:i* includes ! orig9al m ?an #bej illu/rations4 ,see #dcegd-;h4htm or #dcegd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dcegd_/pg#dcegd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dceg d_/dcegd-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/c>p5trywoo dwor#jj;fo/ ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 sqrt repres5ts ! squ>e root symbol4 ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,woodwork 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,libr>y ,,( ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,woodwork ,by ,edw9 ,w4 ,fo/] ,,electricity ,,& ,,its ,,ev]yday ,,uses ,by ,john ,f4 ,woodhull1 ,ph4,d4 ,,g>d5+ ,,& ,,f>m+ ,by ,ell5 ,eddy ,%aw ,,home ,,decoration ,by ,*>les ,frankl9 ,w>n]1 ,sc4,d4 ,,h\sekeep+ ,by ,elizabe? ,hale ,gilman ,,me*anics1 ,,indoors ,,& ,,out ,by ,fr$ ,t4 ,hodgson ,,ne$lecraft ,by ,effie ,ar*] ,ar*] ,,outdoor ,,sports1 ,,& ,,games ,by ,claude ,h4 ,mill]1 ,ph4,b4 ,,outdoor ,,"w ,by ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill] ,,work+ ,,9 ,,metals ,by ,*>les ,conrad ,sleffel 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,hel5 ,w4 ,cooke4 ,! ,%op--! ,mo/ ,int]e/+ ,place 9 ! ,_w on a ,/ormy ,day ,! ,libr>y ( ,"w & ,play ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,woodwork by ,,edw9 ,w4 ,,fo/] ,illu/ration ,g>d5 ,city ,new ,york ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company #aiaa ,all ,rights ,res]v$1 ,includ+ ,t ( ,translation into ,=eign ,languages1 ,includ+ ! ,sc&9avian ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company ,,preface ,!re is a p]iod 9 a boy's life1 r\ghly speak+ betwe5 ! ages ( t5 & sixte51 :5 8 int]e/s & en]gy turn 9 ! direction ( mak+ ?+s4 ,x may be call$ ! creative p]iod1 & ) _m ( u x ends ne>] sixty ?an sixte54 ,at "o "t x w take ! =m ( a mania = build+ boats2 aga9 x may be automobiles or a]oplanes4 ,! boy is v susceptible to sugge/ion4 ,a great automobile race occurs1 & = weeks ! build+ & rac+ ( toy automobiles goes on apace4 ,! pap]s are fill$ ) acc\nts ( an a]o meet4 ,imm$iately ! boy's en]gy turns to ! /udy & manufacture ( a]oplanes4 ,?is ab\nd+ int]e/ 9 ! real ?+s ( life is p]fectly normal & %\ld be enc\rag$ r ?an disc\rag$2 b ! boy ne$s guidance1 if ?is en]gy is to be prop]ly direct$4 ,he ne$s /r5g!n+ 9 8 weak po9ts1 o!rwise he may become sup]ficial & scatt]+ 9 8 "w1 & fail to /ick to a ?+ until1 ov]com+ all ob/acles1 he succe$s 9 do+ ! "o ?+ he set out to d4 ,he may acquire ! bad habit ( nev] f9i%+ any?+1 ?\gh cont9ually />t+ new s*emes4 ,! ability ( ! av]age boy is f> beyond ! g5]al e/imate1 b intellig5t sup]vision is ne$$4 ,! pocket knife is 8 natural tool1 yet n "o boy out ( a ?\s& realizes its possibilities4 ,an attempt has be5 made 9 ?is volume to sugge/ "s ( ^!1 especially = boys liv+ 9 ! city1 :]e a little "w %op = himself1 un=tunately1 is too (t5 a luxury4 ,! two boys "h depict$ =m a composite picture ( sev]al ?\s& ,am]ican boys :om x has be5 ! pleasure ( ! au?or to guide4 ,! ability to design new ?+s1 & to adapt g5]al rules to p]sonal requirem5ts1 is to be enc\rag$ at all times1 & ?is idea has be5 exemplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,introductory #c ,,ii4 ,! ,knife & ,its ,possibilities--,fir/ ,exp]im5ts #f ,,iii4 ,me*anical ,draw+ #bc ,,iv4 ,me*anical ,draw+ 7,cont9u$7 #ca ,v4 ,toys #dj ,,vi4 ,mov+ ,toys #ej ,,vii4 ,design+ ,mov+ ,toys #eh ,,viii4 ,! ,model ,a]oplane #fh ,,ix4 ,! ,monoplane #ge ,x4 ,kites #hd ,,xi4 ,*ip ,c>v+ & ,knife ,"w #ig ,,xii4 ,*ip ,c>v+ 7,cont9u$7 #aji ,,xiii4 ,*ip ,c>v+ 7,cont9u$7 #abj ,,xiv4 ,! ,%op #acc ,,xv4 ,! ,equipm5t = a ,%op #adc ,,xvi4 ,build+ a ,lumb] ,rack #aej ,,xvii4 ,mills & ,wea!r ,vanes #aeg ,,xviii4 ,tools--,saws #afi ,,xix4 ,tools--,planes #agf ,,xx4 ,squ>+ up ,/ock #ahe ,,xxi4 ,bor+ ,tools #aic ,,xxii4 ,miscellane\s ,tools #aii ,,xxiii4 ,mak+ ,nail ,boxes #bjf ,,xxiv4 ,bird ,h\ses #bac ,,xxv4 ,simple ,articles = ,h\sehold ,use #bba ,,xxvi4 ,! ,mitre ,box & ,picture ,frame #bbh ,,xxvii4 ,mak+ ,toilet ,boxes #bce ,,xxviii4 ,brackets & ,book ,racks #bdb ,,xxix4 ,con/ruction #bej ,,xxx4 ,! ,use ( ! ,g\ge #beh ,,xxxi4 ,coat ,hang] & ,t[el ,roll]s #bff ,,xxxii4 ,clock ,cases #bgf ,,xxxiii4 ,foot ,/ools #bia ,,xxxiv4 ,! ,tab\rette #cja ,,xxxv4 ,! ,dovetail ,jo9t #cac ,,xxxvi4 ,inlay+ #cai ,,xxxvii4 ,! ,*eck]bo>d #ccb ,,xxxviii4 ,tool ,cases & ,*e/s #cci ,,xxxix4 ,book ,cases & ,magaz9e ,racks #cdg ,,xl4 ,! ,m$ic9e ,cab9et #ced ,,xli4 ,mission ,furniture #cfa ,,xlii4 ,! ,*e/ #cgg ,,xliii4 ,! ,draw+ ,outfit #cha ,,xliv4 ,woodwork = ,outdoor ,sports--,! ,t5nis ,c\rt1 ,t5nis ,c\rt ,accessories #cii ,,xlv4 ,! ,p]gola #dbf ,,xlvi4 ,p\ltry ,h\ses #dda ,,xlvii4 ,h\s+ ( ,outdoor ,pets #dea ,,xlviii4 ,outdoor ,c>p5try #deg ,,xlix4 ,/a9+1 ,poli%+1 & ,f9i%+ #dha ,l4 ,durability3 ,decay & ,pres]vation ( ,wood #dib ,,li4 ,ma!matics ( ,woodwork #dih ,,lii4 ,lumb] ,no4 #a #eaj ,,liii4 ,lumb] ,no4 #b #eag ,,liv4 ,lumb] ,no4 #c #ebd ,,lv4 ,lumb] ,no4 #d #ecb ,,lvi4 ,broad-leav$ ,trees #edc ,,lvii4 ,trees ) ,simple ,leaves #eef ,,illu/rations ,! ,%op--,! ,mo/ ,int]e/+ ,place 9 ! ,_w on a ,/ormy ,day ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,! ,boy & 8 ,jack ,knife #h ,us+ ! ,ve9+ ,tool #aah ,us+ ! ,jack ,plane #adf ,le>n+ to ,use ! ,crosscut ,saw #agj ,tools ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury #agh ,! ,correct ,way to ,hold ! ,*isel #bjh ,assembl+ & ,f9i%+ #cgd ,/a9+ & ,poli%+ #dhd ,,c>p5try ,,& ,,woodwork ,i ,,introductory ,two boys sat on a log :ittl+4 ,conv]sation _h ceas$ & !y bo? seem$ absorb$ 9 _! "w4 ,pres5tly ! y\ng] "o became aw>e ( ! sil5ce & glanc$ at ! old] boy4 ,he gave an exclamation & jump$ to 8 feet4 ,:y1 he cri$1 y are mak+ a knife out ( wood4 ,isn't x a beauty6 ,is x a dagg]8 ,no repli$ ! o!r1 x is a pap]-knife = op5+ lett]s & cutt+ ! pages ( magaz9es4 ,x is = fa!r's desk1 = 8 bir?day4 ,x's a d&y6 cont9u$ ! y\ng/]4 ,h[ c y make su* f9e ?+s8 ,:y c't ,i d t k9d ( "w8 ,y c d x1 repli$ ,ralph1 b j n[ !re are sev]al reasons :y y don't4 ,:at are !y8 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place y />t to :ittle )\t hav+ any cle> idea ( :at y are at "w on4 ,x's = all ! _w l sett+ out to walk )\t kn[+ :]e y are go+4 ,if y />t t way1 ! probabilities are t y w get n[h]e1 & :5 y get back & fa!r asks :]e y h be51 y say1 ',oh1 n[h]e2 j took a walk4' ,t's ! way ) y\r knife "w4 ,y j :ittle & make a lot ( *ips1 & :5 y get ?r\gh y h no?+ to %[ = y\r "t & lab\r4 ,if y want to "k a secret--,i nev] />t to cut )\t fir/ mak+ a c>eful sket* ( j :at ,i want to make1 ) all ! important dim5sions on x4 ,ano!r reason y don't get any results is t y don't "k h[ to hold y\r knife1 & /ill ano!r is t y "w ) a dull tool4 ,:y1 t knife ( y\rs is h>dly %>p en\gh to cut butt]4 ,w y %[ me h[ to d t k9d ( "w8 ask$ ! y\ng/] humbly4 ,yes2 on c]ta9 conditions4 ,:at are !y8 ,t y w d j z ,i tell y4 ,w y %[ me h[ to make a pap]-cutt] n[8 ,!re y g1 "r (f ! h&le6 ,y are l a "y man le>n+ c>p5try2 y want to />t "r 9 to build a h\se in/ead ( fir/ le>n+ h[ to use y\r tools4 ,:y1 x has tak5 me two ye>s 9 ! manual tra9+ s*ool to le>n h[ to d ?is "w4 ,no1 inde$1 if y want to le>n h[ to d woodwork l ?is y mu/ beg9 on some?+ simple1 le>n h[ to h&le wood1 & h[ to keep y\r tools %>p4 ,all "r1 sigh$ ! y\ng] boy2 ,i am will+ to take lessons & beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,:at %all we d fir/8 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to ?r[ away y\r fold+ p5knife4 ,t k9d is ( v little use4 ,! /eel is s poor x won't hold a cutt+ edge = any "t at all1 & ! knife has a trea*]\s habit ( clos+ up on y\r f+]s4 ,i w give y a good ,sw$i% :ittl+ knife l m9e1 & we w />t by putt+ a good cutt+ edge on x4 ,s ! boys began ! fir/ lesson4 ,! fun !y _h & ! ?+s !y made1 _! _m exp]i5ces1 ! pati5ce requir$1 & ! great skill develop$ ) tools are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,:at !y accompli%$1 any o!r boy may d if he w b apply himself ) all 8 en]gy4 ,,ii ,,fir/ ,,exp]im5ts--,,! ,,knife ,,& ,,its ,,possibilities ,! old] boy1 aft] a se>* ?r\gh 8 treasure *e/1 select$ a knife ) a blade ab\t two & a half in*es long4 ,incid5tally1 ! small] boy caught a glimpse ( ! inside ( t *e/ & x made 8 eyes bulge--b t is ano!r /ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! :ittl+ knife ,?is knife1 expla9$ ,ralph1 is "o ,i us$ = ov] a ye> 9 s*ool & x's ! mo/ p]fectly %ap$ tool = :ittl+ t ,i h ev] se54 ,( c\rse knives come 9 hundr$s ( %apes = diff]5t purposes1 & lat] on1 :5 y h become skill$ 9 us+ ?is "o1 we w try "s o!rs1 b our fir/ motto mu/ be '"o ?+ at a "t4' ,a knife ) ei!r blade or h&le too long or too %ort is awkw>d1 b ?is "o seems to fit my h&1 & und\bt$ly w fit y\rs4 ,try x4 ,h>ry took x & w5t ?r\gh ! motions ( :ittl+ an imag9>y /ick4 ,n[1 said ,ralph1 we w g out to ! wood pile & see :at we c f9d4 ,:ite p9e makes ! be/ wood to />t on1 because x is usually /raight gra9$1 s(t1 & free f sap2 b x is gett+ sc>ce & exp5sive1 s we mu/ be economical1 z x is a v easy matt] to wa/e lots ( lumb]4 ,aft] "s se>*+1 !y f\nd "p ( a p9e bo>d1 ab\t a foot long & an in* ?ick4 ,ralph *opp$ out a piece ) a hat*et & deftly split x to ab\t an in* & a half wide4 ,8 skill 0 a revelation to ,h>ry1 :o saw t ev5 a hat*et c\ld be us$ ) precision4 ,n[1 said ,ralph1 ,i want y to cut ?is piece ( r\gh p9e to a smoo?1 /raight piece1 j an in* squ>e4 ,oh1 t's easy1 repli$ ,h>ry eag]ly4 ,j wat* me4 ,take c>e1 said ,ralph4 ,i said an in* squ>e2 any?+ less ?an an in* w be wrong4 ,j imag9e t ?is is a problem 9 ari?metic & y are try+ to f9d ! answ]4 ,if y succe$ 9 mak+ x j an in* squ>e ! answ] w be correct2 any?+ l>g] or small] ?an ! exact size w be wrong4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hold y\r knife s t x makes a slant or oblique angle ) ! wood1 l ?is 7,fig4 #b71 he said1 tak+ ! wood 9 8 left h& & ! knife 9 8 "r4 ,t gives :at we call a p>+ action1 & is mu* easi] 7,fig4 #c7 ?an ! /iff way y 7 hold+ x1 at "r angles ) ! /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,correct way to hold ! knife ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,incorrect me?od ( hold+ knife ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,hel5 ,w4 ,cooke4 ,! ,boy & ,8 ,jack ,knife ,n[ rememb] t ! tr\ble ) beg9n]s is t !y usually take (f too mu* mat]ial4 ,make light1 easy cuts & try to get "o side ( ! wood p]fectly /raight fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,te/+ ) ! try squ>e ,?is 0 a h>d] job ?an ,h>ry _h expect$1 b aft] mu* te/+ & sight+ 7,fig4 #d7 ,ralph said x w\ld d = ! fir/ attempt4 ,n[1 he said1 y may consid] ?is fir/ side ! f\ndation ( y\r h\se4 ,make a p5cil m>k on x ne> "o ( ! edges1 :at ! woodwork] w\ld call 8 witness m>k4 ,x means t ?is side or face is f9i%$ & ! edge ne>e/ ! p5cil m>k is to be tru$ up next4 ,?is prov$ ev5 a h>d] job ?an ! fir/1 because aft] :ittl+ & te/+ until he _h ! second side /raight & true1 ,ralph te/$ x ) a squ>e & f\nd t ! second edge 0 n at "r angles ) ! fir/1 or work+ face4 ,x 0 f9ally /raight5$1 h[ev]1 to /& ! try squ>e te/ fairly well4 ,an in* 0 next m>k$ (f at ea* end on face numb] "o1 & a %>p p5cil l9e drawn f end to end4 ,h>ry !n :ittl$ ?is ?ird side d[n to ! l9e1 & te/$ aga9 ) ! try squ>e4 ,x seem$ easi] to d n[1 & ! ?ickness 0 obta9$ 9 ! same way4 ,x look$ z if !y nev] w\ld get t piece ( p9e exactly squ>e1 & ev5 :5 ,ralph said x w\ld d1 !y measur$ x ) a rule & f\nd x an eigh? ( an in* too small ea* way4 ,h>ry 0 disgu/$4 ,! answ] is wrong aft] all1 he exclaim$1 b ,i'll le>n to d t if x takes me a mon?4 ,t's ! "r sport+ _s1 said ,ralph4 ,keep at x till y get x4 ,x's ! h>de/ ?+ y w ev] h to d ) a knife1 & x's un=tunate t y h to tackle x ! fir/ ?+2 b x's l le>n+ to play ! piano1 y mu/ le>n ! notes & scales & h[ to use y\r f+]s be=e y c play a real piece4 ,e "t y try ?is1 y are ga9+ skill & ! control ( y\r h&s4 ,aft] a :ile y w be able to d x easily & ?9k no?+ ( x4 ,sev]al days lat] ,h>ry br\ght 9 a piece t he _h be5 work+ on & ,ralph te/$ x c>efully ) rule & try squ>e4 ,he gave ,h>ry a pat on ! back4 ,good = y1 boy2 y are com+ along spl5didly1 he said4 ,h[ _m ( ^! h y tri$8 ,tw5ty1 said ,h>ry meekly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! not*$ trophy /ick ,well1 n[1 ,i'll %[ y h[ ! ,indians us$ to record _! exploits4 ,we'll put a not* on ?is /ick = e "o y've tri$ to make1 & y c keep x z a s\v5ir ( y\r fir/ attempts at :ittl+4 ,s ) great c>e !y measur$ (f six two-in* spaces on ea* edge1 c>efully drew not*es ) a p5cil & rule1 & z c>efully cut ea* not* to ! l9e4 7,fig4 #e47 ,h>ry 0 delight$ ) ! result4 ,!y !n hunt$ up a small screw eye1 f\nd ! exact c5tre ( ! end ( ! /ick by draw+ two diagonals1 fa/5$ ! screw eye 9 ! c5tre & ti$ to x a piece ( r$1 :ite & blue ribbon4 ,a qu>t]-in* bevel 0 made ar\nd ea* end z a f9i%+ t\*4 ,?is piece ( :ite p9e1 ) its tw5ty not*es1 hangs to-day 9 ,h>ry's room1 & e once 9 a:ile he c\nts ! not*es to make sure !y are all !re1 & recalls ! trial t ea* "o repres5ts4 ,h>ry 0 s mu* pleas$ ) 8 not*$ trophy /ick t he want$ to beg9 some?+ else at once1 & he 0 imm$iately />t$ on a key rack4 ,too _m homes1 said ,ralph1 sagely1 h no def9ite place to keep keys4 ,^? t h no tags are always a nuisance4 ,e key or bun* ( keys %\ld h a tag atta*$ & %\ld be hung on a c]ta9 hook :]e x c be f\nd )\t se>*+4 ,n[ we'll make a sket* ( a key rack be=e do+ any?+ else1 to f9d out j h[ l>ge a piece ( /ick we %all ne$4 ,! draw+ !y produc$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f & call$ = a piece ( wood sev5 in*es long1 an in* wide1 & half an in* ?ick4 ,z ! key rack 0 to be a p]man5t h\sehold article1 !y decid$ on gum wood z m suitable ?an p9e1 x be+ easy to "w & hav+ a satisfactory appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! v>i\s /eps 9 mak+ a key rack ,! diff]5t /ages 9 ! process ( cutt+ out are %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,at a is %[n ! /ock squ>$ up ) ! knife to ! extreme outside dim5sions4 ,! ends 7 !n :ittl$ d[n to ! =m %[n at b & ! blank piece 0 ready = not*+4 ,! not*es 7 c>efully drawn ) a %>p h>d p5cil & cut z %[n at c4 ,! ends 7 bevell$ by :ittl+ to ! l9es1 & ! inn] edges ( ! not*es 9 ! c5tre 7 :ittl$ back to ! middle ( ea* edge4 ,!n ! knife "w 0 f9i%$4 ,?ree brass screw hooks 7 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>ge blank spaces1 & two small screw eyes fa/5$ into ! upp] edge = hang+ ! key rack on ! wall4 ,ea* /age ( ! "w _h be5 work$ out s c>efully t ! boys h>dly realiz$ :at a satisfactory result !y 7 gett+4 ,:5 x 0 f9ally hung 9 ! boys' room1 ( c\rse "s keys mu/ be put on x1 & z !y _h no tags1 ! mak+ ( "s foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,a se>* ?r\gh _! small /ock ( woods disclos$ a few little pieces ( holly1 ! rema9s ( fret saw "w1 ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is prov$ to be ideal mat]ial1 & half a doz5 key tags 7 made ( ! size & %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! holes 7 made ) a brad awl1 ! tags fa/5$ to ! r+s by small pieces ( wire1 & ! names ( ! keys pr9t$ on ! diff]5t tags ) black draw+ ink4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,! key tag ,! boys1 f ?is "t on1 seem$ possess$ ) a mania = mak+ articles to be us$ ab\t ! h\se4 ,"o ?+ to be manufactur$ )\t delay 0 a w9d] = _! fi%+ l9es4 ,! =m !y f9ally decid$ on is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,ralph insi/$ on ! design be+ c>efully drawn on a piece ( ?9 wood1 a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,h>ry f\nd :ittl+ to curv$ l9es some:at h>d] ?an not*+1 b he produc$ a fairly satisfactory result4 ,ralph 0 a v exact+ tea*]1 always hav+ 9 m9d 8 own tra9+ 9 s*ool4 ,he %[$ ,h>ry h[ to cut out ! curves at ! ends )\t cutt+ 8 ?umb 7,fig4 #i47 & gave him mu* advice ab\t :ittl+ away f himself1 :5ev] possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,fi% l9e w9d] ,:5 ! knife "w 0 f9i%$1 ,ralph expla9$ t :]e curv$ edges 7 cut x 0 all[able to smoo? ) a piece ( f9e s&-pap]1 al?\gh z a rule x 0 to be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,cutt+ concave curves ,h>ry want$ to "k :y1 & ,ralph expla9$ t1 g5]ally speak+1 s&-pap] 0 ! hallm>k ( a poor workman1 "o :o c\ld n d good "w ) 8 tools4 ,s&-pap] leaves a scrat*$ surface1 = ! grit becomes emb$d$ 9 ! wood to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & x w imm$iately ru9 ! cutt+ edge ( a %>p tool 9 case "o has to be us$ aft] ! s&-pap]+4 ,s1 he summ$ up1 keep y\r s&-pap] & knife z f> ap>t z possible4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ladies ( ! h\sehold ?\ght t a w9d] = wor/$ w\ld come 9 v h&y1 & ! boys evolv$ a new =m1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,?is 0 made only an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 & prov$ s easy ( con/ruction t ea* ( ! boys made two & all[$ t !y ought to satisfy ! sew+ dep>tm5t = "s "t to come4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! wor/$ w9d] ,d y "k1 exclaim$ ,h>ry "o day1 we c\ld make lots ( ?+s = ,*ri/mas & bir?day pres5ts6 ,:y1 c]ta9ly1 said ,ralph1 & p appreciate ?+s t y h made y\rself mu* m ?an ?+s y buy4 ,anybody c g to ! /ore & buy ready-made pres5ts1 b ^? y make y\rself mean m4 ,9 :at way8 said ,h>ry4 ,:y1 !y repres5t mu* m ( y\r "t & lab\r1 & ?\ght2 &1 by ! way1 if we are go+ to make _m ,*ri/mas pres5ts1 we mu/ />t "r away1 because we only h a few weeks & y "k h[ little "t we h outside ( s*ool h\rs aft] gett+ our lessons4 ,! result ( ?is talk 0 t ! little build+ 9 ! y>d :i* !y call$ _! %op became a p]fect beehive ( indu/ry = sev]al weeks4 ,) :at money !y _h sav$ !y pur*as$ a supply ( lumb] & a few tools ! use ( :i* ,ralph said he w\ld expla9 lat]4 ,he sugge/$ t ,h>ry beg9 by mak+ "s cal5d> backs1 z suitable ,new ,ye>'s pres5ts1 because !y 7 easy2 & ! m complicat$ articles c\ld be made aft] ,h>ry _h develop$ a little m skill ) ! knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fir/ cal5d> back ,! draw+ he made is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is call$ = a small cal5d> ab\t two in*es long1 an in* & ?ree qu>t]s high1 & a space ?is size 0 drawn on ! c5tre ( ! cal5d> back1 :ile ! cal5d> 0 glu$ to ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,second cal5d> back ,aft] two or ?ree ( ^! _h be5 made1 ,h>ry decid$ t !y 7 too small to suit him1 & a new design some:at l>g] 0 work$ out on pap]4 ,x 0 a little m difficult to foll[1 because ! outl9e _h two rev]s$ curves1 b ! boys 7 too busy & int]e/$ to be daunt$ by a trifle l t4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,ralph sugge/$ simple picture frames1 & ?is br\ght ! new problem ( cutt+ out an op5+ = ! picture4 ,! fir/ design !y tri$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,ralph _h to %[ ,h>ry h[ to make ! ellipse ) compasses by fir/ con/ruct+ two squ>es or rectangles t\*+1 & ) bo? diagonal l9es 9 ea* squ>e4 ,by tak+ = a c5tre ! po9t :]e ! squ>es t\*1 z a & b1 & us+ ! l5g? ( a diagonal l9e z a radius1 two arcs 7 drawn at x & y4 ,! ellipse 0 f9i%$ by tak+ c z a c5tre1 & ! di/ance c d z a radius1 to draw arc z1 & ! o!r end 0 f9i%$ 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,picture frame ) elliptical op5+ ,ralph expla9$ t ?is 0 n a p]fect ellipse1 b w\ld answ] = a small picture frame4 ,! draw+ 0 easy comp>$ to ! "q ( h[ to cut out ! wood to ?is curv$ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,us+ ! cop+ saw ,"o ( ! new tools 0 br\ght out1 & ,h>ry 0 introduc$ to ! my/]ies ( ! cop+ saw4 7,fig4 #ad74 ,a ?9 saw blade 0 produc$ & fa/5$ 9 "o end ( ! frame1 ! o!r end be+ left free4 ,a hole 0 made inside ( ! ellipse ) a brad awl1 ! free end ( ! blade pass$ ?r\gh ! op5+ & fa/5$ 9 ! frame ( ! saw4 ,re/+ ! picture frame on ! edge ( a b5*1 ! ellipse 0 saw$ out r\ghly ab\t #a_/af ( an in* inside ( ! draw+4 ,?is rema9+ sixte5? ( an in* 0 !n :ittl$ to ! l9e ) a knife & f9i%$ ) s&-pap]4 ,h>ry f\nd "s difficulty 9 gett+ ?is elliptical op5+ smoo? en\gh to suit him1 s !y tri$ design+ = half an h\r1 & produc$ a new =m 7,fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,picture frame 9 /raight l9es ,?is 0 easi]1 z !re 7 no curv$ l9es1 & x c\ld be saw$ close to ! outside z well z ! inside l9es1 to save "t 9 :ittl+4 ,:ile ,h>ry 0 f9i%+ ?is frame1 ,ralph 0 busy on a new design & f9ally pass$ ov] ! draw+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,d y "k !re is z mu* fun 9 gett+ up new designs z !re is 9 mak+ !m 9 wood8 said ,ralph4 ,yes1 b y h to "k h[ to draw1 repli$ ! y\ng] boy4 ,c't y tea* me8 ,yes4 ,i fir/ make a r\gh sket* ( my idea1 & !n a c>eful draw+ ( its actual size1 ) ! draw+ in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,?ird picture frame ,t's ! "p t ,i want to le>n3 h[ to use ! in/rum5ts4 ,a lesson 9 me*anical draw+ foll[$1 & z x is a v important subject to "y woodwork]s1 x w be giv5 9 full 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,iii ,,me*anical ,,draw+ ,9 tak+ up me*anical draw+1 said ,ralph1 always rememb] t accurate & neat "w1 conta9+ all necess>y dim5sions1 is half ! battle4 ,y w probably feel1 z ,i did at fir/1 t x is a wa/e ( "t1 b y c always consid] t :5 y\r draw+ is f9i%$ ! "w is half done4 ,y c judge f x ! numb] ( pieces ( /ock requir$1 & _! ov]-all dim5sions ,?is saves mu* "t at ! wood pile1 & tells at a glance to j :at size y mu/ squ>e up ea* piece ( /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! outfit = me*anical draw+ ,! draw+ bo>d is an absolute necessity4 ,x ne$ n be p]fectly squ>e1 b ! surface mu/ be flat & true1 & at lea/ "o ( ! edges absolutely /raight4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,! ,t squ>e mu/ h a ?9 blade--ab\t #a_/af ( an in*1 & be made ( h>d wood4 ,x %\ld =m a "r angle ) ! head1 :i* slides along ! left-h& edge ( ! draw+ bo>d1 & t mu/ be ! /raight edge4 ,! ,t squ>e is us$ z a guide = ! p5cil 9 draw+ horizontal l9es1 & x %\ld always be kept on ! same side ( ! draw+ bo>d4 ,:5 draw+ a v]tical l9e1 "o ( ! wood5 triangles %\ld be plac$ on ! ,t squ>e & ! l9e drawn along ! left-h& edge ( ! triangle4 ,circles or arcs ( circles are drawn ) ! compasses held at ! extreme top4 ,) ?is introduction1 ! boys proce$$ to fa/5 ) f\r ?umb-tacks a piece ( draw+ pap] to ! upp] "p ( ! draw+ bo>d4 ,:y don't y put ! pap] 9 ! c5tre8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,because1 if "o work$ on ! l[] "p ( ! draw+ bo>d1 ! ,t squ>e head w\ld ext5d bel[ ! edge ( ! bo>d1 & t\* ! table4 ,y w\ld h to wat* x con/antly4 ,! head ( ! ,t squ>e %\ld always be tight aga9/ ! bo>d1 = :5 y slide x too f> d[n1 x sometimes /rikes ! table )\t y\r kn[+ x1 & y f9d y\r horizontal l9es are n horizontal2 s ,i always l to h ! draw+ pap] z high up on ! bo>d z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,block+ out ! crosses ( ,/4 ,&rew & ,/4 ,george ,! boys agre$ t :ile ! y\ng] 0 le>n+ to make draw+s1 ea* "o %\ld repres5t some?+ to be made lat] 9 wood4 ,draw+ numb] "o 0 a squ>e1 #c in*es on a side4 ,ralph %[$ h[ ?is 0 made ) only two measurem5ts4 ,draw+ "o horizontal & "o v]tical l9e1 #c in*es 7 m>k$ (f on ea*1 ! o!r two l9es drawn ?r\gh ^! new po9ts1 & ! squ>e 0 f9i%$4 ,ralph insi/$ t all l9es be v light1 z !y c\ld be d>k5$ up lat]1 if necess>y1 & 7 easy to erase 9 case ( a mi/ake4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,h>ry 0 !n told to divide ! upp] & left-h& sides into ev5 in*es1 & to draw across ! squ>e v]tical & horizontal l9es f ! f\r po9ts obta9$4 ,?us ! l>ge squ>e 0 subdivid$ into n9e #a-;in* squ>es1 & by d>k5+ ! l9es %[n 9 ! figure at a ! cross ( ,/4 ,george 0 produc$4 ,ano!r #c-;in* squ>e 0 drawn1 & m>k$ (f1 z %[n at b4 ,! po9ts 7 connect$ by oblique l9es by means ( ! #de-;degree triangle1 & by d>k5+ ! l9es %[n at c ! cross ( ,/4 ,&rew 0 =m$4 ,aft] expla9+ t ! ,briti% flag 0 a comb9ation ( ^! two figures ,ralph said1 ,:ile we are draw+ crosses1 we may z well make a ,maltese "o4 ,/>t+ ) a #c-;in* squ>e aga91 x 0 measur$ (f z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! l9es 7 connect$ & d>k5$1 z %[n at b4 ,n[1 said ,ralph1 y c cut t out ( wood1 tie a ribbon on x & we> x z a m$al4 ,huh1 grunt$ ,h>ry4 ,pretty big m$al--?ree in*es across6 ,well1 make x any size1 an in* or ev5 less4 ,t's n a bad idea4 ,i'll make x out ( :ite holly1 & put a r$1 :ite1 & blue b[ on x4 ,& pr9t on x ',am]ican ,ord] ( ,junior ,woodwork]s'4 ,n a bad idea ei!r2 we c f9d lots ( boys :o w\ld be glad to jo9 & come "h ,saturdays to "w 9 ! %op4 ,!re w\ld be no tr\ble to get c&idates2 ! tr\ble w\ld be to take c>e ( !m4 ,!y w\ld fill ! y>d & ov]fl[ into ! /reet1 said ,ralph4 ,b :y c\ldn't we---- ,come n[1 let's d "o ?+ at a "t2 y are suppos$ to be le>n+ me*anical draw+4 ,we'll leave ! organization ( ! ,a4 ,o4 ,j4 ,w4 till ano!r "t4 ,i'm go+ to %[ y h[ to use ! compasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,maltese cross ,:ile !y 7 draw+ ! circle1 qu>t]foil1 he>t1 & oval1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj1 ,ralph review$ 8 pupil on ! mean+ ( diamet]1 radius1 circumf]5ce1 etc4 ,if y want to cut he>ts out ( pap] or wood1 ,i w\ld advise y to wait until ,/4 ,val5t9e's ,day1 & res]ve ! oval or egg until ,ea/]4 ,! circle is a wond]ful figure4 ,by m>k+ ! radius (f on ! circumf]5ce1 ) ! compasses1 we f9d t ! =m] divides ! latt] into exactly six equal p>ts1 & by connect+ ! po9ts1 we h a p]fect hexagon4 ,by connect+ ! alt]nate po9ts we obta9 a p]fect equilat]al triangle1 & by connect+ ! rema9+ po9ts we get ano!r triangle ( ! same size4 ,! two triangles =m a six-po9t$ />4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,n[1 said ,ralph1 ,i am go+ to give y a problem by dictation2 all y h to d is to obey ord]s4 ,fir/ draw a circle #c-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:at's ! radius8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,t's = y to f9d out4 ,h>ry ?\ght a mom5t1 divid$ ?ree & a half by two1 & sett+ 8 compasses at #a-c_/d1 drew ! circle4 ,n[ divide ! circumf]5ce into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,triangle1 hexagon & /> ,! boy puzzl$ ov] ?is = a mom5t1 !n m>k$ (f ! radius1 cutt+ ! circumf]5ce into six p>ts1 z if = a hexagon1 & eras$ e o!r po9t1 leav+ ?ree4 ,draw radial l9es f ^! po9ts to ! c5tre4 ,easy1 rem>k$ ,h>ry1 & drew a l9e f ea* po9t to ! c5tre ) ! edge ( "o ( 8 triangles4 ,f9d ! c5tre ( ea* ( ^? l9es4 ,easy aga91 said ! boy1 z he set 8 compasses at #g_/h ( an in*1 & f ! c5tre ( ! circle cut ea* ( ! /raight l9es ) an arc4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,draw a semicircle f ea* ( ^! po9ts ) a radius ( #e_/h ( an in*4 ,easi] /ill1 quo? ,h>ry1 z he drew ! semicircles4 ,! draw+ !n look$ l a 7,fig4 #bb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,pulley design ,n[1 said ! tea*]1 let me %[ y some?+4 ,he made a few /rokes ) ! compasses1 & ! draw+ z %[n at b 0 f9i%$4 ,t is en\gh = to-day4 ,! compasses are ab\t ! easie/ ( all in/rum5ts to use1 provid$ y keep 9 m9d t ! p5cil po9t ne$s to be %>p5$ to a *isel1 or flat %ape1 ! same z any o!r draw+ p5cil4 ,! numb] ( designs :i* may be made ) x are simply endless1 z y w le>n lat] on4 ,,iv ,,me*anical ,,draw+3 ,,cont9u$ ,! next day1 z !y 7 ab\t to resume _! /udy1 ,ralph said3 ,!re is s mu* to draw+ t ,i h>dly "k :]e to beg91 or :at to leave out2 b 9 %op draw+1 a picture w n d2 imag9e an ar*itect try+ to build a skyscrap] f a picture4 ,! %op draw+ mu/ tell ! me*anic ev]y?+ he ne$s to "k ab\t ! object he is mak+4 ,he _c keep runn+ to ! (fice ask+ que/ions2 ! draw+ mu/ answ] !m all4 ,t is ! reason :y ! draught+-room is su* an important "p ( e manufactur+ plant4 ,draw+ is ! language ! design] uses to tell ! workm5 :at he wants made4 ,x is d\bly important :5 ! design] is hundr$s or ?\s&s ( miles away f ! workman4 ,a battle-%ip c be design$ 9 ,au/ralia & built 9 ,engl&1 s ?is language ( ! %op has gr[n to be a v int]e/+ & important art4 ,e "o :o works ) tools mu/ le>n x soon] or lat]1 ! soon] ! bett]4 ,usually x is necess>y to repres5t ev5 ! simple/ object by at lea/ two views4 ,= example1 suppose ,i h& y ?is sket* a 7,fig4 #bc71 & tell y to make two out ( wood4 ,y w\ldn't "k :at to d because no ?ickness is %[n1 b if ,i give y ?is sket* b1 y w\ld see imm$iately t x has practically no ?ickness & might be a %eet ( pap]4 ,y le>n t f ! top view look+ d[n on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,front & top views ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,%[+ necessity = top view ,! fir/ view is call$ ! front view4 ,n[1 suppose ,i *ange ! top view to ?is c2 ?ickness is %[n "h1 & if ,i say1 make two ( ^! out ( :ite p9e1 y w\ld "k all t w\ld be necess>y to g ahead4 ,aga91 suppose ,i give y ?is sket* a 7,fig4 #bd71 & ask y to make two out ( gum wood4 ,y w\ld be completely at sea1 because t front view might h any "o ( ^! top views %[n at b1 c1 d1 e 7,fig4 #bd74 ,9 o!r words1 x might be a triangle )\t ?ickness1 a w$ge1 cone1 or pyramid4 ,s y see1 two views are absolutely necess>y1 & v (t5 a ?ird1 tak5 f ! "r or left side4 ,! ?ree views ( a book w\ld look l ,fig4 #be4 ,! side view is n necess>y 9 ?is case1 b t is ! way x w\ld be drawn if a ?ird 7 ne$$4 ,y w h pl5ty ( opportunities = practis+ ?is z we get along ) our tool "w1 because 9 ord] to und]/& draw+s y mu/ be able to make !m4 ,suppose y try y\r h& n[1 by draw+ ! two views ( a cyl9d]1 two in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree in*es high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,?ree views ( a book ,ralph roll$ a %eet ( pap] up until ! ends met1 to illu/rate a cyl9d]1 & ! draw+ produc$ by ,h>ry look$ l a4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,me*anical draw+s ( cyl9d] & cone ,n[1 said ,ralph1 no %op draw+ is complete unless x %[s all ! necess>y dim5sions2 s ,i w put !m on to %[ y h[ x is done1 b aft] ?is y mu/ dim5sion e draw+ y make4 ,! f9i%$ draw+ ( ! cyl9d] is %[n at b4 ,h>ry 0 told to make ! me*anical draw+ ( a cone1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & #c in*es high4 ,:ile he 0 work+ at ?is problem1 ,ralph disappe>$1 & :5 he return$ ,h>ry ask$ :]e he _h be54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,mak+ a tip cat ,nev] m9d4 ,let me see y\r draw+1 c 7,fig4 #bf74 ,all "r4 ,!n he laid a little wood5 object on ! table4 ,:y1 x's a cat1 said ,h>ry4 ,yes1 a tip cat1 & z soon z y make a work+ draw+ ( x1 y are go+ to manufacture "o ) y\r knife4 ,please notice t ! tip cat is a cyl9d] ) a cone at ea* end1 & two views w %[ ev]y?+ ab\t x4 ,! draw+ took long] to make ?an ,h>ry imag9$ x w\ld2 or x seem$ long] because he 0 s impati5t to get to "w ) 8 knife4 ,8 f9i%$ draw+ is %[n at a 7,fig4 #bh74 ,! diff]5t /ages 9 ! mak+ ( ! tip cat are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,second tip cat ,fir/ came ! squ>+ up1 %[n at a4 ,!n ! two ends 7 :ittl$ d[n to w$ges z %[n at b1 & ^! two ends r$uc$ to squ>e pyramids1 z at c4 ,l9es a qu>t] ( an in* f ea* edge 7 drawn on ! f\r sides ( ! squ>e "p & cont9u$ out to ! po9ts ( ! pyramids1 z at d4 ,cutt+ to ?is l9e *ang$ ! squ>e to an octagon1 & ! squ>e pyramids to octagonal ones4 ,! edges 7 aga9 :ittl$ (f until !re 7 no m to be se52 ! cat 0 smoo!d ) s&-pap]1 & call$ f9i%$4 ,h>ry 0 delight$1 b ,ralph said3 ,t is n ! be/ =m = a tip cat1 because x w roll4 ,we w make a bat = x n[1 & aft] we h play$ ) x a:ile1 we'll make a bett] "o2 j ! same except t ! c5tre "p w be left squ>e & only ! ends r\nd$4 7,fig4 #bh1 b47 ,! bat !y made is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,its h&le 0 cut out ) ! cop+ saw & :ittl$ to ! l9es4 ,ralph expla9$ t any?+ to be held %\ld be r\nd$1 or x w\ld be h>d on ! h&1 s all ! edges 7 curv$ ) ! knife & f9i%$ ) s&-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,bat = tip cat ,!y _h s mu* fun ) ! cat & bat t woodwork 0 =gott5 = two aft]noons4 ,! ?ird day x ra9$1 s ! boys 7 glad to get at "w aga9 9 ! %op4 ,ralph sugge/$ t1 z !y 7 do+ s mu* draw+1 x might be well to make a p5cil %>p5]4 ,! draw+ !y produc$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?is 0 easily work$ out 9 #a_/h-;in* wood ) a piece ( s&-pap] glu$ 9 ! oblong space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,p5cil %>p5] ,! s&-pap] sugge/$ mat* scrat*]s1 & z !y are useful articles1 sev]al designs 7 work$ up = ,*ri/mas gifts4 ,?ree ( ^! are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 b aft] a good deal ( discussion x 0 decid$ t = scrat*+ mat*es a long] space = s&-pap] 0 necess>y1 & ?ree o!r designs 7,fig4 #cb7 7 ! result ( sev]al h\rs' "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,fir/ mat* scrat*]s ,i'm gett+ tir$ ( mat* scrat*]s1 exclaim$ ,h>ry2 let's make "s toys6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,lat] designs 9 mat* scrat*]s ,v well1 we'll get ready = ,santa ,claus1 & provide a /ock ( ?+s = our num]\s "y c\s9s1 repli$ ,ralph4 ,?is w give u a *ance to use our cop+ saw1 & ,i h be5 want+ to d t = a long "t4 ,v ,,toys ,9 mak+ pres5ts = little *ildr51 said ,ralph1 we mu/ always rememb] t ! toys w be play$ ) & receive a great deal ( r\gh h&l+4 ,s to beg9 )1 !y mu/ be /rong & ( simple con/ruction4 ,! y\ng/]s don't c>e s mu* = f9ely f9i%$ articles z old] p d1 & !y tire v quickly ( ?+s t are s complicat$ t !y get out ( ord] easily4 ,suppose we fir/ make "s neat boxes4 ,!y c be fill$ ) c&y1 & aft] t is gone !y w be us$ = a long "t to keep treasures 94 ,fig4 #cc %[s ! draw+ ( ! fir/ box ! boys made4 ,! two oblong pieces =m ! top & bottom4 ,! latt] 0 nail$ on ) #c_/h-;in* brads4 ,! two cleats 7 nail$ to ! "u side ( ! top to hold x 9 place1 :ile ! sides & ends 7 fa/5$ ) a little glue1 & "o brad 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is made a v s]viceable box1 ! mat]ial be+ basswood #c_/af ( an in* ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,toy box ,! sl$ %[n 9 ,fig4 #cd came next1 made ( ! same mat]ial z ! box4 ,ralph 0 delight$ ) its /r5g? & graceful l9es4 ,two cleats 7 glu$ into ! grooves 9 ! sides1 & ! top nail$ on ) #c_/h-;in* brads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,! toy sl$ ,9 ea* case ! draw+ 0 made directly on ! wood1 :i* 0 saw$ close to ! l9es ) ! cop+ saw1 & f9i%$ to ! l9es ) ! knife4 ,! dog h\se 7,fig4 #ce7 br\ght out "s new features ( con/ruction4 ,! op5+ 9 front 0 cut out ) ! saw & f9i%$ z usual4 ,sides & ends 7 !n put toge!r ) glue4 ,! two pieces =m+ ! ro( 7 nail$ toge!r ) #c_/h-;in* brads1 to make a "r angle & 7 !n plac$ 9 position & nail$ to ! front & back pieces4 ,ralph expla9$ t x 0 a sav+ ( "t & tr\ble to draw a light p5cil l9e to m>k ! location ( ! brads4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! brads are apt to come out 9 ! wrong place & w !n h to be )drawn & plac$ aga94 ,?is is a wa/e ( "t & x v (t5 spoils ! looks ( ! "w1 s t ! draw+ ( ! p5cil l9es really saves "t 9 ! end1 & ! l9es c be eras$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! dog h\se ,we c make any am\nt ( ?is dolls' furniture1 said ,ralph4 ,9 fact we c\ld build a doll's h\se & equip x ) *airs1 tables1 & b$s1 b :at ! y\ng/]s really l be/ is some?+ t works1 some?+ t moves1 s ,i move--no pun int5d$--t we design a toy t has "s life to x4 ,we c cut x out ) ! cop+ saw & !re ne$ n be a great deal ( knife "w to x4 ,suppose we make an ,indian paddl+ a canoe6 ,?is 0 m ( a problem ?an !y _h b>ga9$ =1 z x 0 necess>y to look ?r\gh an encyclopdia to f9d pictures ( canoes1 ,indians1 tomahawks1 etc4 ,h>ry trac$ ! figure ( an ,indian *ief1 transf]r$ x to ! surface ( a piece ( #a_/h-;in* basswood1 & on saw+ x out f\nd t he _h a v good silh\ette ( an ,indian1 b x did n move 7,fig4 #cf74 ,! problem 0 /ill unsolv$1 & exp]im5ts along t l9e us$ up sev]al aft]noons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,indian *ief ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,indian paddl]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,indian paddl]s4 ,sep>ate p>ts cut out & assembl$ ,:at 0 f9ally work$ out is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! arms 7 made sep>ate f ! body1 & 7 fa/5$ to bo? ! paddles & ! bodies by brads1 :i* act$ z pivots4 ,! bodies 7 !n fa/5$ to ! canoe 9 ! same way1 b a little glue 0 us$ z well z brads1 z !y 7 to be immovable4 ,h[ to make ! paddl]s move 9 unison 0 a h>d problem1 f9ally solv$ by fa/5+ a n>r[ /rip ( wood to ! l[] "p ( ea* paddle4 ,x 0 f\nd t by mov+ ?is /rip back & =? ! two figures mov$ ) ! precision ( a ma*9e4 ,9 ea* case :]e a pivot 0 requir$ x seem$ only necess>y to drive 9 a #c_/h-;in* brad4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,! success ( ?is mov+ toy 0 s great t ! boys w5t ru%+ into ! h\se to %[ x to ! family4 ,soon !y came ru%+ back aga91 det]m9$ to try _! skill on some?+ else4 ,ralph _h to rem9d ,h>ry t ! ,indian paddl]s 7 n yet f9i%$1 z ! toy w\ld n /& up1 s ! /&>ds %[n at b 7 saw$ out1 smoo!d ) ! knife1 & "o fa/5$ at ea* end1 z a support1 by means ( brads & glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! f5c]s ,aft] mu* boyi% argu+1 x 0 decid$ next to try two swordsm5 f5c+4 ,?is call$ = "s pos+1 & look+ 9 books to get ! correct position ( a man f5c+4 ,! draw+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci 0 f9ally copi$ f a book on a?letic sports4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! figures are %[n cle>ly 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x 0 f\nd1 by exp]im5t+ ) pap] figures1 t by mak+ "o leg ( ea* figure 9 two p>ts1 ! body1 arms1 & o!r leg c\ld be saw$ out ( "o piece4 ,! "w ( cutt+ out & assembl+ ?is comb9ation1 seem$ mu* easi] n[ t ! boys _h gott5 into ! sw+ ( x1 & !y 7 s anxi\s to see x "w t !y almo/ spoil$ x 9 _! ha/e4 ,! swords1 or foils1 7 made ( two pieces ( s(t iron wire4 ,ralph insi/$ on fil+ ^! out flat ne> ! ends to make !m look reali/ic1 & !y 7 fa/5$ by drill+ a hole 9 ea* h&1 pass+ ! wire ?r\gh & cl9*+ x ) a pair ( pli]s4 ,x 0 mu* saf] to drill ^! holes1 z a brad awl sometimes splits wood t is v ?94 ,?is comb9ation work$ to p]fection1 & :ile !y 7 try+ x ,h>ry caught a glimpse ( its %ad[ on ! table4 ,! silh\ette 9 black look$ ev5 m reali/ic ?an ! toy itself1 & x gave ! boys an idea4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,^! toys c\ld be us$ = mov+ %ad[ pictures1 & imm$iately _! imag9ation began to conjure up ! programme ( a %[4 ,our fir/ selection1 ladies & g5tlem51 w be a %ad[ picture1 entitl$ ',be=e ! ,com+ ( ! ,:ite ,m5'1 exclaim$ ,h>ry1 mov+ ! ,indian paddl]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! f5c]s4 ,pieces assembl$ ,& our next w be entitl$ ',! ,duel'1 said ,ralph4 ,n a v good hi/orical %[1 said ,h>ry4 ,we ought to h ! ',l&+ ( ! ,mayfl[]'4 ,n a bad idea1 ei!r1 said ,ralph4 ,i ?9k we c\ld rig up a %ip 9 a /orm4 ,let's try t next4 ,,vi ,,mov+ ,,toys ,! problem ( mak+ a %ip roll prov$ some:at ( a /ra9 on ! eng9e]+ corn] ( ,ralph's bra91 & aft] a:ile ,h>ry grew re/less4 ,c't y give me some?+ to d :ile y are design+ t ocean8 he said4 ,ralph1 paus+ a mom5t1 repli$1 ,yes1 try two m5 saw+ a log4 ,h>ry began to draw1 b f\nd t he knew v little ab\t saws1 s _h to g out & look at "o1 measur$ x1 & aft] a:ile produc$ ! sket* %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,ralph criticis$ x r sev]ely1 sugge/+ ! addition ( a log & saw buck1 & advis$ t ! arms ( ! m5 & saw be cut out ( "o piece4 ,! draw+ %[s ! sep>at$ pieces1 two bodies1 f\r legs1 a saw & arms 9 "o piece1 two /raight pieces = ! saw buck1 ! log1 & a little triangul> piece to g betwe5 log & saw buck4 ,! object ( ?is triangle is to leave a space betwe5 ! log & saw buck = ! passage ( ! saw back & =?1 z %[n 9 ! sectional view4 ,! two pieces =m+ ! buck 7 halv$ toge!r1 & ! log1 triangle1 & buck are fa/5$ ) glue & two brads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,! sawy]s ,aft] all ! pieces _h be5 cut out1 ! m5 7 fir/ put toge!r by fa/5+ bo? legs to ! body ) "o #c_/h-;in* brad4 ,! feet 7 next fa/5$ to ! /raight piece1 #aj in*es long1 repres5t+ ! gr\nd1 by "o brad ?r\gh ea* foot1 ! bodies /&+ upright1 & ! feet two in*es ap>t4 ,! arms came next1 ) "o brad ?r\gh ea* man's %\ld]1 & la/ly1 ! saw buck1 ) ! log already fa/5$ rigidly to x1 0 nail$ on ! back ( ! gr\nd piece ) ! log 9 front ( ! saw4 ,to make ?is toy /& up1 two /&>ds 7 fa/5$ to ! ends ( ! gr\nd piece1 ! same size z ^? atta*$ to ! f5c]s 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,x took ,h>ry two h\rs to make ?is figure 9 wood1 aft] he _h ! draw+ f9i%$4 ,9 ! meantime ,ralph _h work$ out a s*eme = giv+ a boat a roll+ motion4 ,we'll be me*anical eng9e]s by ! "t we f9i% ?is1 he told ,h>ry4 ,?is piece ( me*anism calls = a crank1 a %aft1 two be>+s1 & a cam1 n to m5tion a %ip1 an ocean1 & a few miscellane\s articles too trivial to m5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,boat 9 /orm ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! %ip 9 a heavy sea are %[n 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,at a is ! cam1 at b ! crank & h&le1 & at c ! %aft4 ,! boat 0 sket*$ free h& & cut out ) ! cop+ saw 9 "o piece by saw+ exactly on ! l9es4 ,! ocean 0 repres5t$ by two pieces correspond+ to ! gr\nd piece 9 ! sawy]s1 & ! wavy outl9e 0 n made until ev]y?+ _h be5 cut out & ! comb9ation 0 ready = assembl+4 ,! mo/ difficult "p--! %aft--0 made fir/1 & entirely ) ! knife3 ,a piece ( basswood 0 cut exactly a qu>t] ( an in* squ>e1 a section 0 m>k$ 9 ! c5tre ( ?is #c_/af in* wide1 & not*es 7 made on ea* corn]4 ,! two ends 7 !n :ittl$ to an octagonal %ape & r\nd$4 ,! squ>e section 9 ! c5tre 0 r$uc$ to #a_/h in* wide & ! r\nd$ ends s&-pap]$ smoo?4 ,next1 ! cam 0 cut out1 & ! squ>e hole made4 ,?is 0 accompli%$1 aft] spoil+ "o1 by drill+ a qu>t] ( an in* hole 9 ! squ>e & cutt+ ! op5+ squ>e ) ! po9t ( ! knife4 ,! object ( ! squ>e op5+ 0 to prev5t ! cam f slipp+ :5 9 op]ation4 ,! cam 0 !n plac$ ov] ! r\nd "p ( ! %aft & glu$ to ! squ>e section1 ov] :i* x fitt$ snugly4 ,next came ! crank4 ,?is 0 made ! same %ape z ! cam1 b ! #a_/d in* hole drill$ 9 "o end 0 left r\nd1 :ile ! o!r 0 cut squ>e z 9 ! cam4 ,! %aft fitt$ into ! r\nd hole & 0 glu$ 9 aft] ! assembl+4 ,= ! h&le on ! crank1 a piece #a_/d in* squ>e 0 fitt$ into ! squ>e hole1 & ! re/ ( x :ittl$ r\nd & s&-pap]$4 ,two cleats1 #b in* #a_/d #c_/af in*1 7 cut out ) ! saw & ev]y?+ 0 ready = assembl+4 ,! two sides ( ! ocean 7 held toge!r & ! #a_/d-;in* hole at d drill$ ?r\gh bo? pieces at once4 ,! two not*es at e 7 cut aft] ! assembl+ 0 f9i%$4 ,aft] ! holes 7 drill$1 ! wavy l9e 0 saw$1 & ! two ends ( ! %aft ins]t$ 9 ! holes ) ! cam inside4 ,! two cleats 7 ins]t$ 9 ! ends ( ! ocean & fa/5$ ) brads & glue4 ,next1 ! boat 0 slipp$ 9 betwe5 ! two sides1 ) ! slop+ /]n j t\*+ ! cam1 & a #c_/h-;in* brad 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! ?ree ?icknesses1 sides & boat4 ,! crank 0 next slipp$ ov] ! %aft & glu$ 9 position4 ,! crank h&le 0 ins]t$ into ! squ>e hole & fa/5$ ) glue1 & la/ly a light rubb] b& 0 slipp$ ov] ! not* on ! /]n ( ! boat & ! two correspond+ not*es on ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,?is 0 to hold ! boat aga9/ ! cam1 :i* gives ! motion4 ,to make ?is toy m reali/ic1 ! boys got out a box ( wat] colors1 pa9t$ ! body ( ! boat black1 ! ocean gre51 & left ! basswood sails _! natural color--:ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,turkey & execution] ,!re1 said ,ralph :5 x 0 f9i%$1 ! y\ng/]s c raise a /orm at any "t !y l by simply turn+ ! crank4 ,?is toy ought to be v s]viceable1 z x c't v well get out ( ord] & is almo/ unbreakable4 ,! subject ( mov+ toys is almo/ endless1 be+ limit$ only by ! imag9ation ( ! design]4 ,?anksgiv+ sugge/$ ! turkey & ! axe1 & 9 ! toy ^! boys work$ out ! turkey evades ! axe e "t4 ,! p>ts are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! legs ( ! turkey are /uck rigidly to ! body by brads & a little glue1 & !y are fa/5$ to ! gr\nd piece by "o brad1 :i* acts z a pivot4 ,! axeman's body & "r leg are 9 "o piece1 ! left leg be+ 9 two pieces4 ,! arms adh]e rigidly to ! body1 & ! axe to ! h&s1 by means ( brads4 ,! op]at+ /rip is #a_/d in* wide & #i in*es long4 ,x is fa/5$ betwe5 ! legs ( ! turkey1 & to ! rigid leg ( ! man1 by "o brad = pivot 9 ea* case4 ,! /ump is nail$ to ! gr\nd /rip f ! front4 ,,vii ,,design+ ,,mov+ ,,toys ,! boys f\nd ?is mak+ ( toys s fasc9at+ t "o 0 b>ely f9i%$ be=e ano!r 0 sugge/$4 ,s absorb$ did !y become t ev5 meals 7 =gott51 & !y reg>d$ x z a h>d%ip to be call$ 9 to supp]1 :ile to be told t x 0 b$time 0 absolute cruelty4 ,!y f\nd t x sav$ "t to be sy/ematic1 & ! usual me?od ( proc$ure 0 ab\t z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! box]s ,fir/1 to decide on ! practicability ( ! idea4 ,second1 to sket* out a skeleton figure1 z 9 a 7,fig4 #dd71 ! box]s4 ,:5 ! prop] action 0 secur$ 9 ^! skeleton figures1 ! bodies 7 sket*$ r\ghly ar\nd !m z %[n at b4 ,?ird1 ! movem5t ( ! figures 0 ?\ght out1 & sep>ate draw+s trac$ f ! assembl$ draw+ on trac+ pap]4 ,f\r?1 ^! sep>ate pieces 7 trac$ on #a_/h-;in* basswood ) ! gra9 ( ! wood runn+ ! long way ( ! piece1 :]ev] x 0 possible4 ,fif?1 ! pieces 7 saw$ out1 & ! edges smoo!d ) knife & s&-pap]4 ,v (t51 ?r\gh anxiety to see h[ x work$1 ! smoo?+ ( ! edges 0 neglect$4 ,six?1 ! p>ts 7 put toge!r ) brads1 & :]e ! po9ts came ?r\gh !y 7 b5t ov] or cl9*$ on ! fur!r side4 ,sev5?1 aft] exp]im5ts to discov] ! be/ position = x1 ! mov+ /rip 0 fa/5$ to ! legs by #c_/h-;in* brads1 & la/ ( all ! feet 7 pivot$ to ! gr\nd piece 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! box]s assembl$ ,! boys le>n$ _m ?+s n to d3 = example1 all ! f9] details ( ! face & h&s mu/ be omitt$1 z !y are v apt to be brok5 (f 9 saw+4 ,x 0 f\nd be/ to make ! feet ne>ly r\nd or ! brads w\ld split ! wood4 ,= t reason :]ev] a brad has to be driv5 ?r\gh1 ! arm or leg %\ld be made l>g] ?an ! proportionate size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,! rac+ automobile ,! mo/ surpris+ feature ab\t ! figures 0 ! fact t ! %ad[ !y ca/ on a :ite wall or %eet 0 m reali/ic ?an ! figures !mselves1 & our boys nev] tir$ ( ex]cis+ ^! toys 9 ord] to wat* ! %ad[ pictures4 ,( all comb9ations1 p]haps ! design & con/ruction ( a rac+ automobile1 t w\ld actually g1 gave !m ! greate/ am\nt ( amusem5t z well z ! l>ge/ numb] ( problems to solve4 ,! hi/ory ( trials & failures ne$ n be giv51 b ! ma*9e1 z f9i%$1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,! body & hood are comp>atively simple4 ,! pr9cipal tr\ble1 z ) l>g] ma*9es1 0 ) ! motive p[]1 & ! boys f9ally compromis$ by us+ a rubb] b&4 ,! f\r :eels 7 saw$ out ( #c_/af-;in* basswood1 & smoo!d ) s&-pap]1 ! two driv+ :eels = ! re> hav+ a #a_/d-;in* hole drill$ to receive ! ends ( ! axle4 ,! re> axle 0 #a_/d in* squ>e at ! c5tre = half an in*1 & ! re/ ( x #a_/d in* 9 diamet]1 r\nd$ ) ! knife & s&-pap]4 ,! total l5g? ( ! axle 0 f\r in*es1 & ! :eel base sev5 & "o-half in*es4 ,= ! driv+ ge>1 ?ree disks %[n at a 7,fig4 #dg7 7 saw$ out1 ! two l>ge ones1 #a-a_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 f #a_/h-;in* basswood4 ,! edges ( ^! two 7 r\nd$ ) knife & s&-pap]4 ,! small disk1 #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 0 cut f #a_/d-;in* wood or two #a_/h-;in* pieces plac$ toge!r & glu$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,pieces ( rac+ automobile ,a squ>e hole 0 cut ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea* ( ^! disks ) a knife1 & !y 7 !n put toge!r ) glue & brads1 mak+ a v s]viceable groov$ pulley1 :i* 0 slipp$ ov] ! %aft & fitt$ ov] ! squ>e "p 9 ! c5tre4 ,z x 0 a snug fit no glue 0 necess>y1 & ! squ>e "p prev5t$ ! pulley f slipp+ on ! %aft4 ,! =w>d axle 0 made #c-c_/d in*es long1 #a_/d ( an in* squ>e1 except at ! ends1 :]e = a di/ance ( #e_/af in* x 0 r\nd$1 #a_/d in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is complet$ ! :eels1 axles1 & transmission pulley4 ,! *assis1 or frame1 :i* supports ! body1 consi/s ( two pieces ( #c_/af-;in* basswood #h in*es long & #a_/b in* wide1 ) a #a_/d-;in* hole drill$ #a_/d in* f ea* end4 ,! floor ( ! auto1 on :i* ! body re/s1 is #a_/h-;in* basswood #f #c-a_/b in*es1 & x b9ds ! :ole ma*9e toge!r1 giv+ x /r5g? & rigidity1 b x mu/ n be fa/5$ 9 place until ! /ructure is ready = assembl+4 ,! hood is simply a box #c-a_/d in*es long1 #b-a_/b in*es wide1 & #a-a_/d in*es high )\t a bottom4 ,! top piece may be left unfa/5$1 if desir$1 ) two cleats on ! "u side to hold x 9 position4 ,! hood !n becomes an available place to keep small articles1 tools1 etc4 ,! body ( ! automobile is compos$ ( five pieces3 ! two sides ( ! %ape %[n at b1 ! da%-bo>d1 to :i* !y are fa/5$ ) brads1 ! seat1 & ! back4 ,?is body c be tak5 (f & replac$ by o!r bodies1 made to repres5t road/]s1 t\r+ c>s1 lim\s9es1 etc4 ,a block ( #a_/d-;in* basswood #c_/d in* squ>e is fa/5$ to ! da%-bo>d4 ,?is block has a #c_/af-;in* hole drill$ ?r\gh x at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 & into ?is hole is glu$ ! /e]+-ge>1 consi/+ ( a basswood /ick1 :ittl$ to #c_/af in* diamet]1 ) a #a_/h-;in* :eel #a-a_/d in*es 9 diamet] fa/5$ at ! top1 d4 ,! me?od ( assembl+ is important4 ,fir/1 ins]t ! front & re> axles ?r\gh ! holes or be>+s 9 ! *assis1 or frame2 !n nail ! floor to ! frame ) #c_/h-;in* brads4 ,?is gives a rigid /ructure to "w on1 ! front edge ( ! floor be+ ev5 ) ! =w>d ends ( ! frame4 ,n[ screw into ! "u side ( ! floor1 #a-a_/d in*es f ! front end1 a #a_/b-;in* screw eye or screw hook1 or ev5 a flat-head nail4 ,?is is to hold "o end ( ! rubb] b& :i* is to supply ! motive p[]4 ,! hood may n[ be put toge!r & fa/5$ ev5 ) ! front ( ! ma*9e by nail+ x f ! bottom ) brads4 ,! body is put on by nail+ ! two sides to ! da%-bo>d1 & ! da%-bo>d to ! hood4 ,! seat & seat-back are aft]w>d put 9 place ) brads & ! /e]+-ge> glu$ 9 position aga9/ ! da%-bo>d4 ,! :eels %\ld be put on la/ ( all4 ,be=e plac+ !m 9 position1 slip two or ?ree new rubb] b&s ov] ! screw hook "u ! c>1 & tie ! free end to ! driv+ pulley s tightly t ! cord w n slip on ! pulley4 ,! front :eels are fa/5$ to ! axles by #a_/b-;in* flat-head wire nails1 & work$ until !y revolve freely on ^! pivots2 ! flat head holds ! :eel on4 ,! re> :eels are ! driv]s1 & mu/ be fa/5$ rigidly to ! axle by glue4 ,:5 ! glue has h>d5$--?is takes sev]al h\rs--! ma*9e may be s5t across ! room on ! floor by w9d+ ! re> axle backw>d z mu* z ! rubb] b&s w p]mit )\t break+1 & sett+ ! ma*9e on ! floor4 ,! fir/ "t ! boys tri$ x1 ! rubb] b& uncoil$ s quickly t ! auto %ot across ! room & ne>ly wreck$ itself aga9/ ! wall4 ,?is 0 too reali/ic1 especially z x broke "o ( ! =w>d :eels1 & a new "o _h to be made4 ,:5 su* an automobile is to be pres5t$ to little *ildr5 :o want to draw x ar\nd ) a /r+1 x is necess>y to remove ! rubb] b&2 o!rwise ! re> :eels w drag4 ,:5 our boys _h f9i%$ _! ma*9e1 ! "q came up to :om x %\ld be giv5 = ,*ri/mas1 & ,h>ry blurt$ out1 ,i want x myself4 ,?is 0 ! greate/ ( all _! difficulties4 ,:5 !y _h f9i%$ a piece ( "w !y hat$ to "p ) x1 b ,ralph 0 old]1 & he knew t z ,h>ry became int]e/$ 9 new ?+s he w\ld gradually lose int]e/ 9 ! old ones4 ,s !y play$ ) ?is ma*9e1 made ano!r ) a road/] body1 & auto races became ! rage = a:ile4 ,aft] sev]al aft]noons ( rac+1 !y decid$1 j z _! eld]s _h done be=e !m1 t :at _! ma*9es ne$$ 0 improv$ motive p[]4 ,! accompli%m5t ( ?is w\ld take !m out ( ! realm ( woodwork1 s ,ralph sugge/$ t !y /ick to _! motto ( "o ?+ at a "t4 ,& our bus9ess j n[ is woodwork4 ,,viii ,,! ,,model ,,a]oplane ,! automobile exp]im5t naturally sugge/$ ! a]oplane1 & aft] mu* read+ ( magaz9es & animat$ discussions z to ! relative advantages ( biplanes1 monoplanes1 glid]s1 etc41 ! boys decid$ to try _! skill on a biplane ( _! own design1 a comb9ation ( ! features & proportions ( ! ,curtiss & ,wright ma*9es4 ,! automobile 0 *ild's play comp>$ ) ! problems confront+ ! "y aviators 9 design+ & work+ out a fly+ ma*9e1 &1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ! "q ( motive p[] 0 ! mo/ difficult4 ,we might add x has n yet be5 satisfactorily solv$4 ,fig4 #dh %[s ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! boys' model1 :i* 0 eighte5 in*es long f front to back1 & ! planes1 made ( light c>d-bo>d1 7 #ad in*es long & #c-a_/b in*es wide4 ,! frame1 braces1 rudd]1 & tilt+ plane 7 made ( #a_/h-;in* basswood1 put toge!r ) #a_/b-;in* brads cl9*$ :]ev] ! po9ts came ?r\gh4 ,! p>ts compos+ ! frame 7 made fir/1 & all small details1 su* z rudd]1 propell]1 tilt+ plane1 etc41 cut out lat]4 ,! sep>ate p>ts are %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,f\r /raight pieces l a 7 requir$ to support ! tilt+ plane 9 front1 & two pieces ea* b & c = ! rudd] 9 ! re>4 ,two pieces a1 "o ( b & c 7 fa/5$ toge!r by means ( two uprights d1 =m+ "o complete side ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is 0 complet$1 & ! second side made id5tical ) x4 ,^! two sides 7 !n fa/5$ p>allel ) ea* o!r1 rigidly1 by means ( ! two rudd] po/s e e & ! cross pieces f f1 by brads4 ,! rudd] po/s b\nd ! two sides rigidly at ! re>1 ! cross pieces at ! c5tre1 & at ! =w>d end ! tilt+ plane 0 held 9 position by ! brads1 :i* also act$ z pivots4 ,?is made a rem>kably light & yet /rong framework4 ,! c>d-bo>d planes 7 n plac$ 9 position until ev]y?+ else 0 f9i%$1 z !y c\ld be atta*$ easily & quickly1 b 7 v mu* 9 ! way :5 exp]im5ts 7 be+ made on ! propell+ app>atus4 ,( c\rse !re _h to be a propell]1 & ! problem ( mak+ x requir$ "s practice4 ,ralph introduc$ ! subject by %[+ ,h>ry h[ to make an old-fa%ion$ toy1 %[n 9 ! detail draw+1 ( two pieces1 "o ! propell]1 ! o!r a balanc+ /ick4 ,! propell] 0 made ( a piece ( #c_/h-;in* basswood1 #d in*es long & #a_/b in* wide4 ,a #c_/af-;in* hole 0 fir/ drill$ at ! exact c5tre4 ,! two ends 7 !n :ittl$ d[n to ! %ape %[n at k4 ,! balanc+ /ick 0 next :ittl$ d[n until "o end fitt$ tightly into ! hole drill$ 9 ! propell]1 & ! re/ ( ! /ick !n r\nd$ until x 0 ( uni=m diamet]4 ,?is /ick 0 glu$ into ! hole1 & all[$ to dry4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( "w to d :ile ! glue 0 h>d5+1 z ! cross pieces g g _h to be fa/5$ to ! frame to prep>e = ! in/allation ( ! p[] plant4 ,:5 ! glue 0 dry1 ,ralph took ! balanc+ /ick betwe5 ! palms ( 8 h&s1 drew 8 "r h& t[>d him ) a quick motion1 at ! same "t releas+ ! /ick4 ,to ,h>ry's amazem5t1 ! :ole ?