,,freaks ,,of ,,fanaticism    ,,and     
,,other ,,strange ,,events              
,,freaks ,,of ,,fanaticism      ,,and   
,,other ,,strange ,,events      ,,by    
,s4 ,,baring-,,gould1 ,m4,a4            
,,author ,,of ,,mehalah1 ,,old ,,country
 ,,life1 ,,historic ,,oddities1         
,,songs ,,of ,,the ,,west1 ,,etc4       
,methuen  ,co4      #ah1 ,,bury         
,,street1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4    #ahia     
,,preface4      ,this ,volume1 that     
originally appeared as a ,second ,series
 to  ,historic ,oddities and ,strange   
,events1 is now issued under a new      
title which describes the peculiar      
nature of the majority of its  contents4
 ,several of the articles are concerned 
with the history of  mysticism1 a phase 
of human nature that deserves careful   
and close  study4 ,mysticism is the     
outbreak in man of a spiritual element  
which cannot be ignored1 cannot be      
wholly suppressed1 and is man's  noblest
 element when rightly directed and      
balanced4 ,it is capable  of regulation1

 but unregulated1 it may become even a  
mischievous  faculty4    ,when the ,jews
 are being expelled from ,russia1 and   
are regarded with  bitter hostility in  
other parts of ,eastern ,europe1 the    
article on  the accusations brought     
against them may prove not uninstructive
  reading4    ,there is political as    
well as religious and racial fanaticism1
 and  the story of the ,poisoned        
,parsnips illustrates the readiness     
with which false accusations against    
political enemies are made  and accepted
 without examination4 ,jean ,aymon      
exhibits the same  unscrupulousness     
where religious passions are concerned4 
,the curious  episode to ,the ,northern 
,raphael shows the craving after        
notoriety  that characterises so much of
 sentimental1 hysterical piety4      ,s4
 ,,baring ,,gould4      ,,lew           
,,trenchard1 ,,devon1    ,september     
#ast1 #ahia4          ,,contents4       
,,page      ,a ,,swiss ,,passion ,,play 
#a      ,a ,,northern ,,raphael         

#ci      ,,the ,,poisoned ,,parsnips    
#fg      ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,father   
,,thomas ,,in ,,damascus      #hf       
,,some ,,accusations ,,against ,,jews   
#ajg      ,,the ,,coburg ,,mausoleum    
#abj      ,,jean ,,aymon                
#abi      ,,the ,,patarines ,,of ,,milan
                      #adf      ,,the   
,,anabaptists ,,of ,m,,nster            
#aie          ,,freaks ,,of             
,,fanaticism4          ,a ,swiss        
,passion ,play4      ,we are a little   
surprised1 and perhaps a little shocked1
 at the  illiberality of the ,swiss     
,government1 in even such ,protestant   
cantons as ,geneva1 ,zrich1 and ,berne1 
in forbidding the performances  on their
 ground of the ,salvation ,army1 and    
think that such  conduct is not in      
accordance with ,protestant liberty of  
judgment  and democratic independence4  
,but the experiences gone through in    
,switzerland as in ,germany of the      
confusion and mischief sometimes        
wrought by fanaticism1 we will not say  

justify1 but in a measure  explain1 the 
objection the ,government has to a      
recrudescence of  religious mysticism in
 its more flagrant forms4 ,the following
 story  exemplifies the extravagance to 
which such spiritual exaltation runs    
occasionally--fortunately only          
occasionally4    ,about eight miles from
 ,schaffhausen1 a little way on one side
 of  the road to ,winterthr1 in a       
valley1 lies the insignificant hamlet   
of ,wildisbuch1 its meadows overshadowed
 by leafy walnut trees4 ,the  hamlet is 
in the parish of ,trllikon4 ,here1 at   
the beginning of this  century1 in a    
farmhouse1 standing by itself1 lived    
,john ,peter1 a  widower1 with several  
of his children4 ,he had but one son1   
,caspar1  married in #ahab1 and divorced
 from his wife2 he was1 however1        
blessed with five daughters--,barbara1  
married to a blacksmith in  ,trllikon2  
,susanna1 ,elizabeth1 ,magdalena married
 to ,john ,moser1 a  shoemaker2 and     
,margaretta1 born in #agid1 his         

youngest1 and favourite  child4 ,not    
long after the birth of ,margaretta1 her
 mother died1  and thenceforth the child
 was the object of the tenderest and    
most  devoted solicitude to her sisters 
and to her father4 ,margaretta grew  up 
to be a remarkable child4 ,at school she
 distinguished herself by  her aptitude 
in learning1 and in church by the       
devotion with which  she followed the   
tedious ,zwinglian service4 ,the pastor 
who prepared  her for confirmation was  
struck by her enthusiasm and eagerness  
to  know about religion4 ,she was       
clearly an imaginative person1 and to   
one constituted as she was1 the barnlike
 church1 destitute of every  element of 
beauty1 studiously made as hideous as a 
perverse fancy  could scheme1 and the   
sacred functions reduced to utter       
dreariness1  with every element of      
devotion bled out of them1 were         
incapable of  satisfying the internal   
spiritual fire that consumed her4       
,there is in every human soul a divine  

aspiration1 a tension after  the        
invisible and spiritual1 in some more   
developed than in others1  in certain   
souls existing only in that rudimentary 
condition in  which1 it is said1 feet   
are found in the eel1 and eyes in the   
oyster1 but in others it is a           
predominating faculty1 a veritable      
passion4 ,unless this faculty be given  
legitimate scope1 be  disciplined and   
guided1 it breaks forth in abnormal and 
unhealthy  manifestations4 ,we know what
 is the result when the regular action  
of the pores of the skin is prevented1  
or the circulation of the  blood is     
impeded4 ,fever and hallucination ensue4
 ,so is it with the  spiritual life in  
man4 ,if that be not given free passage 
for healthy  discharge of its activity1 
it will resolve itself into fanaticism1 
that is to say it will assume a diseased
 form of manifestation4    ,margaretta  
was far ahead of her father1 brother and
 sisters in  intellectual culture1 and  
in moral force of character4 ,susanna1  

the second daughter of ,john ,peter1 was
 an amiable1 industrious1  young woman1 
without independence of character4 ,the 
third daughter1  ,elizabeth1 was a quiet
 girl1 rather dull in brain2 ,barbara   
was  married when ,margaretta was only  
nine1 and ,magdalena not long after2    
neither of them1 however1 escaped the   
influence of their youngest  sister1 who
 dominated over their wills almost as   
completely as she  did over those of her
 two unmarried sisters1 with whom she   
consorted  daily4    ,how great her     
power over her sisters was may be judged
 from what  they declared in after years
 in prison1 and from what they endured  
for her sake4    ,barbara1 the eldest1  
professed to the prison chaplain in     
,zrich1 in  #ahbc1 ,i am satisfied that 
,god worked in mighty power1 and in     
grace  through ,margaret1 up to the hour
 of her death4 ,the father himself      
declared after the ruin of his family   
and the death of two of his  daughters1 
,i am assured that my youngest daughter 

was set apart by  ,god for some         
extraordinary purpose4    ,when         
,margaret was six1 she was able to read 
her ,bible1 and would  summon the family
 about her to listen to her lectures out
 of the  sacred volume4 ,she would also 
at the same time pray with great        
ardour1 and exhort her father and       
sisters to lead ,god-fearing  lives4    
,when she read the narrative of the     
,passion1 she was unable  to refrain    
from tears2 her emotion communicated    
itself to all  assembled round her1 and 
the whole family sobbed and prayed      
aloud4  ,she was a veritable ministering
 child to her household in all  things  
spiritual4 ,as she had been born at     
,christmas1 it was thought  that this   
very fact indicated some special        
privilege and grace  accorded to her4   
,in #ahaa1 when aged seventeen1 she     
received her  first communion and       
edified all the church with the unction 
and  exaltation of soul with which she  
presented herself at the table4  ,in    

after years the pastor of ,trllikon said
 of her1 ,unquestionably  ,margaretta   
was the cleverest of the family4 ,she   
often came to thank  me for the         
instructions ,i had given her in        
spiritual things4 ,her  promises to     
observe all ,i had taught her were most 
fervent4 ,i had  the best hopes for her1
 although ,i observed somewhat of       
extravagance  in her4 ,margaretta       
speedily obtained an absolute supremacy 
in her  father's house4 ,all must do    
what she ordered4 ,her will expressed by
  word of mouth1 or by letter when      
absent1 was obeyed as the will of  ,god4
    ,in personal appearance ,margaretta 
was engaging4 ,she was finely  moulded1 
had a well-proportioned body1 a long    
neck on which her head  was held very   
upright2 large1 grey-blue eyes1 fair    
hair1 a lofty1  well-arched brow4 ,the  
nose was well-shaped1 but the chin and  
mouth  were somewhat coarse4    ,in     
#ahaf1 her mother's brother1 a small    
farmer at ,rudolfingen1  invited her to 

come and manage his house for him4 ,she 
went1 and was  of the utmost assistance4
 ,everything prospered under her hand4  
,her  uncle thought that she had brought
 the blessing of the ,almighty on  both 
his house and his land4    ,whilst at   
,rudolfingen1 the holy maiden was       
brought in contact with  the ,pietists  
of ,schaffhausen4 ,she attended their   
prayer-meetings and  expositions of     
,scripture4 ,this deepened her religious
 convictions1  and produced a depression
 in her manner that struck her sisters  
when she visited them4 ,in answer to    
their inquiries why she was  reserved   
and melancholy1 she replied that ,god   
was revealing ,himself  to her more and 
more every day1 so that she became daily
 more  conscious of her own sinfulness4 
,if this had really been the case  it   
would have saved her from what ensued1  
but this sense of her own  sinfulness   
was a mere phrase1 that meant actually  
an overweening  self-consciousness4 ,she
 endured only about a twelve month of   

the  pietistic exercises at             
,schaffhausen1 and then felt a call to  
preach1  testify and prophesy herself1  
instead of sitting at the feet of       
others4 ,accordingly1 she threw up her  
place with her uncle1 and  returned to  
,wildisbuch1 in ,march1 #ahag1 when she 
began operations as  a revivalist4      
,the paternal household was now somewhat
 enlarged4 ,the old farmer had  taken on
 a hand to help him in field and stable1
 called ,heinrich  ,ernst1 and a young  
woman as maid called ,margaret ,jggli4  
,ernst was a  faithful1 amiable young   
fellow whom old ,peters thoroughly      
trusted1  and he became devoted heart   
and soul to the family4 ,margaret       
,jggli was a person of very indifferent 
character1 who1 for her  immoralities1  
had been turned out of her native       
village4 ,she was  subject to epileptic 
fits1 which she supposed were possession
 by the  devil1 and she came to the farm
 of the ,peter's family in hopes of     
being there cured by the prayers of the 

saintly ,margaretta4    ,another inmate 
of the house was ,ursula ,kndig1 who    
entered it at the  age of nineteen1 and 
lived there as a veritable              
maid-of-all-work1  though paid no wages4
 ,this damsel was of the sweetest1      
gentlest  disposition4 ,her parish      
pastor gave testimony to her1 ,she was  
always so good that even scandal-mongers
 were unable to find  occasion for      
slander in her conduct4 ,her countenance
 was full of  intelligence1 purity1 and 
had in it a nobility above her birth and
  education4 ,her home had been unhappy2
 she had been engaged to be  married to 
a young man1 but finding that he did not
 care for her1  and sought only her     
small property1 she broke off the       
engagement1  to her father's great      
annoyance4 ,it was owing to a quarrel at
 home  relative to this1 that she went  
to ,wildisbuch to entreat ,margaretta   
,peter to be her spiritual guide through
 life into eternity4  ,ursula had at    
first only paid occasional visits to    

,wildisbuch1 but  gradually these visits
 became long1 and finally she took up   
her  residence in the house4 ,the soul  
of the unhappy girl was as wax in  the  
hands of the saint1 whom she venerated  
with intensest admiration  as the ,elect
 of the ,lord2 and she professed her    
unshaken conviction  that ,christ       
revealed ,himself in the flesh through  
her1 and that  through her many         
thousands of souls were saved4 ,the     
house at  ,wildisbuch became thenceforth
 a great gathering place for all the    
spiritually-minded in the neighbourhood1
 who desired instruction1  guidance1    
enlightenment1 and ,margaretta1 the high
 priestess of  mysticism to all such as 
could find no satisfaction for the      
deepest  hunger of their souls in the   
,zwinglian services of their parish     
church4    ,man is composed of two      
parts2 he has a spiritual nature which  
he  shares with the angels1 and an      
animal nature that he possesses in      
common with the beasts4 ,there is in    

him1 consequently1 a double  tendency1  
one to the indefinite1 unconfined1      
spiritual2 the other  to the limited1   
sensible and material4 ,the religious   
history of  all times shows us this     
higher nature striving after            
emancipation  from the law of the body1 
and never succeeding in accomplishing   
the escape1 always falling back1 like   
,ddalus1 into destruction1  when        
attempting to defy the laws of nature   
and soar too near to  the ineffable     
light4 ,the mysticism of the old heathen
 world1 the  mysticism of the ,gnostic  
sects1 the mysticism of medival         
heretics1  almost invariably resolved   
itself into orgies of licentiousness4   
,god  has bound soul and body together1 
and an attempt to dissociate them  in   
religion is fatally doomed to ruin4     
,the incarnation of the ,son of ,god was
 the indissoluble union of  ,spirit with
 form as the basis of true religion4    
,thenceforth1 ,spirit  was no more to be
 dissociated from matter1 authority from

 a visible  ,church1 grace from a       
sacramental sign1 morality from a fixed 
law4  ,all the great revolts against    
,catholicism in the middle-ages1 were   
more or less revolts against this       
principle and were reversions to  pure  
spiritualism4 ,the ,reformation was     
taken advantage of for the  mystic      
aspirations of men to run riot4         
,individual emotion became  the supreme 
and sole criticism of right and wrong1  
of truth and  falsehood1 and sole       
authority to which submission must be   
tendered4    ,in the autumn of #ahag1   
,margaretta of ,wildisbuch met a woman  
who  was also remarkable in her way1 and
 the head of another revivalist         
movement4 ,this was ,julianne von       
,krdner2 about whom a word must now  be 
said4    ,julianne was born in #agff1 at
 ,riga1 the daughter of a noble and     
wealthy family4 ,her father visited     
,paris and took the child with  him1    
where she made the acquaintance of the  
rationalistic and  speculative spirits  

of ,french society1 before the          
,revolution4  ,in a ,voltairean         
atmosphere1 the little ,julianne grew up
 without  religious faith or moral      
principle4 ,at the age of fourteen she  
was  married to a man much older than   
herself1 the ,baron von ,krdner1        
,russian ,ambassador at ,venice4 ,there 
her notorious immoralities  resulted in 
a separation1 and ,julianne was obliged 
to return to her  father's house at     
,riga4 ,this did not satisfy her love of
 pleasure  and vanity1 and she went to  
,st4 ,petersburg and then to ,paris1    
where she threw herself into every sort 
of dissipation4 ,she wrote  a novel1    
,valrie1 in which she frankly admitted  
that woman1 when  young1 must give      
herself up to pleasure1 then take up    
with art1 and  finally1 when nothing    
else was left her1 devote herself to    
religion4  ,at the age of forty she had 
already entered on this final phase4    
,she went to ,berlin1 was admitted to   
companionship with the ,queen1  ,louise1

 and endeavoured to convert her4 ,the   
sweet1 holy queen  required no          
conversion1 and the ,baroness von       
,krdner was obliged to  leave ,berlin4  
,she wandered thenceforth from place to 
place1 was now  in ,paris1 then in      
,geneva1 and then in ,germany4 ,at      
,karlsruhe she met  ,jung-,stilling2 and
 thenceforth threw herself heart and    
soul into the  pietistic revival4 ,her  
mission now was--so she conceived--to   
preach  the ,gospel to the poor4 ,in    
#ahad she obtained access to the        
,russian  ,court1 where her prophecies  
and exhortations produced such an effect
  on the spirit of the ,czar1 ,alexander
 ,i41 that he entreated her to          
accompany him to ,paris4 ,she did so1   
and held spiritual conferences  and     
prayer meetings in the ,french capital4 
,alexander soon tired of  her1 and she  
departed to ,basel1 where she won to her
 the ,genevan  ,pastor ,empeytaz and the
 ,basel ,professor ,lachenal4 ,her      
meetings for  revival1 which were       

largely attended1 caused general        
excitement1  but led to many domestic   
quarrels1 so that the city council gave 
her notice to leave the town4 ,she then 
made a pilgrimage along the  ,rhine1 but
 her proceedings were everywhere        
objected to by the police  and town     
authorities1 and she was sent back under
 police supervision  first to ,leipzig1 
and thence into ,russia4    ,thence in  
#ahbd she departed for the ,crimea1     
where she had resolved  to start a      
colony on the plan of the ,moravian     
settlements1 and there  died before     
accomplishing her intention4    ,it was 
in #ahag1 when she was conducting her   
apostolic progress along  the ,rhine1   
that she and ,margaretta of ,wildisbuch 
met4 ,apparently the  latter made a     
deeper impression on the excitable      
baroness than had  the holy ,julianne on
 ,margaretta4 ,the two aruspices did not
 laugh  when they met1 for they were    
both in deadly earnest1 and had not  the
 smallest suspicion that they were      

deluding themselves first1 and  then    
others4    ,the meeting with the ,krdner
 had a double effect4 ,in the first     
place1 the holy ,julianne1 when forced  
to leave the neighbourhood  by the      
unregenerate police1 commended her      
disciples to the blessed  ,margaret2    
and1 in the second place1 the latter had
 the shrewdness  to perceive1 that1 if  
she was to play anything like the part  
of  her fellow-apostle1 she must acquire
 a little more education4  ,consequently
 ,margaret took pains to write          
grammatically1 and to  spell correctly4 
,the result of the commendation by      
,saint ,julianne of her disciples  to   
,margaret was that thenceforth a regular
 pilgrimage set in to  ,wildisbuch of   
devout persons in landaus and buggies1  
on horse and on  foot4    ,some         
additional actors in the drama must now 
be introduced4    ,magdalena ,peter1 the
 fourth daughter of ,john ,peter1 was   
married to  the cobbler1 ,john ,moser4  
,the influence of ,margaret speedily    

made  itself felt in their house4 ,at   
first ,moser's old mother lived with    
the couple1 along with ,conrad1 ,john   
,moser's younger brother4 ,the  first   
token of the conversion of ,moser and   
his wife was that they  kicked the old  
mother out of the house1 because she was
 worldly and  void of saving grace4     
,conrad was a plodding1 hard-working    
lad1  very useful1 and therefore not to 
be dispensed with4 ,the chosen  vessels 
finding he did not sympathise with them1
 and finding him too  valuable to be    
done without1 starved him till he       
yielded to their  fancies1 saw visions1 
and professed himself saved4 ,barbara1  
also1  married to the blacksmith        
,baumann1 was next converted1 and       
brought  all her spiritual artillery to 
bear on the blacksmith1 but in vain4    
,he let her go her own way1 but he would
 have nothing himself to say  to the    
great spiritual revival in the house of 
the ,peters4 ,barbara1  not finding a   
kindred soul in her husband1 had taken  

up with a man  of like soaring piety1 a 
tailor1 named ,habltzel4    ,another    
person who comes into this story is     
,jacob ,ganz1 a tailor1  who had been   
mixed up with the movement at ,basel    
under ,julianne the  ,holy4             
,margaret's brother ,caspar was a man of
 infamous character2 he was  separated  
from his wife1 whom he had treated with 
brutality2 had  become the father of an 
illegitimate child1 and now loafed about
 the  country preaching the ,gospel4    
,ganz1 the tailor1 had thrown aside his 
shears1 and constituted  himself a      
roving preacher4 ,in one of his         
apostolic tours he had made  the        
acquaintance of ,saint ,margaret1 and   
had been deeply impressed by  her4 ,he  
had an elect disciple at ,illnau1 in the
 ,kempthal1 south of  ,winterthr4 ,this 
was a shoemaker named ,jacob ,morf1 a   
married man1  aged thirty2 small1 with a
 head like a pumpkin4 ,to this shoemaker
  ,ganz spoke with enthusiasm of the    
spiritual elevation of the holy         

,margaret1 and ,morf was filled with a  
lively desire of seeing and  hearing    
her4    ,margaretta seems after a while 
to have wearied of the monotony of  life
 in her father's house1 or else the     
spirit within her drove her  abroad to  
carry her light into the many dark      
corners of her native  canton4 ,she     
resolved to be like ,ganz1 a roving     
apostle4 ,sometimes  she started on her 
missionary journeys alone1 sometimes    
along with  her sister ,elizabeth1 who  
submitted to her with blind and stanch  
obedience1 or else with ,ursula ,kndig4 
,these journeys began in #ahbj1  and    
extended as far ,zrich and along the    
shores of that lovely lake4  ,in ,may of
 the same year she visited ,illnau1     
where she was received  with enthusiasm 
by the faithful1 who assembled in the   
house of a  certain ,ruegg1 and there   
for the first time she met with ,jacob  
,morf4  ,the acquaintance then begun    
soon quickened into friendship4 ,when  a
 few weeks later he went to             

,schaffhausen to purchase leather1 he   
turned aside to ,wildisbuch4 ,after this
 his visits there became not  only      
frequent1 but were protracted4          
,margaret was the greatest comfort to   
him in his troubled state of  soul4 ,she
 described to him the searchings and    
anxieties she had  undergone1 so that he
 cried for very joy that he had         
encountered  one who had gone through   
the same experience as himself4    ,in  
,november1 #ahbj1 ,margaret took up her 
abode for some time in the  house of a  
disciple1 ,caspar ,notz1 near ,zrich1   
and made it the  centre whence she      
started on a series of missionary       
excursions4 ,here  also gathered the    
elect out of ,zrich to hear her expound 
,scripture1  and pray4 ,and hither also 
came the cobbler ,morf seeking ease for 
his  troubled soul1 and on occasions    
stayed in the house there with her  for 
a week at a time4 ,at last his wife1 the
 worthy ,regula ,morf1 came  from       
,illnau to find her husband1 and        

persuaded him to return with  her to his
 cobbling at home4    ,at the end of    
,january in #ahba1 ,margaret visited    
,illnau again1 and  drew away after her 
the bewitched ,jacob1 who followed her  
all the  way home1 to ,wildisbuch1 and  
remained at her father's house ten days 
further4    ,on ,ascension ,day         
following1 he was again with her1 and   
then she  revealed to him that it was   
the will of heaven that they should     
ascend together1 without tasting death1 
into the mansions of the  blessed1 and  
were to occupy one throne together for  
all eternity4  ,throughout this year1   
when the cobbler1 ,jacob1 was not at    
,wildisbuch1 or ,saint ,margaretta at   
,illnau1 the pair were writing          
incessantly to each other1 and their    
correspondence is still  preserved in   
the archives of ,zrich4 ,here is a      
specimen of the style  of the holy      
,margaret4 ,my dear child6 your dear    
letter filled me  with joy4 ,o1 my dear 
child1 how gladly would ,i tell you how 

it fares  with me6 ,when we parted1 ,i  
was forced to go aside where none might 
see1 to relieve my heart with tears4 ,o1
 my heart1 ,i cannot describe  to you   
the distress into which ,i fell4 ,i lay 
as one senseless for  an hour4 ,for     
anguish of heart ,i could not go home1  
such unspeakable  pains did ,i suffer6  
,my former separation from you was but a
 shadow  of this parting4 ,o1 why are   
you so unutterably dear to me1 c41 and  
then a flow of sickly1 pious twaddle    
that makes the gorge rise4    ,regula   
,morf read this letter and shook her    
head over it4 ,she had  shaken her head 
over another letter received by her     
husband a month  earlier1 in which the  
holy damsel had written3 ,o1 how great  
is my  love6 ,it is stronger than death4
 ,o1 how dear are you to me4 ,i could   
hug you to my heart a thousand times4   
,and had scribbled on the  margin1      
,these words are for your eye alone4    
,however1 ,regula saw  them1 shook her  
head and told her husband that the      

letter seemed  to her unenlightened mind
 to be very much like a love-letter4    
,nothing of the sort1 answered the      
cobbler1 it speaks of spiritual         
affection only4    ,we must now pass    
over a trait in the life of the holy    
maid which  is to the last degree       
unedifying1 but which is merely another 
exemplification of that truth which the 
history of mysticism  enforces in every 
age1 that spiritual exaltation runs     
naturally1  inevitably1 into            
licentiousness1 unless held in the iron 
bands of  discipline to the moral law4  
,a mystic is a law to himself4 ,he bows 
before no exterior authority4 ,however  
much he may transgress the  code laid   
down by religion1 he feels no           
compunction1 no scruples1  for his heart
 condemns him not4 ,it was so with the  
holy ,margaret4  ,her lapse or lapses in
 no way roused her to a sense of sin1   
but  served only to drive her further   
forward on the mad career of            
self-righteous exaltation4    ,she had  

disappeared for many months from her    
father's house1 along  with her sister  
,elizabeth4 ,the police had inquired as 
to their  whereabouts of old ,john      
,peter1 but he had given them no        
information  as to where his daughters  
were4 ,he professed not to know4 ,he was
  threatened unless they were produced  
by a certain day that he would  be      
fined4 ,the police were sent in search  
in every direction but the  right one4  
,suddenly in the night of ,january      
#aath1 #ahbc1 the sisters  re-appeared1 
,margaret1 white1 weak1 and prostrate   
with sickness4    ,a fortnight after her
 return1 ,jacob ,morf was again at      
,wildisbuch1  as he said afterwards     
before court1 led thither because       
assured by  ,margaret that they were to 
ascend together to heaven without dying4
    ,from this time forward1            
,margaretta's conduct went into another 
phase4 ,instead of resuming her         
pilgrim's staff and travelling round    
the country preaching the ,gospel1 she  

remained all day in one room  with her  
sister ,elizabeth1 the shutters closed1 
reading the ,bible1  meditating1 and    
praying1 and writing letters to her dear
 child  ,jacob4 ,the transgressions she 
had committed were crosses laid on her  
shoulder by ,god4 ,oh6 why1 she wrote in
 one of her epistles1 did  my ,heavenly 
,father choose that from all eternity in
 ,his providence  for me8 ,there were   
thousands upon thousands of other       
crosses ,he  might have laid on me4 ,but
 ,he elected that one which would be    
heaviest for me1 heavier than all the   
persecutions to which ,i am  subjected  
by the devil1 and which all but         
overthrow me4 ,from the  foundation of  
the world ,he has never so tried any of 
,his saints as  ,he has us4 ,it gives   
joy to all the host of heaven when we   
suffer to  the end4 ,again1 the greater 
the humiliation and shame we undergo1   
and have to endure from our enemies here
 below--consider1 brought  on herself by
 her own scandalous conduct--the more   

unspeakable our  glorification in       
heaven4    ,in the evening1 ,margaretta 
would come downstairs and receive       
visitors1 and preach and prophesy to    
them4 ,the entire house  was given over 
to religious ecstasy that intensified as
 ,easter  approached4 ,every now and    
then the saint assembled the household  
and exhorted them to watch and pray1 for
 a great trial of their  faith was at   
hand4 ,once she asked them whether they 
were ready to  lay down their lives for 
,christ4 ,one day she said1 in the      
spirit of  prophecy1 ,behold6 ,i see the
 host of ,satan drawing nearer and      
nearer  to encompass me4 ,he strives to 
overcome me4 ,let me alone that ,i may  
fight him4 ,then she flung her arms     
about and struck in the air with  her   
open hands4    ,the idea grew in her    
that the world was in danger1 that the  
devil  was gaining supremacy over it1   
and would carry all souls into          
captivity once more1 and that she--and  
almost only she--stood in his  way and  

was protecting the world of men against 
his power4    ,for years she had        
exercised her authority1 that grew with 
every  year1 over everyone in the house1
 and not a soul there had thought  of   
resisting her1 of evading the commands  
she laid on them1 of  questioning her   
word4    ,the house was closed against  
all but the very elect4 ,the pastor of  
the parish1 as worldly1 was not suffered
 to cross the threshold4  ,at a tap1 the
 door was opened1 and those deemed      
worthy were  admitted1 and the door     
hastily barred and bolted behind them4  
,everything was viewed in a spiritual   
light4 ,one evening ,ursula  ,kndig and 
,margaretta ,jggli were sitting spinning
 near the stove4  ,suddenly there was a 
pop4 ,a knot in the pine-logs in the    
stove had  exploded4 ,but up sprang     
,jggli1 threw over her spinning-wheel1  
and  shrieked out--,hearken6 ,satan is  
banging at the window4 ,he wants  me4   
,he will fetch me6 ,she fell convulsed  
on the floor1 foaming  at the mouth4    

,margaret1 the saint1 was summoned4 ,the
 writhing  girl shrieked out1 ,pray for 
me6 ,save me6 ,fight for my soul6 and   
,margaretta at once began her spiritual 
exercises to ban the evil  spirit from  
the afflicted and possessed servant     
maid4 ,she beat with  her hands in the  
air1 cried out1 ,depart1 thou murderer  
of souls1  accursed one1 to hell-fire4  
,wilt thou try to rob me of my sheep    
that  was lost8 ,my sheep--whom ,i have 
pledged myself to save8    ,one day1 the
 maid had a specially bad epileptic fit4
 ,around her bed  stood old ,john       
,peter1 ,elizabeth and ,susanna1 ,ursula
 ,kndig1 and ,john  ,moser1 as well as  
the saint4 ,margaret was fighting with  
the ,evil ,one  with her fists and her  
cries1 when ,john ,moser fell into      
ecstasy and  saw a vision4 ,his account 
shall be given in his own words3 ,i saw 
,christ and ,satan1 and the latter held 
a book open before ,christ and  bade    
,him see how many claims he had on the  
soul of ,jggli4 ,the book  was scored   

diagonally with red lines on all the    
pages4 ,i saw this  distinctly1 and     
therefore concluded that the account was
 cancelled4  ,then ,i saw all the saints
 in heaven snatch the book away1 and    
tear  it into a thousand pieces that    
fell down in a rain4    ,but ,satan was 
not to be defeated and driven away so   
easily4 ,he  had made himself a nest1 so
 ,margaret stated1 under the roof of    
the house1 and only a desperate effort  
of faith and contest with  spiritual    
arms could expel him4 ,for this         
,armageddon she bade all  prepare4 ,it  
is hardly necessary to add that it could
 not be fought  without the presence of 
the dearly beloved ,jacob4 ,she wrote to
 him  and invited him to come to the    
great and final struggle with the  devil
 and all his host1 and the obedient     
cobbler girded his loins  and hastened  
to ,wildisbuch1 where he arrived on     
,saturday the #hth  ,march1 #ahbc4      
,on ,monday1 in answer1 probably1 to her
 summons1 came also ,john ,moser  and   

his brother ,conrad4 ,then also         
,margaret's own and only brother1       
,caspar4    ,before proceeding to the   
climax of this story we may well pause  
to  ask whether the heroine was in her  
senses or not2 whether she set  the     
avalanche in motion that overwhelmed    
herself and her house1  with            
deliberation and consciousness as to the
 end to which she was  aiming4 ,the     
woman was no vulgar impostor2 she       
deceived herself to  her own            
destruction4 ,in her senses1 so far1 she
 had set plainly  before her the object 
to which she was about to hurry her     
dupes1 but  her reason and intelligence 
were smothered under her overweening    
self-esteem1 that had grown like a great
 spiritual cancer1 till  it had sapped  
common-sense1 and all natural affection1
 even the  very instinct of             
self-preservation4 ,before her diseased 
eyes1 the  salvation of the whole world 
depended on herself4 ,if she failed in  
her struggle with the evil principle1   

all mankind fell under the  bondage of  
,satan2 but she could not fail--she was 
all-powerful1  exalted above every      
chance of failure in the battle1 just as
 she was  exalted above every lapse in  
virtue1 do what she might1 which to  the
 ordinary sense of mankind is immoral4  
,every mystic does not go  as far as    
,margaret ,peter1 happily1 but all take 
some strides along  that road that leads
 to self-deification and anomia4 ,in    
,margaret's  conduct1 in preparation for
 the final tragedy1 there was a good    
deal of shrewd calculation2 she led up  
to it by a long isolation  and          
envelopment of herself and her doings in
 mystery2 and she  called her chosen    
disciples to witness it4 ,each stage in 
the drama  was calculated to produce a  
certain effect1 and she measured her    
influence over her creatures before she 
advanced another step4 ,on  ,monday all 
were assembled and in expectation2      
,armageddon was to be  fought1 but when 
the battle would begin1 and how it would

 be carried  through1 were unknown4     
,tuesday arrived2 some of the household 
went  about their daily work1 the rest  
were gathered together in the room      
where ,margaret was1 lost in silent     
prayer4 ,every now and then the  hush in
 the darkened room was broken by a wail 
of the saint3 ,i am  sore straitened6 ,i
 am in anguish6--but ,i refresh my soul 
at the  prospect of the coming          
exaltation6 or1 ,my struggle with ,satan
 is  severe4 ,he strives to retain the  
souls which ,i will wrest from his      
hold2 some have been for two hundred1   
even three hundred years in  his power4 
,one can imagine the scene--the effect  
produced on those assembled  about the  
pale1 striving ecstatic4 ,all who were  
present afterwards  testified that on   
the ,tuesday and the following days they
 hardly  left the room1 hardly allowed  
themselves time to snatch a hasty  meal1
 so full of expectation were they that  
some great and awful  event was about to
 take place4 ,the holy enthusiasm was   

general1 and  if one or two1 such as old
 ,peter and his son1 ,caspar1 were less 
magnetised than the rest1 they were far 
removed from the thought  of in any way 
contesting the will of the prophetess1  
or putting  the smallest impediment in  
the way of her accomplishing what she   
desired4    ,when evening came1 she     
ascended to an upper room1 followed by  
the  whole company1 and there she       
declared1 ,lo6 ,i see ,satan and his    
first-born floating in the air4 ,they   
are dispersing their emissaries  to all 
corners of the earth to summon their    
armies together4  ,elizabeth1 somewhat  
tired of playing a passive part1 added1 
,yes--,i  see them also4 ,then the holy 
maid relapsed into her mysterious       
silence4 ,after waiting another hour1   
all went to bed1 seeing that  nothing   
further would happen that night4 ,next  
day1 ,wednesday1 she  summoned the      
household into her bedroom2 seated on   
her bed1 she bade  them all kneel down  
and pray to the ,lord to strengthen her 

hands for  the great contest4 ,they     
continued striving in prayer till noon1 
and  then1 feeling hungry1 all went     
downstairs to get some food4 ,when  they
 had stilled their appetites1 ,margaret 
was again seized by the  spirit of      
prophecy1 and declared1 ,the ,lord has  
revealed to me what  will happen in the 
latter days4 ,the son of ,napoleon 7that
 poor1  feeble mortal the ,duke of      
,reichstadt7 will appear before the     
world  as anti-,christ1 and will strive 
to bring the world over to his side4    
,he will undergo a great conflict2 but  
what will be the result is  not shown me
 at the present moment2 but ,i am       
promised a spiritual  token of this     
revelation4 ,and the token followed4    
,the dearly-loved  ,jacob1 ,john ,moser1
 and ,ursula ,kndig cried out that they 
saw two  evil spirits1 one in the form  
of ,napoleon1 pass into ,margaret       
,jggli1 and the other1 in that of his   
son1 enter into ,elizabeth4  ,whereupon 
,elizabeth1 possessed by the spirit of  

that poor1 little1  sickly ,duke of     
,reichstadt1 began to march about the   
room and assume  a haughty1 military    
air4 ,thereupon the prophetess wrestled 
in spirit  and overcame these devils and
 expelled them4 ,thereat ,elizabeth gave
  up her military flourishes4    ,from  
daybreak on the following day the       
blessed ,margaret had  again a desperate
 struggle1 but without the assistance of
 the  household1 which was summoned to  
take their share in the battle in  the  
afternoon only4 ,she bade them follow   
her to the upper chamber1  and a        
procession ascended the steep stairs1   
consisting of ,margaret1  followed by   
,elizabeth and ,susanna ,peter1 ,ursula 
,kndig and ,jggli1  the old father and  
his son1 ,caspar1 the serving-man1      
,heinrich ,ernst1  then ,jacob ,morf1   
,john ,moser1 and the rear was brought  
up by the  young ,conrad4 ,as soon as   
the prophetess had taken her seat on the
  bed1 she declared1 ,last night it was 
revealed to me that you are  all of you 

to unite with me in the battle with the 
devil1 lest he  should conquer ,christ4 
,i must strive1 lest your souls and     
those  of so many1 many others should be
 lost4 ,come1 then6 strive with  me2 but
 first of all1 kneel down1 lay your     
faces in the dust and  pray4 ,thereupon1
 all prostrated themselves on the floor 
and prayed  in silence4 ,presently the  
prophetess exclaimed from her throne on 
the bed1 ,the hour is come in which the 
conflict must take place1  so that      
,christ may gather together ,his        
,church1 and contend with  anti-,christ4
 ,after ,christ has assembled ,his      
,church1 #abfj days will  elapse1 and   
then anti-,christ will appear in human  
form1 and with  sweet and enticing words
 will strive to seduce the elect2 but   
all  true ,christians will hold aloof4  
,after a pause1 she said solemnly1  ,in 
verity1 anti-,christ is already among   
us4    ,then with a leap she was off the
 bed1 turning her eyes about1  throwing 
up her hands1 rushing about the room1   

striking the chairs  and clothes-boxes  
with her fists1 crying1 ,the scoundrel1 
the  murderer of souls6 ,and1 finding a 
hammer1 she began to beat the  wall with
 it4    ,the company looked on in       
breathless amaze4 ,but the epileptic    
,jggli  went into convulsions1 writhed  
on the ground1 groaned1 shrieked and    
wrung her hands4 ,then the holy         
,margaretta cried1 ,i see in spirit  the
 old ,napoleon gathering a mighty host1 
and marching against me4  ,the contest  
will be terrible4 ,you must wrestle unto
 blood4 ,go6 fly6  fetch me axes1 clubs1
 whatever you can find4 ,bar the doors1 
curtain  all the windows in the house1  
and close every shutter4    ,whilst her 
commands were being fulfilled in all    
haste1 and the  required weapons were   
sought out1 ,john ,moser1 who remained  
behind1  saw the room filled with a     
dazzling glory1 such as no tongue could 
describe1 and wept for joy4 ,the        
excitement had already mounted to       
visionary ecstasy4 ,it was five o'clock 

when the weapons were brought  upstairs4
 ,the holy ,margaretta was then seated  
on her bed1 wringing  her hands1 and    
crying to all to pray1 ,help6 help6 all 
of you1 that  ,christ may not be        
overcome in me4 ,strike1 smite1         
cleave--everywhere1  on all sides--the  
floor1 the walls6 ,it is the will of    
,god6 smite on  till ,i bid you stay4   
,smite and lose your lives if need be4  
,it was a wonder that lives were not    
lost in the extraordinary scene  that   
ensued2 the room was full of men and    
women2 there were ten of  them armed    
with hatchets1 crowbars1 clubs1         
pick-axes1 raining blows  on walls and  
floors1 on chairs1 tables1 cupboards and
 chests4 ,this  lasted for three hours4 
,margaret remained on the bed1          
encouraging  the party to continue2 when
 any arm flagged she singled out the    
weary person1 and exhorted him1 as he   
loved his soul1 to fight more  valiantly
 and utterly defeat and destroy the     
devil4 ,strike him6  cut him down6 the  

old adversary6 the arch-fiend6 whoso    
loseth his  life shall find it4 ,fear   
nothing6 smite till your blood runs down
  as sweat4 ,there he is in yonder      
corner2 now at him1 and ,elizabeth      
served as her echo1 ,smite6 strike on6  
,he is a murderer1 he is the  young     
,napoleon1 the coming anti-,christ1 who 
entered into me and  almost destroyed   
me4    ,this lasted1 as already said1   
for three hours4 ,the room was full  of 
dust4 ,the warriors steamed with their  
exertions1 and the sweat  rolled off    
them4 ,never had men and women fought   
with greater  enthusiasm4 ,the battle of
 ,don ,quixote against the wind-mills   
was  nothing to this4 ,what blows and   
wounds the devil and the young  ,duke of
 ,reichstadt obtained is unrecorded1 but
 walls and floor and  furniture in the  
room were wrecked2 indeed pitchfork and 
axe had  broken down one wall of the    
house and exposed what went on inside to
  the eyes of a gaping crowd that had   
assembled without1 amazed at the  riot  

that went on in the house that was      
regarded as a very sanctuary  of        
religion4    ,no sooner did the saint   
behold the faces of the crowd outside   
than  she shrieked forth1 ,behold them6 
the enemies of ,god6 the host of        
,satan1 coming on6 ,but fear them not1  
we shall overcome4    ,at last the      
combatants were no longer able to raise 
their arms or  maintain themselves on   
their feet4 ,then ,margaret exclaimed1  
,the  victory is won6 follow me6 ,she   
led them downstairs into the common     
sitting-room1 where close-drawn curtains
 and fastened shutters  excluded the    
rude gaze of the profane4 ,here a       
rushlight was kindled1  and by its light
 the battle continued with an alteration
 in the  tactics4    ,in complete       
indifference to the mob that surrounded 
the house and  clamoured at the door for
 admission1 the saint ordered all to    
throw  themselves on the ground and     
thank heaven for the victory they had   
won4 ,then1 after a pause of more than  

an hour the same scene began  again1 and
 that it could recommence is evidence   
how much a man can  do and endure1 when 
possessed by a holy craze4    ,it was   
afterwards supposed that the whole pious
 community was drunk  with schnaps2 but 
with injustice4 ,their stomachs were    
empty2 it was  their brains that were   
drunk4    ,the holy ,margaret1 standing 
in the midst of the prostrate           
worshippers1 now ordered them to beat   
themselves with their fists  on their   
heads and breasts1 and they obeyed4     
,elizabeth yelled1 ,o1  ,margaret6 ,do  
thou strike me6 ,let me die for ,christ4
    ,thereupon the holy one struck her  
sister repeatedly with her  fists1 so   
that ,elizabeth cried out with pain1    
,bear it6 exclaimed  ,margaret2 ,it is  
the wrath of ,god6    ,the prima-donna  
of the whole comedy in the meanwhile    
looked well  about her to see that none 
of the actors spared themselves4 ,when  
she saw anyone slack in his             
self-chastisement1 she called to him to 

redouble his blows4 ,as the old man did 
not exhibit quite sufficient  enthusiasm
 in self-torture1 she cried1 ,father1   
you do not beat  yourself sufficiently6 
and then began to batter him with her   
own  fists4 ,the ill-treated old man    
groaned under her blows1 but she        
cheered him with1 ,i am only driving out
 the old ,adam1 father6 ,it  does not   
hurt you1 and redoubled her pommelling  
of his head and  back4 ,then out went   
the light4    ,all this while the crowd 
listened and passed remarks outside4 ,no
  one would interfere1 as it was no     
one's duty to interfere4 ,tidings  of   
what was going on did1 however1 reach   
the amtmann of the parish1  but he was  
an underling1 and did not care to meddle
 without higher  authority1 so sent word
 to the amtmann of the district4 ,this  
latter  called to him his secretary1 his
 constable and a policeman1 and  reached
 the house of the ,peter's family at ten
 o'clock4 ,in his  report to the police 
at ,zrich he says3 ,on the #acth about  

#aj  o'clock at night ,i reached        
,wildisbuch1 and then heard that the    
noise  in the house of the ,peter's     
family had ceased1 that all lights were 
out1 and that no one was stirring4 ,i   
thought it advisable not to  disturb    
this tranquillity1 so left orders that  
the house should  be watched1 and then  
he went into the house of a neighbour4  
,at  midnight1 the policeman who had    
been left on guard came to announce     
that there was a renewal of disturbance 
in the house of the ,peters4  ,the      
amtmann went to the spot and heard      
muffled cries of ,save us6  have mercy  
on us6 ,strike away6 he is a murderer6  
spare him not6  and a trampling1 and a  
sound of blows1 as though falling on    
soft  bodies4 ,the amtmann knocked at   
the window and ordered those within  to 
admit him4 ,as no attention was paid to 
his commands1 he bade  the constable    
break open the house door4 ,this was    
done1 but the  sitting-room door was now
 found to be fast barred4 ,the constable

  then ascended to the upper room and   
saw in what a condition of  wreckage it 
was4 ,he descended and informed the     
amtmann of what he  had seen4 ,again the
 window was knocked at1 and orders were 
repeated  that the door should be       
opened4 ,no notice was taken of this2   
whereupon the worthy magistrate broke in
 a pane of glass1 and thrust  a candle  
through the window into the room4    ,i 
now went to the opened window1 and      
observed four or five men  standing with
 their backs against the door4 ,another 
lay as dead on  the floor4 ,at a little 
distance was a coil of human beings1 men
 and  women1 lying in a heap on the     
floor1 beside them a woman on her  knees
 beating the rest1 and crying out at    
every blow1 ',lord1 have  mercy6'       
,finally1 near the stove was another    
similar group4    ,the amtmann now      
ordered the sitting-room door to be     
broken open4  ,conrad ,moser1 who had   
offered to open to the magistrate1 was  
rebuked  by the saint1 who cried out to 

him3 ,what1 will you give admission  to 
the devil8    ,the men1 says the        
magistrate in his report1 offered       
resistance  excited thereto by the      
women1 who continued screaming4 ,the    
holy  ,margaret especially distinguished
 herself1 and was on her knees          
vigorously beating another woman who lay
 flat on the floor on her  face4 ,a     
second group consisted of a coil of two 
men and two women  lying on the floor1  
the head of one woman on the body of a  
man1  and the head of a man on that of a
 girl4 ,the rest staggered to  their    
feet one after another4 ,i tried        
remonstrances1 but they were  unavailing
 in the hubbub4 ,then ,i ordered the old
 ,peter to be removed  from the room4   
,thereupon men and women flung          
themselves upon him1  in spite of all   
our assurances that no harm would be    
done him4 ,with  difficulty we got him  
out of the room1 with all the rest      
hanging  on him1 so that he was thrown  
on the floor1 and the rest clinging  to 

him tumbled over him in a heap4 ,i      
repeated my remonstrance1 and  insisted 
on silence1 but without avail4 ,when old
 ,peter prepared to  answer1 the holy   
,margaret stayed him with1 ',father1    
make no reply4  ,pray6' ,all then       
recommenced the uproar4 ,margaret cried 
out3 ',let us  all die6 ,i will die for 
,christ6' ,others called out1 ',lord1   
save us6'  and others1 ',have mercy on  
us6'    ,the amtmann gave orders that   
the police were to divide the party  and
 keep guard over some in the kitchen1   
and the rest in the  sitting-room1      
through the night1 and not to allow them
 to speak to  each other4 ,the latter   
order was1 however1 more than the police
  could execute4 ,in spite of all their 
efforts1 ,margaretta and the  others    
continued to exhort and comfort one     
another through the night4    ,next     
morning each was brought before the     
magistrate and subjected  to            
examination4 ,all were sullen1 resolute1
 and convinced that they  were doing    

,god's will4 ,as the holy ,margaretta   
was led away from  examination1 she said
 to ,ursula and the servant ,heinrich1  
,the world  opposes1 but can not        
frustrate my work4    ,her words came   
true1 the world was too slow in its     
movements4 ,the  amtmann did not send in
 his report to the authorities of ,zrich
 till  the #afth1 whereupon it was taken
 into consideration1 and orders were    
transmitted to him that ,margaret and   
,elizabeth were to be sent to an        
asylum4 ,it was then too late4    ,after
 the investigation1 the amtmann required
 the cobbler1 ,john  ,morf1 to march    
home to ,illnau1 ,john and ,conrad      
,moser to return to  their home1 and    
,ursula ,kndig to be sent back to her   
father4 ,this  command was not properly 
executed4 ,ursula remained1 and though  
,john ,moser obeyed1 he was prepared to 
return to the holy ,margaret  directly  
he was summoned4    ,as soon as the high
 priestess had come out of the room     
where she had  been examined by the     

amtmann1 she went to her own            
bed-chamber1 where  boards had been laid
 over the gaps between the rafters      
broken by the  axes and picks1 during   
the night4 ,elizabeth1 ,susanna1        
,ursula1 and  the maid sat or stood     
round her and prayed4    ,at eight      
o'clock1 the father and his son1        
,caspar1 rejoined her1 also  her eldest 
sister1 ,barbara1 arrived from          
,trllikon4 ,the servant1  ,heinrich1    
formed one more in the re-assembled     
community1 and the  ensuing night was   
passed in prayer and spiritual          
exercises4 ,these  were not conducted in
 quiet4 ,to the exhortations of         
,margaret1  both ,elizabeth and the     
housemaid entreated that the devil might
 be  beaten out of them4 ,but now       
,ursula interfered1 as the poor girl    
,elizabeth had been badly bruised in her
 bosom by the blows she had  received on
 the preceding night4 ,when the         
,saturday morning dawned1  ,margaret    
stood up on her bed and said1 ,i see the

 many souls seeking  salvation through  
me4 ,they must be assisted2 would that a
 sword were  in my hand that ,i might   
fight for them4 ,a little later she     
said1  with a sigh of relief1 ,the ,lamb
 has conquered4 ,go to your work4       
,tranquillity lasted for but a few      
hours4 ,magdalena1 ,moser's wife1  had  
arrived1 together with her husband and  
,conrad4 ,the only one  missing was the 
dearly beloved ,jacob1 who was far on   
his way  homeward to ,illnau and his    
hardly used wife1 ,regula4    ,at ten   
o'clock1 the old father1 his five       
daughters1 his son1 the two  brothers1  
,john and ,conrad ,moser1 ,ursula       
,kndig1 the maid ,jggli1 and  the man   
,heinrich ,ernst1 twelve in all1 were   
assembled in the upper  room4           
,margaret and ,elizabeth sat side by    
side on the bed1 the latter  half       
stupified1 looking fixedly before her1  
,margaret1 however1 in  a condition of  
violent nervous surrexitation4 ,many of 
the weapons  used in wrecking the       

furniture lay about2 among these were   
the  large hammer1 and an iron wedge    
used for splitting wood4 ,all there     
assembled felt that something           
extraordinary was about to happen4      
,they had everyone passed the line that 
divides healthy common-sense  from      
mania4    ,margaretta now solemnly      
announced1 ,i have given a pledge for   
many  souls that ,satan may not have    
them4 ,among these is the soul of my    
brother ,caspar4 ,but ,i cannot conquer 
in the strife for him without  the      
shedding of blood4 ,thereupon she bade  
all present recommence  beating         
themselves with their fists1 so as to   
expel the devil1 and  they executed her 
orders with wildest fanaticism4    ,the 
holy maid now laid hold of the iron     
wedge1 drew her brother  ,caspar to her1
 and said1 ,behold1 the ,evil ,one is   
striving to  possess thy soul6 and      
thereupon she began to strike him on    
head  and breast with the wedge4 ,caspar
 staggered back2 she pursued him1       

striking him and cutting his head open1 
so that he was covered with  blood4 ,as 
he afterwards declared1 he had not the  
smallest thought of  resistance2 the    
power to oppose her seemed to be taken  
from him4 ,at  length1 half stunned1 he 
fell to the ground1 and was carried to  
his  bed by his father and the maid     
,jggli4 ,the old man no more returned   
upstairs1 consequently he was not       
present at the terrible scene  that     
ensued4 ,but he took no steps to prevent
 it4 ,not only so1 but  he warded off   
all interruption from without4 ,whilst  
he was below1  someone knocked at the   
door4 ,at that moment ,susanna was in   
the room  with him1 and he bade her     
inquire who was without4 ,the man gave  
his  name as ,elias ,vogal1 a mason1 and
 asked leave to come in4 ,old ,peter    
refused1 as he said the surgeon was     
within4 ,elias endeavoured to  push his 
way in but was resisted1 and the door   
barred against him4  ,vogel went away1  
and meeting a policeman told him what   

had taken  place1 and added that he had 
noticed blood-stains on the sleeves of  
both old ,peter and ,susanna4 ,the      
policeman1 thinking that ,peter's  lie  
was truth1 and that the surgeon was     
really in the house1 and had  been      
bleeding the half-crazy people there1   
took no further notice of  what he had  
heard1 and went his way4    ,meanwhile1 
in the upper room the comedy had been   
changed into a  ghastly tragedy4 ,as    
soon as the wounded ,caspar had been    
removed1 the  three sisters1 ,barbara1  
,magdalena1 and ,susanna left the room1 
the  two latter1 however1 only for a    
short while4 ,then the holy ,margaret   
said to those who remained with her1    
,to-day is a day of great  events4 ,the 
contest has been long and must now be   
decided4 ,blood  must flow4 ,i see the  
spirit of my mother calling to me to    
offer up  my life4 ,after a pause she   
said1 ,and you--all--are you ready to   
give your lives8 ,they all responded    
eagerly that they were4 ,then  said     

,margaret1 ,no1 no2 ,i see you will not 
readily die4 ,but ,i--,i  must die4     
,thereupon ,elizabeth exclaimed1 ,i will
 gladly die for the saving of  the souls
 of my brother and father4 ,strike me   
dead1 strike me dead6  ,then she threw  
herself on the bed and began to batter  
her head with  a wooden mallet4    ,it  
has been revealed to me1 said ,margaret1
 that ,elizabeth will  sacrifice        
herself4 ,then taking up the iron       
hammer1 she struck her  sister on the   
head4 ,at once a spiritual fury seized  
on all the  elect souls1 and seizing    
weapons they began to beat the poor girl
  to death4 ,margaret in her mania      
struck at random about her1 and  wounded
 both ,john ,moser and ,ursula ,kndig4  
,then she suddenly caught  the latter by
 the wrist and bade her kill ,elizabeth 
with the iron  wedge4 ,ursula shrank    
back1 ,i cannot6 ,i love her too dearly6
 ,you  must1 screamed the saint2 it is  
ordained4 ,i am ready to die  moaned    
,elizabeth4 ,i cannot6 ,i cannot6 cried 

,ursula4 ,you must1  shouted ,margaret4 
,i will raise my sister again1 and ,i   
also will  rise again after three days4 
,may ,god strengthen your arm4    ,as   
though a demoniacal influence flowed out
 of the holy maid1 and  maddened those  
about her1 all were again seized with   
frenzy4 ,john  ,moser snatched the      
hammer out of her hand1 and smote the   
prostrate  girl with it again1 and yet  
again1 on head and bosom and shoulders4 
,susanna brought down a crow-bar across 
her body1 the servant-man  ,heinrich    
belaboured her with a fragment of the   
floor planking1  and ,ursula1 swept away
 by the current1 beat in her skull with 
the  wedge4 ,throughout the turmoil1 the
 holy maid yelled3 ,god strengthen  your
 arms6 ,ursula1 strike home6 ,die for   
,christ1 ,elizabeth6 ,the  last words   
heard from the martyred girl were an    
exclamation of  resignation to the will 
of ,god1 as expressed by her sister4    
,one would have supposed that when the  
life was thus battered out  of the      

unfortunate victim1 the murderers would 
have come to their  senses and been     
filled with terror and remorse4 ,but it 
was not so4  ,margaret sat beside the   
body of her murdered sister1 the blaze  
of  spiritual ecstasy in her eyes1 the  
blood-stained hammer in her  right hand1
 terrible in her inflexible             
determination1 and in the  demoniacal   
energy which was to possess her to the  
last breath she  drew4 ,her bosom       
heaved1 her body quivered1 but her voice
 was firm  and her tone authoritative1  
as she said1 ,more blood must flow4 ,i  
have pledged myself for the saving of   
many souls4 ,i must die now4  ,you must 
crucify me4 ,john ,moser and ,ursula1   
shivering with horror1  entreated1 ,o do
 not demand that of us4 ,she replied1   
,it is better  that ,i should die than  
that thousands of souls should perish4  
,so saying she struck herself with the  
hammer on the left temple4  ,then she   
held out the weapon to ,john ,moser1 and
 ordered him and  ,ursula to batter her 

with it4 ,both hesitated for a moment4  
,what6 cried ,margaret turning to her   
favourite disciple1 will you  not do    
this8 ,strike and may ,god brace your   
arm6 ,moser and ,ursula  now struck her 
with the hammer1 but not so as to stun  
her4    ,and now1 said she with raised  
voice1 crucify me6 ,you1 ,ursula1  must 
do the deed4    ,i cannot6 ,i cannot6   
sobbed the wretched girl4    ,what6 will
 you withdraw your hand from the work of
 ,god1 now the  hour approaches8 ,you   
will be responsible for all the souls   
that will  be lost1 unless you fulfil   
what ,i have appointed you to do4       
,but ,o6 not ,i--6 pleaded ,ursula4     
,yes--you4 ,if the police authorities   
had executed me1 it would not  have     
fallen to you to do this1 but now it is 
for you to accomplish  the work4 ,go1   
,susan1 and fetch nails1 and the rest of
 you make ready  the cross4    ,in the  
meantime1 ,heinrich1 the man-servant1   
frightened at what had  taken place1 and
 not wishing to have anything more to do

 with the  horrible scene in the upper  
chamber1 had gone quietly down into  the
 wood-house1 and was making stakes for  
the vines4 ,there ,susanna  found him1  
and asked him for nails1 telling him for
 what they were  designed4 ,he          
composedly picked her out nails of      
suitable length1 and  then resumed his  
work of making vine stakes4 ,susanna    
re-ascended to  the upper room1 and     
found ,margaret extended on the bed     
beside the  body of ,elizabeth1 with the
 arms1 breast1 and feet resting on      
blocks  of wood1 arranged1 whilst       
,susanna was absent1 by ,john ,moser and
  ,ursula1 under her in the fashion of a
 cross4    ,then began the horrible act 
of crucifixion1 which is only           
conceivable as an outburst of religious 
mania1 depriving all who  took part in  
it of every feeling of humanity1 and    
degrading them  to the level of beasts  
of prey4 ,at the subsequent trial1 both 
,ursula and ,john ,moser described their
 condition as one of spiritual          

intoxication4    ,the hands and feet of 
the victim were nailed to the blocks of 
wood4  ,then ,ursula's head swam1 and   
she drew back4 ,again ,margaret called  
her to continue her horrible work4 ,go  
on6 go on6 ,god strengthen  your arm4 ,i
 will raise ,elizabeth from the dead1   
and rise myself in  three days4 ,nails  
were driven through both elbows and also
 through  the breasts of ,margaret2 not 
for one moment did the victim express   
pain1 nor did her courage fail her4 ,no 
,indian at the stake endured  the cruel 
ingenuity of his tormentors with more   
stoicism than did  this young woman bear
 the martyrdom she had invoked for      
herself4  ,she impressed her murderers  
with the idea that she was endowed with 
supernatural strength4 ,it could not be 
otherwise1 for what she  endured was    
beyond the measure of human strength4   
,that in the place  of human endurance  
she was possessed with the ,berserker   
strength  of the furor religiosus1 was  
what these ignorant peasants could  not 

possibly know4 ,conrad ,moser could     
barely support himself from  fainting1  
sick and horror-struck at the scene4 ,he
 exclaimed1 ,is  not this enough8 ,his  
brother1 ,john1 standing at the foot of 
the  bed1 looked into space with glassy 
eyes4 ,ursula1 bathed in tears1  was    
bowed over the victim4 ,magdalena ,moser
 had taken no active part  in the       
crucifixion2 she remained the whole     
time1 weeping1 leaning  against a chest4
    ,the dying woman smiled4 ,i feel no 
pain4 ,be yourselves strong1 she        
whispered4 ,now1 drive a nail or a knife
 through my heart4    ,ursula           
endeavoured to do as bidden1 but her    
hand shook and the knife  was bent4     
,beat in my skull6 this was the last    
word spoken by  ,margaret4 ,in their    
madness ,conrad ,moser and ,ursula      
,kndig obeyed1  one with the crowbar1   
the other with the hammer4    ,it was   
noon when the sacrifice was             
accomplished--dinner-time4              
,accordingly1 all descended to the      

sitting-room1 where the meal that       
,margaret ,jggli had been in the        
meantime preparing was served and       
eaten4    ,they had scarce finished     
before a policeman entered with a paper 
for  old ,peter to sign1 in which he    
made himself answerable to produce  his 
daughters before the magistrates when   
and where required4  ,he signed it with 
composure1 ,i declare that ,i will cause
 my  daughters1 if in good health1 to   
appear before the ,upper ,amtsmann in   
,andelfingen when so required4 ,then the
 policeman departed without  a suspicion
 that the two girls were lying dead in  
the room above4  ,on ,sunday the #afth1 
the servant ,heinrich was sent on       
horseback to  ,illnau to summon ,jacob  
,morf to come to ,wildisbuch and witness
 a  great miracle4 ,jacob came there    
with ,heinrich1 but was not told the    
circumstances of the crucifixion till he
 reached the house4 ,when he  heard what
 had happened1 he was frightened almost 
out of his few  wits1 and when taken    

upstairs to see the bodies1 he fainted  
away4  ,nothing--no representations     
would induce him to remain for the      
miraculous resurrection1 and he hastened
 back to ,illnau1 where he  took to his 
bed4 ,in his alarm and horror he sent   
for the pastor1 and  told him what he   
had seen4    ,but the rest of the holy  
community remained stead-fast in their  
faith4 ,on the night of ,sunday before  
,monday morning broke1 ,ursula  ,kndig  
and the servant man ,heinrich went      
upstairs with pincers and  drew out the 
nails that transfixed ,margaretta4 ,when
 asked their  reason for so doing1 at   
the subsequent trial1 they said that    
they  supposed this would facilitate    
,margaretta's resurrection4 ,sanctus    
furor had made way for sancta           
simplicitas4    ,the night of ,monday to
 ,tuesday was spent in prayer and       
,scripture-reading in the upper chamber1
 and eager expectation of the  promised 
miracle1 which never took place4 ,the   
catastrophe could no  longer be         

concealed4 ,something must be done4 ,on 
,tuesday1 old ,john  ,peter pulled on   
his jacket and walked to ,trllikon to   
inform the  pastor that his daughter    
,elizabeth had died on the ,saturday at 
#aj  a4m41 and his daughter ,margaretta 
at noon of the same day4    ,we need say
 little more4 ,on ,dec4 #crd1 #ahbc1 the
 trial of all  incriminated in this     
frightful tragedy took place at ,zrich  
and  sentence was pronounced on the     
following day4 ,ursula ,kndig was       
sentenced to sixteen years'             
imprisonment1 ,conrad ,moser and ,john  
,peter to eight years1 ,susanna ,peter  
and ,john ,moser to six years1          
,heinrich ,ernst to four years1 ,jacob  
,morf to three1 ,margaret ,jggli  to two
 years1 ,barbara ,baumann and ,casper   
,peter to one year1 and  ,magdalena     
,moser to six months with hard labour4  
,the house at  ,wildisbuch was ordered  
to be levelled with the dust1 the plough
  drawn over the foundation1 and that no
 house should again be erected  on the  

spot4    ,before the destruction1       
however1 a pilgrimage of ,pietists and  
believers in ,margaret ,peter had       
visited the scene of her death1 and     
many had been the exclamations of       
admiration at her conduct4 ,oh1  that it
 had been ,i who had died6 ,oh1 how many
 souls must she have  delivered6 and the
 like4 ,magna est stultitia et          
prvalebit4    ,at a time like the       
present1 when there is a wave of warm1  
mystic  fever sweeping over the country1
 and carrying away with it  thousands of
 ignorant and impetuous souls1 it is    
well that the  story--repulsive though  
it be--should be brought into notice1 as
  a warning of what this spiritual      
excitement may lead to--not1  indeed1   
again1 maybe1 into bloodshed4 ,it is far
 more likely to lead  to1 as it has     
persistently1 in every similar outbreak1
 into moral  disorders1 the record of   
which1 in the case of ,margaretta       
,peter1 we  have passed over almost     
without a word4         ,authority3 ,die

 ,gekreuzigte von ,wildisbuch1 von ,j4  
,scherr1 #bnd       ,edit41 ,st4 ,gall4 
#ahfg4 ,scherr visited the spot1        
collected       information from        
eye-witnesses1 and made copious extracts
 from       the records of the trial in 
the ,zrich archives1 where they are     
contained in ,vol4 #aff1 folio #ajdd1   
under the heading3 ,akten               
betreffened die ,gruel--,scenen in      
,wildisbuch4          ,a ,northern      
,raphael4      ,here and there in the   
galleries of ,north ,germany and ,russia
 may  be seen paintings of delicacy and 
purity1 delicacy of colour and  purity  
of design1 the author of which was      
,gerhard von ,kgelgen4  ,the majority of
 his paintings are in private hands2 but
 an ,apollo1  holding the dying         
,hyacinthus in his arms1 is in the      
possession of  the ,german ,emperor2    
,moses on ,horeb is in the gallery of   
the ,academy  of ,fine ,arts at         
,dresden2 a ,st4 ,ccilia and an ,adonis1
 painted in  #agid and #agie1 were      

purchased by the ,earl of ,bristol2 a   
,holy ,family  is in the ,gallery at    
,cassel2 and some of the sacred subjects
 have  found their way into churches4   
,in #aggb1 the wife of ,franz ,kgelgen1 
a merchant of ,bacharach on the  ,rhine1
 presented her husband with twin sons1  
the elder of whom by  fifteen minutes is
 the subject of this notice4 ,his       
brother was named  ,karl4 ,their        
resemblance was so great that even their
 mother found a  difficulty in their    
early childhood in distinguishing one   
from the  other4    ,bacharach was in   
the ,electorate of ,cologne1 and when   
the  ,archbishop-,elector1 ,maximilian  
,franz1 learned that the twins were     
fond of art1 in #agia he very liberally 
gave them a handsome sum  of money to   
enable them to visit ,rome and there    
prosecute their  studies4    ,gerhard   
was at once fascinated by the statuary  
in the ,vatican1 and  by the pictures of
 ,raphael4 ,the ambition of his life    
thenceforward  was to combine the beauty

 of modelling of the human form that he 
saw in the ,grco-,roman statues with the
 beauty of colour that he  recognised in
 ,raphael's canvases4 ,karl1 on the     
other hand1 devoted  himself to         
landscapes4    ,in #agie the brothers   
separated1 ,gerhard that he might visit 
,munich4  ,thence1 in the autumn1 he    
went to ,riga with a friend1 and there  
he  remained rather over two years1 and 
painted and disposed of some  fifty-four
 pictures4 ,then he painted in ,st4     
,petersburg and ,revel1  and finally    
settled into married life and regular   
work at ,dresden  in #ahjf4 ,there he   
became a general favourite1 not only on 
account  of his artistic genius1 but    
also because of the fascination of  his 
modest and genial manner4 ,he was       
honoured by the ,court1 and  respected  
by everyone for his virtues4 ,orders    
flowed in on him1 and  his paintings    
commanded good prices4 ,the king of     
,saxony ennobled  him1 that is to say1  
raised him out of the brger-stand1 by   

giving  him the privilege of writing a  
,von before his patronymic4    ,having  
received an order from ,riga for a large
 altar picture1 he  bought a vineyard on
 the banks of the ,elbe1 commanding a   
charming  prospect of the river and the 
distant blue ,bohemian mountains4 ,here 
he resolved to erect a country house for
 the summer1 with a large  studio       
lighted from the north4 ,the            
construction of this residence  was to  
him a great pleasure and occupation4 ,in
 ,november1 #ahai1  he wrote to his     
brother1 ,my house shall be to us a     
veritable  fairy palace1 in which to    
dwell till the time comes1 when through 
a little1 narrow and dark door we pass  
through into that great  habitation of  
the ,heavenly ,father in which are many 
mansions1 and  where our whole family   
will be re-united4 ,should it please    
,god to  call me away1 then ,lily 7his  
wife7 will find this an agreeable       
dower-house1 in which she can supervise 
the education of the  children1 as the  

distance from the town is only an hour's
 walk4    ,the words were written1      
perhaps1 without much thought1 but they 
foreshadowed a terrible catastrophe4    
,kgelgen would pass1 before his  fairy  
palace was ready to receive him1 through
 that little1 narrow  door into the     
heavenly mansions4    ,the holy week of 
#ahbj found him in a condition of       
singularly deep  religious emotion4 ,he 
was a ,catholic1 but had1 nevertheless1 
allowed  his son to be confirmed by a   
,protestant pastor4 ,the ceremony had   
greatly affected him1 and he said to a  
friend1 who was struck at the  intensity
 of his feeling1 ,i know ,i shall never 
be as happy again  till ,i reach        
,heaven4    ,on ,march #bgth1 on the    
very day of the confirmation1 he went in
  the afternoon a walk by himself to his
 vineyard1 to look at his  buildings4   
,he invited one of his pupils to        
accompany him1 but the  young man had   
some engagement and declined4    ,at #e 
p4m4 he was at the new house1 where he  

paid the workmen1 gave  some            
instructions1 and pointed out where he  
would do some planting1  so as to       
enchance the picturesqueness of the     
spot4 ,at some time  between six and    
seven he left1 to walk back to ,dresden1
 along the  road from ,bautzen4         
,every one who has been at the ,saxon   
capital knows that road4 ,the  right    
bank of the ,elbe above ,dresden rises  
in picturesque heights  covered with    
gardens and vineyards1 from the river1  
and about a  mile from the bridge is the
 ,linkes ,bad1 with its pleasant        
gardens1  theatre1 music and baths4     
,that road is one of the most charming1 
and1 therefore1 the most frequented     
outside the capital4 ,on the  evening in
 question the ,easter moon was shining4 
,kgelgen did not return home4 ,his wife 
sent his son1 the just  confirmed boy1  
aged #ag years1 to the new house1 to    
inquire for her  husband4 ,the boy      
learned there that he had left some     
hours before4  ,he returned home1 and   

found that still his father had not come
  in4 ,the police were communicated     
with1 and the night was spent in        
inquiries and search1 but all in vain4  
,on the following morning1  at #i a4m41 
as the boy was traversing the same road1
 along with a  gensdarme1 he deemed it  
well to explore a footpath beside the   
river1  which was overflown by the      
,elbe1 and there1 finally1 amongst some 
reeds they discovered the dead body of  
the artist1 stripped of his  clothes to 
his shirt and drawers1 lying on his     
face4    ,gerhard von ,kgelgen had been 
murdered4 ,his features were cut and    
bruised1 his left temple and jaw were   
broken4 ,footsteps1 as of two  persons1 
were traceable through the river mud and
 across a field  to the highway4        
,apparently the artist had been murdered
 on the  road1 then carried or dragged  
to the path1 stripped there1 and then   
cast among the rushes4 ,about           
twenty-four paces from where he lay1    
between him and the highway1 his cap was

 found4    ,the excitement1 the alarm1  
aroused in ,dresden was immense4 ,not   
only  was ,kgelgen universally          
respected1 but everyone was in dismay at
  the thought that his own safety was   
jeopardised1 if a murder such as  this  
could be perpetrated on the open road1  
within a few paces of  the gates4       
,indeed1 the place where the crime was  
committed was but a  hundred strides    
from the ,linkes ,bad1 one of the most  
popular resorts  of the ,dresdeners4    
,it was now remembered that only a few  
months before1 near the  same spot1     
another murder had been committed1 that 
had remained  undiscovered4 ,in that    
case the victim had been a poor         
carpenter's  apprentice4    ,on the same
 day as the body of ,kgelgen was found1 
the ,government  offered a sum equal to 
#aej for the discovery of the murderer4 
,a  little later1 some children found   
among the rubbish1 outside the  ,black  
,gate of the ,dresdener ,vorstadt1 a    
blue cloth cloak1 folded  up and buried 

under some stones4 ,it was recognised as
 having  belonged to ,kgelgen4          
,moreover1 in the pocket was the little 
,thomas--,kempis he always carried about
 with him4    ,it was concluded that the
 murderer had not ventured to bring all 
the clothing of ,kgelgen into the town1 
through the gate1 and had1  therefore1  
hidden portions in places whence he     
could remove them one  by one1          
unobserved4 ,the murderer was1          
undoubtedly1 an inhabitant of  the city4
    ,from ,march #bith to ,april #dth   
the police remained without any clue1   
although a description of the garments  
worn by the murdered man1 and  of his   
watch1 was posted up at every corner1   
and sent round to the  nearest towns and
 villages4    ,the workmen who had been 
engaged on ,kgelgen's house were brought
  before the police4 ,they had left     
after his departure1 and had  received  
money from him2 but they were           
discharged1 as there was no  evidence   
against them4    ,as no light seemed to 

fall on this mysterious case1 the police
  looked up the circumstances of the    
previous murder4 ,on ,december  #bith1  
#ahai1 a carrier on the highroad had    
found a body on the way4  ,it was       
ascertained to be that of a carpenter's 
apprentice1 named  ,winter4 ,his skull  
had been broken in4 ,not a trace of the 
murderer  was found2 not even footprints
 had been observed4 ,however1 it was    
learned that the wife of a labourer had 
been attacked almost at the  same spot1 
on the #bhth ,december1 by a man wearing
 a military cap and  cloak2 and she had 
only escaped him by the approach of a   
carriage1  the sound of the wheels      
having alarmed him1 and induced him to  
fly4  ,he had fled in the direction of  
the ,black ,gate and the barracks4      
,the anxiety of the ,dresdeners seemed  
justified4 ,there was some  murderous   
ruffian inhabiting the ,vorstadt1 who   
hovered about the  gates1 waylaying1 not
 wealthy men only1 but poor charwomen   
and  apprentices4    ,the military cloak

 and cap1 the direction taken by the    
assailant in  his flight1 gave a sort of
 clue--and the police suspected that the
  murderer must be sought among the     
soldiers4    ,on ,april #dth two ,jewish
 pawnbrokers appeared before the police1
 and  handed over a silver watch which  
had been left with them at #i a4m4  on  
the #bjth ,march--that is to say on the 
morning after the murder  of            
,kgelgen--and which agreed with the     
advertised description of  the artist's 
lost watch4 ,it was identified at once4 
,the man who had  pawned it1 the ,jews  
said1 wore the uniform of an artillery  
soldier4    ,at the request of the civil
 authorities1 the military officers held
  an inquisition in the barracks4 ,all  
the artillery soldiers were made  to    
pass before the ,jew brokers1 but they  
were unable to identify the  man who had
 deposited the watch with them4         
,somewhat later in the day  one of these
 ,jews1 as he was going through the     
street1 saw a man in  civil dress1 whom 

he thought he recognised as the fellow  
who had  given him the watch4 ,he went  
up to him at once and spoke about the   
watch4 ,the man at first acknowledged   
that he had pawned one1 then  denied1   
and threatened the ,jew when he         
persevered in clinging to  him4 ,a      
gendarme came up1 and hearing what the  
controversy was about1  arrested the    
man1 who gave his name as ,fischer1 a   
gunner4    ,fischer was at once         
examined1 and he doggedly refused to    
allow that  he had given up a watch to  
the ,jew4    ,suspicion against him was 
deepened by his declaring that he  had  
heard nothing of the murder--a matter of
 general talk in  ,dresden--and that he 
had not seen the notices with the offer 
of  reward for the discovery of the     
murderer4 ,on the following day1  ,april
 #eth1 however1 he admitted having      
pawned the watch1 which he  pretended to
 have found outside the ,black ,gate4 ,a
 few hours later he  withdrew this      
confession1 saying that he was so       

bewildered with the  questions put to   
him1 and so alarmed at his arrest1 that 
he did not  well know what he said4 ,it 
was observed that ,fischer was a man of 
very low intellectual power4    ,the    
same day he was invested in his uniform1
 and presented before  the pawnbrokers4 
,both unanimously declared that he was  
not the man  who had entered their shop 
and deposited the watch with them4 ,they
  both declared that though ,fischer had
 the same height and general  build as  
the man in question1 and the same fair  
hair1 yet that the  face was different4 
,with this1 the case against ,fischer   
broke down2 nevertheless1 though  he had
 been handed over by the military       
authorities to the civil  power1 he     
remained under arrest4 ,the public was  
convinced of his  guilt1 and the police 
hoped by keeping him in prison to draw  
from  him later some information which  
might prove serviceable4    ,and1 in    
fact1 after he had been a fortnight     
under arrest1 he  volunteered a         

statement4 ,he was conducted at once    
before the  magistrate1 and confessed   
that he had murdered ,von ,kgelgen4 ,he1
  however1 stoutly denied having laid   
hands on the carpenter ,winter4         
,nevertheless1 on the way back to his   
cell he told his gaoler that  he had    
committed this murder as well4 ,next day
 he was again brought  before the       
magistrate1 and confessed to both       
murders4 ,he was taken  to the spots    
where the two corpses had been found1   
and there he  renewed his confession1   
though without entering into any        
details4    ,but on the next morning1   
,april #ba1 he begged to be again heard1
 and  he then asserted that his former  
confessions were false4 ,he had         
confessed merely because he was weary of
 his imprisonment and the  poor food he 
was given1 and decided to die4 ,when    
spoken to by the  magistrates seriously1
 and remonstrated with for his          
contradictions1  he cried out that he   
was innocent4 ,let them torture him as  

much as  they pleased1 he wished to die4
    ,but hardly was he back in his      
prison than he told the gaoler that it  
was true that he was the murderer of    
both ,kgelgen and ,winter4 ,again  he   
confessed before the magistrate1 and    
again1 on the #bgth1 withdrew  his      
confession and protested his innocence4 
,on the #bast ,april a new element in   
the case came to light1 that  perplexed 
the question not a little4    ,a ,jewish
 pawnbroker1 ,lbel ,graff1 announced    
that on ,february #c1  #ahbj1 he had    
received from the gunner ,kaltofen1 a   
green coat1 and  on the #dth ,april a   
dark-blue cloth coat1 stained with spots
 of  oil1 also a pair of cloth trousers4
 ,as both coats seemed to him           
suspicious1 and to resemble those       
described in the advertisements1  he had
 questioned ,kaltofen about them1 but   
had received equivocal  answers1 and    
,kaltofen at last admitted that he had  
bought them from  the gunner ,fischer4  
,john ,gottfried ,kaltofen was a young  

man of #bd years1 servant to  one of the
 officers1 and therefore did not live in
 the barracks4  ,he was now taken up4   
,his manner and appearance were in his  
favour4  ,he was frank1 and at once     
admitted that he had disposed of the    
two coats to ,graff1 and that he had    
bought them of ,fischer4 ,on            
confrontation with the latter he        
repeated what he had said4 ,fischer     
fell into confusion1 denied all         
knowledge of ,kaltofen1 protested his   
innocence1 and denied the sale of the   
coats1 one of which had in the  meantime
 been identified as having belonged to  
,winter1 and the other  to ,kgelgen4    
,on ,april #bgth a search was made in   
the lodgings of ,kaltofen1 and  three   
keys were found there1 hidden away1 and 
these proved to have  belonged to       
,kgelgen4 ,at first ,kaltofen declared  
that he knew  nothing of these keys1 but
 afterwards said that he remembered on  
consideration that he had found them in 
the pocket of the blue  coat he had     

purchased from ,fischer1 and had put    
them away before  disposing of the coat1
 and had given them no further thought4 
,not  many minutes after ,fischer had   
been sent back to prison1 he begged  to 
be brought before the magistrate again1 
and now admitted that it  was quite true
 that he had sold both coats to         
,kaltofen4    ,whilst this confession   
was being taken down1 however1 he again 
hesitated1 broke down1 and denied having
 sold them to ,kaltofen1 or  any one    
else4 ,i can't say anything more1 he    
cried out2 my head is  dazed4    ,by    
this statement he remained1 protesting  
his innocence1 and he  declared that he 
had only confessed his guilt because he 
was  afraid of ill-treatment in the     
prison if he continued to assert  his   
innocence4 ,it must be remembered that  
the gaolers were as  convinced of his   
guilt as were the public of ,dresden2   
and it is  noticeable that under        
pressure from them ,fischer always      
acknowledged  his guilt2 whereas1 when  

before the magistrates he was ready to  
proclaim that he was innocent4 ,at this 
time it was part of the duty  of a      
gaoler1 or was supposed to be such1 to  
use every possible  effort to bring a   
prisoner to confession4 ,and now1 on    
,april #bgth1  a third gunner appeared  
on the scene4 ,his name was ,kiessling1 
and  he asked the magistrate to take    
down his statement1 which was to  the   
effect that ,kaltofen1 who had been     
discharged1 had admitted  to him that he
 had murdered ,kgelgen with a cudgel1   
and that he  had still got some of his  
garments hidden in his lodgings4        
,but--so  said ,kiessling--,kaltofen had
 jauntily said he would lay it all on   
,fischer4 ,kiessling1 moreover1 produced
 a pair of boots1 that he said          
,kaltofen had left with him to be       
re-soled1 as he was regimental          
shoemaker4 ,and these boots were at once
 recognised as having been  those worn  
by ,kgelgen when he was murdered4       
,kaltofen was at once re-arrested1 and  

brought into confrontation  with        
,kiessling4 ,he retained his composure1 
and said that it was  quite true that he
 had given a pair of boots to ,kiessling
 to  re-sole1 but they were a pair that 
he had bought in the market4 ,but1  in  
the meantime1 another investigation of  
his lodgings had been  made1 and a      
number of articles found that had       
certainly belonged  to the murdered men1
 ,winter and ,kgelgen4 ,they were ranged
 on the  table1 together with the pair  
of boots confided to ,kiessling1 and    
,kaltofen was shown them4 ,hitherto1 the
 young man had displayed  phlegmatic    
composure1 and an openness of manner    
that had impressed  all who saw him in  
his favour4 ,his intelligence1 had1     
moreover1  contrasted favourably with   
that of ,fischer4 ,but the sight of all 
these articles1 produced before him1    
staggered ,kaltofen1 and1 losing  his   
presence of mind1 he turned in a fury   
upon his comrade1 the  shoemaker1 and   
swore at him for having betrayed his    

confidence4 ,only  after he had poured  
forth a torrent of abuse1 could the     
magistrate  bring him to say anything   
about the charge1 and then--still hot   
and panting from his onslaught on       
,kiessling--he admitted that he1  not   
,fischer1 was the murderer in both      
cases4 ,fischer1 he said1 was  wholly   
innocent1 not only of participation in1 
but of knowledge of  the crimes4 ,the   
summary of his confession1 oft repeated 
and never  withdrawn1 was as            
follows3--,being in need of money1 he   
had gone  outside the town thrice in one
 week1 at the end of ,december1 #ahai1  
with the intent of murdering and robbing
 the first person he could  attack with 
security4 ,for this purpose1 he had     
provided himself  with a cudgel under   
his cloak4 ,on the #bith ,december he   
selected  ,winter as his first victim4  
,he allowed him to pass1 then stole     
after him1 and suddenly dealt him a blow
 on the back of his head1  before the   
young man turned to see who was         

following him4 ,winter  dropped1        
whereupon he1 ,kaltofen1 had struck him 
twice again on the  head4 ,then he      
divested his victim of collar1 coat1    
hat1 kerchief1  watch1 and a little     
money--not more than four shillings in  
,english  coins1 and a few tools4 ,he   
was engaged on pulling off his boots and
  trousers1 when he was alarmed by      
hearing the tramp of horses and the     
sound of wheels1 and he ran off across  
the fields with his spoil4  ,he got     
,kiessling to dispose of the hat for    
him1 the other articles  he himself sold
 to ,jews4 ,whether it was he also who  
assaulted the  poor woman we are not    
informed4 ,in like manner ,kaltofen     
proceeded  with ,kgelgen4 ,he was again 
in want of money4 ,he had been gambling1
  and had lost what little he had4 ,on  
the ,monday in ,holy ,week1 #ahbj1  he  
took his cudgel again and went out along
 the ,bautzen ,road4 ,the  moon shone   
brightly1 and he met a gentleman walking
 slowly towards  ,dresden1 in a blue    

cloak4 ,he allowed him to pass1 then    
followed  him4 ,as a woman was walking  
in the same direction1 but at a quicker 
rate1 he delayed his purpose till she   
had disappeared behind the  first houses
 of the suburb4 ,then he hastened on1   
walking lightly1  and springing up      
behind ,kgelgen1 struck him on the right
 temple  with his cudgel from behind4   
,kgelgen fell without uttering a  cry4  
,kaltofen at once seized him by the     
collar and dragged him  across a field  
to the edge of the river4 ,there he     
dealt him  several additional blows1 and
 then proceeded to strip him4 ,whilst   
thus engaged1 he remembered that the    
dead man had dropped his  walking-stick 
on the high road when first struck4     
,kaltofen at once  desisted from what he
 was about1 to return to the road and   
recover  the walking-stick4 ,on coming  
back to his victim1 he thought there    
was still life in him2 ,kgelgen was     
moving and endeavouring to rise4        
,whereupon1 with his cudgel1 ,kaltofen  

repeatedly struck him1 till all  signs  
of life disappeared4 ,he now completed  
his work of spoliation1  pulled off the 
boots1 untied the neckerchief1 and      
ransacked the  pockets4 ,he found in    
addition to the watch the sum of about  
half-a-guinea4 ,he then stole away among
 the rushes till he reached  the ,linkes
 ,bad1 where he returned to the main    
road4 ,he concealed  the cloak at the   
,black ,gate1 but carried the rest of   
his plunder to  his lodgings4    ,his   
confession was confirmed by several     
circumstances4 ,kiessling was  again    
required to repeat what he had heard    
from ,kaltofen1 and the  story as told  
by him agreed exactly with that now     
confessed by the  murderer4 ,kiessling  
added that ,kaltofen had told him he was
 puzzled  to account for ,fischer's     
self-examination1 as he knew that the   
man  had nothing to do with the murder4 
,a third examination of ,kaltofen's     
lodgings resulted in the discovery of   
all the rest of the murdered  man's     

effects4 ,moreover1 when ,kaltofen was  
confronted with the two  ,jews who had  
taken the silver watch on the #bdth1    
they immediately  recognised him as the 
man who had disposed of it to them4     
,finally1 he confessed to having been   
associated with ,kiessling in  two      
robberies1 one of which was a           
burglarious attack on his own  master4  
,the case was made out clearly enough   
against ,kaltofen1 and it  seemed       
equally clear that ,fischer was         
innocent4 ,moreover1 from the  #bdth    
,april onwards1 ,fischer never swerved  
from his protestation of  complete      
innocence4 ,when questioned why he had  
confessed himself  guilty1 he said that 
he had been pressed to do so by the     
gaoler1 who  had several times fastened 
him for a whole night into the stocks1  
and had threatened him with severer     
measures unless he admitted  his guilt4 
,the gaoler admitted having so treated  
,fischer once1 but  ,fischer insisted   
that he had been thus tortured on two   

consecutive  nights4    ,it was         
ascertained that ,fischer had not only  
known about the murder  of ,kgelgen1 but
 had attended his funeral1 and yet he   
had pretended  entire1 or almost entire1
 ignorance when first arrested4 ,when   
asked  to explain this1 he replied that 
he was so frightened that he took       
refuge in lies4 ,that he was a          
dull-minded1 extremely ignorant man1    
was obvious to the judges and to all who
 had to do with him2 he was  aged       
thirty1 and had spent thirteen years in 
the army1 had conducted  himself well1  
but had never been trusted with any     
important duties  on account of his     
stupidity4 ,he had a dull eye1 and a    
heavy  countenance4 ,kaltofen1 on the   
other hand1 was a good-looking1         
well-built young fellow1 of twenty-four1
 with a bright1 intelligent  face2 his  
education was above what was ordinary in
 his class4 ,it  was precisely this that
 had excited in him vanity1 and craving 
for  pleasures and amusements which he  

could not afford4 ,his obliging         
manners1 his trimness1 and cheerfulness1
 had made him a favourite  with the     
officers4    ,as already intimated1 he  
was fond of play1 and it was this that  
had  induced him to commit his murders4 
,he admitted that he had felt  little or
 no compunction1 and he said frankly    
that it was as well  for society that he
 was taken1 otherwise the death of      
,kgelgen  would have been followed by   
others4 ,he spoke of the crimes he had  
committed with openness and             
indifference1 and maintained this       
condition of callousness to the end4 ,it
 seems to have been customary  on       
several occasions for the ,lutheran     
pastors who attended the last  hours of 
criminals to publish their opinions as  
to the manner in  which they prepared   
for death1 and their ideas as to the    
motives  for the crimes committed1 an   
eminently indecent proceeding to  our   
notions4 ,in this case1 the chaplain who
 attended on ,kaltofen  rushed into the 

priest after the execution4 ,he said1   
,play may have  occasioned that want of 
feeling which will commit the most      
atrocious  crime1 without compunction1  
for the gratification of a temporary    
requirement4 ,kaltofen1 without being   
rude and rough towards his  fellows1 but
 on the contrary obliging and courteous1
 came to regard  them with brutal       
indifference4 ,only twice did he feel   
any twinge  of conscience1 he said1 once
 before his first murder1 and again at  
the funeral of his second victim1 which 
he attended4 ,the criminal  was now     
known1 had confessed1 and had confessed 
that he had no  accomplice4 ,moreover1  
he declared that ,fischer was wholly    
innocent4  ,not a single particle of    
evidence was forthcoming to incriminate 
,fischer1 apart from his own retracted  
confessions4 ,nevertheless he  was not  
liberated4    ,the police could not     
believe that ,kaltofen had been without 
an  accomplice4 ,there were stabs in the
 face and body of ,kgelgen1 and         

