,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,r4,c4 ,,m9or4 ,n4,y4 ,,photogravure ,,co4 ,ev5+ ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,illu/ration ,,by ,a4 ,,horsley ,,h9ton ,illu/ration ,,) ,,reproductions ,,f ,,photograms ,,& ,,sket*es ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,o!r ,,arti/s ,,new ,,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 #bd & #bf ,,ea/ ,,?irte5? ,,/4 ,,london1 ,,eng4 ,,dawb>n ,,w>d1 ,,limit$ ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,introduction4--,primitive illu/rations--,art & illu/ration--,influ5ce 9 photography--,illu/rations f ! ,au?or's aspect--,"s uses ( illu/ration4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,a ,,neglect$ ,,field4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,!ory ,,& ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,illu/ration4--,diff]5t k9ds ( illu/ration--,maps or plans--,sci5tific diagrams--,topographical views--,9 fiction--,au?or & ,illu/rator--,pictorial or arti/ic--,decorative--,! ,two ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,reproduction ,,by ,,half-,,tone ,,process4--,processes o!r ?an photo-me*anical--,! object ( me*anical process--,intaglio1 relief1 & sep>ate pr9t+ process--,description ( half-tone process--,! scre5--,pr9t+ on ! gelat9e--,developm5t--,et*+--,inh]5t disadvantage ( ! scre5--,cutt+ out lights--,comp>ative results4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,prep>ation ,,( ,,orig9als ,,= ,,reproduction ,,by ,,half-,,tone4--,i4--,photograms--,! be/ k9d ( ,photograms = reproduction--,negative & pr9t--,legitimate h& "w--,reliev+ ! %ad[s--,help+ ! high light & %ad[s--,application ( photograms--,/opp+ out--,backgr\nds n ess5tial--,composition & arrangem5t--,decorative initials1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,prep>ation ,,( ,,orig9als ,,= ,,half-,,tone4 ,,ii4--,wa% draw+s1 oil pa9t+s1 p5cil & o!r draw+s--,"* ( wa% draw+ or grey surface--,mono*rome oil pa9t+--,pa9t+ on a photographic basis--,mix$ draw+s--,p5cil draw+s--,col\r$ sket*es = illu/ration--,?9 reproduction4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,l9e ,,process4--,requirem5ts ( ! process--,! processes describ$3 ,gelat9e1 ,album51 & ,bitum5--,copy+1 pr9t+1 develop+1 m\nt+--,description ( ! copy negative--,r$uction--,dim9i%+ glasses--,p5cil m>ks1 c4--,non-photographic me?ods4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,me?ods ,,( ,,l9e ,,reproduction4 ,i4--,p5-&-ink draw+--,"* ( l9e draw+s--,tone int]pret$ into l9e--,v>i\s /yles ( l9e--,sugge/ion ( col\r1 textures1 c4--,! art ( leav+ out--,:at to copy & /udy--,l9e %ad+--,flat t9ts--,outl9es--,r$uction & ?ick5+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,mat]ials ,,= ,,simple ,,l9e ,,draw+4--,pap]s & c>dbo>ds--,inks & fluids--,p5s4 ,,*apt] ,x4--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,l9e ,,processes4--,"s *>act]i/ics ( ea* describ$1 & results 9 ea* comp>$--,! r\lette4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,= ,,l9e ,,reproduction4 ,! ,mat]ials ,requir$4--,me*anical t9ts--,_! application--,splatt] "w--,h[ produc$--,gra9$ clay surface bo>ds or scrape bo>ds--,_! use describ$--,p5cil & *alk draw+ = l9e reproduction4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,me*anical ,,aids ,,to ,,draw+4--,me?ods ( trac+ f a photogram--,draw+ on a photogram--,draw+ on a blue pr9t--,trac+ on transf] pap]--,draw+ f nature--,conclusion4 ,au?ors preface ,increas$ use ( ! ,photographic ,reproduction process & a prevail+ ignorance ( _! nature & application1 made desirable a simple practical ,h&book ( ,illu/ration ,me?ods ,su* a book x has be5 my endeav\r to produce ,a4,h4,h4 ,london ,novemb] #ahid ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,draw+4 7,orig9al #i x #e-a_/h47 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction--,,! ,,art ,,( ,,illu/ration4 ,introduc$ to ?is c\ntry1 9 r\nd numb]s1 "s fifty ye>s ago1 ,photography has progress$ beyond its contempor>ies ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x has obta9$ a hold ^u ! p1 ent]+ equally into _! "w & _! amusem5ts2 ! spe$1 ! reality1 ! brilliancy ( x fit x peculi>ly = ! age into :i* x has be5 born4 ,x has surviv$1 & w survive1 amid/ ! decay ( o!r ?+s1 because ( its extraord9>y adaptability to *ang+ circum/ances1 its read9ess to meet alt]+ ta/es & requirem5ts2 v]satile 9 aspect1 ela/ic 9 its application4 ,amid/ all its adaptations ( mod]n date1 9 none has x be5 m successful ?an 9 t to :i* ?is book is devot$3 t :]e9 photography1 directly or indirectly1 is employ$ to introduce into our lit]ature expressions ( ?\ght1 :i* are bett] s convey$ ?an by writt5 or pr9t$ words4 ,be ! language nev] s ri* 9 words1 or ! writ]'s p[] 9 us+ !m nev] s great1 a cle>] & a m la/+ impression may be convey$1 ev5 to ! cultivat$1 & c]ta9ly to ! popul> m9d1 by ! arrangem5t ( l9es & m>k+s 9 su* =m z may be felt to actually repres5t ! objects1 & indicate ! relative position & size ( o!r objects or p>ts ( ! same4 ,?is may be said to be ! prim>y & normal function ( an ,illu/ration4 ,?r\gh\t ! pages ( ?is book1 & to :atev] ext5t ! /ud5t may practise ! me?ods h]e9 describ$1 x may be well to keep v cle>ly 9 m9d ! legitimate function ( an illu/ration1 namely3 to describe1 to portray1 & to d ?is *iefly z an auxili>y to writt5 language4 ,to su* a k9d belongs ! rude scrat*+s ( ! primval man1 ^: limit$ p[]s ( spee* =bade 8 adequately describ+ ! =ms ( ^? creatures ^: pursuit meant life1 ^: disreg>d w\ld mean dea?1 & ( su* k9d 7 ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,ea/4 ,nay1 :o %all say t ! v =ms ( lett]s !mselves are n ! outcome ( e>ly ef=t to convey to ! eye ( ano!r :at might o!rwise only h be5 imp]fectly communicat$ ?r\gh o!r s5ses3 a means to an end2 a s]vant1 a tool1 9 ! h&s ( him :o w\ld wield x4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 a mak+ ( draw+s & designs :i* _h ano!r purpose4 ,! g\rd1 or r\gh clay vessel1 0 grav$ & m>k$ ) devices & =ms sugge/$ by ! curves & %apes 9 ,nature1 b ?is 0 m]ely = decoration2 to please ! eye1 & n to s]ve any purpose b to give pleasure4 ,a means to an end 9 ?is s5se p]haps1 b note t ! end 0 9 ! comm5cem5t ( x1 & w5t no fur!r aft] completion2 x gave pleasure to ! behold] & no m1 & no?+ m 0 int5d$ or ask$4 ,?us 0 ,art born--n to tea*1 nor to expla91 nor to illu/rate4 ,nor is ?is di/9ction out ( place 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,! t5d5cy to-day is too (t5 to make a pretty picture r ?an a good illu/ration2 to sacrifice accuracy to beauty2 to /rive r aft] ! /hetic pleasure 9 art1 ?an ! tru? & fidelity ( illu/ration4 ,! arti/ is :at he is f ! possession ( c]ta9 in/9ctive attributes :i* he is p[]less to tea* to ano!r1 :]eas ! simpl] & expressive =ms ( draughtsman%ip may be atta9$ by almo/ all4 ,f confus+ art ) illu/ration we f9d a man say+ ,i _c d ?is1 or t1 because ,i am no arti/1 & x is ) a hope ( plac+ 9 ! h&s ( su*1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 a means ( graphic expression1 t ! pres5t book has be5 und]tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,essex ,,l&scape4 ,half-tone f oil sket* 9 mono*rome4 7,orig9al #aj-a_/h x #f-a_/b74 ,see p4 #ea4 ,take also su* a simple matt] z a lett] f a fri5d1 & notice h[ (t5 words alone fail to convey a correct impression1 yet a few l9es ( simple =m at once pres5t a graphic description4 ,mr4 ,blackburn gives a capital example ( su* a case 9 8 ,art ( ,illu/ration4 ,he says3 ,a newspap] correspond5t is 9 a boat on "o ( ! ,italian lakes1 & wi%es to describe ! sc5e on a calm summ] day4 ,?is is h[ he proce$s3 ',we are %ut 9 by m\nta9s1' he says1 'b ! blue lake seems z wide z ! sea4 ,on a rocky promontory on ! left h& ! trees gr[ d[n to ! wat]'s edge & ! banks are precipit\s1 indicat+ ! great dep? ( ?is "p ( ! lake4 ,! wat] is z smoo? z glass2 on its surface is "o vessel1 a heavily lad5 m>ket boat' 7& s on74 ,!re is no ne$ to repeat x all2 b :5 half a column ( ^w-pa9t+ _h be5 writt5 7& well writt57 ! correspond5t fail$ to pres5t ! picture cle>ly to ! eye )\t ^! f\r explanatory l9es 7no m7 :i* %\ld ( c\rse h be5 s5t ) 8 lett]4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! same way small sket* plans 7no matt] h[ r\ghly made7 are ( great assi/ance 9 describ+ ! position ( a fire1 a murd]1 or any?+ else ( public importance2 n to m5tion ! value su* descriptive l9es (t5 are 9 private lett]s4 ,:il/1 !n1 ,art & ,illu/ration are di/9ct1 & mu* ( ! latt] may be )9 ! rea* ( _m to :om ! =m] is impossible1 !re is no reason :y ei!r %\ld ne$lessly (f5d ! canons ( ! o!r4 ,art--seek+1 z x %\ld1 to awak5 a s5se ( pleasure 9 ! beautiful--adh]es to tru?1 9 idea if n 9 fact4 ,illu/ration1 :i* portrays fact tru?fully1 may yet d s 9 su* mann] z %all n annoy ! cultivat$ & arti/ic s5ses2 & ?is is ! art ( illu/ration4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 mu* dep5ds on a k & ex]cise ( ! m]e te*nique or craftsman%ip3 ! means to be employ$1 & ! mann] ( employ+ !m4 ,) p5 or p5cil we might satisfactorily produce su* a diagram or draw+ z %\ld illu/rate our spee*1 b ! exig5cies ( su* gigantic in/itutions ( civilisation z books1 magaz9es1 & newspap]s1 dem& t ! same illu/ration %all be pres5t$ to ?\s&s ( read]s at ! same "t4 ,9 =m] times ! orig9al draw+ 0 copi$ by craftsm5 on to wood or metal1 & !n c>v$ s t a block1 conta9+ ! design 9 relief1 might be set up 9 ! pr9t+ press & pr9t$ 9 conjunction ) ! lett]press type4 ,wond]ful skill did ! wood-engrav] acquire 9 reproduc+ ! orig9al & 9 int]pret+ ! arti/'s idea2 b 8 "w took "t1 :i* _h to be paid =1 & sometimes ! arti/ f\nd t 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y wood-engrav]1 8 int5tion _h be5 wrongly con/ru$1 & ev5 a dep>ture made f ! accuracy ( 8 draw+4 ,!n came ,photography1 & x 0 f\nd possible to photograph ! orig9al on to ! surface ( ! block in/ead ( draw+ x4 ,x 0 next f\nd possible1 "u giv5 conditions1 to sub/itute = ! engrav] a purely me*anical means1 :]eby ! surface ( ! block 0 suitably c>v$ to pr9t ) ink ! requisite design4 ,?us a photographic & *emical process supplants ! h&-"w ( ! engrav]1 & a p]fect replica ( ! orig9al1 9 no way dep5d5t ^u ! p]sonal ability ( ! engrav]1 is obta9$4 ,! same process1 work+ bl9dly1 produces a facsimile equival5t to ! arti/'s own draw+2 & does s ) su* spe$1 & at su* small exp5se1 t = "o p5ny we may pur*ase to-day a newspap] fill$ ) exact copies ( draw+s ( ev5ts :i* happ5$ only ye/]day4 ,?\s&s ( books & pap]s1 ! _w ov]1 are n[ replete ) illu/rations3 ! exp5se ( produc+ :i* by ! old] me?ods w\ld h made impossible su* welcome additions to ! pr9t$ page4 ,nor does x appe> t ! gigantic dim5sions1 & high /ate ( p]fection1 :i* ,process illu/ration has rea*$1 9 any way repres5ts ! limit ( its possibilities 9 ei!r respect4 ,x has be5 reasonably conjectur$ t 9 ! ne> future e newspap] & p]iodical publication w be illu/rat$1 & almo/ ea* day sees "s advancem5t1 "s improvem5t1 9 ! daily practice ( ! v>i\s processes ( reproduction1 s t 9 writ+ a book ( ! pres5t k9d x is difficult to keep ! in=mation !re9 conta9$ fully abrea/ ( ! times4 ,:ile x is 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t] "s new ?+ may be f\nd out1 "s new application ( a me?od successfully attempt$1 :i* %all make ! novelty ( ye/]day give place to ! inv5tion ( to-day4 ,! pride ( ! littrateur may make him feel t ! use ( pictures1 z an assi/ance to writ+1 indicates incapacity or feebl5ess on ! "p ( ! au?or4 ,yet1 able z is ! description ( su* famili> *>act]s z ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 ,pickwick1 ,j+le1 & o!rs1 h[ v>i\s w\ld h be5 ! idea conjur$ up by diff]5t read]s1 7 x n = ! inimitable draw+s ( ,cruick%ank or ,phiz4 ,7 n ,%akespe>e's *>act]s int5d$ to be illu/rat$--n by draw+s p]haps1 b by liv+ pictures8 ,&1 f9ally1 out ( ! simple in/rum5ts = illu/ration !re has be5 evolv$ a great] ?+4 ,! same means z are employ$ to reproduce ! draughtsman's draw+1 may also reproduce1 & place 9 ! h&s ( ! multitude1 reproductions ( ! works ( great ma/] arti/s2 s t some?+ ( ! treasures ( ! ,pitti1 & ! ,l\vre1 may be se5 9 ,engli% homes to-day4 ,! same simple me?ods1 us$ = m]e illu/ration1 h be5 wre/l$ ) by ^? :o possess art z a bir?right f ! gods1 & ?r\gh _! ef=ts our books may n[ conta9 pictures 7process reproductions7 :i* are full ( f9e arti/ic feel+2 n m]ely illu/rat+ ! text1 b awak5+ a s5se ( pleasure & exaltation at ! repres5tation ( nature's beauties4 ,decorative pages1 ornate ) noble designs1 bright5 a book l gleam+ cry/als 9 a ri* b d>k m9e1 & relieve ! monotony ( too p]fect a symmetry4 ,a *apt] head+1 a tail piece1 a decorat$ initial1 & "h & !re a picture page1 ex]t an influ5ce l sp>kl+ spr+ & smil+ fl[]s1 = joy & sweet refre%m5t by ! way4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,a ,,neglect$ ,,field4 ,a =m ( book illu/ration too mu* neglect$1 & "o possess+ peculi> advantages1 is ,m>g9a ,illu/ration4 ,decorat$ or illu/rat$ m>g9s may be associat$ 9 idea ) ! e>ly mona/ic "w1 :5 ! solitude & gloom ( ! recluse's life 0 reliev$ by ! little enjoym5t :i* mu/ h att5d$ ! illum9ation ( holy books1 b x is n q ! purely decorative to :i* ,i w\ld ref]4 ,9 "s mod]n editions1 9 :i* an old /yle is affect$1 a wide m>g9 on ! top1 bottom1 & out] edge ( ! lett]press is pres]v$ s wide t ample space might be f\nd to introduce su* trifl+ illu/rations z w\ld be amply suffici5t to fix an impression or sugge/ to ! imag9ation ( ! read] ideas :i* ! m]e lett]press might fail to awak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,canto ,,! ,,second ,night wanes--! vap\rs r\nd ! m\nta9s curl'd ,melt into ! morn1 & ,light awakes ! _w4 ,man has ano!r day to swell ! pa/1 ,& lead him ne> to little1 b 8 la/2 ,b mighty ,nature b\nds z f h] bir?4 ,! sun is 9 ! heav5s & life on e>?2 ,fl[]s 9 ! valley1 spl5d\r 9 ! beam1 ,hea? on ! gale1 & fre%ness 9 ! /ream4 ,immortan ,man ,i behold h] glory %9e1 ,& cry exult+ inly1 ,!y are ?9e6 ,gaze on1 :ile yet ?y gladd5'd eye may see1 ,a morr[ comes :5 !y are n = !e2 ,& ,grieve :at may above ?y s5sless bi]1 ,nor e>? ,nor sky w yeild a s+le te>2 ,nor cl\d %all ga!r m nor leaf %all fall1 ,nor gale brea! =? "o sigh = !e1 = all2 ,b creep+ ?+s %all revel 9 _! spoil1 ,& fit ?y clay to f]tilize ! soil4 ',tis morn--'tis noon--assembl$ 9 ! hall1 ,! ga!r'd *iefta9s come to ,o?o's call2 ',tis n[ ! promis$ h\r t mu/ proclaim ,! life or dea? ( ,l>a's future fame4 ,:5 ,ezzl9 has *>ge may "h unfold4 ,,l9e ,,reproduction ,,f ,,p5 ,,sket*4 7,orig9al #ac x #i in*es47 ,too (t5 our illu/rations 9 books are sep>at$ f ! text to su* a degree t a cont9uity ( idea is all b impossible4 ,we read1 p]haps--,night wanes--! vap\rs r\nd ! m\nta9s curl'd melt into morn1 & ,light awakes ! _w4 ,man has ano!r day to swell ! pa/1 c41 c41 c42 b long be=e we come to ! page :i* illu/rates ?is delightfully pictorial passage f "o ( ,"l ,byron's romantic works we read--',tis morn--'tis noon--assembl$ 9 ! hall4 ,! ga!r$ *iefta9s come to ,o?o's call3 & n p]haps until we h pass$ ! ?ird or f\r? /anza1 & are try+ to picture 9 our m9ds ! brilliant assemblage ( ,spani% *iefta9s1 & ! fi]ce *all5ge ( ! accus$ ,l>a t]m9at+ ) ,dem& ?y life6 d we turn ov] a page & confront a da9ty illu/ration ( ! op5+ l9es ,night wanes1 c4--an int]ruption z undesirable & di/ract+ z :5 ! lectur]1 ?r\gh "s mi/ake 9 ! arrang+ ( 8 lant]n slides1 sees project$ on ! scre5 a photogram ( ! grim walls ( ,newgate ,prison1 :51 ) ! words ,i w n[ %[ y a picture ( :]e "s ( ,engl&'s h]oes h f\nd a re/+-place1 he expect$ 8 assi/ant to put up a slide ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,x is n always possible ev5 to get our book illu/rations to face ! matt] :i* ref]s to x1 & ev5 if t c be arrang$1 or ! illu/ration c actually come into ! same page1 ! act ( turn+ f text to picture means an int]ruption & sev]+ ! cont9u\s ?\ght4 ,c\ld our illu/rations appe> 9 ! m>g91 betwe5 ! l9es1 m+l$ ) ! lett]press1 h[ smoo?ly we might read ! illu/rations along ) ! text1 & h[ bright & pleas+ w\ld ! pages appe>6 ,i h giv5 a specim5 page :i* may s]ve to bett] %[ ! idea4 ,we w suppose "s book ( travel or poetry be set up 9 type by ! pr9t]1 & a pro( copy be made up ) broad m>g9s "u ! direction ( ! illu/rator1 :o !n takes x 9 h& & decorates ea* page z desir$2 or ! pages are pull$ z pro(s on two or ?ree k9ds ( pap]1 smoo? = p5 "w1 r\gh = crayon1 or m$ium = wa% draw+s--:at delightful v>iety might be secur$6 ,:5 ! arti/ has add$ 8 m>g9al & int]-p>agraph illu/rations ! pages are photo-reproduc$1 ! complete block includ+ bo? lett]press & draw+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5n$ ,,by ,w4,t4 ,,:itehead4 7,orig9al #ae x #ab in*es47 ,( c\rse ! illu/rations1 if conf9$ to ! m>g9s1 c\ld be reproduc$ sep>ately1 & set up ) ! type 9 ! same =m4 ,9 ! example ,i h giv5 on page #ae1 ! lett]press 0 set up by ! pr9t] to occupy a giv5 space1 ! type us$ be+ a cle>1 bold lett]4 ,?is 0 pr9t$ f on two or ?ree k9ds ( pap]1 & h&$ to me to add ! illu/rative matt]4 ,! pro( us$ 0 ab\t ?irte5 by n9e in*es1 & ?is 0 subsequ5tly reproduc$ by a simple z9co process to ! size "h %[n4 ,( c\rse ! am\nt ( lett]press possible on ea* page is small if ! illu/rat+ be c>ri$ to any great ext5t4 ,an edition ( ,%akespe>e's works treat$ 9 ?is fa%ion w\ld ( itself con/itute a small libr>y1 b = small] works1 or = s+le plays or s+le poems1 _m a pla9 piece ( read+ might be by su* means conv]t$ into a v delightful & belov$ book4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t 9 fiction1 :5 we read t ! da9ty little billet d\x slipp$ "u ! door1 writt5 9 my lady's delicate & graceful /yle2 or1 ! my/]i\s lett] h&$ to ! h]o writt5 9 a /range h&writ+ ran z foll[s1 h[ mu* m =cible ! ?+ w\ld be if ! au?or _h giv5 u a facsimile ( ! lett]4 ,i nev] read a lett] 9 a /ory )\t feel+ x 0 ! au?or ( ! romance1 in/ead ( ! "* 9 ! book1 :o compos$ ! lett]4 ,?us an au?or might1 9 addition to feature1 figure1 & dress1 give u a f9e sugge/ion ( 8 dramatis p]son by %[+ a little bit ( _! h&writ+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,illu/ration4 ,"h x w probably be well to consid] ! diff]5t classes into :i* illu/rations naturally seem to fall1 & ?is because x is ! common cu/om to reg>d ! cont5ts ( an illu/rat$ book z all belong+ to "o4 ,p]haps ! simple/ & mo/ spontane\s =m ( illu/ration is se5 :5 "o is describ+ a position or locality1 & takes p5cil & pap] to draw a r\gh plan %[+ ?is or t road1 cross-road1 turn+1 c4 ,we d ?is )\t any =e?