+ flew up & /ruck ! ceil+1 & = a few m9utes a]oplanes 7 =gott5 :ile ! two play$ ) ?is int]e/+ b anci5t toy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! toy biplane ,ralph expla9$ t ! propell] 0 simply "p ( a screw ?read1 & _h actually work$ its way ?r\gh ! air j z a screw works its way into a piece ( wood4 ,its lift+ p[] _h be5 %[n by ! way x c>ri$ ! balanc+ /ick ) x up to ! ceil+4 ,n[1 he cont9u$1 :5 we place a propell] horizontal x w worm its way =w>d ?r\gh ! air 9 ! same way & c>ry ! a]oplane ) x1 = ! simple reason t x is s plac$ 9 ! frame x c't get out4 ,z ! free space x has to revolve 9 is only #c in*es1 we %all h to cut ! blades d[n to ab\t #b-c_/d in*es to give x cle>ance4 ,!y :ittl$ out a %aft #a-a_/b in*es long & fa/5$ ! two not*$ pieces h h to x aft] plac+ ! propell] 9 position betwe5 ! two cross pieces g g :i* _h be5 previ\sly drill$ ) #a_/d-;in* holes to act z be>+s4 ,new rubb] b&s 7 !n pass$ ov] ! not*es1 /ret*$ out to ! front & re> ( ! frame1 & ti$ to cross pieces4 ,by w9d+ up ! propell]1 ^! b&s 7 twi/$ tightly1 & :5 ! propell] 0 releas$1 ! b&s unw\nd1 caus+ x to revolve rapidly4 ,! rudd] 0 n[ pivot$ 9 position by brads1 & ! two planes fa/5$ by ! same me?od4 ,! p[] d]iv$ f ! b&s 0 n suffici5t to propel ! a]oplane fa/ en\gh to support x 9 ! air1 s x 0 necess>y to exp]im5t ) /rong ?read until ! c5tre ( gravity 0 f\nd4 ,x prov$ to be ne> ! c5tre ( ! planes4 ,small holes 7 made ) an awl at ?is po9t1 ! ?read pass$ ?r\gh !m & ti$4 ,by susp5d+ ! a]oplane f a *&eli] x took up a horizontal position4 ,!n ! =w>d tilt+ plane 0 elevat$ slightly & ! propell] w\nd up4 ,on be+ releas$ ! a]oplane sl[ly & maje/ically sail$ ?r\gh ! air 9 a great circle1 limit$ by ! l5g? ( ! susp5d+ ?read4 ,! boys nev] tir$ ( ?is toy & all x lack$ 0 ! ability to fly 9 ! op5 air1 :i* w\ld require a m p[]ful motor4 ,?is w\ld m ?an d\ble ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 & !re=e call = l>g] planes to support x4 ,!re y h ! great problem ( ! aviator4 ,ralph wisely sugge/$ t z !y _h n yet rea*$ ! /age ( design+ gasol5e motors !y _h bett] leave ! a]oplane z x 01 or x w\ld be necess>y to ab&on _! woodwork1 :i* nei!r ( !m _h any int5tion ( do+4 ,,ix ,,! ,,monoplane ,a v satisfactory monoplane c be made f ! plans %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,! mat]ial = ! frame %\ld be qu>t]-in* :ite p9e or spruce4 ,! six long /rips are #cj in*es 9 l5g?1 & = fa/5+1 holes %\ld be drill$ & ! connection made by pass+ f9e s(t wire ?r\gh !m & b9d+ fa/4 ,! top frame1 =m$ ( f\r ( ^! long /rips1 %\ld be made fir/1 ) p>ticul> att5tion to ! measurem5ts1 s t bo? sides %all be exactly ! same size & weight4 ,at ! re> end ! two long /rips may be wir$ toge!r tempor>ily4 ,! propell] %[n 9 ! draw+ c be made at any "t f a piece ( :ite p9e #g_/h in* ?ick & #ab in*es long by #a-c_/d in*es wide4 ,x is a good piece ( :ittl+ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di 7a74 ,! toy monoplane4 ,! #c_/h-;in* hole = ! %aft %\ld be bor$ fir/1 & ! propell] blades r$uc$ to a ?ickness ( #a_/h in* at ! c5tre ( ! blade1 & #a_/af in* or less at ! edges4 ,! %aft ne$s to be /rong1 & %\ld be made ( a piece ( #c_/h-;in* d[el rod4 ,make a saw cut ) back saw 9 ! end1 :i* is to be fa/5$ 9 ! propell]4 ,:5 ready to assemble1 pu% ?is end into ! #c_/h-;in* hole 9 ! propell]1 drive 9 a s(t p9e w$ge ) a little glue1 & a rigid fa/5+ w result4 ,! groove 9 ! re> end ( ! %aft is to take ! ?ru/ ( ! propell]1 & hold x 9 ! ma*9e4 ,?is groove may be readily cut out ) ! knife1 & smoo!d ) s&-pap]4 ,two be>+s are necess>y to hold ! %aft 9 alignm5t4 ,! =w>d "o is a /rip ( p9e #a_/d by #c_/d1 ) a #c_/h-;in* hole bor$ at ! c5tre4 ,?is hole %\ld be s&-pap]$ until ! %aft turns 9 x freely4 ,! re> be>+ is a /rip #e_/h by #c_/h in*1 laid out z %[n at a4 ,! qu>t]-in* hole mu/ be bor$ fir/4 ,next1 drill two small holes ) a f9e drill on ei!r side ( ! hole = ! wires :i* are to hold ! two pieces toge!r4 ,next saw on ! p5cil l9e %[n1 remov+ ! small piece x4 ,te/ ! be>+ by plac+ ! small groov$ section ( ! %aft 9 ! qu>t]-in* hole to see if x turns freely4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! propell] & its be>+s are ready = ! monoplane4 ,look+ at ! front view1 ! two uprights are #i #c_/d #a_/d in*es4 ,at ! top ends !y are rabbet$ z %[n1 & wir$ to ! top frame4 ,at ! bottom !y are wir$ to ! long /rips :i* =m ! long sides ( ! bottom frame4 ,be=e putt+ ^! uprights on1 a #a_/d-;in* hole %\ld be drill$ #a-a_/b in*es f ! bottom ( ea*4 ,^! are to receive ! #a_/d-;in* d[el rod :i* acts z ! axle = ! spool s4 ,?is rod %\ld be #aj in*es or m 9 l5g?1 s t brads or wire may be pass$ ?r\gh ! ends outside ! uprights to keep ! axle 9 place4 ,! small spool :i* acts z a pulley mu/ be p]fectly free to turn on ?is rod1 & be kept 9 place by two brads driv5 ?r\gh drill$ holes on ei!r side ( x4 ,! front & l[] p>ts ( ! frame are n[ ready to be assembl$4 ,! f\r long /rips con/itut+ ! body ( ! frame are all wir$ toge!r at ! back1 tempor>ily4 ,to f9i% ! =w>d "p1 saw out a /rip #c_/h #a_/d in*1 & =m on ea* end a r\nd$ be>+1 z 9 ! automobile1 = two :eels #a-c_/d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,saw ! :eels out ( #c_/af-;in* basswood1 drill a hole at ea* c5tre1 place on ! be>+1 & fa/5 9 place ) a flat-head wire nail & a small wa%] next to ! :eel4 ,s&-pap] ! :eels smoo?1 & see t !y turn freely4 ,tack ! /rip1 or wire x to ! uprights1 z l[ d[n z possible4 ,! re> end ( ! monoplane is a nice little problem4 ,cut out a block ( p9e f #a in* to #a-a_/h in*es squ>e4 ,9 ! side fac+ ! front place a screw eye = fa/5+ ! spr+ or rubb] b&s4 ,! rudd] is %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,drill two holes1 z %[n1 & drive 9 brads or flat-head wire nails1 z l>ge z ! hole1 s t ! rudd] may be turn$ by h&1 b n free en\gh to turn ) ! w9d4 ,next drill a hole cle> ?r\gh ! block = ! axle ( ! tilt+ planes4 ,x is n necess>y t ! axle be at ! exact c5tre ( ! cube4 ,x %\ld ext5d q ?r\gh bo? planes z well z ! cube1 & be b5t ar\nd ! edges1 s z to make !m rigid4 ,!y %\ld be snug en\gh to turn by h&1 b n loose en\gh = ! w9d to %ift4 ,! f\r sides ( ! frame are n[ :ittl$ d[n to fit ! block1 & wir$ to x4 ,la/ comes ! "q ( motive p[]4 ,?is is ! great problem4 ,! writ] is oppos$ to enc\rag+ boys to believe t ^! toy a]oplanes c be made to fly great di/ances4 ,! propell] w\ld h to be made to revolve at high spe$ = sev]al m9utes 9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 & ! t5sion ( rubb] b&s is n equal to x4 ,! ma*9es c be made to fly %ort di/ances only4 ,! problem ( aviation is n[ a "q ( motors1 & ! smalle/ gasol5e motor1 ) its tank1 etc41 requires a fairly l>ge a]oplane to lift x4 ,no d\bt1 ! problem w be solv$ )9 a %ort "t1 b x has n be5 done at ! "t ( writ+4 ,= ?is size ( toy monoplane sev]al l>ge rubb] b&s may be ti$ toge!r1 fa/5$ at ! screw eye on "o end & to a piece ( /rong l95 kite cord at ! o!r4 ,pass ?is cord =w>d "u ! spool & up to ! propell] %aft4 ,drill a small hole 9 ! %aft1 draw ! cord taut1 & fa/5 x ?r\gh ?is hole4 ,:ile ! model has no planes z yet1 x is wise to get ! propell] work+ be=e putt+ !m on1 z ! space = work+ is fre]4 ,w9d up ! propell] until ! b&s h be5 /ret*$ to _! limit1 !n let g4 ,x may be necess>y to place :eels at ! re>1 ! same z 9 front4 ,on a smoo? floor1 ! ma*9e %\ld be drawn =w>d sev]al feet by ! action ( ! propell]4 ,x is entirely practicable1 on a plane ( ?is size1 to use ! works ( an ord9>y al>m clock 9 place ( rubb] b&s4 ,remove ! out] cas+ ( an old clock2 loos5 ! f\r brass nuts t hold ! frame toge!r1 & take out all ! :eels1 except ! axle on :i* ! ma9spr+ is fa/5$4 ,put ! frame toge!r aga9 ) ! f\r nuts4 ,! axle = ! ma9spr+ ext5ds outside ( ! frame1 & is ?read$ to receive ! h&le = w9d+4 ,take ?is h&le (f4 ,drill a hole 9 ! end ( ! propell] %aft1 slightly small] ?an ! ma9spr+ axle1 & screw ! latt] into ! propell] %aft4 ,y n[ h ! clock-works on ! end ( y\r %aft1 & x is necess>y to fa/5 a /rip ( p9e #a_/b 94 by #a_/d 94 to ! upp] /icks ( ! frame 9 ord] to wire ! works fa/1 z !y mu/ n be all[$ to turn4 ,by turn+ ! propell] y w9d up ! clock1 & z soon z y release x1 z !re is no escapem5t n[ to regulate ! spr+1 x tries to unw9d at once1 & ! propell] />ts at t]rific spe$4 ,look out = y\r h&s1 z ! propell] blades h no consci5ce4 ,?is action1 al?\gh /r5u\s1 is %ort liv$1 b mu* m p[]ful ?an rubb] b&s4 ,! spr+ ( an ord9>y al>m clock is p[]ful en\gh to drive a wood5 two-blad$ propell] #ab in*es 9 diamet] ) blades two in*es wide at ! outside4 ,x w draw a monoplane ( ?is size along ! floor sev]al feet4 ,hav+ f9ally decid$ ! "q ( p[]1 x rema9s to atta* ! planes4 ,! rema9+ long /rip is wir$ to ! top pieces1 #ab in*es f ! front1 & ! plane1 made ( silk1 oil$ pap]1 or v ?9 c>d-bo>d1 atta*$4 ,9 _m toy a]oplanes ! b&s ( rubb] are n /ret*$1 b twi/$4 ,! %aft 9 ?is case is a wire :i*1 aft] be+ fa/5$ to ! propell]1 passes ?r\gh a glass bead & !n ! frame1 end+ 9 a hook to :i* ! rubb] b&s are atta*$4 ,!re mu/ be a p]fectly cle> space f front to back ( ! frame4 ,! glass bead betwe5 ! propell] & frame is to relieve ! friction4 ,x ,,kites ,mak+ & exp]im5t+ ) a]oplanes calls = mu* pati5ce & (t5 ends 9 disappo9tm5t--! lot ( inv5tors g5]ally4 ,?is is no reason :y "w %\ld /op1 z all progress is made by attempt+ ! suppos$ly impossible1 b x w be re/ful aft] a :ile to turn to ! anci5t & g5tle art ( kite mak+4 ,incid5tally1 some?+ may be le>n$ ab\t ! effect ( w9d on plane surfaces t w prove helpful 9 a]oplane "w4 ,! a]oplane kite %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej is simple & effective4 ,x may be giv5 ! appe>ance ( a ,blriot monoplane by modify+ "s ( its features1 z %[n at b1 ! planes hav+ a slight upw>d slant4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! frames is cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,spruce or :ite p9e may be us$1 z lightness is an ess5tial4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ ! /icks is important4 ,x is n wise to halve !m1 z _! /r5g? w be r$uc$ bel[ ! safety po9t1 & nails are likely to split !m4 ,b9d !m securely ) /rong l95 kite cord or f9e s(t wire4 ,kite a is op5 to criticism on acc\nt ( ! s+le /ick connect+ front & back4 ,! second =m is bett]1 & ! two long /icks may be correspond+ly light] )\t r$uc+ ! ultimate /r5g? ( ! frame4 ,! me?od ( jo9+ ?ree /icks1 z at ! =w>d end1 is %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,:]ev] a butt jo9t occurs1 jo9 ! two pieces by means ( small /rips ( t9 cut to size ) a pair ( t9smi? snips4 ,drill holes ?r\gh t9 & /icks1 pass f9e s(t wire ?r\gh ! hole1 & twi/ tightly ) a pair ( pli]s4 ,! planes or sails may be ( light1 /rong pap]1 or "s light fabric1 su* z lawn or *eap silk4 ,! fabric %\ld be cut to size1 all[+ two in*es ea* way = ! hem4 ,pieces ( cord are fa/5$ to ! hem1 & ti$ to ! ends ( ! /icks ?r\gh small holes drill$ = ! purpose1 or ti$ to not*es cut ) ! knife4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od is t ! sails1 or planes1 may be drawn tightly or remov$ )\t loss ( "t4 ,9 ?is way a numb] ( fabrics c be us$ = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,pap]1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be lapp$ ov] /icks & wires1 & glu$4 ,propell]s may be fa/5$ to front1 re>1 or bo?1 to create ! appe>ance ( a real a]oplane4 ,! re/ra9+ action ( ! cord hold+ "o ( ^! kites up aga9/ ! w9d br+s into action ! same =ce t supports ! glid] or a]oplane1 & ! sails1 especially fabrics1 assume ! curve ( a boat sail1 :5 close-haul$ & sail+ into ! w9d4 ,! =ms t are possible are inf9ite1 & limit$ only by ! imag9ation ( ! design]4 ,x is well to beg9 ) "o ( ! /&>d types1 & leave exp]im5tal =ms until "s exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$4 ,! ,am]icaniz$ ,malay1 ,eddy1 or p>akite is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! two /icks are ( equal l5g?1 b\nd toge!r ) tw9e or s(t wire4 ,di/ance c e %\ld be f #ad to #ah p] c5t4 ( ! total l5g? c d4 ,! v]tical /ick rema9s /raight1 b cross /ick a b is b5t back l a b[1 ! di/ance e f be+ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total l5g? ( ei!r /ick1 & ma9ta9$ by a /r+ f a to b4 ,! f\r po9ts a c b d are jo9$ by a cord drawn taut1 to make sure t ! /icks are at "r angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be cut z %[n1 ! am\nt lapp$ be+ uni=m all ar\nd4 ,?is is important1 z a slight diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 ! two sides w\ld result 9 erratic fly+4 ,= ,eddy kites up to ?ree feet 9 height a light-weight wrapp+ pap] w answ] v well4 ,l>g] sizes require na9sook1 lawn1 or ,*9a silk4 ,l all ! kites describ$ "h1 ?is is a tailless "o1 & ! me?od ( fa/5+ ! bridle is %[n4 ,make a small hole 9 ! cov]+1 pass a cord ?r\gh1 & tie x to cross ! /ick at its c5tre4 ,fa/5 ! o!r end ab\t half an in* f l[] end ( upright1 & make a loop at o = atta*+ ! l9e4 ,! kite l9e %\ld be ! light & /rong l95 tw9e made especially = ?is purpose1 & sold by toy & sport+ goods deal]s4 ,a ball conta9+ #fjj y>ds ( cord1 /rong en\gh to hold any ?ree-foot kite1 w co/ ab\t fifty c5ts4 ,= l>g] sizes1 x pays to make a reel1 to save "t draw+ 9 & to avoid bad tangles4 ,a simple =m ( reel is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! frame has a g5]\s-siz$ hole bor$ z %[n at h4 ,cut a small bran* 9 ! =m %[n1 i1 & use ?is z a /ake4 ,drive x into ! gr\nd ?r\gh h1 & use x z a pivot to %ift ! reel z ! w9d *anges4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! kite _c drag ! reel1 & x is possible to leave ! app>atus ) ! kite 9 ! air4 ,! writ] 0 driv5 to us+ ?is device aft] see+ 8 reel g te>+ across ! fields until /opp$ by a f\r-foot f5ce4 ,! pull ex]t$ at ! reel by a tra9 ( ?ree or f\r kites is sometimes suffici5t to give a boy all he c d to hold x4 ,! height to :i* a kite w g is illu/rat$ by ! diagram4 ,s is ! />t+ po9t1 & s t ! direction ( ! /r+ at ! />t1 :5 b little cord has be5 play$ out4 ,! position ( ! kite at v>i\s times is indicat$ by lett]s a b c d e1 ! actual pa? be+ %[n by dott$ l9e4 ,! solid1 curv$ l9es f s to ^! po9ts %[ ! position ( ! cord z x is play$ out4 ,?is is a ma!matical curve result+ f ! weight ( cord & kite1 w9d pressure on cord1 & lift+ p[] ( ! plane4 ,x w be se5 t ! kite f9ally moves along horizontally1 no matt] h[ mu* cord is play$ out4 ,?is occurs :5 ! lift+ p[] equals ! =ce ( gravity & w9d pressure4 ,9 o!r words1 ! kite c d no m )\t an increase ( w9d4 ,to make x g high]1 we mu/ raise po9t s by t&em fly+1 atta*+ ano!r kite & cord to ! fir/ "o1 z %[n at x4 ,?ree or f\r ,eddy kites may be fl[n 9 ?is way1 ! l9es ( equal or unequal l5g? jo9$ at a common po9t to ! ma9 l9e2 &1 /range z x may seem1 if !y are well balanc$ kites !y w n int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,9 fact1 !re seems to be an electrical repulsion among ! l9es1 s t !y spread out l a broom4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies 9 kite fly+1 ?\gh badly upset 9 actual practice1 :5 "o memb] ( ! team becomes erratic & proce$s to make a braid ( ! f\r cords by div+ "u & ov] ! o!rs to br+ ab\t a g5]al demoralization4 ,= ?is reason1 x is wise to te/ ea* kite sep>ately1 fir/1 to discov] any possible t5d5cy to freaki%ness4 ,a weird exp]i5ce may be enjoy$ by leav+ ! t&em out aft] d>k4 ,run ! ma9 l9e d[n by slipp+ x "u y\r arm1 & walk out until y rea* ! junction ( ! f\r l9es1 :]e a light-weight lant]n c be atta*$4 ,let g1 & see ! lant]n app>5tly drawn up into ! air by noiseless1 invisible h&s4 ,flags & o!r devices may be atta*$ z indicat$ 9 ! draw+2 a light /ick at a b w keep ! flag f bl[+ up into a heap1 & loops at a & c are ti$ 9 ! ma9 l9e to avoid slid+4 ,,! ,,box ,,kite ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,kite details ,! cellul> kite is made 9 sev]al =ms4 ,! rectangul> box v>iety is p]haps ! mo/ common1 & ) ! bridle atta*$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! /&>d dim5sions are3 l5g? a b #gi in*es1 wid? a c #gh in*es1 dep? ( cell c d #cb in*es1 & wid? ( clo? cov]+ c e #be in*es4 ,a v conv5i5t size is obta9$ by divid+ approximately by two1 mak+ l5g? & wid? #dj in*es ea*1 & dep? #af in*es4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,clayton1 ( ! ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 has pat5t$ "o =m ( ?is kite kn[n z ! ,blue ,hill ,naval ,box ,kite1 s ! amateur mu/ conf9e 8 use ( x to exp]im5t+4 ,o!r =ms ( cells :i* h be5 us$ are %[n at #b #c #d #e4 ,^! all possess ! advantage--t ea* plane is a lift+ surface1 :]eas 9 ! rectangul> =m ! v]tical planes h only a rudd] action1 t5d+ to hold ! kite p>allel ) ! w9d4 ,:5 laun*+ a box kite1 ! assi/ant /&s 9 front ( & "u x1 :ile ) ! ,malay he /&s beh9d x & lets g at a giv5 ^w4 ,ab\t a hundr$ y>ds ( l9e %\ld be run out be=e laun*+1 & only a few /eps backw>d by ! boy at ! /r+ %\ld be necess>y4 ,runn+ is only requir$ :5 ! l9e out is insuffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! tetrah$ral kite ,! tetrah$ral =m inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,graham ,bell is unique & int]e/+4 ,bas$ on ! geometrical figure1 x has a rem>kable /r5g? ( frame1 & possesses a surpris+ lift+ p[]4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ! con/ruction is 9 fa/5+ ! /icks1 z ?ree ( !m meet at e po9t4 ,! frame consi/s ( six pieces ( equal l5g?4 ,drill a #a_/cb-;in* hole 9 ea* end ( all ! pieces1 ab\t #a_/d in* f ! end4 ,place ! pieces on ! floor z %[n at #a4 ,pass a piece ( s(t iron or brass wire ?r\gh ! ?ree holes at a & b9d lightly4 ,d ! same at angles b & c4 ,n[ raise loose ends d e f until !y meet ov] ! c5tre1 z at #b4 ,jo9 ) wire & tight5 all ! jo9ts ) a pair ( pli]s4 7,fig4 #eb47 ,ea* face ( ! frame is an equilat]al triangle1 & ! cov]+ is to be on only two sides1 z %[n at #c4 ,! %ape ( ! piece to be cut is %[n at #d4 ,?is =ms a s+le cell1 & ! l>ge sizes are brok5 up into _m small tetrah$ral cells4 ,! l9e may be ti$ at c or d4 ,! design+ ( fancy figure kites is a fasc9at+ occupation1 b unless c]ta9 fix$ pr9ciples are kept 9 m9d may end 9 mu* exp]im5t+ & _m disappo9tm5ts4 ,! "q ( /ead9ess or /ability seems to be summ$ up 9 ! ma!matical expression--dih$ral angle4 ,a kite hav+ a /iff1 flat surface pres5t$ to ! w9d w (t5 cut up que] antics1 :ile ! same frame cov]$ ) a m flexible cov]+ w fly beautifully4 ,! reason is t ! flexible cov]+ w be b[$ back by ! w9d1 =m+ an approximate dih$ral angle4 ,9 ! triangul> box & tetrah$ral kites ?is b[+ back is n s necess>y1 because ! dih$ral angle is provid$ 9 ! con/ruction4 ,9 ^! kites1 :5 a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d presses h>d] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 ! fir/ side is press$ back1 r$uc+ ! resi/ance1 & ! o!r side is br\ght =w>d until bo? sides receive equal pressure1 or ! kite is 9 equilibrium1 fac+ ! w9d2 & ! %ift+ ( ! breeze is con/antly provid$ =4 ,! b[+ back ( ! cov]+ ( an ,eddy kite takes c>e ( sudd5 *anges 9 ! same way4 ,d\ble ,malay kites or two tetrah$ral kites1 fa/5$ toge!r1 t&em fa%ion1 w be f\nd /able1 especially if ! re> "o be slightly small] ?an ! =w>d "o4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,d\ble kites ,geometrical =ms l ! hexagon1 six-po9t$ />1 & ev5 ! circle are us$1 b ^! g5]ally require a tail4 ,a butt]fly design may be us$1 provid$ ! body is design$ z a keel & ! two w+s are tilt$ backw>d to provide ! requir$ angle4 ,9 "s ( ! ,*9ese kites1 9 ! =m ( insects1 ! w+s h split bamboo frames1 flexible en\gh to b5d backw>d & provide ! necess>y /ability4 ,a flexible l[] end on ! frame also has a good balanc+ effect4 ,,xi ,,*ip ,,c>v+ ,,& ,,knife ,,"w ,mak+ mov+ toys is a =m ( dissipation1 said ,ralph4 ,x is v fasc9at+ & int]e/+1 b ! mak+ ( _m toys w nev] make "o an exp]t woodwork]4 ,! accuracy & skill requir$ c be develop$ only by actual con/ructive "w4 ,i sugge/ t we take up a =m ( decoration :i* c be done ) ! knife4 ,!re are two ways ( mak+ an article 9 wood pleas+ to ! eye4 ,"o is by v>y+ ! outl9e1 z we did 9 our mat* scrat*]s1 & ! o!r is by "s k9d ( surface ornam5tation4 ,!re are _m ways ( decorat+ surfaces--c>v+1 pyrography1 /a9+1 poli%+1 etc41 & v (t5 sev]al ( ^! me?ods are comb9$4 ,z we h />t$ to le>n ! possibilities ( knife "w1 ,i propose to tea* y a =m ( c>v+ :i* c be done ) ! knife alone4 ,v elaborate "w is done ) ! regul> c>v+ tools4 ,?is requires a great deal ( "t & skill1 b ) ! knife alone a wond]ful v>iety ( beautiful "w c be done ev5 by small boys4 ,x is v important to approa* x prop]ly1 s ,i am go+ to give y a few simple ex]cises & ! elaborate designs w come along naturally4 ,! "w is n new1 & evid5tly grew out ( ! /ill old] art ( not*+4 ,primitive peoples probably saw 9 x a way to improve ! appe>ance ( _! v>i\s wood5 implem5ts4 ,n only c\ld ! edges be not*$1 b ! cutt+ c\ld be done on flat surfaces z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,fir/ cuts 9 c>v+ ,fig4 #ed at a %[s "o ( ! e>lie/ designs4 ,x is simply a bord] ( triangul> cuts1 & :ile ?is may be done ) ! :ittl+ knife1 ,fig4 #ee %[s two knives :i* are bett] fitt$ to d accurate "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,two good types ( knife = c>v+ ,! positions = c>v+ are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,hold ! knife 9 an upright position1 ) ! cutt+ edge away f y1 & ! po9t on ! apex ( ! triangle4 ,press ! knife d[n & !n away f y along "o ( ! sides ( ! triangle4 ,place x 9 position aga91 & repeat ! motion along ! o!r side ( ! triangle1 always directly on ! l9e4 ,?is br+s ! deep "p ( ! cut at ! apex ( ! triangle1 & x rema9s to take out ! triangul> *ip4 ,?is c be done 9 ei!r ( ! two ways %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 by cutt+ away f y or t[>d y4 ,x is well to practise bo? ways1 z 9 complicat$ designs ! direction ( ! gra9 makes x necess>y to cut sometimes 9 "o direction1 sometimes 9 ano!r4 ,! re/ ( ?is bord] is a repetition ( ! same /roke1 & ! m elaborate designs are simply diff]5t arrangem5ts ( triangul> cuts4 ,9 ,fig #ed1 b %[s two r[s ( ^! same %ap$ cuts1 "o r[ inv]t$1 to produce a diamond-%ap$ bord]2 c %[s a bord] 9 :i* ! draw+ is simil> to b1 b v]tical triangles are cut in/ead ( horizontal ones1 z ?is gives a cut across ! gra9 ( ! wood in/ead ( p>allel to x1 & is a trifle h>d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,positions = hold+ c>v+ knife ,our boys practis$ on ^! simple bord]s = a:ile1 us+ knife a & #a_/d-;in* basswood4 ,! "w prov$ fully z fasc9at+ to ,h>ry z ! mak+ ( toys1 & x 0 decid$ t f t "t onw>d ! outl9es ( _! woodwork %\ld be simpl]1 & ! decoration %\ld be 9 ! =m ( *ip c>v+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,a simple picture frame ) c>v+ ,:ile ,h>ry 0 practis+ on ^! simple bord]s ,ralph made ! basswood photograph frame %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg1 & drew ! c>v+ design1 z %[n1 ) an ,h p5cil4 ,to c>ve ?is 0 simply to repeat bord] b4 ,?is 0 s satisfactory t ,ralph decid$ to try 8 pupil on f9] "w1 & ! design %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh 0 tri$4 ,9 ea* case ,h>ry f\nd t he 0 mak+ triangul> cuts1 & remov+ triangul> *ips1 j z 9 ! fir/ bord]1 only ! triangles 7 9 diff]5t positions4 ,ralph sugge/$ t !y beg9 to decorate "s ( ! ?+s !y _h already made1 & ! little basswood box %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc 0 br\ght out1 & ! design %[n 9 ,fig4 #ei drawn & c>v$ ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,a m elaborate picture frame ,!re foll[$ a numb] ( backs1 :i* ,ralph expla9$ c\ld be us$ z !rmomet] backs1 mat* scrat*]s1 cal5d>s1 key racks1 & 9 o!r ways4 ,9 ea* case1 ! design 0 drawn c>efully on pap]1 & !nce transf]r$ to ! surface ( ! wood ) ! same c>e t x _h be5 done on pap]4 ,! design+ requir$ consid]able ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ei & #fj4 ,designs = box cov]s ,:]e a bord] cont9u$ ar\nd f\r sides1 ! corn] became ! mo/ difficult & int]e/+ "p ( ! design1 & 0 work$ out fir/4 7,fig4 #fa47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,/raight l9e designs = !rmomet] backs ,v soon ! boys f\nd t x 0 necess>y to draw only half ! design on pap]1 & 9 _m cases a corn] or qu>t] suffic$4 ,! next /ep 0 to initiate ,h>ry into ! my/]ies ( curv$ cutt+1 a dep>ture f triangul> cutt+4 ,he 0 in=m$ t ! cuts 7 /ill ?ree-sid$1 "o or two ( ! sides be+ b slightly curv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,curv$ cuts4 ,fig4 #fb1 us$ z an enri*m5t ( a back 9 #c_/h-;in* gum wood1 0 ,h>ry's fir/ ef=t 9 curv$ *ip c>v+4 ,! edges ( ! blank piece 7 bevell$ ) a plane & ,ralph %[$ 8 pupil h[ to d ?is by hold+ ! blank aga9/ a b5* hook4 ,! long sides 7 bevell$ fir/1 ! ends la/1 to avoid break+ (f ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,key rack ,! key rack 7,fig4 #fc7 gave an opportunity to use c5tre pieces inside a bord]1 diamonds ( ! flat surface be+ left unc>v$ = ! plac+ ( ! screw hooks4 ,a p5cil box = s*ool foll[$1 ! v>i\s pieces be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! two sides & ends 7 made 9 "o /rip #a-a_/d in*es wide1 & aft]w>d cut to l5g?4 ,to secure ?is /rip ( uni=m wid?1 ! %oot+ bo>d %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe 0 us$1 ! plane be+ laid on its side1 giv+ ! #a_/d-;in* piece ( gum wood a p]fectly squ>e edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! p5cil box ,ralph 0 hav+ 8 own tr\bles z a tea*] ab\t ?is "t1 = he want$ to res]ve ,h>ry's education 9 ! use ( b5* tools until lat] on1 :5 he %\ld h exhau/$ ! possibilities ( ! knife2 b ?is me?od ( us+ ! plane 0 necess>y if ,h>ry 0 to produce blank =ms fit = decoration4 ,! six pieces be+ squ>$ up1 a #a_/d-;in* m>g9 0 left on all sides ( ! pieces to be c>v$--! top1 front1 & two ends4 ,?is #a_/d-;in* space 0 = ! brads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,use ( %oot+ bo>d ,! assembl+ 0 n done until ! c>v+ _h be5 f9i%$1 & x consi/$ ( fa/5+ ! long sides to ! ends ) #e_/h-;in* brads1 ) a little glue on ! end gra9 ( ! end pieces4 ,! bottom 0 put on ) brads1 & ! top h+$ to ! back by two small nickel-plat$ h+es4 ,a little hook & eye f ! h>dw>e /ore 7 put at ! front to hold ! cov] on1 & two small cleats 7 glu$ to ! "u side ( ! cov] to keep x f w>p+4 ,! "t sp5t on ?is p5cil box 0 sev]al h\rs1 b ! result 0 a box ! l ( :i* c\ld n be b\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,c>v+ designs = p5cil box ,p5cil boxes became ! rage ) our boys1 & al?\gh !y made sev]al ( ! same size1 9 ea* case ! design 0 diff]5t4 7,fig4 #ff47 ,,xii ,,*ip ,,c>v+3 ,,cont9u$ ,among ! _m useful articles :i* c be made ) ! knife 9 ?9 wood1 ) c>v+ z enri*m5t1 are ! num]\s desk accessories1 su* z envelope hold]s1 lett] racks1 /amp & p5 boxes1 p5 trays1 blott+ pads1 etc4 ,! boys1 aft] exhau/+ ! subject ( p5cil boxes = s*ool use1 took up ! design & con/ruction ( lett] racks4 ,^!1 !y decid$1 %\ld be 9 two comp>tm5ts = answ]$ & unansw]$ lett]s4 ,?is call$ = ?ree uprights1 or p>titions1 & a base4 ,!y decid$ to make !m ( ab\t uni=m dim5sions1 z %[n 9 ! blank =m 7,fig4 #fg74 ,! problem ( ! outl9e 0 some:at affect$ by ! fact t ! front 0 to be c>v$4 ,?is call$ = a simpl] outl9e ?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h !y expect$ to leave ! surface pla94 ,"s ( ! designs !y work$ out are %[n 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! =m m>k$ a 0 select$ z a beg9n+1 ! ?ree p>titions cut out exactly alike1 & ! front piece c>v$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,! middle p>tition & back piece 7 left ) pla9 surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,p>ts ( lett] rack ,! cutt+ ( ! grooves 9 ! base 0 a new problem1 & ,h>ry 0 all[$ to try 8 skill ) a *isel4 ,! me?od us$ 0 fir/ to make ! draw+ %[n at a1 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! long side l9es ( ea* groove 7 scor$ ) ! po9t ( ! knife1 go+ ov] ea* l9e sev]al times1 to make ! cut z deep z possible4 ,an "u cut 0 !n made1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,boys' designs = lett] racks ,! wood 9 ! c5tre 0 remov$ ) a #a_/d-;in* *isel1 & ! process cont9u$ until a uni=m dep? ( #a_/d in* 0 rea*$4 ,aft] all ?ree grooves _h be5 cut1 ! edges ( ! base 7 bevell$ ) ! plane4 ,?is bevell+ c\ld h be5 done readily ) ! knife1 b mu* "t 0 sav$ by us+ ! plane1 always do+ ! long sides fir/4 ,9 all ! lett] racks %[n 9 ! illu/rations ! con/ruction 0 ! same4 ,fir/1 ! ?ree blank p>titions 7 made1 !n f9i%$ 9 _! outl9es ) knife & s&-pap]4 ,! c>v+ 0 always drawn c>efully on ! surface ( ! front piece4 ,?ird1 came ! mak+ ( ! base1 & la/1 ! glu+ ( ! p>titions into ! grooves4 ,to increase ! /r5g? ( a lett] rack1 #c_/d-;in* brads c be driv5 f ! bottom into ! p>titions1 b :]e ?is is done x is saf] to draw p5cil l9es on ! bottom directly "u ! c5tre ( ea* p>tition4 ,place ! po9t ( ! brad exactly on ! l9e be=e hamm]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,=m ,a ,al?\gh ! =ms ( ! lett] rack are endless1 ! "o :i* our boys f\nd mo/ int]e/+ 0 bas$ on ! ellipse4 ,x call$ =? a v in/ructive draw+ lesson4 ,ralph %[$ ,h>ry fir/ h[ ! figure c\ld be drawn by a /r+1 ) two p9s to repres5t ! foci ( ! ellipse4 ,! figure has two dim5sions call$ ! major axis & m9or axis4 7,fig4 #gj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! comb9$ l5g? ( ! two l9es drawn f any po9t on ! ellipse to ! two foci mu/ always be ! same & equal to ! l5g? ( ! major axis4 ,?is is readily se5 ) ! two p9s & /r+4 7,fig4 #ga47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,draw+ ! ellipse ) /r+ & p9s ,! p5cil po9t z x trav]ses ! ellipse repres5ts any po9t1 & ! /r+ rema9s ! same l5g?4 ,:]e x is requir$ to draw an ellipse ( def9ite size1 say two by ?ree1 x becomes necess>y to f9d ! foci be=e ! /r+ c be us$1 & z x requires consid]able skill to get ! /r+ ! exact l5g?1 ,ralph %[$ ! boy ano!r way1 call$ ! trammel me?od4 7,fig4 #gb47 ,suppose ! problem is to con/ruct an ellipse #f in*es #b-a_/b in*es4 ,fir/ draw ! two l9es a b & c d at "r angles1 int]sect+ at ! exact c5tre4 ,take a /raight piece ( pap]1 lay x along a b ) "o end at a4 ,make a dot on ! edge ( ! pap] :]e ! l9es cross1 & m>k x x4 ,next1 lay ! same /rip ( pap] along c d1 ) ! orig9al end at c1 & aga9 m>k a po9t :]e ! l9es cross4 ,m>k ?is po9t y4 ,at any position ( ?is /rip ( pap] :5 ! po9ts x & y t\* ! two axes a b & c d1 ! end ( ! pap] /rip w be on ! ellipse4 ,by %ift+ ?is pap] trammel & keep+ ! two po9ts on ! axes a s]ies ( po9ts may be made at ! end ( ! pap]4 ,connect+ ?is by a p5cil l9e w complete ! ellipse4 ,?is is a v simple me?od & a v accurate "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! trammel me?od ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! ellipse us$ 9 c>v+ designs ,our boys drew ?is figure1 #f #b-a_/b in*es1 ) a trammel & !n work$ out ! design f x %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,x made a v satisfactory =m = ! lett] rack1 & gave an elliptical space = c>v+1 a new problem 9 *ip c>v+ design4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,two m ( ^! elliptical designs are %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,ano!r feature ( ?is rack 0 a *ange 9 ! middle p>tition2 ! =m is %[n at ,fig4 #ge4 ,! mak+ ( ! base & glu+ into ! grooves 7 simil> to ! e>li] designs4 ,! next design 0 *>act]iz$ by an outl9e compos$ l>gely ( /raight l9es4 ,! middle p>tition 0 l[] ?an ! front & back pieces1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,a neat design = a lett] rack ,! boys f\nd a great deal ( pleasure 9 work+ out a decorative s*eme = ! c>v+4 ,hav+ discov]$ h[ easy x is to c>ve ! long fl[+ curves1 !y introduc$ !m :]ev] possible4 ,! g5]al %ape ( ! c>v$ section mu/ ( c\rse con=m to ! outl9e ( ! wood1 b :ile fill+ 9 ^! fl[+ curves !y soon le>n$ to sket* !m 9 free-h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,a lett] rack decorat$ ) ! ve9+ tool ,to a p]son :o has n tri$ ?is "w or :o has n begun ) simple cuts x appe>s v difficult1 b :5 x is rememb]$ t only "o cut c be made at a "t & t ea* *ip is a triangle1 ev5 if its sides are slightly curv$1 x actually proves v easy1 & )9 ! p[] ( any normal boy to accompli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,! p5-hold] ,h>ry 0 introduc$ at ?is "t to ! use ( ! ve9+ tool1 a f9e g\ge ) a cross section almo/ ,v-%ap$4 ,?is 0 us$ to emphasize ! outl9es ( ! designs by simply pu%+ ahead directly on ! l9es4 ,:5 ve9+ /raight l9es1 x may be guid$ by a rul] or o!r /raight edge1 b = curves1 a free-h& movem5t is necess>y4 ,a v good practice piece is ! design %[n at ,fig4 #gf4 ,?is may be appli$ to ! front ( ! lett] rack design4 7,fig4 #fi47 ,! p5-hold] %[n at ,fig4 #gg is "o ( a l>ge numb] :i* 7 made by ! boys4 ,! pieces 7 cut out ) a knife to ! blank =ms %[n4 ,on all pieces l ^!1 aft]w>d to be assembl$1 ! edges 7 made /raight & squ>e on ! %oot+ bo>d1 & ! c>v+ done be=e assembl+4 ,?is p5-hold] 0 put toge!r ) #c_/d-;in* brads ) ! exception ( ! front1 :i* 0 glu$1 z x 0 ?\ght be/ n to h nails %[+ on ?is important side4 7,fig4 #gh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,pieces compos+ p5-hold] ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,ar?ur ,g4 ,eldr$ge4 ,us+ ! ,ve9+ ,tool ,,xiii ,,*ip ,,c>v+ ,,& ,,knife ,,"w 7,see #ca1 #aji7 ,i l ?is new "w bett] ?an any?+ we h ev] done1 said ,h>ry "o day :5 he & ,ralph 7 up to _! e>s 9 c>v+1 :ittl+1 & design+4 ,ralph smil$ z he rememb]$ ,h>ry's int5se int]e/ 9 mak+ mov+ toys4 ,z ,i told y once be=e1 he repli$1 ?is is n new b old4 ,! p ( nor!rn ,europe h done x = c5turies1 & ! reason is n h>d to f9d4 ,9 ,norway dur+ ! long w9t] x gets d>k v e>ly1 9 "s places at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 & does n become light aga9 until n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! result is v1 v long ev5+s1 :5 x is mu* m com=table to "w indoors4 ,at an e>ly era ! p develop$ ?is beautiful art ( c>v+1 & sp5t _! long ev5+s 9 work+ at x4 ,!y became v skilful & z mo/ ( ! h\sehold ut5sils 7 ( wood1 x 0 n at all unusual to see ! h\sehold furniture1 ev5 to _! bread bo>ds1 beautifully c>v$4 ,by ! way1 said ,h>ry1 c't ,i make a pap] knife n[8 ,y "k y said ,i c\ld aft] ,i _h le>n$ to use ! knife6 ,yes1 ,i ?9k y might try y\r skill on some?+ ( t "* n[4 ,x w be q a *ange f ?is flat "w we h be5 do+4 ,x w require a h>d] wood1 h[ev]1 ?an y h be5 us+1 z a pap] knife mu/ be ?9 & /rong at ! same "t4 ,! ,sw$i% c>v]s use apple wood a great deal = _! pap] knives1 b z ?is is r>e ) u1 suppose we try rock maple4 ,x is :ite 9 col\r1 close gra9$1 & h>d4 ,z usual1 !y work$ up _! design on pap] fir/ & sket*$ 9 ! c>v+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,a piece ( rock or sug> maple 0 fir/ squ>$ up & laid out 9 p5cil z %[n at ,b4 ,9 ord] to get ! outl9e to con=m exactly to ! draw+1 ! =m 0 cut out ( pap] & trac$ on ! face ( ! wood4 ,! blank =m 0 !n :ittl$ out to ! p5cil l9e1 & s&-pap]$ smoo? z %[n at c4 ,maple prov$ to be a h>d wood to :ittle4 ,not*es 7 cut at d d aft] draw+ ! edge view on front & back edges4 ,! blade & h&le 7 !n :ittl$ d[n to l9es e & f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,two designs = pap] knives ,:ew6 exclaim$ ,h>ry1 don't ev] give me any maple to :ittle aga94 ,well1 y want$ to make a pap] knife1 didn't y8 ,a pap] knife t w\ld break :5 x fell on ! floor w\ldn't be ( mu* use1 & y are n ?r\gh yet4 ,! blade mu/ be cut d[n to a fairly %>p edge on bo? sides n[4 ,?is 0 done by bevell+ ! edges z %[n 9 h & ! bevel gradually cut back to ! c5tre l9e1 z %[n at i & j4 ,h>ry conclud$ t ?is 0 ! h>de/ "w t he _h ev] done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,key rack designs ,n[ y und]/&1 said ,ralph1 :y ,i c\ldn't all[ y to make a knife at fir/4 ,all ! tra9+ ,i h giv5 y 0 necess>y be=e y _h ! requisite skill & control ( y\r h&s4 ,! c>v+ w be easy = y because ( all ?is practice4 ,skill is some?+ :i* comes t way4 ,:y1 if ,i %\ld give y ! problem ( mak+ t fir/ key rack ov] aga91 y w\ld d x 9 ab\t "o ?ird ( ! "t1 & v mu* bett] ?an at y\r fir/ attempt4 ,y h be5 ga9+ skill )\t kn[+ x4 ,j to %[ y h[ mu* y h advanc$1 ,i w give y "o or two key rack designs to be decorat$ ) *ip c>v+4 ,:5 !y are f9i%$1 take !m into ! h\se & comp>e !m ) ! fir/ y made4 ,i ?9k y w be amus$ at ! diff]5ce4 ,t orig9al piece ( :i* y 7 s pr\d w seem a v crude affair n[4 ,all "r1 said ,h>ry1 b ,i %\ld l to make "o m pap] knife fir/ if y don't m9d4 ,v well2 make up a new design1 because no arti/ ev] duplicates 8 "w1 said ,ralph ) a mis*iev\s smile4 ,! smile 0 premature1 h[ev]4 ,! boy _h n be5 design+ woodwork = no?+4 ,! design is %[n at ,no4 #b1 ,fig4 #gi1 & ev5 ,ralph1 sev]e critic ?\gh he 01 _h to admit t x 0 pretty fair4 ,looks l a table knife1 he said s]i\sly4 ,h[ev]1 x is y\r own design1 s g ahead & make x4 ,try a piece ( *]ry ?is "t4 ,x makes a good wood = c>v+1 & is n q s h>d to :ittle z maple4 ,! diff]5t /eps 9 ! process ( cutt+ ?is out 7 ! same z 9 ,no4 #a1 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! blott] pad ,! key rack %[n 9 ,fig4 #hj 0 comp>atively easy aft] mak+ pap] knives4 ,! bevell+ ( ! curves at ! ends 0 ! only new feature ( ! knife "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,me?od ( us+ ! spoke%ave ,! mak+ ( pres5ts w5t rapidly onw>d f ?is "t4 ,! next article to engage our woodwork]s' att5tion 0 ! blott+ pad1 made ( two pieces ( black walnut fa/5$ toge!r ) ! screw h&le4 7,fig4 #ha47 ,! blott] is b5t ar\nd ! curv$ face ( ! l[] "p1 & ! ends gripp$ betwe5 ! two p>ts by tight5+ ! screw4 ,^! h&les ) screw atta*$ are ( brass1 & c be obta9$ at any h>dw>e /ore4 ,! upp] piece 0 bevell$1 & a circul> space 9 ! c5tre left pla9 to provide = ! h&le1 ! re/ ( ! space be+ c>v$4 ,! mak+ ( ! curv$ face on ! bottom 0 too difficult = ! knife1 s ! boy work$ x out ) ! plane & spoke%ave %[n 9 7,fig4 #hb74 ,:5 ^! blott] pads are f9i%$ ) ! brass h&le1 col\r$ blott] & h&-c>v$ top1 !y are v attractive1 & make acceptable pres5ts4 ,toilet boxes 7 next 9 ord]1 & !re seem$ no end to !m2 glove boxes1 coll> boxes1 h&k]*ief boxes1 boxes = /or+ away photographs1 etc4 ,^? = coll>s 7 squ>e1 view$ f ! top1 :ile glove boxes 7 made long & n>r[4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! call$ = ! use ( c>p5t]s' tools1 & ,ralph 0 n ready to />t 8 pupil on ?is bran* ( woodwork yet1 = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x meant a halt 9 ! fasc9at+ "w ( c>v+1 & !y _h n yet exhau/$ ! possibilities ( knife "w4 ,s !y tri$ ! plan ( buy+ ready-made boxes f ! /ores4 ,?is 0 n entirely satisfactory1 z mo/ ( !m 7 ( basswood1 s(t1 & easily c>v$1 b s :ite t x became soil$ too readily4 ,?is difficulty f9ally l$ to a unique s*eme4 ,!y /a9$ ! wood a dull ebony1 & f\nd t ! design %[$ v cle>ly 9 gray p5cil l9es1 easily c>v$4 ,! c>v+ came out :ite on a black backgr\nd1 & prov$ q satisfactory = ! co>s] designs4 ,! f9] "w1 h[ev]1 did n %[ to advantage1 & ! me?od 0 adopt$ ( leav+ c]ta9 portions ( ! surface pla94 ,"o ( ! glove box designs is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! l9es made 9 ?is black & :ite c>v+ by ! ve9+ tool are v effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,design = glove box ,! boys _h j gott5 nicely at "w "o aft]noon :5 ,h>ry rem>k$ v s]i\sly3 ,on :at subject %all our lecture be ?is aft]noon1 pr(essor8 ,a block ( :ite p9e hurtl$ across ! %op1 b ,h>ry duck$ & no "o 0 hurt4 ,no1 said ,ralph1 y c't />t a discussion to-day4 ,i've be5 ?9k+ t y w h to take up ! use ( b5* tools pretty soon1 because y are really do+ ?is "w backw>d4 ,:at d y mean8 ,:y1 y %\ld nev] decorate any?+ :i* y hav5't actually made4 ,well1 hav5't ,i made ev]y?+ we h c>v$ s f>8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,d\ble photo frame ,all except ! boxes4 ,:5 we b\ght ^? boxes1 t 0 a signal t x 0 "t = y to beg9 con/ructive "w4 ,x has be5 a big problem to give y c>v+ to d on articles 9 ! flat t y c\ld make ) ! knife4 ,we w make a few picture frames1 c>ve !m1 & !n leave our c>v+ until y c con/ruct any?+ 9 wood4 ,y w always be able n[ to design c>v$ "w = any giv5 space2 "o ( ^! picture frames1 h[ev]1 is go+ to be a r sev]e te/ ( y\r skill4 ,fig4 #hd %[s ! fir/ photograph frame !y took up1 a simple design 9 "o piece4 ,! op5+s = ! pictures 7 cut out ) cop+ saw & knife & bevell$4 ,! bevels on ! out] edges ( ! frame 7 plan$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,c>v$ picture frame ,fig4 #he %[s a problem 9 design+ = irregul> spaces1 & ! design is a typical ,sw$i% =m4 ,9 bo? ( ^! frames x 0 necess>y to provide a me?od ( hold+ ! photo on ! back4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by tack+ on two /rips ( #a_/h-;in* basswood on ea* side1 & ! bottom z %[n 9 ,fig4 #he1 ! n>r[ /rip be+ #a_/d in* wide1 & ! top "o #a_/b in* wide1 mak+ a groove #a_/h in* deep to receive ! picture4 ,if x is design$ to h glass 9 front ( ! photo1 ! n>r[ /rip mu/ be #a_/d in* ?ick 9 place ( #a_/h in*4 ,! problem ( poli%+ c>v$ "w is r a difficult "o4 ,ord9>y v>ni% or %ellac _c be us$ to advantage1 z on flat surfaces1 because x fills up ! spaces & ru9s ! effect4 ,p]haps ! be/ me?od is to dissolve a small quantity ( beeswax 9 turp5t9e1 & rub 9 ) an old too? or nail bru%1 :i* is comp>atively s(t4 ,?is w n injure ! c>v+1 & w protect x f dampness & du/1 z ! wax h>d5s4 ,x %\ld be put on :5 ab\t ! consi/5cy ( s(t putty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,palette photograph frame ,! photo frame %[n 7,fig4 #hf7 0 ! la/ =m our boys attempt$ 9 ! flat4 ,x has ! advantage ( simplicity1 only "o k9d ( cut be+ us$2 b ! long fl[+ l9es1 :i* mu/ be fir/ drawn on ! wood free-h&1 require all ! pati5ce & skill "o c comm&4 ,! =m 9 outl9e is ! arti/'s palette1 & ! op5+ = ! picture an ellipse4 ,all ! l9es 9 ! c>v+ conv]ge to a po9t to ! left ( ! c5tre ( ! op5+4 ,,xiv ,,! ,,%op ,! man :o is mo/ successful is ! "o :o is be/ prep>$ = 8 "w4 ,9 beg9n+ to le>n h[ to use woodwork+ tools1 ! av]age boy is v (t5 hamp]$ by ! lack ( facilities4 ,! place he is to use = 8 %op %\ld at lea/ h good light4 ,_m ( ! l9es he uses are knife l9es1 :i* are h>d] to see ?an p5cil l9es1 s t light at lea/ is an ess5tial4 ,! tools %\ld be z good z he c obta94 ,?is does n mean t x is necess>y to h elaborate sets ( *isels1 g\ges1 etc41 b ! cutt+ tools %\ld be ( well temp]$ /eel4 ,x is f> bett] to h a few v good tools ?an an elaborate equipm5t ( poor ones1 su* z ! boy's ready-made tool *e/ (t5 conta9s4 ,a good workman is "o :o c d a l>ge v>iety ( good "w ) a few well-select$ tools4 ,"o reason = our hav+ giv5 s mu* space to knife "w 0 to illu/rate ?is v fact4 ,v (t5 ! c>v$ pieces describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s are salable at good figures1 & f ! money ?us obta9$ a supply ( b5* or c>p5t]s' tools c be b\ght4 ,next to a well light$ place 9 :i* to "w1 a fairly good b5* is ess5tial4 ,?is c be made by ! boy himself1 if he _c secure "o already built1 b z ! con/ruction ( a b5* presupposes "s previ\s practice ) tools1 we w assume t our read]s receive _! fir/ tool practice on a b5* already built1 j z ,h>ry did4 ,sev]al =ms ( b5*es on ! m>ket are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,! b5* to be ( any use mu/ h a vise ( "s description1 z v (t5 bo? h&s are requir$ to guide ! tool1 & ! wood mu/ be held rigid4 ,! old-fa%ion$ screw vise is *eap1 & a *eap vise may be made at a co/ ( half a doll>1 by pur*as+ ! screw & nut & mak+ ! jaw & guides by h&1 b ?is aga9 calls = ! use ( a b5*4 ,s tak5 all 9 all x w pay ! "y woodwork] to save 8 money & buy a good vise ev5 if ! b5* is home-made4 ,?is is j :]e our boys _h _! fir/ argum5t2 ,h>ry want$ to beg9 by build+ a "w b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,types ( "w b5* ,t is :]e y are wrong1 said ,ralph4 ,p]haps y rememb] t y want$ to beg9 knife "w by mak+ a pap] cutt]1 & z a matt] ( fact x 0 v ne>ly ! la/ ?+ ,i gave y to d4 ,x requir$ all y\r skill & previ\s practice to accompli% x4 ,x w be j ! same ) ! b5* & vise4 ,y w be able to con/ruct !m1 b only aft] consid]able exp]i5ce ) tools4 ,y might z well insi/ on mak+ all y\r tools be=e />t+ to use !m or y might insi/ on go+ into ! woods1 cutt+ d[n trees & ripp+ out y\r own planks = /ock4 ,j wait a m9ute4 ,he w5t into ! h\se & came out ) a pamphlet on lumb]+1 :i* he op5$ at ! picture %[n 9 ,fig #hh4 ,x repres5ts ! old /yle ( saw+ out planks by h& be=e ! com+ ( ! saw-mill4 ,! man 9 ! pit is call$ a pit man1 ! "o on ! log1 ! sawy]4 ,?is me?od ( cutt+ lumb] 0 9 vogue up to ab\t fifty ye>s ago4 ,?is1 said ,ralph1 is :at y\r l9e ( reason+ w\ld lead u back to1 s if ,i am to be y\r in/ructor y mu/ leave ^! ?+s to my judgm5t1 & my advice is to />t "w ) a good b5* hav+ on x a good vise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! old way ( gett+ out lumb] ,to let y into a family secret1 ! boys' "w 9 c>v+ _h be5 admir$ by sev]al fri5ds & !y _h work$ up q a trade 9 mak+ & sell+ _! c>v+s4 ,f ! money !y _h sav$ !y pur*as$ ! b5* %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,x 0 v well built1 hav+ a heavy top ( #c-;in* maple & a mod]n quick action vise4 ,! sev5 draw]s und]nea? 7 n really necess>y1 b ! boys f\nd !m v h&y = /or+ tools1 nails1 screws1 unf9i%$ "w1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,b5* ) quick action vise ,! space "u a b5* is v apt to become a cat*-all & a nuisance1 s z "t w5t on !y conclud$ t ! extra co/ ( ?is b5* 0 ju/ifi$1 al?\gh at ! "t ! price seem$ v high4 ,"s ( ! *eap] b5*es !y look$ at are %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,! quick action vise 0 a great "t sav]1 z x c\ld be pull$ wide op5 or pu%$ back )\t turn+ ! h&le1 z 9 ! old screw vises4 ,a doz5 ( ^! quick action vises are on ! m>ket1 & may be _h at h>dw>e /ores = f f\r doll>s upw>d4 ,?is flat topp$ b5* _h no tool rack1 & c\ld consequ5tly be work$ on f any side4 ,at fir/1 ! own]s kept mo/ ( _! tools 9 ! l>ge draw] at ! top1 b lat] on !y made a good siz$ tool cab9et1 :i* 0 fa/5$ to ! wall & w be describ$ lat]4 ,! iron b5* /op also prov$ a valuable feature1 z x c\ld be fa/5$ at any desir$ height by a set screw1 or dropp$ d[n out ( ! way bel[ ! level ( ! b5* top4 ,:5 plan+ ?9 wood1 "o end ( ! bo>d is brac$ aga9/ ! b5* /op4 ,ralph f\nd t />t+ ) a new b5* _h ano!r advantage4 ,x help$ 8 pupil to take good c>e ( ! b5*4 ,h>ry 0 v c>eful n to saw or cut x z he might h done ) an old b5*1 & to fo/] ?is _s ( c>efulness1 ,ralph gave him = 8 fir/ problem ! mak+ ( a b5* hook4 7,fig4 #ij47 ,! tools us$ 9 its con/ruction 73 #bd-;in* rip saw ,brace & #a_/d-;in* bit #bj-;in* cross cut saw ,c\nt]s9k bit ,m>k+ gauge #a-a_/b-;in* flat head screws ,try squ>e #f in*es ,piece ( maple1 plan$ to #g_/h-;in* #ae-;in* jack-plane ?ick1 #ab in*es long1 #aj in*es wide ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,! b5* hook ,! maple bo>d 0 fir/ laid out z %[n at a1 a p5cil l9e be+ drawn #b in*es f "o edge4 ,! piece 0 plac$ 9 ! vise horizontally1 & bo? long edges plan$ /raight & true & te/$ ) ! try squ>e4 ,! block 0 !n plac$ upright 9 ! vise1 & ! ends plan$ squ>e ) ! block plane4 ,?is requir$ mu* expla9+ & practise1 z ! block plane has a bad habit ( break+ (f ! f>!r corn]4 ,ralph %[$ ,h>ry h[ to use ?is tool safely by plan+ only "p way across ! end & !n f9i%+ f ! o!r side4 ,bo? ends 7 te/$ ) ! try squ>e4 ,! piece 0 n[ saw$ 9 two by us+ a rip saw on ! p5cil l9e1 ! wood be+ held 9 ! vise 9 an upright position4 ,?is made two pieces ( /ock #ab in*es long1 "o #b in*es wide1 ! o!r #h in*es ne>ly1 z ! saw cut _h remov$ "s ( ! wood4 ,! #b-;in* piece 0 laid out z %[n at b4 ,! m>k+ gauge 0 set at #a-c_/d in*es & f ! jo9t edge--t already plan$--a l9e 0 gaug$ on ea* flat face1 & ! saw$ edge plan$ to ^! l9es z at b4 ,x 0 !n laid out z %[n at c1 two knife l9es be+ squ>$ ar\nd ! f\r sides #a_/h in* ap>t4 ,! piece 0 !n saw$ ap>t c>efully betwe5 ^! two knife l9es1 & ! ends block plan$ & te/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,me?od ( us+ ! b5* hook & back saw ,two #a_/d-;in* holes 7 bor$1 z %[n at d1 9 ea* piece1 & c\nt]sunk ) ! c\nt]s9k bit4 ,?is makes a place = ! screw heads1 s !y w be bel[ ! surface :]e !y _c be 9 ! way ( tools or scrat* ! b5*4 ,! wide piece 0 next plan$ on its saw$ edge1 & ! blocks screw$ on4 ,t ! b5* hook might always be h&y & h a def9ite place ( its own1 a half-in* hole 0 bor$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & x 0 hung on a nail1 set 9 ! end ( ! b5*4 ,! b5* hook is design$ to protect ! b5* f saw m>ks & ! cuts ( *isels1 g\ges1 etc4 ,! me?od ( us+ x ) ! saw is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,:]ev] possible1 x %\ld be made ( h>d wood4 ,,xv ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,= ,a ,,%op ,no?+ is s necess>y to ! sav+ ( "t & en]gy z an ord]ly %op4 ,our boys _h b\ght a quantity ( :ite p9e to beg9 op]ations & x 0 ly+ 9 a pile on ! floor :]e x 0 always 9 ! way4 ,to cut a piece ( /ock f "o ( ^! #ab-;foot bo>ds x 0 necess>y to use two kit*5 *airs = tre/les1 s x 0 decid$ to con/ruct two saw horses1 & z soon z !y 7 f9i%$1 to build a lumb] rack aga9/ ! wall :]e _! little supply c\ld be /or$ out ( ! way4 ,we w c>ry out our regul> practice by fir/ mak+ a draw+1 said ,ralph4 ,we "k f exp]i5ce t x saves "t4 ,fig4 #ib %[s ! proportions ( ! tre/le at a1 & ! me*anical draw+ ) all dim5sions at b4 ,! body ( ! tre/le 0 built up ( f\r pieces1 two long & two %ort ones4 ,! op5 space 9 ! c5tre1 ,ralph expla9$1 w\ld make a conv5i5t tool rack :]e hamm]s1 *isels1 etc41 c\ld be plac$ :ile !y 7 work+1 especially at outdoor "w1 in/ead ( be+ dropp$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! body !n call$ = two pieces #c feet long by #d in*es wide1 & two pieces #aj in*es long by #d wide4 ,^! 7 saw$ f a r\gh plank ) ! rip saw by us+ ! *airs z tre/les4 ,a p5cil l9e 0 laid out #c-a_/d in*es f "o edge1 & ! saw cut made directly on ! l9e1 #h feet long4 ,! cross cut saw 0 us$ to cut ! /rip (f & ?is /rip 0 !n saw$ ) ! same saw into f\r pieces ( equal l5g? = ! legs4 ,ano!r /rip #d-a_/d in*es wide1 #g feet #h in*es long1 0 ripp$ out & tak5 (f ) ! cross cut saw1 = ! body1 & divid$ into two pieces #c feet #aj in*es long1 = conv5i5ce 9 plan+4 ,h>ry n[ _h 8 fir/ real exp]i5ce 9 plan+4 ,all ! pieces 7 ( #a-;in* r\gh lumb]1 ) saw$ edges1 & _h to be plan$ d[n to #g_/h in* 9 ?ickness4 ,to plane six pieces ( /ock /raight & true1 ) squ>$ edges & ( def9ite size1 0 no easy task4 ,h[ d y l manual lab\r8 ask$ ,ralph1 mis*iev\sly4 ,i l x all "r1 repli$ ! p]spir+ boy1 b we won't ne$ any gymnasium "w = ex]cise :ile we are do+ ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,! tre/le or saw horse4 ,by p]mission ( ,c>p5try & ,build+ ,w\ldn't y l to make a b5* 9 h>d wood "r away8 ask$ ,ralph4 ,no1 ,i guess y 7 "r aft] all4 ,ralph %[$ him ! prop] way to /&1 & h[ to hold ! jack-plane s z to get ! be/ results4 ,he promis$ to %[ him h[ to %>p5 & adju/ ! plane z soon z ! lumb] 0 /or$ away on ! lumb] rack4 ,h>ry's bus9ess 0 to dress d[n "o ( ! flat faces ( ea* piece till x 0 smoo?1 /raight & true bo? ) ! gra9 & across x4 ,he te/$ x by 8 eye & ! edge ( 8 plane & :5 he ?\ght x 0 ab\t "r1 pass$ x ov] to ,ralph = criticism4 ,ralph 0 a v exact+ in/ructor1 b made all[ance = ! boy's inexp]i5ce4 ,he 0 mak+ ! second tre/le at ! same "t & x 0 exasp]at+ to ,h>ry to see ! ease ) :i* he turn$ out 8 "w4 ,nev] m9d1 said ,ralph1 y c d z good c>v+ n[ z ,i1 & 9 a few weeks y w be able to d j z good jo9]y or c>p5try4 ,! fir/ day is always ! h>de/4 ,y are all impati5ce & want to get ?r\gh "r away4 ,aft] a :ile y w le>n by exp]i5ce t y c only d "o ?+ at a "t1 & w n ru% s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,hel5 ,w4 ,cooke4 ,us+ ! ,jack ,plane ,f9ally1 "o face on ea* ( ! six pieces 0 pron\nc$ f9i%$1 & ! next /ep 0 to jo9t or dress d[n "o edge /raight1 smoo? & squ>e ) ! work+ face--! fir/ plan$ surface4 ,?is seem$ easi] aft] ! exp]i5ce ( mak+ ! b5* hook1 & ,h>ry knew h[ to te/ = squ>5ess ) ! try squ>e4 ,work+ on ! two long pieces = ! body1 bo? edges ( ea* 7 squ>$ up1 a #aj-;in* piece 0 m>k$ (f on "o end ( ea* ) p5cil & try squ>e1 & saw$ (f ) cross cut saw4 ,x 0 decid$ to leave ! inn] faces r\gh1 z !y w\ld be inside ! tre/le1 & out ( sight4 ,^! f\r pieces =m+ ! body 7 n[ nail$ toge!r ) #b-a_/b-;in* wire nails1 z %[n 9 a4 ,! f\r pieces = ! legs 7 dress$ on all f\r sides1 & x only rema9$ to cut ! angle at top & bottom4 ,?is br\ght into use a new tool1 ! bevel4 ,! angle x 0 f\nd by lay+ ! bevel on ! me*anical draw+1 & fix+ x at ! angle by tight5+ ! set screw provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! l9e 0 c>ri$ across ! face by means ( ! try squ>e1 & ! bevel us$ on ! f>!r edge4 ,:5 ?is lay+ out 0 f9i%$1 ! piece look$ l c1 ! triangul> piece y be+ remov$ by saw+ directly on ! p5cil l9es4 ,aft] ! f\r legs 7 laid out 9 ?is mann] & cut1 !y 7 nail$ to ! body ) #c-;in* wire nails4 ,! saw horse 0 n[ complete ) ! exception ( ! two braces1 & ! f9al tru+ up4 ,! braces 7 made by hold+ a piece ( /ock #d in*es #g_/h in* 9 position & m>k+ ! slope ) a p5cil1 saw+ to p5cil l9es & nail+ 9 position d4 ,! f9al process ( tru+ up 0 an int]e/+ "o to ,h>ry1 & he us$ x _m times aft]w>d 9 f9i%+ pieces ( furniture1 su* z tables1 tab\rettes1 etc4 ,! horse 0 plac$ on ! b5*1 & a pair ( divid]s set z %[n at e4 ,a l9e 0 scrib$ on ea* leg :]ev] ! compasses po9t t\*$ x1 hold+ ! latt] upright & go+ ar\nd all f\r sides ( ea* leg4 ,by saw+ to ! l9es made 9 ?is way1 ! tre/le 0 f\nd to /& on ! floor p]fectly true4 ,?is is a me?od mu* us$ 9 tru+ up articles t re/ on ?ree or m legs1 & x ov]comes any inaccuracies t may h aris5 9 ! process ( assembl+2 b x is v important t ! surface on :i* ?is tru+ up is done %all itself be p]fectly true4 ,! b5* us$ 9 ?is case 0 new & _h n yet w>p$ at all1 b an old b5* might n h be5 suitable4 ,?is c be asc]ta9$ by te/+ ! surface 9 sev]al directions ) a long /raight edge4 ,! facts ( w>p+ & %r9kage 9 wood mu/ always be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! saw horse is an important "p ( e %op equipm5t1 & ! boys n[ relegat$ ! clumsy *airs to ! kit*51 :]e !y belong$1 & 7 prep>$ to saw out /ock f _! longe/ bo>ds4 ,,xvi ,,build+ ,a ,,lumb] ,,rack ,ralph _h pa9t$ two signs & fa/5$ !m 9 prom95t places on ! wall4 ,"o read3 ,"o ?+ at a "t2 ! o!r1 ,a place = ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ 9 its place4 ,^? are v old-fa%ion$1 he said1 b !y are none ! less absolutely true4 ,_m boys fail to accompli% any?+ 9 tool "w because !y d n he$ ! fir/1 & m "t is wa/$ ?an we ev] realize1 p>ticul>ly among me*anics1 by fail+ to obs]ve ! second4 ,x (t5 seems a wa/e ( "t to put a tool or piece ( /ock away 9 a def9ite place1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 "o (t5 sp5ds t5 times z _m m9utes 9 look+ = a ?+ z he w\ld putt+ x 9 its place :]e x c\ld be f\nd in/antly4 ,:at's ! answ]8 said ,h>ry abs5t-m9d$ly4 ,! answ] is t we w make a rack = our lumb] be=e we d any?+ else4 ,x ne$ n be v f9e "w1 b x w make our %op mu* neat]1 if ! surfaces ( ! wood are plan$ in/ead ( be+ left r\gh1 & to give y practice 9 plan+ & to develop y\r muscles1 ,i am go+ to let y d mo/ ( ! plan+1 :ile ,i lay out ! "w4 ,! rack z f9ally con/ruct$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! %op 0 n %ea!d on ! inside1 ! framework or /udd+ be+ expos$4 ,! %ort cross pieces 7 nail$ to ! /udd+ ) t5-p5ny wire nails1 b :]e !y jo9$ ! uprights !y 7 let into ! latt] to a dep? ( #a_/b in* be=e be+ nail$4 ,h>ry want$ to "k :at ?is 0 =1 & ,ralph expla9$ t if ! cross pieces 7 simply nail$ to ! uprights1 all ! weight w\ld be c>ri$ by ! nails4 ,by lett+ or ga9+ !m "p way into ! uprights1 ! weight 0 c>ri$ by ! latt] )\t s mu* /ra9 on ! nails4 ,!n :y don't y let !m into ! wall /uds too8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,because ! /uds are 9 position & we c\ldn't saw !m out )\t break+ ?r\gh ! outside ( ! build+2 !re=e we are oblig$ simply to nail !m on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,! lumb] rack ,f\r ( ! uprights 7 spac$ ?ree feet ap>t1 & held 9 place at top & bottom by blocks nail$ to ! ceil+ & floor4 ,a c>p5t] w\ld h simply toe-nail$ !m by driv+ nails at an angle ?r\gh ! ends ( ! uprights into ! floor1 b ! boys 7 n yet skill$ 9 c>p5t]s' me?ods4 ,an ideal lumb] rack is made ( galvaniz$ iron pipe4 ,x is inde/ructible1 fire-pro(1 r exp5sive1 & ! jo9ts are regul> pipe fitt]'s jo9ts1 elb[s1 tees1 crosses1 & floor plates4 ,?is 0 beyond our boys' pocket-book1 z x w\ld h requir$ ! s]vices ( a pipe fitt]4 ,"o ( ! uprights laid out & p>tly cut is %[n at a1 ! op5+s hav+ be5 tak5 out ) cross cut saw & *isel4 ,on "o ( ! upp] ti]s ! cross pieces 7 made eight in*es long] ?an ! o!rs1 & :]e !y ext5d$ beyond ! front ( ! rack pieces ( p9e #f #b #g_/h in*es 7 nail$ to ! ends1 mak+ a conv5i5t hook = hang+ h& screws1 :i* are always 9 ! way on ! floor4 ,x also made a v conv5i5t %elf = /or+ n>r[ wa/e /rips ( lumb]1 :i* %\ld n be de/roy$1 z "o c nev] tell :5 !y w be ne$$4 ,9 ! case ( a rack made ( iron pipe1 ! ends ( ^! long cross pieces ne$ be only ord9>y pipe elb[s4 ,! lab\r ( build+ a lumb] rack 0 mu* heavi] ?an any?+ ! boys _h done be=e1 b x br\ght ! l>g] muscles into play1 seem$ l real c>p5t] "w1 & 0 an excell5t prep>ation = ! f9] tool "w to foll[4 ,a boy :o has nev] c>ri$ out a piece ( l>ge "w successfully _c realize ! satisfaction ( look+ at a really good piece ( con/ruction & be+ able to say1 ,i made t all myself6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,fir/ w9d vane ,ralph sugge/$ t "o or two ?+s m 7 ne$$ to make _! equipm5t %ip-%ape--"o 0 a tool cab9et1 & ano!r 0 "s arrangem5t = /or+ small pieces ( /ock2 b z bo? ( ^! requir$ consid]able tool practice1 !y 7 record$ 9 a notebook z among ! ?+s to be done lat] on4 ,x 0 agre$ t ! %op ne$$ a vane to %[ ! direction ( ! w9d1 & ! boys' design = ?is is %[n at ,fig4 #id4 ,x includ$ a wea!r vane & w9dmill4 ,! :ole comb9ation requir$ five pieces ( wood4 ,! two %ort pieces1 #g in*es long by #a in* squ>e1 7 fir/ dress$ to size1 cut out & halv$ toge!r z %[n4 ,!y 7 !n tak5 ap>t & cut to ! l9es %[n1 ) a knife1 mak+ propell] blades simil> to ^? made = ! a]oplane4 ,:5 bo? 7 f9i%$1 !y 7 aga9 put toge!r1 & a hole drill$ ?r\gh ! c5tre a trifle l>g] ?an a flat-head wire nail #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,?is nail is to hold ! mill to ! horizontal piece4 ,! nail is to be tight 9 ?is horizontal piece1 b ! w9dmill mu/ revolve freely ab\t ! nail4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! hole 9 ! mill mu/ be slightly l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! nail4 ,! horizontal piece is bevell$ on "o end ) ! knife & has a #a_/d-;in* slot saw$ out at ! o!r4 ,! slot is to receive ! w9d vane4 ,! vane 0 saw$ out ( #a_/d-;in* wood1 fitt$ into ! slot & nail$ ) brads4 ,:5 all ^! p>ts 7 assembl$1 x 0 necess>y to f9d ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole comb9ation1 z x is important t x be p]fectly balanc$4 ,to f9d ! correct po9t1 a light /r+ 0 slipp$ "u ! horizontal piece & mov$ back & =? until ! vane hung horizontally4 ,! spot :]e ! /r+ t\*$ ! wood 0 m>k$ ) a p5cil & a #a_/d-;in* hole drill$ at ?is po9t = ! pivot4 ,a correspond+ hole 0 drill$ #c in*es deep into ! bevell$ end ( ! /&>d4 ,a piece ( #a_/d-;in* maple d[el 0 us$ z a pivot1 ! upp] end be+ s&-pap]$ until ! vane swung freely4 ,! boys f\nd t by plac+ a metal wa%] betwe5 ! vane & its /&>d1 mu* ( ! friction 0 remov$4 ,a wire nail driv5 into ! /&>d ?r\gh a hole drill$ 9 ! horizontal piece w\ld h answ]$ ! same purpose z ! d[el4 ,:5 ! c5tre ( gravity is n f\nd = ! pivot1 ! vane is apt to tilt =w>d or backw>d & n only look badly1 b br+ consid]able friction on "o end1 s t x w n revolve freely ) ! w9d4 ,,xvii ,,mills ,,& ,,wea!r ,,vanes ,! subject ( w9dmills & wea!r vanes op5$ up a field t seem$ inexhau/ible1 & = a :ile !re 0 a p]fect furore ( design+ & exp]im5t+4 ,z usual1 ,h>ry want$ to try great s*emes t ,ralph knew 7 impracticable1 & x requir$ all 8 diplomacy to keep ! boy d[n to e>?1 on some?