,,wood-,,work+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,a ,manual = ,amateurs ,,by ,,*>les ,g4 ,,:eel]1 ,b4,s4 ,"k :at ?\ can/ "w at & "w at x l a ,h]cules4 ,,c>lyle4 ,,) ,,ov] #gjj ,,illu/rations ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #aijj ,,copyright1 #ahii ,,by ,,*>les ,g4 ,,:eel] ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,to ,,! ,,y\?ful ,,f\nd]s ,,( ,,totlet ,,t[n ,,)\t ,,^: ,,inspiration ,,?is ,,book ,,w\ld ,,n ,,h ,,be5 ,,und]tak5 ,,preface ,! aim ( ?is book is to sugge/ to amateurs ( all ages _m ?+s :i* !y c pr(itably make ( wood1 & to />t !m 9 ! way to "w successfully4 ,x is hop$ t1 9 ! case ( boys1 x may %[ !m pleasant & useful ways to "w (f "s ( _! surplus en]gy1 & at ! same "t contribute t[>d _! h>moni\s all-r\nd developm5t4 ,x is n an attempt to tea* ! arts ( ar*itecture1 c>p5try1 cab9et-mak+1 or boat-build+4 ,al?\gh n int5d$ prim>ily to imp>t skill 9 ! use ( tools 7some?+ :i* c only be acquir$ f exp]i5ce & obs]vation & _c be taught by any book71 /ill no "o c g ?r\gh ! processes indicat$ )\t ga9+ at lea/ "s slight degree ( manual skill z well z a fund ( practical in=mation & exp]i5ce4 ,_m books :i* give directions = me*anical "w 7p>ticul>ly ^? address$ to boys7 h sev]al s]i\s faults1 & c be gr\p$ 9 ?ree classes4 ,"s seem to be writt5 by practical workm51 :o1 h[ev] well fitt$ to d ! "w !mselves1 lack ! p$agogical tra9+ or ! psy*ological insight necess>y to lay out su* "w ) due reg>d to ! m5tal & physical capacity1 exp]i5ce1 & developm5t ( y\?1 or to ! amateur's lack ( exp]i5ce 9 ! rudim5ts ( ! subject4 ,o!rs are writt5 by tea*]s or amateurs :o lack ! tra9$ me*anic's practical & v>i$ k & exp]i5ce 9 s]i\s "w4 ,o!rs 7& ?is la/ class is1 p]haps1 ! wor/ ( ! ?ree7 seem to be made by compil]s :o h app>5tly be5 satisfi$ to sweep toge!r1 )\t requisite k or suffici5t moral purpose1 :atev] !y may h f\nd t w\ld be int]e/+ or attractive1 )\t due reg>d to its real value4 ,all ^! writ]s are con/antly fall+ into errors & mak+ omissions h>mful alike to ! moral & ! manual progress ( ! read]s4#a ,ef=t has be5 made 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book to avoid ^! evils1 to keep 9 l9e ) ! advanc$ educational ideas ( ! "t1 & to look at ! subject f ! /&po9ts ( ! tea*]1 ! me*anic1 ! boy1 & ! amateur workman4 ,! treatm5t is nei!r g5]al nor sup]ficial1 b elem5t>y1 & no claim is made t x w c>ry anyone v f> 9 ! v>i\s subjects2 b x aims to be ?or\gh & specific z f> z x goes & to tea* no?+ :i* w h to be unle>n$4 ,great c>e 7bas$ ^u an ext5d$ exp]i5ce ) boys & amateurs7 has be5 tak5 to include only :at c be pr(itably done by an intellig5t boy ( f t5 to eighte5 or by ! av]age untra9$ work] ( m mature ye>s4 ,x is hop$ t f ! v>iety ( subjects treat$ he may f9d mu* ( ! in=mation = :i* he may seek--if n 9 ! exact =m desir$1 p]haps 9 "s typical =m or some?+ suffici5tly simil> to sugge/ to him :at he ne$s to "k4 ,x is hop$ & confid5tly believ$ t a "w s compreh5sive 9 scope & giv+ su* a v>iety ( designs1 ) detail$ & practical directions = _! execution1 w be n m]ely novel1 b may s]ve z a vade-mecum & ready-ref]5ce book = ! amateur ( con/ructive ta/es4 ,,*>les ,g4 ,,:eel]4 ,,bo/on1 ,june1 #ahii4 ,,footnote3 #a ,^! criticisms are meant to apply to ! class ( manuals1 comp5diums1 & s-call$ ,boys' ,books & ,amateurs' ,books1 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! ^w1 & n to ! _m admirable works on sloyd1 manual tra9+1 & ! v>i\s special bran*es ( wood-work+4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i--,a ,,work%op ,,= ,,amateurs ,,*apt] ,,page ,i--,,introductory #a ,,ii--,,tools #i ,,iii--,,wood #bi ,,iv--,,work+ ,,draw+s1 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,! ,,"w1 ,,& ,,e/imat+ #di ,v--,,! ,,work%op #ef ,,"p ,,ii--,,articles ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,work%op ,,vi--,,introductory #ajc ,,vii--,a ,,few ,,toys #ajf ,,viii--,,h\ses ,,= ,,animals #abf ,,ix--,,implem5ts ,,= ,,outdoor ,,sports ,,& ,,a?letics #da ,x--,,furniture #age ,,xi--,a ,,few ,,miscellane\s ,,op]ations #bah ,,"p ,,iii--,,h\se-,,build+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,xii--,,"s ,,elem5t>y ,,pr9ciples #bch ,,xiii--,,simple ,,summ] ,,cottages #bga ,,xiv--,a ,,few ,,simple ,,/ructures #bia ,,"p ,,iv--,,boat-,,build+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,xv--,a ,,few ,,simple ,,boats #bih ,,"p ,v--,,tools ,,& ,,op]ations ,,xvi--,,! ,,common ,,h&-,,tools1 ,,& ,,"s ,,e-,,day ,,op]ations1 ,,alphabetically ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,ready ,,ref]5ce #cdd ,,app5dix--,,matt]s ,,relat+ ,,to ,,wood1 ,,sugge/ions ,,ab\t ,,work+ ,,draw+s1 ,,etc4 #ejg ,,index #eci ,,introductory ,,note ,x has seem$ be/ to address p>ts ( ?is book p>ticul>ly to boys1 because ! majority ( beg9n]s are boys1 because boys ne$ m sugge/ions ?an m51 & because a man c easily pick :at he ne$s f a talk to boys 7& p]haps be int]e/$ also71 :ile x is usually unpr(itable to expect a boy to take hold ( a te*nical subject 9 ! "r _s if x is treat$ 9 a /yle mu* 9 advance ( 8 degree ( maturity4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! old] read] also w f9d en\gh ( ^? fundam5tal pr9ciples ( successful "w 7_m ( :i* d n readily occur to ! untra9$ amateur except z ! result ( mu* co/ly exp]i5ce7 to be a mat]ial help to him4 ,x is n /r5g?1 b art obta9s ! prize1 ,& to be swift is less ?an to be wise2 ',tis m by art1 ?an =ce ( num]\s /rokes4 ,,hom]1 ,iliad4 ,,wood-,,work+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,"p ,i ,a ,,work%op ,,= ,,amateurs ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,:5 "o has made up 8 m9d to make some?+1 he usually wants to beg9 "w at once2 s1 z ,i wi% y to read ?is *apt]1 ,i w make x q %ort4 ,!re is a great deal 9 gett+ />t$ "r1 & !re are "s ?+s to be> 9 m9d if y wi% to d good "w1 z ( c\rse y d4 ,"o ?+ is n to be 9 too mu* ( a hurry to beg9 ! actual saw+ & p\nd+4 ,! old ,lat9 phrase1 ,fe/9a l5te 7make ha/e sl[ly71 is a capital motto = ! beg9n]4 ,d n wait until y\r en?usiasm has ooz$ away1 ( c\rse1 b d /op long en\gh to ?9k h[ y are go+ to make a ?+ be=e y beg9 to saw4 ,! workman :o ?9ks fir/ & acts aft]w>ds is ! "o :o usually turns out good "w1 :ile ! "o :o beg9s to "w )\t any reflection 7z boys1 & ev5 m51 h be5 kn[n to d7 is apt to sp5d mu* ( 8 "t 9 undo+ 8 "w1 & usually does n get ?r\gh till aft] ! "o :o laid x out prop]ly 9 ! fir/ place4#b ,if ,hom]1 9 ! quotation at ! head ( ?is *apt]1 _h be5 writ+ ab\t ! way boys' "w is sometimes done1 he might1 p]haps1 h rev]s$ ! positions ( "s ( ! words & made swiftness & num]\s /rokes ! subjects ( 8 emphasis4 ,he has express$ well en\gh1 h[ev]1 ! way t y\r "w %\ld be done1 & x is "o aim ( ?is book to give y useful h9ts to t end4 ,d n sp5d y\r "t 9 work+ out a lot ( set ex]cises1 l jo9ts & odd pieces t d n belong to any?+ 9 p>ticul>1 m]ely = practice4 ,y w be mu* m apt to put ! "r _s into y\r "w :5 y make complete & useful articles1 & y w get ! same practice & exp]i5ce 9 ! end4 ,!re is no ne$1 h[ev]1 to g ?r\gh a deal ( toilsome exp]i5ce j to le>n a numb] ( simple little ?+s t y might j z well be told 9 ! fir/ place4 ,beg9 ! process ( le>n+ by exp]i5ce aft] y h le>n$ :at y c f ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,beg91 s f> z y c1 :]e o!rs h left (f4 ,be=e y beg9 "w x may be int]e/+ to look = a mom5t at ! way boys did _! "w f fifty to "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,h y read ! books by ,elijah ,kellogg8 ,! reason = speak+ ( ^! old-fa%ion$ books is because ( ! picture !y give ( ! "t1 n s v long ago1 :5 boys & _! eld]s made all sorts ( ?+s :i* !y buy to-day1 & also because ( ! good idea !y give ( h[ boys got along g5]ally :5 !y _h to %ift m = !mselves ?an !y d n[adays4 ,! majority ( ! boys ( t "t1 n m]ely on ,casco ,bay1 :]e ,mr4 ,kellogg places ! sc5es ( 8 /ories1 b 9 hundr$s ( o!r places1 _h to make _m ?+s !mselves or g )\t4 ,( c\rse !re 0 a small] numb] 9 ! cities & l>g] t[ns :o _h no good opportunity to make ?+s & 7 oblig$ to buy :at !y c\ld af=d 7out ( :at we %\ld call a q limit$ v>iety71 or to get ! c>p5t] or o!r me*anic to make :at !y ne$$4 ,b ! majority ( ! boys ( t "t made ?+s well & _h a good "t mak+ !m4 ,! life !y l$ made !m capital all-r\nd boys4 ,!y c\ld turn _! h&s1 & _! heads too1 to almo/ any k9d ( "w1 & d x pretty well4 ,boys did a good deal ( :ittl+ !n4 ,?is habit1 z y d\btless "k1 /ill clung to !m aft] !y grew up1 & op5+ a jack-knife & beg9n+ to :ittle 0 a common div]sion :5ev] ! m5 re/$1 :e!r at ! c\ntry-/ore or 9 ! b>n or doory>d or at _! own firesides4 ,y c see ! same habit to-day 9 "s places4 ,! boys :ittl$ spl9t-brooms ( bir* 9 ,colonial days 9 almo/ e h\sehold4#c ,among "s ( ! m9or articles made by boys & "y m5 7 axe-helves & h&les ( all sorts1 wood5 rakes1 wood5 tr\ghs = bread & = pigs1 trays1 tr5*]s1 flails1 r\nds = ladd]s1 bobb9s1 reels1 *eese-boxes1 butt]-spats or -paddles1 wood5 traps1 & doz5s ( o!r articles1 n to speak ( _! h&iwork 9 o!r mat]ials ?an wood4 ,= t matt] mu* ( ! same life c be f\nd to-day 9 ! remot] regions1 & ,i h kn[n "y m5 br\ght up to ?is k9d ( life1 :o 7)9 my recollection7 h1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 done all ! f>m "w ( good-siz$ cultivat$ f>ms ) live /ock1 cut & haul$ wood f _! wood-lots1 done a good deal ( sea-fi%+ & salt+ d[n & dry+ ( fi%1 t5d$ & m5d$ _! fi%-nets1 weirs1 & lob/]-traps1 & sail$ or r[$ tw5ty-five miles to m>ket ) _! produce & back aga9 ) _! supplies4 ,!y also built _! %$s1 b>ns1 & h\ses1 & "p ( _! furniture1 _! dories1 big sc[s1 & capital sailboats2 made _! own o>s & rigg$ _! boats2 made _m ( _! f>m tools & implem5ts2 built _! waggons & iron$ !m1 _! ox-sl$s & small sl$s1 & %od !m2 made "s ( _! tools2 did _! own blacksmi?+1 mason-"w1 brick-lay+1 & pa9t+2 made _! own %oes1 & did ,i d n "k h[ _m o!r odd jobs--all ) b a limit$ supply ( common h&-tools4 ,?is "w did n int]f]e ) _! go+ to s*ool ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s until !y 7 tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 & !y /ill f\nd "t = ! usual recreations ( ! p]iod4 ,n[ a "y man mu/ h be5 pretty well develop$ aft] go+ ?r\gh all t1 ev5 if he did n "k mu* ab\t ,greek or calculus or 0 lack+ 9 sup]ficial poli%4 ,& x is only ! tru? to say t q a numb] us$ to tackle ! high] bran*es ( /udy too1 ) success made all ! m assur$ by _! developm5t 9 o!r ways1 & _m1 9 addition to all ?is1 paid _! way ?r\gh college by tea*+ or o!r "w4 ,h[ did !y d s mu*8 ,p>tly1 ,i suppose1 because _! life 0 s mu* simpl] & less complex ?an ours4 ,!y did n h s _m wants & !re 7 n s _m int]e/s to di/ract _! m9ds4 ,p>tly because :5 !y want$ some?+ !y knew !y mu/ make x or g )\t4 ,!y did n draw s mu* z we d n[1 b !y did a great deal ( obs]v+4 ,!y exam9$ ?+s l :at !y 7 to make & ask$ que/ions1 &1 kn[+ t :]e !y _h s mu* to d !y c\ld n af=d to keep try+ ?+s aga9 & aga91 !y le>n$ f _! relatives & neighb\rs :at 0 consid]$ ! be/ way to d _! "w1 & hav+ ?\ght x out c>efully !y w5t at x ) great en]gy4 ,to-day we h only to g to a l>ge factory to see a man /&+ be=e "s ma*9e & do+ "s simple piece ( "w1 requir+ b little ?\ght--! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga91 h\r aft] h\r1 day aft] day1 ye> aft] ye>1 until he seems to become almo/ a "p ( ! ma*9e itself1 & is n fitt$ = do+ mu* else4 ,t is ! o!r extreme4 ,( c\rse we get ?+s *eap] 7ev5 if !y d n la/ s long7 because ( ! factory2 b h[ ab\t ! workman8 ,:i* ( ^! two types is ! bett]-develop$ man8 ,fir/ y want to be well-develop$ all-r\nd boys1 s t y w n become ma*9es or badly "o-sid$ m54 ,aft] t--ea* to 8 special b5t1 ( c\rse4 ,n[ because we no long] cut d[n trees ourselves1 haul !m to ! mill to be saw$1 or rive or saw or hew !m ourselves1 leave ! wood to season1 & !n labori\sly "w x up into :atev] we h to make--because we no long] d t1 b g in/ead to a lumb]-y>d & a mill & h a l>ge "p ( ! "w done = u--x is a good ?+ = u to pause a mom5t be=e we beg9 our "w to take 9 ! fact t all ! advantage is n ) u n[1 & to ?9k :at a capital gymnasium t =m] life 0 = /r5g!n+ a boy's muscle & m9d1 n to speak ( 8 morals4 ,y c\ld n g back to ^? days n[ if y wi%$ to1 ( c\rse 7except1 p]haps1 :5 y g to "s ( ! remot] regions 9 vacation71 & y are d\btless bett] (f = all ! advantages y h n[ & = all our "t-sav+ contrivances1 b ! advantage dep5ds p>tly on h[ y use ! "t sav$ f _! labori\s tasks1 does x n8 ,y c1 h[ev]1 get inspiration f ! example ( ^? old] boys & f "s ( _! me?ods1 & c put _! self-reliant1 manly zeal1 grit1 & p]sev]ance into y\r "w1 & h a capital "t mak+ ! ?+s & m sport & satisfaction aft]w>ds = hav+ made !m4 ,?is book does n try to %[ y a royal road or a %ort cut to pr(ici5cy 9 ar*itecture1 c>p5try1 cab9et-mak+1 boat-build+1 toy-mak+1 or any o!r art or sci5ce4 ,x does n aim to cram y ) facts1 b m]ely to />t y 9 ! "r way4 ,x is = ^? ( y :o want to take (f y\r coats1 roll up y\r sleeves1 & really make ?+s1 r ?an sit d[n 9 ! h\se & be amus$ & p]haps delud$ by read+ en?usia/ic acc\nts ( all ! wond]s y c easily d--or :i* somebody ?9ks y w\ld l to be told t y c d4 ,x is = ^? ( y :o d n wi% to h y\r ard\r damp5$ by f9d+ t ?+s w n come out z ! book said !y w\ld1 or t ! v ?+s y d n "k & _c be expect$ to "k are left out4 ,x does n aim to /ir up y\r en?usiasm at fir/ & !n p]haps leave y 9 ! lur* at ! mo/ important po9ts4 ,i take x = grant$ t if y h any me*anical b5t or int]e/ 9 mak+ ?+s1 z mo/ boys h1 & are any k9d ( a real live boy1 y h ! en?usiasm to />t ) )\t /irr+ up4 ,9 fact1 ,i h ev5 kn[n boys1 & possibly y may h1 :o1 /range z x may seem1 h _h s mu* en?usiasm to make some?+ or o!r t !y h actually _h to be held back le/ !y %\ld spoil all ! lumb] )9 rea* 9 ! ef=t to get />t$6 ,:at y want is to be told h[ to g to "w 9 ! "r way--h[ to make ?+s successfully & l a workman--is x n8 ,!n1 if y mean bus9ess1 z ,i feel sure y d1 & really want to make ?+s1 read ! :ole book ?r\gh c>efully1 ev5 if x is n bri/l+ ) int]e/+ y>ns & p>agraphs ( no practical application to y\r "w4 ,y w n f9d ev]y?+ 9 x1 b y _c help le>n+ some?+1 & ,i hope y w f9d t x att5ds /rictly to ! bus9ess 9 h& & w give y a />t 9 ! "r direction1--:i* is half ! battle4 ,man is a ,tool-us+ ,animal4444 ,he c use ,tools1 c devise ,tools2 ) ^! ! granite m\nta9 melts into light du/ be=e him2 he kneads gl[+ iron z if x 7 s(t pa/e2 seas are 8 smoo? highway1 w9ds & fire 8 unwe>y+ /e$s4 ,n[h]e d y f9d him )\t ,tools2 )\t ,tools he is no?+--) ,tools he is all4--,,c>lyle1 ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,an old g5tleman ^: help1 on acc\nt ( 8 accurate workman%ip1 ,i once frequ5tly obta9$ :5 ru%$1 0 an extreme example ( ?is sy/ematic way ( do+ "w4 ,i w\ld give him p]haps ?ree h\rs' "w1 :i* he w\ld agree to h done at ! end ( t "t4 ,look+ 9 aft] an h\r or s ,i w\ld f9d ! "w app>5tly unt\*$1 :i* 0 a little provok+1 ( c\rse1 z ! av]age workman w\ld h _h x p]haps "o ?ird done4 ,b in/ead1 ?is old g5tleman w\ld be app>5tly only putt]+ ar\nd1 t\*+ up 8 saws1 fix+ 8 planes1 :ett+ 8 *isels1 look+ ov] ! wood1 & n gett+ ahead a bit4 ,go+ (f 9 disgu/ 7until ,i got acqua9t$ ) 8 ways1 ,i mean71 ,i w\ld return at ! end ( ! ?ree h\rs1 to f9d t ! "w _h be5 ready "s "t & done to p]fection4 ,:ile he 0 at fir/ app>5tly accompli%+ no?+ he 0 really gett+ ev]y?+ 9 p]fect %ape to d ! "w & lay+ out 9 8 m9d e detail ( ! :ole process1 s t :5 he began ! actual "w x almo/ did itself1 & he =g$ "r ahead ( ! av]age workman1 :o w\ld ei!r h be5 beh9d "t or slight$ ! "w 9 ord] to get x done1 & 9 mo/ cases h made "s mi/ake to be correct$ 9 "s "p ( ! process4 ,i nev] knew t man to make a mi/ake4 ,:y8 ,n because 8 ability 0 extraord9>y1 b because he conc5trat$ 8 m9d on ! "w & ?\ght x out cle> ?r\gh be=e he began4 ,n[ ,i "k ! av]age boy too well to expect him to h ! pati5ce to d j z ?is workman did4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable4 ,b x is ! true way to d good "w1 s try to ?9k x all out z f> z y c & to get ready be=e y beg94 ,! "w w g ev] s mu* m quickly & easily4 #c ,x has be5 said t ! sn[-%oe & canoe z made by ! ,indians c\ld nev] be improv$4 ,to ^! might be add$ ! split bir* broom1 or spl9t] broom1 also ! inv5tion ( ! ,indians1 b made 9 e c\ntry h\sehold 9 ,new ,engl& 9 ,colonial days4 ,! bran* ( a l>ge bir* tree 0 cut eight feet long4 ,an in*-wide b& ( ! b>k 0 left ab\t eighte5 in*es f "o end1 & ! %ort] & l[] end 0 cut 9 f9e pliable sliv]s up to ! re/ra9+ b>k b&4 ,a r[ ( sliv]s 0 cut f ! upp] end d[nw>d1 turn$ d[n ov] ! b&1 & ti$ firmly d[n4 ,!n ! rema9d] ( ! /ick 0 smoo!d into a h&le4 ,^! brooms 7 pliable1 cleanly1 & endur+1 & z broom-corn 0 n gr[n "h until ! latt] "p ( ! pa/ c5tury1 !y 71 9 fact1 ! only brooms ( ^? days4 ,!y 7 made by boys on ,new ,engl& f>ms = six c5ts apiece1 & b\ght by ! c\ntry /orekeep]s 9 l>ge numb]s = ! cities' use4--,! ,*autauquan4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tools ,y c d a great deal ) v few tools4 ,! be>+ ( ?is obs]vation lies 9 ! application on x1 z ,jack ,bunsby w\ld say4 ,look at ! complicat$ & +5i\s curiosities :ittl$ ) a jack-knife by sailors1 prison]s1 & o!r p :o h "t to kill 9 t way6 ,h y ev] se5 ! ,*9ese artisans turn+ out _! wond]ful "w ) only a few ( ! mo/ primitive tools8 ,b ( c\rse we _c sp5d "t s lavi%ly on our "w z !y d1 ev5 if we _h _! ma*9e-l pati5ce & deftness acquir$ ?r\gh s _m g5]ations4 ,we _c hold "w ) our feet & draw saws t[>ds u or d turn+ out on ! lawn ) a few /icks & a bit ( rope = a la!2 c>ve a set ( wond]ful op5-"w holl[ sph]es1 ea* )9 ! o!r1 out ( "o solid ball ( ivory2 & ! re/ ( ! que] ?+s ! ,ori5tals d3 b x is m]ely a matt] ( national individuality--! tra9+ ( hundr$s ( g5]ations4 ,we c\ld le>n to d su* ?+s aft] a long "t d\btless1 b ) no su* wond]ful adaptability z ! ,japanese1 = in/ance1 are %[+1 9 le>n+ our ways 9 "o g5]ation4 ,exam9e "s ( ! exquisite "w :i* ! ,ori5tals sell s *eaply & ?9k :e!r y "k anyone ) skill en\gh to d x if he _h a :ole h>dw>e-%op full ( tools1 & !n see ) :at few simple & rude tools 7l ^? %[n 9 ! foll[+ illu/rations1 or ! simple drill1 ,fig4 #a1 /ill 9 use7 ! "w has be5 done4 ,mr4 ,holtzapffel describes ! primitive app>atus 9 use among ! natives ( ,india z foll[s#d3 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #a4 ,:5 any portion ( h\sehold furniture has to be turn$1 ! wood-turn] is s5t =2 he comes ) all 8 outfit & e/abli%es himself = ! occasion at ! v door ( 8 employ]4 ,he comm5ces by digg+ two holes 9 ! gr\nd at a di/ance suitable to ! l5g? ( ! "w1 & 9 ^! he fixes two %ort wood5 po/s1 secur+ !m z /rongly z he c by ramm+ ! e>? & driv+ 9 w$ges & /ones ar\nd !m4 ,! c5tres1 sc>cely m ?an r\nd nails or spikes1 are driv5 ?r\gh ! po/s at ab\t eight in*es f ! gr\nd1 & a wood5 rod1 = ! support ( ! tools1 is ei!r nail$ to ! po/s or ti$ to !m by a piece ( coir or cocoanut rope4 ,! b>1 if long1 is additionally support$1 z repres5t$1 by be+ ti$ to "o or two v]tical /icks driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ mo/ ( 8 me*anical op]ations ! ,indian workman is seat$ on ! gr\nd1 h5ce ! small elevation ( ! axes ( 8 la!4 ,! boy :o gives motion to ! "w sits or kneels on ! o!r side ( x1 hold+ ! ends ( ! cord wrapp$ ar\nd x 9 8 h&s1 pull+ !m alt]nately2 ! cutt+ be+ re/rict$ to "o half ( ! motion1 t ( ! "w t[>ds ! tool4 ,! turn+ tools ( ! ,indian are almo/ conf9$ to ! *isel & g\ge1 & _! h&les are long en\gh to suit 8 di/ant position1 :ile he guides _! cutt+ edges by 8 toes4 ,he grasps ! b> or tool-re/ ) ! small] toes & places ! tool betwe5 ! l>ge toe & its neighb\r1 g5]ally out ( contact ) ! b>4 ,! ,indian & all o!r turn]s us+ ! ,ea/]n me?od atta9 a high degree ( preh5sile p[] ) ! toes1 & :5 seat$ at _! "w n only always use !m to guide ! tool1 b w select indiff]5tly ! h& or ! foot1 :i*ev] may happ5 to be ! ne>]1 to pick up or replace any small tool or o!r object4 ,! limit$ supply ( tools ! ,indian uses = work+ 9 wood is also rem>kable2 !y are ( ! mo/ simple k9d & h>dly exce$ ^? repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b2 ! mo/ ess5tial 9 con/ruct+ & sett+ up 8 la! be+ ! small1 s+le-h&$ adze1 ! bassoolah4 ,) ?is he %apes 8 po/s & digs ! holes2 x s]ves on all occasions z a hamm] & also z an anvil :5 ! edge is = a "t fix$ 9 a block ( wood4 ,! out] side ( ! cutt+ edge is p]fectly flat1 & ) x ! workman w squ>e or face a beam or bo>d ) almo/ z mu* precision z if x _h be5 plan$2 9 us+ ! bassoolah = ?is latt] purpose ! "w is g5]ally plac$ 9 ! =k$ /em ( a tree1 driv5 into ! gr\nd z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #b4 ,if we are incl9$ to feel pr\d ( ! k9d ( wood-"w turn$ out by ! av]age wood-work] ( ?is c\ntry or ,engl& ) 8 great v>iety ( tools & appliances & facilities1 we might comp>e 8 "w ) t done by ! ,ori5tals )\t our appliances4 ,read :at ,pr(essor ,morse tells u ( ! ,japanese c>p5t]#e3 ,8 trade1 z well z o!r trades1 has be5 p]petuat$ ?r\gh g5]ations ( families4 ,! little *ildr5 h be5 br\ght up amid/ ! od\r ( fragrant %av+s1--h ) *ildi% h&s p]=m$ ! duties ( an adju/able vise or clamp2 & ) ! same tools :i* :5 *ildr5 !y h h&$ to _! fa!rs1 !y h 9 lat] days e>n$ _! daily rice4 ,:5 ,i see "o ( our c>p5t]s' pond]\s tool-*e/s1 made ( poli%$ woods1 inlaid ) brass decorations1 & fill$ to repletion ) sev]al hundr$ doll>s' wor? ( highly poli%$ & elaborate ma*9e-made implem5ts1 & contemplate ! "w (t5 done ) !m1--) ev]y?+ b9d+ t %\ld g loose1 & ev]y?+ rattl+ t %\ld be tight1 & mu* "w t has to be done twice ov]1 ) an indication ev]y:]e ( a pov]ty ( ideas1--& !n recall ! ,japanese c>p5t] ) 8 ridicul\sly light & flimsy tool-box conta9+ a meagre assortm5t ( rude & primitive tools1--consid]+ ! c>p5try ( ! two p1 ,i am =c$ to ! conviction t civilisation & mod]n appliances c\nt z no?+ unless accompani$ ) a moiety ( bra9s & "s little ta/e & wit4444 ,aft] hav+ se5 ! good & s]viceable c>p5try1 ! p]fect jo9ts & complex mortises1 done by good ,japanese workm51 "o is a/oni%$ to f9d t !y d _! "w )\t ! aid ( c]ta9 appliances consid]$ indisp5sable by simil> craftsm5 9 our c\ntry4 ,!y h no b5*1 no vise1 no _s-level1 & no bit-/ock2 & z = lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y1 !y h absolutely no?+4 ,) _m places :i* c\ld be utilis$ = wat]-p[]1 ! old c\ntry sawmill has n occurr$ to !m4 ,_! tools appe> to be r\ghly made & ( primitive design1 ?\gh evid5tly ( ! be/-temp]$ /eel4 ,! only sub/itute = ! c>p5t]'s b5* is a plank on ! floor1 or on two horses2 a squ>e1 firm1 upright po/ is ! ne>e/ approa* to a b5* & vise1 = to ?is beam a block ( wood to be saw$ into pieces is firmly held 7,fig4 #c74 ,a big wood5 w$ge is b\nd firmly to ! po/ ) a /\t rope1 & ?is driv5 d[n ) vigor\s bl[s till x p9*es ! block :i* is to be cut into ! desir$ proportions4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4#c4--;,a ,,japanese ,,c>p5t]',s ,,vise4 ,f ,morse's ,japanese ,homes4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #d4--;,,c>p5t]s' ,,tools ,,9 ,,common ,,use4 ,f ,morse's ,japanese ,homes4 ,9 us+ _m ( ! tools1 ! ,japanese c>p5t] h&les !m q diff]5tly f our workman2 = in/ance1 he draws ! plane t[>ds him in/ead ( pu%+ x f him4 ,! planes are v rude-look+ implem5ts4 ,_! bodies1 in/ead ( be+ ?ick blocks ( wood1 are q wide & ?9 7,fig4 #d1 ,d1 ,e71 & ! blades are incl9$ at a great] angle ?an ! blade 9 our plane4 ,9 "s planes1 h[ev]1 ! blade /&s v]tical2 ?is is us$ 9 lieu ( ! /eel scrap]s 9 giv+ wood a smoo? f9i%1 & might be us$ ) advantage by our c>p5t]s z a sub/itute = ! piece ( glass or ?9 plate ( /eel ) :i* !y usually scrape ! surface ( ! wood4 ,a huge plane is (t5 se51 five or six feet long4 ,?is plane1 h[ev]1 is fix$ 9 an incl9$ position1 upside d[n2 t is1 ) ! blade upp]mo/4 ,! bo>d1 or piece to be plan$1 is mov$ back & =? ^u x4 ,draw-%aves are 9 common use4 ,! saws are ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) tee? mu* long] ?an ^? ( our saws1 & cut 9 diff]5t ways4444 ,"s saws h tee? on ! back z well z on ! front1 "o edge be+ us$ z a cross-cut saw 7,fig4 #d1 ,b1 ,c74 ,! h&-saw1 in/ead ( hav+ ! curi\s loop-%ap$ h&le made to accommodate only "o h&1 z ) u1 has a simple /raight cyl9drical h&le z long z ! saw itself1 & sometimes long]4 ,our c>p5t]s engage "o h& 9 hold+ ! /ick to be saw$ :ile driv+ ! saw ) ! o!r h&2 ! ,japanese c>p5t]1 on ! contr>y1 holds ! piece ) 8 foot1 & /oop+ ov]1 ) 8 two h&s drives ! saw by quick & rapid cuts ?r\gh ! wood4 ,?is /yle ( work+ & do+ _m o!r ?+s c\ld nev] be adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry )\t an importation ( ,japanese backs4444 ,! adze is provid$ ) a r\gh h&le b5d+ consid]ably at ! l[] end1 n unlike a hockey-/ick 7,fig4 #d1 ,a74444 ,= drill+ holes a v long-h&l$ awl is us$4 ,! c>p5t] seiz+ ! h&le at ! end1 betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s1 & mov+ 8 h&s rapidly back & =?1 pu%+ d[n at ! same "t1 ! awl is made rapidly to rotate back & =?2 z 8 h&s gradually slip d[n on ! h&le he quickly seizes x at ! upp] end aga91 cont9u+ ! motion z be=e4 ,"o is a/oni%$ to see h[ rapidly holes are drill$ 9 ?is simple yet effective way4 ,= l>ge holes1 aug]s simil> to ours are us$4 ,:5 y are oblig$ to "w "s day ) few & insuffici5t tools 7z mo/ workm5 are at times71 y w quickly realise h[ mu* y c d ) v few 9 case ( necessity1 & w m fully appreciate ! skill ( ^? ,ea/]n p :o d s mu* ) s little4 ,we d n ne$ s _m h&-tools = wood-"w z our gr&fa!rs & our great-gr&fa!rs1 al?\gh we make a great] v>iety ( ?+s1 because ma*9]y n[ does s mu* ( ! "w = u4 ,wood-work]s ( fifty ye>s ago _h1 = in/ance1 doz5s ( planes = cutt+ all sorts ( grooves1 m\ld+s1 & ! l1 :i* are n[ work$ by ma*9e at ! ne>e/ mill4 ,sugge/ions ab\t ,buy+4--,d n />t 9 by buy+ a *e/ ( tools1 c]ta9ly n "o ( ! small *eap sets4 ,!y are n necess>ily poor1 b are v apt to be4 ,get a few tools at a "t z y ne$ !m4 ,9 t way y w get all y ne$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory way4 ,besides ! fact t y c d good "w ) few tools !re are v>i\s reasons :i* make x bett] to beg9 ) b few4 ,y w probably take bett] c>e ( a few ?an ( _m4 ,if y h ?irty *isels on ! rack be=e y & y make a nick 9 ! end ( ! "o y are us+1 !re is a /rong *ance t in/ead ( /opp+ to %>p5 x y w lay x aside & take "o ( ! rema9+ tw5ty-n9e t w answ] y\r purpose1 & be=e y realise x h a :ole rack full ( dull tools4 ,if y h b few *isels1 y w be compell$ to %>p5 !m1 & s get into ! habit ( tak+ prop] c>e ( !m--n to speak ( ! "t :i* is (t5 wa/$ 9 putt+ away "o tool & select+ ano!r unnecess>ily4 ,! long] y "w ! m y w get to rely on a small numb] ( tools only1 h[ev] _m y may h at h& = occasional use4 ,aft] y h work$ = "s "t y w be v likely to h y\r fav\rite tools1 & f9d t c]ta9 tools d bett] "w 9 y\r h&s ?an c]ta9 o!rs :i* p]haps someone else w\ld use = ! purpose1 & y w naturally fav\r ! use ( ^? p>ticul> implem5ts1 :i* is ano!r less important reason = n />t+ 9 ) too great a v>iety4 ,i d n mean t y w imag9e y c d bett] ) "o tool ?an ano!r1 b t y really c d s4 ,t is :]e individuality comes 9--! p]sonal equation4 ,wat* a skilful c>v] at a piece ( ord9>y "w4 ,see h[ few tools he spreads be=e him1 & h[ mu* he does ) ! "o 9 8 h& be=e he lays x d[n = ano!r4 ,y w\ld ?9k x w\ld take tw5ty-five tools1 p]haps1 to cut su* a design1 b ! c>v] may h only ab\t half a doz5 be=e him4 ,he gets "r into ! _s ( :at he is do+1 & someh[ or o!r he does ev] s _m ?+s ) ! tool 9 8 h& 9 less "t & c>ries out 8 idea bett] ?an if he kept break+ (f to select o!rs4 ,?is %[s t confid5ce 9 ! use ( a tool goes a long way t[>d ! execution ( good "w1 :i* is "o reason = le>n+ to use a few tools well & mak+ !m s]ve = all ! uses to :i* !y c advantage\sly be put4 ,9 %ort1 if y h b few tools at fir/ y get ! mo/ y c out ( ea* tool & 9 ! way be/ = y\rself4 ,n[ ,i d n mean by all ?is t x is n a good ?+ to h a l>ge kit ( tools1 or t y %\ld n h ! prop] tools = ! v>i\s op]ations1 & use !m4 ,i mean t y %\ld get y\r tools gradually z y f9d t y ne$ !m to d y\r "w z x %\ld be done1 & n get a lot 9 advance ( ne$+ !m j because !y seem to be f9e ?+s to h1 or because "s c>p5t] has !m 9 8 *e/4 ,d n place too mu* reliance on ! li/s ( tools :i* y f9d 9 books & magaz9es--! tools necess>y = beg9n]s1 a li/ ( tools = boys1 etc4 ,su* li/s are necess>ily arbitr>y4 ,to make a %ort li/ t w\ld be ?or\ghly satisfactory = su* v>i$ "w z a boy or amateur may turn 8 h& to is ab\t z impracticable z ! attempts y sometimes see to "n ! tw5ty-five greate/ or be/ m5 or ! "o hundr$ be/ books4 ,:5 y c f9d half a doz5 indep5d5t li/s :i* agree x w be "t en\gh to beg9 to p9 y\r fai? to !m4 ,! mo/ exp]i5c$ or le>n$ p _c agree exactly 9 su* matt]s4 ,x dep5ds some:at1 = "o ?+1 on :at k9d ( "w y beg9 )1 &1 ( c\rse1 some:at ^u y\rself also4 ,n[ :ile1 z we h se51 mo/ wond]ful "w c be done ) ! mo/ primitive tools1 ! fact rema9s t y are nei!r ,*9ese nor ,japanese1 b ,am]icans & ,engli%1 & y _c "w to ! be/ advantage )\t c]ta9 tools4 ,well1 :at are !y8 ,:y don't y give u a li/ to beg9 )8 ,t's :at we are look+ =4 ,simply because a q v>i$ exp]i5ce has taught me to ?9k x bett] to give y sugge/ions to help y make ! selection = y\rselves4 ,j z ! great majority ( boys w\ld agree ^u ,rob9son ,crusoe1 = in/ance1 z belong+ 9 ! front rank ( boys' books1 b w\ld make v diff]5t selections ( second-rate or ?ird-rate books1 s !re are a few univ]sal tools1 ^u ! importance ( :i* all agree1 su* z ! saw1 hamm]1 hat*et or axe1 & a few o!rs2 b beyond ^! few y c h z _m li/s z y c f9d p to make !m1 up to ! po9t ( includ+ all y are likely to want4 ,s let y\r li/ make itself z y g along1 accord+ to y\r own ne$s4 ,x is safe to say1 h[ev]1 t if y\r "w is to be at all v>i$1 su* z is giv5 9 ?is book1 = in/ance1 y _c get along to good advantage = any l5g? ( "t )\t a rule1 a try-squ>e1 a /raight-edge1 a knife1 two or ?ree *isels1 a hat*et1 a g\ge1 a smoo?+-plane1 a spoke-%ave1 a panel-saw1 a hamm] & nail-set1 a bit-brace & ?ree or f\r bits 7twi/-drills are good = ! small] sizes71 a c\nt]s9k1 a few bradawls & gimlets1 a screw-driv]1 a rasp & half-r\nd file = wood1 a ?ree-corn]$ file = metal1 an oil-/one1 a glue-pot4 ,an excell5t & *eap comb9ation tool = su* "w z y w d c be b\ght almo/ any:]e "u ! "n ( odd jobs4 ,( c\rse y w ne$ nails1 screws1 s&pap]1 glue1 oil1 & su* supplies1 :i* y c buy z y ne$ !m4 ,a section 7#ah in*es or #bj in*es high7 f ! trunk ( a tree is v useful = a *opp+-block1 or any big junk ( timb] c be us$4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 quickly feel ! ne$ ( a few m tools to d y\r "w to bett] advantage1 & accord+ to ! k9d ( "w y are do+ y w add "s ( ! foll[+3 a =e-plane1 a splitt+-saw1 a mallet1 a back-saw1 compasses1 "o or m firm] *isels1 "o or m fram+-*isels1 a block-plane1 p9c]s1 a gauge or two1 "o or m g\ges1 a /eel squ>e1 a draw-knife1 a l>ge screw-driv]1 a scrap]1 a few h&-screws 7or iron clamps71 a few m bits1 gimlets1 bradawls1 or drills1 cutt+-pli]s or nipp]s1 a bevel1 a jo9t] 7plane71 a wr5*4 ,an iron mitre-box is useful b r exp5sive1 & y c get along ) ! wood5 "o describ$ fur!r on4 ,a gr9d/one is1 ( c\rse1 ess5tial :5 y get to ! po9t ( %>p5+ y\r tools y\rself1 b y c h y\r tools gr\nd or get ! use ( a /one )\t hav+ to buy "o = a long "t4 ,! foll[+ li/ makes a fair outfit = ne>ly & sometimes all ! "w ! av]age amateur is likely to d1 except+ ! b5* appliances & su* contrivances z y w make y\rselves & ! occasional addition ( a bit or *isel or g\ge or file1 etc41 ( "s o!r size or %ape :5 ne$$4 ,?is is n a li/ to />t )1 ( c\rse1 unless y c af=d x1 = y c get along = a good :ile ) only a "p1 nor is x a complete li/1 b m]ely "o ) :i* a great am\nt ( useful "w c be done to good advantage4 ,y c always add to x = special purposes4 ,= fur!r rem>ks ab\t ^! tools & o!rs & _! uses1 see ,"p ,v41 :]e !y w be f\nd alphabetically arrang$4 #a two-foot rule4 #a try-squ>e 7metal-b\nd74 #a pair ( w+ compasses4 #a m>k+-gauge4 #a mortise-gauge4 #a /eel squ>e 7c>p5t]'s fram+-squ>e74 #a bevel4 #a odd jobs4 #a *alk-l9e & *alk4 #a knife4 #e firm] *isels 7#a_/h1 #a_/d1 #a_/b1 #g_/h1 #a-a_/d74 #b fram+-or mortis+-*isels 7#a1 #a-a_/b74 #c g\ges 7#a_/d1 #a_/b1 #a74 #a iron spoke-%ave 7adju/able74 #a draw-knife4 #a hat*et4 #a block-plane4 #a smoo?+-plane4 #a long =e-plane 7or a jo9t]74 #a jack-plane4 #a rabbet-plane 7#c_/d or #g_/h squ>e74 #a cutt+-(f saw 7panel-saw1 #bd74 #a splitt+-saw 7#bf74 #a back-saw 7#ab74 #a turn+-saw 7#ad74 #a compass & keyhole saw 7comb9$74 #a bit-brace4 #c aug]-bits 7#a_/b1 #c_/d1 #a74 #c twi/-drills 7#a_/h1 #c_/af1 #a_/d74 ,a few bradawls & gimlets4 #a screw-driv] = bit-brace4 #a c\nt]s9k4 #a hamm] & #b nail-sets4 #b screw-driv]s 7diff]5t sizes74 ,files ( sev]al k9ds 7flat1 ?ree-corn]$1 & r\nd = metal1 & half-r\nd & r\nd = wood74 #a l>ge half-r\nd rasp4 #a cab9et scrap] & burni%]4 #a mallet4 #a pair cutt+-pli]s4 #a pair ( p9c]s4 #a wr5*4 #a oil-/one & oil]4 #b or #c oil-/one slips 7diff]5t %apes74 #a glue-pot4 #b or m iron clamps4 #b or m wood5 h&-screws4 #b or m cab9et clamps 7#b' to #d'74 ,an adju/able iron mitre-box w be a valuable addition to ?is li/1 & a gr9d/one is ( use ev5 :5 y get mo/ ( y\r gr9d+ done4 ,a few c>v]'s tools are also conv5i5t at times if y c af=d !m1 z a skew-*isel 7#a_/b71 a p>t+-tool 7#a_/d71 & a small ve9+-tool4 ,g5]al supplies1 su* z nails1 screws1 glue1 etc41 specifi$ 9 ,"p ,v41 w ( c\rse be requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are /ill m tools ?an ^? giv5 above1 z y d\btless "k1 b by ! "t y h become workman en\gh to ne$ m y w "k :at y ne$4 ,pl\ghs1 mat*+-planes1 & all su* implem5ts are omitt$1 because x is bett] & usually z *eap to get su* "w z !y d done by ma*9e at a mill4 ,i also assume t all y\r heavy saw+ & plan+ w be done at "s mill4 ,x is n wor? :ile = ! amateur to und]take ! saw+ & plan+ ( l>ge pieces1 ! hew+ & splitt+ ( ! r\gh] bran*es ( wood-"w1 = su* "w c be done almo/ any:]e by ma*9e at v slight exp5se1 & /ock c be b\ght already got out & plan$ = b a trifle m ?an ! co/ ( ! wood alone4#f ,be sure to get good tools4 ,!re is a say+ t a good workman is kn[n by 8 tools1 & ano!r t a poor workman is always compla9+ ( 8 tools1 t is1 excus+ 8 own incompet5ce by ?r[+ ! blame ^u 8 tools4 ,!re is also ano!r say+ to ! effect t a good workman c "w ) poor tools2 b x is simply because he is a skill$ & +5i\s workman t he c if necess>y (t5 d good "w 9 spite ( inf]ior tools1 & ( c\rse he c\ld d ! same "w m easily & quickly1 if n bett]1 ) good ones4 ,s d n ?9k t because y sometimes see a skill$ workman mak+ %ift ) poor tools t y are ju/ifi$ 9 beg9n+ 9 t way1 = a beg9n] %\ld use only good tools & 9 good condition or he may nev] become a good workman at all1 s make y\r tools & _! c>e a matt] ( pride4 ,if y\r tools are ( good quality1 & prop] c>e is tak5 ( !m1 !y w la/ a lifetime & long]2 s good tools prove ! *eape/ 9 ! end4#g ,!re are "s cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* x is z well n to buy ! mo/ exp5sive tools at fir/1 z a *eap rule w d z well z an exp5sive "o1 consid]+ h[ likely y are to break or lose x1 & a *eap gauge w answ] q well = a good :ile2 b ?is does n affect ! tru? ( ! g5]al /atem5t t y %\ld get only ! be/ tools4 ,!re are also q a numb] ( tools1 appliances1 & make%ifts :i* y c make = y\rselves1 "s ( :i* w be describ$4 ,i advise y n to pick up tools at second-h& %ops1 auctions1 or junk %ops1 except ) ! assi/ance ( "s compet5t workman4 ,c>e ( ,tools4--,keep y\r tools 9 good ord]4 ,y _c d nice1 f9e1 clean "w ) a dull tool4 ,a %>p tool w make a clean cut1 b a dull edge w te> or cru% ! fibres & n leave a clean-cut surface4 ,y c "w s mu* m easily & quickly z well z satisfactorily ) %>p tools t ! "t x takes to keep !m 9 ord] is mu* less ?an y lose 9 work+ ) dull ones1 n to speak ( ! wa/e ( /r5g? & temp]4 ,i assume t y w n attempt to %>p5 y\r tools y\rselves until y h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 us+ !m2 = %>p5+ tools 7p>ticul>ly saws & planes7 is v h>d = boys & amateurs1 & n easy to le>n f a book4 ,s1 until !n1 be sure to h !m %>p5$ :5ev] !y become dull4 ,! exp5se is b slight1 & x is mu* bett] to h few] tools kept %>p ?an to sp5d ! money = m tools & h !m dull4 ,:5 y get to ! po9t ( %>p5+ y\r tools1 "o lesson f a practical workman or ev5 a little "t sp5t 9 wat*+ ! op]ations 7:i* y c d easily7 w help y m ?an read+ _m pages f any book4 ,s ,i advise y to get in/ruction 9 %>p5+ f "s practical workman1--n at fir/1 b aft] y h got q h&y ) ! tools4 ,y c easily d ?is at little or no exp5se4 ,= fur!r po9ts1 see ,%>p5+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,x is a good plan to soak tool h&les1 mallets1 & wood5 planes1 :5 new1 = a week or s 9 raw l9se$ oil & !n rub !m ) a s(t rag e day or two = a :ile4 ,if y use wood5 planes give !m a good soak+4 ,!y w absorb mu* oil & "w m freely & smoo?ly4 ,y c save tool h&les f be+ split by p\nd+1 by saw+ ! ends (f squ>e & fa/5+ on two r\nd disks ( sole-lea!r 9 ! way adopt$ by %oe-mak]s4 ,if !re is any t5d5cy to dampness 9 y\r %op ! /eel & iron p>ts ( ! tools %\ld be greas$ ) a little fat1--tall[1 l>d1 wax1 vasel9e1--or "s anti-ru/ prep>ation4 ,use ( ,tools4--,x is v important to get />t$ "r 9 us+ tools4 ,if y\r fir/ idea ( :at ! tool is = & h[ x %\ld be us$ is correct y w get along nicely aft]w>ds1 b if y />t ) a wrong impression y w h to unle>n1 :i* is always h>d1 & />t afre%4 ,if y c g to a good wood-work+ s*ool y w ( c\rse le>n mu*1 & if y "k a good-natur$ c>p5t] or cab9et-mak] or any wood-work] ( ! old-fa%ion$ k9d1 cultivate 8 acqua9tance4 ,if he is will+ to let y wat* 8 "w & to answ] y\r que/ions y c add mu* to y\r k ( ! uses ( ! diff]5t tools4 ,9 fact1 s f> z in/ruction goes t is ab\t all ! tea*+ ! av]age appr5tice gets4 ,he le>ns by obs]v+ & by practice4 ,d n be afraid or a%am$ to ask que/ions4 ,v few m5 w refuse to answ] an amateur's que/ions unless !y are unreasonably frequ5t4 ,!re w be problems en\gh to ex]cise all ! +5uity y h aft] y h le>n$ :at y c f o!rs4 ,b ! day = ! all-r\nd workman seems to be rapidly pass+ away & ! t5d5cy n[adays is = ea* workman1 in/ead ( sp5d+ ye>s 9 le>n+ ! v>i\s bran*es & details ( 8 trade1 to be exp]t 9 only "o v limit$ bran*--or1 z sometimes happ5s1 a g5]al bot* 9 all ! bran*es2 s unless y f9d a real me*anic = a fri5d 7su* z an old or middle-ag$ village c>p5t]1 or cab9et-mak]1 or :eelwright1 or boat-build]1 or c>v]71 be a little gu>d$ ab\t believ+ all he tells or %[s y2 & bew>e ( rely+ implicitly on ! tea*+s ( ! man :o kn[s x all & :om a season's "w at nail+ up /udd+ & bo>d+ has turn$ into a full-fl$g$ c>p5t]4 ,if y c le>n to use y\r tools ) ei!r h& y w (t5 f9d x a decid$ advantage1 z 9 gett+ out crook$ "w1 or p>ticul>ly 9 c>v+1 :]e y h su* an endless v>iety ( cuts to be made 9 almo/ e possible direction1 b t is ano!r /ory4 ,a bad habit & "o to gu>d aga9/ is t ( c>ry+ ) y ! tool y may be us+ :5ev] y leave y\r "w tempor>ily1 in/ead ( lay+ x d[n :]e y are work+4 ,edge-tools are dang]\s ?+s to c>ry ar\nd 9 ! h& & !re is also mu* *ance ( _! be+ mislaid4 ,= directions = us+ ! diff]5t tools see ,"p ,v4 ,edge-,tools4--,be> 9 m9d t all cutt+ tools "w m or less on ! pr9ciple ( ! w$ge4 ,s f> z ! m]e cutt+ is conc]n$ a ke5 edge is all t is requir$ & y\r knife or o!r cutt+ tool might be z ?9 z a %eet ( pap]4 ,b ( c\rse su* a tool w\ld break1 s x mu/ be made ?ick] = /r5g? & w$ge-%ap$ s t x may be pu%$ ?r\gh ! wood z easily z possible4 ,y "k t y c safely use a v ?9 knife to cut butt] because ! butt] yields s easily t !re is n mu* /ra9 on ! blade1 b t :5 y cut wood ! blade mu/ be ?ick] to /& ! /ra9 ( be+ pu%$ ?r\gh4 ,s(t wood cuts m easily ?an h>d1 because x is m easily pu%$ aside or compress$ by ! w$ge-%ap$ tool1 & x does n matt] h[ ke5 ! edge may be if ! resi/ance ( ! wood is s great t y _c =ce ! ?ick] "p ( ! tool ?r\gh x4 ,y w und]/& f all ?is t ! m acute ! angle ( ! cutt+ edge ! m easily x w d its "w1 provid$ always t ! angle is obtuse or blunt en\gh to give ! prop] /r5g? to ! end ( ! tool2 & also t z ! end ( ! tool enc\nt]s m resi/ance 9 h>d ?an s(t wood1 ! angle %\ld be m obtuse or blunt] = ! =m] ?an = ! latt]4 ,!oretically1 !re=e1 ! angle ( ! cutt+ edge1 to obta9 ! greate/ possible advantage1 w\ld ne$ to be *ang$ ) e piece ( wood & e k9d ( cut1 b practically all t c be done is to h a long] bevel on ! tools = s(t wood ?an = h>d4 ,exp]i5ce & obs]vation w tea* ^! angles4 ,see ,%>p5+ 9 ,"p ,v4 ,:5 y cut (f a /\t /ick1 z ! bran* ( a tree1 y d n try to =ce y\r knife /raight across ) "o cut4 ,y cut a small not* & !n wid5 & deep5 x by cutt+ fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r 7,fig4 #e74 ,! wood yields easily to ! w$ge on ! side t[>ds ! not*1 s t ! edge c easily cut deep]1 & ?us ! not* is gradually cut ?r\gh ! /ick4 ,! same pr9ciple is se5 9 cutt+ d[n a tree ) an axe4 ,y h only to look at ! /ructure ( a piece ( wood :5 magnifi$1 z r\ghly indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #f1 to see :y x is easi] to cut ) ! gra9 ?an across x4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #g4 ,y c (t5 cut bett] ) a draw-/roke1 i4e41 n m]ely pu%+ ! tool /raight ahead1 b draw+ x across sideways at ! same "t 7,fig4 #g74 ,y c press ! %>p edge ( a knife or razor aga9/ y\r h& )\t cutt+1 b draw ! edge across & y w be cut at once4 ,ev5 a blade ( grass w cut if y draw ! edge quickly ?r\gh y\r h&1 z y d\btless "k4 ,if y try to pu% a saw d[n into a piece ( wood1 z y pu% a knife d[n ?r\gh a lump ( butt]1 or z 9 *opp+ ) a hat*et1 t is1 )\t pu%+ & pull+ ! saw back & =?1 x w n ent] ! wood to any ext5t1 b :5 y beg9 to "w x back & =? x cuts 7or te>s7 its way into ! wood at once4 ,y "k h[ mu* bett] y c cut a slice ( fre% bread :5 y saw ! knife back & =? ?an :5 y m]ely pu% x /raight d[n ?r\gh ! loaf4 ,y may h notic$ 7& y may n7 h[ mu* bett] y\r knife w cut1 & t ! cut w be clean]1 9 do+ "s k9ds ( :ittl+1 :5 y draw x ?r\gh ! wood f h&le to po9t 7,fig4 #g71 in/ead ( pu%+ x /raight ?r\gh 9 ! common way1 & y w discov]1 if y try cutt+ v>i\s sub/ances1 t z a g5]al rule ! s(t] ! mat]ial ! great] ! advantage 9 ! draw-/roke4 ,n[ put ! %>pe/ edge-tool y c f9d "u a p[]ful microscope1 & y w see t ! edge1 in/ead ( be+ s v smoo?1 is really q ragg$1--a sort ( saw-l edge4 ,!n look at ! /ructure ( a piece ( wood z r\ghly indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #f1 & y w und]/& at once j :at we d :5 we cut wood ) an edge-tool4 ,y see ! microscopically small /icks or tubes or bundles ( woody fibre ( :i* ! big /ick is compos$1 & y also see ! microscopically f9e saw to cut !m4 ,n[ if ! edge ( ! tool is f9e y c (t5 d ! "w satisfactorily by simply pu%+ ! tool /raight ?r\gh ! wood1 b d y n see t if y c draw or slide ! tool ei!r back or =? ! edge1 be+ saw-l1 w d its "w bett]8 ,?is /roke _c be us$ ( c\rse 9 *opp+ ) ! axe or hat*et1 splitt+ k9dl+-wood1 or splitt+ a /ick ) ! gra9 ) a knife or *isel4 ,9 ^! op]ations ! ma9 pr9ciple is t ( ! w$ge1 pure & simple1 driv5 ?r\gh by =ce1 ! ke5 edge m]ely />t+ ! cut1 aft] :i* ! w$ge does ! re/ ( ! "w by be>+ s h>d aga9/ ! wood at ! sides ( ! cut t x =ces x to split 9 advance ( ! cutt+ edge1 z 9 riv+ a log by ! use fir/ ( an axe1 !n ( an iron w$ge1 & f9ally a l>ge wood5 w$ge 7,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #h4 ,practical directions & sugge/ions ab\t ! diff]5t ,tools & _! ,uses & ! v>i\s ,op]ations w be f\nd alphabetically arrang$ 9 ,"p ,v4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,quot$1 by k9d p]mission1 f ,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation4 #e ,quot$1 by k9d p]mission1 f ! valuable & ent]ta9+ "w on ,japanese ,homes & _! ,surr\nd+s 7copyright4 #ahhe71 by ,edw>d ,s4 ,morse4 #f ,if y are s situat$1 z possibly a few ( y may be1 t y _c get ! b5efit ( mod]n me?ods1 b mu/ d all ! r\gh "w t y\r gr&fa!rs did1 y w require a few additional tools1 b ^! y c readily select f ! descriptions giv5 f>!r on4 #g ,!re are _m reliable mak]s ( tools4 ,among !m ! foll[+ c be nam$1 & _! tools c be obta9$ almo/ any:]e3 ,saws--,h5ry ,dis/on4 ,*isels & g\ges--,m\lson ,bros42 ,buck ,bros4 ,planes--,/anley2 ,m\lson ,bros4 7plane-irons72 ,wm4 ,but*] 7d472 ,buck ,bros4 7d47 ,files--,p4 ,s4 ,/ubs4 ,rules & squ>es1 levels1 gauges1 spoke-%aves1 etc4--,/anley ,rule ,level ,co4 ,braces--,b>b]4 ,bits--,j5n+s4 ,knives 7sloid7--,taylor4 ,c>v+ tools--,addis2 ,buck2 ,taylor4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,wood ,be=e y c make any?+ successfully1 y mu/ h n m]ely wood1 b ! "r k9d ( wood = ! purpose4 ,!re are1 also1 *oice cuts 9 lumb]1 z ! but*] says ( meat1 & judici\s selection ( ! /ock (t5 makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a good job & a poor "o2 s let u exam9e a log & foll[ x ?r\gh ! sawmill4 ,y h1 ( c\rse1 se5 ! r+s1 or circul> l9es1 on ! ends ( pieces ( wood 7,fig4 #i74 ,^! are call$ ! annual r+s1#h & ea* r+ m>ks a new lay] ( wood add$ to ! tree1 =1 z p]haps y may h le>n$1 ! trees we use = wood-work+ gr[ by add+ new lay]s ( wood on ! outside4 ,exam9e ! ends ( pieces ( wood ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 "s pieces ^! r+s w be v pla94 ,9 o!rs !y w be q indi/9ct4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #i4 ,notice t ! wood ne>e/ ! b>k1 kn[n z ! sapwood1 usually looks diff]5t f ! inn] wood1 :i* is call$ ! he>t 7,fig4 #i74 ,9 "s trees y w see rays1 or l9es1 radiat+ f ! c5tre1 & kn[n z ! m$ull>y rays 7,figs4 #i & #aj71 because !y spr+ f ! pi? 7,lat9 m$ulla74 ,sometimes ^! l9es are too f9e to be notic$4 ,y w see f ,fig4 #aj t ! lay]s ( wood are also %[n 9 ! l9es ( :at we call ! gra9 on ! surface ( a piece ( wood cut l5g?ways1 & t ! l9es ( ! gra9 are cont9uations ( ! annual r+s4 ,y w also notice at ! ends ( timb]1 aft] ! season+ has begun1 cracks radiat+ f ! c5tre1 %[+ ! natural l9es ( cleavage or sep>ation4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! way ! log is saw$ is important1 ?\gh y might naturally ?9k t ! only ?+ is to saw x any way t w give pieces ( ! requir$ size & %ape4 ,:y is gre5 wood heavi] & s(t] ?an dry wood1 & ! sapwood ( gre5 timb] s(t] ?an ! he>t8 ,because ( ! sap or wat] conta9$4 ,! am\nt ( wat] is sometimes ev5 z mu* z fifty p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! wood1 b ! quantity dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( tree1 ! season1 etc4 ,n[ ! m wat] ! gre5 log conta9s1 ! m x w %r9k4 ,x beg9s to dry & %r9k z soon z ! tree has be5 cut d[n4 ,! sapwood %r9ks m ?an ! he>t because x conta9s m wat]1 & fa/] because1 be+ on ! outside1 x is m expos$4 ,! log %r9ks mo/ 9 ! l9e ( ! annual r+s1 t is1 ar\nd ! tree4 ,x %r9ks mu* less 9 ! l9e ( ! m$ull>y rays1 t is1 across ! tree4 ,%r9kage l5g?ways is too slight to be consid]$#i 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! result ( all ?is unequal %r9k+ is t ! log t5ds to split1 or crack op51 at ! circumf]5ce 7,fig4 #ab71 ! cracks runn+ 9 t[>d ! c5tre1 9 ! l9e ( ! m$ull>y rays4 ,if ! log is halv$ or qu>t]$1 s t ! inn] p>ts are expos$1 ! dry+ goes on m uni=mly ?r\gh\t1 ! crack+ is n s bad1 & ! p>ts ( ! log w %r9k some:at z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! beams1 joi/s1 planks1 or bo>ds cut f a log h ! same t5d5cy to %r9k unev5ly t is f\nd 9 ! log itself4 ,?is causes !m to be irregul> 9 %ape & to curl or w>p m or less1 accord+ to ! "p ( ! log f :i* !y are tak54 ,a piece cut f ! c5tre ( a log w ?us hold its %ape bett] ?an if cut f "o side 7,fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #af4 ,:5 a log is saw$ into bo>ds or planks 7,fig4 #af7 ! middle bo>d %r9ks b little 9 wid? & 9 ?ickness at ! c5tre1 b becomes ?9n] t[>ds ! edges4 ,x does n curl1 because x is cut ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! log & has no m t5d5cy to curl "o way ?an ! o!r4 ,! outside bo>d %r9ks lea/ 9 ?ickness & mo/ 9 wid?1 & all1 except ! middle "o1 %r9k diff]5tly on "o side f ! o!r4 ,!y become convex t[>d ! pi?1 or he>t1 & concave t[>d ! outside4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( wood %r9k & w>p to diff]5t degrees4 ,y c le>n some?+ ab\t ^! matt]s by exam9+ ! /ock 9 any lumb]-y>d4 ,n[ to come to ! practical application ( our brief /udy ( ! log & ! saw+ process3 if y m]ely wi% to get ! mo/ t y c f a log 9 ! =m ( bo>ds or plank1 h ! pieces slic$ (f 9 ! simple way j %[n 7,fig4 #ag74 ,?is is ! usual way ( saw+ = ord9>y purposes4 ,bo>d+ = ! outside ( a h\se1 = in/ance1 cut 9 ?is way answ]s e purpose4 ,by ?is process ! c5tral bo>ds w be good & ! out] ones inf]ior1#aj z j %[n 7,fig4 #af71 b = common "w all c g5]ally be us$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ai4 ,if y wi% ! highly figur$ gra9#aa (t5 se5 9 oak1 a%1 *e/nut1 etc41 y c get x by saw+ ! log z j %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! figure ( ! gra9 w be mo/ m>k$ 9 ! out] bo>ds 7,fig4 #ah71 because ! annual r+s are cut m obliquely 9 !m ?an 9 ! bo>ds at or ne> ! c5tre4 ,^! bo>ds 7,fig4 #ag7 w t5d to *ange _! %ape1 z j %[n 7,fig4 #ai71 b if !y are to be firmly fa/5$ 9 "s way1 or conf9$ 7z 9 a panel71 h&some gra9 effects c be obta9$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bb4 ,if y wi% ! beautiful figure =m$ :5 ! m$ull>y rays %[ on ! surface ( ! bo>d1 z 9 qu>t]$ oak1 ! log %\ld be cut 9 ! direction ( ! radii1 t is1 along ! l9es ( ! m$ull>y rays 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! m exactly ! side ( a bo>d is cut on ! radial l9e ! m ri*ly ! figure ( ! m$ull>y rays w be %[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,?is me?od ( saw+ is m exp5sive ?an ! fir/ way1 ( c\rse1 z x requires m lab\r & wa/es m ( ! wood4 ,! wide bo>d %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba & ei!r ( ^? 9 ,fig4 #bb are examples4 ,if y wi% bo>ds t w %r9k ! lea/ 9 wid? & rema9 z true z possible1 !n ! log %\ld be saw$ on ! radial l9es z j %[n1 s t all ! bo>ds w be f ! middle ( ! log4 ,wood %r9ks b little 9 ! direction ( ! radii1 z j %[n1 & middle bo>ds w be alike on bo? sides z reg>ds he>t- & sapwood1 etc41 &1 !re=e1 h ! lea/ t5d5cy to *ange ( %ape4 ,! middle bo>d by ! me?od ( ,fig4 #ag w be a good bo>d 9 ^! respects4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #be4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( radial saw+1 or 9 :i* "p ( ! bo>ds are s cut1 are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bj & #bf1 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 & #bf %[+ ! log qu>t]$ & v>i\s ways ( saw+ into bo>ds4 ,?us we see t ! middle bo>ds1 ^? pass+ ?r\gh or ne> ! c5tre1 are ! be/ = mo/ purposes4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bg4 ,split or rift /ock is /rong] ?an saw$4 ,if y wi% a piece especially t\gh & durable1 z = an axe h&le or a /\t p91 x %\ld be split out r ?an saw$1 unless ! wood is v /raight-gra9$1 because ! splitt+ is sure to be 9 ! l9e ( ! fibres1 ?us avoid+ cross-gra91 :i* _c well be entirely prev5t$ 9 saw+4 ,if ! gra9 is /raight1 !re may be no practical diff]5ce 9 ! result betwe5 saw+ & splitt+1 z 9 ! s-call$ rift floor+1 :i* is really saw$1 b ) crook$-gra9$ pieces ! diff]5ce is m>k$ 9 su* cases z ! block %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 f :i* f\r p9s c be saw$1 :ile b "o c be split out4 ,t "o w be /raight-gra9$1 h[ev]1 & /rong] ?an ! saw$ ones1 :i* w be cross-gra9$4 ,try y\r be/ to get well-season$ wood = y\r nice "w4 ,if x is n dry be=e y use x1 x mu/ ( c\rse dry aft]w>ds1 :i* is likely to cause cracks1 w>p+1 op5$ jo9ts1 & (t5 ! entire ru9 ( ! article y h made4 ,y w h to tru/ ! deal]1 or "s fri5d1 until y h _h en\gh exp]i5ce to judge = y\rself1 = x is no easy matt] = an amateur to decide1 except 9 case ( v gre5 /ock1 :i* is ( c\rse wet & soggy4 ,!re are two ways ( dry+ wood 9 common use4 ,"o is ! old-fa%ion$ way 7commonly kn[n z season+1 wea!r-dry+1 or air-dry+7 9 :i* ! wood is gradually season$ by ! natural process ( exposure to ! air 7b protect$ f ! wea!r71 t is1 lett+ x dry ( itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d n believe ! /atem5ts s common 9 books t x takes lumb] "s def9ite "t1 z "o ye> or two ye>s1 to season4 ,x all dep5ds on ! k9d ( wood1 its %ape & size1 ! condition ( ! atmosph]e1 & v>i\s circum/ances4 ,= "s r\gh "w 7a pig-p51 = in/ance7 !re is no advantage 9 season+ at all1 because ! /ock c j z well dry aft] ! "w is done z be=e4 ,= _m k9ds ( common "w "o or two ye>s is suffici5t = "s k9ds & sizes ( wood2 = a nic] grade ( "w two or ?ree ye>s is none too mu*1 :ile = v nice indoor "w f\r ye>s or m is n too long = ! /ock to season4 ,!re is v little dang] ( its be+ kept too long4 ,x nev] w get p]fectly dry 7see ,app5dix74 ,:e!r x is dry en\gh or n dep5ds on :at y want x =4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to save "t & money ! artificial way 7kn[n z kiln-dry+7 ( %utt+ x up 9 a room & dry+ x quickly by /eam or o!r heat is n[ us$1 &1 s f> z dry+ ! wood is conc]n$1 ?is process c d ! "w well & mu* m quickly ?an ! old way--sometimes too quickly4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t 9 factories :]e *eap furniture & o!r common articles are made n[adays1 a /&+ tree is fell$ on ,monday1 ! log roll$ into "o end ( ! factory1 & be=e ,saturday night ! f9i%$ articles made f x1 all v>ni%$ & complete1 are s5t out f ! o!r end ( ! %op--& "s articles are turn$ out ev5 quick]4 ,9 ! natural process ( air-dry+ ! moi/ure gradually & sl[ly works out to ! surface & evaporates1 until ! wood is season$1 ?\gh nev] absolutely dry1 & ! /ock is firm]1 m ela/ic1 & less affect$ by heat & cold1 moi/ure & dryness1 ?an if kiln-dri$4 ,! latt] process t5ds to dry ! outside & ends ( ! lumb] too fa/ = ! inside4 ,x c]ta9ly less5s ! ela/icity ( ! wood & weak5s x4 ,mak+ x s unnaturally dry 7z if bak$71 z is (t5 done1 only makes x m susceptible to ! atmosph]e :5 tak5 f ! kiln1 &1 unless x is at once protect$ f ! air 9 "s way1 x w reabsorb moi/ure until x gets into a m natural condition2 b t w n fully re/ore ! loss ( ela/icity 7see ,app5dix74 ,! det]ioration 9 ! quality ( ! wood c be pla9ly se5 by any wood-work]1 & is (t5 a subject ( rem>k 9 reg>d to oak4 ,! kiln-dry+ takes ! life out ( ! wood1 z workm5 express x1 b j :y ?is is s is n easy to expla91 = ! /ructure & prop]ties ( wood are v complex4 ,i h se5 too _m illu/rations 9 my own exp]i5ce & t ( o!rs to h any d\bt ( ! fact1 h[ev]1 & lumb] left = ye>s to season naturally1 /&s1 z ! expression is1 bett] ?an if kiln-dri$--a fact :i* is1 ,i ?9k1 g5]ally conc$$ by wood-work]s :o h _h exp]i5ce ) bo? k9ds4 ,! ga9 by kiln-dry+1 9 "t & money1 is1 !re=e1 m or less (fset by impairm5t ( ! quality ( ! wood1 s if y c f9d /ock t y "k has be5 season+ = ye>s by ! natural process1 buy x by all means = y\r nice "w1 ev5 if y h to pay m1 reg>dless ( :at ! deal]s 9 kiln-dri$ /ock or ! mak]s ( articles = sale may tell y ab\t ! advantages ( kiln-dri$ wood4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a deal] brags ( 8 new pat5t *a9-lightn+ dry] t w make gre5 wood dry z a bone 9 two or ?ree days1 g else:]e to buy y\r /ock1 = wood dri$ 9 a few days is n ! k9d to use = good "w4 ,y w probably h to use kiln-dri$ /ock = mo/1 or1 p]haps1 all ( y\r "w1 b get x f a sl[-dry+ kiln & keep x = fur!r season+ z long z y c4 ,ev5 if wood has be5 well season$1 x is be/1 be=e putt+ x into nice "w1 to cut x up & dress x approximately to %ape & leave x 9 a dry place = "s "t = a f9al season+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ?ick /ock4 ,d ?is ) kiln-dri$ /ock fre% f ! dry-h\se4 ,let x h a little "t to get into h>mony ) ! atmosph]e4 ,:5ev] wood has be5 expos$ to damp air1 z 9 a wet %$ or cell>1 let x /& 9 ! w>m %op a :ile be=e us+ x = nice "w4 ,! /ock is arrang$ = season+ s z to all[ ! air to circulate ar\nd & betwe5 ! pieces4 ,a common way is simply to arrange !m 9 piles1 ea* piece be+ sep>at$ f ^? above & bel[ by /rips or /icks laid across 7,fig4 #bh74 ,^! /icks %\ld be plac$ directly ov] "o ano!r1 & s t ! lumb] w lie /raight1 else ! weight ( ! pile1 :i* %\ld t5d to make ! pieces dry /raight1 w h ! opposite effect & make !m p]man5tly crook$4 ,!re are o!r ways ( arrang+ wood = dry+1 b ?is me?od is common & illu/rates ! mo/ important pr9ciples4 ,/ock is sometimes /ack$ upright1 & small pieces are occasionally hung up = su* nice "w z billi>d cues & b[s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bh4 ,season$ wood is light] 9 weight ?an gre51 dry] to ! t\*1 usually has a diff]5t od\r1 cuts diff]5tly :5 y :ittle x 7& ! piece y :ittle (f breaks diff]5tly71 & x %[s a diff]5ce :5 y saw x4 ,x is impossible to def9e ^! diff]5ces & y w h to le>n !m by actual "w4 ,x is n always easy ev5 = an exp]i5c$ p]son to tell ) c]ta9ty ab\t "s pieces until he has work$ !m1 s mu* d ! *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t pieces v>y4 ,"o te/ is to rap ! bo>ds %>ply ) a hamm]4 ,a gre5 bo>d & a dry "o ( ! same k9d w rap diff]5tly1--t is1 w h a diff]5t vibration & give out a diff]5t s\nd4 ,( c\rse ?is _c be describ$1 b y c judge q well 9 ?is way4 ,x is "o ( ! _m ?+s y c le>n only by exp]i5ce4 ,y c asc]ta9 mu* ab\t ! "* & condition ( lumb] by saw+ or plan+ or :ittl+ a piece4 ,?is is a good te/ = dryness1 t\ghness1 & ela/icity 7:i* y c tell ab\t by break+ ! %av+s74 ,wea!r-dri$ timb] is usually some:at d>k5$ f exposure1 b kiln-dry+ light5s ! col\r ( "s woods4 ,/ock ) a bright lu/r\s appe>ance & ( d>k hue is g5]ally sup]ior to t ( a light] col\r & dull] appe>ance1 b su* *>act]i/ics dep5d mu* ^u ! k9d ( wood4 ,gre5 wood is t\gh] ?an season$ wood1 b ! latt] is m ela/ic4 ,to subject season$ wood to moi/ure & heat br+s x back1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to its orig9al condition1 & r5d]s x = ! "t be+ t\gh]1 h5ce ! process ( b5d+ wood by ! application ( /eam or hot wat] 7see ,b5d+ 9 ,"p ,v474 ,reject wany lumb]1 or t ( :i* ! edges or corn]s h n be5 squ>$ 7,fig4 #ah71 & also bo>ds & planks :i* h n be5 saw$ to a uni=m ?ickness4 ,x is n uncommon = a bo>d to be consid]ably ?9n] ?an x %\ld be 9 "s "p ( its l5g?1 due to irregul>ity 9 saw+4 ,= pla9 "w avoid cross-gra9$ /ock1 z well z t hav+ knots 7:i* are sometimes tight & sometimes loose71 z x is h>d] to "w & to smoo?1 is n z /rong1 & does n hold its %ape z well1 z a rule4 ,sometimes x is desirable1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! beautiful figure ( ! gra9 %[n 9 _m crook$-gra9$ pieces1 z 9 mahogany = furniture 7see ,app5dix74 ,be> 9 m9d t :5 especial /r5g? is requir$ rift /ock is be/4 ,reject wood :i* smells mu/y1 or has ru/y-look+ spots1 :i* are signs ( decay1 or ( ! attack ( fungi1 :i* may spread & "u fav\rable conditions attack o!r pieces :i* are s\nd 7see ,app5dix74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cj4 ,reject crook$ /ock4 ,! wor/ =m is w9d+ or twi/+4 ,( c\rse no "o w\ld take su* an extreme case z ,fig4 #bi1 unless = "s v r\gh "w1 b ev5 a v slight w9d+ may make mu* tr\ble 9 y\r nice "w4 ,s look p>ticul>ly = ?is defect1 :i* y c (t5 detect at once by ! eye1 b if y\r eye is n well tra9$ use w9d+-/icks 7see ,"p ,v474 ,w>p$ or curl$ /ock1 ) ! surface r\nd$ or holl[$ 7,fig4 #ai71 is also bad1 b y w ne$ no in/ructions to detect ?is defect by ! eye or any /raight /ick4 ,:5 bo>ds are r\nd+ on "o side & holl[+ on ! o!r1 x is due ei!r to ! way ! log 0 saw$1 z we h se51 or to "o side hav+ be5 m expos$ & s hav+ dri$ fa/] & %runk fa/] ?an ! o!r1 caus+ t side to be concave1 :ile ! o!r became convex4 ,/ock is sometimes crook$ l5g?ways1--ei!r a simple b5d+ 9 a curve or at an angle1 or wavy 7,fig4 #cj71 or bo?1--(t5 due to c>eless /ick+ 7,fig4 #bh7 :ile ! wood 0 gre54 ,sight+ l5g?ways w ( c\rse %[ ^! defects4 ,reject /ock badly *eck$ at ! ends1 or crack$4 ,!re is apt to be m or less ( ?is 9 mo/ lumb]4 ,9 season+1 ! pieces dry fa/] on ! outside ?an 9 ! middle1 :i* causes *ecks or cracks1 usually worse at ! ends ( ! pieces1 :]e ! dry+ takes place mo/ rapidly4 ,! ends ( valuable bo>ds & planks are sometimes pa9t$ or cleat$1 :i* 9 a measure prev5ts ?is result4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! cleat is remov$ a crack w sudd5ly ext5d & ev5 split ! bo>d4 ,d n take a crack$ or p>tly split bo>d1 ?9k+ t y c use ! s\nd end f ! po9t :]e ! crack appe>s to /op4 ,possibly y c1 b (t5times & 9 "s k9ds ( wood x is impossible to tell be=e ! /ock is cut :]e ! cracks end4 ,9 mahogany1 = example1 !y sometimes are f\nd to ext5d1 or develop1 sev]al feet beyond :]e !y appe> to /op4 ,sometimes y c buy wood ) su* defects at a disc\nt4 ,unless y are sure1 h[ev]1 t !re is en\gh s\nd1 cle> wood outside ( ! cracks or knots1 & unless ! disc\nt is pretty l>ge1 x w usually be bett] to buy cle>1 s\nd /ock = nice "w1 z ! wa/e is v apt to (fset ! sav+1 n to speak ( ! extra "t & lab\r x takes to "w up su* mat]ial4 7,see ,%akes 9 ,app5dix47 ,reject sapwood z f> z possible1 because x is usually inf]ior to ! he>twood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! case ( elm & "y a% ! sapwood is1 h[ev]1 sup]ior to ! he>t4 ,! he>twood is usually h>d] & m durable ?an ! sapwood1 heavi]1 ( bett] texture1 & commonly ( bett] col\r4 ,! sapwood is1 z a rule1 d>k] 9 ! :itewood class ?an ! he>twood1 :e!r season$ or unseason$1 b is pal] 9 col\r 9 mo/ h>dwood trees :i* h _h "t to season4 ,9 "s ( ! :ite1 or s(t] woods1 :5 fre% cut1 ! diff]5ce is sc>cely p]ceptible2 b exposure to ! air quickly gives to ! out] lay]s a gre5i% t+e1 due to a species ( m\ld fungi :i* attack !m4--,,laslett & ,,w>d4 7,see also ,app5dix47 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 buy+1 d n take bo>ds j z !y happ5 to come f ! pile4 ,select !m y\rself4 ,mo/ good-natur$ deal]s w let y d ?is if y d n expect !m to un/ack a :ole pile j = "o or two bo>ds4 ,x is bett] to d ?is = nice "w ev5 if a slight *>ge %\ld be made = ! privilege4 ,:5 y come to pick out bo>ds y w see ! application ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! ways ( cutt+ ! log1 & y c tell by ! annual r+s at ! ends ( ! bo>ds1 by ! sapwood 7:5 visible71 ! gra91 etc41 f :at "p ( ! log ! pieces 7 saw$4 ,use good1 cle> /ock = ev]y?+ b r\gh "w4 ,( c\rse 9 r\gh or tempor>y "w y c save exp5se by us+ wood f pack+-cases1 boxes1 old f5ce-rails1 or any?+ t w s]ve ! purpose1 b z a rule avoid try+ to make nice1 new ?+s ( wood tak5 f old "w or boxes4 ,! quality ( ! wood us$ = boxes n[adays is apt to be poor & h>d to "w4 ,! wood tak5 f old cab9et-"w is1 h[ev]1 (t5 bett] ?an y are likely to buy1 b y ne$ to be v cauti\s ab\t work+ ov] old mat]ial1 = ! dirt :i* has be5 gr\nd into x is apt to dull y\r tools1 &1 moreov]1 ! pres5ce ( conceal$ nails1 etc4 7:i* x is sometimes almo/ impossible to detect71 w (t5 injure y\r tools s mu* z to m ?an (fset :at y save 9 exp5se4 ,d n buy ?ick /ock ) ! idea ( saw+ x into ?9n] pieces 7unless necess>y74 ,( c\rse x c be saw$ into ?9n] or small] pieces1 b y _c always be sure t ^! w be z true z ! orig9al /ock4 ,sudd5ly expos+ ! middle ( a piece ( wood to ! air 9 ?is way sometimes plays que] pranks ) ! %ape ( ! pieces 7see ,app5dix74 ,if y want to use bo>ds = good "w buy ^? :i* h season$ z bo>ds1 in/ead ( splitt+ up ?ick] lumb]2 & always try to treat bo? sides ( a bo>d alike s f> z y c4 ,be> ?is 9 m9d3 ,if y take an in* bo>d to ! mill to be plan$ d[n to ?ree eigh?s ( an in*1 = in/ance1 h x plan$ equally1 z ne>ly z may be1 f bo? sides4 ,ignorant h&s (t5 simply smoo? (f1 or surface1 "o side1 & !n plane ! bo>d d[n on ! o!r side1 :5 x w sometimes w>p badly at once & be useless1 p]haps1 = ! purpose int5d$4 ,if y c>efully pile & /ick ! /ock y h b\ght 7,fig4 #bh71 x w t5d to keep ! pieces /raight & true4 ,nev] lay good bo>ds d[n flat directly ^u "o ano!r unless !y are ?or\ghly season$4 ,x is ! be/ ( all ways1 h[ev]1 to keep a pile ( ?or\ghly season$ /ock1 b n ! way to season x4 ,! top bo>d w w>p4 ,nev] lay a s+le bo>d ( nice /ock flat on its side4 ,keep %ort pieces ( nice /ock /&+ on end :]e !y w be equally expos$ on bo? sides to heat & cold1 moi/ure & dryness4 ,! be/ way to le>n ab\t any k9d ( wood is f ! wood itself4 ,x is a capital idea to make a collection ( specim5s ( z _m k9ds z y c4#ab ,y w be surpris$ to see h[ v>i$1 int]e/+1 & h&some a collection y c make at little or no exp5se4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,! k9ds ( wood :i* y are likely to use are commonly kn[n z ei!r h>d or s(t1 ! =m] class f trees ) broad leaves1 z ! oak1 ! latt] f ! conif]\s or ne$le-leav$ trees1 z ! :ite p9e4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 h>d & s(t wood y may f9d some:at puzzl+ at fir/1 = ! common :itewood ( ! h>dwood class y w f9d s(t] & easi] to "w ?an h>d p9e ( ! s(twood class1 b ! di/9ction is bas$ on botanical reasons4 ,! h>d woods are usually m durable z well z /rong] ?an ! s(t4 ,= v>i\s woods see ,app5dix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,timb]4--,! ^w timb] is appli$ 9 a g5]al way to ! log & to ! mat]ial itself1 & to ! /&+ trees4 ,x is also appli$ m specifically to ! l>g] squ>$ pieces1 or dim5sion /ock1 su* z sills1 beams1 etc4 ,lumb]4--,z ! t]m is us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 lumb] consi/s1 accord+ to ,web/]1 ( timb] saw$ or split = use1 z beams1 joi/s1 bo>ds1 planks1 /aves1 hoops1 & ! l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lumb] may be ei!r undress$ or dress$1 t is1 r\gh 7z x comes f ! saw7 or plan$4 ,x is usually saw$ 9 regul> ?icknesses1 & = /ock :i* is 9 /eady dem&1 su* z joi/s1 floor timb]s1 etc41 9 regul> wid?s1 z #b x #d1 #d x #f1 etc4 ,x is commonly sold 9 l5g?s v>y+ f #aj feet to #bj feet4 ,twelve feet is a common l5g? = bo>ds4 ,plan+ 7by ma*9e7 r\gh or undress$ bo>ds on bo? sides w usually r$uce ! ?ickness ( an in* bo>d to ab\t sev5 eigh?s ( an in*4 ,o!r ?icknesses w ( c\rse be r$uc$ correspond+ly4 ,be> ?is 9 m9d4 ,! t]ms #a bo>d1 #b plank1 etc41 apply1 z a rule1 to ! /ock 9 ! r\gh /ate z x comes f ! saw4 ,:5 y buy plan$ or dress$ lumb] x w be ?9n]--t is1 ! in* bo>d t y wi% to get = a %elf w n be "o in* ?ick 7unless y get x unplan$71 b sev5 eigh?s ( an in*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y mu/ make all[ance = ?is :5 y figure on dress$ lumb]4 ,if = example ! bo>d mu/ be "o in* ?ick :5 plan$1 y w h to get a ?9 plank & h x plan$ d[n1 or pull ov] ! pile until y f9d a bo>d :i* happ5s to be saw$ z ?ick z "o in* & "o eigh?4 ,y c sometimes f9d bo>ds plan$ "o in* ?ick1 b z a rule y w f9d ! ?ickness sev5 eigh?s ( an in*4 ,a simil> /atem5t w apply to ! v>i\s ?icknesses ( planks also4 ,! saw+ is (t5 v irregul>1 h[ev]1 & frequ5tly "s bo>ds or planks w run ?ick en\gh 9 saw+ to give ! requir$ ?ickness :5 plan$1 s x is well to look = su* :5 y ne$ pieces a little ?ick] ?an plan$ /ock usually runs4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ca4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= su* "w z y are likely to d y w *iefly ne$ bo>ds1 planks1 & joi/s4 ,o!r =ms w be ref]r$ to f>!r on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bo>ds4--,^! are "o in* ?ick or less4 ,mat*$-bo>ds1 or %ea?+1 h a groove on "o edge & a correspond+ tongue on ! o!r 7,fig4 #ca47 ,any numb] ( bo>ds c ?us be jo9$ to make a wide surface4 ,! edges ( ^! bo>ds 7 =m]ly tongu$ & groov$ by h& ) mat*+-planes1 b n[ ?is is done by ma*9e1 usually ) "s =m ( bead or m\ld+ at "o edge 7& sometimes 9 ! middle7 to r5d] ! jo9t less noticeable4 ,planks4--,^! are ?ick bo>ds1--m ?an "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,bo? planks & bo>ds c be ( any wid? or l5g?1 ! di/9ction be+ m]ely 9 ?ickness4 ,joi/s4--,^! are ! same z n>r[ planks1 b ( "s fix$ wid?1 z #b by #c1 :i* is ! same z a #c /rip saw$ f ! edge ( a #b plank4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cc4 ,mo/ ( ! lumb] y w require is sold by ! squ>e foot1 at s mu* an ,m 7#ajjj feet71 or s mu* a foot4 ,! squ>e foot has an area ( #add squ>e in*es & is "o in* ?ick1 or conta9s #add cubic in*es1 reg>dless ( ! %ape or size ( ! piece4 ,t is1 ,figs4 #cb1 #cc1 & #cd ea* equal "o squ>e foot by bo>d measure4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us a bo>d #ab' long1 #ab wide1 & #a ?ick1 conta9s #ab feet1 bo>d measure4 ,a bo>d #ab' long1 #f wide1 & #a ?ick1 conta9s #f feet4 ,a plank #ab' long1 #ab wide1 & #b ?ick1 conta9s #bd feet4 ,a plank #ab' long1 #f wide1 & #b ?ick1 conta9s #ab feet1 or ! same z ! bo>d fir/ m5tion$4 ,y c be> 9 m9d t 9 case ( bo>ds #ab' long ! cont5ts 9 feet is indicat$ by ! wid? 9 in*es1 z y w see f ! examples j giv54 ,a bo>d #ab' long & #g wide conta9s #g squ>e feet4 ,s all y h to d to measure #ab' /ock is to f9d ! wid? 9 in*es4 ,if ! bo>d tap]s 9 wid?1 measure at ! middle4 ,! same is true ( planks1 only ! wid? 9 in*es mu/ be multipli$ by ! ?ickness ( ! plank4 ,a plank #ab' long1 #g wide1 & #c ?ick1 conta9s #ba squ>e feet4 ,( c\rse ?is pr9ciple c be quickly appli$ to pieces ^: l5g? is any conv5i5t multiple or fraction ( twelve4 ,?us a bo>d #ah' long1 #h wide1 & #a ?ick1 conta9s #a-a_/b times z _m squ>e feet z "o #ab' long1 or #ab feet4 ,a plank #i' long1 #f wide1 & #b ?ick1 conta9s #c_/d z _m squ>e feet z if #ab' long1 or #i squ>e feet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bo>ds less ?an "o in* ?ick are usually sold by ! squ>e foot ( surface1 reg>dless ( ?ickness--! price v>y+ accord+ to ! ?ickness1 except 9 cases :]e an in* bo>d is plan$ d[n1 :51 ( c\rse1 in* ?ickness is *>g$ =4 ,!re is no di/9ction made 9 measur+ betwe5 a r\gh bo>d #a ?ick & a plan$ bo>d #g_/h z1 ( c\rse1 !y repres5t ! same am\nt ( lumb]4 ,! co/ by ! foot ( ! plan$ bo>d is great] because ( ! exp5se ( plan+4 ,9 cities1 & sometimes 9 ! l>g] t[ns1 y c f9d ?9 bo>ds 7#a_/b1 #c_/h1 #c_/af1 #a_/h ?ick7 already plan$1 & ev5 scrap$1 = nice "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ( ! r>] & less commonly us$ woods are (t5 sold by ! p\nd1 z ebony1 leop>d wood1 tulip wood1 etc4 ,pieces turn$ out 9 quantities = special uses1 z /rips1 m\ld+s1 etc41 are (t5 sold by ! runn+ foot1 mean+ simply ! l5g?1 ! price v>y+ accord+ to ! am\nt ( lumb] & lab\r requir$4 ,c]ta9 regul> sizes & %apes ( lumb] are sold by ! hundr$ or by ! piece4 ,%+les1 clapbo>ds1 la?s1 & ! l1 are sold 9 bun*es or bundles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= o!r matt]s relat+ to wood1 see ,app5dix4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,s call$ because 9 ! common trees ( temp]ate climes "o lay] is add$ ea* ye>4 #i ,al?\gh ! %r9kage l5g?ways is n usually noticeable z affect+ ! l5g? ( a bo>d1 x %[s slightly by its effect 9 caus+ ! pieces to spr+1 or become b[$ l5g?wise1 z y w see 9 _m bo>ds :i* h be5 left free to spr+ :ile season+4 #aj ,9 addition to ! curl+1 ! out] bo>ds w be poor] because !y conta9 a great] proportion ( sapwood1 :i* is usually inf]ior to ! he>twood4 #aa ,by ?is is n meant ! figure or fla%es %[n by ! m$ull>y rays1 or silv] gra91 se5 9 qu>t]$ oak & "s o!r woods1 b ! figure ( ! gra9 )\t ! m$ull>y rays1 z se5 9 pla9 oak1 etc4 #ab ,! =e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 exclusive ( ,mexico1 are n[ believ$1 accord+ to ,s>g5t1 to conta9 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-two species ( plants1 besides num]\s v>ieties1 :i* c fairly be consid]$ trees4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,work+ ,,draw+s1 ,,lay+ ,,out ,,! ,,"w1 ,,& ,,e/imat+ ,work+ ,draw+s4--,a simple draw+ w (t5 give y a bett] idea ( an object ?an y c get f any description 9 words1 = draw+ is n only a v anci5t =m ( language b "o readily und]/ood by p ( all c\ntries & all times4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief tools ( a workman 9 ^! days1 s ( c\rse ! quick] y become famili> ) x ! bett]1 = ! day = rule-(-?umb "w & feel+ "o's way along /ep by /ep is fa/ giv+ way to ! guidance ( ! work+ draw+1 :i* %[s "o n only exactly :at is to be made b exactly h[ to make x4 ,:5 y wi% to make "s p>ticul> ?+1 y %\ld beg9 by mak+ r\gh sket*es to express y\r idea1 & f !m an accurate work+ draw+ 9 :i* e detail & measurem5t is cle>ly giv54 ,make all y\r work+ draw+s c>efully to scale 7see ,app5dix71 & :5ev] y c1 make !m full size4 ,d n guess at ! height1 wid?1 & l5g?1 b measure1 & measure v c>efully4 ,nev] m9d if x takes "t4 ,le>n fir/ to d x "r1 & practice w soon tea* y to d x m quickly4 ,! "t to make *anges 9 y\r plans is :5 y are mak+ ! draw+s--p>ticul>ly ! r\gh prep>atory sket*es4 ,mak+ ! draw+s w1 if y make !m complete & accurate1 %[ y :at y "k & :at y d n "k ab\t ! subject4 ,! work+ draw+ %\ld be complete & f9al4 ,beg9 ! mak+ ( sket*es & detail$ draw+s ) ! fir/ article y make1 no matt] h[ simple x may be4 ,y c g ab\t ! "w ) confid5ce1 :i* goes a long way t[>d success1 :5 y "k t y h ?\ght x out to ! end & h x all done on pap]4 ,= practical sugge/ions ab\t work+ draw+s1 see ,app5dix4 ,lay+ out ! ,"w4--,try to get ! measurem5ts & l9es exact1 & d n be satisfi$ ) com+ )9 an eigh? ( an in*4 ,y _c d good "w unless x is laid out "r1 & cutt+ exactly to a l9e w d no good if ! l9e is 9 ! wrong place4 ,x makes no diff]5ce h[ accurately y saw (f a bo>d if y h m>k$ x half an in* too %ort1 nor h[ nicely y make ! two p>ts ( a jo9t if y h laid !m out s t !y c n fit toge!r4 ,! "w is spoil$ 9 ei!r case4 ,g ov] all y\r measurem5ts a second "t4 ,x is a good plan to *eck !m by measur+ back 9 ! opposite direction1 j z y prove y\r addition ( a column ( figures d[nw>d by add+ aga9 upw>d4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to make mi/akes 9 measur+4 ,no am\nt ( exp]i5ce w prev5t ! *ance ( x4 ,x takes b little "t to measure twice1 mu* less "t ?an to correct mi/akes--z y w discov] :5 y cut (f a mahogany bo>d five in*es too %ort & h to g half a mile to ! mill & pay a doll> or two = a new piece4 ,9 gett+ out /ock = nice "w x is be/ to make pl5ty ( all[ance = ! pranks :i* expansion & contraction may play ) ! pieces 7see ,app5dix74 ,h[ to arrange ! v>i\s p>ts ( y\r "w ) reg>d to ?is swell+ & %r9k+1 w>p+ & w9d+1 is a matt] ( practical importance1 = a piece ( wood c no m keep /ill ?an an active boy c1 &1 al?\gh its movem5ts d n cause s widespread havoc z ! motions ( "s boys1 y w h to keep a c>eful eye on its actions if y wi% to turn out good "w4 ,?is applies n m]ely to ! way gre5 wood %r9ks1 z we h already se51 b p>ticul>ly to ! way season$ wood acts4 ,_m p ?9k x is only gre5 wood t causes tr\ble ) wood-"w1 b !re is mu* difficulty ) dry wood--t is1 :at we call dry wood4 ,x nev] is really absolutely dry1 except :5 x is bak$1 & kept bak$ 7see ,app5dix74 ,! mom5t y take x out ( ! kiln or ov51 x beg9s to take up "s ( ! moi/ure f ! air1 z we h se51 & swells4 ,if ! air becomes m damp1 ! wood sucks 9 m moi/ure & swells m4 ,if ! air becomes dry]1 x sucks "s moi/ure f ! wood1 & ! wood becomes dry] & %r9ks4 ,x is ?us cont9ually swell+ & %r9k+1 except 9 situations :]e ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air does n *ange1 or :5 ! wood is completely wat]-logg$4 ,:at does su* a little ?+ z t swell+ & %r9k+ am\nt to8 ,use m nails or screws or glue & hold x s tight x _c move4 ,well1 x am\nts to a good deal sometimes :5 y _c op5 ! draw] :]e y\r ball is1 or a door or a w9d[1 )\t break+ some?+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! days ( high-back$ *ur* pews ) tall doors to e pew1 ea* pew door w\ld swell 9 damp wea!r1 ( c\rse1 & 9 cont9u$ dampness ! doors ( a c]ta9 *ur* fitt$ q snugly4 ,!re 0 usually no special tr\ble1 h[ev]1 =1 _m ( ! doors be+ op51 ! pew frames w\ld give way a little s t ! clos$ doors w\ld op5 ) a slight pull2 b if all ! doors 7 %ut ! :ole l9e w\ld be s tightly press$ toge!r t x w\ld take ! utmo/ /r5g? ( a man to />t a door4 ,"s boys "o day cat*+ on to ?is idea 7?\gh !y 7 n /udy+ wood-"w71 got into ! *ur* "o ,sunday morn+ be=e s]vice & by us+ _! comb9$ /r5g? succe$$ 9 clos+ e door4 ,!y !n climb$ ov] ! top into _! own pew1 :]e !y await$ developm5ts1 z "o aft] ano!r s$ate *ur*go]1 aft] a protract$ /ruggle1 f9ally bur/ op5 8 pew door ) a ripp+ squeak or a bang4 ,y w und]/& t ^? boys always rememb]$ ! exp&+ p[] ( wood4 ,i feel sure t ,i am n putt+ any boys up to improp] mis*ief 9 tell+ ?is /ory1 because pews are n s (t5 made 9 t way n[1 & !re is slight dang] ( _! hav+ any *ance to try x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,did y ev] see /one-work]s split big rocks by drill+ a r[ ( holes & driv+ dry w$ges into !m & !n wett+ ! w$ges1 :5 ! /one w split8#ac ,d y ?9k nails or screws or glue w /op a =ce :i* w d t8 ,y _c prev5t ! swell+ & ! %r9k+ any m ?an y c repress a boy's animal spirits4 ,y may be able to cru% ! wood1 b s long z x rema9s a s\nd1 natural bo>d x mu/ swell & %r9k4 ,:at %all y d !n8 ,:y j ! same z ) ! boy2 give x a reasonable am\nt ( play1 & a prop] am\nt ( guidance1 & !re w be no tr\ble4 ,y mu/ put y\r "w toge!r s z to all[ = ! expansion & contraction :i* y _c prev5t4 ,y w f9d abundant examples1 9 almo/ e h\se1 ( "w :i* has split or come ap>t or w>p$ because prop] all[ance 0 n made = ?is swell+ & %r9k+4 ,s try to avoid ^! errors s common ev5 among workm5 :o %\ld "k bett]4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #ce4 ,= in/ance1 if y 7 to put cleats on "o side ( a draw+-bo>d ?ree feet wide1 & 7 to firmly glue ! cleats = _! :ole l5g? 7,fig4 #ce71--y sometimes see su* ?+s done1--y w\ld probably n h to wait _m weeks be=e y w\ld he> a report l a toy pi/ol1 & ! cleats w\ld be loos5$ = at lea/ "p ( _! l5g?1 because ( ! expansion or contraction ( ! bo>d4 ,simil> cases are cont9ually occurr+4 ,9 su* cases ! cleats %\ld be screw$1 ! screws hav+ play en\gh 9 _! holes to all[ = ! *anges 9 ! bo>d 7see ,app5dix74 ,y mu/ also make pl5ty ( all[ance = plan+ d[n edges & surfaces & = ! wood wa/$ by saw+4 ,no rule c be set = ^! all[ances4 ,if y d n leave en\gh sp>e wood1 ! pieces w f9ally come out too small4 ,if y leave too mu* y w increase ! am\nt ( plan+ or %ap+ to be done1 b ( ! two extremes x is bett] to err on ! side ( all[+ too mu*4 ,a rod 7any /raight /ick71 say six feet long1 & ano!r t5 or twelve feet long1 ) feet & in*es m>k$1 are v h&y to h :5 lay+ out "w r\ghly1 or = measur+ outdoor "w approximately4 ,lay out y\r "w f only "o edge or "o surface ( a piece ( lumb] unless y are sure ! edges or surfaces are exactly p>allel4 ,hav+ select$ ! be/ edge = a work+ edge & ! be/ surface = ! face1 m>k !m ) an ,x or o!r m>k to avoid mi/akes 7,fig4 #cf74 ,?is is q important 9 lay+ out a numb] ( pieces1 z be=e ! /ock is accurately work$ into %ape y _c usually rely on ! edges be+ p>allel4 ,"o m>k l a ,v z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf w indicate bo? ! work+ edge & ! face4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cf4 ,e/imat+4--,y mu/1 ( c\rse1 le>n to make y\r e/imates y\rself1 (t5 a v important prelim9>y4 ,prices v>y1 & y _c always rely on o!r p's e/imates = y\r own "w4 ,x is a matt] ( simple ari?metic & ( mak+ correct all[ance = wa/e & incid5tals4 ,y c always get ! prices easily4 ,figure ! am\nt ( wood requir$1 ! numb] ( squ>e feet 7see page #dg7 ( ea* k9d1 or runn+ feet1 z ! case may be1 & multiply by ! price a foot2 b aft] ?is comes ! all[ance = wa/e1 etc41 :i* _c usually be figur$ exactly1 b mu/ be e/imat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= in/ance1 if y wi% to make a d\ble-runn]1 ) a seat t5 feet long1 ! bo>d f :i* to make x w v likely be twelve feet long1 9 :i* case y mu/1 ( c\rse1 buy ! :ole bo>d4 ,p]haps y c use ! two feet left ov] some:]e else on ! sl$1 p]haps "p may be *eck$ or injur$4 ,!re is almo/ always "s defective wood 7wor?less1 except = fuel72 "s pieces are too %ort or small to be ( use2 & v (t5 "s q good-siz$ pieces are left ov]1 :i*1 s f> z ! p>ticul> job is conc]n$1 are wa/e1--t is1 y mu/ buy !m 9 ord] to get en\gh4 ,su* pieces c be us$ on o!r "w1 & are n really wa/$ 9 ! end4 ,j h[ mu* to add to ! numb] ( feet to cov] wa/e v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) e job4 ,"s p add a fix$ p] c5t4 to _! measurem5ts or calculations1 :i*1 al?\gh n exactly correct = any "o job1 /rikes an av]age = a good _m4 ,x w\ld n be easy to /ate any su* p] c5t4 = ! v>i$ "w y w d1 b ! ma9 ?+ to be> 9 m9d is t y mu/ make a lib]al all[ance4 ,j s ) ! o!r mat]ials4 ,rememb] to all[ = wa/e & = un=ese5 extras4 ,ev5 ) exp]i5c$ p ?+s are v apt to co/ m ?an ! e/imate4 ,make a neat s*$ule to take to ! lumb]-y>d or mill1 specify+ ! k9ds & dim5sions ( ! /ock requir$4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,! peculi>ity ( ! wood is t ! wat] is n simply drawn 9 to fill up :at we call ! pores1 z 9 *alk or any ord9>y por\s inorganic sub/ance1 b ent]s into ! v fibre ( ! body1 =c+ ap>t ! m9ute solid p>ticles ) an extraord9>y =ce :i* does n seem to be fully und]/ood4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,work%op ,if y h a place :]e y c build a work%op y w f9d "o describ$ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,if n1 try to f9d a well-light$ %op1 bo? on acc\nt ( y\r eyes & y\r "w2 "o t is dry1 or y\r tools w ru/ & y\r "w be injur$2 & "o t c be heat$1 = !re w be no "t y w wi% to use x m ?an on cold1 /ormy days4 ,z a rule1 an outbuild+ is bett] ?an a basem5t or attic1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 because a basem5t is liable to be damp & d>k1 & an attic is bad ab\t c>ry+ mat]ials & f9i%$ "w up- & d[n-/airs4 ,noise 9 ! top /ory ( a h\se is usually m di/urb+ to ! occupants ?an noise 9 ! basem5t2 b all ^! conditions v>y 9 diff]5t places4 ,h a lock on ! door ( y\r work%op1 p>tly to keep small *ildr5 f gett+ cut if !y %\ld come 9 )\t leave1 & p>tly to prev5t y\r "w be+ int]f]$ ) 9 y\r abs5ce & ! edge-tools us$ = v>i\s dome/ic purposes by y\r fem99e relatives1 :o might1 9 _! innoc5ce1 mi/ake y\r be/ g\ge = a tack-pull] or ! qu>t]-in* *isel = a screw-driv]4 ,( c\rse y w h ov]alls & jump] or a "w-man's apron made ( d5im1 tick+1 or "s /rong clo?4 ,if y use an apron1 h a pocket 9 x4 ,a small slip ( a pocket on ! outside seam ( y\r ov]alls above ! "r knee is also useful = hold+ a rule4 ,:5 y h a long job ( dirty "w be=e y1 a good way is to *ange y\r clo!s = any old duds t y may h4 ,?is saves y\r clo!s1 & 9 w>m wea!r is m com=table & heal?ful ?an to we> ov]alls4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cg4 ,y\r %op c be all fitt$ up = y by a c>p5t]1 b x w be bett]1 & bett] fun1 to d x y\rself4 ,aft] ! work%op itself is ready ! fir/ important ?+ is ! "w-b5*4 ,! ,"w-,b5*4--,a v simple "o 7,fig4 #cg7 w answ] y\r purpose = a long "t4 ,:5 y become a pretty good workman & feel ! ne$ ( some?+ bett] 7= a fir/-class b5* ) ! be/ atta*m5ts is really a great help t[>d do+ good "w71 y w /ill f9d ?is fir/ simple affair v useful 9 "s "p ( y\r %op4#ad ,!re is no ne$ ( a b5* be+ made ( /ock ( exactly ! dim5sions giv51 s if y h a pile ( bo>ds & joi/s to draw f )\t buy+1 y c1 ( c\rse1 sub/itute o!r-siz$ pieces1 provid$ y use /ock heavy en\gh to make a firm b5*4 ,heavi] legs & top 7front bo>d7 w\ld be bett]1 & 9 fact !re is little dang] ( mak+ a b5* too solid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ to "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,squ>e1 ,rule1 ,saw1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! design is = a small b5*1 #e' #aj long1 #b' wide1 & #b' #f high4 ,a l>g] "o c be made on ! same pr9ciple4#ae ,y w require = /ock3 #a piece ( #c ,x #d joi/ #aj' long4 #a bo>d1 #g_/h ?ick1 plan$1 #ab wide1 #ab' long4 #a #aj #ab' #a #aj #f' #a plank1 #a-a_/b or #b ?ick1 plan$1 #e or #f wide1 #b' #i long4 #a /rip1 #a_/b to #g_/h ?ick1 #c or #d wide1 #ae long4 ,p9e is good1 & almo/ any *eap wood c be us$4 ,hemlock is n v suitable1 unless = ! legs4 ,spruce is *eap] ?an p9e or :itewood1 & c be us$ = economy1 b is prone to w>p & twi/ & %\ld be ?or\ghly nail$4 ,fir/ make ! legs & fa/5 !m toge!r4 ,to d ?is1 take ! joi/ & lay x on two boxes or old *airs 7,fig4 #ch71 :i* y c use tempor>ily = horses1 until y make a pair4 ,see :e!r ei!r end is cut (f squ>ely4 ,if nei!r is1 m>k a l9e by ! squ>e a %ort di/ance 7p]haps half an in*1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! end ( ! joi/7 f "o end1 on "o side ( ! joi/4 ,c>ry ?is l9e ar\nd ! joi/ by apply+ ! squ>e to ea* side successively1 & saw (f ! wa/e end ) ! cross-cutt+ saw4 ,hav+ "o end squ>e1 measure f t end #b' #e & m>k a l9e ar\nd ! joi/ z be=e4 ,saw ?is piece (f1 & us+ x z a measure 7b n z a squ>e71 m>k & saw (f ?ree m pieces4 ,^! are = ! legs4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ci4 ,next1 f ! %ort #aj bo>d1 m>k & cut (f two pieces #a' #aj-a_/d long 9 ! same mann] 7,fig4 #ci71 see+ fir/ t ! end f :i* y beg9 to measure is squ>e4 ,y d n ne$ to m>k ! "u side ( ! bo>ds1 b only ! top & ! edges4 ,n[ squ>e a l9e #a f ea* end ( ea* ( ^! %ort bo>ds1 & />t ?ree nails on ea* ( ! l9es by driv+ !m ne>ly ?r\gh ! bo>d 7,fig4 #dj74 7,see ,nail+47 ,next1 place ! end ( "o ( ^! bo>ds on ! n>r[ side ( "o ( ! legs1 &1 hold+ x firmly 9 position1 nail x securely to ! leg4 ,y mu/ take pa9s to keep ! leg & ! cross-piece squ>e4 ,nail only "o nail fir/ & !n adju/1 te/+ ) ! try-squ>e be=e driv+ ! o!r nails 7,fig4 #da74 ,!n nail ! o!r end to ano!r leg1 & repeat ! process ) ! o!r bo>d & ! rema9+ legs4 ,?is w give two frames l ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #de4 ,next1 fa/5 ! sides to ! legs4 ,take ! #aj bo>d & m>k & saw (f two pieces #e' #aj long 9 ! same way z be=e 7,fig4 #dc74 ,at di/ances ( #g & #ab f ea* end ( ea* bo>d1 m>k l9es across ! side ) ! squ>e & />t nails betwe5 ^! l9es 7,fig4 #dd74 ,!n1 fitt+ ^! l9es at ! outside edges ( ! legs1 nail ! sides securely to ! legs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,b drive only "o nail ?r\gh into ea* leg at fir/1 until y are sure t ! frame is com+ toge!r squ>e & true ?r\gh\t4 ,te/ ! angles ) ! squ>e4 ,/& ! frame on z level a surface z y c f9d & sight across ! top endways & crossways to see if ei!r corn] /icks up or d[n4 ,if ! top is n true1 twi/ ! frame en\gh to make x s1 :i* y c easily d if y h b "o nail 9 ea* corn]4 ,:5 ! top is true & ! legs at "r angles1 drive 9 ! re/ ( ! nails 7,fig4 #de74 ,be sure to te/ ! top = w9d+1 z j said 7see ,"p ,v471 r ?an to tru/ to ! way ! legs /& on ! floor4 ,floors are (t5 unev51 & ! legs may n be cut exactly ! same l5g?4 ,make ! top true & ! legs c easily be made to fit ! floor aft]w>ds4 ,! piece ( #aj bo>d left ov] y c fit to slip 9 betwe5 ! sides1 z 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,if y nail ?r\gh ! sides & top into ?is piece1 x w /iff5 ! b5*4 ,9 mak+ a long b5* aft] ?is patt]n1 x is well to ins]t a few pieces ( plank or joi/ betwe5 ! sides 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dh4 ,next1 put on ! top4 ,cut two l5g?s ( #e' #aj f ! #ab bo>d4 ,lay !m 9 position1 squ>e l9es across z guides = ! nails 7z be=e71 & nail !m d[n to ! legs & cross-bo>ds4 ,also drive c>efully a few nails at ! edge d[n into ! sides ( ! b5*4 ,s9k all ! nail-heads well bel[ ! surface 7z mu* z #a_/h7 ) ! nail-set 7see ,nail-,set74 99 99 99 99 99 ,a bett] b5* c be made by us+ a plank 7say a #b plank1 plan$7 = ! front ( ! top 7,figs4 #df1 #dg1 #dh74 ,?is b5* ) plank front is mu* bett] ?an ! common c>p5t]'s b5* j describ$1 & ! diff]5ce 9 exp5se is b slight4 ,x is easi] to d good "w on1 z x is /iff]1 /eadi]1 & mu* bett] to p\nd on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( c\rse a ?ick] plank c be us$ if available4 ,h>d wood is be/4 ,maple is excell5t = a b5*-top4 ,take p>ticul> c>e to select a good s\nd plank1 f ! c5tre ( ! tree if y c 7see ,*apt] ,,iii471 z /raight & free f w9d+ z possible1 & h x plan$ s z to be /raight & true4 ,?is c easily be done at any prop]ly equipp$ plan+-mill4 ,to make ?is b5* ) a plank 9 front1 y c proce$ exactly z ) ! b5* j describ$1 except t ! front legs %\ld be z mu* %ort] ?an ^? at ! back z ! plank y h is ?ick] ?an ! #g_/h bo>d us$ = ! top ( ! b5* j describ$4 ,t is1 if y\r plank is #a-g_/h ?ick ! front legs %\ld be #a %ort] ?an ! back ones4 ,pieces mu/ be cut out ( ! cross-bo>ds 9 ord] t ! top may be ev5 7,fig4 #df74 ,! simple/ way1 h[ev]1 is to make ! b5* j l ! prec$+ "o until y come to ! top4 ,!n1 aft] putt+ on ! front plank1 raise ! back top-bo>d to be flu% ) ! plank1 in/ead ( l[]+ ! plank to be flu% ) ! bo>d4 ,y c d ?is by putt+ small pieces ( bo>d ( ! requir$ ?ickness "u ! back "p ( ! top 7,fig4 #dg74 ,"s workm5 pref] hav+ ! back bo>d ( ! b5* top l[] ?an ! front by an in* or s1 ) a /rip fa/5$ on ! back1 & sometimes at ea* end1 s z to be level ) ! top ( ! front plank1 ?us =m+ a sort ( tray 7,fig4 #dh7 :]e tools1 nails1 small bits ( "w1 etc41 c rema9 :5 9 use1 keep+ ! front plank cle> = ! actual op]ations4 ,! "w1 if l>ge1 c be re/$ on ! back /rip z well z ! front "p1 bo? be+ on a level4 ,! b5* c be all fill$ up und]nea? ) %elves1 draw]s1 cupbo>ds1 comp>tm5ts1 or 9 any way t y wi%1 b at fir/1 & = a simple b5* l ?is1 x is z well to h only "o %elf1 z %[n 9 ! frontispiece4 ,y c easily put ?is %elf 9 aft] ! b5* is put toge!r4 ,y c tell bett] :e!r y want draw]s & comp>tm5ts aft] y h work$ = "s "t & wi% to make a m complete b5*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a nice b5* %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be built indep5d5tly ( ! %op1--t is1 be complete 9 itself1 s t x c be readily mov$4 ,b a common b5* c sometimes be be/ built aga9/ ! wall1 us+ ! side ( ! build+ to support ! back4 ,sometimes "o or bo? ( ! ends ( ! b5* c be advantage\sly c>ri$ to ! walls ( ! room1 ?us requir+ legs only 9 ! middle or at "o end4 ,b su* arrangem5ts are n to be advis$ if y are likely to wi% to move ! b5* be=e y h us$ x en\gh to pay = mak+ x4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #di4 99 99 99 99 99 ,figure #di is m]ely sugge/ive4 ,! process ( con/ruction is ! same z already %[n1 except t y omit "s ( ! legs & ! back side-bo>d1 a sav+ suffici5t to all[ y to use a plank = ! front ( ! top4 ,z ! floor is likely to be unev51 y c fir/ saw ! po/s a little too long1 /& !m 9 l9e1 /ret* a cord or a *alk-l9e 7see ,*alk-,l9e7 along ! l9e ( ! front edge ( ! b5* at ! prop] height = ! tops ( ! po/s1 cut ! po/s (f :]e ?is l9e crosses !m1 nail on "o end ( ! cross-bo>ds at "r angles1 & !n fa/5 ! o!r end to ! wall-/udd+1 sight+ & te/+ to h ! top /raight & true1 z 9 ! case ( ! b5* already describ$4 ,if in/ead ( v]tical /udd+ ! joi/s ( ! wall run horizontally 7z is (t5 ! case71 y c easily nail cleats on ! wall if !re is no horizontal timb] at ! "r height to nail to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ej4 ,b5*-,vise4--,! k9ds %[n 9 ,figs4 #ej1 #ef1 #eg1 ?\gh n z good z "s m improv$ =ms1 are 9 common use by c>p5t]s1 & w answ] y\r purpose v well = ord9>y "w--until y get to ! po9t ( build+ a fir/-class b5*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at a di/ance ( ab\t #ad f ! end ( ! b5* & 9 ! middle ( ! side bo>d m>k ! po9t a 7,fig4 #de74 ,bore a hole at ?is po9t 7see ,bor+7 if y h a bit a trifle l>g] ?an ! screw ( ! vise4 ,if n1 us+ ?is po9t z a c5tre1 describe a circle 7see ,compasses7 ) a diamet] a trifle great] ?an t ( ! vise screw1 & remove ! wood )9 ! circle 7see ,bor+ & ,p>+47 ,n[ take ! piece ( #a-a_/b or #b plank :i* is to make ! movable jaw ( ! vise1 & m>k a l9e l5g?ways along ! c5tre ( ea* side 7,fig4 #ea74 ,at a di/ance ( ab\t #h f "o end m>k a po9t ^u ?is c5tre l9e & make a hole = ! vise screw z be=e4 ,! nut = ! screw mu/ n[ be fa/5$ 9 position on ! inn] side ( ! b5*1 ! vise screw pass$ ?r\gh ! movable jaw & ! side bo>d1 & ! h&le plate fa/5$ ^u ! face ( ! jaw4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eb4 ,y c n[ op5 & close ! vise by ! screw1 b ! movable jaw ne$s to be made /eady & ! end projects above ! top ( ! b5*4 ,screw ! vise tight toge!r & slide ! movable jaw ar\nd until x is 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 :5 ! c5tre l9e on ! back side ( ! jaw w cross ! edge ( ! leg a few in*es f ! floor1 accord+ to ! wid? ( ! jaw & ! degree ( slant giv5 x4 ,:5 ! jaw is 9 ?is position1 m>k f ! back side ! l9es indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #eb1 & saw (f ! project+ ends ( ! jaw by ^! l9es1 :i* w give ! %ape %[n 9 ,figs4 #cg & #ej4 ,next take ! small /rip1 & m>k+ po9ts ^u its side z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 bore holes ) a #c_/h or #a_/b bit4 ,screw ! end ( ! /rip to ! edge ( ! movable jaw 7be+ c>eful to get x at "r angles ) ! v]tical edge ( ! jaw71 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ej & #ec 7see ,screws74 ,j above & bel[ :]e ?is /rip crosses ! po/ ( ! b5* nail small blocks 7a trifle ?ick] ?an ! /rip7 s t x w pass easily betwe5 !m4 ,cov] ^! ) a long] piece1 mak+ a slot1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 ?r\gh :i* ! /rip c slide freely4 ,if ! two blocks are no ?ick] ?an ! /rip1 y c put pieces ( pa/e-bo>d betwe5 !m & ! po/ to make ! slot wide en\gh to let ! /rip slide ?r\gh freely4 ,fit a p9 or piece ( d[el to ! holes 9 ! /rip4 ,! use ( ^! holes & ! p9 is to keep ! face ( ! jaw approximately p>allel to ! side ( ! b5*4 ,contrivances = ?is purpose c be b\ght4 ,aft] ! jaw is all fitt$1 bevel or r\nd ! edge on ! face side at ! top 7see ,bevell+71 & y c also bevel or r\nd all ! front edges if y wi%4 ,! vise is n[ 9 work+ ord]4#af ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,"r4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,wrong4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ef4 ,! important po9t ) ?is vise 7& 9 fact ) any vise7 is to h ! inside surface ( ! jaw p>allel ) ! surface ( ! side ( ! b5*1 s t ! wood w be press$ equally at all po9ts1 else x w slip j :5 y wi% x to be securely held4 ,be sure t ! vise is n op5 m at ! top ?an at ! bottom 7see ,figs4 #ed & #ee74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ei4 ,! holes bor$ 9 ! side ( ! b5* are to support ! end ( a long bo>d 7,fig4 #ej74 ,if y _c af=d to buy a vise1 or h to "w :]e !re is none1 !re are a numb] ( make%ifts ) :i* y c get along q well1 ?\gh n z rapidly or conv5i5tly4 ,c>p5t]s (t5 nail a piece on ! side ( ! b5* 7,fig4 #fj71 :i* holds bo>ds = plan+ fairly well1 = common "w1 b t5ds to bruise ! ends ( ! bo>ds a little aga9/ ! cleat1 & requires a knife1 or some?+1 driv5 9 at ! o!r end ( ! bo>ds to hold !m ) any degree ( security4 ,ano!r *eap sub/itute is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,?is holds bo>ds ( regul> sizes q well4 ,?9 pieces c be held tight] by w$g+1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fc4 ,ano!r simple contrivance1 & m ( a vise1 is easily made by bor+ a c\ple ( holes 9 a bo>d1 say #f wide & #ab long1 & screw+ x loosely to ! side ( ! b5* 7,fig4 #fb71 mak+ ! holes 9 ! bo>d l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! screws s t x w be free to play4 ,by ins]t+ ! piece to be held 9 ! end & d\ble w$g+ ! opposite end 7,fig4 #fc7 ! piece w be held fairly well 7see ,w$ges74 ,= ?9 bo>ds1 blocks c be ins]t$ to make ! jaw p>allel ) ! side ( ! b5*4 ,an upright vise made on ?is pr9ciple is (t5 us$ to hold saws = fil+4 ,if y c f9d an old wood5 h&-screw1 y c use "o jaw 7saw+ (f ! ends if necess>y7 = ! nut to g inside ( ! b5*1 leav+ ! o!r = ! movable jaw1 us+ "o screw to tight5 or loos5 ! vise & ! o!r to keep ! jaw p>allel ) ! side ( ! b5*4 ,y w require no description to contrive some?