,,old ,,picture ,,books ,,old ,,picture ,,books ,,) ,,o!r ,,essays ,,on ,,booki% ,,subjects1 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,,poll>d ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,me?u5 ,,& ,,co #cf ,,essex ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 #aijb ,to ,,john ,,macf>lane1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,calcutta4 ,my de> ,macf>lane1-- ,j z y _h complet$ a valuable monograph on t ent]pris+ ,fr5* publi%] ,anto9e ,vr>d1 y 7 :irl$ away to ,india to organise a great libr>y at ,calcutta4 ,i h se5 x /at$ 9 ! newspap]s1 on high au?ority1 t y\r ,imp]ial ,libr>y is to be a second ,briti% ,museum1 b ,i am afraid t1 ev5 :5 fully develop$ by y\r en]gy & skill1 x w conta9 no ,vr>ds4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t :5 y come ov] on furl\gh y w resume ! pleasant /udies we us$ to pursue toge!r1 & t y may ev5 be induc$ to read ano!r pap] be=e ! le>n$ ,society ( :i* y 7 once my fell[ secret>y4 ,to keep alive y\r int]e/ 9 old books is ?us a reasonable pretext = d$icat+ to y ^! booki% essays4 ,my real hope is t z !y /& on y\r book-%elf !y may rem9d y ( ! orig9al ,briti% ,museum & ( ! _m fri5ds y left beh9d "h aft] y\r sev5te5 ye>s' "w amid our ,bloomsbury fogs4 ,fai?fully y\rs1 ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,,poll>d ,,note ,! pap] on ',engl& & ! ,booki% ,arts' orig9ally appe>$ z an introduction to ',! ,engli% ,bookman's ,libr>y' 7,kegan ,paul & ,co474 ,! o!r ,essays are repr9t$ f ',bibliographica1' ',! ,connoisseur1' ',! ,gu>dian1' ',! ,libr>y1' ',! ,k+'s ,college ,s*ool ,magaz9e1' ',longman's ,magaz9e1' ',macmillan's ,magaz9e1' ',! ,newb]y ,h\se ,magaz9e1' ',! ,pageant1' & ! ',transactions' ( ! ,bibliographical ,society4 ,sep>ate ackn[l$gm5t ( its s\rce is made at ! beg9n+ ( ea* pap]1 b ! au?or desires "h to ?ank ! ,publi%]s & ,editors to :om he is indebt$ = p]mission to repr9t4 ,all ! essays h be5 revis$1 & "s ( ! illu/rations appe> "h = ! fir/ "t4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,old ,,picture ,,books #c ,,flor5t9e ,,rappres5tazioni ,,& ,,_! ,,pictures #aa ,,two ,,illu/rat$ ,,italian ,,bibles #cg ,a ,,book ,,( ,,h\rs #ea ,,! ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,woodcuts ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,& ,,sixte5? ,,c5turies #gc ,,es ,,tu ,,s*ol>is8 #ii ,,engli% ,,books ,,pr9t$ ,,abroad #ajf ,,"s ,,pictorial ,,& ,,h]aldic ,,initials #abd ,,engl& ,,& ,,! ,,booki% ,,arts #adf ,,! ,,fir/ ,,engli% ,,book ,,sale #aei ,,john ,,durie',s ',,re=m$ ,,libr>ie-,,keep]' #agb ,,woodcuts ,,9 ,,engli% ,,plays ,,pr9t$ ,,be=e #affj #ahc ,,h]rick ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds #bjj ,a ,,poet',s ,,/udies #baf ,,pr9t]s' ,,m>ks ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5?#a #b;,d ,,sixte5? ,,c5turies #bbg ,,! ,,franks ,,collection ,,( ,,armorial ,,book-,,/amps #bdb ,,by ,,alice ,,poll>d ,a ,,que5 ,,anne ,,pocket-,,book #bfj ,,:y ,,m5 ,,don',t ,,m>ry #bgc ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,siege ,,( ,,nova ,,troja4 ,,f ,,gr,,n+]',s ',,virgil'3 ,,/rassburg1 #aejb ,,old ,,picture ,,books ,9 ! edition ( ,virgil publi%$ by ,grn+] at ,/rassburg 9 #aejb1 ,seba/ian ,brant boa/$ t ! illu/rations to x1 ^: prep>ation he _h sup]9t5d$1 made ! /ory ( ! book z pla9 to ! unle>n$ z to ! le>n$3 ',hic leg]e hi/orias comm5taque plurima doctus1 ,nec m9us indoctus p]leg]e illa pote/4' ,! boa/ 0 no ill-f\nd$ "o1 ?\gh x mu/ be grant$ t ,virgil w\ld h be5 puzzl$ by ! cannon "h %[n z employ$ 9 ! siege ( ,nova ,troja1 & simil> m$ivalisms ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! volume4 ,com+ almo/ at ! end ( ! fir/ s]ies ( e>ly illu/rat$ books1 ! ,virgil ( #aejb ?us exemplifies two ( ! *ief features to :i* !y owe _! *>m3 ! p[] ( tell+ a /ory & ! read9ess to import into ! mo/ uncong5ial !mes "s t\*es ( ! life ( _! own day4 ,b by ,brant's "t illu/ration 0 already los+ its pri/9e simplicity4 ,x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise :5 su* a man z ,brant1 :o _h j ga9$ a ,european reputation by 8 ',n>r5s*iff1' 0 conc]n+ himself ) x4 ,at ! outset x _h be5 r a craft ?an an art1 alike 9 ,g]many1 9 ,italy1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & 9 ,france1 &1 if we d n add ,engl& to ! li/1 x is only because 9 ,engl& ! workm51 ?\gh nave en\gh 9 all consci5ce1 7 s entirely untra9$ t to call !m craftsm5 w\ld be too great a complim5t4 ,b :e!r skill$ or unskill$1 ! woodcutt]s' objects 7 ev]y:]e ! same3 to r5d] 8 design ) ! greate/ possible simplicity ( outl9e1 to tell ! /ory ) a directness :i* (t5 v]ges on c>icature1 & to keep 8 pictures 9 decorative h>mony ) ! type-page on :i* !y 7 to appe>1 pr9t$ ) ! same pull ( ! press1 ) ! same excell5t ink1 on ! same excell5t pap]4 ,9 pap]s br\ght toge!r 9 ?is volume ! read] is ask$ to look at ! woodcuts to two old ,italian ,bibles1 at ! beautiful cuts :i* make ! ,flor5t9e ,miracle ,plays or ,rappres5tazioni s highly e/eem$1 at ! illu/rations to ,fr5* editions ( ! ',h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91' & at "s examples ( ! curi\s trans=mations & vicissitudes :i* old wood blocks & ! designs = !m w5t ?r\gh ere yet ei!r cli*s or photographic processes _h be5 inv5t$4 ,! reproductions :i* accompany ^! & o!r articles w give a bett] idea ( ^! ,old ,picture ,books to ^? :o d n already "k !m ?an c\ld be convey$ by any v]bal descriptions4 ,"h x may suffice to emphasise "o or two po9ts :i* are (t5 ov]look$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may h be5 notic$ t n only d we speak ( woodcuts1 a common en\gh ^w1 b also ( woodcutt]s1 a t]m :i*1 until ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway us$ x 9 ! title ( 8 ',! ,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1' :]e x 0 ridicul$ at ! "t z sugge/+ ! /alw>t workm5 :o cut d[n trees1 0 h>dly ev] employ$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! use ( ! ^w sometimes l&s u 9 incongruities ( phrase2 b inasmu* z !re is no evid5ce ( ! grav] hav+ be5 us$ 9 woodcuts be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 x is cle>ly wrong to speak ( ! e>ly craftsm5 z engrav]s1 & x is only fair 9 e/imat+ _! p]=mance to rememb] t !y work$ ) no bett] tool ?an a knife4 ,z reg>ds ! mat]ial !y us$1 x 0 no d\bt z a rule wood2 b exp]ts are agre$--,i "k n on :at evid5ce--t in/ead ( ! blocks cut across ! gra9 adopt$ by ! mod]n engrav]1 !y us$ wood sawn p]p5dicul>ly d[n ! gra91 z 9 an ord9>y plank4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t 9 addition to wood "s s(t k9d ( metal1 spok5 ( 9 "o place 7! li/ ( bord]-cuts 9 "o ( ,du ,pr's ',horae'7 z cuivre1 or copp]1 b g5]ally id5tifi$ ) pewt]1 0 also us$4 ,?is use ( metal enc\rag$ 9 "s ( ! ,fr5* ',books ( ,h\rs1' notably 9 ^? ( ,philippe ,pig\*et1 a f9] & clos] me?od ( "w ?an we c believe 0 at t "t possible on wood2 b ! g5]al h&l+ 0 precisely ! same1 & x is (t5 only :5 we see a ?9 l9e b5d+ in/ead ( break+1 z wood did1 t we "k = c]ta9 t ! craftsman 0 work+ on metal4 ,= ?is reason ! t]m woodcut is (t5 appli$ to metal cuts work$ 9 ! /yle ( wood z well z to woodcuts prop]ly s call$1 & ?\gh d\btless repreh5sible1 ! confusion is n ne>ly s mislead+ z t betwe5 cuts & engrav+s4 ,a ?ird fact has already be5 emphasis$1 namely1 t ! mak]s ( ! woodcuts1 & ,i ?9k we may add ! design]s ( !m also1 nev] put _! names to _! "w or tr\bl$ !mselves 9 any way to pres]ve _! individuality4 ,save = ! ',nuremb]g ,*ronicle' ( ,h>tmann ,s*$el--a l>ge book & a f9e "o1 b ( no unusual arti/ic m]it--! cuts 9 :i* are associat$ ) ! names ( ,wohlgemu? 7! fa!r-9-law ( ,dr]7 & ,pleyd5wurff1 ,i d n "k ( any s+le illu/rat$ book ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! designs 9 :i* c be attribut$ to a kn[n arti/4 ,9 ,v5etian cuts t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury x is n uncommon to f9d a small initial lett]1 su* z ! b 9 ! ,giunta ,bibles1 ! ,f ( a ,livy1 ! ,n ( an ,ovid1 appe>+ on "s ( ! blocks2 b1 aft] mu* le>n$ disquisition1 x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t ?is is m]ely ! m>k ( a woodcutt]'s work%op4 ,z to ! organisation ( ^! work%ops1 we h1 unhappily1 no in=mation4 ,all t we "k is t at ,augsburg1 :]e1 be=e ! introduction ( pr9t+1 woodcutt+ _h be5 ext5sively employ$ = play+-c>ds & figures ( sa9ts1 ! cutt]s _h =m$ !mselves into a fl\ri%+ guild1 & 7 able to insi/ t ! mak+ ( ! illu/rations = books %\ld be left 9 _! h&s z a condition ( ! pr9t]s be+ all[$ to use !m4 ,! only o!r po9t :i* x seems necess>y to m5tion is t illu/rat$ books 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 int5d$ to attract v mu* ! same class ( pur*as]s = ^: b5efit !y are produc$ at ! pres5t day4 ,p (t5 run away ) "o ( two contradictory ideas1 t all e>ly books 7 v co/ly & only prep>$ = pr9ces1 or t illu/rat$ books 7 !n ! ,books ( ! ,p1 & !re=e possess$ all sorts ( beautiful prop]ties n discov]able 9 ! b\rgeois volumes we get at ,mudie's4 ,( c\rse bo? ^! ideas h "s f\ndation4 ,pr(usely illum9at$ manuscripts1 :e!r ,pray]-,books or ,romances1 7 lit]ally a luxury res]v$ = pr9ces2 b !n a pr(usely illum9at$ manuscript is n only a book1 x is a picture-gall]y z well1 & ev5 n[1 :5 prices h ris5 to :at seem extravagant heights1 ! f9e manuscripts :i* c be b\ght = f "o to two ?\s& p\nds are probably ! *eape/ art-treasures on ! m>ket4 ,b until q ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury pr9ces c>$ v little = pr9t$ books1 ?9k+ !m r *eap & common1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( refus+ to h !m 9 _! libr>ies4 ,m ?an ?is1 ri* connoisseurs g5]ally1 & n m]ely pr9ces1 :5 !y patronis$ pr9t$ books at all1 pref]r$ !m q pla91 f9ely pr9t$1 b ) no pictures 9 !m4 ,!y ev5 pref]r$ !m )\t any pr9t$ initial lett]s1 no d\bt tell+ ea* o!r x 0 s mu* nic] to h ! initials prettily pa9t$ 9 by h&1--j z !re are "s p :o pref] books 9 pap] cov]s1 because !y c h !m b\nd z !y please4 ,we all "k t mo/ pap]-cov] books melt away & nev] get b\nd at all2 & mo/ ( ! books :i* 7 to h pa9t$ initials rema9 to ?is day ) ! blank places /ill unfill$4 ,b x 0 a v pretty !ory1 & x %[s cle>ly en\gh t ! ri* p :o held x c>$ no?+ = pr9t$ ornam5ts1 & =tiori no?+ = pr9t$ illu/rations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh "s ( ! books we are conc]n$ ) 7 probably sold = less ?an sixp5ce1 sixp5ce 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 wor? five or six %ill+s n[1 &1 9 fact1 f five %ill+s to five gu9eas v fairly repres5ts ! range ( prices ( e>ly illu/rat$ books4 ,?us ! *eape/ ( !m1 ! little ,flor5t9e *ap-books1 are n really ! equival5t ( our mod]n p5ny dreadfuls1 b r ( ! pretty gift-books ) :i* publi%]s tempt u e ,*ri/mas4 ,!re 0 no fifte5? c5tury equival5t to our mod]n p5ny dreadfuls1 because ! sort ( p :o n[ read p5ny dreadfuls !n read no?+ at all4 ,z soon z !y began to read1 pl5ty ( bad pictures 7 produc$ to please !m4 ,if ?is prologue did n already ?reat5 to be too long1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to advance ! !ory t ! great body ( read]s 9 e civilisation has always be5 drawn f mu* ! same class z at pres5t1 & also t ! price ( books1 :5 we all[ = ! diff]5t value ( money1 has v>i$ equally little4 ,9 any case1 x %\ld be und]/ood t e>ly illu/rat$ books 7 nei!r v r>e nor v miracul\sly *eap1 b co/ ab\t ! same z ! illu/rat$ books ( to-day1 & 7 int5d$ = ab\t ! same class ( read]s4 ,up to a few ye>s ago x 0 possible = quiet folk ( ?is class to possess "s specim5s ( ! old books z well z ( ! new4 ,un=tunately dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & m especially dur+ ! la/ decade ( x1 ! collect+ ( !m has become a hobby :i* c only be pursu$ by ! v ri*4 ,save p]haps ! fir/ editions ( ma/]pieces ( our own lit]ature1 no books h advanc$ s rapidly 9 m>ket-value z ^? ) illu/rations4 ,a rec5t lawsuit has br\ght into prom95ce ! case ( ! ',quatriregio' ( ,bi%op ,frezzi1 a copy ( :i*1 b\ght "s ?irty ye>s ago = sixty gu9eas1 has n[ to be valu$ by exp]ts1 :o w app>5tly h to decide :e!r its pres5t wor? %\ld be fix$ z ne>] to five hundr$ or eight hundr$ p\nds1 ! two la/ prices at :i* copies are believ$ to h *ang$ h&s4 ,! little ,flor5t9e ',rappres5tazioni1' mo/ly ) only a s+le cut on _! title1 ! subject ( my fir/ pap]1 us$ to be pur*asable = a few %ill+s apiece2 !y h n[ to be b\ght ) almo/ z _m bank-notes1 & a good example ( a ,fr5* ',book ( ,h\rs' is suppos$ to be *eap at a hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4 ,x is well t beautiful books %\ld be hon\r$1 b book-lov]s may n unreasonably regret ! days :5 x 0 /ill possible = a man ( mod]ate means to possess !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,rappres5tazione ,,di ,s4 ,,orsola1' #aeed ,,flor5t9e ,,rappres5tazioni ,,& ,,_! ,,pictures#a #a ,repr9t$1 by leave ( ! editor1 f ',! ,pageant4' ,illu/ration ,betwe5 ! twelf? c5tury & ! sixte5? ne>ly e c\ntry 9 ,europe possess$ "s sort ( a relig\s drama1 :i* 9 _m cases has l+]$ on1 ne>ly or q1 to ! pres5t day4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&--9 ,york%ire1 9 ,dorset & ,sussex1 & p]haps 9 o!r c\nties--! old ,*ri/mas play ( ,s4 ,george & ! ,dragon is n q ext9ct1 ?\gh 9 its latt] days its action has be5 r5d]$ *aotic by ! introduction ( ,k+ ,george ,,iii41 ,admiral ,nelson1 & o!r national h]oes1 ^: relation to ei!r ! ,knight or ! ,dragon is a little difficult to foll[4 ,! /age directions1 :i* are fairly num]\s 9 mo/ ( ! old plays :i* h be5 pres]v$1 enable u to picture to ourselves ! successive /ages ( _! developm5t ) consid]able m9ut5ess4 ,9 "s *ur*es ! 'sepul*re' is /ill pres]v$ to :i*1 9 ! e>lie/ liturgical dramas1 ! *ori/]s advanc$1 9 ! guise ( ! ?ree ,m>ies1 to act ov] aga9 ! sc5e on ! fir/ ,ea/]-day2 :ile ( t o!r sc5e1 :5 at ,*ri/mas ! %eph]ds br\ght _! simple (f]+s1 a cap1 a nutt+-/ick1 or a bob ( *]ries to ! ,holy ,*ild1 a trace /ill exi/s 9 ! repres5tation1 ei!r by a transp>5cy or a model1 ( ! mang] ( ,be?lehem1 /ill common 9 ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 & n unkn[n 9 "s ,engli% ones4 ,:5 ! sc5e ( ! plays 0 remov$ f ! inside ( ! *ur* to ! *ur*y>d1 we he> ( ! cr[ds :o desecrat$ ! graves 9 _! eag]ness to see ! p]=mance2 & lat] /ill1 :5 ! craft-guilds _h burd5$ !mselves ) ! exp5ses ( _! prep>ation1 we h curi\s descriptions ( ! waggons ^u :i* ea* sc5e ( ! great cycles '( matt] f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1' 0 set up1 9 ord] t sc5e aft] sc5e might be roll$ be=e ! spectators at ! /reet corn]s or ! m>ket place1 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( a midsumm] day4 ,arti/s ) an antiqu>ian turn h endeav\r$ to picture = u ^! curi\s /ages4 ,9 ,%>p's ',diss]tation on ! ,cov5try ,my/]ies' !re is a frontispiece giv+ an imag9>y view ( a p]=mance2 & only a few ye>s ago an article 0 publi%$ 9 an ,am]ican magaz9e1 ) really delightful illu/rations1 depict+ ! work+ ( ! elaborate /age ma*9]y beh9d ! sc5es1 z well z ! effects ) :i* ! spectators 7 regal$4 ,b ( contempor>y illu/rations ! lack rema9s griev\s & irrep>able4 ,9 ,engl& we h no?+ at all = ! ,miracle ,plays1 :ile = ! moralities by :i* !y 7 sup]s$$1 ! only manuscript illu/ration is a picture ( ! ca/le 9 ! ',ca/le ( ,p]sev]ance1' 9 :i*1 ) ! aid ( 8 good angels1 its occupant1 ,man1 0 set to resi/ ! attacks ( ! deadly s9s & all ! ho/s ( hell6 ,! lat] moralities1 pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde & 8 contempor>ies e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 h 9 "o or two in/ances a few figures on ! face or back ( ! title-page1 to :i* labels be>+ ! names ( ! *>act]s are atta*$4 ,b ^! 7 v5]able cuts1 :i* _h done duty on previ\s occasions = o!r subjects2 & s f> f be+ specially design$ to repres5t ! play]s on an ,engli% /age1 7 really ,fr5* 9 _! orig91 & only copi$ f old woodcuts ( ,anto9e ,vr>d's ',t]5ce4' ,9 ,france we h mu* ! same tale4 ,x is true t s _m ( ! old ,fr5* ,my/]ies /ill rema9 9 manuscript1 unexplor$1 t !re is a possibility ( "s pleasant surprise 9 /ore = u4 ,b ! pr9t$ plays 7 ei!r n illu/rat$ at all1 or s5t =? ) only a h&ful ( conv5tional cuts4 ,"o little ray ( light1 h[ev]1 we h 9 ! pictures1 especially ( ! ,annunciation to ! ,%eph]ds & _! ,adoration1 9 _m ( ! num]\s editions ( ! ',h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9' 7! lay-folk's pray]-books1 z !y h be5 call$1 ( ^? days71 :i*1 f ab\t #adij onw>ds1 atta9$ ! same popul>ity 9 pr9t :i* !y _h previ\sly enjoy$ 9 manuscript4 ,9 ^! illu/rations we see ! %eph]ds1 ) _! wom5-folk ab\t !m1 z !y wat*$ _! flocks till />tl$ by ! angel's greet+1 & aga9 cr[d+ r\nd ! mang] at ,be?lehem4 ,9 "o edition1 f :i* a reproduction is giv5 9 a lat] essay 9 ?is volume1 !y ev5 be> on labels ! names ,gob9 le gai1 le beau ,rog]1 ,mahault1 ,aloris1 etc41 by :i* !y 7 kn[n 9 ! plays4 ,b h[ev] ready we may be to trace ! influ5ce ( ! miracle plays 9 ^! pictures1 z illu/rations ( ! plays !mselves !y are v inadequate2 & ! fact rema9s t 9 only "o c\ntry1 & practically only 9 "o city 9 t c\ntry 7= ! ,si5a editions are m]ely repr9ts7 did ! religi\s plays1 :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r 7 !n be+ act$ all ov] ,europe1 receive any contempor>y illu/ration4 ,?is "o city 0 ,flor5ce2 & alike = ! special =m 9 :i* ! religi\s drama 0 !re develop$1 = ! causes :i* contribut$ to its popul>ity at ! turn ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & = its close connection ) ! popul> art ( ! day1 ! subject is "o ( consid]able int]e/4 ,on its lit]>y & religi\s side1 ! late ,john ,add+ton ,symonds discuss$ x 9 ',/udies ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance' ) 8 usual ability1 & _m ( ! plays h be5 repr9t$ by ,signor ,ancona4 ,( late ye>s ! little pictures by :i* !y are illu/rat$ h also receiv$ att5tion1 a fact amply atte/$ by ! extraord9>y rise 9 _! m>ket value4 ,b x is wor? :ile to br+ toge!r1 ev5 if only 9 outl9e1 ! pictures & ! plays to :i* !y belong1 m closely ?an has hi!rto be5 attempt$1 & ?is is my object 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,jacopone ,,da ,,todi',s ',,laude1' #adij ,book-illu/ration 9 ,italy began v e>ly ) ! publication 9 #adfg1 by ,ulric ,hahn1 at ,rome1 ( an edition ( ! ',m$itations' ( ,c>d9al ,torquemada on ! ,life & ,passion ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! next tw5ty ye>s its progress 0 only sporadic1 & ?\gh we f9d illu/rations ( great] or less arti/ic value 9 books pr9t$ at ,naples1 ,rome1 ,f]r>a1 ,v]ona1 & ,v5ice1 we c only gr\p !m toge!r 9 twos & ?rees2 !re is absolutely no trace ( any s*ool ( illu/rators4 ,f ?is sporadic gr[? ,flor5ce 0 n entirely exclud$1 = besides a treatise on geography we f9d 9 ! #adgg edition ( ,bett9i's ',monte ,santo di ,dio1' & ! fam\s #adha ',dante1' pictures ( v consid]able int]e/4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 f ^? ( ! illu/rat$ books ( o!r ,italian t[ns1 9 be+ n woodcuts b engrav+s on copp]1 & x is a rem>kable fact t until ! ye> #adij no ,flor5t9e book is kn[n :i* conta9s a cut4 ,! signs ( we> 9 a woodcut ( ! dead ,*ri/ :i* appe>s e>ly 9 t ye>1 has giv5 rise to a belief t !re may h be5 "s previ\s illu/rat$ edition1 n[ lo/2 b x is m probable t ! picture _h only be5 pr9t$ sep>ately = pa/+ into books ( devotion4 ,9 any case1 x /&s ap>t1 ) b "o o!r cut1 slightly lat] 9 date1 f all o!r ,flor5t9e "w1 & mu/ be look$ on only z an example ( ! sporadic illu/rations ( :i* we h spok5 z appe>+ 9 o!r di/ricts4 ,b f ! #bh? ( ,septemb]1 #adij1 onw>ds = tw5ty ye>s1 we h a succession ( woodcuts :i*1 amid all ! diff]5ces :i* give !m individuality1 are yet closely l9k$ toge!r 9 /yle1 & =m1 on ! :ole1 by f> ! f9e/ s]ies ( book-illu/rations ( e>ly date4 ,! popul>ity :i* ^! woodcuts atta9$ is atte/$ by ! repeat$ editions ( ! works 9 :i* !y appe>2 :ile ! sudd5ness ) :i* !y sprang up1 ! g5]al simil>ity ( /yle1 & ! nature ( ! books !y illu/rate1 all sugge/ t we h "h to deal ) a consci\s & c>efully direct$ movem5t z oppos$ to ! haphaz>d use ( illu/rations 9 o!r cities dur+ ! previ\s tw5ty ye>s4 ,! book 9 :i* ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ,flor5t9e woodcut appe>s is an edition ( ! ',laude1' ( ,jacopone da ,todi1 pr9t$ by ,francesco ,buonaccorsi2 & bo? ! *oice ( ! book & ! "n ( ! pr9t] (f] a tempt+ basis = !ory-mak+4 ,pr9t+1 we mu/ rememb]1 ?