,transcrib]'s notes3 ,italics 9 ! orig9al "w are "h repres5t$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face text is repres5t$ betwe5 equal signs4 ,small capitals f ! orig9al "w are "h repres5t$ by ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,detection ( ! ,common ,food ,adult]ants ,,by ,,edw9 ,m4 ,,bruce ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,indiana ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,london ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aj ,,orange ,,/reet1 ,,leice/] ,,squ>e1 ,w4,c4 #aijg ,copyright1 #aijg ,,by ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,co4 ,,preface ,because ( ! rec5t agitation ( ! pure food "q ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 heal? (fic]s1 food-inspectors1 & *emi/ry tea*]s & /ud5ts are con/antly call$ ^u to te/ ! purity ( v>i\s foods4 ,& ?is usually involves no?+ m ?an mak+ simple qualitative te/s = adult]ants4 ,9 view ( ! fact t !re is n[ no text or manual devot$ exclusively to ! qualitative exam9ation ( foods1 ?is little book is (f]$ to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is "w4 ,its aim is to br+ toge!r 9 "o small book ! be/ & simple/ qualitative te/s = all ! common food adult]ants4 ,x conta9s a brief /atem5t ( ! adult]ants likely to be f\nd & ! reason = _! use4 ,x is hop$ t x w be specially valuable to *emi/ry tea*]s 9 furni%+ excell5t supplem5t>y "w 9 qualitative analysis4 ,b x is hop$ t x w f9d its greate/ usefulness 9 contribut+ some?+ t[>d ! great pure food re=m4 ,x is impossible to make due m5tion ( all ! s\rces f :i* ^! v>i\s te/s h be5 collect$1 b :]e possible1 ! au?or's "n has be5 associat$ ) ! te/4 ,,t]re ,,haute1 ,,ind4 ,m>* #be1 #aijg4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,dairy ,,products #a ,milk--,adult]ations (--,color+ matt]s--,annatto--,c>amel-- ,coal-t> colors--,pres]vatives--,=maldehyde--,bor ic acid--,salicylic acid--,gelat9--,/>*4 ,butt]--,adult]ations (--,color+ matt]--,prep>ation ( sample --,annatto--,coal-t> colors--,saffron--,turm]ic--,m>igold--,p rocess or r5ovat$ butt]--,oleom>g>9e--,cottonse$ oil4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,meats ,,& ,,eggs #h ,adult]ations (--,fre% & smok$--,pres]vatives--,potassium nitrate--,boric acid--,sulfur\s acid--,salicylic acid--,b5zoic acid-- ,cann$--,pres]vatives 7same z ^? ( fre% & smok$ meat7-- ,heavy metals--,color+ matt] 7see "u sausages1 etc47--,fi%1 salt1 dri$ & oy/]s--,pres]vatives--,boric acid 7same "u smok$ & fre% meat7--,color+ matt]--,anil9e r$ & co*9eal- c>m9e--,9 sausages1 *opp$ meat1 prep>ations & corn$ meat-- ,/>*--,9 sausages1 devil$ meat & simil> products--,diseas$ meats--,horse-fle% 9 sausages & 9 m9ce-meat4 ,eggs--,te/ = age4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,c]eal ,,products #af ,fl\r--,adult]ation (--,alum--,copp] sulfate--,sub/itut$ fl\rs --,g5]al te/--,corn meal 9 :eat fl\r--,:eat fl\r 9 rye fl\r --,ergot 9 rye fl\r4 ,bread--,adult]ations (--,alum--,copp] sulfate4 ,g+] ,cake--,adult]ations (--,/ann\s *lorid4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,leav5+ ,,mat]ials #bj ,bak+ ,p[d]s--,adult]ations (--,t>t>ic acid 7free or comb9$7--,t>t>ic acid 7free7--,sulfates 7calcium1 etc47--,gypsum-- ,ammonium salts--,alum4 ,cream ( ,t>t>--,adult]ations (--,t>t>ic acid 7free or comb9$7--,alum9ium salts--,ammonia--,e>?y mat]ials4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,cann$ ,,& ,,bottl$ ,,vegetables #bd ,adult]ations (--,pres]vatives--,prep>ation ( sample-- ,=maldehyde--,sulfur\s acid & ! sulfites--,salicylic acid-- ,sac*>9--,b5zoic acid--,color+ matt]--,co*9eal--,coal-t> dyes --,copp] salts--,9 gre5 pickles1 beans1 peas1 etc4--,turm]ic--,9 mix$ pickles--,heavy metals 7o!r ?an copp]1 same z "u meats7--,soak$ vegetables--,peas1 beans & corn--,alum--,9 pickles-- ,exam9ation ( ! c or box4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fruits ,,& ,,fruit ,,products #cc ,adult]ations (--,pres]vatives--,prep>ation ( sample--,salicylic acid--,b5zoic acid--,sac*>9--,color+ matt]--,coal-t> dyes-- ,co*9eal--,acid mag5ta--,apple juice 9 jellies made f small fruits--,detection 7see te/ = />*7--,/>*--,9 jellies1 jams & su* products--,gelat9--,9 jellies--,ag> ag>--,heavy metals-- ,ars5ic4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,flavor+ ,,extracts #db ,lemon ,extract--,lemon oil--,citral--,oil ( citronella--,t>t>ic or citric acid--,me?yl alcohol--,color+ matt]--,turm]ic--,coal-t> colors4 ,vanilla ,extract--,adult]ations (--,prelim9>y te/--,alkali-- ,=eign res9s--,c>amel--,tann9--,c\m>94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sac*>9e ,,products #di ,honey--,adult]ations (--,g5]al obs]vations--,cane sug>-- ,comm]cial glucose syrup--,gelat94 ,maple ,syrup--,adult]ations (--,g5]al exam9ation--,glucose4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,spices #ea ,mu/>d--,adult]ations (--,fl\r--,color+ matt]--,turm]ic-- ,m>tius yell[ or analog\s coal-t> color+ matt]--,cay5ne pepp]4 ,pepp]--,adult]ations (--,g5]al te/--,gr\nd olive /ones-- ,cay5ne pepp]4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,v9eg> #ee ,adult]ations (--,prep>ation ( sample--,g5]al obs]vations-- ,free m9]al acids--,g5]al te/s--,sulfuric acid--,hydro*loric acid 7free7--,malic acid--,color+ matt]--,c>amel--,coal-t> colors--,9 w9e v9eg>--,free t>t>ic acid--,9 w9e v9eg>4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fats ,,& ,,oils #fj ,l>d--,adult]ations (--,cottonse$ oil--,cottonse$ /e>9--,beef /e>94 ,olive ,oil--,adult]ations (--,g5]al te/--,cottonse$ oil--,peanut oil--,sesame oil--,rape oil4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,bev]ages #fe ,c(fee--,adult]ations (--,g5]al te/--,color+ matt]-- ,imitation c(fee beans--,*icory4 ,tea--,adult]ations (--,=eign leaves--,exhau/$ tea leaves--,lie tea--,fac+--,cate*u4 ,,pure ,,food ,,te/s ,,*apt] ,i ,,dairy ,,products ,,milk ,milk is adult]at$ by wat]+1 remov+ ! cream or by add+ "s =eign sub/ance4 ,=maldehyde1 boric acid or salicylic acid may be add$ to pres]ve ! milk4 ,annatto1 c>amel or "s coal-t> dye is add$1 sometimes to improve ! color ( ! milk1 & at o!r times to cov] up traces ( wat]+4 ,gelat9 & />* are add$ = ! same purpose1 ?\gh !y are n frequ5tly us$4 ,,artificial ,,color+ ,,matt] ,,annatto ,add acid sodium c>bonate to a sample ( ! milk until x %[s a slight alkal9e reaction4 ,imm]se a piece ( filt]-pap] & leave x 9 = #ab or #ae h\rs4 ,if annatto is pres5t1 !re w be a r$di%-yell[ /a9 on ! pap]4 ,,c>amel ,lea*'s ,me?od4--,w>m #aej cc4 ( ! sample & add #e cc4 ( acetic acid1 !n cont9ue heat+ x ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t1 /irr+ :ile x is be+ heat$4 ,sep>ate ! curd by ga!r+ x ) ! /irr+ rod or by p\r+ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,press out all ! :ey f ! curd & mac]ate ! latt] = sev]al h\rs 7#aj to #ab h\rs7 9 #ej cc4 ( e!r4 ,x is be/ to d ?is 9 a tightly cork$ flask1 %ak+ x frequ5tly4 ,if ! milk 0 uncolor$ or color$ ) annatto ! curd :5 ?us treat$ w be :ite4 ,if ! curd is a dull br[n color c>amel 0 probably us$ to color ! milk4 ,confirm its pres5ce by %ak+ a portion ( ! curd ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4bj7 & g5tly heat+4 ,if ! acid solution turns blue :ile ! curd does n *ange its color1 c>amel 0 us$ to color ! milk4 7,rememb] t ! e!r-extract$ curd mu/ be br[n47 ,,coal ,,t> ,,colors ,ly?goe's ,me?od4--,mix 9 a porcela9 vessel ab\t #ae cc4 ea* ( ! sample ( milk & hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4bj7 & break up ! curd into co>se lumps by %ak+ g5tly4 ,if an azo-color 0 us$ to color ! milk ?is curd w be p9k1 b ! curd ( normal milk w be :ite or yell[i%4 ,,/>* ,! pres5ce ( />* 9 milk may be detect$ by heat+ a small quantity ( ! milk to boil+4 ,:5 x has cool$ add a drop ( iod9 9 potassium iodid1 & if />* is pres5t !re w be a blue coloration4 ,,gelat9 ,a4 ,w4 ,/okes' ,me?od4--,dissolve #a "p by weight ( m]cury 9 #b p>ts ( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4db74 ,add #bd times ?is volume ( wat]4 ,mix equal volumes 7ab\t #aj cc47 ( ?is reag5t & ! milk or cream1 %ake well & add #bj cc4 ( wat]4 ,%ake aga9 &1 aft] /&+ #e m9utes1 filt]4 ,:5 a great quantity ( gelat9 is pres5t ! filtrate w be opalesc5t in/ead ( p]fectly cle>4 ,to a little ( ?is filtrate 9 a te/ tube add ! same volume ( a saturat$ aque\s solution ( picric acid4 ,if mu* gelat9 is pres5t a yell[ precipitate is produc$1 small] am\nts produce a cl\d9ess4 ,if ! filtrate is p]fectly cle> gelat9 is abs5t & picric acid may be add$ )\t produc+ any noticeable effect4 ,,pres]vatives ,,=maldehyde ,hehn]'s ,sulfuric ,acid ,te/4--,put #aj cc4 ( ! suspect$ milk 9 a wide te/ tube & p\r c>efully d[n ! side ( ! incl9$ tube ab\t #e cc4 comm]cial sulfuric acid s t x =ms a sep>ate lay] at ! bottom4 ,a violet coloration at ! union ( ! two liquids indicates ! pres5ce ( =maldehyde4 ,if ! comm]cial acid is n available1 ! pure acid may be us$1 b a few drops ( f]ric *loride mu/ be add$4 ,sometimes ! *>r+ effect ( ! acid makes x advisable to use ! foll[+ te/3 ,hydro*loric ,acid ,te/4--#b cc4 ( #aj p] c5t f]ric *loride is add$ to "o lit] ( comm]cial hydro*loric acid sp4 gr4 #a4b 7or any quantity 9 ?is proportion74 ,to #aj cc4 ( ?is mixture add #aj cc4 ( ! milk to be te/$4 ,heat ! mixture sl[ly ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t1 9 an evaporat+ di%1 b agitat+ x all ! :ile to prev5t ! curd collect+ 9 "o mass4 ,if =maldehyde is pres5t1 !re w be a violet coloration4 ,x is said t by ?is te/ z small a quantity ( =maldehyde z #a "p 9 #bej1jjj p>ts ( milk c be detect$4 ,x is n s s5sitive 9 s\r milk4 ,,boric ,,acid ,turm]ic ,pap] ,te/4--,inc9]ate "s ( ! milk1 & acidulate ! a% ) a v few drops ( dilute hydro*loric acid & aft]w>ds dissolve x 9 a few drops ( wat]4 ,place a /rip ( turm]ic pap] 9 ?is solution = a few m9utes1 !n remove & dry x4 ,if boric acid ei!r free or comb9$ is pres5t1 ! turm]ic pap] w be turn$ to a *]ry-r$ color4 ,ano!r way ( mak+ ?is te/4--,u4 ,s4 ,dep4 ( ,agr41 ,div4 ( ,*em41 ,bul4 #fe1 p4 #aaj3 ,make /rongly alkal9e ) lime wat]1 #be grams ( ! milk1 & evaporate to dryness on ! wat] ba?4 ,de/roy ! organic matt] by ignit+ ! residue4 ,dilute ) #ae cc4 ( wat] & acidify ) hydro*loric acid4 ,!n add #a cc4 ( ! conc5trat$ acid4 ,dip a piece ( delicate turm]ic pap] 9 ! solution2 & if borax or boric acid is pres5t1 x w h a *>act]i/ic r$ color :5 dry4 ,ammonia *anges x to a d>k blue gre51 b ! acid w re/ore ! color4 7,turm]ic pap] may be prep>$ by dipp+ pieces ( smoo?1 ?9 filt] pap] 9 a solution ( p[d]$ turm]ic 9 alcohol47 ,,salicylic ,,acid 7,?is is n (t5 us$ z a pres]vative ( milk47 ,lea* sugge/s ! foll[+ me?od = its detection4--,dissolve "o gram ( m]cury 9 #b grams ( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4db7 & !n add to ! solution ! same volume ( wat]4 ,add #a cc4 ( ?is reag5t to #ej cc4 ( ! milk to be te/$1 & %ake & filt]4 ,! p]fectly cle> filtrate is %ak5 ) e!r & ! e!r extract evaporat$ to dryness4 ,!n add a drop ( f]ric *lorid solution1 & a violet color w be produc$ if salicylic acid is pres5t4 ,,butt] ,butt] is (t5 color$ ) annatto1 saffron1 turm]ic1 m>igold or coal-t> colors4 ,by a c]ta9 process1 /ale or old butt] is sometimes work$ ov] & made to appe> fre% = a "t4 ,?is is sold "u ! "n ( 8process0 or 8r5ovat$0 butt]4 ,=eign fats l cottonse$ oil1 sesame oil1 or oleom>g>9e may be sub/itut$ = or add$ to pure butt]4 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,m>t9's ,te/4--,add #b p>ts ( c>bon bisulfid1 a little at a "t & ) frequ5t %ak+1 to #ae p>ts ( alcohol4 ,%ake #be cc4 ( ?is solution ) #e grams ( ! butt]1 & let /& = "s "t4 ,! c>bon bisulfid dissolves out ! fatty matt] & settles to ! bottom4 ,! alcohol rema9s on top & w dissolve out any artificial colors t may be pres5t4 ,if only a little color+ matt] is pres5t use m ( ! butt]4 ,,annatto ,evaporate a portion ( ! extract to dryness & add sulfuric acid to ! residue4 ,if annatto is pres5t a gre5i%-blue color =ms4 ,%\ld a p9k t9t result ! pres5ce ( a coal-t> color is to be suspect$4 ,,coal-,,t> ,,colors ,^! colors w dye wool or silk if pieces ( ! fib] are boil$ 9 ! dilut$ alcoholic extract1 :i* has fir/ be5 acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! normal butt] color+ matt] w n dissolve :5 ?us treat$4 ,geisl]'s ,me?od4--,to a few drops ( ! cl>ifi$ fat on a porcela9 surface1 add a v little full]s' e>?4 ,if a p9k to violet-r$ coloration is produc$ 9 a %ort "t ! pres5ce ( an azo-color is indicat$4 ,,saffron ,:5 saffron is pres5t1 nitric acid colors ! alcoholic extract gre51 & hydro*loric acid colors x r$4 ,,turm]ic ,add ammonia to ! alcoholic extract1 & if x turns br[n x indicates ! pres5ce ( turm]ic4 ,,m>igold ,add silv] nitrate to ! extract1 & if