+ ( ?is sort4 ,vises on some:at ?is pr9ciple c be b\ght1 atta*able & deta*able at w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fe4 ,! jaw 9 ,fig4 #fd c be h+$ ^u ! /rip at ! bottom & ! latt] fa/5$ to ! side ( ! b5*4 ,! jaw c !n be tight5$ or loos5$ by ! screw4 ,?is gives a squ>e grip only :5 ! jaw is v]tical 7,fig4 #fe74 ,y c put 9 blocks1 h[ev]4 ,! long] ! jaw ! less objectionable ! slant+ grip becomes1 ( c\rse4 ,always try to devise "s su* exp$i5ts1 :i* y c ?9k up = y\rself1 :5 y are )\t ! regul> appliances1 = ev5 a poor vise is bett] ?an to hold pieces 9 ! h& or to pu% !m aga9/ *airs or tables or ! wall4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= nice "w by f> ! be/ vise ( mod]ate co/ is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc1 :i* has be5 9 use = a long "t by wood-work]s ( ! bett] class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are a numb] ( excell5t iron vises 7"s ) jaws ( wood1 & also ) an in/antane\s grip74 ,"s ( !m are admirable1 b q co/ly comp>$ ) ! common screw4 ,y c "w q well ) a good-siz$ common iron vise by fitt+ wood5 blocks or lea!r or rubb] to ! inside ( ! jaws1 to save m>r+ y\r wood-"w1 ?\gh a regul> vise = wood is mu* to be pref]r$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be> 9 m9d :5 do+ "w t requires to be held at unusual angles1 or 9 fa%ion+ odd-%ap$ pieces1 t y c usually get ! angle or position requir$ by a comb9ation ( h&-screws or clamps ) ! b5*-vise z sugge/$ 9 ,figs4 #ff & #fg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gj4 ,b5*-,/op4--,y mu/ h some?+ on ! =w>d end ( ! b5*-top to pu% y\r "w aga9/ = plan+ & o!r op]ations4 ,a simple & good way is to use "o or two /\t screws 7,fig4 #fh74 ,^! c be screw$ 9 s z to project ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*1 :i* w answ] = ! great] "p ( y\r "w1 & ! height c be *ang$ :5 necess>y ) ! screw-driv]4 ,! heads ( ! screws w be %>p en\gh to hold ! "w1 & a /op ( ?is k9d w answ] y\r purpose v well = common "w4 ,! wood5 /op 7,fig4 #fi7 has ! advantage ( n mak+ any nicks 9 ! end ( ! wood1 :i* is important 9 nice "w1 su* z furniture1 b = common "w screws are j z good1 except t1 z !y are left p]man5tly /ick+ f ! b5*1 y may dull y\r tools aga9/ !m or sc> y\r "w4 ,?is applies to a common b5*4 ,( c\rse = a really nice b5* ) a tail-screw ! regul> /ops %\ld be us$ 7,fig4 #adc74 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>p5t]s sometimes nail a small piece ( bo>d1 ) a ,v-%ap$ not* at "o end1 to ! top ( ! b5* to hold bo>ds or joi/ = plan+ on ! edge 7,fig4 #gj74 ,simply nail+ a /rip across ! end ( ! b5* 7,fig4 #ga71 & sett+ ! nails well 91 w d to pu% bo>ds aga9/ = plan+ = common "w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gc4 ,iron contrivances 7:i* c be rais$ or l[]$7 c be b\ght = a small sum & are conv5i5t = common "w1 especially = ?9 pieces4 ,s9k !m deeply en\gh 9 ! b5*-top s t :5 l[]$ no?+ w project to injure ! tools or ! "w4 ,! old-fa%ion$ b5*-/op %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi consi/s m]ely ( a squ>e /ick ( h>d wood1 "o or two in*es squ>e1 fitt$ q tightly to a hole 9 ! top ( ! b5*1 s t x w slide up or d[n by a bl[ f ! mallet or hamm]4 ,?is /op w n damage ! "w or ! tools4 ,to make ! mortise = ?is b5*-/op1 see ,mortis+4 ,take c>e to keep )9 ! l9es1 s z n to make ! hole too big4 ,y c easily make x l>g] if too small4 ,! /op %\ld fit tightly & %\ld be set ) a v slight slant t[>d ! "w 7,fig4 #gb71--t is1 ! mortise %\ld be cut slightly slant+4 ,! /op %\ld be ( h>d wood1 su* z maple4 ,if ! top ( ! b5* is only ( bo>d ?ickness1 screw cleats ( h>d wood on ! "u side to give m be>+ surface 7,fig4 #gc71 or ! cont9u$ pu%+ aga9/ ! /op w be liable to get ! hole out ( %ape s t ! /op w slant ! wrong way1 :5 ! "w w be apt to slip or1 9 case ( a ?9 bo>d1 jump ov] ! /op 7,fig4 #gd74 ,if ! /op we>s loose 9 ! hole1 a saw k]f is sometimes made l5g?ways 9 "o side & a b5t piece ( spr+y wire ins]t$1 or a flat spr+ fa/5$ on ! side 7,fig4 #ge74 ,a loose /op c easily be w$g$ 7pref]ably f und]nea?71 & x is sometimes made loose on purpose1 ! w$g+ tight5+ ! /op & at ! same "t giv+ ! requir$ slant 7,fig4 #gb74 ,an iron plate ) tee? c be screw$ on top ( a wood5 /op 7,fig4 #gf71 or a screw c be ins]t$ 7,fig4 #gg74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gg4 ,two /rips1 l ,fig4 #gh1 c be nail$ or screw$ on ! top ( ! b5* s z to sep>ate ,v-fa%ion 7,fig4 #gi74 ,two w$ges1 l ,fig4 #hj1 c !n be made ( su* a tap] t :5 fitt$ betwe5 ! /rips _! inn] faces w be p>allel4 ,by tapp+ 9 ! w$ges on ea* side ( ! "w to be held 7,fig4 #gi71 x w be securely fa/5$ )\t injury4 ,if ! inside edges ( ! /rips & ! outside edges ( ! w$ges are slightly bevell$1 :i* y c d ) a plane or a knife1 ! w$ges _c jump out ( place4 ,! be/ way to fit ?is contrivance is to make ! w$ges fir/1 place !m 9 position on ! b5* ) ! squ>e sides inside 7fac+ ea* o!r71 & !n fa/5 ! fix$ /rips outside ( !m4 ,pu%+ ! "w t5ds to tight5 ?is vise4 ,?is is mu* bett] = p]man5t use ?an ! not*$ bo>d %[n 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,if y h a good vise y w n (t5 h occasion to use su* contrivances1 b !y are sometimes useful z make%ifts4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! top ( a good b5* %\ld be z true & z smoo? z possible 7see ,plane & ,scrap]74 ,rub x ) l9se$ oil1 wipe x (f ) a rag1 & aft] a few days give x a c\ple ( coats ( %ellac 7see ,f9i%+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hj4 ,y %\ld place y\r b5* s t :5 y /& at x y w face ! light & n h x come f beh9d y4 ,if x c come f ! =w>d end ( ! b5* & also f beh9d ! b5*1 z %[n 9 ! frontispiece1 x w be be/1 = a cross-light is (t5 v useful1 n m]ely t y may h light en\gh1 b also t :5 te/+ y\r "w ) ! try-squ>e1 /raight-edge1 & ! l1 any inaccuracy may be detect$ by ! light pass+ ?r\gh ! crack betwe5 ! te/+ tool & ! "w1 & also :5 sight+ by ! eye alone4 ,fa/5 ! b5* firmly to ! floor 7& wall if y c7 ) screws1 cleats1 or ,l irons4#ag ,avoid *opp+ on ! b5* top or :ittl+ x or bor+ holes or m>r+ x by saw-cuts or *isel-m>ks4 ,d n use pa9t1 v>ni%1 or glue at ! b5* if y c help x4 ,if necess>y to d s1 clean ! b5*-top c>efully :5 y get ?r\gh4 ,lumps ( h>d5$ glue w h9d] y & deface y\r "w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ha4 ,fil+-,b5*4--,y _c d mu* ( su* v>i$ wood-"w z y w und]take )\t hav+ to d a good deal ( metal "w4 ,x is a poor plan to d su* "w at ! vise y use = y\r wood-"w1 or ev5 at ! same b5*4 ,x sc>s & defaces ! wood5 vise & ! b5*1 & ! p>ticles ( metal are bad = y\r wood-"w & = ! tools4 ,x is mu* bett] to h ano!r b5*--if no?+ m ?an a wide %elf or a box--= su* "w 7,fig4 #ha74 ,y w f9d sugge/ions 9 ! illu/rations4 ,an iron vise is ! prop] ?+ = hold+ metal4 ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds at v>i\s prices1 b "o ( ! simple patt]ns w probably answ] e purpose4 ,if y h room = only "o b5* ?is vise c be put at ! back "p ( "o end4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hd4 ,a small vise c be made ( a h&-screw1 ! h&-screw itself be+ held 9 any desir$ position 9 ! l>ge b5*-vise1 b metal jaws are bett] = work+ on metal4 ,y c make a r\gh sort ( vise = metal-"w ) a piece ( /\t bo>d or plank 7,fig4 #hb74 ,f9d a c\ple ( pieces ( iron ) screw holes1 z y c probably d 9 a pile ( wa/e iron junk1 & screw !m on ! bo>d & ! b5* to =m metal jaws4 ,! vise c be tight5$ or loos5$ by means ( a big screw or bolt2 or ! bo>d c be loosely fa/5$ 9 ! middle & tight5$ by w$g+ bel[ 7,fig4 #hc74 ,a screw ) a h&le to turn x by & a nut = ! ?read is bett]1 ( c\rse4 ,ano!r =m1 su* z y w f9d 9 use by lea!r-work]s1 c be easily made 7,fig4 #hd71 & works ) ! foot1 ! connection betwe5 ! jaw & ! treadle be+ made by a /rap or rope4 ,y c make a vise 9 "s ( ^! ways t w answ] q well = mo/ ( ! metal-"w y w h to d = "s "t1 al?\gh su* contrivances are less reliable & less conv5i5t ?an a regul> iron vise4 ,an anvil is (t5 useful & is sometimes comb9$ ) a vise4 ,x %\ld h a flat /eel surface & also a tap]+ r\nd$ 7conical7 po9t4 ,an old flat-iron does q well4 ,y c easily f9d "s way to keep x 9 position on ! fil+-b5*4 ,y %\ld h "s sort ( anvil1 ev5 if no?+ bett] ?an a junk ( old iron 7:i* y c ( c\rse f9d some:]e71 = y w be cont9ually want+ to /raight5 nails1 b5d wire1 & p\nd pieces ( metal4 ,try to f9d a flat plate ( ?ick %eet iron--#a_/d ?ick if y c--to fa/5 on ! top ( ! fil+-b5* 7,fig4 #ha74 ,x is v h&y = _m anvil uses1 /raight5+ metal & nails1 & = mu* p\nd+4 ,f9i%+-,b5*4--,h also a f9i%+-b5* 7,fig4 #ia7 if possible1--if no?+ m ?an a %elf or box1--to keep ! regul> "w-b5* neat & clean = its prop] uses1 = ev5 a skilful workman c h>dly avoid mak+ a mess :5 x comes to us+ pa9t & v>ni%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[1 :ile !re are _m ( y :o c af=d ei!r s+ly or by two or ?ree clubb+ toge!r to fix up a %op 9 fir/-rate /yle1 !re are also _m :o _c af=d ev5 s *eap a b5* z t j describ$4 ,:at c y d 9 su* a case8 ,only "o ?+--pat* up a b5* out ( :atev] old /uff y c f9d4 ,pat*$-up make%ifts are n to be recomm5d$1 except 9 case ( necessity1 b :5 x comes to ! p9*1 & a matt] ( hav+ a b5* made ( :atev] old mat]ials y c f9d or hav+ no b5* at all1 by all means make "o ( boxes & any?+ t c be work$ 94 ,= ( c\rse ! boats1 skis1 squirrel-h\ses1 & s on1 mu/ be made6 ,b1 :atev] y pat* up1 make x solid & /rong4 ,d n try to "w at a rickety1 %ackly apology = a b5* t %akes & jumps & sidles all ov] ! room e "t y saw or p\nd or plane4 ,y c probably get all y ne$ 9 ! way ( boxes1 pack+-cases1 & su* mat]ial1 at v little or no exp5se4 ,! illu/rations 7,figs4 #he & #hf7 are m]ely sugge/ions1 = y mu/ use y\r own +5uity1 accord+ to ! mat]ials y c f9d4 ,mo/ exp]i5c$ workm5 h (t5 be5 oblig$ to "w at mu* worse b5*es ?an ^!1 frequ5tly ) no b5* at all4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #he4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^? ( ! boxes :i* y d n use :ole y %\ld take ap>t c>efully 7see ,)draw+ ,nails74 ,?is w add to y\r supply ( nails4 ,use nails freely 9 fa/5+ ! boxes & bo>ds toge!r & to ! wall or floor :]ev] all[able4 ,a few screws w add mu* /r5g?4 ,! b5* %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf calls = "o good bo>d = ! front ( ! top4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ( y live 9 ! cr[d$ p>ts ( ! city1 9 flats or small h\ses :]e !re is no possible *ance = a %op ( any k9d4 ,:atev] wood-"w y c d mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 ! kit*51 or "s o!r liv+-room1 :]e ev5 a small b5* may be out ( ! "q4 ,/ill y w\ld l to make su* small "w--model boats1 = in/ance--z c be c>ri$ on 9 su* limit$ qu>t]s4 ,if y are =c$ to use ! kit*5 table = a b5*1 try1 = ! fir/ ?+1 to brace or block or screw x to make x /eady1 = un/ead9ess is ! greate/ h9drance to do+ good "w at su* a b5*4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y c fit a good bo>d to ! table-top ) cleats1 & a /op to hold ! "w 7,fig4 #hg74 ,if y c n[ get a common iron vise1 y c get along q well = small "w1 & ! bo>d & atta*m5ts c be quickly tak5 (f & put away :5 ! table is ne$$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,y c easily contrive "s way to atta* wood5 pieces or lea!r or rubb] to ! inside ( ! jaws ( ! vise1 to save m>r+ y\r wood-"w4 ,a fairly good b5* c (t5 be made f an old table 7z a kit*5 table7 by screw+ a plank on top & a bo>d on ! front side1 & brac+ ! legs 7,fig4 #hh74 ,! plank %\ld be screw$ on f und]nea?4 ,if y c get hold ( an old bureau or *e/ ( draw]s y c arrange a s]viceable & compact little p>l\r %op = small "w4 ,if y _c fa/5 p]man5t atta*m5ts to ! bureau1 y c fit a removable bo>d 7,fig4 #hg71 & y w be equipp$ = su* "w z c be suitably done "u su* circum/ances--& t includes q a long li/ ( small ?+s4 ,! draw]s c be fitt$ ) comp>tm5ts & trays1 accord+ to :at y h to keep 9 !m & y\r own +5uity1 b make ! arrangem5t simple4 ,figs4 #hi & #ij are m]ely sugge/ions4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! be/ way to arrange y\r tools & supplies dep5ds some:at ^u ! circum/ances1 b ! ma9 po9t is to h ! mo/ conv5i5t place = ea* ?+ & always to keep x 9 t place :5 n 9 use4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is proposition is almo/ z important z ! la/4 ,x is ne>ly z bad z be+ disord]ly to keep ! glue-pot 9 "o corn] ( ! %op1 ! glue 9 ano!r corn]1 ! glue-bru% 9 ! ?ird corn]1 & ! wat] 9 ! f\r?1--:i* is no exagg]ation ( ! way "s v ord]ly p /[ away ?+s1 & is ab\t equal to ! arrangem5t ( ! p]son1 ( :om y may h he>d1 :o always kept ev]y?+ 9 its place & t place ! floor6 ,! work%op int]ior %[n 9 ! frontispiece & 9 ,figs4 #ia & #ib1 & ! v>i\s o!r illu/rations1 furni% sugge/ions :i* may help y 9 ! arrangem5t ( y\r %op4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ia4 ,h ev]y?+ :]e y c lay y\r h& on x 9 ! lea/ possible "t1 ! tools us$ ! mo/ ! ne>e/ to y1 tools t g toge!r1 z bit-brace & bits1 kept ne> toge!r4 ,h all ! common tools "r )9 rea*1 & n put away 9 *e/s & out-(-!-way draw]s1 j because y h se5 somebody pack away 8 tools 9 a highly poli%$ *e/1 inlaid ) =ty k9ds ( wood1 & conta9+ n9ety-?ree sep>ate comp>tm5ts & trays & sev5 secret draw]s1 ! :ole corn]$ & /rapp$ & decorat$ ) %9+ nickel plate6 ,d n be dazzl$ by t sort ( ?+1 :i* is n an evid5ce ( true sy/em & ord]l9ess1 b m]ely %[s poor ta/e & a great lack ( appreciation ( ! value & importance ( "t4 ,"t may n be exactly money 9 y\r case1 b x may be ev5 m valuable1 & c be sp5t mu* bett] ?an 9 runn+ ar\nd aft] tools & supplies1 & mak+ +5i\s tool-*e/s4 ,to be practical1 five m9utes a day sav$ by hav+ ?+s conv5i5t & 9 place means ab\t tw5ty-five h\rs 9 a ye>--:i* means a boat1 a sl$1 or a lot ( ,*ri/mas pres5ts4 ,s /udy out ! be/ arrangem5t = y\r p>ticul> %op & !n keep ?+s 9 ord]4 ,:5 work+ keep only ! tools 9 actual use ly+ ar\nd on ! b5*4 ,z soon z y are done ) a tool = ! op]ations actually 9 h&1 put x back 9 place1 & s avoid ! confus$ litt] se5 9 s _m %ops4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ib4 ,hang saws aga9/ ! wall on pegs1 or nails1 or at ! end ( ! b5*4 ,hang all tools :i* y put on ! wall well above ! b5*1 to be out ( ! way4 ,lay planes on _! sides or ends1 = obvi\s reasons1 or arrange a little block to raise "o end ( ! plane slightly f ! surface ( ! b5* or %elf4 ,! la/ way is usually m conv5i5t ?an to lay ! plane on its side or end4 ,keep planes ei!r at ! back ( ! b5* or aga9/ ! wall1 or on a %elf "u ! front ( ! b5*4 ,su* tools z squ>es1 bit-braces1 & ! l are usually mo/ accessible on ! wall1 9 "s su* arrangem5t z %[n 9 ! frontispiece4 ,a conv5i5t way to arrange su* tools z *isels1 g\ges1 & ! l1 is to keep !m 9 racks ei!r aga9/ ! wall or fa/5$ to ! back edge ( ! b5*1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,keep ea* tool 9 a p>ticul> place 9 ! rack & y w soon le>n to rea* = x in/9ctively )\t any wa/e ( "t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ic4 ,bits c be kept 9 a draw] or box1 c>e be+ tak5 to arrange !m 9 racks or betwe5 p>titions1 or !y c be /uck on end 9 ! racks at ! back ( ! b5*4 ,a good way is to /ick ea* bit po9t d[nw>ds 9 a hole bor$ by itself4 ,v>i\s =ms ( tool-racks1 :i* y c easily arrange = y\rself1 are sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #id4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fig4 #id %[s a rack to fit on ! back ( ! b5*1 an excell5t way1 9 common use ) movable b5*es4 ,get a bo>d1 say #c or #d wide & ! l5g? ( ! b5*1 a /rip f #a_/d to #a_/b ?ick1 p]haps #a wide1 & ! l5g? ( ! b5*1 & a /rip #a_/b ?ick1 p]haps #a wide1 & p]haps two ?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! b5*4 ,saw f ?is la/ /rip a numb] ( blocks f #a to #b long4 ,arrange ^! along ! top edge ( ! bo>d1 accord+ to ! k9ds & sizes ( ! tools1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,!n lay ! long /rip on !m 7,fig4 #if7 & nail x ?r\gh ea* block ) wire nails long en\gh to rea* p]haps two ?irds ?r\gh ! l>ge /rip4 ,y c put ?is rack toge!r by fir/ nail+ at ea* end4 ,!n all ! int]m$iate blocks c easily be fitt$ 9 place & nail$ "o at a "t4 ,! :ole c !n be screw$ to ! back ( ! b5* s t ! tools w be at ! back 7,fig4 #id74 ,y c make "p ( ?is rack solid & bore small holes ( v>i\s sizes = bits1 gimlets1 nail-sets1 & su* tools1 :i* w\ld drop ?r\gh ! l>g] spaces4 ,good metal tool-racks & hold]s c be b\ght1 b ! home-made ones answ] e purpose4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ie4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ih4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l>ge /eel squ>e c be hung v well ) nails or small blocks ( wood bevell$ t[>d ! wall 7,fig4 #ig74 ,= ! try-squ>e nail a rectangul> block aga9/ ! wall 7,fig4 #ih74 ,a small] block nail$ 9 front w hold ano!r small] squ>e4 ,slant+ saw-k]fs 9 ano!r block w hold scrap]s 7,fig4 #ii74 ,always keep y\r oil-/ones 9 %all[ boxes = protection f dirt4 ,y c easily make "o1 or cut a depression 9 a block to fit ! /one1 ) ano!r = a cov]4 ,fa/5 "o end ( y\r /rop to a /rip ( ?9 bo>d 7,fig4 #ajj7 ) a hole by :i* to hang x4 ,y c !n use ! /rop ly+ flat on ! bo>d or loose 9 y\r h& = curv$ edges4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ii4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,d n keep nails & screws aft] ! usual dome/ic fa%ion1--all sizes1 %apes1 & k9ds mix$ up promiscu\sly ) a lot ( metal rubbi% & c>pet tacks 9 "s old box or pail4 ,y w wa/e twice z mu* "t try+ to f9d :at y want z x takes to keep !m 9 sep>ate boxes1 or trays ) divisions4 ,a good way is to use ei!r small op5 boxes or flat op5 boxes ) divisions1 s t !y c be rea*$ z conv5i5tly z possible4 ,t9 boxes or cani/]s or pails 7( v>i\s sizes71 su* z cocoa1 c(fee1 l>d1 & su* sub/ances come 91 are good4 ,put labels on !m & arrange !m neatly 9 "s accessible place1 z on a %elf ov] or at ! end ( y\r b5*1 or 9 a cupbo>d or a draw]4 ,keep scrap boxes = old pieces ( metal 7iron1 brass1 etc41 9 sep>ate boxes71 s t y w "k j :]e to look = :at y want4 ,keep a bru% = clean+ (f ! b5* & ! "w1 a broom = ! floor1 & a box = %av+s1 sawdu/1 & *ips4 ,any workman is liable to cut or p\nd 8 f+]s1 s h a small box 9 a h&y place ) "s neatly roll$ b&ages ( clo?1 "s surgeon's pla/]1 & a bottle ( wit*-hazel 7hamamelis7 or "s o!r prep>ation = cuts or bruises4 ,9 case ( a bruise1 or if y p\nd y\r nail1 put y\r f+] at once 9 z hot wat] z y c be>4 ,d n1 z is (t5 done1 put glue on a cut1 because ( dang] ( infection1 = ! glue is made1 z y "k1 f animal refuse & is n always 9 a pure /ate4 ,d n leave oily rags ly+ ar\nd 9 y\r %op to get wadd$ into a pile 9 "s corn] & cat* fire by spontane\s combu/ion4 ,ei!r put !m 9 ! /ove at once1 or1 if y want to keep a few1 put !m 9 a /one j> or cov]$ t9 box4 ,mat*es %\ld always be kept 9 a cov]$ metal box 9 a wood-work+ %op4 ,lay 9 a supply ( /rips1 wa/e junks1 & odd pieces ( wood1 :i* y c usually get at any %op at little or no exp5se4 ,!y w be v useful until y accumulate a /ock f y\r own "w4 ,*opp+-,block4--,a good solid *opp+-block is a great conv5i5ce1 s wat* = a *ance to get a section ( a tree1 :i* y c (t5 d :5 "o is fell$4 ,/raight-,edge4--,y %\ld h at lea/ "o2 two are v useful--"o two or ?ree feet long & ano!r five or six feet long4 ,mak+ !m is simply a matt] ( skill 9 plan+4 ,:5 y c plane well en\gh make "s y\rself ( well season$1 /raight-gra9$ :ite p9e or mahogany1 or o!r wood :i* holds its %ape well4 ,until y c d x accurately1 h[ev]1 get "s good workman to make "o1 = a /raight-edge t _c be reli$ on is really worse ?an none at all4 7,see ,/raight-edge47 ,b5*-,hook4--,! b5*-hook 7,fig4 #aja7 is v useful to hold "w firmly = saw+1 plan+1 etc41 & also saves "s m>r+ ( ! b5*-top4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 & ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aja4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,take a bo>d1 say #ae long x #f wide1 ( "s good wood l :ite p9e1 mak+ bo? ends squ>e4 ,! surface %\ld be plan$ true 7see ,tru+ ,surfaces74 ,) ! squ>e m>k ! l9e a b 7,fig4 #ajb7 accurately1 say #b 7or ! wid? ( any blocks y may already h = ! end cleats7 f ea* end1 b on opposite sides4 ,! cleats c 7,fig4 #aja7 mu/ be true & ! edges squ>e4 ,bore ! holes 9 ! cleats ) a bit a little l>g] ?an ! screws 7see ,bor+74 ,hold ! cleats exactly 9 place at ! cross-l9e a b & />t holes 9 ! bo>d ) a gimlet or bit a little small] ?an ! screws4 ,c\nt]s9k ! holes 7see ,c\nt]s9k74 ,use screws long en\gh to get a good hold on ! bo>d b n long en\gh to g ?r\gh x4 ,if bo>d & cleat are ea* #g_/h ?ick1 #a-a_/b screws w be suitable4 ,screw "o ( ! middle screws 9 ea* cleat firmly to a be>+ 7see ,screws71 keep+ ! cleat z ne>ly on ! l9e z possible4 ,adju/ ea* cleat exactly 9 place1 9 case x has slipp$1 hold x firmly1 & drive ! rema9+ screws4 ,be=e screw+ on "o ( ! cleats m>k a l9e ar\nd x 9 ! middle ) ! squ>e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 m>k+ fir/ across ! edge o 7aga9/ :i* ! "w is to be press$71 f t l9e squ>+ across ! top1 & !n across ! out] edge4 ,aft] ?is cleat is screw$ on1 c>efully saw x 9 two exactly on ! l9e4 ,by lett+ ! saw run 9 ! k]f ?us made1 y c cut pieces (f squ>e4 ,sometimes "o cleat is made %ort]1 s t y c saw cle> ?r\gh a piece )\t damage to ! b5* 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,see ,mitre-bo>d1 page #ib4 ,two b5*-hooks are useful = long "w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,horses or ,tre/les4--,^! are to lay /ock on = m>k+ & saw+1 to put l>ge "w toge!r on1 & are conv5i5t = v>i\s uses 7,fig4 #aje74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aje4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 & ,saw1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! prop] height = y\r horses1 z = ! b5*1 dep5ds some:at on y\r own height1 & may be any:]e f #ah to #b' #c4 ,exp]im5t ) boxes to f9d ! mo/ conv5i5t height4 ,if too l[1 y w h to /oop ov] too mu*4 ,if too high1 x w be awkw>d to re/ y\r knee on a bo>d1 to saw1 & to fit "w toge!r4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,if y h a piece ( fairly good joi/1 f #a-a_/b #c to #c #f1 y c use x = ! tops ( y\r horses4 ,saw (f two pieces f #b' to #c' long4 ,m>k ! be/ sides = ! top4 ,m>k ea* end l ,fig4 #ajf 7%[+ top & bottom7 ) ! p5cil1 measur+ c>efully s t ! bevel or slant w be ! same = bo? legs 7see ,bevel74 ,hold+ ! "w 9 ! vise1 ) saw alone or saw & *isel remove ! pieces m>k$1 s t ! end w h ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,if y use ! *isel1 look out = ! direction ( ! gra9 at ea* corn] & cut well outside ( ! l9e1 until y f9d :i* way to pu% ! tool 9 ea* case 7see ,p>+1 etc474 ,trim ^! cuts z accurately to ! l9es z y c4 ,get out eight pieces = legs1 ( su* a l5g? t ! horses w be ( ! height decid$ on4 ,fir/ make !m all ( a wid?1 !n saw "o piece (f ! "r l5g? & m>k ! o!rs by x--n ea* new piece by ! "o la/ m>k$4 ,nail or screw ^! legs 9 place ) #b nails or #a-c_/d screws1 keep+ ! inn] edges ( ! tops ( ! legs ev5 ) ! tops ( ! horses 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,see ,nail+ & ,screws1 & look out = splitt+4 ,get out ! cross-braces ( bo>d & saw ! ends at a bevel to correspond ) ! slant int5d$ = ! legs4 ,see t ! ends ( ^! cross-braces are cut at ! same bevel4 ,use ! bevel if y h "o4 ,if n1 fir/ squ>e ea* end ) ! squ>e & p5cil1 & !n measure c>efully equal di/ances on "o edge be=e draw+ ! slant+ l9es 7,fig4 #aji74 ,nail or screw ^! on 7,fig4 #aaj71 adju/+ ! legs to ! bevels j cut4 ,saw or plane (f ! project+ ends ( ! legs on top4 ,if y plane1 d s bo? ways to avoid spl9t]+ 7see ,plane74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,n[ /& ! horses on _! legs 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,if !y %\ld happ5 to /& firmly & ev5ly1 see fir/ if x is n due to unev5ness ( ! floor4 ,if ! floor is true1 & !y /& /eadily 9 diff]5t positions1 y c ?r[ up y\r caps1 = y w h beat5 ! av]age workman4 ,to make !m /& ev5ly1 see ,scrib+1 ,w9d+-/icks1 etc41 9 ,"p ,v4 ,make ! tops ( ! horses z smoo? z y c4 ,scrape !m & keep !m scrap$ 7see ,scrap]71 = y w be cont9ually dropp+ glue or v>ni% on !m1 to h>d5 & deface y\r nice1 smoo? "w4 ,wipe !m (f z c>efully z ! b5*-top4 ,^! easily made horses w answ] y\r purpose = a long "t4#ah ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aab4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aac4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aad4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mitre-,box4--,great c>e is necess>y to make an accurate wood5 mitre-box 7,fig4 #aaf71 al?\gh ! process is simple4 ,d n make x ( spruce or any wood liable to w>p or twi/4 ,p9e or mahogany is good4 ,use /ock f a middle bo>d if y c 7see ,*apt] ,,iii474 ,a mitre-box c be ( any desir$ size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 & ,plane1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,a good size is f #a' to #b' long & f #c to #f squ>e 7inside71 accord+ to ! "w = :i* x is to be us$1 & ( /ock #g_/h ?ick4 ,! pieces mu/ be prep>$ ) c>e1 s t ! edges %all be squ>e & ! surfaces true1 p>ticul>ly on ! inside1 = :5 ! box is put toge!r ! sides mu/ be p>allel & squ>e ?r\gh\t ) ! bottom1 on ! inside4 ,te/ ea* piece ) ! squ>e4 ,use c>e 9 screw+ ! sides to ! bottom to keep !m exactly 9 place 7see ,screws74 ,nails c be us$1 b screws are bett]4 ,lay out ! l9es = ! saw+ f ! inside1 ) ! /eel squ>e if y h "o1 or ) ! end ( ! tongue ( ! try-squ>e4 ,m>k ! l9e a on ! inside ( ! side x 7,fig4 #aag71 squ>+ f ! bottom4 ,m>k ! po9t b at a di/ance f a j equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! sides4 ,squ>e a l9e at ?is po9t f ! bottom1 on ! inside z be=e4 ,c>ry ?is l9e across to ! side y1 squ>+ f ! inn] surface ( ! side x1 & m>k ! po9t c on ! inn] side ( ! side y4 ,also f ! po9t c draw a v]tical l9e on ! inside ( y correspond+ to ! l9e a4 ,c>efully m>k ! l9e g h1 :i* w give ! mitre4 ,! l9es %\ld be laid out f ! inside1 because x is aga9/ ! inside surfaces t ! pieces to be cut 9 ! mitre-box w be>4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aag4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aah4 ,ano!r way is to squ>e a l9e m n 7,fig4 #aah7 across ! top side ( ! bottom piece1 be=e putt+ toge!r1 & to lay (f f "o end ( ?is l9e a po9t o on ! edge1 at a di/ance equal to ! wid? ( ! bottom1 ?us fix+ ! po9ts m1 n1 & o4 ,next fa/5 on ! sides1 squ>e upright l9es on ! inside ( "o side f ! po9t m & on ! inside ( ! o!r side f ! po9t o4 ,! diagonal l9e pq 7,fig4 #aai7 w repres5t ! mitre4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abj4 ,! cuts = ! saw to run 9 %\ld be made ) a back-saw or a panel-saw4 ,9 a simil> mann] squ>e on ! inside two upright l9es opposite ea* o!r1 draw a l9e across ! tops ( ! sides to meet ^! l9es 7squ>+ f ! inside z be=e71 & make a saw-cut1 z %[n by ! middle l9e 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,?is w be v useful to saw /rips squ>ely across4 ,y c put buttons on ! outside ne> ! l[] edge to cat* aga9/ ! front edge ( ! b5*-top if y wi%1 or use ! mitre-box on ! b5*-hooks :5 necess>y to hold x firmly4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aba4 ,a v useful mitre-bo>d = saw+ /rips1 m\ld+s1 & ! l1 c be made ) two %ort bo>ds1 "o wid] ?an ! o!r1 be+ sure t ! surfaces & edges are true & squ>e 7,fig4 #abj74 ,?is c be ( any size4 ,a good size is f #a' to #b' long1 #f wide 79 all71 & ( /ock #g_/h ?ick1 b x is bett] to make ! n>r[ piece ?ick]1 p]haps #a-a_/d or #a-c_/d4 ,m>k ! l9es fir/ on ! bottom ( ! n>r[ piece1 !n on ! edges1 & la/ly on ! top1 z ) ! mitre-box j %[n1 to ensure ! l9es be+ at ! correct angles ) ! surfaces aga9/ :i* ! wood to be saw$ w re/4 ,an excell5t plan is to make saw-k]fs = mitres 9 ! cleat ( a b5*-hook 7,fig4 #aba71 9 ! way j %[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,%oot+-,bo>d4--,?is is useful = squ>+ edges & small surfaces & ends ) ! plane1 & = jo9t+ edges1 ! plane be+ pu%$ =w>d on its side 7see ,%oot+-bo>d1 9 ,"p ,v474 ,x c be ( any wood :i* holds its %ape well4 ,cle> :ite p9e or mahogany is good4 ,if c>elessly made x w be ( b little use4 ,! /ock mu/ be plan$ free f w9d+4 ,sev]al =ms are %[n 9 ,figs4 #abb1 #abc1 & #abd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! con/ruction is pla9 7,fig4 #abb74 ,approximate dim5sions are giv51 ,fig4 #abb be+ made ( #g_/h /ock1 ,fig4 #abc ( #a_/b & #a_/d /ock1 & ,fig4 #abd ( #g_/h /ock4 ,screw ! pieces toge!r f ! "u side 7see ,screws74 ,see t ! /op or cleat a is put on at "r angles to ! edge b4 ,m>k ! l9es = ?is accurately ) knife or *isel4 ,a groove is sometimes cut = ?is /op1 b ?is is a ref9em5t t is n at all necess>y if y d y\r "w well4 ,?is bo>d mu/ h a rabbet or groove cut out ( ! upp] piece1 z %[n1 to give room = %av+s4 ,9 ,fig4 #abc ! top bo>d ov]laps ! ends ( ! cleats a trifle1 :i* 7) ! spaces betwe5 ! cleats7 all[s ! escape ( ! %av+s4 ,arrange "s way to hold ! bo>d firmly on ! b5*4 ,c>e is necess>y 9 us+ ! %oot+-bo>d n to plane slices f y\r left h&4 ,guides1 to atta* to ! plane to ensure squ>e edges1 c be b\ght & us$ in/ead ( ! %oot+-bo>d4 ,"s ( !m are s]viceable1 p>ticul>ly ^? adju/able at v>i\s angles4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abe4 ,a mitre %oot+-bo>d 7,fig4 #abe7 is also useful4 ,x requires to be made ) ev5 m c>e ?an ! bo>d j giv51 b on ! same pr9ciple4 ,! angul> /op or /ops mu/ be fitt$ to make ! angles exactly #de4 ,a saw$ mitre holds glue bett] ?an a plan$ mitre1 b saw$ mitres (t5 require trimm+ ) ! plane to get a p]fect fit4 ,=m = ,r\nd+ ,/icks4--,y w be cont9ually want+ to make /icks eight-sid$ or r\nd4 ,a =m to hold ! pieces = plan+ is a great conv5i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,gauge1 ,plane1 & ,nail+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abi4 ,take two /rips & plane (f 7or ev5 *isel or :ittle7 "o corn] ( ea*1 fir/ gaug+ l9es equidi/ant f ! corn] = a guide4 ,!n nail ! two /rips toge!r1 ) ! bevels fac+ ea* o!r1 to make a tr\gh z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf4 ,put a screw 9 "o end to pu% ! "w aga9/1 pu% ! =m aga9/ ! b5*-/op or screw x 9 ! vise1 put ! piece to be corn]$ or r\nd$ 9 ! ,v-%ap$ tr\gh1 & x w be firmly held ) ! angle upw>d4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! = l>g] & small] pieces w be v useful4 ,!y are quickly made ( wa/e /rips4 ,if y ?9k #b' ! "r l5g? = "o ( ^! =ms1 = in/ance1 make x a foot or s long]1 & aft] x is made saw (f ! extra l5g? 9 "o or two pieces1 :i* w s]ve z an ext5sion = hold+ a long /ick 7,fig4 #abg74 ,if y\r b5* has wood5 b5*-/ops y c make "s /ops ) not*es 9 ! top 7,fig4 #abh7 = ?is purpose4 ,= mak+ pieces tap]+1 z well z eight-sid$ or r\nd+1 y h only to modify ?is idea by plan+ (f ! corn]s 9 a tap]+ way 7,fig4 #abi74 ,see ,r\nd+ ,/icks4 ,level & ,plumb4--,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,gauge1 ,saw1 & ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,to make a plumb l ,fig4 #acj1 take a piece ( /raight wood f #c to #e wide & #d' or #e' long ) ! edges /raight & p>allel4 ,gauge a l9e d[n ! middle ( ! side1 exactly p>allel to ! edges1 & cut ! not* %[n at ! bottom4 ,make a saw-k]f at ! upp] end ( ! l9e & ano!r beside x 9 :i* to cat* ! end ( ! l9e1 or fa/5 ! l9e ar\nd a nail4 7,see ,plumb47 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aca4 ,to make ! level %[n 9 ,fig4 #aca1 x is ess5tial t ! bottom bo>d c d be /raight on ! l[] edge4 ,! two braces a c & a d %\ld be ( ! same l5g?4 ,! /rut a b %\ld be nail$ across at ! middle ( c d & at "r angles to x4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to h ! l9e a b exactly at "r angles to c d1 ! object ( ! braces a c & a d be+ to /iff5 ! bo>d c d1 & to keep ! l9es a b & c d at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,! plumb-l9e is hung & us$ z 9 ! case j giv51 ! bo>d c d be+ us$ = horizontal "w4 7,see ,level47 ,cab9ets1 etc41 = ,tools & ,supplies4--,a tool-*e/1 ?\gh a v conv5i5t 7& 9 fact necess>y7 ?+ = a workman :o is mov+ ar\nd f place to place or :o ne$s a safe receptacle 9 :i* to lock 8 tools 9 a factory1 is n at all necess>y 9 a private %op1 nor half z conv5i5t z to h ! tools :]e !y c be m readily rea*$4 ,x is q a piece ( "w to make a good "o1 & x w be bett] to def] su* a job until y feel ! ne$4 ,an old case ( draw]s1 or bureau1 or cupbo>d1 or "s su* receptacle1 if y c f9d "o1 w be useful 9 y\r %op4 ,a bureau1 9 fact1 makes a good tool-cab9et or sub/itute = a tool-*e/1 b if y keep tools 9 draw]s make comp>tm5ts1 trays1 or divisions1 else ! edge-tools may be damag$1 n to speak ( ! inevitable confusion4 ,y d n ne$ a tool-cab9et = half a doz5 tools1 b :5 !y beg9 to accumulate x is a good ?+ to h & a good ?+ to make1 if !re is occasion to keep y\r tools lock$ up or if y h limit$ room4 ,o!rwise x is j z well to keep ! common tools z already %[n4 ,a cab9et is fully z useful = miscellane\s articles l brads1 h+es1 etc41 z = tools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 & ,screws1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acb4 ,p]haps y c f9d a good box1 wide & %all[1 all made1 or if deep y c saw (f "p to make x %all[ 7,fig4 #acb74 ,?is w answ] p]fectly = a %op4 ,= ! h\se y w\ld ( c\rse make a cupbo>d ( new wood4 ,! size mu/ dep5d on circum/ances4 ,get two bo>ds = doors t w j cov] ! op5 side ( ! box1 unless ! box cov] w d1 :i* is unlikely4 ,if ! edges are n good y mu/ all[ extra wid? = jo9t+4 ,lay ^! bo>ds 9 position & m>k ! l5g?s 7on ! side next ! box7 by ! box itself1 n ) ! squ>e1 = ! box may n be squ>e4 ,f ! l9es j made m>k ! edges ) ! squ>e1 &1 ) ! /raight-edge1 connect ^! edge m>ks by l9es on ! face sides4 ,saw (f by ^! l9es4 ,m>k ! box & ea* door 9 "s way 7,fig4 #acc71 z top1 & ,r 7= "r7 & ,l 7= left71 or by m>ks1 z ,x1 ,o1 1 etc41 to prev5t f9ally putt+ !m on wrong side out or wrong end up1 z is v likely to happ5 if y neglect to m>k !m4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ace4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acf4 ,n[ = h+es4 ,! be/ ?+1 on acc\nt ( ! weight to be hung on ! doors & ! poor quality ( ! wood g5]ally us$ = boxes1 w be iron /rap-h+es made = "w ( ?is sort1 screw$ on ! outside 7,fig4 #acd74 ,two w d = ea* door4 ,next to ?is come ! common iron h+es4 ,if ! sides ( ! box are ?ick & firm1 ?ree ( ! common long & n>r[ k9d 7,fig4 #ace7 w d = ea* door4 ,if ! sides are ?9 & flimsy1 nail or screw a /rip inside ( ea* edge & use wid] & %ort] h+es 7,fig4 #acf74 ,to fit ! h+es1 see ,h+es4 ,! doors be+ hung1 take !m (f :ile fitt+ up ! case4 ,gauge a p5cil l9e ar\nd ! out] edge & ea* end ( ! inside surface ( ea* door1 :]e x fits aga9/ ! edge ( ! box1 z a limit beyond :i* racks or tools mu/ n project or ! door w n %ut 7,fig4 #acg74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acg4 ,! fitt+ up ( ! cupbo>d mu/ dep5d on its size & :at & h[ _m tools or supplies are to be kept 9 x4 ,%elves y c simply make ( ! "r size & nail into place f ! outside1 us+ ! rule & squ>e to get !m 9 ! "r positions4 ,! illu/rations are m]ely sugge/ions :i* y c alt] or improve ^u to suit y\r p>ticul> case4 ,fig4 #ach %[s ano!r =m1 & ,fig4 #aci a small cab9et ) "o door1 ) sugge/ions = ! arrangem5t ( ! tools1 b ! matt] ( fitt+ up y mu/1 ( c\rse1 contrive = y\rselves1 accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,d n attempt to put full-wid? draw]s into ^! wide1 %all[ cab9ets1 z is (t5 done4 ,x takes an exp]t to fit draw]s t are wide & %ort 7f front to back7 & !y are n always satisfactory ev5 !n4 ,if y wi% draw]s1 ei!r put 9 a r[ ( n>r[ ones1 or use ! simple device describ$ bel[ 7,figs4 #ada & #adb71 & %[n 9 ,fig4 #aci4 7,see ,draw]s 9 ,"p ,v47 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ach4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aci4 ,to fa/5 ! doors y c hook "o on ! inside & put a button 7:i* y c :ittle out7 on ! outside to hold ! o!r4 ,if y wi% to lock1 hook "o door inside & lock ! o!r to x 7see ,locks74 ,a padlock ) /aples & iron /rap is easi] to put on4 ,to make a cupbo>d ( bo>ds in/ead ( us+ a box1 y simply make a box y\rself 7see ,box-mak+ 9 ,"p ,,ii47 & !n proce$ z above4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adj4 ,fig4 #adj %[s a good =m ( cab9et4 ,make a tight box1 p]haps #b' #c' #f to #i1 ! sides & ends ( #g_/h /ock1 & ! top & bottom 7i4e41 ! front & back ( ! cab9et7 ( #a_/b /ock4 ,saw x op5 c>efully on ! l9e a b c ab\t #b or #c f ! top or face1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! box1 fir/ m>k+ ! ends or ! sides s t y c f9ally put !m toge!r aga9 9 ! same positions4 ,:5 nail+ ! box toge!r omit all nails :i* c\ld int]f]e ) ! saw+4 ,!y c easily be put 9 aft]w>ds4 7,see ,box-mak+1 9 ,"p ,,ii47 ,c>efully smoo? ! edges aft] ! saw4 ,reckless & ha/y plan+ w spoil ! jo9t4 ,fit two /rap-h+es1 or ?ree ( ! common k9d4 ,fit up inside z y wi%1 & fa/5 ) hasp1 padlock1 or a lock work+ on ! pr9ciple ( a *e/ lock4 ,all ^! cab9ets mu/ be firmly fa/5$ to ! wall1 = !y w be v heavy :5 fill$4 ,d n tru/ to a c\ple ( nails or screws1 ! way amateurs s (t5 put up %elves & cab9ets 9 ! h\se4 ,a l$ge ( "s sort bel[ is a great help 7,fig4 #adj7 to relieve ! screws or nails ( ! weight4 ,if ! back is n v /rong1 d n tru/ :olly to x1 b add cleats outside or inside4 ,if 9 ! h\se1 /\t screw-eyes ( heavy wire 9 ! sides ( ! cab9et1 ?r\gh :i* y c screw to ! wall1 are good 7,fig4 #adj74 ,good %elves c be made by arrang+ empty boxes "o on top ( ano!r1 or by tak+ a wide1 ?9 7flat7 box & fitt+ %elves across x1 l a bookcase1 & !n fa/5+ ! :ole to ! wall4 ,a small draw] c be fix$ "u a %elf1 any:]e 9 y\r %op1 on ! pr9ciple (t5 us$ 9 sew+-ma*9e tables & ! l1 by tak+ a small box ( suitable %ape1 /r5g!n+ "o corn] if necess>y 7,fig4 #ada71 & pivot+ x ) a screw at t corn] 7,fig4 #adb74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ada4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/-class ,b5*4--,y c d all ! "w y w be equal to = a long "t on su* a b5* z has be5 %[n1 b "s day y w want a fir/-class b5*1 su* z ,fig4 #adc4 ,d n attempt any?+ ( ! sort at fir/1 h[ev]1 ?\gh if y c af=d x1 su* a b5* is good to beg9 )4 ,a few details are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adc4 ,o!r ,appliances4--,a numb] ( o!r appliances & contrivances w be f\nd1 "u _! respective head+s1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,a ,,few ,,ess5tials ,,to ,,successful ,,"w ,d "o ?+ at a "t4 ,f9i% "o job be=e y />t two or ?ree o!rs4 ,fir/ le>n to "w well1 !n ability to "w quickly w come ( itself4 ,plan y\r "w to ! end be=e beg9n+ to use y\r tools4 ,make draw+s c>efully to scale be=e beg9n+ any b ! simple/ "w4 ,lay out ! "w c>efully on ! wood ) %>p1 accurate l9es1 accord+ to ! draw+s1 measur+ ev]y?+ ) exactness at lea/ twice4 ,cut ! "w accurately ) %>p tools to ! l9es y h laid out4 ,keep te/+ ! accuracy ( ! "w ) ! squ>e1 /raight-edge1 rule1 level1 or plumb4 ,keep y\r tools %>p & 9 good ord]4 ,h ! mo/ conv5i5t place = ea* tool & always keep x 9 t place :5 n 9 use4 ,d y\r "w ?or\ghly & /rongly4 ,d n half make x4 ,d n half fa/5 x toge!r4 ,! only "t y w regret ?or\gh "w is :5 y h to take x ap>t aga94 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,if y c af=d to buy "o ready made1 y _c d bett] ?an to beg9 ) su* z are sold = sloyd or manual-tra9+ s*ools1 b d n get a v small "o unless y are only go+ to d v small "w4 ,get "o z l>ge z y c af=d4 ,a second-h& b5* c (t5 be b\ght = a small sum1 b be sure t x is firm & /eady4 #ae ,! reason = mak+ ?is b5* #e' #aj long1 in/ead ( cutt+ a #ab' bo>d into two l5g?s ( #f' ea*1 is t x is h>d to get bo>ds s\nd & squ>e at ! ends1 & s x is be/ to all[ a few in*es = wa/e4 ,( c\rse y\r b5* c be ( any desir$ l5g?4 ,six or eight feet is suitable = ord9>y "w1 b !re is no objection to mak+ x z mu* long] z y\r space & mat]ial w admit4 ,! height %\ld be> a prop] relation to ! height ( ! workman4 ,no def9ite height c be giv54 ,try mov+ a plane back & =?4 ,if y\r "r elb[1 :5 hold+ ! plane1 is slightly b5t & y\r back ab\t /raight1 ! height w be n f> f "r4 ,d a little simple "w at a table1 try+ diff]5t heights1 & y c soon tell :at w be satisfactory4 ,if ! b5* is too l[1 y _c manage y\r "w well & y\r back w get tir$ f b5d+ ov]1 n to speak ( becom+ r\nd-%\ld]$4 ,if ! b5* is too high1 x w be h>d to manage y\r "w1 y _c plane well1 & y\r arms w be tir$ f hold+ !m up unnaturally high4 ,a b5* = heavy "w l c>p5try is usually r l[] ?an "o = cab9et- or patt]n-mak+1 :ile a c>v]'s b5* is usually high]4 #af ,?is vise is fitt$ slant+1 s t ! slide at ! bottom comes on ! outside ( ! leg & at ! same "t 9 ! c5tre l9e ( ! movable jaw 9 l9e ) ! screw4 ,a common =m has ! movable jaw upright1 ! slid+ b> be+ mortis$ into x & slid+ ?r\gh a mortise cut 9 ! leg1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ef & #eg4 ,if y wi% to make ?is k9d1 /udy ,mortis+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & lay out & cut ! mortise 9 ! leg be=e nail+ ! cross-bo>d to x 7,figs4 #da & #db74 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! b5* to make nicely1 & y c sp5d a good deal ( pa9s ^u x4 ,if y h n yet ! prop] tools to make ?is mortise y c m>k x out & h x cut = a v small sum at a wood-work+ mill or %op4 ,:5 nail+ ! cross-bo>d ^u ! legs1 be> 9 m9d to put ?is leg 9 ! "r place4 ,fig4 #eh %[s a simple arrangem5t ) an additional po/1 or two po/s c be put toge!r & "o half ! not*+ done 9 ea* 7,fig4 #ei74 #ag ,9 case y\r b5* is 9 ! h\se & y wi% to dead5 ! s\nd & vibration f y\r "w y c put rubb] cu%ions "u ! legs4 #ah ,fig4 #aab %[s a nic] pair ( horses4 ,take two pieces ( p9e1 or any wood n likely to w>p1 #b #c 7or #d7 #b-a_/b' or #c'1 m>k ) rule1 squ>e1 & gauge 7see ,gauge71 & cut ) saw & *isel ! %all[ ga9s 7,fig4 #aac7 = ! legs4 ,make !m ! same dep? at ! top z at ! bottom 7,fig4 #aad71 & clean !m out z accurately to ! l9es z y c4 ,get out eight legs1 & regulate _! l5g? z be=e4 ,saw ! upp] ends on a bevel 7,fig4 #aad7 correspond+ to ! slant !y are to h4 ,nail or screw !m 9 place4 ,y c glue ! jo9ts = additional /r5g?4 ,fit on cross-pieces & f9i% ! "w z describ$ above4 ,if y ev] ne$ horses = v heavy "w y c make ! legs ( plank or joi/ ) ! tops cut l ,fig4 #aae4 ,! labor is small1 ! pa/ime is great4--,,goe!4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,articles ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,work%op ,ev5 if y are able to use tools q well1 y may /ill n "k h[ to g to "w to make "s p>ticul> ?+1 s x is q important to "k h[ to lay out1 put toge!r1 & f9i% diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,! numb] ( ?+s y c make is legion4 ,! numb] x is wor? :ile = y to make is mu* small]4 ,amateurs (t5 say t ! "w !y d !mselves co/s m 7ev5 c\nt+ _! own lab\r z no?+7 ?an to hire ! "w done1 & x is "o aim ( ?is book to prev5t t undesirable result1 9 "s cases at lea/4 ,! numb] ( ?+s :i* y c make m *eaply ?an y c buy gr[s small] e ye>4 ,_m ?+s c n[ be b\ght ready-made = less ?an y w\ld h to pay = ! mat]ials4 ,x is fooli% to take ! "t & money to make _m ( ! games & toys1 = in/ance1 sold s *eaply n[adays4 ,a :eelb>r[ is 9 itself a good ?+ to make1 b x c be b\ght s *eaply t x is h>dly wor? :ile to make "o4 ,x is true t "s ( ^! ?+s y c make bett]1 al?\gh n *eap]1 ?an y c easily buy 7a sl$ p]haps72 b1 z a rule1 y\r "t c be bett] sp5t ?an ^u ?is class ( objects1 & y w f9d b few su* giv5 "h4 ,?+s l :i/les1 pea-%oot]s1 & clapp]s1 :i* are s famili> to e boy & require no m in/ruction to make ?an is h&$ d[n & ar\nd f boy to boy1 are n giv5 "h1 z a rule4 ,a few o!r ?+s :i* y might p]haps look =1 su* z t5nis rackets & sn[-%oes1 are omitt$1 because !y require m special k & skill ?an mo/ beg9n]s c be expect$ to h4 ,x is easy en\gh to see h[ to make a t5nis racket1 = in/ance1 s f> z ! g5]al idea is conc]n$2 b simply b5d+ a loop1 fa/5+ x to a /ick1 & lac+ ! loop1 does n make a t5nis racket4 ,! holes = ! /r++ mu/ be made 9 a p>ticul> way1 ! /r++ mu/ be done prop]ly1 & ! :ole affair mu/ balance or hang "r1 or be ( little use4 ,x is bett] to buy su* ?+s4 ,y boys1 & _m ( y\r eld]s1 l to try all ! new-fangl$ ideas z fa/ z !y come out1 & x is well t y d1 b y 7z a class7 accept !m = keeps only aft] !y h /ood ! te/ ( _m trials4 ,a l>ge book c\ld be fill$ ) descriptions ( ! novelties :i* h appe>$ )9 my remembrance1 b out ( ?is numb] ,i c c\nt on my f+]s all t h come to /ay4 ,y w f9d all ! novelties y c att5d to 7& m7 9 ! magaz9es1 etc41 s ,i h be5 r cons]vative 9 my selection1 kn[+ t y w p]man5tly accept b ! be/ ( ! new ideas & come back 9 ! end1 ye> aft] ye>1 to ! same old ?+s1 ) only su* additions z h /ood ! te/ ( actual use4 ,! objects includ$ embrace a suffici5t v>iety ( types to =m a basis ( exp]i5ce & practice1 9 diff]5t k9ds ( "w & 9 v>i\s details1 f :i* y c laun* out into any ( ^! new plans1 or any exp]im5ts ( y\r own :i* y may wi% to try1 & ?us supply = y\rselves ! in=mation lack+ 9 _m ( ! popul> descriptions4 ,be=e y make any?+ bulky measure y\r %op door or w9d[ to see t y c get x out aft] y h made x4 ,?is may seem a sup]flu\s caution1 b !re h be5 _m cases :]e p h sp5t mu* "t 9 mak+ ?+s :i* c\ld n be tak5 f ! room 9 :i* !y 7 made )\t te>+ out ! door or w9d[ cas+4 ,ev5 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 y "k1 built a boat s f> f ! wat] t he c\ld n laun* h]4 ,d n be deceiv$ by all ! complicat$1 new-fangl$ v>iations ( famili> ?+s :i* ab\nd 9 ! popul> publications4 ,try to make ev]y?+ z simple z y c4 ,look askance on contrivances t are all tangl$ up ) spr+s1 & lev]s1 & complicat$ me*anism1 & /udy !m well be=e y beg9 to make !m4 ,fir/ figure ! co/ ( ! object y int5d to make4 ,?is book is n to d y\r "w = y1 b to put y on ! "r track to d x y\rselves1 s read ,e/imat+1 page #ed1 & ! :ole ( ,"p ,i _h be/ be read be=e y beg9 to make ! ?+s describ$ h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,,few ,,toys ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #add4 ,wood5 ,swords1 ,knives1 & ,dagg]s4--,be=e beg9n+ "w1 read ,m>k+1 ,knife1 ,:ittl+1 ,p>+1 ,r\nd+ ,/icks1 ,rasp1 ,file1 & ,s&pap]1 & look upany o!r ref]5ces4 ,! con/ruction ( ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #add is too obvi\s to require special description4 ,fir/ cut ! g5]al outl9e z %[n1 !n r\nd or p>e or %ave to ! ?ickness requir$4 ,if y h a b[-saw or scroll-saw1 x w save mu* "t 9 %ap+ ! outl9es1 or y c h !m saw$ at ! mill4 ,if y /a9 ^! weapons ) v>i\s col\rs1 z r$1 black1 yell[1 etc41 & 9 v>i\s patt]ns1 & %ellac !m neatly 7see ,f9i%+71 y c turn out q a =midable array ( awe-inspir+ weapons4 ,!y %\ld be made ( "s /raight-gra9$ & easily :ittl$ wood4 ,no?+ is bett] ?an :ite p9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ade4 ,to make a sword l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ade1 fir/ select a piece ( /raight-gra9$ wood 7a% or any /rong wood7 ab\t #b-a_/b' 9 l5g?1 #c_/af ?ick1 & #a wide4 ,ab\t #d f "o end make a m>k4 ,f ?is m>k tap] ! edges to ! o!r end4 ,d n tap] ! /ick too gradually4 ,!n draw a l9e along ! c5tre ( ea* side & tap] f ?is c5tre l9e to ! edges1 leav+ ! edges ab\t #a_/af ?ick4 ,next get out two pieces ( wood #a_/h ?ick & #d long 7"s d>k-col\r$ wood c be us$ = contra/74 ,nail "o ( ^! pieces ) brads on ea* side ( ! #d space left = ! h&le4 ,next get a piece #d long1 #a_/d ?ick1 & #c_/d wide 7see ,fig4 #ade74 ,m>k x z %[n1 mak+ ! m>ks = ! holes 7#c_/af7 s ! outside edge ( "o w be j #a f ! outside edge ( ! o!r4 ,!n bore ^! holes c>efully 7see ,bor+7 & cut out ! wood betwe5 !m ) a knife or *isel 7be+ c>eful ab\t splitt+7 & %ape ! outside z m>k$4 ,slip ! blade ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! gu>d y h j made up to ! h&le & nail ! gu>d to ! blade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wood5 ,snake4--,?is imitation reptile 7,fig4 #adf7 if well made w 7:5 grasp$ at ! middle7 by a slight movem5t ( ! h& undulate & wri! 9 a v lifelike mann]1 z y may "k1 s d n be eag] to t]rify y\r fem99e relatives1 or ^? ( o!r boys1 too mu*4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adg4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,knife1 ,saw1 & ,r\nd+ ,/icks4 ,! snake c be ( any size--say f #b' to #f' long & f #a to #b 9 diam4 ,select a piece ( /raight-gra9$ wood1--:ite p9e or any wood easy to "w4 ,fir/ see t ! /ick is squ>e1 !n make x hexagonal 7six-sid$71 !n tap] x to ! g5]al %ape ( ! snake1 & f9ally r\nd & smoo? x 7,fig4 #adg74 ,rememb] n to use s&pap] 9 ! smoo?+1 z ! grit w dull ! tools yet to be us$4 ,! head y mu/ :ittle or c>ve accord+ to y\r +5uity & skill4 ,! m\? c be cut ) a f9e saw4 ,! snake hav+ be5 %ap$1 m>k p5cil l9es l5g?ways along ! middle ( ! top & bottom 7except at ! head71 & cut ) a knife a little slit or groove m]ely wide en\gh to hold a f9e cord 7l fi%-l9e74 ,?is c be done ) a f9e saw 7z a back-saw71 us+ ! tee? only at "o end ( ! saw blade1 b mu* c>e is requir$ & ! /ick mu/ be firmly clamp$ or held 9 ! vise4 ,y w probably d x m easily ) ! knife4 ,m>k equal spaces 7,fig4 #adh7 ( #a_/b to #b1 accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! snake1 f ! neck to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! end ( ! tail4 ,if y make ^! m>ks z ne> toge!r z #c_/d1 ! snake w look m natural1 z ! not*es w n h to be s wide1 b y w h to cut m ( !m4 ,numb] ^! sections s t y c f9ally put !m toge!r aga9 9 ! "r ord]4 ,) ! knife or *isel not* 9 to ! c5tre f ea* side at ea* ( ! m>ks1 or use ! saw & knife or *isel1 until ! body ( ! snake is cut into sections 7,fig4 #adh74 ,put ! sections toge!r aga9 by s9k+ a f9e /rong cord 9 ! longitud9al grooves 9 ! top & bottom4 ,set ! cord 9 place ) glue 7see ,glu+71 & fa/5 ) little /aples 7:i* y c make ( b5t p9s71 or some?+ ( ! sort1 at ! end ( ea* section4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adh4 ,set beads 9 ! head = eyes4 ,s&pap] ! :ole ) f9e s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]74 ,pa9t 9 imitation ( :atev] k9d ( snake y pref] 7see ,pa9t+71 us+ r$ = ! inside ( ! m\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w9dmills4--,^! are made 9 a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,a few patt]ns :i* c be readily con/ruct$ ( wood are giv5 bel[4 ,be> 9 m9d to make !m /rong1 z !y are "u v great /ra9 9 a viol5t w9d1 &1 also1 t ! l>g] !y are ! /rong] !y mu/ be2 = little models1 y "k1 are mu* /rong] 9 proportion ?an l>ge /ructures made aft] ! same designs4 ,dim5sions are giv5 m]ely to help illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction4 ,! w9dmills w "w j z well if made l>g] or small]1 )9 any reasonable limits4 ,!y %\ld be made ( /raight-gra9$ :ite p9e1 :itewood1 or "s wood easy to "w4#ai 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aej4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,knife1 & ,p>+1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,9 case ( us+ heavy /ock1 see also ,draw-knife1 ,spoke%ave1 & ,plane4 ,to make a v simple =m 7,fig4 #adi71 take two /icks1 say #h x #a x #a1 & halve or not* 7see ,halv+7 ea* piece at ! c5tre 7,fig4 #aej71 s t :5 put toge!r !y w =m a cross ) arms ( equal l5g?4 ,bore a hole ?r\gh bo? pieces at ! c5tre to loosely fit ! p9 ^u :i* ! vanes are to turn 7see ,bor+74 ,^u ! ends ( ea* /ick m>k diagonal l9es 7,fig4 #aej7 slant+ 9 opposite directions1 or s t1 if y revolve ! cross edgeways & look 9 turn ^u ea* ( ! f\r ends1 ! l9es w all slant ! same way4 ,?is is ess5tial1 = ! next op]ation is to %ave ea* ( ! /icks d[n t[>ds ^! l9es until p]haps #a_/h ?ick 7,fig4 #aej71 & y c readily see t if ^! vanes are n turn$ ! same way ! w9dmill w n revolve4 ,:5 ?is %ap+ is done fa/5 ! /icks toge!r ) brads 7see ,nail+74 ,! rema9+ "p is v simple 7,fig4 #aea71 p]haps #a' long & #a_/b ?ick1 ) ! broad vane made ?91 z ! only object ( ?is is to act z a wea!r-vane to keep ! w9dmill head$ t[>d ! w9d1 & if made ?ick & heavy ! :ole affair w n balance well4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aea4 ,! revolv+ cross y c n[ fa/5 ) a nail or screw ^u ! end ( ! "p la/ made 7,fig4 #aea7 s t x w revolve freely4 ,f9d ! po9t at :i* ! :ole w9dmill w balance ov] y\r f+] or a /ick1 & bore a v]tical hole ?r\gh ! horizontal /ick at ?is po9t4 ,?r\gh ?is hole loosely screw or nail ! w9dmill on ! end ( a /ick1 slightly r\nd$ to prev5t friction 7,fig4 #aea74 ,s&pap] ! :ole ) r f9e s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]74 ,y c pa9t 9 "o or m col\rs1 if y wi% 7see ,pa9t+74 ,! vanes c be pa9t$ 9 light & d>k b&s crossways1 caus+ an appe>ance1 :5 revolv+1 ( conc5tric r+s 7l a t>get74 ,by hav+ two axles or sp9dles 7,fig4 #aeb7 two sets ( vanes c revolve at once1 &1 by slant+ ! vanes ( ! two sets 9 opposite ways1 ! two w revolve 9 contr>y directions4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aec4 ,! wea!r-vane c be made ( two pieces 7,fig4 #aec74 ,a m elaborate affair 7,fig4 #aed7 is made on simil> pr9ciples1 b requires m c>e4 ,! con/ruction is obvi\s4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,knife1 ,spoke%ave1 ,draw%ave1 ,r\nd+ ,/icks1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! g5]al dim5sions ( ! "o illu/rat$ are3 l5g? ( ma9 frame 79 :i* sp9dle turns7 #i1 height ( "o end #d-a_/b1 height ( ! o!r end #b-a_/b2 l5g? ( wea!r-vane 7f ma9 frame7 #aj1 wid? at end #d-a_/b2 l5g? ( revolv+ fans #a'1 wid? at ends #b4 ,! sp9dle is held 9 ! ma9 frame on a slant 7,fig4 #aee7 to less5 any t5d5cy to slip out1 s ! hole ?r\gh :i* x passes %\ld h a correspond+ slant 7see ,bor+74 ,! revolv+ fans or vanes are r$uc$ to r\nd p9s at ! small ends & fitt$ tightly into holes bor$ 9 ! head ( ! sp9dle1 all ! vanes be+ turn$ to h ! same slant4 ,c>e w be requir$ to bore ^! holes s t ! vanes w be equidi/ant & revolve 9 ! same l9e4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aed4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aee4 ,! wea!r-vane is set 9 a slant+ groove cut 9 ! bottom ( ! ma9 frame 7,fig4 #aee71 & fa/5$ ) a c\ple ( nails or screws4 ,y c cut ?is groove by mak+ two saw-k]fs & p>+ out ! wood betwe5 ) a *isel4 ,! b5t nail or wire %[n on ! top ( ! sp9dle 9 ,fig4 #aed is to keep ! latt] f jump+ out ( ! frame f a sudd5 *ange ( w9d4 ,! vanes %\ld all be %av$ d[n until !y are q ?9 at ! ends4 ,set up & f9i% ?is w9dmill l ! "o j describ$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aef4 ,a =m :i* is good practice 9 :ittl+1 & ^u :i* y c also ex]cise y\r arti/ic faculties1 is ! ,happy ,jack %[n 9 ,fig4 #aef4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,knife1 ,rasp1 & ,file1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,f\rte5 in*es is a good height = ! figure itself4 ,! outl9e ( body & head c be saw$ f a #c_/d bo>d & ! edges trimm$ & r\nd$ & ! details cut ) a knife1 or rasp & file c be us$ = ! edges4 ,! arms are made ( sep>ate pieces4 ,bore holes 9 ! out] ends ( ! arms to hold ! paddles 7see ,bor+74 ,also bore holes l5g?ways into ! arms1 f ! ends next ! body1 & into ^! holes tightly drive ! ends ( a /iff metal rod long en\gh to also pass ?r\gh ! body at ! %\ld]s 7,fig4 #aef74 ,be=e actually driv+ ?is rod into bo? arms y mu/ bore ! hole ?r\gh ! body4 ,! holes 9 ! arms %\ld be small] ?an ! rod1 s t x may drive 9 tightly )\t dang] ( gett+ loose1 b ! hole 9 ! body mu/ be l>g] ?an ! rod1 t ! latt] may revolve easily 9 x4 ,bore 9 f ! c5tre ( ea* %\ld] z c>efully z y c1 until ! holes meet1 r ?an attempt to bore cle> ?r\gh f "o side4 ,put 9 ! rod & drive on ! arms1 b n q up to ! %\ld]s4 ,9 driv+ on ! arms be sure to keep ! holes = ! paddles 9 ! "r positions1 s t ! paddles w be 9 l9e z %[n--t is1 s t :5 "o po9ts directly upw>ds ! o!r w po9t directly d[nw>ds4 ,also bore a hole upw>ds betwe5 ! legs = ! rod ^u :i* ! figure turns1 & screw or nail a piece ( metal 7,fig4 #aeg71 ) a hole = ?is rod1 on ! bottom ( ! legs 7,fig4 #aef74 ,fig4 #aeh %[s a way to put on ! hat4 ,! paddles c be made f a %+le1 :i* w save ! lab\r ( tap]+ ! ?ickness t[>ds ! ends4 ,! paddles mu/ be set obliquely1 or turn$ "p way ar\nd1 z 9 ! case ( any w9dmill4 ,:5 set at ! prop] angles ! man w sp9 ar\nd :ile ! paddles are revolv+4 ,s&pap] ! :ole 7see ,s&pap]71 & pa9t 9 v>i\s col\rs 7see ,pa9t+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,a set ( boats to sail ar\nd 9 a circle is n h>d to make 7,fig4 #aei74 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,take two /icks f #b' to #d' 9 l5g?1 & f #c_/d to #a-a_/d squ>e1 ( any fairly /rong wood4 ,halve ^! /icks at ! middle 7see ,halv+7 & fa/5 !m toge!r 9 ! =m ( a cross1 /r5g!n+ ! jo9t 7weak5$ by ! halv+7 by nail+ or screw+ on a piece ( bo>d above or bel[1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aei4 ,! boats c be :ittl$ f a piece ( bo>d on edge & fa/5$ to ! ends ( ! /icks by halv+ 7,fig4 #afj71 z well z nails or screws1 or !y c simply be flat pieces ( bo>d %ap$ z 9 ,fig4 #afa & screw$ or nail$ on top ( ! /icks4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! halv+ _h be/ be done be=e ! /icks are fa/5$ toge!r4 ,"o ma/ ) a simple leg-(-mutton sail w answ] = ea* boat4 ,a little exp]im5t+ w %[ y h[ mu* to haul 9 ! %eet4 ,ea* boat mu/1 ( c\rse1 come ab\t & jibe once 9 e rotation ( ! app>atus4 ,s&pap] ) r f9e s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]71 & pa9t z y wi% 7see ,pa9t+74 ,! :ole affair is balanc$ & pivot$ on top ( a pole 9 ! same mann] z ! w9dmills j describ$1 :i* see4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afa4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afd4 ,a /eam] ) screw propell] c be made f a piece ( bo>d on edge1 %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb1 a small w9dmill ) %ort & broad fans 7,fig4 #afc71 s]v+ = ! screw4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,knife1 ,spoke%ave1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is boat mu/ be made ( a bo>d s z to give a ?9 section 7,fig4 #afd71 9 ord] t ! screw may n be %ield$ f ! w9d1 = ?is vessel mu/ always head to w9dw>d or ! screw w n revolve4 ,to ensure ?is ! =e & aft sail mu/ always be kept set & ! %eet close-haul$4 ,?is sail answ]s ! purpose ( ! wea!r-vanes ( ! w9dmills j describ$4 ,x c be made ( t9 or any %eet metal1 or ev5 ( ?9 wood4 ,! re/ ( ! rigg+ & ! smoke/ack y c arrange z y wi%4 ,! bottom ( ! rudd] c be support$ by a little /rip ext5d+ aft f ! keel4 ,= ! o!r details ( ! "w1 see ! w9dmills already describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wat]-:eels4--,an und]%ot :eel1 turn$ by ! wat] pass+ b5ea? 7,fig4 #afe71 c be easily made4 ,x c be ( any desir$ size1 & ( any wood readily work$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afe4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aff4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afg4 ,"o l ,fig4 #aff c be made by simply nail+ a set ( small bo>ds or paddles 9 a radial arrangem5t betwe5 two disks ( wood4 ,a d[el or broom/ick w d = ! %aft & %\ld be fitt$ tightly 9 ! hole bor$ ?r\gh ! :eel 7see ,bor+71 b %\ld turn freely 9 ! be>+s at ! side4 ,x w make a r neat] job to %ape ! paddles z 9 ,fig4 #afg1 s t :5 put toge!r ! :eel w look l ,fig4 #aff1 b ?is is n at all necess>y1 & x w "w j z well to make pla9 rectangul> paddles & simply nail ! disks on ! outside edges 7see ,nail+74 ,if y h no saw ) :i* to get out ! disks y c h !m saw$ at ! mill1 or y c "w !m out by describ+ ! requir$ circles & saw+ a hexagon outside ( ! l9e ) a common saw1 :5 ! circle c be f9i%$ ) %ave1 hat*et1 *isel1 or knife 7see ,p>+74 ,divide ! circumf]5ce ( ea* disk into z _m p>ts z !re are paddles & draw l9es on ! side to ! c5tre1 by :i* to nail ! paddles 9 ! "r position4 ,/>t ! nails on ^! l9es & drive !m ne>ly ?r\gh be=e plac+ ! paddles 9 position4 ,!n nail "o disk to ! paddles1 turn ! :eel ov] & nail on ! o!r disk4 ,x is ess5tial to a neat job t ! paddles %\ld all be ( ! same wid?4 ,fir/ make "o edge /raight4 ,f ?is edge gauge ! desir$ wid? on all ! pieces 7see ,gauge7 & saw or plane or trim1 ) knife1 *isel1 or %ave1 exactly to ! l9e4 ,if y make ! paddles z %[n 9 ! cut1 fir/ squ>e l9es across at equal di/ances f "o end 7,fig4 #afg71 & ) a gauge set at a po9t equal to ! ?ickness ( ! disks make l9es p>allel to ea* edge1 & ) ! saw or saw & *isel1 or ev5 a knife1 remove ! pieces m>k$ 7see ,p>+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ov]%ot :eel 7,fig4 #afh7 is h>d] to make1 b is a liveli] :eel4 ,x is put toge!r ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! :eel j %[n1 except t ! paddles1 :i* d n project beyond ! circumf]5ce ( ! disks1 are n plac$ radially1 b s t1 ) ! addition ( ano!r set ins]t$ to connect !m1 !y =m buckets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to lay (f ! l9es = ! buckets1 divide ! circumf]5ce ( ea* disk z be=e1 & f ! c5tre describe a small circle1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi4 ,f ! po9ts on ! circumf]5ce draw l9es tang5t to ! small circle4 ,^! l9es w give ! positions = ! bottoms ( ! buckets4 ,to complete ! buckets m>k f ! circumf]5ce equal di/ances on ^! l9es1 & f ^! la/ po9ts draw l9es z ab to ! next po9ts on ! circumf]5ce4 ,fir/1 nail toge!r ) only ! bottoms ( ! buckets 7on ! l9es ca74 ,!n fit 9 ! o!r pieces1 to complete ! buckets1 on ! l9es ab4 ,! ends ( ^! la/ pieces %\ld prop]ly be bevell$ 7see ,bevell+7 to make a fairly tight jo9t4 ,! re/ ( ! "w is ! same z = ! und]%ot :eel4 ,a l>g] =m 7b h>d] to make7 is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #agj4 ,see note "u ,w9dmills1 above4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,totlet ,,t[n4 ,play ,village4--,x is capital fun = sev]al "y p to design & build a m9iature village1 & x is c]ta9ly an in/ructive & q inexp5sive pa/ime4 ,su* a village1 plann$ & made rec5tly by a family gr\p ( half a doz5 y\ng/]s1 & faceti\sly nam$ ,totlet ,t[n1 0 con/ruct$ entirely ( old boxes & pack+-cases ( all sizes up to ?ree feet long1 wa/e pieces ( bo>d1 %+les1 etc42 b :5 pa9t$ & arrang$ 9 a corn] ( ! lawn1 ) dirt roads1 & pa?s1 small ev]gre5 %ade trees & h$ges1 well-sweeps1 m9iature f5ces1 & o!r accessories1 x made s pretty a picture z to be ! admiration ( all :o saw x4 ,if y h z good a "t 9 mak+ su* a village z ^! "y p did1 ! exp]im5t w be a success4 ,y c easily ?9k up _m additions to ! sugge/ions "h giv54 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aga4 ,! build+s 7 made by select+ boxes ( ! desir$ proportions1 saw+ out spaces = ! doors1 add+ ! ro(s & any o!r alt]ations4 ,! *imneys 7 made ( blocks pa9t$ r$4 ,! doors 7 made ( pieces ( bo>d & h+$ ) lea!r4 ,bay-w9d[s & ! l 7 made ( blocks ( ! requir$ %ape nail$ to ! boxes4 ,! w9d[s & bl9ds 7 repres5t$ by pa9t+4 ,"s ( ! ro(s 7 %+l$ ) pieces ( %+les4 ,a sugge/ion = a light-h\se is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aga4 ,consid]able c>e 9 ! use ( ! tools is call$ = to make ^! build+s neatly4 ,mu* ( ! effect dep5ds1 also1 ^u ! c>e ) :i* ! pa9t+ is done 7see ,pa9t+71 & ! ta/e us$ 9 ! selection ( ! col\rs4 ,bright] col\rs are suitable = a little village ( ?is sort ?an w\ld be 9 good ta/e = real h\ses4 ,:ite ) gre5 bl9ds is good1 ( c\rse2 or yell[ c be us$4 ,! ro(s %\ld be pa9t$4 ,r$ ro(s are v effective4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w1 read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,)draw+ ,nails1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agb4 ,dolls' ,h\se4--,! h\se %[n 9 ,fig4 #agb is q easily made1 & a %all[ affair l ?is has ! advantage ( be+ m conv5i5t ?an a deep "o ab\t arrang+ ! cont5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,p9e & :itewood are suitable1 or any wood c be us$ t is n h>d to "w4 ,x c be made ( any desir$ size4 ,?ree or f\r feet wide & a little high] 9 ! middle w probably be suitable = ord9>y cases1 & twelve or fifte5 in*es w be a good dep? 7f front to back74 ,! con/ruction is pla94 ,! ro( & sides are to be cut f dress$ /ock ( uni=m wid?1 & f #a_/b to #g_/h 9 ?ickness4 ,c>efully true "o edge1 if x is n already true1 & get out ! bottom bo>d1 !n ! upright sides1 & !n ! ro(4 ,! bevels at ! highe/ po9t ( ! ro( & :]e ! ro( jo9s ! sides y mu/ m>k ) ! bevel 7tak+ ! slant f y\r draw+71 or y c f9d x by arrang+ two /rips to cross at ! desir$ angle & m>k+ ! bevel by !m 7see ,bevell+74 ,to saw ^! bevels requires mu* c>e4 ,draw l9es by ! squ>e on bo? sides1 z well z ! angle on ! edge1 & putt+ ea* bo>d 9 ! vise saw c>efully & /eadily4 ,! ?ree floors %\ld be n>r[] ?an ! outside ( ! h\se by j ! ?ickness ( ! /ock to be us$ = ! back1 & rectangul> op5+s mu/ be saw$ f "o ( ! back corn]s at ! head ( ! /airs to all[ ! dolls to pass f "o /ory to ano!r4 ,if ! sides ( ! h\se are #ad wide1 make ^! floors #ac-a_/b wide1 & use #a_/b or #c_/h /ock = ! back4 ,also m>k & saw out ! w9d[s4 ,to d ?is1 fir/ bore a s]ies ( holes inside ( ! l9e 7see ,bor+7 & cut out :atev] wood may be necess>y until y make a slot 9 :i* to />t ! saw4 ,any r\ghness left f ! holes c be trimm$ ) knife1 *isel1 or file 7see ,p>+74 ,nail ^! p>ts toge!r1 j z 9 mak+ a box1 c>efully sight+ across ! face to see t ! front & back d n w9d1 or use w9d+-/icks 7q4 v474 ,also te/ ) ! squ>e to see t ! sides are at "r angles ) ! bottom4 ,get out /ock = ! back c>efully 7) ! bo>ds runn+ up & d[n7 s t ! bo>ds w be squ>e at ! bottom1 & :5 ^! pieces are fitt$ 9 place to =m ! back !y w ensure ! h\se be+ squ>e4 ,! slant by :i* to cut ! top ( ! back c be laid (f by measurem5t f y\r work+ draw+ or ! back c be put 9 place & ! l9es m>k$ directly f ! "u side ( ! ro(4 ,:5 fitt$1 nail ! back securely 9 place1 fir/ cutt+ ! w9d[s z be=e4 ,!n fit 9 ! upright p>titions1 fir/ cutt+ ! doorways4 ,! /aircase c be made easily if y h1 or c saw f ! corn] ( a l>g] piece1 a triangul> /rip :i* c be cut 9 %ort sections to use = ! /eps4 ,nail ^! to a ?9 /rip ( bo>d 7f ! "u side7 & fa/5 ! :ole 9 position 7,fig4 #agc74 ,! *imney c be made ( a block ) a not* saw$ to fit ! ro(1 or x c be made ( f\r pieces1 box-fa%ion4 ,glass = ! w9d[s c be held 9 place by glu+ /rips ( clo? or pap] ar\nd ! edges1 or ?9 /rips c be nail$ ar\nd ) f9e brads4 ,?9 /rips c be nail$ ar\nd ! w9d[ op5+s on ! outside1 if y wi%4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agc4 ,all ! pieces %\ld be neatly plan$ & scrap$ be=e putt+ toge!r1 &1 :5 entirely put toge!r1 ! :ole %\ld be c>efully s&pap]$ ) f9e s&pap]4 ,! p>ts com+ on ! inside _h be/ be s&pap]$ be=e putt+ toge!r1 h[ev]1 b be sure n to d ?is until all cutt+ ) ! tools has be5 done4 ,set all ! nails c>efully 7see ,nail-set74 ,! :ole c be pa9t$ 9 "o or m col\rs 7see ,pa9t+71 & porti]es1 w9d[ drap]y1 etc41 c be add$ accord+ to y\r ta/e & ! mat]ials at comm&4 ,! inside c be pap]$1 if pref]r$4 ,a m ?or\ghly workmanlike way is to groove ! bottom into ! sides1 ! upright p>titions into ! floor bo>ds1 & to cut rabbets ar\nd on ! back edge ( ! sides1 ro(1 & bottom1 into :i* to set ! backbo>ds4 ,?is involves a good deal m "w & c>e 9 lay+ out ! "w 7see ,groov+74 ,if y h ! pieces got out at a mill x c be easily done1 h[ev]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agd4 ,x may be a conv5i5ce to screw ca/ors on ! bottom4 ,a door 7) a door-bell or knock]7 c be add$ to ! front ( ! hall1 if ?\ght be/4 ,a h\se :i* c be clos$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agd4 ,! con/ruction is q simil> to ! prec$+4 ,a /rip mu/ be fa/5$ above & bel[ ! l>ge doors1 z %[n1 t !y may op5 )\t /rik+ ei!r ! ro( or ! floor on :i* ! h\se /&s4 ,! little door1 repres5t+ ! entrance to ! h\se :5 clos$ & %[n 9 ! clos$ half1 c be made to op5 indep5d5tly & c h a bell or knock]4 ,if ?is h\se is made q deep 7f front to back7 x c easily be divid$ l5g?ways by a p>tition & made into a d\ble h\se1 ! back side be+ made to op5 9 ! same way z ! side "h %[n4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,y c atta* y\r w9dmill to a build+ or set x up on a pole1 or y c easily make a small tre/le-"w t[]1 built ( small /icks1 on ! top ( :i* y c place ! w9dmill1 ) a small keg 7to repres5t a hog%ead or tank71 & ?us h a v good imitation ( ! l>ge mills us$ = pump+ wat]4 ,small w9dmills1 if y wi% to g fur!r into ! subject ?an comes )9 ! scope ( ?is book1 c be us$ to d any light or play "w by hav+ !m turn a b5t %aft 7or any ecc5tric movem5t71 connect+ ) a pi/on-rod or revolv+ drum2 or v>i\s o!r atta*m5ts c be appli$1 accord+ to y\r +5uity4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h\ses ,,= ,,animals ,! sizes & %apes ( ^! h\ses & cages w dep5d ^u ! animals = :i* !y are built & ! places y h to put !m4 ,frequ5tly !y c be built to advantage aga9/ ! side ( a build+1 or a f5ce1 or 9 a corn]1 & boxes c be utilis$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,make ! h\ses1 cages1 & runways z l>ge z y c af=d1 = !re is mu* m dang] ( ! pets be+ cramp$ & cr[d$ ?an ( _! hav+ too mu* room4 ,wire nett+ or wire clo? 7held 9 place by /aples7 %\ld be freely us$1 z v5tilation is v important = ! heal? & com=t ( ! animals4 ,special op5+s %\ld always be made = clean+ ! h\ses or cages 9 case all p>ts _c be conv5i5tly rea*$ f ! doors1 = cleanl9ess is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 all su* /ructures4 ,! floors ( ! l>g] h\ses %\ld always slant or h holes provid$ = dra9age4 ,cov]+ ! floors ) %eets ( z9c w promote cleanl9ess4 ,9 ! small] cages removable pans or trays c (t5 be us$ 7,fig4 #aij74 ,h\ses & cages ) wood5 floors %\ld always be rais$ f ! gr\nd on po/s1 blocks1 or /ones1 to avoid dampness4 ,clean s& scatt]$ ov] ! floor & frequ5tly r5ew$ w contribute mu* to ! cleanl9ess ( ! cages4 ,! b$d+ %\ld also be *ang$ frequ5tly4 ,9 ! case ( ^? animals :i* use _! tee? = gnaw+1 ! corn]s & angles c be protect$ by tack+ on /rips ( wire clo?1 t91 or z9c1 b !re is no ne$ to d ?is ov] ! flat surfaces4 ,9 ! case ( cages or h\ses 7& ! runways7 :i* h ! gr\nd = ! floor & are to be inhabit$ by animals t w burr[ or dig _! way out1 ! wire nett+ %\ld be cont9u$ und]gr\nd to a consid]able dep?1 or x c be c>ri$ d[n a little way & !n b5t to lie horizontally1 =m+ a sort ( wire floor1 ov] :i* ! dirt c be replac$1 & ! animals w be unable to tunnel _! way out2 b 9 all su* cases c>e mu/ be tak5 to proportion ! me% ( ! nett+ & ! size ( ! wire to ! /r5g? & escap+ p[]s ( ! animals4 ,h\ses = animals (t5 look pretty :5 made 9 imitation ( real h\ses1 b :5 y d ?is *oose simple types ( good proportions1 & d n try to copy all ! little details ( ! l>ge h\ses4 ,avoid g+]bread "w1 & d n cov] y\r h\ses ) mean+less jig-saw$ scroll "w & r[s ( t[]s & p9nacles1 & d n use all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ 9 pa9t+ !m4 ,= h\ses1 hut*es1 boxes1 cages1 etc41 :i* are to be kept out ( doors or 9 "s outbuild+1 ord9>y ma*9e-plan$ /ock ( fair quality is suffici5tly good1 & plan+ & smoo?+ by h& is usually a wa/e ( lab\r2 b if y wi% to make a small cage or box to be kept 9 ! h\se1 & to be nicely f9i%$ or pa9t$1 good cle> /ock %\ld be us$1 & ! f9al smoo?+ done by h&4 ,9 case y wi% to make sev]al cages or boxes ( ! same patt]n1 z1 = example1 l ,fig4 #agh1 x is mu* less "w to g ?r\gh ! process ) two or m at a "t ?an to make ea* sep>ately4 ,a h\se = pets %\ld n be built1 z is sometimes done1 on a plat=m or base project+ beyond ! base ( ! h\se1 z ?is t5ds to collect & reta9 moi/ure & dampness1 b %\ld be cle> ( any plat=m1 l an ord9>y dwell+-h\se1 s t ! ra9 w be %$ directly ^u ! gr\nd4 ,:5 two or m bo>ds are requir$ = ea* side ( ! ro( x is usually bett] to lay !m up & d[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahg1 r ?an horizontally or l5g?ways1 because a ro( laid 9 ?is way is bett] ab\t %$d+ ! wat]1 :i* t5ds to collect 9 ! cracks if ! bo>ds are laid horizontally4 ,= ! r\gh] /ructures ! h+es c be screw$ flat ^u ! outside 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agi71 b = nice "w !y %\ld be fitt$ 9 ! usual way4 7,see ,h+es47 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w ^u ^! cages & h\ses1 read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #age4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agf4 ,*eap & s]viceable cages & h\ses c be built by simply driv+ po/s or /akes into ! gr\nd & fa/5+ wire clo? or nett+ to !m1 mu* z y w\ld build a f5ce4 ,?is wire-f5c$ enclosure c be cov]$ ) a wood5 ro( if desir$4 ,a runway & playgr\nd c easily be made 9 ?is way4 ,a m portable arrangem5t c be made by putt+ toge!r wood5 frames cov]$ ) wire4 ,v simple =ms are %[n 9 ,fig4 #age4 ,by putt+ toge!r f\r or m ( su* frames a cage c readily be made :i* c be cov]$ ) a wood5 ro( or ) wire 7,fig4 #agf74 ,if ^! frames are fa/5$ ) screws or screw-eyes & hooks1 ! :ole c quickly be tak5 ap>t if desir$4 ,a v simple cage c be easily made1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! common *ick5 coop1 ) a few bo>ds or slats & a little wire nett+ 7,fig4 #agg71 b a h\se ( ?is sort is n especially desirable except = economy ( mat]ials & lab\r4 ,! con/ruction is too simple to require description4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agi4 ,a mu* bett] =m is t ) upright sides1 or ) "o slant+ side4 ,figs4 #agh & #agi %[ an excell5t arrangem5t1 easily made4 ,x c be made any desir$ size or proportions & is suitable = q a v>iety ( animals4 ,if small1 #a_/b /ock w be ?ick en\gh1 b if l>ge1 #g_/h /ock %\ld be us$4 ,! con/ruction is simil> to t ( a common box 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai74 ,"o corn] ( ea* end %\ld be saw$ (f slant+ly 7,fig4 #agh71 & a rectangul> piece cut f ! opposite corn]1 z %[n1 be=e ! box is nail$ toge!r4 ,! bevell+ ( ! edges ( ! top & front bo>ds c be done aft] ! box is put toge!r 7see ,bevell+74 ,= mak+ ! door1 see ,doors1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,! h+$ bo>d at ! bottom gives access = clean+4 ,if = indoors1 & to be f9i%$ or pa9t$1 cle> /ock %\ld be select$ & ! outside c>efully smoo!d4 7,see ,plane1 ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 ,f9i%+1 & ,pa9t+47 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,= some?+ m l a h\se1 ! design %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahj is good & ( simple con/ruction4 ,?is c be made ( any size f t ( a small box to a small h\se4 ,= ! latt]1 see ,"p ,,iii4 7,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s74 ,to make a little h\se ( ?is patt]n fir/ get out ! bottom ( ! requir$ dim5sions1 & !n ! ends1 :i* are alike & to be nail$ to ! ends ( ! bottom4 ,take pa9s to be accurate 9 gett+ out ! pieces1 or ! h\se w be askew :5 put toge!r4 ,! con/ruction ( ! sides is pla94 ,! door c be made z 9 ,fig4 #ahj 7see ,doors71 or ! sides c be entirely ( wire & ! door plac$ at ! end 7,fig4 #aha74 ,! ro( is simply nail$ d[n 9 place1 "o side be+ got out z mu* wid] ?an ! o!r z ! ?ickness ( ! /ock1 s t "o w lap ov] ! edge ( ! o!r at ! ridge4 ,if ! angle =m$ at ! top is n a "r angle1 h[ev]1 ! edge ( ! n>r[] ro(-bo>d mu/ be bevell$ accord+ to ! angle 7see ,bevell+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aha4 ,a h\se ( ?is sort c be made ) "o end clos$1 :ile ! o!r rema9s op5 7,fig4 #ahb74 ,?is is a good arrangem5t = _m animals4 ,fir/ get out ! floor1 !n ! pieces = ! clos$ end1 cutt+ out ! doorway & a w9d[1 if "o is desir$4 ,^! op5+s c be cut z %[n on page #abb4 ,next get out ! framework = ! op5 end & fa/5 x 9 position4 ,a door c be fitt$ :]ev] desir$ & ! ro( put on1 z j %[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,a h\se or cage1 *iefly op5-"w1 ) two sleep+-boxes or ne/s 7,fig4 #ahc7 is simil> 9 g5]al con/ruction4 ,?is is suitable = indoors 7z 9 an outbuild+74 ,if to be left expos$ to ! wea!r1 a solid ro( c be add$1 or x c be cov]$ ) canvas or some?+ ( ! sort :5 necess>y4 ,! con/ruction is simil> to t ( ^? already describ$4 ,?is cage c be us$ = pigeons & o!r pets1 & c be made ( any size1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,= ! door1 see ,doors & ,h+es1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,! box atta*m5ts c be/ be made at ! same "t1 j alike 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai71 & fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! h\se1 ! doorways hav+ be5 cut 9 ! sides be=e ! h\se 0 put toge!r4 ,if ^! boxes or ne/s _c be readily rea*$ = clean+1 !y %\ld be h+$ to ! ma9 h\se1 or h special op5+s ) lids or doors1 s t !y c be kept clean4 ,! ridge-pole is simply a /rip ( bo>d plac$ horizontally betwe5 ! upp] ends ( ! raft]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rabbit ,hut*4--,a simple rabbit-h\se1 or hut*1 c be made by putt+ toge!r a good-siz$ box1 p>tition+ (f "o end1 to be clos$ by a door1 & leav+ ! re/ op51 except = ! necess>y wire sides 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is is made j l a box 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai71 ! o!r details be+ simil> to ^? already %[n4 ,a slid+-door 7,fig4 #ahe7 c be ins]t$1 if desir$1 to cov] ! hole betwe5 ! clos$ & op5 p>ts4 ,! hut* %\ld be rais$ f ! gr\nd to avoid dampness1 & prop] arrangem5ts = cleanl9ess made1 z ref]r$ to above4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a m elaborate hut* 7,fig4 #ahf7 c be con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! h\ses already %[n4 ,access to ! op5 "p c be _h by means ( ! doors or lids on top4 ,= ! doors1 see ,doors & ,h+es4 ,! slides = ! door at ! end c be made by cutt+ a rabbet at ! edge ( a squ>e /ick1 z %[n1 or ! rabbet c be =m$ by us+ /rips ( diff]5t wid?s1 lett+ ! wid] lap ov] ! n>r[] s z to =m ! rabbet4 ,bo? doors c be made to sw+ 9 ! usual way1 ( c\rse1 if pref]r$4 ,:]e ! two sides ( ! ro( meet at ! top1 ! edges mu/ be bevell$ 7see ,bevell+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,k5nel4--,!re are _m k9ds ( dog-h\ses1 & ! /yle & size mu/1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! dog & ! situation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,a good k5nel 7,fig4 #ahg7 = a small dog c be made v mu* z y w\ld make a box 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai74 ,if = a v small dog ! ends1 sides1 floor1 & sides ( ! ro( c ea* be made ( "o piece1 b ord9>ily ^! p>ts w ea* be made ( two or m pieces4 ,mat*$ bo>ds are suitable4 ,fir/ get out ! bottom1 !n ! sides & ends4 ,if y use bo>ds ) squ>e edges y mu/ ( c\rse use pieces ( diff]5t wid?s1 s t ! cracks betwe5 !m w n meet at ! corn]s1 or put po/s at ! corn]s4 ,?is is ! be/ way to d ) mat*$ bo>ds1 if ! h\se is at all l>ge4 ,nail ^! p>ts toge!r4 ,x w be easie/ to cut ! slant at ! top ( ea* end--! gable--s t ! sides ( ! ro( w meet 9 a "r angle4 ,?is looks well & saves ! ne$ ( bevell+ ! edges ( ! ro(-bo>ds4 ,an op5+ = ! doorway %\ld be cut 9 "o ( ! ends be=e ! ro( is nail$ on4 ,if y d n use mat*$ bo>ds1 a /rip %\ld be nail$ on ! inside at ea* side ( ! doorway1 to keep ! bo>ds toge!r4 ,! ro(-bo>ds = "o side %\ld be z mu* long] ?an ^? = ! o!r z ! ?ickness ( ! /ock4 ,! same applies to ! wid? ( ! saddle-bo>ds :i* cov] ! extreme top4 ,if ! ro( is n made ( mat*$ bo>ds1 batt5s %\ld be nail$ ov] ! cracks z %[n 9 ,"p ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= a l>ge dog a k5nel %\ld be built m l a real h\se & n s mu* l a box4 ,a /ructure ) a frame 7,fig4 #ahh7 c be built ( any size suitable = a k5nel1 & w be m durable ?an ! prec$+ =m4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! frame1 small joi/s1 or /rips ( plank ( any size f #a-a_/b #b to #b #c c be us$4 ,fir/ get out ! sills or bottom pieces ( ! framework1 nail+ !m toge!r at ! corn]s to =m a rectangul> frame1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,!n get out ! corn] po/s & fa/5 !m 9 place1 & on top ( !m fa/5 ! plates 7a second horizontal frame l t at ! bottom72 & see t all ?is framework is rectangul> & free f w9d+4 ,! sills & plates c be halv$ at ! corn]s 7see ,halv+71 b ?is is n really necess>y 9 s small a h\se1 z ! bo>d+ adds /r5g? to ! jo9ts4 ,! frame c be tempor>ily held 9 place until ! bo>d+ is put on by nail+ on z _m diagonal /rips 7,fig4 #ahi7 z may be requir$4 ,two raft]s at ea* end %\ld next be put 9 place1 _! ends hav+ be5 cut at an angle ( #de 7see ,mitre+7 & ! upp] ends be+ nail$ to a /rip ( bo>d :i* s]ves = a ridge-pole4 ,an int]m$iate raft] on ea* side w add /iffness to ! ro(4 ,! floor %\ld next be laid1 z x w be inconv5i5t 9 s small a h\se to d ?is aft] ! sides are put on4 ,! sides & ends %\ld be bo>d$ ) %ea?+ or mat*$ bo>ds laid v]tically1 cutt+ out ! doorway & a small w9d[ 9 ! back gable = v5tilation4 ,! ro( c next be laid ) ! bo>ds runn+ horizontally1 or l5g?wise1 z ?is h\se is to be %+l$4 ,! %+les c be dipp$ 9 creosote /a9 or pa9t to good advantage be=e lay+4 ,aft] ! ro( has be5 %+l$ ! saddle-bo>ds c be put on & ! h\se w be ready = pa9t+ 7see ,pa9t+74 ,ano!r =m ( doorway is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi;a4 ,= ! v>i\s details ( a fram$ /ructure ( ?is sort1 see ,"p ,,iii4 7,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #ahi;a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! au?or ( ,h\se & ,pet ,dogs gives ! foll[+ sugge/ion3 ,! be/ device is an ord9>y s+le k5nel =ty-eight in*es by ?irty-?ree in*es1 ) an ,a ro(1 b ) a deta*$ bottom ( ! same size z ! outside gr\nd measurem5t ( ! k5nel4 ,?is bottom is h+$ by two /\t /rap-iron h+es to ! side ( ! k5nel1 & is provid$ ) two wood5 axles1 to :i* are fitt$ f\r wood5 :eels1 say f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:5 clos$ x looks l any o!r k5nel on :eels4 ,x c be easily mov$ by "o p]son f damp spots1 etc42 & by turn+ ! k5nel back ^u its h+es ! b$d+ c be daily sunn$ & air$ & ! k5nel wa%$ & purifi$ )\t tr\ble4 ,! :eels also s]ve to keep ! bottom cle> ( ! gr\nd1 & all[ ( a free circulation ( air b5ea?4 ,squirrel ,h\se4--,! small squirrel h\se1 or cage1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij1 is made l a box 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai71 ) ! exception ( ! ro(4 ,! con/ruction is simil> to t ( ! h\ses already describ$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x c be made ( #g_/h or #c_/d /ock4 ,! dim5sions ( ! bottom c be made to agree ) ^? ( any bak+-pan y may h1 z %[n4 ,! slide 9 ! ro( c be made ( z9c or t94 ,t 9 ! side c be ( ei!r z9c or wood4 ,aft] ! wire clo? has be5 nail$ on a /rip ( wood c be nail$ ar\nd ! front edge z a m\ld+4 ,! little sleep+-box 9 ! upp] corn] c be readily rea*$ f ! slide 9 ! ro( & connects ) ! floor ( ! h\se by a little door & a flight ( /eps 7,fig4 #aia74 ,! latt] c be made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( ?is h\se to make nicely is ! jo9+ ( ! ro(-bo>ds4 ,^! mu/ be bevell$ at ! ridge & ! tops ( ! ends mu/ also be bevell$ :]e !y jo9 ! ro( 7see ,bevell+74 ,= o!r details1 see ! h\ses already describ$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a m elaborate affair1 %[n bel[1 c be made q l>ge & w give room = a :ole family ( squirrels4 ,?is h\se is1 h[ev]1 consid]ably m difficult to make ?an ! o!rs %[n 9 ?is *apt]1 & if y h n already acquir$ "s skill z a workman y _h be/ be cont5t ) a simpl] design4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r or five feet by ab\t ?ree feet w n be too l>ge = ! gr\nd dim5sions ( ! ma9 "p ( ! h\se4 ,regul> sills c fir/ be nail$ toge!r = ! bottom ( ! ma9 h\se & ell 9 ! way %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,^! sills c be f #a-a_/b #b to #b #c4 ,p]haps an easi] way is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aib1 9 :i* ?ree cross cleats or sills are laid & ! floor nail$ directly to ^!4 ,:5 ! l5g?ways bo>ds %[n 9 ,fig4 #aib are nail$ to ! floor bo>ds & ! sills ! bottom w be suffici5tly /iff = a squirrel h\se4 ,! sides & ends ( ! ell c be made ( bo>ds nail$ toge!r l a box1 ! op5+s = ! doors1 w9d[s1 etc41 be+ fir/ cut out2 b ! ma9 "p ( ! h\se %\ld h po/s at ! corn]s to :i* ! bo>d+ at ! ends is to be nail$4 ,raft]s %\ld also be put 9 at ea* gable4 ,pla9 %ea?+ w look bett] = ! outside ( ?is h\se ?an t ) beads4 ,aft] ! outside has be5 bo>d$ & ! upp] floors put 91 ! ro(s & ! cupola c be add$4 ,if ! cupola is too difficult x c be omitt$1 z x is a luxury to :i* ! av]age squirrel is unaccu/om$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aib4 ,! /airs1 ! op5+s 9 ! floors1 ! doorways1 ! sleep+-box1 ! revolv+ wire cage1 ! tree1 & ! sw+ 9 ! cupola1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aib4 ,! /airs c be made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aib2 /rips nail$ v]tically at ! outside corn]s ( ! h\se1 z 9 a real h\se1 w give a m f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,! w9d[ cas+s c be made by nail+ /rips on ! outside4 ,! glass c be held 9 place by /rips1 or small rabbets c be cut z 9 a w9d[ sa%4 ,= ! %+l+ ( ! ro(1 see ,"p ,,iii4 7,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s74 ,ea* door c be made ( a s+le piece ( bo>d1 cleat$ 7see ,doors74 ,= any o!r details1 see ! h\ses j describ$ & also ,"p ,,iii4 7,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s71 & ,pa9t+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aic4 ,sev]al cages ( v>i\s sizes c readily be built toge!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aic1 :i* is m]ely a sugge/ion1 =1 ( c\rse1 ! %ape1 size1 arrangem5t1 & numb] ( comp>tm5ts mu/ dep5d on ! numb] & k9ds ( animals & ! situation4 ,v>i\s comb9ations w sugge/ !mselves z occasion calls = !m4 ,if y h su* creatures z frogs1 turtles1 liz>ds1 etc41 a wat]-tank %\ld be provid$4 ,?is c easily be made by tak+ a tightly made flat box & caulk+ ! cracks1 or p\r+ hot t> or pit* into !m & also t>r+ or pa9t+ ! :ole surface ( ! outside4 ,a bo>d c be fitt$ slant+ly f ! bottom to ! edge1 at "o or bo? ends1 to =m an incl9e by :i* ! us]s ( ?is m9iature pond c crawl 9 & out ( ! wat]4 ,! box mu/1 ( c\rse1 be sunk 9 ! gr\nd inside ( ! cage4 ,= l>g] h\ses1 z = h5s1 etc41 see1 also1 ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction ( some:at l>g] /ructures 9 ,"p ,,iii4 7,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s74 99 99 99 99 99 ,travell+ ,cage4--,a small box 7,fig4 #aid7 9 :i* to c>ry a kitt51 a squirrel1 a bird1 or any small animal1 :5 travell+1 is (t5 v useful & mu* bett] ?an ! bags & baskets s (t5 us$ = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all t is necess>y is to make a small box ( #a_/b /ock 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai71 ) "o side op5 7to be cov]$ ) wire clo? or nett+71 & ! opposite side made 9 two p>ts1 ! upp] ( :i* is h+$ to s]ve z a door or lid4 ,/rips ( m\ld+ c be nail$ on ) brads along ! edges :]e ! wire is fa/5$1 ! door c be fa/5$ ) hook & screw-eye or cat*1 & a h&le fa/5$ ^u ! top4 ,x is a good plan to r\nd ! edges ( a box :i* is to be c>ri$ ar\nd4 ,if ?is box is neatly got out & put toge!r & c>efully smoo!d & f9i%$ x w look well & s]ve = _m ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,implem5ts ,,= ,,outdoor ,,sports ,,& ,,a?letics ,/ilts4--,!re is v little to say ab\t ! manufacture ( /ilts4 ,! con/ruction is obvi\s 7,figs4 #aie & #aif71 ! size & arrangem5t dep5d+ on y\r own size & skill4 ,! h&les c ei!r be long1 or rea* up z high z ! h&1 or %ort & /rapp$ to ! legs4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aie4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aif4 ,tilt or ,see-,saw4--,"o ( small size is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aig4 ,! exact proportions giv5 are n necess>y1 provid$ y make x /rong & s t x w n tip ov]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aig4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aih4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,nail+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aii4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bjj4 ,fir/ make ! /&>d 7,fig4 #aih7 ( any s\nd plank #a-a_/d to #b ?ick & #ab or m 9 wid?4 ,get out ! pieces to ! dim5sions be=e beg9n+ to put toge!r1 ! ends ( ! braces ,h be+ cut at a mitre 7see ,mitr+74 ,squ>e ! l9e ,,ef across ! plank ,b at ! middle 7,fig4 #aii74 ,drive ?ree or f\r /\t wire nails 7#c to #d long1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! plank7 ne>ly ?r\gh ! plank on ?is l9e4 ,/& ! piece ,a on end "u ^! nails & drive !m ?r\gh firmly into x 7,fig4 #bjj71 keep+ ! two bo>ds at "r angles4 ,bore holes ) a #a_/d bit 7see ,bor+7 9 ea* end ( ! pieces ,h1 z %[n1 tak+ pa9s n to get !m too ne> ! edge4 ,screw ^! braces 9 place ) screws f #b-a_/d to #c-a_/d long 7accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! plank71 keep+ ! piece ,a at "r angles ) ! plank ,b 7see ,screws74 ,screw ?is frame on ! cross-pieces ,c & ,d1 z %[n4 ,nails c be us$ ?r\gh\t1 b screws are bett]4 ,) plane1 draw-knife1 or spoke-%ave 7see ,"p ,v4 = ^! tools71 r\nd ! top edge ( ,a4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bja4 ,! tilt+-plank %\ld be ( spruce1 a%1 h>d p9e1 or any /rong wood1 & _h be/ be f #a-a_/b to #b ?ick1 accord+ to ! l5g?1 :i* c be #ab' or #ad'4 ,x %\ld ( c\rse be plan$4 ,next get out a few cleats #g_/h squ>e1 or ?ick]1 & screw !m on ! "u side ( ! tilt+-plank at ! middle 7,fig4 #bja1 :i* %[s ! "u side ( ! plank71 s t ! spaces betwe5 !m w be a little wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! upright piece ,a--j en\gh to all[ ! plank to tilt freely4 ,nail /rips on ! edge1 to keep ! plank f slipp+ (f sideways1 %av+ a little f ! edges ( ,a at ! top if necess>y4 ,f9ally run ov] ! edges ) a plane 7see ,plane71 & s&pap] ! plank to prev5t sliv]s4 ,simply pa9t or oil & v>ni% 7see ,pa9t+ or ,f9i%+74 ,a l>g] & m elaborate affair1 adju/able to diff]5t heights1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bjb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ get out ! ma9 pieces to ! dim5sions 7,figs4 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje74 ,! upright pieces %\ld be mortis$ into ! planks on :i* !y re/ 7,fig4 #bjf7 7see ,mortis+74 ,gauge a l9e l5g?ways along ! c5tre ( ea* side ( ! uprights 7see ,gauge7 & m>k po9ts 7say #f ap>t7 on ^! l9es = holes = ! iron rod on :i* ! tilt+-plank re/s1 tak+ pa9s to place !m alike on ! two uprights4 ,!n bore #c_/d or #a_/b holes 7see ,bor+71 accord+ to ! size ( rod y c get4 ,next fit ! cross b> at ! top4 ,?is c simply be nail$ d[n or fitt$ betwe5 ! uprights 7,fig4 #bjg71 or made ) a %\ld] 7,fig4 #bjh71 :i* w add to ! /iffness ( ! frame4 ,! re/ ( ! con/ruction ( ! /&>d is pla91 & simil> to t j describ$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bjc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bjd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bje4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bjf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bjg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bjh4 ,iron rods c be us$ = braces1 if y wi% 7,fig4 #bji74 ,! tilt+-plank %\ld be #af' or #ah' long1 & ( #b plank4 ,a ?read ) nut on "o end ( ! iron rod on :i* ! plank re/s w keep ! rod f slipp+ out ( place4 ,! plank c be fa/5$ to ! rod by iron /raps or ev5 /aples1 or a box-l be>+ c be quickly made 7,fig4 #baj74 ,wa%]s c be plac$ betwe5 ! plank & ! uprights if necess>y4 ,smoo? ! edges ) a plane 7see ,plane7 & s&pap] ! plank4 ,simply pa9t or oil & v>ni% 7see ,pa9t+ & ,f9i%+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bji4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #baj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,skis4--,to make z p]fect skis z possible !y %\ld be ( rift /ock1 t is1 split out in/ead ( saw$2 b ?is may seldom be practicable = y & is n really necess>y4 ,good /raight-gra9$ saw$ /ock w answ]1 b be sure t y get cle>1 /rong /ock--air-dri$ if possible4 ,always avoid kiln-dri$ /ock = any?+ :i* is to be put to sudd5 & viol5t /ra91 if y c get t :i* has be5 naturally season$ 7see ,*apt] ,,iii474 ,a% is v good 7:ite a% ! be/72 spruce1 light & /rong2 oak1 /rong b heavy4 ,any /rong & ela/ic wood w d1 if n too heavy4 ,if y c get /ock :i* is naturally sprung 9 a good curve upw>d & is satisfactory 9 o!r respects1 take x1 = a convex curve upw>d und]nea? ! foot gives spr+ & ela/icity & helps prev5t ! skis f becom+ holl[$ too mu* by ! weight ( ! body4 ,?is curve is n necess>y1 b ! bett] ones are purposely s made4 ,skis are sometimes us$ 9 v rude =ms--z two /rips ( wood ) ! front ends %av$ d[n & b5t up at an angle4 ,small ones c ev5 be made ( /aves f b>rels1 b ^! are v unsatisfactory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,draw-knife1 ,plane1 ,spoke%ave1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #baa4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bab4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bac4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bad4 ,fir/ get out ! pieces ( ! requir$ size4 ,! l5g? = a man is usually ab\t #h' & ! wid? ab\t #d1 ?\gh !y are us$ ev5 z long z #ab' or #ac'4 ,f #e' to #h' long & f #c-a_/b to #d wide w probably be "r = y1 b ! dim5sions dep5d on y\r size1 ( c\rse4 ,next tap] ! =w>d ends1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #baa4 ,y c m>k bo? edges alike by draw+ ! curve free-h& or ) a spl9e 7see ,spl9e7 on a piece ( /iff pap]1 f :i* y c cut out a patt]n = draw+ ! curve on ! wood4 ,next make ! pieces ?9n] t[>ds ! ends 7,fig4 #bab71 notic+ t ! =w>d end is ?9n] ?an ! aft] end & is %av$ d[n m quickly s t ! /ock may be ?9 :]e ! toe b5ds up4 ,?is requires great c>e unless ! gra9 is v /raight1 = a little ha/y sla%+ w make too deep a cut 7see ,p>+1 etc474 ,good =ms are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bac & #bad1 ! =m] %[+ sections at ! middle & ! latt] ne>] ! ends1 b z ! toe is approa*$ ! top %\ld become flat = ease 9 b5d+4 ,?is %ap+ c be/ be done by ! draw-knife1 spoke-%ave1 or plane4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bae4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #baf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bag4 ,b5d ! po9ts ( ! toes upw>ds ab\t #f above ! horizontal l9e to ensure _! rid+ cle> ( ob/ructions1 b !re is no ga9 9 curl+ !m up a foot4 ,= ! process ( b5d+1 see ,b5d+ ,wood4 ,!n turn+ ! skis ov]1 gauge 7see ,gauge7 p>allel l9es = ! grooves on ! bottom4 ,"w ! grooves out ) ! g\ge or ) ! saw & *isel 7see ,g\ge & ,groov+7 unless y *ance to h ! plane design$ = ?is purpose4#bj ,make ^! grooves %all[] z !y approa* ! toe1 leav+ no groove :]e ! toe b5ds up4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bah4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bai4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bba4 ,balance ! skis l5g?ways on a /ick or y\r f+] & put /\t lea!r /raps j =w>d ( ! balanc+ po9t4 ,^! c be rivet$ or ev5 screw$ to ! edges ( ! skis 7,fig4 #bae71 b a bett] way is to put !m ?r\gh slots cut 9 ! wood 7,fig4 #baf74 ,gauge accurately = ! slots1 m>k+ on bo? edges1 & bore 9 f bo? sides 7see ,bor+74 ,! slots mu/ !n be clean$ out ) *isel & file 7see ,mortis+74 ,an easi] way & fully z /rong is to cut grooves 7,fig4 #bag7 ) saw & *isel & cov] !m ) ?9 /rips securely screw$ on 7,fig4 #bah74 ,"s use a second light] /rap to g above ! heel4 ,?is c be screw$ to ! edges if y use x4 ,/rips screw$ across "u ! in/ep 7,figs4 #bai & #bbj71 or beh9d ! heel 7,fig4 #bba71 to prev5t ! foot slid+ back are sometimes us$4#ba ,= rac+ ! ,norwegian skis are turn$ up at ! re> end also4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbb4 ,! pole1 l ! skis1 mu/ be ( light1 /rong /uff1 & c be r\nd or eight-sid$ 7see ,r\nd+ ,/icks74 ,to %ape ! tap]+ end make ! /ick uni=mly eight-sid$ = ! :ole l5g? fir/ & !n plane ea* side d[n at ! end to get ! tap]4 ,! hole 9 ! disk mu/ n be q s l>ge z ! diamet] ( ! pole1 s t x _c slip up f>!r ?an ! tap]+ "p 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,_m disp5se ) ! disk4 ,f9ally smoo? skis & pole ) scrap] 7see ,scrap]7 or glass1 & s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]71 & f9i% ) pl5ty ( raw l9se$ oil or ) oil1 %ellac1 & v>ni%1 9 successive coats 7see ,f9i%+74 ,if op5-gra9$ wood is us$ x c be fill$ to good advantage ) a coat ( good wood-fill] well rubb$ 9 7see ,f9i%+71 & ! bottoms c also be rubb$ ) wax or tall[1 if y wi%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,toboggan4--,?is is n[ commonly made ( n>r[ /rips1 9 pr9ciple mu* l sev]al skis plac$ side by side--an easi] =m to make ?an ! old] patt]n1 =m$ ( "o or two wide pieces1 z orig9ally made by ! ,indians4 ,:ite oak & hickory are probably ! be/ woods4 ,a%1 maple1 bir*1 basswood1 or any h>d wood :i* c be b5t & has ela/icity c be us$4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ski1 to make ! be/ possible ! pieces %\ld be rift1 or split out1 r ?an saw$1 to ensure /raight gra92 b1 z ?is may be out ( ! "q = y1 be sure to select ! /raighte/-gra9$ cle> /ock y c f9d1 =1 besides ! b5d+ ( ! ends1 !re is great /ra9 put ^u x 9 coa/+4 ,= ! same reason use air-dri$ /ock & avoid kiln-dri$ if possible4 ,probably ! be/ & mo/ sci5tific way to fa/5 ! p>ts ( a toboggan toge!r is ! old way adopt$ by ! ,indians ( b9d+ or la%+ ) ?ongs4 ,?is gives great ela/icity & all[s ! toboggan to adju/ itself to ! inequalities ( ! surface to a great] degree ?an is possible ) ! tightly fa/5$ jo9ts n[ 9 use4 ,y c try ?is way in/ead ( t giv5 bel[1 if y pref]1 b be sure to cut little grooves 9 ! bottom = ! ?ongs or cords to fit 91 or !y w be quickly worn ?r\gh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbc4 ,! size c v>y f #c' long by #a' wide to #aj' or #ab' long by #bj to #bb wide2 #d' long by #ae or #af wide is good = a s+le toboggan2 #h' long by #ah is a good size = ?ree or m p]sons4 ,y w probably f9d ! /ock mo/ readily 9 ! =m ( #ab' bo>ds4 ,"o-half in* 9 ! r\gh w be ?ick en\gh1 ?