,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,pyramids ,,( ,,ghizeh4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,,pa9t+--,,sculpture--,,ar*itecture ,,) ,,complete ,,indexes ,,& ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,cl>a ,,ersk9e ,,clem5t ,,au?or ,,( ,,h&book ,,( ,,leg5d>y ,,& ,,my?ological ,,art1 ,,pa9t]s1 ,,sculptors1 ,,engrav]s1 ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,_! ,,works1 ,,arti/s ,,( ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury1 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,mdcccxci ,,copyright1 #ahhg1 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes1 ,,successor ,,to ,,:ite1 ,,/okes1 ,,all54 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,anci5t ,,or ,,hea!n ,,ar*itecture4 #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,,to ,a4,d4 #cbh1 #a ,,egypt1 #b ,,assyria1 #bj ,,babylon1 #bi ,,p]sia1 #cd ,,judea1 #dd ,,greece1 #df ,,etruria1 #ga ,,rome1 #gd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ian ,,ar*itecture4 ,a4,d4 #cbh ,,to ,,ab\t #adjj1 #hg ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture1 #ic ,,byzant9e ,,ar*itecture1 #aag ,,s>ac5ic ,,ar*itecture1 #abc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,mod]n ,,ar*itecture4 ,a4,d4 #adjj ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t1 #acc ,,italy1 #acd ,,spa91 #ade ,,france1 #aec ,,engl&1 #aff ,,g]many1 #agb ,,!atres ,,& ,,music ,,halls1 #agi ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica1 #aha ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms1 #aia ,,index1 #aie ,illu/ration ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,! ,pyramids ( ,ghizeh1 ,frontispiece ,! ,asc5t ( a ,pyramid1 #d ,view ( ,gall]y 9 ! ,great ,pyramid1 #e ,p\lt]]'s ,%op1 #f ,rock-cut ,tomb 7,b5i-,hassan71 #f ,! ,hall ( ,columns at ,k>nak1 #aj ,pill> f ,!bes 7%[+ ! ,?ree ,p>ts71 #aa ,sculptur$ ,capital1 #ab ,palm ,capital1 #ab ,pill> f ,s$+1 #ab ,! ,great ,sph9x1 #ac ,cleopatra's ,ne$les1 #ae ,pavilion at ,m$9et ,hab\1 #ag ,temple on ! ,isl& ( ,phil1 #ah ,gateways 9 ,walls ( ,khorsabad1 #ba ,entrance to ,small] ,temple 7,nimrud71 #bb ,pavem5t ,slab 7f ,koyunjik71 #bc ,rema9s ( ,propylum1 or ,out] ,gateway 7,khorsabad71 #bd ,plan ( ,palace 7,khorsabad71 #be ,relief f ,khorsabad4 ,a ,temple1 #bf ,re/oration ( an ,assyrian ,palace1 #bh ,elevation ( ! ,temple ( ! ,sev5 ,sph]es at ,borsippa1 #ca ,birs-i-,nimrud 7ne> ,babylon71 #cc ,masonry ( ,great ,plat=m 7,p]sepolis71 #cf ,p>apet ,wall ( ,/aircase4 ,p]sepolis4 7,re/or$71 #cg ,ru9s ( ! ,palace ( ,d>ius 7,p]sepolis71 #ch ,gateway ( ,hall ( a ,hundr$ ,columns1 #ci ,d\ble-horn$ ,lion ,capital1 #dj ,complex ,capital & ,base ( ,pill>s 7,p]sepolis71 #dj ,base ( ,ano!r ,pill> 7,p]sepolis71 #dj ,gr\nd-plan 7,re/or$7 ( ,hall ( ,x]xes 7,p]sepolis71 #da ,"p ( a ,base ( ! ,"t ( ,cyrus 7,pas>gad71 #db ,! ,tomb ( ,cyrus1 #dc ,ro( ( ,"o ( ! ,comp>tm5ts ( ! ,gate ,huldah1 #de ,temple ( ,diana 7,eleusis71 #dh ,grave/one f ,myc5 7,s*liemann71 #di ,small ,temple at ,rhamnus1 #ej ,! ,p>!non4 ,a!ns4 7,re/or$71 #ea ,plan ( ,temple ( ,apollo 7,bass71 #eb ,f ! ,p>!non 7,a!ns71 #ec ,ionic ,ar*itecture1 #ee ,ionic ,base1 #ee ,attic ,base1 #ee ,base f ,temple ( ,h]a 7,samos71 #ef ,ionic ,capital 7front view71 #ef ,ionic ,capital 7side view71 #ef ,f ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates 7,a!ns71 #eg ,cor9?ian ,ord]1 #eh ,c>yatid1 #ei ,/ool1 or ,*air 7,khorsabad71 #ei ,! ,acropolis4 ,a!ns4 7,re/or$71 #fc ,! ,ere*!ium4 ,a!ns4 7,re/or$71 #ff ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates4 ,a!ns1 #fh ,! ,mausoleum at ,halic>nassus 7,re/or$71 #fi ,tombs at ,ca/el d',asso1 #ga ,pr9cipal ,*amb] ( ! ,regul9i-,galeassi ,tomb1 #gb ,ar* at ,volt]ra1 #gc ,gateway 7,arp9o71 #gc ,ar* ( ,cloaca ,maxima 7,rome71 #gd ,composite ,ord]1 f ! ,ar* ( ,septimius ,sev]us 7,rome71 #ge ,doric ,arcade1 #gf ,gr\nd-plan ( ,pan!on 7,rome71 #gg ,int]ior ( ! ,pan!on1 #gh ,longitud9al ,section ( ,basilica ( ,max5tius1 #gi ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e 7,rome71 #hb ,ar* ( ,trajan 7,b5ev5tum71 #hc ,tomb ( ,cecilia ,metella1 #hd ,columb>ium ne> ! ,gate ( ,/4 ,seba/ian 7,rome71 #he ,int]ior ( ,basilica ( ,/4 ,paul's 7,rome71 #hh ,! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres1 #ia ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ni*olas 7,ca571 #ie ,faade ( ,ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame 7,p>is71 #if ,clu/]$ ,pill>1 #ig ,buttress1 #ig ,h+e1 #ig ,iron-"w1 #ig ,g>goyle1 #ig ,nail-head1 #ih ,scroll1 #ih ,section ( ,*ur* 7,c>cassone74 ,) ,out] ,aisles ,add$ 9 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 #ii ,spires ( ,laon ,ca!dral1 #ajj ,portal ( ! ,m9orites' ,*ur* 7,vi5na71 #aja ,ext]nal ,elevation1 ,ca!dral ( ,p>is1 #ajb ,:eel ,w9d[1 f ,ca!dral 7,toscanella71 #ajc ,collegiate ,*ur*4 ,toro4 7,f ,villa ,amil71 #aje ,/4 ,paul1 ,s>agossa1 #ajf ,cloi/] 7,t>azona71 #ajg ,rood-scre51 f ! ,madele9e 7,troyes71 #ajh ,palace ( ,w>tburg1 #aji ,t[] ( ,cremona1 #aaa ,/4 ,m>k's ,ca!dral 7,v5ice71 #aac ,section ( ,san ,m9iato 7ne> ,flor5ce71 #aae ,san ,giovanni degli ,eremiti 7,pal]mo71 #aaf ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia4 ,con/ant9ople4 7,ext]ior ,view71 #aah ,l[] ,ord] ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #aai ,upp] ,ord] ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #abj ,int]ior ,view ( ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #aba ,mosque ( ,kaitbey1 #abd ,! ,call to ,pray]1 #abe ,ext]ior ( ! ,sanctu>y 9 ! ,mosque ( ,cordova1 #abg ,c\rt ( ! ,lions 7,alhambra71 #aca ,! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce & ,giotto's ,campanile1 #ace ,view ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 7,rome71 #acg ,section ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #aci ,ea/ ,elevation ( ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k1 #ada ,! ,doge's ,palace 7,v5ice71 #adc ,great ,c\rt ( ! ,hospital ( ,milan1 #add ,! ,escurial 7ne> ,madrid71 #adg ,faade ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,dijon71 #aee ,faade ( ! ,dome ( ! ,invalides 7,p>is71 #aef ,! ,pan!on 7,p>is71 #aeg ,! ,madele9e 7,p>is71 #aei ,pavilion de l',horloge & ,"p ( ! ,c\rt ( ! ,l\vre1 #afa ,*teau ( ,*ambord1 #afc ,porte ,/4 ,d5is 7,p>is71 #afd ,arc de l'toile 7,p>is71 #afe ,ea/ ,elevation ( ,/4 ,paul's 7,cov5t ,g>d571 #afg ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london 7f ! ,we/71 #afh ,/4 ,george's ,hall 7,liv]pool71 #afi ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 #agj ,! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7,london71 #aga ,! ,br&5burg ,gate 7,b]l971 #agd ,! ,basilica at ,muni*1 #age ,! ,ruhme%alle 7ne> ,muni*71 #agf ,! ,museum 7,b]l971 #agg ,! ,walhalla1 #agh ,! ,new ,op]a ,h\se 7,p>is71 #ahj ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,capitol 7,wa%+ton71 #ahb ,/ate ,capitol 7,columbus1 ,ohio71 #ahc ,sir ,william ,pepp]ell's ,h\se 7,kitt]y ,po9t1 ,ma9e71 #ahe ,old ,morrisania 7,morrisania1 ,new ,york71 #ahg ,resid5ce at ,irv+ton1 ,new ,york1 #ahi ,illu/ration ,,ar*itecture4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,or ,,hea!n ,,ar*itecture4 #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,,to ,a4,d4 #cbh4 ,ar*itecture seems to me to be ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ! arts4 ,we may n love x z mu* z o!rs1 :5 we are "y p]haps we _c d s1 because x is s great & s gr&2 b at any "t ( life "o c see t 9 ,ar*itecture "s ( ! mo/ m>vell\s a*ievem5ts ( m5 are display$4 ,! pr9cipal reason = say+ ?is is t ,ar*itecture is n an imitative art1 l ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,! fir/ picture t 0 ev] pa9t$ 0 a portrait or an imitation ( some?+ t ! pa9t] _h se54 ,s 9 ,sculpture1 ! fir/ /atue or bas-relief 0 an attempt to reproduce "s be+ or object t ! sculptor _h se51 or to make a "w :i* comb9$ portions ( sev]al ?+s t he _h obs]v$2 b 9 ,ar*itecture ?is 0 n true4 ,no temples or tombs or palaces exi/$ until !y _h fir/ tak5 =m 9 ! m9d & imag9ation ( ! build]s1 & 7 creat$ out ( space & no?+ness1 s to speak4 ,?us ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture are imitative arts1 b ,ar*itecture is a con/ructive art2 & :ile "o may love pictures or /atues m ?an ! "w ( ! ar*itect1 x seems to me t "o mu/ wond] mo/ at ! la/4 ,we d n "k h[ long ! e>? has exi/$1 & 9 /udy+ ! mo/ anci5t times ( :i* we h any accurate k1 we come ^u facts :i* prove t m5 mu/ h liv$ & di$ long be=e ! dates ( :i* we c speak exactly4 ,! e>lie/ nations ( ^: ,ar*itecture we c give an acc\nt are call$ hea!n nations1 & _! art is call$ ,anci5t or ,hea!n ,art1 & ?is comes d[n to ! "t :5 ! ,roman ,emp]or ,con/ant9e 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & *ang$ ! ,roman ,capitol f ,rome to ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #cbh4 ,! build+s & ! ru9s :i* /ill rema9 f ^! anci5t times are 9 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 ,judea1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,etruria1 & ,rome4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 excavat$ or uncov]$1 z1 dur+ ! ages t h pass$ s9ce _! erection1 !y _h be5 buri$ away f sight by ! accumulation ( e>? ab\t !m4 ,^! excavations are always go+ on 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & m5 are ev] /riv+ to le>n m ab\t ! wond]s ( anci5t days2 & we may hope t 9 ! future z m>vell\s ?+s may be reveal$ to u z h be5 %[n 9 ! pa/4 ,,egypt4 ,z we consid] ! ,ar*itecture ( ,egypt1 ! ,great ,pyramid fir/ attracts att5tion on acc\nt ( its antiquity & its importance4 ,?is 0 built by ,*eops1 :o is also call$ ,suphis1 ab\t #cjjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,at t di/ant day ! ,egyptians seem to h be5 a nation ( pyramid-build]s1 = ev5 n[1 aft] all ! ye>s t h roll$ betwe5 !m & u1 we "k ( m ?an sixty ( ^! my/]i\s monum5ts :i* h be5 op5$ & explor$4 ,( all ^! ! ?ree pyramids at ,ghizeh 7,fig4 #a7 are be/ kn[n1 & t ( ,*eops is ! mo/ rem>kable among !m4 ,^? ( y :o h /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ! w>s ( ,napoleon ,i4 w rememb] t x 0 ne> ?is spot t he f\ght ! s-call$ ,battle ( ! ,pyramids1 & t 9 address+ 8 soldi]s he rem9d$ !m t "h ! ages look$ d[n ^u !m1 ?us ref]r+ to ! _m ye>s dur+ :i* ?is great pyramid _h /ood on ! bord] ( ! des]t1 z if wat*+ ! flight ( ,"t & calmly wait+ to see :at w\ld happ5 on ! f9al day ( all e>?ly ?+s4 ,!re h be5 mu* speculation & _m op9ions z to ! use = :i* ^! pyramids 7 made1 b ! mo/ g5]al belief is t !y 7 int5d$ = ! tombs ( ! p[]ful k+s :o reign$ 9 ,egypt & caus$ !m to be built4 ,! pyramid ( ,*eops 0 f\r hundr$ & eighty feet & n9e in*es high1 & its base 0 sev5 hundr$ & sixty-f\r feet squ>e4 ,x is s difficult to und]/& ! size ( any?+ f m]e figures1 t ,i %all try to make x pla9] by say+ t x cov]s m ?an ?irte5 acres ( l&1 :i* is m ?an twice z mu* z is cov]$ by any build+ 9 ! _w4 ,its height is z great z t ( any ca!dral spire 9 ,europe1 & m ?an twice t ( ! monum5t on ,bunk] ,hill1 :i* is b two hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 & yet looks v high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,asc5t ,,( ,a ,,pyramid4 ,:5 x 0 built x 0 cov]$ ) a cas+ ( /one1 ! diff]5t pieces be+ fitt$ toge!r & poli%$ to a surface l glass2 b ?is cov]+ has be5 torn away & ! /ones us$ = o!r purposes1 :i* has left ! pyramid 9 a s]ies ( two hundr$ & ?ree r\gh & jagg$ /eps1 "s ( !m be+ two feet & a half 9 height1 gr[+ less t[>d ! top1 b n dim9i%+ ) any regul>ity4 ,! top is n[ a plat=m ?irty-two feet & eight in*es squ>e4 ,ea* travell] :o asc5ds ?is pyramid has f "o to f\r ,fellahs or ,arabs1 :o pull him =w>d or upw>d by 8 arms1 or pu% him & lift him f beh9d1 & f9ally drag him to ! top 7,fig4 #b74 ,:5 he ?9ks ( all ! we>y mon?s & days ( ! tw5ty ye>s dur+ :i* x is said t ^? :o built x work$1 cutt+ out ! /one 9 ! qu>ries1 mov+ x to ! spot :]e x 0 requir$1 & !n rais+ x to ! great heights & fitt+ x all 9 place1 he reg>ds 8 fatigue 9 its asc5t z a little ?+1 ?\gh at ! "t x is no joke to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,view ,,( ,,gall]y ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,pyramid4 ,_m ( ! pyramids 7 encas$ 9 /one tak5 f ! ,mokattam ,m\nta9s1 :i* 7 some:at m ?an half a mile di/ant2 b ! pyramid ( ,*eops 0 cov]$ ) ! r$ ,sy5ite granite1 :i* mu/ h be5 qu>ri$ 9 ! r$ m\nta91 ne>ly five hundr$ miles away1 ne> to ,sy5e1 or ! mod]n ,ass\an4 ,! int]ior ( ! pyramid is divid$ into *amb]s & passages 7,fig4 #c71 :i* are l9$ ) beautiful slabs ( granite & con/ruct$ 9 su* a way z to prove t at ! remote "t 9 :i* ! pyramids 7 built ,egyptian ar*itects & workm5 7 already skill$ 9 plann+ & execut+ great works4 ,( ! sev5ty pyramids kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ^? e>ly days1 sixty-n9e _h ! entrance on ! nor? side1 leav+ b a s+le exception to ?is rule2 all ( !m 7 situat$ on ! we/]n side ( ! ,riv] ,nile1 j on ! edge ( ! des]t1 beyond ! /rip ( cultivable gr\nd :i* bord]s ! riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,p\lt]]',s ,,%op4 ,ne> ! pyramids !re are num]\s tombs1 :i* are built some:at l l[ h\ses1 hav+ sev]al ap>tm5ts ) b "o entrance f ! outside4 ,! walls ( ^! ap>tm5ts are adorn$ ) pictures simil> to ?is "o ( a p\lt]]'s %op 7,fig4 #d72 !y repres5t ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,egyptians ) great exactness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,rock-,,cut ,,tomb1 ,,b5i-,,hassan4 ,! tombs at ,b5i-,hassan are among ! mo/ anci5t ru9s ( ,egypt1 & are v int]e/+ 7,fig4 #e74 ,!y 7 made betwe5 #bdff & #bbff ,b4,c4 ,!y are on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,nile1 & are hewn out ( ! solid rock2 !y are ornam5t$ ) sculptures & pictures :i* are full ( int]e/2 x has be5 said t ^! tombs 7 built by ! ,ph>aoh1 or k+1 ( ,joseph's "t1 & "o ( ! pa9t+s is (t5 spok5 ( z be+ a repres5tation ( ! bre?r5 ( ,joseph2 b ( ?is !re is no pro(4 ,! colors ( ! pictures are fre% & bright1 & !y %[ t _m ( ! cu/oms & amusem5ts ( t long1 long ago 7 simil> to our own1 & 9 "s cases q ! same4 ,! manufactures ( glass & l951 cab9et "w1 gold ornam5ts1 & o!r arti/ic objects are pictur$ !re2 ! games ( ball1 draughts1 & morra are %[n1 :ile ! animals1 birds1 & fi%es ( ,egypt are all accurately depict$4 ,an int]e/+ ?+ to notice ab\t ^! tombs is ! way 9 :i* ! epi/yle--! "p re/+ ^u ! columns--imitates squ>ely-hewn joi/s1 z if ! ro( 7 ( wood support$ by a r[ ( timb]s4 ,:5 we come to ! ar*itecture ( ,greece we %all see t its mo/ important /yle1 ! ,doric1 arose f ! imitation 9 /one ( ! details ( a wood5 ro(1 & f a lik5ess betwe5 ^! tombs & ! ,doric ord]1 ?is /yle has be5 nam$ ! ,proto-,doric4 ,! tombs ne> ,!bes :i* are call$ ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s1 & _m o!r ,egyptian tombs1 are v int]e/+1 & )9 a %ort "t "s :i* _h n be=e be5 obs]v$ h be5 op5$1 & prov$ to be ri* 9 decorations1 & also to conta9 valuable ornam5ts & works ( art1 z well z papyri1 or records ( hi/orical value4 ,! mo/ magnific5t ( all ! ,egyptian tombs is t ( ,k+ ,seti ,i41 :o began to reign 9 #acff ,b4,c4 ,he 0 fond ( spl5did build+s1 & all ! ar*itects ( 8 "t 7 v busy 9 c>ry+ out 8 plans4 ,8 tomb 0 n discov]$ until #ahag1 & 0 !n f\nd by an ,italian travell]1 ^: "n1 ,belzoni1 has be5 giv5 to ! tomb4 ,! /aircase by :i* x is ent]$ is tw5ty-f\r feet long1 & op5s into a spaci\s passage1 ! walls ( :i* are beautifully ornam5t$ ) sculptures & pa9t+s4 ,?is is succe$$ by o!r /aircases1 f9e halls1 & corridors1 all ( :i* ext5d f\r hundr$ & five feet into ! m\nta9 9 :i* ! tomb is excavat$1 mak+ also a gradual desc5t ( n9ety feet f its entrance4 ,x is a wond]ful monum5t to ! skill & ta/e ( ! ar*itects :o liv$ & labor$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! two pr9cipal cities ( anci5t ,egypt 7 ,memphis & ,!bes4 ,! fir/ has be5 almo/ lit]ally tak5 to pieces & c>ri$ away1 = z o!r m mod]n cities h be5 built up ne> x1 ! mat]ials :i* 7 fir/ us$ 9 ! old temples & palaces h be5 c>ri$ "h & !re1 & aga9 utiliz$ 9 erect+ new edifices4 ,!bes1 on ! contr>y1 has /ood alone dur+ all ! c5turies t h pass$ s9ce its decl9e1 & !re is n[ no bett] spot 9 :i* to /udy ! anci5t ,egyptian ar*itecture1 because its temples are /ill s complete t a good idea c be =m$ f !m ( :at !y mu/ h be5 :5 !y 7 p]fect4 ,! ru9s at ,!bes are on bo? banks ( ! ,nile1 & no description c d ju/ice to _! gr&eur1 or give a full e/imate ( _! wond]s2 b ,i %all try to tell some?+ ( ! palace-temple ( ,k>nak1 :i* has be5 call$ ! noble/ ef=t ( ar*itectural magnific5ce ev] produc$ by ! h& ( man4 ,! ^w palace-temple has a /range s\nd to u because we d n n[ associate ! ideas :i* ! two words repres5t4 ,_m palaces ( m mod]n c\ntries & times h _! *apels1 b ! union ( a gr& temple & a gr& palace is extremely r>e1 to say ! lea/4 ,p]haps ! ,vatican & ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome repres5t ! idea & _s ( ! ,egyptian palace-temples z ne>ly z any build+s t are n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,egyptian religion controll$ all ! affairs ( ! nation4 ,! ,ph>aoh1 or k+1 0 ! *ief ( ! religion1 z well z ( ! ,/ate4 ,:5 a k+ came to ! ?rone he became a prie/ also1 by be+ made a memb] ( a prie/ly ord]4 ,he 0 in/ruct$ 9 sacr$ le>n+2 he regulat$ ! s]vice ( ! temple2 on great occasions he (f]$ ! sacrifices himself1 &1 9 fact1 he 0 consid]$ n only z a desc5dant ( gods1 b z a v]itable god4 ,9 "s sculptures & pa9t+s ! gods are repres5t$ z att5d+ ^u ! k+s1 & aft] ! dea? ( a k+ ! same sort ( v5]ation 0 paid to him z t giv5 to ! gods4 ,?is expla9s ! build+ ( ! palace & temple toge!r1 & %[s ! reason :y ! gods & ! k+s1 & ! affairs ( religion & ( gov]nm5t1 c\ld n be sep>at$4 ,z we /udy ! arts ( diff]5t c\ntries we are con/antly rem9d$ t ! religion ( a p is ! c5tral po9t f :i* ! arts spr+ =?4 ,f its tea*+s !y take _! tone1 & adapt _! =ms & uses to its requirem5ts4 ,i ref] to ?is fact f "t to "t because x is important to rememb] t x und]lies mu* ( ! art ( ! _w4 ,x may be said t all ! art ( ,egypt 0 devot$ to ! s]vice ( its religion4 ,( c\rse ?is is true ( t us$ 9 ! decoration ( ! temples2 x is also true ( all t did honor to ! k+s1 because !y 7 reg>d$ z sacr$ p]sons1 & all _! w>s & wond]ful acts :i* are repres5t$ 9 sculpture & pa9t+1 & by /atues & obelisks1 are consid]$ z de$s t 7 p]=m$ = ! sake ( ! gods & by _! aid4 ,x 0 also ! religi\s belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l t l$ ! ,egyptians to build _! tombs ) su* c>e1 & to provide su* spl5did places 9 :i* to lay ! body1 :i* 0 ! h\se ( ! _s4 ,9 ! /udy ( ,ar*itecture x w also be not$ t a c\ntry :i* has no national religion--or "o 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t & ! religion h no connection ) ea* o!r--has no absolutely national ar*itecture4 ,x w h c]ta9 features :i* dep5d ^u ! climate1 ! build+ mat]ials at comm&1 & ^u ! g5]al cu/oms ( ! p2 b "h & !re w be se5 specim5s ( all exi/+ ord]s ( ar*itecture1 & build+s 9 "s degree repres5t+ ! art ( all c\ntries & p]iods2 su* ar*itecture is kn[n by ! t]m composite1 because x is compos$ ( portions ( sev]al diff]5t ord]s1 & has no absolutely di/9ct "*4 ,?is palace-temple ( ,k>nak is made up ( a collection ( c\rts & halls1 & x is v difficult to compreh5d ! size ( all ^! p>ts :i* g to make up ! enorm\s :ole4 ,! entire space devot$ to x is almo/ twice z l>ge z ! :ole area ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & f\r times z great z any ( ! o!r ca!drals ( ,europe2 a doz5 ( ! l>ge/ ,am]ican *ur*es c\ld be plac$ )9 its limits & !re /ill be room = a few *apels4 ,all ?is enorm\s space is n cov]$ by ro(s1 = !re 7 _m c\rts & passages :i* 7 always op5 to ! sky1 & "o portion 0 add$ aft] ano!r1 & by "o sov]eign & ano!r1 until ! completion ( ! :ole 0 made long aft] ! ,ph>aoh :o comm5c$ x _h be5 laid 9 "o ( ! tombs ( ! k+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,! ,,hall ,,( ,,columns ,,at ,,k>nak4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ap>tm5t ( all is call$ ! great ,hypo/yle ,hall1 :i* high-s\nd+ "n means simply a hall ) pill>s 7,fig4 #f74 ,?is hall & its two pylons1 or entrances1 cov] m space ?an ! great ca!dral ( ,cologne1 :i* is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ fam\s *ur*es ( all ,europe4 ,?is spl5did hall _h orig9ally "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r magnific5t columns1 ( :i* m ?an "o hundr$ /ill rema92 !y are ( colossal size1 "s ( !m be+ sixty feet high )\t ! base or capital1 :i* w\ld increase !m to n9ety feet1 & _! diamet] is twelve feet4 ,?is l>ge numb] ( columns 0 necess>y to uphold ! ro(1 z ! ,egyptians knew no?+ ( ! ar*1 & _h no way ( support+ a cov]+ ov] a space wid] ?an x 0 possible to cov] by beams4 ,! hall 0 light$ by mak+ ! columns d[n ! middle half z high aga9 z ! o!rs1 s t ! ro( 0 lift$1 & ! light came 9 at ! sides1 :i* 7 left op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,pill> ,,f ,,!bes4 ,%[+ ! ?ree p>ts4 ,z ,i mu/ speak (t5 ( columns1 x is well to say "h t ! column or pill> usually consi/s ( ?ree p>ts--! base1 ! %aft1 & ! capital 7,fig4 #g74 ,! base is ! l[e/ "p on :i* ! %aft re/s4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! ,grecian ,doric ord]1 ! base is left out4 ,! capital is ! head ( ! column1 & is usually ! mo/ ornam5tal "p1 giv+ ! mo/ noticeable *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( pill>s4 ,! %aft is ! body ( ! pill>1 betwe5 ! base & capital1 or all bel[ ! capital :5 ! base is omitt$4 ,! ,egyptian pill>s seem to h gr[n out ( ! squ>e /one pi]s :i* at fir/ 7 us$ = support4 ,! squ>e corn]s 7 fir/ cut (f1 mak+ an eight-sid$ pi]2 !n "s ar*itect c>ri$ ! cutt+ f>!r1 & by slic+ (f ea* corn] once m gave ! pill> sixte5 sides4 ,! advantage ( ! octagonal pi]s ov] ! squ>e ones 0 t ! cutt+ (f ( %>p corn]s made x easi] = p to move ab\t betwe5 !m1 :ile ! play ( light on ! sides 0 m v>i$ & pleasant to ! eye4 ,! sixte5-sid$ pill> did n mu* increase ! fir/ ( ^! advantages1 :ile ! face ( its sides became s n>r[ t ! v>iety ( light & %ade 0 less di/9ct & attractive4 ,x is probable t ! *annell+ ( ! sides ( ! %aft 0 fir/ done to ov]come ?is difficulty1 by mak+ ! %ad[s deep] & ! lights m /rik+2 & we !n h a %aft v l t ( ! ,grecian ,doric %[n 9 ! picture 9 ,fig4 #dj1 or ! ,assyrian pill>s 9 ,figs4 #bi & #cj4 ,9 ! ,egyptian pill>s x 0 usual to leave "o side un*annell$ & ornam5t x ) hi]oglyphics4 ,9 "t ! =ms ( ! ,egyptian pill>s became v v>i$1 & ! ri*e/ ornam5ts 7 us$ ^u !m4 ,! columns 9 ! hall at ,k>nak are v mu* decorat$ ) pa9t+ & sculptures1 z ,fig4 #f %[s4 ,! capitals repres5t ! full-bl[n fl[]s & ! buds ( ! sacr$ lotus1 or wat]-lily4 ,9 o!r cases ! pill>s 7 made to repres5t bundles ( ! papyrus plant1 & ! capitals 7 (t5 beautifully c>v$ ) palm leaves or ornam5t$ ) a female head4 7,see ,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,sculptur$ ,,capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,palm ,,capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,pill> ,,f ,,s$+a4 ,! :ole impression ( gr&eur made by ! ,temple ( ,k>nak 0 increas$ by ! fact t ! ,temple ( ,luxor1 :i* is n f> away1 is also v impressive & beautiful1 & 0 =m]ly connect$ ) ,k>nak by an av5ue bord]$ on ea* side ) a r[ ( sph9xes cut out ( /one4 ,^! 7 a k9d ( /atue :i* belong$ to ,egyptian art1 & orig9at$ 9 an ,egyptian idea1 al?\gh a resemblance to x exi/s 9 ! art ( o!r anci5t c\ntries 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,! ,,great ,,sph9x4 ,be=e ! ,temple ( ,luxor /ood ,colossi1 or enorm\s /atues1 ( ,rameses ! ,great1 :o built ! temple1 & n f> di/ant 7 two f9e obelisks1 "o ( :i* is n[ 9 ,p>is4 ,!re 0 mu* irregul>ity 9 ! l9es & plan ( ,egyptian palaces & temples4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! side walls ( an ap>tm5t or c\rt-y>d are n at "r angles2 ! pill>s 7 plac$ s irregul>ly & ! decorations s little gov]n$ by any rule 9 _! arrangem5t1 t x seems z if ! ,egyptians 7 int5tionally reg>dless ( symmetry & regul>ity4 ,! :ole effect ( ! anci5t ,!bes c sc>cely be imag9$2 its gr&eur 0 mu* increas$ by ! fact t its spl5did build+s 7 on bo? banks ( ! ,nile1 :i* riv] fl[$ sl[ly & maje/ically by1 z if x borr[$ a sort ( dignity f ! spl5did piles :i* x reflect$1 & :i* ^? :o sail$ ^u its bosom reg>d$ ) awe & admiration4 ,!re are _m o!r places on ! ,nile :]e "o sees wond]ful ru9s ( anci5t edifices1 b we h n space to describe or ev5 to "n !m1 & ,!bes is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all4 ,!bes1 he>+ /ill ! ,memnon's my/ic tones1 ,:]e ,egypt's e>lie/ mon>*s re>$ _! ?rones1 ,favor$ ( ,jove6 ! hundr$-gat$ que51 ,?\gh fall51 gr&2 ?\gh desolate1 s]5e2 ,! blood ) awe runs coldly ?r\gh our ve9s ,z we approa* h] f>-spread1 va/ rema9s4 ,=e/s ( pill>s cr[n old ,nilus' side1 ,obelisks to heav5 high lift _! sculptur$ pride2 ,r[s ( d>k sph9xes1 sweep+ f> away1 ,lead to pr\d fanes & tombs augu/ z !y4 ,colossal *iefs 9 granite sit ar\nd1 ,z wrapp$ 9 ?\ght1 or sunk 9 grief pr(\nd4 ,! mighty columns rang$ 9 long array1 ,! /atues fre% z *isell$ ye/]day1 ,we sc>ce c ?9k two ?\s& ye>s h fl[n ,s9ce 9 pr\d ,!bes a ,ph>aoh's gr&eur %one1 ,b 9 yon m>ble c\rt or sph9x-l9$ /reet1 ,"s mov+ pageant half expect to meet1 ,see great ,seso/ris1 come f di/ant w>1 ,k+s l9k$ 9 *a9s to drag 8 ivory c>2 ,or view t bright procession sweep+ on1 ,to meet at ,memphis f>-fam$ ,solomon1 ,:51 borne by ,love1 he cross$ ! ,syrian wild1 ,to w$ ! ,ph>aoh's bloom+ *ild4 ,! obelisks ( anci5t ,egypt h a pres5t int]e/ :i* is almo/ p]sonal to ev]ybody1 s9ce s _m ( !m h be5 tak5 away f ! banks ( ! ,nile & s plac$ t !y n[ ov]look ! ,bosphorus1 ! ,tib]1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,?ames1 & our own ,hudson ,riv]2 9 tru?1 !re are twelve obelisks 9 ,rome1 :i* is a l>g] numb] ?an are n[ /&+ 9 all ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,cleopatra',s ,,ne$les4 ,! above cut 7,fig4 #ab7 %[s ! two obelisks kn[n z ,cleopatra's ,ne$les1 z !y 7 se5 = a long "t at ,alex&ria4 ,!y h bo? cross$ ! seas2 "o 0 pres5t$ to ! ,briti% nation by ,mehemet ,ali1 & ! o!r1 :i* n[ /&s 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 0 a gift to ,am]ica f ! late ,kh$ive ( ,egypt1 ,ismail ,pa%a4 ,! obelisks 7 usually erect$ by ! k+s to express _! wor%ip ( ! gods1 & /ood be=e ! temple be>+ d$ications ( ! h\se to its p>ticul> deity2 !y 7 cov]$ ) ! qua9t1 curi\s devices :i* s]v$ z lett]s to ! ,egyptians1 :i* we call hi]oglyphics1 & ea* sov]eign ?us record$ 8 praises1 & decl>$ 8 respect = ! special gods :om he wi%$ to honor4 ,!y 7 v /rik+ objects1 & mu/ h made a f9e effect :5 ! temples & /atues & av5ues ( sph9xes1 & all ! anci5t gr&eur ( ! ,egyptians 0 at its height2 & ^! grave /one wat*m5 look$ d[n ^u triumphal processions & gorge\s c]emonials1 & k+s & que5s ) _! tra9s ( c\rti]s pass$ ne> !m on _! way to & f ! temple-palaces4 ,x is always int]e/+ to /udy ! h\ses & homes ( a p--dome/ic ar*itecture1 z x is call$2 b "o _c d t 9 ,egypt4 ,x may almo/ be said t b "o anci5t home exi/s1 & z t probably belong$ to "s royal p]son1 we _c le>n f x h[ ! p liv$4 ,!re 7 _m v ri* ,egyptians outside ( ! royal families1 & !y dwelt 9 spl5dor & luxury2 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 multitudes ( slaves & v poor p1 :o _h b>ely en\gh to eat to keep !m alive & enable !m to d ! "w :i* 0 set !m by _! task-ma/]s4 ,! h\se ( :i* we speak is at ,m$9et ,hab\1 on ! opposite side ( ! ,nile f ,k>nak 7,fig4 #ac74 ,x has ?ree floors1 ) ?ree rooms on ea* floor1 & is v irregul> 9 =m4 ,b if we h no anci5t h\ses to /udy 9 ,egypt1 we c le>n mu* ab\t !m f ! pa9t+s :i* /ill exi/1 & we may believe t ! cities :i* surr\nd$ ! old temples fully display$ ! weal? & ta/e ( ! inhabitants4 ,^! pictures %[ ! h\ses 9 ! mid/ ( g>d5s laid out ) arbors1 pavilions1 artificial lakes1 & _m beautiful objects1 su* z we see 9 ! f9e g>d5s ( our own day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,pavilion ,,at ,,m$9et ,,hab\4 ,aft] ab\t #abjj ,b4,c4 !re 0 a long p]iod ( decl9e 9 ! ar*itecture ( ,egypt2 occasionally "s sov]eign tri$ to d z ! old] k+s _h done1 b no real revival ( ! arts occurr$ until ! rule ( ! ,ptolemies 0 e/abli%$2 ?is 0 aft] #ccb ,b4,c41 :5 ,alex&] ! ,great conqu]$ ! ,p]sians1 :o _h rul$ 9 ,egypt ab\t "o hundr$ & n9ety-five ye>s4 ,"u ! ,ptolemies ,egypt 0 z prosp]\s z %e _h be5 "u ! ,ph>aohs1 b ! arts ( ?is lat] "t nev] rea*$ su* purity & greatness z 0 %[n 9 ! be/ days ( ,!bes2 ! build+s 7 ri* & spl5did in/ead ( noble & gr&1 or1 z we might say1 m = %[ ?an 0 ! old] /yle4 ,x is s+ul> t1 ?\gh ! ,egypt ( ! ,ptolemies 0 "u ,greek & ,roman influ5ce1 x /ill rema9$ ess5tially ,egyptian4 ,x seems z if ! c\ntry _h a sort ( conv]t+ effect ^u ! /rang]s :o plann$ & built ! temples ( ,d5d]ah1 & ,edf\1 & beautiful ,phil1 & made !m try to "w & build z if !y 7 ! sons ( ! pure old ,egyptians in/ead ( =eign conqu]ors4 ,s true is ?is t be=e ,a4,d4 #agii1 :5 s*ol>s began to read hi]oglyphics1 ! le>n$ m5 ( ,europe :o /udi$ art believ$ t ^! lat] temples 7 old] ?an ^? ( ,!bes4 ,outside ( ,!bes !re is no build+ n[ to be se5 9 ,egypt :i* gives s *>m+ an impression ( :at ,egypt might be z does ! lovely temple on ! isl& ( ,phil 7,fig4 #ad74 ,o!rs are m sublime & impos+1 b none are s v>i$ & beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,temple ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,phil4 ,!re is no m attractive spot 9 ,egypt ?an ?is isl&1 & :5 we "k t ! prie/s :o s]v$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,isis "h 7 nev] all[$ to leave ! isl&1 we d n feel z if t 0 a mis=tune to !m4 ,x 0 a pity1 h[ev]1 t none b prie/s 7 all[$ to g !re1 & 9 pass+ ,i wi% to note ! fact t ?is 0 ! mo/ anci5t mona/]y ( :i* we "k2 = t x 0 9 simple fact1 & ! monks liv$ lives ( /rict devotion & suff]$ sev]e p5ance4 ,! build+s at ,phil1 z well z mo/ ( ^? ( ! ,ptolemaic age1 _h ! same irregul>ity ( =m ( :i* we h spok5 be=e2 _! design1 z a :ole1 0 f9e1 b ! details 7 inf]ior1 & x (t5 happ5s t ! sculpture & pa9t+ :i* 9 ! e>li] times improv$ & beautifi$ ev]y?+1 lo/ _! effect & really injur$ ! appe>ance ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,at fir/ ?\ght "o w\ld expect to be able to le>n mu* m ab\t ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! lat] ?an ( ! e>li] days ( ,egypt1 & to f9d out j h[ !y arrang$ _! dwell+s4 ,b ?is is n s1 = hi/ory tells u ( no?