x turns black ! pres5ce ( m>igold is indicat$4 ,,process ,,or ,,r5ovat$ ,,butt] ,heat a little ( ! suspect$ butt] 9 a spoon or di%1 & if x is process butt] x w sputt]1 b n foam mu*4 ,make ! te/ also ) "s butt] kn[n to be pure & fre%4 ,hess & ,doolittle ,te/4--,melt "s ( ! butt] 7say #dj grams7 at ab\t #ej ,c4 ,if ! butt] is pure & fre% ! melt$ fat w cle> up almo/ z soon z x is melt$1 :ile ! fat ( process butt] rema9s turbid = q a :ile4 ,aft] mo/ ( ! curd has settl$1 decant z mu* z possible ( ! fat4 ,p\r ! rema9d] on a wet filt]4 ,add a few drops ( acetic acid to ! wat] t runs ?r\gh f ! filt]1 & boil4 ,if x 0 ord9>y butt] ?is filtrate w become milky1 b if process butt] a floccul5t precipitate w =m4 ,,oleom>g>9e ,imm]se a te/ tube1 conta9+ "s ( ! filt]$ fat1 9 boil+ wat] = #b m9utes4 ,make a mixture ( #a "p glacial acetic acid1 #f p>ts e!r1 & #d p>ts alcohol4 ,add to #bj cc4 ( ?is mixture 9 a #ej cc4 te/ tube1 #a cc4 ( ! heat$ fat :i* may be transf]r$ by means ( a hot pipette4 ,/opp] ! tube & %ake x well4 ,imm]se 9 wat] at #ae or #af ,c4 ,pure butt] :5 ?us treat$ rema9s cle> = q a :ile4 ,!re w be only a v little deposit aft] /&+ an h\r1 b oleom>g>9e gives a deposit almo/ imm$iately1 & 9 a few m9utes !re w be a copi\s precipitate4 ,:5 ! oleom>g>9e 9 butt] is 9 ab\t ! proportion ( #a 3 #aj1 x w n sep>ate mu* %ort ( #ae m9utes4 ,,cottonse$ ,,oil ,! pres5ce ( ?is oil may be detect$ by ,halp5's te/1 :i* is giv5 "u l>d1 page #fj4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,meats ,,& ,,eggs ,meats are pres]v$ by treat+ !m ) potassium nitrate1 boric acid1 sulfur\s acid1 salicylic acid1 or b5zoic acid4 ,*eap meat may be sub/itut$ = ! m exp5sive4 ,a few cases ( horse meat 9 m9ce meat & sausages h be5 discov]$4 ,diseas$ & /ale meats h be5 f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,cann$ meats (t5 conta9 z9c1 t91 & lead1 & sometimes ev5 ars5ic4 ,anil9e-r$ or co*9eal-c>m9e may be add$ to improve ! color ( *opp$ or gr\nd meats4 ,/>* is sometimes add$ to sausage & simil> meat4 ,fi% & oy/]s may be pres]v$ ) boric acid or borax4 ,,fre% ,,& ,,smok$ ,,products--,,pres]vatives ,,potassium ,,nitrate 7,,saltpet]7 ,corn$ & smok$ meats are usually pres]v$ ) saltpet]4 ,s9ce smok$ & cur$ meats are us$ 9 mak+ pott$ meats1 saltpet] is q frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! latt]4 ,x may be detect$ by ! usual te/ = nitrates s9ce no o!r nitrate is apt to be pres5t1 ?\gh "o may id5tify ! metal by ! qualitative te/ = potassium4 ,to te/ = nitrates treat a little ( ! meat ) #b or #c cc4 ( a #a p] c5t solution ( diph5ylam9e 9 /rong sulfuric acid4 ,if a nitrate is pres5t a deep blue color =ms in/antly1 :i* is n obscur$ by ! *>r+ effect ( ! acid4 ,,boric ,,acid ,pick ap>t into f9e pieces ab\t #be or #ej grams ( ! lean meat & w>m ) a little wat] :i* has a few drops ( hydro*loric acid 9 x4 ,soak a piece ( turm]ic pap] 9 ! extract1 & if boric acid is pres5t ! pap] w be color$ rose-r$ :5 x is dry4 ,a weak alkali turns ?is color$ pap] olive4 ,ano!r me?od is to burn a piece ( ! meat to an a%1 aft] be+ treat$ ) lime wat]4 ,make a solution ( ! a% & make slightly acid ) hydro*loric acid4 ,!n te/ ) ! turm]ic pap] ) ! same results z 9 ! above me?od4 ,,sulfur\s ,,acid ,u4 ,s4 ,dep4 ,agr41 ,bureau ,*em41 ,bul4 #ac1 ,"p #aj3 ,dige/ #dj or #ej grams ( ! meat 9 hot wat]1 treat ) #aj cc4 glacial phosphoric acid to coagulate ! proteids4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh a cotton bag & transf] ! filtrate to a %ort-neck$ flask & di/il receiv+ ! fir/ "p ( ! di/illate 9 a solution ( iod94 ,boil1 & add b>ium *loride4 ,if sulfur\s acid is pres5t1 x w be oxidiz$ to sulfuric acid & precipitat$ z b>ium sulfate by ! b>ium *lorid4 ,m ?an a m]e trace ( ! precipitate proves t "s sulfite 0 us$ to pres]ve ! meat4 ,ano!r me?od sugge/$ by ,kmm]] is to place ! meat on pap]1 :i* has be5 saturat$ ) potassium iodate moi/5$ ) dilute sulfuric acid 7#a 3 #h72 nitric oxid mu/ n be pres5t4 ,if sulfur\s acid is pres5t a deep blue color =ms at once4 ,a trace ( ?is color may =m aft] "s "t ) meat t is n fre%1 h5ce ?is me?od _c be us$ 9 exam9+ cann$ meat4 ,,salicylic ,,acid ,heat #ej grams ( ! meat 9 #ej cc4 ( wat]4 ,add #aj cc4 ( a /rong solution ( glacial phosphoric acid & /ra9 ?r\gh a cotton bag4 ,extract ! filtrate ) a little e!r 7ab\t #ej cc47 9 a sep>atory funnel4 ,let ! e!r evaporate spontane\sly4 ,take up ! residue ) #c cc4 ( wat]1 & add "o or two drops ( a "o-half p] c5t solution ( f]ric *lorid4 ,if salicylic acid is pres5t ! mixture w be purple or violet4 ,lea* makes ! same te/ by slightly acidify+ a portion ( ! lean meat1 !n extract+ ) e!r1 & evaporat+ to dryness & te/+ ! residue ) a drop ( f]ric *lorid solution4 ,a deep violet coloration is produc$ if salicylic acid is pres5t4 ,,b5zoic ,,acid ,mohl]'s ,me?od4--,prep>e a sample z 9 ! te/ = salicylic acid by heat+ #ej grams ( ! meat 9 #ej cc4 ( wat]4 ,add #aj cc4 ( a conc5trat$ solution ( glacial phosphoric acid1 & /ra9 ?r\gh a cotton bag4 ,neutralize ) sodium hydrate & evaporate to dryness or to a small volume4 ,aft] treat+ ) #c cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 heat till :ite fumes appe>4 ,add #d or #e cry/als ( potassium nitrate & cont9ue heat+ until ! solution is colorless or ne>ly s4 ,:5 cool dilute ) wat]1 add an excess ( ammonia1 & place 9 a n>r[ vessel l a te/ tube4 ,add "o or two drops ( ammonium sulfid c>efully s t ! liquids d n mix4 ,if ! surface ( ! liquid imm$iately becomes r$1 b5zoic acid is pres5t4 ,if ?is te/ is n c>efully p]=m$1 x is wor?less1 z o!r sub/ances give simil> results4 ,confirm its pres5ce by neutraliz+ ! aque\s solution ( ! extract$ b5zoic acid ) sodium hydroxid2 conc5trate to a v small volume4 ,acidify ) sulfuric acid4 ,a :ite floccul5t precipitate %[s ! pres5ce ( consid]able b5zoic acid4 ,,cann$ ,,meat ,if 9 prep>+ cann$ meat only fre% meat is us$1 !re is little ne$ = ! use ( pres]vatives1 b z consid]able smok$ & cur$ meat is ?us us$1 pres]vatives may f9d _! way into cann$ meat4 ,! same pres]vatives %\ld be look$ = z 9 fre% & smok$ meat & ! same te/ made = ea*4 ,,heavy ,,metals ,a4 ,h4 ,all5's ,me?od4--,ab\t #be grams ( ! sub/ance is mix$ sl[ly ) en\gh /rong1 pure sulfuric acid to j moi/5 ! mass1 avoid+ an excess4 ,heat on a wat]-ba? = a %ort "t1 !n raise ! temp]ature gradually1 & ma9ta9 till ! *lorids seem to be decompos$4 ,x mu/ n be hot en\gh1 h[ev]1 to volatilize ! sulfuric acid4 ,!n add #a cc4 ( /rong nitric acid & heat till r$ fumes are giv5 (f4 ,fre%ly ignit$ magnesia 9 ! proportion ( #j4e gram = ea* cc4 ( sulfuric & nitric acid previ\sly us$ is n[ /irr$ into ! mass & ! :ole ignit$ at a dull r$ heat4 ,?is is be/ done 9 a gas-muffle4 ,:5 cool1 moi/5 ! a% ) nitric acid & g5tly re-ignite1 repeat+ ?is treatm5t till ! c>bon is entirely consum$4 ,treat ! residue ) #h or #aj drops ( /rong sulfuric acid1 heat till fumes are giv5 (f1 cool1 boil ) wat]1 dilute to ab\t #ajj cc4 & saturate ) hydrog5 sulfid1 filt]1 exam9e z foll[s3 ,z9c & iron may be 9 ,lead1 t91 copp]1 & calcium1 if pres5t1 solution4 ,add brom9e w be 9 ! precipitate & residue4 wat] to de/roy hydrog5 ,fuse ! mass 9 a porcela9 crucible = sulfid & to oxidize ! at lea/ t5 m9utes ) #b grams ea* ( iron1 boil & add ammo- potassium & sodium c>bonates & half nium hydrate 9 excess1 z mu* sulfur4 ,aft] cool+1 boil ) boil aga9 & filt]4 wat] & filt]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! precipitate,filtrate1 ,residue4 ,add hydro*loric ,! filtrate may w conta9 :5 blue1acid & boil z long z conta9 t94 ! iron & proves !hydrog5 sulfid is giv5 ,acidify ) ! phosphates4pres5ce (f4 ,a few drops ( bro- acetic acid1 & ( nickel4m9e wat] w complete if t9 is pres- ! oxidation ( ! ent a yell[ copp] sulfid4 ,filt]1 &precipitate ( add ammonium hydroxid 9 /annic sulfid excess to ! filtrate4 w =m4 ,:5 ! filtrate is blue1 x indicates ! pres5ce ( copp]4 ,acidify ! filtrate ) acetic acid & te/ = lead by add+ potassium *romate1 a yell[ precipitate be+ =m$ :5 x is pres5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,i4 ,heat to boil+ & add potassium f]rocya- nid4 ,a :ite pre- cipitate or turbi- dity 9- dicates z9c4 ,,fi% ,,salt ,,dri$ ,,& ,,oy/]s ,?is k9d ( meat is (t5 pres]v$ ) boric acid & borax4 ,!y may be detect$ by ! me?od giv5 "u fre% & smok$ meat4 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,sausages & o!r *opp$ meat prep>ations1 toge!r ) corn$ meat t has be5 cur$ )\t saltpet]1 are (t5 treat$ ) artificial color+ matt]4 ,anil9e r$ & co*9eal c>m9e are usually employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! =m] may be detect$1 accord+ to ,all51 by pick+ ! meat ap>t & treat+ x ) me?ylat$ _s1 /ra9 or filt] ! extract & take up ) wat]4 ,!n a piece ( :ite wool 7nun's veil+ w d7 is imm]s$ 9 ! boil+ liquid &1 if x is dy$ r$1 rosanil9e is pres5t4 ,co*9eal-c>m9e may be detect$ by ! me?od us$ by ,kl+] & ,buj>d4 ,cut up f9e ab\t #bj grams ( ! meat & heat 9 a wat]-ba? ) wat] & glyc]9e mix$ 9 equal p>ts4 ,if ! above color+ matt] is pres5t ! liquid w become q r$ 9 color1 if n pres5t a slight yell[ color results f ?is treatm5t4 ,if a spectroscope is available ?is dye is easily recogniz$4 ,,/>* ,,9 ,,sausage1 ,,devil$ ,,meat1 ,,& ,,simil> ,,products ,crack] & bread crumbs are (t5 add$ to ^! prep>ations & _! pres5ce is be/ detect$ by exam9+ ! am\nt ( />* pres5t4 ,d ?is by boil+ "s ( ! sample 9 wat]1 & :5 cool add+ a drop or two ( iod9 reag5t4 ,! usual blue color is produc$ if mu* />* is pres5t4 ,if !re is only a little />*1 x may be necess>y to exam9e x "u ! microscope to det]m9e :e!r ! />* is f ! pepp] & o!r spices us$ or f "s c]eal4 ,,diseas$ ,,meat ,! foll[+ me?od is recomm5d$ by ,eb]s4--,hold a small piece ( ! suspect$ meat ov] a mixture ( #a cc4 hydro*loric acid1 #c cc4 alcohol1 & #a cc4 ( e!r4 ,! =mation ( ammonium *lorid fumes %[s t decomposition has begun4 ,d n mi/ake ! fumes ( ! acid = ^? ( ammonium *lorid4 ,,horse ,,fle% ,,9 ,,sausage ,,& ,,m9ce ,,meat ,?is sophi/ication is n common 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,horse fle% is detect$ by te/+ = glycog51 :i* is pres5t 9 x 9 l>g] quantities ?an 9 o!r meats4 ,c\rley ,coremon's ,te/4--,boil #ej grams ( ! meat = a half h\r ) wat]1 /ra91 & to a portion ( ! filtrate add a few drops ( potassium iodid-iod9 solution 7potassium iodid #j4d gram2 iod9 #j4a gram2 wat] #bj cc474 ,if consid]able horse meat is pres5t ! glycog5 w color ! liquid d>k br[n1 :i* disappe>s on heat+1 b returns on cool+4 ,,eggs ,x sometimes happ5s t "o wi%es to "k ! age ( eggs )\t op5+ !m4 ,del>ne's ,te/4--,place ! egg 9 a #aj p] c5t solution ( common salt4 ,p]fectly fre% eggs s9k to ! bottom4 ,^? rema9+ imm]s$1 b susp5d$ 9 ! liquid1 are at lea/ ?ree days old1 :ile ^? ris+ to ! surface & float+ are m ?an five days old4 ,! old] ! egg1 ! high] x floats & ! m x w /& on end4 ,?is te/ is n applicable to eggs t h be5 pres]v$4 ,hold ! egg betwe5 a bright light & ! eye1 & if ! air *amb] is small1 & no d>k spots b in/ead a r uni=m rose-color$ t9t is se51 ! egg is fre%4 ,if ! cont5ts appe> cl\dy & ! air *amb] l>g]1 ! egg is n fre%4 ,! d>k] ! cont5ts ( ! egg ! old] x is4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,c]eal ,,products ,,fl\r ,sometimes a *eap] or inf]ior grade ( fl\r is sub/itut$ = "o ( high] quality1 & ev5 a diff]5t k9d ( fl\r may be sub/itut$1 z corn meal 9 :eat fl\r1 or :eat 9 rye fl\r4 ,alum may be add$ by mill]s to cov] up traces ( bad fl\r1 & by bak]s to make ! bread :ite :5 a bad or *eap fl\r is be+ us$4 ,copp] sulfate also may be add$ to improve ! appe>ance4 ,occasionally rye fl\r is made f rye ^u :i* ergot has develop$4 ,/ann\s *lorid & potassium c>bonate are add$ to g+] cake to give ! same color to ! product made ( molasses & a poor grade ( fl\r z t made f good fl\r & honey4 ,,alum ,wyn!r ,bly? ,me?od4--,add a little wat] to ! sample & mac]ate4 ,soak pieces ( gelat9 9 ! solution & leave = a half day1 remove ! gelat9 & dip ! pieces 9 a mixture ( equal volumes ( a fre% t9cture ( logwood & a saturat$ solution ( ammonium c>bonate4 ,! gelat9 /rips w turn blue if alum is pres5t4 ,bell ,c>t] ,me?od4--,make a fre% #e p] c5t t9cture ( logwood 9 me?yl alcohol4 ,damp5 ab\t #aj grams ( ! fl\r ) wat] & add #a cc4 ( ! logwood t9cture & ! same quantity ( a saturat$ solution ( ammonium c>bonate4 ,pure fl\r gives a p9ki% color :i* fades to buff or br[n4 ,! pres5ce ( alum produces a lav5d] or blui% t9t :i* becomes m di/9ct z x dries4 ,,copp] ,,sulfate ,?is adult]ant may be detect$ 9 ei!r fl\r or bread1 by soak+ ! fl\r or bread 9 a dilute solution ( potassium f]rocyanid acidulat$ ) acetic acid4 ,if copp] be pres5t a purpli% or r$di%-br[n coloration w be produc$4 ,,sub/itut$ ,,fl\rs ,vogel's ,me?od4--,make a mixture ( alcohol 7#gj p] c5t71 #ie