+ simple & )9 8 p[] to d successfully4 ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ attempts 0 a s*eme to make a w9dmill on ! pr9ciple ( a wat]-:eel1 plac$ horizontally to cat* ! w9d4 ,ralph knew t x w\ld n "w1 b aft] argu+ = "s "t1 he decid$ to let ! y\ng/] le>n by exp]i5ce4 ,:ile ,h>ry 0 work+ at 8 project1 ,ralph sket*$ out & made a vane :i* he consid]$ an improvem5t on ! fir/ "o4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie2 & x 0 made )\t a mill & compos$ ( f\r pieces4 ,! horizontal piece _h an arr[ head at ! =w>d end4 ,at ! re> end1 two pieces ( #a_/d-;in* p9e 7 fa/5$ ) two small bolts4 ,f ! po9t :]e !y 7 bolt$ !y curv$ outw>d z %[n 9 ! top view1 & 7 held 9 t position by two small /rips nail$ on ) brads1 "o on ! upp] & "o on ! l[] side4 ,! c5tre ( gravity 0 f\nd z be=e1 & ! vane pivot$ to its /&>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,second w9d vane ,9 ! meantime1 ,h>ry _h f\nd out to 8 own satisfaction t 8 wat]-:eel w9dmill w\ld n "w4 ,:at h y curv$ ^? ends out =8 he exclaim$ on cat*+ a sight ( ,ralph's vane4 ,:y1 to make x m s5sitive to ! slighte/ breeze4 ,^? curves cat* ! w9d quick] ?an flat surfaces2 h y nev] notic$ t on ! wea!r bureau vanes !y are always curv$ out l t8 ,no1 said ,h>ry4 ,by ! way1 d y "k :y my mill doesn't "w8 ,i h told y ab\t six times t a wat]-:eel receives ! wat] on "o side only1 :ile y\r mill receives ! same pressure on bo? sides ( ! c5tre4 ,! two =ces balance1 s y\r mill c't v well turn4 ,if y c\ld cut (f ! w9d f "o side1 x w\ld g all "r4 ,well1 :y c't ,i box 9 "o side8 ,y c1 b !n y w h to %ift x e "t ! w9d *anges4 ,y c\ld con/ruct a comb9ation mill & vane1 & arrange x s t ! box w\ld be %ift$ by ! vane1 b hone/ly1 ,i don't ?9k x wor? ! tr\ble4 ,x w\ld be clumsy1 top-heavy1 & h>d to balance4 ,i h a s*eme = a horizontal mill1 b we w take x up lat]4 ,9 ! meantime1 let's make a happy jack w9dmill6 ,happy jack8 ,t's :at !y call !m1 b we w try to be orig9al & ,i propose an ,indian ) w> clubs4 ,:ew6 ,t s\nds int]e/+6 ,ralph's sket* ( ! ,indian is %[n 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,! figure 0 saw$ out ( #a_/b-;in* p9e1 a #c_/h-;in* hole bor$ = ! arms1 & a #a_/d-;in* hole bor$ = ! d[el pivot at ! feet4 ,! arms 7 made ( a piece ( d[el1 six in*es long1 ) #c_/af-;in* holes bor$ ne> ! ends to receive ! clubs4 ,^! 7 :ittl$ out ( p9e1 ea* club be+ a propell] blade4 ,:5 fa/5$ into ! d[el !y =m$ a complete two-blad$ propell]1 b ?is 0 n done until ! d[el _h be5 ins]t$ ?r\gh ! ,indian's %\ld]s1 & a brad driv5 ?r\gh on ea* side ( ! body to keep ! arms 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,happy jack ,h>ry 0 s anxi\s to see x "w t he came ne> spoil+ x1 & _h to be re/ra9$ by ! old] boy1 z 9 mak+ ^! toys a well balanc$ figure is v important4 ,:5 x 0 f9ally f9i%$1 & plac$ out 9 ! w9d1 ! antics ( ! ,indian made ,h>ry laugh till ! te>s ran d[n 8 *eeks4 ,t's ! f9e/ ?+ we ev] made1 he said4 ,ralph smil$4 ,x seem$ t he _h he>d some?+ l t sev]al times be=e4 ,an a?lete 0 sugge/$1 & a bold figure ) out/ret*$ arms 0 sket*$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! ,indian clubs he is suppos$ to be sw++ 7 propell] blades1 & to give !m m uni=m motion ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,indian1 ! h&s 7 drill$ & a piece ( #a_/d-;in* d[el ins]t$4 ,at ea* end ( ! d[el 0 fa/5$ a blade :i* _h be5 drill$ to fit4 ,brads 7 driv5 ?r\gh ! d[el on ea* side ( ! h& to keep ! clubs sw++ freely4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,an a?letic happy jack ,! body & arms 7 cut f a piece ( #a_/b-;in* p9e & halv$ toge!r across ! *e/1 & aft] ! jo9t 0 made ! =m ( ! body & ! arms :ittl$ out ) a knife4 ,! two p>ts 7 !n fa/5$ toge!r ) brads4 ,x 0 important t ?is figure face ! w9d1 s into ! space betwe5 ! ankles 0 fitt$ ! small end ( a w9d vane & ! figure securely fa/5$ to x ) brads4 ,! c5tre ( gravity 0 !n f\nd & ! :ole comb9ation pivot$ on a g5]\s piece ( #a_/d-;in* d[el4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! anemomet] ,?is a?letic wea!r vane is pa9t$ 9 bright col\rs1 ! clubs be+ gild$ to make !m reali/ic ,indian clubs4 ,:at 0 t s*eme ( y\rs = a horizontal w9dmill8 ask$ ,h>ry aft] he _h wat*$ ! a?letic club sw+] until he 0 satisfi$4 ,:y1 to make "o on ! pr9ciple ( ! anemomet]1 repli$ ,ralph4 ,h[ d y spell x8 ,nev] m9d ! spell+1 x's l ?is1 & ,ralph rapidly sket*$ out ,fig4 #ih4 ,?is is ! w9d gauge ( ! wea!r bureau1 he expla9$1 & ,i figure we c use ord9>y t9 cups = ! buckets4 ,y g d[n to ! h>dw>e /ore & buy f\r small r\nd bottom$ t9 cups :ile ,i />t ! woodwork4 ,hav+ secur$ ! cups = five c5ts ea*1 !y cut ! h&les ) a pair ( t9n]s' snips4 ,! cut 0 made next to ! cup at ! l[e/ po9t & ! h&le /raight5$ out ev5 ) ! top ( ! cup4 ,two pieces ( p9e1 #af in*es long1 #g_/h-;in* wide1 & #e_/h-;in* ?ick1 7 halv$ toge!r at ! c5tre1 :]e a #a_/d-;in* hole 0 bor$ /raight ?r\gh ! jo9t4 ,a block ( wood cut to ! %ape a 0 fitt$ ov] ! jo9t1 & fa/5$ to ! f\r arms ) #a-;in* brads4 ,! #a_/d-;in* hole 0 n[ cont9u$ almo/ ?r\gh ?is cap to give a long be>+ = ! pivot--a t5-p5ny wire nail ) ! head fil$ (f4 ,two #c_/af-;in* holes 7 drill$ ?r\gh ! h&le ( ea* cup & correspond+ holes ?r\gh ! wood5 arms4 ,! cups 7 made fa/ by pass+ #c_/af-;in* bolts ?r\gh cup h&les & arms & tight5+ ! nuts4 ,?is made a v /rong & rigid con/ruction & on te/+ x by hold+ ! pivot 9 ! h& out 9 ! breeze ! in/rum5t revolv$ rapidly4 ,altoge!r x 0 "o ( ! mo/ sub/antial & satisfactory ?+s t !y _h made1 b ,ralph 0 n yet satisfi$4 ,we might z well h a ,coney ,isl& ( our own z n1 he said4 ,y :ittle out f\r propell]s1 #d in*es long & #a_/b in* across1 & ,i'll %[ y some?+1 he said4 ,:ile ,h>ry 0 do+ ?is1 ,ralph saw$ out f\r wood5 dirigibles %[n at b1 #h in*es long1 #c in*es across at ! wide/ "p1 & #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,a hole 0 drill$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ea* propell] & ano!r 9 ! flat /]n ( ea* air-%ip4 ,! pivots = ! propell]s 7 flat-head wire nails small en\gh = ! blades to revolve freely1 b driv5 securely into ! air-%ips4 ,^! 7 n[ fa/5$ at ! ends ( ! arms ( ! anemomet] by atta*+ two /rips ( basswood to ea* %ip by wires4 ,! /rips 7 to hold ! %ips 9 ! prop] position fac+ 9 ! direction ( motion1 :i* 0 always ! same1 no matt] 9 :i* direction ! w9d 0 bl[+4 ,! upp] ends ( ^! /rips 7 br\ght toge!r1 & securely fa/5$ "u "o ( ! bolts by wires4 ,z ! anemomet] revolv$1 c5trifugal =ce s5t ! air-%ips out z f> z ! basswood /rips w\ld all[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,! ,zeppel9 w9d vane ,x 0 a v int]e/+ fair wea!r toy1 b ! fir/ gale1 :ile hav+ no effect on ! anemomet] o!r ?an to make x sp9 ar\nd at t]rific spe$1 ne>ly wreck$ ! %ips by slamm+ !m aga9/ ! /&>d4 ,s ! boys always took ! %ips (f at night1 & put !m on aga9 :5 !y want$ to give an exhibition4 ,! propell]s 7 gild$ & ! %ips pa9t$ 9 bright col\rs4 ,a v simple vane may be made to repres5t a ,zeppel9 air-%ip 7,fig4 #ii7 by cutt+ out a piece ( :ite p9e #b feet long & #b-a_/b in*es wide ) ! ends po9t$ to ! %ape ( a ,go?ic ar*4 ,! hole = ! pivot %\ld be bor$ #b in*es deep & be plac$ well =w>d ( ! c5tre4 ,to make ! vane balance1 ! re> portion f ! pivot to ! /]n %\ld be plan$ ?9 & r\nd$ ) ! spoke%ave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,a six-blad$ mill ,at ! /]n %\ld be a small two-blad$ propell]1 pivot$ on a flat-head wire nail4 ,if ! /]n is /ill too heavy1 ! balance c be re/or$ by driv+ into ! =w>d po9t a r\nd-head$ screw1 or by atta*+ ano!r small propell]4 ,9 fact1 if ! hole 9 ?is propell] is made l>ge en\gh1 ! screw c be us$ z ! pivot2 9 any ev5t1 ! vane mu/ be balanc$ by add+ "s k9d ( weight at ! b[4 ,^! typical =ms ( w9d vanes w sugge/ o!rs & ! "y woodwork] %\ld try to be orig9al1 to design new =ms1 %ips1 subm>9es1 air-%ips1 etc4 ,"o =m :i* ! boys made 0 especially sub/antial & reliable4 ,a six-blad$ mill 0 con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,fir/3 a piece ( #g_/h-;in* p9e 0 cut to ! =m ( a hexagon #b in*es across ! po9ts4 ,second3 a #a_/d-;in* hole 0 bor$ 9 ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! six edges & a #c_/af-;in* hole ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! hexagon4 7,fig4 #ajj47 ,?ird3 six blades 7 =m$ f #a_/b-;in* p9e #h in*es long1 #b in*es wide1 tap]+ d[n to #a in* at "o end4 ,f\r?3 9 ! small end a #a_/d-;in* hole 0 bor$ at ! c5tre1 ab\t an in* deep4 ,fif?3 ! blades 7 tap]$ 9 ?ickness f #a_/b-;in* at ! small end to #c_/af-;in* at ! wide end1 ! tap]+ be+ done on "o side only1 t away f ! w9d1 ! side fac+ ! w9d be+ p]fectly flat4 ,six?3 d[el p9s 7 glu$ securely into ! holes 9 ! hexagonal block & into ! blades1 ! latt] be+ turn$ on ! d[els at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees--#a_/c a "r angle--f ! front face4 ,sev5?3 aft] ! glue _h h>d5$ ov] night1 ! :ole mill 0 pa9t$1 special att5tion be+ giv5 to cov]+ ! jo9t :]e ! glue held1 to prev5t ! ra9 f loos5+ x4 ,eigh?3 two pieces ( #a_/d-;in* :ite wood 7 cut out to ! =m %[n at b4 ,^! 7 fa/5$ to ! squ>e piece c by two small bolts4 ,! wide ends ( ! vanes 7 spread & fa/5$ by two small /rips ( :ite wood1 by brads z %[n4 ,n9?3 la/ came ! locat+ ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 aft] ! mill _h be5 atta*$ by a t5-p5ny flat-head wire nail4 ,! pivot 0 made ( a simil> nail into ! /&>d1 z on previ\s w9d vanes4 ,,xviii ,,tools3 ,,saws ,! boys n[ took up ! sy/ematic /udy ( tools1 z ,ralph sugge/$ t !y _h sp5t "t en\gh on toys & curiosities4 ,a cutt+ tool mu/ be con/ruct$ ) ref]5ce to ! mat]ial x is to cut4 ,9 ! ma*9e %op1 we f9d ! angle ( ! cutt+ edge l>ge--(t5 #hj degrees--:ile a razor has a cutt+ edge ( ab\t #e degrees4 ,all cutt+ tools are w$ges1 :e!r saws1 *isels1 planes1 axes1 or knives1 & ! angle dep5ds on ! h>dness ( ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is to "w4 ,! action ( ! tool may be a *isel action1 a knife action1 or bo?4 ,9 ! rip saw1 ! tee? are really a s]ies ( *isel edges cut 9 "o piece ( /eel1 :ile 9 a cross cut saw we h a knife action = cutt+ ! fibres1 foll[$ by a *isel action = remov+ ! wood4 ,! side view ( a rip saw is %[n at a 7,fig4 #aja71 ! end view at b4 ,! *isel-l edges are b5t outw>d to "r & left alt]nately4 ,?is is call$ ! set ( ! tee? & its purpose is to make ! cut wid] ?an ! body ( ! saw1 to prev5t friction4 ,z ! saw tee? pass ?r\gh ! wood1 ! fibres spr+ back aga9/ ! saw blade or body1 & ! friction makes ! "w almo/ impossible )\t set to ! tee?4 ,all woodwork+ saws mu/ be set1 & special tools call$ saw sets are sold = ! purpose ( b5d+ out ! tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,tee? ( rip saw ,! rip or slitt+ saw %\ld only be us$ = cutt+ ) ! gra94 ,:5 us$ across ! gra91 ! action is exactly l t ( a n>r[ *isel1 & x w te> ! fibres in/ead ( cutt+ !m4 ,! tee? ( a cross cut saw are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,at a is ! side view1 & at b ! end view4 ,! tee? are set & fil$ to a knife edge4 ,?is gives two p>allel l9es ( knife-l tee? :i* cut ! fibres 9 two p>allel l9es1 :ile ! body ( ! too? cuts out ! wood 9 ! =m ( sawdu/4 ,all woodwork+ saws belong to "o ( ^! two classes1 & ! cutt+ angles ( ! tee? are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,tee? ( cross cut saw ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,hel5 ,w4 ,cooke4 ,le>n+ to ,use ! ,cross ,cut ,saw ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc ,we are v apt to reg>d ! saw n only z a v commonplace article1 b z a fix$ quantity :i* has always be5 ! same & always w be4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! saw has gone ?r\gh a process ( evolution ! same z ! electric motor1 automobile1 & a]oplane4 ,new me?ods ( its manufacture are con/antly be+ inv5t$ & improvem5ts made 9 its con/ruction4 ,"s ( ! /eps 9 ! process ( mak+ a h& saw are3 roll+ ! /eel plate ( :i* ! body is made1 h>d5+1 temp]+1 hamm]+ or smi?+1 gr9d+1 poli%+1 fil+1 sett+1 et*+1 h&l+1 & block+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd ,! h&l+ ref]s to ! plac+ ( ! wood5 h&le & "s idea ( :at x means is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 %[+ two me?ods ( atta*+ ! apple wood h&le4 ,"s idea ( :at ! gr9d+ means is %[n by ! tap]s1 or diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! /eel1 z %[n at ,fig4 #aje1 ! ?ickness 9 "o ?\s&?s ( an in* be+ giv5 at ! diff]5t po9ts4 ,x w be notic$ t n only does ! blade decrease 9 wid? f ! h&le out to ! end ( ! saw1 b ! ?ickness decreases f ! tee? to ! top & also f ! h&le out to ! end4 ,?is repres5ts ideal saw con/ruction1 & x is f\nd only 9 ! good makes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,?ickness ( saw blade ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,! back saw ,! back saw1 be+ /r5g!n$ by a heavy piece ( /eel along ! top1 is made ( ?9n] mat]ial1 & ! tap]s are n necess>y1 = ! back piece gives rigidity4 ,x removes less wood1 b is limit$ 9 its action by ! back4 ,x is us$ *iefly by patt]n mak]s1 & = f9] b5* "w1 su* z cab9et mak+1 b %\ld be "p ( e boy's outfit4 ,! compass-saw %[n at ,fig4 #ajg is us$ = g5]al purposes1 b is n s necess>y z ! back saw4 ,x is useful = cutt+ out small op5+s1 ?\gh x is n z valuable = ?is purpose z ! turn+ saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! compass saw ,"o end ( ! turn+ saw c be releas$ f ! frame by remov+ a p91 pass$ ?r\gh a small hole4 ,?is is fa/5$ 9 ! frame aga9 & made to foll[ a curv$ l9e l a fret or cop+ saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,! turn+ saw ,! numb] ( tee? to ! in* v>ies1 & saws are rat$ z f\r-po9t1 five-po9t1 etc41 accord+ to ! numb] ( po9ts or spaces to ! in*4 ,= v h>d woods1 a saw ) small tee?1 i4 e41 ) m po9ts ?an ord9>y to ! in*1 %\ld be us$2 b a boy :o possesses "o saw ( ea* k9d--a rip1 a cross cut1 a back saw1 & a turn+ saw--has all t w be requir$ = ord9>y woodwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,us+ ! rip saw & tre/les ,9 work+ ) ! bo>d on tre/les1 ! saw %\ld be held at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees to ! surface4 ,:5 saw+ a bo>d held 9 ! b5* vise1 ?is is n s easily done1 b ! cut %\ld at lea/ be />t$ ) ! tool 9 ! correct position4 7,fig4 #aji74 ,! hack saw is us$ = cutt+ metal1 & :ile n ess5tial = woodwork1 is (t5 valuable = cutt+ pieces ( pipe1 rivets1 bolts1 screws1 & nails & %\ld be add$ to ! outfit :5 ! f9ances w all[4 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,! hack saw = cutt+ metal ,9 fact1 !re is no su* ?+ z a set ( tools4 ,good tools only %\ld be b\ght1 & ! outfit at fir/ %\ld be simple2 new ones c be add$ f "t to "t1 z !y are ne$$4 ,9 ?is way "o le>ns ! possibilities ( 8 kit mu* bett] ?an by />t+ ) an elaborate collection4 ,,xix ,,tools3 ,,planes ,a boy buy+ 8 tool outfit is (t5 bewild]$ by ! array 9 ! h>dw>e /ore4 ,he is fur!r confus$ by ! advice ( ! salesman1 & 8 own little /ore ( money4 ,9 select+ planes1 only ?ree are really necess>y = ord9>y "w1 & ?is numb] may ev5 be r$uc$ to two4 ,wood5 planes are /ill ! fav\rite tools ( "s woodwork]s1 b iron planes h l>gely sup]s$$ !m4 ,a #ae-;in* iron jack plane1 a #i-;in* smoo?+ plane1 & a block plane make a v good comb9ation = a beg9n+4 ,special planes c be add$ lat]1 z ! f9ances w all[4 ,! iron plane ) its v>i\s p>ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,^! ref] to ei!r ! jack or ! smoo? plane4 ,9 ! block plane !re is no cap iron1 ! cutt] or plane iron be+ plac$ ) ! bevell$ side up4 ,!re is frequ5tly f\nd on ?is tool an adju/m5t = *ang+ ! am\nt ( op5+ 9 ! m\? = h>d or s(t woods4 ,! plane iron & cap are fa/5$ toge!r ) a set screw1 & ! cap is remov$ :5 x is be+ gr\nd or %>p5$ on an oil/one4 ,?is set screw1 :i* is loos5$ ) a screw-driv]1 or ! edge ( ! clamp us$ z a screw-driv]1 also all[s ! di/ance f ! cutt+ edge to ! cap to be *ang$ = s(t or h>d woods4 ,^! two irons are fa/5$ into ! ?roat ( ! plane by ! clamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,! smoo?+ plane ,! lev] 7#a7 is = /raight5+ ! plane iron1 & ! screw s is = adju/+ ! dep? ( ! cut4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! jack & smoo? planes1 aside f ! size1 is 9 ! %ape ( ! cutt] or bit4 ,9 ! jack plane1 ! bit is gr\nd ) a slightly curv$ cutt+ edge4 ,?is enables ! tool to remove co>se %av+s1 b leaves a slightly corrugat$ surface :i* mu/ be smoo!d ) ! smoo?+ plane4 ,! jack plane also t5ds to /raight5 ! "w1 ow+ to its great] l5g?4 ,! great] ! l5g?1 ! m does x /raight54 ,! old-fa%ion$ jo9t]s 7 made sev]al feet long = ?is v purpose4 ,if a boy c af=d only "o plane1 x %\ld be a jack plane1 b ! cutt] %\ld be gr\nd /raight to act z a smoo? plane4 ,! block plane c be disp5s$ ) bett] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 because ! smoo? plane c be us$ on a %oot+ bo>d = tru+ up end gra91 ! orig9al purpose ( ! block plane4 ,! latt] plane has no cap1 z x works on ! ends ( ! wood fibres ) a %e>+ or p>+ action4 ,?is is help$ by hold+ ! tool at an angle ) ! wood1 a position n advisable ) ! o!r two tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ! ,c\rtesy ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,,tools ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,%[+ h[ little progress has be5 made 9 tool con/ruction4 ,9 ?is collection is a jo9t] plane1 a smoo? plane1 rabbit plane1 /raight edge1 divid]s or compasses1 a b5* vise1 h& vise1 wr5*1 hacksaw & comb9ation tool4 ,! prop] position = plan+ is ) ! "r side to ! b5*1 ! plane held flat on ! "w4 ,ea* /roke %\ld1 :]ev] possible1 be ! full l5g? ( ! bo>d1 unless "o "p is high] ?an ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,?is may be asc]ta9$ by us+ ! edge ( ! plane z a /raight edge4 ,high spots %\ld be m>k$ ) a p5cil1 & !n plan$ (f1 till ! full l5g? /rokes c be made1 & ! edge plan$ /raight & true4 ,9 surface plan+1 if ! surface be w>p$1 ! am\nt ( w9d may be det]m9$ by plac+ two w9d+ /icks--two /raight pieces ( ! same size at ! two ends--& sight+ ) ! eye along _! top edges4 ,to take out w9d1 x may be necess>y to plane diagonally across ! gra9 f corn] to corn]4 ,?is defect is common 9 lumb] n prop]ly pil$ or season$1 & is m noticeable 9 su* woods z gum or *e/nut4 ,! %>p5+ ( plane irons is a v important "p ( "o's k ( tool "w1 & ( c\rse applies to *isels1 g\ges1 & all cutt+ tools4 ,rememb] t ! cutt+ edge or bevel is a w$ge1 ! angle ( a plane-iron bevel be+ f #be to #ce degrees1 ! small] angle = s(t wood1 ! l>g] = h>d4 ,?is angle is n measur$ by ! woodwork] (t51 b is a matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,if ! "y me*anic w keep 8 tools gr\nd to ! same angle z he f9ds !m at ! "t ( pur*ase1 he w n g f> a/ray4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,! cutt+ angle ,?is angle %\ld be a clean-cut "o1 h[ev]4 ,fig4 #aab %[s "s correct & "s incorrect ways ( gr9d+4 ,at a is %[n ! "r way1 b is n an angle at all1 & c is a wa/e ( "t & mat]ial4 ,at d is %[n ! wor/ fault ( all--a back bevel4 ,?is occurs :5 ! tool is c>elessly turn$ ov] & gr\nd on bo? sides1 :i* r5d]s x useless until all ! /eel 9 front ( ! dott$ l9e has be5 remov$2 9 o!r words1 until ! tool is regr\nd4 ,?is mi/ake is sometimes made 9 us+ ! oil/one1 by rubb+ ! tool on bo? sides in/ead ( on "o only4 ,all ! gr9d+ & %>p5+ mu/ be done on ! bevell$ side4 ,z ! plane iron is only a ?9 *isel1 ! %>p5+ ( ! latt] tool is p]=m$ z 9 ! case ( ! plane iron1 & ! same c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! bevel clean cut4 ,a good gr9d/one is a %op necessity1 &1 "o might add1 a h\sehold necessity1 because e h\sehold uses knives1 & ! dull knife is an altoge!r too common nuisance4 ,our boys hung up ano!r sign at ?is /age1 & x read1 ,keep y\r tools %>p4 ,?is ought to g )\t say+1 b x is a fact t _m p make failures ( _! "w & become disgu/$ ) x because !y d n keep _! tools 9 ord]4 ,! satisfaction ( us+ f9e1 %>p tools _c be expla9$2 x mu/ be exp]i5c$4 ,l o!r ?+s ab\t ! %op1 !re are _m k9ds ( gr9d/ones on ! m>ket4 ,! old-fa%ion$ /one ) a wood5 frame 7,fig4 #aac7 work$ by h& or a treadle may be good--x dep5ds on ! /one--& ! new "o ) a small /one1 iron1 or press$ /eel frame is h&y4 ,! la/ /one is provid$ ) a bicycle seat1 & is work$ by bo? feet1 s t ! h&s are free to hold ! tool4 ,?is /one has ball be>+s1 is noiseless1 & occupies less space ?an ! o!r4 ,a /one t is s(t & gritty1 r ?an "o t is h>d l a piece ( granite1 %\ld be select$4 ,9 hold+ ! tool aga9/ ! /one1 "s common s5se is necess>y4 ,! h>d] "o presses1 ! quick] ! gr9d+1 b if !re is n pl5ty ( wat] on ! /one1 ! tool may be burn$4 ,:5 a black place appe>s1 y h de/roy$ ! temp]1 %[+ t !re has be5 too mu* pressure1 or too little wat]1 or bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,two types ( gr9d/one ,! tool may be mov$ back & =? across ! /one to keep its face true1 b nev] up & d[n4 ,?is up & d[n motion is c>eless & gives ! defective edge %[n at b 7,fig4 #aab7--v bad gr9d+4 ,x is an easy matt] to te/ y\r gr9d+ by occasionally plac+ ! blade ( a try squ>e on ! bevel4 ,if x is n /raight1 y\r gr9d+ ne$s m c>e4 ,too mu* /ress _c be laid on ! importance ( ?is subject ( gr9d+4 ,x is ! key-note ( success4 ,if y are c>eless 9 ?is p>ticul>1 y\r "w at ! b5* _c be a success4 ,a good workman is kn[n by 8 tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,! oil/one ,a tea*] ( draw+ once said1 ,i don't c>e to see y\r draw+2 all ,i want is to see y\r p5cil4 ,i c tell j :at k9d ( "w y are do+ by obs]v+ ! c>e y give y\r p5cil4 ,?is is peculi>ly true ( ! work] ) tools4 ,f9d a man v p>ticul> ab\t !m1 & y may be sure he is a c>eful workman4 ,aft] gr9d+ comes %>p5+4 ,?is is done by rubb+ ! bevell$ side back & =? a few times on an oil/one1 lubricat$ ) a few drops ( sp]m or light ma*9e oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,! action ( ! cap iron ,! /one %\ld be wip$ (f1 aft]w>d1 & %\ld nev] be saturat$ ) ! oil4 ,if ?is is all[$ to happ51 ! surface becomes gumm$ 7,fig4 #aad7 & loses its cutt+ edge4 ,?is rubb+ w sometimes turn ov] a ?9 wire edge1 :i* is remov$ by lay+ ! tool ) ! flat side on ! oil/one & draw+ x t[>d y4 ,! wire edge c be fur!r remov$ if necess>y by /ropp+ on a piece ( lea!r4 ,be=e replac+ ! cutt] 9 ! plane1 ! cap iron is fa/5$ on ! flat side ab\t #a_/af-;in* f ! cutt+ edge2 b ?is di/ance may be v>i$ = diff]5t woods4 ,! object ( ! cap iron is to prev5t a splitt+ action by b5d+ ! %av+ =w>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aae4 ,at a is %[n ! effect :5 !re is no cap1 & at b ! spl9t] b5t ov] giv+ a %av+4 ,,xx ,,squ>+ ,,up ,,/ock ,hav+ prep>$ ,h>ry = ! s]i\s "w to come by 8 explanation ( ! plane & its op]ation1 ,ralph prep>$ to />t 8 pupil on ! mo/ important & difficult problem 9 %opwork--squ>+ up /ock4 ,anybody1 he said c hack away at a piece ( wood ) tools1 & get "s k9d ( result1 b if ?is "w is wor? do+ at all1 x is wor? do+ well1 & to be able to squ>e up /ock is p]haps ! mo/ important op]ation y w ev] d4 ,x is l ma!matics1 ! answ] is ei!r "r or wrong4 ,:5 y f9i%1 ! /ock is ei!r squ>e or n squ>e4 ,to squ>e up /ock means to r$uce x to ?ree def9ite dim5sions1 l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness1 ) all adjo9+ edges or surfaces at "r angles4 ,x s\nds easy4 ,suppose we want a piece #ab in*es #b in*es #g_/h in*4 ,fir/1 saw out y\r /ock ab\t #ab-a_/d in*es #b-a_/d in*es #a in*4 ,?is all[s some?+ ea* way = ! tools to remove 9 ! process--= sawdu/ & %av+s4 ,x is consid]ably m ?an necess>y1 b on ! fir/ trial y wa/e m ?an lat]1 :5 y h become skill$ 9 ?is "w4 ,second4 ,dress d[n "o ( ! flat faces ) ! jack plane2 foll[ ) ! smoo?+ plane & te/1 ) /raight edge1 ) ! gra91 across x1 & diagonally across corn]s4 ,:5 ?is face is f9i%$ x con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ! process1 & is call$ ! 'work+ face4' ,?ird4 ,make a p5cil m>k on ! work+ face ne> "o ( ! edges4 ,?is is call$ a witness m>k1 & x indicates t ! edge x t\*es is to be ! next face dress$4 ,f\r?4 ,dress d[n ! edge1 mak+ x squ>e ) ! work+ face1 & te/+ its :ole l5g? ) ! try squ>e4 ,?is is ! 'jo9t edge' 7,fig4 #aaf74 ,fif?4 ,set ! m>k+ gauge1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag1 hold+ x 9 ! left h& & ! rule 9 ! "r1 to two in*es1 ! wid? ( ! f9i%$ piece4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! scale on ! gauge /ick is sometimes inaccurate4 ,) ! gauge block aga9/ ! jo9t edge1 gauge a l9e ! entire l5g? ( ! work+ face4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! gauge may be us$ 9 ei!r h&1 & 9 fact x is well to practise s z to be able to use ei!r at w4 ,! tool %\ld always be pu%$ f y1 & at ! same "t tilt$ f y1 until ! /eel po9t makes only a f9e l9e4 ,if x is held upright1 ! po9t w try to foll[ ! gra91 :i* is v seldom p>allel ) ! edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,/eps 9 ! process ( squ>+ up /ock ,y h n[ laid out on ! work+ face y\r fir/ dim5sion--! wid?4 ,six?4 ,plane d[n ! edge opposite to ! jo9t edge1 almo/ to ! gauge l9e j drawn4 ,rememb] t ! t5d5cy is always to take (f too mu*1 & :5 a piece is too small !re is no way ( mak+ x l>g]1 b if x is left a little too l>ge1 x is a simple matt] to take (f "o m %av+4 ,9 o!r words1 always be on ! safe side1 & take (f too little r ?an too mu*4 ,te/ ?is edge to see t x is squ>e ) work+ face be=e rea*+ ! gauge l9e4 ,get into ! habit ( m>k+ all high spots ) a p5cil1 & plan+ out ! m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,sett+ ! m>k+ gauge ,sev5?4 ,set ! gauge at ! requir$ ?ickness1 9 ?is case #g_/h in*--& ) gauge block aga9/ work+ face1 make a l9e full l5g? on bo? ( ! squ>$ edges4 ,eigh?4 ,dress d[n ! rema9+ r\gh face to or ne> bo? gauge l9es j drawn1 & te/ ) /raight edge1 z 9 ! work+ face4 ,! /ock is n[ to ! second dim5sion--?ickness4 ,n9?4 ,secure ! la/ dim5sion--l5g?4 ,z ne> "o end z possible make a l9e across ! work+ face ) a knife & try squ>e1 & cont9ue x ar\nd ! f\r sides back to ! />t+ place4 ,if x does n come out exactly at ?is po9t1 ! /ock is n squ>e4 ,f ?is knife l9e1 measure (f ! l5g? on ! work+ face1 & squ>e a knife l9e on ! f\r sides1 z on ! fir/ end4 ,block-plane bo? ends to ! knife l9es1 & te/4 ,if ^! n9e successive /eps are c>ri$ out accurately1 ! answ] is correct1 z ,ralph rem>k$ aft] ,h>ry _h work$ fai?fully ?r\gh\t ! :ole explanation4 ,! boys realiz$ t !y ne$$ a %oot+ bo>d z a necess>y "p ( _! equipm5t1 & aft] ,ralph _h work$ out ! draw+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah1 ,h>ry 0 told to squ>e up ! f\r pieces ( /ock to be us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,! %oot+ bo>d ,n[ let me %[ y a new trick1 said ,ralph4 ,x is always a good plan aft] mak+ a draw+ to write out a bill ( mat]ial some?+ l ?is3 #a pc4 p9e #ad #h #a_/b #a pc4 p9e #f #b #a_/b #a pc4 maple #ad #f #a_/b #d #a-a_/d-;in* f4 h4 screws #a pc4 p9e #h #a-a_/b #g_/h #e #c_/d-;in* f4 h4 screws ,!re y h 9 a nut%ell all ! items ne$$ = ! %oot+ bo>d1 & y c proce$ to squ>e all y\r pieces to ^! dim5sions )\t consult+ ! draw+ until y are ready to assemble ! p>ts4 ,! five #c_/d-;in* screws are = fa/5+ ! maple pieces to ! flat piece ( p9e1 & ! #a-a_/d screws to fa/5 ! cleats4 ,all ! holes = screws are to be bor$ & c\nt]sunk4 ,:at's c\nt]sunk8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,?is l$ to a talk on screws & bor+ tools1 & z x is valuable to ! "y work] 9 wood1 we w give x z fully z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,! use ( screws ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( screws1 began ,ralph1 b ! two mo/ commonly us$ are flat heads & r\nd heads4 7,fig4 #aai74 ,flat-head screws are ^? we g5]ally ?9k (1 b unless ! hole :i* has be5 bor$ or drill$ is ream$ out at ! top1 c\nt]sunk z we call x1 ! screw head w /& out f ! surface ready to te> y\r clo!s & to scrat* any?+ x may come 9 contact )1 s y c readily see ! importance ( s9k+ !m bel[ ! surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are (t5 cases :]e we h no desire to hide ! screw4 ,! r\nd heads are us$ = su* cases1 & because ( _! %ape !y d n cat* hold ( ?+s4 ,^! screws are usually blu$--treat$ ) acid to give !m a dull1 m arti/ic col\r4 ,screws treat$ 9 ?is way d n ru/ z readily z ! bright ones4 ,y c buy brass screws 9 bo? flat & r\nd head =ms2 9 fact y c get t9n$1 ,japann$1 lacqu]$1 bronz$1 copp]1 nickel1 & ev5 silv] plat$ screws--if y h ! money4 ,9 buy+ !m1 y mu/ always give two numb]s--! l5g?1 9 in*es1 & ! diamet]4 ,?is is ! diamet] ( ! wire =m+ ! body & runs f #j to #cj1 numb] #j be+ ab\t #a_/af in*4 ,a "o-in* screw ,no4 #h w\ld be fatt] or l>g] 9 diamet] ?an a "o-in* ,no4 #f1 :i* is ( comp>atively slight or ?9 proportions4 ,!y are sold 9 boxes conta9+ a gross4 ,9 fa/5+ two pieces ( wood toge!r1 !y %\ld be prep>$ z %[n at a 7,fig4 #aai7 = a flat head & z at b = a r\nd head4 ,! screw slips ?r\gh ! fir/ bo>d1 & ! screw ?reads engage only 9 ! second 9 ea* case4 ,,xxi ,,bor+ ,,tools ,bor+ tools are v int]e/+1 said ,ralph4 ,! brace & bit = s(t woods h practically tak5 ! place ( ! old fa%ion$ aug]s1 gimlets1 etc4 ,! reason is n h>d to f9d4 ,an aug] or gimlet c\ld bore b "o size ( hole1 :ile ) a brace & set ( bits almo/ any diamet] c be secur$4 ,a little lat] on1 ,i'll tell y ab\t a ,yankee inv5tion along ?is l9e4 ,! brace is a sort ( univ]sal tool hold]1 & any tool design$ to fit into x is kn[n z a bit1 z = example a c\nt]s9k bit1 or a screw driv] bit1 & sev]al v>ieties ( drills4 ,! %ank1 or "p t fits into ! brace1 is usually squ>e & tap]+1 & ! "p ( ! brace :i* engages ?is %ank is call$ ! '*uck4' 7,fig4 #abj47 ,! c5tre bit1 an old-fa%ion$ =m1 _h all ! necess>y features ( a good bor+ tool b "o4 ,x _h a %>p c5tre = accurately locat+ ! hole1 a knife edge = cutt+ ! fibres1 & a *isel = remov+ ! wood1 b x lack$ ! spiral screw ?read ( ! mod]n tool1 & _h to be =c$ ?r\gh ! wood by ma9 /r5g?4 ,on a mod]n aug] bit1 ?is spiral screw relieves ! work] ( a l>ge "p ( ! lab\r2 all he has to d is to turn ! brace & keep x /raight1 suppos+ ( c\rse t ! bit is %>p4 7,fig4 #aba47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,gimlet bit & c5tre bit ,! aug] bit is mo/ commonly us$ by woodwork]s4 ,x has two knife edges & two *isels besides ! spiral spur 9 ! c5tre4 ,a %ort =m ( ?is tool1 call$ ! d[el bit1 has ! advantage ( b5d+ less readily ?an ! ord9>y aug] bit4 ,! size 9 sixte5?s ( an in* is /amp$ into ! metal %ank1 b if ?is numb] is n di/9ct or = any reason is miss+1 ! diamet] may be measur$ by hold+ ! rule across ! knife edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,! aug] bit ,:at's ! ,yankee inv5tion y 7 go+ to tell me ab\t8 int]rupt$ ,h>ry4 ,well1 suppose y want$ to bore a l>ge hole1 say #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 ! probabilities are t y w\ldn't h a bit t size4 ,9 fact1 to h a full set ( bits f #c_/af in* up to #c in*es w\ld mean a v exp5sive lot ( tools4 ,?is difficulty has be5 ov]come by a v clev] inv5tion call$ ! ext5sion or expansive bit4 7,fig4 #abb74 ,on ?is tool ! knife edge & *isel are "p ( a mov+ lip1 :i* may be fa/5$ at any desir$ po9t by means ( a set screw4 ,besides be+ adju/able 9 diamet]1 ! lip ( ! bit has a scale1 & ! body a s+le l9e engrav$ on x4 ,by br++ ?is l9e to ! v>i\s measurem5ts on ! scale1 y c set x to a def9ite size )\t ! tr\ble ( measur+ x4 ,! tool has c]ta9 limitations1 ( c\rse4 ,x is made 9 two sizes2 "o w bore holes ( any size f #a_/b in* up to #a-a_/b in*es1 & ! o!r any size f #g_/h in* to #c in*es1 :ile extra lips or cutt]s are made to bore z l>ge z #d in*es1 b if y ev] try to bore a hole ( ?is size y w want all y\r muscle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! expansive bit ,! screw-driv] bit is simply a screw-driv] ) a bit %ank in/ead ( a wood h&le1 & ! c\nt]s9k has a cone-%ap$ end ) en\gh grooves cut 9 x to give "o or m cutt+ edges4 ,its use 0 illu/rat$ 9 mak+ ! b5* hook & %oot+ bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,! ,=/n] bit ,! gimlet bit may be us$ = bor+ holes = screws4 ,x is made f #b_/cb in* up to #ab_/cb in*1 & is valuable = prep>+ articles = ! small]-siz$ screws :]e ! aug] bit w\ld be too l>ge4 ,we f9d = sale drill bits = electricians1 w>rant$ to g ?r\gh a nail if necess>y1 & doz5s ( special bits4 ,9 work+ ) ?9 wood1 ! aug] bit is v apt to split x1 especially brittle woods1 l r$ gum4 ,ev5 ?is cont+5cy is provid$ = 9 ! ,=/n] bit1 :i* w bore a hole 9 a %eet ( pap] 7,fig4 #abc71 & is !re=e v valuable = "w 9 v5e]+ or o!r v ?9 mat]ial4 ,! brace is repres5t$ by sev]al /yles & mak]s1 b ! beg9n] mu/ look = ! same qualities 9 ! brace z he w\ld 9 any o!r tool--good workman%ip & mat]ial1 simplicity & durability4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ,sp(=d brace 0 /rong1 simple1 & reliable4 ,= work+ 9 corn]s or any place :]e a full revolution ( ! tool is n possible1 a rat*et atta*m5t is necess>y4 ,?is is f\nd on mo/ ( ! mod]n tools1 & may be obta9$ at any h>dw>e /ore4 7,fig4 #abd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,common types ( ! brace ,! h& drill 7,fig4 #abe7 is "o ( ! mo/ useful tools any "o c h ab\t ! %op or ! h\se4 ,to be able to make holes 9 s(t or h>d wood1 t91 z9c1 brass1 copp]1 or iron is c]ta9ly a great advantage1 & "s =m ( ! tool %\ld be 9 e e/abli%m5t4 ,our boys f\nd x useful 9 mak+ mov+ toys1 w9d vanes1 anemomet]s1 & doz5s ( o!r pieces1 & nev] regrett$ its co/4 ,x may be b\ght = fifty c5ts & upw>d1 a v good "o co/+ ab\t #a4ej4 ,! drills design$ to be us$ ) ?is tool v>y by #a_/fd in*1 beg9n+ ) #e_/fd in* up to #c_/h in*4 ,above ?is a l>g] *uck is requir$4 ,!y h r\nd %anks in/ead ( ! ord9>y squ>e bit %ank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,! h& drill ,,xxii ,,miscellane\s ,,tools ,,! ,,screw-,,driv] ,! ne$ ( a screw-driv] is too obvi\s to require special m5tion4 ,!y are made ) blades f two in*es up to ?irty in*es long1 & h r\nd1 flat1 or corrugat$ h&les4 ,! be/ grip is obta9$ on ei!r a flat or corrugat$ "o1 & two sizes are desirable1 a small "o ) ab\t a ?ree-in* blade1 ! o!r ) an eight or t54 7,fig4 #abf47 ,"s ( ! magaz9e brad awls conta9+ a doz5 awls & screw-driv] are v conv5i5t1 b ! comb9ations suppos$ to conta9 a :ole tool outfit1 includ+ saws1 are poor inve/m5ts4 ,rat*et screw-driv]s1 f :i* ! h& is n remov$ dur+ ! op]ation ( driv+ or )draw+ a screw1 are on ! m>ket1 b !y are luxuries r ?an necessities4 ,pli]s ) wire-cutt+ atta*m5ts are conv5i5t1 & %\ld be add$ to ! kit :5 possible2 "s ( !m are p[]ful en\gh to cut a heavy wire nail4 7,fig4 #abg47 ,! ,mallet4 ,?is simple tool is made 9 a doz5 diff]5t =ms = v>i\s trades4 ,! r\nd-head$ k9d is p]haps ! *eape/4 ,x is made ( hickory or lignum vit4 7,fig4 #abh47 ,! be/ =m = woodwork has an oblong or squ>e head ( lignum vit4 ,! h&le %\ld pass cle> ?r\gh ! head & be fa/5$ ) a w$ge4 ,a bl[ f ?is tool does n %att] ! tool h&le z w\ld a bl[ f a hamm]4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two bl[s might be lik5$ to ! action ( gun p[d] & dynamite4 ,! sl[ burn+ p[d] repres5ts ! action ( ! mallet4 ,! hamm] %\ld nev] be us$ on a *isel or g\ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,screw-driv]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,pli]s ,h& screws = hold+ glu$-up "w toge!r1 sometimes = hold+ special "w on ! b5* top1 are made ( wood1 ) ei!r wood or metal sp9dles4 ,= ord9>y "w1 ! jaws %\ld be p>allel1 b special =ms are on ! m>ket :i* w hold irregul> =ms1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #abi4 ,!y are made 9 sev]al sizes1 f little ones ) #d-;in* jaws up to #bb-;in* jaws4 ,= l>ge & heavy "w1 clamps ( wood or metal may be _h z l>ge z eight feet 9 l5g?4 ,!y are useful 9 ! mak+ ( draw+ bo>ds1 doors1 etc41 b are n a real necessity = boys' ord9>y woodwork4 ,clamps 9 ! =m ( tre/les = specially important l>ge "w are made z l>ge z twelve feet 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,! mallet ,= ord9>y purposes1 a pair ( #f-;in* & a pair ( #ab or #ad in* wood h& screws w answ]4 ,! +5uity ( ! "y woodwork] w sugge/ o!r ways ( hold+ glu$-up "w 9 ! abs5ce ( h& screws1 su* z w9d+ ) heavy tw9e or rope1 & twi/+ a /ick ?r\gh ! /r&s1 aft] ! old me?od ( tight5+ a buck saw or turn+ saw4 ,9 build+ up a draw+ bo>d & glu+ ! /rips toge!r1 ! requisite pressure may be obta9$ by lay+ x on ! floor betwe5 blocks tempor>ily nail$ !re1 & w$ges driv5 91 aft] ! me?od describ$ = picture frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,clamp & h& screws ,a l>ge "p ( ! value d]iv$ f woodwork is 9 ! ex]cise ( +5uity requir$ to meet unexpect$ cont+5cies4 ,j s ! own] ( an automobile le>ns m ab\t me*anics & ! con/ruction ( 8 ma*9e by be+ oblig$ to make repairs on ! road1 miles f any repair %op1 & ) a limit$ numb] ( tools & appliances4 ,,! ,,hamm] ,?is common tool is made 9 at lea/ ?irty diff]5t =ms1 & "s /yles 9 n9e or t5 diff]5t weights4 ,= woodwork1 ! adze-eye claw hamm]1 weight sixte5 ounces1 w answ] all requirem5ts4 ,= use ) brads z small z #c_/h in*1 a brad hamm] ( ?ree or f\r ounces is desirable4 ,bo? ( ^! =ms are provid$ ) claws = )draw+ nails4 7,fig4 #acj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,hamm]s ,claw hamm]s are comp>atively mod]n inv5tions1 & !re are m5 n[ liv+ :o1 :5 s]v+ _! appr5tice%ip1 7 oblig$ to )draw _! nails ) a pair ( p9*]s4 ,at t p]iod all nails 7 wr\ght by h&1 & h\ses are /&+ to-day on :i* ! clapbo>ds are /ill held 9 place by nails =g$ on an anvil by h&4 ,,! ,,file ,a volume might be writt5 ab\t ! v>i\s %apes1 sizes1 & me?ods ( cutt+ ( ?is tool4 ,its place 9 woodwork is limit$1 & x %\ld nev] be us$ :]e ano!r tool w d ! "w4 ,l s&-pap]1 x has a t5d5cy to lead to bad habits & slov5ly "w4 ,on c]ta9 pieces ( curv$ "w 9 h>d wood x may be us$ to remove ! %>p edges left by *isel or g\ge1 especially ! latt]1 b its action ev5 !re is apt to te> away ! fibres4 ,an eight-in*1 half-r\nd1 cab9et wood file & an eight-in*1 r\nd1 slim ,no4 #j cut ,swiss patt]n file are suffici5t4 ,= %>p5+ bits1 a special aug] bit file is made1 & ?is may be us$ = %>p5+ ! m>k+ gauge po9t & su* small "w4 ,= %>p5+ saw tee?1 triangul> saw files are sold at all h>dw>e /ores4 ,,! ,,_s ,,level ,?is is necess>y on outdoor /ructures :i* are to be plac$ on f\ndations1 9 secur+ level or horizontal timb]s1 & 9 plumb+ ! uprights4 ,! human eye is n equal to ! task4 ,masons & build]s make use ( wood5 plumb rods1 b z ! level is necess>y to secure ! horizontals1 x w be at h& = ! uprights1 ! two glass tubes be+ at "r angles4 7,fig4 #aca47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,! _s level ,,rule ,a two-foot1 f\r-fold1 boxwood rule1 graduat$ to eigh?s outside & sixte5?s inside1 w answ] all ord9>y requirem5ts4 7,fig4 #acb47 ,,! ,,/eel ,,squ>e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,/eel squ>e & rule ,?is simple b valuable tool1 ab\t :i* volumes h be5 writt51 is necess>y = build+ con/ruction1 b is n ne$$ 9 ! mak+ ( furniture or cab9et "w4 ,,xxiii ,,mak+ ,,nail ,,boxes ,! boys n[ became v busy complet+ _! %op equipm5t1 & ! fir/ project 0 a box = hold+ diff]5t sizes ( nails4 ,?is 0 to be kept on ! b5* :]e x c\ld be rea*$ conv5i5tly1 & x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,aft] /udy+ ! sket*1 ,h>ry made out ! bill ( mat]ial3 #b pcs4 p9e #ae #a-c_/d #a_/b #b pcs4 p9e #c #a-c_/d #a_/b #b pcs4 p9e #c-a_/b #a-c_/d #c_/h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,! nail box ,^! six pieces 7 squ>$ up1 & ! jo9ts = ! two p>titions laid out by plac+ !m edge to edge 9 ! vise4 ,p5cil l9es 7 drawn across ! faces at r&om1 a4 ,ralph expla9$ t by fitt+ ^! p5cil l9es !y c\ld at any "t br+ ! two pieces toge!r 9 ! orig9al position4 ,! f\r knife l9es repres5t+ ! edges ( ! grooves 7 next drawn1 & squ>$ half-way d[n on ea* edge1 us+ ! face ) ! p5cil l9es z a work+ face4 ,! bottom ( ! groove 0 laid (f ) ! m>k+ gauge set at #a_/d in*4 ,! wood inside ! l9es 0 remov$ by mak+ a saw cut j inside ! knife l9es1 & cutt+ out ) a #c_/h-;in* *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,socket *isels ,?is l$ to a talk on *isels4 ,ralph expla9$ t = f9e "w a firm] *isel 0 us$1 hav+ a comp>atively ?9 body4 ,!re are two k9ds ( h&les1 kn[n z socket & tang4 ,! *isels hav+ tangs %\ld nev] be hamm]$1 z ! tang acts z a w$ge & splits ! h&le4 ,:]e bl[s are to be /ruck ) ! mallet1 a socket h&le %\ld be us$4 7,fig4 #acd47 ,= heavy "w1 :]e h>d bl[s are to be /ruck1 z 9 h\se-fram+1 & out-(-door "w g5]ally1 ! heavy fram+ tool %\ld be us$4 ,! h&le ( ?is *isel has a heavy iron r+ ne> ! top to keep x f go+ to pieces4 ,our boys' equipm5t at ?is "t consi/$ ( "o half-in* & a "o-in* firm] *isel ) tang h&les1 a #a_/h-;in* & #c_/h-;in* socket firm]1 & "o #a_/b-;in* fram+ *isel4 ,lat] on !y add$ a #a_/d-;in* firm] ) tang h&le4 ,! grooves = ! nail box 7 cut ) ! #c_/h-;in* *isel )\t ! aid ( ! mallet4 ,ralph %[$ h[1 by incl9+ ! tool at a slight angle1 a p>+ action c\ld be obta9$1 & by work+ f bo? ends ( ! groove no corn]s 7 de/roy$4 ,:5 ! f\r grooves 7 f9i%$1 ! box 0 ready = assembl+4 ,?is call$ = hamm] & nails4 ,wire nails are s *eap n[ t ! old-fa%ion$ cut nails h be5 l>gely driv5 f ! m>ket4 ,! nails us$ on ! box 7 "o-in* brads4 ,! hold+ p[] ( flat-head nails is ( c\rse mu* great] ?an bung head1 b 9 ?is case ! box 0 to be squ>$ up aft] nail+1 exactly z if x 7 a solid block ( wood4 ,?is meant plan+ ! sides & ends1 & z ! nails w\ld ru9 ! plane iron1 !y 7 all sunk bel[ ! surface ) a nail set or pun*4 7,fig4 #ace74 ,?is is a useful tool1 b n absolutely necess>y1 z = light "w a wire nail1 ) ! po9t gr\nd flat on ! gr9d/one1 w answ] ! same purpose4 ,a c>p5t] frequ5tly uses ! edge ( a flat-head nail in/ead ( ! pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,ar?ur ,g4 ,eldr$ge4 ,! ,correct ,way to ,hold ! ,*isel ,! box 0 assembl$ by nail+ toge!r ! sides & ends4 ,! bottom 0 next put on1 hold+ ! try squ>e along "o side & end to make sure ev]y?+ 0 squ>e1 & la/ ( all ! two p>titions 7 pu%$ d[n into _! grooves1 & ti$ 9 place by "o brad f ea* side4 ,next1 all nails 7 set1 & ! outside te/$ ) ! try squ>e & tru$ up ) ! plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,wire nails & nail sets ,! cab9et ( draw]s %[n 9 ,fig #acf 0 next design$ to keep ! assortm5t ( screws & nails1 :i* ! boys knew w\ld soon accumulate4 ,z f> z possible1 !y 7 kept 9 _! orig9al pap] boxes1 on :i* ! sizes 7 pla9ly pr9t$4 ,! twelve draw]s 7 simply boxes )\t cov]s or p>titions1 & ,ralph sugge/$ t x 0 n necess>y to make !m all at once1 b t !y c\ld (t5 fill 9 sp>e "t t way1 & gradually complete ! doz54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,cab9et = nails & screws ,aft] mak+ ! nail box ) p>titions1 ?is 0 a simple job1 x be+ only important t !y all be ( ! same size4 ,! con/ruction ( ! cab9et1 h[ev]1 br\ght new problems4 ,! %elves1 be+ %ort1 did n require any v]tical support except at ! ends1 :]e !y 7 ga9$ into ! sides1 & to give ,h>ry practice ! top & bottom 7 to be rabbet$ into ! sides4 ,! sides !n 7 ! mo/ important p>ts4 ,all six pieces 7 fir/ squ>$ up to ! dim5sions call$ = 9 ! draw+4 ,! li/ ( mat]ial 0 z foll[s3 #d pcs4 #bd-e_/h #ab #a_/b %elves #b pcs4 #ad #ab #a_/b ends #a pcs4 #be-a_/h #ad #a_/d back ,! gra9 mu/ run ! long way1 said ,ralph1 s ! grooves w be across ! gra94 ,! f\r grooves 7 laid out ) knife & try squ>e1 & ! l9es scor$ z deeply ) ! knife z possible4 ,!n ano!r cut 0 made ) ! knife inside ( ! fir/1 & ) ! knife held at ab\t #de degrees1 cutt+ out a ,v-%ap$ groove1 z %[n at a4 ,9 ea* ( ^! grooves a cut ) ! buck saw 0 made d[n to ! l9e1 & ! wood remov$ ) ! #c_/h-;in* *isel4 ,!re are special planes1 call$ rabbet planes1 & pl[s = do+ ?is k9d ( "w1 b x is good practice = beg9n]s to use ! *isel4 ,! grooves f9i%$1 ! cab9et 0 put toge!r ) #a-a_/b-;in* brads1 except ! back4 ,?is be+ ( ?9 mat]ial1 & hav+ no special /ra9 on x1 0 nail$ on ) #a-;in* brads4 ,! total wid? ( ! draw]s 9 ea* ti] 0 #a_/h in* less ?an ! space4 ,?is gave cle>ance1 s t !y c\ld be mov$ 9 or out easily4 ,lat]1 :5 all twelve draw]s 7 f9i%$1 ! boys b\ght a doz5 simple draw] pulls1 & screw$ "o 9 ! c5tre ( ea* box4 ,! c5tre 0 f\nd by draw+ ! diagonals 9 light p5cil l9es4 ,! front & ends 7 s&-pap]$1 & giv5 two coats ( d>k-gre5 /a91 & ! cab9et 0 plac$ on a %elf aga9/ ! wall4 ,,xxiv ,,bird ,,h\ses ,! boys felt t !y 7 ready = bus9ess1 & ,ralph sugge/$ t !y _h provid$ en\gh wea!r vanes & w9dmills1 b _h made no provisions = ! birds4 ,! cat1 t ar* enemy ( ! native birds1 _h driv5 ! rob9s1 m>t9s1 & wr5s all away4 ,ea* ye> "s ( ^! brave little birds />t$ homes 9 ! trees ne> ! h\se only to h _! families dev\r$ z soon z !y 7 hat*$4 ,a bird h\se to be attractive ne$ n be v pret5ti\s1 b x mu/ absolutely be cat-pro(1 or ! birds w inspect x c>efully f all po9ts ( view & leave x sev]ely alone4 ,a ne/ well hidd5 9 ! tree foliage or %rubb]y is n ne>ly s conspicu\s z a brightly pa9t$ h\se fa/5$ to ! limbs ( a tree4 ,! side ( a b>n or ou?\se1 f> en\gh d[n f ! ro( s t ! cat _c rea* x1 or a tall pole cov]$ on ! upp] "p ) t91 s t ! fel9e bird hunt] _c ga9 a foo?old1 are ab\t ! only safe places = a h\se :i* ! birds w actually adopt4 ,! fir/ h\se our woodwork]s manufactur$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acg4 ,?is 0 a s+le or "o-family h\se1 & its con/ruction 0 v simple4 ,! li/ ( mat]ial foll[s3 ,"o pc4 #a_/b-;in* p9e or :ite wood #aj #f-a_/b ins4 ,two pcs4 #a_/b-;in* p9e or :ite wood #g-a_/b #c ins4 ,"o pc4 #a_/b-;in* p9e or :ite wood #i-a_/b #e ins4 ,"o pc4 #a_/b-;in* p9e or :ite wood #i-a_/b #d-a_/b ins4 ,two pcs4 #a_/b-;in* p9e or :ite wood #e-a_/d #d-a_/b ins4 ,! fir/ piece1 #aj #f-a_/b in*es1 0 simply squ>$ up = ! bottom4 ,! two pieces = ! sides1 #g-a_/b #c in*es1 7 squ>$ up1 & "o edge ( ea* plan$ to a #de-;degree bevel1 to engage ) ! ro( bo>ds4 ,! latt] 7 squ>$ up1 & nail$ toge!r at "r angles ) #a-a_/d-;in* brads4 ,! two ends1 #e-a_/b #d-a_/b in*es1 7 c>efully laid out z %[n 9 ! draw+1 saw$1 & plan$ to ! l9es ) squ>e edges4 ,9 ! end :i* 0 to conta9 ! circul> door a hole #a-c_/d in*es 9 diamet] 0 bor$ ) its c5tre two in*es f ! bottom l9e4 ,?is requir$ ! s]vices ( ! ext5sion bit1 &1 to avoid splitt+ ! wood1 z soon z ! spur ( ! bit %[$ on ! fur!r side1 ! wood 0 turn$ ab\t1 & ! hole f9i%$ f ! o!r side4 ,! h\se 0 next turn$ upside d[n1 & fa/5$ 9 ! b5* vise4 ,holes 7 drill$ along ! sides ( ! bottom piece #c_/d in* 9 f ! edge--?ree on ea* side--c\nt]sunk1 & ! piece fa/5$ to ! sides ) #a-;in* ,no4 #h screws4 ,! top pieces already nail$ toge!r 7 n[ nail$ 9 position on ! sides & ends ) #a-;in* brads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,"o family bird h\se1 & h\se = high-hole ,! pole !y us$ 0 #ac feet long & ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet] at ! small end4 ,x 0 r\nd$ at ?is end by us+ a draw knife4 7,fig4 #ach74 ,a block ( #g_/h-;in* p9e 0 bor$ out1 & fitt$ snugly ov] ! end ( ! pole4 ,?is block 0 !n remov$1 & f\r holes bor$ ?r\gh x = screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,! draw knife ,be=e replac+ ! block on ! top ( ! pole a cut 0 made across ! end ( ! pole ab\t two in*es deep1 by means ( ! rip saw4 ,! block 0 replac$1 & wood5 w$ges driv5 into ! saw cut4 ,?is fa/5$ ! block securely on ! end ( ! pole1 & aft] mak+ sure t x 0 level1 ! bird h\se 0 fa/5$ to ! block by f\r #a-a_/d-;in* screws f ! "u side4 ,a piece ( %eet t9 0 w\nd ar\nd j "u ! h\se to disc\rage pussy1 & ! pole set into ! gr\nd ab\t ?ree feet1 br++ ! "u side ( ! h\se t5 feet above ! gr\nd4 ,a d\ble or two-family h\se ( simil> proportions 0 built next1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aci4 ,! li/ ( mat]ial call$ =3 ,"o pc4 #a_/b-;in* wood #ah-a_/b #f-a_/b 7bottom7 ,"o pc4 #a_/b-;in* wood #ah-a_/b #e-a_/b 7ro(7 ,"o pc4 #a_/b-;in* wood #ah-a_/b #d-a_/b 7ro(7 ,two pcs4 #a_/b-;in* wood #ae-a_/b #c 7sides7 ,?ree pcs4 #a_/b-;in* wood #e-a_/d #d-a_/b 7ends & p>tition7 ,! con/ruction 0 ! same z be=e1 ea* end hav+ a door1 & ! p>tition ( c\rse be+ solid4 ,! block = support+ ! h\se on ! pole 0 l>g]1 be+ #h #e #a-a_/d in*es1 & call$ = six #a-a_/b-;in* ,no4 #aj screws1 to secure x to ! "u side ( ! floor4 ,h>ry want$ to make x m complete by add+ a small w9d vane1 b ,ralph said x might fright5 ! birds1 s x 0 omitt$4 ,( c\rse l>g] & m ornam5tal h\ses may be built1 b :]e !re are too _m families 9 su* close proximity !re is apt to be tr\ble1 :ile h\ses t are too conspicu\s d n appeal to ! beautiful ,am]ican wild birds t we want to attract4 ,) ! ,engli% sp>r[ x does n matt] s mu*4 ,= ^! birds1 a t5em5t h\se aga9/ ! side ( a b>n may be built easily1 9 ! =m %[n 9 ,fig4 #aci4 ,?is may be made any l5g?1 ea* door lead+ to a comp>tm5t sep>at$ f ! o!rs by p>titions4 ,make z _m pieces plus "o z !re are to be comp>tm5ts1 ap>tm5ts1 or flats2 h ! bottom project z %[n 9 side view = a p]* & walk1 & h ! ro( also project to %$ ra94 ,if n fa/5$ f ! inside ( ! b>n by /\t screws1 ?is h\se mu/ be secur$ to a %elf1 or by brackets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,two family h\se & t5em5t ,! side view %[s a simple %elf made ( a back piece secur$ to ! side ( ! b>n by screws or nails1 a pla9 %elf nail$ to ?is back piece1 & two wood5 brackets4 ,if iron brackets are us$1 bo? ! %elf & back piece may be omitt$1 ! brackets be+ fa/5$ to ! "u side ( ! bird h\se & to ! sid+ ( ! b>n by screws4 ,= birds l ! high-hole1 or flick]1 a piece ( holl[ log1 or an elongat$ box fa/5$ securely to ! side ( a pole1 made cat pro(1 is v acceptable4 ,?is %\ld n be pa9t$1 b %\ld be provid$ ) a door on ! side & a p]*4 7,fig4 #acg47 ,! op5+ %\ld be ab\t ?ree in*es = ^! l>ge birds1 & ! location %\ld be z seclud$ z possible4 ,any numb] ( devices w sugge/ !mselves1 b always rememb] ! cat1 & /udy ! location f ! bird po9t ( view4 ,! m>t9s & swall[s are especially to be enc\rag$1 z !y are wond]ful de/roy]s ( insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,! bird ba? ,"o device1 especially grateful to ^! fea!r$ fri5ds 9 hot wea!r1 is a pan ( wat]1 9 a place :]e !y c dr9k & ba! )\t be+ et]nally on ! wat* = t cr\*+ enemy1 :o is always /alk+ !m--,tabby4 ,a p$e/al ) a plat=m ab\t f\r feet above ! gr\nd w d nicely1 & x c be plac$ s close to ! h\se t y c wat* !m1 & enjoy _! ablutions almo/ z mu* z !y d4 7,fig4 #adj47 ,! con/ruction is too simple to require an explanation4 ,,xxv ,,simple ,,articles ,,= ,,h\sehold ,,use ,! boys ?\ght x 0 ab\t "t to pay "s att5tion to ! wants ( ! family1 :o _h be5 clam\r+ = weeks to h ?is article or t = ! kit*51 d9+ room1 & 9 fact = e "p ( ! h\se4 ,ralph 0 a wise tea*]1 h[ev]4 ,he knew t ! cause ( n9ety out ( e hundr$ failures 0 due to ! "y me*anic's try+ "s problem too f> advanc$4 ,x seems /range t p _c le>n ?is lesson4 ,we h se5 hundr$s ( boys l$ along1 say 9 c>v+1 f "o simple lesson to ano!r1 until at ! end ( five or six c>efully grad$ ex]cises1 ^! boys c\ld c>ve beautifully any design giv5 !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h se5 boys />t 9 on _! own hook1 )\t any direction f old] p1 & ru9+ ev]y?+ !y tri$1 simply because !y want$ to d ! mo/ difficult ?+ fir/1 be=e !y _h develop$ any skill4 ,ralph 0 det]m9$ t 8 boy %\ld be an exp]t & successful us] ( tools1 s he paid no att5tion to ! clam\rs ( ! family1 & all[$ ,h>ry to make only ^? ?+s :i* 7 )9 8 p[] to d well4 ,ea* "t a piece ( "w 0 f9i%$1 & inspect$ by ! family1 ! univ]sal *orus 0 some?+ l ?is3 ,well1 if he c make su* a f9e bird h\se1 ,i don't see :y he c't make half a doz5 picture frames = ^! wat] colors1 or1 ,if he c make su* a f9e p5 tray1 ,i don't see :y he c't make a new /ool = ! piano6 ,9 va9 ,ralph expla9$ t ^! ?+s c\ld be made 9 due "t1 t a picture frame requir$ mu* m skill ?an a bird h\se1 etc4 ,_! h\sehold articles comm5c$ ) a bread bo>d = ! kit*54 7,fig4 #ada74 ,?is gave ,h>ry 8 fir/ exp]i5ce 9 plan+ a broad surface4 ,he us$ jack & smoo?+ planes = ! work+ face1 & squ>$ ! re/ ( ! bo>d z he _h small] pieces4 ,?is requir$ "s "t4 ,! wood ab\t ! semi-circul> top 0 remov$ ) saw & *isel1 ! bo>d held = ! *isell+ flat on ! b5* hook4 ,aft] gett+ ?is curve z true z possible ) ! *isel1 x 0 f9i%$ ) a s&-pap] block4 ,a #a_/b-;in* hole 0 bor$ at ! c5tre ( ! semi-circle to hang x up by1 & ! two l[] corn]s 7 r\nd$ ) *isel & s&-pap]4 ,no s&-pap] 0 us$ on ! flat surface1 z ,ralph expla9$ ?is 0 a bo>d = cutt+ bread1 & ! grit f ! s&-pap] w\ld become m or less emb$d$ 9 ! wood1 & x w\ld spoil ! bread knife4 ,s&-pap] is made ( gr\nd qu>tz1 & x soon dulls ! edge ( a cutt+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,! bread bo>d ,! knife & =k box 7,fig4 #adb7 br\ght new problems4 ,! li/ ( mat]ial 03 #a pc4 #aa-a_/b #c-a_/d x #a_/b #b pcs4 #g #a-a_/b #a_/b #b pcs4 #ad #a-a_/b #a_/b #a pc4 #ab #f-a_/b #a_/d ,x 0 made ( :ite wood1 &1 aft] be+ assembl$1 0 /a9$ a ri* br[n by receiv+ two coats ( bi*romate ( pota%4 ,?is is a *emical1 :i* may be b\ght at a pa9t or drug /ore 9 ! =m ( cry/als4 ,^! are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 until ! solution looks l p9k lemonade4 ,x c be appli$ ) a bru%1 b ea* coat mu/ be all[$ to dry completely be=e ! :ole is s&-pap]$ smoo? ) ,no4 #j s&-pap]4 ,a deep] br[n c be obta9$ by add+ "o or two extra coats ( /a94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,me?od ( us+ h& screws 9 ! con/ruction ( a knife box ,! middle p>tition conta9+ ! h&le 0 made fir/4 ,! draw+ 0 laid out on ! wood aft] x _h be5 squ>$ up1 & two holes #a in* 9 diamet] 7 bor$ out at a a4 ,! wood betwe5 0 tak5 out ) a key-hole saw1 & f9i%$ to ! l9e ) *isel & knife4 ,a turn+ saw c be us$ to advantage on ?is h&le1 b x is n absolutely necess>y4 ,spaces b b 7 remov$ 9 ! same way1 b a knife 0 us$ 9 ! concave "p ( ! curve4 ,if x is h&y1 a small spoke%ave c be employ$ on ! :ole upp] l9e ( ?is h&le4 ,any?+ 9 ! nature ( a h&le %\ld be r\nd$ to fit ! h&4 ,edges c c 7 !re=e r\nd$ ) ! knife1 & f9i%$ ) co>se1 foll[$ by f9e1 s&-pap]4 ,! two sides 7 laid out toge!r z 9 ! nail box1 & ! groove cut ) back saw & #a_/h-;in* *isel4 ,! end pieces 7 made 9 a simil> mann]1 & ! bottom piece squ>$ to #a_/af-;in* ( f9i%$ size4 ,! assembl+ consi/$ ( fir/ glu+ toge!r ! sides & ends4 ,two h& screws 7 us$ to hold !m4 ,?is 0 ,h>ry's fir/ attempt at us+ h& screws1 & ,ralph %[$ him ! importance ( keep+ ! jaws p>allel4 ,! box rema9$ 9 ! h& screws ov] night1 & ! next day x 0 f\nd to be securely fa/5$4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t k9d ( glue = boys is ! liquid sold 9 cans4 ,x is always ready = use1 & v h&y :]e only a mod]ate quantity is ne$$4 ,dry glue 9 ! =m ( flakes1 or granulat$1 mu/ be soak$ ov] night1 & !n heat$ 9 a pot hav+ a d\ble bottom ) wat] 9 ! l[] "p4 ,x %\ld be put on hot ) a bru% or a small flat /ick4 ,! be/ glue is none too good1 yet a good quality has wond]ful hold+ p[] & %\ld la/ indef9itely4 ,aft] remov+ ! h& screws1 ! unf9i%$ box 0 plac$ 9 ! vise1 te/$ ) ! edge ( ! plane1 & made p]fectly true1 top & bottom4 ,! #a_/d-;in* bottom piece 0 n[ put on ) "o-in* brads1 ! sides & ends made squ>e1 ! h&le p>tition slipp$ into ! grooves1 & fa/5$ ) two brads at ea* end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,tool box ,?is knife box 0 s satisfactory t our "y c>p5t]s resolv$ to h a l>ge "o = tools4 ,:5ev] !y _h a job to d 9 ! h\se1 !y 7 con/antly runn+ out to ! %op = some?+1 s t a tool box became a necessity4 ,! con/ruction 0 simil> to ! knife box2 b ?is 0 l>g] & heavi]1 & ! dado jo9ts at ! ends 7 replac$ by a butt jo9t fa/5$ ) flat-head screws4 7,fig4 #adc74 ,! bottom & p>tition 7 also put on ) screws1 on acc\nt ( ! weight to be c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,ano!r tool box ,^! tool boxes are frequ5tly made 9 ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #add1 ) slop+ sides & ends call$ ! hopp] jo9t2 b aside f ! tool practice x af=ds1 x is d\btful if ! %ape has advantage en\gh ov] ! o!r =m to w>rant ! extra "t x takes4 ,man is an imitative creature1 h[ev]1 & :at "o c>p5t] has1 ! o!rs copy4 ,! pr9cipal features ab\t ?is useful article %\ld be size & /r5g?1 especially 9 ! h&le1 :i* %\ld be ( ab\t #e_/h or #c_/d in* /ock4 ,,xxvi ,,! ,,mitre ,,box ,,& ,,picture ,,frames ,x seem$ to ,h>ry t ! %op 0 fairly well equipp$1 b ,ralph insi/$ t !y mu/ h a mitre box be=e mak+ any?+ else = ! h\se4 ,! mitre box is1 or %\ld be1 an in/rum5t ( precision1 & al?\gh simple 9 con/ruction1 mu/ be p]fectly accurate1 or x is useless4 7,fig4 #ade47 ,! illu/ration %[s ! common =m1 b elaborate affairs ( iron & wood c be b\ght ready made4 ,e boy %\ld make 8 own1 = ! practice1 if = no?+ else4 ,! sides %\ld be made ( oak #g_/h in* ?ick1 #ah in*es long1 & #c-a_/b in*es high1 ! bottom ( #g_/h-;in* p9e or o!r s(t wood1 ! same size4 ,:5 squ>$ up1 ! two sides mu/ be te/$ by /&+ !m side by side2 !n rev]se "o end = end1 to see if !y are alike4 ,if n1 f9d :]e ! tr\ble is1 & correct x4 ,x is especially important t ! edges ( ! bottom piece be squ>e & ! sides p]fectly p>allel4 ,?is te/ c be made ) ! m>k+ gauge4 ,sides are fa/5$ on by bor+ & c\nt]s9k+ = ?ree screws on ea*4 ,aft] assembl+1 ! :ole ?