5tly 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian40 ,porphyry says t ! practice 0 put d[n by ,diphilus1 k+ ( ,cyprus1 89 ! "t ( ,seleucus ! ,!ologian40 ,z no?+ seems to be kn[n z to ! date ( ,k+ ,diphilus & ,seleucus ! ,!ologian1 ,i h v5tur$ to assume1 on ! /r5g? ( ,lactantius's /atem5t1 t !y 7 contempor>ies ( ,hadrian4 ,b x is curi\s to f9d k+s ( ,cyprus reign+ s late4 ,beside ! p[] ( ! ,roman gov]nors1 _! au?ority c h be5 little m ?an nom9al1 l t ( native rajahs 9 ,briti% ,india4 ,seleucus ! ,!ologian may be1 z ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricius suppos$ 7,biblio!ca ,graeca1#d ,hamburg1 #aghj-ahji1 vol4 i4 p4 #hf1 comp>e p4 #ebb71 ! ,alex&rian gramm>ian :o compos$ a volum9\s "w on ! gods 7,suidas1 s4v4 74 ,suetonius tells an anecdote 7,tib]ius1 #ef7 ab\t a gramm>ian nam$ ,seleucus :o fl\ri%$1 & fad$ prematurely1 at ! c\rt ( ,tib]ius4 #dda ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #di4 #ddb ,diog5ianus1 ,praefatio1 9 ,p>oemiographi ,graeci1 ed4 ,e4 ,l4 ,leuts* et ,f4 ,g4 ,s*neidew9 7,gtt+51 #ahci-ahea71 i4 #ahj4 ,ra\l-,ro*ette reg>d$ ! cu/om z "p ( ! ritual ( ! div9e dea? & resurrection4 ,he comp>$ x ) ! burn+ ( ,melc>? at ,tyre4 ,see 8 memoir1 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7#ahdh71 p4 #cb4 #ddc ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ed4 ,m#ajh ,! prie/ly ,teuc]s ( ,olba p]haps p]sonat$ a native god ,t>k4 #ddd ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 9 ,w4 ,wright's ,empire ( ! ,hittites1#b p4 #ahf2 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 8,pre-,hell5ic ,monum5ts ( ,cappadocia10 ,recueil de ,travaux relatifs la ,philologie et l',ar*ologie gypti5nes et ,assyri5nes1 xiv4 7#aijc7 pp4 #ha sq42 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum1 i4 #bea2 ,w4 ,max ,mll]1 ,asi5 und ,europa1 p4 #ccc2 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,hittit] und ,arm5i]1 pp4 #gj1 #aej sqq41 #aee sqq42 ,f4 ,hommel1 ,grundriss d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 pp4 #dd1 #ea sq42 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites1 p4 #dj4 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay ?9ks 7l4c47 t ,t>k 0 ! native "n ( ! god :o _h 8 sanctu>y at ,da/>kon 9 ,cappadocia & :o 0 call$ by ! ,greeks ! ,cataonian ,apollo3 8 sanctu>y 0 rev]$ all ov] ,cappadocia 7,/rabo1 xiv4 #b4 #e1 p4 #ecg74 ,pr(4 ,hommel holds t ,t>ku or ,t>*u 0 ! *ief ,hittite deity1 wor%ipp$ all ov] ! s\? ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,max ,mll] is ( op9ion t ,t>gh or ,t>kh did n designate any p>ticul> deity1 b 0 ! g5]al ,hittite "n = 8god40 ,!re are gr\nds = hold+ t ! prop] "n ( ! ,hittite ?und]-god 0 ,te%ub or ,te%up4 ,see above1 p4 #ace note4 #dde ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 8,explorations 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 p4 #deh2 id41 8,a ,j\rney 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 7#ahia7 p4 #bbb2 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,asia ,m9or 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #bb1 #cfd4 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay _h %[n gr\nds = ?9k+ t ,olba 0 a ,greciz$ =m ( a native "n ,ourba 7pron\nc$ ,ourwa7 be=e ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t discov]$ ! site & ! "n4 ,m#aji ,we/]n or ,rugg$ ,cilicia4 ,m#aaj ,! ,cilician pirates4 ,m#aaa ,! deep gorges ( ,rugg$ ,cilicia4 #ddf ,j4 ,!odore ,b5t1 8,explorations 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #dde1 #dej-dec2 id41 8,a ,j\rnal 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #bjh1 #baj-bab1 #bag-bai2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosoph4-hi/oris*e ,classe1 xliv4 7,vi5na1 #ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #di1 #gj2 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>? & ,j4 ,a4 ,r4 ,munro1 8,mod]n & ,anci5t ,roads 9 ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or10 ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,supplem5t>y ,pap]s1 vol4 iii4 "p #e 7,london1 #ahic71 pp4 #fec sq4 ,z to ! ,cilician pirates see ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #b1 pp4 #ffh sq42 ,plut>*1 ,pompeius1 #bd2 ,appian1 ,bellum ,mi?ridat4 #ib sq42 ,dio ,cassius1 xxxvi4 #bj-bd #c-f1 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf2 ,cic]o1 ,de imp]io ,cn4 ,pompeii1 #aa sq42 ,?4 ,momms51 ,roman ,hi/ory 7,london1 #ahfh71 iii4 #fh-gj1 iv4 #dj-de1 #aah-abj4 ,z to ! cre/s c>v$ on _! t[ns see ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 8,cilician ,symbols10 ,classical ,review1 iv4 7#ahij7 pp4 #cba sq4 ,among ^! cre/s are a club 7! badge ( ,olba71 a bun* ( grapes1 ! caps ( ! ,dioscuri1 ! ?ree-legg$ symbol1 & s on4 ,z to ! c$>s & %ip-build+ timb] ( ,cilicia 9 antiquity see ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/oria ,plant>um1 iii4 #b4 #f1 iv4 #e4 #e4 ,! c$>s & firs h n[ retreat$ to ! high] slopes ( ! ,taurus4 ,great de/ruction is wr\ght 9 ! =e/s by ! rov+ ,yuruks ) _! flocks2 = !y light _! fires "u ! trees1 tap ! firs = turp5t9e1 b>k ! c$>s = _! huts & bee-hives1 & lay b>e :ole tracts ( c\ntry t ! grass may gr[ = _! %eep & goats4 ,see ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #dec-deh4 ,m#aab ,! site & ru9s ( ,olba4 ,! temple ( ,olbian ,zeus4 #ddg ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,a ,w&]+ ,s*ol> 9 ! ,levant 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #eg sq4 #ddh ,j4 ,!odore ,b5t1 8,explorations 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #dde sq41 #deh-dfj2 id41 8,a ,j\rney 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #bbj-bbb2 ,e4 ,l4 ,hicks1 8,inscriptions f ,we/]n ,cilicia10 ib4 pp4 #bfb-bgj2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philos4-hi/or4 ,classe1 xliv4 7,vi5na1 #ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #hc-ia2 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay & ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 vi4 7#ahij7 p4 #cde2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 p4 #heh1 ,no4 #abca4 ,9 "o place 7,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 #bbb7 ,b5t gives ! height ( ,olba z #chjj feet2 b ?is is a mispr9t1 = else:]e 7,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 #ddf1 #deh7 he gives ! height z exactly #ehej or r\ghly #fjjj feet4 ,! mispr9t has un=tunately be5 repeat$ by ,messrs4 ,heb]dey & ,wilhelm 7op4 cit4 p4 #hd note #a74 ,! tall t[] ( ,olba is figur$ on ! co9s ( ! city4 ,see ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia 7,london1 #aijj71 pl4 xxii4 #h4 ,m#aac ,lime/one cav]ns ( ,we/]n ,cilicia4 #ddi ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology#ab 7,london1 #ahge71 ii4 #eah sqq42 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,n9? ,edition1 s4v4 8,caves10 v4 #bfe sqq4 ,comp>e my notes on ,pausanias1 i4 #ce4 #g1 viii4 #bi4 #a4 #dej ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 p4 #ddg4 ,m#aad ,! city ( ,corycus4 ,! ,corycian cave4 #dea ,fr4 ,beau=t1 ,k>mania 7,london1 #ahag71 pp4 #bdj sq4 #deb ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #e1 pp4 #fgj sq42 ,mela1 i4 #gb-ge1 ed4 ,g4 ,p>!y2 ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 8,explorations 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #ddf-ddh2 id41 8,a ,j\rney 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #bab-bad2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philos4-hi/or4 ,classe1 xliv4 7#ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #gj-gi4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>? 0 s good z to furni% me ) "s notes embody+ 8 recollections ( ! ,corycian cave4 ,all ^! mod]n writ]s confirm ! g5]al accuracy ( ! descriptions ( ! cave giv5 by ,/rabo & ,mela4 ,mr4 ,hog>? inde$ speaks ( exagg]ation 9 ,mela's acc\nt1 b ?is is n admitt$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,wilhelm4 ,z to ! ru9s ( ! city ( ,corycus on ! coa/1 di/ant ab\t ?ree miles f ! cave1 see ,fr4 ,beau=t1 ,k>mania 7,london1 #ahag71 pp4 #bcb-bch2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fg-gj4 ,m#aae ,prie/s ( ,corycian ,zeus4 #dec ,! sugge/ion is ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook's4 ,see 8 article1 8,! ,european ,sky-god10 ,classical ,review1 xvii4 7#aijc7 p4 #dah1 note #b4 #ded ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 p4 #ddh2 id41 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #bad-baf4 ,= ! inscription conta9+ ! names ( ! prie/s see ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ga-gi2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 pp4 #gah sqq41 ,no4 #hgh2 above1 p4 #ade4 ,m#aaf ,! cave ( ! giant ,typhon4 #dee ,mela1 i4 #gf1 ed4 ,g4 ,p>!y 7,b]l91 #ahfg74 ,! cave ( ,typhon is describ$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 ll4cc4 #def ,aes*ylus1 ,prome!us ,v9ctus1 #cea-cgb4 #deg ,p9d>1 ,py?4 i4 #cj sqq41 :o speaks ( ! giant z 8br$ 9 ! _m-nam$ ,cilician cave40 ,m#aag ,battle ( ,zeus & ,typhon4 #deh ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #f4 #c4 ,m#aah ,fossil bones ( ext9ct animals give rise to /ories ( giants4 #dei ,pausanias1 viii4 #bi4 #a1 ) my notes4 ,pausanias m5tions 7viii4 #cb4 #e7 bones ( sup]human size :i* 7 pres]v$ at ,megalopolis1 & :i* popul> sup]/ition id5tifi$ z ! bones ( ! giant ,hopladamus4 #dfj ,pausanias1 viii4 #bi4 #a4 #dfa ,a4 ,holm1 ,ges*i*te ,sicili5s im ,alt]?um 7,leipsic1 #ahgj-ahgd71 i4 #eg1 #cef4 #dfb 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d#c 7,london1 #ahgh71 p4 #cbb1 :o adduces mu* m evid5ce ( ! same sort4 ,m#aai ,*asm ( ,olbian ,zeus at ,kanytelideis4 #dfc ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 8,explorations 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 xii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #ddh sq42 id41 8,a ,j\rney 9 ,cilicia ,tra*eia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #bjh-baj2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosophis*-hi/oris*e ,classe1 xliv4 7,vi5na1 #ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #ea-fa4 ,m#abj ,! deity ( ^! great *asms 0 call$ ,zeus by ! ,greeks1 b he 0 probably a god ( f]tility embodi$ 9 vegetation & wat]4 #dfd ,see above1 pp4 #bf sq4 ,m#aba ,analogy ( ! ,corycian & ,olbian cav]ns to ,ibreez & ! vale ( ! ,adonis4 ,m#abb ,two gods at ,olba1 p]haps a fa!r & a son1 correspond+ to ! ,baal & ,s&an ( ,t>sus4 ,m#abc ,goddesses less prom95t ?an gods 9 ,cilician religion4 ,m#abd ,! goddess ',a!h1 p>tn] ( ,baal at ,t>sus1 seems to h be5 a =m ( ,at>gatis4 ,! lion-goddess & ! bull-god4 ,9 lat] times ! old goddess became ! ,=tune ( ! ,city4 #dfe ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #faf4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill writes to me3 8,! attribution to ,t>sus ( ! ',a!h co9s is unf\nd$4 ,head himself only gives x z d\btful4 ,i %\ld ?9k !y belong fur!r ,ea/40 ,9 ! unc]ta9ty :i* prevails on ?is po9t ,i h left ! text un*ang$4 ,note to ,second ,edition4 #dff ,! "n ',a?>-'a!h occurs 9 a ,palmyr5e inscription4 ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 ,no4 #aab1 pp4 #bfg-bgj4 ,9 analys+ ,at>gatis into ',a?>-'a!h 7',at>-'ata7 ,i foll[ ,e4 ,mey] 7,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #fje1 #fej sq471 ,f4 ,bae?g5 7,beitrge zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te1 pp4 #fh-ge71 ,fr4 ,cumont 7s4v4 8,at>gatis10 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ii4 #ahif71 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke 7l4c471 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele 7,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum1 i4 #bde71 ,f4 ,hommel 7,grundriss d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 pp4 #dc sq471 ,fa!r ,lagrange 7tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques1#b p4 #acj71 & ,l4 ,b4 ,paton 7s4v4 8,at>gatis10 ,j4 ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ii4 #afd sq474 ,9 ! great temple at ,hi]apolis-,bambyce a my/]i\s gold5 image /ood betwe5 ! images ( ,at>gatis & h] male p>tn]4 ,x resembl$ nei!r ( !m1 yet comb9$ ! attributes ( o!r gods4 ,"s int]pret$ x z ,dionysus1 o!rs z ,deucalion1 & o!rs z ,semiramis2 = a gold5 dove1 traditionally associat$ ) ,semiramis1 0 p]*$ on ! head ( ! figure4 ,! ,syrians call$ ! image by a "n :i* ,lucian translates 8sign0 774 ,see ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #cc4 ,x has be5 plausibly conjectur$ by ,f4 ,bae?g5 t ! "n :i* ,lucian translates 8sign0 0 really ',a!h 771 :i* c\ld easily be confus$ ) ! ,syriac ^w = 8sign0 774 ,see ,f4 ,bae?g51 op4 cit4 p4 #gc4 ,a co9 ( ,hi]apolis1 dat+ f ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 exhibits ! images ( ! god & goddess seat$ on bulls & lions respectively1 ) ! my/]i\s object betwe5 !m enclos$ 9 a %r9e1 :i* is surm\nt$ by a bird1 probably a dove4 ,see ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,syrian ,goddess 7,london1 #aiac71 pp4 #bb sqq41 #gj sq41 ) fig4 #g4 ,! mod]n writ]s cit$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is note h int]pret$ ! ,syrian ',a!h z a male god1 ! lov] ( ,at>gatis1 & id5tical 9 "n & "* ) ! ,phrygian ,attis4 ,!y may be "r2 b none ( !m seems to h notic$ t ! same "n ',a!h 77 is appli$ to a goddess at ,t>sus4 #dfg ,z to ! image1 see above1 p4 #acg4 #dfh ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ca4 #dfi ,macrobius1 ,saturn1 i4 #bc4 #ab & #ag-ai4 ,! ,greek "n ( ,baalbec 0 ,heliopolis1 8! ,city ( ! ,sun40 #dgj ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 pp4 #afc1 #afd4 ,! /atue be>s a long inscription1 :i* 9 ! /yle ( its writ+ belongs to ! ar*aic type repres5t$ by ! ,moabite ,/one4 ,! cont5ts ( ! inscription %[ t x is e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,tigla?-,piles] ,,iii4 7#gde-gbg ,b4,c474 ,on ,hadad1 ! ,syrian ?und]-god1 see ,f4 ,bae?g51 ,beitrge zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te1 pp4 #ff-fh2 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum1 i4 #bdh sq42 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques1#b pp4 #ib sq4 ,t ,hadad 0 ! consort ( ,at>gatis at ,hi]apolis-,bambyce is ! op9ion ( ,p4 ,j5s5 7,hittit] und ,arm5i]1 p4 #aga71 :o also indicates 8 "* z a god bo? ( ?und] & ( f]tility 7ib41 p4 #afg74 ,! view ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g>/ang is simil> 7,! ,syrian ,goddess1 pp4 #be sqq474 ,t ! "n ( ! *ief male god ( ,hi]apolis-,bambyce 0 ,hadad is r5d]$ almo/ c]ta9 by co9s ( ! city :i* 7 /ruck 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great by a prie/ly k+ ,abd-,hadad1 ^: "n means 8,s]vant ( ,hadad40 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #fed2 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,syrian ,goddess1 p4 #bg1 ) fig4 #e4 #dga ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1#c pp4 #ddb-ddi2 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,die ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s 7,giess51 #aije-aiab71 i4 #adf-aej1 ) ,bild]mappe1 plate #cb1 fig4 #ig4 ,! ,assyrian relief is also figur$ 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 s4v4 8,m>duk10 ii4 #bcej4 ,! ,babylonian rammu 8to scream1 ro>0 has its equival5t 9 ! ,hebrew ra'am 77 8to ?und]40 ,! two names ,adad 7,hadad7 & ,ramman occur toge!r 9 ! =m ,hadadrimmon 9 ,ze*>iah1 xii4 #aa 7) ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]'s note1 ,c5tury ,bible74 #dgb ,see above1 pp4 #aba1 #abc4 #dgc ,see above1 p4 #acj4 ,h[ev]1 ! animal seems to be r a goat4 ,see above1 p4 #acc note4 #dgd ,see above1 p4 #acb4 #dge ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia1 pp4 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bbh4 #dgf ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhd7 pp4 #bdf sq42 ,f4 ,bae?g51 ,beitrge zur semitis*5 ,religionsges*i*te1 pp4 #gf sqq4 ,! idolatr\s ,hebrews spread tables = ,gad1 t is1 = ,=tune 7,isaiah lxv4 #aa1 ,revis$ ,v]sion74 #dgg ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 iii4 #h4 #b2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 ii4 #fcb4 #dgh ,ephippus1 cit$ by ,a!naeus1 xii4 #ec1 p4 #ecg4 #dgi ,f4 ,bae?g51 op4 cit4 p4 #gg2 ,g4 ,a4 ,cooke1 ,text-book ( ,nor?-,semitic ,inscriptions1 p4 #bfi4 #dhj ,see above1 p4 #aea4 ,m#abe ,! ,pho5ician god ,el & 8 wife at ,mallus 9 ,cilicia4 ,assimilation ( native ,ori5tal deities to ,greek div9ities4 #dha ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #af1 p4 #fge4 #dhb ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 pp4 #fje sq42 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia1 pp4 cxvii4 sqq41 #ie-ih1 plates xv4 xvi4 xl4 #i2 ,g4 ,macdonald1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection1 ii4 #ecf sq41 pl4 lix4 #aa-ad4 ,! male & female figures appe> on sep>ate co9s4 ,! attribution to ,mallus ( ! co9s ) ! female figure & conical /one has be5 que/ion$ by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,p4 ,six & ,g4 ,f4 ,hill4 ,i foll[ ! view ( ,messrs4 ,f4 ,imho(-,blum] & ,b4 ,v4 ,head4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill writes to me t ! attribution ( ^! co9s to ,mallus is no long] ma9ta9$ by any "o4 ,imho(-,blum] himself n[ conjecturally assigns !m to ,aphrodisias 9 ,cilicia1 & ,mr4 ,hill reg>ds ?is conjecture z v plausible4 ,see ,f4 ,imho(-,blum]1 ,kle9asiatis*e ,mnz5 7,vi5na1 #aija-aijb71 ii4 #dce sq4 ,9 ! unc]ta9ty :i* /ill prevails on ! subject ,i h left ! text un*ang$4 ,= my purpose x matt]s little :e!r ?is ,cilician goddess 0 wor%ipp$ at ,mallus or at ,aphrodisias4 ,note to ,second ,edition4 #dhc ,see above1 pp4 #cd sq4 #dhd ,philo ( ,byblus1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4 #efi4 ,el is figur$ ) ?ree pairs ( w+s on co9s ( ,byblus4 ,see ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ii4 #agd2 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques1#b p4 #gb4 #dhe ,imho(-,blum]1 s4v4 8,kronos10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #aegb2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia1 pp4 cxxii4 #ii1 pl4 xvii4 #b4 #dhf ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 op4 cit4 pp4 cxxi4 sq41 #ih1 pl4 xvii4 #a4 #dhg ,ano!r native ,cilician deity :o masqu]ad$ 9 ,greek dress 0 probably ! ,olybrian ,zeus ( ,anaz>ba or ,anaz>bus1 b ( 8 true nature & wor%ip we "k no?+4 ,see ,w4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,ori5tis ,graeci ,inscriptiones ,selectae 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aije71 ii4 p4 #bfg1 ,no4 #egg2 ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 7:]e ! ,,ms4 read+ 0 wrongly *ang$ by ,salmasius into 74 ,m#abf ,s>p$onian ,artemis4 ,! goddess ,p]asia at ,hi]opolis-,ca/abala4 ,! fire-walk 9 ! wor%ip ( ,p]asia4 ,ins5sibility to pa9 reg>d$ z a m>k ( inspiration4 #dhh ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #ai1 p4 #fgf4 ,! expression ( ,/rabo leaves x d\btful :e!r ! m9i/]s ( ! goddess 7 m5 or wom54 ,!re 0 a headl& call$ ,s>p$on ne> ! m\? ( ! ,calycadnus ,riv] 9 ,we/]n ,cilicia 7,/rabo1 xiii4 #d4 #f1 p4 #fbg1 xiv4 #e4 #d1 p4 #fgj71 :]e ,s>p$on or ,s>p$onian ,apollo _h a temple & an oracle4 ,! temple 0 hewn 9 ! rock1 & conta9$ an image ( ! god4 ,see ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosoph4-hi/or4 ,classe1 xliv4 7,vi5na1 #ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #ajj1 #ajg4 ,probably ?is ,s>p$onian ,apollo 0 a native deity ak9 to ,s>p$onian ,artemis4 #dhi ,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 ,life 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 pp4 #abh-acd2 ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t1 8,rec5t ,discov]ies 9 ,ea/]n ,cilicia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xi4 7#ahij7 pp4 #bcd sq42 ,e4 ,l4 ,hicks1 8,inscriptions f ,ea/]n ,cilicia10 ibid4 pp4 #bdc sqq42 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 op4 cit4 pp4 #be sqq4 ,! site ( ,hi]opolis-,ca/abala 0 fir/ id5tifi$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t by means ( inscriptions4 ,z to ! co9s ( ! city1 see ,fr4 ,imho(-,blum]1 8,zur ,mnzkunde ,kiliki5s10 ,zeits*rift fr ,numismatik1 x4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #bfg-bij2 ,g4 ,f4 ,hill1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lycaonia1 ,isauria1 & ,cilicia1 pp4 c4-cii4 #hb-hd1 pl4 xiv4 #a-f2 ,g4 ,macdonald1 ,catalogue ( ,greek ,co9s 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection1 ii4 #ecd sq4 #dij ,on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,hi]opolis & ,hi]apolis see 7,sir7 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,asia ,m9or1 pp4 #hd sq4 ,accord+ to him1 ! cities designat$ by su* names grew up gradually r\nd a sanctu>y2 :]e ,greek influ5ce prevail$ ! city 9 "t eclips$ ! sanctu>y & became kn[n z ,hi]apolis1 or ! ,sacr$ ,city1 b :]e ! native elem5t reta9$ its pr$om9ance ! city cont9u$ to be kn[n z ,hi]opolis1 or ! ,city ( ! ,sanctu>y4 #dia ,e4 ,l4 ,hicks1 8,inscriptions f ,ea/]n ,cilicia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xi4 7#ahij7 pp4 #bea-bec2 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 op4 cit4 p4 #bf4 ,^! writ]s diff] some:at 9 _! read+ & re/oration ( ! v]ses1 :i* are engrav$ on a lime/one basis among ! ru9s4 ,i foll[ ! v]sion ( ,messrs4 ,heb]dey & ,wilhelm4 #dib ,j4 ,t4 ,b5t & ,e4 ,l4 ,hicks1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bce1 #bdf sq42 ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 op4 cit4 p4 #bg4 #dic ,/rabo1 xii4 #b4 #g1 p4 #ecg4 ,see above1 p4 #aae4 ,! ,cilician ,ca/abala1 ! situation ( :i* is id5tifi$ by inscriptions1 is n m5tion$ by ,/rabo4 ,x is v unlikely t1 ) 8 intimate k ( ,asia ,m9or1 he %\ld h err$ s f> z to place ! city 9 ,cappadocia1 to ! nor? ( ! ,taurus m\nta9s1 in/ead ( 9 ,cilicia1 to ! s\? ( !m4 ,x is m probable t !re 7 two cities ( ! same "n1 & t ,/rabo has omitt$ to m5tion "o ( !m4 ,simil>ly1 !re 7 two cities call$ ,comana1 "o 9 ,cappadocia & "o 9 ,pontus2 at bo? places ! same goddess 0 wor%ipp$ ) simil> rites4 ,see ,/rabo1 xii4 #b4 #c1 p4 #ece1 xii4 #c4 #cb1 p4 #eeg4 ,! situation ( ! v>i\s ,ca/abalas m5tion$ by anci5t writ]s is discuss$ by ,f4 ,imho(-,blum]1 8,zur ,mnzkunde ,kiliki5s10 ,zeits*rift fr ,numismatik1 x4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #bhe-bhh4 #did ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #cg sq4 #die ,jambli*us1 ,de my/]iis1 iii4 #d4 #dif ,ano!r ,cilician goddess 0 ,a!na ( ,mag>sus1 to :om ,alex&] ! ,great sacrific$ be=e ! battle ( ,issus4 ,see ,arrian1 ,anabasis1 ii4 #e4 #i2 ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #ddd4 ,! "n ( ! city seems to be ,ori5tal1 p]haps d]iv$ f ! ,semitic ^w = 8cave0 774 ,z to ! importance ( caves 9 ,semitic religion1 see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1#b pp4 #aig sqq4 ,! site ( ,mag>sus appe>s to be at ,k>ata%1 a hill ris+ f ! sea at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,cilician pla91 ab\t =ty-five miles due s\? ( ,adana4 ,! walls ( ! city1 built ( great lime/one blocks1 are /&+ to a height ( sev]al c\rses1 & an inscription :i* m5tions ! prie/s ( ,mag>sian ,a!na has be5 f\nd on ! spot4 ,see ,r4 ,heb]dey und ,a4 ,wilhelm1 8,reis5 9 ,kiliki510 ,d5ks*rift5 d] kais]4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,philosoph4-hi/or4 ,classe1 xliv4 7#ahif7 ,no4 vi4 pp4 #f-aj4 #dig ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 ,! ,himalayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 7,allahabad1 #ahhd7 pp4 #hbf sq4 #dih ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,e4 ,:ite 7,mission>y at ,m>sovan1 9 ! anci5t ,pontus71 9 a lett] to me dat$ #ai ,s\?moor ,road1 ,ox=d1 ,febru>y #aa1 #aijg4 ,m#abg ,! div9e triad1 ,baal1 ',a!h1 & ,s&an1 at ,t>sus may h be5 p]sonat$ by prie/s & prie/esses4 ,m#abh ,t>sus said to h be5 f\nd$ by ! ,assyrian k+ ,s>danapalus1 :o burn$ himself on a pyre4 ,dea?s ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian k+s on ! pyre4 #dii ,/rabo1 xiv4 #e4 #i1 pp4 #fga sq42 ,arrian1 ,anabasis1 ii4 #e2 ,a!naeus1 xii4 #ci1 p4 #ecj ,a1 ,b4 ,comp>e ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 2 ,georgius ,syncellus1 ,*ronographia1 vol4 i4 p4 #cab1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf 7,bonn1 #ahbi74 ,! site ( ,an*iale has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,at ,t>sus itself ! ru9s ( a va/ quadrangul> /ructure h sometimes be5 id5tifi$ ) ! monum5t ( ,s>danapalus4 ,see ,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 ,life 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 pp4 #cg-ci2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #ecf sqq4 ,b ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>? tells me t ! ru9s 9 "q seem to be ! concrete f\ndations ( a ,roman temple4 ,! mi/ake _h already be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,r4 ,koldewey4 ,see 8 article1 8,das sog5annte ,grab des ,s>danapal zu ,t>sus10 ,aus d] ,anomia 7,b]l91 #ahij71 pp4 #agh-ahe4 #ejj ,see ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #edb sq4 ,!y ?9k t ! figure probably repres5t$ ! k+ 9 a common attitude ( adoration1 8 "r arm rais$ & 8 ?umb re/+ on 8 =ef+]4 #eja ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,hettitic>um1 pp4 #ag-ai1 plates xxi4-xxv42 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #dib1 #did sq41 #ebh-ecj1 #edg2 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #ajg-abb4 #ejb ,pr(4 ,w4 ,max ,mll] is ( op9ion t ! ,hittite civilization & ! ,hittite sy/em ( writ+ 7 develop$ 9 ,cilicia r ?an 9 ,cappadocia 7,asi5 und ,europa1 p4 #cej74 #ejc ,accord+ to ,b]osus & ,abyd5us x 0 n ,s>danapalus 7,a%urbanipal7 b ,s5na*]ib :o built or rebuilt ,t>sus aft] ! fa%ion ( ,babylon1 caus+ ! riv] ,cydnus to fl[ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! city4 ,see ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 ii4 #ejd1 iv4 #bhb2 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,babylonis*-assyris*e ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #big sq4 #ejd ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #bg2 ,a!naeus1 xii4 #ch1 p4 #ebi2 ,ju/91 i4 #c4 #eje ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 iii4 #dbb sq4 ,= ! inscriptions ref]r+ to him & a full discussion ( !m1 see ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann 7-,haupt71 ama-umukn1 ,knig von ,babyloni51 #ffh-fdh v4 ,*r4 7,leipsic1 #ahib74 #ejf ,abyd5us1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iv4 #bhb2 ,georgius ,syncellus1 ,*ronographia1 i4 p4 #cif1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf2 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhd7 pp4 #egf sq42 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 iii4 #dhb-dhe4 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele ?\ght t ! /ory ( ! dea? ( ,s>acus might be a popul> b mi/ak5 duplicate ( ! dea? ( ,%ama%-%umuk9 7,babylonis*-assyris*e ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #daj sq474 ,zimri1 k+ ( ,israel1 also burn$ himself 9 8 palace to escape fall+ into ! h&s ( 8 enemies 7#a ,k+s xvi4 #ah74 ,m#abi ,/ory t ,cyrus int5d$ to burn ,croesus alive4 ,x is unlikely t ! ,p]sians w\ld ?us h pollut$ ! sacr$ elem5t ( fire4 #ejg ,h]odotus1 i4 #hf sq4 #ejh ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 p4 #bgd4 #eji ,j4 ,d>me/et]1 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a1 vol4 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahhj7 pp4 lxxxvi41 lxxxviii-xc4 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv474 #eaj ,z5d-,ave/a1 ,v5ddd1 ,f>g>d1 v4 #g4 #ci-dd 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv4 #fj sq474 #eaa ,z5d-,ave/a1 translat$ by ,j4 ,d>me/et]1 i4 pp4 xc4 #i1 #aaj sq4 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 iv474 #eab ,/rabo1 xv4 #c4 #ad1 p4 #gcb4 ,ev5 gold1 on acc\nt ( its resemblance to fire1 might n be br\ght ne> a corpse 7id4 xv4 #c4 #ah1 p4 #gcd74 ,m#acj ,! old] & tru] tradition 0 t 9 ! extremity ( 8 =tunes ,croesus attempt$ to burn himself4 #eac ,s>des fell 9 ! autumn ( #edf ,b4,c4 7,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhd71 p4 #fjd74 ,bac*ylides 0 probably born betwe5 #eab & #eje ,b4,c4 ,see ,r4 ,c4 ,jebb1 ,bac*ylides1 ! ,poems & ,fragm5ts 7,cambridge1 #aije71 pp4 #a sq4 #ead ,bac*ylides1 iii4 #bd-fb4 #eae ,f4 ,g4 ,welck]1 ,alte ,d5kml] 7,gtt+51 #ahdi-ahfd71 iii4 pl4 xxxiii42 ,a4 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kml] des klassis*5 ,alt]tums 7,muni* & ,leipsic1 #ahhe-ahhh71 ii4 #gif1 fig4 #hfj2 ,a4 ,h4 ,smi?1 8,illu/rations to ,bac*ylides10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xviii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #bfg-bfi2 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 iii4 #fah sq4 ,x is true t ,cambyses caus$ ! dead body ( ! ,egyptian k+ ,amasis to be dragg$ f ! tomb1 mangl$1 & burn$2 b ! de$ is expressly br&$ by ! anci5t hi/orian z an outrage on ,p]sian religion 7,h]odotus1 iii4 #af74 #eaf ,ra\l-,ro*ette1 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 pp4 #bgg sq42 ,m4 ,dunck]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 iv4#e #ccj-ccb2 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhd7 p4 #fjd2 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 iii4 #fah4 #eag ,h]odotus1 i4 #g4 #eah ,see above1 pp4 #aae sq41 #agc sq4 ,m#aca ,leg5d t ,semiramis burnt h]self on a pyre4 #eai ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bdc2 ,pl9y1 viii4 #aee4 #ebj ,see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8,ctesias & ! ,semiramis ,leg5d10 ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 ii4 7#ahhg7 pp4 #cjc-cag4 ,b ! leg5d ( ,semiramis appe>s to h ga!r$ r\nd ! p]son ( a real ,assyrian que51 by "n ,%ammuramat1 :o liv$ t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 & is kn[n to u f hi/orical inscriptions4 ,see ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann-,haupt1 ,die hi/oris*e ,semiramis und ihre ,zeit 7,tb+51 #aiaj71 pp4 #a sqq42 id41 s4v4 8,semiramis10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 iv4 #fgh sqq42 ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #cfi sqq4 #eba ,see above1 p4 #aad4 #ebb ,9 anci5t ,greece we seem to h a rem9isc5ce ( wid[-burn+ 9 ! leg5d t :5 ! corpse ( ,capaneus 0 be+ consum$ on ! pyre1 8 wife ,evadne ?rew h]self into ! flames & p]i%$4 ,see ,euripides1 ,supplices1 #ihj sqq42 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #g4 #a2 ,z5obius1 ,c5t4 i4 #cj2 ,ovid1 ,tri/ia1 v4 #ad4 #ch4 ,m#acb ,! 8great burn+s0 = ,jewi% k+s4 #ebc ,isaiah xxx4 #cc4 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion has 8a ,tophe?0 in/ead ( 8,tophet40 ,b ,hebrew does n possess an indef9ite article 7! few passages ( ! ,bible 9 :i* ! ,aramaic is s us$ are no exception to ! rule71 & !re is no evid5ce t ,tophet 7,tophe?7 0 ev] employ$ 9 a g5]al s5se4 ,! passage ( ,isaiah has be5 rightly int]pret$ by ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 9 ! s5se indicat$ 9 ! text1 ?\gh he d5ies t x conta9s any ref]5ce to ! sacrifice ( ! *ildr54 ,see 8 ,lectures on ! ,religion ( ! ,semites1#b pp4 #cgb sq4 ,he obs]ves 7p4 #cgb1 note #c73 8,saul's body 0 burn$ 7#a ,sam4 xxxi4 #ab71 possibly to save x f ! risk ( exhumation by ! ,phili/9es1 b p]haps r ) a religi\s int5tion1 & almo/ z an act ( wor%ip1 s9ce 8 bones 7 buri$ "u ! sacr$ tam>isk at ,jabe%40 ,9 #a ,*ronicles x4 #ab ! tree "u :i* ! bones ( ,saul 7 buri$ is n a tam>isk b a t]eb9? or an oak4 #ebd #b ,*ronicles xvi4 #ad1 xxi4 #ai2 ,j]emiah xxxiv4 #e4 ,!re is no gr\nd = assum+1 z ! ,au?oriz$ v]sion does 9 ,j]emiah xxxiv4 #e1 t only spices 7 burn$ on ^! occasions2 inde$ ! burn+ ( spices is n m5tion$ at all 9 any ( ! ?ree passages4 ,! 8sweet od\rs & div]s k9ds ( spices prep>$ by ! apo!c>ies' art10 :i* 7 laid 9 ! dead k+'s b$ 7#b ,*ronicles xvi4 #ad71 7 probably us$ to embalm him1 n to be burn$ at 8 fun]al4 ,= ?\gh 8great burn+s0 7 regul>ly made = ! dead k+s ( ,judah1 !re is no evid5ce 7ap>t f ! d\btful case ( ,saul7 t _! bodies 7 cremat$4 ,!y are regul>ly said to h be5 buri$1 n burnt4 ,! passage ( ,isaiah seems to %[ t :at 0 burn$ at a royal fun]al 0 a great1 b empty1 pyre4 ,t ! burn+s = ! k+s =m$ "p ( a hea!n cu/om 0 rightly p]ceiv$ by ,r5an 7,hi/oire du peuple d',israel1 iii4 #aba1 note74 #ebe ,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud4 v4 #d4 #a4 ,see ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,j]usalem10 vol4 ii4 #bdbc sq4 #ebf ,z to ! ,molo* wor%ip1 see ,note ,i4 at ! end ( ! volume4 ,i h to ?ank ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,h4 ,k5nett = indicat+ to me ! inf]5ce :i* may be drawn f ! id5tification ( ! ,valley ( ,h9nom ) ! ,tyropoeon4 ,m#acc ,! great burn+s = ,jewi% ,rabbis at ,meiron 9 ,galilee4 #ebg ,w4 ,m4 ,?omson1 ,! ,l& & ! ,book1 ,c5tral ,pale/9e & ,pho5icia 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #ege-egi2 ,ed4 ,rob9son1 ,biblical ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e#c 7,london1 #ahfg71 ii4 #dcj4 sq42 ,k4 ,ba$ek]1 ,pale/9e & ,syria#d 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 p4 #bee4 #ebh ,h]odotus1 v4 #ib4 #g4 #ebi ,c4 ,bock1 ,temples & ,elephants 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #gc-gf4 ,m#acd ,dea? by fire reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z a k9d ( apo!osis4 ,fire 0 suppos$ to purge away ! mortal p>ts ( m51 leav+ ! immortal4 #ecj ,?is view 0 ma9ta9$ long ago by ,ra\l-,ro*ette 9 reg>d to ! dea?s bo? ( ,s>danapalus & ( ,croesus4 ,he suppos$ t 8! ,assyrian mon>*1 r$uc$ to ! la/ extremity1 wi%$1 by ! mode ( dea? :i* he *ose1 to give to 8 sacrifice ! =m ( an apo!osis & to id5tify himself ) ! national god ( 8 c\ntry by all[+ himself to be consum$1 l him1 on a pyre4444 ,?us my?ology & hi/ory w\ld be comb9$ 9 a leg5d 9 :i* ! god & ! mon>* w\ld f9ally be confus$4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is :i* is n con=mable to ! ideas & habits ( ,asiatic civilization40 ,see 8 memoir1 8,sur l',h]cule ,assyri5 et ,phnici510 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 xvii4 ,deuxime ,p>tie 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 pp4 #bdg sq41 #bga sqq4 ,! notion ( reg5]ation by fire 0 fully recogniz$ by ,ra\l-,ro*ette 7op4 cit4 pp4 #cj sq474 ,x des]ves to be not$ t ,croesus burn$ on a huge pyre ! great & co/ly (f]+s :i* he d$icat$ to ,apollo at ,delphi4 ,he ?\ght1 says ,h]odotus 7i4 #ej71 t 9 ?is way ! god w\ld get possession ( ! (f]+s4 #eca ,z to ,isis see ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #af4 ,z to ,demet] see ,hom]1 ,hymn to ,demet]1 #bca-bfb2 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #e4 #a2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #edg-efj4 ,z to ,!tis see ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argon1 iv4 #hfe-hgi2 ,apollodorus1 ,bibl4 iii4 #ac4 #f4 ,mo/ ( ^! writ]s express cle>ly ! ?\ght t ! fire consum$ ! mortal elem5t1 leav+ ! immortal4 ,?us ,plut>* says1 4 ,apollodorus says 7i4 #e4 #a71 1 & aga9 7iii4 #ac4 #f71 4 ,apollonius ,rhodius says1 4 ,& ,ovid has1 8,inque foco pu]i corpus viv5te favilla ,obruit1 humanum purget ut ignis onus40 ,on ! cu/om ( pass+ *ildr5 ov] a fire z a purification1 see my note1 8,! ,y\? ( ,a*illes10 ,classical ,review1 vii4 7#ahic7 pp4 #bic sq4 ,on ! purificatory virtue :i* ! ,greeks ascrib$ to fire see also ,erw9 ,rohde1 ,psy*e#c 7,tb+5 & ,leipsic1 #aijc71 ii4 #aja1 note #b4 ,! ,w>ramunga ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia h a tradition ( a great man :o 8us$ to burn *ildr5 9 ! fire s z to make !m gr[ /rong0 7,b4 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,london1 #aijd1 p4 #dbi74 #ecb ,%e is said to h ?us re/or$ ! y\? ( h] husb& ,jason1 h] fa!r-9-law ,aeson1 ! nurses ( ,dionysus1 & all _! husb&s 7,euripides1 ,m$ea1 ,argum42 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,knights1 #acba2 comp>e ,plautus1 ,pseudolus1 #hgi sqq472 & %e appli$ ! same process ) success to an old ram 7,apollodorus1 ,bibl4 i4 #i4 #bg2 ,pausanias1 viii4 #aa4 #b2 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bd74 #ecc ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 i4 #dj sqq41 ) ! ,s*olia/2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #aeb4 #ecd ,jambli*us1 ,de my/]iis1 v4 #ab4 #ece ,lucian1 ,de morte ,p]egr9i1 #bg sq4 #ecf ,diog5es ,la]tius1 viii4 #b4 #fi sq4 #ecg ,lucian1 ,de morte ,p]egr9i1 #be2 ,/rabo1 xv4 #a4 #fd & #fh1 pp4 #gae1 #gag2 ,arrian1 ,anabasis1 vii4 #c4 #ech ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #db sqq4 ,m#ace ,! ,lydian k+s seem to h claim$ div9ity on ! gr\nd ( _! desc5t f ,h]cules1 ! god ( ! d\ble-axe & ( ! lion2 & ?is ,lydian ,h]cules or ,s&on appe>s to h be5 ! same ) ! ,cilician ,s&an4 ,lydian k+s held responsible = ! wea!r & ! crops4 #eci ,h]odotus1 i4 #g4 #edj ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de magi/ratibus1 iii4 #fd4 #eda ,see above1 p4 #add1 note #b4 #edb ,plut>*1 ,quae/iones ,graecae1 #de4 ,zeus ,labr&eus 0 wor%ipp$ at ! village ( ,labraunda1 situat$ 9 a pass ov] ! m\nta9s1 ne> ,mylasa 9 ,c>ia4 ,! temple 0 anci5t4 ,a road call$ ! ,sacr$ ,way l$ d[nhill = t5 miles to ,mylasa1 a city ( :ite m>ble temples & colonnades :i* /ood 9 a f]tile pla9 at ! foot ( a precipit\s m\nta91 :]e ! m>ble 0 qu>ri$4 ,processions be>+ ! holy emblems w5t to & fro along ! ,sacr$ ,way f ,mylasa to ,labraunda4 ,see ,/rabo1 xiv4 #b4 #bc1 pp4 #feh sq4 ,! d\ble-head$ axe figures on ! ru9s & co9s ( ,mylasa 7,*4 ,fell[s1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,discov]ies 9 ,lycia1 ,london1 #ahda1 p4 #ge2 ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum1 ,ox=d1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ebh sq474 ,a horseman c>ry+ a d\ble-head$ axe is a type :i* occurs on ! co9s ( _m t[ns 9 ,lydia & ,phrygia4 ,at ,?yatira ?is axe-be>+ h]o 0 call$ ,tyrimnus1 & games 7 held 9 8 hon\r4 ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,apollo & ! sun4 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lydia 7,london1 #aija71 p4 cxxviii4 ,on a co9 ( ,mo/5e 9 ,lydia ! d\ble-head$ axe is repres5t$ betwe5 a bun* ( grapes & e>s ( corn1 z if x 7 an emblem ( f]tility 7,b4 ,v4 ,head1 op4 cit4 p4 #afb1 pl4 xvii4 #aa74 #edc ,l4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4#d 7,b]l91 #ahid7 pp4 #ada sq4 ,z to ! ,hittite ?und]-god & 8 axe see above1 pp4 #acd sqq4 #edd ,nicolaus ,damasc5us1 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4 #chb sq4 #ede ,ibid4 iii4 #cha4 ,m#acf ,! lion-god ( ,lydia4 #edf ,h]odotus1 i4 #hd4 #edg ,eusebius1 ,*ronic4 i4 #fi1 ed4 ,a4 ,s*o5e 7,b]l91 #ahff-ahge74 #edh ,h]odotus1 i4 #ej4 ,at ,!bes !re 0 a /one lion :i* 0 said to h be5 d$icat$ by ,h]cules 7,pausanias1 ix4 #ag4 #b74 #edi ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum 7,ox=d1 #ahhg71 p4 #eec2 id41 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lydia 7,london1 #aija71 pp4 xcviii1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bdg1 #bec1 #bed1 #bfd1 ) plates xxiv4 #i-aa1 #ac1 ,,xxv4 #b1 #ab1 xxvii4 #h4 ,m#acg ,id5tity ( ! ,lydian & ,cilician ,h]cules4 #eej ,see above1 p4 #adc4 ,m#ach ,! ,cilician & ,lydian ,h]cules 7,s&an or ,s&on7 seems to h be5 a ,hittite deity4 #eea ,h]odotus1 ii4 #ajf2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 #gdb-geb2 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,hettitic>um1 pp4 #cc-cg1 ) plates xxxvii41 xxxviii42 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #agj-agc1 ) plate liv4 #eeb ,pausanias1 iii4 #bd4 #b1 v4 #ac4 #g ) my note2 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 op4 cit4 iv4 #geb-gei2 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cg sq41 pl4 xxxix4 #a2 ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #afg-agj1 ) plate liii4 ,unlike mo/ ,hittite sculptures ! figure ( ,"m ,pla/5e is c>v$ almo/ 9 ! r\nd4 ,! inscriptions :i* accompany bo? ^! ,lydian monum5ts are mu* defac$4 #eec ,! sugge/ion t ! ,h]aclid k+s ( ,lydia 7 ,hittites1 or "u ,hittite influ5ce1 is n novel4 ,see ,w4 ,wright1 ,empire ( ! ,hittites1 p4 #ei2 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 i4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhd7 p4 #cjg1 #beg2 ,fr4 ,hommel1 ,grundriss d] ,geographie und ,ges*i*te des alt5 ,ori5ts1 p4 #ed1 note #b2 ,l4 ,mess]s*midt1 ,! ,hittites1 p4 #bb4 ,m#aci ,dea? & resurrection ( ! ,lydian h]o ,tylon4 ,fea/ ( ! ,gold5 ,fl[] at ,s>des4 #eed ,see above1 pp4 #aaj sqq4 #eee ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,roman4 i4 #bg4 #a4 #eef ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 xxv4 #dea-eea2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxv4 #ad4 ,! /ory1 z we le>n f ,pl9y1 0 told by ,xan?us1 an e>ly hi/orian ( ,lydia4 #eeg ,?us ,glaucus1 son ( ,m9os1 0 re/or$ to life by ! se] ,polyidus1 :o le>n$ ! trick f a s]p5t4 ,see ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #c4 #a4 ,= ref]5ces to o!r tales ( ! same sort see my note on ,pausanias1 ii4 #aj4 #c 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #fe sq474 ,! s]p5t's acqua9tance ) ! tree ( life 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 p]haps belongs to ! same cycle ( /ories4 #eeh ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lydia1 pp4 cxi-cxiii1 ) pl4 xxvii4 #ab4 ,on ! co9s ! *ampion's "n appe>s z ,masnes or ,masanes1 b ! read+ is d\btful4 ,! "n ,masnes occurr$ 9 ,xan?us's hi/ory ( ,lydia 7,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iv4 #fbi74 ,x is probably ! same ) ,manes1 ! "n ( a son ( ,zeus & ,e>?1 :o is said to h be5 ! fir/ k+ ( ,lydia 7,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4 i4 #bg4 #a74 ,manes 0 ! fa!r ( ,k+ ,atys 7,h]odotus1 i4 #id74 ,?us ,tylon 0 connect$ ) ! royal family ( ,lydia ?r\gh 8 *ampion z well z 9 ! ways m5tion$ 9 ! text4 #eei ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 l4c4 #efj ,see above1 p4 #ahc4 #efa ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lydia1 p4 cxiii4 #efb ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lydia1 pp4 cx1 cxiii4 ,! fe/ival seems to be m5tion$ only on co9s4 #efc ,see above1 p4 #aed4 #efd ,v4 ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz5 und ,hau/i]e#g 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #bfa4 ,he w\ld d]ive ! "n f ! ,semitic1 or at all ev5ts ! ,cilician language4 ,! ,hebrew ^w = saffron is k>km4 ,z to ! spr+ fl[]s ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,asia ,m9or1 ,w4 ,m4 ,leake rem>ks 7,april #a1 #ahjj7 t 8primroses1 violets1 & crocuses1 are ! only fl[]s to be se50 7,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,london1 #ahbd1 p4 #adc74 ,ne> ,mylasa 9 ,c>ia1 ,fell[s saw 7,m>* #bj1 #ahdj7 ! broom cov]$ ) yell[ blossoms & a great v>iety ( anemones1 l 8a ri* ,turkey c>pet1 9 :i* ! gre5 grass did n =m a prom95t col\r amid/ ! crimson1 lilac1 blue1 sc>let1 :ite1 & yell[ fl[]s0 7,*4 ,fell[s1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ,discov]ies 9 ,lycia1 ,london1 #ahda1 pp4 #fe1 #ff74 ,9 ,febru>y ! yell[ />s ( ,gagea arv5sis cov] ! rocky & grassy gr\nds ( ,lycia1 & ! field-m>igold (t5 meets ! eye4 ,at ! same season 9 ,lycia ! %rub ,colutea arboresc5s op5s its yell[ fl[]s4 ,see ,t4 ,a4 ,b4 ,spratt & ,e4 ,=bes1 ,travels 9 ,lycia 7,london1 #ahdg71 ii4 #acc4 ,i mu/ leave x to o!rs to id5tify ! ,gold5 ,fl[] ( ,s>des4 ,m#adj ,! cu/om ( burn+ a god may h be5 int5d$ to recruit 8 div9e en]gies4 ,m#ada ,! cu/om ( burn+ a god may h /ood 9 "s relation to volcanic ph5om5a4 ,m#adb ,! great ext9ct volcano ,m\nt ,argaeus 9 ,cappadocia4 #efe ,/rabo1 xii4 #b4 #g1 p4 #ech4 ,m\nt ,argaeus /ill reta9s its anci5t "n 9 slightly alt]$ =ms 7,ardjeh1 ,erdji*1 ,erju74 ,its height is ab\t #ac1jjj feet4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury x 0 asc5d$ by at lea/ two ,engli% travell]s1 ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton & ,h4 ,f4 ,toz]4 ,see ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia1 ii4 #bfi-bha2 ,h4 ,f4 ,toz]1 ,turki% ,arm5ia & ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or1 pp4 #id1 #aac-aca2 lise ,reclus1 ,n\velle ,gographie ,univ]selle 7,p>is1 #ahgi-ahid71 ix4 #dgf-dgh4 ,a ,hittite inscription is c>v$ at a place call$ ,tope ,nefezi1 ne> ,as>jik1 on ! slope ( ,m\nt ,argaeus4 ,see ,j4 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,hittites1 pp4 #aeb sq4 #eff ,h4 ,f4 ,toz]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abe-abg4 ,m#adc ,p]sian fire-wor%ip 9 ,cappadocia4 ,wor%ip ( natural fires :i* burn p]petually4 ,! p]petual fires ( ,baku4 #efg ,/rabo1 xv4 #c4 #ad sq41 pp4 #gcb sq4 ,a bundle ( twigs1 call$ ! ,b>som 7,b]esma 9 ! ,ave/a71 is /ill us$ by ! ,p>see prie/s 9 *ant+ _! liturgy4 ,see ,m4 ,haug1 ,essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s & ,religion ( ! ,p>sis#c 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #d1 note #a1 #bhc4 ,:5 a pott] 9 ,s\!rn ,india is mak+ a pot :i* is to be wor%ipp$ z a h\sehold deity1 he 8%\ld close 8 m\? ) a b&age1 s t 8 brea? may n defile ! pot40 ,see ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 iv4 #aea4 #efh ,b>on ,*>les ,hgel1 ,travels 9 ,ka%mir & ! ,panjab 7,london1 #ahde71 pp4 #db-df2 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,?+s ,indian 7,london1 #aijf71 p4 #bai4 #efi ,jonas ,hanway1 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,trade ov] ! ,caspian ,sea3 ) ! ,au?or's ,j\rnal ( ,travels1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #aged71 i4 #bfc4 ,= lat] descriptions ( ! fires & fire-wor%ipp]s ( ,baku1 see ,j4 ,re9egg1 ,bes*reibung des ,kaukasus 7,go?a1 ,hilde%eim1 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #agif-agig71 i4 #aea-aei2 ,a4 von ,hax?aus51 ,transkaukasia 7,leipsic1 #ahef71 ii4 #hj-he4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,crooke1 ,?