+ save ! sup]/iti\s religi\s wor%ip ( ! conqu]ors ( ,egypt4 ,!re are no pictures ( ! h\ses1 or ( ! occupations & amusem5ts ( ! p2 no w>like /ories are told2 we h no tombs ) _! in/ructive inscriptions2 n ev5 ! agricultural & me*anical arts are repres5t$ 9 ! ru9s ( ?is "t4 ,! f9e arts1 ! e>ly religion1 ! _s ( indep5d5ce & conque/ _h all di$ out2 9 tru?1 ! wond]ful civilization ( ! days ( ! pyramid-build]s & _! desc5dants 0 gone1 & :5 ,con/ant9e came into p[] ,egypt _h lo/ h] place among ! nations ( ! e>?1 & h] gr&eur 0 z a tale t is told4 ,! weakness ( ,egyptian ar*itecture lay 9 its monotony or sam5ess4 ,n only did x n develop hi/orically1 rema9+ v mu* ! same z long z x la/$1 b ! same =ms are repeat$ until1 ev5 ) all _! gr&eur1 !y become we>isome4 ,! plan ( ! temples v>ies little2 ! t5d5cy t[>d ! %ape ( ! pyramid appe>s ev]y:]e2 :ile ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! ritual ( ! ,egyptian religion gives a /rong lik5ess among all ! places ( wor%ip4 ,! ,greeks p]=m$ ! mo/ important p>ts ( _! s]vice 9 ! op5 air be=e _! temples1 & almo/ all _! c>e 0 lavi%$ on ext]iors2 ! ,egyptians1 on ! o!r h&1 elaborat$ ! int]ior ) great abundance ( ornam5ts1 yet )\t t p[] ( adaptation :i* gave s great an air ( v>iety & grace to ,grecian art4 ,a second & ev5 m s]i\s fault 9 ,egyptian ar*itecture is a want ( proportion4 ,9 natural organiz$ objects !re is always a fix$ proportion betwe5 ! p>ts1 s t if a naturali/ is giv5 a s+le bone ( an animal he c reproduce ) consid]able exactness ! entire bea/4 ,9 art x is necess>y to foll[ ?is pr9ciple ( adapt+ "o "p to ano!r1 & )\t ?is bo? grace & ref9em5t are want+4 ,! ,egyptian temples are (t5 too massive1 s t !y impress by _! size simply1 & n by any beauty ( plan or arrangem5t4 ,yet = gr&eur & impressiv5ess no nation has ev] excell$ ! ,egyptians z build]s4 ,"o may pref] ! /yle & ! ornam5tation ( ! ,greeks1 or ! =ms & arrangem5t ( ! ,go?ic ord]2 b1 tak5 z a :ole1 ! comb9ation ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & hi]oglyphics :i* goes to make up an ,egyptian temple1 ) ! addition ( ! obelisks1 ! av5ues ( sph9xes & ! ,colossi1 :i* all seem$ to belong toge!r--^!1 "o & all1 result 9 a :ole t has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 effect dur+ ! ?irty c5turies t h roll$ ov] ! e>? s9ce ,*eops built 8 magnific5t tomb on ! great des]t ( ,egypt4 ,,assyria4 ,our k ( ,egyptian hi/ory is m exact ?an t ( "s o!r anci5t nations1 because s*ol>s h be5 able to read ,egyptian hi]oglyphics = a mu* long] "t ?an !y h read ! cunei=m or arr[-head$ inscriptions :i* are f\nd 9 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 & ,p]sia4 ,b we "k a great deal ab\t ! ru9s ( ,assyria1 & especially ( ! cities ( ,n9eveh & ,khorsabad1 :]e !re are wond]ful ar*itectural rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,gateways ,,9 ,,walls ,,( ,,khorsabad4 ,! walls :i* surr\nd$ ,n9eveh are an important "p ( its ru9s4 ,x is said t 9 ! days ( ! e>lie/ sov]eign ^! walls 7 "o hundr$ feet high1 & s broad t ?ree *>iots c\ld drive abrea/ on _! top4 ,?is /ory does n seem unreasonable1 = all ! ye>s t h pass$1 & all ! du/ & deposit ( ^! ages t are collect$ ab\t ! foot ( ! walls1 /ill leave "s places :]e !y are =ty-six feet high & f "o to two hundr$ feet wide4 ,! l[] portion 0 ( lime/one1 & ! upp] ( sun-dri$ bricks2 ! blocks ( /one 7 neatly hewn out & smoo?ly poli%$4 ,! walls surr\nd$ ! city1 :i* 0 s l>ge t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& p c\ld live !re1 & we "k t its inhabitants 7 v num]\s4 ,! gates :i* op5$ ?r\gh ! walls 7 surm\nt$ by l(ty t[]s1 & x is suppos$ t %ort] t[]s 7 built ^u ! walls betwe5 ! gateways 7,fig4 #ae74 ,! above plans %[ ! arrangem5t ( gateways :i* h be5 excavat$4 ,x seems t !re 7 f\r sep>ate gates1 & betwe5 !m l>ge *amb]s :i* may h be5 us$ by soldi]s or gu>ds4 ,! two out] gates 7 ornam5t$ by sculptur$ figures ( colossal bulls ) human heads & o!r /range designs2 b ! inn] gates _h a pla9 f9i% ( alaba/] slabs4 ,x is ?\ght t ar*es cov]$ ^! gateways l "s repres5tations ( gates :i* are se5 on ,assyrian bas-reliefs4 ,)9 ! gates !re is a pavem5t ( l>ge slabs1 9 :i* ! m>ks worn by *>iot :eels are /ill pla9ly se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,entrance ,,to ,,small] ,,temple1 ,,nimrud4 ,we le>n t ! ,assyrians made _! religion a prom95t "p ( _! lives4 ,! inscriptions ( ! k+s beg9 & end ) praises & pray]s to _! gods1 & on all occasions religi\s wor%ip is spok5 ( z a pr9cipal duty4 ,we "k t ! mon>*s devot$ mu* c>e to ! temples1 & built new ones cont9ually2 b x also appe>s f ! excavations t h be5 made t !y devot$ ! be/ ( _! art & ! greate/ sum ( _! ri*es to ! palaces ( _! k+s4 ,! temple 0 f> less spl5did ?an ! palace to :i* x 0 atta*$ z a sort ( app5dage4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly due to ! fact t ! ,assyrian k+s receiv$ m ?an ! mon>*s ( any o!r anci5t p div9e honors :ile /ill liv+2 s t ! palace 0 reg>d$ z ! actual dwell+ ( a god4 ,! inn] ornam5tation ( ! temples 0 conf9$ to religi\s subjects repres5t$ on sculptur$ slabs ^u ! walls1 b no l>ge proportion ( ! wall 0 decorat$1 & ! re/ 0 m]ely pla/]$ & pa9t$ 9 set figures4 ,! gateways & entrances 7 gu>d$ by sacr$ figures ( colossal bulls1 or lions 7,fig4 #af71 & cov]$ ) inscriptions2 !re 0 a simil>ity betwe5 ! palace entrances & ^? ( ! temples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,pavem5t ,,slab ,,f ,,koyunjik4 ,! palaces 7 always built on artificial plat=ms1 :i* 7 made ( solid brick or /one1 or else ! outside walls ( ! plat=ms 7 built ( ^! sub/ances & ! middle "p fill$ 9 ) dirt & rubbi%4 ,sometimes ! plat=ms1 :i* 7 f tw5ty to ?irty feet high1 7 9 t]races & flights ( /eps l$ up & d[n f "o to ano!r4 ,x also happ5$ t m ?an "o palace 0 erect$ on ! same plat=m2 ?us ! size & =m ( ! plat=ms 0 mu* v>i$1 & :5 palaces 7 enl>g$ ! plat=ms 7 *ang$ also1 & _! %ape 0 (t5 v irregul>4 ,! tops ( ! plat=ms 7 pav$ ) /one slabs or bricks1 ! la/ be+ sometimes z mu* z two feet squ>e2 ! pavem5ts 7 frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) arti/ic designs 7,fig4 #ag71 & inscriptions are also f\nd ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,rema9s ,,( ,,propyl,,um1 ,,or ,,out] ,,gateway1 ,,khorsabad4 ,at ! l[] "p ( ! plat=m !re 0 a t]race on :i* sev]al small build+s 7 usually plac$1 & ne> by 0 an important gateway1 or1 m prop]ly1 a propylum1 ?r\gh :i* e "o mu/ pass :o ent]$ ! palace f ! city4 ,! next cut 7,fig4 #ah7 %[s "o ( ^! gr& entrances decorat$ ) ! human-head$ bulls & ! figure ( :at is believ$ to be ! ,assyrian ,h]cules1 :o is mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! act ( /rangl+ a lion4 ,mu* ri* ornam5t 0 lavi%$ on ^! portals1 & ! entrance space 0 probably protect$ by an ar*4 ,bel[ ^! portals1 q d[n on a level ) ! city1 !re 7 out] gateways1 ?r\gh :i* "o ent]$ a c\rt 9 front ( ! asc5t to ! l[] t]race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,plan ,,( ,,palace1 ,,khorsabad4 ,! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts ( ! palaces 7 ! c\rts1 ! gr& halls1 & ! small1 private *amb]s4 ,! f9e palaces _h sev]al c\rts ea*2 !y v>i$ f "o hundr$ & tw5ty by n9ety feet1 to two hundr$ & fifty by "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 size1 & 7 pav$ 9 ! same way z ! plat=ms outside 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! gr& halls 7 ! f9e/ portions ( ^! spl5did edifices2 "h 0 ! ri*e/ ornam5t1 & ! walls 7 l9$ ) sculptur$ slabs1 :ile colossal bulls1 w+$ g5ii1 & o!r figures 7 plac$ at ! entrances4 ,^u ! slabs ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 ! lives ( ! mon>*s 7 repres5t$1 z well z _! portraits1 & religi\s c]emonies1 battles1 & _m incid5ts ( int]e/ to ! nation 7,fig4 #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,relief ,,f ,,khorsabad4 ,a ,,temple4 ,! slabs re/$ on ! pav$ floors ( ! halls & rea*$ a height ( t5 or twelve feet2 above !m ! walls 7 ( burnt brick1 sometimes 9 brilliant colors2 ! :ole height ( ! walls 0 f fifte5 to tw5ty feet4 ,! small] *amb]s surr\nd$ ^! gr& halls1 & ! numb] ( rooms 0 v l>ge2 9 "o palace :i* has be5 b p>tially explor$ !re are sixty-eight ap>tm5ts1 & x is n probable t any ,assyrian palace _h less ?an =ty or fifty rooms on its gr\nd floor4 ,( all ! palaces :i* h be5 exam9$ t ( ,khorsabad is be/ kn[n & c be mo/ exactly describ$4 ,x is believ$ t ,s>gon1 a son ( ,s5na*]ib1 built x1 & x is v spl5did4 ,aft] ent]+ at ! great portal "o passes ?r\gh v>i\s c\rts & corridors2 ^! are all adorn$ ) sculptures su* z h be5 describ$ above2 at l5g? "o rea*es ! great inn] c\rt ( ! palace1 :i* 0 a squ>e ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 size4 ,?is c\rt _h build+s on two sides1 & ! o!r sides ext5d$ to ! edge ( ! t]race ( ! plat=m on :i* ! palace 0 built1 & comm&$ broad views ( ! op5 c\ntry4 ,on "o side ! build+s conta9$ ! less important ap>tm5ts ( ! (fic]s ( ! c\rt2 ! gr& /ate ap>tm5ts 7 on ! o!r side4 ,!re 7 t5 ( ^! at ,khorsabad2 five 7 l>ge halls1 f\r 7 small] *amb]s1 & "o a long & n>r[ room4 ,?ree ( ! l>ge halls 7 connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & _! decorations 7 by f> ! mo/ spl5did ( any 9 ! palace4 ,9 "o ( !m ! sculptures repres5t$ ! k+ sup]9t5d+ ! reception & *a/isem5t ( prison]s1 & is call$ ! ,hall ( ,puni%m5t4 ,! middle hall has no di/+ui%+ feature1 b ! ?ird op5$ into ! ,temple ,c\rt1 on "o side ( :i* ! small temple 0 situat$4 ,! l[] sculptures ( ! middle & ?ird halls repres5t$ ! milit>y hi/ory ( ,s>gon1 :o is se5 9 all sorts ( soldi]-l positions & occupations2 "s ( ! upp] sculptures repres5t religi\s c]emonies4 ,on "o side ( ! ,temple ,c\rt !re 7 sev]al *amb]s call$ ,prie/s' ,rooms1 b ! temple itself & ! portions ( ! palace connect$ ) x are n z well pres]v$ z ! o!r p>ts1 & h no?+ ab\t !m to int]e/ u 9 _! /udy4 ,! palaces ( ,n9eveh are mu* less p]fect ?an ! palace-temples ( ,!bes1 & _c be describ$ ) z mu* exactness4 ,!re is no wall ( !m /ill /&+ m ?an sixte5 feet above ! gr\nd1 & we d n ev5 "k :e!r !y _h upp] /ories or n1 or h[ !y 7 light$--9 a ^w1 no?+ is positively kn[n ab\t !m above ! gr\nd floors1 & x is v /range t ! sculptures n[h]e repres5t a royal resid5ce4 ,b :at we d "k ( ! ,assyrians proves t !y equall$ & p]haps excell$ all o!r ,ori5tal nations z ar*itects & design]s1 z well z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( art & indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,re/oration ,,( ,,an ,,assyrian ,,palace4 ,?is repres5tation ( an ,assyrian palace 7,fig4 #ba7 is a re/oration1 z x is call$1 be+ made up by a c>eful /udy ( ! rema9s & su* facts z c be le>n$ f bas-reliefs1 & _c be :olly unlike ! dwell+s ( ! k+-gods4 ,x is pleas+ 9 g5]al appe>ance1 & = lightness & elegance is ev5 to be pref]r$ to ,egyptian ar*itecture1 ?\gh x is f> inf]ior 9 dignity & impressiv5ess4 ,! ,assyrians knew ! use ( bo? column & ar*1 b nev] develop$ ei!r to any ext5t4 ,!y also employ$ ! obelisk1 & x is noticeable t in/ead ( t]m9at+ x ) a pyramid1 z 0 ! case 9 ,egypt1 !y capp$ x ) ! dim9i%+ t]races1 :i* is ! fundam5tal =m :i* und]lies all ! ar*itecture ( ! c\ntry1 z ! smoo? pyramid is ! mo/ prom95t elem5t 9 ! ar*itecture ( ,egypt4 ,,babylon4 ,x is probable t ,babylon 0 ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ( all ! anci5t cities4 ,! walls :i* surr\nd$ x1 toge!r ) its hang+ g>d5s1 7 reckon$ among ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w by ! anci5ts4 ,its walls 7 pi]c$ by a hundr$ gates & surm\nt$ by two hundr$ & fifty t[]s2 ^! t[]s add$ mu* to ! gr& appe>ance ( ! city2 !y 7 n v high above ! walls1 & 7 probably us$ z gu>d-rooms by soldi]s4 ,! ,riv] ,euphrates ran ?r\gh ! city4 ,brick walls 7 built ^u its banks1 & e /reet :i* l$ to ! riv] _h a gateway 9 ^! walls :i* op5$ to a slop+ l&+ :i* ext5d$ d[n to ! wat]'s edge2 boats 7 kept at ^! l&+s = ^? :o wi%$ to cross ! /ream4 ,!re 0 also a foot-bridge across ! riv] t c\ld be us$ only by day1 & "o writ]1 ,diodorus1 decl>es t a tunnel also exi/$ :i* jo9$ ! two sides ( ! riv]1 & 0 fifte5 feet wide & twelve feet high 9 ! inside4 ,! acc\nts ( ! ,hang+ ,g>d5s make x seem t !y resembl$ an artificial t]rac$ m\nta9 built ^u ar*es ( masonry & cov]$ ) e>?1 9 :i* grew trees1 %rubs1 & fl[]s4 ,x is said by "s writ]s t ?is m\nta9 0 at lea/ sev5ty-five feet high1 & occupi$ a squ>e ( f\r acres2 o!rs say t 9 its highe/ "p x rea*$ ?ree hundr$ feet2 b all agree t x 0 a wond]ful "w & v beautiful4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! /ructure ma*9]y 0 conceal$ :i* rais$ wat] f ! ,euphrates & fill$ a res]voir at ! summit1 f :i* x 0 tak5 to moi/5 ! e>? & n\ri% ! plants4 ,flights ( /eps l$ up to ! top1 & on ! way !re 7 entrances to f9e ap>tm5ts :]e "o c\ld re/4 ,^! rooms1 built 9 ! walls :i* support$ ! /ructure1 7 cool & pleasant1 & af=d$ f9e views ( ! city & its surr\nd+s4 ,! :ole effect ( ! g>d5s :5 se5 f a di/ance 0 t ( a wood$ pyramid4 ,x seems a pity t x %\ld h be5 call$ a ,hang+ ,g>d51 s9ce1 :5 "o kn[s h[ x 0 built1 ?is "n is /rangely unsuitable1 & c>ries a c]ta9 disappo9tm5t ) x4 ,! acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( ?is g>d5 are int]e/+4 ,"o ( !m says t x 0 made by ,semiramis1 a que5 :o 0 fam\s = h] pr[ess z a w>rior1 = hav+ conqu]$ "s cities & built o!rs1 = hav+ damm$ up ! ,riv] ,euphrates1 & p]=m$ _m m>vell\s & h]oic de$s4 ,x is n probable t any woman ev] did all ! wond]s :i* are attribut$ to ,semiramis1 b we love to read ^! tales ( ! old1 old "t1 & x is important = u to "k !m s9ce !y are (t5 ref]r$ to 9 books & 9 conv]sation4 ,ano!r acc\nt relates t ! g>d5s 7 made by ,nebu*adnezz> to please 8 ,m$ian que51 ,amytis1 because ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t ,babylon seem$ s b>r5 & desolate to h]1 & %e long$ = ! lovely sc5]y ( h] native l&4 ,:at we h said w %[ t ! ,babylonians 7 advanc$ 9 ! sci5ce ( su* works z come m prop]ly "u ! head ( eng9e]+2 _! palaces 7 also f9e1 & _! dwell+-h\ses l(ty2 !y _h ?ree or f\r /ories1 & 7 cov]$ by vault$ ro(s4 ,b ! ,babylonians1 l ! ,egyptians1 lavi%$ _! be/ art ^u _! temples4 ,! temple 0 built 9 ! mo/ prom95t position & magnific5tly adorn$4 ,x 0 usually )9 a wall$ inclosure1 & ! mo/ important temple at ,babylon1 call$ t ( ,belus1 is said to h _h an area ( ?irty acres devot$ to x4 ,! *ief di/+ui%+ feature ( a ,babyloni% temple 0 a t[] built 9 /ages 7,fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,elevation ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,! ,,sev5 ,,sph]es ,,at ,,borsippa4 ,! numb] ( ! /ages v>i$1 eight be+ ! l>ge/4 ,at ! summit ( ! t[] !re 0 a *apel or an alt>1 & ! asc5t 0 by /eps or an incl9$ plane :i* w\nd ar\nd ! sides ( ! t[]4 ,! ,babylonians 7 fam\s a/ronom]s1 & x is believ$ t ^! t[]s 7 us$ z obs]vatories z well z = places ( wor%ip4 ,at ! base ( ! t[] !re 0 a *apel = ! use ( ^? :o c\ld n asc5d ! height1 & ne> by1 9 ! op5 air1 diff]5t alt>s 7 plac$1 = ! wor%ip ( ! ,babylonians includ$ ! (f]+ ( sacrifices4 ,v anci5t writ]s describe ! ri*es ( ! %r9es at ,babylon z be+ ( a value beyond our belief4 ,!y tell ( colossal images ( ! gods ( solid gold2 ( enorm\s lions 9 ! same preci\s metal2 ( s]p5ts ( silv]1 ea* ( ?irty tal5ts' weight 7a tal5t equall$ ab\t two ?\s& doll>s ( our money71 & ( gold5 tables1 b[ls1 & dr9k+-cups1 besides magnific5t (f]+s ( _m k9ds :i* fai?ful wor%ipp]s _h devot$ to ! gods4 ,^! great treasures fell into ! h&s ( ! ,p]sians :5 !y conqu]$ ,babylon4 ,! ,birs-i-,nimrud has be5 m fully exam9$ ?an any o!r ,babyloni% ru91 & a description ( x c be giv5 ) a good degree ( correctness4 ,z x n[ /&s1 e brick 9 x be>s ! "n ( ,nebu*adnezz>2 x is believ$ t he repair$ or rebuilt x1 b !re is no reason to ?9k t he *ang$ its plan4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is a v int]e/+ ru9 7,fig4 #bc74 ,x 0 a temple rais$ on a plat=m & built 9 sev5 /ages2 ^! /ages repres5t$ ! sev5 sph]es 9 :i* ! sev5 planets mov$ 7accord+ to ! anci5t a/ronomy71 & a p>ticul> color 0 assign$ to ea* planet1 & ! /ages color$ accord+ to ?is idea4 ,t ( ! sun 0 gold52 ! moon1 silv]2 ,saturn1 black2 ,jupit]1 orange2 ,m>s1 r$2 ,v5us1 pale yell[1 & ,m]cury1 deep blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,birs-,i-,,nimrud1 ,,ne> ,,babylon4 ,x is curi\s to "k h[ ! v>i\s colors 7 obta9$4 ,! l[] /age1 repres5t+ ,saturn1 0 cov]$ ) bitum52 t ( ,jupit] 0 fac$ ) bricks burn$ to an orange color2 t ( ,m>s 0 made ( bricks f a bright r$ clay & half burn$1 s t !y _h a blood-r$ t9t2 ! /age d$icat$ to ! sun 0 probably cov]$ ) ?9 plates ( gold2 t ( ,v5us _h pale yell[ bricks2 t ( ,m]cury 0 subject$ to int5se heat aft] x 0 erect$1 & ?is produc$ vitrification & gave x a blue color2 & ! /age ( ! moon 0 coat$ 9 %9+ :ite metals4 ,?us ! t[] rose up1 all gl[+ 9 colors & t9ts z cunn+ly arrang$ z if produc$ by ,nature h]self4 ,! silv]y1 %9+ b& 0 probably ! highe/1 & _h ! effect ( m+l+ ) ! bright sky above4 ,we c sc>cely und]/& h[ glori\s ! effect mu/ h be51 & :5 we try to imag9e x1 & !n ?9k ( ! pres5t wret*$ condition ( ^! ru9s1 x gives great =ce to ! prophecies conc]n+ ,babylon :i* =etold t h] broad walls %\ld be utt]ly brok5 d[n1 h] gates burn$ ) fire1 & ! gold5 city swept ) ! besom ( de/ruction4 ,we "k s little ( ! arrangem5t ( ! palaces ( ,babylon t we _c speak ( !m 9 detail4 ,!y diff]$ f ^? ( ,assyria 9 two important po9ts3 !y are ( burnt bricks in/ead ( ^? dri$ 9 ! sun :i* ! ,assyrians us$1 & at ,babylon 9 ! decoration ( ! walls color$ pictures ^u ! brick-"w took ! place ( ! alaba/] bas-reliefs :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! palaces ( ,n9eveh4 ,^! pa9t+s repres5t$ hunt+ sc5es1 battles1 & o!r important ev5ts1 & 7 alt]nat$ ) portions ( ! wall ^u :i* 7 inscriptions pa9t$ 9 :ite on a blue gr\nd1 or spaces ) a regul> patt]n ( rosettes or "s fix$ design 9 geometrical figures4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( ^! decorations h be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,babylon to prove beyond a d\bt t ?is 0 ! cu/om>y f9i% ( ! walls4 ,we also "k t ! h\ses ( ,babylon 7 ?ree or f\r /ories 9 height1 b 7 rudely con/ruct$ & indicate an inf]ior /yle ( dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,,p]sia4 ,! ,p]sians 7 ! pupils ( ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians 9 ,art1 ,le>n+1 & ,sci5ce1 & !y le>n$ _! lessons s well t !y built magnific5t palaces & tombs4 ,temples seem to h be5 unimportant to !m1 & we "k no?+ ( any ,p]sian temple rema9s t w\ld attract ! att5tion ( travell]s or s*ol>s4 ,! f\r mo/ important ,p]sian palaces ( :i* we h any good degree ( k are t ( ,ecbatana1 ! ru9s ( :i* are v imp]fect2 a second at ,susa1 ( :i* ! arrangem5t is kn[n2 a ?ird at ,p]sepolis1 :i* is n well en\gh pres]v$ = any exact description to be giv52 & a f\r?1 ! s-call$ ,great ,palace1 ne> ,p]sepolis1 9 :i* ! late/ ,p]sian sov]eigns liv$4 ,?is magnific5t palace 0 burn$ by ,alex&] ! ,great be=e he or 8 soldi]s _h se5 its spl5dor4 ,! /ory is t he made a fea/ at :i* ,?ais1 a beautiful & wick$ woman1 appe>$1 & by h] arts ga9$ su* p[] ov] ,alex&] t he cons5t$ to h] proposal to fire ! palace1 & ! k+1 we>+ a cr[n ( fl[]s ^u 8 head1 seiz$ a tor* & himself execut$ ! dreadful de$1 :ile all ! company foll[$ him ) acclamations1 s++1 & wild %\ts4 ,at la/ !y surr\nd$ & danc$ ab\t ! dreadful conflagration4 ,! poet ,dryd5 wrote an ode ^u ,alex&]'s ,fea/ 9 #afig :i* has a _w-wide reputation4 ,i quote a few l9es f x3 ',twas at ! royal fea/ = ,p]sia won ,by ,philip's w>like son3 ,al(t1 9 awful /ate1 ,! godlike h]o sate ,on 8 imp]ial ?rone2 ,8 valiant pe]s 7 plac$ ar\nd1 ,_! br[s ) roses & ) myrtles b\nd 7,s %\ld des]t 9 arms be cr[n$72 ,! lovely ,?ais by 8 side ,sate1 l a bloom+ ,ea/]n bride1 ,9 fl[] ( y\? & beauty's pride4 ,happy1 happy1 happy pair6 ,none b ! brave1 ,none b ! brave1 ,none b ! brave des]ves ! fair4 ,behold h[ !y toss _! tor*es on high1 ,h[ !y po9t to ! ,p]sian abodes1 ,& glitt]+ temples ( _! ho/ile gods6 ,! pr9ces applaud ) a furi\s joy1 ,& ! k+ seiz$ a flambeau ) zeal to de/roy2 ,?ais l$ ! way ,to light him to 8 prey1 ,&1 l ano!r ,hel51 fir$ ano!r ,troy4 ,mu* /udy & "t has be5 giv5 to ! exam9ation ( ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis1 & ! :ole arrangem5t ( ! city has be5 discov]$ & is made pla9 to ! /ud5t ( ^! matt]s by means ( ! _m *>ts1 plans1 & photographs ( x :i* n[ exi/4 ,i %all try to tell y some?+ ( ! ,great ,palace ( ,p]sepolis1 & ! o!r palaces ne> x & on ! plat=m ) x1 = ! ,p]sians1 l ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians1 built _! palaces ^u plat=ms4 ,?is "o ( :i* we speak 0 di/9ct f ! city1 b q ne> x1 & is 9 almo/ p]fect condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,masonry ,,( ,,great ,,plat=m1 ,,p]sepolis4 ,x is compos$ ( l>ge masses ( hewn /one held toge!r by clamps ( iron or lead4 ,_m ( ! blocks 9 ?is plat=m wall are s l>ge z to make _! removal f ! qu>ries & _! elevation to ! requir$ height a difficult me*anical task1 :i* c\ld only h be5 p]=m$ by skill$ labor]s ) good means = c>ry+ on _! "w4 ,! wall 0 n laid 9 regul> blocks1 b 0 l ?is plate 7,fig4 #bd74 ,! plat=m 0 n ( ! same height 9 all its p>ts1 & seems to h be5 9 sev]al t]races1 ?ree ( :i* c /ill be se54 ,! build+s 7 on ! upp] t]race1 :i* is ab\t =ty-five feet above ! pla9 & v l>ge2 x is sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty feet long & f\r hundr$ feet wide4 ,! /aircases are an important feature ( ^! ru9s1 & :5 all ! palaces 7 9 p]fection ^! broad /eps1 ) _! l&+s & spl5did decorations1 mu/ h made a noble & magnific5t effect4 ,! asc5t ( ! /aircases 0 s gradual & easy t m5 w5t up & d[n on horseback1 & travell]s n[ asc5d & desc5d 9 ?is way4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! /aircases ( ,p]sepolis 7 ! f9e/ t 7 ev] built 9 any "p ( ! _w1 & on "s ( !m t5 horsem5 c\ld ride abrea/4 ,! broade/1 or plat=m /aircase1 is entirely )\t ornam5t2 ano!r :i* leads f ! plat=m up to ! c5tral or upp] t]race is s elaborately decorat$ t x appe>s to be cov]$ ) sculptures4 ,!re are colossal repres5tations ( lions1 bulls1 ,p]sian gu>dsm51 r[s ( trees1 & cont9u\s processions ( small] figures4 ,9 "s p>ts ! sculptures repres5t v>i\s nations br++ tributes to ! ,p]sian mon>*2 9 o!r p>ts all ! diff]5t (fic]s ( ! c\rt & ^? ( ! army are se51 & ! latt] appe> to be gu>d+ ! /airs4 7,see ,fig4 #be47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,p>apet ,,wall ,,( ,,/aircase1 ,,p]sepolis 7,,re/or$74 ,9 a conspicu\s position on ?is ornam5tal /aircase !re are ?ree slabs2 on two !re is no design ( any sort2 on ! ?ird an inscription says t ?is 0 ! "w ( ,x]xes1 ! ,great ,k+1 ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 ! son ( ,k+ ,d>ius1 ! ,a*m5ian4 ,?is inscription is 9 ! ,p]sian tongue1 & x is probable t x 0 ! int5tion to repeat x on ! slabs :i* are left pla9 9 "s o!r languages1 s t x c\ld easily be read by ^? ( diff]5t nations2 x 0 cu/om>y ) ! anci5ts to repeat inscriptions 9 ?is way4 ,! o!r /aircases ( ?is great plat=m are all m or less decorat$ ) sculptures & resemble t describ$2 !y lead to ! diff]5t palaces1 ( :i* !re are ?ree4 ,! palaces are ^? ( ,d>ius1 ,x]xes1 & ,artax]xes ,o*us1 & besides ^! !re are two great pill>$ halls2 "o ( ^! is call$ ! ,hall ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,columns1 & ! o!r ,*ehl ,m9>1 or ! ,great ,hall ( ,audi5ce4 ,?is view ( ! palace ( ,d>ius gives an idea ( ! appe>ance ( all ^! build+s4 ,a description ( !m w\ld be only a wordy repetition ( ! *>act]i/ics ( "o ap>tm5t & hall aft] ano!r1 & ,i %all leave !m to speak ( ! magnific5t halls :i* are ! glory ( ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis1 & ! wond]s ( ! _w to ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! ar*itectural monum5ts ( ! ,turki%1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,moori%1 & ,*ri/ian nations4 7,see ,fig4 #bf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,palace ,,( ,,d>ius1 ,,p]sepolis4 ,! ,hall ( a ,hundr$ ,columns 0 v spl5did1 z "o may judge f ?is picture ( its gateway 7,fig4 #bg72 b ! ,*ehl ,m9>1 or ,great ,hall ( ,audi5ce1 :i* is also call$ ! ,hall ( ,x]xes1 0 ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ^! edifices4 ,its ru9s occupy a space ( almo/ ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet 9 l5g? & two hundr$ & =ty-six feet 9 wid?1 & consi/ pr9cipally ( f\r diff]5t k9ds ( columns4 ,"o portion ( ?is hall 0 arrang$ 9 a squ>e1 9 :i* !re 7 six r[s ( six pill>s ea*1 & on ?ree sides ( ?is squ>e !re 7 magnific5t por*es1 9 ea* ( :i* !re 7 twelve columns2 s t ! numb] ( pill>s 9 ! squ>e 0 ?irty-six1 & t ( ^? 9 ! ?ree por*es 0 ! same4 ,^! por*es /ood out boldly f ! ma9 build+ & 7 gr& 9 _! effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,gateway ,,( ,,hall ,,( ,a ,,hundr$ ,,columns4 ,! columns :i* rema9 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is hall are s high t x is ?\ght t !y mu/ orig9ally h measur$ sixty-f\r feet ?r\gh\t ! :ole build+4 ,! capitals ( ! pill>s 7 ( ?ree k9ds3 ! d\ble ,horn$ ,lion capital 7,fig4 #bh7 0 us$ 9 ! ea/]n por*1 & 0 v simple2 9 ! we/]n por* 0 ! d\ble ,bull capital1 :i* correspond$ to ! fir/ 9 size & g5]al =m1 ! diff]5ce be+ only 9 ! %ape ( ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,d\ble ,,horn$ ,,lion ,,capital4 ,! nor? por* fac$ ! great sculptur$ /aircase1 & 0 ! real front ( ! hall4 ,on ?is side ! columns 7 mu* ornam5t$4 ,! foll[+ plates %[ ! entire design ( !m1 & x w be se5 t ! bases 7 v beautiful 7,figs4 #bi & #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,complex ,,capital ,,& ,,base ,,( ,,pill>s1 ,,p]sepolis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,base ,,( ,,ano!r ,,pill>1 ,,p]sepolis4 ,! capitals h ?ree di/9ct p>ts2 at ! bottom is a sort ( b$ ( lotus leaves1 "p ( :i* are turn$ d[n1 & ! o!rs /&+ up =m a k9d ( cup on :i* ! next section above re/s4 ,! middle section is flut$ & has spiral scrolls or volutes1 su* z are se5 9 ,ionic capitals1 only "h !y are 9 a p]p5dicul> position in/ead ( ! cu/om>y horizontal "o4 ,! upp] portion _h ! same d\ble figures ( bulls z 7 on ! columns ( ! we/]n colonnade4 ,! decoration on ! bases 0 made ( two or ?ree r[s ( hang+ lotus leaves1 "s r\nd & o!rs po9t$ 9 =m4 ,! %afts ( ^! pill>s 7 =m$ ( diff]5t blocks ( /one jo9$ by iron cramps2 !y 7 cut 9 exact & regul> flut+s1 numb]+ f =ty-eight to fifty-two on ea* pill>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,gr\nd ,,plan 7,,re/or$7 ,,( ,,hall ,,( ,,x]xes1 ,,p]sepolis4 ,?is plan ( ! ,hall ( ,audi5ce w help y to und]/& its arrangem5t m cle>ly 7,fig4 #ca74 ,! squ>e ) ! ?irty-six columns1 & ! ?ree por*es ) twelve columns ea*1 are di/9ctly m>k$4 ,! mo/ ornam5tal pill>s 7 on ! side ) ! entrance or gateway4 ,! two small rooms on ! ends ( ! ma9 portico may h be5 gu>d-rooms4 ,we c only regret t1 :ile we "k c]ta9 ?+s ab\t ?is hall1 !re is /ill mu* ( :i* we "k no?+4 ,h[ev]1 !re are _m !ories conc]n+ x4 ,"s au?orities believe t x 0 ro($1 :ile o!rs ?9k t x 0 op5 & protect$ only by curta9s & hang+s1 ( :i* ! ,p]sians made mu* use4 ,z we _c "k positively ab\t x1 & ,p]sepolis 0 ! spr+ resid5ce ( ! ,p]sian k+s1 x is pleasant to fancy t ?is spl5did pill>$ hall 0 a summ] ?rone-room1 hav+ beautiful hang+s t c\ld be drawn aside at w1 admitt+ all ! spicy breezes ( t sunny l&1 & realiz+ ! description ( ! palace ( ,%u%an 9 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 :i* says1 ,9 ! c\rt ( ! g>d5 ( ! k+'s palace2 :]e 7 :ite1 gre51 & blue hang+s1 fa/5$ ) cords ( f9e l95 & purple to silv] r+s & pill>s ( m>ble2 ! b$s 7 ( gold & silv]1 ^u a pavem5t ( r$1 & blue1 & :ite1 & black m>ble4 ,"h ! k+ c\ld receive all ^? :o s\ght him2 ! glori\s view ( ! pla9s ( ,susa & ,p]sepolis1 ! breezes :i* came to him lad5 ) ! odors ( ! *oice/ fl[]s w\ld soo! him to cont5t1 & realize 8 full desire = t deep brea? f op5 air :i* gives a s5se ( fre$om & p[]4 ,we "k t no ,ori5tal1 be he mon>* or slave1 desires to live b5ea? a ro( or )9 clos$ doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,"p ,,( ,a ,,base ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,cyrus1 ,,pas>gad4 ,! column 0 9 ,p]sia develop$ ) a good deal ( orig9ality & mu* arti/ic feel+2 & "o f9e base ( ! "t ( ,cyrus is especially int]e/+ = its close resemblance to ! base ( c]ta9 ,ionic pill>s aft]w>d made 9 ,greece 7,fig4 #cb74 ,! tombs ( ! royal ,p]sians 7 usually hewn out ( ! solid rock2 ! tomb ( ,cyrus1 only1 resembles a little h\se2 ?is plate gives a repres5tation ( x 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,cyrus4 ,! "o ap>tm5t 9 ?is tomb is ab\t elev5 feet long1 sev5 feet broad1 & sev5 feet high2 x has no w9d[1 & a l[1 n>r[ doorway 9 "o ( ! end walls is ! only entrance to x4 ,anci5t writ]s say t ! body ( ,cyrus 9 a gold5 c(f9 0 deposit$ 9 ?is tomb4 ,sev5 o!r tombs h be5 explor$2 !y are excavations 9 ! sides ( ! m\nta9s high en\gh to be prom95t objects to ! sight1 & yet difficult ( approa*4 ,! fronts ( ^! tombs are mu* ornam5t$1 & ! int]nal *amb]s are l>ge2 !re are recesses = ! burial-cases1 & ^! v>y 9 numb]1 "s hav+ only space = ?ree bodies4 ,! tomb ( ,d>ius _h ?ree recesses1 9 ea* ( :i* !re 7 ?ree burial-cases2 b ?is 0 an unusually l>ge numb]4 ,! tombs ne> ,p]sepolis are ! f9e/ :i* h yet be5 exam9$4 ,! mo/ noticeable *>act]i/ic ( ,p]sian ar*itecture is its regul>ity4 ,! plans us$ are simple1 & only /raight l9es occur 9 !m2 ?us1 all ! angles are "r angles4 ,! columns are regul>ly plac$1 & ! two sides ( an ap>tm5t or build+ correspond to ea* o!r4 ,! magnific5t /aircases1 & ! abundance ( elegant columns :i* h be5 call$ groves ( pill>s by "s writ]s1 produc$ a gr& & dignifi$ effect4 ,! huge size ( ! blocks ( /one us$ by ,p]sian build]s gives an impression ( great p[] 9 ^? :o plann$ _! use1 & dem&s = !m ! respect ( all ?\ghtful /ud5ts ( ^! edifices4 ,! faults ( ?is ar*itecture lay 9 ! n>r[ doorways1 ! small numb] ( passages1 & ! clumsy ?ickness ( ! walls4 ,b ^! faults are insignificant 9 comp>ison ) its beauties1 & x is all ! m to be admir$ t x 0 inv5t$ by ! ,p]sians1 n copi$ f o!r nations1 & !re is little d\bt t ! ,greeks pr(it$ by its /udy to improve _! own /yle1 & ?r\gh ?is /udy sub/itut$ lightness & elegance = ! clumsy & heavy effect ( ! e>lie/ ,grecian ar*itecture4 ,,judea4 ,!re is s mu* ( religi\s1 hi/orical1 romantic1 & poetical association ) ! l& ( ,judea1 t x is a disappo9tm5t to "k t !re are no rema9s ( ,judean ar*itecture f :i* to /udy ! e>ly art-hi/ory ( t c\ntry2 x is lit]ally true t no?+ rema9s4 ,! ru9s ( ,j]usalem1 ,baalbec1 ,palmyra1 ,petra1 & places beyond ! ,jordan are n ,jewi%1 b ,roman rema9s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ remnant is a passage & gateway :i* belong$ to ! great temple at ,j]usalem4 ,?is passage is situat$ b5ea? ! plat=m ( ! temple2 x is call$ ,! ,gateway ,huldah4 ,! wid? ( x is =ty-"o feet1 & at "o po9t !re is a magnific5t pill>1 call$ a monoli?1 because x is cut f a s+le /one4 ,?is pill> supports f\r ar*es1 :i* divide ! passage into z _m comp>tm5ts1 ea* "o ( :i* has a flat dome4 ,on ^! domes or ro(s !re 7 =m]ly beautiful ornam5tal designs1 "o ( :i* rema9s1 & is l ?is picture 7,fig4 #cd74 ,its comb9ation ( ,ori5tal & ,roman design proves t x _c be v old1 b mu/ h be5 made aft] ! influ5ce ( ! ,romans _h be5 felt 9 ,judea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,ro( ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,comp>tm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,gate ,,huldah4 ,s9ce ! excavations 9 ,assyria1 & ?r\gh ! use ( ! k obta9$ !re & 9 o!r anci5t c\ntries1 & by comp>+ ?is ) ! descriptions ( ! ,bible & ! works ( ,josephus1 "s antiqu>ians h made plans & draw+s ( :at !y believe t ! temple at ,j]usalem mu/ h be5 at ! "t ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! result ( ?is "w has little int]e/1 = two reasons3 fir/1 because we d n "k t x is correct2 second1 because ev5 at ! "t to :i* x is ascrib$1 x 0 n ! anci5t temple ( ,solomon4 ,t _h be5 de/roy$1 & aft] ! return ( ! ,jews f ! ,captivity1 0 rebuilt2 aga91 x _h be5 *ang$ & re/or$ by ! ,romans "u ,h]od1 s t x _h little 9 reality1 or by way ( association1 to give x ! sacr$ & int5se int]e/ = u :i* w\ld belong to ! true1 anci5t temple at ,j]usalem4 ,lo/ ,salem ( ! ,jews1 great sepul*re4 ,( all pr(ane & ( all holy ?+s1 ,:]e ,jew & ,turk & ,g5tile yet concur ,to make !e :at ?\ art1 ?y hi/ory br+s ,?\ghts mix$ ( joy & woe4 ,! :ole e>? r+s ,) ! sad tru? :i* ,he has prophesi$1 ,:o w\ld h %elt]$ ) 8 holy w+s ,!e & ?y *ildr54 ,y 8 p[] defi$2 ,y sc\rg$ him :ile he liv$1 & mock$ him z he di$6 ,!re is a /> 9 ! untr\bl$ sky1 ,t caught ! fir/ light :i* its ,mak] made1-- ,x l$ ! hymn ( o!r orbs on high2 ',twill %9e :5 all ! fires ( heav5 %all fade4 ,pilgrims at ,salem's por*1 be t y\r aid6 ,= x has kept its wat* on ,pale/9e6 ,look to its holy light1 nor be dismay$1 ,?\gh brok5 is ea* consecrat$ %r9e1 ,?\gh cru%$ & ru9$ all :i* m5 h call$ div9e4 ,,greece4 ,! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ,greece is lo/ 9 :at we may call ! ,age ( ,leg5d4 ,f t p]iod h come to u su* m>vell\s /ories ( gods & goddesses1 & all sorts ( wond]ful happ5+s & do+s1 t ev5 ! mo/ s]i\s & wise s*ol>s c le>n little ab\t x1 & x rema9s to all alike a k9d ( delightful fairy-l&4 ,back to t remote age "o c s5d 8 fancy & imag9ation to fea/ ^u ! tales ( wondr\s brav]y1 passionate love1 dire rev5ge1 & sup]natural occurr5ces ( e sort until he is we>y ( x all4 ,!n he is glad to come back to 8 actual life1 9 :i* cause & effect are s mu* m cle>ly se51 & :i*1 if m matt]-(-fact1 is m com=table ?an ! hap-haz>d exi/5ce ( ^? rem>kable be+s :o 7 liable to be *ang$ into bea/s1 or trees1 or almo/ any?