,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,irregul>ities & inconsi/5cies 9 ! text h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,words pr9t$ 9 italics are not$ ) und]scores3 italics4 ,notes on ! ,f5l& by ,t4 ,mc,k,e,n,n,y ,,hughes1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,woodw>dian ,pr(essor ( ,geology ) ,a ,description ( ! ,%ippea ,man by ,,alex&] ,,macali/]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,d41 ,sc4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press #aiaf ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manag] ,london3 ,,fett] ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,ed9burgh3 #ajj ,,pr9ces ,,/reet ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay1 ,calcutta & ,madras3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,co41 ,ltd4 ,toronto3 ,j4 ,m4 ,,d5t ,,& ,,sons1 ,ltd4 ,tokyo3 ,,! ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,all rights res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,f5l& #a ,,subsid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,cam #b ,,turbif]\s ,,& ,,ar5if]\s ,,s]ies #c ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,elephant ,,& ,,rh9oc]os ,,9 ,,turbif]\s ,,s]ies #f ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,peat ,,9 ,,ar5if]\s ,,s]ies #f ,,f5 ,,b$s ,,n ,,all ,,peat #g ,,sections ,,9 ,,alluvium #g ,,peat2 ,,trees ,,etc43 ,,t>n ,,& ,,hill ,,peat2 ,,spongy ,,peat ,,& ,,float+ ,,isl&s2 ,,bog-,,oak ,,& ,,bog-,,iron #ac ,,m>l3 ,,%ell ,,m>l ,,& ,,precipitat$ ,,m>l #ag ,,! ,,wa%3 ,,cockle ,,b$s 7,hea*am73 ,,butt]y ,,clay 7,littleport7 #ah ,,littleport ,,di/rict #ah ,,butt]y ,,clay #ai ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,f5 ,,b$s #bj ,,palaeontology ,,( ,,f5s #bj ,,birds #be ,,man #bg ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,%ippea ,,man ,,by ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,,macali/] #cj ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,f5l&4 ,! ,f5l& is a buri$ bas9 beh9d a brea*$ b>ri]4 ,x is ! dr[n$ l[] end ( a valley sy/em 9 :i* glacial1 m>9e1 e/u>9e1 fluviatile1 & suba]ial deposits h gradually accumulat$1 :ile ! area has be5 int]mitt5tly depress$ until mu* ( ! ,f5l& is n[ _m feet bel[ high wat] 9 ! adjo9+ seas4 ,! hi/ory ( ! d5udation :i* produc$ ! l>ge geographical features ^u :i* ! "* ( ! ,f5l& dep5ds ne$s no long discussion1 z !re are num]\s o!r di/ricts :]e diff]5t /ages ( ! same action c be obs]v$4 ,9 ! ,weald = in/ance :]e ! ,d>5t & ! ,m$way once ran (f high] gr\nd ov] ! *alk to ! nor?1 cutt+ d[n _! *annels ?r\gh :at became ! ,nor? ,d[ns1 z ! m rapidly d5ud$ b$s on ! s\? ( ! b>ri] 7 be+ l[]$4 ,! "* ( ! bas9 is less cle> 9 ?is case because x is cut (f by ! sea on ! ea/1 b ! cutt+ d[n ( ! gorges p>i passu ) ! d5udation ( ! h9t]l& c be well se54 ,! ,?ames ne> ,ox=d began to run 9 its pres5t c\rse :5 ! l& 0 high en\gh to let ! riv] fl[ ea/w>d ov] ! outcrops ( ,oolitic lime/ones :i*1 by ! d5udation ( ! clay l&s on ! we/1 by & by /ood out z ridges ?r\gh :i* ! riv] /ill holds its c\rse to ! sea--! l[]+ ( ! clay l&s on ! we/ hav+ to wait = ! deep5+ ( ! gorges ?r\gh ! lime/one ridges4 ,a subm]g5ce :i* w\ld all[ ! sea to ebb & fl[ ?r\gh ^! wid5+ gaps w\ld produce conditions !re simil> to ^? ( our f5l&s4 ,s also ! ,)am & ! ,till kept on l[]+ _! bas9 9 ! ,lias & ,trias1 :ile _! unit$ wat]s cut d[n ! gorge ne> ,l9coln ?r\gh a b>ri] n[ #bej feet high4 ,! bas9 ( ! ,humb] gives u an example ( a m advanc$ /age 9 ! process4 ,! riv] once f\nd its way to ! sea at a mu* high] level ov] ! outcrops ( ,jurassic & ,cretace\s rocks we/ ( ,hull1 cutt+ d[n & wid5+ ! op5+1 :ile ! ,york%ire ,ouse1 ) ! ,aire1 ! ,cald] & o!r tribut>ies1 7 levell+ ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one pla9 & valleys we/ ( ! b>ri] & tapp+ m & m ( ! wat] f ! upl&s beyond4 ,! equival5t ( ! ,wa% is n se5 beh9d ! b>ri] 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,humb]1 b ! tidal wat] runs f> up ! riv] & produces ! f]tile e/u>9e silt kn[n z ! ,w>p4 ,! ,f5l& is only an example ( a /ill fur!r /age 9 ?is process4 ,! ,great ,ouse & its tribut>ies kept on levell+ ! ,gault & ,kimm]idge & ,ox=d ,clays at ! back ( ! *alk b>ri] :i* once cross$ ! ,wa% betwe5 ,hun/anton & ,skegness4 ,! l[l&s ?us =m$ lie 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,great ,ouse :i* includes ! ,f5l&1 :ile ! ,f5l& includes m ?an ! ,f5s prop]ly def9$1 s t ?+s record$ z f\nd 9 ! ,f5l& may be mu* old] ?an ! ,f5 deposits4 ,,subsid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,cam4 ,dur+ ! sl[ d5udation :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( ?is bas9 _m ?+s happ5$4 ,!re 7 int]mitt5t & probably irregul> movem5ts ( elevation & depression4 ,glacial conditions sup]v5$ & pass$ away4 ,! pro( ( ?is may be se5 9 ! ,sections1 ,figs4 #a1 #b & #c1 pp4 #h1 #i & #aj4 ,at ,sutton ,bridge ! alluvium has be5 prov$ to a dep? ( #gc feet re/+ on ,b\ld] ,clay4 ,at ,imp+ton ! ,b\ld] ,clay runs d[n to a dep? ( #hf feet bel[ ! surface level ( ! alluvium4 ,t means t ?is "p ( ! valley 0 scoop$ out be=e ! glacial deposits 7 dropp$ 9 x1 & t ! bottom ( ! anci5t valley is n[ f> bel[ sea level4 ,9 front ( ,jesus ,college1 gravel ) ,elephas primig5ius 0 excavat$ d[n to a dep? ( #cj feet bel[ ! /reet1 :ile 9 ! ,paddocks beh9d ,tr9ity ,college ! /ill m rec5t alluvium 0 prov$ to a dep? ( #de feet1 i4e4 #af feet bel[ ,o4,d4 ,^! facts indicate a comp>atively rec5t subsid5ce along ! valley1 z no riv] c\ld scoop out its b$ bel[ sea level4 ,we ne$ n = our pres5t purpose /op to enquire :e!r ?is depression 0 conf9$ to ! l9e ( ! valley or 0 "p ( m widespread ,ea/ ,anglian movem5ts :i* are n s easy to detect on ! high] gr\nd4 ,f ! above-m5tion$ sections x is cle> t ! d5udation1 :i* result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! bas9 9 ! l[e/ holl[ ( :i* ! ,f5 ,b$s lie1 0 a sl[ process begun & c>ri$ on long be=e glacial conditions prevail$ & be=e ! gravel t]races 7 =m$4 ,z soon z ! sea began to ebb & fl[ ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! b>ri]1 ! conditions 7 greatly alt]$ & we see ! results ( ! conflict betwe5 ! mud-c>ry+ upl& wat]s & ! bea*-=m+ sea4 ,,turbif]\s ,,& ,,ar5if]\s ,,s]ies4 ,! ,f5 ,b$s belong to ! la/ /age &1 not)/&+ _! great local diff]5ces1 seem all to belong to "o cont9u\s s]ies4 ,see+ !n t _! *ief *>act]i/ic is t !y commonly conta9 b$s ( peat x may be conv5i5t to =m a ^w f ! late ,lat9 turba1 turf or peat1 & call !m ,turbif]\s to di/+ui% !m f ! ,ar5if]\s s]ies :i* consi/s almo/ entirely ( s&s & gravels4 ,:5 ! l& _h sunk s f> t ! velocity ( ! /reams 0 *eck$ ov] ! wid5+ e/u>y & on ! o!r h& ! tide & w9d waves _h m free access1 "s outfalls got *ok$ & o!rs op5$2 turbid wat] sometimes spread ov] ! flats & left mud or 0 else:]e filt]$ ?r\gh rank plant gr[? s t x /ood cle> 9 m]es & swamps1 all[+ ! =mation ( peat unmix$ ) e>?y s$im5t4 ,banks are naturally =m$ along ! m>g9 ( riv]s by ! settl+ d[n ( s& & mud :5 ! wat]s ov]fl[1 z se5 on a l>ge scale along ! ,mississippi1 ! ,po1 z well z along ! ,humb] & its tribut>ies4 ,! effect ( a break d[n ( ! banks is v diff]5t4 ,a great hole is scoop$ out by ! outru%1 & ! mud1 