\gh y may h to take in* 7r\gh7 or #g_/h 7plan$7 bo>ds4 ,let u make an #h' toboggan 7,fig4 #bbc74 ,h ! /ock plan$ & saw$ 9 /rips ab\t #aj' long1 #b-a_/b wide1 & n less ?an #a_/d nor m ?an #c_/h 9 ?ickness4 ,if !y are tap]$ a little 9 ?ickness = #ab or #ae at ! =w>d end !y c be b5t m easily1 b d n %ave !m d[n too mu* 7see ,plane & ,draw%ave74 ,smoo? ! bottom surfaces ( ! /rips ) plane & scrap] 7see ,scrap]74 ,x is h>dly necess>y to plane ! upp] surfaces by h&1 z ! plan] w leave !m fairly smoo?1 ?\gh !y w look a little nic] smoo!d by h&4 ,plane ! edges4 ,next get out eight cross-b>s or cleats #ah long #c_/h ?ick & f #a-a_/b to #c wide4 ,if wide !y c be tap]$ at ! edges1 & if n>r[1 ! edges %\ld be r\nd$ 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,get out also two or ?ree cleats #ah long1 #a_/d ?ick1 & #a-a_/d wide1 & "o piece #ah long & ab\t #c_/d #g_/h 7half ( a h>dwood broom/ick w d74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbd4 ,! long /rips mu/ n[ be b5t at ! =w>d end 7see ,b5d+ ,wood74 ,aft] !y are b5t take ! eight cleats &1 lay+ "o across ! /rips z x is to g1 m>k po9ts = ?ree holes at ea* /rip 7,fig4 #bbd74 ,bore #c_/af or #a_/d holes 9 ! cross /rips & c\nt]s9k !m v c>efully 7see ,bor+ & ,c\nt]s9k71 s t ! heads ( ! screws w be v slightly l[] ?an ! surface--sunk b>ely en\gh to prev5t any corn]s or edges f /ick+ above ! surface4 ,take great c>e n to c\nt]s9k too deeply1 = ! long /rips are s ?9 t ! screws may come ?r\gh on ! "u side4 ,m>k & bore ! o!r sev5 cleats by ?is fir/ "o4 ,n[ take "o cleat1 to be put on at ! re> end #h' f ! beg9n+ ( ! curve4 ,screw "o end ( ?is cleat 9 place 7see ,screws71 te/ ) ! squ>e1 & screw ! o!r end4 ,!n put 9 ! int]m$iate screws1 driv+ !m all firmly home1 & saw (f ! ends ( ! long /rips j beyond ?is cleat4 ,squ>e l9es across e foot to ! curve at ! front1 & screw on ! o!r cleats4 ,! l5g? ( ! screws 7:i* c be q /\t7 %\ld be su* t !y w almo/1 b n q1 g ?r\gh to ! "u side ( ! toboggan4 ,be c>eful ab\t ?is or ! po9ts w h to be fil$ (f4 ,!n screw ! small] cleats on ! inside ( ! curve4 ,screw ! rema9+ 7/\t]7 cleat on ! outside ( ! curve at ! place :]e ! curve is to end1 & !n saw (f ! project+ ends ( ! /rips by ?is cleat4 ,by ?ongs1 belt-lac+1 or /rong cord at ! ends ( ! cleat la/ put on fa/5 ! curve 7:i* w naturally t5d to /raight5 some:at7 9 ! requir$ position to ! cleat b5ea? 7,fig4 #bbe74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbe4 ,side h&-rails c be fa/5$ at ea* side on top ( ! cross-cleats 7,fig4 #bbc74 ,a common way is to make e o!r cross-cleat ?ick] 7say #g_/h7 & fa/5 ! side b>s to ^! ) l>ge & /\t screw-eyes1 or not*es c be cut on ! "u side ( ^! ?ick] cleats be=e !y are screw$ on1 & by pass+ ?ongs or cord ?r\gh ^! not*es ! side-b>s c be la%$ 9 place4 ,! side b>s y c plane r\nd or eight-sid$ 7see ,r\nd+ ,/icks7 out ( /rips ( any /rong wood4 ,s&pap] ! bottom & f9i% ) pl5ty ( raw l9se$ oil1 or ) oil1 %ellac1 & v>ni%1 9 successive coats 7see ,f9i%+74 ,if op5-gra9$ wood is us$ x c be fill$ to good advantage ) a coat ( good wood-fill] well rubb$ 9 7see ,f9i%+71 & ! bottom c be wax$ or rubb$ ) tall[1 if y wi%4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbf4 ,if y are will+ to put 9 ! lab\r y c bevel or slope (f "o side ( ea* ( ! long /rips 7except ! two out] ones7 s z to leave ! /rip ?icke/ 9 ! middle 7,fig4 #bbf74 ,unless y are will+ to take pa9s en\gh to d x nicely 7:i* w take "s "t71 x w be be/ n to attempt x at all1 or to h x done at a mill4 ,if y h a good hill y c g well en\gh ) ! flat /rips & x is n important to r\nd !m unless y are scor+ fractions ( a second aga9/ "t4 ,ano!r way is to curve ! cross-cleats slightly 7,fig4 #bbf71 leav+ ! long /rips flat4 ,"s toboggans are made ) l[ runn]s ab\t an in* high4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbg4 ,y c1 z y may "k1 pat* up a sort ( toboggan ( b>rel-/aves1 ) :i*1 ?\gh n a v workmanlike arrangem5t1 y c h a lot ( fun at no exp5se4 ,y c get a high spe$ ) ?is simple contrivance 7,fig4 #bbg7 on a /eep hill4 ,x is n good1 h[ev]1 unless ! pit* is /eep4 ,y c ev5 get a good deal ( sport f ?is app>atus 9 ! summ] on a v /eep grassy knoll4 ,wood5 ,guns & ,pi/ols4--,a gun on ! pr9ciple ( t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbh1 ! projectile p[] be+ furni%$ by ela/ic 7rubb]7 cord1 is easily made4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e11 ,saw1 ,spoke%ave1 ,knife1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,fir/ saw ! outl9e ( ! gun f a /raight-gra9$ p9e or :itewood bo>d4 ,?is c be quickly & *eaply done at any wood-work+ mill4 ,! gun c !n be f9ally %ap$ ) ! spoke-%ave & knife4 ,! rasp & file c be us$ 7see ,rasp & ,file474 ,mu* ( ! %ap+ c be done ) ! draw-knife 7see ,draw-knife71 &1 9 fact1 ! :ole c be :ittl$ out ) a knife if o!r tools are want+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bbi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bcj4 ,! mo/ difficult p>ts ( ! "w are ! groove = ! arr[ & ! arrangem5t ( ! trigg]4 ,mu* c>e is ne$$ to cut an accurate groove ) a g\ge 7see ,g\ge71 &1 unless y are skill$1 y c get a tru] result by hav+ ?is done by a c>p5t] or at a mill4 ,a mortise 7see ,mortis+7 mu/ be cut = ! trigg] long en\gh to all[ x suffici5t play 7,fig4 #bbi74 ,! arrangem5t ( ! trigg] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,! ela/ic und]nea? ! b>rel 7at ! l[] end ( ! trigg]7 mu/ be suffici5tly p[]ful 7comb9$ ) its additional lev]age7 to balance ! ela/ic :i* propels ! arr[1 s t ! trigg] w rema9 9 position & hold ! upp] ela/ic drawn1 until ! pressure ( ! f+] on ! trigg] releases x4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bca4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bcb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bcc4 ,! b>rel ( ! gun is sometimes built ( ?ree pieces 7,fig4 #bcj1 %[+ section7 ( ?9n] /ock1 :i* obviates ! groov+ b makes m "w o!rwise4 ,! groove c be left op5 on top 7,fig4 #bcj7 or cov]$ ) a ?9 /rip 7,figs4 #bca & #bcb74 ,9 ! latt] case a depression mu/ be made 9 ! b>rel1 s t :5 ! /rip is put on !re w be a long slot 9 :i* ! /r+ c play back & =? 7,fig4 #bcb74 ,) ?is arrangem5t y c make a not* 7,fig4 #bcc7 to hold ! cord :5 drawn4 ,! trigg] c be ( wood or wire1 pivot$ on a screw or nail1 s t :5 pull$ ! /r+ w be pu%$ up & releas$ 7,fig4 #bcc74 ,a tube is sometimes fa/5$ to ! b>rel1 z 9 a real gun1 & a plung] is sometimes fitt$ to ! tube to />t ! arr[s1 or bullets 9 case !y are us$ 7,fig4 #bcd74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bcd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bce4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,! ends ( ! ela/ic cord c be fa/5$ to screw-eyes at ! muzzle4 ,a piece ( lea!r ?ong or cord ins]t$ at ! middle ( ! upp] ela/ic cord w we> bett] ?an ! rubb] at t po9t4 ,ano!r =m ( trigg] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bce1 :i* c also be made ( /iff wire 7,fig4 #bcf74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,to f9i% ! gun nicely1 x %\ld be scrap$ 7see ,scrap]7 & s&pap]$ ) f9e s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]74 ,x c !n be f9i%$ ) oil & %ellac or v>ni% 7see ,%ellac1 ,v>ni%1 ,f9i%+74 ,^! same me?ods ( con/ruction c1 ( c\rse1 be appli$ to a pi/ol4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bch4 ,a b[-gun or crossb[ 7,fig4 #bcg7 c be made on ! same pr9ciple1 us+ a b[ in/ead ( ! ela/ic1 & ins]t+ x 9 a hole made ?r\gh an enl>gem5t ( ! "u side ( ! b>rel 7,fig4 #bch74 ,sl$s4--,common sl$s c be b\ght s *eaply t x is h>dly wor? :ile1 z a rule1 to make !m4 ,_m are s poorly made1 h[ev]1 & w /& s little r\gh usage1 t a few sugge/ions may be ( value if y %\ld wi% to make a really s]viceable "o y\rself4 ,take ! dim5sions f any sl$ :i* suits y4 ,avoid mak+ y\r sl$ too high1 h[ev]1 z "o t5 or twelve in*es high w coa/ no bett] ?an a l[ sl$1 & requires mu* m brac+ to be /rong4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bci4 ,! runn]s & cross-pieces %\ld be ( /raight-gra9$ oak1 maple1 a%1 or o!r /rong wood2 #g_/h /ock w d4 ,m>k ! runn]s c>efully on ! wood1 accord+ to y\r work+-draw+ 7,fig4 #bci71 & be=e saw+ !m out bore ! holes = ! rope 7see ,bor+74 ,saw out ! runn]s1 or h !m saw$ by ma*9e1 & see t ! curves are ! same on ea*4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,get out ?ree cross-pieces 7,fig4 #bdj7 ab\t #b wide1 & f #g_/h to #a-a_/d ?ick1 ) a %\ld] at ea* end z %[n4 ,m>k & cut ! mortises 7see ,mortis+7 9 ! runn]s 7,fig4 #bci74 ,put ^! p>ts toge!r1 =m+ ! frame ( ! sl$ 7,fig4 #bda71 driv+ a p9 ?r\gh ea* mortise & t5on & add+ ! ,l irons %[n 9 ,figs4 #bda & #bdb4 ,! seat may be ?9n] ?an ! runn]s1 & is to be fitt$ betwe5 !m & to be screw$ to ! cross-pieces 7see ,screws74 ,! ?ickness ( ! /ock = ! seat mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 lay+ out ! mortises 9 ! runn]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bda4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,ma*9e-plan$ /ock is1 ( c\rse1 z smoo? z is necess>y = a sl$1 b smoo?+ by h& 7see ,plane1 ,scrap]1 & ,s&pap]7 w give a nic] surface4 ,! runn]s c be %od at ! blacksmi?'s ) half-r\nd irons1 or r\nd /eel c be us$ ) iron at ! ends4 ,9 case ( /eel spr+ irons ! runn]s c be slightly groov$ on ! edge1 s f> z may be necess>y to keep ! irons 9 place4 ,! irons c be #a_/b to #e_/h 9 diamet]4 ,f9i% ) pa9t 7see ,pa9t+7 or ) oil1 %ellac1 & v>ni% 7see ,f9i%+74 99 99 99 99 99 ,a d\ble-runn]1 bob1 or trav]se sl$ c be built to good advantage4 ,! sl$s c be made z j describ$1 or ready-made ones c be us$4 ,see t !y are well put toge!r1 ( ! same wid?1 & securely brac$1 z ! /ra9 ^u !m is great4 ,! l5g? ( ! d\ble-runn] is a matt] ( *oice1 ( c\rse4 ,z to ! height & wid?1 h[ev]1 if ! coa/+ is /raight1 smoo?1 & comp>atively safe !re is no objection to a high seat1 ) a com=table foot-bo>d on ea* side = ! pass5g]s' feet1 if y wi%4 ,b if y are go+ to coa/ on long1 r\gh hills1 ) sudd5 curves & pit*es to be tak5 9 unc]ta9ty & at :irlw9d spe$--! k9d ( coa/+ = real fun & exhil>ation--avoid ! luxuri\s top-heavy d\ble-runn]s frequ5tly se54 ,make ! sl$s r broad 7#ah is n too wide = ! track ( a #af' sl$2 :i* is a v long sl$1 h[ev]71 & keep ! height ( ! top-bo>d d[n to ab\t #aj or less4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,! seat-bo>d c be f #h' to #af' long1 & ab\t #ab to #ad wide4 ,bo>d ?ickness is suffici5t = a %ort seat1 b if long a #a-a_/d plank %\ld be us$4 ,if y h 9 m9d to make a v long sl$ y %\ld consid]1 be=e beg9n+1 t y mu/ ei!r use a q ?ick plank to get ! necess>y /iffness1 :i* w add to ! weight ( ! d\ble-runn]1 or ! plank mu/ be /iff5$ or truss$ ) rods b5ea? l a bridge1 :i* w add to ! exp5se & lab\r4 ,x %\ld be ( /rong1 ela/ic1 /raight-gra9$ wood1 free f bad knots or defects1 z ! /ra9 ^u x is great4 ,x %\ld n be too yield+ & spr+y1 h[ev]1 or x may sag inconv5i5tly4 ,cle> h>d ,s\!rn p9e or a% is good4 ,a plank ( /iff spruce ( good quality w d4 ,! re> end c be r\nd$1 z %[n 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,ma*9e-plan+ is suffici5t = ! sides ( ! seat-plank1 b ! edges %\ld be plan$ c>efully 7see ,plane71 & ! angles slightly r\nd$ (f ) ! plane1 spoke-%ave1 or rasp & file 7see ,spoke%ave1 ,rasp1 & ,file7 to prev5t spl9t]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bde4 ,to enable ! front sl$ to turn prop]ly1 get out two pieces ( #b plank1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdd1 ab\t #c wide & z long z ! wid? ( ! sl$1 "o be+ tap]$ t[>d ! ends on ! "u side4 ,! tap]+ is important1 z x dim9i%es ! friction :5 ! front sl$ is turn$4 ,screw "o ( ^! pieces firmly across ! top ( ! front sl$ & ! o!r across ! l[] side ( ! seat-bo>d 7see ,screws71 a hole be+ bor$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea* cross-piece 7z well z ?r\gh ! seat-bo>d & ! top ( ! front sl$7 = ! k+-bolt ^u :i* ! front sl$ turns4 ,f9d ^! c5tres accurately & bore c>efully ) a bit #a_/af l>g] ?an ! k+-bolt 7see ,bor+74 ,! front sl$ %\ld turn v freely & easily1 & h pl5ty ( play1 b ! bolt %\ld n fit loosely en\gh to make ! d\ble-runn] rickety4 ,a wa%] c be ins]t$ betwe5 ! cross-pieces4 ,sometimes a ?ick rubb] wa%] is us$ to less5 ! %ock 7,fig4 #bde74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,to give ! ends ( ! re> sl$ fre$om to play up & d[n 7)\t turn+ sideways7 9 pass+ ov] ! inequities ( ! surface ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdc 7& enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #bdf7 is good4 ,d n make ?is ( #g_/h /ock4 ,pieces ( plank %\ld be us$1 ! dim5sions be+ s arrang$ t ! seat-bo>d w be equally rais$ f ! front & re> sl$s4 ,! p9s at ! ends ( ! cross-piece %\ld be n less ?an #a 9 diamet] 7#a-a_/d is bett]7 & %\ld be c>efully cut 7see ,p>+ & ,r\nd+ ,/icks74 ,! be/ way is to h !m turn$ to fit ! holes 9 ! rock]-%ap$ pieces4 ,! latt] %\ld be long en\gh 7ab\t #a'7 to prev5t dang] ( ! wood break+ ap>t ne> ! hole & to all[ = screw+ firmly to ! seat-bo>d4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,ano!r way1 sometimes adopt$1 is to use two cross-cleats ) two bolts 7que5-bolts7 & ?ick rubb] wa%]s 7,fig4 #bdg71 ! bolts be+ loose en\gh 9 ! holes to all[ ! necess>y am\nt ( play4 ,ropes or *a9 c be fa/5$ f ! re> sl$ to ! seat-bo>d1 to prev5t too mu* dropp+ ( ! =m]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,_m arrangem5ts = /e]+ h be5 inv5t$4 ,a cleat at ! =w>d end ( ! seat-bo>d to brace ! feet aga9/1 ! sl$ be+ guid$ by ! ropes held 9 ! h& 7,fig4 #bdh71 is a simple way1 ?\gh requir+ m /r5g? & /ead9ess ( arm1 :5 ! coa/ is r\gh or dang]\s1 ?an is possess$ by _m /e]sm54 ,! brace = ! feet %\ld be bolt$ to ! seat-bo>d or /rongly screw$ f above & b5ea?4 ,ano!r equally simple way is to screw ! brace = ! feet ^u ! =w>d sl$ 7,fig4 #bdc71 cutt+ a %all[ ga9 9 ! tops ( ! runn]s to hold x m securely4 ,9 ?is way ( /e]+ ! arms c re9=ce ! legs1 or ! /e]+ c be done by ! legs alone4 ,x is a v effective me?od1 :i* gives a high degree ( control ( ! =w>d sl$ )\t cumb]some tackle & leaves ! seat-bo>d free ( ob/ructions4#bb ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #beb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bec4 ,9 case ( a high d\ble-runn]1 runn+ foot-bo>ds along ea* side c be add$4 ,a simple way to fa/5 ^! is by means ( pieces ( /rap-iron b5t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #beb & screw$ to ! "u side ( ! seat-bo>d1 ) ! foot-bo>ds fa/5$ to ! project+ arms 7,fig4 #bec74 ,! dim5sions to :i* ! irons %\ld be b5t dep5d ^u ! height & size ( ! d\ble-runn]1 b y %\ld take pa9s t ! space betwe5 ! edge ( ! seat-bo>d & ! foot-bo>d is su* t ! feet _c become caught4 ,! problem ( contriv+ a p]fectly successful brake = a d\ble-runn] has n yet be5 solv$4 ,l all o!r app>atus = em]g5cies x %\ld be z simple z possible4 ,unless x is sure to "w x w be worse ?an n to h "o1 z y w come to rely on x4 ,! /e]sman is usually ! "o :o fir/ realises ! ne$ ( brak+1 & :5 practicable he is ! "o ^u :om x naturally devolves4 ,if he /e]s ) ! h&s he c brake ) ! foot aga9/ a lev] z %[n bel[1 b if he /e]s ) ! feet x is pretty risky bus9ess try+ to brake also ) ! foot &1 unless y c contrive "s way by :i* he c safely & quickly brake by h& 7n an easy ?+ to d71 ! brake _h be/ be work$ by ! rid] at ! re>4 ,?is has "s obvi\s disadvantages4 ,a few ideas are giv5 bel[1 b are n recomm5d$ z ?or\ghly satisfactory4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bed4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bee4 ,! simple & primitive way1 s (t5 us$ 9 ! c\ntry by driv]s ( heavily load$ sl$s1 ( dropp+ a *a9 "u ! runn] is an effective me?od ( brak+1 provid$ y h "s sure me?od ( dropp+ ! *a9 "u ! runn]s4 ,fig4 #bed %[s a me?od :i* c be work$ f ei!r ! =w>d or re> end ( ! d\ble-runn]4 ,9 ! plan1 or top view 7,fig4 #bed71 ! details ( ! arrangem5t 7be+ b5ea? ! seat7 w\ld ord9>ily be repres5t$ by dott$ l9es1 b 9 ?is case1 on acc\nt ( ! small size ( ! draw+1 !y are %[n by full l9es1 z !y w\ld look if ! seat-bo>d 7 transp>5t4 ,a way ( hold+ up ! middle ( ! *a9 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bee4 ,a small block a1 p]haps #c long1 is screw$ to ! "u side ( ! seat & ! *a9 is held aga9/ x by ! pivot$ b> b 7:i* is pivot$ to ! seat-bo>d by a bolt & is kept 9 position by ! spr+71 & on ! "u side ( :i* a piece ( metal is screw$ at "o end1 :i* prev5ts ! *a9 f dropp+4 ,! end ( ! b> b is connect$ by a wire ) ! lev] 9 front4 ,:5 ! lev] is pu%$ by ! /e]sman's foot ! b> b is pull$ away f ! block a & ! *a9 falls by its own weight "u ! runn]s ( ! re> sl$1 :i* quickly br+s ! d\ble-runn] to a /&/ill4 ,fig4 #bef %[s ! b> held 9 position by ! spr+4 ,fig4 #beg %[s ! position ( ! b> aft] ! lev] has be5 press$1 ) ! op5 space :i* all[s ! *a9 to drop4 ,! same app>atus c be work$ f ! re> end ( ! d\ble-runn] by simply hav+ ! wire to be pull$ l$ back 7,fig4 #beh71 :]e x c be work$ directly by ! h& or y c contrive a lev] to be rais$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bef4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #beg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #beh4 ,a me?od ( brak+ sometimes us$ is by means ( a crook$ lev] =m$ f an iron rod1 "o end ( :i* is pull$ up by ! h& :ile ! l[] "p has "o or m prongs :i* dig into ! surface & /op ! sl$4 ,fig4 #bei %[s a =m sometimes us$1 & ,fig4 #bfj a top view %[+ position ( ! h&le & prongs :5 n 9 use4 ,any blacksmi? c arrange ?is app>atus1 :i* is atta*$ to ! re> sl$4 ,a simil> arrangem5t c be contriv$ to "w by ! /e]sman's foot if desir$4 ,"o prong1 atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! seat-bo>d1 c be arrang$ z sugge/$ 7side view7 9 ,fig4 #bfj;a4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bei4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,! d\ble-runn] %\ld be ?or\ghly oil$1 & a coat ( %ellac1 foll[$ aft] a day or two by a coat ( v>ni%1 w add mu* to its durability z well z to its appe>ance4 ,lubricate ! work+ p>ts ) soap or tall[4 ,if y h a gong1 x %\ld be work$ by someone o!r ?an ! /e]sman4 ,! re> sl$ is sometimes arrang$ to swivel l ! front sl$ & to be /e]$ by a second /e]sman1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( a long hook-&-ladd] truck4 ,?is gives good comm& ( ! d\ble-runn] on curves4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfj;a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gymna/ic ,app>atus4--,x w1 9 mo/ cases1 be out ( ! "q = y to attempt to put up any build+ roomy en\gh = a gym1 b sometimes a numb] ( y c club toge!r & get ! use ( "s vacant room 9 :i* satisfactory app>atus c be fitt$ at mod]ate exp5se4 ,"s ( x may be r primitive comp>$ ) ! me*anism ( a mod]n college gymnasium1 b w answ] ! purpose s f> z gett+ up muscle is conc]n$4 ,mo/ ( y c f9d a place = "o or m pieces ( app>atus1 ei!r indoors or out4 ,mu* outdoor app>atus c be support$ on po/s driv5 into ! gr\nd1 or ev5 by fa/5+ to trees4 ,! outdoor app>atus is usually easi] & *eap] to make1 b has ! obvi\s disadvantages ( n be+ usable 9 bad wea!r or w9t]1 to any great ext5t1 & w n la/ s long on acc\nt ( exposure to ! wea!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y fix ?+s ! "r way & take ! movable p>ts indoors dur+ ! bad wea!r1 su* a gym w la/ until x is outgr[n1 or until ! next g5]ation gr[s up to build a new "o4 ,if indoors h ! room well v5tilat$4 ,(t5 ! second /ory ( a b>n makes a capital gymnasium4 ,! few simple pieces ( app>atus giv5 "h w be treat$ indep5d5tly1 z x is ( c\rse impossible to tell h[ y w be oblig$ to arrange !m4 ,y c v>y ! designs or proportions to suit ! circum/ances4 ,:ite a%1 hickory1 oak1 h>d p9e1 & = "s purposes fir1 spruce1 & :ite p9e1 are suitable = gymna/ic app>atus4 ,= ev]y?+ :i* is to /& viol5t /ra9 or wr5*+1 z ! horizontal b>s1 vault+ poles1 & su* ?+s1 use air-dri$ /ock1 if possible1 avoid+ kiln-dri$1 z ! latt] is m brittle & inela/ic1 & (t5 utt]ly unfit = su* uses 7see ,*apt] ,,iii474 ,( c\rse = su* p>ts only ! t\ghe/ woods %\ld be us$1 z :ite a%1 hickory1 oak1 spruce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p>allel ,b>s4--,a useful =m 7& n beyond ! skill ( an amateur7 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,! height mu/1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! gymna/1 & c range f #c' #f to #e' #f1 ! wid? inside 7betwe5 ! b>s7 f #ad to #ai1 & ! l5g? f #f' to #h'4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! base ( ! app>atus c be simply made ( #b #f planks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfa1 & fa/5$ by screws 7see ,screws71 or1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfb1 ! pieces c be halv$ at _! int]sections 7see ,halv+71 9 :i* case ?ick] /ock may be us$4 ,= a small pair ( b>s ! planks = ! base c be some:at light]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,! upright po/s %\ld be ( /rong wood n less ?an #b #d 7unless = a v small pair ( b>s7 & %\ld be mortis$ at top & bottom1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #bfc & #bfd 7see ,mortis+74 ,^! jo9ts %\ld be p9n$4 ,! b>s !mselves %\ld be ( ! be/ :ite a% 7hickory1 oak1 h>d p9e c be us$71 n less ?an #b #c 7unless = a small pair ( b>s74 ,! arrangem5t & object ( ! iron braces is pla94 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,aft] ! app>atus is all fitt$ toge!r1 take (f ! b>s & c>efully r\nd ! top edges = ! entire l5g? 7see ,r\nd+ ,/icks74 ,! ends :i* project beyond ! po/s c also be r\nd$ on ! "u side 7i4e41 made elliptical 9 section1 z %[n71 if desir$4 ,ma*9e-plan+ is suffici5t = ?is app>atus1 except = ! b>s !mselves1 :i* %\ld be c>efully smoo!d by h& 7see ,plane1 ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]71 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! :ole w appe> m nicely f9i%$ if smoo!d by h&4 ,! squ>e edges %\ld be brok5 7i4e41 slightly bevell$ or r\nd$7 s z n to be too %>p 9 case ( contact ) !m4 ,! :ole app>atus c be simply oil$ ?or\ghly1 or c be giv5 9 addition "o or m coats ( %ellac or v>ni% 7see ,f9i%+71 b a coat ( oil is suffici5t = ! b>s !mselves1 z !y w be poli%$ by use4 ,?is arrangem5t has ! advantage ( be+ portable1 b ( c\rse ! base c be omitt$1 if desir$1 & ! po/s fa/5$ directly to ! floor4 ,if mortises _c be cut 9 ! floor1 blocks c be screw$ to ! floor ar\nd ! base ( ea* po/ s z to =m a socket into :i* ! po/ w fit4 ,p>allel b>s c be readily made = outdoor use by simply sett+ f\r upright po/s 7n less ?an #c #d7 firmly 9 ! gr\nd1 at ! same di/ances ap>t z specifi$ = ! movable b>s describ$ above1 & fa/5+ ! b>s to ! tops ( ! po/s by mortise & t5on1 z already %[n 7,fig4 #bfc74 ,! po/s %\ld rea* #c' or m bel[ gr\nd1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! fro/ & to give increas$ /ead9ess1 & ! e>? %\ld be ?or\ghly tamp$ d[n ar\nd !m ) a %>p-po9t$ b> or /ick4 ,?is app>atus %\ld be ?or\ghly oil$ & c be v>ni%$ 7see ,f9i%+74 ,! po/s %\ld be ( good ?ickness at ! gr\nd1 b c be tap]$ t[>d ! top1 on ! outside1 to ! ?ickness ( ! b>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,horizontal ,b>4--,a design suitable = ! amateur wood-work] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,fir/ make ! upright po/s or guides4 ,^! are some:at l a tr\gh 9 %ape1 side bo>ds ab\t #f wide be+ screw$ 7see ,screws7 on ! sides ( a #b #c joi/4 ,fig4 #bff %[s sections 9 ! middle & at ea* end1 blocks be+ ins]t$ at ! ends = /r5g?4 ,! joi/ c be ( any /rong wood4 ,! side bo>ds1 :i* s]ve z guides = ! b>1 _h be/ be ( h>d wood4 ,h>d p9e1 oak1 maple1 a%1 or any /rong wood c be us$4 ,y w require two ( ! joi/s & f\r side bo>ds1 all saw$ squ>ely (f ! exact height ( ! room4#bc ,! usual way w\ld be to get out ! pieces a little too long &1 aft] !y are fa/5$ toge!r1 to saw (f ! ends s z to give ! requir$ l5g?4 ,gauge l9es on ea* side ( ! upright pieces 7see ,gauge7 & int]sect ^! l9es at regul> di/ances by o!rs squ>$ across & ar\nd ?ree sides ( ! uprights1 ?us det]m9+ ! places = ! holes = ! p9s :i* hold ! b> 9 position4 ,^! c be bor$ f ea* side ) a #c_/h bit 7see ,bor+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bff4 ,ano!r way sometimes adopt$ :5 y h "o or two /\t timb]s on h& or already 9 position = ! po/s is to screw two upright cleats ( plank to ! inn] side ( ea* timb]1 ?us =m+ ! groove = ! b>1 z %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,! uprights c n[ be fa/5$ 9 place1 tak+ c>e to h !m exactly v]tical & 9 l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,! di/ance ap>t w dep5d on ! l5g? ( ! b>4 ,! uprights c ( c\rse be mortis$ into ! floor1 or ! wood-"w above1 if ! conditions admit1 b x w usually answ] e purpose to hold ea* end 9 place by f\r cleats firmly screw$ to ! floor or ceil+4 ,x is usually simpl] to h ^! uprights ext5d to ! ceil+1 b ?is is n necess>y1 & 9 "s cases x may be advisable to brace !m to ! floor only1 by wood5 or iron braces1 9 "s ( ! ways already %[n1 or !y c be guy$ ) wire rope & turnbuckles4 ,! b> y _h be/ h made or buy already made1 9 :i* case y c arrange ! dim5sions & position ( ! uprights to fit ! b>4 ,x c be f #e' 9 l5g? to p]haps #f' #i 7#f' is a good l5g?71 & %\ld be n less ?an #a-c_/d 9 diamet]1 nor ov] #b4 ,x %\ld be ( ! be/ cle>1 /raight-gra9$ :ite a% or hickory 7air-dri$1 n kiln-dri$74 ,"o hav+ a /eel rod = a core is ! be/4 ,! ends c be left squ>e & b\nd ) a squ>e f]rule or b& ( iron ( ! "r size to slip easily up & d[n 9 ! grooves ( ! upright guides 7,fig4 #bfh74 ,any blacksmi? c arrange ?is1 z well z ! p9s to hold ! b>4 ,?is app>atus c be f9i%$ 9 ! same way z ! p>allel b>s j describ$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,a sugge/ion = a po/ = outdoor app>atus is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,! po/ %\ld be set 9 ! gr\nd at lea/ #c' & ! e>? well tamp$ d[n ar\nd x ) a po9t$ b> or /ick4 ,! l[] ends ( ! braces c !mselves be set 9 ! gr\nd or abut aga9/ heavi] po/s set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?is app>atus %\ld be protect$ f ! wea!r z 9 ! cases describ$ above4 ,vault+ ,app>atus4--,y c buy iron /&>ds or bases1 & ( c\rse ! :ole app>atus1 = high jump+ & pole vault+1 b x is a simple matt] to make a pair ( uprights t w answ] ! purpose satisfactorily 7,fig4 #bgj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,take two /raight /icks #aj' or #ab' long & ab\t #b-a_/b squ>e4 ,tap] ea* piece ) ! plane until ab\t #a-a_/b squ>e at "o end4 ,make ea* base ( two pieces ( bo>d ab\t #d wide & p]haps #c' long1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgj1 or halve two pieces ( plank 7see ,halv+74 ,mortise ! l>g] ends ( ! po/s into ^! bases z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bga 7see ,mortis+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bga4 ,be=e fa/5+ ! po/s to ! /&>ds1 m>k a l9e along ! middle ( "o side ( ea* po/4 ,on ?is l9e lay (f feet & in*es f ! bottom & c>efully bore a qu>t]-in* hole ?r\gh ! po/s at ea* ( ^! po9ts 7except1 ( c\rse1 ^? ne> ! gr\nd7 = ! p9s :i* are to support ! cross-b> or cord 7see ,bor+74 ,!n fit ! po/s 9 ! mortises & brace !m by ?ree braces ea*4 ,! ends ( ! braces c be cut at a mitre & screw$ 9 place1 or ! blacksmi? w make iron braces = a small sum 7,fig4 #bga74 ,f9i% l ! o!r app>atus already describ$4 ,vault+ poles %\ld be r\nd1 v /raight-gra9$1 f air-dri$ 7n kiln-dri$7 /ock ( light1 /rong wood1 z spruce1 free f knots or any cross-gra9$1 weak spots4 ,! ?ickness %\ld ( c\rse dep5d on ! l5g?1 b %\ld n be less ?an #a-a_/d = an #h' pole 7:i* is q %ort71 & ! pole %\ld tap] t[>d ea* end 7see ,r\nd+ ,/icks74 99 99 99 99 99 ,spr+-,bo>d4--,a =m n difficult to make is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,! framework c be made ( any /rong wood1 b ! spr+-bo>d itself %\ld be ( ! be/ quality ( cle>1 /raight-gra9$ :ite a%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,fir/ make ! base or framework4 ,get out two pieces ( #b #c plank = ! outside pieces 7to /& on edge7 & screw blocks ( ! same plank at ea* end to raise ! pieces f ! gr\nd z %[n4 ,place ^! pieces s t !y spread ap>t slightly at ! =w>d end 7,fig4 #bgb71 be+ ab\t #bb ap>t at ! re> end4 ,fit a cross-tie to connect ^! /r+]s at ab\t #b' f ! =w>d end4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,ano!r cross-b>1 re/+ on ! /r+]s1 is plac$ ne>] ! re> end1 & ab\t #a' f ! re> end a piece ( #c #d joi/ is fitt$ betwe5 ! /r+]s & held 9 place by a bolt pass$ ?r\gh x & ! /r+]s4 ,?is %\ld be loose en\gh to all[ ! block to turn4 ,! spr+-bo>d c be made ( five /rips ( #g_/h /ock1 #d wide & #f' long1 screw$ to a cleat at ! =w>d end1 & securely bolt$ to ! block at ! re> end4 ,?is app>atus c be f9i%$ z 9 ! cases describ$ above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vault+-,horse4--,a simple affair 7,fig4 #bgc7 c be easily arrang$ by mak+ a box1 p]haps #e' long & #h or #aj squ>e1 :i* c be support$ by fl>+ legs ( joi/ z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,fir/ make ! box 7see ,box-mak+1 9 ,"p ,,ii474 ,! corn]s & edges %\ld be r\nd$ 7,fig4 #bgd71 & ! :ole padd$ & cov]$ ) su* mat]ials z y may h at h& or c af=d = ! purpose4 ,lay+ out & saw+ ! bevels = ! tops ( ! legs is ! h>de/ "p ( ! job4 ,transf] ! bevels c>efully f y\r work+ draw+ to ! wood1 & saw z exactly to ! l9es z y c4 ,see also ,scrib+4 ,unless y h _h mu* exp]i5ce "s p>+ w probably be requir$ to make all ! legs fit4 ,to make ! horse /& ev5ly see ,scrib+1 ,w9d+-/icks1 etc4 ,! o!r g5]al directions giv5 = ! app>atus describ$ above w suffice = ?is horse4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bge4 ,a horse = outdoors 7,fig4 #bge7 c be simply made ( a log1 p]haps #a' 9 diamet]1 smoo!d & ) ! ends r\nd$1 & m\nt$ 7by mortis+7 ^u po/s set 9 ! gr\nd 7see ,mortis+74 ,! top c be cov]$ ) rubb]1 z indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! po/s %\ld be set at lea/ #c' 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! e>? well tamp$ ar\nd !m ) a po9t$ b> or /ick4 ,! app>atus c be f9i%$ z 9 ! cases giv5 above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,giant ,sw+4--,?is piece ( app>atus is excell5t = outdoors1 & af=ds consid]able sport 7,fig4 #bgf74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,y mu/ h a pole or ma/ f #ae' to #be' long & f #f to #aj 9 diamet] at ! l[] end4 ,at ! small] end !re %\ld be an iron r+ or f]rule4 ,?is c be heat$ & driv5 on1 :5 x w %r9k s z to fit tightly & save ! end f splitt+4 ,! upp] end ( ! pole %\ld fir/ be squ>ely saw$ (f 7see ,saw74 ,! sw+ ropes1 ( :i* y c h two or f\r 7z y wi%71 c be fa/5$ by hooks to a pivot set into ! top ( ! po/ 7see ,bor+71 ! latt] be+ firmly set up 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! blacksmi? c quickly fix a pivot ) hooks or p9s & ) a wa%]1 to :i* y c fa/5 ! ropes 7,fig4 #bgg74 ,! l[] ends ( ! ropes c be fa/5$ at ! prop] height to /icks = h&les4 ,loops c also be made 9 :i* to re/ "o leg if y wi%4 ,( c\rse y mu/ h pl5ty ( room = sw++ ar\nd4 ,9 sett+ up ! pole dig a hole #c' or #d' deep & aft] plac+ ! pole tamp ! e>? compactly d[n ar\nd x ) a po9t$ b> or /ick4 ,a *eap] way1 b h>dly z good1 is to drive a #a or #c_/d rod 9 ! top ( ! pole1 & get out a /\t piece ( h>d wood1 #c or #d squ>e & #a-a_/b' or #b' long1 ) a hole 9 ! middle to fit ! rod1 & small] holes ne> ea* end = fa/5+ ! ropes by a knot 7,fig4 #bgh74 ,a wa%] c be put "u ! wood5 b>1 or ! top ( ! pole may be slightly r\nd$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r ,app>atus4--,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r useful =ms ( app>atus involv+ m or less wood-"w1 su* z hang+ poles1 fix$ upright & slant+ poles or b>s1 & v>i\s contrivances :i* y c readily arrange )\t m special in/ruction ?an has be5 giv54 99 99 99 99 99 ,ladd]s are ( c\rse good1 b x is usually z well = ! amateur to buy ^!4 ,a sugge/ion = a framework = hang+ r+s1 trapeze1 poles1 rope ladd]s1 & ! l1 ) fix$ ladd]s & horizontal b>1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,d n make su* framework too light4 ,fa/5 ! jo9ts ) bolts r ?an screws or nails1 & susp5d ! hang+ app>atus f eye-bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! timb] & ) wa%]s "u ! nuts4 ,! dim5sions = su* framework mu/ dep5d ^u ! circum/ances4 ,! sugge/ions ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! o!r pieces ( app>atus giv5 above w assi/ y 9 design+ & con/ruct+ some?+ to suit ! circum/ances4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,all ( ?is "w c be done *eaply at any mill1 leav+ ! r\nd+ or bevell+ ( ! edges & ! b5d+ ( ! ends = y to d y\rself1 & = t matt] ! r\nd+ or bevell+ c be done by ma*9e4 #ba ,mrs4 ,alec ,twe$ie says ( ! way skis are worn 9 ,norway3 ,! toes are fa/5$ by a lea!r /rap4 ,ano!r /rap goes r\nd ! heel 9 a sort ( loop fa%ion1 secur+ ! foot1 b at ! same "t giv+ ! heel full play4 ,a special ski boot is worn ov] enorm\sly ?ick horsehair /ock+s4 ,?is boot has no h>d sole at all1 &1 in/ead ( be+ sewn at ! sides1 ! l>ge piece ( ?ick lea!r :i* goes "u ! foot is br\ght well ov] ! top & secur$ to :at might ord9>ily be call$ a lea!r tongue4 ,at ! back ( ! boot is a small /rap1 :i* is us$ to fa/5 ! ski securely to ! boot4 ,once fix$ on ! ski1 ! boot is s secure no fall c loos5 x1 & ! only way to extricate ! foot is to undo ! ?ree /raps4 #bb ,v>i\s contrivances = /e]+ ) a :eel or cross-b> are sometimes us$4 ,^! "w well if prop]ly atta*$1 & = reasonably safe coa/+ c be recomm5d$1 b :]e a spill is likely to occur1 x may be well to consid] ! *ance ( be+ injur$ by ^! ob/ructions 9 front ( ! /e]sman4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bej4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bea4 ,fig4 #bdi %[s ! k+-po/ squ>$ at ! l[] end 7& tap]+7 to be fitt$ to a tap]+ mortise 9 ! cross-cleat ( ! =w>d sl$ & held d[n by ! screw & nut at ! extreme end4 ,a :eel is atta*$ to ! upp] end4 ,any blacksmi? c make an arrangem5t l ?is1 or ! bottom ( ! k+-po/ c be split 7,fig4 #bej7 & screw$ to ! front sl$1 & ! top c be made ) a b> in/ead ( a :eel 7,fig4 #bea74 #bc ,y c get ?is height by tak+ two /icks ^: comb9$ l5g? is some:at great] ?an ! height ( ! room4 ,by lett+ ! ends lap ov] "o ano!r 9 ! middle1 ! /icks c be slipp$ along on ea* o!r until !y j rea* f floor to ceil+4 ,hold !m tightly toge!r 7or fa/5 !m ) a clamp7 :5 9 ?is position & y w h ! exact l5g? requir$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,furniture ,"s article ( furniture is frequ5tly "o ( ! fir/ objects ^u :i* ! beg9n] 7p>ticul>ly ! amateur ( mature ye>s7 tries 8 h&2 & boys1 z well z _! eld]s1 sometimes confid5tly und]take pieces ( cab9et-"w :i* w\ld tax to ! utmo/ ! skill ( an exp]i5c$ cab9et-mak]1 only to be disc\rag$ by ! unsatisfactory result4 ,d n be beguil$ by ! captivat+ sket*es & descriptions 9 ! popul> magaz9es & pap]s :i* tell y h[ someone1 at an exp5se ( p]haps only #b4ih1 easily made a roomful ( desirable furniture out ( pack+-cases1 old b$/eads1 b>rels1 soap-boxes1 broom/icks1 & ! l1 ) only ! h\sehold hamm]1 saw1 & screw-driv]1 & a lib]al supply ( putty1 col\r$ v>ni%1 & ! occasional help ( ! village c>p5t]4 ,t sort ( "w does v well = y\r fem99e relatives if !y wi% to amuse !mselves 9 su* ways or to contrive make%ifts to save ! exp5se ( furniture made 9 ! usual way4 ,y c v well help !m 9 su* "w1 or d x = !m1 & "s v neat1 *eap1 & s]viceable ?+s c be made ( su* mat]ials 7p>ticul>ly ) ! use ( clo?7--b t is n ! way = y to beg9 y\r cab9et-mak+4 ,le>n to d good1 pla91 simple1 useful "w 9 ! simple/1 mo/ /raight=w>d1 practical1 workmanlike way4 ,:5 y c d t1 if y wi% to ex]cise y\r +5uity 9 pat*+ up useful articles f disc>d$ ones y w "k h[ to d x prop]ly4 ,be sure to beg9 ) simple articles1 avoid+ attempts at elaborate decoration4 ,d n sp5d y\r "t 9 mak+ a useless object m]ely because y ?9k x is pretty4 ,?9k fir/ :e!r y\r design is suit$ = ! purpose int5d$4 ,if y />t to make a case = y\r books1 select or make y\r design accord+ly1 & d n be misl$1 by ! multitude ( ov]elaborat$ articles ) :i* ! m>ket is flood$1 into mak+ a p>l\r bric--brac cab9et1 all built up ( turn+1 & jig-saw+1 & ma*9e-made c>v+s1 too complicat$ & fragile = practical use1 ) ! result t ! books cont9ue to be /or$ on a closet %elf or on ! floor4 ,next look to ! block-=m or g5]al proportions ( ! object4 ,! importance ( ?is is (t5 :olly ov]look$ by ! av]age amateur1--sometimes because he is too engross$ 9 try+ to make ! details pretty1--b x is ess5tial 9 mak+ a h&some piece ( furniture4 ,no am\nt ( exquisite c>v+1 inlay+1 or decoration ( any k9d 7h[ev] beautiful 9 itself7 w make an ill-%ap$1 badly proportion$ article a ?+ ( beauty2 :ile a well-%ap$ & well-proportion$ object w be pleas+ to ! eye ev5 if free f decoration ( any k9d4 ,( c\rse1 no rule c be giv5 = design+ a h&some piece ( furniture any m ?an = pa9t+ a beautiful picture1 b :5 y h sket*$ out ! g5]al %ape & proportions & ?9k y h done z well z y c1 !re is "o ?+ x is well to be> 9 m9d--t ! av]age amateur is mu* m likely to spoil ! appe>ance ( 8 "w by add+ too mu* s-call$ ornam5tation ?an by leav+ ! "w too pla94 ,:5 y become pr(ici5t en\gh to add c>v+1 or o!r =m ( decoration1 to y\r "w1 by all means use any skill y may h 9 su* ways1 b ev5 !n rememb] n to use su* ornam5tation too freely4 ,avoid g+]bread "w1 mean+less jig-saw$ decorations1 & ma*9e-made c>v+s1 turn$ out by ! gross4 ,look at "s ( y\r great-gr&mo!r's furniture 7if y are =tunate en\gh to be able to d s7 & ?9k h[ long x has la/$1 & comp>e x ) ! *eap mod]n furniture aft] ! latt] has be5 9 use = a few ye>s4 ,h[ mu* ( ! latt] w\ld be 9 exi/5ce n[ if x _h be5 made :5 ! ance/ral articles 78 ,! durability ( ! old ?+s is p>tly due to ! quality ( ! wood & its season+4 ,! use ( :ole pieces 7in/ead ( scraps ( all k9ds ( /uff glu$ up ) *eap glue71 ! way ! articles 7 put toge!r1 & ! g5]ally hone/ "w put into !m _h mu* to d ) x4 ,be> 9 m9d 9 und]tak+ a piece ( cab9et-"w t y mu/ hold y\rself to a high] /&>d 9 ! matt] ( accuracy ( detail1 9 ord] to produce a really satisfactory result1 ?an is necess>y = mu* ( ! o!r "w (t5 done by amateurs4 ,_m slight inaccuracies1 :i* are ( little consequ5ce 9 ! r\gh] k9ds ( "w1 become su* gap+ & conspicu\s defects 9 cab9et-"w z to detract mu* f ! satisfaction t %\ld be tak5 9 home-made articles4 ,rememb]1 !n1 t :ile x is easy to make y\r furniture /rong1 x is by no means easy to produce close1 accurate jo9ts1 smoo?1 true surfaces1 squ>e1 clean-cut edges1 & a good1 smoo? f9i%4 ,*oose1 !re=e1 simple =ms1 easily put toge!r1 = y\r e>ly attempts2 = x is mu* bett] to make a mode/ & unpret5ti\s article well ?an to make an elaborate "o badly4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 :5 y come to ! actual "w1 use ?or\ghly season$ wood4 ,?is is ess5tial to mak+ p]man5tly satisfactory furniture1 z y w le>n aft] y h sp5t mu* "t 9 mak+ an article out ( half-season$ /ock1 only to see ! ru9 ( y\r c>efully execut$ "w beg9 z soon z ! f9i% is dry1 or ev5 be=e4 ,al?\gh x is v easy to tell y to use no?+ b prop]ly season$ /ock1 y w d\btless sometimes be deceiv$1 h[ev]1 z x is by no means an easy matt] = ! beg9n] to det]m9e2 b y c at lea/ try y\r be/ to get wood 9 suitable condition1 = x w be "t well sp5t4 7,read ! rem>ks on season+ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii47 ,be cont5t ) ! m easily work$ woods 9 y\r e>ly attempts4 ,d n buy highly figur$1 heavy1 & h>d ,san ,dom+o mahogany 7no matt] h[ beautiful7 = y\r fir/ table or bookcase--nor ev5 qu>t]$ oak1 nor mottl$ walnut burl1 nor wavy maple--b beg9 ) pla91 /raight-gra9$ mat]ial1 easy to "w4 ,:ite p9e is (t5 consid]$ r *eap & common 9 appe>ance1 b x is suitable = _m ?+s 9 ! way ( furniture4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ woods to /&1 or hold its %ape1 & if n desir$ ( ! natural col\r 7:i*1 is1 h[ev]1 suitable & attractive = "s objects7 x c be pa9t$4 ,x c also be /a9$1 b is n to be comp>$ ) :itewood 9 ?is respect4 ,:itewood is1 l p9e1 easy to "w1 durable1 c be obta9$ 9 wide bo>ds1 c be pa9t$1 & takes a /a9 exce$+ly well4 ,black walnut is good to "w & is well suit$ = furniture1 ?\gh its sombre hue is n always desirable4 ,*]ry1 :5 s(t & /raight-gra9$1 is easy to "w & is (t5 7:5 highly figur$ or wavy7 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful woods4 ,x is easy to f9i%4 ,mahogany is a wood ( great beauty & durability1 & holds its %ape exce$+ly well1 b ! beg9n] %\ld conf9e himself at fir/ to ! light]1 s(t]1 /raight-gra9$ v>ieties1 :i* c be easily obta9$4 ,y c !n try ! m highly figur$ & h>d] k9ds1 :i* w tax y\r skill 9 smoo?+ !m4 ,oak 9 its s(t]1 /raight-gra9$ =ms is well suit$ to ! "w ( ! beg9n]4 ,x is durable1 & an article made ( oak w /& m abuse )\t s]i\s defacem5t ?an mo/ ( ! o!r woods us$ = furniture4 ,:5 qu>t]-saw$ x is m difficult to smoo? ?an pla91 /raight-gra9$ oak1 b z y acquire skill y w f9d qu>t]$ oak "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory woods4 ,oak c be /a9$ if desir$4 ,_m o!r k9ds ( wood are sometimes us$1 z sycamore1 a%1 bir*1 bee*1 maple1 rosewood1 butt]nut1 ebony1 etc41 b ^! woods y c try = y\rself1 if y wi%1 z y progress 9 skill1 & ?us le>n _! peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,an important po9t1 n always realis$ by ! amateur1 is t ! /ock = good furniture %\ld be plan$ true1 t is1 free f w9d+4 ,buy /ock t is z true z y c f9d 7see ,*apt] ,,iii47 & h x plan$ to be z true z possible4 ,h z mu* ( ?is tru+ done by ma*9e z y c af=d1 = x is n wor? :ile to sp5d an h\r 9 work+ d[n a surface by h& 7see ,tru+ ,surfaces1 9 ,"p ,v47 :5 a ma*9e w d x 9 five m9utes4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 cases 9 :i* ?is accuracy is n ess5tial1--& judgm5t mu/ be us$1 z 9 all intellig5t "w1--b1 z a rule1 x is highly important t ! surfaces %\ld be reasonably true if y wi% to d y\r "w z x %\ld be done4 ,! pieces1 :5 fitt$1 %\ld come toge!r easily & naturally1 & n require to be sprung or twi/$ or b5t 9 ord] to be able to put ! article toge!r4 ,y\r furniture %\ld always be h&-plan$ & scrap$1 =1 ?\gh ! slight holl[s & ridges left by ! plan+-ma*9e may n be noticeable :ile ! wood is 9 its natural /ate1 z soon z ! surface is f9i%$ & beg9s to h a lu/re ^! inequalities become conspicu\s4 ,?is applies to any small irregul>ities ( ! surface4 ,y _c get ! surface too smoo?4 ,y w be surpris$ at fir/ to see h[ noticeable slight defects 9 ! surface become 9 ! f9i%$ "w4 ,curv$ edges occur (t5 9 furniture4 ,_m ( ^! curves c be cut ) a turn+-saw or a keyhole- & compass-saw1 b ! easie/ way 7& ! mo/ accurate1 until y h acquir$ consid]able skill ) ! saw7 is to h !m cut at a mill by a jig-saw or b&-saw at b slight exp5se4 ,h a piece ( wa/e wood put on ! "u side to prev5t ! burr1 or ragg$ edge1 left by ! saw+4 ,^! curves c be smoo!d ) ! spoke-%ave alone1 or spoke-%ave & file1 or file alone1 accord+ to ! conditions1 z y w soon le>n by exp]i5ce1 ! f9al f9i%+ ( ! surface be+ giv5 ) f9e s&pap]4 ,put ! diff]5t p>ts ( y\r article ( furniture completely toge!r once 7)\t glue or nails7 to see t ev]y?+ fits "r1 t ! jo9ts close prop]ly1 & t ! :ole job is z x %\ld be1 be=e putt+ toge!r p]man5tly4 ,?is (t5 seems to ! amateur a ne$less precaution 7& x occasionally is71 b1 al?\gh x takes "s "t1 x is ! practice ) skill$ workm5 & !re=e a precaution :i* %\ld n be neglect$ by ! beg9n]4 ,y w discov] ! importance ( ?is :5 y c>elessly assume t all ! p>ts ( a writ+-desk1 = in/ance1 w come toge!r prop]ly1 or t y c easily correct errors z y g along1 only to f9d1 :5 y h ! "w ne>ly put toge!r t some?+ is wrong4 ,9 ! ef=t to m5d ! tr\ble y w be apt to loos5 ! p>ts already fa/5$1 or w h to take ! :ole ap>t1 :i*1 :5 glue or nails are us$1 is p>ticul>ly disc\rag+1 & apt to damage ! quality ( ! "w4 ,be p>ticul> to clamp ! p>ts ( y\r "w toge!r ?or\ghly :5 us+ glue & to all[ "t en\gh be=e remov+ ! clamps 7see ,clamps & ,glu+74 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 putt+ y\r "w toge!r to get x squ>e1 t is1 to prove ! accuracy ( ! "r angles4 ,9 "s cases ?is is ( c\rse ess5tial to hav+ ! "w come toge!r at all4 ,9 o!rs1 ! appe>ance w be mu* injur$ if ! article tips to "o side or is slant+ or twi/$4 ,9 all cases x is ess5tial to ! prop] clos+ up ( ! jo9ts4 ,x w n d to assume1 z ! beg9n] (t5 naturally does1 t because ! p>ts ( ! "w seem to be accurately made t ! :ole1 :5 put toge!r1 w1 !re=e1 be squ>e4 ,x mu/ be te/$4 ,y w be surpris$ to see h[ mu* out ( squ>e & h[ w9d+ ! result ( y\r mo/ c>eful "w w sometimes be if y d n te/ x z y put ! p>ts toge!r4 ,9 addition to ! obvi\s way ( apply+ ! squ>e 7see ,squ>e7 to ! angles1 us+ ! l>ge /eel squ>e :5 y c3 !re are _m cases 9 :i* measur+ diagonals is a good te/1 alt]+ ! angles ( ! "w until ! two opposite diagonals are equal1 :5 ! "w w1 ( c\rse1 be rectangul>4 ,?is is a good way = l>ge case "w1 us+ a /ick1 or fitt+ two adju/able /icks1 aft] ! mann] describ$ on page #afg1 betwe5 ! angles1 :5 ! latt] c be alt]$ until ! diagonals are equal4 ,at ! same "t t y are te/+ = squ>5ess y mu/ also look out = w9d+1 by sight+ across ! front or back1 us+ w9d+-/icks1 if necess>y4 ,:5 y\r "w has a back fitt$ 91 z 9 ! case ( a bookcase or cab9et1 ?is w help y mu* 9 ! f9al adju/m5t4 ,d n attempt to put y\r case "w toge!r 9 an upright position1 b ^u horses horizontally1 or flat ^u its back or face4 ,x is well to use corn]-blocks 9 ! angles ( y\r furniture1 9 places :]e !y w n %[ 7see ,corn]-blocks1 9 ,"p ,v474 ,aft] y beg9 to acquire "s pr(ici5cy 9 y\r "w1 a little bead+ or *amf]+ c sometimes be us$ to good advantage1 b x is well n to be too lavi% ) ?is k9d ( ornam5tation4 ,wall-cab9ets & o!r articles to be hung on ! wall c be neatly atta*$ to ! wall by brass mirror-plates screw$ ^u ! back4 ,^! %\ld usually be sunk into ! wood s t ! back w be smoo?4 ,y\r furniture c be f9i%$ ) oil or wax alone1 or ) %ellac or v>ni%1 z describ$ 9 ,"p ,v4 ,9 ! case ( articles to be hung aga9/ wall-pap] or :]e any delicate fabric w be expos$1 x is well to avoid f9i%+ ) oil alone unless ! greate/ c>e is us$1 = a v slight surplus ( oil w quickly soil ! pap]4 ,= ! "w ( ! amateur no?+ is bett] ?an %ellac4 ,:5 y\r "w is made ( p>ts :i* c be readily sep>at$1 su* p>ts z are jo9$ )\t glue or nails1 x is be/ to take ! "w ap>t be=e f9i%+4 ,unh+e doors & take (f locks1 escut*eons1 mirror-plates1 h&les1 & ! l4 ,take out removable %elves1 backs1 & all deta*able p>ts4 ,f9i% all ^! p>ts sep>ately & !n put ! "w toge!r aga94 ,y c f9i% ! sep>ate p>ts bett] & m easily1 b ( c\rse ?is c only be done ) su* p>ts z are readily sep>able4 ,9 "s cases x is desirable to /a9 y\r furniture1 b z a rule y _c improve on ! natural col\r+1 :i* deep5s & mell[s ) age4 ,if y wi% mahogany-col\r$ furniture1 use mahogany1 or1 if y _c af=d t1 simply pa9t or /a9 "s *eap] wood ( ! desir$ col\r1 b d n try to imitate ! gra9 ( ! mahogany4 ,!re are two objections to ^! attempts at imitation4 ,fir/1 !y are n hone/2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! deception is usually a failure4 ,f9ally1 be simple & hone/ 9 all y\r design+1 y\r con/ruction 7:i* above all ?+s %\ld be /rong & durable71 & y\r f9i%+4 ,d n put 9 y\r room an object :i* appe>s at a di/ance ( t5 feet to be a mahogany or black walnut c5tre-table1 b :i* on clos] exam9ation turns out to be a p9e wa%/& 9 disguise4 ,!re are1 z y "k1 hundr$s ( articles ( h\sehold utility1 o!r ?an ^? "h giv51 :i* are suitable = ! amateur to make1 b x is hop$ t ! sugge/ions ab\t ^? :i* are includ$ 9 ?is *apt] w be ( s]vice 9 ! con/ruction ( o!r objects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,book-,rack4--,a simple rack = books 7,fig4 #bhj7 c be ( any l5g? desir$1 ab\t six in*es wide1 & ( half-in* /ock 7or slightly ?9n]71 b ! dim5sions c be v>i$ accord+ to circum/ances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,be sure t ! bottoms ( ! ends are accurately cut4 ,! o!r edges c be r\nd$ if y wi% 7see ,spoke%ave & ,file74 ,! h+es %\ld be sunk 9 ! wood1 s t !y w n injure ! books 7see ,h+es74 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,desk-,rack4--,an easily made arrangem5t to put on ! back ( a table or desk is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bha1 & c be made ( /ock ( f #a_/b to #g_/h ?ickness1 accord+ to ! size ( ! rack4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,fir/ make ! two boxes 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai71 & !n ! %elf above !m4 ,?is c be fa/5$ to ! tops ( ! boxes by screws f und]nea?4 ,! edge c be slightly r\nd$4 ,! rail or gu>d at ! back & ends ( ! %elf %\ld be made indep5d5tly4 ,! back & ends c be jo9$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhb1 & ! :ole !n fa/5$ to ! %elf by screws 7see ,bor+ & ,screws7 f und]nea? be=e fa/5+ ! %elf to ! boxes1 or x c be d[ell$ on1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhb;a 7see ,d[ell+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhb;,a4 ,p>titions c be fitt$ 9 ! boxes1 =m+ pigeon-holes or comp>tm5ts1 if desir$4 ,^! p>titions c be nail$ 9 place or1 to be m workmanlike1 c be fitt$ 9 grooves 7see ,groov+ & ,%elves74 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hang+ ,book-,%elf4--,a wall-%elf 7,fig4 #bhc7 is useful & good practice = ! amateur4 ,x %\ld n be made too deep 7f front to back74 ,half-in* /ock is heavy en\gh1 if ! %elf is n m ?an two feet long4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is %elf c be simply put toge!r by nail+1 sett+ ! nails c>efully 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set74 ,c>efully m>k l9es 7us+ ! squ>e7 by :i* to nail ! pieces 9 _! prop] places4 ,x is n wor? :ile to use glue if ! p>ts are put toge!r 9 ?is way4 ,a /rong] & m workmanlike way is to groove ! l[] %elf into ! sides & ! sides into ! upp] %elf 7see ,groov+74 ,9 ?is case glue %\ld be us$ & ! "w tightly clamp$ 7see ,glu+ & ,clamps74 ,x w be mu* /rong] to fit a back betwe5 ! two %elves & ! sides4 ,?is %\ld prop]ly be set 9 a rabbet cut ar\nd ! space1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhd 7see ,rabbet74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wall-,cab9et4--,an op5 cab9et or hang+ case = books1 magaz9es1 or o!r small articles 7,fig4 #bhe7 c be ( any desir$ proportions1 b %\ld n be v l>ge4 ,half-in* /ock is suffici5tly ?ick4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is case %\ld h a back4 ,rabbets %\ld be cut to receive ! back1 z 9 ! case ( ! wall-%elf j %[n 7see ,rabbet71 ! top & middle %elves be+ n>r[] ?an ! l[] %elf by ! ?ickness ( ! back4 ,?is case c simply be nail$ toge!r 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set71 b x w be bett] to groove ! %elves into ! sides 7see ,groov+74 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hang+ ,bookcase4--,a simple & useful case = ! wall 7,fig4 #bhf7 c be made on mu* ! same pr9ciple z ! small case j %[n4 ,x is well n to make su* cases v l>ge1 &1 unless q small1 /ock f #c_/d to #g_/h 9 ?ickness w be suitable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,in/ead ( a back1 /rips c be screw$ on v]tically 7,fig4 #bhf71 be+ sunk s z to be flu% ) ! back ( ! case 7,fig4 #bhg74 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wall-,%elves4--,an easily made arrangem5t is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,! design c easily be v>i$ if y wi%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! con/ruction is extremely simple1 ! %elves be+ m]ely screw$ on f ! back4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,get out ! back & ! %elves1 & smoo? !m4 ,m>k l9es across ! face ( ! =m] at ! places = ! %elves1 bore holes ?r\gh ! back f ! face = ! screws 7see ,bor+71 & c\nt]s9k ! holes on ! back 7see ,c\nt]s9k74 ,screw ! %elves 9 place 7see ,screws7 to see t ev]y?+ is "r1 !n take ap>t & f9i%4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pipe-,rack4--,a modification ( ! %elf arrangem5t j describ$ makes a good rack = pipes & o!r articles = smok+ 7,fig4 #bhi74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bhi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is diff]s f ! article j describ$ only 9 ! %ape ( ! %elves1 :i* h op5+s 9 ! edge = hold+ pipes4 ,^! op5+s c be made ei!r ) a f9e saw or by bor+ holes & cutt+ 9 to !m f ! edge 7,fig4 #bij74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bij4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wall-,%elves4--,a q simple =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bia1 hav+ a small box ) lid4 ,a comb9ation ( ?is =m ) ! design = a pipe-rack c easily be made if desir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! con/ruction is pla9 f ! cases already describ$4 ,! h+es %\ld be sunk 9 ! edge ( ! lid 7see ,h+es74 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wall-,cab9et4--,! cab9et %[n 9 ,fig4 #bib %\ld be r small1 = if l>ge x w look clumsy4 ,x c be made ( half-in* /ock4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bib4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! con/ruction is q simil> to ! prec$+ cases4 ,if y h no bo>d wide en\gh = ! back1 two c be jo9$ 7see ,jo9t+ & ,glu+74 ,! cupbo>d is simply a box )\t front or back 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai7 screw$ to ! back f beh9d 7see ,bor+ & ,screws74 ,! %elves at ! sides ( ! cupbo>d & ! bracket und]nea? x c be screw$ f ! back & f ! inside ( ! cab9et1 z 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,! door 7see ,doors7 c be fitt$ & hung 7see ,h+es7 aft] ! :ole has be5 put toge!r4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,corn]-,%elves or ,cab9ets4--,a simple =m ( hang+ corn]-%elves is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bic4 ,?is c be ( any size1 ( c\rse1 b su* articles look clumsy if made v l>ge4 ,half-in* /ock is heavy en\gh unless ! case is q l>ge1 :5 #c_/d or #g_/h ?ickness c be us$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bid4 ,"o ( ! sides c be made wid] ?an ! o!r by ! ?ickness ( ! /ock1 s z to lap ov] & secure a tight & /rong jo9t at ! back4 ,! top bo>d 7) r\nd+ front7 c simply be nail$ d[n on ! sides 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set71 or1 to be m workmanlike1 a rabbet 7,fig4 #bid7 c be cut ar\nd ! edge ( ! top on ! "u side into :i* to fit ! sides1 :i* c be screw$ 9 place 7see ,rabbet1 ,bor+1 ,c\nt]s9k1 & ,screws74 ,?is rabbet %\ld n come q to ! front edge ( ! top4 ,! %elves c be screw$ 9 place f ! back 7see ,screws71 c>efully m>k+ l9es ) ! squ>e1 = bor+ ! holes1 be=e putt+ ! case toge!r1 & c\nt]s9k+ ! holes ^u ! back4 ,?is case 7be+ fa/5$ by screws7 c be tak5 ap>t = f9i%+4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bie4 ,a /&+ cab9et l ,fig4 #bie c be made 9 ! same mann] z ! hang+ cab9et j %[n1 b c1 ( c\rse1 be l>g]4 ,/ock f #c_/d to #g_/h 9 ?ickness c be us$4 ,! rail at ! top c be made & put on z direct$ = ! desk-rack %[n 9 ,figs4 #bha & #bhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m$ic9e-,cab9et4--,any small cab9et c be us$ = m$ic9es by simply arrang+ ! %elves 9 any conv5i5t mann]4 ,a simple way is to h a s]ies ( horizontal grooves on ! inside ( ea* side1 into :i* ! %elves c be slipp$ at any desir$ di/ance ap>t4 ,a design = an easily con/ruct$ m$ic9e-cab9et = ! wall is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bif & #big4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bif4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,a good size = a small cab9et is to h ! ma9 box-"p1 ! cab9et prop]1 ab\t #ae wide1 #bj high1 & #g deep4 ,x c be made ( #a_/b /ock4 ,! con/ruction is l t ( ! o!r cases already %[n4 ,! jo9ts %\ld prop]ly be groov$ 7see ,groov+ & ,glu+71 b ! :ole case c be nail$ toge!r1 al?\gh ! result w be inf]ior 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set74 ,! back %\ld be set 9 a rabbet z 9 ! cases already %[n4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! h+es is %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7see ,h+es74 ,! p>titions c be ( ?9 /ock 7#a_/d or #e_/af74 ,! doors c h ?ick cleats1 %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #big 7enl>g$ 9 ,fig4 #big;a71 ) holes bor$ d[n f ! top = homoeopa?ic phials4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to bore ! holes ?r\gh 7see ,bor+74 ,/op bor+ be=e ! spur comes ?r\gh & clean out ! bottoms ( ! holes ) a g\ge4 ,a small draw] c be fitt$ to "o ( ! small comp>tm5ts1 z 9 ,fig4 #big 7see ,draw]s74 ,if ! edges ( ! doors are made to lap slightly :]e !y come toge!r1 rabbets be+ cut on opposite sides ( ! edges 7,fig4 #bih71 ! jo9t w be tight]1 b a little space mu/ be all[$ or ! doors may b9d4 ,! re/ ( ! details are l ^? ( ! cases already describ$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #big4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p4 ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #big;a4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bih4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bookcases4--,a pla9 case 7,fig4 #bii7 c be made ( any desir$ size4 ,if q small #c_/d /ock c be us$1 b ord9>ily #g_/h ?ickness w be be/4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction is practically ! same z 9 ! cases already describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! %elves c all be fa/5$ 91 if desir$1 b a good way is to groove ! top & bottom %elves into ! sides & make ^? betwe5 movable 7see ,%elves1 9 ,"p ,v474 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bii4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cjj4 ,! back c be fitt$ by simply cutt+ a rabbet on ! back edge ( ea* side = ! entire l5g? 7see ,rabbet71 & mak+ ! %elves ( su* a wid? t !y w n project beyond ! rabbet4 ,a n>r[ piece c be screw$ f ! back l5g?ways1 above ! upp] %elf1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,! re/ ( ! back c !n be screw$ 9 place 7see ,bor+ & ,screws74 ,! back1 be+ too wide to be made ( "o bo>d1 c v well 7= a pla9 case ( ?is sort7 be ( mat*$ bo>ds or %ea?+4#bd ,d n =ce ! back too tightly into place1--t is1 crossways ( ! bo>ds4 ,all[ a little play = ! expansion & contraction4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a knock-d[n me?od ( putt+ toge!r ) t5ons & wood5 p9s 7,fig4 #cja7 is n v difficult1 b requires c>e & accuracy4 ,9 ! case ( ! bookcase j %[n1 ! upp] & l[] %elves c be p9n$ ?r\gh ! sides1 :i* w hold ! case firmly1 & ! o!r %elves c be movable 7see ,%elves74 ,a case fa/5$ 9 ?is way c be readily tak5 ap>t4 ,?is me?od c be appli$ to o!r designs = bookcases & cab9ets4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cja4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple is t ( ! mortise & t5on 7see ,mortis+74 ,if y cut ! mortises = ! p9s be=e cutt+ ! t5ons on ! ends ( ! %elves y w avoid ! liability ( splitt+ ! t5ons4 ,! p9s %\ld tap] & ! angles ( ! p9s & t5ons be v slightly bevell$1 t is1 ! %>p edge tak5 (f4 ,! ends ( ^! %elves c be slightly cut "u or bevell$ inw>ds 7see ,fig4 #cjb1 :i* is exagg]at$71 on ! same pr9ciple t ! ends ( floor bo>ds & ! l are sometimes slightly bevell$1 to ensure a closely fitt+ jo9t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cjb4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a good =m = an op5 bookcase suitable = ! beg9n] to make is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,?is design is suitable = a l[1 or dw>f1 bookcase ( :atev] l5g? may be desir$4 ,if ( q small size x c be made ( #g_/h /ock ?r\gh\t1 b 9 mo/ cases a ?9 plank 7p]haps #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b ?ick7 _h be/ be us$ = ! ends4 ,a curta9 c be add$ if desir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! curves ( ! ends c be saw$ by h& 7see ,turn+-saw & ,keyhole & ,compass ,saw71 or bett] by b&-saw & jig-saw at a mill1 & smoo!d ) spoke-%ave & file 7see ,spoke%ave & ,file74 ,! %elves 7at lea/ ! upp] & l[] ones7 %\ld be groov$ into ! sides & glu$ 7see ,groov+ & ,glu+71 al?\gh1 z 9 ! o!r cases already describ$1 nails c be us$1 b ! result w be inf]ior 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set74 ,! pla9ness ( ! upright edges ( ! ends c be reliev$ by a little bead+ 7,fig4 #cje71 :i* y c d y\rself or h m\ld$ at ! mill 7see ,bead+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cjc4 ,little brackets1 screw$ "u ! l[] %elf at ea* end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjf1 add to ! /iffness ( ! case4 ,a back c be fitt$ into rabbets z describ$ above1 b 9 ?is case x _h be/ n come above ! top %elf1 a rabbet be+ cut on ! "u edge ( ! latt] z well z 9 ! sides4 ,! bottom %elf c simply be made n>r[] & )\t a rabbet4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bookcase %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjd c be ( any desir$ size & proportions4 ,x c be ( #g_/h /ock1 al?\gh ! upright ends c well be ( ?9 plank4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cjd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is case c simply be nail$ toge!r 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set71 b ! m workmanlike way is to groove ! sides into ! top & ! bottom %elf into ! sides 7see ,groov+74 ,! second %elf f ! top c be groov$ into ! sides1 & ! upright p>tition =m+ ! cupbo>d c also be groov$ 9 place4 ,?is process involves c>eful lay+ out & accurate cutt+4 ,! o!r %elves c be removable4 ,! base-bo>d c be bevell$ or curv$ on ! top edge 7or m\ld$ by ma*9e7 & c be mitr$ at ! corn]s4 ,x c be fa/5$ ) f9e nails 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set74 ,! front piece c be glu$ z well z ! mitr$ jo9ts4 ,a m\ld+ c be nail$ ar\nd ! top z %[n1 be+ mitr$ at ! corn]s4#be ,! o!r details ( con/ruction d n diff] f ^? ( ! cases j giv51 except 9 ! matt] ( mak+ & fitt+ ! door1 = :i* see ,doors 9 ,"p ,v4 ,a common way ( mak+ ! sides ( su* cases is to make ! side itself ( bo>d ?ickness1 & to face ! front edge ) a /rip 7:i* c be glu$ on7 f #a-a_/d to #b wide1 accord+ to ! size ( ! case1 9 ! way %[n 9 ,fig4 #cje 7see ,glu+74 ,?is gives a wid] edge to ! side & ! %elves c fit beh9d ! fac+ /rip4 ,bead+ c be work$ on ?is /rip1 z %[n 7see ,bead+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cje4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,desk & ,bookcase4--,v>i\s comb9ations ( book-%elves ) a desk c be arrang$4 ,a useful =m = a small "o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,! height is ( c\rse regulat$ by ! necess>y position ( ! desk-lid :5 dropp$4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! con/ruction are ! same z ^? ( ! cases already %[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! w+1 or atta*m5t at ! side1 c be groov$ into ! side ( ! ma9 "p4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cjf4 ,! back %\ld rea* across f "o "p to ! o!r1 :i* w give /iffness to ! :ole4 ,! desk-lid1 :i* %\ld be set 9 p]haps #c_/h f ! front edge ( ! case1 c be prev5t$ f dropp+ too f> by *a9s fa/5$ inside to ! lid & ! sides ( ! case4 ,v>i\s o!r arrangem5ts c be b\ght = hold+ a desk-lid 9 ! prop] place4 ,! inside ( ! lid mu/ ( c\rse be smoo?4 ,if panell$ z 9 ,fig4 #cjf ! panel mu/ be ?ick en\gh to be flu% ) ! frame on ! inside 7see ,doors74 ,!re w be m or less ( a crack ar\nd ?is panel1 b ?is is unavoidable4 ,lids ( ?is sort are sometimes made ) a smoo? surface 7)\t frame or panell+71 b ?is requires "s =m ( cleat+ to prev5t w>p+ 7see ,cleats74 ,! small brackets "u ! l[] %elf w help to /iff5 ! case4 ,a few %elves c easily be arrang$ 9 ! desk comp>tm5t4 ,if y wi% a numb] ( pigeon-holes & comp>tm5ts1 a good way = ! amateur to fit ^! is to make an indep5d5t case ( pigeon-holes & comp>tm5ts1 )\t front or back1 ( ?9 wood 7p]haps #a_/d71 & ( su* outside dim5sions t x w j slip into ! desk-space4 ,?is op5 box-l arrangem5t c be nail$ toge!r ) f9e brads4 ,! be/ way to make x is by fitt+ all ! divisions into grooves1 b to d ?is by h& requires m "w & c>e ?an c be expect$ ( ! ord9>y amateur4 ,! groov+ c be done by ma*9e4 ,a conv5i5t arrangem5t is to h r[s ( p>allel grooves into :i* ! division bo>ds c at any "t be slipp$ to =m comp>tm5ts ( any desir$ size4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,music-,case4--,! con/ruction ( ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjg is l t ( ! examples already %[n4 ,! sides1 top1 & bottom %\ld be ( #c_/d or #g_/h /ock1 b ! %elves c be ?9n]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is case c be simply nail$ toge!r 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set71 b ! m workmanlike way is to groove ! bottom %elf into ! sides & ! sides into ! top1 z 9 ! cases already %[n 7see ,groov+74 ,a m\ld+ at ! top c be made z 9 ! bookcase %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,= v>i\s ways ( putt+ 9 ! %elves1 see ,%elves1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,! back c be ?9n] 7#a_/d7 & %\ld be fitt$ 9 a rabbet cut ar\nd1 z already %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cjg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plant-,/&s4--,! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjh is ( q simple con/ruction & is useful to hold a l>ge fl[]-pot4 ,x %\ld be made ( #g_/h /ock4 ,! top c be f #h to #ab squ>e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cjh4 ,simply make a box 7see ,box-mak+1 page #bai71 )\t top & bottom1 ) ! gra9 ( ! f\r sides runn+ up & d[n4 ,be=e putt+ toge!r saw ! curves at ! bottom4 ,z ! gra9 ( ! f\r pieces all runs up & d[n1 ^! sides c be glu$ toge!r )\t nail+ 7see ,glu+74 ,screw f\r cleats ar\nd ! inside ( ! top 7,fig4 #cji7 ) holes bor$ 9 !m = screws ) :i* to fa/5 on ! top f und]nea? 7see ,bor+ & ,screws74 ,r\nd ! top edge z %[n 7see ,spoke%ave & ,file71 & smoo? ! surfaces4 ,!n1 hav+ %ap$ ! edge ( ! top z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cjh1 fa/5 x 9 place & ! /& is ready to f9i%4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cji4 ,! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #caj is made ^u a simil> pr9ciple1 & c be ( a l>g] size ?an w\ld be satisfactory = ! fir/ patt]n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mu* c>e mu/ be tak5 to s lay out & cut ! slant+ edges ( ! sides t ! pieces w come toge!r accurately4 ,aft] ! top has be5 fa/5$ on1 a little piece ( m\ld+ c be put ar\nd b5ea? ! edge ( ! top z %[n1 provid$ y h ! skill to d x neatly4 ,! corn]s mu/ be mitr$1 & ! m\ld+ fa/5$ on ) f9e brads1 :i* mu/ be set 7see ,nail+ & ,nail-set74#bf ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #caj4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,tables4--,a pla9 table1 :i* al?\gh n especially ornam5tal is s]viceable = _m purposes1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #caa4 ,x c be made ( any size & proportions & ! details c easily be v>i$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #caa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! con/ruction is too simple to require special description4 ,! legs & ! cleats at ! top %\ld be ( plank ?ickness1 ! re/ ( #g_/h /ock4 ,! legs c be halv$ :]e !y cross 7see ,halv+71 or = a r\gh job c be simply nail$ 7see ,nail+74 ,! cleats at ! top ( ! legs %\ld be nail$ or screw$ to ! legs1 & w act z cleats to ! top1 :i* is fa/5$ to !m4 ,! bo>ds =m+ ! top c be simply laid ) ! edges t\*+1 = a r\gh job2 b :]e a good surface is requir$ ! jo9ts %\ld be glu$ 7see ,jo9t+ & ,glu+7 & ! surface smoo!d aft]w>ds4 ,extra cleats c be put "u ! top if ne$$ = /iffness1 & additional l5g?ways /ret*]s c be add$ to connect ! upp] "p ( ! legs4 ,! :ole %\ld be plan$ & s&pap]$ & c be %ellac$ or pa9t$4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? ( ! subjects already %[n4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a table ( simple con/ruction & neat appe>ance 7,fig4 #cab7 c be ( any desir$ size & proportions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cab4 ,! legs c be f #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b squ>e1 accord+ to ! size ( ! table4 ,aft] be+ squ>$ & cut to a l5g? !y %\ld be tap]$ t[>d ! bottom by plan+ d[n two opposite sides & !n ! o!r two4 ,! tap]+1 h[ev]1 %\ld n ext5d to ! tops ( ! legs1 b to a po9t a little bel[ ! bottom ( ! rails1 or cross-b>s1 :i* connect ! legs4 ,on ! two inn] sides ( ! legs mortises mu/ be cut to receive t5ons on ! ends ( ! rails :i* connect ! legs1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cac 7see ,mortis+74 ,^! rails c be ( #g_/h /ock1 ! curves on ! l[] edge be+ cut ) ! turn+-saw or compass & keyhole saw1 & f9i%$ ) spoke-%ave & *isel or file4 ,! curves c be omitt$1 ( c\rse1 if pref]r$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cac4 ,d n try to put ?is table all toge!r p]man5tly at "o op]ation4 ,fir/ put toge!r two legs & ! connect+ piece1 !n ! o!r two legs & ! connect+ piece1 & f9ally jo9 ^! two sides by ! rema9+ rails4 ,glue ! jo9ts 7see ,glu+7 & ! p>ts %\ld be securely clamp$ 7see ,clamps7 until dry4 ,corn]-blocks c be put 9 at ! angles 7see ,corn]-blocks74 ,holes mu/ be bor$ 9 ! rails by :i* to fa/5 ! top4 ,if ! rails are n too deep1 v]tical holes c be bor$1 c\nt]s9k+ deeply if necess>y4 ,deep c\nt]s9k+ c be done by fir/ bor+ a hole l>ge en\gh to admit ! head ( ! screw to ! dep? requir$1 :5 ! hole c be cont9u$ ) a small] bit4 ,if ! dep? ( ! rail is too great = ?is process1 ! hole c be made by a species ( c\nt]bor+1 mak+ fir/ a l>g] hole 9 ! side ( ! rail 7on ! inside71 an in* or s f ! top1 & bor+ d[n into ?is hole f ! top4 ,a slant+ cut c be made f bel[ ) ! g\ge to all[ ! screw to be slipp$ into ! hole 7,fig4 #cad74 ,ano!r way is to screw cleats on ! inside ( ! rail ) a v]tical hole ?r\gh :i* ! top c be screw$ on 7,fig4 #cae74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cad4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cae4 ,! top1 if too wide = "o bo>d1 %\ld be glu$ up be=e be+ dress$ (f 7see ,jo9t+ & ,glu+71 & ! edge %ap$ & smoo!d4 ,!n1 lay+ ! top face d[nw>d on ! horses or b5*1 place ! frame upside d[n ^u ! top4 ,:5 9 ! exact position m>k a l9e ar\nd ! inside ( ! frame1 cont9ue ! holes 9 ! frame a little way into ! top1 us+ a bit a trifle small] ?an ! screws1 & !n screw ! frame securely to ! top 7see ,bor+ & ,screws71 measur+ c>efully to see t y use screws :i* w n protrude ?r\gh ! top ( ! table4 ,dep5d entirely on ! screws to hold ! top on4 ,d n fa/5 a table-top on ) glue 7see ,lay+ out ! "w1 9 ,*apt] ,,iv474 ,if ! table does n /& ev51 see ,scrib+ & ,w9d+-/icks4 ,! f9al scrap+ 7see ,scrap]7 ( ! top c well be left until ! table is put toge!r1 :5 ! :ole1 aft] be+ scrap$1 c be c>efully s&pap]$ ) f9e s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]74 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? ( ! articles already %[n4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an excell5t c5tre-table = ! amateur to make 7,fig4 #caf7 is useful = _m purposes4 ,ab\t ?ree feet squ>e on top is a conv5i5t size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v4 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #caf4 ,get out f\r legs1 f #a-a_/b to #b 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! table4 ,!y c be tap]$ slightly1 z 9 ! prec$+ case4 ,groove "o side ( ea* leg to receive ! end ( ! cross-p>tition %[n 9 ! cut 7see ,groov+74 ,^! p>titions c be #a_/b to #c_/d ?ick4 ,"o ( !m c ext5d across 7diagonally7 f po/ to po/4 ,! o!r c be 9 two p>ts1 rea*+ to ! c5tre2 or ! p>titions c be 9 f\r p>ts1 meet+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is framework ( legs & cross-p>titions c be b\nd toge!r at ! top by cleats screw$ on top 7,fig4 #cag71 holes be+ made 9 ! cleats by :i* !y c 9 turn be screw$ to ! top ( ! table4 ,! l[] %elf1 or %elves 7be+ made 9 f\r p>ts71 c be fa/5$ up f und]nea?1 cleats1 also1 be+ us$ if necess>y4 ,! %elves c be ( #a_/b /ock4 ,! upp] %elves c be fitt$ aft] ! re/ is put toge!r & c re/ ^u cleats und]nea?1 to :i* !y c be fa/5$4 ,! %ape ( ! top is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cag;a4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cag4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cag;a4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,small ,/&4--,a simple arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cah involves m difficulties ?an _m ( ! o!r articles %[n1 b is n beyond ! skill ( ! c>eful amateur4 ,a good size is ab\t #ac or #ad across ! top & #ag or #ah high4 ,su* a /& is useful to hold a fl[]-pot4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v4 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! top c be ( #a_/b or #e_/h /ock & ! legs ( #g_/h /ock1 ! l[] "p tap]+ 9 ?ickness to #e_/h at ! bottom4 ,! curves c all be saw$ at a mill = a small sum1 & smoo!d ) spoke-%ave & file 7see ,spoke%ave & ,file74 ,! und]side ( ! top c be bevell$ at ! edge 7,fig4 #cai74 ,?is c be done ) ! spoke-%ave4 ,! file c be us$ to good advantage 9 ! r\nd+ ( ! extreme edge1 f9i%+ ) s&pap]1 b n until aft] ! top surface has be5 f9ally smoo!d 7see ,spoke%ave1 ,file1 & ,s&pap]74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cai4 ,! curv$ frame "u ! top & connect+ ! legs is to be made 9 f\r pieces1 ! legs be+ fitt$ betwe5 !m 7,fig4 #cbj74 ,^! curv$ pieces %\ld be got out a little too long & ! ends c>efully saw$ to make a tight jo9t ) ! legs4 ,be sure t all ^! p>ts fit accurately be=e y f9ally put !m toge!r4 ,screw !m toge!r1 toe+ screws into ! legs4 ,use glue at ! jo9ts ( ! curv$ frame & ! legs1 b d n glue ! frame to ! top4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbj4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,small ,table4--,fig4 #cba %[s a good =m = a small /& suitable = v>i\s purposes1 :i*1 al?\gh n z easy to make z x looks1 is n too h>d = ! amateur :o has acquir$ "s famili>ity ) 8 tools4 ,x c be made ( any desir$ height or proportions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,get out ! top z 9 ! small /& la/ %[n4 ,! ?ickness c v>y f #a_/b to #g_/h accord+ to ! size ( ! table4 ,! legs %\ld n be fa/5$ directly to ! top1 b to a cleat framework to be screw$ to ! top 7,fig4 #cbb74 ,?is helps prev5t ! top f w>p+4 ,! legs c be r\nd or six-sid$ & %\ld be tap]$ 7see ,r\nd+-/icks74 ,a t5on or d[el %\ld be made at ! upp] end ( ea* leg to fit into a hole 9 ! cleat framework4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cba4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbc4 ,! hexagonal %elf at ! bottom c be ( #a_/b /ock & %\ld be not*$ or groov$ into ! legs1 ! extreme angles ( ! %elf be+ cut (f 7,fig4 #cbc74 ,a f9e screw to$ f und]nea? ?r\gh ! %elf into ! leg 7,fig4 #cbd7 w /r5g!n ! jo9t1 & aft] ! :ole is fa/5$ toge!r1 little brackets c be screw$ ) f9e screws 9 ! angle betwe5 ! l[] %elf & ! leg4 ,all ! jo9ts %\ld be glu$ except :]e ! cleats are fa/5$ to ! top1 9 :i* case screws alone %\ld be us$4 ,mu* c>e is requir$ to make all ^! jo9ts accurately1 & to put ! :ole table toge!r prop]ly4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbd4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,foot/ool or ,cricket4--,a common l[ seat or cricket 7,fig4 #cbe7 c be made ( #e_/h or #g_/h /ock & ( any desir$ size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbe4 ,! h>de/ "p ( ?is job is to cut ! bevels :]e ! sides meet ! top & at ! ends ( ! /ret*] betwe5 ! sides 7see ,bevell+74 ,y w probably f9d x easi] to lay out & cut ! ends ( ! sides be=e !y are tap]$4 ,! edges ( ! top c be slightly r\nd$4 ,aft] ! p>ts are nail$ toge!r 7see ,nail+7 set ! nails 7see ,nail-set74 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? ( ! cases already describ$4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,out-,door ,seat4--,! con/ruction ( ! pla9 *air %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbf is too obvi\s to require special description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is seat c be made ( ?9 plank4 ,! mo/ difficult "p is ! bevell+ ( ! jo9ts 7see ,bevell+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbf4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? 9 ! prec$+ cases4 ,= ! pa9t+ see ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,bookcase & ,l\nge4--,comb9ation articles ( furniture are1 z a rule1 frequ5tly undesirable on ! gr\nd ( ta/e1 & (t5 are n z conv5i5t z to h ! p>ts made sep>ately4 ,b ! amateur may sometimes f9d x desirable to jo9 two or m diff]5t pieces to fit "s p>ticul> spot or = "s special reason4 ,examples are giv5 9 ! bookcase & desk 7,fig4 #cjf71 9 ! comb9ation = a corn] 7,fig4 #cbh71 & 9 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,^! are giv5 z sugge/ive ( ! k9d ( comb9ations t c be suitably und]tak5 by ! amateur1 & _m simple arrangem5ts c readily be contriv$ :5 desir$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! new pr9ciples involv$ 9 ?is design are m]ely 9 ! comb9ation4 ,! bookcase & ! cupbo>d 7:i* c be op5 if desir$7 are simil> to ^? already %[n1 & ! l\nge is simply a %elf or box-l arrangem5t connect+ ! two4 ,! back ( ! l\nge is m]ely a bo>d fa/5$ by screws4 ,! appe>ance ( ! article dep5ds mu* ^u ! uphol/]+4 ,?is %\ld n be done until aft] ! f9i%+ ( ! wood-"w4 ,! rema9+ details are n diff]5t f ^? ( ! articles already %[n4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbh4 ,ano!r comb9ation1 suitable = a corn]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ are ! same z = ! o!r articles already describ$ & ! con/ruction is obvi\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,table & ,settle1 or ,*air-,table4--,?is is an excell5t =m ( table = ! amateur to make & is useful = _m purposes 7,figs4 #cbi & #ccj74 ,if ( mod]ate size1 x c be made ( #g_/h /ock1 b if l>ge1 & to be subject$ to r\gh usage1 ?9 plank w be m suitable = ! ends & top4 ,ano!r good =m ( *air-table c be made on ! same pr9ciple by mak+ a n>r[] seat1 or a heavy *air1 & atta*+ a circul> top by h+es to ! back ( ! arms ( ! seat4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! fram+ ( ! l[] "p is simil> to t ( a box4 ,get out ! upright ends & ! front & back ( ! box "p & fit !m toge!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cca1 a rabbet 7see ,rabbet7 or groove be+ cut to receive ! bottom4 ,! lid1 :i* =ms ! seat1 c be arrang$ z %[n 7see ,h+es74 ,! top1 made l any table-top & fa/5$ by screws to ! deep cleats %[n 7see ,screws71 is pivot$ to ei!r side ( ! upright ends by p9s :5 a seat is desir$4 ,:5 y wi% to use ! table & ! top is l[]$1 x c be held 9 place by ins]t+ p9s 9 ! o!r two holes also4 ,! p9s %\ld n be less ?an #a_/b or #c_/d 9 diamet]4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ 9 lay+ (f ! po9ts = mak+ ^! holes 7see ,bor+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cbi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ccj4 ,! rema9+ details are n diff]5t f ^? ( ! articles already %[n4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cca4 ,cab9et = ,guns1 ,fi%+-,rods1 ,etc4--,a conv5i5t =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,! con/ruction is simil> to t ( ! bookcases & cab9ets already %[n4 ,! /ock = ! case itself c be #g_/h 9 ?ickness1 = ! l>g] divisions #c_/d1 & = ! small p>titions #a_/b4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ccb4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,if y make ! doors ) glass panels1 z %[n1 ^! c be set 9 rabbets cut on ! inside ( ! door frames & held 9 place by /rips ( qu>t]-r\nd m\ld+4 ,! doors c be fitt$ betwe5 ! sides or c lap ov] ! edges ( ! sides1 z y pref] 7see ,doors74 ,! draw]s c be omitt$ if too difficult to make well 7see ,draw]s71 & small boxes ( v>i\s sizes /or$ ^u ! %elves c be us$ z a sub/itute4 ,! rema9+ details are n diff]5t f ^? ( ! articles already %[n4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 99 99 99 99 99 ,picture ,frames4--,^! are (t5 und]tak5 by ! amateur1 b mak+ !m well is mu* m difficult ?an x seems to ! beg9n]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,if y buy ! prep>$ m\ld+s s mu* 9 use1 !y w1 9 mo/ cases1 h to be mitr$ at ! corn]s1 :i* is an op]ation by no means easy = ! beg9n]1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! m\ld+ is sprung or twi/$1 z is (t5 ! case4 ,^? jo9ts :i* d n close prop]ly mu/ be trimm$ ) ! plane1 = :i* purpose ! mitre %oot+-bo>d is useful 7see page #id71 & all f\r jo9ts %\ld fit accurately be=e f9ally putt+ toge!r1 s t none w h to be sprung or twi/$ 9 ord] to close up4 ,at ! same "t y mu/ gu>d aga9/ w9d+ by sight+ across ! face1 & ! angles mu/ be te/$ ) ! squ>e4 ,! clamp+ toge!r is important 9 su* "w4 ,?is c be done by lay+ ! frame flat1 nail+ /rips a %ort di/ance outside ( ea* ( ! f\r corn]s1 & driv+ 9 w$ges betwe5 ^! /rips & ! frame until ! jo9ts are firmly held 7,fig4 #ccc74 ,?is c also be done by putt+ blocks at ! corn]s & pass+ a d\bl$ cord ar\nd1 :i*1 by ins]t+ a /ick1 c be twi/$ until ! frame is held tightly4 ,b mak+ mitr$ frames ( m\ld+ is n suitable "w = ! beg9n] & %\ld be def]r$ until y h _h "s exp]i5ce 7see ,mitr+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ccc4 ,= a pla9 frame no?+ is bett] ?an a jo9t ) mortise & t5on 7,fig4 #ccd71 ! rabbet 7see ,rabbet7 at ! back be+ cut ?r\gh to ! ends ( ! %ort] pieces 7^? hav+ ! t5ons71 b be+ /opp$ be=e rea*+ ! ends ( ! long] pieces 7^? hav+ ! mortises71 z %[n4 ,! latt] %\ld be got out too long1 s z to ov]lap a little at ! ends 7,fig4 #ccd74 ,?is enables y to take ! frame ap>t m readily :5 fitt+1 & ) less dang] ( injury to ! "w4 ,! project+ ends c be saw$ (f aft] ! frame has be5 glu$ toge!r 7see ,mortis+1 ,glu+1 & ,clamps74 ,! f9al plan+ & smoo?+ ( ! front surface & ! edges %\ld be done aft] ! frame is glu$ toge!r1 c>eful att5tion be+ paid to ! direction ( ! gra9 7see ,plane1 ,scrap]1 & ,s&pap]74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ccd4 ,aft] a frame ( ?is k9d is all done1 an inn] m\ld+ ) a r[ ( beads1 or "s o!r simple =m1 c easily be fitt$ to ! rabbet1 if desir$4 ,see end ( introduction to ?is *apt] = directions ab\t smoo?+1 putt+ toge!r1 & f9i%+4 ,see also ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,?is me?od ( putt+ 9 a back answ]s v well = ! beg9n]1 & is (t5 us$ 9 *eap "w1 b1 unless q small1 ! really workmanlike way is to make a panell$ frame1 :i* is screw$ 9 place z "o piece4 ,! degree to :i* ! panell+ is c>ri$ dep5ds ^u ! size & %ape ( ! back4 ,:5 y become able to make y\r "w m neatly & accurately ?an c be expect$ ( ! beg9n]1 y w d well to con/ruct ! backs 9 ?is way1 b x involves mu* m lab\r & is h>dly wor? :ile = su* simple "w z y w d at fir/4 #be ,a m workmanlike way is to "w all su* m\ld+s on ! edge ( ! top1 mak+ x z mu* ?ick] z may be requir$1 ?us avoid+ putt+ on ! m\ld+ across ! gra9 ( ! piece to :i* x is fa/5$1 :i* is n a sci5tific =m ( con/ruction2 & = t matt] x is a m ?or\ghly workmanlike way to "w all m\ld+s on ! solid wood4 ,! top c be made ( two ?icknesses1 ! m\ld+ be+ work$ on ! edge ( ! "u piece be=e ! two are glu$ toge!r4 ,v>i\s =ms ( m\ld+ c be work$ on ! edge by a m\ld+ ma*9e at almo/ any wood-work+ mill4 #bf ,see footnote on page #aih4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,a ,,few ,,miscellane\s ,,op]ations ,wood5 ,*a94--,:ite p9e or any o!r easily :ittl$1 /raight-gra9$ wood c be us$4 ,take a /ick ( any l5g? & f #a to #b squ>e4 ,if v small ! :ittl+ is m difficult4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cce4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ccf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ccg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,knife1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cch4 ,m>k z %[n 7,fig4 #cce71 & remove ! wood at ! corn]s1 =m+ f\r rabbets1 giv+ a section ( ! piece ! %ape ( a ,greek cross 7,fig4 #ccf74 ,next lay out ! l9ks1 alt]nat+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ccg1 & all[+ space en\gh s t !y c h "s play :5 cut4 ,by not*+ 9 f ! outside & f9ally cutt+ away ! wood )9 ! l9ks1 !y c be sep>at$4 ,! :ittl+ mu/ be done c>efully1 ( c\rse1 & :olly by cutt+ ) a %>p knife4 ,if y try to d x by pry+ or twi/+ ) ! blade1 y w be likely to split ! wood4 ,f9ally1 r\nd & smoo? ! l9ks 7,fig4 #cch71 do+ z mu* ( ?is z y c be=e ! l9ks are sep>at$4 ,use f9e s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]74 ,leave ! *a9 9 ! natural wood or oil & %ellac 7see ,f9i%+74 99 99 99 99 99 ,ball & ,block4--,:ite p9e or any o!r easily :ittl$1 /raight-gra9$ wood w d = ?is :ittl+ ex]cise 7,fig4 #cci74 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,knife1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,fir/ get out a cubical block1 ea* edge ( :i* may be1 p]haps1 #a-a_/b or #b long4 ,gauge a l9e ar\nd ea* side p>allel to ! edge & ab\t #a_/d f x 7see ,gauge74 ,cut /raight 9 on ^! l9es & !n make slant+ cuts to meet ^? fir/ made4 ,remove ! wood on ! same g5]al pr9ciple z 9 cutt+ a not*1 gradually %ap+ ! middle "p into sph]ical =m2 :ile ! cuts :i* are p>allel ) ! sides f9ally meet & =m f\r po/s betwe5 ! top & bottom4 ,! wood mu/ be remov$ by cuts1 n by pry+4 ,trim ! ball to be z ne>ly sph]ical z y c4 ,if y wi% to make ! r+ or h&le %[n on top1 additional l5g? mu/ be all[$ 9 gett+ out ! orig9al block4 ,! :ole c be s&pap]$ ) f9e s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]7 & f9i%$ ) oil or %ellac 7see ,f9i%+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,box-mak+4--,9 lay+ out common boxes1 be> 9 m9d t ! sides1 top1 & bottom usually lap ov] ! ends1--! sides ov] ! ends1 & ! top & bottom ov] ! sides & ends 7,fig4 #cdj74 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 to avoid jo9ts %[+ on ! front1 ! front & back are made to lap ov] ! top 7,fig4 #cda71 occasionally ! ends lap ov] ! back 7,fig4 #cdb71 & o!r arrangem5ts are sometimes made4 ,d n rely on glue = ^! common squ>e jo9ts 9 box-"w1 b place y\r dep5d5ce on nails or screws4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cda4 ,ei!r lid or bottom or bo? c sometimes project slightly to good advantage 7,fig4 #cdc74 ,9 nice "w1 h[ev]1 ! bottom is m (t5 set 9 s z n to %[1 ei!r simply fitt+ 9 betwe5 ! sides & ends or into a rabbet 7see ,rabbet7 cut 9 ! l[] edge 7,fig4 #cdd1 %[+ box bottom up74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdc4 ,! lid or cov] c be h+$ to ! top edge ( ! back ( ! box1 or a n>r[] lid c be us$ & h+$ to a /rip fa/5$ at ! back ( ! box 7,fig4 #cde74 ,pla9 lids ( ?is sort1 = ev]y?+ b r\gh or tempor>y "w1 %\ld be cleat$1 ei!r by end cleats1 by fram+1 or simply by cleats on ! "u side 7see ,cleats & ,doors74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cde4 ,rememb] t ! jo9ts w be held m tightly 7= a p]man5t box7 if y toe ! nails 7see ,nail+74 ,mitr+ is a common way ( mak+ box-jo9ts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! poore/ ( all ways 9 po9t ( /r5g?1 & unless done ) mu* skill1--m skill ?an ! av]age amateur usually acquires1--! jo9ts are v liable to come ap>t1 or at lea/ gape op51 & be weak] & look worse ?an ! common1 squ>ely fitt$ jo9t fir/ %[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,glue c be us$ & is a help4 ,mitr$ jo9ts c1 h[ev]1 be /r5g!n$ by spl9es or keys or pieces let into saw-k]fs 7see ,mitr+74 ,a mitr$ box is h>d = an amateur to put toge!r1 p>ticul>ly :5 x is to be glu$4 ,! :ole process %\ld be rehe>s$ be=e glu+4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ fit exactly be=e y beg9 to f9ally put ! box toge!r4 ,if y get "o corn] out ( place1 all f\r w probably be ?r[n out ( position be=e y get ?r\gh putt]+ ) !m1 & ! glue become cold & ! op]ation be spoil$4 ,only a skilful amateur c make a box ) nicely fitt$ mitr$ jo9ts t w hold p]man5tly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are v>i\s o!r ways ( mak+ jo9ts by ma*9e 7see ,jo9ts74 ,! rabbet$ jo9t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cdf c be made by h& v well1 b s mu* quick] ) a circul> saw t y w save mu* "t by hav+ x done at a mill4 ,x is a good1 /rong1 neat jo9t & %[s less wood at ! end ?an ! common way4 ,:5 x is all[able to r\nd :at little end wood !re is 7,fig4 #cde7 x makes ! jo9t q inconspicu\s4 ,glue c also be us$ to advantage ) ?is jo9t on acc\nt ( ! %\ld]4 ,d[ell+ ! corn]s is a me?od sometimes us$4 ,x is easi] ?an mitr+1 b by no means a /rong jo9t1 unless skilfully made4 ,! pr9cipal advantage ( d[ell+ is 9 cases :]e x is objectionable to h nails %[4 ,b1 z a rule1 !re is n mu* ga9 9 try+ to conceal jo9ts4 ,c]ta9ly n unless y c d ! "w 9 ! be/ ( /yle4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdf4 ,le>n fir/ to make ! common1 pla9 jo9ts accurately1 & y c !n attempt ! m difficult ones ) "s *ance ( success4 ,! jo9ts c sometimes be re9=c$ to good advantage by triangul> corn]-pieces or po/s1 glu$ & screw$ 9 place4 ,!re is no bett] or m workmanlike way ( putt+ boxes toge!r ?an by "s =m ( dovetail+ 7see ,dovetail+71 b ?is process is h>dly "o = ! beg9n] to und]take1 & %\ld be po/pon$ until he has acquir$ consid]able skill1 =1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple ( lay+ out & cutt+ dovetails is easy to und]/&1 mu* exactness is requir$ 9 ! execution4 ,:]e ! box does n op5 at ! top b l[] d[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #cdg1 ! be/ way is n to make ! two p>ts sep>ately1 b simply to put toge!r a tight box & !n saw x ap>t :]ev] y wi% to h x op54 ,be c>eful to gauge accurately ! l9e by :i* to saw x op5 7see ,gauge71 & n to drive any nails too ne> ?is l9e4 ,any :i* y omit c easily be add$ aft] ! saw+4 ,saw ! box op5 v c>efully on ! l9e4 ,smoo? ! edges aft] ! saw1 b take pa9s n to plane away ! wood too ha/ily1 = a v little c>elessness w spoil ! jo9t & necessitate a g5]al tru+ ( ! edges4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdh4 ,a good =m = a pla9 *e/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cdh4 ,! con/ruction is ! same z 9 ! o!r cases4 ,! bottom c be fitt$ to a groove cut ar\nd on ! inside & c be ins]t$ :5 ! box is put toge!r1 or = a r\gh] job c be simply nail$ 9 place4 ,a simple =m ( tool-*e/ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cdi4 ,?is c be made ( any size desir$ & ( any wood4 ,x is usually z well to make a good-siz$ *e/1 = ! co/ is b little m ?an to make a small "o4 ,h>d wood w be mu* m durable ?an s(t4 ,/ock f #c_/d to #g_/h 9 ?ickness w be suitable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unless y h _h consid]able exp]i5ce y _h be/ be cont5t ) ! simpl] jo9ts r ?an to attempt dovetail+ ! corn]s1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,x is n necess>y to cut a rabbet = ! bottom1 because ( ! base-bo>d or m\ld+ :i* is to be nail$ ar\nd ! bottom1 & ! latt] c be nail$ or screw$ directly to ! edge1 be=e ! m\ld+ is put ar\nd4 ,! re/ ( ! con/ruction ( ! *e/ is obvi\s & l ! cases already %[n4 ,if ! m\ld+ ar\nd ! lid is to be arrang$ z %[n1 x w be be/ to fit ! lock fir/1 z x w be easi] to atta* ! hasp ( ! lock be=e ! m\ld+ has be5 add$ 7see ,locks & ,h+es74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cdi4 ,at ab\t two or ?ree in*es f ! top1 fa/5 a l$ge on ! inside ( ! front & back4 ,?is c be ab\t #a_/d ?ick by #a_/b deep & is = ! slid+-tray1 %[n 9 ! cut1 to re/ ^u4 ,?is tray c be ( s(t wood1 f #a_/d to #c_/h 9 ?ickness1 & c be divid$ z y wi%4 ,x w (t5 be advantage\s to arrange ! lid & ! top tray s t tools c be fa/5$ on ! inside ( ! lid4 ,saws & v>i\s flat tools are (t5 ?us dispos$ (1 be+ held 9 place by /raps1 blocks1 & buttons4 ,y c also arrange a rack ar\nd ! inside ( y\r *e/ = su* tools z *isels1 g\ges1 etc4 ,:5 kept 9 trays1 su* tools %\ld be sep>at$ by divisions4 ,! v>i\s details ( mak+ su* a *e/ d n diff] f ^? ( ! articles j describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] on ,furniture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 nail+ toge!r r\gh boxes = pack+ or "s tempor>y purpose1 y d n ne$ to devote mu* ?\ght to ! arrangem5t ( ! pieces ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( ! gra91 s long z y put !m toge!r 9 a way t y\r common-s5se tells y w be /rong4 ,exam9ation ( a few pack+-cases w %[ y all y ne$ to "k = su* "w4 ,b :5 y make a bett] grade ( box1 to be glu$1 reg>d mu/ be paid to ! direction ( ! gra9 & ! matt] ( expansion & contraction4 ,9 ! majority ( boxes & *e/s ! gra9 ( ! sides & ends %\ld run 9 ! same way--horizontally or ar\nd ! box1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is gives a /rong edge all ar\nd at ! top ( ! box & p]mits ! use ( glue 7) "s jo9ts7 :]e ! sides & ends meet1 z ! p>ts glu$ w ?us naturally t5d to exp& & contract alike4 ,:5 ! gra9 goes 9 opposite directions 7i4e41 at "r angles71 su* jo9ts1 unless %ort1 %\ld n be glu$4 ,:]e ! top bo>d is fa/5$ to ! sides & ends ( ! box1 z 9 ,fig4 #cdg1 x %\ld n be glu$1 except 9 ! case ( a small box1 & ! gra9 %\ld run l5g?ways1 s t !re w be z little *ange z possible due to ! expansion & contraction 7see ,*apt] ,,iv4 on ,lay+ ,out ! ,"w1 & ,app5dix74 ,:5 sev]al bo>ds are requir$ to cov] ! top or bottom ( a box1 if y wi% to h z few cracks z possible & to avoid ! swell+ & %r9k+ across ! gra9 z mu* z y c1 lay ! bo>ds l5g?ways ( ! box1 b if y m]ely wi% = /r5g?1 lay !m crossways4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 ab\t te/+ ! angles ) ! squ>e1 & gu>d+ aga9/ w9d+ 7see ,w9d+-/icks71 9 mak+ nice boxes1 z ) all fram$ "w4 ,if ! bottom & top are got out accurately !y w1 ( c\rse1 assi/ 9 ! matt] ( gett+ ! box squ>e1 & = common "w c>efully fitt+ ! bottom 7or bottom & top7 9 place w be all ! squ>+ requir$4 ,9 nice "w :]e ! jo9ts are glu$1 wa/e pieces %\ld be plac$ ov] ! jo9ts 7across ! gra9 ( ! sides7 be=e apply+ ! clamps1 n m]ely to prev5t ! "w be+ m>r$ by ! clamps1 b also to di/ribute ! pressure & ensure z close a jo9t z possible 7see ,clamps74 ,! f9al smoo?+ ( ! outside ( a box %\ld be done aft] x is p]man5tly put toge!r1 all[+ pl5ty ( "t1 if glue is us$ 9 ! jo9ts1 = x to dry be=e dress+ (f ! surfaces4 ,! inside mu/1 ( c\rse1 be smoo!d be=e putt+ toge!r4 ,! v>iety ( =ms 9 :i* boxes are made is too great = all to be specifi$1 b ! same g5]al pr9ciples apply to ne>ly all =ms ( box-"w4 ,9 ! case ( *e/s or l>ge boxes1 y w (t5 see !m ) ! sides & ends panell$1 b ?is is r an elaborate =m = ! beg9n] to attempt & _h be/ be avoid$ by ! inexp]i5c$ work]4 ,a =m :i* is n too h>d = ! amateur is %[n1 h[ev]1 9 ,fig4 #cej1 ! sides & ends be+ fitt$ to grooves or rabbets cut 9 po/s at ea* corn]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cej4 ,! "w ( gett+ out ! /ock = boxes & mak+ ! jo9ts c be done s quickly & accurately 7& usually *eaply7 by a circul> saw or o!r ma*9e t mu* "t is sav$1 :5 mak+ nice boxes1 by hav+ ! p>ts saw$ at a mill4 ,! rem>ks made at ! end ( ! introduction to ,*apt] ,x4 7on ,furniture71 9 reg>d to gett+ out y\r "w1 putt+ toge!r1 smoo?