+ else at a mom5t's notice1 or to be :isk$ away f ! mid/ ( _! families & fri5ds & set d[n to />ve 9 "s desolate place :]e !re 0 no?+ to eat1 & no "o to li/5 to compla9ts ( sorr[ or hung]4 ,?is leg5d>y "t 9 ,grecian hi/ory beg9s nobody kn[s :51 & ends ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,our only k ( x comes f ! my?ology :i* we h inh]it$ f ! pa/1 & ! two poems ( ,hom]1 call$ ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,! ,iliad rec\nts ! ang] ( ,a*illes & all t happ5$ 9 ! ,trojan ,w>2 ! ,odyssey relates ! wond]ful adv5tures ( ,ulysses4 ,probably ,hom] nev] ?\ght ( su* a ?+ z be+ an hi/orian--he 0 a poet--mu* less did he dream ( be+ ! only hi/orian ( any c]ta9 "t or age2 b s9ce1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 poems1 he ref]s to ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ye>s t _h prec$$ him1 & gives acc\nts ( c]ta9 pa/ ev5ts1 he is1 9 tru?1 ! prime s\rce f :i* we le>n ! little t we "k ( ! prehi/oric days 9 ,greece4 ,x is believ$ t ,hom] wrote ab\t #hej ,b4,c41 & aft] t date we h no?+ complete 9 ,greek lit]ature until ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 :o is call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory & 0 born 9 #dhd ,b4,c4 ,?us f\r c5turies betwe5 ,hom] & ,h]odotus are left ) no au?oritative writ+s4 ,! leg5d>y or fir/ p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory 0 foll[$ by five hundr$ ye>s m ( :i* we h no cont9u\s hi/ory2 b facts h be5 ga!r$ "h & !re f ! works ( v>i\s au?ors :i* make x possible to give a reliable acc\nt ( ! ,greece ( t "t4 ,= our purpose 9 ?is book we g on to a /ill lat] "t1 or a ?ird p]iod1 :i* began ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 9 :i* ! ar*itecture & art :i* we h 9 m9d1 :5 we use ! g5]al t]m ,greek ,art1 orig9at$4 ,x is true t be=e ?is temples _h be5 erect$ ( :i* we h "s k1 & ! elegant & ornate articles :i* ,dr4 ,s*liemann has f\nd 9 8 excavations at ,troy & ,myc5 prove t ! art ( t remote "t rea*$ a high po9t ( excell5ce4 ,! temples & o!r build+s ( :i* we "k any?+1 & :i* belong$ to ! second p]iod1 7 clumsy & rude :5 comp>$ ) ! p]fection ( ! "t :i* we propose to /udy4 ,be=e we speak ( any "o edifice x is be/ to und]/& some?+ ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( ,greek ar*itecture1 m especially z ! t]ms :i* belong to x & _h _! orig9 9 x are n[ us$ 9 speak+ ( ar*itecture ! _w ov]1 & f be+ fir/ appli$ to ,greek art h gr[n to be g5]al 9 _! application4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,,grave/one ,,f ,,myc5 7,,s*liemann74 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t days ( ,greece ! royal =tresses 7 ! f9e/ /ructures1 b 9 lat] days ! temple became ! supreme object ^u :i* ?\ght & labor 7 lavi%$4 ,! public build+s :i* s]v$ ! uses ( ! :ole p 7 second 9 consid]ation1 :ile ! private dwell+s 7 ( ! lea/ importance ( all4 ,! ,greek temple 0 built ^u a rais$ /ructure l ^? ( ,assyria & o!r ,ori5tal nations1 b ! ,greek temple 0 mu* small]1 & by a dignifi$ & simple elegance 9 detail1 & a h>mony 9 all its p>ts1 x express$ a m noble religi\s s5tim5t ?an c\ld be convey$ by all ! va/ piles ( massive confusion t _h ab\nd$ 9 m ,ea/]n l&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,temple ,,( ,,diana1 ,,eleusis4 ,! e>lie/ & simple/ ,greek temples 7 m]ely small1 squ>e *amb]s made to conta9 an image ( a god1 & 9 lat] times1 :5 ! temples came to be spl5did & gr&1 ! ap>tm5t conta9+ ! sacr$ image 0 /ill call$ ! cella or cell1 z x _h be5 nam$ f ! fir/4 ,! simple/ =m ( temple 0 l ! little cut 7,fig4 #cf71 & _h two pill>s 9 ! c5tre ( ! front & two squ>e pila/]s at ! front end ( ! side walls4 ,^! pila/]s are call$ ant1 & ! :ole /yle ( ! build+ is call$ di/yle 9 antis2 ! ^w di/yle d5otes ! two pill>s1 & ! expression means two pill>s ) ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,,small ,,temple ,,at ,,rhamnus4 ,! above picture %[s ! next advance t 0 made 9 =m 7,fig4 #cg74 ,a por* 0 add$ to ! cell1 ! two p>ts be+ sep>at$ by a wall ) a doorway 9 x4 ,aft] a "t ! numb] ( pill>s 9 front 0 increas$ to six1 & ! two out] ones 7 ! fir/ ( a r[ :i* ext5d$ along ! entire l5g? ( ! sides ( ! temple1 ?us =m+ a p]i/yle1 or a r[ ( columns entirely ar\nd ! cell2 ! cell itself rema9$1 accord+ to ! orig9al plan1 9 ! c5tre ( ! build+4 ,! gr\nd plan ( su* a temple is giv5 9 ! next wood-cut 7,fig4 #ch74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch--,,plan ,,( ,,temple ,,( ,,apollo1 ,,bass4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! ,greek temples 7 built 9 ?is mann]1 & 7 call$ hexa/yle f ! six columns on ! front4 ,! diff]5t ord]s ( anci5t ,greek ar*itecture are call$ ! ,doric1 ! ,ionic1 & ! ,cor9?ian4 ,! ,greeks 7 v fond ( ! ,doric ord]1 & us$ x s ext5sively z to make x almo/ exclusively _! own4 ,! picture ( ! ,p>!non w help y to und]/& ! explanations ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,doric ord] 7,fig4 #ci74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci--,,! ,,p>!non4 ,a!ns4 7,,re/or$47 ,z y see1 ! pill>s _h no base1 b re/$ directly on ! upp] pl9? ( ! f\ndation ( ! build+4 ,! %aft ( ! column is cut 9 flut+s1 & ! numb] ( !m v>ies f sixte5 to tw5ty2 ! latt] numb] be+ mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,! capital ( ! column is divid$ into two portions2 ! l[] "o is call$ ! e*9us1 & projects beyond ! %aft & supports a squ>e tile or block :i* is call$ ! abacus1 & ?is is ! ar*itectural "n = ! upp] memb] ( all capitals to columns4 ,! ar*itrave or pr9cipal beam above ^! columns re/s directly on ! capitals & runs ar\nd ! build+4 ,?is ar*itrave is made ( sep>ate blocks ( m>ble or /one1 & is f9i%$ at ! top by a small /rip ( ! same mat]ials1 :i* is call$ a t5ia4 ,?is cut1 :i* gives a section ( ! ,p>!non on a l>g] scale ?an ! la/ picture1 w enable y to f9d ! diff]5t portions m easily 7,fig4 #dj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,,f ,,! ,,p>!non1 ,,a!ns4 ,above ! ar*itrave & re/+ on x is ! frieze2 ?is is ornam5t$ ) flut$ spaces call$ triglyphs1 because !y are cut 9 ?ree flut+s4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! triglyphs are call$ metopes1 & sometimes left pla91 & sometimes ornam5t$ ) sculptures1 z is ! case 9 ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 ,"u ! triglyphs six little blocks1 or drops1 are plac$ s t !y lay ov] ! ar*itrave4 ,above ! frieze !re is ano!r n>r[ /rip1 or t5ia1 l t ^u ! ar*itrave4 ,above all ?is re/s ! cornice1 & und]nea? ! cornice are "o or m r[s ( ! small1 drop-l blocks su* z make ! l[] f9i% ( ! triglyphs2 9 ! l[] b& ( ! cornice sep>ate blocks are plac$ ov] ea* triglyph & ea* metope1 ) a small space betwe54 ,x is important to "k t ! ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice1 all tak5 toge!r1 =m :at is call$ ! entablature2 & ! entablature occupies ! :ole ( ! broad space betwe5 ! top ( ! capitals ( ! pill>s & ! l[] edge ( ! ro(4 ,! triangul> space =m$ by ! slop+ ( ! ro( ^u ! ends ( a build+ is call$ ! p$im5t1 &1 z y w see 9 ! picture ( ! ,p>!non1 its p$im5t 0 ornam5t$ ) elaborate sculptures :i* are spok5 ( 9 ! volume ( ?is s]ies :i* is devot$ to t art4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to ?us ornam5t ! p$im5t & to pa9t ! walls ( ! cella & o!r portions ( ! build+1 s t :ile ! pure ,doric /yle seems at fir/ sight to be /iff & /raight 9 its effect1 x becomes ri* & ornam5tal by ! use ( sculpture & pa9t+1 & yet rema9s solid & /able4 ,! ,doric /yle may be reg>d$ z a native gr[? 9 ,greece1 z almo/ e detail ( its con/ruction & its ornam5ts may be trac$ back to ! e>ly wood5 build+s ( ! p1 z ! ar*itecture ( ! tombs ( ,b5i-,hassan _h be54 ,! triglyphs1 = in/ance1 repres5t ! ends ( ! beams ^u :i* ! raft]s re/$1 :ile ! bas-reliefs betwe5 took ! place ( ! votive (f]+s :i* 9 ! primitive temples 7 plac$ 9 ! op5 spaces betwe5 ! beams4 ,x is n necess>y "h to g into all ! p>ticul>s ( ?is resemblance1 :i* p]haps le>n$ m5 h sometimes c>ri$ too f>1 & :i* are r difficult to und]/&2 x is en\gh to say t !re are excell5t reasons = reg>d+ ! !ory z1 ^u ! :ole1 s\nd1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! ,grecian ar*itects modifi$ & enri*$ ! =ms :i* ! simple timb] "w _h sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,ionic ,,ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,ionic ,,base1 ,,f ,,pri5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,,attic ,,base4 ,! next great ord] 0 call$ ! ,ionic1 & has a close relation ) c]ta9 =ms f\nd 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,?is picture ( an ,ionic capital & entablature is tak5 f ! ,temple ( ,a!na at ,pri5e 7,fig4 #da74 ,its scroll-l capital recalls ^? ( ! pill>s 9 ! ,great ,hall ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #bh & #bi1 & _m examples ( ev5 clos] resemblance might be giv54 ,! ord] diff]$ f ! ,doric pr9cipally 9 ! ornam5tation ( its capitals & 9 ! fact t ! columns h bases4 ,^! cuts %[ diff]5t k9ds ( bases belong+ to ! ,ionic ord]4 ,! fir/ is f ! temple at ,pri5e 7,fig4 #db71 & ! second is ! =m kn[n z ! ,attic base 7,fig4 #dc74 ,! ?ird is especially int]e/+ f its close resemblance to ! anci5t ,p]sian base %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 & is ano!r illu/ration ( ! ,ea/]n orig9 ( ?is ord] 7,fig4 #dd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,base ,,f ,,temple ,,( ,,h]a1 ,,samos4 ,! ,ionic capital is v easily recogniz$ by its spiral projections1 or scrolls1 :i* are call$ volutes 7,fig4 #de74 ,^! are s plac$ t !y pres5t a flat surface on ! opposite sides ( ! capital1 l ! picture bel[ 7,fig4 #df72 sometimes ! volutes are f9i%$ by a rosette 9 ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,ionic ,,capital 7,,front ,,view74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,,ionic ,,capital 7,,side ,,view74 ,! %aft ( ! ,ionic column is sometimes pla9 & sometimes flut$2 ! flut+s numb] tw5ty-f\r1 & are sep>at$ by a n>r[1 pla9 b& or fillet4 ,9 "s anci5t examples ( ! ,ionic ord] ! entire entablature is left pla91 b 9 _m in/ances !re are b&s ( c>v+s1 z 9 ! fir/ ,ionic example giv5 above2 9 "s mod]n ,italian ar*itecture ev5 m ornam5t has be5 add$4 ,! ?ree1 or sometimes two1 lay]s or b&s ( /one :i* =m ! ,ionic ar*itrave project a little1 ea* "o m ?an ! o!r1 & ! ornam5t$ b& above x s]ves to sep>ate x f ! frieze s z to make ^! two portions ( ! entablature q di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,! frieze is nev] divid$ into set spaces z 9 ! ,doric ord]1 b :5 ornam5t$ has a cont9u\s design 9 relief4 ,! l[] "p ( ! cornice is frequ5tly cut 9 little pieces or d5tals :i* =m :at is call$ ! too?-l ornam5t2 ^! h ! effect ( hang+ f und]nea? ! cornice4 ,!re is a c]ta9 pleas+ effect 9 ,ionic ar*itecture :i*1 p]haps1 appeals to our ta/e at fir/ sight m =cibly ?an does ! sev]e elegance ( ! ,doric ord]4 ,nev]!less1 ! latt] is a high] type ( art1 & x is n probable t x c ev] be sup]s$$ by any new inv5tion or lose ! pre/ige :i* x has held s long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,f ,,monum5t ,,( ,,lysicrates1 ,,a!ns4 ,t :i* is call$ ! ,cor9?ian ord] diff]s v little f ! ,ionic except 9 ! capital1 b z ?is 0 s prom95t a memb] ( ! ,ionic /yle1 ! diff]5ce seems great] ?an x really is4 ,x is !re=e n necess>y to speak ( its p>ts 9 detail4 ,! ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates at ,a!ns is z good a specim5 ( ! ord] z rema9s at ?is "t1 & ( ?is we give an illu/ration 7,fig4 #dg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,,cor9?ian ,,ord]4 ,! ,cor9?ian ord] ( ar*itecture does n belong to ! e>ly p]iod ( art 9 ,greece4 ,x came aft] ! influ5ce ( ,ori5tal ar*itecture _h be5 %[n 9 ! ,ionic /yle2 & p]haps ! beautiful ,cor9?ian capital may h be5 sugge/$ by ! palm-leaf & lotus capitals ( ,egypt4 ,:at has be5 said ( o!r ord]s w help y 9 und]/&+ ?is2 b ,i %all tell y especially ab\t its capital1 z t is its di/+ui%+ feature4 ,! =m ( ! capital may be call$ bell-%ap$1 & x is set r\nd ) two r[s ( leaves1 eight 9 ea* r[2 above ^! is a ?ird r[ ( leaves1 or ( a sort ( small twi/$ husks1 :i* supports eight small volutes4 ,! abacus or top portion ( ! capital is cut out at ! corn]s s t %>p projections are made1 call$ horns1 & "o volute comes directly "u ea* horn ( ! abacus4 ,?is cut 7,fig4 #dh7 gives a m di/9ct idea ( ! capital ?an does t above1 & y w see t f\r ( ! volutes really =m ! upp] corn]s ( ! capital4 ,! f\r o!r volutes meet on two opposite sides ( ! capital2 sometimes !y are int]wov51 & a fl[]1 or rosette1 or "s o!r ornam5t is plac$ above !m & lays up ov] ! abacus4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( leaves are us$ 9 mak+ ?is capital2 olive1 wat] plant1 & acan?us are all ?us employ$2 !re is a v pretty leg5d z to its orig9 :i* makes ! acan?us seem to be ! only "o :i* belongs to x1 & is z foll[s3 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,greece to place a basket ^u ! new-made graves 9 :i* 7 ! vi&s :i* ^? !re buri$ _h pref]r$ :5 9 life4 ,ab\t #eej ,b4,c4 a lovely virg9 di$ at ,cor9?1 & h] nurse arrang$ ! basket ) c>e & cov]$ x ) a tile4 ,x happ5$ t ! basket 0 set directly ov] a "y acan?us plant1 & ! leaves grew up ab\t x 9 su* a mann] t ! sculptor ,callima*us 0 attract$ by its grace & beauty1 & conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ x z a model = a new capital 9 ar*itecture4 ,i h always be5 sorry t x 0 n nam$ = ! beautiful maid5 r ?an = ! city 9 :i* %e 0 buri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,c>yatid4 ,ano!r feature ( ,greek ar*itecture is ! use ( ! ,c>yatid1 or a human figure /&+ ^u a base & support+ ! capital ( a column ^u ! head1 or1 to put x m pla9ly1 a human figure s]v+ z ! %aft to a column4 ,^! figures are usually females1 & ?is picture ( "o f ! ,ere*!ium at ,a!ns %[s h[ !y are plac$ 7,fig4 #di74 ,sometimes ! figures ( giants1 call$ ,telamones1 7 us$ 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,/ool1 ,,or ,,*air1 ,,khorsabad4 ,9 ,ori5tal art su* figures are num]\s2 !y are us$ to support plat=ms & ! ?rones ( k+s2 _! position is sometimes v>i$ by mak+ ! uplift$ h&s be> ! weight in/ead ( ! head 7,fig4 #ej74 ,9 any case ?is feature 9 ar*itecture is tiresome1 & its use is c]ta9ly que/ionable z a matt] ( good ta/e4 ,hav+ giv5 a g5]al outl9e ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,greek ar*itecture1 ,i w speak ( "s rem>kable edifices :i* are beautiful 9 !mselves & h an int]e/ = u on acc\nt ( _! associations ) ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 z well z ) t ( art4 ,! ,temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 ( :i* no?+ n[ rema9s1 0 ! l>ge/ & mo/ spl5did ( all ! ,greek temples4 ,x 0 f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet long by two hundr$ & tw5ty wide4 ,! anci5ts c\nt$ ?is temple z "o ( ! ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! ,_w1 & :5 we "k t its pill>s 7 sixty feet high1 & t ! beams ( ! ar*itrave :i* _h to be lift$ up above ! pill>s to be put 9 place 7 ea* ?irty feet long1 we c readily und]/& t ! build+ ( x 0 a wond]ful "w4 ,?is 0 n ! fir/ temple t _h /ood on ! same spot1 = we "k t "o _h be5 burn$ on ! night 9 :i* ,alex&] ! ,great 0 born1 #cef ,b4,c4 ,x 0 set on fire by ,h]o/ratus2 he 0 tri$ = ?is crime & 0 put to ! torture to make him decl>e 8 motive = do+ su* a dreadful de$2 he gave z 8 only reason 8 desire to h 8 "n h&$ d[n ?r\gh all ages1 & he believ$ t by burn+ ! temple he %\ld accompli% 8 object--z1 inde$1 he did1 = e hi/orian repeats ! /ory ( 8 crime1 & 8 "n /&s z a synonym = wick$ ambition4 ,aft] ?is de/ruction ! temple 0 rebuilt on a mo/ magnific5t scale1 & 0 n f9i%$ until two hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s _h pass$4 ,diana 0 a great & p[]ful goddess1 & all ! nations ( ,asia unit$ 9 gifts = ! adornm5t ( h] %r9e2 ! wom5 ev5 gave _! p]sonal ornam5ts to be sold to increase ! fund to be sp5t ^u x4 ,?is temple 0 f\r times z l>ge z ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns1 & _h "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 spl5did columns1 ?irty-six ( :i* 7 f9ely c>v$ & 7 ! gifts ( v>i\s sov]eigns4 ,! gr& /aircase 0 made f ! wood ( a s+le ,cyprian v9e4 ,b great z 0 ! temple itself1 its adornm5ts ( /atues by ! sculptor ,praxiteles1 & ! va/ treasures ( ornam5ts & r>e objects by :i* x 0 enri*$ made x ev5 m fam\s4 ,! ,temple ( ,diana 0 robb$ by ,n]o & burn$ by ! ,go?s1 b its f9al de/ruction probably occurr$ aft] ,a4,d4 #cha1 :5 ! ,emp]or ,!odosius ,i4 issu$ an edict =bidd+ all ! c]emonies ( ! pagan wor%ip4 ,_m beautiful objects 7 tak5 away to adorn ! m$ival *ur*es ( o!r religions ?an t ( ! ,ephesians4 ,"s ( its gre5 jasp] columns 7 us$ to support ! dome ( ,/4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 & o!r p>ts ( x are se5 9 ! ca!drals ( ,italy4 ,!re is sc>cely a m desolate spot 9 ! _w ?an is ! ,ephesus ( to-day4 ,no rema9+ ru9s are s pres]v$ z to af=d ! visitor any satisfaction4 ,! m>bles & /one h be5 us$ to build o!r t[ns1 :i* 9 _! turn h be5 de/roy$4 ,! inhabitants are a h&ful ( poor ,greek peasants2 wolves & jackals f ! neighbor+ m\nta9s roam ab\t2 & ?\gh an abundance ( myrtle & "s lovely groves relieve ! gloom9ess ( ! sc5e1 x is impossible :5 !re to re-create 9 imag9ation ! spl5did ,ephesian city1 ) its :>ves & docks1 its temples1 !atres1 & palaces1 :i* 7 s fam\s z to cause x to be spok5 ( ) wond] ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w4 ,we (t5 he> ( ! glory ( ! ,p]iclean age at ,a!ns1 & x is true t "u ! lead]%ip ( ,p]icles ,a!ns rea*$ its greate/ prosp]ity4 ,?is picture %[s ! ,acropolis z x appe>$ at t "t 7,fig4 #ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,! ,,acropolis4 ,a!ns4 7,,re/or$47 ,9 ^! be/ days ( ,a!ns ! :ole ,acropolis 0 consecrat$ to religi\s wor%ip & c]emonials1 & its entire ext5t 0 occupi$ by temples & /atues ( ! gods4 ,! fact t ,i h be=e m5tion$1 t ! religion ( a c\ntry m\lds its art1 is especially true ( ! art ( ,greece2 figures ( ! gods & bas-reliefs ( ! c]emonies ( ! ,grecian wor%ip =m a l>ge & mo/ important "p ( ! "w ( ! ,greek arti/s1 & ! spl5did temples 7 rais$ to be ! sacr$ homes ( ! /atues ( ! great gods1 to :i* ! p c\ld come ) (f]+s & pray]s4 ,! ,acropolis 0 also a sort ( =tress1 because x 0 an em95ce1 & its sides ( craggy rock all[$ ( b "o asc5t2 ?us x c\ld be easily def5d$4 ,!n1 :5 all ! wond]s & ri*es ( art _h be5 collect$ !re1 ! pure :ite m>ble1 ! sculpture & pa9t+1 & ! ornam5ts ( %9+ metals :i* gli/5$ 9 ! sun1 :ile brilliant colors add$ _! ri* effect1 x might be call$ a gorge\s museum1 su* z has nev] s9ce be5 equall$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x is important to "k t ! ,a!nians wor%ipp$ ?ree diff]5t goddesses1 all call$ by ! "o "n ( ,a!ne or ,a!na4 ,! mo/ anci5t & mo/ sacr$ ( ^! 0 ,a!na ,polias1 ^: /atue1 made ( olive-wood1 0 believ$ to h fall5 f heav54 ,! ,ere*!ium 0 d$icat$ to ?is goddess1 & !re ?is holy1 heav5-s5t figure 0 kept1 ) o!r sacr$ objects ( :i* ,i %all speak 9 _! place4 ,! ,a!na next 9 importance 0 ! goddess ( ! ,p>!non1 or ! ,h\se ( ! ,virg91 z ! ^w signifies1 = ?is ,a!na ,p>!nos is ! same z ! goddess ,m9]va1 :o is said nev] to h m>ri$ or kn[n ! s5tim5t ( love2 %e 0 ! goddess ( w>1 prud5ce1 & wisdom4 ,! ?ird ,a!na 0 call$ ,proma*os1 :i* means ! *ampion4 ,phidias made ( h] "o ( 8 spl5did /atues1 /&+ erect1 ) helmet1 spe>1 & %ield4 ,9 describ+ ! ,acropolis we %all beg9 ) ! ,propyla1 or ! entrances1 :i* occupy ! c5tre ( our picture & to :i* ! /eps lead1 %[+ ! passage betwe5 ! pill>s1 ?ree be+ left on ea* side4 ,?is magnific5t s]ies ( entrances--z ! :ole asc5t f ! out] gate 9 ! wall1 up ! /eps1 & ?r\gh ! passage betwe5 ! pill>s may be call$--0 erect$ ab\t #dcg ,b4,c41 & co/ two ?\s& tal5ts ( gold1 :i* is equal to ab\t two millions ( our doll>s4 ,! fame ( ! ,propyla 0 _w-wide1 & toge!r ) ! ,p>!non x 0 consid]$ ! ar*itectural glory ( ! ,p]iclean age4 ,! /yle 9 :i* !y are built is a spl5did example ( ! comb9ation ( ! ,doric & ! ,ionic ord]s1 = :ile ! ext]ior is almo/ pure ,doric1 ! int]ior is made m *e]ful by ! use ( ! ,ionic columns & ornam5tation4 ,high up at ! "r ( ! picture /&s ! ,p>!non4 ,its ar*itecture1 :i* is ,doric1 has be5 describ$4 ,we d n "k :5 ?is temple 0 begun1 b x is probably on ! site ( an old] "o4 ,x 0 f9i%$ #dch ,b4,c41 & ! g5]al c>e ( its erection 0 giv5 to ,phidias1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all sculptors4 ,! m>ble ( :i* ! ,p>!non 0 built 0 pure ,p5telic1 & z x re/$ on a rude basem5t ( lime/one ! contra/ betwe5 ! two made ! m>ble ( ! temple seem all ! f9]4 ,)9 & )\t ?is temple ab\nd$ 9 magnific5t sculptures execut$ by ,phidias himself or "u 8 ord]s4 ,! ,ere*!ium1 :i* is only p>tly visible at ! back on ! left ( ! picture1 0 ! mo/ sacr$ temple ( ,a!ns4 ,x 0 ! burial-place ( ,ere*!us1 :o 0 reg>d$ n only z ! f\nd] ( ?is temple1 b also ( ! religion ( ,a!na 9 ,a!ns4 ,beside ! heav5-desc5d$ /atue ( ,a!na ,polias :i* 0 kept "h1 !re 0 ! sacr$ olive-tree :i* ,a!na _h call$ =? f ! e>? :5 %e 0 cont5d+ = ! possession ( ,attica2 "h1 too1 0 ! well ( salt wat] :i* ,poseidon 7or ,neptune7 made by /rik+ ! spot ) 8 trid5t1 & sev]al o!r sacr$ objects 7,fig4 #eb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,! ,,ere*!ium4 ,a!ns4 7,,re/or$47 ,?is beautiful temple 0 built 9 ! ,ionic /yle1 & is v int]e/+ because x is s diff]5t 9 =m f e o!r ,greek temple ( :i* we "k4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! fact t x 0 built :]e ! gr\nd 0 n level1 "o portion ( x be+ eight feet high] ?an ano!r4 ,a second reason = its irregul>ity may be t x requir$ to be divid$ into m cells or ap>tm5ts ?an o!r ,greek temples 9 ord] to arrange ! diff]5t sacr$ objects )9 its walls4 ,a v consid]able portion ( ?is temple is /ill /&+4 ,! frieze1 ( :i* b little rema9s1 0 ( black m>ble1 ^u :i* !re 7 figures 9 :ite m>ble4 ,! ,ere*!ium is c]ta9ly a spl5did example ( ! ,attic-,ionic /yle1 & ! eye re/s ^u x ) admiration2 b its half-pill>s & c>yatides1 its v>i\s por*es & luxuriant detail ( =m & ornam5t1 are less effective z a :ole ?an is ! ,p>!non 9 its pure ,doric ar*itecture4 ,an int]e/+ fact ab\t ,greek ar*itecture is t ! m>bles us$ 7 pa9t$ 9 high colors4 ,!re is a !ory1 :i* may or may n be true1 t ! cu/om fir/ arose 9 ! same way z ! %ape ( ! ,doric entablature1 f ! imitation ( wood5 build+s4 ,! wood 0 pa9t$ to pres]ve x1 & :5 /one began to be sub/itut$1 ! ar*itects1 accu/om$ to bright effects1 color$ ! m>bles to look l wood4 ,:e!r ?is is ! true orig9 ( ! cu/om or n1 x is c]ta9 t ! cu/om prevail$4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ! pill>s ( a ,doric temple 7 usually /a9$ a light gold5-br[n t9t2 ! triglyphs & ! mutules1 or brackets b5ea? ! cornices1 7 a ri* blue2 ! trunnels1 or wood5 p9s1 7 r$ or gild$2 ! metopes _h a d>k r$ backgr\nd1 aga9/ :i* ! bas-reliefs ) :i* !y 7 ornam5t$ /ood out 9 /rong contra/1 :ile ! frieze & cornice 7 ri*ly pa9t$ ) g>l&s & leaves4 ,s highly color$ a build+ w\ld seem less out ( place amid ! v>i$ l&scape ( ,greece ?an "u our cold] skies1 & x is difficult = u to =m any j idea ( ! spl5did appe>ance x mu/ h pres5t$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s ab\t ,greek ar*itecture is ! way 9 :i* all[ance 0 made = ! deception ( ! eye by c]ta9 =ms & l9es4 ,x is n easy to expla9 ?is fully1 b x is too rem>kable to be :olly pass$ ov]4 ,if a column 7 cut s z to dim9i% regul>ly f ! bottom to ! top x w\ld seem to ! eye to holl[ 91 & to correct ?is ! clev] ,greek ar*itect made 8 columns swell out a little at ! middle4 ,?is is call$ entasis1 & is ! be/ kn[n ( ! means tak5 to make =ms look z !y %\ld4 ,ano!r case is t ( long horizontal l9es4 ,if !y are really level !y appe> to sag at ! c5tre1 !re=e 9 ,greek temples !y are delicately r\nd$ up a little1 & s h ! effect ( be+ p]fectly /raight4 ,^! two examples may s]ve to %[ :at ,i mean by say+ t ar*itectural =ms 7 made "o way s z to look ano!r1 & 9 no?+ did ! ,greek ar*itecture %[ m m>vell\s skill & ta/e ?an 9 ?is4 ,9 o!r ,grecian cities ! ar*itecture diff]$ b little f t ( ,a!ns1 &1 inde$1 ! influ5ce ( ,a!nian art & arti/s 0 felt all ov] ! ,ea/]n _w2 x is !re=e n necess>y = our purpose to speak fur!r ( ,greek temples4 ,next 9 importance 7 ! municipal build+s1 ( :i* we f9d b few traces at ,a!ns4 ,! monum5t ( ,lysicrates is s beautiful t x gives u a mo/ exalt$ idea ( :at ! ta/e 9 su* edifices mu/ h be5 7,fig4 #ec74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,*oragic ,,monum5t ,,( ,,lysicrates4 ,a!ns4 ,?is monum5t 0 erect$ 9 ! ye> #ccd ,b4,c4 :5 ,lysicrates 0 *oragus2 ?is (fic] provid$ ! *orus = ! plays repres5t$ at ,a!ns = ! ye>4 ,x 0 exp5sive to hold ?is position1 & its duties 7 ardu\s2 ! *oragus _h to f9d ! m5 = ! *orus1 br+ !m toge!r1 & h !m in/ruct$ 9 ! music1 & also provide prop] food = !m :ile !y /udi$4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to pres5t a tripod to ! *oragus :o provid$ ! f9e/ musical ent]ta9m5t1 & also to build a monum5t ^u :i* ! tripod 0 plac$ z a la/+ honor to him :o _h receiv$ x4 ,!re 0 a /reet at ,a!ns call$ ! ,/reet ( ! ,tripods because x pass$ a l9e ( *oragic monum5ts4 ,^! monum5ts 7 d$icat$ to diff]5t gods2 ?is ( ,lysicrates 0 devot$ to ,bac*us1 & 0 decorat$ ) sculptures repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! /ory ( t god1 :o 0 reg>d$ z ! patron ( plays & !atres2 inde$1 ! ,greek drama orig9at$ 9 ! *oruses :i* 7 sung at 8 fe/ivals4 ,! ,greek !atres 7 v l>ge & f9e2 ! seats 7 rang$ 9 a half circle1 b z none rema9 9 a suffici5t /ate ( pres]vation to af=d a satisfactory picture1 x w\ld be impossible to give a cle> description ( !m "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,! ,,mausoleum ,,at ,,halic>nassus 7,,re/or$74 ,! anci5t ,greeks 7 n tomb-build]s1 & we "k little ( _! burial-places4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,mausoleum built at ,halic>nassus by ,artemisia1 9 memory ( h] husb&1 ,mausolus1 0 s important z to be numb]$ among ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w 7,fig4 #ed74 ,mausolus 0 ! ,k+ ( ,c>ia1 ( :i* c\ntry ,halic>nassus 0 ! *ief city4 ,he di$ ab\t #cec ,b4,c41 & 8 wife1 ,artemisia1 gradually fad$ away ) sorr[ at 8 dea?1 & surviv$ him b two ye>s4 ,b dur+ ?is "t %e _h comm5c$ ! erection ( ! ,mausoleum1 & ! arti/s to :om %e intru/$ ! "w 7 z fai?ful 9 complet+ x z ?\gh %e _h liv$1 = ! sake ( _! own fame z arti/s4 ,?is magnific5t tomb may be describ$ z an example ( ar*itecture z a f9e art exclusively1 = x _c be said to h be5 useful1 s9ce ! body ( ,mausolus 0 burn$ accord+ to cu/om1 & c]ta9ly a mu* small] tomb w\ld h be5 suffici5t = ! rema9+ a%es4 ,! :ole height ( ! ,mausoleum 0 "o hundr$ & =ty feet2 ! nor? & s\? aisles 7 sixty-?ree feet long1 & ! o!rs a little less4 ,! burial vault 0 at ! base1 & ! :ole mass above x 0 ornam5t$ ) magnific5t designs spl5didly execut$4 ,above ! :ole 0 a quadriga1 or f\r-horse *>iot1 9 :i* x is said t a figure ( ,mausolus 0 plac$ s t f l& or sea x c\ld be se5 at a great di/ance4 ,x is n /range t ?is tomb 0 call$ a wond] 9 its day1 & f x we /ill take our ^w mausoleum = all burial-places :i* m]it s di/+ui%$ a "n4 ,writ]s ( ! twelf? c5tury speak ( ! beauty ( ?is tomb1 b 9 ,a4,d4 #adjb1 :5 ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john took possession ( ,halic>nassus1 x no long] rema9$1 & a ca/le 0 built ^u its site4 ,! tomb _h be5 buri$1 probably by an e>?quake1 & ! "n ( ! place 0 !n *ang$ to ,boodroom4 ,9 ! ye> #aebb "s sculptures 7 f\nd !re1 b x 0 n until #ahef t ,mr4 ,newton1 an ,engli%man1 discov]$ t ^! rema9s _h belong$ to ! ,mausoleum4 ,a l>ge collection ( reliefs1 /atues1 & o!r objects1 m or less imp]fect1 0 tak5 to ,london & plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e !y are kn[n z ! ,halic>nassus ,sculptures4 ,z o!r temples 7 influ5c$ by ! example ( ! ,a!nian build]s1 s _m o!r tombs resembl$ t ( ,mausolus 9 great] or less degree1 al?\gh none approa*$ x 9 gr&eur & magnific5ce4 ,( ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ! ,greeks we "k v little4 ,almo/ all t is said ( x is *iefly speculation1 z ev5 ! descriptions ( ,grecian palaces & h\ses :i* are giv5 by ! classic writ]s are imp]fect4 ,! life ( ! ,greek 0 pass$ l>gely 9 public1 at ! temple1 ! !atre1 or ! ba?s1 or at lea/ 9 ! op5 air1 & comp>atively little att5tion 0 giv5 to ! build+ ( ! private h\ses2 b 9 ! ru9s ( ! temples & o!r monum5ts :i* /ill exi/ we h suffici5t pro( t no art has surpass$ t ( anci5t ,greece 9 purity1 elegance1 & gr&eur ( /yle4 ,,etruria4 ,s9ce ! ,etruscans 7 an e>li] ,italian nation ?an ! ,romans1 & ,rome1 9 h] primal days1 0 rul$ by ,etruscan k+s1 x is "h fitt+ to speak ( ?is rem>kable old p4 ,z ,rome increas$ ! ,etruscans disappe>$1 & ! y\ng] p[] came to h s mighty an influ5ce 9 ! _w t x absorb$ ! consid]ation ( all nations z mu* z if no o!r _h ev] rul$ 9 ,italy4 ,no ,etruscan temple n[ rema9s1 b we "k t !y 7 n spl5did l ^? ( ,greece4 ,!y 7 ( two =ms1 "o be+ circul> & d$icat$ to a s+le deity1 :ile o!rs 7 devot$ to ?ree gods & _h ?ree cells2 _! walls 7 built at "r angles1 ?us mak+ _! %ape regul>4 ,! !atres & amphi!atres ( ! ,etruscans 7 ne>ly circul> & mu* l ^? ( ! lat] ,italians1 b n "o rema9s except t at ,sutri1 :i*1 be+ cut 9 ! rock1 does n af=d a good example ( ! usual arrangem5t ( ^! edifices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,tombs ,,at ,,ca/el ,d',,asso4 ,9 fact1 ! only important rema9s ( ,etruscan ar*itecture are ! tombs1 ( :i* !re are _m4 ,^! are ( two k9ds2 ! fir/ are cut 9 ! rocks & resemble ! ,egyptian tombs at ,b5i-,hassan1 rem9d+ "o ( little h\ses 7,fig4 #ee74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,pr9cipal ,,*amb] ,,9 ,,regul9i-,,galeassi ,,tomb4 ,! second & mo/ num]\s class are m\nds ( e>? rais$ above a wall at ! base4 ,^! 7 call$ ,tumuli1 & "s ( !m _h f9e1 well-furni%$ ap>tm5ts 9 _! mid/4 ,! next cut %[s su* a room z x appe>$ :5 fir/ op5$2 9 x 7 f\nd b$/eads1 bi]s1 %ields1 arr[s1 a v>iety ( vessels1 & sev]al k9ds ( useful ut5sils 7,fig4 #ef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,,ar* ,,at ,,volt]ra4 ,^! tombs are 9 tru? m connect$ ) o!r arts ?an ) ar*itecture1 & _m beautiful articles h be5 f\nd 9 !m4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ,etruscan ar*itecture is ! ar*1 :i* 0 fir/ br\ght into g5]al use by ! ,romans1 b is f\nd 9 ,etruscan rema9s 7,fig4 #eg71 bo? 9 ! semi-circul> & po9t$ =ms4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ar* _h be5 kn[n to sev]al ,ori5tal nations1 b x _h be5 appli$ only to %ort spaces & comp>atively unimportant uses1 su* z w9d[s & doorways 7,fig4 #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,,gateway4 ,arp9o4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m ( ! e>lie/ works ( ! ,romans 7 execut$ "u ! direction ( ,etruscan ar*itects4 ,among ^! 0 ! great ,cloaca ,maxima1 or pr9cipal dra9 ( anci5t ,rome4 ,?is 0 a wond]ful a*ievem5t2 x is probable t ! olde/ ar* 9 ,europe is t ( ?is sew]1 & ! fact ( its /ill rema9+ proves h[ well x mu/ h be5 built 9 ord] to la/ s long 7,fig4 #ei74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,ar* ,,( ,,cloaca ,,maxima4 ,rome4 ,,rome4 ,! e>ly works ( ,rome1 :i* 7 l>gely execut$ by ! ,etruscans1 7 pr9cipally ^? useful1 semi-ar*itectural objects necess>y 9 ! mak+ ( a city1 su* z aqu$ucts & bridges4 ,^! belong q z mu* to civil eng9e]+ z to ar*itecture1 & we %all n speak ( !m4 ,9 /udy+ ,roman ar*itecture "o is surpris$ at ! numb] ( uses to :i* x 0 appli$1 = n only d ! temples1 tombs1 !atres1 & monum5ts su* z we h f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries exi/ 9 ,rome1 b !re are also basilicas1 ba?s1 palaces1 triumphal ar*es1 pill>s ( victory1 f\nta9s1 & v>i\s o!r objects suit$ to ! wants ( a great p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,composite ,,ord]1 ,,f ,,! ,,ar* ,,( ,,septimius ,,sev]us4 ,rome4 ,no truly pure1 national ord] ( ar*itecture exi/$ at ,rome4 ,! union ( ! ar* ( ! ,etruscans ) ! columns ( ! ,greeks enabl$ ! ,romans to *ange ! =ms ( _! edifices & to produce a great v>iety 9 !m4 ,!y employ$ ! ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian ord]s1 b !y r>ely us$ "o ( ^! alone2 !y unit$ !m 9 endless comb9ations1 & introduc$ a capital ( ! ord] :i* is call$ ! ,composite 7,fig4 #fj74 ,x consi/s ( ! l[] "p ( ! ,cor9?ian & ! upp] "p ( ! ,ionic capital2 ?is 0 v ri* 9 ornam5t1 b ! l9e :]e ! two ord]s 7 jo9$ 0 always a defect1 & x nev] came into g5]al favor4 ,! ,romans also introduc$ :at is call$ ! ,tuscan ord]1 :i* is usually m5tion$ ) ! ,doric1 ,ionic1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,composite1 z be+ "o ( ! five classic ord]s ( ar*itecture1 al?\gh x is really little m ?an a v>iety ( ! ,doric1 z ! ,composite is ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]4 ,x diff]$ f ! ,doric 9 hav+ a base1 :ile its frieze 0 simple & unadorn$1 ! cornice also be+ v pla94 ,! %aft ( ! ,tuscan column 0 nev] flut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,doric ,,arcade4 ,! ,romans also us$ an arcade :i* 0 a comb9ation ( ,greek & ,etruscan art1 l ?is cut 7,fig4 #fa72 ?us %[+ a p[] ( adapt+ =ms :i* already exi/$ 9 new comb9ations & = new purposes1 r ?an an orig9ative g5ius4 ,a v important advance made by ! ,romans 0 ! improvem5t ( int]ior ar*itecture4 ,! halls & portions ( edifices to be us$ 7 m c>$ = ?an ev] be=e2 ?is 0 sometimes done at ! exp5se ( ! ext]iors1 to :i* ! ,greeks _h devot$ all _! ?\ght4 ,9 fact1 _m anci5t ,roman temples 7 inf]ior to o!r edifices :i* !y built4 ,! ,pan!on is ! only "o exi/+ 9 su* a /ate z to be spok5 ( ) satisfaction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,gr\nd-,,plan ,,( ,,pan!on4 ,rome4 ,?is gr\nd-plan 7,fig4 #fb7 %[s t ! ,pan!on is circul> ) a por*4 ,tak5 sep>ately1 ! rotunda & ! por* are ea* f9e 9 _! own way1 b ! jo9+ ( ! circul> & angul> =ms has an effect ( unfitness :i* "o _c =get ev5 :5 look+ at t :i* we reg>d ) rev]5t int]e/4 ,! c5tral portion 0 at fir/ a "p ( ! ,ba?s ( ,agrippa1 b on acc\nt ( its great beauty x 0 *ang$ by ,agrippa himself into a temple1 by ! addition ( a r[ ( ,cor9?ian columns ar\nd ! int]ior4 7,see ,fig4 #fc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,pan!on4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! effect ( ! ,pan!on is t ( gr&eur & simplicity4 ,:5 we rememb] t sixte5 hundr$ & eighty-eight ye>s h pass$ s9ce x 0 repair$ by ,septimius ,sev]us1 we wond] at its good pres]vation1 ?\gh we "k t x has be5 robb$ ( its bronze cov]+ & o!r f9e ornam5ts4 ,an inscription /ill rema9+ on its portico /ates t ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,septimius ,sev]us repair$ ?is temple2 hi/ory says t ,hadrian re/or$ x aft] a fire1 probably ab\t ! ye> #aag1 & x is ev5 said t ,agrippa1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #ac1 add$ ! portico to a rotunda :i* exi/$ be=e 8 "t4 ,! objects n[ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,pan!on are s l>gely mod]n t !y d n belong to ?is portion ( our subject1 b !re is mu* int]e/ associat$ ) ?is spot1 & x is de> to all ! _w z ! burial-place ( ,raphael1 ,annibale ,c>acci1 & o!r great arti/s4 ,next to ! temples ( ,rome came ! ,basilicas1 ( :i* !re 7 _m be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! ^w basilica means ! royal h\se1 & ^! edifices 7 fir/ int5d$ = a c\rt-room 9 :i* ! k+ adm9i/]$ 8 laws2 lat] !y became m>kets1 or places ( ex*ange1 :]e m5 met = bus9ess transactions4 ,! ru9s ( ! ,basilicas ( ,trajan & ,max5tius1 two ( ! f9e/ ( ^! edifices1 are 9 su* condition t _! plans c be und]/ood 7,fig4 #fd74 ,!y 7 l>ge1 & divid$ into aisles by r[s ( columns2 at "o end !re 0 a semi-circul> recess or apse1 9 :i* 0 a rais$ plat=m1 approa*$ by /eps1 also semi-circul> 9 =m4 ,^u ?is plat=m ! k+ or o!r exalt$ (fic] _h 8 place1 :ile ^? ( less] rank 7 on ! /eps bel[1 on ei!r side4 ,front+ ! apse 0 an alt> ^u :i* sacrifices 7 (f]$ be=e comm5c+ any important bus9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,basilica ,,( ,,max5tius4 ,! pr9cipal reason = speak+ ( basilicas is t by ! above cut y may see ! great *ange made 9 ar*itecture ab\t ?is "t by ! use ( columns1 only half ! height ( ! build+1 :i* 7 unit$ by ar*es4 ,?is 0 a v important /ep1 & is1 9 tru?1 "o ( ! pr9cipal features t m>k ! progress ( ! *ange f anci5t to ,go?ic ar*itecture--a *ange n fully develop$ until ! twelf? c5tury4 ,i %all n say mu* ( ! !atres1 amphi!atres1 & ba?s ( anci5t ,rome1 because x is n easy to treat !m 9 ! simple mann] suit$ to ?is book2 !y 7 magnific5t & co/ly1 & made an important "p ( ,roman ar*itecture2 !y 7 probably copi$ f ! public build+s ( ! ,etruscans4 ,m>cus ,scaurus built a !atre 9 #eh ,b4,c4 :i* held eighty ?\s& spectators2 x _h ri* columns & /atues1 & 0 decorat$ ) gold1 silv]1 & ivory4 ,! fir/ /one !atre 9 ,rome 0 built 9 #ee ,b4,c41 & 0 only half ! size ( t ( ,m>cus ,scaurus4 ,p>ts ( ! !atre ( ,m>cellus /ill rema9 9 ! pres5t ,ors9i ,palace 9 ,rome1 & s]ve to give an idea ( ! ar*itecture ( ! p]iod imm$iately be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,emp]or ,augu/us boa/$ t he _h f\nd a city ( brick & _h *ang$ x to "o ( m>ble1 b aft] 8 "t ar*itecture suff]$ a decl9e1 & its second fl\ri%+ p]iod may be dat$ f ,a4,d4 #fi4 ,to ?is "t belongs ! ,colosseum1 also call$ ! ,flavian ,amphi!atre2 x cov]s ab\t five acres ( gr\nd1 & is suffici5tly well pres]v$ = a good idea to be =m$ ( :at x mu/ h be5 :5 9 its be/ e/ate4 ,! enorm\s size ( ^! anci5t ,roman edifices is almo/ too mu* = u to imag9e1 & ! mo/ ext5sive ( !m all 7 ! ,!rm1 or public ba?s4 ,! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian1 built ,a4,d4 #cjc1 7 ! l>ge/ ( all2 !y _h seats = tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ba!rs4 ,^! ba?s 7 9 reality a gr\p ( spaci\s halls ( v>i$ =ms1 b all magnific5t 9 size4 ,! great hall ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian 0 ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet long by eighty feet 9 wid? & n9ety-six feet high2 x 0 conv]t$ into a *ur* by ,mi*ael ,angelo & is call$ ,s4 ,m>ia ,degli ,angeli1 or ,holy ,m>y ( ! ,angels4 ,_m spl5did pictures :i* 7 once 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s are n[ 9 ?is *ur*1 & copies ( !m made 9 mosaic fill ! places :]e !y 7 orig9ally hung4 ,! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla 7 built 9 ,a4,d4 #bag1 & ?\gh !y _h seats = b sixte5 hundr$ ba!rs1 !y 7 mu* m spl5did ?an ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian4 ,!y 7 surr\nd$ by pleasure g>d5s1 porticoes1 & a /adium or race-c\rse1 :]e all sorts ( games 7 held4 ,"s beautiful mosaic pavem5ts h be5 tak5 f ^! ba?s1 & are n[ 9 ! ,lat]an & ! ,villa ,borghese palaces2 !re 0 a ,p9acotica1 or ,f9e ,art ,gall]y "h1 9 :i* 7 "s ( ! greate/ art treasures ( ! _w1 su* z ! ,f>nese ,h]cules1 ! ,f>nese ,bull1 ! two ,gladiators1 & o!r fam\s /atues1 besides cameos1 bronzes1 & sculptures1 almo/ )\t end4 ,! granite bas9s 9 ! ,piazza ,f>nese1 & "s gre5 basalt urns n[ 9 ! ,vatican ,museum1 7 tak5 f ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 &1 inde$1 all ov] ,rome !re are objects ( m or less beauty :i* 7 f\nd "h4 ,=m]ly ! site ( ^! ba?s 0 l a beautiful ,ed5 :]e ,nature made h]self happy 9 luxuriant gr[?s ( all lovely ?+s4 ,! poet ,%elley 0 v fond ( go+ !re1 & wrote ( x1 ,among ! fl[]y glades & ?ickets ( odorif]\s blossom+ trees1 :i* are ext5d$ 9 ev]-w9d+ labyr9?s ^u its imm5se plat=ms & dizzy ar*es susp5d$ 9 ! air1 by :i* we "k t ! ru9s 7 cov]$ ) a soil :i* 0 fruitful 9 fl[]s1 v9es1 & trees2 b all ^! h be5 torn away 9 ord] to make ! excavations :i* 7 necess>y = ! exploration ( ^! wond]ful ba?s1 & n[ ! p>ts :i* rema9 /& fully expos$ to ! view ( ! curi\s travell]4 ,! ,roman ,triumphal ,ar*es 7 "o ( ! *>act]i/ic outgr[?s ( ! ,imp]ial p]iod4 ,^! spl5did works 7 design$ to p]petuate ! fame ( ! emp]ors & to recall to ! p ! important acts ( _! lives4 ,! ar* ( ,con/ant9e giv5 bel[ is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ar*es 9 ,rome 7,fig4 #fe74 ,x is believ$ t p>ts ( x 7 9 an ar* ( ,trajan's "t1 & "s ev5 g s f> z to say t x 0 orig9ally d$icat$ to ! e>li] emp]or & adopt$ by ,con/ant9e z 8 own4 ,x is rem>kably well pres]v$1 & ?is is und\bt$ly due to ! fact ( its be+ d$icat$ to ! fir/ ,*ri/ian sov]eign ( ,rome4 ,! o!r mo/ fam\s ar*es 9 ! city are t ( ,titus1 :i* dates f ,a4,d4 #ha1 & t ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 honor ( him & ( 8 wife1 ,julia1 by ! silv]smi?s & m]*ants ( ! ,=um ,bo>ium1 9 :i* spot ! ar* 0 rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,,ar* ,,( ,,con/ant9e4 ,rome4 ,^! triumphal ar*es exi/$ 9 all ! c\ntries :]e ,rome held sway1 &1 inde$1 ?is is true ( all k9ds ( ,roman ar*itectural works4 ,?is ,ar* ( ,b5ev5tum 0 erect$ 9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 by ,trajan1 :5 he repair$ ! ,appian ,way4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ graceful & be/ pres]v$ ( all ! ar*es ( ,italy 7,fig4 #ff74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,,ar* ,,( ,,trajan4 ,b5ev5tum4 ,all ^! ar*es _h orig9ally gr\ps ( /atu>y ^u !m1 = :i* !y s]v$ m]ely z ! p$e/als4 ,_! tak+ ! =m ( an ar* 0 due to _! be+ plac$ 9 ! public way1 :]e x 0 necess>y to leave a passage = ! /reet4 ,sometimes !y 7 plac$ :]e two roads met1 & a d\ble ar* 0 !n made4 ,elaborate z ! ar*es (t5 71 y mu/ keep 9 m9d t !y are only a "p ( ! entire design1 & t ! lea/ important "p2 ! /atu>y1 :i* has be5 de/roy$ by "t1 be+ really ! m /rik+ feature ( ! :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,,tomb ,,( ,,cecilia ,,metella4 ,! tombs ( ,rome 7 v num]\s1 & 7 an important elem5t 9 ,roman ar*itecture4 ,! tomb ( ,cecilia ,metella is ( importance because x is ! olde/ rema9+ build+ ( ,imp]ial ,rome & ! f9e/ tomb :i* has be5 pres]v$ 7,fig4 #fg74 ,z y see1 ! tomb is a r\nd t[]4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury x 0 turn$ into a =tress1 & s mu* du/ has be5 deposit$ on its summit 9 ! pass+ ( "t t bu%es & ivy n[ gr[ !re4 ,_m writ]s describe x1 & ,byron 9 8 ,*ilde ,h>old spoke ( x 9 "s v]ses1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is ! beg9n+3 ,!re is a /]n r\nd t[] ( o!r days1 ,firm z a =tress1 ) its f5ce ( /one1 ,su* z an army's baffl$ /r5g? delays1 ,/&+ ) half its battlem5ts alone1 ,& ) two ?\s& ye>s ( ivy gr[n1 ,! g>l& ( et]nity1 :]e wave ,! gre5 leaves ov] all by "t o'er?r[n2-- ,:at 0 ?is t[] ( /r5g?8 )9 its cave ,:at treasure lay s lock'd1 s hid8--a woman's grave4 ,! tomb ( ,hadrian1 n[ kn[n z ! ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 is v int]e/+1 & is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t & famili> objects 9 ,rome at ! pres5t day4 ,b ! tombs call$ ,columb>ia 7 mu* 9 use 9 anci5t ,rome1 & diff]$ ess5tially f ^? ( :i* we h spok51 inasmu* z !y 7 usually bel[ ! gr\nd1 & ext]nally _h no ar*itecture4 ,!y consi/$ ( oblong or squ>e ap>tm5ts1 ! sides ( :i* 7 fill$ ) small ap]tures ( ! prop] size to hold an urn :i* conta9$ ! a%es t rema9$ aft] a body _h be5 burn$1 accord+ to ! ,roman cu/om4 ,"s ( ^! ap>tm5ts1 especially :5 !y belong$ to private families1 7 adorn$ ) pila/]s & decorat$ ) colors4 7,see ,fig4 #fh47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,,columb>ium ,,ne> ,,! ,,gate ,,( ,,/4 ,,seba/ian4 ,rome4 ,! sepul*res ( ,rome 7 gradually enl>g$1 until1 9 ! days ( ,con/ant9e1 !y 7 frequ5tly built l small temples above ! gr\nd1 ) crypts or vaults b5ea? !m4 ,s little n[ rema9s ( ! anci5t dome/ic ar*itecture ( ,rome t "o is =c$ to /udy ?is subject f writt5 descriptions collect$ f ! works ( v>i\s hi/orians1 poets1 & o!r writ]s4 ,b f :at we "k we may conclude t ! villas & c\ntry-h\ses 7 s con/ruct$ z to be full ( com=t1 & suit$ to ! uses = :i* !y 7 built1 )\t too mu* reg>d to ! symmetry ( ! ext]iors4 ,! int]ior conv5i5ce 0 ! *ief ?+ to be consid]$1 & :5 f9i%$ !y mu/ h (t5 resembl$ a collection ( build+s all jo9$ toge!r1 ( v>i\s heights & %apes2 b )9 !y 7 adapt$ to ! diff]5t seasons1 z "s rooms 7 made = be+ w>m1 :ile o!rs 7 arrang$ = coolness2 ! views f ! w9d[s 7 also an important feature1 &1 9 %ort1 ! pleasure ( ! p liv+ 9 !m 0 made ! fir/ po9t to be ga9$1 r ?an ! impression ^u ! eye ( ^? :o saw !m f )\t4 ,!re 0 great luxury & elegance 9 ! palaces ( ! noble classes 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,! home ( ,diocletian at ,spalatro 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ,roman palaces1 & its ru9s %[ t x 0 once magnific5t4 ,?is palace 0 divid$ by f\r /reets :i* ran ?r\gh x at "r angles ) ea* o!r & met 9 its c5tre4 ,its entrances 7 call$ ! ,gold51 ,iron1 & ,braz5 ,gates4 ,its ext]ior ar*itecture 0 simple & massive1 z x 0 necess>y t x %\ld s]ve z a =tress 9 case ( an attack4 ,its pr9cipal gall]y ov]look$ ! sea2 x 0 five hundr$ & fifte5 feet long & tw5ty-f\r feet wide1 & 0 fam\s = its ar*itectural beauty & = ! views :i* x comm&$4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ian ,,ar*itecture4 ,a4,d4 #cbh ,,to ,,ab\t #adjj4 ,i h writt5 m 9 detail conc]n+ ,anci5t ar*itecture ?an ,i %all d ( t ( lat] times1 because x is be/ to be ?or\gh 9 /udy+ ! beg9n+s ( ?+s2 !n we c make an application ( our k :i* helps u to und]/& ! results ( :at has gone be=e1 j z we are prep>$ = ! full-bl[n rose aft] we h se5 ! bud4 ,or1 to be m practical1 j z we use ! simple/ pr9ciples ( ari?metic to help u to und]/& ! m difficult ones2 sometimes we sc>cely rememb] t 9 ! la/ lessons ( ! book we unconsci\sly apply ! fir/ tables & rules :i* 7 s difficult to u 9 ! beg9n+4 ,i %all n try1 because ,i h n space1 to give a connect$ acc\nt ( ,*ri/ian ar*itecture1 b ,i %all endeavor to give su* an outl9e ( its rise & progress 9 v>i\s c\ntries z w make a good f\ndation = ! k y w ga9 f books :i* y w read 9 future4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,italy 9 ! p]iod :i* foll[$ ! conv]sion ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e is call$ ! ,romanesque ord]4 ,z ! ,*ri/ians 7 enc\rag$ "u ,con/ant9e & became bold 9 _! wor%ip1 _m basilicas 7 giv5 up = _! use4 ,! bi%ops held ! pr9cipal place ^u ! plat=m =m]ly occupi$ by ! k+ & 8 highe/ (fic]s1 & ! prie/s ( ! l[] ord]s 7 rang$ ar\nd !m4 ,! same alt>s :i* _h s]v$ = ! hea!n sacrifices 7 us$ = ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 & f ?is cause ! ^w basilica has come to signify a l>ge1 gr& *ur*1 9 ! spee* ( our "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,,int]ior ,,( ,,basilica ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s4 ,rome4 ,among ! e>ly basilicas ( ,rome :i* /ill rema9 none are m di/+ui%$ ?an t ( ,san ,paolo fuori della ,mura1 or ,/4 ,paul's )\t ! ,walls4 ,x 0 anci5t1 & spl5did 9 design & ornam5t4 ,9 #ahbc x 0 burn$1 & has be5 rebuilt ) great magnific5ce1 b ! picture above %[s x z x 0 be=e ! fire 7,fig4 #fi74 ,x 0 built ab\t #chf ,a4,d4 "u ! ,emp]ors ,val5t9ian ,,ii4 & ,!odosius4 ,?is basilica _h f\r r[s ( ,cor9?ian columns1 tw5ty 9 ea* r[2 _m ( ^! pill>s 7 tak5 f m anci5t edifices1 & 7 compos$ ( v beautiful m>bles1 =m+ by f> ! f9e/ collection ( columns 9 ! _w4 ,! bronze gates 7 ca/ at ,con/ant9ople2 ! f9e pa9t+s & magnific5t mosaics ) :i* x 0 decorat$ add$ mu* to its spl5dor4 ,tradition taught t ! body ( ,/4 ,paul 0 buri$ b5ea? ! high alt>4 ,be=e ! ,re=mation ! sov]eigns ( ,engl& 7 protectors ( ?is basilica j z ^? ( ,france 7 ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an2 ?is gives x a peculi> int]e/ = ,briti% p1 & ! symbol ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t] is /ill se5 among its decorations4 ,on acc\nt ( its associations1 ,san ,paolo 0 ! mo/ int]e/+1 if n ! mo/ beautiful1 ( ! olde/ ,*ri/ian edifices 9 ,rome4 ,9 ! e>ly days !re 7 _m circul> *ur*es ?r\gh\t ,italy2 "s ( ^! _h be5 built at fir/ = tombs4 ,! ,*ri/ians us$ *ur*es ( ?is =m = baptisms1 = ! sacram5t = ! dy+1 burials1 & sometimes = m>riage4 ,! circul> temple ( ,ve/a is v beautiful4 ,x _h orig9ally tw5ty ,cor9?ian columns2 n9ete5 ( :i* /ill rema94 ,?is temple is n old] ?an ! "t ( ,vespasian1 & is n ! fam\s "o m5tion$ by ,horace & o!r anci5t writ]s1 9 :i* ! ,palladium 0 pres]v$--t temple no long] exi/s4 ,x is probable t _m ( ! e>lie/ *ur*es built by ,*ri/ians 9 ,italy 7 circul> 9 =m1 & numb]s ( ^! /ill rema9 9 v>i\s ,italian cities2 b !y diff]$ f ! anci5t temples ( ?is =m 9 _! want ( ext]ior decoration4 ,! anci5t ,romans _h us$ columns1 p]i/yles1 & porticoes2 ! ,*ri/ians us$ ! latt] only 9 a few in/ances1 b ev5 ^! 7 soon ab&on$4 ,! beautiful ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce 0 orig9ally ! ca!dral ( ! city4 ,x is octagonal1 or eight-sid$1 & ?is =m is n infrequ5t 9 build+s ( ! f\r? & foll[+ c5turies4 ,x is said t ?is ,bapti/]y 0 built by ,!odol9da1 :o m>ri$ ,au?>is1 ,k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds 9 #ehi4 ,?is k+ _h propos$ to ,g>ibald1 ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 = ! h& ( 8 daught]1 & _h be5 accept$4 ,au?>is grew impati5t at ! c]emonies ( ! woo+1 & escap+ f 8 palace jo9$ ! embassy to ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! c\rt ( ,g>ibald & 7 receiv$ by t mon>*1 ,au?>is advanc$ to ! ?rone & told ! old k+ t ! ambassador be=e him 0 inde$ ! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate at ! ,lomb>d ,c\rt1 b t he 0 ! only real fri5d ( ,au?>is1 & to him _h be5 giv5 a *>ge to report to ! ,italian k+ conc]n+ ! *>ms ( ,!odol9da4 ,g>ibald summon$ 8 daught]1 & aft] an admir+ gaze ! /rang] hail$ h] ,que5 ( ,italy & respectfully ask$ t %e %\ld1 accord+ to cu/om1 give a glass ( w9e to ! fir/ ( h] future subjects :o _h t5d]$ h] 8 duty4 ,h] fa!r comm&$ h] to give ! cup1 & z ,au?>is return$ x to h] he secretly t\*$ h] h& & !n put 8 f+] on 8 own lips4 ,at ev5+ ,!odol9da told ?is incid5t to h] nurse1 :o assur$ h] t ?is h&some & bold /rang] c\ld h be5 none o!r ?an h] future husb&1 s9ce no subject w\ld v5ture on su* conduct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,! ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,*>tres4 ,! ambassadors 7 dismiss$1 & "s ,bav>ians accompani$ ! ,lomb>ds to ! ,italian fronti]4 ,be=e !y sep>at$ ,au?>is rais$ himself 9 8 /irrups & ?rew 8 battle-axe aga9/ a tree ) great skill1 exclaim+1 ,su* are ! /rokes ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds6 ,!n all knew ! rank ( ?is gallant /rang]4 ,! approa* ( a ,fr5* army compell$ ,g>ibald to leave 8 capital2 he took refuge 9 ,italy1 & ,au?>is celebrat$ 8 m>riage 9 ! palace ( ,v]ona2 he liv$ b "o ye>1 b 9 t "t ,!odol9da _h s ende>$ h]self to ! p t %e 0 all[$ to be/[ ! ,italian sceptre ) h] h&4 ,%e _h conv]t$ h] husb& to ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,%e also f\nd$ ! ca!dral ( ,monza & o!r *ur*es 9 ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany1 all ( :i* %e d$icat$ to ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o 0 h] patron sa9t4 ,! ca!dral ( ,monza is v int]e/+ f its hi/orical associations4 ,"h is deposit$ ! fam\s iron cr[n :i* 0 pres5t$ to ,!odol9da by ,pope ,gregory ,i4 ,?is cr[n is made ( a broad b& ( gold set ) jewels1 & ! iron f :i* x is nam$ is a n>r[ circlet inside1 said to h be5 made f "o ( ! nails us$ 9 ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 & br\ght f ,j]usalem by ! ,empress ,hel5a4 ,?is cr[n is kept 9 a casket :i* =ms ! c5tre ( ! cross above ! high alt> 9 ! ca!dral ( ,monza2 x 0 c>ri$ away 9 #ahei by ! ,au/rians2 at ! close ( ! ,italo-,prussian w>1 9 #ahff1 ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria gave x to ,victor ,emmanuel1 !n ,k+ ( ,italy4 ,?is cr[n has be5 us$ at ! coronation ( ?irty-f\r sov]eigns2 among !m 7 ,*>lemagne1 ,*>les ,v41 & ,napoleon ,i4 ,! latt] wore x at 8 second coronation z ,k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds 9 #ahje4 ,he plac$ x on 8 head himself1 say+1 ,god has giv5 x to me1 woe to him :o t\*es x6 ,!re are few secul> build+s ( ?is p]iod rema9+ 9 ,italy1 & ,romanesque ar*itecture endur$ b a %ort "t1 = x 0 almo/ ab&on$ at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,gregory ! ,great1 9 #fjd4 ,dur+ ! next f\r & a half c5turies ! old /yles 7 dy+ out & ! ,go?ic ord] 0 develop+1 b _c be said to h rea*$ any high degree ( p]fection be=e ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,,go?ic ,,ar*itecture4 ,x is difficult to speak concisely ( ,go?ic ar*itecture because !re is s mu* t c be said ( its orig91 & !n x has s ext5d$ itself to all p>ts ( ! _w z to r5d] x 9 a s5se univ]sal4 ,p]haps ,f]gusson makes x z simple z x c be made :5 he divides ,europe by a l9e f ,memel on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic ,sea to ,spalatro on ! ,adriatic1 & !n c>ries ! l9e we/w>d to ,f]mo & divides ,italy almo/ z ! =ty-?ird p>allel ( latitude divides x4 ,he !n says t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 or f ab\t ! sev5? to ! fifte5? c5turies1 ! ar*itecture nor? & we/ ( ^! l9es 0 ,go?ic2 s\? & ea/ x 0 ,byzant9e1 ) ! exception ( ,rome1 :i* always rema9$ individual1 & a rule unto h]self4 ,!re 0 a v g5]al belief 9 all ,*ri/ian l&s t ! _w w\ld end 9 ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d41 & :5 ?is dread$ p]iod _h pass$ )\t t ev5t happ5+1 m5 seem ev]y:]e to h be5 seiz$ ) a passion = erect+ /one build+s4 ,an old *ronicl] nam$ ,rodulphe ,glab]1 :o di$ 9 #ajde ,a4,d41 relates t z e>ly z ! ye> #ajjc ,a4,d4 s _m *ur*es & mona/]ies ( m>ble 7 be+ erect$1 especially 9 ,france & ,italy1 t ! _w appe>$ to be putt+ (f its old d+y attire & putt+ on a new :ite robe4 ,!n ne>ly all ! bi%ops' seats1 ! *ur*es1 ! mona/]ies1 & ev5 ! oratories ( ! villages 7 *ang$ = bett] ones4 ,su* a movem5t c\ld n fail to h a great influ5ce ^u ar*itecture1 & x 0 at ?is "t t ! ,go?ic /yle began to be rapidly develop$2 &1 inde$1 s f> z any p>ticul> "t may be fix$ = ! beg9n+ ( ! ,go?ic ord]1 x w\ld fall 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,! classic =ms1 ) _! horizontal cornices & sev]e regul>ity1 7 !n laid aside1 & a great] fre$om & v>iety ?an _h ev] obta9$ be=e began to make itself felt 9 all ar*itectural designs4 ,we mu/ fir/ try to und]/& :at are ! di/+ui%+ features ( ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,p]haps ! pr9cipal "o may be call$ con/ructiv5ess2 :i* is to say1 t 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture !re is f> great] v>iety ( =m1 & ! p[] to make l>g] & m complicat$ build+s ?an _h be5 possible ) ! ord]s :i* prec$$ x4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! aim 0 to produce l>ge edifices1 & to build & ornam5t !m 9 a way t w\ld make !m appe> to be ev5 l>g] ?an !y 74 ,! e>ly ,go?ic build+s are s massive z to h a clumsy effect1 because ! ar*itects _h n yet le>n$ h[ to make ^! enorm\s masses /rong & endur+1 & yet s arrang$ z to be light & graceful 9 _! appe>ance4 ,a second /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t ord]s & ! ,go?ic1 is t 9 ! =m] enorm\s blocks ( /one or m>ble 7 us$ & great importance 0 atta*$ to ?is4 ,_m anci5t works are call$ ,cyclopean = ?is reason4 ,x does n make a build+ m beautiful to h x massive1 b x does make x gr&4 ,ev5 9 a less colossal mode ( build+ a column is m effective :5 x is a monoli?1 & an ar*itrave m beautiful :5 its beams are n jo9$ too frequ5tly4 ,b 9 ! ,go?ic ord] ! use ( massive blocks is l>gely giv5 up1 & ! endeavor is to s arrange small] mat]ials z to display rem>kable con/ructive skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,ni*olas4 ,ca54 ,a ?ird & a v important feature ( ! ,go?ic ord] is ! use ( ! ar*4 ,! mu*-increas$ con/ructive p[] ( :i* we h spok5 dep5d$ v l>gely ^u ?is4 ,! anci5ts knew ! use ( ! ar*1 b did n l x because !y ?\ght t x took away f ! repose ( a build+4 ,ev5 n[ ! ,h9doos w n use x2 !y say1 ,an ar* nev] sleeps1 & ?\gh ! ,mohamm$an build]s h us$ x 9 _! c\ntry1 ! ,h9doos _c ov]come _! dislike ( x4 ,9 ! ,go?ic ord]1 h[ev]1 ! use ( ar*es1 bo? r\nd & po9t$1 is un5d+4 ,! results are v mu* v>i$1 & range all ! way f a gr& & impressive effect to a sort ( toy-l lightness :i* seems m suit$ to ! block-h\ses made by *ildr5 ?an to ! works ( ar*itects4 ,! e>li] ,go?ic ar*es 7 r\nd1 al?\gh po9t$ ar*es are occasionally f\nd 9 v anci5t build+s4 ,! picture 7,fig4 #ga71 h[ev]1 gives a j idea ( ! =m ( ar* mo/ us$ until ! introduction ( ! po9t$ ar*1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,france dur+ ! twelf? c5tury4 ,( ?is =m ! doorways ( ! next cut pres5t a f9e example 7,fig4 #gb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,fa,,ade ,,( ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,notre ,,dame4 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,,clu/]$ ,,pill>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,,buttress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,iron-,,"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,,g>goyle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,nail-,,head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,scroll4 ,an important *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic ar*itecture 0 ! fact t e "p ( ! build+ 0 s made z to %[ its use4 ,in/ead ( hid+ ! supports !y 7 made prom95t4 ,if a pi] or buttress 0 to /& a p]p5dicul> /ra91 ev5 ! l9es ( decoration 7 g5]ally made to run 9 t direction2 if extra supports 7 ne$$1 !y 7 n conceal$1 b built 9 s z to %[1 & ev5 to be prom95t4 ,9 ! details ! same feel+ 0 (t5 %[n 9 a v m>k$ degree2 ! h+es & nails & locks ( ,go?ic build+s 7 made to be se51 & :atev] 0 ne$$ = use 0 treat$ z if x 7 ( value z an ornam5t4 ,! sp\ts by :i* ! wat] 0 c>ri$ ov] ! eaves 7 made bold & comp>atively l>ge1 & c>v$ into ^? curi\s %apes ( animals & mon/]s call$ g>goyles1 :i* are se5 on s _m m$ival edifices4 ,_m ( ^! details ( ,go?ic build+s are v elegant1 & s]ve to-day z models = mod]n workm54 7,see ,figs4 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi47 ,among ! inv5tions ( ,go?ic ar*itects ! division ( ! int]ior into ?ree aisles1 ) ! c5tre "o mu* ! highe/1 0 v important4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! space 0 made to appe> long] & high] ?an x really 01 & :at 0 lo/ 9 ! effect ( wid? 0 m ?an made up 9 a c]ta9 elegance ( =m :i* is v pleas+4 ,! ?ree c5tral aisles ( ! next cut illu/rate ?is arrangem5t 7,fig4 #hj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,,section ,,( ,,*ur*4 ,c>cassone4 ,,) ,,out] ,,aisles ,,add$ ,,9 ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,go?ic build]s gave l(t9ess to _! edifices by ! use ( spires & t[]s4 ,!y became v skilful 9 con/ruct+ !m ) buttresses bel[ & p9nacles above1 s t ! spires %\ld n detract f ! app>5t size ( ! build+s to :i* !y 7 atta*$ 7,fig4 #ha74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,spires ,,( ,,laon ,,ca!dral4 ,9 ! matt] ( design 9 ornam5t ! ,go?ic ord] _h no fix$ me?od1 except s f> z its =ms 7 symbolic4 ,e =m ( vegetable design 0 employ$2 v9es & leaves 7 abundant4 ,z a rule ! use ( human =ms or animals z supports to columns or o!r weights 0 avoid$4 ,if !y 7 introduc$ ! animals 7 n reproductions ( su* z exi/1 b ! imag9>y griff9 or o!r mon/]1 & at times dw>fs or grotesque human be+s1 7 repres5t$ z if = c>icatures4 ,sculptur$ figures 7 usually plac$ ^u a p$e/al ei!r ) or )\t ni*es = !m1 & 7 n made to appe> to be a "p ( ! build+ itself4 ,! deep recesses ( ,go?ic portals1 ! p9nacles & ni*es gave opportunities to display ext]ior sculpture to great advantage 7,fig4 #hb74 ,! int]iors 7 also appropriate = any am\nt ( arti/ic ornam5t 9 bas-reliefs or figures t c\ld be lavi%$ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,,portal ,,( ,,! ,,m9orites' ,,*ur*4 ,vi5na4 ,! mo/ orig9al & effective feature ( ornam5t1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,go?ic ar*itects is t ( pa9t$ glass4 ,to ?is !y devot$ _! be/ tal5t4 ,x is n necess>y to say h[ beautiful & decorative x is2 we all "k ?is1 & our only wond] is t x 0 left = ! ,go?ic ar*itects to apply x to ar*itectural uses4 ,we d n "k precisely :5 /a9$ or pa9t$ glass 0 inv5t$1 b we "k t x exi/$ z e>ly z #hjj1 & came into v g5]al use 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc--;,,ext]nal ,,elevation1 ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,p>is4 ,be=e pa9t$ glass 0 us$ w9d[s 7 made v small1 & x 0 "s "t be=e ! l>ge1 ri* /yle 0 adopt$4 ,! foll[+ cut f ,notre ,dame1 at ,p>is1 gives ! ?ree /ages ( ! *ange1 & x is int]e/+ to see !m ?us 9 "o *ur* 7,fig4 #hc74 ,on ! left are ! undivid$ w9d[s )\t mullions or divid+ supports2 next1 at ! "r1 ! upp] w9d[ %[s ! =m ) "o p]p5dicul> mullion & a circul> or rose w9d[ above ! c5tre2 la/ly1 on ! "r ( ! l[] /ory we see a full trac]i$ w9d[4 ,! w9d[ became "o ( ! mo/ important & *>act]i/ic features ( ,go?ic build+s4 ,^! l>ge op5 spaces gave opportunity = elegant %apes & spl5did colors1 bo? ! =m ( ! op5+ & ! divid+ ribs1 or trac]y1 z x 0 call$1 be+ made ) ! utmo/ beauty & grace4 ,! r\nd w9d[s1 call$ rose w9d[s & :eel w9d[s1 7 (t5 exquisitely design$1 z ! foll[+ example %[s 7,fig4 #hd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,:eel ,,w9d[1 ,,f ,,ca!dral4 ,toscanella4 ,! w9d[ is illu/rative ( ! influ5ce :i* climate may h on ! developm5t ( ar*itectural /yle4 ,9 w>m c\ntries :]e spaces 7 left op51 w9d[ =ms & pa9t$ glass 71 ( c\rse1 nev] employ$2 b 9 m nor!rn l&s !y became "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features 9 important edifices4 ,a :ole book might be writt5 ab\t ^! w9d[s & be v int]e/+ also1 b we c give no m space to !m "h4 ,go?ic ar*itecture gradually ext5d$ f ! c5tre ( ,italy to ! mo/ nor!rn b\nds ( civilization1 & ?\gh practis$ by s _m nations1 0 z mu* ! ar*itectural expression ( a religion z ! ar*itecture ( a s+le anci5t nation _h be5 ! outgr[? ( its peculi> religi\s belief4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! prie/s & monks pres]v$ le>n+ 9 ! mid/ ( g5]al d>kness & ignorance1 & 7 ! *ief patrons ( all art :i* surviv$ ! decl9e ( ! "t4 ,!y built up ! ,*ri/ian fai? by e means 9 _! p[]4 ,! monks 7 mission>ies4 ,!y w5t to v>i\s c\ntries1 & select+ favorable spots !y f\nd$ abbeys2 ar\nd ^! abbeys a poor population settl$2 gradually *ur*es 7 built1 & x frequ5tly happ5$ t ! monks n only plann$ ! "w to be done1 b also execut$ x ) _! own h&s4 ,_m ( !m 7 masons & build]s1 & sev]al bi%ops 7 ar*itects4 ,/4 ,g]ma91 ,bi%op ( ,p>is1 design$ ! *ur* 9 t city n[ call$ by 8 "n1 & 0 also s5t to ,ang]s to build ano!r *ur*1 & to ,mans to erect a mona/]y4 ,! f9e/ build+s be+ ?us made = religi\s purposes & "u ! direction ( ! cl]gy1 !y mu/ h be5 z full an expression ( ,*ri/ianity z 7 ! temple-palaces ( ,egypt an expression ( ! religion ( ,osiris & ,isis1 :5 ! k+s 7 bo? prie/s & sov]eigns1 & dwelt 9 ^! palaces4 ,& ?is 0 true z long z ,go?ic art 0 9 ! h&s ( ! cl]gy & us$ almo/ entirely = religi\s purposes4 ,lat] on1 :5 x 0 employ$ = civic edifices erect$ "u ! direction ( laym51 x became an expression ( political indep5d5ce also4 ,! fre$om ( ?