,kaltofen had professed to have used no 
other weapon than a cudgel4  ,the       
murderer said that he had dragged the   
body over the field to  the rushes1 and 
it was agreed that there must have been 
evidence of  this dragging4 ,some       
witnesses had1 indeed1 said they had    
seen such1  but others protested that   
there were footprints as of two men4    
,this1  however1 could be explained by  
,kaltofen's admission that he had gone  
back to the road for the walking-stick4 
,then1 again1 ,fischer1 when            
interrogated1 had given particulars     
which  agreed with the circumstances in 
a remarkable manner4 ,he was asked  to  
explain this4 ,well1 said he1 he had    
heard a good deal of talk  about the    
murders1 and he was miserable at the    
thought of spending  long years in      
prison1 and so had confessed4 ,when     
asked how he knew  the particulars of   
the murder of ,winter1 he said that he  
had been  helped to it by the gaoler4   
,he had said first1 ,i went to his left 

side--whereupon the gaoler had said1    
,surely you are wrong1 it was  on the   
right1 thereat ,fischer had corrected   
himself and said1 ,yes1  of course--on  
the right4    ,the case was now ready   
for final sentence1 and for this purpose
  all the depositions were forwarded on 
,september #abth to the  ,judicial      
,court at ,leipzig4 ,but1 before        
judgment was pronounced1  the           
depositions were hastily sent for back  
to ,dresden--for1 in the  meantime1 the 
case had passed into a new phase4 ,on   
,october #eth1  the gaoler--the same man
 who had brought about the confession of
  ,fischer--announced that ,kaltofen had
 confided to him that ,fischer  really  
had been his accomplice in both the     
murders4 ,kaltofen at  once was summoned
 before the magistrate1 and he calmly1  
and with  emphasis1 declared that       
,fischer had assisted him on both       
occasions1  and that he had not allowed 
this before1 because he and ,fischer    
had sworn that neither would betray the 

other4 ,fischer had never  mentioned his
 name1 and he had accordingly done his  
utmost to  exculpate ,fischer4          
,according to his account1 he and       
,fischer had been walking together  on  
the morning of ,march #bfth1 between #i 
and #aj1 when they planned a  murder    
together for the following day4         
,however1 there was rebutting  evidence 
to the effect that on the morning in    
question ,fischer had  been on guard1 at
 the hour named1 before the powder      
magazine2 he had  not been released till
 noon4 ,other statements of ,kaltofen   
proved to  be equally untrue4    ,what  
could have induced ,kaltofen to         
deliberately charge a comrade in  arms  
with participation in the crime1 if he  
were guiltless8 ,there  was no apparent 
motive4 ,he could gain no reprieve by   
it4 ,it did not  greatly diminish his   
own guilt4    ,it was necessary to enter
 into as close investigation as was     
possible into the whereabouts of        
,fischer at the time of the two         

murders4 ,it was not found possible to  
determine where he was at  the time when
 ,winter was killed1 but some of his    
comrades swore  that on ,march #bgth he 
had been present at the roll-call at #f 
p4m41  and had come into barrack before 
the second roll-call at half-past       
eight4 ,the murder of ,kgelgen had taken
 place at eight o'clock1 and  the       
distance between the barrack and the    
spot where it had been  committed was   
#cdhg paces1 which would take a man     
about #be minutes to  traverse4 ,if1 as 
his comrades asserted1 ,fischer had come
 in shortly  after eight1 then it was   
quite impossible that he could have been
  present when ,kgelgen was murdered2   
but not great reliance can  be placed on
 the testimony of soldiers as to the    
hour at which a  comrade came into      
barrack just seven months before on a   
given day4    ,the case was perplexing4 
,the counsel for ,fischer--his name was 
,eisenstck--took a bold line of defence4
 ,he charged the gaoler  with having    

manipulated ,kaltofen1 as he had        
,fischer4 ,this gaoler's  self-esteem   
was wounded by the discovery that       
,kaltofen and not  ,fischer was the     
murderer1 and his credit was damaged by 
the  proceedings which showed that he   
had goaded an unhappy man1 confided  to 
his care1 into charging himself with a  
crime he had never  committed4          
,eisenstck asserted that this new charge
 was fabricated  in the prison by the   
gaoler in concert with ,kaltofen for his
 own  justification4 ,but1 whatever may 
be thought of the character and  conduct
 of this turnkey1 it is difficult to    
understand how he could  prevail on a   
cool-headed man like ,kaltofen thus to  
take on himself  the additional guilt of
 perjury1 and such perjury as risked the
 life  of an innocent man4 ,kaltofen    
never withdrew this assertion that      
,fischer was an accomplice4 ,he         
persisted in it to his last breath4     
,the depositions were again sent to the 
faculty at ,leipzig1 on ,dec4  #ahth1 to

 give judgment on the following points4 
#a4 ,the examination of the body of     
,kgelgen had          revealed stabs    
made with a sharp1 two-edged instrument1
 as well          as blows dealt by a   
blunt weapon4 ,kaltofen would admit that
 he          had used no other          
instrument than a cudgel4         #b4   
,it would have been a difficult matter  
for one man to drag a          dead body
 from the road to the bed of rushes1    
without leaving          unmistakable   
traces on the field traversed2 and such 
were not1          for certain1 found4  
,it was therefore more probable that the
          dead man had been carried by  
two persons to the place where          
found4    ,it must be observed that     
crowds poured out of ,dresden to see the
  place where the body lay as soon as it
 was known that ,kgelgen had  been      
discovered1 and consequently no accurate
 and early examination  of tracks across
 the field had been made4         #c4   
,that it would have been difficult for  

,kaltofen alone to strip          the   
body4 ,this may be doubted2 it would be 
difficult possibly1          but not    
impossible1 whilst the body was         
flexible4         #d4 ,a witness had    
said that she had met two men outside   
the ,black          ,gate on the evening
 of the #bgth ,march1 of whom one was   
wrapped          in a cloak and seemed  
to be carrying something under it4 ,we  
should much like to know when the woman 
gave this evidence4                     
,unfortunately1 that is what is not told
 us4         #e4 ,kaltofen1 in a letter 
to his parents1 had stated that he had  
an accomplice1 but had not named him4   
,these were the points that made it     
appear that ,kaltofen had an            
accomplice4 ,an accomplice in some of   
his crimes he had--,kiessling4    ,there
 were other points that made it appear  
that ,fischer had  assisted him in the  
murders4         #f4 ,fischer's denial  
that he knew anything about the murder  
of          ,kgelgen when he was        

arrested1 whereas it was established    
that          he had attended the       
funeral of the murdered man4         #g4
 ,his repeated confessions that he had  
assisted at the          murders1 and   
his acquaintance with the particulars   
and with the          localities4       
#h4 ,kaltofen's asseverations that      
,fischer was his associate in           
the murders4    ,in favour of ,fischer  
it may be said that his conduct in the  
army had  for thirteen years been       
uniformly good1 and there was no        
evidence  that he had been in any way   
guilty of dishonesty4 ,nor was he a  man
 of extravagant habits like ,kaltofen1  
needing money for his  pleasures4 ,he   
was a simple1 inoffensive1 and very     
stupid man4 ,his  confessions lose all  
their effect when we consider how they  
were  extorted from him by undue        
influence4    ,against ,kaltofen's later
 accusation must be set his repeated    
declaration1 during six months1 that    
,fischer was innocent4 ,not  only this1 

but his assertion in confidence to      
,kiessling that he  was puzzled what    
could have induced ,fischer to avow     
himself guilty  of a crime1 of which    
he--,kaltofen--knew him to be innocent4 
,when  ,kiessling gave this evidence on 
,april #bdth1 ,kaltofen did not deny    
that he had said this1 but flew into a  
paroxysm of fury with his  comrade for  
betraying their private conversation4   
,again1 not a single article            
appertaining to either of the murdered  
men was found with ,fischer4 ,all had   
been traced1 without exception1  to     
,kaltofen4 ,it was the latter who had   
concealed ,kgelgen's coat1  and had     
given his watch to the ,jews4 ,it was he
 who had got ,kiessling  to dispose of  
,winter's hat for him1 and had given the
 boots of the  last victim to ,kiessling
 to be repaired4    ,on ,january #dth1  
#ahba1 the ,court at ,leipzig issued its
 judgment2  that ,kaltofen1 on account  
of two murders committed and confessed1 
was to be put to death on the wheel2 but

 that ,john ,george ,fischer  be        
discharged on account of lack of        
evidence of complicity in the  murders4 
,the gaoler was discharged his office4  
,kaltofen appealed against the sentence1
 but in vain4 ,the sentence  was        
confirmed4 ,the ground of his appeal    
was1 that he was not alone  guilty4 ,the
 ,king commuted the penalty of the wheel
 into execution by  the sword4    ,the  
sentence of the court produced the      
liveliest commotion in  ,dresden4 ,the  
feeling against ,fischer was strong and 
general2 the  gaoler had but represented
 the universal opinion4 ,fischer--who   
had confessed to the murder--,fischer1  
whom ,kaltofen protested was  as deeply 
stained in crime as himself1 was to go  
scot free4 ,the  police authorities did 
not carry out the sentence of discharge 
in  its integrity2 they indeed released 
him from prison1 but placed him  under  
police supervision1 and he was          
discharged from the ,artillery  on the  
plea that he had forsworn himself4 ,the 

pastor ,jaspis was  entrusted with the  
preparation of ,kaltofen for death2 and 
we  know pretty well what passed between
 him and the condemned man1  as he had  
the indecency to publish it to the      
world4 ,jaspis had1  indeed1 visited him
 in prison when he was first arrested1  
and then  ,kaltofen had asserted that he
 had committed the murders entirely     
unassisted4 ,on ,jaspis remarking to him
 in ,april1 #ahbj1 that there  were     
circumstances that rendered this        
eminently improbable1 ,kaltofen  cut him
 short with the answer1 ,i was by       
myself4 ,afterwards1  when he had       
changed his note1 ,jaspis reminded him  
of his previous  declaration1 but       
,kaltofen pretended not to remember ever
 having  made it4    ,towards the end of
 his days1 ,kaltofen was profoundly     
agitated1  and was very restless4 ,when 
,jaspis gave him a book of prayers and  
meditations for such as were in trouble1
 he put it from him1 and  said the book 
was unsuitable1 and was adapted only to 

the innocent4  ,he had visitors who     
combined piety with inquisitiveness1 and
 came  to discuss with him the state of 
his soul4 ,kaltofen's vanity was        
inflamed1 and he was delighted to pose  
before these zealots4 ,when he  heard   
that ,jaspis had preached about him in  
the ,kreuz ,kirche on the  ,sunday      
before his execution1 he was greatly    
gratified1 and said1 ,he  would really  
like to hear what had been said about   
him4    ,jaspis thereupon produced his  
sermon1 and read it over to the         
wretched man--but tells us that even the
 most touching portions of  the address 
failed to awake any genuine compunction 
in his soul4  ,unless he could play the 
saint1 before company1 he was cold and  
indifferent4 ,his great vanity1 however1
 was hurt at the thought that  his      
assertion was disbelieved1 that ,fischer
 was his associate in his  crimes4 ,he  
was always eager and inquisitive to know
 what rumours  circulated in the town   
concerning him1 and was gratified to    

think  that he was the topic of the     
general conversation4    ,on the night  
before his execution he slept soundly   
for five  hours1 and then lit his pipe  
and smoked composedly4 ,his condition   
was1 however1 not one of bluntness of   
sense1 for he manifested  considerable  
readiness and consciousness up to the   
last4 ,he had  drawn up a dying address 
which he handed to pastor ,jaspis1 and  
on  which he evidently placed great     
importance1 as when his first copy  had 
caught fire when he was drying it1 he   
set to work to compose a  second4 ,he   
knew his man--,jaspis--and was sure he  
would publish it  after the execution4  
,the paper was a rigmarole in which he  
posed to  the world4    ,on reaching the
 market-place where the execution was to
 take place1  he repeated his           
confession1 but on this occasion without
 mention  of a confederate4 ,his        
composure gave way1 and he began to sob4
  ,on reaching the scaffold1 however1   
the sight of the vast crowd  assembled  

to see him die restored to him some of  
his composure1  as it pleased his       
vanity2 but he again broke down1 as he  
made his  last confession to the        
,lutheran pastor4 ,his voice trembled1  
and the  sweat broke out on his brow4   
,then he sprang up and shouted1 so that 
all could hear--,gentlemen1 ,fischer    
deserved the same punishment as  myself4
 ,in another moment his head fell from  
his body4    ,the words had been audible
 throughout the market-place by         
everyone4  ,who could doubt that his    
last words were true8    ,fischer       
happened that very day 7,july #abth7 to 
be in ,dresden4 ,he had  been seen1 and 
had been recognised4    ,he had come to 
,dresden to see his counsel1 and ask him
 to use his  influence to obtain his    
complete discharge from police          
supervision1  and restoration to his    
rights as an honest man and a soldier1  
with a  claim to a pension4    ,a vast  
crowd of people rolled from the place of
 execution to the  house of ,eisenstck1 

shouting1 and threatening to tear       
,fischer to  pieces4    ,but ,eisenstck 
was not the man to be terrified4 ,he    
summoned a  carriage1 entered it along  
with ,fischer1 and drove slowly1 with   
the  utmost composure1 through the angry
 crowd4    ,on ,august #bfth1 #ahbb1 by 
command of the king1 ,fischer's name was
  replaced in the army list1 and he     
received his complete discharge  from   
all the consequences of the accusations 
made against him4 ,he  was guaranteed   
his pension for his faithful services   
through #af  years1 and in the campaigns
 of #ahac1 #ahad1 and #ahae1 in which he
 had  conducted himself to the approval 
of all his officers4    ,how are we to  
explain the conduct of ,kaltofen8 ,the  
simplest way is  to admit that he spoke 
the truth2 but against this is to be    
opposed  his denial that ,fischer was   
guilty during the first six months  that
 he was under arrest4 ,and it is        
impossible to believe that  ,fischer was
 guilty1 on the sole testimony of       

,kaltofen1 without any  confirmatory    
evidence4    ,it is rather to be        
supposed that the inordinate vanity of  
the young  culprit induced him to       
persist in denouncing his innocent      
brother  gunner1 so as to throw off his 
own shoulders some of the burden  of    
that crime1 which1 he felt1 made him    
hateful in the eyes of  his             
fellow-citizens1 and perhaps to induce  
them to regard him as  misled by an     
older man1 more hardened and experienced
 in crime1 thus  arousing their pity and
 sympathy in place of their disgust4    
,jaspis1 the pastor1 did not himself    
believe in the criminality of  ,fischer1
 and proposes a solution which he gives 
conjecturally only4  ,he suggests that  
,kaltofen was misled by the confession  
of ,fischer  into the belief that he    
really had committed a murder or two1   
though not those of ,winter and         
,kgelgen1 and that when he declared  on 
the scaffold that ,fischer deserved to  
die as much as himself1  he spoke under 

this conviction4 ,this explanation is   
untenable1 for  the miserable man had   
repeatedly charged ,fischer with        
assisting  him in committing these two  
particular crimes4 ,the explanation     
must be found in his self-conceit and   
eagerness to present himself  in the    
best and most affecting light before the
 public4 ,and he  gained his point to   
some extent4 ,the mob believed him1     
pitied him1  became sentimental over    
him1 wept tears at his death1 and cursed
  the unfortunate ,fischer4 ,the        
apparent piety1 the mock heroics1 the   
graceful attitudes1 and the good looks  
of the murderer had won their           
sympathies1 and the general opinion of  
the vulgar was that they had  assisted  
at the sublimation of a saint to the    
seventh heaven1 and  not at the         
well-deserved execution of a peculiarly 
heartless and  brutal murderer4    ,a   
month had hardly passed since           
,kaltofen's execution before ,dresden   
was shocked to hear of another          

murder--on this occasion by a young     
woman4 ,on ,august #abth1 #ahba1 this   
person1 who had been in a state  of     
excitement ever since the edifying death
 of ,kaltofen1 invited to  her house a  
young girl1 just engaged to be married1 
and deliberately  murdered her2 then    
marched off to the police and confessed 
her  crime--the nature of which she did 
not disguise4 ,she desired to make  the 
same affecting and edifying end as      
,kaltofen4 ,above all1 she  wanted to   
get herself talked about by all the     
mouths in ,dresden4 ,the  police on     
visiting her house found the murdered   
girl lying on the  bed4 ,on the door in 
large letters the murderer had inscribed
 the  date of ,kaltofen's martyrdom1    
,july #abth1 and she had committed her  
crime on the same day one month after1  
desirous to share his glory4    ,such   
was one consequence of this execution4  
,a small farce also  succeeded it4      
,influenced by the general excitement   
provoked by the  murder of ,kgelgen1 the

 ,jews had assembled and agreed1 should 
any  of them be able to discover the    
murderer1 that they would decline  the  
#aej offered by ,government for         
information that might lead to  the     
apprehension of the guilty4 ,but        
,hirschel ,mendel1 the ,jew who had     
produced the watch1 put in his claim2   
whereupon ,lbel ,graff1 who had         
produced the coat1 put in a counter     
claim4 ,this occasioned a lawsuit       
between the two ,jews for the money4 ,a 
compromise was finally patched  up1 by  
which each received half4    ,gerhard   
von ,kgelgen had been buried in the     
,catholic cemetery at  ,dresden on      
,maundy ,thursday evening by moonlight4 
,a great procession  of art students    
attended the funeral cortge with lighted
 torches1  and an oration was pronounced
 over his grave by his friend           
,councillor ,bttiger4    ,his tomb may  
still be seen in the cemetery2 on it is 
inscribed3--      ,,franz ,,gerhard     
,,von ,k,,gelgen4        ,born #f ,feb41

 #aggb4       ,died #bg ,march1 #ahbj4  
,on the other side is the text1 ,st4    
,john xiv4 #bg4    ,kgelgen left behind 
him two sons and a daughter4 ,the eldest
 son1  ,wilhelm1 pursued his father's   
profession as an artist1 and the        
,emperor of ,russia sent an annual grant
 of money to assist him in his  studies4
 ,there is a pleasant book1 published   
anonymously by him1 ,an  ,old ,man's    
,youthful ,reminiscences1 the first     
edition of which was  issued in #ahgj1  
and which had reached its eighth edition
 in #ahgf4    ,kgelgen's twin brother1  
,karl ,ferdinand1 after spending some   
years  in ,st4 ,petersburg and in       
,livonia1 settled at ,reval1 and died in
  #ahcb4 ,he was the author of a        
,picturesque ,journey in the ,crimea1   
published in #ahbc4                     
,authority3--,f4 ,ch4 ,a4 ,hasse3 ,das  
,leben ,gerhards von ,kgelgen4          
,leipzig1 #ahbd4 ,he gives in the       
,supplement an excerpt from the         
records of the trial4 ,as frontispiece  

is a portrait of the       artist by    
himself1 very ,raphaelesque4            
,the ,poisoned ,parsnips4      ,at the  
time when the banished ,bourbons were   
wandering about  ,europe seeking        
temporary asylums1 during the period of 
,napoleon's  supremacy1 a story         
circulated in #ahjd relative to an      
attempt made  in ,warsaw1 which then    
belonged to ,prussia1 upon the life of  
the  ,royal ,family then residing there4
 ,it was said that a plot had been      
formed1 that was well nigh successful1  
to kill ,louis ,,xviii41 his  wife1 the 
,duke and ,duchess of ,angoulme1 and    
such of the ,court as  sat at the ,royal
 table1 with a dish of poisoned         
parsnips4 ,it was1  moreover1 whispered 
that at the bottom of the plot was no   
other than  ,napoleon himself1 who      
sought to remove out of his way the     
legitimate  claimants to the ,gallic    
throne4    ,the article in which the    
account of the attempt was made public  
was  in the ,london ,courier for ,august

 #bjth1 #ahjd1 from which we will  now  
take the leading facts4    ,the ,royal  
,family was living in ,warsaw4 ,napoleon
 ,bonaparte employed  an agent of the   
name of ,galon ,boyer at ,warsaw to keep
 an eye on  them1 and this man1 it was  
reported1 had engaged assassins at the  
instigation of ,napoleon to poison      
,louis ,,xviii4 and the rest of  the    
,royal ,family4 ,the ,courier of ,august
 #bast1 #ahjd1 says3 ,some  of the daily
 papers1 which were not over anxious to 
discredit the  conspiracy imputed to    
,mr4 ,drake1#a affect to throw some     
doubt  upon the account of the attempt  
upon the lives of the ,royal ,family  at
 ,warsaw4 ,they seem to think that had  
,bonaparte desired such a  plan1 he     
could have executed it with more secrecy
 and effect4  ,undoubtedly his plans of 
assassination have hitherto been more   
successful1 because his hapless victims 
were within his power--his  wounded     
soldiers at ,jaffa1 ,toussaint          
,l',ouverture1 ,pichegru1 and  the ,duke

 ,d',enghien4 ,he could send his        
bloodhounds into ,germany to  seize his 
prey2 but ,warsaw was too remote for    
him2 he was under  the necessity of     
having recourse to less open means of   
sending his  assassins to act secretly4 
,but it is deemed extraordinary that the
  diabolical attempt should have failed4
 ,why is it extraordinary that  a       
beneficent ,providence should interpose 
to save the life of a just  prince8     
,have we not had signal instances of    
that interposition  in this country8    
,for the accuracy of the account we     
published  yesterday1 we pledge         
ourselves#b that the fullest details1   
authenticated by all ,louis ,,xviii4's  
,ministers--by the venerable            
,archbishop of ,rheims--by the ,abb     
,edgeworth1 who administered the  last  
consolation of religion to ,louis the   
,,xvi41 have been received  in this     
country4 ,all those persons were present
 when the poisoned  preparation was     
analysed by very eminent physicians1 who

 are the  subjects of the ,king of      
,prussia4      #a ,drake was envoy of   
the ,british ,government at ,munich2 he 
and    ,spencer ,smith1 ,charg          
d',affaires at ,wrtemberg1 were accused 
by    ,napoleon of being at the bottom  
of a counter revolution1 and an         
attempt to obtain his assassination4 ,it
 was true that ,drake and    ,smith were
 in correspondence with parties in      
,france with the    object of securing  
,hagenau and ,strassburgo and throwing  
discord    among the troops of the      
,republic1 but they never for a moment  
thought of obtaining the assassination  
of the ,first ,consul1 as    far as we  
can judge from their correspondence that
 fell into the    hands of the ,french  
police4      #b ,unfortunately the      
,british ,museum file is imperfect1 and 
does    not contain the ,number for     
,august #bjth4    ,the two wretches who 
attempted to corrupt the poor ,frenchman
 were  openly protected by the ,french  
,consul or ,commercial ,agent4    ,the  

,prussian ,governor would not suffer    
them to be arrested in order  that their
 guilt or innocence might be legally    
investigated4 ,is it  to be believed    
that had there been no foundation for   
the charge  against them1 the ,french   
agent would have afforded them less open
  protection1 and thereby strengthened  
the charge brought against  them8 ,if   
they were protected and paid by the     
,french agent1 is it  probable that he  
paid them out of his own pocket1        
employed them in  such a plot of his own
 accord1 and without order and          
instructions  from his own ,government1 
from ,bonaparte8 ,besides1 did not the  
,president ,hoym acknowledge his fears  
that some attempt would be made  upon   
the life of ,louis the ,,xviii48    ,the
 accounts transmitted to this country   
were sent from ,warsaw one  hour after  
the king had set out for ,grodno4       
,the ,courier for ,august #bdth1 #ahjd1 
has the following note3--,we  have      
another strong fact which is no slight  

evidence in our minds  of ,bonaparte's  
guilt4 ,the plot against ,louis the     
,,xviii4 was to be  executed at the end 
of ,july--it would be known about the   
beginning  of ,august4 ,at that very    
period ,bonaparte prohibits the         
importation  of all foreign journals    
without exception--that is1 of all the  
means  by which the people could be     
informed of the diabolical deed4 ,why   
does he issue this prohibition at the   
present moment1 or why does  he issue it
 at all8 ,fouch says in his             
justification of it that it  is to      
prevent our knowing when the expedition 
sails4 ,have we ever  received any news 
about the expedition from the ,french   
papers8 ,no1  no6 the prohibition was   
with a view to the bloody scene to be   
acted  at ,warsaw4    ,the ,courier of  
,august #bbnd contained full            
particulars4 ,we will now  tell the     
whole story1 from beginning to end1     
first of all as dressed  out by the     
fancy of ,legitimists1 and then         

according to the real  facts of the case
 as far as known4    ,napoleon1 it will 
be remembered1 had been appointed ,first
 ,consul for  life on ,august #bnd1     
#ahjb1 but the ,republic came to an end1
 and the  ,french ,empire was           
established by the ,senate on ,may      
#ahth1 #ahjd4    ,it was supposed--and  
we can excuse the excitement and        
intoxication  of wrath in the minds of  
all adherents of the ,bourbons which    
could  suppose it--that ,napoleon1 who  
was thus refounding the ,empire of      
,charlemagne1 desired to secure the     
stability of this new throne by         
sweeping out of his way the legitimate  
claimants to that of ,france4  ,the     
whole legend of the attempt to          
assassinate ,louis ,,xviii4 by means  of
 a dish of poisoned parsnips is given us
 in complete form by the  author of a   
life of that prince twenty years after  
the event4#c ,it  is to this effect3    
,when the ,king 7,louis ,,xviii47 was   
preparing for his journey from  ,warsaw 

to ,grodno an atrocious attempt to      
assassinate him was brought  to light1  
which leaves no manner of doubt that it 
was the purpose  of those who were the  
secret movers in the plot to remove by  
poison  both the ,king and ,queen and   
also the ,duke of ,angoulme and his     
wife4  ,two delegates of ,napoleon had  
been in ,warsaw seeking for a man who   
could execute the plan4 ,a certain      
,coulon appeared most adapted to  their 
purpose1 a man indigent and eager for   
money4 ,he had previously  been in the  
service of one of the emigr nobles1 and 
had access to  the kitchen of the ,royal
 ,family4      #c ,a4 de ,beauchamp1    
,vie de ,louis ,,xviii4 ,paris1 #ahbd4  
,the agents of ,napoleon gave ,coulon   
drink1 and as he became friendly  and   
lively under the influence of punch1    
they communicated to him  their scheme1 
and promised him money1 the payment of  
his debts1 and  to effect his escape if 
he would be their faithful servant in   
the  intrigue4 ,coulon pretended to     

yield to their solicitations1 and a     
rendezvous was appointed where the plans
 were to be matured4 ,but  no sooner was
 ,coulon at liberty than he went to his 
former master1  the ,baron de           
,milleville1 master of horse to the     
,queen1 and told him  all4 ,the ,baron  
sought the ,duc de ,pienne1 first       
gentleman of the  ,royal household1 and 
he on receiving the information         
communicated  it to the ,count          
d',avaray1 ,minister of ,louis ,,xviii4 
,coulon received  orders to pretend to  
be ready to carry on the plot4 ,he did  
this  with reluctance1 but he did it4   
,he told the agents of ,napoleon that   
he was in their hands and would blindly 
execute their orders4 ,they  treated him
 now to champagne1 and revealed to him  
the details of  the attempt4 ,he was to 
get into the kitchen of the ,royal      
household1  and was to pour the contents
 of a packet they gave him into one of  
the pots in which the dinner for the    
,royal table was being cooked4  ,coulon 

then demanded an instalment of his pay1 
and asked to be given  #djj louis d'or4 
,one of the agents then turned to the   
other and asked  if he thought ,boyer   
would be disposed to advance so         
much--this was  ,galon ,boyer1 the head 
agent sent purposely to ,warsaw as spy  
on the  ,royal ,family1 and the         
principal mover in the attempt4    ,the 
other agent replied that ,boyer was not 
at the moment in ,warsaw1  but he would 
be back in a couple of days4 ,coulon    
stuck to his point1  like a clever      
rascal1 and refused to do anything till 
he felt gold  in his palm1 and he was   
bidden wait till ,boyer had been        
communicated  with4 ,he was appointed   
another meeting on the moors at         
,novawies  outside the city4    ,as1    
next evening1 ,coulon was on his way to 
the place named1 he  observed that he   
was followed by a man4 ,suddenly out of 
the corn  growing beside the road       
started a second4 ,they were the agents4
  ,they paid him a few dollars1 promised

 to provide handsomely for  him in      
,france1 by giving him #djj louis d'or  
and a situation under  ,government2 and 
handed him a bottle of liquor that was  
to stimulate  his courage at the crucial
 moment1 and also a paper packet that   
contained three parsnips1 that had been 
scooped out and filled with  poison4    
,these he was to insinuate into one of  
the pots cooking for  dinner1 and induce
 the cook to overlook what he had done1 
and serve  them up to the ,royal        
,family4    ,the ,king then lived in a  
chateau at ,lazienki1 about a mile out  
of  ,warsaw4 ,thither hastened ,coulon  
as fast as his legs could carry  him1   
and he committed the parsnips to the    
,baron de ,milleville4 ,the  ,count     
d',avaray and the ,archbishop of ,rheims
 put their seals on the  parcel2 after  
that the parsnips had first been shown  
to the ,prussian  authorities1 and they 
had been asked in all form to attest the
  production of the poisoned roots1 and 
to order the arrest of the  two agents  

of ,napoleon1 and to confront them with 
,coulon--and had  declined4 ,louis1 when
 informed of the attempt1 showed his    
wonted  composure4 ,he wrote immediately
 to the ,prussian ,president1 ,von      
,hoym1  and requested him to visit him  
at ,lazienki1 and consult what was to   
be done4    ,herr ,von ,hoym did not    
answer2 nor did he go to the ,king1 but 
communicated with his superiors4        
,finally there arrived a diplomatic     
reply declining to interfere in the     
matter1 as it was the concern  of the   
police to investigate it1 and it should 
be taken up in the  ordinary way4       
,thereupon the ,king requested that     
,coulon and his wife should be  secured1
 and that specialists should be         
appointed who1 along with  the ,royal   
physician1 might examine the parsnips   
alleged to be  poisoned4    ,but the    
,prussian ,courts declined again to take
 any steps4 ,the policy  of the         
,prussian ,cabinet under ,count         
,haugwitz was favourable to a  ,french  

alliance1 and the ,king of ,prussia was 
among the first of the  greater ,powers 
which had formally recognised the       
,french ,emperor4  ,on condition that   
the ,french troops occupying ,hanover   
should not  be augmented1 and that war1 
if it broke out with ,russia1 should  be
 so carried on as not to inconvenience  
and sweep over ,prussian  territory1    
,prussia had undertaken to observe a    
strict neutrality4  ,in return for these
 concessions1 which were of great moment
 to  ,napoleon1 he openly proclaimed his
 intention to augment the strength  of  
,prussia1 and it was hoped at ,berlin   
that the price paid would be  the       
incorporation of ,hanover with ,prussia4
    ,at this moment1 consequently1 the  
,prussian ,government was most          
unwilling to meddle in an investigation 
which threatened to lead to  revelations
 most compromising to the character of  
,napoleon1 and most  inconvenient for   
itself4    ,as the ,prussian courts     
would not take up the matter of the     

parsnips1  a private investigation was  
made by the ,count d',avaray1 with  the 
,royal physician1 ,dr4 ,lefvre1 and the 
,warsaw physician1 ,dr4  ,gagatkiewicz1 
together with the ,apothecary ,guidel   
and a certain ,dr4  ,bergozoni4 ,the    
seals were broken in their presence1 and
 the three  roots were examined4 ,it was
 ascertained that they were stuffed     
with a mixture of white1 yellow1 and red
 arsenic4 ,this having been             
ascertained1 and a statement of the fact
 duly drawn up1 and signed1  the        
president of the police1 ,herr von      
,tilly1 was communicated with4  ,he1    
however1 declined to interfere1 as had  
the ,president von ,hoym4  ,thus1 says  
,m4 ,beauchamp1 one court shuffled the  
matter off on  another1 backwards and   
forwards1 so as not to have to decide on
 the  matter1 a specimen of the results 
of the system adopted at this time  by  
the ,prussian ,cabinet4    ,no other    
means of investigation remained but for 
,count d',avaray  to have the matter    

gone into by the court of the exiled    
,king4 ,they  examined ,coulon1 who held
 firmly to his story as told to the     
,baron  de ,milleville1 and all present 
were convinced that he spoke the  truth4
    ,as the ,king could obtain no       
justice from the hands of ,prussia1 he  
suffered the story to be made public in 
order that the opinion of  all          
honourable men in ,europe might be      
expressed on the conduct of  both       
,napoleon and of the ,prussian          
,ministry4 ,the impression made1  says  
,m4 ,beauchamp1 especially in ,england1 
was deep4 ,men recalled  ,bonaparte's   
former crimes that had been proved--the 
poisoning at  ,jaffa1 the--at the       
time--very fresh indignation provoked by
 the  murder of the ,count de ,frott1 of
 ,pichegru1 of ,captain ,wright1 of  the
 ,duke d',enghien1 of ,toussaint        
l',ouverture2 they recalled the lack  of
 success he had experienced in demanding
 of ,louis ,,xviii4 a formal            
renunciation of his claims1 and weighed 

well the determination of  his          
character4 ,even the refusal of the     
,prussian courts to go into  the charge 
7for if it had been investigated they   
must needs have  pronounced judgment on 
it7--encouraged suspicion4 ,hardly an   
,english  newspaper did not condemn     
,napoleon as the instigator of an       
attempt  that providentially failed4    
,such is the legend as formulated by ,m4
 de ,beauchamp4 ,fortunately  there     
exists documentary evidence in the      
archives of the courts at  ,berlin that 
gives an altogether different complexion
 to the story1  and entirely clears the 
name of ,napoleon from stain of         
complicity in  this matter4 ,it throws1 
moreover1 a light1 by no means          
favourable1  on those of the ,legitimist
 party clustered about the fallen       
monarch4    ,louis ,,xviii41 obliged to 
fly from one land to another before the 
forces of ,napoleon1 was staying for a  
while at ,warsaw1 in the year  #ahjd1   
under the incognito of the ,count de    

l',isle4 ,his misfortunes  had not      
broken his spirit or diminished his     
pretensions4 ,he was  surrounded by a   
little court in spite of his incognito2 
and as  this little court had no affairs
 of ,state to transact1 it played a     
niggling game at petty intrigue4 ,this  
court consisted of the ,count           
d',avaray1 the ,archbishop of ,rheims1  
the ,duke de ,pienne1 the ,marquis  de  
,bonney1 the ,duke d',avr de ,croy1 the 
,count de la ,chapelle1 the  ,counts    
,damas ,crux and ,stephen de ,damas1 and
 the ,abbs ,edgeworth and  ,frimont4    
,louis had assured ,napoleon he would   
rather eat black bread  than resign his 
pretensions4 ,at ,warsaw he maintained  
his pretensions  to the full1 but did   
not eat black bread2 he kept a very     
respectable  kitchen4 ,the close        
alliance between ,prussia and ,france   
forced him to  leave ,warsaw and migrate
 into ,russia4    ,at this time there   
lived in ,warsaw a certain ,jean        
,coulon1 son of  a small shopkeeper at  

,lyons1 who had led an adventurous life4
 ,at  the age of nine he had run away   
from home and attached himself  to a    
wandering dramatic company2 then had    
gone into service to  a wigmaker1 and   
had lived for three years at ,barcelona 
at his  handicraft4 ,but wigs were going
 out of fashion1 and he threw up an     
unprofitable trade1 and enlisted in a   
legion of emigrs1 but in  consequence of
 some quarrel with a ,spaniard was      
handed over to the  ,spanish            
authorities4 ,he purchased his pardon by
 enlisting in the  ,spanish army1 but   
deserted and joined the ,french         
,republican troops1  was in the battle  
of ,novi1 ran away1 and joined the corps
 raised at  ,naples by ,cardinal ,ruffo4
 ,when this corps was dispersed1 he went
  back to ,spain1 again enlisted1 and   
was shipped for ,st4 ,lucia4 ,the       
vessel in which he was1 was captured by 
an ,english cruiser1 and  he was taken  
into ,plymouth and sent up to ,dartmoor 
as prisoner of  war4 ,after two years he

 was exchanged and was shipped to       
,cuxhaven4  ,thence he went to ,altona1 
where he asked the intervention of the  
,duke d',avr in his favour4 ,the ,duke  
recommended him to the ,countess  de    
l',isle1 and he was taken into the      
service of her master of horse1  the    
,baron de ,milleville1 and came to      
,warsaw in ,september1 #ahjc4  ,there he
 married1 left his service and set up a 
caf and billiard  room that was         
frequented by the retainers and servants
 of the emigr  nobility that hovered    
about the ,king and ,queen4 ,he was then
 aged  #cb1 could speak ,italian and    
,spanish as well as ,french1 and was a  
thorough soldier of fortune1            
impecunious1 loving pleasure1 and       
wholly without principles1 political or 
religious4    ,the ,french ,charg       
d',affaires at ,warsaw was ,galon       
,boyer2 he does  not appear in the      
documents relative to the ,affaire      
,coulon1 not  because the ,prussian     
,government shirked its duty1 but       

because he  was in no way mixed up with 
the matter of the parsnips4 ,it is quite
  true that1 as ,m4 de ,beauchamp       
asserts1 the ,court of ,louis ,,xviii4  
did  endeavour to involve the ,prussian 
authorities in the investigation1  but  
it was in such a manner that it was not 
possible for them to  act4 ,on ,july    
#bcrd1 when the ,count de l',isle was   
determined to leave  ,warsaw1 ,count    
d',avaray called on the ,president von  
,hoym1 and told  him in mysterious      
language that he was aware of a         
conspiracy in  which were involved      
several ,frenchmen and as many as a     
dozen ,poles  that sought the life of   
his august master4 ,herr von ,hoym      
doubted4  ,he asked for the grounds of  
this assertion1 and was promised  full  
particulars that same evening at eight  
o'clock4 ,at the hour  appointed1 the   
,count appeared breathless before him1  
and declared  that now he was prepared  
with a complete disclosure4 ,however1 he
  told nothing1 and postponed the       

revelation to #aj o'clock4 ,then        
,avaray informed him that the keeper of 
the ,caf ,coulon had been  hired by some
 strangers to meet him that same night  
on the road  to ,novawies1 to plan with 
him the murder1 by poison1 of the ,count
  de l',isle4 ,the whole story seemed   
suspicious to von ,hoym4 ,it was  now   
too late for him to send police to watch
 the spot where the  meeting was to take
 place1 which he might have done had    
d',avaray  condescended to tell him in  
time1 two hours earlier4 ,he asked      
d',avaray where ,coulon lived that he   
might send for him1 and the  ,count     
professed he did not know the address4  
,next day ,count d',avaray read to the  
,president von ,hoym a document1  which 
he said had been drawn up by members of 
the court of the ,count  de l',isle1    
showed him a paper that contained twelve
 small parsnips1  and requested him to  
subscribe the document and seal the     
parcel of  parsnips4 ,naturally1 the    
,president declined to do this4 ,he had 

not  seen ,coulon1 he did not know from 
whom ,coulon had received the  parcel1  
and he mistrusted the whole story4      
,however1 he requested  that he might be
 furnished with an exact description of 
the two  mysterious strangers1 and when 
he had received it1 communicated with   
the police1 and had inquiry made for    
them in and about ,warsaw4 ,no  one had 
seen or heard of any persons answering  
to the description4    ,presently the   
,marquis de ,bonney arrived to request  
the ,president1 in  the name of the     
,count de l',isle1 to have the parsnips 
examined by  specialists4 ,he declined  
to do so4    ,on ,july #bfth1 the ,count
 d',avaray appeared before the head of  
the  ,police1 the ,president von ,tilly1
 and showed him an attestation  made by 
several doctors that they had examined  
three parsnips that  had been shown     
them1 and they had found in them a paste
 composed  of arsenic and orpiment4 ,von
 ,tilly thought the whole story so      
questionable that he refused to meddle  

with it4 ,moreover1 a notary  of        
,warsaw1 who had been requested to take 
down ,coulon's statement1  had declined 
to testify to the genuineness of the    
confession1  probably because1 as       
,coulon afterwards insinuated1 he had   
been  helped to make it consistent by   
those who questioned him4    ,louis     
,,xviii4 left ,warsaw on ,july #cj1 and 
as the rumour spread  that ,coulon's    
wife had bought some arsenic a week     
before at an  apothecary's shop in the  
place1 the police inspector ordered her 
arrest4 ,she was questioned and declared
 that she had1 indeed1 bought  some rat 
poison1 without the knowledge of her    
husband4 ,coulon was  now taken up and  
questioned1 and he pretended that he had
 given  his wife orders to buy the rat  
poison1 because he was plagued with     
vermin in the house4    ,then the       
authorities in ,warsaw sent all the     
documents relating to  this matter1     
including the procs verbal drawn up by  
the courtiers  of ,louis ,,xviii41 to   

,berlin1 and asked for further          
instructions4    ,according to this     
procs verbal ,coulon had confessed as   
follows3  ,on the #bjth ,july two       
strangers had entered his billiard room1
 and  had assured him that1 if he were  
disposed to make his fortune1 they      
could help him to it4 ,they made him    
promise silence1 and threatened  him    
with death if he disclosed what they    
said4 ,after he had sworn  fidelity and 
secrecy1 they told him that he was      
required to throw  something into the   
pot in which the soup was being prepared
 for  the ,king's table4 ,for so doing  
they would pay him #djj louis d'or4     
,coulon considered a moment2 then the   
strangers promised they would  provide a
 situation for his wife in ,france4     
,after that one of them  said to his    
fellow in ,italian1 ,we must be off4 ,we
 have no time  to lose4 ,next day1 in   
the evening1 a third stranger appeared  
at  his door1 called him forth into the 
street1 walked about with him  through  

the streets of old and new ,warsaw1 till
 he was thoroughly  bewildered1 and did 
not know where he was1 and1 finally1    
entered  with him a house1 where he saw 
the two strangers who had been with  him
 previously4 ,champagne was brought on  
the table1 and they all  drank1 and one 
of the strangers became tipsy4 ,when    
,coulon promised  to do what was        
required of him1 he was told to secure  
some of the  mutton-chops that were     
being prepared for the ,royal table1 and
 to  manipulate them with the powder    
that was to be given him4 ,that the     
cook might not notice what he was about1
 he was to treat him to  large draughts 
of brandy4 ,coulon agreed1 but asked    
first to touch  the #djj louis d'or4    
,then the tipsy man shouted out1 ,that  
is all  right1 but will ,boyer consent  
to it8 ,the other stranger tried to     
check him1 and said1 ,what are you      
saying8 ,boyer is not here1 he has  gone
 out of town and will not be back for a 
couple of days4 ,after  ,coulon had     

insisted on prepayment1 he had been put 
off till the next  evening1 when he was 
to meet the strangers at #aa o'clock on 
the road  to ,novawies4 ,there he was to
 receive money1 and the powder for the  
,king4 ,he was then given one ducat1 and
 led home at one o'clock in  the        
morning4 ,on the following night1 at #aa
 o'clock1 he went on the  way to        
,novawies1 and then followed what we    
have already given from  the story of   
the man1 as recorded by ,m4 de          
,beauchamp4 ,he received  from the men a
 packet containing the parsnips1 and    
some money--only  six dollars4 ,they put
 a kerchief under the earth beneath a   
tree1  and bade him1 if he had          
accomplished his task1 come to the tree 
and  remove the kerchief1 as a token to 
them2 if1 however1 he failed1  the      
kerchief was to be left undisturbed4    
,the tree he had marked  well1 it was   
the forty-fifth along the road to       
,novawies4 ,a small end  of the kerchief
 peeped out from under the soil4 ,the   

strangers had  then given him a bottle  
of liqueur to stimulate his courage for 
the  undertaking4    ,after that ,coulon
 was left alone1 he said that he        
staggered  homewards1 but felt so faint 
that he would have fallen to the ground 
had not a ,prussian officer1 who came   
by1 noticed his condition and  helped   
him home4 ,at the conclusion of the     
procs verbal came  an exact description 
of the conspirators4 ,such was the      
document  produced originally by the    
,count d',avaray1 and we can hardly     
wonder  that1 on hearing it1 the        
,prussian civil and police authorities  
had  hesitated about taking action4 ,the
 so-called confession of ,coulon  seemed
 to them to be a rhodomontade got up for
 the purpose of  obtaining money out of 
the ex-,king and his ,court4    ,from   
,berlin orders were sent to ,warsaw to  
have the matter thoroughly  sifted4     
,coulon and his wife were now again     
subjected to examination4  ,he adhered  
at first to his story1 but when he      

endeavoured to explain  the purchase of 
the arsenic1 and to fit it into his     
previous tale1  he involved himself in  
contradictions4    ,the ,president at   
this point addressed him gravely1 and   
warned  him of the consequences4 ,his   
story compromised the ,french charg     
d'affaires1 ,m4 ,galon ,boyer1 and this 
could not be allowed to  be passed over 
without a very searching examination    
that must  inevitably reveal the truth4 
,coulon was staggered1 and hastily      
asked how matters would stand with him  
if he told the truth4 ,then1  after a   
little hesitation1 he admitted that he  
thought before the  departure of the    
,count de l',isle he would obtain for   
himself a sum  of money1 with which to  
escape out of his difficulties4 ,he had 
reckoned on making #ajj ducats out of   
this affair4 ,he now told quite  a      
different tale4 ,with the departure of  
the court of the emigrs1  he would lose 
his clientelle1 and he was concerned    
because he owed  money for the caf and  

billiard table4 ,he had therefore       
invented  the whole story in hopes of   
imposing on the court and getting from  
them a little subvention4 ,but he said  
he had been dragged on further  than he 
intended by the ,count d',avaray1 who   
had swallowed his lie  with avidity1 and
 had urged him to go on with the        
intrigue so as to  produce evidence     
against the conspirators4    ,that was  
why he had made up the figment of the   
meeting with the  strangers on the road 
and their gift to him of the parsnips1  
which  he admitted that he had himself  
scooped out and filled with the rat     
poison paste he had bought at the       
apothecary's4    ,so far so good4 ,what 
he now said was precisely what the cool 
heads  of the ,prussian authorities had 
believed from the first4 ,but ,coulon   
did not adhere to this second           
confession4 ,after a few days in prison 
he professed his desire to make another4
 ,he was brought before the  magistrate1
 and now he said that the whole story   

was got up by the  ,count d',avaray1 ,m4
 de ,milleville1 and others of the      
surroundings  of the exiled ,king1 for  
the purpose of creating an outbreak of  
disgust in ,europe against ,napoleon1   
and of bringing about a revolt  in      
,france4 ,he declared that he had been  
promised a pension of six  ducats       
monthly1 that when he gave his evidence 
,m4 de ,milleville had  paid him #ce    
ducats1 and that he had been taken into 
the service1  along with his wife1 of   
the ex-,queen1 as reward for what he had
 done4    ,there were several           
particulars which gave colour to this   
last  version of ,coulon's story4 ,it   
was true that he had been given some    
money by ,milleville2 it was perhaps    
true that in their eagerness to  prove a
 case of attempted assassination1 some  
of those who conducted  the inquiry had 
helped him to correct certain           
discrepancies in his  narrative4 ,then1 
again1 it was remarkable that1 although 
the ,count  d',avaray knew about the    

projected murder1 he would not tell the 
,prussian ,president the facts till #aj 
o'clock at night1 when it was  too late 
to send the police to observe the       
pretended meeting on the  ,novawies     
road2 and when ,herr von ,hoym asked for
 directions as to  where ,coulon lived  
that the police might be sent to arrest 
him on  his return1 and during his      
absence to search the house1 the ,count 
had pretended to be unable to say where 
,coulon lived4 ,it was also  true that  
de ,milleville had repeatedly visited   
,coulon's house during  the course of   
the intrigue1 and that it was           
immediately after ,coulon  had been at  
,milleville's house that his wife was   
sent to buy the rat  poison4    ,coulon 
pretended to have heard ,m4 de          
,milleville say that ,this  affair might
 cause a complete change in the         
situation in ,france1  when tidings of  
what had been done were published4      
,moreover1 he  said that he had been    
despatched to the ,archbishop of        

,rheim's with  the message ,le coup est 
manqu4    ,but it is impossible to      
believe that the emigr court can have   
fabricated such a plot by which to cast 
on the name of ,napoleon the  stain of  
attempted assassination4 ,the whole     
story reads like the  clumsy invention  
of a vulgar adventurer4 ,coulon's second
 confession  is obviously that of his   
true motives4 ,he was in debt1 he was   
losing  his clientelle by the departure 
of the ,count1 and it is precisely  what
 such a scoundrel would do1 to invent a 
lie whereby to enlist  their sympathies 
for himself1 and obtain from them some  
pecuniary  acknowledgment for services  
he pretended to have rendered4 ,the     
little court was to blame in its        
gullibility4 ,its blind hatred of       
,napoleon led it to believe such a gross
 and palpable lie1 and1 if  doubts arose
 in any of their minds as to the verity 
of the tale told  them1 they suppressed 
them4    ,coulon was found guilty by the
 court and was sentenced to five  years'

 imprisonment4 ,the judgment of the     
court was that he had acted  in concert 
with certain members of the retinue of  
the ,count de  l',isle1 but it refrained
 from naming them4          ,the ,murder
 of ,father ,thomas in ,damascus4       
,the remarkable case we are about to    
relate awoke great interest  and        
excitement throughout three quarters of 
the world1 and stirred  up that hatred  
of the ,jews which had been laid asleep 
after the  persecutions of the ,middle  
,ages1 just at the time when in all     
,european lands the emancipation of the 
,jew was being recognised as  an act of 
justice4 ,at the time the circumstances 
were imperfectly  known1 or were laid   
before the public in such a partial     
light that  it was difficult to form a  
correct judgment upon them4 ,since then1
  a good deal of light has been thrown  
on the incident1 and it is  possible to 
arrive at a conclusion concerning the   
murder with more  unbiased mind and with
 fuller information than was possible at

 the  time4    ,the ,latin convents of  
,syria stand under the immediate        
jurisdiction  of the ,pope1 and are1 for
 the most part1 supplied with recruits  
from ,italy4 ,they are very serviceable 
to travellers1 whom they  receive with  
genial hospitality1 and without         
distinction of creed4  ,they are        
nurseries of culture and of industry4   
,every monk and friar  is required to   
exercise a profession or trade1 and the 
old charge  against monks of being      
drones is in no way applicable to the   
busy  members of the religious orders in
 ,palestine4    ,in the ,capuchin       
,convent at ,damascus dwelt1 in #ahdj1 a
 friar named  ,father ,thomas1 a        
,sardinian by birth4 ,for thirty-three  
years he had  lived there1 and had acted
 as physician and surgeon1 attending to 
whoever called for his services1        
,mussulman or ,christian1 ,turk1 ,jew   
or ,frank alike4 ,he set limbs1 dosed   
with quinine for fever1 and  vaccinated 
against smallpox4 ,being well known and 

trusted1 he was  in constant practice1  
and his practice brought him1 or1 at all
  events1 his order1 a handsome annual  
income4 ,his manners were1              
unfortunately1 not amiable4 ,he was     
curt1 even rude1 and somewhat           
dictatorial2 his manners impressed as   
authoritative in the sickroom1  but were
 resented in the market-place as        
insolent4    ,on ,february #eth1 #ahdj1 
,father ,thomas disappeared1 together   
with his  servant1 a lay brother who    
always attended him4 ,this disappearance
  caused great commotion in ,damascus4  
,france has been considered in the ,east
 as the protector of  ,christians of the
 ,latin confession4 ,the ,french        
,consul1 the ,count  ,ratti-,menton1    
considered it his duty to investigate   
the matter4    ,father ,thomas had been 
seen to enter the ,jews' quarter4       
,several  ,israelites admitted having   
seen him there4 ,no one saw him leave   
it3  consequently1 it was concluded he  
had disappeared1 been made away  with1  

there4 ,as none but ,jews occupied the  
,ghetto1 it was argued  that ,father    
,thomas had been murdered by            
,israelites4 ,that was settled  as a    
preliminary4 ,but in the meantime the   
,austrian ,consul had been  making      
investigation as well as the ,count     
,ratti-,menton1 and he had  obtained    
information that ,father ,thomas and his
 servant had been  noticed engaged in a 
violent quarrel and contest of words    
with some  ,mohammedans of the lowest   
class1 in the market-place4 ,no weight  
was  attached to this1 and the ,french  
,consul pursued his investigations  in  
the ,jews' quarter1 and in that quarter 
alone4    ,sheriff ,pacha was ,governor 
of ,syria1 and ,count ,ratti-,menton    
required  him to allow of his using     
every means at his disposal for the     
discovery of the criminal4 ,he also     
requested the ,austrian ,consul to      
allow a domiciliary visitation of all   
the ,jews' houses1 the ,austrian        
,government being regarded as the       

protector of the ,hebrews4 ,in both     
cases consent was given1 and the search 
was begun with zeal4    ,then a ,turk1  
named ,mohammed-el-,telli1 who was in   
prison for  non-payment of taxes1 sent  
word to the ,french ,consul that1 if he 
would obtain his release1 he would give 
such information as would  lead to the  
discovery of the murderer or murderers4 
,he received  his freedom1 and          
denounced1 in return1 several ,jews'    
houses as  suspicious4 ,count           
,ratti-,menton at the head of a troop of
 soldiers  and workmen1 and a rabble    
assembled in the street1 invaded all    
these  houses1 and explored them from   
attic to cellar4    ,one of the first   
names given by ,mohammed-el-,telli was  
that of a  ,jewish barber1 ,negrin4 ,he 
gave a confused and contradictory       
account  of himself1 but absolutely     
denied having any knowledge of the      
murder4 ,in vain were every means used  
during three days at the  ,french       
,consulate to bring him to a confession2

 after that he was  handed over to the  
,turkish authorities4 ,they had him     
bastinadoed1  then tortured4 ,during his
 torture1 ,mohammed-el-,telli was at his
  side urging him to make a clean       
breast4 ,unable to endure his           
sufferings longer1 the barbar declared  
his readiness to tell all4  ,whether    
what he said was based on reports       
circulating in the town1  or was put    
into his mouth by his tormentors1 we    
cannot tell4  ,according to his story1  
on the evening of ,february the #eth a  
servant  of ,david ,arari summoned him  
into his house4 ,he found the master of 
the house along with six other          
,israelitish rabbis and merchants1 to   
wit1 ,aaron and ,isaac ,arari1 ,mussa   
,abul ,afia1 ,moses ,salonichi1 and     
,joseph ,laniado4 ,in a corner of the   
room lay or leaned against the  wall    
,father ,thomas1 gagged and bound hand  
and foot4 ,the merchants  urged ,negrin 
to murder the ,capuchin in their        
presence1 but he  stedfastly refused to 

do so4 ,finally finding him inflexible1 
they  bought his silence with #fjj      
piastres 7hardly #f7 and dismissed him4 
,thereupon1 the governor ordered the    
arrest of ,david ,arari and the  other  
,jews named1 all of whom were the       
richest merchants in the  town--at all  
events the richest ,jewish merchants4   
,they1 with one  consent1 solemnly      
protested their innocence4 ,they1 also1 
were  subjected to the bastinado2 but as
 most of them were aged men1 and  it was
 feared that they might succumb under   
the blows1 after a few  lashes had been 
administered1 they were raised from the 
ground and  subjected to other tortures4
 ,for thirty-six hours the unhappy men  
were forced to stand upright1 and were  
prevented from sleeping4 ,they  still   
persisted in denial1 whereupon some of  
them were again beaten4  ,at the        
twentieth blow they fainted4 ,the       
,french ,consul complained  that the    
beating was inefficient--so the         
,austrian ,consul reported1  and at his 

instigation they were again bastinadoed1
 but again  without bringing them to    
confession4    ,in the meantime1 ,david 
,arari's servant1 ,murad-el-,fallat1 was
  arrested1 the man who was said to have
 been sent for the barber4  ,he was     
dealt with more sharply than the others4
 ,he was beaten most  cruelly1 and to   
heighten his pain cold water was poured 
over his  bruised and mangled flesh4    
,under the anguish he confessed that he 
had indeed been sent for the barber4    
,that was an insufficient confession4   
,he was threatened with the  bastinado  
again1 and promised his release if he   
would reveal all he  knew4 ,thereupon he
 repeated the story of the barber1 with 
additions  of his own4 ,he and ,negrin1 
said he1 had by command of the seven    
rich  merchants put the ,father to      
death1 and had then cut up the body and 
hidden the remains in a remote water    
conduit4    ,the barber1 threatened with
 fresh tortures1 confessed to the       
murder4    ,count ,ratti-,menton        

explored the conduit where the two men  
pretended  the mutilated body was       
concealed1 in the presence of the       
servant and  barber1 both of whom were  
in such a condition through the         
barbarous  treatment to which they had  
been subjected1 that they could not     
walk1 and had to be carried to the spot4
 ,and actually there some  bones were   
found1 together with a cap4 ,a surgeon  
pronounced that  these were human bones4
 ,it was at once concluded that these   
were the  remains of ,father ,thomas1   
and as such were solemnly buried in the 
cemetery of the ,capuchin ,convent4     
,david ,arari's servant4                
,murad-el-,fallet1 had related that the 
blood  of ,father ,thomas had been      
collected in a copper vessel and drawn  
off and distributed among the ,jews for 
religious purposes4 ,it was  an old and 
favourite belief among the ignorant that
 the ,jews drank  the blood of          
,christians at ,easter1 or mingled it   
with the ,paschal  unleavened dough4 ,at

 the same time the rumour spread that   
the rich  ,hebrew ,picciotto1 a young   
man1 nephew of the ,austrian ,consul at 
,aleppo1 had sent his uncle a bottle of 
blood4    ,the seven merchants were led 
before the bones that had been          
discovered4 ,they persisted in the      
declaration of their innocence4  ,from  
this time forward1 all scruple as to    
their treatment vanished1  and they were
 tortured with diabolical barbarity4    
,they received the  bastinado again1    
they were burned where their flesh was  
tenderest  with red hot pincers4 ,red   
hot wires were passed through their     
flesh4  ,a ,german traveller1 present at
 the time1 declares that the first  to  
acknowledge the truth of the charge was 
brought to do so by  immersing him after
 all these torments for several hours in
 ice cold  water2 after which the other 
six were lashed with a scourge made of  
hippopotamus hide1 till half            
unconscious1 and streaming with blood1  
they were ready to admit whatever their 

tormentors strove to worry  out of them4
    ,the ,protestant missionary1 ,wildon
 ,pieritz1 in his account enumerates    
the sufferings to which these unhappy   
men were subjected4    ,they were1 #ast1
 bastinadoed4         #bnd4 ,plunged in 
large vessels of cold water4            
#crd4 ,placed under pressure till their 
eyes started out of their               
sockets4         #dth4 ,their flesh1    
where most sensitive1 was twisted and   
nipped            till they went almost 
mad with agony4         #eth4 ,they were
 forced to stand upright for three whole
 days1            and not suffered even 
to lean against a wall4 ,those who fell 
with exhaustion were goaded to rise     
again by the bayonets of the            
guard4         #fth4 ,they were dragged 
about by their ears1 so that they were  
torn and bled4         #gth4 ,thorns    
were driven up the quick of their nails 
on fingers            and toes4         
#hth4 ,their beards were singed off1 so 
that the skin was scorched              

and blistered4         #ith4 ,flames    
were put under their noses so as to burn
 their            nostrils4    ,the     
,french ,consul--let his name go down to
 posterity steeped in  ignominy--,count 
,ratti-,menton1 was not yet satisfied4  
,he was bent  on finding the vials      
filled with the blood4 ,each of the     
seven  questioned said he had not got   
one1 but had given his vial to  another4
 ,the last1 ,mussa ,abul ,afia1 unable  
to endure his torments  any longer1 gave
 way1 and professed his willingness to  
turn  ,mussulman4 ,nevertheless1 he was 
again subjected to the scourge1  and    
whipped till he named another           
confederate--the ,chief ,rabbi  ,jacob  
,antibi1 as the man to whom the blood   
had been committed4  ,mussa's           
confession1 committed to writing1 was as
 follows3--,i am  commanded to say what 
,i know relative to the murder of       
,father  ,thomas1 and why ,i have       
submitted to become a ,mussulman4 ,it   
is1  therefore1 my duty to declare the  

truth4 ,jacob ,antibi1 ,chief  ,rabbi1  
about a fortnight before the event1 said
 to me--',you know  that according to   
our religion we must have blood4 ,i have
 already  arranged with ,david ,arari1  
to obtain it in the house of one of  our
 people1 and you must be present and    
bring me the blood4' ,i  replied that ,i
 had not the nerve to see blood flow2   
whereupon1  the ,chief ,rabbi answered  
that ,i could stand in the ante-chamber1
  and ,i would find ,moses ,salonichi   
and ,joseph ,laniado there4 ,i then     
consented4 ,on the #ajth of the month1  
,achach1 about an hour and a  half      
before sun-down1 as ,i was on my way to 
the synagogue1 ,i met  ,david ,arari1   
who said to me3 ',come along to my      
house1 you are  wanted there4' ,i       
replied that ,i would come as soon as ,i
 had ended  my prayers4 ',no1 no--come  
immediately6' he said4 ,i obeyed4 ,then 
he  told me that ,father ,thomas was in 
his house1 and that he was to be        
sacrificed that evening4 ,we went to his

 house4 ,there we entered a             
newly-furnished apartment4 ,father      
,thomas lay bound in the midst of  all  
there assembled4 ,after sunset we       
adjourned to an unfurnished  chamber1   
where ,david cut the throat of the monk4
 ,aaron and ,isaac  ,arari finished him4
 ,the blood was caught in a vat and then
 poured  into a bottle1 which was to be 
taken to the ,chief ,rabbi ,jacob4 ,i   
took the bottle and went to him4 ,i     
found him in his court waiting  for me4 
,when he saw me enter1 he retreated to  
his cabinet1 and ,i  followed him       
thither1 saying1 ',here1 ,i bring you   
what you desired4'  ,he took the bottle 
and put it behind a book-case4 ,then ,i 
went home4  ,i have forgotten to say    
that1 when ,i left ,arari's house1 the  
body  was undisturbed4 ,i heard ,david  
and his brother say that they had  made 
a bad choice of a victim1 as ,father    
,thomas was a priest1 and  a well-known 
individual1 and would therefore be      
sought for1 high  and low4 ,they        

answered that there was no fear1 no one 
would betray  what had taken place4 ,the
 clothing would be now burnt1 the body  
cut  to pieces1 and conveyed by the     
servants to the conduit1 and what       
remained would be concealed under some  
secret stairs4 ,i knew nothing  about   
the servant of ,father ,thomas4 ,the    
,wednesday following1 ,i met  ,david1   
,isaac1 and ,joseph ,arari1 near the    
shop of ,bahal4 ,isaac asked  ,david how
 all had gone on4 ,david replied that   
all was done that was  necessary1 and   
that there was no cause for fear4 ,as   
they began to  talk together privately1 
,i withdrew1 as ,i was not one who      
associated  with the wealthiest of the  
,jews1 and the ,arari were of that      
class4  ,the blood is required by the   
,jews for the preparation of the        
,paschal  bread4 ,they have been often  
accused of the same1 and been condemned 
on that account4 ,they have a book      
called ,serir ,hadurut 7no such a  book 
really exists7 which concerns this      

matter2 now that the light  of ,islam   
has shone on me1 ,i place myself under  
the protection of  those who hold the   
power in their hands4    ,such was his  
confession4 ,the ,french ,consul1 unable
 to find the  blood1 was bent on        
discovering more criminals2 and the     
servant of  ,david ,arari1 after further
 pressure1 was ready to give further    
particulars4 ,he said that1 after the   
,father had been murdered1  he was sent 
to a rich ,israelite1 ,marad ,farhi1 to 
invite him to  slaughter the servant of 
the ,capuchin friar in the same way as  
his  master had been slaughtered4 ,when 
he took the message1 he found the  young
 merchant1 ,isaac ,picciotto1 present1  
and delivered his message  before him4  
,next day this ,picciotto and four other
 ,jews1 ,marad  ,farhi1 ,meir1 and      
,assan ,farhi1 and ,aaron ,stamboli1 all
 men of wealth1  came to his master's   
house1 and informed ,david ,arari that  
they had  together murdered the         
,capuchin's serving-man in the house of 

,meir  ,farhi4 ,on another occasion this
 same witness1 ,murad-el-,fallat1 said  
that the murder of the servant took     
place in the house of ,david  ,arari2   
but no importance was attached in this  
remarkable case to  contradictions in   
the evidence4    ,picciotto1 as son of a
 former ,austrian ,consul1 a nephew of  
the  ,consul at ,aleppo1 was able to    
take refuge under the protection of     
,merlato1 the ,austrian ,consul at      
,damascus4 ,on the demand of ,count     
,ratti-,menton1 he was placed on his    
trial1 but proved an alibi2  on the     
evening in question1 he and his wife had
 been visiting an  ,english gentleman1  
,mr4 ,george ,macson4    ,arari's       
servant now extended his revelations4   
,he said that he had  been present at   
the murder of the attendant on the      
,capuchin4 ,this  man had been bound and
 put to death by seven ,jews1 namely1 by
 the  four already mentioned1 young     
,picciotto1 ,jacob ,abul ,afia1 and     
,joseph  ,menachem ,farhi4    ,the      