\gh x _h be5 9 use = m ?an a ?ird ( a c5tury1 0 ev5 !n a new craft1 & 0 /ill tak5 up sometimes z a side-employm5t by _m p]sons :o _h be5 br$ to o!r trades or pr(essions4 ,our own ,caxton1 z we all "k1 0 a m]c]2 ! fir/ pr9t] at ,/4 ,albans1 a s*oolma/]2 ,francesco ,tuppo1 ( ,naples1 a juri/2 ,joannes ,philippus de ,lignam9e1 ( ,rome1 a physician2 & s on4 ,9 natural cont9uation1 h[ev]1 ( ! "w ( ! ,scriptorium 9 _m mona/]ies1 we f9d t a l>ge numb] ( ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 memb]s ( mona/]ies or prie/s1 & x 0 to ?is latt] ord] t ! ,buonaccorsi :o pr9t$ ! ',laude' belong$4 ,n[1 ! "n ,buonaccorsi is ! "n ( ! family ( ,savon>ola's "m4 ,a few mon?s be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ',laude' ! great ,dom9ican has be5 recall$ to ,flor5ce by ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 & 8 fir/ public s]mon !re--a s]mon :i* _h /irr$ ! :ole city to its dep?s--_h be5 prea*$ on ! previ\s #a/ ( ,augu/4 ,9 ! next ye> we f9d ,buonaccorsi pr9t+ ! fir/ edition ( ! ',libro della vita viduale1' ! e>lie/ dat$ ,savon>ola tract ( :i* ,i "k2 & ,i h n be5 able to resi/ haz>d+ ! conjecture t betwe5 ! prea*]-monk & ! prie/-pr9t] !re may h be5 "s tie ( blood1 & t x 0 to ,savon>ola t ! spl5did s]ies ( ,flor5t9e illu/rat$ books ow$ _! orig94 ,t ?is %\ld be ! case w\ld n be surpris+4 ,savon>ola 0 no ,puritan1 or r he 0 l ! ,puritans ( ! bett] sort1 & lov$ art s long z x 0 subs]vi5t to ! ma9 object ( man's be+4 ,! pamphlets ) :i* he flood$ ,flor5ce dur+ ! next few ye>s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 decorat$ ) a cut on _! fir/ page or title2 & if ! subject 7 ev] work$ out1 x w\ld probably be f\nd t ?is 0 uni=mly ! case ) ! orig9al editions1 & ^? issu$ ) ! au?or's sup]vision1 :ile ! unillu/rat$ copies are m]e repr9ts1 :i* ! abs5ce ( any law ( copyright made x possible = any pr9t]1 :o ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile1 to issue1 ) or )\t ! au?or's leave4 ,! woodcuts to ! ,savon>ola tracts numb] f =ty to sixty1 accord+ z we include or reject v>iants on ! same subject1 & fall naturally into ?ree divisions1 illu/rat+ respectively ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 ! duties ( ,pray] & ,prep>ation = ,dea?1 & v>i\s aspects ( ,savon>ola's activity1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! repres5tations ( him are always imag9>y1 nev] drawn f life4 ,z an example ( ^! cuts1 ,i give t :i* decorates ! title-page ( an undat$ edition 7circa #adie7 ( ! ',op]etta della oratione m5tale4' ,i h _h occasion to use ?is be=e 9 my little "w on ',e>ly ,illu/rat$ ,books1' b !re is a c]ta9 l>g5ess ( pictorial effect ab\t x :i* gives ?is cut1 ,i ?9k1 q ! fir/ place 9 ! s]ies1 & makes me unwill+ to take any o!r z an example4 ,! cuts 9 ! ',rappres5tazioni' are seldom q z good z ?is1 b !y =m a p>allel s]ies to ^? ( ! ,savon>ola tracts1 occasionally borr[+ an illu/ration f ^? on ! ,passion ( ,*ri/1 & evid5tly inspir$ by ! same aims4 ,! same types 7our only means ( fix+ ! pr9t]s ( ^! dateless little books71 7 us$ 9 _m ( ! works ( bo? ! s]ies1 & x does n seem fanciful to believe t ,savon>ola1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh "s tru/$ disciple1 0 ne>ly z intimately connect$ ) ! "o z he und\bt$ly 0 ) ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,savon>ola',s ',,della ,,oratione ,,m5tale1' ,s4,a4 ,we h said t ! *oice ( ! "w 9 :i* appe>$ ! fir/ typical ,flor5t9e woodcut 0 n )\t int]e/ = our subject4 ,jacopone da ,todi1 :om ! cut exhibits kneel+ 9 an ec/asy ( pray] be=e a vision ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 0 a ,franciscan my/ic1 ecc5tric to ! v]ge ( madness 9 8 mann]s1 b a spiritual poet ( no mean ability1 & ! reput$ au?or ( ! ',/abat ,mat]4' ,he di$ 9 #acjf1 & 0 probably old en\gh to h rememb]$ t /range epidemic ( ! ,battuti1 :5 ?\s&s ( fr5zi$ m5 & wom5 m>*$ f city to city1 sc\rg+ !mselves almo/ to dea? = ! s9fulness ( ! _w1 till _! c>e] _h to be /opp$ by ! free use ( ! gall[s4 ,:5 ! fr5zy 0 pa/1 ^? :o surviv$ x =m$ !mselves into companies = ! cont9uance ( _! religi\s ex]cises 9 a m mod]ate =m1 & f _! meet+ toge!r to s+ _! ',laude1' hymns ( a peculi>ly p]sonal f]v\r1 9 ! *apels ( _! guilds1 !y obta9$ ! "n ',laudesi4' ,( ! writ]s ( ^! ',laude1' ,jacopone da ,todi 0 ! greate/1 & x 0 out ( ! ',laude' t ! lat] ',rappres5tazioni' 7 gradually develop$4 ,9 8 excell5t acc\nt ( ! ',rappres5tazioni1' to :i* ,i h already allud$1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds seems to me to h laid r undue /ress on ! mann] 9 :i* ?is developm5t took place1 z (f]+ a contra/ to ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s drama 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x is true t 9 ,engl& ! plays :i* h come d[n to u belong almo/ exclusively to ! great cycles :i* unroll$ ! hi/ory ( man f ! creation till ! crack ( doom1 b we h m5tion ( sev]al plays on ! lives ( ! ,sa9ts--e4g4 "o on ,s4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 & ano!r 7:i* survives7 on ,s4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & ! popul>ity at "o "t ( ^! ,miracle ,plays1 prop]ly s call$1 is witness$ by ! fact t x is _! "n "u :i* ! cycles ( ,scriptural dramas g5]ally pass$4 ,at ,flor5ce ^! long] dramas 7 n :olly unkn[n1 b !y seem to h be5 act$ only 9 pantomime or dumb-%[1 9 ! great pageants on ,s4 ,john's ,day1 ! %ort] plays develop+ f ! ',laude' j z1 at an e>li] p]iod1 ! liturgical dramas _h develop$ 9 ,france & ,engl& out ( ! dramatic recital ( ! gospel ( ! day4 ,x is wor? not+1 by ! way1 t ! ',laude' !mselves 7 n sup]s$$1 b cont9u$ to be writt5 & sung :5 ! ',rappres5tazioni' 7 already becom+ popul>4 ,two ( ! writ]s ( !m dur+ ?is p]iod h a special int]e/ = u--,maffeo ,belc>i1 z ! au?or also ( ! e>lie/ pr9t$ ',rappres5tazione1' & ,girolamo ,b5ivi5i1 z ! fri5d & disciple ( ,savon>ola1 ^: doctr9e & prophecies he def5d$ 9 #adif 9 a tract1 pr9t$1 ?is also1 by ,buonaccorsi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ',,laude ,,devote ,,di ,,div]si ,,autori1' ,s4,a4 ,9 an edition ( a collection ( ',laude' by v>i\s writ]s1 !re is an int]e/+ cut repres5t+ ! ',laudesi1' /&+ be=e a ,madonna1 s++ h] praise4 ,9 c\rse ( "t dramatic divisions _h be5 admitt$ into ! ',laude1' & "u ! "n ( ',divozioni' !y 7 recit$ ) appropriate action 9 dialogue =m4 ,! actors 7 = ! mo/ "p boys1 :o 7 =m$ into confrat]nities1 :ile ! exp5ses ( ! plays 7 d\btless defray$ by _! p>5ts4 ,z ! dramatic elem5t 9 ! p]=mances became m decid$1 ! plays came at la/ to be g5]ally t]m$ ',rappres5tazioni1' & "u ?is "n !y atta9$ a great popul>ity dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! fir/ ( its successor4 ,unlike ! nor!rn ,miracle ,plays1 :i* are almo/ )\t exception anonym\s1 _m ( ! e>lie/ ',rappres5tazioni' :i* h come d[n to u conta9 ! names ( _! au?ors1 & 9 editions sep>at$ by half a c5tury ! text rema9s sub/antially unalt]$4 ,9 ,engli% plays ! text (t5 appe>s to h gr[n up by a process ( accretion1 s t a cycle1 or ev5 a s+le play1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x has surviv$1 c\ld h>dly ) ju/ice be assign$ to a s+le au?or1 ev5 if we knew ! "n ( ! fir/ writ] conc]n$ 9 x4 ,! diff]5ce is n unimportant1 & is "o ( num]\s small signs :i* tell u t ! religi\s drama 9 ,flor5ce1 at lea/ 9 ?is /age ( its developm5t1 0 less popul>1 less spontane\s1 ?an 9 our own c\ntry1 & m ! result ( delib]ate religi\s ef=t4 ,! e>lie/ ',rappres5tazione' pr9t$ 0 ! ',abraham' ( ! ,maffeo 7or ,feo7 ,belc>i1 :om we h already m5tion$4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 #adhe1 ! ye> aft] ,belc>i's dea? at a good old age 7he 0 born 9 #adaj71 s t all ,belc>i's plays 7 publi%$ po/hum\sly4 ,among !m are plays on ! ,annunciation1 on ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ visit$ by ,*ri/ 9 ! ,des]t1 & on ,s4 ,panuntius4 ,( ! la/ two ( ^! ,i h se5 fifte5?-c5tury editions--! "o at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! o!r at ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ea* ) a s+le *>m+ woodcut4 ,no less a p]son ?an ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 0 ! au?or ( ! play ( ',san ,giovanni e ,san ,paolo1' :i* has also come d[n to u 9 its orig9al edition ) a graceful cut2 & ,b]n>do ,pulci1 :o di$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 produc$ a play on ! leg5d ( ,b>laam & ,josaphat4 ,b ! mo/ prolific ( ^! dramati/s seems to h be5 a woman1 ,b]n>do's wife ,antonia1 to ^: p5 we owe plays on ! ,patri>* ,joseph1 ! ,prodigal ,son1 ,s4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 ,s4 ,domitilla1 ,s4 ,guglielma1 etc4 ,! names ( a few o!r writ]s are kn[n2 b !re 7 also num]\s anonym\s plays1 writt5 v mu* on ! same l9es1 to "s ( :i* we %all h to allude4 ,almo/ inv>iably ! plays beg9 ) a ,prologue spok5 by an ,angel1 :o is repres5t$ 9 ! title-cut ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici's ',san ,giovanni e ,san ,paolo' z /&+ beh9d ! two sa9ts 9 a k9d ( pulpit4 ,9 o!r e>ly plays ! ,angel is repres5t$ 9 a sep>ate woodcut 7%[n at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article7 ^: l[] bord] is cut (f1 s z to fix on to ! bord] ( ! special title-cut ( ! play4 ,lat] on1 ano!r design 0 sub/itut$ = ?is1 )\t any bord] at all4 ,i ?9k x probable t ^! angelic prologuis+s 7 mo/ly spok5 f "s ma*9e at ! back ( ! /age1 especially contriv$ = cele/ial appe>ances4 ,9 o!r respects1 ! s]vices ( ! /age-c>p5t] d n seem to h be5 mu* call$ =4 ,! plays 7 act$1 we are told1 ei!r 9 ! *apel ( ! guild or confrat]nity1 or 9 ! refectory ( a conv5t1 & ! arrangem5ts 7 probably v simil> to ^? 9 mod]n s*ool-plays1 ! imag9ation ( ! spectators be+ (t5 requir$ to take ! place ( a *ange ( sc5e4 ,9 ! s-call$ ',cov5try' ,plays we he> ( a device by :i* a new sc5e1 or p]haps r a new c5trepiece1 ) ! actors all 9 _! places1 c\ld be :eel$ r\nd to ! front2 b m (t5 all ! dramatis p]sonae 7 gr\p$ at ! back or sides1 & individual actors m]ely /epp$ =w>d :5 _! turn came4 ,9 ! play ( ',san ,lor5zo' we are expressly told t two sc5es 7 %[n simultane\sly on diff]5t p>ts ( ! /age1 ,decius & 8 satellites (f]+ _! hea!n sacrifices on ! "o side1 :ile ,pope ,sixtus com=ts ! fai?ful aga9/ ! com+ p]secution on ! o!r4 ,?is comb9ation ( two sc5es 9 "o is a famili> feature 9 m$ival art1 & is n unkn[n ev5 9 ^! ,flor5t9e woodcuts1 small z !y are3 witness our cut on p4 #bi1 9 :i* ! b>t]+ at ! pawn%op1 & ! indignities (f]$ to ! sacr$ waf]1 tell ! /ory ( ! play by means ( its two mo/ prom95t sc5es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,antonia ,,pulci',s ',,rappres5tazione ,,di ,s4 ,,francesco1' ,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,rappres5tazione ,,di ,s4 ,,lor5zo1' ,s4,a4 ,( ! lit]>y value ( ! ',rappres5tazioni' x is n possible to speak ) mu* en?usiasm4 ,f a lit]>y /&po9t1 inde$1 ! lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 ) :i* mo/ ( !m h to d1 are a difficult & n v promis+ subject4 ,mo/ /ories ( h]oism are be/ told 9 t5 l9es at longe/2 & to attempt to sp9 !m out into sev]al hundr$1 )\t any consid]able mat]ial 9 ! way ( au!ntic detail1 leads inevitably to weakness & exagg]ation4 ,9 ?is respect ! ',rappres5tazioni' are nei!r mu* worse nor mu* bett] ?an ! av]age ',leg5da ,sanctorum' 9 v]se or prose4 ,!y foll[ ^!1 9 fact1 ) rem>kable fidelity1 & z !y are writt5 = ! mo/ "p 9 ! famili> octava rima1 x is only by ! spee*es be+ made 9 ! fir/ p]son1 in/ead ( 9 hi/orical n>ration1 t !y diff] v greatly f !m4 ,?us1 to take ! plays f :i* we h *os5 our illu/rations1 t ( ,s4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 by ,antonia ,pulci1 fai?fully records all ! ma9 incid5ts z told 9 ! leg5ds--! colloquy ) ! begg> dur+ :i* he 0 /rick5 ) compunction1 ! !ft f 8 fa!r ( money to repair a *ur*1 ! f\nd+ ( 8 ,ord]1 ! conf]5ce ) ! ,pope1 & ! reception ( ! /igmata2 ?is la/ be+1 z might be expect$1 ! subject *os5 by ! arti/ = ! woodcut on ! title4 ,! play ( ',san ,lor5zo' %[s u ! m>tyrdom ( ,pope ,sixtus 9 ! ,decian p]secution1 & !n ! torture & dea? ( ,s4 ,laur5ce = 8 refusal to surr5d] ! treasure :i* ! ,pope _h bequea!d to ! poor ( ! *ur*4 ,bo? ( ! woodcuts to ^! two plays are ( great beauty4 ,! fir/ probably foll[s ! traditions ( ! _m pictures on ! subject r ?an t ( ! /age1 ?\gh x 01 no d\bt1 = a sc5e l ?is t ! /age-manag]s ( ! day us$ _! utmo/ res\rces4 ,9 ! m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,laur5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 we may be sure t we h a v exact picture ( ! sc5e z play$ on "s conv5t /age4 ,bo? ^! plays belong to ! fifte5? c5tury1 &1 z is mo/ly ! case 9 ! e>lie/ editions1 h only a r\gh woodcut ea*4 ,?is 0 n inv>iably s1 z 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y !re are copies ( editions ( ! plays ( ',/ella' & ',s4 ,paul9o1' :i* h e appe>ance ( hav+ be5 pr9t$ be=e #aejj1 b yet h sets ( sev]al cuts1 all obvi\sly design$ especially = !m4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are exceptions2 & z a rule :]e we f9d sev]al cuts1 x is easy to trace mo/ ( !m back1 ei!r to o!r plays1 or to o!r illu/rat$ books ( ! "t1 su* z ! ',epi/ole e ,evangelii1' ! ',fior di ,virt1' ,pulci's ',morgante ,maggiore1' etc4 ,?us1 ( ! two cuts giv5 "h z illu/rations to ! curi\s ',rappres5tazione d'uno miracolo del corpo di ,ges1' ! fir/ alone occurs 9 ! fifte5?-c5tury edition1 :ile 9 t ( #aeee 7probably sixty ye>s lat]7 ?is orig9al cut reappe>s1 ) ?ree o!rs add$ to x4 ,! fir/1 "h %[n1 repres5t+ a dr9k+ sc5e1 is borr[$1 ,i /rongly suspect1 f ! ',morgante ,maggiore'2 :ile ! second1 :i* %[s a man be+ burnt1 & ! ?ird1 9 :i* a k+ is consult+ 8 c\nsel1 may be call$ /ock-pictures1 & reappe> ) frequ5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,rappres5tazione ,d',,uno ,,miracolo ,,del ,,corpo ,,di ,,ges1' #aeee ,?is play ( ! ',corpo di ,ges' is an ,italian v]sion ( a miracle :i* 0 con/antly be+ report$ dur+ ! middle-ages1 & 0 (t5 ! excuse = a cruel p]secution ( ! ,jews4 ,! well-kn[n ',croxton' ',play ( ! ,sacram5t1' is ca/ on ! same l9es1 & a detail$ comp>ison ( ! two w\ld yield "s po9ts ( int]e/4 ,9 ! ',rappres5tazione' ! /ory is well told1 & ) unusual vivacity4 ,aft] ! angelic prologue !re is an induction1 9 :i* a miracle ( a consecrat$ waf]1 dripp+ blood1 is ann\nc$ to ,pope ,urban1 :o disc\rses on x ) a c>d9al & ) ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,s4 ,bonav5tura4 ,! play itself beg9s ) a dr9k+ sc5e1 9 :i* a wick$ ,guglielmo squ&]s 8 money1 & !n takes 8 wife's cloak to ! ,jewi% pawn%op to get m4 ,! poor woman goes h]self to ! ,jew to try to get h] cloak back1 & is !n p]suad$ to fil* a waf] at mass & br+ x to ! ,jew1 on 8 promise to re/ore h] g>m5t4 ,h] horror at 8 proposal is ov]come by ! pretext t 8 object is to use ! ,ho/ z a *>m to heal 8 sick son1 & t if ?is succe$s he & all 8 family w become ,*ri/ians4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a m]e fiction1 b x s]ves ! woman 9 good /ead2 = :5 ! ,jew is discov]$ by ! unqu5*able fl[ ( blood f ! waf] he maltreats1 he is promptly burnt1 :ile ! ,judge is w>n$ by a special revelation to sp>e ! life ( 8 accomplice1 ^: guilt might easily be repres5t$ z ! great] ( ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,rappres5tazione ,d',,uno ,,miracolo ,,del ,,corpo ,,di ,,ges1' ,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,rappres5tazione ,,di ,s4 ,,cecilia1' ,s4,a4 ,an edition ( ! play ( ',s4 ,cecilia1' probably pr9t$ ab\t #aefj1 af=ds a good example ( ! gradual addition ( cuts 9 lat] repr9ts4 ,?is little tract ( ab\t tw5ty pages has no few] ?an eighte5 pictures 9 x1 ?ree ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are only repetitions ( "o ( ! mo/ famili> cuts 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ',rappres5tazioni'--a ,*ri/ian virg9 dragg$ be=e a k+2 :ile ?ree o!r well-worn cuts are ea* repeat$ twice1 s t ! numb] ( blocks us$ 0 only ?irte51 ?\gh ^! yield$ eighte5 impressions4 ,z might be expect$1 ! little pictures are (t5 dragg$ 9 ) v little appropriat5ess4 ,?us1 ! ,roman soldi]s s5t to arre/ ,cecilia gave ! publi%] an excuse to %[ a p>ty ( knights rid+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & s on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pleasant picture ( a disputation "h %[n1 ?\gh und\bt$ly execut$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance = "s o!r "w1 probably gives u a v correct repres5tation ( ! co/ume & gr\p+ ( ! actors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,rappres5tazione ,,di ,,santa ,,m>ia ,,maddal5a1' ,s4,a4 ,"o po9t 9 ! text ( ! ',s4 ,cecilia1' des]ves not+4 ,9 ! ma9 x resembles v closely inde$ ! leg5d z x is kn[n to lov]s ( ,engli% poetry f ! v]sion :i* ,*auc] made 9 8 e>ly days & aft]w>ds ins]t$1 ) little revision1 into ! ',cant]bury ,tales4' ,b :5 ,cecilia has gone ?r\gh ! =m ( m>riage ) ! husb& :o is =c$ ^u h]1 & is proce$+ ) him to 8 home1 ! lads ( ! neighb\rhood b> _! passage ) a dem& = petty gifts1 to :i* ! virg9 submits ) good grace--a fragm5t ( ,flor5t9e life ?us cropp+ up amid ! r unreal atmosph]e ( ! old leg5d4 ,:atev] ! %ortcom+s ( ! ',rappres5tazioni1' _! popul>ity 0 v great1 & !y 7 repr9t$ aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,naturally ! woodcuts suff]$ f cont9ual use1 & ! /ock-subjects1 l t ( a g5]al m>tyrdom %[n on page #aj1 are (t5 f\nd 9 ! lat] editions ) _! little frames or bord]s almo/ knock$ to pieces4 ,recutt+ 0 also frequ5t1 & 9 ! same edition ( ! play ( ,s4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 f :i*1 = ! sake ( ! unusual fre$om 9 ! h&l+1 ,i h tak5 ! title-cut z "o ( our illu/rations1 ?is is repeat$ lat] on f a new block1 clumsily cut 9 imitation ( ! old "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,contra/o ,,di ,,c>nevale ,e ,,qu>esima1' ,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,angelo ,,politiano',s ',,gio/ra ,,di ,,giuliano ,,de' ,,m$ici1' ,s4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,enea ,,silvio ,,piccolom9i',s ',,/oria ,,di ,,due ,,amanti1' ,s4,a4 ,z ! ',rappres5tazioni' & _! illu/rations are connect$ ) ! ,savon>ola tracts on ! "o h&1 s on ! o!r we f9d !m influ5c+ "s less dramatic =ms ( lit]ature4 ,?us1 among ! e>ly ,flor5t9e illu/rat$ books we f9d a numb] ( ',contra/i'--! contra/ ( m5 & wom51 ( ! liv+ & ! dead1 ( ri*es & pov]ty1 etc4 ,^! 7 r poems ?an plays1 b ! "n ',rappres5tazione' is sometimes appli$ to !m 9 lat] editions4 ,?is is s1 = in/ance1 ) ! fam\s ',contra/o di ,c>nesciale e la ,qu>esima1' f :i* ! fir/ ( ! two cuts is "h giv51 ! second repres5t+ a visit to ! fi% & vegetable m>ket = ,l5t5 f>e :5 ! days ( ,c>nival are ov]4 ,aga9 we f9d ! same me?ods ( illu/ration appli$ to ! ',gio/re' ( ,giuliano & ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 ! /ory ( ,orpheus1 by ,angelo ,politiano1 :i* =ms "p ( ! =m]1 be+ adorn$ ) no few] ?an t5 admirable woodcuts1 ( :i* ! picture "h reproduc$1 ( ,orpheus fright5$ by a fury f attempt+ a second "t to visit ,hell 9 que/ ( 8 lo/ ,eurydice1 is q "o ( ! f9e/4 ,! same me?ods ( illu/ration 7 also us$ 9 ! 