:i* includes ! orig9al #abd photographs & draw+s4 ,see #dcecj-;h4htm or #dcecj-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dcecj_/pg#dcecj-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dcec j_/dcecj-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/woodc>v+s9 5#jj;bondiala ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,a c>at "* is us$ to d5ote sup]scription4 ,a s+le "* foll[+ ! c>at is sup]script$ 7example3 ,rd74 ,! numb]s ( ! orig9al pages are enclos$ 9 curly brackets to facilitate ! use ( ! index4 ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,,wood ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es ,i4--,/alls & ,tab]nacle ,"w ,,ii4--,bi%ops' ,?rones & ,*ancel ,*airs by ,,francis ,,bond ,m4,a41 ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d2 ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,london ,honor>y ,associate ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects ,au?or ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&1 ,scre5s & ,gall]ies 9 ,engli% ,*ur*es1 ,fonts & ,font ,cov]s1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,mis]icords ,illu/rat$ by #abd ,photographs & ,draw+s ,h5ry ,fr[de ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto1 & ,melb\rne #aiaj vii ,,preface ------ ,! subject dealt ) 9 ?is volume1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 is virg9 soil2 no book has appe>$1 "h or abroad1 on ! subject ( /allwork4 ,abroad1 ! great mass ( /allwork has p]i%$2 sometimes at ! h&s ( pi\s v&als1 (t5 ?r\gh neglect1 m (t5 /ill ?r\gh indiff]5ce to or active dislike ( m$iaeval art4 ,9 ! /allwork ( ,belgium n a s+le tab]nacl$ canopy rema9s2 9 ,france & ,italy ! great majority ( ! ,go?ic /alls h be5 replac$ by woodwork ( ! ,classical design t 0 de> to ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies2 only 9 ,spa9 c ! weal? & spl5d\r ( ,engli% /allwork be rivall$4 ,9 ,engl& a great am\nt ( magnific5t /allwork /ill rema9s2 on ! /allwork inde$ & ! concomitant scre5s "t & lab\r & money 7 lavi%$ )\t /9t 9 ! la/ two c5turies ( ,go?ic art4 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 ?is important dep>tm5t ( ,engli% m$iaeval design has almo/ :olly lack$ recognition & appreciation2 att5tion _h n be5 call$ to its value 9 ! /udy ( arti/ic woodwork1 & ev5 ! mo/ spl5did examples ( ?is bran* ( ,engli% art h be5 pass$ ov] ) uncompreh5d+ indiff]5ce4 ,yet x is no ov]/atem5t to say t !re is no?+ 9 ?is c\ntry m consummate 9 design or execution ?an ! /allwork ( ,lanca/]1 ,*e/]1 ,ripon1 & ,man*e/]4 ,to mo/ ( ! read]s ( ?is volume ! illu/rations :i* h be5 "h ga!r$ toge!r w come z a revelation ( beauty & int]e/4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! book w help to in=m ^? :o are h]itors ( a great arti/ic pa/1 w make !m pr\d ( _! h]itage z ,engli%m51 & fai?ful to pres]ve x & h& x on 9 turn unimpair$ to _! successors4 ,! art is 9 ! ma9 ,engli% viii art1 z ,engli% z ! timb] 9 :i* x is wr\ght1 & des]ves ! att5tion ( all ,engli%-speak+ p ! _w ov]1 :o inh]it equally ) ourselves ! good ?+s t rema9 f ! ,engl& ( old4 ,?is book1 l ! o!rs 9 ! s]ies1 owes mu* ( any value x may possess to ! g5]\s & ready co-op]ation ( _m lov]s ( m$ival art4 ,= photographs & draw+s ! writ] is indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,b4 ,atk9son1 ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,&]son1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,mr ,j4 ,h4 ,bayley1 ,mr ,c4 ,e4 ,s4 ,beloe1 ,dr ,g4 ,g4 ,buckley1 ,dr ,osc> ,cl>k1 ,mr ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley1 ,rev4 ,e4 ,h]mitage ,day1 ,mr ,w4 ,m>riott ,dodson1 ,mr ,g4 ,c4 ,druce1 ,mr ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,mr ,s4 ,g>dn]1 ,mr ,g4 ,f4 ,gillham1 ,mr ,c4 ,g\ld+1 ,mr ,*>les de ,gru*y1 ,mr ,f4 ,j4 ,hall1 ,mr ,j4 ,f4 ,hamilton1 ,mr ,p4 ,ma9w>+ ,john/on1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,pr(essor ,le?aby1 ,mr ,w4 ,maitl&1 ,mr ,hugh ,mc,lachlan1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,mr ,c4 ,f4 ,nunneley1 ,mr ,h4 ,pl[man1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,h4 ,poole1 ,mr ,alan ,pott]1 ,miss ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,w4 ,saund]s1 ,mr ,s4 ,smi?1 ,mr ,j4 ,c4 ,/5n+1 ,mr ,f4 ,r4 ,taylor1 ,mr ,g4 ,h4 ,tyndall1 ,mr ,g4 ,h4 ,widd[s1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ,rev4 ,w4 ,e4 ,wigfall1 ,mr ,a4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,mr ,e4 ,w4 ,m4 ,wonnacott1 ,f4,s4,i4 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies & to ! ,wilt%ire ,ar*ological ,society = ! use ( orig9al draw+s4 ,! revision ( ! pro(s has k9dly be5 und]tak5 by ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4 ,davis & ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,norris2 to ! =m] & to ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,bayley ! writ] is indebt$ = _m valuable sugge/ions ) respect to *anges ( ori5tation & ! arrangem5ts ( *ancels4 ,! illu/rations are reproduc$ by ! ,gr\t ,engrav+ ,company4 ,! text is prec$$ by a bibliography & li/s ( measur$ draw+s1 & is foll[$ by an index to places & illu/rations & a subject index4 ix ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! s]ies ( ,*ur* ,art ,h&books 9 c\rse ( publication by ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press3-- ,,*ur* ,,art ,,9 ,,engl&4 #a4 ,,scre5s ,,& ,,gall]ies ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es4 ,by ,francis ,bond4 #fs4 ,publi%$4 #b4 ,,fonts ,,& ,,font ,,cov]s4 ,by ,francis ,bond4 #abs4 ,publi%$4 #c4 ,,wood ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es3 ,i4 ,,mis]icords4 ,by ,francis ,bond4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,publi%$4 #d4 ,,wood ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es3 ,,ii4 ,,/allwork1 ,,?rones1 ,,& ,,*airs4 ,by ,francis ,bond4 #fs4 ,publi%$4 #e4 ,,wood ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es3 ,,iii4 ,,*ur* ,,*e/s1 ,,alm]ies1 ,,organ ,,cases1 ,,doors1 ,,alms ,,& ,,collect+ ,,boxes4 ,by ,p4 ,m4 ,john/on4 ,9 prep>ation4 #f4 ,,wood ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es3 ,,iv4 ,,b5* ,,ends1 ,,poppy ,,heads1 ,,& ,,pews4 ,by ,alfr$ ,maskell4 ,9 prep>ation4 #g4 ,,! ,,ar*itectural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,monum5t4 ,by ,james ,williams4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,uni=m ) ! above4 #h4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,by ,francis ,bond4 #ajs4 ,publi%$4 #i4 ,,milit>y ,,ar*itecture ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,by ,a4 ,hamilton ,?ompson4 ,9 prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,design1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,/alls #a ,,ii4 ,,position1 ,,numb]1 ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,/alls #af ,,iii4 ,,canopi$ ,,/alls #bi ,,iv4 ,,tab]nacl$ ,,/alls #ea ,v4 ,,r5aissance ,,/allwork #ge ,,vi4 ,,/alls ,,9 ,,p>i% ,,*ur*es #he ,,"p ,,ii ,,vii4 ,,bi%ops' ,,?rones #aja ,,viii4 ,,*airs ,,9 ,,*ancels #aaa 99 99 99 99 99 xiii ,,bibliography ,,ab]de54 ,macgibbon & ,ross 9 ,ca/ellat$ & ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #aje4 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,t4 ,t4 ,wildridge on ! ,mis]icords4 ,hull1 #ahgi4 ,,blomfield1 ,,reg9ald4 ,hi/ory ( ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,,bury1 ,t4 ,t4 ,rema9s ( ,ecclesia/ical ,woodwork4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,,cant]bury4 ,pr(essor ,willis' ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 #ahde4 ,,cambridge1 ,,k+',s ,,college4 ,willis & ,cl>k 9 ,ar*itectural ,hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 #ahhf4 ,,c>lisle4 ,r4 ,w4 ,bill+s4 ,c>lisle ,ca!dral4 #ahdj4 ,,c>yl ,,coleman on ,episcopal ,?rones & ,pulpits 9 ,ar*itectural ,record1 xi4 #a4 ,,c>tmel ,,priory ,,*ur*4 ,pap] by ,f4 ,a4 ,paley2 & ,james ,/ockdale's ,annales ,ca]moel5ses4 ,ulv]/on1 #ahgb4 ,,*e/]4 ,dean ,h[son's ,h&book on ,*e/] ,ca!dral2 ,app5dix iii4 ,measur$ ,draw+s ( ,/alls by ,j4 ,mc,lachlan 9 ,build]1 #aj4 iii4 #aijj4 ,,cox ,,& ,,h>vey4 ,engli% ,*ur* ,furniture4 #aijg4 ,,dunblane4 ,macgibbon & ,ross 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #aje4 ,,durham4 ,r4 ,w4 ,bill+s4 ,durham ,ca!dral4 #ahdc4 ,,ely4 ,rev4 ,d4 ,j4 ,/ew>t4 ,ely ,ca!dral4 #ahfh4 ,,got*1 ,j4 ,a4 ,e>ly ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 #aija4 ,,halifax4 ,pamphlet on ! ,woodwork ( ,halifax ,p>i% ,*ur*1 by ,dean ,savage4 ,,l9coln ,,m9/]4 ,preb5d>y ,wick5d5 9 ,associat$ ,societies' ,reports1 xv4 #agi2 & ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 #ahha1 pp4 #dc-fa4 xiv ,,man*e/] ,,ca!dral4 ,j4 ,s4 ,cr[!r4 ,plates #bd-bf & #cj4 ,man*e/]1 #ahic4 ,,norwi* ,,ca!dral4 ,rev4 ,d4 ,j4 ,/ew>t 9 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 xxxii4 #ah2 & ,h5ry ,h>rod 9 ,ca/les & ,conv5ts 9 ,norfolk2 ,norwi*1 #aheg4 ,,ripon ,,m9/]4 ,j4 ,t4 ,f[l] 9 ,surtees ,society4 ,vols4 #fd1 #gd1 #gh1 #ha4 ,,ro*e/]4 ,w4 ,h4 ,/ ,john ,hope's ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral4 #aijj2 & ,spr+ ,g>d5s ,sket* ,book1 ii4 #df4 ,,/ ,,asaph4 ,murray's ,wel% ,ca!drals1 #bfg4 ,,/ ,,david',s ,,ca!dral4 ,murray's ,wel% ,ca!drals1 p4 #acd4 ---- ,jones & ,freeman's ,/ ,david's4 #ahef4 ,,%aw1 ,,h5ry4 ,anci5t ,furniture4 ,london1 #ahcf4 ,,viollet-,,le-,,duc on ,/alle1 9 vol4 viii41 p4 #dfd1 ( ! ,dictionnaire raisonn de l'ar*itecture franaise4 ,,wells ,,ca!dral4 ,canon ,*ur* 9 ,ar*ologia1 lv4 #cai4 ,,w9dsor1 ,,/ ,,george',s ,,*apel4 ,w4 ,h4 ,/ ,john ,hope 9 ,ar*ologia1 liv4 #aae4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,neale & ,brayley's ,hi/ory ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,london1 #ahah4 ,pug9's ,specim5s ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 #ahba4 ,le?aby's ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #aijf4 ,,measur$ ,,draw+s ,,9 ,,ar*itectural ,,association ,,sket* ,,book4 ,,bev]ley ,,/ ,,m>y4 ,c4 de ,gru*y4 #c4 vii4 #i-aa4 ,,bo/on4 ,a4 ,s4 ,&]son4 #a4 x4 #h4 ,,broadwat]1 ,sussex4 ,a4 ,h4 ,h>t4 #b4 vii4 #i4 ,,*e/] ,,ca!dral4 ,h4 ,b4 ,b>e4 #a4 v4 #bd4 ,,*i*e/] ,,hospital4 ,h4 ,goodall4 #ahgi4 ---- ,p4 ,d4 ,smi?4 #b4 x4 #aj1 #aa4 ,,cliffe1 ,k5t4 ,h4 ,goodall4 #b4 #a4 #ae4 xv ,,dunblane4 ,t4 ,mac,laren4 #c4 v4 #f4 ,,fair=d1 ,gl\ce/]4 ,j4 ,h4 ,bryan4 #a4 vi4 #ae4 ,,hem+bor\gh1 ,yorks4 ,c4 de ,gru*y4 #c4 x4 #dj4 ,,higham ,,f]r]s4 ,lacy ,w4 ,ridge4 #a4 iii4 #ga4 ,,hold5by1 ,nor?ants4 ,t4 ,g>ratt4 #a4 ix4 #bj1 #ba4 ,,ir*e/]1 ,nor?ants4 ,h4 ,b4 ,b>e4 #a4 v4 #bd4 ,,lanca/]4 ,j4 ,/rong4 #c4 #a4 #cf1 #cg4 ---- ,e4 ,e4 ,deane4 #b4 iv4 #bc4 ,,l9coln ,,m9/]4 ,t4 ,c4 ,yates4 #a4 xii4 #be-bg4 ---- ,c4 ,a4 ,ni*olson4 #b4 xii4 #cb4 ,,lynn ,,/ ,,m>g>et4 ,c4 ,a4 ,ni*olson4 #b4 xii4 #bj4 ,,man*e/] ,,ca!dral4 ,j4 ,h>old ,gibbons4 #c4 ix4 #bi1 #cj4 ,,montgom]y1 ,wales4 ,sydney ,va*]4 #b4 iv4 #cc4 ,,ri*mond1 ,yorks4 ,e4 ,eldon ,deane4 #b4 iii4 #be4 ,,salisbury ,,ca!dral4 ,g4 ,p4 ,bank>t4 #b4 ix4 #bf4 ,,%impl+1 ,norfolk4 ,e4 ,c4 ,lee4 #a4 iii4 #bc4 ,,w>wick1 ,beau*amp ,*apel4 ,g4 ,som]s ,cl>ke4 #a4 ix4 #c4 ,,w9*e/] ,,ca!dral4 ,l4 ,g4 ,detm>4 #c4 vii4 #ei4 ---- ,j4 ,h4 ,gibbons4 #c4 vii4 #fj4 ,,measur$ ,,draw+s ,,9 ,,spr+ ,,g>d5s ,,sket* ,,book4 ,,*i*e/] ,,ca!dral4 ,g4 ,g4 ,scott1 jun4 i4 #bh1 & ii4 #fa1 #fb1 #fc4 ,,conway1 ,nor? ,wales4 ,a4 ,bak]1 v4 #ga4 ,,ir?l+bor\gh1 ,nor?ants4 ,j4 ,m$l&4 i4 #eh4 ,,reepham1 ,norfolk4 ,j4 ,m$l&4 iii4 #da4 ,,ro*e/] ,,ca!dral4 ,j4 ,t4 ,mickle?waite4 ii4 #df4 xvi ,,sall1 ,norfolk4 ,h4 ,walk]1 viii4 #bj-bb4 ,,/ ,,paul',s ,,ca!dral1 ,london4 ,s4 ,cl>ke & ,j4 ,s4 ,middleton4 #ahgh4 ,,w9*e/] ,,ca!dral2 ,,lady ,,*apel4 ,w4 ,niv54 vi4 #fg-gb4 ,,w9?orpe1 ,l9coln%ire4 ,h4 ,vaughan4 vi4 #ec4 ,,measur$ ,,draw+s ,,9 ,,john ,o' ,,gaunt',s ,,sket* ,,book4 ,,/ ,,m>y1 ,,lanca/]4 ,w4 ,godd>d4 i4 #i-ac4 ,,lan*e/]1 ,,durham4 ,c4 ,c4 ,hodges1 ii4 #af4 ,,man*e/] ,,ca!dral4 ,a4 ,matt9son4 i4 #ce & #cf4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,,/alls ,,& ,,tab]nacle ,,"w ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es ,,"p ,i ------ ,,*apt] ,i ,,/alls ,,9 ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,monks ,,& ,,canons ,9 all *ur*es ( monks & canons1 :e!r secul> canons or canons foll[+ ! ,augu/9ian1 ,premon/rat5sian1 ,gilb]t9e or o!r ,rule1 /alls 7 plac$ 9 ! *oir4 ,^! /alls 7 occupi$ ei!r by ! monks or by ! canons & _! deputies & by m5 s+]s & *ori/]s2 !re 0 also a limit$ lay use4 ,! /alls _h seats2 ^!1 h[ev]1 7 occupi$ = b %ort portions ( a s]vice3 dur+ ! great] "p ( ea* s]vice ! occupants ( ! /alls /ood or knelt4 ,! seats turn$ up on a pivot1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ^? ( ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y 7#b7 ) ^? ( ,*ri/*ur* 7#b72 & :5 !y 7 turn$ up1 a small l$ge und]nea? ! seat gave a little support to any "o /&+ 9 ! /all2 = 8 com=t also !re 0 usually a circul> project+ l$ge beh9d him1 aga9/ :i* he c\ld lean 8 back2 e4g41 at ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y1 b n at ,bal%am 7#c72 also he c\ld re/ 8 h&s on ! %\ld]s ( ! /all1 :5 /&+1 z at ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y & ,bal%am4 ,an elb[ 0 (t5 provid$ l[] d[n1 = use :5 he 0 seat$2 z 9 ! two above-m5tion$ *ur*es4 ,above 0 usually "s =m ( canopy1 v>y+ f a cornice ( slight projection1 z at ,bal%am1 to su* tab]nacl$ spires z ^? ( ,bev]ley ,m9/] 7#bg74 ,9 front ( ! /alls1 except sometimes ! front /all occupi$ by *oir boys1 0 a desk = s]vice books4 ,e "p ( ! /allwork 0 c>efully design$2 & p>o*ial1 collegiate & mona/ic /alls alike 7 con/antly gr[+ 9 importance & lovel9ess up to ! ,dissolution4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,*ri/*ur* ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y's #c ,illu/ration3 ,bal%am ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] #d ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,luke ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,mat!w ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,john ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,m>k ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,newgate ,/reet #e ,illu/ration3 ,l9coln ,! upp] %\ld] 0 usually simply mold$1 z at ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y2 x r>ely took ! =m ( an animal1 z at ,bal%am4 ,usually ! l[] elb[ 0 simply mold$1 z 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/] 7#c72 sometimes x t]m9at$ 9 a mask1 an animal or foliage2 z 9 ! l[] range ( /alls at ,*ri/*ur* 7#b7 & at ,c>tmel 7#hj72 9 ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y !re is an angel 9 front ( ea* ( ! l[] elb[s4 ,z a rule1 ! project+ ends ( ! elb[s 7 c>ri$ d[n z supports1 e4g41 at ,bev]ley ,m9/]2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 a %aft or pair ( %afts is introduc$1 z at ,bal%am1 ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y1 ,h]e=d ,all ,sa9ts 7#dd72 ,dunblane 7#fg7 & ,*ri/*ur* 7#b71 :]e !y are highly enri*$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! back ( ! /all is usually panell$2 e4g41 ,w9*e/] 7#ce71 ,*i*e/] 7#cf74 ,h]e=d ,all ,sa9ts 7#dd71 ,bal%am 7#c74 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 panell+ became less common2 at ,dunblane ! /all backs are pla9 7#fg72 at ,c>tmel !y are fill$ 9 ) scrolls & fretwork 7#hj72 at ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 ) coats ( arms 7#gh72 at ,*ri/*ur* ) c>v+s ( masks & animals 7#gf74 ,9 ,wr5's *ur* at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,newgate ,/reet1 ! panels ( ! /alls h f9e c>v+s ( ,/ ,mat!w 7#d71 ,/ ,m>k 7#d71 ,/ ,luke 7#d71 ,/ ,john 7#d71 ! ,la/ ,supp] & o!r subjects4 ,! desks also usually h trac]i$ panell+ 9 front & at _! ends1 :i* is (t5 ( mu* importance 9 help+ to fix ! date ( ! /alls2 e4g41 at ,*e/] 7#bd71 ,man*e/] 7#f71 ,trun* 7#he7 & ,/[langt(t 7#ia74 ,at ,l9coln ! panels ( ! l[e/ r[s ( desks conta9 alt]nately ! figures ( a k+ & ( an angel ) a musical in/rum5t 7#e74 ,on ! /all ends 0 lavi%$ ! be/ arti/ic tal5t ( ! day2 !re are magnific5t examples at ,*e/] 7#i71 ,ripon 7#h7 & ,bev]ley ,m9/] 7#g72 v f9e also are ^? 9 ,bi%op ,tun/all's *apel 9 ,durham ca/le4 ,on ! example f ,man*e/] is an impal$ %ield1 display+ on ! dext] half ! lett]s ,i4 ,b4 7i4e41 ,john ,beswick1 donor #f ( ! nor!rn /alls71 a cross int]v5+1 & b5ea? on a *evron sev5 nails or cloves4 ,! s9i/] half is occupi$ by a demi-virg9 issu+ out ( an orle ( cl\ds4 ,! illu/rations f ,ripon %ew ! /alls ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york & ! ,mayor ( ! city 7#h74 ,9 ! =m] ! poppy head takes ! =m ( an elephant hold+ a man 9 8 trunk1 & c>ry+ a ca/le fill$ ) soldi]y2 9 front ( ! elephant is a c5taur 7r5ew$72 bel[ is a l>ge mitre /udd$ ) preci\s /ones 7mitra preciosa7 above a %ield *>g$ ) ! ?ree />s ( ,/ ,wilfrid1 ! patron sa9t ( ! ,m9/]1 & support$ by two angels1 betwe5 :om is a scroll ) ! date #adid4 ,atta*$ to ! latt] is a coll>$ baboon2 b5ea? is a %ield *>g$ ) ! arms ( ! see ( ,york1 two keys 9 saltire4 ,( ! two examples illu/rat$ f ,*e/] 7#aj71 "o repres5ts ! ,annunciation2 ! o!r is a mo/ elaborate ,jesse ,tree 7#i74 ,illu/ration3 ,man*e/] ,! ends ( ! desks usually t]m9ate 9 poppy heads2 at #g ,*e/]1 ,ripon1 ,man*e/] & ,bev]ley !re are magnific5t examples4 ,at ,bly?burgh1 ,suffolk 7#aa71 is a foliat$ poppy head ) a lion 9 front2 9 front ( ! desks & ^? on ! opposite side ( ! *ancel are ni*es conta9+ /atuettes ( ! apo/les2 ^! /alls 7 br\ght into ! *ancel f ! ,hopton *apel1 :i* is said to h be5 f\nd$ 9 #adeb2 ! ,hopton arms appe> on ! b5* end4 ,!re are int]e/+ desks 9 ! great *ur* ( ,walpole ,/ ,pet]1 ,norfolk 7#ab74 ,:5 ,edmund ! ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,saxons 0 %ot to dea? by ! ,danes & aft]w>ds behead$1 8 head 0 gu>d$ by a wolf2 ! sc5e is depict$ "h & up & d[n all ,ea/ ,anglia2 ! :ole /ory is told 9 six foliat$ capitals 9 ! nor? por* ( ,wells ca!dral1 :i* is e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,at ,/[langt(t1 ,suffolk1 ! poppy head consi/s ( a ve/$ prie/ read+ at a lect]n or alt> 7#ia74 ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,besides /alls = monks1 cl]gy & s+]s1 b5*es or #h /alls are sometimes f\nd = memb]s ( a *ur* gild1 z at ,fress+field1 ,suffolk2 or ^? n[ us$ by almsm5 at ,etwall1 ,d]by%ire1 on :i* ! date #afce is inscrib$2 ! ,jacobean arm*air motif is prom95t2 nev]!less !re is ,go?ic cusp+ at ! back2 pegs are ?\ghtfully provid$ = ! almsm5's hats 7#ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,ripon ,illu/ration3 ,ripon #i ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] #aj ,! /alls are g5]ally con/ruct$ v solidly4 ,! ends ( a r[ are ins]t$ 9 a /rong sill1 into :i* ! /&>ds = ! supports ( ! book bo>d are also ins]t$4 ,! elb[s are 9 "o solid piece & are fram$ into ! backs ( ! /alls2 !y are fur!r secur$ by ! heavy capp+ above1 :i* admirably connects & /r5g!ns ! "w4 ,on ei!r side ! elb[ is sunk to enable ! seat to be turn$ up on its h+es & to af=d x support :5 d[n4 ,! seats are g5]ally ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness1 ! mis]icords project+ ab\t five in*es4 ,z ! entire seat is got out ( "o solid piece ( wood1 ! "t exp5d$ on ea* mu/ h be5 v consid]able2 & difficulties 9 ! gra9 )\t d\bt frequ5tly add$ imm5sely to ! lab\r4 ,! "w is (t5 cut across ! gra9 & work$ ) mu* skill4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 9 "s in/ances to mat* ! wood2 e4g41 9 ! panell$ backs ( ! /alls 9 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s *apel4#a ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] ,! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacl$ canopies is well se5 9 ! set ( illu/rations f ,*e/] ca!dral4 ,9 ,l9coln ,m9/]1 :]e !y are ( some:at simpl] type1 !y may be describ$ z foll[s4 ,! canopies are hexagonal1 support$ on %afts1 :i* h clu/]$ ni*es above _! prop] capitals2 ! /alls ( ! ,*ancellor & ,treasur]1 :i* are at ! extreme ea/ on ei!r side ( ! *oir1 h w+$ s]aphs 9 _! capitals4 ,! ni*es h ogee canopies b[+ =w>d 9 front ( _! true gables1 ) v>i\s small heads & faces on ! hip-knobs4 ,a second /ory ( ! canopy conta9s a ni*e1 squ>e 9 plan1 b set loz5ge wise1 cov]$ ) a l(ty p9nacle1 & flank$ by op5 scre5work ) high fly+ buttresses1 ne>ly all ( :i* h lo/ _! crockets4 ,all ! ni*es orig9ally conta9$ /atues4 ,! loss ( ^! greatly damag$ ! g5]al effect--! alt]nation ( light & %ad[1 ! play ( l9e & ! add$ mass4 ,n[ t ! /atues h be5 replac$1 ! g5]al "* int5d$ to be impress$ on ! design c be well realis$ 7#eb74b #aa ,illu/ration3 ,bly?burgh ,! co/ ( woodwork s elaborate z t ( ! lat] /alls1 especially ^? ) tab]nacl$ canopies1 0 v great4 ,at ,wells ! /alls1 de/roy$ 9 #ahdh--;ano!r example ( re/oration--7 begun 9 #acbe2 ea* resid5t canon paid #cj solidi = 8 own /all1 & ! /alls 7 to co/ altoge!r #a1bjj4 ,! non-resid5t canons1 hav+ subscrib$ little or no?+1 7 ord]$ 9 #accg to make up a deficit ( #bjj = ! completion ( ! /alls4#c ,z ! numb] ( /alls ne$$ at ,wells w\ld be ab\t sixty1 x foll[s t ! exp5diture on ea* /all 0 to be #bj1 :i* 9 our money might be #cjj2 giv+ a gr& total ( ab\t #ah1jjj4 ,! /alls at ,ami5s numb] #aaf1 & 7 put up betwe5 #aejh & #aebb4 ,viollet-le-,duc computes t 9 #ahff !y c\ld n h be5 put up = less ?an #bj1jjj4d ,b !y d n possess tab]nacl$ spirelets1 #ab hav+ a comp>atively simple horizontal cre/+4 ,at ,w9dsor 9 #adhc six canopies co/ #dj2 ?us sixty w\ld co/ #djj1 or 9 our money ab\t #d1hjj2 i4e41 ab\t #hj ea*2 b ?is exp5diture relates to ! canopies only1 & n to ! /alls or ! mis]icords1 or ! l[] /alls & desks2 if ! co/ ( ^! be add$1 ! co/ might be z great z at ,wells4 ,few probably realise ! va/ exp5diture :i* our =efa!rs gladly und]took n only on ! build+ b ! equipm5t ( _! *ur*es3 9 a *ur* ( ! fir/ rank1 su* z ,exet] ca!dral1 ! co/ ( ! alt>1 r]$os1 s$ilia1 bi%op's ?rone1 canopi$ /alls & pavem5t w\ld h>dly fall %ort ( #cj1jjj ( our money2 :i* is exclusive ( ! co/ ( ! masonry1 vault1 timb] ro( & lead+1 & /a9$ glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,walpole ,/ ,pet]'s ,z reg>ds ! arrangem5t ( ! /alls1 z _m z !re 7 room = 7 plac$ at ! back ( ! *oir scre51 usually two or ?ree on ei!r side ( ! we/]n doorway ( ! *oir4 ,! juxtaposition ( scre5 & /alls gives "s v beautiful effects1 e4g41 at ,*addesd51 ,d]by%ire 7#ii72 /ill m s is ?is ! case :5 scre5 & /alls are ( ! same design1 z at ,*e/] 7#bd71 :]e ! scre5 0 design$ 9 accordance ) ! /allwork by ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,etwall ,z to ! place ( hon\r 9 ! /alls1 t raises "s int]e/+ po9ts4 ,!re 7 no less ?an ?ree places ( hon\r 9 a *ancel2 9 ea* case ! place ( hon\r 0 to ! "r1 because x 0 writt5 9 ! ,psalms1 ,sit ?