+ mu/ be te/$ z if x 7 a solid block4 ,top edges mu/ be true & p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,! #de mitre box & te/ pieces ,ne> "o end--ab\t two in*es 9--lay out across ! top ) try squ>e a l9e #ij degrees ) ! sides4 ,c>ry ! l9e d[n ea* side1 squ>e ) ! top edges4 ,= #de-;degree angles1 lay out a squ>e by draw+ two p5cil l9es across ! top1 z f> ap>t z ! f9i%$ mitre box is wide4 ,draw ! two diagonals & squ>e l9es f _! ends d[n bo? sides1 tak+ c>e t _! position is n ov] ! screw 9 ! bottom2 because z ! saw cuts deep] x may rea* ?is screw & ru9 its tee?4 ,make ! ?ree saw cuts directly on ! l9es laid out ) a cross cut or back saw1 ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,if ?is is n done accurately1 all ! lab\r ( prep>ation is wa/$4 ,! blank end ( ! mitre box may h an additional #ij-;degree cut1 or be left = new cuts 9 ! future1 z a mitre box ( ?is description we>s out & becomes inaccurate4 ,o!r angles may be us$1 z #fj degrees or #cj degrees1 b x is bett] to h ^! on ano!r box z !y are us$ less1 & = special purposes4 7,fig4 #adf47 ,! mitre box is n ready to use until x has be5 ?or\ghly te/$4 ,prep>e a /rip ( s(t wood--p9e or :ite wood--#a-a_/b in*es wide & #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,cut f\r pieces f x on ! mitre box1 us+ ! back saw z %[n at a1 ) only "o ( ! slits4 ,place ^! f\r triangul> pieces toge!r to =m a squ>e4 ,all ! f\r mitre jo9ts ( ?is squ>e mu/ fit p]fectly4 ,if !y d n1 m>k ! slit ,n4 ,g41 & te/ ! o!r slit 9 ! same way4 ,if all "r1 m>k ,o4 ,k4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "o may be p]fect & ! o!r inaccurate4 ,if !y are bo? ,o4 ,k41 ! box is ready = use4 ,if "o slit is useless1 lay out & cut ano!r on ! blank end ( ! mitre box 9 ! same direction1 & te/ aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 #cj-fj-ij mitre box ,9 te/+ a #cj-;degree cut ?ree pieces ( ! /rip %\ld be saw$ out1 & :5 plac$ toge!r !y %\ld =m a p]fect equilat]al triangle1 :ile f a #fj-;degree cut1 six pieces are ne$$ to =m a hexagon4 ,^! angles are valuable 9 inlaid "w1 & = gett+ out geometrical designs4 ,! #de-;degree cut is indisp5sable 9 mak+ ! mitr$ corn]s ( picture frames & 9 cab9et "w4 ,9 mak+ picture frames ( simple cross section1 x is fir/ necess>y to cut ! rabbet 7,fig4 #adg7 ) a rabbet plane4 ,if ?is m\ld+ is made by h&1 ! size ( ! picture %\ld be measur$1 ! l5g? ( all f\r sides add$1 & a lib]al all[ance made = wa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,mak+ picture frames ,9 ! figure1 ! triangles a a are wa/e1 ! rabbet be+ indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e4 ,aft] ! f\r pieces h be5 saw$ out on ! mitre box1 !y %\ld be plac$ toge!r on a flat surface1 su* z ! b5* top or floor1 to see if ! mitres fit p]fectly4 ,if !y d n1 "o ( !m c be block plan$ to make a p]fect fit1 & ! o!r ?ree laid close toge!r1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! assembl+ is ! h>de/ "p ( ! op]ation1 & _m devices h be5 tri$ & "s pat5t$ to hold ! p>ts toge!r :ile ! glue is dry+4 ,p]haps ! sure/ way is to drill a hole 9 "o piece ( ea* jo9t l>ge en\gh = ! passage ( a wire bung-head nail4 ,! undrill$ piece is plac$ v]tically 9 ! vise4 ,! drill$ piece1 aft] receiv+ a ?9 coat ( glue1 is br\ght into position horizontally1 & ! nail driv5 home4 ,!oretically1 ! nail %\ld cat* at ! fir/ bl[1 b ! horizontal piece w sometimes slip1 ev5 ) ! be/ ( c>e4 ,x is wis] to place ?is piece ab\t #a_/af in* above its f9al position1 to all[ = ?is slip4 ,a me?od sometimes us$ is to glue ne> ! ends ( ea* piece a triangul> block ( wood1 z %[n at d4 ,^! mu/ be left ov] night to h>d54 ,! next day ! :ole f\r pieces c be glu$ & held toge!r by f\r h& screws1 z %[n1 until ! glue is ?or\ghly h>d4 ,?is me?od1 ( c\rse1 c only be us$ ) pla9 m\ld+ or t :i* is squ>e on ! outside4 ,our boys tri$ ano!r way t is commonly practis$4 ,!y nail$ oblong blocks to an old draw+ bo>d1 z %[n at e e1 & !n plac$ ! picture frame 9 ! c5tre1 aft] glu+ ! jo9ts1 & driv+ w$ges 9 betwe5 ! blocks & ! frame4 ,pap] plac$ "u ea* jo9t prev5t$ ! frame f be+ /uck to ! draw+ bo>d by ! glue =c$ out by ! pressure4 ,?is pap] plan 0 le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 z ! fir/ frame ! boys tri$ _h to be pri$ up f ! bo>d1 & 9 s do+ !y broke x at two ( ! jo9ts1 s t x _h to be made aga94 ,x is well to rememb] 9 glu+ mitre jo9ts t end gra9 absorbs m glue ?an a flat surface4 ,a prim+ coat %\ld be appli$ fir/1 & all[$ to rema9 a few mom5ts to fill up ! pores4 ,! second coat %\ld hold fa/ & make a /rong jo9t1 b an excess ( glue %\ld always be avoid$1 z x mu/ be remov$ aft] h>d5+1 & glue soon takes ! edge f ! be/ ( tools4 ,v fancy frames %\ld be avoid$4 ,a bevel on ! outside or inside1 or bo?1 is ab\t all ! "y woodwork] %\ld attempt 9 ! way ( ornam5tation4 ,dep5d on ! natural beauty ( ! wood1 z a fancy frame draws ! att5tion f ! picture1 :i* aft] all is ! ma9 ?+4 ,we %\ld admire ! man1 n 8 clo!s1 ! picture n its frame1 al?\gh ! latt] %\ld be neat & well made4 ,! f9i%+ & poli%+ ( frames is tak5 up 9 ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,xxvii ,,mak+ ,,toilet ,,boxes ,to make a wood5 box s\nds l a simple proposition2 b 9 mak+ ! draw+1 ! que/ions ( size1 proportion1 jo9ts1 h+es1 etc41 imm$iately come up4 ,! size ( c\rse dep5ds on ! purpose ( ! box4 ,if x is = ladies' gloves1 x %\ld be long & n>r[2 if = coll>s or h&k]*iefs1 squ>e or ne>ly s4 ,! height is ne>ly always made too great4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole "q ( proportion is "o :i* c h>dly be taught2 x mu/ be felt1 & diff]5t p h diff]5t ideas z to :at con/itutes good proportion4 ,"s h9ts1 h[ev]1 may be giv53 ,a box p]fectly squ>e does n look well4 ,aga91 dim5sions t are multiples d n look well4 ,a box #d #h #ab in*es w\ld n be ne>ly s pleas+ z "o #c #e-a_/b #ab in*es4 ,! proportions are also affect$ by ! con/ructive details4 ,is ! box to be flat on ! sides & ends or is ! top to project8 etc4 ,our boys argu$ & sket*$ & f9ally drew ! design %[n at ,fig4 #adh4 ,?is 0 to hold ties4 ,! top 0 to project & h a bevel1 or *amf]1 also ! bottom4 ,no h+es 7 to be us$1 b ! cov] 0 to h cleats fa/5$ on ! "u side to keep x 9 place1 & to prev5t w>p+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,dado jo9t us$ 9 box design ,! next "q 0 ! mann] ( fa/5+ ! sides & ends4 ,on unimportant "w1 a butt jo9t ) glue & brads c be us$1 b = a toilet article1 ! holes made by ! brads1 ev5 if !y are fill$ ) putty1 are n satisfactory4 ,s x 0 decid$ to use ! dado jo9t z %[n at a4 ,?is meant m f9e "w1 b1 z ,ralph sugge/$1 x 0 to la/ a lifetime1 & %\ld be made "r4 ,sides & ends 7 squ>$ up1 & ! grooves on ! side pieces laid out z 9 ! nail box4 ,! rabbets on ! end pieces 7 cut out ) ! back saw & *isel4 ,aft] ! jo9ts _h be5 c>efully fitt$1 ! f\r pieces 7 glu$ toge!r & plac$ 9 h& screws ov] night4 ,:ile ! glue 0 h>d5+1 ! two pieces = ! top & bottom 7 squ>$ up & bevell$ ) ! smoo?+ plane on ! long sides1 ! block plane on ! ends4 ,! cleats = ! top 7 next made1 drill$ & c\nt]sunk = ! screws z at b4 ,a c>eful full-siz$ draw+ ( half ( ! top 0 made1 & a *ip c>v+ design drawn = x4 ,! cleats 7 n put on until ! c>v+ 0 f9i%$ & %ort screws _h to be us$ s !y w\ld n come ?r\gh & spoil ! surface4 ,! next day ! body ( ! box 0 remov$ f ! h& screws & squ>$ ) a smoo?+ plane4 ,! top & bottom 7 put on ) #a-;in* brads4 ,^! 7 set ) a nail pun* to prev5t any possible scrat*+ & ! :ole box 0 rubb$ d[n ) wax dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e4 ,= f9e cab9et "w1 ! dovetail jo9t makes ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( fa/5+1 b ,h>ry 0 n yet skill$ en\gh to d ! f9e "w x dem&$4 ,! second box 0 = h&k]*iefs1 dim5sions #h #g #c in*es outside1 & no ov]hang at ei!r top or bottom4 ,! con/ruction br\ght 9 sev]al new features4 ,sides & ends 7 dado$ toge!r z 9 ! fir/ box4 ,! top & bottom1 aft] be+ squ>$1 7 rabbet$ on all f\r sides until !y fitt$ snugly into ! op5+ top & bottom4 ,!y 7 glu$ 9 ^! positions & plac$ 9 h& screws ov] night4 7,fig4 #adi47 ,h[ are y go+ to get into t box8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,y've clos$ x up solid & glu$ ! top on4 ,wait & see1 0 all ! satisfaction he got4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,! h&k]*ief box ,! next day ! h& screws 7 remov$ & ! box squ>$ up exactly z if x _h be5 a solid piece ( wood4 ,ralph !n made two gauge l9es ar\nd ! f\r sides1 #c_/d in* f ! top & #a_/h in* ap>t4 ,!n he cut ! box 9 two betwe5 ^! two l9es ) a rip saw1 aft] slightly r\nd+ all corn]s except ! bottom ones ) a plane & s&-pap]4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! box & cov] mu/ be exactly alike 9 outl9e1 & by plan+ to ! gauge l9es1 !y w fit p]fectly4 ,x only rema9$ to h+e ! two p>ts toge!r1 b ?is op]ation prov$ to be no slight task4 ,! body 0 plac$ 9 ! vise & ! cov] laid upside d[n on ! b5* top4 ,! two p>ts 7 br\ght toge!r z %[n at c1 & ! f\r knife l9es laid out z %[n ) knife & try squ>e4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es at a & b mu/ be equal to ! wid? ( ! h+e1 & ! wood betwe5 ^! l9es remov$ to a dep? equal to half ! ?ickness ( ! h+e at its jo9t :5 clos$4 ,if too mu* is remov$1 ! box w be h+e b\nd & w n close 9 front4 ,if too little is tak5 out1 x w close 9 front & h an op5 jo9t at ! back4 ,9 ! =m] case1 a ?ickness or two ( pap] plac$ "u ! h+e w (t5 be en\gh to make x close 9 front4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ( c\rse m mat]ial mu/ be cut out4 ,x is a delicate op]ation1 z ! dep? ( ^! cuts = #a-;in* h+es is only ab\t #a_/af in*4 ,x is a "q ( accuracy1 pure & simple4 ,holes = ! screws c be made ) a brad awl4 ,! boys made sev]al boxes ( v>i\s sizes & /yles1 "s pla91 "s decorat$ ) c>v+4 ,pyrography1 or burnt "w1 is frequ5tly us$ = decoration1 & ! be/ wood = ?is purpose is basswood1 because ( its :ite color1 s(tness1 & fre$om f pit*4 ,o!r woods may be burnt1 b p9e1 :i* has ve9s ( pit*y sap1 is n suitable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,a box = draw+ in/rum5ts ,a box = draw+ in/rum5ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aej4 ,its outside dim5sions are #i #e-a_/d #b-a_/b in*es4 ,our boys made !irs ( gum wood because ( ! beauty ( its col\r+ & its suitability = c>v+4 ,! jo9ts us$ & ! me?od ( con/ruction 7 ! same z 9 ! h&k]*ief box1 b x 0 provid$ ) a tray = ! in/rum5ts4 ,?is 0 "o in* deep ov] all1 & re/$ on two ?9 /rips fa/5$ to ! ends inside4 ,^! /rips 7 #d-a_/d #a #a_/d in*es1 &1 by rais+ ! tray "o in* f ! bottom1 left a space conv5i5t = hold+ triangles1 protractors1 p5cils1 etc4 ,! cov] 0 decorat$ ) a bord] & c5tre piece 9 *ip c>v+4 ,! mak+ ( dovetail$ boxes is tak5 up 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,xxviii ,,brackets ,,& ,,book ,,racks ,brackets are (t5 requir$ ab\t ! h\se = _m purposes1 & _! size1 %ape1 & decoration are inf9ite4 ,!re is ev5 m fun 9 design+ !m ?an 9 mak+ !m4 ,ta/es diff] 9 ?is respect1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 &1 giv5 ! problem1 no two p w br+ out ! same design unless !y simply copy some?+ !y h se51 :i* is n design+4 ,:5 our boys />t$ to make brackets 9 response to urg5t dem&s f ! family1 ,ralph block$ out ! sket* %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea at a4 ,!re is a bracket1 he said2 x consi/s ( ?ree pieces1 & prop]ly put toge!r x w hold :at x is design$ to hold4 ,x is n a ?+ ( beauty1 & we mu/ improve x4 ,h[8 ,by *ang+ its outl9e )\t impair+ its /r5g?4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ 'design' a bracket con/ruct$ ( ?ree pieces ( wood put toge!r at "r angles4 ,!re's y\r problem2 n[ take pap] & p5cil & let u see :at y c d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,designs = wall brackets ,:at size8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,oh1 9 ?is case1 ,i'll leave x to y\r judgm5t4 ,= fully an h\r1 no s\nd 0 he>d 9 ! %op b t ( two lead p5cils4 ,h>ry 0 gett+ exp]i5ce4 ,let me give y a po9t]1 said ,ralph4 ,don't try to draw bo? sides alike1 z x is v difficult :]e y h free-h& l9es4 ,draw a v]tical l9e repres5t+ ! c5tre4 ,sket* "o half ( ! design1 & :5 y h x ab\t "r1 fold ! pap] on ?is c5tre l9e & trace ! o!r half4 ,h>ry w5t to "w aga9 & at ! end ( ano!r h\r produc$ ! sket*es %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,ralph criticis$ !m all r sev]ely1 & z ,h>ry 0 tir$1 ?is treatm5t made him sulky4 ,don't get mad1 said ,ralph k9dly2 y "k design+ is h>d "w & ! only way y c le>n is to h me help y by po9t+ out y\r weak spots4 ,arti/s are oblig$ to pay = criticism2 y "k ,i'm n f9d+ fault4 ,all "r1 said ,h>ry1 bright5+ up1 :i* "o %all ,i make8 ,i ?9k ! "o m>k$ x is ! be/4 ,"w x up m c>efully1 design ! %elf & bracket & put on all ! dim5sions4 ,! bracket8 ,:y1 :at is ?is ,i h drawn8 ,t's ! back piece t goes aga9/ ! wall2 ! bracket piece supports ! %elf1 & rememb] :5 y make x 9 wood1 ! gra9 mu/ always run ! long way ( ea* piece4 ,:y8 ,i'll %[ y1 said ,ralph4 ,he cut out two pieces ( wood ab\t #h #a #a_/b in*es1 "o ) ! gra9 runn+ l5g?wise & on ! o!r ! gra9 runn+ ! "o-in* way4 ,h&+ ! fir/ piece to ,h>ry1 he said1 ,let me see y break x ) y\r h&s4 ,! boy tri$ & fail$4 ,h&+ him ! second piece he said1 ,n[ try ?is4 ,x broke s readily t ,h>ry 0 a/oni%$4 ,t's :y1 said ,ralph1 & t's all4 ,! ?ree pieces z f9ally drawn are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea at x4 ,!y 7 all cut out ( gum wood ) a cop+ saw1 f9i%$ to ! l9es ) *isel1 spoke%ave & s&-pap] block1 & put toge!r ) #c_/d-;in* brads4 ,! nails 7 driv5 ?r\gh ! back into ! bracket1 ! latt] piece be+ held 9 ! vise 9 a horizontal position4 ,x 0 !n %ift$ to a v]tical position ) ! back piece to ! left ( ! vise & ! %elf nail$ to ! bracket4 ,two brads 7 also driv5 ?r\gh ! back into ! %elf4 ,brackets may be ornam5t$ 9 _m ways2 by *ip c>v+1 pyrography1 or by /a9+1 b ! decoration %\ld be put on be=e assembl+4 ,ano!r =m is %[n at b 9 :i* ! back piece is n c>ri$ above ! %elf1 ! latt] piece re/+ on ! top ( ! back4 ,f a con/ructive /&po9t ?is is a /rong] =m ?an ! o!r1 z "p ( ! weight is c>ri$ by ! back in/ead ( by ! brads alone4 ,corn] brackets are sometimes us$ & may be made 9 ! =m %[n at c4 ,"h we h two wall pieces & a ,v-%ap$ %elf1 ! ,v be+ a "r angle4 ,aga91 ! =m may be s long z to require two brackets & x may !n be consid]$ a %elf4 ,9 fa/5+ any ( ^! =ms to a pla/]$ wall1 consid]able c>e mu/ be tak5 9 plac+ ! nails or screws s t !y w engage 9 a /ud in/ead ( j 9 ! pla/]4 ,! location ( ! /uds c be f\nd by tapp+ on ! wall ) ! knuckle or lightly ) a hamm]4 ,a sur] way1 h[ev]1 is to f9d ! nails 9 ! picture m\ld+ or base bo>d & plumb f ei!r ( ^! places ) a small weight--su* z a nail--on a /r+4 ,! design+ & mak+ ( book racks (f] an almo/ endless field = ! imag9ation4 ,! rack may h a fix$ l5g? or be adju/able & ei!r ( ^! =ms may h fix$ or fold+ ends1 & aga9 ! %apes ( ! ends may be v>i$ 9 =m & decorat$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,types ( book racks ,p]haps "o ( ! simple/ =ms ( fold+ book rack is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeb1 at a4 ,! ends are saw$ out ( ! bottom piece1 pivot$ ) two #a_/d-;in* d[els & :5 /ood upright ! l[] "p /rikes aga9/ a cleat1 :i* acts z a re/ = ! rack & a /op = ! end piece4 ,! weakness ( mo/ book racks lies 9 ! gradual weak5+ ( ! ends at ! jo9t s t ! weight ( ! books makes !m lean outw>d4 ,?is %\ld be consid]$ c>efully 9 work+ up ! design4 ,"o ( ! weake/ =ms p]haps is %[n at b4 ,!oretically1 ?is is all "r1 b 9 practice ! ends soon b5d or lean out4 ,a skeleton =m1 mak+ use ( ! halv$ jo9t1 is %[n at c4 ,! two long sides & two %ort ends are squ>$ up & halv$ z %[n4 ,all ! ends are bevell$4 ,holes are bor$ = ! pivots--#a_/d-;in* d[els--a di/ance f ! cross pieces equal to half ! ?ickness ( ! fold+ ends4 ,?is is to insure ! ends /&+ p]fectly upright aga9/ cross pieces4 ,if ?is di/ance is great] ?an half ! ?ickness1 ! ends w lean out1 & if less ?an half1 ! ends _c be gott5 9 place4 ,! bottom ( ! ends mu/ be r\nd$1 or !y w n fold ov]4 ,! con/ruction is v simple1 & requires little mat]ial4 ,ano!r v ord9>y me?od is %[n at d4 ,x is z common & simple z x is weak & unsatisfactory4 ,! ends are plac$ on ! bottom piece & h+$4 ,if a *eap & quick me?od is desir$1 x w\ld be bett] to place ! h+es z %[n at e1 because !n ! t5d5cy to tilt out is prev5t$ by ! pressure aga9/ ! bottom piece z long z ! screws hold4 ,a f> bett] me?od is to mortise ! %elf ?r\gh ! end pieces & fa/5 x ) a good1 heal?y p9 or w$ge1 z %[n at f2 & a /ill bett] plan is to h two mortises & two w$ges1 z %[n at g4 ,9 con/ructive design1 no?+ is lo/ by hone/y4 ,! ends 9 ?is case are held 9 place by p9s1 s in/ead ( hid+ ! fact1 emphasize x by mak+ ^! p9s big & /rong en\gh to d _! "w4 ,! rack may be fur!r /r5g!n$ by add+ corn] brackets at h4 ,hav+ decid$ on ! con/ruction1 ! =m ( ! ends may be tak5 up4 ,?is is affect$ some:at by ! con/ruction1 b "s ( ! outl9es tri$ by our boys & sugge/ive to o!r boys are %[n at #a1 #b1 #c4 ,!y us$ two di/9ct k9ds4 ,"o 0 *>act]iz$ by /raight l9es4 ,^! !y decorat$ ) *ip c>v+4 ,! o!r /yle 0 di/+ui%$ by curv$ outl9es1 & decorat$ by outl9es made ) ! ve9+ tool1 & by /a9+ ! figures 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,! /a9s !y us$ 7 oil col\rs ?9n$ ) turp5t9e s z to br+ out ! gra9 ( ! wood1 r ?an to hide x1 z 9 pa9t+1 & c>e 0 tak5 to tone d[n ^! col\rs to dull r$s1 br[ns1 gre5s1 & grays4 ,= /a9+ & poli%+1 turn to ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,xxix ,,con/ruction ,! /udy ( con/ruction includes _m items su* z /r5g?1 proportion1 jo9ts1 etc4 ,if we look at ! ro( timb]s %[n 9 outl9e at a 7,fig4 #aec71 ! int]e/+ p>ts ( ! con/ruction are ! ?ree spaces enclos$ by circles4 ,! /raight l9es betwe5 ^! circles d n int]e/ u v mu*1 b ! p>ts enclos$ d4 ,imm$iately ! "q arises1 h[ are ! timb]s fa/5$ at ^! places8 ,9 o!r words1 :at k9d ( jo9t is us$8 ,! jo9t !n is ! critical "p1 or we might say ! cream ( ! con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec ,a v l>ge numb] ( jo9ts are 9 use1 b _m ( !m are r>e4 ,our gr&fa!rs1 :o built _! h\ses & b>ns f oak timb]s hewn out ) ! axe1 commonly us$ ! mortise & t5on1 fa/5$ ) a g5]\s h>d wood p91 & _m ( !m are /ill /&+ aft] a c5tury or two ( h>d usage4 ,! fact t ! beams 7 r\gh hewn1 in/ead ( saw$1 did n 9 any way affect _! /r5g?1 because !y made good1 /rong jo9ts4 ,"s ( ! m common jo9ts are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations1 & may be us$ = ref]5ce4 ,no4 #a4 ,a butt jo9t 9 :i* ! two pieces are fa/5$ toge!r1 end to end1 by means ( glue & d[els4 ,x %\ld be us$ only 9 cases :]e !re is little /ra9 9 ! direction ( ! two pieces4 ,no4 #b4 ,a d[el jo9t jo9+ two pieces at "r angles4 ,"o =m ( x is %[n at ,no4 #c appli$ to ! leg ( a table4 ,no4 #d4 ,%[s two pieces fa/5$ edge to edge by d[els4 ,?is jo9t is (t5 made )\t ! d[els2 ! two /rips1 aft] jo9t+ or fitt+1 be+ glu$ & rubb$ toge!r--sometimes call$ a rubb$ jo9t4 ,no4 #e4 ,a butt jo9t fa/5$ by nails1 brads1 or screws1 common 9 box con/ruction4 ,no4 #f4 ,a butt jo9t :]e ! pieces are n at "r angles1 ow+ to ! slant4 ,?is is call$ ! hopp] jo9t & x is fa/5$ ) nails or brads4 ,no4 #g4 ,end lap4 ,a jo9t mu* us$ 9 h\se fram+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,jo9ts us$ 9 con/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,jo9ts us$ 9 con/ruction 7cont9u$7 ,no4 #h4 ,%[s ! lap jo9t us$ = splic+ two pieces l5g?wise4 ,x ne$s to be nail$ or bolt$ to prev5t pull+ ap>t4 ,no4 #i4 ,a middle lap jo9t4 ,no4 #aj4 ,dovetail lap or lap dovetail4 ,?is =m resi/s pull+ ap>t & is a comb9ation ( lap & dovetail jo9ts4 ,no4 #aa4 ,%[s a modification ( ! same1 only "o side be+ dovetail$4 ,no4 #ab4 ,halv$ jo9t4 ,bo? pieces are cut out to half _! ?ickness1 & a wid? equal to t ( ! o!r piece4 ,! pieces may be at "r angles or "s o!r angle1 z %[n at ,no4 #ac4 ,no4 #ac4 ,halv$ jo9t at #de degrees4 ,no4 #ad4 ,lock jo9t4 ,?is is a =m ( lap jo9t r>ely us$4 ,x resi/s pull+ ap>t1 b %\ld be glu$ on acc\nt ( %r9kage4 ,no4 #ae4 ,not*$ jo9t2 us$ :]e two pieces cross1 & :]e full halv+ is n desirable1 z 9 ! sket* ( p]gola4 ,no4 #af4 ,rabbet$ or ga9$ jo9t4 ,no4 #ag4 ,dado jo9t4 ,no4 #ah4 ,ga9$ or h\s$ jo9t4 ,no4 #ai4 ,?r\gh mortise & t5on1 us$ 9 furniture con/ruction & build+4 ,note--#af1 #ag1 #ah are (t5 confus$1 & are nam$ diff]5tly by me*anics4 ,!y are us$ 9 boxes1 & cab9et "w4 ,no4 #bj4 ,bl9d mortise & t5on1 same z ,no4 #ai1 except t ! t5on does n g ?r\gh & is invisible4 ,^! two jo9ts may be fa/5$ ) glue1 & are (t5 /r5g!n$ by pass+ a d[el ?r\gh at "r angles to ! t5on4 ,ano!r me?od is to make two or m saw cuts 9 ! t5on1 & drive w$ges into ! cuts4 ,9 door con/ruction1 :]e ! rails meet ! /iles1 ! t5on is (t5 divid$1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e4 ,! two p>ts fitt$ into sep>ate mortises give ! appe>ance ( two di/9ct t5ons on ! edge ( ! door4 ,no4 #ba4 ,reli%$ mortise & t5on or door jo9t1 a =m us$ at ! corn]s ( doors4 ,no4 #bb4 ,end mortise & t5on4 ,! t5on is se5 on two sides4 ,us$ = frames ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,no4 #bc4 ,! mitre jo9t1 us$ 9 picture frames1 picture m\ld+1 int]ior f9i% ( h\ses1 etc4 ,no4 #bd4 ,lap mitre jo9t2 a comb9ation ( end lap & mitre2 r>ely us$4 ,no4 #be4 ,/ret*] jo9t2 a comb9ation ( end lap1 mitre1 & end mortise & t5on2 us$ by arti/s = frames on :i* _! canvas is fa/5$4 ,! /ret*+ is done by driv+ w$ges f ! inside4 ,no4 #bf4 ,dovetail2 us$ z a splice4 ,no4 #bg4 ,s+le op5 dovetail = two pieces at "r angles4 ,:5 two or m are cut 9 ! same place1 we h ! op5 or box dovetail4 ,no4 #bh4 ,box dovetail2 us$ 9 cab9et "w & boxes4 ,no4 #bi4 ,half-bl9d dovetail4 ,! dovetails are se5 f only "o side2 us$ 9 cab9et "w1 especially 9 draw] con/ruction4 ,no4 #cj4 ,bl9d dovetail4 ,:5 ! two pieces are toge!r1 ! dovetails are invisible4 ,?is jo9t calls = v accurate "w4 ,x is us$ 9 special cases1 :]e /r5g? is requir$1 & yet x is desirable to hide ! =m ( con/ruction4 ,no4 #ca4 ,trick dovetail2 n us$ 9 con/ruction1 & only ( int]e/ z a curiosity4 ,! f\r sides ( ?is trick comb9ation are app>5tly exactly alike4 ,x seems impossible = !m to h be5 put toge!r1 & to br+ out ! effect x is well to h "o piece 9 light-col\r$ wood1 ! o!r d>k4 ,! me?od ( lay+ out & cutt+ is %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! dovetails t appe> on ! surface are only oblique sections ( dovetail$-%ap$ tongues & grooves runn+ diagonally f face to face4 ,no4 #cb4 ,ano!r trick4 ,?is at fir/ sight appe>s l a lap dovetail1 b ! end view %[s ano!r dovetail1 mak+ x app>5tly impossible to put toge!r4 ,! con/ruction is %[n cle>ly 9 ! draw+4 ,x is ( no value 9 con/ructive "w4 ,no4 #cc4 ,splice or sc>f jo9t2 us$ 9 fram+1 occasionally2 ( little value to boys4 ,no4 #cd4 ,tongue & groove jo9t2 us$ 9 floor+ & = %ea?+4 ,scores ( o!r jo9ts might be %[n1 b !y are seldom us$1 & are ( no value to amateur me*anics4 ,,xxx ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,g\ge ,!re is "o tool y h n le>n$ to use1 said ,ralph1 "o day1 & ,i ?9k t x is ab\t "t y tri$ x4 ,:at tool is t8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,! g\ge ,! g\ge gr\nd or bevell$ on ! outside4 7,fig4 #aee47 ,:at is x us$ =8 ,= cutt+ concave curves1 especially ^? bel[ ! surface4 ,suppose y practise on a piece ( :ite wood4 ,a piece ( :ite wood 0 squ>$ up1 a foot long & #a-a_/b in*es squ>e4 ,! l9es %[n 9 ! figure 7 laid out ) ! p5cil4 ,! m>k+ gauge is n suitable = ?is "w1 z x makes a %>p cut 9 ! surface j :]e ! edge is to come1 s t aft] ! g\ge "w is f9i%$1 x w\ld %[ ?is edge split by ! gauge m>k4 7,fig4 #aef47 ,! two grooves f end to end 7 fir/ cut1 remov+ a qu>t] circle1 ! curve be+ drawn on ! ends by a pair ( compasses or divid]s4 ,?is gave excell5t practice 9 freeh& "w1 call+ = good control ov] ! h&s1 & a con/ant wat*+ ( ! gra9 to prev5t splitt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,practise cuts ) ! g\ge ,! o!r two grooves or coves 7 next tri$4 ,extra c>e _h to be ex]cis$ "h to prev5t tak+ (f ! ends4 ,to give ! boy fur!r practice1 ! simple p5 tray %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeg 0 sket*$ out1 & ! /ock squ>$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,an example ( g\ge "w ,! g\ge "w 9 ?is ex]cise 0 entirely b5ea? ! surface1 & to make ! tool "w true to ! draw+1 a dep? gauge 0 made z %[n at a4 ,?is 0 simply a /raight piece ( wa/e wood ) a brad driv5 into x1 c>efully1 until ! head 0 ! same di/ance above ! surface z ! dep? ( ! groove call$ = 9 ! draw+4 ,by inv]t+ ! gauge & runn+ ! brad head along ! bottom ( ! groove1 ! dep? c\ld be gaug$ accurately4 ,! wood5 /rip mu/ re/ on ! surface at bo? sides ( ! groove1 & ! brad head j t\*es ! bottom at ! same "t4 ,aft] ! g\ge "w _h be5 c>ri$ z f> z possible1 ! groove 0 f9i%$ by s&-pap]+1 fir/ ) ,no4 #a-a_/b & !n ) ,no4 #j s&-pap]4 ,9 lay+ out bevell$ edges on a piece ( ?is "*1 ! same objection to ! m>k+ gauge holds z = g\g$ grooves4 ,ralph %[$ ! boy a simple me?od ( mak+ a gauge = p5cil l9es to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,he cut out a piece ( :ite p9e %ap$ z %[n at b4 ,! di/ance f ! %\ld] to ! po9t ( ! ,v 0 equal to ! wid? ( ! desir$ bevel or *amf]4 ,! /ock mu/ be held 9 ! vise1 z bo? h&s are requir$ 9 ! draw+ ( ! l9es4 ,to make ! wid? ( ! bevel great]1 simply cut ! %\ld] fur!r back ) a knife1 & to r$uce ! size1 cut ! ,v fur!r 9 t[>d ! %\ld]4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t & inexp5sive device1 quickly made4 ,a m pret5ti\s project 0 tri$ next 7,fig4 #aeh1 a71 :i* provides = a r\nd ink bottle1 & dem&s "s nice *isel "w4 ,9 ! fir/ p5 tray ! bevels _h be5 all plan$4 ,on ?is second "o1 only ?ree c\ld be cut t way1 z ! "o on ! back _h to be *isell$4 ,! successive /eps 9 ! con/ruction 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,squ>e up /ock4 #b4 ,lay out ! draw+ on ! wood4 #c4 ,bore ! hole = ink well half way ?r\gh ! wood ) ext5sion bit4 #d4 ,smoo? ! bottom ( ! hole ) *isel1 hold+ x bevel d[n4 #e4 ,g\ge out ! groove & gauge ! dep?4 #f4 ,s&-pap] ! groove4 #g4 ,cut out ! outl9e ( ! back ) ! back saw & *isel4 #h4 ,cut all ! bevels1 do+ ! back "p--! mo/ difficult--fir/4 #i4 ,draw *ip c>v+ design4 #aj4 ,d ! c>v+4 #aa4 ,rub d[n ) wax dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e4 #ab4 ,ins]t ink well4 ,design ,no4 #c1 %[n at b 7,fig4 #aeh71 call$ = mold$ edges1 places = two squ>e ink wells1 & a simple c>v$ design 9 ! flat space betwe5 !m4 ,! process 9 ?is case 0 z foll[s3 #a4 ,squ>e up4 #b4 ,lay out ! "w f draw+4 #c4 ,cut out squ>es #a_/d in* deep ) socket *isel & mallet4 #d4 ,g\ge groove4 #e4 ,make m\ld$ edges by fir/ g\g+ ! qu>t] circle %[n 9 detail draw+1 & do+ ! long sides ) ! gra9 fir/4 ,next remove ! re/ ( ! wood outside ! curv$ outl9e ) smoo?+ plane on long sides1 block plane on ends4 ,s&-pap] ! groove & m\ld$ edges4 #f4 ,lay out & execute c>v+4 #g4 ,rub d[n ) wax or raw l9se$ oil4 #h4 ,ins]t ink wells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,p5 & ink trays ,9 place ( c>v+ ?is ink/&1 an inlaid design c\ld h be5 us$1 & ! :ole piece highly poli%$1 b our boy _h n yet _h any practice 9 inlay+ or poli%+1 s he us$ sweet gum wood & a *ip c>v+ design4 ,lat] on he made o!rs out ( black walnut & mahogany1 & gave !m a high poli%4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xxxv = inlay+ & ,,xlix = poli%+4 ,a v nice little problem 9 g\ge "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei1 a p5 tray pure & simple1 ) no provision = ink wells4 ,! only new feature is ! "u cutt+ ( ! outside4 ,! /eps = ?is are3 #a4 ,squ>e up4 #b4 ,lay out f a c5tre l9e1 drawn completely ar\nd ! block l5g?wise1 & draw ) compasses & rule bo? top & bottom4 #c4 ,g\ge groove4 #d4 ,plane ! long sides to outl9e ( top & bottom l9es4 #e4 ,cut ends ) back saw & *isel to semicircles on top & bottom4 #f4 ,r\nd upp] edge ) spoke%ave1 *isel & knife4 #g4 ,s&-pap] ) co>se1 foll[$ by f9e1 s&-pap]4 #h4 ,poli% or wax f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,! p5 trap ,p]haps ! mo/ sev]e te/ = g\ge "w is ! p9 tray %[n at ,fig4 #afj4 ,?is is some?+ :i* c\ld be made m *eaply & 9 less "t f metal1 b a skilful & c>eful boy c d x successfully 9 a h>d wood1 su* z maple4 ,! process is simil> to ! p5 tray4 ,! draw+ is laid out on ! squ>$ /ock1 & ! b[l cut out ) ! g\ge4 ,! outside is be/ execut$ ) a template1 or bett]1 two--"o = ! l5g?wise section & "o = ! wid?4 ,a template is a =m cut out ( ?9 wood or metal2 9 ?is case #a_/h-;in* wood %\ld be us$4 ,by frequ5tly hold+ ^! templates to ! "w1 x may be quickly se5 :]e ! mat]ial is to be remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,! p9 tray4 ,a f9e te/ ( g\ge "w ,:5 ! outside ( ! tray fits ! templates1 x is ready = s&-pap]+1 & n be=e4 ,to make ! tray p]fect1 an inside template c be us$4 ,?is template me?od is us$ 9 =m+ boat models4 ,,xxxi ,,coat ,,hang] ,,& ,,t[el ,,roll]s ,! coat hang] is a conv5i5t ?+ 9 e h\sehold1 & also a good example ( spoke%ave "w4 ,a s(t wood1 l p9e1 or :ite wood1 is suitable1 & aft] squ>+ up two faces & "o edge1 ! design may be drawn on "o or bo? ( ! faces ) a %>p p5cil4 ,cut close to ! l9es ) a turn+ saw1 & f9i% to l9es ) spoke%ave4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,! coat hang] ,! upp] edge is next r\nd$ ) ! spoke%ave 7,fig4 #afa71 & f9i%$ ) s&-pap] to ! cross section %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,bore a hole = ! hook ) a gimlet bit1 & make ! hook f /rong brass wire1 %ap$ by b5d+ ) a pair ( pli]s4 ,= f9i%+1 two coats ( %ellac c be us$4 ,! fir/ coat aft] h>d5+ is s&-pap]$ flat ) ,no4 #jj s&-pap]2 ! second may be treat$ 9 ! same way1 or rubb$ d[n ) gr\nd pumice /one & l9se$ oil4 7,see poli%+ *apt]47 ,= ! kit*51 ! t[el roll] is /ill us$ to "s ext5t1 especially 9 ! c\ntry & suburbs4 ,x consi/s ( f\r pieces1 a back1 two brackets1 & ! roll]4 ,^! ess5tial p>ts are %[n 9 ,fig4 #afb & ! back & brackets may be modifi$ & improv$ z %[n at b & c4 ,c>v+ c be us$ 9 a simple =m on ! ends1 z %[n at c4 ,! back & ends are cut out ) ! usual tools1 b x is wise1 9 cutt+ ! outl9e ( ! ends1 to glue !m toge!r ) a piece ( pap] betwe51 cutt+ bo? at ! same "t4 ,?is insures _! be+ exactly alike1 & :5 f9i%$ !y may be easily sep>at$ by ins]t+ ! blade ( a knife betwe5 !m4 ,! pap] w split1 half com+ (f on ea* piece4 ,aft] ! pap] & glue h be5 plan$ (f1 a hole is bor$ half way ?r\gh ea* end f ! inside4 ,on "o end x is necess>y to cut a groove ( ! same wid? & dep? z ! hole1 cle> up to ! top1 s t ! roll] c be ins]t$ aft] assembl+1 & a t[el be put ov] x4 ,! ends are fa/5$ ) two flat-head screws ea*1 by bor+ ?r\gh ! back1 & c\nt]s9k+4 ,two holes %\ld also be bor$ ?r\gh ! back = fa/5+ x to ! wall4 ,! roll] may be turn$ on a la! or made at ! b5* by ! foll[+ me?od3 #a4 ,squ>e up ! /ock to ! diamet] ( ! roll] call$ = 9 ! draw+4 #b4 ,f9d ! exact c5tre ( ea* end by draw+ ! diagonals ) a p5cil4 #c4 ,draw a circle on ea* end f ^! c5tres ( full diamet]4 #d4 ,bore a hole at ea* ( ^! c5tres #c_/h-;in* diamet]1 & ab\t an in* deep4 #e4 ,plane (f ! f\r corn]s d[n to ! circle to produce an octagonal =m4 #f4 ,plane (f ! eight corn]s1 us+ z a /op a small piece ( wood fa/5$ 9 ! vise4 ,hold ! roll] aga9/ ?is /op1 & all[ ! /ock to re/ ov] ! op5 space 9 ! vise4 ,cont9ue to plane (f ! edges z long z !y are l>ge en\gh to see or feel4 #g4 ,s&-pap] ) co>se1 foll[$ by f9e1 s&-pap]4 #h4 ,glue into ! holes 9 ! ends pieces ( d[el long en\gh to project out ab\t half an in*4 #i4 ,all[ ! glue to h>d5 ov] night1 & saw (f ! d[els next day to ! prop] l5g?4 ,cut a slight bevel on ! end ( ea* d[el ) ! knife4 ,if any c>v+ is to be done on ! ends1 x mu/ be cut be=e !y are screw$ to ! back piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,! t[el roll] ,?is me?od ( produc+ a cyl9d] )\t a turn+ la! c be us$ 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,= example1 boys liv+ 9 ! city1 :]e a pull-up b> has to be locat$ 9 ! h\se1 c easily make "o 9 ?is way1 & fa/5 x betwe5 ! door jambs at a conv5i5t height4 ,! blocks = support+ x c be made1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #afc1 ?ree in*es ea* way & #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,oak is ! be/ wood = ?is purpose4 ,x is /rong en\gh1 & c be /a9$ to mat* ! door frame4 ,bore & c\nt]s9k f\r holes = #a-a_/d-;in* flat-head screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,! pull-up b> ,to prev5t ! b> turn+1 aft] x has be5 plan$ r\nd & ab\t #a_/h in* %ort] ?an ! space betwe5 ! jambs1 lay out a "o-in* squ>e on ea* end4 ,cut out ) a back saw1 & *isel until x j fits ! squ>e op5+ 9 ! blocks4 ,?is b> c be tak5 out & /or$ 9 a closet1 :5 n 9 use1 & ! blocks w nev] be 9 ! way4 ,if ! b> is s loose 9 ! blocks t x has a t5d5cy to spr+ out :5 y jump = x1 a flat piece ( oak c be screw$ across ! top1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,! hat*et h&le4 ,an example ( spoke%ave "w ,?is is an excell5t1 if limit$1 gymnasium = ^? :o get little ex]cise & ^: "t & space are limit$4 ,e boy ought to be able to *9 ! b> at lea/ six or sev5 times )\t lett+ g4 ,r\nd objects ) a tap]1 su* z po9t]s & musicians' batons1 c be made by ?is me?od1 always gett+ ! tap] 9 ! squ>e =m fir/1 !n plan+ (f corn]s1 etc4 ,x is really "w = a turn+ la!1 b "o mu/ "w ) su* tools z he c af=d to pur*ase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,! hamm] h&le ,_m useful articles ( oval or elliptical cross section c be made at a b5* :i* c\ld n be made on an ord9>y la!4 ,! hat*et h&le %[n 9 ,fig4 #afd is a good example4 ,! wood us$ %\ld be /rong & t\gh1 su* z hickory or maple4 ,aft] squ>+ up ! /ock to ! ov] all dim5sions1 ! outl9e is drawn on bo? flat faces1 & saw$ close to ! l9es ) turn+ saw1 f9i%$ ) draw+ knife & spoke%ave4 ,! oval or elliptical =ms are !n drawn on ! ends1 ! corn]s r\nd$ ) spoke%ave to ^! curves1 & ! :ole f9i%$ ) s&-pap]4 ,! hamm] h&le 7,fig4 #afe7 is made 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,sug> scoop ,! woodwork]s ( ,nor!rn ,europe make _m h\sehold ut5sils 9 ?is way4 ,! sug> scoop & ! wood5 ladle1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #aff & #aff a1 are famili> examples4 ,9 ^! two cases1 ! b[l is "w = ! g\ge1 :ile 9 r\nd+1 "s ( ! surfaces are done ) ! file4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples1 x is n wise to get into ! habit ( us+ a file on wood1 except 9 r>e cases :]e ! mat]ial is v h>d1 su* z maple1 bee*1 & simil> woods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff a4 ,wood5 ladle ,! t[el rack %[n 9 ,fig4 #afg is suitable = ! ba? or b$ room1 & c readily be made by any boy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,! t[el rack ,! back piece is made ) plane & *isel4 ,! /raight bevels are cut ) ! smoo?+ plane1 & ! curves ) ! *isel4 ,! two op5+s or mortises %\ld be laid out & cut be=e ! ends are r\nd$4 ,! wood is remov$ by bor+ sev]al small holes )9 ! l9es1 & f9i%+ to l9e ) a *isel & mallet4 ,! two supports1 or brackets1 involve no?+ new1 & aft] be+ f9i%$ are glu$ into mortises4 ,! t[el /icks may be t5 in*es or m 9 l5g?1 squ>$ up to #g_/h in* #a_/b in*4 ,! tap] beg9s two in*es f ! bor$ end1 & f ?is po9t is plan$ 9 a /raight l9e to #c_/h in* squ>e at ! small end4 ,! r\nd+ is done 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! t[el roll]1 ! tips r\nd$ ) a knife1 & ! :ole piece s&-pap]$ smoo?4 ,! ?ree /icks are held betwe5 ! two supports & a #c_/h-;in* d[el pass$ ?r\gh ! five holes1 :i* %\ld ( c\rse be 9 l9e4 ,! ends ( ?is d[el c be split be=e !y are plac$1 & !n 9 ! f9al position small ?9 w$ges c be driv5 9 ) a little glue4 ,,xxxii ,,clock ,,cases ,among small articles = h\sehold use ! clock case is a popul> model1 & ! designs range f ! mission /yle1 *>act]iz$ by /raight l9es & pla9 surfaces1 up to elaborate attempts at imitat+ 9 m9iature ! old-fa%ion$ tall gr&fa!r's clock4 ,:ile an ord9>y al>m clock may be us$ = ! clock prop]1 ! small size nickel$ clock1 #b-a_/d in*es outside diamet]1 is m satisfactory & v reliable4 ,x co/s ab\t sev5ty-five c5ts4 ,9 design+ ! frame1 or case1 /ructural items mu/ be consid]$ fir/4 ,! clock ne$s a plat=m to /& on1 !re mu/ be a circul> op5+ j l>ge en\gh = ! face to fit1 & ! /ructure requires an op5+ 9 ! back1 s t ! clock may be w\nd or remov$4 ,) ^! facts z a basis1 ! =m c be sket*$ out4 ,fig4 #afh %[s1 p]haps1 ! simple/ /yle1 on ! mission ord]4 ,! design ( ! front becomes a matt] ( proportion1 & ! dim5sions giv5 are only sugge/ions :i* ! "y design] c modify to meet 8 own ideas1 keep+ 9 m9d t on horizontal memb]s1 if !re is any diff]5ce 9 size1 ! upp] ones %\ld be ! small]4 ,simple z ?is design appe>s1 if put toge!r by mortise & t5on1 ) provision made = ! panell$ front & sides1 x w call = f9e "w4 ,z !re is no great "q ( /r5g? involv$1 ! foll[+ me?od w d = mak+ ?is case4 ,x w be call$ h]etical by exp]t woodwork]s1 b is practicable & easy f ! boy's po9t ( view4 ,squ>e up a piece ( #a_/d-;in* /ock #d in*es wide & #ac in*es long4 ,saw out two pieces = ! panels #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,clamp ! front piece to a /rip ( scrap wood z a back+1 & bore a hole = ! clock face ) an expansive bit4 ,fa/5 ! front to ! end pieces by #c_/d-;in* brads1 z %[n 9 a4 ,9 ! same mann] nail ! top & bottom pieces to ! front & ends1 mak+ a box ( #a_/d-;in* wood1 ) ! back op54 ,! legs1 made #c_/d in* squ>e ) a #a_/d-;in* rabbet cut out z %[n at a1 may n[ be glu$ on & fa/5$ ) two #a-;in* brads driv5 9 f ! ends4 ,! horizontal rails are cut & fitt$ to ! front & ends & glu$ 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,mission /yle clock case ,if brads are us$1 !y mu/ be set1 & ! holes fill$ ) putty1 col\r$ to correspond ) ! wood us$4 ,if ! legs ( ! clock are too %ort to re/ on ! bottom1 add a %elf1 or glue on a block ( p9e ?ick en\gh to br+ ! clock to ! prop] level4 ,if ! case is made ( h>d wood1 poli% x to a dead flat f9i%4 ,?is design1 h[ev]1 gives a spl5did opportunity to ornam5t ends & front ) *ip c>v+1 = :i* gum wood w be suitable4 ,a clock case :i* c be easily upset is to be avoid$1 & !re=e ^! long l[ designs are to be recomm5d$1 :5 ! clock is to /& on a mantel1 %elf1 or bureau4 ,if ! clock is to hang on ! wall ! designs imm$iately *ange4 ,! cuckoo clock is a famili> example4 ,our boys wre/l$ ) ! problem ( a wall clock1 & _! ef=ts to create some?+ new br\ght =? consid]able m5tal p]spiration4 ,x is always an easy matt] to copy some?+ "o has se51 b t is n design+4 ,! result ( ,h>ry's ef=ts is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi4 ,aft] draw+ ! circles ) a pair ( compasses1 ! re/ ( ! figure 0 sket*$ out free-h& ab\t a c5tre l9e4 ,:5 x 0 fairly satisfactory1 ! two sides ( ! l[] half 7 equaliz$ & trac$ = ! upp] half4 ,x 0 !n measur$1 & ! ma9 dim5sions add$ to ! draw+4 ,?is draw+ repres5t$ only ! front4 ,! back1 or wall piece1 _h to be a duplicate ( x z f> z outl9e 0 conc]n$1 & a pla9 box ( #a_/d-;in* wood1 to hold ! clock1 jo9$ ^! two p>ts1 z 9 previ\s models4 ,?is is ! ord] ( con/ruction3 ,saw out /ock = front & back pieces #ae #d-c_/d #a_/d in*es4 ,draw two c5tre l9es1 "o ! #d-;in* way1 ! o!r ! #ae-;in* way4 ,at ! po9t :]e !y cross1 bore ! hole = ! clock face1 aft] draw+ all ! circles ) ! compasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,! boys' fir/ design = a clock case ,draw outl9e1 or trace x f orig9al draw+1 ^u ! surface ( ! wood4 ,saw out close to outside l9es1 & f9i% to l9es ) spoke%ave1 *isel & s&-pap] block4 ,bevel ! clock op5+ #a_/h in* ) knife1 & smoo? ) s&-pap]4 ,! curv$ l9es inside ( ! out] edge are work$ out ) a ve9+ tool4 ,! back piece is made 9 ! same way1 b ! c5tral op5+ is bor$ l>g] ?an ! front "o1 to all[ ! clock to be )drawn or w\nd4 ,! squ>e box1 jo9$ to ^! two ma9 pieces by means ( cleats1 completes ! /ructure4 ,on acc\nt ( ! long ov]hang ( ! front beyond ! box1 two cyl9drical supports ( ! same mat]ial z ! case c be glu$ betwe5 front & back1 to add /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,p5dulum =m ( clock case ,ow+ to ! symmetry ( ! design1 ?is case c be hung horizontally or v]tically accord+ to ! wall space x is to occupy4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ %\ld be a screw eye at ! top ( ! case & screw hook or nail 9 ! wall1 z x w be necess>y to remove ! clock ea* "t x is w\nd4 ,if plac$ horizontally two hooks & eyes w be ne$$1 "o at ea* end4 ,fig4 #agj %[s ano!r wall design 9 :i* ! clock =ms ! c5tre ( ! p5dulum & re/s 9 a box ( hexagon %ape4 ,?is is made f a /rip two in*es wide1 ! pieces cut on a #fj-;degree mitre box ) back saw1 ea* piece #a-a_/d in*es long on ! %ort side4 ,x w j hold a clock #b-a_/h in*es 9 its l>ge/ diamet]4 ,:5 ! face ( ?is clock frame is bor$1 & ! outl9e f9i%$ 9 ! usual way1 x is fa/5$ to ! hexagonal box by cleats4 ,9 ord] to d ?is accurately1 turn ! face upside d[n on ! b5*1 place ! box 9 position1 & m>k ) a p5cil all ar\nd ! hexagon4 ,! cleats mu/ be fa/5$ on ! back1 close up to ! p5cil l9e1 ) glue & brads1 s c>efully t ! brads %all n be long en\gh to come ?r\gh to ! surface 9 front4 ,:5 dry1 ins]t ! box betwe5 ! cleats1 & make fa/ ) glue & brads4 ,! long "p ( ! p5dulum c be ei!r c>v$ or poli%$ pla94 ,! #c_/h-;in* hole bor$ 9 ! upp] "p fits ov] a screw hook1 :i* %\ld project at lea/ an in* f ! wall4 ,to h ! clock hang p]fectly plumb1 ?is hook %\ld project #b-c_/h in*es4 ,ano!r =m ( mantel clock is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #aga4 ,x is radically diff]5t f ! o!rs1 & is *>act]iz$ by a long1 l[1 & massive base cut f a solid piece ( wood #a-c_/d in*es ?ick or built up ( two #g_/h-;in* pieces ( r$ gum1 black walnut1 or mahogany4 ,! outl9e hav+ be5 drawn on ! plan$ surface1 "o mu/ saw z close to ! l9e z possible1 & f9i% ! l9e ) *isel1 g\ge1 file1 & s&-pap]4 ,! circul> piece1 :i* is to enclose ! clock1 is cut f a block ( ! same mat]ial1 two in*es ?ick4 ,draw ! two circles1 & bore ! inn] "o ) an ext5sion bit1 unless a turn+ la! is available4 ,9 t case ! circul> block c be turn$ ) great accuracy4 ,! outl9e c be cut ) ! *isel aft] be+ saw$ close to ! l9e1 & f9i%$ 9 ! same way z ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,mantel clock ,glue ?is block 9 position1 re/+ x 9 ! semicircul> op5+ provid$ 9 ! base1 & mak+ x project #a_/h or #a_/d ( an in* beyond ! front surface ( ! base4 ,poli% to a dead1 flat f9i%4 ,z ! clock is to fit snugly into ! op5+1 ! legs1 & ! h&le at ! top1 mu/ be remov$4 ,,! ,,gr&fa!rs' ,,clock ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems 9 clock case design+ is a m9iature ( ! tall clock ( colonial times1 commonly kn[n z ! gr&fa!rs' clock4 ,x is a simple & satisfactory =m1 b x is v important to h good proportions4 ,! dim5sions us$ by our boys are giv5 9 ! draw+4 7,fig4 #agb74 ,z 9 all ! o!r designs1 x is bas$ or built up ar\nd ! ord9>y nickel-plat$ clock1 ^: outside diamet] is #b-a_/d in*es4 ,) a circle ( ?is diamet] z a />t]1 ! o!r sizes "w out z giv5 9 ! draw+4 ,ab\t ! only fault likely to be f\nd ) ?is =m is top heav9ess1 z ! clock is "s fifte5 in*es above its base4 ,?is c be c\nt]act$ by bor+ a hole 9 ! back1 two or ?ree in*es above ! bottom1 & p\r+ 9 ab\t a p\nd ( %ot or o!r heavy mat]ial4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction is z foll[s3 ,all ! mat]ial is #a_/d in* ?ick1 except ! base & m\ld+s1 :i* require #a_/b-;in* wood4 ,r$ gum is v satisfactory1 b m exp5sive woods1 su* z mahogany1 c be us$1 especially if ! front panel1 :i* 9 full-siz$ clocks is a door1 is to be inlaid4 ,if gum wood is us$1 ?is panel c be decorat$ ) *ip c>v+ or simply outl9$ ) a ve9+ tool4 ,if an especially elaborate result is desir$1 x c be accompli%$ by a rais$ panel ) m\ld$ edges made ( #a_/d-;in* wood1 fa/5$ to ! front ) glue & small brads4 ,bill ( mat]ial3 ,base #h-a_/b #d #a_/b ,m\ld+ #ah #c_/h #c_/h ,box #b sides #ag-a_/b #a-c_/d #a_/d ,face #d-c_/d #d #a_/d #a front #ad-a_/b #c #a_/d ,sides ( top1 #b pcs4 #a back #ad-a_/b #b-a_/b #a_/d #c-a_/b #b-a_/d #a_/d ,p>titions #b--b-a_/b #b-a_/d #a_/d #a--b-a_/b #a-a_/b #a_/d ,aft] gett+ out ! mat]ial con/ruct ! long box :i* makes ! body ( ! design4 ,?is w be #ag-a_/b in*es long1 #c in*es wide by #b in*es deep1 & ! me?od ( putt+ toge!r is %[n at a4 ,?is all[s only "o jo9t to %[ on ea* side1 & ! back piece may be ( *eap mat]ial1 su* z :ite wood4 ,! smalle/ p>tition1 #b-a_/b #a-a_/b #a_/d1 ( :ite wood1 is ins]t$ 9 ! bottom1 pu%$ up #a_/h in*1 & fa/5$ ) #c_/d-;in* brads f ! outside4 ,?is size ( brad w n split #a_/d-;in* gum wood1 unless driv5 9 ne>] ! edge ?an #a_/h in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,gr&fa!rs' clock ,"o ( ! rema9+ p>titions is plac$ 9 ! upp] end1 z 9 a box1 "o edge flu% ) ! back4 ,! entire back ( ! case mu/ be 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! end j ins]t$ w project out 9 front a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,place ! rema9+ p>tition #c-a_/h in*es d[n f ! extreme top ( ! box4 ,?is w br+ x to re/ aga9/ ! front1 :i* is only #ad-a_/b in*es high4 ,! comp>tm5t = hold+ ! clock is n[ complete1 op5 front & back4 ,! base may next be prep>$1 tak+ c>e to h ! gra9 runn+ up & d[n4 ,! front piece ( ! base is #d #d #a_/b in*es4 ,side pieces ( base are #d #b #a_/b4 ,^! ?ree pieces are to be put toge!r ) a butt jo9t1 z %[n 9 ! bottom view1 & fa/5$ ) "o-in* brads & a little glue4 ,f\r #c_/d-;in* brads c be us$ on ea* ( ! ?ree sides to hold ! base to ! box4 ,x is v important t ! bottom be p]fectly squ>e4 ,x %\ld be te/$ &1 if necess>y1 squ>$ ) a block plane4 ,! cove m\ld+ = upp] & l[] p>ts may n[ be prep>$4 ,squ>e up "o piece ( /ock #ah in*es or #bj #c_/h in*es squ>e4 ,draw a qu>t] circle ) a radius ( #e_/af-;in* on ea* end1 & remove ! wood 9 ?is space ) a g\ge4 ,f9i% ) s&-pap]4 ,?is m\ld+ is fitt$ ar\nd ! ?ree sides at top ( base ) a back saw & mitre box4 ,put x 9 place ) #c_/d-;in* brads & glue1 & c>efully remove any trace ( glue t may appe>1 be=e x h>d5s4 ,! m\ld+ = ! upp] "p _c be plac$ until ! top is f9i%$4 ,aft] squ>+ up ! face1 draw ! outl9e directly on ! wood4 ,! curves at ! top %\ld be fir/ laid out c>efully on /iff pap]1 cut out ) scissors1 & trac$ on ! wood4 ,! op5+ = ! clock1 #b-a_/d in*es diamet]1 mu/ be bor$ fir/4 ,ei!r a %>p c5tre bit or an ext5sion bit %\ld be us$4 ,if ! latt]1 an #a_/h-;in* hole mu/ be bor$ at ! c5tre1 o!rwise ! tap]+ spur ( ! ext5sion bit w surely split ! ?9 wood4 ,?is is ! mo/ delicate op]ation 9 ! :ole process1 & ! circul> op5+ w ne$ smoo?+ ) a s&-pap] block4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 gett+ a satisfactory op5+1 ! outl9e is saw$ close to ! l9es ) a cop+ saw & f9i%$ ) s&-pap]4 ,! supplem5t>y pieces s s1 #c-a_/b #b-a_/d #a_/d in*es1 are next fa/5$ to ! sides at ! top4 ,!y are flu% ) ! top ( ! box & ) ! bottom ( ! face piece j describ$4 ,x is to ^! t ! front is ma9ly fa/5$4 ,te/ ! bottom edges ( ^! pieces across bo? ! front & back ) a try squ>e4 ,fa/5 ! front to ^! & to ! top ( ! box ) brads1 & add ! m\ld+1 z %[n 9 draw+4 ,if ! front panel is to be c>v$1 t %\ld be done be=e ei!r ! base or ! top is put on2 & if x is to be inlaid1 ! front %\ld be increas$ 9 ?ickness to #c_/h in*es1 r$uc+ ! sides to #a-e_/h in*es 9 place ( #a-c_/d in*es4 ,aft] ! assembl+ is f9i%$1 set all ! brads1 & fill ! holes ) putty1 col\r$ to mat* ! wood4 ,ei!r an oil or wax f9i% c be us$1 b a high poli% is n advisable4 ,all l9es on ! front1 :i* are n edges1 c be cut ) a ve9+ tool4 ,sev]al modifications ( ?is me?od c be adopt$4 ,! front panel may be made a real door1 put on ) small ornam5tal h+es4 ,?is w increase ! "w1 make x m reali/ic1 b result 9 little real ga94 ,! door 9 l>ge clocks 0 necess>y = gett+ at ! weights & p5dulum1 b z ^! p>ts are miss+ 9 our model1 ! door is n necess>y1 except possibly = hid+ ?+s f burgl>s4 ,x is ! la/ spot !y w\ld be likely to ?9k ( z a hid+ place = treasures4 ,z 9 previ\s designs1 ! r+ at ! top ( ! clock c be remov$1 if x prev5ts fitt+ into ! op5+ provid$4 ,! draw+ %[s a curve 9 ! front ( ! base4 ,x is n ess5tial1 b may be cut at any conv5i5t /age ( ! con/ruction ) ! cop+ saw1 & s&-pap]$4 ,by comp>+ ?is design ) "s real old six-foot clocks1 ! "y design] w see t we h tak5 "s lib]ties = ! purpose ( simplify+ ! "w4 ,highly ornam5tal tops 7 sometimes us$1 ) metal & c>v$ ornam5ts4 ,x is nev] difficult to make elaborate designs1 & ! "y woodwork] c g z f> z he likes 9 t direction4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 sometimes difficult to simplify designs1 & ?is we believe is at pres5t highly desirable4 ,,xxxiii ,,foot/ools ,! mak+ ( h\sehold furniture is a fasc9at+ employm5t1 & z !re are v>y+ /yles & fa%ions 9 ne>ly all ?+s :i* p]ta9 to our homes1 x w always be an int]e/+ /udy4 ,! savage kn[s no?+ ( furniture1 = ! gr\nd is 8 *air1 b$1 & table4 ,z we g up 9 ! scale ( civilization1 we f9d ! *>act]i/ics ( a p reflect$ 9 ! details ( _! home life4 ,9 ,japan1 ! h\se & its equipm5t are *>act]iz$ by directness1 simplicity1 & subtle beauty4 ,9 ,am]ica1 we f9d a bewild]+ display ( ev]-*ang+ devices1 /yles1 =ms1 & s*emes ( decoration1 9 keep+ ) our rapidly *ang+ &1 we believe1 rapidly improv+ ta/e 9 ! intimate ?+s ( life4 ,?is condition is reflect$ 9 our furniture z mu* z 9 our clo!s & 9 ! pictures we buy4 ,! black walnut furniture1 ) its h>d horsehair uphol/]+1 has be5 foll[$ by antique oak1 fum$ oak1 gold5 oak1 =e/ gre5 oak1 mahogany1 bird's-eye maple1 ,fr5* walnut1 etc41 & 9 a v few ye>s we %all probably be us+ "s ( ! beautiful b almo/ unkn[n woods ( ! ,philipp9es1 because fa%ions 9 woods are v mat]ially affect$ by ! lumb] supply4 ,gilt *airs--n made to sit on--h be5 foll[$ by ! m s5sible mission /yle1 br++ a mu* ne$$ simplicity1 directness1 & /r5g?1 toge!r ) an un=tunate addition ( weight = ! h\sewife to move ar\nd :5 clean+4 ,!re seems to be no great ga9 )\t "s loss4 ,mod]n (fice furniture1 ) its simple & /rong *airs1 tables1 & desks1 c h>dly be improv$ ^u1 & x is almo/ a pity t "s ( ^! excell5cies _c be introduc$ into ! home1 :i* is (t5 ov]load$1 ov]decorat$1 & encumb]$ ) unnecess>y articles4 ,miss ,l\ise ,brigham gives u a fragrant brea? ( fre% air along ?is l9e 9 h] int]e/+ book on furniture made f boxes4 ,:at is ne$$ is cle> ?9k+4 ,nev] design nor make a piece ( furniture )\t ask+1 ,:at is ?is to be us$ =8 ,:at w be requir$ ( x8 etc4 ,?is is ! gi/ ( :at ,ralph said to ,h>ry "o day :5 !y 7 ab\t to laun* out into ! mak+ ( foot/ools1 tab\rettes & o!r small pieces ( furniture4 ,h>ry w\ld h lik$ v mu* to />t ) a d9+-room table1 b ,ralph sugge/$ diplomatically t x might be a good s*eme to try sev]al small] pieces fir/4 ,!y decid$ on a foot/ool1 & ?is is ! cate*ism ,ralph put ,h>ry ?r\gh z !y work$ out _! draw+3 ,:at is a foot/ool =8 ,to re/ y\r feet on4 ,is t all8 ,:at else c\ld x be us$ =8 ,nev] answ] a "q by ask+ ano!r6 ,i %\ld say t a foot/ool might h to /& h>d usage4 ,= in/ance1 suppose y want$ to rea* a %elf high up 9 a closet4 ,if ! /ool 0 h&y1 y w\ld probably /& on x4 ,o!rs w\ld d ! same1 & x is easily possible t somebody weigh+ ov] two hundr$ p\nds might "s day /& on x4 ,s ,i %\ld say1 t ! fir/ requisite ( a foot/ool 0 /r5g?1 & ! second t x %\ld n be easily upset4 ,:5 design+ furniture1 j ask y\rself su* que/ions1 & y w f9d t y\r designs w be affect$ by !m4 ,n[ ,i believe t mo/ foot/ools are too high & too easily upset4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,fir/ foot /ool ,! fir/ design tri$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,! mat]ial us$ 0 #a_/b-;in* *e/nut4 ,aft] squ>+ up ! top1 ! two grooves 7 cut to receive ! upp] ends ( ! legs4 ,= grooves ( ?is "*1 aft] cutt+ ! l9es z deep z possible ) ! knife1 foll[$ by ! *isel1 ! r\t] may be us$4 ,! cutt] c be adju/$ by means ( ! set screw1 & a m uni=m dep? secur$ ?an ) ! *isel4 ,!re 0 consid]able "w on ! legs because ( ! mortise = ! %elf1 & ! two op5+s above4 ,^! 7 cut out close to ! l9e ) ! turn+ saw aft] a hole _h be5 bor$ 9 ea* space1 z 9 scroll saw "w4 ,! outl9e ( ! legs 0 obta9$ ) ! same tool1 & f9i%$ ) ! g\ge1 spoke%ave1 & s&-pap]4 ,:]e h>d wood1 su* z oak1 is us$1 ! wood file may be appli$ to curv$ edges4 ,to ov]come ! t5d5cy to spread1 ! legs 7 made rigid by cutt+ ! t5ons %[n on ! draw+ ( ! %elf4 ,9 ea* t5on 0 cut ! squ>e hole = ! w$ges4 ,?is %elf1 :5 securely w$g$1 b\nd ! :ole /ructure rigidly4 ,:5 ! "q ( secur+ ! legs to ! top came up1 ! boys 7 incl9$ to use r\nd-head blue screws f ! top1 b aft] consid]+ t !y w\ld be 9 end gra91 x look$ z if ?is w\ld be ! weake/ "p ( ! /ool4 ,! solution 0 an h]oic "o4 ,f\r angle irons 7 made out ( /rap iron tak5 f a pack+ case1 & cut ) a cold *isel into pieces #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,ea* _h two holes drill$ 9 x to receive ! screws1 & 0 !n b5t into %ape 9 an iron vise4 ,a monkey wr5* c be us$ z a vise = "w z light z ?is4 ,! screws us$ 7 #c_/h in* long1 "o fa/5$ 9 ! top1 ! o!r 9 ! leg1 = ea* ( ! f\r angle irons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,second design = foot/ool ,*e/nut has a v op5 gra91 & takes a /a9 v well4 ,our boys b\ght a small c ( pa/e fill]1 col\r$ x ) burnt umb]1 ?9n$ x ) turp5t9e to ! consi/5cy ( cream1 & put x on ) a bru%4 ,! surfaces 7 rubb$ d[n ) cotton wa/e1 & !n x 0 left ov] night1 to be ready = poli%+ 9 ! morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,?ird foot/ool design ,aft] ?is /ool 0 f9i%$1 ! boys look$ x ov] critically1 & decid$ t x c\ld be improv$ on1 t x 0 too high & n heavy en\gh4 ,foot/ool numb] two is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agd4 ,9 ?is design1 ! %elf is disp5s$ )1 & two /ret*]s or side pieces sub/itut$2 /ock #g_/h & #c_/d in* ?ick took ! place ( #a_/b in*4 ,! two ends 7 glu$ toge!r ) pap] betwe51 cut out z "o piece1 aft]w>d sep>at$1 & ! pap] & glue plan$ (f4 ,! curv$ outl9e 0 drawn on pap]1 trac$ on ! wood1 saw$ out ) turn+ saw1 & f9i%$ to l9e z 9 previ\s "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,f\r? foot/ool design ,! jo9t = fa/5+ ! side piece to ! legs is %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,x makes a /rong & rigid comb9ation1 call+ = a good fit4 ,9 putt+ on ! top piece1 angle irons c be us$1 b ! boys tri$ a new me?od4 ,aft] glu+ ! jo9t1 !y bor$ holes & c\nt]sunk !m ?r\gh ! sides1 =c+ flat-head screws #b-a_/d in*es long up into ! top4 ,be+ bel[ ! level ( ! eye1 ^! 