\ght :i* came ) ! decl9e ( ! feudal sy/em inspir$ new aspirations & imag9ations 9 ! he>ts & m9ds ( m51 & ^! f\nd expression 9 all ! arts1 & v especially 9 ar*itecture4 ,if we _c always admire ! mann] 9 :i* ,go?ic art 0 made to express ^! l(ty desires1 we c fully sympa?ize ) ! s5tim5t :i* 0 beh9d x4 ,! ,go?ic ord] held undisput$ sway we/ & nor? ( ! geographical l9e ( :i* we h spok5 until ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!n a revival ( classical lit]ature took place1 & ) ?is !re arose also a revival ( classic art & ar*itecture2 ?is revival is kn[n z ! ,r5aissance1 or ! new bir?1 & ! p]iod ( "t is spok5 ( z t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! effect ( ?is classic reaction 0 v great ^u all ! educat$ classes ( ,europe1 & its influ5ce may be said to h endur$ ?r\gh ab\t ?ree c5turies4 ,aga91 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,go?ic art 0 reviv$4 ,a rev]5ce has gr[n up = ! good t wre/l$ ) ! d>kness ( ! ,middle ,ages & surviv$ all _! evils4 ,! r\gh1 /rong manhood ( t "t is n[ ju/ly appreciat$4 ,p]haps ! feel+ 9 ?is direction is too mu* exagg]at$4 ,:ile our reg>d = a rude & wea!r-/a9$ monum5t ( ! _s & ar*itecture ( ! pa/ may be natural & prop]1 ! imitation ( x :i* is made 9 our day may easily become absurd1 & is v r>ely suit$ to our purposes4 ,spa9 is "o ( ! c\ntries :i* are on ! ,go?ic side ( ! geographical l9e we h drawn1 & among ! _m spl5did edifices 9 t c\ntry "s ( ! f9e/ are ( ! ,go?ic ord]4 ,!re is no national ar*itecture !re1 = ?\gh ! ,spani>ds love art & its expression passionately1 !y h !mselves inv5t$ almo/ no?+ :i* is arti/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,collegiate ,,*ur*1 ,,toro4 ,f ,villa ,amil4 ,b :ile x is true t ! ,spani>ds inv5t$ no /yles1 !y did modify ^? :i* !y adopt$1 & !re are peculi>ities 9 ! ,spani% use & arrangem5t ( ! ,go?ic ord] :i* give x new elem5ts 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o und]/& ar*itecture sci5tifically4 ,to ! un$ucat$ also x appe>s to h a p]sonality ( its own1 some?+ t is suit$ to ,spa9 & ! ,spani>ds2 s t1 :ile we "k t ,spani% ,go?ic ar*itecture 0 borr[$ f ,france & ,g]many1 we yet feel t if ! ca!drals ( ,p>is & ,cologne 7 to be put d[n 9 ,val5cia or ,madrid !y w\ld look l /rang]s1 & n at all well-cont5t$ ones at t2 & if ! *ur*es ( ,tol$o or ,burgos 7 copi$ precisely 9 any o!r c\ntry1 !y w\ld h an air ( be+ q out ( keep+ ) ev]y?+ ar\nd !m 7,fig4 #he74 ,we call ! ar*itecture ( ,spa9 be=e #ajff ! ,e>ly ,spani%1 & f t "t ! ,go?ic ord] prevail$ dur+ ne>ly ?ree c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,,/4 ,,paul4 ,s>agossa4 ,meantime 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 ! ,moresco or ,moori% ord] _h sprung up1 ( :i* ,fig4 #hf gives an example4 ,x 0 gradually adopt$ to a limit$ ext5t1 until f9ally "s specim5s ( x exi/$ 9 almo/ e prov9ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,go?ic ord] 0 affect$ by x1 inasmu* z ! ri*ness ( ornam5t ( ! ,moori% ord] s pleas$ ! ta/e ( ! ,spani>ds t _! ar*itects all[$ !mselves to indulge 9 a c]ta9 ,moori% mann] ( treat+ ! ,go?ic /yle4 ,we _c describe ^! diff]5ces 9 words1 b ,figs4 #hf & #hg w make x pla94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,cloi/]4 ,t>azona4 ,z has be5 said1 ! int]ior decoration ( all ,go?ic *ur*es 0 v ri* & abundant4 ,x is also true t all *ur* furniture 0 made ) great c>e2 ! matt] ( symbolism 0 c>efully consid]$1 & ea* design made to indicate ! use ( ! article = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,no alt>1 prea*+-desk1 /all1 *air1 or scre5 0 made )\t due att5tion to e detail1 & ! endeavor to h x 9 h>mony ) its use & its position 9 ! *ur*4 ,! foll[+ cut %[s a rood-scre51 :i* 0 ! k9d ( scre5 t 0 plac$ be=e ! crucifixion ov] ! high alt> 7,fig4 #hh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,rood-,,scre51 ,,f ,,! ,,madele9e4 ,troyes4 ,! fanta/ic sculptures & weal? ( ornam5t 9 ,go?ic decorations produce a confus+ effect on ! bra9 & ! eye if we look at ! :ole c>elessly2 b :5 we rememb] t ea* sep>ate design has its especial mean+ we are int]e/$ to exam9e !m1 & we f9d t ! v>iety ( =ms is almo/ innum]able4 ,:]e !re are trail+ v9es & lions1 fai? is indicat$2 roses & pelicans are ! symbols ( m]cy & div9e love2 dogs & ivy1 ( tru?2 lambs1 ( g5tl5ess1 innoc5ce1 & submission2 fi%es are an emblem ( wat] & ! rite ( baptism2 ! dragon1 ( s9 & paganism2 a s]p5t1 too1 typifies s91 & :5 w\nd ar\nd a globe x indicates ! p[] ( evil ov] ! :ole _w2 a h9d or h>t signifies solitude2 ! dove1 purity2 ! olive1 peace2 ! palm1 m>tyrdom2 ! lily1 purity & *a/ity2 ! lamp1 lant]n1 or tap]1 piety2 fire & flames1 zeal & ! suff]+s ( m>tyrdom2 a flam+ he>t1 f]v5t piety & spiritual love2 a %ell1 pilgrimage2 a /&>d or bann]1 victory2 & s on1 & on1 we f9d t mean+ & ?\ght 7 work$ out 9 e bit ( ,go?ic ornam5t1 & t :at at fir/ appe>s s wild & hap-haz>d is full ( a me?od :i* well repays "o = ! /udy ( x4 ,! ,go?ic ord] 0 also us$ 9 build+ municipal edifices1 palaces1 & ev5 = ! purposes ( dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,! f9e/ rema9s ( ?is k9d are 9 ,g]many1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( !m all be+ ! ca/le on ! ,w>tburg4 ,?is ca/le is l>ge1 gr&1 & impos+4 ,x is also well pres]v$4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 discov]$ t _m w9d[s & ar*$ gall]ies1 ( v beautiful /yle1 _h be5 fill$ up1 & t frescoes & o!r decorations _h be5 cov]$4 ,! ,gr& ,duke ( ,saxe-,weim> caus$ its re/oration1 & ! anci5t halls are n[ q 9 _! orig9al /ate4 7,see ,fig4 #hi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,palace ,,( ,,w>tburg4 ,!re are v int]e/+ leg5ds & hi/orical facts connect$ ) ?is ca/le ( ,w>tburg4 ,z e>ly z #abjd to #abjh1 :5 ,h]mann1 ,c\nt ( ,?ur+ia1 dwelt !re ) 8 wife1 ! ,c\ntess ,sophia1 x is relat$ t ! ,w> ( ! ,m9/rels occurr$4 ,?is 0 a conte/ betwe5 sev]al ( ! w&]+ m9/rels or ,m9nes+]s ( t "t z to :o %\ld excel1 & he :o fail$ 0 to suff] dea?4 ,! p5alty fell on ,h5ry ( ,(t]d+52 9 8 despair he begg$ ! ,c\ntess to ga9 him a respite s t he c\ld g = 8 ma/]1 ,kl+sor4 ,h] pray] 0 grant$1 & 9 ! end ,h5ry ( ,(t]d+5 sav$ 8 head1 ?\gh ! leg5d says t ,satan aid$ him4 ,?is /ory is )\t d\bt f\nd$ on tru?1 b has mu* ( fancy m+l$ ) x4 ,! next rem>kable /ory connect$ ) ,w>tburg is ! resid5ce "h ( ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 z %e is call$4 ,?is wond]ful woman 0 ! daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 & :5 f\r ye>s old %e 0 betro!d to ,pr9ce ,l\is1 son ( ,c\nt ,h]mann1 m5tion$ above4 ,at ?is t5d] age %e 0 giv5 to 8 family4 ,h] life at ,w>tburg 0 v rem>kable1 & ,i advise y to read ab\t x1 = x is too long to be giv5 "h4 ,at la/1 h] husb& hav+ di$ 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e he _h gone ) ! ,crusad]s1 8 bro!r ,h5ry drove h] out ) h] *ildr5 to seek a home :]e %e c\ld4 ,%e suff]$ mu*1 & support$ h]self by sp9n+ wool4 ,b :5 ! knights :o _h gone ) h] husb& return$1 !y oblig$ ,h5ry to give ! son ( ,elizabe? 8 rights4 ,%e receiv$ ! city ( ,m>burg z h] d[]1 b %e did n live long4 ,miracul\s ?+s are told ( h]1 & %e is (t5 repres5t$ by pa9t]s & sculptors4 ,aga91 ,w>tburg 0 ! resid5ce ( a rem>kable p]son2 = ,lu!r dwelt !re aft] escap+ f ! ,diet at ,worms4 ,he 0 call$ ,ritt] ,george1 & ! room :]e he wrote & sp5t mu* ( 8 "t is %[n to travell]s :o visit ! ca/le4 ,we come back n[ to ,italy1 ! c\ntry we left :5 we pass$ f ! ,romanesque to ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,italy :]e ! ,go?ic ord] _h prevail$ aft] ! elev5? c5tury1 x _h be5 modifi$ by ! ,romanesque influ5ces & ,roman traditions1 9 "s su* degree z ! ,moors _h influ5c$ ! ,go?ic ord] 9 ,spa94 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! m$ival build+s ( ,nor!rn ,italy 7 ,go?ic 9 /yle4 ,rome1 z we said1 0 individual1 & h] art rema9$ ,roman or ,romanesque up to ! date ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 z we %all see1 ! ar*itecture 0 ( ! ,byzant9e ord]4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ edifices ( ! ,middle ,ages are ! ,italian t[]s4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly q sep>ate f ! *ur*es & 7 built = v>i\s purposes4 ,"s ( !m 7 bell t[]s1 & su* a t[] 0 call$ a campanile4 ,o!rs 7 9 "s way associat$ ) ! civic p[] ( ! cities :i* built !m2 b ! l>ge/ numb] 7 = religi\s uses4 ,! campanile is always squ>e at ! bottom & = "s di/ance up1 & !n is frequ5tly *ang$ to an octagonal or circul> =m & f9i%$ ) a sl5d] spire or ornam5tal design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,,t[] ,,( ,,cremona4 ,fig4 #ij %[s "o ( ! f9e/ squ>e t[]s 9 all ,italy4 ,x 0 built 9 #abif to commemorate a peace aft] a long w>4 ,x is ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-six feet high4 ,x has little beauty 9 ! l[] two ?irds2 above t x is m pleas+1 b ! two p>ts d n look z if !y belong$ toge!r4 ,! t[] ( ,italy1 h[ev]1 :i* is mo/ belov$ & mo/ fam\s is t ( ,giotto1 beside ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce4 7,see ,fig4 #ajb47 ,ano!r /rik+ feature ( ,go?ic art 9 ,nor!rn ,italy is se5 9 ! por*es atta*$ to ! *ur*es4 ,!y are commonly on ! side1 & z !y 7 usually add$ aft] ! re/ ( ! *ur* 0 f9i%$1 & frequ5tly d n correspond to ! re/ 9 /yle1 !y look z if !y 7 p>ts ( "s o!r *ur*es & _h come on a visit to ^? beside :i* !y /&4 ,9 ,italy ! ma9 portion ( ^! por*es always re/$ on lions4 ,a por* at ,b]gamo is "o ( ! f9e/1 & c]ta9ly its details are exquisite1 & ! :ole /ructure is beautiful :5 x is consid]$ sep>ately2 b z a "p ( ! *ur* x loses its effect1 & seems to be pu%$ aga9/ x z a *air is plac$ beside ! wall ( a room4 ,"s ( ! m$ival t[n-halls are /ill well pres]v$1 & a few ( !m are truly beautiful4 ,p]haps ! ,broletto at ,como is z f9e a remnant ( civic ar*itecture z exi/s 9 ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,x is n v l>ge & is fac$ ) p>ty-color$ m>bles4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,v5ice & ! ,v5etian ,prov9ce mu/ be treat$ almo/ z if x 7 outside ( ,italy1 because x diff]s s mu* f t ( o!r portions ( t c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x 0 ! mo/ prosp]\s portion ( ,italy4 ,its ar*itecture 0 influ5c$ by ! ,byzant9e & ,s>ac5ic ord]s1 b is n l !m2 nei!r is x l t ( ,nor!rn ,italy2 9 fact1 x is ,v5etian1 be+ ,go?ic 9 pr9ciple1 b treat$ ) ,ea/]n feel+ & decorat$ 9 ,ori5tal ta/e2 & ?is 0 q natural s9ce ! ,v5etians _h ext5sive traffic & int]c\rse ) ! nations ( ! ,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,,/4 ,,m>k',s ,,ca!dral4 ,v5ice4 ,!re are few places 9 ! _w1 ( no great] ext5t1 ab\t :i* s _m int]e/+ associations clu/] z ab\t ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice4 ,on "o side /&s ! great basilica1 & n f> away are ! campanile & ! clock-t[]2 ! anci5t ,doge's ,palace1 & ! beautiful ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ( lat] date1 are ne> by1 ) _! treasures ( art & lit]ature to increase ! value ( ! :ole4 ,x is a spot de> to all1 & especially s to ,engli%-speak+ p1 s9ce ! poetry ( ,%akespe>e has giv5 !m a reason = p]sonal int]e/ 9 x "u all its v>y+ aspects4 ,at "s h\rs ( ! day ,/4 ,m>k's seems z if x 7 ! v c5tre ( ! e>?1 to :i* m5 ( all nations are ha/5+2 aga9 ?is bu/le dies away1 & "o c\ld fancy x to be =gott5 & des]t$ ( all mank9d1 ?\gh its sil5ce is eloqu5t 9 its p[] to recall ! great ev5ts ( ! ,v5ice ( ! pa/4 7,see ,figs4 #ia1 #aje1 & #ajf47 ,/4 ,m>k's ,basilica is call$ ,byzant9e 9 its ord]1 & 9 a g5]al way ! t]m is applicable to x2 b on c>eful exam9ation !re are s _m diff]5ces betwe5 x & a purely ,byzant9e *ur* t x w\ld be m prop]ly describ$ by ! "n ,italian or ,v5etian ,byzant9e4 ,its five domes 7 add$ to its orig9al =m late 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ?\gh !re are _m ,ea/]n mosques ) ?is numb]1 !y are n arrang$ l ^? ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 & s h q a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,! portico ) its five entrances is n ,european 9 =m1 b ! details ( ^! deep recesses are m l ! ,norman ar*itecture ?an l any?+ ,byzant9e4 ,x is sc>cely pr(itable to c>ry ?is exam9ation f>!r1 =1 9 a ^w1 ! :ole effect ( ,/4 ,m>k's is v impressive f ! ext]ior1 & ! int]ior is s beautiful 9 its subdu$ light & %ad[ t "o is satisfi$ to enjoy x )\t criticis+ x1 & _m critics consid] x "o ( ! f9e/ int]iors ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! same difficulty :i* "o f9ds 9 def9+ or class+ ! ar*itecture ( ,v5ice is met 9 t ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* is ,byzant9e & n ,byzant9e1 b1 9 fact1 is t ord] s *ang$ t ! "n ( ,byzant9e-,romanesque seems bett] suit$ to x ?an any o!r t]m c\ld be4 ,we %all m5tion b a s+le example ( ?is ord]1 & pass to ! true ,byzant9e /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,section ,,( ,,san ,,m9iato4 ,ne> ,flor5ce4 ,! *ur* ( ,san ,m9iato1 :i* ov]looks ! city ( ,flor5ce1 0 built 9 #ajac1 & is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect z well z "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! *ur*es ( ! ,byzant9e-,romanesque ord] 9 ,italy4 ,x is n l>ge1 b ! proportions are s good z to make x v pleas+2 ! pill>s are s ne>ly classic 9 design t !y 7 probably tak5 f "s e>li] build+1 & ! effect ( color$ panell+ bo? )9 & )\t is v satisfactory to ! eye4 7,see ,fig4 #ib47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,,san ,,giovanni ,,degli ,,eremiti4 ,pal]mo4 ,!re arose 9 ,sicily 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & aft] ! ,norman ,conque/1 a rem>kable /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,x belongs to ,*ri/ian art because x 0 us$ by ,*ri/ians to con/ruct places ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip2 b1 9 tru?1 x 0 a comb9ation ( ,greek _s ) ,roman =m & ,s>ac5ic ornam5t4 ,x makes an int]e/+ episode 9 ! /udy ( ar*itecture4 ,i %all give "o picture ( a *ur* built by ,k+ ,rog] = ,*ri/ian use z late z #aacb1 :i*1 except = ! t[]1 might well be mi/ak5 = a purely ,ori5tal edifice 7,fig4 #ic74 ,,byzant9e ,,ar*itecture4 ,?is t]m /rictly belongs to ! ord] :i* arose 9 ! ,ea/ aft] ,con/ant9ople 0 made ! ,roman capital4 ,x is especially ! ord] ( ! ,greek ,*ur* z contra/$ ) ! ,lat9 or ,roman ,*ur*4 ,x w\ld make all ar*itectural writ+ & talk+ mu* cle>] if ?is fact 7 kept 9 m9d2 b1 un=tunately1 :]ev] "s special bit ( c>v+ 9 an ,ori5tal design or a little color$ decoration is us$--z is frequ5tly done 9 ! mod]n composite /yles ( build+--! t]m ,byzant9e is c>elessly appli$1 until x is difficult = "o n le>n$ 9 ar*itecture to discov] :at ! ,byzant9e ord] is1 or :]e x belongs4 ,we h spok5 ( its influ5ce & p>tial use 9 ,italy4 ,n[ we w consid] x 9 its home & its purity4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! ar*itecture us$ at ,rome 0 employ$ at ,j]usalem1 ,con/ant9ople1 & o!r ,ea/]n cities :i* 7 "u ,roman rule & influ5ce4 ,betwe5 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e & ! dea? ( ,ju/9ian1 9 ,a4,d4 #efe1 ! true anci5t ,byzant9e ord] 0 develop$4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia1 at ,con/ant9ople1 0 ! greate/ & ! la/ product ( ! pure old ,byzant9e /yle4 ,f t "t ! ord] employ$ may be call$ ! ,neo-,byzant9e4 ,?is 0 a decl9e ( art z mu* z ! hi/ory ( ,greece & ! ,ea/]n ,empire dur+ ! same p]iod 7ab\t #fjj to #adec7 0 ! hi/ory ( ! decl9e & ext9ction ( a p[] t _h once be5 z great among gov]nm5ts z ,/4 ,sophia 7,fig4 #id7 0 among *ur*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,sophia4 ,con/ant9ople4 ,ext]ior ,view4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture is ! use ( ! dome1 :i* is ! mo/ important "p ( its design4 ,a gr& c5tral dome rises ov] ! pr9cipal portion ( ! edifice1 & j z 9 o!r ord]s c\rts & colonnades 7 add$ to ! simpl] basilica =m 9 ! gr\nd plan ( ! *ur*es1 s 9 ! ,byzant9e ord] less] domes & cupolas 7 add$ above until almo/ any numb] ( !m 0 admissible1 & !y 7 plac$ ) little att5tion to regul>ity or symmetry ( arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,l[] ,,ord] ,,( ,,/4 ,,sophia4 ,z domes 7 ! *ief ext]ior feature1 s ! pr(use ornam5tation 0 mo/ noticeable 9 ! int]ior4 ,! walls 7 ri*ly decorat$ ) v>iegat$ m>bles2 ! vault$ ceil+s ( ! domes & ni*es 7 l9$ ) brilliant mosaics2 ! columns1 friezes1 cornices1 door & w9d[-frames1 & ! rail+s to gall]ies 7 ( m>bles1 & entirely cov]$ ) ornam5tal designs 7,figs4 #ie & #if74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,,upp] ,,ord] ,,( ,,/4 ,,sophia4 ,! hi/orian ,gibbon describes ! build+ ( ,/4 ,sophia & its decorations4 ,he tells u t ! emp]or w5t daily1 clad 9 a l95 tunic1 to ov]see ! "w4 ,! ar*itect 0 nam$ ,an!mius2 he employ$ t5 ?\s& workm51 & !y 7 all paid ea* ev5+4 ,:5 x 0 complet$ & ,ju/9ian 0 pres5t at its consecration1 he exclaim$1 ,glory be to ,god1 :o ha? ?\ght me wor?y to accompli% s great a "w2 ,i h vanqui%$ !e1 ,o ,solomon6 ,paul ,sil5ti>ius 0 a poet2 he saw ,/4 ,sophia 9 all its glory & describes x ) en?usiasm4 ,x 0 v ri* 9 v>iegat$ m>bles4 ,he m5tions ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! ,c>y/ian1 pale ) iron ve9s4 #b4 ,! ,phrygian1 two sorts1 bo? ( a rosy hue2 "o ) a :ite %ade1 ! o!r purple ) silv] fl[]s4 #c4 ,! ,porphyry ( ,egypt1 ) small />s4 #d4 ,! gre5 m>ble ( ,laconia4 #e4 ,! ,c>ian1 f ,m\nt ,iassis1 ) oblique ve9s1 :ite & r$4 #f4 ,! ,lydian1 pale1 ) a r$ fl[]4 #g4 ,! ,african or ,mauritanian1 ( a gold or saffron hue4 #h4 ,! ,celtic1 black1 ) :ite ve9s4 #i4 ,! ,bosphoric1 :ite1 ) black edges4 ,!re 7 also ! ,proconnesian1 :i* made ! pavem5t2 & ! ,!ssalian & ,molossian 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,?is array ( m>bles 0 made ev5 m effective by ! beautiful columns br\ght f old] temples4 ,! mosaics 7 ri* 9 color1 & num]\s1 & _m p>ts ( ! *ur* 7 cov]$ ) gold1 s t ! effect 0 dazzl+4 ,^? objects t 7 mo/ sacr$ 7 ( solid gold & silv]1 :ile su* z 7 less important 7 only cov]$ ) gold-leaf4 ,9 ! sanctu>y !re 0 altoge!r =ty ?\s& p\nds ( silv]2 ! vases & vessels us$ ab\t ! alt> 7 ( pure gold & /udd$ ) gems4 ,its :ole co/ 0 almo/ beyond belief4 ,at ! close ( 8 description ,gibbon says3 ,a magnific5t temple is a laudable monum5t ( ta/e & religion1 & ! en?usia/ :o ent]$ ! dome ( ,/4 ,sophia might be tempt$ to suppose t x 0 ! resid5ce or ev5 ! workman%ip ( ! ,deity4 ,yet h[ dull is ! artifice1 h[ insignificant is ! labor1 if x be comp>$ ) ! =mation ( ! vile/ insect t crawls ^u ! surface ( ! temple6 ,( c\rse1 individual ta/e mu/ l>gely influ5ce ! op9ion reg>d+ ! beauty ( any "w ( art1 b to me ,/4 ,sophia1 :i* is ! *ief example ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 is f> less beautiful & less gr& ?an ! f9e/ ,go?ic ca!drals4 ,comp>atively little att5tion 0 paid to ! elegance & decoration ( ! ext]ior 9 ! ,ea/]n edifices1 :ile ! int]iors1 9 spite ( all _! ri*es1 h a flat & unreliev$ effect4 ,probably ! *ief reason = ?is is t color is sub/itut$ = relief--t is to say1 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture heavy m\ld+s & panell+s1 ?\gh ( ! same color z ! walls !mselves1 yet produce a m>vell\s effect ( light & %ad[1 & ev5 l5d an elem5t ( p]spective to v>i\s p>ts ( ! build+4 ,9 ! place ( ^! m\ld+s flat b&s ( color are (t5 us$ 9 ! ,byzant9e ord]1 & ! :ole result is mu* weak5$1 ?\gh a c]ta9 gorge\sness comes f ! color4 ,ano!r cause ( disappo9tm5t 9 ,/4 ,sophia is ! abs5ce ( pa9t$ glass4 ,at ! same "t1 & 9 spite ( ^! defects1 ,/4 ,sophia is gr& & beautiful--b n solemn & impressive 9 comp>ison ) ! dim ca!dral aisles ( _m ,go?ic *ur*es 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 7,see ,fig4 #ig47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,sophia4 ,! ,romanesque & ,byzant9e /yles came at la/ to be s m+l$ t x w\ld be folly to attempt to sep>ate _! influ5ce1 b ! ,byzant9e _h mu* m orig9ality1 & left a f> wid] m>k4 ,among ! mo/ not$ examples ( ! latt] /yle1 beside ,/4 ,sophia & ,/4 ,m>k's1 are ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,vitale at ,rav5na1 ! ca!dral at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 suppos$ to h be5 built by ,*>lemagne ab\t #hjj ,a4,d41 & ! *ur* ( ! ,"m ( ,god at ,con/ant9ople4 ,,s>ac5ic ,,ar*itecture4 ,9 speak+ ( ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture ,i w fir/ expla9 t x is "o ) ! ,moresco or ,moori% ord] ( :i* ,i spoke 9 connection ) ,spa94 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! e>lie/ ,mohamm$an conqu]ors ( ,spa9 are said to h come f anci5t ,mauri or ,mauritania & 7 call$ ,moors1 :ile ! "n ( ,s>ac5i1 :i* means ! ,ea/]ns1 0 also giv5 to !m4 ,?us ! ,mohamm$an ar*itecture 9 ,spa9 is call$ bo? ,moresco1 or ,moori%1 & ,s>ac5ic4 ,aga91 x is also call$ ,arabian1 b ,i ?9k ?is is ! lea/ correct1 s9ce ! ,ea/]ns :o w5t to ,spa9 7 n s univ]sally ,arabian z to w>rant ?is "n4 ,:5 we speak ( ,moresco or ,moori% ar*itecture we speak ( ,spa92 b ! t]m ,s>ac5ic is us$ = ,mohamm$an ar*itecture 9 all c\ntries :]e x is f\nd1 & is a j t]m1 = !y are ,ea/]n or ,ori5tal l&s4 ,9 absolute fact1 ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture is t ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1 z ,mohamm$ is call$1 & w\ld be m suitably nam$ if x 7 call$ ,mohamm$an ar*itecture1 or ! ar*itecture ( ,islam4 ,mohamm$ 0 born at ,mecca ,a4,d4 #egj1 b x 0 n until #faa t he 0 commission$1 z he believ$1 to build up a new fai? & a new *ur*4 ,at fir/ 8 foll[]s 7 s few & s m+l$ ) o!r sects & tribes 9 _! outw>d life t !y _h no di/9ctive art4 ,x 0 n until ,a4,d4 #hgf1 :5 ! rul] ,ibn-,t\l\n comm5c$ 8 spl5did mosque at ,cairo1 t ! ,mohamm$ans c\ld claim any ar*itecture z _! own4 ,x is v int]e/+ to "k t !re 7 po9t$ ar*es 9 ?is mosque1 probably two c5turies1 at lea/1 e>li] ?an !y 7 us$ 9 ,engl&1 = x is g5]ally believ$ t !y 7 fir/ us$ !re 9 ! rebuild+ ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral aft] x 0 burn$ 9 #aagd4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,s>ac5ic ord] 0 fully e/abli%$ x 0 s individual & s diff]5t f all o!r ar*itecture t !re is no mi/ak+ x = t ( any o!r religion or nation ?an t ( ,mohamm$ & 8 foll[]s4 ,! picture ( ! mosque ( ,kaitbey %[s "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ elegant mosques ( ! ,ea/4 ,x is j outside ! walls ( ,cairo1 & is q mod]n1 hav+ be5 built 9 #adfc4 ,?is view ( x gives an excell5t idea ( ! appe>ance ( a f9e mosque & %[s ! m9>et or t[]1 :i* is s important 9 a mosque1 to good advantage 7,fig4 #ih74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,,mosque ,,( ,,kaitbey4 ,^! m9>ets are con/antly us$ = ! _m calls to pray] :i* are made ?r\gh\t ! day & night4 ,! p]son :o makes ^! calls is /yl$ ! ,muezz91 & is usually bl9d4 ,sev]al times dur+ ! day he asc5ds ! m9>et & calls out 9 a l\d & melodi\s tone1 ,god is mo/ great2 !re is no ,god b ,allah1 & ,i te/ify t ,mohamm$ is ,allah's prophet6 ,come to pray]6 ,come to security6 ,pray] is bett] ?an sleep6 ,?is is sev]al times repeat$ & is call$ ! ,adan4 ,! =m ( words us$ = ! night v>ies a little1 end+1 ,!re is no ,god b ,allah4 ,he has no companion6 ,to ,him belongs dom9ion1 etc42 ?is is call$ ! ,ula4 ,! call made an h\r be=e day is ! ,eb$1 & praises ! p]fection ( ,god4 ,:5 "o is sleep+ ne> en\gh to a m9>et to he> ! muezz9's voice x is a pleasant s\nd & helps "o to realize t ! c>e ( ,god is ev] ab\t him2 ! cle>1 ,*ri/ian bell c be he>d by m p1 & ?is 0 orig9ally int5d$ z a call to pray]4 7,see ,fig4 #ii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,,! ,,call ,,to ,,pray]4 ,! pr9cipal homes ( ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture are ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,mecca1 ,b>b>y1 ,spa91 ,sicily1 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 & ,india4 ,!re are _m v int]e/+ mosques & m9>ets t might be m5tion$ _h we space1 b ,i c speak only ( ! mosque ( ,cordova1 :i* is univ]sally admitt$ to be ! f9e/ ,s>ac5ic edifice 9 ! _w 7,fig4 #ajj71 & %all quote a "p ( ! int]e/+ description ( x giv5 by ,de ,amicis 9 8 delightful book call$ ,spa9 & ! ,spani>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,,ext]ior ,,( ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,9 ,,! ,,mosque ,,( ,,cordova4 ,?is mosque 0 comm5c$ by ! ,caliph ,abd-er-,rahman 9 #ghf1 & 0 complet$ by 8 son ,he%m1 :o di$ #gif4 ,! great ,caliph decl>$ t he w\ld build a mosque :i* %\ld exce$ all o!rs 9 ! _w & be ! ,mecca ( ! ,we/4 ,de ,amicis1 aft] describ+ ! g>d5 :i* surr\nds ! mosque1 ent]s1 & !n goes on z foll[s3 ,imag9e a =e/1 fancy y\rself 9 ! ?icke/ portion ( x1 & t y c see no?+ b ! trunks ( trees4 ,s1 9 ?is mosque1 on :atev] side y look1 ! eye loses itself among ! columns4 ,x is a =e/ ( m>ble ^: conf9es "o _c discov]4 ,y foll[ ) y\r eye1 "o by "o1 ! v long r[s ( columns t int]lace at e /ep ) numb]less o!r r[s1 & y rea* a semi-obscure backgr\nd1 9 :i* o!r columns /ill seem to be gleam+4 ,!re are n9ete5 naves1 :i* ext5d 9 e direction1 trav]s$ by ?irty-?ree o!rs1 support$ 7among !m all7 by m ?an n9e hundr$ columns ( porphyry1 jasp]1 breccia1 & m>bles ( e color4 ,ea* column upholds a small pila/]1 & betwe5 !m runs an ar* 7see plate above71 & a second "o ext5ds f pila/] to pila/]1 ! latt] plac$ above ! =m]1 & bo? ( !m 9 ! %ape ( a horse%oe2 s t1 9 imag9+ ! columns to be ! trunks ( s _m trees1 ! ar*es repres5t ! bran*es1 & ! similitude ( ! mosque to a =e/ is complete4444 ,h[ mu* v>iety !re is 9 t edifice :i* at fir/ sight seems s uni=m6 ,! proportions ( ! columns1 ! designs ( ! capitals1 ! =ms ( ! ar*es *ange1 "o might say1 at e /ep4 ,! majority ( ! columns are old1 & 7 tak5 f ! ,arabs ( ,nor!rn ,spa91 ,gaul1 & ,roman ,africa1 & "s are said to h belong$ to a temple ( ,janus1 on ! ru9s ( :i* 0 built ! *ur* t ! ,arabs de/roy$ 9 ord] to erect ! mosque4 ,above sev]al ( ! capitals "o c /ill see traces ( ! crosses t 7 cut on !m1 :i* ! ,arabs broke ) _! *isels4444 ,i /opp$ = a long "t to look at ! ceil+ & walls ( ! pr9cipal *apel1 ! only "p ( ! mosque t is q intact4 ,x is a dazzl+ gleam ( cry/als ( a ?\s& colors1 a network ( arabesques1 :i* puzzles ! m9d1 & a complication ( bas-reliefs1 gild+s1 ornam5ts1 m9uti ( design & color+1 ( a delicacy1 grace1 & p]fection suffici5t to drive ! mo/ pati5t pa9t] di/ract$4444 ,y might turn a hundr$ times to look at x1 & x w\ld only seem to y1 9 ?9k+ x ov]1 a m+l+ ( blue1 r$1 gre51 gild$ & lum9\s po9ts1 or a v intricate embroid]y *ang+ cont9ually1 ) ! greate/ rapidity1 bo? design & color+4 ,only f ! fi]y & indefatigable imag9ation ( ! ,arabs c\ld su* a p]fect miracle ( art emanate4444 ,su* is ! mosque ( to-day4 ,b :at mu/ x h be5 9 ! "t ( ! ,arabs8 ,x 0 n surr\nd$ by a wall1 b op51 s t "o c\ld cat* a glimpse ( ! g>d5 f e "p ( x2 & f ! g>d5 "o c\ld see to ! end ( ! long naves1 & ! air 0 full ( ! fragrance ( oranges & fl[]s4 ,! columns :i* n[ numb] less ?an a ?\s& 7 !n f\rte5 hundr$2 ! ceil+ 0 ( c$>-wood & l>*1 sculptur$ & enamell$ 9 ! f9e/ mann]2 ! walls 7 trimm$ ) m>ble2 ! light ( eight hundr$ lamps1 fill$ ) p]fum$ oil1 made all ! cry/als 9 ! mosaics gleam1 & produc$ on ! pavem5ts1 ar*es1 & walls a m>vell\s play ( color & reflection4 ',a sea ( spl5dors1' sang a poet1 'fill$ ?is my/]i\s recess2 ! ambi5t air 0 impregnat$ ) aromas & h>monies1 & ! ?\ghts ( ! fai?ful w&]$ & lo/ !mselves 9 ! labyr9? ( columns :i* gleam$ l lances 9 ! sun4' ,! fam\s palace ( ! ,alhambra is s well kn[n t ,i _c leave ?is "p ( our subject )\t "o picture & "o bit ( description ( x f ! same au?or1 ,de ,amicis4 ,! ,alhambra 0 built ab\t f\r c5turies ago1 & ! wall :i* inclos$ x 0 f\r ?\s& feet long by tw5ty-two hundr$ feet wide4 ,)9 ?is !re 7 g>d5s1 f\nta9s1 kiosks1 & _m beautiful1 fanciful /ructures1 all ( :i* d\btless co/ z mu* z ! m necess>y p>ts ( ! edifice4 ,! ro(s ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! palace 7 support$ by =ty-?ree hundr$ columns ( preci\s m>bles2 elev5 hundr$ & sev5ty-two ( ^! 7 pres5t$ to ,abd-er-,rahman 7= he 0 also ! f\nd] ( ! ,alhambra7 by sov]eigns ( o!r c\ntries1 or else br\ght by him f di/ant %ores = ! decoration ( ?is spl5did1 fairy-l place4 ,all ! pavem5ts 7 ( beautiful m>bles2 ! walls1 too1 7 ( ! same mat]ial1 ) friezes arrang$ 9 spl5did colors2 ! ceil+s 7 ( deep blue color1 ) figures 9 gild+ & int]lac+ designs runn+ ov] all4 ,9 tru?1 no?+ t c\ld be imag9$ or weal? buy to make ?is palace beautiful 0 left out2 & yet we are told t ! palace ( ,zahra :i* 0 de/roy$ 0 /ill f9]4 ,all ?is leads "o to almo/ believe t ! ,arabian ,nights are no fanciful tales1 b q z true z _m m s]i\s s\nd+ /ories4 ,! ,c\rt ( ! ,lions is call$ ! gem ( ,arabian art 9 ,spa91 & ( ?is our au?or says3 ,x is a =e/ ( columns1 a m+l+ ( ar*es & embroid]ies1 an indef9able elegance1 an indescribable delicacy1 a prodigi\s ri*ness1 a some?+ light1 transp>5t1 & undulat+ l a great pavilion ( lace2 ) almo/ ! appe>ance ( a build+ :i* mu/ dissolve at a brea?2 a v>iety ( lights1 views1 my/]i\s d>kness1 a confusion1 a caprici\s disord] ( little ?+s1 ! maje/y ( a palace1 ! gayety ( a kiosk1 an amor\s grace1 an extravagance1 a delirium1 ! fancy ( an imag9ative *ild1 ! dream ( an angel1 a madness1 a nameless some?+--su* is ! fir/ effect produc$ by ! ,c\rt ( ! ,lions6 7,fig4 #aja47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,lions4 ,,alhambra4 ,?is c\rt is n l>ge2 ! ceil+ is high1 & a light portico runs r\nd x upheld by :ite m>ble columns 9 clu/]s ( two1 ?ree1 or m1 s arrang$ z to resemble trees com+ up f ! gr\nd4 ,above ! columns ! designs almo/ resemble curta9s1 & !re are little graceful sugge/ions l ribbons & wav+ fl[]s4 ,f ! middle ( ! %orte/ sides advance two gr\ps ( columns1 :i* =m two species ( squ>e temples ( n9e ar*es ea* 7see cut7 surm\nt$ by z _m color$ cupolas4 ,! walls ( ^! little temples & ! ext]ior ( ! portico are a real lace-"w ( /ucco1 embroid]ies1 & hems1 cut & pi]c$ f "o side to ! o!r1 & z transp>5t z net-"w1 *ang+ 9 design at e /ep4 ,sometimes !y end 9 po9ts1 9 crimps1 9 fe/oons1 sometimes 9 ribbons wav+ r\nd ! ar*es1 9 k9ds ( /alactites1 fr+es1 tr9kets1 & b[s :i* seem to move & m+le ) ea* o!r at ! slighte/ brea? ( air4 ,l>ge ,arabic inscriptions run along ! f\r walls1 ov] ! ar*es1 ar\nd ! capitals1 & on ! walls ( ! little temples4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt rises a great m>ble bas91 upheld by twelve lions 7see cut71 & surr\nd$ by a little pav$ canal4444 ,at e /ep "o takes 9 ! c\rt t =e/ ( columns seems to move & *ange place1 to =m aga9 9 ano!r way2 beh9d "o column1 :i* seems alone1 two1 ?ree1 or a r[ w spr+ out2 o!rs sep>ate1 unite1 & sep>ate aga94444 ,we rema9$ = m ?an an h\r 9 ! c\rt1 & x pass$ l a fla%2 ,i1 too1 did :at almo/ all p d1 be !y ,spani% or /rang]s1 m5 or wom51 poets or n4 ,i ran my h& along ! walls1 t\*$ all ! little columns1 & pass$ my two h&s ar\nd !m1 "o by "o1 z ar\nd ! wai/ ( a *ild2 ,i hid among !m1 c\nt$ !m1 look$ at !m on a hundr$ sides1 cross$ ! c\rt 9 a hundr$ ways1 tri$ if x 7 true t 9 say+ a ^w1 sotto voce1 into ! m\? ( "o lion1 "o c\ld he> x di/9ctly f ! m\?s ( all ! o!rs2 ,i look$ on ! m>bles = ! spots ( blood ( poetic leg5ds1 & we>i$ bo? bra9 & eye ov] ! arabesques4444 ,9 all my life ,i h nev] ?\ght1 nor said1 nor %all ,i say1 s _m fooli%1 /upid1 pretty1 s5seless ?+s z ,i said & ?\ght 9 t h\r4 ,! /udy ( ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture 9 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 & ,india is v int]e/+1 b our space w>ns u t we mu/ ha/5 to leave ?is dreamy1 fairy-l "p ( our subject & come d[n to lat] times & m reali/ic matt]s4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,mod]n ,,ar*itecture4 #adjj ,a4,d4 ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,all ,ar*itecture s9ce ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance is call$ ,mod]n ,ar*itecture2 ?is t]m1 !re=e1 embraces all edifices erect$ dur+ ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,:5 ,i fir/ spoke ( ,ar*itecture ,i said t x 0 a con/ructive art1 & n imitative l ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,9 its e>li] hi/ory ?is 0 true1 b ! "t came :5 x also became an imitative art & _h no true or orig9al /yle4 ,! ,go?ic ord] 0 ! la/ di/9ct ord] :i* arose1 & s9ce its decl9e1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 all ar*itecture has be5 an imitation because x is a reproduction ( :at exi/$ be=e2 at times "s "o ( ! old] ord]s has be5 9 favor & closely imitat$1 & aga91 p>ts ( sev]al ord]s are comb9$ 9 "o edifice4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! ,re=mation x has be5 true1 almo/ )\t exception1 t e build+ ( any importance has be5 copi$ f some?