\ght1 )\t any arti/ic ability1 & nev] = a mom5t consid]+ t we are fulfill+ ! fir/ !oretical function ( ! illu/rator1 & we make ?is sket*-plan p>tly because we c\ld n s graphically describe :at we wi% 9 words2 &1 aga91 ! draw+ w produce a m la/+ impression ^u ! p]son appeal$ to1 & t )\t s great an ef=t ( memory on 8 "p4 ,see+ is believ+1 & to see is also to rememb]4 ,x is ! same ) ! diagrams :i* illu/rate ! problems ( ,euclid1 a t\ri/'s map1 an ar*itect's plan2 ^! are all illu/rations ( a diagrammatic k9d4 ,only a little high] 9 ! scale are ! illu/rations 9 sci5tific & physiological books4 ,i say high]1 because ( ! difficulties atta*+ to ! photograph+ ( su* objects1 & _! m complex =ms1 :i* sometimes necessitate _! be+ drawn f ! objects at fir/ h& by "o possess+ "s am\nt ( skill z a draughtsman4 ,b ! int5tion is to expla9 ! text1 add$ to :i* is p]haps ! special (fice ( enabl+ ! /ud5t to recognise & id5tify ! p>ticul> animal or vegetable /ructure1 or a c]ta9 rock =mation or cry/al1 :5 f\nd2 = :i* purpose x is ( prim>y importance t ! ess5tial & specific *>act]s ( ! p>ticul> object are c>efully portray$1 & ! entire figure be ( faultless accuracy4 ,?is same quality mu/ also be secur$ 9 topographical views ) :i* ! book ( travels1 ) its description ( f>-di/ant places & p1 is illu/rat$2 x is 9 ?is class ( draw+s t !re is mo/ dang] ( a desire to make a pretty picture--ov]:elm+ ! purely descriptive or explanatory function4 ,! repres5tation ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 a /ory1 ) :i* x is ! cu/om to illu/rate a novel or "w ( fiction1 has (t5 appe>$ to me to be "o ( ! lea/ successful dep>tm5ts ( illu/ration4 ,probably ?is arises f ! fact t ! arti/ has no actual models to "w f2 he creates1 out ( ! au?or's description1 imag9>y be+s1 & portrays !m accord+ly4 ,!re=e1 unless au?or & arti/ h be5 9 v close communication1 x is z likely z n t ! arti/ may get a conception ( c]ta9 *>act]s q remote f ! au?or's int5tion4 ,at lea/1 x mu/ h occurr$ to _m a read] to f9d ! pictures 9 a fav\rite novel (t5 q fail to realise ! ideal :i* he _h himself =m$ ( ! h]o or h]o9e1 ( :om1 at ! v outset1 he _h conjur$ up an image & an environm5t4 ,some:at lately ! exp]im5t has be5 made ( illu/rat+ fiction ) actual photograms f life1 9 :i* case ! illu/rator mu/ select ) great c>e individuals answ]+ v exactly to ! descriptions giv51 & use ^! z models gr\p$ z requir$4 ,obvi\sly ?is me?od mu/ be conf9$ to su* books ^: plot is laid 9 comp>atively rec5t times & 9 ord9>y sc5es ( life2 = ! difficulties1 :i* are 9 any case great1 assume insurm\ntable proportions :5 "o conceives ! idea ( illu/rat+ by photograms su* books z ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 or ,don ,quixote4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,by ,w4,t4 ,,:itehead4 7,orig9al #h x #e47 ,! ideal condition w\ld be = ! au?or to illu/rate 8 own writ+s1 !n inde$ %\ld we be sure ( gett+ a glimpse ( ! "* int5d$2 & we c imag9e ) :at c>e he w\ld fa%ion ! *ild ( 8 imag9ation4 ,fail+ ?is1 ! au?or %\ld control to a great] ext5t ! "w ( ! man :o is to illu/rate 8 writ+s1 a po9t f> too (t5 ov]look$ 9 ! mak+ ( a book4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ?is section ( illu/ration ! draughtsman draws ^u 8 imag9ation1 s t1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 8 art is creative4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t he is n at lib]ty to pa9t or draw 8 own unaid$ imag9+s2 he is m]ely int]pret+ ano!r's words into a graphic repres5tation2 s t1 be he nev] s f9e an arti/1 8 art1 l ,pegasus 9 h>ness1 is re/ra9$ "u ! yoke ( ! illu/rator4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 f9d illu/ration asc5d+ a /ep high] t[>ds ! sph]e ( art prop] & creative1 & t is 9 ! edition de luxe1 9 :i*1 ) or )\t pr9t$ matt]1 we h plates :i* are pictures 9 ! be/ s5se1 & appeal *iefly1 or exclusively1 to ! /hetic s5se4 ,also 9 "s dramatic works1 9 poetry1 & 9 "s prose1 !re is a mu* wid] scope = ! imag9ation ( ! arti/1 & we h high-class books ( a real arti/ic m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,draw+ ,,by ,w4,t4 ,,:itehead4 7,orig9al #h x #b47 ,"o o!r notable =m ( illu/ration rema9s1 & t is ! purely decorative4 ,?is is se5 to advantage 9 ! book-plates 9 :i* a device be>s ! "n ( ! own] & is affix$ to ea* book2 to revive :i* cu/om an ef=t has happily be5 made ( late4 ,9 allegorical figures & scrollwork on title-pages1 at heads ( *apt]s1 9 bord]s1 9 l>ge initial lett]s1 at ! t]m9ation ( a *apt]1 or a design int]sp]s$ ) ! type on a page1 & 9 _m o!r =ms beyond ! prescrib$ %ape :i* its position det]m9es1 !re is little to re/rict ! arti/4 ,"s examples ( designs = book-plates 7 rec5tly giv5 9 t excell5t magaz9e ,! ,/udio2 & "s int]e/+ & :olly praisewor?y initials1 =m$ on an actual photogram1 appe>$ rec5tly 9 ,! ,photogram4 ,^! are two in/ances out ( ! _m :i* may be se5 on e h&1 & 9 ?is connection ,i h long felt t photograms f nature might be m l>gely appli$ to book illu/ration or decoration4 ,illu/ration ,?us ,i h endeav\r$ to indicate ! pr9cipal uses ( illu/rations4 ,n[ 9 e "w ( art1 its /r5g? & its success are dep5d5t 9 a great measure ^u its composition & purpose possess+ simplicity & unity1 & ,i ?9k t x _c be too deeply impress$ ^u ! illu/rator t s+l5ess ( purpose w be a /rong contributory to success4 ,if ! purpose ( ! illu/ration be to expla9 or to describe1 !n let x d t at ! sacrifice1 if ne$ be1 ( all else2 & if1 at ! same "t1 x be possible to introduce su* qualities z w make x void ( (f5ce to ! m cultivat$ eye1 s mu* ! bett]2 b ! p>ticul> aim & int5tion mu/ be p>am\nt4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! illu/ration be = purely ornam5tal purposes1 or purely pictorial1 giv+ pleasure to ! eye & ! s5se ( beauty3 !n to attempt to make x fulfil ! function ( a tea*]1 to any?+ m ?an a subord9ate degree1 is to divide1 & !re=e to weak51 bo? capacities4 ,an illu/ration1 !re=e1 %\ld be ?\ght out1 design$1 & produc$1 ) a def9ite & s+le purpose4 ,speak+ ( ! rise & developm5t ( newspap] illu/ration1 9 a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahic1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,blackburn quot$ f a discussion held at ! same place 9 #ahge1 :5 ! foll[+ conclusion 0 arriv$ at3 ,9 ! production ( illu/rations we h arriv$ at great pr(ici5cy1 & f ,london are issu$ ! be/ illu/rat$ newspap]s 9 ! _w4 ,b our arti/ic skill has l$ u into temptation1 & by degrees eng5d]$ a habit ( mak+ pictures :5 we ought to be record+ facts4 ,we h ?us1 ?r\gh our clev]ness1 creat$ a fa%ion1 & a dem& f ! public1 = some?+ :i* is (t5 elaborately untrue4 ,w\ld x1 !n1 be too mu* to ask ^? :o cat] = 7& really create7 ! public ta/e1 t !y %\ld give u "o ( two ?+s1 or r two ?+s1 9 our illu/rat$ pap]s--! real & ! ideal4 #a/4 ,pictorial records ( ev5ts 9 ! simple/ & true/ mann] possible4 #bnd4 ,pictures ( ! highe/ class t c be pr9t$ 9 a newspap]4 ,?is1 x appe>s1 0 said be=e ! me*anical process block 0 mu* us$ or ev5 kn[n2 b :at 0 true 9 pr9ciple 9 ! old wood-engrav+ days is z true n[ t we h new & rapid means ( reproduction4 ,hav+1 9 any giv5 case1 decid$ :at is ! purpose ( ! illu/ration requir$1 x w next be necess>y to det]m9e by :i* ( ! me?ods at our disposal ! s*eme c be/ be c>ri$ out1 bo? z reg>ds ! me?od ( produc+ ! orig9al1 & ! me?od ( reproduc+ x 9 pr9t4 ,& ?is naturally br+s u to ! subject ( our next *apt]4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,reproduction ,,by ,,half-,,tone ,,process4 ,f ! processes ) :i* ,i propose to engage my read]'s att5tion1 wood & /eel engrav+1 & k9dr$ me?ods1 /& ap>t4 ,7 we dep5d5t ^u ^! alone1 n "o-?\s&? "p ( ! illu/ration matt] ( to-day c\ld ev] h be5 produc$1 encumb]$ z ! old] me?ods are ) ! two ?+s :i*1 9 ! production ( any?+ = ! million1 are s]i\s drawbacks1 namely1 "t & exp5se ( production4 ,:il/ ^! old] me?ods und\bt$ly possess *>act]i/ics :i* w always give !m a peculi> value1 & secure = !m immunity f ext]m9ation 7& make !m1 inde$1 ess5tial = c]ta9 purposes71 !re 0 long ago felt a ne$ = a me?od ( rapid reproduction unatt5d$ ) individual arti/ic skill on ! "p ( ea* work] employ$1 &1 above all1 free f heavy exp5se4 ,su* a ne$ has be5 m ?an met by :at we n[ "k z ! me*anical processes4 ,i say m ?an met1 because1 gradual improvem5t 9 ! processes !mselves1 & an increas$ k ( ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( ^! processes on ! "p ( ! draughtsm5 or arti/s1 has result$ 9 giv+ u a process :i* is n only rapid & *eap1 b :i* produces pr9ts ( high quality & m]it4 ,x w ( c\rse be at once app>5t t 9 ord] to get our illu/ration into ! pr9t$ pages ( book or newspap] we mu/ fir/ transf] ! orig9al to a plate1 or block1 & !n s manipulate ! surface t1 l a pr9t]'s type1 x %all take ! pr9t+ ink 9 su* mann] z %all leave an exact impr9t ^u ! pap]1 or o!r surface1 ^u :i* x is press$4 ,! transf] ( ! orig9al is accompli%$ by photography4 ,! prep>ation ( ! surface is effect$ by a *emical or me*anical process4 ,correctly def9$1 ^! processes are photo-me*anical1 & su* are g5]ally und]/ood by ! lit]ally ambigu\s title process1 :i* is colloquially appli$ to all su* me?ods4 ,x is n ! int5tion ( ! pres5t book to give in/ructions :]eby to "w ! processes1 beyond a g5]al outl9e :i* %all make ! illu/rator acqua9t$ ) ! me?od 9 :i* 8 draw+ or photogram is utilis$4 ,?is k w enable him1 to "s ext5t1 to adapt himself & 8 "w to its special requirem5ts4 ,photo-me*anical processes are ( two k9ds3 ^? by :i* ! image is +rav$1 kn[n z intaglio1 & ^? 9 :i* ! image is produc$ 9 relief1 or relievo4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ! result is m or less simil> to an ord9>y engrav$ copp]-plate1 :i*1 be+ wip$ aft] ink+1 reta9s ! ink 9 ! engrav$ or ind5t$ portions1 & pr9ts accord+ly4 ,! intaglio processes are conf9$ to :at is kn[n z ,photogravure1 or ,photo-et*+1 & modifications !re(4 ,?is w n engage our att5tion1 =1 beautiful z are its results1 x is comp>atively exp5sive1 & lacks t *>act]i/ic ( spe$ :i* has made ! relief processes s useful4 ,! engrav$ plate mu/ be pr9t$ sep>ately2 x _c be set up ) type & pr9t$ z lett]press4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ord] to cle> my read]'s m9d1 & my own c\rse1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 m5tion may be made ( o!r sep>ate-pr9t+ processes1 su* z ,collotype4#a 7also kn[n "u _m fancy titles71 9 :i* ! image is pr9t$ on a ma*9e or press f an ink$ gelat9e surface4 ,^! c easily be di/+ui%$ by ! image hav+ a p]fectly ev5 appe>ance z ?\gh produc$ by a wat]-col\r wa%1 )\t gra91 reticulation1 or l9es4 ,photo-li?ography1 9 :i*1 z ! "n implies1 ! picture is transf]r$ on to /one1 f :i* x is !n pr9t$ z 9 ord9>y li?ography1 may also be m5tion$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,half-,,tone ,,f ,,photogram2 ,,high ,,lights ,,/r5g!n$ ,,) ,,*9ese ,,:ite4 ,ano!r beautiful process ( reproduction is ! ,woodbury-type1 nam$ aft] its inv5tor1 ,walt] ,b4 ,woodbury1 9 :i* a bi*romat$ gelat9e film is expos$ "u a negative1 & ! soluble portions aft]w>ds remov$ by hot wat]4 ,! result+ gelat9e relief1 :i* conta9s a facsimile picture1 is all[$ to dry1 :5 x becomes z h>d z /one4 ,x is next =c$ by hydraulic pressure into a %eet ( poli%$ lead1 leav+ !re9 an exact c\nt]p>t ( its e elevation & depression4 ,! lead plate 7intaglio7 is next plac$ 9 a h&press1 & fl[$ ) a pool ( hot gelat9\s col\r2 a piece ( pap] is next plac$ on top & pressure appli$1 :5 all surplus col\r oozes f ! sides4 ,aft] a few mom5ts1 :5 ! gelat9e becomes suffici5tly cool1 ! pap] be>+ its delicate gelat9e pr9t is pull$ (f & dri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9e ,,reproduction ,,f ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink4 7,orig9al #ad x #aa in*es47 ,beautiful z _m ( ^! are1 !y c only be appli$ :]e ! exp5se att5d+ !m & ! sl[] pr9t+ is n an objection1 & :]e lett]press is n requir$ on ! same %eet at ! same pr9t+4 ,pr9t+ matt] c ( c\rse be aft]w>ds introduc$1 b ?is mu/ be by a second op]ation4 ,we h n[ left = consid]ation ! relief processes1 9 :i* ! design to be pr9t$ is produc$ simil> 9 "* & appe>ance to t ( ! movable lett]press type us$ by pr9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fe$+ ,,! ,,*ick5s4 7,half-tone f photogram4 ,orig9al #ad x #aa in*es47 ,^! processes are r\ghly divisible into two sections1 tone & l9e1 to und]/& :i* ,i w ref] ! read] to ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,9 ^! ! image appe>s to be respectively compos$ ( l9es ( v>y+ /r5g? & proximity 9 ! "o1 & ( t9ts rang+ f grey to black 9 ! o!r4 ,if ! latt] be closely exam9$1 h[ev]1 or look$ at ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 x w be f\nd t :at at fir/ appe>s to be a flat ev5 t9t is compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( dots arrang$ 9 a reticulat$ or geometrical patt]n4 ,we w n[ see h[ ?is effect is produc$1 & :at are ! especial uses ( ?is s-call$ tone or half-tone process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h]on ,,h\se4 ,half-tone f photogram4 7,orig9al #ad x #aa in*es47 ,,half-,,tone ,,process4 ,z has be5 already said1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to produce f ! orig9al a pr9t+ surface ( su* a k9d z %all take ink & pr9t an image !refrom4 ,n[ x w ( c\rse be obvi\s t ) ink & :ite pap] we c only produce two ?+s--black & :ite--& t !re=e all ! int]m$iate %ades mu/ be produc$ by a great] or less numb] ( black dots4 ,! process "u consid]ation1 9 common ) "s o!rs1 is bas$ ^u ! fact t gelat9e or album5 s5sitis$ ) bi*romate ( ammonium or potassium1 becomes insoluble aft] be+ act$ ^u by light4 ,a solution ( bitum5 9 b5zole also =ms a light s5sitive coat+ :i* is frequ5tly us$ 9 ^! processes4 ,if we 7 to expose su* a s5sitive film to light "u 7= example7 a photographic negative ( a figure tak5 aga9/ a light backgr\nd & !n wa%$ x 9 a suitable solv5t1 ^? p>ts :i* _h be5 protect$ f light by ! opaque portions ( ! negative1 su* z ! backgr\nd1 ! face1 h&s1 & :ite portions ( ! dress1 w\ld dissolve away1 leav+ ! insoluble or light affect$ portions /&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9e ,,reproduction ,,f ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink4 7,orig9al #ad x #aa in*es47 ,if we 7 n[ to ink ^! portions1 we c\ld pr9t a black image :i* w\ld repres5t ! g5]al =m ( ! portrait l ! old-fa%ion$ silh\ettes1 or %ad[ pictures2 b ! half-tone process provides = ! break+ up ( ! solid black image1 sub/itut+ = x black dots clos] & m num]\s :]e ! d>k] greys are1 & less s :]e ! %ad+ is light]4 ,a v consid]able v>iation 9 app>5t t9t may ?us be effect$4 ,! actual me?od is briefly ?us3--,:at is kn[n z a scre5 is fir/ made by tak+ a photographic negative ( a pr9t f a copp]-plate1 on :i* has be5 rul$ ab\t #abj f9e p>allel l9es to ! in*4 ,?is is done ) extreme c>e & exactness1 s t ! negative gives a cle> transp>5t copy ( ! rul$ l9es ( microscopic %>pness4 ,9 _m cases ! rul$ copy is mov$ r\nd a qu>t] ( a circle dur+ ! exposure1 ?us result+ 9 ! effect ( d\ble rul+1 ! l9es int]sect+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,or two pr9t+s may be made f ! copp]-plate to produce ! same result & ! negative !n tak54 ,we %all ?us h a negative hav+ ! appe>ance ( a v f9e lattice ( transp>5t glass on an opaque gr\nd4 ,) ?is scre5 plac$ ne>ly 9 contact ) an ord9>y photographic plate1 film to film1 we proce$ to make a copy negative1 9 ! cam]a1 ( ! orig9al picture4 ,?is1 :5 develop$1 w give ! picture & an image ( ! scre51 :i* has be5 int]pos$1 toge!r on "o plate4 ,if ?is is n[ cle> to my read]s1 !y w probably at once see :at w result :5 su* a plate is us$ on a s5sitis$ %eet ( z9c or copp]1 & ! soluble p>ts ( ! film wa%$ away z be=e sugge/$4 ,! p>ts ( ! film made insoluble f exposure to light w be reticulat$ all ov] by m9ute soluble dots or l9es :]e ! image ( ! scre5 has int]rupt$ ! light1 & m s or less 9 proportion to ! lightness or deep] %ade ( ! orig9al1 & by ?is means :at w\ld h be5 unbrok5 blacks are spr9kl$ ov]1 s to speak1 ) t9y :ite int]/ices1 ! ink :5 appli$ rema9+ on ! alt]nat+ projections ( undissolv$ film4 ,suppose ! film to h be5 ( bitum5 & spread ^u a %eet ( z9c1 we %\ld h a reticulat$ image 9 insoluble bitum5 ) int]/ices ( pla9 z9c4 ,?is bitum5 =ms a protective coat+1 s t :5 imm]s$ 9 a weak solution ( nitric acid ! acid only eats a way into ! b>e metal4 ,gradually1 & by subsequ5t acid ba?s1 ! p>ts cov]$ by ! film are left 9 /rong relief1 & 9 a fit condition to pr9t f4 ,! film :i* has ?us resi/$ ! acid is !n wa%$ away1 leav+ ! z9c relief4 ,to c>ry out ! above process _m details1 :i* ,i h n ?\ght x ! (fice ( ?is book to ent] into1 w be requir$4 ,?us ! solv5t us$ = develop+1 or1 9 o!r words1 wa%+ away ! soluble portions ( a bitum5 film1 is turp5t9e2 b wat] is us$ 9 ! case ( bi*romatis$ album54 ,an acid resi/+ prep>ation is f9ally appli$ to ! pla9 z9c relief1 & ! :ole block re-et*$ or re-bitt51 s z to /r5g!n ! image2 c]ta9 precautions1 moreov]1 are tak5 to prev5t ! acid "u et*+ ! image--& a great deal m :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld h to be cle>ly describ$ 7 x int5d$ to tea* ! process ( block-mak+4 ,9 ! v>iety ( half-tone blocks1 kn[n z ,typogravure1 a diff]5t me?od ( break+ up ! surface is adopt$2 no int]v5+ scre5 is us$1 b ! surface ( ! metal has imp>t$ to x a prelim9>y r\ghness or gra91 & ! image is pr9t$ & et*$ on ?is r\gh surface4 ,^! blocks1 :5 c>efully pr9t$ f1 yield exce$+ly nice results1 ! gra9 hav+ some?+ ( an aquat9t "*1 :i* appe>s to be m discrim9at+ ?an t d]iv$ ?r\gh ! use ( ! rul$ scre54 ,! s(tness ( outl9e & fre$om f any?+ l a me*anical texture is well se5 9 blocks made by ?is me?od4 ,! rem>kable diff]5ce obta9$ f ! same block by diff]5t pr9t]s w at once sugge/ t a v great deal dep5ds ^u ! pr9t+ q irrespective ( ! quality ( ! block itself4 ,_m lett]press pr9t]s make a specialty ( block-pr9t+1 ! *ief art be+ 9 ! mak+-ready & und]lay+1 by :i* t]ms is und]/ood ! c>eful adju/+ ( ! block1 s t its surface be at exactly ! prop] elevation to secure ! prop] am\nt ( pressure1 nei!r m nor less1 :5 on ! pr9t+ ma*9e4 ,"s fur!r rem>ks on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,illu/ration ,i tru/1 h[ev]1 en\gh has be5 said to give a g5]al idea to ! un9itiat$ ( h[ we arrive at ! dott$ ink pr9t1 :i* we recognise z a reproduction f a photogram1 or wa%-draw+1 or inde$ any?+ :i* is simil>ly made up ( flat t9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unt\*$ ,,half-,,tone ,,f ,,photogram4 7,orig9al #d x #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,half-,,tone ,,f ,,photogram--,,! ,,block ,,engrav$ ,,on ,,by ,,h&4 7,orig9al #d x #c47 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 h be5 und]/ood t ! rul$ scre51 :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! picture to be copi$ & ! plate on :i* x is copi$1 w appe> ov] ! :ole ( ! copy negative1 :e!r ! image ext5d s f> or n1 s t1 9 ! reproduction1 ev5 :at %\ld be blank :ites w be cov]$ ) ! f9e black dots or gra91 ?\gh m widely sep>at$ by little :ite spaces4 ,if ! accompany+ reproductions be exam9$1 ?is w be f\nd to be ! case4 ,to any "o :o has giv5 pictorial matt]s mu* ?