7 invisible1 & !y sav$ ! "t & lab\r ( mak+ angle irons4 ,two screws on ea* side are en\gh to make a solid piece ( "w4 ,! mat]ial 0 qu>t]$ oak ) antique f9i%4 ,to produce ?is effect1 lampblack dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e 0 add$ to ! fill]1 & aft] dry+ 0 poli%$ to a dead flat f9i%4 7,see poli%+ *apt]47 ,design numb] ?ree is %[n 9 ,fig4 #age4 ,! legs run ! long way ( ! /ool2 jo9ts ! same z numb] two2 top fa/5$ by screws ?r\gh cross piece4 ,! height1 be+ mu* less ?an 9 ! fir/ designs1 gives x a v massive & sub/antial appe>ance4 ,all eight edges ( ! top h be5 slightly r\nd$ ) plane & s&-pap]4 ,?is /ool is non-upsetable 9 ! direction ( its l5g?4 ,/& on ! extreme end ( ! top & lean backw>d2 ! /ool w n tilt up 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,h>ry tri$ ?is sev]al times1 b x rema9$ on ! floor ) all f\r feet4 ,?is does n apply to ! wid?1 s ! boys design$ numb] f\r 7,fig4 #agf71 :i* w\ld n upset f ! side1 :]e ! feet are usually plac$4 ,x is ev5 l[] ?an numb] ?ree1 & z ! o!r dim5sions are practically ! same1 x appe>s ev5 m massive4 ,! con/ruction is simil> to numb] ?ree1 b ! legs are aga9 at ! ends1 & ! :ole be+ made ( oak1 or a%1 x is practically inde/ructible4 ,a v beautiful gold5-br[n f9i% may be giv5 ^! /ools by fir/ coat+ !m ) bi*romate ( pota%4 ,?is *emical comes 9 cry/als1 :i* readily dissolve 9 wat]4 ,put x on ) a "o-in* v>ni% bru% &1 :5 dry1 s&-pap] d[n flat ) ,no4 #j s&-pap]4 ,two or ?ree coats ( %ellac1 ea* all[$ to h>d5 & dry ?or\ghly be=e be+ rubb$ d[n ) s&-pap]1 w give a satisfactory poli%4 ,f9i% by a rub d[n ) raw l9se$ oil1 & wipe dry4 ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,tab\rette ,?is is a fav\rite problem 9 woodwork = boys1 because ! tab\rette c be put to _m uses4 ,x may hold books or magaz9es1 s]ve z a p$e/al = a j>d9ire1 = vases ( fl[]s1 = smok]s' sets1 etc4 ,its =ms are _m1 & ! me?ods ( f9i%+ & decorat+ inf9ite4 ,! five /yles %[n 9 ,figs4 #agg & #agh are p]haps ! mo/ common ones1 & !y are arrang$ accord+ to ! difficulty ( con/ruction4 ,no4 #a4 ,has a circul> top support$ by squ>e legs1 b\nd to a l[] %elf4 ,no #b4 ,has an octagonal top support$ by flat legs1 :i* are held toge!r by two /rips halv$ toge!r at ! c5tre1 & mortis$ ?r\gh ! legs4 ,x is /rong] ?an ,no4 #a4 ,no #c4 ,is ! famili> hexagonal =m1 ) only ?ree legs1 made rigid by fa/5+ to an hexagonal %elf4 ,no4 #d4 ,is ! /&>d squ>e =m 9 mission /yle1 mortis$ toge!r4 ,no #e4 ,"o ( ! simple/ 9 appe>ance1 is ! mo/ difficult to con/ruct1 because ( ! six long jo9ts mitr$ at #abj degrees1 ! well-kn[n ,moori% /yle4 ,z x is easily possible = any boy to make any ( ^! tab\rettes ) ord9>y tools & ord9>y pati5ce1 !y w be tak5 up 9 detail4 ,,tab\rette ,,numb] ,,"o ,/ock4--,f\r pieces = ! legs1 #a-a_/b in*es squ>e4 ,! height v>ies1 usually be+ betwe5 f\rte5 & eighte5 in*es4 ,x is purely a matt] ( proportion4 ,sixte5 has be5 adopt$ 9 ! draw+ z a good av]age4 ,! top1 a circle ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 is cut f a piece ?irte5 in*es squ>e & #g_/h in* ?ick4 ,! %elf may be an exact duplicate ( ! top1 b x appe>s mu* bett]1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 z a squ>e ) corn]s cut (f to fit aga9/ ! legs4 ,! me?od ( gett+ ?is =m is %[n by dott$ l9es on ! circul> top4 ,! me?od ( con/ruction is v simple4 ,! top piece be+ laid out1 is cut close to ! l9e ) turn+ saw1 & f9i%$ to l9e ) *isel & spoke%ave4 ,! squ>e op5+s = legs are saw$ out & ! wood remov$ ) a *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,?ree /yles ( tab\rettes ,all *isel "w %\ld be done on a b5* hook or on a piece ( scrap bo>d1 z a cutt+ block4 ,9 prep>+ to assemble1 lay ! f\r legs side by side on ! b5* top or fa/5 9 ! vise4 ,make sure !y are equal 9 l5g?4 ,f\r & a half in*es f "o end draw a p5cil l9e ) try squ>e across all f\r4 ,half an in* f ! o!r end draw a simil> l9e2 ?is end is to be ! top4 ,^! p5cil l9es are = locat+ ! holes = ! screws1 s t !y w all be on ! same level4 ,bore a hole on ea* l9e ) a bit or drill1 l>ge en\gh s t ! body ( a r\nd-head blue screw ei!r #b-a_/d or #b-a_/b in*es long w j slide ?r\gh4 ,be=e assembl+1 bevel or r\nd ! top ( ea* leg ab\t #a_/h in*4 ,fa/5 ! f\r legs to ! top ) ! screws1 slip ! %elf into position1 & make fa/ 9 ! same mann]4 ,/& ! tab\rette on a level surface1 & if x ne$s levell+1 proce$ z expla9$ 9 ! mak+ ( saw horse4 ,,tab\rette ,,numb] ,,two ,tab\rette numb] two may be modifi$ by design+ legs ) slight curves4 ,be=e cutt+ ^!1 lay out ! f\r mortises j z ! c5tres = screw holes 7 locat$ 9 previ\s model s t all f\r w be equally di/ant f ! floor4 ,cut out mortises by bor+ sev]al holes )9 ! space to be cut & f9i% to l9e ) *isel4 ,^! mortises %\ld be laid out on bo? sides ( ! leg by squ>+ l9es ar\nd ! f\r sides4 ,! top ne$s no description1 z x is j a pla9 octagon4 ,! pr9cipal "w 9 ?is model is on ! cross pieces4 ,!y %\ld be laid out c>efully1 side by side1 to make sure t ! di/ance across f %\ld] to %\ld] is exactly alike on bo?4 ,! t5on may h two %\ld]s1 z %[n at b1 or only "o1 z at a1 b 9 ei!r case ! mortises cut 9 ! legs mu/ exactly fit ! t5on4 ,! halv$ jo9t 9 ! c5tre mu/ also be c>efully fitt$4 ,:5 all ! p>ts are ready to assemble1 drill two holes ne> ! top ( ea* leg = ! r\nd-head screws4 ,ins]t all ! t5ons into _! mortises & fa/5 ! legs to ! top4 ,a little glue may be us$ 9 ! mortise & t5on jo9ts & "o brad %\ld !n be driv5 f ! side or edge ( ea* leg ?r\gh ! t5on4 ,s9k ! brad bel[ ! surface ) nail set4 ,,tab\rette ,,numb] ,,?ree ,see *apt] on me*anical draw+ = lay+ out hexagon4 ,?is =m w appe> crude unless ! legs are modifi$1 & two or ?ree sugge/ions = ?is are %[n4 ,! con/ruction consi/s 9 fa/5+ to ! "u side ( ! top piece a hexagon ( #g_/h-;in* p9e eight in*es 9 diamet]1 mak+ sides f\r in*es long4 ,e alt]nate side ( ?is "u piece %\ld be made ) a slop+ edge to con=m to ! slant ( ! legs1 ( :i* !re are only ?ree4 ,drill or bore f\r holes 9 ea* leg1 two #g_/af in* f ! upp] edge1 & two to hold ! hexagonal %elf4 ,! top edge ( ! legs %\ld be bevell$ ) a block plane to fit snugly aga9/ ! "u side ( ! top4 ,?ree sides ( ! %elf--e alt]nate "o--%\ld be bevell$ 9 ! same way to fit aga9/ ! inside ( ! legs4 ,:5 ready to assemble1 fa/5 p9e hexagon to ! "u side ( ! top ) six #a-a_/d-;in* screws4 ,atta* ! legs to ! ?ree slop+ edges ( ?is "u hexagon lightly ) r\nd-head screws4 ,leave ! screw heads project+ ab\t #a_/d in* until ! %elf has be5 fa/5$ 9 position1 !n drive !m home ) ! screw-driv]4 ,?is is "o ( ! simple/ ( tab\rettes to make1 b x is op5 to criticism4 ,! slop+ legs give x a wide base s t x is less easily upset ?an ! o!r =ms2 b ! pressure f above t5ds to spread !m & pull ! /ructure ap>t4 ,?is t5d5cy mu/ be c\nt]act$ by a tie piece1 :i* 9 ?is case is only a %elf held by screws1 "s ( :i* are 9 end gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,two /yles ( tab\rettes ,( c\rse any =m may be criticis$4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( all1 ! ,turki% or ,moori%1 on acc\nt ( its ov]hang+ top & small base1 is ! mo/ easily upset1 & 9 design+ new =ms all ^! po9ts mu/ be consid]$4 ,,tab\rette ,,numb] ,,f\r ,?is is an ideal example ( ! mission type tak5 f ,mr4 ,fr$ ,d4 ,cran%aw's book1 ,problems 9 ,furniture ,mak+4 ,x calls = =ty mortise & t5on jo9ts1 & z x is usually made 9 oak1 x requires consid]able "t = lay+ out z well z = cutt+4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( ^! jo9ts c be disp5s$ ) by panell+ ! sides 9 place ( ! lattice "w4 ,by h++ ! top & putt+ 9 a bottom1 ! tab\rette becomes a ladies' "w box1 a %oe box1 etc4 ,9 a project ( ?is k9d x is absolutely necess>y to "w sy/ematically4 ,lett] or numb] ea* "p4 ,m>k ! legs a b c d1 & proce$ to "w 9 pairs4 ,aft] squ>+ up all ! pieces1 take side a b4 ,lay out ! f\r jo9ts on a & b :i* are to face ea* o!r1 f9i% ^! ready = assembl+1 lay aside a1 & lay out b c1 etc4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ all f\r sides ar\nd to ! />t+ po9t1 /& ! f\r legs up 9 ! position !y are to occupy & *eck up ! "w to see if any mi/ake has be5 made4 ,treat ! cross b>s 9 ! same way1 m>k+ ! t5ons a#a1 a#b1 b#a1 b#b1 etc4 ,:5 y h gott5 ar\nd ! second "t1 assemble ! :ole ?+ & look aga9 = errors4 ,take ap>t & lay out mortises 9 cross pieces by pairs4 ,fa/5 #a & #b toge!r 9 ! vise ) ! edges :i* are to face ea* o!r up z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agg4 ,squ>e ! l9es across bo? pieces1 remove f vise & gauge ! horizontal edges ( mortises ) m>k+ gauge4 ,to avoid confusion & = *ange ( "w1 cut out ^! mortises be=e lay+ out ! next set1 & s = ! ?ird "t "w ar\nd to ! />t+ po9t4 ,a f\r? trip ar\nd1 mak+ & fitt+ ! upright slats1 & ! tab\rette is ready to assemble4 ,by us+ liquid glue1 :i* h>d5s sl[ly1 ! :ole /ructure c be put toge!r1 fa/5$ ) l>ge h& screws or clamps1 & left ov] night to dry4 ,:ile ! glue is sett+1 measure c>efully = ! top1 to see if !re is any v>iation f dim5sions on draw+1 & cut out ! top piece4 ,by ?is "t1 ! amateur woodwork] w h m respect = ! mission /yle ?an ev]1 & w appreciate ! difficulty ( rea*+ simplicity4 ,! be/ me?od ( secur+ ! top is ) small angle irons fa/5$ to x & cross pieces on ! inside4 ,inv]t ! tab\rette1 aft] screw+ ! angles to ! cross pieces1 & ) ! top on ! floor1 drive home ! la/ f\r screws4 ,no2 x is n f9i%$6 ,!re rema9s ! poli%+4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,tab\rette ,,numb] ,,five ,?is is s radically diff]5t 9 con/ruction f ! previ\s =ms t x requires special consid]ation4 ,twelve edges mu/ be plan$ to a #fj-;degree mitre ?r\gh\t _! entire l5g? & ! fit mu/ be p]fect4 ,to accompli% ?is1 fir/ cut out two hexagons f #a_/b-;in* p9e1 #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & exactly alike4 ,con/ruct a special %oot+ bo>d1 at lea/ ?ree in*es long] ?an ! legs4 ,plane a /rip ( :ite p9e to ! %ape ( a w$ge ^: angle is #cj degrees4 ,nail x to ! top ( %oot+ bo>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agh at a4 ,by lay+ ! piece to be mitr$ on ?is1 ! edge c be plan$ to #fj degrees4 ,lay ?is on ! two p9e hexagons z %[n at b1 & ) ! knife make a m>k at ! angle a on bo? ends4 ,connect ^! two po9ts by a %>p l9e drawn ) a /raight edge4 ,plane ?is edge on ! %oot+ bo>d to po9t a1 giv+ angle a c4 ,tack ?is leg by brads to ! two hexagons1 at ea* extreme end1 driv+ brads only p>tly 91 s t !y c be easily )drawn4 ,fit ! second leg to ! fir/1 & s on ar\nd to ! />t+ po9t4 ,numb] or lett] ! legs1 & ! correspond+ faces ( ! hexagons1 s t !y may be easily replac$4 ,next take (f ! legs1 lay out & cut ! op5+s ) ! usual tools4 ,^! may be pla9 ,go?ic ar*es or simple modifications4 ,:5 ! legs are f9i%$1 make ! hexagonal top & prep>e to assemble4 ,use ! be/ glue4 ,fa/5 ! fir/ leg 9 its orig9al position on ! p9e hexagons1 us+ #a-a_/d-;in* brads at ! top1 driv+ !m all ! way into ! orig9al holes4 ,put a coat+ ( glue on "o edge ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 & rub ! next leg up close into position4 ,! brads 9 ! l[] hexagon mu/ be driv5 9 only "p way1 z !y are to be remov$ aga94 ,put all six legs into position 9 ?is mann]4 ,to b9d ! legs toge!r :ile ! glue is dry+1 heavy cord %\ld be w\nd ar\nd !m1 us+ /rips ( wood to prev5t m>r+ ! angles4 ,let ! :ole /& ov] night4 ,next day1 plane (f any glue t may %[1 remov+ ! two brads at ! bottom1 dress+ d[n "o side at a "t until y h rea*$ ! la/ leg4 ,! p9e hexagon at ! bottom may be tak5 out1 if x doesn't fall out4 ,s&-pap] ! sides ) ,no4 #j s&-pap]1 wrapp$ ar\nd a block4 ,! top only rema9s to be adju/$4 ,drill six holes 9 ! p9e hexagon at ! top1 & pass six #c_/d or #g_/h in* screws ?r\gh f ! "u side into ! top piece by inv]t+1 ) top on ! floor4 ,!re is s mu* c>eful "w on ?is tab\rette t x is wor?y ( good mat]ial4 ,mahogany is v suitable1 ! light col\r$ bay wood be+ ! *eape/ v>iety2 b ( c\rse o!r woods w d4 ,9 case bay wood is us$1 x c be giv5 ! appe>ance ( old mahogany by fir/ coat+ x ) a wa% ( potassium bi*romate4 ,poli%4 ,,xxxv ,,! ,,dovetail ,,jo9t ,:ile mo/ mission furniture is put toge!r ) ! mortise & t5on jo9t1 cab9et "w calls = ! dovetail4 ,all ! skill & accuracy possible are ne$$ 9 dovetail+1 & :5 well put toge!r ) ?is /yle ( jo9]y1 a piece ( furniture %\ld la/ indef9itely4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi ,! mak+ ( jo9ts j = practice may n be v int]e/+1 b 9 ! case ( ! dovetail x is decid$ly advisable4 ,?is is :at ,ralph decid$ 9 ,h>ry's case1 & he 0 requir$ to make fir/ a s+le op5 jo9t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #agi4 ,! piece m>k$ a 0 laid out fir/1 aft] squ>+ up ! /ock1 & ! %ad$ portion remov$ ) back saw & *isel1 saw+ s close to ! oblique l9es t no *isell+ 0 requir$ on ^! two sides4 ,piece b 0 next fa/5$ upright 9 ! vise1 piece a be+ laid ov] b 9 a horizontal position1 & ! =m ( ! dovetail scrib$ ) a knife po9t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/ piece cut out 0 us$ z a template = lay+ out ! second4 ,! =m ( ! dovetail appe>$ 9 knife l9es on ! end ( piece b4 ,! lay+ out ( b 0 !n complet$ z %[n at d4 ,! d>k5$ portions 7 remov$ ) back saw & *isel1 & ! two p>ts c>efully fitt$ & glu$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj ,?is me?od ( lay+ out dovetails is mu* sur] ?an t ( lay+ out ea* piece sep>ately accord+ to ! dim5sions1 z any v>iation f ! figures is duplicat$ on ! second piece1 s t !y mu/ fit4 ,?is s+le dovetail 0 foll[$ by a box dovetail jo9t compris+ ?ree dovetails on "o piece1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,! me?od 0 ! same z be=e1 ! ?ree spaces be+ laid out1 saw$1 & *isell$4 ,aft] te/+ to see t ! bottoms ( ! cuts 7 squ>e1 piece f 0 laid out1 cut1 & fitt$4 ,sev5-eigh?s p9e is good = ?is practice "w1 b :ite wood gives bett] practice1 9 t x is h>d]1 & ! dovetails _c be =c$ toge!r )\t break+1 unless ! fit is good4 ,! h>d] ! /ock us$1 ( c\rse ! m true ?is is4 ,aft] successfully mak+ ^! two practice jo9ts1 ! boy 0 ready to try 8 skill at cab9et "w4 ,he began ) a toilet box 9 black walnut1 to be inlaid lat] & poli%$4 ,! ov]-all dim5sions 7 #aa #g #c-a_/b in*es1 ! height1 exclusive ( top & bottom pieces1 be+ ?ree in*es4 ,! bill ( mat]ial read3 #b pcs4 walnut #aa #c #a_/b #b pcs4 walnut #g #c #a_/b #b pcs4 walnut #aa #g #a_/b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,! dovetail jo9t us$ 9 box design ,! process 0 z foll[s3 ,sides squ>$ up & te/$4 ,ends squ>$ up & te/$4 ,sides & ends comp>$ to see if all 7 exactly ! same height4 ,dovetail jo9ts laid out on side pieces4 7,! two sides c be glu$ toge!r ) pap] betwe51 & cut at ! same "t1 b on ?is fir/ box ! boys laid out ea* side sep>ately47 ,jo9ts cut & *isell$ to l9e & lett]$ a b c d4 ,?is 0 to avoid confusion 9 lay+ out ! ends f ! sides4 ,ends laid out f sides ) knife4 ,ends cut & fitt$ to sides4 ,?is %ort description meant ! fitt+ ( f\r box dovetails1 or twelve individual dovetail jo9ts1 & x took consid]able "t4 ,! f\r pieces 7 glu$ & fa/5$ 9 h& screws ov] night4 ,p>ticul> c>e 0 tak5 to see t ! pressure 0 ev5ly di/ribut$1 s z n to ?r[ ! box out ( squ>e4 ,:ile ! glue 0 h>d5+1 ! top & bottom 7 squ>$ up half an in* %ort] & half an in* n>r[] ?an ! f9i%$ box 0 to be4 ,a qu>t]-in* rabbet 0 cut on ! f\r edges ( bo? top & bottom4 ,:5 ! box 0 tak5 out ( ! h& screws next day ! rabbet all[$ top & bottom to fit sides & ends z %[n 9 g 7,fig4 #aha74 ,!y 7 glu$ into position1 & aga9 plac$ 9 h& screws4 ,?is con/ruction left a qu>t]-in* rabbet all ar\nd ! top & bottom ( ! box4 ,?is space 0 to be fill$ ) squ>e pieces ( :ite holly z an ornam5tal feature4 ,:ile ! glue 0 h>d5+ a second "t1 ^! little squ>e /rips 7 prep>$4 ,! boys f\nd t x w\ld n be necess>y to squ>e up ! f\r sides1 = if "o corn] 7 made p]fectly squ>e1 ! o!r sides c\ld be plan$ (f aft] ! /rips 7 glu$ on4 ,:5 ! h& screws 7 remov$ aga91 all traces ( glue 9 ! rabbet 7 c>efully tak5 (f ) a %>p *isel4 ,! /rips ( holly 7 saw$ 9 ! mitre box1 & fitt$ ar\nd ! f\r sides ( top & bottom4 ,! con/ruction at ?is /age is %[n at h1 ) ! holly /rips project+ beyond ! walnut sides1 ends & top4 ,! /rips 7 fitt$ & glu$ 9 position1 & !n held 9 place dur+ ! dry+ process by w9d+ ! box 9 all directions ) /\t tw9e4 ,:5 ?or\ghly h>d & dry1 ! :ole ?+ 0 squ>$ up1 z if x 7 a solid block1 & scrap$ ) a /eel scrap]4 ,gauge l9es 7 !n made = ! cov]1 z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on toilet boxes1 saw$1 fitt$1 h+$1 & poli%$4 ,:5 a box l ?is is to be inlaid1 ! inlay+ %\ld be done aft] ! squ>+ up1 b be=e ! cov] is saw$ (f4 ,! me?od ( ornam5t+ ! edges by /rips ( diff]5t col\r$ woods may be omitt$1 & ! "w consid]ably simplifi$ by glu+ ! top & bottom on1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aha at i1 & if ?is seems too crude1 a bevel #a_/d in* on ! sides & ends & #a_/b in* on ! top c be made ) ! plane4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is to r\nd ! edges z %[n at j4 ,:]e ! top is to be inlaid1 ei!r j or k is pref]able1 z ornam5t$ corn]s comb9$ ) a decorat$ top is r too mu* ornam5tation = good ta/e4 ,,xxxvi ,,inlay+ ,9 our se>* = ! simple life ) its mission furniture1 etc41 inlay+ has become almo/ a lo/ art1 b x is s easily done1 & if us$ 9 mod]ation s pleas+ to ! eye1 t e boy ought to try x at lea/4 ,if simple designs are adh]$ to1 ! results are b\nd to be satisfactory4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are a few pieces ( v5e]+ ( diff]5t ?icknesses & two or m k9ds ( wood4 ,v5e]+ c be obta9$ f #a_/h in* ?ick d[n to #a_/fd in*1 b = ord9>y "w ! ?ickness %\ld be #a_/h in*1 #a_/af in*1 & #a_/cb in*1 & ! woods1 ebony1 holly1 walnut1 mahogany4 ,a good collection = simple designs is3 #a_/h-;in* ebony1 holly1 mahogany #a_/af-;in* holly1 rosewood1 walnut #a_/cb-;in* holly1 mahogany ,! tools requir$ are a mitre box1 back saw1 socket *isel1 & mallet4 ,! process consi/s ( build+ up ! design1 cutt+ out ! op5+1 glu+ ! design 9 ! op5+1 & dress+ d[n4 ,,build+ ,,up ,,! ,,design ,x pays to make a full-siz$ draw+ ( ! design1 z ! relation ( ! inlaid "w to ! space x is to occupy is important4 ,= a box proportion$ l ! "o j describ$1 #aa #g in*es1 ! inlaid design %\ld be 9 ab\t ! same g5]al proportion4 ,a squ>e c5tre piece 9 su* an oblong space w\ld n look well2 x %\ld be ab\t "o & a half times z long z ! wid?4 ,! be/ plan is to draw ! box top full size & !n c>efully "w up ! design4 ,?is sort ( design+ w be a new exp]i5ce1 z ! v5e]+ is all cut 9 a mitre box1 no tool b a saw be+ us$1 & ?is fact limits ! designs4 ,sev]al pieces ( ! v5e] are glu$ toge!r & plac$ 9 h& screws ov] night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,inlaid designs cut 9 a #de-;degree mitre box ,suppose ! comb9ation %[n at ,fig4 #ahb is us$4 ,five ?icknesses compos$ ( two #a_/af-;in* walnut1 next two ( #a_/af-;in* holly1 & 9 ! c5tre "o #a_/h-;in* ebony1 w make a /rong comb9ation #c_/h in* ?ick4 ,! dim5sions %\ld be ab\t #ah in*es long by #c in*es wide4 ,^! five pieces :5 glu$ toge!r make a solid piece #ah #c #c_/h in*es4 ,?is built up bo>d is saw$ into /rips #a_/h in* ?ick1 & ^! /rips #c_/h #a_/h in* =m ! basis ( ! design4 ,9 draw+ ! c5tre piece1 bord]1 or :atev] =m ! inlay is to take1 x mu/ be con/antly kept 9 m9d t #c_/h in* is ! wid? ( ! pieces4 ,fig4 #ahb %[s ! %apes possible on a #de-;degree mitre box4 ,f\r pieces l a make a squ>e4 ,to make an oblong design f ?is %ape1 t5 pieces w give b4 ,f\r pieces l d w give a holl[ squ>e1 9 :i* may be fitt$ a piece ( fancy wood su* z rosewood1 snake wood1 sat9wood1 or "s o!r ,s\? ,am]ican wood4 ,! ,greek cross is a fav\rite figure1 & x is compos$ ( twelve pieces1 eight l f1 & f\r l a4 ,"s ( its v>iations are %[n 9 c c4 ,?is design c be elaborat$ z %[n at e4 ,"s ( ! mo/ pleas+ comb9ations are extremely simple4 ,an oblong piece ( beautiful wood su* z bird's-eye maple1 ) a simple mitr$ frame1 is f> m satisfy+ ?an ! m complicat$ figures4 ,! ,swa/ika is a fav\rite among boys1 & x is %[n at ,fig4 #ahc appli$ to an oblong box design4 ,9 su* a figure ! bord] /rips are n put on until all ! pieces = ! ,swa/ika are cut out1 fitt$1 & glu$4 ,9 _m ( ^! designs two1 ?ree1 & sometimes f\r glu+s are necess>y4 ,! pieces1 hav+ be5 cut & fitt$1 are all br\ght toge!r on a piece ( pap] & glu$ ) liquid glue4 ,! hot glue dries too quickly4 ,! pap] hold+ ! design is laid on a piece ( p9e #g_/h in* ?ick1 & wire brads driv5 into ! p9e up close to ! inlay to hold ! design toge!r :ile x dries4 ,two nails %\ld be us$ aga9/ ea* piece ( ! outside bord]4 ,^! nails may be us$ to ex]t pressure by b5d+ !m ) ! f+]s ov] ! design to =ce ! pieces toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,! ,swa/ika us$ z an inlay ,:5 ea* piece has be5 press$ into place1 all[ x to /& ov] night4 ,next day b5d ! nails back1 & lift ! design1 pap] & all1 out ( its nail f5ce1 te> (f ! pap] & cut away any glue t projects beyond ! edges ) a knife or *isel4 ,y n[ h a solid inlaid design #a_/h in* ?ick ready = use4 ,f9d by measurem5t ! exact place :]e y want ?is figure1 lay x on ! surface & ) a %>p knife scribe a l9e ar\nd ! design4 ,place ! inlay to "o side1 & cut out to a dep? ( #a_/h in* ! :ole space inside ! knife l9es4 ,?is c be done ) socket *isel & mallet1 or ) a r\t]4 ,! f9al cut %\ld be made ) ! *isel1 bevel side 9 & /raight d[n4 ,y n[ h a space cut 9 ! surface ! exact size ( ! design1 except possibly ! dep?4 ,coat ! bottom ( ?is space ) glue1 press ! design d[n into ! space & hamm] x tight ) ! mallet & block ( s(t wood4 ,all[ ! glue to h>d5 ?or\ghly1 plane ! design d[n to ! surface1 scrape1 & s&-pap]4 ,?is is "o ( ! ?+s mu* m easily done ?an describ$ on pap]4 ,in/ead ( ! solid designs j describ$1 an inlaid bord] is sometimes pref]able4 ,fig4 #ahb at g gives a good idea ( a v neat "o4 ,9 ?is case1 ! groove to receive ! inlay is drawn directly on ! surface ( ! box1 & cut out to ! usual dep?1 #a_/h in*4 ,! pieces ( inlay are saw$ out 9 ! mitre box & fitt$ into ! groove individually1 b n glu$ until ! entire bord] has be5 fitt$4 ,!y are done all at "o "t1 & !n a piece ( bo>d is laid ov] ! :ole top1 & x is plac$ 9 h& screws ov] night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,built up bord]s = inlay+ ,! numb] ( comb9ations :i* c be obta9$ f ?ree or f\r v5e]s ( diff]5t ?icknesses is a/oni%+1 b p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ =m is call$ built up "w4 ,fig4 #ahd %[s sev]al =ms ( built up bord]s4 ,! me?od ( mak+ a is z foll[s3 ,ebony & holly #a_/h in* ?ick are requir$ & two sep>ate comb9ations are glu$ up1 "o conta9+ two pieces ( holly ) "o ebony1 & ! second two ( ebony ) "o holly4 ,:5 dry1 saw out ( ea* comb9ation a /rip an in* or an in* & a qu>t] wide4 ,f /rip ,no4 #a saw a doz5 or m pieces an in* or s long4 ,to make ^! pieces exactly alike1 drive a nail into ! bottom ( ! mitre box an in* f ! #ij-;degree saw cut4 ,by pu%+ ! /rip up to ?is nail ea* "t a cut is made ! pieces mu/ be ! same l5g?4 ,= comb9ation ,no4 #b1 %ift ! nail to #c_/h in* f ! saw cut1 & saw out an equal numb] ( pieces z f ,no4 #a4 ,by glu+ ^! pieces toge!r alt]nately1 bord] a w result4 ,x is necess>y on ^! built up comb9ations to add an outside reta9+ /rip ( ?9 v5e] to hold ! pieces rigidly toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,me?od ( mak+ an ,inlaid *eck]-bo>d ,:5 ! f9al glu+ has dri$1 ! usual #a_/h-;in* /rip %\ld be saw$ out4 ,?is is be/ done on a p[]1 b&1 or circul> saw1 b x c be done by h& if ! rip saw is good & %>p4 ,o!r built up comb9ations may be h&l$ 9 ! same way4 ,= squ>e spaces1 ! *eck]-bo>d is a great fav\rite4 ,x calls = a d>k & light v5e] ( #a_/h in* ?ickness4 ,glue up f\r light & f\r d>k pieces 9 alt]nation z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,:5 h>d1 saw out eight /rips z wide z ! v5e] is ?ick4 ,glue ^! eight /rips toge!r1 rev]s+ f\r ( !m1 s t ! black & :ite squ>es come toge!r4 ,! result w be a solid piece "o in* squ>e1 & by saw+ (f #a_/h-;in* slices1 ea* slice w be a *eck]-bo>d compos$ ( #a_/h-;in* cubes4 ,! v be/ glue obta9able is ne$$ = ?is "w1 especially if ! woods are ebony & holly1 z ^! are s h>d t ! glue _c p5etrate4 ,:5 a #cj-fj-ij-;degree mitre box is us$ to cut ! /rips1 an entirely diff]5t class ( designs is obta9$4 ,fig4 #ahf %[s "s ( ! endless possibilities ( ^! comb9ations4 ,!y are suitable = ! top & %elf ( an hexagonal tab\rette1 & ! oblong figures are suitable = ! top ( an oblong box or ! space betwe5 ! wells ( an ink/&4 ,"s ( ! simple/ yet mo/ effective =ms give ! impression ( ov]lapp+ %[n at a1 ,fig4 #ahc1 ?is be+ an oblong piece ( fancy wood ) a n>r[ mitr$ frame ar\nd ! f\r sides2 b b are pieces ( ! same k9d ( wood b diff]5t f a1 ) a n>r[ frame on ?ree sides2 a appe>s to be laid ov] b1 & c c1 /ill ano!r k9d ( wood1 bo? cut f ! same piece4 ,x looks m uni=m & h>moni\s if ! frames ( ! five pieces repres5t+ ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( wood are ! same4 ,x is important 9 *oos+ ^! bord]s to see t ! outside v5e] be 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! surface into :i* ! design is to be set4 ,a v simple c5tre piece may be made int]e/+ by surr\nd+ a pla9 oblong or rectangle ( r>e wood ) an int]lac$ bord]4 ,inlay+ ( curv$ designs means "s difficulty 9 accurately cutt+ out ! op5+ to fit ! design2 b ?is is ov]come by rev]t+ to ! anci5t art call$ m>quetry "w4 ,?ree or m v5e]s #a_/af in* ?ick are glu$ toge!r at ! corn]s & ! design drawn or glu$ on ! top lay]4 ,suppose ! figure is t ( a butt]fly4 ,assume t ! v5e]s are holly1 mahogany1 & rosewood4 ,) a f9e fret saw cut or saw directly on ! l9es4 ,! ?ree ?icknesses be+ saw$ at "o "t1 ! pieces mu/ exactly fit4 ,! rosewood may be us$ = ! out] edge ( ! w+s1 ! holly = ! ma9 "p ( ! w+s1 & ! mahogany = ! body4 ,z all ^! p>ts fit accurately1 !y may be glu$ to a #a_/d-;in* back+ piece & dri$ "u ! pressure ( h& screws4 ,fl[]s1 birds1 etc41 9 inf9ite v>iety1 & ev5 l&scapes1 c be cut out & us$ 9 ?is way4 ,v5e]s col\r$ gre5 are on ! m>ket & may be us$ = leaves or foliage effects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,designs cut on #cj-fj-ij-;degree mitre box ,a great deal might be writt5 ab\t ?is old /yle ( ornam5tal woodwork1 b x w\ld deal almo/ entirely ) que/ions ( design1 z ! me?od w\ld be practically ! same 9 e case4 ,"o =m ( ?is int]e/+ art is call$ buhl "w1 9 :i* %eet brass1 ,g]man silv]1 or ev5 ! preci\s metals are us$4 ,brass & ebony 7 a fav\rite comb9ation at "o "t1 ! two lay]s be+ glu$ toge!r ) pap] betwe54 ,! design 0 saw$ out1 & !n a %>p knife blade ins]t$ into ! jo9t to sep>ate ! brass f ! ebony4 ,t gave two di/9ct designs4 ,9 "o case x 0 a brass backgr\nd ) ebony inlay4 ,9 ! o!r1 an ebony backgr\nd ) brass inlay4 ,!re w always be z _m result+ comb9ations z !re are orig9al lay]s ( mat]ial4 ,a back+ ( *eap mat]ial is always necess>y to support ! f9i%$ "w to :i* x mu/ be securely glu$4 ,9 poli%+ ! f9i%$ surface1 a /eel scrap] mu/ fir/ be us$1 foll[$ by f9e s&-pap]2 !n poli%4 ,"s ( ! new] =ms ( decoration1 :ile lack+ ! ri*ness ( inlaid "w1 admit ( great] fre$om4 ,pyrography1 = example1 is closely ak9 to draw+1 & 9 ! h&s ( a c>eful work] may be made to produce v arti/ic effects4 ,l all arts1 x also has its limitations4 ,9 woods ( ! p9e family1 x w n d at all1 on acc\nt ( ! pit*y sap4 ,9 d>k-col\r$ or v h>d woods1 x is equally unsatisfactory1 s t x is us$ almo/ exclusively on basswood1 because ( ! :ite col\r1 s(tness1 ev5 gra91 & fre$om f pit*4 ,outfits = pyrography may be pur*as$ q reasonably4 ,!y consi/ ( a glass bottle conta9+ b5z9e2 ! vap\r f ?is is =c$ ?r\gh a rubb] tube by means ( a bulb held 9 ! left h& out to a plat9um po9t4 ,?is po9t is fir/ heat$ 9 ! flame ( an alcohol lamp suffici5tly to ignite ! b5z9e vap\r z x comes out ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! po9t4 ,:ile ! left h& keeps pump+ ! vap\r1 ! "r h& guides ! po9t along ! l9es ( ! design1 :i* has be5 drawn or trac$ on ! wood4 ,_m articles made & /amp$ ) designs are to be _h at ! art /ores2 b ! joy & satisfaction 9 a*ievem5t come f mak+ ! articles & orig9at+ ! designs4 ,basswood is v easily soil$ by h&l+ & a coat ( :ite %ellac %\ld be appli$ aft] ! burn+ is f9i%$4 ,sometimes /a9+ is us$ on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! design1 z = fl[]s or fruit1 & 9 t case ! /a9+ mu/ be done be=e ! %ellac is appli$4 ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,*eck]-,,bo>d ,a fav\rite project among "y woodwork]s is ! *eck]-bo>d4 ,:ile x is closely ak9 to inlay+1 ! me?od ( mak+ x to avoid unnecess>y lab\r is "h sugge/$4 ,z ! *eck]-bo>d consi/s ( sixty-f\r squ>es ( equal size & divid$ equally betwe5 two k9ds ( wood1 "o d>k & ! o!r light1 "s way mu/ be devis$ to insure _! be+ exactly alike to make ! bo>d a success4 ,consid]able c>e %\ld be us$ 9 ! selection ( ! woods1 = :ile !y mu/ pres5t a /rong contra/ 9 col\r1 !y %\ld be z ne>ly z possible ( ! same degree ( h>dness1 to make ! work+ uni=m4 ,if s(t woods are us$1 r$ gum & basswood make an agreeable contra/ 9 col\r4 ,basswood is n a v satisfactory wood to poli% 9 its natural col\r1 h[ev]4 ,among ! h>d woods1 a comb9ation ( black walnut & rock maple1 or mahogany & maple1 or ev5 *]ry & maple1 c be us$4 ,any "o ( ^! comb9ations w be m satisfactory 9 ! f9i%$ "w ?an ! s(t woods m5tion$4 ,! "w w be h>d] ( c\rse1 b 9 woodwork z 9 o!r ?+s1 no?+ really good is obta9$ )\t ef=t4 ,assum+ t ! woods h be5 select$1 f\r /rips ( d>k & ! same numb] 9 light col\r$ wood %\ld be squ>$ up to a wid? ( #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b in*es accord+ to ! size ( ! squ>es to be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,me?od ( mak+ a *eck]-bo>d ,z 9 o!r woodwork+ problems1 h a full-siz$ or half-siz$ me*anical draw+ ready be=e us+ a tool4 ,a *eck]-bo>d built up ( #a-a_/d-;in* squ>es w be t5 in*es squ>e )\t ! frame4 7,see ,fig4 #ahg47 ,) #a-a_/b-;in* squ>es1 x w be twelve in*es on ea* side4 ,?is is amply l>ge & a satisfactory work+ size4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be ei!r #a_/d in* or #c_/h in* ?ick4 ,plane ! /rips ab\t sixte5 in*es long by "o in* & a half wide4 ,lay ! f\r /rips ( d>k wood on edge on ! b5* top & c>efully fa/5 ! f\r 9 ! vise4 ,remove a light %av+ to insure _! wid? be+ all alike4 ,treat ! light /rips ! same way4 ,next place all eight /rips toge!r & exam9e = inequalities4 ,too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ at ?is po9t1 z ! success ( ! problem dep5ds on x4 ,to make d\bly sure1 rev]se e alt]nate /rip end = end1 & if inequalities appe> place all eight /rips 9 ! vise & remove a light %av+4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods = mak+ ^! /rips ( equal size & ) p]fectly squ>e edges is to con/ruct a %oot+ bo>d1 or arrange "o already made1 z %[n at a4 ,! /rip s is set to a gauge l9e made #a-a_/b in*es f ! edge4 ,! /rips are laid 9 ?is space & plan$ 9 ! usual way1 until ! plane t\*es ! /op4 ,?is makes ! wid? ( all pieces ! same & gives true edges4 ,^! eight /rips plac$ alt]nately light & d>k are n[ glu$ ^u a back+ ( s(t wood1 #a_/d in* or less 9 ?ickness4 ,glu+ mu/ be done ?or\ghly1 ea* /rip be+ rubb$ back & =? until a good jo9t is made ) its neighb\r4 ,a piece ( newspap] is spread ov] ! top1 heavy pieces ( flat /ock plac$ top & bottom1 & ! pressure f sev]al h& screws appli$ :ile ! glue is dry+4 ,! be/ liquid glue obta9able %\ld be us$1 & ! pap] on top prev5ts ! h& screws be+ glu$ to ! wood4 ,?is comb9ation mu/ /& until ! glue is ?or\ghly h>d1 if x takes =ty-eight h\rs1 :i* x does sometimes 9 damp wea!r4 ,:5 dry1 remove h& screws & te> (f pap]4 ,squ>e outside edges if back+ projects or glue adh]es4 ,) a l>ge try squ>e or /eel squ>e lay out p>allel l9es across ! comb9ation #a-c_/d in*es ap>t4 ,saw on ! l9es ) cross cut saw1 unless a mill is h&y1 :5 x c be done m accurately ) a circul> or b& saw4 ,! new /rips w be #a-c_/d in*es wide1 less ! am\nt remov$ by ! saw4 ,dress !m d[n to a wid? ( #a-a_/b in*es on ! %oot+ bo>d4 ,?is %\ld br+ ! eight pieces on ea* /rip to squ>es #a-a_/b in*es on a side4 ,eight ( ^! /rips make ! *eck]-bo>d4 ,! orig9al pieces1 be+ sixte5 in*es long1 all[ = two or ?ree extra /rips 9 case any are spoil$ 9 saw+ or plan+4 ,^! f9i%$ /rips are n[ to be glu$ toge!r on ! p]man5t back+1 :i* %\ld be #a_/d or #c_/h in* 9 ?ickness1 ( ! same mat]ial z ! frame is to be & ab\t eight in*es ea* way long] & wid] ?an ! *eck]-bo>d prop]4 ,?is %\ld be plac$ c>efully 9 ! c5tre ( ! back+1 jo9ts rubb$ & fa/5$ by cleats #a #a_/b in* tack$ to ! back+ on all f\r sides4 ,:ile ?is is dry+ "u pressure ( ! h& screws z 9 ! fir/ glu+1 squ>e up ! m\ld+ :i* is to act z a frame3 d %[s two /yles4 ,9 bo? m\ld+s1 a rabbet #a_/b in* or s wide & #a_/h in* deep %\ld be made ) rabbet plane4 ,! out] edges may be squ>e1 r\nd$1 or bevell$4 ,:5 ! *eck]-bo>d is remov$ f its f9al glu+1 ?is m\ld+ is to be mitr$ & fitt$ ab\t x z 9 mak+ a picture frame4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 remove all glue f edges ) a *isel s t ! frame w fit snugly to ! *eck]-bo>d4 ,! frame is to be glu$ to bo? back+ & *eck]-bo>d & aga9 plac$ 9 h& screws4 ,:ile ?is is dry+1 an inlaid bord] /rip z wide z ! rabbet1 ei!r pla9 or built up1 %\ld be prep>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,*eck]-bo>d tables ,?is /rip1 z well z ! rabbet1 may be omitt$ entirely1 b %\ld ! frame be ( ! same mat]ial z "o ( ! woods us$ 9 ! *eck]-bo>d x is necess>y1 & 9 any case x adds a f9i% to ! "w t is v pleas+4 ,inlaid designs may be set into ! frame & a v elaborate result obta9$1 if desir$4 ,aft] ?is la/ glu+1 set 9 ! inlay1 & :5 dry1 plane1 scrape1 & s&-pap] ! :ole surface flat1 & squ>e ! edges ( ! frame4 ,?is makes a v sub/antial & heavy bo>d1 wor?y ( any woodwork] & wor?y ( be+ us$ z a table top4 ,su* a table may be con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,x calls = mortise & t5on jo9ts cut at an angle1 & if ?is /yle ( "w is consid]$ too difficult v]tical legs c be us$4 ,?is "u /ructure %\ld be ( ! same k9d ( wood z ! frame ( ! *eck]-bo>d1 & if oak is us$ ! /a9 %\ld be appli$ be=e plac+ ! inlaid bord]4 ,bay wood is pref]able to oak = inlay+ b is m exp5sive4 ,on a small table ( ?is size1 :]e v]tical legs are us$1 ! base is s small t ! /ructure is top-heavy & easily upset1 s t ! problem becomes a v int]e/+ /udy 9 design4 ,:5 ! entire table has be5 put toge!r1 poli% x4 ,if mahogany1 f9i% 9 natural col\r2 if oak1 any ( ! /yles describ$ 9 ! *apt] on /a9+ may be us$1 ) c>e tak5 to keep ! *eck]-bo>d itself 9 ! natural col\rs4 ,,xxxviii ,,tool ,,cases ,,& ,,*e/s ,aft] our boys _h made sev]al dovetail$ & inlaid boxes1 ,ralph ann\nc$ t 8 pupil 0 ready to attack ! con/ruction ( a tool cab9et4 ,x 0 to be fa/5$ to ! wall ov] ! b5*1 design$ to hold mo/ ( ! small tools1 & to be 9 su* a position t x c\ld be rea*$ f ! front ( ! b5*4 ,! cab9et design$ 0 really a dovetail$ box #cj #bj #f in*es ov] all4 ,x 0 made ( #a_/b-;in* qu>t]$ oak except ! back1 :i* 0 #a_/b-;in* p9e4 ,! bill ( mat]ial 03 #a piece p9e #cj #bj #a_/b #a piece oak #cj #bj #a_/b #b pieces oak #bj #e-a_/b #b pieces oak #cj #e-a_/b ,! front & back1 ea* #cj x #bj in*es1 7 made ( two pieces #cj x #aj in*es1 jo9t$ & glu$1 plac$ 9 clamps ov] night & ! jo9ts plan$ d[n to take (f ! excess glue :i* _h ooz$ out "u pressure ( ! clamps4 ,:ile ^! two p>ts 7 glu+1 ! sides & ends 7 dovetail$ z 9 previ\s boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,a tool cab9et ,:5 ! front & back pieces 7 glu$ 9 place on ! box1 !y 7 fur!r fa/5$ by #a-;in* brads1 set bel[ ! surface1 & ! holes fill$ ) putty1 col\r$ to correspond ) ! /a94 ,! col\r ( ! f9i% 0 a d>k1 h&some gre54 ,! box 0 saw$ 9 two along a l9e #b-a_/b in*es f ! front4 ,?is divid$ ! cab9et into two p>ts1 ! door or front section hav+ a cle> dep? ( #b in*es1 & ! back or wall section a dep? ( #c in*es4 ,aft] h++ ! door section 9 position1 ! cab9et 0 /a9$ inside & out1 ! outside poli%$ & a hook = fa/5+ ! door %ut 0 plac$ 9 position4 ,! cab9et 0 fa/5$ to ! /udd+ ( ! %op by f\r /rong screws #a-a_/b in*es long4 ,! v>i\s nails1 hooks1 & tool racks 7 next add$ & ! cab9et 0 ready to use4 ,pat5t racks = hold+ *isels1 g\ges1 etc41 are sold 9 h>dw>e /ores1 b our boys pref]r$ to make _! own4 ,_! *isel rack is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,aft] squ>+ up & cutt+ out ! recesses at ! ends1 holes 7 bor$1 ! op5+ f ! front cut ) back saw1 & ! %>p edges r\nd$ ) *isel & s&-pap]4 ,holes = ! screws at ! ends 7 bor$ & c\nt]sunk4 ,9 locat+ a tool cab9et ( ?is k9d1 :ile x %\ld be v easily rea*$1 & is usually op5 dur+ "w h\rs1 x %\ld be plac$ high en\gh s z to be easily op5$ or clos$ )\t /rik+ tools & "w on ! b5*4 ,9 o!r words1 x %\ld n be necess>y to cle> ! b5* top 9 ord] to op5 ! cab9et4 ,ab\t #f in*es betwe5 "u side ( tool cab9et & b5* top is ab\t "r4 ,an old-fa%ion$ tool *e/1 suitable = %ipp+ a :ole kit ( tools any di/ance1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij4 ,^! *e/s 7 usually fitt$ ) trays divid$ into comp>tm5ts = small tools & h>dw>e4 ,su* a *e/ may be made ( ei!r h>d or s(t wood & its con/ruction is z foll[s3 ,aft] mak+ out a li/ ( mat]ial1 squ>e up sides & ends exactly z 9 mak+ any box4 ,lay out1 cut & fit ! dovetails4 ,! bottom1 on acc\nt ( its wid?1 w h to be made ( two pieces4 ,^! may be jo9t$1 glu$ & plac$ 9 clamps or put toge!r ) a tongue & groove jo9t4 ,! latt] plan calls = a special plane4 ,hav+ prep>$ ! bottom by ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 bore & c\nt]s9k holes ab\t #f in*es ap>t 9 ! bottom & secure rigidly to sides & ends by #a-a_/b or #a-c_/d in* flat-head screws4 ,= ! top1 make a frame f #e_/h to #c_/d in* ?ick & #c or #d in*es wide1 putt+ ! ends toge!r ) end lap or mortise & t5on jo9ts4 ,secure ?is frame to top ( box by screws4 ,^! may be r\nd-heads1 or if x is desirable to hide !m1 ! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij c be us$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by bor+ a #c_/af-;in* hole ?r\gh ! top frame4 ,at ! same c5tre a #a_/b-;in* hole is bor$ p>tly ?r\gh4 ,! screw is driv5 home & a r\nd wood5 plug glu$ into ! #a_/b-;in* hole4 ,:5 dry1 ?is plug is saw$ (f & plan$ smoo?4 ,! top frame hav+ be5 secur$1 two gauge l9es are made = saw+ ! cov]1 z 9 previ\s boxes1 & ! two p>ts dress$ to gauge l9es1 ready = h++4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,! old-fa%ion$ tool *e/ ,be=e putt+ on ! h+es1 ! top is to be f9i%$ ) a rais$ panel4 ,squ>e up a piece ( /ock two in*es long] & wid] ?an ! op5 space 9 ! top frame4 ,r\nd upp] edges1 & secure to frame by flat-head screws f ! "u side ?r\gh holes bor$ & c\nt]sunk4 ,next put on h+es1 :i* %\ld be l>ge & /rong1 ! v>iety kn[n z /rap h+es4 ,cut out space = lock1 & fit4 ,! holes = key are bor$ ) a gimlet bit & cut out en\gh to all[ ! key to ent] freely2 or hasp1 /aple & padlock may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,suit case tool *e/ ,! bevell$ base is mitr$ at corn]s1 & brass corn] plates to protect ^! l[] corn]s are add$4 ,! /rip at ! top correspond+ to ! base may be mitr$ & protect$ ) corn] plates1 or ! ord9>y butt jo9t c be us$4 ,! bevel on ?is /rip may be omitt$4 ,a *e/ ( ?is v>iety1 made ( p9e & pa9t$1 w /& a great deal ( r\gh usage4 ,iron or brass h&les at ! ends are recomm5d$ = conv5i5ce 9 c>ry+4 ,our boys 7 n satisfi$ ) ?is =m ( tool *e/1 z x requir$ two p to c>ry x1 & aft] "s exp]im5t+ !y evolv$ "o 9 ! =m ( a dress suit case1 long1 n>r[1 & high1 t c\ld be easily c>ri$4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aia4 ,!y fir/ made a solid box #cj #ae #g in*es ov] all4 ,x 0 put toge!r ) butt jo9ts securely nail$1 us+ #a_/b-;in* :ite wood4 ,"o qu>t] ( ! box 0 saw$ out1 z %[n on ! end view1 & h+$ to ! body by ornam5tal brass h+es4 ,?is qu>t] 0 fitt$ = two saws by mak+ two blocks z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! rip & cross cut saws 7 fitt$ into ! saw k]fs cut 9 ^! two blocks1 plac$ securely 9 ! cov]1 & 7 held 9 place by a small piece ( lea!r /rap tak5 f a s*ool book /rap & nail$ to inside ( cov]4 ,a tray = small tools 0 made ( #a_/d-;in* /ock ! full l5g? & wid? ( ! inside ( ! *e/ #a-a_/b in*es deep & made to re/ flu% ) ! top ( l[] section on little corn] /rips glu$ 9 ! f\r corn]s4 ,= h&le1 two pieces ( lea!r /rap 7 secur$1 "o to ea* top section1 by screws4 ,:5 ! box 0 clos$1 ^! two /raps came toge!r & made a good h&le4 ,! objection to a solid h&le is t x mu/ be entirely on "o section & t takes x out ( ! c5tre1 s t ! weight is n ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory /yles ( tool c>ri] devis$4 ,x w hold practically ! :ole kit & may be pick$ up l a dress suit case & transport$ j z readily4 ,a hook & eye or hasp1 /aple & padlock %\ld be us$ to hold ! case securely clos$4 ,= c>ry+ bits ( v>i\s k9ds & sizes1 a roll ( tick+ or d5im divid$ into sep>ate spaces is v desirable4 ,^! rolls ) /raps are sold 9 tool h\ses1 b may be made at home by ! sew+ dep>tm5t4 ,besides protect+ ! cutt+ edges1 !y help to keep out dampness & ru/4 ,,xxxix ,,bookcases ,,& ,,magaz9e ,,racks ,,! ,,wall ,,rack ,9 ! mod]n home1 ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( books & magaz9es calls = ample %elf space & ! book %elf becomes a fav\rite piece ( furniture among amateur woodwork]s4 ,! book rack = ! books ( ! day has be5 tak5 up 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,! book %elf = hang+ on ! wall is block$ out 9 ,fig4 #aib4 ,! que/ions to be consid]$ 9 ! design are3 ,no4 #a4 ,me?ods ( fa/5+ %elves to ends4 ,no4 #b4 ,! design ( ! ends4 ,no4 #c4 ,! back3 is x necess>y1 & if s %all x be solid8 ,outl9e ( back4 ,no4 #d4 ,me?od ( fa/5+ to wall4 ,no4 #a4 ,! me?od ( br++ %elves & ends toge!r ) pla9 butt jo9t & fa/5+ ) a r\nd-head screw f ! outside is ! easie/ & poore/4 ,! :ole weight on ! %elves is c>ri$ by ! screws4 ,?is me?od is %[n at a4 ,at b1 a bett] me?od is indicat$1 ! %elf be+ ga9$ into ! end & held 9 position by ! screws4 ,! weight 9 ?is case is c>ri$ by ! ends4 ,to hide ! jo9t1 ! %elf may be slightly n>r[] ?an ! end piece z %[n 9 ! top view at c1 or ! two p>ts may be ( ! same wid? z at d1 ! ga9$ jo9t /opp+ half an in* or s %ort ( ! full wid?4 ,^! details apply to bookcases t /& on ! floor z well z to small] ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,! problem ( design+ a wall book rack ,no4 #b4 ,! design ( ! ends is l>gely a matt] ( arti/ic ta/e1 & :]e curves are us$1 ! l[] "p is usually =m$ 9 su* a way z to sugge/ a bracket4 ,no4 #c4 ,a back is only necess>y to give ! rack rigidity & to protect ! wall4 ,if made solid--i4 e41 to cov] ! :ole space betwe5 ends--x uses a good deal ( wood & adds consid]able weight4 ,e %[s a me?od ( us+ only top & bottom /rips4 ,!y w make ! rack suffici5tly rigid & ! /rip %\ld be ga9$ into ! ends1 br++ !m flu% ) ! back ( end pieces4 ,no4 #d4 ,f9d ! location ( wall /uds by dropp+ a l9e ) weight on x 7plumb7 f ! nails on picture m\ld+1 or by br++ ! weight 9 front ( nails on base bo>d4 ,make f9e p5cil m>ks on ! wall :]e ! /uds h be5 locat$4 ,f9d ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 ! m>ks & at ?is di/ance drill holes 9 back ( book rack & secure to ! /uds by screws4 ,?is br+s all ! /ra9 on ! back /rips4 ,if ! rack has no back1 squ>e up two h>d wood /rips ab\t #c_/d in* squ>e & z long z ! %elves4 ,drill screw holes 9 ^! /rips & fa/5 to /uds4 ,drill v]tical holes at ! back ( ea* %elf #c_/h in* 9 f edge1 fit ! %elves ov] cleats & screw d[n into !m f upp] side ( %elves4 ,! cleats %\ld be f9i%$ 9 ! same col\r z ! book rack4 ,?is me?od makes a v solid & p]man5t fa/5+4 ,! l5g? ( a wall rack %\ld be limit$ ord9>ily to ?ree feet1 z ! weight ( ?ree feet ( books w give consid]able sag to ! %elves1 & a great] l5g? w call = a v]tical p>tition & correspond+ bracket und]nea? = its support4 ,,! ,,bookcase ,?is piece ( furniture is se5 9 s _m =ms t a volume w\ld be necess>y simply to catalogue !m4 ,! ess5tial features are /rong ends or sides1 usually a solid back1 a base1 %elves1 (t5 adju/able z to spac+1 a top m or less ornam5tal1 & (t5 glass doors4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! con/ruction is /r5g?4 ,a wobbly bookcase is an abom9ation1 & ! weight to be c>ri$ is frequ5tly enorm\s4 ,a typical case )\t doors w be tak5 up & ?is may be modifi$1 us$ z a unit & d\bl$ or trebl$ at ! w ( ! "y c>p5t]4 7,fig4 #aic47 ,if x is made to occupy a c]ta9 space 9 a p]man5t home1 x may be built 9 & made solid ) ! wall1 b ?is is n (t5 desirable1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica1 :]e p move frequ5tly4 ,z a g5]al rule1 two small bookcases are bett] ?an "o l>ge "o4 ,!y may be easily %ift$1 *ang$ f room to room1 & are m apt to fit betwe5 w9d[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,! bookcase ,! uprights #d feet #d in*es long1 #h in*es wide & #g_/h in* ?ick1 are rabbet$ at ! back s t ! jo9t w n %[ f ! side4 ,! back is to be ( #a_/b-;in* :ite wood /a9$ ! same col\r z ! sides4 ,! "u top piece & bottom are ga9$ into ! sides1 bo? jo9ts be+ hidd5 by ! lat] con/ruction4 ,! #c-;in* bevell$ base is mitr$ at ! corn]s & cut (f squ>e at ! back1 cov]+ only ?ree sides1 z ! back is to be flu% f top to bottom4 ,! top is to h a m\ld$ edge on ?ree sides1 & to be fa/5$ to "u top piece by flat-head screws f ! "u side ?r\gh c\nt]sunk holes4 ,! f\r solid %elves are made adju/able 9 _! spac+ by ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( sawtoo!d /rips 9 ea* corn]4 ,/rips #g_/h #a_/b in* are made to fit 9 ! too!d spaces1 & ! %elves re/ on ^! /rips1 ( :i* two mu/ be provid$ = ea* %elf4 ,! f\r too!d /rips %\ld be laid out & cut toge!r to insure ! %elves be+ level4 ,! dim5sions = all ^! pieces are giv5 9 ! detail$ draw+s4 ,! front edges are cov]$ by #a_/b-;in* /rips1 bead$ if desir$1 mitr$ at ! top & cut to fit ! bevell$ base bel[4 ,nail$ on ) brads1 ^! are set & ! holes fill$ ) putty1 col\r$ to mat* ! f9i%4 ,9 ! mission /yle1 ! %elves are frequ5tly mortis$ ?r\gh ! sides & secur$ by p9s or w$ges4 ,9 ?is type ( bookcase1 a solid back is r>ely us$1 & base & top are omitt$4 ,9 a design ( ?is k9d1 ! top %elf becomes a book rack ) ornam5tal ends4 ,(t5 only ! upp] & l[] %elves are mortis$1 ! o!rs be+ ga9$ into ! sides z describ$ "u wall racks4 ,! l[] "p ( ! side is frequ5tly modifi$ to give a wid] base & to make ! case m /able4 ,"o objection to ?is is ! am\nt ( mat]ial wa/$ 9 cutt+ out1 z ! /ock = ! sides mu/ be ! full wid? ( ! base4 ,,xl ,,! ,,m$ic9e ,,cab9et ,! wall cab9et = drugs & toilet articles1 :]e ! v>i\s h\sehold rem$ies may be f\nd quickly1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aid4 ,x calls = a panell$ door1 ! con/ruction & details ( :i* are giv5 9 ! draw+4 ,aft] squ>+ up ! f\r pieces = /yles & rails1 pl\gh a #a_/d-;in* groove #c_/h ( an in* deep on ! inn] edge ( all ! pieces4 ,?is groove is to receive ! panel :i* is plan$ d[n to fit4 ,! two uprights are to be mortis$ at ea* end1 z %[n by dott$ l9es & edge view4 ,! t5ons on ! ends ( ! rails are cut ) a %\ld]4 ,?is closes ! space made by ! pl\gh on ! uprights1 z %[n 9 ! top view4 ,! panel is squ>$ up #c_/d in* l>g] ea* way ?an ! op5 space betwe5 rails & /yles & a long bevel is plan$ on ea* ( ! f\r sides1 leav+ ! ?ickness ( ! edges j great en\gh to fit ! bottom ( ! grooves ( rails & /yles4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ a panel is to use ?9 wood :i* w j fit ! grooves1 & to fill ! jo9ts ) a simple m\ld+ mitr$ at ! corn]s4 ,! rais$ panel is n difficult to make1 h[ev]1 & !re is little diff]5ce 9 ! "t consum$ by ! two me?ods4 ,:5 ! five p>ts are ready = assembl+1 ! mortise jo9ts are glu$1 ! panel slipp$ into place & left free to %r9k 9 ! grooves4 ,! door is plac$ 9 h& screws or clamps ov] night4 ,z x is to fit a def9ite space1 always make a door slightly l>g] ?an its f9i%$ dim5sions1 to all[ = plan+ (f & fitt+4 ,:ile x is dry+1 proce$ ) ! build+ ( ! cab9et4 ,! back inn] edges ( ! sides are to be rabbet$ to receive ! back1 :i* may be made ( #a_/d or #c_/h in* :ite wood4 ,mat]ial = ! cab9et prop] may be any h>d wood1 or ev5 :ite wood4 ,! %elves may be #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,heavi] mat]ial is n necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! %ort span4 ,!y are to be ga9$ into ! sides to ! dep? ( #c_/h or #a_/b in*4 ,! spac+ ( ! %elves %\ld be adapt$ to ! sizes ( bottles to be accommodat$1 & ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! draw+ are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,! ov]hang+ top may be made ei!r ) m\ld$ edges on front & sides or be left squ>e4 ,x is secur$ by screws f ! "u side ( ! false top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,! m$ic9e cab9et ,! sides are %[n modifi$ at ! bottom to give a pleas+ effect1 & ! back piece may ei!r be br\ght d[n & cut to a curv$ outl9e1 z indicat$ 9 ! draw+1 or /opp$ at ! fir/ %elf4 ,9 assembl+1 fir/ put ! false top 9 place & nail x to ! sides2 next put ! top on ) screws1 slip ! %elves into _! respective grooves1 & glue4 ,put on ! back1 nail+ securely to sides & %elves4 ,to make ! cab9et m rigid1 drive #a-;in* brads into ! %elves f ! outside set & fill ! holes4 ,la/ ( all1 fit ! door1 & fa/5 x ) h+es & a cat*4 ,a lock may be us$1 b t is h>dly advisable1 z 9 case ( an em]g5cy ! key may be lo/ at ! critical mom5t4 ,/a9 & poli%4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ is by screws ?r\gh ! back into ! wall /uds4 ,cab9ets = v>i\s purposes c be design$ along ! l9es j describ$1 b 9 ea* case ! me?od ( con/ruction is simil>4 ,a /rong] cab9et w\ld result if ! top & bottom %elves 7 mortis$ ?r\gh ! sides 9 ! mission /yle4 ,! only objection to ?is is t if ! horizontal space be limit$1 ! project+ t5on may be 9 ! way4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,a fil+ cab9et ,! fil+ cab9et = pap]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #aie is ( radically diff]5t con/ruction4 ,z x is design$ to /& on a desk1 or indep5d5t %elf1 ! base may be v simple or omitt$ entirely1 z 9 ! draw+4 ,x is divid$ into twelve comp>tm5ts1 ) a cle> space 9 ea* ( #ab-a_/b #e-a_/b #c-a_/b in*es1 ^! be+ ! outside dim5sions ( ! draw]s4 ,x is important 9 build+ up ^! comp>tm5ts to use lumb] t is well season$ & free f w>p4 ,ga9 ! %elves into outside uprights1 /opp+ ! groove half an in* f ! front4 ,be=e slid+ ! %elves into ! grooves1 lay out on ! f\r pieces ! grooves = ! ?ree v]tical p>titions4 ,x w be mu* easi] to cut ^! grooves cle> ?r\gh f front to back1 b a bett] appe>ance f ! front c be obta9$ by /opp+ ! grooves half an in* back1 z on ! sides4 ,ea* v]tical p>tition w !n consi/ ( ?ree sep>ate pieces slipp$ 9 f ! back4 ,a cross section ( ! cab9et w appe>1 z a4 ,! qu>t]-in* back is to be ga9$ into ! sides z %[n 9 ! top view4 ,! con/ruction ( ! draw] is %[n at c1 ! sides be+ cut away t[>d ! back4 ,o!rwise ! draw] is simply an op5 box made ( #c_/h-;in* p9e or :ite wood1 ) #a_/d-;in* bottom put toge!r ) brads4 ,! false front1 made ( ! same mat]ial z top & sides1 gives a suitable f9i%1 & practically cov]s all jo9ts2 x is secur$ by flat-head screws f ! inside4 ,9 assembl+ ! draw]1 x %\ld be made ab\t #a_/af in* small] ?an ! comp>tm5t x is to fit1 to prev5t b9d+ 9 damp wea!r4 ,bay wood1 a light-col\r$ mahogany1 is v appropriate = ?is piece ( (fice furniture1 ! edges ( p>titions be+ /a9$ to mat*4 ,a brass draw]-pull1 ) a space left = a pr9t$ label1 is to be put on aft] ! poli%+ is done4 ,fil+ cab9ets made by ?is me?od may1 ( c\rse1 be made ) draw]s ( diff]5t proportions & ) any numb] ( comp>tm5ts1 b ?is size is design$ to hold long envelopes1 lett]s1 bills1 etc4 ,,xli ,,mission ,,furniture ,! libr>y table 7,fig4 #aif7 is a good example ( solid & p]man5t furniture con/ruction4 ,x repres5ts ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! mission /yle--solidity1 /r5g?1 simplicity1 /raight l9es1 mortise & t5on jo9ts1 etc4 ,to a boy :o has work$ c>efully up to ?is po9t x is entirely possible4 ,z ! top is ! only "p to be glu$ up1 ?is %\ld be done fir/4 ,?ree bo>ds ( #g_/h-;in* qu>t]$ oak #aj in*es wide1 or an equival5t t w aggregate a trifle ov] #cj in*es1 & #d feet long1 %\ld be jo9t$ & prep>$ = d[ell+4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is %[n at a1 :]e two jo9t$ pieces are clamp$ toge!r4 ,! di/ance betwe5 d[els l5g?wise %\ld be measur$1 & l9es squ>$ across ! edges ) knife & try squ>e4 ,two p5cil l9es1 z at b1 %\ld be made across ! jo9t4 ,set ! m>k+ gauge at #g_/af in*4 ,remove ! bo>ds f vise or clamp1 & f ! faces t\*$ by p5cil l9es1 gauge l9es cutt+ across ! ?ree knife l9es on ea* edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,a mission libr>y table ,:]e ^! l9es cross1 bore #c_/h-;in* holes ) a d[el bit to ! dep? ( at lea/ #a in*4 ,lay out ! o!r d[ell$ jo9t 9 ! same mann]4 ,saw six pieces ( #c_/h-;in* d[el #b in*es long1 & glue ends ( ea* d[el 9 ! holes prep>$ 9 ! middle bo>d1 z %[n at c4 ,put a ?9 lay] ( glue on ! jo9ts ) a bru% & clamp ! ?ree pieces toge!r4 ,:ile ! glue is h>d5+1 proce$ ) ! frame4 ,?is consi/s ( f\r legs1 f\r top rails1 ! l[] cross rails1 a %elf1 & f\r w$ges4 ,! sizes are z foll[s3 ,top rails #b #db #c #g_/h ,top rails #b #bd #c #g_/h ,cross rails #b #bf-a_/b #c #g_/h ,%elf #a #dd-c_/d #ab #c_/d or #g_/h ,w$ges #d #b-a_/b #g_/h #c_/d ,! con/ruction ( ! top rails is %[n at d 9 ! detail draw+4 ,! only po9t call+ = special att5tion is to see t ! t5ons are flu% ) outside ( rail1 be+ cut on only ?ree sides1 & ! mitre at ! end ( ea*4 ,! necessity = ?is mitre is %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! top ( leg at e1 :]e ! two t5ons are %[n meet+ 9 ! bl9d mortises4 ,! %ort rails are id5tical ) ^? %[n at d1 except 9 l5g?4 ,! detail$ draw+ ( ! legs is %[n at f1 & to make sure t ! f\r are uni=m1 !y %\ld be laid out 9 pairs1 ! two at "o end toge!r1 !n ! second pair2 & f9ally ! two pairs mu/ be comp>$ to discov] any possible inaccuracies4 ,! cutt+ ( ! mortises may be ha/5$ by bor+ sev]al holes inside ! l9es f ea* side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,a mission libr>y table 7cont9u$7 ,! draw+ at g %[s ! lay\t ( ! l[] rails1 ) t5ons at ! ends1 & mortises on flat sides to receive ! t5ons on ends ( ! %elf4 ,z 9 previ\s cases1 ^! two pieces %\ld be laid out toge!r4 ,! mo/ difficult "w up to ?is po9t is ! cutt+ ( ! two bl9d mortises at ! top ( ea* leg to receive ! mitr$ t5ons4 ,?is op]ation c\ld be simplifi$1 by replac+ ! mortise & t5on at t po9t by a d[el jo9t1 b x w\ld no long] be g5u9e mission furniture1 & a mu* weak] =m ( con/ruction4 ,! draw+ ( ! long %elf expla9s itself1 two t5ons be+ cut at ea* end & a rectangul> hole cut ?r\gh ea* t5on = ! w$ge4 ,! t5ons are %[n ) a slight bevel1 :i* is cut ) a *isel :5 all o!r "w is f9i%$4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x w be wise to try & fit all ! jo9ts4 ,numb] or lett] ! two p>ts ( ea* jo9t1 z x is f9i%$1 to assi/ 9 ! f9al assembl+4 ,?is process ( fitt+ %\ld take "s "t1 = x _c be hurri$ safely4 ,:5 x is f9i%$1 ! way to fa/5 ! top to ! frame %\ld be consid]$4 ,sev]al me?ods are 9 use1 & two are %[n at h & i4 ,at h a hole is bor$ at an angle 9 ! rail4 ,z x goes only "p way ?r\gh1 x provides a %\ld] = ! screw head1 & ! screw is driv5 ?r\gh a hole drill$ = ! purpose into ! solid top4 ,if ?is me?od is us$1 at lea/ t5 screws w\ld be ne$$ = a table ( ?is size1 ?ree on ea* side & two on ea* end4 ,! me?od %[n at i is probably ! bett] ( ! two4 ,blocks ( wood ( ! %ape & size giv5 9 ! draw+ are made & fitt$ into a groove pl\gh$ 9 ! rails4 ,?is groove may be pl\gh$ ! full l5g? ( rail1 or cut out = an in* or two ) a *isel4 ,! tongue & groove %\ld fit snugly1 & ! block be securely fa/5$ to ! top ) screws4 ,two blocks on ea* side & "o on ea* end w be suffici5t4 ,a simple me?od is to fa/5 top & frame by angle irons #b in*es long1 on ! inside4 ,?is "q hav+ be5 decid$1 take ! glu$-up top f clamps & dress d[n to size4 ,! "u side %\ld be tru$ up en\gh to fit neatly ov] tops ( legs & rails1 & ! upp] side %\ld be plan$1 scrap$1 & s&-pap]$4 ,! f9al assembl+ %\ld be done 9 ?is ord]3 ,assemble ! two ends sep>ately4 ,ea* end consi/s ( two legs1 a top & a bottom rail4 ,! mortise & t5on jo9ts %\ld be glu$1 & a clamp us$ at top & bottom4 ,te/ = squ>5ess4 ,:5 dry1 remove clamps1 ins]t %elf t5ons & ^? ( top rails 9 _! mortises1 & clamp l5g?wise4 ,drive a wire brad ?r\gh ea* t5on1 f ! side ( leg lea/ conspicu\s1 & set ) nail pun*4 ,put on ! top1 & level bottom ( legs :]e necess>y4 ,remove all traces ( glue1 & fill brad holes ) putty1 col\r$ same z /a9 to be us$4 ,place w$ges 9 mortises provid$1 & fa/5 ea* "o ) a small brad driv5 ?r\gh ! side ( %elf t5ons4 ,/a9 & poli%4 ,,! ,,tea ,,table ,?is table is made l[ purposely1 ! legs be+ exactly two feet 9 l5g?4 ,! con/ruction consi/s ( f\r legs1 two sets ( cross rails1 & a circul> top two feet 9 diamet]4 ,z ?is top is too wide to be cut f "o bo>d1 jo9t two pieces ( #g_/h-;in* /ock1 glue toge!r1 & place 9 clamp4 ,! jo9t may be /r5g!n$ ) d[els1 z 9 previ\s cases4 7,fig4 #aig47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,a mission tea table ,by proce$+ 9 ?is ord]--glu+ up fir/--no "t ne$ be lo/ 9 wait+4 ,squ>e up ! f\r legs & lay out ! eight mortises1 plac+ ! f\r pieces 9 a vise or clamp to insure uni=mity4 ,cut ! mortises & lay ! legs "o side4 ,! two sets ( cross rails are to be halv$ at ! c5tre1 & may be /raight or slightly curv$1 z %[n4 ,! curve improves ! appe>ance )\t r$uc+ ! /r5g? s]i\sly1 b if ?is =m is decid$ on1 ! curve mu/ be cut be=e lay+ out ! halv$ jo9t4 ,aft] f9i%+ ! jo9t1 ! two rails ( ea* set are clamp$ toge!r & t5ons laid out4 ,remove f clamp or vise & cut t5ons4 ,te/ ea* set to make sure ! halv$ jo9t at c5tre is satisfactory1 & ins]t t5ons 9 ! mortises4 ,draw bore & fa/5 ) r\nd p9s ( ! same mat]ial z ! legs4 ,be=e fa/5+ ! top rails 9 position1 drill & c\nt]s9k two holes 9 ea* piece = ! screws1 9 ! position %[n 9 draw+4 ,! bevels on end ( t5ons %\ld be cut ) ! *isel be=e ! f9al fa/5+4 ,! two bo>ds compos+ ! top :5 remov$ f clamps %\ld be dress$ flat on bo? sides1 te/$ ) a /raight edge1 & circle laid out ) /eel divid]s set at a radius ( twelve in*es4 ,saw close to ?is l9e ) turn+ saw1 *isel to l9e1 & smoo? ) spoke%ave & s&-pap] block--a piece ( p9e #c #b #g_/h in*es1 ) ! s&-pap] tack$ on ! #g_/h-;in* edge4 ,scrape & s&-pap] top4 ,to fa/5 ?is top to ! frame1 lay ! top upside d[n on ! floor1 & set ! frame1 inv]t$1 on x4 ,measure c>efully to locate ! frame 9 prop] position1 & fa/5 ) f\r #b-a_/b or #b-c_/d in* flat head screws4 ,assum+ t all p>ts ( ! frame h be5 scrap$ & s&-pap]$ be=e assembl+1 ! table is ready = poli%+4 ,oak is ! wood commonly us$ = ?is piece ( furniture1 b if well season$1 *e/nut is light] 9 weight & j z satisfactory z to gra9 & f9i%4 7,see /a9+ & poli%+47 ,sometimes 9 mission furniture ! legs ( ! table are all[$ to come up ?r\gh ! top4 ,?is design is %[n at ,fig4 #aih4 ,! diamet] ( ! top is #bd in*es1 b ! height is increas$1 z ?is is design$ z a c5tre or read+ table4 ,on acc\nt ( ! support furni%$ by ! %\ld] at ! top ( legs1 ! top set ( rails is omitt$1 & ! fa/5+ made by f\r angle irons securely screw$ to ! top & legs4 ,?is table1 on acc\nt ( ! great] span betwe5 ! legs1 is z /able z ! previ\s design4 ,! cross rails are halv$1 & may be /raight or curv$ on "u side4 ,if desir$1 a commodi\s %elf may be _h by fa/5+ a circul> piece #ai in*es or less 9 diamet] to ! top ( cross rails4 ,?is w ne$ to be glu$ up & cut l top piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,a mission /yle c5tre table ,! squ>e t5on at ! top ( legs is %[n 9 ! detail$ draw+1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 9 lay+ out to insure ! di/ance f ! %\ld] to bottom ( leg be+ alike on all f\r1 if ! top is to be level4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,mission plant /& ,aft] glu+ up & dress+ d[n ! top1 lay out circle & two-in* squ>e op5+s = ! t5ons4 ,te/ ^! squ>es c>efully be=e cutt+1 to make sure !y are equally spac$1 saw out circle1 & f9i% z 9 previ\s table4 ,saw out ! squ>es close to l9e & f9i% ) *isel4 ,9 putt+ on angle irons1 screw !m to ! top fir/ & press x tightly d[n on ! %\ld]s be=e fa/5+ to legs4 ,a /rong cleat #ah or #bj in*es long fa/5$ to "u side ( top across ! gra9 ) f\r or five screws w help to prev5t w>p+1 b is n absolutely necess>y4 ,if ! circul> %elf is add$1 x is to be fa/5$ to cross rails by screws f ! "u side ?r\gh drill$ holes4 ,,design+ ,,mission ,,furniture ,boys :o h foll[$ ! prec$+ in/ructions w be able to plan & con/ruct ! foll[+ designs )\t detail$ explanations4 ,! two draw+s = plant /&s are 9 ! nature ( sugge/ions1 & al?