+1 & f9i%+1 apply equally to mak+ ! bett] class ( boxes & *e/s1 & ! g5]al details ( ! "w d n diff] f ^? ( ! articles %[n 9 t *apt]4 ,see also1 ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,nail-set1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,locks1 ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]1 & ,f9i%+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,toy ,boats4--,a few sugge/ions ab\t ! wood-"w ( ! hulls ( toy boats may be useful to ! beg9n]4 ,! details ( rigg+ & discussion ( ! m]its ( ! v>i\s types & designs are matt]s :i* d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is book1 & y c easily f9d in=mation ^u ^! po9ts4 ,mak+ y\r boats y\rself is half ! fun1 ( c\rse1 & capital practice ) tools z well z a valuable introduction to ! build+ ( model ya*ts1 :i* y may und]take lat]1 & to ! g5]al subject ( boat-build+ & sail+4 ,mak+ diff]5t types & sail+ !m is bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,y w q (t5 see little boats fitt$ up z exact copies 9 m9iature ( real vessels1 ) all ! complexity ( fitt+s1 rigg+1 & m9or details f\nd 9 ! l>g] boats4 ,^! models are (t5 int]e/+ specim5s ( skill1--z pieces ( h&iwork1--b ! "t c usually be sp5t to bett] advantage 9 "s o!r way4 ,if y wi% actually to sail y\r boats1 leave out ev]y?+ :i* is n ess5tial to successful sail+4 ,v little skill1 & no in/ruction1 is requir$ to make ! simpl] =ms ( toy boats famili> to ! small boy :o lives ne> ! wat]4 ,almo/ any scrap ( %+le or piece ( wood ^u :i* a little ma/ c be rais$ w sail1 z ! small boy well kn[s4 ,! difficulties beg9 :5 some?+ m l a boat is attempt$1 & ! fir/ & greate/ ( all difficulties is t ( ! design1 z y w discov] lat] if y attempt sci5tific model ya*t-build+4 ,b advanc$ model ya*t-"w requires mu* skill--m ?an c be expect$ ( a beg9n]4 ,at fir/1 9 beg9n+ to make toy boats1 copy any successful boat z ne>ly z y c4 ,aft] y get beyond mak+ boats ( %+les & scraps ( bo>d1 y may v likely make some?+ l ,fig4 #cea1 :i* is too simple to require special description2 b :5 y beg9 to build regul> boats y w f9d en\gh to tax y\r wood-work+ skill to ! utmo/4 ,y _h be/ beg9 ) simple =ms & n make y\r fir/ attempts too l>ge4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cea4 ,"o way ( mak+ ! hull 7z ( c\rse y "k7 is to cut x f a solid block ( wood ( ! requir$ size4 ,ano!r way is to build x up ( lay]s ( bo>d laid on "o ano!r horizontally 7,fig4 #ceb74bg ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ceb4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! selection ( ! wood4 ,x %\ld be free f knots1 *ecks1 & bad gra91 & above all ?+s mu/ be ?or\ghly season$4 ,no?+ is bett] ?an ! be/ quality ( cle> :ite p9e4 ,mahogany is excell5t1 b is m co/ly & h>d] to "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,take a simple model ( ! f9-keel type 7,fig4 #cec74 ,fir/ y mu/ h ! design or draw+ giv+ ! diff]5t plans or views4 ,if ! draw+ is small] ?an ! actual size y wi% to make ! boat1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be enl>g$ & a full-siz$ work+ draw+ made4#bh ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cec4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,*isel1 ,g\ge1 ,spoke%ave1 ,p>+1 etc41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ced4 ,to cut ! hull f a solid block1 fir/ prep>e ! block ( ! "r dim5sions1 & plane x1 mak+ sure t ! sides are true & squ>e ) "o ano!r4 ,! %e] plan mu/ n[ be transf]r$ to ! sides ( ! block1 ei!r by copy+ x on ! wood by ! use ( transf] pap] plac$ betwe5 ! draw+ & ! wood1 by cutt+ out a patt]n1 or by fa/5+ ! draw+ itself on "o side ( ! wood & a rev]s$ duplicate on ! o!r side4 ,9 ! same way transf] ! half-bread? plan twice to ! top ( ! block1 on ea* side ( a l9e drawn along ! c5tre1 rev]s+ ! patt]n = "o side1 ( c\rse4 ,also cont9ue ! c5tre l9e d[n ea* end & along ! bottom4 ,if ! top & side outl9es c be saw$ to ! l9es m>k$ ) a b&-saw or jig-saw1 ! exp5se w be b slight & consid]able lab\r w be sav$4 ,saw d[n on ! l9es #a--a1 #b--b1 #c--c1 etc4 7,fig4 #ced71 ne>ly to ! %e] l9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #cee4 ,9 y\r fir/ attempts at mak+ small boats x may be well to omit ! deck %e]1 leav+ ! top flat 7,fig4 #ced71 z ?is simplifies matt]s 9 ! beg9n+4 ,also1 saw (f ! sup]flu\s wood %[n by ! %ad$ p>ts ( ,fig4 #cee4 ,n[ clamp or w$ge ! block1 bottom up1 firmly on ! b5*1 9 case y h no vise arrangem5t by :i* x c be prop]ly held1 & r\gh x out approximately to %ape ) a wide *isel 7see ,p>+7 or ! draw-knife 7see ,draw-knife74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cee4 ,! op]ation ( %ap+ & holl[+ out is sl[ "w & requires mu* c>e4 ,a little ha/e may spoil ! "w ( h\rs4 ,z ! bottom beg9s to approa* ! desir$ %ape y mu/ h some?+ m ?an ! eye by :i* to gauge y\r cutt+1 = a v little deviation f ! true curve may spoil y\r boat4 ,x is v important to get bo? sides ( ! boat alike4 ,on c>d-bo>d or /iff pap]1 m>k a s]ies ( patt]ns ( ! diff]5t sections %[n on ! body plan4 ,cut out ea* ( ^! patt]ns s z to save ! "p :i* is ! rev]se ( ! %ape ( ! section ( ! boat1 ?us =m+ a s]ies ( templates1 :i* y c apply to ! hull at ea* section to te/ y\r cutt+1 until ! templates j fit ! wood at _! respective sections1 :5 ! %ape ( ! hull w1 ( c\rse1 agree ) ! plan4 ,! spoke-%ave1 & sometimes ! plane1 c be us$ to good advantage 9 ! f9al %ap+ 7see ,spoke%ave74 ,especial c>e is requir$ n to slice (f too mu*1 & y w1 ( c\rse1 "w1 z a rule1 f ! c5tre 7or amid%ips7 t[>ds ! ends4 ,! block c be held 9 ! lap or betwe5 ! knees = ?is %ap+1 b x is bett] = all k9ds ( crook$ "w to h ! mat]ial firmly held by a vise or "s o!r contrivance1 s t n m]ely ! h&s ( ! work] are free1 b ! :ole body z well4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cef4 ,?is =m ( hull is simple to make1 9 t ! curves ( ! outside are all convex4 ,!re are no concave surfaces & rev]s$ curves4 ,! surface c be f9ally %ap$ by ! use ( ! rasp1 foll[$ by a file1 & f9ally smoo!d ) scrap] or glass 7see ,scrap]74 ,d n use s&pap] until ! hull is f9i%$4 ,! inside mu/ next be holl[$4 ,gauge a l9e ar\nd ! upp] side1 #a_/b f ! edge1 except at ! b[ & /]n1 :]e a great] di/ance %\ld be all[$ 7,fig4 #cef74 ,! hull mu/ n[ be held firmly 9 "s way4 ,if y _c contrive to clamp x firmly )\t bruis+ ! outside1 y %\ld arrange "s blocks 7padd+ !m ) clo? or lea!r7 9 su* a way t x c be held securely4 ,x is bett] to sp5d an h\r 9 fa/5+ ! block firmly ?an to attempt to /eady x ) "o h& & to cut ) ! o!r4 ,9 all ! %ap+ ( ! boat1 bo? h&s %\ld be free if possible4 ,grasp ! blade ( ! tool ) ! left h&1 or lay ! h& across x1 s z to ex]t a back-pressure on ! tool4 ,?is gives great control ( ! tool 7see ,p>+74 ,bore "o or m holes 7accord+ to ! size ( ! boat7 d[nw>d f ! top 7,fig4 #cef71 be+ v c>eful n to bore too deeply1 b to leave at lea/ half an in* ( wood bel[ ! hole 7see ,bor+74 ,n[ run a groove ) ! g\ge ar\nd ! deck1 inside ( ! l9e m>k$1 & holl[ out ! inside ) ! g\ge1 cutt+ t[>ds ! middle4 ,! holes bor$ w help 9 ?is process4 ,cut d[n /raight f ! l9e m>k$ on ! upp] side until ! ?ickness ( ! sides ( ! hull is r$uc$ to p]haps #a_/d ( an in* 7,fig4 #ceg74 ,! object ( ! increas$ ?ickness at ! gunwale is to /iff5 ! sides & give a bett] be>+ = nail+ d[n ! deck4 ,bel[ ?is po9t make ! ?ickness z uni=m z y c1 except = a n>r[ space at ! v bottom :]e ! keel is to be fa/5$1 :]e x is (t5 well to leave a ?ick] ridge 7,fig4 #ceg74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ceg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ceh4 ,extreme c>e is requir$ 9 holl[+ ! inside4 ,x is be/ n to attempt to make ! sides ?9n] ?an "o f\r? ( an in*1 unless y are a pretty good workman ) a fair degree ( pati5ce1 = x is h>d to repair ! damage if y cut too deeply4 ,templates c be made = ! inside4 ,y c tell q well :e!r y are mak+ ! ?ickness uni=m by ! s5se ( feel+1 gaug+ ! ?ickness betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,d n try to cut away too mu* at ! b[ & /]n1 z x w weak5 ! boat1 b leave a suffici5t body ( solid wood4 ,smoo? ! inside neatly ) a flatt] g\ge 7if y h x7 ?an t ) :i* y remov$ ! bulk ( ! wood4 ,next1 ) a ?9 /rip or batt51 m>k ! l9e = ! %e] ( ! deck by ! saw-k]fs already made & remove ! wood c>efully to ?is %e] l9e4 ,! outside c n[ be ?or\ghly s&pap]$1 fir/ )1 p]haps1 ,no4 #a-a_/b1 & f9ally ) ,no4 #jj4 ,get ! surface z smoo? z possible 7see ,s&pap]74 ,next pa9t ! outside & inside ) two coats ( :ite lead & oil 7see ,pa9t+74 ,x is a good plan to apply a coat ( hot oil fir/4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cei4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfa4 ,n[ to make ?is same simple model by ! me?od ( lay]s y w readily see t if y take a piece ( bo>d ( a ?ickness equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! wat] l9es 9 ! %e] plan 7,fig4 #cec71 & cut f x pieces ( ! %ape ( ! wat] l9es z %[n 9 ! half-bread? plan 7,fig4 #cec71 & also cut out ! c5tres ( ! two upp] pieces z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfj1 & !n fa/5 ^! pieces "o ^u ano!r z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfa--y w see t y h built up ! g5]al =m ( ! boat1 & sav$ mu* ( ! lab\r ( %ap+ & holl[+4 ,be=e cutt+ out ^! lay]s1 a c5tre l9e mu/ be accurately m>k$ along bo? sides & at ! r\nd$ ends1 s t ! lay]s c be put toge!r 9 ! correct positions4 ,also1 = ! same reason1 m>k ! mid%ip l9es across ea* side & on ! edges1 z %[n4 ,9 draw+ ! inside l9es 7= ! "p to be cut out71 c>e mu/ be tak5 to leave suffici5t ?ickness at ! sides to all[ = ! f9al %ap+4 ,! saw+ ( ! lay]s _h be/ be done at a mill ) a b&-saw & jig- or scroll-saw1 b c be done by h&1 ( c\rse4 ,! bo>ds or planks mu/ be accurately dress$ s z to make z p]fect jo9ts z possible :5 put toge!r4 ,if n conv5i5t to make ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds agree ) ! wat] l9es ( ! plan1 y c easily draw 9 new wat] l9es to agree ) ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d y may h--say1 #c_/d or #g_/h ap>t4 ,glue mu/ n[ be appli$ to ! jo9ts1 & ! pieces firmly clamp$ toge!r betwe5 bo>ds1 or laid flat 7bottom side upw>ds7 & weights appli$4 ,x is be/ n to cut out & glue up m ?an two or ?ree lay]s at a "t1 le/ !y become b5t or sprung4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ 9 apply+ ! pressure to make x uni=m & n cause ! some:at flexible sides to be sprung or twi/$ out ( %ape 7see ,glu+ & ,clamps74 ,d n delay ?is build+-up op]ation ne$lessly4 ,d n leave ! pieces ly+ ar\nd = a =tnight4 ,keep !m all clamp$ up 9 ! prop] position1 or "u pressure1 if y c1 until ! :ole =m is glu$ toge!r1 z su* pieces spr+ out ( %ape v easily4 ,aft] ! glue is ?or\ghly dry1 complete ! %ap+ ( ! outside & inside z 9 ! case ( ! solid block1 c>e be+ tak5 to p>e (f ! project+ angles on ! outside gradually1 s z n to cut )9 ! curve m>k$ on ! plan4 ,! f9 7:5 fl>+ at ! top & n too ?97 c also be made ( wood1 glu$ & screw$ on1 ! lead be+ screw$ to ! bottom ) brass screws4#bi ,be sure t ! f9 is 9 l9e ) ! c5tre l9e ( ! boat4 ,unless ! boat is q small x is be/ to fit 9 two or ?ree deck beams to connect ! sides & support ! deck 7,fig4 #ceg74 ,^! %\ld be ( ?9 /uff 7p]haps #c_/af ?ick & #a_/b wide71 set on edge & v slightly ar*$1 ! ends be+ fitt$ into ga9s cut 9 ! sides1 & nail$ ) f9e brads4 ,!y c also be glu$4 ,! deck %\ld be ( ?9 /uff 7p]haps #a_/h plan$74 ,m>k c>efully on ! piece ! deck outl9e & cut x approximately to %ape1 b well outside ( ! l9e4 ,fa/5 small blocks ( wood to ! "u side ( ! deck :]ev] any atta*m5ts = ! rigg+ are to be fa/5$4 ,pa9t ! l[] side1 & :5 dry bore a r[ ( holes ) a v small brad-awl 7see ,awl7 all ar\nd ! edge1 #a_/h inside ( ! l9e4 ,sme> ! top edge ( ! hull ) ?ick :ite lead1 or :ite lead putty1 & nail ! deck 9 place ) v f9e wire brads1 p]haps #a_/b 9 l5g?4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ n to split ! deck or drive ! nails ?r\gh ! sides ( ! hull4 ,f9e brass screws c be us$ if necess>y4 ,! ov]hang+ edge ( ! deck c be trimm$ d[n c>efully ) *isel1 plane1 or knife4 ,! outside ( ! deck c n[ be pa9t$4 ,! rudd] c be fix$ 9 a brass tube1 ! ends ( :i* c be set 9 lead4 ,! ma/ c also be /epp$ 9 a brass tube1 or simply pass ?r\gh ! deck to ! bottom1 :]e x c be /epp$ 9 a small] hole1 :i* mu/ be bor$ ) c>e le/ x g ?r\gh4 ,:5 y come to mak+ models ( less simple =m--^? hav+ holl[s & rev]s$ curves 9 _! outside =m1 z ! majority ( boats d--! difficulty ( %ap+ accurately is mu* increas$ & m c>e is requir$1 b ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction rema9s ! same4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfb4 ,suppose1 = example1 y are ambiti\s en\gh to und]take su* =ms z ^? :i* compete = ! ,am]ica's ,cup1 = in/ance1 y w f9d x difficult to c>ry ! process ( build+ by horizontal lay]s bel[ a c]ta9 po9t 7,fig4 #cfb7 b ! keel & l[] "p c be add$ by glu+ 7or glu+ & screw+7 a piece ( bo>d or plank on edge 7or two pieces1 if necess>y7 to ! bottom4 ,! lead c1 9 turn1 be fa/5$ to ! l[] edge ( ! keel by screws4 ,models ( su* ya*ts are n always ! be/ =ms = toy boats1 h[ev] desir\s y may be to reproduce 9 m9iature ^! fam\s boats4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,/ill ano!r way sometimes us$ = model ya*ts is to build ! hull mu* 9 ! same way t a real vessel is built--mak+ a framework or skeleton & cov]+ x ) little planks1 b ?is me?od 7?\gh a good "o 9 "s respects7 requires m skill ?an c be expect$ ( ! av]age amateur1 & ?is mode ( con/ruction %\ld n be attempt$ until y become a skilful workman & accompli%$ 9 ! build+ ( regul> model ya*ts4 ,if y\r boat is q small x w probably be easi] & bett] 9 mo/ cases to cut ! hull f a solid block2 b if mu* m ?an two feet 9 l5g? x is usually bett] to build x 9 lay]s4 ,ei!r ( ^! me?ods c be us$ 9 any case1 b = a small boat ! build+ 9 lay]s is m difficult1 :ile = a l>ge "o x is h>d to f9d a block t w be suffici5tly free f defects4 #bh ,9 mak+ ! plans = a boat1 ?ree views are usually drawn1 kn[n z ! %e] plan1 ! body plan1 & ! half-bread? plan4 ,^! correspond to ! front or side elevation1 end elevation1 & plan 9 ord9>y draw+s1 & give side1 end1 & top views ( ! boat1--or ( "o-half ( x1 :i* is all t is ne$$1 z ! sides are ( c\rse alike4 ,sev]al equidi/ant horizontal l9es are drawn across ! plans4 ,"o ( ^! repres5ts ! l9e ( ! wat] :5 ! boat has its prop] load4 ,x is call$ ! load wat]-l9e4 ,! o!r l9es be+ p>allel to x repres5t o!r imag9>y levels1 at equal di/ances ap>t--l ! l9es :i* w\ld be made by ! wat] if ! boat sunk deep] or float$ high]4 ,o!r l9es are also add$ to %[ v]tical & horizontal1 longitud9al & cross-sections1 at regul> int]vals1 & also o!r longitud9al sections1 b ^! details y w f9d fully describ$ 9 works on ya*t-7& model ya*t-7 build+4 #bi ,! f9 c be cut f %eet metal 7brass or %eet-iron7 & ins]t$ 9 a ?9 saw-k]f cut exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom1 be+ set 9 ?ick :ite lead1 or x c be rivet$ to ?9 plates screw$ to ! bottom ( ! boat1 or lips c be b5t ov] alt]nately on ei!r side ( ! upp] edge ( ! f9 & screw$ to ! bottom4 ,! am\nt ( lead requir$ = ! bulb at ! bottom ( ! f9 c be det]m9$ by load+ ! hull ) weights until x is sunk to ! wat] l9e4 ,! weights w1 ( c\rse1 repres5t ! weight ( lead requir$4 ,?is c be ca/ 9 a m\ld & rivet$ to ! bottom ( ! f94 ,,"p ,,iii ,,h\se-,,build+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,*apt] ,,xii ,h\se-build+ 9 its simple =ms1 & on a small scale1 is v suitable "w = ! beg9n] 9 wood-work+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ?+s to be> 9 m9d is n to be too ambiti\s 9 y\r e>ly attempts4 ,cont5t y\rself ) ! simple/ =ms until y h atta9$ suffici5t skill to und]take m difficult build+s4 ,all ! "w ( su* /ructures z are "h %[n c1 9 case ( necessity1 be done by "o p]son alone2 b--unless1 p]haps1 9 ! case ( ! smalle/ & simple/ h\ses--x is mu* bett] = two or m p]sons to jo9 =ces1 z mu* "t w !reby be sav$1 = ! lumb] c be h&l$ mu* m easily & quickly by two ?an by "o4 ,?is w be ! be/ way if ! build+ is to be done by boys1 9 :i* case by all means h "s sy/em = c>ry+ on ! "w4 ,y "k m5 usually "w "u ! direction ( a head man1 or =eman1 &1 :5 !re is no head man1 !y def] z a matt] ( c\rse to ! "o ( _! numb] :o is ! be/ fitt$ to take *>ge ( ! "w4 ,*oose "o boy ma/]-build]1 =eman1 or boss1 lett+ him assign to ea* 8 "p ( ! "w & leav+ to him ! decision ( que/ions t arise 9 reg>d to ! details4 ,if "o ( y is cle>ly m ( a me*anic ?an ! o!rs1 *oose him =eman2 o!rwise x w be a good plan to h ! (fice fill$ by ea* 9 turn = p]haps "o day apiece4 ,let ! =eman divide ! "w z fairly z possible4 ,t is1 in/ead ( hav+ "o boy saw (f all ! bo>ds :ile ano!r drives all ! nails1 arrange regul> %ifts at %ort int]vals1 lett+ ! two *ange places & "w p]haps e h\r4 ,?is plan w prev5t mu* confusion & p]haps disagreem5t1 :i* might ev5 cause ! "w to be giv5 up--an un=tunate result :i* sometimes happ5s to boys' und]tak+s4 ,x is n simply />t+ 9 ) an und]/&+ t y are to take turns :5 "o may ?9k he is tir$ ( :at he happ5s to be do+1 b x is ! regul> rotation ( "w & responsibility at fix$ int]vals t w ensure h>mony & a successful completion ( ! "w4 ,! situation is a v important matt] :i* w be spok5 ( 9 treat+ ( ! l>g] /ructures f>!r on1 b !re is "o ?+ :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d = ev5 ! smalle/ play-h\se 9 ! back y>d ( a t[n lot1 & t is n to build x 9 a holl[ :]e ! wat] w collect to make x damp or un9habitable4 ,a flat ro( %\ld also be avoid$1 z x is mu* h>d] to keep tight ?an "o :i* has suffici5t pit* to %$ ! wat] freely4 ,y c det]m9e ! k9d ( a h\se to build & its g5]al dim5sions accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! case1 b y w1 ( c\rse1 wi% x to be attractive 9 appe>ance1 h[ev] small x may be2 & !re=e1 9 mak+ ! draw+s1 x is ess5tial to h 9 view ! block-=m1 or g5]al %ape & proportions4 ,if ^! are n pleas+ & agreeable to ! eye1 y\r h\se w be unattractive1 = no?+ y c d 9 ! way ( ornam5tation or elaborate details w make up = poor %ape & proportions4 ,to design a build+ 7h[ev] small7 ) a pleas+ & attractive ext]ior is1 h[ev]1 no easy task4 ,if y c make a p]spective sket* ( y\r propos$ h\se ) reasonable accuracy1 x w be a great help1 z ! regul> work+ draw+s 7! plan1 elevations1 etc471 h[ev] well made1 (t5 fail to give "o a cle> m5tal picture ( h[ ! /ructure z a :ole w look4 ,a little model w be ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 det]m9+ :e!r ! %ape & proportions ( y\r h\se are good4 ,a model is easily made ( pa/e-bo>d ) suffici5t accuracy = ?is purpose4 ,x is q rem>kable h[ diff]5t _m objects appe> :5 actually made1 f ! way "o ?9ks !y w appe>1 9 spite ( ! mo/ c>eful draw+s2 !re=e d n despise ?is simple precaution ( mak+ a model 9 cases :]e attractive appe>ance is an elem5t1 = x may save y f putt+ up a /ructure :i* w be a cont9ual eyesore4 ,! amateur 7l _m pr(essional build]s7 is mu* m liable to make 8 "w too elaborate & ) too _m attempts at ornam5tation ?an to make x too pla94 ,s give y\r fir/ att5tion to ! block-=m1 & !n to ! details4 ,d n cov] y\r h\se ) an embroid]y ( jig-saw+1 fanciful turn+1 sup]flu\s brackets1 & ! l1 9 ! ef=t to make x pretty or to imitate ! vulg> details ( inf]ior summ] cottages4 ,! amateur is also liable 9 ! case ( v small build+s to make !m too tall 9 proportion to _! gr\nd dim5sions4 ,a tall1 n>r[ h\se is seldom homelike or attractive1 :e!r x be six feet squ>e or sixty4 ,f9ally1 be simple & mode/ 9 y\r design+1 avoid mean+less g+]bread "w1 d n set y\r h\se up on /ilts1 z x 71 b hospitably ne> to ! gr\nd2 h g5]\s doors & w9d[s1 avoid fla%y & gaudy col\rs 9 pa9t+1 cultivate plants & v9es to run ov] ! outside1 & keep ! surr\nd+s neat & tidy4 ,! v>iety ( small /ructures f :i* to select = y\r e>ly attempts is almo/ endless4 ,y c f9d _m ideas = y\r design+ & ! con/ruction 9 e t[n & 9 v>i\s publications4 ,only simple types w be treat$ "h1 involv+ m]ely su* pr9ciples ( con/ruction z y c readily apply to su* o!r designs z y may wi% to c>ry out4 ,z x is impracticable to repeat all ! sugge/ions & details "u ea* /ructure treat$ "h1 ! prospective build] :o %\ld beg9 ) any ( ! lat] examples _h be/ read ^! *apt]s ?r\gh f ! beg9n+ be=e />t+ on ! actual "w4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & mo/ easily built small /ructures t y c make is t ) a s+le-pit*$ or %$ or lean-to ro(2 t is1 ) ! ro( slant+ only "o way4 ,?is /yle ( con/ruction1 ?\gh commonly appli$ to a r humble class ( build+s1 is by no means to be despis$1 ! ease ) :i* x c be built by boys or amateurs be+ "o ( its m>k$ advantages4 ,y w f9d ?is simple =m ( build+ capitally suit$ to _m purposes1 & a good type ) :i* to beg94 ,a ,play-h\se or ,play-/ore4--,y "k t an ord9>y wood5 build+ has a framework ( timb]s1--a k9d ( skeleton ^u :i* ! bo>d+ is nail$4 ,?is w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 b a v small h\se or cab91 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfc1 suitable = a play-h\se = boys & girls1 c be built v well 9 a simpl] way by mak+ ! f\r sides sep>ately & !n nail+ !m toge!r z y w\ld d if mak+ a box4 ,!re is no floor 7except ! gr\nd71 & ! ro( is to be nail$ d[n on top ( ! f\r sides z y w\ld nail ! cov] on ! box4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfc4 ,a little h\se1 ) trees a-r[1 ,&1 l its ma/]1 v l[6--,pope4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,nail+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,fig4 #cfe %[s "o ( ! sides 7inside view74 ,x is made ( bo>ds runn+ horizontally1 ) an upright cleat at ea* edge1 & ano!r cleat at ! top4 ,fig4 #cff %[s ! back 7inside view71 made 9 ! same way z ! sides1 except t ea* cleat is set back f ! edge #a-c_/d1 ?us =m+ a rabbet 9 :i* to fit ei!r side :5 ! h\se is put toge!r4 ,! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 & six? bo>ds f ! top are n nail$ to ! cleats1 b are omitt$1 to leave space = a l>ge op5 w9d[4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfd4 ,,elevation4 ,,side ,,elevation4 ,,plan4 ,,re> ,,elevation4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfe4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cff4 ,fig4 #cfg %[s ! front 7inside view71 f\r upright cleats be+ us$ & a l>ge op5+ left = ! doorway4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfg4 ,fir/ e/imate ! /ock y w require 7see ,*apt] ,,iv471#cj & try to get dry wood )\t too _m l>ge knots4 ,y c get along v well = su* "w z ?is on ! floor1 or ev5 ! gr\nd1 ) a c\ple ( boxes = horses1 b a b5* & horses are a great conv5i5ce4 ,make ! sides fir/1 disreg>d+ ! slant = ! ro(4 ,take a mat*$-bo>d & squ>e (f "o end ( x1 if x is n already squ>e4 ,!n measure #e' #ajca f t end1 m>k across by ! squ>e1 & saw ! piece (f4 ,use ?is piece 7#e' #aj long7 z a measure to m>k ! l5g?s ( en\gh pieces to make ! two sides4 ,if y saw !m (f z y measure !m1 "o by "o1 be sure to m>k all ! l5g?s by ! fir/ piece1 & n by ! "o la/ saw$1 or !y w probably1 v>y 9 l5g?4 ,:5 y put ! bo>ds toge!r to =m ! sides1 be sure t ! ends are 9 l9e4 ,use ! edge ( a /raight bo>d = a /raight-edge to get !m 9 l9e1 or drive !m aga9/ ! side ( ! room1 if t is /raight1 or tempor>ily nail a /raight-edg$ bo>d to ! floor & keep !m driv5 up squ>ely aga9/ x4 ,make sure1 also1 by te/+ ) ! squ>e or by measur+1 t ea* side ( ! h\se :5 made is a rectangle & n a rhomboid1 or ! :ole h\se w be askew :5 put toge!r4 ,:5 y fit ! mat*$ edges be sure to make ! jo9ts z tight z y c1 b d n p\nd directly on ! tongu$ & groov$ edges ) ! hamm]4 ,take a %ort piece ( wa/e bo>d+1 fit x to ! tongue or groove :]ev] y wi% to /rike1 & hit ?is wa/e piece ) ! hamm]4 ,y w see t !re is no ne$ ( saw+ out a squ>e hole = ! w9d[1 z y c put 9 %ort pieces at ea* side ( ! w9d[-space4 ,nail ! upright cleats at ! edges ) #a-a_/b nails1 driv+ two into ea* bo>d 9 ! way %[n 9 ! cut1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! cleats mu/ all be on ! inside ( ! h\se1 & also to h ! tongues ( ! bo>ds upp]mo/ :5 ! h\se is put toge!r4 ,m>k ! front edge ( ea* side 9 "s way to prev5t any mi/ake4 ,! reason = putt+ ! tongues upw>d & ! grooves d[nw>d is because ! jo9ts w %$ ! wat] bett]1 z o!rwise ea* groove w\ld be a little tr\gh into :i* ! ra9 c\ld soak4 ,measure #e' #f f ! bottom on ! front edge ( ea* side & #d' #f on ! back edge4 ,draw a /raight l9e on ! outside betwe5 ^! po9ts & x w give ! slant = ! ro(4 ,saw ! bo>ds & cleats by ?is l9e & !n fit & nail ! top cleats z 9 ,fig4 #cfe1 or nail ! top cleats fir/ & saw ! bo>ds (f by !m4 ,next make ! back 9 ! same way1 sett+ ! cleats #a-c_/d away f ! edges4 ,leave out ! bo>ds at ! w9d[-space4 ,make ! %utt]1 & trim (f its tongu$ & groov$ edges 7see ,p>+1 etc47 be=e nail+ ! back ( ! h\se toge!r1 z y c ?us det]m9e m easily ! space to be left op54 ,also trim (f ! tongu$ edge ( ! bo>d com+ next bel[ ! %utt]4 ,leave ! op5 space a little wid] ?an ! %utt] 7say #a_/d wid]7 to all[ = possible swell+ ( ! bo>ds4 ,:5 y nail ! cleats on ! drop-%utt]1 be sure to use nails long en\gh to cl9* 7see ,nail+71 or use screws 7see ,screws74 ,! front is to be made 9 ! same way1 ! wid? ( ! door-space be+ #bg-a_/b1 & ( ! bo>d+ at ea* side1 #ba-a_/d4 ,h ! two inn] cleats project ab\t an in* inside ! edge ( ! doorway = ! door to hit aga9/ :5 %ut 7,fig4 #cfg71 & toe or cl9* ! nails = ^! cleats1 or use a few screws1 s t ! slamm+ ( ! door w n loos5 !m4 ,n[ ! f\r sides are ready to put toge!r4 ,f9d a spot z ne>ly level z y c = y\r h\se4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 put x 9 a holl[ :]e ! floor w be flood$ ) wat] :5 x ra9s4 ,hold up ! front & "o side 9 ! "r position1 press !m closely toge!r at ! corn]1 & drive 9 a c\ple ( nails to hold !m until y c get ! o!r p>ts 9 place4 ,!n fit on ! o!r side & ! back 9 ! same way4 ,try ! f\r corn]s ) ! /eel squ>e1 & :5 y h !m "r nail all ! corn]s /rongly ) #b-a_/b nails4 ,if y h no l>ge squ>e1 measure ! diagonals ) a /ick1 alt]+ ! angles at ! corn]s until ! diagonals are equal4 ,toe ! nails at ! corn]s1 &1 9 fact1 if y c d x neatly1 x w be /rong] to toe ! nails ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,n[ get out bo>ds #f' long = ! ro(1 to run f side to side4 ,:5 y nail !m on h !m project #a all ar\nd4 ,cov] ! ro( ) ro(+- or %ea?+-pap]4 ,lay x 9 /rips f side to side1 beg9n+ at ! back & lett+ ! second /rip ov]lap ! fir/1 z %+les are laid4 ,?ree /rips w cov] ! ro( once4 ,( c\rse y c cov] x ) z _m lay]s z y wi% to pay =4 ,fa/5 ! pap] ) ro(+ nails or tacks4 ,drive !m close toge!r1 b only :]e ! /rips lap & at ! edges ( ! ro(4 ,y c b5d ! edges ( ! pap] d[n ov] ! edge ( ! ro( to cov] ! jo9t und]nea? & nail neat /rips ( wood outside to cov] ! edges ( ! pap]1 or y c simply nail ! pap] ar\nd ! edge ( ! ro(4 ,9 mak+ ! door 7,fig4 #cfh7 cl9* ! nails :i* fa/5 ! cleats1 or use screws1 & trim (f ! tongu$ & groov$ edges1 z ) ! drop-%utt]4 ,n[ hang ! door & drop-%utt] ) two /rap-h+es ea*4 ,place ! door & %utt] exactly 9 position 7%ut71 & tack !m tempor>ily 9 place ) a few nails1 or w$ge !m4 ,!n c>efully plac+ ea* h+e s t ! p9 on :i* x turns is j 9 l9e ) ! crack betwe5 ! door & ! door-frame1 m>k po9ts = ! screws4 ,bore holes = ! screws & fa/5 ! h+es 9 place 7see ,screws74 ,put a lat*1 a cat*1 or a hasp & padlock on ! door1 & a hasp or screw-eye & hook on ! inside = ! %utt]4 ,also fix a brace to hold ! %utt] :5 lift$1 or y c arrange a rope to pass up f ! outside ( ! %utt] & ar\nd a pulley to ! inside ( ! h\se1 :]e x c hang d[n & be us$ to hold ! %utt] up by fa/5+ x r\nd a cleat or a c\ple ( nails4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfh4 ,y c fix a %elf inside "u ! op5 w9d[ at ! back 7,fig4 #cfd1 ,plan71 re/+ on cleats nail$ to ! sides ( ! h\se1 & also put 9 a seat at "o or bo? sides1 support+ ! middle by a %ort po/ or a %ort piece ( bo>d on edge4 ,a few /rips w s]ve to hold ! lights ( w9d[-glass 9 place4 ,! h\se is n[ ready to occupy4 ,( c\rse y c save a good deal ( lab\r 7& lose "s exp]i5ce7 at slight exp5se by hav+ ! bo>ds saw$ (f squ>ely ( ! giv5 l5g?s at a mill1--(t5 :]e y buy ! wood4 ,9 ?is case1 rememb] to make a li/ ( ! numb] ( bo>ds ( ea* l5g? to take to ! mill4 ,if y w\ld l to be able to move y\r h\se or to take x ap>t & /ore x dur+ ! w9t]1 y c fa/5 ! f\r sides & ro( toge!r ) screws1 or hook !m toge!r on ! inside ) /\t screw-eyes & hooks4 ,y w f9d ?is way 9 v common use by build]s & contractors 9 ! little portable tool-h\ses1 (fices1 & %ops :i* !y take ap>t & move f place to place4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cfi4 ,play-/ore or ,boo?4--,a good =m = a simple play-/ore or boo? 7,fig4 #cfi7 c1 if small1 be con/ruct$ on ! same box-l pr9ciple z ! little build+ j %[n1 & ! details ( con/ruction are s simil> t special directions = ?is design are unnecess>y4 ,if l>ge1 x %\ld1 h[ev]1 h a frame1 :i* y c readily patt]n aft] t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,by us+ heavi] cleats1 z #b #b or #b #d1 on ! ends1 ^? on ! front & back c be omitt$1 & ! bo>ds nail$ directly to ! sides4 ,an arrangem5t = "o end 7t ) ! door7 is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #cgj1 #b #b or #b #d joi/ be+ us$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgj4 ,a %elf or c\nt] c be fitt$ inside ! drop-w9d[ = ! display ( y\r w>es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is g5]al %ape c (t5 be advantage\sly us$ = a q good-siz$ build+--a little cottage1 = in/ance--& :5 an addition to a l>g] /ructure is desir$1 x is sometimes ! be/ =m = ! purpose1 = its %ape r5d]s x m easily atta*$ ?an any o!r =m ( ell 7,fig4 #cia74 ,a build+ ( ?is /yle1 h[ev] suitable z an atta*m5t to a l>g] /ructure1 w n be an attractive object 9 "s situations4 ,x w n /& alone1 reg>dless ( ! surr\nd+s1 z well z "s o!r =ms4 ,!re=e x is well to consid]1 be=e decid+ to build any?+ ( ?is k9d l>g] ?an ! play-h\ses & /ores j %[n1 :e!r y\r h\se w h a build+1 a f5ce1 or a wall = a backgr\nd2 or a /eep bluff or l$ge "u :i* x w ne/le1 or trees or %rubb]y beh9d or ar\nd x4 ,9 su* cases x w (t5 be attractive 9 appe>ance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is to be put 9 a prom95t place :]e x c be view$ f all positions1 x may be bett] to select "s o!r type4 ,frame = ,l>g] ,build+ ) ,lean-to ,ro(4--,:ile ! simple box-l arrangem5t describ$ above is suitable = a v small /ructure1 x mu/ be disc>d$ = a frame ( "s sort :5 y und]take a l>g] & m p]man5t build+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,?is frame c be put toge!r z %[n = ! fram$ /ructures describ$ f>!r on1 ! only diff]5ce be+ at ! top4 ,a simple me?od ( fram+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cga4 ,fig4 #chb %[s a simple way ( fitt+ bo>ds ar\nd ! edge ( ! ro( :]e x ov]hangs1 & o!r arrangem5ts = ?is detail c be f\nd 9 ! v>i\s illu/rations4 ,x is n necess>y to h ro(s ov]hang1 ev5 = a l>ge build+1 b x is usually desirable on ! gr\nd ( appe>ance & = %$d+ ! wat] away f ! walls4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cga4 ,= matt]s relat+ to ! f\ndation1 see pages #bei-bfd4 ,play-h\se or ,cab94--,! h\se %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgb c be put toge!r 9 ! way already %[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! gr\nd dim5sions c be #e' or #f' #g' or #h'4 ,! ends mu/ be made high] ?an ! sides1 z %[n1 to all[ = ! slant ( ! ro(4 ,m>k l9es1 us+ a /raight-edge1 to give ! slant = bo? sides ( ! ro(1 & saw ! bo>ds (f by ^! l9es4 ,a %ort cleat c be add$ at ! top 9 ! middle to /iff5 ^! top bo>ds4 ,aft] ! sides & ends are put toge!r1 get out two bo>ds1 ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgc1 to re/ 9 f\r rectangul> not*es cut 9 ! front & back sides ( ! h\se4 ,^! pieces are to support ! ro(-bo>ds1 & _! upp] edges are to be cut at ! same angle z ! top ( ei!r end ( ! h\se4 ,nail ^! pieces firmly 9 place at ea* end 7,fig4 #cgd74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgb4 ,n[ get out bo>ds = ! ro(1 to run f end to end & ab\t #d long] ?an ! h\se4 ,beg9 to nail !m on at ! top1 & h ! ro( ov]hang ! sides & ends #b all ar\nd4 ,y c easily put 9 ! w9d[-sa%1 ei!r by h++ x s z to sw+ op51 or by hav+ x slide to ! "r or left on /rips nail$ above & bel[ x1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgc4 ,! ro(-bo>ds c also be laid ! o!r way by putt+ 9 a ridge-piece 9 ! =m ( a piece ( /udd+ or joi/ ( any size n less ?an #b #b 7,fig4 #cgg71 or ev5 a bo>d on edge1 to :i* ! upp] ends ( ! ro(-bo>ds c be nail$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgd4 ,ano!r =m ( ro(1 b arrang$ 9 ! same way1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cge4 ,y w require a compass-saw = ! curves1 or y c h !m saw$ by a b&-saw1 or ! wood c be trimm$ to ! l9e ) ! hat*et & draw-knife or *isel 7see ,p>+74 ,ano!r way to put any su* little /ructure z ?is toge!r is to h ! %ea?+ run up & d[n & ! cleats horizontally4 ,?is makes a neat] /ructure ?an ! way j giv54 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! con/ruction is ! same1 ! f\r sides be+ made sep>ately & !n fa/5$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cge4 ,play-h\se1 ,/ore1 or ,cab94--,! design %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgf c be c>ri$ out 9 ! mann] already describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! gr\nd dim5sions c be #f' or #g' #h' or #i'4 ,9 mak+ ! ends :]e !y are cut (f at ! top to give ! slant = ! ro(1 inside cleats %\ld be us$4 ,m>k l9es1 us+ a /raight-edge1 = ! slant = bo? sides ( ! ro(1 & saw ! bo>ds (f by ^! l9es4 ,x w be conv5i5t & w look well to make ! angle at ! top a "r angle4 ,at ! top saw out a not* 9 :i* to re/ ! ridge-pole1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgf4 ,aft] ! sides & ends are fa/5$ toge!r1 nail ! ridge-pole 9 place & get out %ort bo>ds = ! ro(4 ,cut ^! = "o side ( ! ro( s z to be ab\t #b long] ?an ! slant ( ! end ( ! h\se1 & make ^? = ! o!r side ( ! ro( z mu* long] z ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds1 s t !y w lap ov] at ! top1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,nail !m on1 beg9n+ at "o end1 s t ! ro( w ov]lap ! ends & sides #b all ar\nd4 ,nail+ upright /rips at ! corn]s1 z is commonly done on wood5 h\ses1 & z is %[n 9 ! picture1 w give ! h\se a m f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,! o!r details are simil> to ^? already %[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cgi4 ,?is h\se c h a floor1 :i* c be made ( #b #d /udd+ simply nail$ toge!r & floor$ ov] 7,fig4 #cgh71 =m+ a sort ( plat=m to :i* ! sides & ends c be nail$ :5 ! h\se is put toge!r2 & ! be/ way to make ! :ole /ructure is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgg1 ! bo>ds runn+ v]tically & cleats horizontally4 ,9 case ( us+ a plat=m floor ) ?is la/ me?od ( con/ruction1 ! l[] cleats c be rais$ f ! bottom s z to re/ on ! floor1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,?is makes ! putt+ toge!r ( ! h\se q simple1 z ! fitt+ ( ! sides & ends & floor 9 _! prop] places obviates ! ne$ ( te/+ ) squ>e or measur+ diagonals4 ,! l[] cleats on ! sides & ends are n really necess>y1 h[ev]1 except = conv5i5ce 9 putt+ toge!r & tak+ ap>t1 z ! v]tical %ea?+ c be nail$ directly to ! floor-frame or sills1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cha4 ,! :ole c !n be levell$ 7see ,level & ,plumb71 be+ block$ up und]nea? z may be requir$4 ,! design is also suitable = a l>g] /ructure1 9 :i* case a frame %\ld be made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #chi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r v1 simil> design is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgi1 & c be put toge!r accord+ to ! pr9ciples already %[n4 ,! bo>d+ runs v]tically & ! cleats horizontally1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chb4 ,figs4 #chj & #cha %[ o!r simple arrangem5ts1 ! gr\nd dim5sions ( :i* c be1 p]haps1 #h' #ab'1 & :i* c be put toge!r 9 ! same way z ! prec$+ cases1 ) or )\t a floor1 & ) ! bo>d+ runn+ v]tically or horizontally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #che4 ,if a /ove is to be us$1 ! smoke-pipe c be arrang$ to pass ?r\gh ! side ( ! h\se1 z 9 ,figs4 #chb1 #chc1 etc4 ,if to pass ?r\gh ! ro(1 x %\ld be sold]$ or rivet$ to a %eet ( metal1 z galvaniz$ iron1 ! upp] edge ( ! latt] be+ slipp$ "u ! ro( cov]+ :ile ! l[] edge laps ov] x 7,fig4 #chd71 on j ! same pr9ciple t %+les are laid1 ! idea be+1 ( c\rse1 t ! wat] w run d[n ov] ! metal )\t leak+ ?r\gh1 j z x runs d[n ov] ! %+les4 ,?is simple pr9ciple mu/ always be obs]v$ :5ev] metal is us$ to prev5t jo9ts leak+4 ,) su* small h\ses z ^! x is usually easi] & saf] ab\t leakage to h ! pipe run ?r\gh ! side ( ! h\se4 ,if to g ?r\gh ! ro( 7p>ticul>ly :5 !re is no special ro( cov]+ b bo>ds71 x is a good plan to h ! pipe pass ?r\gh ! ro( ne> ! ridge1 s t ! upp] edges ( ! metal %eet c be slipp$ "u "o ( ! saddle-bo>ds 7,fig4 #che74 ,9 any case1 an air space mu/ be all[$ betwe5 ! smoke-pipe & ! wood1 & x is always well to h a coll> an in* or two outside ( ! pipe4 ,any t9smi? or metal-work] c arrange ^! details4 ,r\nd dra9-pipe set 9 cem5t is (t5 us$ = a *eap pipe or *imney1 & answ]s ! purpose v well4 ,fig4 #chc also %[s ! way to lay %ea?+- or ro(+-pap] 9 case y wi% to use x = a tempor>y /ructure4 ,x also gives a sugge/ion = a w9d[-%utt] to be rais$ by a cord pass+ ?r\gh to ! inside1 :]e x c be fa/5$ to a cleat4 ,a ,work%op4--,a small build+1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #chf1 f #h' to #ab' wide by #ab' to #ah' long1 w be suitable = a work%op or = v>i\s o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chf4 ,:ile x w d = a little play-h\se )\t a floor1 l ^? describ$ at fir/1 to re/ directly ^u ! gr\nd1 a bett] /ructure l ?is %\ld h "s sort ( und]p9n+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is n cu/om>y to lay a /one or brick & cem5t f\ndation = su* a /ructure z ?is1 because ! build+ is n usually wor? x4 ,x c v well be re/$ ^u /ones at ! corn]s & middle ( ! sides or ^u po/s set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,if ! soil is s&y & l>ge /ones abundant1 x c be re/$ ^u pi]s ( /ones4 ,s f> z support+ ! build+ = "o season is conc]n$1 simply re/+ x ^u /ones laid on top ( ! gr\nd is suffici5t1 b ! action ( ! fro/ w move ! /ones & heave ! build+ m or less out ( place1 :i* w require x to be occasionally levell$ & block$ up4 ,a hole c be dug to a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet1 s z to be bel[ ! action ( ! fro/1 & a pi] ( flat /ones built up4 ,if ! soil is ( cle>1 well-pack$ s&1 a pi] ( ?is sort w la/ = "s "t be=e be+ ?r[n out ( %ape by ! fro/1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 if laid 9 cem5t 7or if bricks laid 9 cem5t are us$71 x w be mu* m p]man5t4 ,if ! soil is clayey1 ! f\ndation1 ( :atev] k9d1 %\ld be c>ri$ to a dep? ( ?ree feet or m & cem5t$1 & ev5 !n x w be liable to be heav$ by ! action ( ! fro/4 ,?is involves consid]able lab\r & p]haps exp5se1 & = su* a small build+ x w usually be bett] to re/ x ^u flat /ones laid on ! surface1 or to block x up 9 "s way s z to be cle> ( ! gr\nd1 & !n level x :5ev] necess>y1 :i* is n difficult ) s small a /ructure4#cb 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile brick pi]s built ^u a f\ndation ( /one laid 9 cem5t & c>ri$ to a dep? ( ?ree feet or m is d\btless ! be/ und]p9n+ y c h 7next to a regul> f\ndation wall71 x is n always advisable to incur ! necess>y exp5se & lab\r1 & a common & usually satisfactory way = a build+ ( ?is sort is to re/ x ^u po/s set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,b be=e plac+ ! po/s ! exact position ( ! build+ mu/ be det]m9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ fix$ ^u ! position ( ! build+1 proce$ to /ake x out4 ,fir/ measure (f ) ! tape1 or rod1 or ev5 a /r+1 ! l5g? ( "o ( ! sides ( ! build+1 & drive a /ake at ea* end ( ! l9e4 ,/ret* a l9e betwe5 ^! /akes & measure (f ! l5g? ( ! end ( ! build+ f ea* /ake1 z ne>ly z possible at "r angles ) ! fir/ l9e4 ,y c d ?is approximately ) ! help ( a mason's squ>e1 or l>ge triangle1 :i* y c make y\rself ( ?9 /rips ( wood nail$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a "r-angl$ triangle ) sides #f'1 #h'1 & #aj' long1 or ! sides c be #c'1 #d'1 & #e' long4#cc ,:atev] me?od y use1 be sure t ! figure is rectangul>1 & move "o or two ( ! /akes1 if necess>y1 until ! diagonals are ( equal l5g?4 ,if ! gr\nd is unev51 keep ! tape horizontal :5 measur+1 & to det]m9e ! po9ts requir$ drop a plumb-l9e f ! end ( ! tape :i* is rais$ f ! gr\nd4 ,hav+ 9 ?is way accurately fix$ ^u ! l9es = ! f\r sides ( ! h\se1 cont9ue ^! l9es a few feet 7p]haps #d or #e feet7 beyond ! corn]s to ! po9ts m>k$ ,e 7,fig4 #chh71 & drive a /ake at ea* ( ^! po9ts4 ,y c easily get ^! eight /akes 9 l9e by sight+ f ! f\r fir/ driv54 ,next drive 9 "o ( ^! outside /akes 7! "o :]e ! gr\nd is ! highe/ 9 case ! surface is unev57 until x /icks out ( ! gr\nd a few in*es1 & !n drive ! o!r sev5 until _! tops are level ) ! top ( ! fir/4 ,?is y c det]m9e by apply+ ! level to a l9e /ret*$ taut f ! top ( "o po/ to ! top ( ano!r4 ,drive a nail into ! top ( ea* /ake to hold ! /r+1 or cut a not* = ! same purpose4 ,n[ if /r+s are tightly /ret*$ betwe5 ^! /akes1 !y w int]sect ov] ! f\r /akes fir/ driv5 at ! corn]s ( ! h\se4 ,^! f\r /akes y c n[ remove :5 y dig ! holes = ! po/s1 & ! exact position ( ea* po/ & its height above ! surface w be det]m9$ by ! int]section ( ! /r+s f ! outside /akes4 ,! /r+s c be tak5 (f :ile y are digg+ & replac$ :5 y are gett+ ! po/s 9 position4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chh4 ,next dig a hole at "o corn]1 ab\t #ah 9 diamet] & ab\t #b-a_/b' or #c' 9 dep?4 ,9 ?is hole set a po/ ab\t #f 9 diamet]1 saw$ (f squ>ely at ! upp] end1 & ( su* a l5g? t :5 p\nd$ d[n to a firm & upright be>+ ! top ( x w rea* ! /r+ /ret*$ betwe5 ! levell+ /akes4 ,:5 y fill up ! hole put 9 only a little e>? at a "t1 tamp+ ea* lay] compactly ar\nd ! po/ ) an iron b> or /ick be=e add+ m e>?4 ,contr>y to :at "o might naturally ?9k1 ! e>? c be tamp$ m compactly ) a b> or /ick ?an ) a heavy joi/4 ,set ano!r po/ 9 ! same way at ! next corn]1 fix+ x accurately 9 position by means ( ! /r+s1 z 9 ! case ( ! fir/ po/1 & see+ t ! di/ance f ! outside ( ?is po/ to ! outside ( ! fir/ "o is t requir$ by ! plan4 ,set ! o!r corn]-po/s 9 ! same way1 te/+ all ! di/ances 7includ+ ! diagonals7 z be=e4 ,y c try ! height ( ea* po/ n[ & !n z y dig1 & ?us avoid mak+ too deep a hole4 ,if y pref]1 y c set all ! po/s 9 ! "r positions at fir/1 b )\t try+ to level ! tops1 m]ely see+ t ! tops all /ick up above ! l9e4 ,y c !n /rike a horizontal l9e all ar\nd ) a cord1 & saw all ! po/s (f by ?is l9e--a process :i* y v likely h se5 :5 wat*+ ! "w on a pile-bridge or :>f4 ,saw+ (f ! po/s squ>ely w be mu* easi]1 h[ev]1 be=e !y are set 9 ! gr\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! po/s may be ( locu/1 c$>1 cypress1 or *e/nut4 ,locu/ is consid]$ v durable1 b is ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,c$> is excell5t1 & w be p]fectly satisfactory4 ,*e/nut w d v well = a h\se ( ?is sort1 & is comp>atively *eap4 ,if y d n m9d ! slight increase 9 co/1 c$> is bett]4 ,if y wi% to be z economical z possible1 *e/nut w answ]4#cd ,! reason = select+ wood ( great] natural durability = ! po/s ?an = ! re/ ( ! h\se is to )/& ! great] exposure ( ! po/s to alt]nate moi/ure & dryness4 ,timb] w la/ = c5turies if plac$ 9 a %elt]$ position & expos$ to a free circulation ( air4 ,x w also la/ = a long p]iod :5 imm]s$ 9 fre% wat] or sunk und]gr\nd1 s z to be beyond ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic *anges4 ,b ! alt]nate exposure to dryness & moi/ure1 z 9 ! case ( po/s p>tly above & p>tly bel[ gr\nd1 or piles = a :>f or bridge1 causes decay 9 a comp>atively %ort "t 7see ,app5dix74 ,if y\r site is too rocky = po/s1 y w be sav$ "s digg+1 b mu/ provide a level & /able f\ndation 9 "s o!r way4 ,x r>ely happ5s t ! surface w be q level1 & y mu/ use /one or timb]s = und]p9n+4 ,if !re are "o or two corn]s t mu/ be rais$1 ow+ to inequality ( ! surface1 & y _c f9d l>ge /ones t w be sure to /ay 9 place1 y c re/ ! rais$ p>ts ( ! h\se ^u po/s securely brac$4 ,rock is n ! mo/ desirable f\ndation = a build+ ) a regul> und]p9n+ & cell>--! biblical p>able to ! contr>y not)/&+--& !re is no f\ndation sup]ior to s& or gravel 7only ! s& or gravel mu/ be conf9$ & n free to slide or move74 ,b z y\r h\se m]ely re/s on ! surface1 & has no cell> to be dug or dra9$1 !re is no disadvantage 9 putt+ x on a rock1 provid$ y support x prop]ly4 ,d n re/ "o end ( x on a pile ( loose cobble-/ones1 five feet high1 only to h ! /ones slip "s wet1 /ormy night & let ! build+ d[n4 ,hav+ ! f\ndation set1 ! next ?+ is ! frame1 :i* = a small build+ ( ?is k9d c be made ( almo/ any k9d ( wood :i* y c readily obta91 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t x is dry en\gh & n weak5$ by l>ge knots or o!r defects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chi4 ,! sills1 or ! l[] timb]s ( ! frame :i* re/ ^u ! f\ndation1 %\ld be got out fir/1 & c be ( #d #d /ock1 & halv$ at ! ends 7see ,halv+7 7,fig4 #chi74 ,^u ^! sills is to be set up a #d #d po/ ( ! desir$ l5g? at ea* corn]4#ce ,on top ( ^! are plac$ ! plates1 :i* c be ( #b #d /udd+ laid flat & halv$ at ! ends4 ,be sure to get out ^! pieces be=e beg9n+ to put !m toge!r4 ,toe-nail ! po/s to ! sills & nail ! plates directly d[n on top ( ! po/s1 keep+ ! latt] 9 a v]tical position by tempor>ily nail+ on /rips ( bo>d diagonally1 adju/+ ^! until ! po/s are v]tical & at "r angles to ! sills 7see ,plumb & ,squ>e74 ,next put 9 v]tical /udd+ 7#b #d7 at ea* side ( ! door-space1 & at ! sides ( ! w9d[-spaces1 all[+ a little m space ?an ! exact wid?s ( ! door & w9d[-frames4 ,9 ! same way horizontal /udd+ %\ld be fitt$ 9 above ! door-space & above & bel[ ! w9d[-spaces1 & 9 any places :]e x w be a help 9 /iff5+ ! frame or = nail+ on ! bo>d+4 ,ano!r way is to fir/ fit 9 pieces ( joi/ horizontally1 ei!r midway betwe5 ! sills & plates 7except at ! w9d[ & door-spaces71 or runn+ ! entire l5g? above & bel[ ! w9d[s4 ,j :]e & h[ _m ( ^! pieces are to be put 9 dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! doors & w9d[s1 & pieces ( v]tical /udd+ c be fitt$ 9 at ea* side ( ! door & w9d[-spaces & :]ev] advisable4 ,%ort braces1 ) _! ends saw$ at an angle ( #de1 c also be fitt$ at ! corn]s1 :]e ! corn]-po/s meet ! sills & plates1 & be nail$ 9 place to help /iff5 ! frame4 ,x w be a conv5i5ce 9 work+ to lay ! floor next4 ,= ?is y w require a numb] ( floor-joi/s4 ,if ! build+ is only #h' or #aj' wide1 #b #d /udd+ w d2 b if ! wid? is z great z #ab'1 #b #f w be bett]4 ,^! are to be plac$ on edge on top ( ! sills1 z %[n4 ,place "o at ea* end aga9/ ! corn]-po/s 7to :i* x c be nail$71 saw+ (f ea* end s t x w be flu% ) ! outside ( ! sill4 ,di/ribute ^! floor-joi/s s t !y w be ab\t #ah ap>t1 & hold !m 9 position by toe+ a nail ?r\gh !m at ea* end into ! sill b5ea?1 or nail+ !m to ! /udd+ :5 practicable4 ,be=e lay+ any ( ^! floor-joi/s trim !m (f on ! "u edge1 :i* w re/ ^u ! sills1 if necess>y to ensure a level surface on top = ! floor4 ,d n neglect ?is1 z su* joi/s frequ5tly v>y 9 wid?4 ,n[ measure ! diagonals aga91 be=e lay+ ! floor-bo>ds1 to be sure t ! base ( ! h\se is rectangul>4 ,if "o diagonal is long] ?an ! o!r1 pu% ^? corn]s t[>ds ea* o!r until ! diagonals are ( equal l5g?4 ,next lay ! floor-bo>ds1 l5g?ways ( ! build+1 driv+ !m toge!r tightly by p\nd+ on a wa/e piece1 & nail+ !m firmly to ea* floor-joi/ ) two nails4 ,if y\r floor-bo>ds are n long en\gh to rea* ! entire l5g? ( ! h\se1 y w take pa9s1 ( c\rse1 to saw !m ( su* a l5g? t ! ends ( ! bo>ds w meet ov] ! middle ( "o ( ! floor-joi/s1 arrang+ ! jo9ts s t !y w alt]nate or come at diff]5t po9ts ( ! floor4 ,saw (f neatly all project+ ends ( ! floor-bo>ds4 ,y w frequ5tly wi% to use m =ce 9 driv+ ! floor-bo>ds to a tight jo9t at ! edges ?an y c easily apply ) ! hamm]4 ,y c easily apply all ! pressure requir$ by us+ two %ort bo>ds on ! pr9ciple ( ! toggle-jo9t4 ,arrange ^! z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cij1 "o end re/+ aga9/ a tempor>y cleat or any firm object & ! o!r aga9/ ! edge ( ! floor-bo>d4 ,by /epp+ ^u ?is toggle-jo9t at its apex1 ! floor-bo>d w be =c$ into place4 ,a common way is to pry ! bo>d into place ) a *isel driv5 d[n at ! edge4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cij4 ,if ! build+ is to be us$ 9 cold wea!r1 by all means lay d\ble floor+4 ,! "u floor c be ( *eap] /ock & laid less c>efully4 ,betwe5 ! two lay %ea?+- or ro(+-pap]1 & y w h accompli%$ mu* t[>ds keep+ ! room w>m4 ,! frame is n[ ready = ! ro(-timb]s4 ,^! c be ( #b #d /udd+1 except ! ridge-bo>d1 :i* c be any common bo>d ab\t #f wide4 ,to obta9 ! l5g? ( ! raft]s & ! angle at :i* ! ends are to be cut1 y c easily make a full-siz$ patt]n on ! floor by simply lay+ (f a "r-angl$ triangle ( ! requir$ height & base1 :i* w give ! l5g? ( ! raft]s & ! angle at ea* end1 aft] cutt+ (f a little piece at ! upp] end to repres5t "o half ! ?ickness ( ! ridge-bo>d2 or two pieces ( ! raft] /ock c simply be laid on ! floor 9 ! "r relative positions = ! ro(1 :5 _! po9ts ( cross+ c be m>k$ on ea* edge & ! bevel m>k$ on ! sides ( ! pieces4 ,! bevel at ! l[] end c be f\nd 9 a simil> mann]4 ,take (f en\gh at ! upp] end to all[ = "o half ! ?ickness ( ! ridge-bo>d1 & saw (f "o raft] z m>k$4 ,?is w s]ve = a patt]n by :i* to m>k ! o!rs4 ,! end raft]s & ! ridge-bo>d 7:i* %\ld fir/ be saw$ ! l5g? ( ! h\se7 c easily be nail$ 9 position by two p]sons1 "o at ea* end1 be+ tempor>ily /ay$ 9 place by a bo>d nail$ outside 7,fig4 #chi74 ,! ro(-bo>ds c be nail$ ei!r l5g?ways1 or up & d[n4 ,if ! =m] way1 ! raft]s mu/ be put q ne> toge!r to give suffici5t support to ! bo>ds4 ,if ! latt]1 purl9s1 or l5g?ways /r+]s1 %\ld be add$ betwe5 ! ridge-bo>d & ! side-plates1 z %[n4 ,if ! ro( is to be %+l$1 ! bo>ds c z well be laid l5g?ways--o!rwise !y %\ld be laid up & d[n4 ,if n to be cov]$ 9 any way1 mat*$-bo>ds 7or batt5$ jo9ts7 %\ld be us$4 ,if well pa9t$1 su* a ro( w la/ = "s "t1 b %+l+ is mu* bett]4 ,saddle-bo>ds %\ld be put along ! ridge1 z !y add mu* to ! tightness & durability ( ! ro(4 ,! sides require to be %ea!d be=e cov]+ ! ro(1 leav+ op5 spaces = ! door & w9d[s4 ,%ort] pieces c be us$ above & bel[ ^! spaces4 ,! bo>d+ c be put on v]tically & batt5s 7n>r[ bo>ds #b or #c wide1 or /rips ( half-r\nd m\ld+7 nail$ ov] ! cracks1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cia1 or1 ( c\rse1 ! sides c be clapbo>d$ or %+l$ if pref]r$1 9 :i* case ! bo>d+ c be put on horizontally4 ,! door c be made ( bo>ds1 cleat$1 z already %[n1 or "o c be b\ght ready-made4 ,a cas+ %\ld be nail$ ar\nd ! door-space1 previ\sly putt+ at ! bottom a ?re%old ^u :i* ! l[] ends ( ! cas+ c fit4 ,?is y w at once und]/& by exam9+ ! arrangem5t ( ^! details 9 almo/ any dwell+-h\se4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! w9d[s 7:i* y c buy ready-made ( almo/ any desir$ %ape & size7 does n diff] f ! cases already %[n4 ,! smoke-pipe c be arrang$ z %[n on page #beh4 ,a few floor-beams put across on top ( ! plates & :olly or p>tly floor$ ov] w provide a l(t useful = /orage4 ,if ! build+ is = a %op1 ?is w be a good place to keep lumb]4 ,! ro( c be cov]$ accord+ to ! me?ods already %[n1 b %+l+ w be mu* bett]4 ,if a build+ is wor? %+l+ at all1 x is usually be/ to use a good quality ( %+les4 ,! *eape/ ones are apt to be unsatisfactory = a p]man5t build+1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 = su* /ructures z ^! x is n necess>y to get an extra quality1 = "s knots or defects at ! ?9 ends :]e !y w be cov]$ by two or ?ree lay]s may d no h>m4 ,c$> %+les are bett] ?an spruce4 ,x is a good plan to lay ro(+-pap] ov] ! ro( be=e %+l+4 ,beg9 ! %+l+ at ! eaves & "w upw>d4 ,lay a r[ ! l5g? ( ! ro(1 lett+ ! butts slightly ov]hang ! edge4 ,directly on top ( ?is r[ lay ano!r1 break+ jo9ts ) ^? und]nea?2 t is1 lay ! fir/ r[ d\ble1 tak+ pa9s t ! spaces betwe5 ! %+les ( ! l[] lay] are cov]$ by ! %+les ( ! upp] lay]4 ,leave a slight space 7p]haps #a_/h to #c_/h7 betwe5 ! %+les 9 lay+ !m4 ,?is gives room = swell+1 & all[s ! wat] to run (f freely4 ,if ! edges are close toge!r at ! l[] end1 ! t5d5cy is to dam up ^! wat]-c\rses & reta9 ! moi/ure1 :i* is injuri\s4 ,"s p p>e (f ! edges to make ! butt-ends n>r[]1 9 ord] to obviate ?is2 b simply lay+ ! %+les slightly ap>t answ]s ! purpose4 ,fa/5 ea* %+le ) two %+le nails 7"o ne> ea* edge1 )9 p]haps #a71 f> en\gh up f ! butt to be cov]$ by ! next r[ ( %+les4 ,common %+les c be laid ab\t #d-a_/b to ! wea!r1 t is1 ) t portion ( ! l5g? expos$ at ! butt4 ,if %+les ( extra l5g? are us$ ?is di/ance c be v>i$ accord+ly4 ,lay ! butts ( ea* r[ by a *alk-l9e or aga9/ ! edge ( a n>r[ bo>d1 :i* c be adju/$ & tempor>ily held 9 place by two /rips nail$ to ! bo>d & to ! ridge ( ! ro(4 ,! upp] ends ( ! top r[ ( %+les c be trimm$ (f & saddle-bo>ds c be put on at ! top1 lett+ ! edge ( "o ov]lap ! o!r4 ,x is d\btful economy to pa9t %+les aft] !y are laid4 ,! pa9t t5ds to clog ! spaces betwe5 !m4 ,x is bett] to dip !m 9 pa9t be=e lay+4 ,a mu* bett] way is to dip !m 9 "s "o ( ! prep>$ creosote /a9s1 :i* c be _h 9 a great v>iety ( col\rs4 ,^! are excell5t1 al?\gh1 except to obta9 "s desir$ col\r effect1 x is h>dly wor? :ile to use any prep>ation on ! ro(s ( su* build+s z ^!4 ,cut nails are consid]$ bett] ?an wire nails = %+l+1 on ! gr\nd ( durability4 ,take pa9s to keep ! l9es ( ! r[s /raight & at equal di/ances ap>t4 ,= ! pa9t+1 see ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,if ?is build+ is = a work%op1 v>i\s sugge/ions ab\t ! int]ior arrangem5t w be f\nd 9 ,"p ,i4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,to f9d ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 ! cleats1 fir/ f9d ! numb] ( runn+ feet1 t is1 ! total l5g? ( ! cleats if !y 7 /ret*$ out 9 a long l9e1 l "o ( ! rails ( a railroad track4 ,!n1 z ! cleats are #c wide 7or "o f\r? ( a foot71 x w take f\r runn+ feet to make "o squ>e foot4 ,!re=e divide ! numb] ( runn+ feet by f\r & ! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( squ>e feet4 #ca ,bo>ds twelve feet long w be ! be/ to buy = ?is h\se1 because y c get two l5g?s f ea* bo>d )\t wa/e4 ,y c\ld n be sure1 h[ev]1 ( gett+ two l5g?s ( exactly six feet f ea* twelve-foot bo>d1 because ! ends are frequ5tly *eck$ or damag$ 9 "s way2 s x w be safe/ to make ! l5g? #e' #aj1 z giv5 above4 #cb ,if y h only small /ones or blocks ^u :i* to re/ x1 ! build+ c be put toge!r directly ^u ! gr\nd1 ! sills be+ re/$ tempor>ily ^u any mat]ial at h&1 & !n ! supports adju/$ und]nea?4 #cc ,y c m>k a po9t on "o /r+ #c' f "o /ake & a po9t on ! o!r /r+ #d' f ! same /ake1 & !n increase or decrease ! angle made by ! two /r+s until ano!r /r+ exactly #e' long w j rea* f ! m>k$ po9t on "o /r+ to t on ! o!r4 ,?is process is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ma!matics t if ! two sides ( a "r-angl$ triangle are respectively #c units & #d units 9 l5g?1 ! l5g? ( ! hypo!nuse w be #e units4 ,ano!r way1 if y are fond ( ma!matics1 is to f9d ! l5g? ( ! diagonals ( ! plan ( ! h\se by extract+ ! squ>e root ( ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! two sides4 7,! squ>e describ$ on ! hypo!nuse ( a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es describ$ on ! o!r two sides47 ,y c measure ! diagonal directly f a plan if y und]/& me*anical draw+ well en\gh to make an accurate plan on a scale ( p]haps #a_/b or #a to a foot4 ,!n take "o tape1 or /r+1 measur+ ! wid? ( ! build+1 ) "o end held on ! /ake ,c 7,fig4 #chg71 & ano!r tape measur+ ! l5g? ( ! diagonal1 ) ! end held on ! /ake ,d4 ,drive ! /ake ,a at ! po9t :]e ! two tapes meet :5 br\ght toge!r4 ,rev]s+ ! positions ( ! tapes w give 9 ! same way ! f\r? corn] ,b4 ,! di/ance ,a ,b %\ld equal ,c ,d4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #chg4 #cd ,! "p ( ! po/ :i* is emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd is sometimes *>r$ or pa9t$ to pres]ve x f decay4 ,?is c be easily done1 b ! process is advisable only ) ?or\ghly season$ wood4 ,x is highly injuri\s to gre5 timb]1 z by clos+ ! pores & ob/ruct+ evaporation f ! surface x prev5ts ! season+ ( ! wood & causes f]m5tation & decay )9 7see ,app5dix74 #ce ,^! po/s1 & ev5 ! sills1 c be built up if necess>y ( #b #d /udd+1 two pieces be+ plac$ side by side & nail$ toge!r1 b ?is is n s desirable z reg>ds /r5g?1 its only advantage consi/+ 9 ! read9ess ) :i* ! jo9ts c be made by simply cutt+ "o ( ! two pieces %ort] ?an ! o!r4 ,! cottage is "o ( ! embelli%m5ts ( natural sc5]y :i* des]ves att5tive consid]ation4 ,x is beautiful always1 & ev]y:]e2 :e!r look+ out ( ! woody d+le ) its eye-l w9d[1 & s5d+ up ! motion ( azure smoke betwe5 ! silv] trunks ( ag$ trees2 or gr\p$ among ! bright cornfields ( ! fruitful pla92 or =m+ grey clu/]s along ! slope ( ! m\nta9 side1 ! cottage always gives ! idea ( a ?+ to be belov$3 a quiet life-giv+ voice1 t is z peaceful z sil5ce itself4--,,rusk91 ,! ,poetry ( ,ar*itecture4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,simple ,,summ] ,,cottages ,cottage ,r[4--,! little h\ses %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations#cf af=d excell5t examples ( :at c be done by ! beg9n]4 ,^! 7 built by boys1 & =m1 ) o!rs1 a mo/ int]e/+ little village or /reet1 kn[n z ,cottage ,r[4 ,!y are small1 b h _m ( ! details ( l>g] h\ses4 ,!y are %+l$ & clapbo>d$1 h regul> doors & w9d[s1 & are v attractively fitt$ up inside ) curta9s1 cupbo>ds1 %elves1 tables1 *airs1 l\nges1 bookcases1 & o!r articles ( furniture4 ,! walls are hung or cov]$ ) prettily figur$ cretonne or calico4 ,^! little /ructures are good models = boys' fir/ attempts at h\se-build+1 9 t !y are simple1 mode/1 & unpret5ti\s1 & h a homelike air :i* does n p]ta9 to _m m elaborate & pret5ti\s h\ses4 ,! visitor is attract$ by _! neat1 trim1 invit+ appe>ance1 & wi%es to ent]4 ,h\ses ( ?is "* c easily be made by two or m boys work+ toge!r2 & by ! unit$ =ces ( a numb] ( boys a v attractive little village c be built 7& mu* simple c>p5try be le>n$ at ! same "t71 9 :i* _m pleasant h\rs c be sp5t4 ,su* h\ses z ^! c be fram$ & put toge!r )\t difficulty by ! me?ods already %[n4 ,x w n add v mu* to ! exp5se to h ! p>ts ( ! frame :i* %[ on ! inside ( ! h\se plan$ by ma*9e1 & ?is w mu* improve ! appe>ance ( ! int]ior4 ,%+l+ ! ro(s1 putt+ cas+ ar\nd ! w9d[s & doors & at ! corn]s ( ! h\ses1 & clapbo>d+ or %+l+ ! sides1 adds mu* to ! attractiv5ess ( su* small /ructures1 z y c see f ! illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,! w9d[s & cas+s y c buy ready-made1 or ! latt] y c make y\rself4 ,! doors & cas+s y c also buy1 or make4 ,! door-cas+s & w9d[-cas+s %\ld be nail$ 9 place be=e ! sides are clapbo>d$4 ,! tops ( ^! cas+s %\ld always be protect$ by /rips ( %eet lead1 ! upp] edges ( :i* are slipp$ up "u ! clapbo>d+ 7,fig4 #cij;a71 ?us cov]+ ! crack :]e ! cas+ jo9s ! side ( ! build+ & %$d+ ! wat]--on ! same pr9ciple z %[n 9 ,figs4 #chd & #che4 ,?is is important1 z ! ra9 w drive ?r\gh su* cracks1 ev5 ?\gh !y seem v tight4 ,tongu+ & groov+ c be us$ 9 su* cases1 b fla%+ ) lead is a simpl] process4 ,! same precaution %\ld always be tak5 :]e ro(s or atta*m5ts jo9 a build+ 9 su* a way z to expose a crack ?r\gh :i* ! wat] c leak4 ,z9c1 or ev5 t91 c be us$1 b are inf]ior to lead4 ,! corn]-bo>ds & ! wat]-table 7! horizontal bo>d at ! bottom ( ! h\se7 %\ld also be nail$ 9 place4 ,! latt] %\ld h ! top edge slightly bevell$1 to %$ ! wat]4 ,all ^! pieces hav+ be5 c>efully nail$ 9 place1 ! clapbo>d+ or %+l+ ( ! sides c be done4 ,illu/ration #cij;a4 ,x w co/ b little to %ea? ! outside ) %ea?+-pap]1 & ! h\se w be mu* tight] & dry]4 ,?is %\ld be put on "u ! cas+s1 corn]-bo>ds1 etc41 s z to avoid a crack :]e ^! bo>ds & ! clapbo>ds or %+les meet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lay+ clapbo>ds1 unlike %+l+1 is begun at ! top4 ,lay ! upp] r[ by a l9e1 z 9 %+l+1 keep+ ! clapbo>ds 9 place by a few nails 9 ! upp] "p only4 ,!n slip ! clapbo>ds = ! next r[ up f und]nea? "u ! fir/ r[ until only ! desir$ am\nt ( ! clapbo>ds is expos$4 ,! fir/ r[ c !n be firmly nail$ ne> ! l[] edge ) clapbo>d nails4 ,?is w hold ! next r[ 9 position :ile ! ?ird r[ is put 9 place1 & s on4 ,! ?9 edge ( ! upp] r[ c be f9ally cov]$ ) a /rip ( bo>d or m\ld+4 ,! clapbo>d+ c be cont9u$ to ! v bottom ( ! h\se4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a wat]-table is us$ at ! bottom1 ! l[] edge ( ! bottom r[ ( clapbo>ds %\ld be slightly bevell$ to fit closely d[n on ! slant+ upp] edge ( ! wat]-table4 ,be c>eful to lay ! clapbo>ds 9 l9e & at equal di/ances ap>t1 z v>iations 9 ! alignm5t are q noticeable4 ,exam9e ! clapbo>ds ( any h\se on :i* !y are us$4 ,9 arrang+ !m break jo9ts at ! ends1 t is1 d n h ! jo9ts ( "o r[ directly "u1 or v ne>1 ^? ( ! r[s above & bel[4 ,d n saw ! ends by eye4 ,m>k !m accurately ) ! try-squ>e & knife & saw !m c>efully ) a f9e saw1 try+ to make z close jo9ts z possible4 ,illu/ration ,a fair quality ( clapbo>ds %\ld be us$1 b a few defects ne> ! ?9 edges :i* are to be cov]$ may d no s]i\s h>m = su* /ructures z ^!4 ,:5 y beg9 to attempt m ambiti\s /ructures1 su* z mode/ summ] cottages = camp+ 9 vacations1 = hunt+- or fi%+-lodges1 or = family use1--su* h\ses z are (t5 und]tak5 by old] boys or m5 ) a ta/e = amateur c>p5try1--!re are a numb] ( ?+s to be consid]$ be=e beg9n+ to d any actual "w4 ,illu/ration ,d n beg9 a h\se y _c pay =4 ,if y f9d t ! m elaborate plans sugge/$ w exce$ y\r means1 d n let !m tempt y to run 9 debt1 b cont5t y\rself ) ! simple/ plan4#cg ,y w f9d x p]fectly com=table1 & :5ev] y c af=d ! exp5se y c easily add to x & improve x4 ,t is ! be/ pr9ciple to g on1 morally z well z f9ancially4 ,9 addition to po9ts already spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ pages1 be> 9 m9d1 9 mak+ y\r plans1 to use only simple =ms = y\r fir/ ef=ts4 ,avoid dorm] w9d[s & complicat$ ro(s 7especially comb9ations produc+ valleys7 & bay-w9d[s1 & ! l1 at fir/4 ,su* arrangem5ts add _m difficulties = ! beg9n]4 ,:5 y c make a pla91 simple build+1 ) ev]y?+ snug & tight1 & c lay a pla9 ro( t w n leak1 y c !n attempt su* v>iations ( =m ) a fair *ance ( success1 b d n be too ambiti\s 9 y\r fir/ attempts4 ,a simple piazza c (t5 be add$ to good advantage1 if desir$4 ,illu/ration ,x is well to asc]ta9 ! sizes ( ! ready-made doors & w9d[s :i* y c buy 9 ! place :]e y\r h\se is to be built1 be=e draw+ y\r plans4 ,if !re is a *oice ( situations 9 :i* to place y\r h\se1 a few sugge/ions ab\t ! selection ( a site may be ( value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if y are go+ to build 9 ! m\nta9s1 or ! p9e woods1 or on rocky isl&s or promontories 9 ! ocean1--9 places :]e !re are almo/ no unsanit>y conditions1 :]e ! climate is s invig\rat+1 ! air s purify+1--!re is no ne$ to ?9k ( _m precautions important 9 a cle>$ & settl$ c\ntry4 ,z mu* sunlight & circulation ( air z y c get1 pure dr9k+ wat]1 & ! simple precaution ( n build+ 9 a holl[ or on ! edge ( a swamp1 are ab\t all ! sanit>y po9ts y ne$ consid] 9 su* places4 ,9 select+ a site 9 any ord9>y c\ntry or sea%ore region1 fir/ make sure above all ?+s ( dryness1 sunlight1 pure air1 & pure wat]4 ,avoid build+ a cottage = regul> occupancy 9 a d5se ?icket1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! mosquitoes & o!r insects1 b because ! ?icket %uts out ! sun & cuts (f ! free circulation ( air :i* !re %\ld always be 9 summ] ar\nd & ?r\gh a h\se4 ,( c\rse1 = %oot+ or fi%+1 a lodge1 camp1 or cab9 mu/ be built :]ev] requir$ by ! circum/ances4 ,sun%9e is v important 9 secur+ dryness & 9 purify+ ! air4 ,y w naturally reject wet l&4 ,avoid also soil t reta9s moi/ure1#ch ev5 ?\gh x may n be actually wet to /ep ^u1 = l& saturat$ ) moi/ure may be ! unsuspect$ s\rce ( s]i\s diseases4 ,!re is air 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* may be ! means ( spread+ dampness & f\l gases4 ,d n place y\r h\se 9 a depression or 9 ! bottom ( a valley :]e dampness is likely to settle4 ,at ! sea%ore !re w1 ( c\rse1 be fogs f ! ocean at c]ta9 times & places1 b !y are n h>mful1 except to navigation2 & at ! m\nta9s m or less dampness at night is v common4 ,d n try to f9d a place :]e !re is no dampness at all1 b except at ! sea%ore or m\nta9s reject situations :]e !re are mi/s at night1 avoid+ p>ticul>ly ! vic9ity ( wet m>%es & swamps1 /agnant pools ( fre% wat]1 boggy ponds1 sluggi% riv]s & brooks1 on acc\nt ( ! mal>i\s vap\rs :i* are liable to hang ov] !m4 ,d n try to keep cool by hid+ y\r h\se :]e ! sun w n %9e ^u x4 ,! s\!rn or s\?-ea/]n slope ( a hill usually af=ds a mo/ desirable site z reg>ds bo? coolness & sunlight4 ,if y c also f9d a site on ! top ( a little m\nd or knoll1 s z to secure ! free dra9age ( ! wat] 9 e direction1 x w be advantage\s4 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 reg>d to wat] are to h x pure & to h pl5ty ( x4 ,9 reg>d to pure wat]1 & pure air also1 if y are plann+ to build 9 a little settlem5t or ne> o!r cottages ! "q ( dra9age 7sew]age7 f ! neighb\r+ h\ses becomes ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,a breeze f ! sea1 ! m\nta9s1 or ! p9e woods is pure 9 itself & to a c]ta9 degree a scav5g]1 b d n ?r[ ^u x ! "w ( purify+ a naturally unheal?ful situation4 ,?is matt] ( dra9age y c arrange = y\rself on y\r own l&1 b ! arrangem5ts ( y\r neighb\rs y w h to take z y f9d !m2 !re=e gu>d c>efully aga9/ contam9ation ( y\r dr9k+ wat] & ( ! air ?r\gh proximity to ! cesspools1 privies1 or s9k dra9s ( ! neighb\r+ cottages4 ,exactly h[ f> a well or spr+ %\ld be f su* s\rces ( pollution x is impossible to /ate )\t k ( ! p>ticul> spot1 = x dep5ds ^u ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 ! k9d ( soil1 ! direction ( ! und]ly+ /rata1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,9 "s cases a di/ance ( tw5ty feet might be p]fectly safe1 :ile 9 o!rs two hundr$ w\ld be highly dang]\s4 ,"o hundr$ feet or m is ne> en\gh "u ord9>y conditions4 ,!re is no great] dang] ?an t f defective sew]age1 & ! dang] usually beg9s be=e ! s5ses are aw>e t !re is any tr\ble4 ,?is subject is bett] und]/ood n[ ?an =m]ly1 b /ill1 until ! subject =ces itself ^u _! att5tion1 ! majority ( p pay b little reg>d to x4 ,x is a fact well e/abli%$ among m$ical m5 t "s ( ! wor/ =ms ( sickness are no?+ b fil? diseases1 to :i* ! dwell]s 9 summ] cottages are sometimes ev5 m expos$ ?an ^? 9 t[n h\ses4 ,rememb] t air z well z wat] is an active ag5t = spread+ ! g]ms ( disease4 ,z to ! position 9 :i* to place ! h\se itself aft] ! spot has be5 *os5 mu* w dep5d on circum/ances4 ,consid] ! sun1 ! prevail+ w9ds1 & ! views 9 relation to ! rooms1 ! w9d[s1 & ! piazza4 ,an un%elt]$ piazza fac+ ! we/ is apt to be v hot at ! "t ( day y are likely to use x ! mo/1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! w9d or o!r consid]ations may make su* a position desirable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! subject ( ! necess>y und]p9n+ = su* simple /ructures z are "h %[n has be5 already treat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 mo/ cases y w f9d po/s set 9 ! gr\nd1 z !re describ$1 an excell5t way 7except1 ( c\rse1 ^u rocky gr\nd71 b brick or /one pi]s are almo/ always m desirable1 if y c af=d ! co/ ( ! mat]ials 7:i* c be obta9$ almo/ any:]e71 & ! "w ( lay+ pi]s = su* a purpose is n v difficult2 b :e!r to use po/s or pi]s %\ld1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! "* & p]man5ce ( ! build+4 ,hav+ fix$ ^u ! position ( ! build+1 proce$ to /ake x out 7includ+ ! piazza if !re is to be "o71 z %[n 9 ! *apt] imm$iately prec$+4 ,! f\ndation be+ ready1 ! frame is next to be consid]$4 ,y h probably notic$ 9 ! old h\ses built by our =efa!rs _! massive con/ruction1--! great size ( ! timb]s & ! way 9 :i* !y are heavily brac$ & mortis$ & p9n$ toge!r4 ,) ! mod]n facilities = cutt+ wood into small pieces by ma*9]y has sprung up a /yle ( build+ ( :i* y w see examples on e h&1 & :i* :5 c>ri$ to its extreme 9 ! *eape/ h\ses makes a /ructure s flimsy t x is lit]ally held toge!r by no?+ b nails4 ,a sci5tific modification 7adapt$ to mod]n conditions7 ( ! old-fa%ion$ brac$ /ructure1 reta9+ its advantages & rem$y+ its defects1 is und\bt$ly sup]ior 7exp5se be+ no object7 to a balloon frame t w only hold toge!r by hav+ ! outside bo>d+ nail$ on to x z fa/ z x is put up4 ,if ! m *eaply built balloon /ructures ( to-day _h be5 put up 9 ! days ( our ,pilgrim or ,puritan ance/ors n a /ick ( !m w\ld n[ be /&+4 ,a light] arrangem5t ?an ! old-fa%ion$ frame & "o m easily built is1 h[ev]1 9 our day probably bett] adapt$ = ! con/ruction ( a l>ge class ( build+s ( mod]ate size & mod]ate co/4 ,?is is said ab\t brac$ & fram$ /ructures t y may n be l$ to ?9k t ! light con/ruction advocat$ "h = y w\ld be ! be/ = all wood5 /ructures4 ,y\r h\se w be s small1 & ! con/ruction ( a brac$ & mortis$ frame is s difficult = amateurs1 t a light] & easi] arrangem5t w be be/ = y to use1 h[ev] ill-suit$ x might be = a l>ge mansion or w>e-h\se4 ,?is sy/em ( con/ruction w be p]fectly satisfactory & suffici5tly durable = a little summ] cottage4 ,a little h\se well suit$ = summ] use1 or = a w9t] camp1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cia4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! ma9 h\se 7:i* conta9s ! g5]al liv+-room7 c be fram$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #chi4 ,! lean-to addition 7:i* conta9s ! kit*57 c be fram$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cga4 ,if bo? p>ts are built at "o "t1 only f\r sills %\ld be us$ = ! entire /ructure1 & ! corn]-po/s & upright /udd+ ( ! lean-to on ! side next ! ma9 h\se %\ld be omitt$4 ,! sides ( ?is h\se are batt5$1 i4e41 ! jo9ts ( ! v]tical %ea?+ are cov]$ ) /rips nail$ ov] !m--9 ?is case ) /rips ( half-r\nd m\ld+4 ,?is is an easy & q inexp5sive way to f9i% ! outside1 & :ile h>dly equal to clapbo>d+ or %+l+ 9 "s respects is a v good way = /ructures ( ?is k9d4 ,z y w see f ! illu/ration1 ! raft]s ( bo? ! h\se & ! ell project or ov]hang at ! eaves4 ,?is is n really a necessity = any /ructure1 & y w sometimes see q l>ge build+s )\t any ov]hang ( ! ro( :atev]1 b1 z a rule1 x improves ! appe>ance ( ! h\se1 & is a help 9 %$d+ ! wat] f>!r f ! walls4 ,x is only necess>y to let ! raft]s project at _! l[] ends1 mak+ all project equally1 & to nail a bo>d to _! ends1 z %[n4 ,! ov]hang at ! ends ( ! h\se c be arrang$ 9 ! same way1 %ort pieces ( /udd+ be+ nail$ 9 ! outside angle ( ! ro( & ends1 ) /rips nail$ ^u ^!4 ,if ! gr\nd slopes1 z 9 ?is case1 lattice-"w is good to cov] ! space bel[ ! sills4 ,! rema9+ details h be5 treat$ 9 ! prec$+ cases4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! simple /ructure %[n 9 ,fig4 #cib is suitable = v>i\s uses1 & c be con/ruct$ 9 ! way already describ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! piazza is1 h[ev]1 a new problem1 b n a v difficult "o aft] ! processes already describ$4 ,a simple way1 suit$ = ru/ic /ructures or r\gh cab9s1 is to set ! piazza po/s 9 ! gr\nd to a dep? ( two or ?ree feet1 saw+ ! tops (f at ! height ( ! piazza ro(1 & simply nail+ a sy/em ( floor-timb]s = ! piazza floor to ^! po/s & ! side ( ! h\se & floor+ x ) bo>ds1 :ile ! ro( ( ! piazza is support$ on ! tops ( ! po/s4 ,?is is n a good way1 h[ev]1 = a c>efully built h\se4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cib4 ,a /rip ( joi/ or plank c be spik$ to ! side ( ! h\se at ! prop] height1 & to ?is c be nail$ a sy/em ( floor-timb]s = ! piazza floor 7see page #bhg71 ! out] corn]s & middle re/+ ^u /ones or po/s 9 ! same way z ! re/ ( ! build+4 ,?is is !n floor$ crossways1 ! :ole hav+ a slight slant outw>ds to %$ ! wat]4 ,^u ?is plat=m are rais$ ! piazza po/s1 & at ! top ( ^! is nail$ a ro( sy/em1 :i* is cov]$ ) bo>ds 9 ! same way z ! floor b5ea?4 ,en\gh slant %\ld be giv5 ! ro( to enable x to %$ ! wat] freely4 ,! o!r details d n diff] f ^? already describ$4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an excell5t =m = a small /ructure is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cic4 ,?is has a hip-ro(1 :i* is ! only ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! types already %[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cic4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cic;a4 ,?is ro( is some:at m difficult to make well ?an ! simple k9ds1 b is n beyond ! skill ( ! amateur4 ,up to ! plates ! con/ruction is ! same z t already %[n4 ,9 ?is ro(1 h[ev]1 ! ridge-bo>d is %ort & ! end raft]s 7call$ hip-raft]s7 incl9e t[>ds x 7,fig4 #cic;a74 ,lay+ out ! upp] bevels ( ^! raft]s w require c>eful plann+4 ,aft] y h succe$$ 9 lay+ !m out1 cutt+ ! bevels at ! ends1 & fitt+ !m 9 place1 ! %ort] jack raft]s c readily be put 9 place4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cid4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cie4 ,! %+l+ is m difficult at ! corn]s ?an 9 ! o!r ro(s %[n1 z ! %+les mu/ be cut4 ,x is well to cov] ea* hip ) a l9e ( %+les1 laid p>allel to ! hip & along ea* side ( x4 ,bo>ds c be us$ to cov] ! hips1 z %[n 9 "o ( ! illu/rations ( ,cottage ,r[4 ,ano!r =m1 embody+ ! same ro( con/ruction1 b l>g] & correspond+ly m difficult1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a small cottage = summ] use 7,fig4 #cie7 is n m difficult ?an ! cases already %[n1 except 9 ! matt] ( size4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cif4 ,,end ,,elevation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! process ( /ak+ out & sett+ ! f\ndation has be5 already describ$ "u ,a ,work%op1 pages #bei-bfd4 ,! frame c be built ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple z %[n 9 ,fig4 #chi1 ! dim5sions ( ! /ock dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! h\se2 b ! directions giv5 9 ^! *apt]s are int5d$ only = small /ructures4 ,! sills %\ld be #d #f or #f #f1 ! corn]-po/s c be #d #d or #d #f1 ! floor-timb]s & raft]s #b #f1 al?\gh1 if ! h\se is q small1 #b #d w d = ! raft]s1 :i* c be brac$ by coll> beams1 or simply horizontal pieces ( bo>d nail$ across 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ro(4 ,arrange ! /udd+ accord+ to ! doors & w9d[s4 ,z ?is h\se is n to be la!d & pla/]$1 x is n ess5tial t ! /udd+ %\ld be at any exact di/ance ap>t4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! frame ( ?is h\se & t %[n 9 ,fig4 #chi consi/s 9 ! projection ( ! second-/ory floor-timb]s ov] ! piazza1 ! ends re/+ ^u an out] plate on top ( ! piazza po/s 7,fig4 #cif74 ,! arrangem5t ( ! attic floor-beams1 ! raft]s1 & ! side-plates is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cig4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cig4 ,! frame = ! piazza floor c be arrang$ z foll[s3 ,fa/5 a /rip ( #b #d joi/ along ! side1 spik+ x ?r\gh into ! sill4 ,on ?is fa/5 an arrangem5t ( floor-timb]s1 su* z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cih1 ! inn] cross-beam & l5g?ways /r+]s re/+ 9 ga9s1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cii4 ,! details ( ! arrangem5t c be v>i$ accord+ to ! height y wi% ! piazza floor to be relatively to ! floor inside4 ,= a q small /ructure1 or = a tempor>y "o1 x w answ] to make ?is piazza-floor sy/em ( #b #f /ock simply saw$ squ>e & spik$ toge!r1 on ! pr9ciple %[n 9 ,fig4 #cgh1 b = a good h\se :i* y wi% to be p]man5t1 x is bett] to put a little m lab\r into ! piazza4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cih4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cii4 ,ano!r way is to h ! ma9 sills ext5d "u ! piazza z well z "u ! h\se prop]4 ,?is is a m ?or\gh way z reg>ds /iffness1 b extra pa9s mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! wat] work+ d[n on ! sills :]e ! h\se & piazza jo91 z ?is w t5d to rot ?is portion ( ! sills4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ( sills an extra sill1 or cross-sill1 %\ld be add$ "u ! juncture ( ! body ( ! h\se & ! piazza4 ,! ends ( ?is sill c re/ 9 ga9s cut 9 ! end-sills1 & ! middle c be support$ by "o or m po/s4 ,= ! /airs1 :i* c be put :]ev] y wi%1 take two pieces ( plank1 #b #i or #aj1 & ( suffici5t l5g?4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! po9ts = ! top & ! bottom ( ! /airs 7by lay+ (f on ! floor 9 ! same way z = ! raft]s1 page #bfh71 lay "o ( ! planks on ! floor 9 ! prop] position & m>k ! not*es = ! /eps & ! bevels = ! ends4 ,aft] ^! not*-bo>ds or /r+ pieces h be5 cut & put 9 place1 y c easily get out & nail on ! ris]s & treads4 ,exam9ation ( any common /airs w %[ y h[ to arrange ^! details )\t difficulty4 ,y c m>k on a /ick ! height f ! top ( ! l[] floor to ! top ( ! upp]4 ,divide ?is di/ance1 on ! /ick1 into z _m p>ts z y wi% to h /eps1 & y c use ! /ick z a gauge by :i* to det]m9e ! po9ts = saw+ ! not*es = ! /eps4#ci ,x is be/ to h ! treads n less ?an #i wide1 & #aj is bett]1 :ile #g-a_/b or #h w d = ! ris]s4 ,a head]1 or cross-piece1 mu/ be securely fa/5$ betwe5 ! second-/ory floor-beams :]e !y are cut (f to make ! op5+ at ! head ( ! /airs4 ,! p>titions inside require no directions1 be+ simply made ( /udd+ to :i* %ea?+ is nail$4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? ( ! prec$+ cases1 & ! int]ior fitt+s y c arrange )\t fur!r in/ructions4 ,a regul> brick *imney w1 ( c\rse1 be a desirable feature if y c af=d x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! slight modification ( hav+ ! ro( ov]hang on ea* side1 two piazzas w be provid$ & space giv5 = l>g] *amb]s 7,fig4 #djj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! con/ruction diff]s f t ( ! design j %[n only 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! fram+ = ! second /ory4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #djj4 ,! floor-beams ( ! second /ory w ov]lap at ea* end & ! raft]s be correspond+ly long]1 & ! end-plates c be omitt$ & ! end-/udd+ cont9u$ up to ! raft]s1 except :]e int]rupt$ by ! w9d[-spaces4 ,?is h\se1 l ! o!rs1 c be clapbo>d$1 %+l$1 batt5$1 or %ea!d1 z y may pref]4 ,,footnotes3 #cf ,obta9$ ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,bradley1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! admirable ,f>m ,s*ool on ,?ompson's ,isl&1 9 ,bo/on ,h>b\r1 :]e ?is little village 0 built4 #cg ,if t is too exp5sive1 "s ( ^? giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages w probably answ] y\r purpose4 #ch ,soils :i* are naturally por\s1 f :i* ra9 rapidly disappe>s1 are kn[n to be ! heal?ie/ = ! sites ( h\ses4 ,9 ?is ! action ( ! soil oxidizes all organic impurities1 ! result+ product is wa%$ away by ! ra91 & ! soil rema9s sweet & :olesome4--,,la?am4 #ci ,to f9d ! numb] ( /eps = a giv5 situation1 f9d ! height1 z j %[n1 f floor to floor1 #ajb = example4 ,assume1 = trial1 a satisfactory height = ea* /ep1 z #g4 ,divide #ajb by #g1 :i* gives #ad-d_/g = ! numb] ( /eps4 ,to make ! numb] ev51 call x #ad1 & y h only to divide #ajb by #ad to get ! exact height ( ea* /ep4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,a ,,few ,,simple ,,/ructures ,summ]-h\ses4--,a =m :i* is q easy to build1 & :i* is attractive :5 ov]run ) v9es1 is %[n 9 front elevation 7,fig4 #dja7 & 9 side elevation 7,fig4 #djb74 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! con/ruction is simple4 ,! frame c be ( #b #c /ock 7plan$71 except ! sills1 :i* _h be/ n be small] ?an #b #d 7on edge74 ,cross floor-beams c be ins]t$1 z 9 ! floors ( ! little h\ses fir/ %[n4 ,! upright memb]s c1 h[ev]1 re/ ^u po/s set 9 ! gr\nd & ! floor be disp5s$ )4 ,:]e ! p>ts ( ! frame cross !y c be halv$ 7see ,halv+74 ,! squ>e jo9ts c be nail$ toge!r4 ,! ro( c be solid or made ( slats sev]al in*es ap>t1 re/+ ^u raft]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dja4 ,! /rips = ! lattice-"w c be ab\t #c_/h ?ick1 & f #g_/h to #a-a_/d wide4 ,^! c be got out at any mill 9 long or %ort /rips1 :i* y c cut (f z y put !m on4 ,d n lay !m too closely toge!r4 ,put "o /rip on at ! desir$ angle4 ,!n cut (f "o or m %ort pieces by :i* to gauge ! di/ance = lay+ ! next /rip1 or get out a piece ( light ?9 bo>d+ ( ! wid? ( ! space betwe5 ! lattice /rips & hold x beside ea* /rip z a guide by :i* to lay ! next "o4 ,?is lattice-"w1 al?\gh ea* /rip is s slight1 w give ! frame great /iffness & /r5g?4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #djb4 ,! jo9ts ( su* framework z ?is %\ld prop]ly be pa9t$ be=e be+ put toge!r 7see ,pa9t+71 & x also is a m ?or\gh & neat] way to lay ! lattice-"w /rips on supports ( "s k9d & pa9t !m be=e putt+ on4 ,!y w !n only require t\*+ up ) pa9t aft] ! h\se is done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ru/ic summ]-h\se1 or arb\r1 made ( /icks 9 _! natural =m1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #djc1 is 9 "s respects m difficult to build ?an ! prec$+1 because ! ends ( s _m ( ! pieces h to be cut at an oblique angle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,fir/ make a plat=m1 z = ! o!r floors1 or ! upright po/s c re/ ^u po/s set 9 ! gr\nd & ! floor be disp5s$ )4 ,plates c be plac$ on top ( ! po/s1 & raft]s ext5d f ! plates at ! top ( ea* po/ to ! apex ( ! ro(4 ,^! plates & raft]s w make a framework on :i* to nail ! /icks :i* =m ! ro( cov]+4 ,! rema9+ details are app>5t4 ,mu* c>e is requir$1 h[ev]1 to put ?is h\se toge!r prop]ly1 n m]ely 9 cutt+ ! angles at ! jo9ts1 b 9 sight+1 measur+1 & te/+ to ensure its com+ toge!r )\t twi/+ or w9d+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #djc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in/ead ( mak+ ?is h\se six-sid$1 x c1 if desir$1 be made rectangul> l ! prec$+ "o1 b keep+ ! same arrangem5t ( ! details4 ,?is makes a v pretty design1 & 9 respect to jo9+ ! pieces is mu* easi] to make4 ,ano!r pretty plan is to build a hexagonal1 octagonal1 or circul> h\se ( ?is sort ar\nd a tree trunk4 ,if ! ro( is fitt$ too snugly to ! tree trunk1 ! gr[? ( ! latt] may split ! ro( ap>t be=e ! re/ ( ! h\se is pa/ its usefulness1 s y %\ld arrange ?is "p to all[ = ! gr[? ( ! tree4 ,ba?-h\se4--,a pla9 ba?-h\se 7,fig4 #djd7 c well be made ) a lean-to ro( & put toge!r on ! same simple pr9ciples already %[n2 s t additional in/ructions = ?is design are unnecess>y4 ,a good way = su* a build+ is to %ea? x v]tically z %[n1 b any ( ! o!r me?ods c1 ( c\rse1 be adopt$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #djd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dje4 ,boat-h\ses4--,by us+ ! same simple sy/em ( framework %[n 9 ,fig4 #chi y c make an inexp5sive boat-h\se 7,fig4 #dje74 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! incl9$ slip or plat=m ^u :i* y haul ! boats up f ! wat] requires simply two or ?ree timb]s = /r+]s1 runn+ d[n t[>ds ! wat]1 ) #b planks nail$ across1 z %[n4 ,! simple/ way to squ>e ! ends ( ^! planks is to nail !m 9 place1 all[+ a little extra l5g?1 & !n saw ! ends all (f at once by a l9e4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #djf4 ,a h\se ( ?is k9d c be built to ext5d ov] ! wat] 7= boats :i* are to be kept 9 ! wat]7 by arrang+ a f\ndation ( /one or piles 9 ! wat]1 or by digg+ a little dock into ! %ore "u ! h\se4 ,9 ^! cases !re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be an additional door ( ! ord9>y k9d = entrance on ! %ore end ( ! h\se1 & x w be conv5i5t1 if ! h\se is long en\gh1 to floor ov] ?is end4 ,a n>r[ floor or plat=m c also be ext5d$ along "o or bo? sides to facilitate h&l+ ! boats & gett+ 9 or out ( !m4 ,! sill at ! wat] end w h to be omitt$1 ( c\rse1 a piece ( /udd+ be+ fitt$ 9 at ea* side ( ! door-space1 b ^! details y w h no difficulty 9 arrang+ if y h /udi$ ! prec$+ examples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a l>g] & m elaborate boat-h\se1 or club-h\se 7,fig4 #djf71 hav+ a l(t = /orage z well z a balcony1 c be con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples already expla9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,screws1 ,h+es1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #djg4 ,! end-plate = ! end %[n 9 ! illu/ration _c run across f side to side1 because ( ! doorway op5+ on ! balcony1 b c be made 9 two p>ts to ext5d f ! sides to upright /uds at ea* side ( ! doorway4 ,a simple way ( arrang+ ! frame at ! floor ( ! second /ory is %[n 9 ,fig4 #djg4 ,unless ?is build+ is v small 79 :i* case x c only be us$ = ! /orage ( o>s1 rigg+1 etc471 ! sills %\ld be ( #d #f 7on edge7 or #f #f /ock1 & ! floor-beams ( #b #f /ock4 #d #d or #d #f w d = ! corn]-po/s1 & #b #d = ! /udd+ & raft]s = su* a small /ructure z is advisable = ! beg9n] to attempt4 ,if y %\ld1 h[ev]1 build any?+ l>ge1 ! po/s1 ! l[] floor-beams1 if unsupport$ 9 ! middle1 ! plates1 & ! raft]s %\ld be heavi]4 ,if y\r h\se is to be us$ by _m p & heavy boats are to be haul$ 9 & out1 x is mu* bett] to err on ! side ( hav+ ^! timb]s too heavy r ?an too light4 ,b ^! designs are only int5d$ = comp>atively small /ructures4 ,! out] floor-timb]s = ! balcony _h be/ be mortis$ into ! po/s 7see ,mortis+74 ,! top rail ar\nd ! balcony c be ( #b #d /udd+1 laid flatways1 & ) ! upp] angles bevell$ 7see ,bevell+74 ,! balu/]s c be simply squ>e pieces nail$ into place4 ,! rail & balu/]s c1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ 9 a great v>iety ( =ms at a wood-work+ mill1 if y pref] to buy !m4 ,! braces "u ! balcony c be ( #b #d /ock4 ,all ^! outside p>ts %\ld be plan$ by ma*9e4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? ( ! h\ses already describ$4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,boat-,,build+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,*apt] ,,xv ,boat-build+1 l _m o!r k9ds ( "w1 c be done 7ev5 9 its simple/ /ages7 m quickly1 m easily1 &1 ( c\rse1 m *eaply1 by two p]sons ?an by "o1 s x w be economy ( money1 "t1 & lab\r to f9d someone to jo9 =ces ) y4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 give up y\r plans = lack ( a fell[-workman1 = no?+ is giv5 "h :i* _c be done by "o p]son )1 p]haps1 a little help once 9 a :ile ab\t hold+ or lift+ some?+4 ,if ^! boats seem r simple comp>$ ) _m :i* y h se51 & y fail to f9d "h "s =m y h 9 m9d to build1 x is to be rememb]$ t boat-build+ is by no means easy1 & t _m an attractive design w\ld prove too difficult = ! av]age beg9n] to f9i% successfully4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 build+ su* boats z ^! w help y 9 m difficult boat-build+4 ,^! simple models are n (f]$ z be+ 9 !mselves ! be/ !re are1 nor are ! ways %[n = build+ !m 9 e case su* z w\ld always be us$ by a regul> boat-build]2 b boat-build+ involves a v>iety ( difficulties1 n m]ely 9 ! design+1 b also 9 ! execution4 ,x takes a good workman to turn out a really successful r\nd-bottom$ boat 7except by ! use ( canvas71 !re=e a few simple types ( flat-bottom$ boats are all t are treat$ "h4 ,:5 y h become skilful en\gh to attempt ! m advanc$ =ms1 y c easily f9d a numb] ( excell5t books on boat-build+ f :i* to ga9 ! ne$$ in=mation4 ,! int5tion "h is to %[ wood-work+ processes :i* y c use 9 mak+ ^! simple craft1 b n to g into ! details ( design+ or ( rigg+1 subjects :i* are f> too complex to be satisfactorily treat$1 ev5 = ! beg9n]1 9 a h&-book on wood-work+4 ,:ile x is practicable to make a good punt1 or flat-bottom$ r[boat1 entirely by rule ( ?umb1 or cutt+ & try+ z y g along1 /ill y %\ld accu/om y\rself1 ev5 9 ! simple/ =ms1 to lay ! "w out on pap] correctly fir/1 z ?is is really ess5tial1 9 ord] to "w to good advantage :5 y come to ! m advanc$ =ms4 ,sc[s & ,punts4--,a flat-bottom$ boat1 if made ) c>e1 may be n m]ely good-look+1 b light1 /rong1 & useful1 & sometimes sup]ior = "s purposes to a r\nd-bottom$ boat4 ,boats ( ?is class are easily & *eaply built & by no means to be despis$4 ,!y are safe1 capaci\s1 & com=table1 & ! flat bottom p]mits mu* fre$om ( movem5t by ! occupants1 mak+ !m good boats = fi%+ & g5]al use on ponds & riv]s1 z well z = transport+ loads4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,! process is to fir/ get out ! sides1 !n ! ends1 next to fa/5 ! sides & ends toge!r z 9 mak+ a box1 !n to nail on ! bottom1 & f9ally to put 9 ! seats & any o!r fitt+s4 ,almo/ any k9d ( s(t wood c be us$ = a boat ( ?is k9d4 ,p9e is excell5t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to select cle>1 /raight-gra9$ /ock1 free f knots1 *ecks1 & o!r defects1 & ?or\ghly dry4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #djh4 ,= ! sides1 take two bo>ds1 = example1 #ad' long1 #ad wide1 & #g_/h ?ick1 plan$ on bo? sides4 ,bo? edges %\ld be jo9t$ & ! ends squ>$ & saw$ accurately4 ,m>k1 saw1 & plane ! slant at ea* end ( ^! bo>ds z %[n 9 ,fig4 #djh4 ,! ends mu/ next be got out4 ,9 ?is case !y c be #d' long & #d-a_/d wide4 ,nail toge!r ! sides & ends j z 9 mak+ a flat box4 ,use ?ree nails 7#c or #c-a_/b long7 at ea* corn]4 ,x is safe/ to bore holes = ! nails 7see ,bor+74 ,copp] nails are be/ = boats1 b galvaniz$ iron answ]s v well = common boats ( ?is k9d4 ,next place ?is frame1 bottom up1 on horses or boxes or a flat floor & plane d[n ! project+ edges ( ! end pieces to agree ) ! slant ( ! sides4 ,pieces = ! bottom are n[ to be saw$ f bo>ds ab\t #f to #h wide4 ,m>k & saw "o piece & use x = a patt]n by :i* to m>k ! l5g?s ( ! rema9+ pieces4 ,y c take ! l5g? directly f ei!r end1 all[+ a trifle 7say #a_/h7 to sp>e1 = plan+ ! ends aft] !y are nail$4 ,hav+ saw$ ! requir$ numb] ( pieces1 :i* w dep5d on ! wid? ( ! bo>ds1 nail !m on c>efully4 ,be=e nail+1 ?or\ghly pa9t ! bottom edge to :i* !y are to be nail$ ) ?ick :ite-lead pa9t4 ,see t ! edges ( ea* bo>d are /raight1 pa9t ! edges z y lay !m1 & nail ?or\ghly ) #b-a_/b nails4 ,d n put ! nails s close to ! edge z to cause splitt+4 ,! edges ( ! pieces :i* come toge!r at ! angles ( ! bottom mu/ be fitt$ c>efully ) ! plane 7see ,bevell+71 to make z tight jo9ts z possible4 ,! bo>ds %\ld be press$ closely toge!r z !y are nail$4 ,!y w assi/ 9 keep+ ! sides & ends ( ! boat at "r angles1 b x w\ld be well to te/ ! angles ) ! l>ge squ>e1 or by measur+ ! diagonals1 :5 y nail on ! fir/ two bo>ds4 ,a quick] way is to nail on all ! bo>ds 7n saw+ !m accurately to a l5g?7 & !n to saw ! ends all (f by a l9e4 ,a good way is to use1 = ! bottom1 pla9 %ea?+ or mat*$ bo>ds1 if obta9able )\t ! bead or m\ld+ commonly work$ on ! surface1 :i* w\ld be apt to cause leakage4 ,! %ea?+ c be plan$ d[n on bo? sides to a ?ickness ( #e_/h1 :i* w remove ! m\ld+1 b ?is is r ?9 = ! bottom ( a boat z l>ge z ?is1 ?\gh an excell5t way = a n>r[] boat4 ,:5 ! bottom is all nail$ on1 turn ! boat on ea* side & plane (f any irregul>ity 9 ! ends ( ! bottom bo>ds1 s t !y w be flu% ) ! sides4 ,a cleat f #d to #f wide %\ld be laid along ! middle ( ! bottom to /iff5 x1 z %[n4 ,! nails %\ld be driv5 ?r\gh ! bo>ds & cl9*$4 ,wr\ght nails1 or "s k9d t w b5d ov] & n break1 mu/ ( c\rse be us$ = ?is4 ,?is cleat is (t5 nail$ on ! outside in/ead ( ! inside4 ,nail a seat at ea* end directly on top ( ! sides & ends z %[n4 ,f #ab to #ah 9 wid? w d4 ,! seat = r[+ 7ab\t #h or #i wide7 c re/ on cleats1 z %[n4 ,next screw a cleat1 ab\t #b deep1 #g_/h ?ick1 & #aj long1 to ! insides ( ! gunwales at ! places = ! r[locks 7see ,screws74 ,common iron r[locks c be b\ght almo/ any:]e1 & ! way to put !m on is obvi\s 7see ,bor+74 ,a sub/itute = !m c be arrang$ easily by simply bor+ two holes1 #c-a_/b ap>t1 = ! ins]tion ( r\nd ?ole p9s ( h>d wood4 ,ano!r simple way 7,fig4 #dji7 is to make two mortises or slots1 #c-a_/b ap>t & #a-a_/b long #e_/h wide1 to hold ?ole p9s 7,fig4 #daj74 ,! cutt+ c be done :olly 9 ! cleats by saw+ & p>+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dji4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #daj4 ,ins]t a r+-bolt at ! end by :i* to fa/5 ! boat1 or a /aple c be driv5 91 or a hole bor$ at ! end ( ! seat4 ,if c>e has be5 tak5 to make close jo9ts1 ! wood w swell on be+ put 9 ! wat] & 9 a %ort "t ! boat %\ld be tight4 ,unless made = "s tempor>y purpose1 h[ev]1 a boat t is wor? mak+ at all is wor? pa9t+4 ,x %\ld be pa9t$ c>efully ) lead pa9t1 bo? inside & out1 two or ?ree coats1 be+ c>eful to "w ! pa9t well into ! wood & ! cracks 7see ,pa9t+74 ,in/ead ( lay+ ! bottom bo>ds tightly toge!r1 z direct$ above1 !y c be laid slightly ap>t1 s t ! cracks betwe5 !m w be ab\t #a_/h wide4 ,^! c !n be caulk$ ) oakum1 cotton-batt+1 or wick+1 or some?+ ( t nature4 ,roll or twi/ ! mat]ial into a loose cord1 unless already 9 t =m1 & =ce x into ! cracks ) a putty-knife1 screw-driv]1 case-knife1 or any?+ ( ! sort4 ,a regul> caulk+-iron is n at all necess>y = a small boat4 ,a piece ( h>d wood w d4 ,be sure to fill ! seams ?or\ghly & tightly ) ! oakum or o!r caulk+ mat]ial4 ,!n apply :ite lead pl5tifully to ! caulk$ seams4 ,b ! me?od fir/ giv5 is usually satisfactory if y d y\r "w ) c>e4 ,pit* or t> c be us$ 9 mak+ ! bottom ( a boat ( ?is k9d tight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a =m :i* is a decid$ improvem5t on ! prec$+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #daa4 ,! process ( mak+ ?is punt w be fir/ to get out ! cross-bo>d :i* goes 9 ! middle1 & next ! sides & ends4 ,^! pieces hav+ be5 put toge!r1 ! bottom is nail$ on1 & f9ally ! seats & o!r fitt+s are add$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #daa4 ,! "o "h describ$ is small1 b l>ge en\gh = two good-siz$ boys4 ,! dim5sions are giv5 m]ely to help illu/rate ! process4 ,z mu* l>g] boat z may be desir$ c1 ( c\rse1 be made ^u ! same pr9ciples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,c>e %\ld always be tak5 to select cle>1 /raight-gra9$ /ock1 free f knots1 *ecks1 & o!r defects1 & ?or\ghly dry4 ,p9e is excell5t1 b almo/ any good wood c be us$ = a boat ( ?is sort4 ,fir/ get out c>efully a bo>d1 p]haps #c' long1 or ! wid? ( ! boat 7at ! middle71 & ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #dab1 remov+ a small piece at ea* l[] corn]1 to all[ = ! passage ( any wat] :i* may leak 94 ,get out ea* side ( ! boat1 #aj' #d long1 ( #c_/d /ock1 c>efully squ>+ ! ends4 ,aft] ^! are cut1 m>k a di/ance ( #c' f ea* end t[>ds ! c5tre on ! edge ( "o ( ! bo>ds & a di/ance ( #c on ! ends1 measur+ f ! o!r edge1 & m>k ! curves %[n 9 ,fig4 #dac1 :i* %\ld sweep easily f ! edge ( ! bo>d )\t any abrupt turn4 ,if y _c draw a good curve free-h&1 take a spl9e or ?9 /rip ( wood1 b5d x on ! side ( ! bo>d t[>ds "o end till y get a good curve1 hold x 9 position1 & us+ x z a rul] m>k ! l9e ) a p5cil4 ,y c cut ?is curve & use x = a patt]n by :i* to m>k ! o!r curves4 ,^! curves c be b&-saw$ or cut ) ! draw-knife or hat*et & plane 7see ,p>+74 ,:atev] me?od y adopt1 ! curves %\ld f9ally be run ov] ) ! plane to remove irregul>ities1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep z accurately to ! l9e m>k$ z possible4 ,! top edges mu/ also be jo9t$1 al?