'novelle1' includ+ ! ',/oria di due amanti' ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 f :i* we take our la/ illu/ration1 & o!r secul> *apbooks1 :i* h no?+ ei!r religi\s or dramatic ab\t !m4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! religi\s use 0 ! e>li] ( ! two1 & t :ile ! writ]s ( ! ',laude' anticipat$ ! practice ( lat] revivali/s 9 turn+ pr(ane songs & tunes into hymns ( devotion1 x 0 ! secul> lit]ature :i* 0 ! borr[] 9 ! matt] ( illu/rations4 ,z to ! au?ors ( ^! *>m+ woodcuts we "k absolutely no?+4 ,dr4 ,paul ,kri/ell] has lately attempt$ to trace out ?ree or f\r di/9ctive s*ools ( /yle 9 !m1 b no "n ( any arti/ c be connect$ ) !m2 & we c only conjecture t !re 7 "o or two special work%ops 9 ,flor5ce :]e !y 7 design$ & execut$1 & t pr9t]s & publi%]s appli$ to ^! work%ops :5 !y 7 9 ne$ ( cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,an ,,italian ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 #adic ,,two ,,illu/rat$ ,,italian ,,bibles#b #b ,repr9t$1 by leave ( ! editor1 f ',! ,libr>y1' #aijb4 ,! se>* = old books has be5 s assidu\s ( late ye>s t no little surprise 0 felt :5 x 0 ann\nc$ 9 #aijj t two copies _h be5 f\nd1 almo/ simultane\sly1 ( a h&somely illu/rat$ folio edition ( ! ,italian ,bible ( ,niccolo ,mal]mi1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #adic1 & simil> to b q di/9ct f ! illu/rat$ editions already kn[n4 ,a ?ird copy has s9ce be5 discov]$1 & ?is has be5 acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* s9ce #ahig has also possess$ ! fir/ ( ! editions ) ! orig9al woodcuts1 t pr9t$ 9 #adij = ,lucantonio ,giunta4 ,z bo? editions are v r>e1 & no comp>ison has yet be5 made betwe5 !m1 an attempt is "h to be made to describe & contra/ !m4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,mal]mi's ,italian v]sion ( ! ,bible 0 pr9t$ by ,j5son1 :o f9i%$ x on ,augu/ #a/1 #adgj1 app>5tly ! same ye> 9 :i* ! translator ent]$ ! mona/]y ( ,s4 ,mi*ele 9 ,murano1 ne> ,v5ice1 at ! age ( =ty-eight4 ,he 0 !n /at$ to be 'natus quondam spectabilis et g5]osi viri dom9i ,philippi de ,mal]bis1 de ,v5etiis'2 b no?+ else is kn[n ( 8 family or e>ly life1 & ! subsequ5t records only ref] to 8 transf] f "o mona/]y to ano!r4 ,besides ! ,bible he also translat$ into ,italian ! lives ( ! sa9ts f ! ',gold5 ,leg5d' ( ,jacobus de ,vorag9e1 ) additions ( 8 own4 ,?is book also 0 pr9t$ = him by ,j5son1 & publi%$ 9 #adge4 ,mal]mi's translation ( ! ,bible 0 a great popul> success1 at lea/ n9e1 & probably t5 editions be+ pr9t$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! ,briti% ,museum possess+ six o!rs issu$ 9 #aeag1 #aedf1 #aeec1 #aeeh1 #aeff1 & #aefg4 ,by a curi\s *ance ano!r translation by an anonym\s au?or mu/ h be5 already 9 ! press :ile ,j5son 0 pr9t+ ,mal]mi's fir/ edition4 ,x appe>$ exactly two mon?s lat]1 on ,octob] #a/1 #adga1 )\t ! "n ( its pr9t]1 b 9 ! types ( ,adam ( ,amm]gau4 ,t two rival translations ( ! ,bible 7 ?us among ! fir/-fruits ( ! ,italian press is "o ( ! facts :i* ,prote/ant controv]siali/s are n apt to emphasise4 ,x is possible1 z ,dr4 ,g>nett1 ,i ?9k1 has sugge/$1 t ,v5ice1 :i* 0 wont to %[ great indep5d5ce 9 its relations ) ! ,papal ,c\rt1 0 ! only city 9 ,italy 9 :i* a v]nacul> ,bible w\ld h f\nd a publi%]4 ,! e>lie/ ,italian ,bible pr9t$ 9 any o!r ,italian t[n does1 inde$1 appe> to be "o ) ,dor's illu/rations1 publi%$ at ,milan at "s date betwe5 #ahff1 :5 ! illu/rations fir/ appe>$ 9 ,engli% & ,fr5* ,bibles1 & #ahhj1 :5 x atta9$ a ?ird edition4 ,no d\bt ! ,holy ,see _h little en?usiasm = v]nacul> ,bibles1 & ! ,italian gov]nm5ts1 :i* 7 m susceptible ?an ,v5ice to ! feel+ ( ,rome1 did no?+ to enc\rage !m4 ,b disc\ragem5t1 :e!r we approve ( x or n 7& ! subsequ5t religi\s hi/ory ( ,europe %[s t ! ,roman objection to unannotat$ v]nacul> texts 0 n :olly unf\nd$71 is v diff]5t f prohibition1 & next to ! eighte5 prae-,re=mation ,g]man editions1 ! t5 pr9t$ at ,v5ice dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury (f] ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( t1 except 9 ! actual pres5ce ( h]esy1 v]nacul> translations enjoy$ a practically unimp$$ circulation long be=e ! lead]s ( ! ,re=mation made free access to ! ,scriptures "o ( _! ma9 dem&s4 ,x is rem>kable1 inde$1 t dur+ ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,inquisition 0 tight5+ its hold on ,v5ice1 & ! ',index ,librorum ,prohibitorum' _h come into be+1 ! ,italian ,bibles pr9t$ !re increas$ notably4 ,! ,briti% ,museum possesses five editions ( ,mal]mi's v]sion publi%$ 9 ! tw5ty-two ye>s #aedf-aefg1 six ( ,brucioli's publi%$ 9 ! tw5ty ye>s #aecb-aeea1 two ( ,santi ,m>mo*9o's1 pr9t$ respectively 9 #aech & #aede1 a total ( ?irte5 editions publi%$ )9 ?irty-six ye>s1 n[ on ! %elves ( a s+le libr>y4 ,aft] #aefg !re is ano!r tale to tell4 ,until ! ,milan edition already m5tion$1 ,g5eva1 ,nuremb]g1 ,leipsic & ,london are ! only impr9ts to be f\nd on ,italian editions ( ! complete ,bible4 ,9 ! face ( :at %e consid]$ h]etical int]pretations1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome w\ld no long] tru/ h] p ) v]nacul> ,bibles2 b x is "o ( ! small s]vices :i* ,bibliography c r5d] to ,hi/ory to note t ?is _h n be5 h] policy s long z ! ,scriptures 7 desir$ = edification & n = controv]sy1 & ! popul>ity ( ! ,mal]mi ,bible is s decisive a pro( ( ?is t x w\ld be unfair to leave x unm5tion$4 ,! ma9 object ( ?is article is f> remov$ f ! weighty "q ( religi\s policy on :i* we h incid5tally t\*$4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,mal]mi ,bible is a v r>e book1 & ! ,briti% ,museum1 sad to say1 possesses no copy ( x4 ,! only copy 9 ,engl& ( :i* ,i "k is 9 ! ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y at ,man*e/]1 & ?is possesses six col\r$ illu/rations repres5t+ ! six days ( ,creation1 ! col\r+ be+ s heavy z ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 to obscure ! fact t x is impos$ ^u woodcuts4 ,9 ! ye>s #adgj-adgb !re are fairly num]\s examples ( woodcut bord]s & initials be+ us$ 9 books pr9t$ at ,v5ice1 n z sub/antive decorations 9 !mselves1 b z outl9es = ! guidance ( illum9ators4 ,we may probably take x t ! six designs 9 ! fir/ ,mal]mi ,bible1 :i* d n seem to occur 9 all copies1 7 ( ?is "*1 & 7 n int5d$ to /& by !mselves4 ,! fir/ ,v5etian woodcuts n int5d$ to be col\r$ are f\nd 9 books pr9t$ by ,erh>d ,ratdolt1 & _! use spread v sl[ly until ne>ly #adij4 ,?us ! ,mal]mi ,bibles ( #adgg1 #adha1 #adhd1 & #adhg are all innoc5t ( woodcuts1 ?\gh !re are blank leaves & spaces left 9 "s ( !m1 :i* may h be5 int5d$ = illum9ation4 ,!re seems to h be5 a project ( mak+ ! ',biblia cum po/illis ,nicolai de ,lyra1' publi%$ by ,octavianus ,scotus 9 #adhi1 into a h&some illu/rat$ book2 b if ?is 0 s ! project 0 soon ab&on$1 z ! illu/rations come 9 little pat*es at diff]5t po9ts at :i* ! book may h be5 put 9 h& on diff]5t presses1 & betwe5 ^! po9ts !re are long /ret*es )\t any pictures at all4 ,?us n only ! fir/ ,italian ,bible1 b ! fir/ ,bible pr9t$ 9 ,italy 9 :i* illu/rations =m an important feature1 is ! edition ( ,mal]mi's v]sion pr9t$ 9 ,octob] #adij1 by ,giovanni ,ragazzo = ,lucantonio ,giunta4 ,if long delay$1 ?is 0 a f9e en\gh book to be wor? wait+ =4 ,x is 9 d\ble columns1 measur+ #bejgf mm4 apiece1 & ea* conta9+ sixty-"o l9es ( a respectably r\nd type ab\t ! size ( pica4 ,= conv5i5ce ( pr9t+ r ?an ( b9d+ x is divid$ into two p>ts 7! second beg9n+ ) ! ,book ( ,prov]bs71 :i* are always1 z f> z ,i "k1 f\nd unit$ 9 a s+le volume4 ,"p ,i4 conta9s3 7i47 a frontispiece made up 7)9 a bord]7 ( six cuts measur+ #efeg mm4 ea*1 repres5t+ ! six days ( ,creation1 obvi\sly influ5c$ by ! illum9ation ) und]ly+ woodcuts ( ! #adga edition2 7ii47 a pictorial initial ,n = ! ',nel pr9cipio' ( ,g5esis2 7iii47 #bjh small woodcuts or vignettes1 measur+ ab\t #dege mm41 ( :i* #aii are diff]5t & #i are repetitions4 ,"p ,,ii4 conta9s a l>ge picture & bord] = ! op5+ *apt] ( ,prov]bs1 & #age small cuts1 ( :i* #aff are diff]5t & #i are repetitions4 ,d$uct+ ! repeats1 b c\nt+ ! initial & ea* ( ! ,creation woodcuts sep>ately1 we h ?us a gr& total ( #cgc diff]5t designs1 almo/ all ( !m well drawn1 ?\gh _m h be5 sadly mangl$ by ! wood-cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,,j]ome4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ,,giunta1 #adij ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,au?or ,,at ,,"w4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ,,giunta1 #adij ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! ,v5etian public t ,giunta's edition ( ?is big book sold quickly4 ,= reasons h]eaft] to be giv5 ,i ?9k x possible t a repr9t ) "s additional cuts 0 publi%$ z e>ly z #adia4 ,we "k = c]ta9 t a new edition 7pr9t$ aga9 by ,giovanni ,ragazzo7 0 ready = sale 9 ,july #adib4 ,l mo/ repr9ts ( illu/rat$ books ?is aim$ at an appe>ance ( great] lib]ality at a comp>atively small exp5se4 ,?us 9 ! book ,g5esis !re are #bg woodcuts 9 #adib aga9/ #af 9 #adij1 a too reali/ic picture ( ,potiph>'s wife tempt+ ,joseph be+ judici\sly omitt$1 :ile twelve new subjects are add$4 ,9 ,exodus we h #bi cuts aga9/ #be1 f\r new ones be+ add$1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! repres5tations ( ! ,burn+ ,bu% 79 :i* a dog is %[n b>k+ at ! ,almighty7 & ( ! ,slay+ ( ! ,fir/born are )drawn & replac$ )\t appropriat5ess by cuts tak5 f ,deut]onomy ix4 & ,leviticus x4 ,9 ,leviticus "o cut 7t to *ap4 vii47 is *ang$ & a new "o add$ to *ap4 xviii4 ,9 ,numb]s an illu/ration ( ! zeal ( ,ph9eas 9 *ap4 xxv4 is omitt$1 & two new cuts add$ to *aps4 xxix4 & xxxiii42 9 ,deut]onomy we h six new cuts & a repeat4 ,to ^! #bf additions 7aga9/ two omissions7 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 we h to add #ad m 7aga9/ "o repeat omitt$7 f ,jo%ua to ,k+s4 ,f ,*ronicles to ,acts ! woodcuts 9 ! two editions are sub/antially ! same1 six cuts be+ *ang$1 :ile "o is omitt$4 ,9 ! ,epi/les1 besides two *anges1 !re are #ab additions1 b ^! are mo/ly ei!r repeats or tak5 f o!r books4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse & ! ,life ( ,s4 ,joseph1 ) :i* ! book ends1 ! illu/rations 9 ! two editions agree4 ,! numb] ( diff]5t cuts 7d$uct+ #ab & #i respectively = repetitions7 is #bdj 9 ,"p ,i4 & #agh 9 ,"p ,,ii41 or a total ( #dah diff]5t cuts aga9/ #cgc 9 ! #adij edition1 ! increase be+ practically conf9$ to ! books ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,deut]onomy & ! ,epi/les4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,,j]ome4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ',,anima ,,mia1' #adic ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,au?or ,,at ,,"w4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ',,anima ,,mia1' #adic ,turn+ n[ to ! ',anima ,mia' edition ( #adic1 ?ree copies ( :i* h rec5tly come to light aft] its exi/5ce _h rema9$ unsuspect$ = g5]ations1 we h only to place x side by side ) "o ( ! ,giunta texts to f9d t x is a n too scrupul\s attempt to cut into ! pr(its ( ! firm :i* 0 fir/ 9 ! field4 ,! wor/ evil ( ! publi%+ trade at ! pres5t day is t if "o publi%] /rikes out a new l9e1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( 8 books1 or ! prices at :i* !y are issu$1 or by br++ into notice "s hi!rto neglect$ au?or or subject1 "o or m ( 8 competitors imm$iately tries to put simil> editions on ! m>ket1 & to (f] pur*as]s a little m = _! money4 ,! result is t ! fir/ publi%] f9ds 8 pr(its s5sibly dim9i%$1 :ile ! second v probably burns 8 f+]s4 ,few mod]n publi%]s1 h[ev]1 w\ld plagi>ise q z freely z did ',anima ,mia' 9 8 new ,bible4 ,n only did he copy ,giunta closely 9 ! =m & size ( 8 book1 ! arrangem5t ( ! page & ! size ( ! illu/rations2 b 9 a great numb] ( cases he all[$ 8 arti/s to take precisely ! same subjects = illu/ration1 & ev5 to copy ! designs !mselves q closely1 sometimes by ! lazy me?od :i*1 by imitat+ ! model on ! block ( wood1 )\t fir/ rev]s+ x1 caus$ ! pr9t$ picture itself to appe> 9 rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jo%ua ,,& ,,! ,,gibeonites4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ,,giunta1 #adij ,illu/ration3 ',,except ,,! ,,"l ,,build ,,! ,,h\se4' ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ',,anima ,,mia1' #adic ,a curi\s "q n[ arises z to :i* ( ! ,giunta editions ',anima ,mia' elect$ to copy f4 ,t ( #adij 0 cle>ly n ! "o *os51 s9ce among ',anima ,mia's' pictures we f9d illu/rations to ,g5esis xiii41 xv41 xvii41 xx41 xxiv41 & xxvi41 none ( :i* 7 illu/rat$ 9 ! #adij edition1 :ile pictures on ! same subjects are f\nd 9 t ( #adib4 ,aga91 9 ! f\r books ( ,k+s ! #adic edition agrees ) ! #adib 9 hav+ =ty-n9e cuts z aga9/ =ty-?ree 9 ! orig9al edition ( #adij4 ,m conclusive /ill is ! evid5ce ( a mi/ake 9 ,jo%ua ix41 :]e x is impossible t ! arti/ c h _h be=e him ! pretty little cut ( ! ,gibeonites z hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat]1 :i* is "o ( our illu/rations4 ,by #adib ! block = ?is _h app>5tly be5 damag$ & is replac$ by a l>g] cut 7#ef mm4 9 height71 repres5t+ a k+ & two c\ncillors1 app>5tly tak5 f "s o!r book4 ,! #adic illu/rator 0 cle>ly puzzl$ by ?is1 & = lack ( any?+ bett] repeat$ a cut ( ,moses & ,miriam f ,exodus4 ,cle>ly he _h n 9 ?is case ! #adij edition be=e him4 ,b nei!r am ,i at all sure t he _h t ( #adib4 ,:ile he copies six ( ! new pictures 9 ,g5esis he omits six o!rs2 9 ,exodus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy he agrees ) ! #adij edition aga9/ t ( #adib2 9 ,judges1 ,ru?1 & ,k+s1 ) #adib z aga9/ #adij2 9 ,g5esis1 ,leviticus1 & ,jo%ua1 p>tly ) "o1 p>tly ) ! o!r4 ,9 two o!r cases he /e]s a middle c\rse4 ,! #adij arti/ _h illu/rat$ f> too reali/ically bo? ! temptation ( ,joseph & ! s9 :i* call$ =? ! zeal ( ,ph9eas4 ,9 ! #adib edition ^! subjects are v wisely omitt$4 ,9 t ( #adic !y appe>1 b 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,my own !ory to acc\nt = ^! discrepancies is t betwe5 #adij & #adib--presumably 9 #adia--;,giunta publi%$ yet ano!r issue ( ! ,bible1 add+ a few illu/rations1 b n s _m z 9 #adib1 & sub/itut+ two new cuts ( ! subjects unpleasantly illu/rat$ 9 #adij1 :i* he subsequ5tly ?\ght well to pass ov] altoge!r4 ,su* an int]m$iate edition w\ld supply a model :i* w\ld expla9 all ! e>ly illu/rations 9 ! edition ( #adic1 & w\ld also all[ a m reasonable "t to ',anima ,mia' to get !m made1 & 8 book pr9t$1 ?an ! n9e mon?s :i* sep>ate ! editions ( ,july #adib1 & ,april #adic4 ',anima ,mia1' h[ev]1 0 by no means :olly a plagi>i/1 z is prov$ by ! fact t :ile 9 8 fir/ volume ! #bcf illu/rations /& midways num]ically betwe5 ! #bae & ! #beb ( ! two ,giunta editions ( #adij & #adib2 = 8 second volume he provid$ no few] ?an #bjh aga9/ ! #agf & #ahg ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ! new cuts be+ fairly ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t books1 :ile _! arti/ic m]it is ( av]age quality4 ,illu/ration3 ',,! ,,fool ,,ha? ,,said ,,9 ,,8 ,,he>t4' ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ,,giunta1 #adij ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,entry ,,into ,,! ,,ark4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ',,anima ,,mia1' #adic ,x is by ?is t\*/one ( arti/ic m]it1 & n by consid]ations ( quantity t ! comp>ative claims ( ! two rival editions mu/ be decid$2 & on ! :ole !re c be no d\bt t bo? = orig9ality ( design & = ! highe/ m]it 9 execution ! palm mu/ be giv5 to ! arti/s & craftsm5 employ$ by ,giunta4 ,un=tunately 9 bo? editions l>ge numb]s ( ! woodcuts 7 intru/$ to cutt]s q incompet5t to deal ) su* delicate "w4 ,giunta's illu/rations to ! ,gospels are q pa9fully bad1 :ile ^? ( ',anima ,mia' are "h only m$iocre1 8 wor/ craftsman hav+ be5 employ$ on "s ( ! middle books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,8 wor/ "w is almo/ z bad z ! wor/ ( ,giunta's1 ?\gh less pa9ful1 z n introduc+ ! figure ( ,*ri/4 ,! proportion ( m$iocre cuts is f> great]1 & ( ^! we give 7p4 #df7 a g5]\sly *os5 example 9 t prefix$ to ,psalm lii4 ,x %\ld really be an illu/ration1 x may be imag9$1 to ! text1 ',except ! ,"l build ! h\se _! lab\r is b va9 t build x1' b 9 any case x is /rik+ly inf]ior to ! brilliant cut 9 ! #adij edition1 :i* illu/rates ! head+ ',dixit insipi5s' ) all possible cog5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jacob ,,deceiv+ ,,isaac4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ',,anima ,,mia1' #adic ,la/ly1 8 be/ "w1 ?\gh really good1 is n s good z t ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,"o reason = ?is is1 no d\bt1 t "p ( ! space available 9 ! column 0 occupi$ by ! little bord]-pieces :i*1 ?\gh (f]+ a pleas+ sett+ to ! pictures1 dim9i% ! space available = illu/ration by ne>ly a qu>t]4 ,! effect ( ?is is especially noticeable :5 ! #adic arti/ is copy+ 8 pr$ecessor1 ! necessity = 'selection' sometimes lead+ to ! omission ( important p>ts ( ! composition4 ,b at ! outset ( bo? volumes1 be=e ! "w began to be hurri$1 !re is pl5ty ( orig9ality1 & excell5t use is made ( ! space at ! design]'s disposal4 ,! cut ( ! animals ent]+ ! ark "h %[n is delightful1 & 9 t ( ,jacob deceiv+ ,isaac we seem to feel in/9ctively ! bl9dness ( ! old man1 :o /ret*es out 8 h& to feel = ! di% 8 false son is br++ him4 ,z ! #adic edition is s little kn[n comp>$ ) t ( #adij1 bo? our rema9+ illu/rations are tak5 f x4 ,! fir/1 ! frontispiece to ! second volume1 %[n at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article1 comp>es v fav\rably ) ! simil> design 9 ! e>li] edition4 ,! second1 ! picture ( ,s4 ,j]ome 9 ! ,des]t1 is "o ( ! be/ ?+s 9 ! book1 bo? 9 design & cutt+2 b x diff]s f ev]y?