\gh tak5 f pieces actually made !y %[ ! great diff]5ce 9 =m t is possible 9 meet+ ! same conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,design = a plant /& ,fig4 #aii is ?or\ghly repres5tative ( ! s-call$ mission /yle ) its mortise & t5on jo9ts & /raight squ>e legs4 ,! %elf = hold+ ! j>d9ire is indicat$ by dott$ l9es1 & x is held by cleats fa/5$ to ! sides by flat-head screws4 ,a d>k f9i%1 antique or ri* br[n1 is appropriate = ei!r design4 ,fig4 #bjj %[s a radically diff]5t =m4 ,! %elf is octagonal or squ>e ) ! corn]s cut at #de degrees to fit ! legs4 ,! detail view %[s ! arrangem5t ( l[] rails meet+ ! legs at ! same angle4 ,! ends ( rails are mitr$ & secur$ by wire nails set bel[ ! surface & holes fill$4 ,! fa/5+ betwe5 upp] %elf & legs may be ei!r r\nd-head blue screws or d[el p9s ( ! same mat]ial z ! legs1 ) ! out] ends slightly r\nd$4 ,! %ape ( ! legs makes ?is design weak] ?an ,fig4 #aii1 b _! spread results 9 a m /able base & makes ?is /& less liable to upset4 ,! foot re/ 7,fig4 #bja7 is to be provid$ ) a cu%ion cov]$ ) lea!r nail$ on ) l>ge-head craftsman nails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,foot re/ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,foot/ool 9 mission /yle ,! cu%ion may be fill$ ) hair1 excelsior1 or ev5 f9e %av+s1 securely sew$ 9 a cov] ( tick+ & held 9 place by ! lea!r cov]4 ,! lea!r mu/ be br\ght d[n & nail$ to ! l[] edge ( ! cross rails4 ,fa/5 ! top to cleats screw$ on inside ( ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,hel5 ,w4 ,cooke4 ,assembl+ & ,f9i%+ ,fig4 #bjb %[s ! same problem work$ out 9 /raight l9es1 ! lea!r be+ nail$ to all f\r top rails4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bjc & #bjd4 ,mission desks4 ,a /udy 9 design ,ea* ( ^! pieces ( furniture sugge/s a new "o1 & *airs1 settees1 umbrella /&s1 writ+ desks1 etc41 may be made along ! same g5]al l9es4 ,! plant /& 7,fig4 #aii7 sugge/s ! umbrella rack4 ,! %elf is simply %ift$ f ! top to bottom & provid$ ) a brass tray to cat* ! wat]4 ,valuable sugge/ions = su* furniture may be obta9$ by consult+ catalogues ( furniture1 & by con/ant obs]vations ( well-made pieces4 ,^! designs %\ld nev] be copi$1 b us$ only z aids to ! work+ out ( orig9al ideas4 ,! typical writ+ desk %[n at ,fig4 #bjc illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,:ile fairly well proportion$1 ! legs c\ld well be heavi]4 ,! draw] is also faulty4 ,its position makes x necess>y to move away f ! desk 9 ord] to op5 x4 ,! l[] cross rail w be a nuisance :5 sitt+ close en\gh to write & o!r features might be criticis$4 ,:e!r y\r design w be a success or n dep5ds on ! cle>ness ) :i* all ^! details are ?\ght out4 ,fig4 #bjd %[s sev]al ( ! above defects correct$4 ,,xlii ,,! ,,*e/ ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t & sub/antial pieces ( furniture ab\t ! h\se4 ,= ! /orage ( l951 furs1 or clo?+ x is invaluable4 ,x may be plac$ 9 a corn]1 & ) a lib]al supply ( s(a cu%ions makes an ideal cosey corn] & seat4 ,! con/ruction is purposely /rong & heavy1 & calls = good mat]ial l qu>t]$ oak1 *e/nut1 walnut1 or c$>4 ,! latt] wood1 especially r$ c$>1 is light 9 weight1 b attractive 9 col\r1 & has ! fur!r advantage ( be+ mo? pro(4 ,fig4 #bje a %[s a well-proportion$ *e/ ( qu>t]$ oak4 ,! horizontal rails are mortis$ into ! heavy legs1 & ! panels may be arrang$ z %[n 9 ! detail4 ,a rabbet is cut on ! inn] edge ( ! rails1 & a correspond+ groove pl\gh$ 9 ! legs4 ,! panel may be ( "o piece1 set into ! rabbet & grooves4 ,its l>ge expanse may be c>v$1 rais$1 or simply poli%$ pla91 all[+ ! natural gra9 to furni% ! ornam5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,! l95 *e/ ,! legs may be pla91 z %[n1 or curv$ slightly at ! bottom1 z sugge/$ 9 ! detail4 ,! top is too l>ge to be made 9 "o piece1 & x %\ld be built up l a table top1 & h+$ to upp] back rail by /rong iron or brass ornam5tal h+es4 ,if f9i%$ 9 a d>k col\r ) dull surface1 ! metal corn] plates & escut*eon w greatly enhance its appe>ance4 ,^! may be made out ( %eet brass4 ,fir/ lay out ! design on pap]4 ,cut out to ! outl9e1 & trace ^u ! surface ( ! %eet metal4 ,a metal-cutt+ saw blade obta9$ f ! h>dw>e /ore c be fitt$ into ! frame ( ! cop+ saw4 ,) ?is tool1 saw on ! l9es exactly z 9 ?9 wood1 & file ! edges smoo?4 ,! holes = ! heavy nails are drill$4 ,if suitable big-head$ nails _c be f\nd1 brass screws may be us$1 & :5 9 position1 ! heads fil$ to any desir$ %ape4 ,an anci5t gre5 effect c be produc$ on su* brass ornam5ts by pa9t+ ) ammonia4 ,! cov] ( a l>ge *e/ l ?is w ne$ to be re9=c$ by /rong cleats on ! "u side across ! gra94 ,!y %\ld be #c #g_/h in*es1 j long en\gh to all[ ! cov] to close readily1 & %\ld be secur$ by five or six screws on ea* cleat4 ,! bottom may be p9e or :ite wood1 secur$ by nails or screws to #g_/h-;in* squ>e cleats screw$ on ! inside ( ends & sides4 ,a *e/ ( bett] proportion1 b slightly m complicat$ 9 con/ruction1 is %[n at b4 ,"h ! front is brok5 up into ?ree panels1 & a bett] space arrangem5t secur$4 ,! :ole front 9 ?is case may be put toge!r ) mortise & t5on jo9ts1 z 9 panel door con/ruction1 or ! simpl] me?od j describ$ may be us$4 ,! mortise & t5on =m is ! bett] way1 & z usual takes m "t4 ,c>v$ panels sugge/ a v ri* & valuable piece ( furniture1 b !y are n necess>y1 z a good flat poli% %[+ ! natural gra9 ( ! wood is v satisfactory4 ,,xliii ,,! ,,draw+ ,,outfit ,an equipm5t = me*anical draw+1 except ! in/rum5ts1 c be easily made 9 ! %op by any boy :o has _h "s practice ) tools4 ,! draw+ bo>d is ! fir/ ?+ ne$$1 & sev]al makes are 9 use1 ! object ( all ( !m be+ to insure a true flat surface by ov]com+ ! natural t5d5cy ( wood to w>p4 ,%r9kage w take place 9 spite ( all precautions1 b ?is is n a s]i\s matt]1 & does n affect ! usefulness ( ! bo>d4 ,all bo>ds1 x is conc$$1 %\ld be built up1 r ?an consi/ ( "o piece4 ,! idea is t ! w>p+ ( "o piece is some:at c\nt]act$ by t ( ! adjo9+ pieces 9 o!r directions4 ,fig4 #bjf %[s ?ree =ms 9 common use4 ,at a ! ends are unit$ to wide cleats by a tongue & groove jo9t4 ,9 %r9k+ & exp&+ ) wea!r *anges1 ! bo>d is free to slide along ! jo9t1 be+ glu$ only at ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,! draw+ bo>d ,at b two dovetail-%ap$ /rips are ins]t$ on ! "u side across ! gra94 ,?is is m difficult cult to make on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! groove1 b x is o!rwise satisfactory4 ,at c two /rong cleats are fa/5$ across ! "u side by screws4 ,?is is ! easie/ & lea/ satisfactory me?od1 z ! cleats are (t5 9 ! way1 mak+ ! bo>d clumsy1 & fur!rmore x does n all[ = %r9kage1 unless ! screws are secur$ 9 grooves in/ead ( 9 pla9 holes4 ,a good proportion = a small bo>d is #bd #ah in*es4 ,if ! fir/ me?od ( con/ruction is decid$ on1 glue up f\r or five /rips ( well season$ :ite p9e1 #g_/h in* ?ick1 ( ! wid? desir$1 & f\r in*es %ort] ?an ! f9al l5g? ( bo>d4 ,place 9 clamps = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & :5 dry dress d[n p]fectly true to a ?ickness ( #c_/d in*4 ,te/ = w>p & w9d1 & squ>e ! ends4 ,squ>e up two pieces ( /ock #b-a_/b in*es wide1 ) a l5g? equal to wid? ( bo>d4 ,= ! tongue & groove jo9t1 a set ( tongue & groov+ planes w be necess>y4 ,two cutt]s = ?is purpose come ) ! mod]n univ]sal plane1 & if available ?is may be us$4 ,9 ei!r case1 set ! dep? gauge at half an in*1 & pl[ a groove on "o edge ( ea* /rip #a_/d in* wide to ! full dep?1 z %[n at d4 ,on bo? ends ( ! bo>d1 plane ! tongue same size z groove at e4 ,coat ! tongue at ea* end ( bo>d ) glue = a di/ance ( six or eight in*es at ! c5tre1 fit ! end /rips 9 position1 & place 9 clamps ov] night4 ,:5 dry1 give ! surface a f9al tru+ up1 & also ! ends1 z ! clamps may h made a slight *ange4 ,g all ov] ! surface ) a s&-pap] block1 us+ #jj s&-pap]1 & %ellac ! bo>d all ov]4 ,:5 dry rub flat ) ! s&-pap] block4 ,make a f9al te/ = any possible inaccuracy1 & ! bo>d is ready = use4 ,t squ>e & triangles may be made1 b z rubb] or celluloid triangles are bett] 9 "s ways ?an wood1 ! =m] are recomm5d$4 ,! ,t squ>e is a v pretty little problem 9 woodwork1 & may be made z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,t squ>e & triangles ,! design = ! head may be ei!r a or b 7,fig4 #bjg71 a be+ simply a rectangul> piece ( h>d wood1 ) two r\nd$ corn]s2 b is laid out z %[n1 saw$ ne> ! l9e & curv$ side f9i%$ ) spoke%ave4 ,! /raight side %\ld be p]fectly /raight1 z any v>iation w give horizontal l9es out ( p>allel4 ,! blade may be ( "o piece1 or built up4 ,a v satisfactory comb9ation is to make ! head ( black walnut1 & ! blade ( h>d maple1 ) black walnut edges4 ,x w pay to make a special %oot+ bo>d = ?is "w1 & to make sev]al ,t squ>es at ! same "t4 ,?is %oot+ bo>d %\ld be slightly long] ?an ! blade4 7,see ,fig4 #bjf47 ,gauge a l9e at a di/ance x f ! edge1 equal to ! wid? ( #b in*es1 & tack a /raight /rip ( wood up to ?is l9e z a guide4 ,:5 ! blade has be5 plan$ to its ?ickness ( #a_/h in*1 x is to be plac$ 9 space x & plan$ to wid?4 ,to plane a piece ( h>d wood d[n to an eigh? ( an in*1 tack x to a p9e bo>d ) ?ree #a-;in* brads4 ,! location ( ^! brads c be su* t only "o hole w be left 9 ! blade to be fill$ up aft]w>d4 ,"o %\ld be 9 ! position ( ! c5tral screw ov] ! head1 ! second at ! po9t :]e hole h is to be bor$1 ! ?ird at ab\t ! c5tre ( ! blade4 ,set ^! brads slightly bel[ ! surface1 & dress d[n smoo?4 ,:5 te/$ & f\nd true1 lift ! blade by ins]t+ a knife blade "u x1 aga9 fa/5 to ! bo>d ) unf9i%$ side up1 & aga9 dress d[n4 ,be=e remov+ f ! bo>d1 lay out ! curv$ end to correspond ) ! curve ( ! head1 & cut to l9e ) a *isel4 ,remove f bo>d1 f9i% curv$ end ) s&-pap] block4 ,bore hole h = hang+ up1 locate holes = screws1 & drill j l>ge en\gh to all[ #a_/b-;in* r\nd-head brass or blu$ screws to pass ?r\gh4 ,9 atta*+ ! head1 make sure t ! two p>ts are at "r angles1 & use ?9 copp] burrs or wa%]s "u ! screw heads4 ,if ! blade is to h edges ( a diff]5t col\r1 jo9t ! maple on %oot+ bo>d1 & glue ! /rips to x1 be=e plan+ to ?ickness4 ,?is %\ld be done on a flat bo>d1 ) pap] betwe5 x & ! blade4 ,glue ! ?ree pieces toge!r1 & drive #a-a_/d-;in* brads up close to & t\*+ ! outside /rips1 at int]vals ( f\r in*es4 ,by b5d+ ^! slightly ov] ! blade1 consid]able pressure w be obta9$1 t5d+ to keep ! pieces toge!r :ile glue is h>d5+4 ,!n proce$ to dress d[n1 & true up z be=e4 ,:5 ! process is once le>n$1 consid]able p9 money may be made by dispos+ ( ! squ>es1 & t w help to buy mat]ial = o!r ?+s4 ,triangles made f s+le pieces ( wood are absolutely unreliable4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bjg1 ! #de-;degree triangle %[s ! gra9 runn+ up & d[n4 ,z %r9kage takes place m w n *ange1 b n w1 & ?is w alt] ! angles2 & besides a piece ( ?9 wood ?is size w w>p & make ! triangle useless = me*anical draw+4 ,! #cj-fj triangle illu/rates ! usual me?od ( con/ruct+ a wood5 triangle4 ,aside f bisect+ ! #ij1 #fj1 & #cj degree angles to get ! mitres1 ^! jo9ts1 if simply glu$1 w be too weak = practical use4 ,! edge view & dott$ l9es indicate a ?9 fea!r ( wood glu$ into a saw cut made ?r\gh ! edge ( ea* corn]1 ! usual me?od ( /r5g!n+4 ,x is a delicate op]ation1 & is only recomm5d$ to boys :o are fond ( f9e "w4 ,a v s]viceable section l9] may be made f a wood5 triangle by c>efully cutt+ out ( "o side a rectangul> op5+1 z %[n 9 ! detail4 ,make a piece ( ?9 wood to fit ?is space1 b #a_/h-;in* %ort]1 & fitt$ s z to move freely4 ,by mov+ ?is block & ! triangle1 alt]nately1 v]tical or oblique l9es c be drawn = section+1 & !y w be equally spac$4 ,o!r blocks v>y+ 9 l5g? w give a v>iety ( spac+s4 ,x is possibly "o ( ! *eape/ section l9]s1 & ! mo/ satisfactory )9 ! means ( any "o4 ,irregul> or ,fr5* curves may be made 9 ?9 wood4 ,!y %\ld be drawn on ! surface1 saw$ out ) ! cop+ saw1 & s&-pap]$ smoo?4 ,z _! ?ickness %\ld be b a trifle ov] #a_/af in*1 !y are v frail & easily brok54 ,^! curves c be easily made 9 %eet alum9um1 & !y w be mu* m satisfactory4 ,?is metal is h&l$ simil>ly to ?9 wood1 except t ! saw mu/ be a metal cutt+ blade4 ,triangles may be made ( ! same mat]ial4 ,lay out ! =m ) a %>p /eel po9t or scrib]1 saw z close to l9es z possible1 & ) a f9e file f9i% to l9e4 ,!n smoo? ! curves ) f9e em]y pap] wrapp$ ar\nd a lead p5cil4 ,to make /raight edges1 z on triangles1 lay a %eet ( em]y clo? on b5*1 & rub triangle back & =?4 ,,! ,,pantagraph ,= copy+ designs1 = r$uc+ or enl>g+1 ?is old-fa%ion$ in/rum5t may be easily con/ruct$4 ,fig4 #bjh %[s x made ( f\r /rips ( ?9 wood ( equal l5g?4 ,ei!r p9e or :ite wood w answ]4 ,! pieces h to be squ>$1 tw5ty-five in*es long1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 & a qu>t] in* ?ick4 ,bore or drill ?r\gh ! f\r pieces held 9 a vise1 & space ! holes %[n 9 draw+ ?ree in*es ap>t1 #a_/h in* 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,! pantagraph ,:5 put toge!r1 a1 b & c %\ld be 9 l9e4 ,po9t a is to rema9 fix$1 ! pantagraph be+ free to move ar\nd x z a pivot4 ,to accompli% ?is1 cut out a block1 z %[n at x1 ) a hole drill$ at ! c5tre = pivot1 & two o!rs = screw+ to ! draw+ table or bo>d4 ,! p9 = ?is pivot may be a ?ick flat-head wire nail1 screw1 or ev5 a screw eye4 ,! jo9ts d1 e1 & f are also pivots mov+ ) ! pantagraph4 ,!y may consi/ ( ?umb screws1 & nuts1 or screw eyes1 & mu/ move freely1 yet )\t play4 ,po9ts b & c are to be int]*angeable1 "o hav+ a trac+ po9t1 ! o!r a p5cil4 ,! trac+ po9t may be a wire nail1 rivet1 or screw1 ) ! po9t fil$ %>p1 & !n slightly r\nd$4 ,! p5cil po9t %\ld be a piece ( lead p5cil1 :ittl$ d[n to su* a size z to pass ?r\gh ! hole at b & c1 & make a snug fit4 ,to enl>ge a design1 place trac+ po9t at b1 & fa/5 orig9al design "u x to draw+ bo>d ) ?umb tacks4 ,"u c fa/5 a %eet ( draw+ pap]4 ,) ! "r h& at b1 trace ! design by c>efully slid+ trac+ po9t along ! l9es4 ,at ! same "t1 ) ! left h& keep p5cil po9t at c suffici5tly 9 contact ) ! pap] to make a cle> l9e4 ,to r$uce a draw+1 rev]se b & c1 br++ p5cil po9t & pap] to b1 & orig9al to c4 ,pass trac] ov] design at c1 & ! r$uc$ design w be trac$ at b4 ,diff]5t proportions betwe5 orig9al & reproduction may be obta9$ by %ift+ ! position ( pivots e & f4 ,fig4 #bjh %[s pivot e %ift$ to position h4 ,z di/ance c e %\ld always equal di/ance d f1 x n[ becomes necess>y to move pivot f to po9t g4 ,by rememb]+ ?is rule1 & plac+ pivots 9 v>i\s positions1 a wide range ( proportions is possible4 ,,! ,,draw+ ,,table ,a table to hold ! draw+ bo>d %\ld be n less ?an #c feet #b in*es high1 z mu* ( ! "w is p]=m$ /&+ up4 ,a /ool ) revolv+ seat %\ld be provid$ = ! draughtsman to sit on occasionally4 ,! table top may be made slant+1 b x is bett] practice to h a heavy flat top ( p9e1 :i* may be us$ z a l>ge draw+ bo>d itself1 & to provide = ! slant by us+ a triangul> block "u ! f>!r end ( draw+ bo>d4 ,two or ?ree blocks may be made1 ab\t two feet long & ( diff]5t sizes1 to give diff]5t degrees ( slant4 ,tables = ?is purpose are (t5 made ) tops1 :i* may be adju/$ at diff]5t angles1 & ! "y design] may try 8 inv5tive tal5t 9 ?is l>ge field1 b any arrangem5t :i* w br+ an elem5t ( in/ability is to be /udi\sly avoid$4 ,! draw+ table %\ld be z solid & rigid z possible4 ,! design 9 ,fig4 #bji 0 made by our boys1 & has prov$ v satisfactory4 ,x has mu* ( ! mission /yle ab\t x1 ) its squ>e legs & mortis$ jo9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,draw] = table & table = me*anical draw+ ,aft] ! description ( mission furniture con/ruction 9 previ\s *apt]s1 only a few po9ts 9 ! con/ruction ne$ be m5tion$4 ,! bo>d a1 us$ z a foot re/1 is necess>y :5 sitt+ at ! table on acc\nt ( its height1 & x also ties ! frame toge!r 9 ! front4 ,! cross rail b acts 9 ! same capacity at ! back4 ,! heavy p9e top is built up l a draw+ bo>d ( sev]al pieces1 & support$ by two cleats #c #a_/h in*es across ! gra9 und]nea?4 ,x may be atta*$ to ! frame by any "o ( ! me?ods describ$ "u mission furniture1 & its left-h& edge %\ld be z true z t ( ! draw+ bo>d4 ,if an especially accurate edge is desir$1 a piece ( iron #a #a_/d in*1 plan$ /raight by a ma*9i/1 may be let into ?is edge1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & secur$ by flat-head screws ?r\gh holes drill$ & c\nt]sunk4 ,?is arrangem5t is seldom se51 b x is well wor? ! add$ co/4 ,! table %[n is provid$ ) a g5]\s-siz$ draw]4 ,?is may be omitt$1 b is a great conv5i5ce = keep+ plans & sket*es4 ,its con/ruction is %[n 9 detail4 ,! sides & front h a #a_/d-;in* groove1 pl\gh$ to receive ! bottom1 & at ! back end a v]tical groove is cut to hold ! back piece :i* is dado$ to fit4 ,at ! top ( ea* side is nail$ a /rip #e_/af in* squ>e4 ,^! cleats are to reta9 ! /rips s4 ,make ^! /rips s ( h>d wood1 pref]ably a%1 & ab\t #a_/af in* long] ?an ! wid? ( draw]1 measur$ inside4 ,by plac+ ! /rips on top ( draw+s obliquely1 & !n /raight5+ !m across ! draw]1 !y b9d aga9/ ! sides1 & keep draw+s d[n flat4 ,! cleats at top ( draw] prev5t !m f escap+ at ! top1 especially :5 x becomes ne>ly full4 ,! extra front on ! draw] ) r\nd$ edges cov]s up ! jo9ts ar\nd front ( box1 & is a purely ornam5tal feature4 ,if ?is is us$1 secure to real front by flat-head screws f ! inside4 ,! box :i* holds ! draw]s is to be secur$ to ! legs by screws c\nt]sunk4 ,_m modifications ( ?is table w occur to ! woodwork]1 su* z additional draw]s1 b x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t com=table knee room is ess5tial1 & ! space on "u side ( ! top is l>gely to be res]v$ = ?is important purpose4 ,a box = hold+ in/rum5ts has be5 describ$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 & triangles1 rules1 etc41 may be kept 9 x4 ,! ,t squ>e %\ld be hung on a hook at ei!r end ( table1 to ov]come any t5d5cy ! ?9 blade may h to twi/ or w>p1 ! weight ( ! head help+ to draw x out /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,a fil+ cab9et ,all draw+s %\ld h a neat title1 & a numb]4 ,to "w out a sy/em ( numb]+ s t any draw+ may be f\nd quickly is a good job = a ra9y day4 ,a good fil+ cab9et = plans is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #baj4 ,dim5sions are n giv51 z !y w dep5d on ! size ( draw+ pap] us$4 ,a uni=m-siz$ %eet %\ld be adopt$ at ! />t1 & ! draw+s scal$ to accommodate ?is size ( pap]4 ,! %elves %\ld be #a_/d in* ?ick1 & ga9$ into sides z %[n4 ,a cle> space ( #a-a_/b in*es betwe5 ! %elves w be ample1 & a semicircul> curve %\ld be cut 9 ! front4 ,! dep? ( cab9et %\ld n be ov] half an in* m ?an ! wid? ( ! %eets4 ,a top & mitr$ base are %[n1 & ! space betwe5 %\ld be clos$ by a panell$ door to keep out du/4 ,a cab9et ( ?is /yle %\ld n be less ?an ?irty in*es high1 & if ! :ole space is n requir$ = draw+s1 ! l[] "p may be *ang$ & fitt$ ) draw]s = models1 specim5s1 & o!r treasures4 ,= boys :o are int]e/$ 9 collect+1 :e!r m9]als1 butt]flies1 or o!r ?+s1 su* a cab9et may be made entirely ( draw]s1 & ! panell$ door omitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa ,= ! safe keep+ ( butt]flies1 mo?s1 & o!r insects1 an em95t sci5ti/ has recomm5d$ a draw] con/ruction z %[n at ,fig4 #baa4 ,?is detail %[s a section at ! front1 ) ! bottom piece ga9$ into a groove4 ,! bottom ( ! draw] is cov]$ ) a lay] ( %eet cork1 & ov] x oil$ pap]4 ,! upp] "p ( box is n fa/5$1 b is slipp$ d[n inside /rips s1 :i* h r\nd$ tops1 & ext5d ar\nd ! f\r sides4 ,! upp] half is groov$ to receive a %eet ( glass1 :i* is held 9 place by a small cleat4 ,by ?is me?od ! draw] is cov]$ :ile ! specim5s are visible1 & dampness is kept out4 ,! cork bottom is to receive ! p9s1 & ! specim5s may be rea*$ by simply tak+ out ! top4 ,! dim5sions recomm5d$ = ! draw] are #bb #af #b in*es1 outside measurem5ts1 & if a numb] are to be us$1 ! spaces betwe5 ! %elves ( ! cab9et %\ld correspond ) ^! figures4 ,a qua9t conceit sometimes us$ by en?usia/ic collectors is to make _! boxes 9 ! =m ( books1 z %[n at a 7,fig4 #bab74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab ,! outside has ! %ape ( a book1 ! two halves be+ fitt$ by tongue & groove jo9t4 ,?is keeps out moi/ure1 ! great enemy ( dri$ specim5s1 & :5 a numb] ( ^! boxes1 prop]ly col\r$ & labell$1 are pil$ on a %elf1 !y h ! appe>ance ( s _m l>ge volumes4 ,?is unique idea may be us$ 9 o!r ways4 ,a v pretty illu/ration is a /amp box = ! writ+ desk1 made up 9 ! =m ( a book1 :i* app>5tly has a silk ribbon = a book m>k4 ,?is ribbon is ! h&le ( a little draw]1 :i* pulls out1 disclos+ ! cont5ts4 ,! arrangem5t is %[n at b4 ,! idea may be c>ri$ /ill f>!r by hav+ half a doz5 ( ^! small volumes 9 a book rack1 ! labels read+--rubb] b&s1 p5s1 /amps1 etc4 ,all %\ld be /a9$ a uni=m col\r1 & ! illusion may be c>ri$ /ill f>!r by gild+ ! p>ts :i* repres5t ! edges ( ! leaves4 ,,xliv ,,woodwork ,,= ,,outdoor ,,sports ,,! ,,t5nis ,,c\rt ,! "y woodwork] is especially well fitt$ = ! prep>ation ( a t5nis c\rt4 ,he has le>n$ ! value ( accurate measurem5ts1 & is accu/om$ to make a neat & f9i%$ job4 ,:ile ! mak+ ( a c\rt seems a simple proposition1 x may be a v exp5sive "o1 if help has to be hir$1 & all ! equipm5t b\ght ready = use4 ,! fir/ /ep is to select ! exact location1 :i* %\ld ei!r be level or practically s4 ,any discussion z to ! m]its ( dirt or sod c\rts mu/ be left to ! read]4 ,! c\rt prop] is #gh #cf feet1 ! po/s = ! t5nis net be+ ?ree feet outside on ei!r side1 & ! space at ! ends betwe5 ! c\rt & /op nets fifte5 to tw5ty feet m1 mak+ a total l5g? ( #aah feet4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( lay+ out ! c\rt is recomm5d$3 ,make sure t ! long way is exactly nor? & s\?1 & drive 9 ! gr\nd a wood5 /ake at nor!a/ corn] ,a 7,fig4 #bac74 ,at ,b1 directly we/1 drive /ake #cf feet f ,a4 ,a /eel tape measure is by f> ! be/ ?+ to use = lay+ out1 z cord /ret*es & leads to inaccuracies1 & two tapes are bett] ?an "o4 ,at ! c5tre ( ea* /ake drive a /rong nail4 ,f ,b measure #gh feet s\?1 & place a tempor>y /ake4 ,to insure ! angle be+ #ij degrees1 apply ?is te/3 ,f ,b along ! l9e laid out la/1 measure #dh feet3 slip ! r+ ( ! tape measure ov] ! nail at ,a1 & measure to ?is new po9t4 ,if ! angle is #ij degrees1 ?is diagonal measurem5t %\ld be #fj feet4 ,if ?is measurem5t does n come "r1 %ift ! /ake ,c1 until ?is oblique l9e is exactly #fj feet1 !n l9es ,a-,b & ,b-,c are at "r angles4 ,hav+ fix$ ?is angle1 aga9 measure f ,b to ,c1 & drive /ake ,c at #gh feet f ,b4 ,locate /ake ,d #gh feet f ,a1 & #cf feet f ,c4 ,a f9al te/ %\ld n[ be made by measur+ ! diagonals ,b-,d & ,a-,c4 ,!y %\ld be exactly alike4 ,^! corn] /akes may n[ be driv5 9 flu% ) ! surface1 & !y %\ld be all[$ to rema91 to avoid ! necessity ( do+ ! "w all ov] aga9 lat] 9 ! season :5 ! l9es become obscure4 ,measure 9 f ea* /ake #d-a_/b feet = ! alleys & drive /akes 9 flu%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,! t5nis c\rt ,next measure f /akes ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d #ah feet along outside l9es1 & aga9 drive 9 /akes a1 b1 c1 d4 ,by pass+ a cord f a to b1 & f c to d1 ! s]vice l9es are laid out1 omitt+ alleys4 ,f9d c5tre ( s]vice l9es1 & connect po9ts e & f4 ,! net crosses ! c5tre ( c\rt f ea/ to we/1 ext5d+ ?ree feet beyond on ea* side4 ,at ^! two po9ts x & y1 set ! po/s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! only /akes left 9 ! gr\nd are on ! outside l9es1 & !y mu/ be driv5 9 s t "u no circum/ances w a play] /umble ov] !m4 ,!y c always be f\nd aft] a ra9 /orm1 & new l9es laid out4 ,! po/s = ! net %\ld be sev5 feet long & f\r in*es squ>e4 ,plane !m (f smoo?1 & coat ! end :i* is to be 9 ! gr\nd ) creosote or coal t>4 ,?is coat+ %\ld ext5d ?ree feet six in*es f ! bottom1 & z ! po/ is to be ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd1 ?is coat+ w ext5d six in*es above4 ,decay takes place at ! po9t ( contact ) ! gr\nd1 & ! creosote w prolong ! life ( ! po/s = _m ye>s1 if ! wood is well season$4 ,_m po/s = t5nis nets are n sunk fully ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd1 & consequ5tly require guy ropes or wires to keep !m upright4 ,! "t sp5t 9 digg+ ! holes & tamp+ ! dirt ar\nd po/s is well sp5t1 z ! pull on !m is sev]e1 & !y mu/ /& upright4 ,six in*es f ! top1 bore a hole #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 ea/ & we/4 ,! net mu/ be ?ree feet high at its c5tre1 & ?ree feet six in*es at ! po/s4 ,pass ! rope ?r\gh ^! holes1 & make fa/ to a cleat4 ,^! cleats may be ( iron or wood1 a sket* ( a wood5 cleat be+ %[n at ,fig4 #bae4 ,!y %\ld be ( oak or o!r h>d wood1 put on ) two /rong screws ?r\gh holes :i* h be5 bor$ & c\nt]sunk4 ,on ! side ( po/ t[>d ! net1 ?ree /rong screw eyes %\ld be put ab\t a foot ap>t1 ! l[] "o six in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,! net is to be fa/5$ to ^! screw eyes to keep x 9 position4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is ready1 pa9t ! po/s two coats ( d>k or bronze gre54 ,! position ( ! tall poles = ! back /op are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bac4 ,fifte5 feet is none too f> f ! c\rt = ! /op net1 & tw5ty w\ld be bett]4 ,pur*ase twelve foot f\r by f\rs1 & plane smoo?1 or h !m dress$ at ! mill :5 ord]+4 ,?is w r$uce !m to #c-c_/d #c-c_/d in*es4 ,! me?od ( enclos+ ! :ole c\rt by wire nett+ is seldom resort$ to1 unless ! space available is v limit$4 ,! me?od "h sugge/$ ( br++ ! ends ab\t at an angle ( #de degrees has be5 f\nd v satisfactory 9 /opp+ swift s]vice4 ,locate ! po/ holes #ab feet ap>t1 & dig !m ?ree feet deep4 ,aft] treat+ ! l[] ends ( po/s = ?ree & a half feet ) creosote or t>1 place 9 ! gr\nd1 plumb ea* "o :ile fill+ 91 & tamp ! e>? ab\t !m firmly4 ,/rips #a #c in*es & #ab feet long mu/ be us$ to jo9 ! po/s at ! top1 else ! pull necess>y to /raight5 ! wire w br+ !m out ( plumb4 ,^! /rips are to be nail$ at ! extreme top by eight-p5ny wire nails4 ,:5 ! /ructure is f9i%$1 except = ! wire1 pa9t ) two coats ( ! same col\r z ! net po/s4 ,! wire nett+ is *ick5 wire1 in* & a half me%1 & ?ree feet wide4 ,?ree ( ^! /rips w cov] ! space f ! gr\nd to ! top4 ,x is put on ) /aples nail$ to ! po/s1 /ret*$ taut1 & ! jo9ts :]e ! /rips t\* wir$ toge!r at int]vals ( ?ree feet ) s(t iron wire4 ,if arrang$ z %[n 9 ! draw+1 x w take six /rips sixty feet long by ?ree wide = ! back /op1 or #ajhj squ>e feet1 & w co/ #i or #aj4 ,*eap cotton back /ops are sold1 b !y are n v satisfactory1 z !y tight5 9 damp & sag 9 dry wea!r4 ,= a p]man5t c\rt belong+ to a club ! galvaniz$ wire is well wor? ! diff]5ce 9 co/4 ,! size ( ! me% is important1 because al?\gh a t5nis ball is #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 :5 driv5 h>d x frequ5tly goes ?r\gh two-in* me%4 ,!re are _m opportunities ab\t ! t5nis c\rt = ! "y woodwork] to %[ 8 skill4 ,camp /ools1 settees1 b5*es ei!r pla9 or ru/ic1 a *e/ to keep racquets & balls1 fitt$ ) a /rong padlock1 %elt]s = ! spectators or club memb]s1 & ev5 a small club h\se are among ! possibilities4 ,p]man5t /ructures1 su* z %elt]s & heavy b5*es1 %\ld g5]ally be on ! we/ side ( ! c\rt1 z spectators are usually pres5t aft] ! sun has pass$ ! m]idian1 & x w !n be at _! back4 ,,t5nis ,,c\rt ,,accessories ,,! ,,camp-,,/ool ,use h>d wood su* z maple1 a%1 or oak4 ,! /ock requir$ = ea* /ool w be f\r pieces #bj-a_/b #a-a_/b #a in*es1 two pieces #ad #a-a_/h #a-a_/h in*es1 & two pieces #aj-a_/b #e_/h #e_/h in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,! camp-/ool ,! f\r legs are made z %[n at a 7,fig4 #bad74 ,! small end is to be r\nd$ to a diamet] ( #e_/h in*2 #h-a_/b in*es f ?is end a #c_/af-;in* hole is bor$ = ! rivet or bolt1 :i* is to hold ! legs toge!r4 ,sev5 in*es f ! l[] or foot end a #a_/b-;in* hole is bor$ #c_/h or #c_/d in* deep4 ,?is is to receive ! cross rod or d[el4 ,! two top pieces #ad #a-a_/h #a-a_/h in*es are r\nd$ on two ( _! edges z %[n at b4 ,on ! flat side ( "o ( ^! bore two holes #e_/h in* diamet] & #c_/d in* deep1 #i in*es ap>t1 to receive ! small end ( ! leg4 ,on ! o!r top piece1 ! holes are elev5 in*es ap>t4 ,! two cross pieces may be r\nd$1 or pieces ( #e_/h-;in* maple d[el us$4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! ends mu/ be p>$ d[n to a diamet] ( #a_/b in* to fit ! holes ( ?is size4 ,"o is to be saw$ n9e in*es long1 ! o!r elev54 ,! camp-/ool is compos$ ( two frames pivot$ toge!r4 ,put toge!r ! inn] frame1 fir/ glu+ ! legs into holes bor$ 9 top pieces1 & at ! same "t glu+ 9 ! cross piece4 ,^! jo9ts may be fa/5$ by driv+ a brad ?r\gh f ! outside1 or by w$ges1 z describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,! out] frame is n[ put toge!r1 & ! two pivot$4 ,?is is usually done ) a rivet1 a ?9 wa%] hav+ be5 plac$ betwe5 ! two sets ( legs to relieve ! friction4 ,a small bolt & nut may be us$1 b z ! nut is liable to come (f1 ! bolt end %\ld be rivet$ ov] ! nut ) ! hamm]4 ,canvas or ev5 a piece ( c>pet may be us$ = ! seat4 ,! size requir$ is #ae by #ab1 ! ends be+ tack$ to ! l[] side ( ! top pieces4 ,:5 canvas is us$1 x is usually turn$ "u an in* on ea* side1 & hemm$4 ,9 ?is case1 its wid? mu/ be at lea/ f\rte5 in*es4 ,all articles :i* are to be h&l$ mu* %\ld h ! edges slightly r\nd$2 ?is rule applies to ! camp-/ool4 ,,b5*es ,fold+ settees = outdoor use are on ! m>ket at v *eap prices1 b !y are nei!r com=table nor sub/antial4 ,fix$ b5*es c be made ( heavy b simple con/ruction1 z well z movable ones4 ,fig4 #bae %[s ! simple/ possible =m4 ,po/s ( locu/1 *e/nut1 or c$> are set 9 ! gr\nd to a dep? ( two feet or m4 ,! diamet] %\ld be at lea/ f\r in*es4 ,a space "o in* by ?ree %\ld be saw$ out ( ea*1 z a re/ = ! cross pieces4 ,^! %\ld be two by f\r /ock1 t5 in*es long1 & mu/ be securely nail$ to ! po/s by eight or t5 p5ny nails4 ,! seat %\ld be #af in*es or #ah in*es above ! gr\nd1 made ( heavy plank at lea/ two in*es ?ick & #ad in*es wide4 ,bore qu>t]-in* holes1 c\nt]s9k & fa/5 ! top to cross pieces by ?ree-in* flat-head screws4 ,! span betwe5 cross pieces %\ld n be ov] five feet1 f\r w\ld be bett]1 s t a b5* twelve feet long w\ld call = six po/s & ?ree cross pieces1 besides ! top4 ,space ! po/s five feet ap>t betwe5 c5tres4 ,?is w all[ an ov]hang ( "o foot at ea* end4 ,! seat %\ld be plan$ smoo?1 edges slightly r\nd$1 & !n two coats ( boil$ l9se$ oil appli$4 ,pa9t+ seats is n advis$1 & v>ni% = outside "w is seldom satisfactory4 ,! wood = ! top %\ld be ( "s k9d t is free f pit*1 z ! sun w draw x out1 & a /icky seat result4 ,oak or maple w be v satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,a simple b5* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,settee = t5nis c\rt ,a movable settee ( heavy con/ruction is sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,! ma9 dim5sions = ! /&>ds support+ ! seat & back /rips are giv51 b ! =m may be modifi$ to suit ! "y design]4 ,!re is consid]able wa/e 9 mak+ /&>ds ( ?is sort1 & x is important to h ! gra9 run 9 ! direction indicat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,! two /rips = ! back1 z well z ! seat1 %\ld be put on ) screws4 ,! horizontal pieces on ?is settee w n give ! necess>y rigidity l5g?wise1 & x w be important to add braces "u ! seat4 ,^! may be 9 ! =m ( heavy angle irons or squ>e blocks1 z %[n at a4 ,^! blocks %\ld be two in*es squ>e1 & fa/5$ ) ?ree-in* screws to bo? seat & /&>d4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t ?is settee is heavy & sub/antial1 z all outdoor "w %\ld be4 ,! camp-/ool furni%es all ! light furniture necess>y4 ,! /&>ds %\ld nev] be m ?an f\r feet ap>t1 s t a settee 9 ?is /yle1 eight feet long1 w\ld require ?ree /&>ds4 ,?is design c be *ang$ to a simple b5* by omitt+ ! back & saw+ ! /&>d on its back edge to ! same outl9e z ! front1 z sugge/$ by ! dott$ l9e4 ,! trefoil op5+ is made by bor+ ?ree holes ) a l>ge bit at ! po9ts ( a triangle4 ,! cov]$ seat %[n at ,fig4 #bag is "o t may be con/ruct$ z %[n1 or modifi$ 9 size1 proportions1 etc4 ,small z x is1 x w tax ! skill ( ! "y work]1 & give him _m ( ! problems ( outdoor con/ruction to figure out4 ,x includes ! sett+ & levell+ ( po/s1 fram+1 ro(+1 floor+1 etc4 ,! mat]ial necess>y %\ld be fir/ c>efully e/imat$1 ) all[ance made = wa/e4 ,?is is an item (t5 =gott5 by ! amateur1 & "o especially to be provid$ = 9 fram+4 ,if ! dim5sions are to v>y f ^? %[n 9 our sket*1 x w\ld be wise to make a c>eful draw+ fir/4 ,9 all outdoor /ructures1 w9d1 ra91 sn[1 & ! effect ( /rong sunlight mu/ be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,a cov]$ seat ,z ?is %elt] is prim>ily = a t5nis c\rt1 ! timb]s = ! frame %\ld be plan$ by h& or dress$ at ! mill1 :5 pur*as$4 ,! #d #d uprights %\ld be b\ght #ab feet long1 z ?is is a /&>d size1 & set into ! gr\nd deep en\gh to br+ ! top n9e feet above gr\nd4 ,! temptation to place po/s only a little way 9 ! gr\nd mu/ be ov]come4 ,! ro( %\ld be c\nt$ on to )/& a w9d pressure ( sixty miles an h\r1 & ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd is necess>y 9 ?is case1 z !re are no braces to help support x4 ,hav+ cut ! mortises = ! horizontal tie piece a1 place ! fir/ po/ 9 ! hole dug = x1 tamp ! e>? ar\nd x1 & plumb ) level & plumb4 ,ano!r me?od w\ld be to lay bo? uprights on ! gr\nd1 place ! tie piece 9 position1 fa/5 ) wood5 p9s driv5 ?r\gh holes bor$ ?r\gh ! mortise & t5on jo9ts1 & nail ! #b #d plate on top ( bo? po/s4 ,!n raise ! /ructure1 & place bo? po/s 9 _! respective holes at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag;a4 ,a cov]$ seat 7cont9u$7 ,9 any "w ( ?is "*1 two boys %\ld "w toge!r1 & two tre/les or saw horses w be a necess>y "p ( _! equipm5t4 ,9 mortise & t5on jo9ts ( ?is "* a me?od call$ draw bor+ is frequ5tly us$4 7,see b1 ,fig4 #bag;b47 ,! hole = ! p9 or d[el is fir/ bor$ across ! c5tre ( ! mortise4 ,! t5on is ins]t$ snugly1 & ! bit aga9 ins]t$ until x makes a m>k on ! t5on4 ,! t5on is )drawn1 & ! c5tre ( bit plac$ #a_/af in* ne>] ! %\ld] ?an ! m>k made1 & ! hole bor$4 ,?is br+s ! di/ance y slightly less ?an x4 ,! ?ree holes ?r\gh :i* ! p9 is to pass are n 9 l9e :5 ! t5on is aga9 plac$ 9 mortise4 ,! result is to draw ! t5on tight1 :5 ! p9 is driv5 home1 & to make ! jo9t a v snug "o1 z x %\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag;b4 ,draw bor+ a jo9t & me?od ( levell+ po/s ,if ?is me?od ( con/ruct+ ! frame on ! gr\nd is n us$1 ! tie piece mu/ be plac$ 9 position be=e ! second po/ is set4 ,fa/5 ! jo9ts ) ! p9s1 & level ! tie piece4 ,if ! two po/s h be5 laid out toge!r on ! tre/les1 _! tops mu/ n[ come level & true4 ,?is fir/ /ep 9 mak+ ! /ructure is extremely important1 z ! success ( ! foll[+ "w dep5ds on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,details ( ro( con/ruction & =ms ( raft]s ,aft] tamp+ ! uprights solidly1 ! corn] po/s = support+ ! floor may be set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y %\ld be ( locu/1 c$>1 or *e/nut1 & at lea/ f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,set !m 9 ! gr\nd n less ?an ?irty in*es1 & flu% ) ! gr\nd l9e4 ,x w be bett] to dig out ?ree or f\r in*es ( top soil f ! :ole area1 & aft]w>d fill 9 ) gravel1 z ?is does n hold ! moi/ure4 ,?is precaution w help to prev5t decay1 &1 :]ev] possible1 all ! p>ts 9 contact ) ! e>? %\ld be pa9t$ ) creosote4 ,! outside ( po/s %\ld be five feet "o way & f\r feet eight in*es ! o!r4 ,_! tops %\ld be saw$ (f level4 ,?is may be done aft] sett+4 ,saw "o po/ at ! desir$ height4 ,to level ! o!rs ) x1 re/ a /raight bo>d on fir/ po/1 & :ile "o boy holds ! level on its upp] edge1 let ! o!r make a p5cil m>k on ! next po/ along "u side ( ! bo>d4 ,saw to ?is l9e1 & level ! rema9+ po/s 9 ! same mann]4 7,fig4 #bag;b47 ,! sill or frame = floor+ mu/ n[ be prep>$4 ,use ei!r #b #f or #b #d in* spruce4 ,cut two pieces five feet long1 & two pieces f\r feet eight in*es4 ,lay out half lap jo9ts at ! ends1 & saw to ! l9es4 ,spike ?is frame to ! locu/ po/s1 & z x t\*es ! outside ( ! uprights1 nail to ! latt]1 ) t5-p5ny wire nails4 ,z additional support w be ne$$ = ! floor+1 cut two #b #d1 & fa/5 !m across ! frame ei!r by half lap jo9t or spikes4 ,if ?is frame is plan$ on ! outside1 no f9i%+ /rip w be ne$$1 b if x is r\gh saw$ /ock1 a fac+ /rip ( #a #d in* mat]ial %\ld be plac$ on ! outside1 flu% ) ! top ( ! frame4 ,! floor+ may n[ be laid1 us+ tongue & groove /ock1 & all[+ x to project an in* beyond ! frame on all f\r sides4 ,! edges ( ?is projection %\ld be r\nd$ ) ! plane4 ,! floor+ %\ld be neatly fitt$ ar\nd ! uprights1 s t ! latt] may appe> to come up ?r\gh a solid floor #e feet #d in*es by #e feet #j in*es4 ,! ro( %\ld be made next1 leav+ ! con/ruction ( ! seat to ! la/4 ,! ro( timb]s consi/ ( six raft]s f\r feet long1 & six braces two feet "o & a half in*es long4 ,two me?ods are %[n1 & sev]al comb9ations may be us$4 ,! raft]s may h squ>e ends1 or "s simple curv$ design may be saw$ out1 z sugge/$ 9 ! detail$ draw+4 7,fig4 #bah47 ,! braces may meet ! raft]s 9 a pla9 butt jo9t1 & be nail$1 or !y may be ga9$ into ! raft]s1 z %[n 9 side view4 ,?is latt] me?od makes a neat job1 b x is n necess>y1 z f> z /r5g? is conc]n$4 ,nails are us$ 9 ei!r case4 ,! /raight raft] is ( c\rse ! simpl] & easi] way1 b ! ,japanese effect produc$ by a slight curve at ! ends on ! upp] side is wor? ! little additional lab\r t x requires4 ,to secure ?is curve1 saw out a template 9 :ite p9e ab\t fifte5 in*es long & #a-a_/b in*es wide1 at "o end1 z %[n 9 detail4 ,! curve may be fir/ drawn 9 p5cil1 & !n saw$ on ! l9e4 ,f ?is template lay out six pieces ( scrap1 #b #d1 & saw !m all out ! same size & %ape4 ,nail !m to ! l[] ends ( ! raft]s on _! top side4 ,! upp] ends ( ! raft]s are to be mitr$1 & ! ,v-%ap$ not* cut z %[n 9 detail draw+4 7,fig4 #bai47 ,! braces are squ>e at "o end1 & mitr$ at ! o!r4 ,nail two raft]s toge!r at _! mitr$ ends1 us+ t5 or twelve p5ny wire nails4 ,place 9 position ov] plate1 & nail to x4 ,nail mitr$ end ( braces to ! upright1 & !n to raft]4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ two jo9ts at "r angles is call$ toe-nail+--nail+ obliquely--z %[n 9 detail4 ,! braces = middle raft]s are fa/5$ to ! tie piece1 & w ne$ to be some:at long] ?an ! f\r fa/5$ to ! uprights4 ,_! exact l5g? %\ld be det]m9$ by measurem5t1 aft] ! end raft]s are secur$4 ,! end saw$ (f %\ld be ! squ>e end1 measurem5ts be+ made f ! extreme po9t ( ! mitr$ corn]4 ,! ro( is to be %+l$4 ,= ?is purpose1 %+le la?1 a /&>d comm]cial article1 is to be nail$ to ! raft]s at int]vals ( #e-a_/b or #f in*es4 ,= a /eep ro( l ?is1 #f in*es w answ]4 ,?is la? is to project beyond ! outside raft]s #i in*es or #a foot4 ,!re mu/ be a %+le la? at ! top ( ea* raft]1 no matt] h[ ne> ! next "o may come1 & sometimes ! :ole ro( is cov]$ ) bo>ds z a support = ! %+les1 in/ead ( la?4 ,beg9 %+l+ at ! l[] end ( ! raft]s1 all[+ ! fir/ c\rse to project an in* beyond ! fir/ la?4 ,to insure ! end ( ! ro( be+ /raight1 x is be/ to saw ! la? aft] x is nail$ to raft]s4 ,! fir/ c\rse ( %+les %\ld be d\ble--i4 e41 "o ov] ! o!r1 jo9ts brok54 ,on good & p]man5t ro(s1 :]e ! pit* is n z great z 9 ?is case1 ! me?od %[n at a 7,fig4 #bah7 is frequ5tly us$4 ,aft] ! fir/ c\rse is laid1 ! second is begun ) a ?ird ( a %+le1 ! next ) two ?irds1 ! next ) a :ole "o4 ,x makes a tight] ro( ?an t 9 :i* ea* jo9t comes ov] ! c5tre ( ! "o bel[4 ,! c>p5t] m>ks ! c\rses aft] ! fir/ ) a *alk l9e4 ,measure up six in*es f ! l[] edge1 at ea* end ( ! ro(4 ,take a piece ( mason's l9e or /rong cord1 rub x ) a piece ( *alk1 hold x taut at ! two p5cil m>ks1 pull x up 9 ! c5tre1 & all[ x to snap back to ! ro(4 ,x w leave a /raight *alk l9e f end to end1 & ! l[] edge ( ! next c\rse ( %+les is laid to ?is l9e4 ,two %+le nails are to be us$ on ea* %+le1 driv5 into ! %+le la? high en\gh up to be cov]$ by ! next c\rse4 ,on v f9e "w1 ! edges ( %+les :]e !y t\* are fir/ plan$1 b = ord9>y purposes ?is is n necess>y4 ,%+le "o side ( ! ro( cle> up to ! ridge1 all[+ ! la/ c\rse to pres5t six in*es or s to ! wea!r4 ,saw (f c>efully all t "p :i* projects1 close to ! ridge4 ,?is w all[ ! %+les f ! second side to project ov] ^? ( ! fir/1 & :5 ! second side is f9i%$ x is to be saw$ (f at ! ridge z be=e4 ,to protect ! ridge f leaks1 saddle bo>ds are sometimes add$4 ,^! are /rips ( p9e lapp$ ov] ! top & nail$1 z %[n 9 detail$ draw+4 ,if ! curv$ raft]s are us$1 ! pull ( ! nails w make ! %+les con=m to ! curve1 unless x is excessive4 ,_m me?ods are us$ by c>p5t]s 9 f9i%+ ro(s1 & consid]able "t & mat]ial are us$ 9 con/ruct+ cornices4 ,9 ?is simple /ructure1 if ! timb]s h be5 plan$ z sugge/$1 x w be well to leave x z x is1 ) ! raft]s expos$1 especially if ! ornam5tal curves h be5 saw$ be=e erection4 ,if ! ro( has be5 made ) bo>ds1 in/ead ( %+le la?s1 ! :ole con/ruction is hone/ly & frankly visible4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( putt+ on g+]bread "w1 ornam5ts saw$ on a h& or jig-saw1 is to be condemn$4 ,let all y\r con/ruction be /rong1 simple1 & /raight=w>d4 ,%+les are sometimes /a9$ or pa9t$4 ,/a9+ is by f> ! bett] treatm5t1 b ! %+les %\ld be dipp$ into ! /a9 & dri$ be=e !y are put on4 ,! /a9s sold by mo/ pa9t /ores come 9 a v>iety ( col\rs4 ,"s %ade ( gre51 r$1 or br[n %\ld be select$1 accord+ to ! col\r ( ! body ( ! /ructure4 ,a r$ ro( on a :ite /ructure looks well1 z x is usually se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( blue sky & gre5 foliage4 ,a light gray build+ ) :ite trimm+s & r$ ro( makes a pleas+ comb9ation4 ,x only rema9s to con/ruct ! seat4 ,?is is made d\ble1 ) a back betwe5 ! uprights1 & ! seat cov] is h+$ to make a *e/ bel[ = racquets1 etc4 ,?is d\ble seat is design$ to give ! greate/ possible seat+ accommodation = ?is size ( %elt]4 ,x has ! disadvantage ( "o seat fac+ ! wrong way1 & if ! /ructure is made long] x is sugge/$ t ! back seat be omitt$4 ,con/ruct a box )\t top or bottom #cd in*es by #c feet #h in*es4 ,! mat]ial may be ! same z ! floor1 b 9 any case x mu/ be tongue & groove mat*$ bo>ds4 ,?is box w j slip 9 betwe5 ! uprights & mu/ be securely nail$ to !m4 ,to fa/5 to ! floor1 nail cleats to ! latt] j inside ! box1 & nail ! sides & ends ( ! box to ^! cleats4 ,fur!r to /r5g!n ! box1 squ>e cleats %\ld be nail$ upright 9 ea* corn] ( ! inside4 ,illu/ration ,! backbone ( ! box is a piece ( #b #d spruce4 ,its l5g? w be ! di/ance betwe5 ! uprights or ! l5g? ( ! box4 ,saw d[n ?r\gh ! box ends exactly #b in*es1 ) ! saw aga9/ ! uprights1 & remove ! piece #d #b f ea* end4 ,into ^! two spaces slip ! #b #d & to5ail to uprights4 ,nail to ! top ( ?is #b #d along its c5tre a piece ( #a #c p9e1 ! same l5g? z ! #b #d4 ,! box cov]s are to be h+$ to ?is p9e /rip & w re/ on ! edge ( ! #b #d :i* w c>ry ! weight4 ,seat cov]s are to be ! same l5g? z ! box1 ) j en\gh cle>ance to let !m move freely betwe5 ! uprights4 ,z !y are #af in*es wide1 x is d\btful :e!r a s+le bo>d t wid? w be available4 ,!y may be made ( tongue & groove bo>ds1 ) cleats #c #g_/h in*es screw$ on ! "u side1 j long en\gh to all[ ! cov] to close4 ,outside edges %\ld be r\nd$ & ?ree /rong h+es us$ on ea* cov]4 ,z x has a be>+ surface on front & ends ( ! box1 no extra support w be ne$$4 ,if a support = ! back is desir$1 two /rips #c #a-a_/d ) r\nd$ edges may be fa/5$ to ! uprights1 & z ! pressure may be bo? ways1 !y %\ld be nail$ betwe5 two upright cleats at ea* end4 ,! cleats #g_/h #a-a_/d are nail$ to uprights1 or ! /rips may be mortis$ ?r\gh4 ,! %>p edges ( ! uprights may be bevell$ or *amf]$ :]e p are likely to come 9 contact ) !m4 ,! /ructure is n[ ready = pa9t+4 ,set all nails ) nail pun*1 & give ! fir/ or prim+ coat to ! :ole /ructure1 %+les except$4 ,?is %\ld be done :5 ! wood is dry1 n directly aft] a ra94 ,:5 ?is coat is dry1 fill all nail holes ) putty & give second coat ( pa9t4 ,if ! prim+ coat 0 ?9 a ?ird coat may be necess>y to give ! desir$ result4 ,use a little dri] 9 ! pa9t & :5 necess>y to ?9 x use boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,z :ite w\ld n be suitable = ! seats & floor1 a light gray = ! seats & a d>k] %ade = ! floor may be us$4 ,,xlv ,,! ,,p]gola ,among ! _m /ructures us$ to beautify ! gr\nds ( a suburban or c\ntry place1 ! p]gola is se5 less ?an x %\ld be4 ,x is a luxury1 b s is a c\* hammock1 & _m o!r details ( our mod]n life might be plac$ "u ! same head+4 ,z an arb\r = ! tra9+ ( ! v9es1 ! p]gola adds m dignity to a place ?an any o!r /ructure1 always assum+ t x is well built & 9 good proportion4 ,its l5g? mu/ ( c\rse dep5d on ! local circum/ances4 ,x %\ld lead some:]e1 z f ! h\se to ! fl[] g>d51 or f h\se to /able4 ,x %\ld1 9 o!r words1 n be plac$ on ! gr\nds simply z an ornam5t4 ,its purpose %\ld be to give a c]ta9 am\nt ( privacy to a walk4 ,! olde/ recogniz$ /yle ( ar*itecture is kn[n z po/ & beam con/ruction1 z sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #bai1 :]e two v]tical memb]s support a horizontal "o4 ,?is /yle 0 us$ by ! ,egyptians & ,greeks1 & 0 a l>ge factor 9 decid+ ! =m ( ! old ,greek temples4 ,! p]gola consi/s ( two p>allel r[s ( columns connect$ by longitud9al beams & cross beams4 ,a v arti/ic "o may be built by two boys ) ! assi/ance ( a ?ird p]son 9 ! heavy "w ( lift+ & plac+ ! columns4 ,if a small-siz$ /ructure ) #f-;in* columns is built1 two boys c h&le ! :ole con/ruction alone4 ,?is small size is n recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 z "o ( ! fir/ requisites ( ! p]gola is a massive appe>ance ( solidity & p]man5ce4 ,! proportions = two sizes are giv5 9 ! draw+1 & !y may be modifi$ to suit ! size ( ! gr\nd1 build+s1 etc4 7,fig4 #bbj47 ,wood5 columns 9 _m /yles1 sizes1 & proportions are on ! m>ket & may be b\ght f any lumb] deal]4 ,! bases & caps are sep>ate & %\ld be ord]$ to fit ! columns4 ,! con/ruction ( ! p]gola br+s ! "y c>p5t] 9 contact ) sev]al new problems4 ,! fir/ is ! subject ( f\ndations4 ,^! may be 9 ! =m ( concrete1 :i* is p]man5t & solid1 & w n decay1 z any =m ( wood5 po/ w d 9 "t4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be z ne>ly level z possible1 & %\ld be /ak$ out ) eight /akes1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 7,fig4 #bba47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,! ,p]gola ,! /akes are ?ree feet f ! c5tre ( ! columns 9 ea* case1 & angle a c d %\ld be made squ>e at ! beg9n+4 ,measure di/ance a b equal to c d4 ,f a measure along a l9e /ret*$ f a to b ?ree feet1 & !n ?ree spaces ( twelve feet ea*4 ,measure ! same di/ance f c along c d1 & place /akes at ea* po9t4 ,a l9e /ret*$ f e to f %\ld pass ov] ! c5tre ( ! /akes m>k+ ! c5tre ( ea* column1 z ^! latt] /akes w be dug out 9 ! process ( excavat+ = ! f\ndation1 :ile /akes e & f are necess>y = ! prop] location ( ! holes4 ,aft] digg+ ! fir/ two holes1 te/ _! accuracy by aga9 /ret*+ a cord or masons' l9e f e to f4 ,proce$ ) ! next set ( holes 9 ! same way1 plac+ new /akes ?ree feet out f c5tres to correspond ) e & f4 ,:5 ! eight holes h be5 dug1 ! arrangem5t w appe> z %[n at g1 twelve /akes be+ left 9 ! gr\nd4 ,%\ld ! p]gola be long] or n>r[]1 ! same me?od w\ld be us$1 ! dim5sions only be+ alt]$4 ,! size ( ! holes w dep5d on ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,! p]gola ,assum+ t we are build+ ! l>ge p]gola ) eight-in* columns1 ! base w be ab\t twelve in*es squ>e4 ,measure ! base & add two in*es to x1 mak+1 say1 a f\rte5-in* squ>e1 ! size ( ! f\ndation4 ,a box 9 ! =m %[n at a1 #ad in*es squ>e inside1 mu/ be made4 ,no nails are us$ on ! box4 ,x is held toge!r by cleats c c4 ,!y mu/ be made to fit snugly1 & are to be knock$ (f :5 ! cem5t has h>d5$--i4 e41 ab\t f\r days aft] mak+4 ,^! boxes may be full dep? ( ! hole1 ?ree feet1 or1 z is sometimes done1 ! hole is made j ! "r size & ! box1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 w$g$ into ! top z %[n at i4 ,?is me?od calls = consid]able c>e 9 levell+ ! top ( ! box & secur+ ! prop] projection above gr\nd1 z well z 9 p\r+ 9 ! cem5t )\t dislodg+ x1 b ! box is remov$ m easily ?an is ! case ) a full-l5g? "o4 ,! decision ab\t ?is po9t det]m9es ! size ( ! hole4 ,9 case ! %ort box is us$1 ! hole mu/ be fifte5 in*es squ>e & j en\gh %av$ f ! sides at top to receive ! box4 ,if ! full l5g? box is us$1 ! hole %\ld be ab\t tw5ty in*es squ>e1 to all[ ! cleats to be knock$ (f & bo>ds )drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,details ( p]gola con/ruction ,?is weighty "q hav+ be5 decid$1 prep>e to mix concrete4 ,make a mix+ bo>d ab\t five or six feet squ>e ( floor+ bo>ds fa/5$ to heavy cleats on ! "u side4 ,x %\ld h two or ?ree sides nail$ on1 z %[n at k4 ,also prep>e eight wood5 blocks1 z %[n 9 draw+4 ,^! may be fifte5 to eighte5 in*es long1 saw$ f #d #d timb]1 plan$ smoo? & ) a slight tap] t[>d ! l[] end4 ,! purpose ( ^! blocks w be app>5t lat] on4 ,! concrete is compos$ ( f\r p>ts clean gravel to "o ( ,portl& cem5t1 & ! be/ is always ! *eape/ 9 ! long run4 ,use a pail = mix+ & place f\r pailfuls ( gravel on ! mix+ bo>d4 ,p\r ov] ?is "o pailful ( dry cem5t & mix ?or\ghly1 turn+ ! :ole mass sev]al times4 ,:5 ?or\ghly mix$1 p\r on wat]1 half a pailful at a "t1 & turn aga9 ) ! %ovel until ! :ole mass is wet4 ,%ovel ?is into ! fir/ box4 ,x w probably take two su* mix+s to fill x4 ,n[ place 9 ! top ( ! concrete "o ( ! tap]+ blocks1 all[+ x to project ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es above ! surface ( ! concrete4 ,! block %\ld be rubb$ ) grease or oil be=e ins]tion to make x )draw easily4 ,z soon z ! block is plac$1 pass ! l9e f /akes e to f & make sure t ! block is exactly at ! c5tre4 ,9 e case x is to be )drawn 9 ab\t an h\r1 or z soon z ! concrete has set1 b be=e x has gripp$ ! block too tightly2 o!rwise )drawal w be a difficult matt]4 ,! object ( ?is p]=mance is to leave 9 ! c5tre ( ! f\ndation a hole ab\t a foot deep & f\r in*es across4 ,level ! top ( concrete ) a tr[el & te/ ) ! level4 ,all ! f\ndations are made alike & no ef=t %\ld be sp>$ to see t ! boxes are level & 9 l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,te/ f end /akes a b c d & f across /akes ) ! masons' l9e4 ,?is "w w be easi] if ! f\r end f\ndations are made fir/4 ,to d ! "w ?or\ghly1 two boys may c\nt on ! process1 f ! /ak+ out to ! f9i%+ ( f\ndations1 occupy+ ab\t ?ree days4 ,x is ! mo/ important & labori\s "p ( ! "w & :5 f9i%$ repres5ts ab\t "o ?ird ( ! lab\r on ! p]gola4 ,! concrete %\ld /& at lea/ f\r days be=e x is t\*$ aga91 & dur+ t "t ! timb] may be prep>$4 ,besides ! eight columns1 !re w be ne$$3 #f pcs4 #d #f ins4--#af ft4 long #ae pcs4 #c #f ins4--#ad ft4 long #add ft4 7runn+7 #a #b ins4 #h pcs4 ( #e_/h-;94 r\nd iron ,! iron %\ld be #ah in*es long] ?an ! total height ( ! wood5 columns1 includ+ base & cap4 ,?is %\ld be det]m9$ by actual measurem5t4 ,! rods c be obta9$ f a blacksmi?4 ,h him cut a ?read at ea* end & provide two nuts = ea* rod4 ,!y are to ext5d cle> ?r\gh ea* column f ! bottom ( ! hole 9 ! f\ndation1 ?r\gh ! longitud9al timb]s t re/ on ! cap1 to bolt ! :ole /ructure toge!r securely4 ,columns come ei!r built up or solid4 ,! solid ones h a core bor$ out ?r\gh ! c5tre1 s t 9 ei!r case ! rod c easily pass ?r\gh f top to bottom4 ,a hole %\ld be bor$ #c_/d in* diamet] ?r\gh ! c5tre ( bo? cap & base to all[ ! bolt to pass easily4 ,9 ord]+ timb]s1 h !m dress$ on all sides at ! mill4 ,h ! fifte5 #c #f in* pieces saw$ on bo? ends z %[n at l1 & h "o end on f\r ( ! #d #f in* pieces saw$ ! same %ape4 ,! two rema9+ #d #f in* pieces are to be squ>e on ! ends4 ,a week aft] mak+ ! concrete f\ndations1 ! boxes hav+ be5 remov$ & ! holes fill$ 9 ) e>? well tamp$ d[n1 ! op5+s 9 ! top may be cut out ) a long cold *isel1 z %[n at m4 ,?is ne$ n be a v p>ticul> job4 ,! object is to dovetail ! cem5t1 to be us$ 9 fill+ up ! op5+ to ! f\ndation1 & x c be done r\ghly4 ,! sett+ ( ! columns on _! f\ndations is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,nail base & cap to ea* column & slip a long bolt cle> ?r\gh4 ,at ! bottom ! bolt w be all[$ to project4 ,at ! top pass x ?r\gh a piece ( wood #f in*es high1 a #c_/d-;in* hole be+ bor$ = ! purpose4 ,fill ! op5+ 9 ! f\ndation ) cle> cem5t mix$ ) en\gh wat] to br+ x to ! consi/5cy ( pa9t4 ,set ! column on its f\ndation1 ) ! end ( ! bolt & its nut & a l>ge wa%] imm]s$ 9 ! cem5t4 ,?is w h>d5 quickly1 mak+ a /rong bond ) ! f\ndation & hold+ ! bolt rigid4 ,plumb ! column1 & if x %[s a t5d5cy to lean1 place ?9 w$ges "u x until x /&s true :5 te/$ by ! plumb & level on all sides4 ,treat all ! po/s alike & :5 "o r[ has be5 set1 run ! masons' l9e along ! bolts on top & see t !y are 9 l9e4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be ready be=e />t+ ?is job1 z cle> cem5t h>d5s quickly & any mov+ ( ! columns t may be necess>y 9 l9+ !m up mu/ be done be=e x sets4 ,a good me?od is to place ! end po/s fir/1 tie ! masons' l9e to ! bolts & l9e ! o!r two po/s z !y are set4 ,:5 !y are all on _! f\ndations at la/ y w beg9 to realize = ! fir/ "t ! value & beauty ( ! task y h und]tak54 ,our boys 7 s excit$ t e memb] ( ! family1 & "s ( ! neighb\rs1 7 dragg$ out z spectators4 ,x did n seem possible t two boys c\ld h&le su* a l>ge proposition1 b !re x /ood z if x 7 int5d$ to /& = a c5tury4 ,h>ry 0 = putt+ on ! sup]/ructure at once1 b ,ralph _h to w>n him n to t\* x until ! cem5t _h ?or\ghly h>d5$4 ,!y all[$ x to /& two days be=e !y remov$ ! #f-;in* blocks f ! bolts at ! top & began ! "w ( plac+ ! long #d #f in* timb]s4 ,^! memb]s 7 lapp$ z %[n 9 ! draw+1 #c_/d-;in* holes be+ bor$ to receive ! bolts4 ,:5 all ! timb]s on "o side 7 9 place1 ! nuts 7 screw$ d[n snug on ea* bolt ) a monkey wr5*4 ,! "w1 ) ! cutt+1 fitt+1 & bor+1 consum$ a :ole day1 & a second day 0 us$ up on ! second r[4 ,x 0 n necess>y to call ! family out aga94 ,! boys _h all ! help t c\ld be desir$ 9 lift+1 & 7 also bless$ ) a cont9u\s audi5ce4 ,! cross timb]s 7 ga9$ out to a dep? ( #a-a_/b in*es1 & fitt$ ov] ! long #d #f in* pieces1 z %[n at n4 ,!re 0 "o ov] ! c5tre ( ea* column1 & an additional piece 0 remov$ to provide = ! nut1 :i* 0 !reby entirely conceal$4 ,! rema9+ cross pieces 7 spac$ ?ree feet ap>t on c5tres1 & all spik$ securely to ! #d #f's4 ,x 0 f\nd advisable to bore #a_/d-;in* holes = ! spikes1 & to s9k _! heads bel[ ! surface ) a nail set4 ,x only rema9$ to nail on to ! cross pieces five r[s ( #a #b 9 ! position %[n4 ,all nail holes & cracks 7 putti$1 & ! entire /ructure d[n to ! cem5t f\ndation 0 giv5 ?ree coats ( :ite pa9t4 ,built 9 ?is mann]1 ! p]gola w /& = _m ye>s1 & already ! boys h plant$ wi/>ia1 honeysuckles1 crimson rambl]1 trumpet1 & o!r v9es to cov] x4 ,! columns !mselves may be easily made ( concrete4 ,! =m may be made ( six or eight in* iron pipe4 ,:5 ?is is b\ght1 h x split 9 half l5g?wise at a ma*9e %op4 ,six-in* pipe cut 9 ?is way w co/ ab\t a doll> a foot1 b x w la/ a lifetime if protect$ f ru/1 & v (t5 ! concrete po/s may be sold1 s t ! =m w soon pay = itself4 ,h a blacksmi? make two iron b&s1 z %[n at o4 ,h a #e_/af-;in* hole drill$ at a ?r\gh bo? ends4 ,^! b&s are us$ to hold ! two halves ( ! iron =m toge!r1 & are tight5$ by a bolt & nut at a4 ,dig a pit = ! =m to /& 91 s t ! cem5t may be easily p\r$ 94 ,?is pit may be ab\t ?ree feet deep by two feet squ>e1 & ! sides support$ by a box )\t a bottom4 ,to make a column1 clamp ! two b&s ab\t ! =m1 & place 9 ! bottom end a circul> piece ( wood1 ) a hole 9 ! c5tre to insure ! iron rod be+ 9 ! middle4 ,place ! =m upright 9 ! pit1 & secure x firmly by nail+ /rips ( wood across ! top ( ! box4 ,place ! iron rod 9 ! c5tre1 pass+ x ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! bottom4 ,p\r 9 ! cem5t q wet1 & tamp x d[n occasionally until full4 ,x w settle a little1 & w ne$ to be fill$ to ! top4 ,a circul> piece ( wood1 simil> to ! "o at ! bottom1 may be us$ to c5tre ! rod at ! top4 ,?is mu/ be done z soon z ! =m is fill$1 be=e ! concrete has _h a *ance to set4 ,use f\r p>ts ( f9e1 clean sift$ gravel to "o ( cem5t4 ,all[ ! =m to /& f\r days4 ,remove ! clamps1 & draw ! =m out on ! gr\nd4 ,tap x g5tly1 & remove "o half ( ! iron pipe4 ,roll x ov] ^u two pieces ( bo>d1 & remove ! o!r half4 ,! concrete w be v heavy1 & ! assi/ance ( a full-gr[n man may be ne$$ to draw ! =m out ( ! pit4 ,! inside ( ! =m %\ld be clean$ & ?or\ghly oil$4 ,?is %\ld always be done be=e mak+ a column to insure its com+ out easily1 z concrete =ms a /rong bond ) iron1 & o!rwise ! column may be brok5 9 try+ to get x out4 ,! result w be a p]fectly r\nd b n p]fectly smoo? column4 ,x %\ld be coat$ ) a wa% ( cle> cem5t & wat]1 us+ a wide bru%4 ,! col\r may be made :ite by add+ a lump ( lime to ! cem5t & wat]1 & two coats ( ?is solution ab\t ! consi/5cy ( milk w be necess>y4 ,! la/ coat may be put on aft] ! columns are on _! f\ndations4 ,! plac+ ( ! po/s on ! squ>e f\ndations is heavy "w & ! help ( a lab\r] %\ld be secur$4 ,^! pla9 po/s are n z ornam5tal z wood5 columns1 ) _! bases & capitals1 b !y make a v sub/antial /ructure t _c decay & w la/ a c5tury4 ,,xlvi ,,p\ltry ,,h\ses ,!re are a hundr$ ways ( rais+ *ick5s1 & n9ety ( !m are wrong4 ,?is is n a treatise on p\ltry rais+1 = !re are _m elem5ts :i* ent] into ! problem--incubation1 brood+1 fe$+1 etc4 ,b assum+ t "o ( ! ma9 po9ts aim$ at is ! production ( eggs 9 w9t]1 :5 !y are sc>ce & exp5sive1 ! h\s+ ( *ick5s is admitt$ by p\ltry rais]s to be "o ( ! fir/ consid]ations4 ,! h\se %\ld be sixte5 feet deep1 %\ld face s\?1 & no glass %\ld be us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,a w9d[ n9e or t5 feet long by two & a half feet high plac$ f\r feet above ! gr\nd is recomm5d$1 & x %\ld be cov]$ ) nett+ or *ick5 wire on ! outside1 b left op5 all day1 ev5 9 z]o wea!r4 ,x is clos$ at night1 by a scre5 ( canvas or duck fa/5$ to a light wood5 frame4 ,! frame is h+$ at ! top1 & hook$ up to ! ceil+ dur+ ! day4 ,! foll[+ description is tak5 f ! exp]i5ce ( sev]al p\ltry m5 :o h be5 successful1 & h made money by sell+ eggs4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is con/ruction is t v5tilation is a prime necessity1 & t dampness is ! "o ?