,transcriber's ,note3 ,words which were in italics in the original book are surrounded by underlines 7italic74 ,words which were originally printed in small caps are in all caps4 ,obvious misprints have been fixed4 ,archaic and unusual words1 spellings and styling have been maintained4 ,details of the changes are in the ,detailed ,transcriber's ,notes at the end of the book4 ,,fruits ,,of ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,islands ,,by ,,gerrit ,,parmile ,,wilder 7,,revised ,,edition1 ,,including ,,vol4 #a1 #aijf47 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,twenty-,,one ,,half-,,tone ,,plates ,,with ,,descriptions ,,of ,,same ,copyright ,december #aijf1 ,december #aiaa ,,gerrit ,,parmile ,,wilder ,,honolulu1 ,t4 ,h4 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,hawaiian ,,gazette ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aiaa ,,index ,preface #e ,persea gratissima1 ,avocado1 ,palta or ,alligator ,pear1 ,plate ,i #g ,persea gratissima1 ,avocado1 ,plate ,,ii #i ,persea gratissima1 ,guatamala ,avocado1 ,plate ,,iii #aa ,punica ,granatum1 ,pomegranate1 ,plate ,,iv #ac ,ficus ,carica 7common var471 ,fig1 ,plate ,v #ae ,ficus ,carica1 ,fig1 ,plate ,,vi #ag ,ficus ,carica 7white or lemon var471 ,fig1 ,plate ,,vii #ai ,jambosa malaccensis1 ,mountain ,apple or ,ohia ,ai1 ,plate ,,viii #ba ,jambosa sp41 ,water ,apple1 ,plate ,,ix #bc ,jambosa sp4 7white var471 ,water ,apple1 ,plate ,x #be ,jambosa sp4 7red var471 ,water ,apple1 ,plate ,,xi #bg ,eugenia ,jambos1 ,rose ,apple1 ,plate ,,xii #bi ,eugenia brasiliensis1 ,brazilian ,plum or ,spanish ,cherry1 ,plate ,,xiii #ca ,eugenia uniflora1 ,french ,cherry1 ,plate ,,xiv #cc ,eugenia sp41 ,plate ,,xv #ce ,syzygium ,jambolana1 ,java ,plum1 ,plate ,,xvi #cg ,syzygium ,jambolana 7small variety71 ,java ,plum1 ,plate ,,xvii #ci ,averrhoa ,carambola1 ,plate ,,xviii #da ,achras ,sapota1 ,sapodilla or ,naseberry1 ,plate ,,xix #dc ,casimiroa edulis1 ,white ,sapodilla1 ,plate ,,xx #de ,prunus ,persica1 ,peach1 ,plate ,,xxi #dg ,chrysophyllum ,cainito 7purple var471 ,star ,apple1 ,plate ,,xxii #di ,chrysophyllum ,cainito 7white var471 ,star ,apple1 ,plate ,,xxiii #ea ,chrysophyllum monopyrenum1 ,plate ,,xxiv #ec ,mimusops ,elengi1 ,plate ,,xxv #ee ,spondias dulcis1 ,wi1 ,plate ,,xxvi #eg ,spondias lutea1 ,hog ,plum1 ,plate ,,xxvii #ei ,mammea ,americana1 ,mammee ,apple1 ,plate ,,xxviii #fa ,tamarindus indica1 ,tamarind1 ,plate ,,xxix #fc ,durio zibethinus1 ,durion1 ,plate ,,xxx #fe ,coffea arabica1 ,arabian ,coffee1 ,plate ,,xxxi #fg ,coffea liberica1 ,liberian ,coffee1 ,plate ,,xxxii #fi ,clausena ,wampi1 ,wampi1 ,plate ,,xxxiii #ga ,physalis peruviana1 ,cape ,gooseberry or ,poha1 ,plate ,,xxxiv #gc ,carica ,papaya1 ,papaya 7fruit1 female tree71 ,plate ,,xxxv #ge ,carica ,papaya1 ,papaya 7fruit1 male tree71 ,plate ,,xxxvi #gg ,carica quercifolia1 ,plate ,,xxxvii #gi ,citrus ,japonica 7var4 ,hazara71 ,chinese ,orange1 ,plate ,,xxxviii #ha ,citrus ,japonica1 ,kumquat1 ,plate ,,xxxix #hc ,citrus ,nobilis1 ,mandarin ,orange1 ,plate ,,xl #he ,citrus medica limetta1 ,lime1 ,plate ,,xli #hg ,citrus medica limonum1 ,lemon1 ,plate ,,xlii #hi ,citrus medica 7var4 limonum71 ,rough-skin ,lemon1 ,plate ,,xliii #ia ,citrus ,aurantium ,sinense1 ,waialua ,orange1 ,plate ,,xliv #ic ,citrus ,aurantium1 ,bahia or ,washington ,navel ,orange1 ,plate ,,xlv #ie ,citrus ,decumana1 ,pomelo or ,shaddock 7pear-shaped var471 ,plate ,,xlvi #ig ,citrus ,decumana1 ,pomelo or ,shaddock 7round var471 ,plate ,,xlvii #ii ,artocarpus incisa1 ,breadfruit 7,hawaiian var47 or ,ulu1 ,plate ,,xlviii #aja ,artocarpus incisa1 ,breadfruit 7,samoan var471 ,plate ,,xlix #ajc ,artocarpus incisa1 ,breadfruit 7,tahitian var471 ,plate ,l #aje ,artocarpus incisa1 ,fertile ,breadfruit1 ,plate ,,li #ajg ,artocarpus integrifolia1 ,jack ,fruit1 ,plate ,,lii #aji ,anona muricata1 ,sour ,sop1 ,plate ,,liii #aaa ,anona ,cherimolia1 ,cherimoyer1 ,plate ,,liv #aac ,anona reticulata1 ,custard ,apple1 ,plate ,,lv #aae ,anona squamosa1 ,sugar ,apple or ,sweet ,sop1 ,plate ,,lvi #aag ,psidium ,guayava pomiferum1 ,common ,guava1 ,plate ,,lvii #aai ,psidium ,guayava1 ,sweet ,red ,guava1 ,plate ,,lviii #aba ,psidium ,guayava1 ,white ,lemon ,guava1 ,plate ,,lix #abc ,psidium ,guayava pyriferum1 ,waiawi1 ,plate ,,lx #abe ,psidium ,cattleyanum1 ,strawberry ,guava1 ,plate ,,lxi #abg ,psidium ,cattleyanum 7var4 lucidum71 ,plate ,,lxii #abi ,psidium molle1 ,plate ,,lxiii #aca ,mangifera indica1 ,mango1 ,plate ,,lxiv #acc ,mangifera indica1 ,manini ,mango1 ,plate ,,lxv #ace ,mangifera indica1 ,no4 #i ,mango1 ,plate ,,lxvi #acg ,musa 7var471 ,banana or ,maia1 ,plate ,,lxvii #aci ,morinda citrifolia1 ,noni1 ,plate ,,lxviii #ada ,vaccinium reticulatum1 ,ohelo1 ,plate ,,lxix #adc ,solanum pimpinellifolium1 ,currant ,tomato1 ,plate ,,lxx #ade ,solanum ,lycopersicum1 ,grape ,tomato1 ,plate ,,lxx #ade ,solanum nodiflorum1 ,popolo1 ,plate ,,lxxi #adg ,aleurites moluccana1 ,candlenut ,tree or ,kukui ,nut1 ,plate ,,lxxii #adi ,terminalia ,catappa1 ,tropical ,almond or ,kamani1 ,plate ,,lxxiii #aea ,calophyllum inophyllum ,kamani1 ,plate ,,lxxiv #aec ,noronhia emarginata1 ,plate ,,lxxv #aee ,castanea sativa1 ,japanese ,chestnut1 ,plate ,,lxxvi #aeg ,inocarpus edulis1 ,tahitian ,chestnut1 ,plate ,,lxxvii #aei ,canarium commune1 ,canary ,nut1 ,plate ,,lxxviii #afa ,canarium commune1 ,canary ,nut 7round var471 ,plate ,,lxxix #afc ,macadamia ternifolia1 ,queensland ,nut1 ,plate ,,lxxx #afe ,macadamia sp41 ,plate ,,lxxxi #afg ,aegle ,marmelos1 ,bhel or ,bael ,fruit1 ,plate ,,lxxxii #afi ,diospyros decandra1 ,brown ,persimmon1 ,plate ,,lxxxiii #aga ,lucuma ,rivicoa1 ,plate ,,lxxxiv #agc ,eriobotrya ,japonica1 ,loquat1 ,plate ,,lxxxv #age ,litchi ,chinensis1 ,lichee1 ,plate ,,lxxxvi #agg ,euphoria ,longana1 ,longan1 ,plate ,,lxxxvii #agi ,morus nigra1 ,mulberry1 ,plate ,,lxxxviii #aha ,garcinia mangostana1 ,mangosteen1 ,plate ,,lxxxix #ahc ,garcinia ,xanthochymus1 ,plate ,,xc #ahe ,bunchosia sp41 ,plate ,,xci #ahg ,malpighia glabra1 ,barbados ,cherry1 ,plate ,,xcii #ahi ,theobroma ,cacao1 ,cocoa or ,chocolate ,tree1 ,plate ,,xciii #aia ,hibiscus ,sabdariffa1 ,roselle1 ,plate ,,xciv #aic ,monstera deliciosa1 ,plate ,,xcv #aie ,anacardium occidentale1 ,cashew ,nut1 ,plate ,,xcvi #aig ,ziziphus ,jujuba1 ,jujube1 ,plate ,,xcvii #aii ,phyllanthus emblica1 ,plate ,,xcviii #bja ,phyllanthus distichus1 ,otaheiti ,gooseberry1 ,plate ,,xcix #bjc ,olea ,europea1 ,olive1 ,plate ,c #bje ,vitis ,labrusca1 ,isabella ,grape1 ,plate ,,ci #bjg ,pyrus ,sinensis1 ,sand pear1 ,plate ,,cii #bji ,passiflora quadrangularis1 ,granadilla ,vine1 ,plate ,,ciii #baa ,passiflora edulis1 ,purple ,water ,lemon or ,lilikoi1 ,plate ,,civ #bac ,passiflora laurifolia1 ,yellow ,water ,lemon1 ,plate ,,cv #bae ,passiflora alata1 ,plate ,,cvi #bag ,passiflora var4 foetida1 ,plate ,,cvii #bai ,cereus triangularis1 ,night-blooming ,cereus1 ,plate ,,cviii #bba ,kigelia pinnata1 ,sausage ,tree1 ,plate ,,cix #bbc ,phoenix dactylifera1 ,the ,date ,palm1 ,plate ,,cx #bbe ,phoenix dactylifera1 ,date 7red and yellow var471 ,plate ,,cxi #bbg ,acrocomia sp41 ,plate ,,cxii #bbi ,cocos nucifera1 ,cocoanut ,palm or ,niu1 ,plate ,,cxiii #bca ,cordia collococca1 ,clammy ,cherry1 ,plate ,,cxiv #bcc ,flacourtia cataphracta1 ,plate ,,cxv #bce ,atalantia buxifolia1 ,plate ,,cxvi #bcg ,bumelia sp41 ,plate ,,cxvii #bci ,ochrosia elliptica1 ,plate ,,cxviii #bda ,ananas sativus1 ,pineapple1 ,plate ,,cxix #bdc ,opuntia ,tuna1 ,prickly ,pear or ,panini1 ,plate ,,cxx #bde ,prosopis juliflora1 ,algaroba or ,kiawe1 ,plate ,,cxxi #bdg ,,preface ,my original intention with regard to this work1 was to publish it in a series of three volumes2 and to that end1 the first volume was presented to the public in #aijf4 ,since that time1 however1 ,i have deemed it advisable1 for various reasons1 to incorporate all my data in one volume4 ,i desire to acknowledge my indebtedness for help in my researches1 to various works on ,horticulture1 and to many of my personal friends who have given me valuable assistance4 ,i trust that this work will prove of some interest1 as ,i believe that it contains a fairly comprehensive list of both the indigenous and naturalized ,fruits of the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,,gerrit ,,parmile ,,wilder4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,i ,persea gratissima4 ,,avocado1 ,,palta ,,or ,,alligator ,,pear4 ,grown in the garden of ,gerrit ,wilder4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4--,avocado4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,ii ,persea gratissima4 ,,avocado4 ,this spreading evergreen tree is a native of ,tropical ,america4 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 the first trees of its kind were said to have been planted in ,pauoa ,valley1 ,oahu1 by ,don ,marin4 ,it attains a height of from #aj to #dj feet1 and is adverse to drought4 ,its leaves are elliptico-oblong1 from #d to #g inches in length4 ,the flowers are greenish-yellow and downy4 ,the fruit1 which ripens from ,june until ,november1 is a round or pear-shaped drupe1 covered with a thin1 rather tough skin1 which is either green or purple in color4 ,the flesh is yellow1 firm and marrow-like1 and has a delicious nutty flavor4 ,the seed-cavity is generally large1 containing one round or oblong seed1 covered by a thin1 brown1 parchment-like skin4 ,the quality of the pear is judged1 not only by its flavor1 but by the presence or absence of strings or fibre in the meat1 and also by the quantity of flesh as compared to the size of the seed4 ,innumerable variations as to size1 shape1 and quality have been produced from seedlings--some of which may be seen in the accompanying illustration4 ,the ,avocado is easily reproduced by budding and grafting1 and the best varieties may be obtained in this manner4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,avocado4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,iii ,persea gratissima4 ,,guatamala ,,avocado4 ,this variety is a native of ,mexico1 and although known as the ,guatamala ,avocado1 it is more commonly to be found in the markets of the ,city of ,mexico4 ,its leaves are purplish-green4 ,the flowers1 which appear in ,may and ,june1 are like those of the preceding variety2 and the drupe1 which matures in the early part of the year1 has a long stem4 ,this fruit is round1 from #c to #e inches in diameter1 has a thick1 tough1 rough rind1 which when ripe is a deep claret color1 and the meat1 which is a golden-yellow1 is tinged with purple next to the rind1 and is free from strings or fibres4 ,there are but two trees of this variety bearing fruit in ,honolulu4 ,they were propagated from seeds brought here in #ahij by ,admiral ,beardsley4 ,these two trees are growing in private gardens4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,guatamala ,avocado4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,iv ,punica ,granatum4 ,,pomegranate4 ,the name was derived from the word punicus1 of ,carthage1 near which city it is said to have been discovered2 hence malumpunicum1 ,apple of ,carthage1 which was the early name of the ,pomegranate4 ,it is a native of ,northern ,africa1 and of ,southwestern ,asia1 and is grown in the ,himalayas up to an elevation of #fjjj feet4 ,it is a deciduous shrub1 which by careful training can be made to grow into a tree from #aj to #ae feet high4 ,many shoots spring from the base of the tree1 and should be cut away1 as they draw the sap which should go to the fruit-bearing stems4 ,the branches are slender1 twiggy1 nearly cylindrical1 and somewhat thorny4 ,the bark contains about #cb per cent4 tannin1 and is used for dying the yellow ,morocco leather4 ,the peel of the fruit serves also as a dye4 ,there are several varieties of ,pomegranate growing in ,hawaii3 the double-flowering variety is popular as an ornamental plant4 ,all of the varieties are of easy culture1 and are readily propagated by means of cuttings of the ripe wood4 ,the leaves are lanceolate1 glabrous1 and a glossy-green with red veins4 ,the flowers are axillary1 solitary or in small clusters1 and in color are a very showy rich orange-red4 ,the fruit is about the size of an ordinary orange1 has a persistent calyx1 and is made up of many small compartments arranged in two series1 one above the other4 ,the crisp1 sweet1 watery pink pulp enveloping each seed is the edible portion of the ,pomegranate4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,pomegranate4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,v ,ficus ,carica 7common variety74 ,,fig4 ,the ,fig is the most ancient1 as well as one of the most valuable of all fruit trees4 ,its name is nearly the same in all ,european languages4 ,the tree is supposed to be a native of ,caria in ,asia ,minor4 ,the intelligent cultivators of ,anatolia1 by whom the ,smyrna ,figs are produced1 adhere to the caprification process1 used from time immemorial4 ,in ,california1 efforts have been made to test this process4 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 the ,portuguese seem to be the most successful cultivators of the ,fig1 and several varieties are to be found throughout the group4 ,this common variety grows to a height of from #aj to #bj feet1 is hardy1 and can easily be propagated from cuttings4 ,its leaves are alternate1 #c to #e deeply lobed1 and are shed during the fall months1 at which season careful pruning will increase the following year's yield4 ,the fruit is single1 appearing from the axils of the leaves1 on the new wood4 ,it is a hollow1 pear-shaped receptacle1 containing many minute seeds1 scattered throughout a soft1 pinkish-white pulp4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4--,fig4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,vi ,ficus ,carica4 ,,fig4 ,some years ago1 this variety of ,fig was to be found growing in large numbers at ,makawao1 and in the ,kula district of ,maui4 ,now1 however1 there are few1 if any1 trees remaining1 as a destructive blight1 together with the lack of proper attention1 has caused their extermination4 ,this variety is very prolific4 ,the fruit is small1 pear-shaped1 and has a particularly sweet and delicious flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,fig4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,vii ,ficus ,carica 7white or lemon variety74 ,,fig4 ,this is a low-growing tree with compact foliage4 ,the leaves are small1 and the fruit is round-turbinate1 about #a to #a inches in diameter4 ,the skin is very thin1 is light-green in color1 turning to a greenish-yellow when thoroughly ripe4 ,the pulp is pink1 very sweet1 and when quite ripe is free from milky juice4 ,this variety is also prolific1 is easily dried1 and on this account would find a ready sale in our markets4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,fig4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,viii ,jambosa malaccensis4 ,,mountain ,,apple1 ,,ohia ,,ai4 ,this tree is found on all the large islands of the ,polynesian groups1 and in the ,malaysian ,archipelago4 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands it confines itself almost entirely to the moist1 shady valleys1 and thrives well1 up to an elevation of #ahjj feet4 ,it is generally gregarious1 and on the north side of ,east ,maui it forms a forest belt4 ,it attains a height of from #be to #ej feet4 ,its dark1 shiny1 glabrous leaves are opposite1 elliptico-oblong1 and from #f to #g inches long1 and from #b to #c inches broad4 ,the flowers are crimson1 fluffy balls1 appearing in ,march and ,april1 on the naked branches and upper trunk of the tree4 ,the fruit1 which ripens from ,july until ,december1 generally contains one seed1 is obovate1 about #c inches in diameter4 ,the skin is so thin as to be barely perceptible1 and the fruit is very easily bruised4 ,in color1 it is a deep1 rich crimson1 shading into pink and white2 the pulp is firm1 white1 and juicy1 with a very agreeable flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,mountain ,apple4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,ix ,jambosa sp4 7,solomon ,island variety74 ,,water ,,apple4 ,this low-growing tree is very rare in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,it was introduced here1 from the ,solomon ,islands1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,jaeger4 ,the foliage and crimson flowers resemble those of the ,jambosa malaccensis1 but the drupe is not so highly colored1 and is1 in shape1 much more elongated4 ,specimens of this sweet1 edible fruit have measured #e inches in length4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,water ,apple4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,x ,jambosa sp4 7white variety74 ,,water ,,apple4 ,this tree is a native of the ,malay ,islands4 ,the foliage is symmetrical1 and its opposite1 shiny leaves are broad1 lanceolate1 and obtusely-acuminate4 ,the pure white flowers1 which bloom from ,march until ,june1 are about -inch in diameter1 and are produced in bunches on the naked branches4 ,the fruit1 which is also produced in bunches1 ripens in ,october4 ,it is transversely oval in shape1 about #a to #a inches in diameter at its largest end4 ,it contains from #a to #c seeds4 ,even when quite ripe1 the fruit remains pure white in color1 and has a tart1 insipid flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4--,water ,apple4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xi ,jambosa sp4 7red variety74 ,,water ,,apple4 ,this low-growing tree with its bright evergreen foliage1 is not common in ,hawaii4 ,the flowers are small1 deep crimson1 and appear on the branches either singly or in bunches4 ,the contrast between these brilliant flowers and the fresh green leaves makes a very beautiful sight when the tree is in full bloom4 ,the fruit1 which ripens in ,july1 appears in clusters2 it is the same shape as that of the preceding variety1 but in color it is a bright scarlet4 ,it contains from #a to #c seeds1 which are somewhat difficult to germinate4 ,the fruit is crisp1 watery1 and has a sub-acid flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,water ,apple4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xii ,eugenia ,jambos4 ,,rose ,,apple4 ,this evergreen tree1 which is a native of the ,west ,indies1 is of medium size1 reaching a height of from #bj to #cj feet4 ,it grows well in ,hawaii1 and is found at an elevation of #bjjj feet4 ,it is propagated from seed1 as well as from cuttings of the ripe wood4 ,the leaves are lanceolate1 acuminate1 thick and shiny4 ,the large1 fluffy flowers which appear from ,january until ,april1 are produced freely1 and are a beautiful creamy-white4 ,the fruit is a somewhat compressed1 globular shell1 varying in size from #a to #b inches in diameter1 and with a large cavity1 containing generally one seed4 ,this shell1 which is the edible portion of the fruit1 is a light creamy-yellow1 with a tinge of pale-pink on one side2 it requires from #b to #b months to mature4 ,it is firm1 crisp1 and has a delicious flavor1 somewhat resembling an apricot1 and with a rose odor4 ,the season for the fruit varies according to the elevation1 but generally ends about ,august or ,september4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,rose ,apple4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xiii ,eugenia brasiliensis4 ,,brazilian ,,plum1 ,,or ,,spanish ,,cherry4 ,this evergreen shrub1 or low-growing tree1 which in many countries is said to reach a height of but #f feet1 in ,hawaii attains a height of #bj feet2 and although it thrives in comparatively high altitudes1 it bears best below the #bjj-;foot elevation1 and requires considerable moisture4 ,the bluntish1 dark1 shiny leaves1 which are scale-like along the branches1 are obovate1 oblong1 and about #c inches in length4 ,the blossoming season varies according to the location2 however1 the tree generally has flowers and fruit from ,july until ,december4 ,the fruit is the size of a cherry1 is deep purple in color1 and the persistent calyx is very prominent4 ,the sweet pulp has a very agreeable flavor4 ,probably the first plants of this variety were brought here by ,don ,marin1 about a century ago4 ,some fine trees may be found in ,pauoa and ,makiki valleys1 and also in ,nuuanu1 in the garden which formerly belonged to ,dr4 ,hillebrand4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,brazilian ,plum1 or ,spanish ,cherry4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xiv ,eugenia uniflora4 ,,french ,,cherry4 ,this shrub is said to be a native of ,brazil4 ,in ,hawaii1 it is a common garden plant1 sometimes reaching a height of #aj feet4 ,its glossy leaves are ovate-lanceolate1 and its peduncles short4 ,it has small1 single1 white fragrant flowers4 ,the mature fruit1 which resembles a cherry1 is about #a inch in diameter1 and is ribbed longitudinally4 ,it has a delicious1 spicy1 acid flavor4 ,there is generally one large1 round1 smooth seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,french ,cherry4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xv ,eugenia sp4 ,this is a small ,malayan tree which is rare in ,hawaii4 ,it has regular1 opposite1 large1 broad leaves2 with the stems and branches four-sided4 ,the purplish-white flowers are produced in clusters4 ,the waxy light-green fruits1 with a persistent calyx1 resemble a small guava4 ,these fruits have a very tough1 pithy skin and pulp combined1 which is edible1 but too dry to be agreeable4 ,the seed is large in proportion to the size of the fruit4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4--,eugenia sp4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xvi ,syzygium ,jambolana4 ,,java ,,plum4 ,this tall1 hardy tree is a native of ,southern ,asia4 ,in ,polynesia it grows well1 up to an elevation of #ejjj feet4 ,it is a very common tree in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,its leaves1 which are from #d to #f inches long1 and from #b to #c inches broad1 are opposite1 obtuse or shortly-acuminate4 ,the flowers1 which bloom in ,june1 ,july and ,august1 are white and quite fragrant1 and are especially attractive to the honey-bee4 ,the oblong fruit grows in large clusters1 ripens from ,september until ,november1 and varies in size from a cherry to a pigeon's egg4 ,it is purplish-black in color1 and is edible only when thoroughly ripe4 ,it contains one large1 oblong seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,java ,plum4 ,one half size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xvii ,syzygium ,jambolana 7small variety74 ,,java ,,plum4 ,this tree1 which is also very common in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 is said to have been introduced by ,dr4 ,hillebrand4 ,it bears but one crop a year1 will grow in any soil1 and withstands dry weather4 ,the foliage is smaller than that of the preceding variety2 its leaves are narrower1 and a lighter green in color4 ,it blooms at about the same time of year1 but its flowers are not as large1 and appear in thick bunches4 ,the purplish fruit ripens from ,september until ,december4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4--,java ,plum4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xviii ,averrhoa ,carambola4 ,this tree1 which is said to have been named after ,averrhoes1 an ,arabian physician1 is a native of ,insular ,india1 and is much cultivated in ,india and ,china4 ,it is evergreen1 with dense foliage1 and grows to a height of from #ae to #bj feet4 ,it is easily propagated from seeds1 and fruits in about three years4 ,in ,hawaii it bears one crop annually1 the flowers appearing in ,july and the fruit in ,november and ,december4 ,the leaves are alternate1 odd-pinnate4 ,the flowers1 which are borne in clusters on the naked stems and branches1 are minute1 fragrant1 and in color shading from a pale pink to a deep purplish-red4 ,the fruit1 varying in size from a hen's egg to an orange1 is ovate1 and has five acutely-angled longitudinal ribs4 ,the fragrant1 light-yellow skin is very thin1 and the pulp is watery2 it contains a number of flat1 brown seeds4 ,this fruit is of two varieties3 the sweet1 which may be eaten raw1 and the acid which is delicious when preserved4 ,a very appetizing pickle may be made from the half-ripe fruit of the acid variety4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4--,averrhoa ,carambola4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xix ,achras ,sapota4 ,,sapodilla1 ,,or ,,naseberry4 ,this tree1 which grows on almost all of the ,islands of the ,hawaiian group1 is a fine evergreen1 growing to a height of from #aj to #bj feet1 and producing a fruit which is much prized in warm countries4 ,the bark possesses tonic properties1 and from the juice chewing-gum is made4 ,its foliage is dense1 and the shiny leaves are thick1 lance-oblong1 entire1 and clustered at the ends of the branches4 ,the flowers1 which are small1 whitish1 and perfect1 are borne on the rusty pubescent growths of the season4 ,the fruit1 of which there are two varieties1 the round and the oblong1 is about the size of a hen's egg4 ,it has a rough skin1 the color of a russet apple1 beneath which is a firm1 somewhat stringy1 sweet pulp1 having the flavor of an apricot4 ,this pulp is divided into #aj to #ab compartments1 and contains from #d to #f large1 flat1 smooth1 black seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4--,sapodilla1 or ,naseberry4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xx ,casimiroa edulis4 ,,white ,,sapota4 ,this tree1 which is a native of ,mexico1 is said to have been named after ,cardinal ,casimiro ,gomez4 ,the first tree of its kind in ,hawaii was planted in #ahhd1 at the ,government ,nursery1 ,honolulu4 ,the seed came from ,santa ,barbara1 ,california1 where there grows today1 a tree more than eighty years old1 and which still bears its fruit4 ,it is a tall evergreen with irregular branches2 its digitate leaves are dark and glossy4 ,the trunk is ashen-grey1 with warty excrescences4 ,the fruit1 which matures in ,april and ,may1 is large1 #a to #d inches in diameter2 it is depressed-globular and somewhat ribbed1 like a tomato2 in color it is a light-green1 turning to a dull yellow when ripe1 and it has a very thin skin4 ,the pulp is yellow1 resembling that of an over-ripe1 and has a melting1 peach-like flavor4 ,it contains from #a to #c large1 oblong seeds1 which are said to be deleterious4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx4--,white ,sapota4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxi ,prunus ,persica4 ,,peach4 ,the ,peach-tree is said by some authorities to be indigenous to ,persia1 while by others it is claimed to be a native of ,china4 ,it is a hardy tree1 and has been known to bear fruit precociously even in the second year after planting4 ,if allowed to do so1 the ,peach will grow to a height of about #ae feet2 but it should be pruned annually1 in order to secure a good crop4 ,its leaves are lanceolate and coarsely serrate4 ,the flowers are solitary1 pink in color1 and appear before the leaves4 ,the fruit is soft and pubescent at maturity4 ,the stone is deeply pitted and very hard4 ,there are two well-marked varieties1 the cling-stone and the free-stone4 ,ulupalakua and ,makawao1 ,maui1 once had the reputation of growing finely-flavored seedling peaches2 however1 many of these trees have been injured by cattle1 and others have been destroyed by root-fungus and insect pests4 ,in several localities in ,hawaii good peaches have been grown from imported varieties4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4--,peach4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxii ,chrysophyllum ,cainito 7purple variety74 ,,star ,,apple4 ,this tree is a native of the ,west ,indies1 and although not common in ,hawaii1 there are good specimens to be found in many gardens4 ,it has large irregular spreading branches1 grows to a height of from #aj to #be feet1 and has rather thick foliage4 ,propagation is ordinarily effected by seeds1 which germinate readily1 when fresh4 ,it can also be grown from cuttings of the ripe wood4 ,the tree derives its name from the words chrysos1 gold1 and phyllon1 a leaf2 referring to the golden-russet color of the underside of the beautiful1 glossy green leaves4 ,the small flowers1 which appear from ,june until ,october1 are solitary at the nodes or in fascicles4 ,the fruit1 which ripens in ,april1 is round1 about #c inches in diameter1 has a smooth1 tough rind1 about #a-afth inch thick1 which is a deep purple in color4 ,a cross-section of the fruit shows the edible pulp with its numerous black seeds1 and the star-shaped core1 from which the fruit derives its common name of ,star ,apple4 ,unless the fruit is thoroughly ripe1 its milky juice is remarkably astringent4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4--,star ,apple4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,chrysophyllum ,cainito 7white variety74 ,,star ,,apple4 ,this tree1 which bears its fruit in from four to five years1 has about the same characteristics as that of the preceding variety4 ,the fruit is somewhat larger1 and is not quite so sweet4 ,in color it is pale green1 shaded with purple4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4--,star ,apple4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,chrysophyllum monopyrenum4 ,this small tree1 which is indigenous to the ,west ,indies1 is also a native of ,southern ,florida1 and is to be found as an ornamental plant in many localities of tropical ,america4 ,in ,jamaica it is called the ,damson ,plum4 ,its small1 single1 white flowers are highly perfumed4 ,the fruit1 which matures from ,august until ,december1 is small1 ovoid-oblong1 and when ripe is purplish-black2 when bruised it emits a white1 sticky juice4 ,it contains one large seed4 ,specimens of this tree are to be found growing in the grounds of the ,queen's ,hospital and at the ,government ,nursery1 ,honolulu4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4--,chrysophyllum monopyrenum4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxv ,mimusops ,elengi4 ,this handsome evergreen tree1 with its bright1 glossy leaves1 is very suitable for hedges and for windbreaks4 ,it has alternate1 elliptic leaves #c to #c inches long4 ,the small1 solitary flowers1 have many creamy-white petals1 and are very fragrant2 from them perfume is obtained by distillation4 ,the yellow fruit is about the shape and size of a small olive1 and contains a dry1 mealy pulp which is edible1 and the large1 flat1 brown seed yield an oil4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4--,mimusops ,elengi4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,plate ,,xxvi ,spondias dulcis4 ,,wi4 ,this deciduous tree is said to be a native of the ,society ,islands1 and is common to the tropics of both hemispheres4 ,it is a large1 spreading and graceful tree1 reaching a height of from #cj to #ej feet4 ,its pinnate leaves are green and glossy2 the leaflets are oval-oblong and opposite4 ,the foliage is shed from ,december until ,april4 ,the flowers are paniculate1 small1 and greenish-white4 ,the fruit1 which ripens from ,november until ,april1 is a fleshy drupe1 oval in shape1 from #a to #c inches in diameter2 it has a thin1 smooth1 golden-yellow skin1 which has a rather sour disagreeable odor4 ,the fleshy pulp is light yellow1 is mellow when quite ripe1 and has a sub-acid delicious flavor1 compared by some to the pineapple4 ,within this pulp is embedded a #a to #e loculed1 bony endocarp1 which contains generally one seed4 ,this endocarp is covered with fibres which penetrate the pulp4 ,the first ,wi tree in ,hawaii was planted at the residence of ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,walker1 ,nuuanu ,valley4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4--,spondias dulcis4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,spondias lutea4 ,,hog ,,plum4 ,this tree is distributed over ,tropical ,america1 ,west ,africa and ,java1 where it is commonly called the ,hog ,plum1 and is used for fattening swine4 ,in ,jamaica it grows well1 up to an elevation of #djjj feet4 ,it is a large1 graceful tree1 about #ej feet high1 with spreading branches1 and it is particularly beautiful when in fruit4 ,the pinnate leaves are a clear green1 the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate1 and the golden-yellow fruit hangs in clusters4 ,it ripens in ,september and ,october4 ,the fruit is ovoid1 about #a inch long2 it has a smooth skin1 having a disagreeable odor4 ,there is one large seed1 which resembles the husk of a ground-nut4 ,this fruit is cooling and aromatic4 ,to my knowledge there are but two trees of this kind in bearing in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 and these are growing in private grounds in ,honolulu4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4--,hog ,plum4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,mammea ,americana4 ,,mammee ,,apple4 ,the ,mammee ,apple1 which grows well in ,hawaii1 is a native of the ,west ,indies1 and is a fruit much esteemed in tropical countries4 ,in ,jamaica it thrives well1 up to an elevation of #cjjj feet4 ,the tree attains a height of from #cj to #dj feet1 and the wood1 which is beautifully grained1 is durable and well adapted to building purposes4 ,its leaves are rigid and leathery4 ,the round seeds1 varying in number from #a to #d1 germinate freely1 and the young plants are easily raised4 ,the fruit is from #c to #f inches in diameter1 is brown or russet color1 and has a yellow pulp1 which is sweet and aromatic4 ,the outer rind1 as well as the pulp immediately surrounding the seeds1 is very bitter4 ,the fruit may be eaten raw1 and is very delicious when preserved4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4--,mammee ,apple4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxix ,tamarindus indica4 ,,tamarind4 ,the name is derived from ,tamar1 ,arabic for ,date1 and ,indus1 ,indian2 thus literally meaning ,indian ,date4 ,it is a native of the ,indies1 ,egypt and ,arabia4 ,the tree is never leafless1 and the foliage is graceful1 pinnated and acacia like4 ,it bears one crop a year1 the season varying somewhat according to the location and elevation4 ,it yields a handsome1 hard and close-grained furniture wood1 which is yellowish-white1 with occasional red streaks in it2 the heart-wood is dark brownish-purple4 ,the pods are thick1 linear1 dark brown in color1 and from #c to #f inches long4 ,the seeds vary in number4 ,the pulp surrounding the seeds has a pleasant acid flavor1 and when made into syrup1 forms the basis of a delicious1 cooling beverage4 ,this pulp is called the fruit1 while the pod is spoken of as the shell4 ,the ,tamarind is propagated from both seeds and cuttings1 and is undoubtedly one of the noblest of our tropical trees4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4--,tamarind4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxx ,durio zibethinus4 ,,durion4 ,this fine tree attains a height of from #fj to #hj feet2 it derives its name from the ,malay word dury1 a thorn1 in reference to the prickly covering of the fruit4 ,the leaves1 which are a light1 glossy green on the upper surface1 are alternate1 entire1 elliptical and acute4 ,the yellowish-white flowers are large4 ,the fruit1 which is either globular or oval1 sometimes measures #aj inches in length4 ,it has a hard rind1 covered with thorny warts or spines1 and externally looks not unlike a breadfruit4 ,when ripe1 it is brownish-yellow1 and1 when opened at its lower end1 shows five longitudinal sections or cells1 each containing from #a to #d seeds about the size of a pigeon's egg4 ,the edible pulp surrounding the seeds is firm and cream-colored4 ,the ,durion is remarkable for its combination of an absolutely delicious flavor and an abominably offensive odor4 ,to my knowledge there is but one tree in bearing in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 and that is growing in private grounds at ,lihue1 ,kauai4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4--,durion4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,coffea arabica4 ,,arabian ,,coffee4 ,the ,coffee-tree is said to be a native of ,abyssinia4 ,two species1 the ,arabian and the ,liberian1 are now cultivated throughout the tropics4 ,the use of coffee was known in ,arabia long before it was introduced to ,europeans in the sixteenth century4 ,the ,dutch were the first to introduce the plant to ,europe4 ,the ,arabian ,coffee-tree is low-growing1 and bears one crop annually2 its leaves are elliptico-oblong1 acuminate1 generally from #c to #f inches long1 and are thin and shiny4 ,the white flowers appear in clusters1 and are very fragrant4 ,the berries are ovoid1 fleshy1 and bright red4 ,in this berry are found the two seeds1 which constitute the coffee of commerce4 ,the ,coffee-tree was introduced into ,hawaii about #ahbc1 by a ,frenchman1 who established a small plantation in ,manoa ,valley1 ,oahu4 ,the tree is now well naturalized in the woods of ,kona1 ,hawaii1 and elsewhere in the ,islands1 and flourishes up to an elevation of from #ajjj to #bjjj feet4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4--,arabian ,coffee4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,coffea liberica4 ,,liberian ,,coffee4 ,this species is a tall grower1 is highly ornamental in foliage1 and is a rich bearer4 ,its leaves are from #f to #ab inches long4 ,the white flowers come in dense clusters1 and are more robust and productive than are those of the ,arabica4 ,the berries are nearly spherical1 and in color are a dull crimson4 ,the pulp is large in proportion to the size of the seeds4 ,although this variety has not become popular in ,hawaii1 it is claimed that it will grow at a much lower elevation than will the ,arabica1 and the flavor is said to be very fine4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4--,liberian ,coffee4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,clausena ,wampi4 ,,wampi4 ,this odorous tree is a native of ,china4 ,it is a symmetrical evergreen with dense foliage4 ,the light1 mossy-green leaves are imparipinnate1 the leaflets ovate-repand1 and they are rough on the under surface4 ,the flowers1 which are borne in clusters1 on the new wood1 are small1 yellow1 and very fragrant4 ,the fruit ripens from ,june until ,october2 it is about the size of a gooseberry2 the skin is yellowish-brown1 shaded with green4 ,the pulp is sub-acid with a balsamic fragrance4 ,it contains one large seed about the size of a kernel of corn4 ,there are two varieties1 the sweet and the sour2 both may be eaten raw1 and are very highly prized by the ,chinese4 ,i know of but two trees of this kind in the ,hawaiian ,islands2 they are of the sour variety1 and are growing in private gardens in ,honolulu4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4--,wampi4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxiv ,physalis peruviana4 ,,cape ,,gooseberry--,,poha4 ,this shrub1 or bush1 is a native of ,brazil1 but is naturalized in many warm countries4 ,it stands partially erect1 reaching a height of from #a to #c feet4 ,its pointed leaves1 heart-shaped at the base1 are very fuzzy4 ,the open1 bell-shaped flowers are yellow in color4 ,the fruit1 which is about the size of a cherry1 is enclosed in a thin1 yellow1 paper-like husk1 which is quite hairy4 ,when ripe1 the fruit is yellow1 and has a delicious sub-acid pulp1 filled with minute seeds4 ,the ,poha may be eaten raw1 but is much more acceptable when made into jam or jelly4 ,the dried fruit is said to be a substitute for yeast4 ,in ,hawaii1 the ,poha thrives best in the cool elevations4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4--,cape ,gooseberry4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxv ,carica ,papaya4 ,,papaya 7fruit1 female tree74 ,the ,papaya is a native of ,south ,america2 it is found in ,florida1 and in many parts of tropical ,america2 it was early introduced into ,hawaii1 grows and bears well in almost any locality4 ,it is a small tree1 with a hollow1 branchless trunk2 it is short-lived1 and is suitable only to regions free from frost1 and requires perfect drainage4 ,there are two forms1 the tall and the dwarf1 but there are numerous variations as to shape and quality of the fruit4 ,the soft green leaves1 often measuring two feet across1 are variously palmated1 and have simple1 long1 hollow stems4 ,the ,papaya is usually dioceous2 the fruit-bearing tree is called the female2 it is claimed that trees of both sexes should be planted near each other1 in order to ensure a good yield4 ,the female flowers1 which appear from the axils of the leaves1 are yellowish-white1 single1 or two or three together4 ,the fruit of the ,papaya ripens successively4 ,it is either round or oblong1 and sometimes weighs eight pounds4 ,the skin is thin1 and is bright yellow when ripe4 ,the firm1 yellow pulp has a delicious flavor1 and the milky juice contains a digestive principle similar to pepsin4 ,the seed cavity is large1 and is filled with many small seeds which are enveloped in a loose1 mucous coat1 with a brittle1 pitted testa4 ,when fresh these seeds germinate readily4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4--,papaya 7fruit1 female tree74 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,carica ,papaya4 ,,papaya 7fruit1 male tree74 ,the size1 shape1 foliage and general appearance of this tree is the same as that of the preceding variety4 ,its flowers appear on long stems1 are funnel-shape1 and have five lobes4 ,the male tree sometimes produces fruit1 and it is of large size and fine quality4 ,a good example may be seen in the accompanying illustration4 ,i know of no method whereby one can1 by any selection of seeds1 produce with any degree of certainty1 plants of either male or female variety4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4--,papaya 7fruit1 male tree74 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,carica quercifolia4 ,this species of dwarf ,papaya is of recent introduction to ,hawaii4 ,it has a soft1 hollow trunk1 and low1 spreading branches4 ,the leaves are deeply lobed1 of a light green color on the upper side1 and whitish-green underneath4 ,flowers dioecious1 yellowish-green1 having five petals4 ,fruit the size of a large olive1 green1 and ribbed with five white stripes1 changing to yellow when ripe4 ,the yellow pulp1 containing numerous seeds1 has a strong pesin flavor that is quite agreeable4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4--,carica quercifolia4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,citrus ,japonica4 ,var4 ,hazara4 ,,chinese ,,orange4 ,this familiar and highly ornamental tree1 commonly known as the ,chinese orange1 was very early introduced to these ,islands4 ,it is well named ,hazara 7meaning thousand of fruit71 as it is one of the most prolific of the citrus family1 and both green and ripe fruit in great quantities may be found on the same tree at almost any season of the year4 ,the tree is of medium size1 and the small1 shiny leaves have short petioles4 ,it is generally thornless4 ,the flowers are white and fragrant4 ,the round fruit is a deep yellow1 and its smooth skin is very loosely attached4 ,the pulp is also a deep yellow and contains many seeds1 and the sour juice is very plentiful4 ,the tree is hardy and free from disease and scale4 ,propagation is by seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4--,chinese ,orange4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xxxix ,citrus ,japonica4 ,,kumquat4 ,the ,kumquat is a native of ,cochin-,china1 and is also cultivated in ,japan1 ,florida1 and ,california4 ,it is a low-growing bush or shrub1 having smooth1 angular branches1 and in both the round and oval varieties the dark foliage is dense and beautiful4 ,it is a very prolific bearer4 ,its leaves are small1 lanceolate1 slightly serrate1 pointed or blunt and wedge-shaped at the base4 ,the small1 white flowers come solitary or in clusters1 the fruit varies in size from a large gooseberry to that of a pigeon's egg1 and is either ovate1 oblong1 or spherical4 ,it is #e to #f celled1 has very little pulp1 and contains many seeds4 ,the pulp is somewhat sour1 especially in the round varieties2 and the smooth1 thick1 yellow rind is aromatic and sweet2 the ,kumquat is generally preserved whole1 and those prepared by the ,chinese are very delicious4 ,this ornamental citrus tree is not often seen in our gardens1 for it is subject to scale1 and to the mealy bug1 which destroy the flowers and stunt the fruit4 ,the ,kumquat comes true to seed1 and may also be propagated by grafting and budding4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4--,kumquat4 ,two thirds natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xl ,citrus ,nobilis4 ,,mandarin ,,orange4 ,this small tree or thornless shrub with its dense foliage is a native of ,cochin-,china1 and fine specimens of this tree1 with its golden fruit in season1 can be found in many gardens about ,honolulu1 especially those of the ,chinese4 ,its leaves are lanceolate1 its