p>ts1 hydro*loric acid #e p>ts4 ,treat a sample ( ! fl\r 9 a te/ tube ) ?is reag5t4 ,%ake well4 ,heat to boil+ & all[ to settle4 ,a colorless fluid %[s ! fl\r to be pure1 a /raw-color$ t9t indicates ! pres5ce ( gruffs ) bran1 an orange-yell[ proves ! pres5ce ( corn-cockle fl\r1 a fle%-color$ liquid indicates ! pres5ce ( ergot1 :ile a gre5 color indicates buck:eat fl\r4 ,,corn ,,meal ,,9 ,,:eat ,,fl\r ,kraem] claims to be able to detect z small am\nt z #e p] c5t ( maize 9 :eat fl\r1 by ! foll[+ te/4--,mix a gram ( ! fl\r ) #ae cc4 ( good glyc]91 & heat to boil+ = a %ort "t4 ,if corn meal is pres5t1 !re w be an odor l t ( pop corn4 ,,:eat ,,9 ,,rye ,,fl\r ,kleeburg recomm5ds ! foll[+ te/4--,a little ( ! fl\r is mix$ on a piece ( common w9d[ glass or microscope slide1 ) suffici5t wat] 7at #de ,c47 to float ! fl\r p>ticles4 ,spread ! mixture out ov] ! glass1 & press ano!r glass d[n ^u x4 ,:5 :eat fl\r is pres5t1 :ite spots w be se51 & if ! glasses are slid ^u ea* o!r ! spots w pull out into ?reads1 & ! ?ick] & long] !y are ! m :eat fl\r !re is pres5t4 ,,ergot ,,9 ,,rye ,,fl\r ,boettg] gives ! foll[+ *emical te/ = ergot4--,heat #aj to #ae m9utes ) an equal quantity ( e!r1 add+ a few cry/als ( oxalic acid4 ,:5 ergot is pres5t a r$di% color develops4 ,ano!r ,me?od4--,bul4 #ea1 ,bureau ( ,*em4 ,dige/ #bj grams ( ! suspect$ fl\r1 ) boil+ alcohol1 till no m color is extract$4 ,add #a cc4 ( sulfuric acid 7#a 3 #c71 & if ergot is pres5t ! solution w be color$ r$4 ,,bread ,,alum ,moi/5 a piece ( ! bread ) wat]1 & !n ) a logwood solution 7#e grams logwood dige/$ 9 #ajj cc4 ( alcohol74 ,if alum is pres5t ! bread w become lav5d] blue 9 two or ?ree h\rs4 ,pure bread w\ld h a r$-br[n t9t4 ,to prove ! pres5ce ( alum1 ! blue color mu/ be p]man5t at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 7,! logwood us$ 9 ?is te/ mu/ be pure47 ,bly?'s ,te/4--,mac]ate #aej grams ( ! sample = #de or #ej h\rs 9 a c\ple lit]s ( wat]2 aft] /ra9+ ?r\gh musl91 evaporate to a small volume ov] a l[ flame4 ,imm]se a /rip ( gelat9 9 ?is liquid1 & !n 9 a logwood solution 7same z 9 la/ te/71 & if alum is pres5t x w acquire ! lav5d] color4 ,if ! bread 9 ei!r ( ^! te/s is s\r1 ! foll[+ modification 7,v&]plank57 mu/ be made4 ,r$uce #ae grams ( ! sample to a pa/e ) wat] & "s pure *lorid ( sodium1 add+ #aj drops ( a fre% alcoholic solution ( logwood1 aft] :i* add #e grams ( pure potassium c>bonate4 ,mix well1 & aft] wa%+ ) #ajj cc4 ( wat] into a vessel all[ to settle4 ,if alum is pres5t ! liquid w soon become r$di%-violet1 & if n pres5t x w be blue4 ,,copp] ,,sulfate ,,see ,,te/ ,,= ,,copp] ,,sulfate ,,9 ,,fl\r ,,g+] ,,cake ,t9 may be detect$ by ! me?od = heavy metals "u meat4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,leav5+ ,,mat]ials ,,bak+ ,,p[d]s ,bak+ p[d]s consi/ ( bic>bonate ( soda & an acidify+ ag5t z acid potassium t>trate1 acid calcium phosphate1 t>t>ic acid or alum4 ,"s p[d]s conta9 bo? acid calcium phosphate & alum4 ,! k9d ( p[d] is det]m9$ by te/+ = ^!4 ,gypsum has be5 add$ to bak+ p[d]s to increase ! weight4 ,,t>t>ic ,,acid ,,free ,,or ,,comb9$ ,wolff's ,me?od4--,if no />* is pres5t1 mix a little ( ! p[d] ) "s dry resorc94 ,add a few drops ( sulfuric acid & heat g5tly4 ,a rose-r$ color =ms if t>t>ic acid or t>trates are pres5t4 ,! color %\ld disappe> :5 dilut$ ) wat]4 ,:5 />* is pres5t1 mix well by %ak+ ab\t #e grams ( ! p[d] ) #bej cc4 ( cold wat]4 ,let ! insoluble matt] settle & p\r ! liquid ^u a filt]4 ,evaporate ! filtrate to dryness1 treat ! p[d]$ residue ) a few drops ( a #a p] c5t solution ( resorc94 ,add #c cc4 ( /rong sulfuric acid1 heat sl[ly4 ,a rose-r$ color =ms if t>t>ic acid is pres5t4 ,! color %\ld be de/roy$ on ! addition ( wat]4 ,?is te/ is applicable 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphates & ! acid may be free or comb9$4 ,,t>t>ic ,,acid ,,free ,make an absolute alcoholic extract ( #e grams ( ! p[d] & evaporate ! alcohol4 ,add suffici5t dilute ammonia to dissolve ! residue1 place 9 a te/ tube & drop 9 a cry/al or two ( silv] nitrate4 ,heat g5tly1 & a silv] mirror w =m if t>t>ic acid is pres5t4 ,,sulfates ,,calcium1 ,,etc4 ,boil a portion ( ! sample g5tly ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 add b>ium *lorid4 ,a :ite precipitate ( b>ium sulfate w =m if sulfuric acid is pres5t4 ,,gypsum ,,calcium ,,sulfate ,a% a portion ( ! sample & make ! usual qualitative te/s = calcium sulfate4 ,,ammonium ,,salts ,extract a few grams ( ! sample ) cold wat]1 boil ! extract ) sodium hydroxid & place a piece ( moi/ r$ litmus pap] 9 ! /eam4 ,x w be color$ blue if ammonia is pres5t4 ,,alum ,r$uce to an a% ab\t #b grams ( ! p[d] 9 a plat9um di%4 ,extract ) boil+ wat]1 add ammonium *lorid solution to ! filtrate until a di/9ct odor ( ammonia is giv5 (f4 ,if a floccul5t precipitate =ms x indicates ! pres5ce ( alum4 ,?is te/ = alum is applicable 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphates4 ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds4--,cov] "s logwood *ips 7!y mu/ be pure7 ) wat] & br+ to a boil4 ,repeat ?is f\r times1 sav+ only ! la/ decoction4 ,%ake "s ( ! sample 7a c\ple ( teaspoonfuls7 9 a beak] half full ( wat]4 ,:5 x ceases eff]vesc+1 /rongly acidify ) acetic acid4 ,add a few drops ( ! logwood extract1 & if alum is pres5t a blui%-r$ color w appe>4 ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t> ,cream ( t>t> is bit>trate ( potassium & is obta9$ f ! lees deposit$ 9 w9e casks4 ,if gypsum has be5 us$ to cl>ify ! w9e1 x w be pres5t 9 ! cream ( t>t> z calcium t>trate4 ,o!r adult]ants ( cream ( t>t> are acid calcium phosphate1 />*1 gypsum1 & alum4 ,,t>t>ic ,,acid ,,free ,,or ,,comb9$ ,if ! sample is kn[n to be free f />* ! foll[+ te/ may be made3 ,mix a bit ( ! p[d] ) a small quantity ( dry resorc9 & add a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,heat sl[ly1 & if a rose-r$ color =ms1 :i* disappe>s :5 dilut$ ) wat]1 !re is pres5t ei!r t>t>ic acid or a t>trate4 ,:5 ! sample conta9s />*1 %ake ab\t #d or #e grams ( x a numb] ( times ) #bej cc4 ( cold wat] 9 a l>ge flask4 ,p\r on a filt] aft] ! insoluble mat]ial has settl$ & evaporate ! filtrate to dryness4 ,! residue is to be te/$ = t>t>ic acid & t>trates1 ! same z :5 />* 0 abs5t4 ,,alum9ium ,,salts ,mix equal quantities 7ab\t #a gram7 ( ! sample & sodium c>bonate & burn to an a%4 ,extract ) boil+ wat] & filt]4 ,add to ?is filtrate en\gh ammonium *lorid solution to cause a di/9ct evolution ( ammonia4 ,! =mation ( a floccul5t precipitate %[s ! pres5ce ( alum9ium4 ,?is te/ may be us$ :5 phosphates are pres5t4 ,,ammonia ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,ammonia ,,alum ,,or ,,ammonium ,,c>bonate ,make a cold wat] extract ( ! p[d] & boil x ) sodium hydroxid4 ,te/ ! /eam ) moi/ r$ litmus pap]4 ,,e>?y ,,mat]ials ,treat ! sample ) w>m potassium hydroxid4 ,a residue indicates "s e>?y mat]ial4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,cann$ ,,& ,,bottl$ ,,vegetables ,no class ( foods on ! m>ket has less ne$ = antiseptics ?an cann$ goods1 yet _! use is r common4 ,products ?us treat$ are easi] cann$ & are n s apt to spoil4 ,! *emicals us$ z pres]vatives are sulfur\s acid1 & ! sulfites1 salicylic acid & sac*>91 b5zoic acid1 & sometimes =maldehyde4 ,sulfur\s acid is us$ to blea* su* foods z cann$ corn4 ,sac*>9 possesses "s antiseptic prop]ties1 b its ma9 use is z a sweet5]4 ,alum is us$ to make pickles h>d & crisp4 ,"s cann$ or bottl$ goods1 z tomato-catsup1 is color$ ) co*9eal or coal-t> dyes4 ,gre5 pickles1 beans1 peas1 & su* vegetables are color$ by copp] salts or are cook$ 9 copp] vessels1 ) ! addition ( acetic acid1 h5ce ! beautiful gre5 color4 ,turm]ic is sometimes us$ to color mix$ pickles4 ,! heavy metals z lead1 z9c1 & t9 are g5]ally pres5t 9 cann$ goods1 ! am\nt v>y+ ) ! corrosive p[] ( ! vegetable4 ,:5 !re is a ye> ( sc>city 9 corn1 peas1 beans1 & su* vegetables1 ! dri$ product is (t5 soak$ & cann$4 ,"s ( ?is goods is sold = ! regul> gre5 vegetable1 :ile "s may be prop]ly m>k$ 8,soak$ ,goods40 ,,pres]vatives ,x is be/ to make a sy/ematic exam9ation = ! diff]5t pres]vatives4 ,! sample may be prep>$ by mix+ #ej grams ( ! pulp$ mat]ial ) suffici5t wat] 9 a #bej cc4 graduat$ flask4 ,add phosphoric acid till di/9ctly acid 9 reaction4 ,fill to ! m>k ) wat]4 ,place 9 a di/ill+ flask1 & di/il 9 a l9se$ oil or a p>aff9 ba? till #cj cc4 h be5 collect$4 ,save ?is di/illate = ! foll[+ te/s4 ,,=maldehyde ,to #e cc4 ( ! above di/illate 9 a te/ tube1 add #b or #c drops ( a #a p] c5t aque\s solution ( ph5ol & mix well4 ,incl9e ! tube & c>efully p\r d[n ! side #e cc4 ( conc5trat$ comm]cial sulfuric acid s t ! two liquids d n mix4 ,if =maldehyde is pres5t !re w be a crimson zone at ! plane ( union ( ! solutions4 ,?is coloration takes place :5 ! =maldehyde is pres5t 9 ! proportion ( #a "p 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts4 ,:5 !re is a great] quantity ( =maldehyde pres5t a :ite turbidity or a light-color$ precipitate =ms above ! color+4 ,ph5ylhydraz9e ,hydro*loric ,te/4--,dissolve #b grams ( ph5ylhydraz9e hydro*lorid & #c grams ( sodium acetate 9 #bj cc4 ( wat]4 ,add #b to #d drops ( ?is reag5t & ! same numb] ( drops ( sulfuric acid to #a or #b cc4 ( ! above di/illate1 to be exam9$ 9 a te/ tube4 ,a gre5 coloration is produc$ :5 =maldehyde is pres5t4 ,hydro*loric ,acid ,te/4--,add #e cc4 ( ! di/illate to be te/$ to ab\t #e cc4 ( milk kn[n to be pure1 & ab\t #aj cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4b7 :i* conta9s #a cc4 ( a #aj p] c5t f]ric *lorid solution to ea* #ejj cc4 ( ! acid4 ,heat sl[ly to #hj or #ij ,c4 ov] ! free flame1 agitat+ x at ! same "t to break up ! curd4 ,a violet coloration indicates =maldehyde4 ,,sulfur\s ,,acid ,,& ,,! ,,sulfites ,free sulfur\s acid is n l>gely us$ z a food pres]vative1 ?\gh its salts are q commonly employ$4 ,detection4--,mix #aej grams ( ! f9ely gr\nd sample ) en\gh wat] to make a ?9 pa/e4 ,acidify ) phosphoric acid & di/il till #be cc4 h be5 collect$4 7,! deliv]y tube ( ! cond5s] %\ld dip bel[ ! surface ( a little wat]47 ,treat ! di/illate ) a few drops ( brom9e wat] & boil = a %ort "t4 ,if a precipitate =ms on ! addition ( b>ium *lorid ! pres5ce ( sulfur\s acid is indicat$4 ,,salicylic ,,acid ,acidify #ej cc4 ( ! sample ) sulfuric acid1 & %ake vigor\sly ) #ej cc4 ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( e!r & petroleum _s4 ,:5 ! liquids h sep>at$1 draw (f z mu* z possible ( ! solv5t & filt]4 ,if an emulsion =ms use a c5trifugal ma*9e1 & evaporate ) a small flame4 ,if ne$le-%ap$ cry/als =m1 salicylic acid is pres5t4 ,add a few drops ( wat] & a drop ( v dilute f]ric *lorid solution 9 su* a way t ! solutions w come toge!r sl[ly4 ,! pres5ce ( salicylic acid gives a purple or violet color4 ,,sac*>9 ,?is is us$ q ext5sively z a sweet5+ ag5t 9 cann$ sweet corn1 & o!r simil> products4 ,mac]ate ab\t #bj grams ( ! sample aft] mix+ ) #cj to #dj cc4 ( wat] & /ra9 ?r\gh musl94 ,acidify ) #a or #b cc4 ( sulfuric acid 7#a to #c7 & extract ) e!r4 7,if an emulsion =ms1 use a c5trifugal ma*9e47 ,sep>ate ! e!r lay] & let ! e!r evaporate spontane\sly & use ! residue 9 ! foll[+ te/s3 ,take up a "p ( ! residue ) wat] & ta/e4 ,if x is v sweet sac*>9 is pres5t4 ,confirm by ! foll[+3 ,s*midt's ,te/4--,add ab\t #a gram ( sodium hydroxide to ano!r "p ( ! residue1 & heat 9 an air-ov5 or oil ba?1 = half an h\r at ab\t #bej ,c41 to conv]t ! sac*>9 into salicylic acid4 ,aft] x has cool$1 acidify ) sulfuric acid1 extract & te/ = salicylic acid ) #b or #c drops ( f]ric *lorid solution1 lett+ ! solutions come toge!r sl[ly4 ,a purple or violet coloration proves ! pres5ce ( salicylic acid1 :i* 9 turn indicates ! pres5ce ( sac*>94 ,?is te/ _c be us$ if salicylic acid 0 us$ z a pres]vative 9 ! orig9al product4 ,a te/ = ! acid %\ld fir/ be made4 ,born/e9's ,te/4--,heat ! rema9d] ( ! above e!r residue ) resorc9 & a v little sulfuric acid till x beg9s to swell4 7,x is be/ to d ?is heat+ 9 a te/-tube47 ,let cool till ! action /ops1 heat aga9 & repeat ! op]ation sev]al times4 ,aft] cool+ ! la/ "t1 dilute ) wat] & add sodium hydrate till neutral4 ,if sac*>9 is pres5t1 !re w be a r$-gre5 fluoresc5ce4 ,,b5zoic ,,acid ,acidify #ej cc4 ( ! sample ) sulfuric acid & %ake vigor\sly ) #ej cc4 ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( e!r & petroleum _s4 ,let ! liquids sep>ate1 !n draw (f z mu* z possible ( ! solv5t & filt]4 7,use a c5trifugal ma*9e if an emulsion =ms47 ,sep>ate ! extract into #b p>ts & evaporate ea* to dryness ov] a small flame & make ! foll[+ te/s3 ,f]ric ,*lorid ,te/4--,dissolve "o ( ^! residues 9 ammonia1 & evaporate to dryness on a wat]-ba?4 ,take up ! residue ) w>m wat]1 filt]1 & collect ! filtrate 9 a small te/ tube4 ,add a drop ( f]ric *lorid solution1 & if b5zoic acid is pres5t a *>act]i/ic fle% or br[ni% color$ precipitate ( f]ric b5zoate =ms4 ,sometimes 9 su* products z sweet pickles1 a basic f]ric acetate precipitate comes d[n & ! foll[+ te/ _h bett] be appli$4 ,pet]'s ,me?od4--,take ab\t #j4a gram ( ! second "p ( ! above e!r residue1 place 9 a l>ge te/ tube 7ab\t #ej cc47 & dissolve 9 #e to #h cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,add f #j4e to #j4h gram ( b>ium p]oxide1 a little at a "t4 ,%ake ea* "t & cool 9 wat] if necess>y4 ,?is %\ld produce a p]man5t fro? on ! sulfuric acid4 ,let /& #be or #cj m9utes1 !n fill ! tube ?ree f\r?s full ( wat]1 %ake & cool rapidly to ! temp]ature ( ! room1 & filt] (f ! b>ium sulfate4 ,extract ) *lor(orm or e!r4 ,remove ! extract & te/ x = salicylic acid ) dilute f]ric *lorid4 7,see fir/ te/ "u salicylic acid47 ,9 ?is me?od salicylic acid mu/ fir/ be prov5 abs5t4 ,mohl]'s ,te/4--,treat ! rema9d] ( ! second "p ( ! above e!r residue ) #b or #c cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,heat till :ite fumes appe>4 ,add a few cry/als ( potassium nitrate & :5 cool dilute ) wat]4 ,add an excess ( ammonia1 !n a drop or two ( ammonium sulfid4 ,if a r$ color appe>s imm$iately on ! surface1 x %[s ! pres5ce ( b5zoic acid4 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,,9 ,,catsups ,,& ,,tomatoes ,,co*9eal ,gir>d & ,dupre ,te/4--,%ake well a portion ( ! sample ) wat] & filt]1 acidify ) hydro*loric acid1 !n extract ) amyl alcohol1 & if co*9eal is pres5t ! extract w be color$ yell[ or orange1 ! p>ticul> %ade dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( co*9eal pres5t4 ,remove ! amyl alcohol & wa% ) wat] until x is neutral4 ,to half ( ?is1 add a v dilute solution ( uranium acetate1 drop by drop1 & %ak+ well aft] ! addition ( ea* drop4 ,co*9eal1 if pres5t1 w produce a *>act]i/ic em]ald-gre5 color4 ,confirm by add+ a drop or two ( ammonia to ! second half ( ! amyl alcohol extract & a violet coloration w be produc$ if co*9eal is pres5t4 ,,coal-,,t> ,,color+ ,,matt] ,so/egni & ,c>p5ti]i ,te/4--,free f grease a piece ( wool5 clo? 7nun's veil+ w d7 by boil+ fir/ 9 v dilute cau/ic soda solution & !n 9 wat]4 ,acidify a portion ( ! sample ) #b to #d cc4 ( #aj p] c5t solution ( hydro*loric acid & filt]4 ,/rips ( ! cleans$ clo? are boil$ 9 ?is filtrate = #e or #aj m9utes1 !n remov$1 wa%$ 9 wat] & boil$ ) v dilute hydro*loric acid solution4 ,wa% out ! acid & dissolve ! color f ! clo? by boil+ 9 a solution ( ammonium hydroxid 7#a to #ej74 7,! "t requir$ w dep5d ^u ! dye pres5t47 ,remove ! clo? f ! solution & acidify ! latt] ) hydro*loric acid & ano!r piece ( ! cleans$ clo? is imm]s$ & aga9 boil$4 ,?is second dye+ fixes only coal-t> colors on ! clo?1 h5ce1 no fe> ( mi/ak+ !m = ! natural color ( ! vegetable4 ,,9 ,,gre5 ,,pickles1 ,,beans1 ,,peas1 ,,etc4 ,,copp] ,,salts ,burn #bj grams ( ! sample to an a% & wet ! a% ) conc5trat$ nitric acid1 dilute ) wat] & boil4 ,add ammonia till /rongly alkal9e & filt]4 ,if ! filtrate is blue1 copp] is pres5t4 ,confirm by acidify+ ! filtrate ) acetic acid & add+ potassium f]rocyanid4 ,a r$ or br[ni% precipitate or coloration proves ! pres5ce ( copp]4 ,! te/ = o!r heavy metals may be made by ! g5]al me?od giv5 "u meats4 ,,9 ,,mix$ ,,pickles ,,turm]ic ,%ake ) alcohol to extract ! color4 ,soak a piece ( filt] pap] 9 ! extract & dry 9 an air ov5 at #ajj ,c4 ,wet ! filt] pap] ) a weak solution ( boric acid to :i* a v little hydro*loric acid has be5 add$4 ,if turm]ic is pres5t1 a *]ry-r$ color w appe> :5 ! filt] pap] is dry4 8,,soak$0 ,,vegetables ,,peas1 ,,beans1 ,,& ,,corn ,!re is really no *emical te/ = ?is class ( foods4 ,c]ta9 helpful directions giv5 9 ,bul4 #fe1 p4 #ed1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,*em41 w assi/ 9 id5tify+ su* goods4 ,all or ne>ly all ( ! gre5 color ( peas & beans is de/roy$ by ! process ( 8soak+40 ,!y h ! appe>ance ( ! well-matur$ product1 & are firm & mealy ) well-=m$ cotyl$ons4 ,! process ( soak+ />ts ! gr[? ( ! caulicle ( ! pea4 ,! k]nel ( corn is plump & h>d & does n h ! milky consi/5cy ( ! immatur$ product4 ,! *>act]i/ic succul5ce ( ! gre5 pea1 bean1 & corn is abs5t 9 ! soak$ product4 ,,alum ,,9 ,,pickles ,?is is sometimes add$ to ! pickl+ solution to produce h>dness & crispness4 ,burn to a% a sample ( ! pickles1 &1 if !y are free f copp]1 fuse 9 a plat9um di% ) sodium c>bonate4 ,extract ) boil+ wat]1 & aft] filt]+ add ammonium *lorid solution4 ,if alum is pres5t1 a floccul5t precipitate w =m4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,c ,,or ,,box ,,9 ,,:i* ,,vegetables ,,are ,,seal$ ,g5]ally :5 ! ends ( a c are convex1 in/ead ( plane or concave1 x is spoil$4 ,9 ! s\r+ ( cann$ sweet corn1 x is exceptional t ! ends are =c$ outw>d4 ,/rike ! c & ! spoil$ cans w give a dull s\nd :ile ! good ones w give a di/9ct tone4 ,"s practice w be necess>y to use ?is te/4 ,"o c judge ( ! am\nt ( t9 dissolv$ by ! corrosion ( ! inside ( ! c4 ,reject cans t %[ mu* ru/ ar\nd ! cap on ! inside ( ! head4 ,if m ?an "o hole is f\nd sold]$ 9 ! cap1 reject ! c4 ,cans ( salmon are ! only exception t has come to ! au?or's notice4 ,a second hole1 9 g5]al1 indicates t decomposition _h set 9 & ! c _h be5 punctur$ & reseal$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fruits ,,& ,,fruit ,,products ,salicylic acid1 b5zoic acid1 & sac*>9 are us$ to pres]ve fruits4 ,! la/ is also add$ z a sweet5] in/ead ( sug>4 ,_m fruit products lose _! color ) age1 & to give !m a la/+ color !y are treat$ ) a coal-t> dye1 co*9eal1 acid mag5ta1 or c>amel4 ,a v small p] c5t ( ! jams & jellies sold are /rictly pure4 ,^! *eap products are made up pr9cipally ( apple juice & comm]cial glucose2 artificial ess5ces are add$ to imitate ! real flavor4 ,9 *eap jellies made ( apple juice & glucose syrup1 a 8coagulator0 is us$2 usually sulfuric acid & alum1 also citric & t>t>ic acids may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,/>*1 gelat91 & ag> are us$ z gelat9iz+ ag5ts4 ,fruits put up 9 t9 cans may dissolve ! heavy metals z t91 z9c1 lead1 & ev5 ars5ic4 ,,pres]vatives ,prep>ation ( ! ,sample4--,dissolve #be or #cj grams ( ! sample 9 wat] :i* has be5 acidifi$ ) sulfuric acid 7#a to #c71 !n extract ) e!r1 & remove ! e!r lay] & let x evaporate spontane\sly4 ,! residue may conta9 salicylic acid1 b5zoic acid1 or sac*>94 ,take up ) a little wat] & make ! foll[+ te/s3 ,,salicylic ,,acid ,place a few drops ( ?is extract 9 a te/ tube & add a drop or two ( a #j4e p] c5t solution ( f]ric *lorid4 ,if salicylic acid is pres5t1 !re w be a purple coloration4 ,,b5zoic ,,acid ,mohl]'s ,te/4--,add #b to #c cc4 ( /rong sulfuric acid to a second portion ( ! above e!r extract & heat until :ite fumes appe>4 ,!n add a few cry/als ( potassium nitrate & heat aga94 ,cont9ue add+ ! nitrate & heat+ till ! solution is colorless or only a v light yell[4 ,dilute ) ab\t #e cc4 ( wat] :5 cool1 neutralize ) ammonia4 ,x %\ld be filt]$ :5 n cle> or :5 cry/als ( ammonium or potassium sulfate are =m$4 ,add a few drops ( ammonium sulfid to ! filtrate 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! mix+ ( ! liquids4 ,! sulfid w be on top4 ,if a bright *]ry-r$ color =ms :]e ! two liquids meet1 ei!r b5zoic acid or sac*>9 is pres5t4 ,di/il & ! b5zoic acid w pass ov]1 extract ! di/illate 9 ! usual way & apply ! above te/ to x = b5zoic acid4 ,,sac*>9 ,ta/e a ?ird portion ( ! e!r extract4 ,a v sweet ta/e indicates sac*>94 ,a fur!r te/ c be made by add+ #a or #b grams ( sodium hydroxid to ! re/ ( ! e!r extract & heat+ a half h\r 9 an oil ba? at #bej ,c4 ,dissolve 9 wat] :5 cool1 acidify ) dilute sulfuric acid & extract ) e!r4 ,! sac*>9 w h be5 conv]t$ into salicylic acid1 :i* may be id5tifi$ by ! usual te/ = t acid4 ,?is te/ presupposes ! abs5ce ( salicylic acid 9 ! orig9al mat]ial4 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,,coal-,,t> ,,dyes ,to attempt to id5tify ! p>ticul> dye us$ 9 e case w\ld be q beyond ! object ( ?is set ( simple te/s4 ,a g5]al te/ %[+ ! pres5ce ( a coal-t> dye is probably all t is usually desir$4 ,so/egni & ,c>p5ti]i ,te/4--,su* a te/ may be made by dissolv+ #ae grams ( ! fruit product 9 #ajj cc4 ( wat]1 filt]+ & acidify+ ) a small quantity ( a #aj p] c5t solution ( hydro*loric acid & aga9 filt]+4 ,place 9 ! filtrate /rips ( :ite wool5 clo? 7nun's veil+ w d7 :i* h be5 fre$ f grease by boil+ fir/ 9 v dilute cau/ic soda solution1 !n 9 wat]1 & boil = #e to #aj m9utes4 ,remove ! clo? & wa% x 9 wat]1 !n boil 9 v dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,/ir ! clo? 9 wat] to remove ! acid & dissolve ! color by boil+ 9 a solution ( ammonium hydroxid 7#a to #ej74 ,! "t requir$ w dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> dye us$4 ,remove ! clo? f ! solution & acidify ! latt] ) hydro*loric acid1 a slight excess is bett]1 & ano!r piece ( ! cleans$ clo? is imm]s$ & aga9 boil$4 ,no?+ b coal-t> dyes w color 9 ?is second dye+4 ,,co*9eal ,gir>d & ,dupre ,te/4--,see te/s = co*9eal "u 8,catsups & tomatoes40 ,,acid ,,mag5ta ,gir>d & ,dupre4--,make ab\t #ajj cc4 solution ( ! fruit1 filt]1 & neutralize ) potassium hydroxid 7/r5g? #e to #ajj72 ab\t #b cc4 w be ne$$4 ,add #d cc4 ( m]curic acetate solution 7#a to #aj71 %ake & filt]4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! filtrate %\ld be colorless & slightly alkal9e4 ,add sulfuric acid till !re is a slight excess4 ,a colorless solution indicates ! abs5ce ( acid mag5ta1 :ile a light violet-r$ %[s its pres5ce1 provid+ ! amyl-alcohol extract %[$ no o!r dye to be pres5t4 ,,c>amel ,am?or's ,te/4--#aj cc4 ( a solution ( ! fruit is put into a deep1 n>r[ glass 7a bottle may be us$74 ,add #cj to #ej cc4 ( p>aldehyde1 to be gag$ by ! int5sity ( ! color+4 ,!n add a suffici5t quantity ( absolute alcohol to make ! solutions mix4 ,if c>amel is pres5t1 a br[ni%-yell[ to d>k-br[n precipitate w be =m$1 decant1 wa% ! precipitate once ) absolute alcohol1 dissolve 9 a little hot wat] & filt]4 ,! %ade ( color is proportional to ! am\nt ( c>amel pres5t4 ,to v]ify ! te/1 p\r ! color$ fluid into a fre%ly prep>$ solution ( ph5ylhydraz9 7#b p>ts ph5ylhydraz9-hydro*lorid1 #c p>ts sodium acetate1 & #bj p>ts wat]74 ,mu* c>amel produces a d>k-br[n precipitate 9 ! cold1 & is ha/5$ by slightly heat+4 ,a v small am\nt ( c>amel w require sev]al h\rs to precipitate4 ,,apple-,,juice ,,9 ,,jellies ,,made ,,( ,,small ,,fruits ,v (t5 cid] is add$ to o!r fruit juices to give !m ! prop] consi/5cy 9 jellies1 jams1 & m>malades4 ,its pres5ce may "s times be det]m9$ by mak+ ! usual />* te/4 ,a l>ge quantity ( />* is normally pres5t 9 apples1 b is less z !y rip51 & f9ally disappe>s 9 ! rip5$ fruit4 ,!re is no />*1 or only a m]e trace1 9 small fruits ev5 :5 gre54 ,x is readily se5 t if ! juice is tak5 f gre5 apples t !re w be />* f\nd 9 ! artificial jelly or jam1 ?\gh its abs5ce does n prove ! abs5ce ( cid]4 ,make ! />* te/ z foll[s3 ,,/>* ,,9 ,,jellies1 ,,jams1 ,,& ,,su* ,,products ,make a solution ( ! jelly or jam & de/roy ! color by heat+ ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t & add+ dilute 7#a 3 #c7 sulfuric acid & potassium p]manganate until ! color is de/roy$4 ,?is treatm5t does n affect ! />*1 & :5 cool add iod91 pref]ably potassium iodid-iod9 7potassium iodid1 #j4d gram2 iod91 #j4a gram2 wat]1 #bj cc474 ,if a great quantity ( />* is pres5t an almo/ black precipitate w be =m$4 ,small] am\nts give ! usual blue color4 ,:5ev] />* is f\nd to be pres5t1 x is be/ to make a microscopical exam9ation 9 ! case ( jams & m>malades4 ,if ! />* is normally pres5t ! gra9s w be se5 )9 ! cell walls aft] ! iod9 treatm5t4 ,/>* is ne>ly always pres5t 9 ! apple & "s o!r fruits1 s unless x is pres5t 9 jelly & su* products 9 consid]able quantity x is n likely t x 0 add$4 ,,gelat9 ,,9 ,,jellies ,h5zold ,te/4--,add wat] to "s ( ! jelly & boil = a %ort "t1 filt] & treat ! filtrate ) an excess ( a #aj p] c5t solution ( potassium bi*romate & boil aga94 ,aft] cool+ add #b or #c drops ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,a :ite floccul5t precipitate =ms if gelat9 is pres5t1 & x gradually collects 9 a lump at ! bottom4 ,e4 ,beckmann's ,me?od4--,treat ! jelly ) #ie p] c5t alcohol & wa% ! precipitate ) alcohol to free x f ! sug>1 !n drive (f ! alcohol by heat+4 ,add a v little wat] to ! residue & neutralize ! extract ) calcium c>bonate4 ,!n add =mal9 & evaporate to dryness4 ,by ?is treatm5t gelat9 is r5d]$ insoluble4 ,pure fruit jellies h only #a to #b p] c5t ( insoluble precipitate1 :ile ^? jellies 9 :i* gelat9 is us$ h #gj to #hf p] c5t ( insoluble precipitate4 ,,ag> ,,ag> ,boil ! sample ) #e p] c5t sulfuric acid4 ,add a cry/al or two ( potassium p]manganate1 & wait till x settles1 & exam9e ! s$im5t = diatoms ) a microscope4 ,_! pres5ce %[s ! use ( ag>4 ,,heavy ,,metals ,,t91 ,,z9c1 ,,lead1 ,,& ,,copp] ,a4 ,h4 ,all5's ,me?od4--7,see te/ = heavy metals "u cann$ meat47 ,,ars5ic ,m>%'s ,te/4--,fit a #ajj cc4 flask ) a two-hol$ rubb] /opp]1 ?r\gh :i* passes a long-/emm$ sep>atory funnel rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom1 & a deliv]y tube :i* connects ) a bulb tube conta9+ a little acetate ( lead solution4 ,?is 9 turn is connect$ ) a calcium *lorid tube & ?is ) a small1 h>d glass tube1 #ae or #bj cm4 long1 n ov] #j4e cm4 bore1 & drawn to small size 9 ! middle4 ,! l>ge "p next ! *lorid tube is protect$ by f9e wire gauze :i* ext5ds to )9 a half in* ( ! con/rict$ "p4 ,two burn]s may be s plac$ z to heat ! gauze4 ,! flask %\ld be plac$ 9 wat] & ! bulb tube may be4 ,f\r grams ( ars5ic-free z9c1 & #dj cc4 ( dilute pure sulfuric acid 7#a to #h7 are plac$ 9 ! flask4 ,let ! hydrog5 fl[ at lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r1 !n heat ! gauze = #ae or #bj m9utes4 ,!re %\ld be no deposit 9 ! tube4 ,n[1 *> a portion ( ! sample1 dissolve 9 wat] & p\r into ! sep>atory funnel1 lett+ x run sl[ly into ! flask4 ,a d>k deposit 9 ! glass tube %[s t ars5ic is pres5t1 b if aft] an h\r no d>k5+ takes place x is q safe to say t no ars5ic is pres5t 9 ! fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,app>atus = ,m>% ,te/ ,gutzeit's ,te/4--,place a gram ( pure z9c1 #e cc4 ( dilute sulfuric acid 7#f p] c5t7 & ab\t #a cc4 ( a solution ( ! sample 9 a deep te/ tube4 ,cov] ! tube ) ?ree ?icknesses ( filt] pap]1 fitt$ tightly ov] ! m\? ( ! tube4 ,place on ! upp] pap] a drop ( /rong silv] nitrate solution4 ,place ! tube 9 a d>k place & leave = #aj m9utes4 ,if a bright yell[ /a9 =ms on ! filt] pap]1 & turns black or br[n :5 wat] is add$ to x1 ars5ic is pres5t4 ,unless "o is c]ta9 ( ! purity ( ! reag5ts us$ x is advisable to make a blank te/1 us+ di/ill$ wat] in/ead ( ! fruit4 ,oxidize all sulfids to sulfates be=e apply+ ! above te/4 ,to f9d out :e!r !y are pres5t or n1 sub/itute lead acetate = ! silv] nitrate on ! filt] pap]4 ,to avoid "s ( ^! difficulties treat accord+ to ! foll[+ me?od3 ,prep>ation ( ! sample accord+ to ,lea*4--,if possible r$uce ! sample to a dry *> by treatm5t ) conc5trat$ nitric & sulfuric acids s t x may be p[d]$ 9 a mort>4 ,dissolve out ! ars5ic by repeat$ treatm5t ) boil+ wat]4 ,save ?is extract1 &1 :5 cool1 filt] & submit to ,m>%'s te/ :i* is giv5 above4 ,9 case ! sample is too mu* ( a solid to get ! ars5ic out by ! above treatm5t1 x may be prep>$ accord+ to ! directions ( ,*itt5d5 & ,donaldson3 ,heat #ajj grams ( ! mac]at$ sample ) #bc cc4 ( pure1 /rong nitric acid to a temp]ature ( #aej ,c4 or #afj ,c4 ,assi/ ! action by /irr+ occasionally4 ,:5 ! fruit becomes a deep yell[ or orange color1 remove ! heat & add #c cc4 ( pure1 /rong sulfuric acid4 ,x %\ld be /irr$ :ile nitr\s fumes are pass+ (f4 ,heat aga9 to ab\t #ahj ,c41 & be=e x cools add1 drop by drop1 #h cc4 ( pure conc5trat$ nitric acid4 ,x %\ld be /irr$ con/antly :ile ! acid is be+ add$4 ,heat at #bjj ,c4 till sulfuric acid fumes beg9 to come (f & only a dry mass rema9s4 ,p[d] ! mass & exhau/ x ) boil+ wat]1 filt] & te/ ! solution :5 cold ) ,m>%'s te/4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,flavor+ ,,extracts ,,lemon ,,extract ,! important +r$i5ts ( lemon extract are lemon oil & citral1 its aromatic con/itu5t4 ,oil ( citronella & oil ( lemon grass are sometimes sub/itut$ = lemon oil4 ,me?yl alcohol is sometimes us$ 9 place ( ! m exp5sive _s alcohol z a solv5t = ! lemon oil4 ,,lemon ,,oil ,! pres5ce ( lemon oil may be detect$ by add+ a l>ge excess ( wat] to a small am\nt ( ! extract 9 a te/ tube4 ,if ! mixture does n %[ "s cl\d9ess1 x is a /rong indication t no lemon oil is pres5t4 ,! degree ( cl\d9ess gives an idea ( ! am\nt ( oil pres5t4 ,,citral ,?is is pres5t 9 ! oil ( lemon grass1 :i* is sometimes us$ z a sub/itute = lemon oil4 ,citral may be detect$ by ! foll[+ te/ by ,burgess3 ,add #bj cc4 ( sulfuric acid to #he cc4 ( wat]4 ,dissolve 9 ?is mixture #aj grams ( m]curic sulfate4 ,%ake #b cc4 ( ! sample ) #e cc4 ( ?is reag5t 9 a te/ tube4 ,if citral is pres5t1 ! liquid w be bright r$1 & w quickly disappe> & give place to a :iti% comp\nd1 :i* floats on top4 ,,oil ,,( ,,citronella ,?is is (t5 sub/itut$ = lemon oil4 ,x may be detect$ by ! same te/ :i* 0 us$ = citral4 ,in/ead ( ! r$ color & ! :ite comp\nd1 citronella gives a bright yell[ color1 :i* does n disappe> = "s "t4 ,,t>t>ic ,,or ,,citric ,,acid ,precipitate ! oil by ! addition ( an equal volume ( wat]4 ,filt] & add a v little ( ! filtrate to a te/ tube ne>ly full ( cold lime wat]4 ,a precipitate w =m if t>t>ic acid is pres5t & x w dissolve 9 an excess ( ammonium *lorid or acetic acid4 ,filt]1 or1 9 case no precipitate =ms1 heat ! liquid4 ,citric acid is precipitat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( hot lime wat]4 ,,me?yl ,,alcohol ,mullik9 & ,scudd]4--,take #b ft4 ( ,no4 #ab-ae copp] wire & b5d at "r angles ab\t #h or #aj in*es f "o end4 ,grasp ?is b5t end & an ord9>y lead p5cil side by side 9 su* a way t ! b5d w be ab\t ! middle ( ! p5cil4 ,w9d ! wire ar\nd ! p5cil & t[>d ! free end ( ! %ort "p ( ! wire until y h a coil #c or #d cm4 long4 ,remove ! p5cil & twi/ ! unw\nd p>ts toge!r = a h&le = ! coil4 ,dilute a portion ( ! sample #c or #d times1 & oxidize #aj cc4 ( ! dilut$ liquid 7pref]ably 9 a te/ tube7 by heat+ to a r$ heat ! above copp] coil 9 ! oxidiz+ flame ( a ,buns5 lamp4 ,?ru/ ! heat$ coil quickly into ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! te/ tube4 ,9 a second )draw & imm]se 9 wat]4 ,cont9ue ?is op]ation till ! oxid ( copp] fails to be r$uc$ 7usually #d or #e times is suffici5t74 ,cool ! liquid by imm]s+ ! tube 9 wat]4 ,sep>ate into two p>ts & te/ ea* = =maldehyde by ! foll[+ me?ods3 ,mullik91 ,s4 ,p4--,place "o ( ^! p>ts 9 an evaporat+ di%1 & add to x #a cc4 ( /rong ammonia1 boil g5tly ov] ! free flame till ! vapors cease to smell ( ammonia4 ,add #b or #c drops ( /rong hydro*loric acid & heat j to boil+1 & cool quickly by dipp+ ! di% 9 cold wat]4 ,make ! te/ = =maldehyde3 ,add a drop ( a solution ( resorc9 7#a 3 #bjj7 & p\r ?is mixture sl[ly d[n ! side ( an incl9$ te/ tube :i* conta9s #c cc4 ( /rong sulfuric acid1 tak+ c>e to keep ! liquids sep>ate4 ,aft] #c m9utes give ! tube a rot>y motion by roll+ betwe5 ! h&s = a m9ute or m b only gradually mix+ ! wat] & acid1 b mix+ only ab\t half ( ! acid4 ,flecks ( a rose-r$ color =m if me?yl alcohol is pres5t4 ,b&s ( color or flecks ( o!r colors1 ev5 ?\gh !y be t+$ ) r$ or a rose-r$ solution )\t ! precipitate1 %\ld nev] be tak5 z pro( t me?yl alcohol is pres5t4 ,^! conditions1 h[ev]1 are good gr\nds = repeat+ ! te/2 #aj p] c5t or ev5 less may be detect$ by ?is te/4 ,hydro*loric ,acid & ,f]ric ,*lorid ,te/4--,add a few drops ( ! o!r "p ( ! above oxidiz$ liquid to ab\t #aj cc4 ( milk1 kn[n to be free f =maldehyde1 9 a porcela9 cass]ole1 & add #aj cc4 ( comm]cial hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4b7 :i* conta9s #a cc4 ( #aj p] c5t f]ric *lorid p] #ejj cc4 ,heat sl[ly ov] ! op5 flame ne>ly to boil+4 ,give ! liquid a rot>y motion to break up ! curd4 ,if =maldehyde is pres5t1 ! liquid w be color$ violet4 ,if n1 x sl[ly turns br[n4 ,! pres5ce ( =maldehyde proves t me?yl alcohol 0 9 ! orig9al extract4 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,prelim9>y ,te/4--,treat ! sample ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 & if tropol9 or me?yl orange be pres5t ! solution w turn p9k2 ,m>tius yell[ p>tially decolorizes ! solution2 d9itrocresols decolorizes ! solution4 ,turm]ic or naph?ol yell[ produces no color *ange4 ,,turm]ic ,turm]ic may be detect$ by soak+ a piece ( filt] pap] 9 ! sample1 dry+ & dipp+ x 9 a dilute solution ( boric acid or borax :i* has be5 slightly acidulat$ ) hydro*lorid acid4 ,dry aga9 & a *]ry-r$ color =ms if turm]ic is pres5t4 ,add a drop ( dilute alkali & if turm]ic be pres5t ! pap] w be color$ d>k olive4 ,,coal-,,t> ,,colors ,evaporate "s ( ! extract to dryness2 take up ! residue ) wat] & extract ! coal-t> colors if pres5t1 & te/ = !m by ! me?od giv5 "u cann$ vegetables4 ,,vanilla ,,extracts ,! be/ grades ( vanilla extract are made by treat+ vanilla beans ) #ej p] c5t alcohol4 ,c\m>91 an extract f tonka beans1 may be us$ 9 mak+ ! extract4 ,?is ( c\rse w\ld make a *eap] product4 ,if less ?an #ej p] c5t alcohol is us$ 9 mak+ ! extract1 "s alkali mu/ be add$ to dissolve ! res9s :i* w n dissolve 9 a weak] alcohol4 ,9 artificial extracts "s su* color+ matt] z c>amel or tann9 is us$4 ,prelim9>y ,te/4--,to a portion ( ! extract add a few drops ( lead acetate solution4 ,! abs5ce ( a bulky floccul5t precipitate %[s ! extract n to be ( high quality4 ,lea* recomm5ds t normal acetate ( lead be add$ to ! sample1 & if a precipitate does n =m x is conclusive evid5ce t x is n a pure extract4 ,:5 a precipitate =ms ) ! above reag5t1 x %\ld settle imm$iately & leave a cle> & almo/ colorless liquid4 ,:5 !re is a m]e cl\d9ess only1 x may be due to c>amel1 9 :i* case ! extract is to be suspect$4 ,,alkali ,%ake a portion ( ! sample ) twice its volume ( wat]4 ,if no precipitate =ms1 an alkali is pres5t4 ,a floccul5t r$di%-br[n precipitate %[s no alkali is pres5t4 ,if ! solution is milky x indicates ! pres5ce ( a =eign res94 ,add hydro*loric acid drop by drop to ! dilut$ extract4 ,no?+ m ?an a m]e turbidity %\ld result4 ,%\ld x be q turbid & ! color fad+ aft] a "t1 x %[s t an alkali has be5 us$4 ,,=eign ,,res9s ,mix a portion ( ! extract sl[ly ) twice its volume ( wat]1 frequ5tly %ak+ ! mixture4 ,:5 ?is solution is milky1 x indicates a =eign res94 ,hess' ,te/4--,dealcoholize #be cc4 ( ! sample by conc5trat+ on ! wat]-ba?1 add+ wat] f "t to "t to reta9 ! orig9al volume4 ,:5 no alkali is pres5t 9 ! extract1 pure vanilla res9 w be ?r[n d[n z a r$di%-br[n floccul5t precipitate4 ,collect ! res91 :atev] its color1 on a filt]1 & wa%4 ,save ! filtrate to te/ = c>amel4 ,place a piece ( ! pap] & res9 9 a dilute solution ( potassium hydroxid4 ,if ! res9 is t ( pure vanilla x w dissolve1 giv+ a deep-r$ color1 & is reprecipitat$ :5 ! alkali is neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,dissolve ano!r "p ( ! precipitate 9 alcohol1 & to a "p ( ?is solution add a few drops ( f]ric *lorid2 & to ! o!r "p1 hydro*loric acid4 ,!re %\ld be no m>k$ coloration 9 ei!r case if ! res9 is t ( pure vanilla4 ,=eign res9s ne>ly always produce a coloration4 ,,c>amel ,%ake ! bottle ( vanilla1 & if ! bubbles1 :i* =m1 are a bright c>amel color1 keep+ ! color till all are gone1 ! pres5ce ( c>amel is indicat$4 ,conc5trate a portion ( ! filtrate1 :i* 0 sav$ 9 mak+ ! te/ = =eign res9s1 at a r l[ temp]ature until x has ab\t ! same color z ! orig9al extract4 ,add a few drops ( /rong hydro*loric acid & heat v g5tly4 ,if c>amel is pres5t1 a yell[i%-r$ floccul5t precipitate w =m4 ,aft] ! liquid cools1 filt] & wa% ) wat]4 ,%\ld ?is precipitate conta9 c>amel1 x w n dissolve 9 wat]1 e!r1 & alcohol1 b w dissolve 9 sodium hydroxid1 dilute alcohol1 & glacial acetic acid4 ,,tann9 ,te/ ano!r portion ( ! filtrate made 9 te/+ = =eign res9s1 ) a few drops ( a solution ( gelat94 ,a slight precipitate only %\ld =m due to ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( tann9 normally pres5t 9 ?is filtrate4 ,a l>ge excess %[s t x has be5 add$ to ! extract4 ,,c\m>9 ,lea*'s ,te/4--,dealcoholize a portion ( ! sample z above & treat ) ammonia1 add #c or #d volumes ( *lor(orm 9 a sep>atory funnel4 ,evaporate ! *lor(orm extract 9 an ov51 n p]mitt+ ! temp]ature to rise above #fj ,c4 ,to ! residue add a few drops ( wat]2 w>m g5tly1 & add a little ( a solution ( #a gram ( cry/alliz$ potassium iodid 9 #ej cc4 ( wat]1 & ! solution saturat$ ) iod94 ,if c\m>9 is pres5t1 a br[n1 precipitate w =m1 & if /irr$ ) a rod x w collect 9 d>k gre5 flecks4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sac*>9e ,,products ,,honey ,bees are sometimes f$ ) cane sug>4 ,(t5 glucose syrup is p\r$ ov] honeycomb f :i* ! honey has be5 extract$1 & ! mixture sold z g5u9e honey4 ,gelat9 may be add$ to increase ! weight or to ?ick5 ! m voluble adult]ants4 ,! a% ( g5u9e honey is n ov] #j4c p] c5t4 ,:5ev] ! a% is great] ?an ?is x %\ld be te/$ = calcium sulfate1 ! pres5ce ( a consid]able quantity ( :i* is an almo/ c]ta9 pro( t />* glucose or inv]t sug> has be5 add$ to ! honey4 ,sulfates may be detect$ by add+ b>ium *lorid to ! aque\s solution ( ! honey & precipitat+ b>ium sulfate4 ,if ! a% is high & consid]able *lorids are pres5t1 molasses has q probably be5 add$ to ! honey4 ,! pres5ce ( *lorids may be det]m9$ by ! addition ( silv] nitrate :i* precipitates silv] *lorid4 ,,cane ,,sug> ,! pres5ce ( cane sug> c be detect$ ) c]ta9ty only by ! use ( ! pol>imet]4 ,its pres5ce 9 l>ge quantity gives a high "r-h&$ rotation4 ,,comm]cial ,,glucose ,,syrup ,all5's ,te/4--,make ! te/ = dextr9e :i* is pres5t 9 comm]cial glucose1 b n 9 pure honey4 ,dilute a portion ( ! honey ) an equal volume ( wat] & add me?yl alcohol ) con/ant /irr+ until !re is a p]man5t turbidity4 ,if glucose syrup is pres5t a heavy gummy precipitate w soon =m4 ,g5u9e honey gives only a slight milk9ess4 ,,gelat9 ,dilute a portion ( ! sample & add a solution ( tannic acid4 ,a precipitate indicates ! pres5ce ( gelat94 ,treat ! sample ) alcohol1 & gelat91 if pres5t1 w be left undissolv$1 & x w give its *>act]i/ic odor on ignition4 ,,maple ,,syrup ,?is is sometimes adult]at$ ) glucose1 molasses1 gold5 syrup1 & ) ord9>y :ite sug>4 ,!re are no satisfactory simple *emical te/s = ^! sub/ances4 ,pure maple syrup %\ld h an a% n l[] ?an #j4ce to #j4dj p] c5t4 ,a l[] a% %[s t cane sug> has be5 add$4 ,a high] a% w\ld indicate ! pres5ce ( molasses or br[n sug> /ock4 ,^! la/ two adult]ants1 if pres5t 9 great abundance1 may be detect$ by ta/e4 ,,glucose ,?is may be detect$ by ! use ( ! pol>imet]4 ,pure maple syrup gives #ec4a to #fj direct1 &--#bb4b to--#ba4i aft] hydrolysis4 ,maple syrup adult]at$ ) glucose gives #hj to #ajj direct & #ah4i to #de4f aft] hydrolysis 7accord+ to ,ogdon74 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,spices ,,mu/>d ,mu/>d is (t5 adult]at$ ) mu/>d hulls1 :eat1 & rice4 ,& :5 :ite-color$ fl\r ( any k9d is us$1 turm]ic1 ,m>tius yell[1 or a coal-t> color is employ$ to give ! mixture ! color ( mu/>d4 ,cay5ne pepp] is occasionally us$ to imp>t pung5cy to dilut$ mu/>d4 ,,fl\r ,boil #b grams ( ! mu/>d 9 #d or #e cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] = ab\t #aj m9utes4 ,aft] x is cool1 add a few drops ( iod9 solution sl[ly1 avoid+ a l>ge excess ?