+s ,indian1 p4 #bai4 ,m#add ,! ,burnt ,l& ( ,lydia4 #egj ,/rabo1 xii4 #h4 #ah sq41 p4 #egi2 xiii4 #d4 #aa1 p4 #fbh4 ,! w9e ( ! di/rict is m5tion$ by ,vitruvius 7viii4 #c4 #ab7 & ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xiv4 #ge74 #ega ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia1 i4 #acf-adj1 ii4 #aca-ach4 ,"o ( ! ?ree rec5t cones describ$ by ,/rabo is n[ call$ ! ,k>a ,devlit1 or ,black ,ink/&4 ,its top is ab\t #bejj feet above ! sea1 b only #ejj feet above ! surr\nd+ pla94 ,! adjo9+ t[n ( ,k\la1 built ( ! black lava on :i* x /&s1 has a sombre & dismal look4 ,ano!r ( ! cones1 almo/ equally high1 has a crat] ( ab\t half a mile 9 circumf]5ce & ?ree or f\r hundr$ feet deep4 #egb ,/rabo1 xiii4 #d4 #aa1 p4 #fbh4 ,comp>e 8 acc\nt ( ! ,catanian v9ey>ds 7vi4 #b4 #c1 p4 #bfi74 ,m#ade ,e>?quakes 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,wor%ip ( ,poseidon1 ! e>?quake god4 #egc ,/rabo1 xii4 #h4 #af-ah1 pp4 #egh sq42 xiii4 #d4 #aj sq41 p4 #fbh4 #egd ,/rabo1 xii4 #h4 #ah1 p4 #egi4 ,comp>e ,tacitus1 ,annals1 xii4 #eh4 #ege ,/rabo1 i4 #c4 #af1 p4 #eg4 ,comp>e ,plut>*1 ,de ,py?iae oraculis1 #aa2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #bjb2 ,ju/91 xxx4 #d4 ,! ev5t seems to h happ5$ 9 #aig ,b4,c4 ,sev]al o!r isl&s are kn[n to h appe>$ 9 ! same bay bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,s f> z antiquity is conc]n$1 ! dates ( _! appe>ance are giv5 by ,pl9y1 b "s confusion on ! subject has crept into 8 m9d1 or r1 p]haps1 into 8 text4 ,see ! discussion ( ! subject 9 ,w4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography 7,london1 #ahgc71 ii4 #aaeh-aafj4 ,z to ! eruptions 9 ! bay ( ,santor91 ! la/ ( :i* occurr$ 9 #ahff & produc$ a new isl&1 see ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology#ab 7,london1 #ahge71 i4 #ea1 ii4 #fe sqq42 ,c4 ,neumann und ,j4 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie von ,grie*5l& 7,breslau1 #ahhe71 pp4 #bgb sqq4 ,!re is a monograph on ,santor9 & its eruptions 7,f4 ,f\qu1 ,santor9 et ses ruptions1 ,p>is1 #ahgi74 ,/rabo has giv5 a brief b /rik+ acc\nt ( ,rhodes1 its ar*itecture1 its art-treasures1 & its con/itution 7xiv4 #b4 #e1 pp4 #feb sq474 ,z to ! ,rhodian s*ools ( art see ,h4 ,brunn1 ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,kn/l] 7,/uttg>t1 #aheg-ahei71 i4 #dei sqq41 ii4 #bcc sqq41 #bhf sq4 #egf ,ari/ophanes1 ,a*>n4 #fhb2 ,pausanias1 iii4 #aa4 #i1 vii4 #ba4 #g2 ,plut>*1 ,!seus1 #cf2 ,ari/ides1 ,i/hmic4 vol4 i4 p4 #bi1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf 7,leipsic1 #ahbi72 ,appian1 ,bell4 ,civ4 v4 #ih2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #ag4 #bb2 ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um#b 7,leipsic1 #ahih-aija71 ii4 p4 #bcj1 ,no4 #edc4 #egg ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bb4 ,m#adf ,sp>tan propitiation ( ,poseidon dur+ an e>?quake4 #egh ,x5ophon1 ,hell5ica1 iv4 #g4 #d4 ,z to ! ,sp>tan headqu>t]s /aff 7 71 see id4 iv4 #e4 #h1 vi4 #d4 #ad2 ,x5ophon1 ,respublica ,lac$aem4 xiii4 #a1 xv4 #d4 ,usually ! ,sp>tans desi/$ f any ent]prise !y _h 9 h& :5 an e>?quake happ5$ 7,?ucydides1 iii4 #ei4 #a1 v4 #ej4 #e1 vi4 #ie4 #a74 #egi ,?ucydides1 v4 #gj4 #a4 ,! use ( ! music1 ,?ucydides tells u1 0 n to inspire ! m51 b to enable !m to keep /ep1 & s to m>* 9 close ord]4 ,)\t music a long l9e ( battle 0 apt to /raggle 9 advanc+ to ! *>ge4 ,z missiles 7 little us$ 9 ,greek w>f>e1 !re 0 no ne$ to hurry ! advance ov] ! int]v5+ gr\nd2 s x 0 made delib]ately & ) ! b&s play+4 ,! air to :i* ! ,sp>tans *>g$ 0 call$ ,ca/or's tune4 ,x 0 ! k+ 9 p]son :o gave ! ^w = ! flutes to /rike up4 ,see ,plut>*1 ,lycurgus1 #bb4 #ehj ,x5ophon1 ,respublica ,lac$aem4 xi4 #c2 ,ari/ophanes1 ,lysi/rata1 #aadj2 ,ari/otle1 cit$ by a s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,a*>n4 #cbj2 ,plut>*1 ,in/ituta ,laconica1 #bd4 ,:5 a great e>?quake _h de/roy$ ! city ( ,sp>ta & ! ,mess5ians 7 9 revolt1 ! ,sp>tans s5t a mess5g] to ,a!ns ask+ = help4 ,ari/ophanes 7,lysi/rata1 #aach sqq47 describes ! man z if he _h se5 him1 sitt+ z a suppliant on ! alt> ) 8 pale face & 8 r$ coat4 #eha ,i h assum$ t ! sun %one on ! ,sp>tans at ,!rmopylae4 ,= ! battle 0 f\ght 9 ! height ( summ]1 :5 ! ,greek sky is g5]ally cl\dless1 & on t p>ticul> morn+ ! wea!r 0 v /ill4 ,! ev5+ be=e1 ! ,p]sians _h s5t r\nd a body ( troops by a difficult pass to take ! ,sp>tans 9 ! re>2 day 0 break+ :5 !y ne>$ ! summit1 & ! fir/ intimation ( _! approa* :i* rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ,phocian gu>ds po/$ on ! m\nta9 0 ! l\d crackl+ ( leaves "u _! feet 9 ! oak =e/4 ,moreov]1 ! fam\s ,sp>tan say+ ab\t fight+ 9 ! %ade ( ! ,p]sian arr[s1 :i* obscur$ ! sun1 po9ts to bright1 hot wea!r4 ,x 0 at high noon1 & !re=e probably 9 ! full blaze ( ! mid-day sun1 t ! la/ m>*-out took place4 ,see ,h]odotus1 vii4 #bae-bbf2 & z to ! date ( ! battle 7ab\t ! "t ( ! ,olympic games7 see ,h]odotus1 vii4 #bjf1 viii4 #ab & #bf2 ,g4 ,busolt1 ,grie*is*e ,ges*i*te1 ii4#b 7,go?a1 #ahie7 p4 #fgc1 note #i4 ,m#adg ,modes ( /opp+ an e>?quake by in=m+ ! god or giant t !re are /ill m5 on ! e>?4 #ehb ,s4 ,mll]1 ,reiz5 en ,ond]zoek+5 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel 7,am/]dam1 #aheg71 ii4 #bfd sq4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,indonesi5 7,b]l91 #ahhd-ahhi71 ii4 #c4 ,! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! ,ea/ ,indian peoples 9 reg>d to e>?quakes h be5 describ$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51 ,het animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 ,twe$e ,/uk 7,leyd51 #ahhe71 pp4 #bdg-bed2 id41 ,v]spreide ,ges*rift5 7,! ,hague1 #aiab71 iii4 #bgd-bha4 ,comp>e id41 ,h&leid+ voor de v]gelijk5de ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi 7,leyd51 #ahic71 pp4 #fjd sq42 & on primitive conceptions ( e>?quakes 9 g5]al1 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture#b 7,london1 #ahgc71 i4 #cfd-cff2 ,r4 ,las*1 8,die ,ursa*e und ,b$eutung d] ,erdbeb5 im ,volksglaub5 und ,volksbrau*10 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 v4 7#aijb7 pp4 #bcf-beg1 #cfi-chc4 #ehc ,epiphanius1 ,adv]sus ,ha]eses1 ii4 #b4 #bc 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xlii4 #fh74 #ehd ,h4 ,n4 van d] ,tuuk1 8,notes on ! ,kawi ,language & ,lit]ature10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,n4,s4 xiii4 7#ahha7 p4 #ej4 #ehe ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 p4 #cih2 comp>e id4 pp4 #ccj1 #dbh4 #ehf ,g4 ,baml]1 8,tami10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 p4 #dib4 #ehg ,mrs4 ,leslie ,milne1 ,%ans at ,home 7,london1 #aiaj71 p4 #ed4 #ehh ,de ,/4 ,cricq1 8,voyage du ,pr\ au ,brsil p> les fleuves ,ucayali et ,amazone1 ,indi5s ,conibos10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ive ,srie1 vi4 7#ahec7 p4 #bib4 #ehi ,miss ,alice ,w]n]1 ,! ,natives ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1 #aijf71 p4 #ef4 #eij ,mgr4 ,le*aptois1 ,aux ,rives du ,tanganika 7,algi]s1 #aiac71 p4 #bag4 #eia ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cac sq4 ,m#adh ,conduct ( ! ,bataks dur+ an e>?quake4 #eib ,w4 ,kdd+1 8,die bataks*5 ,gtt] und ihr ,v]hltniss zum ,brahmanismus10 ,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 xii4 7#ahhe7 p4 #dje4 #eic ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51 8,het ,animisme bij de volk5 van d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10 ,v]spreide ,ges*rift51 ii4 #bgi2 ,h4 ,n4 van d] ,tuuk1 op4 cit4 pp4 #di sq4 ,m#adi ,v>i\s modes ( prevail+ ^u ! e>?quake god to /op4 #eid ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 8,de ,topantunuasu ( oorspronkelijke ,volk/amm5 van ,c5tral ,selebes10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xxxv4 7#ahhf7 p4 #ie4 #eie ,john ,williams1 ,n>rative ( ,mission>y ,ent]prises 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 7,london1 #ahch71 p4 #cgi4 #eif ,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #baa2 ,*4 ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 ii4 #aca4 #eig ,a4 ,s*ad5burg1 8,die ,bewohn] von ,sd-,m9danao und d] ,insel ,samal10 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xvii4 7#ahhe7 p4 #cb4 #eih ,w4 ,m>9]1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahah71 ii4 #aab sq4 #eii ,sang]mano1 ,description ( ! ,burmese ,empire 7,rangoon1 #ahhe71 p4 #acj4 #fjj ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,k/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mn/]1 ,n4,d471 p4 #ccf4 #fja ,a4 ,p9>t1 8,les ,indi5s de l'tat de ,panama10 ,revue d',e?nographie1 vi4 7#ahhg7 p4 #aai4 #fjb ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 p4 #dfi4 #fjc ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ 7,london1 #ahhg71 pp4 #ce sq4 ,m#aej ,religi\s & moral effects ( e>?quakes4 #fjd ,j4 ,jackson1 9 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e's ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7,london1 #ahec71 p4 #dgc4 ,my fri5d1 ! late ,mr4 ,lorim] ,fison1 wrote to me 7,decemb] #ae1 #aijf7 t ! "n ( ! ,fijian e>?quake god is ,maui1 n ,a ,dage1 z ,jackson says4 ,mr4 ,fison adds1 8,i h se5 ,fijians /amp+ & smit+ ! gr\nd & yell+ at ! top ( _! voices 9 ord] to r\se him40 #fje ,j4 ,t4 ,nieuw5huis5 en ,h4 ,c4 ,b4 von ,ros5b]g1 8,v]slag omtr5t het eil& ,nias10 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*app51 xxx4 7,batavia1 #ahfc7 p4 #aah2 ,?4 ,c4 ,rapp>d1 8,het eil& ,nias en zijne bewon]s10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 lxii4 7#aiji7 p4 #ehb4 ,9 ,so]ak>ta1 a di/rict ( ,java1 :5 an e>?quake takes place ! p lie flat on _! /oma*s on ! gr\nd1 & lick x ) _! tongues s long z ! e>?quake la/s4 ,?is !y d 9 ord] t !y may n lose _! tee? prematurely4 ,see ,j4 ,w4 ,w9t]1 8,beknopte ,bes*rijv+ van het h( ,so]ok>ta 9 #ahbd10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 liv4 7#aijb7 p4 #he4 ,! connexion ( ideas 9 ?is cu/om is n cle>4 ,m#aea ,! god ( ! sea & ( ! e>?quake naturally conceiv$ z "o4 #fjf ,on ?is "q see ,c4 ,neumann und ,j4 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie von ,grie*5l& 7,breslau1 #ahhe71 pp4 #ccb-ccf4 ,z to ! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes 9 ,a*aia & ,asia ,m9or see ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 xiv4 #c4 #i2 & z to ,a*aia 9 p>ticul> see ,c4 ,neumann und ,j4 ,p>ts*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cbd-cbf4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,a*aia !re 0 a *a9 ( sanctu>ies ( ,poseidon 7,l4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4#d #ege74 #fjg ,see ,sir ,*4 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1#ab ii4 #adg sqq42 ,j4 ,milne1 ,e>?quakes 7,london1 #ahhf71 pp4 #afe sqq4 #fjh ,see1 = example1 ,?ucydides1 iii4 #hi4 #fji ,/rabo1 viii4 #g4 #a sq41 pp4 #chd sq42 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xv4 #di2 ,aelian1 ,nat4 ,anim4 xi4 #ai2 ,pausanias1 vii4 #bd4 #e sq4 & #ab1 vii4 #be4 #a & #d4 #faj ,diodorus ,siculus1 xv4 #di4 #d sq4 ,among ! mo/ fam\s seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,poseidon 9 ,peloponnese 7 ,ta5>um 9 ,laconia1 ,helice 9 ,a*aia1 ,mant9ea 9 ,arcadia1 & ! isl& ( ,calauria1 (f ! coa/ ( ,troez54 ,see ,pausanias1 ii4 #cc4 #b1 iii4 #be4 #d-h1 vii4 #bd4 #e sq41 viii4 #aj4 #b-d4 ,laconia z well z ,a*aia has suff]$ mu* f e>?quakes1 & x conta9$ _m sanctu>ies ( ,poseidon4 ,we may suppose t ! deity 0 wor%ipp$ "h *iefly z ! e>?quake god1 s9ce ! rugg$ coa/s ( ,laconia are ill adapt$ to m>itime ent]prise1 & ! ,lac$aemonians 7 nev] a seaf>+ folk4 ,see ,c4 ,neumann und ,j4 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie von ,grie*5l&1 pp4 #ccj sq41 #cce sq4 ,= ,laconian sanctu>ies ( ,poseidon see ,pausanias1 iii4 #aa4 #i1 iii4 #ab4 #e1 iii4 #ad4 #b & #g1 iii4 #ae4 #aj1 iii4 #bj4 #b1 iii4 #ba4 #e1 iii4 #be4 #d4 ,m#aeb ,poison\s mephitic vap\rs4 #faa ,sir ,*4 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1#ab i4 #cia sqq41 #eij4 #fab 8,extract f a ,lett] ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,l\don10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ii4 7#ahcb7 pp4 #fj-fb2 ,sir ,*4 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1#ab i4 #eij4 #fac ,sir ,*4 ,lyell1 l4c4 ,m#aec ,places ( ,pluto or ,*>on4 ,! valley ( ,amsanctus4 #fad ,lucretius1 vi4 #gch sqq4 #fae ,/rabo1 v4 #d4 #e1 p4 #bdd1 xii4 #h4 #ag1 p4 #egi1 xiii4 #d4 #ad1 p4 #fbi1 xiv4 #a4 #aa & #dd1 pp4 #fcf1 #fdi2 ,cic]o1 ,de div9atione1 i4 #cf4 #gi2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #bjh4 ,comp>e ,ari/otle1 ,de mundo1 #d1 p4 #cie ,b1 ed4 ,bekk]4 #faf ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #hd1 :o says t "s p look$ on ,mefitis z a god1 ! male p>tn] ( ,leuco?o1 to :om he /ood z ,adonis to ,v5us or z ,virbius to ,diana4 ,z to ,mefitis see ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie#c 7,b]l91 #ahha-ahhc71 ii4 #add sq42 ,r4 ,pet]1 s4v4 8,mefitis0 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #beai sqq4 #fag ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #efc-ega1 ) ! comm5t>y ( ,s]vius2 ,cic]o1 ,de div9atione1 i4 #cf4 #gi2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #bjh4 #fah ,lett] ( ,mr4 ,hamilton 7,briti% ,envoy at ! ,c\rt ( ,naples71 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ii4 7#ahcb7 pp4 #fb-fe2 ,w4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography1 i4 #abg2 ,h4 ,niss51 ,italis*e ,l&eskunde 7,b]l91 #ahhc-aijb71 i4 #bdb1 #bga1 ii4 #hai sq4 ,ano!r place 9 ,italy infe/$ by poison\s exhalations is ! grotto call$ dei cani at ,naples4 ,x is describ$ by ,addison 9 8 8,rem>ks on ,sev]al ,p>ts ( ,italy0 7,works1 ,london1 #ahaa1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hi-ia74 ,m#aed ,sanctu>ies ( ,*>on or ,pluto 9 ,c>ia4 #fai ,/rabo1 xiv4 #a4 #aa1 p4 #fcf4 #fbj ,/rabo1 xiv4 #a4 #dd1 pp4 #fdi sq4 ,a co9 ( ,nysa %[s ! bull c>ri$ to ! sacrifice by six nak$ y\?s & prec$$ by a nak$ flute-play]4 ,see ,b4 ,v4 ,head1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek ,co9s ( ,lydia1 pp4 lxxxiii4 #aha1 pl4 xx4 #aj4 ,/rabo 0 famili> ) ?is neighb\rhood1 = he tells u 7xiv4 #a4 #dh1 p4 #fej7 t 9 8 y\? he /udi$ at ,nysa "u ! philosoph] ,ari/odemus4 ,m#aee ,sanctu>y ( ,pluto at ! ,lydian or ,phrygian ,hi]apolis4 #fba ,"s ( ! anci5ts assign$ ,hi]apolis to ,lydia1 & o!rs to ,phrygia 7,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahie7 pp4 #hd sq4 #fbb ,/rabo1 xiii4 #d4 #ad1 pp4 #fbi sq42 ,dio ,cassius1 lxviii4 #bg4 #c2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #bjh2 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxiii4 #f4 #ah4 ,m#aef ,! hot spr+s & petrifi$ cascades ( ,hi]apolis4 #fbc ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7l4c47 speaks z if ! cave no long] exi/$ 9 8 "t4 ,m#aeg ,! hot pool ( ,hi]apolis ) its deadly exhalations4 ,m#aeh ,deposits left by ! wat]s ( ,hi]apolis4 #fbd ,/rabo1 xiii4 #d4 #ad1 pp4 #fbi1 #fcj2 ,vitruvius1 viii4 #c4 #aj4 ,= mod]n descriptions ( ,hi]apolis see ,r4 ,*&l]1 ,travels 9 ,asia ,m9or#b 7,london1 #aggf71 pp4 #bbh-bce2 ,*4 ,fell[s1 ,j\rnal writt5 dur+ an ,excursion 9 ,asia ,m9or 7,london1 #ahci71 pp4 #bhc-bhe2 ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia1 i4 #eag-eba2 ,e4 ,r5an1 ,sa9t ,paul1 pp4 #ceg sq42 ,e4 ,j4 ,davis1 ,anatolica 7,london1 #ahgd71 pp4 #ig-aab2 4 ,reclus1 ,n\velle ,gographie ,univ]selle1 ix4 #eaj-eab2 ,w4 ,co*ran1 ,p5 & ,p5cil ,sket*es 9 ,asia ,m9or 7,london1 #ahhg71 pp4 #chg-cij2 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 i4 #hd sqq4 ,! temp]ature ( ! hot pool v>ies f #he to #ij degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! volcanic di/rict ( ,tuscany :i* skirts ! ,ap5n9es ab\nds 9 hot calc>e\s spr+s :i* h produc$ ph5om5a l ^? ( ,hi]apolis4 ,inde$ ! :ole gr\nd is 9 "s places coat$ ov] ) tufa & trav]t9e1 :i* h be5 deposit$ by ! wat]1 &1 l ! gr\nd at ,hi]apolis1 x s\nds holl[ "u ! foot4 ,see ,sir ,*4 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1#ab i4 #cig sqq4 ,z to ! t]races ( ,rotomahana 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :i* 7 de/roy$ by an eruption ( ,m\nt ,t>av]a 9 #ahhf1 see ,r4 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika ,a ,maui1 or ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants#b 7,london1 #ahgj71 pp4 #dfd-dfi4 ,m#aei ,h]cules ! patron ( hot spr+s4 #fbe ,a!naeus1 xii4 #f4 p4 #eab4 #fbf ,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds1 #ajdd-ajed4 #fbg ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds1 #ajej2 ,s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 xii4 #be2 ,suidas & ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 ,apo/olius1 viii4 #ff2 ,z5obius1 vi4 #di2 ,diog5ianus1 v4 #g2 ,plut>*1 ,prov]bia ,alex&r9orum1 #ba2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4 #bc4 #a1 v4 #c4 #d4 ,ano!r /ory 0 t ,h]cules1 l ,moses1 produc$ ! wat] by smit+ ! rock ) 8 club 7,anton9us ,lib]alis1 ,trans=m4 #d74 #fbh ,apo/olius1 viii4 #fh2 ,z5obius1 vi4 #di2 ,diog5ianus1 v4 #g2 ,plut>*1 ,prov]bia ,alex&r9orum1 #ba4 #fbi ,lucian1 ,dialogi ,deorum1 #ac4 ,m#afj ,hot spr+s ( ,h]cules at ,!rmopylae4 #fcj ,/rabo1 ix4 #d4 #ac1 p4 #dbh4 #fca ,h]odotus1 vii4 #agf2 ,pausanias1 iv4 #ce4 #i2 ,philo/ratus1 ,vit4 ,sophi/4 ii4 #a4 #i4 #fcb ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,cl\ds1 #ajej4 #fcc ,i h describ$ ,!rmopylae z ,i saw x 9 ,novemb] #ahie4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,m4 ,leake1 ,travels 9 ,nor!rn ,greece 7,london1 #ahce71 ii4 #cc sqq42 ,e4 ,dodwell1 ,classical & ,topographical ,t\r ?r\gh ,greece 7,london1 #ahai71 ii4 #ff sqq42 ,k4 ,g4 ,fi$l]1 ,reise dur* alle ,!ile des ,knigrei*s ,grie*5l& 7,leipsic1 #ahdj-ahda71 i4 #bjg sqq42 ,l4 ,ross1 ,w&]ung5 9 ,grie*5l& 7,halle1 #ahea71 i4 #ij sqq42 ,c4 ,bursian1 ,geographie von ,grie*5l& 7,leipsic1 #ahfb-ahgb71 i4 #ib sqq4 ,m#afa ,hot spr+s ( ,h]cules at ,a$epsus4 #fcd ,?ucydides1 iii4 #hg & #hi2 ,/rabo1 i4 #c4 #bj1 pp4 #fj sq42 ,c4 ,neumann und ,j4 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie von ,grie*5l&1 pp4 #cba-cbc4 #fce ,ari/otle1 ,meteora1 ii4 #h1 p4 #cff ,a1 ed4 ,bekk]2 ,/rabo1 ix4 #d4 #b1 p4 #dbe4 ,ari/otle expressly recogniz$ ! connexion ( ! spr+s ) e>?quakes1 :i* he tells u 7 v common 9 ?is di/rict4 ,z to ! e>?quakes ( ,euboea see also ,?ucydides1 iii4 #hg1 #hi2 ,/rabo1 i4 #c4 #af & #bj1 pp4 #eh1 #fj sq4 #fcf ,plut>*1 ,sulla1 #bf4 #fcg ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,conviviales1 iv4 #d4 #a2 id41 ,de frat]no ,amore1 #ag4 #fch ,z to ! hot spr+s ( ,a$epsus 7! mod]n ,lipso7 see ,k4 ,g4 ,fi$l]1 ,reise dur* alle ,!ile des ,knigrei*s ,grie*5l&1 i4 #dhg-dib2 ,h4 ,n4 ,ulri*s1 ,reis5 und ,=s*ung5 9 ,grie*5l& 7,brem51 #ahdj--;,b]l91 #ahfc71 ii4 #bcc-bce2 ,c4 ,bursian1 ,geographie von ,grie*5l&1 ii4 #dji2 ,c4 ,neumann und ,j4 ,p>ts*1 ,physikalis*e ,geographie von ,grie*5l&1 pp4 #cdb-cdd4 #fci ,/rabo1 i4 #c4 #bj1 p4 #fj4 #fdj ,a!naeus1 iii4 #d1 p4 #gc ,e1 ,d4 ,m#afb ,reasons = ! association ( ,h]cules ) hot spr+s4 #fda ,! hot spr+s ( ,him]a 7! mod]n ,t]m9i7 7 said to h be5 produc$ = ! refre%m5t ( ! we>y ,h]cules4 ,see ,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4 #bc4 #a1 v4 #c4 #d2 ,s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 xii4 #be4 ,! h]o is said to h taught ! ,syracusans to sacrifice a bull annually to ,p]sephone at ! ,blue ,spr+ 7,cyane7 ne> ,syracuse2 ! bea/s 7 dr[n$ 9 ! wat] ( ! pool4 ,see ,diodorus ,siculus1 iv4 #bc4 #d1 v4 #d4 #a sq4 ,z to ! spr+1 :i* is n[ ?ickly surr\nd$ by tall papyrus-plants introduc$ by ! ,arabs1 see ,k4 ,ba$ek]1 ,s\!rn ,italy#g 7,leipsic1 #ahhj71 pp4 #cef1 #ceg4 #fdb ,! spl5did ba?s ( ,allifae 9 ,samnium1 ( :i* !re are consid]able rema9s1 7 sacr$ to ,h]cules4 ,see ,g4 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um 7,b]l91 #ahgc71 vol4 i4 p4 #bbg1 ,no4 #gce ,c2 ,h4 ,niss51 ,italis*e ,l&eskunde1 ii4 #gih4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! volcanic nature ( ! spr+s t ! same inscription :i* m5tions ^! ba?s ( ,h]cules records _! de/ruction by an e>?quake4 #fdc ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 vol4 ii4 ,p>s i4 7,b]l91 #aijb7 p4 #aac1 ,no4 #chia4 #fdd ,speak+ ( !rmal spr+s ,lyell obs]ves t ! description ( !m 8might almo/ ) equal propriety h be5 giv5 "u ! head ( #8igne\s causes1' z !y are ag5ts ( a mix$ nature1 be+ at once igne\s & aque\s0 7,pr9ciples ( ,geology1#ab i4 #cib74 #fde ,see above1 p4 #aid4 ,m#afc ,! hot spr+s ( ,callirrhoe 9 ,moab4 #fdf ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day 7,*icago1 ,new ,york1 & ,toronto1 #aijb71 pp4 #aaf sq42 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,h4 ,spo]1 8,! ,p[]s ( ,evil 9 ,j]usalem10 ,folk-lore1 xviii4 7#aijg7 p4 #ee4 ,see above1 p4 #gh4 #fdg ,josephus1 ,antiquit4 ,jud4 xvii4 #f4 #e4 ,! m$ical prop]ties ( ! spr+ are m5tion$ by ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 v4 #gb74 #fdh ,c4 ,l4 ,irby & ,j4 ,mangles1 ,travels 9 ,egypt & ,nubia1 ,syria & ! ,holy ,l& 7,london1 #ahdd71 pp4 #add sq42 ,w4 ,smi?1 ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography 7,london1 #ahgc71 i4 #dhb1 s4v4 8,callirrho02 ,k4 ,ba$ek]1 ,syria & ,pale/9e#d 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 p4 #adh2 ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram1 ,! ,l& ( ,moab 7,london1 #ahgc71 pp4 #bcc-bej1 #bhe sqq42 ,jacob ,e4 ,spaf=d1 8,ar\nd ! ,dead ,sea by ,motor ,boat10 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 xxxix4 7#aiab7 pp4 #ci sq4 ,! riv] =m$ by ! spr+s is n[ call$ ! ,z]ka4 ,m#afd ,pray]s & sacrifices (f]$ to ! hot spr+s ( ,callirrhoe4 #fdi ,anton9 ,jauss51 ,c\tumes des ,arabes au pays de ,moab 7,p>is1 #aijh71 pp4 #cei sq4 ,! ,arabs ?9k t ! evil spirits let ! hot wat] out ( hell1 le/ its heal+ prop]ties %\ld assuage ! pa9s ( ! damn$4 ,see ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram1 ,! ,l& ( ,moab 7,london1 #ahgc71 p4 #bdg4 ,m#afe ,wor%ip ( volcanic ph5om5a 9 o!r l&s4 ,m#aff ,! great volcano ( ,kirauea 9 ,hawaii4 #fej ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahcb-ahcf71 iv4 #bce sqq4 ,mr4 ,ellis 0 ! fir/ ,european to visit & describe ! trem5d\s volcano4 ,8 visit 0 paid 9 ! ye> #ahbc4 ,comp>e ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1#i xi4 #eca4 #fea ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bdf sq4 ,m#afg ,! div9ities ( ! volcano4 ,(f]+s to ! volcano4 ,prie/ess imp]sonat+ ! goddess ( ! volcano4 #feb ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bdh-bej4 #fec ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bjg1 #bcd-bcf4 ,! b]ries resemble currants 9 %ape & size & gr[ on l[ bu%es4 8,! bran*es small & cle>1 leaves alt]nate1 obtuse ) a po9t1 & s]rat$2 ! fl[] 0 monopetal\s1 &1 on be+ exam9$1 det]m9$ ! plant to belong to ! class dec&ria & ord] monogynia4 ,! native "n ( ! plant is ohelo0 7,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bcd74 #fed ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #bfc4 #fee ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #cej4 #fef ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #cji-caa4 #feg ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 iv4 #cfa4 ,m#afh ,sacrifices to volcanoes4 ,human victims ?r[n into volcanoes4 ,annual sacrifices to ! volcano ,bromo 9 ,java4 #feh ,f]n&ez de ,ovi$o y ,valds1 ,hi/oria ,g5]al y ,natural de las ,indias 7,madrid1 #ahea-ahee71 iv4 #gd4 #fei ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 ,het ,animisme 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel 7,! ,hague1 #aijf71 pp4 #dig sq4 #ffj ,w4 ,b4 d',almeida1 ,life 9 ,java 7,london1 #ahfd71 i4 #aff-agc4 #ffa ,j4 ,h4 ,f4 ,kohlbrugge1 8,die ,tnggres51 e9 alt] ,javanis*] ,volks/amm10 ,bijdrag5tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 liii4 7#aija7 pp4 #hd1 #add-adg4 #ffb ,j4 ,h4 ,f4 ,kohlbrugge1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ajj sq4 ,m#afi ,o!r sacrifices to volcanoes4 #ffc ,i4 ,a4 ,/ig&1 8,! ,volcano ( ,sm]oe1 ,java10 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 xxviii4 7#aijf7 pp4 #fba1 #fbd4 #ffd ,pausanias1 iii4 #bc4 #i4 ,"s h ?