petioles short4 ,flowers are white and fragrant4 ,the fruit is compressed-spherical1 apex depressed1 a ridge about the stem4 ,the thin peel is greenish-yellow1 baggy1 and separates readily from the sections4 ,pulp generally dry1 sweet1 juice scant1 fruit containing many seeds4 ,the characteristic odor of the leaves1 twigs and fruit of all varieties of the ,mandarin orange is easily recognizable4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xl4--,mandarin ,orange4 ,two thirds natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xli ,citrus medica limetta4 ,,lime4 ,this small tree or bush thrives in ,hawaii1 and yields good crops4 ,it requires a sandy1 rocky soil1 and does well in the shaded valleys4 ,however1 it is attacked by scale pests and root fungus1 and many valuable trees are destroyed in this way4 ,the dark green1 shiny leaves are oval or elliptical1 and emit an agreeable odor when bruised4 ,the fragrant flowers are small1 white1 with an occasional tinge of pink4 ,the fruit is small1 varying in shape from round to elliptical4 ,the light yellow skin is oily and very bitter1 and the pulp is juicy and sour4 ,the picture representing this fruit shows several varieties1 forms and shapes3 those on the left being the ,mexican type1 those on the upper right the ,kusai lime1 the latter much resembling a mandarin orange in shape1 and has a loose skin1 but the pulp is very juicy and exceedingly sour4 ,this lime has become very popular in ,hawaii1 grows readily from seed1 and produces true4 ,to ,mr4 ,henry ,swinton is due the credit of introducing this variety in #ahhe from ,kusai1 or ,strong's ,island1 ,micronesia4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli4--,lime4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xlii ,citrus medica limonum4 ,,lemon4 ,this is a spreading tree1 having ovate-oblong1 fragrant leaves with short petioles4 ,the flowers are small and white4 ,the medium-sized fruit is egg-shaped1 ending in a nipple-like point4 ,the thin1 smooth skin is aromatic4 ,the juicy pulp is rich in citric acid4 ,many choice varieties of lemons have been introduced to ,hawaii1 but they have not thrived particularly well1 because of the scale and insect pests which so greedily attack them2 eternal vigilance is necessary in order to get the fruit matured2 some very fine specimens1 however1 have been grown in ,kona1 at an elevation of #aejj feet4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4--,lemon4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xliii ,citrus medica var4 limonum4 ,,rough-,,skin ,,lemon4 ,this variety is very hardy1 bears profusely1 and requires much more water than does the orange4 ,being a strong1 vigorous grower1 it forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the citrus varieties4 ,the flower is white1 with a reddish tint outside4 ,the fruit is generally oval1 and contains many seeds4 ,the pale yellow skin is rough and warty4 ,the pulp is coarse-grained and very juicy4 ,it comes true to seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4--,rough-skin ,lemon4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xliv ,citrus ,aurantium ,sinense4 ,,waialua ,,orange4 ,this tree1 which grows to a height of from #bj to #ce feet1 is cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries4 ,its young branches are pale green1 angular and glabrous4 ,the leaves are oblong1 ovate and pointed1 and the petioles are narrowly winged4 ,its flowers are white and very fragrant4 ,this variety of orange1 locally known as the ,waialua orange1 has a bright yellow fruit1 generally round1 with a coarse1 thick skin1 very juicy pulp1 and numerous seeds2 and was introduced by ,vancouver and planted in ,hanalei valley1 ,kauai4 ,it is now widely disseminated throughout the group1 and in ,kona1 ,hawaii1 grows exceptionally well4 ,this orange is said to produce true to seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4--,waialua ,orange4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xlv ,citrus ,aurantium4 ,,bahia1 ,,or ,,washington ,,navel ,,orange4 ,this variety was first introduced into the ,united ,states from ,brazil1 and is now the most popular of all the oranges4 ,it is cultivated extensively in ,california1 in which ,state the first trees of its kind were planted2 for this reason it is often called the ,riverside ,navel4 ,the fruit is large1 solid1 and heavy4 ,it is seedless1 and has a prominent navel mark at the apex4 ,the brilliant orange color of the skin is one of its characteristics4 ,grafted and budded trees of this variety of orange may be found growing in many localities in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 but the fruit is not as fine as it should be1 as1 with few exceptions1 it has a tendency to become very dry and woody4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4--,bahia1 or ,washington ,navel ,orange4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xlvi ,citrus ,decumana4 ,,pomelo ,,or ,,shaddock 7pear-shaped var474 ,this hardy tree1 with its spreading branches1 grows to a height of from #ae to #bj feet4 ,it is extensively cultivated in ,india1 and widely distributed over the ,malayan and ,polynesian ,islands4 ,it was early introduced to the ,hawaiian ,islands1 presumably by the ,chinese1 who seem to be especially fond of the fruit1 as it is always an important feature of their ,new ,year's decorations4 ,the leaves are large1 oval or ovate-oblong1 obtuse1 and frequently emarginate1 and the petiole is broadly winged4 ,the flowers are large and white4 ,this pyriform variety1 which is from #f to #h inches in diameter1 often weighs #d to #h pounds4 ,the pale-yellow rind is smooth1 thick and very bitter1 but can be made into a preserve4 ,the pulp varies in color from pale yellow to red1 and has a sub-acid1 slightly bitter1 flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4--,pomelo or ,shaddock 7pear-shaped var47 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xlvii ,citrus ,decumana4 ,,pomelo ,,or ,,shaddock 7round var47 ,the fruit of this round variety is smaller than that of the preceding variety4 ,the light-yellow rind is coarse1 spongy1 thick1 and leathery4 ,the cells of the pulp are coarse1 dry1 and have a bitter1 sub-acid flavor4 ,there are many large1 wedge-shaped seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4--,pomelo or ,shaddock 7round var47 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xlviii ,artocarpus incisa4 ,,breadfruit 7,hawaiian var47 ,,ulu4 ,the first breadfruit trees were brought from ,tahiti by the ,hawaiians who1 landing at ,ewa1 carried them across the mountain1 and presented them to one of the ,chiefs of ,oahu1 who lived at ,kualoa4 ,there they were planted and thrived4 ,at the present day this variety of the breadfruit1 now called the ,hawaiian variety1 is to be found growing wild throughout the ,islands4 ,there are many varieties of this handsome tree1 which grows to a height of from #ae to #dj feet4 ,it thrives best in hot1 moist places1 and requires a great deal of water4 ,its large ovate leaves are rough and deeply lobed4 ,the male flower is a large yellow catkin4 ,the fruit is formed from the female flowers1 and is attached to the branches by large stems4 ,in shape it is either round or oblong1 varying in size from #e to #h inches in diameter4 ,the thick1 tough rind is1 in some varieties muricated1 and in others it is reticulated4 ,in color it is green1 changing to brownish when the fruit is ripe4 ,the pulp is firm1 mealy1 and somewhat fibrous1 and as an article of diet is much esteemed4 ,propagation is by suckers1 or by layers from the branches4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4--,breadfruit 7,hawaiian var47--,ulu4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xlix ,artocarpus incisa4 ,,breadfruit 7,samoan var47 ,this variety was introduced to these ,islands by ,mr4 ,james ,bicknell4 ,its large1 oval leaves are leathery and rough1 and less deeply lobed than are those of the ,hawaiian variety4 ,the round fruit has a characteristic raised ring where it is attached to the long stem4 ,the yellowish-green rind is reticulated1 and the orange-colored pulp is somewhat sticky when cooked1 and is very sweet4 ,this variety occasionally produces seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4--,breadfruit 7,samoan var47 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,l ,artocarpus incisa4 ,,breadfruit 7,tahitian var47 ,this variety of ,tahitian breadfruit is found only in a few gardens in ,hawaii4 ,its glossy green leaves are nearly entire4 ,the oblong fruit has a deep yellow pulp1 with very little fibre4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,l4--,breadfruit 7,tahitian var47 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,li ,artocarpus incisa4 ,,fertile ,,breadfruit4 ,this seeding variety is rarely cultivated on account of its inferior fruit4 ,the leaves are slightly lobed4 ,the fruit is oblong with a short1 thick stem1 and is covered with short1 hard projections4 ,the fibrous pulp contains numerous large seeds1 which are edible when cooked4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,li4--,fertile ,breadfruit4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lii ,artocarpus integrifolia4 ,,jack ,,fruit4 ,this tree is a native of ,india and ,malay4 ,and was introduced to ,hawaii by ,mr4 ,david ,forbes of ,kukuihaele1 ,hawaii4 ,the ,jack fruit is a large1 handsome tree1 with leaves from #d to #f inches in length1 which on the old growth are obovate-oblong and on the young branches are narrow4 ,the oblong1 irregular fruit1 which varies in weight from #bj to #fj pounds1 is borne on the trunk1 as well as on the old branches4 ,the green rind is covered with small hexagonal knobs4 ,the pulp when ripe has all overpowering odor and is seldom eaten2 but the oily seeds when roasted are edible1 and are said to resemble chestnuts4 ,on ,tantalus1 ,oahu1 the ,jack fruit thrives well1 and has produced fair sized fruits4 ,it is a tree that needs a great deal of moisture1 and consequently is seldom grown on the low lands4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lii4--,jack ,fruit4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,liii ,anona muricata4 ,,sour ,,sop4 ,this small1 hardy evergreen tree is very common in ,hawaii4 ,its dark green1 glabrous leaves are pointed1 elliptical1 and are shiny on the upper surface1 but rusty beneath4 ,the greenish-yellow flowers are usually solitary1 and have a peculiar odor4 ,the fruit is large1 varying in weight from #a to #ae pounds4 ,in shape1 it is either oblong or conical and blunt4 ,the rough1 dark green1 shiny skin1 which is irregular in thickness1 is studded with fleshy spines4 ,the soft1 white1 cotton-like pulp is divided into sections1 each containing a shiny1 black seed1 about half an inch long4 ,these are very readily propagated4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liii4--,sour ,sop4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,liv ,anona ,cherimolia4 ,,cherimoyer4 ,the ,cherimoyer1 a well-known fruit of the tropics1 is said to be a native of ,peru4 ,it is naturalized in ,central ,america1 is hardy in the mildest coast regions of ,spain1 and in ,jamaica is cultivated up to an elevation of nearly #ejjj feet4 ,it thrives on the ,florida ,keys1 and is also grown to a limited extent in ,southern ,california4 ,the tree grows to a height of from #aj to #bj feet2 its branches are spreading1 and the dark1 shiny leaves are either ovate or oblong1 and are sparsely hairy above and velvety beneath4 ,the single petaled1 velvety-green flowers are very fragrant4 ,the fruit1 which is about the size of a large orange1 is heart-shaped and slightly flattened at the stem end4 ,when ripe1 the skin is a greyish-green1 and is covered with slightly-raised semicircular markings4 ,the white pulp1 which is soft and rich1 is divided into cells1 each containing a black seed about the size of an ordinary bean4 ,the ,cherimoyer comes true to seed and bears in about three years4 ,it is one of the most delicious fruits1 and its delicate1 slightly-acid flavor is very characteristic4 ,the ,cherimoyer was one of the earliest fruits introduced to these ,islands1 and the best specimens of its kind are grown in ,kona and ,kau1 ,hawaii1 where it continues to propagate itself naturally from seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liv4--,cherimoyer4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lv ,anona reticulata4 ,,custard ,,apple4 ,this tree1 which is not common in ,hawaii1 is rather delicate1 and grows to a height of from #aj to #ae feet4 ,it is a native of the ,antilles1 and is a very popular tree in the ,west ,indies4 ,it thrives in ,southern ,california4 ,its leaves1 which are either lanceolate or oblong and pointed1 are glabrous above and rough beneath4 ,in color they are light green and rather brittle1 when bruised they emit a very unpleasant odor4 ,the flowers are three-petaled and are greenish or yellowish1 with purple spots at the base4 ,artificial pollination will induce the flowers to set and produce better crops4 ,the heart-shaped fruit is from #c to #e inches in diameter4 ,the skin is smooth1 with small depressions2 when ripe1 it is a pinkish-yellow and shading to a russet4 ,next to the skin the pulp is soft and creamy-yellow1 while toward the center it is quite white4 ,the flavor is sweet and delicious4 ,there are numerous smooth1 black seeds4 ,this fruit1 like its cousin the ,cherimoyer grows true to seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lv4--,custard ,apple4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lvi ,anona squamosa4 ,,sugar ,,apple--,,sweet ,,sop4 ,this small tree is native of the ,west ,indies1 from which country the plants found growing in many of our gardens in these ,islands were imported4 ,the thin leaves are ovate-oblong1 and are very slightly hairy on both sides4 ,the greenish flowers are about an inch long4 ,the fruit which is from #c to #d inches in diameter1 is the shape of a pine cone2 it is greenish-yellow when ripe1 and each carpel forms a slight protuberance4 ,the sweet1 creamy-white pulp is very delicious4 ,there are numerous small smooth1 brownish-black seeds1 which germinate readily1 and the plants bear fruit in from two to four years4 ,this variety of anona is sensitive to drought1 and thrives well at the high elevations4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvi4--,sugar ,apple--,sweet ,sop4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lvii ,psidium ,guayava pomiferum4 7,common guava47 ,the ,guava is an extensive genus of low-growing evergreen trees1 found chiefly in the ,west ,indies1 ,south ,america1 and ,china4 ,they have become naturalized in ,hawaii1 and may be found growing wild on waste lands and by the roadside4 ,in some localities growing so rank as to become troublesome4 ,the leaves are oval to oblong1 usually acuminate1 glabrous above and pubescent beneath1 and have prominent veins4 ,the fragrant1 white1 solitary flowers are axillary4 ,the somewhat rough skin of the globose fruit is a brownish-yellow1 and the firm1 dark-pink pulp1 in which is embedded numerous seeds1 is generally acid and aromatic4 ,this guava is the source of the famous guava jelly of commerce4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvii4--,psidium ,guayava pomiferum 7common guava74 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lviii ,psidium ,guayava4 7,sweet red guava47 ,this guava has the same general characteristics as the preceding variety4 ,it is more frequently found in valleys and gulches than in the open4 ,its red pulp is firm and sweet4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lviii4--,psidium ,guayava 7sweet red guava74 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lix ,psidium ,guayava4 7,white lemon guava47 ,the lemon guava tree grows taller and somewhat more erect than the others4 ,the pear-shaped fruit is large1 often #c inches in length4 ,it has a rough1 greenish-white skin1 and the white pulp is sweet4 ,this is a cultivated variety1 and is found growing in a few gardens in these ,islands4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lix4--,psidium ,guayava 7white lemon guava74 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lx ,psidium ,guayava pyriferum4 ,,waiawi4 ,this handsome evergreen tree was an early introduced species1 and now is very common about the islands4 ,grows very symmetrically1 and attains the height of #bj to #be feet4 ,leaves1 small1 lanceolate1 shiny1 the trunk and branches smooth4 ,flowers white and very fragrant2 fruit small1 pear-shaped1 pulp yellow and containing many seeds2 this species is very prolific1 but the fruit is inferior4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lx4--,waiawi4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxi ,psidium ,cattleyanum4 ,,strawberry ,,guava4 ,one of the hardiest of the guavas1 and said to be a native of ,brazil4 ,the date of its introduction to ,hawaii is not recorded1 and as ,hillebrand makes no mention of it1 it is probably of recent importation4 ,a shrubby tree #ae to #bj feet high4 ,leaves opposite1 obovate1 small1 leathery1 dark-green1 shiny4 ,flowers white1 fragrant4 ,fruit spherical1 about one inch in diameter1 purple-reddish when ripe1 soft1 juicy pulp1 which has an agreeable flavor1 and containing many small seeds4 ,this fruit is used for making jams and jellies1 and bears a crop more or less during all the months of the year4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxi4--,strawberry ,guava4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxii ,psidium ,cattleyanum4 7var4 lucidum47 ,this low-growing shrub is occasionally cultivated in these ,islands4 ,it has opposite obovate leaves1 and fragrant white flowers4 ,the round fruit1 which has a sweet1 yellow pulp1 is larger than the strawberry guava1 and has a more delicate flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxii4--,psidium ,cattleyanum4 7var4 lucidum47 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxiii ,psidium molle4 ,this species was introduced to ,hawaii by ,mr4 ,a4 ,jaeger2 and a single specimen of its kind is now growing at the ,old ,plantation1 ,honolulu4 ,it is a low-growing1 slender1 willow-like tree of straggling growth4 ,the opposite leaves are small1 stiff and rough4 ,the white flowers are fragrant4 ,the small1 round fruit is brownish-green1 turning to a pale yellow when ripe4 ,the white pulp is slightly acid1 and contains many seeds4 ,this guava is rather an inferior fruit4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxiii4--,psidium molle4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxiv ,mangifera indica4 ,,mango4 ,the mango1 which is a native of ,south ,asia1 is extensively cultivated throughout ,india1 the ,islands of the ,west ,indies1 and somewhat in ,florida4 ,in ,hawaii it has become thoroughly naturalized1 and is one of the most common trees2 growing from the sea level up to about #a1jjj feet4 ,a hot1 rather dry1 climate1 with well-drained soil suits it best4 ,it is an evergreen1 shady tree of quick growing habit1 sometimes reaching a height of #gj feet1 and having a round1 dense top4 ,all parts of the mango tree have a resinous fragrance1 that suggests turpentine4 ,its thick1 shiny leaves are from #f to #aj inches in length4 ,the greenish1 scented flowers are borne in large terminal panicles2 and these are followed three or four months later by the fruit1 which is large and kidney-shaped1 having a smooth1 rather soft1 pale-green skin1 with tints of yellow and red4 ,the large seed is nearly as long as the fruit1 its shell is rough and fibrous1 and the kernel is shaped like a bean4 ,in the inferior varieties of mangoes the pulp is full of fibre and tastes strongly of turpentine4 ,there are numerous varieties of the mango cultivated in ,hawaii2 the fruit of which varies much in point of flavor1 juiciness1 as well as in the size and shape of the seed4 ,within the past ten years improved varieties have been imported2 notably the ,alphonse1 ,cambodiana1 ,pirie1 and many others4 ,these have thrived well and have borne delicious fruit2 from them many grafts have been made and the finer grades of mangoes have been disseminated4 ,propagation is effected by seed1 by grafting or inarching1 and by budding4 ,the mango as a rule does not come true to seed2 also seedlings take much longer to fruit than do the grafted trees4 ,the illustration on the opposite page is that of the so-called common mango1 which was brought to ,hawaii from ,mexico4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxiv4--,mango4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxv ,mangifera indica4 ,,manini ,,mango4 ,this tree is supposed to be the first mango tree brought to the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,it was planted in the early part of the nineteenth century by ,don ,marin1 whom the ,hawaiians familiarly called ,manini4 ,he brought to ,hawaii many useful trees and plants2 among the number was this mango1 which he planted in his vineyard1 then known as ,ka ,pa ,waina1 and there it may be found today2 a venerable tree standing about #hj feet high1 having a spread of over #ajj feet1 and its trunk measuring #ae feet in circumference4 ,although a prolific bearer1 its fruits1 which are borne in large clusters1 are small1 and of an inferior quality1 having a thick skin and a large1 hairy seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxv4--,manini ,mango4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxvi ,mangifera indica4 ,,no4 #i ,,mango4 ,this mango1 with its distinctive shape1 is one of the few types that comes true to seed4 ,the first and original tree1 which was planted at the ,government ,nursery1 ,honolulu1 was brought from ,jamaica by ,joseph ,marsden1 ,esq4 ,this tree is a prolific bearer1 and its seeds have been widely distributed throughout these ,islands4 ,the fruit is large and regular in size1 having a thick skin which is of a light-green color4 ,the pulp is pale yellow1 very juicy1 and slightly acid4 ,there is a very large1 hairy seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxvi4--,no4 #i ,mango4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxvii ,musa varieties4 ,,banana--,,maia4 ,the banana1 which has been cultivated from the most remote times1 is a plant of great importance in tropical and sub-tropical climates1 where its highly nutritious fruit is used as food4 ,it is a large herbaceous1 slightly shrubby1 plant of very easy growth1 having immense1 gracefully-arching1 undivided leaves4 ,there are numerous varieties1 the fruit of which differs in shape1 color and flavor4 ,as decorative plants in landscape gardening1 few subjects equal the choice species of the banana2 and on account of its utility1 combined with its beauty1 it is considered one of the most valuable of tropical products4 ,propagation is by off-shoots or suckers4 ,when a stalk is cut1 the fruit of which has ripened1 sprouts are put forth which in time bear fruit4 ,the enormous flower stalk issues from the center of the crown of leaves1 and curves over with its own weight4 ,the flowers are arranged in a dense terminal panicle2 they alternate with large1 reddish scales1 which drop off as the fruit stalk develops1 and the finger-like fruits are in clusters4 ,the ,hawaiians seem to have possessed the banana from the earliest times1 and about fifty varieties were known to the older natives4 ,however1 since the year #ahee1 the so-called ,chinese banana 7,musa ,cavendishii71 which was at that time introduced from ,tahiti1 has crowded out the native varieties1 many of which are now extinct4 ,the accompanying cut shows a few of the different forms and sizes of the banana grown in ,hawaii4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxvii4--,banana--,maia4 ,one half natural size4 ,moa ,largo ,popoulu ,red ,cuban ,lele ,chinese ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxviii ,morinda citrifolia4 ,,noni4 ,this species is found in nearly all the ,pacific ,islands4 ,the date of its introduction to ,hawaii1 however1 is not recorded4 ,it is a small tree which grows in the low lands4 ,its shiny1 oval leaves have short petioles4 ,the white flowers are about #a inch in length4 ,the fruit is whitish-yellow when mature1 and when decaying it emits a very offensive odor4 ,the seeds are interesting because they will float a great length of time in salt water1 their buoyancy is caused by a distinct air cell4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxviii4--,noni4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxix ,vaccinium reticulatum4 ,,ohelo4 ,this is an erect dwarf shrub growing to a height of from one to two feet1 having stiff1 crowded branches with leaves varying in form1 from oblong to obovate1 and in color from green to green tinged with yellow and red4 ,the white flowers are solitary1 and come mostly in the axils of the true leaves4 ,the globose fruit is a fleshy1 shiny berry1 much resembling the cranberry2 in color it is yellow or pale rose1 and is covered with a waxy bloom4 ,the ,ohelo thrives best in the higher elevations1 from #djjj to #hjjj feet4 ,it grows particularly well on the mountain slopes of ,hawaii and ,maui4 ,it is an edible berry1 and is the principal food of the rare ,hawaiian goose1 now to be found in only a few localities4 ,the ,ohelo has always been a favorite subject of ,hawaiian songs and legends1 and was used as one of the offerings to the ,goddess ,pele4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxix4--,ohelo4 ,natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxx ,solanum pimpinellifolium4 ,,currant ,,tomato4 ,the first illustration on the opposite page is that of the currant tomato2 an annual found growing wild in great profusion in the low lands of our valleys4 ,it is of weak growth1 very diffuse and twiggy1 and scarcely pubescent4 ,its obovate leaves are small with nearly entire leaflets1 and very small secondary leaflets2 the elongated racemes bear from #ajj to #dj small1 currant-like red berries1 which are very sweet4 ,solanum ,lycopersicum4 ,,grape ,,tomato4 ,the second illustration is that of the grape tomato1 which has grayish-green leaves and slender1 ascending stems4 ,the leaves are pinnate with small1 nearly entire leaflets2 the main leaflets are notched or even lobed toward the base4 ,the fruit is a bright red berry about half an inch in diameter1 and is fresh and aromatic4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxx4--,currant ,tomato4 ,grape ,tomato4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxi ,solanum nodiflorum4 ,,popolo4 ,this glabrous1 annual1 growing from #a to #b feet in height1 is ,common to most tropical countries1 and in ,hawaii was probably of aboriginal introduction2 as the ,hawaiians have many ways of using the fruits and the leaves1 for medicinal purposes4 ,this plant is found on waste land1 in old pastures1 and by the roadside4 ,its ovate leaves are dark green4 ,the whitish flowers are small1 and the fruit is a small1 shiny1 black berry4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxi4--,popolo4 ,natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxii ,aleurites moluccana4 ,,candlenut ,,tree--,,kukui ,,nut4 ,the ,kukui tree is easily recognizable from afar off by the pale hue of its foliage1 which appears to be dusted over with flour4 ,it is a handsome1 soft wood1 evergreen tree1 growing to a height of from #dj to #fj feet1 and is widely spread over tropical ,polynesia1 and a great part of ,malaysia2 and by all branches of the ,polynesian race it is called by the same name3 ,kukui or ,tutui4 ,the ,hawaiians tattooed their skins with a black dye which they prepared from the juice which is found in the fleshy covering of the green fruit4 ,the leaves are alternate1 #c to #e lobed1 pubescent1 and have long petioles4 ,the yellowish-green flowers are in terminal clusters4 ,the fruit is spherical1 from #a to #b inches in diameter1 and light-green in color1 changing to a dull-brown when ripe4 ,it contains one or more nuts1 or seeds1 which have a very hard1 boney shell1 the surface of which is uneven like the shell of a walnut4 ,the kernels of this nut1 when dried1 were strung together1 or bound on sticks1 and served the natives for torches or candles3 thus the ,english name of ,candlenut ,tree4 ,the oil obtained from the nut was used by the ,hawaiians for burning in stone lamps4 ,the kernel1 when baked1 pounded1 and mixed with salt and ,chili peppers1 makes a brown paste which is very appetizing4 ,this is much esteemed by the ,hawaiians1 who call it ,inamona4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxii4--,candlenut ,tree--,kukui ,nut4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxiii ,terminalia ,cattapa4 ,,tropical ,,almond4 ,,kamani4 ,this deciduous tree1 generally called ,kamani by the ,hawaiians1 with its spreading branches in horizontal whorls or layers1 is one of the familiar and useful shade trees of these ,islands4 ,leaves large1 opposite1 broadly obovate-obtuse1 very short petioled1 and turning brilliant shades of red and yellow during the autumn4 ,flowers greenish-white on long spikes1 upper ones staminate1 the lower ones perfect4 ,the almond-shaped fruit is a compressed hard1 nut-like body #a to #a1 inches long1 with a thin outer covering which is sweet1 and spongy4 ,there is generally one1 sometimes two1 small1 edible kernels found embedded in the hard body4 ,these may be eaten raw1 or roasted4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiii4--,tropical ,almond--,kamani4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxiv ,calophyllum inophyllum4 ,,kamani4 ,this ,kamani is a large tropical tree1 having shiny1 leathery1 evergreen foliage4 ,its leaves are obovate1 usually marginate1 and its white flowers are very fragrant4 ,the fruit1 which generally comes in clusters1 is round1 about the size of a large walnut1 and has a thin1 leathery skin which covers a boney shell1 inside of which is a corky substance surrounding the seed or kernel4 ,this tree was an early introduction to these ,islands1 and is commonly seen on our seacoasts4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiv4--,kamani4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxv ,noronhia emarginata4 ,this tree is a native of ,madagascar and also of ,mauritius4 ,a fine specimen may be seen at the ,government ,nursery1 ,honolulu4 ,it is a handsome evergreen with entire1 cuneate1 coriacious leaves1 having short petioles4 ,the yellowish flowers come in clusters1 and are quite fragrant4 ,the fruit is a one-celled drupe1 almost round1 and about an inch in diameter4 ,it is purple when ripe1 and has a tough skin4 ,the sweet1 edible pulp surrounds a very large seed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxv4--,noronhia emarginata4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxvi ,castanea sativa4 ,,japanese ,,chestnut4 ,this is a close-headed tree of slender growth1 attaining a height of from #cj to #ej feet4 ,its leaves are smaller than those of other chestnuts1 generally from #c to #g inches long1 and are either rounded at the base or reduced to a long1 bristle-like point4 ,the monoecious flowers are arranged in long catkins4 ,the small burs have a thin1 papery lining1 and short1 widely-branching spines4 ,the nuts are large and glossy1 usually three in a bur4 ,they are somewhat inferior in quality1 but are palatable when cooked4 ,to my knowledge there is but one tree of this variety growing in these ,islands1 and it is to be found on the slopes of ,tantalus1 where it was planted by the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvi4--,japanese ,chestnut4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxvii ,inocarpus edulis4 ,,tahitian ,,chestnut4 ,this tree1 which is said to be a native of the ,moluccas1 is an evergreen of very rapid growth4 ,its straight trunk1 with smooth1 ashen-grey bark1 its spreading branches1 with their dense green foliage1 make a very ornamental as well as useful tree4 ,its leaves are alternate and simple4 ,the small1 fragrant1 pale yellow flowers are very numerous4 ,the drupe is obliquely oval1 and about the size of a goose egg1 containing a large kernel which is edible when roasted1 but is not especially palatable4 ,the only trees of this variety growing in ,hawaii are to be found at ,ahuimanu ,ranch1 ,oahu1 where they fruit regularly1 and the seeds germinate after being in the ground some months4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvii4--,tahitian ,chestnut4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxviii ,canarium commune4 ,,canary ,,nut4 ,this medium-sized nut-bearing tree is found growing in ,java1 ,guam and the ,philippines1 and from any one of those countries may have been introduced to ,hawaii4 ,a fine specimen may be seen at the ,government ,nursery1 ,honolulu4 ,its leaves are alternate1 odd pinnate4 ,the small flowers come in terminal panicles4 ,the fruit or nut is ellipsoidal4 ,the thick skin1 which is purple-colored when ripe1 covers a hard1 three-lobed stone1 which differs from a pecan nut only in that it is sharp at each end4 ,the kernel is small1 sweet and edible4 ,trees propagated from the mature nuts4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxviii4--,canary ,nut4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxix ,canarium commune4 ,,canary ,,nut 7round variety74 ,few trees of this round variety are to be found in ,hawaii4 ,its leaves are smaller than those of the preceding variety1 and it is a very poor bearer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxix4--,canary ,nut 7round var47 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxx ,macadamia ternifolia4 ,,queensland ,,nut4 ,this sub-tropical ,australian tree sometimes grows to a height of #fj feet1 but in ,hawaii is of medium size4 ,it is symmetrical and handsome1 having dark green1 shiny foliage1 and long tassel-like white flowers4 ,its glabrous leaves are sessile1 oblong1 lanceolate1 serrate1 with fine prickly teeth1 and come in whorls of #c to #d1 varying in length from a few inches to a foot4 ,flowers small2 fruit has a thick1 very hard shell1 which when ripe is a smooth1 shiny brown4 ,the kernel is white1 crisp and sweet1 and has the flavor of hazel nuts4 ,it may be eaten either raw or roasted4 ,the tree matures its fruit in the ,fall months1 and is easily propagated from the fresh nuts4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxx4--,queensland ,nut4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxi ,macadamia sp4 ,this variety of the ,queensland nut has leaves and fruit larger than those of ,macadamia ternifolia4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxi4--,macadamia sp4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxii ,aegle ,marmelos4 ,,bhel ,,or ,,bael ,,fruit4 ,this small spinose tree is a native of tropical ,asia1 and although not commonly grown in ,hawaii1 specimens may be found in several gardens4 ,it has alternate trifoliolate leaves1 and flowers1 which grow in clusters1 are small and fragrant4 ,the gourd-like fruit1 with its hard shell1 is from #b to #d inches in diameter1 and is either round or pear-shaped1 and although heavy and solid1 it will float in water4 ,the rind1 when ripe1 is a yellowish-brown color1 and is studded with oil cells4 ,the interior surface of the skin is lined with open-mouthed cells1 which pour their gummy secretions into the interior of the carpel1 filling it and bathing the seed4 ,the pulp is sweet and aromatic1 and is esteemed for making conserves1 and also as a cooling drink4 ,in ,india1 the roots and leaves are used medicinally4 ,bael gum is a sticky1 astringent substance soluble in water4 ,the fruit contains several large1 flat1 woolly seeds1 which germinate readily1 and the plant is also very easily propagated from root cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxii4--,bhel or ,bael ,fruit4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii ,diospyros decandra4 ,,brown ,,persimmon4 ,this is an evergreen tree rarely found in ,hawaii4 ,it has alternate1 irregular1 long1 narrow leaves1 shiny dark-green on the upper side1 a velvety light-green on the underside1 and has a long petiole4 ,the branches are brittle1 light-green1 smooth and shiny when young1 and after the leaves shed become woody and inclined to dry back4 ,the trunk and bark of the tree is covered with warty excresences4 ,the solitary flowers are four-petaled4 ,the edible fruit ripens in ,december1 is round1 depressed1 about #b inches in diameter1 in color light-green dotted with numerous white spots4 ,when quite ripe the thin skin turns to a shiny-brown4 ,the soft chocolate colored pulp is sweet and contains from #a to #h large flat seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii4--,brown ,persimmon4 ,natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxiv ,lucuma ,rivicoa4 ,,egg ,,fruit4 ,this small evergreen tree1 which is a native of ,brazil1 is found only in one or two gardens in ,honolulu4 ,its leaves are elliptic-obovate1 resembling those of the mango4 ,the yellow flowers are single1 the fruit is the size and shape of a hen's egg1 and has the flavor of the yolk of an egg sweetened with sugar4 ,it has from one to three large seeds1 which are easily germinated4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiv4--,egg ,fruit4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxv ,eriobotrya ,japonica4 ,,loquat4 ,the ,loquat has been for many years a familiar fruit in our gardens1 and is a native of ,china and ,japan4 ,it is a low evergreen tree with thick foliage1 and in congenial climates is a profuse bearer4 ,its leaves are thick1 oblong1 and remotely toothed and grow near the ends of the branches4 ,the white flowers grow in clusters1 are very fragrant1 and the fruit1 which also ripens in clusters1 about ,christmas time1 is pear-shaped1 and has an agreeable acid flavor4 ,the seeds are large1 and germinate readily4 ,fine grafted and budded varieties have been introduced by local horticulturalists4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxv4--,loquat4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxvi ,litchi ,chinensis4 ,,lichee4 ,this tree1 with its dense foliage1 is a native of ,southern ,china4 ,the first tree of this variety was brought to ,hawaii by ,mr4 ,afong1 and planted at his residence in ,nuuanu avenue1 ,honolulu1 in the year #ahgj4 ,the leaves are alternate1 and abruptly pinnate2 the oblong leaflets are not quite opposite4 ,flowers pale green1 small and regular1 producing bunches of reddish-colored fruits1 each about the size of a small walnut4 ,they are covered with a parchment-like skin having many soft spines4 ,the interior consists of a large seed covered with a whitish pulp of a sweetish acid flavor2 this pulp when dried in the shell becomes somewhat shriveled1 brownish in color1 and very sweet4 ,the fruiting season is in ,july1 and as there are but few trees here that bear1 high prices are obtained for this rare fruit1 which is much prized by the ,chinese4 ,fresh seeds will germinate1 but it requires so many years for these seedlings to bear that grafted and budded plants are imported from ,china4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvi4--,lichee4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxvii ,euphoria ,longana4 ,,longan4 ,this tree is a native of ,india and ,southern ,china4 ,it produces its flowers and fruits at about the same time of year as does the ,litchi1 which it somewhat resembles1 although its fruits are somewhat smaller and less palatable4 ,the tree grows to a height of about #bj feet4 ,it has large1 alternate1 pinnate leaves1 and the oblong leaflets are not quite opposite2 they are glossy on the upper surface1 and a dusty-brown on the underside4 ,the small flowers come in terminal panicles2 and the fruit1 which is borne in clusters1 has a thin1 brittle1 somewhat rough shell4 ,there is one large1 smooth1 hard seed2 around which is a thin layer of sweetish1 aromatic pulp4 ,the best fruits raised here are those grown by the ,chinese4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvii4--,longan4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxviii ,morus nigra4 ,,mulberry4 ,this low-growing tree is a native of southwestern ,russia and ,persia4 ,it has rough1 dark-green leaves1 usually not lobed4 ,the thick1 fleshy fruit is variable in size4 ,the mulberry grows readily from cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxviii4--,mulberry4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,lxxxix ,garcinia mangostana4 ,,mangosteen4 ,this tree is a native of ,sumatra and of the ,islands of the ,eastern ,archipelago4 ,it is of medium size1 the stem rising to a height of about #bj feet2 and its branches coming out in regular order give the head of the tree the form of a parabola4 ,the leaves are about #h inches long and #d inches broad at the middle2 they are a beautiful green on the upper side and a delicate olive on the under side4 ,the flowers resemble a single rose with dark-red petals4 ,the fruit is round1 about the size of a small orange1 and has a characteristic persistent calyx4 ,the shell is at first green1 and when ripe changes to purplish-brown marked with yellow spots4 ,the ,mangosteen is called the queen of fruits1 and the tree upon which it is produced is most graceful and beautiful4 ,those who have tasted this fruit in its perfection declare it to be indescribably delicious4 ,the ,mangosteen must have a hot1 moist1 and fairly equable climate throughout the year4 ,many ,mangosteen trees have been brought to ,hawaii1 and have received intelligent care1 but they have not thrived well2 and have eventually died4 ,only two have ever produced fruit2 one in the garden of ,mr4 ,francis ,gay of ,kauai1 which bears its fruit annually1 and the other tree at ,lahaina1 ,maui1 in the garden formerly the property of ,mr4 ,harry ,turton4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxix4--,mangosteen4 ,two thirds natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xc ,garcinia ,xanthochymus4 ,this handsome tree is a native of ,india1 and was first introduced to ,hawaii by ,mr4 ,albert ,jaeger4 ,it has long1 narrow1 leathery leaves of a bright1 glossy green4 ,the flowers1 which have four petals1 appear at the axil of the leaves1 and the fruit1 which is about the size of a small quince1 has a smooth1 thin skin1 which is yellow when ripe4 ,the firm pulp is golden yellow1 very juicy1 and sour1 and the seeds are large4 ,this variety is common in the ,islands1 and has often been mistaken for the ,mangosteen4 ,it ripens its fruit in ,october and ,november4 ,this variety has been used to inarch the garcina mangostana upon4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xc4--,garcinia ,xanthochymus4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xci ,bunchosia sp4 ,this tree was doubtless introduced to ,hawaii from ,south ,america4 ,there are only two specimens of its kind growing in ,honolulu4 ,its fruits are edible1 but not especially palatable4 ,it is a small tree having terete branches1 and its opposite leaves are oblong-elliptical1 dark-green above and a lighter1 somewhat glossy-green beneath4 ,the petioles are short4 ,the axillary inflorescence comes in long1 slender cymes1 and the five-petaled flowers are yellow4 ,when ripe1 the obovate fruit is a purplish-yellow1 having usually two seeds1 and but one seed when abortive4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xci4--,bunchosia sp4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xcii ,malpighia glabra4 ,,barbados ,,cherry4 ,this small shrub is a native of the ,west ,indies4 ,its dull-green leaves are opposite1 ovate and glabrous1 either entire or spiny-toothed4 ,the rose-colored flowers are axillary and five-petaled4 ,the bright red fruit is about the size of a cherry1 and has a thin skin1 and its acid pulp is used for jam and preserves4 ,the seeds or stones are large1 four-angled1 and germinate readily2 plants are also produced by cuttings4 ,though not common in these ,islands1 there are1 however1 a few specimens of this plant to be found in several of the private gardens of ,honolulu4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcii4--,barbados ,cherry4 ,natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xciii ,theobroma ,cacao4 ,,chocolate1 ,,cocoa4 ,in ,hawaii this tropical tree grows to a height of from #aj to #cj feet4 ,it has large1 pointed leaves1 and the new growth is wine-colored4 ,the flowers appear on the trunk and mature branches1 and the fruit which follows is about #h to #ab inches long1 and is called the pod2 inside of this pod are beans or seeds1 from which the commercial product called cocoa is made1 through a process of drying and curing4 ,chocolate is the term used for the sweetened preparations of the roasted and ground beans1 with a large proportion of the original fat retained4 ,cocoa preparations are the same material in fine powder1 sweetened and unsweetened1 with a greater part of the fat extracted4 ,cacao