,french ,consul was dissatisfied that   
,picciotto should escape4 ,he  demanded 
of the ,austrian ,consul that he should 
be delivered over to  the ,mussulman    
,court to be tortured like the rest into
 confession4  ,the ,austrian ,consul was
 in a difficult position4 ,he stood     
alone over  against a fanatical         
,christian and an embittered ,mohammedan
 mob1 and  in resistance to the         
,egyptian ,government and the           
representative  of ,france4 ,but he did 
not hesitate1 he absolutely refused to  
surrender ,picciotto4 ,the general      
excitement was now directed  against the
 ,consul2 he was subjected to suspicion 
as a favourer of  the murderers1 as even
 incriminated in the murder4 ,his house 
was  surrounded by spies1 and every one 
who entered or left it was an  object of
 mistrust4    ,all ,damascus was in     
agitation2 everyone sought to bring some
  evidence forward to help on the case  
against the ,jews4 ,according to  one   
account1 thirty-three--according to the 

report of the ,austrian  ,consul1       
sixty-three ,jewish children1 of from   
four to ten years  old1 were seized1    
thrown into prison and tortured1 to     
extract  information from them as to the
 whereabouts of their parents and       
relations--those charged with the murder
 of the servant1 and who  had fled and  
concealed themselves4 ,those witnesses  
who had appeared  before the court to   
testify to the innocence of the accused1
 were  arrested1 and treated with       
,oriental barbarity4 ,because ,farach   
,katasch and ,isaac ,javoh had declared 
that they had seen ,father  ,thomas on  
the day of the murder in another quarter
 of the town than  the ,ghetto1 they    
were put to the torture4 ,isaac ,javoh  
said he had  seen ,father ,thomas on the
 road to ,salachia1 two miles from the  
,jews'  quarter1 and had there spoken to
 him4 ,he was racked1 and died on the   
rack4    ,a boy admitted that he had    
noticed ,father ,thomas and his servant 
in  another part of the town4 ,for so   

saying1 he was beaten with such         
barbarity that he died twenty-four hours
 after4 ,a ,jewish account  from ,beyrut
 says3 ,a ,jew dedicated himself to     
martyrdom for the  sanctity of the      
ever-blessed ,name4 ,he went before the 
,governor1  and said to him1 ',is this  
justice you do8 ,it is a slander that we
  employ blood for our ,paschal bread2  
and that it is so is known  to all      
civilized governments4 ,you say that the
 barber1 who is a  ,jew1 confessed it4  
,i reply that he did so only under the  
stress of  torture4 ,very likely the    
,father was murdered by ,christians or  
by  ,turks4' ,the ,governor1 and the    
dragoman of the ,french ,consul1 ,baudin
  by name1 retorted1 ',what6 you dare to
 charge the murder on ,turks or         
,christians8' and he was ordered to be  
beaten and tortured to death4  ,he was  
barbarously scourged and hideously      
tormented1 and urged all  the while to  
confess the truth4 ,but he cried ever1  
',hear1 ,o ,israel6  ,the ,lord thy ,god

 is one ,lord6' and so crying he died4  
,as the second murder1 according to one 
account1 was committed in the  house of 
,meir ,farhi1 ,count ,ratti-,menton had 
the water conduits and  drains torn up  
all round it1 and in the drain near them
 was found a  heap of bones1 a bit of   
flesh1 and a fragment of                
leather--according  to one account a    
portion of a shoe1 according to that of 
the  ,austrian ,consul1 a portion of a  
girdle4 ,it had--supposing it to  have  
belonged to the murdered man--been      
soaking for a month in the  drain1      
nevertheless1 the brother of the servant
 who had disappeared  identified it as  
having belonged to the murdered man6    
,dr4 ,massari1  ,italian physician to   
,sheriff ,pacha1 and ,dr4 ,rinaldo1 a   
doctor  practising in ,damascus1        
declared that the bones were human      
remains1  but they were examined by ,dr4
 ,yograssi1 who proved them to be--sheep
  bones4 ,one may judge from this what  
reliance can be placed on the           

assumption that the first collection of 
bones that were given  ,christian burial
 were those of a man1 and of ,father    
,thomas4 ,as for  the bit of flesh1 it  
was thought to be a piece of liver1 but 
whether  of a human being or of a beast 
was uncertain or unascertained4 ,the    
,jews' houses were now subjected to     
search4 ,count ,ratti-,menton swept     
through the streets at the head of      
twenty sbirri1 entering and  ransacking 
houses at his own caprice1 the ,jews'   
houses first of all1  and then such     
houses of ,christians as were supposed  
to be open as a  harbour of shelter to  
the persecuted ,israelites4 ,thus one   
night he  rushed not only into the house
 of1 but even the women's bedrooms of  a
 merchant1 ,aiub1 who stood under       
,austrian protection1 hunting after     
secreted ,jews1 an outrage1 in popular  
opinion1 even in the ,east4    ,the     
,jews charged with the murder of the    
servant had not been  secured4 ,the     
greater number of the well-to-do        

,hebrews had fled  the town4 ,a         
hue-and-cry was set up1 and the country 
round was  searched4 ,their families    
were taken up and tortured into         
confessing  where they were4 ,a ,german 
traveller then in ,damascus says that   
the  prisons were crowded with          
unfortunates1 and that the pen refuses  
to detail the torments to which they    
were subjected to wring from  them the  
information required4 ,the wife of ,meir
 ,farhi and their  child were           
imprisoned1 and the child bastinadoed   
before its mother's  eyes4 ,at the three
 hundredth blow the mother's heart gave 
way1 and  she betrayed the hiding-place 
of her husband4 ,he was seized4 ,the    
hippopotamus scourge was flourished over
 his head1 and knowing  what his fellows
 had suffered1 he confessed himself     
guilty4 ,assan  ,farhi1 who was caught  
in his hiding-place1 was imprisoned for 
a  week in the ,french ,consulate1 and  
then delivered over to ,turkish         
justice4 ,bastinado and the rack        

convinced him of his guilt1 but he      
found means to despatch from his dungeon
 a letter to ,ibrahim ,pacha  protesting
 his innocence4    ,it is as impossible 
as it is unnecessary to follow the story
 of the  persecution in all its details4
 ,the circumstances have been given  by 
various hands1 and as names are not     
always recorded1 it is not  always      
possible to distinguish whether single  
cases are recorded  by different writers
 with slight variations1 or whether they
 are  reporting different incidents in  
the long story4    ,the porter of the   
,jews' quarters1 a man of sixty1 died   
under  bastinado1 to which he was       
subjected for no other crime than not   
confessing that he had seen the murdered
 men enter the ,ghetto4    ,in the      
meantime1 whilst this chase after those 
accused of the second  murder was going 
on1 the seven merchants who had         
confessed to the  murder of the ,father 
had been lying in prison recovering from
 their  wounds and bruises4 ,as they    

recovered1 the sense of their innocence 
became stronger in them than fear for   
the future and consideration  of the    
past4 ,they withdrew their confessions4 
,again were they  beaten and tormented4 
,thenceforth they remained stedfast4    
,two of  the seven1 ,david ,arari1 aged 
eighty and ,joseph ,laniado1 not much   
younger1 died of their sufferings4      
,laniado had protested that he  could   
bring evidence--the unimpeachable       
evidence of ,christian  merchants at    
,khasbin--that he had been with them at 
the time when it  was pretended he had  
been engaged on the murder4 ,but he died
 before  these witnesses reached        
,damascus4 ,then ,count ,ratti-,menton  
pressed  for the execution of the rest4 
,so stood matters when ,herr von        
,hailbronner1 whose report on the  whole
 case is both fullest and most reliable1
 for the sequence of  events1 arrived in
 ,damascus4 ,he took pains to collect   
all the most  authentic information he  
could on every particular4    ,damascus 

was in the wildest commotion4 ,all      
classes of the people  were in a        
condition of fanatic excitement4 ,the   
suffering caused by  the pressure of the
 ,egyptian government of ,mohamed ,ali1 
the threat  of an ,oriental war1 the    
plague which had broken out in ,syria1  
the  quarantine1 impeding all trade1    
were matters that were thrust into  the 
background by the all-engrossing story  
of the murder and the  persecution of   
the ,jews4    ,the condition of the     
,hebrews in ,damascus became daily more 
precarious4 ,the old antagonism1        
jealousy of their riches1 hatred  caused
 by extortionate usury1 were roused and 
armed for revenge4  ,the barber1 though 
he had confessed that he was guilty of  
the  murder1 was allowed to go          
scot-free1 because he had betrayed his  
confederates4 ,what an encouragement was
 offered to the rabble to  indulge in   
false witness against rich ,jews1 whose 
wealth was coveted6    ,mohamed ,ali's  
government desired nothing better than  

the  confiscation of their goods4 ,a    
pack of ruffians sought occasion to     
extract money out of this persecution by
 bribes1 or to purchase  pardon for past
 offences by denouncing the innocent4   
,it is well at this point to look a     
little closer at the ,french  ,consul1  
the ,count ,ratti-,menton4 ,on him rests
 the guilt of this  iniquitous          
proceeding1 rather than on the          
,mussulman judges4 ,he  had been twice  
bankrupt when ,french ,consul in        
,sicily4 ,then he  had been sent as     
,consul to ,tiflis1 where his conduct   
had been so  disreputable1 that on the  
representation of the ,russian          
,government  he had been recalled4 ,he  
had then been appointed ,consul at      
,damascus4  ,in spite of all this1 and  
the discredit with which his conduct    
with  regard to the ,jews1 on account of
 the murder of ,father ,thomas1 had     
covered him1 his part was warmly taken  
up by the ,ultramontane ,press1  and the
 ,french ,government did its utmost to  

shield him4 ,m4 ,thiers  even warmly    
defended him4 ,the credit of ,france was
 thought to be at  stake1 and it was    
deemed advisable to stand by the agent  
of ,france1  and make out a case for him
 as best might be4    ,it is quite      
possible1 it is probable1 that he was   
thoroughly  convinced that the ,jews    
were guilty1 but that does not justify  
his  mode of procedure4 ,it is possible 
also that bribes may--as was  said--have
 been offered him by the ,jews if he    
would desist from his  persecution1 but 
that he refused these bribes shows that 
he was  either not an unredeemed rascal1
 or that he conceived he had gone  too  
far to withdraw4    ,the ,turkish and   
,egyptian authorities acted as always   
has been and  will be their manner1     
after their nature1 and in their own    
interest4  ,we expect of them nothing   
else1 but that the representative of    
one of the most enlightened nations of  
,europe1 a man professing  himself to be
 a ,christian1 and civilized1 a member  

of a noble house1  should hound on the  
ignorant and superstitious1 and give    
rein to  all the worst passions of an   
,oriental rabble1 against a helpless    
and harmless race1 that has been        
oppressed1 and ill-treated1 and         
slandered for centuries1 is never to be 
looked over and forgiven4  ,the name of 
,ratti-,menton must go down branded to  
posterity2 and  it is to be regretted   
that ,m4 ,thiers should have allowed his
 love  of his country to so carry him   
away as to induce him to throw  the     
shield over a man of whose guilt he must
 have been perfectly  aware1 having full
 information in his hands4 ,this shows  
us to what  an extent ,gallic vanity    
will blind the ,gallic eye to the plain 
principles of truth and right4          
,ratti-,menton had his agents to assist 
him--,baudin1 chief of his  bureau at   
the ,consulate2 ,francois ,salins1 a    
native of ,aleppo1 who  acted as        
interpreter1 spy1 and guard to the      
,consulate2 ,father ,tosti1  a ,french  

,lazarist1 who1 according to the        
,austrian ,consul1 seemed to  find in   
this case an opportunity for avenging on
 the race the death  of his ,divine     
,master2 also a ,christian ,arab1       
,sehibli ,ayub1 a man of  bad character1
 who was well received by               
,ratti-,menton1 because of his  keenness
 as spy1 and readiness as denunciator4  
,what followed now passes all belief4   
,after that countless poor ,jews  had   
been accused1 beaten1 tortured1 and     
killed1 it occurred to the  judges that 
it would be as well to ascertain the    
motive for the  crime4 ,it had been said
 by those who had confessed that the    
,pater  and his servant had been put to 
death in order to obtain their blood  to
 mingle with the dough for the ,paschal 
wafer4 ,the disappearance  of the two   
men took place on ,february #eth4       
,easter fell that year on  ,april #ahth1
 so that the blood would have to be     
preserved two months  and a half4 ,that 
was an inconsequence which neither the  

,french  ,consul nor the ,egyptian      
authorities stooped to consider4 ,orders
 were  issued that the ,talmud and other
 sacred books of the ,jews should  be   
explored to see whether1 or rather where
 in them1 the order was  given that     
human blood should be mingled with the  
,paschal dough4  ,when no such commands 
could be discovered1 it was concluded   
that the  editions presented for        
examination were purposely falsified4   
,now1 there were distinct indications   
pointing in quite another  direction1   
which1 if followed1 might have          
elucidated the case1 and  revealed the  
actual criminals4 ,but these indications
 were in no  case followed4 ,wildon     
,pieritz1 an ,evangelical ,missionary1  
then in  ,damascus1 as well as the      
,austrian ,consul1 agree in stating that
  three days before the disappearance of
 ,father ,thomas he was seen in  violent
 altercation with a ,turkish            
mule-driver1 who was heard to  swear he 
would be the death of the priest4 ,the  

altercation was so  violent that the    
servant of ,father ,thomas seized the   
mule-driver by  the throat and          
maltreated him so that blood            
flowed--probably from  his nose4 ,father
 ,thomas lost his temper and cursed the 
mussulman  and his religion4 ,the scene 
created great commotion1 and a number   
of ,turks were very angry1 amongst them 
was one1 a merchant1 ,abu  ,yekhyeh1 who
 distinguished himself4 ,wildon ,pieritz
 in a letter  to the ,journal de ,smyrne
 on ,may #adth1 #ahdj1 declares that    
when  the news of the disappearance of  
,father ,thomas began to excite         
attention1 this merchant1 ,abu ,yekhyeh1
 hanged himself4    ,we may well inquire
 how it was that none of these facts    
came to be  noticed4 ,the answer is to  
hand4 ,every witness that gave evidence 
which might exculpate the accused ,jews1
 and turn attention in  another         
direction1 was beaten and tortured1     
consequently1 those who  could have     
revealed the truth were afraid to do so4

    ,even among the ,mohammedans        
complaints arose that the ,french       
,consul  was acting in contravention to 
their law1 and a feeling gradually  grew
 that a great injustice was being       
committed--that the ,jews  were         
innocent4 ,few dared allow this in the  
first fever of popular  excitement1 but 
nevertheless it awoke and spread4    ,at
 first the ,austrian ,consul had been   
subjected not to annoyance  only1 but to
 danger of life1 so violent had been the
 popular feeling  against him because of
 the protection he accorded to one of   
the  accused4 ,fortunately ,herr        
,merlato was a man of pluck4 ,he was an 
old soldier who had distinguished       
himself as a marine officer4  ,he not   
only resolutely protected young         
,picciotto1 but he did his  utmost to   
hinder the proceedings of               
,ratti-,menton2 he invoked the          
assistance of the representatives of the
 other ,european ,powers1 and  finally  
every ,consul1 except the ,french1      

agreed to unite with him in             
representations to their governments of 
the iniquitous proceedings  of          
,ratti-,menton1 and to use their        
influence with the ,egyptian            
authorities to obtain the release of the
 unhappy accused4    ,the bastinadoes   
and tortures now ceased4 ,merlato       
obtained the  release of several of     
those who were in confinement2 and      
finally  the only ,jews who remained in 
prison were the brothers ,arari1 ,mussa 
,salonichi1 and the renegade ,abul      
,afia4 ,of the supposed murderers of    
the servant only the brothers ,farhi    
were still held in chains4    ,matters  
were in this condition when the news of 
what had taken place  at ,damascus      
reached ,europe and set all the ,jews in
 commotion4 ,every  effort was made by  
them1 in ,vienna1 ,leipzig1 ,paris and  
,london1  indeed in all the great cities
 of ,europe1 to convince the public  of 
the absurdity of the charge1 and to urge
 the governments to  interfere in behalf

 of the sufferers4    ,finally all the  
representatives of the ,european        
governments at  ,alexandria1 with the   
exception of the ,french1 remonstrated  
with  ,mohamed ,ali4 ,they demanded that
 the investigation should be begun  de  
novo2 the ,french ,consul-,general1 ,m4 
,cochelet1 alone objected4  ,but the    
action of the ,jews of ,europe had more 
influence with  ,mohamed ,pacha than the
 representations of the ,consuls4 ,the  
house of  ,rothschild had taken the     
matter up1 and ,sir ,moses ,montefiore  
started  from ,london1 and ,m4 ,cremieux
 from ,paris as a diplomatic embassy to 
the ,viceroy at ,alexandria to convince 
him1 by such means as is most           
efficacious to an ,oriental despot1 of  
the innocence of the accused  at        
,damascus4    ,the arguments these      
delegates employed were so extremely    
satisfactory to the mind of ,mohamed    
,pacha1 that he quashed the  charges    
against the ,jews of ,damascus1 in spite
 of the vehement  protest of ,m4        

,cochelet1 the representative of        
,france4 ,when the  ,viceroy issued a   
firman ordering the incarcerated ,jews  
to be  discharged as innocent and       
suffered to abide in peace1 ,m4         
,cochelet  strove in vain to have the   
firman qualified or altered into a      
pardon4    ,thus ended one of the most  
scandalous cases of this century4       
,unfortunate1 innocent men were tortured
 and put to death for a crime  that had 
never been proved4 ,that the two        
,europeans had been murdered  was merely
 matter of conjecture4 ,no bodies had   
been found4 ,there  was no evidence     
worth a rush against the accused1 and no
 motive  adduced deserving of grave     
consideration4 ,what inhumanities were  
committed during the eight months of    
this persecution1 wrote ,herr  ,von     
,hailbronner1 will never be wholly      
known4 ,but it must call up a  blush of 
shame in the face of an ,european to    
remember that ,europeans  provoked1     
favoured and stimulated it to the last4 

,authorities3 ,morgenland and           
,abendland1 by ,herr ,von               
,hailbronner1--who1 as already          
mentioned1 was present in ,damascus     
through part of the time4 ,damascia1 by 
,c4 ,h4 ,lwenstein1       ,rdelheim1    
#ahdj4 ,reports and debates in the      
,english ,parliament       at the time4 
,the recently published ,diaries of ,sir
 ,moses       ,montefiore1 #b vols41    
#ahij2 his ,centenal ,biography1 #ahhd1 
vol4       ,i41 p4 #bac-bhh2 and the    
article summing up the whole case in    
,der ,neue ,pitaval1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4    
,hitzig and ,dr4 ,w4 ,hring1 #aheg1     
,vol4 ,i4          ,some ,accusations   
against ,jews4      ,the story just     
given of the atrocious treatment of the 
,jews of  ,damascus on a false          
accusation naturally leads to a brief   
sketch of  their treatment in the       
,middle ,ages on similar charges4 ,not1 
indeed1  that we can deal with all of   
the outrages committed on the sons of   
,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob--that would

 require volumes--but only  notice some 
of those which they have had to suffer  
on the same or  analogous false charges4
    ,these false accusations range under
 three heads3--    #a4 ,they have been  
charged with poisoning the wells when   
there has  been an outbreak of plague   
and malignant fever4    #b4 ,they have  
been charged with stealing the ,host and
 with stabbing  it4    #c4 ,lastly1 with
 having committed murders in order to   
possess  themselves of ,christian blood1
 to mingle with the dough wherewith to  
make their ,paschal cakes4    ,we will  
leave the first case on one side        
altogether1 and as we have  already     
considered one instance--not by any     
means the last case of  such an         
accusation levied against them in       
,europe--we will take it  before we come
 to the instances of their being accused
 of stealing  the ,host4    ,but why    
should they be supposed to require      
,christian blood8 ,one  theory was that 
by common participation in it1 the      

,jewish community  was closer bound     
together2 another1 that it had a        
salutary medicinal  effect4 ,that is to 
say1 having made up their minds in the  
,middle  ,ages that ,jews did sacrifice 
human beings and drink their blood1     
they beat about for the explanation1 and
 caught at any wild theory  that was    
proposed4#d      #d ,antonius           
,bonfinius3 ,rer4 ,hungaricarum ,dec41  
v4 #a41 #c1 gives    four reasons4      
,thomas ,cantipratensis1 ,lib4 ,,ii41 c4
 #bi1 gives    another and preposterous 
one1 not to be quoted even in ,latin4   
,john ,dubravius in his ,bohemian       
,history1 under the year #acje1         
relates3 ,on ,good ,friday the ,jews    
committed an atrocious crime  against a 
,christian man1 for they stretched him  
naked to a cross  in a concealed place1 
and then1 standing round1 spat on him1  
beat  him1 and did all they could to him
 which is recorded of their  having done
 to ,christ4 ,this atrocious act was    
avenged by the people  of ,prague upon  

the ,jews1 with newly-invented          
punishments1 and of  their property that
 was confiscated1 a monument was        
erected4 ,but  there were cases earlier 
than this4 ,perhaps the earliest is that
  of ,s4 ,william of ,norwich1 in #aadd2
 next1 ,s4 ,richard of ,paris1  #aagi2  
then ,s4 ,henry of ,weissemburg1 in     
,alsace1 in #abbj2 then ,s4  ,hugh of   
,lincoln1 in #abee1 the case of which is
 recorded by ,matthew  ,paris4 ,a woman 
at ,lincoln lost her son1 a child eight 
years old4  ,he was found in a well near
 a ,jew's house4 ,the ,jew was arrested1
  and promised his life if he would     
accuse his brethren of the  murder4 ,he 
did so1 but was hanged nevertheless4 ,on
 this accusation  ninety-two of the     
richest ,jews in ,lincoln were arrested1
 their  goods seized to replenish the   
exhausted ,royal exchequer2 eighteen    
were hung forthwith1 the rest were      
reserved in the ,tower of ,london  for a
 similar fate1 but escaped through the  
intervention of the  ,franciscans1 who1 

says ,matthew ,paris1 were bribed by the
 ,jews of  ,england to obtain their     
release4 ,on ,may #aeth1 #abef1         
thirty-five of  the wretched ,jews were 
released4 ,we are not told what became  
of the  remaining thirty-nine1 whether  
they had been discharged as innocent1   
or died in prison4 ,the story of little 
,hugh has been charmingly told  in      
,chaucer's ,canterbury ,tales4    ,a    
girl of seven years was found murdered  
at ,pforzheim1 in #abga2  the ,jews were
 accused1 mobbed1 maltreated1 and       
executed4 ,in #abhf1  a boy1 name       
unknown1 disappeared in ,munich1 with   
the same results  to the ,jews4 ,in     
#abib1 a boy of nine1 at                
,constance--same results4 ,in  #acjc the
 perfidious ,jews1 accustomed to the    
shedding of ,christian  blood1 says     
,siffrid1 priest of ,meisen1 in #acjg1  
cruelly murdered  a certain scholar1    
named ,conrad1 son of a knight of       
,weissensee1 in  ,thuringia1 after that 
they had tortured him1 cut all his      

sinews1 and  opened his veins4 ,this    
took place before ,easter4 ,the         
,almighty1 who  is glorious in ,his     
,saints1 however did not suffer the     
murder of the  innocent boy to remain   
concealed1 but destroyed the murderers1 
and  adorned the martyrdom of their     
innocent victim with miracles4 ,for     
when the said ,jews had taken the body  
of the lad to many places in  ,thuringia
 to bury it secretly1 by ,god's         
disposition they were always  foiled in 
their attempt to make away with it4     
,wherefore1 returning  to ,weissensee1  
they hung it to a vine4 ,then the truth 
having been  revealed1 the soldiers     
rushed out of the castle1 and the       
citizens  rose together with the common 
people1 headed by ,frederick1 son of    
,albert ,landgrave of ,thuringia1 and   
killed the ,jews tumultuously4    ,the  
story of ,st4 ,werner1 the boy murdered 
by the ,jews in #abhg1 at  ,wesel1 on   
the ,rhine1 and buried at ,bacharach1 is
 well known4 ,the  lovely chapel erected

 over his body is now a ruin4 ,but      
,werner was  not the only boy martyred  
by the ,jews on the ,rhine4 ,another was
 ,st4  ,johanettus of ,siegburg4    ,st4
 ,andrew of ,heiligenwasser1 near       
,innsbrck1 is another case1 in  #adfb2  
,st4 ,ludwig of ,ravensburg1 in #adbi1  
again another4 ,six boys  were said to  
have been murdered by ,jews at          
,ratisborn1 in #adhf2 and  several cases
 come to us out of ,spanish history4 ,in
 ,poland1 in #aeih1  in the village of  
,swinarzew1 near ,lositz1 lived a       
peasant1 ,matthias  ,petrenioff1 with   
his wife1 ,anna4 ,they had several      
children1 among  them a boy named       
,adalbert4 ,one day in ,holy ,week the  
boy was in  the fields ploughing with   
his father4 ,in the evening he was sent 
home1 but instead of going home         
directly1 he turned aside to visit  the 
village of ,woznik1 in which lived a    
,jew1 ,mark1 who owned a  pawnshop1 and 
had some mills4 ,the son of ,mark1 named
 ,aaron1 and the  son-in-law1 ,isaac1   

overtook the boy as they were returning 
to ,wosnik  in their cart and took him  
up into it4    ,as the child did not    
return home1 his father went in search  
of him1  and hearing that he had been   
seen in the cart between the two ,jews1 
he went to the house of ,mark and       
inquired for him4 ,mark's wife  said she
 had not seen him4 ,the peasant now     
became frightened4 ,he  remembered the  
stories that floated about concerning   
the murder of  ,christian children by   
,jews1 and concluded that his boy had   
been put  to death by ,mark and his     
co-religionists4 ,at length the body of 
the  child was discovered in a pond1    
probably gnawed by rats--but the  marks 
on the body were at once supposed to be 
due to the weapons of  the ,jews4       
,immense excitement reigned in the      
district1 and finally  two servants of  
the ,jews1 both ,christians1 one        
,athanasia1 belonging  to the ,greek    
,church1 and another1 ,christina1 a     
,latin1 confessed  that their masters   

had murdered the boy4 ,he had been      
concealed in  a cellar till the eve of  
the ,passover1 when the chief ,jews of  
the  district had been assembled1 and   
the boy had been bled to death  in their
 presence4 ,the blood was put into small
 phials and each  ,jew provided with one
 at least4 ,this led to a general arrest
 of  the ,jews1 when the rack produced  
the requisite confession4 ,isaac1       
son-in-law of ,mark1 in whose house the 
butchery was said to have  taken place1 
declared under torture that the ,jews   
partook of the  blood of ,christians in 
bread1 and also in wine1 but he         
professed to  be unable to account for  
the custom4 ,filled1 however1 with      
remorse  for having thus falsely accused
 his people and his relatives1 he  hung 
himself in prison4 ,mark and ,aaron were
 condemned to be torn  to pieces alive2 
and1 of course1 the usual spoliation    
ensued4 ,we  have the account of this   
atrocious judicial murder from the pen  
of  a ,jesuit1 ,szembeck1 who extracted 

the particulars from the acts of  the   
court of ,lublin1 in which the case was 
tried1 and from those  drawn up by order
 of the bishop of the diocese of ,luz1  
in which the  murder occurred1 and who  
obtained or sanctioned a canonization of
  the boy-martyr4    ,another still more
 famous case is that of ,s4 ,simeon1 of 
,trent1 in  #adge1 very full details of 
which are given in the ,acta ,sanctorum 
of the ,bollandists1 as the victim was  
formally canonized by ,pope  ,benedict  
,,xiv41 and the ,roman ,martyrology     
asserts the murder by the  ,jews in     
these terms3--    ,at ,trent 7on ,march 
#bdth7 the martyrdom of ,s4 ,simeon1 a  
little  child1 cruelly slain by the     
,jews1 who was glorified afterwards by  
several miracles4    ,the story as told 
and approved at the canonization was as 
follows3  ,on ,tuesday1 in ,holy ,week1 
#adge1 the ,jews met to prepare for  the
 approaching ,passover1 in the house of 
one of their number1  named ,samuel2 and
 it was agreed between three of them1   

,samuel1  ,tobias1 and ,angelus1 that a 
child should be crucified1 as an act  of
 revenge against the ,christians who    
cruelly maltreated them4  ,their        
difficulty1 however1 was how to get one4
 ,samuel sounded his  servant ,lazarus1 
and attempted to bribe him into         
procuring one1  but the suggestion so   
scared the fellow that he ran away4 ,on 
the  ,thursday1 ,tobias undertook to get
 the boy1 and going out in the  evening1
 whilst the people were in church1 he   
prowled about till  he found a child    
sitting on the threshold of his father's
 door1  aged twenty-nine months1 and    
named ,simeon4 ,the ,jew began to coax  
the little fellow to follow him1 and the
 boy1 after being lured  away1 was led  
to the house of ,samuel1 whence during  
the night he was  conveyed to the       
synagogue1 where he was bled to death1  
and his body  pierced with awls4    ,all
 ,friday the parents sought their son1  
but found him not4 ,the  ,jews1 alarmed 
at the proceedings of the magistrates1  

who had taken  the matter up1 consulted 
together what was to be done4 ,it was   
resolved to put the body back into its  
clothes and throw it into the  stream   
that ran under ,samuel's window1 but    
which was there crossed  by a grating4  
,tobias was to go to the bishop and     
magistrates and  inform them that a     
child's body was entangled in the grate4
 ,this was  done4 ,thereupon ,john de   
,salis1 the bishop1 and ,james de       
,sporo1 the  governor1 went to see the  
spot1 had the body removed1 and conveyed
  to the cathedral4 ,as1 according to   
popular superstition1 blood was         
supposed to flow from the wound when a  
murderer drew near1 the  officers of    
justice were cautioned to observe the   
crowds as they  passed4    ,it was      
declared that blood exuded as ,tobias   
approached4 ,on the  strength of this1  
the house of ,samuel and the synagogue  
were  examined1 and it is asserted that 
blood and other traces of the  butchery 
were found4 ,the most eminent physicians

 were called to  investigate the        
condition of the corpse1 and they       
pronounced that  the child had been     
strangled1 and that the wounds were due 
to stabs4  ,the popular voice now       
accusing the ,jews1 the magistrates     
seized on  them and threw them into     
prison1 and on the accusation of a      
renegade  more than five of the ,jews   
were sentenced to death4 ,they were     
broken  on the wheel and then burnt4    
,the body of the child is enshrined  at 
,trent1 and a basin of the blood        
preserved as a relic in the  cathedral4 
,this must suffice for instances of     
accusations of murder for  religious    
purposes brought against the ,jews1 in  
every case false4  ,another charge      
brought against them was ,sacrilege4    
,fleury in his  ,ecclesiastical ,history
 gives one instance4 ,in the little town
 of  ,pulca1 in ,passau1 a layman found 
a bloody ,host before the house of  a   
,jew1 lying in the street upon some     
straw4 ,the people thought that  this   

,host was consecrated1 and washed it and
 took it to the priest1  that it might  
be taken to the church1 where a crowd of
 devotees  assembled1 concluding that   
the blood had flowed miraculously from  
wounds dealt it by the ,jews4 ,on this  
supposition1 and without any  other     
examination1 or any other judicial      
procedure1 the ,christians  fell on the 
,jews1 and killed several of them2 but  
wiser heads  judged that this was rather
 for the sake of pillage than to avenge 
a sacrilege4 ,this conjecture was       
justified by a similar event1 that  took
 place a little while before at         
,neuburg1 in the same diocese1  where a 
certain clerk placed an unconsecrated   
,host steeped in blood  in a church1 but
 confessed afterwards before the bishop 
that he  had dipped this ,host in blood 
for the purpose of raising hostility    
against the ,jews4#e      #e ,fleury1   
,hist4 ,eccl41 vi4 p4 #aaj4    ,in      
#abij1 a ,jew named ,jonathan was       
accused in ,paris of having thrown  a   

,host into the ,seine4 ,it floated4     
,then he stabbed it with his  knife1 and
 blood flowed4 ,the ,jew was burnt      
alive1 and the people  clamored for a   
general persecution of the ,hebrews4    
,in ,bavaria1 in #accg1 at ,dechendorf1 
some ,hosts were discovered which  the  
,jews had stabbed4 ,the unhappy ,hebrews
 were burnt alive4    ,in #acbf1 a ,jew 
convert1 a favourite of ,count ,william 
the ,good1 of  ,flanders1 was accused of
 having struck an image of the ,madonna1
  which thereupon bled4 ,the ,jew was   
tortured1 but denied the  accusation4   
,then he was challenged to a duel by a  
fanatic4 ,he1  wholly unaccustomed to   
the use of weapons1 succumbed4 ,that    
sufficed  to prove his guilt4 ,he was   
burnt4    ,in #acea1 a ,jew convert was 
accused1 at ,brussels1 of having        
pretended1 on three occasions1 to       
communicate1 in order that he  might    
send the ,hosts to his brethren at      
,cologne1 who stabbed them1  and blood  
flowed4    ,the traveller who has been  

in ,brussels must certainly have noticed
  the painted windows all down the nave 
of ,s4 ,gudule1 in the side  aisles1 to 
left and right4 ,they represent1 in     
glowing colours1 the  story of the      
miraculous ,hosts preserved in the      
chancel to the north  of the choir1     
where seven red lamps burn perpetually  
before them4    ,the story is as        
follows3 ,in #acgj1 a rich ,jew of      
,enghien bribed a  converted ,hebrew1   
named ,john of ,louvain1 for #fj pieces 
of gold1 to  steal for him some ,hosts  
from the ,chapel of ,s4 ,catherine4     
,hardly1  however1 had the ,jew1        
,jonathan1 received the wafers1 before  
he was  attacked by robbers and         
murdered4 ,his wife1 alarmed1 and       
thinking  that his death was due to the 
sacrilege1 resolved to get rid of  the  
wafers4 ,it may have been remarked in   
the stories of murders  by ,jews1 that  
they were represented as finding great  
difficulty  in getting rid of the dead  
bodies4 ,in these stories of sacrilege1 

no less difficulty was encountered in   
causing the disappearance  of the       
,hosts4 ,moreover1 the ,jews invariably 
proceeded in the most  roundabout and   
clumsy way1 inviting discovery4 ,the    
widow of the  murdered ,jonathan        
conveyed the ,hosts to the synagogue at 
,brussels4  ,there1 on ,good ,friday1   
the ,jews took advantage of the ,hosts  
to stab  them with their knives1 in     
mockery of ,christ and the ,christian   
religion4 ,but blood squirted from the  
transfixed wafers4 ,in terror1  they    
also resolved to get rid of the         
miraculous ,hosts1 and found  no better 
means of so doing than bribing a        
renegade ,jewess1 named  ,catharine1 to 
carry them to ,cologne4 ,they promised  
her twenty  pieces of gold for her      
pains4 ,she took the ,hosts1 but1       
troubled in  conscience1 revealed what  
she had undertaken to her confessor4    
,the  ecclesiastical authorities were   
informed1 ,catherine was arrested1      
imprisoned1 and confessed4 ,all the     

,jews dwelling in ,brussels were  taken 
up and tortured2 but in spite of all    
torture refused to  acknowledge their   
guilt4 ,however1 a chaplain of the      
prince1 a man  named ,jean ,morelli1    
pretended to have overheard a converted 
,jew say1  ,why do not these dogs make a
 clean breast8 ,they know that they  are
 guilty4 ,this man was that ,john of    
,louvain who had procured  the theft of 
the wafers4 ,he was seized4 ,he at once 
confessed his  participation in the     
crime4 ,that sufficed4 ,all the accused1
 he  himself included1 were condemned to
 death4 ,they were executed with        
hideous cruelty2 after having had their 
flesh torn off by red-hot  pinchers1    
they were attached to stakes and burnt  
alive1 on the ,vigil  of the ,ascension1
 #acgj4 ,every year a solemn procession 
of the ,saint  ,sacrement de ,miracle   
commemorates this atrocity1 or the      
miracle  which led to it4               
,unfortunately1 there exists no doubt   
whatever as to the horrible  execution  

of the ,jews on the false charge of     
having stolen the  ,hosts1 but there is 
very good reason for disbelieving       
altogether the  story of the miracle of 
the bleeding ,hosts4    ,now1 it is     
somewhat remarkable that not a word is  
said about this  miracle before #adce1  
that is to say1 for #fe years1 by any   
writer of  the period and of the        
country4 ,the very first mention of it  
is found  in a ,papal bull of that date1
 addressed to the ,dean and ,chapter  of
 ,s4 ,gudule1 relative to a petition    
made by them that1 as they  wanted money
 for the erection of a chapel to contain
 these ,hosts1  indulgences might be    
granted to those who would contribute   
thereto4  ,the ,pope granted their      
request4    ,now1 it so happens that the
 official archives at ,brussels contains
  two documents of the date1 #acgj1     
relative to this trial4 ,the first  of  
these is the register of the accounts of
 the receiver-general  of the ,duke of  
,brabant4 ,in that are the items of     

expenditure for  the burning of these   
,jews1 a receipt1 and the text is as    
follows3  ,item1 recepta de bonis       
dictorum judeorum1 postquam combusti    
fuerant  circa ascensionem ,domini lxx1 
qu defamata fuerant de sacramentis      
punic et furtiv acceptis4 ,that is to   
say1 that a certain sum  flowed into the
 ,duke's exchequer from the goods of the
 ,jews1 burnt  for having guiltily and  
furtively obtained the ,hosts4 ,punice  
is  an odd word1 but its signification  
is clear enough4 ,now1 in #aeha1  on    
,may #ast1 the magistrates of ,brussels 
forbade the exercise of  the ,catholic  
religion1 in a proclamation in which1   
when mentioning  certain frauds         
committed by the ,roman ,church1 they   
speak of ,the  ,sacrament of the        
,miracle1 which1 say they1 by           
documentary evidence  can be proved     
never to have bled nor to have been     
stabbed4 ,no  question--they had seen   
this entry in which no mention is made  
of  the stabbing--no allusion made to   

the bleeding4 ,moreover1 in the  same   
archives is the contemporary episcopal  
letter addressed to the  ,dean of ,s4   
,gudule on the subject of these ,hosts4 
,in this document  there is no mention  
made by the bishop of the stabbing or of
 the  miracle4 ,it is stated that the   
,hosts were obtained by the ,jews in    
order that they might insult and outrage
 them4 ,it is curious that  the letter  
should not specify their having done    
this1 and done it  effectually1 with    
their knives and daggers4 ,most         
assuredly1 also1  had there been any    
suspicion of a miracle1 the bishop would
 have  referred to it in the letter     
relative to the custody of these very   
,hosts4    ,after the whole fable of the
 stabbing and bleeding had grown up1 no 
doubt applied to these ,hosts from a    
preceding case of accusation  against   
,jews1 that of #acea1 less than thirty  
years before1 it was  thought advisable1
 if not necessary1 to produce some      
evidence in  favour of the story2 but as

 no such evidence was obtainable1 it was
  manufactured in a very ingenious      
manner4 ,the entry in the register  of  
accounts was published by the ,pre      
,ydens1 after a notary had  been        
required to collate the text4 ,this     
notary--his name was ,van               
,asbroek--gave his testimony that he had
 made an exact and literal  transcript  
of the entry4 ,what he and the ,pre     
,ydens gave as their  exact1 literal    
transcript was recepta de bonis dictorum
 ,judoeorum  444 qu defamata fuerant de 
sacramento puncto et furtive  accepto4  
,ingenious1 but disingenuous4 ,in the   
first place they  altered sacramentis   
from plural into singular1 and then1 the
  adverb punic1 guiltily1 into puncto1  
stabbed4    ,subsequently1 ,father      
,ydens and his notary have been quoted  
and  requoted as authoritative          
witnesses4 ,however1 the document is    
now in the ,archives at ,brussels1 and  
has been lithographed from  a photograph
 for the examination of such as have not

 the means  of obtaining access to the  
original4#f ,the last jubilee of this   
apocryphal miracle was celebrated at    
,brussels in ,july1 #ahgj4      #f ,le  
,jubil d'un faux ,miracle 7extrait de la
 ,revue de    ,belgique71 ,bruxelles    
#ahgj4          ,the ,coburg ,mausoleum4
      ,at the east end of the garden of 
the ,ducal residence of ,coburg is a    
small1 tastefully constructed mausoleum1
 adorned with allegorical  subjects1 in 
which are laid the remains of the       
deceased dukes4 ,near  the mausoleum    
rise a stately oak1 a clump of          
rhododendron1 a cluster  of acacias1 and
 a group of yews and weeping-willows4   
,the mausoleum is hidden from the palace
 by a plantation of young  pines4       
,the ,castle of ,coburg is one of the   
most interesting and best  preserved in 
,germany4 ,it stands on a height1 above 
the little town1  and contains much rich
 wood-carving of the #aeth and #afth    
centuries4  ,below the height1 but a    
little above the town1 is the more      

modern  residence of the ,dukes         
,ehrenburg1 erected in #afbf by the     
,italian  architect ,bonallisso1 and    
finished in #afic4 ,it has that         
character  of perverse revolt against   
picturesqueness that marked all the     
edifices of the period4 ,it has been    
restored1 not in the best style1  at the
 worst possible epoch1 #ahaf4 ,the south
 front remains least  altered2 it is    
adorned with a handsome gateway1 over   
which is the  inscription1 ,fried       
ernhrt1 ,unfried verzehrt--not easily   
rendered  in ,english3--        ,peace  
doth cherish--      ,strife makes       
perish4    ,the princes of ,coburg by   
their worth and kindly behaviour have   
for  a century drawn to them the hearts 
of their subjects1 and hardly a         
princely house in ,germany is1 and has  
been1 more respected and loved4    ,duke
 ,franz died shortly after the battle of
 ,jena4 ,during his reign1  by his      
thrift1 geniality1 and love of justice  
he had won to his  person the affections

 of his people1 though they resented the
  despotic character of his government  
under his ,minister ,kretschmann4  ,he  
was twice married1 but left issue only  
by the second wife1  ,augusta1 a        
princess of ,reuss1 who inherited the   
piety and virtues  which seem to be     
inrooted in that worthy house4    ,only 
a few weeks after her return from       
,brussels1 where she had seen  her son1 
recently crowned ,king of the ,belgians1
 did the ,duchess  ,augusta of          
,sachsen-,coburg die in her             
seventy-sixth year1 ,november  #afth1   
#ahca4 ,the admiration and love this    
admirable princess had  inspired drew   
crowds to visit the body1 as it lay in  
state in the  residence at ,coburg1     
prior to the funeral1 which took place  
on the  #aith1 before day-break1 by the 
light of torches4 ,the funeral was      
attended by men and women of all classes
 eager to express their  attachment to  
the deceased1 and respect for the       
family4 ,a great  deal was said1 and    

fabled1 concerning this funeral4 ,it was
 told  and believed that the ,dowager   
,duchess had been laid in the family    
vault adorned with her diamond rings and
 richest necklaces4 ,she was  the mother
 of kings1 and the vulgar believed that 
every royal and  princely house with    
which she was allied had contributed    
some jewel  towards the decoration of   
her body4    ,her eldest son1 ,ernst    
,i41 succeeded his father in #ahjf as   
,duke of ,sachsen-,coburg-,saalfeld1 and
 in #ahbf became ,duke of               
,sachsen-,coburg-,gotha4 ,the second    
son1 ,ferdinand1 married in #ahaf  the  
wealthiest heiress of ,hungary1 the     
,princess ,rohary1 and his  son1        
,ferdinand1 became in #ahcf ,king of    
,portugal1 and his grandson1            
,ferdinand1 by his second son1 is the   
present reigning ,prince of  ,bulgaria4 
,the third son1 ,leopold1 married       
,charlotte1 only daughter of ,george    
,,iv4 of ,england1 and in #ahca became  
,king of the ,belgians4 ,of the five    

daughters1 the eldest was married to the
 ,grand-,duke ,constantine of  ,russia1 
the second married the ,duke of ,kent1  
in #ahah1 and was the  mother of our    
,queen1 ,victoria4 ,the third married   
,duke ,alexander of  ,wrtemberg4        
,among those who were present at the    
funeral of the ,duchess ,augusta  was a 
,bavarian1 named ,andreas ,stubenrauch1 
an artisan then at  ,coburg4 ,he was the
 son of an armourer1 followed his       
father's  profession1 and had settled at
 ,coburg as locksmith4 ,he was a        
peculiarly ugly man1 with low but broad 
brow1 dark-brown bristly  hair1 heavy   
eyebrows and small cunning grey eyes4   
,his nose was a  snub1 very broad with  
huge nostrils1 his complexion was pale2 
he had  a large mouth1 and big drooping 
underlip4 ,his short stature1 his  lack 
of proportion in build1 and his uncomely
 features1 gave him  the appearance of a
 half-witted man4 ,but though he was not
 clever  he was by no means a fool4 ,his
 character was in accordance with his   

appearance4 ,he was a sullen1           
ill-conditioned1 intemperate man4       
,stubenrauch had been one of the crowd  
that had passed by the bed on  which the
 ,duchess lay in state1 and had cast    
covetous eyes at the  jewellery with    
which the body was adorned4 ,he had also
 attended the  funeral1 and had come to 
the conclusion that the ,duchess was    
buried  with all the precious articles  
he had noticed about her1 as exposed  to
 view before the burial1 and with a     
great deal more1 which popular  gossip  
asserted to have been laid in the coffin
 with her4    ,the thought of all this  
waste of wealth clung to his mind1 and  
,stubenrauch resolved to enter the      
mausoleum and rob the body4 ,the        
position of the vault suited his plans1 
far removed and concealed  from the     
palace1 and he made little account of   
locks and bars1 which  were likely to   
prove small hindrances to an            
accomplished locksmith4    ,to carry his
 plan into execution1 he resolved on    

choosing the night  of ,august #ah-ai1  
#ahcb4 ,on this evening he sat drinking 
in a low  tavern till #aj o'clock1 when 
he left1 returned to his lodgings1      
where he collected the tools he believed
 he would require1 a candle  and flint  
and steel1 and then betook himself to   
the mausoleum4    ,in the first place1  
he found it necessary to climb over a   
wall of  boards that encircled the      
portion of the grounds where was the    
mausoleum1 and then1 when he stood      
before the building1 he found  that to  
effect an entrance would take him more  
time and give him  more work than he had
 anticipated4    ,the mausoleum was     
closed by an iron gate formed of strong 
bars eight  feet high1 radiating from a 
centre in a sort of semicircle and armed
  with sharp spikes4 ,he found it       
impossible to open the lock1 and he  was
 therefore obliged to climb over the    
gate1 regardless of the  danger of      
tearing himself on the barbs4 ,there was
 but a small space  between the spikes  

and the arch of the entrance1 but       
through this  he managed to squeeze his 
way1 and so reach the interior of the   
building1 without doing himself any     
injury4    ,here he found a double stout
 oaken door in the floor that gave      
access to the vault4 ,the two valves    
were so closely dovetailed  into one    
another and fitted so exactly1 that he  
found the utmost  difficulty in getting 
a tool between them4 ,he tried his false
 keys  in vain on the lock1 and for a   
long time his efforts to prise the  lock
 open with a lever were equally futile4 
,at length by means of  a wedge he      
succeeded in breaking a way through the 
junction of the  doors1 into which he   
could insert a bar1 and then he heaved  
at one  valve with all his might1       
throwing his weight on the lever4 ,it   
took  him fully an hour before he could 
break open the door4 ,midnight  struck  
as the valve1 grating on its hinges1 was
 thrown back4 ,but  now a new and       
unexpected difficulty presented itself4 

,there was no  flight of steps          
descending into the vault1 as he had    
anticipated1  and he did not know the   
depth of the lower pavement from where  
he  stooped1 and he was afraid to light 
a candle and let it down to  explore the
 distance4    ,but ,stubenrauch was not 
a man to be dismayed by difficulties4   
,he  climbed back over the iron-spiked  
gates into the open air1 and  sought out
 a long and stout pole1 with which to   
sound the depth1 so  as to know what    
measures he was to take to descend4     
,going into the  ,ducal orchard1 he     
pulled up a pole to which a fruit tree  
was tied1  and dragged it to the        
mausoleum1 and with considerable        
difficulty  got it through the gateway1 
which he again surmounted with caution  
and without injury to himself4    ,then1
 leaning over the opening1 holding the  
pole in both hands1 he  endeavoured to  
feel the depth of the vault4 ,in so     
doing he lost his  balance1 and the     
weight of the pole dragged him down1 and

 he fell  between two coffins some      
twelve feet below the floor of the upper
  chamber4 ,there he lay for some little
 while unconscious1 stunned by  his     
fall4 ,when he came to himself1 he sat  
up1 felt about with his  hands to       
ascertain where he was1 and considered  
what next should be  done4    ,without a
 moment's thought as to how he was to   
escape from his  position1 about the    
possibility of which he was not in the  
smallest  doubt1 knowing as he did his  
own agility and readiness with          
expedients1 he set to work to accomplish
 his undertaking4 ,with  composure      
,stubenrauch now struck a light and     
kindled the candle4  ,when he had done  
this1 he examined the interior of the   
vault1 and  the coffins he found there1 
so as to select the right one4 ,those of
  the ,duchess ,augusta and her husband 
the late ,duke were very much  alike1 so
 much so that the ruffian had some      
difficulty in deciding  which was the   
right one4 ,he chose1 however1 correctly

 that which  seemed freshest1 and he    
tore off it the black cover4 ,under this
  he found the coffin very solid1       
fastened by two locks1 which were  so   
rusted that his tools would not turn in 
them4 ,he had not his  iron bar and     
other implements with him now2 they were
 above on the  floor of the upper       
chamber4 ,with great difficulty he      
succeeded at  length in breaking one of 
the hinges1 and he was then able to snap
  the lower lock1 whereas that at the   
top resisted all his efforts4  ,however1
 the broken hinge and lock enabled him  
to lift the lid  sufficiently for him to
 look inside4 ,now he hoped to be able  
to  insert his hand1 and remove all the 
jewellery he supposed was laid  there   
with the dead lady4 ,to his grievous    
disappointment he saw  nothing save the 
fading remains of the ,duchess1 covered 
with a  glimmering white mould1 that    
seemed to him to be phosphorescent4 ,the
  body was in black velvet1 the white   
luminous hands crossed over the  breast4

 ,stubenrauch was not the man to feel   
either respect for the  dead or fear of 
aught supernatural4 ,with both hands he 
sustained the  heavy lid of the coffin  
as he peered in1 and the necessity for  
using  both to support the weight       
prevented his profane hand from being   
laid on the remains of an august and    
pious princess4 ,stubenrauch did  indeed
 try more than once to sustain the lid  
with one hand1 that  he might grope with
 the other for the treasures he fancied 
must be  concealed there1 but the moment
 he removed one hand the lid crashed    
down4    ,disappointed in his           
expectations1 ,stubenrauch now replaced 
the  cover1 and began to consider how he
 might escape4 ,but now--and now        
only--did he discover that it was not   
possible for him to get out of  the     
vault into which he had fallen4 ,the    
pole on which he had placed  his        
confidence was too short to reach to the
 opening above4 ,every  effort made by  
,stubenrauch to scramble out failed4 ,he

 was caught in  a trap--and what a trap6
 ,nemesis had fallen on the ruffian at  
once1  on the scene of his crime1 and   
condemned him to betray himself4        
,although now for the first time deadly 
fear came over him1 as he  afterward    
asserted1 it was fear because he        
anticipated punishment  from men1 not   
any dread of the wrath of the spirits of
 those into  whose domain he had        
entered4 ,when he had convinced himself 
that  escape was quite impossible1 he   
submitted to the inevitable1 lay  down  
between the two coffins and tried to go 
to sleep2 but1 as he  himself admitted1 
he was not able to sleep soundly4       
,morning broke--it was ,sunday1 and a   
special festival at ,coburg1 for  it was
 the twenty-fifth anniversary of the    
accession of the ,duke1 so  that the    
town was in lively commotion1 and park  
and palace were also  in a stir4        
,stubenrauch sat up and waited in hopes 
of hearing someone draw near  who could 
release him4 ,about #i o'clock in the   

morning he heard steps  on the gravel1  
and at once began to shout for          
assistance4    ,the person who had      
approached ran away in alarm1 declaring 
that  strange and unearthly noises      
issued from the ,ducal mausoleum4 ,the  
guard was apprised1 but would not at    
first believe the report4 ,at  length   
one of the sentinels was despatched to  
the spot1 and he  returned speedily with
 the tidings that there certainly was a 
man  in the vault4 ,he had peered       
through the grating at the entrance and 
had seen the door broken open and a     
crowbar and other articles lying  about4
    ,the gate was now opened1 and       
,stubenrauch removed in the midst of an 
assembled crowd of angry and dismayed   
spectators4 ,he was removed to  prison1 
tried1 and condemned to eighteen months 
with hard labour4    ,that is not the   
end of the story4 ,after his discharge1 
,stubenrauch  never settled into regular
 work4 ,in #ahcf he was taken up for    
theft1  and again on the same charge in 

#ahdd4 ,in the year #ahed he was        
discovered dead in a little wood near   
his home2 between the fingers  of his   
right hand was a pinch of snuff1 and in 
his left hand a  pistol with which he   
had blown out his own brains4 ,in his   
pockets  were found a purse and a brandy
 bottle1 both empty4          ,jean     
,aymon4      ,jean ,aymon was born in   
,dauphin1 in #affa1 of ,catholic        
parents4  ,he studied in the college of 
,grenoble4 ,his family1 loving him1     
neglected nothing which might contribute
 to the improvement of his  mind1 and   
the professors of ,grenoble laboured to 
perfect their  intelligent pupil in     
mathematics1 languages1 and history4    
,from ,grenoble1 ,aymon betook himself  
to ,turin1 where he studied  theology   
and philosophy4 ,but there was one thing
 neither parents nor  professors were   
able to implant in the young man--a     
conscience4 ,he  was thoroughly well    
versed in all the intricacies of moral  
theology  and the subtleties of the     

school-men2 he regarded crime and sin as
  something deadly indeed1 but deadly   
only to other persons4 ,theft  was a    
mortal sin to every one but himself4    
,truth was a virtue to be  strictly     
inculcated1 but not to be practised in  
his own case4    ,his parents1 thinking 
he would grow out of this obliquity of  
moral  vision1 persisted in their scheme
 of education for the lad--probably  the
 very worst which1 with his peculiar    
bent of mind1 they could  have chosen   
for him4 ,having finished his studies at
 ,turin1 his evil  star led him to      
,rome1 where his talents soon drew      
attention to him1  and ,hercules de     
,berzet1 ,bishop of ,saint ,jean de     
,maurienne1 in ,savoy1  named him       
chaplain1 and had him ordained1 by brief
 of ,innocent  ,,xi41 before the age    
fixed by the ,council of ,trent1 because
 of the  probity of his life1 his       
virtues and other merits6--such were the
  reasons4    ,shortly after his        
installation as chaplain to the bishop1 

his patron  entrusted him with a        
delicate case4 ,de ,berzet had lately   
been deep  in an intrigue to obtain a   
cardinal's hat4 ,he had been            
disappointed1  and he was either bent on
 revenge1 or1 perhaps1 hoped to frighten
  the ,pope into giving him that which  
he had solicited in vain4 ,he  set to   
work1 raking up all the scandal of the  
,papal household1 and  acting the spy   
upon all the movements of the familiars 
of the court4  ,after a very little     
while1 this worthy prelate had succeeded
 in  gathering together enough material 
to make all the ears in ,europe  tingle1
 and this was put into the hands of the 
young priest to work  into form for     
publication4    ,as ,aymon looked       
through these scandalous memoirs1 he    
made his  own reflections4 ,the         
publication of this will raise a storm1 
undoubtedly2 but the first who will     
perish in it will be my patron1  and all
 who sail in his boat4 ,aymon noticed   
that ,m4 de ,camus1  ,bishop of         

,grenoble1 was most compromised by the  
papers in his hands1  and would be most 
interested in their suppression4 ,aymon1
 without  hesitation1 tied up the       
bundle1 put it in his pocket1 and       
presented  himself before the bishop1   
ready to make them over to him for a    
consideration4 ,he was well received1 as
 may be supposed1 and in  return for the
 papers was given a living in the       
diocese4 ,but this  did not satisfy the 
restless spirit of ,aymon2 he had       
imbibed a  taste for intrigue1 and there
 was no place like the ,eternal ,city   
for indulging this taste4 ,he was1      
moreover1 dissatisfied with his         
benefice1 and expected greater rewards  
for the service he had done  to the     
,church4 ,innocent ,,xi4 received him   
well1 and in #afhg appointed  him his   
protonotary4 ,further he did not        
advance4 ,at the ,papal ,court  he made 
his observations1 and whether it was    
that he was felt to be  somewhat of a   
spy1 or through some intrigue1 his star 

began to set1  when ,aymon1 too well    
aware that a falling man may sink very  
low1  suddenly fled from ,rome1 crossed 
the border into ,switzerland1 and in  a 
few days was a convert to the straitest 
sect of the ,calvinists4  ,but the      
,swiss are poor1 and their ministers are
 in comfortable1  though not lucrative  
positions4 ,holland was the paradise of 
,calvinism1 and to ,holland ,aymon      
repaired4 ,here he obtained a cure of   
importance1 and married a lady of rank4 
,but even now1 ,aymon was not satisfied4
 ,among the ,protestants of  the ,low   
,countries there are no bishops1 and no 
man can soar higher  than the pulpit of 
a parish church4 ,aymon was convinced   
that he had  climbed as high as he could
 in the ,church of ,calvin1 and that he 
had  a soul for something higher still4 
,his next step was extraordinary        
enough4 ,he wrote in ,december1 #agje1  
to ,m4 ,clement1 of the  ,bibliothque du
 ,roi1 at ,paris1 stating that he had in
 his possession  the ,herbal of the     

celebrated ,paul ,hermann1 in forty     
folio volumes1  and that he offered it  
to the ,king for #cbjj livres1 a trifle 
over  what it had cost him4 ,he added   
that he was a renegade priest1 who  had 
sought rest in ,protestantism1 but had  
found none--nay6 he had  discovered it  
to be a hot-bed of every kind of vice1  
and that he  yearned for the ,church of 
his baptism4 ,he hinted that he had made
  some discoveries of the utmost        
political importance1 and that he  would
 communicate them to the ,king if he    
could be provided with a  passport4     
,clement made inquiries of the          
superintendent of the ,jardin-,royal as 
to the expediency of purchasing the     
,herbal1 and received a reply  in the   
negative4    ,aymon wrote again1 saying 
little more of the ,herbal1 and         
developing his schemes4 ,he said that he
 had ,state secrets to confide  to the  
,ministers of the ,crown1 besides which1
 he volunteered to  compose a large and 
important work on the state of          

,protestantism1  full of proofs so      
authentic1 and so numerous1 that1 if    
given to the  light of day1 as ,i       
purpose1 it would probably not only     
restrain all  those who meditate        
seceding from the ,roman ,church1 but   
also would  persuade all those1 who are 
not blinded by their passions1 to return
  to the ,catholic faith4    ,clement1  
uncertain what to answer1 showed these  
letters to some  clergy of his          
acquaintance1 and1 acting on their      
advice1 he  presented them to ,m4 de    
,pontchartrain1 who communicated the    
proposal  of ,aymon to the ,king4    ,a 
passport was immediately granted1 and   
,aymon left ,holland1  assuring his     
congregation that he was going for a    
little while to  ,constantinople on     
important matters of religion4    ,on   
his arrival in ,paris1 he presented     
himself before ,m4 ,clement1  to assure 
him of the fervour of his zeal and the  
earnestness of  his conversion4 ,clement
 received him cordially1 and took him to

  ,versailles to see ,m4 de             
,pontchartrain4 ,in this interview      
,aymon made  great promises of being    
serviceable to the ,church and to the   
,state1  by the revelations he was about
 to make2 but ,m4 de ,pontchartrain     
treated his protestations very lightly1 
and handed him over to the  ,cardinal de
 ,noailles1 ,archbishop of ,paris4      
,the conference with the cardinal was   
long4 ,the archbishop addressed  a      
homily to the repentant sinner1 who     
listened with hands crossed  on his     
breast1 his eyes bent to earth1 and his 
cheeks suffused  with tears4 ,aymon     
sighed forth that he had quitted the    
camp of the  ,amalekites for ever1 and  
that he was determined to turn against  
them  their own weapons4 ,clement1 who  
was present1 now stepped forward  and   
reminded the prelate that ,aymon had    
abandoned a lucrative  situation1 at the
 dictates of conscience1 and that though
 he might1  of course1 expect to be     
rewarded hereafter1 still that          

remuneration  in this life would not    
interfere with these future prospects4  
,the  cardinal quite approved of this   
sentiment1 and promised to see what  he 
could do for the convert4 ,in the       
meantime1 he wished ,aymon to  spend a  
retreat in some religious house1 where  
he could meditate on  the error of his  
past life1 and expiate1 as far as in him
 lay1 his  late delinquencies by        
rigorous penances4 ,aymon thanked the   
cardinal  for thus1 unasked1 granting   
him the request which was uppermost in  
his thoughts1 and then begged to be     
allowed the use of the ,royal  ,library1
 in which to pursue his theological     
researches1 and to  examine the         
documents which were necessary for the  
execution of his  design of writing a   
triumphant vindication of the ,catholic 
faith1  and a complete exposure of the  
abominations of ,protestantism4 ,m4     
,clement readily accorded this1 at the  
request of the archbishop1 and  ,jean   
,aymon was sent to the seminary of the  

,missions ,etrangres4    ,aymon now     
appeared as a model penitent4 ,he spent 
a considerable  part of the night in    
prayer before the altar1 he was punctual
 in  his attendance on all the public   
exercises of religion1 and his          
conversation1 morning1 noon1 and night1 
was on the errors and  disorders of the 
,calvinist ,church4 ,when not engaged in
 devotions1 he  was at the library1     
where he was indefatigable in his       
research among  manuscripts which could 
throw light on the subject upon which he
 was  engaged4 ,indeed1 his enthusiasm  
and his zeal for discoveries wearied    
the assistants4 ,clement himself was    
occupied upon the catalogues1  and was  
unable to dance attendance on ,aymon2   
and the assistants soon  learned to     
regard him as a bookworm who would keep 
them on the run1  supplying him with    
fresh materials1 if they did not leave  
him to do  pretty much what he liked4   
,time passed1 and ,aymon heard no more  
of the reward promised by the  cardinal4

 ,he began to murmur1 and to pour his   
complaints into the  reluctant ear of   
,clement1 who soon became so tired of   
hearing them1  that the appearance of   
,aymon's discontented face in the       
library was  a signal for him to plead  
business and hurry into another         
apartment4  ,aymon declared that he     
should most positively publish nothing  
till  the king or the cardinal made up  
to him the losses he had endured  by    
resigning his post in ,holland4    ,all 
of a sudden1 to ,clement's great relief1
 ,aymon disappeared from  the library4  
,at first he was satisfied to be freed  
from him1 and  made no inquiries2 but   
after a while1 hearing that he had also 
left  the ,missions ,etrangres1 he made 
search for the missing man4 ,he was     
nowhere to be found4    ,about this time
 ,aymon's congregation at the ,hague    
were gratified by  the return of their  
pastor1 not much bronzed by exposure to 
the sun  of ,constantinople1 certainly1 
but with his trunks well-stocked with   

valuable ,,mss4    ,a little while      
after1 ,m4 ,clement received the        
following note from a  ,french agent    
resident at the ,hague3--               
,information is required relative to a  
certain ,aymon1 who says  that he was   
chaplain to ,m4 le ,cardinal de ,camus1 
and apostolic  protonotary4 ,after      
having lived some while at the ,hague1  
whither  he had come from ,switzerland1 
where he had embraced the so-called     
,reformed religion1 he disappeared1 and 
it was ascertained that he  was at      
,paris1 whither he had taken an ,arabic 
,koran in ,,ms41 which  he had stolen   
from a bookseller at the ,hague4 ,he has
 only lately  returned1 laden with      
spoils--thefts1 one would rather say1   
which  he must have made at ,paris1     
where he has been spending five or  six 
months in some publicity4444 ,he has    
with him the ,acts of the  last ,council
 of ,jerusalem held by the ,greeks on   
the subject of  ,transubstantiation1 and
 some other documents supposed to be    

stolen  from the ,bibliothque du ,roi4  
,the man has powerful supporters in     
this country4--,march #aj1 #agjg4       
,the ,council of ,jerusalem was one of  
the most valuable ,,mss4 of  the        
library--and it was in the hands of     
,aymon6 ,clement flew to the  cabinet   
where this inestimable treasure was     
preserved under lock and  key4 ,the     
cabinet was safely enough locked--but   
alas6 the ,,ms4 was no  longer there4   
,a few days after1 ,clement heard that  
,aymon had crossed the frontier  with   
several heavy boxes1 which1 on inquiry1 
proved to be full of  books4 ,what      
volumes were they8 ,the collections in  
the ,royal ,library  consisted of       
#ab1ejj ,,mss4 ,the whole had to be gone
 through4 ,it was  soon ascertained that
 another missing book was the original  
,italian  despatches and letters of     
,carlo ,visconti1 ,apostolic ,nuncio at 
the  ,council of ,trent4    ,there was  
no time to be lost4 ,clement wrote to   
the ,hague to  claim the stolen volumes1

 and to institute legal proceedings for 
their recovery1 before the collection   
could be dispersed1 and he  appointed1  
with full powers1 ,william de ,voys1    
bookseller at the  ,hague1 to seize the 
two volumes said to be in the possession
 of  ,aymon4    ,a little while after   
some more ,,mss4 volumes were missed2   
they were  ,the ,italian ,letters of    
,prospero ,s ,croce1 ,nuncio of ,pius   
,,iv1 ,the  ,embassy of the ,bishop of  
,angoulme to ,rome in #aefj-d1 ,le      
,registre  des taxes de la ,chancellerie
 ,romaine1 ,dialogo politico sopra i    
tumulti di ,francia1 nine ,chinese      
,,mss41 a copy of the ,gospels of  high 
antiquity in uncial characters1 another 
copy of the ,gospels1  no less valuable1
 and the ,epistles of ,s4 ,paul1 also   
very ancient4    ,shortly after this1   
two ,swiss1 passing through the ,hague1 
were  shown by ,aymon some ,,mss4 which 
agreed with those mentioned as lost     
from the ,royal ,library2 but besides   
these1 they saw numerous loose  sheets1 

inscribed with letters of gold1 and     
apparently belonging to  a ,,ms4 of the 
,bible4 ,clement had now to go through  
each ,,ms4 in the  library and find what
 had been subtracted from them4         
,fourteen sheets  were gone from the    
celebrated ,bible of ,s4 ,denys4 ,from  
the ,pauline  ,epistles and ,apocalypse1
 a ,,ms4 of the seventh century1 and one
 of  the most valuable treasures of the 
library1 thirty-five sheets had  been   
cut4 ,there were other losses of less   
importance4    ,whilst ,clement was     
making these discoveries1 ,de ,voys     
brought an  action against ,aymon for   
the recovery of the ,council of         
,jerusalem  and the ,letters of         
,visconti4    ,jean ,aymon was not1     
however1 a man to be despoiled of what  
he had  once got4 ,he knew his position 
perfectly1 and he knew the temper  of   
those around him4 ,he was well aware    
that in order to gain his  cause he had 
only to excite popular passion4 ,his    
judges were enemies  to both ,france and

 ,catholicism1 he had but to make them  
believe  that a plot was formed against 
him by ,french ,papists for obtaining   
possession of certain ,,mss4 which he   
had1 and which contained a  harvest of  
scandals and revelations overwhelming to
 ,catholics1 and  he knew that his cause
 was safe4    ,he accordingly published 
a defence1 bearing the following        
title3--,letter of the ,sieur ,aymon1   
,minister of the ,holy ,gospel1 to  ,m4 
,n41 ,professor of ,theology1 to inform 
people of honour and savants  of the    
extraordinary frauds of certain         
,papistical doctors and of  the vast    
efforts they are now making1 along with 
some perverted  ,protestants1 who are   
striving together to ruin1 by their     
impostures1  the ,sieur ,aymon1 and to  
deprive him of several ,,mss41 c4--,la  
,haye1  dated #agjg4 ,aymon in his      
pamphlet took high moral ground4 ,he was
  not pleading his own cause4           
,persecuted1 hunted down by ,papists1 by
  enemies of the ,republic and of the   

religion of ,christ1 he scorned  their  
calumnies and despised their rage4 ,he  
would bow under the  storm1 he would    
endure the persecution cheerfully--for  
,blessed  are those that are persecuted 
for righteousness' sake2 but higher     
interests were at stake than his own    
fair fame4 ,for himself he cared        
little2 for the ,protestant faith he    
cared everything4 ,if the ,papists      
obtained their suit1 they would wrest   
from his grasp documents most           
compromising to themselves4 ,they would 
leave no stone unturned to  secure      
them--they dare not leave them in the   
hands of a ,protestant  pastor4 ,their  
story of the ,acts of the ,council of   
,jerusalem was  false4 ,they said that  
it had been obtained by ,olier de       
,nanteuil1  ,ambassador of ,france at   
,constantinople1 in #afgb1 and had been 
transmitted to ,paris1 where ,arnauld   
had seen and made use of it in          
preparing his great work on the         
,perpetuity of the ,faith4 ,they        

further said that the ,bibliothque du   
,roi had obtained it in #afif4  ,on the 
other hand1 ,aymon asserted that        
,arnauld had falsified the  text in his 
treatise on the ,perpetuity of the      
,faith1 and that1  not daring to let his
 fraud appear1 he had never given the   
,,ms4 to  the ,royal ,library1 but had  
committed it to a ,benedictine monk of  
,s4  ,maur1 who had assisted him in     
falsifying it and making an incorrect   
translation4 ,this monk would never have
 surrendered the ,,ms4 but  that        
conscience had given him no rest till he
 had transmitted it to  one who would   
know how to use it aright4 ,he1 ,aymon1 
had solemnly  promised never to divulge 
the name of this monk1 and even though  
he  and the ,protestant cause were to   
suffer for it1 that promise should  be  
held sacred4 ,he challenged the library 
of the ,king to prove its  claim to the 
,council of ,jerusalem6 ,all books in   
the ,bibliothque  du ,roi have the seal 
of the library on them4 ,this volume had

 three  seals--that of the ,sultan1 that
 of the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1 and   
that of ,olier de ,nanteuil2 but he     
defied any one to see the library  mark 
on its cover1 or on any of its sheets4  
,aymon wound up his  audacious pamphlet 
by prophesying that the ,papists of     
,france would  not be satisfied with    
this claim1 but would advance many      
others1 for  they knew that in his hands
 were documents of the utmost importance
  to them to conceal4 ,aymon was too    
clever for ,clement3 he had mixed  up   
truth with fiction in such a way that   
the points which ,clement  had to admit 
tended to make even those who were not  
bigoted hesitate  about condemning      
,aymon4    ,clement replied to this     
letter by stating the whole story of    
,aymon's  deception of the ,cardinal de 
,noailles and others4 ,with regard to   
the ,council of ,jerusalem1 it was false
 that it had ever been  in a            
,benedicient monastery4 ,it is true1 he 
said1 that in the  ,monastery of ,s4    

,germain-des-,prs there are documents   
relating to  the controversies between  
the ,catholics and ,greek schismatics1  
but  they are all in ,french4 ,he       
produced an attestation1 signed by  the 
prior1 to the effect that the ,,ms4 in  
question had never been  within the     
walls of his monastery4 ,clement was    
obliged to allow  that a ,benedictine   
monk had been employed by ,arnauld to   
translate  the text of the ,council2 he 
even found him out1 his name was ,michel
  ,foucqure2 he was still alive1 and the
 librarian made him affirm  in writing  
that he had restored the volume1 on the 
completion of  his translation1 to ,dom 
,luc d',achery4 ,clement sent a copy of 
the  register in the library1 which     
related how and when the volume had     
come into the possession of the ,king4  
,it was true that it bore no  library   
seal1 but that was through an oversight4
    ,aymon wrote a second pamphlet1     
exposing ,clement more completely1      
pointing out the concessions he was     

obliged to make1 and finally1  in       
indignant terms1 hurling back on him the
 base assertion made to  injure him in  
the eyes of an enlightened ,protestant  
public1 that he  had ever treated with  
the government or clergy of ,paris      
relative to  a secession to the ranks of
 ,popery4 ,but that he had been to      
,paris2  that he had met the ,cardinal  
,archbishop1 he admitted2 but on what   
ground8 ,he had met him and twenty-four 
prelates besides1 gathered in  solemn   
conclave1 and had lifted up his voice in
 testimony against  them2 had disputed  
with them1 and1 with the ,word of ,god  
in his  mouth1 had put them all to      
silence6 ,no idea of his ever leaving   
the reformed faith had ever entered his 
head4 ,no6 he had been on a  mission to 
the ,papists of ,france1 to open their  
eyes and to convert  them4    ,the news 
of the robbery had1 however1 reached the
 ears of the ,king1  ,louis ,,xiv41 and 
he instructed ,m4 de ,torcy to demand on
 the part of  ,government the           

restitution of the stolen ,,mss4 ,m4 de 
,torcy first  wrote to a ,m4 ,hennequin 
at ,rotterdam1 who replied that ,aymon  
had  justified himself before the       
,council of ,state from the imputations 
cast upon him4 ,he had been             
interrogated1 not upon the theft        
committed in ,paris1 but on his journey 
to ,france4 ,aymon had proved  that this
 expedition had been undertaken with    
excellent intentions1  and had been     
attended with supreme success1 since he 
had returned  laden with manuscripts the
 publication of which would cause the   
greatest confusion in the ,catholic     
camp4 ,hennequin added1 that after      
having been deprived of his stipend1 as 
suspected1 on it having been            
ascertained that he had visited ,paris  
instead of ,constantinople1  ,aymon1    
having cleared his character1 had       
recovered it4 ,such was the  first      
result of the intervention of ,louis    
,,xiv4 in this affair4    ,the stamp of 
the ,royal ,library is on all the       

,,mss41 except the  ',council of        
,jerusalem1' said ,clement4 ,let the    
judges insist on  examining the books in
 the possession of ,aymon1 and all doubt
 as to  the theft will be removed4      
,but this the judges refused to do4     
,it was pretended that ,aymon was       
persecuted2 it was the duty of the      
,netherland ,government to protect a    
subject from persecution4 ,he had  made 
discovries1 and the ,catholics dreaded  
the publication of his  discoveries1    
therefore a deep plot had been laid to  
ruin him4    ,aymon had now formed      
around him a powerful party1 and the    
,calvinist  preachers took his side     
unanimously4 ,it was enough to read the 
titles of the books stolen to be certain
 that they contained curious  details on
 the affairs which agitated ,catholics  
and ,protestants from  the sixteenth    
century4    ,all that the ,dutch        
authorities cared for now was to find   
some excuse  for retaining these        
important papers1 and the inquiry was   

mainly  directed to the proceedings of  
,aymon in ,france4 ,if1 as it was said1 
he had gone thither to abjure ,calvinism
 and betray his brethren1 he  deserved  
reprimand1 but if1 on the other hand1 he
 had penetrated the  camp of the enemy  
to defy it1 and to witness a good       
confession in  the heart of the foe1 he 
deserved a crown4 ,clement1 to display  
,aymon  in his true colours1 acting on  
the advice of the ,minister1 sent       
copies of ,aymon's letters4 ,it was not 
thought that the good faith  of the     
,french administration would be doubted4
 ,aymon swore that the  letters were not
 his own1 but that they had been        
fabricated by the  ,government2 and he  
offered to stake his head on the truth  
of what he  said4 ,at the same time he  
dared ,de ,torcy to produce the         
originals4    ,he had guessed aright3 he
 knew exactly how far he could go4 ,the 
,dutch court actually questioned the    
good faith of these copies1 and         
demanded the originals4 ,this1 as ,aymon

 had expected1 was taken by ,de  ,torcy 
as an insult1 and all further           
communication on the subject  was       
abruptly stopped4 ,it was a clever move 
of ,aymon4 ,he inverted by  one bold    
stroke the relative positions of himself
 and his accuser3  the judges at the    
,hague required ,m4 de ,torcy to        
re-establish his own  honour before     
proceeding with the question of ,aymon's
 culpability4  ,in short1 they supposed 
that one of the ,ministers of the       
,crown1 for  the sake of ruining a      
,protestant refugee1 had deliberately   
committed  forgery4    ,the matter was  
dropped4 ,after a while ,aymon published
 translations  of some of the ,,mss4 in 
his possession1 and those who had       
expected  great results were            
disappointed4 ,in the meantime poor     
,clement died1  heart-broken at the     
losses of the library committed to his  
care4    ,at last the ,dutch            
,government1 after the publication of   
,aymon's book1  and after renewed       

negotiation1 restored the ,council of   
,jerusalem  to the ,bibliothque du ,roi4
 ,it still bears traces of the          
mutilations  and additions of ,aymon4   
,in #agaj1 the imposter published the   
letters of ,prospero ,s4 ,croce1  which 
he said he had copied in the ,vatican1  
but which he had in fact  stolen from   
the ,royal ,library4 ,in #agaf he       
published other stolen  papers4 ,clement
 was succeeded by the ,abb de ,targny1  
who made vain  attempts to recover the  
lost treasures4 ,the ,abb ,bignon       
succeeded  ,de ,targny1 and he          
discovered fresh losses4 ,aymon had     
stolen ,arabic  books as well as ,greek 
and ,italian ,,mss4 ,there was no chance
 of  recovering the lost works through  
the courts of law1 and ,bignon          
contented himself with writing to       
,holland1 ,england1 and ,germany to     
inquire whether any of the ,,mss4 had   
been bought there4    ,the ,baron von   
,stocks wrote to say that he had        
purchased some leaves  of the ,epistles 

of ,s4 ,paul1 some pages of the ,s4     
,denis ,bible1 and an  ,arabic volume   
from ,aymon for a hundred florins1 and  
that he would  return them to the       
library for that sum4 ,they were        
recovered in  ,march1 #agbj4    ,about  
the same time ,mr4 ,bentley1 librarian  
to the ,king of ,england1  announced    
that some more of the pages from the    
,epistles of ,s4 ,paul  were in ,lord   
,harley's library2 and that the ,duke of
 ,sunderland had  purchased various     
,,mss4 at the ,hague from ,aymon4 ,in   
giving this  information to the ,abb    
,bignon1 ,mr4 ,bentley entreated him not
 to  mention the source of his          
information4 ,m4 de ,boz thereupon      
resolved  to visit ,england and         
endeavour to recover the ,,mss4 ,but he 
was  detained by various causes4    ,in 
#agbi1 ,earl ,middleton offered1 on the 
part of ,lord ,harley1 to  return the   
thirty-four leaves of the ,epistles in  
his possession1  asking only in return  
an acknowledgment sealed with the grand 

seal4  ,cardinal ,fleury1 finding that  
the ,royal signature could hardly be    
employed for such a purpose1 wrote in   
the ,king's name a letter to  the ,earl 
of ,oxford of a flattering nature1 and  
the lost ,,mss4 were  restored in       
,september1 #agbi4    ,those in the     
,sunderland collection have not1 ,i     
believe1 been  returned4    ,and what   
became of ,aymon8 ,in #agah he inhabited
 the ,chateau of  ,riswyck4 ,thence he  
sent to the brothers ,wetstein1         
publishers at  ,amsterdam1 the proofs of
 his edition of the letters of          
,visconti4  ,it appeared in #agai in two
 #abmo volumes1 under the title         
,lettres1  ,anecdotes1 et ,mmoires      
historiques du nonce ,visconti1         
,cardinel  ,prconis et ,ministre ,secret
 de ,pie ,,iv4 et de ses cratures4 ,the 
date of his death is not known4         
,authority3 ,haurau1 ,j4 ,singularits   
,historiques et ,litraires4             
,paris1 #ahha4          ,the ,patarines 
of ,milan4      ,i4    ,in the eleventh 

century1 nearly all the clergy in the   
north of ,italy  were married4#g ,it was
 the same in ,sicily1 and it had been   
the same  in ,rome1#h but there the     
authority and presence of the ,popes had
  sufficed to convert open marriage into
 secret concubinage4      #g ,cuncti    
fere cum publicis uxoribus 444 ducebant 
vitam4 ,et    ipsi1 ut cernitur1 sicut  
laici1 palam uxores ducunt4--,andr4     
,strum4 ,vit4 ,arialdi4 ,quis clericorum
 non esset uxoratus vel                 
concubinarius8--,andr4 ,strum4 ,vit4 ,s4
 ,joan4 ,gualberti4      #h ,coeperunt  
ipsi presbyteri et diacones laicorum    
more uxores    ducere suscepsosque      
filios hredes relinquere4 ,nonnulli     
etiam    episcoporum verecund  omni     
contempt1 cum uxoribus domo simul in    
un habitare4--,victor ,papa in ,dialog4 
,but concubinage did not in those times 
mean exactly what it means  now4 ,a     
concubina was an uxor in an inferior    
degree2 the woman  was married in both  
cases with the ring and religious rite1 

but the  children of the concubine could
 not inherit legally the possessions  of
 their father4 ,when priests were       
without wives1 concubines were          
tolerated wives without the legal status
 of wives1 lest on the death  of the    
priest his children should claim and    
alienate to their own  use property     
belonging to the ,church4 ,in noble and 
royal families  it was sometimes the    
same1 lest estates should be            
dismembered4 ,on  the death of a wife1  
her place was occupied by a concubine1  
and  the sons of the latter could not   
dispute inheritance with the sons  of   
the former4 ,nor did the ,church look   
sternly on the concubine4  ,in the first
 ,toledian ,council a canon was passed  
with regard to  communicating those who 
had one wife or one concubine2--such    
were  not to be excluded from the       
,lord's ,table1#i so long only as each  
man had but one wife or concubine1 and  
the union was perpetual4      #i ,qui   
unius mulieris1 aut uxoris1 aut concubin