s& & gravel deposit$ 9 a fan%ape accord+ to its degree ( co>s5ess & specific gravity4 ,a good example ( ?is 0 se5 9 ! disa/r\s ,mid-,level flood at ,lynn 9 #ahfba & ! m rec5t outbur/ ne> ,d5v] 9 ! w9t] ( #aiad-aeb1 ( :i* acc\nts 7 publi%$ 9 contempor>y newspap]s4 ,! v>i$ accompany+ ph5om5a c be well /udi$ 9 ! process ( w>p+ 9 ,york%ire or ! colmata 9 ,italy4 #a ,times1 ,cambridge ,*ronicle1 ,may #ca1 #ahfb4 #b ,times1 ,jan4 #af1 #aiae4 ,?is 0 a mu* common] cata/rophe 9 old times1 be=e ! banks 7 artificially rais$1 &1 z ! /reams c\ld nev] get back into _! old rais$ *annel1 ?is acc\nts = ! network ( anci5t riv] b$s :i* int]sect ! ,f5s4 ,! bottom ( ! ,turbif]\s alluvium is always1 z f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 %>ply def9$4 ,?is ( c\rse _c be se5 9 a borehole or v small section4 ,! surface ( ! old] deposits seems to h be5 (t5 wa%$ clean ei!r by ! encroa*+ sea or by ! upl& flood wat]s4 ,9 say+ t !re is an abs5ce ( s& & gravel 9 ! ,f5 ,b$s we mu/ be c>eful n to =ce ?is description too f>4 ,= :5 ! fir/ encroa*+ wat] 0 wa%+ away any pre-exi/+ sup]ficial deposits ! fir/ mat]ial left z ! base ( ! ,f5 ,b$s mu/ h dep5d$ ^u ! "* ( ! und]ly+ /rata1 ! velocity ( ! wat] & o!r circum/ances4 ,?is is well se5 9 ! ,:ittlesea brickpit :]e an anci5t gravel ) m>9e %ells re/s on ! ,ox=d ,clay & ov] ! gravel !re creeps ! base ( ! ,turbif]\s s]ies4 ,x "h consi/s *iefly ( :ite m>l :i* ?9s out to ! left ( ! section & above becomes full ( vegetable matt] until x passes up into peat1 ov] :i* !re is a flood-wat] loam4 ,ab\t a mile we/-nor?-we/ ( ,little ,d[nham ne> ,ely1 & )9 a c\ple ( hundr$ y>ds ( ,hy!1 ! ,f5 ,b$s 7 se5 9 a deep cut c>ri$ close to ! gravel hill :i* "h /ret*es out nor? into ! ,f5s4 ,!y consi/ at ! base ( mat]ial wa%$ d[n f ! spur ( gravel & s& ( ! ,ar5if]\s s]ies aga9/ :i* ! ,f5 ,b$s "h abut4 ,?is basem5t b$ is succe$$ by b$s ( silt & peat ( no great ?ickness z !y are ne> ! m>g9 ( ! swamp4 ,:5 any consid]able ?ickness ( ! old] ,ar5if]\s gravels has be5 pres]v$1 ! base ( ! ,turbif]\s s]ies is smoo? or only g5tly undulat+4 ,b :]e only small pat*es or pot-holes ( gravel rema91 !re ! top ( ! clay has be5 contort$ & ov]-fold$ s z (t5 to conta9 irregul>ly curv$ pipes & ev5 isolat$ ne/s ( s& & gravel#c4 ,! base ( ! ,ar5if]\s gravel mu/ g5]ally h be5 ?r[n d[n ^u clay :i* _h be5 clean cut to an ev5 surface by d5udation )\t any soak+ ( ! surface or isolat$ heaps ( gravel s9k+ into ! clay "u alt]nation ( dry & wet conditions1 su* z w\ld puddle ! surface "u ! heaps & all[ ! masses ( heavy gravel to s9k 9 pipes & tr\ghs4 ,^! small outly+ pat*es ( gravel are sometimes s little di/urb$ t we leave !m 9 ! ,ar5if]\s1 :]eas !y are sometimes s obvi\sly re>rang$ t we mu/ include !m 9 ! ,turbif]\s s]ies1 tak+ c>e n to include d]ivative bones f ! old] 9 our li/ ( fossils f ! new] s]ies4 #c ,cf4 ,ar*aeol4 ,j\rn4 ,vol4 ,,lxix1 ,no4 #bgd #bnd ,s]42 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #bje-bad4 ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,elephant ,,& ,,rh9oc]os ,,9 ,,turbif]\s ,,s]ies4 ,! basem5t b$s ( ! ,turbif]\s or ,new] ,alluvial ,f5 ,b$s are cle>ly sep>at$ by _! /ratification f ! ,ar5if]\s or ,old] ,alluvial ,t]race ,b$s d[n ! slop+ m>g9 ( :i* !y creep1 b !re is n any:]e1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 any passage or dovetail+ ( ! ,f5 ,b$s into ! gravel ( ! riv] t]races1 :ile ! diff]5ce 9 ! fauna is v m>k$4 ,x is h[ev] f su* sections z ^? j describ$ t ! errone\s view arose t ! ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os occurr$ 9 ! old] ,f5 ,b$s4 ,x is true t !y h be5 f\nd "u peat 9 ! ,f5l&1 b t is only :]e ! gravel spurs ( ! ,old ,alluvial ,t]races or ,ar5if]\s ,s]ies h pass$ "u ! new] ,f5 ,b$s4 ,i saw ! rema9s ( ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us 9 ! gravel b$s belong+ to ! old] or ,ar5if]\s ,s]ies at ,little ,d[nham1 & f ! base ( ! gravel 9 ! ,:ittlesea brickpit ,i obta9$ a f9e l[] mol> ( ,elephas antiquus4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 n 9 ! ,gravel1 b squeez$ into ! s(t surface ( ! und]ly+ ,jurassic ,clay4 ,!re h nev] be5 any rema9s ( ,elephant or ,rh9oc]os f\nd 9 ! ,turbif]\s s]ies4 ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,peat ,,9 ,,ar5if]\s ,,s]ies4 ,x is n easy to realise :at ! conditions 7 dur+ ! =mation ( ! lat] ,t]race ,gravels 7,b>nwell type71 &1 if x is a fact1 :y !re 0 n !n1 z 9 lat] times1 a m>%y peat-be>+ area "h & !re betwe5 ! torr5tial deposits ( ! upp] /reams ne> ! foot ( ! hills & ! region :]e ! tide met ! upl& wat]s4 ,a few plants h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,b>nwell gravel b !y are v r>e 9 ?is s]ies4 ,! old] ,t]race ,gravel 7,b>r+ton type7 might be expect$ to furni% evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( abundant vegetation if we are "r 9 assign+ x to ab\t ! age ( ! peaty deposits ov]ly+ ! ,weyb\rn ,crag4 ,b at pres5t we h no evid5ce ( any su* deposit 9 ! ,cambridge gravels4 ,al?\gh !re are great masses ( vegetable matt] =m$ 9 ! swamps ( tropical regions1 peat is ess5tially a product ( nor!rn climes4 ,pl9y#d evid5tly ref]s to peat z us$ 9 ,friesl& b n z a ?+ ) :i* he 0 famili>4 #d ,lib4 ,,xvi1 cap4 #a4 ,,f5 ,,b$s ,,n ,,all ,,peat4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be imag9$ t ! ,f5 ,b$s consi/ :olly or ev5 *iefly ( peat4 ,z we travel nor? f ,cambridge ! surface ( ! alluvium is br[n e>? = miles & only "h & !re %[s ! black surface ( peat4 ,! num]\s dit*es = dra9+ ! l& confirm ?is obs]vation1 & :5 we h ! opportunity ( exam9+ excavations c>ri$ d[n to great dep?s into ! alluvium we usually f9d only a little peat on ! surface or 9 ?9 b$s alt]nat+ ) silt & clay & m>l4 ,sometimes1 b only sometimes1 we h evid5ce ( ! gr[? ( peat = a long "t1 !n ( ! incom+ ( turbid wat] leav+ b$s ( clay1 !n aga9 ( ! tranquil gr[? ( peat4 ,all ?is po9ts to *anges ( local conditions & %ift+ *annels dur+ a gradual s9k+ ( ! area1 = "s ( ! peat is bel[ sea level4 ,i believe t ! volume ( clay is mu* great] ?an t ( peat1 al?\gh f ! common occurr5ce ( peat on ! surface & clay 9 ! dep? ! area ov] :i* peat is se5 is great]4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 ! data = e/imat+ ! proportion ( ea*4 ,9 embay$ corn]s along ! riv] ev5 above ,cambridge we f9d little pat*es ( peat1 :ile on ! o!r h& 9 deep excavations ne> ! middle ( ! valley we f9d only ?9 /reaks ( peat or peaty silt4 ,9 ! trial boreholes at ! ,backs ( ! ,colleges !re 0 only ?is k9d ( record ( =m] swamp vegetation4 ,,sections ,,9 ,,alluvium4 ,9 digg+ ! f\ndations = ! *imney ( ! ,electric ,light+ ,works opposite ,magdal5e ,college ! foll[+ section 0 se5 7,fig4 #a1 p4 #h74 ,"u ! new ,t5nis ,c\rts 9 ,p>k ,p>ade fac+ ,mid-summ] ,common ! section 0 some:at diff]5t 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #i74 ,:ile 9 ! pit dug "s ye>s ago by ,mr ,bullock at ! o!r end ( ! ,p>ade at ! l[] end ( ,portugal ,place 9 ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! ,common !re 0 a section v simil> to ! la/ 7,fig4 #c1 p4 #aj74 ------ ,made gr\nd #g'-h' ------ ,black silt #g'-h' ------ #d' ,peaty silt ------ #d' ,gravel ------ ,gault ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,section se5 9 f\ndations ( *imney = ,electric ,light+ ,works ne> riv] opposite ,magdal5e ,college1 ,july1 #ahib4 ,^! ?ree sections1 imm$iately nor? ( ,cambridge :]e ! valley ( ! ,cam op5s out on to ! ,f5s1 are important z %[+ ! v>iations "r across ! alluvium f side to side & ! abs5ce1 "h at any rate1 ( any indication ( a con/ant sequ5ce di/9ctly po9t+ to important geographical *anges4 ,a section se5 "u ,pembroke ,college ,boat ,h\se gave #af feet ( clay & peaty silt on ! black gravel :i* "h1 z 9 ! bor+s at ! ,backs ( ! ,colleges1 =ms ! base ( ! alluvium4 ,ab\t half way d[n 7 bones ( horse & /ag1 b ,i d n believe t ^! are ( any great antiquity1 probably n e>li] ?an m$iaeval4 ,?ickness ,dep? ------ ,irregul> made gr\nd #e ,clayey ,alluvium #e ------ #d ,peat #i ------ #aj-ab ,s& & ,gravel #ba ------ #b ------ ,gravel #b #be ------ #d'f ,runn+ ,s& #bi' #f ------ ,gault ,scale #h' to #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,section se5 9 digg+ f\ndations ( ,t5nis ,c\rts on ,midsumm] ,common1 ,cambridge4 ,l[] d[n ! riv] ne> ,ely a mo/ important & int]e/+ section has rec5tly be5 expos$4 ,a new bridge 0 built ov] ! ,ouse ne> ! railway /ation & to obta9 mat]ial = eas+ ! gradi5t up to ! bridge a pit 0 sunk close to x on ! ea/ side ( ! riv]1 & 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! ,kimm]idge ,clay ?us giv+ a cle> section ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! alluvium 7,fig4 #d1 p4 #aa74 ,dep? a ------ #d' b ------ #g' c ------ #aj' d ------ #ab' #f e ------ #ac' #b f ------ #ba' #b g ------ #bc' #b h a4 ,d>k clay1 ) mu* c>bonace\s matt]1 scatt]$ /ones1 & fre%wat] %ells #d' #j b4 ,t\gh clay #c' #j c4 ,d>k clay full ( bits ( wood #c' #j d4 ,light col\r$ clay full ( rootlets #b' #f e4 ,ru/y s& #h f4 ,false b$d$ gravel & s& pi]c$ by rootlets #h' #j g4 ,black silt & gravel #b' #j ------ h4 ,gault #bc' #b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,section se5 9 ,bullock's ,pit 9 ,s4,e4 corn] ( ,midsumm] ,common4 ,x w be notic$ t !re is v little peat "h & all ( x 0 bel[ ,o4,d4 ,! upp] f\r feet ( ! clayey peat 7f7 look$ z if ! vegetable matt] _h be5 transport$1 p]haps f peat b$s be+ de/roy$ by ! riv] high] up1 & be5 c>ri$ d[n 9 flood ) ! clay1 :ile ! l[] f\r feet ( peat 7h7 0 only a clean] sample ( ! same1 be=e ! riv] _h cut d[n into ! clay4 ,! trees 9 bo? f & h 7 n trees t _h gr[n on ! spot & _h be5 bl[n d[n1 b 7 brok51 wat]-worn1 & evid5tly transport$4 a ----------------- b ----------------- c ----------------- d ----------------- e ----------------- f g ----------------- h ----------7#a7---- i ----------------- j ----------7#b7---- a4 ,surface soil #g b4 ,clayey alluvium #g c4 ,peaty alluvium #i d4 ,br[n clayey alluvium #a' #f e4 ,peaty alluvium4 #i f4 ,br[n clayey peat ) trees scatt]$ ?r\gh\t g4 & l5ticul> b$s ( fre%wat] %ells 9 x #d' h4 ,peat ) trees to #b' diam4 #d' i4 ,mottl$ gre5 & grey clay ) l9es ( s& & gravel giv+ out wat] #b' j4 ,yell[ clay ) spr+s & mu* ru/y wat] at bottom4 #d' ------ #ah' #b 7#a7 ,skull & a few o!r bones ( horse4 7#b7 ,brok5 fragm5ts ( bone4 ,scale #h' to #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,section se5 9 pit dug = mat]ial = mak+ up ! roadway ea/ ( ! new bridge ov] ! ,ouse by ! railway /ation4 ,ely1 #aiaj4 ,if n[ we travel ab\t #cj miles a little we/ ( nor? we %all arrive ne> ! %ore ( ! ,wa% ab\t half way across its s\!rn coa/ l9e at ,sutton ,bridge4 ,"h ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ ! mat]ial ( :i* ! alluvium is compos$4 ,) a view to secur+ a s\nd base = ! f\ndation ( ! pi]s ( ! ,midl& & ,great ,nor!rn ,railway bridge an excavation 0 made ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,f5 ,b$s d[n to ! ,b\ld] ,clay :i* z ,i h already /at$ 0 rea*$ at a dep? ( #gc feet4 ,! cl]k ( ! works k9dly gave me ! foll[+ measurem5ts 7,fig4 #e74 ,dep? ,?ickness ---------- ,high wat] 7#ab' #f above ,o4,d47 #ab' #f #ab' #f ---------- ,ordnance ,datum #d' #j ,silt & clay #af' #f ---------- ---------- ,l[ wat] 7#f' #j bel[ ,o4,d47 #ai' #f ---------- ,b$ ( riv] 7#ag' #f bel[ ,o4,d47 #cf' #j ---------- #i' #j ,s& ) %ells #de' #j ---------- #c' #f ,loam & s& #dh' #f ---------- #e' #f ,balla/ ) %ells #ed' #j ---------- #c' #f ,loam ) ,peat #eg' #f ---------- #c' #f ,f9e r$ balla/ mix$ ) clay #fa' #j ---------- #e' #j ,blue & grey clay mix$ ) s& #ff' #j ---------- #a' #j ,balla/ #fg' #j ---------- #d' #f ,silty ,s& #ga' #f ---------- ,balla/ ) fl9t #a' #f & /one #gc' #j ---------- ,/iff grey clay ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,section se5 at ,sutton ,bridge4 ,"h aga9 we see t ! only peat is a b$ betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet 9 ?ickness ( mix$ loam & peat m ?an #dj feet bel[ mean sea level4 ,f ^! sections x is cle> t along ! direct & m p]man5t outfall f ,cambridge to ! nor?1 peat =ms b a small "p ( ! ,f5 ,b$s4 ,peat is a sub/ance ( s mu* value z fuel1 ( su* importance to ! agriculturi/1 ( su* comm]cial value 9 :at we may call its by-products1 & ( su* sci5tific int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( its =mation & ! rema9s :i* its antiseptic prop]ties h pres]v$1 t x has1 z might be expect$1 a l>ge lit]ature ( its own4 ,i h be=e me a li/ ( m ?an #aej ref]5ces to peat or to ! ,f5s4 ,,peat2 ,,trees ,,& ,,o!r ,,plants2 ,,t>n ,,peat ,,& ,,hill ,,peat2 ,,bog-,,oak ,,& ,,bog-,,iron4 ,:5 we turn aside into ! areas cut (f by spurs ( gravel & isl&s ( ,jurassic rock1 we f9d wide & deep masses ( peat :i* has gr[n & be5 pres]v$ f d5udation 9 ^! embay$ & isolat$ areas4 ,burwell ,f51 = in/ance1 protect$ on ! nor? & we/ by ! ,cretace\s ridge ( ,wick5 & ! ,jurassic ridge ( ,upw>e1 furni%es mo/ ( ! peat us$ 9 ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,if we travel ab\t two miles to ! nor?-we/ f ! pit dug ne> ! railway /ation 7see ,fig4 #d1 p4 #aa7 ov] ! hill on :i* ,ely /&s1 we %all come to ,we/ ,f51 :]e !re is a great mass ( peat :i* has gr[n 9 a bas9 n[ almo/ q surr\nd$ by ,kimm]idge ,clay4 ,9 ?is !re is a great quantity ( timb] at a small dep? f ! surface4 ,! tree trunks almo/ all lie ) _! root-end to ! s\?-we/1 b "s are brok5 (f1 "s are uproot$1 tell+ cle>ly a /ory ( gr[? on ! peat :i* _h increas$ & swell$ till ! surface 0 lift$ above ! level ( floods4 ,!n "s *ange--p]haps m rapid subsid5ce1 p]haps *anges 9 ! outfalls--let 9 flood wat]1 ! roots rott$ & a /orm f ! s\?-we/1 :i* 0 ! mo/ expos$ side & ! direction ( ! preval5t w9ds1 laid !m l[4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( l>ge funguses1 ,hypoxylon1 ,polyporus1 etc41 po9ts to conditions at times unfav\rable to ! heal?y gr[? ( timb]4 ,x is wor? not+ :5 try+ to read ! /ory ( ! ,f5s z record$ by _! fall5 trees t 9 all =e/s we f9d n[ & !n a few trees bl[n d[n toge!r ?