\ght1 ! disadvantage ( ?is w be at once app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,slapton ,,ley1 ,,s\? ,,devon4 ,photogram t\*$ up by h&--block unt\*$4 7,orig9al #d x #c47 ,9 black-&-:ite pictures1 :ite is ! highe/ expression ( light1 & yet h[ f> ! :ite/ pap] is f sunlight1 & h[ mu* %ort] ! :ole gamut ( tones1 f blacke/ ink to :ite/ pap]1 is :5 comp>$ ) ! scale ( ,nature1 h (t5 be5 po9t$ out & are n[ g5]ally und]/ood4 ,b our half-tone process makes ! range ( tones /ill %ort] by curtail+ x at ! top ( ! scale & cutt+ (f ! :ite3 ! p]vad+ t9t1 or gra91 r$uc+ :ite to a light grey1 & n ev5 ! deepe/ blacks & int]m$iate tones are nicely r5d]$ except by v c>eful pr9t+4 ,! pr9t+ ( half-tone process blocks has receiv$ great att5tion among/ bett]-class pr9t]s ( late1 ) ! result t m>k$ improvem5t has tak5 place1 & x is cle>ly se5 t be a half-tone block ev] s well made x is only admirable :5 special ink & special pap] 7notably a f9e clay surface pap]7 are us$1 & m ?an ord9>y k & c>e exp5d$ 9 ! ma*9+4 ,:ile ! ideal process block is "o 9 :i*1 :5 ! process is complet$1 ! block is ready = ! press 7& _m process h\ses pride !mselves ^u turn+ out unt\*$ blocks71 yet !re are few h\ses :o d n employ "s h&s :o are con/antly work+ ) engrav]'s tools to improve ! blocks aft] ! la/ et*+ is done4 ,mu* brilliancy ( contra/ & effect may be accompli%$ if ! engrav] cut away ! gra9 altoge!r on t "p ( ! surface ( ! block :]e x %\ld pr9t :ite2 b ?is mu/ necess>ily be done by m5 ( in/9ctive ta/e & good judgm5t1 = imm$iately h& c>v+ be admitt$ ! ess5tial "* ( an automatic facsimile process is lo/4 ,! illu/rator or arti/ w1 !re=e1 unless he give c>eful & precise in/ruction z to :at p>ts are to be cut away1 or c sup]9t5d ! "w himself1 feel consid]able hesitation 9 entru/+ su* a delicate task to a /rang]4 ,"o little t\* 9 ! wrong place1 "o bit ( pla9 :ite too _m1 & ! h>mony ( ! :ole illu/ration w be upset2 s t _m w reasonably pref] a weak flat pr9t to ! unc]ta9ty :i* mu/ att5d ! leav+ ( a block to a me*anic's m]cies4 ,9 ! accompany+ ?ree illu/rations we h1 fir/1 an unt\*$ half-tone block f an ord9>y photogram2 secondly1 a block f ! same orig9al1 f9e et*$ or ) ! et*+ controll$ s z to bright5 ! effect2 & ?irdly1 a block made f ! same photogram :i*1 9 ord] to comp5sate = any fail+s ( ! process1 has be5 work$ on by ! arti/1 /r5g!n+ ! %ad[s & bright5+ ! lights4 ,illu/ration ,?is br+s u to consid] ! subject ( work+ on photograms by h&1 & ! prep>ation ( illu/rations g5]ally1 :i* is dealt ) 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,orig9als ,,= ,,reproduction ,,by ,,half-,,tone ,,process4 ,i4 ,,photograms4 ,x w be und]/ood f ! =ego+ *apt] t 9 e case :]e ! orig9al to be reproduc$ is ( su* a nature t be=e a pr9t 9 ink c be made ! image mu/ be brok5 up1 ! reproduction w h to be effect$ by means ( ! half-tone process4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( orig9als ?us utilis$1 probably ! two mo/ common are photograms & wa%-draw+s4 ,! rapidity1 comp>ative ease1 & abs5ce ( ! draughtsman's skill1 ) :i* photograms c n[ be made1 has plac$ a wond]ful p[] 9 ! h&s ( au?or or illu/rator4 ,b a %ort s]ies ( photograms ( "s subject ( int]e/ ) a v little descriptive lett]press w (t5 =m an acceptable contribution to magaz9e or newspap]1 & yet a ?\ghtful consid]ation ( su* illu/rations c h>dly fail to impress any "o ) ! drawbacks & defects ( ! me?od4 ,su* illu/rations too (t5 /rike u z dull1 mi/y1 grey1 & lack+ brilliancy1 :5 comp>$ ) black & :ite reproductions ( ano!r k9d4 ,?is dulness is attributable to a great ext5t to ! gauze-l scre5 ?r\gh :i* ! copy is made1 z describ$ 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,! bright lights are gra9$ ov] ) f9e dots r$uc+ :ite to grey1 & ! s(t f9ely graduat$ half-tones are (t5 lo/ altoge!r4 ,9 ord] to c\nt]act ^! defects1 ! process work] w (t5 take ^u himself to doctor ! negative made f ! orig9al be=e proce$+ to make ! block1 a practice to be condemn$ because su* an op]ator is r>ely possess$ ( arti/ic judgm5t1 & 8 t\*+ up may (t5 produce a result unexpect$ & unacceptable to ! arti/4 ,a simil> t\*+ up may also be effect$ on ! block itself1 z previ\sly sugge/$1 :i* is only pref]able because ! arti/ may m directly control ! engrav]'s tool by giv+ def9ite in/ructions4 ,z f> z possible1 h[ev]1 ! block %\ld n be m$dl$ ) by any "o1 if ! orig9als h be5 produc$ 9 su* a mann] z to ensure ! be/ possible effect by ! m]e me*anical process4 ,9 mak+ photograms especially = reproduction a cle>1 bright negative1 ) good /rong contra/s1 %\ld be aim$ at4 ,probably ! k9d ( negatives :i* x 0 cu/om>y to /rive aft] 9 ! old] days ( wet-plate photography w\ld be ! be/2 b1 z wet-plate photography is h>dly practicable = ! illu/rator ( to-day1 simil> results ) dry-plates %\ld be s\ght4 ,unhappily1 ! extreme s(tness & exquisite gradations ( "s ( ! mo/ mod]n & arti/ic "w ( photograph]s is ?r[n away 9 ! process ( reproduction1 & little m ?an a flat1 mean+less smudge is ! be/ ! process block c make ( x4 ,= ?is reason our photograms = illu/ration %\ld some:at exagg]ate ! effect we wi% to reproduce3 a matt] :i* has l$ to ! work+ on photograms ) ! bru% to height5 ! effect1 ( :i* ,i %all h m to say anon4 ,giv5 ! prop] k9d ( negative ! next c>e w be to make su* a photographic pr9t z %all n detract f ! qualities secur$ 9 ! negative1 & %all 9 e possible way assi/ ! process4 ,_m ( ! be/ & mo/ pleas+ photograms ( our day are pr9t$ ^u co>se-gra9$1 r\gh-surfac$ pap]1 pres5t+ a difficulty to ! reproductive process almo/ c]ta9 to prove disa/r\s to ! result2 = if1 :il/ be+ copi$1 ! orig9al is n v skilfully light$1 ! inequalities ( ! surface reproduce z little lights & %ad[s 9 a v unpleas+ mann]1 & ! texture ( ev5 a comp>atively smoo? pap] seems rem>kably exagg]at$4 ,almo/ z undesirable w be ! v highly enamell$ surfaces ( "s photographic pap]s1 ! surface gloss produc+ reflections :i* int]f]e ) ! copy+4 ,! be/ = g5]al use w be ! smoo!/ plat9otype pap]1 or a n too highly-glaz$ :ite album5is$ pap]1 ei!r ( :i* are obta9able at mo/ *emi/s & all photographic deal]s4 ,! pr9t %\ld be ( a m$ium dep?1 n s d>k z to give heavy solid %ad[s1 nor s light z to omit all detail f ! lighte/ portions4 ,! v>i\s manipulations necess>y = ton+ & fix+ ! pr9t %\ld be c>ri$ out c>efully1 especially avoid+ /a9+ or discoloration ( ! :ite pap]4 ,! pr9t ?us made1 :5 m\nt$ on c>d1 is z f> z an ord9>y photogram c g = ?is purpose4 ,x n[ rema9s to be se51 be>+ 9 m9d :at we "k ( ! me?od by :i* x is to be reproduc$1 :at may be done to improve x1 nev] =gett+1 h[ev]1 t ! *ief value ( a photogram = illu/rative purposes is its unimpea*able fidelity to tru?4 ,additional h&-"w %\ld n violate ?is tru?fulness by ! introduction ( any fre% matt]1 or ! pa9t+ out ( any *>act]i/ic detail1 unless1 ( c\rse1 ! illu/ration is m]ely = pictorial or decorative purposes4 ,! inscription ,f a photogram usually possesses a *>m ov] ! popul> m9d1 inspir+ confid5ce & c>ry+ conviction1 & if ! h&-"w be discreetly introduc$1 only to improve ! effect & c\nt]act ! inh]5t defects ( ! f9al process1 ! leg5d may be hone/ly us$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a photogram 9 :i* !re are "s l>ge v d>k objects1 :i* by reason ( _! d>k col\r are disagreeably heavy1 or obtrusive masses ( deep %ad[1 may be made to reproduce bett] if a ?9 transp>5t wa% ( blue be appli$ to su* portions4 ,! great photog5ic p[] ( blue is1 ( c\rse1 ! reason ( ?is1 b until "s exp]i5ce be ga9$ z to ! prop] am\nt ( blue requir$1 ,i %\ld recomm5d t a duplicate unt\*$ photogram be s5t 9 z well1 ) a few words ( explanation & in/ruction to ! process man4 ,if ! photogram be ^u a glossy surface pap]1 a few drops ( ox gall1 procurable 9 bottles f ! arti/s' col\rman1 w make ! wat]-col\r wa% fl[ readily ov] ! slimy surface4 ,= work+ ) a bru% ^u ! photogram1 ! mat]ials are simple & few4 ,our purpose is to /r5g!n ! lights & deep5 ! d>ks1 = :i* purpose ,*9ese :ite & two or ?ree wat]-col\rs respectively w be us$4 ,! surface & g5]al "* ( a plat9otype or matt pap] pr9t w be pleasante/ to "w on2 ) an album5is$ pap]1 ox gall w aga9 be ess5tial4 ,if a lib]al am\nt ( h&-"w is int5d$1 ! pr9t _h bett] be a light "o1 & x c !n be built up to any degree4 ,*9ese :ite1 :5 appli$ ?9ly1 has a blui% hue1 & w consequ5tly reproduce some:at light] ?an x appe>s4 ,!re=e to produce a grey1 x w sometimes be bett]1 in/ead ( us+ ?9 ,*9ese :ite1 to make an admixture ( ,*9ese :ite & ,indian ink1 or "s suitable pigm5t1 & apply x z a grey :]e grey is want$4 ,su* portions ( ! ,*9ese :ite :i*1 :5 dry1 appe> h>%1 may be s(t5$ ) a clean almo/ dry sable bru%2 or ! s(t "p ( ! f+]1 ) little m ?an its natural moi/ure1 c>efully rubb$ ov] ! h>% p>ts may h ! desir$ effect4 ,by su* & any tricks :i* may sugge/ !mselves x is advisable to bl5d ! h&-"w ) ! actual photographic image4 ,9 apply+ pigm5t to ! d>k p>ts1 to make !m d>k] or %>p]1 x w be desirable to mat* ! col\r ( ! photographic pr9t z ne>ly z possible4 ,) plat9otypes ?is may easily be done ) ,indian ink1 ) a little blue add$ accord+ to :e!r ! pr9t is a w>m or cold black4 ,! precise col\r ( a silv] pr9t1 :e!r on matt or album5is$ pap]1 is n s easy to mat*1 b may be be/ accompli%$ ) sepia & cobalt1 ) a trace ( crimson lake2 "o or two o!r col\rs1 su* z burnt umb]1 v&yke br[n1 si5na1 c41 be+ kept 9 res]ve = em]g5cies4 ,f9e-po9t$ small sable-hair bru%es w be f\nd ! be/ = all purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/opp$ ,,out ,,photogram4 7,orig9al #f x #d47 ,9 ! process ( reproduction ! orig9al may be enl>g$ ^u or r$uc$4 ,! =m] is n (t5 att5d$ ) happy results1 especially if !re is mu* h&-"w1 b r$uction may to "s ext5t be reli$ on to cle> away any trifl+ blemi%es1 %\ld su* exi/4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 lay emphasis ^u mak+ ! orig9al z p]fect z possible2 ! improv+ effect ( ! process is an altoge!r too unc]ta9 & unkn[n factor to be tru/$4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 p>ticul>s z to ! prep>ation ( photograms = reproduction1 we may n[ sugge/ "s v>i\s applications !re(4 ,!re is a great *>m ab\t illu/rations :i* possess a spontane\s & a sugge/ive "*1 & 9 ?is direction photograms are too (t5 pa9fully defici5t4 ,on r>e occasions only1 & 9 ! h&s ( a few arti/ic work]s alone1 does photography rise above a c]ta9 me*anical & lab\r$ impression1 & ! r>e exceptions are ( a "* ill-suit$ = half-tone reproduction4 ,= complete :ole-page illu/rations a photogram has few drawbacks2 b :5 ins]t$ ) lett]press1 & requir$ = *apt] head+s & odd corn]s1 ! fact t ! picture occupies ! :ole space enclos$ )9 ! b\nd>y l9es1 & includes a great deal ( detail :i* is n requir$1 makes !m less attractive4 ,_! =m & /yle is dull & monoton\s4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration w sugge/ ! mann] 9 :i* ,i w\ld recomm5d photograms to be sometimes employ$--especially :5 ! illu/rator does n possess ! requisite skill to produce ! same ?+ ) 8 bru%4 ,! ,little ,gate-keep]s may be tak5 z an example ( :at ,i w call a /opp$-out photogram2 practically no h&-"w has be5 employ$ ^u x beyond ! /opp+ out ( ! orig9al negative4 ,! figures ( ! *ildr5 hold+ op5 ! gate appe> 9 ! =egr\nd ( a l>ge negative1 a l&scape ne> ,dun/] ,ca/le2 ! backgr\nd is compos$ ( trees ( an unpleas+ =m1 &1 beyond ! topographical int]e/1 ! bulk ( ! subject has little to recomm5d x4 ,! me?od ( /opp+-out is z foll[s3--,! negative %\ld be plac$ 9 su* a position z to secure a /rong transmitt$ light2 x may be fa/5$ to ! w9d[1 s z to be able to look ?r\gh x t[>ds ! sky1 or may be plac$ 9 a ret\*+ desk1 z us$ by photograph]s1 if v l>ge plates4 ,9 my own practice ,i use an ord9>y easel1 sitt+ to x ) my face to ! w9d[4 ,on ! film side ( ! negative c>efully draw r\nd ! m critical outl9es1 su* z figures1 faces1 trees1 c41 ) a v f9e-po9t$ bru%1 or a p51 dipp$ 9 opaque black v>ni%1 gradually broad5+ ! l9e to ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,n[ on ! rev]se1 or glass side ( ! negative1 pa9t out ) black v>ni% all ! re/ z requir$2 ! effect ( pa9t+-out on ! rev]se side be+ to give a slightly s(t] or vignett$ effect z is se5 9 ! gr\nd & gate-po/s ( ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,:]e x is desir$ to c>ry ! vignett$ effect to a great] l5g?1 "s oil col\r1 r$ by pref]5ce 7:i* may be ?9n$ ) copal v>ni%71 may be us$1 & :5 p>tially dry ! f+] may be us$ z a dabb] to remove j suffici5t to admit ( ! plate pr9t+ v fa9tly4 ,9 su* a practice z ?is a little res\rcefulness & +5uity w /& ! op]ator 9 good /ead1 & _m modifications & dodges w occur z ! "w proce$s4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if ! :ole ( ! pa9t+ out be done on ! film side1 ! b>e outl9e ( ! backgr\nd & surr\nd+s may be scrat*$ 9 ) a ne$le s z to give a sket*y appe>ance 9 ! pr9t2 su* sket*$ outl9e may adh]e to ! orig9al =m or may be entirely inv5t$4 ,"s ta/e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t ! elaborate photographic image f appe>+ incongru\s ) ! sket*$ outl9e4 ,9 ! accompany+ ,boy ga!r+ ,wortleb]ries1 two *ildr5 h be5 tak5 out ( an un=tunately gr\p$ trio1 a badly develop$ transp>5t sky has be5 conv]t$ into a hill 9 ! backgr\nd1 & "s little details ( l&scape h be5 pa9t$ on to ! pr9t4 ,a good deal has be5 said ( ! mod]n illu/rator %irk+ or ignor+ backgr\nds 9 8 illu/rations1 yet ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 su* cases z ^!1 & v _m o!rs1 ! backgr\nd is be/ only sugge/$ or omitt$ altoge!r4 ,9 an illu/ration :i* purposes to tell u "s little fact1 or is design$ to beautify & enliv5 a page1 we d n want a :ole *apt] f nature's book1 b j su* select$ passages :i* ! judgm5t ( ! arti/ illu/rator %all select4 ,9 utilis+ photograms 9 ?is or any simil> mann]1 x is difficult to place su* me?ods 9 ! h&s ( ^? unle>n$ 9 art matt]s )\t a ^w ( caution & advice on ! subject ( composition & arrangem5t2 b z x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ! pres5t "w to in/ruct my read]s 9 art pr9ciples1 su* rem>ks mu/ be ( ! briefe/4 ,x w be at once se5 t :atev] be ! arrangem5t or composition ( nature 7z photograph$71 z soon z ! illu/rator comm5ces /opp+-out c]ta9 portions1 ! =m or composition is at once entirely "u 8 control1 & ! pleas+ effect ( ! f9i%$ result w v greatly dep5d ^u a nice arrangem5t ( l9es4 ,?us 9 my ,little ,gate-keep]s ! upp] outl9e ( ! gate =ms a /rik+ l9e runn+ obliquely upw>d f left to "r1 & s1 to c\nt]act ?is1 ,i h let ! gr\nd take an oblique =m 9 an opposite direction4 ,to h done o!rwise & repeat$ ! fir/-nam$ l9e w\ld h giv5 ! :ole ?+ a "o-sid$1 runn+-upw>ds1 effect4 ,z a g5]al rule 7subject1 z all su* rules mu/ be1 to num]\s exceptions71 /rong oblique l9es %\ld conv]ge t[>ds an imag9>y c5tre "s di/ance outside ! picture1 ) "s less] oppos+ l9es to =m contra/ & promote a balance4 ,nei!r %\ld ! sket*$-9 or creat$ backgr\nd repeat ! =m ( ! *ief object4 ,?us 9 ! ,boy ga!r+ ,wortleb]ries ! figure =ms a v]tical l9e2 !re are no /rong oblique l9es1 & !re=e ! middle di/ance takes ! =m ( a horizontal l9e4 ,! summit ( ! hill1 _h x come directly ov] ! boy's head1 w\ld h too evid5tly repeat$ 8 outl9e1 & is !re=e plac$ a little to ! "r4 ,^! are matt]s ( ta/e1 r ?an ! ob$i5ce to prescrib$ rules1 b ! read] :o desires guidance c h>dly d bett] ?an read ,burnett's ,essays on ,art4 ,!re are sev]al h&books to arti/ic photography :i* treat ( ?is subject1 su* z ,pictorial ,effect 9 ,photography & ,picture-mak+ by ,photography1 bo? by ,h4,p4 ,rob9son2 also ,/udies 9 ,photography1 by ,j4 ,&rews2 & _m books = ! art /ud5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,work$-,,up ,,photogram4 7,orig9al #f x #d47 ,b1 z already said1 ^! are matt]s ( individual ta/e & arti/ic in/9ct1 & al?\gh ,i hope by ?is little book to make ! pa? easy = ^? :o h no especial arti/ic aptitude1 yet1 9 su* ?+s z ?is1 ! possessor ( su* in/9ctive s5se ( =m is at an advantage1 lack+ :i* ! att5tive /udy ( o!r p's "w & "s am\nt ( imitation seems to be ! only possible sub/itute4 ,mu* k may be ga9$ f analys+1 to ?is end1 illu/rations :i* greet ! eye on ne>ly e page ( curr5t lit]ature4 ,:ile _m me?ods ( illu/ration may be le>n$ & practis$ 9 a me*anical mann]1 ! c\rse is beset ) difficulties & pitfalls1 &1 to ! arti/ically unle>n$1 ! alt]native dang]s ( gross error & %e] imitation are ev] pres5t4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,blackburn has ju/ly said1 ,! illu/rator's be/ protection aga9/ ?is t5d5cy1 8 :ole arm\r & coat ( mail1 is to be an arti/ fir/ & an illu/rator aft]w>ds4 ,yet m5 h won battles )\t arm\r1 & :5 ! /ripl+ slew ! giant x 0 ! latt] :o wore ! coat ( mail4 ,zeal & pati5t application w d mu*4 ,9 speak+ ( ! application ( ! photogram to illu/rative & decorative purposes1 we c h>dly leave ! subject )\t mak+ ref]5ce to ! use to :i* !y may be put = decorative initials1 *apt] head+s1 & ! l4 ,"s v excell5t examples ( initials 7 giv5 9 ,mr4 ,gleeson ,:ite's articles on ,photograph+ ! ,nude1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,photogram1 "o ( :i* we reproduce 7see p4 #dh74 ,! subject mu/ be select$ s z to h>monise 9 "* & =m ) ! lett] requir$1 & su* lett] may !n be pa/$1 or pa9t$1 on ! orig9al negative1 9 :i* case x w pr9t :ite2 or x may be work$ on ! photogram ) bru% & pigm5t4 ,9 only a few cases w\ld ! initial1 if repres5t$ 9 deep black1 h any o!r ?an an ov]p[]+ & heavy effect4 ,! tail-piece on page #ef is a fur!r example :i* ne$s little explanation4 ,photograms cut to c]ta9 =m1 & arrang$ suitably1 may make a great v>iety ( *apt] head+s or tail-pieces4 ,9 ! example "h giv51 ! backgr\nd or di/ance 0 pa9t$ out on ! negative1 & ink l9es 7 drawn ar\nd ! pr9t be=e reproduction4 ,9 ord] to ensure a symmetrical & %>p outl9e1 a pap] mask may be atta*$ to ! negative1 & a scroll design pa9t$ on ! negative1 details be+ drawn 9 ink on ! result+ pr9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,alex&ria2 #db,,nd ,,highl&]s ,,gu>d+ ,,fr5* ,,prison]s4 ,by p]mission ( ! proprietors ( ,! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,engrav$ f a wa% draw+ 9 black & :ite by ,! ,meis5ba* ,co41 ,ltd41 ,we/ ,norwood4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,orig9als ,,= ,,half-,,tone ,,reproduction4 ,,ii4 ,,wa% ,,draw+s1 ,,oil ,,pa9t+s1 ,,p5cil ,,& ,,o!r ,,draw+s4 ,( ! rema9+ me?ods1 :]eby orig9als = reproduction by half-tone process may be made1 mu* less ne$ be said4 ,! same pr9ciples ( avoid+ too f9e & delicate gradations ( tone apply z :5 mak+ a simple photogram1 & ! me?ods ( bru% & p5cil appeal almo/ exclusively to ! naturally arti/ic4 ,! wa% draw+1 :i* is practically wat]-col\r pa9t+ 9 mono*rome1 is ! mo/ popul>1 &1 9 ! h&s ( ^? arti/s :o h appli$ !mselves to illu/ration = photo-reproduction1 "s v wond]ful a*ievem5ts are possible4 ,avoid+ blue1 gre51 r$1 orange1 or col\rs approa*+ !reto1 x matt]s little :at col\r is us$1 b probably black1 su* z ,indian ink1 or a good neutral grey or sepia1 is ! be/ to use4 ,9 any case1 body col\r reproduces bett] ?an transp>5t wa%es1 ! delicacy ( :i* are wa/$4 ,h5ce a lib]al use ( ,*9ese :ite to light5 ! t9ts is pref]able to mak+ ! col\r ?9n] ) wat]4 ,lamp black & ,*9ese :ite "w well toge!r & reproduce excell5tly4 ,9 us+ ,indian ink1 or inde$ any col\r1 successive wa%es %\ld n be made until ea* prec$+ "o is dry1 !reby escap+ a messy effect & secur+ great] vig\r4 ,! bru%-"w mu/ be bold & /rong1 &1 z 0 said ) reg>d to photograms1 include z little ( ! s(t] half-tones z possible1 ! contra/s ( light & %ade mu/ be acc5tuat$ & effect exagg]at$ to comp5sate = ! degradation ( contra/ br\ght ab\t by ! process4 ,unless ?is be rememb]$1 ! result c h>dly fail to give any?