+ to be avoid$4 ,) ^! objects atta9$1 *ick5s w /& almo/ any am\nt ( cold1 & ) prop] fe$+ & ! /ricte/ cleanl9ess1 egg production w cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,"s successful m5 insi/ on a wood5 floor1 o!rs recomm5d "o ( gravel t5 in*es deep4 ,! con/ruction giv5 "h calls = ! gravel floor on ! gr\nd level4 ,_m recomm5d a litt] ( /raw t5 in*es or m deep on ! gravel4 ,! morn+ meal is ?r[n on ?is litt] s t ! *ick5s are =c$ to scrat* = _! breakfa/1 gett+ ! blood 9 circulation by ?is e>ly morn+ ex]cise4 ,z ! me?od ( build+ ?is h\se is typical ( _m outdoor /ructures1 x w be tak5 up 9 detail4 ,x w\ld make an excell5t "w %op or cab91 ) a few modifications1 su* z a floor ( bo>ds1 & ! addition ( a few w9d[s4 ,be=e x is f9i%$ ! build]s w probably regret1 z our boys did1 t x 0 to be us$ by _! *ick5s in/ead ( = !mselves4 7,see ,fig4 #bbb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,! p\ltry h\se ,set eight locu/ or *e/nut po/s 9 ! gr\nd & saw (f six in*es above ! l[e/ po9t4 ,level 9 ! same mann] z = ! %elt]$ seat describ$ = ! t5nis c\rt1 & see t ! outsides ( po/s measure #ae feet #aj in*es ov] all measurem5ts4 ,squ>e ! corn]s by ! #c-d-e me?od1 lay+ ! #d #d in* sill pieces on top ( po/s :ile do+ ?is4 ,! sill is put toge!r ) halv$ jo9t1 & spik$ to ! po/s ) twelve-p5ny wire nails4 ,! corn] po/s are #d #d in* spruce1 ) squ>e ends to5ail$ to ! sill4 ,plumb ^! po/s1 & tie 9 position by tempor>y braces1 us+ = ?is purpose %+le la? or /rips ( bo>ds4 ,! plates along front & back are #b #d in*es1 nail$ to po/s f ! top4 ,! frame may n[ be f9i%$ by plac+ ! #b #d-;in* /udd+1 to5ail+ to sill & plates on ! ends1 & sill & raft]s on ! sides4 ,! frames = door & w9d[ are %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! raft]s spac$ ?ree feet ap>t are #b #h or #b #aj in*es4 ,?is l>ge size is due to ! long span ( sixte5 feet1 ) no middle support f und]nea?4 ,! ends ( raft]s are cut to fit snugly ov] ! plates1 z %[n1 & saw$ /raight up & d[n to correspond ) v]tical walls front & back4 ,no ov]hang is provid$ = ! ro(1 z comm]cial ro(+ pap] is to cov] ! :ole outside ( ! h\se4 ,9 case x is to be us$ = o!r purposes ?an p\ltry rais+1 ?is feature %\ld be modifi$1 & ! raft]s all[$ to project bo? front & back4 ,) ! raft]s nail$ 9 position1 p]man5t braces may be put 9 at ! corn]s1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 & tempor>y braces remov$4 ,if ! build+ is to be us$ z a %op1 a second door directly opposite ! "o %[n is recomm5d$4 ,= ?is purpose ! position ( ! "w b5* w\ld be on ! front directly "u ! long w9d[1 & ! two doors w\ld !n be 9 ! prop] place to p]mit ! plan+ ( long bo>ds4 ,:5 ! frame is f9i%$1 ! "q ( sid+ mu/ be tak5 up4 ,if ! orig9al purpose ( ! build+ is to be c>ri$ out1 p\ltry exp]ts claim t a d\ble wall is v desirable z a b>ri] aga9/ dampness1 :i* arises prim>ily f ! exhalations ( ! birds4 ,if ! walls are cold1 ?is dampness w cond5se on !m1 :ile ) a d\ble wall ?is does n take place1 z ! dampness escapes ) ! air4 ,! outside cas+ may be ( %ip-lap bo>ds or tongu$ & groov$ mat]ial4 ,= a cab9 or %op1 novelty sid+1 clapbo>ds or ev5 %+les may be us$4 ,br+ ! squ>e ends ( ! bo>ds flu% ) ! op5+s = door & w9d[1 & nail to corn] po/s & /udd+ ) eight or t5 p5ny wire nails4 ,f9i% ! two sides1 saw+ (f ! %ea?+ along ! top ( raft]s4 ,cov] front & back cle> up to top ( raft]s1 & br+ ends ( bo>ds flu% ) outside ( ! side %ea?+4 ,sev]al me?ods ( f9i%+ corn]s ( frame build+s are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,at a is %[n ! corn] ( ?is *ick5 h\se4 ,no corn] bo>ds are us$ ov] ! out] %ea?+1 z ! :ole /ructure is to be cov]$ ) ro(+ pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,details ( p\ltry h\se ,at b is %[n ! f9i% = a /able or *eap cottage1 ) outside trim nail$ ov] ! %ea?+4 ,?is is ! *eape/1 easie/1 & poore/ me?od ( corn] f9i% = ord9>y ou?\ses4 ,at c a bett] me?od is %[n1 ) trim nail$ to ! po/s1 & clapbo>ds fitt$ up close to x & nail$ to corn] po/s4 ,a /ill bett] f9i% is %[n at d1 :]e ! trim is nail$ to po/s b n lapp$4 ,! angles betwe5 corn] trim fill$ ) a qu>t] r\nd m\ld+ make a good jo9t & a neat f9i%4 ,if ! d\ble wall is to be us$1 a second bo>d+ is made on ! inside ( /udd+ & "u side ( raft]s1 fir/ cov]+ ! space ) build+ pap] tack$ to ! inside ( /udd+1 & nail+ ! bo>ds--ei!r %ip-lap or tongue & groove--to ! frame "w4 ,door & w9d[ sills are made ) an outw>d slant to provide a wat] table4 ,a cross section ( w9d[ sill is %[n 9 ! detail draw+ at e4 ,z !re is no w9d[ 9 ?is build+ except ! canvas scre51 ! con/ruction ( a w9d[ frame is n necess>y4 ,if ! d\ble wall is made1 a d\ble door1 "o op5+ 9 & ! o!r out1 w be 9 ord]4 ,! outside door1 flu% ) out] %ea?+1 & ! same arrangem5t inside are %[n at f4 ,a door sill w n be necess>y1 & ! con/ruction ( ! doors is %[n at g4 ,! mat]ial is tongue & groove bo>ds fitt$ to ! op5+1 s z to close easily1 yet to provide = expansion 9 wet wea!r1 & held toge!r by heavy cleats #c #g_/h in*es on ! inside1 z %[n4 ,! inn] door is fa/5$ by a hook & eye1 & ! out] "o ) hasp1 /aple1 & padlock4 ,z ! w9d[ op5+ is cov]$ ) wire1 ! only way a ?ief c get 9 is by cutt+ ! wire & canvas or by draw+ ! /aple4 ,! latt] me?od c be prev5t$ by ! use ( special /aples1 ) ?reads cut on ea* end1 & fa/5$ on ! inside by nuts1 z %[n at h4 ,^! /aples are sold at all h>dw>e /ores4 ,! con/ruction ( ! frame = ! canvas scre5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,! lap jo9t is us$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! outside dim5sions are two in*es great] ?an ! w9d[ op5+4 ,tack ! canvas or duck to ! side ( ! frame next ! w9d[1 & provide two hooks & eyes to fa/5 x d[n at night4 ,/rong iron butt h+es %\ld be us$ on ?is frame1 & heavy ,t or /rap h+es on ! doors4 ,! outside ( ! h\se is f9i%$1 except = a wat]-%$ ov] ! w9d[1 & ! cov] = ! entire outside ( /rong ro(+ pap]4 ,?is is sold usually ) a special cem5t = mak+ tight jo9ts & ) t9 wa%]s = ! nails4 ,! wat] table is simply a bo>d project+ at an angle & fa/5$ to triangul> brackets1 z %[n at a 7,fig4 #bbb74 ,! ro(+ pap] br\ght d[n ov] ?is bo>d1 & tack$ to ! "u side or edge1 makes a wat]tight jo9t4 ,! inside woodwork consi/s ( roo/s1 dropp+ plat=m1 & ne/s4 ,! dropp+ plat=m is a floor ( tongue & groove bo>ds1 plac$ ?ree feet f ! gr\nd on po/s1 & ext5d+ ! full l5g? ( ! h\se4 ,! roo/s are fa/5$ to a /rong frame1 z %[n 9 draw+1 & ! frame--9 sections--is h+$ at ! back4 ,ea* morn+ ?is frame is rais$1 hook$ to ! ceil+1 & ! dropp+ plat=m clean$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ne/s is a subject on :i* p\ltry exp]ts diff] widely1 b :atev] =m is adopt$1 ! mat]ial may usually be obta9$ f old boxes or pack+ cases4 ,! outdoor runs = summ] consi/ ( wire nett+ fa/5$ to *e/nut1 c$>1 or locu/ po/s4 ,if o!r woods are us$1 ! l[] p>ts %\ld be coat$ ) creosote4 ,?is is also a good dis9fectant1 to be us$ = clean+ ! roo/s occasionally4 ,_m accessories = ! p\ltry h\se may be made ( wood1 b op9ions ( speciali/s are s antagoni/ic t x is h>dly safe to advocate any "o type4 ,a fe$ tr\gh is %[n at i 7,fig4 #bbc74 ,x may be made f box mat]ial1 & consi/s ( two bo>ds nail$ toge!r at "r angles1 support$ at ! ends by two horizontal pieces nail$ on4 ,brood] h\ses1 fe$1 & incubator h\ses1 & ! _m o!r details ( p\ltry rais+ are well )9 ! p[] ( any c>eful boy1 & ! designs %\ld be select$ f ! exp]t ^: sy/em he has decid$ to foll[4 ,,xlvii ,,h\s+ ,,( ,,outdoor ,,pets ,! c>e ( rabbits1 gu9ea pigs1 & o!r pets becomes ( absorb+ int]e/ to e boy at "s "t1 & he is =tunate inde$ if he has room outdoors to engage 9 ?is pa/ime prop]ly4 ,! com=t ( ! little animals1 & _! protection f _! natural enemies1 ! cat1 dog1 weasel1 etc41 %\ld be well look$ aft]4 ,fig4 #bbd %[s a v simple & conv5i5t h\se = animals :i* d n gnaw ?r\gh wood1 z ! rabbit & gu9ea pig4 ,^! two animals w usually live toge!r peaceably1 except :5 bre$+4 ,! mo!rs become s5sitive & jeal\s ( all /rang]s :5 rais+ a family4 ,! h\se prop] has a slop+ ro(1 :i* is h+$ to provide a conv5i5t me?od ( rea*+ any "p ( ! inside4 ,! l>ge space cov]$ on all sides by wire nett+ is ! y>d1 or runway4 ,! front ( ! h\se %\ld face s\?1 & be cov]$ ) nett+1 except ! door1 :i* slides up 9 ! grooves provid$1 z %[n 9 ! detail4 ,! nor!rn end ( y>d is bo>d$ cle> up to ! top4 ,?is %uts (f ! cold nor? w9ds1 & 9 t k9d ( a h\se rabbits w live ! ye> r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,rabbit h\se ,gu9ea pigs w ?rive 9 su* a /ructure until ! !rmomet] rea*es z]o4 ,^! int]e/+ & h>mless creatures come f ,brazil1 & :5 ! temp]ature rea*es t po9t1 x is bett] to take !m indoors1 z !y cat* cold & die ( pneumonia1 l human be+s4 ,! runway is cov]$ at ! top ) two-in* wire nett+ to keep out cats1 :o seem to take delight 9 kill+ bo? pigs & rabbits4 ,! upright corn] po/s %\ld be set at lea/ two feet 9 ! gr\nd1 brac$ along ! top by /rips1 to :i* ! nett+ is fa/5$ ) /aples1 or d\ble-po9t$ tacks4 ,a hemlock bo>d %\ld be set 9 ! gr\nd all ar\nd ! y>d1 ) a projection ( an in* or two = secur+ ! nett+ at ! gr\nd l9e4 ,hemlock is *eap & w la/ long] 9 ! gr\nd ?an spruce4 ,if ! rabbits />t to burr[1 !y become disc\rag$ by f9d+ ?is bo>d 9 ! way on e side4 ,^! planks or bo>ds may be r\gh-saw$ lumb]4 ,! inside ( ! h\se %\ld be coat$ ) creosote & pa9t$ outside a bronze gre54 ,a d>k-col\r$ h\se is w>m] ?an a :ite "o1 z may be easily prov$ by plac+ a !rmomet]1 fir/ "u a black hat1 !n "u a :ite "o4 ,?is is probably ! reason :y p 9 ! tropics we> :ite clo?+4 ,a door ! full height ( ! y>d %\ld be provid$ at ! f> end1 z x is sometimes necess>y to get 9 = clean+ or o!r purposes4 ,! h+$ ro( %\ld be made wat] tight by cov]+ ) "s =m ( comm]cial ro(+ pap]1 or by us+ tongue & groov$ bo>ds well pa9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,traps ,! door slid+ 9 grooves1 z %[n1 has a long h&le1 :i* projects up ?r\gh ! top ( ! runway1 s t x may be op5$ or clos$ f ! outside4 ,x c be made f box mat]ial4 ,a numb] ( ^! h\ses may be plac$ 9 a r[ & all[$ to op5 into a l>ge y>d1 or !re may be individual runs4 ,! latt] me?od is m satisfactory1 z a l>ge run c easily be obta9$ by provid+ doors betwe5 ! y>ds4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 :]e weasels1 m9k or o!r wild enemies bo!r ! rabbits1 !y c be caught 9 traps4 ,! ord9>y box trap at a1 ,fig4 #bbe1 is design$ to cat* ! animals alive4 ,its con/ruction is cle>ly %[n 9 ! draw+1 "o end cov]$ ) wire nett+1 or made solid1 & ! o!r provid$ ) a door1 arrang$ to drop easily 9 ! groove :5 ! trigg] has be5 di/urb$4 ,! simple con/ruction ( ! trigg] is %[n 9 ! detail1 :ile ! bait is atta*$ to a /r+4 ,z soon z ?is is di/urb$ ! door drops4 ,a typical dead-fall trap is %[n at b4 ,! weights plac$ on ! slop+ bo>d %\ld be heavy1 z ?is trap is design$ to kill its victim4 ,= ?is reason x %\ld nev] be us$ :]e !re is any possibility ( a pet cat or dog be+ caught4 ,! trigg] is v s5sitive1 & ! slighte/ pull at ! bait is suffici5t to br+ ! weight d[n on ! un=tunate animal4 ,! uprights %\ld be mortis$ ?r\gh ! base bo>d1 & ! cross piece at top halv$ to ! uprights4 ,! slop+ bo>d ) weights fa/5$ to x has a g5]\s-siz$ hole fitt$ loosely ov] a d[el at ! "r-h& end ( bottom bo>d4 ,a groove cut 9 ! latt] all[s ! weight$ bo>d to fit tightly :5 x falls1 ! d[el ) bait dropp+ into ! groove4 ,fig4 #bbe at c %[s a sn>e frequ5tly us$4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( a holl[ log1 box1 or b>rel1 s t ! animal mu/ put 8 head ?r\gh ! loop ( wire 9 ord] to rea* ! bait4 ,! fir/ pull at ! end ( ! trigg] releases ! sp9dle1 & ! b5t sapl+ does ! re/4 ,! loop ( wire %\ld be held op5 & 9 position by twigs conv5i5tly plac$4 ,! kill+ ( our few rema9+ wild creatures1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be done = sport4 ,x is excusable only :5 !y become de/ructive or tr\blesome4 ,squirrels1 rabbits1 & *ipmunks are mu* m int]e/+ z fri5ds ?an z cag$ or kill$ victims4 ,,xlviii ,,outdoor ,,c>p5try ,outdoor con/ruction or c>p5try1 z di/+ui%$ f ! indoor "w ( ! cab9et mak]1 calls = a g5]al acqua9tance ) tools1 "s ma!matics1 an elem5t>y k ( ! /r5g? ( mat]ials1 & a good supply ( common s5se4 ,x dem&s also "s k ( ! effects ( fro/ on f\ndations1 & requires judgm5t 9 provid+ = ! elem5ts1 w9d1 ra91 sn[1 & sun4 ,e build+ may be resolv$ into c]ta9 p>ts1 su* z f\ndations1 fram+1 ro(1 door1 & w9d[ frames1 outside cov]+ or sid+1 floor+1 p>titions1 doors & w9d[s1 wall cov]+ or ceil+1 int]ior f9i%1 h>dw>e1 etc4 ,^! w be tak5 up 9 _! ord]4 ,,f\ndations ,^!1 l all details1 dep5d on ! size & purpose ( ! build+4 ,! me?od ( sett+ a small build+ on po/s has be5 expla9$ "u p\ltry h\se1 & %elt]$ seat = t5nis c\rt4 ,x %\ld be us$ only = small /ructures1 su* z camp build+s1 sea-%ore cottages1 & out-build+s4 ,brick1 /one1 & concrete all h _! advantages1 b = "y build]s1 concrete is p]haps ! be/ & easie/ to h&le4 ,! woodwork necess>y = concrete "w is extremely important1 & its possibilities h h>dly be5 t\*$1 ev5 to-day4 ,! box or =m %\ld pres5t ! smoo? side ( ! bo>ds to ! concrete1 & %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! =m may be readily remov$ aft] ! concrete has h>d5$4 ,?is s\nds l a simple matt]1 b x becomes complicat$ 9 _m cases4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ ! wood5 frame to a concrete f\ndation is sugge/$ 9 ! *apt] on ! mak+ ( a p]gola4 ,9 "s h\ses ! frame is simply laid on ! concrete1 & ! weight ( ! build+ is tru/$ to keep x 9 place4 ,9 ! case ( small /ructures ?is w\ld n be suffici5t1 & a bett] way w\ld be to imb$ bolts 9 ! cem5t be=e x h>d5s4 ,pass ^! bolts ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 ! sill1 & fa/5 !m ) nut & wa%] on top1 aft] ! concrete has h>d5$4 ,any f\ndation %\ld be sunk at lea/ ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd1 o!rwise x w be heav$ by ! fro/4 ,:]e a cell> is to be built1 ! f\ndation %\ld be ( suffici5t dep? to leave at lea/ #f feet #f in*es 9 ! cle> betwe5 floor ( cell> & "u side ( floor beams1 & sev5 feet w\ld be bett]4 ,if ! f\ndation ext5ds two feet above ! gr\nd1 its bottom w\ld be #e feet #f in*es bel[ ! gr\nd level4 ,! ?ickness ( ! concrete wall mu/ dep5d on ! size & weight ( ! build+1 & = a small cottage x %\ld n be less ?an t5 in*es4 ,! columns describ$ = ! p]gola make an excell5t f\ndation = a small build+ to be plac$ on po/s1 z !y d n decay & are p]man5t4 ,!y may be us$ to advantage = por*es 9 place ( wood5 po/s4 ,aft] a build+ is complet$1 "s ( ! top soil remov$ 9 digg+ ! cell> %\ld be grad$ up to ! f\ndation at a slight slope1 to %$ ! ra9 & c>ry x away f ! build+4 ,! box = a concrete wall %\ld be well support$ & brac$1 z ! weight is suffici5t to =ce ! bo>ds out ( position4 ,! me?od %[n at ,fig4 #bbf is frequ5tly us$1 ! #g_/h or #a in* plank be+ support$ by #b #d in* /uds1 :i* 9 turn are brac$ z %[n4 ,on *eap "w ! outside bo>d+ is omitt$1 ! e>? be+ %av$ ) ! %ovel z ne> ! position ( out] cas+ z possible4 ,( c\rse1 ?is e>? wall is only useful )9 a foot or s f ! surface4 ,at ?is po9t ! out] bo>d+ mu/ comm5ce1 & be cont9u$ to top ( f\ndation4 ,9 ord] to h ! f\ndation level on top1 x is be/ to level ! wood5 =m all ar\nd ! f\r sides4 ,if ! concrete is br\ght exactly to ! top1 & a /raight edge is run along ! edges ( ! =m1 ! result+ wall mu/ be level1 provid$ ! box has be5 made s4 ,concrete does n fl[ en\gh to level itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,concrete f\ndations ,,fram+ ,?is is a subject on :i* volumes h be5 writt54 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ) ! names & sizes ( ! v>i\s memb]s is %[n 9 ! draw+1 a design = a small cottage1 or bungal[4 7,fig4 #bbg47 ,! heavy timb]s =m+ ! sill are cut to ! outside dim5sions ( f\ndation & halv$ at ! corn]s4 ,fa/5 ! jo9ts ) t5 or twelve p5ny nails4 ,cut all corn] po/s exactly ! same l5g?1 to5ail at corn]s to sill1 & hold 9 position by tempor>y braces4 ,plumb ! po/s z ! braces are nail$4 ,two boys mu/ "w at ?is job1 "o hold+ ! plumb & ! o!r nail+ ! braces4 ,cut & halve ! ends ( plate ! same l5g? z sill1 & nail to corn] po/s4 ,cut #b #d /uds same l5g? z po/s1 !n nail to sill & plate #af in*es ap>t on c5tres4 ,! op5+s to be left = doors & w9d[s w break up ! ev5 spac+ ( ! /uds1 b x %\ld be made z uni=m z possible4 ,! spaces = door & w9d[ frames are to be enclos$ ) d\ble /uds to give ! necess>y /r5g?4 ,corn] braces are v desirable & 9 ! old-fa%ion$ brac$ frame 7 mortis$ into plate & po/1 & sill & po/4 7,fig4 #bbg;a47 ,= a simple /ructure ! necess>y brac+ may be obta9$ by lett+ into ! /udd+ #c #a in* /rips1 z %[n 9 draw+4 ,to d ?is hold ! brace 9 ! position x is to occupy1 & make a p5cil m>k on bo? sides ( x on ea* timb]1 saw+ on ! inside ( ^! l9es to a dep? equal to ?ickness ( brace4 ,remove ! wood betwe5 saw cuts ) a *isel4 ,te/ to see t brace comes flu% ) outside ( /uds1 & nail securely 9 position4 ,:5 ! frame is f9i%$ up to ! ro( ! putt+ on ( ! sid+ may beg9 at any "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,corn] fram+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg;a4 ,frame ( bungal[ ,,sid+ ,! outside ( ! build+1 sid+ or wea!r bo>d+1 is an important item1 z x is design$ to protect ! int]ior f sun1 cold1 & /orms4 ,x %\ld be wat]tight1 & may be made ( v>i\s mat]ials1 put on 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 a h\se to be us$ 9 w9t]1 ! fir/ lay] %\ld be ( wide %ip-lap bo>ds4 ,if put on diagonally x w act z a p]man5t brac+1 & :ile ?is is ! bett] way1 x takes m "t ?an horizontal sid+4 ,9 ei!r case nail to e /ud & timb] ! bo>d t\*es4 ,beg9 at ! bottom ( sill1 break jo9ts z ! "w progresses upw>d1 & saw ends ev5 ) outside ( po/s4 ,at all door & w9d[ op5+s br+ edges ( sid+ flu% ) op5+s4 ,?is inn] sid+ is to be cov]$ ) build+ pap]1 door & w9d[ frames set1 t9 fla%+ nail$ ov] doors & w9d[s1 & out] cov]+ put on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,plan & elevation ( a bungal[ ,be=e proce$+ ) outside %ea?+1 h[ev]1 ! ro( %\ld be fram$ & cov]$4 ,,ro(+ ,x is a difficult matt] to say t "o "p ( a h\se is m important ?an ano!r1 z all p>ts are important1 b a build+ ) an un/able or leaky ro( is an abom9ation4 ,! fram+ ( ! ro( mu/ be /rong en\gh to )/& gales1 blizz>ds1 dr5*+ ra9s1 & ! weight ( tons ( wet sn[4 ,z ! me?od ( %+l+ has be5 describ$ "u t5nis c\rt %elt]1 x is only necess>y to take up ! subject ( ! frame4 ,boys w d well to conf9e _! e>ly ef=ts to pla9 slop+1 or possibly hipp$ ro(s4 ,^! two /yles are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,ro( fram+ ,! hip ro( is ! m pleas+ & ! m difficult to make4 ,x r$uces ! attic space1 if t is a consid]ation1 & is h>d] to cov]1 or r x consumes m "t1 z ! "q ( :e!r a piece ( "w is difficult or n is really a "q ( :e!r or n y "k h[ to d x4 ,! me?od ( fitt+ ! raft]s is %[n at ,fig4 #bcj4 ,to f9d l5g? ( raft]s1 make a draw+ to scale1 9 :i* a-b is ! height above plate level & c-b half ! wid? ( ! build+ measur$ on ! plate or sill4 ,! angle = cutt+ ! mitre at ! ridge may be obta9$ f ! draw+1 also ! angles :]e ! fit occurs at ! plate4 ,! l5g? %\ld be di/ance a-c plus ab\t two feet = ! ov]hang4 ,a ridge bo>d is usually ins]t$ betwe5 ! top ends ( ! raft]s1 & if made f a #g_/h-;in* bo>d1 half an in* %\ld be d$uct$ f ! l5g? ( raft]s to all[ = ! diff]5ce4 ,! %ape ( l[] end ( raft]s w dep5d on ! k9d ( f9i% or cornice to be us$4 ,two k9ds are %[n1 ! fir/ & simpl] be+ suitable = a b>n or r\gh build+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! high price ( lumb]1 mo/ boys w be oblig$ to use ! mo/ inexp5sive /yle ( f9i%4 ,cut all ! raft]s ! same size1 & 9 erect+ space !m z ne>ly two feet ap>t z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,build+ details ,! fir/ pair %\ld be flu% ) ! edge ( plate & tempor>ily held 9 position by braces ( %+le la?4 ,x w be necess>y 9 erect+ ! ro( to place timb]s & floor bo>ds across ! top ( plate z a tempor>y floor to "w on4 ,nail raft]s to ridge bo>d1 & plate ) t5-p5ny wire nails4 ,two boys mu/ "w toge!r on ?is job1 z e "p ( ! "w mu/ be plumb4 ,:5 all ! raft]s are 9 place1 cut & fit ! %ort /uds betwe5 plate & raft]s1 be+ c>eful to leave ! op5+s = w9d[s 9 ! places call$ = on ! plan4 ,! %ip-lap sid+ may n[ be cont9u$ up to top edge ( raft]s1 & saw$ (f ev5 ) upp] edge4 ,if novelty sid+ is us$ )\t any "u %ea?+1 x may be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,%+l+ may n[ be done z describ$ "u t5nis c\rt accessories4 ,,w9d[ ,,& ,,door ,,frames ,^! may be b\ght at ! mill ready made4 ,v few c>p5t]s make _! own1 z !y are /aple articles com+ 9 /&>d sizes4 ,second-h& sa%es & frames may (t5 be b\ght at v reasonable rates1 & x nev] pays to make ei!r4 ,set ! frames 9 ! op5+s left = !m1 & nail to /uds4 ,to make sure t ! fit betwe5 frames & op5+s %all be "r1 x is be/ to take ! plans to ! mill1 & expla9 to ! mill man j :at is desir$4 ,,floor+ ,! floor beams may be set at any "t aft] ! frame has be5 erect$ up to ! plate4 ,z x w be necess>y to "w ar\nd inside m or less1 ! soon] !y are 9 position ! bett]4 ,z ^! beams1 suppos$ to be #aj #b in*es1 (t5 v>y 9 wid?1 ! floor is liable to be unev51 unless !y are cut to fit ! sill4 ,! am\nt cut out ne$ n be v mu*1 b a c]ta9 di/ance1 say n9e in*es1 %\ld be m>k$ f ! top edge1 & ! l[] corn] cut out z %[n at d 7,fig4 #bcj74 ,?is w br+ all ! top edges level1 :5 !y are 9 position4 ,! span ( ! floor beams--! di/ance f ! sill to ! next support--is important1 z a floor is call$ ^u sometimes to support great weight1 z :5 a numb] ( p are pres5t1 or a heavy piece ( furniture su* z a piano re/s on x4 ,= floor beams #b #h1 a span ( n ov] twelve feet %\ld be all[$2 = #b #aj a slightly great] span may be us$2 b 9 ei!r case ! support+ beam 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor %\ld be halv$ into ! sill ) upp] edge flu%1 & %\ld be support$ at int]vals ( t5 feet by po/s set 9 ! floor ( cell>1 or to a dep? ( ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd 9 case !re is no cell>4 ,?is support+ beam %\ld be plac$ :5 ! sill is set on f\ndation4 ,nail floor beams to sill1 & :]e ! two beams f opposite sides ( ! build+ lap or pass ea* o!r ov] ! beam 9 c5tre1 nail !m to ea* o!r & to ! beam4 ,! floor+ ( tongue & groove /uff may n[ be laid1 cutt+ ends squ>e & fitt+ !m up close to /udd+1 or1 :at is /ill bett]1 cle> out to ! %ea?+4 ,! outside wea!r bo>ds may n[ be put on1 aft] decid+ on "o ( ! corn] f9i%es describ$ "u p\ltry h\se4 ,a fla%+ ( t9--pa9t$--mu/ be plac$ ov] door & w9d[ frames1 be=e ! clapbo>d+ or sid+ rea*es ^! po9ts4 ,?is sid+ is saw$ (f squ>e1 & makes a butt jo9t ) ! out] cas+ ( door & w9d[ frames4 ,"s =m ( build+ pap] is nail$ to ! fir/ sid+ 9 good build+s1 & pays = itself 9 ! long run1 by r$uc+ ! am\nt ( fuel necess>y to heat ! build+ 9 w9t]4 ,if ! h\se is a sea-%ore cottage or camp only to be us$ 9 summ]1 bo? ! pap] & inn] %ea?+ may be omitt$1 & ! exp5se acc\nt mat]ially r$uc$4 ,! f9i%+ ( ! int]ior may be left to ! la/1 or done on /ormy days4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 sev]al important que/ions mu/ be settl$4 ,"o is ! /yle ( flue or *imney to be provid$ = ! /ove4 ,if ! build+ is to be p]man5t1 a brick *imney %\ld be built by a mason4 ,! dang] ( fire orig9at+ f defective bricklay+ makes x advisable to h ?is "w done by a tradesman4 ,= summ] cottages or camp build+s a simple /ove pipe c be us$1 b 9 any ev5t x %\ld be put up be=e ! f9al ro( cov]+ is on1 & fla%$1 t is protect$ by t9 laid ov] ! ro( timb]s1 & made wat]tight4 ,?is does away ) leaks ar\nd ! *imney1 & ! t9 %\ld be put on 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! %+les f com+ 9 direct contact ) ! hot *imney4 ,9 ^! days ( oil /oves1 :i* are (t5 us$ = summ] cook+1 ! *imney may be omitt$ entirely4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are cold1 damp nights1 :5 a /ove is v com=table at ! %ore or 9 ! woods4 ,9 reg>d to int]ior f9i%1 if ! walls are to be pla/]$1 ?ree coats w ne$ to be put on by a skill$ pla/]]4 ,?9 yell[ p9e ceil+ /uff1 (t5 us$ = camp build+s1 is easily put on1 & q satisfactory4 ,laid on diagonally x is v pleas+1 b ! beads cat* m du/ ?an ! v]tical /rips d4 ,! latt] me?od calls = horizontal /rips laid betwe5 ! /uds = nail+1 :ile a simple qu>t] r\nd m\ld+ laid 9 all corn]s gives ! f9i%4 ,a common practice 9 camps is to h no int]ior wall cov]+1 b to leave ! timb]s expos$4 ,= a dwell+1 ! frame %\ld be ( dress$ lumb]1 :i* may be /a9$ to con=m ) ! g5]al col\r s*eme4 ,! inside trim ar\nd doors & w9d[s may n[ be put on4 ,?ree me?ods ( f9i%+ ar\nd w9d[s are %[n at e1 f1 g 7,fig4 #bcj71 & "o ( ^! types %\ld be adopt$ be=e ord]+ ! trim f ! mill4 ,?is "w %\ld be simplifi$ z mu* z possible1 n only to save "t1 b because decoration may well be left to pictures1 arti/ic metal "w1 trophies1 & ?+s :i* are ( int]e/ f _! hi/ory or association4 ,,doors ,,& ,,w9d[s ,if second-h& mat]ial is n us$ x is advisable to pur*ase ^! /aple articles f a mill :]e !y are made 9 /&>d sizes4 ,:5 ord]$ = c]ta9 size spaces !y come a little too l>ge4 ,?is all[ance is = mat]ial to be remov$ 9 fitt+4 ,inside doors are usually ! la/ ?+s to be hung4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be hung z soon z ! con/ruction w all[ x1 9 ord] to keep out ra94 ,secure ! pulleys = upp] & l[] sa% into ! w9d[ frame on bo? sides ( p>t+ /rip ab\t f\r in*es f top ( w9d[ frame4 ,atta* ! sa% cord & f9d its prop] l5g? by exp]im5t4 ,tie securely to sa% weights4 ,see t ! two sa%es make a good1 tight jo9t :]e !y meet1 & tack ! w9d[ /op to frame ) brads4 ,! /op is to be ord]$ ) ! trim1 & mitr$ at ! top4 ,! con/ruction at ! sill is %[n at a 7,fig4 #bcj74 ,! arrangem5t ( door frames is %[n at b4 ,aft] mitr+ ! door /op1 nail to door frame at a di/ance f its edge equal to ?ickness ( door4 ,fit ! door by plan+ to ! space inside frame4 ,! h+es are put on z %[n1 be+ sunk flu% ) edge ( bo? door & door frame4 ,:5 hang+ ! door1 x is a good plan to place small w$ges "u x1 to all[ = ! sag :i* w result z soon z its weight is ?r[n on ! h+es4 ,saddles are usually plac$ "u doors to all[ !m to sw+ cle> ( c>pet & rugs4 ,to all[ = ! ?ickness ( ^! saddles1 #c_/d in* %\ld be all[$ betwe5 floor & bottom ( door4 ,! saddles are to be fitt$ ar\nd edges ( door frame1 mak+ a neat f9i%4 ,= pla/]$ walls a six-in* base bo>d is necess>y4 ,?is may be put on ) butt jo9ts & nail$ to /udd+ ) small head f9i%+ nails1 z = all trim4 ,! base is usually topp$ by a base m\ld+ mitr$ 9 ! corn]s4 ,?is /yle ( con/ruction is = a p]man5t h\se4 ,= r\gh or tempor>y build+s1 _m modifications may be adopt$4 ,batt5 doors1 z describ$ = ! p\ltry h\se1 may be *eaply & readily made4 ,batt5 bl9ds made by ! same me?od are v desirable = build+s l summ] camps1 :i* are to be vacant = long p]iods4 ,?is does away ) ! temptation "s p f9d to break w9d[s 9 unoccupi$ h\ses4 ,! sid+ = a small build+ may be ( tongue & groove bo>ds put on v]tically1 & n[ t lumb] is s exp5sive ^! items are all important4 ,! lumb] f pack+ cases may be us$ = mak+ v _m ( ! pieces ( furniture 9 a camp1 su* z /ools1 b5*es1 tables1 %elves1 cupbo>ds1 bookcases1 etc4 ,_m ( ^! useful articles c be made )\t te>+ ! boxes ap>t4 ,a v useful *e/ & seat comb9$ may be made by fitt+ a box ) a /rong cov]1 /r5g!n$ by cleats on its "u side & h+$ ) /rap h+es to ! back4 ,a cu%ion ( burlap fill$ ) %av+s1 /raw1 seawe$1 or sweet grass w make ?is a v satisfactory settee1 & ! /orage space inside w always be available4 ,! outside ( ! box %\ld be smoo!d1 all nail holes fill$ ) putty1 & ! :ole ?+ /a9$4 ,v int]e/+ panell+ effects may be obta9$ by tack+ on /rips ( ! same ?ickness z ! outside cleats4 ,:]e ! supply ( wood is limit$1 _m simil> articles w sugge/ !mselves to ! "y c>p5t]4 ,! *air %[n at ,fig4 #bca;a c all be made ( wood f pack+ boxes1 except ! squ>e legs4 ,^! may be obta9$ by saw+ #b #d in* spruce 9 half & plan+ smoo?4 ,! rails c be put on ) mortise & t5on1 or !y may be ga9$ into ! legs & fa/5$ ) nails or screws4 ,! seat is built up ( sev]al pieces fa/5$ to cleats on "u side1 ) front edges r\nd$4 ,to make ?is h>d bottom$ *air m com=table1 h a ?9 cu%ion ( canvas or burlap fa/5$ by a canvas cov] & tack$ to edges4 ,! wide /rip across ! back may be treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,"o coat ( /a91 or two ( ,japalac or "s simil>ly prep>$ v>ni% w make a v s]viceable f9i% = camp purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,*e/ made f pack+ case ,! proportions ( a por* settee ( ! same g5]al "* are giv5 at ,fig4 #bca;b4 ,! legs may be cut out ( pieces ( spruce /udd+1 & all b ! long rails obta9$ f box mat]ial4 ,^! long pieces may be cut f #g_/h-;in* sid+ left ov] :5 putt+ up ! cab94 ,floor bo>ds ) tongue & groove plan$ (f w answ] v well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca;a4 ,*air ,! long back /rip w be m rigid if mortis$ into ! ends1 & ! upright /rips w be ne$$ to give x ! necess>y /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca;b4 ,settee made f box mat]ial ,"o ( ! mo/ com=table articles = a camp 9 ! woods is ! c\* hammock4 ,! mat]ials requir$ are3 ,a cot4 ,f\r y>ds ( /rong canvas a y>d wide4 ,=ty feet ( clo!sl9e4 ,two *a9s or /rong pieces ( rope ab\t #d or #e feet long4 ,a grommet set & "s grommets4 ,remove ! legs f ! cot4 ,!y are usually atta*$ by bolts or rivets4 ,if ! latt]1 cut ) a cold *isel4 ,lay ! canvas 9 "o piece on ! floor & place ! cot at its c5tre4 ,make p5cil m>ks at ! ends to indicate :]e ! fold beg9s z at ,b ,b 7,fig4 #bcb74 ,lap ! canvas z %[n & sew securely1 leav+ a space at ! fold = ! clo!sl9e to pass ?r\gh4 ,! squ>e ends are to be hemm$ & fold$ ov] pieces ( broom/ick4 ,) ! grommet pun* make holes ?r\gh ! canvas j bel[ ! broom/ick & secure ) ! grommets4 ,make ^! holes ab\t #e in*es ap>t4 ,!y are to hold ! l9e :i* is to pass f iron fitt+ ,c ?r\gh fir/ grommet hole & back until x has pass$ once ?r\gh ea* grommet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,c\* hammock made f a cot ,! fitt+ is f\nd on all hammocks & c be tak5 f an old "o1 or an iron r+ may be sub/itut$4 ,be=e beg9n+ to weave ! rope ?r\gh ! grommets1 pass its end d[n to ,b & make fa/ to a /\t screw eye fa/5$ to "u side ( frame ( cot4 ,?is br+s ! weight on ! rope in/ead ( on ! canvas1 an important item :5 five or six p sit on ! c\* at "o "t4 ,treat bo? ends alike4 ,! canvas w be wide en\gh to fold up & entirely cov] ! edges ( cot4 ,:5 ev]y?+ has be5 adju/$1 fa/5 ! *a9s or heavy rope to ! iron r+s1 & secure to ! trees or v]&a columns by heavy hooks4 ,a light mattress cov]$ ) blankets1 or a specially made cu%ion to cov] ! :ole cot1 & sev]al s(a pill[s w add ! f9i%+ t\*es to a v s]viceable & satisfactory article4 ,! co/ w be ab\t "o ?ird ( ^? on sale1 & ?is may be r$uc$ #ej p] c5t4 if a grommet set c be borr[$1 z ?is is ! *ief item ( exp5se1 assum+ t an old cot is us$4 ,?is hammock %\ld n be left out 9 ! ra91 z its /eel spr+s w ru/4 ,,xlix ,,/a9+1 ,,poli%+1 ,,& ,,f9i%+ ,?is bran* ( woodwork is a trade by itself & "u mod]n me?ods ( specialization ! m5 :o d ?is "w d no?+ else4 ,! me?ods ( f9i%+ are legion & e poli%] has a few little k9ks ( 8 own :i* he reg>ds z trade secrets4 ,! p]sonal equation ent]s v l>gely into ! "w1 & if tw5ty boys h a giv5 me?od expla9$ to !m & !y all poli%1 say1 a box ( ! same size & mat]ial1 !re w result tw5ty diff]5t k9ds ( poli%$ surfaces4 ,?is is due to diff]5ce 9 temp]am5t4 ,"s boys are pati5t & pa9/ak+4 ,o!rs are n]v\sly anxi\s to get ?r\gh & see h[ x looks4 ,x is a fact p>ticul>ly true ( f9i%+ t x _c be hurri$ )\t endang]+ ! result4 ,e coat mu/ be ?or\ghly dry & h>d be=e ! next "o is put on4 ,diff]5t woods require diff]5t treatm5t1 & ! elem5ts ( good ta/e1 col\r1 & h>mony all ent] into ! problem4 ,^! /atem5ts are n made to disc\rage ! "y woodwork]1 because f9i%+ c be done well by any boy :o w use reasonable c>e1 b to emphasize ! fact t x is poor policy to make a f9e piece ( woodwork & !n spoil x at ! la/ mom5t by hurry4 ,/a9+ is some?+ on :i* op9ions diff] greatly4 ,"s arti/s claim t only ! natural col\r ( ! wood %\ld be us$1 b a great deal ( /a9+ is done1 & we mu/ leave arti/ic argum5ts to o!rs4 ,! ext5t to :i* /a9+ is c>ri$ may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ f9i%es us$ on "o k9d ( wood--oak3 ,gold5 oak ,antw]p oak ,rott]dam ,engli% oak ,ox blood ,antique ,=e/ gre5 ,wea!r$ oak ,ca!dral oak ,au/rian ,flemi% br[n ,flemi% gre5 ,silv] gray ,sumatra br[n ,filip9o ,mission oak ,mala*ite ,fum$ oak ,bog oak ,! writ] believes t /a9+ to make imitations is wrong1 su* z /a9+ *]ry or bir* to give ! impression ( mahogany4 ,! li/ ( mat]ials = /a9+ is v bewild]+1 & x is advisable to r$uce ! li/ to a few reliable ones & le>n to use !m well4 ,!y may be divid$ r\ghly into ?ree classes3 oil /a9s1 wat] /a9s1 & /a9s produc$ f drugs or *emicals4 ,oil /a9s are dry col\rs gr\nd 9 oil su* z *rome yell[1 ,prussian blue1 burnt umb]1 burnt si5na1 etc4 ,:5 prep>+ "o ( ^! = use1 ?9 ) turp5t9e & l9se$ oil & apply ) a bru%4 ,aft] x has /ood = a few mom5ts rub (f ) a piece ( cotton wa/e or rag4 ,wat] /a9s are col\rs dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,aft] apply+ ?is k9d all[ x to dry4 ,s&-pap] ! surface flat & apply a second coat ( half ! /r5g?4 ,/a9s produc$ f drugs & *emicals include su* mat]ials z logwood1 bi*romate ( pota%1 ammonia1 iron sulphate1 acetate ( iron1 etc4 ,! prep>ation ( ! surfaces to be f9i%$ is v important & means ! remov+ ( any defects1 su* z scrat*es1 by means ( plane1 scrap]1 & f9e s&-pap]4 ,^! defects always %[ mu* m prom95tly aft] poli%+ ?an be=e1 s t too great pa9s _c be tak5 9 prep>ation4 ,assum+ t ! surface is ready1 ! fir/ "q to be consid]$ is :e!r ! wood is op5 or close gra9$4 ,if an op5 gra9$ wood1 a coat ( fill] may be us$2 if close gra9$ ?is may be disp5s$ )4 ,! foll[+ li/ w enable ! beg9n] to decide3 ,op5 gra9$ woods requir+ fill]3 ,oak1 a%1 *e/nut1 mahogany1 walnut1 butt]nut4 ,close gra9$ woods2 no fill] requir$3 ,:ite wood1 p9e1 *]ry1 bir*1 bee*1 gum1 sycamore or buttonball2 maple1 c$>1 cypress1 r$ wood4 ,fill] may be made at home1 b x is a /aple article to be f\nd 9 pa9t /ores & x is advisable to buy x ready made4 ,x comes 9 pa/e & liquid =ms1 & ! pa/e is recomm5d$4 ,x mu/ be ?9n$ ) turp5t9e to ! consi/5cy ( cream & appli$ ) a bru%4 ,z soon z x beg9s to dry1 rub (f ! excess across ! gra9 ) a h&ful ( excelsior1 wa/e1 burlap1 or rags & all[ x to /& ov] night to dry4 ,:5 ! wood is to be /a9$ ! col\r is frequ5tly mix$ ) ! fill]4 ,! object ( all ?is is to fill up ! pores ( ! wood to give a flat1 solid surface = ! poli%+4 ,sometimes ev5 on op5 gra9$ woods fill] is omitt$ entirely4 ,suppose t ! "w 9 h& is a foot/ool or tab\rette made ( oak & we wi% to give x a =e/ gre5 f9i%4 ,! process w\ld be z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,hel5 ,w4 ,cooke4 ,/a9+ & ,poli%+ ,prep>e ! /a9 by mix+ a small quantity ( *rome yell[ & ,prussian blue on a piece ( wood4 ,mix ?or\ghly ) a putty knife or old *isel & ?9 ) boil$ l9se$ oil & turp5t9e2 add blue or yell[ until a beautiful d>k gre5 is obta9$4 ,add ?is to ! fill]1 us+ turp5t9e = ?9n+1 until ! :ole mass ( liquid is ! desir$ col\r & z ?ick z cream4 ,pa9t ! foot/ool all ov] ) ?is fill]4 ,z soon z x />ts to dry1 rub (f z expla9$4 ,! next day s&-pap] smoo? & give a coat ( %ellac4 ,:5 h>d1 s&-pap] flat & give a second coat ( %ellac4 ,f ?is po9t on ! process dep5ds on :e!r a glossy poli% is desir$ or a dead flat surface4 ,= an article ( furniture l a foot/ool a highly poli%$ surface w\ld be a mi/ake1 z x w\ld soon be scrat*$1 & :ile furniture is n to be abus$1 x is to be us$1 & %oe nails make scrat*es4 ,a dead flat surface may be obta9$ by rubb+ d[n ! ?ird coat ( %ellac ) f9e gr\nd pumice /one or rott5 /one & wat]4 ,if too flat1 rub ! surface ) raw l9se$ oil & wipe dry4 ,"s boys w obta9 a bett] f9i% ) two coats ( %ellac ?an o!rs w ) f\r4 ,aft] ! fir/ coat ( %ellac1 v>ni% is (t5 us$ = ! rema9+ coats1 b x takes mu* long] to h>d5 & requires c>eful h&l+4 ,%ellac is a product obta9$ f c]ta9 trees 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,x may be b\ght 9 ! dry /ate at pa9t /ores & dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,gra9 alcohol is ! be/ & mo/ exp5sive1 b wood alcohol is *eap] & w answ] all ord9>y purposes4 ,! %ellac may be b\ght 9 cans all ready = use1 & !re are two di/9ct k9ds--orange & :ite4 ,:ite %ellac is ! m exp5sive1 b %\ld be us$ on light-col\r$ woods1 su* z maple1 to avoid spoil+ ! col\r4 ,v>ni% comes 9 s _m grades & k9ds t x is be/ to g to a reliable deal] & tell him j = :at purpose y expect to use x4 ,!re are outside v>ni%es1 rubb+ v>ni%es1 light fl[+ v>ni%es1 etc4 ,:5 by exposure x becomes ?ick s t ! bru% drags1 x %\ld be ?9n$ ) a little turp5t9e4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods ( us+ %ellac & v>ni%4 ,! =m] be+ dissolv$ 9 alcohol evaporates quickly1 s t x mu/ be put on ?9ly & z rapidly z possible4 ,v>ni%1 on ! o!r h&1 may take =ty-eight h\rs or m to dry1 s t ! bru% c be drawn ov] ! surface sev]al times to remove air bubbles4 ,x is n possible to d ?is ) %ellac4 ,! bru% us$ 9 %ellac %\ld nev] be laid on ! top ( ! j> or c1 z x w h>d5 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! c>e ( bru%es is an important item4 ,v>ni% bru%es %\ld be clean$ ) turp5t9e1 %ellac bru%es ) alcohol1 & :5 clean$ x is bett] to keep all bru%es 9 a pail ( wat] ?an to all[ !m to become dry4 ,! j> or wide m\!d bottle us$ = %ellac %\ld be kept cov]$ else a great deal w be lo/ by evaporation4 ,a jam j> makes a conv5i5t receptacle = ?is1 z x has an op5+ wide en\gh to all[ ! use ( a flat bru%4 ,evaporation may be prev5t$ by inv]t+ ano!r j> ( ! same size ov] x4 ,! %ellac on ! rim w hold !m toge!r practically airtight ) ! bru% inside4 ,,relative ,,advantages ,,( ,,oil ,,& ,,wat] ,,/a9s ,! m]its ( ^! two classes ( /a9s may be /at$ briefly4 ,wat] /a9s ent] m deeply into ! pores ( ! wood because ( _! light] body4 ,! h>d p>ts ( ! surface hold practically none ( ! /a9 & con/itute ! high lights ( ! f9i%$ surface4 ,b wat] /a9s raise ! gra9 & make s&-pap]+ necess>y to br+ ! surface flat aga94 ,= ?is reason1 "s poli%]s fir/ give a coat ( wat] to raise ! gra9 & :5 dry s&-pap] flat be=e /a9+4 ,oil /a9s d n raise ! gra91 b ow+ to _! heavi] body d n p5etrate s deeply & m ( ! /a9 is lo/ 9 rubb+ (f4 ,oil has a t5d5cy to d>k5 wood1 s t wood /a9$ ) oil col\rs has a t5d5cy to become cl\d$ or muddy ) age4 ,= /a9+ old "w1 oil /a9s %\ld be us$ r ?an wat] /a9s4 ,old "w has ! pores already fill$ & wat] has little *ance to p5etrate4 ,"s *emicals & anil9e dyes are v satisfactory4 ,bism>ck br[n1 :i* may be b\ght at ! *emi/'s z a p[d]1 is soluble 9 alcohol & gives a ri* r$di% br[n4 ,x is v p[]ful & a v small quantity is necess>y4 ,bi*romate ( pota% comes 9 ! =m ( lumps & cry/als4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]4 ,put half a doz5 cry/als 9 a qu>t milk bottle ( wat] & all[ x to /& ov] night4 ,w>m or hot wat] w dissolve ! cry/als m quickly4 ,x is to be put on ) a bru% & gives ri* br[n t9ts1 ! %ade dep5d+ on its /r5g?1 ! k9d ( wood & ! numb] ( coats4 ,x gives excell5t results on oak & *e/nut1 & is us$ to age bay wood to a d>k mahogany1 :ile sev]al coats ( x w br+ :ite wood to ! col\r ( natural black walnut4 ,ea* coat mu/ be all[$ to dry & !n be rubb$ flat ) f9e s&-pap]4 ,?is treatm5t may be foll[$ by two or ?ree coats ( orange %ellac1 rubb$ d[n4 ,= antique f9i% on oak or *e/nut1 dissolve lampblack 9 turp5t9e1 mix ) fill] & proce$ ) poli%+ z expla9$4 ,a decoction ( logwood is (t5 us$ to produce d>k & ev5 black effects4 ,! logwood extract is *eap & comes 9 ! =m ( gum or res94 ,sev]al lumps ( ?is are boil$ 9 a gallon ( wat] & appli$ z any wat] /a94 ,acetate ( iron1 made f iron fil+s & v9eg>1 is us$ = d>k br[ns occasionally4 ,! fil+s %\ld be all[$ to /& = sev]al days 9 ! v9eg>4 ,! acid pres5t is acetic4 ,x unites ) ! iron =m+ ! acetate ( iron4 ,,poli%+ ,! me?od giv5 above is = a sub/antial solid f9i%1 b sometimes a boy w h "s difficulty 9 obta9+ ! desir$ f9i% ?r\gh lack ( pati5ce or "s o!r cause4 ,a ,fr5* poli% may help to give ! f9i%+ t\*4 ,= ?is a piece ( *eese clo? ab\t #f in*es squ>e1 a piece ( cotton wa/e ab\t ! size ( a walnut1 a little %ellac & raw l9se$ oil are necess>y4 ,dip ! wa/e lightly 9 %ellac2 fold ! *eese clo? ar\nd x1 mak+ a s(t pad1 dip ! pad 9 ! oil & rub quickly & con/antly 9 circles1 gradually cov]+ ! :ole surface4 ,z ! %ellac h>d5s or /icks1 use a little m oil & squeeze ! pad slightly to br+ ! %ellac ?r\gh ! *eese clo?4 ,! oil prev5ts ! %ellac f /ick+ & a little exp]i5ce w give ! "r balance betwe5 ! two4 ,:5 ! poli% becomes s bright t x %[s ! slighte/ f+] m>k1 wipe dry ) a piece ( s(t flannel4 ,,wax ,,poli% ,?is is us$ :]e a dull or flat f9i% is requir$4 ,x c be appli$ directly aft] /a9+ or fill+4 ,dissolve beeswax 9 turp5t9e to ! consi/5cy ( fill]4 ,heat ha/5s ?is "p ( ! process1 b is n necess>y unless "t is a consid]ation4 ,! wax is appli$ ) a s(t rag or wa/e & rubb$ & rubb$4 ,! turp5t9e evaporates1 leav+ ! wax4 ,sev]al rubb+s at int]vals ( a week w give ! desir$ effect1 & ! surface may be bright5$ at any "t by an additional application4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ 9 all =ms ( poli%+ t du/ is ! great enemy4 ,:]ev] possible a piece ( furniture aft] receiv+ a coat ( %ellac or v>ni% %\ld be plac$ 9 a room or closet :]e no du/ c settle on x4 ,x %\ld also be kept out ( ! sun to avoid bli/]+4 ,! action ( "s /a9s l bi*romate ( pota% is affect$ by ! sun & %\ld be ei!r kept out ( direct sunlight entirely or s plac$ t all p>ts receive ! same am\nt1 else ! p>ts 9 %ad[ w be ( a diff]5t %ade f ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,l ,,durability1 ,,decay1 ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,wood ,x is n[ kn[n t decay 9 wood is caus$ by fungi or l[ =ms ( plant life :i* _c live )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]1 food1 heat & air4 ,a f5ce po/ decays fir/ at ! place :]e x ent]s ! gr\nd1 because at t po9t ! conditions are mo/ fav\rable4 ,if wood c be kept entirely "u wat]1 "o item--air--is lack+1 s ! fung\s gr[?s _c exi/ & ! wood w la/ indef9itely4 ,?is has be5 prov$ 9 _m in/ances4 ,"o ( ! old ,vik+ %ips 0 rais$ f ! bottom ( ! ,*ri/iania ,fjord1 ,norway1 aft] hav+ be5 "u wat] = a ?\s& ye>s & x 0 f\nd to be 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,ev5 ! rudd] o> or /e]bo>d & wood5 %ields 7 intact4 ,z soon z x 0 br\ght into ! air ! process ( decay began1 & x became necess>y to coat x ) pres]vative4 ,x /&s to-day1 #ajc feet long1 9 ! museum at ,*ri/iania4 ,_m o!r in/ances ( "u-wat] pres]vation might be m5tion$4 ,! o!r extreme is also true4 ,wood :i* is kept p]fectly dry w la/ indef9itely1 z 9 ! case ( woodwork tak5 f ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 #c1jjj ye>s old1 :i* is f\nd to be p]fectly pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,a pile ,b :5 wood is alt]nately wet & dry x decays rapidly4 ,a pile driv5 into ! bottom ( a tidal riv] is a good illu/ration4 ,if su* a pile be divid$ into f\r sections 7see ,fig4 #bcc71 a is always 9 ! gr\nd1 b is always 9 ! wat]1 c is alt]nately 9 air & wat]1 d is always 9 ! air4 ,sections a & b may be consid]$ to be "u ! same conditions & %\ld la/ ! longe/2 c %\ld decay fir/3 d w\ld la/ indef9itely if ! atmosph]e 7 always p]fectly dry2 b humidity & ra91 air & heat comb9$ f9ally br+ ab\t decay1 & al?\gh ?is "p ( ! pile w la/ long] ?an c x w 9 "t decay4 ,section c %\ld be coat$ ) a pres]vative4 ,v>i\s woods "u ! same conditions act v diff]5tly & accord+ to no well und]/ood law4 ,= example1 9 contact ) ! soil black locu/ is our mo/ durable wood4 ,x is v h>d1 & its life "u ^! conditions is e/imat$ at f n9ety to a hundr$ ye>s4 ,r$ c$> comes next1 ?\gh x is s(t wood4 ,oak decays 9 a few ye>s2 *e/nut1 mu* s(t]1 la/s two or ?ree times z long4 ,our approa*+ timb] fam9e has induc$ a /udy ( ?is subject1 s9ce ! pres]vation ( wood is becom+ an absolute necessity4 ,x has be5 f\nd t c]ta9 mat]ials put on ! wood be=e x is plac$ 9 ! gr\nd prolong its life4 ,coal t>1 wood t>1 pa9t1 & creosote all help1 b creosote has s f> prov$ to be ! be/4 ,x is "o ( ! by-products ( coal t> & is be+ us$ ext5sively by ! railroad companies = prolong+ ! life ( ties4 ,exp]im5ts ) creosote h br\ght out "s v int]e/+ facts4 ,x has be5 f\nd t aft] be+ treat$ ) ! hot creosote all woods resi/ decay alike1 reg>dless ( _! h>dness or s(tness4 ,consequ5tly1 a treat$ *eap wood w la/ z long z an orig9ally valuable "o4 ,?is is a great ga91 z x all[s u to make use ( wood l ! popl> :i* w\ld o!rwise be practically ( no value4 ,! v>i\s coat+s we put on wood1 su* z pa9t1 v>ni%1 oil1 etc41 are int5d$ n only to beautify b to pres]ve x1 :i* !y d by fill+ up ! pores & exclud+ moi/ure1 prev5t+ fung\s gr[?s1 etc4 ,all ( ^! coat+s %\ld be put only on dry wood1 else !y prev5t evaporation ( ! sap & may ha/5 decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd ,dry+ lumb] increases its /r5g?1 z x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t1 ev5 z mu* z #djj p] c5t4 if no *eck+ occurs4 ,:5 ?is happ5s x c\nt]acts mu* ( ! ga91 & if ! wood absorbs moi/ure once m ! /r5g? w decrease4 ,! /r5g? ( ! v>i\s timb]s v>ies greatly1 & sap wood is usually weak] ?an he>t wood4 ,! /ra9s t may be br\ght to be> on timb]s are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bcd1 ! arr[s indicat+ ! directions 9 :i* ! =ces op]ate4 ,at a ! wood is "u t5sion1 ! =ces at "w on x t5d+ to pull x ap>t4 ,at b ! piece is "u compression1 ! =ces t5d+ to r$uce its l5g? by =c+ its fibres toge!r4 ,a pill> support+ a weight is "u compression4 ,at c ! weight t5ds to b5d ! beam4 ,! upp] "p is "u t5sion1 ! l[] "p "u compression4 ,?is is kn[n z beam action1 & dep5ds on :e!r ! beam is support$ at "o end1 z %[n1 or on bo? ends4 ,also x is important to "k :e!r ! beam has a uni=mly di/ribut$ load or :e!r ! weight is at "o po9t only4 ,! problems relative to beam action are l>gely ( an eng9e]+ "* & involve consid]able ma!matics4 ,%e>+ is ! slid+ ( "o "p ( ! timb] along ! gra94 ,if a piece ( wood is cut to ! =m %[n at d & a weight appli$ at e1 ! t5d5cy w be = ?is upp] "p to slide d[n z %[n at f4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 %e>+ has tak5 place4 ,! /r5g? ( wood diff]s 9 resi/+ ^! v>i\s /ra9s1 ! t5sile /r5g? be+ great] ?an ! cru%+ or compressive /r5g?4 ,a%1 = example1 has a t5sile /r5g? ( #af1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 b its cru%+ /r5g? is only #fhjj = ! same size4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( dry :ite p9e is #aj1jjj p\nds1 its cru%+ /r5g? #edjj p\nds1 & its %e>+ /r5g? v>ies f #bej p\nds to #ejj p\nds1 %[+ t its weake/ po9t is along ! gra94 ,if ! "y woodwork] becomes ambiti\s en\gh to ?9k ( design+ a bridge or l>ge build+ he c f9d ^! figures 9 any eng9e]s' h&-book4 ,!re are s _m important factors to be consid]$ t ! amateur w d well to g ahead ) great caution4 ,knots & o!r defects r$uce ! proportionate /r5g? ( l>ge beams greatly1 s t x w\ld n be safe to assume t a beam #f in*es squ>e w\ld be #cf times z /rong z a piece #a in* squ>e4 ,9 upright po/s ( consid]able l5g?1 n alone ! cru%+ /r5g? mu/ be consid]$1 b a b5d+ action ent]s into ! problem4 ,:]ev] ! "q ( dang] to life ent]s1 z 9 a bridge or a h\se1 x is wise to leave a l>ge m>g9 = safety4 ,we realize ?is fully :5 we read ( a gr& /& hold+ hundr$s or ?\s&s ( p collaps+ "u ! weight4 ,! ar*itect has also to reckon ) /ill o!r elem5ts1 su* z w9d pressure & vibration4 ,,li ,,ma!matics ,,( ,,woodwork ,! woodwork] soon discov]s t ari?metic is a v practical & necess>y subject4 ,he w meet _m problems bo? 9 draw+ & 9 actual con/ruction :i* te/ 8 ability & call = "s k ev5 ( elem5t>y geometry4 ,x is important to be able to e/imate f 8 draw+ j h[ mu* lumb] w be ne$$4 ,he w soon discov] ?r\gh int]c\rse ) deal]s 9 lumb] t !re are c]ta9 /&>d sizes1 & he %\ld make 8 designs z f> z possible con=m at lea/ to /&>d ?icknesses4 ,common bo>ds are saw$ #a in* ?ick4 ,:5 dress$ on two sides ! ?ickness is r$uc$ to #g_/h4 ,9 plann+ "s "p ( a /ructure to be #a in* ?ick x is bett] to make ! dim5sion #g_/h in*1 else x w be necess>y to h heavi] mat]ial plan$ to #a in* & ! co/ w be t ( ! heavi] lumb]1 plus ! exp5se ( plan+4 ,9 buy+ #a_/b-;in* dress$ lumb]1 v (t5 in* bo>ds are dress$ d[n to ! requir$ ?ickness1 & ! pur*as] pays = #a-;in* wood1 9 addition to ! dress+4 ,! boy is surpris$ to f9d t x co/s m = #a_/b-;in* ?an = in* mat]ial4 ,/&>d l5g?s are #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 etc41 feet4 ,wid?s v>y1 & z wood %r9ks only across ! gra9--) "o or two exceptions--?is dim5sion _c be dep5d$ on1 z ! am\nt ( %r9kage dep5ds some:at on ! age aft] cutt+4 ,:5ev] possible1 x is wise to g to ! lumb] y>d & select y\r own mat]ial1 *oos+ bo>ds t are free f knots1 %akes1 etc4 ,cle> lumb]--free f knots--co/s m1 b is wor? ! diff]5ce4 ,,measurem5ts ,a measurem5t is a comp>ison4 ,we measure ! l5g? ( a lot by comp>+ x ) ! /&>d ( l5g?1 ! y>d or foot4 ,we measure a f>m by comp>+ its area ) ! /&>d unit ( surface measure1 ! acre1 squ>e rod1 or squ>e y>d4 ,9 e measurem5t we mu/ fir/ h an accept$ /&>d unit4 ,! hi/ory ( units ( measurem5t is a v int]e/+ "o1 & its difficulty arises f ! fact t no two ?+s 9 nature are ! same4 ,"o ( ! anci5t units ( l5g? 0 ! cubit1 suppos$ to be ! l5g? ( a man's =e>m1 f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! middle f+]4 ,?is1 l o!r natural units1 v>i$ & 0 !re=e unreliable4 ,z civilization progress$ x became necess>y = ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts to take up ! "q ( units ( measurem5ts & to def9e j :at !y %\ld be4 ,our own /&>ds are copi$ f ^? ( ,great ,brita91 & al?\gh congress is emp[]$ to prescribe :at %all be our units1 little has be5 *ang$1 s t ) few exceptions we are /ill us+ ,engli% measurem5ts4 ,! almo/ hopeless confusion & unnecess>y complication ( figures is %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables z comp>$ ) ! metric sy/em3 #ab in*es #a foot 4#jja millimetre #c feet #a y>d 7/&>d7 4#ja c5timetre #e-a_/b y>ds 4#a decimetre or #a rod #af-a_/b feet #a4 metre #cbj rods #aj4 dekametre or #agfj y>ds #a mile #ajj4 hectometre or #ebhj feet #ajjj4 kilometre ,! orig9al ,engli% def9ition ( an in* 0 ?ree b>ley corns ) r\nd$ ends4 ,! met] is #a_/aj1jjj1jjj 7"o t5-million?7 ( a quadrant ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce1 i4 e41 ! di/ance f ! pole to ! equator measur$ along "o ( ! m]idians ( longitude4 ,! l5g? ( ?ree b>ley corns might be diff]5t f ! next ?ree1 s "h 0 ! orig9al difficulty aga94 ,! design]s ( ! metric sy/em w5t back to ! e>? itself z ! only un*angeable ?+--&--are we sure !re is no *ange 9 ! e>?'s circumf]5ce8 ,! great advantage ( ! metric is t x is a decimal sy/em & includes weights z well z surfaces & solids4 ,our weights are ev5 m di/ract+ ?an our long measure4 ,we h 9 fact two k9ds ( weight measure--troy & avoirdupois4 ,,troy ,,avoirdupois ,,metric #bd gr4 #a pwt4 #af oz4 #a lb4 4#jja milligram #bj pwt4 #a oz4 #aab lb4 #a cwt4 4#ja c5tigram #ab oz4 #a lb4 #bj cwt4 #a ton 4#a decigram #egfj gr4 #a lb4 #bbdj lb4 #a long ton #a4 gram #bjjj lb4 #a %ort ton #aj4 dekigram #ajj lb4 #a %ort cwt4 #ajj4 hectogram #gjjj gr4 #a lb4 #ajjj4 kilogram ,9 surface measurem5ts1 ! same diff]5ces are se53 ,,am]ican ,,or ,,engli% ,,metric #i sq4 ft4 #a sq4 yd4 4#jjja sq4 c5timetre #cj-a_/d sq4 yds4 #a sq4 rod 4#ja sq4 decimetre #afj sq4 rods #a4 sq4 metre #dhdj sq4 yds4 #a acre #ajj4 are #fdj acres #a sq4 mile #aj1jjj4 hect>e #a1jjj1jjj4 sq4 kilometre ,9 measures ( volumes we are z badly (f3 ,,dry ,,liquid ,,metric #b p9ts #a qu>t #b p9ts #a qu>t 4#jja millilitre #h qu>ts #a peck #d qts4 #a gallon 4#ja c5tilitre #d pecks #a bu%el #a gal4 #bca cu4 ins4 4#a decilitre #d qu>ts #bfh4h cu4 ins4 #a4 litre or cu4 decim4 #a heap$ bu%el #a-a_/d #aj4 dekalitre /ruck bu%els4 #ajj4 hectolitre ,! cone 9 a heap$ #ajjj4 cu4 metre or bu%el mu/ be n kilolitre less ?an #f ins4 high4 ,z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 :5 we g to sea we use ano!r sy/em4 ,! dep? ( wat] is measur$ 9 fa?oms 7#f feet #a fa?om71 ! mile is #fjhf4jg feet long #a4aebffd l& miles1 & #c sea miles #a league4 ,9 our cubic measure3 #agbh cubic in*es #a cubic foot #bg cubic feet #a cubic y>d ,a cord ( wood is #d ft4 #d ft4 #h ft4 #abh cubic feet4 ,a p]* ( masonry is #af-a_/b #a-a_/b #a #bd4ge cubic feet ,isn't x ab\t "t we us$ ! metric sy/em8 ,! read] w n m9d "o m /&>d unit4 ,lumb] is measur$ by ! bo>d foot4 ,its dim5sions are #ab #ab #a in*es2 x conta9s #add cubic in*es & is #a_/ab ( a cubic foot4 ,a bo>d #aj feet long1 #a foot wide & #a in* ?ick conta9s #aj bo>d feet4 ,"o ( ! same l5g? & wid? b only #a_/b in* ?ick conta9s #e bo>d feet4 ,! cont5ts ( any piece ( timb] r$uc$ to cubic in*es c be f\nd 9 bo>d feet by divid+ by #add1 or f cubic feet by multiply+ by #ab4 ,z simple examples3 ,h[ _m bo>d feet 9 a piece ( lumb] conta9+ #b1hhj cubic in*es8 #bhhj_/add #bj bo>d feet4 ,h[ mu* wood 9 a joi/ #af feet long1 #ab in*es wide & #f in*es ?ick8 #af #a #a_/b #h cubic feet3 #h #ab #if bo>d feet4 ,a simpl] me?od may be us$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,h[ mu* wood 9 a beam #i in*es x #f in*es1 #ad feet long8 ,imag9e ?is timb] built up ( #a-;in* bo>ds4 ,z !re are n9e ( !m1 & ea* #ad ft4 #a_/b foot #a in* & conta9s #g bo>d feet 7,fig4 #bce71 #g #i #fc bo>d feet4 ,aga91 h[ mu* wood 9 a timb] #h in*es #d in*es1 #ah feet long8 ,?is is equival5t to #d bo>ds #a in* ?ick & #h in*es or #b_/c foot wide4 ,ea* bo>d is #ah #b_/c #a #ab bo>d feet1 & #ab #d #dh1 answ]4 7,see b1 ,fig4 #bce74 ,to take a !oretical case3 ,h[ mu* wood 9 a solid circul> log ( uni=m diamet]1 #af in*es 9 diamet]1 #ac feet & #i in*es long8 ,f9d ! area ( a #af-;in* circle 9 squ>e in*es1 multiply by l5g? 9 in*es & divide by #add4 #af #af 4#ghed #bja #ac ft4 #i 94 #afe in*es 7#bja #afe7_/add #acj - #de_/add bo>d feet ,x is n likely t a boy w\ld (t5 ne$ to figure su* an example1 b if ! approximate weight ( su* a timb] 7 desir$1 ?is me?od c\ld be us$1 r$uc+ ! answ] to cubic feet & multiply+ by ! weight p] cubic foot4 ,a k ( squ>e root is (t5 ( great value to ! woodwork] = e/imat+ diagonals or squ>+ f\ndations4 ,! latt] is usually bas$ on ! kn[n relation ( an hypo!nuse to its base & altitude4 ,x is ! c>p5t]s' #c-d-e rule4 ,! squ>e ( ! base add$ to ! squ>e ( ! altitude squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse4 #c #i1 #d #af2 #i #af #be4 ,! squ>e root ( #be is #e4 7,see ,fig4 #bce74 ,to squ>e ! corn] ( 8 f\ndation ! c>p5t] measures #f feet "o way & #h ! o!r4 ,if 8 #aj-;foot pole j t\*es ! two m>ks1 ! corn] is squ>e4 #f #cf1 #h #fd2 #cf #fd #ajj4 sqrt#ajj #aj4 ,?is me?od 0 us$ 9 lay+ out ! t5nis c\rt1 ! figures be+ #cf1 #dh1 #fj--c1 #d1 & #e multipli$ by #ab4 ,to take a m practical case1 suppose we are call$ ^u to e/imate exactly1 )\t any all[ance = wa/e1 ! am\nt ( lumb] 9 a pack+ case built ( "o-in* /ock1 ^: outside dim5sions are #d feet #h in*es #c feet #b in*es #b feet #h in*es4 ,ref]r+ to ! draw+ 7,fig4 #bce1 d71 we draw up ! foll[+ bill ( mat]ial3 #b pieces 7top & bottom7 #d ft4 #h 94 #c ft4 #b 94 #b 7sides7 #d ft4 #h 94 #b ft4 #f 94 #b 7ends7 #c ft4 #j 94 #b ft4 #f 94 ,! top & bottom1 ext5d+ full l5g? & wid?1 are ! full dim5sions ( ! box1 :ile ! sides1 al?