+ else 9 x1 & may possibly belong to "s o!r set4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,,j]ome ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t4 ,,f ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 ,,v5ice1 ',,anima ,,mia1' #adic ,x may h be5 not$ t 9 writ+ ( ! edition ( #adij ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to write ( ! v>i\s !ories :i* h be5 built on ! little lett] 'b' ) :i* _m ( ! cuts are sign$1 e4g41 t ( 'an au?or at "w' reproduc$ on p4 #db4 ,x is n[ g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t x is ! m>k1 n ( any design]1 nor ev5 p]haps ( any individual woodcutt]1 b m]ely ( ! work%op 9 :i* ! little blocks 7 cut4 ,a ,,book ,,( ,,h\rs#c ,"s ye>s ago a copy ( an edition ( ! ',h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91' accord+ to ! use ( ,s>um1 came into my possession1 & ,i h s9ce be5 surpris$ to le>n t x is probably unique4 ,on ! fly-leaf ( ! little volume is ! note3 ',?is ,book ,i pick$ up on a ,/all at ,v5ice1 9 #agda1 & _h x b\nd !re4 ,x 0 probably pr9t$ 9 ,engl& 7z !re are "s few ,engli% directions 9 x7 "s "t be=e ,h5ry ,,viii4' ,! second half ( ?is note has be5 cross$ ?r\gh1 & ! m correct in=mation sub/itut$3 'r at ,p>is = ! use ( ,engli% booksell]s1 ab\t ! ye> #aejj4' ,a lat] note %[s t ! orig9al pur*as] 0 ,mr4 ,joseph ,smi?1 = _m ye>s ,briti% ,consul at ,v5ice1 mo/ ( ^: _m b>ga9s 9 e>ly pr9t$ books pass$ into ! libr>y ( ,george ,,iii41 & !nce to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,( ?is little ',book ( ,h\rs' _m ( ! pages are /a9$ ) damp1 s t x probably belong$ to ! consignm5t ( 8 pur*ases :i* 0 wreck$ on its way home4 ,p]haps = ?is reason1 p]haps because ! mo/ e/eem$ ,horae are on vellum & ?is is on pap] & moreov] lacks its fir/ leaf1 p]haps because ! good k+ did n c>e to collect works ( prae-,re=mation devotion1 ?is p>ticul> pur*ase ( ! en]getic consul nev] f\nd a royal own]4 ,x possesses1 h[ev]1 n a little int]e/ ( its own1 & if my read]s w cons5t to turn ov] its pages ) me1 !y w disclose to u a great deal ( in=mation z to ! compilation & pr9t+ ( ^! books ( devotion 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & _! supply = ! use ( dev\t p]sons 9 ,engl&4 #c ,repr9t$ f ',! ,newb]ry ,h\se ,magaz9e' by leave ( ,messrs4 ,griffi?1 ,f>r51 ,ok$5 & ,wel%4 ,x is r surpris+ t ,consul ,smi? 0 deceiv$1 ev5 = a mom5t1 z to ! =eign orig9 ( 8 pur*ase4 ,! illu/rations1 z to :i* we %all h a great deal to say lat] on1 are unmi/akably ,fr5*1 & appe> 9 _m ,fr5* ',books ( ,h\rs1' bo? ( e>li] & lat] date4 ,! type also is ( a "* v common 9 ,fr5* books1 & nev] f\nd out ( ,france4 ,^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 require j a smatt]+ ( k ab\t e>ly pr9t+ = _! appreciation1 :ile only a little common s5se is ne$$ 9 ! pres5t case to det]m9e ! orig9 ( ! book4 ,! g5]al pr9t+ is excell5t1 b ! mi/akes made 9 ! half-doz5 directions 9 ,engli% c\ld h be5 made by no ,engli%man4 ,?us ! words into ! *ir*e appe> z 9 ?o! *ir *e2 h\s is mispr9t$ b\s2 begynne z hegynne2 & ! l4 ,moreov]1 we note t ! pr9t] possess$ no lett] k 9 8 f\nt1 b 0 oblig$ to repres5t x by a comb9ation ( l & ! old sign = &1 sign4 ,! book1 !re=e1 0 pr9t$ nei!r 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 nor ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 b 9 a c\ntry :]e ! lett] k =ms no "p ( ! alphabet1 & a good guess might easily h sugge/$ ,france z its mo/ likely place ( impr9t4 ,a clause 9 "o ( ! ,acts pass$ by ! ,p>liam5t ( #adhc1 :ile ,ri*>d ,,iii4 0 /ill anxi\s to pose z a con/itutional mon>*1 expressly provid$ = ! free importation ( books pr9t$ abroad1 & = ! exemption ( =eign pr9t]s & booksell]s settl+ 9 ,engl& f ! re/rictions usually impos$ ^u ali5 trad]s4 ,! clause 0 no d\bt prompt$ by a g5u9e desire to promote education & le>n+1 b x is probable t a little protection ( a "y indu/ry might h quick5$ its developm5t )\t impos+ too s]i\s a tax ^u read+4 ,lett\ & ,ma*l9ia 7 already at "w 9 ,london :5 ! ,act 0 pass$1 & ,!odoric ,rood at ,ox=d1 b no o!r pr9t]s 7 attract$ f abroad = sev]al ye>s1 :ile ! influx ( =eign books made home competition s haz>d\s t aft] ,rood disappe>s ,ox=d 0 = _m ye>s )\t a pr9t]1 & at ,cambridge no press 0 set up till #aeba4 ,n only 7 almo/ all classical books import$1 b ,engli% works 7 pr9t$ 9 ,engli% by sev]al ,dut* firms1 ! mu* great] simil>ity ( ! two languages 9 ^? days r5d]+ ! task easi] ?an x w\ld be at pres5t4 ,engli% books 7 also pr9t$ occasionally 9 ,france1 = ,anto9e ,vr>d among o!rs1 n always1 h[ev]1 v intellig5tly1 z inde$ ! mispr9ts at :i* we h j be5 look+ w\ld lead u to expect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tree ,,( ,,jesse4 ,,f ,,pig\*et',s ',,horae' ,9 addition to ! works ( poetry & romance1 :i* are n[ ! be/ kn[n among ! productions ( 8 press1 ,william ,caxton issu$ also _m books ( devotion4 ,9 ! %[-case devot$ to 8 publications 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y at ! ,briti% ,museum1 among o!r unique books are %[n ! ,lat9 ,psalt]1 pr9t$ by him betwe5 #adhj & #adhc1 & a volume conta9+ ! ',fifte5 ,oes1' & o!r pray]s1 'empr5t$ bi ! commaundem5tes ( ! mo/ hye & v]tu\s pryncesse our liege ladi ,elizabe? by ! grace ( ,god ,qu5e ( ,englonde1' & ( ,m>g>et ,tudor1 ! k+'s "m4 ,caxton also pr9t$ at lea/ f\r editions ( ! ,horae1 fragm5ts ( :i* survive at ! ,museum & at ,ox=d1 ?\gh no copy ev5 approa*+ complet5ess is n[ kn[n to exi/4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ,engli% liturgical works 7 pr9t$ abroad1 = ! mo/ "p 9 ,france 7at ,p>is or ,r\571 b also at ,v5ice1 at ,antw]p1 at ,basel1 & else:]e4 ,?us ( ! ,s>um ,brevi>y !re are at ! ,museum six e>ly ,p>is editions1 & "o f ,antw]p1 b no ,london edition be=e #aeda4 ,! solit>y editions ( ! ,s>um ,gradual & ,antiphonal are bo? f ,p>is1 :ile ( ! ?irty editions ( ! ,s>um ,missal1 five & tw5ty 7 pr9t$ abroad & only five at home4 ,x ne$ n1 !re=e1 surprise u to f9d t ( ?irty-n9e ,s>um ,horae 9 ! ,museum libr>y1 :ile two 7 pr9t$ at ,antw]p1 & two at ,r\51 ! ,p>is presses produc$ tw5ty-sev51 ^? ( ,london only eight1 & ^! ) "s help f ,france4 ,x is "t n[ to turn to ! cont5ts ( our book4 ,^! are z foll[s3-- i4 ,a ,kal5d>4 ii4 ,passages f ! ,gospels on ! ,bir?1 ,asc5sion1 & ,dea? ( ,*ri/1 viz41 ,s4 ,john i4 #a-ad2 ,s4 ,luke i4 #bj-ch2 ,s4 ,matt4 ii4 #a-ab2 ,s4 ,m>k xvi4 #ad-bj2 ,s4 ,john xviii4 #a-db4 iii4 ,pray]s3 ,on ! ,tr9ity3 ',:an ?\ goe/ fir/ out ( ?y h\s'2 ',:an ?\ entre/ into ! *ir*'2 ',:an ?\ beg9ne/ to praye4' iv4 ,! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9--',horae intem]atae beatae ,m>iae ,virg9is secundum usum ,s>um4' v4 ,! ,h\rs ( ! ,compassion ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 vi4 ,! ,sev5 ,p5it5tial ,psalms4 vii4 ,! ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts4 viii4 ,! ,vigils ( ! ,dead4 ix4 ,sev5 ,psalms on ! ,"l's ,passion4 x4 ,pray]s3 ,be=e ! ,image ( ! ,body ( ,*ri/2 ,to ! ,bless$ ,m>y & to ,s4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,!re is ?us1 z 9 all editions1 a great deal 9 ! volume besides ! ,horae1 f :i* ! book takes its "n4 ,b ( ! hundr$ & sixty pages to :i* 79 addition to ! twelve leaves ( ,kal5d>7 ! volume ext5ds1 upw>ds ( sixty are occupi$ by ! ,h\rs1 :i* are ?us mu* ! mo/ important item 9 ! cont5ts4 ,! antiquity ( ^! ,h\rs 0 v great1 = !y are m5tion$ z an (fice z e>ly z ! six? c5tury4 ,!y fell1 h[ev]1 into disuse1 b 7 reviv$1 & probably re>rang$1 by ,pet] ,damian j t5 ye>s be=e our battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,=ty ye>s lat]1 9 #ajif1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,cl>emont1 ! say+ ( !m1 9 addition to ! canonical h\rs1 0 made compulsory ^u all ! cl]gy1 & ?is compulsion cont9u$ until #aefh1 :5 ,pope ,pius ,v41 9 issu+ 8 revision ( ! ,brevi>y1 releas$ ! cl]gy f ! obligation to say ?is (fice1 at ! same "t t he =bade ! use ( ! v]nacul> translations ( x1 :i* = at lea/ two c5turies _h be5 p]mitt$ to ! laity4 ,9 ,engl&1 z we all "k1 ^! v]nacul> v]sions 7 call$ ,prim]s1 & _! r5d]+ ( ! ,psalms & ,pray]s ( :i* ! ,h\rs 7 made up1 & ( ! additional matt] :i* 0 jo9$ ) !m1 has =m$ ! basis ( our pres5t ,engli% ,pray] ,book4 ,!e ,god we preise3 ,!e ,"l we kn[le*e3 ,!e endless ,fad] ev]i er! wors*ipe?3 ,to ,!e alle angels1 to ,!e hev5es & alle man]e p[]s3 ,to !e *]ubim & s]aphim crie? ) vois )\t5 cess+e3 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,"l ,god ( ,o/is3 ,hev5es & er! b5 ful ( mage/e ( ?i glorie3 ,!e ! glori\s compa9ie ( apo/les3 ,!e ! preisable n\mbre ( prophetes3 ,!e preise? ! :ite o/ ( m>tires4 ,s began ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,te ,deum 9 a ,prim] writt5 at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7,briti% ,museum1 ,add4 ,,ms4 #bg1 #eib71d & if ! beauty ( "s ( ^! l9es has caus$ u to give !m a pref]5ce ov] o!r v]sions a little clos] to our own1 !y s]ve none ! less well to %[ :5ce x 0 t our ,pray] ,book obta9$ its magnific5t rhy?ms4 ,b :o w\ld "k m ( our old ,engli% ,prim]s mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ?ird volume ( ! late ,mr4 ,maskell's ',monum5ta ,ritualia ,ecclesiae ,anglicanae' 7,cl>5don ,press1 #ahhb74 ,"h we are conc]n$ ) ,horae1 & t 9 _! bibliographical & pictorial1 r ?an _! liturgical aspect4 #d ,p>tially reproduc$ 9 photographic facsimile by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,littlehales4 7,riv+tons1 #ahij47 ,ea* ( ! ,h\rs1 we are told1 _h its my/ical ref]5ce to "s ev5t 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & our ,"l1 & ^! ref]5ces are expla9$ 9 "s ( ! ,prim]s 9 "s rude v]ses1 :i*1 ) correction ( "s obvi\s mispr9ts1 & mod]nis+ ! spell+1 ,i proce$ to quote3-- ,ad ,laudes3 ,h[ ,m>y1 ! "m & virg91 ,visit$ ,elizabe?1 wife ( ,za*>y1 ,:i* said1 ',bless$ be ?\ c\s91 ,& bless$ be ! fruit ( ?y body4' ,ad ,primam3 ,h[ ,jesu ,*ri/ "r poorly born 01 ,9 an old crib laid all 9 pov]ty1 ,at ,be?leem1 by an ox & an ass1 ,:]e ,m>y bless$ ,8 nativity4 ,ad ,t]tiam3 ,h[ an ,angel appe>$ 9 ! morn1 ,s++1 ',gloria 9 ,excelsis ,deo'2 ,say+1 ',! v ,son ( ,god is born1 ,ye ,%eph]ds ( ,be?leem1 ye may g4' ,ad ,sextam3 ,h[ ?ree k+s ( /range nations1 ,( ,*ri/'s bir? hav+ intellig5ce1 ,unto ,be?leem br\ght _! oblations1 ,( gold1 ( myrrh1 & frank9c5se4 ,ad ,nonam3 ,simeon1 at ,*ri/'s circumcision1 ,^! words unto ! ,jews did tell1 ',my ey5 beholde? y\r r$emption1 ,! light & glory ( ,israel4' ,ad ,vesp]as3 ,h[ ,m>y & ,joseph ) ,jesus 7 fa9 ,into ,egypt1 = succ\r1 to flee1 ,:an ! ,innoc5ts = ,8 sake 7 sla91 ,by commission ( ,h]od's cruelty4 ,ad ,completorium3 ,h[ ,m>y assumpt$ 0 above ! skies1 ,by h] ,son z sov]eign lady1 ,receiv$ !re among ! hi]>*ies1 ,& cr[n$ h] ! que5 ( glory4 ,i h quot$ ^! v]ses 9 full1 rude ?\gh !y are1 because !y =m ! keynote to ! s*eme ( illu/rations ( all ,horae & ,prim]s4 ,! ,h\rs 7 int5d$ z devotional comm5ts on ! subjects ( ^! v]ses1 & 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies x 0 ?us ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w t ea* ,h\r %\ld be accompani$ by an illum9ation1 or1 fail+ t1 a woodcut1 to illu/rate its special !me4 ,accu/om$ z we n[adays are to ga9 our in=mation exclusively by read+ lett]press1 x is only by a visit to our nurs]ies t we c recall to ourselves h[ deeply ! ne$ ( pictures 0 felt 9 ! ages be=e ! pr9t+ press made ! art ( read+ a common acquirem5t4 ,( ?is ne$ ! ,miracle ,plays1 ) all _! rud5ess1 all _! unconsci\s pr(anity1 7 at once ! liv+ witness & ! liv+ fulfilm5t4 ,9 ! great cycles1 su* z ^? ( ,york1 ,wakefield1 & ,*e/]1 :i* h come d[n to u1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 its sacr$ aspects is unroll$ f ! creation ( ! angels to ! day ( judgm5t2 & ! pres5tm5t ( ^! plays probably br\ght ! ,bible /ories ne>] to ! p ?an c\ld h be5 possible 9 any o!r way4 ,c]ta9ly ^! plays left a deep m>k ^u curr5t ideas ( art1 & help$ to r5d] impossible any attempt at antiqu>ian correctness4 ,9 ! sc5e ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds 9 "s ( ! f9e/ books ( ,h\rs 7,p4 ,pig\*et3 ,p>is1 #adih1 #aejb1 etc471 und]nea? ! figures ( ! %eph]ds & _! wives 7by :om !y are mo/ly repres5t$ z be+ accompani$7 are writt5 ! names ,gob9 le gai1 le beau ,rog]1 ,aloris1 ,alison1 ,mahault1 ,ysambre1 by :i* !y 7 kn[n 9 ! ,fr5* plays on ! ,nativity1 & ! %eph]ds are ,fr5* ,%eph]ds ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b h[ev] great _! ana*ronisms1 ! tableaux 9 ! ,miracle ,plays & ! pictures 9 books ( devotion 7 f\nd abundantly helpful1 & = m ?an a c5tury & a half1 fir/ 9 manuscript & aft]w>ds 9 pr9t1 ! ,horae or ,prim]s1 ! pray]-books ( ! laity1 hold ! fir/ place among illum9at$ books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,a ,,s>um ,,horae4 ,,p>is3 ,p4 ,,pig\*et ,,= ,s4 ,,vo/re1 #aejb ,a few ye>s ago ,mr4 ,qu>it* possess$ a *>m+ ',book ( ,h\rs1' :i* at "o "t belong$ to ,elizabe? ,poyntz1 a relative ( ! ,?omas ,poyntz at ^: book we 7 look+ a little :ile back4 ,to ?is manuscript ,mr4 ,qu>it* 9 8 catalogue assign$ ! date 'ab\t #acfj1' :i*1 if correct1 gives x consid]able antiquity among illum9at$ ,horae4 ,! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury is ! date at :i* ^! fir/ become at all common1 & x 0 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury t !y obta9$ _! greate/ popul>ity1 & t ! greate/ arti/s 7 employ$ 9 _! production4 ,num]\s & v beautiful examples ( ! manuscripts produc$ dur+ ?is p]iod =m "p ( ! p]man5t exhibition 9 ! ,gr5ville ,libr>y at ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,i hope t _m ( my read]s w g to look at !m !re4 ,all f9e examples ( manuscript ,horae possess 7i47 beautiful initial lett]s1 7ii47 bord]s surr\nd+ e page1 =m$ ( leaves1 fl[]s1 birds1 grotesques1 & ! l1 7iii47 a numb] ( beautiful m9iatures1 fill+ ! :ole or ! great] "p ( a page1 & repres5t+ ! sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,"m m5tion$ 9 ! l9es quot$ above1 ) additional illu/rations f ! ,passion1 & f ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,beyond say+ ?is1 x is impossible to give any g5]al description ( ^! manuscript ,h\rs1 ea* "o ( :i* possesses its own delightful individuality4 ,two or ?ree special examples1 h[ev]1 may be m5tion$ to %[ ! e/imation 9 :i* !y 7 held & ! c>e :i* 0 sp5t on _! decoration4 ,?us ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,elton possess$ a *>m+ little ',book ( ,h\rs' :i* once belong$ to ,que5 ,jeanne ,,ii4 ( ,naples 7#acgj-adce74 ,x measures only #b #e_/h #a #g_/h in*es1 & conta9s "o hundr$ & sixty leaves & tw5ty m9iatures1 n9e ( :i* occupy ! :ole ( _! page4 ,! initial lett]s ?r\gh\t are 9 gold & col\rs1 & ! bord]s are ( ! ivy-leaf patt]n1 ! scrolls (t5 t]m9at+ 9 grotesques4 ,mr4 ,qu>it*1 aga91 :5 ?is pap] 0 writt51 _h = disposal 7= ! sum ( "o ?\s& p\nds7 a ,horae ( slightly lat] date1 a w$d+ pres5t f ! ,reg5t1 ,john1 ,duke ( ,b$=d1 to ,"l ,talbot on 8 second m>riage 9 #adbd1 :5 he alli$ himself to ,m>g>et ,beau*amp1 daught] ( ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,w>wick4 ,! fir/ leaf conta9s a m9iature %[+ ,talbot & 8 wife at pray] "u ! protection ( _! patron sa9ts1 & _m o!r m9iatures are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! volume4 ,9 #adbi ,talbot 0 captur$ at ! battle ( ,patay & rema9$ a prison] 9 ,france till #adcc4 ,dur+ ?is "t he made _m entries 9 ! blank leaves ( 8 ,h\rs4 ,"h is a snat* f "o 9 v]se3 ,saynt ,george ! gode knyght ,ov] y\r ,fom5 geve y myght1 ,& holy ,saynt ,ka!ryne ,to y\re begynnyng s5d gode fyne1 ,saynt ,*ri/(re botefull 7helpful7 on see & lond1 ,joyfully make y see ,engelond4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 release f imprisonm5t1 ,talbot 0 sla9 7,july #bj1 #adec71 fight+ aga9/ a ,breton =ce at ,*atillon4 ,x is possible t he may h c>ri$ 8 ,h\rs on 8 p]son1 = x 0 9 ! cottage ( a ,breton peasant t x 0 discov]$ a few ye>s ago1 & x seems likely t a ,breton soldi] may h f\nd x on ! battle-field1 & transmitt$ x to 8 desc5dants z an heirloom4 ,z an example ( ano!r k9d ( int]e/1 we may in/ance a ,horae at ! ,bodleian1 on f\r ( ^: leaves are drawn mo/ delicate & beautiful repres5tations ( religi\s processions4 ,! be/ ( ^! has be5 reproduc$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,palographical ,society1 & x is impossible to ov]rate ! *>m ( ! draw+4 ,9 #adgc ,ni*olas ,j5son pr9t$ a ,horae at ,v5ice2 ?ree ye>s lat]1 ,mat?ias ,moravus foll[$ 8 example at ,naples1 & ! e>lie/ ( ,caxton's f\r editions 0 probably pr9t$ n mu* lat] ?an #adgh4 ,b ^! 7 all ord9>y books1 ) no special beauty ab\t !m except :at !y might receive f ! 'rubri%]1' or illum9ator1 aft] ! pr9t] _h done 8 "w4 ,x 0 n till #adhg1 j a ?ird ( a c5tury aft] ! issue f ! press ( ! fir/ pr9t$ docum5t be>+ a date1 t any s]i\s attempt 0 made to supplant ! manuscript ,horae by pr9t$ editions4 ,! fir/ essay 0 made by ,an?o9e ,vr>d1 ( ,p>is1 & is said--,i h nev] se5 a copy ( x--to h be5 a poor production1 ')\t frontispieces' 7:atev] t may mean71 or bord]s to ! text4 ,! success1 h[ev]1 ) :i* x met 0 app>5tly suffici5t to enc\rage ,vr>d to r5ew 8 attempt1 & 9 #adhh or !reab\ts he issu$ 8 ',gr&es ,heures1' a f9e qu>to1 ) f\rte5 l>ge engrav+s1 & bord]s 9 f\r comp>tm5ts to e page4 ,9 #adhi1 he repr9t$ ! book 9 mu* *eap] =m1 us+ mo/ ( ! l>ge engrav+s :i* n[ occupi$ a :ole page apiece1 & devis+ = ! bord]s small] figures1 9 :i* sc5es f ! life ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & our ,"l 7 set =? ) _! ,old ,te/am5t types4 ,mean:ile o!r publi%]s _h n be5 idle1 =1 9 #adhh1 ,jean du ,pr1 or ,johannes de ,prato1 z he call$ himself on 8 ,lat9 title-pages1 issu$ ! fir/ ( ! few ,horae :i* proce$$ f 8 press2 & 9 #adia ,philippe ,pig\*et pr9t$ 8 fir/ kn[n edition1 & n long aft]w>ds ent]$ into relations ) ,simon ,vo/re1 an ent]pris+ booksell]1 :i* result$ 9 ! publication ( at lea/ a score ( editions1 all extraord9>ily r>e1 dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ?is c5tury1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! next1 o!r ,p>is firms ( pr9t]s & publi%]s jo9$ 9 ! trade4 ,( ^!1 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 ,gilles & ,g]ma9 ,h>d\yn1 ,guillaume ,eu/ace1 ,francois ,regnault1 & ,ge(froy ,tory 7 ! mo/ important1 b ,horae are extant be>+ ! impr9t ( m ?an ?irty o!r firms besides ^!4 ,! dem& mu/ h be5 v great1 = ,p>is suppli$ n only ! re/ ( ,france--& 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are examples ( ,horae = ! use ( no few] ?an ?irty diff]5t ,fr5* dioceses--b also ,engl&4 ,h5ce !re 0 abundance ( "w = all1 & ! diff]5t publi%]s copi$ ea* o!r's editions ) a fre$om :i* is n a little emb>rass+ to ! humble bibliograph]4 ,! subjects ( ! f\rte5 full-page illu/rations 9 ! little ',horae secundum usum ,s>um1' :i* we h tak5 z our text1 are z foll[s3-- i4 ,! ,betrayal ( ,*ri/ 7repeat$ aft] xiv474 ii4 ,! root ( ,jesse1 f ^: slumb]+ body a tree is spr++1 its bran*es be+ ! ,jewi% k+s1 & ! ,virg9 & ,holy ,*ild its summit 7see page #ed74 iii4 ,! ,holy ,tr9ity ador$ by ! ,sa9ts 9 heav5 & by ! ,pope & ,emp]or & _! foll[]s ^u e>?4 iv4 ,! ,annunciation4 v4 ,! ,visitation4 vi4 ,! ,crucifixion4 vii4 ,! ,adoration by ! ,%eph]ds4 viii4 ,! ,annunciation to ! ,%eph]ds4 ix4 ,! ,adoration by ! ,magi4 x4 ,! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple4 xi4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt4 xii4 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,virg94 xiii4 ,s4 ,john be=e ! ,lat9 ,gate4 xiv4 ,dives & ,laz>us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,tory',s ',,horae4' ,,p>is1 #aebe ,^!1 ) ! exception ( ! la/1 :i* is n q s common1 occur 9 mo/ ,horae4 ,o!r illu/rations1 :i* are frequ5tly f\nd1 especially 9 e>li] editions1 repres5t sc5es f ! life ( ,david 9 connection ) ! ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 8 gaz+ at ,ba?%eba1 ! consummation ( 8 plan = ! murd] ( ,uriah1 & 8 puni%m5t4 ,8 victory ov] ,golia? is also occasionally repres5t$4 ,we also f9d 9 sev]al e>ly editions ',les ,trois ,vifs' plac$ ov] aga9/ ',les ,trois ,morts1' ?ree gay knights on "o page & ?ree gr9n+ skeletons on ano!r1 & 9 ,tory's ',heures l'usage de ,p>is' ( #aebg we h a /rik+ picture ( ,dea?1 on 8 black horse1 rid+ ov] ! corpses ( 8 victims to deliv] yet ano!r summons4 ,! ,cal5d>1 aga91 is usually prefac$ by a figure ( a man1 ) all ! organs ( 8 body expos$1 & l9es drawn f !m to ! cele/ial bodies1 :i*1 9 ! popul> beliefs1 7 suppos$ to influ5ce _! heal? & sickness4 ,( all ^! illu/rations five or six diff]5t v>ieties are f\nd2 b f #adie to ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! set ( designs :i* 0 us$ = our little ,s>um ,horae 0 by f> ! mo/ popul>1 & influ5c$ ! editions ( all ! lead+ publi%]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,tory',s ',,horae4' ,,p>is1 #aebg ,to trace ! hi/ory ( ^! bord]-pieces w\ld require a sep>ate article4 ,jean du ,pr1 ,vr>d1 & ,pig\*et1 made sev]al exp]im5ts 9 small] ,horae ) designs ( fl[]s & birds = bord]s2 b ! popul> ta/e decid$ 9 fav\r ( allegorical & hi/orical figures1 & ^! 