+ b a v flat poor copy ( ! orig9al4 ,! arti/ %\ld hold himself "u re/ra9t1 & in/ead ( bl5d+ "o tone ) ano!r keep !m nicely di/9ct1 limit+ himself to "s half-doz5 diff]5t %ades or tones betwe5 ! extremes ( :ite & black1 & ev5 !n "s portions ( ! :ite may require to be cut away on ! block4 ,_m illu/rations f wa% draw+s ( to-day are ( a d>+1 spirit$ /yle 9 :i* figures are drawn ) or )\t backgr\nds1 & :5 well done !y are und5iably attractive1 & may be abundantly met ) 9 su* publications z ,! ,graphic1 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,sket*1 ,9 ,t[n1 ,/4 ,paul's1 & _m o!rs4 ,7 we consid]+ ! subject ( art 9 illu/rations1 comm5t on ?is sort ( "w n :olly 9 approbation might be made1 b t x is ?or\ghly up to date1 effective1 & 9 ready dem& _c be d5i$1 & x %\ld be c>efully /udi$ by ! /ud5t1 :o w no d\bt pr(it by ! sugge/ions ( te*nique )\t necess>ily copy+ or be+ unduly influ5c$ by ! /yle4 ,"s capital effects may be obta9$ by mak+ a wa% draw+ on grey-t9t$ pap] & putt+ 9 ! lights ) :ite1 an example ( :i* is "h giv54 ,decorative designs done 9 ,*9ese :ite on d>k-br[n pap] may be successfully produc$1 b %\ld be made sev]al times l>g] ?an requir$2 ! r$uction 9 size usually improv+ ! effect4 ,pa9t+ 9 oil 9 mono*rome w (f] a welcome field = illu/ration "w to ^? :o are m accu/om$ to use ?is m$ium4 ,a smoo? surface canvas or bo>d %\ld be *os51 h[ev]1 & ! pa9t+ %\ld be smoo?1 all /rong bru% m>ks1 especially 9 ! :ites1 be+ omitt$ or s(t5$ out ) a badg]4 ,9 ?us s(t5+1 h[ev]1 c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to graduate "o tone into ano!r1 b leave ev]y?+ firm & di/9ct1 ! same re/riction ( tones be+ obs]v$ z 9 ! o!r me?ods ref]r$ to previ\sly4 ,9 us+ oil col\rs1 turp5t9e mu/ be lib]ally us$1 or b5z9e1 z ?is w de/roy ! excessive gloss on ! surface1 a feature n lik$ by ! process work]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,riv] ,,ro!r4 ,half-tone f ,indian-ink wa% draw+ on grey pap]4 7,orig9al #e-e_/h x #c-g_/h47 ,ei!r wat] col\r or oil may be work$ ^u a photographic basis 9 ord] to save lab\r or difficulties 9 draw+4 ,9 su* cases ! photographic pr9t %\ld be z fa9t z possible2 any photographic pap] may be us$ = wat] col\r1 b smoo? plat9otype w probably be ! mo/ pleasant4 ,! surfaces to :i* oil col\r may be appli$ w be naturally m limit$1 b ready-siz$ canvas = pr9t+ 9 bromide by artificial light is made1 & is l>gely us$ = oil pa9t+ = ! common] k9d ( portraits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,design--,,*9ese ,,:ite ,,on ,,ord9>y ,,br[n ,,pap]--,,half-,,tone4 7,orig9al #g-a_/d x #d-c_/d47 ,x w1 h[ev]1 sometimes be f\nd desirable to economise lab\r by us+ a photogram to pa9t on1 ?us sav+ "t 9 re-draw+ & ensur+ accuracy ( elaborate details4 ,moreov]1 pa9t may be put ^u a photogram1 & mu* matt] t is n requir$1 or :i* may be judg$ z injuri\s to ! pictorial effect1 c be omitt$4 ,aft] ! pa9t+ is f9i%$1 ! photographic basis or orig9al w !n require to be remov$4 ,almo/ any photographic pr9t may be prep>$ to receive oil pa9t by giv+ x a coat+ ( common size1 & dry+ x sl[ly by a fire or o!rwise4 ,! pa9t+-on be+ !n proce$$ )1 & ! pa9t dry1 ! back ( ! pr9t is to be spong$ or bru%$ ) ! iod9e solution m5tion$ on page #aad4 ,plat9otype pap] be+ already siz$ requires no fur!r siz+1 & by mak+ a weak "u-expos$ pr9t ! subsequ5t r$uction or blea*+ ( ! image c be r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! proprietors ( ,! ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e4 ,engrav$ f p5cil sket* by ,! ,meis5ba* ,co41 ,ltd41 ,we/ ,norwood4 ,_m illu/rators are fond ( mak+ wa% draw+s & !n /r5g!n+ !m ) p5 or p5cil4 ,! advantage is n easy to see1 a mix$ & indiff]5t "* be+ usually felt4 ,p5cil draw+ ) a re9=cem5t ( a few ink l9es1 or p5cil by itself1 is a me?od :i* appe>s to me to be des]v+ ( mu* m att5tion & cultivation ?an x has usually receiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ev5+ ,,at ,,we/ ,,m]sea4 ,half-tone f p5cil draw+4 7,orig9al #d-a_/b x #c-a_/b47 ,av]age p5cil draw+ is incl9$ to be too weak1 & want+ 9 ^? *>act]i/ics :i* h be5 already po9t$ out z ess5tial 9 wa% draw+s1 b if ! draw+ be vigor\s1 & ! p5cil /rokes clean & di/9ct1 "s capital results may be obta9$4 ,9 ord] to procure ! grey ( p5cil "w a v f9e scre5 is us$1 & ! pr9t+ c>efully att5d$ to1 s t p5cil sket*es are h>dly suitable = ! *eap] & m rapid class ( pr9t+4 ,! lights %\ld be cut away on ! block4 ,! accompany+ sket* ( a cottage is simply torn f ! leaf ( a sket*-book 9 :i* x 0 made )\t any reg>d = ! requirem5ts ( ! process2 ! /rong %ad[s 7 slightly re9=c$ ) p5 & ink1 & ! :ole c>efully reproduc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cottage ,,at ,,h]ongate4 ,half-tone f p5cil sket* slightly /r5g!n$ ) p5 & ink4 7,orig9al #d-a_/b x #c-a_/b47 ,x seems sc>cely necess>y to ref] to ! use ( wat] col\r & oil pa9t+s 9 col\r z illu/rations1 inasmu* z if produc$ = purposes ( reproduction1 col\r w\ld h>dly be employ$4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 "o may require to make a photogram ( a pa9t+ = "s su* purpose1 9 do+ :i* x w be be/ to employ a pr(ess$ photograph] :o is accu/om$ to copy+1 & ?is because ! photograph+ ( col\r$ objects possesses peculi> difficulties4 ,plates kn[n z ,iso*romatic are us$1 ^! hav+ c]ta9 dyes mix$ ) ! s5sitive film :i* makes !m m s5sitive to ! lea/ active col\rs1 su* z r$s & yell[s1 & 9 addition a /a9$ film ( gelat9e or glass is introduc$ into ! l5s to fur!r correct ! action ( ! col\rs4 ,special c>e1 too1 9 light+ ! picture to be copi$ is requisite1 "s exp]ts recomm5d+ ! use ( col\r$ reflectors4 ,if ! gre5s1 r$s1 & yell[s are n v pron\nc$1 or ! effect is n greatly dep5d5t ^u blue & su* hues :i* by reason ( _! great light activity photograph z :ite1 a fair copy photogram may be produc$ "u ord9>y circum/ances2 b :]e any d\bt exi/s1 ,i %\ld recomm5d t ! "w be done by an exp]i5c$ op]ator4 ,?r\gh\t ! =ego+ rem>ks on ! half-tone process1 x w h be5 ga!r$ t its inh]5t defects con/antly /& 9 ! way ( our giv+ x unqualifi$ approval4 ,a rec5t writ] on ! subject1 ,mr4 ,c4,g4 ,h>p]1 says ( half-tone process t x is incon/ant & = ev] incapable ( r5d]+ wa% draw+s z well z ! wood-engrav]4 ,be ?is z x may--& x may n be possible to ga9say x--ea* day sees su* improvem5ts made 9 ! processes1 t ev5 be=e ^! %eets are 9 my read]'s h&s circum/ances may require a *ange ( op9ion1 & prejudices may h giv5 way "u ! conv9c+ influ5ces ( mod]n improvem5ts4 ,we may n[ turn our att5tion to ! m direct processes ( reproduc+ 9 l9e1 9 :i*1 m ?an 9 any o!r direction1 ! revolution :i* photography has br\ght ab\t 9 ! art ( illu/ration is evid5t4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,l9e ,,process4 ,! me?ods ( draw+ = reproduction by1 & 9 compliance ) ! requirem5ts (1 a l9e process1 are num]\s & v>i$4 ,!y include p51 p5cil1 & crayon1 & modifications & comb9ations ( all ?ree4 ,! in=mation :i* ,i %all give is int5d$ *iefly = su* z "k little or no?+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* illu/rations %\ld be produc$4 ,hav+ already ma/]$ ! prim>y me?ods1 ! m practis$ draughtsman1 kn[+ :at any special reproduction process requires1 w1 to "s ext5t1 inv5t 8 own me?ods & (t5 resort to "s dodge :i* may occur to him1 !reby produc+ "s delightful & orig9al result4 ,9 describ+ ! half-tone process we f\nd ! necessity ( hav+ an image 9 relief ( su* a "* t we c\ld pr9t f x 9 ink1 h5ce ! int]v5tion ( a rul$ scre51 :i* broke up ! flat ev5 t9ts ( ! orig9al picture into m9ute dots4 ,l9e processes1 z ! t]m implies1 are us$ to reproduce an illu/ration :i*1 z 9 a p5 & ink sket*1 possesses no flat t9ts1 & requires no scre51 ! actual l9es be+ reproduc$ 9 relief & pr9t$ 9 facsimile4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be rememb]$ t a me*anical process block c only produce 9 simple black & :ite3 t is1 x ei!r reproduces a l9e1 to pr9t black1 or omits x altoge!r2 s t a l9e drawn 9 grey ink1 & ano!r 9 black1 w\ld ea* reproduce exactly ! same1 namely black4 ,:]eas 9 wa% draw+ we 7 limit$ to a few v>y+ tones1 we are n[ re/rict$ to two--:ite & black--&1 z may be se5 by look+ at any good l9e draw+1 v>i\s degrees ( %ade are produc$ by a multiplicity ( l9es 9 great] or less proximity & ( v>y+ ?ickness4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ,i w give an outl9e ( ! ?ree pr9cipal processes us$ = produc+ draw+ 9 l9e4 ,^! are ! swell$ gelat9e1 ! album51 & ! bitum5 processes2--o!r processes exi/ b are little practis$1 & (f] no advantages ov] ! above4 ,! album5 & bitum5 me?ods are processes ( et*+ on z9c & famili>ly kn[n z z9co l9e process2 n s ! swell$ gelat9e1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ description ( x4 ,gelat9e ( a h>d v>iety is melt$ 9 wat] ) ! addition ( a small quantity ( sug> & *rome-alum1 & is !n spread ev5ly ^u a p]fectly clean glass plate4 ,?is gelat9e film is1 :5 requir$ = use1 s5sitis$ by imm]sion 9 a solution ( bi*romate ( potassium1 me?ylat$ spirits1 & wat]4 ,! effect ( ?is is to r5d] ! film1 to "s ext5t1 insoluble :]e act$ ^u by light2 or1 m correctly speak+1 non-absorb5t :5 affect$ by light4 ,a negative1 made f ! orig9al to be reproduc$1 is plac$ 9 contact ) ! s5sitis$ film & expos$ to light4 ,! film1 :i* x w be rememb]$ is re/+ ^u a glass plate1 is !n plac$ 9 cold wat]1 ) ! result t ^? p>ts :i* h be5 protect$ f light absorb wat] & swell up1 leav+ ! non-absorb5t p>ts1 :i* repres5t ! image1 sunk 94 ,:5 ?is op]ation has be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh1 a pla/] ( ,p>is ca/ is tak51 & f ?is a wax m\ld is made1 :i* is practically a duplicate ( ! gelat9e m\ld f :i* ! pla/] ca/ 0 made4 ,into ! wax m\ld copp] is deposit$1 precisely z 9 ord9>y electrotyp+1 ?us giv+ u a copp] relief f a gelat9e or wax m\ld made direct f ! orig9al4#b ,?is process1 :ile a fav\rite ) ! arti/1 is n s readily us$ by ! process work] because x is some:at exp5sive1 ! av]age co/ ( a block be+ f #i;d4 to #as4 #f;d4 p] in*4 ,b ! results are v f9e1 especially :5 a draw+ has be5 made 9 ignorance or reg>dless ( ! requirem5ts ( process reproduction4 ,! z9c et*+ processes1 by :i* ! great mass ( newspap] blocks are made1 are less reg>dful ( delicacies ( execution :i* ! swell$ gelat9e (t5 reproduces ) a/oni%+ fidelity4#c ,9 ! album5 process ! s5sitive film is compos$ ( egg album51 bi*romate ( ammonium or potassium1 & wat]1 :i* is spread ^u a z9c plate4 ,aft] exposure to light "u ! negative1 ! :ole surface is ink$ ov] ) transf] ink1 & !n imm]s$ 9 cold wat] & g5tly rubb$4 ,! ink w wa% away f ^? portions :i* h be5 protect$ f light by ! opaque portions ( ! negative1 & w adh]e to ^? affect$ by light4 ,?us on a b$ ( z9c we h an ink image on a sub/ratum ( album51 ! exact copy ( ! orig9al4 ,! z9c has n[ to be et*$ ) acid4 ,) bitum5 ! proc$ure is some:at simil>4 ,! bitum5 is fir/ treat$ ) e!r1 :i* w dissolve out only ^? con/itu5ts :i*1 n be+ s5sitive to light1 are n requir$4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 b5zole & spread ^u a z9c plate1 z ) ! album5 process4 ,aft] exposure to light "u ! negative1 ! bitum5 film is wa%$ ) turp5t9e1 :i* takes away all except ^? portions act$ ^u by light4 ,! film is next wa%$ 9 wat] & plac$ 9 a v weak solution ( nitric acid1 :i* at once attacks ^? portions ( ! z9c unprotect$ by bitum54 ,if :at n[ rema9s ( ! film be ink$ ov] we %all h1 z 9 ! la/ process1 an ink image ( ! draw+ on a z9c base1 & ! plate is n[ ready = et*+4 ,! et*+ is p]=m$ by successive ba?s ( dilut$ nitric acid1 gum & p[d]$ res9 be+ appli$ to ! plate aft] ea* et*+1 & heat$ s z to run d[n ! sides ( ! ridges ( metal 7:i* at ea* successive et*+ ba? are gradually gr[+ deep]7 until ! bit+ or et*+ be consid]$ deep en\gh4 ,! ink & sub/ratum ( album5 or bitum5 are !n clean$ (f ) ,am]ican pota%1 & ! plate is f9ally wa%$4 ,rebit+1 or /ill fur!r et*+1 may be requir$ be=e ! z9c relief is ready to be m\nt$ on a wood block type high = pr9t+ purposes4 ,z 9 ! half-tone process1 ,i d n pret5d to h giv5 work+ in/ructions1 b only su* g5]al p>ticul>s z may int]e/ ! arti/ or draughtsman ^: "w is to be reproduc$4 ,= ei!r ( ^! processes ! av]age co/ is #d;d4 to #f;d4 p] squ>e in*1 ) a m9imum *>ge ( #es4 = a s+le block4 ,ea* process has its special uses & applications2 ! process craftsman 7:om no?+ delights s mu* z a %>p1 brilliant l9e7 w usually recomm5d ! bitum51 b ! album5 me?od w (t5 give a m pleas+ result4 ,z a g5]al rule1 if y\r "w is plac$ 9 good h&s1 ! p>ticul> process to be us$ is be/ left to !m to decide1 & if a pro( be submitt$ "s little alt]ations may be sugge/$ :i* c be c>ri$ out by an engrav]4 ,9 ! subsequ5t pages ( ?is book ,i %all make little ref]5ce to ^! processes2 en\gh has be5 said1 & !y are no "p ( ! draughtsman's bus9ess1 only x w be well to keep 9 m9d ?r\gh\t su* g5]al p>ticul>s z h j be5 giv54 ,little has be5 said ) ref]5ce to ! negatives us$ 9 reproduction2 b z ! draughtsman :o also possesses "s k ( photography may be tempt$ to copy 8 "w himself1 x may be well to po9t out t ! negative image mu/ be z %>p z x is possible to get x4 ,! mo/ trifl+ deviation 9 focuss+1 unnoticeable 9 ord9>y photography1 w tell s]i\sly 9 mak+ a reproduction2 moreov] ! k9d ( negative "o may h le>n$ to make = ord9>y photographic purposes w n d "h4 ,! function ( ! negative is1 x w be rememb]$1 to protect c]ta9 portions ( ! film f light1 & to freely admit light :]e ! image is1 h5ce ! d5s] portions ( ! negative mu/ be v ne>ly1 if n absolutely1 opaque1 & ! image z ne>ly transp>5t z possible2 ?us giv+ :at photography prop] has taught u to abhor--a black & :ite pr9t4 ,) ord9>y plates1 ! requir$ am\nt ( d5sity is n always easy to get1 & special photo-me*anical plates are suppli$ by ,mr4 ,john ,c>butt1 ( ,wayne ,junction1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 :i* give ! desir$ result4 ,^! plates are sl[1 ?ickly coat$1 & capable ( giv+ great d5sity1 all ( :i* are *>act]i/ics peculi>ly suitable to ! purpose4 ,b 9 ! end ! process man w n ?ank y = sav+ him ! tr\ble ( mak+ a negative2 he is accu/om$ to make negatives ( a c]ta9 k9d1 & v prop]ly pref]s to d ?is himself4 ,n ! lea/ contributory t[>ds a good reproduction is ! p[] :i* r$uction f ! orig9al places 9 our h&s4 ,:5 mak+ ! copy negative x is mo/ usual to make x mu* small]1 or1 inv]sely1 ! orig9al draw+ is made a good deal l>g] ?an x is requir$ to appe> 7,see ,illu/ration on page #gb74 ,a some:at ragg$ l9e ( 7say7 "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 wid?1 w\ld1 if suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 size1 come out z a f9e l9e no ?ick] ?an a hair4 ,?\gh r$uction c>ri$ to su* a degree w\ld be impracticable1 a draw+ twelve in*es by n9e in*es1 r$uc$ to eight by six1 w usually be advantage\s4 ,n only is a c]ta9 degree ( co>s5ess & r\ghness ?us remov$1 b ! l9es !mselves become smoo!r & r\nd]2 l9es1 h[ev]1 :i* are v close toge!r1 are apt to close up into a solid mass1 bo? f ! r$uction & because l9es sometimes h a t5d5cy to ?ick5 9 reproduction--a po9t to be gu>d$ aga9/ :5 draw+4 ,if a draw+ be exam9$ ?r\gh a simple d\ble concave l5s1 t is to say ! rev]se ( a magnify+-glass1 ! effect ( reproduction c be se51 & ! result anticipat$2 su* l5ses1 call$ dim9i%+ glasses1 are sold expressly = ! purpose4 ,! read] ne$ h>dly be rem9d$ t ev]y?+ on ! draw+ w be reproduc$1 except p]haps blue p5cil l9es1 ?is col\r be+ photographically :ite2 h5ce all f+]-m>ks1 spots1 & /a9s mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,no d\bt ^!1 & sundry faults 9 draw+1 c be cut away by ! engrav]1 b an ideal block is "o :i* requires no su* helps to p]fection1 b :i* comes f ! et*]'s h&s ready = use1 & to su* an ideal ev5 ! tyro mu/ "w4 ,! /rong po9t & *ief recomm5dation ( a process block is t x reproduces 9 facsimile ! draughtsman's orig9al2 once introduce h&-"w & x beg9s to lose ?is "*2 moreov] exp5se & delay 9 production are incurr$1 aga9 depriv+ ! me*anical block ( its di/9ctive & valuable features4 ,sundry elem5tal me?ods ( gett+ an image on to z9c = et*+ )\t ! int]v5tion ( photography may p]haps sugge/ !mselves to ! read]4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 an outl9e draw+ may be made 9 transf] ink on transf] pap] & at once laid d[n on ! z9c & et*$4 ,a glass plate1 coat$ ) a s(t opaque sub/ance1 may h a design scrat*$ !reon & be us$ 9 place ( a negative2 b su* me?ods are crude & limit$1 & ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,we w n[ pass to an exam9ation ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( draw+s suitable = reproduction by relief process blocks1 describ+ z ne>ly z possible h[ !y are made & ) :at mat]ials4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,l9e ,,reproduction4 ,to ^? :o h n previ\sly giv5 ! matt] att5tion1 x w be a s\rce ( "s a/oni%m5t to f9d a wide range ( tones1 t is v>y+ degrees ( light & %ade1 may be sugge/$ by s simple & unpromis+ a means z black l9es on a :ite gr\nd4 ,p]haps no bett] means exi/s = gett+ "s insight ( ?is ?an by c>eful & p]si/5t /udy ( ! l9e illu/rations con/antly appe>+ 9 ! bett] class p]iodicals1 su* z ,! ,engli% ,illu/rat$1 ,! ,/r&1 ,h>p]'s1 ,sket*1 ,black & ,:ite1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 ^! we get frequ5t examples ( ! "w ( diff]5t m51 & %all soon beg9 to realise n only ! wide possibilities ( l9e "w1 b ! extremely diff]5t /yles ( v>i\s arti/s2 & s long z ! practice is n too long cont9u$1 or too mu* reli$ on1 "s advantage\s ex]cise may be f\nd 9 c>efully copy+ su* examples2 be+ wat*ful 9 s do+ t1 q indep5d5t ( outl9e1 our copy sugge/s ! same mat]ials1 fabrics1 c41 z are sugge/$ 9 ! orig9al1 & t ?is sugge/ion be arriv$ at by ! same k9d ( treatm5t4 ,9 ?is k9d ( draw+ !re is obvi\sly no su* ?+ actually z tone1 ev]y?+ be+ black or :ite1 & yet x is possible to sugge/ e gradation & mo/ delicate tonal relation%ips ( col\rs by ?is elem5t>y means2 ! v>i$ textures ( objects c also be mo/ conv9c+ly sugge/$4#d ,probably "o ( ! fir/ ?+s t w /rike u1 on inspect+ _m /yles ( draw+1 is ! fact t :ile "s draughtsm5 exp5d enorm\s lab\r 9 fill+ ! :ole design ) multitud9\s /rokes ( ! p51 o!rs obta9 effect by a v few l9es & great expanses ( :ite pap]4 ,a great numb] ( /rokes rapidly put 91 9 ! mann] ( %ad+ ) p5cil1 & a few bold l9es sl[ly & delib]ately drawn1 con/itute ! two *ief diff]5ces ( /yle4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! pr9cipal /udy is p]haps to "k :at to leave out1 & n[h]e is ! k & skill ( ! arti/ bett] se5 ?an :5 ! subject is satisfactorily r5d]$ ) ! lea/ possible am\nt ( lab\r1 !re be+ n "o unnecess>y or sup]flu\s l9e4 ,su* p[]ful sket*es1 by ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,cleav]1 may be se5 9 ,! ,daily ,graphic1 & by ,mr4 ,phil ,may 9 ,! ,sket*4 ,9 ^! draw+s a maximum ( effect is atta9$ ) a m9imum ( "w1 & "o feels t e l9e is ess5tial & n "o c be sp>$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 = all ! purposes ( illu/ration1 a black coat ne$ n be sugge/$ by any m l9es ( %ad+ ?an a :ite g[n2 b ! arti/ :o s det]m9es may c>ry 8 "w to a high] /&>d &1 ) great] lab\r1 ev5 succe$ 9 giv+ a sugge/ion ( col\r 9 ! objects portray$4 ,b1 ev5 9 su* elaborate "w1 !re %\ld be no m execution ?an is ess5tial1 & ! f9i%$ draw+ %\ld 9 no case make its elaborate execution felt4 ,! ?