\gh x is n mat]ial t !y %\ld be absolutely /raight4 ,m>k a l9e ) ! squ>e across ea* bo>d at ! c5tre4 ,next get out ! end pieces1 #b' long1 #c-c_/d wide1 & ( #g_/h /ock 7,fig4 #dad74 ,bevel ! ends ( ^! pieces at ! same angle z ! c5tre bo>d already saw$1 f :i* y c m>k ! angle4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dab4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dac4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dad4 ,an easy way to put ?is boat toge!r w be to put ! sides & ends toge!r1 & !n1 by spread+ ! sides ap>t1 to put ! middle bo>d 9 its prop] place4 ,bore holes = #b-a_/b screws at ea* end ( ! sides 7see ,bor+7 & screw ! sides & ends toge!r loosely 7see ,screws71 n driv+ ! screws home1 b leav+ _! heads /ick+ beyond ! sides p]haps an eigh? ( an in*4 ,n[ lay ! boat 7s f> z made7 bottom side up on ! horses or boxes1 or ev5 ) "o end on ! floor & ! o!r rais$ by a box1 &1 spread+ ! sides 9 ! middle z mu* z may be necess>y1 pu% ! middle bo>d up into place1 gett+ x exactly opposite c5tre l9es previ\sly m>k$ on ! sides & s t ! bottom edge ( ! bo>d is j ev5 ) ! inn] edge ( ! bottom ( ! sides4 ,?is piece c n[ be nail$ 9 place by ?ree nails at ea* end4 ,n[1 on look+ at ! ends :]e ! sides are screw$1 y w see t spread+ ! sides has caus$ ! jo9ts 7purposely left loose7 to op5 slightly at ! inside1 & t ! ends require to be slightly bevell$ or trimm$ to make a close jo9t4 ,unscrew "o end1 d ! necess>y trimm+ ) ! plane1 replace ! piece1 & screw x into position aga91 driv+ ! screws home & add+ "o or two nails4 ,d ! same ) ! o!r end & ! boat w be ready = ! bottom4 ,b be=e ! bottom is nail$ on1 ! l[] edges ( ! sides mu/ be bevell$ ) ! plane1 ow+ to ! sides fl>+ outw>ds4 ,! degree ( bevell+ requir$ c be det]m9$ by lay+ a bo>d across 7,fig4 #dae74 ,at fir/ x w only t\* ! out] angles ( ! edges1 & ! plan+ mu/ be cont9u$ until x be>s flat on ! entire edge4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dae4 ,n[ get out ( #g_/h /ock ! bottom bo>ds1 ! edges ( :i* %\ld be c>efully jo9t$ to fit toge!r z tightly z possible4 ,^! bo>ds %\ld be ?or\ghly nail$ to ! sides ( ! boat ) #b-a_/d or #b-a_/b nails1 c>e be+ tak5 n to nail too ne> ! edges ( ! bo>ds1 le/ !y split4 ,z ! sides are only #c_/d ?ick y w h to be c>eful 9 driv+ ! nails or !y w split ! sides4 ,be=e y f9i% nail+ ! fir/ bottom bo>ds1 te/ ! symmetry ( ! frame by measur+ ! diagonals4 ,^! %\ld be equal4 ,if n1 y c easily make !m s ) y\r h&s1 & tack a c\ple ( /rips diagonally across ! gunwales to keep ! frame 9 position until ! bottom is nail$ on4 ,also sight across ! gunwales to see t ! frame is true4 ,if x w9ds1 correct ! error by block+ x up :]e ne$$4 ,%ea?+ c well be us$ = ! bottom ( ?is boat1 z = ! "o j describ$1 if y c get x )\t ! m\ld+4 ,! bottom c also be caulk$ 7see page #cjb71 b if y _c get ! %ea?+ ! way fir/ describ$ w answ] e purpose4 ,aft] ! bottom is nail$ on1 turn ! boat on ea* edge & plane (f any irregul>ities at ! ends ( ! bottom bo>ds1 s t !y w be flu% ) ! sides4 ,next nail a /rip1 ab\t #c or #d wide & #c_/d ?ick1 l5g?ways on ! middle ( ! bottom1 on ! inside4 ,fa/5 ?is to ea* bo>d ) a c\ple ( nails driv5 ?r\gh & cl9*$ on ! outside4 ,?is w s]ve to /iff5 ! bottom4 ,next deck ov] ea* end ) a seat #ab wide nail$ directly on top ( ! sides4 ,put 9 a seat1 or ?w>t1 #i wide & #g_/h ?ick1 next to ! middle brace1 z %[n4 ,cleats c be nail$ to ! sides "u ?is seat4 ,?is %\ld be a fix$ seat1 nail$ to ! cross brace & to ! sides ( ! boat1 :i* w assi/ 9 /iff5+ ! sides4 ,y c nail a gunwale /rip1 #b wide by #g_/h or #c_/d ?ick1 on top ( ! sides & rea*+ f "o end seat to ! o!r1 or y c put a some:at small] /rip ar\nd ! out] edge ( ! gunwale1 :i* is q z good a way4 ,x is n really necess>y to put any gunwale /rip on s small a boat1 b if omitt$ a cleat mu/ be screw$ on = ! r[locks 7,fig4 #dji74 ,if y put ! gunwale /rip on top1 x w make a m workmanlike job to fir/ plane ! edges ( ! gunwale s t !y w be horizontal across ! boat1 9 ! same way t y plan$ ! bottom edges to receive ! bottom bo>ds4 ,put ! c5tre ( ! r[locks ab\t #ab aft ( ! c5tre ( ! boat1 rais+ !m an in* or s above ! gunwale by means ( a cleat 7,fig4 #daf71 z %[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #daf4 ,at a di/ance ( ab\t #bh f ! b[1 y c1 if desir$1 put 9 a #f ?w>t betwe5 ! gunwales or a little l[]1 & 9 ! middle ( ?is ?w>t bore a hole = a small ma/1 putt+ bel[ & slightly =w>d ^u ! floor a block ) a small] hole4 ,sail+ does n am\nt to v mu* 9 a boat ( ?is sort1 b a small sail is (t5 v useful :5 go+ be=e ! w9d & adds to ! fun4 ,?is makes a v useful & safe boat = a c\ple ( boys = riv] or pond "w4 ,if y wi% to make a l>g] "o y w h no difficulty aft] /udy+ ! process giv5 above4 ,! only diff]5ce ne$ be 9 ! dim5sions4 ,= "o #ab' long y c\ld make ! beam at ! gunwale 7outside7 #c' #f & at ! bottom #b' #aj1 ! beam at ! bottom ( ! ends 7outside7 #b' #aj 7same z amid%ips7--! ends to fl>e upw>d at ! same angle z at ! c5tre1 ! bo>ds = ! sides be+ #ad wide4 ,= "o #ad' long1 y c\ld make ! beam #d' at ! gunwale1 #c' #d at ! bottom1 ! same at ! ends1 & ! sides c\ld be made ( bo>ds #ae wide4 ,/ock #c_/d ?ick is suffici5tly heavy = ! sides ( a boat #ad' long4 ,! seats = a l>g] boat ?an t describ$ c be arrang$ to re/ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dag1 & an extra m\ld or cross-bo>d n f> f ea* end c be us$1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dag4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dah4 ,a piece ( keel or skag c be add$ at ! /]n end1 if desir$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dah4 ,?is w assi/ 9 r[+ /raight4 ,fit a piece ( #g_/h bo>d to ! curve ( ! bottom1 keep+ ! /raight edge p>allel ) ! top4 ,squ>e (f ! end 9 l9e ) ! /]n1 nail ! skag firmly to ! bottom1 & nail a /]n-po/1 #g_/h #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b1 securely to ! /]n & ! skag4 ,a rudd] c be hung to ! /]n-po/ if desir$4 ,a c5tre-bo>d is sometimes add$ to a punt1 be+ arrang$ 9 ! way %[n on page #ccj4 ,a lee-bo>d is (t5 us$ on punts & sc[s4 ,x is m]ely a c5tre-bo>d l[]$ outside ( ! boat in/ead ( 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dai4 ,small ,r[boat4--,a simple =m ( skiff1 or common flat-bottom$ r[boat 7,fig4 #dai71 call$ by v>i\s names1 is simil> to ! punt at ! /]n1 & ! mode ( con/ruction is simil>4 ,! bo>ds = ! sides are n cut away on ! bottom at ! b[1 z 9 ! punt1 b are left full wid? & drawn toge!r to =m a %>p b[4 ,! ends are usually1 b n always1 cut (f ) a slight slant at ! b[1 :i* gives a rake to ! /em 7,fig4 #dbj74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to select cle>1 /raight-gra9$ /ock1 free f knots1 *ecks1 & o!r defects1 & ?or\ghly dry4 ,p9e is excell5t4 ,any good wood c1 h[ev]1 be us$4 ,make a middle m\ld 7,fig4 #dba71 z 9 ! case ( ! punt j describ$1 & proce$ ) ! con/ruction 9 a simil> mann]1 until y come to ! b[4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dba4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbb4 ,screw ! sides to ! /]n-piece 7,fig4 #dbb7 )\t driv+ ! screws completely 91 b leav+ a little play to ! jo9t 7see ,screws74 ,next put ! middle m\ld 9 place by l9es previ\sly squ>$ across ea* side4 ,nail ! middle m\ld 9 position4 ,!n1 lett+ someone draw ! b[ ends ( ! sides toge!r 7or if y are alone1 b9d+ !m toge!r tempor>ily71 release ! /]n-piece & plane its ends to make close jo9ts ) ! side pieces1 z 9 ! case ( ! punt already describ$4 ,:5 ^! jo9ts are fitt$1 pa9t !m ) :ite lead & screw or nail ! sides securely 7& p]man5tly7 to ! /]n bo>d4 ,draw ! =e-ends toge!r & fit a piece ( h>d wood 9 ! angle at ! b[ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dbc4 ,y c cut ?is piece approximately to %ape ) a hat*et & !n plane ! surface d[n until y get an accurate fit4 ,:5 y h made x fit1 pa9t x & also ! sides :]e !y be> aga9/ x4 ,aft]w>d screw or nail ! sides firmly to ?is /em-piece1 lett+ ea* end ( ! /em project a little4 ,screws are be/ 7brass screws if = salt wat]71 b nails c be us$4 ,d n drive !m all 9 l9e1 b add a second r[ f>!r f ! edge & alt]nately arrang$4 ,if a piece ( h>d wood is n available1 a block ( s(t wood c be us$1 b x %\ld be some:at l>g]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbc4 ,ano!r patt]n ( /em-piece c be us$ 7,fig4 #dbd74 ,mu* pa9s %\ld be tak5 9 mak+ ?is po/4 ,! rabbets on ea* side %\ld be cut ) c>e1 try+ to get ! sides alike & to cut accurately to ! l9es m>k$4 ,:5 ! cutt+ is ne>ly done1 put ! piece 9 place & y c !n note any *anges :i* may be requir$ to make tight jo9ts4 ,:5 y f9ally h a good fit1 pa9t & fa/5 9 place z describ$ above4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbe4 ,/ill ano!r =m ( /em-piece is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dbe4 ,"o side ( ! boat mu/ be got out long] ?an ! o!r to all[ = ! lapp+ ov] at ! b[1 ! /em-po/ be+ fir/ fa/5$ to ! %ort] side & !n trimm$ if necess>y1 until ! side :i* laps ov] fits accurately4 ,:5 ! boat is fa/5$ toge!r to ?is ext5t1 x w frequ5tly be f\nd t ! bottom has too mu* curvature l5g?ways1 accord+ to ! degree to :i* ! sides fl>e outw>d & b5d up at ! ends4 ,?is y c rem$y by trimm+ (f ! sides 9 ! middle1 fir/ c>efully m>k+ ! desir$ l9e4 ,measure accurately1 9 do+ ?is1 to be sure t ! two sides w be alike4 ,9 remov+ ! sup]flu\s wood d n attack x ha/ily ) hat*et or draw-knife1 = wood (t5 splits 9 a way surpris+ly diff]5t f ! direction 9 :i* ! gra9 appe>s to run 7see ,p>+74 ,x is sometimes be/ to remove ! wood ) ! splitt+-saw1 b /op all su* processes "s di/ance outside ( ! l9e1 & rely ^u ! plane = ! f9al %ap+4 ,! l[] edges mu/ be bevell$ (f accurately1 ready = ! bottom bo>ds1 ! same z 9 ! case ( ! punt 7,fig4 #dae74 ,next nail on ! bottom1 us+ common bo>d+ or %ea?+ z 9 ! case ( ! punt j describ$1 & put 9 ! /iff5+ /rip ( bo>d along ! middle ( ! floor4 ,if ! middle m\ld comes 9 su* a position t x w be 9 ! way if left 9 place p]man5tly1 y c simply tack x into position ) a c\ple ( nails at ea* end1 leav+ ! heads protrud+ en\gh to draw !m out easily4 ,:5 y h put 9 ! seats & any o!r braces necess>y to ensure ! sides keep+ _! position1 y c draw ! nails & take out ! c5tre m\ld4 ,fit seats at b[ & /]n1 putt+ !m two or ?ree in*es bel[ ! gunwale & re/+ !m on cleats4 ,9 case y use ! /em-piece %[n 9 ,fig4 #dbc1 saw or plane (f ! project+ ends ( ! sides at ! b[ smoo?ly & screw 7or nail7 on a cutwat] made ( "s h>d wood & ) a %>p edge4 ,fa/5 /rips along ! gunwale1--wale /rips1--z already %[n4 ,a skag c be put on at ! /]n1 if desir$1 z describ$ on page #cjg4 ,su* a boat c be sail$ by add+ a c5tre-bo>d 7see page #ccj7 or by bolt+ on a keel sev]al in*es 9 dep?4 ,a small sail-boat c be made 9 ?is way by mak+ ! /]n n>r[]1 proportionately1 ! sides high]1 & deck+ ov] ! b[ & /]n4 ,! deck+ c ext5d ov] all ! top1 if desir$1 except a well-hole ar\nd :i* c be fitt$ a coam+ or wa% bo>d4 ,! keel c be ( plank fitt$ c>efully to ! %ape ( ! bottom1 its l[] edge be+ horizontal t[>ds ! aft] "p1 :i* w make x q deep at ! /]n4 ,a rudd] %\ld be add$ = sail+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbf4 ,skiff or ,flat-bottom$ ,canoe4--,a d\ble-end$ skiff1 batteau1 or flat-bottom$ canoe 7,fig4 #dbf71 kn[n by v>i\s names1 c be easily made by simply c>ry+ ! process already describ$ a little fur!r1 & draw+ ! sides toge!r at ! /]n z well z at ! b[1 ?us =m+ a boat %>p at bo? ends4 ,?is is an excell5t type = ! amateur1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( a small canoe or a q good-siz$ boat = r[+1 or ev5 light sail+4 ,su* a boat is light1 easily propell$1 buoyant1 does n p\nd ! waves :5 meet+ !m s mu* z ! punt1 & ! %>p /]n is good :5 runn+ be=e a sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to select cle>1 /raight-gra9$ /ock1 free f knots1 *ecks1 & o!r defects1 & ?or\ghly dry4 ,p9e is excell5t1 b almo/ any good wood c be us$ = a boat ( ?is sort4 ,! sides c be b5t into place ar\nd a m\ld 9 ! middle & br\ght toge!r at bo? ends & two end-po/s fitt$4 ,9 o!r respects ! process diff]s s little f ! prec$+ t complete description is ne$less4 ,! two /em-pieces1 :i* y c fit 9 ! mann] already %[n1 w1 !oretically1 be alike4 ,practically1 !re %\ld n be m ?an a v trifl+ diff]5ce requir$ 9 _! %ape4 ,hav+ f\nd ! %ape = "o1 get ! o!r out j l x4 ,if x does n fit p]fectly1 x c be trimm$ until x does fit2 b if ! fir/ "o fits "r & ! second fails to d s by m ?an a trifl+ degree1 y _h be/ look ! boat ov] & v]ify y\r "w1 & y may f9d t y h cut some?+ too long or too %ort or got some?+ 9 ! wrong place4 ,pa9t ! ends ( ^! sides :]e !y w be 9 contact ) ! /em & /]n ) :ite lead4 ,! sides & ends c be put toge!r z foll[s3 ,take ei!r side1 screw x securely to ! /em-pieces at ea* end4 ,dip ! screw po9ts 9 :ite-lead pa9t4 ,next screw ei!r end ( ! o!r side to ! correspond+ /em-piece1 :i* w leave ! sides sep>at$ at an acute angle1 ) "o end ( "o side n yet fa/5$ to its correspond+ b[- or /]n-po/4 ,! ends be+ alike x does n matt] :i* is call$ ! b[ or /]n4 ,to fa/5 ?is rema9+ jo9t1 x w be necess>y to spr+ or b5d ! sides4 ,if y h someone to help y1 y c easily put ! mid%ip frame into position & b5d ! sides ar\nd x until ! unfa/5$ end comes into ! correct position aga9/ ! /em-piece1 to :i* x c be held & screw$ firmly4 ,if y c get no help1 y c hold ! sides 9 position by us+ a rope d\bl$ & ins]t+ /icks at top & bottom by :i* ! rope c be twi/$ & %ort5$ 7see ,clamps74 ,ano!r way is to put a box or joi/1 p]haps a c\ple ( feet long1 betwe5 ! sides1 to prev5t mak+ too mu* /ra9 on ! end fa/5+s1 &1 hav+ secur$ ! unfa/5$ end1 ! frames c !n be laid flat1 ! sides drawn f>!r ap>t1 & ! mid%ip frame =c$ into position4 ,! latt] w be 9 position :5 x agrees ) ! l9es previ\sly drawn on ! sides & :5 ! bottom is flu% ) ! inn] corn]s ( ! l[] edges ( ! sides4 ,nail ! sides to x ) #a-c_/d or #b nails1 or x c f9ally be remov$ if n ne$$ = /iffness4 ,! rema9+ details d n diff] f ^? previ\sly describ$4 ,! r[locks c be plac$ :]ev] desir$ 9 ! way already describ$1 b if ! boat %\ld be too n>r[ = ?is arrangem5t1 !y c be fa/5$ to outrigg]s1 :i* ! blacksmi? c easily contrive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a flat-bottom$ canoe c be made on ?is same pr9ciple1 ! only diff]5ce be+ to h less beam & to use a paddle or paddles in/ead ( o>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a v successful small canoe1 suitable = quiet wat]s1 c be made ( q ?9 wood 7p]haps #c_/h to #a_/b 9 ?ickness71 ! outside be+ cov]$ ) canvas4 ,9 case ( build+ s light a craft z ?is1 h[ev]1 x is be/ to ins]t regul> ribs at di/ances ( ab\t a foot to give ! necess>y /iffness1 & to lay ! bottom bo>ds l5g?ways4 ,! ribs c be b\ght 9 any l>ge t[n on ! wat]1 or y c fa%ion !m y\rself4 ,natural b5ds are always pref]able1 b y c make knees 7on ! g5]al pr9ciple %[n 9 ,fig4 #dcc7 ( /raight-gra9$ /ock1 :i*1 ?\gh clumsi] & n s /rong1 w s]ve ! purpose4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 fa/5+ on ! bottom n to split ei!r ! bottom or ! sides4 ,b ! canvas w be ! ma9 reliance 9 keep+ ! boat tight4 ,! canvas c be put on 9 ?ree pieces1 fir/ ! sides1 & !n ! bottom4 ,cov] ! sides d[n to ! bottom & let ! bottom piece lap up ov] ! sides two or ?ree in*es & ! edges be turn$ "u4 ,/iff5 ! gunwale by a /rip4 ,a light1 removable bo>d1 or grat+ ( slats1 %\ld be laid inside along ! bottom1 on ! cross-frames4 ,if well made & kept well pa9t$ s z to protect ! canvas f we> at ! expos$ po9ts1 a light canoe ( ?is sort w la/ _m ye>s & be a v useful boat4 ,x mu/ be kept out ( ! wat] & "u cov] :5 n 9 use4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a simple & *eap flat-bottom$ canoe 7,figs4 #dbg & #dbh71 b n canvas-cov]$1 is n difficult to make by ! process already describ$4 ,fir/ make ! frames & ! /em- & /]n-po/s1 !n get out ! sides4 ,^! p>ts are put toge!r & !n ! bottom is put on1 ! well-hole coam+ fitt$1 ! boat deck$1 & f9ally ! m9or fitt+s add$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ make ! c5tre frame l ,fig4 #dbi1 ! bottom /rip be+ ( #g_/h /ock1 #a-a_/d deep1 & ! side pieces ( #c_/d bo>d4 ,screw ! pieces toge!r ) two screws at ea* angle4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to make ?is frame symmetrical or ! boat w be "o-sid$4 ,y c draw ! outl9e ( ! frame c>efully on a piece ( /iff br[n pap]1 draw+ a v]tical c5tre l9e & measur+ bo? ways = accuracy4 ,lay ?is patt]n on ! b5* top1 or on a smoo? floor1 & place ! pieces = ! frame on ! draw+ s t ! out] edges j co9cide ) ! outl9e ( ! draw+4 ,hold !m firmly 9 position & screw ! angles securely toge!r4 ,tack a wa/e piece across ne> ! top to help keep ! frame 9 %ape until 9 position4 ,next get out two frames l ,fig4 #dcj1 tak+ ! dim5sions f y\r plan1 two m l ,fig4 #dca1 & two l ,fig4 #dcb4 ,to make ! /em- & /]n-po/s1 take two pieces ( joi/1 ab\t #b #d & ( suffici5t l5g?1 & ) ! *isel & saw cut a rabbet on ea* side ( ea* piece1 on ! pr9ciple %[n 9 ,fig4 #dbd4 ,give ^! rabbets a good coat ( :ite-lead pa9t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dbi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dcj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dca4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dcb4 ,! sides are got out 9 ! way already %[n4 ,on !m m>k ! position = ! c5tre m\ld4 ,ins]t & nail into place ! two next l>ge/ frames1 at ! prop] places1 & s on until all are 9 position4 ,all1 except ! c5tre "o1 w require to h _! edges slightly bevell$ ) ! plane to fit ! sides4 ,y c d ?is be/ z y put !m 9 place4 ,pa9t ! edges ( ! frames ) :ite lead be=e nail+ !m 9 position4 ,next fit pieces ( #a_/b bo>d to =m ! coam+ ar\nd ! well-hole1 & fa/5 !m to ! ?ree middle frames4 ,! details ( ?is y c easily arrange = y\rself4 ,! g5]al idea is express$ 9 ,figs4 #dbg & #dcd4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r ) ! deck1 ?or\ghly pa9t ! :ole ( ! inside ( ! boat ) :ite lead1 work+ x well into all ! jo9ts & cracks4 ,aft] giv+ x a few days to dry1 look ! inside ov] c>efully = any holes or defects to be /opp$4 ,aft] fill+ any !re may be1 give ! entire inside ano!r coat1 work+ x well into all crevices z be=e4 ,d n neglect ?is "p ( ! "w1 z x w n be easy to get at ! inside 7except 9 ! middle7 aft] ! deck is put on4 ,on ! middle ( ! deck /ret* /rips ( #a_/b wood ab\t #d wide f ! coam+ ( ! well to ! /em- & /]n-po/s1 tap]+ ! pieces z !y approa* ! ends & re/+ !m on ! tops ( ! frames1 to :i* !y %\ld be firmly nail$4 ,if y wi% to sail1 a /iff brace or ?w>t c be put 9 = ! ma/1 ) a block = a /ep4 ,"o or m /rips1 #a #a_/b1 c n[ be plac$ longitud9ally on ea* side ( ! deck & nail$ to ! frames4 ,additional deck-beams1 runn+ f gunwale to gunwale1 & hav+ ! requisite ar* or convexity1 c be put 9 if ne$$4 ,a few brackets c also be put "u ! deck1 rea*+ f ! sides to ! coam+1 if ne$$4 ,a keel ab\t "o in* squ>e1 or deep] at ! c5tre1 if desir$1 c be fitt$ along ! entire l5g? ( ! bottom4 ,x _h be/ be fa/5$ on ) screws4 ,if y\r boat is to be us$ 9 deep wat] only1 y c make ! keel #c or #d deep 9 ! middle1 rock]+ x up t[>ds ! ends1 & ! boat c be sail$ )\t a c5tre-bo>d4 ,cov] ! deck ) canvas1 fa/5$ ) small tacks to ! coam+ & to ! sides4 ,! edges ( ! canvas c be drawn d[n ov] ! gunwale = ab\t half an in*1 ! edge be+ f9ally cov]$ by a gunwale /rip screw$ f /em- to /]n-po/4 ,a piece ( half-r\nd #g_/h m\ld+ is good1 al?\gh any small /rip w d4 ,damp5 ! canvas & !n give x at lea/ two coats ( pa9t4 ,a wood5 deck c be put on if pref]r$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,canvas-cov]$ ,canoes4--,to make a really good canoe :olly ( wood requires a degree ( skill mu* great] ?an c be expect$ ( ! beg9n]1 or ?an is atta9$ by ! av]age amateur4 ,any boy or amateur c1 h[ev]1 ) ! help ( canvas & ) a v few tools & at slight exp5se1 make "s simple v>ieties :i* w s]ve ! purpose satisfactorily4 ,! canoe is %>p at bo? ends1 requires only a paddle1 & is light en\gh to be easily h&l$ a%ore4 ,if c>efully made1 a canvas canoe w be /rong1 durable1 & n difficult to m5d1 ?\gh repairs are seldom necess>y if prop] c>e is tak54 ,if canvas ( good quality is us$1 x w n be easily punctur$ or torn z "o might ?9k1 b w /& an am\nt ( bang+ ar\nd1 runn+ into snags1 dragg+ ov] ob/acles1 & abuse g5]ally1 t w\ld badly injure any b ! be/ ( wood5 canoes4 ,! v>iety ( designs = canoes :i* has develop$ or be5 evolv$ f ! m primitive =ms is 9 ^! days almo/ endless1 & ! numb] ( types f :i* to *oose is confus+4 ,! purpose = :i* ! canoe is to be us$ w help y some:at 9 select+ ! type--:e!r = paddl+ only1 or sail+1 or = cruis+ & g5]al use1 & :e!r = a riv] or small pond1 or = ! deep & r\gh wat] ( a lake or bay4 ,all ^! matt]s mu/ be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ ! beam1 dep?1 %ape ( ! mid%ip section1 ! draught1 degree ( %e]1 :e!r to h keel1 c5tre-bo>d1 or nei!r1 & o!r po9ts4 ,?is is too complex a subject to be treat$ 9 a h&-book on wood-work+1 & y c easily obta9 ! desir$ in=mation1 z well z detail$ in/ructions = draw+ ! plans1 f "s good book on ! subject4 ,a caution aga9/ mak+ ! framework too light & )\t suffici5t /iffness may n be out ( place4 ,"o frequ5tly sees canoes1 made by "y boys1 ( su* flimsy pieces & cov]$ ) su* weak clo? t "o is surpris$ t !y c live 9 ! quiete/ mill-pond1 :i* is really te/imony to ! t5aci\s /r5g? ( a canvas-cov]$ boat :5 prop]ly made4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( flexibility is "o ( ! desirable features ( ^! boats1 b !y %\ld always h suffici5t /iffness to ma9ta9 _! g5]al %ape 9 all wea!rs & 9 all wat]s to :i* a canoe is suit$2 !re=e be sure to make a frame :i* w keep its %ape ( itself )\t rely+ ^u ! canvas to hold x toge!r4 ,x is q common to see ^! boats :i* 7o!rwise well built7 lack /iffness l5g?ways--t is1 9 ! longitud9al v]tical section4 ,su* boats aft] a little use become b5t up 9 ! middle1 or hog-back$4 ,?is is entirely unnecess>y4 ,be sure1 be=e putt+ on ! canvas1 t y\r frame is /iff en\gh l5g?ways to keep its %ape p]man5tly4 ,if by any fault 9 y\r plann+ y f9d t x is n s1 be sure to add extra /iff5+ braces inside be=e putt+ on ! canvas1 or y\r boat w probably be a failure4#dj ,canvas-cov]$ boats %\ld always be kept out ( ! wat] & "u cov] :5 n 9 use1 z long-cont9u$ exposure to ! wat] w be injuri\s4 ,an easily con/ruct$ paddl+ canoe1 #ad' or #ae' long1 & ) beam ab\t #cj1 w fir/ be describ$4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood by ! novice t ?is fir/ =m ( con/ruction "h giv5 is n t adopt$ by ! pr(essional boat-build]4 ,x is giv5 simply z a process by :i* "o untra9$ 9 ! m regul> me?ods ( con/ruction c turn out a *eap & s]viceable canoe1 & at ! same "t acquire exp]i5ce :i* w be ( use if he %\ld lat] attempt ! m sci5tific1 b also m difficult1 details ( con/ruction us$ by regul> boat-build]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to select cle>1 /raight-gra9$ /ock1 free f knots1 *ecks1 & o!r defects1 & ?or\ghly dry4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dcc4 ,hav+ made y\r work+ draw+s = a canoe ( ! size & proportions :i* y may ?9k be/ to adopt1 beg9 ! actual "w by gett+ out m\lds 7,fig4 #dcc7 ^u exactly ! same pr9ciple z 9 ! case ( ! flat-bottom$ canoe j describ$1 except t !y w be ( curv$ outl9e1 z ?is is to be a r\nd-bottom$ boat4 ,get out also a bottom /rip or keelson ) /em- & /]n-pieces1 :i* c be alike4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dcd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dce4 ,! arrangem5t & me?od ( fitt+ ^! p>ts is evid5t f ! illu/rations4 ,! keelson c be laid along ! edge ( a plank or "s flat surface & block$ up t[>ds ! ends to give ! desir$ degree ( curvature or rock]4 ,fir/ fit 9 place ! c5tre m\ld & !n ! two at ! ends ( ! well-hole 7,fig4 #dcd71 ) ! /em- & /]n-po/s 7,fig4 #dce74 ,^! c be tempor>ily tack$ or /ay$ 9 place until y are sure ! positions are "r4 ,! coam+ frame or wa% bo>d ar\nd ! well-hole c n[ be put on1 :i* w hold ! ?ree middle frames securely1 & ! two deck-/rips runn+ l5g?ways f ! well-coam+ to ! tops ( ! /em- & /]n-po/s c be atta*$ 7,fig4 #dce74 ,next fit ! two gunwale-/rips1 putt+ 9 also ! rema9+ m\lds or frames4 ,aft] ?is ! l5g?ways ribb&s are to be fitt$ ar\nd ! m\lds f b[ to /]n 7,figs4 #dce & #dce;a1 %[+ section at end ( well74 ,?is w complete ! %ape ( ! boat4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 ) all ?is adju/+ ( ! framework1 measur+1 sight+1 & te/+ 9 e way y c ?9k (1 to see t all ! curves are fair1 )\t %>p or irregul> turns1 & also to see t bo? sides ( ! boat are alike4 ,?is is v important4 ,! pieces may be all ( ! correct l5g?s1 b /ill ! boat may be "o-sid$1 or twi/$1 or h a li/4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dce;a4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dcf4 ,a glance at ,fig4 #dcf w %[ 7z an exagg]at$ example7 t pieces ( ! "r dim5sions c easily be put toge!r 9 su* a way t ! boat may be ill-%ap$1--an un=tunate result :i* is sometimes se5 9 home-made boats1 due to lack ( c>e 9 te/+ ! angles & curves :5 putt+ ! "w toge!r4 ,! ends ( ^! /rips w be m securely fa/5$ to ! /em- & /]n-po/s if depressions or ga9s are cut 9 ! po/s to receive !m 7,fig4 #dcg71 b ?is is n absolutely necess>y if ! ends are prop]ly bevell$ & c>efully screw$ to ! /em- & /]n-po/s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dcg4 ,= additional /iffness1 ins]t a s]ies ( ribs 7,fig4 #dce71 f #c to #f ap>t1 accord+ to _! size & /iffness1 f b[ to /]n4 ,b>rel-hoop+ c be us$ & if s\nd is excell5t1 or /rips ( a%1 oak1 or elm1 ab\t #g_/h #a_/d1 c be us$4 ,x w n be necess>y to b5d ^! ar\nd a =m4 ,^? ne> ! middle c be at once b5t into place4 ,z ! ends ( ! boat are approa*$1 ! ribs w require to be r5d]$ m pliable be=e be+ put 9 place 7see ,b5d+ ,wood74 ,! ribs c be nail$ or screw$ to ! keel & f9ally be fa/5$ to ! ribb&s1 at _! int]section1 ) copp] nails cl9*$ or rivet$4 ,*eap] fa/5+s c be us$1 h[ev]1 b copp] is ! be/4 ,to hold su* pieces 9 place tempor>ily1 clamps c be easily made :i* w be suffici5tly /rong = ! purpose 7see ,fig4 #edh74 ,:5 all ^! p>ts are fa/5$ toge!r1 ! frame w be complete4 ,to make a fir/-class job1 ! entire frame %\ld be ?or\ghly pa9t$1 or at lea/ giv5 a soak+ coat ( oil1 or x c be v>ni%$4 ,= ! canvas1 get firm1 closely-wov5 duck or sail-clo? ( good quality & ( suffici5t wid? to rea* f gunwale to gunwale4 ,x is n necess>y or advantage\s to get ! heavie/-weight grade1 b bew>e ( cov]+ y\r boat ) light drill+ or ! l1 :i*1 al?\gh y c make x wat]-tight1 w n be suffici5tly durable = any?+ b a boat = tempor>y use4 ,f9d ! middle ( ! canvas1 l5g?ways1 & /ret* x on ?is l9e directly along ! keel1 ! frame ( ! boat be+ plac$ bottom up4 ,tack at ea* end1 & !n1 />t+ at ! middle1 /ra9 ! canvas ar\nd ! boat1 work+ along a little way at a "t t[>ds ea* end alt]nately & tack+ to ! top or inside ( ! gunwale z y proce$4 ,d n try to cov] ! top ) ! same piece z ! bottom4 ,if y c get a l>ge ne$le & "s /\t cord1 y c pull ! canvas into place by lac+ ! edges across ! top or deck ( ! boat1 work+ f ! middle t[>ds ! ends4 ,9 lieu ( a ne$le use an awl or a nail4 ,by lac+ 9 ?is way & by manipulat+ ! canvas ) ! h&s y c1 if y are c>eful1 /ret* x to fit ! frame s t x w be smoo? to a po9t consid]ably above ! wat]-l9e4 ,at ! upp] "p1 z y approa* ! deck l9e or gunwale1 y may be unable to prev5t "s fulness1 :i* y c dispose ( by pleat+ if necess>y4 ,at ! ends "s little fold+ "u may also be requir$1 b y ne$ h no great difficulty 9 adju/+ ! canvas neatly & s z to make tight jo9ts4 ,x is a good plan to cut a %all[ rabbet on ea* side ( ! /em- & /]n-po/s1 j deep en\gh s t :5 ! edge ( ! canvas is fold$ "u & tack$1 ! surface ( ! canvas w be flu% ) ! side ( ! po/ 7,fig4 #dcg74 ,small tacks %\ld be us$--n l>ge c>pet-tacks4 ,copp] are be/1 b galvaniz$ ones c be us$4 ,9 all p>ts :]e leakage c\ld occur1 ! tacks %\ld be driv5 closely toge!r1 s t _! heads t\*1 see+ t a good coat ( lead is laid on ! wood und]nea?4 ,aft] ! bottom ( ! canoe has be5 cov]$1 ! deck c be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,:5 ! canvas is all on1 damp5 x slightly & pa9t ?or\ghly1 pa9t+1 also1 ! coam+ ar\nd ! well-hole & ! expos$ p>ts ( ! /em- & /]n-po/s 7see ,pa9t+74 ,! damp5+ is suppos$ to cause ! fir/ coat ( pa9t to p5etrate ! canvas m ?or\ghly ?an if ! canvas is q dry4 ,oil is sometimes appli$ be=e pa9t+4 ,aft] x has dri$ ?or\ghly1 apply ano!r coat4 ,d n sp>e ! pa9t1 = ?\gh ! canvas absorbs a great deal1 :i* adds to ! weight ( ! boat z well z to ! co/1 x is really ess5tial 9 mak+ a good canvas-cov]$ boat t x be well pa9t$4 ,a light removable floor+1 or grat+ ( slats1 %\ld be plac$ on ! bottom ( ! well1 re/+ on ! frames4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to make a canvas canoe ) a keel1 y h only to make ! keel ( a piece ( #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b /ock 7) a dep? (1 p]haps1 #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b71 ?9n+ x some:at t[>ds ! ends s t x w jo9 smoo?ly ) ! /em- & /]n-po/s4 ,x c be fitt$ to ^! po/s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dch1 & screw$ directly to ! keelson4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #dch4 ,p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! keel be got out /raight & t x be fitt$ exactly on ! c5tre l9e4 ,9 ?is case ! canvas may be put on 9 two p>ts1 be+ nail$ to ! keelson on ea* side ( ! keel2 or ! canoe c be made z previ\sly describ$ & ! keel simply screw$ on outside ( ! canvas1 ! latt] be+ fir/ ?or\ghly pa9t$4 ,oak is excell5t = a keel1 b is r heavy = a light canoe4 ,a% w d4 ,p9e c be us$4 ,! keel w we> bett] if got out s t ! conc5tric r+s 7annual r+s7 ( ! wood w be horizontal or p>allel ) ! bottom ( ! boat & at "r angles to ! screws ) :i* ! keel is fa/5$ on4 ,if ^! lay]s incl9e slightly upw>d at ! b[ ! keel w we> bett]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dci4 ,a m advanc$ =m ( con/ruction1 & "o m 9 l9e ) ! me?ods ( a regul> boat-build]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dci1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! =m previ\sly describ$ be+ t regul> b5t ribs are sub/itut$ = ! frames made ( bo>d1 & ! latt]1 aft] s]v+ z m\lds ar\nd :i* to build ! boat1 are tak5 out1 ! b5t ribs be+ suffici5tly /\t to ensure /r5g? & /iffness4 ,if y attempt ?is me?od ! ribs mu/ be c>efully b5t 7see ,b5d+ ,wood74 ,oak1 a%1 or elm is suitable = ribs4 ,if a coop]'s %op is )9 rea* y c get ! mat]ial !re4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ( good gra9 & free f flaws4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! process ( con/ruction is simil> to t already %[n4 ,a sugge/ion = ! arrangem5t ( deck timb]s 7:i* c be ( oak1 a%1 spruce1 or any /rong wood7 is %[n 9 ,figs4 #dci & #ddj1 & = putt+ 9 a curv$ wa% bo>d or coam+ 9 ,fig4 #ddj4 ,= ! latt] a ?9 piece ( /raight-gra9$ oak1 elm1 or a% c be us$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dda4 ,an excell5t way to make a canvas-cov]$ canoe is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dda4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ?is consi/s 9 hav+ a /iff gunwale1 /iff keelson 7inside ! ribs71 & ribs /\t & num]\s en\gh to ensure a p]man5tly /rong & /iff framework )\t ! assi/ance ( ! l5g?ways ribb&s4 ,! outside is !n %ea!d ) v ?9 /rips ( basswood1 p9e1 or any reasonably /rong & light wood 7p]haps #c_/af ?ick & #b or #c wide71 fitt+ !m c>efully to ! %ape1 b )\t any attempt to make wat]-tight jo9ts4 ,if ?is boat1 :i* is complete 9 all respects except t ( be+ wat]-tight1 is !n cov]$ ) canvas z already describ$1 ! result w be a /rong1 smoo? boat1 )\t ! irregul>ities ( surface :i* are a necess>y feature ( ! un%ea!d =m4 ,?is me?od is adopt$ 9 mak+ canvas-cov]$ canoes aft] ! model ( ! bir*-b>k canoe1 & ! result is an admirable boat1 :i*1 :ile p]haps h>dly equal to a g5u9e bir* ( ,indian manufacture1 is c]ta9ly ! next ?+ to x = an op5 paddl+ canoe4 ,( c\rse1 if y c "w up y\r design aft] ! model ( a real bir*1 y w h accompli%$ z mu* z y c\ld wi% 9 ?is l9e--b to design & con/ruct a good canoe ^u ! bir* model is n an easy ?+ = ! beg9n] to d1 & _h be/ n be attempt$ until aft] consid]able exp]i5ce 9 simpl] & less graceful =ms4 ,?is mode ( con/ruction c well be appli$1 h[ev]1 to a canoe ( almo/ any type4 ,! %ea?+ c be pa9t$ & ! canvas laid on ! fre% pa9t4 ,ano!r =m ( con/ruction is to omit ! keelson & fa/5 ! frames & ribs directly to ! top ( ! keel1 hav+ previ\sly cut a rabbet = ! canvas 7z 9 case ( ! /em- & /]n-po/s7 on ea* side ( ! keel at ! top2 ! canvas by ?is arrangem5t be+ put on 9 two p>ts1 "o on ea* side ( ! keel4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to con/ruct a canoe ) no?+ b two gunwale-/rips1 /em- & /]n-po/s1 a /rip = a keelson1 & a numb] ( b>rel-hoops = ribs2 & su* affairs are q (t5 put toge!r by boys1 b !y are apt to be ( light & flimsy con/ruction & to lack suffici5t /iffness to keep _! %ape aft] be+ us$ = a :ile4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( flexibility & lack ( rigidity is desirable 9 a canvas-cov]$ boat1 &1 9 fact1 x is to ?is quality t x owes mu* ( its m]it2 b x %\ld h en\gh /iffness to hold its g5]al %ape p]man5tly4 ,an extremely simple me?od is to omit ! /em-pieces & simply b5d ! keelson up at ea* end to meet ! gunwales at b[ & /]n1 :]e all ! l5g?ways pieces c be fa/5$ to a block1 canvas be+ /ret*$ ov] ! :ole z already describ$4 ,a canoe :i* turns up s excessively on ! bottom at b[ & /]n has "s disadvantages1 b /ill a useful & *eap boat c readily be made 9 ?is way4 ,x %\ld h a q flat cross-section 9 ! middle4 ,mo/ canoes c be sail$ on ! w9d1 (t5 v successfully1 by hav+ a deep keel--:i* c be rock]$ or increas$ 9 dep? t[>ds ! middle--or by add+ a c5tre-bo>d4 ,b ! latt] is q a nice op]ation1 p>ticul>ly s 9 case ( mak+ y\r fir/ boat 7see page #ccj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! holes & ! /eps = ! ma/s %\ld be arrang$ be=e ! canvas is put on1 fitt+ extra ?w>ts across if ne$$1 & x is a good plan to fit tubes = ! ma/s4 ,9 case ( sail+1 ! /e]+ c be done ) ! paddle1 or a rudd] c be us$ 79 :i* case a /raight /]n-po/ %\ld be put 91 = :i* a knee is good7 & l9es be l$ =w>d to ! well-hole f a yoke at ! top ( ! rudd]4 ,_m arrangem5ts h be5 devis$ = /e]+ sail+-canoes1 b ^! details1 z well z ^? = ! rigg+1 c be f\nd 9 any good book on ! subject4 ,if y are a novice1 beg9 ) a simple leg-(-mutton sail 7,fig4 #ddh74 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is bett] to buy o>s ?an to try to make !m4 ,y may1 h[ev]1 h occasion to make a paddle4 ,a good %ape is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ddb1 b y c *oose f a v>iety ( =ms4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l5g? c readily be det]m9$ f "s paddle :i* suits y or y c exp]im5t ) a /rip ( wood4 ,five in*es is a good wid?1 & #e' to #e-a_/b' a good l5g?1 b ^! are matt]s ( individual pref]5ce4 ,spruce is a good wood = y\r fir/ attempt at paddle-mak+4 ,x makes a good paddle & is easi] to "w ?an bir*1 bee*1 or maple1 or any ( ! h>d] woods4 ,p9e c be us$4 ,use a c5tre l9e 9 mak+ y\r patt]n4 ,aft] ! patt]n is m>k$ on ! wood h ! outl9e saw$ at a mill or d x y\rself ) ! turn+-saw1 or make a s]ies ( saw-k]fs to ! l9e ) ! h&-saw & remove ! sup]flu\s wood ) ! draw-knife1 spoke-%ave1 or *isel 7see ,p>+74 ,hav+ ! outl9e correct1 m>k a l9e along ! middle ( ! edge ( ! blade1 & gradually & c>efully %ave ! surfaces d[n t[>ds ?is middle l9e1 also tap]+ ! ?ickness t[>ds ! ends4 ,! draw-knife1 spoke-%ave1 plane1 rasp1 file1 scrap]1 & s&pap] c be us$ 7see all ( ^! tools 9 ,"p ,v4 & also ,p>+ & ,r\nd+ ,/icks74 ,great c>e is ne$$ to trim a paddle nicely to %ape4 ,a little ha/y cutt+ may ru9 ! "w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddc4 ,! d\ble-blad$ paddle c be made ( a s+le piece1 or two pieces c be jo9$ by a f]rule 7,fig4 #ddc74 ,! d\ble-blad$ paddle c be f ab\t #g' to #h' or #i' long & ! blades are made broad] & %ort] ?an t ( ! s+le paddle4 ,a c\ple ( r\nd rubb] r+s on ea* end ( ! h&le w /op "s ( ! dripp+ ( wat] f ! blades z !y are rais$4 ,small ,sail-boat4--,! boat %[n 9 ,fig4 #ddd is a good =m = ! amateur to attempt1 & makes a s]viceable craft = %elt]$ wat]s4 ,f twelve to sixte5 feet is a good l5g?1 & ! beam %\ld be wide1 z %[n4 ,! dep? c be f twelve to sixte5 in*es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to select cle>1 /raight-gra9$ /ock1 free f knots1 *ecks1 & o!r defects1 & ?or\ghly dry4 ,p9e is excell5t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddd4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( con/ruction does n diff] f t ( ! flat-bottom$ boats already describ$1 & detail$ directions are !re=e omitt$4 ,! sides %\ld ea* be ( "o #c_/d or #g_/h bo>d4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! details is obvi\s4 ,knees c be us$ to good advantage4 ,! deck %\ld be ( wood1 ! bo>ds 7#a_/b7 re/+ on cross-beams or c>l9s1 rea*+ f gunwale to gunwale 7z already %[n7 & slightly ar*$4 ,ar\nd ! well-hole1 brackets c be us$ 7,fig4 #dde74 ,! deck c be cov]$ ) canvas4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dde4 ,?is boat1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 is plank$ across ! bottom l ! o!r flat-bottom$ boats already describ$1 b ! bottom bo>ds c run l5g?ways in/ead1 if pref]r$4 ,9 ?is case knees %\ld be ins]t$1 or cross-frames ( "s k9d1 to rea* across ! bottom & to :i* ! bottom bo>ds c be nail$4 ,! bottom bo>ds %\ld be n less ?an #c_/d ?ick & ! edges mu/ be c>efully jo9t$ 7see ,jo9t+74 ,!y c be laid slightly ap>t & ! seams caulk$ 7see page #cjb74 ,/rips ( flannel laid 9 ?ick :ite-lead pa9t c be plac$ betwe5 ! edges ( ! sides & /]n & ! bottom bo>ds1 or ! edges c simply be pa9t$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddg4 ,! con/ruction ( ! case or trunk = ! c5tre-bo>d c be und]/ood f ,figs4 #ddf & #ddg4 ,by ei!r me?od ( con/ruction ! trunk consi/s ( two upright po/s1 or headl$ges1 cut ) %\ld]s at ! l[] end1 & sides ( bo>d screw$ to ^! po/s4 ,a slot is saw$ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! boat ( suffici5t wid? & l5g? to give ! c5tre-bo>d free passage--t is1 ( ! dim5sions ( ! op5+ at ! bottom ( ! trunk4 ,to cut ?is slot sev]al holes c be bor$ close toge!r until an op5+ is made suffici5tly l>ge to />t ! saw4 ,by ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ddf1 a plank is tak5 & a slot is cut 9 x en\gh long] ?an t 9 ! bottom ( ! boat to include ! l[] ends ( ! headl$ges1 :i* %\ld fit snugly4 ,! sides ( ! trunk are screw$ to ?is plank f und]nea?1 & ! plank is 9 turn screw$ to ! bottom ( ! boat4 ,! headl$ges c be additionally fa/5$ f ! edge ( ! plank1 horizontally4 ,unless ! bottom ( ! boat is /raight1 ! plank mu/ be accurately fitt$ to ! curve on ! "u side1--n an easy task 7see ,scrib+ & ,p>+74 ,all ! jo9ts %\ld be laid 9 ?ick :ite-lead pa9t1 & at ! bottom flannel c be laid 9 ! seam1 ) lead1 or caulk+ c be resort$ to4 ,by ! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #ddg1 ! headl$ges & sides are fitt$ to a bo>d on ! bottom1 or to ! keelson1 &1 aft] be+ put 9 place1 /rips ( plank are fitt$ l5g?ways on ea* side at ! bottom & bolt$ or screw$ to ! bottom & to ! sides ( ! trunk4 ,! l[] edges ( ^! /rips mu/ be fitt$ to ! curve ( ! bottom & ! :ole made tight1 z j %[n4 ,mu* c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ?is "w to make tight jo9ts4 ,! inside ( ! trunk %\ld be pa9t$ be=e putt+ toge!r1 & holes be bor$ c>efully = all ! screws 7see ,bor+ & ,screws74 ,! c5tre-bo>d itself c be ( wood or ( galvaniz$ plate iron & is pivot$ at ! =w>d l[] corn]1 & c be rais$ & l[]$ by a rod atta*$ to ! aft] corn]4 ,rememb] to pa9t ! inside ( ! boat c>efully ) at lea/ two coats be=e putt+ on ! deck1 & also t copp] nails & brass fitt+s are bett] ?an ^? ( galvaniz$ iron 7p>ticul>ly = salt wat]7 if y c af=d !m4 ,! coam+ or wa% bo>d c be ( #a_/b oak1 a%1 or elm4 ,! deck c fir/ be laid1 lapp+ slightly ov] ! space to be left op54 ,! l9e = ! coam+ c !n be m>k$ on ! deck1 & ! project+ wood saw$ or trimm$ to ! l9e1 :5 ! coam+ c be b5t into place & fa/5$4 ,! gunwale-/rip1 l ! /]n-po/1 ! rudd]1 & ! till]1 %\ld be ( h>d wood1 z oak4 ,hackmatack is good = ! /em4 ,! ma/ %\ld be ( spruce4 ,a /rong ?w>t1 ) a hole 9 x1 c be fitt$ across betwe5 ! sides1 j "u ! deck1 & a block ) ano!r hole fa/5$ to ! bottom4 ,! place at :i* to /ep ! ma/ mu/ dep5d ^u ! /yle ( rig y adopt4 ,"o :o is us$ to sail+ a boat w n seek = in=mation on ?is subject 9 a manual on wood-work+1 b = ! novice x may be well to /ate t a leg-(-mutton sail 7,fig4 #ddh7 is und\bt$ly ! simple/1 easie/1 & safe/ rig = ! beg9n]1 & x w be wise to le>n to manage ?is rig fir/4 ,! spritsail 7,fig4 #ddi71 ) or )\t ! boom1 is an easily manag$ sail1 :i* works well ) ?is boat4 ,ei!r ( ^! rigs c be un%ipp$ 9 a mom5t1 ! ma/1 sail & all be+ lift$ out :5 desir$4 ,= o!r /yles ( rigg+ y %\ld consult someone us$ to sail+ or "s book on ! subject4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ddi4 ,= ! pa9t+1 see ,pa9t+1 9 ,"p ,v4 ,small ,ice-,boat4--,! ma9 framework ( ev5 ! mo/ elaborate ice-boat consi/s m]ely ( a l5g?ways c5tre timb] or backbone & a cross-piece or runn]-bo>d 7,fig4 #dej71 ! :ole re/+ on ?ree runn]s1 "o ( :i* acts z a rudd]4 ,be=e beg9n+ "w read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dej4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dea4 ,a small boat c be made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dea4 ,! dim5sions c easily be alt]$4 ,! p>ticul> rig giv5 is m]ely = illu/ration1 = ?is is n a book on sail+1 & y c f9d all ! facts y ne$ ab\t rigg+ 9 any good book on ! subject4 ,if y are a novice y _h be/ be cont5t ) a simple leg-(-mutton sail 7,fig4 #ddh71 :i* is1 = ! beg9n]1 ! safe/ & mo/ easily manag$4 ,a spritsail 7,fig4 #ddi7 or "s o!r simple =m c be us$ if desir$4 ,if y "k h[ to sail a boat1 y c adopt su* rig z y ?9k be/4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #deb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dec4 ,fir/ get out ! backbone4 ,get a piece ( cle> spruce1 or p9e1 p]haps #ab' #c #d4 ,a r\nd sp> may be us$4 ,be c>eful to select good lumb]1 z great /ra9 is put ^u x4 ,a piece :i* has naturally sprung l5g?ways %\ld be plac$ ) ! convex edge upw>ds4 ,next get out ! runn]-bo>d1 p]haps #f-a_/b' #b #i1 ( spruce4 ,p9e is also good1 or any /rong wood w d4 ,*oose a cle>1 s\nd plank4 ,if naturally sprung 9 a b[-l curve1 put ! convex side upw>ds4 ,smoo? ! pieces suffici5tly to avoid spl9t]s & r\ghness4 ,?9 ! runn]-plank on top ea* way f ! c5tre d[n to ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness at ea* end1 if y c h x saw$ at ! mill4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to d ?is by h&4 ,fa/5 ! runn]-bo>d1 at exactly ! middle ( its l5g?1 across ! backbone1 at a po9t p]haps #f-a_/b' f ! /]n end1 ) a /rap-hang] 7,fig4 #deb7 screw$ up ) nuts & broad wa%]s on ! "u side4 ,if y _c af=d ?is1 put a bolt ?r\gh bo? pieces 7see ,bor+71 tight5+ und]nea? ) nut & wa%]1 & putt+ cleats on ! runn]-bo>d 7,fig4 #dec74 ,be sure t "o edge ( ! runn]-bo>d is /raight & at "r angles to ! backbone4 ,nail a piece ( bo>d1 #ah long & #c wide1 across ! /]n end ( ! c5tre timb]4 ,add ! two side pieces a b & c d 7,fig4 #dej71 ( #b spruce joi/1 nail+ !m firmly 9 place1 ?us =m+ ! sides ( an irregul> box 7see ,nail+74 ,turn ! frame ov] & nail a bottom on ?is box1 lay+ ! bo>ds crosswise & nail+ to ! backbone z well z to ! sides & end4 ,next1 to make ! runn]s1 get out six pieces ( oak1 or o!r h>d1 /rong wood1 #i #c #d4 ,m>k ) ! squ>e f ! /raight5$ edge ( ! runn]-bo>d ! positions = ! inn] blocks1 equally di/ant f ! backbone1 screw+ !m 9 place 7,fig4 #ded71 ) "o screw 9 ea*4 ,measure across ) a /ick f "o to ! o!r at ea* end to see t !y are j p>allel1 & also te/ _! be+ at "r angles to ! runn]-plank1 :i* 9 turn mu/ be at "r angles to ! backbone1 9 ord] t ! runn]s may be p>allel & n slew$ sideways4 ,hav+ tightly screw$ ^! inn] blocks1 brace !m ) angle blocks1 z %[n4 ,! out] blocks c next be fitt$1 leav+ j space en\gh = ! runn]s to play freely1 b n loosely1 betwe5 ! blocks4 ,! holes = ! p9s = ! runn]s c be bor$ 9 ! out] pieces be=e !y are screw$ on4 ,!n1 us+ ^! holes z a guide1 ^? 9 ! inn] blocks c be bor$ 9 l9e4 ,! runn]s !mselves %\ld be c>efully made & fitt$1 = !y are a v vital "p ( ! boat4 ,on ! l>ge boats !y h usually be5 made ( oak1 ) a %oe ( ca/ iron at ! bottom atta*$ by bolts1 b ?is is q a piece ( "w = a small boat & y c get ! blacksmi? to "w out ! :ole runn]1 ) a hole bor$ = ! p9-bolt4 ,make a patt]n ab\t #ah or #bj long1 rock+ v slightly 9 ! middle & m quickly ne> ! ends4 ,! hole = ! p9 %\ld be back ( ! middle1 s t m ( ! %oe w be 9 front ( ?an beh9d ! p94 ,?is is to less5 ! %ock :5 ! runn] /rikes an ob/ruction4 ,! cutt+ edge may h an angle ( ab\t #de = trial 7,fig4 #dee74 ,if too blunt or too %>p y c alt] x4 ,x w take consid]able fil+ to get ! edge true1 /raight1 & uni=m 7see ,fil+74 ,f9i% ) an oil-/one4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ded4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dee4 ,! rudd]-runn] c be a little %ort]4 ,screw a piece ( #b oak plank on top ( ! rudd]-blocks & on top ( ?is fa/5 a plate or socket to :i* is atta*$ a piece ( gas-pipe ab\t a foot long1 = a rudd]-po/4 ,at ! top ( ! rudd]-po/ screw an elb[ & a %ort piece ( pipe = a till] 7,fig4 #def74 ,if suitable gas-pipe _c be f\nd1 ! blacksmi? c fix an arrangem5t t w answ]1 b x mu/ be /rongly fa/5$ to ! rudd]-blocks1 & !re %\ld be "s k9d ( metal be>+ betwe5 ! wood5 top ( ! rudd] & ! "u side ( ! backbone1 if no?+ m ?an a wa%]4 ,! two surfaces ( wood %\ld n rub aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,w9d ! h&le ( ! till] ) cord1 clo?1 or bicycle tape4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #def4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #deg4 ,/ay ! b[sprit 7or =w>d end ( ! backbone7 by /\t wires to ! runn]-plank4 ,^! c be/ be ( wire rope pass$ ?r\gh eye-bolts or atta*$ to iron /raps & tight5$ ) turnbuckles1 b to save t exp5se /rong wire c be us$4 ,not*es c be cut at ! edges ( ! runn]-plank & ! backbone1 & wire be w\nd ar\nd to hold r+s to :i* ! wire guys c be fa/5$1 b x is h>d to make su* an arrangem5t taut & to keep x s4 ,next fa/5 a ma/ /ep ) squ>e hole to ! backbone 7,fig4 #deg71 =w>d ( ! front edge ( ! runn]-plank4 ,put 9 eye-bolts at ends ( ! runn]-plank & at ! b[ = %r\ds & a few in*es f ! /]n ( ! backbone = ! ma9 %eet4 ,wire rope is be/ = ! %r\ds1 b common wire or rope c be us$4 ,= ! ma/ & sp>s use natural /icks ( spruce4 ,! sides ( ! box c be built up high] at ! /]n ) bo>ds1 if y wi%1 to prev5t be+ ?r[n (f by ! sudd5 movem5ts ( ! boat4 ,a rubb] wa%] "u ! backbone :]e ! rudd]-po/ passes ?r\gh is sometimes us$ to less5 ! j> :5 pass+ ov] ob/ructions4 ,a curv$ piece ( wood fa/5$ on ! "u side ( ! backbone j 9 front ( ! rudd] w act z a f5d] = ! rudd]1 9 case ( slight ob/ructions4 ,! :ole boat c be oil$1 pa9t$1 or v>ni%$ if desir$ 7see ,f9i%+ & ,pa9t+74 ,if y use a cat-rig1 spritsail1 or o!r rig )\t any head-sail be=e ! ma/1 x w\ld be well to place ! runn]-plank fur!r =w>d4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #deh4 ,! late/ & be/ way to brace ! frame ( an ice-boat is to /ra9 guys ( wire rope 7,fig4 #deh71 tight5$ ) turnbuckles1 omitt+ ! side pieces1 & fa/5+ a c> or box to ! backbone1 b ?is arrangem5t1 ?\gh light] & m ela/ic1 is m exp5sive & n s easy to make = a small boat z ! "o j describ$4 ,a some:at simpl] way to arrange ! framework is %[n 9 ,figs4 #dei1 #dfj1 & #dfa4 ,9 place ( ! runn]s already describ$ a *eap] arrangem5t c be made by ! blacksmi? ( #e_/h b> iron1 /eel$1 & b5t up at ! ends1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dfa4 ,a mu* small] affair c be made by simply arrang+ two pieces ( joi/ or plank 9 ! =m ( a cross 7brac+ !m s f> z may be necess>y71 putt+ cleats "u ea* end ( ! %ort] cross-piece or runn]-bo>d & fa/5+ common skates to ! cleats1 us+ ano!r pivot$ skate at ! /]n = a rudd]4 ,! runn]s ( ! skates %\ld be gr\nd1 or fil$1 z %[n above4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dei4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfa4 ,! details ( su* a small ice-boat y c "w out = y\rself by modify+ & simplify+ accord+ to y\r +5uity ! sugge/ions = a l>g] boat giv5 above4 ,! h>de/ "p to fix is ! rudd]-po/ & till]4 ,"s iron arrangem5t is be/1 b some?+ c be contriv$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 recomm5d$ z v satisfactory4 ,fa/5 ! rudd] skate ^u a piece ( bo>d 9 :i* is cut a mortise4 ,into ?is mortise a %ort piece ( h>d wood1 l a l>ge broom/ick ) squ>$ end1 is fitt$ = a rudd]-po/4 ,! upp] end ( ! rudd]-po/1 squ>$ j l ! l[] end1 is fitt$ into a mortise cut 9 ! till] piece4 ,a wa%] %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! skate-block & ! backbone1 & ! rudd]-po/ %\ld turn freely 9 ! hole 9 ! backbone1 b n loosely en\gh to wobble ar\nd4 ,cut ! mortise 9 ! till] & fit to ! po/ be=e cutt+ (f & %ap+ ! till]1 to avoid dang] ( splitt+4 ,an extra block may h to be put "u ! backbone at ! rudd] to level ! boat s t ! skates w be> prop]ly on ! ice1 = if ! /]n is mu* l[]1 s t !y drag by ! heels1 ! boat w n sail prop]ly4 ,wood5 arrangem5ts ( ?is sort are1 h[ev]1 only ju/ifiable z make%ifts1 & require good workman%ip to be /rong & effective4 ,illu/ration ,h\se-,boat4--,a h\se-boat consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o ( :i* 7! boat7 is ess5tially l ! sc[ or flat boat already describ$1 & ! o!r 7! h\se7 is usually mu* ! same z "s ( ! little /ructures describ$ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 7,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s71 h[ev] exp5sively & elaborately x may be arrang$ & fitt$ up4 ,! advantages ( ! h\se-boat = camp+1 %oot+1 fi%+1 & = "s k9ds ( excursions are too well kn[n to require explanation4 ,x is an excell5t ?+ = two or m to build toge!r4 ,x may n be out ( place to sugge/ t1 9 ! desire to h ! h\se suffici5tly l>ge & conv5i5t1 y %\ld n be misl$ into mak+ plans :i* w necessitate build+ a l>ge boat4 ,dim5sions 7on pap]7 = su* ?+s are q deceptive1 & to build a l>ge boat1 ev5 ( su* a simple type z ! sc[ or flatboat1 is q a s]i\s und]tak+ = ! beg9n]--z reg>ds bo? lab\r & exp5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if y c f9d a sc[ or flatboat already built1 ( suitable dim5sions & :i* is suffici5tly tight1 or c be made s by caulk+1 y h only to proce$ to build ! h\se ^u x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! boat z well z ! h\se is to be built1 y c proce$ to build ! boat 9 ! way already describ$ 7page #bii74 ,additional sugge/ions may be f\nd 9 ,figs4 #dfb & #dfc4 ,be=e beg9n+ read c>efully ,m>k+1 ,rule1 ,squ>e1 ,saw1 ,plane1 ,nail+1 9 ,"p ,v41 & look up any o!r ref]5ces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfb4 ,two-in* plank %\ld be us$ = ^! boats1 :i* are int5d$ to be f #ad' to #bj' long4 ,aft] putt+ toge!r ! sides1 ends1 & bottom1 z already describ$1 #b #d joi/s c be laid l5g?ways on ! bottom1 z %[n1 :i* w af=d an und]p9n+ = ! h\se1 w di/ribute ! weight ov] ! bottom1 keep ! floor rais$ above ! wat] :i* may leak 9 or collect f ! ra91 & also /iff5 ! /ructure ( ! boat4 ,be=e lay+ ^! joi/s1 not*es %\ld be cut on ! "u edges ) ! saw or hat*et1 9 sev]al places1 to all[ ! wat] to pass ?r\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ! boats already describ$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfc4 ,! illu/rations %[ a g5]al sy/em ( con/ruction = ! h\se1 :i* c be foll[$1 or y c make su* alt]ations z y ?9k desirable4 ,9 addition to ! sugge/ions 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations1 fur!r details & sugge/ions w be f\nd 9 ,"p ,,iii4 7,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s74 ,mo/ ( ! details are matt]s ( p]sonal pref]5ce1 & c readily be arrang$ )\t m detail$ description4 ,! ro( _h be/ be cov]$ ) canvas1 put on z "o piece 7be+ sew$ previ\sly if necess>y74 ,if laid 9 pa9t & !n giv5 two or ?ree coats ( pa9t1 mu* z 9 ! case ( ! canvas-%ea!d canoes already describ$1 a tight & durable ro( w be ! result4 ,aft] ! edges ( ! canvas are tack$ "u ! edge ( ! ro(1 /rips ( m\ld+ c be nail$ ar\nd "u ! edge4 ,an ev5 simpl] way to make ! ro( is to h x flat1 b slant+ slightly t[>ds ei!r b[ or /]n4 ,an incl9ation ( #c is en\gh1 ) tight canvas ro(1 to %$ ! wat]4 ,! rema9+ details ( ! con/ruction ( ! h\se h already be5 treat$4 ,! int]ior arrangem5ts y c contrive z desir$4 ,ei!r1 or bo?1 ( ! ends c be deck$ ov]1 or ! :ole c fir/ be deck$ ov] & ! h\se built on ! deck4 ,9 ?is case1 access to ! hull1 = /[age1 c be _h by hat*es1 or trap-doors inside ! h\se4 ,if bo? ! ends are to be deck$1 ! hull c v well h "o or two l5g?ways divisions ( plank1 = /iffness & /r5g?1--t is1 ins]t betwe5 ! ends "o or two pieces ( ! size & %ape ( ! sides1 9 :i* case ! l5g?ways joi/ already spok5 ( w be omitt$4 ,?is is a good way4 ,9 case ( deck+1 nail a /rip ( m\ld+ on ! outside along ! juncture ( ! h\se & ! deck1 s z to make a tight jo9t1 :i* %\ld be well pa9t$4 ,if "o or bo? ends are undeck$1 a removable grat+ ( slats 7a "p ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dfb7 w be useful4 ,x is well to h at lea/ "o w9d[ at ! b[ end ( ! h\se1 = ! boat w ( c\rse lie ) b[ t[>ds ! w9d & x w be a good ?+ :5 h\s$ 9 a /orm to be able to see to w9dw>d1 z y _c well keep ! door at t end op51 :ile ! aft] door w usually be suffici5tly %elt]$ to be left op54 ,_m modifications ( ^! simple plans c be made4 ,! ro( c be ext5d$ ov] ei!r end1 :i* is easily done )\t alt]+ ! sy/em ( con/ruction4 ,?is is v conv5i5t "u "s circum/ances1 & w add b little to ! exp5se4 ,! frame c ev5 be cov]$ ) canvas1 b ?is w be inf]ior to wood1 except 9 po9t ( lightness4 ,a solid ro( is be/1 h[ev]1 9 any case4 ,sweeps mu/1 ( c\rse1 be provid$ = r[+1 scull+1 or /e]+1 & a ma/ c easily be add$1 on :i* suffici5t sail c be hoi/$ to be q a help 9 go+ be=e ! w9d4 ,if a ma/ is us$1 ! door at ! b[ end ( ! h\se c be at "o side ( ! end s t ! ma/ c be close to ! h\se1 to :i* x c be fa/5$4 ,a rudd] c be add$1 if desir$1 ) a skag4 ,! :ole craft %\ld be ?or\ghly pa9t$ 7see ,pa9t+74 ,h\ses are sometimes built on rafts4 ,?is w d v well if ! raft is a good "o1 l a float4 ,a float c be easily made1 if y h ! mat]ials1 by lay+ a ?ick floor+ on logs or heavy timb]s & provid+ great] buoyancy ?an su* a plat=m naturally has by fa/5+ "u x1 betwe5 ! timb]s1 z _m empty & seal$ b>rels or casks 7oil-b>rels are good7 z may be necess>y4 ,:5 ! float is /ation>y & "u ord9>y circum/ances1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no ne$ to fa/5 ! casks 9 any way except to f5ce !m ar\nd s t !y _c roll or slide out1 z _! buoyancy w prev5t _! escap+1 b x is easy to fa/5 !m by *a9s or o!rwise if ne$$4 ,?is makes an excell5t f\ndation on :i* to build a h\se1 & has "s advantages ov] a boat = a /ation>y arrangem5t1 b is obvi\sly n z well suit$ = mov+ ar\nd z a sc[ or flatboat4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,unless too heavily load$1 a canvas-cov]$ canoe w float 9 case ( a capsize1 b "s =m ( air-*amb]s is desirable & a safe precaution 9 any small boat4 ,x is h>dly safe to rely ^u y\r ability to build wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 9 ! ends ( canvas 7or wood57 boats1 z is sometimes recomm5d$--t is1 z a "p ( ! regul> con/ruction ( ! boat4 ,x is n easy = an amateur to d ?is4 ,x is bett] to h ! air-tight comp>tm5ts made sep>ately & indep5d5t ( ! boat itself4 ,copp] boxes or air-tanks fitt$ to ! space at ! ends are ! be/ & ! only really reliable exp$i5t1 b !y are exp5sive4 ,light wood5 boxes cov]$ ) canvas & ?or\ghly pa9t$ c be us$1 z well z galvanis$ boxes or ev5 v>ni% cans seal$ & pa9t$4 ,any su* contrivance c be made tight at fir/1 b is always liable to become leaky 7except by ! use ( copp] tanks71 p>ticul>ly z x is usually conceal$ f exam9ation4 ,,"p ,v ,,common ,,tools ,,& ,,_! ,,use1 ,,) ,,"s ,,e-,,day ,,op]ations ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,anvil4--,an anvil is (t5 useful & is sometimes comb9$ ) a vise4 ,x %\ld h a flat /eel surface & also a tap]+1 r\nd$ 7conical7 po9t4 ,an old flat-iron does q well4 ,aug]-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfd4 ,awl4--,! ,brad-awl is ! simple/ bor+ tool y w use4 ,unlike gimlets & bits1 x does n take out any wood1 b m]ely presses x aside out ( ! way1 :i* is good = nail & screw holes1 because ! ela/icity ( ! woody fibres t5ds to make !m spr+ back & close ar\nd ! nail or screw1 ?us help+ to keep x 9 place4 ,! awl %\ld always be a trifle small] ?an ! nail4 ,bore ) ! cutt+ edge across ! gra9 ( ! wood1 on ! same pr9ciple z 9 driv+ nails 7,fig4 #dfd71 le/ ! w$ge %ape ( ! tool cause ! wood to split 7see ,nail+74 ,press ! awl /raight d[n 9 ?is position until ! po9t is well into ! wood1 :5 y c twi/ x a little1 at ! same "t pu%+ x fur!r into ! wood4 ,!re is always risk ( splitt+ ?9 wood ne> an edge1 unless y use great c>e4 ,! brad-awl c be %>p5$ easily4 ,see ,%>p5+ & also ,bor+4 ,d n buy comb9ation awls ) tool-*e/ h&les1 fill$ ) an assortm5t ( awls & little *isels1 g\ges1 screw-driv]s1 saws1 etc4 ,su* affairs are sometimes useful1 b ! loose tools are apt to become lo/ or brok51 & ! money c be us$ to bett] advantage 9 o!r ways4 ,x is well to h a v>iety ( sizes ( awls1 fitt$ into h>dwood h&les4 ,an awl h&le into :i* awls ( v>i\s sizes c be fitt$1 some:at z a brace holds bits1 answ]s v well1 if y h to c>ry y\r tools f place to place1 b = %op-"w x is m conv5i5t to h ea* awl 9 a sep>ate h&le4 ,! ,m>k+-awl or ,scrat*-awl is simply an awl ) a r\nd1 %>p po9t us$ = m>k+ 9 c>p5try1 b = v close "w a knife or *isel is bett]4 ,see ,m>k+4 ,axe4--,?is is su* a common tool t x ne$s no description1 & is1 moreov]1 seldom requir$ = amateur "w4 ,back-,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfe4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dff4 ,bead+4--,a tool = scrap+ bead+1 re$s1 & ! l1 c be made by fil+ ! rev]se ( ! %ape requir$ on ! edge ( a piece ( saw-blade /eel1 tak5 f a brok5 saw or scrap]1 & ins]t+ ?is blade 9 a k]f saw$ 9 ! end ( a piece ( wood 7,fig4 #dfe74 ,to *ange ! position ( ! blade1 "o or bo? ( ! screws c be loos5$ & !n tight5$ aft] ! blade has be5 adju/$4 ,?is tool is pu%$ =w>d ) bo? h&s1 mu* l a scrap]1 ! %\ld] ( ! block be>+ aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d z 9 us+ ! gauge 7,fig4 #dff74 ,tools = ?is purpose c be b\ght4 ,x usually produces ! be/ effect n to c>ry ?is bead+ to ! extreme ends ( an edge1 b to /op a %ort di/ance f ! ends & ) a *isel cut ! beads to a squ>e & abrupt end 7,fig4 #cje74 ,see ,plane4 ,b5d+ ,wood4--,to b5d a piece 7)\t /eam+ or boil+7 :i* is to be fa/5$ s t b "o side w %[1 make a s]ies ( saw-cuts ( equal dep? 7,fig4 #dfg7 across ! piece1 & p>tly ?r\gh x1 on ! back side 7! side :i* w n %[71 fir/ runn+ a gauge l9e along ! edge 7see ,gauge71 t ! cuts may be ( equal dep?4 ,?is w practically1 s f> z b5d+ is conc]n$1 make ! piece ?9n]1 & x c readily be b5t & fa/5$ 9 position4 ,! ne>] toge!r & ! deep] ! cuts are ! m ! piece c be b5t--t is1 up to ! break+-po9t4 ,hot wat] c be us$ on ! face side4 ,su* curves c sometimes be /r5g!n$ by driv+ w$ges1 ) glue1 into ! saw-k]fs aft] ! piece is b5t to ! desir$ curve 7,fig4 #dfh74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfh4 ,to make a small piece ( wood pliable1 s t x w b5d to any reasonable ext5t 7:i*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds mu* ^u ! k9d ( wood71 soak x = "s "t 9 boil+ wat]1 :5 x c usually be b5t into ! desir$ %ape4 ,x mu/ be securely held 9 position until ! moi/ure has entirely left x1 or x w spr+ back to 7or t[>ds7 its orig9al %ape4 ,?is dry+ w take f sev]al h\rs to sev]al days1 accord+ to ! size ( ! piece & ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!re is almo/ always a t5d5cy to spr+ back a little t[>ds ! orig9al %ape1 s x is well to b5d a piece a little m ?an y wi% x to rema91 except :]e x is to be fa/5$ s t x _c spr+ back4 ,wood :i* naturally b5ds easily 7p>ticul>ly ?9 pieces7 c (t5 be made pliable en\gh by simply soak+ 9 cold wat]1 b hot wat] is usually m effective4 ,any?+ :i* y _c manage ) ! hot wat] y c take to a mill or a %ip-y>d & h /eam$ 9 a regul> /eam-*e/1 :i* is really no?+1 9 pr9ciple1 b a big wood5 or iron box1 ) a /eam-pipe runn+ into x1 9 :i* ! pieces are kept until ! /eam has made !m pliable4 ,wood is n[ b5t = _m purposes by end pressure1 b ?is is impracticable = ! amateur4 ,to b5d ! ends ( pieces l skis1 hockies1 etc41 a big kettle or common wa%-boil] full ( boil+ wat] c be us$4 ,an app>atus = long /icks1 z ribs = a canoe1 c be made ) a piece ( iron pipe ( suitable size4 ,plug "o end tightly & /ick x firmly 9 ! gr\nd1 s t ! pipe is fix$ 9 a slant+ direction4 ,put wat] 9 ! pipe1 build a fire und]nea?1 put ! /icks 9 ! pipe1 /uff a rag loosely 9 ! upp] end & ! app>atus w be 9 work+ ord] 7,fig4 #dfi74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dfi4 ,y mu/ (t5 h "s sort ( =m or m\ld = b5d+ ! piece & = hold+ x :ile dry+4 ,= "s k9ds ( b5d+1 :]e !re is no occasion to be accurate1 y c (t5 b5d a piece ar\nd "s corn] or common object1 z a b>rel1 log1 etc41 & tie x 9 place until dry1 or fa/5 x ) cleats1 b = nice "w y %\ld make a =m or m\ld4 ,if y wi% to b5d ribs1 = in/ance1 :i* %\ld be accurate 9 %ape1 y c cut a piece ( bo>d or plank to fit ! concave side ( ! desir$ curve4 ,fa/5 ?is piece ^u any flat surface1 z an old plank1 & bore holes = wood5 p9s ar\nd ! curve at su* a di/ance f ! patt]n piece or m\ld t ! piece to be b5t c be firmly w$g$ aga9/ x1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dgj2 or y c atta* blocks in/ead ( p9s--any arrangem5t by :i* ! b5t piece c be w$g$ 9 place4 ,a /rap ( hoop iron or o!r metal or ev5 a ?9 piece ( wood c be plac$ outside ( ! /ick to be b5t1 to prev5t ! wood splitt+ or spl9t]+ on ! outside1 z x is liable to d if b5t mu*1 unless ( good quality & /raight gra91 b !re is no ne$ ( do+ ?is 9 _m cases4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dgj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dga4 ,ano!r way is to h ! m\ld or =m 9 two p>ts1 z ! two p>ts ( a bo>d or plank ?r\gh :i* ! curve has be5 saw$ 7,fig4 #dga74 ,! piece to be b5t is put betwe5 ! two =ms1 :i* are !n press$ toge!r by clamps1 w$ges1 or a lev]4 ,?is is a good way = %ort pieces :i* _c easily be b5t1 or :i* d n readily cl+ to ! requir$ curve4 ,ano!r =m ( b5d+-m\ld is %[n 7an inv]t$ view7 9 ,fig4 #dgb4 ,9 ?is case ! pieces to be b5t are held 9 place by easily made clamps4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dgb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dgc4 ,a simple way to make a =m = b5d+ /rips is to cut ! curve out ( a piece ( plank1 or bo>ds nail$ toge!r 7,fig4 #dgc74 ,! end ( ! /rip is !n caught aga9/ ! cleat & ! piece b5t ar\nd ! curve4 ,if x t5ds to spr+ (f ! curve1 y mu/ contrive "s way to clamp1 w$ge1 or ev5 tie x 9 place4 ,z a piece mu/ be left on ! =m until dry & set1 if y h a numb] to b5d1 x may be bett] to make a =m wide en\gh to b5d !m all at once4 ,take any bo>ds1 or build a curv$ addition on ! end ( a box1 & contrive a wid] =m on ! same pr9ciple 7,fig4 #dgd74 ,= ribs1 & ! l1 ! /ock %\ld be got out s t ! annual lay]s w be at "r angles to ! direction ( ! nails ) :i* ! pieces are to be fa/5$1 or p>allel ) ! curv$ sides ( ! pieces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dgd4 ,bevel4--,?is is simil> to ! squ>e1 b ) a movable blade :i* c be set at any angle4 ,:5 p]man5tly fix$ at an angle ( #de1 x is call$ a mitre-squ>e4 ,! bevel is useful1 n m]ely to m>k any desir$ angle1 b to repeat "s angle already =m$1 to :i* y apply x1 mov+ ! blade until x fits ! angle1 :5 ! tool c be appli$ to ano!r piece & ! angle repeat$4 ,! directions ab\t hold+ ! head ( ! squ>e close to ! edge apply also to ! use ( ! bevel 7see ,squ>e74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dge4 ,to obta9 an angle ( #de ) ! bevel1 place x aga9/ ! inside edge ( ! l>ge /eel squ>e 7,fig4 #dge71 sett+ ! blade at su* an angle t x w int]cept equal di/ances on bo? arms ( ! squ>e4 ,on ?is same pr9ciple1 = o!r angles1 obs]ve ! figures int]cept$ by ! blade1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dgf4 ,note t = ?is angle ! figures are #b & #d1 & y c get ! angle aga9 at any "t by sett+ ! bevel at ^? figures4 ,y c also set ! bevel by lay+ (f ! requir$ angle ) compasses on a /raight-edg$ bo>d1 to :i* ! bevel c be appli$4 ,! angle %\ld be s laid out on ! bo>d t x w n be necess>y to try to set ! po9t ( ! compasses exactly at ! edge1 :i* is ( c\rse impossible4 ,see ,bevell+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dgf4 ,bevell+4--,to bevel ! edge ( a piece ) ! *isel1 draw-knife1 spoke-%ave1 plane1 or ev5 knife1 fir/ m>k p>allel l9es to "w to ) a p5cil-gauge 7see ,gauge7 r ?an a spur-gauge1 s z n to leave a scrat* to disfigure ! "w aft] ! bevel or *amf] is cut 7,figs4 #dgg & #dhe74 ,!n p>e ! edge d[n gradually to ^! l9es1 or prep>e ! way by fir/ scor+ ! wood ) cuts 7,fig4 #fae71 be+ sure to trim (f 9 ! direction ( ! gra92 b 9 bevell+ bo? end & side1 z 9 ,fig4 #dgh1 fir/ cut ! end1 because ( possible *ipp+ at ! corn]1 & 9 cutt+ ! end y c "w f ea* corn] t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,9 p>+ a bevel across ! gra91 pu% ! *isel z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dgi1 z x is ! easie/ & cleane/ way to cut1 & prev5ts spl9t]+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dgg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dgh4 ,illu/ration ,,"r4 ,,wrong4 ,,fig4 #dgi4 ,a simple bevel 7,figs4 #dgg & #dgh7 is usually be/ made ) ! plane1 :5ev] !re is room to use x4 ,plane bevels 9 end wood f bo? edges & y c (t5 slant ! plane to good advantage l ! *isel 9 ,fig4 #dgi4 ,see also ,*amf]+4 ,bit-,brace or ,bit-,/ock4--,?is tool requires no description4 ,! rat*et brace is useful = bor+ 9 awkw>d places :]e x is difficult to use a common bit-/ock4 ,!re is also a contrivance = ext5d+ ! bit-brace to bore 9 places :i* _c be rea*$ by ! common brace alone1 b ?is y w seldom require4 ,an angul> bit-/ock1 ) a univ]sal angle adju/m5t1 is useful4 ,by ?is ! bit c be po9t$ 9 diff]5t directions1 :ile ! bit-/ock is turn$ cont9u\sly 9 ! ord9>y way1 ?us enabl+ a hole to be conv5i5tly bor$ 9 an out-(-!-way corn]4 ,see ,bor+4 ,bits4--,! aug]-bit 7! sizes ( :i* are arrang$ by sixte5?s ( an in*7 s commonly us$ ) ! bit-brace1 consi/s1 at ! cutt+ end1 ( a spur1 two scor+-nibs1 & two cutt+-lips4 ,y w see f ,fig4 #dhj t ! spur a1 act+ l a gimlet po9t or a screw 7:i* x is71 />ts ! bit by draw+ x into ! wood s t ! scor+-nibs b make a circul> cut ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,z ?is cut deep5s1 ! cutt+-lips c slice away ! wood to be remov$ 9 ! =m ( %av+s1 :i* are br\ght to ! surface z ! bor+ proce$s4 ,?is bit c be %>p5$ ) a file1 ! scor+-nibs be+ %>p5$ f ! inside1 le/ !y be made to score a circle too small = ! re/ ( ! bit1 :ile ! cutt+-lips are fil$ f ! "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dha4 ,! c5tre-bit is a useful tool1 p>ticul>ly = v ?9 /ock4 ,! spe>-l po9t a 7,fig4 #dha71 act+ z a c5tre1 ! po9t b cuts a deep r+1 & ! edge c1 :i* is b5t s z to =m a flat *isel1 scoops out ! pieces ( wood1 & s a r\nd & smoo? hole is made4 ,?is bit does n cut v well ) ! gra94 ,x c be %>p5$ ) a small oil-/one4 ,x is well to bore a trial hole ) ?is bit 9 a piece ( wa/e wood :5 exactness is requir$1 because ! spur is n exactly 9 ! c5tre1 s t ! hole cut is a trifle wid] ?an ! diamet] ( ! bit4 ,! expansion-bit has an adju/able contrivance t enables x to bore holes ( v>i\s sizes1 b su* tools are h>dly necess>y = beg9n]s1 ?\gh v conv5i5t & (t5 us$ by c>p5t]s4 ,! gimlet-bit is a common =m1 b is easily dull$ & b5t & is likely to split delicate "w4 ,! quill-bit is excell5t1 except = end gra94 ,%ell-bit1 g\ge-bit1 pod-bit1 spoon-bit1 duck's-bill-bit1 etc41 are names appli$ to simple tools good = bor+ small holes4 ,!y are easily %>p5$ ) a /one1 "w quickly & leave a smoo? hole1 b d n cut s well 9 end gra94 ,!y are n z mu* 9 use z =m]ly1 ! twi/-drill tak+ _! place = _m purposes4 ,ream]s1 or tap]+ bits 7half-r\nd1 squ>e1 octagonal1 conical71 are useful to enl>ge holes & occasionally to make !m conical4 ,ream]s = metal are also useful4 ,= o!r =ms ( bor+ implem5ts1 see ,awls & ,twi/-drill4 ,see also ,bor+ & ,c\nt]s9k4 ,block-,plane4--,see ,plane4 ,bo>ds or ,planks1 ,lay+ ,expos$4--,9 lay+ bo>ds or planks to be expos$ to ! wea!r1 place !m 7unless !y are f ! middle ( ! tree7 s z to h ! out] side expos$--t is1 ! side f>!/ f ! he>t %\ld be put outside or upp]mo/4 ,if put ! o!r way ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 wat]1 etc41 w t5d to sep>ate & loos5 ! lay]s & fibres 7,fig4 #dhb74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhb4 ,bor+4--,9 bor+ ) ! bit-brace1 aft] ! bit has gone a %ort di/ance into ! wood1 /op &1 keep+ ! brace 9 position1 te/ c>efully f 9 front & f "o side to see :e!r ! bit is at "r angles to ! surface4 ,repeat ?is te/ & alt] ! position ( ! brace z _m times z may be necess>y until y are sure t ! bit is go+ ?r\gh at ! "r angle4 ,a common way to d ?is is to /& squ>ely 9 front ( ! "w & judge by ! eye :e!r ! bit is at "r angles ) ! "w1 & !n to /& at ei!r side at "r angles to ! fir/ position & judge ( ! angle aga94 ,! direction ( ! bit c be te/$ m accurately by apply+ ! squ>e4 ,few p c bore accurately )\t "s su* te/4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhc4 ,"s workm5 re/ ! *9 on ! left h& on top ( ! h&le ( ! brace1 to /eady x 7,fig4 #dhc71 & to increase ! pressure1 & sometimes ! %\ld] is appli$4 ,to remove a bit f ! wood1 give ! brace a turn or two backw>d1 :i* w loos5 ! spur1 & !n ei!r pull ! bit /raight out1 if x c be done easily )\t turn+ ! brace1 or1 z y pull x out1 keep turn+ ! brace z if bor+1 ?us br++ out ! *ips1 :i*1 if y remove ! bit by turn+ ! brace backw>d1 w be left 9 ! hole4 ,9 bor+ ?r\gh a bo>d or timb]1 wat* to see :5 ! spur ( ! bit beg9s to come ?r\gh on ! o!r side2 :5 x does1 turn ! piece ov] & bore 9 f t side1 or clamp a piece ( wa/e wood on ! o!r side & bore "r ?r\gh into x4 ,ei!r way w prev5t spl9t]+ or a ragg$ or burr$ edge1 :]e ! bit leaves ! wood4 ,9 bor+ a hole ( any dep? ) ! gra91 i4e41 9 ! end ( a piece ( wood1 )draw ! bit1 aft] x has ent]$ ! wood a %ort di/ance1 to cle> ! *ips f ! hole1 re9s]t1 bore1 & )draw aga91 & cont9ue 9 ?is way until y rea* ! requir$ dep?4 ,?is w save injur+ ! bit1 & w make ! bor+ easi]4 ,9 bor+ ) small bits1 p>ticul>ly :5 !re is dang] ( splitt+1 z ) ! gimlet-bit1 draw out ! bit & *ips once 9 a :ile4 ,:5 ! position ( a hole mu/ be exact on bo? sides ( ! wood x is well to m>k ! position accurately on ea* side & bore f ea* side until ! holes meet4 ,frequ5tly holes mu/ n be bor$ ?r\gh a piece1 b mu/ /op at a c]ta9 dep?4 ,suppose y h to make a doz5 holes #b deep4 ,take a wood5 tube if y h "o1 or bore a hole ?r\gh a block ( wood ( su* l5g? t :5 press$ aga9/ ! jaws ( ! brace two in*es ( ! end ( ! bit w project beyond ! tube or block 7,fig4 #dhd74 ,!n bore until ! end ( ! tube t\*es ! surface ( ! wood1 :5 ! hole w1 ( c\rse1 be #b deep4 ,metal atta*m5ts c be b\ght = ?is purpose4 ,see ,awl1 ,bits1 ,twi/-drill4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhd4 ,to cut a hole l>g] ?an any bit y h1 bore a s]ies ( small] holes j )9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! desir$ circle1 & trim to ! l9e ) ! g\ge or f9i% ) keyhole or compass-saw4 ,b[-,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,brad-awl4--,see ,awl4 ,bruises1 ,to ,take ,out4--,small bruises 9 wood c be tak5 out by wett+ ! place ) w>m wat]1 or ev5 ) cold wat]1 & rubb+ d[n ! gra9 ) s&pap] if necess>y4 ,if t is n suffici5t1 a hot iron1 z a flat-iron1 held ne> ! bruise1 ! latt] be+ cov]$ ) wet blott+ pap] or sev]al ?icknesses ( br[n pap]1 w (t5 remove a q l>ge d5t4 ,! op]ation c be repeat$ until x has no fur!r effect4 ,bru%es4--,x is well to h a bru% ( "s sort = clean+ (f "w1 ! b5*1 etc4 ,a sa% bru% is good4 ,= mo/ ( y\r pa9t+1 %ellac+1 etc41 y w usually get along bett] ) small flat bru%es ?an ) l>ge r\nd ones1 except = v co>se "w4 ,^? ) flatt5$ h&les are conv5i5t4 ,f "o to two in*es 9 diamet] w usually be l>ge en\gh1 unless = su* "w z pa9t+ ! outside ( a h\se1 :5 some?+ l>g] w save "t4 ,= pa9t+ small or n>r[ surfaces1 ! bru%es us$ = draw+ sa%es are good1 & = draw+ l9es p5cil bru%es w be requir$4 ,a good bru% = glue c be made by soak+ "o end ( a piece ( rattan 9 hot wat] & !n p\nd+ ! s(t5$ "p1 :5 ! fibres w sep>ate1 mak+ a /iff bru%4 ,bull-,nos$ ,plane--,see ,plane4 ,calip]s4--,calip]s1 :i* are inside or outside1 accord+ to :e!r !y are to f9d ! diamet] ( a hole or ! outside diamet] ( an object1 are v important 9 "s "w1 z turn+1 b1 ?\gh v useful at times1 are n ne>ly z important = ! "w ( ! beg9n] z compasses4 ,c>v+-,*isel4--,see ,c>v+ ,tools4 ,c>v+ ,tools4--,a few c>v+ tools are (t5 v useful = g5]al wood-"w4 ,x is conv5i5t to h ^! c>v+ tools fitt$ 9 h&les ( a diff]5t patt]n f y\r o!r tools4 ,an octagonal %ape is good4 ,a c>v+-*isel is v useful 9 work+ on odd-%ap$ pieces1 because ! cutt+ edge is bevell$ on bo? sides4 ,a c>v]'s skew *isel w be1 p]haps1 m g5]ally useful = y\r "w ?an "o gr\nd squ>ely across4 ,a p>t+-tool1 sometimes call$ a ,v tool1 is occasionally conv5i5t1 ?\gh h>dly a necessity = mo/ pla9 "w4 ,a small ve9+-tool 7l a v small g\ge7 is (t5 useful4 ,c5tre-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,*alk-,l9e4--,see ,m>k+4 ,*amf]+4--,a *amf] is ! surface =m$ by cutt+ away ! angle made by two faces ( a piece ( wood4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhe4 ,9 cutt+ ! ends ( a /op-*amf] 7,fig4 #dhe71 take c>e n to cut q d[n to ! l9e at fir/1 z y w be v apt to cut a little too deep & leave a tool m>k :i* _c be remov$4 ,9 ! case ( long /op-*amf]s1 use ! plane :5ev] y c1 s f> z x c be us$ )\t hitt+ ! wood at ! ends4 ,! draw-knife c (t5 be us$ to remove ! wood1 be+ foll[$ by ! plane4 ,! plane c be us$ slant+ly1 s z to cut ne>] ! ends1 & a bull-nos$ plane w cut ne>] /ill1 b ! extreme ends w h to be trimm$ to %ape ) ! *isel or o!r tool4 ,see also ,bevell+ & ,p>+4 ,*isel4--,! firm]-*isel is meant = light h&-"w1 = p>+ (f wood & trimm+ to %ape1 & c be us$ = light mortis+1 ?\gh ! mortise-*isel is int5d$ = t purpose4 ,x is (t5 an advantage to h ! long edges ( su* a *isel bevell$ on ! same side z ! cutt+ basil1 z x c be us$ m conv5i5tly 9 "s places4 ,tak+ (f ! corn] ( ! basil :5 gr9d+1 (t5 answ]s ! purpose4 ,! fram+-*isel is /\t] ?an ! firm]1 has a /rong] h&le to /& heavy bl[s ( ! mallet1 & is meant1 z ! "n indicates1 = fram+1 mortis+1 & o!r heavy "w4#da ,see ,mortis+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhg4 ,! /raight-b5t *isel is %ap$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dhg1 & is v useful = clean+ out corn]s1 grooves1 & o!r places :]e ! common firm]-*isel _c be us$ to advantage4 ,a skew-*isel is simply gr\nd slant+1 in/ead ( squ>ely across1 & is useful = corn]s & odd "w4 ,see ,c>v+ ,tools4 ,!re are o!r =ms1 seldom ne$$ by ! amateur1 z ! corn]-*isel1 :i* is us$ = cutt+ or p>+ angles & corn]s4 ,^? *isels & g\ges :i* h ! h&les fitt$ into sockets at ! upp] end ( ! iron1 in/ead ( ! iron be+ /uck into ! h&le1 & ) f]rules at ! upp] end :]e !y are /ruck by ! mallet are1 ( c\rse1 ! /ronge/ = heavy "w1 al?\gh ! light] h&les are j z good = light "w4 ,d n let y\r left h& get 9 front ( ! edge ( ! *isel :ile work+1 = ! tool may slip & give y a bad cut1 & 9 mo/ cases ! left h& %\ld be kept on ! l[] "p ( ! *isel to help control x1 :i* is n easily done ) "o h&4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 p>+ ! edge ( a piece directly d[nw>d t[>ds ! b5*1 x may be prop] to hold ! "w ) ! left h& & use ! *isel ) ! "r2 b z a rule1 p>ticul>ly = beg9n]s1 fir/ see t ! "w is securely fa/5$ or held f slipp+ by vise1 clamp1 or o!r exp$i5t1 & !n keep ! left h& on ! *isel1 :i* w /eady & guide ! tool1 &1 incid5tally1 prev5t ! h& f be+ cut4 ,see ,p>+ & ,%>p5+4 ,circul>-plane4--,see ,plane4 ,clamps4--,long clamps 7cab9et-clamps71 %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations1 are extremely useful 9 mak+ glu$ jo9ts & 9 v>i\s clamp+ op]ations4 ,_m1 ( diff]5t l5g?s1 are to be f\nd 9 wood-work+ %ops4 ,al?\gh mu* "w c be accompli%$ )\t !m1 if y c af=d a pair or m ( m$ium l5g?1 or long]1 !y w be v useful4 ,wood5 clamps w answ] e purpose1 al?\gh /eel ones are bett]1 b m exp5sive4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhh4 ,to clamp two or m flat pieces toge!r1 z 9 mak+ a glue-jo9t1 or 9 clamp+ framework1 z a door or picture-frame1 lay ! "w across ! horses1 :i* %\ld be s plac$ t _! tops w be z ne>ly level1 or 9 ! same plane1 z possible1 & apply ! clamps z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dhh1 always putt+ pieces ( wa/e wood betwe5 ! edges ( ! "w & ! clamps4 ,place ! clamps s t ei!r ! flat side ( ! b> or ! corn]1 z %[n1 w lie aga9/ ! surface ( ! "w1 ?us keep+ x f b5d+ t[>ds ! b> :5 ! screw is tight5$4 ,! numb] ( clamps to be us$ mu/ dep5d on ! size ( ! "w1 b !re is n usually mu* dang] ( an amateur's "w be+ clamp$ too securely4#db ,if y h to glue a flexible /rip1 put a /iff piece outside betwe5 x & ! clamp to di/ribute ! pressure4 ,y w (t5 f9d by sight+ across ! surface ( ! "w z y tight5 ! clamps1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( door-frames1 picture-frames1 & ! l1 t ! surface is w9d+4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 move "o or m corn]s ( ! "w up or d[n1 z ! case may be1 9 ! clamps1 & ?us take out ! w9d+4 ,a little exp]im5t+ w %[ h[ to d ?is4 ,9 ! case ( fram$ "w1 su* z doors or picture-frames1 te/ ! angles ) ! squ>e z soon z ! jo9ts are br\ght to a be>+4 ,if ! angles are n "r1 z w (t5 be ! case1 move "o end ( ei!r "o or bo? ( ! clamps to ! "r or left1 z ! case may be1 & y c easily *ange ! angle until ! squ>e %[s x to be "r1 :5 ! screws c be tight5$ & ! jo9ts %\ld close accurately4 ,9 clamp+ ne>ly all k9ds ( case "w1 su* z bookcases1 cab9ets1 boxes1 & ! l1 ^! directions ab\t mov+ ! clamps until ! angles are correct & ! "w free f w9d+ are applicable4 ,9 su* cases z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #dhh1 wa/e no "t 9 try+ to get ! surfaces exactly flu% ) ea* o!r at ! jo9t be=e p>tially tight5+ ! clamps1 le/ ! glue become set4 ,any slight alt]ation c be/ !n be made by tapp+ ) ! hamm] ne> ! jo9t1 :5ev] ei!r piece ne$s to be rais$ or l[]$1 putt+ a block "u ! hamm] if ! d5t w n be remov$ by plan+ 7see ,glu+74 ,! clamps c !n be screw$ tight]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dhi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dij4 ,9 su* cases z glu+ ! jo9ts ( a box1 put /\t blocks or cleats ov] ! jo9ts be=e tight5+ ! clamps 7,fig4 #dhi71 to di/ribute ! pressure4 ,?is applies to all cases ( clamp+ :]e ! pieces to be glu$ are n heavy en\gh to resi/ ! *ange ( %ape f ! pressure ( ! clamps1 & pieces ( wa/e wood are almo/ always requir$ 9 any case to prev5t bruis+ ( ! "w4 ,y c contrive home-made clamps out ( any /rong pieces ( wood ( suitable l5g?1 by nail+ or screw+ a block at ea* end 7,fig4 #dij71 :5 ! "w c be tightly w$g$ to a close be>+ by driv+ home ! d\ble w$ge %[n1 us+1 if necess>y1 "o or m blocks1 ,b1 :5 y use ! clamp = small] "w ?an t = :i* x 0 made4 ,by keep+ su* clamps = future use1 y w soon h en\gh to answ] v well until y c af=d to buy ! regul> cab9et-clamps4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 a simple clamp1 d]iv$ f ! ,ori5t1 c be made by bor+ a s]ies ( holes 9 two /\t /rips--j z ! holes are bor$ 9 ! sides ( a ladd]1 b ne>] toge!r4 ,! "w to be glu$ is laid on "o ( ^! /rips 9 ! same way z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dij4 ,! o!r /rip is !n plac$ directly above & /\t p9s put ?r\gh correspond+ holes outside ( ! "w1 :i* c !n be w$g$ aga9/ ! p9s 9 ! way j %[n4 ,ano!r way1 :i* c be appli$ to _m cases1 is to put a /\t cord1 d\bl$1 ar\nd ! "w1 & ins]t+ a /ick betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! /r+1 turn x ar\nd until1 ! d\bl$ cord ?us becom+ %ort5$1 ! p>ts ( ! "w are drawn toge!r4 ,?is c only be done :]e !re is room to sw+ ! /ick ar\nd1 z1 = example1 to tight5 ! r\nds ( a *air by draw+ ! legs toge!r 7,fig4 #dia74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dia4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dib4 ,y c (t5 apply pressure1 :5 no m conv5i5t means are at h&1 by mak+ use ( ! ela/icity ( a bo>d or pole4 ,suppose1 = example1 y ne$ to press two blocks tightly toge!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dib4 ,place !m on ! b5* or floor & spr+ 9 a bo>d or pole betwe5 ! top ( ! upp] block & a beam ( ! floor above1 z %[n4 ,( c\rse ?is bo>d mu/ be a little long] ?an m]ely to rea* betwe5 ! two po9ts1 z x mu/ be sprung into place b5t1 :5 9 ! ef=t to /raight5 itself out aga9 x w cause pressure on ! blocks4 ,pieces %\ld be plac$ outside ! blocks :5 sc>r+ ( ! surface is to be avoid$4 ,! pressure c be appli$ 9 any direction1 always suppos+ t y h some?+ firm to press aga9/4 ,pressure c (t5 be obta9$ by a lev]1 & _m applications ( ! w$ge w sugge/ !mselves 9 y\r "w4 ,ev5 if y h a %opful ( clamps & h&-screws & vises1 ^! applications ( ! simple me*anical p[]s (t5 come into play 7see ,fig4 #cij74 ,see also page #ga4 ,adju/able wood-c>v]'s clamps c be b\ght = hold+ pieces 9 position on ! b5*1 & are useful1 b by no means necess>y1 z common clamps1 or v>i\s devices1 c be us$4 ,! small iron clamps :i* c be us$ 9 place ( h&-screws are v useful4 ,= o!r sugge/ions ab\t clamp+1 see ,h&-screws4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dic4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #did4 ,cleat+4--,a simple way to jo9 two or m pieces ( bo>d or plank to make a wid] piece is to cleat !m4 ,if %ort1 !y c be cleat$ across ! ends4 ,?is c also be done to keep a s+le bo>d f w>p+ 7,fig4 #dic74 ,su* a cleat %\ld n be glu$ unless ! wid? is v slight1 on acc\nt ( ! expansion & contraction across ! bo>d be+ s mu* great] ?an t l5g?ways ( ! cleat 7see pages #ej-ec74 ,screws 7:i* are be/71 nails1 or d[els %\ld be us$1 z !y w give "s play to ! pieces4 ,a groove c also be made 9 ! cleat1 into :i* a tongue on ! end ( ! bo>d is fitt$4 ,grooves c be cut 9 bo? cleat & bo>d & a tongue or spl9e ins]t$ 7,fig4 #did74 ,^! are op]ations be/ done by ma*9]y4 ,?is end-cleat+ does v well on small "w & :]e ! t5d5cy to w>p is n too great4 ,= heavi] "w1 z doors1 cleats on ! side are bett]1 b !y are sometimes 9 ! way1 & n always desirable on ! gr\nd ( looks4 ,?is is a /rong way4 ,side cleats %\ld be fa/5$ ) screws 7see ,screws7 or cl9*$ nails 7see ,nail+71 b n ) glue1 = ! same reason z 9 ! case ( end cleats4 ,if ! cleat is wide en\gh1 d n put ! screws 9 a /raight l9e1 b alt]nate !m 7,fig4 #cfh74 ,see ,jo9t+ & ,doors & ,panels4 ,cl9*+-,nails4--,see ,nail+4 ,compasses4--,w+ compasses1 or ^? ) arc & set-screw1 are easy to adju/ accurately & w n slip1 b1 :atev] k9d y get1 be sure t ! po9ts /ay :]e y put !m & d n spr+ away or wobble ar\nd4 ,! *ief uses ( ?is tool are to /rike circles1 to lay (f angles & arcs1 to take (f measurem5ts f a rule or "s object1 to lay (f measurem5ts1 & to scribe 9 places :]e a gauge c n be us$ 7see ,scrib+74 ,9 us+ compasses1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are n set by a screw1 hold !m & sw+ !m ar\nd by ! top at ! h+$ jo9t1 r ?an grasp !m ne> ! po9ts1 :i* may cause !m to move or slip4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #die4 ,circles or circul> arcs c be /ruck r\ghly1 z y d\btless "k1 ) a /r+ & a nail at ! c5tre1 ! /r+ be+ loose ar\nd ! nail4 ,?is me?od is n v accurate1 = obvi\s reasons1 & is only suitable = r\gh "w4 ,a m accurate way is to drive two nails ?r\gh a /rip ( wood at a di/ance ap>t j equal to ! radius ( ! requir$ circle1 "o nail be+ driv5 into ! wood to act z ! c5tre1 ! o!r do+ ! m>k+ 7,fig4 #die74 ,in/ead ( ! m>k+ nail a hole c be bor$ = a p5cil4 ,y c use a /ick ( ?is sort repeat$ly by *ang+ ! position ( ! c5tre nail1 or ( ! m>k+ po9t4 ,! same c be done ) a brad or /\t p9 & a p5cil1 us+ /iff pap]1 c>d-bo>d1 or z9c in/ead ( a /ick4 ,by su* exp$i5ts y c d a great deal ( "w )\t buy+ compasses4 ,compass-,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dif4 ,corn]-,blocks4--,^! are m]ely small pieces ( p9e1 or o!r wood :i* holds glue well1 ) two adjac5t surfaces at "r angles4 ,hot glue is appli$ to !m & !y are rubb$ into int]ior angles ( cab9et-"w1 to /r5g!n & /iff5 ! "w 7,fig4 #dif71 & are v useful = ?is purpose4 ,!y are got out 9 %ort pieces1 l5g?ways ( ! gra91 & c be freely us$ 9 places :]e !y w n %[1 z inside ( ! base-bo>d 9 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,! %ape c be v>i$ accord+ to ! conditions ( ! jo9t4 ,apply hot glue pl5tifully1 place ! block :]e x is to g1 & rub x back & =? sev]al times1 :5 x c be left = ! glue to dry4 ,corn]-,*isel4--,see ,*isel4 ,c\nt]s9k4--,?is tool1 to be us$ ) ! bit-brace1 = enl>g+ ! out] "p ( a hole1 ?us =m+ a cavity or depression = receiv+ ! head ( a screw 7,fig4 #dig71 is q important1 z be+ mu* m conv5i5t ?an to use g\ge1 *isel1 or knife = ! purpose4 ,see page #bje4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dig4 ,! rose =m ( c\nt]s9k is common & good4 ,! ,cl>k d\ble-cut c\nt]s9k 7= wood only7 cuts smoo?ly & is easily %>p5$4 ,a c\nt]s9k = metal is useful4 ,cracks1 ,to ,/op4--,see ,holes1 ,to ,/op4 ,cross-,cut ,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,cutt+-,pli]s4--,a pair ( ^! w (t5 be useful 9 connection ) wood-work+ op]ations4 ,d5ts1 ,to ,take ,out4--,see ,bruises4 ,divid]s4--,see ,compasses4 ,doors & ,panels4--,x is important to h "s und]/&+ ( ! !ory ( fram+ panels1 doors1 & ! l4 ,! simple/ =m ( door is1 ( c\rse1 a piece ( bo>d4 ,?is w d = "s cases1 b x is liable to w>p or w9d1--if a l>ge door1 sometimes to su* a degree z to be useless4 ,x is also1 if l>ge1 liable to swell or %r9k s z to be ei!r too loose or too tight1 & to break4 ,cleat+ c be resort$ to 7see ,cleat+71 b w n prev5t ! swell+ & %r9k+1 nor is a cleat$ door especially ornam5tal4 ,besides1 !re are limits to ! wid? ( ord9>y bo>ds4 ,sev]al bo>ds c1 h[ev]1 be jo9$1 edge to edge1 & cleat$ on "o side1 9 :i* way a l>ge door c be made 7,fig4 #dje71 &1 if ! bo>ds are n fitt$ too closely toge!r1 !re may be no tr\ble caus$ by ! swell+ & %r9k+4 ,ano!r way to make a v /rong door is to make x ( two ?icknesses1 or lay]s1 "o runn+ up & d[n & ! o!r crossways1 or diagonally1 ! two ?icknesses be+ firmly nail$ or screw$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dih4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dii4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ejj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eja4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ejb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ejc4 ,all su* arrangem5ts are1 h[ev]1 suit$ = ! r\gh] class ( "w4 ,:5 we come to nic] "w we mu/ h some?+ m sci5tific1 t w swell & %r9k z little z possible & t w look bett]4 ,s1 in/ead ( us+ a broad flat surface ) ! bo>ds all runn+ "o way1 we try to ov]come ! faults ( ! flat door by fram+ ! pieces toge!r4 ,suppose1 = a !oretical case1 t y make a door l ,fig4 #dih4 ,x w n w>p or curl because ( ! cleats at ! top & bottom1 b x w swell & %r9k 9 wid? because !re is su* a wide surface ( bo>d to be affect$ by ! atmosph]e1 etc41 & x may become w9d+4 ,to less5 ^! objections ! middle "p ( ! bo>d c be remov$--all b a /rip at ea* edge 7,fig4 #dii74 ,x w n n[ swell & %r9k mu* 9 wid? because mo/ ( ! bo>d has be5 remov$4 ,?is frame w hold its %ape q well1 b x is only a frame1 n a door4 ,h[ c y fill up ?is op5 frame to make a door1 s z to avoid ! tr\ble ab\t w>p+1 w9d+1 swell+1 & %r9k+8 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 z ?is frame is consid]ably tall] ?an x is wide1 y w readily see t x w be a bett] arrangem5t to make x z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ejj1 ) ! cross-pieces betwe5 ! uprights1 accord+ to ! usual cu/om 9 su* cases4 ,suppose1 n[1 t y fill up ! op5 space ) a ?9 bo>d1 fa/5$ on "o side 7,fig4 #eja71 in/ead ( ! ?ick wood :i* occupi$ ! space at fir/4 ,! ?9 bo>d w t5d to w>p & twi/1 b1 be+ ?91 x w n ex]t =ce en\gh to *ange ! %ape ( ! ?ick frame4 ,t w prev5t ! w>p+ & w9d+ f do+ mu* h>m4 ,if ! screw-holes 9 ?is ?9 piece are reasonably loose1 !y w all[ play en\gh = ! bo>d to exp& & contract )\t putt+ any /ra9 on ! frame4 ,?is arrangem5t does n1 h[ev]1 look v nice on ! side to :i* ! bo>d is screw$1 ?\gh x c be us$ 9 "s situations4 ,suppose1 f9ally1 t y cut a groove ar\nd ! inside edge ( ! frame ( ! door 7,fig4 #ejb7 into :i* ?is ?9 bo>d c be fitt$ loosely1 mak+ ! groove deep en\gh to give ! bo>d room to %r9k & swell 9 wid? )\t dropp+ out or pu%+ aga9/ ! frame4 ,y n[ h a complete door 7,fig4 #ejc71 & ! w>p+1 w9d+1 swell+1 & %r9k+ w d z little h>m z possible4 ,t is all !re is to ! !ory ( fram+ doors1 panels1 & ! l4 ,illu/ration ,,"r4 ,,wrong4 ,,fig4 #ejd4 ,! panel %\ld fit closely into ! groove1 b at ! same "t be loose en\gh to slide 9 & out z x exp&s & contracts1 & %\ld n be wide en\gh to rea* to ! bottom ( ! grooves1 b room be left = all possible *ange 9 wid?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ejd1 :i* %[s sections on ! l9e ,,ab4 ,all ?is is important & has _m applications to o!r ?+s ?an doors4 ,x is n v uncommon = amateurs1 ignorant ( ^! simple pr9ciples1 to make a door-frame prop]ly1 b 9 fitt+ ! panel to make x ! full wid? ( ! space f ! bottom ( "o groove to ! bottom ( ! opposite1 & also to make x su* a snug fit 9 ! groove z to be /uck tight1 all ) ! idea ( mak+ su* a good fit z to prev5t any ( ! gap+ cracks s (t5 se51 b really tak+ ! v c\rse to ru9 ! "w4 ,s important is x t ! panel %\ld h play1 t x is q common 9 nice "w to rub wax or tall[ ar\nd ! edge ( ! panel1 le/ "s ( ! glue f ! jo9ts ( ! frame %\ld cause x to /ick :5 ! frame is glu$ up4 ,if ! panel is badly fitt$ or /uck1 x may buckle or split1 or ! frame be split or =c$ ap>t at ! jo9ts4 ,!re are _m m elaborate ways ( arrang+ ! details ( door-fram+ & panell+ 7too num]\s to be describ$ "h1 z !y w n (t5 be requir$ by ! beg9n]72 b if y und]/& ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is simple door is put toge!r1 y w und]/& ! pr9ciples ^u :i* all panell+ is bas$2 &1 ?\gh y may nev] d mu* ( x1 x is q important to h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! !ory1 :i* is really q simple--= x has _m applications :i* may save y mu* tr\ble1 lab\r1 & exp5se4 ,! be/ way to fa/5 ! frame ( a door toge!r is by mortise & t5on 7see ,mortis+74 ,?is me?od is almo/ inv>iably adopt$ = h\se doors4 ,d[ell+ is (t5 us$ = small] doors1 b is inf]ior to ! mortise & t5on4 ,a common way n[adays to make light doors1 & su* z are n to be subject$ to mu* /ra91 is to run ! grooves 9 ! /iles ?r\gh to ! ends & cut tongues or %ort t5ons on ! ends ( ! rails to fit ^! grooves1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ejh & #eji4 ,! :ole door1 panel & all1 c ?us be quickly got out & fitt$ accurately ) a circul> saw at any wood-work+ mill1 )\t any h&-"w be+ requir$1 except ! smoo?+ ( ! pieces & ! putt+ toge!r4 ,9 ?is way y c h a door made = a small sum1 smoo?+ & putt+ x toge!r y\rself4 ,su* a door is n fitt$1 h[ev]1 to /& great /ra94 ,a h\se door made 9 t way w\ld la/ b a %ort "t4 ,any heavy door1 or "o to h mu* /ra91 or liable to be slamm$1 %\ld be fram$ ) mortise & t5on4 ,y c h groov+ = a door-frame done at ! mill v *eaply & d ! mortis+ y\rself1 or y c h ! mortis+ done by ma*9e at slight exp5se4 ,sometimes ! groov+ & mortis+ are comb9$1--an excell5t way 7,fig4 #eib74 ,9 us+ any ( ^! me?ods m>k di/9ctly "o side ( ea* piece = ! face & lay out all ! "w f t side only4 ,if ! job is to be tak5 to a mill1 see t ! "w is all gaug$ f ! face side4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eje4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ejf4 ,9 lay+ out su* "w nev] cut (f ! /iles 7,fig4 #eje7 to l5g? at fir/4 ,leave !m too long 7,fig4 #ejg74 ,! project+ ends w be useful :5 y knock ! frame ap>t = glu+1 aft] fir/ putt+ x toge!r to see if ev]y?+ fits4 ,besides1 ! extra l5g? makes ! ends /rong] = ! mortis+ & less likely to split out4 ,! rails 9 door-fram+ & panell+ are usually wid] ?an ! /iles4 ,9 lay+ out a door or panell$ frame1 place ! /iles toge!r1 ) ! inside edges upp]mo/1 & squ>e l9es across ! edges to m>k ! positions = ! rails 7,fig4 #ejf74 ,c>ry ^! l9es across ! faces ( ! /iles1 & m>k ! rails & /iles ) "s symbols to indicate ! way !y are to be fitt$ toge!r 7,fig4 #ejg74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ejg4 ,! :ole %\ld be put toge!r once to see t ev]y?+ is "r be=e beg9n+ to glue4 ,be=e putt+ toge!r p]man5tly1 ! panel & ! inside edges ( ! frame 7! edges :i* come next ! panel7 mu/ fir/ be plan$ & smoo!d1 z ?is _c well be done aft]w>ds4 ,!n fit ! panel 9 ! grooves ( ! rails 7,fig4 #ejh71 glue ! t5ons ( "o end ( ! rails & ! grooves or mortises ( ! correspond+ /ile 7see ,glu+71 tak+ c>e n to put any glue :]e x may cause ! panel to /ick1 & fit ^! p>ts into place 7,fig4 #eji74 ,drive ! rails home4 ,!n glue & fit ! o!r side ( ! frame 9 ! same way 7,fig4 #eaj7--;all be+ done z quickly z possible4 ,f9ally clamp ! frame securely 7see ,clamps74 ,! tongu$ & groov$ jo9t repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations is n z good z a mortise & t5on1 z already /at$1 b is %[n z a simple way = mak+ a light door4 ,leave ! "w to dry1 & :5 dry remove ! clamps4 ,saw (f ! ends ( ! /iles1 & dress (f ! surface ( ! frame ) ! plane 7see ,plane71 aft] :i* y c smoo? ) scrap] 7see ,scrap]7 & s&pap] 7see ,s&pap]71 & ! door or panel w be done4 ,:5 !re is objection to ! end ( a t5on %[+ on ! outside edge ( ! /ile1 & a bl9d mortise is n desir$ 7see ,mortis+71 ! end ( ! t5on c be cut a little %ort & ! mortise-hole on ! edge plugg$ ) a piece ( wood1 ) ! gra9 runn+ ! same way z t ( ! /ile4 ,fit ! piece ) a v trifl+ bevel on ! edges1 glue1 drive tightly into place1 & :5 dry smoo? (f 7,fig4 #eaa74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ejh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eji4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eaj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eaa4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to "w out ! groov+ or groov$ & tongu$ jo9ts by h& 9 ^! days :5 x c be s *eaply done by ma*9]y4 ,if oblig$ to d x by h&1 y %\ld h ! prop] plane = ! purpose1 z x w be v difficult & sl[ "w o!rwise4 ,a panel is sometimes made flu% ) ei!r side ( ! frame1 by hav+ a deep rabbet on t side1 z 9 ! case ( a desk lid1 = in/ance1 b ?is is a =m :i* c well be avoid$ by ! beg9n]4 ,dovetail+4--,?is is an op]ation requir+ consid]able skill to d well &1 ) ! exception ( an occasional s+le dovetail1 is n frequ5tly requir$ 9 ! "w ( ! beg9n]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a valuable1 workmanlike accompli%m5t & a ?or\ghly sci5tific me?od1 ( :i* ! amateur %\ld h "s und]/&+1 ev5 if he %\ld nev] use x4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eab4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eac4 ,! common =m1 su* z is us$ 9 jo9+ ! sides ( a box 7,fig4 #eab71 c be done z foll[s3 ,m>k ! l9es ab 7,fig4 #eac7 completely ar\nd ea* piece1 at a di/ance f ! end equal to ! ?ickness ( ! /ock4 ,lay (f ! l9es cd on ! end ( ! piece ,a4 ,lay (f ! oblique l9es ec on bo? sides ( ! piece4 ,) ! back-saw cut by ^! oblique l9es 7ec7 to ! l9es ab4 ,fa/5 ! piece 9 ! vise1 end upw>d1 = ! saw+4 ,) ! *isel1 cut out ! p>ts to be remov$ 7m>k$ m71 z 9 cutt+ a mortise 7see ,mortis+71 und]cutt+ v slightly at ! end 7,fig4 #cjb74 ,:5 ?is cutt+ has be5 cleanly done1 lay ! piece ,a on ! end ( ! piece ,b 9 ! way x is f9ally to g1 s t ! p9s j cut w re/ exactly 9 position across ! end ( ! piece ,b4 ,m>k ar\nd ! p9s1 =m+ ! oblique l9es fg1 f ! ends ( :i* squ>e ! l9es gh on bo? sides ( ! piece4 ,remove ! wood z be=e1 tak+ c>e n to cut on ! wrong sides ( ! l9es :i* m>k ! p9s1 or ! dovetail+ may come toge!r too loosely4 ,:5 exactly fitt$1 apply glue1 fit toge!r1 & :5 dry smoo? (f ) plane1 scrap]1 & s&pap]1 z may be requir$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ead4 ,lap or draw] dovetail+ 7,fig4 #ead7 is simil> to ! prec$+ =m1 b ! ends ( ! p9s or dovetails on ! piece =m+ ! side ( ! draw] are %ort5$1 & ! recesses 9 ! front piece :i* are to receive !m are n cut ?r\gh4 ,fir/ ! side piece ,a 7,fig4 #eae7 is m>k$ & cut on ! pr9ciple j %[n1 ! p9s be+ %ort]2 !n ! piece ,b is m>k$ & cut to fit4 ,practis$ workm5 9 dovetail+ usually 7unless symmetry ( ! p9s is requir$7 det]m9e ! bevels = ! p9s ( ! fir/ piece by eye1 b ! beg9n] w\ld be/ n attempt to lay (f angles or saw by eye4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eae4 ,mitre dovetail+ 7bl9d or secret dovetail+7 is us$ 9 cases :]e x is desir$ to conceal ! dovetails1 ! result look+ l an ord9>y mitr$ jo9t1 b ?is is difficult "w = ! beg9n]4 ,dovetail ,saw4--,see ,saw 7,back-,saw74 ,d[ell+4--,d[els are m]ely r\nd /icks ( diff]5t diamet]s & usually ( h>d wood4 ,!y c be b\ght ready made & c be us$ in/ead ( nails or screws1 or in/ead ( mortis+1 dovetail+1 etc4 ,!y c be us$ simply z p9s or 9 _m cases c be split & w$g$1 ?