7 soon multipli$ to su* an ext5t t _! orig9al ord] & significance 7 lo/ sight (4 ,9 ! editions publi%$ by ,jean du ,pr 9 #adhh1 & by ,vr>d 9 #adhi1 sev]al pages are occupi$ ) an explanation ( ! small figures 9 ! bord]4 ,jesse & ,balaam are %[n z types ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! betro?al ( ,isaac & ,rebecca z a type ( h] ,esp\sal1 ,eve tempt$ by ! ,s]p5t %[s ! ,fall to :i* ! ,annunciation prelud$ ! rem$y1 ! ,burn+ ,bu% & ,a>on's rod =e%ad[$ ! ,nativity4 ,"h all is cle>1 b z ! dem& = v>iety increas$1 !re 7 add$1 9 addition to ! ',dance ( ,dea?1' figures ( ! ,sa9ts1 ,prophets1 ,angels1 & ,virtues1 repres5tations ( ! ,sibyls1 emblems ( ! ,fifte5 ,signs ( ,com+ ,judgm5t1 & sc5es f ! life ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & our ,"l1 & f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dance ,,( ,,dea?4 ,,f ,,pig\*et',s ',,horae' ,,( #adih4 ,p>tly = conv5i5ce ( pr9t+1 b m1 we may imag9e1 = ! sake ( produc+ an appe>ance ( endless v>iety1 ^! bord]-pieces 7 n cut 9 a s+le block1 b 7 deta*able1 s t !y c\ld be us$ 9 diff]5t comb9ations4 ,9 sev]al editions1 ev5 9 "o ( t v s*ol>ly & arti/ic pr9t] ,ge(froy ,tory1 ?is is effect$ at ! co/ ( sugge/+ t ! block _h be5 accid5tally brok51 z 9 ! page already %[n f 8 edition ( #aebg1 :]e at ! foot ! pieces d n ev5 fit toge!r4 ,! m g5]al plan1 h[ev]1 0 t exemplifi$ 9 ,tory's edition ( #aebe1 :]e x is c>ri$ out ) unusual precision1 ! bord]s be+ built up by ! repetition ( exactly sixte5 blocks ( ea* size1 fitt+ respectively into ! inn] & out] m>g9 & ! head & foot ( ! page4 ,9 e>li] editions ! bord]-pieces are m num]\s & n s ma!matically apportion$1 ! reason be+ t :ile ,tory's are purely decorative1 & _! numb] !re=e fix$ at w1 9 ! e>li] editions ! cuts are pictorial1 & _! numb] decid$ by ! exig5cies ( ! subjects4 ,?us 9 ,pig\*et's ,p>is ',h\rs' ( #adia !re are 9 all #adg bord]-pieces1 ( :i* #gh are out] side-pieces1 #ae inn] side-pieces1 #af cornices1 #h head-pieces1 & #cj foot-pieces4 ,! numb]s illu/rate ! great] importance ( ! out] side-pieces & foot-pieces1 :i* h a dep? or bread? ( tw5ty-"o millimetres aga9/ ! n9e ( ! inn] side-piece & head-piece4 ,! subjects illu/rat$ 9 !m are ! ,creation1 ! ,gospel hi/ory f ! bir? ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 to ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & special sets ( ! ,nativity & ,passion ) ,old ,te/am5t types4 ,all ^! 7 ext5sively imitat$ by o!r publi%]s1 & ! same hon\r 0 paid to ! fam\s set ( ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 :i* ,pig\*et began to introduce e>ly 9 #adif1 & gradually increas$ 9 successive editions till 9 t ( #h? ,augu/ #adig we f9d ! full numb] ( t5 triple blocks ( male victims & twelve ( wom54 ,a simil> succession may be trac$ 9 ! gradual *anges 9 ! full-page cuts1 s t we c (t5 tell )9 two or ?ree mon?s ! "t at :i* an undat$ edition 0 s5t to press4 ,9 my own little book !re are no l>ge bord]-pieces1 only l$ges r\nd ! text1 b f its conta9+ ! picture ( ! /em ( ,jesse 7%[n z "o ( our illu/rations7 & ! ,*ur* ,militant & ,triumphant1 x mu/ be assign$ to ! ye> #adih or a little lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,granolla*s' ',,lun>e4' ,,flor5ce3 ,l4 ,,morgiani ,,= ,p4 ,,pac9i1 #adif4 ,,imitat$ ,,f ,,! ,,naples ,,edition ,,( #adhe ,,! ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,woodcuts ,,9 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,& ,,sixte5? ,,c5turies#e ,despite "s ef=ts to prove ! contr>y1 !re c be little d\bt t ! art ( tak+ cli*s ( woodcuts1 or ( cuts engrav$ on s(t metal treat$ 9 ! same way z wood1 0 q unkn[n dur+ ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,if "o pr9t] or publi%] desir$ ! use ( a set ( cuts 9 possession ( ano!r1 x 0 op5 to him to try to borr[ or buy !m1 & fail+ ?is to h !m copi$ z be/ he c\ld1 on ! !ory ( arti/ic copyright hav+ z yet be5 broa*$4 ,9 ! pres5t pap]1 aft] a few words on ! simpl] processes ( borr[+ & buy+1 ,i propose to br+ toge!r "s typical in/ances ( ! diff]5t me?ods 9 :i* cuts design$ 9 "o c\ntry or di/rict 7 copi$ 9 ano!r1 & incid5tally1 p]haps1 to ?r[ a little new light on ! relations ( design]s & woodcutt]s 9 ^! e>ly days ( book-illu/ration4 #e ,repr9t$ by leave ( ,messrs4 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] & ,co41 f ',bibliographica1' vol4 ii4 7#ahie74 ,z to borr[+1 !re is n mu* to be said4 ,i believe a few in/ances ( x may be f\nd1 e4g4 ,mat?aeus ,c]donis tells u di/9ctly t he pr9t$ an edition ( a ',*eiromantia' 7,padua1 #adhd7 ',erh>di ,ratdolt in/rum5tis4' ,b x 0 und\bt$ly1 & = obvi\s reasons1 v r>e1 & :]e x exi/$ mo/ly indicates "s specially close relations betwe5 ! two firms4 ,?us ,jacob ,bella]t at ,ha>lem appe>s to h borr[$ "s ( ,leeu's cuts = a ',lijd5 ons ,he]51' pr9t$ 9 ,decemb] #adhc1 b on ,bella]t's disappe>ance 9 #adhf mo/ ( 8 cuts & types are f\nd 9 ! possession ( ,leeu1 & x is d\btful if we %\ld n look on 8 press r z a bran* e/abli%m5t ( ,leeu's ?an z altoge!r indep5d5t4 ,we h also to be v c>eful 9 our exam9ation ( cuts be=e build+ any !ories ( borr[+1 or special relations betwe5 diff]5t firms1 z 9 "s cases1 notably 9 _m ( ,vr>d's ',horae1' 9 :i* we seem at fir/ sight to f9d cuts f ! editions ( ,philippe ,pig\*et1 we are really confront$ ) copies s closely imitat$ t x requires a m9ute comp>ison to %[ t !y are pr9t$ f diff]5t blocks4 ,:5 we pass f borr[+ to buy+ we op5 up an endless field = inve/igation1 & "o ri* 9 small surprises4 ,mr4 ,falcon] ,madan %[$ me "s ye>s ago1 9 a ,civil ,w> ,tract 9 ! ,?omason ,collection at ! ,briti% ,museum1 a v worn cut1 ,fr5* 9 appe>ance1 repres5t+ ,s4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ & ! eagle by :i* he is symbolis$4 ,x puzzl$ me at ! "t1 b ,i soon aft]w>ds id5tifi$ x ) ! pr9t]'s device ( ,rob]t ,wy]1 9 use by him m ?an a hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,almo/ z great an age 0 probably atta9$ by a head-piece ( t]m9al ar*]s1 ) rabbits1 etc41 :i* ,i fir/ notic$ 9 ! #aeih edition ( ,sidney's ',arcadia1' & f\nd /ill reta9$ 9 ! f\rte5? edition1 dat$ #afgj4 ,! int]val betwe5 ^! two editions ( itself exce$s ! ?reescore & t5 ye>s :i* ought to suffice = ! life ( a wood-block z ( a man1 b ,i h s9ce f\nd ! same head-piece 9 a pray] book1 pr9t$ ab\t #aehe1 & z x is 9 no way appropriate to ?is1 h no d\bt t its orig9al appe>ance 0 ev5 e>li]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,ge(froy ,,tory',s ',,*ampfleury1' #aebi4 ,9 ano!r r amus+ s]ies ( migrations my pride z a discov]] has be5 temp]$ by ! v]dict ( a lynx-ey$ fri5d t ! blocks 9 "q at "o p]iod ( _! c>e] h be5 recut1 b _! hi/ory is /ill curi\s4 ,if any "o w turn to ! #aege edition ( ',a ,ryght pi?y pleasaunt & m]ie ,comdie4 ,intytul$ ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le4 ,play$ on /age1 n longe ago 9 ,*ri/es ,coll$ge 9 ,cambridge1' he w see t ! title-page ( ?is our second pr9t$ com$y1 'made by ,mr4 ,s---- ,mr4 ( ,art1' & 'impr9t$ at ,london 9 ,fleete /reat b5e? ! ,conduit at ! sign ( ,s4 ,john ,evangeli/ by ,?omas ,colwel1' is surr\nd$ by a k9d ( g>l& support$ by two fat little boys2 & if we turn next to ! la/ leaf ( ! ',*ampfleury1' t mo/ p$antical treatise1 writt5 & publi%$ by ! ,fr5* arti/-pr9t]1 ,ge(froy ,tory 9 #aebi1 !re ! same n v beautiful design w confront u4 ,! concat5ation ( ! ',*ampflu]y' & ',gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le' is ( itself delightful1 b *ance has enabl$ me to add two additional incongruities1 = ,i h f\nd x aga9 9 a copy ( ! ',*ri/iani ,hom9is ,in/itutio1' by ,/ephanus ,p>is1 pr9t$ 9 #aeeb by ,mi*ael ,fez&at = ,vivantius ,gault]ot1 :o _h publi%$ ! second edition ( ! ',*ampfleury' ?ree ye>s e>li]1 & once m 9 ,william ,copl&'s edition1 dat$ #aeec1 ( ,bi%op ,d\glas's ',,xii4 ,bukes ( ,eneados4' ,?us we "k )9 a few mon?s ! date at :i* ?is block1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 recut1 cross$ ! ,*annel1 & !re is "s reason to believe t "s m ( ,tory's old designs came ov] ) x1 = ,i h lately notic$ ?ree fragm5ts ( bord]s us$ 9 ,tory's ',horae' ( #aebe reappe>+ 9 a ',lett] to ,reg9ald ,pole1' by ,tun/all & ,/okesley1 pr9t$ by ,wolfe 9 #aefj4 ,l ! l>g] design1 ^! fragm5ts h be5 recut1 b ) consid]able skill1 s t we may be sure t ! recutt+ 0 done 9 ,france1 & at no v long int]val aft] #aebe1 ! l9es 9 ! orig9al blocks be+ s f9e t !y w\ld soon ne$ replac+4 ,z an app5dix to ?is section ( my pap]1 x occurr$ to me to look at ! cuts 9 "s ( ! ,roxburghe ,ballads1 & a glance ?r\gh ! fir/ volume yield$ "s curi\s results4 ,?us a ballad entitl$ ',fri5dly ,c\nsaile1' by ,c4 ,r4 ,*>les ,records81 pr9t$ = ,j4 ,w"r1 ! y\ng]1 ab\t #afcj1 has two cuts1 ! fir/ ( ,*ri/ tea*+ ! twelve ,apo/les1 :i* c be trac$ back ?r\gh ! ',kal5d] ( ,%epp>ds' to ,vr>d's ',art de bi5 vivre et de bi5 m\rir' ( #adib2 ! second ( two ( ! ?ree gay cavali]s1 :o met _! own corpses z !y hunt$ 7les trois vifs et les trois morts71 :i* occurs 9 ,fr5* ,horae ( ab\t ! same date4 ,ano!r ballad entitl$ ',*ri/mas' ,lam5tation = ! losse ( 8 ,acqua9tance1 %[+ h[ he is =/ to leave ! c\ntry & come to ,london1' is head$ by a little figure ( a man1 :i* ,i fir/ saw 9 ! v]so ( ! title ( ,wynkyn de ,worde's edition ( ',hycke ,scorn]1'#f :]e x is labell$ ',pyte4' ,?is also is ultimately ,fr5*1 & 0 also orig9ally fir/ cut = ,vr>d's ,fr5* ,t]5ce4 ',doctor ,dogood's directions to cure _m diseases' has 9 ! fir/ "p half ( a cut f ! ',art de bi5 vivre1' repres5t+ ,a>on & ! ,israelites go+ to meet1 n1 z 9 ! orig9al1 ,moses1 :o be>s ! ,tables ( ! ,law1 b two ,engli% g5tlem51 :o are jo9$ on 9 a block ( mu* small] size4 ,! second "p has also an old cut1 :i* appe>s to be imitat$ f ! ,dut*4 ,ano!r ,dut* fifte5?-c5tury design is us$ 9 ! second "p ( ',! ,discont5t$ ,m>ri$ ,man1' & !re are two m fifte5?-c5tury blocks 7recut7 9 ! ',jovial ,broom-man1' a cut f a ,fr5* 'sop' 9 ',a ,new ,m$ley1 or a ,messe altoge!r1' & a piece ( an ,augsburg block 9 ',! praise ( our c\ntry ,b>ley ,brake4' ,besides ^! we may note ! pres5ce at ! head ( a ballad call$ ',solomon's ,sacrifice1' pr9t$ = ,h5ry ,gosson1 ( ! cut ( a pr9t+-press :i* occurs 9 ',! ,ord9>ie ( ,*ri/ians1' pr9t$ by ,scolok] ab\t #aedh4 ,( o!r cuts ,i only suspect ! hi/ory1 & ! in/ances ,i h quot$ are suffici5t to %[ ! long life ^! designs enjoy$ 9 ,engl&4 #f ,"o ( ^? on ! recto has a common orig9al ) t ( an elephant ) a h[dah 9 ,doesborgh's ',van ,pape ,jans l&5des4' ,l "s o!r bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 'bibliology1' to use an absurd ^w1 w\ld be v dull if x c\ld all be mapp$ out & tabulat$ ready to our h&1 b 9 cut-hunt+1 z 9 fox-hunt+1 !re is pleasure to be ga9$ f pursuit1 if n f atta9m5t1 & especially 9 ,engli% books ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re is nev] any difficulty 9 f9d+ a promis+ cut to hunt4 ,x may be said1 inde$1 t :oev] attempts to write ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ 9 ,engl& dur+ ?is p]iod w ne$ to be q z well acqua9t$ ) ! productions ( ! ,fr5* press z ( ! ,engli%4 ,un=tunately ?is is no easy matt]1 = except = a magnific5t collection ( ,vr>ds mo/ly f ! old ,royal ,libr>y1 & a goodly numb] ( ,horae1 ! ,briti% ,museum is by no means ri* 9 e>ly ,fr5* books1 & ,i "k ( no o!r ,engli% libr>y :i* c d mu* to supply its defici5cies4 ,b ! fact rema9s t betwe5 ! l>ge importation ( ,fr5* blocks1 ! direct imitation ( _m o!rs1 & ! probable pres5ce ( ,fr5* woodcutt]s work+ 9 ,engl&1 ! field = any "o desir\s ( trac+ a native s*ool ( wood-engrav+1 if su* a s*ool c be said to h exi/$1 is full ( pitfalls1 f :i* only a v wide k ( ! cuts 9 contempor>y ,fr5* books 7& to a less ext5t also ( ,dut* & ,g]man ones7 c (f] deliv]ance4 ,! backw>dness ( ,engl& 9 ! pictorial arts made x possible = old wood blocks to enjoy "h an unusually long life4 ,9 o!r c\ntries _! c>e] 0 cut %ort by decisive *anges ( ta/e4 ,?us ! sudd5 inroad ( ! ,r5aissance into ,g]many at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury swept away almo/ ! :ole ( ! delightfully simple "w produc$ betwe5 #adgj & #adij4 ,"o curi\s case ( survival is p]haps wor? m5tion+4 ,9 an edition ( ,wyle's ',translation od] ,deuts*ung5 etli*] ,b*]1' pr9t$ at ,augsburg 9 #aecf1 ! cuts to all ! /ories b "o %[ contempor>y "w ( ! usual k9d4 ,! exception is ! tale ( ,guisc>d & ,sigismund1 ! illu/rations to :i* mu/ be q half a c5tury e>li]1 & exhibit all ! simplicity ( feel+ & workman%ip ( ! arti/s ( ,augsburg1 9 _! be/ days4 ,9 ,france we h ! same tale1 = x is impossible to conceive n m]ely ( ! ,e/i5nes1 b ( a popul> publi%] l ,jean de ,t\rnes1 decorat+ 8 books ) ! simple cuts we f9d 9 books by ,vr>d or ,trepp]el4 ,9 ! ,horae ! publi%]'s ne$s 7 sometimes too imp]ative to be resi/$1 & amid ! co>se & reali/ic engrav+s :i*1 to ! de/ruction ( ! *>m ( ^! books1 came into vogue ab\t #aeje1 ! old designs f ! editions ( ,pig\*et & ,vr>d are (t5 f\nd = "s t5 ye>s long]4 ,italy is 9 some:at a diff]5t position1 = !re1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! books ( ! p & ! books ( ! ri* _h be5 unusually cle>ly m>k$1 & :ile ! ta/es ( ! ri* *ang$ ! popul> lit]ature 0 f> m cons]vative4 ,! little ,flor5t9e cuts1 ( :i* examples are giv5 9 ano!r article1 are by f> ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ?is /ability ( ! popul> ta/e4 ,x is probable t no new ones 7 design$ aft] #aebj at ! late/1 b ! old designs cont9u$ 9 use = m ?an sixty ye>s aft] ?is date1 batt]$ by successive editions till _! bord]s 7 knock$ to pieces1 b /ill reta9+ mu* ( _! old beauty1 & occasionally1 by "s lucky *ance1 f9d+ a pr9t] :o did !m ju/ice4 ,:5 ! old blocks became unusable1 ! designs 7 recut1 & x is sometimes possible to trace !m ?r\gh z _m z ?ree diff]5t /ages ( successive det]ioration4 ,9 ,v5ice ! little vignettes1 s popul> betwe5 #adij & #aejj1 enjoy$ a simil>1 b mu* %ort]1 ext5sion ( life1 ! pref]5ce = ! heavi] /yle ( engrav+ :i* came 9 ) ! turn ( ! c5tury driv+ !m d[n into ! *ap-books1 :]e _! orig9al delicacy ( l9e soon procur$ _! de/ruction at ! h&s ( ha/y pr9t]s4 ,?\gh ! vag>ies ( fa%ion 7 ?us slightly temp]$ at ! great c5tres ( pr9t+ 9 ,italy1 fa%ion int]f]$ ) ! borr[+ ( blocks 9 ano!r way 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,g]many & ,france 7 ea* fairly homog5e\s 9 art matt]s4 ,we may trace diff]5t s*ools1 b _! diff]5ces are n v /rongly m>k$1 & _! foll[]s 7 probably n v ke5ly consci\s ( !m4 ,9 ,italy ! arti/ic individuality ( e di/rict 0 cle>ly def9$1 & ?\gh1 z we %all see1 ! pr9t]s ( "o t[n made free use ( ! illu/rations 9 ! books ( ^? ( ano!r1 !re 0 sc>cely any int]*ange ( blocks4 ,9 ! ',de ,/ructura compositionis' ( ,f]rettus1 pr9t$ at ,=li 9 #adie1 bo? ( ! two illu/rations are ( ,v5etian orig91 t ( ,!seus & ! ,m9otaur be+ tak5 f ! ',plut>*' ( #adia1 & t ( ! lecture-hall f ! ',epigrammata ,cantalycii' ( #adic4 ,b ?is is an almo/ unique in/ance ( direct borr[+1 ! rule be+ t :ile designs 7 freely imitat$1 !y 71 almo/ inv>iably1 reca/ 9 ! /yle ( art ( ! di/rict 9 :i* !y 7 to appe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ,,naples ,,edition ,,( ,,! ',,arte ,,de ,,a/rologia' ,,or ',,lun>e' ,,( ,,granolla*s1 ,,= ,,! ,,ye> #adhe4 7,,r$uc$47 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,lun>e' ,,( ,,granolla*s ,,= #adic4 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,rome ,,by ,,plannck4 ,,rev]s$ ,,f ,,! ,,naples ,,edition4 7,,r$uc$47 ,pass+ n[ f ! pur*ase ( woodcuts to _! imitation1 we may look1 fir/ ( all1 at ! simple/ & easie/ =m 9 :i* a design c\ld be reproduc$4 ,! impression f a woodcut is1 ( c\rse1 a rev]sal ( ! design z x appe>s on ! block1 & an arti/ n v confid5t ( 8 own skill w\ld naturally %r9k f ! r difficult task ( copy+ ! pr9t$ cut 9 rev]se 9 ord] t 8 own sket* might pr9t 9 ! same way z its orig9al4 ,he pref]r$ to copy ! pr9t$ cut z he saw x be=e him1 ) ! result t 9 ! impressions f 8 copy ev]y?+ is rev]s$1 ! "r becom+ left1 & ! left "r4 ,?us simplifi$ 8 task 0 easy1 & x 0 ev5 possible to avoid altoge!r ! ne$ ( copy+1 by m]ely pa/+ ! illu/ration on ! block1 & cutt+ ! wood ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,:5 ,anto9e ,vr>d desir$ to br+ out a ,fr5* edition ( ! ',metamorphoses1' 8 wood-cutt]s treat$ ! designs 9 ! edition by ,col>d ,mansion 9 ?is way1 & z ! orig9als 7 b poor "w ! injury to !m 0 n v great4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( ^! designs1 t ( ,saturn dev\r+ 8 *ildr51 :i* ,vr>d1 a ye> or two lat]1 pr9t$ 9 8 edition on vellum ( ! ',miroir ,hi/orial' ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 to s]ve z a gr\nd-plan to 8 illum9ator1 :o1 by pa9t+ out ,saturn's scy!1 & ! *ild 9 8 m\?1 & "s o!r objectionable details1 turn$ x into a v mod]ately edify+ picture ( ! ,holy ,family4 ,b ?is aft]-use is beside our po9t1 nor are ! cuts 9 ei!r ,mansion's edition1 or t ( ,vr>d1 wor? reproduc+ "h4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is practice we w r %[ ! orig9al & a copy 9 rev]se ( ! frontispiece ( ! ',nobilissima ,arte de ,a/rologia1' by ,granolla*s1 an a/ronom] ( ,b>celona1 pr9t$ at ,naples1 ) ! calculations made = ! ye> #adhe1 :5 x 0 presumably int5d$ to be issu$4 ,t ?is is really its date we h /rong confirmatory evid5ce 9 ! /yle1 bo? ( ! design & ! cutt+1 :i* corresponds v closely to t ( ! cuts to ! life ( sop prefix$ to ! ,italian edition br\ght out at ,naples 9 ! same ye>1 #adhe1 by ! juri/-publi%]1 ,francisco de ,tuppo1 & probably pr9t$ = him by ,mat?ias ,moravus4 ,! design] 0 a man ( skill & imag9ation1 & we may notice 9 ?is picture ! ,s>ac5ic type :i* he has giv5 to ! man :om we see at ! w9d[1 to suit ) ! presumably ,moori% desc5t ( its au?or4 ,! ',arte de ,a/rologia' ( ,granolla*s became popul>1 & 9 #adic ,plannck1 a great pr9t] ( *eap books at ,rome1 br\ght out an edition ( x !re "u ! alt]$ title ',lun>e4' ,t x might n g unillu/rat$1 he seems to h commission$ 8 (fice-boy to reproduce ! ,naples woodcut1 & ! result 0 ! rem>kable "w ( art :i* is "h set face to face ) its orig9al4 ,by & by we %all see h[ a ,flor5t9e arti/ f>$ :5 ! same task 0 set him4 ,reproduction 9 rev]se 0 und\bt$ly ! refuge ( ! incompet5t1 b we mu/ rememb] t x 0 also ! re/oration ( ! design z orig9ally drawn on ! wood1 & ! mo/ skilful arti/s did n disda9 to save !mselves tr\ble 9 ?is way4 ,!y _h no objection to copy+ ano!r man's "w1 b _! aim 0 n to see h[ closely !y c\ld copy1 b to make a pretty picture ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( pa9s1 & if x look$ z well :5 ! rights & lefts 7 rev]s$ !re 0 no fault to be f\nd4 ,h5ce we %all f9d ?is me?od employ$ 9 _m cases :]e ! second arti/ 0 no :it inf]ior to ! fir/4 ,examples ( ! s]vile reproduction ( woodcuts by o!r pr9t]s1 )\t rev]sal1 are h>dly z num]\s z we %\ld expect1 & are naturally n v int]e/+4 ,!y gr\p !mselves *iefly r\nd a few popul> books1 su* z ! ',fasciculus ,temporum' ( ,rolew9ck1 ,/e9h[el's 'sop' & ,brant's ',%ip ( ,fools4' ,! home ( ! ',fasciculus ,temporum' seems to h be5 ,cologne1 b ! cuts 9 ! editions :i* we f9d pr9t$ 9 o!r t[ns ( ,g]many1 at ,v5ice by ,wal* & ,ratdolt1 & 9 ,spa91 all foll[ ! same l9es v closely4 ,( ! 