\gh ! surr\nd+ trees are left4 ,?is may be ! result ( a fi]ce eddy 9 ! cycloidal pa? ( ! /orm1 b m commonly x seems to be due to ! fact t e tree has its play1 l a fi%+ rod1 & recurr+ gu/s1 n co9cid+ ) its rhy?m1 sometimes cat* x at a disadvantage & break or bl[ x d[n4 ,! /ory told by ! ,we/ ,f5 trees is q diff]5t f t told by ! wat]-borne & wat]-worn trunks 9 ! section by ,ely /ation4 ,! same v>iable conditions prevail$ also 9 ! m we/]ly tracts ( ! ,f5 ,bas91 b ! above examples are suffici5t = our pres5t purpose4 ,f ! l>ge numb]s ( trees f\nd 9 "s localities & f records ref]r+ to p>ts ( ! ,f5s z =e/ x has sometimes be5 suppos$ t ! ,f5s 7 well wood$1 b =e/ did n g5]ally & does n n[ always mean a wood1 z = example 9 ! case ( ! de] =e/s ( ,scotl&4 ,:5 ,+ulph#e says t portions ( ! ,f5l& 7 disaf=e/$ by ,h5ry ,i1 ,/eph51 ,h5ry ,,ii1 & ,ri*>d1 :o gave p]mission to build ^u ! m>%es1 ?is probably meant t !y no long] pres]v$ !m s /rictly1 b all[$ p to build on ! gravel banks & isl&s 9 !m4 #e ,hi/ory ( ,croyl&1 ,bohn's edition1 p4 #bhb4 ,dugdale1 record+ a /rict] en=cem5t ( game-laws1 quotes proce$+s aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons 9 ,:ittlesea1 ,?orney & ,ramsey = hav+ wa/$ all ! f5 ( ,kynges-delfe ( ! ald]s1 hassacks & ru%es s t ! ,k+'s de] c\ld n h>b\r !re4 ,he does n m5tion =e/ trees4 ,9 ! gr[? & accid5ts ( vegetation 9 a swamp !re are "s circum/ances :i* are ( importance to note ) a view to ! int]pretation ( ! results obs]v$ 9 ! ,f5s4 ,= in/ance 9 f9e wea!r !re is a con/ant lift+ & float+ ( ! conf]void algae :i* gr[ on ! muddy b$ ( ! /ream4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by ! developm5t ( gas "u ! sun's influ5ce 9 ! ?ick fibr\s gr[? ( ! alga4 ,! little bubbles give x a silv]y gleam & by & by produce suffici5t buoyancy 9 ! mass to te> x out & make x rise to ! surface dropp+ f9e mud z x goes & ?us mak+ ! wat] turbid4 ,o!r plants1 su* z ,utricul>ia1 ,duckwe$1 etc41 h _! p]iod ( flotation1 & 9 ! ,break+ ( ! ,m]e 9 ,%rop%ire we h a simil> ph5om5on4 ,9 ! ,float+ ,isl& on ,d]w5twat] ! same sort ( ?+ is se5 ) co>s] plants4 ,all ^! processes are go+ on 9 ! m]es & 9 ! /reams :i* me&] ?r\gh ! ,f5s & did s m freely be=e _! reclamation4 ,b besides ?is1 :5 ! top ( ! spongy peat is rais$ above ! wat] level & dries by evaporation1 !n hea?1 f]ns & o!r plants & at la/ trees gr[ on x1 until accid5t subm]ges x all aga94 ,?is at once %[s :y we (t5 f9d an upp] peat ) a diff]5t gr\p ( plant rema9s re/+ ^u a l[] peat ) plants t gr[ "u wat]4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s examples ( ^! v>i\s k9ds ( peat we see 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ! ,nor? & ,we/1 :]e ! highe/ hills are (t5 capp$ ) peat f eight to t5 feet 9 ?ickness1 creep+ ov] ! br[ & hang+ on ! /eep m\nta9 sides4 ,sometimes1 close by1 we see ! gradual gr[? ( peat f ! m>g9 ( a t>n :]e only wat]-we$s c fl\ri%4 ,! ,hill ,peat is made up ( ,sphagnum & o!r mosses & ( f]ns & hea!r4 ,! ,t>n ,peat ( conf]va1 potamogeton1 re$s1 etc4 ,z ,hill ,peat n[ gr[s on ! heights & /eeps :]e no wat] c /& & ,t>n ,peat 9 lakes & ponds ly+ 9 ! holl[s ( ! m\nta9s & moors1 s ! *anges 9 ! outfalls & ! swell+ & s9k+ ( ! peat h giv5 u 9 ! ,f5s1 "h ! results ( a dry surface ) its hea!r & f]ns & trees1 & !re products ( wat]-we$s only1 &1 f ! nature ( ! case1 ! suba]ial gr[? is apt to be above ! subaque\s4 ,"o explanation ( ! gr[? ( peat "u bo? ( ^! two v diff]5t geographical conditions is probably ! abs5ce ( e>?worms4 ,! "w ( ! e>?worm is to drag d[n & de/roy decay+ vegetable matt] & to ca/ ! m9]al soil on to ! surface1 b e>?worms _c live 9 wat] or 9 wat]logg$ l&1 & :]e !re are no e>?worms ! decay+ vegetation accumulates 9 lay] aft] lay] ^u ! surface1 modifi$ only by new] gr[?s4 ,"s ye>s ago a great flood kept ! l& along ! ,b9 ,brook "u wat] = sev]al days & ! e>?worms 7 all kill$1 cov]+ ! paddock 9 front ( ,/ ,john's ,new ,build+s 9 su* numb]s t :5 !y began to decompose x 0 q disagreeable to walk t way4 ,x rem9d$ me ( ! effects ( /orm on ! cockleb$s at ! m\? ( ! ,m$way1 :]e ! %ells 7 wa%$ out ( ! mud1 ! animals di$ on ! %ore & ! empty %ells 7 9 "t wa%$ r\nd ! coa/ ( ,%eppey to ! %elt]$ corn] at ,%ellness4 ,"h !y lie "s t5 feet deep & are dug to furni% ! mat]ial = ,london pa?ways4 ,9 ^? cases :5 ! /orm _h pass$ ! e>?worms & ! cockles came aga91 b ! ,hill ,peat is always full ( wat] reta9$ by ! spongy ,sphagnum & simil> plants1 & ! ,f5s are or 7 cont9ually1 & 9 "s places cont9u\sly1 subm]g$ & no e>?worms c\ld live "u su* conditions4 ,! blackness ( peat & ( bog-oak may be l>gely b c]ta9ly n :olly due to c>bonace\s matt]4 ,iron mu/ play an important "p4 ,!re is 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum "p ( ! trunk ( a ,sussex oak :i* _h gr[n ov] "s iron rail+s & ext5d$ "s eight in*es or m beyond ! outside ( ! "p :i* 0 orig9ally driv5 9 to hold ! rails4 ,mr ,kett came ^u ! buri$ iron :5 saw+ up ! tree 9 8 works & k9dly gave x to me4 ,f ! iron a deep black /a9 has travell$ ) ! sap along ! gra91 z if ! iron ( ! rail & ! tann9 ( ! oak _h comb9$ to produce an ink4 ,! well-kn[n occurr5ce ( bog-iron 9 peat /r5g!ns ?is sugge/ion4 ,an opportunity ( obs]v+ ?is envelop+ gr[? ( wood r\nd iron rail+s is (f]$ 9 front ( ,no4 #a1 ,b5et ,place1 ,l5sfield ,road4 ,! trees 9 ! ,f5s (t5 lie at a small dep? & :5 expos$ to surface *anges p]i% by splitt+ along ! m$ull>y rays4 ,x is n cle> h[ long x takes to imp>t a peaty /a9 to bone1 b we d f9d a diff]5ce betwe5 ^? :i* are und\bt$ly v old & o!rs :i* we h reason to believe may be m rec5t4 ,comp>e ! almo/ black bones ( ! beav]1 = in/ance1 ) ! light br[n bones ( ! ott] 9 ! two m\nt$ skeletons 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum4 ,,m>l4 ,m>l1 z commonly us$1 is ,clay or ,c>bonate ( ,lime ( a clayey texture or any mixture ( ^!4 ,b$s ( %ell m>l tell ! same tale z ! peat4 ,%ells d n accumulate to any ext5t 9 ! b$ ( a riv]4 ,!y are p\nd$ up & decompos$ or roll$ along & buri$ :]e mud or gravel f9ds a re/+ place4 ,only sometimes1 :]e ?+s ( small specific gravity are ga!r$ 9 holes & embay$ corn]s1 a lay] ( fre%wat] %ells may be se54 ,b to produce a b$ ( pure %ell m>l ! quantity ( dead %ells mu/ be v l>ge & ! am\nt ( s$im5t c>ri$ ov] ! area v small1 :ile ! m>g9 ( ! pond or m]e 9 :i* ! =mation ( su* a b$ is possible mu/ h an abundant gr[? ( conf]void algae & o!r wat] plants to furni% su/5ance = ! molluscs4 ,%ell m>l !re=e sugge/s ponds & m]es4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t 9 a region ( h>d wat]1 su* z is yield$ 9 spr+s all along ! outcrop ( ! *alk1 !re is (t5 a consid]able precipitation ( c>bonate ( lime1 especially :]e su* plants z ,*>a help to collect x1 z ! ,callo?rix & ,lepto?rix help to ?r[ d[n ! ,geys]ite4 ,^! b$s ( :ite m>ls1 :e!r due to %ells or to precipitation1 are ?us ( great importance = our pres5t enquiry z !y ?r[ light on ! hi/ory ( ! ,f5s4 ,we %\ld h few opportunities ( exam9+ ! m>l 7 x n = its value to ! agriculturi/4 ,z x consi/s ( clay & lime1 x is n only a useful f]tilis] b also helps to reta9 ! du/y peat1 :i* :5 dry & pulv]is$ is easily bl[n away4 ,moreov]1 z ! m>l occurs at a small dep? & (t5 ov] l>ge areas1 x c commonly be obta9$ by tr5*+ on ! gr\nd :]e x is mo/ want$4 ,,! ,,wa%4 ,we h n[ c>ri$ our exam9ation ( ! ,f5 ,b$s up to ! sea1 b to und]/& ?is int]e/+ area we mu/ cross ! sea bank & see :at is happ5+ 9 ! ,wa%4 ,!re is no peat be+ =m$ !re1 nor is !re any quantity ( drift$ vegetable matt] su* z might =m peat4 ,!re are m>g9al =e/ b$s ne> ,hun/anton & ,holme1 = in/ance1 & x is n cle> :e!r !y po9t to subm]g5ce or to ! =m] exi/5ce ( s& dunes or %+le bea*es suffici5t to keep out ! sea & all[ ! gr[? ( trees bel[ high wat] level beh9d ! b>ri]1 su* z may be se5 at ,braunton ,burr[s1 ne> ,we/w>d ,ho1 or at ! m\? ( ! ,somme4 ,:at is ! mo/ conspicu\s "* ( ! ,wa% is t ! upl& wat]s1 n[ controll$ z to _! outlet1 keep op5 ! tr\ghs & deeps :ile tidal action ?r[s up a numb] ( %ift+ banks ( mud1 s& & gravel1 _m ( :i* are left dry at l[ wat]4 ,along ! quiet] m>g9al portions f9e s$im5t is laid d[n1 & relaid :5 /orms h di/urb$ ! surface4 ,on ^! cockles & o!r e/u>9e molluscs ?rive4 ,be=e ! sea banks 7 con/ruct$ ^! tidal flats ext5d$ mu* fur!r inl&4 ,,littleport ,,di/rict4 ,9 ! light ( ?is evid5ce let u exam9e ! ,f5 ,b$s ea/ ( ,littleport1 a di/rict ( great int]e/ n only f its geographical position 9 relation to ! ,f5s b also f ! rema9s rec5tly discov]$ !re4 ,look+ nor? & we/ !re is no high gr\nd betwe5 u & ! ,wa%4 ,if we c\ld sweep out ! s(t sup]ficial deposits & aboli% ! sea banks ! tide w\ld /ill ebb & fl[ ov] ! :ole area4 ,if we look nor? & ea/ we see ! high gr\nd /ret*+ f ,d[nham ,m>ket to ,/oke ,f]ry & sweep+ r\nd to ! s\? by ,me?wold & ,feltwell & ! isl&s ( ,hilgay & ,s\!ry1 ?us enclos+ a great bay into :i* ! ,wissey on ! nor? & ! ,br&on ,riv] on ! s\? deliv] ! wat]s collect$ on ! ea/]n *alk upl&s4 ,! isl& kn[n z ,%ippea ,hill m>ks ! tr5d ( an anci5t b>ri] block+ ! nor?w>d c\rse ( ! riv] ,l>k4 7,fig4 #f1 p4 #bi47 ,"h1 !n1 x seems probable t we might f9d evid5ce ( a local *ange f ! conditions we n[ see 9 ! ,wa% & ^? :i* h result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,f5s4 ,,butt]y ,,clay4 ,9 deep tr5*+ 9 ! ,f5 betwe5 ,littleport & ,%ippea ,hill 9 ord] to obta9 clay = lay+ on ! peaty surface a v f9e unctu\s deposit 0 f\nd at a dep? ( f\r or five feet4 ,! ov]ly+ ,f5 ,b$s 7 *iefly peat ) l5ticul> b$s ( :ite m>l & grey clay1 obvi\sly laid d[n f "t to "t 9 small depressions 9 ! surface ( ! peat4 ,?is m>l 0 (t5 l>gely made up (1 or 0 at any rate full (1 fre%wat] %ells b sometimes %[$ evid5ce ( hav+ be5 ga!r$ on ! /ems ( ,*>a :i* on p]i%+ h left small cyl9drical holl[s p5etrat+ ! p>tly consolidat$ m>l4 ,"u ^! b$s ( peat & m>l !re 0 ! unctu\s clay1 :i* is sometimes ref]r$ to z ! ,butt]y ,clay4 ,x is an e/u>9e deposit l t m5tion$ above z occurr+ 9 ! ,wa% (f ,hea*am1 = in/ance4 ,x conta9s %ells ( ,c>dium edule1 ,tell9a 7,tacoma7 bal?ica1 ,scrobicul>ia pip]ata1 & o!r e/u>9e %ells1 "s ( :i* _h ! valves adh]5t or r adjo9+1 = ! ligam5t _h p]i%$4 ,mrs ,ludd+ton has 9 h] collection ! bones ( ! ,urus1 ,wild ,bo> & ,beav]1 obta9$ f ! peat above ?is ,butt]y ,clay4 ,on ! o!r or s\?-we/]n side ( ,%ippea ,hill1 :i* is an isl& ( ,kimm]idge ,clay1 we get fur!r into ! embay$ & isolat$ portions ( ! ,f5 & we f9d m peat 9 proportion to ! o!r deposits al?\gh x is v ?94 ,!re are /ill small l5ticul> b$s ( :ite m>l simil> to t ne>] ,littleport & ! peat re/s ^u ,butt]y ,clay ( unkn[n ?ickness4 ,9 ?is "p1 h[ev]1 no %ells h yet be5 notic$4 ,ne> ,%ippea ,hill ! peat has rec5tly be5 tr5*$ ) a view to obta9+ clay ) :i* to dress ! surface ( ! peat & x 0 "h1 at a dep? ( f\r feet f ! surface & f\r in*es above ! ,butt]y ,clay1 t ! human bones describ$ bel[ 7pp4 #bg-ce7 7 f\nd4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,f5 ,,b$s4 ,n[ we may enquire :at are ! limits )9 :i* we may speculate z to ! age ( ! ,f5 ,b$s4 ,^! ,turbif]\s deposits all belong to "o /age1 ?\gh x may be "o ( long duration4 ,!y are %>ply sep>at$ f ! ,ar5if]\s deposits1 i4e4 ! s&s & gravels ( ! t]races & spurs :i* always pass "u &1 9 fairly l>ge sections1 c always be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! resort$ lay]s at ! base ( ! ,f5 ,b$s4 ,!re is no def9ite *ronological succession :i* w hold ?r\gh\t ! ,f5s4 ,! v>iations obs]v$ are geographical--clay1 m>l1 peat1 etc41 alt]nat+ 9 diff]5t ord] 9 diff]5t localities & suba]ial1 fluviatile1 e/u>9e1 & m>9e1 hav+ only a *ang+ topographical significance4 ,! ,f5 ,b$s crept ov] an area :]e ! und]ly+ =mation _h be5 und]go+ vicissitudes due to sl[ geographical *anges--*anges :i*1 be+ at sea level & ne> ! conflict ( tides & upl& wat]1 produc$ irregul> b (t5 important results4 ,!re is n 9 ! ,f5s any cont9u\s record ( :at took place betwe5 ! age 9 :i* ! ,little ,d[nham ,rh9oc]os 0 buri$ 9 ! gravel & t 9 :i* ! ,neoli?ic hunt]s poleax$ ! ,urus 9 ! peat ne> ,burwell4 ,,palaeontology ,,( ,,f5s4 ,nor d we f9d any con/ant succession 9 ! fauna & flora 9 ! sections 9 ! ,f5s any m ?an we f9d a uni=m di/ribution ( plants & animals ov] ! surface to-day4 ,! mo/ num]\s & l>ge/ specim5s ( ! ,urus ,i h obta9$ f ne> ,isleham3 ! be/ pres]v$ ,beav] bones f ,burwell4 ,mod]n *anges ( conditions h limit$ ! di/rict 9 :i* ! f5 f]n 7,!lypt]is7 or ! swall[-tail$ butt]fly may n[ be se52 b nature 9 old times produc$ z great *anges 9 local conditions z ^? n[ due to human ag5cy4 ,:5 we comp>e ! fauna ( ! ,ar5if]\s ,s]ies ) t ( ! ,turbif]\s1 al?\gh !re is n an entire sweep+ away ( ! old] v]tebrate & inv]tebrate =ms ( life & an introduction ( new]1 !re is a m>k$ *ange 9 ! :ole facies4 ,!re is pl5ty ( evid5ce ab\t ,cambridge ( ! gradual ext]m9ation ( species /ill go+ on4 ,inde$1 ,i feel incl9$ to say t !re is no su* ?+ z a ,holoc5e age4 ,i rememb] l& %ells be+ common ( :i* x is difficult n[ to f9d live specim5s1 & my wife#f has %[n h[ ! mollusca are be+ diff]5tiat$ 9 isolat$ ponds left "h & !re along ! anci5t riv] c\rses above ! t[n4 #f ,on ! ,mollusca ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,gravels 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cambridge1 by ,mrs ,mc,kenny ,hughes4 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,decade #c1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #e1 ,may #ahhh1 p4 #aic4 ,b we h n 9 old] b$s ( ! ,turbif]\s or new] b$s ( ! ,ar5if]\s ,s]ies any sugge/ion ( cont9uity betwe5 ! two4 ,!re mu/ h be5 betwe5 !m an unrepres5t$ p]iod ( consid]able duration 9 :i* v important *anges 7 br\ght ab\t4 ,p]haps x 0 !n t ,engl& became an isl& & unsuitable = mo/ ( ! life ( ! ,ar5if]\s age4 ,n only h we 9 ! ,turbif]\s z comp>$ ) ! ,ar5if]\s ,s]ies a *ange ( facies b we h _m repres5tative =ms1 a po9t to :i* t ke5 naturali/1 ,edw>d ,=bes1 always atta*$ great importance4 ,we h = in/ance 9 ! ,f5 ,b$s ! ,br[n ,be> 7,ursus arctos7 ) 8 flat pig-l skull1 in/ead ( ! ,grizzly 7,ursus f]ox7 ( ! ,gravels ) 8 broad skull & front bomb4 ,if we turn to ! horn$ cattle we %all f9d a confirmation ( ! view t !re 0 n an entire break betwe5 ! ,turbif]\s & ,ar5if]\s fauna = ! ,urus 7,bos primig5ius7 occurs 9 bo?4 ,?is species became ext9ct 9 ,brita9 9 ! ,turbif]\s p]iod & be=e ! com+ ( ! ,romans1 = no trace ( x seems to h be5 f\nd ) ,roman rema9s 9 ?is c\ntry2 & inde$ :5 we rememb] ! num]\s tribes1 ! d5se population & high civilisation ( ! natives ( ,brita9 9 ,roman times x seems improbable t !y c h tol]at$ su* a =midable bea/ z ?is wild bull ar\nd _! cultivat$ l&4 ,"s confusion has aris5 z to ! description & ! names ( ! ,urus & ! ,bison4 ,caes>1 :o 0 n a big game hunt] & probably nev] saw ei!r1 has giv5 "u ! "n ,urus a description :i* evid5tly mixes up ! *>act]s ( bo?4 ,bo? exi/$ on ! cont95t d[n to q rec5t times & ! ,bison is /ill f\nd 9 ,pol&1 b lat] writ]s also h evid5tly conf\nd$ !m4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,augsburg picture ( ! ,urus is correct1 b ,h]b]/e9's1 :i* also is said to repres5t ! ,urus1 is obvi\sly t ( a ,bison4 ,i h gone into ?is "q m fully else:]e#g4 #g ,! ,evolution ( ! ,briti% ,bre$s ( ,cattle1 ,j\rn4 ,r4 ,agric4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,v1 ,s]4 #c1 pp4 #efa-efc1 #ahid4 ,on ! m important ,bre$s ( ,cattle :i* h be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles 9 successive p]iods1 & _! relation to o!r ar*aeological & hi/orical discov]ies1 ,ar*aeologia1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,s]4 #c1 pp4 #abe-aeh1 #ahif4 ,cf4 also ,morse1 ,e4 ,w41 ,! ,ance/ry ( dome/icat$ ,cattle1 ,tw5ty-sev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 #aiaj1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! ,urus 7,bos primig5ius7 is common 9 ! ,f5 ,b$s & is ( special importance = our pres5t enquiry1 z !re is 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum a skull ( ?is species f\nd 9 ,burwell ,f5 ) a ,neoli?ic fl9t implem5t /ick+ 9 x4 ,! implem5t is ?91 ne>ly p>allel sid$1 r\gh dress$1 except on ! front edge :i* is gr\nd1 & x is made ( ! black s\?-c\ntry fl9t4 ,x is v diff]5t 9 e respect f ! ?ick bulg+ implem5ts ) curv$ outl9es1 :i* be+ made ( ! mottl$ grey nor?-c\ntry fl9t or ( fel/one or gre5/one sugge/ importation f a diff]5t & probably m nor!rly s\rce4 ,?is gives u a useful syn*ronism ( peat1 a ,neoli?ic implem5t ( a special well-m>k$ type1 & ! ,urus4 ,! ,bison is ! *>act]i/ic ox ( ! ,gravels & nev] occurs 9 ! ,f5 ,b$s2 :ile ! ,urus1 z ,i h po9t$ out above1 occurs 9 bo? ! ,turbif]\s & ,ar5if]\s deposits4 ,bos longifrons is ! *>act]i/ic ox ( ! ,f5 ,b$s & nev] occurs 9 ! ,gravels4 ,x is ! bre$ :i* ! ,romans f\nd "h1 & we dig up its bones almo/ :]ev] we f9d ,roman rema9s4 ,i _c adduce any satisfactory evid5ce t x 0 wild1 t is to say m wild ?an ! ,wel% cattle or ponies or %eep :i* roam freely ov] wide tracts ( almo/ un9habit$ c\ntry4 ,?is species1 l ! ,urus1 has horns po9t+ =w>d1 b ! cattle introduc$ by ! ,romans _h upturn$ lyre-%ap$ horns1 z 9 ! mod]n ,italian1 ! ,*ill+ham or our typical uncross$ ,ayr%ire bre$1 & soon we notice ! effect ( cross+ ! small native cattle 7,bos longifrons7 ) ! l>g] ,roman bre$4 ,! ,horse appe>s to h liv$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ,plei/oc5e times d[n to ! pres5t day & to h be5 always us$ = food4 ,un=tunately ! skull ( a horse is ?9 & fragile & !re=e x has be5 difficult to obta9 a s]ies suffici5tly complete to f\nd any consid]able g5]alisations ^u x4 ,! animal f\nd 9 ! peat & alluvium appe>s to h be5 a small siz$1 long fac$ pony4 ,! appe>ances & reappe>ances ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( de] is a v int]e/+ "q1 b x w be m easily treat$ :5 ,i come to speak ( ! ,gravels ( ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,i w only po9t out n[ t nei!r ( ! de] ) palmat$ antl]s prop]ly belongs to ! ,turbif]\s s]ies4 ,! great ,iri% ,elk 7,c]vus megac]us7 has n be5 f\nd 9 ! ,f5 ,b$s4 ,inde$ x is n cle> t 9 ,irel& x occurs 9 ! peat4 ,! mo/ c>eful & tru/wor?y descriptions seem to %[ t its bones lie ei!r 9 or on top ( ! clays on :i* ! peat grew4 ,! o!r & small] de] ) palmat$ antl]s1 namely1 ! ,fall[ de] 7,c]vus dama71 7 re9troduc$1 probably by ! ,romans1 & al?\gh "s ( !m h got buri$ 9 ! alluvium or new] peat 9 ! c\rse ( ! #aejj ye>s or s t !y h be5 hunt$ 9 royal w>r5s 9 ,ea/ ,anglia1 !y _c be reg>d$ z indig5\s or indicative ( climate or o!r local conditions4 ,rema9s ( ! ,r$ de] 7,c]vus elaphus7 & ( ! ,roe de] 7,c]vus capreolus7 are common 9 ! ,f5 ,b$s2 bo? occur 9 ! ,gravels also2 & bo? are /ill wild 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,unlike ! ,r$ de]1 :i* lives on ! op5 moorl&1 ! ,roe de] lives 9 woods & =e/s4 ,& ?is is an int]e/+ fact 9 its be>+ ^u our inf]5ces z to ! "* ( ! c\ntry be=e ! reclamation ( ! ,f5s & ! de/ruction ( ! plateau =e/4 ,! op5 d[ns & ! spurs & isl&s ( ! f5l&s (f]$ ! ,r$ de] a cong5ial fe$+ gr\nd1 :ile ! ?ickets on ! edge ( ! upl& =e/ & ! bosky pat*es along ! m>g9s ( ! l[l& swamps provid$ cov]t = ! ,roe de]4 ,%eep & goat are f\nd 9 ! peat & ! alluvium1 b x is n easy to tell ! age ( ! bones4 ,!y d g5]ally appe> to be ( t light] br[n col\r :i* is *>act]i/ic ( rema9s f new] peat z comp>$ ) ! black bones :i* seem to belong to ! old] & m decompos$ peat4 ,! %eep is probably a late introduction & is nev] f\nd 9 ! ,t]race ,gravel 7see ,geol4 ,mag4 ,decade #b1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #aj1 p4 #ded74 ,! ,wild ,bo> 7,sus scr(a7 is fairly common4 ,x is rem>kable t we get v few rema9s ( ,wolf1 al?\gh x is n mu* m ?an #bjj ye>s s9ce ! la/ 0 kill$4 ,!re is 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum "o fairly complete skeleton1 f\nd a long "t ago 9 ,burwell ,f5 & ,i h rec5tly obta9$ ano!r f ! same locality4 ,!re d n seem to be any obvi\s & con/ant *>act]s by :i* we c di/+ui% a wolf f a dog1 & ,brita9 0 celebrat$ = its l>ge & fi]ce dogs4 ,! bones ( ! ,eskimo dogs are v wolf-l1 b !y are frequ5tly cross$ ) wolf4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ animal ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! ,f5s is ! ,beav]4 ,:y d we n f9d "h & !re a beav] dam8 ,p]haps x is because we h n be5 on ! look-out = x1 & ! peat-cutt]s w\ld n h se5 any?+ rem>kable 9 ! occurr5ce ( a quantity ( timb] any:]e 9 ! ,f5s4 ,we mu/ suppose t ! peat :i* (t5 conta9s :ole =e/s ( trees & ev5 canoes w\ld h pres]v$ ! timb] ( ! beav] dam4 ,x is an animal too :i* might h contribut$ l>gely t[>ds ! =mation ( ! ,f5s by hold+ up & div]t+ me&]+ /reams4 ,p]haps x did n make dams d[n 9 ! ,f5s1 & ! skeletons we f9d are ^? ( /ray individuals or ( dead animals :i* h float$ d[n f dams ne> ,trump+ton or ,*e/]=d2 v suitable places = !m4 ,we want m evid5ce ab\t ! f5 beav]4 ,i h he>d t !re are beav]s 9 ! ,danube :i* d n make dams1 b among ^? introduc$ into ?is c\ntry 9 rec5t ye>s ! dam build+ in/9ct seems to h surviv$ ! *ange4 ,! beav]s on ! ,m>quis ( ,bute's prop]ty 9 ,scotl& cut d[n trees & built dams z did ! beav]s 9 ,sir ,edmund ,lod]'s p>k 9 ,sussex1 & ev5 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s !y rec5tly con/ruct$ a lodge4 ,we h n f\nd ! beav] 9 ! ,gravels4 ,"p ( ! skull ( a ,walrus 0 br\ght to u a long "t ago & said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! peat4 ,b x is a v suspici\s case4 ,x does n look l a bone t _h be5 long entomb$ 9 peat1 & we are n s f> f ! coa/ z to make x improbable t x 0 c>ri$ !re by "s sailor return+ home f nor!rn seas4 ,bones ( ,cetaceans are ?r[n up on ! %ore ne> ,hun/anton1 & ,seals are /ill n uncommon 9 ! ,wa%1 s t we ne$ n atta* mu* importance to ! occurr5ce 9 m>9e silt ( ,:ale1 ,grampus1 ,porpoise1 & su* l4 ,,birds4 ,we h paid mu* att5tion to ! birds ( ! ,f5s1 p>tly because ( ! occurr5ce ( "s unexpect$ species1 & also because ( ! abs5ce1 s f> z our collection goes1 ( species ( :i* we %\ld expect to f9d l>ge numb]s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ are ! rema9s ( ,pelican 7,p4 crispus or onocrotalus7#h4 ,( ?is we h two bones1 n associat$ nor 9 ! same /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! det]m9ation we h on ! au?ority ( ,alphonse ,milne ,edw>ds & ,pr(essor ,alfr$ ,newton4 ,"o ( ! bones is t ( a bird s "y t x _c h fl[n ov] b %[s t x mu/ h be5 hat*$ or c>ri$ "h4 #h ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 ,zool4 7#e71 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,pl4 #ad1 pp4 #bhe-bic4 ,ibis1 #ahfh1 pp4 #cfc-cgj1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahfh1 p4 #b4 ,trans4 ,norfolk & ,norwi* ,naturali/s ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,pt4 #b1 #aija4 ,geol4 ,mag4 ,no4 #ddg1 ,n4,s4 ,dec4 #d1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #i1 p4 #dbb4 ,( ! ,crane 7,grus c9]ea7 we h a great numb] ( bones b ( ! common ,h]on n "o4 ,i h plac$ a rec5t skeleton ( h]on 9 ! case to help u to look out = & det]m9e any t may turn up4 ,bones ( ! ,bitt]n 7,botaurus or ,ardea /ell>is7 are q common1 z are ^? ( ! ,mute or tame ,swan 7,cygnus olor7 z well z ( ! ,hoop] or wild ,swan 7,cygnus musicus or f]us74 ,goose 7,ans]7 & ,duck 7,anas7 are n s num]\s z "o might h expect$4 ,! ,grey ,goose 7,ans] f]us7 & ! ,mall>d 7,anas boscas7 are ! mo/ common1 b o!r species are f\nd1 z = in/ance ,anas grecca4 ,we h also ! ,r$ ,brea/$ ,m]gans] 7,m]gus s]rator71 & ! ,smew 7,m]gus albellus71 ! ,razor ,bill 7,alea t>da71 ! ,woodcock 7,scolopax ru/icola71 ! ,wat] ,h5 7,gall9ula *loropus7 & a few bones ( a ,limicol9e bird1 mo/ likely a lapw+4 ,we h f\nd ! skull1 b no m1 ( ! ,:ite-tail$ or ,sea ,eagle 7,haliaetus albicilla74 ,! :ole is a /rangely small collection consid]+ all ! circum/ances4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,f5s ( c\rse ev]y?+ ( lat] date1 d[n to ! dr[n$ animals ( la/ w9t]'s /orm1 or ! /r&$ pike left :5 ! flood w5t d[n4 ,x is a curi\s fact & v l in/9ct at fault t 9 floods ! pike w&] into %all[ wat] & l+] 9 ! holl[s till too late to get back to ! riv]1 s t l>ge numb]s ( !m are f\nd dead :5 ! wat] has soak$ 9 or evaporat$4 ,an old man told me t he well rememb]$ :5 pike 7 m abundant !y us$ to dig holes along ! m>g9 :5 ! flood 0 ris+ & :5 x w5t d[n commonly f\nd sev]al f9e pike 9 !m4 ,?is expla9s :y we s (t5 f9d ! bones ( pike 9 ! peat1 b :]e did ! pike get into a habit s little conducive to ! survival ( ! species8 ,al?\gh we notice at ! pres5t day a con/ant *ange 9 ! mollusca1 _! g5]al cont9uity ?r\gh\t ! long ages f pre-glacial times is a v rem>kable fact4 ,! pres5ce ( ,corbicula flum9alis & ,unio littoralis 9 ! ,gravels *>act]iz$ by ! cold-climate gr\p ( mammals su* z ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us & ,elephas primig5ius1 ! abs5ce ( ^? %ells f ! deposits 9 :i* ,rh4 m]ckii & ,e4 antiquus are ! repres5tative =ms1 & _! exi/5ce n[ only 9 m s\!rn latitudes1 z ,france1 ,sicily or ! ,nile1 b n 9 our ,turbif]\s ,s]ies1 lay be=e u a s]ies ( app>5t inconsi/5cies n easy ( explanation4 ,,man4 ,e /ep 9 ! l9e ( enquiry we h be5 foll[+1 f :atev] po9t ( view we h reg>d$ ! evid5ce1 has =c$ ^u u ! conclusion t a long int]val elaps$ betwe5 ! ,ar5if]\s & ,turbif]\s s]ies z se5 9 ! ,f5s2 & yet1 hav+ reg>d to ! geographical hi/ory ( ! area ) :i* we comm5c$1 we _c b feel t ! v>i\s deposits repres5t only episodes 9 a cont9u\s sl[ developm5t due to *anges ( level bo? "h & fur!r afield & ! accid5ts incid5tal to d5udation4 ,b ! p>ticul> deposits :i* we are exam9+ happ5 to h be5 laid d[n ne> sea level :]e small *anges produce great effects4 ,we may feel assur$ t ov] ! adjo9+ high] gr\nd ! *anges w\ld h be5 imp]ceptible :5 !y 7 occurr+ & ! results h>dly noticeable4 ,if ! ,f5 ,b$s include ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,neoli?ic /age ! idea t glacial conditions !n prevail$ ov] ! adjo9+ high] gr\nd is q unt5able4 ,s f> ev]y?+ has taught u t ! ,f5s occupy a well-def9$ position 9 ! evolution ( ! geographical features ( ,ea/ ,anglia & also t ! fauna is di/9ctive1 &1 hav+ reg>d to ! :ole facies1 q diff]5t f t ( ! s&s & gravels :i* occur at v>i\s levels all r\nd & pass "u ! ,turbif]\s ,s]ies ( ! ,f5s4 ,we w n[ enquire :at is ! place ( ^! deposits 9 ! hi]>*y bas$ ^u ! rema9s ( man & 8 h&iwork4 ,no ,palaeoli?ic rema9s h ev] be5 f\nd 9 ! ,f5 deposits4 ,we mu/ n inf] f ?is t !re is ev]y:]e evid5ce ( a simil> break or long int]val ( "t betwe5 ! ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic ages4 ,!re are else:]e rema9s ( man & 8 h&iwork :i* we mu/ ref] to lat] ,palaeoli?ic ?an any?+ f\nd 9 ! ,ar5if]\s ,s]ies j ne> ! ,f5 ,b$s1 & !re are1 n f> (f1 rema9s ( man's h&iwork :i* appe> to belong to ! ,neoli?ic age1 b to an e>li] "p ( x ?an any?+ yet f\nd 9 association ) ! ,f5 ,b$s4 ,! new] ,palaeoli?ic rema9s ref]r$ to occur *iefly 9 caves & ! old] ,neoli?ic objects are = ! mo/ "p transitional =ms ( implem5t f\nd on ! surface 9 v>i\s places ar\nd b outside ! ,f5s & 9 ! great manufactures ( implem5ts at ,cissbury & ,grimes ,graves1 9 :i* we c /udy ! embryology ( ,neoli?ic implem5ts & obs]ve ! developm5t ( =ms sugge/$ by ^? ( ,palaeoli?ic age or by nature4 ,! sequ5ce & classification adopt$ 9 ^! gr\ps1 bo? ^? ( lat] ,palaeoli?ic & ^? ( e>li] ,neoli?ic age1 are confirm$ by an exam9ation ( ! contempor>y fauna2 ! ,ar5if]\s facies prevail+ 9 ! caves & ! ,turbif]\s facies *>act]is+ ! pits & refuse-heaps ( ,cissbury & ,grimes ,graves4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! anci5t fl9t work+s1 9 :i* we f9d ! be/ examples ( transitional =ms1 h bo? ( !m "s sugge/ion ( remote age4 ,! pits f :i* ! fl9t 0 procur$ at ,cissbury are cov]$ by ! ramp>ts ( an anci5t ,briti% camp & ! gr\nd ne> ,grimes ,graves has yield$ ,palaeoli?ic implem5ts 9 situ 9 small ra9-wa% holl[s close by--z se5 ne> ,botany ,bay4 ,palaeoli?ic man came into ?is area sometime aft] ! uplift ( ,ea/ ,anglia out ( ! ,glacial ,sea & 0 "h ?r\gh ! p]iod ( d5udation & =mation ( riv] t]races :i* ensu$ & ! age ( depression :i* foll[$4 ,b ,neoli?ic man belongs to ! lat] "p ( t p]iod ( depression :5 ! ends ( "s ( ! riv] gravels 7 aga9 depress$ bel[ sea level & ! valleys _h sc>cely suffici5t fall = ! riv]s to fl[ freely to ! sea4 ,9 ! /agnant swamps & m]es ?us caus$ ! ,f5 deposits grew1 & 9 ?is "t ! ,%ippea man met 8 dea? mir$ 9 ! wat]y peat ( ! !n undra9$ f5s4 ,human bones h n be5 v (t5 f\nd 9 ! ,f51 & :5 !y d occur x is n always easy to say :e!r !y really belong to ! age ( ! peat 9 :i* !y are f\nd or may n be ! rema9s ( someone mir$ 9 ! bog or dr[n$ 9 "o ( ! lat] fill$ up dit*es4 ,t !y h long be5 buri$ 9 ! peat is (t5 obvi\s f ! col\r & condition ( ! bone4 ,by ! k9dness ( our fri5ds ,mr & ,mrs ,ludd+ton my wife & ,i receiv$ e>ly in=mation ( ! discov]y ( human bones 9 tr5*+ on "s ( _! prop]ty 9 ! ,f5 close to ,%ippea ,hill ne> ,littleport & we 7 able to exam9e ! section & get "s ( ! bones out ( ! peat ourselves 7,fig4 #f74 ,a deposit ( ab\t #d' #f ( peat ) small ?9 l5ticul> b$s ( %ell m>l "h re/$ on lead color$ alluvial clay4 ,9 ! base ( ! peat ab\t f\r in*es above ! ,butt]y ,clay a human skeleton 0 f\nd bun*$ up & cr[d$ into a small space1 less ?an two feet squ>e1 z if ! body _h settl$ d[n v]tically4 b ----- _/ ,greek3 ph --------------_/ -------------- c d _/ d c _/ -----------_/ a ----------- e _/ e ------------------------------------- a4 ,kimm]idge ,clay =m+ ,%ippea ,hill1 on :i* mona/ic build+s 9 connection ) ,ely ,ca!dral =m]ly /ood4 b4 ,pat*es ( ru/y fl9t gravel4 c4 ,peat ) bones ( beav]1 bo>1 urus1 etc4 d4 ,%ell ,m>l1 occurr+ 9 l5ticul> b$s ( limit$ ext5t 9 ! upp] "p ( ! peat1 sometimes 9 "o b$ z at d & sometimes 9 sev]al di/9ct b$s z at d4 e4 ,butt]y ,clay2 full ( cockle%ells etc4 at e1 b at e conta9+ only fre%wat] %ells & pieces ( wood4 ,position ( skeleton4 ,greek3 ph ,dress$ fl9t flake on surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,diagram ,section across ,%ippea ,hill4 ,"s ( ! bones 7 brok5 & mu* decay$1 :ile o!rs1 :5 c>efully extract$1 dri$ & help$ out ) a little ?9 glue1 became v s\nd & %[$ by ! surface m>k+s t !y _h suff]$ only f ! moi/ure & n f any we> 9 transport4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t ab\t !m is ! protub]ant br[1 :i*1 :5 fir/ se5 on ! deta*$ frontal bone1 be=e ! skull _h be5 re/or$1 sugge/$ comp>ison ) t ( ! ,ne&]?al man4 ,mu* great] importance 0 atta*$ to t "* :5 ! ,ne&]?al skull 0 f\nd4 ,:5 ,i ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( ! ,%ippea man ! po9t on :i* ,i laid mo/ /ress 0 t1 not)/&+ 8 protub]ant br[1 he c\ld n possibly be ( ! age ( ! deposits to :i* ! ,ne&]?al man 0 ref]r$4 ,i /at$ my own conviction t ! peat 9 :i* ! ,%ippea man 0 f\nd _c be old] ?an ,neoli?ic times & may be mu* new] &1 believ+ t simil> prom95t br[ ridges are n uncommon to-day1 ,i sugge/$ t he might be ev5 z late z ! "t ( ! monks ( ,ely :o _h a ,retreat on ,%ippea ,hill4 ,! be/ au?orities :o h se5 ! skull s9ce x has be5 re/or$ by ,mr ,c4 ,e4 ,gray1 our skilful ,fir/ ,att5dant 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ref] x to ! ,bronze ,age :i* falls well )9 ! limits :i* ,i assign$4 ,?is skull is unique among ! few t ,i h obta9$ f ! ,f5s4 ,dr ,duckwor? has describ$#i mo/ ( ^!1 & ,i subjo9 a description ( ! ,%ippea man by ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,macali/]4 #i ,duckwor? & ,%ore1 ,man1 ,no4 #he1 #aiaa1 pp4 #acd1 #aci4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,%ippea ,,man ,,by ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,,macali/]4 ,! calv>ia is l>ge1 d>k col\r$ & mu* brok54 ,! base1 facial bones & "p ( ! left br[ ridge & glabella are gone4 ,! sutures are co>sely too!d & visible sup]ficially al?\gh ankylosis has set 9 9 ! inn] face4 ,! bone is fairly ?ick 7#haj mm471 & on ! inn] face ! pac*ionian pits are l>ge & deep on ea* side ( ! middle l9e especially 9 ! bregmatic "p ( ! frontal & ! po/-bregmatic "p ( ! p>ietals4 ,! sup]ior longitud9al groove is deep b n>r[1 &1 z f> z ! brok5 condition all[s def9ite trac+1 ! c]ebral convolution impressions are ( ! typical patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! /rik+ feature is ! prom95t br[ ridge due to ! l>ge frontal s9us4 ,! glabella 0 probably prom95t & ! m>g9s on ea* side are l>ge & r\gh & ext5d outw>ds to ! supraorbital not*es4 ,! out] "p ( ! supraorbital m>g9 & ! processus jugalis are ?ick1 co>se & prom95t 7,fig4 #g74 ,9 norma v]ticalis ! skull is ovoid-p5tagonoid euryme-topic ) conspicu\s r\nd$ p>ietal em95ces1 slight flatt5+ at ! obelion & a convex planum int]p>ietale bel[ x 7,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,9 norma lat]alis ! br[ ridges are conspicu\s2 above !m is ! sulcus transv]sus f :i* ! frontal asc5ds ) a fairly uni=m curve to ! bregma4 ,! frontal sagittal arc above ! ophryon measures #aab mm4 & its *ord #aaf4 ,beh9d ! bregma ! p>ietals along ! front half ( ! sagittal suture h a fairly flat outl9e to ! m$io-p>ietal region1 beh9d :i* ! flatt5$ obelion is cont9u$ d[nw>ds ) a uni=m slope to ! middle ( ! planum int]p>ietale :5ce x probably desc5d$ by a mu* /eep] curve to ! inion1 :i* is lo/4 ,! p>ietal sagittal arc1 includ+ ! region :]e !re 0 probably a supra-lambdoid ossicle1 0 ab\t #adj mm4 & its *ord #aba b ! curve is n uni=m4 ,9 norma occipitalis ! sagittal suture appe>s at ! summit ( a ridge ^: p>ietal sides slope outw>ds =m+ ) ea* o!r an angle ( #ach1 z f> z ! p>ietal em95ces4 ,f ^! ! sides drop v]tically d[n to ! l>ge ma/oid processes4 ,! int]ma/oid wid? at ! tips ( ! processes is #aae1 b at ! suprama/oid cre/ is #adh 7,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,9 norma frontalis ! conspicu\s feature is ! br[ ridge4 ,?is gives a k9d ( sup]ficial sugge/ion ( a ,ne&]?aloid %ape1 b ! broad & well ar*$ frontal dispels ! illusory lik5ess4 ,! jugal processes jut out giv+ a biorbital bread? ( #aae mm4 :ile ! lea/ frontal wid? is #ig & ! bi/ephanic exp&s to #abe4 ,!re is a slight m$ian ridge on ! frontal asc5d+ f ! ophryon1 at fir/ n>r[ b exp&+ at ! bregma to #ej mm4 ,! surface ( ?is elevat$ area is a little smoo!r ?an t ( ! bone on ea* side ( x4 ,! o!r long bones are mo/ly brok5 at _! extremities4 ,! femora are /rong & platym]ic4 ,! po/]o-lat]al r\nd$ edge1 :i* be>s on its h9d] face ! ins]tion ( ! gluteus maximus1 tak5 9 connexion ) ! projection ( ! ?9 m$ial m>g9 ( ! %aft bel[ ! tub]culum colli inf]ior causes ! upp] end ( ! %aft to appe> flatt5$4 ,! index ( platym]ia is #ee4 ,! femoral l5g? _c h be5 less ?an #dga mm4 ,! man 0 probably ( middle /ature1 n a giant z 0 ! ,gri/horpe man4 ,! tibi are also brok5 at _! ends1 !y are eurycnemic 7index #hj7 ) %>p s9u\s %9 & flat back1 ! l5g? may h be5 betwe5 #cce & #cdj mm4 ,! hum]i are also bones ) /rong muscul> cre/s1 & ! uln are smoo? & long4 ,! fibula 0 *annell$4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! bone-features :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! ref]5ce ( ! skull to ! ,bra*ycephalic ,bronze ,age race4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,table are record$ ! measurem5ts ( ! diff]5t regions4 ,! two crania :i* ,i h select$ to comp>e ) x are 7#a7 a ,r\nd-b>r[ skull f ne> ,/oneh5ge 7,no4 #agi 9 our ,collection7 & 7#b7 ! ,gri/horpe skull1 to bo? ( :i* x be>s a v /rong family lik5ess4 ,%ippea ,/oneh5ge ,hill 7,no4 #agi7 ,gri/horpe ,maximal l5g? #aid #ahe #aib ,maximal bread? #aec #aec #aef ,auricul> height #ace #acb #acc ,biorbital wid? #aae #aab #aag ,bi/ephanic wid? #abh #acb #acc ,lea/ frontal wid? #ig #ajc #ajf ,bia/]ial #abj #abg #abe ,auriculo-glabell> radius #aaf #aac #aad ,auriculo-ophryal radius #aac #aaa #aje ,auriculo-metopic radius #acd #abg #abd ,auriculo-bregmatic radius #acg #acb #acd ,auriculo-lambdoid radius #ajd #ajb #aae ,l5g? & bread? index #ghhg #hbg #habe ,! resemblance to ! two ,r\nd-b>r[ skulls ( ! ,bronze ,age is too great to be accid5tal1 s we may reg>d ?is z a repres5tative ( t race1 possibly at an e>li] /age ?an ! typical =m ( :i* ! two select$ specim5s are examples 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! m&ible also resembles t ( ! ,gri/horpe skull 9 g5]al %ape ( angle & prom95ce ( *94 ,! measurem5ts are z app5d$3 ,%ippea ,/oneh5ge ,hill 7,no4 #agi7 ,gri/horpe ,condylo m5tal l5g? #aca -- #acj ,gonio m5tal l5g? #ajj -- #ii ,bigoniac #aae -- #aaf ,bicondyl> #aci -- #ada ,*9 height #cb -- #cc ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press