+ belong+ to a c\ntry & a p =eign to ! l& 9 :i* x 0 erect$4 ,:5 ! revival ( ,classic ,lit]ature began1 ,rome 0 ! fir/ to feel its influ5ce4 ,x 0 welcom$ !re ) op5 arms1 j z we might receive ! e>ly hi/ory & lit]ature ( our c\ntry if x _h all be5 lo/ & 0 f\nd aga92 = ?is 0 precisely :at x meant to ! ,romans1 :51 aft] ! ,d>k ,ages1 ! works ( ,livy1 ,tacitus1 & ,cs> 7 9 _! h&s1 & !y read ( ! hi/ory1 art1 & lit]ature ( _! pa/4 ,!y 7 en?usia/ic1 & _! feel+ soon spread ov] all ,italy4 ,france 0 ! next to adopt ! newly-reviv$ ideas1 = t c\ntry look$ to ,rome z ! s\rce ( true religion1 & a model 9 all ?+s4 ,spa9 0 !n 9 an unsettl$ /ate1 & welcom$ ! revival ( classic art z he>tily z x _h already embrac$ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,9 ,g]many ! love ( ! classics 0 en?usia/ic1 b t nation 0 m tak5 up ) lit]ature & sl[] 9 adopt+ ! revival ( ! arts ?an 7 ! m s\!rn peoples1 & ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies are a b>r5 p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]man ar*itecture4 ,9 ,engl&1 too1 ! ,r5aissance made sl[ progress4 ,x 0 n until ! "t ( ,*>les ,i4 t any influ5ce 0 felt 9 ,great ,brita9 f ! revival ( classic ta/e :i* 0 s well e/abli%$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,z x is true t no new ord] ( ,ar*itecture has aris5 s9ce ! "t ( ^? ( :i* ,i h already told y1 ,i %all try to make y und]/& some?+ ( ,mod]n ,ar*itecture by speak+ ( c]ta9 important edifices 9 "o c\ntry & ano!r1 ) no attempt at any m detail$ explanation ( x4 ,,italy4 ,we _c say t ! art ( ! ,r5aissance orig9at$ 9 "o city or ano!r1 because ! movem5t 9 ! revival ( art 0 s g5]al ?r\gh\t ,italy2 b ,flor5ce has a /rong claim to our fir/ consid]ation f ! fact t ,filippo ,brunelles*i 0 a ,flor5t9e & did 8 greate/ "w 9 8 native city1 & on acc\nt ( x has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( ! ,art ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,he 0 born 9 #acgg1 & f 8 e>ly boyhood 0 incl9$ to be an ar*itect4 ,! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #ajb71 :i* is also call$ ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,fiore1 _h be5 built long be=e1 b _h nev] be5 f9i%$ by a ro( or dome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,,! ,,ca!dral ,,( ,,flor5ce ,,& ,,giotto',s ,,campanile4 ,brunelles*i 0 possess$ ) b "o desire1 :i* 0 to complete ?is ca!dral4 ,he w5t to ,rome & dilig5tly /udi$ ! rema9s ( classic art :i* he f\nd !re1 & especially ! dome ( ! ,pan!on4 ,return+ to ,flor5ce he took measures to br+ 8 plans be=e ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! ca!dral works2 he 0 ridicul$ & disc\rag$ on e h&1 b he nev] gave up 8 hopes nor less5$ 8 /udy ( ! ways & means by :i* ! dome c\ld be built4 ,?us _m we>y ye>s pass$ by2 ,brunelles*i made draw+s 9 secret1 & f ^! he con/ruct$ models 9 ord] to conv9ce himself ( :at he c\ld d4 ,at la/ ^? :o _h au?ority 9 ! matt] 7 ready to act1 & a conv5tion 0 call$1 be=e :i* ! ar*itects ( diff]5t nations appe>$ & 7 reque/$ to expla9 _! !ories ( :at c\ld be done to cov] ! ca!dral4 ,_m arti/s 7 assembl$ & v>i\s plans 7 %[n1 b aft] all _h be5 exam9$ ! "w 0 giv5 to ,brunelles*i1 & he 0 happy 9 f9d+ t ! ye>s he _h devot$ to ! /udy ( ! dome _h n be5 sp5t 9 va94 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t ,brunelles*i refus$ to %[ 8 models1 & :5 ! o!r ar*itects blam$ him = ?is he ask$ t "s eggs %\ld be br\ght1 & propos$ t he :o c\ld make an egg /& upright on a smoo? piece ( m>ble %\ld be ! build] ( ! dome4 ,! o!rs tri$ to d ?is & fail$2 at la/ ,brunelles*i br\ght 8 egg d[n on ! m>ble ) a %>p tap & left x /&+ erect4 ,!n all exclaim$1 ,oh1 we c\ld h done t if we _h kn[n t 0 ! way1 to :i* ,brunelles*i repli$1 ,s y c\ld h built a dome if ,i _h %[n y my models4 ,?is /ory is (t5 told ( ,columbus1 b z ,brunelles*i 0 mu* old] ?an ,columbus1 & ! fact is relat$ by ,flor5t9e writ]s ( 8 "t1 x is probable t ,columbus _h he>d ( x f ! geograph] ,toscanelli1 :o 0 a great admir] ( ,brunelles*i & a fri5d ( ,columbus also4 ,9 build+ ! dome1 ,brunelles*i enc\nt]$ great difficulties1 b he liv$ to be assur$ ( 8 success1 = at 8 dea?1 9 #addd1 x lack$ b little ( completion1 & all ! p>ts ess5tial to its p]fection & durability 7 f9i%$4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ dome 9 ! _w1 = ?\gh ! cross on ! top ( ,/4 ,pet]'s is f>!r f ! gr\nd ?an t ( ,flor5ce1 ! dome itself above ! *ur* is n z l>ge z ! dome ( ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,fiore4 ,?is "w made ,brunelles*i's greate/ fame1 b he 0 ! ar*itect ( _m o!r f9e *ur*es & ( secul> build+s also2 among ! la/ ! ,pitti ,palace1 9 :i* is ! fam\s ,pitti ,gall]y1 is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,:5 y g to ,flor5ce y w see a /atue ( ,filippo ,brunelles*i1 :i* is v int]e/+1 on acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* x is repres5t$ & ! position 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,x is on "o side ( ! ,piazza ( ! ca!dral2 he is calmly sitt+ !re ) a plan ( ! *ur* spread be=e him on 8 lap1 :ile he lifts 8 head to look at ! great dome z x /&s out aga9/ ! sky1 ! realization ( all 8 ?\ght & labor dur+ s _m ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,,view ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]',s4 ,rome4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 :i* is ! l>ge/ & mo/ magnific5t ( all ,*ri/ian temples1 0 begun ab\t #adej1 & 0 n br\ght into its pres5t =m until ab\t #affa1 or m ?an two c5turies lat] 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,! hi/ory ( its build+ is l>gely a /ory ( cont5tions & tr\bles betwe5 popes1 ar*itects1 & arti/s ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,z x n[ /&s x is z mu* ! "w ( ,mi*ael ,angelo z ( any "o man1 b sev]al o!r ar*itects left _! impr9t ^u x1 bo? be=e & aft] 8 "t2 & all :o aid$ 9 its con/ruction 7 em95t m51 9 _! way4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 9 8 sev5ty-second ye> :5 he took up ! task ( complet+ ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,bramante1 ,raphael1 & ,p]uzzi _h prec$$ him z ar*itects ( ! *ur*2 ,mi*ael ,angelo design$ ! dome1 & :5 he 0 n9ety x 0 ne>ly f9i%$2 ! models = its completion :i* he made 7 n foll[$ aft] 8 dea?2 8 plan w\ld h made ! *ur* m h>moni\s ) ! dome1 9 size1 ?an x n[ is4 ,money 0 s5t 9 l>ge sums1 f all ,europe1 to c>ry on ?is "w2 ! f9e/ mat]ials 7 us$ 9 build+ x1 & ! mo/ gift$ arti/s 7 employ$ 9 its decoration2 x is n[ ! va/ home ( multitudes ( treasures4 ,i h hung ! ,pan!on 9 ! air6 ,mi*ael ,angelo is said to h exclaim$1 :ile look+ at ! spl5did dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 & no dome 9 ! _w has a m impos+ effect1 al?\gh its h>mony ) ! re/ ( ! build+ is injur$ by ! *ange ( ! plan f t ( a ,greek cross :i* 0 made aft] 8 dea?4,a ,a ,! int]ior diamet] ( ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s is "o hundr$ & ?irty-n9e feet2 t ( ,/4 ,sophia1 "o hundr$ & fifte5 feet1 & t ( ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,fiore1 at ,flor5ce1 "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight feet1 six in*es4 ,9 spite ( all ?is ! critics ( ar*itecture are nev] we>y ( po9t+ out ! defects ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 b to ^? :o _c apply to x ! te/ ( /rictly sci5tific rules1 its int]ior is sublime 9 its effect1 & has few rivals--p]haps b "o--9 ! _w1 & t is ! great ,hypo/yle ,hall at ,k>nak1 ( :i* we spoke :5 writ+ ( ,egyptian ar*itecture4 ,b ev5 "h ! diff]5ce is almo/ too great to admit ( comp>ison2 ! _s ( ! two is s unlike--,/4 ,pet]'s is complete & ,k>nak is a ru9--s1 aft] all1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! int]ior ( ,/4 ,pet]'s is sup]ior to all o!r edifices ( :i* we "k 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,,section ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]',s4 ,f ! "t ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 ab\t #adbj1 to ab\t #afcj1 ! ar*itecture ( ,v5ice 0 go+ ?r\gh a *ange1 & f9ally rea*$ su* p]fection t dur+ ! next half c5tury ! mo/ magnific5t /yle ( ar*itecture prevail$ :i* has ev] be5 kn[n !re4 ,we mean to say t ! :ole effect 0 ! gr&e/1 =1 :ile x is true t ! edifices ( t "t are /ately & /rik+ 9 _! appe>ance1 x is equally true t _! =m & ornam5tation are n z mu* 9 keep+ ) _! use z !y _h be5 9 old] edifices4 ,sansov9o1 :o liv$ f #adgi to #aegj1 0 an important ar*itect & _h great influ5ce ^u mod]n ,v5etian ar*itecture4 ,8 ma/]piece 0 ! ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ( :i* ! prec$+ cut gives "o end 7,fig4 #aje74 ,x is a v beautiful /ructure1 & is made m int]e/+ f ! fact t x /&s directly opposite to ! ,doge's ,palace1 & 9 ! mid/ ( all ! int]e/ :i* c5tres ab\t ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,,ea/ ,,elevation ,,( ,,libr>y ,,( ,,/4 ,,m>k4 ,v5ice4 ,! ,ducal ,palace at ,v5ice is call$ by ,john ,rusk91 ! great ,engli% critic1 ! c5tral edifice ( ! _w4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree /ories1 ( :i* ! upp]mo/ occupies r m ?an half ! height ( ! build+4 ,! two l[] /ories are arcades ( l[1 po9t$ ar*es1 support$ on pill>s1 ! "o b5ea? be+ bold] & heavi] 9 "* ?an ! second4 ,! capitals ( ! columns are greatly v>i$1 no two 9 ! upp] arcade be+ exactly alike4 ,above ! ar*es ( ! middle /ory 0 a r[ ( op5-"w spaces1 ( ! =m call$ quatrefoil2 :ile ! ?ird /ory is fac$ ) alt]nat+ blocks ( rose-color$ & :ite m>ble1 & is pi]c$ ) a few l>ge po9t$ w9d[s4 ,! :ole front1 or faade1 is cr[n$ by an op5 p>apet made up ( blocks ( /one c>v$ into lily-l =ms alt]nat+ ) lance-%ap$ leaves4 ,! :ole effect is "o ( great ri*ness & beauty1 especially s9ce "t has mell[$ its color1 & s(t5$ )\t de/roy+ ! :it5ess ( its m>bles 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,,! ,,doge',s ,,palace4 ,v5ice4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance !re 7 *ur*es1 palaces1 museums1 hospitals1 & o!r l>ge build+s erect$ 9 all ! important cities ( ,italy4 ,!re are b few ( ^! :i* h su* special features z entitle !m to be select$ = description "h4 ,! reason = ?is has be5 giv5 already--viz43 !re 0 no?+ new 9 !m2 !y 7 all repetitions ( :at has be5 describ$ 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,p]haps ! next cut gives z good an example ( secul> ar*itecture 9 ?is age z any t c\ld be select$ 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,,great ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,hospital ,,( ,,milan4 ,inde$1 x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable build+s ( its class 9 any age4 ,x 0 comm5c$ by ,francesco ,s=za & 8 wife1 ,bianca1 9 #adef4 ,!y di$ long be=e its completion1 & "o "p & ano!r h be5 *ang$ f "t to "t1 b its great c\rt1 :i* 0 design$ by ,bramante1 /ill rema9s1 ! f9e/ ?+ ( its k9d 9 all ,italy4 ,i %all n[ leave ,italy ) say+ t ! e>ly days ( ! ,r5aissance 7 ! be/ days ( ,italian ,ar*itecture1 &1 inde$1 ( ,italian ,art4 ,! p]iod made sacr$ by ! g5ius & works ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,bramante1 ,sangallo1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ,raphael 0 a gold5 era1 & /ill %$s its lu/re ov] ! l& ( _! nativity4 ,^! arti/s foll[$ ! highe/ ideal ( ,art1 & _! errors 7 sup]ior to ! s-call$ successes ( less gift$ m54 ,! ,italian ,art ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 individual & gr&2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury x became =mal & elegant2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury x 0 biz>re1 ov]-ornam5t$1 & unc]ta9 9 its aim & execution2 s9ce !n x has be5 comp>atively unimportant1 & its ar*itecture sc>cely m]its c5sure1 & c]ta9ly _c be prais$4 ,,spa94 ,f ! "t ( ! fall ( ,granada1 9 #adib to #aeeh1 ,spa9 0 ! lead+ nation ( ,europe4 ,! :ole c\ntry _h be5 unit$ "u ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & _! reign 0 a glori\s p]iod = _! c\ntry4 ,! importance ( ! nation 0 increas$ by ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 & s _m great m5 7 9 h] c\ncils t h] em95ce 0 sure1 & almo/ undisput$4 ,?us x foll[$ t dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,ar*itecture ( ,spa9 gave expression to ! _s by :i* ! nation 0 !n animat$4 ,?is did n long cont9ue1 h[ev]1 = ! iron1 practical rule ( ,philip ,,ii4 cru%$ out en?usiasm & 0 fatal to arti/ic inspiration4 ,?is sov]eign desir$ only to ext5d 8 k+dom2 ! prie/s1 :o acquir$ almo/ limitless p[] "u 8 reign1 aim$ only to /r5g!n _! au?ority1 :ile ! p 7 wildly pursu+ ri*es 9 ! ,new ,_w :i* op5$ up to !m a va/ & attractive field4 ,?us no place or "t 0 left to ! cultivation ( ,art1 & ! only notewor?y p]iod ( ,spani% ,ar*itecture s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance 0 ! sixty ye>s :i* we h m5tion$4 ,! ,mod]n ,ar*itecture ( ,spa9 has be5 divid$ into ?ree eras1 ea* ( :i* 0 di/+ui%$ by its own /yle4 ,! fir/ ext5ds f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance d[n to t ( ! abdication ( ! great ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 9 #aeee2 ! mann] ( ?is p]iod is call$ ,plat]isco1 or ! silv]smi?'s /yle1 on acc\nt ( ! va/ am\nt ( f9e1 filigree ornam5t :i* 0 us$4 ,! second p]iod is f ! above date to ab\t #afej1 & its art is call$ ! ,grco-,roman /yle because x is an attempt to revive ! ,classic ,art ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! ?ird p]iod comes f #afej to ab\t a c5tury lat]1 & ! ,spani>ds call its mann] ! ,*urrigu]esque1 :i* difficult "n !y take f t ( ,josef de ,*urrigu]a1 ! ar*itect :o inv5t$ ?is /yle4 ,s9ce #agej we may almo/ say t no su* ?+ z ,spani% ,ar*itecture has exi/$4 ,! ca!drals ( ,granada1 ,ja51 & ,valladolid1 & ! *ur*es ( ,malaga & ,segovia1 ) _m o!r ecclesia/ical edifices1 are among ! *ief monum5ts ( ,spani% ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture1 b we %all pass on to a little lat] p]iod & speak ( b "o great a*ievem5t1 ! fam\s ,escurial1 :i* is ( mu* hi/oric int]e/4 ,?is comb9ation ( basilica1 palace1 mona/]y1 & college 0 begun 9 #aefc by ,philip ,,ii41 9 accordance ) a v[ :i* he made to ,/4 ,lawr5ce at ! battle ( ,/4 ,qu5t94 ,?is battle 0 f\ght 9 #aeeg "u ! walls ( ! ,fr5* t[n ( ,/4 ,qu5t91 by ! ,fr5* & ! ,spani>ds1 & ! latt] 7 completely victori\s4 ,?is cut gives an idea ( h[ gr& & impressive ?is collection ( walls1 t[]s1 c\rts1 & edifices mu/ be1 all cr[n$ ) ! dome ( ! basilica4 ,x is almo/ l a city by itself1 & all :o visit x agree t x is a gloomy & depress+ place 9 spite ( its gr&eur 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,,! ,,escurial4 ,ne> ,madrid4 ,! front has ?ree impos+ entrances1 ) t[]s at ! corn] angles4 ,)9 ! inclosure are a college1 mona/]y1 palace ) /ate ap>tm5ts1 ! *ur*1 num]\s c\rts1 g>d5s1 & f\nta9s4 ,! front is injur$ by ! great numb] ( small w9d[s1 :i* divide x into su* numb]less sections z to become v tiresome to ! eye1 :ile !y take away ! noble elegance ( l>g] spaces & ! air ( repose :i* su* spaces give4 ,! angle t[]s are n z ri* 9 effect z !y %\ld be1 & ! side walls h be5 comp>$ to ^? ( a ,man*e/] cotton-mill2 ?us ! ext]ior1 :i* is effective f its size & g5]al air1 has n ! beauty ( detail :i* satisfies a close obs]v]4 ,! effect ( ! int]ior1 z "o goes 9 by ! c5tral entrance1 is all t c be desir$4 ,! c\rt leads directly to ! squ>e be=e ! *ur*2 z "o passes to x he has ! college on "o side1 ! mona/]y on ! o!r1 f>!r on ! palace1 ) ! :ole culm9at+ 9 ! gr& /ate ap>tm5ts & ! basilica4 ,! v>i\s c\rts are /rik+ 9 _! arrangem5t1 & ! *ur* ) its dome & t[]s gives a supreme glory to ! :ole4 ,g>d5s1 f\nta9s1 & _m o!r f9e objects add _! effect to ! ri*ness & beauty ( ! :ole2 b all are insignificant beside ! basilica1 :i* m]its a place 9 ! =emo/ rank ( ! *ur*es ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,inde$1 ! ,escurial is a m>vell\s place1 & is (t5 call$ ! eigh? wond] ( ! _w4 ,! ri*e/ m>bles1 spl5did pictures1 & _m magnific5t objects help to make x "o ( ! gr&e/ works ( mod]n ar*itecture4 ,x is also true t x is "o ( ! gloomie/ places visit$ by travell]s1 & ,i %all quote a few l9es f ,de ,amicis to %[ ! depress+ effect :i* x has ^u ^? :o g !re4 ,! fir/ feel+ is t ( sadness2 ! :ole build+ is ( dirt-color$ /one1 & /rip$ ) :ite betwe5 ! /ones2 ! ro(s are cov]$ ) /rips ( lead4 ,x looks l an edifice built ( e>?4 ,! walls are v high & b>e1 & conta9 a great numb] ( loopholes4 ,"o w\ld call x a prison r ?an a conv5t4444 ,! locality1 ! =ms1 ! colors1 ev]y?+1 9 fact1 seems to h be5 *os5 by him :o f\nd$ ! edifice ) ! int5tion ( (f]+ to ! eyes ( m5 a sad & solemn spectacle4 ,be=e ent]+ y h lo/ all y\r gayety2 y no long] smile1 b ?9k4 ,y /op at ! doors ( ! ,escurial ) a sort ( trepidation1 z at ! gates ( a des]t$ city2 x seems to y t1 if ! t]rors ( ! ,inquisition reign$ 9 "s corn] ( ! _w1 !y ought to reign among ^? walls4 ,y w\ld say t !re9 "o might /ill see ! la/ traces ( x & he> its la/ e*o4444 ,! royal palace is sup]b1 & x is bett] to see x be=e ent]+ ! conv5t & *ur*1 9 ord] n to confuse ! sep>ate impressions produc$ by ea*4 ,?is palace occupies ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! edifice4 ,sev]al rooms are full ( pictures1 o!rs are cov]$ f floor to ceil+ ) tape/ries1 repres5t+ bull-fights1 public balls1 games1 ftes1 & ,spani% co/umes1 design$ by ,goya2 o!rs are regally furni%$ & adorn$2 ! floor1 ! doors1 & ! w9d[s are cov]$ ) m>vell\s inlaid "w & /up5d\s gild+4 ,b among all ! rooms ! mo/ notewor?y is t ( ,philip ,,ii42 x is r a cell ?an a room1 is b>e & squalid1 ) an alcove :i* answ]s to ! royal oratory ( ! *ur*1 s t1 f ! b$1 by keep+ ! doors op51 "o c see ! prie/ :o is say+ mass4 ,philip ,,ii4 slept 9 t cell1 _h 8 la/ illness !re1 & !re he di$4 ,"o /ill sees "s *airs us$ by him1 two little /ools ^u :i* he re/$ ! leg torm5t$ ) g\t1 & a writ+-desk4 ,! walls are :ite1 ! ceil+ flat & )\t any ornam5t1 & ! floor ( brick4444 ,9 ! c\rt-y>d ( ! k+s y c =m a fir/ idea ( ! imm5se frame-"w ( ! edifice4 ,! c\rt is inclos$ by walls2 on ! side opposite ! doors is ! faade ( ! *ur*4 ,on a spaci\s flight ( /eps !re are six enorm\s ,doric columns1 ea* ( :i* upholds a l>ge p$e/al1 & e p$e/al a /atue4 ,!re are six colossal /atues1 by ,batti/e ,monegro1 repres5t+ ,jeho%aphat1 ,ezekiel1 ,david1 ,solomon1 ,jo%ua1 & ,manasseh4 ,! c\rt-y>d is pav$1 scatt]$ ) bun*es ( damp turf4 ,! walls look l rocks cut 9 po9ts2 ev]y?+ is rigid1 massive1 & heavy1 & pres5ts ! fanta/ic appe>ance ( a ,titanic edifice1 hewn out ( solid /one1 & ready to defy ! %ocks ( e>? & ! lightn+s ( heav54 ,!re "o beg9s to und]/& :at ! ,escurial really is4 ,"o asc5ds ! /eps & ent]s ! *ur*4 ,! int]ior is sad & b>e4444 ,beside ! high alt>1 sculptur$ & gild$ 9 ! ,spani% /yle1 9 ! int]-columns ( ! two royal oratories1 "o sees two gr\ps ( bronze /atues kneel+1 ) _! h&s clasp$ t[>d ! alt>4 ,on ! "r ,*>les ,v4 & ! ,empress ,isabella1 & sev]al pr9cesses2 on ! left1 ,philip ,,ii4 ) 8 wives4444 ,9 a corn]1 ne> a secret door1 is ! *air :i* ,philip ,,ii4 occupi$4 ,he receiv$ ?r\gh t door lett]s & important messages1 )\t be+ se5 by ! prie/s :o 7 *ant+ 9 ! *oir4 ,?is *ur*1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) ! entire build+1 seems v small1 is nev]!less "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ,spa91 & al?\gh x appe>s s free f ornam5tation1 conta9s imm5se treasures ( m>ble1 gold1 relics1 & pictures1 :i* ! d>kness 9 "p conceals1 & f :i* ! sad appe>ance ( ! edifice di/racts "o's att5tion4444 ,b e feel+ s9ks into t ( sadness4 ,! color ( ! /one1 ! gloomy light1 & ! pr(\nd sil5ce :i* surr\nds y1 recall y\r m9d incessantly to ! va/itude1 unkn[n recesses1 & solitude ( ! build+1 & leave no room = ! pleasure ( admiration4 ,! aspect ( ! *ur* awak5s 9 y an inexplicable feel+ ( inquietude4 ,y w\ld div9e1 7 y n o!rwise aw>e ( x1 t ^? walls are surr\nd$1 = a great di/ance1 by no?+ b granite1 d>kness1 & sil5ce2 )\t see+ ! enorm\s edifice1 y feel x2 y feel t y are 9 ! mid/ ( an un9habit$ city2 y w\ld fa9 quick5 y\r pace 9 ord] to see x rapidly1 to free y\rself f ! weight ( t my/]y1 & to seek1 if !y exi/ any:]e1 bright light1 noise1 & life4444 ,"o goes to ! conv5t1 & "h human imag9ation loses itself2 444 y pass ?r\gh a long subt]ranean corridor1 s n>r[ t y c t\* ! walls ) y\r elb[s1 l[ en\gh almo/ to hit ! ceil+ ) y\r head1 & z damp z a subm>9e grotto2 y rea* ! end1 turn1 & y are 9 ano!r corridor4 ,y g on1 come to doors1 look1 & o!r corridors /ret* away be=e y z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,at ! end ( "s y see a ray ( light1 at ! end ( o!rs an op5 door1 ?r\gh :i* y cat* a glimpse ( a suite ( rooms4444 ,y look ?r\gh a door & />t back al>m$2 at ! end ( t long corridor1 into :i* y h glanc$1 y h se5 a man z motionless z a spectre1 :o 0 look+ at y4 ,y proce$1 & em]ge on a n>r[ c\rt1 inclos$ by high walls1 :i* is gloomy1 ov]gr[n ) we$s1 & illum9$ by a fa9t light :i* seems to fall f an unkn[n sun1 l ! c\rt ( ! wit*es describ$ to u :5 we 7 *ildr54444 ,y pass ?r\gh o!r corridors1 /aircases1 suites ( empty rooms1 & n>r[ c\rts1 & ev]y:]e !re is granite1 a pale light1 & ! sil5ce ( a tomb4 ,= a %ort "t y ?9k y w\ld be able to retrace y\r /eps2 !n y\r memory becomes confus$1 & y rememb] no?+ m2 y seem to h walk$ t5 miles1 to h be5 9 t labyr9? = a mon?1 & n to be able to get out ( x4 ,y come to a c\rt & say1 ',i h se5 x already6' b y are mi/ak52 x is ano!r4444 ,y seem to be dream+2 cat* glimpses ( long fresco$ walls ornam5t$ ) pictures1 crucifixes1 & inscriptions2 y see & =get2 & ask y\rself1 ',:]e am ,i8'444 ,on y g f corridor to corridor1 c\rt to c\rt2 y look ahead ) suspicion2 almo/ expect to see sudd5ly1 at ! turn+ ( a corn]1 a r[ ( skeleton monks1 ) _! hoods drawn ov] _! eyes & _! arms fold$2 y ?9k ( ,philip ,,ii41 & seem to he> 8 retreat+ /ep ?r\gh d>k hallways2 y rememb] all t y h read ( him1 ( 8 treasures1 ! ,inquisition1 & all becomes cle> to y\r m9d's eye2 y und]/& ev]y?+ = ! fir/ "t2 ! ,escurial is ,philip ,,ii41 he is /ill !re1 alive & frightful1 & ) him ! image ( 8 t]rible ,god4444 ,! ,escurial surr\nds1 holds1 & ov]:elms y2 ! cold ( its /ones p5etrates to y\r m>r[2 ! sadness ( its sepul*ral labyr9?s invades y\r s\l2 if y are ) a fri5d y say1 ',let u leave2' if y 7 alone y w\ld take to flight4 ,at la/ y m\nt a /aircase1 ent] a room1 g to ! w9d[1 & salute ) a bur/ ( gratitude ! m\nta9s1 sun1 fre$om1 & ! great & b5efic5t ,god :o loves & p>dons4 ,:at a long brea? "o draws at t w9d[6 ,an illu/ri\s travell] said t aft] hav+ pass$ a day 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,escurial1 "o ought to feel happy ?r\gh\t "o's life1 9 simply ?9k+ t "o might /ill be among ^? walls1 b is no long] !re4 ,?is is almo/ true4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 aft] s great a lapse ( "t1 on ra9y days1 :5 ,i am sad1 ,i ?9k ( ! ,escurial1 !n look at ! walls ( my room1 & rejoice6 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 _m palaces erect$ 9 ,spa91 b no?+ c be add$ to ! impressions y w get f ! descriptions we h quot$ ( ! *e]ful1 gay ,alhambra1 & ! gloomy1 sad ,escurial4 ,! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ,spa9 is unattractive4 ,!re are no f9e *teaux1 z 9 ,france1 or elegant p>ks1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,=d comp>es ! front ( ! resid5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,m$9a to t5 ,bak]-/reet h\ses put toge!r1 & ?is is true ( _m s-call$ palaces4 ,?is /ate ( mod]n ,spani% ar*itecture is fully acc\nt$ = by ! foll[+ quotation f ,f]gusson1 ! le>n$ writ] on ar*itecture3 ,on ! :ole1 p]haps1 we %\ld n be f> wrong 9 assum+ t ! ,spani>ds are among ! lea/ arti/ic p 9 ,europe4 ,great ?+s h be5 done 9 _! c\ntry by =eign]s1 & !y !mselves h done cr$itable ?+s 9 p]iods ( great excitem5t1 & "u ! pressure ( =eign example2 b 9 !mselves !y seem to h no innate love ( ,art1 no real appreciation = its beauties1 &1 :5 left to !mselves1 !y c>e little = ! expression ( beauty 9 any ( ! =ms 9 :i* ,art has le>n$ to embody itself4 ,9 ,pa9t+ !y h done "s ?+s t are wor?y ( praise2 9 ,sculpture !y h done v little2 & 9 ,ar*itectural ,art !y c]ta9ly h n a*iev$ success4 ,not)/&+ t !y h a climate invit+ to ar*itectural display 9 e =m2 ?\gh !y h ! be/ ( mat]ials 9 inf9ite abundance2 ?\gh !y _h weal? & le>n+1 & 7 /imulat$ by ! example ( :at _h be5 done 9 _! own c\ntry1 & 0 do+ by o!r nations--9 spite ( all ?is1 !y h fall5 f> %ort ( :at 0 effect$ ei!r 9 ,italy or ,france1 & n[ seem to be utt]ly incapable ( appreciat+ ! excell5cies ( ,ar*itectural ,art1 or ( c>+ to enjoy !m4 ,,france4 ,aft] ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii4 ! ,fr5* p became some:at famili> ) ,italian ,art1 & at l5g?1 dur+ ! reign ( ,francis ,i41 f #aeae to #aedf1 ev]y?+ ,italian 0 ! fa%ion 9 ,france4 ,francis invit$ su* arti/s z ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 ,primaticcio1 & ,&rea del ,s>to to come to ,france & aid him 9 8 works at ,fonta9ebleau & else:]e4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! ,go?ic ar*itecture :i* _h be5 s mu* us$ & improv$ 9 ,france 0 ?\ght to be inf]ior 9 beauty to ! ,italian ar*itecture z x exi/$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & v soon ! latt] /yle 0 adopt$ & consid]$ z ! only "o wor?y ( admiration4 ,b ! ,fr5* ar*itects _h be5 s tra9$ to ! ,go?ic ord] t x 0 n easy = !m to *ange _! habits ( design1 & ! result 0 t new edifices 7 l>gely ( ! ,go?ic =m1 b 7 f9i%$ & ornam5t$ l ! ,italian build+s2 by ?is means ! effect ( ! :ole1 :5 complet$1 0 su* z is se5 9 ?is picture ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,mi*ael at ,dijon 7,fig4 #aji74 ,9 ^! days no "o approves ( ?is union ( ,go?ic design & ,italian decoration1 b :5 x 0 ! fa%ion x 0 ?\ght to be v beautiful by ,fr5* ar*itects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,,fa,,ade ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,mi*ael4 ,dijon4 ,francis ,i41 :o 0 s anxi\s to introduce ,italian art into ,france1 erect$ edifices ( a v diff]5t sort f ^? :i* he attempt$ to imitate4 ,9 ,italy1 ! pr9cipal build+s ( ! ,r5aissance 7 *ur*es or conv5ts1 or su* z 7 9 "s way = religi\s uses4 ,francis ,i4 built palaces l t ( ,fonta9ebleau1 & spl5did *teaux l ^? ( ,*ambord1 or ,*5onceaux1 & ! ,italian /yle ( ar*itecture c\ld n be readily adapt$ to ! light] uses ( ! ,fr5* k+s4 ,! spl5did massive ,pitti ,palace1 built aft] ! design ( ! great ,brunelles*i1 w\ld sc>cely h h>moniz$ ) ! riv] banks & ! lovely undulat+ mead[s ar\nd a c\ntry villa or *teau4 ,s x gradually happ5$ t ,fr5* ,ar*itecture 0 m graceful1 light1 & elegant ?an ! ar*itecture ( ! *ur*es1 mona/]ies1 & o!r religi\s edifices ( ,italy1 & at ! same "t ! ,italian feel+ & influ5ce c easily be trac$ 9 ! ,fr5* build+s ( ! "t ( :i* we speak4 ,9 ,italy ! ,pope & ! ,*ur* gov]n$ 9 ,art1 & consid]$ x only z a religi\s means ( glorify+ ! ,*ur* & impress+ its doctr9es ^u ! :ole p4 ,9 ,france ! sov]eigns held ! lead+ place1 & 9 ! mid/ ( _! ambitions & _! gayeties !y f\nd little "t to consid] ! matt] ( *ur* ar*itecture4 ,?\gh ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,eu/a*e 0 erect$ at ,p>is1 & o!r *ur*es 7 re/or$1 x 0 n until #afbi1 :5 ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu ord]$ ! build+ ( ! *ur* ( ! ,s>bonne1 t an example 0 giv5 ( ! full effects ^u ,fr5* *ur* ar*itecture ( ! *ange f ! ,go?ic1 or ,m$ival /yle1 to t ( ! ,r5aissance1 or ! ,classic /yle4 ,p]haps ! *ur* ( ! ,invalides is ! mo/ rem>kable build+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,france4 ,x 0 design$ & sup]9t5d$ by ,jules ,h>d\9 ,mans>d1 a skilful ar*itect1 :o 0 born 9 #afdg1 & di$ 9 #agjh4 ,! erection ( ! dome ( ! ,invalides occupi$ him f #afhj to #agjf4 ,x is a fa%ion to criticise ?is z well z all fam\s build+s1 b if x is rememb]$ t ! dome 0 int5d$ to be ! feature ( ! edifice1 & t x 0 !re=e necess>y to sacrifice some?+ to x1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! :ole1 we mu/ admit t :at its admir]s claim = x is true--namely1 t x is "o ( ! f9e/ domical edifices 9 ,europe1 & a mo/ satisfactory example ( ! ar*itecture ( its class 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,,fa,,ade ,,( ,,! ,,dome ,,( ,,! ,,invalides4 ,p>is4 ,directly und]nea? ?is dome is ! crypt 9 :i* is ! s>cophagus :i* conta9s ! rema9s ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,on ! door :i* leads to ! crypt are inscrib$ ! foll[+ words1 tak5 f ! w ( ! exile at ,/4 ,hel5a3 ,i desire t my a%es may re/ on ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,fr5* p :om ,i h lov$ s well4 ,?is tomb is said to h co/ ne>ly two millions ( doll>s1 & ?\gh x is beautiful1 & 9 good ta/e 9 its details1 yet "o c b regret t all ?is exp5se %\ld n h erect$ a spl5did mausoleum1 su* z w\ld h dignifi$ ! monum5tal art ( ,france4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,g5evieve1 or ! ,pan!on1 z x is usually call$1 is a v important ar*itectural "w4 ,x 0 tw5ty-six ye>s 9 build+1 & 0 n complet$ until aft] ! dea? ( its ar*itect1 ,s\fflot1 :i* occurr$ 9 #agha 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,,! ,,pan!on4 ,p>is4 ,x is said t ?is *ur* 0 begun z ! fulfilm5t ( a v[ made by ,k+ ,l\is ,,xv4 :5 he 0 ill1 b z ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 9 progress :5 x 0 complet$1 x 0 d$icat$ to ! ,gr&s ,hommes1 or ! great m5 ( ,france1 & n to ,god or ! sweet ,/4 ,g5evieve1 :o 0 "o ( ! patron sa9ts ( ,p>is4 ,! dome ( ! ,pan!on is elegant & *a/e1 b n great 9 design or effect1 & ! :ole appe>ance ( ! *ur* is weak5$ by ! extreme wid? ( ! spaces betwe5 ! front columns2 ?is makes ! entablature appe> weak1 & is altoge!r a s]i\s defect4 ,ano!r /rik+ fault is ! way 9 :i* a second column is plac$ outside at ea* end ( ! portico2 "o _c imag9e a reason = ?is1 & x is confus+ & unmean+ 9 ! extreme4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,pan!on is sup]ior to ! ext]ior1 & _m au?orities "n x z ! mo/ satisfactory ( all mod]n1 classical *ur* int]iors2 :5 x 0 built x 0 believ$ to be z p]fect an imitation ( antique classical ar*itecture z c\ld be made1 & all ! _w may be grateful t x escap$ ! fate prep>$ = x by ! ,communi/s4 ,?is 0 av]t$ by ! discov]y & cutt+ ( ! fuse :i* !y _h prep>$ = its de/ruction on ,may #bd?1 #ahga2 ! fuse l$ to ! crypts b5ea? ! *ur*1 :]e ^! reckless m5 _h plac$ l>ge quantities ( p[d]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ,fr5* ar*itects believ$ x be/ to reproduce exactly anci5t temples :i* _h be5 de/roy$4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! *ur* ( ! ,madele9e 0 begun 9 #ahjd1 aft] ! designs ( ,vignon4 ,outw>dly x is a temple ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 & is v beautiful1 ?\gh its position greatly less5s its effect4 ,if x 7 on a height1 or /&+ 9 a l>ge squ>e by itself1 x w\ld be f> m impos+ 7,fig4 #aab74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,,! ,,madele9e4 ,p>is4 ,! *ur* ( ! ,tr9ity & t ( ! ,augu/9es1 at ,p>is1 are important *ur* edifices ( ! pres5t day1 b ?\gh mu* ?\ght & "t h be5 lavi%$ on !m1 !y are n z attractive z we c\ld wi% ! works ( our own "t to be2 & !y seem almo/ unwor?y ( att5tion :5 we rememb] t 9 ! same city !re are s _m examples ( ar*itecture t h f> m arti/ic beauty1 z well z ! additional *>ms ( age & ! int]e/ ( hi/orical associations4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! sort ( build+ 9 :i* ,francis ,i4 delight$4 ,( all 8 und]tak+s ! rebuild+ ( ! ,l\vre 0 ! mo/ successful4 ,its :ole design 0 f9e & ! ornam5ts beautiful2 _m ( ^! decorations 7 made aft] ! draw+s ( ,jean ,g\jon1 :o 0 an em95t ma/] 9 su* sculptures4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,l\vre has nev] be5 excell$ 9 any c\ntry ( ,europe2 x is a wond]ful "w = ! "t 9 :i* x 0 built1 & satisfies ! ta/e ( ! mo/ critical obs]v]s 7,fig4 #aac74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--,,pavilion ,,de ,l',,horloge ,,& ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,l\vre4 ,we _c give space to descriptions ( ! *teaux built by ,francis ,i41 b ?is picture ( t ( ,*ambord af=ds a good example ( :at ^! build+s 7 7,fig4 #aad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,,*,,teau ,,( ,,*ambord4 ,f ! "t ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ix4 7#aefj7 to ! close ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 ! /yle ( ar*itecture :i* 0 us$ 9 ,france 0 call$ ! /yle ( ,h5ry ,,iv42 ?is la/-nam$ k+ rul$ be=e ,l\is ,,xiii41 & dur+ 8 "t ar*itecture sank to a v l[ plane--!re 0 no?