 7ut ei    placuerit7 sit conjunctione  
contentus4--#ast ,conc4 of ,toledo1     
can4 #ag4 ,h quippe1 licet nec uxoribus1
 nec ,reginarum decore    et privilegiis
 gaudebant1 erant tamen ver uxores1 say 
the    ,bollandist ,fathers1 and add1   
that it is a vulgar error ,concubin     
appellationem solis iis tribuere1 qu    
corporis sui usum uni viro    commodant1
 nullo interim legitimo nexu            
devinct4--,acta ,,ss41 ,jun4    ,t4 ,l4 
p4 #agh4    ,but1 though concubinage was
 universal among the clergy in ,italy1  
at  ,milan the priests openly1 boldly   
claimed for their wives a position  as  
honourable as could be accorded them2   
and they asserted without  fear of      
contradiction that their privilege had  
received the sanction  of the great     
,ambrose himself4 ,married bishops had  
been common1 and  saintly married       
prelates not unknown4 ,st4 ,severus of  
,ravenna had a  wife and daughter1 and  
though the late biographer asserts that 
he  lived with his wife as with a sister

 after he became a bishop1 this         
statement is probably made to get over  
an awkward fact4#aj ,when he  was about 
to die1 he went to the tomb where his   
wife and daughter  lay1 and had the     
stone removed4 ,then he addressed them  
thus--,my  dear ones1 with whom ,i lived
 so long in love1 make room for me1 for 
this is my grave1 and in death we shall 
not be divided4 ,thereupon  he descended
 into the grave1 laid himself between   
his wife and  daughter1 and died4 ,st4  
,heribert1 ,archbishop of ,milan1 had   
been a  married man with a wife esteemed
 for her virtues4#aa      #aj ,it is the
 same with ,st4 ,gregory1 ,nyssen1      
,baronius1 ,alban1    ,butler1 and other
 modern ,hagiographers make this        
assertion    boldly1 but there is not a 
shadow of evidence1 in any ancient      
authorities for his life1 that this was 
the case4      #aa ,hic ,archiepiscopus 
habuit uxorem nobilem mulierem2 qu      
donavit dotem suam monasterii ,s4       
,dionysii1 qu usque hodie ,uxoria       

dicitur4--,calvaneus ,fiamma1 sub ann4  
#ajdj4    ,by all accounts1 friendly and
 hostile1 the ,lombard priests were     
married openly1 legally1 with religious 
rite1 exchange of ring1 and  notarial   
deed4 ,there was no shame felt1 no      
supposition entertained  that such was  
an offence4#ab      #ab ,nec vos        
terreat1 writes ,st4 ,peter ,damiani to 
the wives of    the clergy quod forte1  
non dicam fidei1 sed perfidi vos annulus
    subarrhavit2 quod rata et monimenta 
dotalia notarius quasi    matrimonii    
jure conscripserit3 quod juramentum ad  
confirmandam    quodammodo conjugii     
copulam utrinque processit4 ,ignorantes 
quia    pro uniuscujusque fugaci        
voluptate concubitus mlle annorum       
negotiantur incendium4    ,how was this 
inveterate custom to be broken through8 
,how the open1  honest marriage to be   
perverted into clandestine union8 ,for  
to  abolish it wholly was beyond the    
power of the ,popes and ,councils4 ,it  
was in vain to appeal to the bishops1   

they sympathised with their  clergy4 ,it
 was in vain to invoke the secular arm2 
the emperors1  the podestas1 supported  
the parish-priests in their contumacious
  adherence to immemorial privilege4    
,to carry through the reform on which   
they were bent1 to utterly  abolish the 
marriage of the clergy1 the appeal must 
be made to the  people4    ,in ,milan   
this was practicable1 for the laity1 at 
least the lower  rabble1 were deeply    
tinged with ,patarinism1 and bore a     
grudge  against the clergy1 who had been
 foremost in bringing the luckless      
heretics to the rack and the flames2 and
 one of the most cherished  doctrines of
 the ,patarines was the unlawfulness of 
marriage4 ,what  if this anti-connubial 
prejudice could be enlisted by the      
strict  reformers of the ,church1 and   
turned to expend its fury on the clergy 
who refused to listen to the            
expostulations of the ,holy ,father8    
,the ,patarines1 whom the ,popes were   
about to enlist in their cause  against 

the ,ambrosian clergy1 already swarmed  
in ,italy4 ,of their  origin and tenets 
we must say a word4    ,it is a curious 
fact that1 instead of ,paganism         
affecting  ,christianity in the earliest
 ages of the ,church1 it was            
,christianity  which affected ,paganism1
 and that not the ,greek and ,roman     
idolatry1  which was rotten through and 
through1 but the far subtler and more   
mystical heathenism of ,syria1 ,egypt1  
,persia1 and ,mesopotamia4  ,the        
numerous ,gnostic sects1 so called from 
their claim to be the  possessors of the
 true gnosis1 or knowledge of wisdom1   
were not1  save in the rarest cases1 of 
,christian origin4 ,they were ,pagan    
philosophical schools which had adopted 
and incorporated various  ,christian    
ideas4 ,they worked up ,biblical names  
and notions into the  strange new creeds
 they devised1 and1 according as they   
blended  more or less of ,christian     
teaching with their own1 they drew to   
themselves disciples of various tempers4

 ,manes1 who flourished in  the middle  
of the third century1 a temporary and   
nominal convert  to the ,gospel1 blended
 some of these elder ,gnostic systems   
with  the ,persian doctrines of         
,zoroaster1 added to a somewhat larger  
element of ,christianity than his       
predecessors had chosen to adopt4  ,his 
doctrines spread and gained an extensive
 and lasting hold on  the minds of men1 
suppressed repeatedly1 but never        
disappearing  wholly1 adopting fresh    
names1 emerging in new countries1       
exhibiting  an irrepressible vitality1  
which confounded the ,popes and         
,churchmen  from the third to the tenth 
centuries4    ,the tradition of ,western
 ,manicheism breaks off about the sixth 
century2 but in the ,east1 under the    
name of ,paulicians1 the  adherents of  
,manichean doctrines endured savage     
persecutions during  two whole          
centuries1 and spread1 as they fled from
 the sword and  stake in the ,east1 over
 ,europe1 entering it in two            

streams--one by  ,bulgaria1 ,servia1 and
 ,croatia1 to break out in the wild     
fanaticism  of the ,taborites under     
,zisca of the ,flail2 the other1 by way 
of the  sea1 inundating northern ,italy 
and ,provence4 ,in ,piedmont it obtained
  the name of ,patarinism2 in ,provence1
 of ,albigensianism4    ,with ,oriental 
,manicheism1 the ,patarines and         
,albigenses of the ,west  held that     
there were two co-equal conflicting     
principles of good and  evil2 that      
matter was eternal1 and waged           
everlasting war against  spirit4 ,their 
moral life was strict and severe4 ,they 
fasted1 dressed  in coarse clothing1 and
 hardly1 reluctantly suffered marriage  
to the  weaker1 inferior disciples4 ,it 
was absolutely forbidden to those  who  
were1 or esteemed themselves to be1     
perfect4    ,already1 in ,milan1 ,st    
,heribert1 the married archbishop1 had  
kindled  fires1 and cast these          
denouncers of wedlock into them4 ,in    
#ajca the  heretics held the castle of  

,montforte1 in the diocese of ,asti4    
,they  were questioned3 they declared   
themselves ready to witness to their    
faith by their blood4 ,they esteemed    
virginity1 and lived in chastity  with  
their wives1 never touched meat1 and    
prayed incessantly4 ,they  had their    
goods in common4 ,their castle stood a  
siege4 ,it was at  length captured by   
the ,archbishop4 ,in the market-place   
were raised  a cross on one side1 a     
blazing pyre on the other4 ,the         
,patarines  were brought forth1         
commanded to cast themselves before the 
cross1  confess themselves to be        
heretics1 or plunge into the flames4 ,a 
few  knelt to the cross2 the greater    
number covered their faces1 rushed  into
 the fire1 and were consumed4#ac        
#ac ,landulf ,sen4 ii4 c4 #bg4    ,st4  
,augustine1 in his book on ,heresies1   
had already described these  heretics4  
,he1 who had been involved in the       
fascinating wiles of  ,manicheism1 could
 not be ignorant of them4 ,he calls them

 ,paternians1  or ,venustians1 and says 
that they regarded the flesh as the work
 of  the devil--that is1 of the evil    
principle1 because made of matter4      
,in the eleventh century1 in ,lombardy1 
they are called ,patarines1  ,patrins1  
or ,cathari4 ,muratori says that they   
derived their name  from the part of the
 town of ,milan in which they swarmed1  
near the  ,contrada di ,patari2 but it  
is more probable that the quarter was   
called after them4    ,in #ajgd ,gregory
 ,,vii4 in solemn conclave will bless   
them altogether1  by name1 as the       
champions of the ,holy ,see1 and of the 
,truth2 in  #aagi ,alexander ,,iii4 will
 anathematise them altogether1 as       
heretics  meet to be burned4 ,frederick 
,,ii41 when seeking reconciliation with 
,honorius ,,iii4 and ,gregory ,,ix41    
will be never weary of offering         
hecatombs of ,patarines1 in token of his
 orthodoxy4    ,ariald1 a native of     
,cuzago1 a village near ,milan1 of      
ignoble birth1  in deacon's orders1 was 

chosen for the dangerous expedient of   
enlisting the ,patarine heretics against
 the orthodox but relaxed  clergy of    
that city4 ,milan1 said a proverb1 was  
famous for its  clergy2 ,ravenna for its
 churches4 ,in morals1 in learning1 in  
exact  observance of their religious    
duties1 the clergy of ,milan were       
prominent among the priests of          
,lombardy4 ,but they were all married4  
,the ,popes could expect no support from
 the ,archbishop1 ,guido  ,vavasour2    
none from the ,emperor ,henry ,,iv41    
then a child4 ,ariald  was a woman-hater
 from infancy1 deeply tinged with       
,patarinism4 ,we  are told that even as 
a little boy the sight of his sisters   
was  odious to him4#ad ,he began to     
preach in ,milan in #ajeg1 and the      
populace was at once set on fire#ae by  
his sermons4 ,they applauded            
vociferously his declaration that the   
married clergy were no longer  to be    
treated as priests1 but as the enemies  
of ,god1 and the  deceivers of souls4   

#ad ,for authorities we have ,andrew of 
,vallombrosa1 d4 ,a4,d4    #aagj1 a     
disciple of ,ariald4 ,he was a native of
 ,parma4 ,he    afterwards went to      
,florence1 where he was mixed up with   
the riots    occasioned by ,st4 ,john   
,gualberto in #ajfc4 ,he joined the     
,order of    ,vallombrosa1 and became   
,abbot of ,strumi4 ,at least1 ,i judge1 
and    so do the ,bollandists1 that     
,andrew of ,vallombrosa and ,andrew of  
,strumi are the same4      #ae ,plebs   
fere universa sic est accensa4    ,then 
up rose from among the mob a clerk named
 ,landulf1 a man of  loud voice and     
vehement gesture1 and offered to join   
,ariald in his  crusade4 ,the crowd1 or1
 at least1 a part of it1                
enthusiastically  cheered2 another part 
of the audience1 disapproving1 deeming  
it an  explosion of long-suppressed     
,manicheism1 which would meet with stern
  repression1 thought it prudent to     
withdraw4    ,a layman of fortune1 named
 ,nazarius1 offered his substance to    

advance the cause1 and his house as a   
harbour for its apostles4    ,the sermon
 was followed by a tumult4 ,the whole   
city was in an  uproar1 and the married 
clergy were threatened or maltreated by 
the mob4 ,guido ,vavasour de ,velati1   
the ,archbishop1 was obliged  to        
interfere4 ,he summoned ,ariald and     
,landulf before him1 and  remonstrated4 
,it is unseemly for a priest to denounce
 priests4 ,it  is impolitic for him to  
stir up tumult against his brethren4    
,let  not brothers condemn brothers1 for
 whose salvation ,christ died4  ,then   
turning to ,landulf1 ,why do not you    
return to your own wife and  children   
whom you have deserted1 and live with   
them as heretofore1  and set an example 
of peace and order8 ,cast the beam out  
of thine  own eye1 before thou pluckest 
motes out of the eyes of thy brethren4  
,if they have done wrong1 reprove them  
privately1 but do not storm  against    
them before all the people4 ,he         
concluded by affirming the  lawfulness  

of priests marrying1 and insisted on the
 cessation of  the contest4#af ,ariald  
obstinately refused to desist4 ,private 
expostulation is in vain4 ,as for       
obstinate disorders you apply fire  and 
steel1 so for this abuse we must have   
recourse to desperate  remedies4        
#af ,hc cum ,guido placide dixisset2 eo 
finem orationis dixerit1    ut          
sacerdotibus fas esset dicere uxores    
ducere4--,alicatus1    ,vit4 ,arialdi4  
,he left the ,archbishop to renew his   
appeals to the people4 ,but  dreading   
lest ,guido should use force to restrain
 him1 ,ariald invoked  the support of   
,anselm de ,badagio1 ,bishop of ,lucca1 
and received  promise of his countenance
 and advocacy at ,rome4    ,guido       
,vavasour had succeeded the married     
,archbishop ,heribert in  #ajdj4 ,his   
election had not satisfied the people1  
who had chosen1  and proposed for       
consecration1 four priests1 one of whom 
the nobles  were expected to select4    
,but the nobles rejected the popular    

candidates1 and set up in their place   
,guido ,vavasour1 and his  nomination   
was ratified by the ,emperor and by the 
,pope4 ,he was  afterwards1 as we shall 
see1 charged with having bribed ,henry  
,,iii4  to give him the ,see1 but was   
acquitted of the charge1 which was      
denounced as unfounded by ,leo ,,ix4 in 
#ajei4 ,the people1 in token  of their  
resentment1 refused to be present at the
 first mass he  sang4 ,he is a country  
bumpkin1 said they4 ,faugh6 he smells of
  the cow-house4#ag ,consequently there 
was simmering discontent  against the   
,archbishop for ,ariald to work upon2 he
 could unite the  lower people1 whose   
wishes had been disregarded by the      
nobles1 with  the ,patarines1 who had   
been haled before ecclesiastical courts 
for  their heresy1 in one common        
insurrection against the clergy and the 
pontiff4      #ag ,arnulf41 ,gesta      
,archiepisc4 ,mediol4 ap4 ,pertz1 x4 p4 
#ag4    ,according to ,landulf the      
elder1 a strong partisan of the         

,archbishop1  another element of        
discontent was united to those above    
enumerated4  ,the clergy of ,milan had  
oppressed the country people4 ,the      
,church had  estates outside of ,milan1 
vine and olive yards and corn-fields4   
,the  clergy had been harsh in exacting 
feudal rights and legal dues4           
,ariald1 as a native of a country       
village1 knew the temper of the         
peasants1 and their readiness to resent 
these extortions4 ,ariald  worked upon  
the country-folk2 ,landulf1 rich and    
noble1 and eloquent  in speech1 on the  
town rabble2 and the two mobs united    
against the  common enemy4    ,anselm de
 ,badagio1 priest and popular preacher  
at ,milan1 had been  mixed up with      
,landulf and ,ariald in the controversy 
relative to  clerical marriage2 but to  
stop his mouth the ,archbishop had given
  him the bishopric of ,lucca1 in #ajeg1
 and had supplied his place  as preacher
 at ,milan by seven deacons4 ,landulf   
the elder relates  that these deacons   

preached with such success that ,anselm1
 in a  fit of jealousy1 returned to     
,milan to listen to their sermons1 and  
scornfully exclaimed1 ,they may become  
preachers1 but they must  first put away
 their wives4    ,according to the same 
authority1 ,ariald bore a grudge against
 the  ,archbishop for having had        
occasion to rebuke him on account of    
some  irregularity of which he had been 
guilty4 ,but ,landulf the elder is  not 
to be trusted implicitly2 he is as      
bigoted on one side as is  ,andrew of   
,strumi on the other4    ,in the        
meantime the priests and their wives    
were exposed to every  sort of violence1
 and a great horror fell on the         
,ambrosian clergy4  ,the poor women were
 torn from their husbands1 and driven   
from the  city2 the priests who refused 
to be separated from their companions   
were interdicted from the altar4#ah     
#ah ,sic ab eodem populo sunt persecuta 
et deleta 7clericorum    connubia7 ut   
nullus existeret quin aut cogeretur     

tantum nefas    dimittere1 vel ad altare
 non accedere4--,andr4 ,strum4          
,landulf was sent to ,rome to report    
progress1 and obtain confirmation  of   
the proceedings of the party from the   
,pope4 ,he reached ,piacenza1  but was  
unable to proceed farther2 he was       
knocked down1 and finding  the way      
barred by the enemies of his party1     
returned to ,milan4  ,ariald then       
started1 and eluding his adversaries1   
arrived safely at  ,rome4 ,he presented 
himself before ,pope ,stephen ,x41 who  
was under the  influence of ,hildebrand1
 and1 therefore1 disposed to receive him
  with favour4 ,stephen bade him return 
to ,milan1 prosecute the holy  war1 and1
 if need be1 shed his blood in the      
sacred cause4    ,the appeal to ,rome   
was necessary1 as the ,archbishop and a 
large  party of the citizens1 together  
with all the clergy1 had denounced      
,ariald and ,landulf as ,patarines4 ,the
 fact was notorious that the  secret and
 suspected ,manichees in ,milan were now

 holding up their  heads and defying    
those who had hitherto controlled them4 
,the  ,manichees suddenly found that    
from proscribed heretics they had  been 
exalted into champions of orthodoxy4 ,it
 was a satisfactory  change for those   
who had been persecuted to become       
persecutors1 and  turn their former     
tyrants into victims4 ,but now1 to the  
confusion  and dismay of the clergy1    
they found themselves betrayed by the   
,pope1 and at the mercy of those who had
 old wrongs to resent4  ,fortified with 
the blessing of the ,pope on his work1  
his orthodoxy  triumphantly established 
by the supreme authority1 ,ariald rushed
  back to ,milan1 accompanied by papal  
legates to protect him1  and proclaim   
his mission as divine4 ,he was          
unmeasured in his  denunciations4       
,dissension fast ripened into civil war4
 ,ariald1 at  the head of a roaring mob1
 swept the clergy together into a       
church1  and producing a paper which    
bound all of them by oath to put away   

their wives1 endeavoured to enforce     
their subscription4    ,a priest1       
maddened to resentment1 struck the      
demagogue in the mouth4  ,this was the  
signal for a general tumult4 ,the       
adherents of ,ariald  rushed through the
 streets1 the alarm bells pealed1 the   
populace  gathered from all quarters1   
and a general hunting down of the       
married clergy ensued4    ,how can the  
blind lead the blind8 preached ,landulf 
,cotta4 ,let  these ,simoniacs1 these   
,nicolaitans be despised4 ,you who wish 
to have  salvation from the ,lord1 drive
 them from their functions2 esteem      
their sacrifices as dogs' dung 7canina  
stercora76 ,confiscate their  goods1 and
 every one of you take what he likes6#ai
 ,we can imagine  the results of such   
license given to the lowest rabble4 ,the
 nobles1  over-awed1 dared not          
interfere4      #ai ,arnulf41 ,gesta    
,ep4 ,mediol4 ap4 ,pertz1 x4 p4 #ah4 ,it
 is    necessary not to confound        
,landulf ,cotta1 the demagogue1 with    

,landulf the elder1 the historian1 and  
,landulf the younger1 the    disciple   
and biographer of ,ariald4    ,nor were 
the clergy of the city alone exposed to 
this popular  persecution4 ,the         
preachers roved round the country1      
creating riots  everywhere4 ,this led to
 retaliation1 but retaliation of a      
feeble1  harmless sort4 ,a chapel built 
by ,ariald on his paternal estate was   
pulled down2 and the married clergy     
resentfully talked of barking  his      
chestnut trees and breaking down his    
vines1 but thought better  of it1 and   
refrained4    ,a more serious attempt at
 revenge was the act of a private       
individual4 ,landulf ,cotta was praying 
in a church1 when a priest  aimed at him
 with a sword1 but without seriously    
hurting him4 ,a  cripple at the church  
door caught the flying would-be         
assassin2 a  crowd assembled1 and       
,landulf with difficulty extricated the 
priest  alive from their hands4         
,ariald and ,cotta now began to denounce

 those who had bought their  cures of   
souls1 or had paid fees on their        
institution to them4 ,they  stimulated  
the people to put down simony1 as they  
had put down  concubinage4 ,cursed is he
 that withholdeth his hand from blood6  
was the fiery peroration of a sermon on 
this subject by ,ariald4    ,landulf    
,cotta1 says ,arnulf1 being master of   
the lay folk1 made  them swear to combat
 both simony and concubinage4 ,presently
 he  forced this oath on the clergy4    
,from this time forward he was          
constantly followed by a crowd of men   
and women1 who watched around  him night
 and day4 ,he despised the churches1 and
 rejected priests  as well as their     
functions1 under pretext that they were 
defiled  with simony4 ,they were called 
,patari1 that is to say1 beggars1       
because the greater part of them        
belonged to the lowest orders4#bj       
#bj ,ap4 ,pertz1 l4c41 pp4 #ai1 #bj4    
,what shall we do8 asked a large party  
at ,milan4 ,this ,ariald  tells us that 

if we receive the ,holy ,sacrament from 
married or  simoniacal priests1 we eat  
our own damnation4 ,we cannot live      
without  sacraments1 and he has driven  
all the priests out of ,milan4    ,the  
parties were so divided1 that those who 
held with ,ariald would  not receive    
sacraments from the priests1 the        
heavenly gift on their  altars they     
esteemed as dogs' dung2 they would not  
even join with  them1 or those who      
adhered to them1 in prayer4 ,one house  
was all  faithful1 says ,andrew of      
,strumi2 the next all unfaithful4 ,in   
the  third1 the mother and one son were 
believing1 but the father and the  other
 son were unbelieving2 so that the whole
 city was a scene of  confusion and     
contention4    ,in #ajeh ,guido         
assembled a synod at ,fontanetum near   
,novara1  and summoned ,ariald and      
,landulf ,cotta to attend it4 ,the synod
  awaited their arrival for three days1 
and as they did not come1               
excommunicated them as contumacious4    

,landulf the younger1 the biographer of 
,ariald1 says that ,pope  ,stephen ,x4  
reversed the sentence of the synod2 but 
this account  does not agree with what  
is related by ,arnulf4 ,landulf the     
elder  confounds the dates1 and places  
the synod in the reign of ,alexander    
,,ii41 and says that the ,pope adopted a
 middle course1 and sent  ambassadors to
 ,milan to investigate the matter4      
,bonizo of ,sutri says  the same4 ,all  
agree that ,hildebrand was one of these 
commissioners4  ,hildebrand was         
therefore able to judge on the spot of  
the results  of an appeal to the        
passions of the people4 ,it is the      
severest  condemnation to his conduct in
 #ajgc1 to know for certain that he had 
seen the working of the power he        
afterwards called out4 ,he then saw  how
 great was that power2 he must have been
 cruelly1 recklessly1  wickedly         
indifferent to the crimes which         
accompanied its invocation4  ,landulf   
the elder says that the second          

commissary was ,anselm of  ,lucca1      
whilst ,bonizo speaks indifferently of  
the bishops a  latere as constituting   
the deputation4 ,guido was not in ,milan
 when  it arrived1 he did not dare to   
venture his person in the midst of  the 
people4 ,the ambassadors were received  
with the utmost respect2  they took on  
themselves to brand the ,archbishop as a
 simoniac and a  schismatic1 and1       
according to ,landulf1 to do many other 
things which  they were not authorised  
by the ,pope to do2 so that the         
dissension1  so far from being allayed  
by their visit1 only waxed more furious4
    ,at the end of the year #ajeh1 or   
the beginning of #ajei1 the ,pope  sent 
,peter ,damiani1 the harsh ,bishop of   
,ostia1 and ,anselm1 ,bishop  of ,lucca1
 on a new embassy to ,milan4#ba ,they   
were received with  respect by the      
,archbishop and clergy2 but the pride of
 the ,milanese  of all ranks was wounded
 by seeing the ,bishop of ,ostia        
enthroned in  the middle1 with ,anselm  

of ,lucca1 the suffragan of ,milan1 upon
 his  right1 and their ,archbishop      
degraded to the left of the ,legate1 and
  seated on a stool at his feet4 ,milan 
assembled at the ringing of the  bells  
in all the churches1 and the summons of 
an enormous brazen  trumpet which       
shrieked through the streets4 ,the      
fickle people asked  if the ,church of  
,st4 ,ambrose was to be trodden under   
the foot of the  ,roman ,pontiff4 ,i was
 threatened with death1 wrote ,peter    
,damiani to  ,hildebrand1 and many      
assured me that there were persons      
panting for  my blood4 ,it is not       
necessary for me to repeat all the      
remarks the  people made on this        
occasion4      #ba ,we have a full      
account of this embassy in a letter of  
,st4    ,peter ,damiani to the          
,archdeacon ,hildebrand 7,petri ,dam4   
,opp4    iii2 ,opusc4 v4 p4 #cg71       
besides the accounts by ,bonizo1        
,arnulf1    and ,landulf the elder4     
,but ,peter ,damiani was not the man to 

be daunted at a popular  outbreak4 ,he  
placidly mounted the ambone1 and        
asserted boldly the  supreme            
jurisdiction of the chair of ,st4       
,peter4 ,the ,roman ,church  is the     
mother1 that of ,ambrose is the         
daughter4 ,st4 ,ambrose always          
recognised that mistress4 ,study the    
sacred books1 and hold us as  liars1 if 
you do not find that it is as ,i have   
said4    ,then the charges against the  
clergy were investigated by the         
legates1 and not a single clerk in      
,milan was found who had not paid  a fee
 on his ordination2 for that was the    
custom1 and the charge  was fixed1 says 
the ,bishop of ,ostia4 ,here was a      
difficulty4 ,he  could not deprive every
 priest and deacon in ,milan1 and leave 
the  great city without pastors4 ,he was
 therefore obliged to content  his zeal 
with exacting from the bishops a promise
 that ordination  in future should be   
made gratuitously2 and the ,archbishop  
was  constrained to deposit on the altar

 a paper in which he pronounced  his own
 excommunication1 in the event of his   
relaxing his rigour  in suppressing the 
heresy of the ,simoniacs and            
,nicolaitans1 by  which latter name     
those who insisted on the lawfulness of 
clerical  marriage were described4      
,to make atonement for the past1 the    
,archbishop was required to  do penance 
for one hundred years1 but to pay money 
into the  papal treasury in acquittal of
 each year2 which1 to our simple        
understanding1 looks almost as          
scandalous a traffic as imposing a  fee 
on all clergy ordained4 ,but then1 in   
the one case the money went  into the   
pocket of the bishops1 and in the other 
into that of the  ,pope4    ,the clergy 
who had paid a certain sum were to be   
put to penance for  five years2 those   
who had paid more1 for ten 7also to be  
compensated  by a payment to ,rome671   
and to make pilgrimages to ,rome or     
,tours4  ,after having accomplished this
 penance they were to receive again  the

 insignia of their offices4    ,then    
,peter ,damiani re-imposed on the clergy
 the oaths forced on them  by ,ariald1  
and departed4    ,the ,milanese         
contemporary historian1 ,arnulf1        
exclaims1 ,who has  bewitched you1 ye   
foolish ,milanese8 ,yesterday you made  
loud  outcries for the priority of a    
see1 and now you trouble the whole      
organisation of the ,church4 ,you are   
gnats swallowing camels4 ,you  say1     
perhaps1 ,rome must be honoured because 
of the ,apostle4 ,well1  but the memory 
of ,st4 ,ambrose should deliver ,milan  
from such an  affront as has been       
inflicted on her4 ,in future it will be 
said  that ,milan is subject to         
,rome4#bb      #bb ,pertz1 x4 p4 #ba4   
,guido attended a council held in ,rome 
7,april #ajei71 shortly after  this     
visitation4 ,ariald also was present1 to
 accuse the ,archbishop  of favouring   
simony and concubinage4 ,the legates had
 dealt too  leniently with the scandal4 
,guido was defended by his suffragans of

  ,asti1 ,novara1 ,turin1 ,vercelli1    
,alba1 ,lodi1 and ,brescia4 ,mad bulls1 
they1 says ,bonizo2 and ,ariald was     
forced to retire1 covered with          
confusion4 ,the ,council pronounced a   
decree that no mercy should be  shown to
 the simoniacal and married clergy4#bc  
,an encyclical was  addressed by        
,nicholas ,,ii4 to all ,christendom1    
informing it that the  ,council had     
passed thirteen canons1 one of which    
prevented a layman  from assisting at a 
mass said by a priest who had a         
concubine or a  subintroducta mulier4   
,priests1 deacons1 and sub-deacons who  
should  take publicly a concubine1 or   
not send away those with whom they      
lived1 were to be inhibited from        
exercising all ministerial acts and     
receiving ecclesiastical dues4      #bc 
,nulla misericordia habenda est4    ,on 
the return of the bishops to their sees1
 one only of them1  ,adelmann of        
,brescia1 ventured to publish these     
decrees4 ,he was  nearly torn to pieces 

by his clergy2 an act of violence which 
greatly furthered the cause of the      
,patarines4#bd      #bd ,bonizo4 ,it is 
deserving of remark that ,bonizo1 an    
ardent    supporter of ,hildebrand and  
the reforming party1 calls that ,papal  
party by the name of ,patari1 thus      
showing that it was really    made up of
 the ,manichean heretics4    ,in the    
same year ,pope ,nicholas sent legates  
into different countries  to execute1 or
 attempt to execute1 the decrees passed 
against simony  and concubinage--as     
clerical marriage was called4 ,peter    
,damiani  travelled through several     
cities of ,italy to exhort the clergy to
  celibacy1 and especially to press this
 matter on the bishops4 ,peter  ,damiani
 was not satisfied with the conduct of  
the ,pope in assuming  a stern attitude 
towards the priests1 but overlooking the
 fact that  the bishops were themselves 
guilty of the same offence4 ,a letter   
from him to the ,pope exists1 in which  
he exhorts him to be a second  ,phinehas

 7,numb4 xxv4 #g71 and deal severely    
with the bishops1 without  which no real
 reform could be affected4#be      #be  
,opp4 t4 iii42 ,opusc4 xiii4 p4 #ahh4   
,anselm de ,badagio1 ,bishop of ,lucca1 
the instigator of ,landulf and  ,ariald1
 or at least their staunch supporter1   
was summoned on the  death of ,nicholas 
to occupy the throne of ,st4 ,peter1    
under the title  of ,alexander ,,ii4    
,but his election was contested1 and    
,cadalus1 an  anti-,pope1 was chosen by 
a ,council of ,german and ,lombard      
prelates  assembled at ,basle4 ,the     
contests which ensued between the rival 
,pontiffs and their adherents distracted
 attention from the question  of        
clerical marriage1 and the clergy       
recalled their wives4    ,in #ajfc1 in  
,florence1 similar troubles occurred4   
,the instigator of  these was ,st4 ,john
 ,gualberto1 founder of the             
,vallombrosian ,order4  ,the offence    
there was rather simony than            
concubinage4    ,the custom of giving   

fees to those who appointed to benefices
  had become inveterate1 and in many    
cases had degenerated into the  purchase
 of them4 ,a ,pope could not assume the 
tiara without a lavish  largess to the  
,roman populace4 ,a bishop could not    
grasp his pastoral  staff without paying
 heavy sums to the ,emperor and to the  
,pope4 ,the  former payment was         
denounced as simony1 the latter was     
exacted as  an obligation4 ,but under   
some of the ,emperors the bishoprics    
were  sold to the highest bidder4 ,what 
was customary on promotion to a         
bishopric became customary on acceptance
 of lesser benefices1 and no  priest    
could assume a spiritual charge without 
paying a bounty to  the episcopal       
treasury4 ,when a bishop had bought his 
throne1 he was  rarely indisposed to    
sell the benefices in his gift1 and to  
recoup  a scandalous outlay by an       
equally scandalous traffic4 ,the ,bishop
  of ,florence was thought by ,st4 ,john
 ,gualberto to have bought the  see4 ,he

 was a ,pavian1 ,peter ,mediabardi4 ,his
 father came to ,florence  to visit his 
son4 ,the ,florentines took advantage of
 the unguarded  simplicity of the old   
man to extract the desired secret from  
him4#bf      #bf ,cui ,florentini clam  
insidiantes tentando dicere coeperunt1  
c4444 ille utpote simplicissimus homo   
coepit jurejurando    dicere1           
c4--,andrew of ,genoa1 c4 #fb4          
,master ,teulo1 said they1 had you a    
large sum to pay to the ,king  for your 
son's elevation8    ,by the body of ,st4
 ,syrus1 answered the father1 you cannot
 get a  millstone out of the ,king's    
house without paying for it4    ,then   
what did you pay8 asked the ,florentines
 greedily4#bg      #bg ,alacres et avidi
 rem scisitari4    ,by the body of ,st4 
,syrus6 replied the old man1 not less   
than  three thousand pounds4    ,no     
sooner was the unguarded avowal made1   
than it was spread through  the city by 
the enemies of the bishop4#bh      #bh  
,for the account of what follows1 in    

addition to the    biography by ,andrew 
of ,strumi1 we have the ,dialogues of   
,desiderius of ,monte ,cassino1 lib4    
iii4    ,st4 ,john ,gualberto took up   
the quarrel4 ,he appeared in ,florence1 
where he had a monastery dedicated to   
,st4 ,salvius1 and began  vehemently to 
denounce the prelate as a simoniac1 and 
therefore a  heretic4 ,his monks1 fired 
by his zeal1 spread through the city1   
and  exhorted the people to refuse to   
accept the sacramental acts of  their   
bishop and resist his authority4    ,the
 people broke out into tumult4 ,the     
bishop appealed to the secular  arm to  
arrest the disorder1 and officers were  
sent to coerce the  monks of ,st4       
,salvius4 ,they broke into the monastery
 at night1  sought ,gualberto1 but1     
unable to find him1 maltreated the      
monks4  ,one received a blow on his     
forehead which laid bare the bone1 and  
another had his nose and lips gashed    
with a sword4 ,the monks were  stripped1
 and the monastery fired4 ,the abbot    

rolled himself in an  old cloak         
extracted from under a bed1 where it had
 been cast as  ragged1 and awaited day1 
when the wounds and tears of the        
fraternity  might be exhibited to a     
sympathising and excitable people4 ,nor 
were  they disappointed4 ,at daybreak   
all the town was gathered around the    
dilapidated monastery1 and people were  
eagerly mopping up the sacred  blood    
that had been shed1 with their napkins1 
thinking that they  secured valuable    
relics4 ,sympathy with the injured was  
fanned into  frenzied abhorrence of the 
persecutor4    ,st4 ,john ,gualberto    
appeared on the scene1 blazing with the 
desire  of martyrdom1#bi and            
congratulated the sufferers on having   
become  confessors of ,christ4 ,now are 
ye true monks6 ,but why did ye suffer   
without me8      #bi ,martyrii flagrans 
amore4--,andr4 ,strum4    ,the secular  
clergy of ,florence were1 it is         
asserted1 deeply tainted  with the same 
vice as their bishop4 ,they had all paid

 fees at their  institution1 or had     
bought their benefices4 ,they lived in  
private  houses1 and were for the most  
part married4 ,some were even suspected 
to be of immoral life4#cj      #cj ,quis
 clericorum propriis et paternis rebus  
solummodo non    studebat8 ,qui potius  
inveniretur1 proh dolor6 qui non esset  
uxoratus vel concubinarius8 ,de simoni  
quid dicam8 ,omnes pene                 
ecclesiasticos ordines hc mortifera     
bellua devoraverat1 ut1 qui    ejus     
morsum evaserit1 rarus                  
inveniretur4--,andr4 ,strum4    ,but the
 preaching of the ,saint1 the wounds of 
the monks1 converted  some of the       
clergy4 ,those who were convinced by    
their appeals1 and  those who were      
wearied of their wives1 threw themselves
 into the  party of ,gualberto1 and     
clubbed together in common life4#ca     
#ca ,exemplo vero ipsius et             
admonitionibus delicati clerici1        
spretis connubiis1 coeperunt simul in   
ecclesiis stare1 et    communem ducere  

vitam4--,atto ,pistor41 ,vit4 ,s4 ,joan4
 ,gualb4    ,the ,vallombrosian monks   
appealed to ,pope ,alexander ,,ii4      
against the  bishop1#cb their thirst for
 martyrdom whetted not quenched4#cc  ,if
 the ,pope desired it1 they would try   
the ordeal of fire to prove  their      
charge4 ,hildebrand1 then only          
sub-deacon1 but a power in  the councils
 of the ,pope1 urged on their case1 and 
demanded the  deposition of the bishop4 
,but ,alexander1 himself among the most 
resolute opponents of simony1 felt that 
there was no case4 ,there  was no       
evidence1 save the prattle of an old man
 over his wine-cups4  ,he refused the   
petition of the monks1 and was supported
 by the vast  majority of the           
bishops--there were over a hundred      
present4#cd      #cb ,for what follows1 
in addition to the above-quoted         
authorities1 we have ,berthold's        
,chronicle from #ajed to #aajj2         
,pertz1 ,mon4 ,sacr4 v4 pp4 #bfd-cbf4   
#cc ,securiores de corona1 quam jam     

gustaverant1    martyrii4--,andr4       
,strum4      #cd ,favebat enim maxima   
pars ,episcoporum parti ,petri1 et omnes
    pene erant monachis adversi4--,andr4
 ,strum4    ,even ,st4 ,peter ,damiani1 
generally unmeasured in his invectives  
against simony1 wrote to moderate the   
frantic zeal of the  ,vallombrosian     
monks1 which he denounced as            
unreasonable1  intemperate1 unjust4     
,but the refusal of the ,pope to gratify
 their resentment did not  quell the    
vehemence of the monks and the faction  
adverse to the  bishop4 ,the city was in
 a condition of chronic insubordination 
and occasional rioting4 ,godfrey ,duke  
of ,tuscany was obliged to  interfere2  
and the monks were driven from their    
monastery of ,st4  ,salvi1 and compelled
 to retire to that of ,st4 ,settimo     
outside of the  gates4    ,shortly      
after1 ,pope ,alexander visited         
,florence4 ,the monks piled up  a couple
 of bonfires1 and offered to pass       
between them in proof of  the truth of  

their allegation4 ,he refused to permit 
the ordeal1 and  withdrew1 leaving the  
bishop unconvicted1 and therefore       
unrebuked4    ,the clergy of ,florence  
now determined to demand of the bishop  
that  he should either go through the   
ordeal himself1 or suffer the monks  to 
do so4 ,as they went to the palace1 the 
people hooted them3 ,go1  ye heretics1  
to a heretic6 ,you who have driven      
,christ out of the  city6 ,you who adore
 ,simon ,magus as your ,god6    ,the    
bishop sullenly refused2 he would       
neither establish his  innocence in the 
fire1 nor suffer the monks to convict   
him by the  ordeal4    ,the ,podesta of 
,florence then1 with a high hand1 drove 
from the town  the clergy who had joined
 the monastic faction4 ,they went forth 
on the first ,saturday in ,lent1 #ajfg1 
amidst a sympathising crowd1  composed  
mostly of women1#ce who tore off their  
veils1 and with  hair scattered wildly  
over their faces1 threw themselves down 
in the  road before the confessors1     

crying1 ,alas6 alas6 ,o ,christ1 ,thou  
art  expelled this city1 and how dost   
,thou leave us desolate8 ,thou art  not 
tolerated here1 and how can we live     
without ,thee8 ,thou canst  not dwell   
with ,simon ,magus4 ,o holy ,peter1     
didst thou once overcome  ,simon8 and   
now dost thou permit him to have the    
mastery8 ,we deemed  him bound and      
writhing in infernal flames1 and lo6 he 
is loose1 and  risen again to thy       
dishonour4      #ce ,maxime feminarum4  
,and the men said to one another1 ,let  
us set fire to this accursed  city1     
which hates ,christ4#cf      #cf ,et    
nos1 viri fratres1 civitatem hanc       
incendamus atque cum    parvulis et     
uxoribus nostris1 quocumque ,christus   
ierit1 secum    camus4 ,si ,christiani  
sumus1 ,christum sequamur4--,andr4      
,strum4    ,the secular clergy were in  
dismay2 denounced1 deserted1 threatened 
by the people1 they sang no psalms1     
offered no masses4 ,unable to  endure   
their position1 they again visited the  

bishop1 and entreated  him to sanction  
the ordeal of fire4 ,he refused1 and    
requested the  priests not to           
countenance such an unauthorised        
venture1 should it  be made4 ,but the   
whole town was bent on seeing this      
ordeal tried1  and on the ,wednesday    
following1 the populace poured to the   
monastery  of ,st4 ,settimo4 ,two piles 
of sticks were heaped near the monastery
  gate1 measuring ten feet long by five 
wide1 and four and a half feet  high4   
,between them lay a path the length of  
an arm in width4    ,litanies were      
chanted whilst the piles were reared1   
and then the  monks proceeded to elect  
one who was to undergo the fire4 ,the   
lot  fell on a priest named ,peter1 and 
,st4 ,john ,gualberto ordered him at    
once to the altar to say mass4 ,all     
assisted with great devotion1 the       
people crying with excitement4 ,at the  
,agnus ,dei four monks1 one  with the   
crucifix1 another with holy water1 the  
third with twelve  lighted tapers1 the  

fourth with a full censer1 proceeded to 
the  pyres1 and set them both on fire4  
,this threw the people into an ecstasy  
of excitement1 and the voice  of the    
priest was drowned in the clamour of    
their tongues4 ,the  priest finished    
mass1 and laid aside his chasuble4      
,holding the  cross1 in alb and stole   
and maniple1 he came forth1 followed by 
,st4  ,john ,gualberto and the monks1   
chanting4 ,suddenly a silence fell  on  
the tossing concourse1 and a monk       
appointed by the abbot stood  forth1 and
 in a clear voice said to the people1   
,men1 brethren1 and  sisters6 we do this
 for the salvation of your souls1 that  
henceforth  ye may learn to avoid the   
leprosy of simony1 which has infected   
nearly the whole world2 for the crime of
 simony is so great1 that  beside it    
every other crime is as nothing4    ,the
 two piles were burning vigorously4 ,the
 priest ,peter prayed1  ,lord ,christ1  
,i beseech ,thee1 if ,peter of ,pavia1  
called ,bishop of  ,florence1 has       

obtained the episcopal throne by money1 
do ,thou assist  me in this terrible    
ordeal1 and deliver me from being       
burned1 as  of old ,thou didst deliver  
the three children in the midst of the  
burning furnace4 ,then1 giving the      
brethren the kiss of peace1 he  stepped 
fearlessly between the burning pyres1   
and came forth on the  farther side     
uninjured4    ,his linen alb1 his silken
 stole and maniple1 were unburnt4 ,he   
would have again rushed through the     
flames in the excess of his  confidence1
 but was prevented by the pious         
vehemence of the people1  who surrounded
 him1 kissed his feet1 clung to his     
vestments1 and  would have crushed him  
to death in their eagerness to touch and
 see  him1 had he not been rescued by   
the strong arms of burly monks4    ,in  
after years he told1 and talked himself 
into believing1 that as  he passed      
through the fire1 his maniple fell off4 
,discovering his  loss ere he emerged1  
he turned back1 and deliberately picked 

it up4  ,but of this nothing was said at
 the time4#cg      #cg ,it is not       
mentioned in the epistle of the         
,florentines to the    ,pope1 narrating 
the ordeal and supposed miracle1 which  
is given    by ,andrew of ,strumi and   
,atto of ,pistoja4    ,a letter was then
 drawn up1 appealing to the ,pope in the
 most  vehement terms1 to deliver the   
sheep of the ,florentine flock  from the
 ravening wolf who shepherded them1 and 
urging him1 not  obscurely1 to use force
 if need be1 and compel by his troops   
the  evacuation of the ,florentine      
episcopal throne4 ,peter of ,pavia1 the 
bishop1 a man of gentle character1      
yielded to the storm4 ,he withdrew  from
 ,florence1 and was succeeded by another
 ,peter1 whom the people  called ,peter 
the ,catholic1 to distinguish him from  
the ,simoniac4 ,but  ,muratori adduces  
evidence that the former continued to be
 recognised  by the ,pope some time     
after his supposed degradation4 ,thus   
ended  the schism of ,florence in the   

entire triumph of the ,patarines4       
,hildebrand was not unobservant2 he     
proved afterwards not to be  forgetful  
of the lesson taught by this            
schism1--the utilization of  the rude   
mob as a powerful engine in the hands of
 the fanatical or  designing4 ,it bore  
its fruit in the canons of #ajgd4       
,,ii4    ,anselmo de ,badagio1 ,bishop  
of ,lucca1 had succeeded ,nicholas ,,ii4
 to  the ,papal throne in #ajfa4        
,cadalus of ,parma had been chosen by   
the  ,german and ,lombard prelates on   
,october #bhth1 and he assumed the name 
of ,honorius ,,ii4 ,but no ,roman       
,cardinal was present to sanction this  
election4 ,cadalus was acknowledged by  
all the simoniacal and married  clergy1 
when he entered ,italy2 but the         
,princess ,beatrice and the  ,duke of   
,tuscany prevented him from advancing to
 ,rome4 ,from ,parma  ,cadalus          
excommunicated ,alexander1 and from     
,rome1 ,alexander banned  ,honorius4    
,the cause of ,alexander was that of the

 ,patarines1 but the  question of       
marriage and simony paled before the    
more glaring one1  of which of the rival
 claimants was the actual ,pope4    ,the
 voice of ,landulf ,cotta was silenced4 
,a terrible cancer had  consumed the    
tongue which had kept ,milan for six    
years in a blaze  of faction4 ,but his  
room was speedily filled by a more      
implacable  adversary of the married    
clergy--his brother1 ,herlembald1 a     
stern1  able soldier4 ,an event in      
,herlembald's early life had embittered 
his  heart against the less rigid       
clergy4 ,his plighted bride had behaved 
lightly with a priest4 ,he was just     
returned from a pilgrimage to           
,jerusalem1 his zeal kindled to         
enthusiasm4 ,he went to ,rome1 where he 
was well received by ,alexander ,,ii4   
,he came for authority to use his  sword
 for the ,patarines4 ,the sectaries in  
,milan had said to him1 ,we  desire to  
deliver the ,church1 besieged and       
degraded by the married  priests2 do    

thou deliver by the law of the sword1 we
 will do so by  the law of ,god4        
,alexander ,,ii41 in a public           
consistory1 created  ,herlembald        
,defender of the ,church1 gave him the  
sacred banner of  ,st4 ,peter1 and bade 
him go back to ,milan and shed          
blood--his1 if  necessary1 those of the 
anti-,patarines certainly--in this      
miserable  quarrel4    ,the result was  
that the ,patarines were filled with new
 zeal1  and lost all compunction at     
shedding blood and pillaging houses4    
,herlembald established himself in a    
large mansion1 which he  fortified and  
filled with mercenaries2 over it waved  
the consecrated  banner of ,st4 ,peter4 
,from this stronghold he issued forth to
  assail the obnoxious clergy4 ,they    
were dragged from their altars  and     
consigned to shame and insult4 ,the     
services of the ,church1 the            
celebration of the sacraments1 were     
suspended1 or administered only  by the 
one or two priests who adhered to the   

,patari4 ,it is said  that1 in order to 
keep his rude soldiery in pay1          
,herlembald made  every clerk take a    
solemn oath that he had ever kept       
innocence1  and would wholly abstain    
from marriage or concubinage4 ,those who
  could not1 or would not1 take this    
oath were expelled the city1 and  their 
whole property confiscated to support   
the standing corps of  hireling ruffians
 maintained by the ,crusader4 ,the      
lowest rabble1  poor artisans and       
ass-drivers1 furtively placed female    
ornaments  in the chambers of the       
priests1 and then1 attacking their      
houses1  dragged them out and plundered 
their property4 ,by #ajfd1 when a synod 
was held at ,mantua by the ,pope1 ,milan
 was purged of ,simoniacs and           
,nicolaitans1 and the clergy who        
remained were gathered together  into a 
house to live in common1 under rule4    
,guido of ,milan and all the ,lombard   
prelates attended that important  synod1
 which saw the triumph of ,alexander1   

his reconciliation with  the ,emperor1  
and the general abandonment of the      
anti-,pope1 ,cadalus4    ,in the        
following year1 ,henry ,,iv4 was under  
the tutelage of ,adalbert  of ,bremen2  
he had escaped from ,anno1 ,archbishop  
of ,cologne1 who  had favoured the      
strict faction and ,alexander ,,ii4 ,the
 situation in  ,lombardy changed        
simultaneously4 ,herlembald had assumed 
a power1  an authority higher than that 
of the archbishop1 whom he refused  to  
recognise1 and denounced as a heretic4  
,guido1 weary of the  nine years of     
strife he had endured1 relieved from the
 fear of  interference from ,germany1   
resolved on an attempt to throw off the 
hateful yoke4 ,the churches of ,milan   
were for the most part without  pastors4
 ,the married clergy had been expelled1 
and there were none  to take their      
place4 ,the ,archbishop had been an     
obedient penitent  for five years1      
compromising his one hundred years of   
penitence by  payments into the ,papal  

treasury2 but as the cause of ,alexander
  declined1 his contrition languished1  
died out2 and he resumed his  demands   
for fees at ordinations and             
institutions1 at least so  clamoured    
,ariald and ,herlembald in the ears of  
,rome4    ,a party in ,milan had long   
resented the despotism of the ,law of   
,god and the law of the sword of ,ariald
 and ,herlembald1 and an  effort was    
made to break it1 with the sanction1 no 
doubt1 of the  ,archbishop4 ,a large    
body of the citizens rose1 headed1 says 
,andrew  of ,strumi1 by the sons of the 
priests1 and attacked the church and    
house of ,ariald1 but1 unable to find   
him1 contented themselves with  wrecking
 the buildings4 ,thereupon ,herlembald  
swept down at the head  of his          
mercenaries1 surrounded the crowd1 and  
hewed them to pieces  to the last man1  
like the vilest cattle4#ch      #ch ,hc 
ut nobilis ,herembaldus ceterique       
,fideles audiere1    sumptis armis1 in  
audacem plebem et temerariam irruere2   

quos protinus exterminavere omnes1 quasi
 essent vilissim    pecudes1--,andr4    
,strum4    ,guido1 the ,archbishop1 now 
acted with resolution1 and boldly took  
up  the cause of the married clergy4    
,having heard that two priests of       
,monza1 infected with ,patarinism1 had  
turned their wives out of their  houses1
 he ordered the arrest of the priests1  
and punished them with  imprisonment in 
the castle of ,lecco4 ,on hearing this1 
the ,patarines  flew to arms1 and       
swarmed out of ,milan after ,ariald1 who
 bore the  banner of ,st4 ,peter1 as    
,herlembald was absent at ,rome4 ,they  
met the  mounted servants of the        
,archbishop near ,monza1 surprised them1
 and  wrested from them a promise to    
surrender the priests4 ,three days      
after1 the curates were delivered up4   
,ariald1 at the head of the  people1 met
 them outside the gates1 received them  
with enthusiasm1  crying1 ,see1 these   
are the brave martyrs of ,christ6 and   
escorted  them to a church1 where they  

intoned a triumphant ,te ,deum4         
,herlembald returned from ,rome to      
,milan with a bull of  excommunication  
fulminated by the ,pope against the     
,archbishop4 ,guido  summoned the       
,milanese to assemble in the cathedral  
church on the  vigil of ,pentecost4     
,in the meantime the ,patarines were    
torn into factions on a subtle  point   
mooted by ,ariald4 ,that demagogue had  
ventured to assail in a  sermon the     
venerable custom of the ,milanese1 which
 required them to  fast during the      
,rogation days4 ,was he greater than    
,st4 ,ambrose8 ,did  he despise the     
authority of the great doctor8 ,on this 
awful subject  the ,patarines divided1  
and with the division lost their        
strength4    ,neither ,herlembald nor   
,ariald seems to have been prepared for 
the  bold action of the ,archbishop4 ,on
 the appointed day the cathedral  was   
filled with substantial citizens and    
nobles4 ,herlembald missed  the wolfish 
eyes1 ragged hair1 and hollow cheeks of 

his sectaries1  and1 fearing danger1    
leaped over the chancel rails1 and took 
up his  position near the altar4 ,the   
,archbishop mounted the ambone with the 
bull of excommunication in his hand4    
,see6 he exclaimed1 this  is the result 
of the turbulence of these demagogues1  
,ariald and  ,herlembald4 ,this city1   
out of reverence to ,st4 ,ambrose1 has  
never  obeyed the ,roman ,church4 ,shall
 we be crushed8 ,take away out of the   
land of the living these disturbers of  
the public peace who labour  day and    
night to rob us of our ancient          
liberties4    ,he was interrupted by a  
shout of ,let them be killed4 ,guido    
paused1  and then cried out1 ,all who   
honour and cleave to ,st4 ,ambrose1     
leave  the church1 that we may know who 
are our adversaries4 ,instantly  from   
the doors rolled out the dense crowd1   
seven hundred in number1  according to  
the estimation of ,andrew1 the          
biographer of ,ariald4  ,only twelve men
 were left within who stood firm to the 

,patarine  cause4 ,ariald had1 in the   
meantime1 taken refuge in the choir     
beside  ,herlembald4 ,the clergy        
selected ,ariald1 the laity ,herlembald1
 for  their victims4 ,ariald was dragged
 from the church1 severely wounded4     
,herlembald escaped better2 using his   
truncheon1 he beat off his  assailants  
till he had climbed to a place of       
safety1 whence he  could not be easily  
dislodged4    ,as night fell1 the       
,patarines gathered1 stormed1 and       
pillaged the  palace of the ,archbishop1
 and1 bursting into the church1         
liberated  ,herlembald4 ,guido hardly   
escaped on horseback1 sorely maltreated 
in  the tumult4 ,his adherents fled like
 smoke before the tempest4 ,ariald  was 
found bleeding and faint1 and was       
conveyed by the multitude in  triumph to
 the church of ,st4 ,sepolcro4 ,then    
,herlembald called to the  roaring mob  
to be still4 ,let us ask ,master ,ariald
 whose house is to  be first given up to
 sack4    ,but ,ariald earnestly        

dissuaded from further violence1 and    
entreated  the vehement dictator to     
spare the lives and property of their   
enemies4    ,the surprise to the        
,archbishop's party was1 however1       
temporary only4  ,by morning they had   
rallied1 and the city was again in their
 hands4  ,guido published an interdict  
against ,milan1 which was to remain in  
force as long as it harboured ,ariald4  
,no mass was said1 no bells  rang1 the  
church doors were bolted and barred4    
,ariald was secretly  removed by some of
 his friends to the village of ,st4     
,victor1 where  also ,herlembald had    
been constrained to take refuge with a  
party  of mercenaries4 ,thence they made
 their way to ,pavia and to ,padua1     
where they hoped to obtain a boat1 and  
escape to ,rome4 ,but the  whole country
 was up against them1 and ,herlembald   
was obliged to  disband his soldiers1   
and attempt to escape in disguise4      
,ariald  was left with a priest whose   
acquaintance ,herlembald had made in    

,jerusalem4 ,but a priest was the last  
person likely to secrete the  tyrant and
 persecutor of the clergy4 ,he          
treacherously sent word to  the         
,archbishop1 and ,ariald was taken by   
the servants of ,olivia1 the  niece of  
,guido1 and conveyed to an island on the
 ,lago ,maggiore4 ,he  was handed over  
to the cruel mercies of two married     
priests1 who  directed his murder with  
cold-blooded heartlessness1 if we may   
trust  the gossips picked up later4 ,his
 ears1 nose and lips were cut off4  ,he 
was asked if he would acknowledge ,guido
 for archbishop4 ,as long  as my tongue 
can speak1 he replied1 ,i will not4 ,the
 servants  of ,olivia tore out his      
tongue2 he was beaten by the two savage 
priests1 and when he fainted1 was flung 
into the calm waters of  the lovely     
lake4 ,andrew of ,vallombrosa1 or       
,strumi1 followed in his  trace1 and    
hung about the neighbourhood till he    
heard from a peasant  the awful story4  
,he sought the mangled body4#ci ,it was 

found and  transported to ,milan on the 
feast of the ,ascension following4 ,for 
ten days it was exposed in the church of
 ,st4 ,ambrose1 that all  might venerate
 it1 and was finally disposed in the    
convent of ,st4  ,celsus4 ,in the memory
 of man1 never had such a crowd been    
seen4 ,the  ,archbishop deemed it       
prudent to retire1 and ,herlembald      
profited  by his absence to recover his 
power1 and make the people swear to     
avenge the martyr1 and unite to the     
death for the good cause4  ,the events  
in ,milan had their counterpart in the  
other cities of  ,lombardy1 especially  
at ,cremona1 where the bishopric had    
been  obtained by ,arnulf1 nephew of    
,guido of ,milan4 ,in that city1 twelve 
men1 headed by one ,christopher1 took   
the ,patarine oath to fight the  married
 clergy2 the people joined them1 and    
forced their oath on  the bishop-elect  
before he was ordained4 ,but1 as in     
#ajfg1 he seized  a ,patarine priest1 a 
sedition broke out1 in which the bishop 

was  seriously injured4 ,the inhabitants
 of ,cremona1 after ,easter1 sent       
ambassadors to the ,pope1 and received  
from him a reply1 given by  ,bonizo1    
exhorting them not to allow a priest1   
deacon or sub-deacon1  suspected of     
concubinage or simony1 to hold a        
benefice or execute  his ministry4 ,the 
consequence of this letter was that all 
suspected  clerks were excluded from    
their offices2 and shortly after1 the   
same  course was followed at ,piacenza4 
,asti1 ,lodi1 and ,ravenna also threw   
in their lot with the ,patarines4       
#ci ,ariald was murdered on ,june #bg1  
#ajfe4 ,andrew of ,strumi says    #ajff2
 but he followed the ,florentine        
computation--he had been a    priest of 
,florence--which made the year begin on 
,march #be4    ,in #ajfg1 ,alexander    
,,ii4 sent legates to ,milan to settle  
the  disturbances therein4 ,adalbert of 
,bremen had fallen1 and again the       
,papal party were in the ascendant4 ,the
 fortunes of ,milan fluctuated  with the

 politics of those who held the regency 
in the minority of  ,henry ,,iv4        
,guido1 now advanced in years1 and weary
 of ruling so turbulent  a diocese1     
determined to vacate a see which he had 
held for  twenty-seven years2 the last  
ten of incessant civil war4 ,he burdened
  it with a pension to himself1 and then
 made it over to ,godfrey1 the          
sub-deacon1 along with the pastoral     
staff and ring4 ,godfrey crossed  the   
,alps1 took the oath of allegiance to   
the ,emperor1 promised to  use his      
utmost endeavours to exterminate the    
,patarines1 and to  deliver ,herlembald 
alive into the hands of the ,emperor1   
laden with  chains4 ,friend and foe1    
without scruple1 designate the followers
  of the ,papal policy as ,patarines2 it
 is therefore startling1 a  few years   
later1 when the ,popes had carried their
 point1 to find  them insisting on the  
luckless ,patarines being given in      
wholesale  hecatombs to the flames1 as  
damnable heretics4 ,it was an ungracious

  return for the battle these heretics  
had fought under the banner of  ,st4    
,peter4    ,but ,herlembald refused to  
acknowledge ,godfrey1 he devastated the 
country with fire and sword wherever    
,godfrey was acknowledged1 and  created 
such havoc that not a day passed in the 
holy ,lenten fast  without the effusion 
of much ,christian blood4 ,finally1     
,herlembald  drove the archbishop-elect 
to take refuge in the strong fortress   
of ,castiglione4 ,guido1 not receiving  
his pension1 annulled his  resignation1 
and resumed his state4 ,but he unwisely 
trusted to  the good faith of           
,herlembald2 he was seized1#dj and shut 
up in a  monastery till his death1 which
 took place ,august #bc1 #ajga4      #dj
 ,gloriosus hac vice delusus1 says      
,arnulf4    ,the year before this1      
#ajgj1 ,adelheid1 ,margravine of ,turin1
  mother-in-law of the young ,emperor1  
attacked the ,patarines1 and  burnt the 
cities of ,lodi and ,asti4 ,on ,march   
#ai1 #ajga1 as ,herlembald  was         

besieging ,castiglione1 a terrible      
conflagration broke out in  ,milan1 and 
consumed a great part of the city and   
several of the  stateliest churches4    
,whilst the army of ,herlembald was     
agitated  by the report of the fire1    
,godfrey burst out of ,castiglione1 and 
almost routed the besiegers4 ,before the
 death of ,guido1 ,herlembald1  with the
 sanction of the ,pope1 had set up a    
certain ,otto to be  ,archbishop1       
nominated by himself and the ,papal     
legate1 without  consulting the electors
 of ,milan or the ,emperor1 ,january #f1
 ,a4,d4  #ajgb4    ,otto was but a      
youth1 just admitted into holy orders1  
likely to  prove a pliant tool in the   
strong hand of the dictator4 ,it was the
  ,feast of the ,epiphany1 and the      
streets were thronged with people1  when
 the news leaked out that an archbishop 
had been chosen1  and was now holding   
the customary banquet after election in 
the  archiepiscopal palace4    ,the     
people were furious1 rose and attacked  

the house1 hunted the  youthful prelate 
out of an attic1 where he had taken     
refuge1 dragged  him by his legs and    
arms into the church1 and compelled him 
to swear  to renounce his dignity4 ,the 
,roman legate hardly escaped with his   
robes torn4    ,herlembald1 who had been
 surprised1 recovered the upper hand in 
,milan on the morrow1 but not in the    
open country1 which was swept  by the   
imperial troops4 ,the suffragan bishops 
of ,lombardy assembled  at ,novara      
directly they heard of what had taken   
place in ,milan1 and  consecrated       
,godfrey as their archbishop4    ,otto  
appealed to ,rome 7,january1 #ajgb71 and
 a few weeks later the  ,pope assembled 
a synod1 and absolved ,otto of his oath 
extorted from  him at ,milan1           
acknowledged him as archbishop1 and     
struck ,godfrey  with interdict4        
,alexander ,,ii4 died ,april #ba1 #ajgc1
 and the tiara  rested on the brows of  
the great ,hildebrand4    ,on ,june #bd1
 ,hildebrand1 now ,gregory ,,vii41 wrote

 to the ,margravine  ,beatrice to       
abstain from all relations with the     
excommunicated  bishops of ,lombardy2 on
 ,june #bh1 to ,william1 ,bishop of     
,pavia1 to  oppose the usurper1 the     
excommunicate ,godfrey of ,milan2 on    
,july  #a1 to all the faithful of       
,lombardy to refrain from that false    
bishop1 who lay under the apostolic ban4
 ,from ,capua1 on ,september  #bg1 he   
wrote to ,herlembald1 exhorting him to  
fight valiantly1 and  hold out ,milan   
against the usurper ,godfrey4 ,again1 on
 ,october #i1  to ,herlembald1 bidding  
him be of good courage2 he hoped to     
detach  the young ,emperor from the     
party of ,godfrey1 and bade him receive 
amicably those who1 with true sentiments
 of contrition1 came over to  the       
,patarine1 that is1 the ,papal side4    
,on ,march #aj1 #ajgd1 ,gregory held one
 of the most important synods1  not of  
his reign only1 but ever held by any    
,pope4 ,the acts of this  assembly have 
been lost or suppressed1 but its most   

important  decisions were summed up in a
 letter from ,gregory to the ,bishop  of
 ,constance4 ,this letter has not been  
printed in the ,registrum2  but         
fortunately it has been preserved by two
 contemporary writers1  ,paul of        
,bernried1 and ,bernold of ,constance1  
the latter of whom has  supplied a      
detailed apology for the law of celibacy
 promulgated in  that synod4 ,gregory   
absolutely forbade all priests sullied  
with the  crimen fornicationis1 which   
embraced legitimate marriage1 either  to
 say a mass or to serve at one2 and the 
people were strictly  enjoined to shun  
their churches and their sacraments2 and
 when the  bishops were remiss1 he      
exhorted them themselves to enforce the 
pontifical sentence4#da      #da        
,audivimus quod quidam ,episcoporum apud
 vos commorantium1    aut sacerdotes1 et
 diaconi1 et subdiaconi1 mulieribus     
commisceantur aut consentiant aut       
negligant4 ,his prcipimus vos    nullo  
modo obedire1 vel illorum prceptis      

consentire1 sicut    ipsi apostolic     
sedis prceptis non obediunt neque       
auctoritati    sanctorum patrum         
consentiunt4 ,quapropter ad omnes de    
quorum    fide et devotione confidimus  
nunc convertimur1 rogantes vos et       
apostolic auctoritate admonentes ut     
quidquid ,episcopi dehinc    loquantur  
aut taceant1 vos officium eorum quos aut
 simoniace    promotos et ordinatos aut 
in crimine fornicationis jacentes       
cognoveritis1 nullatenus                
recipiatis4--,letter to the ,franconians
    7,baluze1 ,misc4 vii4 p4 #abe74     
,the results shall be described in the  
words of a contemporary  historian1     
,sigebert of ,gemblours4 ,many1 says he1
 seeing in this  prohibition to hear a  
mass said by a married priest a manifest
  contradiction to the doctrine of the  
,fathers1 who believed that the         
efficacy of sacrament1 such as baptism1 
chrism1 and the ,body and  ,blood of    
,christ1 is independent of the dignity  
of the minister1  thence resulted a     

grievous scandal2 never1 perhaps1 even  
in the time  of the great heresies1 was 
the ,church divided by a greater schism4
  ,some did not abandon their simony1   
others disguised their avarice  under a 
more acceptable name2 what they boasted 
they had given  gratuitously1 they in   
reality sold2 very few preserved        
continence4  ,some through greed of     
lucre1 or sentiments of pride1 simulated
  chastity1 but many added false oaths  
and numerous adulteries to  their       
debaucheries4 ,the laity seized the     
opportunity to rise against  the        
clerical order1 and to excuse themselves
 for disobedience to  the ,church4 ,they
 profaned the holy mysteries1           
administering baptism  themselves1 and  
using the wax out of their ears as      
chrism4 ,they  refused on their         
death-beds to receive the viaticum from 
the  married priests2 they would not    
even be buried by them4 ,some went  so  
far as to trample under foot the ,host1 
and pour out the precious  ,blood       

consecrated by married priests4#db      
#db ,pertz1 viii4 p4 #cfb4    ,the      
affairs of the church of ,milan         
continued in the same  unsatisfactory   
condition4 ,the contest between the     
,patarines and  their adversaries had   
taken greater dimensions4 ,the question 
which  divided them was now less that of
 the marriage of the clergy than  which 
of the rival archbishops was to be      
acknowledged4 ,godfrey was  supported by
 the ,emperor1 ,otto by the ,pope4 ,the 
parties were about  even2 neither       
,godfrey nor ,otto could maintain       
himself in ,milan2  the former fortified
 himself in the castle of ,brebbio1 the 
latter  resided at ,rome4 ,henry ,,iv41 
in spite of all the admonitions of the  
,pope1 persisted in supporting the cause
 of ,godfrey4 ,milan was thus  without a
 pastor4 ,the suffragan bishops wished  
to execute their  episcopal functions in
 the city1 and to consecrate the holy   
oils for  the benediction of the fonts  
at ,whitsuntide4 ,herlembald1 when one  

of  the bishops had sent chrism into the
 city for the purpose1 poured it  out on
 the ground and stamped on it1 because  
it had been consecrated  by an          
excommunicated prelate4    ,in ,march1  
#ajge1 another conflagration broke out  
in the city1 and  raged with even       
greater violence than the fire of #ajga4
 ,herlembald  had again poured forth the
 oils1 as he had the year before2 and   
had ordered ,leutprand1 a priest1 as    
,easter came1 to proceed to the         
consecration of chrism4 ,this innovation
 roused the alarm of the  ,milanese2 the
 subsequent conflagration convinced them
 that it was  abhorrent to heaven4 ,all 
the adversaries of the ,patarines       
assembled  outside the city1 and swore  
to preserve intact the privileges of    
,st4 ,ambrose1 and to receive only the  
bishop nominated or approved  by the    
,king4 ,then1 entering the city1 they   
fell unexpectedly on the  ,patarines4   
,leutprand was taken and mutilated1 his 
ears and nose were  cut off4 ,the       

standard of ,st4 ,peter was draggled in 
the dust1 and  ,herlembald fell with it1
 cut down by a noble1 ,arnold de ,rauda4
 ,every  insult was heaped on the body  
of the ,defender of the ,church1 and    
the sacred banner was trampled under    
foot4    ,messengers were sent to ,henry
 ,,iv4 to announce the triumph1 and to  
ask him to appoint a new ,archbishop of 
,milan4 ,henry was so rejoiced  at the  
victory1 that he abandoned ,godfrey1 and
 promised the ,milanese  a worthy       
prelate4 ,his choice fell on ,tebald1 a 
,milanese sub-deacon  in his ,court4    
,pope ,urban ,,ii4 canonised            
,herlembald4 ,ariald seems never to have
  been formally enrolled among the      
saints1 but he received honours  as a   
saint at ,milan1 and has been admitted  
into several ,italian  ,martyrologies1  
and into the collection of the          
,bollandists4 ,baronius  wisely expunged
 ,herlembald and ,ariald from the ,roman
 ,martyrology2  nevertheless1 the       
disgraceful fact remains1 that the      

ruffian  ,herlembald has been canonised 
by ,papal bull4    ,the seeds of fresh  
discord remained4 ,leutprand1 or        
,liprand1 the  priest1 was curate of the
 ,church of ,st4 ,paul2#dc having       
suffered  mutilation in the riot1 he was
 regarded in the light of a ,patarine   
confessor4 ,but no outbreak took place  
till the death of ,anselm ,,iv41        
,archbishop of ,milan 7,september #cj1  
#aaja71 at ,constantinople1 where  he   
was on his way with the ,crusaders to   
the ,holy ,land4 ,his vicar1  the       
,greek1 ,peter ,chrysolaus1 ,bishop of  
,savonia1 whom the ,lombards  called    
,grossulani1 perhaps because of the     
coarse habit he wore 7more  probably as 
a corruption for ,chrysolaus71 had been 
left in charge  of the see of ,milan4   
,on the news of the death of the        
,archbishop  reaching that city1 the    
,primicerius convoked the electors to   
choose  a successor4 ,the vote fell on  
,landulf1 ,ordinary of ,milan2 but he   
was  not yet returned from ,jerusalem1  

whither he had gone as a crusader4      
,grossulani declared the election       
informal4 ,thereupon the ,abbot of  ,st4
 ,dionysius1 at the head of a large     
party of the electors1 chose  ,peter    
,grossulani4 ,there is no evidence of   
his having used bribery in  any form2   
but he may have acted unjustly in       
cancelling the election  of ,landulf4   
,it is1 however1 fair to observe that   
,landulf1 on his  return1 supported     
,grossulani2 consequently1 it is        
probable that the  latter acted strictly
 in accordance with law and precedent4  
#dc ,the life of ,liprand was written by
 ,landulf the younger1 his    sister's  
son1 in his ,hist4 ,mediolan4           
#ajie-aacg4    ,but the election        
displeased ,liprand and the remains of  
the  ,patarines4 ,they appealed to      
,rome1 but ,grossulani1 supported by the
  ,countess ,matilda and ,st4 ,bernard1 
abbot of ,vallombrosa1 overcame  their  
objections4 ,pope ,paschal ,,ii4        
ratified the election1 and sent  the    

pall to the ,archbishop4 ,ardericus de  
,carinate had been sent to  ,rome on    
behalf of ,grossulani4 ,the people came 
out of the gates1  on his approach1 to  
learn the result4 ,ardericus1 hanging   
the pall  across his umbrella 7protensi 
virga71 waved it over his head1         
shouting1 ,ecco la stola6 ,ecco la      
stola6 7,here is the pall67 and  led the
 way into the cathedral1 whither        
,grossulani also hastened1  and         
ascending the pulpit in his pontifical  
habit1 placed the coveted  insignia     
about his neck4    ,liprand was not     
satisfied4 ,by means of private         
agitation1 he  disturbed the            
tranquillity of public feeling1 and the 
,archbishop1 to  calm the minds of the  
populace1 was obliged to convoke a      
provincial  synod at ,milan 7#aajc71 in 
which1 in the presence of his           
suffragans1  the clergy and the people1 
he said1 ,if anyone has a charge to make
  against me1 let him speak openly at   
the present time1 or he shall  not be   

heard4    ,liprand would not appear     
before the council and formally make    
charge1 but he mounted the pulpit in the
 ,church of ,st4 ,paul and  preached    
against the ,archbishop as a simoniac4  
,he declared his  readiness to prove his
 charge by the ordeal of fire4 ,the     
bishops  assembled in council refused to
 suffer the attempt to be made4         
,however1 ,liprand was not deterred4    
,look at my amputated nose and  ears6 he
 cried1 ,i am a confessor for ,christ4  
,i will try the ordeal  by fire to      
substantiate my charge4 ,grossulani is a
 simoniac1 by  gift of hand1 gift of    
tongue1 and gift of homage4 ,and he gave
  his wolf-skin cloak and some bottles  
of wine in exchange for wood1  which the
 crowd carried off and heaped up in a   
great pile against  the wall of the     
monastery of ,st4 ,ambrogio4 ,the       
,archbishop sent his  servants1 and they
 overturned the stack1 and scattered the
 wood4  ,then the crowd of boys and     
girls1 men and women1 poured through    

the main streets1 roaring1 ,away with   
,grossulani1 away with him6  and        
clamoured around the doors of the       
archiepiscopal palace1 so  that         
,grossulani1 fearing for his life1 said1
 ,be it so1 let the  fellow try the     
fire1 or let him leave ,milan4 ,his     
servants with  difficulty appeased the  
people1 by promising that the ordeal    
should  be undergone on the following   
,palm ,sunday evening4 ,i will not leave
  the city1 said ,liprand2 but now ,i   
have no money for buying wood1  and ,i  
will not sell my books1 as ,i keep them 
for my nephew ,landulf1  now at school4 
,so the magistrates of the city prepared
 a pile of  billets of oak wood4    ,on 
the appointed day ,liprand1 barefooted1 
in sackcloth1 bearing a  cross1 went to 
the ,church of ,saints ,gervasius and   
,protasius and sung  mass4 ,grossulani  
also1 bearing a cross1 entered the same 
church and  mounted the pulpit1 attended
 by ,ariald de ,marignano1 and ,berard1 
,judge of ,asti4 ,silence being made1   

and ,liprand having taken his  place    
barefooted on the marble stone at the   
entrance to the choir1  containing an   
image of ,hercules1 ,grossulani         
addressed the people2  ,listen1 and ,i  
will silence this man in three words4   
,then turning  to ,liprand1 he asked1   
,you have charged me with being a       
simoniac4 ,to  whom have ,i given       
anything8 ,answer me4    ,liprand1      
raising his eyes to the pulpit1 pointed 
to those who  occupied it and said1     
,look at those three great devils1 who  
think  to confound me by their wit and  
wealth4#dd ,i appeal to the judgment  of
 ,god4      #dd ,proposuisti quod ego   
sum simoniacus per munus a manu4 ,modo  
die3 cui dedi2 ,tunc presbyter super    
populum oculos aperuit1 et    digitum ad
 eos1 qui stabunt in pulpito1 extendit1 
dicens1 ,videte    tres grandissimos    
diabolos1 qui per ingenium et pecuniam  
suam    putant me confundere4           
,grossulani said1 ,but ,i ask what act  
of simony do you lay to my  charge8     