\gh ! holes mu/ be tap]$ ) a g\ge if w$ges ( mu* ?ickness are to be us$ 7,fig4 #eaf74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eaf4 ,a common use ( d[els is to fa/5 ! frames ( tables1 *airs1 b$/eads1 & v>i\s dome/ic articles4 ,! use ( d[els = su* purposes is n to be recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 al?\gh v common 9 *eap "w & 9 mu* "w :i* is n *eap 9 price4 ,! mortise & t5on is usually mu* to be pref]r$4 ,d[ell+1 to be really good1 has to be skilfully done1 :ile x is a v common way to /ick ! "w toge!r 9 any mann] t w look "r on ! outside4 ,a d[ell$ jo9t is n1 z a rule1 z sci5tific a =m ( con/ruction z a well-plann$ mortise & t5on1--a /atem5t :i* y c easily prove = y\rself by comp>+ "s article ( y\r gr&mo!r's or great-gr&mo!r's "t1 & :i* is /ill /rong1 ) "s mod]n d[ell$ *air1 :i* is 9 s _m cases all to pieces & ?r[n on ! woodpile aft] a %ort t]m ( s]vice4 ,! gap+ jo9ts & dropp+ ap>t ( mod]n d[ell$ "w c be se5 on e h&4 ,!re are "s cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! use ( d[els is sci5tific & j :at is requir$4 ,= example1 split d[els1 w$g$ dovetail fa%ion l w$g$ t5ons1 are (t5 v useful 7see ,mortis+74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eag4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eah4 ,to f9d ! c5tres = bor+1 s t ! holes bor$ 9 ! two pieces %all be 9 l9e1 y c cut (f ! heads ( "s small wire brads s t !y w be po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,/ick ! brads into "o piece :]e ! c5tres ( ! holes %\ld be4 ,!n press ?is piece aga9/ ! o!r 9 ! position x is to take :5 ! "w is done & ! brads w ( c\rse prick holes 9 ! second piece exactly correspond+ to ^? 9 ! fir/ piece 7,fig4 #eag74 ,in/ead ( brads1 small %ot c be us$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x is well to take a r\nd-po9t$ awl1 or "s su* tool1 & c>efully prick a small hole ) x at ea* ( ! po9ts m>k$4 ,?is is to />t ! spur ( ! bit exactly at ! po9t1 z ! spur sometimes has a way ( work+ (f to "o side1 s t ! hole may n be 9 exactly ! "r place4 ,! h>de/ "p1 h[ev]1 is to bore ! holes exactly at "r angles to ! surface1 z a slight deviation 9 ei!r or bo? may make a bad angle :]e ! two holes meet4 ,y c sometimes lay ! pieces flat on ! b5* & arrange bo>ds or blocks s z to guide ! bit /raight4 ,! d[els mu/ be ?or\ghly dry4 ,x is bett] to h !m a trifle too l>ge1 r ?an too small1 = y c easily trim !m d[n to a snug fit4 ,scrat* !m l5g?ways ) ! too!d-plane1 or ) ! edge ( a file4 ,c\nt]s9k a little holl[ ar\nd ! op5+ ( ea* hole 7see ,c\nt]s9k71 to cat* ! surplus glue :i* w\ld o!rwise =m a rim ar\nd ! d[el 7,fig4 #eag74 ,be=e glu+ y %\ld fit ! "w toge!r once1 z x is v awkw>d to make *anges aft] ! glu+ is begun4 ,:5 ! p>ts fit accurately1 take ! jo9t ap>t = glu+4 ,bru% a little glue ar\nd ! inside ( "o ( ! holes1 dip "o end ( a d[el 9 ! glue & drive into place4 ,wipe (f ! sup]flu\s glue & repeat ! process ) ea* ( ! d[els 9 t half ( ! jo9t4 ,leave ?is to dry a day1 or m if y c4 ,!n clean any h>d5$ glue f ! d[els & glue !m1 z be=e1 into ! o!r piece1 ?is "t putt+ glue on ! flat surfaces :i* are to come toge!r4 ,! :ole %\ld be firmly clamp$ & left to dry 7see ,glu+ & ,clamps74 ,d[els are sometimes us$ 9 jo9+ ! edges ( pieces1 z 9 ,fig4 #eah1 & 9 _m o!r jo9ts too num]\s to be specifi$ 7see ,jo9ts & ,jo9t+74 ,d[ell+ looks v easy1 b x is usually h>d = ! beg9n] to bore ! holes /raight & to make ! pieces fit accurately4 ,d[el-,plate4--,a /eel plate ) v>i\s holes ( su* sizes t p9s made by driv+ blocks ( wood ?r\gh !m w drive snugly into ! holes made by ! correspond+ bits4 ,?is is useful 9 fitt+ d[els4 ,draw]s4--,! mak+ ( well-fitt+ & smoo?ly runn+ draw]s is an op]ation requir+ mu* skill--m skill ?an c be expect$ ( ! beg9n]1 or1 9 fact1 ?an is atta9$ by ! av]age workman4 ,! beg9n] %\ld1 h[ev]1 h "s und]/&+ ( ! "w1 ev5 if he does n atta9 a high degree ( skill 9 its execution4 ,be> 9 m9d t x is mu* easi] to make a draw] :i* is n>r[ & long 7f front to back7 run smoo?ly ?an "o :i* is wide across ! front1 b %all[ f front to back4 ,! m accurately ! case :i* holds ! draw]s is made1 ! easi] x is to make smoo?ly runn+ draw]s4 ,9 good "w hav+ m ?an "o draw]1 a horizontal frame is fitt$ b5ea? ea* draw] = x to run on4 ,^! frames1 z well z ! :ole case1 %\ld be free f w9d+1 & x is also important t ! /ock = ! draw]s %\ld be true4 ,! front & sides ( a draw] %\ld be got out to fit v snugly 9 _! places4 ,! piece = ! back is n>r[] ?an ! front piece1 to all[ = ! bottom 7,fig4 #eba71 & is (t5 cut (f at ! top also4 ,! front1 sides1 & back c be put toge!r ) any suitable =m ( jo9t4 ,dovetail+ is by f> ! be/ way1 b x is difficult = ! beg9n] 7see ,dovetail+74 ,! jo9ts %[n 9 ,fig4 #eai c v well be us$ = ord9>y "w4 ,^! c be quickly made by ma*9]y 7see ,jo9ts74 ,see also ,glu+ & ,clamps4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eai4 ,a groove = ! bottom mu/ be cut on ! inside ( ! front & ( ! sides 7,fig4 #ebj74 ,! insides ( ! pieces mu/ be smoo!d be=e putt+ ! draw] toge!r4 ,:5 ^! p>ts are fitt$1 slip ! bottom 7previ\sly fitt$7 into place4 ,x %\ld be got out ) ! gra9 runn+ across ! draw]1 or p>allel ) ! front 7,fig4 #eba71 & %\ld be glu$ at ! front edge only1 ! re/ be+ free to swell & %r9k1 :i* saves ! draw] f injury4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eba4 ,be sure t ! draw] is rectangul> 7putt+ 9 ! bottom w assi/ 9 ?is7 & free f w9d+4 ,:5 put toge!r & dry1 c>efully smoo? ! front & ! sides4 ,a little trimm+ ) ! plane may be requir$ to make ! draw] run freely1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to plane away too mu*4 ,a draw] :i* is a trifle l>g] at ! back ?an at ! front w run bett] ?an if l>g] 9 front1 z x w be less likely to b9d or cat*4 ,small slides1 betwe5 :i* ! draw] runs1 are fa/5$ at ea* side outside ! draw]1 at ! bottom1 & mu/ be adju/$ c>efully4 ,?9 blocks or /ops c be fa/5$ on ! cross-frame s t ! inside ( ! draw] front w /rike aga9/ !m :5 ! draw] has be5 pu%$ 9 z f> z x %\ld g1 or ! draw] c be /opp$ at ! back4 ,a simple way to atta* a draw] "u a %elf1 b5*1 or table is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,! contrivance %[n 9 ,figs4 #ada & #adb c sometimes be us$ 9 place ( small draw]s4 ,bayb]ry tall[ is excell5t to rub on ! sides ( draw]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebc4 ,draw-,knife or ,draw-,%ave4--,! draw-knife or draw-%ave is v useful = slic+ (f l>ge pieces & = trimm+ wood into odd %apes4 ,x c be obta9$ ) fold+ h&les1 adju/able at diff]5t angles1 = use 9 places :i* c n be rea*$ by ! blade ( ! old-fa%ion$ draw-knife2 b ! latt] is good en\gh = all ord9>y purposes4 ,*oose a m$ium-siz$ or l>ge "o4 ,x is 9 pr9ciple simply a knife or v wide & %ort-blad$ *isel ) a h&le at ea* end1 & c be us$ ) ! flat side or ! bevel aga9/ ! wood z ! "* ( ! "w may require4 ,hav+ b a %ort be>+ surface to guide its c\rse1 x is v prone to foll[ ! gra9 & cut deep] ?an y wi%1 s y mu/ take special pa9s to cut ) ! gra91 /opp+ & cutt+ ! o!r way1 :5ev] necess>y4 ,atta*m5ts c be b\ght = guid+ ! draw-knife 9 *amf]+ & su* cases4 ,! draw-knife c (t5 be be/ us$ ) an oblique /roke--ei!r draw+ x sideways across ! "w at ! same "t t y pull x t[>ds y 7,fig4 #ebb71 or hold+ x obliquely across ! "w & pull+ x /raight t[>ds y 7,fig4 #ebc74 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s tools if c>elessly left ly+ ar\nd1 & %\ld be kept hung up out ( rea* ( all small *ildr54 ,see ,p>+1 ,bevell+1 & ,*amf]+4 ,draw-,%ave4--,see ,draw-knife4 ,drill4--,drills = metal only are (t5 useful to ! wood-work]1 b ! "o mo/ important = ! amateur is ! twi/-drill4 ,see ,twi/-drill4 ,drill-,/ock4--,!re are v>i\s patt]ns ( drill-/ocks1 "s ( !m automatic1 = hold+ drills ( diff]5t sizes = small holes4 ,h& drills ) revolv+ h&le1 l an egg-beat]1 c be us$ = small drills4 ,see ,bit-brace4 ,duck's-bill-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,expansion-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,file4--,! file is a piece ( h>d /eel ) r[s ( ridges or tee? cut obliquely on ! surface4 ,:5 cut 9 "o direction only x is call$ s+le-cut1 b :5 !re are two oblique r[s ( tee? cross+ ea* o!r x is call$ d\ble-cut4 ,^! ridges incl9e t[>ds ! end or po9t ( ! tool1 s t ! file1 l ! saw1 plane1 & scrap]1 cuts :5 pu%$ =w>d4 ,files = wood h wid] tee? ?an ^? = metal1 s d n use a wood file on metal or a metal file = wood4 ,! slab-sid$ %ape 7,fig4 #ebd7 is p]haps ! mo/ useful1 if y c h b "o file4 ,a r\nd rat-tail$ file is also useful1 & v>i\s o!r %apes if y c h a v>iety4 ,= metal1 ! triangul>1 flat1 ! half-r\nd1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ebe1 & ! rat-tail are be/4 ,files are v important = smoo?+ or r\nd+ edges & curv+ surfaces4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebe4 ,be=e beg9n+ to file1 be sure t ! wood is firmly secur$ s t x w n slip & s t y c use ! file ) bo? h&s4 ,hold ! tool ) ! "r h&1 ?umb upp]mo/1 & /eady ! end ) ! left h&1 ?umb upp]mo/ 7,fig4 #ebf71 or ) ! f+]s or palm4 ,to file squ>ely across1 pu% ! tool /eadily & ev5ly /raight =w>d1 )\t rock+ up & d[n1 & press+ only on ! =w>d /roke4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebf4 ,9 fil+ r\nd$ surfaces1 a rock+ motion is (t5 helpful & ! way & direction 9 :i* to file 9 su* cases mu/ dep5d ^u ! %ape ( ! "w & ! gra9 ( ! wood1 z y w quickly le>n4 ,see ,r\nd+-/icks4 ,press lightly ! fir/ "t y use a new file1 until ! f9e edges ( ! tee? h be5 worn a little1 z a viol5t fil+ on ! fir/ /rokes may damage ! cutt+ edges ( ! tee?4 ,:5 a file becomes clogg$ ) wood-du/ or o!r sub/ances1 soak x 9 hot wat] a little :ile & !n bru% ) a /iff bru%4 ,a file-c>d is useful4 ,a piece ( dog-fi% sk91 if y c obta9 x1 cuts some:at l a file or co>se s&pap]1 & is useful = curv$ surfaces :]e y wi% to use ! tools aft] smoo?+4 ,fil+4--,see ,file4 ,fil+ 7( ,saws74--,see ,%>p5+4 ,f9i%+4--,to acquire a high degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 f9i%+ indoor wood-"w requires long tra9+ & practice1 b ! simpl] processes c be und]tak5 to good advantage by ! beg9n]4 ,!re are a numb] ( ways f :i* to *oose4 ,simply rubb+ ?or\ghly ) l9se$ oil gives a good1 s(t1 p]man5t f9i%1 :i* "s pref] to any?+ else1 b y %\ld be sure t all sup]flu\s oil is rubb$ (f4 ,d n hang a rec5tly oil$ book-%elf or cab9et aga9/ ! wall-pap] ( ! room1 = fe> ( defac+ x4 ,an oil f9i%1 unless rubb$ a good deal1 has ! disadvantage ( gett+ soil$ & collect+ du/ & dirt1 b x is easily s&pap]$ & r5ew$ & is c]ta9ly 9 bett] ta/e ?an a co>se1 %9y1 *eap v>ni%4 ,an old-fa%ion$ way is simply to apply a mixture ( turp5t9e & beeswax1 rubb+ x z long z y\r /r5g? & pati5ce w all[4 ,melt "s beeswax 9 a c or saucepan &1 :5 melt$ & tak5 f ! /ove1 p\r 9 en\gh turp5t9e to make x ! consi/5cy ( pa/e4 ,!n apply ) a bru% or clo? & rub 9 & clean (f ! excess ) a /iff bru% or clo?1 scrubb+ ! "w z y w\ld a /ove4 ,?is makes a beautiful f9i%1 s(t & lu/r\s4 ,x %[s spots1 h[ev]1 &1 ?\gh x is s easily appli$1 x requires cont9ual r5ew+ & rubb+ to be kept 9 good condition4 ,to make a h>d & durable coat+ on ! surface ( ! wood "s k9d ( v>ni% is requir$4 ,!re is no?+ bett] ?an %ellac = ! purpose ( ! amateur4 ,x is n v h>d to use1 & !re is c]ta9ly no?+ :i* gives a f9i% ( nic] quality4 ,! surface dries quickly & ! coat h>d5s m rapidly ?an mo/ k9ds ( v>ni%4 ,= "s cases1 z a boat1 x is well to %ellac fir/ & f9i% ) good v>ni%4#dc ,%ellac is cut 7dissolv$7 9 alcohol1 & c be b\ght prep>$1 b x is bett] to cut x y\rself1 to dim9i% ! *ance ( adult]ation ) *eap] sub/ances4 ,orange %ellac w d = mo/ ( y\r "w4 ,into an op5-m\!d bottle put "s ( ! %ellac 7:i* comes 9 flakes & looks some:at l glue7 & p\r ov] x en\gh gra9 alcohol 7#ie p] c5t4 grade7 to some:at m ?an cov] ! %ellac4 ,cork ! bottle & leave 9 a w>m place until ! %ellac is cut4 ,%ak+ w ha/5 ! process4 ,wood alcohol c be us$ & is *eap]1 b "w done ) x is n s good4 ,x is a deadly poison tak5 int]nally & on acc\nt ( ! fumes x is be/ n to use x = a long "t 9 a close room4 ,if ! tawny t9t ( ! orange %ellac is objectionable1 :ite 7blea*$7 %ellac c be us$1 b ?is x is well to buy already prep>$4 ,x is a little h>d] to use ?an ! col\r$ k9d4 ,use a flat bri/le-bru% & n a s(t camel's-hair bru%1 unless = ! la/ coat4 ,"o f "o in* to two in*es wide w be probably suitable = mo/ ( y\r "w4 ,= l>ge surfaces1 h[ev]1 a l>g] bru% is bett]4 ,aft] us+1 always clean ! bru% ?or\ghly ) alcohol4 ,always %ellac 9 a w>m1 dry place1 free f du/--nev] :]e x is cold & damp2 b on ! o!r h& d n leave ! "w close to a hot /ove or x may bli/]4 ,! %ellac %\ld be q ?94 ,x %\ld fl[ v freely f ! bru%4 ,( ! two extremes1 x is bett] to h x too ?9 r ?an too ?ick4 ,?ree or f\r ?9 coats give a mu* bett] result ?an two coats ( ?ick1 gummy %ellac4 ,nev] try to ?9 x ) any?+ b alcohol4 ,keep ! bottle cork$ to prev5t evaporation ( ! alcohol & to keep out ! du/4 ,be=e beg9n+ to %ellac1 see t ! "w is free f du/4 ,p\r a small quantity ( ! %ellac into a small di% ( glass or e>!nw>e1 n ( t94 ,be=e apply+ to ! wood1 wipe ! surplus %ellac f ! bru% on ! edge ( ! di%1 s t x w n drip1 & !n lay on ! coat z ev5ly & smoo?ly z possible1 work+ f ! top or f "o end or side1 & ) ! gra91 s f> z possible4#dd ,d n apply ! bru% at fir/ exactly at ! edge ( ! surface1 le/ ! %ellac collect too ?ickly at ! edge1 b apply ! bru% fir/ a little way on ! surface & !n "w f ! edge4 ,"w quickly & lightly4 ,beg9 & end ! /rokes ( ! bru% gradually--light5 !m at ! end--s z to avoid a lap :5 ! /rokes beg9 aga94 ,d n "w ov] ! coat aft] x has begun to set or try to pat* up spots4 ,simply lay x on z well z y c & let x g at t4 ,if x is n "r y w "k h[ to d bett] next "t4 ,give ea* coat pl5ty ( "t to h>d5 be=e apply+ ano!r--tw5ty-f\r h\rs is none too long4 ,d n put on five or six coats 9 a day z is sometimes done4 ,! out] coat h9d]s ! dry+ ( ! %ellac und]nea?1 by keep+ ! air f x1--j z ) pa9ts1--& ! way to d durable "w is n to put on a fre% coat until ! previ\s "o is ?or\ghly dry & h>d4 ,%ellac dries v quickly s t y c t\* x1 b does n get really h>d ?r\gh\t = "s "t1 s d n be 9 ha/e to put on a second coat4#de ,if !re are holes1 cracks1 or defects ( any k9d to be fill$ up1 ?is is ! "t to d x--aft] ! fir/ coat is h>d4 ,"o way to d ?is is to hold a hot iron close to a piece ( %ellac directly ov] ! hole1 :i* w be fill$ ) ! melt$ %ellac4 ,! surplus c be c>efully p>$ (f aft] x is h>d4 ,ano!r way is to use wax col\r$ to mat* ! wood4 ,! wax c easily be col\r$ by melt+ & add+ a small quantity ( :atev] dry col\r--burnt umb]1 = in/ance--may be requir$4 ,d n use putty 9 su* cases4 ,:5 ! fir/ coat is h>d1 skim ov] ! surface ) v f9e s&pap] 7#jj71 to remove any r\ghnesses1 & apply ! second coat4 ,?is is sometimes suffici5t4 ,if n1 s&pap] & %ellac aga91 & a f\r? "t if necess>y4 ,:5 y h a suffici5t body ( %ellac on ! wood1 y c mu* improve ! quality ( ! surface by rubb+ x d[n ) p[d]$ pumice-/one & oil1 :i* w remove ! %9y effect & leave a s(t] & f9] surface4 ,to d ?is1 take a bit ( felt or hairclo?1 & wet x ) ?9 oil 7k]os5e w d1 or petroleum1 or l9se$ oil ?9n$ ) turp5t9e or b5z9e1 b ! latt] is dang]\s to h ar\nd71 take up a little ( ! pumice1 & c>efully & ev5ly rub ov] ! surface1 ) ! gra91 r5ew+ ! oil & pumice z may be ne$$1 or !y c be spr9kl$ on ! "w4 ,b be c>eful to rub ev5ly & n too long on any "o spot1 = x w be h>d to repair ! damage if y %\ld rub ?r\gh to ! wood4 ,wipe ! :ole (f ?or\ghly ) s(t clo?4 ,?is process w be suffici5t = mo/ amateur "w4 ,= "s "w simply rubb+ d[n ) ! f9e/ s&pap] wet ) oil is en\gh4 ,9 us+ s&pap] = rubb+ d[n nice "w1 split x--t is1 remove ! out] lay] ( pap]1 :i* w leave ! s&$ lay] ?9 & pliable & less likely to scrat* or rub ?r\gh ! f9i%4 ,a h&ful ( tightly squeez$ curl$ hair c be us$4 ,if v>ni% is to be us$ ov] ! %ellac z 9 case ( a boat1 simply s&pap] ! %ellac & d n rub ) pumice & oil4 ,) f9e-gra9$ wood1 su* z *]ry1 ! process giv5 above is all t w be requir$1 b ) co>se1 op5-gra9$ wood1 l oak1 a good _m coats w be ne$$ to fill ! pores & give a smoo? surface4 ,!re=e a fill] is (t5 us$ to fill ! pores ( ! gra94 ,?is is *eap & c be b\ght 9 ! =m ( pa/e 7ei!r light or d>k71 :i* y c apply accord+ to ! directions on ! c4 ,rub x into ! wood ?or\ghly1 let x /& until x beg9s to set1 or /iff51 !n rub x (f ) a bit ( burlap or any co>se mat]ial1 across ! gra9 7le/ y wipe x out ( ! pores74 ,aft] x has become h>d en\gh1 s&pap]1 & clean (f any t may rema9 on ! surface4 ,!n %ellac z describ$4 ,! fill] c h ! %ade ( ! wood1 or sometimes1 z 9 oak1 ! figure ( ! gra9 c be br\ght out f9ely by us+ a fill] some:at d>k] ?an ! hue ( ! wood4 ,be sure to clean (f ! fill] ?or\ghly1 us+ a tool to clean out ! angles & corn]s1 or ! f9i%$ surface w h a cl\dy or muddy appe>ance4 ,! g5]al directions giv5 = %ellac+ apply also to ! use ( v>ni%1 b v>ni%+ is 9 "s respects h>d] = ! amateur to d well4 ,consult ! deal] ab\t ! k9d ( v>ni% & ! bru% be/ suit$ to ! p>ticul> piece ( "w y h 9 h&4 ,! f9al coat ( v>ni% c be rubb$ d[n ) pumice or tripoli & wat]4 ,rott5-/one us$ ) oil 7petroleum is good7 is excell5t = giv+ a s(t poli%4 ,fr5* poli%+ is (t5 attempt$ by ! amateur1 b x %\ld be le>n$ by tak+ a lesson f a practical poli%]1 & n f a book4 ,! g5]al idea ( ! process is z foll[s3 ,a wad or pad ( wool is made & on ?is is p\r$ ?9 %ellac1 add+ :atev] alcohol may be necess>y4 ,?is wet pad is !n cov]$ ) a piece ( clean l951 a drop ( oil put on ! outside to prev5t ! %ellac f /ick+1 & ! pad is !n quickly pass$ ov] ! surface ) a circul> motion1 or ) long] /rokes 9 ! =m ( ! figure #h1 or 9 "s cases simply back & =?4 ,aft] do+ ?is = a :ile a v ?9 coat w h be5 deposit$4 ,?is is all[$ to dry = a %ort "t1 :5 ! process is repeat$1 aga9 & aga91 until a suffici5t body ( ! poli%$ f9i% has be5 =m$4 ,! details ( ! process v>y ) diff]5t f9i%]s4 ,x is q easy to poli% a small flat surface or su* an object z ! arm ( a *air1 b x is mu* h>d] = an amateur to successfully poli% a l>ge flat surface1 l a table-top1 except aft] mu* practice4 ,a fir/ coat+ ( %ellac appli$ ) ! bru% & skimm$ ov] ) s&pap] w save lab\r 9 ! poli%+ process4 ,be=e ref9i%+ old "w x %\ld1 if ! surface is 9 bad condition1 be scrap$ d[n to ! wood1 us+ ! scrap] & f9i%+ ) s&pap]4 ,a *isel 7us$ l ! scrap]7 is sometimes conv5i5t to remove a ?ick body ( old v>ni%4 ,if ! surface does n ne$ scrap+1 x %\ld be clean$1 ei!r by wa%+ ) soapsuds or x c be scrubb$ clean ) ! f9e/ s&pap]1 split1 us+ oil or wat] z ! case may be1 b see+ t ! "w is wip$ (f p]fectly dry be=e apply+ a new coat4 ,pumice c be us$1 z already describ$1 & a /iff bru%1 l a nail-or too?-bru%1 is excell5t = clean+ out corn]s & c>v$ "w4 ,= simply bright5+ & clean+ furniture1 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( l9se$ oil & turp5t9e ) a m9ute quantity ( japan is excell5t4 ,x %\ld be well rubb$ & c>efully clean$ (f4 ,?is w make scrat*es & bruises less conspicu\s1 & w make ! article look fre%] = a "t1 b x is only a clean] & n a sub/itute = ref9i%+4 ,firm]-,*isel4--,see ,*isel4 ,=e-,plane4--,see ,plane4 ,fram+-,*isel4--,see ,*isel4 ,gauge4--,!re are _m k9ds ( gauges 9 ! m>ket1 b !y all dep5d on ! same pr9ciple1 hav+ a block1 head1 /ock1 or f5ce1 to slide along aga9/ ! edge ( ! wood1 & a b>1 beam1 or /em1 :i* slides ?r\gh ! block1 c be set to project f x at any requir$ di/ance1 & :i* has ne> its end a spur or m>k+ po9t 7,fig4 #ecc74 ,! /em has ! divisions ( a rule m>k$ ^u x1 s t ! spur c be readily set at ! requir$ di/ance4 ,9 "s gauges ! spur or m>k+ po9t is %>p5$ to an edge p>allel ) ! head1 r ?an to a po9t1 z x is m c]ta9 to make a cle>1 %>p l9e1 & is be/ :5 slightly convex on ! side t[>d ! head 7,fig4 #ebg74 ,?is gives ! spur a t5d5cy to run ! l9e away f & n t[>d ! edge :]e ! head is1 ?us help+ to keep ! head close up to ! edge4 ,sometimes a r\nd po9t is us$1 & occasionally a knife po9t or blade = cutt+ ?9 /ock into /rips2 & sometimes a :eel ) %>p5$ edge4 ,a =m ( gauge adapt$ = gaug+ f curv$ z well z /raight edges is also made4 ,d n tru/ ! accuracy ( ! scale m>k$ on a common gauge1 = if ! spur is at all out ( place1 z is sometimes ! case1 y _c rely ^u ! scale4 ,te/ by measur+ f ! head to ! spur ) ! rule4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebg4 ,! mortise-gauge has two spurs1 "o ( :i* is movable & c be set at any requir$ di/ance f ! o!r1 s t two l9es c be m>k$ at once1 z = a mortise4 ,?is is a "t-sav+ tool1 & v conv5i5t1 b n a necessity = amateur "w4 ,!re are gauges ) long beams or /ems & ) long heads = gaug+ across wide spaces1 b :5 y ne$ any?+ ( ! sort y c easily make x & use ) x ei!r p5cil1 awl1 or knife1 z may be/ suit ! case 9 h&4 ,if y wi% to draw a l9e two in*es f ! edge ( a bo>d1 = example1 y c m>k (f two or m po9ts at ! requir$ di/ance & ) a rule & p5cil draw ! l9e ?r\gh ^! po9ts4 ,if y 7 to make ! po9ts s ne> toge!r z to t\*1 y w\ld h ! l9e )\t ne$+ ! rul]4 ,?is is :at ! gauge does4 ,x makes a cont9u\s measurem5t & a cont9u\s m>k1 :i* is ( c\rse ! l9e requir$4 ,! only gauge y ne$ = r\gh "w is a rule 7or ev5 a /ick7 & a p5cil4 ,to draw a l9e1 = example1 two in*es f ! edge ( a bo>d1 take ! rule 9 "o h&1 & lay ! end flat on ! surface ( ! bo>d s t x laps ov] two in*es f ! edge 7,fig4 #ebh74 ,place ! =ef+] und]nea?1 aga9/ ! edge1 s t ! end ( ! rule w rema9 two in*es f ! edge1 & simply slide rule & f+] along ! edge1 hold+ a p5cil at ! end ( ! rule ) ! o!r h& to make ! m>k4 ,! f+] mu/ be kept ev5ly press$ aga9/ ! edge4 ,?is is only suit$ = r\gh "w1 or = gett+ out /ock approximately to %ape1 & ( c\rse _c be dep5d$ ^u = accurate measurem5t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ebi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ecj4 ,some?+ m accurate1 ) :i* y _c get spl9t]s 9 y\r f+]1 c easily be made1 :5 ne$$1 9 ?is way4 ,to run a l9e two in*es f an edge1 = example1 & p>allel to x1 simply take any %ort /ick & cut a piece out ( x at "o end s t ! di/ance f ! %\ld] to ! end w be j two in*es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ebi4 ,apply ?is to ! edge ( ! piece & slide x along on ! same pr9ciple z ! rule & f+]1 be+ c>eful to keep ! %\ld] press$ up to ! edge & ! p5cil or knife held firmly aga9/ ! end4 ,in/ead ( cutt+ out a piece y c nail "o piece on ano!r 7,fig4 #ecj74 ,! latt] is bett] = /raight "w because ! head or f5ce is long] & s c be m securely press$ aga9/ ! edge4 ,an objection to ?is gauge is ! ne$ ( mak+ a new "o = e measurem5t1 b :]e !re is occasion to keep repeat+ a measurem5t x is p>ticul>ly conv5i5t & quickly made4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eca4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ecb4 ,= ano!r home-made gauge 7,fig4 #eca7 cut a recess 9 "o side ( a block j wide en\gh to hold ! rule & j deep en\gh s t ! flat side ( ! rule w project a trifle above ! surface ( ! block4 ,on ?is side ( ! block fa/5 a small /rip1 ) a screw1 s t :5 ! two pieces are seiz$ 9 ! h& ! rule w be held fa/ at ! po9t to :i* x is adju/$4 ,?is is m accurate ?an to use ! h& alone4 ,y c readily contrive su* arrangem5ts1 :i* w be q accurate if c>efully us$1 b x is n wor? :ile to sp5d mu* "t ov] su* make%ifts 7except 9 case ( necessity71 = a fairly good gauge c be b\ght = a small sum4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ecc4 ,! gauge is usually an awkw>d tool = ! beg9n] to use4 ,he f9ds x h>d to keep ! /ock firmly aga9/ ! edge :ile slid+ x along1 & lets ! spur dig or pl\gh deeply into ! wood--! spur t5ds to foll[ ! gra9 ( ! wood & :5 ! gra9 runs t[>d ! edge ! result is (t5 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ecb1 ! /ock be+ pu%$ f ! edge4 ,! /ock is !n pu%$ back & ! wobbly process cont9u$4 ,to avoid ^! errors1 ! gauge1 held well 9 front ( y 9 "o h&1 %\ld be tipp$ or incl9$ f y s t ! spur w be drawn along ! surface 7,fig4 #ecc7 & w make b a slight scrat*4 ,!n1 keep+ ! /ock or head firmly press$ aga9/ ! edge1 pu% ! gauge /eadily f y1 wat*+ c>efully to see 7#a/7 t ! spur does n beg9 to dig into ! wood in/ead ( lightly scrat*+ x1 & 7#b;d7 t ! head does n slip away f ! edge4 ,?is w prev5t ! po9t cat*+ or jump+ & w insure a good m>k1 :i* c easily be deep5$ by go+ ov] ! l9e a second "t if necess>y4 ,x is easi] to m>k a l9e :5 ! spur is ne> ! head ( ! gauge ?an :5 x is run out to "s di/ance4 ,! guid+ p[] ( ! f5ce or head is great] ov] a po9t ne> to x ?an ov] a po9t at a di/ance1 f :i* y c readily see t1 conv]sely1 ! long] ! head or f5ce1 ! easi] ! gaug+ becomes--t is1 = /raight l9es1 :i* is mu* ! mo/ common use ( ! gauge4 ,9 gaug+ f a curv$ edge1 a long f5ce1 unless curv$1 w\ld be impracticable4 ,:]e x w injure ! "w to h ! gauge m>ks %[ 7z :5 ! "w is to be f9i%$ ) %ellac or v>ni%71 be c>eful n to c>ry !m f>!r ?an necess>y1 z v slight scrat*es %[ pla9ly aft] f9i%+4 ,o!rwise1 9 cases :]e ! m>ks w n %[ or d no h>m1 z 9 r\gh fram+1 x is z well to run !m pa/ ! requir$ po9ts1 z x is quick] to d s & ! juncture ( l9es :i* cross is m di/9ct4 ,gauge f ! same side ( ! wood 9 lay+ out mortises or any l9es int5d$ to be 9 ! middle ( a piece ( wood1 or at a fix$ di/ance f "o edge1 else if ! edges are n exactly p>allel 7z is (t5 ! case7 ! m>k+s w diff]4 ,see also ,scrib+4 ,gimlet4--,! gimlet is useful1 *eap1 & good = bor+ :]e ! hole does n come ne> ! edge1 b ne> ! edge or 9 ?9 wood great c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t splitt+4 ,if necess>y to use x 9 su* a case1 keep turn+ x backw>ds = e turn ahead & d n try to =ce x ?r\gh ! wood4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to use "s o!r tool if y c 7see ,bits & ,twi/-drill71 = ! tap]+ =m ( ! gimlet gives x a w$ge-l1 pry+ action ^u ! woody fibres4 ,gimlet-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,glaz+4--,an old *isel c be us$ to clean (f old putty be=e sett+ glass4 ,on new "w1 see t ! rabbet or %\ld] :]e ! putty is to g is prim$ ) lead pa9t be=e putt+ on ! putty 7see ,pa9t+74 ,y c buy glazi]'s po9ts1 to hold ! glass 9 position "u ! putty1 = a trifle1 or v small brads c be us$4 ,no special directions are necess>y = us+ ! putty4 ,to set common glass 9 furniture1 z 9 bookcase doors1 x is bett] to fa/5 x 9 place ) small /rips1 n press$ too tightly aga9/ x4 ,/rips ( pla9 m\ld+ are good4 ,to set plate glass 9 furniture1 ! same means c be us$ = small pieces1 b l>ge plates1 z = a mirror1 %\ld be held 9 place by little /rips ( s(t p9e1 "o or two in*es long1 bevell$ on "o side4 ,! o!r side be+ glu$1 ^! /rips c be lightly press$ into ! crack ar\nd ! glass4 ,^! %ort pieces1 glu$ to ! frame on "o side & ) ! bevell$ side w$g+ ! glass into place1 hold ! latt] securely1 b1 ow+ to ! s(tness ( ! wood1 n too rigidly4 ,glue4--,see ,glu+4 ,glu+4--,glue is made f refuse animal matt]1 & also f p>ts ( fi%es1 ! latt] be+ kn[n z fi% glue4 ,x comes 9 %eets or cakes or flakes1 to be dissolv$ & us$ hot1 or already prep>$ 9 liquid =m4 ,! majority ( practical me*anics pref] ! =m] 7i4e41 hot glue7 = nice "w1 al?\gh ! use ( liquid glue has increas$ mu* ( late ye>s4 ,hot glue is probably pref]able if all ! conditions are j z !y %\ld be1 b if n s1 liquid or cold glue may be bett]4 ,buy ! be/ grade4 ,x is ! *eape/ = good "w1 & y w n use en\gh to make ! price mu* ( an ob/acle4 ,! only sure te/ by :i* to buy glue is to get a little & see h[ x holds4 ,a good way to prove ! quality ( y\r glue is to soak x ov] night1 or z long z may be necess>y1 9 :atev] quantity ( wat] y ?9k x w absorb4 ,! m x w swell )\t dissolv+1 ! bett] ! quality4 ,poor glue w dissolve4 ,y _c positively tell good glue by ! col\r1 = !re are _m k9ds 7& = m ?an "o purpose7 & _m mak]s1 b :atev] ! col\r1 ! glue %\ld be cle> look+ & n cl\dy or muddy4 ,d n use glue t has a m\ldy or o!rwise disagreeable or (f5sive smell or a bad ta/e4 ,to prep>e hot glue1 break ! glue into small pieces1 & soak x 9 all ! cold wat] x w absorb = p]haps twelve h\rs1 :5 x w h become swoll5 & s(t5$ & w look & feel some:at l jelly4 ,!n put x 9 ! inn] glue-pot 7see ,glue-pot7 & cause ! wat] 9 ! out] vessel to boil = sev]al h\rs4 ,x is quick] to dissolve ! glue at once )\t soak+1 b ! result does n seem to be q z good z by ! =m] me?od4 ,! glue to be "r = use mu/ be ?9 en\gh to drip f ! bru% 9 a ?read or /ream1 )\t collect+ 9 drops l wat]1 & y c tell some?+ ab\t its be+ 9 condition to use by te/+ x betwe5 y\r f+]s4 ,d n weak5 its /r5g?1 h[ev]1 by dilut+ ) m wat] ?an is necess>y4 ,x is important to keep ! glue & ! glue-pot clean1 & if ! od\r f y\r glue becomes (f5sive at any "t clean out ! glue-pot & make fre%4 ,glue loses /r5g? by repeat$ melt+s1 s d n dissolve too mu* at a "t1 & aft] heat+ x ov] two or ?ree times ?r[ away any t is left 9 ! glue-pot1 clean+ ! latt] ?or\ghly4 ,on "w :i* y are v p>ticul> ab\t mix fre% glue ea* "t4#df ,y c make a good glue-bru% ( a /ick ( rattan4 ,s(t5 ! end 9 hot wat] & p\nd x ) ! hamm] until ! fibres sep>ate4 ,= corn]s1 cracks1 holes1 & ! l use /icks1 :i* y c :ittle to any requir$ %ape4 ,al?\gh app>5tly too simple an op]ation to ne$ mu* explanation1 & (t5 ignor$ 9 books on wood-"w1 z if anyone c\ld ( c\rse glue two pieces toge!r1 ! op]ation1 to be really successful1 calls = m k ( ! pr9ciples involv$ ?an beg9n]s or amateurs usually possess4 ,d n daub a ?ick lay] ( lukew>m glue on ! pieces1 & !n slap !m toge!r z y w\ld make a s&wi*1 aft] ! usual dome/ic fa%ion4 ,done 9 ?is way ! pieces (t5 /ick = a :ile1 b !re is no?+ c]ta9 ab\t x4 ,we h se5 t wood is full ( little holes 7pores1 z !y are commonly call$71 or spaces betwe5 ! fibres 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,! glue becomes work$ into ^! little pores & t is :at gives x su* a firm hold on ! wood1 some:at z pla/]+ is =c$ 7purposely7 into ! cracks betwe5 ! la?s4 ,s y mu/ h ! glue ?91 t x may fill ^! little cavities & get a grip on ! wood2 y mu/ h x hot1 t x may ! m easily p5etrate ^! op5 spaces be=e x becomes *ill$2 y mu/ h ! wood w>m1 t ! glue may n be *ill$ & beg9 to set be=e x has a *ance to p5etrate ! int]/ices ( ! wood2 & y mu/ press ! pieces toge!r s h>d z to expel ! body ( glue f betwe5 !m1 =c+ x into ! pores & squeez+ outside :at w n g 91 to be wip$ or scrap$ (f aft]w>d4 ,= :at y want is n to h ! two pieces held toge!r by a lay] ( glue betwe5 !m1 lightly /ick+ to ea* surface & sep>at+ ! two 9 proportion to ! ?ickness ( ! lay]2 b to h ! two surfaces z close toge!r z possible1 held s by ! t5acity ( ! glue rea*+ f ! cavities ( "o surface to ^? ( ! o!r4 ,! clos] ! surfaces are =c$ toge!r ! bett]1 z ! glue w be less expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,y w see f all ?is t glu+ %\ld be done 9 a w>m room ( an ev5 temp]ature4 ,:ile ) hot glue x w n d to *ange ! relative positions ( ! pieces aft] putt+ toge!r1 y c h consid]able "t to get !m 9 position if ! liquid or cold glue is us$4 ,:]e sev]al places 9 ! same piece ( "w h to be glu$ toge!r at ! same "t1 x is frequ5tly v h>d to get ar\nd ) ! hot glue be=e t fir/ appli$ has begun to set1 unless y h help4 ,9 su* cases1 cold glue is a great conv5i5ce4 ,if y\r %op is n w>m or if y _c h y\r glue hot1 y _h bett] use ! liquid glue4 ,x takes mu* long] to set ?an ! o!r4 ,9 cold wea!r x %\ld be slightly w>m$4 ,x c be ?9n$ ) v9eg> or acetic acid1 or :at y wi% to use at once may be ?9n$ ) wat]4 ,d n p\r wat] into ! c ( glue1 z x w n keep s well4 ,y w also readily see t x is mu* easi] to make good glu$ jo9ts 9 s(t wood ?an 9 h>d1 = ! =m] is m readily squeez$ to a fit by ! clamp+1 :ile ) ! latt] x is q ess5tial t ! pieces %\ld fit ) extreme accuracy be=e clamp+ 7see note "u ,clamps74 ,be=e beg9n+ to glue h ev]y?+ laid out1 fit ! pieces toge!r1 clamp !m up j z if y _h put on ! glue1 & see t ev]y?+ comes toge!r "r--i4e41 rehe>se ! glu+ process be=e us+ ! glue itself4 ,?is is a v important po9t1 p>ticul>ly :5 !re are sev]al pieces to be glu$1 = y w h no "t to wa/e aft] y h begun to use ! glue4 ,d n spread ! glue on too ?ick4 ,take ! dirt (f bo? pieces1 !n1 :ile putt+ ! glue on "o1 h ! o!r w>m+ slightly at ! fire4 ,! mom5t ! glue on ! bru% leaves ! glue-pot x beg9s to cool4 ,if x fairly beg9s to set be=e y get ! two pieces toge!r1 y\r jo9t w n be good4 ,y w h to take x ap>t1 scrape (f all ! old glue1 & beg9 ov] aga94 ,s y w see !re is no "t to be lo/ :5 once y beg9 & x w be too late !n to correct any mi/akes 9 ! fitt+ ( ! wood-"w4 ,good workm5 always put ! "w toge!r & take x ap>t aga9 be=e glu+4 ,d n wipe (f ! glue :i* squeezes out f a glu$ jo9t 7unless = "s special reason7 nor wa% x (f ) wat]4 ,let x h>d51 & clean x (f aft] ! jo9t has set4 ,x helps protect ! jo9t4 ,d n be 9 ha/e to unclamp y\r "w4 ,:5 to release x dep5ds on ! k9d ( wood1 ! k9d ( "w1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* ! glu+ is done1 & no exact "t c be set4 ,if = "s tempor>y & unimportant purpose & 9 s(t p9e1 = in/ance1 y c unclamp 9 a few h\rs or ev5 less1 b = important "w1 :i* is to hold p]man5tly1 twelve h\rs is sc>cely "t en\gh ev5 = s(t wood & hot glue1 & tw5ty-f\r h\rs is none too long1 = ?\gh ! glue dries quickly to ! t\*1 x takes consid]able "t to get ?or\ghly h>d4 ,x is saf] to all[ m "t = h>d wood4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /ock makes a diff]5ce also4 ,l>ge junks & blocks & bo>ds glu$ flatways require m "t ?an #a_/d /ock1 ?9 /rips1 or little spl9t]s4 ,y c tell some?+ by ! condition ( ! glue t is squeez$ f ! jo9t4 ,liquid glue sets mu* m sl[ly1 & tw5ty-f\r h\rs is soon en\gh to release ! "w "u av]age conditions4 ,! w>m? & dryness ( ! air make a good deal ( diff]5ce4 ,"u unfav\rable conditions m ?an =ty-eight h\rs may be requir$4 ,if = any reason y _c clamp a jo9t1 aft] apply+ ! glue rub "o piece back & =? ^u ! o!r a few times4 ,rub wax1 soap1 or tall[ on any "p :i* mu/ n be /uck by surplus glue :i* may exude f a jo9t1 z 9 ! case ( a panel :i* may become /uck by ! glue us$ 9 fa/5+ ! frame 7see ,doors & ,panels74 ,to glue two pieces :]e ! surface is to be plan$ or trimm$ at ! jo9t1 d n glue !m toge!r aft] !y are plan$ or trimm$1 b glue !m fir/1 & plane or trim !m aft]w>ds1 tak+ c>e to h ! gra9 ( ! pieces run 9 ! same direction 7see ,jo9t+74 ,to glue pieces end to end1 or z 9 a mitre1--t is1 end wood1--fir/ size ) ?9 glue to /op ! pores1 else ! glue w be quickly soak$ up4 ,!n1 aft] all[+ ?is coat to /&1 glue 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,b glu$ jo9ts 9 end wood are seldom good & are to be avoid$4 ,a great deal ( glu$ "w comes ap>t1 & a great _m mi/akes 9 putt+ "w toge!r are caus$ by n und]/&+1 or n be>+ 9 m9d1 ! way wood exp&s & contracts & w>ps & w9ds f heat & cold1 dryness & moi/ure4 ,?is is an important matt] if y wi% to d good glu+4 ,d n ?9k t all t is necess>y is to h y\r wood dry & t !n y c glue ! pieces toge!r 9 any relative positions4 ,v5e]s or ?9 pieces are sometimes successfully glu$ ) ! gra9 ( ! pieces runn+ at "r angles1 z se5 9 *air seats1 b z a rule avoid glu+ wide pieces toge!r ) ! gra9 runn+ at "r angles4 ,see ,lay+ out ! ,"w1 9 ,*apt] ,,iv42 also ,jo9t+4 ,glue-,pot4--,?is c be b\ght ( copp]1 iron1 or t94 ,a m$ium-siz$ "o is m useful ?an a v small "o4 ,h a cov] to keep out du/ & loose p>ticles4 ,if oblig$ to make %ift )\t a prop] glue-pot1 always use two di%es l a regul> glue-pot1 ) wat] 9 ! out] "o1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! d\ble boil] us$ = cook+1 else ! glue w be sure to burn & be spoil$4 ,two cans1 su* z are us$ = tomatoes or o!r vegetables1 c be us$ on a p9*1 "o be+ l>g] ?an ! o!r & fa/5$ 9 place ) wire or 9 "s way to keep ! small] c f mov+ ar\nd too mu*2 b a regul> glue-pot is mu* bett]4 ,see ,glu+4 ,g\ge4--,?is tool is simil> to ! *isel1 except = ! curvature across ! blade4 ,! common g\ge has ! bevel on ! convex or out] side & is kn[n z an outside g\ge4 ,?is is ! m useful = ord9>y "w4 ,! inside g\ge has ! bevel on ! inn] or concave side4 ,al?\gh v useful = _m purposes1 x is less important = g5]al "w & is h>d] to %>p54 ,g\ges are ( v>i\s degrees ( curvature1 ,fig4 #ecd %[+ a flat & a quick curve4 ,^? ( mod]ate dep? & curvature w be m useful = y\r "w ?an v deep or v flat ones4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ecd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ece4 ,9 us+ ! common or outside g\ge1 light1 %ort /rokes %\ld usually be made1 = only ! bevel ( ! tool be>s on ! wood1 :i* makes ?is g\ge q h>d to control4 ,y c (t5 apply ! pr9ciple ( ! slid+ or sideways cut 9 us+ ! g\ge1 z ) ! *isel1 to good advantage4 ,y c roll ! g\ge ar\nd ) y\r h& f side to side s z to make x cut slant+ly4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly useful to give a clean cut :5 g\g+ across ! gra9 7,fig4 #ece74 ,9 "s cases1 9 work+ out a m\ld+1 = in/ance1 y c hold ! tool at an angle ) ! "w & get a bett] result ?an to pu% x /raight =w>d l5g?ways 7,fig4 #ecf74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ecf4 ,be c>eful n to scoop out little holl[s bel[ ! requir$ dep? ( ! cut1 & keep ! direction ( ! gra9 9 m9d ! same z ) ! *isel4 ,! little inequalities left by ! g\ge c be r$uc$ easily by ! file1 curv$ scrap]1 or glass & s&pap]4 ,see ,%>p5+4 ,g\ge-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,gr9d/one4--,:5 y get to ! po9t ( hav+ a gr9d/one1 get "o :i* is some:at s(t & f9e1 = if too co>se x w produce a r\gh] edge ?an is desirable = y\r tools4 ,d n all[ y\r gr9d/one to become s(t5$ 9 spots by be+ left p>tially imm]s$ 9 a tr\gh ( wat]1 z x w we> away irregul>ly4 ,) ! be/ ( c>e a /one w1 h[ev]1 become untrue aft] cont9u$ use1 n m]ely 9 its circul> outl9e1 b ! face w become holl[$ & unev54 ,x mu/ !n be tru$1 ei!r by "s "o ( ! contrivances n[ made = ! purpose1 or by simply turn+ ! /one into ! correct %ape by hold+ ! end ( a piece ( s(t iron1 z a piece ( pipe1 aga9/ ! surface1 )\t wat]1 mov+ ! iron z occasion requires1 until ! /one becomes true4 ,groov+4--,grooves ( diff]5t dim5sions are (t5 requir$ = v>i\s purposes 9 wood-work+4 ,by f> ! be/ way1 z a practical matt]1 is to take ! "w to a mill & h ! groov+ done by ma*9e1 :i* is n exp5sive4 ,x c be done by h& ) ! planes devis$ = ! purpose 7z ! pl\gh71 b ?\gh ^! are valuable tools1 !y are l>gely sup]s$$1 or becom+ s1 by ma*9e-"w1 & x is usually fully z well = ! amateur to take su* "w to ! mill z to buy ! tools4 ,9 "s cases ! sides ( ! groove c be saw$ by ! h&-saws & ! mat]ial remov$ by ! *isel1 b ?is is n easy if ! groove is long4 ,pieces are sometimes clamp$ beside ! l9e to guide ! saw & sometimes ev5 atta*$ to ! saw itself1 or to a piece ( saw-blade4 ,! l9es = ! groove c be scor$ ) ! knife or *isel & ! wood betwe5 remov$ by ! *isel1 mu* z 9 cutt+ a mortise4 ,9 nice "w1 z fitt+ a %elf 9 a bookcase1 x makes a bett] jo9t n to fit ! entire end ( ! %elf into a groove1 b to cut a tongue or wide t5on on ! end ( ! %elf1 ) a %\ld] at ea* side & ! front edge1 to fit into a correspond+ groove1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,half-,r\nd ,file4--,see ,file4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ecg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ech4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eci4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eda4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edb4 ,halv+4--,?is jo9t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ecg is a common1 simple1 & good way ( jo9+ two /icks :5 !y cross at "r angles or obliquely4 ,place ! /icks 9 position & m>k ! wid? ( ea* ^u ! surface ( ! o!r1 us+ a knife or *isel = scrib+4 ,) small /icks ! wood c be remov$ ) ! knife1 fir/ cutt+ a not* at ea* side & !n p>+ (f ! wood betwe5 7,fig4 #ech74 ,) l>ge pieces ! l9es %\ld be m>k$ by ! squ>e1 ! dep? 7"o-half ! ?ickness ( ei!r piece7 by ! gauge4 ,! l9es at ! outside ( ! space c !n be saw$ d[n to ! gauge l9e1 tak+ c>e to keep j on ! inside edge ( ! l9e4 ,! wood betwe5 c be p>$ out ) ! *isel d[n to ! gauge l9es4 ,:5 ! halv+ is at ! ends ( ! pieces or at ! end ( "o piece 7,fig4 #eci71 ! process is ! same1 except t ! wood c be entirely remov$ by ! saw4 ,o!r =ms involv+ bevell+ & dovetail+ are %[n 9 ,figs4 #edj1 #eda1 & #edb4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ! lap jo9t is (t5 c>ri$ a little fur!r & we h ! op5 mortise & t5on 7,fig4 #edc71 :i* c successfully be appli$ to a mitr$ jo9t & c also be dovetail$1 & boxes are n[ made by ma*9e ) ! corn]s entirely made up ( a cont9u\s s]ies ( ^! jo9ts 7,fig4 #edd74 ,see ,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edd4 ,hamm]4--,! hamm] is made 9 _m =ms1 b ! common k9d us$ by c>p5t]s w usually answ] y\r purpose1 & is too famili> to require description4 ,= g5]al use select "o ( m$ium size & weight4 ,rememb] t ! face ( ! hamm]-head1 al?\gh h>d] ?an ! nails x is meant to drive1 is n int5d$ to p\nd e piece ( h>d5$ /eel y may run across1 nor to break up b\ld]s :5 y are aft] m9]als4 ,= ! use ( ! hamm] see ,nail+4 ,h&-,screws4--,h&-screws are ( great use 9 clamp+ "w t has be5 glu$ & = hold+ pieces 9 any requir$ position4 ,wood5 h&-screws are probably ! mo/ g5]ally useful1 b a c\ple 7or m7 ( ! simple iron clamps w be ( great s]vice at times1 z !y c be us$ m advantage\sly ?an ! wood5 ones 9 "s k9ds ( "w4 ,get m$ium-siz$ h&-screws r ?an small ones if y c1 z !y w be g5]ally m s]viceable4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ede4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edg4 ,to op5 or close a h&-screw1 hold x at arm's-l5g? 9 front ( y ) a h&le 9 ea* h&1 & ) a twirl+ motion revolve x t[>d or f y1 z may be requir$1 to increase or decrease ! op5+ betwe5 ! jaws4 ,! screws %\ld be greas$ or rubb$ ov] ) black-lead1 soap1 or bayb]ry tall[4 ,to hold two pieces toge!r ) uni=m pressure is ( c\rse necess>y = glu+ & v>i\s o!r op]ations1 b a little practice w %[ y h[ to adju/ ! h&-screws s t ! jaws w be> on ! wood ev5ly4 ,! ma9 po9t to rememb] is to keep ! jaws p>allel4 ,! f9al tight5+ is giv5 entirely by ! out] screw1 s1 9 adju/+ ! screws1 leave ! jaws op5 a little at ! tip z 9 ,fig4 #ede1 t :5 ! f9al pressure is put ^u ! out] screw ! jaws w be> on ! wood ) an ev5 pressure 7,fig4 #edf74 ,if ! jaws 7 adju/$ to be> ev5ly be=e tight5+ ! out] screw1 ! f9al result w\ld be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #edg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edh4 ,9 clamp+ toge!r f9i%$ "w or pieces :i* c\ld be injur$ by ! pressure1 always put pieces ( wa/e wood betwe5 ! "w & ! h&-screws4 ,9 case ( delicate "w1 l c>v+ or m\ld+s1 a piece ( s(t p9e plac$ betwe5 ! surface & ! h&-screws or clamps w enable consid]able pressure to be appli$ )\t injury to ! "w4 ,a simple home-made clamp1 suitable = su* "w z tempor>ily hold+ 9 place p>ts ( ! frame ( a boat1 = in/ance1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #edh4 ,see ,clamps & also ,figs4 #ff & #fdg4 ,hat*et4--,! hat*et is too famili> to ne$ description4 ,a common1 m$ium-siz$ hat*et1 t c easily be swung ) "o h&1 is all t ! beg9n] w ord9>ily require1 al?\gh !re is q a v>iety ( hat*ets & axes = v>i\s purposes4 ,! ma9 ?+ 9 ! use ( ! hat*et1 besides keep+ y\r f+]s out ( ! way1 is to look %>ply aft] ! direction ( ! gra9 ( ! wood1 z x is n easy to /op a bl[ 9 ! wrong place1 = ! hat*et is n s easily controll$ z "s o!r tools4 ,exp]i5ce is ! be/ tea*] 9 ! use ( a hat*et4 ,= remov+ sup]flu\s wood ) ! hat*et1 see ,p>+4 ,h+es4--,!re are _m v>ieties ( h+es = v>i\s purposes4 ,! common k9d1 l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ace1 _h be/1 = neatness' sake1 on mod]ately heavy "w1 be n>r[] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! /ock1 s z n to ext5d across ! edge4 ,! h+e %\ld be sunk 9 ! wood ( "o or bo? ( ! p>ts to be h+$--9 ! case ( _m boxes1 = in/ance1 "o half ( ! h+e :5 %ut is usually sunk 9 ea* "p1 b 9 "s k9ds ( "w ! :ole ?ickness may be sunk 9 "o "p4 ,! h+e c be held 9 position on ! edge 79 ! case ( ! box7 s t ! c5tre ( ! p9 on :i* x turns is 9 l9e ) ! back ( ! box1 or sometimes a little outside4 ,m>ks c be made ) ! knife or *isel at ! ends ( ! h+e1 & ! recess 9 :i* x is to fit m>k$ ) ! squ>e & gauge4 ,?is wood %\ld be remov$ ) ! *isel1 fir/ mak+ cross cuts to break up ! gra91 z 9 ,fig4 #fad4 ,fit ! o!r h+e or h+es 9 ! same way4 ,next lay ! lid exactly 9 position on top ( ! h+es & m>k by !m & cut ! recesses 9 ! top 9 ! same way4 ,hold ! h+es 9 place ) two or ?ree screws ea* & see :e!r ! cov] op5s & %uts z x %\ld4 ,make any ne$$ alt]ations1 & f9ally screw ! h+es firmly 9 place4 ,ano!r way is to place ! lid exactly 9 position 7%ut7 & m>k directly f ! h+es1 on bo? box & cov] at ! same "t1 ! po9ts f :i* to lay out ! recesses4 ,x w be well to look at a prop]ly fitt$ h+e = a simil> purpose be=e beg9n+ y\r "w1 s9ce "o rule _c be laid d[n = all cases4 ,= /rap-h+es1 ,t-h+es1 & ! l1 see page #bdg4 ,holes & ,cracks1 ,to ,fill4--,! simple/ way to /op holes1 cracks1 *ecks1 & ! l1 9 pa9t$ "w1 is ) putty1 always apply+ x aft] ! fir/ coat ( pa9t & nev] be=e 7see ,pa9t+71 b ?is me?od %\ld n be us$ = o!r ?an pa9t$ "w1 & ! nic] ! "w1 ! less desirable ! use ( putty becomes4 ,= nice "w1 z furniture1 :i* has n be5 f9i%$1 small holes or cracks are (t5 /opp$ by putt+ a daub ( hot glue on ! smoo? end ( a piece ( wood ( ! same k9d z ! article1 & ) a %>p *isel1 held ne>ly at "r angles ) ! surface1 scrap+ (f f9e wood-du/1 :i*1 mix+ ) ! glue1 =ms a pa/e ) :i* ! crack c be m ?an fill$4 ,:5 h>d1 ! surplus c be p>$ & scrap$ (f4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is 7calc9$ pla/]71 mix$ ) v ?9 hot glue1 is excell5t = /opp+ cracks & holes ( consid]able size4 ,x c be mix$ ) wat] only1 b ?is is n z good4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #edi4 ,fitt+ 9 a plug ( wood is a good way :5 ! hole is ( su* %ape t y c d s1 mak+ ! gra9 ( ! plug run ! same way z t ( ! piece to be plugg$4 ,tap] ! plug slightly1 s t :5 driv5 9 x w fit tightly & n be flu% ) ! surface1 b project above x 7,fig4 #edi74 ,dip 9 hot glue1 & drive well 94 ,:5 dry smoo? (f4 ,if ! hole is irregul>1 trim to "s %ape to :i* y c fit a plug4 ,9 nice "w take pa9s to h ! plug a good mat* = ! re/ ( ! wood4 ,slight cracks at ! end ( a piece c (t5 be plugg$ & at ! same "t secur$ aga9/ fur!r splitt+ by saw+ directly d[n ! crack1 s z to remove x & sub/itute a /raight saw-k]f4 ,9 ?is k]f a slip ( wood c be fitt$ & glu$4 ,wax1 & also melt$ %ellac1 c be us$ to /op holes & cracks 9 f9i%$ "w4 ,= ?is1 see "u ,f9i%+4 ,jack-,plane4--,see ,plane4 ,jo9t]4--,see ,plane4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eej4 ,jo9t+4--,?is t]m is appli$ to ! act ( /raight5+ & mak+ true ! edges ( two bo>ds or planks :i* are to be jo9$ to make a tight jo9t1 ) glue or o!rwise4 ,x is1 also1 popul>ly appli$ to /raight5+ ! edge ( "o piece only1 z to jo9t ! edge ( a bo>d4 ,?is y w (t5 h to d1 & = jo9t+ two edges :i* are to be glu$ p>ticul> c>e w be requir$4 ,assum+ t ! edges h be5 got out ne>ly /raight1 ! only plane y w require is ! =e-plane1--or bett]1 ! jo9t]1 or ev5 ! long jo9t] if ! piece is long & y are =tunate en\gh to h ^! tools1--& x %\ld be set f9e1 al?\gh if ! edge is v crook$ & y h to "w (f mu* sup]flu\s /ock1 ! iron c be set to make a co>se %av+ at fir/4 ,9 %oot+ or jo9t+ edges x is cu/om>y to hold ! f+] "u ! sole ( ! plane z a guide 7,fig4 #eej74 ,?is helps 9 reg>d to ! common fault ( tipp+ ! plane sideways s z to plane (f m on "o side ?an on ! o!r 7,fig4 #eea74 ,?is tr\ble may be aggravat$ by a wrong position ( ! left h& on ! =e "p ( ! plane 9 case y use a wood5 plane 7see ,fig4 #fbd = correct position74 ,keep te/+ across ! edge ) ! squ>e 7,fig4 #fdj74 ,! %oot+-bo>d c be us$ to advantage = %ort pieces 7see ,%oot+-bo>d71 & atta*able guides c also be obta9$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eea4 ,! jo9t+ %\ld be done ) long1 delib]ate1 /eady /rokes4 ,any ha/y1 hit-or-miss sla%+ away ) ! plane w be sure to result 9 a bad jo9t1 & y c easily get ! edge into su* %ape by ?ree or f\r c>eless /rokes t x w take y a good :ile to get x /raight4 ,try also to avoid plan+ ! edge r\nd+1 f end to end 7see ,plane1 ,figs4 #fce-fcg74 ,sight along ! edge4 ,also te/ ) /raight-edge1 look+ t[>d ! light4 ,if any %9es ?r\gh1 ! edge is n yet accurate & ! process mu/ be resum$4 ,if y are jo9t+ two edges1 z = a glue-jo9t1 fir/ exam9e ! pieces to see :i* edges w be/ g toge!r1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,look at ! end gra9 s z to arrange x 9 diff]5t ways if y are build+ up a piece ( select$ p>ts 7,fig4 #eei74 ,if m]ely jo9+ two or m bo>ds to make a wid] "o1 notice ! way ! gra9 runs l5g?ways1 & ! way x crops up to ! surface1 = y w h1 = ev]y?+ b ! r\ghe/ "w1 to plane ! surface ov] aft] ! jo9t is glu$1 & if ! gra9 runs 9 two or ?ree diff]5t ways x w be h>d] to make ! surface smoo?4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 9 h&somely figur$ wood1 z qu>t]$ oak or mahogany1 :]e y w arrange ! gra9 9 ! way t w look ! be/1 b 9 su* cases y expect to g ?r\gh extra lab\r = ! sake ( hav+ ! article z h&some z possible4 ,) s(t1 /raight-gra9$ :ite p9e or :itewood1 ^! matt]s are ( less importance4 ,:5 y h ! pieces laid toge!r 9 ! be/ way1 m>k on ! surface "r across ! jo9ts 7,fig4 #eeb7 s t y w "k h[ to put ! pieces toge!r1 = y w =get h[ !y 7 arrang$ aft] y h mov$ !m ar\nd a few times4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eeb4 ,illu/ration ,,wrong4 ,,"r4 ,,fig4 #eec4 ,jo9t ea* edge sep>ately4 ,= nice "w x is well to jo9t ! edges ( ! successive pieces alt]nately f opposite sides1--t is1 if 9 plan+ ! edge ( ! fir/ piece ! m>k$ 7or face7 side ( ! bo>d is t[>ds y1 plane ! edge ( ! next piece ) ! face side ( ! bo>d aga9/ ! b5*1 or away f y4 ,?is helps to c\nt]act ! result ( any t5d5cy to tip ! plane to "o side or any inaccuracy 9 sett+ ! plane-iron4 ,see ,%oot+-bo>d4 ,!n1 putt+ "o piece 9 ! vice ) ! jo9t$ edge upw>ds1 lay ! o!r edge ^u x 9 ! prop] position & see if ! two edges t\* ?r\gh\t4 ,if n1 "o or bo? mu/ be plan$ ) ?91 c>eful /rokes until !y d fit1 = ! jo9t w n be good unless ! edges co9cide4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t x takes m ?an m]ely t\*+ to make a good jo9t4 ,! surfaces ( ! bo>ds mu/ be 9 l9e 79 ! same plane74 ,( c\rse ?is really dep5ds ^u ! edges be+ squ>e4 ,te/ by hold+ a /raight-edge1 ! squ>e1 ! edge ( ! plane1 or any?+ /raight1 aga9/ ! surface ( ! bo>ds 7,fig4 #eec74dg ,d n be misl$ by ! directions y may see 9 amateur books & magaz9e articles :i* tell y1 = cases l ?is1--:5 y wi% to glue up ! lid ( a desk1 = in/ance1--to plane & s&pap] y\r bo>ds c>efully on ! sides & !n fit ! edges toge!r1 aft] :i* y h only to glue ! edges & ! job is done4 ,t is n ! "r way to make a glu$ jo9t1 z y w f9d out = y\rself aft] y h plan$ a few doz5 bo>ds ! second "t4 ,! skill$ workman seldom attempts to d ?is except 9 repair+ or "s case :]e ! surface ( ! pieces mu/ be pres]v$4 ,! practical "w-man's way 7:i* is ! way = y71 is to glue fir/ & plane aft]w>ds4 ,! be/ way1 practically1 is to glue up ! r\gh bo>ds be=e !y h be5 plan$ at all1 & !n h ! :ole plan$ d[n z "o piece by ma*9e to ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,( c\rse y %\ld get ! surfaces z ne>ly 9 l9e z y c1 to avoid ne$less plan+ aft]w>ds1 b give y\r special att5tion to mak+ ! jo9t hold 7see note "u ,clamps74 ,sometimes ! edges ( bo>ds to be glu$ are purposely plan$1 holl[+ l5g?ways1 s t ! two pieces t\* at ! ends1 b d n q come toge!r 9 ! middle1 ! idea be+ t a clamp at ! middle w =ce ! jo9t toge!r = its :ole l5g? & w give a /rong] result ?an to attempt to make bo? edges exactly /raight4 ,if !re is to be any op5 place 9 ! jo9t be=e glu+1 x is bett] to h x at ! middle ?an at ! ends1 b !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r !re is any advantage 9 spr++ bo>ds to fit 9 ?is way4 ,be=e glu+ h>dwood edges1 x is well to too? !m ov] ) ! too!d-plane1 if y h "o4 7,see ,plane47 ,see ,plane1 ,glu+1 ,jo9ts1 ,cleat+1 ,d[ell+1 etc4 ,jo9ts & ,splices4--,!re are _m k9ds ( splices & jo9ts us$ 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( wood-"w1 a few ( :i* are "h giv54 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eed4 ,! common squ>e butt-jo9t 7,fig4 #eed7 is ! simple/ way to jo9 two pieces at "r angles1 z 9 mak+ a box or frame1 & is us$ = all common "w4 ,glue is ( b little use ) ?is jo9t4 ,rely :olly on nails or screws4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eee4 ,to make a bett] jo9t1 cut a rabbet at ! end ( "o piece & y h a jo9t 7,fig4 #eee7 :i* %[s less end wood1 & c be help$ a good deal by glu+1 on acc\nt ( ! %\ld]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eef4 ,ano!r way is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eef4 ,"s /r5g? & /iffness is ga9$ by ! tongue & groove1 b a groove ne> ! end introduces an elem5t ( weakness4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eeg4 ,a mu* /rong] way & a tight] jo9t 7,fig4 #eeg7 is (t5 us$ = ci/]ns1 wat]-tanks1 & horse tr\ghs1 b ! project+ ends are objectionable = mo/ purposes4 ,see ,halv+1 ,mitr+1 ,dovetail+1 & also ,box-mak+1 page #bai4 ,9 nail+ any su* jo9ts z ^? j %[n1 rememb] to always bore holes = ! nails :]ev] !re is dang] ( splitt+4 ,see ,awl1 ,bits1 ,bor+1 ,nail+4 ,!re are _m ways1 besides ^? j m5tion$1 = jo9+ /icks & timb]s at "r angles1 :i* is some?+ y w (t5 h to d1 :e!r = a kite or "s small framework or = ! timb]s ( a build+4 ,to jo9 two or m bo>ds or planks to make a wid] surface1 sev]al me?ods c be us$4 ,cleat+1 ?\gh /rong & suitable = all su* "w z draw+-bo>ds1 r\gh doors1 & ! l1 is (t5 undesirable1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! looks & because ! cleats may be 9 ! way 7see ,cleat+74 ,! simple/ way1 )\t cleats1 is to glue ! jo9t$ edges 7see ,jo9t+ & ,glu+74 ,d[els c be us$ ) ?is jo9t 7see ,d[ell+71 or grooves c be cut & a /rip or spl9e or tongue ins]t$ 7,fig4 #eeh74 ,?is la/ way c be done at ! mill quick] & bett] ?an by h&4 ,! edges c also be halv$1 or a rabbet cut 9 ea* edge f opposite sides4 ,! bo>ds c also be mat*$ 7see page #df71 9 :i* case x is n usual to glue !m4 ,all ( ^! jo9ts c be/ be made by ma*9e4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eeh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eei4 ,to avoid ! w>p+ & *ange ( %ape to :i* wide pieces are subject1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are n middle bo>ds 7see ,*apt] ,,iii71 !y are (t5 built up ( select$ n>r[] pieces 7,fig4 #eei74 ,?is is done = _m ?+s1--! frames ( ma*9es1 ! tops ( sew+-tables1 draw+-bo>ds1 *opp+-blocks1 etc4 ,ma/s1 b[s1 fi%+-rods1 & ! l are sometimes built up ( select$ pieces1 ! idea be+ t a bett] result c be obta9$ by comb9+ select$ small] pieces1 t flaws & defects 7:i* are apt to occur 9 l>g] pieces7 c be avoid$1 & t sometimes ! gra9 c be arrang$ to bett] advantage4 ,?is is d\btless true1 b !re is always ! objection t glu$ jo9ts may give way4 ,if y c get a piece :i* is practically p]fect1 x is probably 9 mo/ cases bett] ?an a glu$-up comb9ation1 = x is n easy to improve on ,nature :5 y c get h] be/ specim5s2 b unless y c get fir/-class /ock ( ! dim5sions requir$1 x is bett] to build up ) small] pieces ( select$ /ock4 ,:]e ! ends ( two pieces come toge!r & y wi% to make a close jo9t1 y w1 ( c\rse1 saw ! pieces (f z squ>ely z possible1 us+ ! squ>e or p]haps ! mitre-box4 ,if y m>k & saw !m ) exactness1 & if ev]y?+ ab\t _! arrangem5t is /raight & squ>e & true1 ! ends w come toge!r exactly & make a close jo9t1 b z a practical matt] ?is frequ5tly w n happ51 h[ev] c>eful y may be4 ,= nice "w1 ! workmanlike way 9 su* cases is to plane or p>e ! ends until !y fit1 b = r\gh] "w ! exp$i5t ( saw+ ! ends to fit c be resort$ to4 ,to d ?is1 put ! ends toge!r z !y are to g 7,fig4 #efj71 keep !m f mov+1 & saw /raight d[n ?r\gh ! jo9t4 ,z ! saw w leave a k]f ( uni=m ?ickness1 ! pieces c n[ be pu%$ toge!r & ! ends w fit1 unless ! jo9t 0 v mu* op51 9 :i* case y h only to saw aga91 & if necess>y repeat ! op]ation until ! ends fit4 ,?is is a v useful exp$i5t 9 case ( ne$1 b %\ld n be reli$ on z a regul> way to make jo9ts1 le/ x eng5d] a c>eless & inaccurate me?od ( "w4 ,?is applies also to jo9ts :i* meet at any angle4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #efj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #efa4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e only "o side ( ea* piece %[s1 z 9 lay+ floor-bo>ds1 x is usual to und]cut ! ends slightly--t is1 to make ! jo9t a little op5 at ! bottom1 :i* gives a tight & neat jo9t on ! side :i* %[s 7,fig4 #efa1 :i* is exagg]at$74 ,ano!r way to make an end jo9t is by bevell$ sc>f+ or splay+ 7,fig4 #efb74 ,y w see ! ends ( ! clapbo>ds on old h\ses jo9$ 9 ?is way1 & x d\btless makes a bett] jo9t 9 _m cases ?an ! common squ>e or butt-jo9t1 b x is m "w4 ,/rips ( m\ld+ are (t5 cut 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #efb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #efc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #efd4 ,!re are _m ways ( splic+ two or m pieces s z to get great] l5g?1 _m ( !m1 su* z are us$ 9 bridge-build+ & ro(-fram+1 be+ q complicat$4 ,y w r>ely1 h[ev]1 9 su* "w z y w d at fir/1 h occasion to d m ?an nail /rips 7fi%-plates7 on ! sides ( ! pieces or make a halv$ splice or sc>f$ jo9t 7,fig4 #efc74 ,! latt] is (t5 made long] ?an t %[n & fa/5$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,a jo9t = a brace is %[n 9 ,fig4 #efd4 ,see ,cleats1 ,doors1 ,dovetail+1 ,d[ell+1 ,glu+1 ,halv+1 ,mitr+1 ,mortis+1 ,nail+1 etc4 ,keyhole ,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,knife4--,an excell5t knife = %op "w is a sloyd knife4 ,a good %oe-knife w d v well4 ,?is is bett] = %op "w ?an a jack-knife4 ,x w n close on y\r f+]s = "o ?+4 ,= g5]al purposes1 h[ev]1 a pocket-knife is ! be/ ?+1 z y _c c>ry a sloyd knife ar\nd ) y4 ,9 buy+ x get a good pla9 knife ) n m ?an two or ?ree blades & ( ! be/ /eel y c af=d4 ,d n wa/e money 9 try+ to get y\r :ole kit ( tools into ! compass ( "o jack-knife h&le4 ,9 select+ a knife1 op5 ! blades & sight along ! back to see t ea* blade is accurately 9 l9e ) ! h&le1 z !y are sometimes fa/5$ at a slight angle1 :i* weak5s ! knife4 ,an imm5se v>iety ( "w c be done ) a common pocket- or jack-knife1 :i* is ! be/ em]g5cy tool = ei!r ! beg9n] or ! skill$ workman4 ,"o great ?+ ab\t :ittl+ is t y _c rely on squ>es1 rules1 or compasses to get y\r "w "r1 b mu/ be indep5d5t1 ?9k quickly1 look %>ply1 & rely on y\r own faculties4 ,a knife is s easy to %>p5 t !re is n mu* excuse = us+ a dull "o4 ,see ,%>p5+4 ,9 cutt+1 always keep y\r left h& beh9d ! blade1 & z a g5]al rule cut f y1 = ! tool may slip & cut y in/ead ( ! wood4 ,!re are cases :]e y h to cut t[>ds y1 b !re is nev] any ne$ ( gett+ y\r left h& 9 front ( ! cutt+-edge4 ,level4--,a _s-level is important = "s "w1 b n (t5 necess>y = ! beg9n]1 z a sub/itute c easily be made4 ,a horizontal or level l9e be+ at "r angles ) a v]tical l9e1 a home-made level c be made by us+ ! pr9ciple ( ! plumb-l9e1 z %[n on page #if4 ,:5 ! plumb-l9e hangs freely on ! l9e ab1 :i* is at "r angles to cd1 ! latt] l9e 7cd7 mu/ ( c\rse be level4 ,! frame %\ld be sev]al feet long = levell+ l>ge "w1 z x c be adju/$ m accurately ?an if small4 ,l9se$ ,oil4--,see ,f9i%+ & ,pa9t+4 ,locks4--,use locks ( good quality or none at all4 ,nev] put v *eap locks on good "w4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( locks1 "s to be screw$ on ! outside ( ! wood1 o!rs to be sunk 9 recesses cut 9 ! side ( ! wood1 o!rs /ill to be let into mortises--*e/-locks1 door-locks1 cupbo>d-locks1 draw]-locks1 etc4 ,to fit a *e/- or box-lock 7n a mortise-lock71 place ! lock 9 ! "r position1 m>k ar\nd ! "p requir$ to be sunk 9 ! wood1 :i* c be cut away ) g\ge & *isel1 ! keyhole hav+ be5 bor$ q ?r\gh ! wood & trimm$ to a neat outl9e :i* w con=m to ! %ape ( ! key4 ,:5 ! lock has be5 screw$ 9 its recess1 put ! hasp1 or "p :i* is to be on ! lid1 into its place 9 ! lock1 j :]e x w be :5 ! *e/ is lock$4 ,!n close ! lid1 & by slightly press+ y c make a m>k on x to %[ :]e to put ! hasp4 ,sometimes y c m>k ! place ) a p5cil1 or by putt+ transf]-pap] betwe5 ! hasp & ! wood1 or by rubb+ black5$ grease on ! plate ( ! hasp4 ,! plate ( ! hasp %\ld be sunk 9 ! lid to be flu% ) ! surface1 & may !n be screw$ on1 be>+ 9 m9d ! ?ickness ( ! lid :5 select+ ! screws4 ,a mortise-lock is fitt$ 9 a simil> way1 b let into a mortise 7see ,mortis+74 ,to fit a common draw]-lock1 det]m9e ! place = ! keyhole & place ! lock 9 position on ! inside z be=e4 ,) a p5cil m>k ! outl9e ( ! box-"p ( ! lock1 :i* be>s aga9/ ! wood4 ,cut away ! wood )9 ?is l9e1 mak+ a recess slightly deep] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! box-"p ( ! lock4 ,! hole mu/ be bor$ = ! key1 z be=e4 ,put ! lock into place & m>k ! outl9e ( ! out] plate1 n m]ely on ! inside ( ! draw] front b also on ! top edge4 ,cut away ! wood ) ! *isel to let ! plate s9k flu% ) ! wood4 ,:5 ! keyhole is %ap$1 try ! lock & if x works1 screw x on4 ,close ! draw] & turn ! key h>d to raise ! bolts 7! tops ( :i* h be5 previ\sly rubb$ ) black5$ grease1 su* z c be scrap$ f an oil-/one1 or us+ transf] pap]71 :i*1 press+ aga9/ ! wood1 w m>k ! places = ! mortises into :i* !y are to slide4 ,cut ^! mortises & ! draw] c be lock$4 ,! v>iety ( locks & _! arrangem5t 9 reg>d to fitt+ is s great t x w be be/ = y to exam9e a well-fitt$ lock = ! same purpose t ! lock y h to fit is int5d$1 = "o rule _c be giv5 = all cases4 ,mallet4--,! mallet1 :i* is m]ely a hamm] ) a wood5 head1 is made 9 v>i\s =ms & sizes1 f ! big beetle ( ! wood-*opp] to ! ladies' c>v+ mallet4 ,x is us$ to /rike ! wood5 tool-h&les4 ,= heavy "w a mallet ) ! h&le put ?r\gh ! head f ! outside1 l ! h&le ( a pickaxe1 is good because ! head _c come (f4 ,a r\nd$ head ) ! h&le on ! end 7l a potato-ma%]7 saves hav+ to notice h[ y hold x1 z x is equally effective 9 any position4 ,a mallet ( ?is type c be turn$ all 9 "o piece4 ,hickory or lignum-vit or any d5se1 h>d wood is good = a mallet4 ,y d n ga9 =ce by us+ ! mallet in/ead ( ! hamm]1 b ! s(t] & m yield+ bl[ ( ! mallet saves ! tool-h&le4 ,m>k+4--,= all r\gh "w ! ord9>y c>p5t]'s p5cil1 %>p5$ flatways1 l a screw-driv]1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t & durable in/rum5t4 ,= nic] "w1 :]e y ne$ m accurate l9es1 ! common r\nd p5cil 7m$ium h>d or r s(t7 is all y ne$1 b = nice1 close "w 7su* z m>k+ accurate jo9ts71 a knife1 ! corn] ( a *isel1 a m>k+-awl1 or a scrib] ( "s sort is necess>y4 ,!re is no ne$ to buy any tool = ?is1 al?\gh !y are to be _h--no?+ is bett] ?an a common pocket-knife or a *isel4 ,keep y\r p5cils %>p by rubb+ !m on a piece ( f9e s&pap]1 or an old file4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #efe4 ,9 scrib+ ) ! *isel1 ! edge is drawn along ) "o corn] slightly rais$ & ! flat side next ! /raight-edge1 hold+ ! tool ei!r l a p5cil or = deep] scor+ z 9 ,fig4 #efe4 ,9 all m>k+ & scrib+1 :e!r ) p5cil1 awl1 knife1 *isel1 or o!r tool1 be sure t ! m>k+ edge is kept close up to ! rule1 /raight-edge1 or squ>e1 z x w (t5 t5d to foll[ ! gra9 ( ! wood & run (f ! l9e1 & w sometimes =ce ! /raight-edge or squ>e out ( position if ! latt] is n held firmly4 ,d n try to /op l9es :i* meet at a giv5 po9t1 b let !m cross "o ano!r :5 !y w n %[ 9 ! f9i%$ "w1 z x is quick] to d s & ! cross+ ( two l9es m>ks a po9t m accurately ?an a dot4 ,= "w to be f9i%$1 h[ev]1 scor+ ! surface ) l9es %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] !y w %[1 z !y w become conspicu\s aft] ! "w is f9i%$4 ,illu/ration ,,?9 ,,rule--,,f9e ,,"w4 ,,fig4 #eff4 ,illu/ration ,,?ick ,,rule--,,r\gh ,,"w4 ,,fig4 #efg4 ,9 m>k+ l9es ) a /raight-edge or rul] y mu/ be c>eful t x does n slip4 ,if x is long y c put weights on x4 ,to m>k a l9e accurately ?r\gh giv5 po9ts1 ! rul] %\ld n q t\* ! po9ts1 b be pu%$ almo/ up to !m & equally di/ant f ea* 7,fig4 #eff74 ,?is w give y a cle> view ( bo? po9ts s t y c be sure t ! p5cil or :atev] y m>k ) w g z ne>ly z possible ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea*4 ,be>+ ! p5cil aga9/ ! edge ( ! rul]1 y c slant x a trifle till ! p5cil-po9t w j co9cide ) ! giv5 po9t on ! wood1 &1 keep+ ! same incl9ation1 move ! p5cil along ! rul]1 & x %\ld also g ?r\gh ! second giv5 po9t4 ,?is applies to a regul> rul] ) a comp>atively ?9 edge1 & to f9e "w only4 ,9 m>k+ by a ?ick edge1 or :]e extreme nicety is n requir$1 y w ( c\rse put ! /raight-edge "r up to ! po9ts & run ! p5cil-po9t along 9 ! angle 7,fig4 #efg74 ,besides m>k+ l9es1 ! /raight-edge 79 "s =m71 is us$ to det]m9e :e!r a surface is true4 ,see ,/raight-edge4 ,= r\gh1 (f-h& m>k+1 p>ticul>ly on undress$ /ock1 *alk is (t5 be/4 ,/icks1 %ap$ l s*ool-crayons1 ( graphite or "s black composition1 are good = r\gh m>k+4 ,! *alk-l9e is us$ = di/ances too great to be cov]$ conv5i5tly by a /raight-edge & 9 places :]e ! latt] c\ld n s well be us$4 ,! *alk-l9e is a *alk$ cord drawn taut betwe5 ! two po9ts to be connect$4 ,x is bett] to use a small cord ?an a l>ge "o1 & blue *alk is (t5 pref]r$ to :ite4 ,fa/5 "o end ( ! cord ) a loop ar\nd an awl or nail at "o end ( ! desir$ l9e1 & f ?is po9t *alk ! cord1 hold+ x betwe5 ! ?umb & ! *alk s t ! cord w be> on ! flat side ( ! *alk 9 su* a way z to we> x away ev5ly )\t cutt+ x 9 two4 ,!n draw ! *alk$ cord tight to ! o!r end ( ! desir$ l9e &1 hold+ ! end d[n ) "o h&1 lift ! cord f z ne> ! middle z practicable ) ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! o!r h& & let x snap back on to ! surface4 ,! cord %\ld be rais$ squ>ely f ! "w & n pull$ slant+ly to "o side or ! l9e w n be /raight4 ,m>k+-,awl4--,see ,awl4 ,m>k+-,gauge4--,see ,gauge4 ,mat*+-,plane4--,see ,plane4 ,measurem5ts & ,measur+4--,= v>i\s sugge/ions1 see ,rule1 & also pages #dg1 #dh1 #ej1 #afg 7footnote71 #bdd1 & #bfa4 ,mirror-,plates4--,a good way to fa/5 su* articles z mirrors1 cab9ets1 etc41 to ! wall is by mirror-plates1 :i* y c buy or make y\rself ( brass4 ,^! %\ld be sunk 9 ! wood s z to be flu% ) ! back side ( ! %elves4 ,aft] be+ fitt$1 !y %\ld be tak5 (f dur+ ! process ( f9i%+ ! "w4 ,mitre4--,see ,mitr+4 ,mitre-,bo>d4--,see ,mitr+ & also page #ib4 ,mitre-,box4--,if y c af=d x1 an iron mitre-box :i* w cut at v>i\s angles w be v useful4 ,y c make "o y\rself ( wood4 ,y c get a c>p5t] to make y "o = a small sum1 b ! iron ones are bett]4 ,see page #ij4 ,mitre ,%oot+-,bo>d4--,see page #id4 ,mitr+4--,a common jo9t is ! mitre 7,fig4 #efh74 ,its only advantage is t x %[s no?+ b a l9e at ! angle & ! end wood is entirely conceal$4 ,x is a weak jo9t at be/1 ev5 :5 made by a skill$ workman1 & is p>ticul>ly h>d = an amateur to make well4 ,! slighte/ v>iation 9 "o ( ! corn]s ( a frame or box ?r[s ! :ole /ructure out ( %ape & 9 attempt+ to correct ! error ! o!r jo9ts are apt to be op5$1 & if ! :ole is f9ally got toge!r 9 a fa%ion x is (t5 aft] bo!r en\gh to h accompli%$ mu* good "w 9 "s o!r way4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #efh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #efi4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egj4 ,! mitre is p>ticul>ly unsci5tific = wide pieces us$ flatways 7,fig4 #efi71 z ! inevitable expansion & contraction ( ! pieces is v apt to cause an op5 jo9t4 ,if ! wood is n q dry1 s t x %r9ks1 ! jo9t may op5 p]man5tly t[>d ! inside corn]1 = :5 ! wood %r9ks 9 wid? ! pieces w become n>r[] & s sep>ate at ! jo9t1 leav+ a crack1 tap]+ f ! inn] to ! out] corn]4 ,ev5 if ! wood is ?or\ghly season$ x w exp& & contract m or less4 ,:5 x exp&s1 ! jo9t w t5d to op5 at ! out] corn] 7,fig4 #egj74 ,:5 x contracts x w t5d to op51 z j %[n 7,fig4 #ega71 at ! inn] corn]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ega4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egc4 ,( c\rse !re are "s cases1 z 9 mak+ a picture frame ( prep>$ m\ld+s1 :5 mitr+ is ! only way 9 :i* ! frame c be put toge!r1 & !re are "s o!r cases 9 :i* x is ! mo/ prop] & suitable jo9t1 b z a g5]al rule1 = amateur "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 fram+ :]e /r5g? is a consid]ation1 avoid ! mitre4 ,o!r & bett] =ms = any?+ l a box are %[n 9 ,figs4 #eed1 #eee1 #eef1 #eeg4 ,! mitre is sometimes /r5g!n$ = box "w & ! l by fitt+ a spl9e or tongue ) ! gra9 runn+ across & n l5g?ways ( ! jo9t 7,fig4 #egb47 ,?is1 prop]ly glu$ "u pressure1 makes a good jo9t & "o mu* sup]ior to ! pla9 mitre4 ,b1 ?\gh easy to d ) ma*9]y1 x is a sl[ & c>eful job to make su* a jo9t by h&1 & if a case arises :]e y wi% x done y _h be/ take ! "w to a factory1 :]e a circul> saw is all t is ne$$4 ,! pr9ciple ( halv+ %[n 9 ,figs4 #eci & #edc1 c also be appli$ to a mitr$ jo9t4 ,saw-k]fs are (t5 made 7,figs4 #egc & #egd7 into :i* small /rips are tightly fitt$ & glu$4 ,?is is a good way & easily done1 once hav+ got ! mitre prop]ly put toge!r4 ,a comb9ation ( ! mitre ) ! jo9t %[n 9 ,fig4 #eee is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ege4 ,see also ,dovetail+ & ,jo9ts4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ege4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egf4 ,to lay (f a mitre1 or ! l9es by :i* to cut ! int]section ( any two pieces at any angle1 a simple way is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #egf4 ,! pieces are laid "o above ! o!r at ! desir$ angle4 ,!n ! po9ts ( int]section are m>k$ on ea* edge4 ,l9es connect+ ^! po9ts w give ! desir$ angles = saw+4 ,! squ>e c be us$ to help 9 det]m9+ ! po9ts accurately & to project !m to ! upp] side ( ! top piece4 ,mortise & ,t5on4--,see ,mortis+4 ,mortise-,*isel4--,see ,*isel4 ,mortise-,gauge4--,see ,gauge4 ,mortis+ 7,mortise & ,t5on74--,if y c get out two pieces & fit !m toge!r accurately ) a mortise-&-t5on jo9t1 & d ! "w well1 y w be compet5t to h&le a great _m ( ! difficulties ( ord9>y wood-"w4 ,y w (t5 h occasion to use ?is jo9t4 ,! mortise is ! hole 9 "o ( ! two pieces to be jo9$4 ,! t5on is ! p9 or projection 9 ! o!r piece1 %ap$ to fit ! mortise4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #egi4 ,to lay out a mortise & t5on 7,fig4 #egg71 select & m>k ! work+ faces = ea* piece4 ,fir/ take ! piece 9 :i* ! mortise is to be cut 7,fig4 #egh74 ,squ>e two l9es1 ab & cd1 across ! face & ! same di/ance ap>t z ! wid? ( ! piece on :i* ! t5on is to be cut4 ,c>ry ^! l9es across ! side ,x 7ae & cf7 & also across ! side opposite to ,x 7t is1 ! side :]e ! t5on w come ?r\gh74 ,next take ! t5on-piece 7,fig4 #egi7 & measure f ! end a di/ance a little great] ?an ! wid? ( ! face ( ! mortise-piece1 & at ?is po9t squ>e a l9e1 gh1 across ! face ( ! t5on-piece4 ,cont9ue ?is l9e1 gi1 ar\nd ! piece1 ) ! squ>e4 ,n[ take ! gauge &1 sett+ x at ! di/ance f ! face settl$ ^u = ! mortise1 scribe ! l9e jk on ! side ,x & also on ! side opposite ,x4 ,also f ! face ( ! t5on-piece1 )\t *ang+ ! gauge1 m>k ! l9e lm on ! side ,x1 on ! opposite side1 & on ! end4 ,set ! gauge to measure f ! face to ! o!r side ( ! mortise1--t is1 add ! wid? ( ! mortise to ! figure at :i* ! gauge 0 set1--& scribe ano!r set ( l9es1 op & rs1 9 ! same mann] z be=e1 rememb]+ to gauge all ! "t f ! same face4 ,9 ! co>s] k9ds ( "w1 :]e m>ks on ! surface d no h>m1 ! gauge m>ks c be run across ! o!r l9es1 z be+ easi] & m di/9ct1 b 9 f9e "w1 especially t :i* is to be f9i%$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to make scrat*es t w be se5 :5 ! "w is f9i%$4 ,! p>ts to be cut away are indicat$ by cross m>ks 7,fig4 #ehj7 & x w be se5 at once t ! t5on & mortise are laid out correctly4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehj4 ,to cut1 take fir/ ! mortise-piece & fa/5 x securely by vise or clamp 9 a conv5i5t position4 ,! simple/ way to remove ! wood is to bore a s]ies ( holes ) a bit ( a diamet] z ne>ly ! wid? ( ! mortise z y h 7,fig4 #ehj71 b a trifle small]4 ,?is removes a l>ge "p ( ! wood ) b slight dang] ( splitt+4 ,! re/ c easily be trimm$ away to ! l9es ) ! *isel1 tak+ c>e n to jam ! *isel d[n l5g?ways ( ! mortise :5 ! latt] is block$ ) *ips or firm wood1 or ! wood may split (f at ! side ( ! mortise4 ,to cut out ! wood ) ! *isel only 7or to trim ! ends ( ! mortise aft] us+ ! bit71 be> 9 m9d ! way ! *isel acts :5 y drive x into ! wood4 ,if bo? sides ( ! *isel 7 bevell$ 7z is ! case ) c>v+ *isels71 x w\ld t5d to g /raight d[n into ! wood1 & if held v]tically w\ld make a v]tical cut 7,fig4 #eha71 b ! *isels y use = mortis+ are flat on "o side & bevell$ on ! o!r4 ,be+ "o-sid$ 9 ?is way1 ! edge ( ! tool is =c$ by ! incl9$ bevel to slide (f1 s to speak1 m or less1 9 ! direction ( ! side :i* is flat4 ,y c prove ?is easily by hold+ a *isel across ! gra9 ( a bo>d & driv+ x 94 ,if y hold ! tool lightly1 y w see t z y drive x 9 x w incl9e to cut "u1 always on ! side :i* is flat 7,fig4 #eha74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eha4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehb4 ,?is %[s h[ to g to "w to cut a mortise s z to keep ! sides squ>e & true4 ,if y put ! *isel at ! end1 flat side outw>d1 ! cut w t5d to run "u & make ! hole too l>ge bel[ ! surface4 ,if y turn ! tool ! o!r way1 x t5ds to slip 9 t[>ds ! middle ( ! mortise4 ,s1 to cut out ! wood1 take a *isel j a trifle less 9 wid? ?an ! mortise1 &1 beg9n+ ne> ! middle ( ! mortise1 hold ! *isel z 9 ,fig4 #ehb & make successive cuts1 work+ t[>d ! end1 fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! o!r1 giv+ ! *isel h&le a slight pull t[>d ! c5tre ( ! mortise ea* "t y move x1 to loos5 ! *ips 7,fig4 #ehc74 ,y c ?us "w safely t[>d ! ends1 :i* w be left slant+ 7,fig4 #ehd74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehe4 ,aft] cutt+ ab\t half ?r\gh ! piece 9 ?is way1 turn x ov] & repeat ! process f ! o!r side1 ! result be+ a hole l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ehe4 ,n[ turn ! *isel ar\nd ) ! flat side t[>d ei!r end ( ! hole1 & y c p>e d[n ! ends to ! l9e )\t dang] ( und]cutt+ 7,fig4 #ehe74 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to jam ! *isel d[n l5g?ways ( ! gra9 until ! hole is practically cle>$ ( wood1 or ! side ( ! mortise may be split (f4 ,use ! *isel l5g?ways ( ! gra9 only at ! end ( ! process1 to p>e ! sides ( ! mortise ev5ly1 ) light /rokes1 d[n to ! l9e4 ,9 all ! use ( ! *isel1 take pa9s to hold x v]tically z reg>ds ! sides ( ! mortise--t is1 d n tip x ov] sideways1 or ! mortise w be slant+ or too wide at ! bottom4 ,! common firm]- or p>+-*isel c be us$ = all light mortis+1 b = heavy "w ! regul> mortis+-*isel %\ld be us$ 7see ,*isel74 ,to cut ! t5on1 simply saw c>efully on ! l9e gh & its opposite 7,fig4 #egi7 & !n on ! l9es lm & rs4 ,be c>eful n to cut beyond ! l9e1 s z to make ! t5on too small4 ,x is easy to trim x a little ) ! *isel if x is too l>ge4 ,cut a little bevel ar\nd ! end ( ! t5on1 s t x w drive ?r\gh smoo?ly )\t cat*+ & te>+ ! sides or ends ( ! mortise4 ,:5 x goes ?r\gh prop]ly & ! t5on & %\ld] fit snugly1 ! project+ end ( ! t5on c be saw$ (f aft] ! :ole job is done4 ,! t5on %\ld be j l>ge en\gh to drive ?r\gh ) a slight pressure & fit snugly )\t any wobbl+ ar\nd4 ,x %\ld n be s tight z to require mu* =ce to drive x home1 or !re w be dang] ( splitt+ out ! sides ( ! mortise4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehh4 ,!re is no absolute rule z to h[ wide to make ! mortise & t5on 9 proportion to ! wid? ( ! pieces4 ,x dep5ds on ! k9d ( "w1 ! k9ds ( wood1 ! k9d ( /ra9 to be put on ! jo9t1 & v>i\s circum/ances too complex to be gone into "h4 ,if ! t5on is v ?9 x w be weak] ?an ! sides ( ! mortise 7,fig4 #ehf74 ,if v ?ick1 ! sides ( ! mortise w be too ?9 & w be weak] ?an ! t5on 7,fig4 #ehg74 ,"o ?ird ( ! wid? is z ?9 z a t5on is (t5 made4 ,x w !n sometimes be weak] ?an ! sides ( ! mortise1 z y c see f ,fig4 #ehh4 ,b x all dep5ds on :at ! jo9t is =4 ,if x is to /& viol5t wr5*+1 ! t5on 9 ?is case might break be=e ! mortise-*eeks1 & _h be/ be made a little ?ick]1 ) ! sides ( ! mortise a little ?9n]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! jo9t is m]ely to hold ! t5on-piece 9 position1 z 9 case ( a po/ re/+ on a sill1 "o ?ird is pl5ty wide en\gh = ! t5on1 z x w be be/ n to weak5 ! sill by cutt+ any l>g] mortise ?an is necess>y4 ,sometimes ! t5on-piece is simply let 9 to ! o!r piece = its full wid?4 ,?is is call$ h\s+ 7,fig4 #ehi74 ,two ?irds ( ! wid? ( ! piece is ?ick] ?an y w be likely to h occasion to make a t5on1 z ?is leaves ! *eeks ( ! mortise v ?94 ,x is :olly a matt] ( judgm5t 7betwe51 say1 "o ?ird & two ?irds ( ! wid?71 accord+ to ! conditions ( ea* job4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ehi4 ,! l5g? to :i* a mortise c safely be cut is also a matt] ( judgm5t accord+ to circum/ances4 ,if ! t5on is ?91 ! mortise c be long] ?an if ! t5on is ?ick1 z ! *eeks w be ?ick] & /rong]1 b1 z a rule1 avoid try+ to make v long mortises1 unless ! t5on is v ?9 & ! wood v /rong1 z !re w n be /r5g? en\gh left 9 ! *eeks ( ! mortise 7,fig4 #eij74 ,six times z long z x is wide is ab\t z long z x is well to make a mortise "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ?\gh1 z j said1 x all dep5ds on ! conditions ( ! p>ticul> piece ( "w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eij4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eia4 ,:5 a wide piece is to be mortis$ into ano!r piece1 two or m t5ons are sometimes cut1 ?us avoid+ too long a mortise1 b ?is w n d = v wide pieces1 unless "s ( ! t5ons are fitt$ loosely1 = ! expansion & contraction ( ! wide piece may cause x to buckle or split if all ! mortises fit snugly 7,fig4 #eia74 ,9 su* cases z a door-frame or :5 ! end ( a bo>d is to be fitt$ into ! side ( a po/1 a tongue & groove is (t5 us$ 9 addition to ! t5on1 & ?is 7kn[n z reli%+7 is a good way to d 7,fig4 #eib74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eib4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eic4 ,! mortise & t5on giv5 above is a v simple =m4 ,sometimes ! t5on is %ort & does n g ?r\gh 7,fig4 #eic74 ,?is is a common =m1 & is us$ a great deal 9 ! be/ "w4 ,x is sometimes call$ bl9d mortis+1 ! t5on be+ kn[n z a /ub t5on4 ,mortise & t5on jo9ts are sometimes m]ely fitt$ toge!r1 b c also be glu$ 7see ,glu+71 p9n$1 w$g$1 or dovetail$ & fa/5$ ) a key4 ,to p9 a mortise & t5on1 simply m>k a po9t ) squ>e & gauge ^u ea* side ( ! piece conta9+ ! mortise 7,fig4 #eic71 fit ! t5on 9 place1 & bore 9 f ea* side 7or 9 r\gh "w bore "r ?r\gh f "o side until ! spur appe>s on ! opposite surface7 7see ,bor+74 ,!n drive ?r\gh a snugly fitt+ p9 & trim (f ! project+ ends4 ,! p9 %\ld be slightly po9t$ be=e driv+1 on ! same pr9ciple t ! end ( ! t5on is bevell$4 ,x is n necess>y to r\nd ! p94 ,an eight-sid$ "o is j z good4 ,d n use too l>ge p9s4 ,9 %ip-build+1 bridge-build+1 & old-fa%ion$ h\se-fram+ p9s & tre5ails f #a to #a-c_/d or m 9 diamet]1 are us$4 ,d[els ( v>i\s sizes w usually answ] = su* fram+ z y may h to d 7?\gh a rift-p9 is /rong]74 ,= su* "w z p9n+ a jo9t 9 a *air1 y w n ne$ any?+ l>g] ?an a #a_/d h>dwood p94 ,y mu/ use judgm5t z to h[ ne> ! edge to place ! p94 ,if y put x too f> f ! edge1 its hold on ! t5on w be weak & ! end ( ! t5on may break out 7%e>74 ,if y put x too ne> ! edge1 ! sides ( ! mortise may te> or split out4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eid4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eie4 ,sometimes1 p>ticul>ly 9 timb] "w1 to insure a snug fit at ! jo9t1 draw-bor+ is resort$ to 7,fig4 #eid74 ,! hole = ! p9 is n bor$ ?r\gh ! t5on z j %[n1 b is bor$ a trifle ne>] ! %\ld] ( ! t5on ?an ! o!r holes 79 ! mortise-piece74 ,! result is t :5 ! p9 is driv5 ?r\gh x draws ! t5on-piece d[n to a snug fit at ! %\ld]4 ,b ?is has to be done ) judgm5t4 ,if ! hole 9 ! t5on is too mu* out ( l9e1 driv+ ! p9 ?r\gh t5ds to split 7/rictly speak+ to %e>7 ! end ( ! t5on1 & too mu* /ra9 is put on ! p94 ,9 ! mortis+ j %[n1 !re are only two %\ld]s :]e ! t5on beg9s--t is1 ! t5on is made by only f\r cuts4 ,?is is good = all common or r\gh "w4 ,9 nice "w a %\ld] is also cut at ea* edge ( ! t5on 7,fig4 #eie74 ,?is makes a neat]-look+ jo9t1 z ^! %\ld]s cov] ! ends ( ! mortise completely4 ,:5 ! jo9t comes at ! end ( ! mortise-piece1 ! t5on c ext5d to ! edge on ! outside & ! mortise be cut cle> out to ! end1 =m+ an op5 mortise-&-t5on jo9t 7,fig4 #edc71 or a wide %\ld] c be left on ! outside ( ! t5on--! t5on itself be+ made n>r[] 7,fig4 #eif74 ,?is c\rse is adopt$ 9 doors & frames ( v>i\s k9ds 7see ,fig4 #ccd74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eif4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eig4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eih4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eii4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fjj4 ,a good way to fa/5 t5ons is to w$ge !m4 ,?is c be done :e!r ! t5on goes ?r\gh ! mortise-piece or only "p way1 z 9 a bl9d jo9t4 ,! w$ges c be driv5 betwe5 ! t5on & ! ends ( ! mortise 7,fig4 #eig71 or1 z is (t5 bett]1 driv5 into cuts made 9 ! t5on itself1 ?us spread+ ! t5on t[>d ! end1 dovetail fa%ion1 mak+ x extremely difficult1 or impossible1 to pull x out ( ! mortise4 ,be=e w$g+1 ! mortise %\ld be cut "u or enl>g$ t[>d ! side on :i* ! t5on comes ?r\gh 7,fig4 #eih74 ,! w$ges c !n be dipp$ 9 glue & driv5 z 9 ,fig4 #eii4 ,to spread ! t5ons !mselves1 "o or two or ev5 ?ree saw-cuts %\ld be made 9 ! t5on1 l5g?ways & f>!r ?an ! w$ges w ext5d 7,fig4 #fjj74 ,! t5on & mortise hav+ be5 prop]ly glu$1 ! t5on is fitt$ 9 place1 & ! w$ges1 previ\sly prep>$ ( "s /rong wood & tap]+ q gradually1 are dipp$ 9 ! glue & driv5 d[n into ! saw-cuts1 ?us spread+ ! end ( ! t5on into a dovetail until x fills ! mortise 7,fig4 #fja74 ,x is (t5 be/ to drive ! out] w$ges ne>] ! edge ( ! t5on ?an is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fjj1 le/ ! t5on-piece be split4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fja4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fjb4 ,! process is mu* ! same :5 ! t5on does n g ?r\gh ! mortise-piece 7,fig4 #fjb74 ,! mortise is und]cut z be=e1 & saw-cuts are made 9 ! end ( ! t5on4 ,! w$ges are c>efully plann$ & cut s t1 :5 ! t5on is f9ally 9 place1 !y w be ( ! "r size to spread x s z to fit ! mortise4 ,! w$ges mu/ n be too long1 s z to int]f]e ) ! t5on be+ driv5 home or to break (f4 ,:5 y are sure ! :ole w g into place & fit snugly1 glue ev]y?+1 />t ! w$ges 9 ! cracks1 & drive ! t5on quickly to place4 ,?is w ( c\rse drive 9 ! w$ges1 :i* w spread ! t5on at ! end & fix x firmly4 ,9 fact1 if well done1 y _c get x out aga94 ,!re are o!r =ms ( mortise & t5on1 b !y w be seldom requir$ by ! amateur4 ,see ,jo9ts4 ,nail+4--,to drive nails1 hold ! hamm] ne> ! end ( ! h&le4 ,d n1 z is (t5 done by boys & amateurs1 grasp x close to ! head4 ,! ne>] ! end ( ! h&le y take hold1 ! h>d] bl[ y c /rike1 j z ! long] ! h&le1 ! h>d] ! bl[4 ,use light /rokes--m]e taps--9 />t+ ! nail4 ,aft] y are sure x is go+ /raight y c !n use m =ce to drive x home4 ,d n try to s9k ! nail-head q flu% ) ! wood4 ,leave t = ! nail-set4 ,y may ?9k t any slight depression y may make if ! hamm] /rikes ! wood w be too slight to be se51 b t is n s1 z ! slighte/ d5t or depression w probably %[ 9 f9i%$ "w4 ,! head ( ! hamm] %\ld be swung back & =? ?r\gh an arc ( a circle ( :i* ! wri/ is ! c5tre4 ,d ?is c>efully & /eadily & y w s5d ! nail 9 quick] & /raight] ?an :5 y fl\ri% ! hamm] wildly ar\nd 9 ! air & br+ x d[n ) a f]oci\s bang some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! nail1 z boys ( all ages h be5 kn[n to d4 ,n[1 rememb]+ t ! hamm]-head w 7& %\ld7 sw+ ar\nd 9 an arc ( :i* y\r wri/ is ! c5tre1 y mu/ see t y\r wri/ is 9 su* a position t ! hamm]-head c /rike ! nail squ>ely--t is1 ! hamm]-h&le1 :5 ! head re/s squ>ely on ! nail-head1 mu/ be 9 a l9e p>allel ) ! flat surface ( ! top ( ! nail 7,fig4 #fjc74 ,if ! wri/ is mu* above or bel[ ?is l9e1 ! nail w be /ruck slant+ly1 & ei!r be driv5 crook$ or b5t 7,fig4 #fjd74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fjc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fjd4 ,fir/ place ! hamm] 9 ! correct driv+ position1 & !n sw+ x back & =? z ne>ly 9 ! same curve z y c4 ,practise ?is motion a little on a s(t piece ( bo>d to see h[ squ>ely y c d5t ! bo>d & h[ ne>ly y c hit ! same d5t ) successive /rokes4 ,frequ5tly a nail does n drive /raight1 b becomes b5t & goes 9 ! wrong direction4 ,if y )draw x d n1 z a rule1 try to drive ano!r 9 ! same hole1 b />t x 9 ano!r place4 ,sometimes a nail w be b5t because ! face ( ! hamm]-head has glue or grease on x4 ,9 su* a case rub x on a piece ( f9e s&pap] or 9 ! a%es or ! gr\nd4 ,holes %\ld always be bor$ :5 !re is any *ance ( splitt+1 or :5 sl5d] nails are driv5 into h>d wood 7le/ !y b5d71 b rememb] t ! hole1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! inn] piece1 %\ld n be q z l>ge z ! nail4 ,) nails hav+ l>ge heads x does n matt] 9 h>d wood if ! holes 9 ! out] piece are ab\t z l>ge z ! nails1 provid$ ! latt] drive tightly into ! inn] piece4 ,illu/ration ,,"r4 ,,wrong4 ,,fig4 #fje4 ,! hole made by a brad-awl is bett]1 :5 x does n split ! wood1 ?an "o made by a bit or drill1 because x does n remove ! wood b m]ely presses x aside1 s t :5 ! nail is driv5 ! fibres t5d to spr+ back to _! orig9al position & close 9 ar\nd ! nail1 help+ to hold x 9 place4 ,9 driv+ ! old-fa%ion$ nails1 :i* h two sides p>allel1 :ile ! o!r two incl9e t[>d ! po9t or tap]1 !y %\ld be us$ on ! same pr9ciple on :i* y use ! brad-awl4 ,if plac$ ! o!r way1 ! w$ge %ape ( ! nail w t5d to sep>ate ! fibres & split ! wood 7,fig4 #fje74 ,) nails hav+ two sides smoo? & two r\gh1 z y pick !m up y c tell by ! f+]s :i* way to hold !m1 ! r\gh sides go+ across ! gra9 & ! smoo? sides ) x4 ,nails w drive into h>d wood easi] if y t\* ! po9ts to grease1 tall[1 l>d1 or soap4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fjf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fjg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fjh4 ,toe ,nail+4--,if y wi% nails to hold z mu* z possible1 toe !m--t is1 slant !m 7,fig4 #fjf74 ,y c see at a glance t ! bo>d w be held mu* tight] ?an if ! nails 7 driv5 /raight up & d[n4 ,( c\rse y _c always drive nails ?is way1 & !re are _m cases 9 :i* y w\ld ga9 no?+1 b x takes only a mom5t long] to toe nails1 & x is (t5 v useful :]e y wi% to be sure t ! "w w hold toge!r4 ,!re are _m cases :]e y _c nail any o!r way1 z :5 y fa/5 a /ud to ! top ( a sill 7,fig4 #fjg71 & y c see at once t x is advantage\s4 ,( c\rse ?is is n a good me?od = "w :i* y may wi% to take ap>t aga94 ,slant+ ! nails helps to draw "o piece tightly up to ano!r1 z is (t5 desirable = a tight box or a floor 7,fig4 #fjh74 ,y c increase ?is effect1 aft] y h driv5 ! nail "p way 91 by draw+ ! hamm] t[>ds y z y /rike1 or 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* ! nail po9ts1 ?us b5d+ ! upp] "p ( x t[>d ! o!r piece1 :i* t5ds to make a tight jo9t4 ,cl9*+ ,nails4--,! way to cl9* nails is simply to drive !m ?r\gh aga9/ a heavy hamm]1 or any solid metal object1 held on ! o!r side4 ,z ! po9t comes ?r\gh x is gradually turn$ ov] or hook$ ar\nd into ! wood & :5 ! head is driv5 home ! po9t w be firmly emb$d$ 9 ! wood4 ,ano!r way is to simply /rike ! project+ ends ) light1 slant+ bl[s4 ,?is w gradually b5d or curl ! po9t ov] to "o side1 & z x b5ds ov] y c p\nd m directly d[nw>d until ! hook$ end ( ! nail is buri$ 9 ! wood4 ,cl9*+ is v useful = _m purposes1 z 9 nail+ cleats on a %$ door4 ,x is usually be/ to b5d ! nails ov] 9 ! direction ( ! gra91 r ?an across x4 ,:e!r to cl9* or toe ! nails mu/ dep5d on ! "w4 ,cl9*+ is bett] = any?+ t is to be slamm$ or subject$ to viol5t treatm5t1 :ile 9 _m cases toe+ is bett]1 & frequ5tly y _c rea* ! po9ts ( ! nails to cl9* !m4 ,bl9d nail+ is resort$ to 9 ord] to h a cle>1 smoo? surface1 z 9 floors laid ) mat*$-bo>ds4 ,ea* bo>d is nail$ j above ! tongue1 ) ! nails slant+ ?r\gh ! solid "p ( ! bo>d 7,fig4 #fji74 ,?is holds ! bo>d d[n & t5ds to =ce x clos] to ! adjo9+ bo>d4 ,! groov$ edge ( ! next bo>d entirely conceals ! nail+ & leaves an unbrok5 surface4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fji4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #faj4 ,ano!r =m ( conceal$ nail+1 kn[n z sliv] nail+1 is sometimes practis$ 9 inside "w 7sometimes 9 putt+ up inside f9i%74 ,a little %av+ is rais$ ) ! g\ge 7an inside g\ge is be/7 or a n>r[ *isel1 :]e ! nail is to g1 & curl$ away suffici5tly to drive & set ! nail 7,fig4 #faj74 ,hot glue is !n dabb$ into ! groove1 ! %av+ 7:i* is only rais$ at "o end & n deta*$ f ! wood7 is press$ back into place1 & ! spot rubb$ ) s&pap] drawn ar\nd a flat block until ! %av+ is firmly glu$ :]e x belongs4 ,?is takes b a mom5t or two1 & :5 ! "w is f9ally smoo!d & f9i%$ ! place _c be detect$1 if ! op]ation has be5 prop]ly done4 ,?is is conv5i5t to "k 9 case y h to drive a nail :]e !re is objection to its be+ se54 ,see ,)draw+ ,nails4 ,nails4--,!re are _m k9ds ( nails1 _m m ?an is wor? :ile to specify "h1 z y w probably use ^? ( wire = mo/ ( y\r "w4 ,:5 ano!r k9d w\ld be pref]able 7z is ! case = "s purposes7 x w be specifi$4 ,! nails 9 common use be=e ! introduction ( ^? ( wire 7 kn[n z cut1 be+ /amp$ f a %eet ( metal1 & wr\ght1 ! latt] k9d be+ mu* old] & orig9ally =g$ by h& into %ape1 "o by "o 7h5ce ! "n71 b n[ commonly made by ma*9e4 ,! expressions ?ree-p5ny1 eight-p5ny1 t5-p5ny1 etc41 indicate ! l5g?1 & come f an old cu/om ( s designat+ ! l5g?s1 b y ne$ only to call = !m by ! l5g?1 z #b in* or #b-c_/d in*1 9 ord] to get :at y want1 & y c easily select :atev] degree ( /\tness y ne$4 ,copp] or galvanis$ nails & tacks w be ne$$ = y\r boat-build+1 copp] be+ pref]able1 p>ticul>ly = salt wat]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #faa4 ,nail-,set1 or ,pun*4--,! nail-set1 = s9k+ nail-heads bel[ ! surface1 is q important1 & x is well to h a l>ge "o & a f9e "o4 ,! end ( ! set or pun* mu/ n be all[$ to become r\nd+ or x w be all ! "t slipp+ (f ! nail-head & pun*+ holes 9 ! surr\nd+ wood4 ,a slight conical depression 9 ! end ( ! set is good4 ,d n use a file = a nail-set1 = ! end is too h>d & w d5t ! face ( ! hamm]-head4 ,:5 sett+ nails1 hold ! nail-set firmly aga9/ ! little f+]1 plac+ ! latt] on ! wood close to ! head ( ! nail1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #faa4 ,?is w keep ! set f slipp+ (f ! nail-head & damag+ ! "w4 ,nipp]s4--,a pair ( ^! w (t5 be ( use 9 wood-work+ op]ations4 ,odd-,jobs4--,a v simple comb9$ tool kn[n z ,odd-jobs c be us$ z a m>k+-gauge1 mortise-gauge1 scrat*-awl1 try-squ>e1 ,t-squ>e1 dep?-gauge1 mitre-squ>e1 _s-level & plumb1 inside-squ>e1 & beam-compass4 ,x is well suit$ to mu* amateur "w1 & is *eap4 ,oil4--,sp]m oil is good to use ) y\r oil-/ones4 ,k]os5e is good4 ,l>d oil c be us$4 ,all ?ick & gummy oils %\ld be avoid$4 ,nev] use l9se$ oil or any simil> vegetable oil1 z x is n a good lubricator1 & gums ! /one4 ,glyc]9e ?9n$ ) turp5t9e or alcohol is sometimes us$1 & ev5 turp5t9e alone4 ,= oil = f9i%+ & pa9t+1 see ,f9i%+ & ,pa9t+4 ,oil-/one4--,x is v ess5tial to h a good oil-/one4 ,!y c be f\nd ( _m degrees ( f95ess4 ,^? ( v f9e & h>d gra91 :i* give a ke5 edge b cut v sl[ly1 w n be f\nd s well adapt$ to y\r use z ^? ( mod]ate co>s5ess & s(tness1 :i* cut fa/]4 ,! /one kn[n z ,r$ ,wa%ita is good to use = wood-work+ tools1 z x cuts rapidly4 ,x %\ld be free f h>d spots4 ,! ,arkansas /one produces a v f9e edge1 b is ( s f9e texture t x is n s well adapt$ = y\r tools z a co>s] /one1 unless y happ5 to f9d a quick-cutt+ "o4 ,! ,turkey /one w produce a ke5 edge1 b is n s good = y\r use4 ,"s /ones 7& excell5t ones7 cut be/ ) wat]4 ,:5 fir/ try+ a new /one use wat]1 & if ! surface does n become at all glaz$ or poli%$ x w n be necess>y = y to use oil4 ,! /one %\ld always be kept cov]$ :5 n 9 use1 to protect x f ! du/ & dirt4 ,set x 9 a block ) a cov] or make a box = x4 ,always wipe x clean aft] us+1 to remove ! pa/e ( gr\nd /one1 /eel1 & oil left on ! surface4 ,:5 an oil-/one becomes unev5ly worn1 x c be tru$ by rubb+ x ar\nd on a %eet ( s&pap] fa/5$ on a flat surface1 l ! side ( a bo>d4 ,wat] c be us$ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y flat oil-/one1 slips ( /one ( v>i\s %apes are useful1 a common & useful =m be+ t %[n 9 ,fig4 #fab1 w$ge-%ap$ on "o edge & convex on ! o!r4 ,if y h ,v-tools1 c>v+ g\ges1 or o!r tools %>p5$ on ! inside1 y mu/ h slips ( /one ( v>i\s %apes ) :i* to %>p5 !m4 ,see ,oil & ,%>p5+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fab4 ,pa9t+4--,y c pa9t y\r "w v satisfactorily--p]haps n q z well or quickly z a skill$ pa9t] by trade1 b well en\gh = all practical purposes if y obs]ve c>efully a few simple pr9ciples4 ,if y disreg>d !m & ?9k1 l _m amateurs1 t anyone c pa9t "r (f ! fir/ "t )\t any k or ?\ght1 y\r pa9t+ w be bot*-"w4 ,keep y\r "w well pa9t$4 ,x is *eap] 9 ! end to pa9t frequ5tly & keep ! "w protect$ f ! decay & damage due to exposure--n to speak ( ! bett] appe>ance4 ,d n use *eap pa9t1 unless1 ( c\rse1 = "s *eap or tempor>y purpose1 & x is mo/ important t ! fir/ or prim+ coat %\ld be ( good quality4 ,if y are oblig$ to use inf]ior pa9t at all1 use ! be/ = ! fir/ coat & ! poor] quality outside r ?an ! rev]se1 b x is economy ( money & "t to use good pa9t ?r\gh\t4 ,prep>$ liquid pa9ts are ! simple/1 h&ie/1 & cleane/ = amateur "w1 & 7if y d n try to economise on ! quality7 ! be/ = y to use = _m purposes1 b = outside "w 7"w expos$ to ! wea!r7 y c probably d no bett] ?an to use ! be/ quality ( :ite lead & oil1#dh col\r$ if desir$1 :i* co/s less1 is m durable1 & :i* y c easily mix y\rself1 or buy already mix$ ( a pa9t]4 ,if y ne$ b a little1 y c get a pot ( pa9t ) suitable bru% at a pa9t %op1 return+ :at y d n use & pay+ by weight4 ,b if y h mu* pa9t+ to d1 x is bett] & *eap] to h y\r own bru%es & pa9t4 ,! prep>$ pa9ts ( any col\r y c also buy 9 ! =m ( pa/e1 to be ?9n$ :5 us$1 :i* is usually *eap] ?an ! prep>$ pa9t 9 liquid =m4 ,! :ite lead y c buy by ! p\nd1 gr\nd & already ?9n$ ) oil1 or1 :at is p]haps m reliable1 gr\nd 9 ! =m ( pa/e ready to be ?9n$ ) oil or1 if = inside "w1 ) turp5t9e4 ,:ite lead1 :i* is also ! basis or an +r$i5t ( ! prep>$ pa9ts1 is a poison\s & unheal?ful sub/ance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b slight dang] 7practically none7 f su* pa9t+ z y w d4 ,b x is well to we> old clo!s :5 y pa9t1 & c>efully wa% ! h&s & face z soon z ! "w is done1 & 9 case ( cont9u$ indoor pa9t+ to see t ! room is well v5tilat$4 ,! m]e od\r f a c ( pa9t is en\gh to make "s p feel ill1 z y may "k1 :ile x c be us$ = a long "t by o!rs app>5tly )\t h>m4 ,9 reg>d to col\r$ pa9ts1 ! simple/ way is to buy y\r col\rs ready mix$ 9 oil1 to be ?9n$ = use1 or 9 liquid =m ( any desir$ col\r1 prep>$ to use ^u op5+ ! c4 ,y c1 h[ev]1 col\r or t9t y\r pa9t y\rself ) v>i\s dry col\rs1 :i* y c buy 9 ! =m ( p[d] at ! pa9t %ops = a few c5ts4 ,x takes b v little ( mo/ col\rs4 ,d n /ir ^! dry col\rs directly into y\r pa9t1 b fir/ mix !m ) oil or turp5t9e4 ,x requires consid]able k ( col\rs & _! comb9ations to "k h[ to mix diff]5t col\rs or %ades to produce "s p>ticul> %ade1 or to mat* "s t9t1 b :5 ! exact %ade makes no diff]5ce y w h no great difficulty 9 produc+ ! col\r y wi%4 ,te/ ! %ade ( y\r pa9t on a piece ( wood4 ,! way x looks 9 ! pa9t-pot is (t5 v deceptive4 ,9 mak+ a %ade d>k]1 especially :5 t9t+ :ite pa9t1 be c>eful to add b a v little ( ! d>k] pigm5t at fir/ & be sure t x is ?or\ghly mix$1 or y w be likely to f9d aft] y h begun to pa9t t y h a mu* d>k] %ade ?an y int5d$4 ,x is surpris+ h[ small a quantity is sometimes ne$$ to t9t a :ole canful ( :ite pa9t--! m]e/ dab ( *rome yell[ w t9t a qu>t ( :ite pa9t to a good cream %ade4 ,rememb] t x is mu* easi] to add a little m col\r if ! result is n d>k en\gh ?an to light5 ! %ade if too d>k4 ,l9se$ oil 7ei!r raw or boil$7 is requir$ ) :i* to mix ! lead & ?9 x to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,raw oil is be/ = outside "w t is expos$ to ! wea!r1 z x is m p5etrat+ & m adhesive1 al?