+ 9 x to admire or imitate4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xiii4 x began to improve1 & 9 ! days ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o is call$ ! ,gr& ,mon>que1 all ! arts made great progress & receiv$ mu* patronage f ! k+1 & all ! p ( ! c\rt1 = :om ! k+ 0 a model4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 began a revival ( ,roman classical ar*itecture1 & !re is no d\bt t he believ$ t he equall$1 or p]haps excell$1 ,julius ,cs> & all o!r ,roman emp]ors z a patron ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,b we "k t ?is great mon>* 0 deceiv$ by 8 self-love & by ! flatt]ies ( ^? :o surr\nd$ him & wi%$ to obta9 favors f him4 ,8 ar*itectural works _h s _m faults t x is v tiresome to read :at is writt5 ab\t !m1 & 9 any case x is pleasant] to speak ( virtues ?an ( faults4 ,! works ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 7 c]ta9ly h]culean1 & :5 we ?9k ( ! build+ ( ! palace ( ,v]sailles1 ! completion ( ! ,l\vre1 & ! numb]less htels1 *teaux1 & palaces :i* belong to 8 reign1 we feel sure t if only ! va/ness ( ! ar*itectural works ( 8 "t is consid]$1 he well m]its ! title ( ! ,great ,mon>*4 ,b ^! important edifices require m "t & space if spok5 ( 9 detail ?an we c give1 & ,i pass to "s consid]ation ( ! works ( our own "t4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! reign ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 requires ! space ( a volume1 at lea/1 7 x to be cle>ly describ$1 = dur+ t reign !re 0 sc>cely a city ( ,france t did n add "s important build+ to its public edifices4 ,fir/1 ! city ( ,p>is 0 remodell$ & rebuilt to a m>vell\s ext5t1 & z 9 o!r matt]s ,p>is is ! lead]1 s its example 0 foll[$ 9 ar*itecture4 ,! new ,b\rse 9 ,lyons1 ! ,cu/om ,h\se at ,r\51 & ! ,ex*ange at ,m>seilles are good specim5s ( :at 0 done 9 ?is way outside ! great metropolis4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,philippe1 & a little lat]1 ,fr5* dome/ic ar*itecture 0 va/ly improv$1 & s9ce !n mu* m att5tion has be5 giv5 by ,fr5*m5 to ! h\ses 9 :i* !y live4 ,! appe>ance ( ! new ,b\lev>ds & /reets ( ,p>is is picturesque1 :ile ! h\ses are ri* & elegant4 ,_m portions ( ?is city are m beautiful ?an any o!r city ( ,europe2 & yet x is true t ! ar*itecture ( =ty ye>s or s ago 0 m satisfactory ?an t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--,,porte ,,/4 ,,d5is4 ,p>is4 ,! ,fr5* are an en?usia/ic p1 & h be5 v fond ( erect+ monum5ts 9 public places :i* w\ld rem9d !m cont9ually ( ! glories ( _! nation1 ! conque/s ( _! armies1 & ! a*ievem5ts ( _! great m54 ,triumphal ,ar*es & ,columns ( ,victory are almo/ numb]less 9 ,france2 _m ( !m are impressive1 & "s are really v f9e 9 _! ar*itecture4 ,s9ce ! ,porte ,/4 ,d5is 0 7,fig4 #aae7 erect$1 9 #afgb1 almo/ e possible design has be5 us$ = ^! monum5ts1 9 "o portion ( ,france or ano!r1 until1 f9ally1 ! ,arc de l'toile 7,fig4 #aaf7 0 built at ! upp] end ( ! ,*amps ,elyses1 at ,p>is4 ,?is is ! noble/ ( all mod]n triumphal ar*es1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ spl5did ornam5ts 9 a city :i* is ri*ly decorat$ ) ar*itectural works ( v>i\s /yles & p]iods--f t ( ! f9e ,r5aissance example se5 9 ! we/ front ( ! ,l\vre1 built 9 #aeda1 d[n to ! ,arc de l'toile1 ! ,fonta9e ,/4 ,mi*el1 & ! ,palais du ,trocadro ( our own "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,,arc ,,de ,l',,toile4 ,p>is4 ,! ,fr5* ar*itecture ( ! pres5t c5tury is 9 tru? a classic revival2 its /yle has be5 call$ ! no-,grec1 or reviv$ ,greek1 & ! pr9cipal build+s ( ! reign ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 all %[ t a /udy ( ,greek art _h influ5c$ ^? :o design$ ^! edifices4 ,,engl&4 ,we may say t ,engl& has nev] _h an ar*itecture ( its own1 s9ce x has always imitat$ & reproduc$ ! ord]s :i* h orig9at$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,go?ic ord] is m ?an any o!r ! ord] ( ,engl&1 &1 9 tru?1 ( ,great ,brita94 ,all ,engli% ca!drals1 save "o1 & a v l>ge proportion ( ! *ur*es1 9 city & c\ntry1 are built 9 ?is /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,x is also true t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! ,roman ,ca?olics 7 9 p[] 9 ,engl& & made use ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 !y built s _m *ur*es1 t1 dur+ sev]al lat] c5turies1 x might be truly said t ,engl& _h no *ur* ar*itecture1 because s few new *ur*es 7 requir$ or built4 ,x is s difficult to trace ! orig9 & progress ( ! ,classical or ,r5aissance feel+ 9 ,engli% ar*itecture t ,i %all leave x altoge!r1 & pass+ ! transition /yle & p]iod1 speak directly ( ! fir/ great ar*itect ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,engl&1 ,inigo ,jones1 :o 0 born 9 #aegb & di$ 9 #afec4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,italy & br\ght back to 8 native c\ntry a fondness = ! ,italian ar*itecture ( t day4 ,he became ! favorite c\rt ar*itect1 & !re are _m important edifices 9 ,engl& :i* 7 built f 8 designs4 ,8 mo/ notable "w 0 ! palace ( ,:itehall1 ?\gh 8 design 0 nev] fully c>ri$ out 9 x2 _h x be51 ?is palace w\ld h excell$ all o!rs 9 ,europe1 ei!r ( e>li] or lat] date4 ,among ! *ur*es design$ by ,inigo ,jones t ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 is int]e/+ because x is probably ! fir/ important ,prote/ant *ur* erect$ 9 ,engl& :i* /ill exi/s4 ,x is small & simple1 be+ almo/ an exact reproduction ( ! e>ly ,greek temples call$ di/yle 9 antis1 su* z ,i describ$ :5 speak+ ( ,greek ar*itecture 7,fig4 #aag74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,,ea/ ,,elevation ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s4 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,inigo ,jones made _m designs = villas & private resid5ces1 & p]haps he is m fam\s = ^! works ?an = any o!rs4 ,among !m are ,*iswick & ,wilton ,h\se1 & _m o!rs ( less importance4 ,aft] ,jones came ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 :o 0 ! ar*itect ( "s ( ! f9e/ build+s 9 ,london4 ,he 0 born 9 #afcb & di$ 9 #agbc4 ,! great fire1 9 #afff1 :5 he 0 ?irty-f\r ye>s old1 gave him a spl5did opportunity to %[ 8 tal5ts4 ,only ?ree days aft] ?is fire he pres5t$ to ! k+ a plan = rebuild+ ! city1 :i* w\ld h made x "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t z well z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful cities ( ! _w4 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 is mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ z ! ar*itect ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,?is 0 comm5c$ n9e ye>s aft] ! great fire1 & 0 ?irty-five ye>s 9 build+4 ,/4 ,paul's is ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ,prote/ant ca!dral 9 ! _w1 & among all ! *ur*es ( ,europe t h be5 erect$ s9ce ! revival ( ,classical ar*itecture1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 at ,rome1 alone excels x 7,fig4 #aah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,,/4 ,,paul',s1 ,,london4 ,f ! ,we/4 ,al?\gh s _m ye>s 7 consum$ 9 ! build+ ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 liv$ to sup]9t5d x all1 & _h ! gratification ( plac+ ! topmo/ /one 9 ! lant]n ( ?is spl5did monum5t to 8 g5ius4 ,! we/]n t[]s ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey are said to h be5 built aft] a design by ,wr51 b ( ?is !re is a d\bt4 ,among 8 o!r works 9 *ur* ar*itecture are ! /eeple ( ,b[ ,*ur*1 ,london2 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,walbrook2 ,/4 ,bride's1 ,fleet ,/reet1 & ,/4 ,james's1 ,piccadilly4 ,! royal palaces ( ,w9*e/] & ,hampton 7 design$ by ,wr51 & _m o!r well-kn[n edifices1 among :i* is ,gre5wi* ,hospital4 ,he made "s signal failures1 b x is great praise to say1 :at is und\bt$ly true1 t1 ?\gh he 0 a pione] 9 ! ,r5aissance ar*itecture ( ,engl&1 & di$ a c5tury & a half ago1 no "o ( 8 c\ntrym5 has surpass$ him1 & we may well "q :e!r any o!r ,engli% ar*itect has equall$ him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--,,/4 ,,george',s ,,hall4 ,liv]pool4 ,*ur*es1 palaces1 univ]sity build+s1 & f9e examples ( municipal & dome/ic ar*itecture are s num]\s 9 ,engl& & o!r portions ( ,great ,brita9 t we _c speak ( !m 9 detail4 ,! culm9ation ( ! ta/e = ! imitation ( ,classical ar*itecture 0 rea*$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & among ! mo/ notable edifices 9 t mann] are ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,fitzwilliam ,college1 ,cambridge1 & ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 ,liv]pool 7,fig4 #aai74 ,a revival ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture has tak5 place 9 ,engl& 9 our own "t4 ,! ?ree mo/ prom95t secul> build+s 9 ?is /yle are ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! ,new ,museum1 at ,ox=d4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! case ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ! "w 0 a remodell+1 b ! rep>ations 7 s ext5sive z to almo/ equal a rebuild+4 ,sir ,jeffry ,wyatville _h ! sup]9t5d5ce ( x1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ x appe> l an anci5t build+ refitt$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury--t is to say1 x comb9es mod]n luxury & conv5i5ce 9 its int]ior ) ! ext]ior appe>ance ( ! ca/ellat$ =tresses ( a m b>b>\s age 7,fig4 #abj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,,w9dsor ,,ca/le4 ,9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t !re 0 an attempt to c>ry out1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ detail1 ! ,go?ic /yle z x exi/$ 9 ! ,tudor age1 :5 !re 0 an excess ( ornam5t1 mo/ elaborate doorways1 & ! fan-trac]y vault+s 7 decorat$ ) p5d5t ornam5ts :i* look l clu/]s ( /alactites4 ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry 0 its ar*itect4 ,! pres5t s*ool ( arti/s 9 ,engl& are nev] we>y ( abus+ x2 !y call x a horror & decl>e its /yle to be obsolete4 ,9 fact1 x is n ! success at :i* ,b>ry aim$2 b x excels ! o!r ef=ts to revive ! ,go?ic 9 ?is day1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 all ,europe1 & has _m po9ts to be admir$ 9 its plan & its detail1 :ile ! beauty ( its sky-l9e mu/ be admitt$ by all 7,fig4 #aba74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,,! ,,h\ses ,,( ,,p>liam5t4 ,london4 ,9 ! ,new ,museum ( ,ox=d1 ! ,go?ic is t ( ,lomb>dy1 r ?an ! ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,x is an example ( ! result ( ! tea*+ ( ,mr4 ,rusk94 ,x does n realize ! expectations ( ^? :o advocat$ ?is mann] ( build+1 & has prov$ a great disappo9tm5t to ! advanc$ !ori/s ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,engli% ar*itecture ( ! pres5t day may be concisely describ$ by say+ t x is ,go?ic = *ur*es1 p>sonage-h\ses1 s*ool-h\ses1 & all edifices 9 :i* ! cl]gy are int]e/$ or ( :i* !y h ! ov]sight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 palaces1 t[n-halls1 municipal build+s1 club-h\ses1 & su* /ructures z come )9 ! c>e ( ! laity1 are almo/ )\t exception 9 ! ,classic /yle4 ,nei!r ( ^! ord]s seems to be exactly suit$ to ! climate ( ,engl& or to ! wants ( its p2 !re=e1 nei!r w\ld satisfy ! dem&s ( ! anci5ts1 :o taught t ! ar*itecture ( a nation %\ld be precisely adapt$ to its climate & to ! purposes = :i* ! edifices are int5d$4 ,9 fact1 ! anci5ts c>ri$ _! ideas ( fitness s f> t "o c\ld tell at a glance ! object = :i* a /ructure _h be5 design$2 we "k t x is n possible to comply ) ?is law 9 ?is day1 al?\gh x is d\btless 9 accord ) ! true ideal ( :at p]fect ar*itecture %\ld be4 ,at ! pres5t day !re is little d\bt t ! edifices ( ! ,*ur* & cl]gy are f> m praisewor?y & true ar*itecturally ?an are ^? = secul> & dome/ic uses4 ,,g]many4 ,i %all n speak ( ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,g]many1 b %all g =w>d to ! "t ( ! ,revival ( ,classic ,ar*itecture1 :i* dat$ ab\t #ahbe4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! discov]ies :i* 7 made 9 ,greece 7 ( great int]e/ to all ! _w1 & ! draw+s :i* 7 made ( ! temples & monum5ts1 z well z ( ! less] objects ( art :i* exi/$ !re1 7 s5t all ov] ,europe1 & _h su* an effect ^u ! diff]5t nations1 t ) "o accord !y began to adopt ! ,greek /yle ( ar*itecture1 :5ev] any important "w 0 to be done4 ,?is effect 0 v m>k$ 9 ,g]many1 & ! ,g]man ar*itects tri$ to copy e detail ( ,greek ar*itecture ) great exactness4 ,:5 we beg9 to speak ( mod]n ,g]man ar*itecture at ?is po9t1 we d n omit any?+ important1 = ! /ruggles ( ! ,re=mation1 & ! results ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 7 su*1 t no great ar*itectural advances 7 attempt$ = a long "t4 ,aga91 ! division ( ,g]many into _m small pr9cipalities1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( _m little c\rts s divid$ ! weal? ( ! ,g]man p into small portions1 t no "o 0 ri* en\gh to und]take l>ge build+s4 ,!re 0 no "o great c5tral city z 9 ,france & ,engl&1 & no "o sov]eign 0 ri* en\gh to adorn 8 capital ) spl5did edifices or to be a magnific5t patron ( art & arti/s aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,gr& ,mon>que 9 ,france4 ,be=e tak+ up ! ,revival1 h[ev]1 ,i wi%1 = two reasons1 to give a picture ( ! ,br&5burg ,gate1 at ,b]l94 ,?is gate 0 erect$ betwe5 #aghd & #agib4 ,x is important because su* monum5ts are m r>e 9 ,g]many ?an 9 o!r ,european c\ntries1 especially ( ! "t 9 :i* ?is 0 built1 & because x is "o ( ! be/ imitations ( ,greek art t exi/s 9 any nation 7,fig4 #abb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,,! ,,br&5burg ,,gate4 ,b]l94 ,x is int]e/+ to rememb] t :5 ,napoleon ent]$ ,b]l9 z a conqu]or1 aft] ! ,battle ( ,j5a1 he s5t ! ,c> ( ,victory1 :i* surm\nts ?is gate1 to ,p>is1 z a trophy ( 8 pr[ess4 ,aft] 8 abdication x 0 return$ to its orig9al position4 ,! effect ( ! ,g]man revival ( ,greek art is m pla9ly se5 9 ,muni* ?an 9 any o!r city4 ,x is ! capital ( ,bav>ia1 & "o ( its k+s1 ,l\is ,i41 :ile he 0 "y & _h n yet become k+1 resid$ at ,rome2 he 0 a passionate lov] ( art1 & he resolv$ t :5 he came to ! ?rone he w\ld make 8 capital fam\s = beautiful ?+s4 ,above all1 he desir$ to imitate all t he _h mo/ admir$ 9 ! c\ntries he _h visit$1 & also ! art ( ! anci5ts z he knew x f models & pictures4 ,= ?is reason x happ5s t ,muni* is a collection ( copies ( build+s :i* h exi/$ 9 o!r c\ntries & 9 pa/ ages1 & z ^! build+s1 :i* 7 fir/ made 9 m>ble & /one1 are mo/ly copi$ 9 pla/] 9 ,muni*1 mu* ( _! beauty is lo/2 & s9ce ^! copi$ build+s are n us$ = ! same purposes = :i* ! anci5t ones 7 int5d$1 ! :ole effect ( !m is v f> f pleas+ or satisfactory4 ,9 fact1 ! result is j su* z mu/ always foll[ ! imitation ( a beautiful object1 :5 no prop] reg>d is paid to ! use to be made ( x4 ,if1 = example1 a f9e copy ( a light & airy ,swiss *let %\ld be made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & plac$ on "s bus9ess /reet 9 "o ( our cities1 & us$ = a bank build+1 we c\ld n d5y t x 0 an exact copy ( a build+ :i* is good 9 its way2 b x w\ld be s unsuit$ to its position & its uses1 t ! man :o built x !re w\ld be c\nt$ z insane or fooli%4 ,& ?is is ! effect ( ! mod]n ar*itecture ( ,muni*2 x seems z if ,k+ ,l\is mu/ h be5 a madman to exp5d s mu* "t & money 9 ?is absurd k9d ( imitative ar*itecture1 & yet x is v int]e/+ to visit ?is city & see ^! edifices4 ,( ! ,muni* *ur*es erect$ "u ,l\is ,i4 t ( ,/4 ,ludwig is 9 ! ,byzant9e ord]2 ! ,aue-,kir*e is 9 ! po9t$ ,g]man ,go?ic1 & ! ,basilica is l a ,roman basilica ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,x resembles t ( ,/4 ,paul's-)\t-!-,walls2 x 0 begun 9 #ahce & complet$ 9 #ahej4 ,9 a vault b5ea? ?is basilica ,l\is & 8 ,que51 ,!resa1 are buri$4 ,! picture giv5 "h %[s its extreme simplicity2 its :ole effect is solemn & satisfactory2 /ill "o mu/ regret t s9ce x is s f9e up to a c]ta9 po9t1 x %\ld n h be5 made /ill f9] 7,fig4 #abc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,,! ,,basilica ,,at ,,muni*4 ,! ,ruhme%alle1 or ,hall ( ,fame1 at ,muni*1 is an int]e/+ & some:at unique edifice4 ,x is a portico ( m>ble ) =ty-eight ,doric columns1 ea* tw5ty-six feet high4 ,aga9/ ! walls are brackets hold+ bu/s ( celebrat$ ,g]mans :o h liv$ s9ce #adjj4 ,9 front ( ! portico /&s ! colossal bronze /atue ( ,bav>ia4 ,%e is repres5t$ z a protectress ) a lion by h] side2 9 ! "r h& %e holds a sword1 & a *aplet 9 ! left2 x is sixty-"o & a half feet high1 & ! p$e/al raises x tw5ty-eight & a half feet m2 inside1 a /aircase leads up into ! head1 :]e !re are seats = eight p]sons4 ,! view f ! top ( ?is /atue is f9e1 & s ext5sive t 9 a favorable atmosph]e ! heights ( ! ,alps c be disc]n$4 ,! hill ^u :i* ! ,ruhme%alle is built is to ! s\? ( ,muni*1 & is call$ ! ,!resi5hhe4 ,! gr& /atue is int5d$ to be ! pr9cipal object ( int]e/ "h1 & ! portico is made s l[ z to ?r[ ! figure out & %[ x (f to advantage2 altoge!r x is "o ( ! mo/ successful ar*itectural works 9 ,muni* 7,fig4 #abd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--,,! ,,ruhme%alle4 ,ne> ,muni*4 ,! ,glypto!k1 or ,sculpture ,gall]y1 ! ,p9ako!k1 or ,picture ,gall]y1 ! ,royal ,palace1 ! ,public ,libr>y1 ! ,w> ,(fice1 ! ,univ]sity1 ,bl9d ,s*ool1 o!r palaces & secul> build+s1 all belong to ! "t ( ! ,revival 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,ludwig ,/rasse1 :i* ,k+ ,l\is fondly hop$ to make "o ( ! mo/ beautiful av5ues 9 ! _w1 is--) its ,roman ar* at "o end1 & a weak copy ( ! ,loggia dei ,lanzi at ! o!r--a tiresome1 mean+less1 ar*itectural failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,,! ,,museum4 ,b]l94 ,! ,museum ( ,b]l9 is a /rik+ result ( ! same ,revival ( ,classic ar*itecture1 & is f> m spl5did ?an any?+ 9 ,muni* 7,fig4 #abe74 ,9 ,dresd5 ! mo/ important works 9 ?is /yle are ! ,new ,!atre & ,picture ,gall]y4 ,! la/ is almo/ an exact reproduction ( ! ,p9ako!k ( ,muni*4 ,all ov] ,g]many ! effects ( ?is ,revival are m or less prom95t1 b ,i %all speak ( b "o o!r edifice1 ! ,walhalla 7,fig4 #abf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,,! ,,walhalla4 ,?is is also a ,temple ( ,fame1 & is situat$ ab\t six miles f ,ratisbon4 ,x ov]looks ! ,riv] ,danube f a height ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,x 0 begun 9 #ahcj1 & 0 twelve ye>s 9 build+1 co/+ eight millions ( flor9s4 ,x is ( :ite m>ble1 & on ! ext]ior is an exact reproduction ( ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns4 ,! int]ior is divid$ into two p>ts by an entablature1 :i* supports f\rte5 c>yatides1 made f color$ m>bles4 ,^! figures 9 turn support a second entablature1 on :i* is a frieze 9 eight comp>tm5ts1 on :i* is sculptur$ sc5es repres5t+ ! hi/ory ( ,g]many f its e>ly days to ! "t ( ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,along ! l[] wall !re are "o hundr$ bu/s ( illu/ri\s ,g]mans :o _h liv$ f ! e>lie/ days ( ,g]many d[n to ^? ( ! poet ,goe!4 ,! gr\nds ab\t ! ,walhalla are laid out 9 walks1 & f !m !re are f9e1 ext5sive views4 ,tak5 by itself !re is mu* to admire 9 ! ,walhalla4 ,! sculptures ar\se an en?usiasm ab\t ,g]many1 h] hi/ory1 & ! m5 :o h help$ to make x1 9 spite ( ! /range unfitness ) :i* ! arti/s h m+l$ ,grecian my?s & ,g]man sagas4 ,b aside f ?is sort ( int]e/ ! :ole ?+ seems incongru\s & /rangely unsuit$ to its position2 "o writ] goes s f> z to say ( x t ,m9]va1 desc5d+ 9 ,*eapside to sep>ate two qu>rell+ cabm51 c\ld h>dly be m out ( place4 ,& yet x is true t ! ,walhalla is ! only wor?y rival to ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 ,liv]pool1 z an example ( ! possible adaptability ( ,greek or ,roman ,ar*itecture to ! ne$s & uses ( our own days4 ,,!atres ,,& ,,music ,,halls4 ,9 speak+ ( !atres ,i w fir/ give a li/ ( ! mo/ important ones 9 ,europe1 z !y are giv5 by ,f]gusson 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,ar*itecture4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,dep? f ,curta9 ,dep? ( to back ( ,boxes4 ,/age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- feet4 feet4 ,la ,scala1 ,milan #aje #gg ,san ,c>lo1 ,naples #ajj #gd ,c>lo ,felice1 ,g5oa #ie #hj ,new ,op]a ,h\se1 ,p>is #ie #ih ,op]a ,h\se1 ,london 7old7 #ie #de ,tur9 ,op]a ,h\se #ij #aaj ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london #hi #hi ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,op]a #hg #ajj ,acadmie de ,musique1 ,p>is #he #hb ,p>ma1 ,op]a #hb #gf ,f5ice1 ,v5ice #hb #dh ,muni* ,!atre #hj #hg ,madrid ,!atre #gi #ee ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! ,op]a ,h\se ( ,la ,scala1 at ,milan1 is g5]ally said to be ! f9e/ ( all = see+ & he>+ :at goes on ^u ! /age3 x 0 begun 9 #aggf & f9i%$ two ye>s lat]4 ,san ,c>lo1 ,naples1 holds ! second place1 & 0 fir/ erect$ 9 #agcg1 b 0 almo/ de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahaf1 & 0 aft]w>d ?or\ghly rebuilt4 ,! new ,op]a ,h\se ( ,p>is is int]e/+ to u because x has be5 built s rec5tly & s mu* writt5 & said ( x t we are famili> ) x4 ,any description t w\ld d x ju/ice w\ld occupy m space ?an we c af=d = x1 b ?is cut 7,fig4 #abg7 gives an excell5t idea ( its size & ext]ior appe>ance4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by great ri*ness ( mat]ial & pr(usion ( ornam5t1 its int]ior decorations be+ especially spl5did4 ,x has be5 criticis$ z lack+ repose & dignity1 b its elegance & magnific5ce compel admiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,,! ,,new ,,op]a ,,h\se4 ,p>is4 ,music halls are only ano!r sort ( !atre1 & h come into great favor 9 rec5t days1 especially 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,alb]t ,hall1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 is ! f9e/ music hall t has be5 erect$4 ,x seats eight ?\s& p1 besides accommodat+ an or*e/ra ( two hundr$ & a *orus ( "o ?\s& s+]s2 x is "o hundr$ & ?irty-six feet f ! floor to ! highe/ "p ( ! ceil+4 ,?is hall has "s defects1 b is s f> successful z to prove t a !atre or music hall c\ld be s con/ruct$ z to seat t5 ?\s& p]sons & p]mit !m to he> ! music z di/9ctly z x is he>d 9 _m halls :]e only two or ?ree ?\s& c be com=table4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,:5 we rememb] t we h be5 able to give "s acc\nt ( ar*itecture z x exi/$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & to speak ( ! temples & tombs ( ! gr& old nations :o laid ! f\ndation ( ! arts & civilization ( ! _w--& !n1 :5 we rememb] ! little "t t has pass$ s9ce ! fir/ ro( 0 rais$ 9 our own l&1 we may well be pr\d ( our c\ntry z x is--& at ! same "t we "k t its ar*itecture may 9 tru? be said to be a ?+ ( ! future4 ,x is b a few ye>s1 n m ?an sev5ty1 s9ce any build+ exi/$ "h t c\ld be t]m$ ar*itectural 9 any degree4 ,to be sure1 !re 7 _m com=table1 g5]\s-siz$ homes scatt]$ up & d[n ! l&1 b !y made no claim to ar*itectural design1 & 7 n su* edifices z "o consid]s :5 speak+ or writ+ ( ar*itecture4 ,! fir/ build+s to :i* mu* att5tion 0 giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ! ,capitols1 bo? ,/ate & ,national1 & until rec5tly !y 7 9 :at may be call$ a ,classic /yle1 because !y _h porticoes ) columns & c]ta9 o!r features ( anci5t ord]s2 b :5 ! cella1 z is ! case 9 ,am]ica1 is divid$ into two or m /ories1 ) r[s ( prosaic w9d[s all ar\nd1 & *imneys1 & p]haps attics also add$1 ! t]m ,classic ,ar*itecture imm$iately becomes que/ionable1 & x is difficult to f9d a "n exactly suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! case2 = x is /ill true t f a di/ance1 & 9 answ] to a g5]al glance1 !y are ne>] to ! ,classic ord]s ?an to any?+ else4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,capitol4 ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,national ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 :i* is ! pr9cipal edifice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 begun 9 #agic1 :5 ,g5]al ,wa%+ton laid ! f\ndation-/one2 ! ma9 portion 0 complet$ 9 #ahcj2 two w+s & ! dome h s9ce be5 add$1 & its pres5t size is great] ?an t ( any o!r legislative build+ 9 ! _w1 except ! ,briti% ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7,fig4 #abh74 ,! dome1 & ! spl5did porticoes1 ) ! magnific5t flights ( /eps lead+ up to !m1 are ! f9e features ( ! ,capitol4 ,! dome comp>es well ) ^? t are fam\s 9 ! _w1 & tak5 all 9 all ! ,wa%+ton ,capitol is m /ately ?an ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 & is op5 to z little criticism z build+s ( its class 9 o!r l&s4 ,sev]al ( ! ,/ate ,capitols illu/rate ! mann] ( build+ :i* ,i describ$ above4 ,?is cut ( ! ,capitol ( ,ohio is an excell5t example ( x 7,fig4 #abi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi--,,/ate ,,capitol4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,9 dome/ic ar*itecture1 :ile !re has be5 no /yle s orig9al & absolutely def9$ z to be def9itely call$ ,am]ican1 we may r\ghly classify ?ree p]iods--! ,colonial1 ! ,middle1 & ! ,mod]n4 ,^! t]ms h no close application1 & y mu/ und]/& t ,i use !m r = conv5i5ce ?an because !y accurately1 or ev5 approximately1 indicate p>ticul> /yles4 ,! mansions ( ! ,colonial p]iod are1 p]haps1 mo/ easily recogniz$1 & 9 "s respects 7 ! franke/ & mo/ indep5d5t class ( h\ses ev] built 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! e>ly settl]s took :atev] suit$ !m f all /yles1 & in/ead ( imitat+ ! ,engli%1 ! ,dut*1 or ! ,fr5* mann] ( build+1 m+l$ p>ts ( all1 ) especial ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( _! climate & surr\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--,,sir ,,william ,,pepp]ell',s ,,h\se4 ,kitt]y ,po9t1 ,ma9e4 ,?is f9e old h\se 7,fig4 #acj7 %[s ! pla91 homely1 yet qua9t /yle ( _m ( ! mansions ( ! ,colonial p]iod4 ,x 0 built ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 & occupi$ by ,sir ,william ,pepp]ell until 8 dea?4 ,its int]ior1 ) heavy wa9scot+ ( solid mahogany1 0 m impos+ by f> ?an ! ext]ior4 ,! ,van ,r5ssela] home/ead at ,albany is an excell5t example ( a m /ately h\se1 possess+ mu* dignity & impressiv5ess4 ,! ,middle p]iod 0 a "t :5 dome/ic ar*itecture1 /ill )\t any orig9ality & los+ mu* ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,colonial1 copi$ m closely f =eign models4 ,"s f9e old mansions belong to ?is p]iod1 :i* cov]$ ! la/ ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury & ! fir/ half ( ?is4 ,! celebrat$ ,cragie ,h\se at ,cambridge1 occupi$ by ! poet ,longfell[2 ,elmwood1 ! home ( ,james ,russell ,l[ell2 ,b$=d ,h\se1 9 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ! home ( ! ,hon4 ,john ,jay1 are to be ref]r$ to ?is p]iod2 & s is ! impos+ ,old ,morrisania1 at ,morrisania1 ,new ,york1 ! old ,morris mansion 7,fig4 #aca74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,,old ,,morrisania4 ,morrisania1 ,new ,york4 ,x is modell$ aft] a ,fr5* *teau1 & 0 erect$ by ,g5]al ,morris aft] 8 return f ,france 9 #ahjj4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ among ! mansions ( its "t1 & bo? its int]ior & ext]ior are highly int]e/+4 ,^! views s]ve to illu/rate ! want ( any?+ l a regul> /yle1 ( :i* ,i spoke above2 b !y %[ h[ _m diff]5t =ces 7 at "w to influ5ce build+ 9 ! ,mod]n p]iod4 ,?is division is meant to ext5d to & include ! pres5t "t1 & s great is ! div]sity ( /yles n[ employ$ t 9 a "w l ?is x w\ld be idle to attempt any?+ l an enum]ation ( !m1 & /ill less to try & det]m9e _! orig9 & importance4 ,i c only give y "o example ( ! h&some & co/ly homes :i* are be+ built to-day1 & leave y to obs]ve o!rs z y n[ see !m ev]y:]e ab\t ! c\ntry 7,fig4 #acb74 ,a mod]n writ] on ,am]ican ar*itecture claims t 9 private dwell+s an ,am]ican ord] is gradually be+ develop$ by ! *anges made to adapt =eign =ms to our climate1 & especially to ! brilliancy ( ! sunlight "h4 ,all ?is is s difficult to def9e1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld be impossible to %[ x cle>ly 9 ! limits ( a book l ?is1 ev5 if x exi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,,resid5ce ,,at ,,irv+ton1 ,,new ,,york4 ,:at is call$ ! ,que5 ,anne /yle1 modell$ ^u ! ,engli% fa%ion ( ! "t ( t mon>*1 is v widely us$ 9 c\ntry h\ses at ! pres5t "t1 sometimes 9 conjunction ) ! ,colonial1 :i* also exi/s z an indep5d5t /yle4 ,! t5d5cy ( dome/ic ar*itecture is to make ev]y?+ qua9t & picturesque1 ?\gh ?is is n s f> c>ri$ to extremes z 0 ! case a few ye>s s9ce4 ,9 public build+s _m spl5did edifices h be5 erect$ ( late ye>s4 ,! imitation ( classic =ms :i* 0 =m]ly ! fa%ion1 & :i* is s /rik+ly exhibit$ by ,gir>d ,college1 ,philadelphia1 is n[ almo/ entirely laid aside4 ,a light]1 less con/ra9$ /yle1 :i* may be call$ eclectic--:i* means select+--because x takes freely f any & all /yles :atev] suits its purpose1 is aris+2 & z ?is select+ is be+ e ye> m & m intellig5tly done1 & z orig9al ideas are con/antly be+ incorporat$ ) ^? *os51 ! prospects = ar*itecture are m promis+ ?an ev] be=e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,cas9o1 at ,newport1 is a f9e example ( a mod]n build+2 & ! /ill m rec5t ,cas9o 9 ,new ,york %[s a f9e example ( ! adapt+ ( ideas f ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture to ,am]ican uses4 ,! ,capitol at ,albany has _m f9e features1 b x is ! "w ( sev]al design]s :o did n h>monize4 ,memorial ,hall1 at ,cambridge1 is "o ( ! m /rik+ ( mod]n ,am]ican build+s1 b its sky-l9e--t is1 its outl9e z se5 aga9/ ! sky--lacks simplicity & repose4 ,! *ur*es 9 ?is c\ntry exhibit ! wide/ v>iety ( /yle4 ,tr9ity ,*ur* 9 ,new ,york 0 ! fir/ ,go?ic *ur* erect$ 9 ,am]ica1 & ,tr9ity ,*ur* 9 ,bo/on1 "o ( ! late/ *ur*es ( importance1 is also ,go?ic1 ?\gh ( ! v>iety call$ ,norman ,go?ic1 & consid]ably v>i$4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral ( ,new ,york1 & _m o!rs ( less magnitude1 might be cit$ z a pro( t ,am]ican ar*itecture is advanc+1 & t we may speak hopefully ( its future4 ,railroad depots & s*ool-h\ses ( c]ta9 types are among ! mo/ di/9ctive & *>act]i/ic ,am]ican edifices4 ,! fir/1 especially1 are be+ con/ruct$ m ne>ly 9 accordance ) ! anci5t pr9ciple ( suit+ ! /ructure to its uses ?an are any o!r build+s t are wor?y to be consid]$ ar*itecturally4 ,art museums & public libr>ies1 too1 n[ =m an important feature 9 bo? t[n & c\ntry1 &1 9 %ort1 ! beg9n+ ( ,am]ican ar*itecture1 = t is all t c be claim$ = :at z yet exi/s1 is su* z w\ld be ! natural outcome ( a nation su* z ours--v>i$1 re/less1 bold1 ugly1 orig9al1 & progressive4 ,all ^! t]ms c be appli$ to ,am]ican art1 b 9 & ?r\gh x all !re is a promise ( some?