,liprand answered1 ,do you answer me1   
,what is the lightest form of  simony8  
,the ,archbishop1 after some            
consideration1 answered1 ,to refrain    
from  deposing a simoniac4    ,and ,i   
say that is simony which consists in    
deposing an abbot from  his abbacy1 a   
bishop from his bishopric1 and an       
archbishop from his  archbishopric4#de  
#de ,it is very evident from this       
discussion that ,grossulani was         
innocent of true simony2 the whole      
charge against him was due to    his    
having quashed the election of ,landulf1
 and thus of having    deposed1 after a 
fashion1 an archbishop from his         
archbishopric4    ,the people became    
impatient1 and began to shout1 ,come    
out1 come  out to the ordeal6 ,then     
,liprand jumped down from the stone1    
containing the image of ,hercules1 and  
went forth accompanied by the  multitude
 to the field where the pyre was made4  
,there arose then  a difficulty about   
the form of oath to be administered4    

,liprand1  seeing that there was some   
hesitation1 said1 ,let me manage it1 and
  see if ,i do not satisfy you all6     
,whereupon he took hold of the hood  of 
the ,archbishop and shook it1 and said  
in a loud voice1 ,that  ,grossulani1 who
 is under this hood1 he1 and no other1  
has obtained  the archbishopric of      
,milan simoniacally1 by gift of hand1   
gift of  tongue1 and gift of service4   
,and ,i1 who enter on this ordeal1 swear
  that ,i have used no charm1 or        
incantation1 or witchcraft4    ,the     
,archbishop1 unwilling to remain1       
remounted his horse and rode  to the    
,church of ,st4 ,john ad concham1 but   
,ariald of ,marignano  remained to see  
that the ordeal was rightly carried out4
 ,when  the pile was lighted1 he said to
 the priest1 ,in heaven's name1  return 
to your duty1 and do not rush on certain
 death4 ,but ,liprand  answered1 ,get   
thee behind me1 ,satan1 and signing     
himself1 and  blessing the fire with    
consecrated water1 he rushed through the

  flames1 barefooted1 in sackcloth      
cassock and silk chasuble4 ,he came  out
 on the other side uninjured2 a sudden  
draught had parted the  flames as he    
entered1 and when he emerged his feet   
were not burnt1  nor was his silk       
chasuble scorched4    ,the people       
shouted at the miracle1 and ,grossulani 
was obliged to fly  from the city4      
,it was soon rumoured1 however1 that    
,liprand was suffering from a  scorched 
hand and an injured foot4 ,it was in    
vain for his friends to  assure the     
people that his hand had been burnt when
 he was throwing  the holy water on the 
flames before he entered them1 and that 
his  foot was injured not by the fire1  
but by the hoof of a horse as  he       
emerged from the flames4 ,one part of   
the mob began to clamour  against       
,liprand that he was an impostor1 the   
other to exalt him as  a saint1 and the 
streets became the scene of riot and    
bloodshed4  ,at this juncture ,landulf  
of ,vereglate1 who had been just elected

  to the vacant see1 arrived from       
,jerusalem1 and finding that the        
,archbishop had fled the city1 he       
appealed to the people to cease  from   
their riots1 and promised to have       
,grossulani deposed1 or at  least the   
charges brought against him properly    
investigated at  ,rome4 ,the tumults    
were with difficulty allayed1 and the   
,archbishop1  ,landulf1 and ,liprand    
went to ,rome 7,a4,d4 #aajc74 ,a ,synod 
was convened  and ,liprand brought his  
vague accusations of simony against the 
,archbishop4 ,landulf refused to support
 him1 so that it is hardly  probable    
that he can have felt himself aggrieved 
by the conduct of  ,grossulani4         
,liprand1 being unable to substantiate  
his charge of  simony1 was obliged to   
change the nature of his accusation1 and
  charged the ,archbishop with having   
forced him to submit to the  ordeal of  
fire4 ,the ,pope and the ,synod required
 the ,archbishop  to clear himself by   
oath2 accordingly ,grossulani did so1 in

 the  following terms3 ,i1 ,grossulani1 
by the grace of ,god ,archbishop1  did  
not force ,liprand to enter the fire4   
,azo1 ,bishop of ,acqui1 and  ,arderic1 
,bishop of ,lodi1 took the oath with    
him2 at the same time  the pastoral     
staff slipped from the hands of the     
,archbishop and  fell on the floor1 a   
sign1 the biographer of ,liprand says1  
that he  forswore himself4#df      #df  
,it is evident from the account of      
,landulf the younger    himself1 that   
the ,archbishop did not force the priest
 to enter on    the ordeal4    ,the     
,archbishop withdrew his authority      
confirmed by the ,holy ,see1 and  he    
returned to ,milan1 where he was well   
received4    ,the ,archbishop took an   
unworthy opportunity1 in #aaaj1 of      
ridding  the city of the presence of    
,liprand for that priest having taken   
into his house and cured a certain      
,herebert of ,bruzano1 an enemy  of the 
,archbishop1 who was ill with fever4    
,grossulani deprived  ,liprand of his   

benefice1 and the priest retired into   
the ,valteline4  ,troubles broke out in 
,milan between the two parties1 which   
produced  civil war1 and the ,archbishop
 was driven out of the city1 whereupon  
,liprand returned to it4 ,the friends of
 ,grossulani persuaded him to  visit    
,jerusalem1 and he started1 after having
 appointed ,arderic1  ,bishop of ,lodi1 
his vicar 7,a4,d4 #aaaa74 ,during his   
absence both  parties united to reject  
him1 and they elected ,jordano of ,cliva
  in his room 7,jan4 #a1 ,a4,d4 #aaab74 
,mainnard1 ,archbishop of ,turin1       
hastened to ,rome1 and received the pall
 from the ,pope1 on condition  that it  
should not be worn for six months4 ,but 
the rumours having  spread that         
,grossulani was returning from          
,jerusalem1 ,mainnard came  to ,milan1  
and placed the pall on the altar of ,st4
 ,ambrose1 whence  ,jordano took it and 
laid it about his shoulders4    ,on the 
return of ,grossulani1 civil war broke  
out again between  the two factions1    

which ended in both ,archbishops being  
summoned  to ,rome in #aaaf2 and the    
,pope ordered ,grossulani to return to  
his  bishopric of ,savonia1 and         
confirmed ,jordano in the archbishopric 
of ,milan4 ,but before this ,liprand had
 died #crd ,january1 #aaac4 ,his        
sanctity was almost immediately attested
 by a miracle1 in spite of  the         
disparagement of his virtues by the     
party of the ,archbishop  ,grossulani2  
for a certain knight of ,piacenza1      
having swallowed a  fish-bone which     
stuck in his throat1 in sleep saw the   
priest appear  to him and touch his     
throat1 whereupon a violent fit of      
coughing  ensued1 in which the bone was 
ejected2 this was considered quite      
sufficient to establish the claim of    
,liprand to be regarded as a  saint4    
,the ,anabaptists of ,mnster4      ,to  
the year #aebd ,mnster1 the capital of  
,westphalia1 had remained  faithful to  
the religion which ,s4 ,swibert1        
coadjutor of ,s4  ,willibrord1 first    

,bishop of ,utrecht1 had brought to it  
in the #gth  century4 ,but then         
,lutheranism was introduced into it4    
,frederick von ,wied at that time       
occupied the ,episcopal throne4 ,he  was
 brother to ,hermann1 ,archbishop of    
,cologne1 who was afterwards  deprived  
for his secession to ,lutheranism4      
,the religious revolution in the        
,westphalian capital at its             
commencement presents the same symptoms 
which characterised the  beginning of   
the ,reformation elsewhere4 ,the town   
council were  prepared to hail it as a  
means of overthrowing the ,episcopal    
authority1 and establishing the         
municipal power as supreme in the  city4
    ,already the ,state of ,juliers had 
embraced the new religion1 and  faith   
had been shaken in ,osnabrck1 ,minden1  
and ,paderborn1 when the  first symptoms
 appeared in ,mnster4    ,four priests1 
the incumbents of the parishes of ,st4  
,lambert1 ,st4  ,ludger1 ,st4 ,martin1  
and the ,lieb-,frau ,church1 commonly   

called  ,ueberwasser1 declared for the  
,reform4 ,the contemporary historian1   
,kerssenbroeck1 an eye-witness of all he
 describes1 says of them1  ,they        
indulged in the most violent abuse of   
the clergy1 they cursed  good works1    
assured their auditors that such works  
would not receive  the smallest         
recompense1 and permitted every one to  
give way to all  the excesses of        
so-called ,evangelical liberty4#dg ,they
 stirred up  their hearers against the  
religious orders1 and the people        
clamoured  daily at the gates of the    
monasteries and nunneries1 insisting on 
being given food2 and the monks and nuns
 were too much frightened  to refuse    
those whom impunity rendered daily more 
exacting4#dh ,on  the night of the #bbnd
 ,march1 #aebe1 they attacked the rich  
convent  of nuns at ,nizink1 with       
intentions of pillaging it4 ,they failed
  in this attempt1 and the ringleaders  
were seized and led before  the         
magistrates1 followed by an excited and 

tumultuous crowd of  men and women1     
evangelically disposed1 as the          
chronicler says4  ,hoping to ally the   
effervescence1 the magistrates asked the
 cause  of complaint against the nuns of
 ,nizink1 and then came out the  true   
reason1 for which religious prejudice   
had served as a cloak4  ,they complained
 that the monks and nuns exercised      
professions to  the prejudice of the    
artisans2 and they demanded of the      
magistracy  that their looms should be  
broken1 the religious forbidden to work 
at trades1 and their superabundant goods
 to be distributed among  the poor4 ,the
 orators of the band declared in        
conclusion that if  the magistrates     
refused to grant these requests1 the    
people would  disregard their orders1   
displace them by force of arms1 and put 
in  their stead men trustworthy and     
loyal1 and devoted to the interests  of 
the citizens4#di ,alarmed at these      
threats1 the magistrates  yielded1 and  
promised to take every measure          

satisfactory to the  insurgents4#ej ,on 
the #beth ,may1 accordingly1 the ,friars
 of ,st4  ,francis and the nuns of      
,nizink were ordered to give up their   
looms  and accounts4 ,the friars        
yielded1 but the ladies stoutly refused4
  ,the magistrates1 however1 had all the
 looms carried away1 whilst a  mob      
howled at the gates1 and agitators1     
excited by the four renegade  priests1  
ran about the town stirring up the      
people against the  religious4 ,all the 
worst characters1 says the old          
chronicler1  joined the rioters2 the    
curious came to swell the crowd1 and    
people  of means shut themselves into   
their houses4#ea ,for ,johann ,groeten1 
the orator of the band1 now proclaimed  
that having emptied the  strong boxes of
 the monks and nuns1 they would despoil 
all those  whose fortunes exceeded two  
thousand ducats4      #dg               
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #aad4      #dh ,ibid4
 p4 #aae4      #di ,kerssenbroeck1 p4   
#aaf4      #ej ,ibid4 p4 #aag4      #ea 

,ibid4 p4 #abj4    ,the rioters next    
marched to the town hall1 where the     
senators  sat trembling1 and they       
demanded the immediate confirmation of a
  petition in thirty-four articles that 
had been drawn up for them by  their    
leaders4 ,at the same time the mob      
announced that unless their  petition   
was granted they would execute its      
requirements with their  own hands4     
,it asked that the canons of the        
cathedral should be required to pay  the
 debts of the bishop deceased2 that     
criminal jurisdiction should  be        
withdrawn from the hands of the clergy2 
that the monks and nuns  should be      
forbidden to exercise any manufacture1  
to dry grain1 make  linen1 and rear     
cattle2 that the burden of taxation     
should be shared  by the clergy2 that   
rectors should not be allowed to appoint
 or  dismiss their curates without      
consent of the parish2 that lawsuits    
should not be allowed to be protracted  
beyond six weeks2 that beer  licences   

should be abolished1 and tolls on the   
bridges done away  with2 that monks and 
nuns should be allowed free permission  
to  leave their religious societies and 
return to the world2 that the  property 
of religious houses should be sold and  
distributed amongst  the needy1 and that
 the municipality should allow them     
enough for  their subsistence2 that the 
,carmelites1 the ,augustinians1 and the 
,dominicans should be suppressed2 that  
pious foundations for masses  for the   
repose of souls should be confiscated2  
and that people  should be allowed to   
marry in ,lent and ,advent4 ,the        
magistrates  yielded at once1 and       
promised to endeavour to get the consent
 of the  other estates of the diocese to
 the legalising of these articles4#eb   
#eb ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #abf4    ,on the 
morrow of the ,ascension1 #aebe1 the    
magistrates closed the  gates of the    
town1 and betook themselves to the      
clergy of the  chapter to request them  
to accept the thirty-four articles4 ,the

  canons refused at first1 but1 in fear 
of the people1 they consented1  but     
wrote to the bishop to tell him what had
 taken place1 and to  urge him to act   
with promptitude1 and not to forget that
 the rights  and privileges of the      
,church were in jeopardy4    ,it was one
 of the misfortunes in ,germany1 as it  
was in ,france1  that the clergy were   
exempt from taxation4 ,this precipitated
 the  ,revolution in ,france1 and       
aroused the people against the clergy2  
and in ,germany it served as a strong   
motive for the adoption of the          
,reformation4    ,the canons now fled   
the town1 protesting that their         
signatures  had been wrested from them  
by violence1 and that they withdrew     
their consent to the articles4 ,the     
inferior clergy remained at  their post1
 and exhibited great energy and         
decision4 ,they deprived  ,lubert       
,causen1 minister of ,st4 ,martins1 one 
of the most zealous  fautors of         
,lutheranism in ,mnster1 and the head of

 the reforming  party4 ,when his        
parishioners objected1 a packet of      
love-letters  he had written to several 
girls in the town1 and amongst others   
some to a young woman of respectable    
position whom he had seduced1  came to  
light1 and were read in the ,senate4    
,the reformer had in  his letters used  
scriptural texts to excuse and justify  
the most  shameless libertinage4#ec     
,johann ,tante1 preacher at ,st4        
,lambert1  and ,gottfried ,reining1 of  
,ueberwasser1 were also deprived4 ,as   
for  the ,lutheran preacher at ,st4     
,ludger1 ,johann ,fink1 his mouth was   
stopped by the gift of a fat prebendal  
stall1 and from that moment  he entirely
 lost his zeal for the gospel of        
,wittenberg1 and never  uttered another 
word against the ,catholic religion4#ed 
#ec ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #abh4      #ed   
,ibid4    ,by means of the mediation of 
the ,archbishop of ,cologne1 a          
reconciliation was effected4 ,the       
articles were abolished and the         

signatures annulled1 and the members of 
the chapter returned to  ,mnster1 which 
had felt their absence by the decrease  
in trade1 and  the inconstant people    
showed at least as much joy at their    
return  as they had shown hatred at     
their departure4#ee      #ee ,ibid4 p4  
#ach4    ,there can be no question but  
that the ,reformation in ,germany was   
provoked to a large extent by abuses and
 corruptions in the ,church4  ,to a much
 larger extent it was a revolt against  
the ,papacy which had  weakened and     
numbed the powers of the ,empire        
throughout the ,middle  ,ages from the  
time of the ,emperor ,henry ,,iv4 ,but  
chiefly as a social  and political      
movement it was the revolt of           
municipalities against  the authority of
 collegiate bodies of clergy and the    
temporal  jurisdiction of               
prince-bishops1 or of grand dukes and   
margraves and  electors favouring the   
change because it allowed them at a     
sweep  to confiscate vast properties and

 melt down tons of chalices and         
reliquaries into coin4    ,in ,mnster   
lived a draper1 ,bernhard               
,knipperdolling by name1 who  assembled 
the malcontents in his house1 or in a   
tavern1 and poured  forth in their ears 
his sarcasms against the ,pope1 the     
bishops1  the clergy and the ,church4   
,he was well known for his dangerous    
influence1 and the bishop1 ,frederic von
 ,wied1 arrested him as  he passed near 
his residence at ,vecht4 ,the people of 
,mnster1  exasperated at the news of the
 captivity of their favourite1 obliged  
the magistrates and the chapter to ask  
the bishop to release him4  ,frederick  
von ,wied yielded with reluctance1 using
 these prophetic  words1 ,i consent1 but
 ,i fear that this man will turn        
everything  in ,mnster and the whole    
diocese upside down4 ,knipperdolling    
left  prison1 after having taken an oath
 to keep the peace2 but on his  return  
to ,mnster he registered a vow that he  
would terribly revenge  his             

incarceration and would make the diocese
 pay as many ducats as  his captivity   
had cost him hellers4#ef      #ef       
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #adc4    ,there was  
another man in ,mnster destined to      
exercise a fatal  influence on the      
unfortunate city4 ,this was a priest    
named ,bernard  ,rottmann4#eg ,as a     
child he had been chorister at ,st4     
,maurice's  ,church at ,mnster1 where   
his exquisite voice had attracted       
notice4  ,he was educated in the choir  
school1 then went to ,mainz1 where  in  
#aebd he took his ,master's degree1 and 
returning to ,mnster1  was ordained     
priest in #aebi4 ,he was then given the 
lectureship of  the church in which1 as 
a boy1 he had sung so sweetly4 ,he      
shortly  exhibited a leaning towards    
,lutheranism1 and the canons of ,st4    
,maurice1 who had placed great hopes on 
the young preacher1 thinking  that he   
acted from inexperience and without bad 
intent1 gave him  a paternal reprimand1 
and provided him with funds to go to the

  ,university of ,cologne1 and study    
there dogmatic and controversial        
theology2 at the same time undertaking  
to retain ,rottmann in the  receipt of  
his salary as lecturer1 and to this they
 added a handsome  pension to assist him
 in his studies4      #eg ,ibid4 #adh2  
,latin edition1 p4 #aeag-i2 ,dorpius1 f4
 #cia a4    ,the young man received this
 money1 and then1 instead of going to   
,cologne1 betook himself to ,wittenberg1
 where he attached himself  to          
,melancthon4 ,on his return to ,mnster1 
the canons1 unaware of  the fraud that  
had been played upon them1 reinstated   
,rottmann in  the pulpit4 ,he was too   
crafty to publish his new tenets in his 
discourses1 and thus to insure the loss 
of his situation1 but he  employed his  
secret influence in society to spread   
,lutheranism4  ,after a while1 when he  
considered his party strong enough to   
support  him1 he threw off the mask1 and
 preached boldly against the priests    
and the bishops1 and certain doctrines  

of the ,catholic ,church4  ,the more    
violent he became in his attacks1 the   
more personal and  caustic in his       
language1 the greater grew the throng of
 people to  hear him4 ,then he preached 
against ,confession1 which he called the
  disturber of consciences1 and         
contrasted it with ,justification by    
,faith only1 which set consciences at   
ease2 he preached against good  works1  
against the obligation to observe the   
moral law1 and assured  his hearers that
 grace was freely imputed to them1 live 
as they  liked1 and that the ,gospel    
afforded them entire freedom from all   
restraints4 ,the shameless dissolution  
which now began to spread  through the  
town1 says ,kerssenbroeck1 proved that  
the mob adopted  the belief in the      
impunity of sin2 all those who were     
ruined in  pocket1 hoping to get the    
possessions of others1 joined the party 
of  innovators1 and ,rottmann was       
extolled by them to the skies4#eh       
#eh ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #aeb4    ,the    

,senate forbade the citizens to attend  
,rottmann's sermons1 but  their orders  
were disregarded4 ,the populace declared
 that ,master  ,bernard was the only    
preacher of the true ,gospel1 and they  
covered  with slander and abuse those   
who strove to oppose his seductive      
doctrine4 ,some of the episcopal        
councillors1 however1 says the          
historian1 favoured the innovator4 ,the 
private secretary of the  bishop1       
,leonhard ,mosz1 encouraged him         
secretly1 and promised him his  support 
in the event of danger4#ei      #ei     
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #aeb4    ,but the    
faithful clergy informed the bishop of  
the scandal1 and  before ,mosz and      
others could interfere1 a sentence of   
deprivation  was pronounced against him4
    ,rottmann1 startled by this decisive
 measure1 wrote a series of  letters to 
,frederick von ,wied1 which have been   
preserved by  ,kerssenbroeck1 in which  
he pretended that he had been           
calumniated  before the best and most   

just of bishops1 and excused himself1   
instead of boldly and frankly announcing
 his secession from the  ,catholic      
,church4 ,in reply1 the bishop ordered  
him to quit ,mnster1  and charged his   
councillors to announce to him that his 
case  would be submitted to the next    
synod4 ,rottmann then wrote to the      
councillors a letter which exhibits his 
duplicity in a clearer  light4          
,frederick von ,wied1 hearing of this   
letter1 ordered the  recalcitrant       
preacher to quit the convent adjoining  
the church  of ,st4 ,maurice1 and to    
leave the town4 ,rottmann thereupon took
  refuge in the house of ,knipperdolling
 and his companions4 ,under the         
protection of these turbulent men1 the  
young preacher assumed a  bolder line1  
and wrote to the bishop demanding a     
public discussion1  and announcing that 
shortly his doctrine would be published 
in a  pamphlet1 and thus be popularised4
    ,on the #bcrd of ,january1 #aecb1   
,rottmann's profession of faith         

appeared1 addressed in the form of a    
letter to the clergy of  ,mnster4#fj    
,like all the professions of faith of   
the period1 it  consisted chiefly of a  
string of negations1 with a few positive
  statements retained from the ,catholic
 creed on ,god1 the ,incarnation1  c4   
,he denied the special authority of the 
priesthood1 reduced the  ,sacraments to 
signs1 going thereby beyond ,luther2    
rejected doctrines  of the ,eucharistic 
,sacrifice1 ,purgatory1 the intercession
 of saints1  and the use of images1     
pilgrimages1 vows1 benedictions1 and the
  like4 ,it would certainly have been   
more appropriately designated  a        
,confession of ,disbelief4 ,this        
pamphlet was widely circulated  amongst 
the people1 and the party of ,lutheran  
malcontents1 headed  by ,knipperdolling1
 and ,herman ,bispink1 a coiner and     
forger of  title-deeds1 grew in power1  
in numbers1 and in audacity4      #fj   
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #afe et seq42 ,latin 
edition1 ,mencken1 p4    #aebj-h3       

,sleidan1 ,french tr41 p4 #djf4    ,on  
the #bcrd of ,february1 #aecb1          
,knipperdolling and his associates      
assembled the populace early1 and       
carried ,rottmann in triumph to  the    
church of ,st4 ,lambert4 ,finding the   
doors shut1 they mounted the  preacher  
on a wooden pulpit before the           
bone-house4 ,the ,reformer then         
addressed the people on the necessity of
 proclaiming evangelical  liberty and of
 destroying idolatry2 of overthrowing   
images and the  ,host preserved in the  
tabernacles4 ,his doctrine might be     
summed  up in two words3 liberty for the
 ,evangelicals to do what they  liked1  
and compulsion for the ,catholics4 ,the 
sermon produced a  tremendous effect2   
before it was concluded the rioters     
rushed  towards the different churches1 
burst open the doors1 tore down the     
altars1 reliquaries1 statues2 and the   
,sacrament was taken from the           
tabernacles and trampled under foot4    
,the cathedral alone1 defended  by      

massive gates1 escaped their fury4#fa   
#fa ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ahe2 ,bullinger1
 ,adversus ,anabaptist4    lib4 ii4 c4  
#h4    ,proud of this achievement1 the  
insurgents defied all authority1        
secular and ecclesiastical1 and         
installed ,bernhard ,rottmann as        
preacher and pastor of the ,evangelical 
religion in ,st4 ,lambert's  ,church4   
,thenceforth1 says the ,mnster          
contemporary historian1 it  may well be 
understood that they did not limit      
themselves to simple  tumults1 but that 
murders1 pillage1 and the overthrow of  
all public  order followed4 ,the success
 of this first enterprise had rendered  
the leaders masters of the city4        
,bishop ,frederick von ,wied felt that  
his power was at an end4 ,he  was a man 
with no very strong religious zeal or   
moral courage4  ,he resigned his dignity
 in the sacristy of the church of       
,werne1  reserving to himself a yearly  
income of #b1jjj florins4 ,duke ,eric   
of ,brunswick1 ,prince of ,grubenhagen1 

,bishop of ,paderborn and  ,osnabrck1   
was elected in his room4 ,the nomination
 of ,eric irritated  the ,lutheran      
party4 ,he was a man zealous for his    
religion1 and  with powerful relations4 
,rottmann at once sent him his          
twenty-nine  articles1 and the artisans 
of ,mnster1 who had embraced the cause  
of ,rottmann1 handed in a petition to   
the magistrates 7,april #afth1  #aecb7  
to request that compulsion might be used
 to force every one  to become          
,lutheran1 because it seems to us1 said 
they1 that  this doctrine is in all     
points and entirely conformable to the  
,gospel1 whilst that which is taught by 
the rest of the clergy is  absurd1 and  
ought to be rejected4#fb ,the           
bishop-elect wrote to the  magistrates1 
insisting on the dismissal of ,rottmann1
 but in their  answer they not only     
declined to obey1 but offered an apology
 for  his conduct4      #fb             
,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 #ahi-ij4    ,the    
bishop wrote again1 but received no     

answer4 ,wishing to use every  means of 
conciliation1 before adopting forcible  
measures1 he sent a  deputation to      
,mnster to demand the expulsion of the  
preacher1 but  without success4    ,the 
people1 becoming more insubordinate1    
determined to take  possession of other 
churches4 ,one of the most important is 
the  church of ,unsere ,lieb-frau1 or   
,ueberwasser1 a church whose  beautiful 
tower and choir attract the admiration  
of the traveller  visiting ,mnster4     
,this church and parish depended on the 
convent of  ,ueberwasser2 the rector was
 a man of zeal and power1 a ,dr4        
,martin1  who was peculiarly obnoxious  
to the ,lutheran party4 ,a deputation   
was sent to the abbess1 ,ida von        
,merfelt1 to insist on the dismissal  of
 the rector and the substitution of an  
,evangelical preacher4#fc  ,the lady was
 a woman of courage2 she recommended the
 deputation  to return to their shops   
and to attend to their own business1 and
  announced that ,dr4 ,martin should    

stay at his post2 and stay he did1  for 
a time4      #fc ,ibid4 p4 #bjc4    ,the
 bishop was resolved to try force of    
arms1 when suddenly he died1  ,may #ith1
 #aecb1 after having drunk a goblet of  
wine4 ,several writers  of the period   
state that it was poisoned4 ,a modern   
historian says he  died of excess of    
drink--on what authority ,i do not      
know4#fd ,he had  brought down upon     
himself the dislike of the ,lutherans   
for having  vigorously suppressed the   
reforming movement in ,paderborn4 ,the  
history of that movement in this other  
,westphalian diocese is too  suggestive 
to be passed over4 ,in #aebg the        
,elector ,john ,frederick of  ,saxony   
passed through ,paderborn and ordered   
his ,lutheran preachers  to address the 
people in the streets through the       
windows of the  house in which he       
lodged1 as the clergy refused them the  
use of the  churches4 ,next year the    
agitation began by a quarrel between    
some  of the young citizens and the     

servants of the chapter1 and ended in   
the plundering and devastation of the   
cathedral and the residences  of the    
canons4 ,the leader of the ,evangelical 
party in ,paderborn was  ,johann ,molner
 of ,buren1 a man who had been expelled 
from the city  in #aeca for murder and  
adultery2 he left1 taking with him as   
his  mistress the wife of the man he had
 murdered1 and retired to ,soest1       
where1 says a contemporary writer1      
,daniel von ,soest1 he did not  remain  
satisfied with this woman only4 ,he     
returned to ,paderborn as  a burning and
 shining gospel light1 and led the      
iconoclastic riot4  ,duke ,philip of    
,grubenhagen supported his brother1 and 
the town was  forced to pay #b1jjj      
gulden for the damage done1 and to      
promise to  pay damages if any further  
mischief took place1 and this so cooled 
the zeal of the citizens of ,paderborn  
for the ,gospel that it died  out4#fe   
#fd ,strc1 ,gerchichte v4 ,osnabrck4    
,osnab4 #ahbf1 pt4 iii4 p4    #be4      

#fe ,vehse1 ,geschichte der ,deutschen  
,hfe4 ,hamburg1 #ahei1 vol4    xlvii4 p4
 #d-f4 ,bessen1 ,geschichte v4          
,paderborn2 ,paderb4 #ahbj1    vol4 ii4 
p4 #cc4    ,the chapter retired to      
,ludwigshausen for the purpose of       
electing  the successor to ,bishop      
,eric1 who had only occupied the see    
three  months2 their choice fell on     
,francis von ,waldeck1 ,bishop of       
,minden1  and then of ,osnabrck4 ,the   
choice was not fortunate2 it was        
dictated  by the exigencies of the      
times1 which required a man of rank and 
power to occupy the vacant throne1 so as
 to reduce the disorder by  force of    
arms4 ,francis of ,waldeck was all this1
 but the canons were  not at that time  
aware that he had himself strong        
leanings towards  ,lutheranism2 and     
after he became ,bishop of ,mnster he   
would have  readily changed the religion
 of the place1 had it not been that such
  a proceeding would1 under the         
circumstances1 have involved the loss   

of his income as prince-bishop4 ,later1 
when the disturbances were at  an end1  
he proposed to the ,estates the         
establishment of ,lutheranism  and the  
suppression of ,catholicism1 as we shall
 see in the sequel4  ,he even joined the
 ,smalkald union of the ,protestant     
princes against  the ,catholics in      
#aedd4    ,with sentiments so favourable
 to the ,reform1 the new bishop would   
have yielded everything to the          
agitators1 had they not assumed a       
threatening attitude1 and menaced his   
temporal position and revenue1  which   
were the only things connected with the 
office for which he  cared4    ,the     
inferior clergy of ,mnster wrote        
energetically to him on his             
appointment1 complaining of the         
innovations which succeeded each  other 
with rapidity in the town4 ,the         
,lutheran party1 said they in  this     
letter1 are growing daily more invasive 
and insolent1 and  they implored the    
bishop to protect their rights and      

liberty of  conscience against the      
tyranny of the new party1 who1 not      
content  with worshipping ,god in their 
own way1 refused toleration to others1  
outraged their feelings by violating all
 they held most sacred1 and  disturbed  
their services by unseemly              
interruptions4    ,francis of ,waldeck  
renewed the orders of his predecessor4  
,the senate  acknowledged the receipt of
 his letter1 and promised to answer it  
on  a future occasion4    ,however1 the 
warmest partisans of ,rottmann were     
resolved to carry  matters to a climax1 
and at once to overthrow both the       
episcopal and  the civil authority4     
,knipperdolling persuaded the butcher   
,modersohn  and the skinner ,redekker   
that1 as provosts of their guilds1 they 
were entitled to convene the members of 
their trades without the  intervention  
of the magistrates4 ,these two men      
accordingly convoked  the people for the
 #ast ,july4#ff ,the assembly was       
numerously  attended1 and opened        

tumultuously4 ,when silence was         
obtained1 a  certain ,johann            
,windemuller rose and proclaimed the    
purpose of the  convention4 ,the affair 
is one of importance1 said he2 we have  
to  maintain the glory of ,god1 our     
eternal welfare1 the happiness of all   
our fellow-citizens1 and the development
 of our franchises2 all  these things   
depend on the sacred ecclesiastical     
liberty announced  to us by the worthy  
,rottmann4 ,we must conclude an alliance
 against  the oppressors of the ,gospel1
 that the doctrine of ,rottmann1 which  
is incontestably the true one1 may be   
protected4 ,these words  produced such  
enthusiasm1 that the audience shouted   
with one voice  that they would defend  
,rottmann and his doctrine to their last
  farthing1 and the last drop of their  
blood4 ,some of those present1  by their
 silence1 expressed their displeasure1  
but a draper named  ,johann ,mennemann  
had the courage to raise his voice      
against the  proposal4 ,a furious band  

at once attacked him with their fists1  
crying out that the enemies of the pure 
,gospel must be destroyed2  already the 
bold draper was menaced with their      
daggers1 when one  of his friends       
succeeded in effecting his escape from  
the popular  rage4 ,however1 he was     
obliged to appear before the heads of   
the  guilds and answer for his          
opposition4 ,mennemann replied1 that  in
 weighty matters concerning the welfare 
of the commonwealth1  tumultuous        
proceedings were not likely to produce  
good resolutions1  and that he advised  
the separation of the corporations1 that
 the  questions might be maturely       
considered and properly weighed4#fg     
#ff ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #bjg2 ,dorpius1  
f4 #cia b4 #cib4      #fg ,ibid4 p4     
#bjh4    ,the corporations of trades now
 appointed twenty-six individuals1 in   
addition to the provosts1 to decide on  
measures adapted to carry  out the      
resolution4 ,this committee decided that
 one religion alone  should be taught in

 the town for the future and for ever   
after2  and that if any opposition was  
offered by the magistrates1 the  whole  
body of the citizens should be appealed 
to4#fh      #fh ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #bji4
    ,these decisions were presented to  
the senate on the #aath ,july1 which    
replied that they were willing not to   
separate themselves from  evangelical   
truth1 but that they were not yet       
satisfied on which  side it was to be   
found1 and that they would ask the      
bishop to send  them learned theologians
 who should investigate the matter4     
,this reply irritated ,rottmann1        
,knipperdolling1 and their followers4   
,on the #abth ,july fresh messengers    
were sent to the ,rath 7senate7 to  know
 whether it might be reckoned upon4 ,the
 answer was equivocal4  ,a third        
deputation insisted on an answer of ,yes
 or ,no1 and  threatened a general      
rising of the people unless their       
demands were  acceded to4#fi ,the       
magistrates1 in alarm1 promised their   

adhesion  to the wishes of the          
insurgents1 who demanded at once that   
sincere  preachers of the pure ,gospel  
should be installed in every church of  
,mnster4 ,the councillors accordingly   
issued orders to all the clergy  of the 
city to adopt the articles of ,bernard  
,rottmann1 or to refute  them by        
scriptural arguments1 or they must      
expect the ,council to  proceed against 
them with the extremest rigour of the   
law4      #fi ,ibid4 pp4 #baj1 #baa4    
,then1 to place the seal on their       
cowardly conduct1 they wrote to  the    
prince-bishop on the #beth1 to excuse   
themselves of complicity  in the        
institution of ,rottmann1 but at the    
same time they undertook  the defence of
 the ,reformer1 and assured the bishop  
that his  doctrine was sound and        
irrefutable4 ,at the same time they     
opened  a communication with the        
,landgrave ,philip of ,hesse1 asking    
that  bulwark of the ,reformation to    
protect them4 ,philip wrote back1       

promising his intervention1 but warning 
them not to make the ,gospel  an excuse 
for revolt and disorder1 and not to     
imagine that ,christian  liberty allowed
 them to seize on all the property of   
the ,church4 ,at  the same time he wrote
 to the prince-bishop to urge upon him  
not to  deprive the good and simple     
people of ,mnster of their evangelical  
preachers4#gj      #gj ,kerssenbroeck1  
pp4 #bac-bc4    ,in the meantime the    
seditious members of the town guilds    
grew  impatient2 and on the #fth ,august
 they sent a deputation to the town     
council reminding it of its promise1 and
 insisting on the immediate  deprivation
 of all the ,catholic clergy4 ,the      
magistrates sought  to gain time1 but   
the deputation threatened them with the 
people  taking the law into their own   
hands1 rejecting the authority of the   
council1 and electing another set of    
magistrates4    ,the ,rath1 on hearing  
this1 says ,kerssenbroeck1 were filled  
with  alarm1 and they considered it     

expedient to yield1 in part at least1   
to the populace1 and to deprive the     
clergy of their rights1 rather  than to 
expose themselves rashly to the greatest
 dangers4#ga      #ga ,ibid4 p4 #bgb4   
,they resolved therefore to forbid the  
,catholic clergy the use of  the pulpits
 of the churches1 and to address the    
people in any form4  ,this was done at  
once1 and all ceremonies contrary to the
 pure word  of ,god were abolished1 and 
the faithful in the different parishes  
were required to receive and maintain   
the new pastors commissioned  by the    
burgomaster and corporation to minister 
to them in things  divine4    ,on the   
#ajth ,august1 a crowd1 headed by       
,rottmann1 the preacher  ,brixius1 and  
,knipperdolling1 fell upon the churches 
and completed  the work of devastation  
which had been begun in ,february4 ,the 
,cathedral and the ,church of           
,ueberwasser alone escaped their        
,vandalism1 because the fanatics were   
afraid of arousing too strong  an       

opposition4 ,the same day the           
celebration of mass and communion in    
one kind were forbidden under the       
severest penalties2 the priests  were   
driven out of their churches1 and       
,rottmann1 ,brixius1 ,glandorp1  ,rolle1
 ,wertheim1 and ,gottfried ,ninnhoven1  
,lutheran preachers1 were  intruded in  
their room4#gb      #gb ,ibid4 pp4      
#bbh-cd4    ,the peace among these new  
apostles of the true ,gospel was1       
however1  subject to danger4 ,pastor    
,brixius had fallen in love with the    
sister  of ,pastor ,rottmann1 and the   
appearance of the girl proved to every  
one that the lovers had not waited for  
the ceremony of marriage4  ,rottmann    
insisted on this brother pastor marrying
 the young woman to  repair the scandal4
 ,but no sooner was the bride introduced
 into the  parsonage of ,st4 ,martin1 of
 which ,brixius was in possession1 than 
the first wife of the evangelical       
minister arrived in ,mnster with  her   
two children4 ,brixius was obliged to   

send away the new wife1 but  a coldness 
ensued between him and ,rottmann2       
however1 fearing to  cause dissension   
amongst their adherents by an open      
quarrel1 they  came to some arrangement1
 and ,brixius retained his situation4#gc
      #gc ,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 #bbh1     
#bbi4    ,these acts of violence and    
scandals had inspired many of the       
citizens with alarm4 ,those who were    
able sent their goods out of  the town2 
the nuns of ,ueberwasser despatched     
their title-deeds  and sacred vessels to
 a place of safety4 ,several of the     
wealthy  citizens and senators1 who     
would not give up their religion1       
deserted ,mnster1 and settled elsewhere4
 ,the two burgomasters1  ,ebroin ,drost 
and ,willebrand ,plonies1 resigned their
 offices and  left the city never to    
return4#gd ,the provosts of the guilds  
next  insisted on the severe repression 
of all ,catholic usages and the         
performance of sacraments by the        
priests2 they went further1 and         

insisted on belief in the sacrifice of  
the altar and adoration of  the ,host   
being made penal4 ,the clergy wrote to  
the bishop imploring  his aid1 and      
assuring him that their position was    
daily becoming  more intolerable2 but   
,francis of ,waldeck recommended        
patience1 and  promised his aid when it 
lay in his power to assist them4        
#gd ,ibid4 p4 #bcj4    ,on the #agth    
,september1 #aecb1 he convoked the      
nobles of the  principality at          
,wollbeck1 gave them an account of the  
condition  of ,mnster1 and conjured them
 to assist him in suppressing the       
rebellion4#ge ,the nobles replied1 that 
before adopting violent  measures1 it   
would be advisable to attempt a         
reconciliation4 ,eight  commissioners   
were chosen from amongst the barons1 who
 wrote to the  magistrates1 and         
requested them to send their deputies to
 ,wollbeck  on ,monday1 ,september      
#bcrd1 so as to come to some decision on
 what  is necessary for the welfare of  

the republic4 ,the envoys of the  city  
appeared1 and after the opening of the  
assembly1 the grand  marshal of the     
diocese described the condition of the  
city1 and  declared that if it pursued  
its course of disobedience1 the nobility
  were prepared to assist their prince  
in re-establishing order4 ,the          
delegates were given eight days to frame
 an answer4 ,the agitation  in ,mnster  
during these days was great4 ,the       
evangelical preachers  lost no time in  
exciting the people4 ,the deputies      
returned to the  conference with a vague
 answer that the best way to settle the 
differences would be to submit them to  
competent and enlightened  judges2 and  
so the matter dropped4      #ge ,ibid4  
p4 #bdh et seq4    ,the bishop's        
officers now captured a herd of fat     
cattle belonging to  some citizens of   
,mnster1 which were on their way to     
,cologne1 and  refused to surrender them
 till the preachers of disaffection were
  sent away4#gf      #gf ,kerssenbroeck1

 pp4 #bfh-i4    ,the party of ,rottmann 
and ,knipperdolling now required the    
town  council to raise #ejj soldiers for
 the defence of the town1 should  it be 
attacked by the prince-bishop--to strike
 #bjjj ducats in  copper for the payment
 of the mercenaries1 such money to      
circulate  in ,mnster alone--to order   
the sentinels to forbid egress to the   
,catholic clergy1 should they attempt to
 fly--and to impose on the  ,catholic   
clergy a tax of #djjj florins a month   
for the support of  the troops4 ,as the 
clergy had been deprived of their       
benefices1  forbidden to preach and     
minister the sacraments1 this additional
  act of persecution was intolerable in 
its injustice4 ,the senate  accepted    
these requisitions with some            
abatement--the number of  soldiers was  
reduced to #cjj4gg      #gg ,ibid4 p4   
#bgi et seq4    ,the bishop1 finding    
that the confiscation of the oxen had   
not  produced the required results1     
adopted another expedient which  proved 

equally ineffectual4 ,he closed all the 
roads by his cavalry1  declared the city
 in a state of blockade1 and forbade the
 peasantry  taking provisions into      
,mnster4 ,the artizans then marched out 
and  took the necessary food2 they paid 
for it1 but threatened the  peasants    
with spoliation without repayment1      
unless they frequented  the market with 
their goods as usual4 ,this menace      
produced its  effect2 ,mnster continued 
to be provisioned as before4#gh      #gh
 ,ibid4 p4 #bhc et seq4    ,proud of    
their success1 the innovators attacked  
,ueberwasser ,church1  and ordered the  
abbess to dismiss the ,catholic clergy  
who ministered  there1 and to replace   
them by ,gospel preachers4 ,she declined
  peremptorily1 and the mob then drove  
the priests out of the church  and      
presbytery1 and instituted ,lutherans in
 their place4#gi      #gi ,ibid4 pp4    
#bhd1 #bhe4    ,notwithstanding the     
decrees of the senate1 the priests      
continued  their exhortations and their 

ministrations in such churches as the   
,evangelicals were unable to supply with
 pastors1 of whom there was  a lack4    
,brixius1 the bigamist minister of ,st4 
,martin's1 having  found in one of them 
a monk preaching to a crowd of women1   
rushed  up into the pulpit1 crying out  
that the man was telling them  lies2    
but1 says ,kerssenbroeck1 the devotees  
surrounded the  unfortunate orator1 beat
 him with their fists1 slippers1 wooden 
shoes and staves1 so that he fled the   
church1 his face and body  black and    
blue4 ,probably these women bore him a  
grudge also for his  treatment of       
,rottmann's sister1 which was no secret4
 ,furious at  this1 he went next day to 
exhibit the traces of the combat to the 
senate1 entreating them to revenge the  
outrage he had received--he  a minister 
of the ,holy ,gospel2 but1 for the first
 time1 the  magistrates showed some     
sense1 and declared that they would not 
meddle in the matter1 because the guilty
 persons were too numerous1  and that   

some indulgence ought to be shown to the
 fair sex4#hj      #hj ,kerssenbroeck1  
p4 #ccj4    ,the town council now sent  
deputies to the ,protestant princes1    
,dukes  ,ernest and ,francis of         
,lneburg1 the ,landgrave ,philip of     
,hesse1 and  ,count ,philip of ,waldeck1
 brother of the prince-bishop1 to       
promise  the adhesion of the city to the
 ,smalkald union1 and to request  their 
assistance against their bishop4 ,the   
situation was singular4  ,the city      
sought assistance of the ,protestant    
union against their  prince1 desiring to
 overthrow his power1 under the plea    
that he  was a ,catholic bishop4 ,and   
the bishop1 at heart a ,lutheran1 and   
utterly indifferent to his religious    
position and responsibilities1  was     
determined to coerce his subjects into  
obedience1 that he  might retain his    
rank and revenue as prince1 intending1  
when the  city returned to its          
obedience1 to shake off his episcopal   
office1  to ,lutheranize his subjects1  

and remain their sovereign prince1  and 
possibly transform the ecclesiastical   
into a hereditary  principality1 the    
appanage of a family of which he would  
be the  founder4 ,he had already        
provided himself with a concubine1 ,anna
  ,plmann1 by whom he had children4     
,whilst the senate was engaged in       
treating with the ,protestant  princes1 
negotiations continued with the bishop1 
at the diets  convoked successively at  
,dulmen and ,wollbeck1 but they were as 
fruitless as before4 ,the deputies      
separated on the #ith ,december1        
agreeing to meet again on the #bast of  
the same month4    ,at this time there  
arrived in ,mnster a formal refutation  
of  the theses of ,rottmann1 by ,john of
 ,deventer1 provincial of the           
,franciscans at ,cologne4#ha ,the       
magistrates had repeatedly  complained  
that the refusal of the ,catholics to   
reply to ,bernard  ,rottmann was the    
sole cause of all the evil4 ,at the same
 time they  had forbidden the ,catholic 

clergy to preach or to make use of the  
press in ,mnster4 ,this answer came like
 a surprise upon them4 ,it was  carried 
by the foes of the clergy to the        
magistrates4 ,the news of  the          
appearance of this counterblast created 
the wildest excitement4  ,the citizens1 
assembled in great crowds1 ran about the
 streets to  hear what was being said4  
,some announced that the victory would  
remain with ,rottmann1 others declared  
that he would never recover  the blow4  
#ha ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ccb4    ,the    
provosts of the guilds hastily drew up a
 petition to the senate  to expel the   
clergy from the town1 and to confiscate 
their goods2  but the magistrates       
refused to comply with this requisition1
 which  would have at once stirred up   
civil war4#hb      #hb ,ibid4 pp4       
#cce-g4    ,rottmann mounted the pulpit 
on ,st4 ,andrew's day1 and declared that
  on the following ,sunday he would     
refute the arguments of ,john of        
,deventer4 ,accordingly1 on the day     

appointed1 he preached to an  immense   
crowd1 taking for his text the words of 
,st4 ,paul 7,rom4 xiii4  #ab71 ,the     
night is far spent1 the day is at hand4 
,the sermon was  not an answer to the   
arguments of ,john of ,deventer1 but a  
furious  attack upon the ,pope and      
,catholicism4 ,knipperdolling also      
informed  the people that he would      
rather have his children killed and     
cooked  and served up for dinner than   
surrender his evangelical principles    
and return to the errors of the past4#hc
      #hc ,ibid4 p4 #cch4    ,on the    
#bast ,december1 #aecb1 ,francis of     
,waldeck assembled the diet  of the     
principality1 and asked its advice as to
 the advisability  of proclaiming war   
against ,mnster1 should the city persist
 in its  obstinacy4#hd ,the clergy and  
nobles replied that1 according to       
immemorial custom1 the prince must      
engage in war at his own cost1  and that
 they were too heavily burdened with    
taxes for the ,turkish  war to enable   

them to undertake fresh charges4        
,francis of ,waldeck  reminded them that
 he was obliged to pay a pension of     
#bjjj florins  to his predecessor1      
,frederick von ,wied1 and he affirmed   
that he also  was not in a condition to 
have recourse to arms4      #hd ,ibid4  
p4 #cdj et seq4    ,whilst the prince1  
his barons and canons were deliberating1
 ,rottmann  had assumed the             
ecclesiastical dictatorship in the      
cathedral city1  and had ordered1 on his
 sole authority1 the suppression of the 
observance of fast-days4    ,the spirit 
of opposition and protestation that had 
been evoked  already manifested itself  
in strange excesses4 ,some of the       
,evangelicals refused to have the bread 
put into their mouths at  ,communion1   
says ,kerssenbroeck1 but insisted on    
helping themselves  from the table1 or  
they stained themselves in taking long  
draughts  at the large chalices4 ,it is 
even said that some placed the bread  in
 large soup tureens1 and poured the wine

 upon it1 and took it out  with spoons  
and forks1 so that they might           
communicate in both kinds  at one and   
the same moment4#he      #he            
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #cdg4    ,the        
,reformer of ,mnster began to entertain 
and to express doubts as  to the        
validity of the baptism of infants1     
which he considered had  not the warrant
 of ,holy ,scripture4 ,melancthon wrote 
urgently to him1  imploring him not to  
create dissensions in the ,evangelical  
,church by  disturbing the arrangement  
many wise men had agreed upon4 ,we have 
enemies enough1 added ,melancthon2 they 
will be rejoiced to see us  tearing each
 other and destroying one another4444 ,i
 speak with good  intention1 and ,i take
 the liberty of giving my advice1       
because ,i am  devoted to you and to the
 ,church4#hf      #hf ,ibid4 p4 #cdh4   
,luther wrote as well1 not to ,rottmann1
 but to the magistrates  of ,mnster1    
praising their love of the ,gospel1 and 
urging them  to beware of being drawn   

away by the damnable errors of the      
,sacramentarians1 ,zwinglians1          
aliorumque schwermerorum4#hg ,the       
senators received this apostolic epistle
 with the utmost respect  and reverence 
imaginable2 they communicated it to     
,rottmann and  his colleagues1 and      
ordered them to obey it4 ,but the senate
 had  long lost its authority2 and this 
injunction was disregarded4#hh          
,disorder and infidelity made progress2 
the idle1 rogues1  spendthrifts1        
thieves1 and ruined persons swelled the 
crowd of  ,evangelists4#hi      #hg     
,ibid4 p4 #cdi4      #hh ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #cea4      #hi ,ibid4 p4 #cea4      
,however1 it was not enough to have     
introduced the new religion1 to  satisfy
 the ,evangelicals the ,catholics must  
be completely deprived  of the exercise 
of their religion4 ,in spite of every   
hindrance1  mass had been celebrated    
every ,sunday in the cathedral4 ,all the
  parish churches had been deprived of  
their priests1 but the minster  remained

 in the hands of the ,catholics4 ,as    
,christmas approached1  many men and    
women prepared by fasting1 alms1 and    
confession1  to make their communion at 
the cathedral on the festival of the    
,nativity4    ,the magistrates1 hearing 
of their design1 forbade them           
communicating1 offering1 as an excuse1  
that it would cause scandal  to the     
partisans of the ,reform4 ,they also    
published a decree  forbidding baptisms 
to be performed elsewhere than in the   
parish  churches2 so as to force the    
faithful to bring their children to the 
ministrations of men whom they regarded 
with aversion as heretics  and          
apostates4#ij      #ij ,ibid4 p4 #cec4  
,no envoys from the capital attended the
 reunion of the chambers at  ,wollbeck  
on the #bjth ,december4 ,but ,mnster    
sent a letter expressing  a hope that   
the difference between the city and the 
prince might be  terminated by          
mediation4    ,this letter gave the diet
 a chance of escaping from its very     

difficult position of enforcing the rule
 of the prince without  money to pay the
 soldiers4 ,the diet undertook to lay   
the suggestion  before the              
prince-bishop1 and to transmit his reply
 to the envoys of  ,mnster4    ,francis 
of ,waldeck then quitted his diocese of 
,minden1 and betook  himself to         
,telgte1#ia a little town about four    
miles from ,mnster1  where he was to    
receive the oath of allegiance and      
homage of his  subjects in the          
principality4 ,the estates assembled at 
,wollbeck1 and  all the leading nobles  
and clergy of the diocese hastened to   
,telgte  and assembled around their     
sovereign on the same day4 ,a letter was
  at once addressed to the senate of    
,mnster by the assembled estates1       
urging it to send deputies to ,telgte1  
the following morning1 at  eight        
o'clock1 to labour together with them at
 the re-establishment  of peace4        
#ia ,ibid4 p4 #ced et seq4 ,sleidan1    
,french tr4 p4 #djg4    ,the deputies   

did not appear2 the senate addressed to 
the diet1  instead1 a letter of excuses4
 ,the estates at once replied that in   
the interest of peace1 they regretted   
the obstinacy with which the  senate had
 refused to send deputies to ,telgte2   
but that this had  not prevented them   
from supplicating the bishop to yield to
 their  wishes2 and that they were glad 
to announce that he was ready to  submit
 the mutual differences to the          
arbitration of two princes of  the      
,empire1 one to be named by himself1 the
 other by the city of  ,mnster4 ,and    
until the arbitration took place1 the   
prince-bishop  would provisionally      
suspend all measures of severity1 on    
condition  that the ancient usages      
should be restored in the churches1 the 
preachers should cease to innovate1 and 
that the imprisoned vassals  of the     
bishop should be released4    ,this     
missive was sent into the town on the   
#beth2 the magistrates  represented to  
the bearer that it would be scandalous  

to occupy  themselves with temporal     
affairs on ,christmas-day1 and on this  
pretext they persuaded him to remain    
till the morrow in ,mnster4  ,then      
orders were given for the gates of the  
town to be closed1 and  egress to be    
forbidden to every one4    ,having taken
 these precautions1 the magistrates     
assembled the  provosts of the guilds1  
and held with them a conference1 which  
terminated shortly before nine o'clock  
the same evening2 after which  the      
subaltern officers of the senate were   
sent round to rap at every  door1 and   
order the citizens to assemble at       
midnight1 before the  town-hall4 ,a     
nocturnal expedition had been resolved  
upon2 but the  movement in the town had 
excited the alarm of the ,catholics1    
who1  thinking that a general massacre  
of those who adhered to the old         
religion was in contemplation1 hid      
themselves in drains and cellars  and   
chimneys4    ,arms were brought out of  
the arsenal1 cannons were mounted1      

waggons  were laden with powder1 shot1  
beams1 planks and ladders4 ,at the      
appointed hour1 the crowd1 armed in     
various fashions1 assembled  before the 
,rath-haus4#ib ,the magistrates and     
provosts then selected  six hundred     
trusty ,evangelicals1 and united them to
 a band of three  hundred mercenaries   
and a small troop of horse4 ,the rest   
were  dispersed upon the ramparts and   
were recommended to keep watch2  then it
 was announced to the party in marching 
order that they were  to hasten         
stealthily to ,telgte and capture the   
prince-bishop1 his  councillors1 the    
barons1 and all the members of the      
estates then  assembled in that little  
town4      #ib ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ceh  
et seq4 ,sleidan1 ,french tr4 p4 #djh4  
,sleidan also gives the number as #ijj2 
,dorpius1 f4 #cib b4    ,however1 the   
diet1 surprised at not seeing their     
messenger return1  conceived a slight   
suspicion4 ,whether he feared that his  
person was  in danger so near ,mnster is

 not known1 but fortunately for himself1
  the prince1 that same evening1 left   
,telgte for his castle of ,iburg4  ,the 
members of the diet1 after long waiting1
 sent some men along the  road to the   
capital to ascertain whether their      
messenger was within  sight4 ,these men 
returned1 saying that the gates of      
,mnster were  closed and that no one was
 to be seen stirring4    ,the fact was  
singular1 not to say suspicious1 and a  
troop of horse  was ordered to make a   
reconnaissance in the direction of      
,mnster4 ,it  was already late at night1
 so1 having given the order1 the members
  of the diet retired to their beds4    
,the horse soldiers beat the  country1  
found all quiet1 withdrew some planks   
from a bridge over  the ,werse1 between 
,telgte and ,mnster1 to intercept the   
passage1 and  then returned to their    
quarters1 for the night was bitterly    
cold4 ,on  surmounting a hill1 crowned  
by a gibbet1 they1 however1 turned once 
more and looked over the plain towards  

the city4 ,a profound silence  reigned2 
but a number of what they believed to be
 will-o'-the-wisps  flitted here and    
there over the dark ground4 ,as1        
according to  popular superstition in   
,westphalia1 these little lights are to 
be  seen in great abundance at          
,yuletide1 the horsemen paid no         
attention  to them1 but continued their 
return4 ,these lights1 mistaken for     
marsh fires1 were in fact the burning   
matches of the arquebuses  carried by   
those engaged in the sortie4 ,on their  
return to ,telgte1  the horse soldiers  
retired to their quarters1 and in       
half-an-hour  all the inhabitants of the
 town were fast asleep4    ,meanwhile1  
the men of ,mnster advanced1 replaced   
the bridge over  the ,werse1 traversed  
the plain1 and reached ,telgte at two   
o'clock  in the morning4 ,they at once  
occupied all the streets1 according to  
a plan concerted beforehand1 then       
invaded the houses1 and captured  the   
members of the diet1 clergy1 nobles and 

commons4 ,three only of  the cathedral  
chapter escaped in their night shirts   
with bare feet  across the frozen river 
,ems4 ,the ,mnsterians1 having laid     
their  hands on all the money1 jewels1  
seals1 and gold chains they could  find1
 retreated as rapidly as they had       
advanced1 carrying off with  them their 
captives and the booty1 but disappointed
 in not having  secured the person of   
the prince4 ,they entered the cathedral 
city  in triumph on the morning of the  
#bfth ,december1 highly elated at  their
 success1 and nothing doubting that with
 such hostages in  their hands1 they    
would be able to dictate their own terms
 to the  sovereign4    ,but the         
expedition of ,telgte had made a great  
sensation in the  empire4 ,francis of   
,waldeck addressed himself to all the   
members of  the ,germanic body1 and     
appealed especially to his metropolitan1
 the  ,elector of ,cologne1 for         
assistance1 and also to the ,dukes of   
,cleves  and ,gueldres4 ,the elector    

wrote at once to ,mnster in terms the   
most pressing1 because some of his own  
councillors were among the  prisoners4  
,he received an evasive answer4 ,the    
,protestant princes of  the ,smalkald   
league even addressed letters to the    
senate1 blaming  energetically their    
high-handed proceeding4 ,philip         
,melancthon also  wrote a letter of     
mingled remonstrance and entreaty4#ic   
,the only  result of their appeals was  
the restoration to the prisoners of     
their money and the jewels taken from   
them4      #ic ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #cfh4 
,john von ,wyck1 syndic of ,bremen1 was 
despatched by the senate of  ,mnster to 
the ,landgrave ,philip of ,hesse1 to ask
 him to undertake  the office of        
mediator between them and their prince4 
,the ,landgrave  readily accepted the   
invitation1 and ,francis of ,waldeck was
  equally ready to admit his mediation1 
as he was himself1 as has  been already 
stated1 a ,lutheran at heart4 ,the      
people of ,mnster1  finding that the    

bishop was eager for a pacific          
settlement1 insisted  on the payment of 
the value of the oxen he had            
confiscated1 as a  preliminary1 before  
the subject of differences was entered  
upon4 ,the  prince-bishop consented1    
paid #dej florins1 and allowed the      
,landgrave  of ,hesse to draw up sixteen
 articles of treaty1 which met with the 
approval of both the senate and himself4
    ,the terms of the agreement were as 
follows3#id--    ,i4 ,the prince-bishop 
was to offer no violence to the         
inhabitants of  ,mnster in anything     
touching religion4 ,the people of       
,mnster shall  keep the pure ,word of   
,god1 said the article2 it shall be     
preached  to them1 without any human    
additions by their preachers1 in the six
  parish churches4 ,these same preachers
 shall minister the sacraments  and     
order their services and ceremonies as  
they please4 ,the citizens  shall submit
 in religious matters to the judgment of
 the magistrates  alone1 till the       

questions at issue are decided by a     
,general ,council4      #id ,ibid4 p4   
#cib et seq4    ,,ii4 ,the ,catholics   
were to exercise their religion freely  
in the  cathedral and in the capitular  
churches not included in the  preceding 
article1 until ,divine ,providence      
should order otherwise4  ,the ,lutheran 
ministers were forbidden to attack the  
,catholics1 their  dogmas and rights1   
unless the ,word of ,god imperiously    
required  it2--a clause opening a door  
to any amount of abuse4 ,as the         
speciality of ,protestantism of every   
sort consists in negation1 it  would be 
impossible for an ,evangelical pastor to
 hold his position  without denouncing  
what he disbelieved4    ,article ,,iii4 
interdicted mutual recriminations4      
,article ,,iv41 in  strange             
contradiction with ,article ,i41        
declared that the town of  ,mnster      
should obey the prince-bishop as        
legitimate sovereign in  matters        
spiritual and temporal4 ,the bishop in  

the ,vth ,article  promised to respect  
the privileges of the subject4    ,the  
,v,ith ,article forbade any one making  
an arbitrary use of the ,word  of ,god  
to justify refusal of obedience to the  
magistrates4 ,article  ,,vii4 reserved  
to the clergy their revenues1 with the  
exception of  the six parish churches1  
of which the revenues were to be        
employed  for the maintenance of the    
,evangelical pastors4 ,by the ,v,i,i,ith
  ,article the senate promised not to   
interfere with the collation to         
benefices not in their hands by right4  
,the ,i,xth ,article allowed the        
citizens to deprive their pastors in the
 ,lutheran churches1 without  the       
intervention of the bishop4 ,the rest of
 the ,articles secured a  general       
amnesty1 permission to the refugees to  
return1 and to the  imprisoned members  
of the diet to obtain their freedom4    
,this treaty was fair enough in its     
general provisions4 ,if1 as was  the    
case1 a large number of the citizens    

were disposed to adopt  ,lutheranism1 no
 power on earth had any right to        
constrain them1 and  they might justly  
claim the free exercise of their        
religion4 ,but  there were suspicious   
clauses inserted in the #ast and #bnd   
,articles  which pointed to the renewal 
of animosity and the re-opening of the  
whole question4    ,this treaty was     
signed on the #adth ,february1 #aecc1 by
 ,philip of  ,hesse1 as mediator1       
,francis1 ,count of ,waldeck1 ,prince   
and ,bishop of  ,mnster1 the members of 
chapter1 the representatives of the     
nobles  of the principality1 and the    
burgomasters and senators of ,mnster1   
together with those of the towns of     
,coesfeld and ,warendorf1 in  their own 
name and in behalf of the other towns of
 the diocese4  ,the captive estates were
 liberated on the #ahth ,february4 ,how 
the  magistrates and town kept the other
 requirements of the treaty we  shall   
soon see4    ,the senate having been    
constituted supreme authority in        

spiritual  things by the ,lutheran      
party1 now undertook the organisation of
 the  ,evangelical ,church in the city2 
and a few days after the treaty had     
been signed1 it published an            
,evangelical ,constitution1 consisting  
of ten articles1 for the government of  
the new ,church4#ie      #ie            
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #cih et seq4    ,the 
#hth article had a threatening aspect4  
,the ministers of the  ,divine ,word    
shall use their utmost endeavours to    
gain souls to the  true faith1 and to   
direct them in the ways of perfection4  
,as for  those who shall refuse to      
accept the pure doctrine1 and those who 
shall blaspheme and be guilty of public 
crimes1 the senate will  employ against 
them all the rigour of the laws1 and the
 sword of  justice4    ,rottmann was    
appointed by the magistrates            
,superintendent of the  ,lutheran       
,church in ,mnster1 a function bearing a
 certain resemblance  to that of a      
bishop4#if ,then1 thinking that a bishop

 should be the  husband of one wife at  
least1 ,rottmann married the widow of   
,johann  ,vigers1 late syndic of        
,mnster4 ,she was a person of bad       
character1  says ,kerssenbroeck1 whom   
,rottmann had inspired during her       
husband's  life with ,evangelical       
principles and an adulterous love4#ig   
,it is  asserted1 with what truth it is 
impossible at this distance of time  to 
decide1 that ,vigers was drowned in his 
bath at ,ems1 in a fit1  and that his   
wife allowed him to perish without      
attempting to save  him4 ,anyhow1 no    
sooner was he dead1 than she returned   
full speed to  ,mnster and married her  
lover4#ih      #if ,ibid4 p4 #djb4      
#ig ,ibid4 p4 #djc4      #ih ,ibid4 p4  
#djd4    ,the reformer and his adherents
 had been given their own way1 and  the 
senate hoped they would rest satisfied1 
and that tranquillity  would be         
re-established in the city4 ,but their  
hopes were doomed  to disappointment4   
,certain people1 if given an inch1      

insist on  taking an ell2 of these      
people ,rottmann was one4 ,excited by   
him1  the ,evangelicals of the town     
complained that the magistrates had     
treated the ,papists with too great     
leniency1 that the clergy had  not been 
expelled and their goods confiscated    
according to the  original programme4   
,it was decided tumultuously that the   
elections  must be anticipated2 and on  
the #crd ,march1 the people deposed the 
magistrates and elected in their room   
the leaders of the extreme  reforming   
party4#ii ,knipperdolling was of their  
number2 only four  of the former        
magistrates were allowed to retain      
office1 and these  were men whom they   
could trust4 ,hermann ,tilbeck and      
,kaspar ,judenfeld  were named          
burgomasters2 ,heinrich ,modersohn and  
,heinrich ,redekker  were chosen        
provosts or tribunes of the people4#ajj 
#ii ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #djd4      #ajj  
,ibid4 p4 #dje4    ,next to the senate  
came the turn of the parishes4 ,on the  

#agth ,march1  under the direction of   
,rottmann1 the people proceeded to      
appoint  the ministers to the churches  
in the town4 ,their choice was not      
happy2 it fell on those most unqualified
 to exercise a salutary  influence1 and 
restrain the excitement of a mob already
 become  nearly ungovernable4#aja       
#aja ,ibid4 p4 #djf4    ,the new senate 
endeavoured to strengthen the           
,evangelical cause  by uniting the other
 towns of the diocese in a common bond  
of  resistance4 ,they invited these     
towns to send their deputies to meet    
those of the capital at a little inn    
between ,mnster and ,coesfeld1  on the  
#bjth ,march4 ,the assembly took place2 
but so far from the  other cities       
agreeing to support ,mnster1 their      
deputies read those  of the capital a   
severe lecture1 and refused to throw off
 their old  religion and their          
allegiance to the bishop4#ajb      #ajb 
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #djg et seq4    ,on  
the #bdth ,march1 #aecc1 the burgomaster

 ,tilbeck1 accompanied by the  citizen  
,kerbink1 went to ,ueberwasser1 summoned
 the abbess before  him1 and ordered her
 to maintain at the expense of the abbey
 the  preachers lately appointed to the 
church in connection with the  convent4 
,she was forced to submit4#ajc      #ajc
 ,ibid4 p4 #dac4    ,on the #bgth of the
 same month one of the preachers invaded
 the  church of ,st4 ,ledger1 still in  
the hands of the ,catholics1 at the     
head of his congregation1 broke open the
 tabernacle1 drew out the  ,host1 broke 
it1 and blowing the fragments into the  
air1 screamed to  the assembled         
multitude1 ,look at your good ,god      
flying away4    ,the same day the treaty
 was violated towards the ,franciscans4 
,some  of the senators ordered them to  
quit their convent1 their habit1  and   
their order1 unless they desired still  
more rigorous treatment1  because the   
magistrates were resolved to make the   
,church flourish  again in her ancient  
purity1 and because they wanted to      

convert the  convent into a school4#ajd 
#ajd ,ibid4 p4 #dac4    ,the superior   
replied that he and his brethren        
followed strictly  the rule of their    
founder1 and that this house belonged to
 them by  right of succession1 and that 
they were no charge to the town4 ,he    
said that if a building was needed for  
an ,evangelical school1 he  was ready to
 surrender to the magistrates a portion 
of the convent  buildings2 all he asked 
in return was that he and his brethren  
should be allowed to live in            
tranquillity4 ,this proposal saved the  
,franciscans for a time4 ,the           
,evangelical school was established  in 
their convent1 but at the end of a month
 it had fallen into  complete disorder1 
whereas the old ,papist school had not  
lost one of  its pupils1 and was as     
flourishing as ever4#aje      #aje      
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dae4    ,whilst the 
senators menaced the monasteries1       
,knipperdolling and his  friend         
,gerhardt ,kibbenbroeck pillaged the    

church of ,s4 ,lambert4  ,scarcely a day
 now passed without some fresh act of   
violence done to  the ,catholics1 or    
,vandalism perpetrated on the churches4 
,on the #eth ,april the prior and monks 
of ,bispinkhoff were forbidden  by the  
magistrates to hear confessions in their
 own church4 ,the  same day the         
,lutherans broke the altar and images in
 the church of  ,ueberwasser1 and       
scraped the paintings off the walls4    
,on ,palm ,sunday1 ,april #fth1#ajf at  
,ueberwasser1 some of the nuns1  urged  
by the preachers in their church1 cast  
off their vows1 and  joining the people1
 chanted the #gth verse of the #abdth   
,psalm  according to ,luther's          
translation--        ,der ,strich ist   
entzwei1      ,und wir sind frei4       
#ajf ,ibid4 p4 #daf4    ,the snare is   
broken1 and we are delivered2 and then  
they received  ,communion with the      
pastors4    ,on the #gth the mob        
pillaged the church of the ,servites1   
and defaced  it4 ,next day the          

,franciscans1 who had made the wafers   
for the ,holy  ,sacrament for the       
churches in the diocese1 were forbidden 
to make  them any more4 ,on the #ith    
,knipperdolling1 heading a party of the 
reformed1 broke into the cathedral      
during the celebration of the  ,holy    
,eucharist1 rushed up to the altar1 and 
drove away the priest1  exclaiming1     
,greedy fop1 haven't you eaten enough   
good ,gods yet8  ,two days later the    
magistrates ordered the chapter to      
surrender  into their hands their title 
deeds and sacred vessels4 ,on the #adth1
  ,belkot1 head of the city tribunal of 
,mnster1 entered the church of  ,s4     
,ledger1 and carried off all its        
chalices1 patens1 and ciboriums1  whilst
 others who accompanied him destroyed   
the altars1 paintings1  and statuary1   
and profaned the church in the most     
disgusting manner4  ,the unhappy        
,catholics1 unable to resist1 uttered   
loud lamentations1  and did not refrain 
from calling the perpetrators of the    

outrage  robbers and sacrilegious1 for  
which they were summoned before  the    
magistrates1 and threatened with        
imprisonment unless they                
apologised4#ajg      #ajg ,kerssenbroeck
 #dag4    ,as the news of the conversion
 of the city of ,mnster to the ,gospel  
spread1 strangers came to it from all   
parts1 to hear and to learn1  as they   
gave out1 pure ,evangelical truth4      
,amongst these adventurers was a man    
destined to play a terribly  prominent  
part in the great drama that was about  
to be enacted at  ,mnster4 ,this was    
,john ,bockelson1 a tailor1 a native of 
,leyden1 in  ,holland4 ,he had quitted  
his country and his wife secretly to    
hear  ,rottmann4 ,he entered ,mnster on 
the #beth ,july1 and lodged with a      
citizen named ,hermann ,ramers4 ,having 
been instructed in the ,gospel          
according to ,luther1 he went to preach 
in ,osnabrck1 but from thence  he was   
driven4 ,he then returned to his own    
home4 ,there he became an  ,anabaptist1 

under the instruction of ,john          
,matthisson1 who sent him  with ,gerrit 
,buchbinder as apostles of the sect to  
,westphalia in the  month of ,november1 
#aecc4    ,the time had now arrived when
 the ,lutheran party1 which had so      
tyrannically treated the ,catholics in  
the city of ,mnster1 was  itself to be  
despotically put down and trampled upon 
by a sect which  sprang from its own    
womb4    ,rottmann had for some while   
been wavering in his adhesion to        
,lutheranism4#ajh ,he doubted first1 and
 then disbelieved in  the ,real         
,presence1 which ,luther insisted upon4 
,he thought that  the reformation of the
 ,wittenberg doctor was not sufficiently
  thoroughgoing in the matter of        
ceremonial2 then he doubted the         
scriptural authority for the baptism of 
infants4 ,two preachers1  ,heinrich     
,rott and ,herman ,strapedius1 fell in  
with his views4 ,the  former had been a 
monk at ,haarlem1 but had become a      
,lutheran  preacher4 ,he regarded the   

baptism of infants as one of those      
things  which are indifferent to        
salvation4 ,strapedius was more decided2
  he preached against infant baptism as 
an abomination in the sight  of ,god4   
,he was named by the people preacher at 
,s4 ,lambert's1  the head church of the 
city1 in spite of the opposition of the 
authorities4#aji      #ajh              
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dbi et seq42        
,sleidan1 ,french tr4 p4    #dji2       
,bullinger1 ,adv4 ,anabapt41 #aaf1 ii4  
c4 #h4      #aji ,kerssenbroeck1 pp4    
#dca1 #dcb2 ,dorp41 f4 #cbb-c4    ,the  
,lutheran senate of ,mnster1 which a few
 months previously had  been elected    
enthusiastically by the people1 now felt
 that before  these fiery preachers1    
drifting into ,anabaptism1 their power  
was  in as precarious a position as was 
that of those whom they had  supplanted4
 ,alarmed at the rapid extension of the 
new forms of  disbelief1 they twice     
forbade ,rottmann to preach against the 
baptism  of infants and the ,real       

,presence1 and ordered him to conform in
 his  teaching to authorised ,lutheran  
doctrine4 ,he treated their orders  with
 contempt4 ,then they summoned him      
before them3 he appeared1 but  on       
leaving the ,rath-haus1 preached in the 
square to the people with  redoubled    
violence4    ,the senate1 at their wits'
 end1 ordered a public discussion       
between  ,rottmann and the orthodox     
,lutherans1 represented by ,hermann     
,busch4  ,the discussion took place     
before the city ,rath1 and the senate   
decided that ,busch had gained the day1 
and they therefore forbade  all         
innovation in the administration of     
baptism and the ,lord's  ,supper4       
,rottmann and his colleague disregarded 
the monition1 and continued  their      
sermons against the rags of ,popery     
which still disfigured  the ,lutheran   
,church4 ,several of the ministers in   
the town1 whether  from conviction or   
from interest1 finding that their       
congregations  drained away to the      

churches where the stronger-spiced      
doctrine was  preached1 joined the      
movement4 ,it was simply a carrying of  
negation  beyond the pillars of         
,hercules planted by ,luther4 ,luther   
had denied  of the sum total of         
,catholic dogmas1 say ten1 and had      
retained  ten4 ,the ,anabaptist denied  
two more1 and retained only eight4 ,on  
the #ajth ,august a tumultuous scene    
took place in the church of ,s4         
,giles4#aaj ,a ,dutch preacher began    
declaiming against baptism of  children4
 ,johann ,windemoller1 ex-senator1 a    
vehement opponent of  ,anabaptist       
disintegration of ,lutheran doctrine1   
who was in the  congregation1 rushed up 
the pulpit stairs1 and pulled the       
preacher  down1 exclaiming1 ,scoundrel6 
how dare you take upon you the  office  
of preacher--you who1 a few years ago1  
were thrust into the  iron-collar1 and  
branded on the cheek for your crimes8   
,do you think  ,i do not know your      
antecedents8 ,you talk of virtue1 you   

gibbet-bird8  ,you who are guilty of so 
many crimes and impieties8 ,go along    
with  you1 take your doctrine and your  
brand elsewhere4      #aaj              
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dcd4    ,windemoller
 was about to turn the pastor out of the
 church1 when a  number of women1 who   
had joined the ,anabaptist party1 fell1 
howling1  upon ,windemoller1 crying that
 he wanted to deprive them of the       
saving ,gospel and ,word of ,truth1 and 
they would have strangled him  had he   
not beat a precipitate retreat4 ,the    
same afternoon1 some  citizens who      
brought their children to this church to
 be baptized  were driven from the doors
 with shouts of derision4    ,the       
magistrates played a trump card1 and    
ordered ,rottmann to  leave the town1   
together with the ministers who followed
 his  teaching4#aaa ,bernard ,rottmann  
replied much in the same strain as  he  
had answered the bishop1 stating that   
his doctrine was strictly  conformable  
to the pure word of ,god1 and that he   

demanded a public  discussion1 in which 
his doctrines might be tested by        
,scripture  alone1 without human        
additions4 ,finally he protested that he
 would  not abstain from preaching1 nor 
desert his flock1 whether the senate    
persisted in its sentence or not4 ,five 
ministers signed this defiant           
letter--,rottmann1 ,johann ,clopris1    
,heinrich ,roll1 ,gottfried ,strahl1    
and ,denis ,vinnius4 ,these men at once 
hastened to collect the heads  of the   
corporations and provosts together1 and 
urge them to take  their part against   
the ,rath4 ,they were quite prepared to 
do so1 and  the magistrates yielded on  
condition that ,bernard and his         
following  of preachers should abstain  
from speaking on the disputed questions 
of infant baptism and the ,eucharist4   
,rottmann consented1 in his  own name   
and in that of his friends1 in a paper  
dated ,october #crd1  #aecc4aab ,the    
senate was1 however1 well aware that its
 power was  tottering to its fall1 and  

that the preachers had not the remotest 
intention of fulfilling their           
engagement4 ,they saw that these men    
were gradually absorbing into themselves
 the supreme authority in  the city1 and
 that a magistracy which opposed them   
could at any  moment be by them         
dismissed their office4 ,in alarm they  
wrote to  the prince-bishop1 and sent   
him messengers to lay before him the    
precarious condition of the affairs in  
the capital1 imploring him  to consider 
the imminence of the peril1 and to send 
them learned  theologians who could     
combat the spread of erroneous doctrine1
 and  introduce those conformable to the
 pure word of ,god4#aac      #aaa ,ibid4
 p4 #dcf4      #aab ,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 
#dcg-i4      #aac ,ibid4 p4 #dda4    ,it
 was a singular state of affairs indeed4
 ,the magistrates had  appealed to the  
pure word of ,god1 as understood by     
,luther1 against  ,catholicism1 and now 
the ,anabaptists appealed to the same   
oracle1  with equal confidence against  