'sop1' :i* />t$ ei!r f ,sorg's press at ,augsburg1 or f t ( ,knoblo*z] at ,/rasburg1 no less ?an elev5 editions 7 pr9t$ 9 diff]5t t[ns 9 ,g]many dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! cuts 9 all ( :i* are on ! same model1 :ile ! actual blocks us$ by ,sorg aft]w>ds pass$ into ! possession ( ,g]>d ,leeu at ,antw]p1 & 7 aga9 imitat$ by ,*ri/ian ,snella]t at ,delft4 ,! cuts 9 ! ',n>r5s*iff' enjoy$ no less widespread a popul>ity4 ,a few s+le cuts1 :i* f _! subjects might be us$ z title-cuts to a great v>iety ( books1 also attract$ ! att5tion ( ! m p$e/rian copyi/s4 ,?us 9 educational books pr9t$ 9 ,g]many t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury !re are a bewild]+ numb] ( v>iants ( a woodcut ( a ma/] & s*ol>s ) ! leg5d ',accipies tanti doctoris dogmata sancti1' & :ile a good _m ,fr5* cuts f\nd _! way into ,engl& on _! orig9al blocks o!rs 7 copi$ = ,engli% use ) ! s]vility we %\ld expect4 ,among ! few in/ances ( direct copy+ 9 ,italy1 "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y is ! reproduction at ! beg9n+ ( ! ',supplem5tum ,*ronicorum' ( ,=e/i1 pr9t$ by ,b]n>d9o de ,b5aliis at ,v5ice 9 #adhf1 ( ! pictures ( ! ,creation1 ! ,fall1 & ! ,sacrifices ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 f ! l>ge ,bible pr9t$ by ,qu5tel at ,cologne ab\t six ye>s e>li]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 my monograph on ',italian ,book-,illu/rations' 7,portfolio1 ,no4 xii4 ,dec4 #ahid71 ,i h already allud$ to a curi\s in/ance ( ! direct copy+ ( ,italian ornam5tal initials by a ,g]man4 ,9 #adhd1 9 a ',boe?ius' pr9t$ by ,oliv]ius ,s]vius at ,rome1 we f9d ?ree v f9e initials1 & we c trace back ! set to :i* !y belong to ,sixtus ,riess+]1 :o us$ "s ( !m 9 8 edition ( a ',tractatus ,solemnis1' by ,philippus de ,b>b]iis 9 #adhj4 ,?is is simple en\gh4 ,b1 :5 we f9d :at looks l ! same set 9 ! possession ( ,johann ,mll] at ,nuremb]g ab\t #adgc1 we ask 9 "s surprise h[ initials di/9ctively ,italian %\ld appe> fir/ at ,nuremb]g & aft]w>ds f9d _! way back to ,rome8 ,! answ] to ! puzzle is arriv$ at by trac+ bo? ! ,nuremb]g & ! ,roman initials to a set cut = ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz1 b us$ by !m only 9 c]ta9 copies ( a few books 7e4g4 ! ,ryl&s copy ( ! ',suetonius' ( #adgb7 ^: pur*as]s pref]r$ !m to be ornam5t$ ?us r ?an by illum9ation4 ,"o ( ^! copies mu/ h fall5 into ! h&s ( ,mll]1 :o imitat$ ! designs rem>kably closely1 b ) "s m9ute diff]5ces1 notably ! addition ( a ?ick l9e to ! left ( ! initials1 :i* 9 ! orig9als are left unf9i%$ on ?is side1 s t !y might be atta*$ at pleasure to an ornam5tal bord] runn+ d[n ! m>g94 ,?us ! initials us$ by ,mll] are copies1 :ile ^? ( ,riess+] & ,s]vius are f ! orig9al blocks1 :i* mu/ h pass$ to !m f ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz4 ,! difficulty 9 cle>+ up ! little my/]y lay 9 ! fact t x is possible to possess a copy ( e book ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz ev] pr9t$ )\t f9d+ a s+le volume 9 :i* ! initials occur4 ,a well-kn[n example ( ! close copy+ ( a decorative bord] is ! conveyance by ,joannes ,paulus ,briss5sis ( a bord] us$ by ,edw>d ,:it*ur* = ! fir/ pray] book ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 publi%$ 9 #aedi4 ,five ye>s lat] a close imitation ( ?is1 ev5 to ! ret5tion ( ! initials ,e4 ,w41 appe>s on ! title-page ( a comm5t>y on ,ari/otle 7',dialectica ,resolutio cum textu'71 publi%$ by ,briss5sis 9 ,mexico4 ,we come n[ to ! la/ & mo/ int]e/+ section ( our subject1 ! cuts 9 :i* "o arti/ has borr[$ ! design ( ano!r1 b :e!r imitat+ x freely or closely has introduc$ modifications 9 te*nical treatm5t :i* make x 8 own1 h>monis+ x s closely ) ! "w ( 8 own city or c\ntry t x easily takes its place ) purely native designs until by "s *ance its real orig9 is discov]$4 ,= v>i\s reasons ^! trans=mations are almo/1 ?\gh n entirely1 conf9$ to ,italy4 ,?us x w\ld be idle to expect !m 9 ,engl& because !re 0 no ,engli% s*ool ( design or engrav+ ( suffici5t individuality to modify ! /yle ( ! cuts x borr[$4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 ! native s*ool 0 imm5sely productive1 & _h a long />t ( ,france & ,italy 9 po9t ( "t4 ,v %ortly aft] #adgj we f9d illu/rat$ books at ,augsburg & ,ulm ( a simple excell5ce :i* c\ld n be bett]$4 ,9 ,france & ,italy we get a few good books ab\t #adhj1 b woodcuts d n become common till t5 ye>s lat]4 ,"o ( ! few v e>ly illu/rat$ books ( ,italy1 ! ',valturius1' pr9t$ at ,v]ona 9 #adgb1 0 inde$ copi$ 9 ,g]many1 ! cuts be+ reproduc$ 9 rev]se 9 an undat$ ',vegetius1' probably pr9t$ at ,augsburg ab\t #adge by ,johann ,wi5]1 ?\gh x %\ld be m5tion$ t ,dr4 ,mu!r1 l a true ,teuton1 tries to claim priority = 8 c\ntrym5 by br++ back ! ',vegetius' to ab\t #adgj4 ,b ?is is a solit>y in/ance1 :i* belongs1 moreov]1 to an e>li] section ( our subject1 &1 until ,mr4 ,r$grave communicat$ to ! ,bibliographical ,society 8 pap] on ! e>ly illu/rat$ books ( ,opp5heim1 ,i knew ( no?+ m apposite4 ,9 t pap]1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,r$grave %[$ h[ bo? ! bord] ( ! ',cal5d>1' pr9t$ by ,ratdolt at ,v5ice 9 #adgf1 & "s ( ,ratdolt's ornam5tal initials1 7 closely imitat$ by ,johann ,kbel1 9 an undat$ ',passio ,dom9i4' ,! two books 7 sep>at$ by an int]val ( q ?irty ye>s1 & ,kbel 9 imitat+ ,ratdolt 0 n cont5t ) 8 delicate outl9e1 b put 9 a heavy backgr\nd :i* does n improve x4 ,"s late ,g]man pray]-books %[ traces ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ',horae1' b beyond ^! ,i "k ( no?+4 ,! case ( ,holl& is some:at simil> to t ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! ,dut* woodcutt]s imitat$ closely1 or directly borr[$1 f ! ,fr5* ',horae1' b ! be/ "w1 :i* is also ! e>lie/1 0 entirely orig9al4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! popul> pr9t]s1 l ,john ( ,doesborgh1 no d\bt obta9$ _! haphaz>d illu/rations :5ce & h[ !y c\ld4 ,9 ! editions ( ',le ,*evali] ,dlibr1' by ,olivi] de la ,m>*e1 pr9t$ at ,antw]p 9 ,fr5* & ,spani%1 9 #aedg1 etc41 ,i ?\ght1 at fir/1 t ,i _h f\nd an in/ance ( arti/ic copy+ ( a v int]e/+ nature1 = !re is a close connection 9 design betwe5 ^! highly-f9i%$ cuts & ! rude yet /rik+ "w 9 ! edition pr9t$ at ,g\da1 by ,gottfri$ van ,os1 %ortly aft] #adhf4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ,la ,m>*e _h giv5 elaborate directions = ! illum9ation ( 8 poem1 x is obvi\s t by foll[+ ^! directions any two design]s w\ld obta9 fairly simil> results1 )\t any direct imitation ( "o by ! o!r4 ,z f> z my own in=mation goes1 ! ,fr5* wood-cutt]s tru/$ almo/ entirely to _! own imag9ation dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 &1 :5 !y took to borr[+ = _! ',horae1' borr[$ outright )\t any attempt at adaptation4 ,"o fam\s example ( copy+ ( a lat] date des]ves m5tion4 ,9 #aede ! y\ng] ,aldus pr9t$ at ,v5ice a second edition ( ! fam\s ',hypn]otoma*ia1' & ei!r ?is or ! orig9al ( #adii attract$ ! att5tion ( ,gohorry1 :o made a translation :i* 0 revis$ by ,jean ,m>t9 & pr9t$ by ,jacques ,k]v] 9 #aedf4 ,! cuts to ?is translation h be5 v>i\sly attribut$ to ,jean ,g\jon & ,jean ,c\s91 b a mom5t's glance at ! book w %[ t !y are n all by ! same h&4 ,! majority ( ! illu/rations %[ wret*$ "w1 & are v clumsily cut1 b ^? at ! beg9n+ & a few 9 ! latt] "p ( ! volume are f9e examples ( arti/ic translation into a diff]5t mann]4 ,i give "h ! sc5e ( ,poliphilo by ! riv] bank f bo? ! orig9al & ! copy1 & old fav\rite z ! ,v5etian cut ju/ly is1 ,i ?9k t ! ,fr5* cut atta9s almo/ equal excell5ce 9 ano!r /yle4 ,no f9] example ( free adaptation c\ld easily be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cut ,,f ,,! ',,poliphilo' ,,( ,,v5ice1 #adii4 7,,r$uc$7 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,same ,,cut ,,z ,,r$rawn ,,9 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,edition ,,( ,,! ',,poliphilo1' #aedf4 7,,r ,,m ,,r$uc$7 ,:5 we come to ,italy we f9d a :olly diff]5t set ( conditions4 ,"h book-illu/ration />t$ late1 b dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s f #adij to #aeaj its vogue 0 enorm\s1 & great z 0 ! f]tility ( ! ,italian design]s x 0 natural t 9 face ( ! dem&s made ^u !m by ! publi%]s !y %\ld seek help :]eev] !y c\ld f9d x4 ,b 9 ,italy at ?is p]iod e craftsman 0 an arti/1 & :e!r he s\ght 8 inspiration 9 ! pa9t+s :i* he saw ar\nd him1 9 ! engrav+s on copp] :i* _h fl\ri%$ long be=e book-illu/ration became popul>1 9 ! cuts 9 =eign books1 or 9 ^? publi%$ 9 o!r di/ricts ( 8 own c\ntry1 ! ,italian woodcutt] always put 8 own individuality into 8 "w & made ! design he 0 copy+ 8 own4 ,i am un=tunately unacqua9t$ ) ! pictures to :i* ,dr4 ,lippmann & ,dr4 ,kri/ell] h trac$ ?ree or f\r ( ! ,v5etian & ,flor5t9e woodcuts1#g b ! examples ( translation f engrav+s on copp] to woodcuts 9 ! ,v5etian ',petr>*' ( #adij1 9 ! second ,flor5t9e edition ( ,bett9i's ',monte ,sancto di ,dio' 7#adia71 & 9 ! illu/ration ( ! works ( m]cy 9 ! ',libro delli ,com&am5te di ,dio' ( ,fra ,m>co del ,monte ,sancta ,m>ia 7,flor5ce1 #adif71 are extremely int]e/+1 & %[ h[ well ! workm51 especially ^? ( ,flor5ce1 und]/ood ! pr9ciple ( arti/ic selection4 #g e4g4 ,! cut ( a prea*] prec$$ by 8 little crucif] 9 ! ',doctr9a delle ,vita ,mona/ica' ( ,lor5zo ,qui/9iano 7,v5ice1 c4 #adie7 to a picture by ,g5tile ,bell9i 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,orto2 ! cut ( ,s4 ,?omas 9 ! ',epi/ole et ,evangeli' ( #adie to ! picture by ,v]roc*io 9 ,or ,s4 ,mi*ele1 & t ( ! behead+ ( ,s4 ,john f a ,pollaiuolo 9 ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,! case ( ! illu/rations to ! #adfg ',m$itationes' ( ,turrecremata1 :i* are pr(ess$ly copi$ f ! frescoes 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia di ,m9]va at ,rome1 is an int]e/+ example ( ?is copy+1 ! excell5ce ( ! orig9al designs sometimes triumph+ ov] ! rud5ess ( ! engrav+4 ,unluckily ! frescoes !mselves h p]i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cut ,,f ,,! ,,qu5tell ,,bible4 7,,cologne1 ,c4 #adhj4 ,,mu* ,,r$uc$7 ,illu/ration3 ,,adaptation ,,( ,,! ,,cologne ,,cut ,,= ,,! ,,mal]mi ,,bible4 7,,v5ice1 #adij7 ,no m *>act]i/ic example ( free imitation c be f\nd ?an 9 ! use made ( ! cuts 9 ! ,lat9 & ,g]man ,bibles1 pr9t$ by ,qu5tell at ,cologne ab\t #adhj1 by ! illu/rator ( ! ,mal]mi ,bible t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! ,g]man cuts are l>ge & clumsy 7measur+ ab\t #g-a_/b x #e 9471 ov]cr[d$ ) figures1 & ) ! rude/ ideas ( p]spective & arrangem5t4 ,! little ,italian vignettes1 on ! o!r h&1 are gracefully & delicately design$1 & x is only f ! pres5ce ( "s purely fanciful accessory1 su* z ! pond & ! swan swimm+ 9 x 9 ! examples "h giv51 t we are compell$ to recognise ! debt ( ! ,v5etian arti/ to 8 ,g]man pr$ecessor4 ,ano!r1 ?\gh a less int]e/+ example ( ! adaptation ( l>ge & r clumsy cuts to ! scale ( ! little ,v5etian vignettes is ! imitation 9 ! ',t]5ce1' publi%$ by ,simon de ,lu]e at ,v5ice 9 #adig1 ( ! illu/rations 9 ,tre*sel's edition :i* _h appe>$ at ,lyons f\r ye>s e>li]4 ,aga91 if1 z ,i believe1 we %\ld attribute ! fir/ illu/rat$ ,italian edition ( ! ',ars ,mori5di1' pr9t$ 9 #adij1 'co li figure accomodati p] ,johanne cle9 ,pi]o himel de alamanis1' to ,v5ice r ?an to ,lyons1 we may claim ! majority ( ! cuts 9 ?is z additional examples ( intellig5t1 if n v orig9al1 adaptation by ,v5etian arti/s1 ! orig9als1 9 ?is case1 be+ ! designs fir/ us$ 9 ! ,g]man block-books1 imitat$ aga9 two ye>s lat]1 by ,vr>d at ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/ration ,,on ,,! ,,back ,,( ,,! ,,title-,,page ,,( ,,! ',,arte ,,del ,,b5 ,,morire1' ,,pr9t$ ,,9 #adij ,,by ,,johann ,,cleyn ,,& ,,pi]o ,,himel1 ,,probably ,,at ,,v5ice ,illu/ration3 ,,flor5t9e ,,adaptation ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,cut ,,us$ ,,on ,,! ,,title-,,page ,,( ,,! ,,somma ',,omnis ,,mortalium ,,cura' ,,( ,s4 ,,anton9o4 ,,pac9i1 #aejg ,x is true t aft] #adif ,cleyn 0 pr9t+ at ,lyons1 & t !re is a ,lyonnese book ) ! probably errone\s date #adgh by him1 b we h no evid5ce1 ,i believe1 ( 8 :]eab\ts 9 #adij1 & !re is "o cut 9 ! book1 = :i*1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! arti/ drew entirely on 8 own imag9ation1 & ?is appe>s to me to be mu* m ,v5etian 9 its "* ?an ,lyonnese4#h ,i give ?is cut f a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* has unluckily be5 heavily col\r$1 s t ! reproduction 0 no easy matt]4 ,x comes )9 our subject1 n only z evid5ce = ! ,v5etian orig9 ( ! edition1 b z ! orig9al ( ! little cut on ! title ( ! ',omnis ,mortalium ,cura' ( ,s4 ,anton9o1 pr9t$ = ,pac9i 9 #aejg2 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! copy & ! orig9al be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! alt]ation 9 tone always introduc$ by ,flor5t9e arti/s :5 deal+ ) =eign "w4 ,! bord] has be5 simplifi$ & at ! same "t giv5 ! usual black backgr\nd4 ,! recesses ( ! *ur* are 9 unreliev$ black in/ead ( m]ely %ad$4 ,! figures are slight] & m graceful1 & good ta/e is %[n 9 ! removal ( ! :isp]+ devils1 "o ( :om be>s a scroll ) ! words 'nolo dire1' :ile ! o!r inscription conta9s ! ^w 'v]gogna' 7%ame71 prec$$ by "s o!r lett]s :i* ,i _c deciph] 9 ! ,museum copy4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,flor5t9e arti/ has rev]s$ ! positions ( ! figures1 b n ! little alt>-piece4 ,! o!r cuts 9 ! #adij ',arte del ,morire' also f\nd ,flor5t9e imitators1 z ,i _c d\bt t x 0 ?r\gh !m t ! illu/rator ( ! ,flor5t9e editions ( c4 #adie & #aeac obta9$ 8 k ( ! ,g]man designs :i* he foll[$ 9 t5 ( 8 cuts4 ,"s ( ! designs are copi$ 9 rev]se1 o!rs directly1 b 9 ne>ly e in/ance we f9d t by a numb] ( small t\*es ! cut has be5 made to assume a di/9ctly ,flor5t9e appe>ance4 #h ,! ,v5etian orig9 ( ?is cut is made almo/ c]ta9 by ! "* ( its bord]4 ,9 /yle & t\* 7clev]ly z ! reproduction "h giv5 has be5 made f ! ?ickly-pa9t$ orig9al1 ! l9es are necess>ily ?ick5$7 ! design is closely ak9 to ! bord]s 9 ! ',omelie et ,s]mones' ( ,s4 ,b]n>d 7#adia71 & ! ',dialogo de la ,s]aphica ,virg9e ,s4 ,cat]9a' 7#adid71 :ile 9 ! bord] & woodcut initials ( ! ',supplem5tum ,*ronic>um' ( #adib we get bo? ! bull's skull & ! dolph9's1 & 9 ! ',rudim5ta ,grammatices' ( ,donatus #adic1 a top bord] to ! fir/ page :i* resembles ! l[] bord] 9 our cut4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( copy+ "h1 b a s]ies ( designs probably all by ! same arti/ :i* beg9 ) ?is bord] to ! ',arte' 9 #adij & c be trac$ = sev]al ye>s1 always at ,v5ice4 ,among o!r books 9 :i* ,flor5ce foll[$ ! lead ( ,v5ice ! ',m$itazioni' ( ,san ,bonav5tura & ! ',fior di ,virt' are p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,= my frontispiece to ?is article1 h[ev]1 ,i h pref]r$ to h>k back to ! ',lun>e' ( ,granolla*s1 ! ,flor5t9e edition ( :i* 7#adif7 is z good an in/ance ( arti/ic imitation ( t ( ,naples1 z is ! ,roman 7see page #hc7 ( incompet5t s]vility4 ,i h already writt5 at great] l5g? ?an ,i int5d$1 & am consci\s t all ,i h said is dry1 fragm5t>y1 & disjo9t$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 /ill "o po9t :i* ,i %\ld l to put =w>d 9 connection ) ^! diff]5t /yles ( copy+4 ,9 ',! ,ma/]s ( ,wood-,engrav+' ,mr4 ,l9ton has endeav\r$ to limit our idea ( ! "w ( ! e>ly woodcutt]s to ! m]e fai?ful cutt+ on ! wood ! l9es m>k$ d[n = !m by ! design]4 ,9 ?is !ory ,mr4 ,l9ton /&s at ! opposite extreme to ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,conway1 :o1 9 ',! ,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1' h>dly made suffici5t all[ance = ! diff]5ces 9 cutt+ :i* might be produc$ by diff]5t designs4 ,( ! two1 h[ev]1 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,conway seems to me to be ! ne>] to ! tru?1 & ,i ?9k ^! in/ances 9 :i* we h bo? ! design & ! woodcutt]'s copy be=e u help u to und]/& ! me?od ( "w4 ,no "o c believe t ! h& ( any arti/ int]v5$ betwe5 ! ,naples ',granolla*s' & its ,roman int]pret]1 & ,i feel tol]ably sure myself t 9 ! two ,flor5t9e cuts ,i h giv51 ! diff]5ces ( treatm5t are also due to ! craftsman4 ,9 ! ,v5etian translation f ! cuts 9 ! ,cologne ,bible & 9 ! ,fr5* adaptation ( ! ',hypn]otoma*ia' we h1 ( c\rse1 a diff]5t set ( conditions1 & we mu/ n try to ignore !m4 ,b until positive evid5ce to ! contr>y is produc$1 x is reasonable to believe t ! craftsman (t5 suppli$ 8 own designs1 & ! arti/ 0 (t5 8 own woodcutt]1 & ! examples ( imitation at :i* we h be5 look+ seem to me to /r5g!n ?is !ory4 ,,es ,,tu ,,s*ol>is8#i ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i propose to (f] a little picture ( s*ool-life f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 cull$ f an old ,lat9 dialogue book :i* 0 publi%$ anonym\sly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury "u ! title ',es tu s*ol>is8' & w5t ?r\gh _m editions 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages boys 7 suppos$ to speak ,lat9 9 s*ool1 & ?is ) "s reason1 s9ce if !y meant to be s*ol>s :5 !y grew up1 to be able to speak & write ,lat9 flu5tly w\ld be f> m useful to !m ?an ! acquisition ( any s+le mod]n language4 ,b no d\bt x did n come easily to !m1 & our anonym\s au?or seems to h ?\ght t x might n come q easily to _! ma/]s to %[ !m h[ to d x1 s9ce1 z we %all see1 he wrote 8 book = use 9 ! humbl] k9d ( s*ools1 :]e ! ma/] himself might be a man ( no great le>n+4 ,9 fact he beg9s by po9t+ out ! inconv5i5ce ( a ma/] n be+ able to answ] 8 boys' que/ions1 & to obviate ?is (f]s "s ready-made dialogues on :at he consid]$ suitable topics4 #i ,repr9t$ f ! ,k+'s ,college ,s*ool ,magaz9e by leave ( ! editor4 ,all ! e>li] dialogues beg9 ) ! words f :i* ! book takes its title--,are y a s*ol>8 ',es tu s*ol>is8' says ! ma/]4 ',sum1' says ! boy1 7'kn[+ ! language'71 & !n beg9 ! v>iations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ,,flores ,,poet>um1 ,s4,a4 ,! cruelle/ ( ^! is a k9d ( 'fool's mate' 7to borr[ a t]m f *ess71 9 :i* ! ma/] asks1 ',:at g5d] is sum8' & x is to be hop$ us$ 8 victory m]cifully if 8 victim fell into ! trap4 ,:5 ! fir/ v>iations are exhau/$ we come to a ',:]e are y a s*ol>8' to :i* ! correct answ] is ',"h & ev]y:]e1 & 9 all hone/ places1' hone/ places be+ subsequ5tly def9$ z ( f\r k9ds1 t is to say1 at *ur*1 at s*ool1 at home ) "o's p>5ts & 9 ! company ( able m5 7ecclesia1 scola1 domus propria circa p>5tes et convivium p]itorum virorum74 ,( a sudd5 ! ma/] waxes humor\s & dem&s ',es tu scutellav>ius1' a port5t\s ^w :i* app>5tly means a 'wa%]-up1' s9ce ! boy emphasises 8 d5ial by expla9+ t he does n wa% plates 9 ! kit*5 7quod non lavo scutellas 9 coqu9a74 ,on ?is !re foll[s "s talk ab\t religion1 & we !n approa* s*ola/ic topics ) ! "q1 ',d y "k ,lat98' ',i d1' answ]s ! boy1 ) happy confid5ce1 & !n 9 reply to ! fur!r "q1 ',:at is ,lat98' is made to return ! rem>kable answ]1 t ,lat9 is a v noble idiom tak+ its orig9 f ! f\nta9s ( ! ,greeks 7nobilissimum ideoma ex fontibus ,graecorum ortum hab5s74 ,comp>ative philology 0 9 its infancy 9 ^? days1 & z ev5 n[ !re are wor?y p :o believe t ,engli% is d]iv$ f ,g]man1 we ne$ n ?r[ /ones4 ,! next pages conta9 "s int]e/+ talk on ! f\r *ief books 9 use 9 gramm> s*ools1 ! ',tabula' or horn-book on :i* 0 writt5 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! moral say+s ( ',cato1' ! accid5ce ( ,donatus1 & ! syntax & prosody ( ,alex&] ,gallus2 b we mu/ hurry on to ! m human side ( our text-book4 ,!re are 'v]ba ob$i5tiae' help+ ! boy to assure 8 ma/] t = ! future he w be v c>eful n to ang] him 7de cet]o vos#aj commov]e p]cavebo71 sugge/ions = def5ce :]e a fault c\ld be d5i$1 & ready-made excuses :]e x 0 obvi\s4 ,i regret to say t !re are also ready-made 'v]ba accusationis'3 ',please ,sir1 ,jones has torn my gramm>' 7,joannes ,donatum meum dilaniavit7 or ',t boy call$ me ! son ( a ?ief' 7,ille mihi dixit filium furis74 ,^! are evid5tly tips = :9]s 9 ! s*ool itself1 b we h a m awful picture 9 ! dem&1 ',:]e=e1 hon\r$ ,sir1 ,i e>ne/ly beg y to take /eps aga9/ evil-do+s & puni% ^! fell[s s*ola/ically4' ,no d\bt ,br[n m9or _h run into "s dignity 9 ! /reet1 & ?is is ! =mula ) :i* ! dignity dem&$ t ,br[n %\ld be 'hoi/$1' :i* ,i take to be ! mean+ ( 'scola/ice corrigatis4' #aj ,9 ?is v m$ieval ,lat9 ! ma/] is always address$ z 'vos1' nev] z 'tu1' ! use ( ! s+ul>1 except to inf]iors or z a m>k ( affection1 be+ reg>d$ z an insult4 ,= invitation to d9n] & ! (f]+ ( gifts !re are q a bewild]+ set ( =ms1 rem9d+ u t s*ool-fees 9 ^? days 7 (t5 paid 9 k9d4 ,9 ! (f]+ & acceptance ( ^! !re is mu* polit5ess on ea* side4 ,! boy begs t ! smallness ( 8 pres5t may be excus$ on acc\nt ( 8 pov]ty & goodwill1 or promises t if ! ma/] w hon\r 8 p>5ts at d9n] ! be/ *e] !y c provide %all be set be=e him4 ,! ma/]1 on 8 side1 replies t he is q unwor?y ( ^! ent]ta9m5ts1 b le/ he %\ld seem to despise !m he w c]ta9ly come4 7,nimium e/ non enim sum dignus cum p>5tibus tuis pr&]e4 ,ne autem me dicant eorum pr&ium sp]n]e comp>ebo lib5t]47 ,!re are also =ms ( invitation = boys to use to _! fri5ds1 & ,jones 7us+ ! polite plural7 asks ,br[n to d9n] to-morr[ at 8 p>5ts' reque/4 ,"s ( ! %ort] rem>ks seem to apply to a bo>d+ s*ool4 ',de> ma/]1 ) y\r p]mission1 ,i %\ld l to take a ba?' says "o boy3 ano!r asks t he may g & lay ! table1 a ?ird t he may take ! clo!s to ! wa%]woman6 ,a boy ^: "m has call$ = him addresses 8 petition = leave to ! ,prec5tor1 & we may guess !re=e t ^! bo>d+-s*ools 7 atta*$ to *ur*es or mona/]ies1 & t ! boys1 l ! monks !mselves1 _h to d mu* ( _! own h\sehold "w4 ,! boys are giv5 pl5ty ( tips = talk among !mselves4 ',:y 7 y late to-day8' asks "o1 & is rem9d$ t b$ is w>m & sleep sweet] ?an honey4 ,"o boy sees a prie/ com+ into ! s*ool & hopes he w ask = a holiday4 ,8 fell[ says !y h _h sev]al holidays lately & d\bts if ano!r w be grant$4 ,! gloomy side ( m$ieval s*ool-life is n left unrepres5t$4 ',h[ (t5 h y be5 puni%$ to-day8' is "o ( ! que/ions1 & z if ! alt]native answ]s 'semel--bis--t]--quat]1' 7 n en\gh1 !y are cr[n$ ) ! cruel prophecy 'et it]um cras corrig]is4' ,! la/ p>agraph ( ! book is conc]n$ ) ! appo9tm5t1 duties & behavi\r ( monitors4 ,!y are call$ 'monitors' n[adays because1 ,i suppose1 !y jog memories z to :at is ! next day's "w1 & 9 o!r ways prev5t crime4 ,9 ^? days !y 7 call$ 'cu/odes1' *iefly ,i am afraid because !y kept ! rods4 ',y've got to appo9t monitors1 ,sir1' says a boy4 ',y be monitor1 !n1' ',please1 ,sir1 ,i've only j be5 monitor1 & x's n my turn4' ',:o ought to be appo9t$ !n8' ',?is is ! boy1 ,sir1 bo? because x's 8 turn & because he kn[s h[ to get y long & na/y rods6' ,t is "o dialogue4 ,"h is ano!r1 boy ) boy4 ',h y be5 putt+ d[n ! boys :o made a di/urbance & ran z !y came out ( *ur*8' ',i h4' ',h y be5 putt+ me d[n8' ',i h2 ,jones saw y runn+ 9 ! /reet & gave me y\r "n to be put d[n4' ',de> monitor1 take my "n (f1 le/ ,i be puni%$1 & ,i'll ask my "m to give y a big bun 7magnum panem74' ',hold y\r tongue1 !n1 & ,i'll take x (f'--:]eat ! boy ?anks heav51 & we ga!r t !re 0 r a bad tone 9 ! s*ools 9 :i* ',es tu ,scol>is8' 0 9 use4 ,x mu/ also be said t if ! boys talk$ z !y 7 taught1 !y talk$ v bad ,lat94 ,! edition f :i* ,i h tak5 ^! notes has no 'woodcuts4' ,if x _h _h "o x w\ld probably h be5 some?