\gh hav+ a little uncomb9$ iod94 ,if a blue color is produc$1 "s />*y matt] has be5 add$ to ! mu/>d4 ,! int5sity ( ! reaction is an indication ( ! am\nt ( />*y matt] us$4 ,pure mu/>d conta9s no />* & h5ce gives no reaction ) iod94 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,pure mu/>d is a v light dull yell[1 & :5ev] ! sample is bright yell[1 !re is good gr\nds = suspect+ ! pres5ce ( "s artificial color+ matt]4 ,,turm]ic ,add /rong ammonium hydroxid to ! mu/>d1 & if turm]ic is pres5t an orange-r$ color is usually produc$4 ,make an alcoholic extract ( ! sample & dip a piece ( filt] pap] 9 x1 & :5 dry draw x ?r\gh a cold1 saturat$ solution ( boric acid 9 wat]4 ,an orange or r$-br[n t9t produc$ on ! pap] indicates ! pres5ce ( turm]ic4 ,?or\ghly mix #b or #c grams ( ! mu/>d ) ca/or oil & filt]4 ,if turm]ic is pres5t ! filtrate w appe> fluoresc5t4 ,extract a portion ( ! sample ) #c times its weight ( wood alcohol & filt]4 ,evaporate "o half ( ! solution to dryness & add a little hydro*loric acid to ! residue4 ,?is w turn r$ :5ev] turm]ic is pres5t1 & if an excess ( alkali be add$ x w *ange to a gre5i% blue4 ,evaporate ! o!r half to dryness & moi/5 ) a solution ( boric acid & dry on a /eam ba?4 ,a *]ry-r$ color indicates turm]ic4 ,,m>tius ,,yell[ ,,or ,,analog\s ,,coal-,,t> ,,color+ ,,matt] ,extract ! slightly acidifi$ sample ) #ie p] c5t alcohol & dye wool z direct$ "u 8,vegetables40 ,! wool w be dy$ a bright yell[4 ,all5's ,te/4--,treat a portion ( ! sample ) cold alcohol1 & %ake vigor\sly = #e m9utes1 !n filt] & evaporate ! filtrate to dryness2 add en\gh wat] to take up ! residue & dye "s :ite wool 9 ?is liquid z 9 ! la/ te/4 ,:5 ! dy$ wool is wrapp$ 9 :ite pap] & heat$ to #abj 9 an air ba?1 "p ( ! color+ matt] w be transf]r$ to ! pap]4 ,! color+ matt] dissolves readily 9 dilute ammonia or hot wat]1 & on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid ! solution is decoloriz$ & a yell[ precipitate =m$4 ,?is di/+ui%es x f picric acid4 ,,cay5ne ,,pepp] ,all5's ,te/4--,boil #a gram ( ! mu/>d = a few m9utes ) alcohol1 filt]1 & evaporate to dryness at ab\t #ajj4 ,ta/e ! residue & cay5ne may be recogniz$ by its pung5cy4 ,or heat a portion ( ! extract1 & smell ! fumes4 ,irritation ( ! lungs & c\gh+ w surely foll[ if cay5ne pepp] is pres5t4 ,,pepp] ,pepp] may be adult]at$ ) :eat1 buck:eat1 pepp] husks1 gr\nd olive /ones1 sp5t g+]4 ,cay5ne pepp] is sometimes add$ to adult]at$ pepp] to give x ! normal pung5cy4 ,_m ( ^! adult]ants c be detect$ only by ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,neuss's ,te/4--,true pepp] turns an int5se yell[ :5 cov]$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,any adult]ation c be detect$ at once by ! color4 ,,gr\nd ,,olive ,,/ones ,,or 8,,poivrette0 ,make a pa/e ( ! pepp] ) cau/ic alkali4 ,dilute ) a l>ge quantity ( wat] & wa% by decantation4 ,olive /ones w be color$ a bright yell[2 pepp]-husks w appe> d>k4 ,jumeau's ,te/4--,dissolve #e grams ( iod9 9 a mixture ( #ej cc4 ( e!r & #ej cc4 ( alcohol4 ,cov] ! bottom ( a porcela9 capsule ) ! f9ely gr\nd pepp]1 & add j en\gh ( ! iod9 mixture to wet ! entire mass1 & mix well till x has ! same consi/5cy ?r\gh\t4 ,let dry 9 ! air1 !n p[d] & exam9e x1 & if olive /ones are pres5t !y w be color$ yell[4 ,pure pepp] w\ld h a deep br[n color4 ,anil9e acetate1 "o "p anil9e 9 #c p>ts acetic acid1 colors pure pepp] gray or :ite & olive /ones yell[i% br[n4 ,,cay5ne ,heat "s ( ! r$ p>ticles f\nd 9 ! pepp] & _! *>act]i/ic vapor is produc$4 ,dissolve ! p>ticles 9 alcohol or e!r & ! same vapors are produc$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,v9eg> ,v9eg>s may be adult]at$ by ! addition ( m9]al acids z sulfuric or hydro*loric4 ,c>amel or ! coal-t> dyes may be employ$ to improve ! color or to give color to an artificial product4 ,malic acid is always pres5t 9 cid] v9eg>4 ,potassium acid t>trate occurs 9 true w9e v9eg>4 ,poison\s metals may be pres5t 9 v9eg>s conta9+ free m9]al acid4 ,entirely artificial cid] v9eg> is (t5 f\nd on ! m>ket4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,sample ,,= ,,te/+ ,if ! v9eg> is turbid f any susp5d$ matt]1 x %\ld be filt]$4 ,! samples %\ld be analyz$ at once1 & 9 ! laboratory !y %\ld always be kept 9 glass-/opp]$ bottles4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4--,ignite a little ( ! v9eg> residue on a clean plat9um wire 9 a colorless ,buns5 flame1 & if x is pure cid] v9eg> ! flame w be color$ ! *>act]i/ic lilac color ( potassium4 ,! sodium flame is abs5t or only a m]e trace ( x is pres5t4 ,b 9 all artificially color$ v9eg>s1 _s sug> & glucose v9eg>s1 ! sodium flame pr$om9ates4 ,! residue ( cid] v9eg> is ?ick1 viscid1 or mucilag9\s1 ( a light br[n color1 a/r+5t acid ta/e ?\gh n unpleasant4 ,! solids ( sug>-h\se v9eg>1 ^? f color$ _s & wood v9eg>1 ea* h a bitt] ta/e on acc\nt ( ! c>amel us$ to color !m4 ,! residue ( ! sug>-h\se v9eg> has ! odor ( molasses4 ,wood v9eg> :5 pres5t gives a residue ) a t>ry or smoky ta/e & smell4 ,glucose v9eg> gives ! odor ( scor*$ corn4 ,solids ( fruit v9eg>s are q soluble 9 alcohol1 except a granul> residue 9 grape v9eg>1 :ile ! solids ( malt & glucose v9eg>s are almo/ insoluble4 ,! a% ( fruit v9eg>s & malt v9eg>s has a di/9ct alkal9e reaction1 :ile t ( _s & wood v9eg>s is v feebly alkal9e4 ,,free ,,m9]al ,,acids ,! a% ( pure cid] v9eg> is always alkal9e4 ,if a v9eg> %\ld %[ a neutral reaction ?is w\ld c]ta9ly indicate ! pres5ce ( a free m9]al acid4 ,if ! a% be alkal9e1 no acid except nitric c\ld h be5 pres5t1 & ?is is seldom1 if ev]1 us$ z an adult]ant ( v9eg>4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,a% ,,is ,,alkal9e ,,apply ,a%by's ,te/4--,extract #j4e gram ( logwood 9 #ajj cc4 ( wat] & dry a drop or two on a porcela9 surface4 ,!n add a drop ( ! v9eg> & dry aga94 ,if ! residue is r$1 a m9]al acid is pres5t2 if yell[1 m9]al acids are abs5t4 ,:5 only a v small am\nt ( ! acid is pres5t ! r$ coloration w be de/roy$ on dilut+ ) wat]1 b may be re/or$ by conc5trat+ ! liquid4 ,,sulfuric ,,acid ,sulfuric acid1 if pres5t1 w cause ! v9eg> to leave a *>r$ mass :5 evaporat$ ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,fre>'s ,me?od4--,mix #e cc4 ( ! sample & #e or #aj cc4 ( wat]1 & add a v little ( a solution ( me?yl violet 7made by dissolv+ "o "p ( me?yl violet #b ,b4 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat]74 ,a blue or gre5 coloration %[s ! pres5ce ( m9]al acids4 ,,sulfuric ,,acid ,,z ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,sulfates ,all5's ,me?od4--,evaporate #ajj cc4 ( ! v9eg> d[n to "o t5? its volume1 & :5 cold add #ej cc4 ( alcohol4 ,sulfuric acid rema9s 9 solution :ile ! sulfates are precipitat$4 ,dilute ! solution & precipitate ! acid ) b>ium *lorid4 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,free ,place a def9ite quantity ( ! v9eg> 9 a di/ill+ flask & di/il (f half4 ,add a few drops ( silv] nitrate to ! di/illate4 ,if a precipitate =ms1 hydro*loric acid is pres5t4 ,,malic ,,acid ,lea*'s ,me?od4--,to #e cc4 ( ! sample1 add a few drops ( a solution ( calcium *lorid 7#a 3 #aj72 make slightly alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,filt] (f any precipitate t may =m1 add #bj to #cj cc4 ( #ie p] c5t alcohol to ! filtrate & heat to boil+4 ,if malic acid is pres5t1 a volum9\s floccul5t precipitate w =m4 ,a precipitate may =m 9 v9eg>s conta9+ dextr9e4 ,make a fur!r te/ = malic acid by ! foll[+3 ,filt] & treat ! precipitate ) a little alcohol1 & :5 dry add conc5trat$ nitric acid & evaporate to dryness on a wat]-ba?4 ,treat ! residue ) sodium c>bonate1 boil = a %ort "t1 filt]4 ,add acetic acid to ! filtrate till slightly alkal9e1 boil till c>bon dioxid is expell$1 & if on ! addition ( calcium sulfate a precipitate =ms1 x indicates ! pres5ce ( malic acid4 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,,c>amel ,! residue ( v9eg> to :i* mu* c>amel has be5 add$ has an unusually d>k color & bitt] ta/e4 ,crampton & ,simons' ,me?od4--,%ake well toge!r 9 a cork$ flask #ej cc4 ( ! v9eg> ) ab\t half z _m grams ( full]s' e>?2 aft] /&+ = half an h\r filt]4 ,v9eg> conta9+ no artificial color w %[ sc>cely any *ange 9 color :5 ?us treat$4 ,a c>amel-color$ v9eg> w be decoloriz$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( c>amel pres5t4 ,,coal-,,t> ,,colors ,,9 ,,w9e ,,v9eg> ,te/ by ! usual te/ = coal-t> dyes4 ,see "u cann$ vegetables4 ,,metallic ,,impurities ,v9eg>s conta9+ free m9]al acids are sometimes f\nd to conta9 poison\s metals4 ,evaporate #bjj to #djj cc4 ( ! v9eg> to dryness1 add a little sodium hydroxid to ?is residue & burn to an a% ov] a l[ flame4 ,x may be necess>y to add a little potassium nitrate once or twice4 ,add a little dilute hydro*loric acid & saturate ) hydrog5 sulfid & te/ = lead1 z9c1 copp]1 & ars5ic accord+ to ,all5's me?od giv5 "u cann$ meats4 ,,spices ,,to ,,increase ,,pung5cy ,lea*4--,neutralize a portion ( ! v9eg> ) sodium c>bonate4 ,! pres5ce ( spices is easily detect$ by ta/+ ?is mixture4 ,ano!r ,te/4--,exactly neutralize a little ( ! v9eg> z above1 evaporate to small] bulk & ta/e z be=e1 !n %ake ! conc5trat$ liquid ) e!r1 sep>ate ! e!real lay] & evaporate x1 & ta/e ! residue4 ,,t>t> ,,9 ,,w9e ,,v9eg> ,! pres5ce ( t>t> 9 v9eg> proves x to be w9e v9eg>4 ,all5's ,me?od4--,evaporate a portion ( ! v9eg> & treat ! residue ) alcohol2 a granul> residue ( t>t> rema9s undissolv$4 ,to prove t x is t>t>1 decant ! alcohol & dissolve ! residue 9 a little hot wat]1 cool1 rub ! inside ( ! vessel ) a glass rod1 & if t>t> 0 pres5t acid potassium t>trate w be deposit$ :]e ! rod t\*$ ! vessel4 ,! te/ w be m s5sitive if an equal volume ( alcohol is add$4 ,,free ,,t>t>ic ,,acid ,,9 ,,w9e ,,v9eg> ,te/ z = ,t>t>4--,treat ! alcoholic solution ( ! extract ) an alcoholic solution ( potassium acetate4 ,rub ! sides ( ! vessel z be=e1 & if t>t>ic acid is pres5t ! /reaks & sometimes a precipitate =ms :]e ! rod t\*es ! vessel4 ,,glucose ,glucose is pres5t :5 bo? direct & inv]t read+s are dextro-rotatory4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fats ,,& ,,oils ,,l>d ,l>d is v (t5 adult]at$ ) cottonse$ oil1 cottonse$ /e>9 & beef /e>94 ,_! be+ v mu* *eap] acc\nts = ! sophi/ication4 ,,cottonse$ ,,oil ,halph5's ,te/4--,dissolve #a p] c5t ( sulfur 9 a giv5 volume ( c>bon bisulfid4 ,add an equal volume ( amylic alcohol4 ,mix #c to #e cc4 ( ?is reag5t ) an equal volume ( ! melt$ l>d 9 a te/ tube4 ,close ) a cotton /opp] & boil = #ae m9utes 9 a ba? ( saturat$ br9e4 ,! pres5ce ( cottonse$ oil is indicat$ by a deep-r$ or orange color1 little or no color result+ 9 its abs5ce4 ,l>d f hogs f$ on any ( ! v>i\s cottonse$ products may give a fa9t reaction :5 ?is te/ is appli$4 ,,cottonse$ ,,/e>9 ,s9ce cottonse$ /e>9 is only ! m solid portions ( cottonse$ oil1 ! above te/ may be appli$1 b to di/+ui% x f ! latt] x is necess>y to make det]m9ations q beyond ! scope ( ?is set ( te/s4 ,,beef-,,/e>9 ,x is v difficult to id5tify beef-/e>9 by *emical te/s4 ,x is usually detect$ by use ( ! microscope4 ,lea* gives ! foll[+ me?od3 ,make a solution ( #b to #e grams ( ! fat 9 #aj to #bj cc4 ( e!r4 ,let /& a half day1 at ab\t ! room temp]ature4 ,loosely /opp] ! tube ) cotton to prev5t too rapid evaporation ( ! e!r4 ,x is well to v>y ! conditions ( heat1 am\nt ( solv5t1 & rate ( cry/allization1 to get ! be/ possible results4 ,x may (t5 be well to sep>ate ! cry/als ?us obta9$ by filt]+ & recry/alliz+ f e!r4 ,sep>ate ! cry/als t =m at ! bottom ( ! te/ tube f ! liquid portion by p\r+ on a small filt]4 ,wa% !m sev]al times ) e!r1 b n suffici5t to remove ! "m liquor entirely4 ,9 case x is all remov$1 & ! cry/als are too fragile to m\nt1 add a drop ( alcohol4 ,cry/als ( l>d /e>9 are flat rhomboidal plates1 "o end be+ oblique to ! sides1 & !y d n appe> to be regul>ly gr\p$4 ,beef-/e>9 cry/als are rod-%ap$1 or ne$les (t5 app>5tly curv$ ) po9t$ ends1 & are arrang$ 9 clu/]s l ! ribs ( a fan1 ! cry/als radiat+ f a common po9t4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! l>d cry/als are n irregul>ly gr\p$1 b are arrang$ l ! p>ts ( a fea!r1 :]e "o "p seems atta*$ to ano!r close at h&4 ,consid]able exp]i5ce is necess>y to use ?is te/ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,,olive ,,oil ,olive oil is "o ( ! mo/ commonly adult]at$ foods4 ,! commone/ adult]ant probably is cottonse$ oil4 ,o!r =eign oils1 su* z peanut1 sesame1 & rape1 are sometimes us$4 ,prelim9>y ,te/4--,pure olive oil turns f a pale to a d>k-gre5 color 9 a few m9utes1 :5 x is %ak5 ) ! same volume ( conc5trat$ nitric acid or sulfuric acid4 ,:5ev] a r$di% to an orange1 or br[n coloration results1 ! pres5ce ( a =eign vegetable oil is indicat$ 7probably a se$ oil74 ,ba* gives ! foll[+ results ( /rong nitric acid on ! common oils4 ,olive oil :5 %ak5 ) nitric acid gives a pale gre51 :i* *anges to an orange yell[ aft] heat+ five m9utes4 ,) simil> treatm5t peanut oil gives pale rose & br[ni% yell[2 rape oil1 pale rose & orange yell[2 sesame oil1 :ite & br[ni% yell[2 sunfl[] oil1 dirty :ite & r$di% yell[2 cottonse$ oil1 yell[i% br[n & r$di% br[n2 ca/or oil1 pale rose & gold5 yell[4 ,pontet's ,te/2 ,elaid5 ,te/4--,treat #a cc4 ( m]cury ) #ab cc4 ( cold nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4db7 & %ake #b cc4 ( ?is fre%ly-made solution ) #ej cc4 ( ! sample 9 a bottle e #aj m9utes = #b h\rs4 ,oils :i* are pr9cipally ole91 or mixtures ( ole9 & solid e/]s l palmat9 & /e>91 give m or less solid products1 b olive oil is rem>kable = ! firmness ( ! can>y or lemon-yell[ mass :i* is =m$4 ,aft] /&+ a day ! mass _c be pi]c$ ) a glass rod & sometimes x gives =? a s\nd :5 /ruck4 ,?is te/ requires consid]able exp]i5ce to be us$ ) any great degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,,cottonse$ ,,oil ,c>bon bisulfid conta9+ #a p] c5t ( sulfur 9 solution is mix$ ) an equal am\nt ( amyl alcohol4 ,equal volumes 7ab\t #c cc47 ( ?is reag5t & ! sample1 are mix$ 9 a te/ tube1 :i* is loosely /opp]$ ) cotton1 & heat$ 9 a ba? ( boil+ saturat$ br9e = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! pres5ce ( cottonse$ oil is %[n by ! =mation ( a deep-r$ or orange color4 ,little if any color is produc$ 9 its abs5ce4 ,if no color is produc$ x is well to add ano!r cc4 ( ! reag5t & heat #e or #aj m9utes m1 & to repeat ?is aga9 if no color =ms4 ,l>d & l>d oil f animals f$ on cottonse$ meal may give a fa9t reaction4 ,,peanut ,,oil 7,,ara*is ,,oil7 ,belli]'s ,te/4--,saponify a gram ( ! sample ) #e cc4 ( a solution ( #he grams potassium hydroxid 9 a lit] ( /rong alcohol4 ,?is may be done 9 a small ,erl5mey] flask on ! wat]-ba?4 ,!n boil = two m9utes1 neutralize exactly ) dilute acetic acid 7use ph5olph?ale9 z ! indicator74 ,cool ! mixture by plac+ ! flask 9 wat] at #ag to #ai ,c4 ,a precipitate usually =ms4 ,add #ej cc4 ( #gj p] c5t alcohol :i* conta9s "o p] c5t by volume ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4b74 ,%ake ! flask vigor\sly & cool aga9 z be=e4 ,if no precipitate =ms ! oil is n adult]at$ ) peanut oil4 ,! pres5ce ( #aj p] c5t or m ( peanut oil produces a precipitate1 ev5 a small] am\nt w produce a cl\d9ess aft] /&+ betwe5 #ag & #ai ,c4 = #cj m9utes4 ,"s v>ieties ( olive oil f ,tunis give ! same turbidity :5 ! #gj p] c5t alcohol is add$4 ,to di/+ui% ^! f peanut oil heat ! mixture on ! wat]-ba? till ev]y?+ has dissolv$1 & cool to #ag to #ai4 ,! cl\d9ess w n appe> if ! oil is pure1 b w reappe> if peanut oil is pres5t4 ,,sesame ,,oil ,bad\9's ,te/4--,ab\t #j4a ( a gram ( cane sug> is dissolv$ 9 #aj cc4 ( hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4bj7 %ak5 vigor\sly ) #bj grams ( ! sample = a m9ute or m4 ,aft] /&+ = a :ile ! aque\s solution w sep>ate f ! oil4 ,if #a p] c5t or m ( sesame oil is pres5t1 ! aque\s solution w be color$ crimson4 ,to*]'s ,te/4--,dissolve #a gram ( pyrogallic acid 9 #ae cc4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,add an equal volume ( ! oil 9 a sep>atory funnel4 ,:5 x has /ood a m9ute1 draw (f ! aque\s solution & boil4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( sesame oil x is color$ r$ by transmitt$ light1 & blue by reflect$ light4 ,,rape ,,oil ,palas' ,te/4--,make a #a p] c5t solution ( fu*s9 & a #cj p] c5t solution ( sodium acid sulfite4 ,mix toge!r #bj cc4 ( ea* ( ^! solutions & add #bjj cc4 ( wat] & #e cc4 ( /rong sulfuric acid4 ,aft] ! solution is decoloriz$1 #aj cc4 ( ! sample is %ak5 ) x4 ,if rape oil is pres5t1 ! color w be p>tially re/or$4 ,to prev5t ! =mation ( ! color by contact ) ! air h ! vessel full ( ! mixture4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,bev]ages ,,c(fee ,c(fee is (t5 color$ ) su* sub/ances z ,s*eele's gre51 *rome yell[1 iron oxide1 ,prussian blue1 indigo & turm]ic4 ,imitation c(fee beans h be5 made ( :eat fl\r1 bran1 rye1 *icory & peas4 ,all5's ,prelim9>y ,te/4--,a good prelim9>y te/ = gr\nd c(fee is to spr9kle "s ( x on ! surface ( cold wat]4 ,! oil ( true c(fee prev5ts ! p>ticles f be+ readily soak$1 & s !y float = "s "t4 ,*icory & mo/ ( ! o!r adult]ants ( c(fee conta9 no oil1 b d conta9 c>amel1 :i* is quickly extract$ by ! wat] produc+ a zone ( br[n color ab\t su* p>ticles4 ,!y become soak$ & quickly s9k4 ,! liquid conta9+ pure c(fee diffuses uni=mly )\t color+ ! wat] to any p]ceptible degree4 ,*icory & simil> roots give a d>k br[n1 turbid infusion4 ,roa/$ c]eals d n imp>t s di/9ct a color to wat]4 ,,color+ ,,matt] ,%ake ! c(fee beans 9 cold wat] & make ! regul> qualitative te/s = ! inorganic color+ matt]s--,s*eele's gre5 may be id5tifi$ by te/+ = copp] & ars5ic2 *rome yell[1 by te/+ = lead *romate2 iron oxide may be detect$ by its *>act]i/ic te/s4 ,organic color+ matt] is be/ extract$ ) alcohol4 ,prussian blue may be detect$ by dissolv+ x f ! s$im5t ) hot cau/ic alkali1 acidify+ ) hydro*loric acid1 treat+ x ) a drop ( f]ric *lorid4 ,if pres5t1 f]ric f]rocyanide1 a blue precipitate1 w be =m$4 ,indigo is n dis*>g$ by sodium hydroxid1 :ile ,prussian-blue is4 ,x w =m a deep blue solution ) sulfuric acid4 ,te/ = turm]ic z "u mu/>d4 ,,imitation ,,c(fee ,,beans ,mo/ imitation c(fee1 z already /at$1 is heavi] ?an wat]4 ,c(fee conta9s no />*1 s ! imitation beans made ( c]eals may be detect$ by te/+ = />*4 ,,/>* ,all5's ,me?od4--,boil ! c(fee 9 #aj p>ts ( wat]4 ,:5 p]fectly cold add to x a little sulfuric acid1 !n a /rong solution ( potassium p]manganate1 drop by drop1 ) con/ant %ak+1 till ! liquid is almo/ decoloriz$2 /ra9 or decant & add to ! solution a solution ( iod94 ,if #a p] c5t or m ( />* is pres5t1 a blue coloration w be produc$4 ,,*icory ,rimm+ton's ,te/4--,boil a portion ( ! sample ) wat] :i* conta9s a little sodium c>bonate2 decant1 wa% & treat ! residue ) a weak solution ( blea*+ p[d] = sev]al h\rs4 ,! solution w be decoloriz$4 ,! c(fee w be at ! bottom z a d>k lay] :ile ! *icory w be a light lay] above x4 ,alb]t ,smi?'s ,te/4--,boil #aj grams ( ! sample 9 #bej cc4 ( wat]2 /ra9 & add basic lead acetate 9 slight excess4 ,a precipitate =ms1 & :5 x has settl$ ! sup]natant liquid w be colorless if ! c(fee is pure1 b m or less color$ if *icory is pres5t4 ,,tea ,tea is adult]at$ by ! sub/itution ( inf]ior grades = ^? ( bett] quality1 by ! addition ( exhau/$ leaves & =eign leaves1 by ! use ( color+ matt] or 8fac+0 su* z ,prussian blue1 indigo1 or turm]ic to color gre5 tea1 & sometimes graphite to color black tea4 ,=eign a/r+5ts 7g5]ally cate*u7 are add$ to conceal ! pres5ce ( exhau/$ leaves4 ,an imitation tea1 8lie tea10 is made ( ! /ems & du/ ) m9]al matt]1 & "s />* or gum to hold ^! toge!r4 ,,=eign ,,leaves ,?\gh !re are sev]al *emical te/s = =eign leaves1 none are z satisfactory z a microscopical exam9ation4 ,s(t5 ! leaves by soak+ 9 hot wat]1 unroll c>efully & exam9e ) a h& l5s or l[ p[] ( ! microscope4 ,comp>e ) a g5u9e leaf--! %ape1 m>g91 & v5ation4 ,,exhau/$ ,,tea ,,leaves ,sometimes su* leaves may be detect$ by a physical exam9ation4 ,!y are (t5 m or less unroll$ & brok5 on ! edges4 ,b ! only c]ta9 way ( asc]ta9+ _! pres5ce is to det]m9e ! soluble a% :i* is f #b4e to #d p] c5t 9 pure tea & usually less ?an #j4h p] c5t 9 exhau/$ tea4 ,,lie ,,tea ,?is imitation tea is easily detect$ by p\r+ hot wat] ov] ! leaves4 ,if !y are artificial1 !y w break d[n into ! fragm5ts ( :i* !y 7 made4 ,,fac+ ,organic color+ matt] may be detect$ by ! same me?od us$ = detect+ su* colors 9 c(fee4 ,,cate*u ,hag]'s ,te/4--,boil a little ( ! tea 9 wat]1 & add to ! extract an excess ( lead monoxid4 ,if ! tea is pure ! addition ( a solution ( silv] nitrate produces only a slight grayi% precipitate1 b :5 cate*u is pres5t a yell[ floccul5t precipitate =ms4 ,a ,,few ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,books ,,on ,,food ,,analysis ,,all51 ,a4 ,h41 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 #ahih4 ,price1 #bi4ej4 ,,bly?1 ,a4 ,w41 ,foods1 _! ,composition & ,analysis1 #aijc4 ,price1 #h4dj4 ,,hassall1 ,a4 ,h41 ,food1 its ,adult]ations & ! ,me?ods = _! ,detection1 #ahgd4 ,,lea*1 ,a4 ,e41 ,food1 ,inspection & ,analysis1 #aije4 ,price1 #g4ej4 ,,leffmann1 ,h41 & ,,beam1 ,w41 ,select ,me?ods ( ,food ,analysis1 #aije4 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agr41 ,bureau ( ,*em41 ,bullet9 #ac1 ,p>ts #a-aj1 ,food & ,food ,adult]ants1 #ahhg-aijb4 7,"s ( ^! are out ( pr9t47 ,bullet9 #df1 ,me?ods ( ,analysis ( ,foods1 #ahii2 ,bullet9 #fe1 ,provisional ,me?ods = ! ,analysis ( ,foods1 #aijb4 ,,wiley1 ,h4 ,w41 ,foods & _! ,adult]ation1 #aijg4 ,price1 #d4jj4 ,,*emicals ,! foll[+ are ! *emicals us$ 9 mak+ all ! te/s 9 ?is book4 ,mo/ ( ^! are f\nd 9 e *emical laboratory4#a ,acetic acid ,ammonium c>bonate ,ammonium *lorid ,ammonium hydroxid ,ammonium sulfid ,amyl alcohol ,anil9e ,b>ium *lorid ,b>ium p]oxide ,boric acid ,brom9e ,calcium c>bonate ,calcium *lorid ,calcium sulfate ,cane sug> ,c>bon bisulfid ,ca/or oil ,*lor(orm ,diph5ylam9e ,e!r ,e?yl alcohol ,f]ric *lorid ,=mal9 ,fu*s9 ,gelat9 ,glyc]ol ,hydro*loric acid ,iod9 ,lead acetate 7basic7 ,lead oxide ,lime wat] ,litmus pap] ,logwood *ips ,m]cury 7metallic7 ,m]cury sulfate ,me?yl alcohol ,molybdic oxide ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4db7 ,oxalic acid ,petroleum _s ,ph5olph?ale9 ,ph5ylhydraz9e hydro*lorid ,phosphoric acid ,potassium bi*romate ,potassium c>bonate ,potassium *romate ,potassium f]rocyanid ,potassium hydroxid ,potassium iodate ,potassium iodid ,potassium nitrate ,potassium p]manganate ,pyrogallic acid ,resorc9 ,silv] nitrate ,sodium acetate ,sodium acid sulfite ,sodium c>bonate ,sodium *lorid ,sodium hydroxid ,sulfur ,sulfuric acid ,tannic acid ,turm]ic pap] ,z9c 7ars5ic free7 #a ,! m uncommon ones may be obta9$ f ,eim] & ,am5d1 #bje-baa ,?ird ,av5ue1 ,new ,york4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,,& ,,te/s ,,page ,all51 ,a4 ,h41 ,heavy metals 9 fruits & fruit products1 #cg 9 meat1 #aa 9 v9eg>1 #eh ,sulfuric ,acid 7di/+ui%$ f ,sulfates7 9 v9eg>1 #eg ,t>t> 9 v9eg>1 #ei ,am?or1 ,c>amel 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cf ,a%by1 ,free m9]al acids 9 v9eg>1 #ef ,beckmann1 ,/>* 9 jellies1 #ch ,bell & ,c>t]1 ,alum 9 fl\r1 #af ,boettg]1 ,ergot 9 rye fl\r1 #ah ,born/e91 ,sac*>9 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bg ,bly?1 ,alum 9 bread1 #ai ,c\rley & ,coremon1 ,horsefle% 9 o!r meats1 #ad ,eb]s1 ,diseas$ meat1 #ad ,fre>1 ,sulfuric acid 9 v9eg>1 #eg ,geisl]1 ,coal-t> colors 9 butt]1 #f ,gir>d & ,dupre1 ,acid mag5ta 9 catsups & tomatoes1 #ce ,co*9eal 9 catsups & tomatoes1 #bi ,co*9eal 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bi ,gutzeit1 ,ars5ic 9 cann$ fruits1 #ci ,hehn]1 ,=maldehyde 9 milk1 #c ,h5zold1 ,/>* 9 jellies1 #f ,hess & ,doolittle1 ,process or r5ovat$ butt]1 te/ =1 #di ,kmm]]1 ,sulfur\s