\gh sl[] 9 dry+ ?an boil$ oil4 ,boil$ oil does v well = inside "w :]e x is n expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! use ( ! two k9ds4 ,turp5t9e is also us$ = ?9n+ pa9t4 ,x makes ! pa9t fl[ easily & is freely us$ = t reason1 b x probably detracts f ! durability ( all pa9t if us$ lavi%ly & %\ld nev] be us$ = outside "w4 ,x is commonly us$ = inside "w & causes ! pa9t to "w m freely & smoo?ly f ! bru% & to dry m quickly4 ,x gives ! pa9t t dull1 s(t1 or dead appe>ance (t5 desir$ 9 inside "w1 in/ead ( ! %9y surface :i* is produc$ :5 mix$ ) l9se$ oil alone4 ,x is usual to add to ! pa9t some?+ else1 kn[n z a dry]1 to cause x to dry m quickly4 ,japan is "o ( ! be/ ( ^! prep>ations1 b be c>eful to use v little ( any =m ( dry]1 z x is und\bt$ly injuri\s to ! durability ( ! pa9t & liable to cause crack+ & *eck+4 ,avoid all k9ds ( *a9-lightn+ dry]s4 ,d n add a dry] to ! col\r until j be=e y use ! pa9t & only to ! am\nt y are to use at "o "t4 ,ano!r +r$i5t1 :i* is n injuri\s to use1 is z9c1 b z9c pa9ts are consid]$ inf]ior4 ,r$ lead is commonly us$ to pa9t iron & is consid]$ v durable = t purpose4 ,black japan v>ni% is (t5 us$4 ,iron mu/ always be dry & x w be bett] to h x w>m also4 ,be sure t y\r "w is ?or\ghly dry be=e beg9n+ to pa9t1 else ! wood w be liable to decay1 or ! pa9t to peel1 or bo?4 ,d n pa9t wood be=e x is ?or\ghly season$4 ,look ! "w ov] c>efully & see t x is ready 9 all respects1 be=e apply+ ! pa9t4 ,see t ! surface is free f du/4 ,look ov] ! "w = any knots or /reaks ( res9\s or pit*y matt] & wa% !m ) a coat or two ( %ellac1 to kill ! turp5t9e & prev5t its ooz+ ?r\gh & spoil+ ! pa9t4 ,try to mix en\gh1 & only en\gh1 pa9t = ! coat y are ab\t to put on1 b d n mix a great quantity 9 advance ) ! idea ( keep+ x on h&4 ,! fir/ coat %\ld be ?9 r ?an ?ick--) pl5ty ( oil to saturate ! wood4 ,! oil w be quickly drawn into ! wood1 & y c readily see t ! fir/ coat %\ld be ?9 to prop]ly soak into ! surface4 ,if ?ick1 ! pa9t w n be suffici5tly absorb$1 b ! oil w soak 9 quickly1 leav+ too mu* residue ( ! pigm5t on ! outside4 ,"w ?is fir/ coat well into ! wood4 ,take up b little pa9t1 & draw ! bru% c>efully ov] ! edge ( ! pail1#di or ov] a wire /ret*$ across ! top1 to remove any sup]fluity ( pa9t1 & beg9 ! pa9t+ at ! highe/ "p ( ! "w1 or ! "p f>!/ f y1 to prev5t spatt]+ or dripp+ pa9t ov] ! fre%ly cov]$ surface4 ,beg91 also1 at "o end or side ( ! surface1 work+ t[>d ! o!r end or side1 draw+ ! bru% back & =? bo? ways to di/ribute ! pa9t z ev5ly & smoo?ly z possible1 & try n to leave any "p ( a surface unt\*$ until ano!r "t1 or x w be likely to %[ a lap :]e y end & beg9--t is1 if y _c cov] ! "w entirely at "o "t1 leave (f :]e !re is "s natural l9e or break 9 ! "w4 ,f9i% ! side or ! end & d n leave (f "r 9 ! middle ( a flat surface4 ,?is does n matt] q s mu* 9 ! prim+1 b w %[ pla9ly 9 ! lat] coats4 ,aft] ?is coat has _h "t to dry ?or\ghly1 c>efully putty ! holes & cracks4 ,rememb] nev] to use ! putty until aft] at lea/ "o coat ( pa9t has be5 appli$ & dri$4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! fre% wood w quickly absorb ! oil f ! putty1 leav+ x dry & crumbly1 :ile if a coat ( pa9t has be5 put on fir/ & dri$1 ! wood w be already *>g$1 s to speak2 ! pores w be m or less *ok$ up & ! bulk ( ! oil w rema9 9 ! putty4 ,pa9t ) ! gra9 ( ! wood1 or ! long way ( ! "w1 us+ a l>ge bru% = l>ge surfaces & f9i%+ all corn]s1 m\ld+s1 & edges ) a small bru%4 ,9 doors or panel-"w fir/ pa9t ! panels1 !n ! rails1 !n ! /yles 7see ,fig4 #eje74 ,y w ?us foll[ ! con/ruction ( ! "w & ! gra9 ( ! wood1 & :]e y daub ! pa9t beyond ! "p y are pa9t+ 7z y w h to d71 ! daub w be wip$ out neatly :5 y pa9t ! next "p4 ,pa9t jo9ts 9 outside "w1 t5ons & mortises1 %\ld]s1 etc41 be=e putt+ toge!r1 ) good :ite lead4 ,x is n always cu/om>y to pa9t ! hidd5 p>ts ( jo9ts be=e putt+ toge!r1 p>ticul>ly 9 *eap "w1 b x is well to d s 9 all "w :i* y wi% to h endure1 9 all framework expos$ to wat] & ! wea!r1 & 9 boat-build+4 ,expos$ "w quickly decays at ! jo9ts & seams because ! wat] & dampness collect 9 su* places & d n run (f or evaporate z readily z f a smoo? surface1 s ! m y c protect ^! hidd5 p>ts ) pa9t1 ! bett]1 & ! lab\r is b slight4 ,:5 y h pa9t left 9 ! pa9t-pot :i* y wi% to keep = use ano!r "t1 p\r j en\gh raw l9se$ oil ov] ! top to cov] x completely4 ,?is ?9 lay] ( oil w exclude ! air & keep ! pa9t f h>d5+4 ,:5 y wi% to use x aga91 p\r (f ! oil or /ir x into ! pa9t1 accord+ to :e!r ! latt] requires m oil or n4 ,:5 y get ?r\gh pa9t+1 if y are go+ to d m 9 a %ort "t1 x w d to leave ! bru% 9 ! pa9t1 b d n leave x /&+ or re/+ on ! bottom ( ! c1 z t t5ds to b5d ! ends ( ! bri/les & get ! bru% out ( %ape4 ,rig a wire hook on ! h&le & hang ! bru% s t ! bri/les w be cov]$ by ! pa9t1 b )\t t\*+ ! bottom4 ,if y are n go+ to use ! bru% aga9 = "s "t1 x %\ld be clean$ & put away4 ,turp5t9e is (t5 us$1 b k]os5e answ]s e purpose4 ,be c>eful to wa% out all ! pa9t1 h[ev]1 z a v little left betwe5 ! bri/les w /ick !m toge!r s z sometimes to ru9 ! bru%4 ,ano!r way to keep bru%es :i* are 9 use is to hang !m f ! h&les 9 a c p>tially fill$ ) oil1 ! :ole be+ kept cov]$4 ,wat] c be us$ in/ead ( oil4 ,arrange x s t ! hairs w be j cov]$4 ,! fir/ coat especially %\ld be giv5 pl5ty ( "t to dry1 = x is ! f\ndation & basis ( ! :ole op]ation & ! firmness & durability ( ! pa9t+ dep5ds mu* ^u x4 ,ea* succe$+ coat %\ld h pl5ty ( "t to dry be=e apply+ ano!r1 be>+ 9 m9d t apply+ a second coat1 be=e ! fir/ is fully h>d1 excludes ! air f ! "u lay] ( pa9t & causes x to dry mu* m sl[ly ?an if left expos$ z x %\ld be4 ,9 su* cases1 ! outside surface may (t5 seem to be dry & h>d :ile ! pa9t und]nea? rema9s comp>atively s(t4 ,:5 ! fir/ lay] f9ally does dry1 ! t5d5cy is to crack ! surface ( ! outside1 :i* has dri$ fir/4 ,y c f9d an extreme illu/ration ( ?is po9t 9 "s old pa9t & v>ni% %op :]e "s conv5i5t place on ! wall has be5 tak5 aga9/ :i* to slap & "w bru%es4 ,y c f9d daubs ( old pa9t & v>ni%1 sometimes an in* ?ick1 made up 9 ?is way ( hundr$s ( lay]s slapp$ on be=e ! previ\s ones 7 dry1 ! inside rema9+ s(t 9 "s cases aft] tw5ty ye>s4 ,pa9t dries1 z a rule1 m quickly 9 a w>m temp]ature ?an :]e x is cold1 & m quickly :]e x is dry ?an :]e x is damp4 ,s1 if y are oblig$ to pa9t :]e x is cold or damp1 y w be ju/ifi$ 9 us+ m dry] ?an :]e x is w>m & dry4 ,s&pap] nice inside "w aft] ! fir/ coat & betwe5 ea* two successive coats4 ,pumice c be us$ = old inside "w to be repa9t$4 ,/eel wool c also be us$4 ,keep a rag ) y1 :5 pa9t+1 to wipe (f ! spatt]+ :i* y w be sure to make4 ,x is n easy to get daubs ( pa9t (f aft] !y are h>d4 ,turp5t9e w take ! pa9t f y\r h&s1 b common k]os5e w clean !m satisfactorily :5 ! pa9t is fre%1 & is probably bett] = ! h&s4 ,panels4--,see ,doors & ,panels4 ,panel-,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,p>+4--,9 p>+ or trimm+ a piece ( wood to a l9e1 if !re is mu* surplus wood to be remov$1 y c sometimes *op pretty boldly ) ! hat*et until y get ne> ! l9e1 provid$ y wat* ! direction ( ! gra9 c>efully to see t ! split _c run up to ! l9e2 sometimes y c *op safely 9 "o direction b n 9 ! opposite 7,fig4 #fac71 b z a rule keep well away f ! l9e = ! fir/ cut4 ,ev5 wood t appe>s to be q /raight-gra9$ w (t5 split diff]5tly f ! way y expect4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fac4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fad4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fae4 ,to trim a piece ( wood1 l ! edge ( a bo>d1 d[n to a l9e1 ) a hat*et1 = in/ance1 y c fir/ score ! piece ) a s]ies ( %ort cuts1 /opp+ %ort ( ! l9e1 to break up ! gra9 ( ! wood1 & !n trim ^! loos5$ *ips (f d[n to ! l9e ) ! plane1 *isel1 draw-knife1 or :atev] tool may be suitable4 ,! ma9 po9t is to cut 9 su* a direction t ! gra9 w n cause ! cuts to ext5d f>!r ?an ! l9e or to run into ! ma9 piece ( wood 7,fig4 #fad74 ,! same pr9ciple c be appli$ (t5 9 trimm+ & remov+ sup]flu\s wood ) a *isel1 a draw-knife1 or a knife4 ,! cuts c (t5 be made ) ! saw to bett] advantage 7,fig4 #fad74 ,x takes a little m "t to make ^! cross-cuts ) hat*et1 knife1 *isel1 or saw ?an to :ack away furi\sly l5g?ways1 z if y 7 *opp+ k9dl+1 b aft] y h spoil$ a few pieces by splitt+ beyond ! l9e y w conclude t ! =m] is ! m workmanlike & reliable way4 ,?is same pr9ciple is applicable to mak+ *amf]s or bevels ) a *isel or knife 7,fig4 #fae74 ,y w f9d frequ5t occasion to apply ?is pr9ciple ( break+ ! gra9 into small pieces be=e mak+ ! f9al cuts 9 _m k9ds ( "w4 ,x is 9 con/ant use 9 r\gh+ out c>v+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #faf4 ,to trim to a curve z %[n 9 ,fig4 #faf1 beg9 at ! edge j outside ( ! end ( ! curve & "w ) ! gra9 f a to b4 ,x is (t5 a help 9 su* cases to fir/ remove "p ( ! wood ) ! saw1 z on ! l9es bc & !n ef4 ,f9ally trim ! curve smoo?ly close to ! l9e4 ,frequ5tly ?is c be done to bett] advantage ) ! "w held 9 ! vise in/ead ( ly+ horizontally on ! b5*4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fag4 ,,"r4 ,,wrong4 ,p>+ (f sup]flu\s wood d[n to a giv5 l9e or trimm+ (f an irregul> edge ) ! *isel is v easily done provid$ ! gra9 ( ! wood is /raight1 or runs 9 ! same direction1 ev5 if slant+1 z 9 ,fig4 #fag1 because y c !n cut ) ! gra94 ,x is (t5 bett]1 h[ev]1 to cut across ! gra91 or diagonally1 ) ! *isel1 z ! wood is less likely to be split by ! tool4 ,:5 ! gra9 runs 9 sev]al directions1 & keeps cropp+ up to ! surface & dipp+ d[n aga9 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gja1 x becomes m difficult to p>e ! surface smoo?ly ) ! *isel4 ,9 su* a case rememb] ! slid+ or draw+ /roke & trav]se ! surface ) a diagonal crossways motion 7,fig4 #fai7 t w trim (f ! fibres ) a slant+ /roke )\t caus+ !m to be torn up4 ,slant ! cut s t if ! wood %\ld t5d to split1 x w be 9 ! direction ( ! "p cut away & n t[>ds ! piece to be kept--i4e41 s t ! *ips w split & n ! body ( ! wood4 ,rev]se ! *isel & cut 9 ! opposite direction :5 a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! gra9 requires x4 ,"s pieces are1 h[ev]1 s extremely irregul> t y _c d ?is1 b mu/ slice away ! be/ t y c & leave ! re/ to o!r tools4 ,9 cutt+ (f a corn] or r\nd+ or bevell+ an edge y c use ! slant+ cut 7,fig4 #fbj74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fai4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbj4 ,9 us+ ! *isel = p>+1 let ! left h&1 :i* is ne>] ! cutt+-edge ?an ! "r1 act z a brake or c\nt]*eck or drag to *eck ! progress ( ! tool4 ,x is l>gely by ! v>y+ balance ( ^! two =ces--! pu%+ =w>d ( ! tool ) ! "r h& & ! *eck+ & controll+ ) ! left--t correct & effective control ( ! tool is ga9$4 ,! left h& %\ld 9 _m cases re/ ^u or grasp ! wood z well z ! blade4 ,see ,*isel4 ,p>+-,*isel4--,see ,*isel4 ,p>t+-,tool4--,see ,c>v+ ,tools4 ,p5cil4--,see ,m>k+4 ,p9c]s4--,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( p9c]s1 pli]s1 & nipp]s4 ,a pair ( common pli]s & also cutt+ nipp]s w be v useful4 ,plane4--,a plane is 9 pr9ciple 7r\ghly speak+71 z y w readily see1 no?+ b a *isel /uck ?r\gh a block ( wood or iron4 ,small or n>r[ surfaces may be smoo!d to a c]ta9 degree by ! *isel1 ! knife1 or ev5 ! hat*et1 b = l>ge surfaces some?+ is ne$$ :i* c be m exactly controll$ ?an ! knife1 ax1 or *isel1 held 9 ! h&s4 ,s1 to hold ! *isel firmly 9 "o position & to apply =ce to x m advantage\sly1 x is firmly fix$ 9 a block ( conv5i5t size & %ape & becomes a plane4 ,a v %ort block w prev5t ! *isel cutt+ deep] at "o po9t ?an ano!r1 b ! tool w foll[ ! irregul>ities ( ! surface &1 ?\gh x may make ! surface smoo?1 x w n make x level1 or flat2 s ! block is made long]1 t x may n g d[n into all ! little holl[s1 b plane (f only ! high] p>ts4 ,! two ess5tial p>ts ( a plane are ! iron & ! /ock4 ,! bottom surface ( ! /ock is call$ ! sole or face 7ab 9 ,fig4 #fba71 ! w$ge-%ap$ hole :]e ! iron goes is call$ ! ?roat 7c71 & ! slot at ! bottom ?r\gh :i* ! edge ( ! iron projects is call$ ! m\? 7d74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fba4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! %ape ( ! cut made by ! plane w be a rev]s$ copy ( ! %ape ( ! cutt+-edge4 ,if ! edge is r\nd+1 ! cut w be holl[+4 ,if ! edge is holl[+1 ! cut w be r\nd+4 ,if ! edge is /raight1 ! cut w be /raight4 ,if ! edge is nick$1 ridges w be left on ! wood4 ,if buy+ new1 y w d be/1 z a rule1 to get iron planes1 ?\gh v good ones c be _h ) wood5 /ocks1 b ) ! conv5i5t appliances ( ! iron planes4 ,"s workm5 /ill pref] ! old wood5 planes1 b x is bett] to buy iron ones4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbc4 ,! jack-plane is us$ = co>se "w & to r\gh (f ! surface ) l>ge %av+s1 ready = ! o!r planes4 ,f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es is a good l5g?4 ,! edge ( ! iron is n gr\nd squ>ely across1 l ! *isel1 b is r\nd$ slightly s z to cut deep] 9 ! middle 7,fig4 #fbb74 ,heavy %av+s c be cut & ! r\gh outside ( a piece ( wood tak5 (f quick] & easi] ?an ) a m squ>ely gr\nd iron1 b x does n leave ! surface smoo?1 z ! /rokes ( ! jack-plane =m a s]ies ( holl[s & ridges 7,fig4 #fbc1 exagg]at$74 ,aft] tak+ (f ! r\gh surface ) ! iron project+ consid]ably1 y c ( c\rse set ! iron f9]1 & by go+ ov] ! "w sev]al times y c take (f ! wor/ ( ! ridges1 b )\t a great deal ( lab\r y c nev] get a really smoo? surface ) a plane t cuts holl[s4 ,a common use ( ! jack-plane is = trav]s+1 or plan+ across ! gra91 :i* is (t5 ! quicke/ & easie/ way to r$uce a surface to ! desir$ %ape1 & = clean+ (f :]e pieces h be5 glu$ toge!r4 ,if y %\ld use a jack-plane to d ! "w ( a =e-plane1 h x gr\nd m squ>ely across l ! =e-plane4 ,if y use an old-fa%ion$ wood5 plane1 take ! h&le 9 y\r "r h&1 lay+ y\r left ov] ! top & side1 j a little 9 front ( ! iron1 ) ! ?umb t[>ds y & ! f+]s on ! f>!r side1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fbd4 ,?is position all[s y to be> weight on ! =e "p ( ! plane :5 necess>y & to control ! tool to ! be/ advantage4 ,?is applies to ! old-fa%ion$ wood5 planes4 ,if y\r plane is iron1 !re is a h&le or knob = ! left h& :i* y simply grasp 9 a natural way4 ,pu% ! jack-plane =w>d /eadily an arm's-l5g?4 ,!n /op & />t afre% = ano!r arm's-l5g? /roke4 ,:5 draw+ ! plane back tip x on ! f>!r edge4 ,! cap or break-iron c be set q f> back f ! edge = r\gh "w1 ab\t "o eigh? in*1 b mu* ne>] = f9] "w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbd4 ,9 ^! days :5 almo/ ev]y?+ is plan$ by ma*9]y ) great] or less smoo?ness1 y w probably n h mu* use = a jack-plane unless y f9d y h a good deal ( r\gh plan+ to d y\rself4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbe4 ,! =e-plane or try+-plane is long] & l>g] ?an ! jack-plane4 ,eighte5 to tw5ty-two in*es is a good l5g?4 ,x is us$ to /raight5 & level ! surface aft] ! wor/ r\ghness has be5 tak5 (f4 ,! surface hav+ be5 r\gh$ (f by ! jack-plane1 ! =e-plane is n requir$ to take (f su* heavy %av+s & ! iron is !re=e gr\nd squ>ely across l a *isel1 b v slightly r\nd$ at ! corn]s 7,fig4 #fbe74 ,x is held 9 ! same way z ! jack-plane1 b ! /roke %\ld be long & /eady1 = ! =e-plane1 :i* is long1 w /raight5 ! surface1 & smoo? x also4 ,! iron c project m = s(t & loose-gra9$ woods ?an = h>d1 & ! cap or break-iron %\ld be ne>] ! edge = h>d woods4 ,! jo9t] 7#bb to #cj 9 l5g?7 or long jo9t] 7f #bd to #cj71 is /ill long] ?an ! =e-plane & correspond+ly m accurate = mak+ a surface level & true1 or = %oot+ ! edges ( bo>ds4 ,tw5ty-f\r in*es is a good l5g?4 ,x is v useful = mak+ jo9ts to be glu$1 & is us$ 9 ! same way z ! =e-plane1 ! /roke be+ cont9u$ /eadily ! :ole l5g? ( ! piece if possible4 ,! smoo?+-plane is us$1 z its "n indicates1 = ! f9al smoo?+ ( ! surface1 s f> z x c be done ) a plane4 ,x is f five to t5 in*es long4 ,x is an invaluable plane to ! amateur1 & ! beg9n] c get along v well = a great deal ( "w ) no o!r1 = /ock c be b\ght ready plan$ & c easily be tru$ & jo9t$1 :5 necess>y1 at any wood-work+ mill or %op at slight exp5se4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbf4 ,a plane ) a %ort /ock1 z ! smoo?+-plane1 w make y\r "w smoo?1 b x is h>d to make x /raight & level or true ) su* a tool1 because1 be+ %ort1 x w foll[ ! l>g] irregul>ities ( ! surface & w only plane (f ! small] inequalities4 ,x w g up & d[n ov] ! hills & valleys ( ! wood1 s to speak1 :ile a long] plane _c d ?is1 b w cut (f ! tops ( ! hills until ! surface is made level1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fbf4 ,! smoo?+-plane is !re=e m]ely to smoo? ! surface aft] x has be5 /raight5$ by a long] plane1 or 9 cases :]e smoo?ness only is ess5tial & x is n requir$ t ! surface %\ld be true4 ,small pieces c1 ( c\rse1 be /raight5$ & tru$ by ! smoo?+-plane alone4 ,a wood5 smoo?+-plane c be held z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fbg4 ,an iron plane c be us$ by lay+ ! h& naturally ov] ! knob = ! purpose4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbg4 ,! block-plane is small & is meant *iefly = plan+ across ! ends ( pieces 7= plan+ end-gra971 b x is also frequ5tly useful 9 o!r directions4 ,! iron is usually set at a m acute angle ) ! face ( ! /ock ?an 9 ! o!r planes & ) ! bevel upw>ds1 & ! wid? ( ! m\? is (t5 adju/able1 :i* is a conv5i5ce4 ,a block-plane is made :i* c1 by means ( a deta*able side1 be us$ z a rabbet-plane4 ,! block-plane makes a q good sub/itute = a smoo?+-plane = amateur "w & is a v useful little tool4 ,! too!d-plane is ab\t ! size ( ! smoo?+-plane1 b ! iron is corrugat$ or scor$ ) grooves l5g?wise1 s t "o side ( ! cutt+-edge ( ! iron1 in/ead ( be+ smoo?1 is not*$ into little tee? some:at l a f9e saw or ! edge ( a file1 & ! iron is ins]t$ 9 ! body ( ! plane almo/ v]tically4 ,?is plane makes scrat*es all along its c\rse in/ead ( tak+ (f %av+s4 ,x is us$ 9 v5e]+ & 9 glu+ o!r surfaces4 ,x c frequ5tly be us$ to good advantage to break up ! gra9 :]e two edges or surfaces are to be glu$ toge!r1 s t ! glue may hold ! two r\gh surfaces toge!r m /rongly1 ^u some:at ! same pr9ciple t ! pla/]+ on a la!d wall holds its place tightly ?r\gh ! hold x gets on ! cracks betwe5 ! la?s1 int5tionally left = ! purpose4 ,! too!d-plane is us$ = ?is purpose 9 v5e]+4 ,! idea ^u :i* ?is tool is bas$ orig9at$ ) ! ,ori5tals1 :o h = ages scrat*$ or too!d ! jo9ts ( _! wood-"w4 ,x c also be us$ to subdue a refractory piece ( crook$ gra9 :i* y wi% to get smoo?1 b :i* may crop to ! surface 9 su* a way t y _c plane x )\t *ipp+ ! gra94 ,by scrat*+ ! surface ?or\ghly 9 all directions ) ! too!d-plane set v f9e1 ! ob/9ate fibres c be brok5 s t ! surface c be smoo!d ) ! scrap]1 n us+ ! smoo?+-plane4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 if y _c smoo? a piece ( wood1 ! tr\ble is usually ) ! edge ( ! plane-iron or its adju/m5t1 or ) y\r mann] ( plan+1 = a v ke5 edge is suppos$ to be able to cut ! mo/ ob/9ate gra91 unless1 ( c\rse1 ! wood is extraord9>ily h>d4 ,! bull-nos$-plane has ! iron close to ! =e end ( ! /ock1 to "w into corn]s & awkw>d places :i* _c be rea*$ by ! smoo?+- or block-planes4 ,! iron is rev]s$4 ,a v small plane 7p]haps f\r in*es long7 ( ?is k9d is useful4 ,! circul>-plane is us$ = plan+ curv$ surfaces1 ! sole be+ n[ made ( a ?91 flexible metal plate & adju/able s t ei!r concave or convex surfaces c be smoo!d4 ,x is v useful at times1 b is n ess5tial = an amateur4 ,! rabbet-plane1 :i* is us$ to cut rabbets1 z ! "n indicates1 is a useful tool1 b 9 mo/ cases y c disp5se ) x by hav+ rabbets cut at a mill4 ,a r\t]1 = clean+ out & smoo?+ ! bottoms ( grooves & depressions1 is v useful at times4 ,!re is a v>iety ( o!r planes = special purposes1 z ! pl\gh1 mat*+-planes1 holl[ & r\nd planes1 bead+-planes1 etc41 z well z v>i\s comb9ation & univ]sal planes4 ,_m ( ^! are excell5t1 b1 z a rule1 are n important = ! amateur 9 ^! days1 z ! "w !y d c be s easily & *eaply done at a mill4 ,y w seldom feel ! ne$ ( buy+ any ( !m1 unless y live :]e y _c rea* a factory4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fbi4 ,y w f9d x important to be> 9 m9d ! purpose ( ! cap or dull iron screw$ ^u "o side ( ! cutt+-iron1 9 :at are call$ d\ble-iron$ planes4 ,a plane ) a s+le iron1 l a *isel1 w cut satisfactorily & easily = /raight-gra9$1 s(t wood1 & = h>d wood :5 plan+ ) ! gra91 b _m pieces ( /ock are difficult to plane1 because ! gra9 does n run 9 ! same way1 b turns & twi/s1 cropp+ up to ! surface & dipp+ d[n aga9 9 all sorts ( curi\s & p]plex+ ways4 ,9 plan+ !m ! wood is likely to be cont9ually *ipp+ or te>+ & break+ (f bel[ ! surface1 in/ead ( plan+ smoo?ly l a piece ( /raight-gra9$ p9e1 leav+ d5ts & r\gh holl[s ov] ! surface4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( ! plane-iron is to split ! wood 9 front ( ! iron 9 su* cases 7,fig4 #fbh74 ,to rem$y ?is ! plane has a d\ble iron4 ,an iron or cap ) a dull edge is screw$ on to ! face ( ! cutt+-iron 7,fig4 #fbi7 s z to help b5d & break (f ! %av+s be=e ! split gets fairly />t$ 7,fig4 #fcj71 :5 ! iron c cut x smoo?ly (f4 ,! ?ickness ( ! %av+s is greatly exagg]at$ 9 ! cuts = ! sake ( illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fcj4 ,! cutt+ edge is said to h lead 9 proportion to ! di/ance x is 9 advance ( ! cap-iron4 ,! cap c be set "s little di/ance f ! edge = ! jack-plane1 z f> z an eigh? ( an in*1 b ) ! =e-plane & smoo?+-plane x mu/ be set q close to ! edge1 ! di/ance v>y+ accord+ to ! "* ( ! wood4 ,! m crook$ or cross-gra9$ ! wood1 ! ne>] ! dull iron is br\ght d[n t[>ds ! edge ( ! %>p "o4 ,! ne>] ! edge1 ! smoo!r ! result1 b ! h>d] to "w ! plane4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fca4 ,some?+ m ?an ! break-iron is requir$1 h[ev]1 to insure break+ ! %av+s4 ,!re mu/ be an angle1 aga9/ :i* !y c be brok51 close 9 front ( ! cutt+ edge & above ! %av+4 ,?is angle is ! =w>d edge ( ! m\? or slot 9 ! sole ?r\gh :i* ! iron projects 7,fig4 #fca74 ,?us ! wid? ( ! m\? makes a diff]5ce 9 ! smoo?ness ( ! surface1 = a n>r[ m\? is necess>y to ensure ! %av+ be+ readily brok5 by ! cap4 ,) a wide m\?1 ! %av+ w n be brok5 by ! cap 9 "t1 because !re is no corn] aga9/ :i* to break x4 ,) /raight-gra9$ wood ?is does n make s mu* diff]5ce1 b ) crook$ & brok5 gra9 n>r[ness ( m\? is q ess5tial to a smoo? surface1 provid$ t ! op5+ is wide en\gh to all[ ! %av+ to pass ?r\gh freely4 ,r\gh & knotty wood requires ! m\? v n>r[ & ! iron set v f9e 7i4e41 project+ b v little f ! sole7 & ! cap q ne> ! edge4 ,! mod]n iron planes h simple appliances = sett+ or adju/+ ! projection ( ! iron f ! sole & ?us regulat+ ! ?ickness ( ! %av+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are oblig$ to use ! old-fa%ion$ wood5 planes1 y raise ! iron 9 ! same way t y loos5 x = removal1 by lightly tapp+ on ! top ( ! =e end ( ! /ock1 keep+ hold ( ! plane ) ! left h& s z to prev5t ! iron fall+ ?r\gh if loos5$ too mu*4 ,:5 ! iron is rais$ en\gh1 fix x 9 place by tapp+ on top ( ! *ip 7,fig4 #fba1 e7 or w$ge :i* holds x 9 place4 ,to l[] ! cutt+ edge1 loos5 z be=e &1 *eck+ ! edge ) ! f+]1 let x project ! requir$ di/ance1 :i* y c tell ab\t by look+ along ! sole 7,fig4 #fcb71 & fix 9 place by tapp+ ! *ip z be=e4 ,?is is ! process us$ 9 remov+ ! iron = %>p5+ & replac+ x1 ! *ip be+ remov$ z well z ! iron4 ,any c>p5t] w %[ y ! op]ation4 ,always hold ! plane 9 ! left h& 9 all ^! adju/+ op]ations4 ,d n /rike or tap any "p ( x :ile x re/s on ! b5* or on any?+ solid4 ,to smoo? a r\gh piece ( wood1 use fir/ ! jack-plane1 to remove ! r\gh surface & sup]flu\s wood1 & !n ! =e-plane1 to /raight5 & smoo? ! surface4 ,if !re is no ne$ to h ! surface true1 b only smoo?1 y c omit us+ ! =e-plane & foll[ ! jack-plane at once by ! smoo?+-plane4 ,) ord9>y ma*9e-plan$ /ock y d n usually ne$ ! jack-plane1 ?\gh x is sometimes useful 9 r$uc+ a piece ( wood to a giv5 %ape4 ,be=e beg9n+ to plane1 see t all dirt or grit :i* might dull ! tool is bru%$ f ! surface4 ,turn ! plane ov] & sight along ! sole 7,fig4 #fcb71 n m]ely to see t ! iron projects to ! requir$ degree1 b also to see t x projects equally1 le/ "o side or corn] ( ! iron %\ld cut m deeply ?an ! o!r1 & ?us make a groove or scrat* on ! wood 7,fig4 #fcc74 ,! late/ iron planes h appliances to adju/ any inequality ( ?is sort1 b if y\r plane is n s arrang$ a little tapp+ on "o side ( ! upp] end ( ! iron w correct ! tr\ble4 ,try ! plane on a wa/e piece be=e beg9n+ on nice "w4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fcb4 ,plane ) ! gra91 z a rule1 & ! fibres w be cut (f cleanly :]e !y crop up to ! surface & y\r "w w be left smoo?4 ,if y plane aga9/ ! gra91 "s ( ! fibres w t5d to spl9t] or *ip (f j bel[ ! surface be=e !y are cut (f 7,fig4 #fcd74 ,/& beh9d ! "w ) ! plane be=e y4 ,plane ) ! arms 7& f ! %\ld]71 n ) ! :ole body4 ,try to %ove ! plane /raight ahead1 also to plane z equally & ev5ly z possible ov] ! surface2 = :ile x is comp>atively easy to get a surface smoo? x is q ano!r ?+ to keep x true or to make x true if w>p$ or w9d+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fcc4 ,! natural t5d5cy1 & a common fault1 is to beg9 & end ! /roke z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fce4 ,roll+ ! body back & =?1 in/ead ( pu%+ /eadily ) ! arms f ! %\ld]1 aggravates ?is tr\ble4 ,! result ( ?is way 7:i* is unconsci\s at fir/7 is t ! surface aft] plan+ is apt to be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fcf4 ,to prev5t ?is1 press d[n ) ! left h& on ! =w>d "p ( ! plane dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! /roke1 & ) ! "r h& on ! re> "p ( ! plane dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! /roke 7,fig4 #fcg74 ,illu/ration ,,"r4 ,,wrong4 ,,fig4 #fcd4 ,9 plan+ wood :i* is dirty or r\gh1 x is be/ to lift ! plane f ! "w :5 draw+ x back = a fre% /roke1 or to draw x back s t only ! po9t t\*es ! bo>d1 or to draw x back on edge1 b 9 plan+ small surfaces ( clean wood x is n usually wor? :ile to take ?is precaution4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fce4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fcf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fcg4 ,9 plan+ pieces ) crook$ gra91 turn ! piece :5 practicable1 s z to plane z mu* ( x ) ! gra9 z y c4 ,b _m pieces are s crook$ 9 gra9 t y _c d ?is4 ,s at times x is well to turn y\r plane sideways to get a slic+ cut & cross ! gra9 at an angle 7,fig4 #fch72 b z a rule ! plane %\ld be pu%$ /raight =w>d4 ,a few drops ( oil rubb$ ov] ! face ( ! plane w make x run m smoo?ly1 p>ticul>ly on h>d wood4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fch4 ,te/ ! accuracy ( y\r plan+ ( broad surfaces ) a /raight-edge1 ! blade ( a squ>e1 or ! edge ( ! plane itself 7if /raight74 ,by apply+ su* a /raight-edge across ! surface or l5g?ways or diagonally y c tell :e!r y\r "w is /raight & true 7,fig4 #fci74 ,also sight ) y\r eye4 ,if ! surface is l>ge or long1 w9d+-/icks c be us$ 7see ,w9d+-/icks74 ,9 plan+ edges te/ l5g?ways ) ! eye & /raight-edge ( "s sort1 & crossways by apply+ ! try-squ>e 7,fig4 #fdj74 7,see ,jo9t+47 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fci4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 h>d] to plane a broad surface1 z ! side ( a bo>d1 ?an a n>r[ "o1 z ! edge4 ,:5 plan+ a flat surface1 z a bo>d1 be c>eful n to plane (f m at ! edges ?an else:]e 7,fig4 #fda71 z y w be q likely to d if y all[ ! plane to tip sideways ov] ! edge in/ead ( keep+ ! sole p>allel ) ! flat surface4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdj4 ,:5 plan+ across end-gra9 ) ! block-plane or smoo?+-plane1 ei!r secure a wa/e piece ( wood at ! side :]e ! plan+ ends1 to prev5t ! edge *ipp+ (f1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fdb1 or plane f bo? edges t[>d ! middle 7,fig4 #fdc74 ,! use ( ! /raight-edge w give ! necess>y clue to ! process ( mak+ w>p$ surfaces true4 7,see ,tru+ ,surfaces47 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fda4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdb4 ,:5ev] y make nice articles f wood plan$ by an ord9>y cyl9d] plan]1 ! wood w seem q smoo? j z x is1 b d n neglect to smoo? x c>efully s z to take out all ! plan]-m>ks or ^? little corrugations across ! gra9 left by ! ma*9e w (t5 %[ cle> across ! room z soon z ! "w is f9i%$4 ,see pages #dd1 #de1 & #df1 & also ,%>p5+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdc4 ,plan+4--,see ,plane1 ,jo9t+1 ,tru+ ,surfaces4 ,plank1 ,lay+4--,see ,bo>ds1 ,lay+4 ,pl\gh4--,see ,plane4 ,plumb4--,y c make a plumb-l9e by m]ely hang+ any weight at ! end ( a cord1 :5 ! cord w ( c\rse be v]tical z soon z x /ops sw++ 7,fig4 #fdd74 ,= conv5i5ce 9 us+ hang ! cord on a bo>d z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acj4 ,:5 ! cord hangs exactly on ! l9e or at ! apex ( ! not* ! edge ( ! bo>d w be v]tical4 ,a long bo>d w give a m accurate te/ ?an a %ort "o 9 mo/ cases1 j z a long plane w make a /raight] edge ?an a %ort plane1 = ! long bo>d w bridge ov] ! irregul>ities ( ! surface to be plumb$4 ,= example1 to take an exagg]at$ case1 ! po/ plumb$ z at a 7,fig4 #fde7 is v]tical1 tak5 z a :ole2 :ile ! same po/ plumb$ z at b leans ov]1 because ! %ort bo>d happ5s to be plac$ :]e ! surface ( ! po/ is n /raight4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fde4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdf4 ,:5 ! plumb-l9e is us$ to det]m9e a po9t exactly ov] or "u ano!r po9t1 z 9 survey+1 ! bob is %ap$ ) a po9t l a top 7,fig4 #fdf74 ,= mak+ ! plumb1 see page #if4 7,see also ,level47 ,pod-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,pun* 7= ,nails74--,see ,nail-set4 ,putty4--,common putty is 7or %\ld be7 a mixture ( l9se$ oil & :it+ ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( d\gh4 ,a mixture ( :ite lead work$ 9 ) ! :it+ is1 h[ev]1 sup]ior = "s purposes1 & is bett] :5 b "o coat ( pa9t is to be put on aft] ! putty+4 ,to col\r putty1 /ir ! col\r+ matt] 9 a little oil & !n "w & knead x into ! putty until ! :ole is col\r$4 ,keep putty "u wat]4 ,d n leave x wrapp$ 9 ! pap] 9 :i* y may take x f ! pa9t]'s1 = ! oil w be absorb$ by ! pap] & ! putty w quickly become dry & h>d4 ,use a squ>e-blad$ putty-knife = flat surfaces1 & d n use y\r f+]s4 ,see also ,holes1 ,to ,/op4 ,putty-,knife4--,an old case-knife c be us$ 7bett] if re%ap$ squ>ely across or to an obtuse angle71 or1 9 fact1 any knife1 b a regul> putty-knife is be/4 ,quill-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,rabbet4--,a rabbet is a recess or rectangul> groove cut l5g?ways 9 ! edge ( a piece ( bo>d1 plank1 or o!r timb] 7,fig4 #bhd74 ,x is usually bett] = ! amateur to get su* "w done at a mill1 :5 practicable1 r ?an to d x by h&4 ,! rabbet-plane is1 h[ev]1 a v useful tool to h4 ,9 "s cases1 z at ! end ( a piece1 ! saw c be us$1 ! l9es = ! rabbet hav+ be5 c>efully m>k$ ) a knife or *isel4 ,! *isel c also be us$ to make a rabbet1 mu* z 9 cutt+ a mortise1 tak+ pa9s :5 driv+ ! *isel d[n next ! l9e n to cut "u or jam ! wood beyond ! l9e4 ,9 ! f9al trimm+ to ! l9e1 ! *isel %\ld be held ) ! flat side t[>d ! l9e4 ,9 remov+ ! wood ) ! *isel1 x is (t5 be/ to p>e across ! gra9 r ?an ) x 7see ,p>+74 ,a /rip ( wood c be clamp$ across ! piece exactly on ! l9e z a guide = ! saw & ! saw+ be done ) ! heel or re> corn] ( ! saw1 keep+ ! latt] close up to ! gauge /ick1 & pieces are sometimes ev5 clamp$ to ! saw itself to guide x1 b su* arrangem5ts1 ?\gh useful exp$i5ts "u "s circum/ances1 are h>dly ! mo/ workmanlike me?ods4 ,rabbet-,plane4--,see ,plane4 ,rasp4--,! rasp--only us$ = wood--is a sort ( co>se file1 b in/ead ( ridge-l tee? x is /udd$ ) project+ po9ts1 :i* te> (f ! wood m quickly1 b also m r\ghly1 ?an ! file4 ,x is extremely useful to remove surplus wood & to get curv$ objects r\ghly into %ape4 ,"o good-siz$ half-r\nd 7or slab-sid$7 rasp w be a great help4 ,see ,file4 ,rasp+4--,see ,fil+4 ,ream]s4--,see ,bits4 ,repair+ ,furniture4--,to repair ?or\ghly--to make ?+s z /rong z :5 new & to leave no sign ( ! m5d+--(t5 requires m skill & +5uity & m g5]al k ( wood-work+ ?an to make new articles4 ,skill 9 repair+ comes n m]ely f g5]al k ( wood-work+1 b f exp]i5ce & +5uity 9 apply+ y\r k to new problems4 ,y w r>ely h two jobs ( repair+ j alike1 ev5 if ( ! same k9d1 & ! v>iety is almo/ endless4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to give rules to cov] all ! diff]5t cases4 ,9 fact1 to attempt to give complete directions = repair+ w\ld be to describe ! majority ( op]ations us$ 9 wood-work+1 & ! read] is ref]r$ to o!r p>ts ( ! book = :atev] in=mation x may conta94 ,sugge/ions on "o or two po9ts may1 h[ev]1 be ( use4 ,suppose ! arm ( a *air comes (f1 aft] hav+ be5 /uck on ) glue p]haps a doz5 times4 ,h[ is x usually m5d$ ea* "t x comes (f8 ,! family glue-pot1 conta9+ ! dregs ( all ! glue us$ s9ce x 0 b\ght1 is put on ! /ove1 a little wat] p\r$ 91 & z soon z ! glue gets w>m$ into a ?ick pa/e a lot ( x is daub$ on to ! jo9ts1 on top ( ! ?ick coat+ !y already h1 & ! arm pu%$ z ne>ly into place z x w g4 ,x is !n usually left = a few h\rs & sometimes ev5 ti$ on ) a /r+ :ile ! glue dries4 ,( c\rse x /icks = a :ile & !n ! usual result foll[s4 ,n[ h[ %\ld y g to "w to d ?is prop]ly8 ,fir/ clean (f all ! old glue4 ,?is is important4 ,y want to put ! fre% glue on ! wood1 n on top ( ! old glue2 b d n scrape away ! wood 9 gett+ (f ! glue s t ! p>ts w no long] fit4 ,next1 see :e!r ! pieces w fit toge!r z !y %\ld4 ,if !y w1 !n contrive "s way to clamp !m 9 place :ile ! glue is dry+4 ,sometimes h&-screws w d ?is1 sometimes clamps1 sometimes a rope twi/$1 & (t5 x w take all y\r +5uity to contrive any arrangem5t1 b clamp$ !y mu/ be if y wi% to be sure ( a good job4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdg4 ,! pieces (t5 make an angle ) "o ano!r1 or are curv$1 s t ! clamps or h&-screws w n hold1 b slip z fa/ z y tight5 !m4 ,9 su* a case ! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #fdg c (t5 be us$4 ,screw a h&-screw firmly on ea* side ( ! jo9t1 rubb+ *alk on ! insides ( ! jaws to help prev5t slipp+1 & putt+ on ! h&-screws s t ! jaws w be p>allel4 ,!n1 by us+ two o!r h&-screws1 ^? fir/ put on c be drawn t[>ds "o ano!r & ! jo9t firmly clos$4 ,!n proce$ to glue ! p>ts z ) new "w4 ,= ! way to d ?is see ,glu+4 ,9 pat*+ old "w ) new wood1 pa9s %\ld be tak5 to h ! wood mat* z well z possible1 &1 z a rule1 p>e or trim ! new pieces aft] !y are glu$ 9 place r ?an be=e4 ,/a9+ to mat* ! old] p>ts is (t5 requir$ 7see ,/a9+74 ,see also ,holes1 ,to ,/op4 ,! repair$ jo9t may nev] be q z /rong z a new "o1 !re=e x is well to re9=ce x ) a block glu$ & screw$ on ! "u or inn] side1 9 cases :]e ?is c be done )\t injur+ ! appe>ance1 z inside ( ! frame "u a *air1 s(a1 or table4 ,x is n uncommon1 p>ticul>ly 9 "w :i* has come ap>t sev]al times1 = ! t5ons to be too small4 ,if y c glue on ?9 pieces to make ! t5on l>g]1 trimm+ !m aft]w>ds to fit1 x w be ! be/ way2 b if ! conditions d n admit ( ?is1 a little musl91 laid 9 glue1 c sometimes be wrapp$ ar\nd ! t5on z ! latt] is fitt$ to place4 ,! same c sometimes be done ) r\nd p9s or d[els4 ,! exp$i5t ( splitt+ & w$g+ t5ons & d[els c (t5 be appli$ 9 repair+ 7see ,mortis+ & ,d[els74 ,sometimes y may f9d x necess>y to use screws 9 places :]e ! heads w %[4 ,9 su* cases fir/ make1 :5 possible1 a neat r\nd or squ>e hole ) bit or *isel ( suffici5t diamet] to admit ! head ( ! screw & deep en\gh to all[ a %all[ plug to be ins]t$ aft] ! screw has be5 set 7see ,holes1 ,to ,/op74 ,! h>de/ "p 9 f9i%$ "w is to make ! pat* mat* ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,see also ,glu+1 ,clamps1 & :atev] o!r op]ations may be requir$4 ,ripp+-,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,rivets4--,9 head+ rivets hold ano!r hamm] or piece ( metal1 or h someone else d s1 aga9/ ! head ( ! rivet :ile upsett+ ! o!r end4 ,r\nd+ ,/icks4--,x is (t5 requir$ to r\nd /icks = poles1 ma/s1 sp>s1 arr[s1 & a great _m o!r purposes4 ,fir/ plane ! piece until x is z ne>ly squ>e1 9 section1 z y c make x4 ,!n use ! =m %[n on page #ie1 :i* w hold ! squ>$ /ick firmly :ile y plane (f ! corn]s1 mak+ x eight-sid$4 ,be c>eful n to plane ! corn]s (f too mu*1 = ! eight sides ( ! /ick %\ld be z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,next1 if ! /ick is l>ge en\gh1 plane (f ea* ( ! eight corn]s s t x w be sixte5-sid$4 ,?is is ab\t z f> z y c g 9 ?is way1 unless ! /ick is v l>ge4 ,set ! plane q f9e = tak+ (f ^! corn]s or y may plane (f too mu* be=e y "k x4 ,! re/ ( ! r\nd+ y mu/ d ) light1 f9e /rokes1 te/+ by eye & by pass+ y\r h& ov] ! "w 7= y c judge a great deal by ! s5se ( t\*74 ,! rasp & file c (t5 be us$ to good advantage4 ,! spoke-%ave is good = ! f9al smoo?+1 foll[$ by ! scrap] or glass 7bo? ( :i* c be curv$7 & s&pap]4 ,! latt] c be us$ crosswise z well z l5g?wise4 ,cut x 9 /rips & pull x back & =? ar\nd ! /ick1 mu* z bootblacks put ! f9al poli% on %oes ) a /rip ( clo? 7,fig4 #fdh74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdh4 ,to hold l>ge /icks = ?is f9al %ap+ & smoo?+ y c put !m 9 ! vise1 b if !re are sev]al1 & l>ge1 x is bett] to contrive "s way to hold !m aft] ! fa%ion ( ! c5tres ( a la!4 ,= "o c5tre1 drive a nail or screw ?r\gh a block or /ick ( wood & screw ! block 9 ! vise 7,fig4 #fdi74 ,make ! o!r c5tre 9 ! same way & fa/5 x at su* a di/ance f ! fir/ c5tre t ! /ick w j fit 9 betwe5 ! two4 ,j h[ to fa/5 ?is second c5tre w dep5d on ! l5g? ( ! /ick to be r\nd$ & ! arrangem5ts ( y\r %op1 b y c easily contrive "s way to hold x4 ,! /ick held betwe5 ^! c5tres w be cle> ( ev]y?+ & c be turn$ ar\nd )\t tr\ble4 ,! middle c be support$1 if necess>y1 by a piece ( bo>d or a /rip lightly nail$ to ! b5*-top4 ,ma/s & sp>s %\ld be natural /icks1 if possible1 & ! f9al %ap+ & smoo?+ w be all !y w require1 = :i* "s su* app>atus z t j describ$ w save "t & tr\ble4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fdi4 ,to r\nd small /icks1 z sp>s = model boats1 arr[s1 etc41 ! same process %\ld be foll[$ s f> z ! small size ( ! /icks w all[1 z y c ( c\rse %ave m accurately ) ! plane1 on acc\nt ( ! long guid+ sole1 = ! same degree ( ef=t1 ?an ) any free-h& tool l ! knife4 ,b :5 ! /ick is q small x is h>d to hold x firmly1 & x is also too mu* cov]$ by ! plane4 ,9 su* cases turn ,japanese4 ,fa/5 ! plane bottom-up 9 ! vise 7or ev5 hold x 9 y\r lap if y h no vise7 & pull ! /ick along ! sole ( ! plane in/ead ( pu%+ ! plane ov] ! /ick4 ,b look out = y\r f+]s :5 y d ?is1 = a plane-iron 9 ?is position has a great appetite = f+]-tips4 ,9 fil+ a %ort1 r\nd /ick1 "o end c (t5 be re/$ on ! b5* & ! /ick turn$ ar\nd t[>ds y z y file4 ,a good way to f9i% ! %ap+ ( su* small /icks is to hold y\r knife ) ! edge d[nw>d close aga9/ ! side ( y\r leg j above ! knee4 ,!n pull ! /ick up /eadily betwe5 y\r leg & ! knife4 ,! leg acts z a sort ( gauge to /eady bo? ! /ick & ! knife & ) c>e y c cut a v ev5 %av+ 9 ?is way4 ,"o v important ?+ to be> 9 m9d 9 all ^! r\nd+ op]ations is t y w r>ely f9d wood ) absolutely /raight gra91 except 9 rift /ock or natural /icks 7& 9 ^! !re are (t5 seem+ly unacc\ntable twi/s & crook$ /reaks72 s y ne$ to keep con/ant wat* ( ! direction ( ! gra91 = ev5 a slight turn ( ! /ick w (t5 br+ ! gra9 wrong ) relation to y\r tool1 & "o false cut runn+ 9 too deep1 or ev5 across ! /ick1 w spoil ! "w4 ,r\t]4--,see ,plane4 ,rule4--,a rule ) :i* to lay out y\r "w & measure y\r /ock is "o ( ! fir/ tools ( :i* y c make use4 ,a two-foot rule1 fold+ once1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t = %op-"w1 b ! m common k9d1 fold+ to six in*es 9 l5g?1 is m conv5i5t to c>ry ar\nd away f ! %op4 ,"o brass-b\nd 7) brass edges7 is m durable1 b h>dly z conv5i5t to use z ! common *eap k9d1 :i* w answ] e purpose until x breaks4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fej4 ,to m>k di/ances ) ! rule = accurate "w1 lay ! rule on edge s t ! divisions m>k$ on x w t\* ! wood & n be an eigh? ( an in* above x1 z !y are :5 ! rule lies flat 7,fig4 #fej74 ,y c ?us m>k ! po9ts m accurately4 ,s&pap]4--,! f95ess ( s&pap] is indicat$ by numb]s--#jj 7! f9e/71 #j1 #a_/b1 #a1 #a-a_/b1 #b1 #b-a_/b & #c 7! co>se/74 ,y w use ! f9e & m$ium numb]s m ?an ! v co>se ones1 & w seldom require co>s] ?an #a-a_/b4 ,te/ s&pap]1 :5 buy+1 by rubb+ ! s& a little ) y\r h& to see if x is securely /uck on1 & te> ! pap] a little to see if x is /rong4 ,nev] use s&pap] until all ! cutt+ ) ! tools is done4 ,s&pap] ) ! gra91 except = "w :i* is to be pa9t$4 ,! prop] use ( s&pap]1 z a rule1 = su* "w z y w d1 is m]ely to give a little extra smoo?ness1 to take out little scrat*es1 to r\nd edges1 & ! l1 b n to cut away ! wood & scrub x into ! %ape y wi%4 ,to use x mu*1 except to skim ov] y\r "w1 is apt to get y into a slov5ly /yle ( work+1 & ! result w lack ! %>p accuracy ( good "w4 ,d n rely on ! s&pap] to remove ! defects 9 y\r "w4 ,d ! "w "r & y w ne$ b little s&pap]1 except 9 a few op]ations :i* w be specifi$ :5 !re is occasion4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fea4 ,= flat surfaces x is well to fold ! s&pap] ov] a flat block ( cork or wood 7,fig4 #fea71 ! edges ( :i* h be5 slightly r\nd$4 ,if ! surface is curv$1 ! block %\ld be curv$ correspond+ly4 ,a piece ( ?ick rubb] or lea!r :i* c be b5t to fit ! surface is excell5t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to r\nd ! corn]s & edges ( ! "w :5 s&pap]+4 ,9 s&pap]+ any v delicate piece ( "w1 :5 ! edge might get r\nd$ or ! surface scrat*$ by ! /iffness ( ev5 ! f9e/ s&pap]1 z 9 rubb+ d[n f9i%$ "w1 split ! pap]1 :i* y c easily d by remov+ ! out] lay] ( pap] f ! back1 :5 ! rema9+ "p to :i* ! s& adh]es w be mu* s(t] & m flexible4 ,saw4--,saws are us$ = cutt+ across ! gra9 & ) ! gra9 & !re are v>i\s k9ds = special purposes4 ,! cross-cutt+ saw is us$1 z ! "n indicates1 = cutt+ across ! gra9 ( wood & = ord9>y "w4 ,! blade is usually ?ick] at ! tee? ?an at ! back1 to /iff5 x & to enable x to pass ?r\gh ! wood m freely4 ,f #ah to #bd is a good l5g? = a cross-cutt+ saw 7or m commonly call$ panel-saw7 = y\r "w1 ) ab\t eight to t5 tee? to ! in*4 ,exam9e ! tee? 7,fig4 #feb7 & y w see t !y are po9t$ & %>p1 some:at l ! po9t ( y\r knife1 & t !y cut across ! fibres mu* ! same z y\r knife does :5 y hold x upright & draw x across a bo>d4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #feb4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fec4 ,y w notice1 also1 t ! tee? are alt]nately b5t outw>ds1--"o too? be+ b5t out to "o side1 ! next to ! o!r side1--?is spread+ ( ! tee? 7:i* is call$ ! set7 mak+ ! saw wid] at ! po9ts ( ! tee? ?an else:]e4 ,y w also notice t ! %>p cutt+ edge ( ea* too? is on ! outside4 ,?is set1 & ! way ! tee? are %>p5$1 makes ! cut wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! blade1 ?us giv+ ! saw cle>ance & enabl+ x to slip back & =? easily & )\t b9d+ 7,fig4 #fec74 ,z a practical matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 x is no?+ uncommon = a saw to b9d 9 ! cut1 ei!r f n saw+ /raight or f ! wood clos+ on ! saw 7see ,fig4 #fie74 ,! tee? n only cut or break (f ! fibres 9 p>allel l9es at ! po9ts ( ! tee?1 b also te> (f & remove ! bits ( wood 7i4e41 ! sawdu/7 betwe5 ^! p>allel cuts4 ,! degree to :i* ! tee? are set & ! numb] ( tee? to ! in* dep5d ^u ! use to :i* ! saw is to be put & ! k9d ( wood to be us$4 ,( c\rse ! f9] ! tee? ! smoo!r ! cut4 ,cross-cut saws are usually %>p5$ diff]5tly = s(t & = h>d wood1 b little set be+ requir$ = ! latt]1 :ile ! =m] ne$s a wid] set to give ! blade cle>ance1 because ! fibres ( ! loos]-textur$ s(t wood are b5t aside by ! te>+ action ( ! saw tee? & are n s cleanly cut (f z 9 ! h>d wood4 ,we h exam9$ ! tee? ( ! cross-cut saw & h se5 t !y cut across ! gra9 ( ! wood v mu* z ! po9t & edge ( a knife1 & t ! fibres1 be+ cut or brok5 or torn (f 9 f9e pieces1 are remov$ f ! k]f by ! tee?4 ,n[ to saw 9 ! direction ( ! gra91 in/ead ( across x1 we use a saw bas$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,z we us$ little knives to cut across ! gra91 s we use little *isels to cut ) ! gra94 ,look at ! tee? ( ! ripp+-saw & y w see t !y are little *isels %>p only at ! end 7,fig4 #fed71 ?\gh n z acute z *isels = obvi\s reasons4 ,^! %>p ends1 :i* are squ>e 7,fig4 #fee1 %[+ set7 or may be oblique1 cut or te> (f ! fibres1 & ! front edges ( ! tee? pu% ! pieces out ( ! cut4 ,! tee? ( ! cross-cut saw are fil$ s t ! front cutt+-edge is drawn across ! wood 9 ! mo/ effective way1 mu* z y w\ld draw ! knife-po9t across1 :ile ! tee? ( ! ripp+-saw are po9t$ =w>d at a m acute angle s t ! cutt+-edge is pu%$ ?r\gh ! wood1 some:at z y pu% a *isel4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fed4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fee4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fef4 ,! ripp+-saw cuts only on ! d[n /roke4 ,x is n suitable = use directly across ! gra91 z x te>s ! fibres :5 pu%$ across !m mu* m ?an ! cross-cut saw4 ,! ripp+-saw usually has l>g] tee? ?an ! cross-cut saw4 ,f #e-a_/b to #h po9ts to ! in* w d = y\r "w4 ,! ripp+-saw usually cuts be/ :5 held slant+ r ?an at "r angles ) ! bo>d 7,fig4 #fef71 z y c easily und]/& :5 y ?9k h[ a *isel works be/ 9 p>+ at ! end ( a bo>d4 ,if ! cut closes up aft] ! saw s z to b9d x1 drive a w$ge 7or ev5 a screw-driv] or *isel7 into ! crack s z to op5 x en\gh = ! saw to "w freely4 ,b9d+ ( ! saw f ?is cause is v common 9 mak+ long cuts4 ,:5 y come to a h>d knot 9 splitt+ y c sometimes ga9 by tak+ ! cross-cut saw to cut ?r\gh x4 ,y w probably get mo/ ( y\r splitt+ done at a mill & w n h to dep5d on h& ripp+-saws s mu* z y\r gr&fa!rs did4 ,! back-saw %\ld h1 = y\r use1 f #aj to #af tee? to ! in* & be p]haps #ab in*es long4 ,! blade is v ?9 to insure a f9] & m accurate cut ?an c be made ) ! common saw1 & !re=e requires c>e 9 us+4 ,x has a back 7:5ce ! "n7 made ( a ?9 piece ( brass or iron put on s z to give ! blade ! necess>y firmness4 ,?is is an exce$+ly useful tool1 ) :i* & a common panel saw y c d a great deal ( "w )\t any o!r4 ,! back-saw mu/ be us$ ) c>e1 = ! blade is s ?9 t a little wr5*+ w spr+ x out ( %ape 9 spite ( ! /r5g!n+ back4 ,9 ! compass-saw ! blade is v n>r[1 be+ ab\t "o in* at ! broade/ "p & dim9i%+ gradually to ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* at ! o!r end4 ,x is ab\t fifte5 in*es long & is employ$ 9 cutt+ curv$ =ms4 ,z ! blade is n>r[ & tap]s t[>ds ! back & ! tee? h a wide set x w cut a small circle4 ,notice t ! tee? ( ! compass-saw are a sort ( a compromise betwe5 ^? ( ! ripp+ & cross-cut saws1 :i* enables !m to cut freely ei!r way ( ! gra91 z is ( c\rse necess>y 9 saw+ curves4 ,! turn+- or b[-saw is mu* bett] = any "w ) :i* ! b[ w n int]f]e1 & is a v useful tool at times4 ,get "o ) h&les :i* turn s t ! blade c be turn$ to saw at an angle ) ! frame4 ,y w ne$ a few extra blades ( diff]5t wid?s4 ,! ma9 ?+ to be borne 9 m9d is to make ! cut squ>e ) ! surface4 ,x is easi] to foll[ ! l9e ?an to secure a cut at "r angles to ! surface4 ,! keyhole-saw1 :i* is ev5 small] ?an ! compass-saw1 is us$ = cutt+ quick] curves1 z = a keyhole4 ,x has a h&le l t ( a *isel1 ) a slot cut ?r\gh f end to end4 ,!re is a screw on "o side1 s t ! blade may be fix$ at any l5g?1 accord+ to ! size ( ! hole to be cut4 ,a good k9d1 :i* c be us$ = bo? compass- & keyhole-saws1 has a h&le into :i* v>i\s blades c be fitt$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #feg4 ,compass- & keyhole-saws are difficult = beg9n]s to use )\t b5d+1 twi/+1 or break+ _! ?9 & n>r[ blades4 ,mo/ ( y\r curv$ saw+ c be done bett] ) a turn+-saw or at a mill by a b&- or jig-saw4 ,if done at ! mill1 h a piece ( wa/e wood put on ! "u side to prev5t ! burr1 or ragg$ edge1 left by ! saw+4 ,a common way to te/ saws1 :5 buy+1 is to take ! h&le 9 "o h& & b5d ! po9t ( ! saw ar\nd 9 a curve sideways & !n let ! blade spr+ back1 :i* x %\ld d )\t be+ p]man5tly b5t or sprung4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #feh4 ,d n saw f "o side ( ! l9e4 ,h y\r eyes above ! l9e s t y c look on bo? sides ( ! saw 7,fig4 #feg74 ,?is w help y to keep ! saw-blade at "r angles ) ! surface ( ! wood4 ,hold ! saw firmly ) ! =ef+] press$ aga9/ ! side ( ! h&le to help guide & /eady x 7,fig4 #feg74 ,hav+ plac$ ! saw j at ! outside edge ( ! l9e & on ! f>!r side ( ! piece1 seize ! wood ) ! left h& & hold ! ?umb aga9/ ! blade 7above ! tee?7 to help />t ! cut 9 ! "r place 7,fig4 #feh74 ,aside f ! dang] ( ! saw jump+ & damag+ ! wood unless guid$ by ! ?umb1 x is liable to cut y\r left h&4 ,y c make a little not* ) ! knife or *isel on ! outside ( ! l9e1 to help />t ! saw1 9 ! case ( nice "w1 if y wi%4 ,cut /raight 9 j on ! l9e & !n make a slop+ cut to meet ?is f outside ! l9e 7,fig4 #fei74 ,fir/ draw ! saw g5tly backw>ds1 guid+ x by ! ?umb1 ) z little pressure on ! wood z possible until y see t ! cut is />t$ "r1 !n pu% x g5tly =w>d1 & aft] a few easy /rokes 9 ?is way to get ! cut />t$ "r1 keep on ) long1 /eady /rokes1 b n long en\gh s t ! end ( ! saw ent]s ! k]f1 le/ x cat* & ! saw buckle4 ,! saw %\ld cut mo/ on ! d[nw>d motion1 n on ! up /roke4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fei4 ,) a %>p saw1 !re is no?+ ga9$ by be>+ d[n heavily on ! tee?1 :i* may spr+ ! saw & make crook$ "w4 ,r let ! saw run ( itself ) an easy1 light /roke1 guid+ x c>efully1 & n lett+ x press on ! wood on ! up /roke4 ,! m ha/ily & furi\sly y saw ! poor] ! result w probably be4 ,:5 y beg9 to run (f ! l9e1 z y w be pretty sure to d1 twi/ ! saw a little ) ! wri/ z y g on1 :i* w br+ x back to ! l9e1 because ( ! k]f be+ wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! saw-blade4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffj4 ,beg9n]s are apt to b5d ! saw ov] to "o side4 ,y c tell :e!r x is cutt+ at "r angles ) ! face ( ! bo>d by te/+ ) ! try-squ>e z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ffj4 ,su* a te/ z ?is is1 h[ev]1 too inconv5i5t = ord9>y practical "w & y %\ld le>n z quickly z y c to hold ! saw-blade correctly4 ,at ! end ( ! cut1 z at ! beg9n+1 saw g5tly ) quick1 light /rokes1 & hold ! piece :i* is be+ cut (f ) ! left h&1 le/ x break (f & spl9t] "o ( ! two pieces4 ,if ! saw b9ds or does n "w easily1 y c = y\r r\gh] "w put a little tall[1 butt]1 l>d1 or lubricat+ oil on ! blade1 b bew>e ( do+ ?is = y\r nice "w1 or x w deface x :5 done4 ,if ! b9d+ is caus$ by ! spr++ toge!r ( ! wood 7,fig4 #fie7 ! crack %\ld be w$g$ op54 ,d n get into ! habit ( saw+ a little way outside ( ! l9e & !n trimm+ (f ! sup]flu\s wood ) y\r knife or a *isel4 ,t is n a good way to le>n to saw by a l9e4 ,try y\r be/ to make ! cut :]e x %\ld be 7ev5 if y d make mi/akes = a good :ile7 & ?us get into ! habit ( do+ x "r )\t hav+ to rely on any o!r tool ?an ! saw4 ,_m pieces ( wood c bett] be screw$ 9 ! vise = saw+ in/ead ( be+ laid on ! horses1 & ?is position is (t5 pref]able4 ,9 ?is case y grasp ! wood ) ! left h& & use ! saw z already describ$4 7,see ,%>p5+74 ,saw-,fil+4--,see ,%>p5+4 ,saw+4--,see ,saw4 ,saw-,set4--,v>i\s contrivances c be b\ght = sett+ saw tee?4 ,:5 y get to ! po9t ( ne$+ "o y c easily f9d a v>iety f :i* to select4 ,scrap]4--,! scrap] is made ( saw-blade /eel 7frequ5tly f an old saw7 & may be ( any %ape or size to suit ! "w requir$ ( x4 ,a common =m = scrap+ flat surfaces is rectangul> l a po/al-c>d1 & a good size is f #b #d to #c #e4 ,a piece ( glass makes a good scrap] = almo/ e purpose except :]e a flat1 true surface is requir$4 ,x is good to smoo? ! h&le ( a paddle1 = in/ance1 b n good = scrap+ ! top ( a nice table4 ,= _m r\nd$ surfaces glass is fully z good z a /eel scrap]1 b = g5]al use ! latt] is mu* bett]4 ,! foll[+ directions may be ( use :5 y wi% to break glass to use = a scrap]3 ,take ! back ( a knife1 or ! smoo?1 /raight edge ( any piece ( iron fix$ ) tol]able firmness = a mom5t1 !n1 tak+ ! piece ( glass 9 bo? h&s1 re/ its edge midway betwe5 !m on ! edge ( ! iron2 let ! upp] edge ( ! glass lean f y1 & pu% x g5tly along ! iron1 s z slightly to ind5t ! edge ( ! glass2 !n1 rev]s+ its position s z to make x lean t[>ds y1 draw x sm>tly along ! iron1 & y w f9d x sep>at$ by a clean fracture directly across1 =m+ a l9e m or less curv$1 & leav+ "o edge ( ! glass mu* %>p] ?an ! o!r4 ,by a little practice1 & by press+ a little m ) "o h& ?an ! o!r1 almo/ any curvature t ! "w to be done may require may be a*iev$ 7,"l & ,ba9es1 ,%ifts & ,exp$i5ts ( ,camp ,life74 ,! edge ( ! scrap] is turn$ ov] s z to =m a sort ( hook$ edge or angle 7,fig4 #ffa71 :i* :5 pu%$ ov] ! surface scrapes (f ?9 %av+s4 ,to smoo? a flat surface ! scrap] c be held ) bo? h&s1 betwe5 ! f+]s & ?umb 7,fig4 #ffb71 & pu%$ along 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* x is incl9$4 ,sometimes "o end ( ! scrap] is held betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! left h& & ! palm ( ! "r h& appli$ bel[ to pu% ! tool along4 ,z a rule scrape ) ! gra91 & x is (t5 advantage\s to hold ! scrap] obliquely to ! gra9 :5 pu%+ x =w>d4 ,9 case ( "s crook$ & twi/$ gra9 y w f9d x be/ to scrape 9 any & 9 all directions4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffa4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffb4 ,y c make scrap]s y\rself by fil+ & gr9d+ pieces ( old saw-blades4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h a numb] ( !m ) edges ( v>i\s degrees ( curvature 7bo? convex & concave71 b ^! y c make z y ne$ !m4 ,a scrap] is sometimes set 9 a /ock & guid$ by h&les l ^? ( a spoke-%ave1 & sometimes set 9 a /ock l a plane & us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,a scrap] ( ! latt] sort is (t5 useful to assi/ 9 keep+ ! surface true :5 scrap+1 z its flat sole prev5ts its foll[+ all ! undulations ( ! surface z readily z ! h&-scrap]1 ) :i* "o is apt to make depressions by scrap+ too mu* 9 "s p>ticul> spot4 ,b s f> z smoo?+ ! surface goes !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! common h&-scrap] or s easily tak5 c>e (4 ,= %>p5+ ! scrap]1 see ,%>p5+4 ,9 _m l>ge places y c get y\r wood = nice "w scrap$ to a sat9-l f9i% by a ma*9e made = ! purpose1 b ?is is h>dly wor? :ile = ord9>y "w4 ,y c also h x smoo!d v nicely by s&pap]+ ma*9es1 b ?is is n advisable if !re is to be any cutt+ ( ! wood aft]w>ds1 z ! grit left 9 ! pores ( ! wood w quickly take ! ke5 edge f y\r tools4 ,! be/ te/ = smoo?ness alone is to run ! f+]s ov] ! surface ) a light t\*4 ,great acut5ess ( t\* c be acquir$ 9 ?is way4 ,any exp]i5c$ wood-work] c at once detect inequalities ) 8 f+]s t he c\ld n possibly see4 ,irregul>ities 9 curves c be detect$ 9 ! same way4 ,bead cutt]s or scrap]s & re$ scrap]s & flut]s c be b\ght ( v>i\s patt]ns4 ,y w h>dly ne$ to buy any?+ ( ! sort = "s "t1 z y c make "o :5 requir$4 ,see ,bead+4 ,scrat*-,awl4--,see ,awl4 ,screw-,driv]4--,! screw-driv] is too famili> to ne$ description1 b 9 buy+ "o see t ! end is %ap$ l ei!r ( ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #ffc & n z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ffd4 ,*eap screw-driv]s are (t5 made 9 ! latt] way4 ,if gr\nd ) a %ort bevel 7,fig4 #ffd7 x w be> only on ! top ( ! slot 9 ! screw & w be all ! "t slipp+ out1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! incl9$ plane1 :ile if ! sides are p>allel or concav$ slightly ! end w rema9 at ! bottom ( ! nick ( ! screw4 ,?is is also a help 9 extract+ screws1 z x saves ! ne$ ( press+ aga9/ ! screw s h>d to keep ! screw-driv] f slipp+ out ( ! slot4 ,x is well to h screw-driv]s ( diff]5t sizes1 z x is difficult & (t5 impossible to use a screw-driv] ) an edge mu* too l>ge or too small4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffc4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffd4 ,rememb] t a long screw-driv] is always pref]able to a %ort "o1 except :]e lack ( space makes a %ort "o necess>y4 ,! reason = ?is is 9 ! fact t 9 us+ ! screw-driv] y d n1 z a practical matt]1 keep x exactly 9 ! l9e ( ! screw1 b keep wobbl+ x r\nd m or less1 :i* gives a lev]age 9 ! =m ( a crank-l action z y turn ! h&le4 ,! long] ! screw-driv] ! l>g] ! circle or wobbl+ curve y describe ) y\r h& & ! great] ! lev]age 7,fig4 #ffe74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffe4 ,a screw-driv] to be turn$ by ! bit-brace is v useful = driv+ screws rapidly & ) =ce1 on acc\nt ( ! great] lev]age ga9$ by us+ ! brace in/ead ( ! common h&le4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly useful :]e !y ne$ to be driv5 9 v h>d or :5 tight screws h to be loos5$4 ,x also saves mu* "t :5 _m screws are to be us$4 ,x is n advisable to buy automatic screw-driv]s4 ,!y "w satisfactorily = light "w1 b are n suitable = su* wr5*+ & /ra9+ z y\r screw-driv]s are liable to be subject$ to4 ,y want screw-driv]s to :i* y c apply all y\r /r5g?4 ,see ,screws4 ,screws4--,!re are _m k9ds ( screws4 ,y w use ! common wood-screws = mo/ ( y\r "w4 ,^! are ei!r flat-head$ or r\nd-head$1 & ( /eel 7ei!r bright or blue or bronz$ or nickl$7 or ( brass4 ,:5 o!rs are requir$ !y w be m5tion$4 ,x is d\btful economy to buy second-h& or wa/e screws1 b a p\nd or two ( mix$ screws1 :i* y c get at any h>dw>e /ore1 w be v useful :5 y want "s odd screw = "s special purpose4 ,_m ( ! screws 9 ! mix$ lots1 :i* are sold v *eap1 are defective1 b y c (t5 f9d among !m j ! peculi> screw y ne$1 & s save "t & money4 ,nails are (t5 us$ :]e x w\ld be bett] to use screws1 :i* w1 z a rule1 hold ! pieces m securely4 ,:5 "w becomes loose1 screws c be tight5$1 :ile nails usually h to be r$riv54 ,to make a screw drive easily1 rub ! po9t on a piece ( common soap4 ,oil is objectionable = nice "w on acc\nt ( ! spot made by x4 ,if screws are to be us$ 9 places :]e !y may ru/1 x is a good plan to w>m !m slightly & !n dip !m 9 melt$ tall[ or l>d4 ,!y c also be ins]t$ & remov$ m easily = ?is treatm5t4 ,try to keep ! screw-driv] f slipp+ f ! slot ( ! screw 7see ,screw-driv]74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fff4 ,9 bor+ holes = screws1 consid]able discretion mu/ be us$4 ,! hole 9 ! out] piece 7! "o ne>] ! head ( ! screw7 %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ ! screw to slip ?r\gh freely--t is1 y %\ld n screw x into bo? pieces1 b only ! inn] "o1 ! screw act+ some:at 9 ! nature ( a clamp to b9d ! out] piece to ! inn] by p9*+ x tight betwe5 ! screw-head & ! inn] piece 7,fig4 #fff74 ,h[ mu* ( a hole to bore 9 ! piece into :i* ! po9t ( ! screw ent]s dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,! /\t] ! screw ! less hole requir$4 ,! s(t] & l>g] ! piece & ! f>!r f ! edge ! less hole requir$4 ,if ! piece is small or liable to split1 ! hole mu/ be c>efully made--! m c>efully 9 proportion to ! sl5d]ness ( ! screw1 z a slim screw is liable to twi/ (f 9 h>d wood unless a suffici5t hole is provid$4 ,brass screws are v apt to d ?is1 & mu* c>e mu/ be us$1 p>ticul>ly ) sl5d] ones 9 h>d wood4 ,if ! hole is a bit too l>ge1 !y w n hold4 ,if a trifle too small1 !y w twi/ (f1 :i* is v annoy+1 especially 9 su* cases z h+e-screws1 = in/ance1 :]e ! place = ! screws _c well be *ang$4 ,! hole %\ld be some:at small] ?an ! diamet] ( ! screw4 ,9 good-siz$ pieces ( s(t wood !re is frequ5tly no ne$ ( any hole4 ,9 r\gh "w1 especially 9 s(t wood1 ! screws may be p\nd$ "p way ) ! hamm]1 driv+ !m home ) ! screw-driv]4 ,"s !oretical workman w be q sure to tell y nev] to d su* a ?+ z t1 s be sure to und]/& :at is meant4 ,!oretically !re may be "s loss ( hold+ p[] by t process1 b practically ! screws w hold j z well = ! cases 9 :i* y are advis$ to d t way4 ,judgm5t mu/ be us$ ab\t all su* ?+s & !ories are only ( value :5 us$ by ! light ( common-s5se4 ,= example1 if y are screw+ ! top on a mahogany table or fram+ a nice boat nev] ?9k ( us+ a hamm] to />t y\r screws1 b if y are putt+ cleats on an old %$ door or screw+ up a pack+-case d n sp5d an h\r & a lot ( /r5g? driv+ screws all ! way ) a screw-driv] :5 y c d ! "w 9 half an h\r by driv+ ! screws ?ree qu>t]s ( ! way 9 ) ! hamm]4 ,good practical workm5 are j z c]ta9 to use ! hamm] 9 su* cases z !y are c>eful n to use x = nice "w or :]e ! full hold+ p[] ( ! screw is ne$$4 ,flat-head$ screws almo/ always %\ld be c\nt]sunk 7see ,c\nt]s9k71 = neatness if = no o!r reason1 & 9 h>d wood y %\ld cut ! depression = ! head ( ! screw ) ! regul> c\nt]s9k made = ! purpose4 ,?is %\ld be done = nice "w 9 s(t wood :]e a good surface is requir$1 b = common "w 9 s(t wood !re is no ne$1 z a rule1 = ! head ( ! screw w s9k itself easily until flu% ) ! surface4 ,if a screw hole requires to be mov$ a little1 b n f> en\gh s t a new hole c be bor$ )\t ! bit slipp+ into ! old hole1 plug ! old hole ) a wood5 p9 dipp$ 9 glue1 & :5 dry bore ! new hole :]e requir$4 ,see ,screw-driv]4 ,scrib+4--,compasses are (t5 us$ = scrib+ a l9e p>allel to ano!r l9e or surface1 :e!r regul> or irregul>1 9 places :]e ! gauge _c be us$4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y wi% to cut ! edge ( a bo>d to fit ! undulat+ surface %[n 9 ,fig4 #ffg4 ,run ! compasses along ) "o po9t on ! surface & ! o!r mak+ a m>k on ! bo>d1 & ! l9e on ! bo>d w be p>allel ) ! surface4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffg4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ffi4 ,ano!r example is t ( mak+ a table1 b5*1 *air1 horse1 or any f\r-legg$ object /& ev5ly4 ,if x /&s on ?ree legs1 :i* is a common fault & likely to occur 9 y\r fir/ attempts1 d n ha/ily saw "o leg %ort] by guess1 &1 mak+ x too %ort1 saw ano!r & s on until x /&s firmly1 :5 ! top w probably be all out ( level4 ,if !re is any true surface on :i* y c /& ! article 7"r side up71 y c level ! top by w$g+ "u ! legs until ! corn]s ( ! top are equally di/ant f ! surface on :i* ! object /&s4 ,!n sett+ ! compasses at a di/ance equal to t at :i* ! end ( ! %orte/ leg is rais$ 7,fig4 #ffh71 scribe ar\nd ! o!r legs1 :i* c !n be cut (f4#ej ,see also ,w9d+-,/icks & ,m>k+4 ,sett+ ,saws4--,see ,%>p5+4 ,%>p5+4--,be=e attempt+ to %>p5 y\r tools y\rself x w\ld be well to read ! advice giv5 on page #bb "u ,c>e ( ,tools4 ,! g5]al process ( %>p5+ edg$ tools is fir/ to gr9d !m to z ke5 an edge z possible on ! gr9d/one1 or ! em]y-:eel1 !n to smoo? d[n ! co>se edge left by ! gr9d/one by rubb+ on a f9e /one ) oil or wat]1 & f9ally /ropp+ on lea!r4 ,! gr9d/one mu/ be kept wet :ile gr9d+ or ! heat caus$ by ! friction ( ! tool on ! dry /one w ru9 ! temp] ( ! /eel4 ,besides1 ! wat] c>ries (f ! wa/e p>ticles ( /one & /eel4 ,/& on ! side t[>ds :i* ! top ( ! /one turns4 ,! tool c be gr\nd ) ! /one turn+ f y1 &1 9 fact1 ?is usually seems ! natural way to a novice1 b x is usually m difficult to gr9d uni=mly 9 t way & too ?9 an edge 7a wire-edge1 ragg$ b n %>p7 is apt to be produc$1 ! removal ( :i* is difficult )\t fur!r damag+ ! edge & delay+ ! f9al %>p5+4 ,to gr9d ! po9t ( a knife1 x c be mov$ back & =? l5g?ways ) a curv+ motion1 :ile re/+ flat on ! gr9d/one1 & to gr9d ! /raight "p ( ! blade1 x c be all[$ to be> v slightly h>d] ne> ! edge ( ! /one ?an else:]e1 z x is pass$ back & =?4 ,to gr9d a *isel1 grasp ! h&le ) ! "r h&1 hold ! blade 9 ! left h& ) ! f+]s upp]mo/ & ne> ! cutt+-edge4 ,! arms & wri/s %\ld be kept z rigid z possible1 ! =m] at ! sides ( ! body1 s t ! tool may be held firmly aga9/ ! motion ( ! /one4 ,lay ! *isel ) slight pressure q flatly on ! /one & !n raise ! h&le until ! bevel t\*es ! /one4 ,z y gr9d keep mov+ ! tool sl[ly back & =? across ! /one1 :i* helps keep ! edge ( ! tool /raight & prev5ts ! /one be+ worn away too mu* 9 "o place4 ,use pl5ty ( wat]4 ,! common way ( hold+ ! tool on ! /one is ! "o j describ$1 b x c also be held at "r angles to ?is position1 s t1 9 ! case ( a *isel1 = in/ance1 ! gr9d+ action ( ! /one in/ead ( be+ f ! edge t[>d ! h&le is f side to side ( ! blade4 ,! tool is gr\nd quick] & easi] by ?is means1 & x is a good way to r$uce ! edge to %ape1 f9i%+ ! gr9d+ by ! regul> me?od4 ,y w see t ! curvature ( ! /one w t5d to give ! bevel a slight curve1 9 :atev] position ! tool is held1 :i* is advantage\s 9 ! common way ( gr9d+4 ,:5 held s t ! /one gr9ds f side to side ( ! blade ! tool mu/ be cont9ually turn$ a little 9 ! h& s t ea* "p ( ! edge w be> 9 turn on ! /one1 z1 ! tool edge be+ flat1 & ! surface ( ! /one r\nd+1 ! tool w\ld o!rwise be gr\nd holl[+4 ,x is h>d] to hold ! tool 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 )\t its slipp+ or mak+ nicks or grooves 9 ! /one1 & y _h be/ le>n to gr9d 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,try to gr9d squ>ely across ! *isel--t is1 to h ! cutt+-edge at "r angles to ! l5g?ways edge ( ! tool4 ,apply ! squ>e at int]vals to te/ ! accuracy ( ! gr9d+4 ,! angle = gr9d+ ! bevel ( su* tools z ! *isel is ab\t tw5ty-five degrees1 b :5 us$ = v h>d wood ! angle %\ld be slightly great]1 or ! edge may be brok54 ,d all ! gr9d+ on ! bevel4 ,d n apply ! flat side ( ! tool to ! gr9d/one4 ,any slight burr or turn+ ov] ( ! edge on ! flat side %\ld be tak5 (f by ! oil-/one4 ,if ! edge is badly nick$ or brok51 y c fir/ /raight5 or gr9d x d[n r\ghly on ! side ( ! /one or by hold+ x ne>ly at "r angles to ! /one--b ) ! latt] turn+ ! o!r way--be=e gr9d+ 9 ! regul> way4 ,to tell :5 ! tool is gr\nd suffici5tly1 hold ! edge 9 front ( y t[>d ! light4 ,if ! edge c be se5 z a bright %9+ l9e x is a sign t ! tool is dull4 ,x w n be %>p until ?is bright l9e has be5 remov$1 & ! edge has become invisible1 = a really ke5 edge _c be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,be> ?is 9 m9d1 z x is ! f9al te/ & ! simple/ way to tell :5 to /op gr9d+4 ,9 gr9d+ on a gr9d/one & 9 rubb+ on an oil-/one1 ! great difficulty is to keep ! same angle betwe5 ! tool & ! /one1 z ! natural t5d5cy 9 mov+ ! tool is to rock x back & =? & ?us alt] ! angle betwe5 ! blade & ! /one4 ,an arrangem5t c be b\ght :i* pres]ves ! desir$ angle )\t ef=t on ! "p ( ! gr9d]4 ,a little +5uity w enable y to rig up a guide or gauge ) a piece ( bo>d :i* w enable y to replace ! tool on ! gr9d/one at ! same angle4 ,! plane-iron is %>p5$ 9 ! same way z ! *isel1 only1 be+ wid] ?an mo/ ( ! *isels y are likely to use1 x requires m c>e to %>p54 ,! plane-irons c be gr\nd to a some:at m acute angle ?an ! *isels1 al?\gh ! jack-plane1 :i* is us$ = r\gh "w1 may require m /r5g? at ! edge4 ,9 rubb+ ! edge ^u ! oil-/one1 d n attempt to smoo? d[n ! :ole bevel made by ! gr9d/one1 b fir/ lay ! tool lightly on ! /one z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fgj;a1 !n raise ! h&le until ! upp] "p ( ! bevel is v slightly rais$1--b>ely en\gh to cle> ! /one 7,fig4 #fgj;b71--& !n proce$ ) ! :ett+1 ?us mak+ a second or little bevel at ! edge 7,fig4 #fga74 ,! tool mu/ be mov$ back & =? v /eadily or in/ead ( a second bevel ! :ole edge w be r\nd$ 7,fig4 #fgb7 & w n h ! requisite ke5ness4 ,! angle ( ?is second bevel is usually ab\t t5 degrees great] ?an ! long bevel1 or ?irty-five degrees1 al?\gh ! angles ( %>p5+ %\ld be v>i$ slightly accord+ to ! h>dness ( ! wood & ! k9d ( "w to be done2 b :]e y h only few tools & mu/ use !m = all k9ds ( "w y _c always1 z a practical matt]1 pay mu* reg>d to su* v>iations1 z ( c\rse y _c keep regr9d+ y\r tools e "t y beg9 on a new piece ( wood4 ,j h[ acute to make ! edge y mu/ le>n by exp]i5ce1 accord+ to ! conditions ( y\r "w4 ,an edge suitable = delicate "w 9 :ite-p9e w\ld be imm$iately ru9$ if us$ ^u lignum-vit4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fga4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgb4 ,any little wire edge :i* is produc$ on ! flat side by ! process ( rubb+ on ! oil-/one c be remov$ by draw+ ! flat side ( ! iron ov] ! /one once1 b be sure t y d n raise ! h&le at all1 z ! slighte/ bevel on ! flat side ( ! edge w spoil x4 ,aft] ! tool has be5 %>p5$ a good _m times on ! oil-/one ?is small] bevel 7! oil-/one bevel1 s to speak7 w become s wide t x is a wa/e ( "t & /r5g? to rub x d[n4 ,! *isel mu/ !n be regr\nd & a new bevel made on ! oil-/one4 ,x is a good plan to h a sep>ate /one or slip = ! outside bevel ( g\ges1 because x is s h>d to avoid rubb+ holl[s 9 ! /one1 :i* injures x = ! o!r tools4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 also ) v n>r[ or po9t$ tools le/ ! /one be groov$ or nick$4 ,g\ges c be rubb$ at "r angles ) ! /one1 roll+ ! tool ) ! left h&1 or by ! use ( a slip !y c be rubb$ z describ$ bel[4 ,= rubb+ g\ges on ! inside1 i4e41 on ! concave surface1 r\nd$ pieces ( /one1 call$ slips1 are us$4 ,^! c be b\ght ( v>i\s sizes & %apes to fit ! v>i\s curves4 ,d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t y mu/ try to f9d a slip t w fit ea* g\ge z exactly z if x _h be5 %ap$ by ! g\ge itself4 ,! curve ( ! slip may be a little quick] or %>p] ?an t ( ! tool1 b mu/ n be flatt] or ( c\rse x _c be made to be> on all p>ts ( ! curve4 ,9 rubb+ ) ! slip1 hold ! tool upright 9 ! h& & rub ! slip up & d[n1 mov+ ! slip & n ! tool4 ,if y re/ ! tool aga9/ ! b5*1 x w /eady x & also avoid any probability ( y\r f+] slipp+ on to ! edge4 ,! m common outside g\ges are n rubb$ on ! inside1 except ! m]e/ t\* ( ! slip to remove any wire edge or burr4 ,! draw-knife is also rubb$ ) a flat slip1 9 ! same mann]1 re/+ x on ! b5*4 ,9 rubb+ ! knife on ! oil-/one give x a circul> motion r ?an simply back & =?1 p>ticul>ly = ! po9t4 ,! /raight "p c be all[$ to be> a little m heavily ne> ! edge ( ! /one z x is pass$ back & =?4 ,x is mu* ! be/ way to %>p5 tools frequ5tly1 z soon z !y beg9 to get dull1 :5 !y w require b little rubb+ on ! /one1 r ?an to let !m get into su* condition t x is a long & h>d job to :et !m2 & ( c\rse ! m c>eful y are to keep !m %>p1 ! bett] "w y w d4 ,to te/ ! %>pness ( y\r tools1 cut across ! gra9 ( a piece ( s(t p9e wood4 ,if ! cut is clean & smoo?1 ! tools are %>p1 b if ! cut is r\gh or ! wood torn1 fur!r %>p5+ is ne$$4 ,! reason = us+ s(t wood1 :i* at fir/ ?\ght might n seem to require z ke5 an edge z h>d wood1 is because ! fibr\s /ructure ( ! s(t wood1 be+ m yield+1 (f]s less resi/ance to ! tool & s is torn or cru%$ ap>t except by a v ke5 edge1 :ile ! firm] /ructure ( ! h>d wood c be cut smoo?ly by a tool :i* w\ld te> ! s(t wood4 ,! diff]5ce is some:at l t betwe5 cutt+ a fre% loaf ( bread or cake & a /ale "o4 ,! edge left by ! oil-/one c be improv$ by /ropp+ on a piece ( lea!r on :i* a little pa/e ( l>d & em]y or "s simil> composition has be5 spread4 ,?is is bett] ?an to /rop knives & o!r tools on y\r boots4 ,any piece ( lea!r su* z b>b]s use1 or ev5 a piece f an old boot1 w answ]4 ,= flat edges see t ! /rop re/s on a flat surface1 s z n to t5d to r\nd ! edge1 z x may d if held c>elessly 9 ! h&4 ,see ,oil-/one & ,/rop4 ,saw ,fil+ is p>ticul>ly h>d = boys & amateurs to d satisfactorily & y are advis$ n to und]take x until y h become q famili> ) ! use ( tools1 = x does n ne$ to be done v (t51 co/s b little1 & !re are v few places :]e y _c get x done4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& ! !ory ( sett+ & fil+ saw tee?1 b to fix a saw 9 really good %ape is h>d = an amateur1--& = t matt] y w f9d b a small proportion ( good workm5 :o are exp]ts 9 saw fil+4 ,ev5 9 v small villages !re is almo/ always "s me*anic :o has ! knack ( putt+ saws 9 ord] bett] ?an anyone else & :o !re=e makes q a bus9ess ( su* "w & p br+ _! saws to him f all ! c\ntry r\nd1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be able to fix !m tol]ably well !mselves1 s great is ! advantage 9 ! quality ( ! "w & ! sav+ ( "t 9 hav+ a saw 9 p]fect condition4 ,y _h be/ d ! same1 & h y\r saws fix$ :5ev] !y get dull4 ,! exp5se is b slight1 & !re is no?+ t w conduce m to good "w1 & to y\r own success & satisfaction1 ?an to h y\r tools 9 fir/-rate work+ ord]4 ,:5 y get to ! po9t ( fil+ & sett+ y\r saws y are advis$ to take a lesson f a good saw-fil]4 ,!re are few p]sons s situat$ t !y _c d ?is1 or at lea/ wat* someone g ?r\gh ! process1 & ?us le>n mu* m readily ?an by read+ ab\t ! process 9 a book4 ,9 fact1 x is "o ( ^? ?+s t x is s h>d to le>n f a book t m]ely a few rem>ks on ! subject are giv5 "h4 ,! saw is firmly fa/5$ 9 a saw-clamp1 expressly = ! purpose1 s t x w n %ake or rattle4 ,! tee? are jo9t$1 or r$uc$ to ! same level1 by lightly pass+ ! flat side ( a file ov] _! po9ts1 l5g?ways ( ! saw4 ,! saw c also be jo9t$ along ! sides aft] fil+1 b ?is is frequ5tly omitt$4 ,= a cross-cutt+ saw ! file 7a triangul> saw-file7 is held at an angle ) ! blade dep5d+ ^u ! p>ticul> =m ( too? adopt$1 z y w see by exam9ation4 ,! h&le be+ grasp$ 9 ! "r h&1 ! po9t ( ! file %\ld be held betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h& 7,fig4 #ebf74 ,! file mu/ be pu%$ across ) an ev51 /raight /roke1 )\t any rock+ or up & d[n motion1 pressure be+ appli$ only on ! =w>d or pu%+ /roke1 ! tool be+ drawn back v lightly or lift$ entirely on ! back /roke4 ,! fil+ is begun at "o end ( ! saw1 fil+ only ! tee? :i* b5d away f y 7i4e41 e alt]nate too?71 c>efully keep+ ! file at ! prop] angle1 press+ only on ! too? y are fil+1 b keep+ ! tool lightly t\*+ ! adjac5t too?1 & mak+ all[ance = ! fact t :5 y file ! alt]nate set ! pass+ file w take (f a little f ! tee? fir/ fil$4 ,! saw is !n turn$ ar\nd & ! process repeat$ ) ! o!r tee?4 ,if y look l5g?ways along ! edge ( a panel-saw t has be5 prop]ly fil$ & set1 an angul> tr\gh or groove w be se5 along ! :ole l5g?1 s t y c slide a ne$le along 9 x f "o end ( ! saw to ! o!r4 ,! ripp+-saw is usually fil$ squ>ely across ! saw 7at "r-angles to ! blade71 z y w see at once on exam9ation ( ! tee? 7,figs4 #fed & #fee71 b sometimes at a m acute angle4 ,! tee? are set by b5d+ e o!r too? outw>d1 fir/ sett+ ^? on "o side & !n ^? on ! o!r4 ,y %\ld d ?is ) "s "o ( ! v>i\s adju/able too?-sett+ contrivances sold = ! purpose1 z x requires a skill$ workman to set tee? 9 any o!r way1 & any attempt on y\r "p to d s )\t "s in/rum5t adju/$ to ! purpose w probably result 9 damag+ ! saw4 ,= s(t & loose-fibr$ wood m set is ne$$ ?an = h>d wood1 because ! fibres1 :i* are q cleanly cut or brok5 9 ! h>d wood1 9 ! m yield+ s(t wood are b5t aside by ! tee? to close 9 ^u ! blade ) consid]able b9d+ =ce2 & less set is requir$ by f9e "w ?an = co>se4 ,! angles & po9ts ( saw tee? c be m acute = s(t ?an = h>d wood4 ,to %>p5 ! scrap] y mu/ h a %>p5] or burni%]4 ,! edge ( a *isel or any piece ( v h>d /eel c be us$ aft] a fa%ion1 b x is bett] to h a regul> tool = ! purpose1 :i* c be made easily f an old ?ree-corn]$ file1 su* z is us$ = fil+ saws1 by gr9d+ (f ! tee? & slightly r\nd+ ! angles on ! gr9d/one until ! :ole tool is smoo?4 ,two opposite edges ( ! scrap] are gr\nd or fil$ & ! edge !n turn$ ov] by ! burni%]4 ,"s workm5 gr9d ! edges ) an obtuse bevel & use only "o angle ( ea* edge4 ,o!rs gr9d ! edges squ>e & use bo? angles ( ea* edge4 ,! bevel gives a slightly ke5] scrap+ edge ?an to gr9d ! /eel squ>e1 b x requires m frequ5t %>p5+ & ! squ>$ edge turn$ ov] on bo? sides is likely to be m satisfactory4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgc4 ,fir/ gr9d or file ! two opposite edges squ>ely across & slightly r\nd ea* corn] to prev5t scrat*+ ! wood4 ,if !re is a burr at ! edge x c be remov$ by rubb+ ! scrap] lightly on ! oil-/one1 b ?is is advisable only = f9al scrap+ ( v f9e "w4 ,hav+ ?us got ! edge at "r angles & smoo?1 lay ! scrap] flat on its side ne> ! edge ( ! b5* & rub ! burni%] back & =? a few times 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #fgc1 :i* is almo/ flat on ! scrap]4 ,?is rubb+ b5ds a little ( ! /eel ov] ! edge4 ,d ?is on ea* opposite edge ( ! two sides1 giv+ f\r edges ?us curl$ ov]4 ,next1 hold+ ! scrap] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fgd1 draw ! burni%] ) a firm1 ev5 /roke1 once or twice1 l5g?ways ( ! edge1 z %[n4 ,! scrap] c be laid flat on ! b5*1 if pref]r$1 slightly project+ ov] ! edge4 ,notice t ! tool %\ld be drawn ) a slightly end to end motion1 z %[n1 :i* helps turn ! edge4 ,?is turns a f9e scrap+ edge1 :i* w take (f %av+s4 ,all f\r edges are treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,aft] "o edge gets dull1 use ano!r4 ,:5 all f\r are dull1 re%>p5 ) ! burni%] z be=e1 )\t gr9d+ or fil+ ! edge4 ,?is c be done a few times1 b soon ! edges w get worn (f & r\nd$1 & ! scrap] !n ne$s refil+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgd4 ,%ellac4--,see ,f9i%+4 ,%ell-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,%elves4--,examples ( %elves fitt$ p]man5tly into place are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,x4 7on ,furniture74 ,removable %elves c mo/ easily be fitt$ to re/ on cleats screw$ to ! sides ( ! space1 b ?is arrangem5t does n always look v well & ! position ( ! %elves _c be *ang$ s readily z by us+ screw-eyes driv5 into ! sides "u ! %elves 7,fig4 #fge71 recesses ( ! "r %ape be+ cut on ! "u side ( ! %elves s t ! screw-eyes w be sunk & n be conspicu\s4 ,! position ( ! %elves c quickly be *ang$ by screw+ ! supports high] or l[] z may be requir$4 ,p9s & o!r contrivances to fit 9 a s]ies ( holes c be b\ght = ?is purpose4 ,a common way to adju/ %elves is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fgf4 ,! con/ruction is obvi\s4 ,! v]tical /rips c be laid on edge side by side1 clamp$ toge!r1 & ! not*es laid out & cut z if !re 7 b "o piece4 ,:]e a circul> saw is available ! not*es are cut on ! side ( a n>r[ piece ( bo>d :i* is !n saw$ into ! desir$ /rips or rat*ets4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fge4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgf4 ,%oot+-,bo>d4--,! %oot+-bo>d is v useful = jo9t+ edges1 p>ticul>ly = %ort1 ?9 /ock4 ,! c>p5t] or cab9et-mak] w make y "o = a mod]ate price1 or y c make "o y\rself z soon z y become a good en\gh workman 7see page #ic74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgg4 ,to use x1 ! bo>d to be jo9t$ is laid flat on ! rais$ "p ( ! %oot+-bo>d1 :]e x is firmly held ) ! left h&1 ) ! end ( ! bo>d press+ aga9/ ! /op ( ! %oot+-bo>d1 & ! edge to be jo9t$ lapp+ ov] ! edge ( ! rais$ "p4 ,! plan+ is done ) ! plane ly+ on its side on ! l[] "p ( ! %oot+-bo>d 7,fig4 #fgg74 ,! cutt+-edge ( ! plane ?us be+ at "r angles ) ! surface ( ! bo>d1 ! edge w be plan$ squ>ely across4 ,! %oot+-bo>d %\ld be fa/5$ on ! b5* 9 "s way1 to prev5t x f slipp+ ar\nd4 ,atta*m5ts to keep ! sole ( ! plane at "r angles to ! surface ( ! piece c be _h at any h>dw>e /ore1 & s]ve ! same purpose z a %oot+-bo>d = ?ick /ock1 b n equally well = ?9 pieces4 ,y c rev]se ! sides ( two pieces to be jo9t$ = glu+1 z describ$ on page #djf1 giv+ a jo9t l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #fgh 7:i* is exagg]at$74 ,! iron ( ! plane is sometimes purposely set to project unev5ly beyond ! sole4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgh4 ,if y h _m jo9ts to make1 y c h ! edges jo9t$ at slight exp5se at any wood-work+ mill on a plan] made = ! purpose4 ,see ,jo9t+4 ,smoo?+-,plane4--,see ,plane4 ,smoo?+ ,surfaces4--,see ,plane1 ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]4 ,splices4--,see ,jo9ts & ,splices4 ,spl9e4--,a flexible /rip1 us$ z a rul]1 = draw+ curves4 ,see ,m>k+4 ,splitt+-,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,splitt+ ,wood4--,we h se5 h[ a log 9 dry+ cracks along ! radial l9es 7page #ca71 ?us %[+ ! natural l9es ( cleavage or sep>ation 9 ! direction ( ! m$ull>y rays1 t is1 radiat+ f ! c5tre4 ,f ?is we see t ! wood w1 ( c\rse1 split mo/ easily & smoo?ly on ! radial l9es4 ,l all wood-*opp]s y c (t5 make practical use ( ?is fact 9 splitt+ wood ) a knife or *isel1 or 9 splitt+ fuel ) an axe4 ,! next easie/ way to split wood is z ne>ly z may be on ! l9e ( ! annual r+s1 or tang5tial to ! l9e ( ! m$ull>y rays1 9 ! same direction z :5 ! lay]s sep>ate 9 =m+ cup %akes 7see ,app5dix74 ,?is way is sometimes easi] ?an to rive a /\t log ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,spoke%ave4--,! spoke-%ave is v useful = smoo?+ small curv$ & irregul> surfaces4 ,metal spoke-%aves ( v>i\s patt]ns c be b\ght ) v>i\s adju/m5ts = diff]5t curves1 etc4 ,also a univ]sal spoke-%ave c be _h1 ) movable h&les & deta*able bottoms :i* c be adapt$ = curv$ or /raight "w1 & a wid? gauge by means ( :i* x c be us$ = rabbet+4 ,! spoke-%ave is a v useful tool & works ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple z ! plane1 b lack+ ! long flat sole ( ! plane is us$ only = irregul> surfaces1 :i* its %ort & sometimes curv$ face enables x to smoo? ) great ease4 ,x also acts on ! same pr9ciple z a draw-knife ) ! addition ( a guid+ /ock4 ,x be>s some:at ! same relation to ! draw-knife t ! plane does to ! *isel4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fgi4 ,grasp ! tool firmly1 be>+ d[nw>d ) bo? h&s & press+ =w>d ) ! ?umbs1 pu%+ ! tool f y s z to cut l a plane 7,fig4 #fgi74 ,( c\rse x c also be drawn t[>ds y :5 ! circum/ances ( ! "w r5d] x advisable4 ,see ,p>+ & ,%>p5+4 ,spoon-,bit4--,see ,bits4 ,squ>e4--,?is tool is "o ( ! mo/ useful 9 ! li/1 = ! importance ( hav+ y\r "w squ>e c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! try-squ>e %\ld h a metal /rip on ! inside edge ( ! wood5 arm1 head1 or beam1 or ! h&le c be :olly ( metal4 ,get a m$ium-siz$ try-squ>e 7#i- or #aj-;in* blade is good7 r ?an a v small "o1 z x is mu* m useful2 & a graduat$ scale1 l a rule1 on ! blade is sometimes s]viceable4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhj4 ,! prim>y use ( ?is tool is to te/ or try ! accuracy ( "r-angl$ "w--h5ce ! "n4 ,! "o special po9t to be> 9 m9d 9 us+ x = ?is purpose is to be sure t ! head or beam is press$ firmly aga9/ ! edge or side to :i* x is appli$1 det]m9+ ! accuracy ( ! angle by ! position ( ! blade 7,fig4 #fhj74 ,y w also use ! try-squ>e cont9ually = m>k+ /raight l9es across bo>ds or timb]s at "r angles to "o side or "o edge 7,fig4 #fha74 ,9 us+ x = ?is purpose be sure n m]ely to press ! head ( ! squ>e firmly aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d1 b to keep x securely 9 ! same position4 ,:5 ! blade is plac$ correctly on ! giv5 po9t d ! m>k+ z by any /raight-edge4 ,ano!r way is to place ! po9t ( ! p5cil or knife directly on ! giv5 po9t & slide ! squ>e along until x be>s on ! p5cil or knife4 ,!n1 keep+ ! head ( ! squ>e firmly aga9/ ! edge1 ! l9e c be drawn along ! blade4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fha4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhb4 ,! try-squ>e sometimes is made ) ! end ( ! head or beam next ! blade cut on a bevel4 ,by plac+ ?is bevel aga9/ ! edge a try-squ>e ( ?is con/ruction c also be us$ z a mitre-squ>e 7,fig4 #fhb74 ,if y buy a second-h& squ>e1 or if a squ>e has be5 wr5*$1 y c te/ its accuracy by m>k+ a l9e ) x across a surface f a /raight edge1 !n turn+ ! squ>e ov] & repeat+ ! op]ation2 ! two l9es %\ld co9cide4 ,b ! edge f :i* y rule mu/ be p]fectly /raight1 or ! te/ w be ( no value4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y buy new squ>es made by ! be/ mak]s !y w be z accurate z any te/ y c apply to !m4 ,beg9n]s1 p>ticul>ly "y beg9n]s1 are v apt to be s engross$ 9 mak+ ! l9e along ! blade t !y =get to keep ! head 9 position1 or let x slip1 :5 ! blade w ( c\rse cease to be at "r angles ) ! edge or side 7,fig4 #fhc74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhc4 ,! fram+-squ>e1 /eel-squ>e1 or l>ge two-foot c>p5t]'s squ>e1 is a v useful & important tool2 n m]ely = fram+ & l>ge1 heavy "w b also = small "w1 & x is ( great value 9 _m me*anical op]ations4 ,ev5 an iron squ>e is v useful1 b a nickel-plat$ /eel-squ>e is ! be/1 z ! figures are m di/9ct & x is less likely to ru/4 ,! long arm makes a good /raight-edge4 ,see also page #aha4 ,/a9+4--,:5 y /a9 wood1 d x = ! sake ( ! col\r1 pres]v+ ! beauty ( ! gra91 & n to try to imitate a m exp5sive wood4 ,x is bett]1 z a rule1 to use good wood ( a h&some col\r & leave x z x is to mell[ ) age ?an to /a9 or col\r x1 b !re are times :5 y w wi% to /a9 wood4 ,! ma9 po9t to be> 9 m9d = successful /a9+ is to col\r ! wood itself1 n to put on a sup]ficial coat ( col\r$ v>ni%4 ,= in/ance1 ! fumes ( ammonia 7or ! liquid itself7 w give oak 9 a v %ort "t ! same d>k col\r :i* ! ammonia 9 ! air w produce aft] ye>s ( exposure4 ,?is is a natural process--m]ely anticipat+ ! *ange caus$ by "t4 ,!re are a numb] ( ways ( /a9+ dep5d5t ^u su* *emical processes c>ri$ on 9 ! wood itself4 ,^! ways are ! be/1 z y c readily see4 ,hav+ got ! "r col\r1 ! wood c be oil$1 %ellack$1 v>ni%$1 or wax$ 9 ! usual way4 ,by ?is me?od ! natural gra9 ( ! wood is n obscur$4 ,9 fact1 ! figure ( ! gra9 is sometimes made m conspicu\s4 ,ano!r way is to wa% ! wood ) "s ?9 /a9 ( ! desir$ col\r1 aft] :i* y c f9i% 9 ! usual way4 ,?is is a good me?od1 = ! wood itself is col\r$ to "s di/ance bel[ ! surface1 & aft] x is f9i%$ x w take consid]able bruis+ to expose its orig9al col\r4 ,?is me?od also sometimes enhances ! beauty ( ! gra94 ,! poore/ way to /a91 b a v common "o ) amateurs & 9 *eap "w1 is1 in/ead ( /a9+ ! wood itself1 to cov] ! surface ) col\r$ v>ni% or %ellac4 ,?is is (t5 ! *eape/ & quicke/ way ( gett+ a desir$ col\r1 b x is decid$ly ! poore/ way4 ,( c\rse1 no coat+ ( col\r put on outside c be z durable z col\r imb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! wood itself1 & sc>r+ or injury to ! coat+ exposes ! orig9al col\r b5ea?4 ,besides ?is1 ! gra9 & "* ( ! wood are necess>ily obscur$ by a col\r$ coat+4 ,wood f9i%$ 9 ?is way almo/ always has a *eap1 artificial look1 & y c usually detect ! fraud at a glance4 ,!re are _m *eap v>ni% /a9s or col\r$ v>ni%es1 b y w d well to avoid !m1 unless = ! *eape/ & poore/ "w4 ,!re are two ?+s y w wi% to d 9 /a9+4 ,"o is simply to d>k5 or enri* ! natural col\r ( ! wood1 s z to give x at once ! ri*1 deep1 mell[ tone produc$ by age4 ,?is is always ! be/ way to d :5 x w give ! col\r y want4 ,b if y want to *ange ! col\r entirely--to make p9e wood r$ or gre51 or *]ry black1 y mu/ use "s *emical process t w develop a new col\r 9 ! wood1 or mu/ apply a regul> /a94 ,raw l9se$ oil alone1 well rubb$ 9 & all[$ to /& be=e apply+ %ellac or v>ni%1 w deep5 & br+ out ! natural col\r+ 9 "t z well z any?+ else1 b x takes a good :ile4 ,repeat$ applications1 ea* ?or\ghly rubb$ 9 & ! excess rubb$ (f1 & aft] /&+ "s days or weeks1 giv5 a light rubb+ d[n ) f9e s&pap]1 !n ano!r oil+1 & s on1 w 9 "t give a surface ( beautiful col\r1 z well z a s(t & attractive lu/re4 ,b to c>ry out ?is process may take mon?s1 s t y w n be v likely to practise x2 b y see ! result sometimes on old wood5 tool-h&les & plane-/ocks :i* h be5 s treat$4 ,if y d n c>e ab\t deep5+ ! col\r greatly1 "o or two applications1 all[$ to /& a week or two be=e f9i%+1 w (t5 be suffici5t & w make a great diff]5ce 9 ! looks ( y\r "w1 & take (f t raw1 fre% look peculi> to rec5tly cut wood4 ,if y\r "w is su* t y c def] ! %ellac+ = a ye> or s1 z 9 ! case ( "s pretty piece ( furniture to rema9 9 ! h\se1 !re is no way y c develop ! ri*ness ( ! wood bett] ?an to oil x & let x /& to mell[1 ) occasional applications ( oil & rubb+ d[n4 ,!n f9ally rub d[n ) f9e s&pap] & %ellac 9 ! usual way4 ,to ha/5 ! process we mu/ apply some?+ /rong] ?an oil4 ,if ! "w is ( oak1 %ut x up 9 a box or tight closet1 ) a di% ( /rong ammonia on ! floor4 ,d n /ay 9 ! box or closet y\rself1 z x is dang]\s4 ,a simpl] way is to wa% ! "w ) ! ammonia1 m ?an once if necess>y4 ,h ! room well v5tilat$ :5 y d ?is1 & d n inhale m ( ! fumes ?an necess>y4 ,wett+ ! wood is sometimes a disadvantage1 h[ev]1 9 glu$-up "w1 & x raises ! gra91 :i* mu/ be rubb$ d[n ) f9e s&pap] be=e f9i%+4 ,to deep5 ! col\r ( mahogany or *]ry1 simply wa% x ) lime-wat] 7a simple solution ( common lime 9 wat]7 z _m times z may be necess>y1 :i* is *eap & effective4 ,aft] ?is process1 ?or\ghly clean out all cracks & corn]s be=e s&pap]+1 = p>ticles ( ! lime :i* may be deposit$ w spoil ! appe>ance ( ! "w :5 f9i%$4 ,?is process pres]ves ! natural appe>ance ( ! wood4 ,! only drawback is ! necessity ( gett+ ! "w s wet4 ,"s days %\ld be all[$ = ! wat] to evaporate be=e %ellack+4 ,to get a d>k] %ade1 apply 9 ! same way a solution ( bi*romate ( pota% 9 wat]4 ,:itewood takes /a9s f9ely--mu* bett] ?an p9e4 ,oak w /a9 almo/ any col\r1 b ! individuality ( ! wood--! "* ( its gra9 & /ructure--is s /rongly m>k$ t x is poor ta/e to attempt to /a9 x to imitate o!r woods4 ,if y /a9 x1 /a9 x j z y w\ld pa9t x1 simply = ! col\r4 ,a good way = indoor "w1 su* z a piece ( furniture or any?+ ( ! sort y may wi% to col\r1 is to mix dry pigm5ts ) japan & !n ?9 ! mixture ) turp5t9e1 or turp5t9e alone c be us$4 ,aft] ! "w is col\r$ 9 ?is way put on a c\ple ( coats ( v>ni%4 ,= outside "w y c use oil4 ,?is is a *eap way & we>s well4 ,x applies only to ! *eap] woods :i* y d n c>e to leave ( ! natural col\r4 ,= black inside "w y c use ivory-black1 gr\nd 9 japan & ?9n$ ) turp5t9e4 ,ivory-black or bone-black are sup]ior to lampblack1 b ! latt] w d v well = mo/ purposes4 ,dragon's blood 9 alcohol is us$ to give a col\r simil> to mahogany4 ,alkanet root 9 raw l9se$ oil w give a w>m & mell[ hue to mahogany or *]ry4 ,!re is an almo/ endless numb] ( recipes = /a9+1 b su* o!rs z y ne$ y c le>n f "s f9i%] or pa9t]1 = ! limits ( ?is book d n all[ full] treatm5t ( s ext5sive a subject4 ,/eel-,squ>e4--,see ,squ>e4 ,/eel-,wool4--,long1 f9e /eel %av+s done up 9 bundles c be us$ in/ead ( s&pap] = "s purposes4 ,!re are v>i\s degrees ( f95ess4 ,?is is good = clean+ (f pa9t & = smoo?+ curv$ surfaces1 b %\ld n be us$ until all "w ) ! edge-tools is done1 because ( ! p>ticles ( ! metal4 ,x c be us$ = rubb+ d[n 9 f9i%+4 ,/raight-,b5t ,*isel4--,see ,*isel4 ,/raight-,edge4--,!re are no def9ite dim5sions = a /raight-edge4 ,any piece ( wood t is /raight & conv5i5t to use c be s call$2 ! size & ! l5g? dep5d+ on ! "w = :i* x is to be us$1 f a common rul] to a long bo>d4 ,! edge ( a l>ge c>p5t]'s squ>e is h&y = %ort "w4 ,cle> :ite p9e or /raight-gra9$ mahogany is good = /raight-edges1 b a /raight-edge is n ! easie/ ?+ = a beg9n] to make1 & y w d well to f9d some?+ /raight to use = a :ile until y acquire ! skill to make "o--or get ! c>p5t] to make y "o1 :i* he w d = a v small sum or = no?+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhd4 ,to te/ a /raight-edge1 m>k a l9e by x1 !n turn ! /raight-edge ov] & see if x /ill co9cides ) ! l9e1 or m>k ano!r l9e & see if x co9cides ) ! fir/ "o4 ,try y\r /raight-edges by ?is te/ once 9 a :ile1 z !y are liable to become crook$4 ,9 turn+ ! edge ov]1 h[ev]1 d n rev]se ! ends1 z 9 case ( an undulat+ curvature ! curves may agree & give y ! impression t ! edge is /raight :5 x is n4 ,9 ! fir/ case %[n 9 ,fig4 #fhd 7exagg]at$7 ?is w\ld n happ51 b 9 ! second case 7also exagg]at$7 x might4 ,see ,m>k+4 ,/rop4--,a piece ( h>d1 smoo? lea!r on :i* to /rop y\r tools y c easily procure4 ,x c be fa/5$ on a piece ( wood 7see page #he74 ,spread on x a pa/e ( sweet oil & em]y1 l>d oil & crocus p[d]1 or "s simil> prep>ation4 ,a p9e bo>d on :i* air-du/ has accumulat$ c ev5 be us$4 ,see rem>ks "u ,%>p5+4 ,tacks4--,tacks are sold z "o-ounce1 two-ounce1 & s on accord+ to size4 ,d n use tacks = fa/5+ wood to wood1 b only = fa/5+ lea!r or clo? or ! l to wood4 ,! po9t$ w$ge-%ape ( ! tack t5ds to split ?9 wood1 & is n at all suitable to fa/5 two pieces ( wood toge!r1 p>ticul>ly 9 ?9 wood or ne> ! edge4 ,possibly y may h se5 "s disa/r\s results f ! attempt to tack pieces ( wood toge!r4 ,tape-,measure4--,?is article 7pref]ably ( /eel7 is (t5 useful1 ?\gh n ne>ly z important = an amateur to buy z _m o!r ?+s4 ,t5on4--,see ,mortis+4 ,t5on-,saw4--,see ,saw 7,back-,saw74 ,tool-,racks4--,see page #hc4 ,too!d-,plane4--,see ,plane4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhe4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhf4 ,tru+ ,surfaces4--,to true a curv$ or w>p$ surface1 z ( a bo>d1 lay x on ! b5* ) ! r\nd$ side d[n & w$ge x firmly und]nea? to make x z ne>ly level z possible4 ,!n scribe a l9e ) ! compasses across ea* end ( ! bo>d at ! height ( ! l[e/ po9t ( ! surface 7,fig4 #fhe74 ,cut a depression or k9d ( rabbet at ea* end d[n to ?is l9e 7,fig4 #fhf74 ,next1 by ! use ( w9d+-/icks plac$ on ea* ( ^! rabbets y c easily see :e!r !y are 9 l9e 7see ,w9d+-/icks74 ,alt] ! rabbets if necess>y to get !m 9 l9e4 ,draw l9es on ea* edge connect+ ! bottoms ( ! rabbets1 & plane away ! sup]flu\s wood d[n to ^! l9es4 ,:5 ?is is done ! top ( ! bo>d w be true or 9 ! same plane4 ,te/ x by plac+ ! /raight-edges 9 diff]5t positions on ! surface & sight+ z be=e1 correct+ any errors4 ,"o side ( ! bo>d be+ made true 9 ?is way1 ! o!r c be made p>allel by gaug+ a l9e all ar\nd ! edge1 measur+ by ! ?9ne/ po9t ( ! bo>d1 & plan+ (f ! sup]flu\s wood 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/ side4 ,y c sometimes facilitate ! process ( plan+ (f ! sup]flu\s wood by mak+ cuts ) ! saw & remov+ "p ( x ) ! *isel1 or by plan+ across ! gra9 7! jack-plane is good = ?is purpose71 or p>+ across ! gra9 ) ! *isel1 or any su* me?od1 always be+ c>eful n to cut q z deep z ! int5d$ surface1 s t all ! m>ks & cuts c be remov$ by ! f9al plan+4 ,see ,plane1 & also page #agi4 ,try-,squ>e4--,see ,squ>e4 ,turn+-,saw4--,see ,saw4 ,turp5t9e4--,see ,f9i%+ & ,pa9t+4 ,twi/-,drill4--,! twi/-drill is mu* bett] ?an ! gimlet-bit4 ,x makes a good hole1 bores easily1 is n easily dull$1 c be us$ ^u metal1 & "o k9d 9 common use c be easily kept 9 ord] by simply %>p5+ ! ends4 ,!re are v>i\s patt]ns4 ,a little c>e is necess>y1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly 9 h>d wood1 z !y are liable to be snapp$ by b5d+4 ,see ,bits4 ,v>ni%4--,see ,f9i%+4 ,ve9+-,tool4--,see ,c>v+-,tools4 ,vise4--,see page #fe4 ,= vise = metal-"w1 see page #gj4 ,w>p+1 ,to ,remove4--,( c\rse ! simple/ way to /raight5 a w>p$ bo>d is to put a weight on x1 b ! difficulty "h is t x usually w /ay /raight only :ile ! weight is on x1 unless y leave x long] ?an ! pati5ce ( ! av]age amateur la/s4 ,to d ?is 7or to w>p a /raight bo>d ei!r7 ) "s *ance ( success1 7#a7 heat "o side1 or 7#b7 wet "o side1 or 7#c7 wet "o side & heat ! o!r1 or 7#d7 wet bo? sides & expose "o to ! fire 7,fig4 #fhg74 ,b d n be too sure t ! result w be la/+4 ,sometimes x w & sometimes n4 ,ano!r way is to ?or\ghly soak ! bo>d1 press x into %ape betwe5 clamps or "u a weight1 & leave x until dry2 a week or m is none too long1 & boil+ wat] is bett] ?an cold4 ,simply lay+ a bo>d d[n on a flat surface w (t5 cause x to w>p1 because ! two sides ( ! bo>d w be unequally expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,plan+ (f "o side only1 or plan+ "o side m ?an ! o!r1 (t5 produces ! same effect4 ,see pages #ej-ec & ,app5dix4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhg4 ,w$ges4--,w$ges are 9 con/ant use = lift+ or sep>at+ heavy bodies1 z d\btless y "k1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! w$ge comes 9 9 us+ ! axe1 hat*et1 *isel1 knife1 & ! o!r edge-tools 7see page #be74 ,besides ?is use ( ! w$ge y w (t5 f9d x valuable to tight5 or clamp objects ( v>i\s k9ds1 or to hold !m firmly 9 place4 ,if y wi% to split objects or te> !m ap>t1 use a s+le w$ge1 = ! increas+ ?ickness ( ! w$ge appli$ at "o po9t te>s or splits ! wood ap>t4 ,b if y m]ely wi% to squeeze1 or press1 or hold firmly1 or move1 )\t damag+ ! %ape ( ! wood1 use d\ble w$ges1--t is1 two w$ges hav+ ! same incl9ation or tap] & po9t+ opposite ways4 ,y w see t ! sides ( ! d\ble w$ge 7t is1 ! outsides ( ! w$ges7 w be p>allel no matt] h[ h>d y drive ! sep>ate w$ges1 s t ! pressure w be ex]t$ )\t injur+ or jamm+ ! surfaces aga9/ :i* ! w$ge be>s 7see ,fig4 #ccc74 ,%ort1 fl>+ w$ges d ! "w m quickly1 b require h>d] bl[s to drive1 & are m liable to slip4 ,long1 tap]+ w$ges "w m sl[ly1 m easily1 & are n liable to slip4 ,y w also use w$g+ to secure t5ons & d[els 7see ,mortis+1 etc474 ,:ittl+4--,see ,knife4 ,w9d+-,/icks4--,two /raight-edges1 ea* ( equal wid? ?r\gh\t1 c be laid on edge1 "o across ea* end ( ! surface to be te/$4 ,/& back a little & look across ! top edge ( "o to ! top edge ( ! o!r1 & if ^! edges agree y may "k at once t !re is no w9d+ :]e y h plac$ ! /raight-edges 7,fig4 #fhh74 ,by putt+ !m 9 diff]5t positions y c f9ally det]m9e :e!r ! :ole surface is true or n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhh4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fhi4 ,x is m accurate to use w9d+-/icks consid]ably long] ?an ! wid? ( ! piece to be te/$1 z !n any w>p+ or w9d+ w be exagg]at$ & m easily se5 7,fig4 #fhi74 ,if ! upp] edges ( ! /icks are ?91 or fea!r-edg$1 x is easi] to tell exactly :5 !y are 9 l9e1 b ?is does n ord9>ily matt]1 except 9 "w requir+ extreme accuracy4 ,to f9d1 = example1 :5 ! legs ( a table1 *air1 or ! l are cut s t ! article w /& ev5ly1 turn x ov] ) ! legs /ick+ up1 put /raight-edges on ! ends ( ! legs1 sight across ^! 