\ on my "r h&2 & because ( ! words ( ! ,cre$1 sitte? on ! "r h& ( ,god ! ,fa!r ,almighty2 fir/1 ! "r h& or nor? side ( ! alt>1 fac+ ! we/2 second1 ! fir/ seat to ! "r1 or on ! s\? side1 ( ! entrance to ! *ancel ?r\gh ! *oir doorway2 ?irdly1 ! extreme "r to ! ea/1 or ne>e/ ! alt>1 ( ! s\? r[ ( /alls4 ,9 ! sanctu>y ! ,"l ,*ri/ 0 conceiv$ to be 9 real1 corporeal pres5ce1 face to face ) ,8 p1 ,8 "r h& to ! nor?1 ,8 left h& to ! s\?4 ,9 ! sanctu>y !re=e ! place ( hon\r 0 on ! nor?2 & to ?is day :5 a bi%op visits a p>i% *ur*1 8 *air is plac$ nor? ( ! alt>2 ! gospel also is read on ! nor? side1 ! epi/le on ! s\?4 ,9 sev]al *ur*es 9 ,d]by%ire !re are /one gospel-desks affix$ to ! nor? wall ( ! *ancel4 ,turn+ to ! *oir1 ?+s are diff]5t4 ,:5 ! procession ent]s ! *oir f ! nave ?r\gh ! scre5 doorway1 ! "r ( ! return /alls is ! place ( hon\r4 ,"h 9 a ca!dral ( ! old f\ndation1 i4e41 "o :i* has always be5 s]v$ by secul> canons1 su* z ,l9coln1 ,wells1 ,h]e=d1 ! dean sits on ! "r1 & ! subdean or ! prec5tor on ! left ( ! gangway4 ,9 a mona/ic *ur* ! abbot sat on ! s\?1 ! prior on ! nor? side4 ,b sometimes a mona/ic *ur*1 e4g41 ,ely1 ,w9*e/]1 ,norwi*1 0 also ! ca!dral ( a bi%op1 :o 0 ipso facto abbot4 ,9 su* a *ur* ! bi%op %\ld sit on ! "r-h& side ( ! return /all2 at ,ely !re is no bi%op's ?rone1 & he occupies t position to ?is day4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] #ae ,:]e a bi%op's ?rone 0 erect$1 x 0 plac$ on ! s\? side ( ! *oir1 :i* is ecclesia/ically always fav\r$ m ?an ! nor?4 ,( ! /alls on ! s\? side ( a *oir ! "o mo/ to ! "r is ( c\rse ! ea/]nmo/2 & x is "h t ! anci5t ?rones rema9 ( ! bi%ops ( ,exet]1 ,/ ,david's & ,durham4 ,aga91 ev5 if x 0 n a ca!dral *ur*1 !re 7 occasions :5 x 0 n conv5i5t = an abbot to be s remote f ! alt> z ! return /alls1 e4g41 at c]ta9 portions ( ! ,mass2 = su* occasions alt]native seats 7 provid$ = ! abbot & prior2 ! =m] occupy+ ! ea/]nmo/ /all on ! s\? side1 ! prior t on ! nor?4 ,at ,pet]bor\gh !re is evid5ce t ! abbot's seat 0 on ! s\?1 at ! ea/ end ( ! *oir1 ne> ! o/ium presbyt]ii4#e ,at ,ripon ! bi%op occupies ! ea/]nmo/ /all 9 ! s\? side1 :i* f ! c>v+ ( a mitre at ! back appe>s to h be5 orig9ally assign$ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york2 ! place ( hon\r opposite is occupi$ by ! ,wakeman or ,mayor ( ! city4 99 99 99 99 99 #af ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,position1 ,,numb] ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,/alls ,! hi/ory ( ! *anges ( position ( ! /alls ( ! cl]gy is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & lea/ und]/ood episodes 9 ecclesiology2 x may be wor? :ile !re=e to g into x some:at at l5g?1 & to beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,z reg>ds :at 0 at all times ! ma9 s]vice 9 ! *ur*1 ! ,mass1 !re 7 two conditions :i* x 0 desirable to be> 9 m9d 9 *ur* plann+4 ,"o 0 t ! celebrant %\ld face to ! ,ea/2 ! o!r t ! congregation %\ld face to ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian days ! latt] 0 mo/ (t5 disreg>d$4 ,! e>lie/ arrangem5t1 normally1 ( a ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 t ! sanctu>y1 conta9+ ! alt>1 %\ld be to ! we/1 & t ! laity %\ld be 9 ! nave occupy+ ! ea/]n portion ( ! *ur*4 ,at ?is "t ! we/]n portion ( ! *ur* consi/$ ( a semicircul> apse4 ,?is apse _h a d\ble function4 ,on ! *ord ( x 0 plac$ ! ,high alt> 79 ! e>lie/ days x 0 ! only alt>72 & to ! we/ ( x /ood ! celebrant fac+ ea/ & fac+ ! congregation1 z he does to ?is day at ,/ ,ambrogio1 ,milan1 & o!r *ur*es :i* reta9 ?is primitive plan4 ,beh9d ! alt>1 rang$ r\nd ! apse1 7 ! seats ( ! cl]gy1 hav+ 9 ! c5tre ! ?rone ( ! bi%op4 ,?us ! apse1 l ! *ancel ( an ,engli% p>i% *ur*1 _h a d\ble function2 ! portion conta9+ ! alt> 0 ! sanctu>y1 ! portion conta9+ ! seats ( ! bi%op & 8 presbyt]s 0 ! *oir2 basilicas s ori5tat$ 7 divid$ into nave1 sanctu>y1 *oir2 :]eas ,engli% p>i% *ur*es divide into nave1 *oir1 sanctu>y4 ,_m examples ( basilicas ) ea/]n nave & we/]n *oir /ill survive 9 ,rome1 ,dalmatia1 & ,i/ria4 ,to ?is day 9 ,milan ca!dral & ,/ ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 ! /alls ( ! cl]gy & s+]s are plac$ on ei!r side ( & at ! back ( ! high alt>2 ! apse1 ) inf9ite loss to ! dignity ( ! s]vices1 be+ made to s]ve bo? z sanctu>y & *oir4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,l9coln #ah ,illu/ration3 ,york ,m9/] #ai ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an alt]native plan1 :i* may h be5 9 use f ! fir/ simultane\sly ) ! o!r4 ,at any rate x c be b little lat]1 = 9 #chf 0 begun ! important *ur* ( ,/ ,paul extra muros at ,rome1 ) apse to ! ea/ & nave to ! we/4 ,by ?is alt]ation1 if no fur!r *ange _h be5 made1 ! congregation w\ld face ea/w>d1 b ! celebrant & ! bi%op ) 8 presbyt]s we/w>d4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is curi\s arrangem5t 0 actually adopt$ at lea/ once 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! wall+ ( ! semicircle ( ! ca!dral apse at ,norwi* !re /ill rema9s ! bi%op's ?rone & portions ( ! seats ( 8 cl]gy4 ,& s9ce ,norwi* ca!dral is n ori5tat$ to ! we/1 b to ! ea/1 x foll[s t ! p fac$ ea/ & ! bi%op & cl]gy we/2 x is h>dly conceivable1 h[ev]1 t ! celebrant c h fac$ we/4 ,su* a disposition c nev] h be5 b r>e4 ,a new arrangem5t 0 made2 9 ! fir/ place ! celebrant 0 made to face ea/w>d1 ) 8 back to ! congregation1 ?us p]man5tly obscur+ _! view ( ! alt> & ( _m portions ( ! (fice2 9 spite ( its obvi\s & great disadvantages ?is position has be5 reta9$ 9 ! va/ majority ( ,we/]n *ur*es ev] s9ce4 ,!re rema9$ ! "q ( ! seat+ ( ! bi%op & presbyt]s4 ,! rem$y adopt$ 0 to transf] !m f ! apse to ! nave2 ! result be+ t !y sat to ! we/ in/ead ( to ! ea/ ( ! alt>4 ,9 ?is second position = "s consid]able "t ! seats ( ! cl]gy rema9$4 ,at ,s4 ,clem5te1 ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,cosm$91#f & o!r basilican *ur*es 9 ,rome1 ! seats ( ! cl]gy /ill rema9 9 ! ea/]n bays ( ! nave1 sep>at$ (f1 h[ev]1 all r\nd by l[ m>ble scre5s1 :i*1 at ,s4 ,clem5te1 are ma9ly ^? ( ! six? c5tury *ur*4 ,great 0 ! revolution wr\ght 9 *ur* plann+ by ! det]m9ation t ! laity1 cl]gy1 & celebrant %\ld all alike face ,ea/4 ,to ! ,ca?olic believ] no?+ 0 ( m my/ic import ?an ! ori5tation ( ! *ur*4 ,he pray$ t[>d ! ,ea/1 t[>d ! ,holy ,l& :]e 8 ,"l liv$ & di$ & 0 buri$2 he look$ =w>d to ! dawn ( t day :5 ,he %\ld come f ! ,ea/ to judge ! quick & dead4 ,our life lies ea/w>d2 e day ,"s little ( t my/ic way ,by trembl+ feet is trod2 ,9 ?\ghtful fa/ & quiet fea/ ,our he>t goes travell+ to ! ,ea/ ,to ! inc>nate ,god2 #bj ,/ill do? x ea/w>d turn 9 pray] ,& re> its sav+ alt> !re2 ,/ill do? x ea/w>d turn 9 cre$1 ,:ile fai? 9 awe ea* graci\s de$ ,( h] de> ,savi\r's love do? plead2 ,/ill do? x turn at e l9e ,to ! fair ,ea/1 9 sweet mute sign ,t ?r\gh our we>y /rife & pa9 ,we crave our ,ed5 back aga94#g ,! next /ep appe>s fir/ 9 n9? c5tury *ur*es1 & 9 ! plan ( ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,gall4 ,x involv$ no *ange 9 ! position ( ! /alls ( ! cl]gy2 b in/ead ( be+ plac$ 9 ! ea/]n bays ( ! nave1 ! sanctu>y 0 l5g!n$ to conta9 !m4 ,& s we rea* ! famili> p>o*ial *ancel1 ) its we/]n portion =m+ a *oir1 & its ea/]n a sanctu>y4 ,! cl]gy left ! nave & ! laity 9 ! mid/ ( :om !y _h s long sung & pray$1 & remov$ to ! *ancel1 :]e to ! nor? & s\? 7 solid walls1 :ile to ! we/1 no d\bt v %ortly1 0 add$ a scre5 gu>d+ ! entrance to ! *apel4 ,?\gh ! new plan made no alt]ation 9 ! relative position ( ! /alls ( ! cl]gy1 x 0 nev]!less a real revolution4 ,! *ancel became practically a seclud$1 clos$ *apel2 ! (fices & s]vices :i* _h be5 p]=m$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! laity became m & m ! pr]ogative ( a privileg$ ecclesia/ical ord]2 9 ! end1 9 ! great] *ur*es1 special alt>s 7 put up = ! laity 9 ! nave2 except 9 ! p>i% *ur*es1 laym5 lo/ ! "r to p>ticipate 9 s]vices at ! ,high ,alt>4 #ba ,illu/ration3 ,c>lisle ,9 our great mona/ic & collegiate *ur*es x 0 long be=e ! n9? c5tury innovation--viz41 ! ins]tion ( ! *oir 9 ! ea/]n limb ( ! *ur*--0 g5]ally adopt$2 9 "s x 0 nev] adopt$ at all4 ,! typical ,ci/]cian *ur*es1 e4g41 ,kirk/all1 rev]t$ to ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian arrangem5t1 by :i* ! ea/]n division ( ! *ur* 0 appropriat$ exclusively to ! sanctu>y2 & ?is 0 ! case ) _m ,b5$ict9e & collegiate *ur*es also4 ,till ignorant & incompet5t re/or]s 7 let loose on !m1 ! ea/]n limb ( ! ca!drals ( ! ,secul> ,canons ( ,wells & ,h]e=d1 t ( ! ,b5$ict9e ca!dral ( ,ely & o!rs =m$ "o va/ sanctu>y1 ! /alls be+ plac$ "u ! c5tral t[] & 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! nave2 at ,wells ! *oir _h a l5g? ( #dg feet1 b ! sanctu>y ( #fg feet4 ,! reason :y a sanctu>y s long 0 requir$ 0 no d\bt t x 0 desir$ to place 9 x two alt>s2 "o1 ! *oir or mat9s alt>1 = ord9>y s]vices2 ! o!r1 ! ,high alt>1 m to ! ea/1 res]v$ = ,high ,mass4#h #bb ,illu/ration3 ,durham #bc ,9 "s cases1 e4g41 at ,we/m9/]1 9 _m ,ci/]cian *ur*es1 & 9 ,spani% ca!drals1 ! /alls 7 n plac$ "u ! c5tral t[]1 b /ill m to ! we/1 :olly 9 ! nave4 ,9 ,go?ic days1 h[ev]1 9 ,engli% plans--,we/m9/] is ,fr5* 9 plan--! t5d5cy 0 m & m to place ! *oir ( ! mona/ic & collegiate *ur*es 9 ! ea/]n limb1 j z 9 a p>i% *ur*4 ,9 ! ca!drals ! prec$5t 0 fir/ set at ,cant]bury1 :]e 9 #ajif ,prior ,ernulph set out a new ea/]n limb consi/+ ( an ea/]n apse prec$$ by no less ?an n9e bays4 ,sometimes !re 0 a special reason = ! removal ( ! *oir f ! cross+ & ! nave4 ,9 sev]al cases--9 pi\s recollection ( ! burial ( _m a m>tyr 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian days d[n 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome--! ,italian practice ( con/ruct+ a crypt b5ea? ! ea/]n limb 0 foll[$4 ,?is _h be5 s z e>ly z ,/ ,wilfrid1 #fga-fgh1 ^: crypts at ,ripon & ,hexham /ill survive1 & 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ca!drals ( ,w9*e/]1 ,worce/]1 ,ro*e/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,cant]bury1 ,york1 & ,old ,/ ,paul's4 ,& :5 ^! 7 remodell$ by ! ,norman conqu]ors1 9 all cases ! crypt 0 reproduc$4 ,su* crypts ( c\rse necessitate ! build+ ( ! ea/]n limb at a high] level ?an cross+ & nave2 9 "s cases1 e4g41 at ,cant]bury1 ! diff]5ce 9 height is v consid]able4 ,! result mu/ h be5 t :]e z at ,cant]bury ! sanctu>y 0 a long "o1 ! ,high alt> at its ea/ end mu/ h be5 invisible1 or ne>ly s1 to monks seat$ 9 ! cross+ & nave4 ,consequ5tly1 fir/ at ,cant]bury c4 #aajj1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury at ,ro*e/]1 ,old ,/ ,paul's & ,worce/]1 & 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury at ,w9*e/] & ,york1 ! /alls 7 remov$ to ! ea/]n limb1 ! we/]n portion ( :i* n[ became *oir4 ,! only exception among ca!drals ) crypts is ,gl\ce/]1 :]e ! crypt is l[ & ! ea/]n limb is %ort & :]e ! /alls rema9 to ?is day b5ea? ! c5tral t[]4 ,! example set by ca!drals ) crypts 0 soon foll[$ by *ur*es ( e degree :i* _h none2 :e!r ,b5$ict9e1 su* z at ,*e/]1 ,augu/9ian1 z at ,c>lisle1 or s]v$ by ,secul> ,canons1 z at ,exet]4 ,& s 9 ! *ur*es ( monks1 regul> canons & secul> canons alike1 mo/ ( ! ecclesia/ical au?orities rev]t$ to :at _h be5 all along ! normal plan ( ! ,engli% p>i% *ur*1 viz41 an ea/]n limb conta9+ *oir z well z presbyt]y4#i #bd ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] #be ,! l5g? ( ! /all$ *oir v>i$ ( c\rse ) ! numb] ( monks or canons s]v+ ! *ur*4 ,9 a *ur* ( ! fir/ rank1 su* z ,l9coln or ,*e/]1 ab\t sixty /alls seems z a rule to h be5 f\nd suffici5t4 ,^! w\ld g5]ally occupy ?ree bays2 :]e m ?an ?ree bays are occupi$ ) /alls1 x is usually because m /alls h be5 add$ at "s lat] p]iod1 z at ,l9coln1 ,norwi*1 & ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s *apel1 ,we/m9/]4 ,9 ! c5tre1 betwe5 ! /alls1 a consid]able space _h to be left free1 9 ord] to leave room = processions f ! ,high ,alt> to ! lect]n & to ! ecclesia/ics 9 _! /alls2 z well z = processions ( ! :ole ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t on ,palm ,sunday1 ,corpus ,*ri/i day1 ,ea/] ,sunday & o!r fe/ivals1 & on e ,sunday 9 ! ye>4 ,! lect]n also 0 (t5 ( great size1 & a gangway _h to be left on ei!r side ( x4 ,9 ,l9coln ,m9/] ! space f "o *ori/]'s desk to ! *ori/]'s desk opposite is #ah feet3 f ! back ( ! nor!rn to ! back ( ! s\!rn /alls is #dj feet1 :i* is above ! av]age bread? ( an ,engli% ca!dral or mona/ic *oir4 ,! bread? ( ! *oir condition$ ! :ole ( ! plann+ ( ! *ur*2 = z a rule ! nave & transepts 7 naturally giv5 ! same bread? z ! *oir1 9 ord] t ! c5tral t[] %\ld be squ>e4 ,z = ! numb] ( r[s ( /alls on ei!r side ( ! *oir1 x 0 usually ?ree1 ris+ successively 9 height2 at ,l9coln ! floor ( ! upp]mo/ r[ is #b feet #f in*es above t ( ! *oir2 ! canopies rise #bb feet above ! floor4 ,at ,l9coln mod]n additions h be5 made2 at pres5t ! upp] r[ consi/s ( #fb canopi$ /alls2 #ab ( !m be+ return /alls fac+ ea/2 #be fac+ nor? & #be fac+ s\?4 ,bel[ !m is a r[ ( /alls )\t canopies2 ( ^! l[] /alls !re 7 orig9ally #df2 9 front ( ^! aga9 are ! seats ( ! *ildr5 ( ! *oir4 ,! numb] ( /alls 9 ! upp]mo/ r[ 0 regulat$ 9 a collegiate *ur* by ! numb] ( preb5ds f\nd$ 9 ! *ur*2 9 a mona/ic *ur* by ! numb] ( monks 9 ! mona/]y4 ,at ,we/m9/] ! numb] ( monks betwe5 #acci & #aech v>i$ f #di to #eb1 #dg1 #cj2 9 ! upp] /alls !re 0 accommodation = #fd4 ,at ,s\?well !re 7 #af preb5d>ies2 at times "s ( ^! 7 =eign]s1 & nev] visit$ ,s\?well or ,engl&2 ! re/ /ay$ 9 _! c\ntry p>i%es1 & x 0 sometimes ) great difficulty t a s+le preb5d>y c\ld be got toge!r to take *>ge ( ! ,m9/] s]vices2 !y _h1 h[ev]1 deputies2 & = !m & _! ma/]s ! two we/]n bays ( ! pres5t *oir 7 probably appropriat$4 ,& = ! meet+s ( ?is collegiate body1 :i* 7 held seldom1 & :i* h>dly ev] _h an att5dance ( m ?an a half doz5 preb5d>ies1 "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t ,*apt] h\ses 9 #bf ,engl& 0 built4 ,at ,wells !re 7 #ed canons or preb5d>ies1 ea* ) 8 own sep>ate e/ate or preb5d2 ! great] numb] ( !m resid$ on _! preb5dal e/ates 9 ! c\ntry2 only on r>e occasions did !y come up to ,wells1 & !n probably only = ! "t occupi$ by "s important meet+2 ev5 on su* occasions !re seem nev] to h be5 m ?an #bj canons pres5t4#aj ,nev]!less /alls 7 duly provid$ = ! :ole #ed1 & ! ,psalt] 0 divid$ into #ed portions = daily recitation by ! ,bi%op & 8 canons4 ,ea* ( ^! abs5tee canons at ,wells _h or 0 expect$ to h a deputy 9 ! =m ( a vic> *oral :o 0 paid by him a small /ip5d call$ /all-wages4 ,a beautiful /reet ( little h\ses--"o ( ! lovelie/ ?+s 9 t lovelie/ ( ,engli% cities--built = ! vic>s1 /ill survives at ,wells2 o!rs at ,h]e=d1 ,l9coln1 ,*i*e/] & else:]e4 ,at ,wells ! fir/ & highe/ r[ ( /alls 0 9 practice occupi$ by ! s5ior canons1 ! prie/-vic>s & deacons2 ! second r[ by junior deacons1 subdeacons & o!rs2 ! ?ird r[ by *ori/]s on ! f\ndation2 9 front ( t 0 a seat = *ori/]s on probation4 ,! seat+ ( ! *oirs1 h[ev]1 naturally diff]$ ) ! con/itution ( ! collegiate body4 ,bev]ley ,m9/] 0 n a ca!dral prop]2 b its *ur* & its e/abli%m5t 7 on ca!dral scale1 & !re are no less ?an #fh /alls4 ,at ,bev]ley ! exact position 9 ! upp] r[ ( ! provo/1 treasur]1 *ancellor1 cl]k ( ! works1 & o!r dignit>ies 0 def9itely settl$ 9 #acia by ,?omas ,arundel1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,he direct$ t ! cl]ks or vic>s %\ld occupy ! l[] /alls1 ea* 9 front ( ! canon1 8 ma/]2 & t ! *ori/]s %\ld sit 9 front ( ! cl]ks4 ,cl]ici v]o et omnes et s+uli 9 secunda =ma qui libet coram magi/ro suo4 ,pu]i v]o seu *ori/ae ante cl]icos pr$ictos loca sua t5eant ut fi]i consuevit etiam ab antiquo4#aa ,at ! back ( ! canons' /alls 9 _m *ur*es1 e4g41 ,*e/] & ,norwi* ca!drals 7#dh71 may /ill be se5 pa9t$ ! "n ( ! c\ntry p>i% :]e ! canon's preb5d lay4 ,appo9tm5ts to su* canonries are /ill regul>ly made2 b x has become usual to /yle ! occupants honor>y canons or preb5d>ies4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y are j z mu* canons z ! resid5ti>ies4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! latt] come into resid5ce = ?ree mon?s a ye> or long]1 :ile ! =m] ne$ n come at all2 & if !y did come1 !re is no h\se to receive !m nor any /ip5d4 ,h[ ! ca!dral & collegiate e/abli%m5ts lo/1 long be=e ! ,re=mation1 ! s]vices ( ! great majority ( _! /aff _c be told "h2 p>tly x arose f %e] neglect ( duty1 p>tly x 0 impos$ on ! canons by ! necessity ( s]v+ 9 _! p>i% *ur*es & ( sup]9t5d+ _! e/ates4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] #bh ,at ! backs ( canons' /alls is sometimes pa9t$ ! v]se ( a psalm4 ,?is ref]s to a v anci5t usage4 ,! daily recitation ( ! :ole ,psalt] by ! memb]s ( a ca!dral *apt]1 accord+ to ! psalms atta*$ to _! respective preb5ds1 =m$ "p1 9 ! op9ion ( ,mr ,h5ry ,brad%aw1 ( ! ,consuetud9es introduc$ by ! ,norman bi%ops 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,lib] ,nig] or ,consuetud9>y ( ,l9coln ,m9/]1 copies ( :i*1 e>li] ?an #achc1 rema9 9 ! ,munim5t ,room1 x is /at$ t x is an anci5t usage ( ! *ur* ( ,l9coln to say "o mass & ! :ole psalt] daily on behalf ( ! liv+ & deceas$ b5efactors ( ! *ur*4 ,at ,wells also ! :ole ,psalt] 0 recit$ daily = ! same pi\s purpose4 ,at ,l9coln tablets /ill are to be se5 on ! backs ( ! /alls giv+ ! initial v]se 9 ,lat9 ( ! psalms :i* ! hold] ( ! preb5d is b\nd to recite daily3 & at ! in/allation ( ea* preb5d>y1 ! ,dean calls 8 att5tion to ! tablet & admoni%es him n to discont9ue ! obligation 7#eb74 ,ev5 at ,/ ,paul's1 ?\gh ! orig9al /alls all p]i%$ 9 ! fire ( #afff1 fifte5 ( ! pres5t /alls on ea* side are inscrib$ ) ! ,lat9 words ) :i* v>i\s psalms comm5ce2 ! ,psalt] "h be+ divid$ into ?irty portions4 99 99 99 99 99 #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,canopi$ ,,/alls ,x is probable t all ! back /alls ( mona/ic & collegiate *ur*es _h orig9ally "s =m ( canopy4 ,= ?is !re 0 a v practical reason1 9 ! desire ( ! occupants ( ! /alls to h _! tonsur$ heads protect$ f d[n draughts1 :i* f op5 tri=ium *amb]s imp]fectly til$ mu/ (t5 h be5 excessive4 ,a great numb] ( ^! canopies h be5 de/roy$1 usually 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 to make room = gall]ies1 e4g41 at ,wells 9 #aeij & #afij1 & ,hexham 9 #agdj4ab ,9 ,belgium n a s+le set ( /alls reta9s canopies4 ,:5 ! gall]ies 7 remov$ 9 mod]n re/orations1 ! anci5t =ms ( canopy 7 frequ5tly n replac$1 b some?+ ( mod]n design 0 put up4 ,?is %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 exam9+ ! cre/+ ( ! /alls z x is at pres5t2 mu* ( x is n orig9al ei!r 9 mat]ial or design4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ approximately 9 *ronological ord] ( "s ( ! f9e/ sets ( /alls 9 ca!dral1 mona/ic1 collegiate & p>o*ial *ur*es4 ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral #abbg ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral #acje ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral #acce ,ely ,ca!dral begun 9 #acch ,lanca/] ,*ur* #acdj ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral #acej ,l9coln ,m9/] #acgj ,ab]gav5ny #achj ,h]e=d ,ca!dral #achj ,h]e=d ,all ,sa9ts #achj ,*e/] ,ca!dral #acij ,nantwi* #acij ,/[langt(t #adjj ,w+field1 ,suffolk #adae ,higham ,f]r]s #adae ,norwi* ,ca!dral #adbj ,c>lisle ,ca!dral #adcc ,%]borne ,abbey #adcf ,h]e=d ,/ ,pet] #adej ,/ ,david's #adgj ,w9dsor #adhj ,ripon #aejj ,man*e/] #aejh ,we/m9/] #aeji ,*ri/*ur* #aeae ,bri/ol #aebj ,dunblane #aebj ,bev]ley ,m9/] #aebj ,new>k #aebe ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge #aecc1 #afcc1 #afgf ,ab]de5 #aebj ,c>tmel #afbj ,brancepe? #afcj ,durham ,ca!dral #affe ,bi%op ,auckl& ,*apel #affe ,%]burn ,hospital1 ,durham #affe ,s$gefield #afhj ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral #afig ,cant]bury ,ca!dral #agjd #cj ,illu/ration3 ,ro*e/] #ca ,! /alls ( ! *ur*es ( ,ratzburg illu/rat$ by ,m4 ,j4 ,gailhabaud1 vol4 iv41 seem to be ( ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury2 !y are ( clumsy design & 9 a fragm5t>y condition4 ,at ,ha/ires & ,g5dron-,celles1 bo? ne> ,d9ant1 ,belgium1 are simple /alls ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#ac ,9 ,france ! *ief examples are ^? 9 ,notre ,dame de la ,ro*e2 fragm5ts occur also 9 ,poiti]s ca!dral & ! *ur* ( ,saulieu4#ad ,! e>lie/ /allwork ( :i* we h rema9s is 9 ,ro*e/] ca!dral 7#cj74 ,f fragm5ts :i* rema9$ x 0 f\nd t ! /alls _h be5 ab\t #c feet #f in*es high1 & _h h+$ seats only #ac in*es f ! floor2 !re 0 a space ( #b feet #i in*es betwe5 ! seat & ! =m 9 front1 & ! seat 0 #b feet deep4#ae ,!re 0 b a s+le r[ ( /alls1 & ! =ms 7 v l[2 only #bb in*es above ! plat=m on :i* !y /ood4 ,!y are too l[ to h be5 us$ z book re/s2 :i* inde$ w\ld h be5 unnecess>y1 z ! monks knew ! ,psalt] & _! s]vices by he>t2 ! only s]vice books employ$ be+ ! big books :i* lay on ! great lect]n 9 ! gangway ( ! *oir4 ,x is probable t ! =ms 7 ( use at c]ta9 p>ts ( ! s]vice :5 ! monks 7 pro/rati sup] =mas4#af ,illu/ration3 ,we/m9/] ,at ,we/m9/] ! orig9al /allwork ( ! *oir has p]i%$2 =tunately1 h[ev]1 a sket* ( a portion ( x has be5 pres]v$ 7#ca74ag ,t ! sket* is tru/wor?y may be se5 by comp>+ x ) ! description ( ! /alls by ,d>t 9 8 ,we/mona/]ium 7#agdb71 :o says t ! /alls 7 cr[n$ ) acute ,go?ic ar*es support$ by pill>s4 ,! sket* %ews sl5d] %afts ) mold$ capitals1 neck+s & bases1 support+ lancet ar*es :i* are )\t cusps2 at ! back are trifoliat$ lancets4 ,! "w belongs to ! p]iod :5 ! ea/]n bays ( ! nave 7 built1 viz41 #abeh to #abgb4 ,9 ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel are two mis]icords ( conv5tional foliage2 no d\bt !y belong$ orig9ally to ,h5ry ! ,?ird's *oir4 ,a valuable & little kn[n example ( a ?irte5? c5tury /all survives at ,hem+bor\gh1 ,york%ire 7#hg74 ,at ,pet]bor\gh also fragm5ts ( /alls ( ! same c5tury rema92 b !y h back+ ( ,jacobean "* 7#cb74 ,at ,gl\ce/] a fragm5t ( a ?irte5? c5tury /all has be5 pres]v$ beh9d ! seat ( ! ,canon 9 resid5ce4 #cb ,illu/ration3 ,pet]bor\gh #cc ,ap>t f ! above1 we seem to h no /allwork ( e>li] date ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,( t p]iod ! e>lie/ & p]haps ! mo/ beautiful is t 9 ,w9*e/] ca!dral4 ,! pulpit 0 giv5 by ,prior ,silk/$e1 ^: "n is inscrib$ on x2 he 0 prior f #adih to #aebd2 ! desks & /ools ( ! upp] ti] h ! date #aedj4 ,! canopies are ( "o /ory4 ,ea* is surm\nt$ by a /raight sid$ gable or p$im5t1 :i* is crocket$ & f9iall$ & has comp\nd cusp+4 ,! upp] "p ( ea* gable is p]=at$ ) a multifoil$ trefoil4 ,bel[1 ! /all is spann$ by a broad po9t$ ar*1 :i* is subdivid$ into two po9t$ & deta*$ ar*es1 ) foliat$ cusps4 ,^! two m9or ar*es c>ry circles ) v>y+ trac]y4 ,at ! back ( ea* /all 7#ce7 is a broad ar* conta9+ a pair ( deta*$ po9t$ trifoliat$ ar*es support$ by %afts ^: capitals are alt]nately mold$ & foliat$4 ,^! two small ar*es c>ry a circle )9 :i* is inscrib$ a c9quefoil1 cusp$ & foliat$4 ,! sp&rils betwe5 ea* pair ( conta9+ ar*es at ! back ( ! /alls are occupi$ by foliage admirably c>v$1 9 :i* are figures ( m51 animals1 birds1 c4 ,!re is no pron\nc$ ogee ar* any:]e1 ?