,lutheranism2 the two parties leaned on 
the same support--who was to decide     
which party ,scripture upheld8    ,the  
answer of ,francis of ,waldeck was such 
as might have been  expected from a man 
endowed with some common sense4 ,he     
reminded the  magistrates that it was   
their own fault if things had come to   
such  a pass2 he feared that now the    
evil had gained the upper hand1 and     
that gentleness was out of place2 a     
decided face could alone secure  to the 
magistrates moral authority4 ,he was    
ready to support them  if they would    
maintain their allegiance for the       
future4 ,he would  send them a learned  
theologian1 ,dr4 ,heinrich ,mumpert1    
prior of the  ,franciscans of           
,bispinkhoff1 to preach against error in
 the cathedral4    ,the senate was in a 
dilemma4 ,they had no wish to return to 
,catholicism1 and they dreaded the      
progress of schism4 ,they stood on  an  
inclined plane4 ,above was the rock of  
an infallible authority2  below1 faith  

shelved into an abyss of negation they  
shrank from  fathoming4 ,if they looked 
back1 they saw ,catholicism2 if they    
looked forward1 they beheld the         
dissolution of all positive belief4     
,like all timorous men they shrank from 
either alternative1 and  attempted for a
 little longer to maintain their        
slippery position4  ,they declined the  
offer of the ,catholic doctor1 and      
turned to the  ,landgrave ,philip of    
,hesse for assistance4 ,the ,landgrave  
at once  acceded to the request of the  
magistrates1 and sent them ,theodore    
,fabricius and ,johann ,melsinger1      
guaranteeing to their senate their      
orthodoxy4#aad      #aad ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #ddc2 ,sleidan1 p4 #daj2 ,dorpius1  
f4 #cic b4    ,while these preachers    
were on their way1 disorder increased in
  ,mnster4 ,the faction of ,rottmann    
grew apace1 and spread into the         
,convent of ,ueberwasser1 where the nuns
 were daily compelled to  hear the      
harangues of two zealous ,evangelical   

pastors1 who exerted  themselves        
strenuously to demolish the faith of the
 sisters down  to the point fixed as the
 limit of negation by ,luther4 ,but     
these  pastors having become infected   
with ,rottmann's views1 continued the   
work of destruction1 and lowered the    
temple of faith two additional  stages4 
,the result of these sermons on the     
excitable nuns was that the  majority   
broke out into revolt1 and refused to   
observe abstinence  and practise        
self-mortification2 and proclaimed their
 intention  of returning to the world   
and marrying4 ,the bishop wrote to them1
  imploring them to consider that they  
were all of them members of  noble      
families1 and that they must be careful 
in no way to dishonour  their families  
by scandalous behaviour4 ,the mutineers 
seemed  disposed to yield1 but we shall 
presently see that their submission  was
 only temporary4#aae      #aae          
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ddc4    ,on the     
#aeth ,october1 the senate wrote to the 

bishop1 and informed  him that they     
would not permit the prior ,mumpert to  
preach in the  cathedral4#aaf ,they     
acknowledged that according to the      
treaty  of ,telgte1 the city had        
consented to allow the ,catholics the   
use of the cathedral1 until such time as
 the ,lord shall dispose  otherwise1    
but1 they said1 at the time of the      
conclusion of the  treaty1 there was no 
preacher at the minster2 which was true1
 for  the ,catholic clergy had been     
forbidden the use of the pulpit2 and    
they declared that in all good          
conscience1 they could not permit  the  
institution of one whose doctrine and   
manner of life were not  conformable to 
the gospel4      #aaf ,ibid4 p4 #ddd4   
,francis of ,waldeck1 without paying    
attention to this refusal1  ordered     
,mumpert to preach and celebrate the    
,eucharist in the  cathedral church1 on 
,sunday1 #bfth ,october1 #aecc4 ,the    
prior obeyed4  ,the fury of the         
,evangelicals was without limits2 and in

 a second  letter1 more insolent than   
the first1 the magistrates told the     
bishop that they would not suffer a     
fanatical friar to come and  teach error
 to the people4 ,the bishop's sole reply
 was a command to  the prior to continue
 his course4    ,at this moment the     
learned divines sent by ,philip of      
,hesse arrived  in the city1 and hearing
 of the sermons in the minster1 to which
 the  people flocked1 and which were    
likely to produce a counter current  in 
a ,catholic direction1 they insisted1 as
 a preliminary to their  mission1 that  
the mouth of the ,catholic preacher     
should be stopped4  ,we pray you1 said  
they to the magistrates1 to forbid this 
man  permission to reside in the town1  
lest our pure doctrine be choked  by his
 abominable sermons4 ,an authority      
claiming to be ,christian  should not   
tolerate such a scandal4    ,the senate 
hastened to satisfy the ,hessian        
theologians1 by not  merely ordering the
 ,catholic preacher to leave the city1  

but by  outlawing him1 so that he was   
obliged in haste to fly a place  where  
his life might be taken by any          
unscrupulous persons with  impunity4#aag
      #aag ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ddd et   
seq4    ,francis of ,waldeck1 justly    
irritated1 wrote to ,philip of ,hesse1  
remonstrating at the interference of his
 commissioners in the  affairs of       
another man's principality4#aah ,the    
,landgrave replied  that1 so far from   
deserving reproach1 he merited thanks   
for  having sent to ,mnster two divines 
of the first class1 who would  preach   
there the pure ,word of ,god1 and would 
strangle the monster  of ,anabaptism4   
,with the outlawry of the ,catholic     
preacher1 the  struggle between         
,catholicism and ,lutheranism closed2   
the struggle  for the future was to be  
between ,lutheranism and ,anabaptism2 a 
struggle desperate on the part of the   
,lutherans1 for what basis  had they for
 operation8 ,the ,catholics had an      
intrenched position  in the authority of

 a ,church1 which they claimed to be    
invested  with divine inerrancy1 by     
commission from ,christ2 but the        
,lutheran  and ,anabaptist fought over  
the pages of the ,bible1 each claiming  
,scripture as on his side4 ,it was a war
 within a camp1 to decide  which should 
pitch the other outside the rampart of  
the letter4      #aah ,ibid4 p4 #deg et 
seq4    ,fabricius and ,melsinger fought
 for ,infant ,baptism and the ,real     
,presence1 ,rottmann and ,strapedius    
against both4 ,do you call this  the    
body and blood of ,christ8 exclaimed    
,master ,bernard one day1  whilst he was
 distributing the ,sacrament2 and       
flinging it on the  ground1 he          
continued1 ,were it so1 it would get up 
from the ground  and mount the altar of 
itself without my help4 ,know by this   
that  neither the body nor blood of     
,christ are here4#aai      #aai         
,dorpius1 f4 #cid4    ,peter            
,wyrthemius1 a ,lutheran preacher1 was  
interrupted1 when he  attempted to      

preach1 by the shouts and jeers of the  
,anabaptists1 and  was at last driven   
from his pulpit4    ,rottmann kept his  
promise not to preach ,anabaptist       
doctrine in  the pulpit1 but he printed 
and circulated a number of tracts and   
pamphlets1 and held meetings in private 
houses for the purpose of  disseminating
 his views4#abj ,his reputation         
increased rapidly1 and  extended afar4  
,disciples came from ,holland1 ,brabant1
 and ,friesland1  to place themselves   
under his direction2 women even confided
 to him  the custody of their children4 
#abj ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ddh4    ,the   
most lively anxiety inspired the senate 
to make another attempt  to regain their
 supremacy in the direction of affairs4 
,on the #crd or #dth ,november1 the     
heads of the guilds and the provosts    
and patricians of the city were         
assembled to deliberate1 and it  was    
resolved that ,rottmann and his         
colleagues should be expelled  the town 
and the diocese2 and to remove from them

 the excuse that  they feared arrest    
when they quitted the walls of ,mnster1 
the  magistrates obtained for them a    
safe-conduct1 signed by the bishop  and 
the upper chapter4#aba      #aba ,ibid4 
p4 #ddi4    ,next day1 the magistrates  
and chief citizens reassembled in the   
market square1 and voted that not only  
should the ,anabaptist  preachers be    
exiled1 but also those of the           
magistrates who had  supported them2 and
 that this sentence should receive      
immediate  execution4#abb      #abb     
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dej et seq4    ,this
 was too sweeping a measure to pass     
without provoking  resistance4 ,the     
burgomaster1 ,tilbeck1 who felt that the
 blow was  aimed at himself1 exclaimed1 
angrily3 ,is this the reward ,i receive 
for having prudently governed the       
republic8 ,but we will not suffer  the  
innocent to be oppressed1 and we shall  
treat you in such a  manner as will calm
 your insolence4    ,these words gave   
the signal for an open rupture4         

,knipperdolling and ,hermann ,krampe1   
both members of the senate1 drew  their 
swords and ranged themselves beside the 
burgomaster1 calling  the people to     
arms4 ,the mob at once rushed upon the  
senators4 ,the  servants of the chapter 
and the clergy in the cathedral close1  
hastened carrying arms to the assistance
 of the magistrates4 ,both  parties     
sought a place of defence1 each         
anticipating an attack4  ,the ,lutherans
 occupied the ,rath-haus and barricaded 
the doors4 ,the  ,anabaptists retired   
behind the strong walls of the cemetery 
of ,st4  ,lambert4 ,the night was spent 
by both parties under arms1 and a fight 
appeared imminent on the morrow4 ,then  
the syndic ,johann von ,wyck  persuaded 
the frightened senate to moderate their 
sentence1 and  hurrying to the          
,anabaptists1 he urged them to be       
reconciled to the  magistrates4 ,an     
agreement was finally concluded1 whereby
 ,rottmann  was forbidden for the future
 to preach1 and every one was to be     

allowed to believe what he liked1 and to
 disbelieve what he chose4    ,master   
,bernard1 however1 evaded his obligation
 by holding meetings  in private houses 
at night1 to which his followers were   
summoned by  the discharge of a gun4#abc
 ,considering that it was now necessary 
that his adherents should have their    
articles of belief1 or rather  of       
disbelief1 as a bond of union and of    
distinction between  themselves and the 
,lutherans1 he drew up a profession of  
faith in  nineteen articles4 ,that which
 he had published nine months before    
was antiquated1 and represented the     
creed of the ,lutheran faction1  against
 which he was now at variance4      #abc
 ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dec et seq4        
,this second creed contained the        
following propositions3--    ,the       
baptism of children is abominable before
 ,god4    ,the habitual ceremonies used 
at baptism are the work of the devil    
and of the ,pope1 who is ,antichrist4   
,the consecrated ,host is the great     

,baal4    ,a ,christian 7that is1 a     
member of ,rottmann's sect7 does not set
 foot  in the religious assemblies of   
the impious 7i4e41 of the ,catholics    
and ,lutherans74    ,he holds no        
communication and has no relations with 
them2 he is not  bound to obey their    
authorities2 he has nothing in common   
with their  tribunals2 nor does he unite
 with them in marriage4    ,the ,sabbath
 was instituted by the ,lord ,god1 and  
there is no  scriptural warrant for     
transferring the obligation to the      
,sunday4    ,papists and ,lutherans are 
to be regarded as equally infamous1 and 
those who give faith to the inventions  
of priests are veritable  pagans4       
,during fourteen centuries there have   
been no true ,christians4 ,christ  was  
the last priest2 the apostles did not   
enjoy the priestly office4    ,jesus    
,christ did not derive ,his human nature
 from ,mary4#abd      #abd ,this is     
corroborated by the ,acta1 ,handlungen1 
c41 fol4    #che4 ,the ,preachers3 ,do  

you believe that ,christ received ,his  
flesh off the flesh of ,mary1 by the    
operation of the ,holy ,ghost8    ,john 
of ,leyden3 ,no2 such is not the        
teaching of ,scripture4 ,and    he      
explained that if the flesh had been    
taken from ,mary1 it must    have been  
sinful1 for she was not immaculate4     
,every marriage concluded before        
re-baptism is invalid4    ,faith in     
,christ must precede baptism4    ,wives 
shall call their husbands lords4        
,usury is forbidden4    ,the faithful   
shall possess all things in common4     
,the publication of this formulary of   
faith1 if such it may be  called1 which 
is a string of negative propositions1   
increased the  alarm of the more sober  
citizens1 who1 feeling the insecurity of
  property and life under a powerless   
magistracy1 prepared to leave  the town4
 ,many fled and left their ,lutheranism 
behind them4 ,lening1  one of the       
preachers sent by the ,landgrave of     
,hesse1 ran away4    ,fabricius had more

 courage4 ,he preached energetically    
against  ,rottmann1 assisted by ,dr4    
,johann ,westermann1 a ,lutheran        
theologian  of ,lippe4#abe      #abe    
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #def2 ,sleidan1 p4   
#daa4    ,according to ,kerssenbroeck1  
however1 half the town followed by the  
,anabaptist leader1 and brought their   
goods and money to lay them at  his     
feet4 ,those who had nothing of their   
own1 in a body joined the  society which
 proclaimed community of goods4    ,the 
bishop again wrote to the magistrates1  
urging them to permit  the ,catholic    
preacher1 ,mumpert1 the use of the      
cathedral pulpit1  but the senate       
refused1 and continued their vain       
efforts to build  their theological     
system on a slide4 ,at their request1   
,fabricius  and ,westermann drew up     
7,november #bh1 #aecc7 a symbol of      
belief in  opposition to that formulated
 by ,rottmann1 and it was read and      
adopted by the ,lutherans in the ,church
 of ,st4 ,lambert4 ,a large  number of  

the people gave in their adhesion to    
this last and newest  creed1 and the    
magistrates1 emboldened thereby1 made a 
descent upon  the house of the          
ex-superintendent1 and confiscated his  
private  press1 with which he had       
printed his tracts4#abf      #abf ,ibid4
 p4 #def4    ,it was then that the two  
apostles1 ,buchbinder and ,bockelson1   
sent  by ,matthisson into ,westphalia1  
appeared in the city4 ,they remained    
there only four days1 during which they 
re-baptised the preachers  and several  
of their adepts1 and then retired       
prophesying their  speedy return and the
 advent of the reign of grace4          
,rottmann1 highly exasperated against   
,fabricius for having drawn up  his     
counter-creed1 went on the #cjth        
,november to the churchyard of  ,st4    
,lambert1 and standing in an elevated   
situation1 preached to the  people on   
his own new creed1 whilst ,fabricius was
 discoursing within  to his congregation
 on his own profession of faith4        

,when service was over ,fabricius came  
out1 and was immediately  attacked by   
,rottmann with injurious expressions1   
which1 however1 so  exasperated the     
congregation of the ,lutheran1 that they
 fell upon  the late superintendent of  
the ,evangelical ,church1 and threatened
  him with their sticks and fists4      
,on the #ast ,december1 ,fabricius      
complained in the pulpit of the  insult 
he had received1 and appealed to the    
people to judge between  his doctrine   
and that of ,master ,bernard by the     
difference there was  between their     
respective behaviour4#abg      #abg     
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dfa4    ,a new      
,anabaptist orator now appeared on the  
stage2 he was a  blacksmith's           
apprentice1 named ,johann ,schroeder4   
,on the #hth ,december  he occupied the 
position in the cemetery of ,st4        
,lambert from which  ,rottmann had been 
forced to fly1 and defied the ,lutherans
 to  oppose him with the pure ,word of  
,god4 ,he denounced them as still  in   

darkness1 as wrapped in the trappings of
 ,popery1 and as enemies  to the ,gospel
 of ,christ and ,evangelical liberty4   
,then he dared  ,fabricius to meet him  
in a public discussion1 and prove his   
doctrine  by the text of ,scripture4#abh
      #abh ,ibid4 p4 #dfa4    ,the      
magistrates resolved on one more attempt
 to arrest the disorder4  ,on the #aath 
,november they informed ,rottmann that1 
unless he  immediately left the city1   
they would decree his outlawry4         
,rottmann  sent a message to them in    
reply1 ,that he would not go2 that he   
was  not afraid2 and that exile was to  
him an empty word1 for1 wherever  he    
was1 the heavenly ,father would cover   
him with ,his wings4 ,he took  no       
further notice of the order1 except only
 that he instituted a  bodyguard of     
armed citizens to accompany him wherever
 he went4 ,on  the ,sunday following1   
,december #adth1 he betook himself1     
surrounded  by his guard1 to the church 
of the ,servites1 where he intended to  

preach4 ,but finding the doors locked1  
he placed himself under a  lime-tree    
near the building and pronounced his    
discourse1 without  any one venturing to
 lay a hand upon him4#abi      #abi     
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #afc2 ,dorpius1 f4   
#cid a4    ,the magistrates were equally
 unsuccessful in silencing the          
blacksmith ,schroeder4 ,this man1 having
 preached again on the #aeth  ,december1
 was taken by the police and thrown into
 prison4 ,next day  the members of the  
,blacksmiths' ,guild marched to the     
,rath-haus1  armed with their hammers   
and with bars of iron1 to demand the    
release of their comrade4 ,a violent    
dispute arose between the  senators and 
the exasperated artisans4 ,the former   
declared that  ,schroeder1 whose trade  
was to shoe horses and not to preach1   
had  deserved death for having incited  
to sedition4 ,the reply of the          
blacksmiths was very similar to that    
made by the senate to the  bishop when  
he ordered the expulsion of ,rottmann4  

,schroeder1 said  they1 has been urged  
on by love of truth1 and he has preached
 with  so much zeal that he has made    
himself hoarse4 ,he has been guilty     
neither of murder nor of any crime      
worthy of death4 ,how dare you  maltreat
 this one who has given edifying        
instruction to his fellow  citizens8    
,must nothing be done without your      
authorisation8 ,upon the  heels of the  
arguments came menaces4 ,the senate     
yielded again1 and  promised to release 
,schroeder on the morrow4    ,not       
to-morrow1 shouted the blacksmiths2     
restore our comrade to us  immediately1 
or we will burst open the prison doors4 
,the magistrates bowed to the storm1    
taking1 however1 the worse than  useless
 precaution of making ,schroeder swear1 
before they knocked  off his chains1    
that he would not attempt to revenge on 
them his  captivity4#acj      #acj      
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dfd4    ,on the     
#bast ,december1 ,rottmann resumed the  
use of his pulpit in  the church of the 

,servites1 treating the orders of the   
senate with  supreme contempt4          
,westermann1 tired of a struggle with   
the swelling  tide1 deserted ,mnster1   
leaving ,fabricius alone to fight       
against the  growing power of the       
,anabaptists4    ,the year #aecd opened 
under gloomy auspices at ,mnster4 ,in   
the first  few days of ,january1 the new
 sect dealt the ,lutherans the same     
measure these latter had dealt the      
,catholics a twelvemonth before4  ,they 
invaded their churches and disturbed    
divine worship4    ,fabricius attacked  
,rottmann violently in a sermon preached
 on the  #dth ,january1 and offered to  
have a public discussion with him on the
  moot points of doctrine4 ,the senate  
accepted the proposition with           
transport1 but ,rottmann refused4 ,not1 
said he1 that ,i am afraid  of entering 
the lists against this ,lutheran1 but   
that men are so  corrupt that they would
 certainly condemn that side which had  
for  its support right and the word of  

,scripture4#aca      #aca ,ibid4 pp4    
#dff1 #dfg4    ,on the same day that    
,rottmann sent in his refusal1 a band of
 women  tumultuously entered the        
town-hall and demanded that the         
miserable  foreign vagabond ,fabricius1 
who could not even speak the dialect  of
 the country1 and who1 inspired by an   
evil spirit1 preaches all  kinds of     
absurdities in a tongue scarcely        
intelligible1 should be  driven out of  
the city4 ,set in his place the worthy  
,rottmann1 said  the women2 he is       
prudent1 eloquent1 instructed in every  
kind of  knowledge1 and he can speak our
 language4 ,grant us this favour1       
,herrn ,burgmeistern1 and we will pray  
,god for you4 ,the burgomasters         
requested the ladies not to meddle with 
matters that concerned them  not1 but to
 return to their families and kitchens4 
,this invitation  drove them into a     
paroxysm of rage1 and they shouted at   
the top  of their shrill voices3 ,here  
are fine burgomasters6 ,they are        

neglecting the interests of the town6   
,here are tender fathers of  their      
country who attend to nothing6 ,you are 
worse than murderers1  for they kill the
 body1 but you assassinate souls by     
depriving  them of the ,evangelical     
,word which is their nourishment4 ,the  
women  then retired1 but returned next  
day reinforced by others1 and among     
them were six nuns who had deserted the 
convent of ,ueberwasser and  exhibited  
greater violence than the rest4    ,the 
women entered the hall where the        
senators were sitting and  demanded     
peremptorily that ,rottmann should be   
instituted to the  church of ,st4       
,lambert4 ,they were turned out of the  
hall without much  ceremony1 but they   
waited the exit of the magistrates when 
their  session was at an end2 then they 
bespattered them with cow and horse     
dung1 and cursed them as ,papists4 ,at  
first you favoured our holy  enterprise1
 but you have returned to ,popery like  
dogs to their  vomit4 ,since you have   

devoured the good ,hessian ,god which   
,fabricius  offers you in communion1 you
 oppress the pure ,word of ,god4 ,to the
  gallows1 to the gallows with you all6 
,the senators fled to their  houses1    
pursued by the women1 covered with      
filth1 and deafened by  their yells4#acb
      #acb ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dfh4     
,rottmann and his colleagues exercised  
an extraordinary influence  over the    
people2 they persuaded the rich ladies  
and citizens' wives  of substance to    
sell their goods1 give up their jewels1 
and cast  everything they had into a    
common fund4 ,the prompt submission of  
so  many proves that the number of      
fanatics who were sincere in their      
convictions was considerable4 ,these    
proceedings led to estrangement  in     
families4 ,kerssenbroeck relates that   
the wife of one of the  senators1 named 
,wardemann1 having been rebaptised by   
,rottmann1 was  so vigorously confirmed 
in her faith by her husband1 who had    
been  informed by a servant maid of the 

circumstance1 that she could  not walk  
for several weeks4 ,other women1 who had
 given up their  jewels and money to    
,rottmann1 were also severely chastised 
by their  husbands4#acc      #acc ,ibid4
 p4 #dgb4    ,the magistrates1 afraid to
 touch ,rottmann's person1 hoped to     
weaken him by dismissing his assistants4
 ,they therefore1 on the  #aeth         
,january1 #aecd1 ordered their officers 
to take the ,anabaptist  preachers1     
,clopris1 ,roll1 and ,strahl1 and to    
turn them out of  the town1 with orders 
never to re-enter it4 ,the mandate was  
executed2 but the ministers returned by 
another gate1 and were  conducted in    
triumph to their parsonages by the whole
 body of the  ,anabaptists4#acd         
#acd ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dgc4    ,the   
fugitive nuns of ,ueberwasser1 to the   
number of eight1 were  re-baptised by   
,rottmann on the #aath ,january1 and    
became some  of his most devoted        
adherents4 ,their conduct in the sequel 
was  characterised by the most shameless

 lubricity4    ,the prince-bishop at    
this time published a decree against the
  ,anabaptists1 outlawed ,rottmann and  
five other preachers of that sect  in   
,mnster1 and ordered his officers to    
check the spread of the  schism through 
the other towns of his principality4    
,on the #bcrd ,january1 ,rottmann having
 noticed some ,catholics and  ,lutherans
 amongst his audience in the church of  
the ,servites1  abruptly stopped his    
sermon1 saying that it was not meet to  
cast the  pearls of the new revelation  
before swine4#ace ,then he descended    
from the pulpit1 and refused to remount 
it again4 ,but probably  the real cause 
of this sudden cessation was1 that the  
views of  the leader were undergoing a  
third change1 and he was unwilling  to  
announce his new doctrine to an audience
 of which all were not  prepared to     
receive it4 ,he continued to assemble   
the faithful in  private houses1 and to 
hold daily assemblies1 in which they    
were  initiated into the further        

mysteries of his revelation4 ,in every  
parish a house was provided for the     
purpose1 and none were admitted  without
 a pass-word4 ,in these gatherings the  
mystic was able to  give full           
development to his views without the    
restraint of an only  partially         
sympathising audience4      #ace ,ibid4 
p4 #dgf4    ,on the evening of the #bhth
 ,january1 at seven o'clock1 the        
,anabaptists stretched chains across the
 streets1 assembled in  armed bands1    
closed the city gates1 and placed       
sentinels in all  directions4 ,a        
terrible anxiety reigned in the city4   
,the ,lutherans  remained up and awake  
all night1 a prey to fear1 with their   
doors  and windows barricaded1 waiting  
to see what these preparations          
signified4 ,the night passed1 broken    
only by the tramp of the  sectarian     
fanatics1 and lighted by the glare of   
their torches4    ,dawn broke and       
nothing further had taken place1 when   
suddenly two  men1 dressed like         

prophets1 with long ragged beards1 ample
 garments1  and flowing mantles1 staff  
in hand paced through the town solemnly1
  up one street and down another1       
raising their eyes to heaven1  sighing1 
and then looking down with an expression
 of compassion on  the multitude1 which 
bowed before them and saluted them as   
,enoch and  ,elias4 ,after having       
traversed the greater part of the town1 
the two  men entered the door of        
,knipperdolling's house4#acf      #acf  
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dgf4    ,the names  
of these prophets were ,john ,matthisson
 and ,john ,bockelson4  ,the first was  
the chief of the ,anabaptist sect in    
,holland4 ,the  part which the second   
was destined to play in ,mnster demands 
that his antecedents should be more     
fully given4 ,bockelson was  the bastard
 son of ,bockel1 bailiff of the ,hague1 
and a certain  ,adelhaid1 daughter of a 
serf of the ,lord of ,zoelcken1 in the  
diocese  of ,mnster4 ,this ,adelhaid    
purchased her liberty afterwards and    

married her seducer4 ,john was brought  
up at ,leyden1 where he was  apprenticed
 to a tailor4 ,he visited ,england1     
,portugal1 and ,lubeck1  and returned to
 ,leyden in his twenty-first year4 ,he  
then married the  widow of a boatman1   
who presented him with two sons4 ,john  
,bockelson  was endowed by nature with a
 ready wit and with a retentive memory4 
,he amused himself by learning nearly   
the whole of the ,bible by  heart1 and  
by composing obscene verses and plays4  
,in addition to his  business of        
tailoring1 he opened a public-house     
under the sign of  ,the ,three          
,herrings1 which became a haunt of women
 of bad repute4  ,the passion for change
 came over ,bockelson after leading this
 sort  of life for a while1 and he      
visited ,mnster in #aecc1 as we have    
already seen1 and thence passed to      
,osnabrck1 from which place  he was     
expelled4 ,after wandering about        
,westphalia for a while he  returned to 
,leyden4 ,next year1 in company with    

,matthisson1 the head  of the           
,anabaptists1 he visited ,mnster1 which 
the latter declared  prophetically was  
destined to be the new ,jerusalem1 the  
capital of a  regenerate world1 where   
the millennial kingdom was to be set    
up4#acg      #acg ,kerssenbroeck1 part  
ii4 p4 #ea et seq42 ,heresbach1 p4 #ca2 
,hast1 p4 #cbd4    ,the two adventurers 
reached their destination on the #acth  
,january1  and ,knipperdolling received 
them into his house4 ,some of the       
preachers were informed of their        
arrival1 but were required to keep  the 
matter secret till the time ordained of 
,god should come for  their revealing   
themselves to the world4    ,a council  
was being held in the house of          
,knipperdolling1 when the  prophets     
entered it after having finished their  
peregrination of  the town4 ,rottmann1  
,roll1 ,clopris1 ,strapedius1 ,vinnius1 
and ,strahl  were engaged in a warm     
discussion4 ,some of the party were of  
opinion  that the moment had arrived1   

now that all the ,anabaptists were under
  arms1 for a general purification of   
the city by the massacre or  expulsion  
of ,catholics and ,lutherans2 the others
 thought that the  hour of vengeance had
 not yet struck1 and that the day of the
 ,lord  must not be antedated4 ,the     
quarrel was appeased by the appearance  
of  the two prophets1 who were hailed as
 messengers sent from heaven to         
announce the will of ,god4 ,then        
,matthisson and his companion knelt     
down and wept1 and having meditated some
 moments1 they uttered  their decision  
in voices broken by sobs4 ,the time for 
cleansing  the threshing-floor of the   
,lord is not yet come4 ,the slaughter of
  the ungodly must be delayed1 that     
souls may be gathered in1 and  that     
souls may be formed and educated in     
houses set apart1 and not  in churches  
which were lately filled with idols4    
,but1 said they in  conclusion1 the day 
of the ,lord is at hand4    ,these words
 reconciled the council4 ,on the evening

 of the #bith1 the  ,anabaptists laid   
aside their arms and returned to their  
homes4#ach  ,the events of the night had
 utterly dispelled the last traces of   
courage in the magistrates2 they did not
 venture to notice the  threatening     
aspect of the armed fanatics1 or to     
remonstrate with  them for barricading  
the streets4 ,to avert all possible     
danger from  themselves was their only  
object2 and to effect this they         
published  an act of toleration1        
permitting every man to worship ,god and
  perform his public and private        
devotions as he thought proper4         
#ach ,kerssenbroeck1 part i4 p4 #dgg et 
seq4    ,the power of ,rottmann had     
become so great1 through the events     
just recorded1 that a false prophecy did
 not serve to upset his  authority4 ,on 
the #fth ,february1 at the head of a    
troop of his  admirers1 he invaded the  
,church of ,ueberwasser1 to prevent the 
,evangelical flame kindled in the hearts
 of the nuns from dying  out4#aci       

,having summoned all the sisters into   
the church1 he  mounted the pulpit and  
preached to them a sermon on matrimony1 
in  which he denounced convents and     
monasteries1 in which the most          
imperious laws of nature were left      
unfulfilled1 and he urged the  nuns to  
labour heartily for the propagation of  
the human race2  and then he completely 
turned the heads of the young women1 by 
announcing to them with an inspired air1
 that their convent would  fall at      
midnight1 and would bury beneath its    
ruins every one who was  found within   
its walls4 ,this salutary announcement  
has been made to  me1 said he1 by one of
 the prophets now present in this town1 
and  the ,heavenly ,father has also     
favoured me with a direct and special   
revelation to the same effect4#adj      
#aci ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dgi4      #adj 
,hast1 p4 #cbi et seq4    ,this was     
enough to complete the conversion of the
 nuns1 already  shaken in their faith by
 the sermons they had been compelled to 

listen to for some time past4 ,in vain  
did the ,abbess ,ida and two  other     
sisters implore them to remain and      
despise the prophecy4  ,the infatuated  
women1 in paroxysms of fear and         
excitement1 fled  the convent and took  
refuge in the house of ,rottmann1 where 
they  changed their clothes1 and then   
ran about the town uttering cries of    
joy4    ,the prophecy of ,rottmann had  
been repeated by one to another         
throughout ,mnster4 ,no one slept that  
night4 ,crowds poured down the  streets 
in the direction of ,ueberwasser1 and   
the square in front of  the convent was 
densely packed with breathless          
spectators1 awaiting  the ruin of the   
house4    ,midnight tolled from the     
cathedral tower4 ,the crowd waited      
another  hour4 ,it struck one1 and the  
convent had not fallen4 ,master         
,bernard was not the man to be          
disconcerted by so small a matter4      
,prophecies1 cried he1 are always       
conditional4 ,jonah foretold that       

,nineveh should be destroyed in forty   
days1 but since the inhabitants         
repented1 it remained standing4 ,the    
same has taken place here4  ,nearly all 
the nuns have repented1 have quitted    
their cloister  and their habit1 have   
renounced their vows--thus the anger of 
the  ,heavenly ,father has been         
allayed4#ada      #ada ,kerssenbroeck1  
p4 #dgi4    ,the preacher ,roll was next
 seized with prophetic inspiration4 ,he 
ran  through the town1 foaming at the   
mouth1 his eyes rolling1 his hair  and  
garments in disorder1 his face haggard1 
uttering at one moment  inarticulate    
howls1 and at another1 exhortations to  
the impenitent  to turn and be saved1   
for that the day of the ,lord was at    
hand4#adb      #adb ,dorpius1 p4 #cid4  
,a young girl of eighteen1 the daughter 
of a tailor named ,gregory  ,zumberge1  
was next seized4 ,on the #hth ,february 
she was possessed  with a sort of       
oratorical fury1 and she preached with  
fire and  extraordinary volubility      

before an astonished crowd4    ,the same
 day the spirit fell on ,knipperdolling 
and ,bockelson2 they  ran about the     
streets with bare heads and uplifted    
eyes1 repeating  incessantly in shrill  
tones1 ,repent1 repent1 repent1 ye      
sinners2  woe1 woe6 ,having reached the 
market-place1 they fell into one        
another's arms before a crowd of        
citizens and artizans who ran  up from  
all directions4 ,at the same moment1 the
 tailor1 ,gregory  ,zumberge1 father of 
the preaching damsel1 arrived with his  
hair  flying1 his arms extended1 his    
face contorted1 and a wild light        
playing in his eyes1 and cried1 ,lift up
 your heads1 ,o men1 ,o dear  brothers6 
,i see the majesty of ,god in the       
clouds1 and ,jesus waving  the standard 
of victory4 ,woe to ye impious ones who 
have resisted  the truth6 ,repent1      
repent6 ,i see the ,heavenly ,father    
surrounded by  thousands of angels      
menacing you with destruction6 ,be      
converted6 the  great and terrible day  

of the ,lord is come4444 ,god will truly
 purge  ,his floor1 and burn the chaff  
with unquenchable fire4444 ,renounce    
your evil ways and adopt the sign of the
 ,new ,convenant1 if you wish  to escape
 the wrath of the ,lord4    ,it is      
impossible1 says the oft-quoted writer1 
who was eye-witness  in the town of all 
he describes1 impossible to imagine the 
gestures and antics which accompanied   
this discourse4 ,now the  tailor leaped 
about on the stones and seemed as though
 about to  fly2 then he turned his head 
with extraordinary rapidity1 beating    
his hands together1 and looking up to   
heaven and then down to  earth4 ,then1  
all at once1 an expression of despair   
came over his  face1 and he fell on the 
pavement in the form of a cross1 and    
rolled in the mud4 ,a good number of us 
young fellows were there1  continues    
,kerssenbroeck1 much astonished at their
 howling1 and  looking attentively at   
the sky to see if there really was      
anything  extraordinary to be seen      

there2 but not distinguishing anything  
we  began to make fun of the illuminati1
 and this decided them to retire  to the
 house of ,knipperdolling4#adc      #adc
 ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dhc4    ,there a   
new scene commenced4 ,the ecstatics left
 doors and windows  wide open1 that all 
that passed within might be seen and    
heard by  the dense crowd which packed  
the street without4 ,those in the street
  saw ,knipperdolling place himself in a
 corner1 his face to the wall1  and     
carry on in broken accents a familiar   
conversation with ,god  the ,father4 ,at
 one moment he was seen to be listening1
 then to be  replying1 making the       
strangest gestures4 ,this went on for   
some time1  till another actor appeared4
 ,this was a blind ,scottish beggar1    
very  tall and gaunt--a zealous         
,anabaptist4 ,he was fantastically      
dressed  in rags1 and wore high-heeled  
boots to add to his stature4 ,although  
blind1 he ran about exclaiming that he  
saw strange visions in the  sky4 ,this  

was enough to attract a crowd1 which    
followed him to the  corner of the      
,knig's ,strasse1 when1 just as he was  
exclaiming1  ,alas1 alas6 ,heaven is    
going this instant to fall6 he tumbled  
over  a dung-heap which was in his way4 
,this accident woke him from his        
ecstasy1 and he picked himself up in    
great confusion1 and never  prophesied  
again4#add      #add ,ibid4 p4 #dgi4    
,but his place was speedily supplied by 
another man named ,jodocus  ,culenburg1 
who1 in order to convey himself with    
greater rapidity  whither the ,spirit   
called him1 rode about the town on a    
horse1  announcing in every street that 
he heard the peal of the ,last          
,trumpet4 ,several women also were taken
 with the prophetic spirit1  and one1   
named ,timmermann1 declared that the    
,king of ,heaven was  about to appear   
like a lightning-flash1 and would       
re-establish  ,jerusalem4 ,another      
woman1 whose cries and calls to         
repentance had  caused her to lose her  

voice1 ran about with a bell attached to
 her  girdle1 urging the bystanders with
 expressive gestures to join the  number
 of the elect and be saved4#ade         
#ade ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dhd4    ,these 
fantastic scenes had made a profound    
impression on many of  the citizens of  
,mnster4 ,a nervous affection           
accompanying mystic  excitement is      
always infectious4 ,the agitation of    
minds and  consciences became general2  
men and women had trances1 prayed in    
public1 screamed1 had visions1 and fell 
into cataleptic fits4 ,in  those days   
people knew nothing of physical and     
psychological causes2  the general      
excitement was attributed by them to    
supernatural  agency4 ,it was simply a  
question whether these signs were       
produced  by the devil or by the ,spirit
 of ,god4 ,the ,catholics attributed    
the signs to the agency of ,satan2 the  
,lutherans were in nervous  uncertainty4
 ,were they resisting ,god or the devil8
 ,fear lest they  should be found in the

 ranks of those fighting against the    
,holy  ,spirit drew off numbers of the  
timorous and most conscientious to      
swell the ranks of the mystical sect4   
,mnster was exhibiting on a  large scale
 what is reproduced in our own land in  
many a ,wesleyan  and ,ranter revival   
meeting4    ,the time had now come1     
thought ,rottmann1 for the destruction  
of the enemies of ,god4 ,secret notice  
was sent to the different  ,anabaptist  
congregations to be prepared to strike  
the blow on the  #ith of ,february4     
,accordingly1 early in the morning1 #ejj
 fanatics  seized on the gates of the   
city1 the ,rath-haus1 and the arms it   
contained2 cannons were planted in the  
chapel of ,st4 ,michael1 the  tower of  
,st4 ,lambert's church1 and in the      
market place2 barricades  of stones1    
barrels1 and benches from the church    
were thrown up4 ,the  common danger     
united ,catholics and ,lutherans2 they  
saw clearly that  the intention of their
 adversaries was either to massacre     

them1  or to drive them out of the town4
 ,they retreated in haste to the        
,ueberwasser quarter1 and took up their 
position in the cemetery1  planted      
cannons1 placed bodies of armed men in  
the tower of the  cathedral1 and retook 
two of the city gates4 ,they also       
arrested  several of the senators who   
had joined the ,anabaptist sect1 but    
they  had not the courage to lay their  
hands on the burgomaster1 ,tilbeck1  who
 was also of that party4 ,two of the    
preachers1 ,strahl and  ,vinnius1 were  
caught1 and were lodged in the tower of 
,ueberwasser  church4#adf      #adf     
,dorpius1 f4 #cid4    ,messages were    
sent to the villages and towns around   
announcing the  state of affairs1 and   
imploring assistance4 ,the magistrates  
even  wrote in the stress of their      
terror to the prince-bishop1 asking him 
to come speedily to their rescue from a 
position of imminent peril4  ,francis of
 ,waldeck at once replied by letter1    
promising to march  with the utmost     

rapidity to ,mnster1 and demanding that 
one of the  gates might be opened to    
admit him4 ,this letter was taken to    
,hermann  ,tilbeck2 but the burgomaster1
 intent on securing the triumph of the  
fanatics1 with whom he was in league1   
suppressed the letter1 and did  not     
mention either its arrival or its       
contents to the senate4 ,he1  however1  
informed the ,anabaptists of their      
danger1 and urged them to  come to terms
 with the ,lutherans as speedily as     
possible4    ,at the same time the      
pastor1 ,fabricius1 unable to restrain  
his  religious prejudices1 even in the  
face of danger1 sped among the          
,lutheran ranks1 inciting his followers 
against the ,catholics1 and  urging them
 to make terms with the fanatics rather 
than submit to  the bishop4 ,beware1    
said he1 lest1 in the event of your     
gaining a  victory1 the ,papists should 
recover their power1 for it is they who 
are the real cause of all these evils   
and disorders4#adg      #adg            

,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dje et seq4         
,montfort41 ,tumult4    ,anabap41 p4 #ae
 et seq42 ,bullinger1 lib4 ii4 c4 #h4   
,whilst the preacher was sowing discord 
in the ranks of the party  of order1    
,rottmann and the two prophets1         
,matthisson and ,bockelson1  roused the 
enthusiasm of their disciples to the    
highest pitch1  by announcing to them a 
glorious victory1 and that the ,father  
would render ,his elect invulnerable    
before the weapons of their             
adversaries4    ,the ,anabaptist women  
ran about the streets making the most   
extraordinary contortions and prodigious
 leaps1 crying out that they  saw the   
,lord surrounded by a host of angels    
coming to exterminate  the worshippers  
of ,baal4    ,thus passed the night4 ,at
 daybreak ,knipperdolling recommenced   
his  course through the streets1        
uttering his doleful wail of ,repent1   
repent6 woe1 woe6 ,approaching too near 
the churchyard wall of  ,ueberwasser1 he
 was taken and thrown into the tower    

with ,strahl and  ,vinnius4    ,at eight
 o'clock the drossar of ,wollbeck       
arrived at the head of a  troop of armed
 peasants to reinforce the party of     
order1 and several  ecclesiastics       
entered the town to inform the          
magistrates that the  prince-bishop was 
approaching at the head of his cavalry4 
,before the lapse of many hours the city
 might have been pacified and  order    
re-established1 had it not been for the 
efforts of ,tilbeck the  burgomaster1   
and ,fabricius the divine4 ,mistrust of 
their allies had  now fully gained      
possession of the ,lutherans1 and the   
burgomaster  took advantage of the      
hesitation to dismiss the drossar of    
,wollbeck  and his armed band1 and to   
send to the prince1 declining his aid4  
,by  his advice1 also1 the ,anabaptists 
agreed to lay down their arms and  make 
a covenant with the senate for the      
establishment of harmony4  ,hostages    
were given on either side and the       
prisoners were liberated4  ,peace was   

finally concluded on these conditions3  
#ast4 ,that faith  should be absolutely 
free4 #bnd4 ,that each party should     
support the  other4 #crd4 ,that all     
should obey the magistrates4    ,the    
treaty having been signed1 the two armed
 bodies separated1 the  cannons were    
fired into the air1 the drossar of      
,wollbeck and the  ecclesiastics        
withdrew1 with grief at their hearts1   
predicting the  approaching ruin of     
,mnster4 ,the prince-bishop was near the
 town  with his troops when the fatal   
news was brought him4 ,he shed tears  of
 mortification1 turned his horse and    
departed4#adh      #adh ,same           
authorities2 ,sleidan1 p4 #daa4         
,peace was secured for the moment by    
this treaty1 but order was  not         
re-established4 ,no sooner had the armed
 ,anabaptists quitted  the market-place 
than it swarmed with women who had      
received  from ,rottmann the sign of the
 ,new ,covenant4 ,the madness of  the   
pagan bacchantes1 says the eye-witness  

of these scenes1  ,kerssenbroeck1#adi   
cannot have surpassed that of these     
women4  ,it is impossible to imagine a  
more terrible1 crazy1 indecent1 and     
ridiculous exhibition than they made4   
,their conduct was so frenzied  that one
 might have supposed them to be the     
furies of the poets4  ,some had their   
hair disordered1 others ran about almost
 naked1  without the least sense of     
shame2 others again made prodigious     
gambles1 others flung themselves on the 
ground with arms extended  in the shape 
of a cross2 then rose1 clapped their    
hands1 knelt  down1 and cried with all  
their might1 invoking the ,father1      
rolling  their eyes1 grinding their     
teeth1 foaming at the mouth1 beating    
their breasts1 weeping1 laughing1       
howling1 and uttering the most  strange 
inarticulate sounds4444 ,their words    
were stranger than their  gestures4     
,some implored grace and light for us1  
others besought  that we might be struck
 with blindness and damnation4 ,all     

pretended  that they saw in heaven some 
strange sights2 they saw the ,father    
descending to judge their holy cause1   
myriads of angels1 clouds  of blood1    
black and blue fires falling upon the   
city1 and above  the clouds a rider     
mounted on a white horse1 brandishing   
his sword  against the impenitent who   
refused to turn from their evil ways4444
  ,but the scene was constantly varying4
 ,kneeling on the ground1 and  turning  
their eyes in one direction1 they all at
 once exclaimed  together1 with joined  
hands1 ',o ,father6 ,father6 ,o most    
excellent  ,king of ,zion1 spare the    
people6' ,then they repeated these words
 for  some while1 raising the pitch of  
their voices1 till they attained to     
such a shriek that a host of pigs could 
not have produced a louder  noise when  
assembled on market-day4      #adi      
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #die et seq4         
,there was on the gable of one of the   
houses in the market-place a            
weathercock of a peculiar form1 lately  

gilt1 which just then caught  the sun's 
rays and blazed with light4 ,this       
weathercock caused the  error of the    
women4 ,they mistook it for the most    
excellent ,king  of ,zion4 ,one of the  
citizens discovering the cause1 climbed 
the  roof of the house and removed this 
new sort of majesty4 ,a calm at  once   
succeeded to the uproar2 ashamed and    
full of confusion1 the  visionaries     
dispersed and returned to their homes4  
,unfortunately the  lesson did not      
restore them to their senses4           
,shortly after the treaty was signed1   
the burgomaster1 ,tilbeck1  openly      
joined the ,anabaptists1 and was        
rebaptised with all his  family by      
,rottmann4#aej      #aej ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #dif4    ,the more sensible and     
prudent citizens1 including nearly all  
the  ,catholics and a good number of    
,lutherans1 being well aware that the   
treaty was1 in fact1 a surrender of all 
authority into the hands of  the        
fanatics1 deserted the town in great    

numbers1 carrying with  them all their  
valuables4 ,the emigration began on     
#abth ,february4  ,the ,anabaptists     
ordered that neither weapons nor        
victuals should  be carried out of the  
gates1 and appointed a guard to examine 
the  effects of all those who left the  
city4 ,the emigration was so  extensive1
 that in a few days several quarters of 
the town were  entirely depopulated4#aea
      #aea ,kerssenbroeck2 ,dorpius1 ff4
 #cid-e4    ,then ,rottmann addressed a 
circular letter to the ,anabaptists of  
all  the neighbouring towns to come and 
fill the deserted mansions from  which  
the apostates had fallen4 ,the ,father  
has sent me several  prophets1 said he1 
full of ,his ,spirit and endowed with   
exalted  sanctity2 they teach the pure  
word of ,god1 without human additions1  
and with sublime eloquence4 ,come then1 
with your wives and children1  if you   
hope for eternal salvation2 come to the 
holy ,jerusalem1  to ,zion1 and to the  
new temple of ,solomon4 ,come and assist

 us to  re-establish the true worship of
 ,god1 and to banish idolatry4 ,leave   
your worldly goods behind1 you will find
 here a sufficiency1 and in  heaven a   
treasure4#aeb      #aeb ,ibid41 p4 #ejb2
 ,mencken1 p4 #aede4    ,in response to 
this appeal1 the ,anabaptists streamed  
into the  city from all quarters1 from  
,holland1 ,friesland1 ,brabant1 ,hesse1 
,osnabrck1 and from the neighbouring    
towns1 where the magistrates  exerted   
themselves to suppress a sect which they
 saw imperilled the  safety of the      
commonwealth4    ,in a short while the  
deserted houses were peopled by these   
fanatics4 ,bernhard ,krechting1 pastor  
of ,gildehaus1 arrived at the  head of a
 large portion of his parishioners4     
,hermann ,regewart1  the ex-,lutheran   
preacher of ,warendorf1 sought a home in
 the new  ,jerusalem4 ,rich and         
well-born persons1 bitten with the      
madness1  arrived1 such were ,peter     
,schwering and his wife1 the wealthiest 
citizens of ,coesfeld2 ,werner von      

,scheiffort1 a country gentleman2  the  
,lady von ,becke with her three         
daughters1 of whom the two eldest  were 
broken nuns1 and the youngest was       
betrothed to the ,lord of  ,drl2 and the
 ,grograff of ,schoppingen1 ,heinrich   
,krechting1 with his  wife1 his         
children1 and a number of the           
inhabitants of that town1  with carts   
laden with their effects4 ,the ,grograff
 took up his abode  in ,kerssenbroeck's 
house1 along with his family and        
servants1 and1  as the chronicler       
bitterly remarks1 he took care to occupy
 the best  part of the mansion4#aec     
#aec ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ejc4           
,amongst those who escaped from the town
 were the syndic1 ,von ,wyck1  who had  
led the opposition against the bishop1  
and the burgomaster1  ,caspar           
,judenfeld4 ,the latter retired to ,hamm
 and was left  unmolested1 but ,von     
,wyck had played too conspicuous a part 
to escape  so easily4 ,by the orders of 
the prince-bishop he was arrested and   

executed at ,vastenau4#aed      #aed    
,ibid4 p4 #eje4    ,mnster now became   
the theatre of the wildest orgies ever  
perpetrated under the name of religion4 
,it is apparently a law that  mysticism 
should rapidly pass from the stage of   
asceticism into that  of licence4 ,at   
any rate1 such has been the invariable  
succession of  stages in every mystic   
society that is allowed unchecked to    
follow  its own course4 ,in the ,roman  
,church those thus psychologically      
affected are locked up in convents4 ,the
 religious passion verges  so closely on
 the sexual passion that a slight       
additional pressure  given to it bursts 
the partition1 and both are confused in 
a  frenzy of religious debauch4 ,the    
,anabaptist fanatics were rapidly       
approaching this stage4 ,the prophet    
,matthisson led the way by  instituting 
a second baptism1 administered only to  
the inner circle  of the elect1 which   
was called the baptism of fire4    ,the 
adepts were sworn to secrecy1 and       

refused to explain the mode of          
administration4 ,but public curiosity   
was aroused1 and by learning  the       
password1 some were enabled to slip into
 the assembly and see  what took place4 
,amongst these was a woman who was an   
acquaintance  of ,kerssenbroeck1 and    
from whose lips he had an account of the
  rite4 ,matthisson1 says he1 secretly  
assembled the initiated of  both sexes  
during the night1 in the vast mansion of
 ,knipperdolling4  ,when all were       
assembled1 the prophet placed himself   
under a copper  chandelier1 hung in the 
centre of the ceiling1 lighted with     
three  tapers4 ,he then made an         
instruction on the new revelation of    
the ,divine will1 which he pretended had
 been made to him1 and  the assembly    
became a scene of frantic orgies too    
horrible to be  described4    ,the      
assemblies in which these abominations  
were perpetrated1  prepared the way for 
the utter subversion of all the laws of 
decency  and morality1 which followed in

 the course of a few months4    ,when   
,carnival arrived1 a grand              
anti-,catholic procession was           
organised1 to incite afresh the         
hostility of the people to the  ancient 
,church1 its rites and ceremonies4      
,first1 a company of  maskers dressed   
like monks1 nuns1 and priests in their  
sacred  vestments1 led the way1 capering
 and singing ribald songs4 ,then        
followed a great chariot1 drawn by six  
men in the habits of the  religious     
orders4 ,on the box sat a fellow dressed
 as a bishop1 with  mitre and crosier1  
scourging on the labouring monks and    
friars4 ,on  the car was a man          
represented as dying1 with a priest     
leaning over  him1 a huge pair of       
spectacles on his nose1 administering to
 the  sick man the last sacraments of   
the ,church1 and addressing him in  the 
most absurd manner1 loudly1 that the    
bystanders might hear and  laugh at his 
farcical parody of the most sacred      
things of the old  religion4 ,the next  

car was drawn by a man dressed as a     
priest in  surplice and stole4 ,the     
other cars contained groups suitable for
  turning into ridicule devotion to     
saints1 belief in purgatory1 the  mass1 
c4#aee      #aee ,kerssenbroeck1 p4     
#eji4    ,the prophets now decided that 
it was necessary to be prepared in  the 
event of a siege4 ,they1 therefore1     
commissioned the preacher  ,roll to     
visit ,holland and raise the            
,anabaptists there1 urge them to  arm   
and to march to the defence of the ,new 
,jerusalem4 ,roll started  from ,mnster 
on the #bast of ,february1 but the      
,spanish ,government in  the            
,netherlands1 alarmed at what was taking
 place in the capital of  ,westphalia1  
ordered a strict watch to be kept on the
 movements of  the fanatics1 and ,roll  
was seized and executed at ,utrecht4    
,the next step taken by the prophets was
 to discharge the members  of the senate
 from the performance of their office1  
because they  had been elected according

 to the flesh1 and to choose to fill    
their room another body of men elected  
according to the ,spirit4  ,bernard     
,knipperdolling and ,gerhardt           
,kippenbroeck1 both drapers1 were       
appointed burgomasters4    ,one of the  
first acts of the new magistrates was to
 forbid the  removal of furniture1      
articles of food1 and money from the    
town1 and  to permit a general pillage  
of all the churches and convents in the 
city4 ,the ,anabaptist mob first        
attacked the religious houses1 and      
carried off all the sacred vessels1 the 
gold1 the silver1 and the  vestments4   
,then they visited the chapel of ,st4   
,anthony1 outside the  gate of ,st4     
,maurice1 and after having sacked it    
completely1 they  tore it down4 ,they   
burnt the church of ,st4 ,maurice1 then 
fell upon  the church of ,st4 ,ledger1  
but had not the patience to complete its
  demolition4 ,thence they betook       
themselves to the cathedral1 broke  it  
open1 and destroyed altars1 with their  

beautiful sculptured and  painted oak   
retables1 miracles of delicate          
workmanship and ,gothic  beauty1 the    
choir stalls1 statues1 paintings1       
frescoes1 stained  glass1 organ1        
vestments1 and carried off the chalices 
and ciboriums4  ,the great clock1 the   
pride of ,mnster1 as that of ,strasburg 
is  of the ,alsatian capital1 was broken
 to pieces with hammers4 ,a  valuable   
collection of ,,mss41 collected by the  
poet ,rudolf ,lange1 and  presented to  
the minister1 together with the rest of 
the volumes in  the library1 were       
burned4 ,two noble paintings1 one of the
 ,blessed  ,virgin1 the other of ,st4   
,john the ,baptist1 on panel1 by        
,franco1  were split up and turned into 
seats for privies to the guard-house    
near the ,jews' cemetery4 ,the heads and
 arms were broken off the  statues that 
could not be overthrown--statues of     
apostles1 prophets1  and sibyls1 which  
decorated the interior of the cathedral 
and the  neighbouring square4 ,the      

tabernacle was broken open1 and the     
,blessed  ,sacrament was danced and     
stamped on4 ,the font was shattered with
  crowbars1 in token of the abhorrence  
borne by the fanatics to infant         
baptism2 the tombs of the bishops and   
canons were destroyed1 and the  bodies  
torn from their graves1 and their dust  
was scattered to the  winds4#aef        
#aef ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #eaj2 ,sleidan1 
p4 #daa2 ,dorpius1 f4 #cie4    ,but     
whilst this was taking place in ,mnster1
 ,francis von ,waldeck was  preparing   
for war4 ,on the #bcrd ,february he held
 a meeting at ,telgte  to consolidate   
plans1 and now from all sides assistance
 came4 ,the  ,elector of ,cologne1 the  
,duke of ,cleves1 even the ,landgrave of
 ,hesse1  now exasperated at the        
ill-success of his endeavours to        
establish  tranquillity and to effect a 
compromise1 the ,duke of ,brunswick1 the
  ,regent of ,brabant1 the ,counts of   
,lippe and ,berntheim1 and many other   
nobles and cities sent soldiers1        

artillery1 and munitions4    ,the bishop
 appointed the generals and principal   
officers1 then he  made all the soldiers
 take an oath of fidelity to himself1   
and  concluded with them an agreement1  
consisting of the following ten         
articles3    #a4 ,the soldiers are to be
 faithful to the prince1 and to obey    
their  officers4    #b4 ,the towns1     
arms1 and munitions taken in war shall  
belong to the  prince4    #c4 ,if1 after
 the capture of the city1 the           
prince-bishop permits  its pillage by   
the troops1 he shall not be obliged to  
pay them any  prize-money4    #d4 ,if   
the pillage be accorded1 the town hall  
is not to be touched4    #e4 ,the prince
 shall have half the plunder4    #f4    
,the nobles1 canons1 and those who have 
escaped from the city  shall be allowed 
the first bid for their articles when   
offered for  sale4    #g4 ,no fixtures  
shall be removed by the soldiery4    #h4
 ,after the capture of the town1 the    
custody of the gates and  ramparts shall

 be confided to those whom the          
prince-bishop shall  appoint4    #i4    
,the city taken1 and its pillage        
permitted1 the soldiers shall be        
allowed eight days for distribution and 
sale of the plunder4 ,the  soldiers     
shall receive their pay with            
punctuality4    #aj4 ,the heads of the  
revolt shall1 as far as possible1 be    
taken  alive and delivered up to the    
bishop for a recompense4#aeg      #aeg  
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #eac et seq4         
,sleidan1 lib4 x4 pp4 #dab-c2           
,heresbach1 p4 #cf4    ,the ,anabaptists
 were not afraid at these preparations2 
they made  ready vigorously for the     
defence of the ,new ,zion4 ,as a        
preliminary1  a body of five hundred    
burnt the convent of ,st4 ,maurice1     
outside  the city gates1 and levelled   
all the houses of the suburbs1 which    
obscured the view1 and might serve as   
cover for the besiegers4    ,on the     
#bfth ,february ,matthisson preached in 
the afternoon to a  congregation        

summoned by the discharge of a culverin4
 ,at the end of  the sermon he assumed  
an inspired air1 and announced that he  
had an  important revelation to         
communicate4 ,having arrested the       
attention  of his hearers1 he said in a 
solemn tone1 ,the ,father requires  the 
purification of the ,new ,jerusalem and 
of ,his temple2 for our  republic1 which
 has begun so prosperously1 cannot grow 
and endure if  a prey to the confusion  
produced by the presence of impious     
sects4  ,my advice is that we kill      
without further delay the ,lutherans1   
the  ,papists1 and all those who have   
not the right faith1 that there may     
remain in ,zion but one body1 one       
society1 which is truly ,christian1  and
 which can offer to the ,father a pure  
and well-pleasing worship4  ,there is   
but one way of preserving the faithful  
from the contagion  of the impious1 and 
that is to sweep them off the face of   
the earth4  ,nothing is easier than the 
execution of this scheme4 ,we form the  

majority in a strong city1 abundantly   
supplied with all necessaries2  there is
 nothing to fear from within or from    
without4#aeh      #aeh ,kerssenbroeck1  
p4 #eaf4    ,this suggestion would have 
been carried into immediate execution by
  the frenzied sectarians1 had it not   
been for the intervention of            
,knipperdolling1 who1 fearing that a    
general massacre of ,lutherans  and     
,catholics would combine the forces of  
the ,smalkald union and  of the         
,imperialists against the city1 urgently
 insisted on milder  measures4 ,let us  
be content1 said he1 with driving1      
to-morrow1  out of the city those       
miserable creatures who refuse the sign 
of the  ,new ,covenant2 thus shall we   
thoroughly purge the floor of the ,lord1
  and nothing that is impure will remain
 in the ,new ,jerusalem4#aei      #aei  
,ibid4 p4 #eag2 ,sleidan1 p4 #dab4      
,this advice was accepted1 and it was   
unanimously decided that the  morrow    
should witness the expulsion of         

,catholics and ,lutherans4 ,the  #bgth  
,february was a bitterly cold day4 ,a   
hard frost had set in1 the  north wind  
blew1 cutting to the bone all exposed to
 the blast1 the  country was white with 
snow1 and the streams were crusted over 
with  ice4 ,at every gate was a double  
guard2 the squares were thronged  with  
armed fanatics1 and in and out among    
them passed the prophets1  staff in     
hand1 uttering maledictions on the      
,lord's enemies1 and  words of          
encouragement to those sealed on their  
brows and hands4    ,matthisson sought  
out those who did not belong to the     
sect1 and  with menacing gestures and   
flaring eyes called them to repentance  
before the door was shut4 ,turn ye1 turn
 ye1 sinners1 he cried in  his harsh    
tones4 ,judgment is preparing for you4  
,the elements are in  league against    
you2 your iniquities have made nature   
rise to scourge  you4 ,the sword of the 
,lord's anger is hung above your heads4 
,turn1  ye sinners1 and receive the sign

 of our alliance1 that ye be not  cast  
out from the chosen people6 ,then he    
flung himself down in the  great square1
 and called on the ,father2 and lying   
with arms extended  on the frozen       
ground1 and his face pinched with cold  
turned towards  the sky1 he fell into a 
trance4 ,the ,anabaptists knelt around  
him1  and lifting their hands to heaven 
besought the ,father to reveal ,his     
will by the mouth of the prophet whom   
,he had sent4    ,then ,matthisson1     
slowly returning from his ecstasy1 like 
one awaking  out of a dream1 said1 ,this
 is the will and order of the ,father3  
the miscreants1 unless they be converted
 and be baptised1 must be  expelled this
 place4 ,this holy city shall be        
purified of all that is  unclean1 for   
the conversation of the ungodly corrupts
 and defiles  the people of ,god4 ,away 
with the sons of ,esau6 this place1 this
 ,new  ,zion1 this habitation belongs to
 the sons of ,jacob1 to the true        
,israel4    ,the enthusiasm of          

,matthisson communicated itself to the  
assembly4  ,the ,anabaptists separated  
to sweep the streets1 sword and pike in 
hand1 and drove the ungodly beyond their
 walls1 shouting1 ,the lot  is ours2 the
 tares must be gathered from among the  
wheat2 the goats  from the sheep2 the   
unholy from the godly2 away1 away6      
,doors were  burst open1 and the        
fanatics invaded every house1 driving   
before  them men1 women1 and children1  
from garret and cellar1 wherever        
concealed1 in spite of their cries and  
entreaties4 ,men of all  professions1   
men and women of every age were         
banished2 they were  not allowed to take
 anything with them4 ,the sword of the  
,lord was  brandished against them2 the 
hale and the infirm1 the master and the 
servant1 none were spared4 ,those who   
lagged were beaten2 those who  were sick
 and unable to fly were carried to the  
market-place to be  rebaptised by       
,rottmann4    ,through the gates        
streamed the terrified crowd1 shivering1

 half  clothed1 mothers clasping their  
babes to their breasts1 children        
sustaining between them their aged      
parents1 all blue with cold1 as  the    
fierce wind thick strewn with sleet     
rushed upon them at the  corners1 and   
over the bare plain without the city    
walls1 growling  and cruel1 as though it
 too were wrought up into religious     
frenzy1  and came as an auxiliary to the
 savage work4    ,thousands traversed   
the frozen plans1 uncertain whither to  
fly for  refuge1 uttering piteous cries1
 lamentations1 or low moans2 whilst     
from the walls of the heavenly city     
thundered a salvo of joy1 and  the      
,anabaptists shouted1 because the       
,lord's day of vengeance had  come1 and 
the millennium was set up on earth4     
,never1 says ,kerssenbroeck1 never did  
,i see anything more  afflicting4 ,the  
women carried their naked nurslings in  
their  arms1 and in vain sought rags    
wherewith to clothe them2 miserable     
children1 hanging to their fathers'     

coats1 ran barefooted1 uttering         
piercing cries2 old people1 bent by age1
 tottered along calling down  ,god's    
vengeance on their persecutors2 lastly1 
some sick women driven  from their beds 
during the pangs of maternity fell in   
labour in the  snow1 deprived of all    
human succour4#afj      #afj            
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ebbb4    ,amongst   
those expelled was ,fabricius1 the      
,lutheran divine1 who  escaped in       
disguise4 ,he was so greatly hated by   
the sectarians1 that  had he been       
recognised1 he would not have been      
suffered to quit the  city alive4       
,the ,frau ,werneche1 a rich lady1 too  
stout to walk1 and unable to  find a    
conveyance1 was obliged to remain in    
,mnster4 ,rottmann  insisted on her     
receiving the sign of the ,new          
,covenant4    ,i have been baptised     
already1 as were my ancestors1 said the 
good  woman4 ,rottmann replied that if  
she persisted in her impiety she  must  
be slain with the sword1 lest the wrath 

of the ,father should  be kindled       
against the ,holy ,city4 ,the poor lady1
 who had no desire  for martyrdom1 cried
 out1 impatiently1 ,well1 then1 be it   
so6  baptise me in the name of all the  
devils of hell1 for ,i have already     
been baptised in the name of ,god4      
,rottmann1 not very particular1         
administered the rite1 and the stout    
lady remained in ,mnster4    ,the       
apostle now sent letters into all the   
country1 announcing the  glad tidings of
 the approaching reign of ,christ on    
earth1 and  inviting the ,anabaptists of
 the neighbourhood to flock into ,zion4 
,one of these epistles of ,rottmann has 
been preserved4#afa      #afa           
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ebj2 ,dorpius1 f4   
#cie4         ,bernard1 servant of      
,jesus ,christ in ,his          ,church 
of ,mnster1 salutes affectionately his  
very dear          brother ,henry       
,schlachtschap4 ,grace and peace from   
,god1 and          the strength of the  
,holy ,spirit1 be with you and with all 

the faithful4    ,dear ,brother in      
,christ1--    ,the marvellous works of  
,god are so great and so diverse that it
  would not be possible for me to       
describe them all1 had ,i a hundred     
tongues4 ,i am1 therefore1 unable to do 
so with my single pen4 ,the  ,lord has  
splendidly assisted us4 ,he has         
delivered us out of the  hands of our   
enemies1 and has driven them from the   
city4 ,seized by  a panic terror1 they  
fled in multitudes4 ,this is the        
beginning of  what the ,lord announced  
by ,his prophets--that all the saints   
would  assemble in this ,new ,zion4     
,these prophets have charged me to write
  to you1 that you may order all the    
brethren to hasten to us with all  the  
gold and silver they can collect2 as for
 their other goods1 let  them be left to
 the sisters1 who will dispose of them1 
and then join  us here also4 ,beware of 
doing anything after the flesh2 do all  
in  the ,spirit4 ,the rest by word of   
mouth4 ,health in the ,lord4    ,this   

appeal had all the more success because 
several executions  had taken place at  
,wollbeck and ,bevergern and other      
places1  together with confiscation of  
goods1 and this had struck alarm into   
the ,anabaptists scattered throughout   
the principality4 ,numbers1  therefore1 
answered the appeal1 and went up1 as the
 tribes of  the ,lord1 to ,jerusalem1   
out of ,leyden1 ,coesfeld1 ,warendorf1  
and  ,grningen4 ,the vacated houses were
 re-occupied1 the ,mnster ,baptists     
selecting for themselves the best4      
,knipperdolling1 ,kippenbroeck1 and     
others1 took possession of the          
residences of the canons2 servants      
installed themselves in the dwellings of
 their masters as if they  were their   
own2 and the deserted monasteries were  
given up as  hostels to receive the     
influx from the country1 till houses    
could be  provided for them4#afb        
#afb ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ebc4    ,on the
 #bhth ,february1 ,francis von ,waldeck 
left ,telgte at the head  of his army   

and invested the capital4 ,batteries    
were planted1 seven  camps were         
established for the infantry1 and six   
for the cavalry  around ,mnster4 ,these 
camps were in connection with one       
another1 for  mutual support in the     
event of a sortie1 and were rapidly     
fortified4    ,thus began the siege     
which was to last sixteen months minus  
four days1 during which a multitude of  
untrained1 undisciplined  fanatics1     
commanded by a ,dutch tailor-innkeeper1 
held out against a  numerous and        
well-armed force4 ,but there was an     
element of strength  in the besieged    
that lacked in the besiegers4 ,those    
within the  walls were members of a vast
 confraternity1 which ramified over     
,germany1 ,switzerland1 and the ,low    
,countries1 its members bound  together 
by a common enthusiasm1 in more or less 
direct relation  with the chiefs who    
commanded in the ,westphalian capital4  
,in spite  of the siege1 news from      
without was constantly brought into the 

city1 and messengers were sent out to   
stir up the members of the  society in  
other countries and provinces to rise   
and march to the  relief of the city    
which1 they all believed1 was destined  
to be  their religious capital4 ,the    
,mnster brothers looked for a speedy    
deliverance wrought by the efficacy of  
the arms of their brothers  in ,holland1
 ,juliers1 ,cleves1 and ,brabant4 ,the  
,low ,countries swarmed  with           
,anabaptists who had organised          
communities in ,amsterdam1  ,leyden1    
,utrecht1 ,haarlem1 ,antwerp1 and       
,ghent2 they had arms stored  in cellars
 and garrets1 and waited only the proper
 moment to rise  in a body1 massacre    
their opponents1 and deliver the ,holy  
,city4  ,several attempts to rise were  
made1 but the vigilance of the ,spanish 
,government in the ,netherlands         
prevented the rising2 and the hopes of  
the besieged were never realised4    ,on
 the other hand1 the army of the        
prince-bishop was composed  of          

mercenaries1 of soldiers from different 
provinces and  principalities1 speaking 
different dialects1 with different      
interests1 and differing also in faith4 
,the ,lutheran troops would  not        
cordially unite with the ,catholics1 and
 the latter mistrusted  their           
,protestant allies1 whose sympathies    
they believed lay with  the ,anabaptist 
besieged4 ,and the head of the whole    
army was a  ,catholic prelate with      
,lutheran proclivities1 who knew nothing
 of  war1 had an empty purse1 and       
desired to reduce his own subjects by   
the aid of foreign mercenaries1 with    
little expense to himself1 and  damage  
to his subjects4    ,the ,anabaptists   
organised their defence with prudence4  
,they elected  captains and             
standard-bearers1 and divided all the   
citizens capable  of bearing arms into  
regiments and companies4 ,every one was 
given  his place and his functions1 and 
it was decided that the magistrates     
should be required to mount guard when  

it came to their turn4 ,boys  were      
drilled and taught the use of the       
arquebus2 women prepared  brands steeped
 in pitch and sulphur to fling at the   
enemy1 and  they melted lead from the   
roofs into bullets4 ,mines were dug and 
charged with powder1 fresh bastions were
 thrown up1 and curtains  were erected  
before the gates1 into which were built 
the tombs and  sarcophagi of the bishops
 and canons4#afc      #afc              
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #eca et seq42 ,hast1 
p4 #cdd4    ,the newly-elected senate1  
though composed of the most zealous     
,anabaptists1 was powerless before      
,matthisson4 ,a sect governed by the    
inspiration of the moment1 professing to
 be guided by the ,spirit  speaking     
through the mouths of prophets1 ready to
 spring into the  maddest excesses at   
the dictates of visionaries1 could not  
long  submit to the government of a     
magistracy whose power was temporal4    
,the way was rapidly preparing for the  
establishment of a spiritual  despotism4

    ,it was in vain for the senate to   
pass an order without the sanction  of  
,matthisson1 in vain for them to attempt
 resistance to the  execution of his    
mandates4 ,one day he announced that it 
was the will  of the ,father that all   
the goods of the citizens who had fled1 
or  had been expelled1 should be        
collected into one place1 that they     
might be distributed amongst the saints1
 as every man had need4 ,he  thereupon  
despatched men to bring together all    
that was left behind  in the city by the
 refugees1 and convey the articles to   
houses which  he designated in every    
parish4 ,he was promptly obeyed4        
,garments1  linen1 beds1 furniture1     
crockery1 food1 wine--everything was    
brought  away in carts4 ,the jewels1 the
 gold1 and the silver1 were deposited   
in the chancery4 ,then the prophet      
ordered three days of prayer to be      
instituted1 that ,god might reveal to   
him the persons chosen by ,him  to keep 
guard over the accumulated treasure4#afd

      #afd ,kerssenbroeck2 ,dorpius1 f4 
#cie4    ,when the three days were at an
 end1 ,matthisson announced that the    
,father had indicated to him seven      
individuals who were to be the  deacons 
to serve tables in the ,new ,jerusalem4 
,he therefore appointed  the men to     
distribute out of the common store to   
those who needed  that which would      
satisfy their necessities4#afe      #afe
 ,ibid4 p4 #ehe4    ,it must not1       
however1 be supposed that1 with the     
expulsion of the  impious from the holy 
city1 all opposition had disappeared4 ,a
  very considerable number of citizens1 
shopkeepers1 and merchants1  rather than
 desert their houses1 abandon their     
goods to pillage1  and lose their trade1
 had consented to be re-baptised4 ,the  
reign of the prophets was becoming to   
them daily more irksome4 ,a  blacksmith1
 named ,hubert ,rscher1 or ,trutling1   
had the courage to  oppose ,matthisson1 
to charge him with being a false        
prophet1 and an  impostor4#aff ,the     

prophet1 feeling the danger of his      
position1 saw  that a measure1 decided  
and terrible1 must be adopted to        
suppress  the murmurs1 and frighten     
those who desired to shake off his yoke4
  ,judgment must begin at the house of  
,god1 said ,matthisson2 and  he ordered 
the immediate execution of the smith4   
,tilbeck1 the  burgomaster1 and         
,redecker1 a magistrate1 interposed1 but
 were1 by  order of the prophet1 cast   
into prison4 ,then ,bockelson1 bursting 
through the crowd1 announced with       
frantic gesture that the ,father  had   
commissioned him to slay with the sword 
he bore all those  who withstood the    
will of ,heaven as interpreted by the   
prophets  whom ,he had sent4 ,then      
brandishing his weapon1 he rushed upon  
the  blacksmith1 but ,matthisson        
forestalled him1 by running his halbert 
through the body of the unfortunate man4
 ,finding that he still  breathed1 he   
despatched him with a carbine1 crying1  
,so perish  all who are guilty of       

similar crimes4 ,then1 at his command1  
the  multitude chanted a hymn of praise1
 and dispersed1 silent and  trembling1  
to their homes4#afg      #aff           
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ece et seq42        
,monfortius1 p4 #ai2 ,sleidan    and    
,dorpius call the man ,truteling2       
,sleidan1 p4 #dab2 ,dorpius1 f4    #cie 
b4      #afg ,monfortius1 p4 #ai4       
,matthisson took immediate advantage of 
the power this bold stroke  had given   
him to deal another blow4 ,when the     
treasure of the  enemies of ,zion had   
been confided to the care of deacons1   
the  faithful had kept their own goods4 
,but this was to be no longer           
tolerated4 ,the prophet issued a decree1
 requiring all1 old and  young1 male and
 female1 under pain of death1 to bring  
all their  possessions in gold and      
silver1 under whatever form it might be1
  into the treasury2 ,because1 said he1 
such things profit not the  true        
,christian4    ,the majority of the     
citizens obeyed1 in fear and trembling2 

but  many buried their vessels and      
ornaments of precious metal1 and        
declared that they possessed no         
jewels4#afh ,however1 the amount of     
money1 chains1 rings1 brooches1 and     
cups1 brought together was very         
considerable4 ,it was placed in the     
chancery1 and confided to four of       
,matthisson's most devoted adherents4   
#afh ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ech4    ,a few 
days after1 he summoned all the         
inhabitants into the ,cathedral  square1
 where1 in a long discourse1 he         
announced that the wrath  of ,god was   
excited against those who had allowed   
themselves to be  rebaptised on the     
#bfth of ,february1 out of human        
considerations1  because they did not   
desire to leave their homes and their   
effects1  or out of fear2 and he advised
 them all to betake themselves to  the  
church of ,st4 ,lambert1 to entreat the 
,father to pardon them  for having lied 
to the ,holy ,ghost1 and soiled by their
 presence  the city of the children of  