+ m4 ,z great] age w br+ repose & dignity ( be>+ to our p1 s our ,f9e ,arts w take on ! be/ ( our *>act]i/ics2 z we outgr[ our national crudities ! *ange w be %[n 9 our ar*itecture1 & we may well anticipate t 9 ! future we %all comm& ! consid]ation & assume ! same importance 9 ^! reg>ds t our excell5ce 9 ! ,useful ,arts has already won = u 9 all ! _w4 ,illu/ration ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,te*nical ,,t]ms4 ,abacus4--,! upp]mo/ portion ( ! capital ( a column1 ^u :i* re/$ ! weight above4 ,aisle4--,! lat]al divisions ( a *ur*2 m prop]ly1 ! side subdivisions4 ,amphi!atre4--,a r\nd or oval !atre4 ,apse4--,! semi-circul> or polygonal t]m9ation to ! *oir or aisles ( a *ur*4 ,arcade4--,a s]ies ( ar*es support$ on pi]s or columns4 ,ar*4--,a con/ruction ( w$ge-%ap$ blocks ( /one or ( bricks1 ( curv$ outl9e1 spann+ an op5 space4 ,ar*itrave4--7#a7 ,! l[e/ division ( ! entablature1 9 ,classic ar*itecture re/+ on ! abacus4 7#b7 ,! m\ld+ us$ to ornam5t ! m>g9 ( an op5+4 ,base4--,! foot ( a column or wall4 ,basilica4--,orig9ally a ,roman hall ( ju/ice2 aft]w>d an e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,buttress4--,a projection built f a wall = /r5g?4 ,byzant9e4--,! ,*ri/ian ar*itecture ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*1 sometimes call$ ! r\nd ar*$2 nam$ f ,byzantium 7,con/ant9ople74 ,capital4--,! head ( a column or pila/]4 ,c>yatid4--,a /atue ( a woman us$ z a column4 ,ca!dral4--,a *ur* conta9+ ! seat ( a bi%op4 ,cella4--,t "p ( ! temple )9 ! walls4 ,*amf]4--,a slope or bevel =m$ by cutt+ (f ! edge ( an angle4 ,column4--,a pill> or po/1 r\nd or polygonal2 ! t]m includes ! base1 %aft1 & capital4 ,composite ,ord]4--,see ,ord]4 ,cor9?ian ,ord]4--,see ,ord]4 ,cornice4--,! horizontal projection cr[n+ a build+ or "s portion ( a build+4 ,ea* classic ord] _h its peculi> cornice4 ,crypt4--,a vault b5ea? a build+4 ,dome4--,a cupola or sph]ical convex ro(4 ,doric ,ord]4--,see ,ord]4 ,entablature4--,9 classic /yles all ! /ructure above ! columns except ! gable4 ,! entablature _h ?ree memb]s1 ! ar*itrave or epi/yle1 ! frieze1 & ! cornice4 ,entasis4--,! swell+ ( a column ne> ! middle to c\nt]act ! appe>ance ( concavity caus$ by an optical delusion4 ,epi/yle4--,see ,ar*itrave4 ,faade4--,! ext]ior face ( a build+4 ,frieze4--,! middle memb] ( an entablature4 ,gable4--,! triangul>-%ap$ wall support+ ! end ( a ro(4 ,g>goyle4--,a project+ wat]-sp\t c>v$ 9 /one or metal4 ,hexa/yle4--,a portico hav+ six columns 9 front4 ,int]columniation4--,! cle> space betwe5 two columns4 ,ionic ,ord]4--,see ,ord]4 ,metope4--,! space betwe5 ! triglyphs 9 ! frieze ( ! ,doric ,ord]4 ,m9>et4--,a sl5d] t[] ) balconies f :i* ,mohamm$an h\rs ( pray] are call$4 ,mosaic4--,ornam5tal "w made by cem5t+ toge!r small pieces ( glass1 /one1 or metal 9 giv5 designs4 ,nave4--,! c5tral aisle ( a *ur*2 ! we/]n "p ( ! *ur* occupi$ by ! congregation4 ,obelisk4--,a quadrangul> monoli? t]m9at+ 9 a pyramid4 ,ord]4--,an entire column ) its appropriate entablature4 ,!re are usually said to be five ord]s3 ,tuscan1 ,doric1 ,ionic1 ,cor9?ian1 & ,composite2 ! fir/ & la/ are1 h[ev]1 only v>ieties ( ! ,doric & ,cor9?ian develop$ by ! ,romans4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! ord]s h be5 describ$ 9 ! body ( ! book4 ,:5 m ?an "o ord] 0 us$ 9 a build+1 ! heavi] & pla9]1 ! ,doric & ,tuscan1 are plac$ b5ea? ! o!rs4 ,p$im5t4--,9 classic ar*itecture :at ! gable 7:i* see7 0 9 lat] /yles4 ,p]i/yle4--,a c\rt surr\nd$ by a r[ ( columns2 also ! colonnade itself surr\nd+ su* a space4 ,pi]4--,a solid wall built to support a weight4 ,pila/]4--,a squ>e column1 g5]ally atta*$ to ! wall4 ,pill>4--,see ,column4 ,pl9?4--,a squ>e memb] =m+ ! l[] division ( ! base ( a column4 ,poly*rome4--,_m-color$2 appli$ to ! /a9+ ( walls or ar*itectural ornam5ts4 ,quatrefoil4--,a f\r-leav$ ornam5t or op5+4 ,%aft4--,! middle portion ( a column1 betwe5 base & capital4 ,/ory4--,! portion ( a build+ betwe5 "o floor & ! next4 ,triglyph4--,an ornam5t ^u ! ,doric frieze consi/+ ( ?ree v]tical1 angul> *annels sep>at$ by n>r[1 flat spaces4 ,illu/ration ,,index4 ,abacus1 #eb ,abd-er-,rahman1 ,caliph1 #abf ,acropolis1 #fa1 #fb ,adan1 !1 #abf ,age ( ,leg5d 7,greece71 #df ,agrippa1 #gf ,alb]t ,hall1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 #aha ,alex&] ! ,great2 #ag2 & ,?ais1 #cd ,alex&ria1 obelisks at1 #ae ,alhambra2 #abi2 describ$ by ,de ,amicis1 #abi1 #acj ,am]ican ar*itecture2 y\? (1 #aha2 dome/ic1 #ahc1 #ahd2 p]iods (1 #ahd2 mod]n writ] on1 #ahf2 promise (1 #ahh1 #aij 7& see ,unit$ ,/ates7 ,amytis1 #cj ,anci5t or hea!n art1 #b ,anci5t ar*itecture2 #hg2 *ange f1 to ,go?ic1 #gi2 adapt$ to climate & use1 #agb ,&rea del ,s>to1 #aec ,ang]s1 *ur* at1 #ajc ,ant4 ,see pila/]s ,arabs1 #abh ,arcades2 comb9$ f ,greek & ,etruscan art1 #gf2 ( ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice1 #adb ,arc de l'toile 7,p>is71 #afe ,ar*2 k ( pr9ciple (1 #gc2 f\nd 9 ,etruscan ru9s1 #gc2 olde/ 9 ,europe 7( ,cloaca ,maxima71 #gd2 ! ,roman triumphal1 #ha2 ( ,titus1 #hb2 ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 #hb2 ( ,b5ev5tum1 #hb1 #hc2 ,roman1 #hc2 7,go?ic7 un5d+ use (1 #ie2 ,fr5* use ( po9t$1 #if2 e>ly use ( po9t$1 #abc2 examples (1 9 ,c\rt ( ! ,lions1 #acj2 examples (1 9 ,ducal ,palace1 #adb2 triumphal1 9 ,france1 #afd ,ar*itecture 9 g5]al1 #a ,ar*itrave1 #eb1 #ef ,art2 z effect$ by ,a!nian influ5ce1 #fg2 7,go?ic7 religi\s use (1 #ajc2 7,go?ic7 revival (1 #ajd2 7,go?ic7 appli$ to civic edifices1 #ajd2 ( ,r5aissance1 & ,filippo ,brunelles*i1 #acd-ach2 7,italian7 #ade2 7,italian7 z a means ( religion1 #aed ,artax]xes ,o*us1 palace (1 #ch ,artemisia1 #fh1 #fi ,ass\an4 ,see ,sy5e ,assyria2 ru9s (1 #ba2 cunei=m inscriptions f\nd 91 #ba2 religi\s influ5ce 91 #bb2 bas-reliefs (1 #bb2 palaces (1 describ$1 #bc-bf2 ,h]cules (1 #bd2 excell+ 9 ar*itects & design]s1 #bh2 obelisk (1 #bh1 #bi ,assyrian pill>s1 %aft (1 #ab ,assyrians1 ,p]sians taught by1 #cd ,a/ronomy1 & ,birs-i-,nimrud1 #cb ,a!na2 ,p>!nos1 #fb2 ,polias2 /atue (1 #fb1 #fd2 ,proma*os1 #fb 7& see ,m9]va7 ,a!ns2 ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates at1 #eg2 ,ere*!ium at1 #ei2 ,acropolis (1 #fa2 municipal build+s (1 #fg ,attic base1 #ee ,attic-,ionic /yle1 ! ,ere*!ium an example (1 #fe ,aue-,kir*e 7,muni*71 #age ,augu/9es1 *ur* ( ! 7,p>is71 #afj ,augu/us 7,emp]or71 boa/ (1 #hj ,au?>is1 #ij ,av5ue ( ,sph9xes1 #ac ,babylon2 inscriptions (1 #ba2 hang+ g>d5s (1 #bi2 temples (1 #cj2 temple ( ,belus at1 #ca2 prophecies conc]n+1 #cc ,babylonians2 k (1 z build]s1 #cj2 ,p]sians taught by1 #cd ,bac*us1 monum5t ( ,lysicrates d$icat$ to1 #fh ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce1 #ij ,b>ry1 ,sir ,*>les1 #aga ,base2 ,grecian ,doric1 #aa2 decorations on1 at ,p]sepolis1 #da2 ,attic1 #ee2 ,ionic1 #ee2 ,tuscan ord] (1 #gf2 ,composite1 #gf ,basilica2 ( ,/4 ,paul's 7,rome71 #hh2 ( ! ,escurial1 #adf1 #adh2 ne> ,/4 ,m>k's1 #aad2 at ,muni*1 #age ,basilicas2 ( ,rome1 #gh2 ( ,trajan & ,max5tius1 #gi2 columns (1 #gi2 giv5 up to ,*ri/ians1 #hg ,bas-reliefs1 ( ,assyria1 #bb ,ba?s2 ( ,agrippa1 #gf2 ( ,diocletian1 #hj2 ( ,c>acalla1 #hj ,batti/e ,monegro1 /atues ( ,escurial by1 #adi ,bav>ia1 bronze /atue (1 #agf ,b$=d ,h\se1 #ahd ,belus1 temple ( 7,babylon71 #ca ,belzoni1 & tomb ( ,seti ,i41 #g ,b5ev5tum1 ar* (1 #hb1 #hc ,b5i-,hassan1 tombs at1 #e ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 #aec ,b]gamo1 por* at1 #aab ,b]l92 ,br&5burg ,gate at1 #agc2 ,new ,museum at1 #agg ,bianca1 wife ( ,francesco ,s=za1 #add ,birs-i-,nimrud1 #cb ,bi%op ( ,p>is1 ,/4 ,g]ma91 #agc ,boodroom1 "n ( ,halic>nassus *ang$ to1 #gj ,b\lev>ds 7,p>is71 #afd ,b\rse 7,lyons71 #afb ,b[ ,*ur* 7,london71 /eeple (1 #afh ,bramante2 #adj2 great c\rt 7,milan71 design$ by1 #add ,br&5burg ,gate 7,b]l971 #agc ,briti% ,museum1 #afi ,broletto at ,como1 #aab ,brunelles*i1 ,filippo2 #acd2 & /ory ( ,columbus & ! egg1 #ach2 /atue ( 7,flor5ce71 #ach2 ar*itect ( ,pitti ,palace1 #ach1 #aed ,byzant9e ord]1 !2 geographical b\nd>ies (1 #ic2 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 #aaa1 #aae2 & ,con/ant9ople1 #aag2 ! dome ! *ief *>act]i/ic (1 #aag2 & ! ,greek ,*ur*1 #aag2 decl9e (1 #aag2 ext]ior & int]ior (1 #aai ,byzant9e-,romanesque1 #aae1 #abb ,cs>1 works (1 #acd ,cairo2 mosque at1 #abc2 mosque ne>1 #abe ,caliph ,abd-er-,rahman1 #abf ,callima*us 7sculptor71 & ,cor9?ian capital1 #eh1 #ei ,cambridge1 ,fitzwilliam ,college at1 #afi ,campaniles1 #aab1 #aad 7& see ,clock-t[]74 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 & po9t$ ar*es1 #abd ,capital2 def9ition (1 #aa2 v>ieties ( 9 ,great ,hall ( ,k>nak1 #dj2 ,grecian1 #eb2 ,ionic1 #ee2 ( ,cor9?ian ord]1 #eg1 #eh2 ( ,roman ,composite ord]1 #ge2 v>iety ( 9 mosque ( ,cordova1 #abh2 9 ,ducal ,palace1 #adb ,capitol2 ,/ate & ,national1 #aha2 at ,wa%+ton1 #ahb1 #ahc2 ( ,ohio1 #ahc2 at ,albany1 #ahh ,c> ( ,victory1 & ,napoleon1 #agc ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 #aed ,c>ia1 ,k+ (1 #fi ,c>yatides2 #ei2 ( ! ,walhalla1 #agh ,cas9o2 at ,newport1 #ahh2 at ,new ,york1 #ahh ,ca/le ( ,w>tburg1 #aji1 #aaj ,ca!dral2 at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 #abc2 at ,flor5ce1 #acf1 #ach2 at ,ja51 #adf2 at ,valladolid1 #adf2 ( ,/4 ,paul's ,london1 #afg2 at ,new ,york1 #ahh ,cecilia ,metella1 tomb (1 #hd ,cella1 #ea ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 obelisk 91 #af ,*ambord1 *teau (1 #aed1 #afa ,*amps ,elyses1 ,arc de l'toile 9 7,p>is71 #afe ,*>lemagne1 #abc ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl& & classic art1 #acd ,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa91 abdication (1 #adf ,*>les ,,ix4 ( ,france1 #afa ,*ehl ,m9>1 #ch 7& see ,great ,hall ( ,audi5ce7 ,*5onceaux1 *teaux (1 #aed ,*eops4 ,see ,pyramids ,*iswick ,h\se1 ,inigo ,jones design] (1 #afg ,*oragic ,monum5t ( ,lysicrates 7,a!ns71 #eg ,*oragus1 #fg ,*ri/ians2 art (1 9 ,sicily1 #aaf2 "u ,con/ant9e1 #hg2 rise & progress ( ar*itecture (1 #hg2 influ5ce ( belief (1 #ic ,*ur*2 ( ,san ,m9iato1 #aae2 ( ,"m ( ,god 7,con/ant9ople71 #abc2 ( ,/4 ,vitale 7,rav5na71 #abc2 ( ! ,escurial1 #aee2 ( ! ,s>bonne1 #aef2 ( ,/4 ,g5evieve1 #aeh 7& see ,pan!on72 ( ! ,invalides 7,p>is71 #aef-aeh2 ( ! ,tr9ity 7,p>is71 #afj2 ( ! ,madele9e 7,p>is71 #afj2 ( ! ,augu/9es 7,p>is71 #afj2 ( ,/4 ,paul's 7,cov5t ,g>d571 #aff2 ( ,/4 ,/eph5's 7,walbrook71 #afh2 ( ,/4 ,ludwig 7,muni*71 #age ,*ur*es2 e>ly =ms (1 9 ,italy1 #hi2 7,go?ic7 int]iors (1 #ih1 rood-scre5s (1 #ajg2 ( ,burgos1 #aje2 ( ,tol$o1 #aje2 ( ,malaga & ,segovia1 #adf ,*urrigu]a1 ,josef de1 #adf ,*urrigu]esque /yle1 #adf ,civic ord]1 ,broletto at ,como1 #aab ,classic /yle1 revival (1 9 ,g]many1 #agb ,classic lit]ature ( ,rome1 influ5ce (1 #aec ,cleopatra's ,ne$les1 #ae ,cloaca ,maxima 7,rome71 #gd ,clock-t[]2 ne> ,/4 ,m>k's 7,v5ice71 #aad 7& see ,campanile7 ,cologne1 great ca!dral (1 #aj ,colonial p]iod 7,am]ica71 #ahd ,colosseum1 #hj ,colossi1 #ac 7& see ,rameses ! ,great7 ,columb>ia1 #hd1 #he ,columns2 #aa2 ( ,hypo/yle ,hall 7,k>nak71 #aa2 ,assyrian k (1 #bh2 ( ,great ,hall ( ,audi5ce1 #ci1 #dj2 ,p]sian developm5t (1 #db2 ,grecian1 #eb2 ,ionic1 #ef2 ( temple ( ,diana 7,ephesus71 #fj2 ( gre5 jasp] at ,/4 ,sophia1 #fa2 ,tuscan ord] (1 #gf2 ( basilicas1 #gi2 ( ,/4 ,paul's 7,rome71 #hi2 ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #abj2 ( mosque ( ,cordova1 #abg1 #abh2 ( ! ,alhambra1 #abi1 #acj2 9 c\rt-y>d ( ! ,escurial1 #adi2 ( ! ,pan!on1 #aeh2 ( ,victory1 9 ,france1 #afd2 ( portico ( ,ruhme%alle1 #agf 7& see ,groves ( ,pill>s & ,pill>s7 ,composite ord]1 #ge ,con/ant9e1 ,emp]or2 #b2 ,egypt 9 "t (1 #ai2 ar* (1 #ha2 ,*ri/ians "u1 #hg1 #aag ,con/ant9ople2 ,/4 ,sophia at1 #fa2 & ,byzant9e ord]1 #aag ,conv5t ( ,escurial1 #aej1 #aea ,cordova1 mosque at1 #abf ,cor9?ian capital1 #eh1 #ei ,cor9?ian ord]2 #eb2 #eg2 capital (1 #eg1 #eh2 %[n 9 ! ,madele9e 7,p>is71 #afj ,cornice1 #ec1 #gf ,c\nt ( ,?ur+ia1 #aaj ,c\rt ( ! ,lions1 #abi1 #acj ,cragie ,h\se 7,cambridge71 #ahd ,cr[n1 iron1 ( ,!odol9da1 #ib ,crypt ( ! ,invalides1 #aeh ,cu/om ,h\se at ,r\51 #afb ,cyrus1 tomb (1 #db1 #dc ,d>ius2 palace (1 #ch2 tomb (1 #dc ,d>k ,ages1 #acd ,de ,amicis2 quot$ conc]n+ ! mosque ( ,cordova1 #abf2 quot$ conc]n+ ! ,escurial1 #adh-aeb ,diana1 #fj ,diocletian1 palace ( 7,spalatro71 #hf ,di/yle 9 ,antis1 #ea ,doge's ,palace 7,v5ice71 #aad 7& see ,ducal ,palace7 ,dome2 *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 #aag2 #aai2 ( ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 #ach2 ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 7,rome71 #ach2 ( ! ,invalides1 #aeg2 ( ! ,pan!on 7,p>is71 #aeh2 ( ! ,capitol 7,wa%+ton71 #ahc ,domes ( ,/4 ,m>k's 7,v5ice71 #aad ,dome/ic ar*itecture2 ,egyptian /udy (1 #af2 ( ,greece1 #gj2 ( ,rome1 #he2 ,go?ic1 #aji2 ( ,spa91 #aeb2 ( ,france1 #afb2 examples (1 9 ,great ,brita91 #afi2 ( ,am]ica1 #ahc1 #ahd ,doric ord]2 imitat$ old ,egyptian tombs1 #g2 *>act]i/ics (1 #eb-ed2 trac$ back1 #ed2 & ,ionic ord]1 comp>$1 #eg2 ,propyla & ,p>!non z examples (1 #fd ,dresd51 new !atre & picture gall]y (1 #agg ,ducal ,palace 7,v5ice71 & ,john ,rusk91 #adb 7& see ,doge's ,palace7 ,ea/]ns1 !1 #abc 7& see ,s>ac5s7 ,eb$1 !1 #abf ,ecbatana1 palace (1 #cd ,e*9us1 #eb ,eclectic /yle1 #ahh ,edf\1 temple (1 #ag ',e>ly ,spani%' ar*itecture1 #ajf ,egypt1 tombs & ru9s (1 #b-bj2 religion (1 influ5c+ art1 #h2 pill>s (1 #aa2 hi]oglyphics on pill>s (1 #ab2 irregul> plans ( palaces & temples (1 #ac2 obelisks (1 remov$1 #ae2 anci5t h\ses (1 #af2 dome/ic ar*itecture (1 #af2 "u ! ,ptolemies1 #ag2 decl9e ( arts (1 9 lat] days1 #ai2 9 "t ( ,con/ant9e 7,emp]or71 #ai2 pres5t k ( hi/ory (1 #bj ,elmwood1 #ahd ,engl&2 imitation ( o!r /yles ( ar*itecture 91 #aff2 ,go?ic ord] 91 #aff2 examples ( v>i\s ar*itectural /yles 91 #afi2 art (1 at ! pres5t "t1 #agb2 revival ( ,go?ic art 91 #agj ,entablature2 def9ition (1 #ed2 ( ,walhalla1 #agh ,entasis1 #fg ,ephesus2 temple ( ,diana at1 #fj2 desolation at1 #fa ,epi/yle1 #g ,ere*!ium 7,a!ns72 #ei2 & ,a!na ,polias1 #fb2 burial-place ( ,ere*!us1 #fd2 f\nd$ by ,ere*!us1 #fd2 example ( ,attic-,ionic /yle1 #fe ,ere*!us1 f\nd] ( ! ,ere*!ium1 #fe ,escurial 7ne> ,madrid71 #adf-aeb2 comb9ation =m+1 #adf2 dome ( basilica (1 #adf2 palace (1 #adg2 ,de ,amicis's description (1 #adh-aeb2 /atues (1 by ,batti/e ,monegro1 #adi2 room ( ,philip ,,ii4 91 #adi2 basilica (1 #adi2 *ur* (1 #adi2 c\rty>d ( ! k+s (1 #adi2 conv5t (1 #aej1 #aea ,etruscans2 #ga2 !atres & amphi!atres (1 #gb ,euphrates1 #bi ,ex*ange at ,m>seilles1 #afb ,faade ( ,ducal ,palace1 #adb ,f>nese ,bull1 #ha ,f>nese ,h]cules1 #ha ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 reign (1 #ade ,f]gusson & ,go?ic ar*itecture1 #ic ,filippo ,brunelles*i & art ( ,r5aissance1 #acd-ach ,f9e ,art ,gall]y1 ne> ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 #ha ,fitzwilliam ,college 7,cambridge71 #afi ,flavian ,amphi!atre1 #hj ,flor5ce1 ca!dral (1 #acd ,fonta9e ,/4 ,mi*el1 #afe ,fonta9ebleau1 palace (1 #aed ,=tress1 ! ,acropolis z a1 #fb ,=tresses ( anci5t ,greece1 #dh ,=um ,bo>ium1 #hb ,france2 & revival ( classic art1 #acd2 & ,go?ic ar*itecture1 #aec2 sov]eigns (1 z influ5c+ ar*itecture1 #aed2 *ange 9 /yle 91 f ,go?ic to ,r5aissance1 #aef2 /yle ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 91 #afa2 "t ( classic revival1 #afb2 dome/ic ar*itecture (1 #afb2 ,neo-,grec /yle 91 #afe1 #aff2 mod]n1 #afe1 #aff ,francesco ,s=za1 #add ,francis ,i41 ( ,france2 & introduction ( ,italian art1 #aed2 ,l\vre rebuilt by1 #afj ,frieze2 def9ition (1 #ec2 ( ,ionic ord]1 #ef2 ( ,tuscan ord]1 #gf2 ( ,walhalla1 #agh ,g>goyle1 #ih ,g>ibald1 ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 #ij ,gateway ,huldah ( temple at ,j]usalem1 #dd ,gateways2 9 walls ( ,n9eveh1 #ba2 9 walls ( ,babylon1 #bi2 gold51 iron1 & braz51 ( palace ( ,diocletian1 #hf ,g]many2 & revival ( classic art1 #acd2 imitation ( details ( ,greek ar*itecture 91 #agc2 mod]n ar*itecture (1 #agc ,ghizeh1 pyramids (1 #c ,gibbon 7hi/orian7 & ,/4 ,sophia1 #abb ,giotto's campanile1 #aab ,gir>d ,college 7,philadelphia71 #ahf ,glab]1 ,rodulphe1 #ic ,glypto!k at ,muni*1 #agg ,go?ic ord]2 ,f]gusson's location (1 #ic2 ext5sion & orig9 (1 #ic2 inv5tion ( int]ior aisles 91 #ih2 design (1 9 ornam5t1 #ii2 pa9t$ glass appli$ to1 #ajj2 ,spani% v>iation (1 #aje2 modification ( 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 #aaa2 comb9$ ) ,ea/]n decoration 9 ,v5etian ar*itecture1 #aad2 la/ di/9ct ord]1 #acc2 9 ,france1 #aec2 union (1 ) ,italian design 9 ,france1 #aed2 9 ,engl&1 #aff2 9 ! ,tudor age1 #agj2 & ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 #aga ,go?s1 temple ( ,diana burn$ by1 #fa ,g\jon1 ,jean1 & ! ,l\vre1 #afj ,goya1 #adi ,grco-,roman /yle1 #adf ,gr& ,duke ( ,saxe-,weim>1 #aaj ,gr& ,mon>que4 ,see ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,gr&s ,hommes1 ,pan!on d$icat$ to1 #aeh ,great ,hall ( ,audi5ce2 plan (1 #da2 !ories conc]n+1 #db ,great ,hall ( ,ba?s ( ,diocletian1 #hj ,great ,palace ne> ,p]sepolis1 #cf-ch ,grecian ,doric ord]2 %aft (1 #ab2 dome/ic ar*itecture (1 #gj ,greece2 art (1 z comp>$ ) t ( ,egypt1 #bj2 prehi/oric days (1 #dg2 orig9 ( ar*itecture (1 #dh2 color+ ( m>bles 91 #fe2 skill 9 deceiv+ ! eye1 9 ar*itecture (1 #fg2 !atres (1 #fh2 orig9 ( drama 91 #fh2 effect 9 ,g]many ( discov]ies 91 #agc ,gre5wi* ,hospital1 #afi ,gregory ,i4 7,pope71 #ib ,groves ( ,pill>s1 #dd ,hadrian2 #gg2 tomb ( 7ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo71 #hd ,halic>nassus2 mausoleum at1 #fh2 9 possession ( ,knights ( ,/4 ,john1 #gj2 "n (1 *ang$ to ,boodroom1 #gj2 sculptures (1 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #gj ,hall ( ,fame1 #agf 7& see ,ruhme%alle7 ,hall ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,columns1 #ch ,hall ( ,x]xes1 #ch-da 7& see ,great ,hall ( ,audi5ce7 ,hampton1 palace ( 7design$ by ,wr571 #afi ,hang+ ,g>d5s ( ,babylon2 #bi2 int]ior /ructure (1 #bi1 #cj2 & ,semiramis1 #cj2 & ,nebu*adnezz>1 #cj ,h5ry ( ,(t]d+51 #aaj ,h]cules ( ,assyria1 #bd ,h]mann1 ,c\nt ( ,?ur+ia1 #aaj ,h]odotus1 ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory1 #dg ,h]o/ratus1 #fj ,he%m1 #abf ,hexa/yle1 #eb ,hom]1 ,iliad & ,odyssey (1 #dg ,h\se ( ! ,virg91 #fb 7& see ,p>!non7 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7,london72 #agj2 & ,go?ic revision1 #aga ,hypo/yle ,hall 7,k>nak72 #aa2 comp>$ ) ,/4 ,pet]'s 7,rome71 #adj ,ibn-t\l\n1 mosque built by1 #abc ,iliad1 k ( ,grecian hi/ory f1 #dg ,inigo ,jones4 ,see ,jones1 ,inigo ,inscriptions1 ,arabic1 #acj ,invalides1 *ur* ( !1 #aef-aeh ,ionic capital1 #ee1 #ef ,ionic ord]2 #eb-ed2 trac$ back1 #ee2 capital (1 #ee1 #ef2 ar*itrave (1 #ef2 columns (1 #ef2 comp>$ ) ,doric ord]1 #eg2 comb9$ ) ,doric 9 int]ior ( ! ,p>!non1 #fd ,isabella & ,f]d9&1 reign (1 #ade ,isis1 temple (1 #ah ,ismail ,pa%a1 ,kh$ive ( ,egypt1 #af ,italy2 ar*itecture (2 #hg2 ,byzant9e ord] 9 s\!rn "p (1 #aaa2 be/ days ( ar*itecture 91 #add ,ja5 7,granada72 ca!dral (1 #adf ,jay1 ,hon4 ,john1 home (1 #ahd ,j]usalem1 temple (2 ,gateway ,huldah (1 #dd2 design (1 prov+ ,roman influ5ce1 #de ,jones1 ,inigo 7ar*itect72 #aff2 design] ( ,*iswick ,h\se1 #afg2 design] ( ,wilton ,h\se1 #afg ,jordan1 ru9s beyond1 #dd ,josef de ,*urrigu]a1 #adf ,josephus1 prov+ "t ( build+ temple ( ,j]usalem1 #de ,judea2 art-hi/ory (1 #dd2 ru9s (1 at ,j]usalem1 ,baalbec1 ,palmyra1 & ,petra1 #dd ,ju/9ian 7,emp]or71 & ,/4 ,sophia1 #aai ,kaitbey1 mosque at1 #abe ,k>nak1 palace-temple (2 #h-ab2 ,hypo/yle ,hall 91 #aj ,kh$ive ( ,egypt1 ,ismail ,pa%a1 #af ,khorsabad1 palace (1 #bf ,la ,scala1 ,milan1 #ahj ,lat]an1 palace (1 #ha ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aec ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k's 7,v5ice71 #adb ,liv]pool1 ,/4 ,george's ,hall at1 #afi ,livy1 works (1 #acd ,longfell[1 home (1 #ahd ,l\is ,i4 7,bav>ia71 & revival ( ,greek art1 #agc1 #age ,l\is ,,xiii4 7,france71 & classic ar*itecture1 #afa ,l\is ,,xiv4 7,france71 & revival ( classic ar*itecture1 #afb ,l\is ,,xv4 7,france71 #aeh ,l\is ,philippe1 #afb ,l\vre 7,p>is71 #afj ,l[ell1 ,james ,russell1 home (1 #ahd ,ludwig ,/rasse 7,muni*71 ar*itectural failure1 #agg ,lu!r & ca/le ( ,w>tburg1 #aaa ,lyons1 new ,b\rse 91 #afb ,lysicrates1 monum5t (1 #fg ,madele9e1 *ur* ( !1 #afj ,malaga1 *ur*es (1 #adf ,mans1 mona/]y at1 #ajc ,mans>d1 ,jules ,h>d\91 #aef ,m>burg1 #aaj ,m>cus ,scaurus1 #hj ,m>seilles1 ex*ange at1 #afb ,mausoleum at ,halic>nassus1 #fh ,mausolus1 #fi1 #gj ,max5tius1 basilica (1 #gi ,mecca1 #abc ,m$9et ,hab\1 h\se at1 #af ,mehemet ,ali1 #ae ,memorial ,hall 7,cambridge71 #ahh ,memphis1 ru9s (1 us$ 9 new build+s1 #g ,metope1 #ec ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,degli ,angeli1 #hj2 & ,/4 ,pet]'s 7,rome71 #ach-adj ,middle ,ages2 ,italian t[]s (1 #aaa2 prosp]ity ( ar*itecture ( 7,v5ice71 #aad ,middle p]iod 9 ,am]ica1 #ahd ,milan1 ,la ,scala (1 #ahj ,m9>ets ( mosques1 #abe ,m9]va4 ,see ,a!na ,mod]n ar*itecture2 imitative1 #acc2 s9ce ,r5aissance1 #acc2 9 ,italy1 #acd2 ?ree eras (1 9 ,spa91 #adf2 9 ,g]many1 #agc2 div]sity ( /yle (1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahf ,mohamm$1 #abc ,mokattam ,m\nta9s1 #d ,monks ( ,middle ,ages1 #ajb ,monoli? ( ! ,gateway ,holdah1 #dd ,monum5ts 9 ,france1 #afd ,monza1 ca!dral (1 #ib ,moresco or ,moori% ord]1 #ajf1 #abc ,morris1 ,g5]al1 & ,old ,morrisania1 #ahd ,morrisania1 #ahd ,mosaics ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #abj ,mosque2 at ,cairo1 #abc2 m9>ets ( same1 #abe2 ne> ,cairo1 #abe ,mosque ( ,cordova1 #abf2 ,de ,amicis1 conc]n+1 #abf2 naves (1 #abg2 m>bles (1 #abg2 columns (1 #abg1 #abh ,mosque ( ,kaitboy1 #abe ,"m ( ,god1 *ur* ( 7,con/ant9ople71 #abc ,muezz91 ! call (1 #abe1 #abf ,muni*2 mod]n ar*itecture (1 #agc1 #agd2 *ur* ( ,/4 ,ludwig at1 #age2 ,ruhme%alle at1 #agf2 glypto!k (1 #agg ,museum2 ( ,b]l91 #agg2 at ,ox=d1 #agj1 #aga ,music halls1 #ahj ,mutules1 #fe ,myc51 #dh ,my?ology1 #dg ,napoleon ,i42 & pyramids1 #c2 tomb (1 #aeh2 inscription f w (1 #aeh2 ,c> ( ,victory1 trophy (1 #agc ,napoleon ,,iii41 #afb1 #aff ,nebu*adnezz>2 & ,hang+ ,g>d5s1 #cj2 & ,birs-i-,nimrud1 #cb ,neo-,byzant9e ord]1 #aag ,neo-,grec ord]1 #aff ,n]o 7,emp]or71 temple ( ,diana robb$ by1 #fa ,new museum at ,ox=d1 #agj1 #aga ,new !atre1 ,dresd51 #agg ,newton1 discov]] ( sculptures at ,halic>nassus1 #gj ,new ,_w1 discov]y (1 #ade ,new ,york1 ,tr9ity ,*ur* 91 #ahh ,nile1 ne> ,!bes1 #ad ,n9eveh2 walls (1 #ba2 gateways (1 #ba2 ornam5tation ( gateways (1 #bc2 palaces (1 #bg ,norman ,conque/1 #aaf ,nor!rn ,spa91 ,arabs (1 #abh ,obelisk2 n[ 9 ,p>is1 #ac2 at ,alex&ria1 #ae2 ,cleopatra's ,ne$les1 #ae2 express+ wor%ip1 #af2 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 #af2 ! ,assyrian1 #bh1 #bi ,odyssey1 k ( ,grecian hi/ory f1 #dg ,old ,morrisania1 #ahd ,op]a ,h\se 7,p>is71 #ahj ,ord]4 ,see ,go?ic1 ,moresco or ,moori%1 ,civil1 ,neo-,byzant9e1 ,neo-,grec1 ,romanesque1 ,byzant9e1 ,s>ac5ic ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 symbol (1 #hi ,ori5tal art2 *>act]i/ics (1 #ei2 & ! c>yatid1 #ei ,ox=d1 new museum at1 #agj ,pa9t$ glass & ,go?ic ar*itecture1 #ajj ,palace2 ( ,khorsabad1 #bg2 ( ,ecbatana1 #cd2 ( ,susa1 #cd2 ( ,artax]xes ,o*us1 #ch2 ( ,d>ius1 #ch2 ( ,x]xes1 #ch2 ( ,diocletian at ,spalatro1 #hf2 ( ! ,escurial1 #adg1 #adi2 ( ,v]sailles1 #afb2 ( ,:itehall1 #aff2 ( ,hampton1 #afi2 ( ,w9*e/]1 #afi ,palaces2 ( ,assyria1 #bc-bf2 ( ,n9eveh1 #bg ,palace-temples1 ,egyptian1 #h ,palais du ,trocadro1 #afe ,pan!on 7,rome72 #gf-gh2 rotunda & por* (1 #gf2 pres]vation (1 #gg2 inscription on portico (1 #gg2 burial-place ( ,raphael & ,annibale ,c>acci1 #gh ,pan!on 7,p>is71 #aeh2 & see *ur* ( ,/4 ,g5evieve ,p>apet ( ,ducal ,palace1 ,v5ice1 #adb ,p>is2 rebuilt1 #afb2 ! b\lev>ds (1 #afd2 new op]a h\se (1 #ahj ,p>!non 7,a!ns72 #ec1 #ed2 built ( ,p5telic m>ble1 #fd2 ( ,doric ord] ( ar*itecture1 #fd2 erect$ "u c>e ( ,phidias1 #fd2 sculptures (1 #fd ,paul ,sil5ti>ius & description ( ,/4 ,sophia1 #abj ,p$im5t1 #ed ,pepp]ell1 ,sir ,william1 #ahd ,p]icles at ,a!ns1 #fa ,p]i/yle1 #eb ,p]sepolis2 great palace ne>1 #cf-ch2 spr+ resid5ce ( ,p]sian k+s1 #db ,p]sia2 inscriptions f\nd 91 #ba2 palaces (1 #cd2 taught by ,assyria & ,babylonia1 #cd2 plat=ms (1 #cf2 regul>ity ( ar*itecture (1 #dc2 faults ( ar*itecture (1 #dd ,p]uzzi1 #adj ,ph>aoh1 & tombs at ,b5i-,hassan1 #f ,phidias2 & ,a!na ,proma*os1 #fb2 ,p>!non erect$ "u c>e (1 #fd2 sculptures execut$ by1 #fd ,phil2 temple on isl& (1 #ah2 build+s at1 #ai ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa92 & decl9e ( ,spani% art1 #ade2 & ! ,escurial1 #adf2 cell (1 9 ! ,escurial1 #adi2 *air (1 #aej ,piazza ( ,/4 ,m>k 7,v5ice71 #adb ,picture ,gall]y1 ,dresd51 #agg ,pi]s1 ,egyptian1 #aa ,pila/]s1 #eb2 #abg2 7& see ,ant7 ,pill> ( ! ,gateway ,huldah1 #dd ,pill>s2 ( ,great ,hall ( ,audi5ce1 #ch-da2 ( ,doric ord]1 #eb2 ( ,san ,m9iato1 #aaf2 ( ,ducal ,palace1 #adb2 7& see ,columns7 ,p9acotica1 ne> ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 #ha ,p9ako!k 7,dresd571 #agg ,pitti ,palace1 gall]y (1 #ach1 #aed ,plat]isco1 #adf ,plat=ms1 ,p]sian1 #cf ,pope1 !1 & ,italian art1 #aed ,por*es ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 #aab ,porte ,/4 ,d5is 7,p>is71 #afd ,portico2 ( basilica ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 #aae2 ( ! ,c\rt ( ,lions1 #acj2 ! ,ruhme%alle1 #agf2 ( ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 #ahc ,praxiteles & temple ( ,diana1 #fj1 #fa ,pri5e1 temple ( ,a!na at1 #ee ,prie/s1 patrons ( art dur+ ,middle ,ages1 #ajb ,primaticcio1 #aec ,pr9ce ,l\is ( ,?ur+ia1 #aaj ,proma*os 7see ,a!na71 #fb ,propyla2 ,assyrian1 #bd2 ( ,acropolis1 #fb1 #fd ,proto-,doric ord]1 #g ,ptolemies1 #ag ,public ,libr>y ( ,muni*1 #agg ,pyramids ( ,*eops2 #b2 size (1 #c2 int]ior (1 #d ,pyramids ( ,ghizeh2 #c2 tombs ne>1 #e ,quatrefoil1 #adb ,que5 ,anne /yle 9 ,am]ica1 #ahf ,rameses ! ,great4 ,see ,colossi4 ,raphael1 #adj ,ratisbon1 ! ,walhalla ne>1 #agh ,re=mation1 !1 #acc ,religion2 influ5c+ ,egyptian art1 #h2 a factor 9 national ar*itecture1 #i ,r5aissance2 #ajd2 #acd2 build+s erect$ 9 ,italy dur+1 #adb2 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #ade2 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ade2 & ,raphael1 #ade2 9 ,engl&1 #aff ,ri*elieu 7c>d9al71 #aed ,ritt] ,george1 #aaa ,roman !atre1 fir/1 #hj ,romanesque ord]1 #hg ,romanesque & ,byzant9e ord]s m+l$1 #abb ,rome2 rul$ by ,etruscans1 #ga2 acqu$ucts & bridges (1 #gd2 e>lie/ works (1 direct$ by ,etruscans1 #gd2 gr[? ( ,composite ord] 91 #ge2 temples (1 #gf2 int]ior ar*itecture (1 #gf2 ,pan!on (1 #gf-gh2 basilicas (1 #gh2 decl9e ( art 91 #hj2 !atres (1 #hj2 triumphal ar*es (1 #ha2 tombs (1 #hc-hf2 dome/ic ar*itecture (1 #he2 influ5ce ( classic lit]ature 91 #acc2 ,/4 ,pet]'s at1 #ach-adj ,rood-scre5s1 #ajg ,rose w9d[s1 #ajb ,r\51 cu/om h\se at1 #afb ,royal ,palace at ,muni*1 #agg ,ruhme%alle 7,muni*72 columns (1 #agf2 /atue 9 front (1 #agf ,ru9s2 ,assyrian1 #ba2 ,judean1 #dd2 ( temple ( ,diana1 at ,ephesus1 #fj ,rusk91 ,john2 & ,ducal ,palace 7,v5ice71 #adb2 tea*+ (1 #aga ,/4 ,bride's 7,fleet ,/reet71 #afh ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 #aaj ,/4 ,eu/a*e1 *ur* ( 7,p>is71 #aed ,/4 ,g5evieve1 *ur* ( 7,p>is71 #aeh ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 ,liv]pool1 #afi ,/4 ,g]ma92 #ajc1 #agc ,/4 ,james's 7,piccadilly71 *ur* (1 #afh ,/4 ,john ,lat]an1 #hi ,/4 ,ludwig1 *ur* ( 7,muni*71 #age ,/4 ,m>k's 7,v5ice71 #aad2 piazza (1 #aad2 portico (1 #aae ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,libr>y ( 7,v5ice71 #aad ,/4 ,paul's1 ca!dral ( 7,london71 #afg ,/4 ,paul's1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 #aff1 #afg ,/4 ,paul's )\t ! ,walls2 #hh2 bronze gates (1 #hi2 columns (1 #hi ,/4 ,pet]'s 7,rome72 z comp>$ ) palace-temple1 #h2 dome & cross (1 #ach2 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ach-adj2 begun & f9i%$1 #ach-adj2 criticis$1 #adj ,/4 ,qu5t91 battle (1 #adf ,/4 ,sophia1 *ur* ( 7,con/ant9ople72 gre5 jasp] columns (1 #fa2 #aag2 & ,ju/9ian1 #aai2 ,gibbon's description (1 #aai2 ,paul ,sil5ti>ius's description (1 #abj ,/4 ,vitale1 *ur* ( 7,rav5na71 #abc ,san ,c>lo1 op]a h\se ( 7,naples71 #ahj ,san ,m9iato1 *ur* ( 7,flor5ce71 #aae1 #aaf ,san ,paolo fuori della ,mura4 ,see ,/4 ,paul's )\t ! ,walls ,sansov9o1 #adb ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,fiore4 ,see ca!dral ( ,flor5ce ,/a4 ,m>ia ,degli ,angeli1 *ur* (1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #hj ,s>ac5i4 ,see ! ,ea/]ns ,s>ac5ic ar*itecture1 #abc1 #abd2 pr9cipal homes (1 #abf2 /udy (1 #acb ,s>gon1 #bf ,scaurus1 ,m>cus1 #hj ,s*liemann1 #dh ,sculpture ,gall]y ( ,muni*1 #agg ,sculptures2 execut$ by ,phidias1 #fd2 ,go?ic use (1 9 decoration1 #ajg ,segovia1 *ur*es (1 #adf ,semiramis 7,que571 & ,hang+ ,g>d5s1 #cj ,s5na*]ib1 #bf ,septimius ,sev]us2 & ,pan!on1 #gg2 ar* (1 #hb2 wife (1 #hb ,sepul*res1 #he 7& see ,tombs7 ,seti ,i41 tomb (1 #g ,s=za1 ,francesco1 #add ,%aft ( ,tuscan column1 #gf ,%r9es ( ,babylon1 ri*es (1 #ca1 #cb ,%u%an1 #db ,sicilian ar*itecture1 rem>kable /yle (1 #aaf ,sicily1 ,*ri/ian art (1 #aaf ,s\fflot 7ar*itect71 #aeh ,spa92 & ,go?ic art1 #ajd1 #aje2 & ,moori% ar*itecture1 #abc2 & classic art1 #acd2 f "t ( fall ( ,granada1 #ade2 mod]n ar*itecture (1 #adf2 dome/ic ar*itecture (1 #aeb2 p (1 z arti/s1 & ,f]gusson1 #aeb1 #aec ,sph9x1 #ac ,spires1 #ih ,/aircase ( temple ( ,diana 7,ephesus71 #fj ,/aircases ( ,p]sepolis1 #cf ,/atue ( ,bav>ia1 #agf ,/atues ( ! ,escurial1 #adi1 #aej ,/reet ( ! ,tripods1 #fh ,suphis4 ,see ,*eops ,susa1 palace (1 #cd ,sutri1 #gb ,sy5e1 granite (1 9 pyramids1 #d ,symbol ( ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 #hi ,symbolism ( ,go?ic ornam5t1 #ajg1 #ajh ,tacitus1 #acd ,tape/ries ( ,escurial1 #adi ,temple2 ( ,k>nak1 #ac2 ( ,luxor1 #ac2 ( ,d5d]ah1 #ag2 ( ,phil1 #ag2 influ5c$ by ,egypt1 9 build+1 #ag2 ( ,birs-i-,nimrud1 #cb2 ( ,j]usalem1 #dd1 #de2 e>lie/ /yle (1 9 ,greece1 #dh2 ( ,a!na at ,pri5e1 #ee2 ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 #fj1 & ,praxiteles1 #fj1 #fa1 & ,!odosius ,i4 7,emp]or71 #fa1 burn$ by ,go?s1 #fa1 robb$ by ,n]o1 #fa2 ! ,ere*!ium z a1 #fe2 ( ,ve/a1 #hi ,temple ,c\rt ( palace ( ,khorsabad1 #bg ,temples2 ( ,babylon1 #cj2 ( ,rome1 #gf2 9 ! ,c\rt ( ! ,lions1 #acj ,t5ia1 #eb ,?ais1 #cd ,!atres2 ( ,rome1 #hj2 li/ ( mo/ important1 #agi ,!bes2 ,tombs ( ! ,k+s ne>1 #g2 gr&eur ( ru9s (1 #g1h ,!odol9da2 #ij2 iron cr[n (1 #ib ,!odosius ,i41 & temple ( ,diana1 #fa2 & ,/4 ,paul's )\t ! ,walls1 #hh ,!resa1 ,que5 ( ,l\is ,i4 ( ,bav>ia1 #agf ,!resi5hhe1 #agg ,!rm1 #hj ,titus1 ar* (1 #hb ,tomb2 ( ,seti ,i41 #g2 ( ,cyrus1 #db1 #dc2 ( ,d>ius1 #dc2 ( ,mausolus1 #fi1 #gj2 ( ,hadrian1 #hd ,tombs2 at ,b5i-,hassan1 #e2 ne> ,pyramids1 #e2 ( ! k+s1 ne> ,!bes1 #g2 ,p]sian1 #db2 exploration ( ,p]sian1 #dc2 ,etruscan1 #gc2 ( ,rome1 #hc-hf ,toscanelli1 #ach ,t[]2 ( ,birs-i-,nimrud1 #cb2 ( ,giotto1 #aab ,t[]s2 ( ,babyloni% temples1 #ca2 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 #ih2 ( ,italy1 9 ,middle ,ages1 #aaa2 ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #afh 7& see ,campanile7 ,trajan2 basilica (1 #gi2 & ar* ( ,b5ev5tum1 #hb ,triglyphs1 #ec ,tr9ity ,*ur*2 ,p>is1 #afj2 ,bo/on1 #ahh2 ,new ,york1 #ahh ,tripod1 #fh ,trojan w>1 #dg ,troy1 ,s*liemann's discov]ies at1 #dh ,tudor age1 ,go?ic /yle 91 #agj ,tumuli1 #gc ,tuscan ord]1 #ge1 #gf ,ula1 !1 #abf ,unit$ ,/ates2 capitols (1 #aha2 fir/ build+s (1 #aha2 classic ar*itecture &1 #ahb2 cella divid$ 91 #ahb2 *>act]i/ic types ( edifices 91 #ahh ,univ]sity ( ,muni*1 #agg ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 #hh ,valladolid1 ca!dral (1 #adf ,van ,r5ssela] home/ead1 #ahd ,vatican comp>$ ) palace-temple1 #h ,v5ice1 ar*itecture (1 #aad ,v]sailles1 palace (1 #afb ,ve/a1 temple (1 #hi ,vignon1 #afj ,villa ,borghese1 palace (1 #ha ,walhalla1 #agh1 #agi ,walls2 ( ,n9eveh1 #ba2 ( ,babylon1 #bi ,w> (fice 7,muni*71 #agg ,w>tburg1 ca/le on1 #aji ,wa%+ton 7,u4 ,s471 national capitol at1 #ahb ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 & national capital1 #ahb ,wr51 ,sir ,*ri/oph]1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi ,wyatville1 ,sir ,jeffrey1 #agj ,x]xes1 #cg1 #ch ,zahra1 #abi ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,mid-p>agraph illu/rations h be5 mov$ betwe5 p>agraphs & "s illu/rations h be5 mov$ clos] to ! text t ref]5ces !m4 ,uncaption$ illu/rations are decorative ,headpieces or ! publi%]'s logo on ! ,title page4 ,mo/ ,index entries t did n mat* ! ref]5c$ text h be5 *ang$ :5 ! diff]5ces 7 hyph5ation or acc5t m>ks4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,index entries = ,neo-,grec h n be5 *ang$ to ,no-,grec4 ,index entries 7 n *eck$ = accuracy4