\ght t ,pausanias confus$ ! crat] ( ,etna ) ! ,lago di ,naftia1 a pool ne> ,palagonia 9 ! int]ior ( ,sicily1 ( :i* ! wat]1 impregnat$ ) naph?a & sulphur1 is ?r[n into viol5t ebullition by jets ( volcanic gas4 ,see ,ari/otle1 ,mirab4 ,auscult4 #eg2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 v4 #ai4 #bf sqq42 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xi4 #hi2 ,/ephanus ,byzantius1 s4v4 2 ,e4 ,h4 ,bunbury1 s4v4 8,palicorum ,iacus10 9 ,w4 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,geography1 ii4 #ecc sq4 ,! au?or ( ! anci5t ,lat9 poem ,aetna says 7vv4 #cdj sq47 t p (f]$ inc5se to ! cele/ial deities on ! top ( ,etna4 ,m#agj ,no evid5ce t ! ,asiatic cu/om ( burn+ k+s or gods 0 connect$ ) volcanic ph5om5a4 #ffe ,see above1 pp4 #aij sq4 #fff ,on ,m\nt ,*ima]a 9 ,lycia a flame burn$ p]petually :i* nei!r e>? nor wat] c\ld ext+ui%4 ,see ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ii4 #bcf1 v4 #ajj2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 vi4 #bhh2 ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 x4 #c4 #c2 ,diodorus1 quot$ by ,photius1 ,biblio!ca1 p4 #bab ,b1 #aj sqq41 ed4 ,im4 ,bekk] 7,b]l91 #ahbd74 ,?is p]petual flame 0 r$iscov]$ by ,capta9 ,beau=t ne> ,porto ,g5ovese on ! coa/ ( ,lycia4 ,x issues f ! side ( a hill ( crumbly s]p5t9e rock1 giv+ out an int5se heat1 b no smoke4 8,trees1 bru%wood1 & we$s gr[ close r\nd ?is little crat]1 a small /ream trickles d[n ! hill h>d bye1 & ! gr\nd does n appe> to feel ! effect ( its heat at m ?an a few feet di/ance40 ,! fire is n accompani$ by e>?quakes or noises2 x ejects no /ones & emits no noxi\s vap\rs4 ,!re is no?+ b a brilliant & p]petual flame1 at :i* ! %eph]ds (t5 cook _! food4 ,see ,fr4 ,beau=t1 ,k>mania 7,london1 #ahag71 p4 #df2 comp>e ,t4 ,a4 ,b4 ,spratt & ,e4 ,=bes1 ,travels 9 ,lycia 7,london1 #ahdg71 ii4 #aha sq4 #ffg ,9 ! =ego+ discussion ,i h conf9$ myself1 s f> z conc]ns ,asia1 to ! volcanic regions ( ,cappadocia1 ,lydia1 & ,c>ia4 ,b ,syria & ,pale/9e1 ! home ( ,adonis & ,melc>?1 8ab\nd 9 volcanic appe>ances1 & v ext5sive areas h be5 %ak51 at diff]5t p]iods1 ) great de/ruction ( cities & loss ( lives4 ,cont9ual m5tion is made 9 hi/ory ( ! ravages committ$ by e>?quakes 9 ,sidon1 ,tyre1 ,b]ytus1 ,laodicea1 & ,antio*1 & 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,! c\ntry ar\nd ! ,dead ,sea exhibits 9 "s spots lay]s ( sulphur & bitum51 =m+ a sup]ficial deposit1 suppos$ by ,mr4 ,tri/ram to be ( volcanic orig90 7,sir ,*4 ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1#ab i4 #eib sq474 ,z to ! e>?quakes ( ,syria & ,pho5icia see ,/rabo1 i4 #c4 #af1 p4 #eh2 ,lucretius1 vi4 #ehe2 ,josephus1 ,antiquit4 ,jud4 xv4 #e4 #b2 id41 ,bell4 ,jud4 i4 #ai4 #c2 ,w4 ,m4 ,?omson1 ,! ,l& & ! ,book1 ,c5tral ,pale/9e & ,pho5icia1 pp4 #efh-egd2 ,ed4 ,rob9son1 ,biblical ,rese>*es 9 ,pale/9e1#c ii4 #dbb-dbd2 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 on ,amos iv4 #aa 7,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools & ,colleges74 ,x is said t 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9 ! city ( ,antio* 0 totally de/roy$ by a dreadful e>?quake1 9 :i* ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p p]i%$ 7,procopius1 ,de ,bello ,p]sico1 ii4 #ad74 ,! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7,g5esis xix4 #bd-bh7 has be5 plausibly expla9$ z ! effect ( an e>?quake lib]at+ l>ge quantities ( petroleum & inflammable gases4 ,see ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram1 ,! ,l& ( ,israel1 ,f\r? ,edition 7,london1 #ahhb71 pp4 #cej-ced2 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis#d 7,london1 #aije71 pp4 #bjb sq4 ,m#aga ,results ( ! prec$+ inquiry4 ,m#agb ,our k ( ! rites ( ,adonis d]iv$ *iefly f ,greek writ]s4 ,m#agc ,fe/ivals ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,adonis4 ,! fe/ival at ,alex&ria4 ,! fe/ival at ,byblus4 #ffh ,plut>*1 ,alcibiades1 #ah2 id41 ,nicias1 #ac2 ,z5obius1 ,c5tur4 i4 #di2 ,!ocritus1 xv4 #acb sqq42 ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,od4 xi4 #eij4 #ffi ,besides ,lucian 7cit$ bel[7 see ,orig51 ,selecta 9 ,eze*ielem 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xiii4 #hjj71 scil4 1 4 ,j]ome1 ,comm5t>4 9 ,eze*ielem1 viii4 #ac1 #ad 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xxv4 #hb1 #hc73 8,quem nos ,adonidem int]pretati sumus1 et ,hebraeus et ,syrus s]mo ,,?amuz 77 vocat3 unde quia juxta g5tilem fabulam1 9 m5se ,junis amasius ,v5]is et pul*]rimus juv5is occisus1 et de9ceps revixisse n>ratur1 eundem ,junium m5sem eodem appellant nom9e1 et anniv]s>iam ei celebrant solemnitatem1 9 qua plangitur a muli]ibus quasi mortuus1 et po/ea revivisc5s canitur atque laudatur 444 int]fectionem et resurrectionem ,adonidis planctu et gaudio prosequ5s40 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 ,9 ,isaiam1 lib4 ii4 tomus iii4 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 lxx4 #dda71 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 ,f ?is te/imony ( ,cyril we le>n t ! fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,adonis 0 celebrat$ at ,alex&ria d[n to 8 "t1 t is1 d[n to ! f\r? or ev5 ! fif? c5tury1 long aft] ! (ficial e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 #fgj ,!ocritus1 xv4 #fga ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 p4 #bgg4 #fgb ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #f4 ,see above1 p4 #ch4 ,! flutes us$ by ! ,pho5icians 9 ! lam5t = ,adonis are m5tion$ by ,a!naeus 7iv4 #gf1 p4 #agd ,f71 & by ,pollux 7iv4 #gf71 :o say t ! same "n g+ras 0 appli$ by ! ,pho5icians bo? to ! flute & to ,adonis himself4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 #bdc sq4 ,we h se5 t flutes 7 also play$ 9 ! ,babylonian rites ( ,tammuz 7above1 p4 #i74 ,lucian's words1 1 imply t ! asc5sion ( ! god 0 suppos$ to take place 9 ! pres5ce1 if n be=e ! eyes1 ( ! wor%ipp+ cr[ds4 ,! devotion ( ,byblus to ,adonis is notic$ also by ,/rabo 7xvi4 #b4 #ah1 p4 #gee74 ,m#agd ,date ( ! fe/ival at ,byblus4 ,! anemone & ! r$ rose ! fl[]s ( ,adonis4 ,fe/ivals ( ,adonis at ,a!ns & ,antio*4 #fgc ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #h4 ,! discoloration ( ! riv] & ! sea 0 obs]v$ by ,h4 ,maundrell on #ag_/bg ,m>* #afif_/afig4 ,see 8 ,j\rney f ,aleppo to ,j]usalem1 at ,ea/]1 ,a4,d4 #afig1 ,f\r? ,edition 7,p]?1 #ahjj71 pp4 #ei sq42 id41 9 ,bohn's ,e>ly ,travels 9 ,pale/9e1 edit$ by ,?omas ,wright 7,london1 #ahdh71 pp4 #daa sq4 ,r5an rem>k$ ! discoloration at ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y 7,mission de ,phnicie1 p4 #bhc74 ,9 8 well-kn[n l9es on ! subject ,milton has laid ! m\rn+ 9 summ]3-- 8,?ammuz came next beh9d1 ,^: annual w\nd 9 ,lebanon allur'd ,! ,syrian damsels to lam5t 8 fate ,9 amor\s ditties all a summ]'s day40 #fgd ,ovid1 ,metam4 x4 #gce2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 v4 #gb2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #hca4 ,bion1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts ! anemone z sprung f ! te>s ( ,aphrodite 7,idyl4 i4 #ff74 #fge ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8,ctesias & ! ,semiramis ,leg5d10 ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 ii4 7#ahhg7 p4 #cjg1 foll[+ ,lag>de4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #hh sq4 #fgf ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*ol4 on ,lycophron1 #hca2 ,geoponica1 xi4 #ag2 ,my?ographi ,graeci1 ed4 ,a4 ,we/]mann1 p4 #cei4 ,comp>e ,bion1 ,idyl4 i4 #ff2 ,pausanias1 vi4 #bd4 #g2 ,philo/ratus1 ,epi/4 i4 & iii4 #fgg ,plut>*1 ,alcibiades1 #ah2 id41 ,nicias1 #ac4 ,! date ( ! sail+ ( ! fleet is giv5 by ,?ucydides 7vi4 #cj1 71 :o1 ) 8 habitual contempt = ! sup]/ition ( 8 c\ntrym51 disda9s to notice ! co9cid5ce4 ,adonis 0 also bewail$ by ! ,argive wom5 7,pausanias1 ii4 #bj4 #f71 b we d n "k at :at season ( ! ye> ! lam5tation took place4 ,inscriptions prove t processions 9 hon\r ( ,adonis 7 held 9 ! ,piraeus1 & t a society ( 8 wor%ipp]s exi/$ at ,loryma 9 ,c>ia4 ,see ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,nos4 #gbf1 #gda 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #efd1 #fjd74 #fgh ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxii4 #i4 #ae4 ,m#age ,resemblance ( ^! rites to ,indian & ,european c]emonies4 ,! dea? & resurrection ( ,adonis a my?ical expression = ! annual decay & revival ( plant life4 ,adonis sometimes tak5 = ! sun4 #fgi ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bfa-bff4 #fhj ,9 ! ,alex&rian c]emony1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to h be5 ! image ( ,adonis only :i* 0 ?r[n into ! sea4 #fha ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #ad4 #d2 ,s*olia/ on ,!ocritus1 i4 #aji2 ,anton9us ,lib]alis1 ,trans=m4 #cd2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,s*olia on ,lycophron1 #hbi2 ,ovid1 ,metamorph4 x4 #dhi sqq42 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 v4 #gb1 & on ,bucol4 x4 #ah2 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #eh1 #afd2 ,fulg5tius1 iii4 #h4 ,! ^w ,myrrha or ,smyrna is borr[$ f ! ,pho5ician 7,liddell & ,scott1 ,greek ,lexicon1 s4v4 74 ,h5ce ! "m's "n1 z well z ! son's1 0 tak5 directly f ! ,semites4 #fhb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #chc1 note #b4 #fhc ,above1 p4 #i4 #fhd ,j]emiah xliv4 #ag-ai4 #fhe ,s*olia/ on ,!ocritus1 iii4 #dh2 ,hyg9us1 ,a/ronom4 ii4 #g2 ,lucian1 ,dialog4 deor4 xi4 #a2 ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh1 p4 #ed1 ed4 ,c4 ,lang 7,leipsic1 #ahha72 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 iii4 #ad4 #d4 #fhf ,! argum5ts :i* tell aga9/ ! sol> int]pretation ( ,adonis are /at$ m fully by ! le>n$ & c&id s*ol> ,graf ,baudiss9 7,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #afi sqq471 :o himself =m]ly accept$ ! sol> !ory b aft]w>ds rightly reject$ x 9 fav\r ( ! view 8dass ,adonis die ,frhl+svegetation d>/ellt1 die im ,somm] ab/irbt0 7op4 cit4 p4 #afi74 #fhg ,bailly1 ,lettres sur l',orig9e des ,sci5ces 7,london & ,p>is1 #aggg71 pp4 #bee sq42 id41 ,lettres sur l',atlantide de ,platon 7,london & ,p>is1 #aggi71 pp4 #aad-abe4 ,c>lyle has describ$ h[ ?r\gh ! sleety drizzle ( a dre>y ,novemb] day poor innoc5t ,bailly 0 dragg$ to ! scaffold amid ! h[ls & curses ( ! ,p>isian mob 7,fr5* ,revolution1 bk4 v4 *4 #b74 ,my fri5d ! late ,pr(essor ,c4 ,b5dall %[$ me a book by a ,h9doo g5tleman 9 :i* x is s]i\sly ma9ta9$ t ! primitive home ( ! ,aryans 0 )9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,see ,bl ,gangdh> ,tilak1 ,! ,arctic ,home 9 ! ,v$as 7,poona & ,bombay1 #aijc74 #fhh ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #bh1 pp4 #ed sq41 ed4 ,c4 ,lang 7,leipsic1 #ahha71 1 4 1 4 ,s*olia/ on ,!ocritus1 iii4 #dh1 1 1 1 4 4 ,orig51 ,selecta 9 ,eze*ielem 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xiii4 #hjj71 1 1 1 1 4 ,j]ome1 ,comm5t>4 9 ,eze*ielem1 viii4 #ac1 #ad 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xxv4 #hc71 8,eadem g5tilitas hujuscemodi fabulas poet>um1 quae hab5t turpitud9em1 int]pretatur subtilit]1 int]fectionem et resurrectionem ,adonidis planctu et gaudio prosequ5s3 quorum alt]um 9 sem9ibus1 quae moriuntur 9 t]ra1 alt]um 9 segetibus1 quibus mortua sem9a r5ascuntur1 o/5di putat40 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xix4 #a4 #aa1 89 sollemnibus ,adonidis sacris1 quod simulacrum aliquod esse frugum adult>um religiones my/icae doc5t40 ,id4 xxii4 #i4 #ae1 8amato ,v5]is1 ut fabulae f+unt1 apri d5te f]ali deleto1 quod 9 adulto flore sect>um e/ indicium frugum40 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,hom4 #f4 #aa 7quot$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antique ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #bha71 4 ,etymologieum ,magnum s4v4 2 2 1 4 ,eusebius1 ,praep>4 ,evang4 iii4 ,,ii4 #i1 4 ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 iv4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cb1 444 444 444 4 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4 #d1 1 444 1 1 1 4 ,! view t ,tammuz or ,adonis is a p]sonification ( ! dy+ & reviv+ vegetation is n[ accept$ by _m s*ol>s4 ,see ,p4 ,j5s51 ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni] 7,/rasburg1 #ahij71 p4 #dhj2 id41 ,assyris*-babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep51 pp4 #daa1 #efj2 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1#c p4 #cig2 ,a4 ,j]emias1 s4v4 8,n]gal10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 iii4 #bfe2 ,r4 ,wns*1 ,das ,frhl+sfe/ d] ,insel ,malta 7,leipsic1 #aijb71 p4 #ba2 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques1#b pp4 #cjf sqq42 ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 8,tammuz10 ,real5cyclopdie fr prote/antis*e ,!ologie und ,kir*5ges*i*te2 id41 ,esmun und ,adonis1 pp4 #ha1 #ada1 #afi1 etc42 & ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 pp4 #cid1 #dbg4 ,pr(4 ,ja/r[ reg>ds ,tammuz z a god bo? ( ! sun & ( vegetation 7,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #edg1 #efd1 #egd1 #ehh74 ,b su* a comb9ation ( disp>ate qualities seems artificial & unlikely4 ,m#agf ,tammuz or ,adonis z a corn-_s bruis$ & gr\nd 9 a mill4 #fhi ,d4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef71 ii4 #bg2 id41 ,ueb] ,tammz und die ,m5s*5v]ehrung bei d5 alt5 ,babylioni]n 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfj71 p4 #ch4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,w4 ,graf ,baudiss91 ,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #aaa sqq4 ,m#agg ,! m\rn+ = ,adonis int]pret$ z a h>ve/ rite4 #fij ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques#b 7,p>is1 #aije71 pp4 #cjg sq4 #fia ,h5ce ,philo ( ,alex&ria dates ! corn-reap+ 9 ! middle ( spr+ 7 1 ,de special4 legibus1 i4 #ahc1 vol4 v4 p4 #dd1 ed4 ,l4 ,cohn74 ,on ?is subject ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie writes to me3 8,! ,coptic cal5d> puts on ,april #b beg9n+ ( :eat h>ve/ 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 ,may #b :eat h>ve/1 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,b>ley is two or ?ree weeks e>li] ?an :eat 9 ,pale/9e1 b probably less 9 ,egypt4 ,! ,pale/9e h>ve/ is ab\t ! "t ( t 9 ,nor? ,egypt40 ,) reg>d to ,pale/9e we are told t 8! h>ve/ beg9s ) ! b>ley 9 ,april2 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan x beg9s at ! end ( ,m>*4 ,betwe5 ! end ( ! b>ley h>ve/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! :eat h>ve/ an int]val ( two or ?ree weeks elapses4 ,?us z a rule ! bus9ess ( h>ve/ la/s ab\t sev5 weeks0 7,j4 ,b5z+]1 ,hebris*e ,ar*ologie1 ,freiburg i4 ,b4 & ,leipsic1 #ahid1 p4 #bji74 8,! pr9cipal gra9 crops ( ,pale/9e are b>ley1 :eat1 l5tils1 maize1 & millet4 ,( ! latt] !re is v little1 & x is all ga!r$ 9 by ! end ( ,may4 ,! maize is !n only j beg9n+ to %oot4 ,9 ! hott] p>ts ( ! ,jordan valley ! b>ley h>ve/ is ov] by ! end ( ,m>*1 & ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ! :eat h>ve/ is at its height at ! end ( ,may1 except+ 9 ! highl&s ( ,galilee1 :]e x is ab\t a =tnight lat]0 7,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram1 ,! ,l& ( ,israel1 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,london1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ehc sq474 ,z to ,greece1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn] tells me t h>ve/ is f ,april to ,may 9 ! pla9s & ab\t a mon? lat] 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,he adds t 8b>ley may1 !n1 be assign$ to ! latt] "p ( ,april1 :eat to ,may 9 ! l[] gr\nd1 b y "k ! great diff]5ce ( climate betwe5 diff]5t p>ts2 !re is ! same diff]5ce ( a mon? 9 ! v9tage40 ,mrs4 ,hawes 7,miss ,boyd71 :o excavat$ at ,g\rnia1 tells me t 9 ,crete ! b>ley is cut 9 ,april & ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 & t ! :eat is cut & ?re%$ f ab\t ! tw5tie? ( ,june1 ?\gh ! dates naturally v>y some:at ) ! height ( ! place above ! sea4 ,june is also ! season :5 ! :eat is ?re%$ 9 ,euboea 7,r4 ,a4 ,arnold1 ,f ! ,levant1 ,london1 #ahfh1 i4 #bej74 ,?us x seems possible t ! spr+ fe/ival ( ,adonis co9cid$ ) ! cutt+ ( ! fir/ b>ley 9 ,m>*1 & 8 summ] fe/ival ) ! ?re%+ ( ! la/ :eat 9 ,june4 ,fa!r ,lagrange 7op4 cit4 pp4 #cje sq47 argues t ! rites ( ,adonis 7 always celebrat$ 9 summ] at ! sol/ice ( ,june or soon aft]w>ds4 ,baudiss9 also holds t ! summ] celebration is ! only "o :i* is cle>ly atte/$1 & t if !re 0 a celebration 9 spr+ x mu/ h _h a diff]5t signification ?an ! dea? ( ! god4 ,see 8 ,adonis und ,esmun1 pp4 #acb sq4 #fib ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #ad4 #b4 ,see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #de sq4 #fic ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #ahj sqq41 #bjd sqq4 ,m#agh ,b probably ,adonis 0 a _s ( fruits1 edible roots1 & grass be=e he became a _s ( ! cultivat$ corn4 ,m#agi ,! propitiation ( ! corn-_s may h fus$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 #fid ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 pp4 #a sqq42 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #baf sqq4 ,m#ahj ,! fe/ival ( ! dead a fe/ival ( fl[]s4 #fie ,t4 ,b4 ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *apt] xx4 vol4 iv4 7,london1 #ahee7 p4 #daj4 #fif ,?is explanation ( ! "n ,an!/]ia1 z appli$ to a fe/ival ( ! dead1 is due to ,mr4 ,r4 ,wns* 7,das ,frhl+sfe/ d] ,insel ,malta1 ,leipsic1 #aijb1 pp4 #dc sqq474 ,i _c accept ! late ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,v]rall's +5i\s d]ivation ( ! ^w f a v]b 9 ! s5se ( 8to conjure up0 78,! ,"n ,an!/]ia10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xx4 7#aijj7 pp4 #aae-aag74 ,z to ! fe/ival see ,e4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e#c 7,tb+5 & ,leipsic1 #aijc71 i4 #bcf sqq42 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion#b 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #cb sqq4 ,9 ,annam p (f] food to _! dead on ! graves :5 ! e>? beg9s to gr[ gre5 9 spr+4 ,! c]emony takes place on ! ?ird day ( ! ?ird mon?1 ! sun !n ent]+ ! sign ( ,taurus4 ,see ,paul ,giran1 ,magie et ,religion ,annamites 7,p>is1 #aiab71 pp4 #dbc sq4 #fig ,e4 ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie 7,p>is1 #ahfd71 p4 #baf4 ,m#aha ,pots ( corn1 h]bs1 & fl[]s1 call$ ! g>d5s ( ,adonis4 #fih ,= ! au?orities see ,ra\l ,ro*ette1 8,mmoire sur les j>d9s d',adonis10 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 viii4 7#ahea7 pp4 #ig-abc2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 p4 #bgi1 note #b1 & p4 #bhj1 note #b4 ,to ! au?orities cit$ by ,mannh>dt add ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant4 vi4 #g4 #c2 id41 ,de ,causis ,plant4 i4 #ab4 #b2 ,gregorius ,cyprius1 i4 #g2 ,mac>ius1 i4 #fc2 ,apo/olius1 i4 #cd2 ,diog5ianus1 i4 #ad2 ,plut>*1 ,de s]a num4 v9d4 #ag4 ,wom5 only are m5tion$ z plant+ ! g>d5s ( ,adonis by ,plut>*1 l4c42 ,julian1 ,convivium1 p4 #cbi ed4 ,spanheim 7p4 #dbc ed4 ,h]tle972 ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,od4 xi4 #eij4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,apo/olius & ,diog5ianus 7ll4cc47 say 4 ,! e>lie/ extant ,greek writ] :o m5tions ! g>d5s ( ,adonis is ,plato 7,pha$rus1 p4 #bgf ,b74 ,! procession at ! fe/ival ( ,adonis is m5tion$ 9 an ,attic inscription ( #cjb or #cja ,b4,c4 7,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b vol4 ii4 p4 #efd1 ,no4 #gbf74 ,g>d5s ( ,adonis are p]haps allud$ to by ,isaiah 7xvii4 #aj1 ) ! comm5tators74 ,m#ahb ,^! g>d5s ( ,adonis 7 *>ms to promote ! gr[? ( vegetation4 ,! ?r[+ ( ! 8g>d5s0 into wat] 0 a ra9-*>m4 ,p>allel ,european cu/oms ( dr5*+ ! corn ) wat] at h>ve/ or s[+4 ,use ( wat] z a ra9-*>m at h>ve/ & s[+4 #fii ,9 hot s\!rn c\ntries l ,egypt & ! ,semitic regions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e vegetation dep5ds *iefly or entirely ^u irrigation1 ! purpose ( ! *>m is d\btless to secure a pl5tiful fl[ ( wat] 9 ! /reams4 ,b z ! ultimate object & ! *>ms = secur+ x are ! same 9 bo? cases1 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y always to po9t out ! di/9ction4 #gjj ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bcb1 #bcc sqq4 #gja ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #bgb sqq4 #gjb ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge71 p4 #bad2 ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,jahr und se9e ,tage 9 ,me9ung und ,bran* d] ,romn5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1 #ahff71 pp4 #ah sq4 ,! cu/om ( ?r[+ wat] on ! la/ wagon-load ( corn return+ f ! h>ve/-field has be5 practis$ )9 liv+ memory 9 ,wigt[n%ire1 & at ,orwell 9 ,cambridge%ire4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 8,notes on ,h>ve/ ,cu/oms10 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 7,9 ! fir/ ( ^! passages ! ,orwell at :i* ! cu/om us$ to be obs]v$ is said to be 9 ,k5t2 ?is 0 a mi/ake ( m9e1 :i* my in=mant1 ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,birks1 =m]ly ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 aft]w>ds correct$47 ,mr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,davis writes to me 7,m>* #d1 #aijf7 f ,campbell ,college1 ,belfa/3 8,betwe5 #cj & #dj ye>s ago ,i 0 /ay+1 z a v small boy1 at a ,nott+ham%ire f>mh\se at h>ve/-"t1 & 0 all[$--z a great privilege--to ride home on ! top ( ! la/ load4 ,all ! h>ve/]s foll[$ ! waggon1 & on rea*+ ! f>my>d we f\nd ! maids ( ! f>m ga!r$ ne> ! gate1 ) b[ls & buckets ( wat]1 :i* !y proce$$ to ?r[ on ! m51 :o got ?or\ghly dr5*$40 #gjc ,g4 ,a4 ,he9ri*1 ,agr>is*e ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e unt] d5 ,sa*s5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]man/adt1 #ahhj71 p4 #bd2 ,h4 von ,wlislocki1 ,sitt5 und ,brau* d] ,sieb5brg] ,sa*s5 7,hamburg1 #ahhh71 p4 #cb4 #gjd ,g4 ,dros9is1 ,l& und ,leute 9 ,nord-,euba 7,leipsic1 #ahhd71 p4 #ec4 #gje ,mat?u ,prtorius1 ,deliciae ,prussicae 7,b]l91 #ahga71 p4 #ee2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #bad sq41 note4 #gjf ,m4 ,prtorius1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #bae1 note4 #gjg ,h4 ,prahn1 8,glaube und ,brau* 9 d] ,m>k ,br&5burg10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 i4 7#ahia7 p4 #ahf4 #gjh ,o4 ,h>tung1 8,zur ,volkskunde aus ,anhalt10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 p4 #aej4 #gji ,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e ,volks-,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 p4 #ea4 #gaj ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 ii4 7,muni*1 #ahfc7 p4 #big4 #gaa ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,badis*es ,volksleb5 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4 #dbj4 #gab ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes1 8,! ,tusayan ,new ,fire ,c]emony10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 xxvi4 7#ahie7 p4 #ddf4 #gac 8,lettre du cur de ,santiago ,tepehuacan son vque10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,deuxime ,srie1 ii4 7#ahcd7 pp4 #aha sq4 ,m#ahc ,g>d5s ( ,adonis among ! ,oraons & ,mundas ( ,b5gal4 #gad ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ei sqq4 #gae ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal 7,calcutta1 #ahgb71 p4 #bei4 #gaf ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahh4 ,z to ! influ5ce :i* trees are suppos$ to ex]cise on ! crops1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #dg sqq4 ,m#ahd ,g>d5s ( ,adonis 9 ,rajputana4 #gag ,lieut4-,col4 ,james ,tod1 ,annals & ,antiquities ( ,raja/'han1 i4 7,london1 #ahbi7 pp4 #egj-egb4 #gah ,g4 ,f4 ,d',p5ha1 8,a ,collection ( ,notes on ,m>riage ,cu/oms 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy10 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xxv4 7#ahif7 p4 #add2 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 p4 #b4 ,m#ahe ,g>d5s ( ,adonis 9 ,nor?