+ :i* mu/ fir/ impress ! spectator is ! success ( ! g5]al effect2 nev] %\ld !re be fir/ awak5$ a feel+ ( a/oni%m5t at ! extraord9>y am\nt ( pati5ce be/[$1 or lab\r exp5d$4 ,if ! fir/ rem>k call$ =? is "o ( admiration = ! extraord9>y dext]ity1 we may be pretty sure t ! draughtsman has be5 betray$ into ! commonly besett+ s9 ( ov]-elaboration1 & :atev] success has be5 atta9$ 9 ! effect r5d]$ x w\ld h be5 probably bett] if produc$ ) less ef=t4 ,x w\ld h be5 m =cible if n ov]:elm$1 z x 71 ) s mu* "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,draw+ ,,by ,,mr4 ,,phil4 ,,may4 ,f ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e4 ,an example ( bold op5 draw+4 ,nev]1 !n1 let ! delight :i* we may feel 9 mak+ a pretty f9i%$ draw+ get ! bett] ( our judgm5t :5 draw+ = reproduction4 ,rememb] t prett9ess comes v ne> to pett9ess1 & delicacy & f95ess are apt to become niggl+ & p$antic2 co>s5ess is a less] dang] ?an excessive neatness4 ,mu* ( ?is1 z already sugge/$1 may be m cle>ly le>n$ f ! c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison ( good publi%$ draw+s4 ,imitate1 & copy if y l1 up to a c]ta9 degree1 rememb]+ always t y are ?us copy+ m]ely to asc]ta9 by :at means o!r m5 express _! ideas 9 l9e1 & n = y\r own practice4 ,9 l mann] et*+s1 engrav+s1 & inde$ e k9d ( pr9t made up ( l9es1 may be /udi$ &1 to "s ext5t1 copi$2 b only 9 ord] to famili>ise oneself ) :at l9es1 & comb9ations ( l9es1 may be made to d2 b ! dang] ( cont9u+ su* a practice _c be too mu* emphasis$4 ,e arti/ or draughtsman1 be he beg9n] or exp]t1 mu/ draw = himself & accord+ to 8 own feel+s & prompt+s4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( art ! successful h _h _! imitators1 & ^! aga9 _! imitators1 & at ea* successive /age ! fur!r "o gets f orig9ality1 ! m trammell$1 ! m impot5t & hopelessly beyond ! possibility ( really great "w4 ,t ! draw+ is n ! end 9 view1 b m]ely a means to an end 7t end be+ ! reproduction71 is a matt] to :i* ,i %all ref] lat] on2 b x %\ld "h be not$1 & moreov] ! /ud5t may be rem9d$1 t e l9e & e m>k :i* he makes w be simil>ly reproduc$ by ! process4 ,:5 draw+ = wood engrav+1 ! engrav] c\ld be in/ruct$ to /r5g!n ?is or leave out t2 n s ! me*anical block1 :i* is to be reg>d$ z normally an unt\*$ & purely me*anical ?+1 only to be alt]$ by h& on ! r>e/ possible occasions1 & !n only :5 "t & circum/ances p]mit4 ,?is "* ( indiscrim9at+ facsimile is n to be consid]$ z a disadvantage 9 any way2 ! good draughtsman is ?ankful = x1 he kn[s :at to reckon ^u1 & to all x mu/ be an inc5tive to d "o's be/4 ,x is ! same diff]5ce z betwe5 a mirror & an av]age photograph]'s portrait3 ! mirror may %[ u all our faults & yet1 if we h any beauty1 x does n belie u2 :ile we "k h[ (t5 ! ord9>y comm]cial c>te-de-visite is unreliable4 ,9 ! c\rse ( /udy+ v>i\s reproductions we %all probably h become aw>e t ! same ?+s may be v diff]5tly r5d]$ by diff]5t h&s4 ,?us trees & foliage 9 l&scape may be repres5t$ by an outl9e1 & a few black pat*es & dots1 or by num]\s cle>ly drawn p>allel l9es1 or yet aga9 by irregul> /rokes cross+ & recross+ ea* o!r2 evid5tly1 !n1 !re is no int5tion "h ( imitat+ nature4 ,& s1 ?r\gh\t1 ! aim ( ! p5 draughtsman is to sugge/1 r ?an to portray ?+s exactly z !y are4 ,l9es1 scrat*es1 or dots1 _c pret5d to imitate leafy foliage2 &1 be x not$1 ! same l9es1 scrat*es1 or dots1 may be simil>ly employ$1 9 ! same draw+1 to sugge/ some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x is 9 ?is employm5t ( v>i\s p5 m>ks1 to sugge/ ! composition ( di/9ct objects1 t individuality ( /yle reveals itself2 z does ! discreet us+ ( :ite blanks to express or sugge/ widely diff]5t ?+s4 ,i h presum$ ?r\gh\t ^! pages t ,i may be address+ _m to :om ! idea ( draw+ 9 p5 & ink 7or o!r mat]ial7 = reproduction1 is entirely a new "o2 h5ce x w be necess>y to exam9e ! p5 /rokes :i* g to make up a complete draw+4 ,let x be well und]/ood t _m ?+s are possible to ! accompli%$ arti/ :i* mu/ n be attempt$ by ! beg9n]2 lat] on we may le>n1 f our own exp]i5ce1 little freaks & tricks ( our own1 b we mu/ fir/ ( all cont5t ourselves ) simple consci5ti\s "w4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples ( p5 & ink %ad+ we h fir/ ! k9d ( /rokes :i* ! p5 w\ld make if us$ rapidly1 z 9 writ+1 & )\t any p>ticul> c>e4 ,9 bold sket*y "w ?is sort ( h&l+ may be p]missible1 b ! /ud5t %\ld practise %ad+ by su* l9es z 9 ,no4 #b4 ,^! are drawn rapidly 9 succession1 ! wri/ be+ re/$ firmly on ! table & ! h& q free1 z 9 rapid writ+4 ,comm5ce at ! top left-h& corn] & "w d[nw>ds2 notice t ea* /roke is equidi/ant1 p>allel1 & ( ! same ?ickness ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,look at ?is f a little di/ance & x appe>s l a grey1 flat1 ev5 t9t4 ,?is simple %ad+ %\ld be tri$ _m times until p]fect ease & c]ta9ty is acquir$1 ea* /roke ( ! p5 be+ firm1 di/9ct1 & black2 ea* /roke int5d$ & no?+ unc]ta9 ab\t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,i4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,examples ,,( ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,%ad+4 ,r$uc$ to ab\t half ! size ( orig9al4 ,a good ex]cise w be to draw a squ>e1 & practise fill+ x ) a flat t9t consi/+ ( l9es ei!r 9 ! same direction1 or else ( l9es 9 v>y+ directions1 & !n ) l9es cross+ ea* o!r or cross-hat*+4 ,hav+ n[ discov]$ h[ a flat t9t may be laid d[n1 & h[ su* may be made uni=mly or gradually d>k]1 we may apply su* me?ods to simple objects z ! cube & vase "h %[n4 ,illu/ration3 7,orig9al #a-a_/b x #a-a_/d47 ,by ?is "t we may feel well on ! road t[>ds accompli%+ any g5]al subject :i* we are skilful en\gh to outl9e4 ,( ! v>i\s me*anical helps to draw+ outl9e1 = ^? :o lack ! requir$ skill1 ,i %all speak h]eaft]4 ,illusutration3 7,orig9al #d x #b-a_/d47 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t z !re is1 9 nature1 no su* ?+ z outl9e3 x is purely an arbitr>y means ( indicat+ =m1 & sep>at+ "o space f ano!r2 :e!r su* spaces be occupi$ ) %ad+ or n1 b especially :]e !re is no %ad+4 ,at fir/ x may p]haps be be/ to make a cle> %>p outl9e ( uni=m ?ickness2 b lat] we %all f9d we may (t5 advantage\sly disp5se entirely ) outl9e1 lett+ ! %ad+ only di/+ui% "o object f ano!r4 ,notice ! abs5ce ( outl9e 9 ! hills 9 ,ne> ,b]ry ,head1 page #id4 ,a little exp]i5ce w %[ u t an imp]fect outl9e1 & "o :i* v>ies 9 ?ickness ) v>i\s objects1 w greatly assi/ 9 ! attractiv5ess ( our sket*es4 ,a too rigid outl9e1 z also a too close adh]5ce to :at has be5 said ab\t ! precision ( ! %ad+ /rokes1 t5ds to a /iff =mal appe>ance :i* is n to be desir$1 & de/roys any?+ l orig9ality & individuality ( /yle4 ,9 ! accompany+ draw+ notice ^! po9ts--! irregul>ity ( outl9e1 9 "s p>ts its entire abs5ce1 ! value ( :ite spaces1 & ! sugge/ive little dots on ! :ite =egr\nd4 ,i h already rem>k$ t ! draw+ is only to be reg>d$ z a means to an end1 & mu/ !re=e be made n s z to give satisfaction 9 itself1 b s z to produce a good me*anical reproduction4 ,h[ev] irksome "s arti/s may feel ?is work+ = process reproduction1 x is n accompani$ ) any great difficulties1 nor are its special requirem5ts s v re/rict+1 if only we und]/& :at is want$4 ,two influ5ces1 = good or = evil1 exi/ betwe5 ! orig9al & ! reproduction 7two influ5ces to be tak5 into acc\nt1 & reckon$ ) :5 we are draw+1 s z to produce a def9ite effect 9 ! reproduction71 & ^! are r$uction & ?ick5+ ( ! l9es4 ,a dim9i%+ glass1 us$ to exam9e any draw+s1 w at once %[ ! effect ( r$uction or dim9i%+1 & 9 r\gh & rapid draw+ ?is r$uction is dep5d$ ^u to remove irregul>ities & co>s5ess4#e ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,h>b\r4 ,p5 draw+4 7,orig9al #g x #f47 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t ne>ly e reproduction we see has be5 r$uc$ f ! orig9al1 "s m1 "s less1 & :ile g5]ally speak+ we may say t ! effect ( r$uction is to ref9e & s(t52 ! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 w sometimes be tr\bl$ by f9d+ an increase 9 ! ?ickness ( ! l9es :i* is less agreeable1 & is v fickle1 & c only to a limit$ degree be c\nt$ ^u z to ! result4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = keep+ d>kly %ad$ portions z op5 z possible3 t is to say1 :5 l9es are v close toge!r1 or !re is cross-hat*+1 see t ! l9es d n ne$lessly run into ea* o!r1 b t ! little :ite int]/ices are well pres]v$4 ,keep ! %ad+ op5 7! r\gh net-l effect c be got rid ( by r$uction71 & rememb] t n only d "s l9es ?ick5 up1 & s engulf ! int]v5+ :ite1 b 9 r$uction ! :ite spaces r$uce z well z ! black l9es1 & may be r$uc$ into invisibility4 ,"s def9ite rules h sometimes be5 sugge/$ to guide ! process man z to ! am\nt ( r$uction be/ suit$ = av]age "w2 ^!1 h[ev]1 l _m o!r rules ( ! k9d1 are q arbitr>y4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,h5ry ,blackburn says1 ) an au?ority bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce ( r$uc+1 to v>i\s scales1 "s ?\s&s ( draw+s3 ,z to ! am\nt ( r$uction t a draw+ w be> 9 reproduction1 x _c be suffici5tly widely kn[n t 9 spite ( rules laid d[n !re is no rule ab\t x4 ,illu/ration3 ,same size z orig9al4 ,9 "s in/ances no r$uction is requir$1 & ! reproduction is s exact a replica ( ! orig9al t x c h>dly be di/+ui%$1 yet1 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! value ( r$uction = c]ta9 /yles ( draw+ c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$2 & aga91 ,e draw+ has its scale1 to :i* x is be/ r$uc$4 ,! effect ( ! r$uction may be se5 9 ! accompany+ ?ree examples1 ! fir/ be+ ! same size z ! orig9al1 & ! o!rs r$uc$ z m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 7,orig9al #d-c_/d x #d-a_/d47 ,until "s exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ 9 ?is direction1 & ap>t f ! exig5cies ( ! space ! illu/ration is requir$ to fill1 ! process engrav] w probably be ! be/ au?ority = u to consult z reg>ds ! am\nt ( r$uction suitable to ea* individual draw+4 ,a r$uction ( "o-?ird is a v usual "o1 s long z ! draw+ is n unusually r\gh or clumsy4 ,ref]r+ to ! effect ( r$uction ^u l9es laid d[n to express a flat t9t1 ,mr4 ,h4,r4 ,rob]tson gives "s int]e/+ notes ^u ! numb] ( l9es requir$ to be drawn 9 an in* squ>e to produce an ev5 grey t9t4 ,i d n ?9k too mu* importance %\ld be atta*$ to su* calculations1 z !y are likely to emb>rass ! draughtsman & make him f> too mu* conc]n$ ) ! m]e me*anism ( 8 "w2 /ill1 ! matt] is an int]e/+ "o4 ,he says t f exp]im5t he f9ds x w usually require ab\t #ajh to #abj l9es )9 an in* to give to ! nak$ eye ! idea ( a flat t9t or wa%1 b t ab\t #hj to an in* is z _m z c be drawn to ! in* by unaid$ vision2 eighty l9es to ! in* gives #abj 9 #a-a_/b in*es1 :i*1 if r$uc$ 9 reproduction by "o-?ird1 w give ! requisite numb] ( #abj to ! in* :i* ,mr4 ,rob]tson f9ds desirable4 ,! effect produc$1 h[ev]1 by p>allel l9es ( %ad+ alt]s consid]ably :5 ! direction ( ! l9es alt]s1 & ,i ?9k x is only necess>y = u to glance ?r\gh ,academy ,notes1 or any simil> collection ( sket*es made by arti/s :o und]/& ! importance ( convey+ sugge/ions ) p5cil or p51 to assure u t f> few] l9es are 9 _m cases q capable ( giv+ ! idea ( an ev5 t9t4 ,su* rules & figures are int]e/+1 & p]haps useful1 b !y are c]ta9ly dang]\s if ! /ud5t places himself too mu* 9 subjection to _! influ5ce4 ,! beg9n] 9 p5 draw+ is probably de/9$ to meet ) sev]e disappo9tm5ts at fir/ f ! mann] 9 :i* ! process w reproduce 8 "w1 & ! incl9ation is to blame ! process z unsympa!tic1 or ! process man z incompet5t1 :]eas ! fault lies ) ! draw+1 :i* is unsuitable ?r\gh a want ( prop] reg>d = ! requirem5ts ( process4 ,= in/ance1 no?+ is common] ) ! /ud5t ?an to f9d su* portions ( our draw+ z di/ance1 sky1 & ! m delicate %ad+ come up heavy & black--q diff]5t to ! orig9al1 & robb+ su* p>ts ( x ( all delicacy2 or x may be t l9es :i* we believ$ to be f9e1 smoo?1 fl[+ l9es1 reproduce z brok5 & irregul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,will[ ,,h>ve/4 7,orig9al #g x #ad47 ,! root ( bo? ^! evils w probably be f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 our draw+ we h be5 produc+ light & di/ant effects by grey l9es in/ead ( f9e black ones4 ,draw+ ) ! p5 insuffici5tly *>g$ ) ink1 or ) ink dilut$ ) wat]1 w give ^! grey l9es2 b ! l9e process1 recognis+ no?+ b black & :ite1 ei!r reproduces ! grey l9es z black1 or reproduces !m imp]fectly z brok5 & irregul>4 ,"h1 !n1 w be ano!r matt] = ! beg9n] to ex]cise himself 93 namely1 ! draw+ ( good black l9es & an avoidance ( grey ones4 ,) draw+s made on a fairly l>ge scale1 s t e l9e c be made firmly & boldly1 we are less likely to fall into mak+ grey l9es4 ,) et*+s1 9 :i* ! image is 9 intaglio1 gradation 9 ! l9es is possible2 because1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! et*$ l9e1 a great] or less am\nt ( ink is conta9$1 & a grey l9e c be pr9t$ !refrom4 ,& s1 = ?is reason1 et*+s are mislead+ if us$ z copies or examples f :i* to draw 9 p5 & ink4 ,:5 ! draw+ has be5 fir/ drawn 9 ) p5cil & ink$ ov]1 e ve/ige ( p5cil m>ks mu/ be c>efully remov$1 o!rwise ! process reproduces !m1 n z s(t grey m>ks1 b z black z ^? made 9 ink1 & "s v unpleasant surprises w be ! result4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,tools ,,& ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,l9e ,,draw+4 ,to produce a l9e draw+ :i* %all comprise su* *>act]i/ics z h n[ be5 enunciat$1 ?ree ess5tials w be requir$3 a :ite surface1 a black fluid1 & a suitable in/rum5t to convey ! fluid at w4 ,^! we w take s]iatim1 9 _! conv5tional ord]--,pap]s1 ,inks1 & ,p5s4 ,! mat]ial mo/ l>gely us$ = draw+ on is probably :ite ,bri/ol bo>d1 ( f\r-%eet or six-%eet ?ickness1 & ?is w answ] bett] ?an any?+ else 9 almo/ all cases4 ,"s att5tion %\ld be paid to ! t9t ( ! c>d1 _m c>dbo>ds hav+ a t5d5cy to turn yell[ ) age & exposure4 ,a c>dbo>d ( a pure :ite1 or a slight t5d5cy to a blui% t9t1 is :at we require1 a blue c>d be+ 9 photographic reproduction practically ! same z :ite4 ,^u ! surface ( ! c>dbo>d w greatly dep5d ! ease ) :i* we %all get clean %>p l9es4 ,) _m c>dbo>ds1 9 :i* ! surface is app>5tly smoo?1 ! p5 f9ds irregul>ities & sometimes ob/acles to its smoo? & ev5 progress1 cat*+ & splutt]+ ov] little p>ticles ( h>d matt] or hair4 ,a good ,bri/ol bo>d1 su* z is procurable at any arti/s' col\rman1 pres5ts no su* difficulties1 & ! mak+ ( a f9e smoo? l9e %\ld be q easy4 ,messrs4 ,reynolds & ,sons supply v>i\s k9ds ( bo>ds equally suitable = p5 "w4 ,! bank note ,bri/ol manufactur$ by ,f4,w4 ,devoe ,co4 is also especially adapt$ to ?is "w4 ,! process man w v likely recomm5d y to use a clay surface bo>d1 & no d\bt 9 "s in/ances ^! h _! advantages4 ,on ^! clay bo>ds ! p5 /rokes are rem>kably clean & crisp1 & h a good deal ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 produc$ me*anically r ?an by h&2 a v f9e l9e1 h[ev]1 is difficult to produce1 ! result be+ r l1 b 9 a mu* less degree1 draw+ on an enamell$ c>d on :i* ! ink spreads2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !re w be less liability to make grey l9es4 ,a fur!r advantage ( a clay surface is t ! surface is easily removable ) ! blade ( a p5knife1 s t faults may be scrap$ or cut away--a feature put to v important use 9 bo>ds specially made = scrap+1 :i* are describ$ on p4 #if4 ,= l>ge1 bold "w a clay bo>d is useful1 b x %\ld n be too (t5 us$ on acc\nt ( ! h>d1 me*anical appe>ance ( ! draw+4 ,:atman pap]s1 or bo>ds hav+ a surface ( ,:atman pap]1 are also mu* us$1 & ^! are procurable 9 two surfaces3 ,h4-,p41 or ,hot-press$1 ! smoo!/2 & ,n41 or ,n hot-press$1 ! surface ( :i* is suffici5tly r\gh to make x v pleasant to "w on1 b n too mu* s4 ,if us+ ! ,h4-,p41 ! surface mu/ be wip$ ov] ) a clean wet sponge to remove a c]ta9 gloss :i* ! process ( hot-press+ imp>ts to x4 ,!re is no p>ticul> virtue 9 any special pap] or bo>d beyond :it5ess1 ev5ness1 & purity2 any pap] hav+ ^! qualities may be us$ ) success4 ,i %\ld n recomm5d ! beg9n] to exp]im5t ) too _m k9ds2 he w 9 ! end be probably no ne>] satisfaction ?an at ! outset4 ,/>t on ord9>y :ite ,bri/ol & p]sev]e1 attribut+ failures to y\r own incompet5ce r ?an to any fault 9 ! mat]ials4 ,"s ( ! v be/ ?+s h be5 produc$ on any scrap ( notepap] or o!r :ite surface t has be5 at h&4 ,( suitable black fluids !re are _m v>ieties1 & ! beg9n] may z easily conc]n himself a great deal too mu* ab\t inks z ab\t any o!r "p ( ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,cakes or /icks ( dry pigm5t1 or pans & tubes ( moi/ col\r1 may be employ$1 b = g5]al conv5i5ce a fluid black w be be/4 ,^! are ( two k9ds3 fix$1 :i* is n removable by wat]1 & ord9>y2 & x may be well to consid] be=eh& ! "w we are go+ to d1 & use ! indelible1 or fix$1 ink if necess>y4 ,i mean by ?is t we may sometimes require to use ,*9ese :ite ov] our black l9es to produce :ites1 :i* c\ld n easily be left z blanks1 9 :i* case x w be necess>y to use a fix$ black1 else ! ,*9ese :ite w\ld sme> & spoil ! black4 ,! introduction ( ,*9ese :ite is1 h[ev]1 an exception r ?an ! rule1 & :5 ! use ( an indelible ink is n important1 ,/eph5s' ,ebony ,/a9 is admirable4 ,x works easily1 & al?\gh x dries ) a slight gloss1 :i* is usually a disadvantage1 x reproduces well4 ,x c be imm$iately ?9n$ :5 becom+ too ?ick by ! addition ( a little wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 n to dilute x suffici5tly to make x grey4 ,x is sold 9 bottles at sixp5ce & a %ill+1 & is manufactur$ by ! well-kn[n mak]s ( writ+ ink1 b may be procur$ f ! arti/s' col\rm54 ,messrs4 ,reeves & ,sons h introduc$ a fluid black1 call$ ,arti/s' ,black2 ?is is made bo? indelible & n indelible4 ,?is has become v popul> ( late1 & is l>gely us$2 ! n indelible1 ) wat]1 mak+ f9e greys = wa% draw+4 ,higg9s' ,am]ican ,wat]pro( ,india ,ink is also ext5sively us$1 & has receiv$ high comm5dation4 ,fix$ ,indian ,ink is sold 9 fluid =m1 & ,lampblack & ,ivoryblack 9 tubes & cakes4 ,ord9>y writ+ ink is q unsuitable2 x runs :5 f9e l9es cross1 & is ei!r too blue or too br[n 9 col\r4 ,common ,indian ,ink is also too br[n to reproduce well1 s t ! beg9n] w d wisely to use "o ( ! above-nam$ blacks1 :i* are prep>$ = ! purpose1 & s dim9i% 8 *ances ( failure4 ,all are sold 9 bottles at sixp5ce or "o %ill+4 ,n tak+ acc\nt ( ecc5tricities ( accompli%$ arti/s1 :o may use "s special m$ium to _! fancy1 & ^: v ma/]%ip gu>antees _! success 9 :atev] m$ium !y may "w1 a dull int5se black l9e on a pure :ite surface is ! ideal to be atta9$4 ,x may be m5tion$ t if = any exceptional purpose ! reproduction is to be pr9t$ 9 col\r$ ink1 ! orig9al _h bett] be drawn 9 a l col\r1 always except+ blue or any?