,god2 and if the ,father does not remit 
your offence1 concluded he in a loud and
 terrible voice1 you must  perish by the
 sword of the ,just ,one4    ,in an     
agony of terror1 the unfortunate        
citizens crowded the church1  and the   
doors were fastened behind them4 ,they  
passed several hours  within1 weeping1  
groaning1 and deploring their lot1 a    
prey to  inexpressible terror4#afi      
#afi ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #eci4    ,at    
length ,matthisson entered1 accompanied 
by armed men1 and the  prisoners1       
supposing they were about to be         
slaughtered1 fell at his  feet and      
embraced his knees1 entreating him1 with
 tears1 as the  favourite of ,god1 to   
mediate with ,him and obtain their      
pardon4 ,the  prophet replied that he   
must consult the ,father2 he knelt down1
 and  fell into an ecstasy4 ,after a few
 moments he rose1 leaped with joy1  and 
declared that the ,father1 though       
greatly irritated1 had granted  his     
prayer1 and suffered the penitents to   

live4 ,then the poor  creatures were    
purified1 hymns of praise were sung1 and
 they were  pronounced admitted into the
 household of the true ,israel4 ,the    
doors  were thrown open1 and they were  
allowed to disperse4    ,on the #aeth of
 ,march1 a new decree appeared1         
forbidding the faithful  to possess1    
read1 or look at any books except the   
,bible1 and  requiring all the books1 in
 print or ,,ms41 and all legal documents
  that were found in the town1 to be    
brought to the ,cathedral square1  and  
there to be consigned to the flames4    
,thus perished many a  treasure of      
inappreciable value4    ,in the meantime
 the appeal of ,rottmann to the         
,anabaptists of the  ,low ,countries to 
come and deliver ,zion had produced its 
effect4  ,thousands assembled in the    
neighbourhood of ,amsterdam1 crossed the
  ,zuyder ,zee1 landed at ,zwoll1 and   
marched towards ,mnster1 pillaging  and 
burning churches and convents4 ,but     
,baron ,schenk von ,teutenburg1         

imperial lieutenant1 met them1 utterly  
routed them1 cut to pieces a  large     
number1 and made many prisoners4#agj    
#agj ,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 #eda1 #edb2    
,bullinger1 ii4 c4 #aj4    ,the prophets
 of ,mnster1 warned of their advance1   
but ignorant  of their dispersion1      
reckoned on an approaching deliverance1 
and continued their follies4 ,on ,good  
,friday1 ,april #c1 #aecd1  they        
organised a general festival1 with bells
 pealing1 and a  mock procession        
carrying candles4 ,the treaty concluded 
with the  prince-bishop1 through the    
intervention of ,philip of ,hesse1 was  
attached to the tail of an old horse1   
and the beast was driven out  of the    
gate of ,st4 ,maurice in the direction  
of the enemy's camp4#aga      #aga      
,ibid4 p4 #edb4    ,easter approached1  
and with it great things were expected4 
,a rumour  circulated that a mighty     
deliverance of ,israel would be wrought 
on  the ,feast of the ,resurrection4    
,whether ,matthisson started the report 

or was carried away by it1 it is        
impossible to decide2 but it is  certain
 that1 on the eve1 he announced in an   
access of enthusiasm1  after a trance1  
that he had received orders from the    
,father to  put to flight the armies of 
the aliens with a handful of true       
believers4#agb      #agb ,ibid41 #edb2  
,hast1 p4 #cdh4    ,accordingly1 on the 
morrow1 carrying a halbert1 he headed a 
few  zealots who shared his confidence2 
the gate of ,st4 ,ludgar was thrown     
open1 and he rushed forth with his      
followers upon the army of the          
prince-bishop2 whilst the ramparts were 
crowded by the inhabitants  of ,mnster1 
shouting and praying1 and expecting to  
see a miracle  wrought in his favour4   
,but he had not advanced very far before
 a  troop of the enemy surrounded his   
little band1 and1 in spite of a         
desperate resistance1 he and his        
companions were cut to pieces4#agc      
#agc ,kerssenbroeck1 #edb2 ,sleidan1 p4 
#dac2 ,bullinger1 lib4 ii4 c4    #i2    

,heresbach1 p4 #ach2 ,buissierre1 p4    
#caj4    ,john ,bockelson1 seeing that  
the confidence of the ,anabaptists was  
shaken by the failure of this prediction
 and the fall of the great  prophet1    
lost not a moment in establishing his   
own supremacy4 ,he  called all the      
people together1 and declared to them   
that ,matthisson  had died by the just  
judgment of ,god1 because he had        
disobeyed the  commandment of the       
,father to go forth with a very small   
handful1 and  because he had relied on  
his own strength instead of on ,divine  
aid4  ,but1 added he1 he neglected all  
those precautions he ought to  have     
taken1 solemn prayer and fasting1 after 
the example of ,judith2  and he forgot  
that victory is in the hands of ,god2 he
 was proud  and vain1 therefore was he  
forsaken of the ,lord4 ,his terrible end
  was revealed to me eight days ago by  
the ,holy ,ghost2 for1 as ,i was        
sleeping in the house of                
,knipperdolling1 after having meditated 

on  the ,divine ,law1 ,matthisson       
appeared to me pierced through by the   
lance of an armed man1 with all his     
bowels gushing forth4 ,then was  ,i     
frightened beyond measure at this       
terrible spectacle2 but the  armed man  
said to me1 ',fear not1 well-beloved son
 of the ,father1  but be faithful to thy
 calling1 for the judgment of ,god will 
fall  upon ,matthisson2 and when he is  
dead1 marry his widow4' ,these words    
cast me into profound amazement1 for ,i 
have already a legitimate  wife at      
,leyden4 ,nevertheless1 that ,i might   
have a witness worthy of  confidence to 
this extraordinary revelation1 ,i       
trusted the secret to  ,knipperdolling2 
he is present1 let him be brought       
forth4#agd      #agd ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 
#edc2 ,montfort41 p4 #bd4    ,thereupon 
,knipperdolling stepped forward and     
declared by oath that  ,bockelson had   
spoken the truth1 and he mentioned the  
place1 the day1  and the hour when the  
revelation was confided to him4    ,from

 that moment ,bockelson passed with the 
people not only as a  prophet1 but as a 
favourite of ,heaven1 one specially     
chosen of the  ,father1 and was held in 
far higher estimation1 accordingly1 than
  had been the fallen prophet4 ,he was  
seized with inspiration4 ,on  the #ith  
of ,april1 he declared that the ,father 
ordered1 under pain  of incurring his   
dire wrath1 that every exalted thing    
should be  laid low1 and that the work  
was to begin at the church steeples4    
,consequently three architects of the   
town were ordered to demolish  them4    
,they succeeded in pulling down all the 
spires in ,mnster4 ,that  of            
,ueberwasser church was singularly      
beautiful4 ,it was reduced to a  stump2 
and the modern visitor to the ancient   
,westphalian capital has  cause to      
deplore its loss4 ,the towers were only 
saved to be used as  positions for      
cannon to play upon the besiegers4#age  
#age ,bullinger1 ii4 c4 #h2 ,sleidan1 p4
 #bga2 ,dorpius1 f4 #cif4    ,bockelson 

had another vision1 which served to     
consolidate his power4  ,the ,father1   
said he1 had appeared to him1 and had   
commanded  him to appoint               
,knipperdolling to be the executioner of
 the new  republic4    ,this was not    
precisely satisfactory to               
,knipperdolling2 he aimed at  a higher  
office1 but he dissembled his           
irritation1 and accepted the  sword     
offered him by ,john of ,leyden with    
apparent transports of  joy4#agf ,four  
under-executioners were named to assist 
him1 and to  accompany him wherever he  
went4      #agf ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ede2
 ,heresbach1 p4 #aci2 ,sleidan1 p4 #dac2
    ,dorpius1 f4 #cif4    ,the          
nomination of ,knipperdolling was the   
prelude to other important  changes4    
,bockelson aspired to exercise absolute 
power1 without  opposition or control4  
,to arrive at his ends1 a wild prophetic
  scene was enacted4 ,he ran1 during the
 night1 through the streets of  ,mnster 
stark naked1 uttering howls and crying1 

,ye men of ,israel  who inhabit this    
holy ,zion6 fear the ,lord1 and repent  
for your past  lives4 ,turn ye1 turn ye6
 ,the glorious ,king of ,zion1          
surrounded by  multitudes of angels1 is 
about to descend and judge the world1   
at the peal of ,his terrible trumpet4   
,turn1 ye blind ones1 and be  converted4
 #agg      #agg ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #eif2
 ,monfort1 pp4 #be1 #bf2 ,heresbach1 p4 
#ii et seq4    ,exhausted with his run  
and his shouts1 and satisfied with      
having  thoroughly alarmed the          
inhabitants1 he returned to the house   
of ,knipperdolling1 who was also in a   
paroxysm of inspiration1  foaming1      
leaping1 rolling on the ground1 and     
performing many other  extravagant      
actions4 ,bockelson1 on entering1 cast  
himself down in a  corner and pretended 
to have lost the power of speech2 and as
 the  crowd1 assembled round him1 asked 
him the meaning of what had taken       
place1 he signed to them to bring him   
tablets1 on which he wrote1  ,by the    

order of the ,father1 ,i remain dumb for
 three days4    ,at the expiration of   
this period he convoked the people1 and 
declared to them that the ,father had   
revealed to him that ,israel  must have 
a new constitution1 with new laws and   
new magistrates1  divinely appointed4   
,the former magistracy had been elected 
by men1  but the new one was to be      
designated by the ,holy ,ghost4         
,bockelson  then dissolved the senate1  
and1 as the mouthpiece of ,god1 he      
declared the names of the new officers1 
to the number of twelve1  who were to   
bear the title of ,the ,elders of the   
,tribes of ,israel1  in whose hands all 
power1 temporal and spiritual1 was to be
 placed4  ,those appointed were1 as     
might have been expected1 the prophet's 
most devoted adherents4#agh ,hermann    
,tilbeck1 the old burgomaster1  was     
brought out of prison1 and it was       
announced to him that he was  to be of  
the number of elders2 but perhaps a     
little cooled in this  enthusiasm by his

 sojourn in chains1 he burst into tears1
 and in  accents of humility prayed1    
,oh1 ,father6 ,i am not worthy so great 
an  honour2 give me strength and light  
to govern with wisdom4      #agh        
,dorpius1 f4 #cif b4    ,rottmann1 who1 
since the arrival of the prophet1 had   
played but  a subordinate part1 judged  
the occasion favourable for thrusting   
himself into prominence4 ,he therefore  
preached a long sermon1 in  which he    
declared that ,god was the author of the
 new constitution1  and then1 calling   
the elders before him by name1 he       
committed to  each a drawn sword1 with  
the words1 ,receive with this weapon the
  right of life or death1 which the     
,father has ordered me to confer  upon  
you1 and use the sword conformably to   
the ,lord's will4 ,then  the proceedings
 closed with the multitude singing the  
,gloria in  excelsis in ,german1 on     
their knees4    ,the senate resigned its
 functions without apparent regret or   
opposition1 and the twelve elders       

assumed the plenitude of power4  ,they  
abolished the laws and formulated new   
ones1 published edicts1  resolved       
difficulties1 judged causes1 subject to 
no control save the  will of the        
prophet2 but that will they regarded as 
identical with  the ,divine will1 as    
superior to all law1 and every one      
obeyed its  smallest requirements4      
,immediately after the installation of  
the government1 an edict in  ten parts  
was published4#agi ,the first part1     
divided into thirteen  articles1        
contained the moral law2 the second     
part1 in thirty-three  articles1        
contained the civil law4      #agi      
,kerssenbroeck1 pt4 ii4 pp4 #a-i2       
,monfortius1 pp4 #bf1 #bg2    ,hast1 p1 
#ceb et seq4    ,the first part forbade 
thirteen crimes under pain of death3    
blasphemy1 disobedience1 adultery1      
impurity1 avarice1 theft1 fraud1  lying 
and slander1 idle conversation1         
disputes1 anger1 envy1 and  discontent  
against the government4    ,the second  

part required every citizen to conform  
his life and  belief to the ,word of    
,god2 to fulfil exactly his duties to   
others  and to the ,state4 ,it ordered a
 strict system of vigilance against     
night surprises by the enemy1 and       
required one of the elders to  sit in   
rotation every day as judge to try cases
 brought before  him2 also1 that        
whatsoever was decided by the elders as 
necessary  for the welfare of the ,new  
,jerusalem should be announced to the   
assembly-general of ,israel1 by the     
prophet ,john of ,leyden1 servant  of   
the ,most ,high2 that ,bernard          
,knipperdolling1 the executioner1       
should denounce to the elders the crimes
 committed within the holy  city2 and   
that he might exercise his office with  
greater security he  was never to go    
forth unaccompanied by his four         
assistants4    ,it ordered that         
henceforth repasts should be taken      
publicly and in  common2 that every one 
should accept what was set before him1  

should  eat it modestly1 in silence2    
that the brothers and the sisters       
should eat at separate tables2 and that1
 during the meal1 portions  of the ,old 
,testament should be read to them4      
,the next articles named the individuals
 who were to execute the  offices of    
butcher1 shoemaker1 smith1 tailor1      
brewer1 and the like1  to the ,lord's   
people4 ,two articles forbade the       
introduction of new  fashions1 and the  
wearing of garments with holes in them4 
,article  ,,xxix4 ordered every stranger
 belonging to another religion1 who     
should enter the city of ,mnster1 to be 
examined by ,knipperdolling4  ,no       
communication of any sort with strangers
 was permitted to the  children of      
,zion4    ,article ,,xxxii4 forbade1    
under pain of death1 desertion from the 
military service1 or exchange of        
companies without the sanction of  the  
elders4    ,article ,,xxxiii4 required  
that in the event of a decease1 all  the
 goods and chattels of the defunct      

should be taken to  ,knipperdolling1 who
 would convey them to the elders1 and   
they would  distribute them as they     
judged fitting4    ,that some of these  
provisions were indicative of great     
prudence  is not to be doubted4 ,all    
food having been seized upon and being  
served out publicly to all the citizens 
alike1 and in moderation1  the          
capabilities of prolonging the defence  
were greatly increased2  and the        
military dictatorship and strict        
discipline within the city  maintained  
by the prophet1 enabled the ,anabaptists
 to preserve an  invulnerable front to  
an enemy torn by faction and with       
divided  responsibilities4    ,to       
increase the disaffection and party     
strife in the hostile  camp1 the people 
of ,mnster sent arrows amongst the      
besiegers1 to  which were attached      
letters1 one of which has been preserved
 by  ,kerssenbroeck4#ahj ,it is an      
exhortation to the enemy to beware lest 
by attacking the people of the ,lord1   

who held to the pure ,word of  ,god1    
they should be regarded by him as in    
league with ,antichrist1  and urging    
them to repentance4      #ahj           
,kerssenbroeck1 pt4 ii4 p4 #i4          
,besiegers and besieged heaped on each  
other reciprocal insults1  exhibiting   
themselves to one another in postures   
more expressive of  contempt than       
decent4#aha      #aha ,ibid4 pp4 #aa1   
#ab4    ,a chimney-sweep1 named ,william
 ,bast1 had about this time a vision    
ordering him to burn the cities of the  
ungodly4 ,bast announced his  mission to
 the elders and to the prophet1 and was 
bidden go forth in  the ,lord's name4   
,he accordingly left ,mnster1 eluded the
 vigilance  of the enemy's sentinals1   
and reached ,wollbeck1 where was the    
powder magazine of the ,episcopal army4 
,he fired several houses1 and  the      
flames spread1 but were fortunately     
extinguished before they  reached the   
powder4 ,bast had escaped to            
,dreusteindorf1 where also he  attempted

 to execute his mission1 but was caught1
 brought back to  ,wollbeck1 and burnt  
alive4    ,in the meantime various      
sorties had taken place1 in which the   
besiegers suffered1 being caught off    
their guard4 ,on ,may #bbnd1 the        
prince-bishop1 finding the siege much   
more serious than he had  anticipated1  
began to bombard the town2 but as fast  
as the walls  gave way1 they were       
repaired by the women and children at   
night4    ,a general assault was        
resolved on for the #bfth ,may2 of this 
the  besieged were forewarned by their  
spies4 ,unfortunately for the  investing
 army1 the soldiers of ,guelders got    
drunk on the preceding  day in          
anticipation of their victory1 and      
marched reeling and  shouting against   
the city as the dusk closed in4 ,the    
,anabaptists  manned the walls1 and     
easily repulsed their tipsy assailants2 
but  in the meantime the rest of the    
army1 observing the march of the  men of
 ,guelders1 and hearing the discharge of

 firearms1 rushed to  their assistance1 
without order2 the ,mnsterians rallied1 
repulsed  them with great carnage1 and  
they fled in confusion to the camp4     
,the ,anabaptists had only lost two     
officers and eight soldiers in  the     
fray2 and their success convinced them  
that they were under the  special       
providence of ,god1 which had rendered  
them invincible4#ahb  ,they1 therefore1 
repaired their walls with energy1       
erected several  additional bastions1   
and continued their sorties4      #ahb  
,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 #ae1 #af2 ,sleidan1 
p4 #dac4    ,on the #cjth ,may1 a party 
of the fanatics issued from a           
subterraneous  passage upon the         
sentinels opposite the ,judenfeld gate1 
spiked  nineteen cannon1 and laid a     
train of gunpowder from the store1 which
  they reached1 to the mouth of their   
passage4 ,the troops stationed  within  
sight marched hastily to repulse the    
sortie1 when the train  was fired1 the  
store exploded1 and a large number of   

soldiers were  destroyed4#ahc      #ahc 
,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 #ae1 #af4    ,the   
prince-bishop next adopted an antiquated
 expedient1 which proved  singularly    
inefficacious4 ,he raised a huge bank   
against the walls1  by requisitioning   
the services of the peasants of the     
country round4  ,the besieged poured a  
shower of bullets amongst the           
unfortunate  labourers1 who perished in 
great numbers1 and the mole remained    
unfinished4#ahd      #ahd ,ibid4 p4 #ba4
    ,francis of ,waldeck1 discouraged1  
and at the end of his resources1  sent  
his deputies to the ,diet of ,neuss on  
the #beth ,june1 to announce  to the    
,archbishop of ,cologne and the ,duke of
 ,juliers his failures1  and to ask for 
additional troops4 ,the two princes     
replied that they  would not abandon    
their ally in his difficulties1 and they
 promised  to bear a part of the cost of
 the siege1 advanced #dj1jjj florins    
for the purchase of gunpowder1 promised 
to despatch forces to his  assistance1  

and sent at once prudent advisers4#ahe  
,the prince  was1 in fact1 utterly      
incompetent as a general and incompetent
 as  a bishop4 ,the pastoral staff has a
 crook at the head and a spike  at the  
bottom4 ,liturgiologists assure us that 
this signifies the  mode in which a     
bishop should exercise discipline--the  
gentle he  should restrain or direct    
with mercy1 the rebellious he should    
treat with severity4 ,to the former he  
should be lenient1 with the  latter     
prompt4 ,francis of ,waldeck wielded    
gracefully and effectively  neither end 
of his staff4      #ahe ,hast1 p4 #ceg2 
,sleidan1 p4 #dac4    ,he shortly       
incurred a risk1 and but for the        
fidelity of one of his  subjects in     
,mnster1 he would have fallen a victim  
to assassination4    ,a young           
,anabaptist maiden1 named ,hilla        
,phnicon1 of singular beauty1  conceived
 the notion that she had been called by 
,god to be the  ,judith of this new     
,bethulia1 and was to take the head from

 off the  shoulders of the great1 soft1 
bungling ,holophernes1 ,francis of      
,waldeck4#ahf      #ahf ,kerssenbroeck1 
p4 #bf et seq4    ,rottmann1 ,bockelson1
 and ,knipperdolling encouraged the girl
 in  her delusion1 and urged her not to 
resist the inspirations of the  ,father4
 ,accordingly1 on the #afth ,june1      
,hilla dressed herself in  the most     
beautiful robes she could procure1      
adorned her hair with  pearls1 and her  
arms with bracelets1 selecting from the 
treasury of  the city whatever articles 
she judged most conducive to the end2   
the  treasury being for the purpose     
placed at her disposal by order of  the 
prophet4 ,furnished with a linen shirt  
steeped in deadly poison1  which she had
 herself made1 as an offering to the    
prince1 she left  ,mnster1 and delivered
 herself up into the hands of the       
drossar of  ,wollbeck1 who1 after having
 dispoiled her of her jewels1 questioned
  her as to her object in deserting the 
city4 ,she replied with the  utmost     

composure1 that she was a native of     
,holland1 and that she had  lived in    
,mnster with her husband1 till the      
change of religion had  so disgusted her
 that she could endure it no longer1 and
 that she  had fled on the first        
opportunity1 and that her husband would 
follow  her on a suitable occasion4 ,it 
is to ask pardon for him that ,i am     
come1 said she2 and he will be able to  
indicate to his highness a  means of    
entering the city without loss4    ,the 
perfect self-possession of the lady     
convinced the drossar of her  sincerity1
 and he promised to introduce her to the
 prince at ,iburg  within two days4     
,everything seemed to favour the        
adventuress2 but  an unexpected event   
occurred on the #ahth1 the day appointed
 for the  audience1 which spoiled the   
plot4    ,the secret had been badly     
kept1 and it was a matter of            
conversation1  hope1 and prayer in      
,mnster4 ,a citizen named ,ramers1 who  
had  remained in the city1 and had been 

rebaptised rather than lose his         
business and give up his house to       
pillage1 having heard of it1  escaped   
from the town on the #ahth1 and revealed
 the projects of  ,hilla to one of the  
generals of the besieging army4 ,the    
unfortunate  young woman was thereupon  
put to the question1 and confessed4 ,she
  was conducted to ,bevergern and       
decapitated4 ,at the moment when  she   
was being prepared for execution1 she   
assured the bystanders  that they would 
not be able to take her life1 for the   
prophet ,john  chosen friend of the     
,father1 had assured her that she would 
return  safe and sound to ,zion4    ,the
 bishop sent for ,ramers1 provided for  
his necessities1 and  ordered that his  
house and goods should be spared in the 
event of  the capture of ,mnster4    ,as
 soon as one danger disappeared1 another
 rose up in its place4 ,the  letters    
attached to arrows fired by the         
,anabaptists into the hostile  camp1 as 
well as their secret agents1 had wrought

 their effect4 ,the  ,lutheran          
auxiliaries from ,meissen complained    
that they were called  to fight against 
the friends of the ,gospel1 and on the  
night of the  #cjth ,june they deserted 
in a body4#ahg ,other soldiers escaped  
into  ,mnster and offered their arms to 
the ,anabaptists4 ,disaffection was     
widely spread4 ,disorder1               
misunderstandings1 and ill-concealed    
hatred  reigned in the camp4 ,the       
besieged reckoned among their assailants
  numerous and warm friends1 and were   
regularly informed of all the  projects 
of the general4 ,their emissaries       
bearing letters to the  ,anabaptists in 
other territories easily traversed the  
ranks of the  investing army1 and when  
they had accomplished their mission they
  returned with equal ease to the gates 
of ,mnster1 which opened to  receive    
them4      #ahg ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #cf4 
,one of the soldiers of the ,episcopal  
army1 who had taken refuge in  ,mnster1 
was lodged in the house of              

,knipperdolling1 in which also  dwelt   
,john ,bockleson4 ,the deserter observed
 that the ,leyden prophet  was wont to  
leave his bedroom at night1 and he      
ventured to watch  his conduct and      
satisfy himself that it was not what it 
ought to  be4#ahh ,he mentioned to      
others what he had observed4 ,the       
scandal  would soon get wind4 ,one only 
way remained to cut it short4 ,john     
,bockleson consulted with ,rottmann and 
the other preachers1 and urged  that    
polygamy should be not only sanctioned  
but enjoined on the  elect4      #ahh   
,ibid4 p4 #ch2 ,h4 ,montfort41 p4 #bh4  
,some of those present having objected  
to this new doctrine1 the  prophet cast 
his mantle and the ,new ,testament on   
the ground1 and  solemnly swore that    
this which he enjoined was the direct   
revelation  of the ,almighty4 ,he       
threatened the recalcitrant ministers1  
and at  last1 half-persuaded and wholly 
frightened1 they withdrew their         
objections2 and he appointed the pastors

 three days in which to  preach polygamy
 to the people4#ahi ,the new doctrine   
having been  ventilated1 an assembly of 
the people was called1 and it was       
formerly laid down by the prophet as the
 will of ,god1 that every man  was to   
have as many wives as he wanted4#aij    
#ahi ,sleidan1 p4 #dad2 ,dorp4 f #cif4  
#aij ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ch4    ,the    
result of this new step was to bring    
about a reaction which for  a moment    
threatened the prophet's domination with
 downfall4    ,on the #cjth ,july1      
,heinrich ,mollenhecke1 a blacksmith1   
supported by  two hundred citizens1     
burghers and artisans1 declared openly  
that  he was resolved to put down the   
new masters of ,mnster1 and to  restore 
everything upon the ancient footing4    
,with the assistance  of his companions1
 he captured ,bockleson1                
,knipperdolling1 and the  preachers     
,rottmann1 ,schlachtscap1 ,clopris1 and 
,vinnius1 and cast  them into prison4   
,then a council was held1 and it was    

resolved  that the gates should be      
opened to the bishop1 the old magistracy
  should be restored1 and the exiled    
burgesses should be recalled1  and their
 property restored to them3 and that all
 this should be  done on the morrow4    
,had it been done on the spot we should 
have  heard no more of ,john of ,leyden4
 ,the delay saved him and ruined the    
reactionary party4 ,it allowed time for 
his adherents to muster4#aia            
,mollenhecke and his party1 when they   
met on the following morning  to execute
 their design1 were attacked and        
surrounded by a  multitude of fanatics  
headed by ,heinrich ,redecker4 ,the     
blacksmith  had succeeded in collecting 
only a handful4 ,no pen can describe    
the rage with which their adversaries   
fell upon them1 and the  refinements of 
cruelty to which they became victims4   
,after having  overwhelmed them with    
blows and curses1 they were imprisoned1 
but  they continued inflicting upon them
 such horrible tortures that  the       

majority of these unfortunates would    
have a thousand times  preferred        
death4#aib ,ninety-one were ordered to  
instant execution4  ,twenty-five were   
shot1 the other sixty-six were          
decapitated by  ,knipperdolling to      
economize powder1 and lest the sound of 
the  discharge of firearms within the   
city should lead the besiegers to       
believe that fighting was going on in   
the streets4 ,some had their  heads cut 
off1 others were tied to a tree and     
shot1 others again  were cut asunder at 
the waist1 and others were slowly       
mutilated4  ,knipperdolling himself     
executed the men1 so many every day1 in 
the  presence of the prophet1 till all  
were slain4#aic      #aia               
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ci et seq42         
,heresbach1 pp4 #da1 #db2 ,h4           
,montfort41 pp4 #bi1 #cj2 ,bullinger1   
lib4 ii4 c4 #i1 p4 #ef4      #aib       
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dj4      #aic ,ibid4
 p4 #da2 ,dorpius1 f4 #ecf b4    ,the   
partisans of the emancipation of the    

flesh having thus obtained  the mastery 
in ,mnster1 says the eye-witness1 it was
 impossible1  a few days later1 to      
discover in the capital of ,westphalia  
the last  and feeble traces of modesty1 
chastity1 and self-restraint4    ,three 
men1 ,john ,,oechinckfeld1 ,henry       
,arnheim1 and ,hermann ,bispinck1       
having1 however1 the hardihood to assert
 that they still believed  that         
,christian marriage consisted in the    
union of one man with one  woman1 were  
decapitated by order of ,john of        
,leyden4#aid      #aid ,h4 ,montfort41  
p4 #bi2 ,c4 ,heresbach1 p4 #db4    ,with
 the death of these men disappeared     
every attempt at resistance4    ,the    
horrors which were perpetrated in       
,mnster under the name of  religious    
liberty almost exceed belief4 ,the most 
frantic licence  and savage debauchery  
were practised4 ,the prophet took two   
wives1  besides his favourite sultana1  
the beautiful ,divara1 widow of         
,matthisson1 and his lawful wife at     

,leyden4 ,these were soon  discovered to
 be too few1 and the harem swelled      
daily4#aie      #aie ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 
#db4 ,dorpius confirms the horrible     
account    given by ,kerssenbroeck from 
what he saw himself1 f4 #dih4    ,we    
must draw a veil1 says ,kerssenbroeck1  
over what took place1  for we should    
scandalise our readers were we to relate
 in detail  the outrageous scenes of    
immorality which took place in the town1
  and the villanies which these maniacs 
committed to satisfy their  abominable  
lusts4 ,they were no more human beings1 
they were foul and  furious beasts4 ,the
 hideous word ,spiritus meus concupiscit
 carnem  tuam was in every mouth2 those 
who resisted these magic words  were    
shut up in the convent of ,rosenthal2   
and if they persisted in  their         
obstinacy after exhortation1 their heads
 were cut off4 ,in one  day four were   
simultaneously executed on this account4
 ,on another  occasion a woman was      
sentenced to be decapitated1 after      

childbirth1  for having complained of   
her husband having taken to himself a   
second wife4#aif      #aif              
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dc et seq4    ,henry
 ,schlachtscap preached that no man     
after the ,ascension of  ,christ had    
lived in true matrimony1 if he had      
contracted marriage on  account of      
beauty1 wealth1 family1 and similar     
causes1 for that true  marriage         
consisted solely in that which was      
instigated by the ,spirit4    ,a new    
prophet now appeared upon the scene1    
named ,dusentscheuer1  a native of      
,warendorf4 ,he rushed into the         
market-place uttering  piercing cries1  
and performing such extraordinary antics
 that a  crowd was speedily gathered    
around him4    ,then1 addressing himself
 to the multitude1 he exclaimed1        
,christian  brothers1 the celestial     
,father has revealed to me1 and has     
commanded  me to announce to you1 that  
,john ,bockelson of ,leyden1 the saint  
and  prophet of ,god1 must be king of   

the whole earth2 his authority will     
extend over emperors1 kings1 princes1   
and all the powers of the  world2 he    
will be the chief authority2 and none   
shall arise above  him4 ,he will occupy 
the throne of his father ,david1 and    
will carry  the sceptre till the ,lord  
reclaims it from him4#aig      #aig     
,ibid4 p4 #dg2 ,sleidan1 p4 #dai2       
,bullinger1 lib4 ii4 p4    #ef2         
,montfort41 p4 #ca2 ,heresbach1 pp4     
#acf-g1 ,historia von d4                
,mnsterischen ,widerteuffer1 f4 #cbh b2 
,dorpius1 f4 #cig4    ,bockelson and the
 twelve elders were present4 ,a profound
 silence  reigned in the assembly4      
,dusentscheuer1 advancing to the elders1
  demanded their swords of office2 they 
surrendered them into his  hands2 he    
placed eleven at the feet of ,bockelson1
 and put the  twelfth into his hand1    
saying--,receive the sword of justice1  
and  with it the power to subjugate all 
nations4 ,use it so that thou  mayst be 
able to give a good account thereof to  

,christ1 when ,he  shall come to judge  
the quick and the dead4#aih ,then       
drawing from  his pocket a phial of     
fragrant oil1 he poured it over the     
tailor's  head1 pronouncing solemnly the
 words1 ,i consecrate thee in the       
presence of thy people1 in the name of  
,god1 and by ,his command1  and ,i      
proclaim thee king of the new ,zion4    
,when the unction was  performed1       
,bockelson cast himself in the dust and 
exclaimed1 ,o  ,father6 ,i have neither 
years1 nor wisdom1 nor experience1      
necessary  for such sovereignty2 ,i     
appeal to ,thy grace1 ,i implore ,thy   
assistance and ,thy all-powerful        
protection6444 ,send down upon me1      
therefore1 ,thy divine wisdom4 ,may ,thy
 glorious throne descend on me1  may it 
dwell with me1 may it illumine my       
labours2 then shall ,i be  able to      
accomplish ,thy will and ,thy good      
pleasure1 and thus shall ,i  be able to 
govern ,thy people with equity and      
justice4      #aih ,kerssenbroeck1 p4   

#dc et seq4    ,then1 turning himself   
towards the crowd1 ,bockelson declared  
that he  had long known by revelation   
the glory that was to be his1 but he    
had never mentioned it1 lest he should  
be deemed ambitious1 but had  awaited in
 patience and humility the              
accomplishment of ,god's holy  will4 ,he
 concluded by saying that1 destined by  
the ,father to reign  over the whole    
world1 he would use the sword1 and slay 
all those who  should venture to oppose 
him4#aii    ,nevertheless murmurs of    
disapprobation were heard4 ,what6       
thundered  the ,leyden tailor1 you dare 
to resist the designs of ,god6 ,know    
then1 that even were you all to oppose  
me1 ,i should nevertheless  become king 
of the whole earth1 and that my royalty1
 which begins  now in this spot1 will   
last eternally4    ,the new prophet     
,dusentscheuer and the other preachers  
harangued the  people during three      
consecutive days on the new revelation1 
read to  the people the #bcrd chapter of

 ,jeremiah and the #bgth of ,ezekiel1   
and  announced that in the ,king ,john  
the prophecies of the old seers were    
accomplished1 for that he was the new   
,david whom ,god had promised  to raise 
up in the latter days4 ,they also read  
aloud the #acth  chapter of ,st4 ,paul's
 ,epistle to the ,romans1 and           
accompanied the  lecture with           
commentaries on the necessity and divine
 obligation of  submission to           
authority4#aii      #aii ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #dg2 and the authors before quoted4 
,at the expiration of these three days1 
,dusentscheuer requested ,john  of      
,leyden to complete the spoliation of   
the inhabitants1 so that  everything    
they possessed might be placed in a     
common fund4 ,it  has been revealed to  
me1 said he1 that the ,father is        
violently  irritated against the men and
 women because they have abused         
grievously their food and drink and     
clothing4 ,the ,father requires  for the
 future1 that no one of either sex shall

 retain more than  two complete suits   
and four shirts2 the rest must be       
collected and  placed in security4 ,it  
is the will of the ,lord that the       
provisions  of beef and pork found in   
every house shall also be seized and be 
consecrated to the general use4#bjj     
#bjj ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #di4    ,the    
order was promptly obeyed4 ,eighty-three
 large waggons were laden  with         
confiscated clothes1 and all the        
provisions found in the city  were      
brought to the king1 who confided the   
care and apportionment of  them to      
,dusentscheuer4    ,bockelson now       
organised his court with splendour4 ,he 
appointed  his officers1 chamberlain1   
stewards1 marshals1 and equerries1 in   
imitation of the ,court of the ,emperor 
and ,princes of ,germany4  ,rottmann was
 named his chaplain2 ,andrew von        
,coesfeld1 director of  police2 ,hermann
 ,tilbeck1 grand-marshal2 ,henry        
,krechting1 chancellor2  ,christopher   
,waldeck1 the bishop's son1 who had     

fallen into his  power1 was in derision 
made one of the pages2 and a privy      
council  of four1 composed of ,bernard  
,krechting1 ,henry ,redecker1 and two   
others of inferior note1 was instituted 
under the presidency of  ,christian     
,kerkering4 ,john had also a            
grand-master of the kitchen1 a          
cup-bearer1 taster1 carver1 gentlemen of
 the bedchamber1 c4#bja      #bja ,ibid4
 p4 #ee ,montfort41 pp4 #ca-c2 ,sleidan1
 p4 #dah2    ,bullinger1 p4 #eg2        
,heresbach1 pp4 #acg-h4    ,but ,john   
,bockelson not only desired to be       
surrounded by a court2 he  determined   
also to display all the personal        
splendour of royalty4  ,accordingly1 at 
his order1 two crowns of pure gold were 
made1  one royal1 the other imperial1   
encrusted with jewels4 ,around his  neck
 hung a gold chain enriched with        
precious stones1 from which  depended a 
globe of the same metal transfixed by   
two swords1 one  of gold1 the other of  
silver4 ,the globe was surmounted by a  

cross  which bore the inscription1 ,ein 
,knig der ,gerechtigkeit ber all  7a    
,king of ,righteousness over all74 ,his 
sceptre1 spurs1 baldrick and  scabbard  
were also of gold1 and his fingers      
blazed with diamonds4  ,on one of the   
rings1 which was exceedingly massive1   
was cut1 ,der  ,knig in dem nyen ,tempel
 furet dit zeichen vur sein ,exempel    
7the  ,king of the new ,temple bears    
this symbol as his token74 ,the royal   
garments were magnificent1 of crimson   
and purple1 and costly stuffs  of       
velvet1 silk1 and gold and silver       
damask1 with superb lace cuffs  and     
collars1 and his mantle lined with      
costly furs4 ,the elders1  the prophets1
 and the preachers followed suit1 and   
exchanged their  sad-coloured garments  
for robes of honour in gay colours4 ,the
 small  house of ,knipperdolling no     
longer contented the tailor-king2 he    
therefore furnished1 and moved into1 a  
handsome mansion belonging  to the noble
 family of ,von ,bren4 ,the house next  

door was converted  into the palace of  
his queens1 and was adorned with royal  
splendour4  ,a door of communication1   
broken through the partition wall1      
allowed  ,king ,john to visit his wives 
at all hours4    ,he now took to himself
 thirteen additional wives1 and a large 
train  of concubines4 ,among his sixteen
 legitimate wives was a daughter of     
,knipperdolling4 ,divara of ,haarlem    
remained the head queen1 though  she was
 the oldest4 ,the rest were all under   
twenty1 and were the  most beautiful    
girls of ,mnster4 ,they all bore the    
title of queens1  but ,divara alone had 
a court1 officers1 and bodyguard1       
habited in  a livery of chestnut brown  
and green2 the livery of the king being 
scarlet and blue4#bjb      #bjb         
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ee et seq42 and the 
authors above    cited4 ,kerssenbroeck  
gives long details of the dress1        
ornaments1    and manner of life of the 
king2 also ,historia von d4             
,mnsterischen ,widerteuffer1 f4 #cbi4   

,the king usually had his meals with his
 wives1 and during the  repasts he      
examined them with great attention1     
feasting his eyes on  their beauty4 ,the
 names of the sixteen queens were       
inscribed on a  tablet on which the     
king1 after dinner1 designated the lady 
who had  attracted his favour4#bjc      
#bjc ,kerssenbroeck gives the names of  
all the wives except one1    which he   
conceals charitably1 as the poor        
child--she was very    young--fell ill1 
but recovered1 and was living           
respectably after    the siege with her 
relatives in the city4    ,the ,king of 
,zion had abolished the names of the    
days of the weeks1  and had replaced    
them by the seven first letters of the  
alphabet4  ,he ordered that whenever a  
child was born in the town1 it should be
  announced to him1 and then he gave it 
a name1 whose initial letter            
corresponded with the letter of the day 
on which it entered the  world4 ,but1 as
 ,kerssenbroeck observes1 the debauchery

 which reigned  in ,mnster had the      
result of diminishing the births1 so    
that the  number of children born during
 the latter part of the siege was       
extraordinarily small4    ,bockelson had
 only two children by all his wives1 and
 both were  daughters4 ,divara was the  
first to give birth2 the event took     
place  on a ,sunday1 designated by the  
letter ,a2 it was given the name of     
,averall 7for ,ueberall--,above all72   
the second child1 born on ,monday1  was 
called ,blydam 7the ,blythe74#bjd       
#bjd ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ei4    ,thrice 
in the week ,bockelson sat in judgment  
in the market-place  on a throne decked 
in purple silk1 and richly adorned with 
gold4  ,he betook himself to this place 
of audience with great pomp4 ,a  band of
 musical instruments headed the pageant1
 then followed  the councillors in      
purple1 and the grand-marshal with the  
white  wand in his hand4 ,john1 wearing 
the royal insignia1 mounted on a  white 
horse1 splendidly caparisoned1 followed 

between two pages  fantastically        
dressed1 one bearing a ,bible1 the other
 a naked sword1  symbols of the         
spiritual and temporal jurisdiction     
exercised by his  majesty4 ,the         
bodyguard surrounded his royal person1  
to keep off the  crowd and to protect   
him from danger4 ,knipperdolling1       
,rottmann1 the  secretary ,puthmann1 and
 the chancellor ,krechting followed2    
then  the executioner and his four      
assistants1 a train of courtiers1 and   
servants closed the procession4 ,the    
whole ceremony was as regal1 as         
punctiliously observed1 as at a royal   
court where the traditions  date from   
many centuries4#bje      #bje           
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #fb2 ,h4 ,montfort41 
p4 #cc2 ,hast1 p4 #cfc    et seq42      
,sleidan1 p4 #dae2 ,historia von de     
,mnsterischen    ,widerteuffer1 f4 #cbh 
b4    ,when the king reached the        
market-place1 a squire held the horse1  
he  slowly mounted the steps of the     
throne1 and inclining his sceptre1      

announced the opening of the audience4  
,then the plaintiffs approached1        
prostrated themselves flat upon the     
ground twice1 and spoke4 ,the majority  
of the cases were matrimonial           
complaints1 often exceedingly indecent2 
the greatest abominations  formulated in
 the most hideously cynical terms before
 the most  cynical of judges4 ,capital  
sentences1 or penalties little less     
severe1 were pronounced against         
insubordinate wives4#bjf      #bjf      
,kerssenbroeck4 ,sleidan says1 ,almost  
every case and    complaint brought     
before him concerned married people and 
divorces4 ,for nothing was more         
frequent1 so that persons who had       
lived together for many long years now  
separated for the first    time4--p4    
#dae-f4    ,the same ceremonial was     
observed whenever his majesty went to   
hear the preaching in the market-square1
 with the sole exception1  that on this 
occasion he was accompanied by the      
sixteen queens1  magnificently dressed4 

,queen ,divara rode a palfrey           
caparisoned in  furs1 led by a page2 the
 court and the fifteen other queens     
followed  on foot4 ,on reaching the     
market-place1 the ladies entered a house
  opposite the throne1 and assisted at  
the sermon1 sitting at the  windows4    
,the pulpit and the throne were side by 
side2 a long broad platform  united     
them4 ,when the sermon was concluded1   
the king1 his queens1  court1 ministers1
 and the preacher1 assembled on the     
platform and  danced to the strains of  
the royal band4    ,it was from this    
platform that ,king ,john1 as sovereign 
pontiff1  blessed polygamous marriages1 
saying to the brides and the            
bridegrooms1 ,what ,god hath joined let 
no man put asunder2 go1  act according  
to the divine law1 be fruitful and      
multiply1 and  replenish the earth4     
,this sanction was necessary for the    
validity  of these unions4    ,john1    
wishing to exercise all the prerogatives
 of royalty1 struck  coins of various   

values1 bearing on one side the         
inscription1 ,das  ,wort is ,fleisch    
geworden und wohnet unter uns 7,the     
,word was made  flesh and dwelt among   
us72 or ,wer nicht gebohren ist aus     
,wasser und  ,geist der kann nicht      
eingehen-- the rest on the reverse--,in 
das  ,reich ,gottes4 ,den es ist nur ein
 rechter ,knig ber alle1 ein ,gott1  ein
 ,glaube1 eine ,tauffe 7who is not born 
of ,water and the ,spirit1  cannot enter
 into the ,kingdom of ,god4 ,for there  
is only one true  ,king over all1 one   
,god1 one ,faith1 one ,baptism74 ,and in
 the middle1  ,mnster1 #aecd4    ,whilst
 the city of ,mnster was thus passing   
from a republic to a  monarchy1 the     
siege continued2 but the besiegers made 
no progress4  ,refugees informed the    
prince-bishop of what had taken place   
within  the walls4    ,on the #beth     
,august he assembled the captains and   
the princes and  nobles who had come    
into the camp to observe the            
proceedings1 to  request them to advise 

him how to put an end to all these      
horrors  and abominations4 ,it was      
proposed that a deputation should be    
sent  into the town to propose a        
capitulation on equitable terms2 and in 
the event of a refusal to offer a       
general assault4#bjg      #bjg          
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #fe et seq42         
,montfort41 pp4 #bg1 #bh4    ,on the    
#bhth ,august an armistice of three     
hours' duration was  concluded1 and the 
deputation obtained a safe-conduct      
authorising  them to enter the city4    
,but instead of being brought before the
  inhabitants of the town1 to whom they 
were commissioned to make the           
propositions1 they were introduced to   
the presence of ,bockelson and  his     
court4    ,the envoys informed ,king    
,john of the terms proposed by the      
bishop4  ,they were extremely liberal4  
,he promised a general amnesty if the   
place were surrendered1 and arms laid   
down4    ,king ,john replied haughtily1 
that he did not need the clemency of    

the prince-bishop1 for that he stood    
strengthened by the almighty  and       
irresistible power of ,god4 ,it is your 
pretended bishop1 said  he1 who is an   
impious and obstinate rebel1 he who     
makes war without  previous declaration 
against the faithful servants of the    
celestial  ,father4 ,never will ,i lay  
down my arms which ,i have taken up for 
the  defence of the ,gospel2 never in   
cowardly fashion will ,i surrender my   
capital3 on the contrary1 ,i know how to
 defend it1 even to the last  drop of my
 blood1 if the honour of ,god requires  
it4#bjh      #bjh ,kerssenbroeck1 p4    
#ba4    ,the bishop1 when he learnt that
 his deputies had been refused          
permission to address the citizens1     
attached letters1 sealed with  his      
,episcopal seal1 to arrows1 which were  
shot into the town4 ,in  these letters  
he promised a general pardon to all     
those who would  leave the party of the 
,anabaptists1 and escape from the town  
before  the following ,thursday4    ,but

 ,bockelson forbade1 on pain of death1  
any one touching or opening  one of     
these letters1 and ordered the instant  
decapitation of man1  woman1 or child   
who testified anxiety to leave ,mnster4 
,the bishop and the princes resolved on 
attempting an assault without  further  
delay4 ,john of ,leyden received        
information of their purpose  through   
his spies4 ,he at once mounted his white
 horse1 convoked the  people1 and       
announced to them that the ,father had  
revealed to him  the day and hour of the
 projected attack2 he appointed his post
 to  every man1 gave employment to the  
women and children1 and displayed1  at  
this critical moment1 the zeal1 energy1 
and readiness which would  have done    
credit to a veteran general4#bji        
#bji ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #fh4    ,the    
assault was preluded by a bombardment of
 three days4 ,the  battlements yielded1 
breaches were effected in the walls1 the
 roofs  of the houses were shattered1   
the battered gates gave way1 and all    

promised success4 ,but the besieged     
neglected no precaution4 ,during  the   
night the walls were repaired and the   
gates strengthened4  ,women laboured    
under the orders of the competent       
directors during  the hours of darkness1
 thus allowing their husbands to take   
their  requisite repose4 ,they carried  
stones and the munitions of war to  the 
ramparts1 and learning to handle the    
cross-bow1 they succeeded  in committing
 no inconsiderable amount of execution  
among the ranks  of the ,episcopal army4
 ,other women prepared lime and boiling 
pitch  to cook the bishop's soup for    
him4#baj ,on the #cast ,august1 at      
daybreak1 the roar of the ,hessian      
devil1 as a large cannon belonging  to  
the ,landgrave ,philip was called1 gave 
the signal4 ,instantly the  city was    
assaulted in six places4 ,the ditches   
were filled1 petards  were placed under 
the gates1 the palisades were torn down1
 and  ladders were planted4 ,but however
 vigorous might be the attack1  the     

defence was no less vigorous4 ,those on 
the walls threw down  the ladders with  
all upon them1 and they fell bruised and
 mangled  into the fosse1 the heads of  
those who had reached the battlements   
were crushed with stones and cudgels1   
and their hands1 clasping the  parapet1 
were hacked off4 ,women hurled stones   
upon the besiegers1  and enveloped them 
in boiling pitch1 quicklime1 and blazing
 sulphur4      #baj ,ibid4 p4 #gj4      
,repulsed1 they returned to the charge  
eight or ten times1 but always  in vain4
 ,the whole day was consumed in         
ineffectual assaults1 and  when the red 
sun went down in the west1 the clarions 
pealed the  retreat1 and the army1      
dispirited and bearing with it a train  
of  wounded1 withdrew1 leaving the      
ground strewn with dead4    ,had the    
,anabaptists made a night assault1 the  
defeat and dispersion  of the ,episcopal
 troops would have been completed4 ,but 
instead1 they  sang a hymn and spent the
 night in banqueting4    ,the           

prince-bishop1 despondent and at his    
wits' end for money1  called his        
officers to a consultation on the #crd  
,september1 and it  was unanimously     
resolved to turn the investment into an 
effective  blockade4 ,this resolution   
was submitted to the electors of        
,cologne  and ,saxony1 the ,duke of     
,cleves1 and the ,landgrave of ,hesse1  
and  these princes approved of the      
design of ,francis von ,waldeck4    ,it 
was determined to raise seven redoubts1 
united by ramparts and a  ditch1 around 
the city1 so as completely to close it1 
and prevent  the exit of the besieged   
and the entrance of provisions4 ,it was 
decided that the defence of this circle 
of forts should be confided  to a       
sufficient number of tried soldiers1 and
 that the rest of the  army should be   
dismissed4    ,accordingly1 on the #gth 
,september1 all the labourers of the    
country  round were engaged1 under the  
direction of the engineer ,wilkin von   
,stedingen1 in raising the walls and    

digging the trenches4 ,the work  was    
carried on with vigour by relays of     
peasants2 nevertheless1 the  undertaking
 was on so great a scale1 that several  
months must elapse  before it could be  
completed4#baa      #baa ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #ge et seq42 ,heresbach1 p4 #acb4   
,the cost of this terrible siege had    
already risen to #fjj1jjj  florins1 the 
treasury was empty1 and the country     
could bear no  further taxes4 ,francis  
of ,waldeck appealed to the ,elector    
,palatine1  the ,electors of ,cologne1  
,mainz1 and ,trves1 to give help and    
subsidies2 he had recourse also to the  
princes and nobles of the  ,upper and   
,lower ,rhine2 and it was decided that a
 diet should  assemble on the #acth     
,december1 #aecd1 to make arrangements  
for the  complete subjugation of the    
insurgent fanatics4 ,all the princes1   
,catholic and ,protestant1 trembled for 
their crowns1 for the  ,anabaptist sect 
ramified throughout the country1 and if 
,john of  ,leyden were successful in    

,mnster1 they might expect similar      
risings  in their own                   
principalities4#bab      #bab ,ibid4 p4 
#ge2 ,bussierre1 p4 #cgb2 ,hast1 p4     
#cff4    ,whilst the preparations for   
the blockade were in progress1 ,john    
,bockelson1 inflated with pride1 placed 
no bounds to his prodigality1  his      
display1 and his despotism4 ,he         
frequently pronounced sentences  of     
death4 ,thus ,elizabeth ,holschers was  
decapitated for having  refused her     
husband what he demanded of her2        
,catherine of ,osnabrck  underwent the  
same sentence for having told one of the
 preachers  that he was building his    
doctrines upon the sand2 ,catherine     
,knockenbecher lost her head for having 
taken two husbands4 ,polygamy  was      
permitted1 but polyandry was regarded as
 an unpardonable  offence4#bac      #bac
 ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ge2 ,bussierre1 p4 
#cgb4    ,however1 the people chafed at 
the tyranny they were subjected to1  and
 murmurs1 low and threatening1 continued

 to make themselves  heard2 whereupon1  
by ,king ,john's order1 ,dusentscheuer  
announced from  the pulpit1 that all    
those who should for the future have    
doubts in  the verities taught them1 and
 who should venture to blame the king   
whom the ,father had given them1 would  
be given over to the anointed  of the   
,lord to be extirpated out of ,israel1  
decapitated by the  headsman1 and       
condemned to eternal oblivion4          
,amongst those who viewed with envy the 
rise and splendour of the  tailor-king  
was ,knipperdolling4 ,he had opened his 
home to the  prophet1 had patronised    
him1 introduced him to the people of    
,mnster1 and now the draper was eclipsed
 by the glory of the tailor4  ,thinking 
that the time was come for him to assume
 the pre-eminence1  he made an attempt  
to dethrone ,bockelson4    ,on the #abth
 of ,september he was seized with the   
spirit of prophecy1  became as one      
possessed1 rushed through the town      
howling1 foaming  at the mouth1 making  

prodigious leaps and extravagant        
gestures1  and crying in every street1  
,repent6 repent6 ,after having carried  
on these antics for some time1          
,knipperdolling dashed into the         
market-place1 cast himself down on the  
ground1 and fell into an  ecstasy4      
,the people clustered around him1       
wondering what new revelation was  about
 to be made1 and the king1 who was then 
holding audience1  looked on uneasily at
 the crowd drifting from his throne     
towards his  lieutenant-general1 whose  
object he was unable to divine1 as this 
performance had not been concerted      
between them4    ,he was not left long  
in uncertainty1 for ,knipperdolling1    
rising  from the ground with livid face1
 scrambled up the back of a sturdy      
artisan standing near1 and crawled on   
all fours like a dog1 says  ,sleidan1   
over the heads of the throng1 breathing 
in their faces1  and exclaiming1 ,the   
celestial ,father has sanctified thee2  
receive  the ,holy ,ghost4 ,then he     

anointed the eyes of some blind men with
  his spittle1 saying1 ,let sight be    
given you4 ,undiscomfited by the        
failure of this attempt to perform a    
miracle1 he prophesied that he  would   
die and rise again in three days2 and he
 indicated a corner  of the market-place
 where this was to occur4 ,then making  
his way  towards the throne1 he began to
 dance in the most grotesque and        
indecent manner before the king1        
shouting contemptuously1 ,often  have ,i
 danced thus before my mistresses1 now  
the celestial ,father  has ordered me to
 perform these dances before my         
king4#bad      #bad ,kerssenbroeck1 p4  
#ha et seq42 ,sleidan1 p4 #daf4    ,john
 was highly displeased at this          
performance2 and he ran down the  steps 
of his throne to interrupt him4 ,but    
,knipperdolling nimbly  leaped upon the 
dais1 seated himself in the place of    
majesty1 and  cried out1 ,the ,spirit of
 ,god impels me3 ,john ,bockelson is    
king  according to the flesh1 ,i am king

 according to the ,spirit2 the  two     
,testaments must be abolished and       
extirpated4 ,man must cease  from       
obeying terrestrial laws2 henceforth he 
shall obey only the  inspirations of the
 ,spirit and the instincts of nature4   
,john of ,leyden sprang at him1 dragged 
him from the throne1 beat  his head with
 his golden sceptre1 and administering a
 kick to the  rear of his lieutenant1   
sent him flying head over heels from the
  platform1 and then calmly enthroning  
himself1 he gave orders for the  removal
 and imprisonment of the rebel4    ,he  
was obeyed4#bae      #bae               
,kerssenbroeck1 ,hast p4 #cff4          
,knipperdolling1 left to cool in the    
dungeon1 felt that his only  chance of  
life was to submit4 ,he therefore sent  
his humble apology  to the king1 and    
assured him that he had been possessed  
by an evil  spirit1 which had driven    
him1 against his judgment and           
conscience1  into revolt4 ,and1 said he1
 last night the ,father revealed to me  

that one must venerate the royal        
majesty1 and that ,john is destined  to 
reign over the whole earth4    ,he was  
at once released1 for ,bockelson needed 
him1 and the failure  of this attempt   
only secured the king's hold over him4  
,he sent him  a letter of pardon1       
concluding with the royal signature in  
this  eccentric fashion3--        ,in   
fide persiste salvus      ,carnis curam 
agit ,deus4      ,johannes ,leydanus4   
,potentia ,dei1 robur meum4#baf         
#baf ,persist secure in ,faith4 ,god    
takes care of the ,flesh4 ,john    of   
,leyden4 ,the ,power of ,god is my      
strength4    ,another event took place  
at ,mnster1 which distracted the        
thoughts  of the people from the events 
of the siege1 and the attempt of        
,knipperdolling to dethrone the king4   
,the prophet ,dusentscheuer1 on the same
 day1 the #abth ,september1  sought the 
,king of ,zion in his palace1 and said  
to him with an  inspired air1 ,this is  
the commandment of the ,lord to me3 ,go 

and say  unto the chief of ,israel1 that
 he shall prepare on the ,mount ,zion   
7that is1 the cathedral square7 a great 
supper for all ,christian  brethren and 
sisters1 and after supper he shall      
commission the  teachers of my ,word to 
go forth to the four quarters of the    
world1  that they may teach all men the 
way of my righteousness1 and that  they 
may be brought into my fold4    ,the    
king accepted the message with respect1 
and gave orders for its  immediate      
execution4    ,on the #acth ,september1 
,dusentscheuer called together the      
elect1  traversing the streets playing  
upon a flute4 ,at noon #agjj men1       
capable of bearing arms1 #djj old men   
and children1 and #ejjj women  assembled
 on ,mount ,zion4    ,bockelson left his
 palace1 habited in a scarlet tunic over
 which was  cast a cloth of silver      
mantle1 on his head was his crown1 and  
his  sceptre was in his right hand4     
,thirty-two knights1 magnificently      
dressed1 served as his bodyguard4 ,then 

came ,queen ,divara and the  rest of the
 wives of the court4    ,when the king  
had taken his place1 the ,grand ,marshal
 ,tilbeck made  the people sit down4    
,tables had been arranged along the     
sides of the  great square under the    
trees1 with an open space in the centre4
    ,when all were seated1 the king and 
his familiars distributed food  to those
 invited4 ,they were given first boiled 
beef and roots1  then ham with other    
vegetables1 and finally roast meat4     
,when the  plates had been removed1 thin
 round cakes of fine wheat flour were   
brought in large baskets1 and ,john1    
calling the faithful up before  him1    
communicated them with the bread1       
saying1 ,take and eat this1  and show   
forth the ,lord's death4 ,divara        
followed1 holding the  chalice in her   
jewelled hands2 she made the            
communicants drink from  it1 repeating  
the words to each1 ,drink this1 and show
 forth the  ,lord's death4 ,then all    
sang the ,gloria in excelsis in ,german1

  and this fantastic parody of the      
communion was over4 ,bockelson now      
ordered all his subjects to arrange     
themselves in a circle1 and he  demanded
 if they would faithfully obey the ,word
 of ,god4 ,all having  assented1        
,dusentscheuer mounted the pulpit and   
said1 ,the ,father  has revealed to me  
the names of twenty-seven apostles who  
are to  be sent into every part of the  
world2 they will spread everywhere  the 
pure doctrine of the celestial kingdom1 
and the ,lord will cover  them with the 
shadow of ,his wings1 so that not a hair
 of their head  shall be injured4 ,and  
when they shall arrive at a place where 
the  authorities refuse to receive the  
,gospel1 there they shall leave a       
florin in gold1 they shall shake off the
 dust of their garments1 and  shall go  
to another place4 ,then the prophet     
designated the chosen  apostles--he saw 
himself of the number--and he added1 ,go
 ye into  all the cities and preach the 
,word of ,god4 ,the twenty-seven stepped

  forward1 and the king1 mounting the   
pulpit1 exhorted the people to  prepare 
for a grand sortie4#bag      #bag       
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #hf2 ,montfort41 p4  
#cd2 ,dorpius1 f4 #cig b2    ,heresbach1
 p4 #aci1 et seq42 ,bullinger1 lib4 ii4 
c4 #aj2 ,sleidan1    p4 #dag2 this      
author sets the number of communicants  
at #e1jjj1 the    ,newe ,zeitung at     
#d1jjj1 f4 #cbi4 ,this authority adds   
that the    communicants distributed the
 sacrament they had received amongst    
themselves saying1 ,brother and sister1 
take and eat thereof4 ,as    ,christ    
gave ,himself for me1 so will ,i give   
myself for thee4 ,and    as the         
corn-wheat is baked into one1 and the   
grape branches are    pressed into one1 
so we being many are one4 ,also1 ,letter
 of the    ,bishop to the ,electors of  
,cologne1 ibid4 p4 #cij4    ,the banquet
 was over for the people2 but ,john1 his
 wives and court1  and those who had    
been on guard upon the walls1 to the    
number of  #ejj1 now sat down4    ,the  

second banquet was much more costly than
 the first4 ,in the midst  of the feast1
 ,bockelson1 rising1 said that he had   
received an order  from the ,father to  
go round and inspect the guests4 ,he    
accordingly  examined those present1 and
 recognising amongst them a soldier of  
the ,episcopal army1 who had been made  
prisoner1 he confronted him  sternly1   
and asked--    ,friend1 what is thy     
faith8    ,my faith1 replied the        
soldier1 who was half drunk1 is to drink
  and make love4    ,how didst thou dare
 to come in1 not having on the wedding  
garment8  asked the king1 in a voice of 
thunder4    ,i did not come of my own   
accord to this debauch1#bah answered the
  prisoner2 ,i was brought here by main 
force4      #bah ,the expression used   
was somewhat broad--,hurenhochzeit4     
,at these words1 the king1 transported  
with rage1 drew his sword and  smote off
 the head of the unfortunate reveller4  
,the night was spent in dancing4#bai    
#bai ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #hh et seq42    

,heresbach1 p4 #aci2 ,dorp4 f4    #cih4 
,whilst the king was eating and         
drinking1 the twenty-seven apostles     
were taking a tender farewell of their  
#abd legitimate wives1#bbj  and making  
their preparations to depart4      #bbj 
,evidence of ,heinrich ,graess4 ,dorpius
 says that the number    of apostles was
 twenty-eight1 and gives their names and
 the    places to which they were sent1 
f4 #cih4    ,when all was ready1 they   
returned to ,mount ,zion2 ,bockelson    
ascended the pulpit1 and gave them their
 mission in the following  terms3--,go1 
prepare the way2 we will follow4 ,cast  
your florin of  gold at the feet of     
those who despise you1 that it may serve
 as a  testimony against them1 and they 
shall be slain1 all the sort of  them1  
or shall bow their necks to our rule4   
,then the gates were thrown open1 and   
the apostles went forth1 north  and     
south1 and east and west4 ,the blockade 
was not complete1 and  they succeeded in
 traversing the lines of the enemy4     

,however1 the prince-bishop notified to 
the governors of the towns in  his      
principality to watch them and arrest   
them1 should they attempt  to           
disseminate their peculiar              
doctrines4#bba      #bba ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #hi et seq42 ,heresbach1 pp4 #hi1   
#aja1    #ada2 ,montfort41 p4 #ce2      
,bullinger1 lib4 ii4 c4 #aj2 ,sleidan1  
pp4    #dag-h2 ,hast1 p4 #cfh2 ,historia
 v4 d4 ,mnst4 ,widerteuffer4 p4 #cbi    
a4    ,we shall have to follow these    
men1 and see the results of their       
mission1 before we continue the history 
of the siege of ,mnster4  ,in fact1 on  
their expedition and their success1 as  
,john ,bockelson  probably felt1        
everything depended4 ,as soon as the    
city was  completely enclosed no food   
could enter3 already it was becoming    
scarce2 therefore an attack on the      
,episcopal army from the flank  was most
 essential to success2 the palisades and
 ramparts recently  erected sufficiently
 defending the enemy against surprises  

and  sorties from the town4    ,seven of
 the apostles went to ,osnabrck1 six to 
,coesfeld1 five to  ,warendorf1 and     
eight1 amongst whom was ,dusentscheuer  
himself1 betook  themselves to          
,soest4#bbb      #bbb ,for the acts of  
these apostles1 ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ib  
et    seq42 ,menck4 p4 #aegd2           
,montfort41 p4 #cf et seq42 ,sleidan1 p4
    #dah2 ,bullinger1 lib4 ii4 c4 #aj2  
,heresbach1 p4 #adi4    ,on entering    
,soest1 ,dusentscheuer and his          
fellow-apostles opened  their mission by
 a public frenzied appeal to repentance4
 ,then1  hearing that the senate had    
assembled1 they entered the hall and    
preached to the city councillors in so  
noisy a fashion that the  magistrates   
were obliged to suspend their           
deliberations4 ,the  burgomaster having 
asked them who they were1 and why they  
entered  the town-hall unsummoned and   
unannounced1 ,we are sent by the king   
of the ,new ,zion1 and by order of ,god 
to preach the ,gospel1 was the  reply of

 ,dusentscheuer2 and to execute this    
mission we need neither  passports nor  
permission4 ,the kingdom of ,heaven     
suffereth violence1  and the violent    
take it by storm4 ,very well1 said the  
burgomaster  collectedly4 ,guards1      
remove the preachers and throw them into
  prison4 ,a few days after several of  
them lost their heads on the  block4    
,john ,clopris1 at the head of four     
evangelists1 entered ,warendorf4  ,they 
took up their abode in the house of an  
,anabaptist named ,erpo1  one of the    
magistrates of the town1 and began to   
preach and prophesy  in the streets4    
,the first day they rebaptised fifty    
persons4 ,clopris  preached with such   
fervour and persuasive eloquence1 that  
the whole  town followed him2 the senate
 received the sign of the covenant in a 
body1 and this was followed by a        
rebaptism of half the population4       
,alarmed at what was taking place1 and  
afraid of a diversion in his  rear1     
,francis of ,waldeck wrote to the       

magistrates ordering them to  give up   
the apostles of error4 ,they refused1   
and the prince at once  invested the    
town and bombarded it4 ,the magistrates 
sent offers  of capitulation1 which the 
prince rejected2 they asked to retain   
their arms and their franchises4        
,francis of ,waldeck insisted on        
unconditional surrender1 and they were  
constrained to yield4 ,some  of the     
senators and citizens who had repented  
of their craze1 or  who had taken no    
part in the movement1 seized the        
apostles and  conducted them to the     
town-hall4 ,clopris and his fellows cast
 down  their florins of gold and        
declared that they shook off the dust of
  their feet against the traitors1 and  
that they would carry the pure  ,word of
 ,god and the living ,gospel elsewhere2 
but escape was not  permitted1 and they 
were delivered over to the              
prince-bishop4    ,francis of ,waldeck  
at once placed sentinels in the streets1
 ordered  every citizen to deliver up   

his weapons1 took the title-deeds of the
  city1 withdrew its franchises1 and    
executed four of the apostles  and three
 of the ringleaders of the senators4    
,clopris was sent to  ,cologne1 and was 
burnt there on the #ast ,february1      
#aece1 by the  ,elector4 ,the bishop    
then raised a fortress to command the   
town1  and placed in it a garrison to   
keep the ,warendorfians in order4       
,seventeen years after1 the greater part
 of the franchises were  restored1 and  
all the rest in #aeee4    ,the apostles 
of the east1 under ,julius ,frisius1    
were arrested at  ,coesfeld1 and were   
executed4#bbc      #bbc ,the ,newe      
,zeitung v4 d4 ,widerteuffer4 zu        
,mnster1 f4 #cbi    b1 #ccj a1 gives a  
summary of the confessions of these men1
 and    their account of the condition  
of affairs in the city4 ,they said      
that every man there had five1 six1     
seven1 or eight wives1 and    that every
 girl over the age of twelve was forced 
to marry2 that    if one wife showed    

resentment against another1 or jealousy1
 or    complained1 she was sentenced by 
the king to death4    ,those of the     
north reached ,osnabrck4 ,denis ,vinnius
 was at their  head4 ,they entered the  
house of a certain ,otto ,spiecher1 whom
 they  believed to be of their          
persuasion1 and they laid at his feet   
their  gold florins bearing the title   
and superscription of ,king ,john1  as  
tokens of their mission4 ,spiecher      
picked up the gold pieces1  pocketed    
them1 and then informed his visitors    
that he did not  belong to their sect1  
and that the only salvation for their   
necks  would be reticence on the subject
 of their mission4    ,but this was     
advice ,vinnius and his fellow-fanatics 
were by no  means disposed to accept4   
,they ran forth into the streets and    
market-place1 yelling1 dancing1 foaming1
 and calling to repentance4  ,then      
,vinnius1 having collected a crowd1     
preached to them the setting  up of the 
,millennial kingdom at ,mnster4         

,thereupon the city-guard  arrived with 
orders from the burgomaster1 arrested   
the missionaries1  and carried them off 
to the ,goat-tower1 where they shut them
 in1 and  barred fast the doors4#bbd    
#bbd ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ajj et seq4    
,the rabble showed signs of violence1   
threatened1 blustered1 armed  themselves
 with axes and hammers1 and vowed they  
would batter open  the prison-gates     
unless the true ministers of ,god's     
,word1 pure from  all human additions1  
were set at liberty4 ,the magistrates   
replied  with great firmness that the   
first man who attempted to force  the   
doors should be shot1 and no one caring 
to be the first man1  though very urgent
 to his neighbours to lead the assault1 
the mob  sang a psalm and dispersed1 and
 the ministers were left to console     
themselves with the promises of         
,dusentscheuer that not a hair of  their
 head should fall4    ,a messenger was  
sent by the magistrates post haste to   
the  prince-bishop1 and before morning  

the evangelists were in his grasp  at   
,iburg4    ,as they were led past       
,francis of ,waldeck1 one of them1      
,heinrich  ,graess1 exclaimed in ,latin1
 ,has not the prince power to release   
the captive8 and the prince1 disposed in
 his favour1 sent for  him4 ,graess then
 confessed that the whole affair was a  
mixture of  fanaticism and imposture1   
the ingredients being mixed in pretty   
equal proportions1 and promised1 if his 
life were spared1 to abandon            
,anabaptism1 and1 what was more to the  
point1 to prove an ,ahitophel  to the   
,absalom in ,zion4    ,graess was       
pardoned1 ,strahl died in prison1 the   
other four were  brought to the block4  
,graess was the sole surviving apostle  
of the seventy-seven1 and the  miserable
 failure of their mission had rudely    
shaken out of him  all belief in its    
divine character1 and he became as      
zealous in  unmasking ,anabaptism as he 
had been enthusiastic in its            
propagation4    ,there is no reason to  

believe that the man was an unprincipled
  traitor4 ,on the contrary1 he appears 
to have been thoroughly in  earnest as  
long as he believed in his mission1 but 
his confidence  had been shaken before  
he left the city1 and the signal        
collapse of  the mission sufficed to    
convince him of his previous error1 and 
make  him resolute to oppose it4        
,laden with chains1 he was brought to   
the gates of ,mnster one dark  night and
 there abandoned4 ,in the morning he was
 recognised by the  sentinels1 and was  
brought into the city1 and led in       
triumph before  the king1 by a vast     
concourse chanting ,german hymns4#bbe   
#bbe ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ajc et seq42   
,montfort41 pp4 #dj-a2 ,hast    p4 #cfh4
    ,and thus he accounted for his      
presence3--,i was last night at ,iburg  
in a dark dungeon1 when suddenly a      
brilliant light filled my  prison1 and  
,i saw before me an angel of ,god1 who  
took me by the hand  and led me forth1  
and delivered me from the death which   

has befallen  all my companions1 and    
which the ungodly determined to inflict 
on  me upon the morrow4 ,the angel      
transported me asleep to the gate of    
,mnster1 and that none may doubt my     
story1 lo6 the chains1 wherewith  ,i was
 laden by the enemies of ,israel1 still 
encumber me4    ,some of the courtiers  
doubted the miracle1 but not so the     
people1  and the king gave implicit     
credence to his word1 or perhaps thought
  the event capable of a very simple    
explanation1 which had been  magnified  
and rendered supernatural by the heated 
fancy of the  mystic4    ,graess became 
the idol of the people and the favourite
 of ,bockelson4  ,the king passed a ring
 upon his finger1 and covered him with a
  robe of distinction1 half grey1 half  
green--the first the symbol  of         
persistence1 the other typical of       
gratitude to ,god4#bbf ,graess  profited
 by his position to closely observe all 
that transpired of  the royal schemes4  
#bbf ,montfort41 p4 #dj4    ,john       

,bockelson became more and more         
tyrannical and sanguinary4 ,he  hung a  
starving child1 aged ten1 for having    
stolen some turnips4 ,a  woman lost her 
head for having spit in the face of a   
preacher of the  ,gospel4 ,an ,episcopal
 soldier having been taken1 the king    
exhorted  him to embrace the pure ,word 
of ,god1 freed from the traditions of   
men4 ,the prisoner having had the       
audacity to reply that the pure  ,gospel
 as practised in the city seemed to him 
to be adultery1  fornication1 and all   
uncleanness2 the king1 foaming with     
rage1  hacked off his head with his own 
hand4#bbg      #bbg ,kerssenbroeck1 p4  
#aaj4    ,provisions became scarce in   
,mnster1 and the inhabitants were driven
  to consume horse-flesh2 and the powder
 ran short in the magazine4    ,the     
,diet of ,coblenz assembled on the #acth
 ,december4 ,the envoys of  the ,elector
 ,palatine1 the prince-bishops of       
,maintz1 ,cologne1 and of  ,trier1 the  
princes and nobles of the ,upper and    

,lower ,rhine and of  ,westphalia       
appeared4 ,francis of ,waldeck1 unable  
to be present in  person1 sent deputies 
to represent him4#bbh      #bbh ,ibid4  
p4 #aad4    ,these deputies having      
announced that the cost of the siege had
  already amounted to #gjj1jjj florins1 
besought the assembled princes  to      
combine to terminate this disastrous    
war4 ,a long deliberation  followed1 and
 the principle was admitted that as the 
establishment  of an ,anabaptist kingdom
 in ,mnster would be a disaster         
affecting  the whole empire1 it was just
 that the bishop should not be obliged  
to bear the whole expenses of the       
reduction of ,mnster4 ,the ,elector     
,john ,frederick of ,saxony1 though not 
belonging to the three circles          
convoked1 through his deputies sent to  
the ,diet1 promised to take  part in the
 extirpation of the heretics4#bbi ,it   
was finally  agreed that the bishop     
should be supplied with #cjj horse      
soldiers1  #cjjj infantry1 and that an  

experienced ,general1 ,count ,ulrich von
  ,ueberstein1 should command them and  
take the general conduct of the         
war4#bcj      #bbi ,ibid42 ,sleidan1 p4 
#dai2 ,heresbach1 p4 #acb4      #bcj    
,sleidan1 p4 #dai4    ,the monthly      
subsidy of #ae1jjj florins was also     
promised to be  contributed till the    
fall of ,mnster4 ,it was also agreed    
that the  prince-bishop should be       
guaranteed the integrity of his domains2
  that each prince1 ,catholic or        
,protestant1 should use his utmost      
endeavours to extirpate ,anabaptism from
 his estates2 that the ,bishop  of      
,mnster should request ,ferdinand1 ,king
 of the ,romans1 and the  seven         
,electors1 to meet on the #dth ,april1  
at ,worms1 to consult with  those then  
assembled at ,worms on measures to crush
 the rebellion1 to  divide the cost of  
the war1 and to punish the leaders of   
the revolt  at ,mnster4    ,lastly1 the 
,diet addressed a letter to the guilty  
city1 summoning it  to surrender at     

discretion1 unless it were prepared to  
resist the  combined effort of all      
estates of the empire4    ,but if the   
princes were combining against the      
,anabaptist ,new  ,jerusalem1 the       
sectarians were in agitation1 and were  
arming  to march to its relief from all 
sides1 from ,leyden1 ,freisland1        
,amsterdam1 ,deventer1 from ,brabant and
 ,strassburg4    ,the ,anabaptists of   
,deventer were on the point of rising   
and  massacring the unbelievers in this 
city1 and then marching on  ,mnster1    
when the plot was discovered1 and the   
four ringleaders  were executed4 ,the   
vigilance of the ,regent of the         
,netherlands  prevented the adherents of
 the mystic sect1 who were then very    
numerous1 from rolling in a wave upon   
,westphalia1 and sweeping the           
undisciplined ,episcopal army away and  
consolidating the power of  their       
pontiff-king4    ,it was towards the    
,low ,countries that ,john of ,leyden   
looked with  impatience4 ,when would the

 expected delivery come out of the west8
  ,why were not the thousands and tens  
of thousands of the sons of  ,israel    
rising from their fens1 joined by       
trained bands from the  cities1 marching
 by the light of blazing cities1 singing
 the songs  of ,zion8    ,graess offered
 the king to hie to the ,low ,countries 
and rouse the  faithful seed4 ,the      
,father1 said he1 has ordered me to     
gather  together the brethren dispersed 
at ,wesel1 at ,deventer1 at ,amsterdam1 
and in ,lower ,germany2 to form of them 
a mighty army that shall  deliver this  
city and smite asunder the enemies of   
,israel4 ,i will  accomplish this       
mission with joy in the interest of the 
faithful4 ,i  fear no danger1 since ,i  
go to fulfil the will of ,god1 and ,i am
 sure  that our brethren1 when they know
 our extremity1 and that it is the  will
 of their king1 will rise and hasten to 
the relief4#bca      #bca ,montfort41 p4
 #dj2 ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #ajd et seq42  
,hast1 p4    #cfh4    ,john ,bockelson  

was satisfied2 he furnished ,graess with
 letters of  credit1 sealed with the    
royal signet4 ,the letters were couched 
in the following terms3--,we1 ,john1    
,king of ,righteousness in the  new     
,temple1 and servant of the ,most ,high1
 do you to wit by these  presents1 that 
the bearer of these letters1 ,heinrich  
,graess1 prophet  illumined by the      
celestial ,father1 is sent by us to     
assemble1 for  the increase of our      
realm1 our brethren dispersed abroad    
throughout  the ,german lands4 ,he will 
make them to hear the words of life1 and
  he will execute the commandments which
 he has received from ,god and  from us4
 ,we therefore order and demand of all  
those who belong to  our kingdom to     
confide in him as in ourselves4 ,given  
at ,mnster1  city of ,god1 and sealed   
with our signet1 in the twenty-sixth    
year  of our age and the second of our  
reign1 the second day of the first      
month1 in the year #aece after the      
nativity of ,jesus ,christ1 ,son of     