-,we/]n & ,c5tral ,india4 #gai ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 ,! ,himalayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 7,allahabad1 #ahhd7 p4 #hgj4 #gbj ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #bic sq4 ,comp>e ,baboo ,i%uree ,dass1 ,dome/ic ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,h9doos ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,b5>es1 #ahfj71 pp4 #aaa sq4 ,accord+ to ! latt] writ]1 ! fe/ival ( ,salono n ,salonan takes place 9 ,augu/1 & ! b>ley is plant$ by wom5 & girls 9 baskets a few days be=e ! fe/ival1 to be ?r[n by !m into a riv] or tank :5 ! gra9 has spr\t$ to ! height ( a few in*es4 #gba ,mrs4 ,j4 ,c4 ,murray-,aynsley1 8,secul> & ,religi\s ,dances10 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 v4 7#ahhg7 pp4 #bec sq4 ,! writ] ?9ks t ! c]emony 8probably fixes ! season = s[+ "s p>ticul> crop40 #gbb ,gazette] ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 xx4 7,bombay1 #ahhd7 p4 #ded4 ,?is passage 0 po9t$ out to me by my fri5d ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke4 #gbc ,gazette] ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 xx4 #ddc1 #dfj4 ,m#ahf ,g>d5s ( ,adonis 9 ,bav>ia4 ,g>d5s ( ,adonis on ,/4 ,john's ,day 9 ,s>d9ia4 #gbd ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 ii4 #bih4 #gbe ,antonio ,bresciani1 ,dei co/umi dell' isola di ,s>degna comp>ati cogli anti*issimi popoli ori5tali 7,rome & ,tur91 #ahff71 pp4 #dbg sq42 ,r4 ,t5nant1 ,s>d9ia & its ,res\rces 7,rome & ,london1 #ahhe71 p4 #ahg2 ,s4 ,gabriele1 8,usi dei contad9i della ,s>degna10 ,ar*ivio p] lo ,/udio delle ,tradizioni ,popol>i1 vii4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #dfi sq4 ,t5nant says t ! pots are kept 9 a d>k w>m place1 & t ! *ildr5 leap across ! fire4 ,m#ahg ,g>d5s ( ,adonis on ,/4 ,john's ,day 9 ,sicily4 #gbf ,g4 ,pitr1 ,usi e ,co/umi1 ,cr$5ze e ,pregiudizi del ,popolo ,siciliano 7,pal]mo1 #ahhi71 ii4 #bga-bgh4 ,comp>e id41 ,spettacoli e ,fe/e ,popol>i ,siciliane 7,pal]mo1 #ahha71 pp4 #big sq4 ,9 ! ,abruzzi also "y m5 & "y wom5 become gossips by ex*ang+ nosegays on ,/4 ,john's ,day1 & ! tie ?us =m$ is reg>d$ z sacr$4 ,see ,g4 ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi 7,pal]mo1 #ahij71 pp4 #afe sq4 ,m#ahh ,9 ^! ,s>d9ian & ,sicilian c]emonies ,/4 ,john may h tak5 ! place ( ,adonis4 ,cu/om ( ba?+ 9 wat] or wa%+ 9 dew on ! ,eve or ,day ( ,/4 ,john 7,midsumm] ,eve or ,midsumm] ,day74 ,petr>* at ,cologne on ,/4 ,john's ,eve4 #gbg ,r4 ,wns*1 ,das ,frhl+sfe/ d] ,insel ,malta1 pp4 #dg-eg4 #gbh ,see above1 pp4 #aj1 note #a1 #bbd sq41 #bbf4 #gbi ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1#d i4 #dij4 #gcj ,g4 ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi1 pp4 #aef-afj4 ,a passage 9 ,isaiah 7xxvi4 #ai7 seems to imply t dew possess$ ! magical virtue ( re/or+ ! dead to life4 ,9 ?is passage ( ,isaiah ! cu/oms :i* ,i h cit$ 9 ! text p]haps fav\r ! ord9>y int]pretation ( z 8dew ( h]bs0 7comp>e #b ,k+s iv4 #ci7 aga9/ ! int]pretation 8dew ( lights10 :i* "s mod]n comm5tators 7,dillmann1 ,sk9n]1 ,:iteh\se71 foll[+ ,j]ome1 h adopt$4 #gca ,g4 ,pitr1 ,fe/e patronali 9 ,sicilia 7,tur9 & ,pal]mo1 #aijj71 pp4 #dhh1 #dia-dic4 #gcb ,g4 ,pitr1 ,spettacoli e ,fe/e ,popol>i ,siciliane1 p4 #cjg4 #gcc ,petr>*1 ,epi/olae de rebus famili>ibus1 i4 #d 7vol4 i4 pp4 #dd-df ed4 ,j4 ,fracassetti1 ,flor5ce1 #ahei-ahfb74 ,! passage is quot$ by ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1#d i4 #dhi sq4 #gcd ,j4 ,grimm1 op4 cit4 i4 #dhi4 #gce ,lett] ( ,dr4 ,ot]o ,acevado1 ( ,madrid1 ,le ,temps1 ,septemb] #ahih4 #gcf ,j4 ,lecur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #h2 ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4 #aej4 #gcg ,a4 de ,nore1 op4 cit4 p4 #bj2 ,br5g]-,fraud1 ,rm9isc5ces populaires de la ,prov5ce 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 pp4 #ace-ada4 #gch ,a4 ,breuil1 8,du ,culte de ,/4 ,jean ,bapti/e10 ,mmoires de la ,socit des ,antiquaires de ,pic>die1 viii4 7#ahde7 pp4 #bcg sq4 ,comp>e ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 i4 #aic sq4 #gci ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa1 edit$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,ramirez 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #bic4 ,m#ahi ,! cu/om ( ba?+ at midsumm] is pagan1 n ,*ri/ian1 9 its orig94 #gdj ,augu/9e1 ,op]a1 v4 7,p>is1 #afhc7 col4 #ijc2 id41 ,p>s ,secunda1 coll4 #dfa sq4 ,! second ( ^! passages occurs 9 a s]mon ( d\btful au!nticity4 ,bo? h be5 quot$ by ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1#d i4 #dij4 #gda ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #efg sq42 ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 8,midsumm] ,cu/oms 9 ,morocco10 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #ca sq42 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 ,c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 7,hels+=s1 #aiac71 pp4 #hd-hf4 ,see ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 i4 #baf4 ,m#aij ,old hea!n fe/ival ( midsumm] 9 ,europe & ! ,ea/4 ,m#aia ,midsumm] fires & midsumm] c\ples 9 relation to vegetation4 #gdb ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 i4 #afj sqq4 #gdc ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #fe sq4 #gdd ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #bfb4 #gde ,l4 ,lloyd1 ,peasant ,life 9 ,sw$5 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #beg4 ,m#aib ,g>d5s ( ,adonis int5d$ to fo/] ! gr[? ( vegetation1 & especially ( ! crops4 ,modes ( div9ation at midsumm] l ! g>d5s ( ,adonis4 #gdf ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 i4 #cbh sqq41 ii4 #ba sqq4 #gdg ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #dfd2 ,k4 von ,leopre*t+1 ,aus dem ,le*ra9 7,muni*1 #ahee71 p4 #ahc4 ,= m evid5ce see ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 i4 #afe1 #aff1 #aff sq41 #afh1 #agc1 #agd4 #gdh ,! use ( g>d5s ( ,adonis to f]tilize ! human sexes appe>s pla9ly 9 ! correspond+ ,indian practices4 ,see above1 pp4 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdc4 #gdi ,g4 ,pitr1 ,spettacoli e ,fe/e ,popol>i ,siciliane1 pp4 #bif sq4 #gej ,g4 ,pitr1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cjb sq42 ,antonio de ,n9o1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi 7,flor5ce1 #ahgi-ahhc71 i4 #ee sq42 ,a4 de ,gub]natis1 ,usi ,nuziali 9 ,italia e presso gli altri ,popoli ,indo-,europei 7,milan1 #ahgh71 pp4 #ci sq4 ,comp>e ,l4 ,pass>9i1 8,il ,comp>atico e la ,fe/a di ,s4 ,giovanni nelle ,m>*e e 9 ,roma10 ,ar*ivio p] lo ,/udio delle ,tradizioni ,popol>i1 i4 7#ahhb7 p4 #ace4 ,at ,smyrna a blossom ( ! ,agnus ca/us is us$ on ,/4 ,john's ,day = a simil> purpose1 b ! mode 9 :i* ! om5s are drawn is some:at diff]5t4 ,see ,te(ilo1 8,la notte di ,san ,giovanni 9 ,ori5te10 ,ar*ivio p] lo ,/udio delle ,tradizioni ,popol>i1 vii4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #abh-acj4 #gea ,mat?u ,prtorius1 ,deliciae ,prussicae 7,b]l91 #ahga71 p4 #ef4 #geb ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bfa sq4 #gec ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bcc sqq41 #bfa sqq4 ,m#aic ,sicilian g>d5s ( ,adonis 9 spr+4 #ged ,g4 ,pitr1 ,spettacoli e ,fe/e ,popol>i ,siciliane1 p4 #baa4 #gee 1 ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,od4 xi4 #eij4 #gef ,v9c5zo ,dorsa1 ,la tradizione ,greco-,lat9a negli usi e nelle cr$5ze popol>i della ,calabria ,cit]iore 7,cos5za1 #ahhd71 p4 #ej4 ,m#aid ,resemblance ( ! ,ea/] c]emonies 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* to ! rites ( ,adonis4 #geg ,c4 ,wa*smu?1 ,das alte ,grie*5l& im neu5 7,bonn1 #ahfd71 pp4 #bf4 sq4 ,! writ] comp>es ^! c]emonies ) ! ,eleus9ian rites4 ,b ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,r4 ,wns* 7,das ,frhl+sfe/ d] ,insel ,malta1 pp4 #di sq47 t ! resemblance to ! ,adonis fe/ival is /ill clos]4 ,comp>e ,v4 ,dorsa1 ,la tradizione ,greco-,lat9a negli usi e nelle cr$5ze popol>i della ,calabria ,cit]iore1 pp4 #di sq4 ,pr(4 ,wa*smu?'s description seems to apply to ,a!ns4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ! ritual is app>5tly simil>4 ,see ,r4 ,a4 ,arnold1 ,f ! ,levant 7,london1 #ahfh71 pp4 #bea sq41 #bei sq4 ,s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re at ,j]usalem ! dea? & burial ( ,*ri/ are act$ ov] a life-l effigy4 ,see ,h5ry ,maundrell1 ,j\rney f ,aleppo to ,j]usalem at ,ea/]1 ,a4,d4 #afig1 ,f\r? ,edition 7,p]?1 #ahjj71 pp4 #aaj sqq42 id41 9 ,?4 ,wright's ,e>ly ,travels 9 ,pale/9e 7,london1 #ahdh71 pp4 #ddc-dde4 ,m#aie ,resemblance ( ! ,ea/] c]emonies 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to ! rites ( ,adonis4 #geh ,g4 ,pitr1 ,spettacoli e ,fe/e ,popol>i ,siciliane1 pp4 #bag sq4 #gei ,g4 ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi1 pp4 #aah-abj2 ,a4 de ,n9o1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi1 i4 #fd sq41 ii4 #baj-bab4 ,at ,roccac>amanico "p ( ! ,ea/] spectacle is ! dea? ( ,judas1 :o1 p]sonat$ by a liv+ man1 pret5ds to hang himself ^u a tree or a great bran*1 :i* has be5 br\ght into ! *ur* & plant$ ne> ! high alt> = ! purpose 7,a4 de ,n9o1 op4 cit4 ii4 #baa74 #gfj ,! drama ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 =m]ly celebrat$ at ,ea/] 9 ,engl&4 ,see ,abbot ,gasquet1 ,p>i% ,life 9 ,m$iaeval ,engl&1 pp4 #agg sqq41 #ahb sq4 ,m#aif ,! ,*ri/ian fe/ival ( ,ea/] p]haps graft$ on a fe/ival ( ,adonis4 #gfa ,! comp>ison has already be5 made by ,a4 ,maury1 :o also comp>es ! ,ea/] c]emonies ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ) ! rites ( ,adonis 7,hi/oire des ,religions de la ,grce ,antique1 ,p>is1 #aheg-ahei1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bba74 ,m#aig ,! wor%ip ( ,adonis at ,be?lehem4 ,! ,morn+ ,/>1 id5tifi$ ) ,v5us1 may h be5 ! signal = ! fe/ival ( ,adonis4 ,! ,/> ( ,be?lehem4 #gfb ,j]ome1 ,epi/4 lviii4 #c 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xxii4 #eha74 #gfc ,be?lehem is -1 lit]ally 8,h\se ( ,bread40 ,! "n is appropriate1 = 8! imm$iate neighb\rhood is v f]tile1 be>+1 besides :eat & b>ley1 groves ( olive & almond1 & v9ey>ds4 ,! w9e ( ,be?lehem 7#8,talham'7 is among ! be/ ( ,pale/9e4 ,s great f]tility mu/ mean t ! site 0 occupi$1 9 spite ( ! want ( spr+s1 f ! e>lie/ times0 7,george ,adam ,smi?1 s4v4 8,be?lehem10 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 i4 #efj74 ,x 0 9 ! h>ve/-fields ( ,be?lehem t ,ru?1 at lea/ 9 ! poet's fancy1 li/5$ to ! night+ale 8amid ! ali5 corn40 #gfd ,john vi4 #ce4 #gfe ,above1 p4 #bbg4 #gff ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxii4 #i4 #ad1 8,urbique prop9quans 9 speciem alicujus num9is votis excipitur publicis1 miratus voces multitud9is magnae1 salut>e sidus inluxisse eois p>tibus adclamantis40 ,we may comp>e ! greet+ :i* a tribe ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians us$ to give to a wor%ipful /> aft] its tempor>y disappe>ance4 8,! ,abipones ?9k t ! ,pleiades1 compos$ ( sev5 />s1 is an image ( _! ance/or4 ,z ! con/ellation is invisible = "s mon?s 9 ! sky ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 !y believe t _! ance/or is ill1 & e ye> !y are mortally afraid t he w die4 ,b :5 ! said />s reappe> 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 !y imag9e t _! ance/or is recov]$ f 8 sickness & has return$2 s !y hail him ) joy\s %\ts & ! glad music ( pipes & w>-horns4 ,!y congratulate him on 8 recov]y4 #8,h[ we ?ank y6 ,at la/ y h come back8 ,oh1 h y happily recov]$8' ,) su* cries !y fill ! air1 atte/+ at once _! gladness & _! folly40 ,see ,m4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,hi/oria de ,abiponibus 7,vi5na1 #aghd71 ii4 #gg4 #gfg ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 pp4 #cgj sqq42 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1#c p4 #dbd4 #gfh ,sozom5us1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 ii4 #e 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 lxvii4 #idh74 ,! connexion ( ! meteor ) ! fe/ival ( ,adonis is n m5tion$ by ,sozom5us1 b is confirm$ by ,zosimus1 :o says 7,hi/4 i4 #eh7 t a light l a tor* or a globe ( fire 0 se5 on ! sanctu>y at ! seasons :5 ! p assembl$ to wor%ip ! goddess & to ca/ _! (f]+s ( gold1 silv]1 & f9e raim5t into a lake beside ! temple4 ,z to ,aphaca & ! grave ( ,adonis see above1 pp4 #bh sq4 #gfi ,mat!w ii4 #a-ab4 ,m#aih ,attis ! ,phrygian c\nt]p>t ( ,adonis4 ,8 relation to ,cybele4 ,8 miracul\s bir?4 ,! dea? ( ,attis4 #ggj ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #ei4 #g2 ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 iv41 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cc2 ,s*olia/ on ,nic&]1 ,alexiph>maca1 #h2 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #c & #bb4 ,! anci5t evid5ce1 lit]>y & inscriptional1 z to ! my? & ritual ( ,attis has be5 collect$ & discuss$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,hepd+ 9 8 monograph1 ,attis1 se9e ,my!n und se9 ,kult 7,giess51 #aijc74 #gga ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio omnium ha]esium1 v4 #i1 p4 #afh ed4 ,l4 ,dunck] & ,f4 ,g4 ,s*neidew9 7,gtt+51 #ahei72 ,socrates1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 iii4 #bc4 #ea sqq4 #ggb ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #bbc sqq42 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #ae2 id41 ,ad ,nationes1 i4 #aj2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 iv4 #ce4 ,z to ,cybele1 ! ,great ,"m1 ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 conceiv$ z ! s\rce ( all life1 bo? animal & vegetable1 see ,rapp1 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 s4v4 8,kybele10 ii4 #afch sqq4 #ggc ,s*olia/ on ,lucian1 ,jupit] ,trago$us1 #h1 p4 #fj ed4 ,h4 ,rabe 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 7vol4 iv4 p4 #agc ed4 ,c4 ,jacobitz72 ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio omnium ha]esium1 v4 #i1 pp4 #afh1 #agj ed4 ,dunck] & ,s*neidew94 #ggd ,pausanias1 vii4 #ag4 #aa2 ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio omnium ha]esium1 v4 #i1 pp4 #aff1 #afh ed4 ,dunck] & ,s*neidew92 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #f4 #gge ,see above1 pp4 #ii sqq4 #ggf ,s4 ,i4 ,curtiss1 ,primitive ,semitic ,religion ,to-day1 pp4 #aae sq4 ,see above1 pp4 #gh1 #bac sqq4 #ggg ,t ,attis 0 kill$ by a bo> 0 /at$ by ,h]mesianax1 an elegiac poet ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 7,pausanias1 vii4 #ag72 comp>e ,s*olia/ on ,nic&]1 ,alexiph>maca1 #h4 ,! o!r /ory is told by ,arnobius 7,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #e sqq47 on ! au?ority ( ,timo!us1 :o pr(ess$ to d]ive x f recondite antiqu>ian works & f ! v he>t ( ! my/]ies4 ,x is obvi\sly id5tical ) ! acc\nt :i* ,pausanias 7l4c47 m5tions z ! /ory curr5t 9 ,pess9us4 ,accord+ to ,s]vius 7on ,virgil1 ,a54 ix4 #aae71 ,attis 0 f\nd ble$+ to dea? "u a p9e-tree1 b ! w\nd :i* robb$ him ( 8 virility & 8 life 0 n inflict$ by himself4 ,! ,timo!us cit$ by ,pausanias may be ! ,timo!us :o 0 consult$ by ,ptolemy ,sot] on religi\s matt]s & help$ to e/abli% ! wor%ip ( ,s]apis4 ,see ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #bh2 ,franz ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #gg1 #aac1 #cce4 #ggh ,pausanias1 vii4 #ag4 #aj2 ,julian1 ,orat4 v4 #agg ,b1 p4 #bbi1 ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle9 7,leipsic1 #ahge-ahgf74 ,simil>ly at ,comana 9 ,pontus1 ! seat ( ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ,ma1 pork 0 n eat51 & sw9e might n ev5 be br\ght into ! city 7,/rabo1 xii4 #h4 #i1 p4 #ege74 ,z to ,comana see above1 p4 #ci4 #ggi ,s4 ,sophronius1 8,,ss4 ,cyri et ,joannis ,miracula10 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 lxxxvii4 ,p>s ,t]tia1 col4 #cfbd1 scil4 4 #ghj ,ovid1 ,metam4 x4 #ajc sqq4 ,m#aii ,wor%ip ( ,cybele introduc$ into ,rome 9 #bjd ,b4,c4 #gha ,livy1 xxix4 *s4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ad2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #bei sqq42 ,h]odian1 ii4 #aa4 ,z to ! /one :i* repres5t$ ! goddess see ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 vii4 #di4 #ghb ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #af4 ,m#bjj ,attis & 8 eunu* prie/s ! ,galli at ,rome4 #ghc ,lucretius1 ii4 #eih sqq42 ,catullus1 lxiii42 ,v>ro1 ,satir4 ,m5ipp41 ed4 ,f4 ,b*el] 7,b]l91 #ahhb71 pp4 #agf1 #agh2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #aha sqq41 #bbc sqq41 #cfa sqq42 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,rom4 ii4 #ai1 comp>e ,polybius1 xxii4 #ah ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf 7,leipsic1 #ahff-ahfh74 #ghd ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4 #da4 ,see ,rob9son ,ellis1 ,comm5t>y on ,catullus 7,ox=d1 #ahgf71 pp4 #bjf sq42 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #adb sqq42 ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #hc sq4 ,x is held by ,pr(4 ,a4 von ,domaszewski t ! ,claudius :o incorporat$ ! ,phrygian wor%ip ( ! sacr$ tree 9 ! ,roman ritual 0 n ! emp]or ( ! fir/ c5tury b ! emp]or ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,claudius ,go?icus1 :o came to ! ?rone 9 #bfh ,a4,d4 ,see ,a4 von ,domaszewski1 8,magna ,mat] 9 ,lat9 ,inscriptions10 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,roman ,/udies1 i4 7#aiaa7 p4 #ef4 ,! lat] date1 x is said1 fits bett] ) ! sl[ developm5t ( ! wor%ip4 ,b on ! o!r h& ?is view is op5 to c]ta9 objections4 7#a7 ,joannes ,lydus1 our only au?ority on ! po9t1 appe>s to id5tify ! ,claudius 9 "q ) ! emp]or ( ! fir/ c5tury4 7#b7 ,! great & widespread popul>ity ( ! ,phrygian wor%ip 9 ! ,roman empire long be=e #bfh ,a4,d4 is amply atte/$ by an array ( anci5t writ]s & inscriptions1 especially by a great s]ies ( inscriptions ref]r+ to ! colleges ( ,tree-be>]s 7,d5drophori71 f :i* we le>n t "o ( ^! colleges1 devot$ to ! wor%ip ( ,cybele & ,attis1 exi/$ at ,rome 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 ab\t a c5tury be=e ! accession ( ,claudius ,go?icus4 7#c7 ,passages ( ! ,augu/an hi/orians 7,aelius ,lampridius1 ,alex&] ,sev]us1 #cg2 ,trebellius ,pollio1 ,claudius1 iv4 #b7 ref] to ! great spr+ fe/ival ( ,cybele & ,attis 9 a way :i* seems to imply t ! fe/ival 0 (ficially recogniz$ by ! ,roman gov]nm5t be=e ,claudius ,go?icus succe$$ to ! purple2 & we may hesitate to foll[ ,pr(4 von ,domaszewski 9 simply excis+ ^! passages z ! "w ( an 8impud5t =g]40 7#d7 ,! (ficial e/abli%m5t ( ! bloody ,phrygian sup]/ition suits bett] ! life & "* ( ! sup]/iti\s1 timid1 cruel1 p$antic ,claudius ( ! fir/ c5tury ?an ! gallant soldi] 8 namesake 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! "o l\ng$ away 8 contemptible days 9 ! safety ( ! palace1 surr\nd$ by a h$ge ( lifegu>ds4 ,! o!r sp5t ! two ye>s ( 8 brief b glori\s reign 9 camps & battlefields on ! fronti]1 combat+ ! b>b>ian enemies ( ! empire2 & x is probable t he _h z little leisure z incl9ation to p&] to ! sup]/itions ( ! ,roman populace4 ,= ^! reasons x seems bett] ) ,mr4 ,hepd+ & ,pr(4 ,cumont to acquiesce 9 ! traditional view t ! rites ( ,attis 7 (ficially celebrat$ at ,rome f ! fir/ c5tury onw>d4 ,an int]m$iate view is adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 :o1 bru%+ aside ! /atem5t ( ,joannes ,lydus altoge!r1 w\ld seem+ly assign ! public in/itution ( ! rites to ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 on ! gr\nd t ! e>lie/ extant evid5ce ( _! public celebration ref]s to t p]iod 7,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1#b ,muni*1 #aiab1 p4 #cbb74 ,b1 consid]+ ! extremely imp]fect evid5ce at our disposal = ! hi/ory ( ^! c5turies1 x seems ra% to inf] t an (ficial cult _c h be5 old] ?an ! e>lie/ notice ( x :i* has *anc$ to come d[n to u4 #ghe ,arrian1 ,tactica1 #cc2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 xii4 #hcf4 #ghf ,on ! fe/ival see ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4#b 7,leipsic1 #ahhe7 pp4 #cgj sqq42 ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus1 9 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 vol4 i4#b ,p>s prior 7,b]l91 #ahic71 p4 #bfj1 ) ,?4 ,momms5's comm5t>y 7pp4 #cac sq472 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte1 pp4 #bia sqq42 id41 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #egb sqq42 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1#b pp4 #cah sqq42 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #adg sqq42 ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes ,paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ii4 7,p>is1 #aiaa7 pp4 #hb sqq4 ,m#bja ,! spr+ fe/ival ( ,cybele & ,attis at ,rome4 ,! ,day ( ,blood4 #ghg ,julian1 ,orat4 v4 #afh ,c1 p4 #bah ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle9 7,leipsic1 #ahge-ahgf72 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4 #da2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 *s4 #g1 #af1 #ci2 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #bg2 ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 iv41 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cc4 ,z to ! guild ( ,tree-be>]s 7,d5drophori7 see ,joannes ,lydus1 l4c42 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,nos4 #daaf sq41 #daga-dagd1 #dagf2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #hf1 #ib1 #ic1 #if1 #aeb sqq42 ,f4 ,cumont1 s4v4 8,d5drophori10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 v4 #a4 coll4 #baf-bai2 ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes ,paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ii4 #hb sq41 #ib sq4 #ghh ,julian1 l4c4 & #afi ,c1 p4 #bai ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle94 ,! c]emony may h be5 comb9$ ) ! old tubilu/rium or purification ( trumpets1 :i* fell on ?is day4 ,see ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iv4 #db2 ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 vi4 #ad2 ,fe/us1 pp4 #ceb1 #cec ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic 7,london1 #ahii71 p4 #fb4 #ghi ,trebellius ,pollio1 ,claudius1 #d2 ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #be4 #gij ,lucian1 ,deorum dialogi1 xii4 #a2 ,s5eca1 ,agamemnon1 #fhf sqq42 ,m>tial1 xi4 #hd4 #c sq42 ,val]ius ,flaccus1 ,argonaut4 viii4 #bci sqq42 ,/atius1 ,!b4 x4 #agj sqq42 ,apuleius1 ,metam4 viii4 #bg2 ,lactantius1 ,div9>um ,in/itutionum ,epitome1 #bc 7#ah1 vol4 i4 p4 #fhi ed4 ,br&t & ,laubmann72 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #aeh sqq4 ,z to ! music ( ^! danc+ d]vi%es see also ,lucretius1 ii4 #fah sqq4 #gia ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #ij sq41 #aja sq4 #gib ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,octavius1 #bb & #bd2 ,lactantius1 ,div94 ,in/it4 i4 #ba4 #af2 id41 ,epitoma1 #h2 ,s*ol4 on ,lucian1 ,jupit] ,trago$us1 #h 7p4 #fj ed4 ,h4 ,rabe72 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 ix4 #aae2 ,prud5tius1 ,p]i/ephan4 x4 #ajff sqq42 8,passio ,sancti ,symphoriani10 *s4 #b & #f 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 v4 #adfc1 #adff72 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #ad2 ,s*olia/ on ,nic&]1 ,alexiph>maca1 #h2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #afc sq4 ,a /ory told by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,protrept4 ii4 #ae1 p4 #ac ed4 ,pott]7 sugge/s t weak] bre?r5 may h be5 all[$ to sacrifice ! virility ( a ram in/ead ( _! own4 ,we "k f inscriptions t rams & bulls 7 regul>ly sacrific$ at ! my/]ies ( ,attis & ! ,great ,"m1 & t ! te/icles ( ! bulls 7 us$ = a special purpose1 probably z a f]tility *>m4 ,may n ! te/icles ( ! rams h be5 employ$ = ! same purpose8 & may n ^? ( bo? animals h be5 sub/itutes = ! correspond+ organs 9 m58 ,z to ! sacrifices ( rams & bulls see ,g4 ,zippel1 8,das ,taurobolium10 ,fe/s*rift zum fnfzigjhrig5 ,doctorjubilum ,l4 ,fri$la5d] 7,leipsic1 #ahie71 pp4 #dih sqq42 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,nos4 #daah sqq42 ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes ,paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ii4 #hd sqq4 #gic ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #e sq4 ,m#bjb ,eunu* prie/s 9 ! s]vice ( ,asiatic goddesses4 #gid ,/rabo1 xiv4 #a4 #bc1 p4 #fda4 #gie ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #ae1 #bg1 #ej-ec4 #gif ,lucian1 op4 cit4 #aj4 #gig ,lucian1 op4 cit4 #ae4 #gih ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #di-ea4 #gii ,catullus1 ,c>m4 lxiii4 ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,h4 ,hepd+ 7,attis1 p4 #adj7 9 ?9k+ t ! subject ( ! poem is n ! my?ical ,attis1 b "o ( 8 ord9>y prie/s1 :o bore ! "n & imitat$ ! suff]+s ( 8 god4 ,?us int]pret$ ! poem ga9s greatly 9 =ce & pa?os4 ,! real sorr[s ( our fell[-m5 t\* u m ne>ly ?an ! imag9>y pangs ( ! gods4 ,z ! sacrifice ( virility & ! in/itution ( eunu* prie/s appe> to be r>e1 ,i w add a few examples4 ,at ,/ratonicea 9 ,c>ia a eunu* held a sacr$ (fice 9 connexion ) ! wor%ip ( ,zeus & ,hecate 7,corpus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 ,no4 #bgae74 ,accord+ to ,eu/a?ius 7on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 xix4 #bed1 p4 #aahc7 ! ,egyptian prie/s 7 eunu*s :o _h sacrific$ _! virility z a fir/-fruit to ! gods4 ,9 ,corea 8dur+ a c]ta9 night1 kn[n z ,*u-il1 9 ! twelf? moon1 ! palace eunu*s1 ( :om !re are "s ?ree hundr$1 p]=m a c]emony suppos$ to ensure a b\ntiful crop 9 ! ensu+ ye>4 ,!y *ant 9 *orus pray]s1 sw++ burn+ tor*es ar\nd !m ! :ile4 ,?is is said to be symbolical ( burn+ ! dead grass1 s z to de/roy ! field mice & o!r v]m940 ,see ,w4 ,woodville ,rockhill1 8,notes on "s ( ! ,laws1 ,cu/oms1 & ,sup]/itions ( ,korea10 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 iv4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahia7 p4 #ahe4 ,comp>e ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 ii4 #ef sq4 ,x appe>s t among ! ,ekoi ( ,s\!rn ,nig]ia bo? m5 & wom5 are1 or us$ to be1 mutilat$ by ! excision ( _! g5ital organs at an annual fe/ival1 :i* is celebrat$ 9 ord] to produce pl5tiful h>ve/s & immunity f ?und]bolts4 ,! victims app>5tly die f loss ( blood4 ,see ,p4 ,amaury ,talbot1 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,bu% 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #gd sqq4 ,mr4 ,talbot writes to me3 8,a horrible case has j happ5$ at ,idua1 :]e1 at ! new yam plant+1 a man cut (f 8 own membrum virile0 7lett] dat$ ,eket1 ,nr ,calab>1 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 ,feb4 #g?1 #aiac74 ,among/ ! ,ba-sundi & ,ba-bw5de ( ! ,congo _m y\?s are ca/rat$ 89 ord] to m fitt+ly (f] !mselves to ! phallic wor%ip1 :i* increas+ly prevails z we advance f ! coa/ to ! int]ior4 ,at c]ta9 villages betwe5 ,manyanga & ,isangila !re are curi\s eunu* dances to celebrate ! new moon1 9 :i* a :ite cock is ?r[n up into ! air alive1 ) clipp$ w+s1 & z x falls t[>ds ! gr\nd x is caught & pluck$ by ! eunu*s4 ,i 0 told t orig9ally ?is us$ to be a human sacrifice1 & t a "y boy or girl 0 ?r[n up into ! air & torn to pieces by ! eunu*s z he or %e fell1 b t ( late ye>s slaves _h got sc>ce or mann]s mild]1 & a :ite cock 0 n[ sub/itut$0 7,h4 ,h4 ,john/on1 8,on ! ,races ( ! ,congo10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiii4 7#ahhd7 p4 #dgc2 comp>e id41 ,! ,riv] ,congo1 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #dji74 ,9 ,india1 m5 :o are born eunu*s or 9 "s way de=m$ are sometimes d$icat$ to a goddess nam$ ,huligamma4 ,!y we> female attire & might be mi/ak5 = wom54 ,also m5 :o are or believe !mselves impot5t w v[ to dress z wom5 & s]ve ! goddess 9 ! hope ( recov]+ _! virility4 ,see ,f4 ,fawcett1 8,on ,basivis10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,bombay1 ii4 #cdc sq4 ,9 ,pegu ! ,engli% travell]1 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 witness$ a dance 9 hon\r ( ! gods ( ! e>?4 8,h]maphrodites1 :o are num]\s 9 ?is c\ntry1 are g5]ally *os51 if !re are en\gh pres5t to make a set = ! dance4 ,i saw n9e dance l mad folks = above half-an-h\r2 & !n "s ( !m fell 9 fits1 foam+ at ! m\? = ! space ( half-an-h\r2 &1 :5 _! s5ses are re/or$1 !y pret5d to =etell pl5ty or sc>city ( corn = t ye>1 if ! ye> w prove sickly or salut>y to ! p1 & sev]al o!r ?+s ( mom5t1 & all by t half h\r's conv]sation t ! furi\s danc] _h ) ! gods :ile %e 0 9 a trance0 7,a4 ,hamilton1 8,a ,new ,acc\nt ( ! ,ea/ ,indies10 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 viii4 #dbg74 ,s 9 ! wor%ip ( ,attis ! ,ar*igallus or head ( ! eunu* prie/s prophesi$2 p]haps he 9 l mann] work$ himself up to ! pit* ( inspiration by a fr5zi$ dance4 ,see ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 vol4 ii4 ,p>s i4 pp4 #adb1 #adc1 ,nos4 #dacj1 #dacf2 ,g4 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um 7,b]l91 #ahgc71 vol4 i4 p4 #cf1 ,nos4 #aai;a1 #abj2 ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes ,paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ii4 #ic sq4 ,z to ! sacrifice ( virility 9 ! ,syrian religion comp>e ,?4 ,nldeke1 8,die ,selb/5tmannung bei d5 ,syr]n10 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 x4 7#aijg7 pp4 #aej-aeb4 ,m#bjc ,! sacrifice ( virility4 ,! m\rn+ = ,attis4 #hjj ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #g & #af2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 ix4 #aae4 #hja ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #ei2 ,arrian1 ,tactica1 #cc2 ,s*olia/ on ,nic&]1 ,alexiph>maca1 #h2 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #c & #bb2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #af2 ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 ix4 #aae4 #hjb ,see above1 p4 #bfg4 #hjc ,arnobius1 l4c42 ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 iv41 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cc4 #hjd ,above1 p4 #bcj4 #hje ,see bel[1 p4 #bgd4 ,m#bjd ,! ,fe/ival ( ,joy 7,hil>ia7 = ! resurrection ( ,attis on ,m>* #be?4 ,! procession to ! ,almo4 #hjf ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #bb1 8,nocte quadam simulacrum 9 lectica sup9um ponitur et p] num]os dige/is fletibus plangitur3 de9de cum se ficta lam5tatione satiav]9t1 lum5 inf]tur3 tunc a sac]dote omnium qui flebant fauces ungu5tur1 quibus p]unctis hoc l5to murmure susurrat3 2 4 ,quid mis]os hort>is gaudeant8 quid deceptos hom9es laet>i compellis8 quam illis spem1 quam salutem fune/a p]suasione promittis8 ,dei tui mors nota e/1 vita non p>et4444 ,idolum sepelis1 idolum plangis1 idolum de sepultura pr(]is1 et mis] cum haec fec]is1 gaudes4 ,tu deum tuum lib]as1 tu jac5tia lapidis membra componis1 tu ins5sibile corrigis saxum40 ,9 ?is passage ,firmicus does n expressly m5tion ,attis1 b t ! ref]5ce is to 8 rites is made probable by a comp>ison ) *apt] #c ( ! same writ]'s "w4 ,comp>e also ,damascius1 9 ,photius's ,biblio!ca1 p4 #cde ,a1 #e sqq41 ed4 ,i4 ,bekk] 7,b]l91 #ahbd71 1 2 4 ,see fur!r ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #hi sq4 #hjg ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #ba4 #aj2 ,flavius ,vopiscus1 ,aurelianus1 i4 #a2 ,julian1 ,or4 v4 pp4 #afh ,d1 #afi ,d2 ,damascius1 l4c42 ,h]odian1 i4 #aj4 #e-g2 ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cc4 ,9 l mann] ,ea/] ,sunday1 ! ,resurrection-day ( ,*ri/1 0 call$ by "s anci5t writ]s ! ,sunday ( ,joy 7,dom9ica ,gaudii74 ,! emp]ors us$ to celebrate ! happy day by releas+ f prison all b ! wor/ (f5d]s4 ,see ,j4 ,b+ham1 ,! ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 bk4 xx4 *4 vi4 #e sq4 7,b+ham's ,works 7,ox=d1 #ahee71 vii4 #cag sqq474 #hjh ,aelius ,lampridius1 ,alex&] ,sev]us1 #cg4 #hji ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 i4#b ,p>s prior 7,b]l91 #ahic71 pp4 #bfj1 #cac sq42 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #ea1 #agb4 #haj ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #ccg-cdf2 ,silius ,italicus1 ,punic4 viii4 #cfe2 ,val]ius ,flaccus1 ,argonaut4 viii4 #bci sqq42 ,m>tial1 iii4 #dg4 #a sq42 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxiii4 #c4 #g2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 vii4 #cb2 ,prud5tius1 ,p]i/ephon4 x4 #aed sqq4 ,= ! description ( ! image ( ! goddess see ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 vii4 #di4 ,at ,c>?age ! goddess 0 c>ri$ to h] ba? 9 a litt]1 n 9 a wagon 7,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 ii4 #d74 ,! ba? =m$ "p ( ! fe/ival 9 ,phrygia1 :5ce ! cu/om 0 borr[$ by ! ,romans 7,arrian1 ,tactica1 #cc74 ,at ,cyzicus ! ,placianian ,"m1 a =m ( ,cybele1 0 s]v$ by wom5 call$ 8m>9e0 771 ^: duty x probably 0 to wa% h] image 9 ! sea 7,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 ,brussels1 #aijj1 pp4 #djc sq41 ,no4 #ecg74 ,see fur!r ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4#b #cgc2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #acc sq4 ,m#bje ,! my/]ies ( ,attis4 ,! sacram5t4 ,! baptism ( blood4 ,! ,vatican a c5tre ( ! wor%ip ( ,attis4 #haa ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ae1 p4 #ac ed4 ,pott]2 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #ah4 #hab ,above1 p4 #bgb4 #hac ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 p4 #ahe4 #had ,prud5tius1 ,p]i/ephan4 x4 #ajjf-ajej2 comp>e ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #bh4 #h4 ,t ! ba? ( bull's blood 7taurobolium7 0 believ$ to reg5]ate ! devotee = et]nity is prov$ by an inscription f\nd at ,rome1 :i* records t a c]ta9 ,sextilius ,agesilaus ,a$esius1 :o d$icat$ an alt> to ,attis & ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 0 taurobolio criobolioque 9 aet]num r5atus 7,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 vi4 ,no4 #eaj2 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,no4 #daeb74 ,! phrase arcanis p]fusionibus 9 aet]num r5atus occurs 9 a d$ication to ,mi?ra 7,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 vi4 ,no4 #gcf71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is suspect$ ( be+ spuri\s4 ,z to ! inscriptions :i* ref] to ! taurobolium see ,g4 ,zippel1 8,das ,taurobolium10 9 ,fe/s*rift zum fnfzigjhrig5 ,doctorjubilum ,l4 ,fri$la5d] d>gebra*t von se95 ,s*l]n 7,leipsic1 #ahie71 pp4 #dih-ebj2 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 vol4 ii4 ,p>s i4 pp4 #adj-adg1 ,nos4 #daah-daei4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! taurobolium & ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 see ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts ,figurs relatifs aux ,my/res de ,mi?ra 7,brussels1 #ahif-ahii71 i4 #ccd sq42 id41 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma91#b pp4 #ajj sqq42 ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes ,paens dans l',empire ,roma91 ii4 #hd sqq42 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1#b pp4 #cbb sqq4 ,! taurobolium seems to h =m$ no "p ( ! orig9al wor%ip ( ,cybele & to h be5 import$ into x at a comp>atively late date1 p]haps 9 ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,its orig9 is obscure4 ,9 ! majority ( ! old] inscriptions ! "n ( ! rite appe>s z tauropolium1 & x has be5 held t ?is is ! true =m1 be+ d]iv$ f ! wor%ip ( ! ,asiatic goddess ,artemis ,tauropolis 7,/rabo1 xii4 #b4 #g1 p4 #ecg74 ,?is 0 =m]ly ! view ( ,pr(4 ,f4 ,cumont 7s4v4 8,anaitis10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 i4 #b4 col4 #bjca72 b he n[ pref]s ! =m taurobolium1 & w\ld d$uce bo? ! "n & ! rite f an anci5t ,anatolian hunt+ cu/om ( lasso+ wild bulls4 #hae ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 iv41 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cc4 #haf ,sallu/ius philosophus1 l4c4 #hag ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 vi4 ,nos4 #dig-ejd2 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,nos4 #dade1 #dadg-daea1 #daec2 ,inscriptiones ,graecae ,siciliae et ,italiae1 ed4 ,g4 ,kaibel 7,b]l91 #ahij71 p4 #bgj1 ,no4 #ajbj2 ,g4 ,zippel1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eji sq41 #eai2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #hc1 #hf-hh1 #agf2 ,*4 ,huels51 ,topographie d] ,/adt ,rom im ,alt]?um1 von ,h4 ,jordan1 i4 #c 7,b]l91 #aijg71 pp4 #feh sq4 #hah ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 xiii4 ,no4 #agea2 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,no4 #daca2 ,g4 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um 7,b]l91 #ahgc71 vol4 ii4 p4 #abe1 ,no4 #bbgh2 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1#b p4 #bfg2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #afi-aga1 #agf4 #hai ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 xiii4 ,no4 #agea2 ,g4 ,wilmanns1 ,exempla ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ce-cg1 ,nos4 #aai1 #abc1 #abd2 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,nos4 #dabg1 #dabi1 #daca1 #dadj2 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1#b pp4 #cbb sqq42 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 p4 #aia4 ,m#bjf ,! sanctity ( ! p9e-tree 9 ! wor%ip ( ,attis4 #hbj ,z to ! monum5ts see ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,nos4 #dadc1 #daeb1 #daec2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #hb1 #hc1 #hh1 #hi4 #hba ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #bg4 #hbb ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #dg sq41 #ga2 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #ach1 #adc1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh4 #hbc ,etymologicum ,magnum1 p4 #bbj1 l9e #bj1 1 2 1 4 4 ,b !re seems to be "s confusion "h betwe5 ! rites ( ,dionysus & ^? ( ,attis2 ivy 0 c]ta9ly sacr$ to ,dionysus 7,pausanias1 i4 #ca4 #f ) my note74 ,comp>e ,c4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus 7,knigsb]g1 #ahbi71 i4 #feg1 :o1 9 ! passage quot$1 rightly def5ds ! read+s & 4 #hbd ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1#i xix4 #aje4 ,comp>e ,a!naeus1 ii4 #di1 p4 #eg4 ,! nuts ( ! silv]-p9e 7,p9us edulis7 are a fav\rite food ( ! ,cali=nian ,indians 7,s4 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia 7,wa%+ton1 #ahgg71 p4 #dba72 ! ,w9tun ,indians hold a p9e-nut dance :5 ! nuts are fit to be ga!r$ 7ib4 p4 #bcg74 ,! ,%uswap ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia collect ! cones ( v>i\s sorts ( p9es & eat ! nutlets :i* !y extract f !m4 ,see ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 8,notes on ! ,%uswap ,p ( ,briti% ,columbia10 ,proce$+s & ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 ix4 7,montreal1 #ahib7 ,transactions1 section ii4 p4 #bb4 ,) reg>d to ! ,araucanian ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica we read t 8! great /aple food1 ! base ( all _! subsi/5ce1 save among ! coa/ tribes1 0 ! pion1 ! fruit ( ! ,araucanian p9e 7,arauc>ia imbricata74 ,e ye> dur+ ! autumn mon?s excursions are made by ! :ole tribe to ! p9e =e/s1 :]e !y rema9 until !y h collect$ suffici5t = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,ea* tribe has its own di/rict1 inh]it$ by cu/om f g5]ation to g5]ation & inviolate1 by unwritt5 law1 f o!r tribes1 ev5 9 "t ( w>f>e4 ,?is h>ve/ 0 =m]ly ( su* supreme importance1 t all int]-tribal qu>rels & w>f>es 7 susp5d$ by mutual accord dur+ ?is p]iod40 ,see ,r4 ,e4 ,lat*am1 8,e?nology ( ! ,araucanos10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxix4 7#aiji7 p4 #cda4 ,! ,gilyaks ( ! ,amoor valley 9 l mann] eat ! nutlets ( ! ,sib]ian /one-p9e 7,l4 von ,s*r5k1 ,die ,vlk] des ,amur-,l&es1 iii4 #ddj74 ,see also ! comm5tators on ,h]odotus1 iv4 #aji 4 #hbe ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xiv4 #ajc4 #hbf ,/rabo1 x4 #c4 #ab sqq41 pp4 #dfi sqq4 ,h[ev]1 tipsy p 7 exclud$ f ! sanctu>y ( ,attis 7,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #f74 #hbg ,s*olia/ on ,lucian1 ,dial4 ,m]etr4 ii4 #a1 p4 #bgf ed4 ,h4 ,rabe 7,leipsic1 #aijf74 ,m#bjg ,attis z a corn-god4 ,cybele z a goddess ( f]tility4 ,! ba?+ ( h] image ei!r a ra9-*>m or a m>riage-rite4 #hbh ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio omnium ha]esium1 v4 #h & #i1 pp4 #afb1 #afh ed4 ,dunck] & ,s*neidew92 ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #c2 ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cc4 ,o!rs id5tifi$ him ) ! spr+ fl[]s4 ,see ,eusebius1 ,praep>atio ,evangelii1 iii4 #aa4 #h & #ab1 iii4 #ac4 #aj ed4 ,f4 ,a4 ,he9i*5 7,leipsic1 #ahdb-ahdc72 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vii4 #be4 #hbi ,w4 ,helbig1 ,fhr] dur* die ff5tli*5 ,sammlung5 klassis*] ,alt]tm] 9 ,rom#b 7,leipsic1 #ahii71 i4 #dha1 ,no4 #gba4 #hcj ,! urn is 9 ! ,lat]an ,museum at ,rome 7,no4 #ajdf74 ,x is n describ$ by ,w4 ,helbig 9 8 ,fhr]4#b ,! inscription on ! urn 7,m4 ,modius ,maxximus ar*igallus coloniae ,o/i5s7 is publi%$ by ,h4 ,dessau 7,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,no4 #dafb71 :o does n notice ! curi\s & int]e/+ composition ( ! cock's tail4 ,! bird is *os5 z an emblem ( ! prie/ ) a punn+ ref]5ce to ! ^w gallus1 :i* 9 ,lat9 means a cock z well z a prie/ ( ,attis4 #hca ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ,de gloria confessorum1 #gg 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 lxxi4 #hhd74 ,t ! goddess "h ref]r$ to 0 ,cybele & n a native ,gallic deity1 z ,i =m]ly ?\ght 7,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 p4 #agh71 seems prov$ by ! 8,passion ( ,/4 ,symphorian10 *s4 #b & #f 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 v4 #adfc1 #adff74 ,gregory & ! au?or ( ! 8,passion ( ,/4 ,symphorian0 call ! goddess simply ,b]ecyn?ia1 ! latt] writ] add+ 8! ,"m ( ! ,demons10 :i* is pla9ly a ,*ri/ian v]sion ( ! title 8,"m ( ! ,gods40 #hcb ,above1 p4 #bfe4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,!ra an ox1 :eat1 b>ley1 w9e1 & 8o!r fir/-fruits ( all t ! seasons produce0 7 (f]$ to ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 pla9ly because %e 0 deem$ ! s\rce ( f]tility4 ,see ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b vol4 ii4 p4 #dbf1 ,no4 #fcj4 #hcc ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #bae-bag2 comp>e id4 p4 #age note #g4 #hcd ,ptolemaeus1 ,nov4 ,hi/4 i4 p4 #ahc ( ,a4 ,we/]mann's ,my?ographi ,graeci 7,brunswick1 #ahdc74 #hce ,pausanias1 viii4 #be4 #e sq4 #hcf ,aelian1 ,nat4 ,anim4 xii4 #cj4 ,! place 0 9 ,mesopotamia1 & ! goddess 0 probably ,a/>te4 ,s ,lucian 7,de dea ,syria7 calls ! ,a/>te ( ,hi]apolis 8! ,assyrian ,h]a40 #hcg ,pausanias1 ii4 #ch4 #b4 #hch ,julian1 ,orat4 v4 #agc sqq4 7pp4 #bbe sqq4 ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle972 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #aee-aeg4 ,h[ev]1 apples1 pomegranates1 & dates 7 also =bidd54 ,! /ory t ! "m ( ,attis conceiv$ him ?r\gh contact ) a pomegranate 7above1 pp4 #bfc1 #bfi7 might expla9 ! prohibition ( t fruit4 ,b ! reasons = taboo+ apples & dates are n app>5t1 ?\gh ,julian tri$ to discov] !m4 ,he sugge/$ t dates may h be5 =bidd5 because ! date-palm does n gr[ 9 ,phrygia1 ! native l& ( ,cybele & ,attis4 ,m#bjh ,! "n ,attis seems to mean 8fa!r40 #hci ,p4 ,krets*m]1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,spra*e 7,gtt+51 #ahif71 p4 #cee4 #hdj ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #eh4 #d2 ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio omnium ha]esium1 i4 #i1 p4 #afh ed4 ,dunck] & ,s*neidew94 ,a ,lat9 d$ication to ,atte ,papa has be5 f\nd at ,aquileia 7,f4 ,cumont1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real5cyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ii4 #bahj1 s4v4 8,attepata0 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 p4 #hf74 ,greek d$ications to ,papas or to ,zeus ,papas occur 9 ,phrygia 7,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #gh sq474 ,comp>e ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 8,zeus1 ,jupit]1 & ! ,oak10 ,classical ,review1 xviii4 7#aijd7 p4 #gi4 #hda ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 v4 #f & #ac4 #hdb 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture#b 7,london1 #ahgc71 i4 #bbc4 ,m#bji ,relation ( ,attis to ! ,"m ,goddess4 ,attis z a ,sky-god or ,heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,/ories ( ! emasculation ( ! ,sky-god4 #hdc ,rapp1 s4v4 8,kybele10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #afdh4 #hdd ,%e is call$ a 8mo!rless virg90 by ,julian 7,or4 v4 #aff ,b1 p4 #bae ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle971 & !re 0 a ,p>!non or virg9's *amb] 9 h] sanctu>y at ,cyzicus 7,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 p4 #djd1 ,no4 #ech74 ,comp>e ,rapp1 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #afdh2 ,wagn]1 s4v4 8,nana10 ibid4 iii4 #d sq4 ,ano!r great goddess ( f]tility :o 0 conceiv$ z a ,virg9 ,"m 0 ! ,egyptian ,nei? or ,net4 ,%e is call$ 8! ,great ,goddess1 ! ,"m ( ,all ! ,gods10 & 0 believ$ to h br\ght =? ,ra1 ! ,sun1 )\t ! help ( a male p>tn]4 ,see ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum1 i4 #aaa2 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,! ,gods ( ! ,egyptians 7,london1 #aijd71 i4 #deg-dfb4 ,! latt] writ] says 7p4 #dfb73 8,9 v e>ly times ,net 0 ! p]sonification ( ! et]nal female pr9ciple ( life :i* 0 self-su/a9+ & self-exi/5t1 & 0 secret & unkn[n1 & all-p]vad+2 ! m mat]ial ?9k]s1 :il/ admitt+ t %e br\ght =? h] son ,r )\t ! aid ( a husb&1 7 unable to divorce f _! m9ds ! idea t a male g]m 0 necess>y = its production1 & f9d+ x impossible to d]ive x f a be+ ext]nal to ! goddess1 assum$ t %e h]self provid$ n only ! sub/ance :i* 0 to =m ! body ( ,r b also ! male g]m :i* fecundat$ x4 ,?us ,net 0 ! type ( p>!no-g5esis40 #hde ,quot$ by ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,il4 v4 #djh2 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mll]1 iii4 #eib1 ,frag4 #cj4 #hdf 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1#b i4 #cba sqq41 ii4 #bgj sqq4 ,= example1 ! ,ewe p ( ,togo-l&1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ?9k t ! ,e>? is ! wife ( ! ,sky1 & t _! m>riage takes place 9 ! ra9y season1 :5 ! ra9 causes ! se$s to spr\t & be> fruit4 ,^! fruits !y reg>d z ! *ildr5 ( ,"m ,e>?1 :o 9 _! op9ion is ! "m also ( m5 & ( gods4 ,see ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pp4 #dfd1 #edh4 ,9 ! regions ( ! ,s5egal & ! ,nig] x is believ$ t ! ,sky-god & ! ,e>?-goddess are ! p>5ts ( ! pr9cipal spirits :o disp5se life & dea?1 weal & woe1 among mank9d4 ,! elde/ son ( ,sky & ,e>? is repres5t$ 9 v v>i\s =ms1 sometimes z a h]maphrodite1 sometimes 9 semi-animal %ape1 ) ! head ( a bull1 a crocodile1 a fi%1 or a s]p5t4 ,8 "n v>ies 9 ! diff]5t tribes1 b ! outw>d =m ( 8 c]emonies is ev]y:]e simil>4 ,8 rites1 :i* are to "s ext5t veil$ 9 my/]y1 are =bidd5 to wom54 ,see ,maurice ,delafosse1 ,haut-,sngal-,nig] 7,p>is1 #aiab71 iii4 #agc-age4 #hdg ,hesiod1 ,!ogony1 #aei sqq4 #hdh ,porphyry1 ,de antro nymph>um1 #af2 ,ari/ides1 ,or4 iii4 7vol4 i4 p4 #ce ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf1 ,leipsic1 #ahbi72 ,s*olia/ on ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,argon4 iv4 #ihc4 #hdi ,a4 ,lang1 ,cu/om & ,my? 