+ ( ! nature ( ?is picture f an ,engli% gramm> book1 9 :i* ! ma/] is %[n arm$ ) ! usual bir*4 ,! gramm>s ( ^? days 7 9 fact s bad t x 0 held to be impossible = any "o to le>n !m )\t ! additional notes (f]$ by a rod4 ,b = my fir/ illu/ration 7p4 #ajj71 ,i h tak5 a m human &1 ,i ?9k1 a m lifelike picture1 f a ',flores ,poet>um' pr9t$ at ,flor5ce ab\t #aejj4 ,no d\bt by ! "t boys came to /udy poetry !y _h rea*$ a m mature /age1 & 7 treat$ bett]4 ,b ^! "y s*ol>s look boyi% & vivaci\s en\gh1 & ,i w\ld fa9 hope t ?is is a true picture ( a ,flor5t9e classroom4 ,a ,v5etian book goes ev5 beyond ?is1 anticipat+ ! me?ods ( ! ,newe/ ,educators1 = 9 a woodcut to x1 :ile ! eld] /ud5ts are %[n z solemnly att5d+ to a lecture1 two little boys are /udy+ _! ,a ,b ,c on ! floor1 ) a small dog to help !m4 ,b ?is picture is s pla9ly imag9ative t ,i w n ev5 %[ x4 ,illu/ration ,,engli% ,,books ,,pr9t$ ,,abroad#aa ,x may fairly be said t only a writ] :o knew no?+ ab\t !m w\ld propose1 9 a half-h\r's pap]1 to talk ab\t ! ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad1 9 "s =ty diff]5t places1 dur+ ! la/ f\r c5turies4 ,b a consid]ation ( ! e>li] ( ^! books =ms a necess>y "p ( ! ,society's contribution to ! ,bibliography ( ,engli% ,lit]ature up to #afdj1 & ! subject1 z a :ole1 has = a long "t seem$ to me an int]e/+ "o2 s9ce1 ei!r 9 ! /ate ( ! pr9t+ trade at home1 or 9 ! circum/ances ( ! au?or1 or ! nature ( 8 subject1 9 e case a special reason has to be f\nd :y ! book %\ld h be5 pr9t$ out ( ,engl&4 ,i h1 !re=e1 light-he>t$ly endeav\r$ to map out ! broad] outl9es ( ! subject1 9 ! hope t ,i may p]suade o!r memb]s ( ! ,society to give _! help 9 fill+ 9 ! details1 & ,i mu/ ask y to rememb] t my pap] is put =w>d only z a means ( provok+ a discussion mu* m valuable ?an any?+ ,i c contribute myself4 #aa ,read be=e ! ,bibliographical ,society1 ,april #ahif4 ,i h said t ! subject we h be=e u ?is ev5+ is ! ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad dur+ ! la/ f\r c5turies4 ,x w\ld h be5 m accurate to say dur+ ! la/ f\r c5turies & a qu>t]1#ab = ! late/ book ,i %all h to m5tion 0 pr9t$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #ahie1 :ile ,caxton began pr9t+ ,engli% books at ,bruges 9 #adgd or #adge1 & ev5 e>li] ?an ^! we h a ,s>um ,brevi>y pr9t$ at ,cologne1 & assign$ by ,mr4 ,gordon ,duff to ! ye> #adgc4 ,^! ,s>um ,s]vice-books1 ) :i* s _m =eign pr9t]s busi$ !mselves dur+ ! next eighty-five ye>s1 lie on ! outskirts ( our subject1 z ! great] numb] ( !m are :olly or ma9ly 9 ,lat91 & we are oblig$ to limit ourselves at pres5t to ,engli% books1 & may n take 9 ! v consid]able numb] ( ,lat9 works writt5 by ,engli%m51 & int5d$ ma9ly = ! ,engli% m>ket1 ?\gh pr9t$ abroad4 ,x is necess>y1 inde$1 to rememb] t = "s g5]ations aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 our c\ntry1 = _m classes ( books1 0 :olly dep5d5t on ! ent]prise ( cont95tal pr9t]s1 & t1 to "s ext5t1 ?is is /ill ! case4 ,a s+le oration ( ,cic]o & ! plays ( ,t]5ce 7 ! only ,lat9 classics pr9t$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,no ,greek book appe>$ "h until #aedc1 & sev]al ( ! great ,greek classics did n f9d an ,engli% pr9t] until ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,ev5 n[1 = ! obscur] classics1 & = ! bulk ( ,ori5tal books1 we are cont5t to rely on ,g]many1 & 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ?is reliance on ! cont95tal presses ext5d$ to e v>iety ( le>n$ book4 ,x w\ld be absurd to attribute ?is /ate ( ?+s to any lack ( ent]prise on ! "p ( ,caxton & 8 fell[s4 ,our ,presid5t has lately %[n h[ c>efully1 ev5 9 ,italy1 ! fir/ pr9t]s felt ! pulse ( _! m>ket1 & :]eas ,v5ice 0 a great trade c5tre = ! :ole ( ,europe1 9 ,engl& a publi%] :o produc$ a book too le>n$ to f9d pur*as]s "h w\ld h _h little *ance ( appeal+ to ! book lov]s ( o!r c\ntries4 ,?us x may be urg$ 9 def5ce ( ! ,act ( ,ri*>d ,,iii41 :i* p]mitt$ books to be import$ into ,engl& f abroad & freely sold "h1 t by enc\rag+ ,engli% pr9t]s to conf9e !mselves to ! popul> books = :i* !re 0 a safe m>ket1 x sav$ !m f any temptation to risk ! fate :i* ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz _h incurr$ at ,rome2 at ! same "t x greatly help$ =w>d ! cause ( education4 ,only ?ree =eign pr9t]s1 ,g]>d ,leeu & ,jan van ,doesborgh at ,antw]p1 & ,anto9e ,vr>d at ,p>is1 abus$ ! lib]ty grant$ to !m by compet+ ne$lessly ) our native pr9t]s 9 books !y 7 capable ( pr9t+ equally well !mselves4 ,! f\r popul> ,engli% books pr9t$ by ,leeu1 :o _h a special f\nt ( type cut = ! purpose1 7 ',! ,hi/ory ( ,jason1' ',! ,hi/ory ( ,knight ,p>is & ! ,fair ,vi5ne1' ',! ,dialogue ( ,salomon & ,m>colphus1' & ',! ,*ronicles ( ,engl&4' ,^! 7 all issu$ 9 #adib & #adic1 & all ) ! exception ( ! ',m>colphus1' 7 repr9ts ( editions issu$ by ,caxton4 ,ev5 ! ',m>colphus1' accord+ to ,mr4 ,duff1 :o has edit$ a facsimile repr9t ( x = ,messrs4 ,lawr5ce & ,bull51 may possibly h be5 repr9t$ f a ,caxton n[ entirely lo/1 ?\gh ?is1 ( c\rse1 is a m]e conjecture4 #ab ,an important ext5sion to ! subject1 b "o :i* ,i h n ! k to deal )1 w\ld treat ( ! ,s]vice-books prep>$ especially = ! ,engli% m>ket 9 ,fl&]s & ! nor? ( ,france dur+ ! two c5turies prec$+ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,^! are (t5 claim$ z ( ,engli% orig91 ow+ to _! hav+ ,engli% sa9ts 9 _! cal5d>s1 b _! real prov5ance is indisputable4 ,( ,doesborgh's ,engli% books !re is no ne$ to speak at l5g?1 s9ce all ,memb]s ( ! ,society h 9 _! possession ,mr4 ,proctor's exhau/ive monograph ( ?is pr9t]'s "w4 ,z a pr9t] he 0 v inf]ior to ,leeu1 b z a publi%] he %[$ mu* m ent]prise 9 8 *oice ( books1 introduc+ to ,engli% read]s ! /ories ( ',euryalus & ,lucretia1' ',virgilius ! ,magician1' ',fr$]ick ( ,j5n51' ',m>y ( ,nemmeg51' ',tyll ,h[leglas1' & ! ',p>son ( ,kal5bor[e1' 9 addition to ! /ill m notable book ',( ! ,new ,l&s4' ,( ! ?irty-two books :i* ,mr4 ,proctor has be5 able to assign to ,doesborgh's press1 no few] ?an eighte5 7 pr9t$ = ,engl&1 compris+ gramm>s1 /ories1 !ology1 hi/ory1 geography1 a progno/ication1 a m$ical book1 & two books on ! valuation ( gold & silv]1 ?us cov]+ ne>ly ! :ole range ( ! popul> lit]ature ( ! day4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! books appe>$ be=e #aejh1 ! late/ "s "t aft] #aebj1 & !y ?us came out at ! rate ( r ov] "o a ye>4 ,!y 7 all1 h[ev]1 ( ! class ( books :i* rapidly get !mselves ?umb$ out ( exi/5ce1 & f ! extreme r>ity ( ^? :i* survive x is probable t ,doesborgh's real output 0 consid]ably great]4 ,anto9e ,vr>d1 on ! o!r h&1 _h a trick ( pr9t+ a few copies ( 8 books on vellum :i* has greatly help$ to pres]ve !m1 & x is improbable t1 besides 8 ,s]vice-books1 he pr9t$ any o!r works = ! ,engli% m>ket ?an ! two :i* h come d[n to u4 ,^! are ',! traitte ( god lyuyng & good deyng1' & ',! ,kal5dayr ( ,%ypp>s1' bo? pr9t$ 9 #aejc1 & bo? enri*$ ) num]\s illu/rations1 "s beautiful1 o!rs grotesquely horrible1 mo/ly tak5 f 8 ',art de bi5 vivre et de bi5 m\rir' ( #adib4 ,9 8 *oice ( a translator ,vr>d 0 unlucky1 = he seems to h employ$ "s wild ,scotsman1 :o 0 no ma/] ( 8 own tongue & /ill m ignorant ( ,fr5*4 ,:5 ,rob]t ,copl& retranslat$ ! ,kal5d> = ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 #aejh1 he 0 z scornful ( 8 pr$ecessor's 'corrupte ,englys%e' z any "o bibliograph] c\ld be ( ! lab\rs ( ano!r1 ?\gh 9 say+ t 'no man c\lde und]/onde 7x7 p]fectly' he c]ta9ly did n err on ! side ( exagg]ation1 s9ce mo/ s\!rn read]s mu/ h f\nd "s difficulty 9 und]/&+ x at all4 ,to ! names ( ,leeu1 ,doesborgh1 & ,vr>d1 z pr9t]s ( ,engli% popul> books1 ,i ought p]haps to add ^? ( ,wolfgang ,hopyl ( ,p>is1 & ,m>t9 ,mor9 & ,james ,ravynell ( ,r\51 ea* ( :om pr9t$ be=e #aejj an edition ( ! ',lib] ,fe/ivalis' or ',fe/ial1' ! book ( s]mons ) :i* p>sons might regale _! p>i%ion]s on ! high-days & holy-days ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ',fe/ial' 0 ( a semi-liturgical nature1 & ! ?ree pr9t]s 7 all pr9t]s ( liturgies4 ,we h1 ?us1 an easy transition to ! ,engli% ,s]vice-books pr9t$ abroad to :i* we mu/ n[ return = a few m9utes4 ,( ^! ! imm5se majority 7 = ! use ( ,s>um1 ?\gh ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a ,h]e=d ,missal pr9t$ at ,r\5 9 #aejb1 & ?ree ,york ,missals pr9t$ at ! same place 9 #aeaf-ag4 ,( ,s>um ,s]vice-books pr9t$ be=e #aedj1 ! ',old ,engli% ,catalogue' records no less ?an "o hundr$ & five z 9 ! possession ( ! ,museum 9 #ahhd1 & ! di/ribution ( ^! is notable4 ,"o ,missal 0 pr9t$ at ,basel1 by ,mi*ael ,w5ssl] ab\t #adhf2 ano!r ,missal by ,h]tzog1 at ,v5ice 9 #adid2 elev5 s]vice-books at ,r\51 ! e>li] ones by ,m>t9 ,mor91 ,james ,ravynell1 ,p4 ,violette1 & ,&rew ,myll>2 twelve at ,antw]p1 ( :i* "o is a ',directorium' pr9t$ by ,leeu 9 #adhh1 & mo/ ( ! re/ mu* lat] books f ! press ( ,*ri/oph] ( ,endh\52 & la/ly no less ?an fifty-six at ,p>is1 ! li/ ( _! pr9t]s compris+ _m ( ! be/ firms ( ! "t4 ,aga9/ ^! eighty-"o =eign editions1 ( :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 sixty-sev5 are ,fr5*1 ! editions pr9t$ 9 ,engl& numb] no m ?an tw5ty-f\r1 & _m ( ^! are pr9t$ ) cuts borr[$ or copi$ f ,france4 ,obvi\sly ?is class ( "w requir$ special qualifications 9 ! pr9t]s1 & x 0 easi] & *eap] to import ! ,s]vice-books1 ev5 ! ,prim]s1 ?an to produce !m at home4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( ,h5ry ,,viii4's reign ! numb] ( ,s]vice-books1 :i* _h previ\sly %[n "s fall+ (f1 aga9 increas$1 & "u 8 daught] ,m>y !re 01 ( c\rse1 a great revival ( !m4 ,! ,engli% pr9t]s 7 n[ bett] able to cope ) ! dem&1 & ( ! =ty-five ,s]vice-books 9 ! ,museum pr9t$ dur+ ^! ye>s1 tw5ty-f\r 7 pr9t$ 9 ,london1 aga9/ t5 at ,r\51 five at ,p>is1 & six at ,antw]p4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,museum collection1 bo? ( ^! & ( ! e>li] ,s]vice-books1 is by no means complete1 b x is probably repres5tative1 & !re c be no d\bt t dur+ ! p]iod :5 liturgies are mo/ int]e/+ bibliographically1 f\r-fif?s ( ^? pr9t$ = use 9 ,engl& came to u f abroad4 ,"o o!r small class ( books1 pr9t$ l liturgies = ! mo/ "p 9 ,lat91 b ) lapses into ,engli%1 mu/ be notic$ be=e we proce$ fur!r--! ,lat9 ,gramm>s = ! in/ruction ( ,engli% s*ool-boys4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! is an edition ( ! ,gramm> ( ,p]ottus1 pr9t$ by ,egidius van d] ,he]/rat5 at ,l\va91 ab\t #adhf1 & o!r gramm>-books by ,anwykyll & ,joannes de ,g>l&ia are said to h be5 pr9t$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury at ,dev5t]1 ,antw]p1 ,cologne1 & ,p>is4 ,if any ,memb] ( ! ,society c give me a li/ ( ^! dreadful little books ,i %all be v grateful to him1 b !y h always fill$ me ) s mu* compassion = ! un=tunate *ildr5 :o _h to le>n !m1 t ,i am afraid ,i h tak5 no notes ( ! few ,i h se54 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad reflect ! *ang+ phases ( our national life ,i propose n[ to trace ) a little m p>ticul>ity ! hi/ory ( ! classes ( ! ,engli% books pr9t$ at ,antw]p1 :]e ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury !y are specially pl5tiful4 ,we beg9 9 ! quiet days ( ,g]>d ,leeu & ,jan van ,doesborgh1 :o1 good hone/ m51 c\ld h _h no o!r object 9 _! ,engli% publications ?an ! mak+ a little pr(it out ( "s popul> subjects :i* our native pr9t]s 7 neglect+4 ,! ?ree gramm>-books pr9t$ by ,?i]ry ,m>t5s = ,jacobi & ,pelgrim 9 #aejg & #aejh1 are n v int]e/+4 ,*ri/oph] ( ,endhov51 :o calls himself ) equal frequ5cy ,ruremond5sis1 foll[$ 9 #aebc 9 a high] bran* ( ! trade1 compet+ ) ! pr9t]s ( ,r\5 & ,p>is :o produc$ ! ,s>um ,s]vice-books 9 su* numb]s4 ,f #aebc to #aeca1 ! succession ( ,missals1 ,processionals1 ,manuals1 ,psalt]s1 ,hymnals1 ,brevi>ies & ,horae1 :i* 7 pr9t$ by ,endhov5 at ,antw]p1 & sold 9 ,london1 mo/ly by ,francis ,byrckman or ,pet] ,kaetz1 is brok5 only by an edition ( ,lyndewood's ',prov9ciale4' ,9 #aeca we he> = ! fir/ "t a diff]5t note1 ?ree books be+ pr9t$ 9 t ye> = ,william ,tyndal1 :i* are ascrib$ to ! press ( ,m>t9 ,lemp]eur1 viz43 ',! prophete ,jonas1 ) an introducci be=e1 tea*+e to vnd]/onde him'2 ',! exposition ( ! fyr/e ,epi/le ( seynt ,jhon'2 & ',! prai] & complaynte ( ! pl[eman unto ,*ri/e'2 ! latt] an old book :i* ! title assigns to n long aft] #acjj4 ,! next ye> ! wid[ ( ,endhov5 pr9t$ ano!r ,s>um ',hymnal1' b 9 #aecd %e 0 employ$ by ! ,re=m]s1 pr9t+ ,george ,joy's revision ( ,tyndal's ,new ,te/am5t1 :ile ,joy's ,engli% ,psalt]1 & ,tyndal's own ,new ,te/am5t 7 pr9t$ by ,lemp]eur4 ,antw]p editions ( ! same ye> ( ! ',rudim5ta ,grammatices1' orig9ally drawn up = ,wolsey's s*ool at ,ipswi*1 & ( a ',progno/ication1' %[ t ! ,dut* pr9t]s did n q =get ! exi/5ce ( un!ological ,engli% read]s1 b = a long "t to come !ology 0 p>am\nt 9 ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad4 ,sev]al editions ( ,tyndal's ,new ,te/am5t 7 pr9t$ at ,antw]p 9 #aece1 #aecf & #aech1 & ?\gh ! attribution ( ! ,cov]dale ,bible ( #aece to ! press ( ,jacob van ,met]5 7a po9t :i* ,i leave to our ,bible exp]ts7 is n undisput$1 x seems g5]ally agre$ t ! composite v]sion kn[n z ',mat!w's ,bible1' br\ght out by ,grafton & ,:it*ur* 9 #aecg1 0 really ! "w ( an ,antw]p pr9t]1 probably ,m>t9 ,lemp]eur4 ,aft] #aech !re seems to h be5 a break 9 ! ,engli% pr9t+ at ,antw]p = j a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 dur+ :i* no ,engli% "w ( any importance 0 issu$1 ! fugitive ,re=m]s f9d+ ,switz]l& a mu* saf] refuge at ?is "t ?an ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,b 9 #aefc ,aegidius ,die/ pr9t$ two books 7,v9c5tius ,lir95sis ',on ! ,antiquity ( ! ,ca?olick ,fai?1' & ! ',buke ( ,f\rscore ?ree ,que/ions proponit to ! ,prote/ants 9 ,scotl&71 = ,n9ian ,w9zet1 a ,scot* ,ca?olic 9 exile = 8 religion4 ,! times we see h *ang$1 & x is n[ ! ,romani/ ,refugees :o seek pr9t]s abroad1 & ! ,prote/ants :o answ] !m 9 com=table safety at home2 & = sev]al ye>s ! ,romani/s kept ! ,dut* pr9t]s pretty busy4 ,f #aefd to #aefi1 ,die/ & ,laet at ,antw]p1 ,bog>d & ,f\l] at ,l\va91 pr9t$ betwe5 !m =ty ,engli% books1 by ,h>d+1 ,ra/ell1 ,m>tiall1 ,/apleton1 ,all51 & ,saund]s1 all m or less call$ =? by ,bi%op ,jewel's ',apologia ,ecclesiae ,anglicanae1' :i* naturally r\s$ ! ire ( ! ,ca?olics1 m p>ticul>ly ( ,h>d+1 :om ,jewel _h eject$ f 8 preb5d%ip4 ,! ill-heal? :i* prec$$ ,jewel's dea? 9 #aega caus$ him to we>y ( controv]sies1 & 8 oppon5ts at la/ we>i$ also1 ! next few ye>s be+ v unproductive ( ,engli% books 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,:5 activity reviv$1 ,antw]p no long] ma9ta9$ its supremacy4 ,! majority ( ! ,ca?olic books 7 pr9t$ n[ ei!r at ,l\va9 or ,d\ay1 :ile ! new refugees1 ! extreme ,puritans & ,br[ni/s1 took up _! qu>t]s at ,middleburg1 :]e _! books 7 mo/ly pr9t$ = !m by ,j4 or ,r4 ,s*ild]s4 ,:e!r ,middleburg 0 also ! real place ( impr9t ( ! editions ( ,m>l[e's ',epigrammes & ,elegies1' ! fir/ ( :i* appe>$ 9 #aeii1 is "o ( ! difficulties :i* /ill await a f9al inve/igation4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,edmonds pref]r$ to assign x to ! press ( ,w4 ,jagg>d1 ) ^: edition ( ! ',passionate ,pilgrim' x is b\nd up 9 ! ,i%am collection4 ,9 #aehi & #aeij we he> ( ano!r ,puritan refugee press at ,dort1 :]e sev]al works 7 pr9t$ = ,b>r[ & ,gre5wood1 :ile 9 #aeig ,h5o* ,clapham f\nd a local pr9t] = two !ological works :i* he _h compil$ = ! b5efit ( ! 