\gh !re is a suspicion ( "o :]e ! op5 trefoils ( ! gables re/ ^u ! conta9+ ar*es4 ,! trac]y too ( all ! circles is geometrical1 i4e41 compos$ ( simple curves2 !re is no fl[+ or ogee trac]y ) comp\nd curves4 ,x may be assum$ !re=e t ! "w is e>li] ?an c4 #acae4 ,on ! o!r h& ! foliage ( ! sp&rils has pron\nc$ bulb\s or ogee curves & ! p$im5ts conta9 comp\nd cusp+2 bo? features be+ *>act]i/ic ( ornam5t ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral #ce ,illu/ration3 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral #cf ,tak+ all into acc\nt1 #acje may be tak5 z an approximate date = ?is sup]b "w4 ,x is usually assign$ to ! ye> #abif1 on ! gr\nd ( simil>ity ( design to t ( ! ,we/m9/] tomb ( ,edmund ,cr\*back :o di$ 9 t ye>2 b t is to =get t he di$ 9 debt1 leav+ in/ructions t he 0 n to be buri$ till 8 debts 7 paid3 x is likely !re=e t 8 tomb is sev]al ye>s lat] ?an #abif2 inde$1 except t its ma9 ar* has n ogee ar*es 9 its cusp+1 x is n mu* e>li] 9 design ?an ! adjo9+ tomb ( ,aym] de ,val5ce1 :o di$ 9 #acbd4 ,comp>ison may be made also ) ! monum5t 9 ,w9*elsea *ur* ( ,g]vase ,al>d1 :o 0 /ill alive 9 #acjf2 & ) ! monum5ts 9 ,ely ca!dral ( ,bi%op ,l\? 7ob4 #abih7 & 9 ,cant]bury ca!dral ( ,ar*bi%op ,peckham 7ob4 #abib74 ,illu/ration3 ,*i*e/] ,on ! o!r h& 9 ,*i*e/] ca!dral 7#cf71 ! ogee motive is supreme4 ,!re are no m po9t$ ar*es2 e ar* is an ogee2 & ! cre/+ consi/s ( wavy trac]y surm\nt$ by a battlem5t4 ,! cusp+ ( ! upp] ogee ar*es is comp\nd2 ! foliage ( pron\nc$ bulb\s "*4 ,x is unlikely t ?is "w c be mu* e>li] ?an t ( ! ,ely /alls1 :i* 7 n begun till #acch4 ,on ! evid5ce ( co/ume & arm\r x w\ld seem t ! mis]icords 7 9 c\rse ( execution betwe5 c4 #acbj & c4 #acdj2 ! /allwork w\ld probably be ! la/ "p ( ! "w2 & #cg z ! ,*i*e/] ,records are report$ to assign ! "w to ,bi%op ,john ,langton1 :o di$ 9 #accg1 we may assign #acce z an approximate date to ! /alls4 ,illu/ration3 ,ely ,:5 we come to ,ely1 we deal ) asc]ta9$ dates2 x is kn[n t ! /alls 7 comm5c$ 9 #acch4 ,!y are on #ch a noble scale1 b h be5 improv$ by re/or]s1 :o among ?+s h actually ins]t$ ,belgian c>v+s 9 ! upp] ni*es4 ,^! /alls h two di/9ct ti]s ( canopies1 s t !y rise to a consid]able height4 ,ea* ( ! l[] canopies has a po9t$ ar* ) comp\nd ogee cusp+2 above ea* ( ^! is a ni*e ) ?ree gabl$ canopies c>ry+ a l[ spirelet :i* is flank$ by ornate p9nacles2 ! :ole =m+ a v beautiful composition4 ,x is a great advance f ! "o-/ory design ( ,*i*e/] 7#cf71 to ! two /ories ( ,ely4 ,illu/ration3 ,gl\ce/] ,! great ea/ w9d[ ( ,gl\ce/] *oir 0 glaz$ c4 #acej2 by :i* date half ( ! /alls 7 ready4 ,! nor!rn /alls are ! "w ( ,abbot ,/aunton 7#accg-acea72 ! s\!rn ( ,abbot ,horton 7#acea-acgg72 !y replace ?irte5? c5tury /alls erect$ by ,elias de ,lide=d4 ,! design ( ! /alls is curi\s & int]e/+4 ,9 ! canopy ! lead+ motif is ! b[+ ogee1 repeat$ twice2 x is well se5 9 ! contempor>y "w ( ! ,p]cy monum5t at ,bev]ley & ! arcad+ ( ,ely ,lady ,*apel4 ,! upp] & acutely po9t$ ogee is f9iall$1 & is flank$ by battlem5t$ & crocket$ p9nacles2 beh9d is a battlem5t$1 crocket$ & f9iall$ spirelet4 ,beh9d ! spirelets is arcad+ compos$ ( w9d[ trac]y2 & above ! arcad+ is a cre/$ horizontal cornice4 ,at fir/ sight ! design looks no m advanc$ ?an t ( ,ely2 b if ! trac]y ( ! arcad+ be exam9$1 x w be f\nd t ! ?ree l[] lights h sup]mullions1 & t ! c5tre-pieces are /raight-sid$4 ,9 woodwork1 z 9 /one1 x 0 at ,gl\ce/] t ! reign ( ! /raight l9e comm5c$ 7#ch74 #ci ,illu/ration3 ,lanca/] #dj ,!n comes a gr\p ( /alls :i* x is n easy to date1 b all ( :i* are r$ol5t ( f\rte5? c5tury inspiration2 ^? ( ,lanca/] *ur*1 ^? ( ! ca!dral & ,all ,sa9ts' *ur* at ,h]e=d1 & ^? ( ,ab]gav5ny priory & ,norwi* ca!dral4 ,! ,lanca/] /alls are ! *ef-d'oeuvre ( ,engli% woodwork1 wond]ful alike 9 design & execution2 9 woodwork !y mu/ h be5 9 _! day unrivall$2 9 /one !y f9d a compe] 9 ! m>vell\s detail ( ! ,p]cy monum5t & 9 ! /ill f9] "w at ! back ( ! r]$os 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]4 ,!y d n %ew ! slighte/ sign ( ! revolution ( design :i* _h comm5c$ 9 ,gl\ce/] transept c4 #accj1 & :i* by ! end ( ! c5tury 0 to ov]spread all ,engl&2 !y are ! natural developm5t ( ! design ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury c>ri$ =w>d to an ext5t = :i* ! only p>allel is to be f\nd 9 ! highly develop$ ,flamboyant detail ( ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,flemi% design ( ! middle & latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,s inord9ately ,flamboyant are ! trac]ies 7#da1 #db7 t "o w\ld unhesitat+ly ascribe !m to ,cont95tal arti/s did "o n see ! t\* ( ! ,engli% craftsman ev]y:]e2 comp>e = in/ance ! trac]y %ewn at ! top ( page #db ) t ( ! we/ w9d[ ( ! f>-away *ur* ( ,snetti%am1 ,norfolk4#ah ,"o hesitates to assign to ! ,lanca/] "w su* an e>ly date2 b if ! ,p]cy monum5t 0 9 c\rse ( erection1 z we "k x 01 soon aft] #acdj1 x is q possible t ! ,lanca/] /alls also date be=e ! arrival ( ! ,black ,dea? 9 #acdi-ej4 ,aft] t date a great *ange came ov] design2 ! ri* exub]ance ( ,ely ,lady ,*apel1 ! ,ea/] sepul*res1 s$ilia & pisc9as ( mid-,l9coln%ire & ! ,p]cy monum5t at ,bev]ley1 appe> no m4 ,any l+]+ hesitation "o may h1 h[ev]1 is remov$ by a scrut9y ( ! mold+s1 especially ^? ( ! capitals1 neck+s & bases2#ai !y are j ^? :i* 7 9 fa%ion c4 #acdj4 #da ,illu/ration3 ,lanca/] ,illu/ration3 ,lanca/] #db ,illu/ration3 ,lanca/] #dc ,! ,lanca/] /alls may be reg>d$ z ! ,flamboyant v]sion ( ! /allwork ( ,w9*e/] ca!dral1 ) :i* !y %\ld be comp>$ 7#cd74 ,l ! ,w9*e/] /alls1 !y are b "o /ory high2 !y d n aspire to ! two /ories ( ,ely & ,norwi*4 ,!re is a tradition1 unsub/antiat$1 t ^! /alls came f ,cock]s& abbey 9 #aedc4 ,b ,/ ,m>y's1 ,lanca/]1 0 a priory *ur* atta*$1 fir/1 to ! abbey ( ,/ ,m>t91 ,ses1 9 ,norm&y1 & !n1 :5 ali5 priories 7 suppress$1 transf]r$ to ,sion abbey1 ,middlesex4 ,9 #acfg ,lanca/] priory _h a rev5ue ( #hj1 say #a1bjj p] annum1 & 0 q able to provide /alls = itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,h]e=d ,ca!dral ,! l[] "p ( ea* canopy consi/s ( an ogee ar*2 ?is is some:at l[1 b 9 comp5sation is surm\nt$ by an exceptionally l(ty p$im5t4 ,bo? ogee ar* & /raight-sid$ p$im5t are fill$ ) p]=at$ trac]y4 ,all ?is trac]y1 bo? above & bel[1 diff]s f bay to bay2 ! craftsman w\ld n & c\ld n repeat !m2 he 0 simply ov]fl[+ ) inv5tive design4 ,! trac]y ( ! ogee ar* re/s on an ar*1 usually an ogee ar*1 :i* is cusp$ 9 ogee1 semicircul> or segm5tal curves1 tipp$ ) *>m+ly div]sifi$ p5dants ( faces1 fruits & foliage2 ! int]val betwe5 #dd ! two ar*es is fill$ ) a network ( comp\nd curves--a labyr9? ( beautiful =ms--entic+ ! eye to attempt to foll[ _! ramifications by ev] new r\tes2 ea* little patt]n is cusp$1 & ea* has ! ogee curve at "o end or bo? ends1 or at "o side 7#da74 ,equally +5i\s & div]sifi$ is ! trac]y :i* fills up ! tall p$im5t4 ,! broad b& ( foliat$ ornam5t1 :i* =ms a k9d ( cont9u\s crocket+1 9 spite ( mu* mutilation rema9s ! ri*e/ example 9 ,engli% woodwork4#bj ,notice too ! little masks :i* immortalise ! features ( ! ,lanca/] m5 ( #acdj2 sometimes no d\bt !y repres5t ! c>v]s !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,h]e=d ,all ,sa9ts' #de ,illu/ration3 ,h]e=d ,all ,sa9ts' ,9 ,h]e=d ca!dral ! /alls are ( "o /ory & h a horizontal cre/+4 ,at ! back ( ea* /all is an ogee ar*1 & 9 front a b[+ ogee ar*2 !re is "s lack ( contra/4 ,! sides ( ! upp] ogees are prettily flank$ by graduat$ w9d[ trac]y2 & ! great multiplication & pr$om9ance ( ! v]tical l9e makes x likely t ! /alls 7 put up r aft] ?an be=e ! ,black ,dea? 7#dc74 #df ,illu/ration3 ,ab]gav5ny ,illu/ration3 ,w+field #dg ,at ,all ,sa9ts'1 ,h]e=d1 is a range ( /alls ( rem>kable beauty4 ,!y h ! b[+ ogees1 ! comp\nd cusp+1 ! int]sect+ wavy trac]y ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 yet ! cusp+ & trac]y are n 9 ! e>ly mann]4 ,9 ! ca!dral ! b[+ ogees meet at an angle ( ne>ly #de2 at ,all ,sa9ts'1 !y project b slightly1 meet+ ) a v obtuse po9t4 ,all ,sa9ts' has ogee canopies "u a cov$ horizontal te/] ) support+ %afts1 z 9 ! ca!dral4 ,9 ! latt] ! cornice ( ! te/] on ! s\? side has a p]=at$ battlem5t$ p>apet2 t on ! nor? 7#dc7 has bratti%+2 at ,all ,sa9ts' bo? sides h bratti%+1 b ! patt]n is n ! same4 ,h]e=d suff]$ mu* f ! ,black ,dea? ( #acej1 & x is n likely t a p>i% *ur* w\ld be able to af=d su* co/ly /alls be=e ! la/ qu>t] ( t c5tury4 ,we may sugge/ #achj z a probable date4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ne>ly all *anges 9 m$ival design orig9at$ ) ! /one mason2 x 0 "s "t be=e !y 7 caught up by ! craftsm5 9 o!r mat]ials 7#dd74 ,to ! exquisite /allwork ( ,ab]gav5ny ! rem>ks made on t at ,all ,sa9ts'1 ,h]e=d1 aga9 apply2 x is r$ol5t ( ! inspiration ( ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 b its effects are ga9$ 9 a totally diff]5t way3 ?is also may be assign$ to ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2#ba say c4 #achj or lat] 7#df74 ,! /alls at ,w+field1 ,suffolk1 might date f #acfb1 :5 ! *ur* 0 made collegiate2 b mu* "w 0 done 9 ! "t ( ,mi*ael de la ,pole1 #bnd ,duke ( ,suffolk1 & 8 wife1 ,ca!r9e ,/af=d2 he di$ 9 #adae2 ! badges ( ,w+field & ,/af=d--a w+ & ! ,/af=d knot--are se5 on ! ar*es betwe5 ! de la ,pole *apel & ! *ancel4 ,! design ( ! /alls & desks is su* z might be expect$ e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 especially 9 ,ea/ ,anglia1 :]e f\rte5? c5tury design l+]$ long 7#df74 #dh ,illu/ration3 ,norwi* ,ca!dral ,at fir/ sight ! ,norwi* /alls might seem to belong to ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 z 9 ! /alls ( ,*i*e/]1 ! l[] canopies h ogee ar*es2 :ile !re is a second /ory above1 z at ,ely4 ,! exub]ance ( e>li] design is pres5t 9 ! cusp+ & ! crockets2 notice h[ ! crockets v>y f bay to bay1 "o set be+ actually compos$ ( hawks4 ,nev]!less sup]mullions rise f ! apex ( ea* m9or ar* ( ! w9d[ trac]y ( ! sp&rils1 & are conclusive evid5ce t ! date is consid]ably lat]4 ,! /alls & mis]icords bel[ are ( two p]iods4 ,9 ! e>li] set ( tw5ty-f\r ! seats are polygonal2 ! arm\r depict$ is t ( ! la/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & !re are arms ( donors :o di$ respectively 9 #achj1 #adjj & #adbh2 s t we may assign ! approximate date ( #acij to ?is set ( mis]icords4 ,! rema9+ ?irty-eight mis]icords h seats curv$ on plan1 &1 accord+ to ,mr ,h>rod1 are n lat] ?an ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,n[ ! canopies ext5d above bo? sets ( mis]icords2 ! probability !re=e is t !y 7 put up toge!r ) ! second set ( mis]icords4 ,b !re is "o curi\s bit ( evid5ce 9 ! canopy "w itself1 :i* is "h illu/rat$ 7#dh72 viz1 t "o set ( crockets consi/s ( hawks ) jesses4 ,n[ on ! arms ( ,john ,wak]+1 :o 0 bi%op f #adaf to #adbe are ?ree hawks' lures2#bb t be+ s1 ! probability is t ! :ole ( ! canopies1 & ! second set ( mis]icords z well1 are #di ( ! approximate date ( #adbj4 ,?\gh s mu* lat] ?an ! ,ely /alls1 ! abs5ce ( ! spirelet & ! ret5tion ( ! horizontal cornice m>ks ?is1 9 spite ( mu* beauty ( detail1 z a retrogressive design4 ,! /alls ( ,%]borne abbey1 ,dorset1 are some:at ( a puzzle 7#di74 ,! ar* design1 ) ! comp\nd cusp+1 is 9 accordance ) t ( ! l[] /ory ( ! ,ely /alls ( #acch1 except t ! ar*es are semicircul> or ne>ly s2 b f\rte5? c5tury exub]ance & v]satility h fad$ away2 ! design is regul>1 symmetrical1 prim4 ,!re 0 a great fire 9 ,%]borne ,m9/] 9 #adcf2 ! pi]s ( ! *oir are /ill r$d5$ ) ! flames2 ! =m] /alls w\ld c]ta9ly be consum$1 & ^! no d\bt are _! successors4 ,illu/ration3 ,%]borne ,! /alls at ,h]e=d ,/ ,pet] & ,/[langt(t are illu/rat$ to %ew t n only mona/ic & ca!dral *ur*es1 b p>i% *ur*es also possess$ abundance ( f9e /allwork4 ,/[langt(t is a remote ,suffolk village2 b possesses a magnific5t set ( ! orig9al c>v$ b5*es 9 ! nave & /alls 9 ! *ancel 7#ia74 ,! woodwork is probably ( ! #ej date ( ! *ur*1 :i* seems to h be5 rebuilt late 9 ! f\rte5? or e>ly 9 ! foll[+ c5tury2 ! ,h]e=d *ur* is a t[n *ur*2 its /alls appe> to be well on 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7#hi74 ,9 ,bri/ol ca!dral ! /alls consi/ ( a range ( trac]i$ panels surm\nt$ by a horizontal cov$ cornice4 ,!re are n[ tw5ty-eight /alls4 ,!y be> ! arms & initials ( ,abbot ,elyot 7#aeae-aebf74 ,at ,/ ,david's a totally new dep>ture occurs 9 /all design2 ! motif n[ be+ cle>ly tak5 f an oak scre5 surm\nt$ by a p>apett$ l(t 7#aji74 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury /alls illu/rat$ ! ogee ar* 0 ! *>act]i/ic feature2 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! fa%ion 0 to take an elongat$ ogee ar*1 & truncate x1 employ+ only ! upp] portion ) ! concave curve2 ^! semi-ogees occur ev]y:]e bo? 9 /one & wood2 !y are well se5 at ,/ ,david's 9 ! back+ ( ! /alls4 ,?is "w has sup]s$$ t :i* 0 ord]$ to be put up 9 #acdb by ,bi%op ,g[]1 only "o fragm5t ( :i* rema9s2 x 0 f\nd above ! pres5t canopy & consi/$ ( a f9iall$ ogee canopy1 agree+ ne>ly 9 detail & "* ) ^? portions ( ! ,bi%op's ?rone :i* are ( ,g[]'s "t4#bc ,! pres5t /alls1 mis]icords1 /all backs & canopy are all fifte5? c5tury "w2 on ! dean's /all 79 ?is ca!dral1 z n[adays at ,s\?well1 ! bi%op 0 also dean7 are ! arms ( ,bi%op ,tully 7#adfj-adha71 & on ! ,treasur]'s /all is ! "n ( ,,pole1 :o 0 treasur] 9 ! bi%op's latt] days4 ,! p>apets above _c h be5 add$ till ! sixte5? c5tury2 = !y t]m9ate to ! ea/ 9 scrolls ( ! =m common 9 c9quec5to "w4 99 99 99 99 99 #ea ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,tab]nacl$ ,,/alls ,9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury we come to a new =m ( /all design2 "o 9 :i* ! ,engli% c>v]s won _! greate/ triumphs1 & :i* became ! /&>d & typical design = ,engli% /alls4 ,x is se5 9 ! magnific5t tab]nacl$ /alls ( ,l9coln1 ,*e/]1 ,nantwi*1 ,c>lisle1 ,w9dsor1 ,/ ,asaph1 ,ripon1 ,man*e/]1 ,we/m9/]1 ,bev]ley & ,durham4 ,to di/+ui% ?is gr\p1 we may t]m x /allwork ) tab]nacl$ canopies1 or1 m %ortly1 tab]nacl$ /alls4 ,?\gh new1 x is1 l all design1 bas$ on e>li] models4 ,at ,ely 7#cg7 two di/9ct & conflict+ designs are comb9$2 to ^? two ! ,l9coln c>v]s gave unity 7#ag74 ,! /allwork at ,ely is 9 two /ories2 b !y are n correlat$ 9 any way4 ,! upp] /ory consi/s ( canopi$ ni*es1 n[ conta9+ figures1 =m]ly probably occupi$ by pa9t+s4 ,at ,l9coln ! l[] /ory 0 omitt$1 r$uc+ ! elevation to a s+le /ory2 :ile ! ni*es ( ! ,ely upp] /ory 7 br\ght l[ d[n1 & made to en%r9e ! ve/$ canons bel[4 ,! ,l9coln ni*es1 h[ev]1 are ( m elaboration ?an ^? ( ,ely2 9 ! latt] ea* ni*e 0 front$ by ?ree /raight-sid$ p$im5ts2 9 ! =m] ! p$im5ts are holl[-sid$1 & 9 front ( ea* is a b[+ ogee ar*4 ,!n ^! ni*es are repeat$ above1 except t ea* ni*e is s+le in/ead ( be+ triple1 & en%r9es a /atuette ( wood1 & is flank$ by w9d[ trac]y4 ,moreov]1 above ea* upp] ni*e1 z at ,ely1 rises a l(ty spirelet ) crockets & f9ials1 encircl$ by a coronal ( ogee gables & flank$ by tall sl5d] p9nacles1 !mselves also ornam5t$ ) m9iature ni*es1 crockets & f9ials4 ,also ! upp] portions ( ! %afts bel[ are ni*$1 crocket$ & battlem5t$4 ,?us ! ,ely design becomes ?or\ghly h>moni\s & at "o ) itself4 #eb ,illu/ration3 ,l9coln #ec ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] ,z a rule1 design did n orig9ate ) ! wood c>v]2 x fir/ f\nd expression 9 /one4 ,& x well may be t to e>li] "w execut$ 9 /one r ?an to ! /allwork ( ,ely ! ,l9coln design is to be attribut$4 ,at any rate1 ! tab]nacl$ canopies ( wood are anticipat$ 9 mo/ m>k$ fa%ion 9 ! monum5t ( ,ar*bi%op ,/rat=d 9 ,cant]bury ca!dral4 ,he di$ 9 #acdh2 8 monum5t is !re=e e>li] ?an any ( ! tab]nacl$ canopies 9 wood4 ,x consi/s ( two /ories1 ) ?ree gables bel[ & a s+le ni*e above2 !n come spirelets ) p9nacles betwe54#bd ,!re is a simil> monum5t to ,ar*bi%op ,kemp1 :o di$ 9 #aded4 ,( ! ,l9coln "w ,mr ,a4 ,w4 ,pug9 said t ! /alls are execut$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 n only z reg>ds v>iety & beauty ( ornam5tal design1 b 9 accuracy ( workman%ip1 :i* is frequ5tly defici5t 9 anci5t examples ( woodwork4444 ,!y are c]ta9ly sup]ior to any o!r *oir fitt+s ( t p]iod rema9+ 9 ,engl&4 ,! mis]icords also are all v>i$ 9 design1 & consi/ ( foliage1 animals1 figures & ev5 hi/orical subjects1 beautifully design$1 & execut$ ) surpass+ skill & fre$om4 ,z ! "w 0 begun by ! treasur]1 ,john ( ,welb\rn1 :o di$ 9 #achj1 we may give x ! approximate date ( #acgj4 ,?is is borne out by ! fact #ed t on ! base ( ! ,dean's /all are ! be>+s ( ,dean ,/ret*ley1 :o di$ 9 #acgf4be ,judg+ f ! arm\r repres5t$ on ! mis]icords ! design ( ! ,l9coln /alls 0 copi$ v soon aft]w>ds1 say c4 #acij1 9 ,*e/] ca!dral1 b ) a magnific5ce ( foliat$ ornam5t :i* is rem9isc5t ( ! glori\s /alls ( ,lanca/]4 ,= ! ma9 l9es ( ! design1 h[ev]1 ! new type ( canopy :i* _h be5 work$ out at ,l9coln 0 tak5 z a model2 ! details only are ^? ( ,lanca/]1 ! g5]al design is f ,l9coln4 ,z at ,l9coln1 ! l[] canopy has duplicat$ gables 9 front ( ea* ( ! ?ree faces ( ! ma9 /ructure ( ! canopy4 ,?is ma9 /ructure />ts f betwe5 p9nacl$ buttresses1 z x 71 sep>at+ ea* canopy2 !n is br\ght =w>d l an oriel w9d[1 hav+ squ>e-head$ trac]i$ w9d[s1 ! :ole surm\nt$ by a battlem5t$ pi]c$ p>apet4 ,9 front ( ea* face ( ! oriel is fir/ a truncat$ ogee ar*1 & second1 a complete ogee ar*1 bo? spr++ f a battlem5t$ & p9nacl$ corn] buttress4 ,^! buttresses1 :e!r betwe5 ! canopies or 9 front ( ! corn]s ( ! oriels1 are truncat$1 ! =m] ris+ n f ! %\ld]s ( ! /alls bel[ b f angels1 ! latt] f c>v$ bosses or pat]ae4 ,! gables at ! back spr+ f a high] level ?an ^? 9 front1 &1 z at ,l9coln1 are truncat$ ogee ar*es4 ,! ?ree front gables are complete ogee ar*es1 :i* diff] f ^? 9 ! ,l9coln /allwork 9 t _! l[] convex curve spreads outw>d aga94 ,?is is an important matt]2 = ?\gh ?is comp\nd ogee ar* is n employ$ 9 ! ,l9coln /alls1 yet x occurs up & d[n ! ca!dral 9 ! /onework ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 e4g41 9 ! arcad+ "u ! we/]n t[]s#bf put up by ! same treasur] :o paid = ! /alls4 ,x is s special & *>act]i/ic to ,l9coln t its pres5ce at ,*e/] may be tak5 z a decisive pro( ( ,l9coln influ5ce 9 ! design ( ! /alls4 ,9 ! upp] /ory is a c5tral ni*e1 flank$ by w9d[ trac]y1 z at ,l9coln4 ,above rises a l(ty spirelet1 encircl$ at its base by ,l9coln ogee gables4 ,betwe5 ! spirelets1 z at ,ely & ,l9coln1 are tall p9nacles4 ,! leafage ( ! l[] canopies %\ld be comp>$ ) t ( ,lanca/]4 ,9 ! five examples illu/rat$ 7#ec1 #ee1 #ef7 x w be se5 h[ consummate & v]satile 9 design 7 ^! m$ival craftsm52 !y 7 bubbl+ ov] ) design1 & c\ld n repeat !mselves if !y wi%$4#bg #ee ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] #ef ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] ,illu/ration3 ,*e/] #eg ,illu/ration3 ,nantwi* ,illu/ration3 ,nantwi* #eh ,! magnific5t *ur* ( ,nantwi*1 ,*e%ire1 0 9 build+ be=e ! ,black ,dea? ( #acdi2 ! "w 0 !n /opp$2 & :5 x 0 resum$1 x 0 c>ri$ out 9 a diff]5t /yle4 ,to ?is lat] p]iod belong ! s\? transept & ! ea/ w9d[ ( ! *ancel ) rectil9e> trac]y2 x is probable t ! pulpit & /alls also belong to ?is second "w1 c4 #adjj4 ,! design connects itself ) t ( ! ,l9coln & ,*e/] /alls 9 ! abs5ce ( any l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! upp] & l[] portions2 b :ile t ( ,*e/] is rem9isc5t ( e>ly f\rte5? c5tury "w1 t ( ,nantwi* is well advanc$ t[>d normal fifte5? c5tury design4 ,x is also mu* ri*] ?an ei!r1 ! l[] /age be+ a mass ( ni*es & p9nacles1 ) angel corbels bel[4 ,! great novelty at ,nantwi* is ! abs5ce ( spirelets1 ! abs5ce ( :i* is nobly comp5sat$ = by ! increas$ height & prom95ce giv5 to ! c5tral ( ! ?ree upp] ni*es 7#eg74 ,illu/ration3 ,york ,m9/] ,! /alls ( ,york ,m9/] 7 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahai4 ,bo? 9 ! treatm5t ( ! support+ %afts & 9 ! design ( ! s+le upp] ni*es flank$ by w9d[ trac]y !y closely resembl$ ! ,l9coln /alls1 on :i* !y 7 probably modell$2 above ! upp] ni*es rose spirelets flank$ by p9nacles4 ,!re is a m>k$ horizontal l9e midway1 divid+ ! composition into two /ories 7#eh74 ,! presbyt]y ( ,york ,m9/] 0 built betwe5 #acfa & #acgj2 ! *oir betwe5 #achj & #adjj2 we may !re=e take #acij z ! approximate date ( ! /alls4 ,!y are a little lat] ?an ! ,l9coln /alls1 & probably contemporane\s ) ^? ( ,*e/]4 ,a g5]al view ( ! /alls appe>s 9 ,drake's ,eboracum1 page #ebb 7#ah74 #ei ,illu/ration3 ,c>lisle ,at ,c>lisle ! /alls 7 erect$ by ,bi%op ,/rickl& 7#acii-adac72 ,prior ,hai?waite is said to h add$ ! tab]nacle "w aft] ! ye> #adcc3bh x w\ld !re=e be ab\t =ty ye>s lat] ?an t at ,*e/] 7#ba74 ,! l[] canopy1 z be=e1 has triple gables1 :i* are truncat$ ogees1 b ! additional front gable ( ,l9coln & ,*e/] is omitt$1 :ile ! p9nacl$ buttresses sep>at+ ! canopies are c>ri$ by %afts /&+ on ! %\ld]s ( ! /alls4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two /ories1 :i* ! ,l9coln & ,nantwi* designs _h m9imis$1 is n[ emphasis$ by mak+ ! b& ( quatrefoils cont9u\s4 ,! upp] /ory1 :i* 9 ! e>li] designs _h _h insuffici5t dom9ance1 is n[ height5$ & enl>g$2 x consi/s ( ?ree p$e/all$ ni*es in/ead ( "o2 & ! flank+ w9d[ trac]y ( ,l9coln & ,*e/]1 ) its make%ift look1 is r$uc$ 9 importance1 =m+ m]ely ! back+ ( ! ?ree upp] ni*es4 ,! spirelet above is also greatly enri*$1 & additional p9nacles are introduc$4 ,a little prim ! design may be 9 comp>ison ) ! exub]ance ( ,l9coln1 ,*e/] & ,nantwi*1 b ! proportions are f9e1 & 7 ! /atuettes once m 9 _! ni*es1 x w\ld be a v satisfactory composition4 ,su* "w z ?is has well be5 resembl$ to a :ole wood1 or say a ?icket ( old haw?orn ) its topmo/ bran*es sp>$1 sl[ly gr[+ into /alls4 #fj ,illu/ration3 ,ripon #fa ,at ,/ ,asaph's ca!dral ! /alls & "p ( ! canopies are anci5t4#bi ,! ca!dral 0 gutt$ by fire 9 #adjb1 & ! /alls 7 n re-erect$ till #adga-adie4 ,fifty ye>s lat] ?an ! ,c>lisle /alls 7 put up ^? ( ,ripon ,m9/] 7#fj74 ,z two ( ! mis]icords are inscrib$ #adhi & #adid1 !y _c be e>li] ?an ! latt] ye>4 ,j z ! ,*e/] /alls 7 a criticism ( ^? ( ,l9coln1 & ! ,l9coln /alls ( ^? ( ,ely1 s ! /alls ( ,ripon are a criticism ( ^? ( ,nantwi* & ,c>lisle4 ,9 ! latt] ! upp] /ory _h be5 emphasis$2 at ,ripon ! bottom /ory is giv5 ! dom9ance2 comp>$ ) ! simplicity ( ! ,c>lisle design1 ! l[] /age at ,ripon1 z at ,nantwi*1 is surpass+ly ri*2 gables & p9nacles & w9d[ trac]y are load$ ) beautiful detail1 cusp$ ar*es are add$ bel[2 f9ally figure sculpture is call$ 91 & capitals & corbels are beset ) t9y angels4 ,9 ! /r+-c\rse betwe5 ! two /ories quatrefoils are ab&on$2 x is mold$1 foliat$ & battlem5t$4 ,9 ! upp] /ory reappe>s ! =e/ ( p9nacles ( ,c>lisle & ! w9d[ trac]y ( ,l9coln4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! design suff]s griev\sly f ! loss ( ! /atuettes :i* once rang$ cont9u\sly 9 ! upp] /ory4 #fb ,illu/ration3 ,man*e/] #fc ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat]1 /allwork 0 put up 9 ! collegiate *ur* ( ,man*e/]4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! *oir is a curi\s %ield ) ! initials ( ,ri*>d ,beck1 a ,man*e/] m]*ant1 by :om all ! /alls on t side 7 erect$3 ! s\!rn /alls 7 erect$ by ,bi%op ,/anley1 & at ! we/ end ( !m is ! %ield ( ,/anley ) ! ,/anley leg5d ( ! eagle & *ild4 ,at ,man*e/] craftsman ambition _h to surpass ,ripon & ,nantwi*4 ,b ! l[] /ages ( ,nantwi* & ,ripon 7 unsurpassable2 s !y 7 copi$1 angelettes includ$4 ,! /r+-c\rse is /r5g!n$ & improv$ by additional battlem5ts2 b undue emphasis is prev5t$ by mak+ x discont9u\s4 ,9 ! upp] /ory1 by way ( *ange1 !re is a rev]sion to ! s+le ni*e1 flank$ by w9d[ trac]y1 ( ,l9coln & ,*e/]2 f9ally1 orig9ality is ass]t$ by surm\nt+ ! :ole1 9 some:at d\btful propriety1 ) a cont9u\s te/]1 s t ! canopies t cov] ! /alls are !mselves cov]$ & protect$4 ,?is te/] has a horizontal cornice ) bratti%+ above & cornice braces betwe5 p5dant pieces bel[4 ,to make room = ?is ! spirelets s mu* 9 vogue are replac$1 z at ,nantwi*1 by canopies ) horizontal cre/+--tak+ x altoge!r1 a magnific5t design1 if only ! ,ripon /alls _h n exi/$ 7#fb74 #fd ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] #fe ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,!n come ! /alls ( ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 mis]icords ( :i* are inscrib$ ) ! dates #aebj & #aebd2 ! /alls are !re=e ab\t a doz5 ye>s lat] ?an ^? ( ,man*e/]4 ,!y are modell$ closely on ^? ( ,man*e/] & ,ripon4 ,x is q conceivable t "s ( ! c>v]s may h work$ successively at ,ripon 7#aejj71 ,man*e/] 7#aejh7 & ,bev]ley 7#aebj74 ,z at ,ripon1 ! l[] /ory is made pr$om9ant1 ! little angels be+ replac$1 h[ev]1 by human bu/s--no great improvem5t2 n t !y are n full ( life & int]e/ 7#bg1 #fc74 ,! /r+-c\rse is t ( ,man*e/]4 ,! upp] /ory has s+le ni*es flank$ by w9d[ trac]y1 z at ,man*e/]4 ,! horizontal canopy ( ,man*e/] n[ rema9s ov] ! return /alls only4 ,on ! :ole x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! /alls m>k no advance4 ,a bit ( orig9al design inde$ appe>s at "o po9t1 :]e l[1 heavy /raight-l9$ gables are introduc$ q out ( h>mony ) ! curv+ ogee ar*es 7#fd74 #ff ,illu/ration3 ,durham ,!n comes ! ,dissolution2 a long li/ ( ,tudor mon>*s reign & pass away2 ,/u>ts take _! place2 ,civil ,w> foll[s2 at l5g? at ! ,re/oration ( #affj ! ,*ur* comes to h] own aga91 & ,john ,cos9 asc5ds ! episcopal ?rone ( ,durham4 ,true to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & loyal to ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 he rev]ts to ! consecrat$ =m1 & tab]nacl$ /alls are re>$ once m--"o ( 8 _m contributions to ! ca!dral & diocese ( ,durham 7#bb74 ,nor is ! design an unwor?y "o2 nay1 r x is a di/9ct improvem5t on t ( ,c>lisle1 ,ripon1 ,man*e/] & ,bev]ley2 = by aboli%+ ! /r+-c\rse1 he r$uces ! design to ! unity ) :i* x />t$ at ,l9coln4 ,moreov]1 tall p9nacles _h flank$ ! spirelets ( ,ely1 ,l9coln1 ,*e/]1 ,c>lisle1 ,ripon & ,bev]ley1 s t really "o c\ld n see ! wood = ! trees2 ^! p9nacles are n[ omitt$1 & ! spirelets get _! full value4 ,altoge!r a v f9e design2 & ! little bits ( ,r5aissance detail :i* "h & !re creep 91 z 9 ! bi%op's #fg magnific5t font cov]1#cj only add to its *>m 7#ff74 ,o!r examples ( ,john ,cos9's "t are to be se5 at ,brancepe? :]e he 0 =m]ly rector f #afbf to #afcc2 ! /alls1 scre5s & pulpit ( t *ur* are simply delightful 7#ic74 ,m ( ?is "w is to be se5 9 ! *apel ( ! ,bi%op's palace at ,bi%op's ,auckl&2 9 ! *ur* ( 8 son-9-law at ,s$gefield & at ,%]burn hospital4 ,s ,go?ic 9 _s is ?is "w t x has be5 aga9 & aga9 ascrib$ to ,elizabe?an times1 e4g41 by ,bill+s 9 8 ,c\nty ( ,durham4 ,9 spite ( ! co>s5ess ( "s ( ! detail & t "h & !re a bit ( ,classical detail creeps 91 x is mo/ int]e/+ & enjoyable2 w\ld t we _h m ( ^! delightful admixtures ( ,classic & ,go?ic =ms2 pl5tiful 9 ,spa9 & ,france1 !y are r>e ) u4 ,illu/ration3 ,dunblane ,! /alls 9 ,dunblane ca!dral are ?\ght by ,messrs ,macgibbon & ,ross#ca to h be5 put up 9 ! "t ( ,bi%op ,james ,*i%olm 7#adhf-aecd74 ,9 t case !y w\ld be c4 #aebj4 ,! "w is r r\gh 9 execution1 n to be #fh comp>$ ) ! m *>act]i/ic woodwork ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de52 nev]!less x is v picturesque & int]e/+4 ,! introduction ( ! c5taurs indicates ,r5aissance influ5ce2 ! foliage c>v+ is a r curi\s mixture ( late ,go?ic & ,classic =ms1 su* z we f9d else:]e 9 ,scotti% c>v$ "w ( ?is p]iod4 ,! ,scotti% ?i/le is "o ( ! *ief motifs 7#fg74 ,9 ! *apel ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de51 is a consid]able am\nt ( f9e oak c>v$ "w1 by f> ! mo/ ext5sive & be/ ( its k9d 9 ,scotl&4 ,! *apel itself1 9 "s ( its features1 be>s ! "* ( ! p>i% *ur* at ,/irl+ & o!r ,scotti% works ( ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! c>v$ /alls1 monum5ts1 & decorative "w ( ! int]ior are ( ! same p]iod1 b may possibly h be5 br\ght f a di/ance1 or execut$ by =eign workm5 engag$ 7l ! ,engli% plumb]7 by ! bi%op4 ,! panels are all ( diff]5t design1 & %ew a great deal ( v>iety comb9$ ) a suffici5tly uni=m effect :5 ! "w is view$ z a :ole4 ,9 "s ( !m ! details are bas$ on floral =ms--?i/le1 v9e1 oak1 c4--:ile ! conv5tional ,fr5* fleur-de-lis is also introduc$4#cb ,at ?is po9t arises ! "q h[ f> our /allwork 0 influ5c$ by =eign design4 ,x may be /at$ at once ) confid5ce t ( ! great majority ( ! /alls ! design is z ?or\ghly ,engli% z ! oak ( :i* !y are built4 ,we h se5 t ! fl[+ & ogee =ms ( ! ,ely trac]y 7 design$ n lat] ?an #acch1 :i* is at lea/ sixty ye>s e>li] ?an any "w ( ! sort 9 ,france4 ,we 7 able to see h[ by gradual modifications ( ! ,ely design ! craftsm5 7 able to advance sl[ly b assur$ly to ! /allwork ( ,l9coln1 ,*e/]1 ,nantwi*1 ,c>lisle1 ,ripon1 ,man*e/]1 ,bev]ley1 ,durham2 ! glori\s *a9 ( arti/ic success is complete2 e l9k is !re4 ,b !re are facts on ! o!r side :i*1 at any rate at ,melrose1 are beyond dispute or controv]sy4 ,9 #ahdf a docum5t 0 communicat$ to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 ,london1 f ,we/ ,fl&]s1 relat+ to a dispute at ,bruges betwe5 ,william ,c>ebis1 a ,scot* m]*ant1 & ,john ,craw=t1 a monk ( ,melrose1 on ! "o h&1 & ,cornelius de ,aeltre1 citiz5 & ma/] ( ! art ( c>p5try ( ,bruges1 on ! o!r h&4 ,! latt] _h contract$ to supply c]ta9 /alls & to erect !m 9 ! abbey *ur* ( ,melrose1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! /alls ( ! *oir ( ! abbey *ur* ( ,dunis 9 ,fl&]s1 ) c>v+ simil> to t exi/+ 9 ! *ur* ( ,?osan ne> ,bruges4 ,! /ipulat$ price _h be5 paid1 & ! ma/] c>p5t] 0 call$ to acc\nt = delay+ to complete ! "w2 :]eupon he plead$ v>i\s excuses1 /at+ t ! "w _h be5 imp$$ by popul> commotions at ,bruges1 dur+ :i* he _h be5 des]t$ by 8 workm5 & _h suff]$ heavy losses4 ,x 0 decid$ t ,melrose abbey %\ld be> ! co/ ( its transport to ! t[n ( ,sluys & emb>kation !re = ,scotl&1 & %\ld make "s all[ance to ,cornelius t[>ds 8 j\rney to ,melrose2 & t !y %\ld give him & 8 *ief c>v] 7=miscissori7 a safe-conduct = _! j\rney & return4 ,?is docum5t 0 dat$ #g? ,octob]1 #adda4cc #fi ,illu/ration3 ,w9dsor #gj ,no su* :olesale example ( =eign design occurs 9 ,engl&2 nev]!less !re are two important in/ances 9 :i* ,flemi% design is to be suspect$2 viz41 9 ! ,royal *apels at ,w9dsor & ,we/m9/]4 ,z reg>ds ! /alls 9 ,/ ,george's *apel1 ,w9dsor1 x is kn[n t ! tab]nacl$ canopies 7 begun 9 #adgg & 7 complet$ 9 #adhc2 ?us !y took six ye>s to make 7#fi74cd ,! canopies are kn[n to h be5 made 9 ,london2 ! c>v]s be+ ,rob]t ,ellis & ,john ,filles1 app>5tly ,engli%m54 ,on ! o!r h& ! great ,rood1 ) ! /atues ( ,/ ,george & ,/ ,edw>d & o!rs1 0 made by ,diricke ,vangrove & ,giles ,vanca/ell1 :o are j z evid5tly ,dut*m52 = f\r images ! two ,dut*m5 7 paid at ! rate ( #es4 p] foot2 = six canopies ! two ,engli%m5 receiv$ #dj1 say #dhj2 i4e41 ab\t #hj ( our money = ea* canopy4 ,n[ "h we h ,dut* & ,engli% c>v]s engag$ toge!r on :at 0 practically "o "w3 moreov] ! m arti/ic & difficult "p ( ! "w1 ! figure sculpture1 is entru/$ to ! ,dut*m54 ,x is to ! latt] probably t ! g5]al l9es ( ! design are due4 ,! detail is suffici5tly ,engli%2 n s ! g5]al design4 ,= ! ,w9dsor /allwork is int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ,*e/] 7c4 #acij7 & ,c>lisle 7#adcc7 on ! "o h&1 & ,ripon 7c4 #adij7 & ,man*e/] 7#aejh7 on ! o!r4 ,b x is n a developm5t aris+ out ( ei!r ( ! e>li] designs1 nor 0 ! /allwork ( ,ripon & ,man*e/] 9 any way a developm5t f t ( ,w9dsor4 #ga ,illu/ration3 ,w9dsor #gb ,all ! l>g] /allwork ( ! fifte5? c5tury 01 z we h se51 design$ 9 two /ories1 ris+ into spirelets & p9nacles2 at ,w9dsor ! d\ble /ory1 ! spirelet & ! p9nacle are all alike lack+4 ,x is true t ! orig9al canopies 7 design$ q z mu* = ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t] z = ! ,w9dsor ,canons1 & 9 ! case ( ! =m] ! design _h to be accommodat$ to provide supports = ! knights' helmets1 mantles & swords2 nev]!less ?is might h be5 accompli%$ )\t utt]ly break+ away f curr5t design4 ,! ,w9dsor design1 s f> z ,engli% "w goes1 has no ance/ry2 its orig9 no d\bt is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,w9dsor /alls h be5 mu* tamp]$ )4 ,z ,holl>'s engrav+ 9 ,a%mole's ,in/itution ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t] 7#afgb7 %ews1 ov] ! we/]nmo/ bay on ei!r side ( ! *oir ! canopies conta9$ imag]y & _h a horizontal cre/+2 & all ! o!r canopies consi/$ alt]nately ( t[]s & spirelets2 ! knights be+ seat$ "u ! t[]s & ! canons "u ! spirelets2 b s9ce ! enl>gem5t ( ! ,ord] 9 #aghf all ! spirelets h be5 conv]t$ into t[]s 7#ga74 ,all ^! t[]s are surm\nt$ by wood5 bu/s1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ g back to ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iv42 on ! bu/ 7 plac$ ! knight's helmet1 cre/ & mantl+s1 :i* hid ! bu/s f view2 l[] d[n1 9 front1 hung 8 sword2 bann]s 7 n add$ till a lat] p]iod4 ,at fir/ ! real sword & helm 7 put up2 lat]1 !y 7 !atrical prop]ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,bi%op ,langton's ,*apel ,9 ,w9*e/] ca!dral is /allwork ( r>e beauty 9 ! ,lady ,*apel1 :i* 0 built 9 ! "t ( ,bi%op ,c\rt5ay1 #adhf-adib4 ,9 "s ( its details x resembles ! ,w9dsor /alls1 :i* 7 complet$ 9 #adhc2 x is !re=e feasible t "s ( ! ,w9dsor c>v]s w5t on to ,w9*e/] 7#gc74 ,s\? ( ! ,lady ,*apel is ! *antry *apel ( ,bi%op ,langton1 #adic-aejj1 :]e also ! scre5 & cov$ panell+ are ( great excell5ce 7#gb72 !re are no /alls4 #gc ,illu/ration3 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,we/m9/] ,abbey #gd ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s *apel at ,we/m9/] 0 built p>tly z a ,lady ,*apel1 p>tly to be ! mausoleum ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & 8 ,que51 & ( ,h5ry ,,vi4#ce ,"h ! canopies ) t[]-l =m & s+le /ory & ) ! abs5ce ( p9nacle are pla9ly rem9isc5t ( ^? ( ,w9dsor1 & z pla9ly di/9ct f curr5t ,engli% design1 z se5 at ,man*e/] 9 #aejh & ,bev]ley ,m9/] 9 #aebj2 ! ,we/m9/] & ,man*e/] canopies 7 be+ made toge!r2 b ^? ( ,we/m9/] h no connection ) ! gr& ,nor!rn s]ies ( consecutive designs 7#aca74 ,besides ,w9dsor influ5ce !re may be direct influ5ce f ! ,ne!rl&s2 = "s ( ! mis]icords are evid5tly f ! design ( a pa9t] or engrav]1 ! subjects be+ too cr[d$ to be prop]ly c>v$ 9 wood 9 s limit$ a space4 ,mr ,j4 ,langton ,b>n>d says1#cf ,:ile look+ ov] "s engrav+s on copp] ( ,alb]t ,dur]1 ,i came across "o :i* /rik+ly resembl$ ! ?ird mis]icord 9 ! upp] r[ on ! nor? side2 ! resemblance 0 extremely close1 especially 9 ! arrangem5t & folds ( ! woman's dress2 ?is is /at$ by ,b>ts* 9 8 ,catalogue 7vii4 #ajc & #ic7 to be "o ( 8 e>lie/ plates4 ,ano!r plate ( ,alb]t ,dur] closely resembles ! correspond+ mis]icord 9 ! l[] r[ on ! s\? side1 z reg>ds ! position ( ! limbs & ! folds ( ! drap]y2 :ile ! sev5? mis]icord ( ! l[] r[ on ! s\? side almo/ exactly resembles a plate by ,israel van ,meck5]n1 ( two monkeys & ?ree "y ones4 ,^! /alls =m]ly occupi$ only ! ?ree we/]n bays ( ! *apel2 ano!r bay 0 fill$ ) /alls :5 ! ,ord] ( ! ,ba? 0 reviv$ by ,k+ ,george ! ,fir/2 ! canopy-fronts = an additional bay on ea* side be+ got by saw+ (f canopy-backs & putt+ !m up z fronts4 ,! tab]nacle "w is ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ div]sifi$ "*1 v>y+ 9 e canopy 7#gc74 99 99 99 99 99 #ge ,,*apt] ,v ,,r5aissance ,,/allwork ,?us f> ! /allwork has be5 :olly ( ,go?ic design1 or ne>ly s4 ,we n[ come to ! great *ange ( /yle1 ! rev]sion to ! ,classic art ( anci5t ,rome1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,( ?is ! *ief repres5tatives left to u are ! /alls ( ,*ri/*ur*1 ,hants2 ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge2 & ,c>tmel1 ,lanca%ire4 ,! /alls & mis]icords ( ,*ri/*ur*1 z we see !m n[1 are a pat*work ( portions ( "w ( sev]al p]iods fram$ toge!r at "s m or less rec5t epo*2 !re are at lea/ two /yles ( ,r5aissance "w1 & ?ree or m ( ,go?ic4 ,! e>li] ,r5aissance "w1 :i* is se5 9 mo/ ( ! mis]icords & on ! /all backs is t ( ,william ,eyre :o 0 ,prior f #aejb to #aebj 7#b74 ,!re are fifty-eight /alls2 ( ! mis]icords tw5ty-six h be5 /ol5 or de/roy$4 ,! e>ly date ( ?is "w makes x ( exceptional importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! introduction ( ,r5aissance art into ,engl&4 ,"o special feature ( ! "w is ! portrait panels4 ,^! also occur 9 a cupbo>d pres]v$ 9 ,l\? *ur*1 ,l9coln%ire1 :]e ! panels h :at look v mu* l portraits ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & 8 que51 ,elizabe? ( ,york4 ,x goes by ! "n ( ! ,sudbury hut* & 0 ! gift ( ,?omas ,sudbury1 :o 0 vic> f #adfa to #aejd3 x is !re=e ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,^! portrait cab9ets _h a great vogue 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!n come ?ree important tombs by ,torrigiano1 execut$ betwe5 #aeji & #aeah1 t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 & 8 ,que5 & t ( ,m>g>et ,beau=t at ,we/m9/] & t ( ,dr ,"y 9 ! ,rolls *apel4 ,almo/ z e>ly1 if n q s1 is ,prior ,eyre's "w at ,*ri/*ur*4 ,!n comes ,c>d9al ,wolsey's "w at ,hampton ,c\rt1 #aeae to #aebe2 ! beautiful ,m>ney tomb at ,lay] ,m>ney1 ,essex1 #aebc2 ! mortu>y *e/s 9 ! ca!dral1 & ! scre5 "w bo? 9 ! ca!dral & 9 ,/ ,cross1 ,w9*e/]1 c4 #aebe2 ! *antry *apel ( ,prior ,drap] at ,*ri/*ur*1 #aebi1 & t ( ,lady ,salisbury1 :i* may be a ye> or two e>li]2 & ! scre5 at ,sw9e *ur*1 ,york%ire1 dat$ #aeca4 ,!n foll[ ,h5ry ,,viii4's hall at ,hampton ,c\rt1 #aecd2 & ! scre5 at ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 #aecc4 #gf ,illu/ration3 ,*ri/*ur* #gg ,illu/ration3 ,*ri/*ur* ,s t ! ,*ri/*ur* "w /&s v high on ! li/ & des]ves mu* m att5tion ?an x has receiv$4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! /alls !mselves is ,go?ic1 ! *ief div]g5cy be+ 9 ! supports ( ! elb[ re/s & seats4 ,among ! %afts are examples ( ! honeycomb =m :i* is almo/ ! only bit ( ,r5aissance detail 9 ! canopies ( ! ,we/m9/] /alls4 ,at ! back ( ! /alls are v vigor\s c>v+s ( classical dragons1 s]p5ts1 h\nds & human faces 7#gf74 ,to ^! la/ fanciful attributions h be5 made2 e4g41 "o has be5 imag9$ to repres5t ,ca?>9e ( ,arragon betwe5 ,c>d9al ,wolsey & ,c>d9al ,campeggio 7#gg74 ,^! portrait bu/s h a wide di/ribution2 !y occur 9 wood1 /one & t]ra cotta4 ,noble examples are ^? 9 t]ra cotta at ,hampton ,c\rt1 :i* 7 und\bt$ly import$ by ,c>d9al ,wolsey direct f ,italy4#cg ,o!rs no d\bt are ! "w ( ,italians resid5t 9 ,engl& 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,italian art & ,italian lit]ature 7 equally ! fa%ion ) ! cognosc5ti l$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,wolsey2 e4g41 ! f9e bu/ ( ,sir ,?omas ,lovell by ,torrigiano1 n[ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4#ch ,^! portrait bu/s h a wide range--f ,essex we/w>d to ,som]set1 ,devon & ,cornwall2 e4g41 ,nor? ,cadbury1 ,som]set2 ,lap=d1 ,devon1 & ,tall&1 ,cornwall2 sev]al also occur at ,hem+bor\gh1 ,york%ire4 ,! probability is t ! ,italian arti/s ent]$ ! k+dom at ,s\?ampton2 & t a few f\nd "w at ,*ri/*ur* & 9 ! s\?-we/1 b t ! ma9 body proce$$ ea/w>d to ,w9*e/]1 ,bas+1 ,london & ,lay] ,m>ney2 !y h left "o memorial at ,ox=d b5ea? a w9d[ at ,*ri/ ,*ur*4#ci #gh ,illu/ration3 ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge #gi ,next come ! fam\s scre5 & /alls ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge--! f9e/ woodwork ?is side ( ! ,alps4 ,h>moni\s z is ! g5]al effect ( ! /allwork1 x 0 execut$ at ?ree diff]5t p]iods4 ,! /alls 7 ord]$ to be made by ,h5ry ,,vi4 9 8 w1 b 7 n put up till mu* lat]4 ,ab\t #aeae an e/imate 0 obta9$ = #acj /alls1 :i* x 0 f\nd w\ld co/ ab\t #ab1jjj ( our money1 i4e41 ab\t #ib ea*4 ,on ! scre51 :i* is "p ( ! same "w1 are ! arms1 badge & initials ( ,anne ,boleyn1 :o 0 at ! height ( h] influ5ce betwe5 #aeca & #aece2 ! /allwork may be ascrib$ to ! same p]iod1 b z yet ! /alls _h pla9 backs4 ,9 #afcc ,mr ,?omas ,weav] pres5t$ ! l>ge coats ( arms :i* are se5 on ! backs ( ! /alls 7#gh74 ,! cre/+ 0 made betwe5 #afge & #afgh by ,?omas ,au/91 foll[+ m or less ! /yle ( ! "w bel[4#dj ,! scre5 is m completely ,italian 9 treatm5t ?an any o!r "w ( ! "t1 all ! mold+s be+ ,classic2 x is practically c]ta9 t ! g5]al design & mo/ ( ! "w mu/ h be5 done by ,italians4 ,! design ( scre5 & /alls alike is to be reg>d$ z an isolat$ example1 complete 9 itself4 ,x did n gr[ out ( any?+ t w5t be=e x 9 ,engl&1 nor did x develop into any?+ else 9 ,engl& aft]w>ds4#da ,m ,classical /ill 9 design--an entablature ) ar*itrave1 frieze & cornice sup]s$+ ! semicircul> ar*es ( ! ,cambridge /alls--is ! sup]b woodwork at ,c>tmel1 ,lanca%ire4 ,f ! ,dissolution up to #afbj1 ! *oir ( ,c>tmel priory *ur* 0 ro(less2 ! canopies ( ! /alls mu/ h p]i%$2 ! /alls !mselves rema91 be>+ ! m>k ( long exposure to ! wea!r4 ,9 #afbj x is record$#db t ,george ,pre/on ( ,holk]1 :o di$ 9 #afdj1 n only r]o($ ! *ancel1 b decorat$ ! quire & *ancel ) a pr(usion ( curi\sly & elaborately c>v$ woodwork 7#hj74 #hj ,illu/ration3 ,c>tmel #ha ,illu/ration3 ,c>tmel #hb ,c>tmel 0 a priory *ur* ( ,au/9 ,priors1 ) an income at ! ,dissolution ( #ij1 say #a1jjj4 ,!re are tw5ty-six /alls2 above ! doorways are inscriptions 9 gold lett]s f ! ,psalms4 ,! ar*itrave is support$ by %afts :i* h ,cor9?ian capitals1 r\nd :i* cl+ 9 delightful fa%ion delicate t5drils & fruit ( ! v9e4 ,on ! %afts also are emblems ( ! ,passion2 9 ! illu/rations may be recognis$ ! cross1 ! ladd]1 ! buffet1 ! pill> ( sc\rg+1 ! hamm] & ! nails4 ,at ! back is delicate trac]y "w1 rem9d+ "o ( ! ,go?ic trac]y ( ! scre5 ( ,/ ,ca?>9e's *apel 9 ,c>lisle ca!dral4 ,! :ole design is full ( grace & *>m2 above all 9 ! delicate t5drils ( ! v9e coil+ r\nd ! %afts2 "o's fir/ ?\ght is to class x ) ! exquisite scrollwork ( ! *ur*es ( ,s4 ,m>ia dei ,miracoli at ,brescia & ,v5ice1 & ) ! "w ( ! ,italian arti/s 9 ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,= z a rule1 says ,mr ,got*1#dc ) ! close ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury we come to ! end ( pron\nc$ ,italian detail su* z p]vades ! tiles at ,lacock abbey & *>act]ises o!r isolat$ features 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! nature ( ! detail 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is diff]5t2 x no long] comprises ! da9ty *]ubs1 ! elegant balu/]s 7cf4 ! ,k+'s ,college /alls7 vases & c&elabra1 ! buoyant dolph9s & delicately modell$ foliage :i* are associat$ ) ,italian & ,fr5* ,r5aissance "w1 b indulges freely 9 /rapwork curl$ & int]lac$1 9 fruit & foliage1 9 c>t\*es & 9 c>yatides1 half human be+s1 half p$e/als1 su* z 7 ! delight ( ! ,dut*m5 :o _h sup]s$$ ! ,italian arti/s4 ,9 ! ,c>tmel /alls ! "o feature :i* is pre-em95tly ,jacobean is to be se5 9 ! "* ( ! bu/s 9 ! frieze2 if !y are comp>$ ) ^? at ,*ri/*ur* 7#gg71 !y are se5 at once to be ( sev5te5? & n ( sixte5? c5tury design4 ,sett+ ^? aside1 ! design is purely t ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,r5aissance1 z practis$ by ,italian arti/s4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( survival 9 design 9 ! range ( ,engli% art1 & z beautiful z x is belat$--a :ole c5tury beh9d ! times4 #hc ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,paul's ,ca!dral #hd ,9 #afig ! *oir ( ,/ ,paul's ca!dral 0 op5$ = public wor%ip4 ,! /alls diff] consid]ably 9 type f ^? ( ,pre-,re=mation days1 z x 0 necess>y to provide seats = ! ,"l ,mayor & ,corporation ( ,london z well z closets at ! back to accommodate ! wives & families ( ! canons4 ,by ! removal ( ! we/]n scre5 9 ! "t ( ,dean ,melvill1 appo9t$ #ahef1 ! appe>ance ( ! *oir has be5 completely *ang$4 ,! exquisite c>v+s ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 says ,dean ,milman1#dd are n m]ely admirable 9 !mselves1 b 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! "* ( ! ar*itecture4 ,he ev5 goes s f> z to say t !y rival1 if !y d n surpass1 all m$ival works ( _! class 9 grace1 v>iety & ri*ness2 & keep up an inimitable unison ( ! l9es ( ! build+ & ! decoration4 ,9 ! words ( ,horace ,walpole1 !re is no in/ance ( a man be=e ,gibbons :o gave to wood ! loose & airy lightness ( fl[]s1 & *ang$ toge!r ! v>i\s productions ( ! elem5ts ) a f9e disord] natural to ea* species4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ,gr9l+ ,gibbons 0 ( ,dut* or ,engli% bir?4 ,he 0 discov]$ by ,evelyn 9 a poor solit>y ?at*$ h\se ne> ,sayes ,c\rt c>v+ a ,crucifixion aft] ,t9toretto4 ,9 ?is piece m ?an a hundr$ figures 7 introduc$2 nor 0 !re any?