,god4    ,graess1 furnished with this   
letter and with #cjj florins from the   
treasury1 left the city1 and betook     
himself direct to ,iburg1 which  he     
reached on the vigil of the             
,epiphany2#bcb and appeared before  the 
bishop1 told him the whole project1 the 
names of the principal  members of the  
sect at ,wesel1 ,amsterdam1 ,leyden1 c41
 the places  where their arms were      
deposited1 and their plan of a general  
rising  and massacring their enemies on 
a preconcerted day4      #bcb           
,montfort41 p4 #dj4    ,the bishop sent 
dispatches at once to the ,duke of      
,juliers and  the ,governors of the ,low
 ,countries to warn them to be on their 
guard4 ,they replied1 requesting his    
assistance in suppressing the           
insurrection2 and as the most effectual 
aid he could render would be  to send   
,graess1 he commissioned him to visit   
,wesel1 and arrest the  execution of the
 project4    ,graess at once betook     
himself to ,wesel1 where he denounced   

the  ringleaders and indicated the      
places where their arms and ammunition  
were secreted in enormous quantities4 ,a
 tumult broke out2 but the  ,duke of    
,juliers entered ,wesel on the #eth     
,april 7#aece71 at the head  of some    
squadrons of cavalry1 seized the        
ringleaders1 who were  members of the   
principal houses in the place and of the
 senate1 and  on the #acth executed six 
of them4 ,the rest were compelled to do 
penance in white sheets1 were deprived  
of their arms1 and put under  close     
surveillance4    ,another division of   
the ,anabaptists attempted to gain      
possession of  ,leyden1 but were        
discomfited1 fifteen of the principal   
men of the  party were executed1 and    
five of the women most distinguished for
  their fanaticism were drowned1 amongst
 whom was the original wife of  ,john   
,bockelson4#bcc      #bcc ,hast1 p4     
#cgj2 ,bussierre1 p4 #djc4    ,in       
,grningen1 the partisans of the sect    
were numerous2 orders  reached them from

 the king to rise and massacre the      
magistrates1 and  march to the relief of
 the invested city4 ,as the ,anabaptists
 there  were not all disposed to        
recognise the royalty of ,john of       
,leyden1  an altercation broke out      
between them1 and the attempt failed2   
but  rising and marching under ,peter   
,shomacker1 their prophet1 they  were   
defeated on ,january #bdth1 by the      
,baron of ,leutenburg1 and the  prophet 
was executed4    ,we must now return to 
what took place in the town of ,mnster  
at the  opening of the year #aece4      
,bockelson inaugurated that year by     
publishing1 on ,january #bnd1 an  edict 
in twenty-eight ,articles4 ,it was      
addressed ,to all lovers of  the ,truth 
and the ,divine ,righteousness1 learned 
in and ignorant of  the mysteries of    
,god1 to let them know how those        
,christians ought to  live or act who   
are fighting under the banner of        
,justice1 as true  ,israelites of the   
new ,temple predestined for long ages1  

announced  by the mouths of all the holy
 prophets1 founded in the power of the  
,holy ,ghost1 by ,christ and his        
,apostles1 and finally established by   
,john1 the righteous ,king1 seated on   
the throne of ,david4    ,the ,articles 
were to this effect3--         #a4 ,in  
this new temple there was to be only one
 king          to rule over the people  
of ,god4         #b4 ,this king was to  
be a minister of righteousness1 and to  
bear          the sword of justice4     
#c4 ,none of the subjects were to desert
 their allotted places4         #d4     
,none were to interpret ,holy ,scripture
 wrongfully4         #e4 ,should a      
prophet arise teaching anything contrary
 to the          plain letter of ,holy  
,scripture1 he was to be avoided4       
#f4 ,drunkenness1 avarice1 fornication1 
and adultery were          forbidden4   
#g4 ,rebellion to be punished with      
death4         #h4 ,duels to be         
suppressed4         #i4 ,calumny        
forbidden4         #aj4 ,egress from the

 camp forbidden without permission4     
#aa4 ,any one absenting himself from his
 wife for three days1          without  
leave from his officer1 the wife to take
 another          husband4         #ab4 
,approaching the enemy's sentinels      
without leave forbidden4         #ac4   
,all violence forbidden among the elect4
         #ad4 ,spoil taken from the     
enemy to go into a common fund4         
#ae4 ,no renegade to be re-admitted4    
#af4 ,caution to be observed in         
admitting a ,christian into one         
society who leaves another4         #ag4
 ,converts not to be repelled4          
#ah4 ,any desiring to live at peace with
 the ,christians1 in trade1             
friendship1 and by treaty1 not to be    
rejected4         #ai4 ,permission given
 to dealers and traders to traffic with 
the          elect4         #bj4 ,no    
,christian to oppose and revolt against 
any ,gentile           magistrate1      
except the servants of the bishops and  
the monks4         #ba4 ,a ,gentile     

culprit not to be remitted the penalty  
of his           crime by joining the   
,christian sect4         #bb4           
,directions about bonds4         #bc4   
,sentence to be pronounced against those
 who violate these           laws and   
despise the ,word of ,god1 but not      
hastily1 without the           knowledge
 of the king4         #bd4 ,no          
constraint to be used to force on       
marriages4         #be4 ,none afflicted 
with epilepsy1 leprosy1 and other       
diseases1           to contract marriage
 without informing the other contracting
           party of their condition4    
#bf4 ,nulla virginis specie1 cum virgo  
non sit1 fratrem           defraudabit2 
alioquin serio punietur4         #bg4   
,every woman who has not a legitimate   
husband1 to choose from           among 
the community a man to be her guardian  
and protector4         ,given by ,god   
and ,king ,john the ,just1 minister of  
the ,most ,high          ,god1 and of   
the new ,temple1 in the #bfth year of   

his age and          the first of his   
reign1 on the second day of the first   
month          after the nativity of    
,jesus ,christ1 ,son of ,god1 #aece4bcd 
#bcd ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #acb et seq4    
,the object ,bockelson had in view in   
issuing this edict was to  produce a    
diversion in his favour among the       
,lutherans4 ,he already  felt the danger
 he was in1 from a coalescence of       
,catholics  and ,protestants1 and he    
hoped by temperate proclamations and    
protestations of his adhesion to the    
,bible1 and the ,bible only1 as  his    
authority1 to dispose them1 if not to   
make common cause with  him1 at least to
 withdraw their assistance from the     
common enemy1  the ,catholic bishop4    
,for the same object he sent letters on 
the #acth ,january to the  ,landgrave of
 ,hesse1 and with them a book called    
,the ,restitution  7,von der            
,wiederbringung71 intended to place     
,anabaptism in a  favourable light4#bce 
#bce ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #abh2 ,sleidan1 

p4 #dbj2 ,hast1 p4 #cgc et    seq42     
,acta1 ,handlungen1 c41 f4 #cfe b4 ,the 
king's letter began    ,leve ,lips      
7,dear ,phil74    ,the ,landgrave       
replied at length1 rebuking the fanatics
 for their  rebellion1 for their        
profligacy1 and for their heresy in     
teaching  that man had a free will4#bcf 
#bcf ,sleidan1 p4 #dba4    ,this reply  
irritated the ,anabaptists1 and they    
wrote to him again1  to prove that they 
clave to the pure ,word of ,god1 freed  
from all  doctrines and traditions of   
men1 and that they followed the direct  
inspiration of ,god through their       
prophet4 ,they also retorted on  ,philip
 with some effect4 ,the ,landgrave1 said
 they1 had no right to  censure them for
 attacking their bishop1 for he had done
 precisely  the same in his own         
dominions4 ,he had expelled all the     
religious  from their convents1 and had 
appropriated their lands2 he had        
re-established the ,duke of ,wurtemburg 
in opposition to the will  of the       

,emperor2 he had changed the religion of
 his subjects1 and  was unable to       
allege1 as his authority for thus       
acting1 the direct  orders of ,heaven1  
transmitted to him by the prophets of   
the living  ,god4 ,they might have      
retorted upon the ,landgrave also1 the  
charge  of immorality1 but they forbore2
 their object was to persuade the       
champion of the ,protestant cause to    
favour them1 not to exasperate  him by  
driving the tu quoque too deep home4    
,with this letter was sent a treatise by
 ,rottmann1 entitled1 ,on the  ,secret  
,significance of ,scripture4    ,philip 
of ,hesse wavered4 ,he wrote once more2 
and after having  attempted to excuse   
himself for those things wherewith he   
had been  reproached1 he said1 ,if the  
thing depended on me only1 you would    
not have to plead in vain your just     
cause1 and you would obtain  all that   
you demand2 but you ought ere this to   
have addressed the  princes of the      
empire1 instead of taking the law into  

your own  hands2 flying to arms1        
erecting a kingdom1 electing a king1 and
  sending prophets and apostles abroad  
to stir up the towns and the  people4   
,nevertheless1 it is possible that even 
now your demands may  be favourably     
listened to1 if you recall on equitable 
conditions  those whom you have driven  
out of the town and despoiled of their  
goods1 and restore your ancient         
constitutions and your former           
authorities4#bcg      #bcg              
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #abi2 ,sleidan1 p4   
#dba4    ,luther now thundered out of   
,wittemberg4 ,sleidan epitomises this   
treatise4 ,five ,hessian ministers also 
issued an answer to the  doctrine of the
 ,anabaptists of ,mnster1 which was     
probably drawn up  for them by ,luther  
himself1 or was at least submitted to   
him for his  approval1 for it is        
published among his ,german works4#bch  
,it is  full of invective and argument  
in about equal doses4 ,a passage or  two
 only can be quoted here3--    ,since   

you are led astray by the devil into    
such blasphemous error1  drunk and      
utterly imprisoned you wish1 as is      
,satan's way1 to make  yourselves into  
angels of light1 and to paint in        
brightness and  colour your devilish    
doings4 ,for the devil will be no devil1
 but  a holy angel1 yea1 even ,god      
himself1 and his works1 however bad     
they may be before ,god and all the     
world1 he will have unrebuked1  and     
himself be honoured and reverenced as   
the ,most ,holy4 ,for that  purpose he  
and you1 his obedient disciples1 use    
,holy ,scripture as  all heretics have  
ever done4#bci      #bch ,luth4         
,smmtliche ,werke1 ,wittenb4 #aede-ea1  
ii4 ff4    #cfg-cge2 ,von der           
,teuffelischen ,secte d4 ,widerteuffer4 
zu    ,mnster4      #bci ,ibid4 f4 #cfg4
    ,what shall ,i say8 ,you let all the
 world see that you understand far  less
 about the kingdom of ,christ than did  
the ,jews1 who blame you  for your want 
of understanding1 and yet none spoke or 

believed more  ignorantly of that same  
kingdom than they4 ,for the ,scripture  
and the  prophets point to ,messiah1    
through whom all was to be fulfilled1   
and  this the ,jews also believed4 ,but 
you want to make it point to your       
,tailor-,king1 to the great disgrace and
 mockery of ,christ1 our only  true     
,king1 ,saviour1 and ,redeemer4#bdj     
#bdj ,ibid4 f4 #cfi4    ,but this was   
the grievous rub with the               
,reformer--that the ,anabaptist  had    
gone a step beyond himself4 ,you have   
cast away all that ,dr4  ,martin ,luther
 taught you1 and yet it is from him that
 you have  received1 next to ,god1 all  
sound learning out of the ,scripture2   
you  have given another definition of   
faith1 after your new fashion1 with     
various additional articles1 so that you
 have not only darkened1 but  have      
utterly annihilated the value of saving 
faith4#bda      #bda ,ibid4 f4 #cgc4    
,in a treatise of ,justus ,menius1      
published with ,luther's approval1  and 

with a preface by him1 ,on the ,spirit  
of the ,anabaptists1  it is angrily     
complained1 that these sectaries bring  
against the  ,lutheran ,church the      
following charges3--,first1 that our    
churches  are idol-temples1 since ,god  
dwelleth not in temples made with hands4
  ,secondly1 that we do not preach the  
truth1 and have true ,divine  worship   
therein4 ,thirdly1 that our preachers   
are sinners1 and are  therefore unfit to
 teach others4 ,fourthly1 that the      
common people  do not mend their morals 
by our preaching4 ,all which charges    
,justus ,menius answers as well as he   
can1 sword in one hand against  the     
,papists1 trowel in the other patching  
up the walls of his  ,jerusalem4#bdb    
#bdb ,ibid4 ii4 ff4 #bih-cbe4           
,melancthon also wrote against the      
,anabaptist book1 combating all its     
propositions1 and to do so falling back 
on the maxim1 ,abusus non  tollit       
substantiam1 a maxim completely ignored 
by the ,reformers  when they attacked   

the ,catholics4#bdc ,thus the new sect  
fought  ,lutheranism with precisely the 
same weapons wherewith the ,lutherans   
had fought the ,church2 and the         
,lutherans1 to maintain their  ground1  
were obliged to take refuge in the      
authority of the ,church  and           
tradition--positions they had assailed  
formerly1 and to use  arguments they had
 previously rejected4      #bdc ,ibid4  
ii4 ff4 #ccd-cfc4 ,melancthon says that 
things had    come to such a pass in    
,mnster1 that no child knew who was its 
father1 brother1 or sister4    ,in the  
treatise of the five ,hessian divines1  
drawn up by ,philip of  ,hesse's orders1
 the errors of the ,anabaptists are     
epitomised and  condemned2 they are as  
follows3--         #a4 ,they do not     
believe that men are justified          
by faith only1 but by faith and works   
conjointly4         #b4 ,they refer the 
redemption of ,christ alone to the fall 
of          ,adam1 and to its           
consequences on those born of him4      

#c4 ,they hold community of goods4      
#d4 ,they blame ,martin ,luther as      
having taught nothing about good        
works4         #e4 ,they proclaim the   
freedom of man's will4         #f4 ,they
 reject infant baptism4         #g4     
,they take the ,bible alone1            
uninterpreted by any commentary4        
#h4 ,they declare for plurality of      
wives4         #i4 ,they do not         
correctly teach the ,incarnation of     
,christ4#bdd      #bdd ,acta ,handlung4 
c4 f4 #cff a4    ,this ,kurtze3 und in  
der eile gestelte ,antwort1 is signed by
  ,john ,campis1 ,john ,fontius1 ,john  
,kymeus1 ,john ,lessing1 and ,anthony   
,corvinus4    ,it was high time that the
 siege should come to an end1 so every  
one  said2 but every one had said the   
same for the last twelve months1  and   
,mnster held out notwithstanding4    ,an
 ultimatum was sent into the city by the
 general in command1  offering the      
inhabitants liberal terms if they would 
surrender1 and  warning them that1 in   

case of refusal1 the city would be taken
 by  storm1 and would be delivered over 
to plunder4#bde ,no answer was  made to 
the letter2 nevertheless1 it produced a 
profound impression  on the citizens1   
who were already suffering from want of 
victuals4 ,a  party was formed which    
resolved to seize the person of the     
king1 and  to open the gates and make   
terms with the bishop4#bdf ,bockelson1  
hearing of the plot1 assembled the whole
 of the population in the  cathedral    
square1 and solemnly announced to them  
by revelation from  the ,father that at 
,easter the siege would be raised1 and  
the city  experience a wonderful        
deliverance4 ,he also divided the town  
into  twelve portions1 and placed at the
 head of each a duke of his own         
creation1 charged with the suppression  
of treason and the protection  of the   
gates4 ,each duke was provided with     
twenty-four guards for  the defence of  
his person1 and the infliction of       
punishment on  those citizens who proved

 restive under the rule of the ,king of 
,zion4#bdg ,these dukes were promised   
the government of the empire1  when the 
kingdoms of ,germany became the kingdom 
of ,john of ,leyden4  ,denecker1 a      
grocer1 was ,duke of ,saxony2 ,moer1 the
 tailor1 ,duke of  ,brunswick2 the      
,kerkerings were appointed to reign over
 ,westphalia2  ,redecker1 the cobbler1  
to bear rule in ,juliers and ,cleves4   
,john ,palk  was created ,duke of       
,guelders and ,utrecht2 ,edinck was to  
be supreme  in ,brabant and ,holland2   
,faust1 a coppersmith1 in ,mainz and    
,cologne2  ,henry ,kock was to be ,duke 
of ,trier2 ,ratterberg to be ,duke of   
,bremen1  ,werden1 and ,minden2         
,reininck took his title from           
,hildesheim and  ,magdeburg2 and        
,nicolas ,strip from ,frisia and        
,grningen4 ,as these  men were for the  
most part butchers1 blacksmiths1        
tailors1 and  shoemakers1 their titles1 
ducal coronets and mantles1 and the     
prospect of governing1 turned their     

heads1 and made them zealous  tools in  
the hands of ,bockelson4      #bde      
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #acj4      #bdf      
,ibid4 p4 #adj4      #bdg ,sleidan1 p4  
#dai2 ,bullinger1 l4 ii4 c4 #i2         
,heresbach1 p4 #aef2    ,dorp4 f4 #dih4 
,the king made one more attempt to rouse
 the country4 ,he issued  letters       
offering the pillage of the whole world 
to all those  who would join the        
standard4 ,but the bishop was informed  
of the  preparation of these missives by
 a ,danish soldier in ,mnster2  he was  
much alarmed1 as his lantzknechts were  
ready to sell  their services to the    
highest bidder4 ,he therefore pressed on
 the  circumvallation of the city1 kept 
a vigilant guard1 and captured  every   
emissary sent forth to distribute these 
tempting offers4  ,on the #aath         
,february1 #aece1 the moat1 mound1 and  
palisade around  the city were complete2
 and it was thenceforth impossible for  
access to or egress from the city to be 
effected without the  knowledge of the  

prince and his generals4 ,the           
unfortunate people of  ,mnster          
discovered attempting to escape were by 
the king's orders  decapitated4 ,many   
men and women perished thus2 amongst    
them was a  mistress of ,knipperdolling 
named ,dreyer1 who1 weary of her life1  
fled1 but was caught and delivered over 
to the executioner4 ,when  her turn     
came1 the headsman hesitated4           
,knipperdolling1 perceiving  it1 took   
from him the sword1 and without changing
 colour smote  off her head4 ,the       
,father1 said he1 irresistibly inspired 
me to  this1 and ,i have thus become1   
without willing it or knowing it1 an    
instrument of vengeance in the hands of 
the ,lord4#bdh      #bdh ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #adh4    ,the legitimate wife of    
,knipperdolling1 for having disparaged  
polygamy1 escaped death with difficulty2
 she was sentenced to do  public        
penance1 kneeling in the great square1  
in the midst of the  people1 with a     
naked sword in her hands4#bdi      #bdi 

,ibid4 p4 #adi4    ,easter came1 the    
time of the promised delivery1 and the  
armies of  the faithful from ,holland   
and ,friesland and ,brabant had not     
arrived4  ,the position of ,bockelson   
became embarrassing4 ,he extricated     
himself from the dilemma with           
characteristic effrontery4 ,during  six 
days he remained in his own house1      
invisible to every one4 ,at  the        
expiration of the time he issued forth1 
assembled the people  on ,mount ,zion1  
and informed them that the deliverance  
predicted  of the ,father had taken     
place1 but that it was a deliverance    
different in kind from what they had    
anticipated4 ,the ,father1 said  he1 has
 laid on my shoulders the iniquities of 
the ,israelites4 ,i  have been bowed    
down under their burden1 and was        
well-nigh crushed  beneath their weight4
 ,now1 by the grace of the ,lord1 health
 has  been restored to me1 and you have 
been all released from your sins4  ,this
 spiritual deliverance is the most      

excellent of all1 and must  precede that
 which is purely exterior and temporal4 
,wait1 therefore1  patiently1 it is     
promised and it will arrive1 if you do  
not fall  back into your sins1 but      
maintain your confidence in ,god1 who   
never  deserts ,his chosen people1      
though ,he may subject them to trials   
and  tribulations1 to prove their       
constancy4#bej ,one would fain believe  
that ,john ,bockelson was in earnest1   
and the subject of religious            
infatuation1 like his subjects1 but     
after this it is impossible to  so      
regard him4      #bej ,kerssenbroeck1   
pp4 #aec1 #aed2 ,sleidan1 p4 #dbb2      
,bullinger1    lib4 ii4 c4 #b2          
,heresbach1 pp4 #aei1 #afj4    ,the     
princes1 when separating after the      
assembly of ,coblenz1 had  agreed to    
reassemble on the #dth of ,april4       
,ferdinand1 ,king of the  ,romans1      
convoked all the ,estates of the empire 
to meet on that  day at ,worms4 ,the    
deputies of several towns protested     

against the  decisions taken at ,coblenz
 without their participation1 and the   
deliberations were at the outset very   
tumultuous4 ,an understanding  was at   
length arrived at1 and a monthly subsidy
 of #bj1jjj florins  for five months was
 agreed upon1 to maintain the efficacy  
of the  investment of ,mnster4 ,but     
before separating1 a final effort  to   
obtain a pacific termination to the war 
was resolved upon1  and the burgomasters
 of ,frankfort and ,nrnberg were sent as
 a  deputation into the city4 ,this     
attempt proved as sterile as all  those 
previously essayed4 ,we have nothing in 
common with the ,roman  empire1 answered
 the chiefs of ,zion2 for that empire is
 the fourth  beast whereof ,daniel      
prophesied4 ,we have set up again the   
kingdom of  ,israel1 by the ,father's   
command1 and we engage you to abstain   
for  the future from assailing this     
realm1 as you fear the wrath of ,god    
and eternal damnation4#bea      #bea    
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #aee2 ,hast1 #cid4   

,the famine in ,mnster now became       
terrible4 ,cats1 rats1 dogs1 and  horses
 were eaten2 the starving people        
attempted various expedients  to satisfy
 their craving hunger4 ,they ate        
leather1 wood1 even  cow-dung dried in  
the sun1 the bark of trees1 and candles4
 ,corpses  lately buried were dug up    
during the night and secretly devoured4 
,mothers even ate their children4       
,terrible maladies1 says                
,kerssenbroeck1 the consequence of      
famine1 aggravated the position  of the 
inhabitants of the town2 their flesh    
decomposed1 they rotted  living1 their  
skin became livid1 their lips retreated2
 their eyes1  fixed and round1 seemed   
ready to start out of their orbits2 they
  wandered about1 haggard1 hideous1 like
 mummies1 and died by hundreds  in the  
streets4 ,the king1 to prevent          
infection1 had the bodies  cast into    
large common ditches1 whence the        
starving withdrew them  furtively to    
devour them4 ,night and day the houses  

and streets  re-echoed with tears1      
cries1 and moans2--men1 women1 old men1 
and  children sank into the darkest     
despair4#beb      #beb ,kerssenbroeck1  
p4 #aeg et seq42 ,heresbach1 pp4 #aea1  
#aeb2    ,hast1 p4 #cie2 ,montfort41 p4 
#df4    ,in the midst of the general    
famine1 ,john of ,leyden lived in       
abundance4 ,his storehouses1 into which 
the victuals found in every  house had  
been collected1 supplied his own table  
and that of his  immediate followers4   
,his revelry and pomp were unabated1    
whilst his  deluded subjects died of    
want around him4#bec      #bec ,ibid4 p4
 #aeg4    ,when starvation was at its   
worst1 a letter from ,heinrich ,graess  
circulated in the town1 informing the   
people that his miraculous  escape had  
been a fable1 and that he had rejected  
the follies of  ,anabaptism1 disgusted  
at the extravagance to which it had led 
its votaries1 and assuring them that    
their king was an impostor1  exploiting 
to his advantage the credulity of an    

infatuated mob4#bed      #bed           
,montfort41 p4 #dg4    ,this letter     
produced an effect which made the king  
tremble4 ,he  summoned his disciples    
before him1 reproached them for putting 
the  hand to the plough and turning     
back1 and gave leave to all those  whose
 faith wavered to go out from the city4 
,as for me1 said  he1 ,i shall remain   
here1 even if ,i remain alone with the  
angels  which the ,father will not fail 
to send to aid me to defend this        
place4#bee      #bee ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 
#afa4    ,when the king had given       
permission to leave the city1 numbers of
  every age and sex poured through the  
gates1 leaving behind only the  most    
fanatical who were resolved to conquer  
or die with ,john of  ,leyden4          
,outside the city walls extended a      
trampled and desolate tract to  the     
fosse and earthworks of the besiegers1  
strewn with the ruins  of houses and of 
farmsteads4 ,the unfortunate creatures  
escaping  from ,zion1 wasted and haggard

 like spectres1 spread over this        
devastated region4 ,the investing army  
drove them back towards  the city1      
unwilling to allow the rebels to        
protract the siege by  disembarrassing  
themselves of all the useless mouths in 
the place4  ,they refused1 however1 to  
re-enter the walls1 and remained in the 
,knigreich1 as this desert tract was    
called1 to the number of  #ijj1 living  
on roots and grass1 for four weeks1     
lying on the bare  earth4 ,some were too
 feeble to walk1 and crawled about on   
all fours2  their hunger was so terrible
 that they filled their mouths with     
sand1 earth1 or leaves1 and died choked1
 in terrible convulsions4  ,night and   
day their moans1 howls1 and cries       
ascended4 ,the children  presented a yet
 more deplorable spectacle2 they        
implored their  mothers to give them    
something to eat1 and they1 poor        
creatures1  could only answer them with 
tears and sobs2 often they approached   
the lines of the camp1 and sought to    

excite the compassion of the  soldiers4 
,the ,general in command1 ,graff        
,ueberstein1 sent information1 on ,april
  #bbnd1 to the bishop1 who was ill in  
his castle at ,wollbeck1 and  asked what
 was to be done with these unfortunates 
who were perishing  in the ,knigreich4  
,the bishop shed tears1 and protested   
his sorrow  at the sufferings of the    
poor wretches1 but did not venture to   
give  orders for their removal1 without 
consulting the ,duke of ,cleves and  the
 ,elector of ,cologne4 ,thus much       
precious time was lost1 and only  on the
 #bhth ,may1 a month after1 were the    
starving wretches permitted  to leave   
the ,knigreich1 upon the following      
terms3 #ast4 ,that they  should be      
transported to the neighbouring town of 
,diekhausen1 where  they should be      
examined1 and those who were guilty     
among them  executed2 #bnd4 ,that the   
rest should be pardoned and dispersed in
  different places1 after having        
undertaken to renounce ,anabaptism1  and

 to abstain from negotiations1 open or  
secret1 with their  comrades in the     
beleagured city4#bef ,these conditions  
having been  made1 the refugees were    
transported on tumbrils and in carts to 
,diekhausen1 at a foot's pace1 their    
excessive exhaustion rendering  them    
incapable of bearing more rapid motion4 
,they numbered #bjj2 #gjj  had perished 
of famine between the lines of the      
investing army and  the walls of the    
besieged town4 ,on the #cjth ,may1 those
 found guilty  of prominent             
participation in the revolt were        
executed4      #bef ,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 
#afa-h4    ,the prince-bishop might have
 spared his tears and sent loaves4  ,his
 hesitation and want of genuine sympathy
 with the starving  unfortunates serve  
to mark his character as not only weak1 
but  selfish and cowardly4    ,whilst   
this was taking place outside the walls 
of ,mnster1 ,john van  ,gheel1 an       
emissary of ,bockelson1 was actively    
engaged in rousing the  ,anabaptists of 

,amsterdam4 ,having insinuated himself  
into the good  graces of the ,princess  
,mary1 regent of the ,netherlands1 he   
persuaded  her that he was desirous of  
restraining the sectaries waiting their 
call to march to the relief of ,mnster4 
,she even furnished him with  an        
authorisation to raise troops for this  
purpose4 ,he profited by  this order to 
arm his friends and lay a plot for      
obtaining the  mastery of ,amsterdam4   
,his design was to make that city a     
place  of rendezvous for all the        
,anabaptists of the ,low ,countries1 who
  would flock into it as a city of      
refuge1 when once it was in his  power1 
and then he would be able to organise   
out of them an army  sufficiently       
numerous and well appointed to raise the
 siege of  ,mnster4    ,on the #aath    
,may he placed himself at the head of   
#fjj friends1 seized  on the town1      
massacred half the guards1 and one of   
the burgomasters4  ,amsterdam would     
inevitably have been in the power of the

 sectaries  in another hour1 had not one
 of the guard escaped up the tower  and 
rung the alarm-bell4 ,as the tocsin     
pealed over the city1 the  citizens     
armed and rushed to the market-place1   
fell upon the  ,anabaptists and retook  
the town-hall1 notwithstanding a        
desperate  resistance4 ,crowds of       
fanatics from the country1 who had      
received  secret intimation to assemble 
before the walls of ,amsterdam1  and    
wait till the gates were opened to admit
 them1 finding that  the plan had been  
defeated1 threw away their arms and fled
 with  precipitation4#beg      #beg     
,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 #gc1 #gd2 ,hast1 p4 
#cg2 ,montfort41 p4 #eh    et seq4      
,van ,gheel had fallen in the encounter4
 ,the prisoners were executed4  ,amongst
 these was ,camp whom ,john of ,leyden  
had created ,anabaptist  bishop of      
,amsterdam4 ,his execution was performed
 with great  barbarity2 first his       
tongue1 then his hand1 and finally his  
head was  cut off4#beh      #beh        

,montfort41 pp4 #fh1 #fi4    ,we must   
look once more into the doomed city4    
,in the midst of the general desolation 
,john ,bockelson and his court  lived in
 splendour and luxury4 ,every one who   
murmured against his  excesses was      
executed4 ,heads were struck off on the 
smallest charge1  and scarcely a day    
passed in ,may and ,june without blood  
flowing on  ,mount ,zion4 ,one of the   
most remarkable of these executions was 
that  of ,elizabeth ,wandtscherer1 one  
of the queens4    ,this woman had had   
three husbands2 the first was dead1 the 
second  marriage had been annulled1 and 
,bockelson had taken her to wife        
because she was pretty and well made4   
,she was a great favourite with her     
royal husband1 and for six  months she  
seemed to be delighted with her         
position2 but at  length1 disgusted with
 the unbridled licence of the royal     
harem1  the hypocrisy and the mad       
revelry of the court1 contrasted with   
the famine of the citizens1 a prey to   

remorse1 she tore off her  jewels and   
her queenly robes1 and asked ,john of   
,leyden permission  to leave the city4  
,this was on the #abth ,june4 ,the king1
 furious at  an apostacy in his own     
house1 dragged her into the             
market-place1  and there in the presence
 of his wives and the populace1 smote   
off  her head with his own hands1       
stamped on her body1 and then chanting  
the ,gloria in excelsis with his queens1
 danced round the corpse  weltering in  
its blood4#bei      #bei ,kerssenbroeck1
 pp4 #agf-g2 ,dorpius1 f4 #dih b2       
,sleidan1 p4    #dbb1 says she was      
executed for having observed to some of 
her    companions that it could not be  
the will of ,god that they should       
live in abundance whilst the subjects   
perished from want of    necessaries4   
,hast1 p4 #cie2 ,heresbach1 p4 #ade4    
,however1 the royal magazines were now  
nearly exhausted1 and the king  was     
informed that there remained provisions 
for only a few days4 ,he  resolved to   

carry on his joyous life of debauchery  
without thought  of the morrow1 and when
 all was expended1 to fire the city in  
every  quarter1 and then to rush forth1 
arms in hand1 and break through the     
investing girdle1 or perish in the      
attempt4#bfj ,this project was  not     
executed1 for the siege was abruptly    
ended before the moment  had arrived for
 its accomplishment4      #bfj          
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #agg4    ,late in the
 preceding year1 a soldier of the       
,episcopal army1 ,john  ,eck1 of        
,langenstraten1 or1 as he was called    
from his diminutive  stature1 ,hansel   
,eck1 having been punished as he deemed 
excessively  or unjustly for some       
dereliction in his duty1 deserted to the
  ,anabaptists1 and found an asylum in  
the city1 where ,john ,bockelson1       
perceiving his abilities and practical  
acquaintance with military  operations1 
made him one of his captains4    ,but   
,hansel soon repented bitterly this step
 he had taken4 ,little men  are         

proverbially peppery and ready to stand 
on their dignity4 ,his  desertion had   
been the result of an outburst of       
wounded self-pride1  and when his wrath 
cooled down1 and his judgment obtained  
the upper  hand1 he was angry with      
himself for what he had done4 ,feeling  
confident that the city must eventually 
fall1 and knowing that  small mercies   
would be shown to a deserter caught in  
arms1 however  insignificant he might be
 in stature1 ,hansel took counsel with  
eight  other discontented soldiers in   
his company1 and they resolved to       
escape from ,mnster and ask pardon of   
the bishop4    ,they effected the first 
part of their object on the night of    
the #agth ,june1 and crossed the        
,knigreich towards the lines of  the    
investing force4 ,the sentinels1        
observing a party of armed  men         
advancing1 with the moon flashing from  
their morions and  breastplates1 fired  
on them and killed seven4 ,his          
diminutive stature  stood ,hansel in    

good stead1 and he1 with one other named
 ,sobb1  succeeded in escalading the    
ramparts unobserved1 and in making      
their way to the nearest fort of ,hamm1 
where the old officer1  ,meinhardt von  
,hamm1 under whom he had formerly       
served1 was in  command4 ,hansel and    
,sobb were conducted into his presence1 
and  offered to deliver the city into   
the hands of the prince-bishop if  he   
would accord them a free pardon2 but    
they added that no time  must be lost1  
as it was but a question of hours rather
 than of days  before the city was      
fired1 and the final sortie was         
executed4#bfa      #bfa ,kerssenbroeck1 
p4 #agi et seq42 ,sleidan1 p4 #dbg2     
,montfort41 p4 #ga2 ,heresbach1 p4 #afb 
et seq42 ,hast1 p4 #cie et    seq42     
,dorpius1 f4 #dii4    ,meinhardt        
listened to his plan1 approved of it1   
and wrote to ,francis  of ,waldeck1     
asking a safe-conduct for ,hansel1 and  
urging the utmost  secrecy1 as on the   
preservation of the secret depended the 

success  of the scheme4    ,the         
safe-conduct was readily granted1 and   
the deserter was brought  to            
,willinghegen concealed amidst game in a
 cart covered with  boughs of trees4    
,willinghegen is a small place one mile 
outside  the circumvallation4 ,the      
chiefs of the besieging army met here to
  consider the plan of ,hansel ,eck4    
,the little man protested that with     
#cjj men he could take the city4 ,he    
knew the weak points1 and he  could     
escalade the walls where they were      
unguarded4 ,four hundred  soldiers were1
 however1 decided to be sent on the     
expedition1 under  the command of       
,wilkin ,steding1 a terrible enemy but a
 devoted  friend2 ,john of ,twickel was 
to be standard-bearer1 and ,hansel  was 
to act as guide2 and the attempt was to 
be made on the eve  of ,st4 ,john the   
,baptist's day4#bfb ,however1 the bishop
 and ,count  ,ueberstein1 desirous of   
avoiding unnecessary effusion of blood1 
summoned the inhabitants to surrender1  

for the last time1 on the  #bbnd ,june4 
#bfb ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #afi2 and the   
authors before cited4    ,rottmann      
replied to the deputies that the city   
should be  surrendered only when they   
received the order to do so from the    
,father by a revelation4    ,midsummer  
eve was a hot1 sultry day4 ,towards     
evening dark heavy  clouds rolled up    
against the wind1 and a violent storm of
 thunder1  lightning1 and hail burst    
over the doomed city4 ,the sentinels  of
 ,mnster1 exhausted by hunger1 and      
alarmed at the rage of the  elements1   
quitted their posts and retreated under 
shelter4 ,the  darkness1 the growl of   
the wind1 and the boom of the thunder   
concealed the approach of the ,episcopal
 troops4 ,the #djj1 under  ,steding1    
guided by the deserter1 marched into the
 ,knigreich between  ten and eleven     
o'clock1 and met with no obstacles till 
they reached  the ,holy-cross ,gate4    
,here they filled the ditch with        
faggots1 trees1  and bundles of straw2 a

 bridge was improvised1 the curtain of  
palisades masking the bastion was       
surmounted1 ladders were planted1  and  
without meeting with the least          
resistance1 the #djj reached the  summit
 of the walls4 ,the sentinels1 whom they
 found asleep1 were  killed1 with the   
exception of one who purchased his life 
by giving  up the pass-word1 ,die ,erde4
 ,the soldiers then advanced along the  
paved road which lay between the double 
walls1 captured and killed  the         
sentinels at every watch tower1 and     
then1 entering the streets1  crossed the
 cemetery of ,ueberwasser1 the ,river   
,aa by its bridge1 and  debouched on the
 cathedral square1 where the faint      
flashes of the  retreating lightning    
illumined at intervals the gaunt        
scaffolding of  the throne and gallery  
and pulpit of the ,anabaptist king1     
looking  now not unlike the preparations
 for an execution4    ,the cathedral had
 been converted into the arsenal4       
,hansel led the  ,episcopal soldiers to 

the western gates1 gave the word ,die   
,erde1  and the guards were killed      
before they could give the alarm4 ,the  
artillery was now in the hands of the   
#djj4bfc      #bfc ,kerssenbroeck1 p4   
#agf et seq42 and the authors before    
cited4    ,the ,anabaptists had slept   
through the rumble of the thunder1 but  
suddenly the rattle of the drum on their
 hill of ,zion woke them  with a start4 
,they sprang from their beds1 armed in  
haste1 and  rushed to the cathedral     
square1 where their own cannons opened  
on them their mouths of fire1 and poured
 an iron shower down the  main          
thoroughfares which led from the        
,minster green4 ,but they were  not     
discouraged4 ,through backways1 and     
under the shelter of the  surrounding   
houses1 they reached the ,chapel of ,st4
 ,michael1 which  commanded the position
 of the ,episcopal soldiers1 and thence 
fired  upon them with deadly precision4 
,steding turned the guns against the    
chapel1 but its massive walls  could not

 be broken through1 and the balls       
bounded from them without  effecting    
more than a trivial damage4 ,the        
,anabaptists pursued their  advantage4  
,whilst ,steding was occupied with those
 who held the  ,chapel of ,st4 ,michael1
 a large number assembled in the        
market-place  and marched in close ranks
 upon the cathedral square4    ,the     
#djj1 unable to withstand the numbers   
opposed to them1 were  driven from their
 positions1 and retreated into the      
narrow ,margaret  ,street1 where they   
were unable to use their arms with      
advantage4  ,steding burst open the door
 of a house1 and sent #bjj of his men   
through it2 they issued through the back
 door1 filled up a narrow  lane running 
parallel with the street1 and attacked  
the ,anabaptists  in the rear1 who1     
thinking that the city was in the hands 
of the  enemy1 and that they were being 
assailed by a reinforcement1 fled       
precipitately4    ,by an unpardonable   
oversight1 ,steding had forgotten to    

leave a guard  at the postern by which  
he had entered the city4 ,the           
,anabaptists  discovered this mistake   
and profited by it1 so that when the    
reinforcements sent to support ,steding 
arrived1 the gates were  closed1 and the
 walls were defended by the women1 who  
cast stones  and firebrands1 and shot   
arrows amongst them1 taunting them with 
the  failure of the attempt to surprise 
the city2 and they1 uncertain  whether  
to believe that the plot of ,hansel ,eck
 had failed or not1  remained without   
till break of day1 vainly attempting to 
escalade  the walls4 ,the ,anabaptists1 
who had fled in the ,margaret ,street1  
soon rallied1 and the #djj were again   
exposed to the fury of a  multitude     
three times their number1 who assailed  
them in front and  in rear1 and they    
were struck down by stones and furniture
 cast out  of the windows upon them by  
the women in the houses4                
,nevertheless they bravely defended     
themselves for several hours1  and their

 assailants began to lose courage1 as   
news of the onslaught  upon the walls   
reached them4 ,it was now midnight4     
,king ,john proposed  a temporary       
cessation of hostilities1 which ,steding
 gladly accepted1  and the messengers of
 ,bockelson offered the #djj their life 
if they  would lay down their arms1     
kneel before him1 and ask his           
pardon4#bfd      #bfd ,kerssenbroeck1 p4
 #che2 ,heresbach1 pp4 #afb-f2          
,montfort41 p4    #gb2 ,hast1 p4 #cif et
 seq4    ,the soldiers indignantly      
rejected this offer1 but proposed to    
quit  the town with their arms and      
ensigns4 ,a long discussion ensued1     
which ,steding protracted till break of 
day4    ,at the opening of the          
negotiations1 ,steding bade ,john von   
,twickel1  the ensign1 hasten to the    
ramparts with three men1 as secretly  as
 possible1 and urge on the              
reinforcements4 ,twickel reached the    
bastions as day began to dawn1 and he   
shouted to his comrades  without to help

 ,steding and his gallant band before   
all was lost4  ,the ,episcopalians1     
dreading a ruse of the besieged to draw 
them into  an ambush1 hesitated2 but    
,twickel called the watchword1 which was
  ,waldeck1 and announced the partial   
success of the #djj4    ,having         
accomplished his mission1 ,twickel      
returned to his comrades  within1       
cheering them at the top of his voice   
with the cry from  afar1 ,courage1      
friends1 help is at hand6    ,at these  
words the remains of the gallant band of
 #djj recommenced  the combat with      
irresistible energy4 ,they fell on the  
,anabaptists  with such vehemence that  
they drove them back on all sides2 they 
gave no quarter1 but breaking into      
divisions1 swept the streets1  meeting  
now with only a feeble resistance1 for  
the soldiers without  were battering at 
the gates4 ,in vain did the sectarians  
offer to  leave the town1 their offer   
came too late1 and the little band drove
  them from one rallying point to       

another4#bfe      #bfe ,kerssenbroeck1  
pp4 #ahh1 #ahi4    ,rottmann1 feeling   
that all was lost1 cast himself on their
 lances  and fell4 ,john of ,leyden1    
instead of heading his party1 attempted 
to  fly1 but was recognised as he was   
escaping through the gate of ,st4       
,giles1 and was thrown into chains4     
,in the meantime the reinforcement had  
mounted the walls1 beaten  in the gates1
 and was pouring up the streets1 rolling
 back the  waves of discomfited         
,anabaptists on the swords and spears of
 the  decimated #djj4 ,two hundred of   
the most determined among the fanatics  
entrenched themselves in a round tower  
commanding the market-place1  and       
continued firing on the soldiers of the 
prince4 ,the generals1  seeing that the 
town was in their power1 and that it    
would cost an  expenditure of time and  
life to reduce those in the tower1      
offered  them their life1 and permission
 to march out of ,mnster unmolested  if 
they would surrender4    ,on these terms

 the ,anabaptists in the bastion laid   
down their arms4  ,the besiegers now    
spread throughout the city1 hunting out 
and  killing the rebels4 ,hermann       
,tilbeck1 the former burgomaster1 who   
had  played into the hands of the       
,anabaptists till he declared himself1  
and who had been one of the twelve      
elders of ,israel1 was found  concealed1
 half submerged1 in a privy1 near the   
gate of ,st4 ,giles1  was killed1 and   
his body left where he had hidden1 thus 
being  buried1 says ,kerssenbroeck1 with
 worse than the burial of an ass4  ,when
 the butchery was over1 the bodies were 
brought together into  the cathedral    
square and were examined4 ,that of      
,knipperdolling was  not amongst them4  
,he was1 in fact1 hiding in the house of
 ,catherine  ,hobbels1 a zealous        
,anabaptist2 she kept him in safety the 
whole  of the #bfth1 but finding that   
every house was being searched1 and     
fearing lest she should suffer for      
having sheltered him1 she ordered  him  

to leave and attempt an escape over the 
walls4#bff      #bff ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 
#aie4    ,on the #bgth all the women    
were collected in the market-square1 and
  were ordered to leave the city and    
never to set foot in it again4  ,but    
just as they were about to depart1      
,ueberstein announced that any  one of  
them who could deliver up               
,knipperdolling should be allowed to    
remain and retain her possessions4 ,the 
bait was tempting4 ,catherine  ,hobbels 
stepped forward1 and offered to point   
out the hiding-place  of the man they   
sought4 ,she was given a renewed        
assurance that  her house and goods     
would be respected1 and she then        
delivered up  ,knipperdolling1 who had  
not quitted his place of refuge4 ,the   
promise  made to her was rigorously     
observed2 but her husband1 not being    
included in the pardon1 and being a     
ringleader of the fanatics1 was         
executed4#bfg ,the women were           
accompanied by the soldiers as far as   

the ,lieb-,frau gate2 they took with    
them their children1 and were  ordered  
to leave the diocese and principality   
forthwith4      #bfg ,ibid4 p4 #aif2    
,heresbach1 p4 #aff4    ,divara1 the    
head queen of ,john of ,leyden1 the wife
 of  ,knipperdolling1 and three other   
women1 were refused permission to       
leave4 ,they were executed on the #gth  
,july4    ,mnster was then delivered    
over to pillage2 but all those who had  
left the town during the government of  
the ,anabaptists were given  their      
furniture and houses and such of their  
goods as could be  identified4    ,all  
the property of the ,anabaptists was    
confiscated and sold to  pay the debts  
contracted by the prince for defraying  
the expenses  of the war4 ,the division 
of the booty occasioned several         
troubles1  parties of soldiers mutinied1
 and attempted a second pillage1 but    
the mutineers were put down rigorously4 
,several more executions took place     
during the following days1 and  men     

hidden away in cellars1 garrets and     
sewers were discovered and  killed or   
carried off to prison4 ,among these were
 ,bernard ,krechting  and               
,kerkering4#bfh      #bfh               
,kerssenbroeck1 pp4 #aih-bjj4 ,dorpius  
says1 ,in the capture    of the city1   
women and children were spared2 and none
 were killed    after the first fight1  
except the ringleaders4--f4 #cii4    ,on
 the #bhth ,june1 ,francis of ,waldeck  
entered the city at the head  of #hjj   
men4 ,the sword1 crown1 and spurs of    
,john of ,leyden1 together  with the    
keys of the city1 were presented to     
him4#bfi      #bfi ,montfort41 p4 #gc4  
,the prince received1 as had been       
stipulated1 half the booty1 and the     
articles and the treasure deposited in  
the town-hall and in the  royal palace1 
which amounted to #ajj1jjj gold         
florins4#bgj      #bgj ,kerssenbroeck1  
,heresbach1 p4 #afh2 ,hast1 p4 #djj4    
,francis remained in ,mnster only three 
days4 ,having named the new             

magistrates1 and organised the civil    
government of the city1 he  departed for
 his castle of ,iburg4 ,on the #acth    
,july he ordered a ,te  ,deum to be sung
 in the churches throughout the diocese1
 in thanks to  ,god for having restored 
tranquillity2 and the ,chapter          
inaugurated a  yearly thanksgiving      
procession to take place on the #beth   
,june4#bga      #bga ,ibid4 p4 #bjj4    
,on the #aeth ,july1 the ,elector of    
,cologne1 the ,duke of ,juliers1 and    
,francis of ,waldeck1 met at ,neuss to  
concert measures for preventing  a      
repetition of these disorders4 ,the     
leading ,protestant divines  wrote1     
urging the extermination of the         
heretics1 and reminding the  princes    
that the sword had been given them for  
this purpose4    ,on the same day1 the  
diet of ,worms agreed that the          
,anabaptists  should be extirpated as a 
sect dangerous alike to morals and to   
the  safety of the commonwealth1 and    
that an assembly should be held in  the 

month of ,november1 to decide upon      
defraying the cost of the war1  and on  
the form of government which was to be  
established in the  city4#bgb      #bgb 
,ibid4 p4 #bja      ,the diet met on the
 #ast ,november1 and decided1--,that    
everything    should be re-established  
in ,mnster on the old footing1 and that 
the clergy should have their property   
and privileges restored to    them4     
,that all who had fled the city to      
escape the government of    the         
,anabaptists should be reinstated in the
 possession of their    offices1        
privileges1 and houses4 ,that all the   
goods of the rebels    should remain    
confiscated to defray the expense of the
 war4    ,that the princes of           
neighbouring states should send deputies
 to    ,mnster to provide that the      
innocent should not suffer with the     
guilty4 ,that the fortifications should 
be in part demolished1 as    an example2
 but that ,mnster should not be degraded
 from its rank    as a city4 ,that the  

bishop and chapter and nobles should    
demolish    the bastions within the town
 as soon as the city walls had been     
razed4 ,that the bishops1 the nobles1   
and the citizens should    solemnly     
engage1 for themselves and for their    
successors1 never    to attempt to      
refortify the city4 ,finally1 that the  
envoys of    the ,king of the ,romans   
and of the princes should visit the said
    town on the #eth ,march1 #aecf1 to  
see that these articles of the          
convention had been executed4      ,all 
these articles were not observed4 ,the  
bishop did not demolish    the          
fortifications1 and the point was not   
insisted upon4      ,as for the civil   
constitution of ,mnster1 its privileges 
and    franchises1 they were not        
entirely restored till #aeec4           
,francis of ,waldeck now set to work    
repairing and purifying    the churches1
 and restoring everything as it had been
 before4    ,catholic worship was       
everywhere restored without a single    

voice    in the city rising in          
opposition4 ,the people were sick of    
,protestantism1 whether in its mitigated
 form as ,lutheranism1 or    in its     
aggravated development as ,anabaptism4  
,but ,lutherans of other states were by 
no means satisfied4 ,the                
reconciliation of the great city with   
the ,catholic ,church1 from    which    
half its inhabitants had previously     
separated1 was not    pleasant news to  
the ,reformers1 and they protested      
loudly4 ,on    the ,friday after ,st4   
,john's day1 wrote ,dorpius in          
midsummer1    ,god came and destroyed   
this hell and drove the devil out1 but  
the    devil's mother came in again4444 
,the ,anabaptists were on that day      
rooted out1 and the ,papists planted in 
again4#bgc      #bgc ,hernach auff      
freitag ,s4 ,johanstag mitten in        
,sommer1 kommet    ,gott und zerstret   
die ,helle1 und jaget den ,teuffel      
heraus1 und    komet sein ,mutter wider 
hinein 444 und sind die ,widerteuffer   

an obgemeltem tag ausgerottet worden1   
die ,papisten aber wider                
eingepflantzet4--,dorp4 f4 #cii 7by     
misprint #dii74    ,it is time to look  
at ,john of ,leyden and his             
fellow-prisoners3 they  were            
,knipperdolling and ,bernard ,krechting4
 ,there could be no doubt  that their   
fate would be terrible4 ,it was         
additional cruelty to  delay it4 ,but   
the bishop and the ,lutheran divines    
were curious to  see and argue with the 
captives1 and they were taken from place
 to  place to gratify their curiosity4  
,when ,king ,john appeared before       
,francis of ,waldeck1 the bishop asked  
him angrily how he could protract the   
siege whilst his people were  starving  
around him4 ,francis of ,waldeck1 he    
answered1 they should  all have died of 
hunger before ,i surrendered1 had things
 gone as  ,i desired4#bgd ,he retained  
his spirits and affected to joke4 ,at   
,dulmen the people crowded round him    
asking1 ,is this the king who  took to  

himself so many wives8 ,i ask your      
pardon1 answered  ,bockelson1 ,i took   
maidens and made them wives4#bge        
#bgd ,dorp4 ff4 #cii a1 #djj a1 b4      
#bge ,dorp4 f4 #cii b4    ,it has been  
often stated that the three unfortunates
 were carried  round the country in iron
 cages4 ,this is inaccurate4 ,they were 
taken  in chains on horseback1 with two 
soldiers on either side2 their  bodies  
were placed in iron cages and hung to   
the steeple of the  church of ,st4      
,lambert1 after they were dead4    ,at  
,bevergern the ,lutheran divine1        
,anthony ,corvinus1 and other  ministers
 interviewed the fallen king1 and a long
 and very curious  account of their     
discussion remains4#bgf      #bgf       
,luther's ,smmtliche ,werke4 ,wittenb4  
#aede-ea4 ,band1 ii4    ff4 #cgf-chf4   
,first1 when the king was brought out of
 prison into the room1 we  greeted him  
in a friendly manner and bade him be    
seated before us  four4 ,also1 we asked 
in a friendly manner how he was getting 

on in  the prison1 and whether he was   
cold or sick8 ,answer of the king3      
,although he was obliged to endure the  
frost1 and the sins weighing  on his    
heart1 yet he must1 as such was ,god's  
will1 bear patiently4  ,and these and   
other similar conversations led us so   
far--for nothing  can be got out of him 
by direct questions--that we were able  
right  craftily to converse with him    
about his government4    ,then followed 
a lengthy controversy on all the        
heretical doctrines  of the ,anabaptist 
sect1 in which the king exhibited no    
little  skill4 ,the preachers having    
brought the charge of novelty against   
,anabaptism1 ,john of ,leyden very      
promptly showed that those living  in   
glass houses should not throw stones1 by
 pointing out that  ,lutheranism was not
 much older than ,anabaptism1 that he   
had proved  his mission by miracles1    
whereas ,luther had nothing to show to  
demonstrate his call to establish a new 
creed4    ,the discussion on            

,justification by ,faith only was most  
affectionate1  for both parties were    
quite agreed on this doctrine--surely a 
very  satisfactory one and very full of 
comfort to ,john of ,leyden4 ,but on    
the doctrine of the ,eucharist they     
could not agree1 the king holding  to   
,zwingli4#bgg      #bgg ,denn wiewol    
ichs fur dieser zeit mit dem ,zwingel   
gehalten1 c41 f4 #chd4    ,that in this 
,sacrament the faithful1 who are        
baptised1 receive the  ,body and ,blood 
of ,christ believe ,i1 said the king2   
for though ,i  hold for this time with  
,zwingli1 nevertheless ,i find that the 
words  of ,christ 7,this is my ,body1   
,this is my ,blood7 must remain in their
  worth4 ,but that unbelievers also     
receive the ,body and ,blood of         
,christ1 that ,i cannot believe4    ,the
 ,preachers3 ,how that8 ,shall our      
unbelief avail more than the  word1     
command and ordinance of ,god8    ,the  
,king3 ,unbelief is such a dreadful     
thing1 that ,i cannot  believe that the 

unbelievers can partake of the ,body and
 ,blood of  ,christ4    ,the ,preachers3
 ,it is a perverse thing that you should
 ever try  to set our faith1 or want of 
faith1 above the words and ordinance  of
 ,god4 ,but it is evident that our faith
 can add nothing to ,god's  ordinance1  
nor can my unbelief detract anything    
therefrom4 ,faith  must be there1 that  
,i may benefit by such eating and       
drinking2 but  yet in this matter must  
we repose more on ,god's command and    
word  than on our faith or unbelief4    
,the ,king3 ,if this your meaning hold1 
then all unbelievers must  have partaken
 of the ,communion of the ,body and     
,blood of ,christ4 ,but  such ,i cannot 
believe4    ,the ,preachers3 ,you must  
understand that our unbelief cannot make
  the ordinance of ,god unavailing4 ,say
 now1 for what end was the sun  created8
    ,the ,king3 ,scripture teaches that 
it was made to rule the day and  to     
shine4    ,the ,preachers3 ,now if we or
 you were blind1 would the sun fail to  

execute its office for which it was     
created8    ,the ,king3 ,i know well    
that my blindness or yours would not    
make  the sun fail to shine4    ,the    
,preachers3 ,so is it with all the works
 and ordinances of  ,god1 especially    
with the ,sacraments4 ,when ,i am       
baptised it is well  if faith be there2 
but if it be not1 baptism does not for  
all that  fail to be a precious1 noble1 
and holy ,sacrament1 yes1 what ,st4     
,paul  calls it1 a regeneration and     
renewal of the ,holy ,ghost1 because it 
is ordered by ,god's word and given ,his
 promise4 ,so also with respect  to the 
,lord's ,supper2 if those who partake   
shall have faith to  grasp the promise  
of ,christ1 as it is written1 ,oportet  
accedentem  credere1 but none the less  
does ,god's word1 ordinance1 and command
  remain1 even if my faith never more   
turned thereto4 ,but of this we  have   
said enough4#bgh      #bgh ,ibid4 f4    
#chd b4    ,the preachers next          
catechised ,john of ,leyden on his      

heresy  concerning the ,incarnation4 ,he
 did not deny that ,jesus ,christ was   
born of ,mary1 but he denied that ,he   
derived from her ,his flesh and  blood1 
as he considered that ,mary being       
sinful1 out of sinful flesh  sinful     
offspring must issue4    ,the           
catechising on the subject of marriage  
follows4    ,the ,preachers3 ,how have  
you regarded marriage1 and what is your 
belief thereupon8    ,the ,king3 ,we    
have ever held marriage to be ,god's    
work and  ordinance1 and we hold this   
now1 that no higher or better estate    
exists in the world than the estate of  
matrimony4    ,the ,preachers3 ,why have
 you so wildly treated this same estate1
  against ,god's word and common order1 
and taken one wife after  another8 ,how 
can you justify such a proceeding8      
,the ,king3 ,what was permitted to the  
patriarchs in the ,old  ,testament1 why 
should it be denied to us8 ,what we have
 held is this3  he who wished to have   
only one wife had not other wives forced

 upon  him2 but him who wished to have  
more wives than one1 we left free to  do
 so1 according to ,god's command1 ,be   
fruitful and multiply4    ,this the     
preachers combat by saying that the     
patriarchs were  guiltless1 because the 
law of the land 7die gemeine ,policey7  
did  not then forbid concubinage1 but   
that now that is forbidden by  common   
law1 it is sinful4#bgi ,then they asked 
the king what other  texts he could     
quote to establish polygamy4      #bgi  
,wei zweiveln nicht wenn ein bestendig  
,policey und ,regiment    gewesen were1 
wie itzt est1 es wrden sich die ,vetter 
freilich    aug der selbigen gehalten   
haben4    ,the ,king3 ,paul says of the 
bishop1 let him be the husband of  one  
wife2 now if a bishop is to have only   
one wife1 surely1 in the  time of ,paul1
 laymen must have been allowed two or   
three apiece1 as  pleased them4 ,there  
you have your text4    ,the ,preachers3 
,as we said before1 marriage is an      
affair of common  police regulation1 res

 ,politica4 ,and as now the law of the  
land is  different from what it was in  
the time of ,paul1 so that many wives   
are forbidden and not tolerated1 you    
will have to answer for your            
innovations before ,god and man4    ,the
 ,king3 ,well1 ,i have the consolation  
that what was permitted to  the fathers 
cannot damn us4 ,i had rather be with   
the fathers than  with you4    ,the     
,preachers3 ,well1 we prefer obedience  
to the ,state4#bhj      #bhj            
,predicanten3 ,so wllen wir in diesemfll
 viel lieber der    ,oberkeit gehorsam  
sein1 f4 #chf b4    ,here we see        
,corvinus1 ,kymens1 and the other       
ministers placing  matrimony on exactly 
the same low footing as did ,luther4    
,having interviewed the king1 these     
crows settled on ,knipperdolling  and   
,krechting in ,horstmar1 and with these 
unfortunates they carried  on a paper   
controversy4    ,the captivity of the   
king and his two accomplices lasted six 
months4  ,the ,lutheran preachers had   

swarmed about him and buzzed in his     
ears1 and the poor wretch believed that 
by yielding a few points  he could save 
his life4 ,he offered to labour along   
with ,melchior  ,hoffmann1 to bring the 
numerous ,anabaptists in ,friesland1    
,holland1  ,brabant1 and ,flanders into 
submission1 if he were given his        
liberty2  but finding that the preachers
 had been giving him false hopes and    
leading him into recantations1 he       
refused to see them again1 and  awaited 
his execution in sullen despair4    ,the
 pastors failing to convert the         
,anabaptists1 and finding that the      
sectaries used against them scripture   
and private judgment with such  efficacy
 that they were unable in argument to   
overcome them1 called  upon the princes 
to exterminate them by fire and sword4  
,the gentle ,melancthon wrote a tract or
 letter to urge the princes  on2 it was 
entitled1 ,das weltliche ,oberkeiten den
 ,widerteuffern  mit leiblicher straffe 
zu wehren schldig sey4 ,etlicher        

bedenken zu  ,wittemberg gestellet durch
 ,philip ,melancthon1 #aecf4 ,ob        
,christliche  ,frsten schldig sind der  
,widerteuffer unchristlicher ,sect mit  
leiblicher straffe und mit dem schwert  
zu wehren4 ,he enumerates the  doctrines
 of the unfortunate sectarians at       
,mnster and elsewhere1  and then he says
 that it is the duty of all princes and 
nobles to  root out with the sword all  
heresy from their dominions2 but then1  
with this proviso1 they must first be   
instructed out of ,god's ,word  by the  
pure reformed ,church what doctrines are
 heretical1 that they  may only         
exterminate those who differ from the   
,lutheran communion4    ,he then quotes 
to the ,protestant princes the example  
of the ,jewish  kings3 ,the kings in the
 ,old ,testament1 not only the ,jewish  
kings1  but also the converted heathen  
kings1 judged and killed the false      
prophets and unbelievers4 ,such examples
 show the office of princes4  ,as ,paul 
says1 the law is good that blasphemers  

are to be punished4  ,the government is 
not to rule men for their bodily        
welfare1 so much  as for ,god's honour1 
for they are ,god's ministers2 let them 
remember  that and value their office4  
,but it is argued on the other side that
 it is written1 ,let both  grow together
 till the harvest4 ,now this is not     
spoken to the  temporal power1 says     
,melancthon1 but to the preachers1 that 
they  should not use physical power     
under the excuse of their office4  ,from
 all this it is plain that the worldly  
government is bound to  drive away      
blasphemy1 false doctrine1 heresies1 and
 to punish in  their persons those who  
hold to these things4444 ,let the judge 
know  that this sect of ,anabaptists is 
from the devil1 and as a prudent        
preacher instructs different stations   
how they are to conduct  themselves1 as 
he teaches a wife that to breed children
 is to please  ,god well1 so he teaches 
the temporal authorities how they are to
  serve ,god's honour1 and openly drive 

away heresy4#bha      #bha ,das         
weltliche ,oberkeit1 c41 in ,luth4 ,smt4
 ,werke4    #aede-ea1 ii4 ff4 #cbg-h4   
,so also did ,justus ,menius write to   
urge on an exterminatory  persecution of
 the sectaries2 he also argues that ,let
 both grow  together till the harvest1  
is not to be quoted by the princes as   
an excuse for sparing lives and         
properties4#bhb      #bhb ,von dem      
,geist d4 ,widerteuffer4 in ,luth4      
,samt4 ,werke4    #aede-ea1 ii4 f4 #cbe 
b4    ,on the #abth ,january1 #aecf1    
,john of ,leyden1 ,knipperdolling1 and  
,krechting were brought back to ,mnster 
to undergo sentence of  death4#bhc      
#bhc ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #bji2 ,kurtze   
,hist4 f4 #djj4    ,a platform was      
erected in the square before the        
townhall on the  #bast1 and on this     
platform was planted a large stake with 
iron  collars attached to it4    ,when  
,john ,bockelson was told1 on the #bast1
 that he was to die on the  morrow1 he  
asked for the chaplain of the bishop1   

,john von ,siburg1  who spent the night 
with him4 ,with the fear of a terrible  
death  before him1 the confidence of the
 wretched man gave way1 and he made  his
 confession with every sign of true     
contrition4    ,knipperdolling and      
,krechting1 who were also offered the   
assistance  of a priest1 rejected the   
offer with contempt4 ,they declared that
  the presence of ,god sufficed them1   
that they were conscious of  having     
committed no sin1 and that all their    
actions had been done  the sole glory of
 to ,god1 that moreover they were freely
 justified  by faith in ,christ4    ,on 
,monday the #bbnd1 at eight o'clock in  
the morning1 the ex-king of  ,mnster and
 his companions were led to execution4  
,the gates of the  city had been closed1
 and a large detachment of troops       
surrounded  the scaffold4 ,outside this 
iron ring was a dense crowd of people1  
and the windows were filled with heads4 
,francis of ,waldeck occupied  a window 
immediately opposite the scaffold1 and  

remained there  throughout the hideous  
tragedy4#bhd ,as an historian has well  
observed1 ,francis of ,waldeck1 in      
default of other virtues1 might  at     
least have not forgotten what was due to
 his high rank and his  ,episcopal      
character2 he regarded neither--but     
showed himself as  ferocious as had been
 ,john ,bockelson1 by becoming a        
spectator of the  long and horrible     
torture of the three criminals4#bhe     
,john and his  accomplices having       
reached the townhall1 received their    
sentence  from ,wesseling1 the city     
judge4 ,it was that they should be      
burned  with red-hot pincers1 and       
finally stabbed with daggers heated in  
the  fire4#bhf      #bhd ,kerssenbroeck1
 p4 #baj2 ,kurtze ,hist4 f4 #djj4       
#bhe ,bussierre1 p4 #dfb4      #bhf     
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #baa2 ,bullinger1    
lib4 ii4 c4 #aj2    ,montfort41 p4 #gd2 
,heresbach1 pp4 #aff-g2 ,hast1 pp4      
#dje-f2 ,kurtze    ,historia1 f4 #djj4  
,the king was the first to mount the    

scaffold and be tortured4    ,the king  
endured three grips with the pincers    
without speaking or  crying1 but then he
 burst forth into cries of1 ,father1    
have mercy  on me6 ,god of mercy and    
loving kindness6 and he besought pardon 
of his sins and help4 ,the bystanders   
were pierced to the heart  by his       
shrieks of agony1 the scent of the roast
 flesh filled the  market-place2 his    
body was one great wound4 ,at length the
 sign was  given1 his tongue was torn   
out with the red pincers1 and a dagger  
pierced his heart4    ,knipperdolling   
and ,krechting were put to the torture  
directly after  the agonies of the king 
had begun4 ,knipperdolling endeavoured  
to beat his brains out against the      
stake1 and when prevented1 he  tried to 
strangle himself with his own collar4   
,to prevent him  accomplishing his      
design1 a rope was put through his mouth
 and  attached to the stake so as       
totally to incapacitate him from moving4
  ,when these unfortunates were dead1   

their bodies were placed in three  iron 
cages1 and were hung up on the tower of 
the church of ,st4  ,lambert1 the king  
in the middle4#bhg      #bhg            
,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #baa2 ,kurtze ,hist4 
f4 #dja4    ,thus ended this hideous    
drama1 which produced an effect         
throughout  ,germany4 ,the excess of the
 scandal inspired all the ,catholic     
governments with horror1 and warned them
 of the immensity of the  danger they   
ran in allowing the spread of           
,protestant mysticism4  ,cities and     
principalities which wavered in their   
allegiance to the  ,church took a       
decided position at once4    ,at        
,mnster1 ,catholicism was               
re-established4 ,as has been already    
mentioned1 the debauched1 cruel bishop  
was a ,lutheran at heart1 and  his      
ambition was to convert ,mnster into an 
hereditary principality  in his family1 
after the example of certain other      
princes4    ,accordingly1 in #aedc1 he  
proposed to the ,states of the diocese  

to  accept the ,confession of ,augsburg 
and abandon ,catholicism4 ,the          
proposition of the prince was           
unanimously rejected4 ,nevertheless  the
 prince joined the ,protestant union of 
,smalkald the following  year1 but      
having been complained of to the ,pope  
and the ,emperor1  and fearing the fate 
of ,hermann von ,wied1 ,archbishop of   
,cologne1  he excused himself as best he
 could through his relative1 ,jost      
,hodefilter1 bishop of ,lbeck1 and      
,franz von ,dei1 suffragan bishop  of   
,osnabrck4    ,before the ,smalkald war 
the prince-bishop had secretly engaged  
the  help of the ,union against his old 
enemy1 the wild ,duke ,henry of         
,brunswick4 ,after the war1 the ,duke of
 ,oldenburg revenged himself  on the    
principality severely1 with fire and    
sword1 and only spared  ,mnster itself  
for #ajj1jjj guilders4 ,the bishop died 
of grief4 ,he  left three natural sons  
by ,anna ,polmann4 ,they bore as their  
arms a  half star1 a whole star being   

the arms of ,waldeck4                   
,authorities3 ,hermann von              
,kerssenbroeck2 ,geschichte der         
,wiederthaffer zu ,mnster in            
,westphalen4 ,mnster1 #agga4 ,there is  
an abbreviated edition in ,latin in     
,menckenii ,scriptores ,rerum           
,germanicaum1 ,leipsig1 #agbh-cj4 ,t4   
iii4 pp4 #aejc-afah4         ,wie das   
,evangelium zu ,mnster erstlich         
angefangen1 und die       ,widerteuffer 
verstret widerauffgehret hat4 ,darnach  
was die       teufflische ,secte der    
,widerteuffer fur grewliche             
,gotteslesterung       und unsagliche   
grawsamkeit 444 in der ,stad gebt und   
getrieben2       beschrieben durch      
,henrichum ,dorpium ,monasteriensem2 in 
,luther's       ,sammtliche ,werke4     
,wittemb4 #aede-ea4 ,band ii4 ff4       
#cia-dja4         ,historia von den     
,mnsterischen ,widerteuffern4           
,ibid4 ff4 #cbh-cfc4         ,acta1     
,handlungen1 ,legationen und ,schriften1
 c41 d4       ,munsterischen sachen     

geschehen4 ,ibid41 ff4 #cfc-cia4        
,kurtze ,historia wie endlich der ,knig 
sampt zweien gerichted1       c4 ,ibid4 
ff4 #djj-i4         ,d4 ,lambertus      
,hortensius ,monfortius1 ,tumultuum     
,anabaptistarum       ,liber unus4      
,amsterdam1 #afcf4         ,histoire de 
la ,rformation1 ou ,mmoires de ,jean    
,sleidan4 ,trad4       de ,courrayer4   
,la ,haye1 #affg4 ,vol4 ii4 lib4 x4     
,this is the       edition quoted in the
 article4    ,sleidanus3 ,commentarium  
rerum in ,orbe gestarum1 c4 ,argent4    
#aeee2  ed4 alt4 #aeei4    ,i4 ,hast1   
,geschichte der ,wiederthaffer von ihren
 ,entstehen in  ,zwickau bis auf ihren  
,sturz zu ,mnster in ,westphalen        
,mnster4 #ahcf4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,cowan  ,co41   
,limited1 ,printers1 ,perth4            
,,methuen',s ,,novel ,,series4          
,,three ,,shillings ,,and ,,sixpence4   
,messrs4 ,,methuen will issue from time 
to time a ,series of copyright  ,novels1
 by well-known ,authors1 handsomely     

bound1 at the above  popular price4 ,the
 first volumes 7ready7 are3--      ,f4  
,,mabel ,,robinson4    #a4 ,,the ,,plan 
,,of ,,campaign4      ,s4 ,,baring      
,,gould1 ,author of ,mehalah c4    #b4  
,,jacquetta4      ,,mrs4 ,,leith ,,adams
 7,mrs4 ,de ,courcy ,laffan74    #c4    
,,my ,,land ,,of ,,beulah4      ,g4     
,,manville ,,fenn4    #d4 ,,eli',s      
,,children4      ,s4 ,,baring ,,gould4  
#e4 ,,arminell3 ,a ,social ,romance4    
,,edna ,,lyall4    #f4 ,,derrick        
,,vaughan1 ,,novelist4 ,with ,portrait  
of ,author4      ,f4 ,,mabel ,,robinson4
    #g4 ,,disenchantment4      ,m4      
,,betham ,,edwards4    #h4 ,,disarmed4  
,w4 ,e4 ,,norris4    #i4 ,,jack',s      
,,father4      ,s4 ,,baring ,,gould4    
#aj4 ,,margery ,,of ,,quether4    ,other
 ,volumes will be announced in due      
course4          ,,english ,,leaders    
,,of ,,religion4    ,edited by ,a4 ,m4  
,m4 ,,stedman1 ,m4,a4      ,under the   
above title ,messrs4 ,,methuen have     
commenced like  publication of a series 

of short biographies1 free from party   
bias1  of the most prominent leaders of 
religious life and thought in this  and 
the last century4    ,each volume will  
contain a succinct account and estimate 
of the  career1 the influence1 and the  
literary position of the subject of  the
 memoir4    ,the following are already  
arranged--      ,,cardinal ,,newman4 ,r4
 ,h4 ,hutton4                           
,ready4         ,few who read this book 
will fail to be struck by the wonderful 
insight it displays into the nature of  
the ,cardinal's genius and       the    
spirit of his life4--,,wilfrid ,,ward1  
in the ,tablet4         ,full of        
knowledge1 excellent in method1 and     
intelligent in       criticism4 ,we     
regard it as wholly                     
admirable4--,academy4         ,an       
estimate1 careful1 deliberate1 full of  
profound reasoning       and of acute   
insight4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4         
,,john ,,wesley4 ,j4 ,h4 ,overton1      
,m4,a4                      ,ready4     

,it is well done2 the story is clearly  
told1 proportion is duly       observed1
 and there is no lack either of         
discrimination or of                    
sympathy4--,manchester ,guardian4       
,admirable alike in tone and            
style4--,academy4      ,,bishop         
,,wilberforce4      ,g4 ,w4 ,daniell1   
,m4,a4    ,,john ,,keble4               
,w4 ,lock1 ,m4,a4    ,,charles ,,simeon4
          ,h4 ,c4 ,g4 ,moule1 ,m4,a4    
,f4 ,d4 ,,maurice4           ,colonel   
,f4 ,maurice1 ,r4,e4    ,,thomas        
,,chalmers4         ,mrs4 ,oliphant4    
,,cardinal ,,manning4        ,a4 ,w4    
,hutton1 ,m4,a4    ,other ,volumes will 
be announced in due course4             
,,social ,,questions ,,of ,,to-,,day4   
,edited by ,h4 de ,b4 ,,gibbins1 ,m4,a4 
,crown #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4      ,messrs4   
,,methuen beg to announce the           
publication of a series of  volumes upon
 those topics of social1 economic and   
industrial  interest that are at the    
present moment foremost in the public   

mind4 ,each volume of the series will be
 written by an author who  is an        
acknowledged authority upon the subject 
with which he deals1  and who will treat
 his question in a thoroughly           
sympathetic but  impartial manner1 with 
special reference to the historic aspect
 of  the subject and from the point of  
view of the ,historial ,school of       
economics and social science4 ,the      
,labour ,question will be treated of  in
 the volumes on ,trades ,unions and     
,co-operation3 the ,land ,question  will
 form the subject of another two        
volumes2 others will treat  of          
,socialism in ,england in its various   
phases1 and of the labour  problems of  
the ,continent also4 ,the monograph on  
,commerce will be  of special interest  
at present in view of the recent        
development of  ,american commercial    
policy4 ,those on ,education and on     
,poverty will  be of similar importance 
in view of current discussion1 and the  
volume on ,mutual ,thrift will prove a  

valuable survey of the various  agencies
 for that purpose already in existence  
among the working  classes4    ,the     
following form the earlier ,volumes of  
the series3--      ,,trades             
,,unionism--,,new ,,and ,,old4      ,g4 
,,howell1 ,m4,p41 ,author of ,the       
,conflicts of ,capital and    ,labour4  
,ready4         ,nothing that ,mr4      
,howell has previously written equals   
this       little book in cogency and   
verve1 in lucid statistics and          
clear argument4--,manchester ,guardian4 
,a complete and intelligent history of  
the rise and modern       development of
 labour organisations4 ,the volume      
should be read       by workers and     
employers4--,liverpool ,post4      ,,the
 ,,co-,,operative ,,movement ,,of       
,,to-,,day4      ,g4 ,j4 ,,holyoake1    
,author of ,the ,history of             
,co-operation4 ,ready4      ,,mutual    
,,thrift4      ,rev4 ,j4 ,,frome        
,,wilkinson1 ,m4,a41 ,author of ,the    
,friendly    ,society ,movement4        

,shortly4      ,,poverty ,,and          
,,pauperism4         ,rev4 ,l4 ,r4      
,,phelps1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of ,oriel     
,college1 ,oxford4          ,,university
 ,,extension ,,series4      ,under the  
above title ,messrs4 ,,methuen have     
commenced the publication  of a series  
of books on historical1 literary1 and   
economic subjects1  suitable for        
extension students and home-reading     
circles4 ,the  volumes are intended to  
assist the lecturer and not to usurp his
  place4 ,each volume will be complete  
in itself1 and the subjects will  be    
treated by competent writers in a broad 
and philosophic spirit4    ,edited by   
,j4 ,e4 ,,symes1 ,m4,a41    ,principal  
of the ,university ,college1            
,nottingham4    ,crown #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 
,the following volumes are already      
arranged1 and others will be  announced 
shortly4      ,,the ,,industrial        
,,history ,,of ,,england4      ,by ,h4  
,,de ,b4 ,,gibbins1 ,m4,a41 late        
,scholar of ,wadham ,coll41    ,oxon41  

,cobden ,prizeman4 ,with ,maps and      
,plans4         ,ready4         ,a      
compact and clear story of our          
industrial development4 ,a       study  
of his concise but luminous book cannot 
fail to give       the reader a clear   
insight into the principal phenomena of 
our industrial history4 ,the editor and 
publishers are to be       congratulated
 on this first volume of their venture1 
and we       shall look with expectant  
interest for the succeeding volumes     
of the series4 ,if they maintain the    
same standard of excellence       the   
series will make a permanent place for  
itself among the many       series which
 appear from time to time4--,university 
,extension       ,journal4         ,a   
careful and lucid sketch4--,times4      
,the writer is well-informed1 and from  
first to last his work is               
profoundly interesting4--,scots         
,observer4      ,a ,,history ,,of       
,,english ,,political ,,economy4        
,by ,l4 ,l4 ,,price1 ,m4,a41 ,fellow of 

,oriel ,coll41 ,oxon41 ,extension       
,lecturer in ,political ,economy4       
,ready4         ,mr4 ,price writes with 
great clearness1 and has succeeded      
remarkably in conveying in small compass
 a really readable and       instructive
 account of ,english political          
economy4--,daily       ,chronicle4      
,this book fills an important gap in    
economic       literature4--,glasgow    
,herald4      ,,problems ,,of ,,poverty3
 ,an ,inquiry into the ,industrial      
,conditions of  the ,poor4      ,by ,j4 
,a4 ,,hobson1 ,m4,a41 late ,scholar of  
,lincoln ,coll41 ,oxon41    ,u4 ,e4     
,lecturer in ,economics4                
,ready4      ,,victorian ,,poets4    ,by
 ,a4 ,,sharp4      ,,psychology4        
,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,granger1 ,m4,a41 ,london1 
,lecturer in ,philosophy at             
,university ,coll41 ,nottingham4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcriber's note3    ,text enclosed  
by underscores is in italics 7italics74 
,small capital text has been replaced   

with all capitals4    ,minor            
typographical errors have been corrected
 without note4  ,irregularities and     
inconsistencies in the text have been   
retained as  printed4    ,mismatched    
quotes are not fixed if it's not        
sufficiently clear where  the missing   
quote should be placed4    ,the cover   
for the e,book version of this book was 
created by the  transcriber and is      
placed in the public domain4    ,page   
#fj3 ,on ,jaspis remarking to him in    
,april1 #ahbj1 that there were          
circumstances--,the #b in #ahbj was     
unclear in the book but has been        
inserted by the transcriber4    ,page   
#ajf3 ordering the umiiatcirdne ,jews to
 be discharged--,the  transcriber has   
inserted incarcerated for umiiatcirdne4 
,page #bba3 ,no envoys from the capital 
attended the reunion of the  chambers at
 ,wollbeck on the #bjth ,december4--,the
 word of is unclear4    ,page #bfb3 ,the
 transcriber has supplied an anchor for 
footnote #adg4  ,kerssenbroeck1 p4 #dje 

et seq4 ,montfort41 ,tumult4 ,anabap41  
p4 #ae  et seq42 ,bullinger1 lib4 ii4 c4
 #h4