+ approa*+ !reto4 ,b br[n1 gre51 r$1 & orange are p]missible1 & w photograph correctly4 ,a black draw+1 reproduc$ 9 br[n or o!r col\r1 is apt to give a v diff]5t impression1 & /ill m s if a col\r be reproduc$ 9 black4 ,*9ese :ite has be5 ref]r$ to1 & %\ld c]ta9ly always be at h&4 ,if appli$ fairly ?ickly ) a f9e bru% x w efface any faulty ink m>ks1 & may also be us$ to introduce lights into %ad+ :i* has be5 work$ up too solid4 ,x is also useful = putt+ 9 small lights1 z 9 w9d[s1 or longitud9al :ite /reaks on wat] :i* has be5 %ad$ 9 d>k4 ,x %\ld be ( good quality1 & kept well /opp]$ 9 a /rong glass or /one bottle4 ,) reg>d to ! p5 to be us$ !re is m latitude = individual ta/e1 z :at "o man c d ) a giv5 p5 ano!r _c4 ,! manufactur]s :o h giv5 mo/ att5tion to ! requirem5ts ( draughtsm5 are ,j4 ,gillott & ,sons1 ! well-kn[n mak]s ( p5s ( all k9ds4 ,_m k9ds ( ,br&au]'s & ,blanzy ,p\re & ,co4's p5s are also v good4 ,x %\ld n be suppos$ t a v f9e-po9t$ p5 is ess5tial1 = on ! contr>y a small tool (t5 seems to lead to ! mak+ ( small1 niggl+ "w4 ,mr4 ,c4,g4 ,h>p] f9ds a well-cut quill p5 delightful = mak+ p5 /udies1 & says x flies ov] all descriptions ( pap]1 r\gh or smoo?1 )\t ! lea/ cat*+ ( fibres or splutt]+4 ,x is ! free/ & lea/ trammell+ ( p5s1 & seems almo/ to draw ( its own volition4 ,a glass draw+-p51 su* z is us$ by me*anical design]s1 c41 has its uses1 b x is only capable ( mak+ a uni=mly ?ick l9e4 ,an assortm5t ( "o doz5 ( ,gillott's p5s c be obta9$ = "o %ill+1 & f ^! our selection c be made4 ,br&au]'s ,no4 #eae & ,no4 #cdb ,e4,f4 are well spok5 (1 & h ! advantage ( n becom+ scrat*y ) use4 ,a flexible p51 capable ( mak+ f9e z well z ?ick /rokes1 work+ ev5ly1 & n soon worn out1 is :at %\ld be s\ght1 & hav+ f\nd two or ?ree k9ds to suit1 /ick to !m1 & make y\rself ?or\ghly ma/] ( _! capabilities4 ,%\ld any difficulty exi/ 9 obta9+ a special p51 an ord9>y ,f writ+ nib w n lead y f> wrong1 :ile = bold vigor\s draw+ ,i %\ld pref] a gold ,j2 x is cle> f ?is t m]e f95ess ( po9t is n an ess5tial matt]4 ,! possibilities ( a p>ticul> p5 are n le>nt all at once1 x %\ld be p]sev]$ ) & und]/ood4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ t two or ?ree p5s ( diff]5t "* %\ld respectively be us$ on diff]5t portions ( ! same draw+4 ,!re may be advantages 9 ?is1 especially if a draw+ conta9 a v wide v>iation 9 quality ( its l9es4 ,x may sometimes be t v bold ?ick "w 9 =egr\nd is associat$ ) f9e delicate "w 9 di/ance & sky4 ,"s arti/s pref] to use a f9e bru% in/ead ( a p54 ,a small sable bru%1 hav+ ! outside hairs cut away1 or a long hair bru% kn[n z trac] or rigg]1 is capable ( mak+ f9e l9es h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f p5 /rokes4 ,at fir/ !y are sl[ to "w )1 b consid]able rapidity may be acquir$ ) practice4 ,! l9es are r\nd] & n s h>% z ^? made ) ! p51 & x is said t an arti/ :o has once accu/om$ himself to use a bru% nev] goes back to p5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,field ,,pa?4 ,bitum5 process4 7,orig9al #g-a_/b x #f-a_/b74 ,see p4 #hf4 ,! =ego+ mat]ials & p5s are = ! production ( simple black l9e draw+s on a :ite gr\nd1 & x is 9 ?is direction t ,i %\ld advise ! /ud5t to p]sev]e & cultivate himself4 ,all ! beauty & expressiv5ess ( l9es is only realis$ aft] long practice2 &1 ( ! _m ways ( illu/rat+ by l9e process1 x is ! be/ means ( self-education1 comp>$ ) :i* all o!rs are flippant & inconsequ5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,field ,,pa?4 ,swell$ gelat9e4 7,orig9al #g-a_/b x #f-a_/b47 ,see p4 #hf4 ,/ill1 ) "s tru? x has be5 said t x is only by exp]im5t t we le>n to a*ieve di/9ction1 & s aft] a :ile we may indulge 9 exp]im5ts 9 o!r directions1 & try our h& at ! v>i\s tricks :i* ! +5i\s h plac$ )9 our rea*4 ,^! w be describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,processes4 ,! me?od ( draw+ 9 l9e ref]r$ to 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s may be reg>d$ z traditional & ( ! normal "*1 & we %all next take "u consid]ation v>i\s o!r me?ods ( draw+ equally suitable = reproduction by l9e process4 ,9 ! meantime1 we w see h[ ! processes = produc+ blocks 9 relief may be appli$ & see by a few examples h[ ! results comp>e4 ,) ! arti/1 ! ,swell$ ,gelat9e process w probably rank z fir/ fav\rite1 & ?is because x is less exact+ 9 its requirem5ts4 ,al?\gh only r5d]+ ! draw+ 9 black & :ite1 x is c]ta9ly m sympa!tic1 & does to "s ext5t recognise ! weak] impression ( a grey l9e4 ,by ?is process _m ord9>y black & :ite draw+s1 made )\t any reg>d = ! dem&s ( ! process man1 reproduce well1 b w\ld be impossible by ! *eap] z9c et*+2 moreov]1 x is admirably suit$ to reproduce draw+s 9 :i* a mixture ( p5 & p5cil has be5 employ$1 an example ( :i* w be giv5 lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,moonlight4 ,example ( m$ium t9t4 7,orig9al #d x #g47 ,! arti/ or draughtsman is n1 h[ev]1 usually ma/] ( ! situation2 ! pr9t] & publi%] w use ! *eap] me?ods1 to suit :i* we mu/ adopt1 to a c]ta9 degree1 a conv5tional mann]4 ,if a draw+ be s]i\sly /udi$1 x is (t5 surpris+ h[ mu* ( ! feel+ ( ! draughtsman is convey$ to u ?r\gh ! /rokes ( 8 p5 or p5cil1 & x is j ?is feel+ :i* ! ,gelat9e process pres]ves 9 great measure1 b :i* ! common] me?ods sift out & give u a m]e me*anical translation4 ,/ill1 by suit+ ourselves to ^! m ord9>y processes1 mu* may be done to comp5sate = ! lack ( sympa?y :i* !y display4 ,i h giv5 7pp4 #hb1 #hc7 two reproductions f ! id5tical draw+1 9 ord] t comp>ison may be made4 ,! ,bitum5 process is *>act]is$ by ! crude1 s9c]e1 l9e giv51 ignor+ _m f9] l9es1 & br++ o!rs up black & h>d4 ,! ,album5 process is ! "o by :i* probably ! greate/ numb] ( blocks are made 9 ?is c\ntry1 &1 :5 c>ri$ to a high degree ( p]fection1 yields "s v pleas+ results :i*1 ?\gh inf]ior to swell$ ,gelat9e1 are bett] ?an ! ,bitum54 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 !re is n v mu* to *oose betwe5 ^! two1 & a v great numb] ( examples w\ld h to be exam9$ 9 ord] to prop]ly exhibit ! diff]5ces4 ,! comp>ison ( results by ^! ?ree processes is a subject :i* has giv5 rise to "s controv]sy4 ,! arti/1 :o has also usually be5 ! au?or 9 ?is matt]1 has pron\nc$ fav\rably = ! swell$ gelat9e2 b 9 ?is ! process exp]t is 9 disagreem5t4 ,aft] comp>+ c>efully a v>iety ( results1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t p]haps too mu* importance is atta*$ to ! suppos$ advantages ( ! swell$ gelat9e1 & two p[]ful contributories to success are n suffici5tly consid]$4 ,swell$ gelat9e is n us$ = ord9>y newspap] "w1 & is *>g$ at a mu* high] rate2 & = ?is reason1 probably1 great] c>e is tak5 9 ! block-mak+1 &1 be+ us$ 9 high] class publications1 x is m c>efully pr9t$ f ?an is possible 9 ! va/ majority ( cases :5 ! *eap] blocks are us$4 ,! use ( z9c blocks 9 *eap1 rapidly pr9t$ publications probably prohibits ! process hav+ full ju/ice done to x1 & we are apt to judge its possibilities by ! examples we too (t5 see4 ,*eapness1 %ort "t1 & rapid pr9t+ are factors calculat$ to spoil ! reputation ( any process4 ,if bitum5 & album5 c\ld receive ! same am\nt ( c>e & att5tion z is cu/om>ily be/[$ ^u ! m exp5sive swell$ gelat9e1 !re seems little reason :y results %\ld n be equal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,draw+4 ,?ree diff]5t %ad+ m$ia4 7,orig9al #h x #e-c_/d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,unt\*$ ,,l9e ,,block4 7,orig9al #g x #f47 ,9 consid]+ ! application ( su* v>i\s me?ods1 we are br\ght to t some:at s+ul> conte/ :i* seems to exi/ 9 e sph]e ( "w :]e9 art is conc]n$1 x is ! disagreem5t & misund]/&+ :i* exi/s betwe5 arti/ & craftsman4 ,! ent]pris+ endeav\r ( ! process-block mak] is to p]fect 8 process to produce a clean1 bright1 faultless piece ( te*nical "w2 a process :i* %all produce f all k9ds ( orig9als an equally brilliant pr9t1 s t1 :5 he is call$ to reproduce a special effect :i* ! arti/ may desire1 he seems incapable ( und]/&+ z desirable any?+ :i* falls %ort ( 8 own arbitr>y /&>d4 ,x is z ?\gh ! arti/'s col\rman said to ! pa9t]1 y mu/ v>ni% all y\r picture s z to %[ ! full ri*ness & gloss ( ! col\rs1 no matt] :e!r ! pa9t] reckon$ on "s degree ( dulness to give a c]ta9 effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9e ,,block ,,light5$ ,,by ,,r\lette4 7,orig9al #g x #f47 ,s ! mat]ial mak] w aim at supply+ canvas or bo>d ( z f9e & smoo? a surface z possible1 & x is at fir/ difficult to p]suade him t ! arti/ is "r 9 desir+ a co>se1 r\gh surface4 ,! process man & mat]ial mak] are ev] on ! side ( poli%1 brilliancy1 & f95ess4 ,execution & craft inv>iably seem to be at w> ) feel+ & art1 & ,i w\ld /rongly caution my read] aga9/ be+ too mu* conc]n$ ab\t ! relative virtues ( v>i\s processes1 or too mu* prejudic$ by :at o!rs may h to say4 ,:atev] y\r arti/ fri5d may advise is pretty c]ta9 to be disc\nt$ by y\r block-mak]2 & 9 c\rse ( "t1 & aft] exp]i5ce1 y w probably =m y\r own individual op9ion1 :i* w be at v>iance ) bo?4 ,x is at ?is /age t m p>ticul> m5tion may be made ( ! use ( ! r\lette to correct by h&1 on ! z9c block1 ! mis9t]pretations ( ! process4 ,! r\lette consi/s ( a %>p-edg$ too!d :eel ( m9ute proportions1 :i* is pass$ backw>ds & =w>ds across l9es :i* h come up too black1 ?us break+ su* l9es into t9y dots1 :i* !re=e pr9t grey]4 ,x is well to "k t su* a revision ( ! block1 z fir/ turn$ out1 is possible1 & we %all sometimes be glad to make use ( x4 ,/ill1 z be=e po9t$ out1 su* h&-"w mu/ n be reli$ ^u4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,l9e ,,reproduction4 ,:5 a l>ge space is requir$ to be cov]$ ) an ev5 t9t1 an imm5se sav+ ( lab\r & "t may be effect$ by ! use ( ,%ad+ m$ia2 b beyond a m]e sav+ ( lab\r !y may1 if discreetly us$1 be made to produce "s v desirable effects4 ,illu/ration ,if appli$ to ! entire surface1 ! result is v l a half-tone process block 9 appe>ance4 ,?is is se5 9 ! illu/ration on page #he1 9 :i* ! %ad+ m$ium has be5 appli$ ev]y:]e except 9 ! few :ite spots4 ,su* an application is p>ticul>ly useful = ev5+ or twilight subjects1 b x is m usual to employ !m locally1 especially = skies4 ,!y are also l>gely us$ by "s arti/s = figures1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 illu/ration on page #fe1 9 :i* ! %ad+ is s effectively us$ on ! wai/coat & hat ( ! man4 ,! patt]n ( ! t9t v>ies greatly1 !re be+ m ?an a doz5 di/9ct designs1 a few examples ( :i* are giv5 on page #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ad+ ,,m$ium ,,on ,,p5 ,,sket* ,,vignette4 7,orig9al #e x #d47 ,^! %ad+ m$ia are introduc$ on to ! z9c block aft] pr9t+ f ! negative 7see ,*ap4 ,,vii471 = :i* purpose transp>5t %eets ( gelat9e1 on :i* ! requir$ patt]n has be5 engrav$ & previ\sly ink$1 are us$4 ,by press+ ^! on to ! album5 or o!r surface ( ! block1 an ink impression is transf]r$1 :i* accord+ly protects ! surface dur+ et*+ 9 ! same mann] z ! re/ ( ! picture4 ,! %ad+ ne$ n be re/rict$ to ! blank spaces only1 b may be press$ on to any "p or ! :ole ( ! block2 & !re is no reason :y two or m diff]5t patt]ns %\ld n be us$ 9 comb9ation on ! same subject4 ,! gelat9e %eets be+ transp>5t1 ! process work] c see exactly :]e to apply !m1 & c d s ) consid]ably intricacy4 ,9 s5d+ to ! et*]s a draw+ 9 :i* a %ad+ m$ium is to be introduc$1 ! practice is to m>k su* portions z are to be %ad$ by scribbl+ ov] ) blue p5cil2 ?is is at once und]/ood bett] ?an writt5 in/ructions4 ,x _h bett] be /at$ :e!r a d>k or light t9t be requir$2 also :e!r x is to be vignett$ or %ad$ all ov]4 ,vignett+ is ! mo/ usual1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ block1 page #ib4 ,x is usual = ! process p to make a slight additional *>ge = ! introduction ( t9ts2 especially if at all complicat$4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 if special exp]im5ts 9 ! comb9ation ( v>i\s t9ts be int5d$1 requir+ special c>e1 fair consid]ation mu/ be made = ! additional tr\ble & lab\r4 ,l mo/ me*anical aids to draw+1 %ad+ m$ia mu/ be adopt$ ) discretion1 & !y c at be/ be consid]$ z a poor sub/itute = pure h&-"w2 !y economise "t & are useful 9 an em]g5cy1 b ,i %\ld c]ta9ly caution ! beg9n] aga9/ ! too frequ5t use ( !m4 ,an +5i\s me?od ( imp>t+ a c]ta9 greyness to "s portions ( a draw+ is illu/rat$ by ! accompany+ sket* ,ne> ,b]ry ,head4 ,?is is kn[n z ,splatt] "w1 & consi/s ( spr9kl+ m9ute dots ( ! black draw+ fluid :]ev] requir$4 ,! draw+ is fir/ execut$ 9 ! usual way1 & all portions :i* are n to be splatt]$ ^u are cov]$ ov] ) pieces ( pap] cut to ! necess>y %ape & size4 ,a /iff bri/le bru% is !n ink$2 no?+ s]v+ = ! purpose bett] ?an an ord9>y too?-bru%4 ,hold+ ! bru% 9 ! left h&1 ) ! bri/les d[nw>ds1 ! bri/les are to be briskly /rok$ ) any h&y /ick ( wood2 9 ?is mann] a spray ( t9y dots ( ink is spla%$ on to ! pap] b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ne> ,,b]ry ,,head4 ,p5 draw+--=egr\nd dott$ by splatt] "w4 7,orig9al #f-a_/d x #e47 ,p]haps a f9] & m regul> spray may be obta9$ by tak+ ! bru% 9 ! "r h& & bru%+ x ov] ! f9e tee? ( a comb1 by :i* means ! spla%es c be ) m c]ta9ty direct$ to a p>ticul> spot4 ,sup]flu\s ink %\ld be /ruck (f ! bru% be=e spr9kl+ ! draw+1 & "s portions ( ! protect+ pap] masks c be remov$ be=e o!rs if "s ( ! splatt]+ be requir$ to ext5d fur!r4 ,x w be be/ to use an indelible or fix$ ink = ?is "w1 z1 ev5 aft] practice1 "s ugly spla%es are apt to occur1 :i* w h to be aft]w>ds correct$ ) ,*9ese :ite4 ,splatt] "w is m l>gely practis$ 9 ,am]ica1 & is j "o ( ^? tricks :i* 9 dext]\s h&s is sometimes s peculi>ly happy 9 its results1 & yet s app>5tly unresponsive 9 o!rs4 ,we n[ come to consid] an important gr\p ( draw+ me?ods1 kn[n z ,scrat* bo>ds4 ,9 speak+ ( :ite c>dbo>ds1 ref]5ce 0 made to clay surface bo>ds1 & ! possibility ( remov+ any fault by scrap+ ) a knife4 ,we h n[ to d ) a selection ( bo>ds 9 :i* ! clay surface & ! scrap+-out possibilities are c>ri$ to ! utmo/ practical ext5t1 & made use ( z a *ief me?od ( repres5tation1 n z a means to correct mi/akes4 ,^! bo>ds are ( two pr9cipal k9ds3 #a/4 ,:ite1 on :i* are impress$ :ite ind5t$ l9es1 giv+ ! :ole a ribb$ appe>ance2 &1 #bnd1 ,black reticulations1 or l9es pr9t$ at "r angles to ! impress$ gra9 or ribs4 ,canvas-l reticulations1 irregul> gra9 or ,aquat9t dots1 & diagonal or v]tical l9es1 are ! mo/ useful patt]ns 7( :i* !re are _m72 !y may be obta9$ at ,f4,w4 ,devoe ,c4,t4 ,raynolds ,co4 & mo/ ( ! deal]s 9 mat]ials1 & are kn[n z scrat*-out1 scrape-out or /ipple bo>ds4 ,bo? bo>ds are ( a some:at simil> description1 diff]+ only 9 ! me?od ( produc+ ! patt]n4 ,9 ! :ite bo>ds ! m>ks are impress$2 :]eas 9 ! black ones !y are pr9t$4 ,tak+ ! black patt]ns fir/1 ! gra9 pr9t$ !reon supplies u ) a flat grey t9t compos$ ( num]\s f9e black l9es2 ?is = conv5i5ce we w call ! full t9t4 ,n[ if we g5tly scrape ! clay surface ) ! %>p po9t ( a knife1 mov+ x across ! black l9es1 !y w be remov$ f ! top ( ! impress$ ridges :i* cross at "r angles1 ?us at once conv]t+ ! black l9es into r[s ( black dots1 & giv+ a light] t9t :i* we w call a half-t9t4 ,closely exam9e ! accompany+ s]ies ( specim5s1 & ?is w be at once recognis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,i4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,dots4 ,,horizontal ,,l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,diagonal ,,l9es4 ,,aquat9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,scrap]4 ,,examples ,,( ,,black ,,gra9 ,,scrape ,,bo>ds4 7,orig9al size47 ,9 ,no4 #a we h a bo>d ) p>allel rul+1 z suppli$ by ! mak]s2 9 ,no4 #b1 a few /rokes ( ! knife h conv]t$ "s ( ! l9es into dots2 9 ,no4 #c1 ! knife has be5 us$ m vigor\sly1 scrap+ away l9es altoge!r & ?us produc+ pla9 :ites4 ,?is1 !n1 gives u full t9t1 half-t9t1 & :ite4 ,n[ if we "w ) p5cil or p5 on ! full t9t1 build+ up ! draw+ precisely z if draw+ on pla9 :ite c>d1 & !n scrape out1 z j illu/rat$1 x w be se5 :at a wide range ( tones w be sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 ,i4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,! draw+ is to be put 9 fir/ ei!r ) crayon1 p5cil1 or ink1 & ! scrap+ done aft]w>ds2 by ?is means any mi/akes c readily be scrat*$ out2 no small consolation to ! unpractis$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 a faulty scrat* or scrape _c be rectifi$1 h5ce ! great] ne$ = c>e4 ,! mann] ( h&l+ ! knife 7an ord9>y p5knife1 or a specially con/ruct$ blade1 may be us$7 diff]s a good deal 9 individual work]s1 b ! saf] mann] is p]haps to keep ! knife well up & ne>ly v]tical4 ,avoid outl9es1 all[+ ! diff]5t degrees ( t9t to sep>ate "o object f ano!r1 z "o w\ld d 9 a wa% draw+1 & proce$ some:at 9 ! mann] illu/rat$ by ! accompany+ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mi/y ,,moonrise4 7,orig9al #d x #b-a_/b47 ,illu/ration3 7,orig9al #d x #b-a_/b47 ,"o ( ! difficulties to be gu>d$ aga9/ is ! too great evid5ce ( scrap+1 ! knife m>ks (t5 reveal+ !mselves mu* m pla9ly 9 ! reproduction ?an 9 ! orig9al1 also ! too sudd5 contra/ betwe5 ! full t9t & ! scrat*$ half-t9t4 ,notice 9 ! two accompany+ sket*es on diagonal gra9 bo>ds1 by ,mr4 ,c4,j4 ,v9e1 h[ ! full t9t1 :5 x meets ! half-t9t1 is brok5 up by slight irregul> scrat*es2 especially is ?is se5 9 ! sky ( ,a ,mi/y ,moonrise4 ,9 ?is sket*1 sky1 sea1 & ! sails ( ! two m di/ant boats1 are almo/ entirely made up by ! diagonal t9t & ! scrap$ half-t9t4 ,only 9 ! hulls ( ! boats & ! sails ( ! ne>e/ boat is p5-"w introduc$1 ! l9es be+ drawn diagonally f "r to left1 at "r angles to ! gra9 ( ! full t9t4#f ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,on ,,black ,,l9e ,,scrape ,,bo>d4 ,,fir/ ,,/age4 7,orig9al #e-c_/d x #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,on ,,black ,,l9e ,,scrape ,,bo>d ,,) ,,:ite ,,scrap$ ,,out4 7,orig9al #e-a_/b x #c-a_/d47 ,a m rapid way ( obta9+ an effect c h>dly be imag9$ ?an by ^! scrap$ bo>ds1 & 9 good h&s1 or ) practice1 ! effects obta9able are (t5 v *>m+4 ,! draw+s %\ld1 z a rule1 be n greatly l>g] ?an ! reproduction int5d$--a r$uction ( "o-?ird or "o-half be+ ab\t ! be/4 ,all ! diff]5t k9ds ( black gra9 bo>ds are treat$ 9 ! same mann] z above describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5cil ,,on ,,v]tical ,,gra9 ,,:ite ,,scrape ,,bo>d4 ,by ,c4,j4 ,v9e4 7,orig9al #d x #c47 ,n[ ! use ( :ite gra9$ bo>ds is less a scrap+ me?od ?an pure l9e draw+1 mu* ( ! l9e be+ almo/ me*anically produc$ by draw+ ^u ! ribb$ surface ) p5cil4 ,we "k if we place a piece ( pap] ^u a r\gh1 clo?-cov]$ book & rub a blacklead p5cil ov] x we get a mottl$ effect1 ! blacks & :ites ( :i* are reproductions ( ! projections & depressions on ! book cov]2 s if we draw on a ribb$ surface clay-bo>d ) p5 & ink1 ! ink foll[s elevation & depression 9 "o cont9u\s p5 /roke4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we draw ) a black p5cil1 )\t undue pressure1 ! p5cil passes f "o elevation to ano!r1 or f "o rib to ano!r1 & ?us =ms a brok5 or dott$ l9e1 :i*1 al?