acid 9 meat1 #i ,kleeburg1 ,:eat 9 rye fl\r1 #ah ,kl+] & ,buj>d1 ,co*9eal c>m9e 9 meat1 #ac ,kraem]1 ,corn meal 9 :eat fl\r1 #ag ,lea*1 ,c>amel 9 milk1 #a ,malic acid 9 v9eg>1 #eg ,salicylic acid 9 milk1 #d ,salicylic acid 9 meat1 #aj ,ly?goe1 ,coal-t> colors 9 milk1 #b ,m>%1 ,ars5ic 9 cann$ fruits1 #ch ,m>t91 ,color+ matt] 9 butt]1 #e ,mohl]1 ,b5zoic acid 9 meat1 #aj ,b5zoic acid 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cc ,pet]1 ,b5zoic acid 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bh ,ri*>ds1 ,mrs41 ,alum 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #bb ,rimm+ton1 *icory 9 c(fee1 #ff ,s*midt1 ,sac*>9 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bg ,smi?1 *icory 9 c(fee1 #ff ,so/egni & ,c>p5ti]i1 ,coal-t> dyes 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bi ,/oke1 ,gelat9 9 milk1 #b ,to*]1 sesame oil 9 olive oil1 #fd ,v&]plank51 ,alum 9 s\r bread1 #ai ,vogel1 ,sub/itut$ fl\rs1 #ag ,wynt] ,bly?1 alum 9 fl\r1 #af ,wolff1 ,t>t>ic acid 7free or comb9$7 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #bj ,,index ,,page ,acid mag5ta 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ce ,ag> ag> 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cg ,alkali 9 vanilla extract1 #de ,all51 ,a4 ,h41 heavy metals 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cg 9 meat1 #aa 9 v9eg>1 #eh sulfuric acid 9 v9eg>1 #eg t>t> 9 v9eg>1 #ei te/ ( c(fee1 #fe ,alum 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #bb 9 bread1 #ah 9 fl\r1 #af 9 pickles1 #ca ,alum9ium salts 9 cream ( t>t>1 #bc ,ammonia 9 cream ( t>t>1 #bc ,ammonium salts 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #ba ,am?or1 c>amel 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cf ,annatto 9 butt]1 #e 9 milk1 #a ,anil9e r$ 9 meat1 #ac ,apple juice 9 jellies made f small fruits1 #cf ,ars5ic 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ch ,a%by1 free m9]al acids 9 v9eg>1 #ef ,ba*1 te/ ( olive oil1 #fb ,bak+ p[d]s1 #bj ,adult]ations (1 #bj ,alum1 #bb ,ammonium salts1 #ba ,gypsum1 #ba ,sulfates 7calcium1 etc471 #ba ,t>t>ic acid 7free71 #ba ,t>t>ic acid 7free or comb9$71 #bj ,beckmann1 gelat9 9 jellies1 #ch ,bell & ,c>t]1 alum 9 fl\r1 #af ,beef /e>9 9 l>d1 #fa ,b5zoic acid 9 meat1 #aj 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bg 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cd ,bly?1 alum 9 bread1 #ai ,boettg]1 ,ergot 9 rye fl\r1 #ah ,borax 9 fi% & oy/]s1 #ac 9 meats1 #i ,boric acid 9 fi% & oy/]s1 #ac 9 meat1 #i 9 milk1 #d ,born/e91 sac*>9 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bg ,bread1 #ah ,adult]ations (1 #ah ,alum1 #ah ,copp] sulfate1 #ai ,butt]1 #e ,adult]ations (1 #e ,color+ matt]1 #e ,annatto1 #e ,coal-t> colors1 #e ,m>igold1 #f ,saffron1 #f ,turm]ic1 #f ,cottonse$ oil1 #g ,oleom>g>9e1 #g ,process or r5ovat$ butt]1 #f ,cane sug> 9 honey1 #di ,cann$ & bottl$ vegetables1 #bd ,adult]ations (1 #bd ,alum 9 pickles1 #ca ,coal-t> colors1 #bi ,co*9eal1 #bi ,color+ matt]1 #bi ,copp] salts 9 gre5 pickles1 beans1 peas1 etc41 #cj ,turm]ic 9 mix$ pickles1 #cj ,exam9ation ( c or box1 #ca ,heavy metals o!r ?an copp] 7see "u meats71 #aa ,pres]vatives1 #be ,b5zoic acid1 #bg ,=maldehyde1 #be ,sac*>91 #bf ,salicylic acid1 #bf ,sulfur\s acid1 #bf ,soak$ vegetables1 peas1 beans1 & corn1 #cj ,c>amel 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cf 9 milk1 #a 9 vanilla extract1 #dg 9 v9eg>1 #eh ,cate*u 9 tea1 #fh ,cay5ne pepp] 9 black pepp]1 #ed 9 mu/>d1 #ec ,c]eal products1 #af ,*icory 9 c(fee1 #ff ,citral 9 lemon extract1 #db ,citric acid 9 lemon extract1 #dc ,coal-t> colors 9 butt]1 #e 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bi 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ce 9 lemon extract1 #de 9 milk1 #b 9 v9eg>1 #eh ,co*9eal c>m9e 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bi 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ce 9 meat1 #ac ,c(fee1 #fe ,adult]ations (1 #fe ,*icory1 #ff ,color+ matt]1 #fe ,imitation c(fee beans1 #ff ,/>*1 #ff ,color+ matt]s ,acid mag5ta 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ce ,annatto 9 butt]1 #e 9 milk1 #a ,anil9e r$ 9 meat1 #ac ,c>amel 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cf 9 milk1 #a 9 vanilla extract1 #dg 9 v9eg>1 #eh ,copp] salts 9 cann$ vegetables1 #cj ,c\m>9 9 vanilla extract1 #dh ,copp] sulfate 9 bread1 #ai 9 fl\r1 #ag ,copp] salts 9 cann$ vegetables1 #cj ,cottonse$ oil 9 butt]1 #g 9 l>d1 #fj 9 olive oil1 #fb /e>9 9 l>d1 #fj ,c\rley & ,coremon1 horsefle% 9 o!r meats1 #ad ,cream ( t>t>1 #bb ,adult]ations (1 #bb ,alum9ium salts1 #bc ,ammonia1 #bc ,e>?y mat]ials1 #bc ,t>t>ic acid 7free or comb9$71 #bb ,dairy products1 #a ,eb]s1 diseas$ meat1 #ad ,eggs1 te/ = fre%ness1 #ad ,elaid5 te/1 #fb ,exhau/$ tea leaves 9 tea1 #fg ,fac+ 9 tea1 #fh ,fats & ,oils1 #fj ,l>d1 #fj ,adult]ations (1 #fj ,beef /e>91 #fa ,cottonse$ oil1 #fj /e>91 #fj ,olive oil1 #fa ,adult]ations (1 #fa ,cottonse$ oil1 #fb ,peanut oil1 #fc ,rape oil1 #fd ,sesame oil1 #fd ,fi%1 pres]vatives 91 #ac ,flavor+ extracts1 #db ,fl\r1 #af ,adult]ations (1 #af ,alum1 #af ,copp] sulfate1 #ag ,sub/itut$ fl\rs1 #ag ,corn meal 9 :eat fl\r1 #ag ,ergot 9 rye fl\r1 #ah ,:eat fl\r 9 rye fl\r1 #ah ,fl\r 9 mu/>d1 #ea ,=maldehyde 9 cann$ vegetables1 #be 9 milk1 #c ,fre>1 sulfuric acid 9 v9eg>1 #eg ,fruit & ,fruit ,products1 #cc ,adult]ations (1 #cc ,ag> ag>1 #ch ,apple juice 9 jellies made f small fruits1 #cf ,ars5ic1 #ch ,color+ matt]1 #ce ,acid mag5ta1 #ce ,c>amel1 #cf ,coal-t> dyes1 #ce ,co*9eal1 #ce ,gelat9 9 jellies1 #cg ,heavy metals1 #ch ,pres]vatives1 #cc ,b5zoic acid1 #cd ,sac*>91 #cd ,salicylic acid1 #cd ,/>* 9 jellies1 jams1 & su* products1 #cg ,gelat9 9 honey1 #ej 9 jellies1 #cg 9 milk1 #b ,geisl]1 coal-t> colors 9 butt]1 #f ,g+] cake1 /ann\s *lorid 91 #ai ,gir>d & ,dupre1 acid mag5ta 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ce co*9eal 9 catsups & tomatoes1 #bi 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bi ,glucose 9 honey1 #ej 9 maple syrup1 #ej ,gutzeit1 ars5ic 9 cann$ fruits1 #ci ,gypsum 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #ba ,heavy metals 9 cann$ vegetables1 #aa 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ch 9 meat1 #aa ,hehn]1 =maldehyde 9 milk1 #c ,h5zold1 gelat9 9 jellies1 #cg ,hess & ,doolittle1 te/ = process butt]1 #f ,honey1 #di ,adult]ations (1 #di ,cane sug>1 #di ,comm]cial glucose1 #ej ,gelat91 #ej ,horsefle% 9 sausage & m9ce-meat1 #ad ,hydro*loric acid 9 v9eg>1 #eg te/ = =maldehyde1 #c1 #be ,imitation c(fee beans1 #ff ,kmm]]1 sulfur\s acid 9 meat1 #i ,kleeburg1 :eat 9 rye fl\r1 #ah ,kl+] & ,buj>d1 co*9eal-c>m9e 9 meat1 #ac ,kraem]1 corn meal 9 :eat fl\r1 #ag ,l>d1 #fj ,adult]ations (1 #fj ,beef /e>91 #fa ,cottonse$ oil1 #fj /e>91 #fj ,lea*1 c>amel 9 milk1 #a malic acid 9 v9eg>1 #eg salicylic acid 9 meat1 #aj 9 milk1 #d ,lemon extract1 #db ,adult]ations (1 #db ,citral1 #db ,color+ matt]1 #de ,coal-t> dyes1 #de ,turm]ic1 #de ,lemon oil1 #db ,me?yl alcohol1 #dc ,oil ( citronella1 #dc ,t>t>ic or citric acid1 #dc ,lemon oil 9 lemon extract1 #db ,lie tea 9 tea1 #fg ,ly?goe1 coal-t> colors 9 milk1 #b ,malic acid 9 v9eg>1 #eg ,maple syrup1 #ej ,adult]ations (1 #ej ,glucose1 #ej ,m>igold 9 butt]1 #f ,m>%1 ars5ic 9 fruit & fruit products1 #ch ,m>t91 color+ matt] 9 butt]1 #e ,m>tius yell[ 9 mu/>d1 #eb ,meats1 #h ,adult]ations (1 #h ,cann$1 #aa ,color+ matt] 7see "u sausages1 etc471 #ac ,heavy metals1 #aa ,pres]vatives 7same te/s z "u smok$ & fre% meat71 #aa ,color+ matt]1 #ac ,anil9e r$ & co*9eal-c>m9e 9 sausage *opp$ meat prep>ations1 & corn$ meat1 #ac ,diseas$ meat1 #ad ,fre% & smok$1 #h ,pres]vatives1 #h ,b5zoic acid1 #aj ,boric acid1 #i ,potassium nitrate1 #h ,salicylic acid1 #aj ,sulfur\s acid1 #i ,fi%1 salt1 dri$ & oy/]s1 #ac ,pres]vatives1 #ac ,borax 7same z "u fre% meat71 #ac ,boric acid 7same z "u fre% meat71 #ac ,horse-fle% 9 sausage & 9 m9ce-meat1 #ad ,/>* 9 sausage1 devil$ meat & simil> products1 #ac ,metallic impurities 9 v9eg>1 #eh ,me?yl alcohol 9 lemon extract1 #dc ,m9]al acids 9 v9eg>1 #ef ,milk1 #a ,adult]ations (1 #a ,color+ matt]1 #a ,annatto1 #a ,c>amel1 #a ,coal-t> dyes1 #b ,gelat91 #b ,pres]vatives1 #c ,boric acid1 #d ,=maldehyde1 #c ,salicylic acid1 #d ,/>*1 #b ,mohl]1 b5zoic acid 9 meat1 #aj 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cd ,mu/>d1 #ea ,adult]ations (1 #ea ,cay5ne pepp]1 #ec ,color+ matt]1 #ea ,m>tius yell[ or analog\s coal-t> dyes1 #eb ,turm]ic1 #eb ,fl\r1 #ea ,oil ( citronella 9 lemon extract1 #dc ,oleom>g>9e 9 butt]1 #g ,olive oil1 #fa ,adult]ations (1 #fa ,cottonse$ oil1 #fb ,peanut oil1 #fc ,rape oil1 #fd ,sesame oil1 #fd ,olive /ones 9 pepp]1 #ec ,oy/]s1 pres]vatives 91 #ac ,peanut oil 9 olive oil1 #fc ,pepp] 7common71 #ec ,adult]ations (1 #ec ,cay5ne pepp]1 #ed ,gr\nd olive /ones1 #ec ,pet]1 b5zoic acid 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bh ,pontet1 g5]al te/ ( olive oil1 #fb ,potassium nitrate 9 meat1 #h ,pres]vatives3 ,b5zoic acid 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bg 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cd 9 meat1 #aj ,boric acid 9 fi% & oy/]s1 #ac 9 meat1 #i 9 milk1 #d ,=maldehyde 9 cann$ vegetables1 #be 9 milk1 #c ,potassium nitrate 9 meat1 #h ,sac*>9 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bf 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cd ,salicylic acid 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bf 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cd 9 meat1 #aj 9 milk1 #d ,sulfites 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bf ,sulfur\s acid 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bf ,process or r5ovat$ butt]1 #f ,rape oil 9 olive oil1 #fd ,res9s1 =eign1 9 vanilla extract1 #df ,ri*>ds1 ,mrs41 alum 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #bb ,rimm+ton1 *icory 9 c(fee1 #ff ,sac*>9 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bf 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cd ,saffron 9 butt]1 #f ,salicylic acid 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bf 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cd 9 meat1 #aj 9 milk1 #d ,s*midt1 sac*>9 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bg ,s*midt1 ,alb]t1 *icory 9 c(fee1 #ff ,soak$ vegetables1 #cj ,so/egni & ,c>p5ti]i1 coal-t> dyes 9 cann$ vegetables1 #bi ,spices 9 v9eg>1 #ei ,/oke1 gelat9 9 milk1 #b ,sub/itut$ fl\rs1 #ag ,corn meal 9 :eat1 #ag ,g5]al te/ =1 #ag ,:eat fl\r 9 rye1 #ah ,sulfates 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #ba ,sulfuric acid 9 v9eg>1 #ef ,sulfur\s acid 9 meat1 #i ,/ann\s *lorid 9 g+] cake1 #ai ,/>* 9 fruit & fruit products1 #cg 9 milk1 #b ,tann9 9 vanilla extracts1 #dg ,t>t> 9 v9eg>1 #ei ,t>t>ic acid 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #bj1 #ba 9 cream ( t>t>1 #bb 9 lemon extract1 #dc 9 w9e v9eg>1 #ei ,tea1 #fg ,adult]ations (1 #fg ,cate*u1 #fh ,exhau/$ tea leaves1 #fg ,fac+1 #fh ,=eign leaves1 #fg ,lie tea1 #fg ,to*]1 sesame oil 9 olive oil1 #fd ,turm]ic 9 butt]1 #f 9 lemon extract1 #de 9 mix$ pickles1 #cj 9 mu/>d1 #eb ,vanilla extract1 #de ,adult]ations (1 #de ,alkali1 #df ,c>amel1 #dg ,c\m>91 #dh ,=eign res9s1 #df ,tann91 #df ,v&]plank51 alum 9 s\r bread1 #ai ,v9eg>1 #ee ,adult]ations (1 #ee ,color+ matt]1 #eh ,c>amel1 #eh ,coal-t> colors 9 w9e v9eg>1 #eh ,glucose1 #ei ,malic acid1 #eg ,metallic impurities1 #eh ,m9]al acids 7free71 #ef ,hydro*loric acid1 #eg ,sulfuric acid1 #ef ,spices1 #ei ,t>t> 9 w9e v9eg>1 #ei ,t>t>ic acid 7free7 9 w9e v9eg>1 #ei ,vogel1 sub/itut$ fl\rs1 #ag ,wynt] ,bly?1 alum 9 fl\r1 #af ,wolff1 t>t>ic acid free or comb9$ 9 bak+ p[d]s1 #bj ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,?is text foll[s ! s\rce docum5t 9 spell+ & hyph5ation1 includ+ inconsi/5cies1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 section head+ h be5 reta9$ z well4 ,! index entries are n always 9 alphabetical ord]2 ?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,*anges made to ! text3 ,"s miss+ or wrong punctuation has be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,ratios h be5 *ang$ to x 3 y :]e relevant4 ,m9or typographical errors correct$3 ,page vii3 ,comm]ical to ,comm]cial ,page #af3 oelom>g>9e to oleam>g>9e ,page #di3 inv]t sug] to inv]t sug> ,page #fb3 444 7ab\t #c cc4 ( ?is 444 to 444 7ab\t #c cc47 ( ?is 444 ,page #ga3 seasame to sesame ,page #fh3 ,a ,,few ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,books ,,on ,,food ,,analysis has be5 consid]$ a sep>ate *apt]4 ,page #fi3 ! page head] ,,*emicals has be5 us$ z ! *apt] head+4 ,! foll[+ words 9 ! indexes h be5 *ang$ to con=m to ^? 9 ! text3 ,be*man to ,beckmann2 ,kamm]] to ,kmm]]2 ,kl+l] to ,kl+]2 ,w9t]-,bly? & ,w9t] ,bly? to ,wynt] ,bly?4