7,fig4 #fij71 & trim "o or two legs until ! edges are 9 l9e4 ,see ,scrib+ = o!r me?ods4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fij4 ,w>p+ or w9d+ ( %ort pieces c be detect$ by simply lay+ "o /raight-edge diagonally f corn] to corn] 7,fig4 #fia74 ,?is w %[ at once :i* p>ts require to be plan$ to make ! surface true4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fia4 ,)draw+ ,nails4--,:5 )draw+ nails place a block "u ! hamm]-head z %[n 7,fig4 #fib71 us+ m blocks1 if necess>y1 z ! nail is )drawn4 ,to draw ! nails f boxes1 pry up a bo>d1 toge!r ) ! nails1 a %ort di/ance--p]haps #a_/d--;& !n ) a %>p1 quick bl[ ( ! hamm] p\nd ! bo>d back into place1 n /rik+ ! nails b ! bo>d betwe5 !m4 ,?is w usually leave ! nail-heads project+ a little above ! surface1 s t y c draw !m z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fib1 & ?us save splitt+ or defac+ ! bo>ds & b5d+ ! nails1 z usually results f sma%+ or wr5*+ boxes ap>t4 ,! quick bl[ drives ! bo>d back be=e ! motion has "t to communicate itself to ! nails1 on some:at ! same pr9ciple t a bullet makes a r\nd hole 9 a w9d[ pane )\t sma%+ ! glass4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fib4 ,wood-,fill]4--,see ,f9i%+4 ,wr5*4--,a /rong wr5* is (t5 v s]viceable 9 wood-work+ op]ations4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,mortise-*isels ) great ?ickness ( blade 7,fig4 #dhf7 are n likely to break1 & ! wid? ( ! sides be>+ aga9/ ! sides ( ! mortise t5ds to make ! cutt+ m accurate4 #db ,y may be told t p]fect jo9ts d n require mu* clamp+1 b a p]fect jo9t is impossible1 & z a practical matt]1 only ! skill$ workman or ! mo/ accurate ma*9]y c make ev5 a good jo9t ( mu* l5g?1 s great is ! difficulty ( avoid+ little inaccuracies4 ,besides ?is1 !re is always ! liability to m or less spr++ or *ange ( %ape on ! "p ( ! pieces4 ,! jo9t :i* 0 good :5 y /opp$ plan+ may n be z good by ! "t ! glue has set1 p>ticul>ly if ! glu+ does n imm$iately foll[ ! jo9t+4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! pressure f clamp+ at only "o or two po9ts1 or at po9ts too f> ap>t1 may =ce ! jo9t to op5 else:]e4 ,d n inf] f ?is t ev5 ! beg9n] %\ld be cont5t ) a poor jo9t1 ) ! idea t x c be squeez$ & jamm$ to a suffici5tly good fit by apply+ muscle to ! clamps4 ,( c\rse ?is jamm+ or ma%+ ( ! fibres to fit occurs1 to a microscopic degree1 9 ev5 ! be/ jo9t1 & x c sometimes be done to a p]ceptible ext5t ) s(t wood1 b to d ?is int5tionally is v unworkmanlike1 & ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to make z good a jo9t z possible be=e glu+ & apply+ ! clamps4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 flatt] y\rself t y c make s accurate a jo9t t y c af=d to neglect prop] clamp+1 unless1 9 su* cases z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #dhh1 y adopt ! old-fa%ion$ way ( rubb+ ! two edges toge!r & !n leav+ ! re/ to ! glue1 b ?is is n s good a process = ! beg9n]1 except ) small pieces1 su* z corn]-blocks 7see ,corn]-blocks74 ,see ,jo9t+4 #dc ,%ellac is1 /rictly speak+1 a k9d ( v>ni%1 b x is s diff]5t f _m k9ds ( v>ni% 9 common use t x is q commonly spok5 ( z %ellac1 9 contradi/9ction f :at is popul>ly kn[n z v>ni%1 & ! t]m is s us$ "h4 #dd ,9 %ellac+ doors or panel "w1 fir/ %ellac ! panels1 !n ! rails1 & f9ally ! /yles 7see ,fig4 #eje71 because daubs or runs c be wip$ (f & cov]$ bett] :5 y ?us foll[ ! con/ruction ( ! "w4 #de ,z an extreme illu/ration1 x may be int]e/+ to note ! way ! be/ lacqu] "w 7:i* is s durable7 is made by ! ,japanese1 an article be+ giv51 z ,pr(essor ,morse tells u1 "o coat a ye>1 ! f9e/ "w hav+ tw5ty-"o coats & ! arti/ r[+ out to sea = miles ea* "t to make sure t all du/ is avoid$4 #df ,two pieces prop]ly glu$ are (t5 /rong] ?an "o solid piece--t is1 ! glu$ jo9t is /rong] ?an ! wood itself1 z y w probably discov] "s day :5 y h occasion to break ap>t a piece ( good glu+2 b aft] a long "t ! glue is apt to det]iorate 9 adhesive or cohesive =ce1 p>ticul>ly if ! jo9t has n be5 protect$ by pa9t or v>ni%1 s d ! be/ "w y c if y wi% x to la/4 ,nev]!less1 9 important "w x is usually safe/ to take a :ole piece :5 y c1 r ?an glue up two or m pieces1 except 9 cases1 p]haps1 :]e ! matt] ( w>p+1 etc41 is conc]n$1 :5 x may be bett] to build up ! desir$ %ape ( pieces select$ = ! purpose4 #dg ,x may be useful to "k1 al?\gh n suitable "w = ! beg9n]1 t !re is no bett] way to jo9t edges 7to make glu$ jo9ts1 z 9 ,fig4 #eeb7 ?an ) a fir/-class circul> saw1 run by "o :o kn[s h[ to use x4 ,! m9ute r\ghnesses left by ! saw assi/ ! glue to hold1 & z inconspicu\s & /rong jo9ts z possible c be quickly produc$ 9 ?is way by a good workman ) a fir/-class saw1 b d n expect a satisfactory result except "u ^! conditions4 #dh ,?is seems to be ! common op9ion among exp]i5c$ m54 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m pa9t]s ( exp]i5ce :o pref] ! prep>$ liquid pa9t = outside "w1 & x c]ta9ly saves tr\ble4 #di ,x is n a good plan to wipe bru%es on ! %>p edge ( a t9 c1 z x injures ! bri/les4 #ej ,ano!r me?od ( do+ ?is is to f9d a true surface to /& ! legs on & measure ! di/ance ! free leg rises f ! surface--#a = example4 ,d no?+ to t leg1 ( c\rse1 or to ! "o diagonally opposite1 b saw #a_/b f ea* ( ! two o!r legs4 ,suppose1 = example1 ! legs a1 b1 & c t\* 7,fig4 #ffi71 & d rises #c_/d f ! floor4 ,make a & c ea* #c_/h %ort]4 ,( c\rse y _c hit x exactly by ?is me?od1 b a few /rokes ( a tool w f9i% ! "w4 ,,app5dix ,collection ( ,specim5s ( ,wood4--,wa/e pieces ( all ! common woods c easily be obta9$ at ! wood work+ %ops4 ,h "s sy/em ab\t ! size & %ape ( ! specim5s4 ,"s k9ds y may be able to get only 9 pieces ( su* %ape z y c f9d among ! odds & ends ( ! %ops1 & _m r>e =eign & tropical woods y c obta9 only 9 q small pieces1 b ev5 ^! w %[ ! "* ( ! wood & add value to ! collection4 ,wa/e scraps ( v5e]s ( r>e woods c be glu$ on blocks ( p9e4 ,! specim5s w be mo/ valuable if y c get !m out s z to %[ a longitud9al section along ! m$ull>y rays 7or ?r\gh ! he>t71 a longitud9al section at "r angles to ! m$ull>y rays 7or tang5tial to ! annual r+s71 & a cross section 7,fig4 #fic74 ,x w be an advantage also to %[ n only ! he>twood b ! sapwood & b>k4 ,if y _c get su* l>ge pieces ( ev5 ! common woods1 a collection ( small flat blocks w be well wor? mak+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fic4 ,! specim5s w %[ to be/ advantage if poli%$ 7"o half ( ea* side c be poli%$7 or f9i%$ ) a dull lu/re1 & !y w be good objects on :i* to practise f9i%+ 7see ,f9i%+ 9 ,"p ,v474 ,all ! in=mation y c pick up ab\t ! /r5g?1 durability1 t\ghness1 ela/icity1 & uses ( ! v>i\s woods w be sure to come 9 play soon] or lat]4 ,! gradations ( h>dness1 d5sity1 weight1 t\ghness1 ela/icity1 etc41 are almo/ endless4 ,notice1 !re=e1 ! weight1 col\r1 h>dness1 d5sity1 & *>act]i/ic od\r ( ! specim5s2 ! proportion ( he>t to sapwood1 & ! col\r ( ea*2 ! size & condition ( ! pi?2 ! "* ( ! gra91 :e!r co>se or f9e1 close or op5 & por\s2 ! numb]1 arrangem5t1 size1 & col\r ( ! m$ull>y rays 7:5 visible72 ! wid? & "* ( ! annual r+s 7:5 visible71 :e!r wide or n>r[1 ) _m or few ducts or res9 canals4 ,y w f9d _m ?+s to notice 9 "s woods4 ,use a magnify+-glass if y c4 ,notice also ab\t ! b>k4 ,hunt up all ! woody /ems y c1 comp>e ! b>k ( ! diff]5t specim5s1 not+ its col\r1 ta/e1 od\r1 surface1 ?ickness1 & ! diff]5t ways x cracks & is ca/ (f2 & notice h[ easily y c le>n to tell ! common trees by ! b>k alone4 ,sections ( small /ems or bran*es w (t5 %[ ! "* ( ! wood well4 ,note :at y c ab\t ! "* & habits ( ! trees !mselves2 ! height1 diamet]1 age1 & ! %ape & peculi>ities ( ! leaves4 ,9 ?is connection1 a collection ( leaves w also be int]e/+ to make4 ,y c soon le>n to tell ! common trees by _! leaves4 ,notice h[1 9 "s trees1 z ! p9es1 spruces1 firs1 ! /em gr[s "r /raight up to ! top1 =m+ a spire-%ap$ tree4 ,?is is call$ an excurr5t trunk 7,lat41 excurr]e1 to run out74 ,notice h[1 9 o!r trees1 l ! elm1 oak1 etc41 ! /em bran*es aga9 & aga9 until x is lo/ 9 ! bran*es4 ,?is is call$ a deliquesc5t /em 7,lat41 deliquesc]e1 to melt away74 ,/udy ! %ape & arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( trees z %[n 9 outl9e aga9/ ! sky2 be/1 p]haps1 :5 ! leaves are (f4 ,y c le>n to tell ! common trees by _! outl9e4 ,d !y look /\t1 firm1 /rong1 & rugg$1 or delicate1 yield+1 & graceful8 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t y c ?us =m an idea ( ! "* ( ! wood1 z 9 comp>+ ! p9e1 ) its comp>atively light top & sl5d] leaves1 ) ! heavy gr[? :i* ! trunk ( ! oak has to su/a9 9 w9d & sn[4 ,pres]vation ( ,=e/s4--,=e/s are ( great value f _! effect ^u ! climate1 mak+ x m equable4 ,!y t5d to cause abundant & ne$$ ra9fall & to pres]ve ! moi/ure :5 fall51 releas+ x to ! riv]s gradually1 & ?us prev5t+ abnormal fre%ets & extreme dr\ghts4 ,by absorb+ & p>t+ ) heat sl[ly !y cause ! *anges ( temp]ature to be less sudd5 ?an 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,!y temp] ! heat1 & !y s]ve z a protection1 or w9d-break1 to adjac5t l&4 ,trees1 ) o!r vegetation1 are ess5tial to ! purification ( ! air4 ,all ?is is 9 addition to ! obvi\s uses ( supply+ fuel & wood = an almo/ endless v>iety ( purposes1 n to speak ( ! value ( trees = %ade & z features ( ! l&scape4 ,! reckless rate at :i* ! =e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are be+ de/roy$ is becom+ a s]i\s matt]1 n m]ely because ( depriv+ wood-work]s ( ! mat]ials ) :i* to "w1 b because ( ! influ5ce ( ! =e/s ^u ! climate1 ! soil1 etc41 ^u :i* s mu* ( ! welf>e ( mank9d dep5ds4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( de/ruction _m g5]ations _c pass be=e ! supply ( wood w be practically exhau/$4 ,x is e ye> becom+ m difficult to obta9 native lumb] ( ! be/ quality & l>ge size4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s aspects ( ! matt]1 h[ev]1 is 9 reg>d to ! wa%+ away ( ! soil1 :i* owes n m]ely its orig9 b its pres]vation to ! =e/ & o!r vegetable gr[?s4 ,pr(essor ,%al] tells u t x is 9 ?is action ( ! ra9 ^u ! b>$ surface ( ! gr\nd t we f9d ! pr9cipal dang] :i* m5aces man 9 8 use ( ! e>?4 ,! individual wood-work] may n h control ( any =e/ or wood-lot1 b he c at lea/ use 8 influ5ce indirectly1 :5 opportunity (f]s1 t[>d ne$$ legislation to re/rict1 or at lea/ regulate1 ! improvid5t wa/e n[ go+ on1 & he c 9 _m cases take advantage ( ,arbor ,day to plant at lea/ "o tree t[>d pres]v+ ! balance requir$ by nature4 ,common ,woods & ,"s ( _! ,*>act]i/ics4--,!re are _m ?+s to be consid]$ by ! beg9n] :5 *oos+ 8 wood4 ,_m ( ^! po9ts h be5 treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 7to :i* ! read] is ref]r$71 b a few additional rem>ks ab\t ! v>i\s k9ds may be ( use4 ,"o important ?+1 h[ev]1 to be borne 9 m9d be=e beg9n+1 is to select /raight-gra9$1 pla91 r s(t1 & easily work$ /ock4 ,) ?is & ) %>p tools y w h e *ance ( success1 :ile ) h>d1 crook$-gra9$ wood & ) dull tools y w be well />t$ on ! road to disc\ragem5t & failure4 ,x may be rem>k$1 incid5tally1 t beg9n+ ) s(t woods1 su* z :ite p9e1 calls = ev5 ke5]-edg$ tools ?an c be got along ) = h>d] woods1 l oak4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x may seem a disadvantage1 is really a good ?+1 = x compels "o to keep 8 tools %>p4 ,y w soon f9d t x is impossible to d ev5 passable "w 9 ! s(t] woods )\t %>p tools1 :ile ) h>d] wood y may succe$ by brute =ce 9 maul+ ! "w into tol]able %ape )\t be+ suffici5tly impress$ by ! fact t y\r tools are dull & require %>p5+4 ,besides ! famili> fact t ! he>twood is usually bett] ?an ! sapwood1#ea x may be useful to rememb] t1 z a rule1 ! wood f a "y tree is t\gh] ?an t f an old "o2 ! be/1 h>de/1 & /ronge/ 9 ! "y tree usually be+ ne>e/ ! he>t1 :ile 9 an old tree ! he>t1 hav+ begun to det]iorate1 is s(t] & n z good z ! m rec5tly =m$ gr[?s ne>] ! sapwood4 ,if ! tree is 9 its prime ! wood is m uni=mly h>d ?r\gh\t4 ,! sapwood1 z a rule1 is t\gh] ?an ! he>twood1 ?\gh usually inf]ior 9 o!r respects2 & timb] light 9 weight is sometimes t\gh] ?an heavy wood1 ?\gh ! latt] is (t5 /rong] & m durable & pref]able = "s purposes4 ,! application ( ^! /atem5ts v>ies mu* accord+ to ! k9d ( wood & diff]5t circum/ances1 = ! gr[? & /ructure ( trees is a v complex matt]1 & ! div]sities almo/ inf9ite4 ,x may be well to be> 9 m9d1 consid]+ ! great v>iety ( purposes = :i* ! amateur uses wood1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ela/icity ne$$ = su* purposes z a b[ or horizontal b>1 & ! t\ghness requir$ = ! ribs ( a canoe1 or ! wattles ( a basket4 ,9 ! =m] case ! mat]ial mu/ n m]ely b5d )\t break+1 b mu/ spr+ back 7or ne>ly s7 to its =m] %ape :5 releas$1 z ) lancewood or :ite a%2 :ile 9 ! latt] case x mu/ b5d )\t break+1 b is n requir$ to spr+ back to its orig9al =m :5 releas$1 z ) _m gre5 /icks :i* c be easily b5t1 b h n mu* resili5ce4 ,^! two qualities are f\nd comb9$ 9 endlessly v>y+ degrees 9 all woods4 ,ela/ic wood mu/ necess>ily h t\ghness up to ! break+-po9t1 b t\gh wood may h b little ela/icity4 ,e>lie/ ( all trees1 hi/orically1 come ! p9es--! conif]s--& !n ! broad-leav$ trees4 ,! conif]s1 or ne$le-leav$ trees1 include ! p9es1 firs1 spruces1 cypresses1 l>*es1 & c$>s4 ,z a rule !y conta9 turp5t9e1 h a comp>atively /raight & regul> fibre & simple /ructure1 are usually light1 flexible1 & ela/ic1 & ! wood is m easily split or torn ap>t ?an t f ! broad-leav$ trees1 & is easily work$4 ,! wood ( ! broad-leav$ trees is m complex 9 /ructure ?an t ( ! conif]s &1 z a rule1 h>d]1 & = _m purposes /rong] & m durable4 ,besides ! woods 9 g5]al use !re are _m :i* h m]ely a local value :]e !y gr[1 & a long li/ c\ld be made ( ! woods :i* h b v limit$ uses1 z well z ( ^? :i*1 f _! sc>city1 h>dness1 small size1 or o!r peculi>ities are practically out ( ! "q = ! beg9n] or ! amateur1 except on r>e occasions4 ,! foll[+ li/ makes no claim to complet5ess1 b may be ( "s use to ! beg9n]4 ,apple4--,?is wood is us$ = turn+1 su* z h&les1 etc41 & = o!r small "w4 ,x is h&some1 f9e-gra9$1 & some:at h>d4 ,a%4--,?is is a valuable wood1 ( :i* !re are a numb] ( v>ieties4 ,x is us$ = agricultural implem5ts1 c>riage-build+1 floors1 int]ior f9i%1 cab9et-"w1 etc4 ,a% is flexible1 t\gh1 & ela/ic4 ,x is good to /& a quick & viol5t /ra91 z t put on a horizontal b> 9 ! gymnasium1 al?\gh 9 "t x becomes brittle4 ,:ite a% is ! v>iety be/ suit$ = su* purposes4 ,x is good = o>s & ! l4 ,a% is ( a r co>se & usually /raight-gra9$ texture1 & mo/ v>ieties are n difficult to "w4 ,basswood4--,! wood ( ! ,am]ican l9d51 or basswood1 is s(t & light 9 sub/ance1 :ite or light br[n 9 col\r1 is easily b5t b n easily split1 free f knots b prone to w>p1 & is us$ = cab9et-"w1 c>riage-"w1 & = v>i\s m9or articles4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 bo>ds ( consid]able wid?4 ,bee*4--,?is close-gra9$ wood1 h>d1 firm1 /rong1 & tak+ a good poli%1 is ext5sively us$ = ma*9e-frames1 h&les1 plane-/ocks1 "s k9ds ( furniture1 & a v>iety ( m9or articles1 b w n (t5 be ne$$ by ! amateur4 ,! m$ull>y rays are noticeable4 ,bir*4--,! bir*1 ( :i* !re are _m species1 is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & furni%es an important wood1 :i* is us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes1--= furniture1 floors1 int]ior f9i%1 turn+1 & a long li/ ( m9or articles4 ,x is close-gra9$1 & mo/ v>ieties are h>d & /rong1 b n difficult to "w1 & are susceptible ( be+ giv5 a smoo? sat9y surface & a f9e f9i%4 ,! uses ( ! b>k ( ! canoe bir* are famili> to all4 ,?is tree is good n m]ely = canoes1 b its wood is us$ = paddles1 skis1 & ! l4 ,! black bir* is especially e/eem$ = furniture & int]ior "w4 ,x is ( a beautiful r$di%- or yell[i%-br[n col\r1 & mu* ( x is beautifully figur$ ) wavy & curly gra94 ,x is frequ5tly /a9$ 9 imitation ( mahogany1 a deception mu* assi/$ by ! resemblance 9 gra91 & n easily detect$ if skilfully done4 ,black ,walnut4--,l>ge black-walnut trees are practically almo/ z ?or\ghly ext]m9at$ 9 ,am]ica z ! bisons ( ! ,we/]n prairies4 ,! wood c be obta9$1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x is n abundant 9 v wide bo>ds4 ,x is durable1 usually /raight-gra9$1 mod]ately /rong & h>d1 n difficult to "w1 holds glue well1 & c be giv5 a f9e f9i%4 ,x holds its %ape well1 & is an excell5t wood = _m purposes 9 int]ior f9i%+1 cab9et-"w1 & = v>i\s m9or articles4 ,x has be5 v ext5sively us$ = gun-/ocks4 ,its sombre col\r is n always admir$1 b x is an excell5t wood = amateur "w4 ,:5 mottl$ or 9 ! =m ( burl x is1 ( c\rse1 h>d] to smoo?4 ,! ,engli% & ,italian v>ieties ( walnut h long be5 us$4 ,boxwood4--,?is wood is di/+ui%$ = its extremely compact & ev5 gra94 ,x is h>d & heavy1 is us$ 9 turn+1 wood-engrav+1 & ! l1 b is n likely to be requir$ by ! amateur4 ,butt]nut4--,?is wood1 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 has a r co>sely m>k$ gra91 is s(t1 light1 ( a yell[i%-br[n col\r1 & :5 f9i%$ makes a h&some wood = furniture & int]ior "w4 ,x is easily work$1 b is n ! easie/ mat]ial = ! amateur to smoo? satisfactorily1 because ( ! peculi> texture ( ! wood1 :i* t5ds to r\gh up unless ! tools are v ke54 ,buttonwood4--,see ,sycamore4 ,c$>4--,?is tree1 f\nd q abundantly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 furni%es a wood :i* is exce$+ly durable1 p>ticul>ly :]e expos$ to ! alt]nations ( moi/ure & dryness1 z :5 ins]t$ 9 ! gr\nd or 9 situations ne> ! gr\nd1 & is v valuable = f5ce-po/s1 f\ndation-po/s = build+s1 railroad ties1 %+les1 pails1 & ! l4 ,"s v>ieties ( c$> are us$ = build+ purposes & int]ior fitt+s4 ,! v>ieties ( :ite c$> are light1 ( good gra9 & easy to "w1 s(t1 & n p>ticul>ly /rong1 b durable & admirably adapt$ to su* purposes z boat-build+1 = :i* x is l>gely us$4 ,r$ c$>1 :i* is 9 _m respects simil> to ! o!r v>ieties1 is di/+ui%$ by its col\r & by its /rong fragrance1 :i*1 be+ obnoxi\s to insects1 makes x excell5t = *e/s & closets4 ,x is us$ = p5cils4 ,*]ry4--,?is is a valuable wood = ! amateur4 ,x is f\nd ext5sively 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is f9e-gra9$1 ( mod]ate h>dness1 n difficult to "w1 & ( a beautiful r$di%-br[n or yell[i%-br[n col\r4 ,x has a sat9-l surface :5 smoo!d1 & c be giv5 a beautiful f9i%4 ,! black *]ry is especially e/eem$4 ,x c be obta9$1 s f> z x has n be5 ext]m9at$1 9 q wide bo>ds4 ,*]ry mell[s & gr[s ri*] 9 col\r ) age4 ,! v>ieties hav+ a wavy texture are especially beautiful4 ,x is mu* us$ = cab9et-"w1 int]ior f9i%1 & = _m purposes4 ,! beg9n] %\ld select only ! s(t] & /raight-gra9$ v>ieties1 z "s ( ! h>d] & d5s] k9ds are exce$+ly h>d to smoo?4 ,*e/nut4--,! value ( ?is wood to ! amateur lies *iefly 9 its durability4 ,x la/s well 9 or ne> ! gr\nd or expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,x c be us$ = fram+1 = po/s = a f5ce or to support a build+1 & = simil> purposes4 ,x is s(t1 co>se-gra9$1 n v /rong1 b is n difficult to "w4 ,cottonwood4--,?is is a s(t1 light1 close-gra9$ wood1 us$ = wood5w>e1 boxes1 pulp1 etc4 ,cypress4--,?is wood is f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 p>ts ( ,asia & ,europe4 ,x is a valuable mat]ial1 yell[i% or yell[i%-br[n 9 col\r1 v durable :5 expos$ to ! wea!r or 9 contact ) ! soil1 light1 s(t1 easily work$1 & is us$ = g5]al lumb] purposes = :i* p9e is us$1 b to :i* x is sup]ior = )/&+ exposure4 ,x is us$ = int]ior f9i%1 doors1 clapbo>ds1 %+les1 cab9et-"w1 boat-build+1 po/s1 & a great v>iety ( purposes4 ,x takes a f9e f9i%4 ,! cypress ( ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates is ( l>ge size1 & ! wood is ( beautiful figure & col\r+4 ,valuable v>ieties are f\nd ^u ! ,pacific coa/4 ,deal4--,see ,p9e & ,spruce4 ,ebony4--,! excessive h>dness ( ebony r5d]s x unsuit$ = amateur "w4 ,x is also exp5sive4 ,x is v h>d & solid1 ) black he>twood & :ite sapwood1 & is us$ = furniture1 turn+1 & small articles4 ,elm4--,?is useful wood1 /rong1 t\gh1 & durable1 usually flexible1 heavy & h>d1 is ext5sively us$ 9 "s ( its v>ieties = boat-build+1 ! frames ( agricultural implem5ts1 yokes1 :eel-hubs1 *airs1 coop]age1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,"s species are v good = cont9u$ exposure to wet4 ,! rock elm is a valuable v>iety1 e/eem$ = flexibility & t\ghness z well z durability & /r5g?4 ,fir4--,see ,p9e & ,spruce4 ,hemlock4--,?is wood1 valuable = its b>k1 is *eap1 co>se-gra9$ & subject to %akes1 brittle & easily split1 & some:at s(t1 b n easy to "w4 ,x is unfit = nice "w1 b c be us$ = r\gh fram+ & r\gh bo>d+1 = :i* its hold+ nails well r5d]s x suitable4 ,hickory4--,?is wood1 f\nd 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 is highly e/eem$ = its /r5g? & great ela/icity4 ,x is h>d1 t\gh1 heavy1 & close-gra9$4 ,x is l>gely us$ = c>riage-"w1 agricultural implem5ts1 hoops1 axe-helves1 & ! l4 ,x is h>d to "w4 ,! %agb>k is especially valu$ = timb]4 ,holly4--,?is wood is q h>d1 close-gra9$1 & v :ite1 ?\gh x does n reta9 ! purity ( its col\r4 ,x is us$ = small articles ( cab9et-"w & = turn+4 ,lancewood4--,! use ( ?is wood = b[s1 fi%+-rods1 & su* purposes has be5 ext5sive4 ,x is di/+ui%$ = its ela/icity4 ,lignum ,vit4--,! extreme h>dness1 solidity1 & durability ( lignum vit make x ( great value = pulley-%eaves1 balls = b[l+1 mallets1 small h&les1 & turn$ objects4 ,x is too excessively h>d = ! beg9n] to use4 ,locu/4--,! wood ( ! locu/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica is h>d1 /rong1 heavy1 exce$+ly durable1 & ( yell[i% or br[ni% col\r4 ,x is a valuable wood1 & is us$ ext5sively = po/s = f5ces & = ! support ( build+s1 = %ip-build+1 & = o!r "w to be subject$ to exposure or to contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,x is us$ 9 turn+1 b n ext5sively = int]ior "w4 ,mahogany4--,?is highly valuable wood1 :i* did n come into g5]al use until ! eighte5? c5tury1 is f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & "s o!r regions4 ,x is v durable4 ,! col\r is f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( %ades f gold5-br[n to deep r$di%-br[n4 ,"s v>ieties are light & q s(t1 ev5 spongy1 :ile o!rs 7! be/7 are v h>d & heavy1 close-gra9$1 & /rong4 ,9 "s k9ds ! gra9 is q /raight1 9 o!rs curv$ & twi/$ into an endless v>iety ( crook$ %apes1 ! latt] be+ ! mo/ beautiful = ornam5tal "w1 b m liable to *ange ( %ape ?an ! /raight-gra9$ v>ieties4 ,! /raight-gra9$ v>ieties *ange _! %ape b little1--less ?an mo/ woods1--& are !re=e excell5tly suit$ = ! framework or /ructural p>ts ( cab9et-"w1 = patt]n-mak+1 & ! l4 ,! s-call$ baywood holds its %ape well & is easily work$1 b is n especially beautiful4 ,! bett] grades ( mahogany gr[ d>k] & ri*] 9 col\r ) age1 b "s v>ieties become blea*$ & lu/reless ) exposure4 ,x is ( ! greate/ value = int]ior f9i%+1 = furniture1 & = cab9et-"w g5]ally1 & is also us$ = _m o!r purposes4 ,! t]m mahogany is us$ 9 comm]ce 9 a r compreh5sive way4 ,mahogany f ,san ,dom+o has long be5 highly e/eem$1 b is n[ difficult or impossible to obta94 ,! light-col\r$ v>iety kn[n z :ite mahogany is mu* valu$ = its beauty4 ,mahogany is excell5t = hold+ glue4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 wide pieces1 ?us (t5 sav+ ! necessity ( glu+4 ,x c be giv5 a beautiful dull f9i% or a high poli%1 z may be desir$4 ,! beg9n] %\ld only attempt ! pla91 s(t]1 /raight-gra9$ k9ds ( mahogany at fir/4 ,! o!r v>ieties require mu* skill to smoo? &1 9 case ( ! h>d] pieces1 ev5 to "w at all2 & ^!1 h[ev] beautiful !y may be1 %\ld be def]r$ until consid]able pr(ici5cy has be5 atta9$4 ,maple4--,! maple gr[s freely 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is mu* us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes1 ! sug> or rock maple be+ especially e/eem$4 ,x is close-gra9$1 h>d1 /rong1 heavy1 & ( a light yell[i%-1 r$di%-1 or br[ni%-:ite col\r 7sometimes almo/ :ite1 ?\gh f\nd 9 v>y+ %ades71 & c be smoo!d to a sat9-l surface & be giv5 a good f9i%4 ,x c be /a9$ satisfactorily4 ,! curly or wavy v>ieties furni% wood ( mu* beauty1 ! peculi> contortion ( ! gra9 kn[n z bird's-eye be+ mu* admir$4 ,maple is ext5sively us$ = cab9et-"w & int]ior f9i%+1 floors1 ma*9e-frames1 "w-b5*es1 turn+1 & a great v>iety ( miscellane\s articles4 ,!re are a numb] ( v>ieties ( ! maple4 ,! beg9n] %\ld conf9e himself at fir/ to ! s(t] & /raight-gra9$ specim5s1 z ! o!r k9ds are h>d to "w & to smoo?4 ,oak4--,( all ! broad-leav$ trees ! oak is probably ! mo/ valuable1 & has = ages /ood z a type ( /r5g?4 ,x is widely scatt]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & ne>ly ?ree hundr$ v>ieties h be5 not$4 ,oak is di/+ui%$ = its comb9ation ( useful qualities4 ,x is h>d1 t\gh1 ela/ic1 heavy1 durable1 /iff 7except aft] /eam+1 :5 x readily b5ds71 & durable :5 expos$ to ! wea!r or to ! soil4 ,oak is m or less subject to *eck+4 ,x is /rongly impregnat$ ) tannic acid1 :i* t5ds to de/roy iron fa/5+s4 ,am]ican :ite oak4 ,?is important v>iety is f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & f x is obta9$ mo/ excell5t timb]4 ,x is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes too great to be specifi$1 f ! con/ruction ( build+s & %ips to furniture & agricultural implem5ts1 c>riages1 etc4 ,x is an invaluable wood4 ,briti% oak has long be5 held 9 ! highe/ reg>d = its comb9ation ( valuable qualities1 & has be5 us$ = m purposes ?an c be "h m5tion$4 ,! live oak1 f\nd 9 s\!rn p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 may be m5tion$ z a valuable wood1 v /rong1 t\gh1 & durable1 :i*1 be=e ! introduction ( iron & /eel 9 %ip-build+1 0 ext5sively us$ 9 t bus9ess2 b x is excessively h>d & unsuit$ to amateur "w4 ,v>ieties ( r$ oak are ext5sively us$1 b1 ?\gh valuable1 are ( inf]ior quality to ! :ite oak4 ,o!r v>ieties l>gely us$ 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t are seldom m>ket$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pe>4--,! wood ( ! pe> tree is some:at l t ( ! apple tree4 ,x c be readily c>v$4 ,p9e4--,fir/ & =emo/ among ! ne$le-leav$ trees comes ! p9e1 ( :i* ab\t sev5ty species are kn[n4 ,! :ite p9e1 kn[n 9 ,engl& z yell[ p9e & also z ,weym\? p9e1 is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,am]ica1 & is1 or has be51 our mo/ valuable timb] tree1 b seems to be doom$ to rapid ext9ction1 at lea/ s f> z ! wide1 cle> bo>ds & planks ( old-gr[? timb] are conc]n$1 :i* are n[ exce$+ly h>d to obta94 ,!re is no bett] wood = ! beg9n] ?an cle> :ite p9e = all purposes to :i* x is suit$4 ,x is light1 /iff1 /raight-gra9$ & ( close fibre1 easily work$1 c be easily nail$1 & takes a good f9i%4 ,:5 all[$ to gr[ x has rea*$ a l>ge size 7z 9 ! s-call$ pumpk9 p9e71 furni%+ v wide1 cle> bo>ds1 ( beautiful texture & ) a f9e1 sat9y surface4 ,x is ( a light yell[i%-br[n col\r1 gr[+ d>k] ) "t4 ,x is s(t1 res9\s1 & ( mod]ate /r5g?4 ,p9e is cut into lumb] ( _m =ms1 & is us$ = inside f9i%+ ( h\ses1 = _m purposes ( c>p5try & cab9et-mak+1 = ma/s & sp>s1 = clapbo>ds1 %+les1 & la?s1 doors1 sa%es1 bl9ds1 patt]ns = ca/+s1 & a long li/ ( diff]5t purposes4 ,x holds glue exce$+ly well & takes pa9t well4 ,o!r v>ieties1 z ! sug> p9e1 ! ,canadian r$ p9e1 ! yell[ p9e1 etc41 gr[ 9 ,am]ica4 ,:ite p9e is also f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,! ,scot* p9e or ,norway p9e1 kn[n also z r$1 ,scot*1 or yell[ fir1 & z yell[ deal & r$ deal1#eb is ! common p9e ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 h5ce its "n1 ,p9us sylve/ris1 p9e ( ! =e/4 ,x is h>d1 /rong1 n v res9\s1 & is ext5sively us$4 ,s\!rn or ,h>d ,p9e4 ,?is v important timb] is f\nd on ! ,s\!rn ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is v h>d1 heavy1 & res9\s1 ) co>se & /rongly m>k$ gra94 ,x is durable1 /rong1 & n easily work$ by ! beg9n]1 & is h>d to nail aft] season+4 ,x is ext5sively us$ = gird]s1 floor-timb]s1 joi/s1 & _m k9ds ( heavy timb] "w1 includ+ tre/les1 bridges1 & ro(s1 = ma/s & sp>s1 = g5]al c>p5try1 floors1 decks1 & int]ior f9i%1 railway c>s1 railway ties1 & _m o!r purposes1 &1 9 addition1 = ! manufacture ( turp5t9e4 ,o!r v>ieties ( h>d p9e are sold & us$ successfully = ! same purposes1 all "u ! common "n ( h>d p9e1 ,s\!rn p9e1 ,georgia p9e1 yell[ h>d p9e1 etc4 ,ano!r v>iety ( h>d pit* p9e 7,p9us rigida71 (t5 confus$ ) ! ,s\!rn p9e1 is heavy1 res9\s1 & durable1 b n suit$ = ! bett] class ( "w4 ,plum4--,?is is a f9e-gra9$1 h>d wood1 us$ = turn+1 engrav+1 etc4 ,r$wood4--,! two v>ieties ( ! giant ,sequoia ( ! ,pacific coa/ are ! ,sequoia semp]vir5s & ! ,sequoia gigantea or ,well+tonia4 ,! =m]1 ! mo/ important tree ( ! ,pacific coa/1 is ( imm5se size 7suppos$ to rea* a height ( ev5 f\r hundr$ feet71 r$ 9 col\r1 r s(t1 light1 & mod]ately /rong1 easily work$ & f9i%$1 & v durable :5 expos$ to ! soil4 ,x is us$ = g5]al lumb] purposes1 c>p5try1 int]ior f9i%1 po/s1 tanks1 %+les1 & a great v>iety ( uses4 ,! ,s4 gigantea or ,well+tonia1 :i* has ! l>ge/ trunk 9 ! _w1 is also r$ 9 col\r1 co>se-gra9$1 r weak1 s(t & light 9 texture1 & ( great durability :5 expos$ to ! soil4 ,x is us$ = lumb] & g5]al build+ purposes1 po/s1 %+les1 etc4 ,^! are ! ,big ,trees1 ?\ght 9 "s in/ances to be ev5 five ?\s& ye>s old1 & ( :i* ! famili> /ories are told ab\t a /age-coa* hav+ be5 driv5 ?r\gh a holl[ tree1 & ab\t tw5ty-five p hav+ danc$ at "o "t ^u a /ump4 ,rosewood4--,?is wood1 ( h&some gra9 & col\r+1 has be5 mu* admir$ & ext5sively us$ = v5e]+4 ,x is h>d & heavy & ( a peculi> texture1 :i* seems oily to ! t\*4 ,x is n well suit$ to amateur "w1 & is exp5sive4 ,sat9wood4--,?is h&some yell[i%-br[n wood is h>dly to be consid]$ by ! amateur except = ! occasional use ( a small piece4 ,spruce4--,! wood ( ! spruce1 ( :i* !re are a numb] ( v>ieties1 is q abundant1 is light & /raight-gra9$1 & comp>atively free f l>ge knots4 ,x is l>gely us$ = _m ( ! same purposes z :ite p9e1 to :i* x is inf]ior = int]ior f9i% & f9e "w1 b sup]ior 9 /r5g?1 h>dness1 & t\ghness4 ,bo? :ite & black spruce are ext5sively us$ = c>p5try1 int]ior f9i%1 floor+1 f5c+1 & inf]ior wood-"w g5]ally4 ,x has ! great disadvantage ( curl+ & twi/+ & spr++ badly1 & is n z nice to "w z :ite p9e4 ,spruce ( good quality makes good paddles1 sp>s1 & ! l1 & is valuable = su* "w4 ,! wood ( ! ,norway spruce is kn[n 9 ,engl& z :ite deal4 ,sycamore4--,?is h&some wood1 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & ( a light yell[i% or r$di%-br[n col\r1 is e/eem$ = int]ior "w4 ,! m$ull>y rays are noticeable4 ,x is r h>d1 b n v difficult to "w4 ,x is n durable = outside "w expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,kn[n also z ,buttonwood4 ,walnut4--,see ,black ,walnut4 ,:itewood4--,l :ite p9e1 :itewood is an excell5t wood = ! e>ly attempts ( ! beg9n]4 ,:itewood1 :i* is by no means :ite1 b gre5i%- or br[ni%-yell[1 is ! "n appli$ to ! wood ( ! tulip tree4 ,?is tree atta9s a l>ge size1 ?us furni%+ wide bo>ds1 :i* are ( su* /raight & ev5 gra9 & s free f knots z to be ( great use = _m purposes4 ,x is brittle & s(t1 b light & v easily work$4 ,x is n1 = mo/ purposes1 z reliable a wood z :ite p9e1 b is ext5sively us$ 9 ! wood-work+ arts4 ,x is m liable to w>p & twi/ ?an p9e4 ,x takes a /a9 exce$+ly well4 ,will[4--,an important use ( ?is wood is = baskets4 ,x w n (t5 be requir$ by ! beg9n]1 except = :i/les4 ,yew4--,?is wood1 l lancewood1 is di/+ui%$ = its ela/icity1 & is highly e/eem$ = b[s & ! l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m o!r woods c be allud$ to1 z catalpa 7= po/s & ! l71 eld] 7= v>i\s small articles71 dogwood 7= turn+ & ! l71 gum 7= v>i\s common articles71 hornbeam or ironwood 7= mallets1 h&les1 :eel-cogs1 etc471 popl> 7= pulp71 sassafras 7= po/s1 hoops1 etc471 teak 7f ! ,ea/1 /rong & valuable71 tupelo 7hubs ( :eels1 etc471 & a great v>iety ( o!rs :i* _c be specifi$1 z !y are b seldom requir$ by ! amateur & nev] ne$$ by ! beg9n]4 ,fell+ & ,season+4--,a tree %\ld usually be cut = timb] at or ne> its maturity1 z a "y tree has too mu* sapwood & w n be z /rong & d5se or durable1 :ile an old "o is likely to get brittle & inela/ic & ! c5tre ( ! he>twood is liable to decay1 be+ ! olde/ portion4 ,a "y tree1 ?\gh s(t] & n s durable1 furni%es a t\gh] & m ela/ic wood1 & sometimes has a f9] gra94 ,trees diff] s mu*1 & ! uses to :i* ! wood is to be put are s v>i\s1 t no exact ages c be set = cutt+--probably f fifty to "o hundr$ ye>s = good timb]1 to make a r\gh /atem5t4 ,"s trees furni% excell5t timb] at a mu* great] age ?an "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,p9e is ?\ght to be ripe = cutt+ at ab\t sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ ye>s ( age1 oak at f sixty to "o hundr$ ye>s or m1 & ! v>i\s o!r woods mature at diff]5t ages4 ,midw9t]1 or ! dry season 9 tropical regions1 is usually pref]r$ = fell+1 because ! sap is quiet4 ,decay sets 9 m rapidly 9 ! sapwood & betwe5 ! wood & ! b>k dur+ ! p]iod ( active gr[?1 because ( ! p]i%able nature ( ! sub/ances involv$ 9 ! gr[?4 ,midsumm] is consid]$ equally good by "s4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( cutt+ ! log into ! lumb] ( comm]ce h be5 treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,9 ?is connection x w be notic$ t1 al?\gh bo>ds cut ?r\gh or ne> ! middle are1 z a rule1 ! be/1 :5 !y conta9 ! pi? !y are sometimes valueless 9 ! c5tre1 z well z :51 9 ! case ( an old tree1 decay has begun at t po9t4 ,z ! wat] evaporates gradually f gre5 wood expos$ to ! air b protect$ f ! wea!r1 "o might inf] t 9 "t x w\ld evaporate entirely1 leav+ ! wood absolutely dry1 j z ! wat] w entirely disappe> f a tumbl] or a tea-kettle4 ,?is is n s1 h[ev]4 ,! dry+ goes on until !re is only ab\t t5 to tw5ty p] c5t4 ( moi/ure left1 b no am\nt ( op5-air season+ w entirely remove ?is small p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 ! am\nt v>y+ ) ! temp]ature & ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x c be got rid ( only by apply+ heat1 kiln-dry+1 bak+1 curr5ts ( hot air1 vacuum process1 or "s artificial me?od ( season+4 ,aft] hav+ completely dri$ ! wood by any ( ^! me?ods1 if x is aga9 expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 x absorbs moi/ure q rapidly until x has tak5 up p]haps fifte5 p] c5t41 m or less1 ( its own weight4 ,s y see t1 ?\gh y may by artificial means make wood entirely dry1 x w n /ay 9 ?is unnatural condition unless 9 "s way entirely protect$ f ! atmosph]e at once1 b w reabsorb ! moi/ure x has lo/ until x rea*es a condition 9 h>mony ) ! atmosph]e4 ,rec5t inve/igations %[ t ! v fibre or sub/ance ( ! wood itself imbibes & holds moi/ure t5aci\sly1 ?is be+ additional to ! wat] popul>ly und]/ood to be conta9$ 9 ! pores or cavities ( ! wood4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r me?ods besides kiln-dry+ 7ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,iii47 ( season+ & ( ha/5+ ! dry+ process4 ,wood is sometimes soak$ 9 wat] be=e be+ season$4 ,?is assi/s 9 remov+ ! soluble elem5ts ( ! sap1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! process improves ! quality ( ! wood4 ,smok+ & /eam+ are also resort$ to4 ,small pieces c readily be smok$1 :i* h>d5s ! wood & adds to its durability1--a me?od :i* has be5 kn[n = c5turies1--b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to burn1 scor*1 or crack ! wood4 ,decay & ,pres]vation4--,timb] decays fa/e/ :5 alt]nately wet & dry1 z 9 ! piles ( a :>f1 f5ce-po/s1 & ! l1 or :5 subject$ to a hot1 moi/1 close atmosph]e1 z ! sills & floor-timb]s situat$ ov] "s damp & unv5tilat$ cell>4 ,fig4 #fid %[s ! decay caus$ by alt]nate wetness & dryness1 :ile ! p>ts above & bel[ are /ill s\nd4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fid4 ,wood la/s ! be/ :5 kept dry & well v5tilat$4 ,:5 kept con/antly wet x is some:at s(t5$1 & w n resi/ s mu*1 b x does n decay4 ,rec5tly1 ^u cutt+ a slab f ! outside ( a l>ge log tak5 f ! b$ ( a riv]1 :]e x _h la9 = "o hundr$ ye>s or m1 ! int]ior prov$ z s\nd & cle> z c\ld be f\nd 9 any lumb]-y>d4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 su* long subm]sion less5s ! ela/ic /r5g? ( timb] aft] x is dri$4 ,t is n1 h[ev]1 an extreme example ( durability4 ,wood has be5 tak5 f bogs & anci5t lake-dwell+s aft] be+ pres]v$ = ages4 ,piles 7 tak5 f ! ,old ,london ,bridge aft] ab\t #fej ye>s ( s]vice4 ,piles plac$ 9 ! ,rh9e ab\t #bjjj ye>s ago h be5 f\nd q s\nd dur+ ! pres5t c5tury2 & piles are n[ regul>ly us$1 z y d\btless "k1 = ! support ( ! mo/ massive /one build+s & pi]s1 b only :]e !y are driv5 deep 9 ! gr\nd or bel[ ! l[-wat] l9e4 ,_m examples ( ! durability ( wood kept dry are f\nd 9 ,european /ructures4 ,timb]s put into ! ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 are /ill 9 place1 & ! ro(-timb]s ( "s ( ! old] ,italian *ur*es rema9 9 good condition4 ,?or\gh season+1 protection f ! sun & ra91 & ! free circulation ( air are ! ess5tials to ! pres]vation ( timb]4 ,_m prep>ations & *emical processes h be5 tri$ = ! pres]vation ( wood4 ,creosote is "o ( ! be/ pres]vatives kn[n4 ,insects & fungi are repell$ by its od\r4 ,! mod]n s-call$ creosote /a9s are excell5t1 n v exp5sive1 & easily appli$4 ,!y are only suitable = outside "w1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! od\r4 ,coal-t> & wood-t> or pit*1 appli$ hot 9 ?9 coats1 are also good & *eap pres]vatives = expos$ wood-"w4 ,*>r+ ! ends ( f5ce-po/s by hold+ !m = a %ort "t ov] a fire & =m+ a protect+ coat+ ( *>coal is ano!r me?od :i* has be5 ext5sively us$4 ,oil pa9t w protect wood f moi/ure f )\t1 & is ! me?od mo/ commonly 9 use4 ,9 ! case ( any ext]nal coat+1 h[ev]1 :i* int]f]es ) ! process ( evaporation1 z t> or pa9t1 ! wood mu/ be ?or\ghly dry :5 x is appli$1 or ! moi/ure )9 w be unable to escape1 & w cause decay4 ,lumb] z well z ! liv+ tree has enemies 9 ! =m ( insects & worms1 b ! conditions be/ = ! pres]vation ( ! wood1 z ref]r$ to above1 are also ! lea/ fav\rable = ! attacks ( animal life & ( fungi4 ,z soon z ! tree has be5 fell$ & dies1 decomposition beg9s1 z 9 all organic bodies1 & soon] or lat] w totally de/roy ! wood4 ,! woody fibre itself w la/ = ages1 b "s ( ! sub/ances involv$ 9 ! gr[? soon decay4 ,! sap is liable to f]m5tation1 %[n by a blui% t9t1 & decay sets 94 ,fungi are liable to fa/5 ^u ! wood4 ,worms & insects also attack x1 pref]r+ t :i* is ri*e/ 9 sap4 ,?us we see t ! dang] ( decay orig9ates *iefly 9 ! decomposition ( ! sap 7al?\gh 9 liv+ trees pa/ _! prime decay beg9s 9 ! he>twood :ile ! sapwood is s\nd71 s ! m ! sap c be got rid ( ! bett]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s sub/ances f\nd 9 v>i\s trees1 aside f ^? elem5ts especially requir$ = _! gr[?1 :i* r5d] ! wood m durable1 l tannic acid1 :i* ab\nds 9 oak & a numb] ( trees1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! b>k4 ,!re is no advantage 9 gett+ rid ( ! turp5t9e & o!r volatile oils & ! res9\s deposits f\nd 9 ne$le-leav$ trees1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ^? woods 9 :i* !y ab\nd4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 n to use a piece ( p9e badly /reak$ or spott$ ) res9\s deposits 9 a place :]e x w be expos$1 z ! turp5t9e or res9\s matt] w be apt to ooze out & bli/] ! pa9t4 ,wet rot is a decay ( ! unseason$ wood1 :i* may also be caus$ 9 season$ wood by moi/ure ) a temp]ate degree ( w>m?4 ,x occurs 9 wood alt]nately expos$ to dryness & moi/ure4 ,dry rot1 :i* is due to fungi1 does n attack dry wood1 b is f\nd :]e !re is dampness & lack ( free circulation ( air1 z 9 w>m1 damp1 & unv5tilat$ situations1 l cell>s & ! m conf9$ p>ts ( %ips1 & 9 "t results 9 ! entire crumbl+ away ( ! wood4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( dry rot4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common & wor/ ( dry-rot fungi attacks p9e & fir4 ,fungi also attack oak4 ,creosote is us$ z a prev5tive1 to ! ext5t to :i* x saturates ! wood4 ,effects ( ,expansion & ,contraction4--,cracks1 curl+1 w>p+1 w9d+1 or twi/+ are due to no?+ b irregul> & unev5 swell+ & %r9k+4 ,"s k9ds ( wood %r9k mu* 9 dry+1 o!rs b little4 ,"s1 aft] season+1 swell or %r9k & curl & w>p to a m>k$ degree ) e *ange 9 temp]ature & dryness4 ,o!rs1 once ?or\ghly air-season$1 alt] mu* less 9 %ape or size "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,we h already se5 t ! he>t side ( a bo>d t5ds to become convex 9 season+1 ow+ to ! %r9kage ( ! o!r side1 & t if "o "p swells mu* m ?an ano!r ! wood becomes out ( %ape1--w>p$1 curl$1 or twi/$4 ,if "o "p %r9ks mu* fa/] ?an ano!r1 cracks usually result 9 ! quick] %r9k+ portion4 ,if y /ick "o end ( a gre5 bo>d into ! hot ov5 ( ! kit*5 /ove1 ! heat$ end w crack & split be=e ! re/ ( ! bo>d has fairly begun to dry4 ,we h se5 illu/rations ( ?is 9 ! season+ process1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,exposure ( "o side ( a season$ piece to ei!r dampness or heat w ?us cause ! piece to curl4 ,! dampness swells ! side affect$ or ! heat %r9ks x s t ! convexity w be on ! damp5$ side1 or ! concavity on ! heat$ side1 z ! case may be4 ,if lumb] 7 ( p]fectly uni=m texture1 hung up :]e x w\ld be entirely unconf9$ & free to swell or %r9k 9 all directions1 & equally expos$ all ov] ! surface to exactly ! same degrees & *anges ( heat & cold1 dryness & moi/ure1 x w\ld simply gr[ l>g] or small] )\t *ang+ its =m or %ape4 ,!re w\ld !n be no curl+1 w>p+ or w9d+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 wood is n uni=m 9 texture1 b exce$+ly v>i$1 "s pieces be+ extremely complex 9 /ructure2 nei!r is x always free to exp& & contract 9 e direction1 nor equally expos$ on all sides to ! alt]nations ( heat & cold1 moi/ure & dryness4 ,to come to ! practical application ( ^! facts1 we h se5 79 ,*apt] ,,iii47 t bo>ds = nice "w %\ld be plan$ d[n equally1 z ne>ly z may be1 f bo? sides2 t ! m]e dress+ (f ( ! surface by h& w sometimes cause a bo>d to w>p badly2 & t x is bett] to buy /ock ( z ne>ly ! requir$ ?ickness z possible1 ?an to plane x d[n or split x4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t :5 a bo>d is be+ saw$ 9 two or split l5g?wise ) a saw x sometimes spr+s toge!r beh9d ! saw ) s mu* =ce t ! crack has to be w$g$ op5 9 ord] to cont9ue saw+ 7,fig4 #fie74 ,sometimes ! crack op5s wid] in/ead ( clos+ 7,fig4 #fif74 ,y see f ?is t y _c always be sure :5 y split a bo>d t ! p>ts w reta9 ! %ape !y _h 9 ! orig9al bo>d4 ,9 work+ up l>ge pieces into small] ones1 unexpect$ twi/s & crooks w (t5 be f\nd 9 ! small] pieces :i* did n exi/ 9 ! orig9al /ock4 ,sometimes mahogany1 = in/ance1 w act 9 ?is way v m>k$ly4 ,/rips saw$ (f f a bo>d1 = example1 w sometimes imm$iately spr+ into v crook$ =ms1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fig 7:i* w\ld n be exagg]at$ if ! pieces 7 drawn ( great] proportionate l5g?74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fie4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fif4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fig4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fih4 ,9 splitt+ /ock flatwise1 i4e41 mak+ two ?9n] bo>ds out ( a ?ick bo>d or plank1 a simil> result (t5 foll[s4 ,! lat5t p[] set free1 s to speak1 by sudd5ly expos+ ! middle ( a bo>d1 plank1 or o!r timb] to ! atmosph]e sometimes causes curi\s developm5ts4 ,x be+ necess>y "o day to split = a picture frame a l>ge mahogany bo>d1 #a ?ick by #b' squ>e1 ) a circul> hole already saw$ f ! c5tre1 ! pieces w>p$ & twi/$ z ! saw+ w5t on 7,fig4 #fih71 until1 j z !y 7 ne>ly sep>at$1 ! :ole ?+ w5t (f ) a report l a toy pi/ol1 break+ into a doz5 pieces & scatt]+ !m ar\nd ! %op4 ,9 v crook$-gra9$ wood y w frequ5tly f9d unev5 & undulat+ =ms ( w>p+ & twi/+ t y d n f9d 9 /raight-gra9$ pieces1 b su* wood is (t5 ( ! mo/ beautiful figure = indoor "w4 ,:]e ! gra9 is crook$1 cropp+ up to ! surface z 9 ,fig4 #gja1 ! cut-(f ends ( ! fibr\s /ructure1 s to speak1 are expos$ 9 places to ! atmosph]e4 ,^! op5 ends1 end wood1 ?us br\ght to ! surface are m susceptible to moi/ure & dryness ?an ! sides ( ! bundles ( fibr\s tissue1 :i* t5ds to produce unequal swell+1 %r9k+1 & w>p+4 ,y w see if y look at ! ends ( logs & /umps t ! he>t is frequ5tly n 9 ! c5tre1 9 "s cases tak+ su* a devi\s c\rse ?r\gh\t ! /em z to make ! gra9 s crook$ t no me?od ( saw+ w remove ! t5d5cy to w>p or twi/1 j %[n4 ,su* trees may %[ a beautiful gra94 ,ev5 9 /raight trees ! pi? is n usually q /raight1 & is apt to take a some:at zigzag c\rse1 due to ! crook$ way ! tree grew :5 "y 7,fig4 #fii74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fii4 ,imag9e1 = an exagg]at$ illu/ration1 t y c\ld see ) ,x-rays ! pi? z crook$ z ,fig4 #fii4 t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gjj4 ,imag9e t f ?is tree y c\ld saw out ! bo>d indicat$1 keep+ ) x ! :ole pi? or he>t z if x 7 a wire rope wov5 9 & out ( ! bo>d1 s t ! appe>ance w\ld be some:at l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gja4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! annual r+s are lay]s ( wood1 s to speak1 :i* may v>y 9 ?ickness1 gr[+ ar\nd ! he>t4 ,y w see t ^! lay]s1 or r+s1 z !y dip bel[ or rise above ! surface ( ! bo>d1 w cause ! gra9 to =m v>i\s patt]ns1 p]haps some:at z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gja1 :i* makes no claim to accurately %[+ ! gra9 9 ?is case4 ,9 fact1 all su* v>iations ( gra9 9 lumb] are due to ! surface ( ! piece be+ at an angle ) ! lay]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gjj4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gja4 ,9 addition1 ! knots caus$ by bran*es1 ! twi/+ ( ! /ems screw-fa%ion 7z is se5 9 c$>71 w\nds1 & o!r causes1 (t5 produce v crook$ & tangl$ gra91 & ! wood ( _m broad-leav$ trees is sometimes extremely complicat$ 9 texture1 especially :5 all ^! irregul>ities occur 9 ! same piece4 ,x is ! nature ( "s k9ds ( mahogany1 f :atev] cause1 to h ! fibres /rangely int]lac$ or runn+ 9 v diff]5t directions 9 lay]s :i* are q ne> ea* o!r4 ,! w>p+1 twi/+1 & crack+ is obviat$ 9 _m cases :]e x is objectionable 7z 9 ! wood5 frames ( ma*9es1 ! tops ( b5*es7 by build+ up ) a numb] ( small] pieces1 ( :i* y w (t5 see illu/rations4 ,to d ?is to ! be/ advantage1 ! pieces %\ld be select$ & put toge!r s t1 ?\gh ! gra9 w run 9 ! same direction l5g?ways1 ! annual r+s at ! ends w n run toge!r z 9 a :ole beam1 b w be rev]s$ or arrang$ 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 s t ! t5d5cies ( ! diff]5t p>ts to w>p or twi/ w c\nt]act ea* o!r4 ,in/ead ( a s+le bo>d1 :i* w\ld naturally become w>p$ 9 "o l>ge curve1 a numb] ( /rips c be glu$ up ) ! gra9 ( ! /rips arrang$ 9 alt]nate fa%ion 7,fig4 #eei71 s t 9 place ( "o l>ge curve ! w>p+ w m]ely result 9 a slightly wavy l9e4 ,:]e b "o side ( a bo>d is se5 or us$ & :]e ! full /r5g? is n ne$$1 w>p+ & twi/+ c be l>gely prev5t$ by l5g?ways saw-cuts on ! back or "u surface1 z 9 a draw+-bo>d1 ! crossways /r5g? requir$ be+ secur$ by ! cleats4 ,doors & mo/ =ms ( panell$ "w also illu/rate ^! matt]s ( swell+ & %r9k+ 7see ,doors & ,panels74 ,%akes4--,he>t-%akes are cracks radiat+ f ! c5tre 9 ! l9e ( ! m$ull>y rays1 wide/ at ! pi? & n>r[+ t[>d ! outside1 & suppos$ to be *iefly caus$ by ! %r9kage ( ! old] wood due to ! beg9n+ ( decay :ile ! tree is /&+ 7,fig4 #gjb74 ,slight he>t-%akes are common1 b if l>ge & num]\s or twi/+ 9 ! l5g? ( ! log1 !y injure ! timb] s]i\sly = cutt+ up4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gjb4 ,/>-%akes are also radiat+ cracks1 b1 unlike ! he>t-%akes1 ! cracks are wide/ at ! outside1 n>r[+ t[>d ! c5tre 7,fig4 #gjc71 & are (t5 caus$ by ! %r9kage ( ! out] "p due to ! outside ( ! tree dry+ fa/] ?an ! inside1 z x naturally does f be+ m expos$ aft] be+ fell$2 b !y are sometimes ow+ to ! beg9n+ ( decay & o!r causes4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gjc4 ,cup-%akes are cracks betwe5 "s ( ! annual r+s1 sep>at+ ! lay]s m or less 7,fig4 #gjd71 sometimes rea*+ entirely ar\nd1 sep>at+ ! c5tre f ! out] portion1 & are suppos$ to be caus$ by ! sway+ ( ! tree 9 ! w9d 7h5ce sometimes kn[n z w9d-%akes71 or to "s %ock or extreme *anges ( temp]ature1 or o!r causes4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gjd4 ,comb9ations ( ! v>i\s %akes may be f\nd 9 ! same log4 ,a ,few ,sugge/ions ab\t ,work+-,draw+s4--,draw+ is f> too ext5sive a subject to be ev5 briefly treat$ 9 a manual on wood-work+1 b a few g5]al rem>ks on matt]s connect$ ) work+-draw+s may be ( help to "s4 ,:ile an ord9>y picture gives a correct idea ( h[ an object looks1 we _c take accurate measurem5ts f x4 ,:5 we ne$ dim5sions1 z 9 practical "w1 we mu/ h "s draw+s :i* w %[ u at once ! exact %apes1 sizes1 & positions ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,9 addition to ! picture to give u ! g5]al idea1 we h = work+ purposes :at are call$ elevations1 plans1 sections1 etc4 ,9 su* a case z t ( ! little h\se %[n on page #bdb1 ! picture 7,fig4 #cfc7 %[s u ! appe>ance ( ! build+1 b = purposes ( con/ruction1 work+-draw+s %\ld also be made4 ,! view ( :at y w\ld see if y /ood directly 9 front ( ?is h\se1 ) only ! front visible1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfd1 & is call$ ! front elevation4 ,/& opposite ei!r side or end1 & ! view se5 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cfd z ! side elevation4 ,9 ! same mann] ! re> elevation is giv54 ,next imag9e y\rself 9 ! air directly above ! h\se4 ,?is view is call$ ! plan4#ec ,9 ?is case1 z ! view ( ! int]ior is desir$1 ! view is %[n z if ! ro( 7 remov$4 ,if ! sides or ends are n alike1 z is sometimes ! case1 two side or end views may be ne$$4 ,9 ! case illu/rat$1 inside elevations are also giv51 to %[ ! con/ruction4 ,elevations1 :e!r "o or sev]al1 mu/ always be tak5 at "r angles to ! plan4 ,al?\gh commonly1 9 simple "w1 conf9$ to repres5tations ( ea* side or end1 !y c be tak5 f any po9t ( view t may be at "r angles to ! plan4 ,!y may be tak5 f ! corn]s or at any angles t may be/ %[ any complicat$ details ( ! object4 ,if ! object is q simple1 "o elevation & ! plan1 or two elevations )\t ! plan1 may be q suffici5t1 z ! elevation or plan omitt$ c 9 su* cases be und]/ood at once4 ,always make y\r draw+s full-siz$ :5 ! object to be made is n too l>ge4 ,y are mu* less likely to make mi/akes 9 tak+ y\r dim5sions & measurem5ts f a draw+ ! actual size ( ! object ?an :]e y h to take !m f a small] draw+1 & y also c get a bett] idea f a full-siz$ draw+ j h[ ! object w look4 ,x is a safe-gu>d1 ) a draw+ :i* is symmetrical1 to lay x out f a c5tre l9e1 measur+ to ! "r & left4 ,if y make a draw+ ( :i* ea* l9e is "o half ! l5g? ( ! same l9e 9 ! real object1 x is call$ a half-size draw+1 & is said to be drawn on a scale ( #f to ! foot4 ,if "o f\r? size1 ! scale is #c to ! foot4 ,! scale is (t5 express$ z an equation1 viz43 #b 94 #a ft41 or #a_/d #a'4 ,if ! draw+ is n made ) accuracy1 x is necess>y to put ! dim5sions ^u x1 & ?is is (t5 done = conv5i5ce & quickness ( execution 9 ! case ( draw+s :i* are accurate4 ,details inside ( an object1 t is1 su* p>ts z _c be se5 or prop]ly %[n 9 ! elevations or plan1 are (t5 %[n by dott$ l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #eig4 ,sometimes dott$ l9es are us$ 9 ! same way to %[ ! back ( an object1 to save mak+ extra draw+s4 ,too _m dott$ l9es1 h[ev]1 are confus+1 s if ! p>ts t d n %[ on ! surface are n q simple & _c be cle>ly %[n by dott$ l9es on ! plan & elevations1 x is usual to make ano!r k9d ( draw+ especially to %[ su* details4 ,?is is call$ a section 7,lat41 sectio1 f sec>e1 to cut71 & repres5ts :at w\ld be %[n if ! object 7 cut ap>t or saw$ ?r\gh at ! place :]e ! view ( ! details is want$4 ,! surface suppos$ to be cut is usually indicat$ by p>allel l9es cross+ ! surface1 indep5d5t p>ts1 z ^? ( diff]5t pieces1 frequ5tly be+ %[n by *ang+ ! direction ( ! p>allel l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #ejd4 ,:5 bo? sides ( an object are alike1 lab\r & space are (t5 sav$ by mak+ a draw+ ( "o side or "o half only1 f a c5tre l9e4 ,! same way is sometimes adopt$ 9 mak+ sections1 & an elevation & section c sometimes be comb9$ 9 ?is way 9 "o draw+4 ,z soon z y become us$ to plans & elevations1 y c by comb9+ ! plan & elevations 9 y\r m9d quickly imag9e ! =m ( ! object repres5t$1 & (t51 unless x is complicat$1 get fully z good a conception ( x z f a picture1 & a m accurate k ( its proportions & details1 s t 9 _m cases !re is no ne$ ( hav+ a picture at all 9 ord] to con/ruct ! object4 ,x is (t5 a conv5i5ce to h a picture1 h[ev]1 & frequ5tly an assi/ance 9 =m+ a correct idea ( some?+ y h nev] se54 ,:]e ! appe>ance ( ! object is ( consequ5ce1 z 9 ! case ( a h\se or bookcase1 = in/ance1 ! picture is ( ! fir/ consequ5ce1 = y mu/ h a correct repres5tation ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! object be=e y beg9 to make ! work+-draw+s4 ,y w soon f9d t m]ely hav+ an idea 9 y\r m9d is n always suffici5t f :i* to make work+-draw+s1 al?\gh ! fir/ /ep 9 ! process4 ,y w (t5 f9d t :5 ! idea 9 y\r m9d is put into ! =m ( a picture1 x does n look at all z y ?\ght x w\ld1 & t if y _h />t$ at once on ! work+-draw+s )\t fir/ mak+ a sket* or picture1 ! result w\ld h be5 unsatisfactory & sometimes entirely impracticable4 ,ev5 mak+ a sket* or picture t j expresses y\r idea w n always result 9 ! complet$ object be+ j :at y wi%4 ,/range ?\gh x may seem1 x is a fact1 practically1 t ! complet$ object (t5 looks q diff]5t f :at ! sket* leads y to expect4 ,t result1 h[ev]1 is some?+ :i* _c be help$1 s y ne$ n give x any att5tion1 only d n be surpris$ if once 9 a :ile y f9d t :at y h made is n j :at y ?\ght x w\ld be4 ,fir/ make ! be/ design y c1 !n accurate work+-draw+s1 !n "w c>efully by ! draw+s1 & if ! result is n always exactly :at y expect$1 y c console y\rself ) ! ?\ght t y\r exp]i5ce is only t ( ar*itects1 design]s1 c>p5t]s1 & workm5 9 all l9es1 & t no "o c =esee all ! conditions by :i* a piece ( project$ "w w be affect$4 ,oblique or p>allel projections are (t5 us$1 f :i* measurem5ts c be made4 ,su* projections are n true repres5tations ( ! objects z !y appe> to ! eye1 b !y are (t5 us$ because readily und]/ood & easily drawn4 ,!y (t5 answ] e purpose f a practical po9t ( view4 ,figs4 #abj & #cdd are examples4 ,ano!r way ( repres5t+ objects = practical purposes is t %[n 9 ,figs4 #aba & #djg1 & kn[n z isometric#ed projection or isometric p]spective4 ,?is me?od is incorrect s f> z giv+ an accurate picture is conc]n$1 = ! object is always repres5t$ z be+ too l>ge 9 ! f>!r p>ts1 because ! incl9$ l9es are drawn p>allel in/ead ( conv]g+2 b x is (t5 v useful f a practical po9t ( view1 because by x all t is requir$ c frequ5tly be express$ 9 "o draw+4 ,isometric p]spective w n readily give ! correct dim5sions except 9 ! l9es :i* are v]tical or :i* slant ei!r way at an angle ( #cj ) ! horizontal1--i4e41 y _c take ! o!r dim5sions "r (f ) a rule z f a plan1 & !re=e1 s f> z obta9+ correct dim5sions is conc]n$1 x is practically n useful = o!r ?an rectangul> objects2 b s f> z m]ely %[+ ! g5]al %ape or convey+ ! idea ( ! =m x c (t5 be advantage\sly us$ 9 repres5t+ _m objects conta9+ curv$ l9es4 ,isometric projection has ! advantage ( be+ easy ( execution1 & ( be+ s pictorial t x is almo/ always easy to see :at is meant4 ,a ,fir/-,class ,b5*4--,! con/ruction ( ! b5* %[n on page #aja is n difficult to und]/&1 b consid]able skill is requir$ to make a really good "o4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! vise is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gje1 :i* is an inv]t$ view 7z if look+ up f und]nea?74 ,! vise is kept p>allel by ! /\t b>s ( h>d wood1 p>allel to ! screw1 :i* slide ?r\gh mortises cut 9 ! front ( ! b5*-top1 & are fur!r guid$ by ! cleats screw$ to ! "u side ( ! top1 :]e x is ?9n] ?an at ! front edge4 ,9 case ( us+ su* a vise :]e ! b5*-top is n s ?ick 9 front1 ! ?ickness c easily be made suffici5t by screw+ a /\t cleat on ! "u side :]e ! vise comes4 ,9 ?is cleat c be cut ! mortises = ! slide-b>s4 ,! end-vise or tail-screw %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc involves r m "w1 b slides ^u a simil> pr9ciple4 ,p]haps ! be/ way = ! amateur is to make ! end-vise 9 ! same way z ! ma9 vise1 add+ ! movable /op4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gje4 ,!re is no bett] way to make ! front ( ?is b5*-top ?an to build x up ( n>r[ bo>ds on edge1 plan$ true1 & ?or\ghly glu$ & bolt$ toge!r4 ,! plan+ & tru+ c be/ be done by ma*9e1 h[ev]4 ,if well put toge!r1 su* a b5*-top w defy *anges ( wea!r & w /& a great deal ( h>d usage4 ,! back "p ( ! top c be ?9n]1 b c v well be built up if desir$4 ,an excell5t way to fa/5 ! frame ( su* a b5* toge!r is ) bolts1 by :i* ! p>ts c be drawn to a firm be>+4 ,x is impossible to make su* a b5* too rigid4 ,if s /iffly fram$ t x _c *ange its %ape1 & if ! top is c>efully tru$1 y w h some?+ :i* w be a great help to good "w4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,9 elm1 a%1 & hickory ! sapwood is sometimes consid]$ bett] ?an ! he>t4 #eb ,! t]m deal1 ?\gh (t5 loosely appli$ to ! wood ( ! p9e & fir1 prop]ly ref]s to planks ( ^! woods cut m ?an #g wide & #f' long--usually #c ?ick & #i wide4 ,! t]m is common 9 ,great ,brita9 b n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ec ,?is def9ition ( elevations & plan z be+ repres5tations ( :at y w\ld see if y /ood opposite ! sides or above ! top ( ! object1 is m]ely a r\gh explanation ( ! g5]al mean+ ( ! t]ms4 ,z a matt] ( sci5tific accuracy ! elevation is1 /rictly speak+1 n ! way ! side w\ld appe> if y look$ at x f "o position1 b ! way x w\ld appe> if y c\ld look at x f directly opposite e po9t ( x--z if y c\ld h an inf9ite numb] ( eyes1 "o be+ opposite e po9t ( ! object4 ,! elevation %[s ! front or side or end z x really is1 n z x looks1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( an exact copy if ! object is small1 or ( a small copy made 9 ! same proportion if ! object is too l>ge to be repres5t$ full size4 #ed ,gr41 equal measure4 ,,index ,adze1 ,indian1 #aa -- ,japanese1 #ae ,air-*amb]s1 #cah1 #cai 7footnote7 -- dri$ /ock1 #afd4 ,see ,season+4 -- dry+1 #cf-dj1 #ebb-ebd -- pure1 #bgg-bgi -- tanks1 #cah1 #cai 7footnote7 ,alkanet root1 #dih ,ammonia 7= /a9+71 #die1 #dig ,angle-blocks4 ,see ,corn]-blocks1 #cfe ,angles1 det]m9+1 ) bevel1 #cej ,angul> bit-brace1 #ceb ,animals1 h\ses =1 #abf-adj ,annual r+s1 #bi ,anvil1 #gg1 #cdd ,app>atus1 a?letic & gymna/ic4 ,see ,gymna/ic ,app>atus & ,implem5ts = ,outdoor ,sports4 ,apple 7wood71 #eab ,apron1 #ef ,arb\rs1 #bia-bic ,arcs1 describ+ circul>1 #cfd1 #cfe ,arkansas /one1 #dcd ,a%1 #eab -- sapwood1 #db1 #eaj ,aug]-bit1 #ceb ,awl1 ,japanese1 #ae ,awls1 #cdd1 #cde ,axe1 #cde ,backbone1 ice-boat1 #ccd ,back-saw1 #dfi ,backs = case "w1 #aid ,balcony1 #bie1 #big ,ball & block1 #bai ,balloon frame1 #bhj ,b>1 horizontal1 #aff-afh1 #agc ,b>s1 p>allel1 #afd-aff ,bassoolah1 #aa1 #ab ,basswood1 #eab ,ba?-h\se1 #bic1 #bid ,batteau1 #bii-cad ,batt5+1 #bhb ,bayb]ry tall[1 #cgh ,baywood4 ,see ,mahogany4 ,bead+1 #aih1 #cde1 #cdf -- -planes1 #dea ,bead-scrap]1 #cde1 #cdf ,beams4 ,see ,coll>-beams1 beams1 etc4 ,bee*1 #eab ,b5*1 fil+-1 #ge-gg -- f9i%+-1 #gg -- hook1 #hf-hh -- /op1 #ga-ge -- top1 #fb1 #fc1 #gd1 #ecf -- vise1 #fe-ga1 #gd1 #aja1 #ecf -- "w-1 #eg-fe1 #aja1 #ecf1 #ecg ,b5d+ wood1 #dj1 #cdf-cdi ,bevel1 #cdi1 #cej ,bevell+1 #cej1 #cea1 #ceg -- edges ( sides ( boat1 #cje ,big trees1 #ebj ,bir*1 #eab1 #eac -- model 7canoe71 #cbe1 #cbf ,bird-h\ses4 ,see ,h\ses = animals4 ,bird's-eye maple1 #eag ,bit-brace1 #cea1 #ceb -- angul>1 #ceb -- mak]1 #bb -- use (1 #cec-cef 7,bor+7 -- :]e to keep1 #hc ,bits1 #ceb1 #cec -- arrangem5t1 #hc -- mak]1 #bb ,bit-/ock4 ,see ,bit-brace4 ,black bir*1 #eab1 #eac -- bone-1 #dih -- *]ry1 #ead -- ivory-1 #dih ,black1 lamp-1 #dih -- walnut1 #eac ,bl9d dovetail+1 #cgc -- nail+1 #dcb ,block-=m1 #agf1 #bdj -- -plane1 #ddi ,bo>d1 sprung1 = pressure1 #cfb -- -measure1 #dg1 #dh ,bo>d+1 outside1 #bfi ,bo>ds1 def9ition (1 #df -- mat*$-1 #df1 #dg -- or planks1 lay+ expos$1 #cec -- splitt+1 #ebg-ebi ,boat-build+1 #bih-cdc -- h\se-1 #cci-cdc -- -h\ses1 #bid-big -- ice-1 #ccb-cci ,boats1 toy1 hulls (1 #bbg-bcg -- 7w9dmill71 #aad1 #aae ,bob-sl$1 #aef-afc ,body plan1 #bbi1 #bcj 7footnote7 ,boil$ oil1 #dcg 7,pa9t+7 ,bone-black1 #dih ,bookcase & l\nge1 #baa -- dw>f1 #aif -- l[1 #aif -- p9n$ 7knock-d[n71 #aie -- wall1 or hang+1 #ahf1 #ahg -- ) cupbo>d1 #aig -- ) desk1 #aih-bjj ,bookcases1 #aic-bjj ,book-rack1 #ahc1 #ahd -- -%elf1 hang+1 #ahe ,boo?s1 play1 #bda-bdi ,bor+1 #cec-cef -- ,japanese1 #ae ,b[-gun1 #aed -- -saw1 #dfi1 #dgj ,boxes1 #bai1 #bbg ,box-mak+1 #bai-bbg ,boxwood1 #eac ,brace = bits4 ,see ,bit-brace4 -- -jo9t1 #daa ,brac$ frame1 #bhj ,braces1 corn]1 = h\se frames1 #bff ,brad-awl1 #cdd1 #cde -- holes made by1 #dcj ,brake = sl$s1 #afj-afc ,briti% oak1 #eah ,broad-leav$ trees1 #eaa ,bruises & cuts1 #hf ,bruises 9 wood1 to take out1 #cef ,bru%es1 #cef -- c>e (1 #ddj ,buck4 ,see ,vault+-horse4 ,built-up /ock1 #dji1 #daj1 #ecj1 #eca ,bull-nos$-plane1 #dej ,burni%] = scrap]1 #dhg ,butt]nut1 #eac ,butt-jo9t1 #djh ,buttonwood4 ,see ,sycamore4 ,buy+ lumb]1 sugge/ions ab\t1 #cf-de4 ,see also ,season+4 -- tools1 sugge/ions ab\t1 #ae-bb ,cab9et-clamps4 ,see ,clamps4 -- corn]-1 #aij1 #aia -- = guns1 fi%+-rods1 etc41 #bae1 #baf -- = tools & supplies1 #if-aja -- m$ic9e1 #aia1 #aic -- music1 #bjj1 #bja -- wall1 or hang+1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aij -- -"w4 ,see ,furniture4 ,cab9s1 #bda-bei ,cages = animals1 #abf-adj ,calc9$ pla/]1 #djc ,calip]s1 #cef ,camp+-h\ses4 ,see ,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s4 ,canoe1 bir* model1 #cbe1 #cbf -- canvas-cov]$1 #cag-cbh -- flat-bottom$1 #caa-cag -- 7canvas-cov]$71 #cac1 #cad ,canvas-cov]$ canoe 7flat-bottom$71 #cac1 #cad -- canoes1 #cag-cbh ,canvas1 cov]+ canoe )1 #cbb1 #cbc -- deck1 #cag -- pa9t+1 #cbc ,cap 7plane-iron71 #dea1 #deb ,c>e ( /ock1 #dd -- ( tools1 #bb1 #bc ,c>l9s1 #cbe1 #cbi ,c>p5try1 ,japanese1 #ab-ae ,c>v+-tools1 #bj1 #ceg -- mak]s (1 #bb ,case1 c5tre-bo>d1 #ccj1 #cca -- music1 #bjj1 #bja ,cas+ = doors1 #bfi -- = doors & w9d[s1 #bgb ,catalpa1 #ebb ,caulk+1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #ccj ,c$>1 #eac1 #ead ,c5tre-bit1 #ceb -- -bo>d1 #ccj1 #cca -- -bo>d trunk1 #ccj1 #cca -- -table1 #bjf1 #bjg ,*a91 wood51 #bah1 #bai ,*air1 outdoor1 #baj -- -table1 #bab-bad ,*alk1 #daf -- -l9e1 #daf ,*amf]+1 #cej1 #cea1 #ceg ,*>r+ wood1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #ebe ,*eck+ ( lumb]1 #ca1 #db1 #ebf ,*]ry1 #ead ,*e/nut1 #ead ,*e/s1 #bai-bbg ,*imney4 ,see ,smoke-pipe4 ,*ip 7( plane71 #dec ,*isels1 #ceg-cei -- arrangem5t (1 #hc -- mak]s (1 #bb -- %>p5+4 ,see ,%>p5+4 -- use (1 #ceh1 #cei1 #dba-dbc1 #ddb-ddd ,*opp+-block1 #hf -- wood4 ,see ,splitt+ ,wood4 ,circles & arcs1 describ+1 #cfd1 #cfe ,circul>-plane1 #dej ,clamp+1 #ga1 #cei-cfc 7,clamps71 #cie1 #dfa ,clamps1 #ga1 #cei-cfc1 #cie1 #dfa4 ,see also ,h&-screws4 ,clapbo>d+1 #bgc1 #bgd ,clapbo>ds1 #dh1 #bgd ,clean] = furniture1 etc41 #chf ,cleat+1 #ec1 #cfc1 #cfd ,cleats4 ,see ,cleat+4 -- = r[locks1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjf ,cl9*+ nails1 #dca ,club-h\se1 #bif1 #big ,coal-t>1 #ebe ,coam+1 #caf1 #cbj1 #cbe1 #cca ,coll>-beams1 #bhg ,collection ( specim5s ( wood1 #dd1 #ejg1 #ejh ,col\r ( lumb]1 #dj ,comb9ation articles 7furniture71 #aih-bjj1 #baa-bad ,comb9ation planes1 #dea ,comp>tm5ts 7pigeon-holes71 #bjj -- wat]-tight1 #cah1 #cai 7footnote7 ,compasses1 #cfd1 #cfe4 ,see also ,scrib+4 ,compass-plane4 ,see ,circul>-plane4 -- -saw1 #dfi1 #dgj ,conceal$ nail+4 ,see ,bl9d- & ,sliv]-nail+1 #dcb ,conif]s1 #eaa ,coop1 #abi ,cord1 twi/$1 = pressure1 #cfb ,corn]-blocks1 #cfe -- book-%elves & seat1 #bab -- -braces = h\se frame1 #bff -- -*isel1 #ceh -- -po/s1 #bfe1 #bff -- -seat & %elves1 #bab -- -%elves or cab9ets1 #aij1 #aia ,cottage ,r[1 #bga-bgf ,cottages1 simple summ]1 #bga-bij ,cottonwood1 #ead ,c\* ) bookcase1 etc41 #baa ,c\nt]s9k1 #cfe1 #dgh ,crack+ ( lumb]1 #ca1 #db1 #ebf ,cracks & holes1 to fill1 #chd1 #djc1 #djd -- fla%+1 #bgc ,creosote1 #ebe -- -/a9s1 #bgj1 #ebe ,cricket1 or foot/ool1 #baj ,crook$ gra91 #ebi1 #ecj ,crossb[1 #aed ,cross-cutt+-saw1 #dff1 #dfg -- -gra9$ /ock1 #dj1 #da1 #ebi1 #ecj ,cupbo>d4 ,see ,cab9et4 ,cup-%akes1 #eca ,curl+ ( lumb]1 #cb-cd1 #dji1 #daj1 #ejb1 #ebf-eca ,curves1 saw+1 #ahj -- trimm+ or p>+1 #ddc ,cut-nails1 #dcc -- be/ = %+l+1 #bgj ,cuts & bruises1 #hf ,cutt+ ! log1 #ca-ce -- ! tree4 ,see ,fell+4 ,cutt+-edges1 #be-bh4 ,see also ,%>p5+4 -- -pli]s1 #cff ,cutwat]1 #cji-caa ,cypress1 #ead1 #eae ,dagg]s1 wood51 #ajf1 #ajg ,deal1 #eai1 #eba ,decay & pres]vation1 #da1 #ebd-ebf ,deck1 #cbi -- canvas1 #cag -- = toy boats1 #bcf -- timb]s1 #cbe1 #cbi ,deliquesc5t /em1 #ejh ,design+1 #age-agg1 #bci-bda1 #bgf1 #ecd1 #ece ,desk & bookcase1 #aih-bjj -- -rack1 #ahd1 #ahe ,dim5sion /ock1 #de ,divid]s4 ,see ,compasses4 ,dog-fi% sk91 #cha ,dog-h\ses1 #acc-acf ,dogwood1 #ebb ,dolls' h\se1 #aba-abe ,door1 #bdg -- & w9d[ frames1 space =1 #bff -- -cas+s1 #bfi1 #bgb ,doors & panels1 #cff-cgb -- & w9d[s1 sizes (1 #bgf -- slid+1 #acb1 #acc ,d\ble-blad$ paddle1 #cbh -- -iron$ planes1 #dea -- -runn]1 #aef-afc ,dovetail+1 #cgb1 #cgc ,d[ell+1 #cgd-cgf ,d[el-plate1 #cgf ,d[els1 #cgd ,dragon's blood1 #dih ,dra9age1 #bgh1 #bgi ,drawbor+1 #dbf ,draw]1 or lap1 dovetail+1 #cgc ,draw]s1 #aja1 #cgf-cgh ,draw+ nails1 #ejd1 #eje ,draw+s1 work+1 #di1 #ej1 #ecb-ecf ,draw-knife or draw-%ave1 #cgh1 #cgi -- use (1 #ddb-ddd ,draw-/roke1 #bf-bh1 #cea1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #def ,drill1 primitive1 #aj -- -/ock1 #cgi ,drills1 #cgi ,driv+ nails4 ,see ,nail+4 ,dry rot1 #ebf -- situation1 #bgg ,dry]1 #dch 7,pa9t+7 ,dry+ lumb]1 me?ods (1 #cf-dj1 #ebc1 #ebd ,duck's-bill-bit1 #cec ,dw>f bookcase1 #aif ,ebony1 #dh1 #eae ,edges1 cutt+1 #be-bh4 ,see also ,%>p5+4 ,ela/icity1 #dj1 #eaa -- loss (1 #cg1 #ebd ,eld]1 #ebb ,elevations1 #ecb-ecd ,elm1 #eae -- sapwood1 #db1 #eaj ,end-gra91 #ebi -- plan+1 #deg ,ess5tials to successful "w1 #ajb ,e/imat+1 #ed1 #ee ,excurr5t trunk1 #ejh ,expansion & contraction1 #cj-cc1 #ej-ec1 #bbe1 #ebf-eca -- bit1 #ceb ,face 7( plane71 #dde -- 7( /ock71 #ed ,fac+ edges ( case "w1 #aih ,f>m s*ool1 #bga ,fell+ & season+1 #ebb-ebd4 ,see also ,season+4 ,figur$ /ock4 ,see ,gra9 ( ,wood4 ,file-c>d1 #cha ,files1 #cgi-cha -- mak] (1 #bb ,fil+1 #cgi-cha -- -b5*1 #ge-gg -- saw-1 #dhe-dhg 7,%>p5+7 ,fill]1 wood1 #che 7,f9i%+7 ,f9i%+1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #cha-chf -- -b5*1 #gg ,f9-keel type1 #bbi-bcf ,fir4 ,see ,p9e & ,spruce4 ,firm]-*isel1 #ceg1 #cei ,fi%+-lodges4 ,see ,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s4 ,fi%-plates1 #daa ,fla%+1 #beg1 #beh1 #bgb1 #bgc ,flatboat1 #bii-cjh ,flat-bottom$ boats1 #bii-cag ,floor-beams1 #bed1 #bee1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bif ,floor+ = canoe1 #cbc -- rift-1 #cf ,floors1 #bed1 #bee1 #bff-bfh1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bif ,fl[]-pot /&s1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjg ,foot/ool or cricket1 #baj ,=e-plane1 #ddg1 #ddh ,=e/s1 pres]vation (1 #eji ,=ms = b5d+4 ,see ,m\lds4 ,f\ndation1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfb-bfd1 #bgi ,frame = build+s1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bed1 #bfe-bfi1 #bgb1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bif4 ,see also ,h\ses = ,animals4 -- balloon1 #bhj -- brac$ & mortis$1 #bhj -- = boat4 ,see ,m\lds & ,boat-build+ = ,beg9n]s4 ,frames1 door & w9d[1 sizes (1 #bgf2 spaces =1 #bff -- picture-1 #baf1 #bag ,fram+-*isels1 #ceh ,fram+ 7doors & panels74 ,see ,doors & ,panels4 -- 7h\se74 ,see ,frame = ,build+s4 -- -squ>e1 #die ,fr5* poli%+1 #che1 #chf ,frogs1 turtles1 liz>ds1 etc41 tank =1 #aci1 #adj ,front elevation1 #ecb ,fungi1 #da1 #dc1 & ,decay & ,pres]vation1 #ebd-ebf ,furniture1 #age-bag -- repair+1 #dfj-dfb ,ga91 #bhh 7,fig4 #cii7 ,gauge1 #chf-cij -- = bevels & *amf]s1 #cea -- mak]s1 #bb ,gaug+4 ,see ,gauge4 ,georgia p9e1 #ebj ,giant sw+1 #agb1 #agc ,gimlet1 #cij -- -bit1 #cec ,glass = scrap]1 #dgc1 #dgd -- sett+1 #cia ,glaz+1 #cia ,glue4 ,see ,glu+4 ,glu$-jo9ts1 #cfj 7footnote71 #cib1 #cic 7footnote74 ,see also ,glu+1 ,clamps1 ,h&-screws1 & ,repair+ ,furniture4 -- clamp+1 #cei-cfc -- rubb+1 #cfe 7,corn]-blocks7 ,glue-pot1 #cif ,glu+1 #cia-cif4 ,see also ,clamps1 ,h&-screws1 & ,repair+ ,furniture4 -- old "w4 ,see ,repair+ ,furniture4 ,glyc]9e1 #dcd ,g\ge1 #cif-cih -- -bit1 #cec ,g\ges1 arrangem5t (1 #hc -- mak]s (1 #bb ,gra9 ( wood1 #cj1 #cc-cf1 #dj -- crook$ or cross-gra9$1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #ebi1 #ecj ,gr9d+4 ,see ,%>p5+4 ,gr9d/one1 #cih -- use (1 #dhj-dhb ,groov+1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #cih ,gum 7wood71 #ebb ,gun-cab9et1 etc41 #bae1 #baf ,guns & pi/ols 7wood571 #aeb-aed ,gunwale /rip1 #cjf1 #cag1 #cbj ,gymna/ic app>atus1 #afc-agd ,half-bread? plan1 #bbi1 #bcj ,half-r\nd file1 #chj ,halv+ 7halv$-jo9ts71 #cii1 #djj ,hamm]1 #djj -- use (4 ,see ,nail+1 #dbh-dcj1 & also #ejd1 #eje ,h&les1 etc41 oil+1 #bc ,h&-screws1 #djj-djb -- use (1 #ga1 #djj-djb1 #dfa ,hang+ bookcase1 #ahf1 #ahg -- book-%elf1 #ahe ,happy ,jack1 #aab-aad ,h>d p9e1 #eai1 #ebj -- wood1 #de ,hat*et1 #djb -- use (1 #dda1 #ddb ,headl$ges1 #ccj1 #cca ,he>t1 crook$1 #ebi1 #ecj -- %akes1 #eca -- wood1 #bi1 #db1 #dc1 #eaj ,hemlock1 #eae ,h5-h\ses4 ,see ,h\ses = ,animals & ,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s4 ,hickory1 #eae -- sapwood1 #eaj ,h+es1 #bdg1 #djb1 #djc ,hip-raft]s1 #bhd ,hip-ro(1 #bhd-bhf ,holes & cracks1 to fill1 #chd1 #djc1 #djd ,holl[ & r\nd planes1 #dea ,holly1 #eaf ,horizontal b>1 #aff-afh1 #agc ,hornbeam1 #ebb ,horse1 vault+-1 #agj-agb ,horses1 or tre/les1 #hh-ij ,h\se1 ba?-1 #bic1 #bid -- -boats1 #cci-cdc -- -build+ = beg9n]s1 #bch-big -- design+1 #bci-bda -- situation1 #bci4 ,see also ,h\ses4 ,h\s$ jo9t1 #dbd & ,fig4 #eeg ,h\ses1 boat-1 #bid-big -- club-1 #bif1 #big -- dolls'1 #aba-abe -- = animals1 #abf-adj -- play-1 #bda-bei -- portable1 #bdg1 #bdh -- summ]-1 #bia-bic4 ,see also ,h\se4 ,h\s+ 7h\s$ jo9t74 #dbd & ,fig4 #eeg ,hunt+-lodges4 ,see ,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s4 ,hut*1 rabbit1 #acb1 #acc ,ice-boat1 small1 #ccb-cci ,indian turn+1 #aj1 #aa ,inside calip]s1 #cef ,iron 7( plane71 #dde -- pa9t+1 #dch ,ironwood1 #ebb ,isometric projection or p]spective1 #ece ,ivory black1 #dih ,jack-knife4 ,see ,knife1 #daa1 #dab -- -plane1 #ddf1 #ddg -- -raft]1 #bhd ,japan1 #dch 7,pa9t+7 -- v>ni%1 #dch ,japanese c>p5t]'s vise1 #ac -- c>p5try1 #ab-ae -- lacqu]1 #chc 7footnote7 -- tools1 #ad1 #ae ,jo9t]1 #ddh ,jo9t+1 #cfj 7footnote71 #djd-djh1 #dia 7,%oot+-bo>d7 ,jo9ts1 #bba1 #bbb ,jo9ts & splices1 #djh-daa -- = glu+1 #cfj1 #cib1 #cic 7footnote74 ,see ,glu$-jo9ts4 -- h\s$1 #dbd & ,fig4 #eeg -- 9 expos$ "w1 pa9t+1 #dci1 #ddj -- mitr$4 ,see ,mitr+4 -- reli%$1 #dbe ,joi/s1 def9ition1 #dg ,keel1 #caf1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbg -- built up1 #bcg -- 7skag71 #cjg ,keelson1 #cbj ,k5nel1 #acc-acf ,k]f+4 ,see ,b5d+ ,wood1 #cdf ,keyhole-saw1 #dgj ,kiln-dry+1 #cg-dj4 ,see ,season+4 ,k+-bolt1 #aeh ,knees1 #cad ,knife1 #daa1 #dab -- mak]s1 #bb -- putty1 #dei -- %>p5+1 #dhj1 #dhd -- use (1 #ddb-ddd ,knives1 wood51 #ajf1 #ajg ,knock-d[n con/ruction1 #aie ,lacqu]1 ,japanese1 #chc 7footnote7 ,ladd]s 7gymna/ic71 #agc ,lampblack1 #dih ,lancewood1 #eaf ,lap or draw] dovetail+1 #cgc ,l>d oil1 #dcd ,la!1 primitive ,indian1 #aj1 #aa ,la?s1 #dh ,lattice-"w1 #bhb1 #bia1 #bib ,lay+ out ! "w1 #ej-ed ,lead 7( plane-iron71 #deb -- ov] door- & w9d[-cas+s1 #bgb1 #bgc -- r$1 #dch 7,pa9t+7 -- :ite4 ,see ,pa9t+4 ,lean-to1 #bda-bej -- addition1 #bha1 #bhb -- ro(1 frame =1 #bej ,l$g]-bo>d1 #bif ,leg-(-mutton sail1 #ccb ,leop>d wood1 #dh ,level1 #if1 #dab -- mak]s1 #bb ,levell+ tables1 horses1 *airs1 etc41 #dgi1 #dhj1 #ejd ,ligh?\se1 #abj ,lignum-vit1 #eaf ,lime-wat]1 #dig1 #dih ,l9d54 ,see ,basswood4 ,l9se$ oil4 ,see ,f9i%+1 ,pa9t+ 7#dcg71 & ,/a9+4 ,liz>ds1 frogs1 turtles1 etc41 tank =1 #aci1 #adj ,live oak1 #eah ,load wat]-l9e1 #bcj 7footnote7 ,location ( h\se1 #bgg-bgi ,locks1 #dab1 #dac ,locu/1 #eaf ,log1 cutt+ !1 #ca-ce ,long jo9t]1 #ddh ,l\nge ) bookcase1 etc41 #baa ,lumb]1 *>act]i/ics4 ,see ,*apt] ,,iii4 7,wood71 & #eaj-ebb -- *>r+1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #ebe -- *eck+ & crack+1 #ca1 #db1 #ebf -- col\r (1 #dj -- cross-gra9$1 #dj1 #da1 #ebi1 #ecj -- curl+ & w>p+1 #cb-cd1 #da1 #dji1 #ejb1 #ebf-eca -- def9ition1 #de -- dress$1 #de1 #df -- rift1 #ce1 #cf -- saw+1 #ca-ce4 ,see also ,expansion & ,contraction4 -- season+1 #cf-dj1 #db1 #afd1 #agg1 #agh1 #ebb-ebd -- selection (1 #cc-de -- /ack+1 #ci -- swell+ & %r9k+1 #cj-ce1 #ej-ec1 #bbe1 #ebf-eca -- undress$1 #de -- wany1 #dj -- w>p$1 #da4 ,see ,w>p+4 -- w9d+1 #da4 ,see ,w9d+4 ,m1 #dg ,mahogany1 #eaf -- cracks 91 #db ,mallet1 #dad ,maple1 #eag ,m>k+1 #dad-daf -- -awl4 ,see ,awl & ,m>k+4 -- di/ances4 ,see ,rule1 #dfe -- -gauge4 ,see ,gauge4 ,mason's squ>e1 #bfa ,ma/s1 #cca ,mat*$-bo>ds1 #df1 #dg -- /rik+1 #bde ,mat*+-planes1 #ba1 #dg1 #dea ,maxims1 #ajb ,measurem5ts4 ,see ,rule1 & also #dg1 #dh1 #ej1 #ei1 #afg7;footnote71 #bdd1 #bfa ,measur+4 ,see ,measurem5ts4 ,measur+-rod1 #ec ,m$ic9e-cab9et1 #aia1 #aic ,m$ull>y rays1 #bi1 #cj ,middle-bo>ds1 #cd1 #ce1 #ebc ,mirror-plates1 #daf ,mirrors1 sett+1 #cia ,mitre4 ,see ,mitr+4 -- -bo>d1 #ib1 #ic -- -box1 #ij-ib -- dovetail+1 #cgc -- %oot+-bo>d1 #id -- -squ>e1 #cdi ,mitr+1 #bba1 #dag-dai ,models1 #bdj ,mortise & t5on4 ,see ,mortis+4 ,mortise-*isels1 #ceh -- -gauge1 #chg -- op51 #djj ,mortis$ frame1 #bhj ,mortis+1 #dai-dbh ,m\ld+s1 #dh1 #aig1 #aih 7footnote7 ,m\lds 7= b5d+71 #cdh1 #cdi -- 7= boat71 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cji1 #caj1 #cae1 #caf1 #cai1 #cbj ,m\? 7( plane71 #dde1 #deb1 #dec ,music-case1 #bjj1 #bja ,nail+1 #dbh-dcc ,nails1 #dcc -- copp] & galvanis$1 #cjj -- = %+l+1 #bgj -- h[ to keep1 #he -- use (1 #dcj-dcc 7,nail+7 -- )draw+1 #ejd1 #eje ,nail-set1 #dcc1 #dcd ,ne$le-leav$ trees1 #eaa ,nipp]s1 #dcd1 #dde ,norway p9e1 #eai -- spruce1 #eba ,not*-bo>ds1 #bhi ,oak1 #eag1 #eah ,oak1 qu>t]$1 #cd ,oblique projections1 #ece ,odd-jobs1 #dcd ,oil1 #dcd -- -f9i%1 #cha -- l9se$1 ,see ,f9i%+1 ,pa9t+1 & ,/a9+4 ,oil+ h&les1 etc41 #bc ,oil-/one1 #dcd1 #dce -- box =1 #he -- use (1 ,see ,%>p5+4 ,op5 mortise & t5on1 #djj ,op]ations1 "s e-day1 #cdd-eje ,outdoor seat1 #baj ,outside calip]s1 #cef ,ov]%ot wat]-:eels1 #aag1 #aah ,pack+-cases1 #bbe ,paddles1 #cbg1 #cbh ,pa9t1 ,see ,pa9t+4 ,pa9t+1 #dce-dda -- canvas1 #cbc -- %+les1 #bgj ,panels1 #cff-cgb 7,doors & ,panels7 ,panel-saw1 #dff ,p>allel b>s1 #afd-aff -- projection1 #ece ,p>+1 #dda-ddd -- -*isel1 ,see ,*isel #ceg1 #ceh ,p>t+ tool1 ,see ,c>v+ ,tools4 ,patt]ns = b5d+1 ,see ,m\lds4 ,pe> 7wood71 #eah ,p5cil1 ,see ,m>k+1 #dad ,p]spective1 isometric1 #ece ,piazza1 #bhc1 #bhg-bhi ,picture-frames1 #baf1 #bag ,pigeon-holes1 #bjj -- -h\ses4 ,see ,h\ses = ,animals4 ,pi]s1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bgi ,piles1 #ebd ,p9c]s1 #dde ,p9e1 #eah-ebj ,p9n+ mortise & t5on1 #dbe ,p9s = mortise & t5on1 #dbf ,pipe-rack1 #ahh1 #ahi ,pi/ols & guns 7wood571 #aeb-aed ,pit*1 #ebe -- p9e1 #ebj ,pi?1 crook$1 #ebi1 #ecj ,plan1 #ecb-ecd -- 7boat71 #bbi1 #bcj ,plane1 #dde-deh -- h[ to hold1 #ddf1 #ddg -- -iron1 adju/+1 #dec1 #ded -- %>p5+1 ,see ,%>p5+4 -- wood5 jack- or =e-1 hold+1 #ddf ,see ,planes4 ,plan]-m>ks1 #deh ,planes1 ,japanese1 #ac1 #ad -- mak]s1 #bb -- :]e to keep1 #hb -- wood51 oil+1 #bc4 ,see ,plane4 ,plan+ d[n /ock1 #dd ,planks1 def9ition1 #dg -- lay+1 ,see ,bo>ds1 lay+4 -- splitt+1 ,see ,bo>ds1 splitt+4 ,plans1 ,see ,work+ ,draw+s4 ,plant-/&s1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjg ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 #djc ,plates1 #bff ,play-h\ses1 -boo?s1 or -/ores1 #bda-bei -- ,cottage ,r[1 #bga1 #bgf -- -village1 #aah-aba1 #bga1 #bgf ,pli]s1 #dde -- cutt+-1 #cff ,pl\gh1 #ba1 #dea4 ,see ,plane4 ,plum 7wood71 #ebj ,plumb1 #if1 #deh ,pod-bit1 #cec ,pole1 sprung1 = pressure1 #cfb -- = skis1 #adh ,poles 7= gymna/ics71 #agc ,poli%+1 #che1 #chf ,popl>1 #ebb ,po/s1 corn]-1 #bfe1 #bff -- f\ndation1 #bfb-bfd -- sett+1 #bfb1 #bfc ,pota%1 bi*romate (1 #dih ,p\ltry-h\ses1 ,see ,h\se-build+ = ,beg9n]s & ,h\ses = ,animals4 ,pres]vation ( wood1 decay &1 #ebd-ebf -- ( =e/s1 #eji ,pressure1 means ( apply+1 ,see ,clamps & ,h&-screws4 ,projections1 oblique or p>allel1 & isometric1 #ece ,proportions ( /ructures1 #agf1 #bdj ,pun* 7= nails71 ,see ,nail-set1 #dcc1 #dcd ,punts & sc[s1 #bii-cjh ,purl9s1 #bfh ,putty1 #dei -- -knife1 #dei -- use (1 #djc1 #dci ,qu>t]$ oak1 #cd1 #agi ,que5-bolts1 #aei ,quill-bit1 #cec ,rabbet1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #dei -- -hut*1 #acb1 #acc -- -plane4 ,see ,plane #dej1 #dea ,rack1 = books1 #ahc1 #ahd -- = pipes1 #ahh1 #ahi -- = table or desk1 #ahd1 #ahe -- = tools1 #hc1 #hd ,raft]s1 #bhb -- arrangem5t (1 #bhg -- hip-1 #bhd -- jack-1 #bhd -- lay+ out1 #bfh ,rails 7( door or panel "w71 #cgj -- 7( table71 #bjd ,rasp1 #dfj ,rasp+4 ,see ,fil+4 ,rat*et-brace1 #cea ,rat*ets 7= %elves71 #dhi ,rat-tail$ file1 #chj ,raw oil4 ,see ,pa9t+1 #dcg ,rays1 m$ull>y1 #bi1 #cj ,ream]s1 #cec ,re> elevation1 #ecb ,r$ c$>1 #ead -- deal1 #eai -- fir1 #eai -- lead1 #dch 7,pa9t+7 -- oak1 #eah -- p9e1 ,canadian1 #eai ,r$wood1 #ebj ,reli%+ 7reli%$ jo9t71 #dbe ,repair+ furniture1 #dfj-dfb ,ribb&s1 #cbj ,ribs1 #cad1 #cba1 #cbd1 #cbe -- b5d+4 ,see ,b5d+ ,wood4 ,ridge-bo>d1 #bfh ,rift-floor+1 #cf -- /ock1 #ce1 #cf ,r+s1 annual1 #bi -- sw++ 7gymna/ic71 #agc ,ripp+-saw1 #dfh1 #dfi 7,saw7 ,ris]s1 #bhi ,rivets1 #dfb ,rock elm1 #eae -- maple1 #eag ,rod1 measur+1 #ec ,ro(-bo>ds1 #bfh -- -timb]s1 #bfh -- durability (1 #ebe ,ro(+-pap]1 #bdf1 #beh ,ro(s1 #abh1 #bfh-bgj -- = h\se-boat1 #cda1 #cdb -- hip-1 #bhd-bhf -- lean-to1 %$1 or s+le-pit*$1 #bda1 #bej -- ov]hang (1 #bhb ,rope twi/$ = pressure1 #cfb ,rosewood1 #ebj ,rot1 wet & dry1 #ebf ,r\nd+ /icks1 #dfb-dfe -- =m =1 #ie1 #if ,r\t]1 ,see ,plane1 #dea ,r[boat1 small1 #cjh-caa ,r[boats1 #bii-cag ,r[locks1 #cjb1 #cjf1 #cac ,rubb+ d[n1 #chd ,rule1 #dfe -- mak]s1 #bb ,rul]1 m>k+ by1 #dae ,runn]-bo>d1 ice-boat1 #ccd ,runn]s1 ice-boat1 #cce-cch ,runn+ foot1 #dh1 #bdd ,runway = animals1 #abh1 #bgf ,ru/1 prev5t+1 #bc ,ru/ic summ] h\ses & arb\rs1 #bib1 #bic ,saddle-bo>ds1 #bfi ,sail-boat1 small1 #caa1 #cbh-ccb ,sail1 leg-(-mutton1 #ccb -- sprit-1 #ccb ,san ,dom+o mahogany1 #eag ,s&pap]1 #dfe1 #dff -- block1 #dff ,s&pap]+4 ,see ,s&pap]4 ,sanit>y precautions1 #bgg-bgi ,sap1 #cj ,sapwood1 #bi1 #db1 #dc1 #eaj ,sassafras1 #ebb ,sat9wood1 #eba ,saw1 #dff-dgc -- -fil+1 #dhe-dhg 7,%>p5+7 ,saw-set1 #dgc ,saw+4 ,see ,saw4 -- curves1 #ahj -- jo9ts to fit1 #daj -- log1 ways (1 #cj-ce -- lumb]1 #ca-ce ,saws1 ,japanese1 #ad1 #ae -- mak]s1 #bb -- :]e to keep1 #hb ,scale 7= draw+s71 #ecc ,sc>f+1 bevell$1 or splay+1 #daj1 #daa ,s*$ule ( mat]ials1 #ee ,scor+ ) cuts4 ,see ,p>+4 ,scot* fir1 #eai -- p9e1 #eai ,sc[s & punts1 #bii-cjh ,scrap-boxes1 #he ,scrap]1 #dgc1 #dgd -- = bead+1 #cde1 #cdf -- ,japanese1 #ac1 #ad -- %>p5+1 #dhg1 #dhh 7,%>p5+7 -- :]e to keep1 #he ,scrap+4 ,see ,scrap]4 ,scrat*-awl1 #cde 7,awl7 ,screw-driv]s1 #dge1 #dgf -- = bit-brace1 #dgf -- long & %ort1 #dgf ,screws1 & _! use1 #dgf-dgi -- h[ to keep1 #he ,scrib]4 ,see ,m>k+1 #dad ,scrib+4 ,see ,m>k+1 #dad-daf & #dgi1 #dhj ,seams ( boat4 ,see ,caulk+4 ,season$ /ock1 #afd1 #agg1 #agh -- te/s =1 #ci1 #dj4 ,see ,season+ lumb]4 ,season+ lumb]1 #cf-dj1 #db1 #afd1 #agg1 #agh1 #ebb-ebd ,seat = corn]1 ) %elves1 #bab -- outdoor1 #baj ,second /ory1 fram+ at1 #bif1 #big ,secret dovetail+1 #cgc -- nail+4 ,see ,bl9d- & ,sliv]-nail+1 #dcb ,section1 #ecc1 #ecd ,see-saw1 tilt or1 #adb-ade ,sequoia1 #ebj ,set 7= nails71 #dcc1 #dcd -- 7( saw71 #dfg ,sett+ glass1 #cia ,sett+ mirrors1 #cia -- nails1 #dcc1 #dcd -- po/s1 #bfb1 #bfc -- saws4 ,see ,%>p5+4 ,settle1 corn]1 ) %elves1 #bab -- ) table1 #bab-bad ,sew]age1 #bgh1 #bgi ,%acks1 #bda-bei ,%agb>k 7hickory71 #eae ,%akes1 #eca ,%>p5+ tools1 #af1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #dhj-dhh ,%>pie 7sail-boat71 #cbh-ccb ,%ave4 ,see ,draw-knife & ,spoke%ave4 ,%ea?+1 #df1 #dg1 #bde1 #bfi -- = canvas canoe1 #cbe1 #cbf -- outside ( h\se ) pap]1 #bgc -- -pap]1 #bdf -- /rik+1 #bde ,%$-ro(4 ,see ,lean-to4 ,%e] plan1 #bbi1 #bcj ,%elf = books1 hang+1 #ahe ,%ellac4 ,see ,f9i%+4 ,%ell-bit1 #cec 7,bits7 ,%elves1 corn]1 #aij1 #aia -- ends (1 #aie -- = pipes1 etc41 #ahh1 #ahi -- = wall1 #ahg-ahi -- movable1 #dhi -- or pigeon-holes1 #bjj ,%+les1 #dh1 #bfi ,%+l+1 #bfi1 #bgj -- hips1 #bhe1 #bhf ,%oot+-bo>d1 #ic1 #id -- use (1 #dij1 #dia ,%r9kage1 #cj-ce -- effects ( swell+ & %r9k+1 #ebf-eca4 ,see ,expansion & ,contraction4 ,%utt]1 #bdg1 #beh ,side elevation1 #ecb -- -plates1 #bhg ,sills1 #bfe ,silv]-gra9 or rays4 ,see ,m$ull>y rays & ,qu>t]$ oak4 ,s+le-pit*$ ro(4 ,see ,lean-to4 ,site1 selection (1 #bgg-bgi ,siz+ ( floor-beams1 #bfg ,skag1 #cjg ,skew-*isel1 #ceg1 #ceh ,skiffs1 #cjh-cad ,skis1 #ade-adh ,slab-sid$ file1 #chj ,sl$s1 #aee-afc ,slips1 #dce1 #dhd ,sliv] nail+1 #dcb ,sloid knife4 ,see ,knife1 #daa1 #dab -- "w-b5*1 #eg ,smoke-pipe1 #beg-bei ,smok+ wood1 #ebd ,smoo?+1 #agi1 #ahj1 #dej1 #dec1 #deg1 #deh4 ,see ,plane1 ,scrap]1 ,s&pap]4 -- -plane1 #ddh1 #ddi ,snake1 wood51 #ajh1 #aji ,s(a ) bookcase1 etc41 #baa ,s(t wood1 #de ,sole 7( plane71 #dde ,s\!rn p9e1 #eai1 #ebj ,specim5s ( wood1 #dd1 #ejg1 #ejh ,sp]m oil1 #dcd ,splay+ 7splice71 #daj1 #daa ,splices4 ,see ,jo9ts & ,splices4 ,spl9e1 #dia ,split /ock4 ,see ,rift4 ,splitt+ /ock1 #dd1 #ebg-ebi -- wood1 #bh1 #dia ,spoke%ave1 #dia1 #dib -- mak]s1 #bb ,spoon-bit1 #cec ,sport+-cab9et1 #bae1 #baf ,spr+-bo>d1 #agj ,spritsail1 #ccb ,spruce1 #eba ,squ>e1 #dib-die -- -foot1 #dg1 #bdd 7note7 -- mak]s1 #bb -- mitre1 #cdi -- :]e to keep1 #hd1 #he1 & ,frontispiece ,squ>+ "w1 #aha -- ) clamps1 #cfj1 #cfa ,squirrel-h\se1 #acf-aci ,/ack+ lumb]1 #ci1 #dd -- result ( c>eless1 #db ,/a9+1 #die-dih -- %+les1 #bgj ,/a9s1 creosote-1 #bgj1 #ebe ,/airs1 #bhi -- 7= little h\ses71 #abc ,/ak+ out1 #bfj-bfb ,/&s1 = plants1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjg ,/&s1 small1 #bjb1 #bjg-bji ,/>-%akes1 #eca ,/eam-*e/1 #cdg ,/eam+ wood1 #cdg 7,b5d+7 ,/eel squ>e1 #die -- -wool1 #dih1 #dii ,/e]+ 7sl$s71 #aei1 #afj1 #afc ,/em-po/s1 #cji1 #caj1 #cbj-cbc ,/eps1 #bhi ,/]n-po/1 #cbg4 ,see ,/em-po/s4 ,/ick+ lumb]4 ,see ,/ack+4 ,/ile 7( door or panel "w71 #cgj ,/ilts1 #ada ,/ock 7( plane71 #dde -- built up1 #dji1 #daj1 #ecj1 #eca -- c>e (1 #dd -- cross- or crook$-gra9$1 #dj1 #da1 #ebi1 #ecj -- plan+ d[n1 #dd -- splitt+1 #ebg-ebi -- rift or split1 #ce1 #cf4 ,see ,lumb]4 ,/op1 b5*-1 #ga-ge -- -*amf]1 #ceg -- = draw]s1 #cgh ,/ove-pipe4 ,see ,smoke-pipe4 ,/ores or h\ses1 play-1 #bda-bei ,/raight-b5t *isel1 #ceh ,/raight-edge1 #hf1 #dii -- m>k+ by1 #dae -- to detect w>p+ or w9d+4 ,see ,w9d+-/icks4 ,/rik+ circles & arcs1 #cfd1 #cfe ,/r+]s or /r+s 7/airs71 #bhi ,/rop1 #he1 #dii1 #ejj ,/ropp+1 #dhe ,/udd+1 #bff1 #bhg -- second-/ory1 #bif ,sug> maple1 #eag -- p9e1 #eai ,summ] cottages1 simple1 #bga-bij -- -h\ses1 #bia-bic ,sunlight1 #bgg1 #bgh ,swell+ & %r9k+1 #cj-ce1 #ej-ec1 #bbe1 #ebf-eca ,sw+1 giant1 #agb1 #agc ,swords1 wood51 #ajf1 #ajg ,sycamore1 #eba ,table1 & settle1 or *air1 #bab-bad -- -top1 putt+ on1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bji ,tables1 #bjc-bji ,tacks1 #ejj -- = canvas canoes1 #cbc ,tall[1 bayb]ry1 #cgh ,tamp+1 #bfc ,tank1 wat]-1 = frogs1 etc41 #aci1 #adj ,tannic acid1 #ebf ,tape1 #ejj ,t>1 coal- & wood-1 #ebe ,teak1 #ebb ,templates1 #bca ,t5nis rackets1 #ajd ,t5on4 ,see ,mortis+4 -- -saw4 ,see ,saw 7,back-saw74 ,t5ons 79 repair+71 #dfb ,?ole-p9s1 #cjb ,?ompson's ,isl&1 #bga ,?ree-corn]$ file4 ,see ,file4 ,?roat 7( plane71 #dde ,tilt1 or see-saw1 #adb-ade ,timb]1 def9ition1 #de -- durability (4 ,see ,lumb]4 ,toboggan1 #adh-aeb ,toe-nail+1 #dca1 #dcb ,toggle-jo9t1 application (1 #bfg ,tool-cab9ets1 #if-aja -- -*e/1 #if1 #ig1 #bbc1 #bbd -- -h&les1 oil+1 #bc -- -rack1 #hc1 #hd ,tools1 #i-bh -- & supplies1 arrangem5t1 #hj-hf1 #if -- cab9et =1 #if-aja -- c>e (1 #bb1 #bc -- common1 & _! use1 #cdd-eje -- edge-1 #be-bh -- ,japanese1 #ad1 #ae -- li/s (1 #ah-bj -- mak]s1 #bb -- primitive1 #i-ae -- %>p5+1 #af1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #dhj-dhh -- univ]sal1 #ah -- use (1 #bc-be ,too!d-plane1 #ddi1 #dej ,too?+1 #ddi1 #dej ,totlet ,t[n1 #aah-aba ,t\ghness1 #dj1 #eaa ,toy boats1 hulls (1 #bbg-bcg -- village1 #aah-aba ,toys1 #ajf-abe ,trapeze1 #agc ,travell+-cage1 #adj ,trav]se 7sl$71 #aef-afc ,trav]s+1 #ddf ,treads1 #bhi ,trees4 ,see ,fell+ & ,season+ & ,pres]vation ( ,=e/s4 -- big1 #ebj -- broad-leav$1 #eaa -- conif]s or ne$le-leav$1 #eaa ,tre/les1 #hh-ij ,triangul> file1 #chj ,trigg]1 #aec ,trimm+4 ,see ,p>+4 ,tru+1 gr9d/one1 #cih -- oil-/one1 #dce -- /ock 7surfaces71 #agi1 #ejj1 #eja ,trunk = c5tre-bo>d1 #ccj1 #cca ,try+-plane1 #ddg1 #ddh 7,plane7 ,try-squ>e4 ,see ,squ>e 7#dib74 ,tulip wood1 #dh ,tupelo1 #ebb ,turn+1 ,indian1 #aj1 #aa -- -saw1 #dfi1 #dgj ,turp5t9e4 ,see ,f9i%+ & ,pa9t+1 #dcg1 #dch1 #dih1 #ebf ,turtles1 frogs1 liz>ds1 etc41 tank =1 #aci1 #adj ,twi/-drill1 #eja ,twi/] 7rope71 #cfb ,twi/+4 ,see ,w9d+4 ,two-foot squ>e1 #die ,und]cutt+1 #aie1 #daj ,und]p9n+1 #bei1 #bfj1 #bfb-bfd1 #bgi ,und]%ot wat]-:eel1 #aaf1 #aag ,univ]sal planes1 #dea -- tools1 #ah ,v>ni%4 ,see ,f9i%+4 -- ,japan1 #dch -- -/a9s1 #dif ,vault+ app>atus1 #afi -- bo>d1 #agj -- -horse1 #agj1 #agb ,ve9+-tool4 ,see ,c>v+-tools4 ,village1 play1 ,cottage ,r[1 #bga-bgf -- ,totlet ,t[n1 #aah-aba ,vise1 b5*-1 #fe-ga1 #ecf -- = metal1 #ge1 #gf ,vise1 ,japanese c>p5t]'s1 #ac -- p>allelism ( jaws1 #fg1 #fh ,v tool1 #ceg ,wale-/rips4 ,see ,gunwale /rips4 ,wall-cab9et1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aij -- -%elves1 #ahg-ahi ,walnut4 ,see ,black ,walnut1 #eac ,w>p+ ( lumb]1 #cb-cd1 #dji1 #daj1 #ejb1 #ebf-eca ,wa%bo>d4 ,see ,coam+4 ,wa%ita /one1 #dcd ,wat]-l9e1 #bcj 7footnote7 -- pure1 #bgg-bgi -- -table1 #bgc -- -tank = frogs1 turtles1 etc41 #aci1 #adj -- -tight comp>tm5ts1 #cah1 #cai 7footnote7 -- -:eels1 #aaf-aah ,wax f9i%1 #cha ,wea!r-dry+1 #cf1 #dj4 ,see ,season+4 ,wea!r-vane 7/eamboat71 #aae4 ,see ,w9dmills4 ,w$ge = splitt+1 #bh ,w$ges1 #ejb1 #ejc ,w$g+4 ,see ,w$ges4 -- t5ons1 #dbg1 #dbh ,wet rot1 #ebf ,weym\? p9e4 ,see ,p9e4 ,:eel1 /e]+- 7= sl$71 #afj ,:et/one4 ,see ,oil-/one4 ,:ett+4 ,see ,%>p5+4 ,:ite a%1 #eab -- c$>1 #ead -- deal1 #eba -- lead4 ,see ,pa9t+4 -- mahogany1 #eag -- oak1 #eah -- p9e1 #eah1 #eai ,:itewood1 #eba ,:ittl+1 #d1 #bah1 #bai4 ,see ,knife4 ,will[1 #ebb ,w9d+1 #da1 #cfj1 #ebf-eca -- -/icks1 #ejc1 #ejd ,w9dmills1 #aji-aaf ,w9d[-cas+s1 #bgb -- -%utt]1 #beh -- slid+1 #bdh ,w9d[s & doors1 sizes (1 #bgf ,w9d-%akes1 #eca ,w+ compasses1 #cfd ,wire-edge1 #dhj ,)draw+ nails1 #ejd1 #eje ,wood1 #bi-dh 7,*apt] ,,iii471 #eaj-ebb4 ,see lumb]4 -- *>r+1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #ebe -- *eck+ & crack+1 #ca1 #db1 #ebf -- collection ( specim5s1 #dd1 #ejg1 #ejh -- col\r (1 #dj -- cross-gra9$1 #dj1 #da1 #ebi1 #ecj -- curl+ & w>p+1 #cb-cd1 #dji1 #daj1 #ejb1 #ebf-eca -- durability (4 ,see ,decay & ,pres]vation4 -- -fill]1 #che -- h>d1 #de -- me?ods ( dry+1 #cf-dj1 #ebb-ebd -- quality (1 #cc-ce1 #eaj1 #eaa1 #ebb -- season+ (1 #cf-dj1 #db1 #afd1 #agg1 #agh1 #ebb-ebd -- selection (1 #cc-de1 #eaj1 #eaa1 #ebb -- %r9kage & swell+1 #cj-ce1 #ej-ec1 #bbe1 #ebf-eca -- s(t1 #de -- -t>1 #ebe -- w>p$1 #da4 ,see ,w>p+4 -- w9d+1 #da4 ,see ,w9d+4 ,wood5 *a91 #bah1 #bai -- guns & pi/ols1 #aeb-aed ,woods & "s ( _! *>act]i/ics1 #eaj-ebb ,"w-b5*1 #eg-fe -- fir/-class1 #aja1 #ecf1 #ecg -- make%ifts1 #gg-hj -- position & c>e (1 #gd1 #ge -- sloid1 #eg -- top1 #gd1 #ecf ,work+ draw+s1 #di1 #ej1 #ecb-ecf -- edge or surface1 #ed ,work%op1 #ef-aja1 #bei-bgj ,wr5*1 #eje ,wr\ght nails1 #dcc ,yell[ deal1 #eai 7,p9e7 -- fir1 #eai -- p9e1 #eai ,yew1 #ebb ,z9c1 #dch 7,pa9t+7 ,! ,boy ) an ,idea ,s]ies4 ,i4 ,! ,"y ,me*anic4 ,practical ,c>p5try4 ,conta9+ directions = ! use ( all k9ds ( tools1 & = ! con/ruction ( /eam-eng9es & me*anical models1 includ+ ! art ( turn+ 9 wood & metal4 ,by ! au?or ( ,! ,la! & its ,uses1 etc4 ,au?oriz$ repr9t f ,engli% edition1 ) corrections1 etc4 ,illu/rat$1 small #dto1 clo? extra #a #ge ,a valuable book1 em95tly useful to beg9n]s1 & sugge/ive ev5 to ! exp]i5c$ & skilful4--,albany ,j\rnal4 ,,ii4 ,among/ ,ma*9es4 ,by ! au?or ( ,! ,"y ,me*anic4 ,embrac+ descriptions ( ! v>i\s me*anical appliances us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wood1 metal1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo? #a #ge ,a book ( wondr\s fasc9ation1 writt5 9 a cle>1 bright1 po9t$ /yle4 ,a volume to be comm5d$ above a doz5 /ories4--,bo/on ,travel]4 ,,iii4 ,! ,boy ,eng9e]s4 ,:at !y did & h[ !y did x4 ,by ! au?or ( ,! ,"y ,me*anic4 #hvo1 ) #cj plates1 clo? extra #a #ge ,an em95tly useful & timely book4 ,we he>tily comm5d ?is volume4--,national ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,a book ( a class t c only be prais$2 ! /yle is simple & easy1 b manly & ?\ghtful4--,lit]>y ,_w4 ,,iv4 ,! ,boy ) an ,idea4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,eilo>t4 ,a vivid n>ration ( ! feats & freaks ( a boy ( an active turn ( m9d1 :o want$ to "k1 & n cont5t ) kn[+1 want$ always to d4 #hvo1 clo? extra1 illu/rat$ #a #ej ,an exceptionally attractive & :olesome book1 t w fasc9ate all ! bright boys1 & /ir up ! dull ones4--,bo/on ,j\rnal4 ,v4 ,le>n+ to ,draw2 or1 ,! ,/ory ( a ,"y ,design]4 ,by ,,viollet ,,le ,,duc4 ,translat$ by ,,virg9ia ,,*ampl94 #hvo1 ) #acj illu/rations #b #jj ,a "w full ( practical sugge/ions1 n only = ! /ud5t ( art or ( decorative design+1 b = /ud5ts & tea*]s 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! au?or's !ories ( ! art ( tea*+ are bo? orig9al & practical4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons1 ,,publi%]s1 ,,new ,,york4 ,books = ! ,c\ntry ,,our ,,insect ,,fri5ds ,,& ,,foes4 ,h[ to ,collect1 ,pres]ve & ,/udy ,!m4 ,by ,,belle ,s4 ,,crag94 ,) ov] #bej illu/rations4 #ho1 #a4ge ,miss ,crag9 sets =? ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f a sy/ematic /udy ( ! habits ( insects1 & gives _m po9ts :i* w be ( practical value to ! beg9n]4 ,%e gives compreh5sive descriptions ( all ! m important species to be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 toge!r ) illu/rations ( ! same4 ,,among ,,! ,,mo?s ,,& ,,butt]flies4 ,by ,,julia ,p4 ,,ball>d4 ,illu/rat$4 #ho1 #a4ej4 ,! book1 :i* is h&somely illu/rat$1 is design$ = "y read]s1 relat+ "s ( ! mo/ curi\s facts ( natural hi/ory 9 a s+ul>ly pleasant & in/ructive mann]4--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune ,,bird ,,/udies4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,l& ,birds ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ,,william ,e4 ,d4 ,,scott4 ,) #aff illu/rations f orig9al photographs4 ,qu>to1 lea!r back1 gilt top1 9 a box1 net1 #e4jj4 ,a book ( fir/ class importance4444 ,mr4 ,scott has be5 a field naturali/ = upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s1 & few p]sons h a m intimate acqua9tance ?an he ) bird life4 ,8 "w w take high rank = sci5tific accuracy & we tru/ x may prove successful4--,london ,speak]4 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,nor!a/]n ,,/ates4 ,drawn & c>efully describ$ f life1 )\t undue use ( sci5tific nom5clature1 by ,,ell5 ,,mill] & ,,m>g>et ,c4 ,,:it+4 ,) #cjh illu/rations ! size ( life4 #ho1 net1 #c4jj4 ,anybody :o c read ,engli% c use ! "w & make 8 id5tifications1 &1 9 ! case ( "s ( ! fl[]s1 ! draw+s alone furni% all t is necess>y4444 ,! descriptions are z good ( _! k9d z ! draw+s are ( !irs4--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 ,,! ,,%rubs ,,( ,,nor!a/]n ,,am]ica4 ,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,ne:all4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #ho1 #a4ge4 ,?is volume is beautifully pr9t$ on beautiful pap]1 & has a li/ ( #aaf illu/rations calculat$ to expla9 ! text4 ,x has a m9e ( preci\s in=mation1 su* z is seldom ga!r$ )9 ! cov]s ( su* a volume4--,baltimore ,f>m]4 ,,! ,,v9es ,,( ,,nor!a/]n ,,am]ica4 ,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,ne:all4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #ho1 #a4ge4 ,! "w is t ( ! true sci5ti/1 arti/ically pres5t$ 9 a popul> =m to an appreciative class ( read]s4--,! ,*ur*man4 ,,! ,,trees ,,( ,,nor!a/]n ,,am]ica4 ,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,ne:all4 ,) illu/rations made f trac+s ( ! leaves ( ! v>i\s trees4 #ho1 #a4ge4 ,we believe ?is is ! mo/ complete & h&some volume ( its k9d1 & on acc\nt ( its complet5ess & ! read9ess ) :i* x imp>ts in=mation t ev]ybody ne$s & few possess1 x is invaluable4--,b+hamton ,republican4 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons1 #bg #bi ,we/ #bc;d ,/41 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s punctuation & spell+ errors & inconsi/5t hyph5ation h be5 correct$4 ,9 ambigu\s cases1 ! text has be5 left z x appe>s 9 ! orig9al4 ,9 ?is text v]sion1 italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores1 bold text by equal signs1 & spac$ 7gesp]rt7 text by plus signs4 ,sup]scripts are repres5t$ ) ! c>et "*1 e4g4 #ho4 ,! ^w bassoolah is writt5 )\t ! diacritical m>ks us$ 9 ! orig9al4