\gh 9 actual col\r z black z an ink l9e1 yet be+ brok5 & n solid1 w reproduce light] or grey]4 ,a numb] ( adjac5t p5cil l9es w\ld !re=e produce a flat t9t ( dots1 v simil> to ! t9t ( a half-tone block or a %ad+ m$ium1 9 addition to :i*1 & ^u :i*1 ink l9es may be made to produce deep] blacks4 ,on ! accompany+ illu/ration are p5cil m>ks & ink /rokes drawn on a piece ( gra9$ :ite bo>d1 ! gra9 or ribs be+ v]tical4 ,to ! left1 a s+le deta*$ p5cil /roke =m+ dott$ l9es2 next are adjac5t p5cil l9es con/itut+ a gra9$ t9t1 some?+ v l ! full tone ( ! black-gra9$ blocks be=e consid]$1 & co>s] or f9] 9 proportion z ! p5cil is press$ m or less heavily2 next we h "s p5 & ink l9es1 ! diff]5ce ( :i* w at once be se52 & f9ally1 a mixture ( p5cil & p51 on :i* ! knife has subsequ5tly be5 us$ to scrat* "s small lights4 ,?is exhau/s ! practical possibilities ( :ite gra9$ scrape bo>ds4 ,illu/ration ,! accompany+ sket*es w %[ some:at ! k9d ( ?+s obta9able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5cil ,,& ,,p5 ,,on ,,v]tical ,,l9e ,,:ite ,,scrape ,,bo>d4 ,by ,c4,j4 ,v9e4 7,orig9al #d x #c47 ,r$uction causes a v m>k$ improvem5t1 & ! draw+s %\ld be look$ at f "t to "t :il/ 9 progress ) a dim9i%+ glass4 ,an indelible ink %\ld be us$1 or "o t does n p5etrate b re/s on ! surface3 su* z ivory-black1 lamp-black1 or ,indian ink4 ,in/ead ( p5cil1 a /ick ( li?ographic *alk w be ( advantage4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! greyness ( p5cil is deceptive1 & reproduces black] ?an we expect1 moreov] p5cil rubs & sme>s2 n s li?ographic *alk1 :i* does n rub1 & is black4 ,! scrat*+ or scrap+ mu/ be ! f9al /age ( a draw+1 z only solid p5 m>ks c be put on ! :ite bo>d aft] ! gra9$ clay surface has be5 remov$4 ,,draw+s ,,9 ,,p5cil ,,or ,,*alk ,,on ,,r\gh ,,pap]s4 ,by ! =ego+ description ( p5cil or *alk draw+ on ribb$ surfaces1 we see h[ a p5cil draw+ may be translat$ by an ord9>y l9e z9co block1 in/ead ( ! m exp5sive half-tone process describ$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]s4 ,! p5cil or crayon po9t1 9 pass+ ov] a r\gh or brok5 surface1 =ms a s]ies ( dots in/ead ( a cont9u\s l9e4 ,! same ?+ occurs :5 p5cil is us$ on a r\gh surface draw+ pap]4 ,su* p5cill+s1 be+ exam9$1 are f\nd to be lead m>ks1 int]sp]s$ ) m9ute int]/ices ( :ite pap]1 ! :ole giv+ a sort ( grey t9t ( great] or less int5sity4 ,= broad sket*y effects su* a draw+ me?od is exce$+ly valuable2 "s v delightful ?+s may be done )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( ! me*anical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sew>d/one ,,m>%es4 ,draw+ on ,cont crayon on r\gh pap]4 7,orig9al #f x #d47 ,z may be readily und]/ood f ! accompany+ examples1 su* draw+s are be/ adapt$ = purely arti/ic impressions1 & n = ! portrayal ( detail4 ,practically any pap] may be us$ :i* is :ite1 & ^: surface is suffici5tly r\gh2 "s p>ticul> k9ds1 ab\t to be m5tion$1 h prov$ especially successful "u exp]im5t4 ,any mat]ial may be us$ to draw )1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to a black sub/ance :i* w n sme> or rub on be+ t\*$4 ,a good ,b blacklead p5cil has ! advantage ( be+ pleasant to h&le1 & capable ( be+ us$ ) a suffici5tly f9e po9t to r5d] "s details2 x has1 h[ev]1 ! decid$ disadvantage ( rubb+ ) a v little t\*+1 & ! /rokes1 al?\gh fairly int5se1 are n s black z crayon2 h5ce1 9 reproduction1 _m portions :i* 7 expect$ to come out s(t & delicate1 reproduce mu* too black4 ,we h1 !n1 = our selection1 ,h>dmu?'s or ,cont's crayons1 made 9 sev]al degrees1 & also made into c$>-wood p5cils--a clean] & m h&y =m4 ,nei!r ( ^! is1 un=tunately1 free f ! disadvantage ( blurr+ :5 rubb$1 & w h5ce require to be fix$ be=e be+ s5t away2 ! photo-engrav]1 9 ! press ( 8 bus9ess1 r>ely fail+ to subject draw+s to a sev]e te/4 ,fix+ may be be/ effect$ by treat+ ! draw+ ) a solution ( "o "p pure gum ma/ic dissolv$ 9 sev5 p>ts me?ylat$ _s4 ,9 ,lem]ci]'s li?ographic crayons we h a draw+ m$ium :i* gives z satisfactory results z ! ,cont or ,h>dmu?1 & does n blur2 x !re=e saves ! tr\ble ( fix+4 ,be+ greasy1 !y %\ld be us$ 9 a porte-crayon4 ,!y are made 9 ?ree degrees z to h>dness1 ! ,no4 #a be+ ! h>de/ & be/ suit$ = draw+ ! limit$ am\nt ( detail :i* is possible ) crayons4 ,s long z ! draw+ is n too heavily work$ ^u1 a surpris+ improvem5t is secur$ by r$uc+4 ,a r$uction ( "o-half is n too mu*4 ,z to ! pap]s to be us$1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z only "s :i* ,i h te/$1 & :i* o!rs h spok5 well (1 b !re mu/ be a great _m o!r r\gh surface mat]ials well wor? a trial4 ,( ! well-kn[n ,:atman pap]s1 bo? ! ,hot-press$ & ,n1 ! latt] be+1 p]haps1 pref]able4 ,a ,fr5* pap]1 ,allong1 has a v pleas+ surface gra91 & may be us$ on ! "r or wrong side ) diff]5t results2 ! "r side be+ ! r\gh]1 & p]haps ! bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crayon ,,draw+ ,,on ,,allong ,,pap]4 ,small :ites 9 ,*9ese :ite4 7,orig9al #i x #f47 ,next1 we h ,lalanne & ,mi*allet or ,+res pap]s1 & "s examples ( crayon draw+ on ^! are "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,crayon ,,on ,,pyramid ,,pap] ,,no4 #b4 ,small :ites 9 ,*9ese :ite4 7,orig9al #g x #f47 ,! mo/ noticeable feature 9 ^! w be ! l9es1 or gra91 =m$ by ! texture ( ! pap]2 ?is gra9 is app>5tly m p]ceptible :5 v]tical1 b if ! pap] is turn$ r\nd s t ! l9es come into a horizontal position1 !y are mu* less disc]nible 9 ! f9i%$ sket*4 ,9 _m respects ! effect ( ^! pap]s is a good deal simil> to t ga9$ by us+ ! :ite l9$ clay-bo>ds2 ! gra9 be+1 h[ev]1 less me*anical4 ,9 l mann] ! crayon sket* may be effectively help$ by ! addition ( p5 & ink1 or f9e bru% "w4 ,scrap+ out1 h[ev]1 is n )9 its capabilities2 ?\gh ,*9ese :ite1 if appli$ fairly solidly1 may successfully /op-out small lights or efface errors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crayon ,,on ,,pyramid ,,no4 #a4 7,orig9al #i x #f47 ,o!r pap]s :i* may be attempt$ are ,arnold's draw+ pap]s1 r\gh surface c>tridge1 v>i\s crayon pap]s1 c4 ,su* h\ses z ,p5rose ,co41 ,amwell ,/reet1 ,e4,c41 ,london1 or ,f4,w4 ,devoe ,c4,t4 ,raynolds ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 w\ld probably supply patt]ns & in=mation 9 ?is respect4 ,a pap] kn[n z ,pyramid ,gra9$ pap] has a granulat$ surface1 break+ ! crayon m>ks into a succession ( dots r ?an brok5 l9es1 & (t5 yields v pleas+ results2 x is made 9 two v>y+ degrees1 ,no4 #a hav+ a gra9 ( #ae1jjj pyramids to ! squ>e in*1 & ,no4 #b1 #i1jjj4 ,= a fur!r v>iation 9 effect1 a draw+ may be execut$ 9 crayon or p5cil on a fairly smoo? pap] previ\sly press$ into close contact ) any r\gh surface1 su* z s&pap] or canvas4 ,! unsiz$ side ( a canvas = oil pa9t+1 or ! cov] ( a book1 w answ] ! purpose2 op5ness ( "w1 & ! am\nt ( ultimate r$uction desirable1 be+ dep5d$ ^u & controll$ accord+ly4 ,! foll[+ sket*es1 by ,mr4 ,c4,j4 ,v9e1 on ,mi*allet & ,lallane pap]s 7pp4 #aaa1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag71 are pure unt\*$ crayon "w1 reproduc$ by z9c l9e et*+1 s t ^! draw+s may be safely entru/$ to ?is *eape/ & lea/ sympa!tic process2 ?\gh !re c be little d\bt t ! swell$ gelat9e w\ld r5d] full] ju/ice to "w ( ?is class4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,me*anical ,,aids ,,to ,,draughtsman%ip--,,draw+ ,,& ,,sket*+ ,,f ,,nature4 ,! v>i\s me?ods :]eby illu/rations may be made = reproduction h n[ be5 review$1 if n exhau/ively1 at lea/ ) suffici5t complet5ess to enable ! read] to />t mak+ ^? actual exp]im5ts 9 practice )\t :i* ! mo/ exact description is useless4 ,b ?us f>1 ) ! exception ( su* cases 9 :i* x is possible to use a photogram & reproduce x by half-tone process1 "s ability to draw1 "s c]ta9 am\nt ( native arti/ry on ! "p ( ! /ud5t1 has be5 tak5 = grant$4 ,n[1 :ile 9 wa% draw+s1 crayon1 or p5cil sket*es1 scrape bo>ds1 & ! l1 !re mu/ be "s am\nt ( in/9ctive arti/ic ability1 n only to guide ! h& 9 execution b to gov]n ta/e1 idea1 & selection2 yet 9 simple l9e draw+ ) ! p51 )\t any art k or te*nical ability1 x may be possible to produce a p]fectly reproducible draw+1 fulfill+ 9 e way ! ess5tial duty ( an illu/ration4 ,& if ?is be s1 !re is no reason :y v _m m writ]s %\ld n illu/rate :at !y h to say1 mak+ matt]s m intelligible & produc+ a m la/+ impression4 ,= ! purpose we %all require a photogram to comm5ce )1 & "h is a use & an application ( photography n always fully realis$ or appreciat$4 ,a man may be possess$ ( consid]able ta/e & judgm5t 9 ! select+ ( a view1 or p>ticul> aspect ( a build+1 & yet be utt]ly lack+ 9 ability to put d[n on pap] correctly :at he sees2 t is1 he is n a good draughtsman4 ,no p>ticul> ta/e 9 select+ a position may be ne$$1 or possess$1 & yet x may be desirable to portray an object1 or sc5e1 & x is to su* m5 t ! cam]a becomes s important z an indirect means to illu/ration4 ,indirect because1 z already po9t$ out1 ! reproduction ( a photogram by half-tone process 7! only way ( reproduc+ a photogram = type ma*9e pr9t+7 is att5d$ ) difficulties1 & _c always be resort$ to4 ,! half-tone block is n suitable = ! mo/ rapid pr9t+ 9 newspap]s1 c42 its results are n all t c\ld be wi%$2 x is m exp5sive & takes long] to make1 ap>t f su* o!r drawbacks po9t$ out 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,!re=e x is desirable to see h[ we c utilise a photogram s z to produce ! simpl]1 & (t5 m acceptable1 l9e block f x1 & d ?is by a m me*anical me?od ?an re-draw+1 or copy+ f x4 ,probably ! fir/ easy me?od t w sugge/ itself w be to make a trac+ f x on trac+ pap]1 & !n ) c>bon pap] transf] x to ! desir$ c>d1 c4 ,!re is no objection to su* a c\rse1 except t x is n always att5d$ ) equal satisfaction4 ,to beg9 )1 a photogram is (t5 s d>k 9 p>ts z to prev5t our see+ _m details ?r\gh ! trac+ pap]2 also1 h[ev] c>eful1 if we are trac+ a face1 ! slight deviation 9 trac+ ov] ! outl9es & features1 :i* is almo/ unavoidable1 & fur!r v>iations :5 aft]w>ds transf]r+1 w (t5 s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! lik5ess--presum+ a lik5ess to be requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/udy ,,( ,,trees4 ,crayon draw+ on ,lalanne pap]2 v]tical gra94 7,orig9al #h x #d-a_/b47 ,an avoidance ( error & sav+ ( "t may be effect$ by mak+ a fairly pale pr9t &1 hav+ fix$ x1 cov] ! back ) ! scribble ( a blue p5cil or *alk4 ,we c n[ place ?is d[n ^u ! c>d bo>d or pap] to be drawn ^u1 & c>efully g ov] ev]y?+ t is to be drawn ) a %>p h>d po9t1 :i* w leave a blue outl9e sket* :i* c !n be ink$ 91 & ! blue ne$ n be rubb$ out aft]w>ds z x w n appe> 9 reproduction4 ,9 ! same way ! orig9al photogram c be us$ ) a piece ( blue c>bon pap] in/ead ( *alk+ ! back ( ! pr9t4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to draw 9 all ! details ( a photogram1 b only su* sali5t po9ts z may be requir$ = illu/ration4 ,ano!r me?od is z foll[s3--,make ! photogram 9 ! ord9>y way1 b on pla9 salt$ pap]1 or ,matt silv] s5sitis$ pap]1 :i* has be5 previ\sly prep>$ by imm]sion = a %ort :ile 9 a solution ( ammonium *lorate1 #ajj gra9s2 gelat9e1 #aj gra9s2 wat]1 #aj ounces4 ,! photogram is to be fix$ & wa%$1 ton+ be+ unnecess>y2 :5 dry x c be drawn ^u ) a fix$ or indelible black ink1 c>efully putt+ 9 j :at p>ts are ne$$ & disreg>d+ ! re/ ( ! picture4 ,z soon z ! ink is dry1 ! pr9t is imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( m]cury bi*lorate & alcohol1 :5 ! photogram w gradually disappe>1 leav+ ! black ink l9es on pla9 :ite pap]4 ,no?+ m is requir$ beyond m\nt+ on c>d to fit x = reproduction4 ,( c\rse corrections c be made & /a9s1 c41 be remov$ ) ,*9ese :ite4 ,%\ld x be desir$ to re/ore ! blea*$ photogram1 x c be done by imm]s+ 9 a weak solution ( soda hyposulphite4 ,! =ego+ me?od is "o giv5 by ,mr4 ,c4,g4 ,h>p] 9 8 book ,draw+ = ,reproduction2 x appe>s1 h[ev]1 ne$lessly elaborate1 & ,i presume m]cury bi*loride is int5d$ & n bi*lorate4 ,ev5 ) c>e ! photographic image is sometimes sl[ to get rid (1 & w (t5 refuse altoge!r to leave ! cle> :ite blank we require4 ,illu/ration3 ,,advanc+ ,,twilight4 ,crayon draw+ on ,lalanne pap]2 horizontal gra94 7,orig9al #aj-a_/b x #f47 ,a photographic pr9t1 h[ev]1 on ei!r album5is$ or ,matt pap] w c]ta9ly disappe> utt]ly if subject$ to ! foll[+ ba?1 = :i* =mula ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,e4,j4 ,wall3-- ,iod9e #a gra9 ,iodide ( ,potassium #aj gra9s ,cyanide ( ,potassium #bj ,wat] #ajb ,?is is a simil> solution z is us$ to remove ink-/a9s f l951 c4 ,! pr9t may also be blea*$ by spong+ ov] ) ! foll[+ prep>ation1 recomm5d$ by ,w4 ,e!lb]t ,h5ry3-- ,saturat$ ,solution ,iod9e 9 ,alcohol #a "p ,cyanide ( ,potassium 9 ,wat] #b p>ts ,wat] #b ,aft] :i* ! pr9t is to be wa%$ well = a few m9utes4 ,( c\rse ! reason = us+ a fix$ ink 9 su* processes is obvi\s4 ,yet ano!r me?od on simil> l9es1 b ev5 simpl] 9 op]ation4 ,a c]ta9 photographic pr9t+ pap] call$ ,f]ro-prussiate pap] gives1 on exposure to light1 a blue image1 & only requires wa%+ 9 wat] to fix or make x p]man5t4 ,?is blue pr9t c n[ be us$ = draw+ ^u1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance1 only t ! photographic image1 be+ blue1 does n ne$ to be blea*$1 & w n int]f]e ) ! reproduction ( ! black l9es drawn ^u x4 ,if = any reason x be desir$ to get rid ( ! blue pr9t1 ?is c be blea*$ by imm]sion 9 wat] conta9+ a little common wa%+ soda4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bea*y ,,head4 ,crayon draw+ on ,mi*allet pap]1 "r side4 7,orig9al #h-a_/b x #e-a_/b47 ,?us f a photogram ( ev5 ! mo/ elaborate subject an absolutely correct draw+ may be made fit = reproduction )\t ! illu/rator hav+ any k or skill z a draughtsman4 ,by plac+ ! unskill$ 9 su* a position1 photography appe>s to h remov$ ! la/ ob/acle to ! m frequ5t use ( appropriate illu/ration2 & ! ease ) :i* bo? pleas+ & accurate outl9es c be made %\ld r5d] inexcusable ! %amefully untru?ful sket*es :i* e day appe> 9 newspap] & magaz9e4 ,! me?od ( draw+ on ?9 transf] pap] ) transf] ink1 & !n plac+ ! draw+ direct on to a z9c block1 h>dly ne$s to be ref]r$ to "h4 ,su* a simple means ( plac+ ! image on ! z9c & !n et*+ is necess>ily ( limit$ application1 nei!r r$uction nor enl>gem5t is possible1 & photography is n employ$2 x is m]ely a me*anical et*+ ( ! z9c 9 all p>ts n protect$ by ! ink image1 z transf]r$ f ! draw+ 9 transf] ink1 & is us$ = v rapid & imp]fect portraits1 c41 9 ! common] class ( newspap] "w4 ,& n[1 :atev] be ! special *>act]i/ics & advantages ( ! cam]a1 x is by no means my int5tion to advocate its use :]e ev5 only a mod]ate am\nt ( native arti/ic ability exi/s2 &1 9 all probability1 ! possessor ( su* ability w m frequ5tly pref] to use 8 sket*-book ?an 8 cam]a--& ?is is z x %\ld be4 ,!re is always some?+ ( fre%ness ab\t a fir/ orig9al sket*1 be x 9 :atsoev] m$ium1 a quality :i* ! mo/ c>eful copy fails to repeat4 ,?is br+s u to consid] :e!r x w\ld n be well to make our fir/ impressions or sket*es 9 su* a mann] t !y c\ld be h&$ to ! process work] "r away2 & we %all !n h to consid] :at m$ium & :at mat]ials are suitable = draw+ f life4 ,c]ta9ly ! ord9>y p5cil sket*1 z tak5 f ! pocket sket*-book1 w\ld n d4 ,9 ! fir/ place su* sket*es w\ld r>ely be vigor\s en\gh1 & :atev] vig\r !y possess$ w\ld be sadly dim9i%$ by rubb+ & ! pressure ( ! opposite page4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sussex ,,lane4 ,crayon draw+ on ,mi*allet pap]1 wrong side ( pap] us$4 7,orig9al #i x #d-a_/b47 ,v few h successfully drawn f life 9 p5 & ink4 ,"s few well-kn[n c>icaturi/s & figure draughtsm5 d s1 & atta9 success purely ?r\gh _! spl5did da% & _s1 b su* ?+s are =bidd5 ! av]age man ) :om ! p5 draw+ is a matt] ( delicate c>e4 ,b !re seems no reason :y ! li?ographic crayon on r\gh pap] %\ld n be ?us utilis$1 & slight t\*+s-up add$ aft]w>ds4 ,9 ?is way we might (t5 h ready = imm$iate reproduction a sket* conta9+ "s ( t spontane\s feel+ :i* is s noticeable :5 glanc+ ?r\gh ! pages ( an arti/'s sket*-book4 ,i h notic$ 9 "s a v false idea exi/+ ) reg>d to draught+ 9 a picture ) p5cil be=e us+ ! p5 & ink4 ,n[ ,i d n hesitate to say t ! c>eful sket*+ 9 ( ! subject 9 p5cil is ess5tial to all except ! g5ius1 & ,i am n writ+ = ! g5ius1 :o kn[s m ?an ,i c tell him & c disp5se ) :at he does n "k4 ,!re is no?+ to be a%am$ ( 9 draw+ fir/ 9 p5cil2 "o might p]haps be able to draw 9 q z correctly ) ! p51 b ! advantage ( a p5cil outl9e z a guide is t x gives m "t & leisure ?\ght = c>efully consid]+ ! p5 "w be=e putt+ x 94 ,by ?is c\rse !re is less dang] ( confus$ hesitat+ l9es4 ,f ! fir/ let ! ink l9es be cle>1 di/9ct1 & black2 no mess+ ab\t1 to quote ,mr4 ,blackburn's expressive phrase2 be decid$ z to ! sort ( %ad+ y are go+ to put 9 a c]ta9 place & put x !re1 once = all1 & don't t\* x aga94 ,avoid1 by con/ant self-re/ra9t1 ov]-elaboration or too mu* lab\r$ detail2 let ea* "p ( ! draw+ be f9i%$ f ! fir/1 & d n return to x & "w on x ov] & ov] aga94 ,& ! fir/ /ep to ensur+ ?is precision w be by c>efully p5cill+ ev]y?