+ 9 nature s t5d] & delicate z ! fl[]s & fe/oons ab\t x2 & yet ! "w 0 /rong4 ,he ask$ ,evelyn #ajj = x4 ,! frame1 says ,evelyn1 0 wor? z mu*4 ,evelyn introduc$ ! incomp>able "y man to ! ,k+ & to ,wr51 & 8 =tune 0 made4 ,malcolm 9 8 ,lond9ium ,r$ivivum calculates t ! paym5ts made to ,gibbons = 8 "w 9 ,/ ,paul's am\nt$ altoge!r to #a1ccg4 #gs4 #e;d4#de ,space fails to tell ( _m noble examples ( eighte5? c5tury /allwork4#df ,9 spite ( an enorm\s am\nt ( de/ruction1 e4g41 by ! v&als 9 *>ge ( ,cant]bury ca!dral1 mu* /ill rema9s & awaits ! hi/orian4 ,a f9e draw+ ( ! /allwork put up 9 #agjd 9 ,cant]bury *oir w be f\nd 9 ,d>t's ,cant]bury4 ,! ?rone1 c>v$ by ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 0 giv5 by ,ar*bi%op ,t5ison2 ! pulpit1 two ( ! /alls & o!r fitt+s by ,que5 ,m>y ,,ii42#dg all ?is has be5 swept away1 except "s pieces work$ into ! return /alls1 to make way = /alls ( ! usual br& ( ,victorian ,go?ic4 99 99 99 99 99 #he ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,/alls ,,9 ,,p>i% ,,*ur*es ,illu/ration3 ,sall ,illu/ration3 ,trun* ,/alls are f\nd1 b r>ely ) canopies1 9 _m p>o*ial1 z well z 9 mona/ic1 collegiate & ca!dral *ur*es4 ,9 ! latt] ( c\rse ! object ( !m is obvi\s2 !y 7 int5d$ to accommodate a l>ge body ( monks or canons ) _! vic>s & ! *ori/]s4 ,b !y are f\nd sometimes 9 ! *ur*es ( q small p>i%es1 e4g41 ,sall1 ,trun*1 ,ludham1 ,burl+ham ,/ ,edmund's 9 ,norfolk1 ,we/on-9-,gordano1 ,som]set1 ,norton 9 ,suffolk1 ,ivy*ur*#dh 9 ,romney ,m>%1 :]e x is pretty c]ta9 t 9 mo/ cases ! *ur* 0 s]v$ by a s+le p>i% prie/ m]ely4 ,at ,+ham1 a p>i% 9 ! ,norfolk ,broads1 !re are t5 /alls 9 ! *ancel2 at ,/[langt(t1 ,suffolk1 !re are six /alls2 & s ) num]\s o!rs4 ,h[ e>ly p>o*ial *ancels _h /alls is difficult to say4 ,no exi/+ examples are e>li] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,b a curi\s fact ab\t ! gr[? ( our p>i% *ur*es1 to #hf :i* att5tion has n hi!rto be5 direct$1 may ?r[ "s light on ! subject4 ,9 e>ly ,anglo-,saxon days ! normal & mo/ common type ( p>i% *ur* 0 "o :i* _h an aisleless nave & *ancel4 ,9 e>ly ,norman days also ?is 0 ! mo/ common type4 ,9 all ! above *ur*es1 :e!r ,anglo-,saxon or ,norman1 ! *ancel1 :e!r rectangul> or apsidal1 0 q small4 ,comp>atively few1 h[ev]1 ( ^! *ancels rema9 small4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases !y h be5 enl>g$4 ,ei!r ! old *ancel has be5 reta9$ b has be5 l5g!n$1 or x has be5 broad5$ z well z l5g!n$1 ?us produc+ an entirely new *ancel4 ,9 mo/ cases x happ5$ t1 9 ! long hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 aisles 7 ?r[n out aft]w>ds1 or transepts1 t lat] ! nave 0 l5g!n$ we/w>ds & 0 height5$ to accommodate cl]e/ory w9d[s1 & /ill lat] a we/]n t[] 0 add$ & p]haps a spire4 ,b ! enl>gem5t ( ! *ancel sometimes took place )\t any ( ! o!r alt]ations1 & :]e t is s1 i4e41 :]e ! *ur* reta9s a comp>atively small nave1 ! enl>g$ *ancel bulks up v l(ty & spaci\s1 seem+ly q out ( scale to ! re/ ( ! *ur*3 9 "s examples ! *ancel is actually l(ti] ?an ! nave4 ,a *ur* ) a *ancel s disproportionate /rikes ! att5tion at once z "o dem&+ explanation4 ,l>ge numb]s ( su* abnormally big *ancels survive4 ,9 ,k5t & ,sussex _m ( !m are ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 e4g41 ,littleb\rne2 :ile ov] ,engl& "o is /ruck ) ! v l>ge numb] ( l(ty & spaci\s *ancels ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 e4g41 ,norbury1 ,d]by%ire2 ,oulton1 ,suffolk4 ,9 num]\s cases ! enl>gem5ts ( ! *ancel took place m ?an once4 ,at ,bo/on ! *ur* 0 rebuilt ) a f9e *ancel c4 #accj2 b by ! end ( ! c5tury ev5 ?is va/ *ancel 0 judg$ inadequate1 & x 0 ext5d$ /ill fur!r to ! ea/4 #hg ,illu/ration3 ,hem+bor\gh ,*ur* #hh ,:at !n is ! explanation ( ?is furore = enl>gem5t ( *ancels8 ,9 consid]+ ! answ]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 rituali/ically1 ! ,engli% p>i% *ur* 0 always trip>tite2 consi/+ ( nave1 *oir & *ancel4 ,9 *ur*es ( ! ,iffley type1 i4e41 ) a c5tral t[]1 x 0 also ar*itecturally trip>tite4 ,b ev5 9 *ur*es :i* ar*itecturally 7 bip>tite1 i4e41 :i* consi/$ m]ely ( a nave & *ancel1 ! *ancel 0 divid$ into two p>ts1 *oir & sanctu>y1 ! di/9ction betwe5 !m be+ m>k$ by a *ange ( level4 ,:i* "p !n 0 x t 0 f\nd inadequate1 ! sanctu>y or ! *oir8 ,n ! =m]2 x 0 n !n cumb]$ ) alt> rails2 ! purpose !y s]ve n[adays 0 s]v$ by ! scre5 :i* e *ur* possess$1 gu>d+ ! entrance to ! *ancel2 & ! sanctu>y 0 q l>ge en\gh = ! celebrant at ! ,mass1 ) z a rule a solit>y assi/ant1 ! p>i% cl]k4 ,x mu/ h be5 ! *oir t 0 too small = ! seats :i* x 0 desir$ to place 9 x4 ,we conclude !re=e t seats 7 common ev5 9 small village *ur*es z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury1 if n be=e4 ,docum5t>y evid5ce to t effect we h n4 ,b 9 lat] days !re is def9ite evid5ce z to ! practice ( putt+ /alls 9 ! *ancels ( p>i% *ur*es4 ,9 ,hem+bor\gh *ur*1 ,york%ire1 !re rema9 /alls ( graceful ?irte5? c5tury design 7#hg74 ,n[ ?is *ur* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 p>o*ial2 x did n become collegiate till #adbf4 ,a s]ies ( entries ( ! co/ ( *oir /alls is pres]v$ = ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y at ,hill 9 ! ,city ( ,london4 ,9 ! ye> #adbf !re 0 paid to ?ree c>p5t]s = ! /alls ( ! quire1 #bj;d4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> !re 0 paid = ! /alls ( ! quire ! l>ge sum ( #ab 7 #aej72 x w\ld seem t x 0 ab\t ?is "t t a complete new set ( /alls 0 put into ! *oir4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #adbg1 !re 0 paid = /alls 9 ! quire1 #afs4 #f;d42 & = a quire /ool1 #gs4 #aj;d4 ,9 #aeja a paym5t 0 made = m5d+ ( desks 9 ! quire2 9 #aeji = nails & m5d+ ( a b5* 9 ! quire1 #a;d4 ,9 #aebc !re 0 paid = a long desk = ! quire1 #cs42 9 #aebf = ! /uff & mak+ ( a d\ble desk 9 ! quire1 #es4 ,!n1 9 ,prote/ant days1 !re 0 paid = m5d+ ! desk & settles 9 ! *ancel1 #bs4 ,at ?is *ur* ! l[] "p ( ! b5* 0 made to =m a box or *e/4 #hi ,illu/ration3 ,h]e=d ,/ ,pet]'s ,:o !n sat 9 ^! /alls8 ,! common !ory is t !y 7 int5d$ = ! use ( ! rector or vic> & ! p>i% cl]k1 & ( any *antry prie/s :o might be atta*$ to ! *ur*4 ,?is no d\bt is true z f> z x goes4 ,at ,/ ,maurice1 ,york1 a compla9t 0 made at ! visitation 9 #adaf to ! effect t ! desks 9 ! *oir1 viz41 ^? :]e ! p>i% *apla9 & ! p>i% cl]k 7 wont to sit1 are unh&some & 9 ne$ ( repair3 ,dicunt quod deski 9 *oro1 tam ex una p>te quam ex alia1 ubi saltem capellanus p>o*ialis et cl]icus p>o*ialis s$]e usi sunt1 nimis de=mes et indig5t rep>acione4#di ,to _m *ur*es also1 b by no means to all1 *antry end[m5ts 7 made2 i4e41 money 0 left t masses might be said = ev] = ! repose ( ! s\l ( ! donor by a prie/1 o!r ?an ! rector or vic>1 specially appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ^! *antry prie/s 7 conc]n$ only ) ! special alt>s at :i* !y m9i/]$4 ,b t ?is 0 n ! case1 at any rate univ]sally1 is app>5t f ! t]ms ( ! in/itution ( ! ,willeby *antry 9 ,halifax p>i% *ur*4 ,! de$ is dat$ #aj? ,june #adid4 ,among/ o!r regulations x conta9s ! provision t ! *apla9 is to att5d 9 p]son 9 ! *oir ( ! *ur* on e ,sunday & ,holy ,day 9 8 surplice1 at mat9s1 mass & vesp]s1 & to take 8 "p 9 ! read+ & *ant+1 z direct$ by ! vic>1 & 9 accordance ) ! con/itutions ( ! ,metropolitan ,*ur*4 ,item volo et ord9o quod pr$ictus ,?o4 ,gl$hill1 ,capellanus mod]nus1 et omnes alii ,capellani1 444 temporibus futuris nom9&i1 s+ulis diebus dom9icis et fe/ivis p]sonalit] s9t pres5tes 9 *oro ejusdem ,ecclesie temporibus matut9>um miss>um et vesp]>um1 suis suppeliciis induti1 et legant et psall5t1 pr\t ,vic>io ejusdem ,ecclesie pro tempore exi/5ti dec5t] et congrue videbitur exp$ire1 ut 9 con/itutionibus ,ecclesie ,metropolitane pro9de con/itutis pl5ius liquet4 ,assum+ #ij !n t ! same rule appli$ also to ! incumb5ts ( ! o!r *antries1 !re w\ld be a regul> body ( cl]gy to take "p 9 ! *oir (fices4#ej ,in/ances might be multipli$ to any ext5t ( ! obligation laid on *antry prie/s to att5d & assi/ ! rector or vic> 9 ! s]vices4 ,?us at ,ro?well 9 #adid ! *antry prie/ atta*$ to ! alt> ( ,our ,lady 0 n only requir$ by ! f\ndation de$ to celebrate ,mass & o!r s]vice daily at ?is alt>1 b 0 direct$ to be 9 ! high *oir all fe/ival days at mat9s1 ,mass1 & ev5song4 ,9 #aeje ,m>g>et ,blade1 wid[1 end[$ a *antry ( ,our ,lady 9 ,kildewick p>i% = a prie/ :o1 9 addition to 8 special duties1 0 to help ,div9e s]vice 9 ! *oir & to help ! curate 9 "t ( necessity4#ea ,sometimes q a consid]able numb] ( *antry prie/s 7 atta*$ to a p>i% *ur*4 ,:5 all *antry end[m5ts 7 confiscat$ by ,edw>d ,,vi41 ! loss ( ! s]vices ( ! *antry prie/s 0 9 _m cases sev]ely felt4 ,at ,nott+ham inde$ ! p>i%ion]s ( ,/ ,m>y's made =mal prote/2 /at+ t 9 _! p>i% !re 7 #a1djj h\sel+ p & t ! vic> !re _h no o!r prie/ to help b ! two *antry prie/s4#eb ,we may take x !re=e t seats 9 ! *ancel 7 requir$ n only = ! p>i% prie/ & ! p>i% cl]k1 b 9 "s cases = *antry prie/s z well4 ,b ! above explanation does n cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,!re are (t5 _m m /alls ?an c\ld be us$ z above4 ,& 9 "s *ur*es !re 7 no *antry prie/s at all1 & yet !re are /alls4 ,:o else !n occupi$ seats 9 ! *ancel8 ,"s ( ! /alls probably1 usually b a few1 may h be5 occupi$ by laym5 ev5 s e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #ia ,illu/ration3 ,/[langt(t ,z reg>ds ! occupancy ( seats 9 ! *ancel x is q cle> t x has always be5 ! wi% ( ! ,*ur* t !y %\ld be res]v$ = ! cl]gy & t no laym5 %\ld be admitt$4 ,x is equally cle> t ! ,*ur* has nev] be5 able to c>ry out ! injunction4 ,9 ! ,trullan ,c\ncil ( #fhc or #fib x 0 laid d[n1 ,nulli omnium liceat1 qui quidem sit 9 laicorum num]o1 intra septa sacri alt>is +r$i1 nequaquam tam5 ab eo prohibita pote/ate et auctoritate imp]iali1 qu&oquidem volu]it ,creatori dona (f]re1 ex antiquissima traditione2 i4e41 ,no layman may ent] ! *ancel1 except ! ,emp]or1 :o by v5]able tradition is all[$ to d s :5 he wi%es to pres5t (f]+s to 8 ,mak]4 ,b ?is does n explicitly all[ ! ,emp]or to sit d[n 9 ! *ancel4 ,& ev5 ?is mu* 0 object$ to by _m2 = a gloss foll[s3 ,nemo liceat laico intra1 c4 444 ,adulatione et timore victi1 p] gravem errorem conc$unt imp]atori1 quod magna cum laude sanctorum patrum ,ambrosius ,!odosio negavit2 i4e41 ,! p]mission giv5 to ! ,emp]or 0 giv5 "u ! influ5ce ( adulation & timidity1 & ! action ( ,/ ,ambrose 9 refus+ x to ! ,emp]or ,!odosius 0 greatly applaud$ by ! ,fa!rs4 ,b x 0 a p]il\s ?+ to exclude emp]ors1 & :at 0 conc$$ to emp]ors 0 claim$ by pr9ces1 & :at 0 conc$$ to pr9ces 0 claim$ by & _h to be conc$$ to ! nobility g5]ally4 ,s 9 ,scotl& 9 #abbe by an episcopal ord] ! ,k+ & 8 nobles also 7 all[$ to /& & to sit 9 ! *ancel3 ,ne laici secus alt>e1 quum sacra my/]ia celebrantur1 />e vel s$]e int] cl]icos presumant1 excepto dom9o rege et majoribus regni1 quibus propt] suam excell5tiam 9 hac p>te duximus ref]5dum4 ,& if ! nobles1 !n c]ta9ly ! patron ( ! liv+ c\ld n be exclud$ f a p>o*ial *ancel4 ,s 9 ! diocese ( ,worce/] 9 #abdj a canon 0 agre$ to t patrons z well z high p]sonages might /& 9 ! *ancel3 nec laici /5t 9 ,cancellis dum celebrantur div9a2 salva tam5 rev]5tia patronorum et sublimium p]son>um2 9 ,l9coln diocese also ,bi%op ,gros/te 9 #abdj re/ricts ! p]mission to ! patron4 ,aga9 9 #abee 9 ,l9coln diocese ! patron or any o!r v5]able p]son 0 all[$ to sit & /& 9 ! *ancel4 ,ar*bi%op ,gre5field ( ,york 7#acjd-acae7 f\nd x necess>y to make a rule aga9/ laym5 intrud+ into ! *oir dur+ s]vice4 ,s also at ,ely1 ,simon ,langham 9 #acfd wrote3 ,lay p are n to /& or sit among/ ! cl]ks 9 ! *ancel dur+ ! celebration ( div9e s]vice1 unless #ib x be done to %ew respect or = "s o!r reasonable & obvi\s reason2 b ?is is all[$ = ! patrons ( *ur*es only4#ec ,!n :at _h be5 claim$ successfully by ^? ( noble bir?1 & by patrons 9 p>ticul>1 0 claim$ ) equal success by any good ,*ur*man ( consid]ation & weal?1 especially if he 7 a b5efactor ( ! *ur*4 ,= 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,alan de ,alnewyk ( ,york1 goldsmi?1 wills t 8 body be buri$ 9 ! quire ( ,/ ,mi*ael ,belfry ne> ! place :]e ,i us$ to sit 7ubi s$]e solebam74 ,ano!r c5tury lat]1 ,rob]t ,con/able ( ,bossall1 leaves ?is direction 9 #aded3 ,fir/1 ,i devise my s\l to ,god ,almighty & 8 "m ,bless$ ,sa9t ,m>y & to ,sa9t ,botolph & to ! holy c\rt ( heav52 & my body to be buri$ 9 ! quire a=e ! place :]e my seat is4#ed ,9 #aeaa ,rob]t ,fabyan1 ! *ronicl]1 citiz5 & drap] ( ,london1 devises z foll[s3 ,i w t my corps be buri$ betwe5 my pew & ! high alt>1 )9 ! quire ( ! *ur* ( ,allhall[s1 ,!ydon ,g>don1 ,essex4 ,f9ally1 at ,yatton1 ,som]set1 9 #aebi1 #bs4 0 paid = a sege 9 ye *aunsell4#ee ,x is to be rememb]$ moreov] t ?\gh x may h be5 unusual = laym5 to h seats 9 ! *ancel1 yet x 0 by no means uncommon = !m to /& or kneel !re2 !re are en\gh repres5tations ( laym5 s /&+ to e/abli% t po9t satisfactorily3 !y are %ewn /&+ or kneel+1 sometimes ) light$ tap]s 9 _! h&s4 ,at a ,/ ,m>t9's mass 9 ,france 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1#ef two wom5 are %ewn ne> ! alt> /eps1 "o /&+ & att5d+ to h] duties1 ! o!r inatt5tive & s]i\sly di/ract+ ! att5tion ( an acolyte kneel+ ne>4 ,we "k def9itely t 9 ,salisbury ca!dral laym5 7 all[$ to be pres5t 9 ! sanctu>y be=e ! ,sunday procession2 = aft] ! hall[+ ( ! wat] x 0 ord]$ t ! prie/ %\ld asp]ge ! laity 9 ! presbyt]y z well z ! cl]gy 9 ! *oir4 ,po/ asp]sionem cl]icorum laicos 9 presbit]io h9c inde /antes asp]gat4#eg ,at ,salisbury ! ,sunday procession 0 m>%all$ 9 ! ample space betwe5 ! *oir & ! high alt>1 :i* space ! laity ent]$ 9 ord] to foll[ ! cl]ks 9 ! procession4 #ic ,illu/ration3 ,brancepe? ,= wom5 x 0 m difficult to get admission to ! *ancel4 ,tradition & usage 7 aga9/ !m4 ,z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #cfg ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea pass$ a canon t wom5 ought n to come ne> ! alt> or ent] ! ap>tm5t :]e ! alt> /&s4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury a canon 0 pass$ at ,mantes t wom5 mu/ n approa* ! alt> or act z s]v] to ! celebrant or /& 9 ! *ancel4 ,among ! canons ( ! "t ( ,k+ ,edg> is "o3 ,docemus ut alt>i muli] non approp9quet dum ,missa celebratur2 a woman mu/ n come ne> ! alt> at ,mass4 ,9 lay+ d[n regulations = ! s]vices 9 ,ripon ,m9/] ,ar*bi%op ,gre5field says1 ,we p]mit no wom5 at all1 religi\s or secul>1 unless great ladies or ladies ( high rank or o!rs ( approv$ hon\r & piety1 to sit or /& 9 a /all or else:]e 9 ! *oir :ile ! div9e (fices are be+ celebrat$4 ,nullas omn9o muli]es1 religiosas vel secul>es1 nec laicos nisi magnas aut nobiles #id p]sonas aut alias qu>um sit hone/as et devocio satis nota1 9 /allo vel alibi 9 *oro int] m9i/ros ecclesiae />e vel s$]e dum div9a celebrantur (ficia p]mittimus4#eh ,! /ory told ab\t ,sir ,?omas ,m %ews t :ile he himself sat 9 ! *ancel1 ,lady ,m sat 9 ! nave4 ,dur+ 8 high ,*ancellor%ip "o ( 8 g5tlem51 :5 s]vice at ! *ur* 0 done1 ord9>ily us$ to come to my ,lady 8 wife's pew-door & say unto h] ',madame1 my ,"l is gone4' ,b ! next holy day aft] ! surr5d] ( 8 (fice ( ,"l ,*ancellor1 & ! dep>ture ( 8 g5tlem5 f him1 he came unto my ,lady 8 wife's pew himself1 &1 mak+ a l[ c\rtesy1 said unto h]1 ',madam1 my ,"l is gone4' ,b %e1 ?9k+ ?is at fir/ to be b "o ( 8 jokes1 0 little mov$1 till he told h] sadly he _h giv5 up ! ,great ,seal4 ,& _m o!r good ,*ur*m5 at all times h reta9$ ! anci5t usage ( ! exclusion ( wom5 f ! /alls 9 ! *ancel4 ,at ,great ,bur/ead1 9 ,essex1 9 #affa1 an applicant 0 au?oris$ to build a pew at ! entrance to ! *ancel = ! use ( himself & sons & companions & fri5ds ( ! male sex2 b to build ano!r 9 ! nave = 8 wife & h] daught]s & companions & fri5ds ( ! female sex4 ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 9 #afbe wrote1 ,= m9e own p>ticul> op9ion ,i d n ?9k 444 t ,wom5 %\ld be all[$ to sit 9 ! *ancel1 :i* 0 in/itut$ = ,cl]ks2 & 9 #afcc1 :5 he visit$ ,durham ca!dral1 ! *oir 0 cle>$ ( all ! seats occupi$ by ! ,mayor & ,corporation & ! wives ( ! ,dean & ,preb5d>ies & o!r wom5 ( quality1 & 8 ,maje/y gave ord]s t !y %\ld nev] aga9 be erect$1 t s ! ,quire may ev] rema9 9 its anci5t beauty4 ,ev5 to ?is day 9 "s ca!drals x is ! usage to all[ wom5 to sit only 9 ! l[] desks ( ! *oir & n 9 ! /alls above4 ,nev]!less 9 pl5ty ( in/ances ! p]t9acity ( wom5 prevail$2 & :]e ! husb& sat 9 ! *ancel1 !re ! wife insi/$ on sitt+ beside him4 ,?us 9 a suit in/itut$ by ,lady ,wy*e 9 #adfh1 ! lady put x on record t %e _h a seat 9 ! *ancel3 jeo aye un lieu de se] en le *auncel4 ,9 #adfh two ladies _h seats 9 ! *ancel ( ,ro!rham *ur*2 = ! ma/] ( ! gramm> s*ool will$ t he be buri$ 9 s\? *ancel#ei ne> ! /all 9 :i* ! wife ( ! ,bailiff ( ,ro!rham & ! te/ator's wife sit4 ,9 #aeec a new pew 0 made = ,sir ,ar?ur ,d',arcy & 8 wife at ,/ ,botolph1 ,aldgate3 ,paid to ,mattram1 c>p5t]1 = ?ree elm #ie bo>ds = ! two new pews 9 ! quire :]e ,sir ,ar?ur ,d>sey & 8 wife are set 444 ijs4 viijd4 ,! same p>i% 9 #aehg gave ,ma/] ,dove p]mission to build a pew = himself1 ano!r = 8 wife to sit 91 be+ 9 ! *ancel4 ,!re=e we come to ! conclusion t at any rate f ! ?irte5? c5tury onw>d m & m seats 7 provid$ 9 ! *ancel = lay folk4 ,:]e1 z 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,bo/on1 ! /alls are v num]\s--at ,bo/on !re are sixty-f\r--x is likely t a consid]able numb] ( !m 7 appropriat$ to v>i\s important gilds connect$ ) ! *ur*4 ,b !re is ano!r purpose :i* p>o*ial /alls subs]v$1 & t is ! mo/ important ( all3 viz41 to accommodate a surplic$ *oir4 ,! introduction ( surplic$ *oirs into *ancels 9 mod]n days 0 an innovation at fir/ deeply res5t$1 & seems to h be5 usually made 9 ignorance ( ! exi/5ce ( m$ival prec$5t4 ,prec$5t !re is1 h[ev]1 9 abundance4 ,engl& 0 a m]ry1 tuneful l& be=e ! ,re=mation1 & n[h]e m ?an 9 ! *ur*es4 ,! musical "p ( ! s]vice grew m & m ornate1 especially 9 ! la/ ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! ,dissolution2 ! p>i%es--village & t[n p>i%es alike--delight$ 9 ! *e]ful noise ( organs & fiddles & an!ms1 & sp5t on music a v l>ge "p ( ! *ur* income4 ,! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7 a glori\s "t = *ur* music2 ! p>i%ion]s lov$ x & w\ld h x1 & 7 will+ to pay = x2 x 0 n =c$ on !m f above2 x 0 ! p & ! p's *ur*w>d5s :o w\ld h x4 ,:at a joyful s\nd we %\ld he> f ! *ur* doors if we c\ld ent] once m an ,engli% *ur* ( ! sixte5? c5tury & he> ! surplic$ m5 & boys a s++ 9 ! *oir1 accompani$ by organs & citt]ns & fiddles & cr[des & dulcim]s & all in/rum5ts ( music 9 ! rood l(t1 ) p]haps an an!m or a solo on high fe/ival days f di/+ui%$ vocali/s ( ! neighb\r+ villages2 ^? 7 happy times4 ,take ! *ur*w>d5s' acc\nts ( ,/ ,m>y at ,hill1 ,london4#fj ,9 ?is *ur* 9 #aebc !re 0 paid #ae;d4 = #f r\nd mats ( wick] = ! cl]ks4 ,if we assume six m = ! boys1 we get a regul> *oir ( six m5 & six boys4 ,b besides ^! an extra *oir ( *oirm5 & boys 0 engag$ = special days4 ,9 #aebg !re 0 paid #i;d4 at ! ,sun tav]n = ! dr9k+ ( ,mr ,colmas & o!rs ( ! ,k+'s *apel #if t _h sung 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y at ,hill4 ,9 #aeec !re 0 paid #af;d4 to ! g5tlem5 ( ! ,que5's *apel = s++ a mass at ,/ ,m>y at ,hill4 ,aga91 9 #aebg !re 0 paid #gs4 = bread1 ale & w9e = ! quire1 & = /rang]s at div]s fea/s 9 ! ye> pa/2 ^! /rang]s w\ld probably be s+]s hir$ f o!r *ur*es4 ,! above entry %ews t ! *oir 0 paid 9 k9d z well z 9 money4 ,! *oirm5 receiv$ q h&some sal>ies4 ,9 #aebd ,morres1 ! bass1 0 receiv+ f ! p>i% #bj nobles a ye>4 ,john ,hobbes 0 ! mo/ exp5sive memb] ( ! *oir4 ,9 #aeef !re 0 paid to ,john ,hobbes #efs4 #h;d41 be+ "o qu>t]'s wages1 = 8 s]vices 9 ! *oir4 ,?is *oirman !re=e _h a sal>y ( #aa4 #fs4 #h;d4 p] annum1 :i* w\ld be equival5t to ab\t #aac ( our money4 ,sir ,john ,p>kyns1 a bass1 receiv$ a qu>t]ly sal>y ( #aes4 #h;d4 = ! help ! quire :5 ,hobbes 0 dead1 & to h #h;d4 a day e holy day & ,sunday4 ,on ! o!r h& !re 0 paid #abs4 to ,mr ,hilton1 prie/1 = ?ree qu>t]s ( a ye>1 = keep+ daily s]vice 9 ! quire 9 #aebh2 ?is 0 at ! rate ( #afs4 p] annum2 ?is comp>es rem>kably ) ,john ,hobbes' sal>y ( #aa4 #fs4 #h;d4 p] annum2 ev5 all[+ = ! fact t ,mr ,hilton _h o!r s\rces ( rev5ue1 we _c b inf] t prie/s 7 *eap & good s+]s de> 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! p>i%es 7 q will+ to pay = good music4 ,at ,braunton1 ,devon1 c4 #aehj1 i4e41 aft] ! ,re=mation1 ! *ur*w>d5s 7 /ill pay+ f\r or five exp5sive *oirm51 z well z s++ boys2 ! highe/ sal>y = a *oirman 0 #bfs4 #h;d42 say #ac4 #fs4 #h;d4 p] annum2 ! *oir 9 ?is village *ur* c\ld n h co/ ! p>i% less ?an #ajj p] annum ( our money4 ,9 all ! *oirs !re seem to h be5 s++ boys z well z m54 ,we he> 9 #adgg ( f\r *ori/]s be+ br\ght ov] to ,/ ,m>y at ,hill = a special s]vice1 = :i* !y receiv$ ! mode/ sum ( #a;d4 ea*4 ,at ?is *ur* x 0 f9ally arrang$ to h a p]man5t *oir1 & :at we %\ld call a *oir s*ool 0 e/abli%$1 ) ,john ,norfolk1 ! organi/1 at ! head ( x to tra9 ! boys3 = !re 0 paid = mak+ clean ( a *amb] 9 ! ,abbot's ,inn to be a s*ool = ,norfolk's *ildr54 ,! same ye> ,mr p>son gave ! boys a play+ week to make m]ry1 & ! *ur*w>d5s k9dly pres5t$ ! boys & *oirm5 ) #cs4 #d;d4 to sp5d on _! holiday4 ,next ye> !re 0 aga9 a paym5t ( #cs4 #d;d4 9 ! play+ week aft] ,*ri/mas to disport !m4 ,bo? ! boys & ! m5 wore surplices1 b\ght at ! exp5se ( ! p>i%4 ,9 #adif !re 7 at ,/ ,m>y at ,hill #h surplices = ! quire1 ( :i* #ig #b h no sleeves2 & #g ro*ets = *ildr51 & #f albs = *ildr54 ,9 #adii !re 0 paid #ab;d4 = ! mak+ ( #f ro*ets = *ildr5 t 7 9 ! quire4 ,at ,/ ,ni*olas'1 ,bri/ol1 9 #aeba !re 0 paid #a;d4 = mak+ a *ild's surplice belong+ to ! quire2 & 9 #aedb iiis4 viid4 = mat]ial to make #b lads' surplices4 ,an inv5tory ( ,hunt+field *ur*1 ,suffolk1 %ews t ! *ur* possess$ vii ro*ettys f= m5 & vii = *yld]n1 & t ! mat]ial ( ! ro*ets co/ #f;d4 ea*2 x w\ld seem t ?is ,suffolk village _h sev5 m5 & sev5 boys 9 ! *ur* *oir4 ,at ,/ ,m>y at ,hill !re 0 paid 9 #aebc = mak+ #ab surplices = m5 at #f;d4 ea*1 #fs42 & = #ab surplices = *ildr5 at #e;d4 ea*1 #es42 ?is 0 a ri* city p>i%1 & c\ld af=d to h a pair = ea* *oir man & boy1 "o to be 9 use1 ! o!r at ! wa%4 ,!n music _h to be paid =4 ,9 ! same *ur* 9 #aebc !re 0 paid = #d hymnals & a procession]1 not$1 = ! cl]ks 9 ! quire1 #fs4 #h;d42 9 ! same ye> !re 0 paid = two quires ( pap] to prick songs 91 #h;d4 ,9 #aeee at ,/ ,m>y ! ,great1 ,cambridge1 !re 0 paid #cs4 #d;d4 = ! copy ( ! s]vice 9 ,engli% set out by note2 & #as4 #d;d4 = writ+ & not+ "p ( x to s+ on bo? sides ( ! quire2 i4e41 !y sang antiphonally4 ,!re are num]\s entries z to ! co/ ( ! organ & ( ! con/ant repairs :i* x requir$4 ,la/ly1 !re 0 ! organi/'s sal>y1 :i* if x 0 any?