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #de sqq42 id41 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion 7,london1 #ahhg71 i4 #bii sqq4 ,9 ,egyptian my?ology ! sep>ation ( heav5 & e>? 0 ascrib$ to ,%u1 ! god ( light1 :o ins9uat$ himself betwe5 ! bodies ( ,seb 7,keb7 ! e>?-god & ( ,nut ! sky-goddess4 ,on ! monum5ts ,%u is repres5t$ hold+ up ! />-spangl$ body ( ,nut on 8 h&s1 :ile ,seb recl9es on ! gr\nd4 ,see ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians 7,london1 #ahig71 pp4 #bcj sq42 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,! ,gods ( ! ,egyptians1 ii4 #ij1 #ig sq41 #ajj1 #aje2 ,a4 ,erman1 ,die gyptis*e ,religion#b 7,b]l91 #aiji71 pp4 #ce sq42 ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum1 i4 #cc sq4 ,?us contr>y to ! usual my?ical conception ! ,egyptians reg>d$ ! e>? z male & ! sky z female4 ,an allusion 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead 7*4 #fi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bce1 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge's translation1 ,london1 #aija7 has be5 int]pret$ z a h9t t ,osiris mutilat$ 8 fa!r ,seb at ! sep>ation ( e>? & heav51 j z ,cronus mutilat$ 8 fa!r ,uranus4 ,see ,h4 ,brugs*1 ,religion und ,my?ologie d] alt5 ,aegypt] 7,leipsic1 #ahhe-ahhh71 p4 #eha2 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ii sq4 ,sometimes ! ,egyptians conceiv$ ! sky z a great c[ /&+ ) its legs on ! e>?4 ,see ,a4 ,erman1 ,die gyptis*e ,religion1#b pp4 #g1 #h4 #hej ,comp>e ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #aje sqq4 #hea ,julian1 ,or4 v4 pp4 #afe ,b1 #agj ,d 7pp4 #bad1 #bba1 ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle972 ,sallu/ius philosophus1 8,de diis et mundo10 iv4 ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,f4 ,g4 ,a4 ,mulla*1 iii4 #cc4 #heb ,drexl]1 s4v4 8,m510 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bgde2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 p4 #abj1 note #h4 #hec ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 vol4 ii4 ,p>s i4 pp4 #ade sq41 ,nos4 #dadf-dadi2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #hb1 #hf sq41 #hi sq4 ,z to ,m5 ,tyrannus1 see ,drexl]1 s4v4 8,m510 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?4 ii4 #bfhg sqq4 #hed ,on ! o!r h& ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay holds t ,attis & ,m5 are deities ( simil> "* & orig91 b diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r by developm5t 9 diff]5t surr\nd+s 7,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 i4 #afi72 b he d5ies t ,m5 0 a moon-god 7op4 cit4 i4 #ajd1 note #d74 ,m#baj ,! high prie/ ( ,attis bore ! god's "n & seems to h p]sonat$ him4 ,! draw+ ( ! high prie/'s blood may h be5 a sub/itute = putt+ him to dea? 9 ! "* ( ! god4 ,! "n ( ,attis 9 ! royal families ( ,phrygia & ,lydia4 ,! ,phrygian prie/s ( ,attis may h be5 memb]s ( ! royal family4 #hee ,9 lett]s ( ,eum5es & ,attalus1 pres]v$ 9 inscriptions at ,sivrihiss>1 ! prie/ at ,pess9us is address$ z ,attis4 ,see ,a4 von ,domaszewski1 8,briefe d] ,attalid5 an d5 ,prie/] von ,pess9us10 ,ar*aeologis*e-epigraphis*e ,mit!ilung5 aus ,oe/]rei*-,ung>n1 viii4 7#ahhd7 pp4 #if1 #ih2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 pp4 #eg sq4 ,no4 #de2 ,w4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,ori5tis ,graeci ,inscriptiones ,selectae 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aije71 vol4 i4 pp4 #dhb sqq4 ,no4 #cae4 ,= m evid5ce ( inscriptions see ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 p4 #gi2 ,rapp1 s4v4 8,attis10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #gbd4 ,see also ,polybius1 xxii4 #ah 7#bj71 7ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf71 :o m5tions a prie/ ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods nam$ ,attis at ,pess9us4 #hef ,! conjecture is t ( ,h5z51 9 ,annal4 d4 ,in/4 #ahef1 p4 #aaj1 ref]r$ to by ,rapp1 l4c4 #heg ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ge sq42 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #aea sq41 #bji4 #heh ,article 8,phrygia10 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #i? ed4 xviii4 7#ahhe7 p4 #hec4 ,else:]e1 speak+ ( ! religions ( ,asia ,m9or 9 g5]al1 ! same writ] says3 8,! highe/ prie/s & prie/esses play$ ! p>ts ( ! great gods 9 ! my/ic ritual1 wore _! dress1 & bore _! names0 7,cities & ,bi%oprics ( ,phrygia1 i4 #aja74 #hei ,/rabo1 xii4 #e4 #c1 p4 #efg4 #hfj 7,sir7 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 8,a ,/udy ( ,phrygian ,art10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #cgi sqq42 id41 8,a ,/udy ( ,phrygian ,art10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 x4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #aef sqq42 ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 v4 #hb sqq4 #hfa ,h]odotus1 i4 #id4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ! conqu]+ & rul+ ca/e 9 ,lydia belong$ to ! ,phrygian /ock 7,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 p4 #cea74 #hfb ,h]odotus1 i4 #cd-de4 ,! tradition t ,croesus w\ld all[ no iron weapon to come ne> ,atys sugge/s t a simil> taboo may h be5 impos$ on ! ,phrygian prie/s nam$ ,attis4 ,= taboos ( ?is sort see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #bbe sqq4 #hfc ,h4 ,/e9 on ,h]odotus1 i4 #dc2 ,ed4 ,mey]1 s4v4 8,atys10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ii4 #b col4 #bbfb4 #hfd ,see above1 pp4 #ac1 #af sq41 #dh sqq4 #hfe ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #afa sqq4 #hff ,see 7,sir7 ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 s4v4 8,phrygia10 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #i? ed4 xviii4 #hdi sq42 id41 8,a ,/udy ( ,phrygian ,art10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ix4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #cej sq4 ,pr(4 ,p4 ,krets*m] holds t bo? ,cybele & ,attis 7 gods ( ! indig5\s ,asiatic population1 n ( ! ,phrygian invad]s 7,e9leitung 9 die ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,spra*e1 ,gtt+51 #ahif1 pp4 #aid sq474 ,m#baa ,! way 9 :i* ! repres5tatives ( ,attis 7 put to dea? is p]haps %[n by ! leg5d ( ,m>syas1 :o 0 hung on a p9e-tree & flay$ by ,apollo4 #hfg ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #eh sq4 ,z to ,m>syas 9 ! "* ( a %eph]d or h]dsman see ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #afe2 ,nonnus1 ,dionys4 i4 #da sqq4 ,he is call$ a ,sil5us by ,pausanias 7i4 #bd4 #a74 #hfh ,pausanias1 x4 #cj4 #i4 #hfi ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #d4 #b2 ,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #afe4 ,_m anci5t writ]s m5tion t ! tree on :i* ,m>syas suff]$ dea? 0 a p9e4 ,see ,apollodorus1 l4c42 ,nic&]1 ,alexiph>maca1 #cja sq41 ) ! ,s*olia/'s note2 ,lucian1 ,tragodopodagra1 #cad sq42 ,ar*ias ,mityl5aeus1 9 ,an?ologia ,palat9a1 vii4 #fif2 ,philo/ratus1 ,junior1 ,imag9es1 i4 #c2 ,longus1 ,pa/or4 iv4 #h2 ,z5obius1 ,c5t4 iv4 #ha2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,*iliades1 i4 #cec sqq4 ,pl9y alone decl>es ! tree to h be5 a plane1 :i* accord+ to him 0 /ill %[n at ,aulocr5e on ! way f ,apamea to ,phrygia 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #bdj74 ,on a c&elabra 9 ! ,vatican ! defeat$ ,m>syas is repres5t$ hang+ on a p9e-tree 7,w4 ,helbig1 ,fhr]1#b i4 #bbe sq472 b ! monum5tal evid5ce is n consi/5t on ?is po9t 7,jess51 s4v4 8,m>syas10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bddb74 ,! position :i* ! p9e held 9 ! my? & ritual ( ,cybele supports ! prepond]ance ( anci5t te/imony 9 fav\r ( t tree4 #hgj ,h]odotus1 vii4 #bf2 ,x5ophon1 ,anabasis1 i4 #b4 #h2 ,livy1 xxxviii4 #ac4 #f2 ,qu9tus ,curtius1 iii4 #a4 #a-e2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 v4 #ajf4 ,h]odotus calls ! riv] ! ,cat>rhactes4 #hga ,aelian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 xiii4 #ba4 ,m#bab ,m>syas app>5tly a d\ble ( ,attis4 ,! hang+ & spe>+ ( ,od9 & 8 human victims on sacr$ trees4 ,! hang+ & spe>+ ( human victims among ! ,bagobos4 #hgb ,catullus1 lxiii4 #bb2 ,lucretius1 ii4 #fbj2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #aha sq41 #cda2 ,polya5us1 ,/ratagem4 viii4 #ec4 #d4 ,flutes or pipes (t5 appe> on h] monum5ts4 ,see ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,nos4 #dajj1 #dadc1 #dade1 #daeb1 #daec4 #hgc ,hippolytus1 ,refutatio omnium ha]esium1 v4 #i1 p4 #afh1 ed4 ,dunck] & ,s*neidew94 #hgd ,adam ( ,brem51 ,descriptio insul>um ,aquilonis1 #bg 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 cxlvi4 #fdc74 #hge ,s4 ,bugge1 ,/udi5 b] die ,ent/ehung d] nrdis*5 ,gtt]- und ,held5sag5 7,muni*1 #ahhi71 pp4 #cci sqq42 ,k4 ,simrock1 ,die ,edda#h 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhb71 p4 #chb2 ,k4 ,mll5h(f1 ,deuts*e ,alt]tumskunde 7,b]l91 #ahgj-aijj71 iv4 #bdd sq42 ,h4 ,m4 ,*adwick1 ,! ,cult ( ,o?9 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #c-bj4 ,! old ,engli% cu/om ( hang+ & disemb[ell+ traitors 0 probably d]iv$ f a practice ( ?us sacrific+ !m to ,od92 = among _m races1 includ+ ! ,teutonic & ,lat9 peoples1 capital puni%m5t appe>s to h be5 orig9ally a religi\s rite1 a sacrifice or consecration ( ! crim9al to ! god :om he _h (f5d$4 ,see ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde 7,heilbronn1 #ahgi71 pp4 #h sq42 ,k4 von ,amira1 9 ,h4 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1#b iii4 7,/rasburg1 #aijj7 pp4 #aig sq42 ,g4 ,vigfusson & ,f4 ,york ,p[ell1 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale 7,ox=d1 #ahhc71 i4 #daj2 ,w4 ,gol!r1 ,h&bu* d] g]manis*5 ,my?ologie 7,leipsic1 #ahie71 pp4 #edh sq42 ,?4 ,momms51 ,roman ,hi/ory1 bk4 i4 *4 #ab 7vol4 i4 p4 #aib1 ed4 #ahfh72 id41 ,rmis*es ,/rafre*t 7,leipsic1 #ahii71 pp4 #ijj sqq42 ,f4 ,grang]1 ,! ,wor%ip ( ! ,romans 7,london1 #ahie71 pp4 #bei sqq42 ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 i4 7,london1 #aijf7 pp4 #dci sq4 ,s1 too1 among b>b>\s peoples ! slaught] ( prison]s 9 w> is (t5 a sacrifice (f]$ by ! victors to ! gods to ^: aid !y ascribe ! victory4 ,see ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ 7,london1 #ahhg71 pp4 #afi sq42 ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es#b 7,london1 #ahcb-ahcf71 i4 #bhi2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 xx4 #fe2 ,/rabo1 vii4 #b4 #c1 p4 #bid2 ,caes>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 vi4 #ag2 ,tacitus1 ,annals1 i4 #fa1 xiii4 #eg2 ,procopius1 ,de bello ,go?ico1 ii4 #ae4 #bd1 ii4 #be4 #i2 ,jorn&es1 ,getica1 vi4 #da2 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie#d 7,b]l91 #ahge-ahgh71 i4 #cf sq42 ,fr4 ,s*wally1 ,semitis*e ,kriegsalt]tm] 7,leipsic1 #aija71 pp4 #bi sqq4 #hgf ,havamal1 #aci sqq4 7,k4 ,simrock1 ,die ,edda1#h p4 #ee2 ,k4 ,mll5h(f1 ,deuts*e ,alt]tumskunde1 v4 #bgj sq474 #hgg ,fay-,coop] ,cole1 ,! ,wild ,tribes ( ,davao ,di/rict1 ,m9danao 7,*icago1 #aiac71 pp4 #aad sqq4 7,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,publication #agj74 ,m#bac ,! hang+ ( ,artemis4 ,! hang+ ( ,hel54 ,! hang+ ( animal victims4 #hgh ,pausanias1 viii4 #bc4 #f sq4 ,! /ory1 m5tion$ by ,pausanias1 t "s *ildr5 ti$ a rope r\nd ! neck ( ! image ( ,artemis 0 probably inv5t$ to expla9 a ritual practice ( ! same sort1 z s*ol>s h rightly p]ceiv$4 ,see ,l4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4#d #cje1 note #b2 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7,ox=d1 #ahif-aiji71 ii4 #dbh sq42 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #bcb sqq4 ,! ,arcadian wor%ip ( ! ,hang$ ,artemis 0 notic$ by ,callima*us4 ,see ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 ii4 #ch1 p4 #cb1 ed4 ,pott]4 #hgi ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,od4 xii4 #he1 p4 #agad2 ,i4 ,bekk]1 ,anecdota ,graeca 7,b]l91 #ahad-ahba71 i4 #ccf sq41 s4v4 4 ,! goddess ,hecate 0 sometimes id5tifi$ ) ,artemis1 ?\gh 9 orig9 probably %e 0 q di/9ct4 ,see ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ii4 #dii sqq4 #hhj ,anton9us ,lib]alis1 ,trans=m4 xiii4 #hha ,pausanias1 iii4 #ai4 #i sq4 #hhb ,h4 von ,fritze1 8,zum grie*is*5 ,opf]ritual10 ,jahrbu* des kais]4 deuts*4 ,ar*ologis*5 ,in/ituts1 xviii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #eh-fg4 ,9 ! ritual ( ,eleusis ! sacrificial ox5 7 sometimes lift$ up by "y m5 f ! gr\nd4 ,see ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b vol4 ii4 pp4 #aff sq4 ,no4 #eba 7 1 472 ,e4 ,s4 ,rob]ts & ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 ii4 7,cambridge1 #aije7 pp4 #agf sq41 ,no4 #fe4 ,9 ?is inscription ! ^w is diff]5tly int]pret$ by ,p4 ,/5gel1 :o supposes t x ref]s m]ely to turn+ backw>ds & upw>ds ! head ( ! victim4 ,see ,p4 ,/5gel1 8,zum grie*is*5 ,opf]ritual10 ,jahrbu* des kais]4 deuts*4 ,ar*ologis*5 ,in/ituts1 xviii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #aac-abc4 ,b x seems highly improbable t s trivial an act %\ld be solemnly commemorat$ 9 an inscription among ! exploits ( ! "y m5 7epheboi7 :o p]=m$ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t at ,nysa ! "y m5 did lift & c>ry ! sacrificial bull1 & t ! act 0 deem$ wor?y ( commemoration on ! co9s4 ,see above1 p4 #bjf4 ,! ,wajagga ( ,ea/ ,africa dread ! gho/s ( suicides2 s :5 a man has hang$ himself !y take ! rope f 8 neck & hang a goat 9 ! fatal noose1 aft] :i* !y slay ! animal4 ,?is is suppos$ to appease ! gho/ & prev5t him f tempt+ human be+s to foll[ 8 bad example4 ,see ,b4 ,gutmann1 8,trau] und ,begrabnissitt5 d] ,wads*agga10 ,globus1 lxxxix4 7#aijf7 p4 #bjj4 #hhc ,see above1 p4 #adf4 ,m#bad ,use ( ! sk9s ( human victims to effect _! resurrection4 #hhd ,! ,scapegoat1 pp4 #bid sqq4 #hhe ,h]odotus1 iv4 #ga sq4 ,m#bae ,sk9s ( m5 & horses /uff$ & set up at graves4 ,"s tribes ( ,borneo use ! skulls ( _! enemies to ensure ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd & ( wom51 ! abundance ( game1 & s =?4 #hhf ,jean du ,plan de ,c>p91 ,hi/oria ,mongalorum1 ed4 ,d',avezac 7,p>is1 #ahch71 cap4 iii4 iii4 #hhg ,voyages d',ibn ,bat\tah1 texte ,arabe accompagn d'une traduction1 p> ,c4 ,dfrm]y et ,b4 ,r4 ,sangu9etti 7,p>is1 #ahec-aheh71 iv4 #cjj sq4 ,= m evid5ce ( simil> cu/oms1 obs]v$ by ,turanian peoples1 see ,k4 ,neumann1 ,die ,hell55 im ,sky!nl&e 7,b]l91 #ahee71 pp4 #bcg-bci4 #hhh ,capta9 ,r4 ,fitz-roy1 ,n>rative ( ! ,survey+ ,voyages ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,%ips 8,adv5ture0 & 8,beagle0 7,london1 #ahci71 ii4 #aee sq4 #hhi ,h]odotus1 iv4 #ajc4 ,_m ,scy?ians flay$ _! dead enemies1 &1 /ret*+ ! sk9 on a wood5 framework1 c>ri$ x ab\t ) !m on horseback 7,h]odotus1 iv4 #fd74 ,! s\ls ( ! dead may h be5 ?\ght to att5d on & s]ve ! man :o ?us bore _! rema9s ab\t ) him4 ,x is also possible t ! cu/om 0 no?+ m ?an a b>b>\s mode ( wreak+ v5geance on ! dead4 ,?us a ,p]sian k+ has be5 kn[n to flay an enemy1 /uff ! sk9 ) *aff1 & hang x on a high tree 7,procopius1 ,de bello ,p]sico1 i4 #e4 #bh74 ,?is 0 ! treatm5t :i* ! ar*-h]etic ,mani*aeus is said to h receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,p]sian k+ ^: son he fail$ to cure 7,socrates1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 i4 #bb2 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 lxvii4 #acg1 #aci74 ,/ill su* a puni%m5t may h be5 sugge/$ by a religi\s rite4 ,! idea ( crucify+ _! human victims appe>s to h be5 sugge/$ to ! negroes ( ,b59 by ! crucifixes ( ! e>ly ,portuguese mission>ies4 ,see ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,great ,b59 7,halifax1 #aijc71 pp4 #ad sq4 #hij ,w4 ,h4 ,furness1 ,home-,life ( ,borneo ,head-,hunt]s 7,philadelphia1 #aijb71 p4 #ei4 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,hose & ,mc,dougall1 ! spirits :i* animate ! skulls appe> n to be ^? ( ! p]sons f ^: %\ld]s ! heads 7 tak54 ,h[ev]1 ! spirits 7call$ ,toh7 reside 9 or ab\t ! heads1 & 8x is held t 9 "s way _! pres5ce 9 ! h\se br+s prosp]ity to x1 especially 9 ! =m ( good crops2 & s ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! h\se are ! heads held to be t1 if ?r\gh fire a h\se has lo/ its heads & has no occasion = w>1 ! p w beg a head1 or ev5 a fragm5t ( "o1 f "s fri5dly h\se1 & w in/al x 9 _! own ) ! usual c]emonies40 ,see ,*4 ,hose & ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiab71 ii4 #bj1 #bc4 #hia ,sp5s] ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/#b 7,london1 #ahfc71 i4 #aig4 #hib ,hugh ,l[1 ,s>awak 7,london1 #ahdh71 pp4 #bjf sq4 ,9 quot+ ?is passage ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty to correct a grammatical slip4 #hic ,sp5s] ,/4 ,john1 op4 cit4 i4 #bjd4 ,see fur!r ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51 8,iets ov] de s*$elv]e]+10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xxxviii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #hi-abi2 id41 ,v]spreide ,ges*rift5 7,! ,hague1 #aiab71 iv4 #cg-ha4 ,a diff]5t view ( ! purpose ( head-hunt+ is ma9ta9$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kruyt1 9 8 essay1 8,het kopp5snell5 d] ,toradja's van ,midd5-,celebes1 en zijne ,beteek5is10 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 ,vi]de ,reeks1 iii4 #b 7,am/]dam1 #ahii71 pp4 #adg sqq4 ,! natives ( ,nias1 an isl& to ! we/ ( ,sumatra1 ?9k x necess>y to obta9 ! heads ( _! enemies = ! purpose ( celebrat+ ! f9al obsequies ( a dead *ief4 ,_! notion seems to be t ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ rul] dem&s ?is sacrifice 9 8 hon\r1 & w puni% ! omission ( x by s5d+ sickness or o!r mis=tunes on ! survivors4 ,?us among ^! p ! cu/om ( head-hunt+ is bas$ on _! belief 9 human immortality & on _! conception ( ! exact+ dem&s :i* ! dead make ^u ! liv+4 ,:5 ! skulls h be5 pres5t$ to a dead *ief1 ! prie/ prays to him = 8 bless+ on ! s[+ & h>ve/+ ( ! rice1 on ! fruitfulness ( wom51 & s =?4 ,see ,c4 ,fries1 8,das #8,kopp5snell5' auf ,nias10 ,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 ,febru>y1 #aijh1 pp4 #gc-hh4 ,f ?is acc\nt x w\ld seem t x is n ! spirits ( ! sla9 m51 b ! gho/ ( ! dead *ief f :om ! bless+s ( f]tility & s =? are suppos$ to emanate4 ,comp>e ,?4 ,c4 ,rapp>d1 8,het eil& ,nias en zijne bewon]s10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 lxii4 7#aiji7 pp4 #fji-faa4 ,m#baf ,! /uff$ sk9 ( ! human repres5tative ( ! ,phrygian god may h be5 us$ = l purposes4 #hid ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #d-g4 #hie ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #afi sqq4 ,m#bag ,popul>ity ( ! wor%ip ( ,cybele & ,attis 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 #hif ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ,nos4 #djii1 #dajj1 #dajc1 #daje1 #dajf1 #daaf1 #daag1 #daai1 #dabj1 #daba1 #dabc1 #dabd1 #dabg1 #dabh1 #daca1 #dacf1 #daci1 #dadj1 #dadb1 #daef1 #dafc1 #dafg2 ,h4 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 pp4 #he1 #hf1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 ,inscr4 ,nos4 #ba-bd1 #bf1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc4 ,see fur!r1 ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,les ,cultes ,paens dans l',empire ,roma9 7,p>is1 #aiaa71 pp4 #gc sqq41 #ajc sqq4 #hig ,s4 ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire#b 7,london1 #ahii71 p4 #af4 #hih ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vii4 #bf4 #hii ,b ! two 7 publicly wor%ipp$ at ,dyme & ,patrae 9 ,a*aia 7,pausanias1 vii4 #ag4 #i1 vii4 #bj4 #c71 & !re 0 an association = _! wor%ip at ,piraeus4 ,see ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,des ,associations ,religieuses *ez les ,grecs 7,p>is1 #ahgc71 pp4 #he sqq41 #aif2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 p4 #ggb1 ,no4 #ihb4 #ijj ,rapp1 s4v4 8,kybele10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #afef4 #ija ,z to ! savage !ory ( inspiration or possession by a deity see 7,sir7 ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1#b ii4 #aca sqq4 ,z to ! savage !ory ( a new bir? see ,bald] ! ,beautiful1 ii4 #bea sqq4 ,z to ! use ( blood to wa% away s9s see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ajg sqq42 ,psy*e's ,task1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #dd sq41 #dg sqq41 #aaf sq4 ,among ! ,cam]oon negroes accid5tal homicide c be expiat$ by ! blood ( an animal4 ,! relations ( ! slay] & ( ! sla9 assemble4 ,an animal is kill$ & e p]son pres5t is sme>$ ) its blood on 8 face & brea/4 ,!y ?9k t ! guilt ( manslaught] is ?us aton$ =1 & t no puni%m5t w ov]take ! homicide4 ,see ,mission>y ,aut5rie?1 8,zur ,religion d] ,kam]un-,neg]10 9 ,mitteilung5 d] geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 xii4 7#ahic7 pp4 #ic sq4 ,9 ,c> ,nicob> a man possess$ by devils is cleans$ ( !m by be+ rubb$ all ov] ) pig's blood & beat5 ) leaves4 ,! devils are ?us transf]r$ to ! leaves1 :i* are ?r[n into ! sea be=e daybreak4 ,see ,v4 ,solomon1 8,extracts f di>ies kept 9 ,c> ,nicob>10 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 p4 #bbg4 ,simil>ly ! anci5t ,greeks purifi$ a homicide by means ( pig's blood & laurel leaves4 ,see my note on ,pausanias1 ii4 #ca4 #h 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #bgf-bgi74 ,! orig9al idea ( ?us purg+ a manslay] 0 probably to rid him ( ! angry gho/ ( 8 victim1 j z 9 ,c> ,nicob> a man is rid ( devils 9 ! same mann]4 ,! purgative virtue ascrib$ to ! blood 9 ^! c]emonies may be bas$ on ! notion t ! (f5d$ _s accepts x z a sub/itute = ! blood ( ! guilty p]son4 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,c4 ,me9]s 7,ges*i*te d] ,religion51 ,hanov]1 #ahjf-ahjg1 ii4 #acg sq47 & ( ,e4 ,rohde 7,psy*e1#c ,tb+5 & ,leipsic1 #aijc1 ii4 #gg sq474 #ijb ,a good in/ance ( su* an attempt to dress up savag]y 9 ! g>b ( philosophy is ! fif? spee* ( ! emp]or ,julian1 8,on ! ,"m ( ! ,gods0 7pp4 #bjf sqq4 ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle91 ,leipsic1 #ahge-ahgf74 ,m#bah ,! spread ( ,ori5tal fai?s ov] ! ,roman ,empire contribut$ to und]m9e ! fabric ( ,greek & ,roman civilization by inculcat+ ! salvation ( ! individual s\l z ! supreme aim ( life4 #ijc ,z to ! diffusion ( ,ori5tal religions 9 ! ,roman ,empire see ,g4 ,boissi]1 ,la ,religion ,roma9e d',augu/e aux ,anton9s#e 7,p>is1 #aijj71 i4 #cdi sqq42 ,j4 ,reville1 ,la ,religion ,rome s\s les ,svres 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 pp4 #dg sqq42 ,s4 ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire#b 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #gf sqq4 #ijd ,comp>e ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 ii4 #fjd1 vi4 #ffa2 ,orig51 ,contra ,celsum1 viii4 #gc 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xi4 #afbh72 ,g4 ,boissi]1 ,la ,religion ,roma9e d',augu/e aux ,anton9s#e 7,p>is1 #aijj71 i4 #ceg sq42 ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas 7,london1 #aijf-aijh71 i4 #cde sq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,milman1 ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1#d i4 #aej-aec1 ii4 #ij4 ,9 ! passage j cit$ ,orig5 tells u t ! ,*ri/ians refus$ to foll[ ! ,emp]or to ! field ( battle ev5 :5 he ord]$ !m to d s2 b he adds t !y gave ! emp]or ! b5efit ( _! pray]s & ?us did him m real s]vice ?an if !y _h f\ght = him ) ! sword4 ,on ! decl9e ( ! civic virtues "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian asceticism see ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne#c 7,london1 #ahgg71 ii4 #aci sqq4 #ije ,to prev5t misappreh5sion ,i w add t ! spread ( ,ori5tal religions 0 only "o ( _m causes :i* contribut$ to ! d[nfall ( anci5t civilization4 ,among ^! contributory causes a fri5d1 = ^: judgm5t & le>n+ ,i ent]ta9 ! highe/ respect1 c\nts bad gov]nm5t & a ru9\s fiscal sy/em1 two ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts to bla/ ! prosp]ity ( nations1 z may be se5 9 our own day by ! blight :i* has /ruck ! ,turki% empire4 ,x is probable1 too1 z my fri5d ?9ks1 t ! rapid diffusion ( ali5 fai?s 0 z mu* an effect z a cause ( widespread intellectual decay4 ,su* un:olesome gr[?s c\ld h>dly h fa/5$ ^u ! ,graeco-,roman m9d 9 ! days ( its full vig\r4 ,we may rememb] ! en]gy ) :i* ! ,roman ,gov]nm5t combat$ ! fir/ outbreak ( ! ,bac*ic plague 7,?4 ,momms51 ,roman ,hi/ory1 iii4 #aae sq41 ed4 #ahid74 ,! disa/r\s effects ( ,roman f9ancial oppression on ! indu/ries & population ( ! empire1 p>ticul>ly ( ,greece1 are describ$ by ,george ,f9lay 7,greece "u ! ,romans1#b ,ed9burgh & ,london1 #aheg1 pp4 #dg sqq474 ,m#bai ,popul>ity ( ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ra2 its resemblance to ,*ri/ianity & its rivalry ) t religion4 ,! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas borr[$ by ! ,*ur* f ! religion ( ,mi?ra4 #ijf ,see ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts figurs relatifs aux ,my/res de ,mi?ra 7,brussels1 #ahif-ahii72 id41 s4v4 8,mi?ras10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #cjbh sqq4 ,comp>e id41 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #bjg sqq4 #ijg ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts1 i4 #ccc sqq4 #ijh ,e4 ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle et la ,f9 du ,monde ,antique 7,p>is1 #ahhb71 pp4 #egf sqq42 ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts1 i4 #cci sqq4 #iji ,t]tullian1 ,de corona1 #ae2 id41 ,de praescriptione ha]eticorum1 #dj2 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apologia1 i4 #ff2 id41 ,dialogus cum ,tryphone1 #gh 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 vi4 #dbi1 #ffj74 ,t]tullian expla9$ 9 l mann] ! resemblance ( ! fa/s ( ,isis & ,cybele to ! fa/s ( ,*ri/ianity 7,de jejunio1 #af74 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ?\ght t by li/5+ to ! words ( ! inspir$ prophets ! devils discov]$ ! div9e int5tions & anticipat$ !m by a s]ies ( pr(ane & blasphem\s imitations4 ,among ^! trave/ies ( ,*ri/ian tru? he enum]ates ! dea?1 resurrection1 & asc5sion ( ,dionysus1 ! virg9 bir? ( ,p]seus1 & ,bell]ophon m\nt$ on ,pegasus1 :om he reg>ds z a p>ody ( ,*ri/ rid+ on an ass4 ,see ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apology1 i4 #ed4 #iaj ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 translat$ by ,e4 ,grim/on 7,london1 #ahhj71 bk4 v4 *s4 #aa1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bd-bh1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cbd sq41 #ccd sqq41 #cef sqq4 #iaa ,comp>e ,s4 ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire#b 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #hj sqq42 id41 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #fai sqq4 #iab ,e4 ,r5an1 ,m>c-,aurle et la ,f9 du ,monde ,antique 7,p>is1 #ahhb71 pp4 #egi sq42 ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts1 i4 #cch4 #iac ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #bba2 ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 ix4 #ad4 #ab2 ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie 7,b]l91 #ahbe-ahbf71 ii4 #abd2 ,g4 ,f4 ,ung]1 9 ,iwan ,mll]'s ,h&bu* d] klassis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 i4#a 7,nrdl+51 #ahhf7 p4 #fdi4 #iad ,9 ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] is m>k$ ,n4 ,invicti1 t is1 ,natalis ,solis ,invicti4 ,see ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 i4#b ,p>s prior 7,b]l91 #ahic71 p4 #bgh1 ) ,?4 ,momms5's comm5t>y1 pp4 #cch sq4 #iae ,cosmas ,hi]osolymitanus1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,sancti ,gregorii ,nazianz5i ,c>m9a 7,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xxxviii4 #dfd73 ,*ri/mas 1 1 1 3 8 1 40 1 4 ,! passage is quot$1 ) "s v]bal v>iations1 by ,*4 ,aug4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus 7,knigsb]g1 #ahbi71 ii4 #abbg note #b4 ,see ,franz ,cumont1 8,le ,natalis ,invicti10 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-,lettres1 #aiaa 7,p>is1 #aiaa71 pp4 #bib-bih1 ^: le>n$ elucidations ,i foll[ 9 ! text4 ,t ! fe/ival ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,sun 0 simil>ly celebrat$ 9 ,egypt may be inf]r$ f a ,greek cal5d> drawn up by ! a/rolog] ,antio*us 9 ,l[] ,egypt at ! end ( ! second or ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d42 = "u ! #be? ,decemb] ! cal5d> has ! entry1 8,bir?day ( ! ,sun1 ! light waxes0 7 2 74 ,see ,f4 ,cumont1 op4 cit4 p4 #bid4 #iaf ,macrobius1 ,saturnalia1 i4 #ah4 #aj4 #iag ,f4 ,cumont1 s4v4 8,caele/is10 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a's ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 v4 i4 #abdg sqq4 ,%e 0 call$ ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 7,j]emiah vii4 #ah1 xliv4 #ah71 ! ,heav5ly ,goddess 7,h]odotus1 iii4 #h2 ,pausanias1 i4 #ad4 #g71 or ! ,heav5ly ,virg9 7,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #bc2 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 ii4 #d74 ,! ,greeks spoke ( h] z ! ,heav5ly ,aphrodite 7,h]odotus1 i4 #aje2 ,pausanias1 i4 #ad4 #g74 ,a ,greek inscription f\nd 9 ,delos conta9s a d$ication to ,a/>te ,aphrodite2 & ano!r f\nd 9 ! same isl& c\ples ,pale/9ian ,a/>te & ,heav5ly ,aphrodite4 ,see ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graecorum1#b vol4 ii4 pp4 #fai sq41 ,no4 #gfd2 ,r4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,macali/]1 ,! ,phili/9es1 _! ,hi/ory & ,civilization 7,london1 #aiac71 p4 #id4 #iah ,d$ications to ,mi?ra ! ,unconqu]$ ,sun 7,soli invicto ,mi?rae7 h be5 f\nd 9 abundance4 ,see ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts1 ii4 #ii sqq4 ,z to ! wor%ip ( ! ,unconqu]$ ,sun 7,sol ,invictus7 see ,h4 ,us5]1 ,das ,weihna*tsfe/#b 7,bonn1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cdh sqq4 #iai ,fr4 ,cumont1 op4 cit4 i4 #cbe sq41 #cci4 #ibj ,j4 ,b+ham1 ,! ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 bk4 xx4 *4 iv4 7,b+ham's ,works1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #bgi sqq41 ,ox=d1 #ahee72 ,c4 ,a4 ,cr$n]1 8,de natalitiorum ,*ri/i orig9e10 ,zeits*rift fr die hi/oris*e ,!ologie1 iii4 #b 7#ahcc71 pp4 #bcf sqq42 ,mgr4 ,l4 ,du*esne1 ,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti5#c 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #beg sqq42 ,?4 ,momms51 9 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 i4#b ,p>s prior1 p4 #cch4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas is 9 ! cal5d> ( ,philocalus1 :i* 0 drawn up at ,rome 9 #ccf ,a4,d4 ,! words are ,,viii4 kal4 jan41 natus ,*ri/us 9 ,betleem ,judee 7,l4 ,du*esne1 op4 cit4 p4 #beh74 ,m#bbj ,motives = ! in/itution ( ,*ri/mas4 #iba ,quot$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,cr$n]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bci1 note #df2 by ,?4 ,momms51 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 i4#b ,p>s prior1 pp4 #cch sq42 & by ,h4 ,us5]1 ,das ,weihna*tsfe/#b 7,bonn1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cdi sq4 #ibb ,augu/9e1 ,s]m4 cxc4 #a 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xxxviii4 #ajjg74 #ibc ,leo ! ,great1 ,s]m4 xxii4 7al4 xxi47 #f 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 liv4 #aih74 ,comp>e ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,s]m4 vi4 #a 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xvii4 #fad74 ,m#bba ,! ,ea/] celebration ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ appe>s to h be5 assimilat$ to ! celebration ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,attis1 :i* 0 held at ,rome at ! same season4 ,hea!n fe/ivals displac$ by ,*ri/ian4 #ibd ,a4 ,cr$n]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bcf sqq42 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1#b ii4 #big sq42 ,fr4 ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts1 i4 #cdb1 #cee sq42 ,?4 ,momms51 9 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um1 i4#b ,p>s prior1 pp4 #cch sq42 ,h4 ,us5]1 ,das ,weihna*tsfe/#b 7,bonn1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cdh sqq4 ,a diff]5t explanation ( ,*ri/mas has be5 put =w>d by ,mgr4 ,du*esne4 ,he %[s t among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 commonly suppos$ to h fall5 on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*1 t day hav+ be5 8*os5 arbitr>ily1 or r sugge/$ by its co9cid5ce ) ! (ficial equ9ox ( spr+40 ,x w\ld be natural to assume t ,*ri/ _h liv$ an exact numb] ( ye>s on e>?1 & !re=e t 8 inc>nation z well z 8 dea? took place on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! ,*ur* has plac$ ! ,annunciation & ) x ! beg9n+ ( 8 "m's pregnancy on t v day4 ,if t 7 s1 8 bir? w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( nature h occurr$ n9e mon?s lat]1 t is1 on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]4 ,?us on ,mgr4 ,du*esne's !ory ! date ( ! ,nativity 0 obta9$ by inf]5ce f ! date ( ! ,crucifixion1 :i* 9 its turn 0 *os5 because x co9cid$ ) ! (ficial equ9ox ( spr+4 ,mgr4 ,du*esne does n notice ! co9cid5ce ( ! v]nal equ9ox ) ! fe/ival ( ,attis4 ,see 8 "w1 ,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti5#c 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #bfa-bfe1 #bgb4 ,! tradition t bo? ! conception & ! dea? ( ,*ri/ fell on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>* is m5tion$ & app>5tly accept$ by ,augu/9e 7,de ,tr9itate1 iv4 #i1 ,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xlii4 #hid74 #ibe ,see above1 pp4 #bec sqq4 #ibf ,h[ev]1 ! lam5t = ,adonis is m5tion$ by ,ovid 7,ars ,amat4 i4 #ge sq47 along ) ! ,jewi% obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?4 #ibg ,see above1 pp4 #bfh sqq4 #ibh ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 ix4 #ad4 #a2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xviii4 #bdf2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #ba4 #aj2 ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 ii4 #abd4 #ibi ,mgr4 ,l4 ,du*esne1 ,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti51#c pp4 #bfb sq4 ,t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>* 9 ! ye> #bi is expressly affirm$ by ,t]tullian 7,adv]sus ,judaeos1 #h1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gai1 ed4 ,f4 ,oehl]71 ,hippolytus 7,comm5t>y on ,daniel1 iv4 #bc1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdb1 ed4 ,bonwets* & ,a*elis71 & ,augu/9e 7,de civitate ,dei1 xviii4 #ed2 id41 ,de ,tr9itate1 iv4 #i74 ,see also ,!saurus ,l+uae ,lat9ae1 iv4 7,leipsic1 #aijf- #aiji7 col4 #abbb1 s4v4 8,crucimissio03 8,,pol4 ,,silv4 fa/4 ,m>t #be aequ9octium4 pr9cipium v]is4 crucimissio g5tilium4 ,*ri/us passus hoc die40 ,f ?is la/ te/imony we le>n t !re 0 a g5tile z well z a ,*ri/ian crucifixion at ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,! g5tile crucifixion 0 probably ! affix+ ( ! effigy ( ,attis to ! tree1 ?\gh at ,rome t c]emony appe>s to h tak5 place on ! tw5ty-second r ?an on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*4 ,see above1 p4 #bfg4 ,! ,qu>todecimans ( ,phrygia celebrat$ ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>* z ! day ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 quot+ z _! au?ority c]ta9 acts ( ,pilate2 9 ,cappadocia ! adh]5ts ( ?is sect 7 divid$ betwe5 ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>* & ! f\rte5? ( ! moon4 ,see ,epiphanius1 ,adv]sus ,ha]es4 l4 #a 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ddg1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf2 ,migne's ,patrologia ,graeca1 xli4 #hhd sq474 ,9 ,gaul ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ 7 regul>ly celebrat$ on ! tw5ty-fif? & tw5ty-sev5? ( ,m>* z late z ! six? c5tury4 ,see ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ,hi/oria ,francorum1 viii4 #ca4 #f 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 lxxi4 #eff72 ,s4 ,m>t9us ,dumi5sis 7bi%op ( ,braga71 ,de ,pas*a1 #a 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 lxxii4 #ej71 :o says3 8,a pl]isque ,gallicanis episcopis usque ante non multum tempus cu/oditum e/1 ut semp] ,,viii4 ,kal4 ,april4 diem ,pas*ae celebr5t1 9 quo facta ,*ri/i resurrectio traditur40 ,accord+ to ?is la/ te/imony1 x 0 ! resurrection1 n ! crucifixion1 ( ,*ri/ t 0 celebrat$ on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>*2 b ,mgr4 ,du*esne attributes ! /atem5t to a mi/ake ( ! writ]4 ,) reg>d to ! ,roman practice ! tw5ty-fif? & tw5ty-sev5? ( ,m>* are m>k$ 9 anci5t ,m>tyrologies z ! dates ( ! ,crucifixion & ,resurrection4 ,see ,vetu/ius ,occid5talis ,ecclesiae ,m>tyrologium1 ed4 ,franciscus ,m>ia ,flor5t9us 7,lucca1 #affg71 pp4 #cif sq41 #dje sq4 ,on ?is subject ,mgr4 ,du*esne obs]ves3 8,hippolytus1 9 8 ,pas*al ,table1 m>ks ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ 9 a ye> 9 :i* ! f\rte5? ( ,nisan falls on ,friday tw5ty-fif? ,m>*4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ,daniel he expressly indicates ,friday ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,m>* & ! consul%ip ( ! two ,gem9i4 ,! ,philocali5 ,catalogue ( ! ,popes gives ! same date z to day & ye>4 ,x is to be not$ t ! cycle ( ,hippolytus & ! ,philocali5 ,catalogue are d]iv$ f (ficial docum5ts1 & may be cit$ z evid5ce ( ! ,roman ecclesia/ical usage0 7,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti51#c p4 #bfb74 #icj ,mgr4 ,l4 ,du*esne1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfc4 #ica ,mgr4 ,l4 ,du*esne1 l4c4 ,a sect ( ! ,montani/s held t ! _w began & t ! sun & moon 7 creat$ at ! spr+ equ9ox1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y dat$ on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,m>* 7,sozom5us1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 vii4 #ah74 ,at ,h55-,su 9 ,egypt !re 0 celebrat$ a fe/ival ( ! 8hang+ out ( ! heav5s10 t is1 ! suppos$ recon/itut+ ( ! heav5s ea* ye> 9 ! spr+ 7,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,! ,gods ( ! ,egyptians1 ii4 #fc74 ,b ! ,egyptians ?\ght t ! creation ( ! _w took place at ! ris+ ( ,sirius 7,porphyry1 ,de antro nymph>um1 #bd2 ,sol9us1 xxxii4 #ac71 :i* 9 antiquity fell on ! tw5tie? ( ,july 7,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 #abg sqq474 #icb ,see above1 pp4 #bfc1 #bha sqq4 #icc ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cbd sqq4 #icd ,above1 pp4 #bdf sqq4 #ice ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #ad sqq4 #icf ,see bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ha sqq4 #icg ,above1 pp4 #cjb sqq4 #ich ,ano!r in/ance ( ! sub/itution ( a ,*ri/ian = a pagan fe/ival may be m5tion$4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,augu/ ! p ( ,alex&ria us$ to commemorate ! defeat ( ,m>k ,antony by ,augu/us & ! entrance ( ! victor into _! city4 ,! hea!n pomp ( ! fe/ival (f5d$ ,eudoxia1 wife ( ,!odosius ! ,y\ng]1 & %e decre$ t on t day ! ,alex&rians %\ld !nce=? celebrate ! deliv]ance ( ,/4 ,pet] f prison in/ead ( ! deliv]ance ( _! city f ! yoke ( ,antony & ,cleopatra4 ,see ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 i4 #aed4 ,m#bbb ,co9cid5ce betwe5 ! pagan & ! ,*ri/ian fe/ivals ( ! div9e dea? & resurrection4 #ici ,lactantius1 ,de mortibus p]secutorum1 #b2 id41 ,div94 ,in/itut4 iv4 #aj4 #ah4 ,z to ! evid5ce ( ! ,gallic usage see ,s4 ,m>t9us ,dumi5sis1 quot$ above1 p4 #cjg note4 ,m#bbc ,diff]5t !ories by :i* pagans & ,*ri/ians expla9$ ! co9cid5ce4 #idj ,! passage occurs 9 ! #hd? ( ! ,quae/iones ,vet]is et ,novi ,te/am5ti 7,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 xxxv4 #bbgi71 :i* are pr9t$ 9 ! works ( ,augu/9e1 ?\gh int]nal evid5ce is said to %ew t !y _c be by t ,fa!r1 & t !y 7 writt5 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,! writ]'s words are z foll[s3 8,diabolus autem1 qui e/ satanas1 ut fallaciae suae auctoritatem aliquam possit adhib]e1 et m5dacia sua comm5titia v]itate color>e1 primo m5se quo sacram5ta dom9ica scit celebr&a1 quia non m$iocris pot5tiae e/1 ,paganis quae obs]v>5t in/ituit my/]ia1 ut animas eorum duabus ex causis 9 errore det9]et3 ut quia praev5it v]itatem fallacia1 melius quiddam fallacia vid]etur1 quasi antiquitate praejudicans v]itati4 ,et quia 9 primo m5se1 9 quo aequ9octium hab5t ,romani1 sicut et nos1 ea ipsa obs]vatio ab 8 cu/oditur2 ita etiam p] sangu9em dicant expiationem fi]i1 sicut et nos p] crucem3 hac v]sutia ,paganos det9et 9 errore1 ut put5t v]itatem no/ram imitationem potius vid]i quam v]itatem1 quasi p] aemulationem sup]/itione quadam inv5tam4 ,nec enim v]um pote/1 inquiunt1 ae/im>i quod po/ea e/ inv5tum4 ,s$ quia apud nos pro c]to v]itas e/1 et ab initio haec e/1 virtutum atque prodigiorum signa p]hib5t te/imonium1 ut1 te/e virtute1 diaboli improbitas innotescat40 ,i h to ?ank my le>n$ fri5d ,pr(essor ,franz ,cumont = po9t+ out ?is passage to me4 ,he _h previ\sly indicat$ & discuss$ x 78,la ,polmique de l',ambrosia/] contre les ,paens10 ,revue d',hi/oire et de ,littrature religieuses1 viii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #dai sqq474 ,?\gh ! "n ( ,attis is n m5tion$ 9 ! passage1 ,i agree ) ,pr(4 ,cumont 9 hold+ t ! bloody expiatory rites at ! spr+ equ9ox1 to :i* ! writ] ref]s1 c only be ^? ( ! ,day ( ,blood :i* =m$ "p ( ! great aequ9octial fe/ival ( ,attis4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #ajf sq41 #ccc sq4 ,m#bbd ,compromise ( ,*ri/ianity ) paganism4 ,p>allel ) ,buddhism4 #ida ,on ! decad5ce ( ,buddhism & its gradual assimilation to ^? popul> ,ori5tal sup]/itions aga9/ :i* x 0 at fir/ direct$1 see ,moni] ,williams1 ,buddhism#b 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #adg sqq4 #idb ,! hi/orical reality bo? ( ,buddha & ( ,*ri/ has sometimes be5 d\bt$ or d5i$4 ,x w\ld be j z reasonable to "q ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,alex&] ! ,great & ,*>lemagne on acc\nt ( ! leg5ds :i* h ga!r$ r\nd !m4 ,! great religi\s movem5ts :i* h /irr$ humanity to its dep?s & alt]$ ! beliefs ( nations spr+ ultimately f ! consci\s & delib]ate ef=ts ( extraord9>y m9ds1 n f ! bl9d unconsci\s co-op]ation ( ! multitude4 ,! attempt to expla9 hi/ory )\t ! influ5ce ( great m5 may flatt] ! vanity ( ! vulg>1 b x w f9d no fav\r ) ! philosophic hi/orian4 ,m#bbe ,! ,greek ,hyac9? int]pret$ z ! vegetation :i* blooms & )]s away4 #idc ,g4 ,f4 ,s*mann1 ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]#d 7,b]l91 #ahig-aijb71 ii4 #dgc2 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 i4#d 7,b]l91 #ahid7 pp4 #bdh sq42 ,greve1 s4v4 8,hyak9?os10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #bgfc sq4 ,o!r views ( ,hyac9? h be5 express$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,welck] 7,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1 ,gtt+51 #aheg-ahfb1 i4 #dgb71 ,g4 ,f4 ,ung] 78,d] ,i/hmi5tag und die ,hyak9?i510 ,philologus1 xxxvii4 7#ahgg7 pp4 #bj sqq471 ,e4 ,rohde 7,psy*e1#c i4 #acg sqq47 & ,s4 ,wide 7,lakonis*e ,kulte1 ,leipsic1 #ahic1 p4 #bij74 #idd ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 i4 #c4 #c1 iii4 #aj4 #c2 ,nic&]1 ,!r4 #ija sqq41 ) ! ,s*olia/'s note2 ,lucian1 ,de saltatione1 #de2 ,pausanias1 iii4 #a4 #c1 iii4 #ai4 #e2 ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,*iliades1 i4 #bda sqq42 ,ovid1 ,metam4 x4 #afa-bai2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxi4 #ff4 #ide ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/or4 ,plant4 vi4 #h4 #a sq4 ,t ! hyac9? 0 a spr+ fl[] is pla9ly indicat$ also by ,philo/ratus 7,imag4 i4 #bc4 #a7 & ,ovid 7,metam4 x4 #afb-aff74 ,see fur!r ,greve1 s4v4 8,hyak9?os10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #bgfd2 ,j4 ,murr1 ,die ,pflanz5welt 9 d] grie*is*5 ,my?ologie 7,innsbruck1 #ahij71 pp4 #beg sqq42 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] ,indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 pp4 #chc sq4 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison 0 s k9d z to pres5t me ) two specim5s ( ! fl[] 7,delph9ium ,ajacis7 on :i* ! w(ul lett]s 7 pla9ly visible4 ,a fl[] simil>ly m>k$1 ( a col\r betwe5 :ite & r$1 0 associat$ ) ! dea? ( ,ajax 7,pausanias1 i4 #ce4 #d74 ,b usually ! two fl[]s 7 ?\ght to be ! same 7,ovid1 ,metam4 xiii4 #cid sqq42 ,s*olia/ on ,!ocritus1 x4 #bh2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxi4 #ff2 ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ii4 #eeg1 p4 #bhe74 #idf ,x5ophon1 ,hell5ica1 iv4 #e4 #g-ag2 ,pausanias1 iii4 #aj4 #a4 ,m#bbf ,! tomb & ! fe/ival ( ,hyac9? at ,amyclae4 #idg ,pausanias1 iii4 #a4 #c1 iii4 #ai4 #a-e4 #idh ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 ,g4 ,f4 ,ung] 9 ,philologus1 xxxvii4 7#ahgg7 pp4 #ac-cc2 ,greve1 s4v4 8,hyak9?os10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #bgfb2 ,w4 ,smi?1 ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1#c i4 #cci4 ,f ,x5ophon 7,hell5ica1 iv4 #e7 we le>n t 9 #cij ,b4,c4 ! ,hyac9?ian foll[$ soon aft] ! ,i/hmian fe/ival1 :i* t ye> fell 9 spr+4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 id5tify+ ,hecatombeus ) ! ,attic mon? ,hecatombaeon1 w\ld place ! ,hyac9?ia 9 ,july 7,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 ,dori]1#b ,breslau1 #ahdd1 i4 #ceh74 ,9 ,rhodes1 ,cos1 & o!r ,greek /ates !re 0 a mon? call$ ,hyac9?ius1 :i* probably took its "n f ! ,hyac9?ian fe/ival4 ,! mon? is ?\ght to correspond to ! ,a!nian ,scirophorion & !re=e to ,june4 ,see ,e4 ,bis*(1 8,de fa/is ,graecorum antiquioribus10 ,leipzig] ,/udi5 fr classis*e ,philologie1 vii4 7#ahhd7 pp4 #cfi sq41 #cha1 #chd1 #daj1 #dad sq42 ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b vol4 i4 pp4 #cif1 #fjg1 ,nos4 #fad1 note #c1 #gdd1 note #a4 ,if ?is latt] id5tification ( ! mon? is correct1 x w\ld furni% an argum5t = dat+ ! ,sp>tan fe/ival ( ,hyac9? 9 ,june also4 ,! "q is too intricate to be discuss$ "h4 #idi ,a!naeus1 iv4 #ag1 pp4 #aci sq4 ,/rabo speaks 7vi4 #c4 #b1 p4 #bgh7 ( a conte/ at ! ,hyac9?ian fe/ival4 ,x may h be5 ! *>iot races m5tion$ by ,a!naeus4 #iej ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 ,m#bbg ,hyac9? an aborig9al god1 p]haps a k+1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,laconia be=e ! invasion ( ! ,dorians4 ,8 si/] ,polyboea may p]haps h be5 8 sp\se4 #iea ,e4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1#c i4 #acg sqq4 #ieb ,pausanias1 iii4 #ai4 #c4 ,! ,greek ^w "h us$ = sacrifice 77 prop]ly d5otes sacrifices (f]$ to ! h]oic or wor%ipful dead2 ano!r ^w 77 0 employ$ = sacrifices (f]$ to gods4 ,! two t]ms are di/+ui%$ by ,pausanias "h & else:]e 7ii4 #aj4 #a1 ii4 #aa4 #g74 ,comp>e ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dd4 ,sacrifices to ! wor%ipful dead 7 (t5 annual4 ,see ,pausanias1 iii4 #a4 #h1 vii4 #ai4 #aj1 vii4 #bj4 #i1 viii4 #ad4 #aa1 viii4 #da4 #a1 ix4 #ch4 #e1 x4 #bd4 #f4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,e4 ,rehde 7,psy*e1#c i4 #aci1 note #b7 t sacrifices 7 frequ5tly (f]$ to a h]o be=e a god1 & he sugge/s ) mu* probability t 9 ^! cases ! wor%ip ( ! h]o 0 old] ?an t ( ! deity4 #iec ,pausanias1 iii4 #ai4 #ad4 #ied ,see above1 p4 #dd2 & bel[1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bac sqq4