+1 indicat+ only :]e %ad+ is to come4 ,:5 ! p5 & ink draw+ is complet$1 c>efully erase ! p5cil m>ks ) bread crumbs2 d n use indi>ubb]1 :i* w be sure to abrade ! surface1 & probably break ! cont9uity ( ! ink l9es4 ,z we become m conv]sant ) ! possibilities ( ! z9co process1 an intimacy :i* c only be br\ght by an exp]i5ce built up ( exp]im5ts & failures1 we %all f9d x possible to sometimes leave 9 c]ta9 ( ! p5cill+ 7all[+1 ( c\rse1 = _! com+ up z black z ink71 b = ! beg9n] su* a practice is n recomm5d$1 z x is ne>ly sure to end 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ modifications ( recognis$ means :i* are possible to ! exp]i5c$--especially ! production ( :at may be t]m$ mix$ draw+s1 ei!r = reproduction 9 half-tone or l9e1 draw+s 9 :i* 9 ord] to produce less ord9>y effects1 wa%1 p51 & p5cil are employ$ comb9$ly2 b1 by ! "t my g5tle read] has rea*$ a /age :5 he may advis$ly attempt su* excursions f ! or?odox pa?1 he w h pass$ beyond ! sph]e ( ?is book & w be entitl$ to t lib]ty :i* art p]mits to its practition]s4 ,9 ! meantime let me ask ! /ud5t to repress = a "t 8 m l(ty aspirations1 & cont5t himself ) pati5tly le>n+ to produce--n a *>m+ sket*1 a delightful draw+1 b--a draw+ 9 :i* !re is z mu* ( arti/ic or pictorial m]it z is compatible ) ! requirem5ts ( ! process ( reproduction4 ,if y are draw+ pr(ess$ly = reproduction1 no blame c atta* to y if y be> 9 m9d dur+ ! production ( y\r draw+ ! necessity ( its mak+ a good block1 ) z little sacrifice ( arti/ic quality z may be4 ,an exalt$ position z an art is n necess>ily claim$ = draw+ or pa9t+ = reproduction2 b h[ mu* ( t difficult-to-be-def9$ quality :i* we call arti/ic exi/s 9 x1 dep5ds n s mu* ^u ! me?od1 ! means1 or ! application1 z x does on ^? :o "w at x & _! motive4 ,ap>t f ?is1 view$ f ! l[e/ aspect1 its utility is beyond "q1 & at ! pres5t "t x is an application ( f9e art %[+ ! mo/ vitality ( any4 ,! books devot$ to ! subject :i* h already be5 writt51 h p]haps giv5 too mu* att5tion to ! actual processes ( reproduction--!y h n appeal$ to ! illu/rator2 or else1 :ile pr(ess+ to be books ( in/ruction 9 practice1 h dealt r ) ! !ory ( illu/ration & ! comp>ison ( /yles4 ,x seem$ to me !re 0 ne$ = a simple description ( me?ods = ! enlight5+ ( a beg9n]3 an elem5t>y guide2 a fir/ /ep2 9 %ort1 a ,h&book ( illu/ration4 ,illu/ration ,higg9s' ,am]ican ,draw+ ,inks ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration 7,blacks & ,colors7 ,! ,/&>d ,,liquid ,,draw+ ,,inks ( ! ,_w ,!y are us$ & endors$ by ! lead+ ,illu/rators1 ,s*ools1 ,colleges & ,in/itutes4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! pr(essional draughtsm5 ( ?is c\ntry use no o!r draw+ ink4 ,! manufactur]s h nev] solicit$ a s+le te/imonial1 yet ! m]its ( ! inks h call$ =? endorsem5t f ! mo/ fam\s & exp]i5c$ us]s ( draw+ inks 9 v>i\s pr(essions1 real ma/]s ( _! arts4 ,! foll[+ are a few comm5dations3 ,,jo4 ,,p5nell1 ! celebrat$ p5 arti/ ( ,london1 ,eng4--,!re is no ink equal to x = half a doz5 reasons4 ,f ! "t y op5 ! bottle until y h put all its cont5ts on pap]1 y h no reason to f9d fault ) x4 ,a4,b4 ,,fro/1 ! fam\s ,am]ican illu/rator1 ,conv5t1 ,n4,j41 ,u4,s4,a4--,i use a great deal ( x1 & x is c]ta9ly ! be/4 ,e4,w4 ,,s5ior1 ,c4,e41 ,sydney1 ,au/ralia4--,i _c refra9 f lett+ y "k h[ ,i appreciate y\r ',am]ican ,draw+ ,ink4' ,x is an article long be5 look$ = by u pr(essional m54 ,9 my op9ion1 x is f> sup]ior to ,blank's ,liquid ,indian ,ink4 ,i h be5 us+ x = #b-a_/b ye>s n[1 & h dur+ t "t & up to ! pres5t ceas$ to h any o!r br& 9 ! (fice--s pleas$ am ,i ) x4 ,t4,b4 ,,norgate1 ,pat5t ,attorney1 ,victoria1 ,b4,c4--,i h us$ y\r inks = "s ye>s & f9d !m fir/-class4 ,,jacob ,,hauck1 ,draughtsman1 ,c\nty ,surveyor's ,(fice1 ,omaha1 ,neb4--,i h us$ hundr$s ( y\r ',g5]al ,inks1' & became a great admir] ( y\r unequall$ ink4 ,! ,inks are z foll[s3 ,,blacks--,two k9ds4 ,wat]pro( 7insoluble :5 dry7 & ,g5]al 7soluble74 ,,colors--,c>m9e1 ,sc>let1 ,v]milion1 ,brick ,r$1 ,blue1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,orange1 ,br[n1 ,indigo1 ,violet4 ,prices--,small bottles1 #be c5ts ea*2 half p9ts1 #b ea*2 p9ts1 #c4ge ea*1 & qu>ts1 #g ea*4 ,us]s are caution$ to refuse untri$ & exp]im5tal inks1 :i* may be claim$ z be+ equal to ! ,higg9s ,inks4 ,higg9s' ,am]ican ,draw+ ,inks 7 fir/ introduc$ 9 #ahhj1 & h h5ce /ood ! te/ ( "t unfail+ly4 ,e bottle is /rictly gu>ante$ f fir/ to la/ by ! manufactur]s4 ,color c>ds %[+ actual inks s5t free4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,= ,,sale ,,by ,,deal]s ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,_w 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*as4 ,m4 ,,higg9s ,,co41 ,orig9ators & ,manufactur]s ,inks & ,adhesives1 #afh to #agb ,eigh? ,/reet1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,london ,(fice1 #ajf ,*>+ ,cross ,road4 ,,! ,,fold+ ,,montauk ,,is ,,! ,,ideal ,,arti/s' ,,cam]a ,illu/ration ,x is fitt$ ) a p]fect l5s = 9 or outdoor1 snap%ot or "t exposures1 & :5 exam9$ & te/$ w %[ its sup]iority at once4 ,:5 fitt$ ) ,ross ,pat5t ,london-,made ,l5ses !y are p]fection itself1 & w make p]fect snap%ots ,,on ,a ,,gray ,,day ,,prices ,,f #be ,,to #aej ,s5d = catalogue & full description to ! mak] ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 #bd & #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/4 ,,new ,,york ,,photo-,,c]amics ,,by ,w4 ,,e!lb]t ,,h5ry ,,& ,h4 ,,sn[don ,,w>d ,photography appli$ to ! decoration ( ,*9a1 ,porcela91 ,placques1 ,art ,pott]y & ,c]amic & ,metallic ,surfaces 9 g5]al4 ,,illu/rat$444444 ,prices3 ,pap]1 #ej;c42 ,clo?1 #ge;c4 ,,po/ ,,paid1 ,,five ,,c5ts ,,extra ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 ,,publi%] #bd #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/4 ,,new ,,york ,photo ,li?ography 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,george ,,fritz ,,vice-,,director ,,( ,,! ,,c\rt ,,& ,,imp]ial ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,works ,,at ,,vi5na 99 99 99 99 99 ,,translat$ ,,by ,e4,j4 ,,wall ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,photographic ,,society 99 99 99 99 99 ,,conta9+ ,,six ,,full ,,page ,,plates ,,by ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,/ate ,,pr9t+ ,,works ,,at ,,vi5na ,?is book treats ( ! prep>ation ( ,collodions1 etc41 = ,negative "w1 prep>ation ( /ones & ( ,z9c plates & ! mak+ ( draw+s = ,photo-,li?ographic "w1 & includes special detail$ in/ructions = ! v>i\s mat]ials us$1 diagrams illu/rat+ ! be/ /udios & "w rooms1 etc4 ,,illu/rat$4444 ,clo? & ,gold1 #a4ej ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 ,,publi%] #bd #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/4 ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration ,,*ampion ,,c>d ,,& ,,pap] ,,co4 ,illu/ration ,,ea/ ,,pepp]ell1 ,,mass4 ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,illu/ration ,,surface-,,coat$ ,,pap]s 4444 ,,pla9 ,,& ,,coat$ ,,blanks ,,= ,,pr9t]s ,,li?ograph]s ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,pr9t$ ,,on ,,our ,,coat$ ,,pap] ,illu/ration ,hume's ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,cantilev] ,,enl>g+ ,,app>atus ,9 #cj ,sizes1 ,v>i\s ,patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,/&>d ,patt]n #e 94 ,cond5s]s1 = #c #d plate1 )\t objective1 #ce2 ) objective1 #de4 #h 94 ,cond5s]s1 = #eg plate1 )\t objective1 #fj2 ) objective1 #hj4 ,f9e ,screw ,motion1 = use ) non-rack+ l5ses4 ,price = all sizes1 #e4 ,goods ,te/$ ,?or\ghly & ,pack$ ,free ,g4 ,,g5n]t ,sole ,am]ican ,ag5t #bd & #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/4 ,,new ,,york ,adams ,illu/ration ,,brilliant ,,view ,,f9d]s ,illu/ration ,a p]fect1 bright & di/9ct image 9 direct sunlight1 or 9 a room :]e objects are h>dly disc]nible on ! gr\nd glass4 ,,/yle ,no4 #a1 ,,= ,,regul> ,,cam]as ,,/yle ,no4 #b1 ,,= ,,detective ,,cam]as 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4,a4 ,,leon>d1 ,civil ,eng9e]4 ,,newburgh1 ,n4,y41 ,oct4 #b1 #ahie4 ,! ,adams ,f9d] receiv$ ?is ,a4,m41 & ,i want to ?ank y = putt+ me 9 ! way ( gett+ su* a p]fect in/rum5t4 ,:ile ! price seem$ high1 ! results are s f> beyond any?+ t ,i deem$ possible1 t ,i am m ?an satisfi$4 ,i f9d t 9 ! brighte/ sunlight ! ,f9d] gives a beautiful1 cle> & brilliant image1 )\t any necessity ( %ad+4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 7,sign$7 ,j4,a4 ,,leon>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,adams ,brilliant ,f9d]s ,/yle ,no4 #a4 ,size ,no4 #a1 #d4ej ,size ,no4 #b1 #e4ej ,size ,no4 #c1 #f4ej ,/yle ,no4 #b4 ,size ,no4 #a1 #c4ej ,size ,no4 #b1 #d4ej ,size ,no4 #c1 #e4ej ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 ,sole ,ag5t #bd & #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,g5n]t ,,univ]sal ,h>d ,rubb] ,fix+ ,box ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b4 ,! ,g5n]t ,univ]sal ,fix+ ,box is a decid$ improvem5t ov] ! well-kn[n ,g5n]t ,h>d ,rubb] ,ba?4 ,! ,g5n]t ,univ]sal ,fix+ ,box is a sub/antial box ) cov]1 made entirely ( h>d rubb]1 & has ! foll[+ advantages ov] all o!r me?ods ( fix+3 ,x has ridges on all f\r sides1 ?us all[+ any size plate to be fitt$ 7see cut ,no4 #b74 ,! plate /&s half an in* above ! ridges1 all[+ ! op]ator to remove x )\t t\*+ ! film1 z ! top ( ! box above ! ridges fl>es out suffici5tly to admit ! f+]s to rea* ! side ( ! plate4 ,x fixes m plates4 ,! cov] prev5ts du/ & light f ent]+ ! box4 ,! hypo is always clean & fre%4 ,all impurities s9k to ! bottom & ! plate _c t\* !m4 ,x saves plates4 ,no spots possible on y\r negatives4 ,x saves spott+ & ret\*+4 ,x saves y\r temp]4 ,! ,g5n]t ,univ]sal ,fix+ ,box is made 9 two sizes3 ,no4 #a all[s ( tw5ty #c-a_/dd-a_/d1 #d-a_/de-a_/b or #d-a_/df-a_/b1 or elev5 #f-a_/bh-a_/b plates be+ fix$ at "o "t3 price1 #d4ej4 ,no4 #b all[s ( tw5ty-two #de1 #eg or #eh1 or elev5 #haj plates be+ fix$ at "o "t2 price1 #e4jj4 ,buy a ,g5n]t ,univ]sal ,fix+ ,box1 made ( pure h>d rubb]1 & save y\r hypo1 plates & temp]1 by s5d+ an ord] to y\r deal] = a ,,univ]sal4 ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 ,manufactur] #bd-bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/reet ,,new ,,york ,,c>butt',s ,half-,tone ,process ,plates ,specially made = ,photo-,et*]s on ,copp]1 ,brass or ,z9c1 giv+ negatives equal if n ,sup]ior to ,wet ,collodion ,plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,c>butt ,,manufactur] ,,( ,dry ,plates1 ,films ,,& ,,photographic ,,specialties ,,wayne ,,junction ,,philadelphia4 ,,price ,,li/--,pla91 ,or?o*romatic & ,/ripp]s ,sizes4 ,p] ,doz4 ,p] ,doz4 ,no4 ( ,pla9 ,/ripp]s4,doz4 or ,or?o4 9 ,case4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #c-a_/d #d-a_/d #j #de #j #gj #cf #d #e #j #fe #j #ij #cf #d-c_/d #f-a_/b #a #jj #a #be #bd #e #g #a #aj #a #de #bd #e #h #a #be #a #fe #bd #f-a_/b #h-a_/b #a #fe #b #bj #ab #h #aj #b #dj #c #bj #ab #aj #ab #c #hj #e #jj #d #aa #ad #e #jj #f #fe #c #ad #ag #i #jj #ab #jj #b ,,c>butt',s ,,fluid ,,/ripp+ ,,m$ium ,:i* has be5 arriv$ at aft] a s]ies ( exhau/ive exp]im5ts1 is de/9$ to entirely sup]s$e ! old gelat9e processes4 ,x is suppli$ already prep>$ f ! factory4 ,x is appli$ cold1 sets & dries quickly1 =m+ a pellicle negative1 ?91 t\gh & flexible1 & may be pr9t$ f ei!r side4 ,full p>ticul>s = use accompany ea* package4 ,price3 ,p9t bottles1 #ge;c42 qu>t bottles1 #a4ce2 p] gallon1 #e4 ,te/imonial ,we h be5 9 ! photo-engrav+ bus9ess ov] ?ree ye>s4 ,us$ wet-plates = two ye>s1 & y\r process-plates = ! la/ ye> on half-tone "w4 ,ea* lot seem$ uni=m ) ! o!rs & work$ well4 ,h n _h a wet-plate ba? 9 ! place1 ev5 = l9e "w 7or half-tone ei!r71 = ov] a ye>1 & h turn$ out j z good half-tone "w z c be done1 s our cu/om]s say4 ,x is z good z we c\ld ev] get ) wet plates4--,h4444 ,,eng4 ,,co41 p] ,g4,c4,a4 ,,write ,,to ,,factory ,,= ,,circul>s ,,john ,,c>butt1 ,,key/one ,,dry ,,plate ,,& ,,film ,,works ,wayne ,junction1 ,philadelphia ,w9sor ,newton's ,,wat]pro( ,,indian ,,ink ,) ,pat5t ,/opp] & ,quill ,fe$] ,?is new ,prep>ation has be5 introduc$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ^? ,arti/s1 ,ar*itects & ,design]s :o wi% to lay wa%es ( color ov] draw+s 9 ink4 ,unlike _m s-call$ ,indelible ,inks1 ,messrs4 ,w9sor ,newton's ,wat]pro( ,indian ink1 aft] x has dri$1 w be f\nd absolutely unaffect$ by subsequ5t wett+4 ,! l9es ( ! draw+1 f ! ?icke/ to ! ?9ne/1 rema9 undi/urb$1 & ! purity ( ! mo/ delicate color-wa% is reta9$ 9 an unsulli$ condition4 ,f9ally1 x may be m5tion$ t ,messrs4 ,w9sor & ,newton's prep>ation is made f g5u9e ,indian ,ink1 & n1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 f an imitative article4 ,w9sor & ,newton's ,wat]pro( ,ink is made 9 #ba diff]5t colors4 ,sample c>d on application4 ,illu/ration ,,w9sor ,,newton1 ,limit$ #hh ,fulton ,/reet ,ra?bone ,place ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london4 ,,process ,,illu/ration ,,practical ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,practical ,,work]s 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ang]] ,,scrap] ,,bo>ds ,,eight ,,v>ieties4 ,sample ,packet1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,ang]] ,,li?ographic ,,gra9$ ,,pap]s ,,f\r ,,v>ieties4 ,sample ,packet1 #f;d4 ,,gillot ,,scrap] ,,bo>ds ,,eight ,,v>ieties4 ,sample ,packet1 #as4 #b;d4 ,,p5rose',s ,,new ,,/ipple ,,bo>ds ,imitat+ ! ,li?ographic ,h& ,/ipple ,,two ,,k9ds4 ,sample ,packet1 #f;d4 ,,goodall',s ,,bri/ol ,,bo>ds ,,li?ographic ,,transf] ,,pap]s ,,trac+ ,,transf] ,,pap]s ,,lem]ci]',s ,,inks & ,,crayons ,gillott's ,p5s4 ,f9e ,sable ,bru%es 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ,squ>es1 ,set ,squ>es4 ,trac+ ,po9ts1 ,rul+ ,p5s1 ,magnify+ & ,dim9i%+ ,glasses 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ,mat]ials1 ,tools1 ,*emicals1 & ,appliances = e ,bran* ( ,photo-me*anical ,reproduction ,catalogue1 ,sixp5ce1 ,po/-free 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p5rose ,,co4 ,! ,photo ,process ,/ores #h;a1 ,,upp] ,,bak] ,,/41 ,cl]k5well1 ,,london ,f4,w4 ,,devoe ,c4,t4 ,,raynolds ,,co ,f4,w4 ,,devoe ,c4,t4 ,,raynolds ,,co ,,manufactur]s ,,( ,arti/s' ,mat]ials ,illu/ration ,,supplies ,,= ,oil & ,wat] ,color ,pa9t+ ,pa/el & ,m9iature ,pa9t+ ,*>coal1 ,crayon & ,lead ,p5cil ,draw+ ,et*+1 ,ornam5t+ & ,design+ ,mat]ials = ,tape/ry ,pa9t+ ,pyrography & ,*9a ,pa9t+ ,mat]ials = ,p5 & ,ink ,draw+ ,a ,specialty ,liquid ,inks1 ,cr[ ,quill ,p5s1 ,process ,pap]s1 ,r\lettes1 ,f4,w4 ,devoe ,co4's ,sup]ior ,liquid ,*9ese ,:ite & ,indian ,ink1 ,p5 & ,ink ,c>ton1 ,bank ,note ,bri/ol1 be/ = ,black & ,:ite ,"w1 ,scrat* ,bo>d1 etc41 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,complete ,l9e ( ,ross's ,h& ,/ipple ,process ,pap]s at ,:olesale & ,retail 99 99 99 99 99 ,fulton & ,william ,/reets1 ,new ,york1 & #agf ,r&olph ,/reet1 ,*icago ,,g5n]t ,h>d ,rubb] ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,photograph]s' ,,develop+ & ,,fix+ ,,di%es ,! ,/&>d ( ,excell5ce 99 99 99 99 99 ,ea* ,piece ,m>k$ ,,g5n]t ,manufactur]1 ,new ,york ,a4,b4 ,flem+ ,co4 7,,limit$7 ,scotti% ,pr9t+ ,ink ,manufactory ,c>ol9e ,p>k1 ,,ed9burgh ,w>eh\se2 #ae ,:itefri>s ,/41 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,f9e ,color ,dep>tm5t2 #aja ,lead5hall ,/41 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,manufactur]s ( ,e ,k9d ( ,black & ,color$ ,inks ,,half-,,tone ,,pr9t+ ,,inks ,,9 ,,black ,,& ,,art ,,%ades ,a ,,specialty 7,any ,%ade ,made to ,ord]7 ,our ,half-,tone ,inks w n fill up1 d n conta9 ,e>?-,colors1 & are p]man5t ,photo*romic ,pr9t+ 9 ,?ree ,colors ,,! ,,?ree ,,neutral ,,colors 7,r$1 ,blue & ,yell[7 ,,specially ,,prep>$ ,,& ,,gu>ante$ ,,absolutely ,,p]man5t ,%ades ,v]ifi$ by ,lovibond's ,pat5t ,t9tomet] ,,high-,,class ,,collotype ,,inks ,,( ,,all ,,%ades ,,! ,,brighton ,,cam]a ,pat5t$ #ahha-hi & ,pat5t appli$ = ,illu/ration3 ,,z ,a ,,front ,,focus4 ,! ,brighton is ! fir/ desir$ /ep =w>d 9 view cam]as = sev]al ye>s1 & c ju/ly be call$ p]fect1 z x has all ! features s highly priz$ by ,arti/s & ,view ,photograph]s1 & is also adapt$ = ,/udio use ( ! amateur or arti/4 #a/4 ,x is a ,front ,focus ,cam]a4 #b;d4 ,x is a ,back ,focus ,cam]a z well4 #c;d4 ,x has m sw+ ?an any o!r ,cam]a4 #d?4 ,x has a self-c5t]+1 ris+ & fall+ front4 #e?4 ,x has ,rack & ,p9ion 7=w>d7 & slide 7backw>d7 movem5t4 #f?4 ,x has a new front bo>d feature1 & an extra l>ge front bo>d4 #g?4 ,x c be us$ ) an extremely %ort or long focus l5s & no l5s is s wide 9 its angle t x c take 9 any "p ( ! b$4 #h?4 ,:ile no ,cam]a is m rigid :5 ! back clamp is set1 x c be tak5 entirely ap>t by rev]s+ ! tight5+ lev]4 #i?4 ,x has an improvem5t :i* all[s ! b$ to be rais$ )\t ! screw cat*+4 #aj?4 ,x c be set up & tak5 d[n quick] & easi] ?an any ,cam]a4 ,add to ?is absolutely p]fect workman%ip1 mat]ials & f9i%1 & y h ! ,brighton ,cam]a1 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury product4 ,illu/ration3 ,,z ,a ,,back ,,focus4 ,,price ,,li/4--,lea!r ,bell[s1 ,d\ble ,sw+1 includ+ "o ,xtralite ,plate ,hold] & ,c>ry+ ,case1 #eg1 #bd4jj2 #eh1 #bf4jj2 #f-a_/bh-a_/b1 #bh4jj2 #haj1 #cj4jj2 #aaad1 #dj4jj2 #adag1 #fj4jj4 ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 ,manufactur] #bd #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration ,,ross ,,l5ses ,,ross ,,zeiss ,,ana/igmats ,,ross-,,go]z ,,d\ble ,,ana/igmats ,illu/ration ,! ,be/ ,photographic ,objectives = all purposes4 ,sev]al s]ies especially adapt$ to ,reproductions4 ,illu/ration ,catalogue on ,application to ,g4 ,,g5n]t ,sole ,am]ican ,ag5t #bd #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration ,!re are ,,wa%+ ,,boxes ,,& ,,boxes ,t are ,suppos$ to ,wa%1 ,b ,don't ,d ,x ,illu/ration ,! ,g5n]t ,univ]sal ,wa%+ ,box ,illu/ration ,,wa%es ,,clean ,,& ,,quick ,no4 #a ,holds #bb ,plates #c-a_/d #d-a_/d or #d-a_/d #f-a_/b--aa ,plates #f-a_/b #h-a_/b4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,no4 #b ,holds #bb ,plates #d #e1 #e #g1 or #e #h--aa ,plates #h #aj4 ,price1 #b4be4 ,g4 ,,g5n]t1 ,sole ,mfr41 #bd & #bf ,ea/ #ac? ,/4 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,photogravure ,,co41 at #acg ,we/ #bc;d ,/reet1 makes p]fect pictures = arti/ic1 sci5tific & comm]cial purposes1 by special1 inimitable photogravure1 photogelat9e1 & half-tone block processes4 ,x has a gall]y fitt$ to produce negatives ( all sizes up to #bd #cj1 by ! be/ or?o*romatic me?ods4 ,f ?is dep>tm5t to ! pack+ room1 !re is n a phase ( any "w1 h[ev] trivial app>5tly1 n c>efully att5d$ ) ! mo/ zeal\s sup]vision4 ,f ,k+'s ,h&book ( ,new ,york ,city 99 99 99 99 99 ,photographs 9 ,colors ,mr4 ,edw>ds spoke f ! small /age at ! end ( ! exhibition hall1 & aft] an int]e/+ rsum ( ! _m 'processes' by :i* pictures & illu/rations are n[ made ) ! aid ( photography1 ! mo/ important ( :i* he expla9$ 9 lucid & n too te*nical phraseology1 he approa*$ ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( 8 disc\rse1 ! mod]n me?od ( ?ree-color pr9t+1 :i* has1 "u ! ,new ,york ,photogravure ,company1 rea*$ s high a /ate ( p]fection & result$ 9 su* surpris+ly attractive results4 ,f ! ,mail & ,express1 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sun ,,& ,,%ade reproduces1 n only ! mo/ notable pa9t+s & portraits1 b ! be/ "w ( amateur & pr(essional photograph]s4 ,if x gave no?+ b ! latt] "w1 x w\ld be des]v+ ( ! mo/ lib]al patronage t x receives2 b x is an admirable record ( ! greate/ pa9t+s at ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ( liv+ ,am]ican play]s1 ( portraits ( celebrat$ ,am]icans1 ( great ,am]ican pa9t]s1 ) reproductions ( _! "w1 & x is a monum5t ( ! ,new ,york ,photogravure ,co41 :i* is a monum5t ( arti/ic ,new ,york4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,our frontispiece1 a ,collotype by ,s4,b4 ,bolas & ,co41 is an excell5t example ( ?is process4 #b ,! copp] deposit$ by electro-deposition is little m ?an a ?9 sk9 ( metal1 :i* is !n back$ by a block ( type-metal ( ! same ?ickness z ! usual lett]press type4 #c ,see rem>ks on pr9t+ 9 ,*ap4 ,x4 #d ,! t]m tone1 z us$ "h & else:]e ?r\gh\t ?is book1 is a ^w univ]sally employ$ 9 art to express v>y+ degrees ( lightness & d>kness irrespective ( col\r4 ,! ^w %ade1 z commonly us$ & accept$1 comes ne>e/ to its mean+1 b t %ade ref]s r to v>y+ t9t ( local col\r1 z :5 "o says a beautiful %ade ( p9k4 ,%ade is also us$ to express ! rev]se ( light1 z light & %ade4 ,objects 9 nature1 :5 repres5t$ 9 correct relation%ip ( lightness & d>kness1 are said to be 9 correct relative tone4 #e ,ref] to p4 #gb4 #f ,"h1 ) all due def]5ce1 ,i may draw att5tion to ! unpleas+ effect ( an illu/ration ( elliptical or cu%ion %ape1 especially :5 mix$ ) lett]press on a book page1 ! g5]al s*eme ( :i* is squ>e or rectangul>4 ,unless an irregul> %ape is = a special purpose desirable1 x w be saf] to keep ! illu/rations to a rectangul> =m4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcrib]s ,notes3 ,fix$ v>i\s commas & full-/ops4 ,p4#af4 'a/i/' *ang$ to 'arti/'4 ,p4#cb4 'ana' *ang$ to '&'4 ,p4#aji4 'reveiw$' *ang$ to 'review$'4 ,add3 ,cam]a3 to 'be be rais$'1 *ang$ to 'be rais$'4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------