cultivation has never been successfully attempted in ,hawaii4 ,however1 a few isolated trees can be found at ,ahuimanu ,ranch1 ,oahu1 where they were planted by the ,catholic brothers as an experiment some years ago4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xciii4--,chocolate1 ,cocoa4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xciv ,hibiscus ,sabdariffa4 ,,roselle4 ,this bush or shrub is a showy annual growing to a height of from #e to #g feet4 ,the stems are reddish1 and the pale yellow flowers solitary4 ,the leaves are palmate and of a light-green color4 ,it is widely cultivated in the tropics1 in ,florida1 and in ,southern ,california2 and also thrives in ,hawaii4 ,the dark crimson calyces are very fleshy and make excellent jelly1 which has somewhat the flavor of the cranberry4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xciv4--,roselle4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xcv ,monstera deliciosa4 ,the ,monstera deliciosa1 one of the grandest of arid plants1 is a native of the mountainous regions of ,guatamala and ,brazil4 ,it climbs to a height of #ab or more feet1 and its leaf stalks are often #c feet long4 ,it obtains nourishment from the tree upon which it attaches itself4 ,its leaves are huge and perforated4 ,as the plant climbs1 the stems emit aerial roots1 many of which never reach the ground4 ,the fruit which has the appearance of an elongated pine-cone1 grows to a length of from #f to #ab inches1 and is about #b inches in diameter4 ,the rind is composed of plates which may be detached when the fruit is quite ripe4 ,it is green in color until it ripens1 when there appears a slight tinge of yellow4 ,the creamy-white pulp has a most delicious flavor1 somewhat resembling the banana1 and also like the pineapple4 ,it requires #ah months to mature the fruit4 ,propagation is by cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcv4--,monstera deliciosa4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xcvi ,anacardium occidentale4 ,,cashew ,,nut4 ,this spreading tree is a native of the ,west ,indies2 and although it is seen in several gardens of our ,islands1 it is not common4 ,the first tree of its kind was planted by ,mr4 ,henry ,davis in his grounds at ,punahou4 ,the tree grows to a height of from #ae to #bj feet4 ,the light-green1 leathery leaves are oval and rough1 its pink flowers have a peculiar1 strong fragrance4 ,the fruit consists of two distinct parts2 the heart-shaped nut or seed and the fleshy1 pear-shaped receptacle to which it is attached4 ,this receptacle is from #b to #d inches long1 is either red or yellow1 and is very juicy and astringent4 ,the nut or seed is edible when roasted4 ,it is much appreciated in the ,west ,indies4 ,while being roasted the fumes are said to be poisonous4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcvi4--,cashew ,nut4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xcvii ,ziziphus ,jujuba4 ,,jujube4 ,this tree1 which grows to a height of from #ae to #bj feet1 is a native of ,china1 from which country it was probably introduced to these ,islands4 ,its branches are usually prickly2 the leaves1 which are from #a to #c inches in length1 are alternate1 ovate to oblong1 obtuse1 and are dark green and glabrous above1 and tawny and nearly white beneath4 ,the flowers are axillary4 ,the yellow fruit1 which ripens in ,march1 is about the size of a cherry4 ,when eaten raw1 it has a bitter flavor1 but it makes an excellent preserve4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcvii4--,jujube4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xcviii ,phyllanthus emblica4 ,there is but one tree of this species that has ever fruited in ,honolulu4 ,it is to be found growing in the grounds of the ,royal ,mausoleum1 ,nuuanu ,valley4 ,it is of medium height1 having a crooked trunk1 and its thin1 scattered branches grow irregularly4 ,the numerous alternate leaves are pinnate1 the obtuse leaflets growing close together1 and are from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length4 ,its minute flowers are greenish-yellow4 ,the round1 six-striated fruit is smooth and fleshy1 and three-fourths to one inch in diameter4 ,the seeds are enclosed in three or more obovate cells1 each cell containing two seeds4 ,the pulp is hard and bitter1 but when cooked makes an excellent preserve4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcviii4 ,phyllanthus emblica4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xcix ,phyllanthus distichus4 ,,otaheiti ,,gooseberry4 ,this is a low-growing tree having large pinnate leaves with acute1 alternate leaflets1 which are about one to two inches in length4 ,its flowers grow on separate branches below the foliage4 ,the fleshy1 green fruit1 which is borne in long clusters1 is acid and astringent1 but when made into preserves or pickles is palatable4 ,the root and seeds have medicinal qualities4 ,there is but one tree of this species in ,honolulu4 ,it is growing in the garden of ,mr4 ,wm4 ,wolters4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcix4--,otaheiti ,gooseberry4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,c ,olea ,europea4 ,,olive4 ,the ,olive1 which is a native of ,southwestern ,asia1 is not a tree of any great height1 but is very longlived1 and yields prolifically4 ,although not cultivated to any extent1 the ,olive has been growing in ,hawaii for many years4 ,however1 it has fruited only in a few favorable localities1 and nothing has ever been done to test its value commercially4 ,the tree thrives best in a warm1 dry atmosphere1 where the soil is rich and well drained4 ,long-continued droughts so detrimental to most plants will affect the ,olive but slightly4 ,the tree requires judicious pruning immediately after the fruit is gathered1 when the sap is comparatively at rest4 ,the small1 thick leaves are lanceolate1 opposite1 and usually entire2 they are dull green above and silvery beneath4 ,the small white flowers1 which come in panicles1 are usually imperfect4 ,the fruit is a small1 ellipsoid drupe1 which is bluish-black when ripe4 ,its oil is an important product4 ,the ,olive may be propagated from seeds1 cuttings1 layers1 suckers and pieces of the old stumps4 ,the seeds require some time to germinate1 and the growth of the young plant is slow4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,c4--,olive4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,ci ,vitis ,labrusca4 ,,isabella ,,grape4 ,this variety of grape was early introduced to these ,islands1 and has become very popular4 ,it is a hardy vine1 variable in productiveness1 and is practically the only grape grown in any quantity in ,hawaii4 ,the leaves are of medium size1 often roundish and thick2 their upper surface is dark-green1 the under surface is whitish-green4 ,the ,isabella is an attractive blue-black grape1 bearing in large1 well-formed clusters1 having a thick bloom4 ,the muskiness of the thick skin is somewhat objectionable4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ci4--,isabella ,grape4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cii ,pyrus ,sinensis4 ,,sand ,,pear4 ,this tree is a vigorous and clean grower1 having strong1 thick shoots1 beautiful foliage1 and very ornamental fruit4 ,the dark-green leaves are broadly ovate1 and long-pointed1 with their margins thickly furnished with very sharp1 almost bristle-like teeth4 ,the large white flowers appear rather in advance of the leaves4 ,the fruit is hard and rough1 about #b inches in diameter1 with generally a depression about the stem4 ,the flesh is tough and gritty1 but is very delicious when baked4 ,propagation is by cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cii4--,sand ,pear4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,ciii ,passiflora quadrangularis4 ,,granadilla ,,vine4 ,this tall1 strong climber is a native of tropical ,america4 ,its leaves are broadly ovate1 and the strong stems are purplish in color4 ,the large1 interesting flowers are from #c to #e inches across4 ,the sepals are linear and violet shaded1 the petals are very narrow and lilac4 ,the many rows of filaments in the crown are violet with bars of white below the middle1 the inner and shorter set being deep violet4 ,the oblong fruit attains a size from #e to #i inches in length1 and in color is a pale1 yellowish green4 ,the succulent1 edible pulp of its hollow center has an agreeable sub-acid flavor1 and contains many flat seeds4 ,this vine bears well where there are bees2 artificial fertilization also increases the number of its fruits4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ciii4--,granadilla ,vine4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,civ ,passiflora edulis4 ,,purple ,,water ,,lemon4 ,,lilikoi4 ,this strong1 woody vine is native of ,brazil1 and is naturalized in most tropical countries4 ,its first introduction to these islands was at ,lilikoi1 district of ,makawao1 ,maui1 whence its native name4 ,its serrate leaves are large and deeply three-lobed2 the white flowers are tinted with purple4 ,the fruit is oblong1 globular1 and when ripe is purple in color2 its shell-like skin is thick and crisp4 ,the orange-colored edible pulp is very fragrant1 and is filled with small seeds1 which germinate readily4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,civ4--,purple ,water ,lemon--,lilikoi4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cv ,passiflora laurifolia4 ,,yellow ,,water ,,lemon4 ,this strong-growing1 glabrous vine1 climbing by tendrils1 is a native of tropical ,america4 ,the date when it was introduced to ,hawaii1 and by whom1 is not known2 but in the ,hilo and ,hamakua districts of ,hawaii this variety grows wild4 ,its thick leaves are oval1 oblong and entire1 and have a short1 sharp point4 ,the flowers are about #b1 inches across1 are white1 with red spots on them4 ,the fruit is slightly oblong1 #b inches in diameter1 and very regular in size and shape4 ,when ripe1 it is yellow spotted with white4 ,it has a medium-hard shell or skin1 and the edible pulp is whitish-yellow1 and contains many flat1 black seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cv4--,yellow ,water ,lemon4 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cvi ,passiflora alata4 ,this is a strong1 vigorous vine1 very suitable for arbors and trellises4 ,it is not commonly found in ,hawaii2 however1 a very fine specimen of its kind is growing in ,dr4 ,st4 ,d4 ,g4 ,walter's garden in ,honolulu4 ,the leaves are oval to ovate1 the petioles having two glands4 ,the fragrant purple flowers are about two inches in diameter4 ,the ovoid-pointed fruit has a tough1 leathery shell which1 when green1 is six-striated1 with white stripes2 when quite ripe the fruit is a dull orange-yellow4 ,the numerous seeds are imbedded in the juicy1 scented pulp1 which is aromatic and delicious4 ,propagation is by seed and by cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cvi4--,passiflora alata4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cvii ,passiflora1 var4 foetida4 ,this strong and hardy vine grows well on arbors and trellises4 ,its leaves are three-cleft1 and have long petioles2 and spiral tendrils spring from the axils4 ,the single1 pale-green flowers are surrounded by a green1 lace-like covering4 ,the fruit is nearly globular1 and slightly pointed2 it is about three-fourths of an inch in diameter1 and when ripe is a bright scarlet4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cvii4 ,passiflora1 var4 foetida4 ,two thirds natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cviii ,cereus triangularis4 ,,night-,,blooming ,,cereus4 ,although this plant with its wonderful nocturnal blossoms may be found growing almost everywhere in the ,islands1 the best specimens of its kind may be seen on the stone walls of ,oahu ,college4 ,the beautiful creamy flowers with their yellow centers are large1 about a foot long1 and when in full bloom about the same in diameter4 ,the tube is covered with large1 leaf-like green scales4 ,the fruit1 which is about #c inches long and #b inches in diameter1 is covered with persistent1 large1 fleshy scales which are scarlet colored when ripe1 and the interior pulp is edible and refreshing4 ,fruit1 however1 upon the night-blooming cereus in ,hawaii is rather rare1 although a few fine specimens have matured4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cviii4--,night-blooming ,cereus4 ,two thirds natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cix ,kigelia pinnata4 ,,sausage ,,tree4 ,this medium-sized and very handsome shade tree is a native of tropical ,africa4 ,it was probably introduced to ,hawaii by ,dr4 ,hillebrand4 ,a fine tree of this species is growing in ,mrs4 ,foster's garden1 ,nuuanu avenue4 ,it has large pinnate leaves1 and panicles of purple flowers4 ,the peculiar rough1 grey1 oblong fruits hang from a long stem1 and present an odd appearance4 ,this tree and also one other of the same variety growing in the grounds of the ,queen's ,hospital1 very rarely set their fruit4 ,because of the difficulty of obtaining seeds1 the sausage tree has not been widely distributed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cix4--,sausage ,tree4 ,one fourth natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cx ,phoenix dactylifera4 ,,the ,,date ,,palm4 ,the date1 which is a native of ,north ,africa1 ,arabia1 and ,persia1 is a noble palm1 often growing to a height of from #hj to #ajj feet4 ,it is of remarkable longevity1 and will continue to produce fruit even at the age of a hundred years4 ,the neighborhood of the sea is considered unfavorable to their production1 although they will luxuriate in saltish soil and bear well when brackish water is used4 ,many varieties of dates exist1 the fruit differing in shape1 size and color4 ,they will grow from seeds1 although the superior varieties can be continued only from off-shoots of the root4 ,these will commence to bear in five years4 ,in ,asia1 the growers of the commercial date find it necessary to pollinate artificially by hanging sprays of the male flowers in the branches of the fruit-bearing trees4 ,there are no imported trees bearing in ,hawaii1 and although there are many date trees in ,honolulu1 artificial pollination would doubtless greatly increase the yield and the quality of the fruit4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cx4--,the ,date ,palm4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxi ,phoenix dactylifera4 ,,date 7red and yellow variety74 ,the accompanying cut shows fruit from two of the best date trees in ,honolulu1 and it is curious to note that both of them were grown from seeds taken from packages of dried dates purchased from a local grocer4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxi4--,date 7red and yellow var47 ,one third natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxii ,acrocomia sp4 ,this interesting palm is seldom seen in ,hawaii2 there being but two specimens of its kind that have produced fruit in ,honolulu4 ,its