+ l ! sum receiv$ by ,john ,hobbes1 w\ld be a heavy item4 ,an em95t organi/ l ,john ,norfolk1 :o 0 9 *>ge ( a *oir s*ool1 w\ld expect & no d\bt get a l>ge sal>y4 ,9 village *ur*es1 h[ev]1 ! boys w\ld be tra9$1 sometimes by a *antry prie/ if he 0 "u /atutory obligation to d s1 m (t5 by ! p>i% cl]k4 ,! latt] 0 a p]man5t (ficial ) a freehold1 z he is /ill1 & a p]son ( mu* importance & dignity4 ,be=e ! ,re=mation1 9 addition to s]v+ at ! daily ,mass 9 a village *ur*1 c>ry+ holy wat] & bless$ bread r\nd ! p>i%1 & _m o!r functions1 he 0 m especially 9 *>ge ( ! musical "p ( ! s]vices4 ,he 0 expect$ to s+ or *ant himself1 especially ! psalms2 he _h to read ! epi/les2 &1 at any rate 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 he _h to tra9 ! *oir boys4 ,x 0 ord]$ at ,fav]%am 9 #aejf t ! cl]ks1 or "o ( !m1 s mu* z 9 !m is1 %all endeav\r !mselves to tea* *ildr5 to read & s+ 9 ! quire4 ,& at ,/ ,giles'1 ,read+1 9 #aedd !re 0 a paym5t ( #abs4 to ,:itborne ! cl]k t[>ds 8 wages1 & he to be b\nd to tea* #b *ildr5 = ! quire4 #ih ,illu/ration3 ,hambleton ,beside ! pr(essional *oirm5 & ! p>i% cl]ks !re 7 sometimes amateurs also giv+ help4 ,sir ,?omas ,m us$ to s+ 9 ,*elsea *ur* l any p>i% cl]k4 ,god's body1 said ! ,duke ( ,norfolk1 com+ on a "t to ,*elsea & f9d+ him 9 ,*elsea *ur*1 s++ at ,mass 9 ! *oir1 ,god's body1 my ,"l ,*ancellor1 :at turn$ p>i% cl]k8 ,put ^! items toge!r--! wages ( *oirm5 & boys1 & n[ & !n ( extra help1 ! mak+1 m5d+ & wa%+ ( surplices1 ! co/ ( music1 ! sal>ies ( ! organi/ & p>i% cl]k & ! co/ ( ! *oir s*ool1 & x w be se5 t ! s]vices ( a l>ge t[n *ur* mu/ h be51 musically1 on q a gr& scale2 x is equally pla9 t ! love ( *ur* music & ! will+ness to pay = x 7 equally great 9 ! villages4 ,x is n possible "h to g fur!r into ?is matt] ( ! *ur* music4 ,x may be said briefly1 h[ev]1 t ! pla9 *ant ( ! ,div9e ,(fice & ( ! ,mass w\ld be sung 9 ! *ancel1 & t = ?is ! p]man5t village *oir ( m5 & boys w\ld suffice4 ,e p>i% t c\ld af=d x seems to h _h a rood l(t & an organ 9 x4 ,b ! organ w\ld n be us$ to accompany ! pla9 song1 b = :at we call volunt>ies 9 ! v>i\s int]vals ( ! ,mass & o!r s]vices4 ,! #ii organ aga9 w\ld be employ$ :5 !re 0 s++ ( motets1 i4e41 an!ms1 :e!r ! s+]s 7 9 ! *oir or ! rood l(t4 ,on great days :5 m9/rels play+ all mann] ( in/rum5ts 7 got toge!r to help out ! organ1 !y w\ld no d\bt be plac$ 9 ! rood l(t1 ) any extra vocali/s = :om place c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! *oir bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,*addesd5 ,summ+ up1 we may say t 9 a p>o*ial *ancel seats 7 requir$ 7#a7 = ! p>i% prie/1 ! p>i% cl]k & any *apla9s or *antry prie/s2 7#b7 = ! patron & a few ( ! lead+ *ur*folk ( ! village2 7#c7 = a *oir ( m5 & boys :i* 0 occasionally enl>g$ by *oirm5 & *ori/]s borr[$ f neighb\r+ *ur*es4 ,altoge!r q a consid]able numb] ( seats w\ld be requir$2 & we ne$ n be surpris$ t !re are s _m /alls 9 small village *ur*es1 b r t !y are n m2 no d\bt1 h[ev]1 additional =ms or b5*es w\ld be introduc$ on days ( great fe/ival4 ,n e p>i% *ur* c\ld af=d to h a set ( /alls made1 ca!dral fa%ion1 = its *ancel4 ,9 _m cases probably ! seats 7 b b5*es or settles2 & ! nak$1 desolate #ajj look ( _m spaci\s *ancels is no d\bt due to ! removal ( ^! seats4 ,desks1 or z !y 7 ,lat9is$ deski1 !re mu/ h be51 at lea/ "o at ea* side1 on :i* to place ! an!m book1 procession] & o!r music4 ,we he> ( a d\ble desk at ,/ ,m>y at ,hill2 b only ! ri*e/ p>i%es seem to h provid$ desks = ! *oir boys z well z = ! m54 ,9 poor p>i%es ! m5 _h n arm$ /alls1 b m]ely a b5* to sit on4#fa ,! boys sometimes _h a b5*2 sometimes1 z at ,/[langt(t1 ,suffolk 7#ia71 ! b5* 0 fram$ into ! desk beh9d4 ,at ! back ( ! *oirm5's seats1 !re might be b>e wall2 or x might be panell$1 z at ,sall1 ,norfolk 7#he71 or arcad$1 z at ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral 7#cf74 ,9 ri*] examples !re might be above ! panell+ a cov$ cornice1 z at ,/[langt(t & ,bal%am1 ,cambridge 7#c74 ,a /ill m sumptu\s design 0 to erect a horizontal canopy above ! /alls1 z at ,/ ,pet]'s 7#hi7 & ,all ,sa9ts' 7#de71 ,h]e=d1 & ,brancepe?1 ,john ,cos9's *ur*1 ,durham 7#ic74 ,! return /alls1 fac+ ea/1 w\ld be ^? ( ! p>i% prie/ & 8 cl]ical help]s1 & 7 (t5 m spaci\s & l(ty ?an ! re/1 & back$ on to ! scre51 z at ,*addesd51 ,d]by%ire 7#ii71 & ,trun*1 ,norfolk 7#he74 ,! workman%ip ( ! be/ /alls is q fir/ rate4 ,at ,all ,sa9ts'1 ,h]e=d1 ! timb] ( ! /alls is good s\nd ,engli% oak1 all ei!r cleft or cut 9 ! qu>t]1 prov+ t ! trees 7 conv]t$ into ! smalle/ possible sizes be=e be+ sawn f ei!r end1 ! v r\gh saw-k]fs meet+ at an angle 9 ! c5tre ( ! bo>d4#fb ,! /alls frequ5tly /& on /one pl9?s1 pi]c$ = v5tilation2 e4g41 at ,sall & ,trun* 7#he74 99 99 99 99 99 #aja ,,"p ,,ii ------ ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,bi%ops' ,,?rones ,9 ! next *apt] we deal ) movable *airs & ?rones1 desc5dants m or less ( ! sella curulis & ! sella ge/atoria4 ,m important /ill are ! fix$ ?rones ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian days4 ,^! 7 n ( wood or ivory1 b ( masonry1 usually m>ble4 ,9 %ape !y 7 j high-back$ *airs ( m>ble4 ,n[ c\ntless numb]s ( su* m>ble *airs or /alls 7 9 use 9 ! !atres1 !rm & amphi!atres ( ,pagan ,rome2 ! !rm ( ,c>acalla alone possess$ #fjj su* m>ble /alls4 ,d\btless _m a bi%op's ?rone1 l ^? at ,/ ,john ,lat]an1 ,/ ,clem5t & ,cosm$91 ,rome1 0 actually tak5 f "o ( ! ,roman !rm4 ,simil> bi%ops' *airs1 cut out ( ! solid rock1 occur 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome4 ,! position ( ! fix$ m>ble ?rone ( an ,e>ly ,*ri/ian bi%op 0 high up 9 ! c5tre ( ! back wall ( ! apse ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ,dalmatia & ,i/ria sev]al ?rones reta9 _! orig9al position4 ,at ,p>5zo !re rema9s ! semicircle ( m>ble seats = ! cl]gy ) ! episcopal ?rone 9 ! c5tre2 a "w ( ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury4 ,at ,aquileia1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ea/ end1 is ! ,patri>*'s ?rone ( ve9$ :ite m>ble1 inlaid ) s]p5t9e2 x is made up ( portions ( an old] ?rone ( g5u9e ,byzant9e "w4 ,at ,grado ! m>ble ?rone at ! ea/ end ( ! *ur* seems to h be5 made up 9 ! n9? c5tury2 x is surm\nt$ by a /one te/]4 ,at ,z>a 9 ! same position is ano!r m>ble *air1 rais$ on five /eps4 ,at ,trau ! b5* ( ! cl]gy rema9s1 b ! bi%op's ?rone has be5 de/roy$4 ,at ,oss]o also is a m>ble ?rone made up ( fragm5ts ( old] "w4#fc ,9 ! apse ( ! twelf? c5tury *ur* ( ,s4 ,/efano1 ,bologna1 is a bi%op's ?rone t5 /eps above ! *oir4 ,ano!r rema9s 9 situ 9 ,vaison ca!dral1 ,prov5ce4 ,ano!r episcopal *air ( m>ble is n[ plac$ on ! nor? side ( ! sanctu>y ( ,avignon ca!dral2 on x are c>v$ ! emblems ( ! ,evangeli/s 7#ajd74 #ajb ,illu/ration3 ,exet] #ajc ,illu/ration3 ,exet] #ajd ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum is a ?rone1 pa9t$ & gild$1 dat$ #aggi1 f a *ur* 9 ,cyprus4 ,9 ,norwi* ca!dral 9 ! c5tre ( ! apse wall ( ! presbyt]y !re are ! fragm5ts ( ! orig9al /one seat built = ! use ( ! bi%op1 & on ! pavem5t & adjo9+ pi]s !re are traces ( ! /eps by :i* 8 ?rone 0 rea*$4 ,:5 ,blomfield wrote 8 ,hi/ory ( ,norfolk1 #agci-agge1 ! /eps ( ! ?rone _h n be5 di/urb$2 ! anci5t bi%op's ?rone asc5d$ by ?ree /eps1 & :5 built1 be=e a rood scre5 0 erect$1 ! bi%op _h an un9t]rupt$ view d[n ! :ole *ur* to ! we/ end ( ! nave4#fd ,illu/ration3 ,avignon ,9 ,cant]bury ca!dral is a /one *air1 :i* z at ,norwi* 0 orig9ally at ! back ( ! ,high alt>2 x 0 remov$ f t position by ,ar*bi%op ,h[ley c4 #ahdj1 b has rec5tly be5 replac$2 x consi/s ( ?ree blocks ( ,purbeck m>ble 7#aje74 ,! *ronicl] ,eadm]1 writ+ ( ! ,pre-,conque/ ca!dral burnt d[n 9 #ajfg1 says t ! pontifical *air 9 x 0 con/ruct$ ) h&some workman%ip & ( l>ge /ones & cem5t4 ,! description w\ld apply v well to ! pres5t *air3 b ! monk ,g]vase /ates t 9 ,lanfranc's ca!dral1 f9i%$ 9 #ajgg1 ! patri>*al seat1 on :i* ! ar*bi%ops 7 wont to sit dur+ ! solemnities ( ! ,mass1 until ! consecration ( ! ,sacram5t1 0 ( a s+le /one4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e t ! ,anglo-,saxon *air p]i%$ 9 ! fire ( #ajfg1 & t its successor exp]i5c$ ! same fate 9 #aagd4 ,! probability is !re=e t ! pres5t *air 0 made betwe5 ! fire ( #aagd & ! consecration ( #aahd4 ,a decisive argum5t aga9/ a ,pre-,conque/ date is ! fact t ! ?rone is made ( ,purbeck m>ble--= ?is mat]ial seems n to h come into use till aft] ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury 9 ! ,norman h\se at ,*ri/*ur* on ! ,avon1 9 ,/ ,cross'1 ,w9*e/]1 & 9 ,william ( ,s5s' "w at ,cant]bury4 #aje ,illu/ration3 ,cant]bury ,! position ( ! pontifical ?rone at ,cant]bury has v>i$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,eadm] /ates t ! ca!dral burnt d[n 9 #ajfg 0 ori5tat$ to ! ea/1 :]e 0 ! presbyt]y conta9+ ! ,high alt>4 ,b at ! we/ end ( ! *ur* 0 ! alt> ( ,our ,lady1 & beh9d ?is alt> 0 ! ?rone adjo9+ ! we/ wall4 ,?is unusual position is only explicable by ! assumption t ! fir/ ca!dral at ,cant]bury 0 ori5tat$ to ! we/1 & t ! site occupi$ 9 #ajfg by ! alt> ( ,our ,lady 0 orig9ally t ( ! ,high alt>4 ,! we/]n position s po/ulat$ = ! ,high alt> & ! ?rone 0 orig9ally t ( mo/ ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian basilicas at ,rome1 9 p>ticul> ! anci5t basilica ( ,/ ,pet]4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! ori5tation 0 (t5 rev]s$1 e4g41 9 ,/ ,paul extra muros1 ,rome2 :at happ5$ 9 ?is latt] *ur* seems also to h happ5$ 9 ,anglo-,saxon times at ,cant]bury4 ,a simil> *ange has occurr$ 9 ! ,fr5* ca!dral ( ,nev]s2 :]e1 h[ev]1 ?\gh 9 ,go?ic days a presbyt]y & ,high alt> 7 con/ruct$ at ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*1 ! e>ly #ajf ,romanesque presbyt]y1 crypt1 & two bays ( ! nave h be5 all[$ to rema9 to ?is day4 ,illu/ration3 ,bev]ley ,m9/] ,:at looks l a survival ( ! m>ble *air ( ! bi%op is to be se5 9 ! fri?/ols ( ,hexham & ,bev]ley 7#ajf74 ,^! also are ( masonry1 & are s simil> 9 design to ! anci5t m>ble ?rones t "o is tempt$ to speculate t ! orig9al usage ( sanctu>y 0 = ! (f5d] to fly to & occupy ! actual ?rone ( ! bi%op or ar*bi%op4 ,z has be5 said1 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*es bo? ! alt> & ! seats ( ! bi%op & 8 cl]gy 7 usually at ! we/ end ( ! *ur* to ! we/ ( ! ,high alt>1 s t ! cl]gy fac$ t[>ds ! ea/1 :ile ! congregation fac$ t[>ds ! we/4 ,b e>ly examples occur ( *ur*es ) ! mod]n ori5tation4 ,:5 ?is 0 ! case1 ! congregation fac$ ea/2 & :]e ! anci5t position ( ! ?rone & b5*es 0 reta9$1 ! cl]gy 7 left 9 an anomal\s position fac+ we/4 ,?is l$1 fir/ to ! cl]gy1 !n ! bi%op1 migrat+ else:]e4 ,! high] cl]gy took up _! position 9 ! return /alls ( ! *oir1 fac+ ea/2 ! l[] cl]gy occupi$ /alls nor? & s\? ( ! *oir4 ,z = ! bi%op1 he c\ld n seat himself z be=e1 fac+ ! alt>1 = 8 ?rone w\ld h block$ ! entrance into ! presbyt]y4 ,he !re=e set up 8 ?rone on ! s\? side ( ! *oir1 at ! ea/]n end ( ! s\!rn range ( /alls4 ,& ?is is :]e we f9d him 9 ,go?ic days4 ,!re is "o *ief exception4 ,9 ca!drals s]v$ by monks1 ! bi%op 0 ! titul> abbot ( ! h\se1 ?\gh ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! mona/]y _h necess>ily to be left ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( ! prior2 & s to ?is day 9 "s *ur*es ! bi%op has no ?rone1 b occupies ! anci5t abbot's /all--at ,ely ! /all ( ! ,b5$ict9e abbot1 at ,c>lisle ! /all ( ! ,augu/9ian abbot4 #ajg ,illu/ration3 ,durham ,! *ange ( position f ! back ( ! ,high alt> to ! front ( x 0 a complete break ) tradition4 ,equally complete 0 ! break 9 design4 ,9 ! design ( ! ,go?ic ?rone !re is no rem9isc5ce :atev] ( ! m>ble *airs ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ian basilicas & ! ,pagan ,!rm4 ,! ,go?ic ?rones are b glorifi$ v]sions ( su* /alls & spirelet-tab]nacles z ^? ( ,l9coln2 !y are spaci\s /alls1 sometimes1 z at ,/ ,david's1 big en\gh to hold a bi%op & two *apla9s1 & cr[n$ ) a spire ( op5 woodwork4 ,! e>lie/ & gr&e/ is t ( ,exet] ca!dral2 ! ,fabric ,rolls %ew t 9 #acab dur+ ! episcopate ( ,bi%op ,/apl$on !re 0 paid = timb] = ! bi%op's seat #f4 #abs4 #h;d4 ,! oak 0 kept f\r ye>s be=e x 0 us$4 ,!n #d 0 paid to ,rob]t de ,galmeton = mak+ ! bi%op's seat by contract4 ,!re 0 also a *>ge ( #cjs4 = #ajh pa9t+1 & !re mu/ h be5 "o = c>v+ ! /atues 9 ! canopy4 ,! :ole co/ w\ld be ab\t #ac2 say #bjj 9 our money2 a sum surpris+ly small = "w ( su* magnitude & delicate detail4 ,! ?rone 0 evid5tly int5d$ to h a *air plac$ "u x1 & probably seats = ! bi%op's *apla9s to ! "r & left4 ,x is #eg feet high2 at pres5t its ni*es look some:at unsub/antial & meagre2 b t is because all ! ni*es 7 t5ant$ ) /atues1 & all h disappe>$4 ,! c>v$ foliage is ( exceptional excell5ce1 & ! corn]s ( ! p9nacles are occupi$ ) small heads ( ox51 %eep1 dogs1 pigs1 monkeys & o!r animals 7#ajb74 ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,david's #aji ,illu/ration3 ,/ ,david's #aaj ,n mu* lat] is ! ?rone 9 ,h]e=d ca!dral4 ,t at ,wells is fifte5? c5tury "w1 & by a pretty fancy ( ! re/or]s its trac]y is fill$ ) mod]n plate glass1 & ! door is a solid sw++ /one6 ,t at ,/ ,david's is ne>ly #cj feet high4 ,( ! ?rone erect$ by ,bi%op ,g[] c4 #acdb !re rema9s 9 situ only ! l[ p>tition surr\nd+ x2 ! pres5t ?rone 0 probably put up by ,bi%op ,morgan betwe5 #adif & #aejd 7#aji74fe ,! ?rone at ,durham is ( masonry1 & 9 two p>ts ( diff]5t dates4 ,! l[] portion conta9s an alt> tomb surm\nt$ by a recumb5t effigy ( ! bi%op 9 ri*ly work$ robes b5ea? a ri* li]ne vault4 ,no d\bt ,bi%op ,hatfield z usual put ?is up dur+ 8 lifetime2 he 0 bi%op f #acde to #acha4 ,?is l[] "p is an exquisite example ( ! design 9 vogue be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,black ,dea? ( #acdi-ej4 ,on ! tomb is ! pulpit1 :i* be>s unmi/akable m>ks ( ! *ange ( /yle :i* became g5]al aft] #acej4 ,! draw+ %ews ! ?rone z x 0 9 #ahdc 7#ajg74 99 99 99 99 99 #aaa ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,*airs ,,9 ,,*ur*es ,h>dly any?+ 9 a ca!dral has s v5]able a hi/ory z ! ?rone & *air ( ! ,bi%op1 ( wood or ivory4 ,! orig9 ( ?is type ( ,bi%op's *air goes back to ,pagan ,rome4 ,!re ! great] (ficials _h two (ficial *airs1 bo? portable2 "o1 ! sella curulis 9 :i* !y sat :ile adm9i/]+ ju/ice2 ! o!r1 ! sella ge/atoria 9 :i* !y 7 c>ri$ 9 procession4 ,! sella curulis 0 a fold+ *air ) cross$ legs l ! *air ( ,dagob]t 9 ! ,hotel ,cluny1 ,p>is3 *airs ( ?is =m are /ill 9 use 9 _m ,cont95tal ca!drals4 ,! sella ge/atoria 0 a k9d ( s$an *air1 %ap$ l a settle2 ) high back & usually )\t arms2 x 0 provid$ ) r+s ?r\gh :i* 7 pass$ /aves :5 x 0 borne 9 procession4 ,simil> is ! ,pope's *air 9 ,/ ,pet]'s1 ,rome1 la/ %ewn 9 #ahfg 7#aab74 ,x is said to h belong$ to ! ,s5ator ,pud5s & to h be5 us$ by ,/ ,pet]4 ,:e!r t be s or n1 x is und\bt$ly v anci5t1 & its legs may be ( ! ,apo/olic age2 !y are ( yell[ oak1 worm-eat51 & *ipp$ by pilgrims :o c>ri$ away bits z relics2 ! seat & back are ( acacia wood & are ( a lat] p]iod4 ,?is back is ornam5t$ ) ivory panels c>v$ to repres5t ! ,lab\rs ( ,h]cules2 ! panels are probably ( ! n9? c5tury1 = among ! decorations is a bu/ ) a cr[n be>+ fleurs de lis1 & :at seems to be a portrait ( ,*>les ! ,bald4#ff ,v simil> is ! *air 9 :i* ,/ ,silve/] is repres5t$ z seat$ 9 ! dome ( ! apse ( ,/ ,john ,lat]an1 :]e ! mosaics are ^? ( #abia1 copi$ probably f ! orig9al ones execut$ 9 #dbh4 ,simil> *airs also appe> 9 ! mosaics ( ,/a4 ,pud5tiana & o!r ,roman basilicas1 & 9 ^? ( ,santa ,sophia1 ,con/ant9ople4 #aab ,illu/ration3 ,pope's ,*air #aac ,9 ! ,ar*bi%op's *apel at ,rav5na is pres]v$ a *air made = ,maximian :o 0 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rav5na f #edf to #eef4 ,x is 9 wood entirely cov]$ ) plaques ( ivory1 arrang$ 9 panels1 ) ,scriptural subjects--among o!rs ! /ory ( ,joseph--& figures ( sa9ts ri*ly c>v$ 9 high relief4 ,! plaques h bord]s ) foliat$ ornam5ts1 birds & animals1 fl[]s & fruit1 fill+ ! sp&rels4 ,illu/ration3 ,pope's ,*air ,at ,l9coln is a wood5 *air1 :i* appe>s to be c4 #acjj2 x has rec5tly be5 plac$ 9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se & is n[ us$ by ! bi%op at diocesan synods 7#aad74 ,x is possible t s9ce sev]al ,p>liam5ts met at ,l9coln1 betwe5 #abfe & #acbg1 t ?is may be ! royal *air3 x may well h be5 us$ also at ! great trial ( ! ,knights ,templ>s1 :i* 0 held 9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se 9 #acaj4 ,x is only orig9al up to ! level ( ! arms2 ! lions1 ! back & ! canopy are mod]n4 #aad ,illu/ration3 ,l9coln ,illu/ration3 ,h]e=d ,ca!dral #aae ,9 ,h]e=d ca!dral is an anci5t wood5 *air1 once col\r$ 9 r$ & gold2 x is compos$ ( fifty-?ree pieces2 n c\nt+ ! seat ( two bo>ds & ! two circul> heads 9 front2 x has be5 v>i\sly ascrib$ to ! twelf? or f\rte5? c5tury2 b no d\bt is ,jacobean1 belong+ to ! same class ( *airs z ^? enum]at$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph 7#aad74fg ,at ,/an=d ,bi%op *ur*1 ,h]e=d1 is a rude *air or settle1 ( oak )\t nails4 ,x is said to h be5 traditionally call$ ,old ,hor/9's *air1 & !re=e has be5 suppos$1 v improbably1 to be ! id5tical *air seat$ on :i* ,/ ,augu/9e receiv$ ! ,briti% bi%ops 9 ,h]e=d%ire c4 #fjj ,a4,d41 greatly excit+ ! ire ( ! irascible ,celts by n ris+ f 8 seat to receive !m4 ,9 ! ,cant]bury ,museum ,dr ,cox has rec5tly deposit$ a m$ival *air believ$ to be ( great antiquity4#fh ,illu/ration3 ,wells ,illu/ration3 ,wells ,a few examples rema9 ( :at are suppos$ to h be5 abbots' *airs4 ,9 ! ,bi%op's ,palace at ,wells is pres]v$ a *air ( rem>kable type1 said to h be5 us$ by ! ,abbot #aaf ( ,gla/onbury4 ,9 ! ,college1 ,man*e/]1 is or 0 an anci5t *air ( ! same balu/] %ape2 & a v simil> "o =m]ly 0 to be se5 9 ,agecr(t ,hall1 ,man*e/]4 ,9 ! cottage at ,za&am1 ,holl&1 is a balu/] *air1 =m]ly us$ by ,pet] ! ,great4 ,ano!r *air ( ?is type1 b ( simpl] =m1 is t once us$ by ,john ,bunyan1 & n[ pres]v$1 toge!r ) 8 pulpit1 9 ! meet+ h\se ( ! ,indep5d5t ,congregation at ,b$=d4 ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum is an arm-*air ) balu/]s ( turn$ a%4 ,all ^! *airs are ( sev5te5? c5tury date2 no abbot ( ,gla/onbury c h sat 9 ! *air 9 ! ,bi%op's ,palace at ,wells 7#aae1 on ! left74 ,illu/ration3 ,dunm[ ,illu/ration3 ,w9*field ,a *air f ,gla/onbury1 be>+ an inscription1 & 9 date c4 #aecj1 is n[ 9 ! *apel ( ! ,bi%op's ,palace at ,wells2 mod]n copies ( x may be se5 9 hundr$s ( *ur*es4 ,x is inscrib$ ,mona*us ,gla/onie & ,johannes ,ar?urus2 a simil> *air 0 =m]ly 9 ,s\?wick ,priory1 ,hamp%ire 7#aae74 ,an abbot's *air1 reput$ to h belong$ orig9ally to ,pet]bor\gh ca!dral1 /&s 9 ! s\? *apel ( ,conn+ton *ur*1 ,hunts1 :]e x is said to h be5 br\ght f ! collegiate *ur* ( ,fo!r+hay1 & is said to h be5 ! la/ *air 9 :i* ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 sat previ\s to h] execution4 ,f ,little ,dunm[ priory came ! *air n[ 9 ,great ,dunm[ *ur*1 ,essex2 its trefoil$ arcad+ %ews t x 0 made 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 x1 up to #aijg1 7 *air$ ! m>ri$ c\ple :o _h n rep5t$ !m1 sleep+ or wak+1 ( _! m>riage 9 a ye> & a day4 ,! fir/ record$ claim = ! happy-m>riage prize 0 made at ! ,priory 9 #adde 7#aaf74 #aag ,illu/ration3 ,cov5try #aah ,illu/ration3 ,bi%op's ,cann+s #aai ,a magnific5t & well-pres]v$ seat is to be se5 9 ,/ ,m>y's ,hall1 ,cov5try1 & is assign$ to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury3 x is ( oak4 ,f ! mortices at "o end & ! discont9uance ( ! l[] patt]n x w\ld seem to h be5 atta*$ to a set ( /alls1 & to h belong$ !re=e orig9ally to "s *ur* or *apel 7#aag74fi ,illu/ration3 ,j>r[ ,illu/ration3 ,bee/on ,regis ,9 ,bi%op's ,cann+s *ur*1 ,wilt%ire1 is a rem>kable seat believ$ to be a c>rel1 or desk & seat1 su* z us$ to be employ$ by monks :5 at /udy 9 _! cloi/]2 x may h be5 br\ght f "s mona/ic h\se4 ,x consi/s ( an upright panel1 ) "s fifte5? c5tury mold+s at ! #abj top & sides2 aga9/ ?is panel is con/ruct$ a seat1 fac+ sideways1 ) a floor+1 a back ! ord9>y height ( a pew1 a door fac+ ! panel1 & a slop+ desk fac+ ! seat4 ,) ?is description may be comp>$ t ( ! mona/ic c>rels giv5 9 ! ,rites ( ,durham2 ,9 ! nor? side ( ! cloi/] f ! ,corn] ov] aga9/ ! ,*ur* ,door to ! corn] ov] aga9/ ! ,dort] door 0 all f9ely glaz$ f ! height to ! sole )9 a little ( ! gr\nd into ! cloi/] g>?1 & 9 e w9d[ ?ree pews or c>rels :]e e "o ( ! old monks _h 8 ,c>rel1 sev]al by himself1 t :5 !y _h d9$ !y did resort to t place ( cloi/]1 & !re /udi$ ^u _! books1 e "o 9 8 c>rel1 all ! aft]noon unto ev5song "t2 ?is 0 _! ex]cise e day4 ,all _! pews or ,c>rels 0 all f9ely wa9scott$ & v close1 all b ! =ep>t1 :i* _h c>v$ "w t gave light 9 at ! c>rel doors ( wa9 scot4 ,& 9 e ,c>rel 0 a desk to lie _! books on2 & ! ,c>rels 0 no great] ?an f "o /an*ion ( ! w9d[ to ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,lutt]wor? ,on ! inn] side ( ! l>ge panel are a v>iety ( brief admonitory s5t5ces1 pa9t$ 9 ,lat9 black lett] on ! ?umb & f\r f+]s ( a rudely outl9$ h&1 inscrib$ at ! cuff ,manus m$itationis2 beg9n+ on ! ?umb ) ,nescis quantum1 ,nescis quoties1 ,deum (f5disit4 ,bel[ ! h& ) its pi\s s5t5ces on ! respective po9ts ( ea* f+]1 two cocks are pa9t$1 ! "o :ite & ! o!r black2 f _! beaks proce$ two labels1 be>+ fur!r ejaculations 7#aah74gj #aba ,illu/ration3 ,we/m9/] ,abbey #abb ,illu/ration3 ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral ,9 ,/ ,paul's *ur*1 ,j>r[1 is a v rude seat kn[n z ! *air ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e2 he 0 a monk ( ,j>r[1 & di$ 9 #gdb2 only ! sides & seat & ! crossb> at ! top are orig9al4 ,mr ,micke?waite 0 ( op9ion t x 0 orig9ally a settle2 & x seems h>dly likely t ! *air c h surviv$ f ! eigh? c5tury1 especially z ! mona/]y ( ,j>r[ 0 repeat$ly burnt by ! ,danes2 b x is ( an exceptionally h>d oak1 & be>s m>ks ( fire1 & has _h its pres5t designation = sev]al c5turies4#ga ,x w be notic$ t ! /&>ds h be5 :ittl$ away by relic hunt]s 7#aai74 ,at ,lutt]wor? is a well-kn[n *air2 ! tradition is t x 0 us$ by ,john ,wyclif1 & t he 0 smitt5 ) p>alysis :ile sitt+ 9 x he>+ mass1 on ,holy ,innoc5ts' day1 #achd1 & 0 c>ri$ 9 x to ! rectory h>d by1 :]e he di$ on ! la/ day ( t ye>4 ,a brass plate on x records ! tradition2 b ! *air is pla9ly ,jacobean & ( dome/ic orig92 !re is ano!r *air 9 ! *ancel ( exactly ! same %ape & patt]n 7#abj74 #abc ,illu/ration3 ,ma9w>+ ,*apel ,illu/ration3 ,high] ,peov] #abd ,at ,kidd]m9/] ,baxt]'s *air is pres]v$2 on x is ! foll[+ inscription3--,rev4 ,rd ,baxt] born nr ,%rewsbury 9 #afae & di$ at ,london 9 #afia4 ,*apla9 to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,doolittle1 ,m4,a4 ,sr ,h4 ,a%ur/ ,bt1 ,kidd]m9/]1 ,a4 #afej ,d4 ,baxt] speaks ( ,mr ,?omas ,doolittle1 born 9 ,kidd]m9/]1 z a good s*oll>1 a godly man1 ( an upright life & mod]ate ,pr9ciples1 & a v pr(itable s]i\s ,prea*]4 ,to ,sir ,h5ry ,a%ur/1 ,b>t41 ,sylve/] d$icat$ 8 ,reliquiae ,baxt]ianae1 #afif4 ,he also /ood by ,baxt] 9 ! day ( 8 trial & di/ress1 paid ! fees = 8 six c\nsel1 & :5 ! trial be=e ,judge ,jeffries 0 ov]1 l$ ,baxt] ?r\gh ! cr[d1 & convey$ him away 9 8 coa*4 ,he 0 also ,baxt]'s executor1 & x is possible ! *air may orig9ally h belong$ to him4 ,at ,bee/on ,regis1 ,norfolk1 is a f9e old seat1 n[ us$ by ! p>i% cl]k 7#aai72 x w\ld seem to be ( ! p]iod ( ! "w at ,bal%am & else:]e 7#c74 ,at ,w9*field1 ,hamp%ire1 is ano!r old seat ( rude & e>ly design 7#aaf74 ,illu/ration3 ,puddlet[n ,/one seats are occasionally f\nd4 ,:]e !y are plac$ s\? ( ! alt>1 !y are probably s$ilia2 b n :5 !y are plac$ 9 ! we/]n bay or bays ( ! *ancel or 9 ! nave4 ,at ,b>nack ! rema9s ( a /one seat 7 f\nd on ! we/ wall ( ! ,pre-,conque/ t[]2 x _h =m]ly an oak seat & oak slabs on ei!r side3 a /one seat occurs also 9 ! we/ wall ( ! nave ( ,old ,radnor *ur*4 ,a /one seat is n uncommon 9 ! we/]n bays on ! s\? side ( *ancels2 ! object ( ?is is n cle>2 p]haps x 0 to provide a seat = ! prie/ :ile read+ 8 (fice2 9 lat] days1 z we h se51 oak /alls 7 common 9 p>i% *ancels1 & ! prie/ w\ld read 8 (fice 9 "o ( ^!4 ,sev]al examples occur4 ,!re is a rude example 9 ! ,pre-,conque/ *ur* ( ,corhampton1 ,hamp%ire4 ,o!rs1 probably #abe ( ?irte5? c5tury date1 occur at ,w>l+ham1 ,surrey1 & ,hal%am & ,sprotbor\gh1 ,york%ire4 ,at ,l5ham1 ,k5t1 is "o ) solid /one arms1 & ) a c9quefoil$ canopy ( lat] date4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$5hall ,illu/ration3 ,r$5hall ,la/1 we h ! ,coronation *air at ,we/m9/]1#gb :i* has a long1 if some:at unreliable hi/ory beh9d x4 ,! /one b5ea? x is said to h be5 ! "o on :i* ,jacob's head re/$ at ,be!l2 f :5ce x travell$ to ,egypt1 & !nce to ,spa91 ,irel& & la/ly ,scotl&4 ,k+ ,k5ne? ( ,scotl& _h ! foll[+ inscription engrav$ on x 9 ,lat9 v]se3-- ,ni fallat fatum1 ,scoti quocunque locatum ,inv5i5t lapidem regn>e t55tur ibidem2 a prophecy curi\sly fulfill$ on ! accession ( ,james ,i4 to ! ,engli% ?rone 7#aba74 ,on ! upp] surface ( ! /one is a rectangul> groove l>ge en\gh to receive an inscrib$ plate4 ,edw>d ,i4 f\nd ! /one 9 #abif at ,scone abbey1 :]e ! ,scot* k+s _h always be5 cr[n$ on x4 ,he c>ri$ x to ,london1 & 9 #acjj ,ma/] ,adam1 ! k+'s goldsmi?1 0 work+ at a bronze *air to hold x4 ,b :5 ?is 0 ne>ly #abf f9i%$1 ! k+ alt]$ 8 m9d & _h a copy ( x made 9 wood--! pres5t *air--:i* co/ #ajjs41 by ,ma/] ,walt]1 ! k+'s pa9t]4 ,! *air has lo/ ! quatrefoils 9 front1 & ! lions are ( rec5t date4 ,x orig9ally /ood 9 ! same position z a bi%op's *air1 i4e41 at ! back ( ! ,high alt> & 9 front ( ! %r9e ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 & fac+ to ! we/4 ,x is made ( oak1 fa/5$ toge!r ) p9s2 ! surface 0 fir/ cov]$ ov] ) ! usual gesso2 !n gold 0 appli$ by means ( :ite ( egg1 & burni%$2 !n m9ute dots1 =m+ diap]s ( foliage1 bea/s1 birds1 c41 7 prick$ on ! surface ( ! gold1 tak+ c>e n to p5etrate x1 ) a blunt in/rum5t be=e ! gr\nd & gild+ _h lo/ _! ela/icity2 a mo/ t$i\s & delicate process4 ,a second *air1 modell$ on ! old] "o1 0 made on h] coronation = ,m>y ,,ii41 ,que5 ( ,william ,,iii4 ,x us$ to /& by ! side ( ! k+'s *air1 b has be5 mov$ to ! ea/]nmo/ recess ( ,h5ry ,,vii4's *apel4 ,9 ,w9*e/] ca!dral is ! *air :i* 0 us$ by ,m>y ,i4 on h] m>riage ) ,philip ( ,spa91 :i* 0 solemnis$ 9 ! ,lady *apel3 x is n[ plac$ 9 ,bi%op ,langton's *apel 7#abb74 ,v simil> is a *air pres]v$ 9 ,york ,m9/]1 :i*1 ow+ to ! %ield atta*$ 9 front1 is probably n old] ?an ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii43#gc ! cu%ion is /uff$1 & cov]$ ) gre5 velvet2 ! %ield also is cov]$ ) lea!r1 ! upp] "p ( :i* has be5 torn away1 & ! l9es ^u x are b slightly /amp$4 ,at ,con/ance is %ewn a simil> *air ( ,m>t9 ,v41 :o 0 elect$ ,pope !re 9 #adag4 ,illu/ration3 ,mu* ,hadham #abg ,illu/ration3 ,c>tmel ,9 addition to ! above1 *airs are (t5 plac$ 9 ! presbyt]y to ! nor? ( ! alt>4 ,^! 7 occupi$ by ! prea*] dur+ morn+ or ev5+ s]vice1 till 8 turn came to asc5d ! pulpit & deliv] ! s]mon4 ,( ^! ! great] numb] no d\bt h be5 pres5t$ by ! own] ( "s manor h\se or p>sonage1 or h be5 pick$ up 9 rec5t ye>s 9 "s second-h& furniture %op4 ,?is is probably ! case ) ! int]e/+ *air :i* is kn[n to h be5 = ne>ly a c5tury 9 ! ,ma9w>+ *apel ( ,high] ,peov] *ur*1 ,*e%ire2 x be>s n only ! "n1 b ! portrait & initials ( ! own]4 ,! inscription is ,,dora?y ,,maynw>+2 %e m>ri$ ,sir ,ri*>d ,ma9w>+ ( ,ightfield1 ,salop1 ,high ,%]iff ( t c\nty 9 #aede4 ,mo/ ( ! *air is old] ?an h] "t2 ,doro?y seems to h _h x put toge!r ( old bits ( c>v+1 add+ h] "n & portrait1 & ! rav51 ! cre/ ( h] fa!r1 ,sir ,rob]t ,corbet4 ,%e liv$ at ,ightfield1 & x 0 probably :5 t bran* ( ! family became ext9ct t ! *air 0 br\ght to ,high] ,peov] *ur*1 & plac$ 9 ! ,ma9w>+ *apel4 ,at ! top are holes = hold+ sconces 9 :i* tap]s w\ld be plac$ 7#abc74 #abh ,illu/ration3 ,suffolk ,illu/ration3 ,halsall ,at ,p5%ur/ !re us$ to be a *air ) a bu/ on ! inn] panel ( ! back2 ! tradition 0 t x belong$ to ,sir ,philip ,sidney4#gd ,at ,puddlet[n1 ,dorset1 a *air has be5 9 ! *ancel = v _m ye>s2 x is ( ,elizabe?an date1 & 0 probably br\ght f "s hall or manor h\se4 ,! tall n>r[ back1 ! broad5+ seat1 ! v]tically /raight1 b horizontally angl$ arms are ^? ( ! ,fr5* caqueteure type r>ely se5 9 ,engl&4 ,! /rap c>v+ ( ! back is ( ! be/2 :ile ! tw9 greyh\nds ) av]t$ heads t fit ! curv$ top ( ! *air no d\bt h ref]5ce to ! orig9al own] 7#abd74ge ,at ,upton1 ne> ,ca/or1 !re #abi are two *airs 9 ! *ancel2 on "o ( :i* is inscrib$ ,a4,d4 #agjj--;,joane ,br[ne--,want ,n4 ,! o!r has ! initials ,j4 ,d42 ! ,doves 7 ,lords ( ! ,manor at t "t 7#acj74gf ,9 ,r$5hall *ur*1 ,norfolk1 is "o ( two *airs br\ght !re f ,cant]bury ca!dral by ,ar*bi%op ,sancr(t on 8 expulsion f ! see 9 #afae2 x is ( a curi\s patt]n common 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 :i* ! back is h+$ & c be turn$ ov] to conv]t ! *air into a table4 ,ar*bi%op ,sancr(t is buri$ at ,r$5hall1 :i*1 by ! way1 possesses p]haps ! f9e/ *ur* t[] ( any village 9 ,engl& & an exceptionally f9e r+ ( anci5t bells4 ,! o!r *air is kept at ,gawdy ,hall1 ! seat ( ! ,sancr(ts 7#abe74 ,9 _m cases ! *air is a composite product1 made up ( fragm5ts ( scre5s1 b5* ends & ! l2 ?is seems to be ! case ) ! *airs 9 ! *ur*es ( ,brid=d1 ,devon1 & ,o!ry1 ,som]set2 t at ,mu* ,hadham1 ,h]t=d%ire1 appe>s to be put toge!r out ( ! fragm5ts ( a scre5 7#abf74 ,9 ! ,*apt] ,h\se ( ,gl\ce/] ca!dral are two *airs1 on ! inn] panels ( ! back ( :i* are c>v$ ,! ,la/ ,supp] & ,! ,asc5sion respectively2 ! panels 7 pres5t$ 9 ! "t ( ,dean ,law1 &1 provid$ ) a framework1 n[ =m "p ( two *airs4 ,illu/ration3 ,combm>t9 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! *air has a repres5tation ( "s ecclesia/ical subject1 ! presumption is t x 0 made = ! *ur* 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,9 ,c>tmel ,priory *ur* is a f9e *air on ! back ( :i* is repres5t$ ! ,resurrection2 bel[ are se5 ! ,roman soldi]s2 above1 ,*ri/ %ews ! w\nds 9 ,8 h&s 7#abg74 ,at ,s&]/ead1 ,surrey1 ,abraham #acj ) uplift$ sword is ab\t to slay ,isaac2 on ! "r is %ewn ! ram1 on ! left an angel4 ,! same subject appe>s1 bett] c>v$1 on ! back ( "o ( two *airs br\ght f a *ur* 9 ,suffolk1 n[ pull$ d[n2 on ! o!r *air is a repres5tation ( :at looks l ! ,temptation 7#abh74 ,9 ,halsall *ur*1 ,lanca%ire1 are two beautiful *airs ) ! initials ,,ihs2 b5ea? !m is a scroll on :i* is inscrib$ ,ecce quomodo amabat 7#abh74 ,9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum is a simil> w+$ *air1 :i* be>s ! initials ,,ipi & ! date #afgj4 ,9 ! *ancel ( ,combm>t9 *ur*1 ,devon1 is a mahogany *air ) :eat & grapes1 app>5tly ref]r+ to ! sacram5tal bread & w9e2 x _h be5 = _m ye>s 9 ! family ( ! pres5t incumb5t1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,jones1 & 0 pres5t$ by him to ! *ur*2 x is possible t x 0 orig9ally made = a *ur* 7#abi74 ,illu/ration3 ,upton #aca ,illu/ration3 ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel1 ,we/m9/] 99 99 99 99 99 #acc ,,index ,,to ,,places ,,& ,,illu/rations ------ ,numb]s foll[$ by ! "n ( ! ,photograph] or ! ,draughtsman ref] to ,illu/rations ------ ,ab]de51 ,k+'s ,college1 #bi1 #fh ,ab]gav5ny ,priory1 ,monm\?1 #df1 ,g4 ,g4 ,buckley4 #bi1 #dj1 #dg ,ami5s1 #aa ,aquileia1 #aja ,avignon1 #ajd1 ,f4 ,bond4 #ajd ,bal%am1 ,cambs41 #c1 ,g4 ,g4 ,buckley4 #a1 #e1 #ajj1 #abd ,b>nack1 ,nor?ants1 #abd ,bas+1 ,hants1 #gi ,b$=d1 #aaf ,bee/on ,regis1 ,norfolk1 #aai1 ,c4 ,f4 ,nunneley4 #abd ,belgium1 #bi1 #ca ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 ,yorks41 #c1 #ad1 #ad2 ,c4 ,g\ld+4 #g1 ,alan ,pott]4 #bg1 #fc1 #fd1 & frontispiece2 ,w4 ,e4 ,wigfall4 #fd1 #fe1 #ajf2 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #e1 #g1 #bf1 #bi1 #dj1 #ea1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #gd1 #ajf ,bev]ley ,/ ,m>y1 #b1 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #a1 #e ,bi%op ,auckl&1 ,durham1 #ca1 #fg ,bi%op ,cann+s1 ,wilts41 #aah1 ,wilts4 ,ar*ological ,society4 #aai ,bly?burgh1 ,suffolk1 #aa1 ,s4 ,g>dn]4 #g ,bologna1 ,/ ,/efano1 #aja ,bossal1 ,yorks41 #ib ,bo/on1 ,l9cs41 #hf1 #ie ,brancepe?1 ,durham1 #ic1 ,f4 ,bond4 #ca1 #fg1 #ajj ,braunton1 ,devon1 #if ,brescia1 ,/a4 ,m>ia dei ,miracoli1 #hb ,bri/ol ,ca!dral1 #bi1 #ej4 ,/ ,ni*olas1 #ig ,bruges1 #fh1 #gj ,burl+ham ,/ ,edmund1 ,norfolk1 #he ,cambridge1 ,great ,/ ,m>y1 #ig4 ,k+'s ,college ,*apel1 #gh1 ,f4 ,r4 ,taylor4 #e1 #bi1 #ge1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 #aje1 ,s4 ,g>dn]4 #bc1 #ca1 #cf1 #ec1 #hd1 #ajd1 #aae ,c>lisle ,ca!dral1 #ba1 ,r4 ,bill+s4 #ei1 ,f4 ,bond4 #bc1 #bi1 #ea1 #eh1 #fa1 #ff1 #fh1 #gj1 #hb1 #ajf ,c>tmel1 ,lanca%ire1 #hj1 #ha1 #abg2 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #e1 #ca1 #ge1 #gi1 #abi ,*addesd51 ,d]by%ire1 #ii1 ,g4 ,h4 ,widd[s4 #ab1 #ajj ,*elsea1 #id1 #ih ,*e/] ,ca!dral1 #i1 ,w4 ,m4 ,dodson4 #aj1 #bd1 #ec1 #ee1 #ef2 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #bc1 #bf1 #bi1 #ea1 #ed1 #eh1 #fa1 #ff1 #fh1 #gj ,*i*e/] ,ca!dral1 #cf1 ,p4 ,m4 ,john/on4 #e1 #bf1 #bi1 #cf1 #ch1 #dg1 #ajj ,*ri/*ur*1 ,hants1 #b1 ,g4 ,f4 ,gillham4 #gf1 #gg2 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #a1 #e1 #bi1 #ge1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb1 #aje ,cock]s& ,abbey1 ,lancs41 #dc ,combm>t91 ,devon1 #abi1 ,w4 ,m4 ,dodson4 #acj ,conn+ton1 ,hunts41 #aaf ,con/ance1 #abf ,con/ant9ople1 ,santa ,sophia1 #aaa ,corhampton1 ,hants1 #abd ,cov5try1 ,/ ,m>y's ,hall1 #aag1 ,anon4 #aai ,cyprus1 #ajd ,dalmatia1 #af1 #aja ,d9ant1 #ca ,dunblane1 ,scotl&1 #fg1 ,w4 ,maitl&4 #e1 #bi1 #fg ,dunis1 ,fl&]s1 #fh ,dunm[1 ,essex1 #aaf1 ,f4 ,r4 ,taylor4 #aaf #acd ,durham ,ca!dral1 #bb1 #ajg2 ,r4 ,bill+s4 #ff1 ,f4 ,bond4 #ae1 #ca1 #ea1 #ff1 #fh1 #id1 #aaj4 ,ca/le1 #e ,ely ,ca!dral1 #cg1 ,g4 ,h4 ,tyndall4 #ac1 #bj1 #bi1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #dc1 #dg1 #di1 #ea1 #fa1 #ff1 #fh1 #ia1 #ajf ,etwall1 ,d]by%ire1 #ac1 ,g4 ,h4 ,widd[s4 #h ,exet]1 #ajb1 ,e4 ,k4 ,prideaux4 #ajc1 ,g4 ,h4 ,widd[s4 #ab1 #ae1 #bc1 #ajg ,fav]%am1 ,k5t1 #ig ,fl&]s1 ,we/1 #fh1 #gj ,fo!r+hay1 ,nor?ants1 #aaf ,france1 #ca1 #fg1 #fh1 #ib1 #aje ,fress+field1 ,suffolk1 #h ,gawdy ,hall1 ,norfolk1 #abi ,g5dron-,celles1 #ca ,gla/onbury1 ,som]set1 #aae1 #aaf ,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 #ch1 ,osc> ,cl>k4 #bc1 #bi1 #cc1 #ch1 #dj1 #abi ,grado1 #aja ,great ,bur/ead1 ,essex1 #id ,halifax1 #hi ,halsall1 ,lanca%ire1 #abh1 ,g4 ,g4 ,buckley4 #acj ,hal%am1 ,york%ire1 #abe ,hambleton1 ,worce/]1 #ih1 ,g4 ,h4 ,poole4 #ajj ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,middlesex1 #ge1 #gg ,ha/ires1 #ca ,hem+bor\gh1 ,yorks41 #hg1 ,c4 de ,gru*y4 #cc1 #gg1 #hh ,h]e=d ,ca!dral1 #dc1 ,g4 ,b4 ,atk9son4 #aad1 ,a4 ,j4 ,wilson4 #ac1 #bj1 #bf1 #bi1 #dj1 #dd1 #ajh1 #aae4 ,all ,sa9ts'1 #dd1 ,g4 ,g4 ,buckley4 #de1 ,w4 ,m4 ,dodson4 #e1 #bi1 #dj1 #dg1 #ajj4 ,/ ,pet]1 #hi1 ,g4 ,g4 ,buckley4 #bi1 #di1 #ajj ,hexham1 ,nor?umb]l&1 #bc1 #bi1 #ajf ,higham ,f]r]s1 ,nor?ants1 #bi ,high] ,peov]1 ,*e%ire1 #abc1 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #abg ,hunt+field1 ,suffolk1 #ig ,iffley1 ,oxon41 #hf ,ightfield1 ,salop1 #abh ,+ham1 ,norfolk1 #he ,i/ria1 #af1 #aja ,ivy*ur*1 ,k5t1 #he ,j>r[1 ,durham1 #aai1 ,w4 ,maitl&4 #abj ,kidd]m9/]1 #abb ,kildwick1 #ij ,kilpeck1 ,h]e=d%ire1 #abb ,kirk/all1 ,yorks41 #bj1 #bc ,lacock1 ,wilts41 #hb ,lanca/]1 #ci1 #da1 #db2 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #bi1 #dj1 #ed ,lap=d1 ,devon1 #gg ,lay] ,m>ney1 ,essex1 #ge1 #gi ,l5ham1 ,k5t1 #abe ,l9coln ,m9/]1 #e1 #eb1 #aad2 ,s4 ,smi?4 #ag1 ,hugh ,mc,lachlan4 #e1 #aj1 #ac1 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #ea1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #ff1 #fh1 #ia1 #ajf1 #aac ,littleb\rne1 ,k5t1 #hf ,london1 #gj1 #gi4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,newgate ,/reet1 #d1 ,f4 ,r4 ,taylor4 #e4 ,hampton ,c\rt1 #ge1 #gg4 ,rolls ,*apel1 #ge4 ,/ ,botolph1 ,aldgate1 #id4 ,/ ,m>y-at-,hill1 #hh1 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 #ajj4 ,/ ,paul's1 #hc1 ,f4 ,j4 ,hall4 #bh1 #ca1 #hb4 ,old ,/ ,paul's1 #bc4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #acj4 ,see ,we/m9/] ,abbey ,l\?1 ,l9cs41 #ge ,ludham1 ,norfolk1 #he ,lutt]wor?1 ,leice/]1 #abj1 ,e4 ,h4 ,day4 #abb ,man*e/] ,ca!dral1 #f1 #fb2 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #e1 #g1 #bi1 #ea1 #fa1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #gj1 #gd4 ,agecr(t ,hall1 #aaf4 ,college1 #aaf ,mantes1 #ic ,melrose1 #fh ,milan1 ,/ ,ambrogio1 #af ,mu* ,hadham1 ,h]ts41 #abf1 ,a4 ,w4 ,&]son4 #abi ,nantwi*1 ,*e%ire1 #eg1 ,f4 ,h4 ,crossley4 #bi1 #ea1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fh ,nev]s1 #aje ,new>k1 #bi ,norbury1 ,d]by%ire1 #hf ,nor? ,cadbury1 ,som]set1 #gg ,norton1 ,suffolk1 #he ,norwi*1 #dh1 ,s4 ,g>dn]4 #ac1 #ai1 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #dj1 #dc1 #dg1 #ajd ,notre ,dame de la ,ro*e1 #ca ,nott+ham1 #ij #ace ,old ,radnor1 ,radnor%ire1 #abd ,oss]o1 #aja ,o!ry1 ,som]set1 #abi ,oulton1 ,suffolk1 #hf ,ox=d1 #bi1 #gi ,p>5zo1 #aja ,p>is1 ,hotel ,cluny1 #aaa ,p5%ur/1 ,k5t1 #abh ,pet]bor\gh1 #cb1 ,h4 ,pl[man4 #ae1 #cc1 #aaf ,poiti]s1 #ca ,puddlet[n1 ,dorset1 #abd1 ,w4 ,wonnacott4 #abh ,ratzburg1 #ca ,rav5na1 #aac ,read+1 ,/ ,giles'1 #ig ,r$5hall1 ,norfolk1 #abe1 ,c4 ,f4 ,nunneley4 #abi ,ripon ,m9/]1 #h1 ,w4 ,maitl&4 #fj1 ,j4 ,h4 ,bayley4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #ae1 #bc1 #bf1 #bi1 #ea1 #fa1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #gj1 #ic ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral1 #cj1 ,p4 ,m4 ,john/on4 #bc1 #bi1 #ca ,rome1 #af1 #ai1 #bc1 #aja1 #aje1 #aaa4 ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 #aja4 ,s4 ,clem5te1 #ai1 #aja4 ,/ ,john ,lat]an1 #aja1 #aaa4 ,s4 ,m>ia 9 ,cosm$91 #ai1 #aja4 ,/ ,paul extra ,muros1 #ai4 ,/ ,pet]'s1 #aaa4 ,old1 #aje4 ,/a4 ,pud5tiana1 #aaa ,ro!rham1 ,yorks41 #id ,ro?well1 ,nor?ants1 #ij ,/ ,asaph1 #ea1 #fa ,/ ,david's1 #ajh1 #aji2 ,w4 ,m4 ,dodson4 #ae1 #bi1 #ej1 #ajg1 #aaj ,/ ,gall1 #bj1 #bc ,/ ,paul's1 #hc1 ,f4 ,j4 ,hall4 #bh1 #ca1 #hb ,salisbury1 #ib ,sall1 ,norfolk1 #he1 ,f4 ,bond4 #he1 #ajj ,s&]/ead1 ,surrey1 #abi ,saulieu1 #ca ,scotl&1 #fg1 #fh1 #ia ,s$gefield1 ,durham1 #ca1 #fg ,sees1 ,/ ,m>t91 ,norm&y1 #dc ,%]borne1 ,dorset1 #di1 ,g4 ,g4 ,buckley4 #bi1 #di ,%]burn ,hospital1 ,durham1 #ca1 #fg ,sion ,abbey1 ,middlesex1 #dc ,sluys1 #gj ,snetti%am1 ,norfolk1 #dj ,s\?ampton1 #gi ,s\?well1 ,notts41 #be1 #bf1 #ej ,s\?wick ,priory1 ,hants1 #aaf ,sprotbor\gh1 ,yorks41 #abe ,/an=d ,bi%op1 ,h]e=d%ire1 #aae ,/irl+1 #fh ,/[langt(t1 ,suffolk1 #ia1 ,c4 ,f4 ,nunneley4 #e1 #g1 #bi1 #di1 #he1 #ajj ,suffolk1 #abh1 ,j4 ,c4 ,/5n+4 #di1 #he1 #acj ,sutton ,coldfield1 ,w>wick%ire1 #hd ,sw9e1 ,yorks41 #gg ,tall&1 ,cornwall1 #gg ,!ydon ,g>don1 ,essex1 #ib ,trau1 #aja ,trun*1 ,norfolk1 #he1 ,f4 ,bond4 #e1 #he1 #ajj ,upton1 ,nor?ants1 #acj1 ,g4 ,c4 ,druce4 #abh ,vaison1 ,prov5ce1 #aja ,v5ice1 ,/ ,m>k's1 #af4 ,/a4 ,m>ia dei ,miracoli1 #hb ,walpole ,/ ,pet]1 ,norfolk1 #ab1 ,s4 ,g>dn]4 #g ,w>l+ham1 ,surrey1 #abe ,wells ,ca!dral1 #aae1 ,g4 ,w4 ,saund]s4 #g1 #aa1 #ac1 #bj1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #aaj4 ,bi%op's ,palace1 #aae1 #aaf ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #ca1 ,s&=d4 #aba1 ,a4 ,g>dn]4 #ba1 #bc1 #be1 #bi1 #ca1 #cc1 #ea1 #gg1 #abe1 #gc2 ,h5ry ,,vii4's ,*apel1 ,a4 ,w4 ,pug91 #gc2 ,d4 ,well]1 #aca4 #aj1 #be1 #gj1 #gd1 #ge4 ,we/on 9 ,gordano1 ,som]set1 #he ,w9*elsea1 ,sussex1 #cf ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 #cd1 #abb2 ,c4 ,e4 ,s4 ,beloe4 #ce1 ,s4 ,g>dn]4 #gb1 ,j4 ,f4 ,hamilton4 #gc1 ,j4 ,britton4 #e1 #ac1 #bc1 #bi1 #cc1 #dj1 #dc1 #gb1 #ge1 #gi1 #abf4 ,/ ,cross1 #ge1 #aje ,w9*field1 ,hants1 #aaf1 ,g4 ,c4 ,druce4 #abd ,w9dsor1 ,/ ,george's ,*apel1 #fi1 ,lysons' ,magna ,britannia4 #ga1 ,alan ,pott]4 #ab1 #bi1 #ea1 #gj ,w+field1 ,suffolk1 #df1 ,c4 ,f4 ,nunneley4 #bi1 #dg ,worce/]1 #bc1 #hd1 #ia ,yatton1 ,som]set1 #ib ,york ,m9/]1 #ah1 #eh2 ,j4 ,britton4 #bc1 #eh1 #abf4 ,/ ,maurice1 #hh4 ,/ ,mi*ael ,belfry1 #ib ,z>a1 #aja ,za&am1 ,holl&1 #aaf 99 99 99 99 99 #acf ,,index ,,r]um ,abbot1 place 9 *oir1 #ac1 #ajf ,acc\nts 7see also ,co/71 #ie ,arcad+1 #dj1 #ed1 #ajj ,arms & arm\r1 #cf1 #dh1 #ed 7see also ,h]aldry7 ,arrangem5ts ( /alls1 #ab1 #af1 #bf ,back ( ,/alls1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bf1 #bh 7see ,panell+7 ,badges1 #dg ,balu/] *airs1 #aae1 #aaf ,ba?1 ord] ( !1 #gd ,battlem5ts1 #cf1 #ch1 #dg1 #ea1 #ed1 #fa ,baxt]'s *air1 #abd ,b5*es1 #di1 #ii ,b5efactors1 #ib ,bi%op's *air1 #ac1 #ai ---- ?rone1 #aja ,black ,dea?1 #dj1 #dg1 #eh1 #aaj ,boys1 #if 7see ,*ildr5 ( ! ,*oir7 ,bratti%+1 #dg1 #fc ,bu/s1 #gj1 #gg ,buttresses1 #ed ,canons1 resid5t & non-resid5t1 #aa1 #be1 #bh ,canopies1 con/ruction (1 #a1 #aj1 #cc1 #ed ---- ogee1 #aj1 #cc1 #cf1 #dc1 #de1 #dg1 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #ei1 #fe1 #fh ---- b[+ ogee1 #aj1 #ch1 #de1 #dg1 #ea ---- comp\nd ogee1 #ed ---- ,l9coln ogee1 #ed ---- ti]s or /ories (1 #ch ---- v>ieties (1 #a1 #bi1 #ea1 #gd1 #ajj ,capitals1 #aj1 #fa1 #hb ,capp+1 #aj ,c>rel1 #aai ,c>v]s1 #fh1 #gj1 #gd1 #gg ,c>v+1 #e1 #cc1 #ch1 #ec1 #ed1 #fa1 #fh1 #gj1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb1 #ajh ,c5taurs1 #fh ,*airs1 abbots'1 #aae ---- bi%ops'1 #ac1 #aaa ---- *ur*1 #aaa ---- m>ble1 #aja ---- popes'1 #aaa ---- /one1 #aja1 #abd ---- w+$1 #acj ,*ancels1 #af1 #bj ---- enl>gem5t (1 #hf ,*antries & ,*antry prie/s1 #h ,*ildr5 ( ! ,*oir1 #be1 #if ,*oir1 #ac1 #af1 #bj ,*ori/]s1 #a1 #be1 #bf1 #he1 #ie ,*ronological ord] ( /alls1 #bi ,*ur*w>d5s' acc\nts1 #ie 7see ,co/7 ,classical design1 #fg1 #gi ,cl]k1 p>i%1 #ig1 #abd ,con/ruction ( /alls & canopies1 #a1 #h1 #aj1 #cc1 #ed 7see also ,canopies7 ,cornice1 #a1 #dj1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #fc1 #ajj ,coronation *air1 #abe ,co/1 #aa1 #gi1 #hd1 #hh1 #ajg ,co/ume1 #cf ,cre/+1 #bi1 #cf1 #de1 #fe1 #gb1 #gi ,crockets1 #aj1 #cc1 #dd1 #dg1 #ea ,cross+1 #bj1 #bc ,crypts1 #bc ,cusps1 #cc1 #cf1 #dc1 #dg1 #di1 #fa ,dagob]t1 *air (1 #aaa ,dates ( /alls1 #e1 #bi ,dean's /all1 #ac1 #ej1 #ed ,design1 #aj1 #ch1 #fh1 #gj1 #gd ,desks1 #a1 #e1 #g1 #dg1 #hh1 #ajj1 #aai ,doro?y ,ma9w>+1 #gi1 #abg ,dove1 #ie1 #abi ---- ( ,/ ,botolph's1 ,aldgate1 #ie ---- ( ,upton1 #abi ,dut* c>v]s1 #gj ,edmund ,cr\*back1 #cc ,edmund1 ,sa9t1 #g ,elb[s ( /alls1 #a1 #e1 #aj1 #gg ,ends ( /alls1 #e1 #h ,entablature1 #gi1 #hb ,epi/le1 place ( read+1 #ac #acg ,f9ials1 #cc1 #ea ,flamboyant1 #dj ,flemi% "w1 #fh1 #gj ,fleur de lis1 #fh ,fly+ buttresses1 #aj1 #ed ,=eign design & workm51 #fh1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb ,fri?