\gh full l5g?1 are n ! full height1 on acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ! top & bottom pieces--h5ce ! dim5sions1 #b feet #f in*es4 ,f ! ends mu/ be d$uct$ two in*es f ea* dim5sion1 = ! same reason4 ,9 multiply+1 simplify z mu* z possible4 ,!re are f\r pieces #b feet #f in*es wide2 z _! comb9$ l5g? is #ae feet #d in*es1 we h #ae-a_/c feet #b-a_/b feet #ch-a_/c squ>e feet4 ,! comb9$ l5g? ( top & bottom is #i feet #d in*es #i-a_/c #c-a_/f #bi-e_/i1 & #ch-a_/c #bi-e_/i #fg-h_/i or #fh bo>d feet1 ignor+ su* a small am\nt z #a_/i ( a foot4 ,?is is close figur+1 too close = practical "w1 b x is bett] to figure ! exact am\nt1 & !n make all[ances = wa/e1 ?an to dep5d on loose me?ods ( figur+1 su* z dropp+ fractions1 to take c>e ( ! wa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,a pack+ case ,z a good example ( e/imation1 take ! hexagonal tab\rette %[n 9 ,fig4 #agh2 ! five pieces1 aside f ! hexagon "u & support+ ! top1 :i* may be made f scrap lumb]1 are %[n laid out 9 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,! bo>d mu/ be at lea/ twelve in*es wide 9 ord] to get out ( x ! l>ge hexagon4 ,! legs may be laid out z %[n ) space left betwe5 = saw+1 yet ev5 by ?is me?od consid]able wa/e w result1 & x %\ld be kept con/antly 9 m9d t z f> z possible wa/e is to be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,wood but*] is ! common %op "n = ! workman :o spoils m mat]ial ?an he uses4 ,! great advantage ( mak+ out a bill ( mat]ial be=e />t+ is t x n only makes y /udy y\r draw+1 b causes y to consid] ! be/ me?od ( lay+ out ! blank pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,lay+ out ! pieces = a tab\rette ,x is (t5 necess>y to f9d ! areas ( figures o!r ?an ! squ>e or p>allelogram4 ,assume t we are to floor a room 9 an octagonal t[] or summ] h\se4 ,if ! di/ance across ! flat sides ( ! octagon is sixte5 feet1 leav+ out ! item ( wa/e1 h[ _m squ>e feet w be requir$8 ,! octagon may be drawn 9 a squ>e & its area w be t ( ! squ>e1 less ! f\r triangles 9 ! corn]s4 7,fig4 #bcg74 ,s ! problem resolves itself into f9d+ ! area ( "o ( ^! triangles4 ,if we knew ! l5g? ( "o ( ! sides ( ! octagon1 ! solution w\ld be simple1 b we only "k t ! eight sides are equal4 ,! foll[+ me?od may be work$ out3 ,f9d ! diagonal ( ! sixte5 foot squ>e4 ,x is #bb4f4 ,d$uct ! di/ance across ! flats1 #af1 leav+ #f4f feet equally divid$ betwe5 a & b2 a #c4c & x may be prov$ t c a d4 ,s 9 ea* corn] we h a triangle ^: base is #f4f #c4c4 ,! area ( a triangle equals half its base by ! altitude4 ,!re=e ! area ( ea* triangle is #c4c #c4c & #c4c #c4c #d equals #dc4ef squ>e feet1 ! comb9$ area ( ! f\r corn]s4 ,?is d$uct$ f ! area ( ! squ>e leaves ! area ( ! octagon1 or #bef-dc4ef #bab4dd squ>e feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,f9d+ ! area ( an octagon ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,problem ( ! hexagon ,assume t our problem is to f9d ! n>r[e/ bo>d we c use to cut out a hexagon ^: diamet] is f\rte5 in*es4 ,z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ! hexagon is drawn 9 a circle4 ,"o ( ! sides is equal to ! radius or half ! diamet]4 ,?is gives u ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bch1 9 :i* our problem is conf9$ to ! "r-angl$ triangle ^: base is sev5 & hypo!nuse f\rte54 ,f our k ( triangles1 we d$uct ! squ>e ( sev5 7#di7 f ! squ>e ( #ad 7#aif71 leav+ #aif-di #adg1 :i* is ! squ>e ( ! altitude4 ,!n sqrt#adg #ab4ab1 :i* is ! n>r[e/ bo>d f :i* we c obta9 a hexagon #ad in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^! examples are giv5 to %[ ! close connection betwe5 woodwork & ari?metic4 ,,lii ,,lumb]3 ,,no4 #a ,x is h>dly possible = a boy to select & pur*ase wood = 8 v>i\s purposes )\t "s k ( ! diff]5t woods & _! peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,no two are exactly alike1 & 9 fact two trees ( ! same k9d gr[+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry "u diff]5t conditions w produce timb] ( v diff]5t qualities4 ,?is is specially noticeable 9 ! tulip or :ite wood1 = example4 ,a tree ( ?is species1 gr[+ 9 a swamp 9 ! ,s\?1 w yield a v diff]5t wood f "o gr[n on high gr\nd 9 ! ,nor?4 ,aga91 ! same wood is kn[n 9 diff]5t localities by diff]5t names1 s 9 ord] to h a s\nd k ( lumb]1 x is really necess>y to "k some?+ ab\t ! trees4 ,:ite wood1 j m5tion$1 is call$1 9 _m localities1 yell[ popl>4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is n a popl>1 nor is x relat$ to ! popl>s1 be+ a memb] ( ! magnolia family4 ,! foll[+ pages1 devot$ to ?is subject1 are ! cream ( _m talks betwe5 our boys1 boil$ d[n to ! important facts & arrang$ 9 "s ord]4 ,x 0 a hobby ( ,ralph's1 & ,h>ry became s en?usia/ic ov] x t !y frequ5tly laid aside _! "w & took long walks ?r\gh ! c\ntry /udy+ trees4 ,h>ry />t$ a small nurs]y 9 ! g>d5 & is rais+ "y trees f se$s & cutt+s4 ,z he rem>k$ to ,ralph "o day3 ,x's a/oni%+ h[ little p "k ab\t trees6 ,:y !y are ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s t gr[4 ,j ?9k h[ _m ?+s we get f !m besides wood2 maple sug>1 rubb]1 turp5t9e1 wood alcohol1 tann9 = mak+ lea!r1 %ellac1 ,canada balsam1 spruce gum1 & nuts6 ,all ( our nuts except peanuts come f trees--hickory1 walnuts1 butt]nuts1 bee*nuts1 *e/nuts1 pecans1 almonds1 etc4 ,ralph notic$ t z ,h>ry's int]e/ 9 ! trees grew he became less wa/eful ( 8 wood 9 ! %op4 ,! fact t a tree _h to be cut1 & 9 mo/ cases kill$1 9 ord] to furni% him ) lumb]1 seem$ to worry him4 ,"o day :5 he 0 ?\ghtfully at "w 9 ! %op1 he blurt$ out1 ,x's a %ame t s _m trees h to be cut d[n = lumb]6 ,yes1 said ,ralph1 x seems s2 yet if no lumb] 0 wa/$1 x w\ld n be s bad4 ,x is e/imat$ t #ge p] c5t4 ( ! wood cut d[n is wa/$4 ,h[8 ask$ ! boy4 ,well1 9 ! fir/ place1 _m lumb]m5 aft] cutt+ ! tree d[n1 take j ! log or l[] "p & leave ! top to decay4 ,x (t5 happ5s t !y leave ! tops & bran*es z a great mass ( litt]1 :i* soon becomes z dry z t9d]1 an invitation to ! smalle/ sp>k to />t a fire1 & m woodl& is de/roy$ by fire ea* ye> ?an ,i c>e to tell y4 ,h[ mu*8 ask$ ,h>ry4 ,e ye>1 betwe5 twelve & fifte5 million acres1 & "s ye>s ?ree times z mu*4 ,h[ mu* is a million acres8 ,y c get "s idea f ?is3 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 is a hundr$ miles long & ab\t tw5ty across 9 ! wide/ "p4 ,x conta9s ab\t a million acres4 ,imag9e ?is cov]$ by solid woods1 multiply by fifte5 & y w\ld h a good idea ( ! am\nt ( woodl& burn$ ov] e ye>4 ,graci\s6 exclaim$ ! boy4 ,i %\ld ?9k e tree w\ld h be5 burn$ ye>s ago4 ,well1 ?is is a big c\ntry1 said ,ralph4 ,i figur$ x out once4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is l>ge en\gh to make six hundr$ /ates ! size ( ,connecticut1 & h room = tw5ty-five or ?irty m4 ,! /ate ( ,texas alone c\ld be cut up into a hundr$ pieces z l>ge z ,connecticut4 ,! =e/ fire is "o ( our wor/ enemies4 ,x is f> worse ?an ! lumb]man1 because :5 he cuts d[n trees x gives hundr$s ( "y se$l+s :i* are /ruggl+ to live 9 ! %ade a *ance to gr[ & cov] ! gr\nd ) a new =e/2 b ! fire kills ^! "y se$l+s & ev5 burns ! se$s t are ly+ 9 ! leaves wait+ to gr[4 ,t is "o ( ! wor/ ?+s to be said aga9/ ! =e/ fire4 ,does x kill e tree8 ,oh1 no6 ,trees l ! oak spr\t f ! old roots1 b mo/ ev]gre5 trees are kill$ outright4 ,:at happ5s !n8 ,:y1 x dep5ds4 ,if ! =e/ is mix$1 h>d woods & conif]s1 ! h>d woods1 or "s ( !m1 w 9 "t s5d up spr\ts1 & :]e y =m]ly _h a mix$ /&1 y w 9 a few ye>s h only h>d woods1 unless "s ( ! ev]gre5s 7 n t\*$4 ,9 t case1 _! se$s w 9 "t replace ! old ev]gre5s4 ,h[ long does x take8 ,f =ty to a hundr$ ye>s to h a l>ge =e/4 ,"s ev]gre5s1 l ! spruce1 increase 9 diamet] v sl[ly4 ,:at happ5s :5 ! =e/ t is burn$ is all ev]gre5s1 & !y are all kill$8 ask$ ! irrepressible boy4 ,! process ( re=e/+ 9 t case is v sl[4 ,trees ( little value1 l ! popl> or bir*1 appe> fir/1 because _! se$s are light & are c>ri$ a consid]able di/ance by ! w9d4 ,if fires pass ov] ! same area e few ye>s1 ! =e/ w nev] come back unless se$s are plant$4 ,!re are l>ge areas 9 ?is c\ntry ?us d5ud$1 & in/ead ( a =e/ we h a scrubby gr[? ( bu%es t are ( little value to anybody4 ,huckleb]ries gr[ 9 burn$-ov] l& luxuriantly1 & 9 "s sections x is suspect$ t ! p :o make money by ga!r+ ! b]ries burn ! bru% purposely4 ,! =e/ cov] is valuable = o!r ?+s besides timb]4 ,! sn[ melts sl[ly 9 an ev]gre5 =e/1 because ! rays ( ! sun _c p5etrate ) full /r5g?4 ,?is all[s ! wat] to s9k into ! gr\nd sl[ly1 & to come out l[] d[n 9 ! =m ( spr+s4 ,:]e !re is no =e/ ! sn[ melts mu* m quickly1 ! wat] ru%es d[n ! hills 9 /reams1 c>ry+ ) x ! top soil1 :i* is ( s mu* value to ! f>m]1 cutt+ ! hillsides into gullies1 caus+ floods 9 ! valleys1 & fill+ up ! riv]s ) silt or mud4 ,?is spoils ! /reams1 ru9s ! l&1 & causes millions ( doll>s' wor? ( damage to prop]ty4 ,if y d\bt x1 read ! newspap] acc\nts ( floods 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 & ,mississippi e spr+4 ,b ,i %\ld ?9k by ?is "t all ! soil w\ld be wa%$ away4 ,x w be 9 "t4 ,!re are l>ge areas 9 ,*9a :]e ! soil is wa%$ away to ! b>e rock4 ,! population has be5 oblig$ to emigrate because :5 ! soil goes1 ! population c no long] live4 ,well1 :at are we go+ to d ab\t x8 ask$ ,h>ry 9 amazem5t4 ,wait a m9ute1 said ,ralph1 w>m+ up to 8 subject4 ,! ,mississippi c>ries into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico e ye> sev5 & a half billion cubic feet ( soil2 en\gh to cov] ,long ,isl& two in*es deep e ye>4 ,:at are we go+ to d8 repeat$ ! boy4 ,we c d "o ( two ?+s1 said ,ralph sagely1 ,we c foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,*9a & let ! l& g to ru92 or we c foll[ ! example ( ,g]many1 take c>e ( our =e/s--or :at is left ( !m--& plant new ones4 ,x is "o ( ! greate/ que/ions 9 ?is c\ntry to-day1 & y are go+ to he> a lot ab\t x be=e y are tw5ty-"o4 ,,liii ,,lumb]3 ,,no4 #b ,! lumb] bus9ess ranks f\r? 9 ! great indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,=e/ry at ,wa%+ton e/imates t we are us+ ?ree times z mu* wood ye>ly z ! annual gr[? ( ! =e/4 ,a gr& total ( #aej1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet ( lumb] = all purposes1 includ+ firewood1 is ! e/imat$ am\nt1 a figure ! m9d c h>dly grasp4 ,! railroads ( our c\ntry re/ on #a1bjj1jjj1jjj ties4 ,! av]age life ( a tie is ab\t t5 ye>s1 s t we mu/ replace "o t5?1 or #abj1jjj1jjj1 ea* ye>4 ,z ! av]age =e/ produces two hundr$ ties to ! acre1 ?is item alone calls = half a million acres ( woods e ye>4 ,! tie is only "o item 9 ! great bus9ess ( railroad+1 imm5se quantities ( lumb] be+ requir$ = tre/les1 plat=ms1 /ations1 bridges1 etc41 s t a full million ( acres mu/ be cut annually to keep our railroads op]at+4 ,place ?is item aga9/ ! fifte5 million burn$1 & ! /atem5t may be made t we burn en\gh ea* ye> to supply ! railroads = fifte5 ye>s4 ,to (fset ?is loss sev]al railroad companies are n[ plant+ trees = a future supply1 z ! _m attempts to supplant ! wood5 tie ) a manufactur$ "o h n be5 v successful4 ,! six ?\s& m9es ( v>i\s k9ds )9 our bord] use up #e1jjj1jjj1jjj bo>d feet e ye>1 & s on ?r\gh ! li/ ( wood-consum+ indu/ries4 ,z our population d\bles1 ! consumption ( lumb] quadruples4 ,to-day1 five hundr$ feet ( wood is us$ annually = e man1 woman1 & *ild1 z comp>$ ) ! sixty feet us$ 9 ,europe4 ,already our _m indu/ries are beg9n+ to feel ! %ortage1 & prices con/antly g up4 ,turp5t9e1 :i* is made f ! ,s\!rn yell[ p9e1 requires a new or*>d ( #hjj1jjj acres ye>ly to keep up ! dem&2 & :5 we realize t "o ?ird ( ! lumb] cut is yell[ p9e1 x is little wond] t ! price ( turp5t9e & o!r naval /ores keeps mov+ upw>d4 ,:]e & :5 w x /op8 ,we read a great deal ab\t ! trans=mation ( wat] p[] into electrical en]gy1 b ! fl[ ( /reams is dep5d5t on =e/s1 & ! spr+ floods are foll[$ by dr\ght4 ,:ile ! ,ohio ,riv] rises =ty feet 9 ! spr+1 x is possible to walk ov] ! riv] b$ almo/ dry %od ! foll[+ summ]4 ,we he> mu* ab\t irrigation1 b irrigation is dep5d5t l>gely on m\nta9 =e/s4 ,s a burn+ "q has aris5 9 ^! ,unit$ ,/ates1 call$ cons]vation1 or ! husb&+ ( ! great res\rces t h made our c\ntry :at x is4 ,! =e/ res\rces are diff]5t f ^? ( ! m9es4 ,!re is a def9ite end to ! supply ( coal1 iron1 gold1 & silv]1 b by prop] c>e ! =e/ may be made to yield a cont9u\s crop ( lumb]4 ,=e/ry does n mean ! f5c+ 9 ( ! woods1 b ! h&l+ ( !m 9 su* a way t no m is cut ?an ! annual gr[?4 ,?is has be5 practis$ 9 ,g]many on sci5tific pr9ciples ) su* success t ! production has be5 increas$ #cjj p] c5t41 & :]e sev5ty-five ye>s ago !y obta9$ tw5ty cubic feet f ea* acre a ye>1 !y n[ cut sixty1 & ! =e/ cont9ues to gr[ luxuriantly4 ,:at ,g]many has done we c d1 & millions ( acres n[ useless c be made to yield l>ge quantities ( wood :ile cont9ually clo!d ) gr[+ =e/s4 ,! cutt+ ( lumb] is usually done :5 ! sap is dormant1 pref]ably 9 ! w9t]4 ,! logs are gott5 to ! mill by ! *eape/ me?od1 :i* usually consi/s 9 float+ !m d[n a /ream or riv]2 b n[ t mo/ ( ! rema9+ =e/ is remote1 x is q common to h portable mills transport$ into ! woods :]e ! trees are cut & saw$ into planks or ! l>g] sizes ( timb] & f !re load$ on ! c>s4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od 0 m picturesque1 & ! drive />t$ ) ! break+ up ( ! ice 9 ! spr+4 ,?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( logs 7 guid$ d[n /ream1 pull$ (f %ore :5 !y became /r&$1 & ! jams 7 brok5 up until ! smoo? wat] bel[ made sort+ possible4 ,z sev]al companies might be driv+ d[n ! same /ream1 ea* log 0 m>k$ by an axe ) ! private m>k ( ! "o to :i* x belong$4 ,aft] _m vicissitudes1 ! drive w\ld rea* ! sort+ boom1 :]e ! lumb] ( ! v>i\s companies w\ld be sep>at$ & made up into rafts4 ,a boom is a *a9 ( logs fa/5$ toge!r by iron *a9s1 & ext5d+ into ! riv]4 ,x may rea* cle> across1 or "o end c be an*or$ 9 ! /ream to all[ a passage = boats4 ,9 t case ! riv] end has to be an*or$ up /ream to cat* ! logs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ?+s enc\nt]$ on a drive is ! log jam4 ,x may be caus$ 9 _m ways b usually by "s ob/ruction1 z a %oal1 rocks1 a n>r[+ ( ! riv]1 etc4 ,! lumb]man has a vocabul>y ( 8 own1 & he recognizes sev]al k9ds ( jams1 su* z w+ jams1 solid jams1 etc4 ,no matt] h[ caus$1 x is ! bus9ess ( ! lumb] jack to break up ! jam1 & sometimes be=e x c be done a late freeze w occur & ! :ole mass become solid ice & logs4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to use dynamite to break x up4 ,! break+ up is a dang]\s "t = ! driv]1 :o mu/ sometimes run = 8 life across ! mov+ mass ( logs to ! %ore4 ,aft] !y are made into rafts1 /eam]s are us$ to t[ ! logs to ! v>i\s mills4 ,x is sl[ "w1 b :5 ! de/9ation is rea*$1 ! real process ( conv]t+ ! tree into lumb] beg9s4 ,(t5 ! rafts /ay 9 ! wat] = mon?s be=e be+ brok5 up1 & ! logs guid$ to ! endless *a9 :i* drags !m up into ! mill4 ,f ?is "t on ! action is v rapid4 ,! mod]n mill is a mass ( rapidly mov+ ma*9]y1 guid$ & controll$ by comp>atively few m54 ,?ree di/9ct classes ( saws are us$--circul>1 b&1 & gang saws1 & diff]5t mills 9 ! same neighborhood use diff]5t me?ods4 ,b& saws are cont9u\s b&s ( /eel1 (t5 #dh feet long1 & z wide z #h in*es1 :i* pass ov] two l>ge :eels l a belt4 ,gang saws are /raight & move up & d[n rapidly4 ,a numb] ( !m are fa/5$ to horizontal pieces1 ! di/ance ap>t be+ adju/able to ! ?ickness ( timb] desir$4 ,be=e pass+ ?r\gh ! gang saw1 ! logs are usually edg$1 i4 e41 a slab is cut f two opposite sides4 ,! log is !n turn$ ov] on "o ( ^! flat sides1 s t z x passes ?r\gh ! gang saw ! planks are all ! same wid?4 ,! slabs or edg+s are pass$ ?r\gh o!r saws & cut to ! wid? & l5g? ( a la?1 all ! wa/e possible be+ made into la? or o!r by-products4 ,z we use f\r billions ( la? a ye>1 ?is is an important item4 ,! process v>ies ) ! k9d ( lumb] & its future purpose1 b a great deal is wa/$ 9 _m mills4 ,! refuse is us$ = fuel1 & 9 "s cases burn$ 9 /acks built specially = ! purpose ( gett+ rid ( x4 ,?is is "o ( ! =ms ( wa/e :i* w und\bt$ly be done away ) 9 ! future1 & already _m lumb]m5 are at "w on ! problem4 ,! sawdu/ is convey$ directly to ! furnaces "u ! boil] & us$ 9 ! g5]ation ( /eam4 ,,liv ,,lumb]3 ,,no4 #c ,hav+ f9ally rea*$ ! comm]cial /age1 ! lumb] is %ipp$ away f ! mill ei!r by wat] or by rail to ! lumb] y>ds ( ! c\ntry4 ,"h x %\ld be season$4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is process consi/$ ( pil+ ! planks 9 ! op5 air 9 su* a way t air c\ld circulate freely ?r\gh ! pile1 all[+ ! sap to evaporate & ! wood to dry ev5ly4 ,?is 0 a sure b sl[ process1 & 9 ! hurry ( mod]n life quick] me?ods h be5 tri$4 ,"o ( ^! is kn[n z kiln dry+1 by :i* ! "t is r$uc$ to a few weeks4 ,x consi/s ( pil+ ! wood 9 a room l a kiln & dry+ x by artificial heat4 ,! result is n s satisfactory z ! natural me?od1 because ! sap ne> ! surface h>d5s & prev5ts ! inn] moi/ure f escap+1 s t kiln-dri$ lumb] :ile dry at ! surface is gre5 inside4 ,:5 plan$ till "p ( ! surface is remov$ ! gre5 wood is br\ght ne> to ! air aga91 & w>p+ is liable to occur4 ,o!r me?ods h be5 tri$1 su* z /eam+ to vaporize ! sap1 & soak+ 9 hot wat] = ! same purpose4 ,( c\rse ^! processes all add to ! co/ ( lumb]1 yet s valuable is "t t x is difficult to obta9 good old-fa%ion$ season$ wood unless x has la9 = "s "t 9 a local y>d4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! ph5om5a ( w>p+1 %r9kage1 *eck+1 %akes1 etc41 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ( h[ ! tree gr[s4 ,l all liv+ organisms1 x is made up ( m9ute cells4 ,! new cells are =m$ on ! outside ( ! tree "u ! b>k1 & "h ! sap is mo/ active4 ,! cause ( ! fl[ ( sap is n v cle>ly und]/ood1 b x corresponds to blood 9 ! human body1 9 t x c>ries ! n\ri%m5t t =ms ! cells4 ,z a new mass or lay] ( s(t new cells =ms ea* season1 ! lay]s may be di/9ctly se5 & c\nt$1 b ! l9e ( sep>ation is n a %>ply drawn "o1 z we f9d by exam9+ a cross section ( wood ) ! microscope4 ,h[ev]1 ! lay]s or annual r+s are di/9ct en\gh to be c\nt$1 s t ! age ( ! tree at ! "t x 0 cut d[n may be readily discov]$4 ,! new or sap wood1 !n1 is fur!r f ! c5tre ea* ye>1 & :ile ! old cells may n be dead1 !y conta9 less & less sap1 are !re=e dri]1 & aft] a few ye>s *ange col\r1 becom+ d>k]4 ,!re is (t5 a v great contra/ betwe5 ! col\r ( ! he>t wood & t ( ! sap wood1 al?\gh ! latt] may be repres5t$ by sev]al ye>s ( gr[?4 ,^! annual r+s are n actually circul>1 b v irregul>1 & (t5 wid] 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! /udy ( ^! r+s is v int]e/+1 & x %[s t ! tree usually increases 9 diamet] m rapidly dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ?an lat]4 ,v (t51 aft] gr[+ sl[ly = sev]al ye>s1 ! tree w app>5tly gr[ rapidly aga94 ,! cause ( ?is _c be det]m9$ )\t a k ( ! tree's hi/ory4 ,x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t t ?9n+ ! =e/ increases ! gr[? ( ! rema9+ trees #ah p] c5t41 & ^! peculi>ities 9 ! r+s may h be5 due to "s l cause4 ,! be>+ ( ?is fact on ! peculi>ities ( w>p+ & %r9kage is t :5 cut d[n ! log is dri] at ! he>t & m sappy at ! outside1 s t evaporation occurs ne> ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,w>p+1 w9d1 & %r9kage4 ,! effect ( x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,! outside draw+ toge!r has op5$ ! wood1 or *eck$ x1 mo/ at ! outside1 dim9i%+ t[>d ! c5tre4 ,! evaporation w\ld h occurr$ j ! same _h ! log be5 cut into planks1 caus+ !m to curl z %[n at a4 ,?is is kn[n z w>p+1 & x is "o ( ! tr\bles ( ! woodwork]4 ,9 con/ruction x mu/ be con/antly gu>d$ aga9/1 & ov]come z f> z possible4 ,x _c be entirely prev5t$1 b if ! wood has be5 well season$ be=e x is us$ a l>ge "p ( ! w>p w be tak5 out 9 ! plan+ mill1 or 9 ! squ>+ up4 ,twi/+1 w9d+1 & w>p+ are also caus$ by ! two sides ( a bo>d hav+ be5 subject$ to diff]5t degrees ( heat1 moi/ure1 etc4 ,if a plank is laid on ! floor1 ! upp] "p is m expos$ to ! air & to *anges ( temp]ature & humidity2 !re=e x curls4 ,if a bo>d is /ood on end or plac$ 9 a rack :]e !re is a free circulation ( air1 ! curl+ w be mu* less4 ,ev5 9 a rack1 if sev]al bo>ds are pil$ "o on ano!r1 ! top "o w h diff]5t conditions f ! o!rs & be apt to curl or w9d4 ,%r9kage is a t]m appli$ to ! decrease 9 diamet] ( ! tree1 due to sap evaporation4 ,9 ! case ( ! bo>d x means a decrease 9 wid?1 & x v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t trees & _! woods4 ,z %r9kage is always across ! gra91 its effect on a common jo9t may be illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,at a is %[n a middle lap jo9t j put toge!r4 ,if ! wood is n well season$1 %r9kage w 9 "t *ange x to ! =m %[n at b1 :i* is exagg]at$ to make ! mean+ cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,effect ( %r9kage on lumb] ,a squ>e piece ( timb]1 "o corn] ( :i* is ! c5tre ( ! tree1 w *ange f c to d4 ,%r9kage z well z w>p+ mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,! developm5t ( ! panell$ door ,! developm5t ( ! panell$ door is a good illu/ration4 ,suppose we wi% to close a space ) a door1 kn[+ little ab\t %r9kage4 ,let u con/ruct x by ! simple/ me?od1 say f\r v]tical bo>ds4 ,if ! wid? ( ^! bo>ds equals ! op5+ :5 ! door is built 7,fig4 #bda7 !re w soon be an op5+ wide en\gh = ! f+]s to ent] & lift up a lat* on ! inside4 ,! door is v mu* ( a failure4 ,we notice1 h[ev]1 t !re is no op5+ at top or bottom4 ,an idea6 ,we con/ruct a door ) planks plac$ horizontally4 ,n[ al?\gh we f9d aft] a :ile no op5+ at ! sides we d f9d op5+s at top & bottom4 ,! panell$ door is n con/ruct$ solely = beauty b to ov]come %r9kage z f> z possible4 ,fig4 #bda %[s ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,! rails ma9ta9 ! wid?1 ! only %r9kage be+ 9 ! cross gra9 ( ! /iles1 & !y pres]ve ! height except = ! small am\nt 9 ! rails4 ,! rema9+ spaces are panell$1 ! con/ruction be+ %[n at a4 ,bo? /iles & rails h a groove pl[$ out to receive ! edges ( ! panel4 ,?is %\ld be free to %r9k 9 ! grooves1 :]e x is invisible1 b if ! mi/ake is made ( fa/5+ ! panel edges rigidly 9 ^! grooves ! panel w %r9k anyway & frequ5tly split f top to bottom4 ,_m o!r =ms ( con/ruction :i* we h se5 daily z long z we c rememb] h equally s\nd reasons = _! =m4 ,no piece ( woodwork %\ld be design$ )\t consid]+ h[ x w be affect$ by %r9kage & w>p+4 ,9 select+ lumb] always look out = %akes4 ,?is is a defect caus$ by ! sep>ation ( ! annual r+s4 ,a tree may be consid]$ z a s]ies ( irregul> cyl9d]s ( dim9i%+ diamet]s4 ,! =e/-gr[n tree is mu* m sp9dl+1 tall1 & /raight ?an ! l[-cr[n$1 heavy-bran*$ specim5 gr[n 9 ! op51 :]e !re is no cr[d+4 ,! sway+ ( ! =e/ tree 9 ! w9d1 especially :5 its neighb\rs h be5 cut d[n1 is sometimes suffici5t to make ! r+s sep>ate & slide "o )9 ! o!r4 ,?is is m noticeable 9 "s species ?an o!rs & x gives ! wood a s]i\s fault4 7,fig4 #bci74 ,w9d+ is ! result :5 ! ends & sides are no long] p>allel4 ,l all peculi> *>act]i/ics ( wood1 ?is v>ies greatly 9 lumb] ( v>i\s k9ds1 & may be l>gely avoid$ by expos+ bo? sides to ! same conditions1 or keep+ equally di/ribut$ weight on x until us$4 ,:5 w9d+ becomes excessive1 ! bo>d is useless = any k9d ( "w4 ,,lv ,,lumb]3 ,,no4 #d ,! woods ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are classifi$ r\ghly z h>d & s(t2 & trees z broad-leav$ or decidu\s1 & ev]gre5 or conif]\s4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! trees :i* drop _! leaves 9 ! fall--! broad-leav$--produce h>d woods & ! ev]gre5s s(t woods4 ,!re are s _m exceptions1 h[ev]1 t ! rule is a v r\gh guide4 ,sev]al ( ! conif]\s trees drop _! leaves or ne$les 9 ! fall1 l ! l>* or tam>ack1 & "s woods f ev]gre5s are h>d] ?an "s woods f broad-leav$ trees4 ,yell[ p9e is h>d] ?an basswood1 :i*1 accord+ to ! rule1 %\ld be a h>d wood4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is s(t] ?an ! majority ( woods cut f ev]gre5s4 ,! only way to ga9 a compreh5sive k ( ?is int]e/+ subject is by exp]i5ce & /udy4 ,mak+ a collection ( woods1 leaves1 & se$s is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ /udies a boy c take up4 ,he w soon discov] t n only is e wood diff]5t f e o!r wood 9 gra91 col\r1 od\r1 & h>dness1 b "s woods are /rong & ela/ic1 o!rs /rong & brittle1 weak1 etc41 & t e tree has a diff]5t leaf1 b>k1 fl[]1 & se$ f its neighb\r4 ,he w f9d gr\ps or families1 su* z ! oaks1 ! maples1 ! p9es1 spruces1 c$>s1 etc41 ) sev]al memb]s ( ea* gr\p1 all diff]5t1 yet hav+ family *>act]i/ics4 ,he w be surpris$ at ! endless ext5t ( ! subject2 ! will[ = in/ance has a hundr$ & fifty kn[n v>ieties4 ,he w f9d himself1 l our boys1 dipp+ into botany & geology to discov] p]haps1 z ,h>ry did1 t ! oak 0 once an ev]gre51 & t x /ill holds a good proportion ( its leaves all w9t]4 ,he w le>n t !re are broad-leav$ ev]gre5s l ! laurel & rhodod5dron2 t "s trees are ev]gre5 9 ! ,s\?1 & lose _! leaves 9 ! ,nor?2 t "s %rubs ( ! ,nor!rn /ates become trees f>!r s\?4 ,he may ev5 wre/le ) ! problem ,:at is a tree8 or1 ,:]e does ! %rub leave (f & ! tree beg98 ,! /udy ( ! _m me?ods nature has devis$ = di/ribut+ se$s has evolv$ :ole volumes2 s has ! "q ( h[ ! buds on ! trees are protect$ 9 w9t]4 ,!re are def9ite ways 9 :i* ! t9y leaves are fold$ up 9 ^! w9t] buds1 all ready to unfold 9 a c]ta9 way 9 ! spr+4 ,p]haps ! read] wond]s :at all ?is has to d ) woodwork1 b to a boy :o once beg9s to collect specim5s1 x w foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,kn[+ some?+ ab\t woods he naturally beg9s to /udy trees1 & gradually obs]ves ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( gr[?1 fl[]1 & se$4 ,plant+ se$s to see h[ !y gr[ is ! next /ep1 & be=e long he has a "y nurs]y 9 ! y>d2 :ile ! read+ ( ! "w ( su* m5 z ,lu!r ,burbank w induce him to try 8 h& at graft+ & budd+4 ,! man :o makes two apples gr[ :]e "o grew be=e is z valuable a citiz5 z ! man :o makes two blades ( grass gr[ 9 ! place ( "o4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,burbank conv]ts ! prickly cactus into a ?ornless cactus1 valuable z a =age plant1 he is conf]r+ a great b5efit on ! :ole race by mak+ millions ( acres ( des]t l& available = /ock rais+4 ,incid5tally1 ^! wond]s p]=m$ by ! ,wiz>d ( ,cali=nia w n die ) ,mr4 ,burbank1 b w con/itute ! beg9n+ ( a new pr(ession :i*1 comb9$ ) =e/ry1 w (f] a tempt+ field = ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,,common ,,timb] ,,trees ,,& ,,_! ,,wood ,,ev]gre5s ,,or ,,conif]\s ,,trees ,:ite ,p9e4--,"o ( our mo/ beautiful ev]gre5s4 ,gr[+ ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?-ea/]n & ,lake /ates1 & =m]ly =m+ d5se =e/s f ! ,bay ( ,fundy to ,m9nesota4 ,ne$les gr[ 9 gr\ps ( five ( a light blui% gre5 f ?ree to f\r in*es long4 ,se$s are w+$ & gr[ 9 cones five or six in*es long protect$ by ! scales4 ,cones mature at end ( second season4 ,wood s(t1 light col\r$1 free f sap1 easily work$ & us$ 9 _m trades1 = patt]n mak+1 v>i\s p>ts ( h\ses1 toys1 crates1 boxes1 etc4 ,becom+ v sc>ce1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( ! great =e/s4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ its place 9 con/ruction is tak5 by ! sug> p9e & o!r woods4 ,yell[ & ,georgia ,p9e4--,two trees ^: wood is frequ5tly conf\nd$ by ! woodwork]4 ,georgia p9e is a tree ) v long ne$les1 f twelve to fifte5 in*es1 & 9 gr\ps ( ?ree4 ,cones f six to t5 in*es4 ,a s\!rn tree f\nd f ,texas to ,virg9ia4 ,! tops ( ! "y trees1 l gre5 f\nta9s1 are us$ 9 _m places z ,*ri/mas decorations4 ,wood h>d & res9\s1 us$ = floor+1 int]ior f9i%1 & decks4 ,yell[ ,p9e4--,a s\!rn tree ) ne$les 9 gr\ps ( two1 sometimes ?ree1 ab\t ?ree in*es long4 ,cones small1 ab\t two in*es4 ,wood h>d & us$ = ! same purposes z ,georgia p9e4 ,r$ ,p9e1 ,norway ,p9e1 ,canadian ,p9e4--,?ree names = ! same tree4 ,gr[s ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?1 f ,nova ,scotia to we/]n ,m9nesota4 ,cut pr9cipally 9 ,canada4 ,ne$les1 two 9 a gr\p1 ab\t five in*es long4 ,cones ab\t two in*es long1 mature ! second season4 ,wood r$di% 9 col\r1 h>d1 & us$ = piles1 sp>s1 bridges1 etc4 ,pit* ,p9e4--,a "n locally giv5 to sev]al diff]5t trees4 ,! wood is s(t1 brittle1 res9\s1 & is us$ = fuel & = mak+ *>coal1 r>ely = r\gh build+4 ,ne$les 9 gr\ps ( ?ree & ?ree to five in*es long4 ,sometimes call$ scrub p9e1 al?\gh x (t5 rea*es a height ( fifty to sixty feet4 ,! cones1 two or ?ree in*es long1 (t5 rema9 on ! tree = ye>s4 ,x is ! tree f\nd along ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,ma9e to ,georgia1 gr[+ 9 s&1 9 swamps1 & among rocks4 ,to be recomm5d$ = its p]si/5ce 9 liv+ "u ! mo/ try+ conditions1 ev5 if its wood is n v valuable4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a frame h\se sev]al k9ds ( wood are ne$$4 ,fir/1 ! framework ( r\gh-saw$ spruce4 ,second1 a bett] wood1 l :ite p9e1 = door & w9d[ frames4 ,?ird1 ! outside cov]+4 ,?is may be clapbo>ds1 = :i* no?+ has ev] approa*$ :ite p9e1 al?\gh x is necess>y n[ to f9d sub/itutes4 ,! ro(1 if %+l$1 may be ( c$>1 or cypress--"s spruce is us$ to-day4 ,= int]ior "w1 floors may be spruce1 :ite p9e1 cypress1 yell[ p9e1 or h>d woods4 ,= f9i% or trim1 _m woods are us$ su* z :ite wood1 oak1 yell[ p9e1 cypress1 *]ry1 & bay wood4 ,spruce4--,?is wood has be5 us$ almo/ exclusively 9 ! pa/ = fram+1 b great inroads h be5 made 9 ! supply1 especially by ! manufactur]s ( pap] pulp4 ,consequ5tly ! co/ is increas+ rapidly4 ,?ree v>ieties are recogniz$1 :ite1 black1 & r$4 ,:ite spruce is a di/9ctly nor!rn tree1 delight+ 9 ! cold climate ( ,canada1 b dipp+ d[n along ! ,ma9e coa/4 ,x is a beautiful1 /raight1 & tall specim51 frequ5tly f\nd z high z a hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,! ne$les are only ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*1 or less1 9 l5g? & clo! ! twigs 9 an entire circle4 ,cones two in*es long1 be>+ "u _! scales t9y w+$ se$s4 ,x is us$ (t5 z an ornam5tal ev]gre5 = lawns1 & = ?is purpose probably has no equal1 z1 unlike ! ,norway spruce1 x holds its foliage1 d5se & gre51 close to ! gr\nd4 ,! wood is weak1 knotty1 & s(t1 b suitable = r\gh fram+4 ,black ,spruce4--,ano!r nor!rn tree1 r>ely f\nd 9 =e/s bel[ ! ,canadian bord]1 except ar\nd ! ,great ,lakes4 ,leaves ab\t same size z 9 :ite spruce1 b cones small]1 m oval 9 =m1 & "o in* & a half long4 ,spruce gum is obta9$ f ?is tree1 :i* has a m pleasant od\r ?an :ite spruce4 ,wood us$ = pulp mak+1 fram+1 &1 qu>t]$1 = s\nd+-bo>ds ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,r$ ,spruce4--,a close relative ( ! black & sometimes confus$ ) x1 b x is a di/9ct tree1 rea*+ its be/ developm5t sev]al hundr$ miles s\? ( ! black spruce1 9 ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 & ext5d+ z f> s\? z ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 :ile ! black v>iety b>ely crosses ! bord]s ( ,canada into ,ma9e4 ,ne$les ab\t half an in* long4 ,cones small1 sometimes b>ely an in* & a half4 ,!y fall ! fir/ w9t]1 :ile ^? ( ! black rema9 on ! tree (t5 = ye>s4 ,wood is simil> to black spruce b light] 9 weight4 ,us$ = pulp1 fram+1 & s\nd+-bo>ds4 ,hemlock4--,! mo/ da9ty ( ! ea/]n ev]gre5s1 ) little cones ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & ne$les half an in*4 ,f\nd ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & 9 "s sections us$ = ,*ri/mas decorations4 ,a sl[ gr[+ tree ) wood ( little value1 be+ brittle1 light1 & difficult to "w1 z x has a crook$ gra9 & is liable to spl9t]4 ,! tree makes up 9 beauty :at x lacks z a timb] produc] & its b>k is ri* 9 tann94 ,l>*1 ,tam>ack or ,hackmatack4--,local names = ! same tree4 ,drops all its ne$les 9 ! fall1 l a broad-leav$ tree1 b ! beauty ( ! brilliant new gre5 ne$les 9 ! spr+ is a sight wor? go+ miles to see4 ,f\nd f ! ,lake /ates nor? to ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,ne$les an in* long4 ,cones f "o half to ?ree qu>t]s4 ,wood is heavy1 h>d & /rong4 ,us$ 9 %ip build+1 = telegraph poles1 po/s1 & ties4 ,fir1 ,balsam ,fir1 ,balsam4--,on all firs ! cones /& upright on ! bran*es1 :ile on spruces !y hang d[n4 ,z ^! two trees are (t5 int]m+l$1 ?is is an easy way to di/+ui% !m4 ,! ne$les ( ! firs are also blunt1 :ile ^? ( ! spruces are %>ply po9t$4 ,?is is ! s-call$ ,*ri/mas tree & balsam pill[s are made f its ne$les4 ,ne$les ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* long1 cones almo/ black 9 col\r1 f two to f\r in*es long4 ,wood ( little value1 be+ s(t & weak4 ,! sap 9 ! =m ( gum call$ ,canada balsam is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & is obta9$ f bli/]s on ! b>k or by cutt+ ! b>k4 ,s\!rn ,cypress1 ,bald ,cypress1 ,decidu\s ,cypress4--,f\nd gr[+ naturally 9 ! swamps ( ! ,s\?1 b w gr[ 9 dri] soil1 if plant$ 9 ! ,nor?4 ,sev]al f9e specim5s 9 ! p>ks ( ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 & ,brooklyn4 ,! l[] "p broad5s out ne> ! gr\nd into a conical base & 9 its native swamps ! roots s5d up peculi> =mations kn[n z cypress knees4 ,leaves v delicate & fea!ry1 n (t5 ov] half an in* long1 cones r\nd & an in* 9 diamet]4 ,drops its ne$les l ! l>* ea* fall4 ,wood v durable 9 damp situations1 valuable = floor+ & int]ior f9i%4 ,r$ ,c$>4--,! common c$> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f\nd 9 all sections :]e trees c gr[ at all1 9 s&1 swamp1 rocky hillside1 & ab&on$ f>m4 ,rea*es its greate/ height 9 ! ,s\?4 ,wood ( beautiful col\r & gra91 s(t & n /rong1 easily work$1 b incl9$ to brittl5ess4 ,us$ 9 _m trades2 x furni%$ 9 ! pa/ ! only wood = lead p5cils4 ,ow+ to its sc>city1 sub/itutes are n[ be+ tri$4 ,v durable 9 contact ) wat] & soil4 ,us$ ext5sively = po/s1 small boats1 coop]age1 ties1 *e/s1 & int]ior f9i%4 ,foliage difficult to describe1 be+ %>p & awl-%ap$ 9 ! "y trees1 *ang+ 9 lat] ye>s to a flat scale %ape4 ,v (t5 bo? =ms are f\nd on ! same tree4 ,se$s are ! common c$> b]ry1 pale gre5 9 col\r1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long1 ea* b]ry conta9+ two or ?ree se$s4 ,^! are lik$ by ! birds & !y are dropp$ along f5ces frequ5tly1 s t 9 a few ye>s ! f5ces become l9$ ) "y c$> trees4 ,:ite ,c$>4--,f\nd 9 swamps along ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s4 ,has a m delicate foliage ?an r$ c$>1 &1 gr[+ 9 d5se ?ickets1 is apt to be tall] & /raight]4 ,! wood is light br[n 9 col\r1 s(t1 weak1 &1 l r$ c$>1 durable 9 moi/ situations4 ,us$ = mak+ %+les1 = boat-build+1 & = ! same g5]al "w z ! r$ v>iety4 ,arbor ,vit--call$ 9 _m sections :ite c$>4 ,x is an entirely diff]5t tree f ! real :ite c$>1 hav+ decid$ly flatt5$ & v aromatic foliage4 ,us$ a great deal = h$ges be=e ! days ( ! ,cali=nia privet4 ,se$ borne 9 a t9y cone half an in* long4 ,l>ge quantities are cut 9 ! ,m>itime ,prov9ces ( ,canada to be made into %+les4 ,gr[s sixty feet high & two feet or m 9 diamet]4 ,arbor vit means tree ( life1 & z ! b>k & "y twigs 7 at "o "t us$ m$ic9ally1 t may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! "n4 ,wood is light1 s(t1 co>se-gra9$1 b1 l ! c$>s1 durable4 ,us$ = ties1 po/s1 & %+les4 ,,lvi ,,broad-,,leav$ ,,trees ,! broad-leav$ trees are m num]\s z to v>ieties ?an ! ev]gre5s1 & f ! /&po9t ( leaf =ms may be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 #a4 ,trees be>+ simple leaves4 #b4 ,trees be>+ comp\nd leaves4 #c4 ,trees be>+ d\bly comp\nd leaves4 ,! fir/ gr\p is ! l>ge/1 includ+ z x does su* l>ge families z ! maples1 oaks1 will[s1 popl>s4 ,! second gr\p comes next ) ! well-kn[n walnuts1 hickories1 a%es1 & buckeyes4 ,! ?ird gr\p is v small1 !re be+ b ?ree well-kn[n trees be>+ d\bly comp\nd leaves3 ! honey locu/1 ,k5tucky c(fee tree1 & ,h]cules ,club4 ,! ?ree =ms are %[n at ,fig4 #bdb4 ,! leaf ends at ! bud gr[+ at ! end ( ! leaf /em4 ,all above ?is bud con/itutes ! leaf1 no matt] :at its %ape or size1 & falls 9 ! autumn1 ) a few exceptions4 ,! small leaflets on ! comp\nd leaf are simply p>ts ( a leaf1 n sep>ate leaves1 z !re are no buds at ! po9t :]e !y jo9 ! /em4 ,! arrangem5t ( ^! leaflets v>ies4 ,9 ! buckeye & horse *e/nut !y radiate f a common po9t1 :ile 9 ! locu/ !y are 9 p>allel r[s on opposite sides ( ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,?ree types ( leaves ,9 d\bly comp\nd leaves ! leaflets are !mselves comp\nd1 mak+ ! :ole leaf v l>ge1 ^? ( ! ,k5tucky c(fee tree be+ ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,,! ,,maples ,probably ! be/ kn[n & mo/ common trees1 especially 9 t[ns & cities4 ,mo/ ( !m gr[ quickly & !re=e become valuable z %ade trees4 ,!y d n make ! mo/ p]man5t trees1 h[ev]1 & %\ld be plant$ 9 alt]nation ) oaks1 or o!r long-liv$ trees1 = p]man5t %ade4 ,! se$s ( all maples are w+$1 :i* helps _! di/ribution ov] l>ge areas1 9 ! same mann] z ! se$s ( ev]gre5s4 ,sug> or ,rock ,maple4--,! mo/ valuable timb] tree ( ! gr\p1 its wood be+ heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & close-gra9$4 ,v light 9 col\r & valuable = floor+ & int]ior f9i%1 furniture1 tool h&les1 & b5* tops4 ,x gr[s ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n /ates1 b n 9 all soils4 ,v rapid 9 gr[?1 s mu* s t 9 ! d5se =e/ /&s1 :5 a portion ( ! woods has be5 cut d[n1 ! "y sapl+s _c always )/& ! w9d pressure & are bl[n d[n4 ,rea*es a height 9 ! =e/ ( a hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 b 9 ! op5 is broad] & m symmetrical4 ,too mu* _c be said 9 praise ( ?is tree4 ,its %ade is d5se & its autumn col\r+ sup]b4 ,! sap yields maple syrup & sug>1 &1 f9ally1 aft] x has done its "w & is cut d[n1 its wood yields lumb] ( ! highe/ value1 :ile ! limbs make excell5t firewood4 ,! process ( mak+ maple sug> 0 le>n$1 hi/orians tell u1 f ! ,indians4 ,?is is probably :y ! process 0 = two or ?ree c5turies v crude4 ,holes are bor$ 9 ! tree 9 ! late w9t]1 z soon z ! sap is br\ght to life by ! sun1 usually 9 ,m>*1 b ! "t dep5ds ^u ! wea!r4 ,spigots are plac$ 9 ! holes & pails hung "u !m to cat* ! sap4 ,:5 full1 !y are empti$ into l>ge kettles or boil]s ov] a fire1 & ! sap simply boil$ d[n to ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,z ! lumb]man is mak+ heavy inroads into ! maple groves or =e/s1 ! price ( maple sug> is likely to cont9ue go+ up1 until real maple sug> w be only a memory1 unless we wake up f our dream ( unlimit$ res\rces to ! real facts & d some?+4 ,silv] ,maple1 ,:ite ,maple1 ,s(t ,maple4--,a v common %ade tree 9 our t[ns & cities4 ,its natural section is along ! ,mississippi1 :]e x becomes a great tree1 (t5 a hundr$ feet high2 b x is s easily adaptable to new conditions1 gr[s s quickly f se$1 & w /& s mu* h>d usage t x has be5 v popul>4 ,!re are _m bett] trees1 b ?is is *eap & quick gr[+1 & 9 our hurri$ ,am]ican life we build v (t5 = ! imm$iate future & =get ! next g5]ation4 ,its foliage1 :5 n black5$ & spoil$ by ! smoke ( ! city1 is a beautiful d>k gre5 above1 & light silv]y gre5 bel[4 ,! w+$ se$s rip5 9 ,june1 may be plant$ be=e ,july #a/1 & w produce "y trees ne>ly a foot high be=e fro/ ( ! same season4 ,wood n z h>d z rock maple1 b /rong1 close-gra9$ & brittle4 ,us$ to "s ext5t 9 cab9et "w4 ,! w9t] buds are v precoci\s & />t into life at ! fir/ sign ( spr+4 ,r$ or ,swamp ,maple4--,f\nd 9 wet places naturally1 b x makes a l>ge & satisfactory %ade tree 9 heavy upl& soil4 ,! leaf =m is some:at l t ( ! silv] maple1 b small]4 ,se$s rip5 be=e summ]4 ,! fl[]s are r$1 ! leaf /ems are r$1 & ! foliage is n only ! mo/ brilliant r$ ( all our autumn col\rs1 b x is ! fir/ to give notice by its *ange ( ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,x is easy to see :]e x got its "n4 ,wood is light 9 col\r1 simil> to t ( ! silv] maple1 h>d1 /rong1 & brittle4 ,sycamore ,maple4--,al?\gh frequ5tly plant$ 9 ?is c\ntry z a %ade tree x is1 l ! ,norway1 import$ f ,europe4 ,moosewood1 ,m\nta9 ,maple1 & ,box ,eld] are ?ree small ,am]ican maples :i* c h>dly be plac$ among timb] trees1 except possibly ! la/4 ,box eld] or a%-leav$ maple has ! di/9ction ( hav+ a comp\nd leaf4 ,its wood is s(t & ( m value to ! pulp mak] ?an ! lumb]man4 ,x is v h>dy & has be5 us$ on ! ,we/]n prairies1 :]e m p>ticul> trees d n ?rive4 ,,! ,,oaks ,p]haps z a family ?is gr\p ( trees is m uni=mly valuable ?an any o!r f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y repres5t all t is ! be/ among trees1 be+ /rong1 h>dy1 long-liv$1 & valuable z timb]4 ,!re are oaks 9 ,europe a ?\s& ye>s old1 b ( c\rse we h no records t g back s f>4 ,x is a difficult tree to kill1 because1 :5 cut d[n or burn$1 a l>ge numb] ( heal?y %oots gr[ f ! /ump or roots1 & make a rapid second gr[?4 ,! b>k ( all oaks conta9s tann91 & 9 ! pa/ our pr9cipal supply came f ^! trees4 ,! old-fa%ion$ me?od 0 to fell ! tree1 /rip (f ! b>k & leave ! wood on ! gr\nd to decay4 ,oak lumb] is n[ s valuable t ?is wa/e has be5 l>gely /opp$4 ,:ite ,oak ,gr\p4--,! oaks all be> simple leaves :i* v>y greatly4 ,!y may be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,! :ite oak gr\p all be> leaves ) r\nd$ lobes1 no bri/les1 & rip5 _! acorns ! fir/ fall aft] blossom+4 ,!y r>ely be> acorns be=e ! age ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,! second gr\p has po9t$ lobes1 ea* lobe end+ 9 a bri/le & d n rip5 _! acorns until ! end ( ! second season4 ,among ! fir/ gr\p are ! :ite oak prop]1 po/ or iron oak1 mossy cup1 *e/nut oak1 & swamp :ite oak4 ,9 ! second gr\p are ! r$1 p91 sc>let & black oak1 black jack1 %+le1 will[1 & ,spani% oaks4 ,:ite ,oak4--,"o ( ! mo/ common & be/ kn[n memb]s ( ! family1 sl[ gr[+1 /urdy1 h>dy1 & beautiful4 ,acorns sweet comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,leaves six to eight in*es long1 turn+ to beautiful %ades ( r$ 9 ! fall1 f9ally to a br[n1 & a l>ge proportion rema9+ on all w9t]4 ,?is tree is little affect$ by tempor>y wea!r *anges4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york spr+ may h come & ! maples be 9 full leaf1 b ! :ite oak %[s no sign4 ,lawns are m[$1 & f9ally1 ab\t ,june #a/1 out come ! oak leaves1 /eadily gr[+ )\t reg>d to late cold snaps or hot days4 ,dur+ ! summ] a prolong$ dr\ght occurs4 ,! leaves ( ! maple turn yell[ & fall4 ,n s ! oak2 x goes "r on ab\t its bus9ess ( gr[+ gre5 leaves & acorns1 until ! appo9t$ "t 9 ! fall4 ,! maple leaves h all fall5 & ! trees are ready = w9t]4 ,! oak goes "r on1 z /eadily z a clock1 do+ its "w1 app>5tly oblivi\s to su* insignificant ?+s z wea!r *anges4 ,?is is ! "* ( ! tree ?r\gh\t--/eady1 reliable1 & /rong4 ,! wood is h>d1 durable1 & valu$ 9 _m trades4 ,! be/ b>rels = tight coop]age are made ( x4 ,floors & int]ior trim1 furniture1 cab9et "w1 %ip build+1 & ! mak+ ( f>m+ implem5ts & wagons are all m or less dep5d5t on x4 ,! mission /yle ( furniture is made almo/ exclusively f x2 s is (fice furniture4 ,qu>t]$ oak is a =m ( lumb] obta9$ by a special me?od ( cutt+4 ,9 mo/ trees :5 cut into lumb] may be se5 a s]ies ( l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre1 & runn+ 9 almo/ /raight l9es to ! outside4 ,!y are call$ m$ull>y rays1 & are mu* m 9 evid5ce 9 "s woods ?an o!rs4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 oak4 ,^! rays are plates ( flatt5$ cells1 & are usually mu* h>d] ?an ! re/ ( ! wood4 ,! object ( qu>t]+ oak is to br+ ^! rays to ! surface ( ! bo>d at z small an angle z possible1 s t !y w spread ov] ! surface & give an add$ beauty to ! gra94 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 "o way by cutt+ ! bo>ds radially z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdc 7a74 ,!re is mu* wa/e 9 ?is me?od1 & o!r me?ods less wa/eful1 b n z satisfactory1 f ! beauty /&po9t1 are %[n at b1 c & d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,f\r me?ods ( qu>t]+ ,mossy ,cup or ,bur ,oak4--,s call$ f ! =m ( ! cup ( ! acorns4 ,x ends 9 a heavy fr+e :i* ne>ly cov]s ! acorn prop]--h5ce ! "n mossy cup4 ,! leaf some:at resembles ! :ite oak1 hav+ r\nd$ lobes b a diff]5t outl9e4 ,wood is h>d1 heavy1 & /rong1 & is us$ = ! same purposes z :ite oak4 ,f\nd ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b rea*es its greate/ developm5t 9 ! ,ohio ,valley4 ,*e/nut ,oak4--,f\nd f ,ma9e to ,alabama & we/ to ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,wood heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 t\gh1 close-gra9$ & durable 9 contact ) ! soil4 ,b>k is /rong ) tannic acid4 ,acorn1 long & oval1 sweet & a fav\rite ) ! squirrels4 ,two or ?ree v>ieties ( ?is tree are recogniz$4 ,po/ or ,iron ,oak4--,along ) ! black & black jack oaks f\nd on bleak & s&y pla9s1 especially 9 ,texas1 b ext5ds z f> nor? z ,massa*usetts4 ,leaves ?ick1 lea!ry1 & mu* d>k] 9 col\r ?an ! :ite oak4 ,wood us$ = ties1 f5c+ & fuel4 ,swamp ,:ite ,oak4--,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fav\rs wet localities & swamps1 & rea*es a height ( a hundr$ feet4 ,wood ab\t z heavy z :ite oak1 b incl9$ to *eck 9 season+4 ,us$ = same g5]al purposes z :ite oak4 ,acorns sweet & :ite1 ab\t an in* long4 ,! ,r$ ,oak ,gr\p3 ,r$ ,oak4--,tree rea*es a height ( a hundr$ & =ty feet4 ,f\nd f ,ma9e to ,georgia & z f> we/ z ,kansas4 ,gr[s m rapidly ?an :ite oak & has smoo!r b>k4 ,acorns l>ge ) a %all[ cup & v bitt]4 ,wood d>k] ?an :ite oak1 ( a r$di% br[n col\r1 heavy1 h>d1 & /rong4 ,us$ = furniture & int]ior f9i%4 ,has a t5d5cy to *eck 9 dry+4 ,sc>let ,oak4--,leaf m deeply ind5t$ ?an r$ oak4 ,a v tall & beautiful tree ) wood slightly heavi] ?an r$ oak1 /rong & h>d4 ,acorns1 l all ( ?is gr\p1 rema9 on ! tree ! fir/ w9t]1 rip5+ ! second fall4 ,!y are small] ?an ^? ( ! r$ oak & ! cup is n z %all[4 ,x encloses a ?ird or m ( ! nut1 ^: k]nel is :ite4 ,! "n is tak5 f ! brilliant col\r+ ( ! fall foliage4 ,p9 ,oak4--,leaf =m simil> to sc>let oak & (t5 mi/ak5 = x by ! beg9n]1 b is small]1 & o!r features ( ! tree di/+ui% x4 ,! acorns are small1 ab\t half an in* long1 ) a broad flat base1 light br[n & /rip$4 ,! bran*+ habit ( ! tree gives x ! "n4 ,! great numb] ( small sl5d] bran*es1 especially 9 w9t]1 is v noticeable4 ,sometimes call$ swamp ,spani% oak because ( its fondness = wet places4 ,wood br[n1 h>d1 /rong1 & heavi] ?an r$ & sc>let oaks4 ,x is be+ plant$ l>gely n[ z a p]man5t %ade tree & gr[s rapidly dur+ its e>li] ye>s4 ,black ,oak1 ,yell[ ,oak4--,"n d]iv$ f ! b>k1 :i* is v d>k4 ,yell[ is ! col\r ( ! inn] b>k1 h5ce ! second "n4 ,foliage v>ies1 is ?ick1 lea!ry & %9y1 ( a d>k gre5 col\r4 ,acorn is small] ?an ! r$ oak & (t5 /rip$4 ,has yell[ & bitt] k]nel4 ,wood z heavy z p9 oak1 =ty-f\r p\nds to ! cubic foot1 /rong & h>d4 ,us$ = fuel & = a yell[ dye made f ! inn] b>k4 ,black ,jack or ,b>r5 ,oak4--,(t5 f\nd 9 company ) ! black oak on w9d-swept1 b>r5 pla9s4 ,leaf v co>se & crude 9 bo? =m & texture1 hav+ ?ree lobes & a tap]+ base4 ,^! two trees frequ5tly mix or hybridize1 &1 :ile n always ?+s ( beauty1 !y gr[ :]e o!r trees _c live & %\ld be recomm5d$ = _! h>d9ess4 ,wood ev5 heavi] ?an black oak1 b1 z ! tree is small1 x is us$ *iefly = firewood & ! mak+ ( *>coal4 ,will[ ,oak4--,foliage resembles ! weep+ will[4 ,a s\!rn tree1 b w gr[ z f> nor? z ,new ,york4 ,acorns rip5 at end ( second season1 are small1 ) flat1 wide base & %all[ cup4 ,k]nel yell[ & bitt]4 ,wood r$di% br[n1 heavy1 & /rong4 ,tree is popul> 9 ! ,s\? z an int]e/+ %ade tree4 ,laurel ,oak4--,"n d]iv$ f ! leaves1 :i* are 9 %ape simil> to ! m\nta9 laurel1 b lack its %9y lu/re4 ,a tree ( ! ,middle ,we/ or ,ohio ,valley4 ,acorns1 small & half enclos$ by ! cup2 rip5 second season4 ,wood heavy & h>d1 *ecks 9 dry+4 ,us$ = %+les & r\gh con/ruction4 ,sometimes call$ %+le oak4 ,,lvii ,,trees ,,) ,,simple ,,leaves ,bee* is a beautiful tree ) light gray b>k1 h&some foliage & valuable h>d wood4 ,! se$ is buck:eat-%ap$1 small & sweet4 ,"o ( our mo/ h&some %ade trees1 & al?\gh only "o species is native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nurs]ym5 h develop$ special v>ieties kn[n z weep+ bee* & purple or copp] bee*4 ,! ,european bee* is also frequ5tly plant$ on lawns & 9 p>ks4 ,its foliage is d>k] & has ind5tations s %all[ t ! leaf app>5tly has only a wavy outl9e4 ,wood is h>d1 t\gh1 f9e-gra9$ & takes a high poli%4 ,us$ = ! /ocks ( planes1 h&les1 f>m+ implem5ts1 & = "s k9ds ( furniture4 ,! bee* tree is suppos$ to be imp]vi\s to lightn+1 & rec5t exp]im5ts %[ t x (f]s consid]able resi/ance to an electric curr5t4 ,bir*4--,! ind5tations ( ! bee* are %all[ & concave1 :ile ! bir* leaf is kn[n z d\ble s]rate1 or d\ble too!d1 ! tee? be+ !mselves too!d4 ,five v>ieties are kn[n 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates1 black1 r$1 yell[1 :ite1 & gray4 ,black ,bir*1 ,sweet ,bir*4--,! tree famili> to boys because ( its aromatic b>k1 :i* conta9s salicylic acid us$ 9 treat+ cases ( rheumatism4 ,a l>ge =e/ tree ) h&some foliage1 a v f9e-w+$ se$ & valuable wood4 ,heavy1 h>d1 f9e-gra9$1 & takes a high poli%4 ,us$ = :eel hubs1 & ! manufacture ( furniture4 ,r$ ,bir*4--,f\nd 9 swamps & along riv]s1 especially 9 ! ,s\?4 ,leaves small] ?an black bir* & wood mu* light] 9 weight1 b close-gra9$ & /rong4 ,us$ = furniture & wood5 w>e4 ,yell[ ,bir*4--,a nor!rn tree1 gr[+ a hundr$ feet high 9 nor!rn ,new ,york & ,canada4 ,leaves simil> to black bir*1 b its b>k is v diff]5t4 ,! b>k ( ! black bir* is v d>k1 :ile t ( yell[ bir* is ( a silv]y1 yell[i% gray1 *>act]i/ic bir* b>k4 ,wood heavy1 h>d1 & simil> to black bir*4 ,us$ = ! same g5]al purposes4 ,:ite ,bir*1 ,canoe ,bir*1 or ,pap] ,bir*4--,not$ = its rem>kable b>k4 ,:ite on ! "y trees1 d>k] on old ones4 ,comes (f 9 sev]al di/9ct pap]-l lay]s4 ,well kn[n to anci5t writ]s & us$ by !m = pap]4 ,x conta9s a res9\s oil :i* acc\nts = its wat]-resi/+ qualities s well kn[n 9 ! ,indian bir*-b>k canoe4 ,! inn] b>k conta9s />* & 9 ! extreme nor? x is sometimes mix$ ) o!r foods4 ,! sap may be us$ = mak+ sug>4 ,wood is light br[n & light weight b h>d1 /rong1 & close-gra9$4 ,us$ = %oe-la/s1 fuel1 & spools4 ,gray ,bir*1 ,asp5-,leav$ ,bir*4--,sometimes call$ :ite bir*4 ,! b>k is :ite b pat*$ ) black & does n come (f 9 lay]s z readily nor sep>ate s easily f ! wood z :ite bir*4 ,a small] tree ) foliage t moves z freely 9 ! w9d z ! asp54 ,leaf =m v peculi>2 a long ?9 /em1 broad flat base1 & long tap]+ outl9e1 d\ble s]rate4 ,a p]si/5t little tree1 v h>dy & difficult to kill4 ,wood is light & s(t1 close-gra9$ b weak4 ,us$ = pulp1 fuel1 spools1 & hoops4 ,hop ,hornbeam1 ,ironwood4--,a little tree ) delicate bir*-l foliage & wood ( great h>dness4 ,! "n hop is d]iv$ f ! fruit clu/] be>+ ! se$s1 :i* resembles ! hop4 ,! b>k is 9 rem>kable contra/ to ! foliage1 be+ deeply furr[$ & smoo?1 z if a smoo? sk9 7 drawn ov] p[]ful muscles4 ,! wood weighs ov] fifty p\nds to ! cubic foot1 is t\gh1 close-gra9$1 h>d & w take a high poli%4 ,us$ = mallets1 tool h&les1 & lev]s4 ,hornbeam or ,blue ,bir*4--,a small tree ) d>k gray or blui% b>k4 ,leaves simil> to ironwood1 b n>r[]4 ,wood weighs =ty-five p\nds to ! cubic foot1 h>d & /rong1 simil> to ironwood & us$ = ! same purposes4 ,elm1 ,:ite or ,am]ican4--,! well-kn[n %ade tree ( ! ,nor?4 ,leaf is lop-sid$1 "o side be+ consid]ably l>g] ?an ! o!r1 d\ble s]rate4 ,aside f be+ a beautiful %ade tree1 ! wood is v valuable 9 sev]al trades1 be+ heavy1 h>d1 /rong1 & t\gh4 ,x does n split easily & is valu$ = su* critical places z :eel hubs & saddles4 ,us$ 9 coop]age1 & supply ne>ly exhau/$4 ,r$ ,elm1 ,slipp]y ,elm4--,r$ f ! d>k br[n col\r ( its wood & slipp]y f ! "* ( ! inn] b>k4 ,! slipp]y elm ( comm]ce is made f ?is1 :i* suffici5tly expla9s its "*4 ,leaves are l>g]1 co>s]1 & r\gh] ?an :ite elm & wood is heavy1 h>d1 close-gra9$ & t\gh4 ,us$ = ties1 f5ce po/s1 & agricultural implem5ts4 ,rock ,elm1 ,cork ,elm4--,rock f ! nature ( ! soil x is p>ticul>ly fond (--rocky cliffs or hills--cork f ! corky ridges :i* appe> on ! bran*es4 ,a valuable timb] tree b f\nd 9 limit$ quantities4 ,! wood is unlike ! r$ & :ite elms 9 t x w take a high poli%4 ,h>d & t\gh1 close-gra9$ b easily work$4 ,us$ = cab9et "w1 f>m+ implem5ts1 ties1 & to "s ext5t = bridge timb]s4 ,basswood1 ,l9d54--,a l>ge timb] tree ( ! ,nor!rn /ates & ,canada4 ,its fl[]s are v sweet & attract ! bees to su* an ext5t t x is sometimes call$ ! bee tree4 ,x has sev]al v>ieties1 z ! small-leav$ l9d5 ( ! ,s\?1 ! silv] l9d51 weep+ silv] l9d51 etc4 ,leaves are he>t-%ap$1 s]rate1 & lop-sid$4 ,a valuable %ade tree4 ,wood is s(t1 weak1 ev5-gra9$1 does n split easily4 ,! fav\rite wood = pyrography because ( its :ite col\r1 fre$om f pit*1 etc4 ,us$ = boxes ( wagons1 wood5 w>e1 & to "s ext5t = furniture mak+4 ,holly4--,a broad-leav$ ev]gre54 ,leaves & b]ries us$ z ,*ri/mas decorations4 ,a s\!rn tree f\nd z f> nor? z ,long ,isl&4 ,wood v light 9 col\r1 b h>d & close-gra9$4 ,takes a high poli%4 ,us$ 9 cab9et "w & engrav+4 ,*]ry1 ,wild or ,black4--,! cab9et wood 9 common use is f ?is tree1 al?\gh sev]al v>ieties are kn[n to botani/s4 ,! wild *]ry ( ! roadside 9 ! ,ea/1 b a l>ge =e/ tree we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 especially f ,kansas to ,texas4 ,wood a beautiful r$di% br[n1 close-gra9$1 /rong1 & w take a high poli%4 ,us$ 9 cab9et "w1 int]ior ( h\ses1 & = c> f9i%4 ,tulip1 ,:ite ,wood1 ,yell[ ,popl>4--,! la/ "n is incorrect1 z ! tree is n a popl>4 ,:ite wood is also inaccurate1 z ! only "p ( ! wood t is :ite is ! sap wood4 ,a memb] ( ! magnolia family f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ b r>e 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,has a peculi> leaf ) f\r po9ts1 smoo?1 %9y1 & di/9ctive4 ,fl[]s ! size & col\r ( a yell[ or orange-col\r$ tulip4 ,wood gre5i% yell[1 light1 s(t1 brittle1 free f knots1 & incl9$ to w>p m ?an :ite p9e1 = :i* x is n[ be+ sub/itut$4 ,us$ = _m purposes1 includ+ cab9et "w1 int]ior f9i%1 panels1 etc4 ,sweet ,gum1 ,r$ ,gum1 ,liquid ,amb]4--,l ! tulip1 a l>ge1 h&some tree f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,leaves h five f+]s resembl+ a />fi%1 se$s produc$ 9 se$ balls ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! se$ itself is v small4 ,wood a beautiful r$di% br[n ) h&some gra91 heavy b s(t1 brittle1 weak1 w>ps & w9ds badly4 ,us$ to "s ext5t 9 int]ior f9i% & 9 wood turn+4 ,*e/nut4--,! well-kn[n tree ( ! ,ea/4 ,wood light & op5-gra9$1 s(t1 b v durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 h5ce its use = ties & f5ce po/s4 ,has beautiful gra9 & takes a good poli%4 ,us$ = furniture4 ,a fung\s disease is rapidly de/roy+ ?is tree 9 ! ,ea/4 ,sycamore1 ,buttonball1 ,buttonwood4--,sycamore is incorrect4 ,?is is ! ,am]ican plane1 a ne> relative ( ! ,european plane tree4 ,buttonball is d]iv$ f ! %ape ( ! se$ pods1 :i* are r\nd1 an in* or m 9 diamet]1 & /ay on ! tree dur+ ! w9t]4 ,?is is ! tree :i* %$s "p ( its b>k ea* ye>1 giv+ ! trunk a mottl$ appe>ance4 ,wood is h>d & heavy1 has an int]e/+ gra9 & takes a good poli%4 ,us$ = int]ior f9i% ( h\ses4 ,popl>4--,a l>ge family ( trees ( :i* n9e memb]s are recogniz$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,all h light & s(t woods ( little value except = mak+ boxes1 pack+ cases & wood pulp4 ,_! value lies 9 h>d9ess1 quick gr[? & ability to cov] burn$ areas s z to give a =e/ cov] 9 localities :]e o!r trees w n gr[4 ,! balsam popl>1 or balm ( ,gilead1 =m]ly plant$ ext5sively z a %ade tree1 rea*es well up into ,alaska1 & 9 ! ,yukon t]ritory rea*es a height ( a hundr$ feet4 ,imm5se =e/s cov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles4 ,z a %ade tree x possesses "o or two good qualities1 quick gr[? & an indiff]5ce to ! smoke & grime ( cities4 ,x is o!rwise n v desirable4 ,dogwood4--,a small tree ) brilliant fl[]s 9 ! spr+ & bright r$ b]ries 9 ! fall4 ,wood heavy1 h>d1 t\gh1 & close-gra9$4 ,us$ = hubs ( :eels1 tool h&les1 & mallets4 ,,broad-,,leav$ ,,trees ,,) ,,comp\nd ,,leaves ,black ,walnut4--,f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 mo/ abundantly 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,leaves be> f fifte5 to tw5ty-?ree leaflets4 ,nut is enclos$ 9 a gre5 husk ri* 9 tannic acid4 ,wood a beautiful d>k br[n1 sapwood light4 ,heavy1 h>d1 /rong4 ,takes a high poli%4 ,us$ 9 cab9et "w1 = furniture1 inside f9i%1 & = gun/ocks4 ,gett+ v sc>ce4 ,:ite ,walnut or ,butt]nut4--,a small] tree ?an ! black walnut1 ! nuts be+ m elongat$ & po9t$4 ,bo? nuts & leaves h an od\r di/9ctive & diff]5t f ! black walnut4 ,wood also light] 9 col\r1 s(t] b takes a good poli%4 ,us$ = int]ior f9i% & furniture4 ,hickory4--,n9e species f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pecan is a hickory1 also ! pignut1 %ellb>k1 etc4 ,all h wood not$ = its ela/icity1 t\ghness & /r5g?4 ,x is heavy1 h>d & close-gra9$4 ,us$ = agricultural implem5ts1 wagons1 c>riages1 axe h&les1 coop]age1 & automobile spokes4 ,! nuts ( ! v>i\s species v>y greatly1 f ! bitt] pignut to ! popul> pecan4 ,a%4--,sev]al ,am]ican species1 all be>+ wood :i* is h>d1 /rong1 & ela/ic4 ,co>s] 9 gra9 & light] 9 weight ?an hickory1 h5ce m valuable = o>s & baskets4 ,! a% is a tall1 clean-cut tree ) beautiful foliage & be>s a w+$ se$4 ,! wood is valuable = c>riage "w1 f>m+ implem5ts1 furniture & is us$ = int]ior f9i%4 ,buckeye4--,! ,am]ican relative ( ! horse *e/nut1 :i* is a ,european tree4 ,native to ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,leaf has five or sev5 leaflets radiat+ f ! end ( ! /em4 ,nuts are simil> to ! horse *e/nut 9 col\r1 b n s regul> 9 =m4 ,wood is light 9 col\r & weight1 us$ 9 mak+ wood5 w>e1 pulp1 wood5 limbs1 & occasionally = build+s4 ,locu/4--,a tree belong+ to ! same botanical family z ! bean & pea4 ,?is is se5 9 its fl[]s1 :i* resemble ! sweet pea & are fragrant4 ,se$s are beans borne 9 pods1 v>y+ 9 size & %ape f ! delicate light br[n little se$ ( ! honey locu/1 to ! coal-black1 /onelike se$ ( ! ,k5tucky c(fee tree4 ,black ,locu/1 ,yell[ ,locu/4--,f\nd f ,new ,york s\? to nor!rn ,georgia & we/ to ,arkansas4 ,se$ pods ?ree or f\r in*es long4 ,wood yell[1 heavy1 h>d & close-gra9$4 ,! mo/ durable wood we h 9 contact ) ! soil1 us$ ext5sively = po/s4 ,honey ,locu/4--,native to ! ,mississippi ,valley1 b h>dy :5 transplant$4 ,d\bly comp\nd leaves ( great delicacy4 ,tree has _m ?orns gr[+ (t5 9 great clu/]s & sometimes six in*es long4 ,se$s borne 9 long1 d>k br[n pods (t5 twi/$4 ,wood r$di% br[n1 h>d1 /rong1 co>se-gra9$ & durable4 ,us$ = :eel hubs4 ,k5tucky ,c(fee ,tree4--,nam$ f ! fact t ! pione]s made a c(fee sub/itute f its black beans4 ,a s\!rn tree1 occasionally f\nd z f> nor? z ,new ,york4 ,leaves d\bly comp\nd4 ,se$s borne 9 l>ge pods %ap$ l a lima bean ab\t t5 in*es long4 ,wood light br[n1 heavy1 /rong & co>se-gra9$4 ,*ecks consid]ably 9 dry+1 b durable & takes a good poli%4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,press1 ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! punctuation ( illu/ration captions 0 made consi/5t ?r\gh\t4 ,obvi\s typographical errors 7 correct$ )\t comm5t4 ,ambigu\s spell+s 7e4g41 col\r & color--bo? 9 use7 & o!r ,,uk-,,u spell+s 7 n *ang$4 ,"s inconsi/5t hyph5ation 7e4g41 to5ail_/toe-nail7 0 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,*apt] ,,xiv 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 wrongly %[n z page #abc1 & ?is 0 *ang$ to #acc4 ,likewise *apt] ,,xlv 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 wrongly %[n z page #dbe1 & ?is 0 *ang$ to #dbf4