stem is capitately thickened at the persistent bases of the armed petioles4 ,the glaucous leaves are pari-pinnate with narrow1 lanceolate1 accuminate segments1 having a prominent mid-rib4 ,the inflorescence is simple and branching4 ,the fruit is arranged similar to that of ,cocos1 each about three-fourths of an inch in diameter1 sub-globose with a pointed apex4 ,when ripe1 it is a bright yellow1 and its juicy1 edible pulp has the flavor of apricots4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxii4--,acrocomia sp4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxiii ,cocos nucifera4 ,,cocoanut ,,palm4 ,,niu4 ,the original home of this widely-diffused tree is not positively known4 ,some writers say it is indigenous to the islands of the ,indian ,ocean2 others show that in all probability it is of ,american origin4 ,on account of its buoyant husk and impervious shell1 it was enabled to drift across the oceans without losing its germinating power1 and in this manner was widely dispersed4 ,it is strictly a tropical plant1 and grows naturally on the seashore1 or in its immediate vicinity4 ,it has pinnate leaves about #ab to #ah feet long1 and the inflorescence first appears in a cylindrical sheath1 which splits length-wise1 exposing long sprays of male flowers1 and near the base generally one female flower1 which is much larger1 and eventually develops into a fruit4 ,the picture shows both forms of flowers1 as well as a young nut1 and also a mature cocoanut4 ,propagation is by means of the nut alone1 which must be thoroughly ripe before planting4 ,the outer husk must be left on1 germination taking place at the largest eye2 sometimes two eyes may sprout1 and twin trees grow from these4 ,many varieties have been imported from islands of the ,pacific1 ,ceylon1 ,west ,indies1 and ,central ,america4 ,the cocoanut is not raised in ,hawaii for commercial purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxiii4--,cocoanut ,palm--,niu4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxiv ,cordia collococca4 ,,clammy ,,cherry4 ,this low tree1 with its spreading branches1 is a native of the ,west ,indies1 and is rarely met with in these ,islands2 there being but two trees of its kind known to me1 one growing at the ,old ,plantation1 ,honolulu1 the other at ,honouliuli ,ranch1 ,oahu4 ,the whitish branches are very brittle4 ,the leaves are obovate1 oblong1 glabrous above and shiny beneath4 ,the subsessile flowers are whiteish-purple4 ,the fruit1 which is half inch in diameter1 is bluntly pointed and smooth4 ,the fleshy pulp is sticky1 and adheres to the single seed4 ,this plant may be grown from seeds and from cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxiv4--,clammy ,cherry4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxv ,flacourtia cataphracta4 ,this tree1 which is a native of the ,malay ,islands and ,china1 was introduced to ,hawaii by ,mr4 ,albert ,jaeger4 ,there is but one tree which has borne fruit2 this is growing at the ,old ,plantation1 ,honolulu1 ,oahu4 ,the tree1 which is about #be feet high1 has dense foliage2 the leaves are small1 oblong1 lanceolate1 glabrous1 having short petioles4 ,flowers very small1 dioceous2 the fruit about the size of a common grape1 is purple when ripe1 and has a pleasant sub-acid flavor4 ,it contains a few flatish seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxv4--,flacourtia cataphracta4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxvi ,atalantia buxifolia4 ,this small tree of dwarfish habit is from tropical ,asia4 ,it is closely related to the orange1 and has large thorns4 ,its simple leaves are alternate1 coriaceous1 emarginate1 and from #a to #a inches in length4 ,the petioles are short4 ,the small1 solitary flowers have five petals4 ,the berry is globose and three-quarters of an inch in diameter4 ,when ripe1 it is a shiny black1 and has a thick skin4 ,the pulp has somewhat the flavor of a lime1 and the seeds are generally #a to #e in number4 ,the only specimens of this tree in ,hawaii are growing in the garden of ,mrs4 ,foster2 they1 presumably1 were introduced by ,dr4 ,hillebrand1 as these gardens formerly belonged to him4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxvi4--,atalantia buxifolia4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxvii ,bumelia sp4 ,this large shrub is a native of ,india4 ,its alternate1 entire1 obovate leaves have short petioles2 they are glabrous and are about #d to #h inches in length4 ,the small flowers are light pink4 ,the small1 globose fruits grow in bunches2 these are purple when ripe1 but are not edible4 ,the only tree of its kind in ,honolulu is growing in the grounds of the ,queen's ,hospital4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxvii4--,bumelia sp4 ,natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxviii ,ochrosia elliptica4 ,this plant grows in the ,pacific ,islands1 ,malay ,peninsula1 ,ceylon1 and ,australia2 and on account of its handsome scarlet fruit is cultivated as an ornament1 as the fruit is not edible4 ,the tree is a small evergreen1 having alternate1 glabrous1 coriaceous leaves which are crowded at the ends of the stout branches4 ,the small1 white flowers have five petals4 ,the fruit consists usually of two1 rarely one1 spreading scarlet drupes1 each containing a large seed4 ,the first specimen of its kind in ,hawaii was planted at the ,government ,nursery1 ,honolulu1 where it is still growing4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxviii4--,ochrosia elliptica4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxix ,ananas sativus4 ,,pineapple4 ,this variety of the pineapple plant was grown at an early date in these ,islands1 and until the new and spineless forms were introduced was the only quality offered in the fruit markets4 ,it is now cultivated but little1 and is often found growing wild4 ,the rosette at the head of the fleshy fruit has numerous thorny leaves4 ,the fruit is much smaller than those of the thornless varieties1 but it has a very sweet flavor4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxix4--,pineapple4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxx ,opuntia ,tuna4 ,,prickly ,,pear--,,panini4 ,this erect1 wide-spreading plant was early introduced to these ,islands from ,mexico4 ,it thrives well in arid lands1 and in times of drought its succulent1 fleshy leaves and juicy fruit are eaten by cattle4 ,the plants1 when old1 become hard and woody1 having many stout spines4 ,the large flowers are reddish-yellow1 and the obovate1 truncate fruit is a purplish-red1 having a thick fibrous skin1 which is covered with fine bristles4 ,the edible pulp is reddish-purple and contains numerous seeds4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxx4--,prickly ,pear--,panini4 ,one half natural size4 ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ,collection4 ,,plate ,,cxxi ,prosopis juliflora4 ,,algaroba--,,kiawe4 ,the ,kiawe deserves a special mention in this book1 as it is1 in my opinion1 one of the most valuable and beautiful trees that grows in the ,hawaiian ,islands4 ,perhaps on account of its very general dissemination1 and because of the ease with which it spreads spontaneously1 even in the driest districts1 it has received less consideration than has been accorded to other plants more difficult of propagation4 ,the ,kiawe is the foundation of all the beauty of our lowlands1 and provides a delicate background for other plants4 ,under favorable circumstances1 it reaches to a height of #ej feet4 ,it has wide-spreading branches and delicate-green foliage4 ,the flowers yield a delicious honey1 and the seed-pods furnish a valuable fodder1 and1 finally1 when the tree is cut down1 its wood makes the very best of fuel4 ,the ,algaroba is a native of ,central and ,south ,america4 ,ordinarily it is a moderate-sized tree of quick and easy growth4 ,its branches in most cases are covered with stout1 cylindrical1 axillary spines1 and in other cases they are unarmed4 ,the abruptly bi-pinnate leaves have from #f to #cj pairs of linear leaflets about one-fourth to one inch in length4 ,the small1 pale-yellow flowers come in cylindrical spikes4 ,the straight or sickle-shaped seed-pod is sweet1 and is eaten by stock4 ,propagation is by seed4 ,the first ,algaroba tree of ,hawaii was brought to ,honolulu in #ahbh by ,father ,bachelot1 founder of the ,roman ,catholic ,mission in the ,islands4 ,it was planted in the ,mission garden1 where the venerable tree is standing today4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxi4--,algaroba--,kiawe4 ,detailed ,transcriber's ,notes4 ,general ,notes4 ,the relative size of items noted in the captions of the ,plates relates to the original book1 not to this document4 ,scaling of the images in preparation of this e-book and the size and resolution of the media on which the e-book is read make general statements about the relative size of the pictured items impossible4 ,the ,index was completely reworked so that it reflects the titles and captions within the body of the book4 ,the original style was maintained4 ,details of changes to the ,index are omitted4 ,the page number indicates the ,plate1 not the text preceding it4 ,the text of the book varies from the original in that obvious misprints have been fixed4 ,where the intent of the misprint was not obvious1 it has been left in place and noted below4 ,use of archaic and unusual words1 spelling and styling has been maintained4 ,inconsistent hyphenation has been retained4 ,capitalization of botanical names is maintained as in the original4 ,details of the changes follow4 ,details of the ,changes4 ,frequently used archaic spelling and styling which have been maintained3 anona 7annona71 cocoanut 7coconut71 ,guatamala 7,guatemala7 and ,nuuanu avenue 7,nuuanu ,avenue74 ,others occur less frequently4 ,both the spellings preceding and preceeding were used throughout the book4 ,they have been standardized to preceding1 as noted below4 ,in the caption of ,plate ,,iii1 to match the text title--changed to3 ,guatamala ,avocado 7in original book3 ,avocado74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,iv1 changed to3 elevation 7in original book3 elevtaion72 and inserted period after the fruit-bearing stems4 ,in the text with ,plate ,v1 changed to3 successful 7in original book3 ssuccessful74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xi1 changed to3 preceding 7in original book3 preceeding74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xvii1 changed to3 soil 7in original book3 sosil72 and to3 preceding 7in original book3 preceeding74 ,in the text title with ,plate ,,xx1 changed to3 edulis 7in original book3 eduiis74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xxii1 for clarity1 changed to3 #a-afth 7in original book3 #a-af72 and changed to3 underside 7in original book3 under-side7 for consistency with elsewhere in the book4 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xxiv1 changed to3 small 7in original book3 samll74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xxxi1 changed to3 leaves 7in original book3 laves7 and changed to3 who 7in original book3 whos74 ,in the text and captions associated with ,plates ,,xxxv through ,,xxxvii1 the spellings papaya and papaia were both used4 ,they have been standardized to papaya4 ,in the caption of ,plate ,,xxxvi1 moved the period 747 outside the parentheses1 to match chapter heading4 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xxxvii1 the word pesin is probably a printing error1 however it is unclear whether the intended word was resin or pepsin4 ,the error has been left as in the original4 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xxxviii1 changed to3 generally 7in original book3 generaly74 ,in the caption of ,plate ,,xxxviii1 italicized ,chinese ,orange for consistency with other caption formatting4 ,in the text title and caption of ,plate ,,xli1 changed to3 lime 7in original book3 limes7 for consistency with rest of the book4 ,in the title of the text with ,plate ,,xlv1 changed to3 ,,washington ,,navel ,,orange 7in original book3 ,,washington ,,navel74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,lvi1 changed to3 protuberance 7in original book3 portuberance74 ,in the text title and caption of ,plate ,,lviii1 changed to3 ,sweet ,red ,guava 7in original book3 ,sweet red74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,lviii1 changed to3 preceding 7in original book3 preceeding74 ,in the title of the text with ,plate ,,lxiv1 changed to3 ,,lxiv 7in original book3 ,,lxvi74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,lxiv1 changed to3 followed 7in original book3 folowed72 and changed to3 so-called 7in original book3 socalled7 for consistency with elsewhere in the book4 ,in the title of the text with ,plate ,,lxvii1 changed to3 varieties 7in original book3 varities72 and in the text1 changed to3 center 7in original book3 centre7 for consistency with the elsewhere in the book4 ,in the text with ,plate ,,lxx1 ,i suspect that #ajj to #dj should have been #aj to #dj4 ,in the text and caption of ,plate ,,lxxii1 changed to3 candlenut 7in original book3 candle nut1 candle-nut and candlenut7 for consistency within this page4 ,in the text with ,plate ,,lxxix1 changed to3 preceding 7in original book3 preceeding74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,lxxxvi1 changed to3 consists 7in original book3 consistss74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,lxxxix1 changed to3 parabola 7in original book3 parobola74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xci1 changed to3 yellow 7in original book3 yelow74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,xcv1 changed to3 delicious 7in original book3 declicious74 ,in the title of the text with ,plate ,,xcix1 changed to3 ,phyllanthus 7in original book3 ,phllanthus74 ,in the title of the text with ,plate ,,cii1 changed to3 ,sinensis 7in original book3 ,sinense74 ,in the title of the text with ,plate ,,ciii and in the caption3 ,granadilla ,vine 7in original book3 ,grenadilla74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,ciii1 changed to3 climber 7in original book3 climer72 and changed to3 succulent 7in original book3 suculent74 ,in the caption of ,plate ,,cviii1 changed to3 ,night-blooming 7in original book3 ,night-,blooming7 for consistency in caption formatting4 ,in the text with ,plate ,,cx1 changed to3 considered 7in original book3 considereed72 and changed to the archaic word3 saltish 7in original book3 satlish74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,cxiii1 changed to3 ,american 7in original book3 ,ameriican74 ,in the title of the text with ,plate ,,cxiv1 changed to3 collococca 7in original book3 colloccoca74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,cxvii1 changed to3 ,honolulu 7in original book3 ,honolulue74 ,in the text with ,plate ,,cxviii1 changed to3 where it is 7in original book3 where is is74 ,in the caption of ,plate ,,cxix1 for consistency changed to3 ,pineapple 7in original book3 ,pine apple74