/ols1 #ajf ,gables1 #aj1 #cc1 #ed1 #fa1 #fe 7see ,canopies7 ,gall]ies1 #bi ,g>t]1 ,knights ( ,ord] (1 #gb ,gilds1 #h1 #ie ,gla/onbury *airs1 #aaf ,gospel1 desks1 & place ( read+1 #ac ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 #hd ,hawks1 #dg ,h]aldry1 #e1 #f1 #dg1 #dh1 #ej1 #gi ,hipknobs1 #aj ,honeycomb1 #gg ,hon\r1 place (1 #ac ,inscriptions1 #bf1 #bh1 #hb ,italian work]s1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb ,jacobean *airs1 #aae1 #abb ,kemp1 ,ar*bi%op1 #ec ,knights ( ! ,ba?1 #gd ,knights ( ! ,g>t]1 #gb ,laity1 #a1 #af1 #ai1 #ij ,l9coln ogee1 #ed ,ma9w>+1 ,doro?y1 #gi1 #abg ,m>ble *airs1 #aja1 #ajf ,masks1 #e1 #dd ,mayor's /all1 #f1 #ae1 #hb1 #id ,maximian1 *air (1 #aac ,m9/rels1 #ii ,mis]icords1 #a1 #dh1 #ej1 #ec1 #ed1 #fa1 #fe1 #gd1 #ge ,mold+s1 #dj ,m1 ,sir ,?omas1 #id1 #ih ,music 9 *ur*es1 #ie ,ni*es1 #aj1 #ch1 #ea1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fc1 #fe ,nobility 9 *ancel1 #ia ,nor? side1 #ac1 #ae ,numb] ( /alls1 #be1 #bf1 #ej1 #ge ,oak1 #fh ,occupants ( /alls1 #a1 #hh ,ogee1 #aj1 #cc1 #cf1 #dc1 #de1 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ei1 #fe1 #fh ,ori5tation1 #af1 #aje ,organs & ,organi/s1 #if1 #ih ,panell+1 #e1 #ej1 #fh1 #gd1 #ajj ,p>i% *ur*es1 plann+1 gr[? (1 #af1 #bc1 #be1 #he1 #hf 7see ,*ancel7 ---- /alls 91 #di1 #he ,p>i% cl]k1 #ig1 #abd ,passion1 emblems (1 #hb ,patrons1 9 *ancels1 #ia ,p$im5t1 #cc1 #dc1 #ea ,pews 9 *ancels1 #ie ,p9nacles1 #aj1 #ch1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #ff1 #gd1 #ajh ,place ( hon\r1 #ac ,plann+1 #af1 #bj1 #bc1 #be1 #he ,pl9?1 #ajj ,poppyheads1 #f1 #g ,portrait bu/s1 #gg ---- panels1 #ge ,position ( /alls1 #a1 #af ,preb5d>ies1 #be1 #bh ,processions1 #ac1 #be1 #ib ,projection ( canopies1 #dg ,psalt]1 recitation (1 #bf1 #bh ,purbeck m>ble1 #aje ,removals f o!r *ur*es1 #dc ,r5aissance1 #ff1 #ge ,re/or]s & re/orations1 #bj1 #bi1 #ch1 #hd ,return /alls1 #ab1 #ac1 #be1 #ajj1 #ajf ,ro*ets1 #ig ,rood l(t1 #ie1 #ih ,r[s ( /alls1 #be ,sancr(t1 ,ar*bi%op1 #abi ,scre5s1 #aj1 #ab1 #ai1 #bj1 #ej1 #ge1 #gi1 #ajj ,scrollwork1 #e1 #hb ,seats1 #a1 #aj1 #dh1 #gg ---- m>ble & /one1 #aaa1 #abd ,s$ilia1 #abd ,sella curulis & ge/atoria1 #aja1 #aaa ,%afts1 #aj1 #cc1 #ea1 #ei1 #gg1 #hb ,%ields1 #e1 #f ,%\ld]s ( /alls1 #a1 #e1 #ei ,s+]s1 #a1 #af1 #ie 7see also ,boys1 ,*ildr5 ( ! ,*oir1 ,*ori/]s7 #ach ,s\? side1 #ac1 #ae ,spires & spirelets1 #a1 #aa1 #ch1 #dj1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #eh1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff1 #gb1 #ajf ,/alls 9 great] *ur*es1 #a1 #ac ---- 9 p>i% *ur*es1 #di1 #he1 #ij ---- object (1 #he ,/all-wages1 #bf ---- "w1 e>lie/1 #ca ---- ?irte5? c5tury1 #ca1 #hh1 #ij ---- f\rte5? c5tury1 #cc1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #eh ---- fifte5? c5tury1 #dh1 #ej ---- sixte5? c5tury1 #gi ---- ,r5aissance1 #ff1 #ge ---- eighte5? c5tury1 #hd ,/&>ds1 #h ,/anley leg5d1 #fa ,/atues1 #aj1 #ea1 #fa ,/one *airs & seats1 #aja1 #abd ---- v]sus wood1 #ea ,/ories ( /alls1 "o1 #ch1 #dc1 #dd1 #ea1 #ei1 #gb1 #gd ---- two1 #aj1 #ch1 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #eh1 #fa1 #fe1 #gb ,/r+-c\rse1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fe1 #ff ,sudbury hut*1 #ge ,sunday & o!r processions1 #be1 #ib ,sup]mullions1 #dj1 #dg ,supports1 #e1 #gg ,surplices1 #hi1 #if ,tab]nacl$ spires & canopies1 #a1 #aj1 #ea1 #ec1 #ff1 #ajf ,te/]1 cov$1 #dg1 #fc ,?irte5? c5tury "w1 #ca1 #hh1 #ij1 #aaf1 #abe ,?i/le1 ,scotti%1 #fh ,?ree-gabl$ canopies1 #ch1 #ea1 #ed1 #ei ,?rone1 bi%op's1 #ac1 #af1 #ai1 #aja1 #aje ,ti]s ( canopies1 #ch ,trac]y1 #cc1 #cf1 #dj1 #dc1 #de1 #ea1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fc1 #fe1 #fh1 #hb ,vic>s *oral1 #bf ,v5tilation1 #ajj ,v9e1 #fh ,w+$ *airs1 #acj ,wom5 9 /alls1 #ib ,wood v]sus /one1 #ea ,workman%ip1 #ajj ,wy*e1 ,lady1 #id ,wiclif1 #abb ------ ,pr9t$ at ,,! ,,d>i5 ,,press1 ,ed9burgh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,scre5s ,,& ,,gall]ies ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es ,a ,,h&some ,,volume1 ,,conta9+ #bjd ,,pp41 ,,) #aeb ,,illu/rations1 ,,reproduc$ ,,f ,,photographs ,,& ,,measur$ ,,draw+s4 ,,octavo1 ,,/rongly ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,clo?4 ,,price #f,s4 ,,net4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ---------- ,,"s ,,press ,,notices ,build]4--,:5 we look at ! detail$ photographs we realise ! ri*ness ( ! field :i* ,mr ,bond has trav]s$1 & congratulate him on ! *oice ( 8 subject4 ,8 me?od is "o ( s+ul> ?or\ghness f ! ecclesiological /&po9t4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,ar*itectural ,association4--,z a record ( ! scre5s rema9+ 9 our *ur*es x _c be valu$ too highly4 ,no book till n[ has br\ght su* a numb] toge!r1 or trac$ _! developm5t 9 s full & int]e/+ a mann]4444 ,a mo/ delightful book4 ,build]s' ,j\rnal4--,! au?or may be congratulat$ on ! production ( a book :i*1 9 text z well z 9 illu/rations1 is ( /rik+ & inexhau/ible int]e/2 x is ! k9d ( book to :i* "o returns aga9 & aga91 9 ! assurance ( r5ew$ & increas$ pleasure at ea* rep]usal4 ,tablet4--,! num]\s excell5t illu/rations are ( ! greate/ int]e/1 & =m a v]itable surprise z to ! beauty & v>iety ( ! treatm5t :i* our =efa!rs lavi%$ ^u ! rood scre54 ,briti% ,weekly4--,! book ab\nds ) admirable illu/rations ( ^! beautiful works ( art1 s p]fect ev5 9 ! m9ute details t any "o int]e/$ 9 ! art ( woodc>v+ c\ld reproduce ! designs ) ease f ! excell5t photographs :i* occur on almo/ e page4 ,!re is also a s]ies ( 'measur$ draw+s' ( great beauty & int]e/4 ,new ,york ,nation4--,x is n easy to praise too highly ! simple & effective pres5tation ( ! subject & ! int]e/ ( ! book to all p]sons :o c>e = ecclesiology or = decorative art4 ,bibliophile4--,?is excell5t book is a sign ( ! times2 ( ! reawak5$ int]e/ 9 ! beautiful & hi/oric4444 ,a model ( s*ol>ly compression4 ,( ! f9ely produc$ illu/rations x is difficult to speak 9 too high t]ms ( praise4 ,daily ,graphic4--,mr ,bond has produc$ a "w on our ecclesia/ical scre5s & gall]ies :i*1 l 8 l>g] "w on ! ',go?ic ,ar*itecture ( ,engl&1' is 9 ! fir/ degree ma/]ly4 ,8 k ( 8 subject1 exact & compreh5sive1 is compress$ into a m9imum am\nt ( space1 & illu/rat$ by a s]ies ( photographs & measur$ draw+s :i* r5d] ! "w ( p]man5t value4 ,bullet9 ,monum5tal4--,aprs avoir analys1 aussi exactem5t que possible1 l'intressant tude de ,m4 ,bond1 n\s devons le flicit] de n\s avoir donn ce complm5t si utile son gr& ouvrage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,fonts ,,font ,,cov]s ,a ,,h&some ,,volume ,,conta9+ #cfd ,,pages1 ,,) #dbf ,,illu/rations ,,reproduc$ ,,f ,,photographs ,,& ,,measur$ ,,draw+s4 ,,octavo1 ,,/rongly ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,clo?4 ,,price #ab,s4 ,,net4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ---------- ,,"s ,,press ,,notices ,gu>dian4--,mr ,bond is s well kn[n by 8 monum5tal "w on ',go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&1' & by 8 beautiful book on ',scre5s & ,gall]ies1' t 8 "n alone is a suffici5t gu>antee = ?is new volume on ',fonts & ,font ,cov]s1' ! mo/ complete & ?or\gh t has yet appe>$4 ,*ur* ,times4--,! f9e/ collection ( illu/rations ( fonts & font cov]s yet attempt$4444 ,a real delight to ! ecclesiologi/4 ,commonweal?4--,a sumptu\s monograph on a v int]e/+ subject2 complete & ?or\gh4 ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review4--,x is mo/ delightful1 n only to indulge 9 a s]i\s p]usal ( ?is volume1 b to turn ov] its pages aga9 & aga91 always sure to f9d )9 half a m9ute "s beautiful illu/ration or "s illum9at+ rem>k4 ,iri% ,build]4--,?is book on ',fonts & ,font ,cov]s' is a mo/ valuable contribution to m$ival /udy1 put toge!r 9 ma/]ly fa%ion1 ) deep k & love ( ! subject4 ,we/m9/] ,gazette4--,e "o int]e/$ 9 *ur* ar*itecture & sculpture w feel almo/ z mu* surprise z delight 9 ,mr ,bond's attractive volume on ',fonts & ,font ,cov]s4' ,! weal? ( illu/rations & v>iety ( int]e/ are truly a/oni%+4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,ar*itects4--,! book is a monum5t ( pa9/ak+ lab\r & monum5tal rese>*2 its classification is mo/ admirable4 ,! :ole subject is treat$ 9 a ma/]ly way ) p]fect sequ5ce & a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! _m s\rces ( developm5t2 ! illu/rations1 too1 are ?or\ghly repres5tative4 ,to _m ! book w come z a revelation4 ,we all recognise t ! fonts are ess5tial1 & 9 _m cases beautiful & int]e/+ features 9 our anci5t *ur*es1 b few c h anticipat$ ! extraord9>y weal? ( detail :i* !y exhibit :5 ! photographs ( all ! be/ ( !m are collect$ toge!r 9 a s+le volume4 ,outlook4--,mr ,francis ,bond's book c>efully includ$ 9 "o's luggage enables "o1 ) no speciali/'s k po/ulat$1 to pursue to a mo/ pr(itable end "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 almo/1 we c\ld say1 romantic1 bran*es ( ecclesia/ical ar*itecture4444 ,?is book1 ow+ to its s*ol>%ip & ?or\ghness 9 lett]press & illu/rations1 w d\btless be classic2 9 all its me?ods x /rikes u z admirable4 ,! bibliography & ! indexes are beyond praise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,visitors' ,,guide ,,to ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey #ic ,,pages ,,( ,,text1 ,,abridg$ ,,f ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,& ,,n9ete5? ,,*apt]s ,,( ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,l>g] ,,"w ,,on ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey1 ,,consi/+ ,,*iefly ,,( ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,tombs1 ,,monum5ts1 ,,& ,,cloi/]s1 ,,) #ae ,,plans ,,& ,,draw+s ,,& #cb ,,photographic ,,illu/rations4 ,,price #a,s4 ,,net4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ---------- ,,"s ,,press ,,notices ,gu>dian4--,!re is probably no bett] brief h&book4 ,mr ,bond's qualifications = ! task are beyond "q4 ,by ! use ( v>i$ type1 +5i\s arrangem5t1 & excell5t tone-blocks & plans1 ! book atta9s a high /&>d ( lucidity z well z ( accuracy4 ,build+ ,news4--,?is little "w is *>act]is$ by its t]s5ess1 directness1 & practical treatm5t4 ,a c>efully compil$ & s*ol>ly guide-book4 ,ar*itect4--,?is book w excell5tly & admirably fulfil its purpose4444 ,a spl5did it9]>y1 9 :i* almo/ e in* ( ! way is made to speak ( its hi/orical connections4 ,birm+ham ,daily ,po/4--,concise1 in=mative1 reliable1 & admirably illu/rat$4 ,we/]n ,morn+ ,news4--,by 8 key plan & v cle> directions z to :]e to f9d ! num]\s side *apels1 hi/oric monum5ts1 & o!r objects ( int]e/1 ,mr ,bond makes x possible = a visitor to f9d 8 way r\nd ! build+ at 8 leisure4 ,x refre%es "o's k ( ,engli% hi/ory1 & is supplem5t$ by ?irty-two excell5t plates1 :i* by !mselves are wor? ! %ill+ *>g$ = x4 ,scotsman4--,a m complete & dep5dable guide to ! ,national ,pan!on c\ld n be desir$4 ,ar*itectural ,review4--,?is is an excell5t little text-book4 ,mr ,bond is to be congratulat$ 9 hav+ introduc$ into x an int]e/+ elem5t ( hi/ory4 ,! notes 9 small pr9t %\ld make ! visit to ! ,abbey bo? m pr(itable & m int]e/+4 ,! key plan & ! num]\s small plans are extremely cle> & easily read4 ,! in=mation giv5 is concise & to ! po9t1 & a ^w ( special praise mu/ be giv5 to ! plates at ! end2 ! subjects ( ^! are well *os5 & are illu/rat$ by v good photographs4 ,antiqu>y4--,?is little book1 /rongly b\nd 9 l95 bo>ds1 gives concisely & cle>ly all ! in=mation ! ord9>y visitor is likely to require4 ,*eap1 well arrang$1 well pr9t$1 abundantly illu/rat$ & well index$1 ?is h&y book1 :i* is light & 'pocketable1' is ! be/ possible companion = :i* a visitor to our noble ,abbey c wi%2 x is an ideal guide4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey ,a ,,h&some ,,volume1 ,,conta9+ #cdh ,,pages1 ,,) #bgj ,,photographs1 ,,plans1 ,,sections1 ,,sket*es1 ,,& ,,measur$ ,,draw+s4 ,,octavo1 ,,/rongly ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,clo?4 ,,price #aj,s4 ,,net4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ---------- ,,"s ,,press ,,notices ,ox=d ,magaz9e4--,all :o love ! ,abbey w be grateful = ! skill & affection be/[$ on ?is admirable "w4 ,birm+ham ,po/4--,) ! hi/ory ( ! ,abbey ! au?or int]weaves ! life ( ! ,b5$ict9es1 peopl+ ! build+ ) its occupants 9 ! c5turies :5 ,engl& 0 a ,ca?olic c\ntry1 & does x ) su* skill ?an "o c almo/ imag9e oneself at ! s]vices4 ,engli%man4--,! writ] h&les 8 subject ) consummate skill1 & 8 rew>d w lie 9 ! unmeasur$ praise ( 8 _m read]s4 ,gu>dian4--,a book :i* br+s fre% en?usiasm1 & w imp>t a new impetus to ! /udy ( ! ,abbey & its hi/ory4 ,scotsman4--,at once in/ructive & delightful1 x m ?an ju/ifies its exi/5ce by its hi/orical & ar*itectural le>n+4 ,liv]pool ,daily ,c\ri]4--,we f\nd ! e>li] p>ts ( ! book mo/ fasc9at+1 & h read !m ov] & ov] aga94 ,ar*itectural ,association ,j\rnal4--,bright & int]e/+2 ev9c+ ! au?or's inv>iable en?usiasm & *>act]i/ic indu/ry4 ,we/]n ,morn+ ,news4--,to say t ! book is int]e/+ is to say little2 x is a monum5t ( pati5t & lov+ indu/ry & extreme ?or\ghness1 an inexhau/ible m9e ( delight to ! read]1 g5]al or te*nical4 ,outlook4--,! au?or discusses ! ar*itecture ) a m9ut5ess t might t]rify ! inexp]t if x 7 n = ! su/a9$ ease & int]e/ ( 8 /yle2 great is ! fasc9ation ( ! exp]t h& :5 its t\* is light4 ,saturday ,review4--,mr ,bond leaves u m ?an ev] pr\d ( :at is left to u ( ! /ately ,b5$ict9e h\se ( ,god1 :i* is to ! entire ,engli%-speak+ _w a common bond & home4 ,antiqu>y4--,x has a weal? ( capital illu/rations1 is prec$$ by a bibliography1 & is suppli$ ) good indexes to bo? illu/rations & text4 ,j\rnal des ,savants4--,c]ta9s cli*s1 comme ceux des votes1 des tombeaux et de quelques dtails de sculpture sont de vritables t\rs de =ce4 ,le *oix des illu/rations e/ trs heureux1 comme d'ailleurs dans les autres ouvrages de ,m4 ,bond4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,wood ,,c>v+s ,,9 ,,engli% ,,*ur*es ,i4 ,,mis]icords ,a ,,h&some ,,volume1 ,,conta9+ #beg ,,pages1 ,,) #bda ,,illu/rations4 ,,octavo1 ,,/rongly ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,clo?4 ,,price #g,s4 #f;,d4 ,,net4 ,,london3 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ---------- ,,"s ,,press ,,notices ,morn+ ,po/4--,! subject is "o ( ! fir/ importance to m$ival popul> hi/ory1 & we welcome ?is v admirable & ?or\gh monograph ) special gratitude4 ,a!num4--,mr ,bond has put 8 r>e indu/ry 9 all t p]ta9s to ecclesiology to excell5t s]vice 9 8 late/ book on ,mis]icords4 ,antiqu>y4--,an au?oritative &1 at ! same "t1 delightful & in/ructive volume4 ,really ! fir/ attempt to deal compreh5sively ) ! great v>iety ( c>v+s on mis]icords4 ,new ,york ,h]ald4--,"o ( ! qua9te/1 mo/ fasc9at+1 & at ! same "t mo/ le>n$ volumes t a read] w\ld happ5 ^u 9 a lifetime4 ,*ur* ,times4--,an indisp5sable guide to ! subject4 ,! illu/rations are wor?y ( all praise4 ,ar*itectural ,association ,j\rnal4--,! blocks1 tak5 f photographs1 are ( an excell5ce really amaz+1 :5 ! difficulties su* subjects pres5t to ! cam]a are consid]$4 ,a mo/ delightful book4 ,york%ire ,po/4--,ano!r ( ! valuable s]ies ( monographs on ,*ur* ,art 9 ,engl&1 & ! mo/ ent]ta9+ ( all4 ,ar*itects' & ,build]s' ,j\rnal4--,an exce$+ly int]e/+ volume bo? 9 illu/rations & subject-matt]1 & full ( curi\s in=mation4 ,glasg[ ,h]ald4--,mr ,bond's s*ol>ly & mo/ int]e/+ book br+s u v ne> to popul> life 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,liv]pool ,c\ri]4--,ano!r ( ! admirably writt5 & illu/rat$ art h&books = :i* ! au?or is fam\s4 ,birm+ham ,po/4--,?is well illu/rat$ volume is n only a valuable te*nical monograph1 b also an important contribution to ! hi/ory ( social life & ?\ght 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,mr ,bond's treatm5t ( ! subject is exceptionally *>m+ & successful4 ,! g5]al excell5ce ( ! book is great4 ,outlook4--,_m !re mu/ be to :om ,mr ,bond's new book w be welcome4 ,into all ! details ( ?is v>i$ & mo/ puzzl+ subject he goes ) ?or\ghness & a pleasant hum\r4 ,! bibliography & indexes1 z usual 9 ,mr ,bond's "w1 are admirable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes #a ,h>ry ,sirr 9 ,art ,j\rnal1 #ahhc1 #cbi4 #b ,wick5d51 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 #ahha1 pp4 #dc-fa4 #c ,canon ,*ur* 9 ,ar*ologia1 lv4 #cbf4 #d ,dictionnaire raisonn1 viii4 #dfd4 #e ,c4 ,r4 ,pe]s 9 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory ( ,nor?ants1 ii4 #dde4 #f ,illu/rat$ 9 ! writ]'s ,scre5s & ,gall]ies1 #b4 #g ,fab]'s ,poems1 pp4 #bbg-bbi4 #h ,see ! writ]'s ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #dh4 #i ,= plans ( ,/ ,gall1 ,kirk/all1 ,we/m9/]1 ,cant]bury1 ,exet]1 ,york1 see ! writ]'s ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 #aj ,= an acc\nt ( ! work+ ( ! sy/em ( ,secul> ,canons 9 ! ,engli% ca!drals see ,canon ,*ur*'s pap] 9 ,ar*ologia1 lv42 ,pr(essor ,freeman's ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,wells2 ,mr ,a4 ,f4 ,lea* on ,bev]ley ,m9/] 9 vols4 #ih & #ajj ( ! ,surtees ,society1 & on ,s\?well ,m9/] 9 ! #ahia volume ( ! ,camd5 ,society2 & ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,f[l]1 ,d4,c4,l41 on ,ripon ,m9/] 9 vols4 #fd1 #gd1 #gh1 #ha ( ! ,surtees ,society4 #aa ,see ,mr ,a4 ,f4 ,lea*'s ,memorials ( ,bev]ley ,m9/]1 ,surtees ,society1 vols4 #ih & #ajh4 #ab ,views ( gall]i$ *oirs may be se5 9 ,britton's ,ca!dral ,antiquities2 ,norwi*1 ii4 #ac1 ,ox=d1 ii4 #aj4 #ac ,illu/rat$ 9 ,maet]l9ck1 ,la g5re satirique dans la sculpture flam&e et wallonne1 page #ab4 #ad ,see ,viollet-le-,duc's ,dictionnaire1 viii4 #dfd4 #ae ,see ,c4 ,r4 ,b4 ,k+ 9 ,index to ,spr+ ,g>d5s ,sket* ,book1 ii4 #df1 & ,plate ,,xlvi4 #af ,hope's ,ro*e/] ,ca!dral1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 #ag ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ,pr(essor ,le?aby's ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 p4 #bc1 f ,s&=d's ,coronation ( ,james ,,ii41 & is reproduc$ above4 #ah ,illu/rat$ 9 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&1 #dha4 #ai ,see ,john ,o',gaunt's ,sket* ,book1 vol4 i4 #bj ,"h1 z always1 "o has to recognise ! te*nical & arti/ic excell5ce ( ,mr ,crossley's photography2 he has ev5 reproduc$ ! cobwebs4 #ba ,!y are ascrib$ to ! f\rte5? c5tury by ,mr ,octavius ,morgan 9 ,monum5ts ( ,ab]gav5ny ,*ur*4 #bb ,my att5tion 0 direct$ to ^! arms by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,/ ,john ,hope4 #bc ,jones & ,freeman's ,/ ,david's1 pp4 #hg & #ia4 #bd ,illu/rat$ 9 ,d>t's ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 #ade & #afj4 #be ,e4 ,mansel ,sympson's ,l9coln1 #bgg4 #bf ,illu/rat$ 9 ! writ]'s ,go?ic ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&1 p4 #bfi4 #bg ,a photograph ( ! nor? range ( ! ,*e/] /alls =ms ! frontispiece ( ! writ]'s ,mis]icords4 #bh ,mr ,c4 ,h4 ,purday4 #bi ,illu/rat$ 9 ,murray's ,wel% ,ca!drals1 page #bfg4 #cj ,illu/rat$ 9 ! writ]'s ,fonts & ,font ,cov]s1 #bif4 #ca ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture ( ,scotl&1 ii4 #aje4 ,draw+s by ,mr ,j4 ,b4 ,fulton appe>$ 9 ! ,build]1 #a/ ,oct4 #ahih & #bnd ,dec4 #ahic2 & by ,mr ,a4 ,s4 ,rob]tson 9 ! ,build]s' ,j\rnal1 #ad? ,jan4 #aijc4 #cb ,macgibbon & ,ross4 ,ca/ellat$ & ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture ( ,scotl&1 v4 #edc2 & ,build]1 lxxv4 #bic1 9 :i* are measur$ draw+s by ,mr ,j4 ,b4 ,fulton4 #cc ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 i4 #aab4 #cd ,= in=mation relat+ to ! ,w9dsor /alls ,i am indebt$ to ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,/ ,john ,hope3 see 8 pap] ,on a rem>kable s]ies ( ,wood5 ,bu/s surm\nt+ ! /all-canopies 9 ,/ ,george's *apel1 ,w9dsor1 9 ,ar*ologia1 liv4 #aae1 & ! build+ acc\nts to be publi%$ 9 8 =?com+ "w on ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 #ce ,see ! writ]'s ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #adf4 #cf ,sacri/y1 i4 #bff4 #cg ,! ,hampton ,c\rt bu/s are by ,giovanni de ,majano1 :o 9 #aeba dem&$ paym5t = t5 m$allions ( t]ra cotta4 ,!y co/ #b4 #fs4 #h;d4 ea*4 ,r4 ,blomfield's ,hi/ory ( ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&1 #c4 #ch ,illu/rat$ 9 ! writ]'s ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #aig4 #ci ,see also ! illu/ration ( ! *air made c4 #aede = ,doro?y ,ma9w>+1 page #abc4 #dj ,see ,willis & ,cl>k1 i4 #eaf-ebb4 #da ,got*'s ,e>ly ,engli% ,r5aissance1 #bi1 #bed4 #db ,annales ,ca]mocl5ses1 by ,james ,/ockdale2 ,ulv]/on1 #ahgb1 p4 #gf4 #dc ,e>ly ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&1 #ch4 #dd ,annals ( ,/ ,paul's1 #ddg4 #de ,measur$ draw+s ( ! /alls ( ,/ ,paul's by ,mr ,c4 ,w4 ,bak] appe>$ 9 ! ,build+ ,news1 #ahia1 pages #ajh & #ceh4 #df ,! ,r5aissance woodwork ou/$ f ,worce/] ca!dral by ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott f\nd a re/+-place 9 ! *ur* ( ,sutton ,coldfield 7,r4 ,a4 ,d474 #dg ,willis' ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 #ajg4 #dh ,^! are illu/rat$ 9 ,ar*ologia ,cantiana1 vol4 xiii4 #di ,york ,fabric ,rolls1 #ce1 #bdh4 #ej ,canon ,savage's pamphlet1 #cfi4 #ea ,cutts' ,p>i% ,prie/s1 #dff4 #eb ,gasquet's ,p>i% ,life 9 ,m$ival ,engl&1 #if4 #ec ,gasquet1 ,p>i% ,life 9 ,m$ival ,engl&1 #de4 #ed ,x is ( c\rse possible t bo? ,alan de ,alnewyk & ,rob]t ,con/able sat 9 ! *ancel 9 surplice ei!r z a memb] ( a gild or ( ! *oir4 #ee ,?is1 h[ev]1 may h be5 = "o ( ! *oirm5 or *ori/]s4 #ef ,reproduc$ 9 ,gasquet1 ibid41 #dg1 f ,didron4 #eg ,wordswor?'s ,salisbury ,c]emonies & ,processions1 #bj4 #eh ,inhibitions ( ,ar*bi%op ,william ( ,york 9 #acjh & #acab 9 ,rev4 ,dr ,f[l]'s ,memorials ( ,ripon ,m9/]1 ,surtees ,society1 vol4 #gh4 #ei ,s\? *ancel may mean ! *apel s\? ( ! *ancel4 #fj ,admirably edit$ by ,mr ,littlehales = ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society2 vols4 #bj & #bd4 #fa ,at ,hambleton 7#ih7 ! *ancel 0 remodell$1 & ! simple desks ) l95 patt]n may be ( t date4 ,b ! seats beh9d 7 nev] m ?an r\gh movable b5*es4--,g4 ,h4 ,p4 #fb ,r4 ,h4 ,murray on ,anci5t ,*ur* ,fitt+s1 #ab4 #fc ,mr ,t4 ,graham ,jackson's ,dalmatia3 iii4 #cai1 #dbg1 #aje3 i4 #bgb & ii4 #abc4 #fd ,/ew>t 9 ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 xxxii4 #ah4 #fe ,jones & ,freeman's ,/ ,david's1 #ij-ic4 #ff ,padre ,g>rucci 9 ,proce$+s ( ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 iv4 #dj1 & illu/rations 9 ,vetu/a ,monum5ta1 vol4 vi4 ,! p]spective sket* is by ,c>lo ,fontana & is 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,w9dsor2 ! measur$ draw+ is by ,signor ,s4 ,a4 ,sc>donelli1 & 0 made 9 #aghd4 #fg ,measur$ draw+s ( ! ,h]e=d *air by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,bri]ley appe>$ 9 ! ,briti% ,ar*itect1 xxiii4 #aad4 #fh ,describ$ by ,dr ,cox 9 ,engli% ,*ur* ,furniture1 p4 #bej4 #fi ,%aw's ,anci5t ,furniture1 #ca4 #gj ,wilt%ire ,ar*ological ,society's ,magaz9e1 vi4 #adg-adi1 quot$ 9 ,engli% ,*ur* ,furniture1 #bec4 #ga ,ar*ologia liana1 xvii4 #dg1 & ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 xvii4 #bch4 ,!re are f\r simil> *airs at ,kilpeck4 #gb ,= descriptions & illu/rations see ,mr ,j4 ,hunt]'s ,edw>d ! ,fir/'s ,spoliations 9 ,scotl&1 ,a4,d4 #abif 9 ,ar*4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 xiii42 ,mr ,w4 ,burges' pap] 9 ,glean+s f ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 p4 #aba2 & ,mr ,le?aby's ,we/m9/]1 pp4 #ah1 #bfe1 #big4 #gc ,h5ry ,%aw's ,anci5t ,furniture1 ,plate ,,vi4 #gd ,illu/rat$ 9 ,hone's ,ye> ,book1 #adc4 #ge ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,helps f ,c\ntry ,life1 #ab? ,m>* #aiaj4 #gf ,communicat$ by ,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,s]jeantson