'poore ,engli% congregation 9 ,am/]dam'2 "o or two books 7 also pr9t$ = ,engli% /ud5ts at ,leyd51 & "s ,engli% m$ical works at ,dort1 s t by ! end ( ! c5tury ! e>li] monopoly ( ,antw]p 0 completely de/roy$4 ,we mu/ turn back n[ to glance at "s o!r places :]e ,engli% books 7 pr9t$1 & fir/ we may note t ev5 9 ?is mo/ !ological ( c5turies a few miscellane\s works dem& our att5tion4 ,?us 9 #aeea ,j4 ,gryphius ( ,v5ice f\nd x wor? 8 :ile to pr9t a ',comp5di\s ,decl>ation1' by ,?omas ,raynalde1 '( ! v]tues ( a c]ta9 lateli inv5t$ oile1' call$ ',oile ,imp]iale1' & a little lat] on1 :5 ,william ,turn] 0 tir$ ( 'hunt+ ! ,romis*e wolfe1' ,arnold ,birckman pr9t$ = him1 at ,cologne1 ! two p>ts ( 8 ',h]bal' & 8 treatise on ',ba?s4' ,frellon's ,engli% edition 7,lyons #aedi7 ( ,holbe9's ',images ( ! ,old ,te/am5t' _h no !ological import1 b is an e>ly example ( ! pr9t+ ( ! explanatory text ( an illu/rat$ book 9 m languages ?an "o1 s z to secure a l>g] sale4 ,la/ly we mu/ n =get "o v important "w1 ,!odor de ,bry's ',briefe & true report ( ! new f\nd l& ( ,virg9ia1' pr9t$ by ,j4 ,we*el at ,frank=t 9 #aeij4 ,! great bulk1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury 7 !ological1 & ! presses ( ,augsburg1 ,basel1 ,cologne1 ,g5eva1 ,mun/]1 ,nuremb]g1 ,/rasburg1 ,wesel1 ,witt5b]g1 & ,zuri*1 besides ! fam\s "o ( ',m>lbor[ 9 ! l& ( ,hesse1' all te/ifi$ to ! activity ( ! ,engli% ,re=m]s4 ,! difficulties :i* beset ! hi/ory ( ^! ,engli% books pr9t$ 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l& are well kn[n4 ,we are n (t51 9 deal+ ) !m1 pull$ up s %>ply z :5 we f9d a book ( ,knox or ,bale pr(ess$ly pr9t$ 'at ,rome be=e ! ,ca/ell ( ,s4 ,angel1' b !re are o!r impr9ts 9 orig9al editions ! au!nticity ( :i* has be5 suspect$1 & ! "q is imm5sely complicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( ,london editions 9 :i* ! old impr9t has be5 s$ul\sly pres]v$4 ,a v l>ge numb] also ( ! mo/ int]e/+ books conta9 no indication :atev] ( _! orig91 & ! ra% attempts to place !m1 :i* h be5 made 9 catalogues & bibliographies1 are (t5 ! rev]se ( helpful4 ,i hope t ! ,society may ev5tually help to put ! subject on a bett] foot+1 b all ,i c d n[ is to m5tion a h&ful ( books1 r ) a view ( %[+ ! haunts ( ! re=m+ au?ors at v>i\s p]iods ?an ) mu* bibliographical int5tion4 ,?us ! edition ( ,tyndal's ,new ,te/am5t 0 pr9t$ = him by ,pet] ,qu5tel1 at ,cologne1 9 #aebe4 ,f #aebh to #aecj1 we f9d him employ+ ,hans ,lufft 'at ,m>lbor[ 9 ! l& ( ,hesse1' to pr9t 8 ',ob$i5ce ( a ,*ri/ian ,man1' ',p>able ( ! ,wick$ ,mammon' & ',g5esis4' ,9 #aeca1 z we h se51 ,m>t9 ,lemp]eur 0 work+ = him at ,antw]p4 ,john ,fri?'s ',pi/le to ! ,cri/5 ,read]' 0 pr9t$ by ,lufft1 8 ',answ]' to ,m1 writt5 :5 he 0 a prison] 9 ! ,t[]1 by ,c4 ,willems ( ,mun/]4 ,( ! next g5]ation ( ,re=m]s1 ,john ,bale1 ,bi%op ( ,ossory1 appe>s fir/ z employ+ ,mi*ael ,wood to pr9t 8 ',my/]y ( ,iniquity1' at ,g5eva1 9 #aede2 9 #aedf1 8 tract on ! ',exam9acyon ( ,anne ,askew' be>s ! impr9t ,m>burg1 & 8 ',actes ( ,engli% ,vot>ies' t ( ,wesel4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w1 ! ',illu/rium ,majoris ,britanniae ,scriptorum ,summ>ium' 7#aedh71 0 app>5tly begun at ,wesel by ,!odoricus ,plateanus & f9i%$ at ,ipswi* by ,john ,ov]ton4 ,aft] ! accession ( ,m>y1 ,bale seems to h _h a h& 9 "o or two books :i* appe> ) ! impr9t1 ,roane or ,r\51 :i* p]haps is no m au!ntic ?an t ( ',rome1 be=e ! ,ca/ell ( ,/4 ,angel1' :i* appe>s on 8 acc\nt ( 8 ',vocacyon to ! bi%opric ( ,ossory1' 9 #aeec4 ,a correspond5t has sugge/$ to me t ?is la/ may h be5 pr9t$ at ,/rasburg2 b ,knox's book ) ! same impr9t1 ',a godly lett] s5t to ! fay!full 9 ,london1 ,newca/ell & ,b>wyke' is attribut$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue to ! press ( ,hugh ,s+leton1 9 ,london1 & ?is may h be5 pr9t$ !re also4 ,knox's o!r books ) =eign impr9ts are mo/ly ,g5evan1 ',an ,answ] to a great numb] ( blasphem\s cavillations' be+ pr9t$ by ,jean ,cresp91 & '! copye ( a lett] s5t to ! ,lady ,m>ye' by ,j4 ,p\lla9 & ,a4 ,reb\l4 ,8 ',fai?ful ,admonition unto ! ,pr(ess\rs ( ,god's ,tru?s 9 ,engl&1' pr(ess$ly hails f ',kalyk[1' its real orig9 be+ d\btful4 ,we mu/ ha/5 on n[ to ! support]s ( ! o!r side ( ! religi\s controv]sy1 :o1 on ! accession ( ,elizabe?1 9 _! turn _h to seek refuge abroad4 ,z we h se51 !y at fir/ congregat$ at ,antw]p1 b 9 #aefh ,william ,all51 aft]w>ds ,c>d9al1 f\nd$ ! ,engli% ,college at ,d\ay1 & !reby made x ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,engli% ,ca?olic ,press dur+ ! next c5tury4 ,important1 h[ev]1 z ,d\ay is1 catalogu]s h1 p]haps1 work$ its pr9t]s a little too h>d1 & ! t5d5cy to ascribe to !m e ,engli% ,ca?olic book ) a =eign appe>ance is un=tunate4 ,we mu/ rememb] t = fifte5 ye>s f #aegh ! ,engli% ,college 0 transplant$ to ,rheims1 :i* ?us _h ! hon\r ( produc+1 9 #aehb1 ! fir/ ,roman ,ca?olic v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 complet$ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s lat] by ! issue ( ! ,old ,te/am5t at ,d\ay 9 #afji-aj4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t 0 pr9t$ by ,j4 ,fogny1 ! ,old by ,laur5ce ,kellam1 & x is ne$less to say t ! v]sions ( bo? books 7 vigor\sly attack$ by ! ,prote/ant exp]ts4 ,! abs5ce ( ! ,engli% ,college f ,d\ay1 f #aegh-ic1 ( c\rse dim9i%es ! probability ( ,engli% books hav+ be5 pr9t$ !re dur+ ^! ye>s1 & ! f\ndation ( ! ,sem9>y at ,s4 ,om]1 9 ! ye> ( its return1 soon provid$ a =midable rival4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f ! t[n records t pr9t+ 0 only introduc$ into ,s4 ,om] 9 #afja1 :5 ! t[n made a grant ( #ajj livres to ,f4 ,bellet = 8 exp5ses 9 br++ ?i!r 8 press4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,oliv]1 ! biograph] ( ! ,engli% ,jesuits1 a book entitl$ ',an apology = ! ,ar*-,prie/1' by ! indefatigable ,fa!r ,p>sons1 0 pr9t$ at ,s4 ,om] 9 ?is same ye>1 #afja1 s t ,bellet mu/ h got to "w v quickly1 unless ! ,college _h a sep>ate press ( its own4 ,fitzh]b]t's ',def5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,cause1' dat$ #afjb1 is also assign$ to ,sa9t ,om]1 z are ! majority ( ! books m5tion$ by ,oliv] z hav+ be5 pr9t$ dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,! e>lie/ names ,i f9d connect$ ) ! ,sa9t ,om] press are ^? ( ,c4 ,boc>d1 & ,john ,higham1 ! latt] ( :om pr9t$ simultane\sly at ,d\ay1 j z1 at an e>li] p]iod1 ,j4 ,f\l] _h done at ,d\ay1 ,antw]p1 & ,l\va94 ,^! two latt] places 7 n unproductive ( ,engli% books dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & o!rs 7 pr9t$ at ,brussels1 ,gh5t1 ,p>is1 & ,r\51 s t :olesale attributions to ,d\ay are em95tly unsafe4 ,x is notewor?y1 inde$1 t ,du?illceul 9 8 ',bibliographie d\aisi5ne' 7second edition1 #ahdb71 m5tions only j ov] tw5ty books z hav+ be5 pr9t$ 9 ,engli% at ,d\ay up to ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ludicr\sly bel[ ! m>k1 ,du?illceul's failure to discov] ,engli% books be+1 no d\bt1 due to _! hav+ f\nd _! way to ! c\ntry = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,z ,i h said1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ po9ts to ! ,engli% press at ,d\ay hav+ be5 consid]ably less prolific ?an is g5]ally believ$4 ,we mu/ pass on once m & ent] ! trackless wild]ness ( ! p]iod aft] #afdj4 ,no d\bt ! enorm\s increase 9 ! output ( ! press makes its hi/ory dur+ ! la/ two c5turies & a half di%e>t5+ly difficult1 b :5 ,i see all our bibliographical /alw>ts s s$ul\sly engag$ 9 cross+ ! 't's' & dott+ ! 'i's' 9 ! "w ( _! pr$ecessors 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( pr9t+1 ,i _c help regrett+ t at lea/ a few ( !m w n turn _! att5tion to ! lat] p]iod 9 :i* ev]y?+ /ill rema9s to be done4 ,z f> z ,i c judge1 ! ,civil ,w> did n leave _m traces 9 ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad1 b ,i h come across a few ( "s little int]e/4 ,resid5ce 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries seems to h caus$ a good _m cavali]s to reconsid] _! religi\s position1 & "s ( !m f\nd x necess>y to expla9 !mselves 9 pr9t4 ,sev]al books ( ?is k9d 7 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is4 ,?us 9 #afdd ,sir ,k5elm ,digby put =? ',two ,treatises1' "o ( :i* 0 conc]n$ ) ! ',immortality ( reasonable s\ls1' :ile 9 #afeb1 ,pet] ,t>ga publi%$ = him ',a ,disc\rse conc]n+ ,infallibility 9 ,religion1' :i* 0 repr9t$ 9 ! same ye> at ,am/]dam4 ,9 #afdg !re 0 publi%$ at ,p>is an ,engli% "w call$ ',exomologesis1' record+ ! conv]sion ( ,hugh ,paul9 de ,cressy1 & ?is w5t into a second edition six ye>s lat]4 ,9 #afdi we come across ',a ,lo/ ,%eep return$ ,home1 or ! motives ( ! conv]sion ( ,?omas ,vane1' & 9 #afeg1 ',presbyt]ies ,triall1 or ! occasion & motives ( conv]sion to ! ,ca?olic ,fai? ( a p]son ( quality 9 ,scotl&4' ,we f9d also sev]al ,engli% works ( devotion pr9t$ 9 ,p>is ab\t ?is "t1 & 9 #afei we h an anonym\s ',answ] to ! ,prov9ciall ,lett]s publi%$ by ! ,jans5i/s4' ,! impati5ce ( ! ,royali/ ,colony 9 ,france c\ld n wait = ! importation ( copies ( ! ',eikon ,basilike' f ,engl&1 & at lea/ "o edition 0 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #afdi1 z to :i* ,mr4 ,almack's book 7,no4 #bh 9 8 li/7 gives full in=mation4 ,at ! ,hague ! ,k+'s execution produc$ a v curi\s "w1 a translation ( ! ',electra' ( ,sophocles by ,c4 ,w4 7,*ri/oph] ,wace71 'pres5t$ to h] highness ! ,lady ,elizabe?2 ) an epilogue1 %ew+ ! p>allel 9 two po9ts1 ! ,return & ! ,re/auration4' ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,engli% r5d]+ ( any "p ( ,sophocles1 b ,i see t ,i wrote ( x "s ye>s ago t x 0 'b5ea? contempt1' &1 ,i d>esay1 ?is unk9d op9ion _h good f\ndation4 ,9 #afec we h at ,bruges an e*o ( ! ,lilburne controv]sy1 9 an answ] to 8 pamphlet1 ',john ,lilburne reviv$1' writt5 by ,capta9 ,w5dy1 "u ! title ',v9cit qui patitur1 or ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,john ,lylburne decyph]$4' ,la/ly1 at ! ,hague 9 #affj1 ,sir ,william ,l[] publi%$ a ',relation 9 =m ( a ,j\rnal ( ! ,voiage & ,resid5cie :i* ,*>les ,,ii4 ha? made 9 ,holl&1' & ?is is ! la/ book ( ! ,civil ,w> p]iod ( :i* ,i h a note4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 we h ! usual spr9kl+ ( devotional & !ological books pr9t$ abroad1 ) a few traces at ,gh5t & ,p>is ( ! controv]sies ( ,fri> ,pet] ,wal%4 ,i h recollections ( "o or two pamphlets pr9t$ by ! m9i/]s ( ,engli% ,puritan ,congregations 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 b ! only "o ( :i* ,i h a note is1 ',! ,int]e/ ( ^! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 be+ a ,def5ce ( ! ,zeal&]s' ,*oice1' 9 :i* ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,hill1 ,pa/or ( ! ,scot* ,*ur* at ,middleburg1 :]e ! book 0 pr9t$1 advocat$ 9 #afgc an alliance betwe5 ,engl& & ,holl&4 ,su* a book w\ld h "s int]e/ 9 itself1 b ! consequ5ces ( its publication give x additional importance 9 ! hi/ory ( book-lore4 ,hill's "w1 :i* 0 also pr9t$ at ,am/]dam 9 ,dut*1 gave great (f5ce to ! ,/ates2 he 0 ord]$ to leave ,zeel&1 to :i* he did n return till #afgh1 & x 0 dur+ ?is en=c$ abs5ce t he introduc$ into ,engl&1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,laz>us ,seaman1 ! ,dut* practice ( sell+ books by auction4 ,b = t unlucky pamphlet1 ,so!by's & ,puttick's might nev] h exi/$4 ,two o!r ,dut* pr9t$ books ( ?is p]iod are j wor? not+1 a repr9t1 9 #afhj1 at ! ,hague1 ( ',two ,spee*es made 9 ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s1' by ! ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 & a ',s]mon ( ,?anksgiv+ = ! deliv]y ( ,*>les ,,ii4' f ! conspiracy ( #afhc1 pr9t$ at ,rott]dam4 ,z ! ,revolution approa*es1 we get a w>n+ ( x 9 ! appe>ance1 at ! ,hague1 9 #afhg & #afhh1 ( ! ',citation ( ,gilb]t ,burnet' & ( ',dr4 ,burnet's ,v9dication ( himself1' :ile aft] ! flight ( ,james1 we may note ! publication at ,cologne ( ',! ,great ,ba/>d1 ,protector ( ! ,little ,"o1' 'done out ( ,fr5*' 9 #afhi1 a ,p>is edition ( ! ,k+'s 'spee*es' 9 #afib1 "u ! title ',royal ,tracts1' & 9 ! same ye> at ,am/]dam1 a ',lett]' writt5 "u ! "n ( ,g5]al ,ludl[1 def5d+ 8 comp>ison ( ! fir/ f\r ye>s ( ,*>les ,i4's reign ) ! tyranny ( ! f\r ye>s ( ,james ,,ii4 ,six ye>s lat]1 q 9 ! mod]n mann]1 ! old regicide publi%$ 8 ',memoirs1 f9d+ a pr9t] 9 ,switz]l& 'at ,vevay1 9 ! ,canton ( ,b]n1' :]e also a cont9uation 0 pr9t$ ! next ye>4 ,! pap] is already mu* long] ?an ,i _h int5d$1 & x is !re=e1 p]haps1 z well t ( ,engli% pr9t+ abroad dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,i h f\nd no trace1 except 9 a few devotional books publi%$ at ,d\ay4 ,!re ought to be "s ,jacobite tracts1 & ,i ne$ n say t any notes ( !m w be he>tily welcom$4 ,b !re is a la/ phase ( ! =eign pr9t+ ( ,engli% books ( :i* ,i may be all[$ to quote a few in/ances4 ,= v>i\s reasons dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s or s1 a good _m ,engli% m5 & wom5 ( lett]s h liv$ abroad1 & ?\gh mo/ ( !m1 l ,byron1 ,b$does1 ,l&or1 & ! ,br[n+s1 h s5t _! books to be pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 _! =eign resid5ce has occasionally left int]e/+ traces 9 books & booklets ) =eign impr9ts4 ,?us ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :ile ,ambassador at ! ,c\rt ( ,naples1 _h two books pr9t$ = him !re1 "o ',campi ,phlegraei' 7or7 ',obs]vations on ! ,volcanoes ( ! ,two ,sicilies' 9 #aggf1 ! o!r a s]ies ( collections ( ',engrav+s f ,anci5t ,vases' f\nd 9 ,sicily1 betwe5 #agia & #agie4 ,gibbon's long /ay 9 ,switz]l& d\btless _h some?+ to d ) ! publication at ,b]ne1 9 #agif-ig1 ( a repr9t ( 8 ',miscellane\s ,works' :i* _h !n only j appe>$ 9 ,london4 ,%elley's ',! ,c5ci' appe>$ 9 #ahai1 ) ! impr9t ,italy1 & 8 ',adonais' 0 pr9t$ 'at ,pisa ) ! types ( ,didot' 9 #ahba4 ,at ,p>ma1 sev]al ,engli% works obta9$ :at us$ to be consid]$ ! hon\r ( ,bodoni's types1 & ! ,engli% v5tures ( ,galignani at ,p>is1 ?\gh f> surpass$ by ! lat] ent]prise ( ,b>on ,tau*nitz1 des]ve a *ronicl]4 ,! employm5t ( =eign presses by w&]+ ,engli%m5 has n yet di$ out4 ,at ,davos ,platz1 ,/ev5son did bett]--he set up a toy press ( 8 own4 ,a ye> or two be=e ! pap] 0 read1 ,mr4 ,william ,%>p gave local col\r to 8 ',sospiri di ,roma' by employ+ a ,roman pr9t]1 & 9 #ahie an important ,engli% hi/orical "w1 ',! ,life ( ,sir ,rob]t ,dudley' 0 pr9t$ at ,flor5ce4 ,:5 ! ,bibliographical ,society takes up ! hi/ory ( ,engli% books pr9t$ abroad1 ,i hope t1 if only 9 a small pr9t app5dix1 room may be f\nd = a record ( ^! lat] books1 & t we %all n /op at #afjj1 or at #agjj1 or at #ahjj1 b recognise t our own age is z wor?y ( our att5tion z any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,,"s ,,pictorial ,,& ,,h]aldic ,,initials#ac ,pictorial initials 7 n greatly 9 fav\r dur+ ! gold5 age ( pr9t+1 & !re is mu* to be said aga9/ !m on ! score ( appropriat5ess & good ta/e4 ,if capital lett]s 7 all ei!r r\nd or oval1 "o great difficulty w\ld be remov$ f ! arti/'s pa?1 = a decorative circle or oval1 ev5 if a tail or h&le has to be add$ to x1 makes no bad frame = a little picture4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ to f9d t ! ,g]man design]s1 :o 7 ! fir/ to attack ! problem1 adopt$ a r\nd$ =m ( ! lett] ,t1 %ort5$ ! %aft ( a ,p to a m9imum1 & magnifi$ ! l[] curve ( a ,b or ,s1 :ile r$uc+ ! upp] "o z mu* z possible4 ,^! accommodations d n make = cle>ness1 & c]ta9 lett]s1 su* z ,a1 ,e1 ,h1 & ,m (t5 rema9$ /ubbornly outside any su* compromises4 #ac ,repr9t$1 by leave ( ,messrs4 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] & ,co4 f ',bibliographica1' vol4 iii4 7#ahif74 ,?is difficulty z to =m _h be5 exp]i5c$ &1 z f> z 0 possible1 ov]come1 by ! old illum9ators1 b ! pr9t]s _h a tr\ble ( _! own :i* may h made !m ?9k t movable types also 7 vanity4 ,an illum9ator :o _h to pa9t ! same initial twelve times probably f\nd a pleasure 9 v>y+ 8 m9iatures1 b ) ! pictures :i* _h n only to be drawn1 b to be cut on wood or s(t metal1 a pr9t] 0 naturally less incl9$ to be pr(use4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 f _! g5]al practice t ! e>ly pr9t]s _h g5]\s ideas z to ! adaptability ( any "o picture ( a t[n or a battle to ! repres5tation ( any o!r t[n or battle :i* might be m5tion$ 9 ! text2 b !re 7 only a few subjects capable ( ?is endless repetition1 & :5 ,leon>d ,holl prefix$ to 8 edition ( ,ptolemy's ',cosmographia' 7,ulm1 #adhb7 ! magnific5t1 if n v easily recognisable1 ,n1 :i* %[s ! editor1 ,nicolaus ,g]manus1 pres5t+ 8 book to ,pope ,paul ,,ii4 7fig4 #a71 he mu/ h kn[n t he w\ld h to wait a long "t be=e he c\ld use x aga94 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,f ,,ptolemy',s ',,cosmographia1' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,leon>d ,,holl4 ,,ulm1 #adhb ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,f ,a ',,josephus' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,lucas ,,br&es ,,at ,,lubeck ,lucas ,br&es ( ,lubeck1 9 8 spl5did editions ( ',josephus' & ! ',rudim5tum ,noviciorum1' us$ a f9e set ( initials1 into :i* v>i\s pictures c\ld be ins]t$ at pleasure4 ,ei!r f economy1 h[ev]1 or f ! pov]ty ( inv5tion ( 8 design]1 he _h rec\rse to no m ?an "s half doz5 subjects4 ,9 ! ',josephus' a battle-sc5e1 a cl]ic at 8 desk1 & a milit>y scribe1 :o has be5 id5tifi$ z a ,knight ,templ>1 & ^: adju/able read+-desk rem9ds u ( ! late/ inv5tions = ! com=t ( invalids1 recur aga9 & aga94 ,! scribe appe>s1 conv5i5tly en\gh1 9 ! f9e ,p "h %[n 7fig4 #b71 & 9 a ,c1 b we f9d him also huddl$ bel[ ! b> ( an ,h1 & p]*$ ^u t ( an ,a4 ,9 ! same way ! cl]k1 :o is prettily fram$ 9 a ,q1 is %[n to mu* less advantage 9 an ,m1 ( :i* ! middle /em has be5 brok5 (f to make room = him4 ,"o or two ( ! lett]s h no picture to fill !m 91 ! blocks be+ app>5tly all engag$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! book4 ,9 ! ',rudim5tum ,noviciorum' we f9d a ,david play+ 8 h>p )9 a ,d1 & ! same pictures1 ) ! loss ( ! ceil+ & "p ( ! floor1 is repeat$ 9 a ,b4 ,! cl]ic & ! battle-sc5e appe> aga9 f ! ',josephus1' & !re is also a ,c ) a r pretty picture ( ! ,virg9 ador+ ! ,holy ,*ild4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! only books 9 :i* l>ge pictorial initials are pr(usely & appropriately employ$ are "s ( ! great folio ,g]man ,bibles1 :]e ! c]ta9ty ( a l>ge sale & ! probability ( future editions enc\rag$ ! pr9t] to lib]ality4 ,?us 9 ! ,bibles publi%$ by ,gn!r ,za9] at ,augsburg 9 #adgc & #adgg ! prologue & ea* successive book beg9s ) a l>ge initial fill$ 9 ) a picture illu/rat+ ! subject ( ! text4 ,! prologue beg9s ) a ,b1 )9 :i* are seat$ ,s4 ,j]ome & a ,bi%op2 ,g5esis ) an ,i1 to ! "r ( :i* /&s ! ,creator1 :ile ! /em is brok5 by a circle %[+ ,adam & ,eve 9 ,ed52 ,exodus ) a ,d1 illu/rat+ ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ,numb]s ) a ,u1 )9 :i* /& ,moses & ,a>on4 ,9 ,g]man ,bibles ,d & ,u are ! initials mo/ 9 reque/1 &1 ?\gh ! ,u leaves little room = ! picture1 bo? are fairly conv5i5t lett]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! initial ,e ( ,job & ! ,a ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,*ronicles are awkw>dly divid$ by _! cross-b>s1 s t ea* has to conta9 two insignificant little pictures in/ead ( a s+le important "o4 ,9 mo/ ,g]man ,bibles ,i h se5 ^! pictorial initials are m or less ?ickly col\r$1 s t x is impossible to reproduce !m successfully1 b ,i give "h a f9e ,i tak5 f ! ,book ( ,esdras 9 ! undat$ edition pr9t$ by ,s5s5s*midt & ,frisn] at ,nuremb]g ab\t #adgf 7fig4 #c74 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,bible ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,frisn] ,,& ,,s5s5s*midt ,,at ,,nuremb]g1 ,,ab\t #adgf ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,,f ,,an ',,orosius' ,,publi%$ ,,by ,v,,r>d1 #aeji ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,,initial ,l ,,us$ ,,by ,,jacques ,,maillet ,,at ,,lyons ,outside ,g]many1 z we h said1 pictorial initials did n fl\ri% mu* 9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+1 = ! f9e/ pr9t]s1 z a rule1 abjur$ initials altoge!r1 & ! few :o us$ !m rightly pref]r$ purely decorative designs4 ,9 ,france1 9 "s editions ( ! ',m] des ,hi/oires' & simil> books1 we f9d two or ?ree ( v l>ge size1 a huge ,i1 ) a figure ( ,*ri/ )9 x1 & ! ,p "h reproduc$ 7fig4 #d71 ) ! usual picture ( an au?or at 8 "w4 ,vr>d1 h[ev]1 & ! few o!r fifte5?-c5tury publi%]s :o employ$ initials1 pref]r$ grotesques to pictures1 :i* only occasionally1 z 9 ! magnific5t ,l f ! ',m] des ,hi/oires' ( ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge1 h any high pictorial value4 ,9 ano!r ,l1 us$ at ,p>is & at ,lyons1 we h int]tw9$ ! faces ( an old man & a "y c\ple flirt+4 ,x 0 no d\bt specially design$ = ! #adib edition ( ! ',ma!olus1' or 'qu9ze joies du m>iage1' 9 :i* x seems to h made its fir/ appe>ance4 ,! monkey & bagpipes ,l ( ! ',recueil des hi/oires troy5nes1' & ! ,s4 ,george-&-!-,dragon ,l ( a ,lyons repr9t ( ! ',m] des ,hi/oires' may also be reckon$ z pictorial1 b ! m ord9>y v>ieties are purely grotesque comb9ations ( di/ort$ faces4 ,^! _h h>dly gone out ( fa%ion be=e ! ,r5aissance influ5ce 0 p>am\nt1 & ?\gh ,i h f\nd a few small pictorial initials 9 sixte5?-c5tury ,fr5* books1 notably a v pretty set 9 a ,utre*t ,missal1 pr9t$ by ,wolfgang ,hopyl at ,p>is 9 #aeje1ad !y are c]ta9ly exceptional4 #ad ,hopyl's initials are an in* & a half squ>e on a dott$ backgr\nd4 ,!y 7 evid5tly design$ specially = a ,missal1 ! pictures be+ appropriate to ! s]vices to :i* ! initials belong4 ,!y d n make up a complete alphabet1 b ( sev]al lett]s !re are two or ?ree v>iants1 e4g4 = ,r !re are pictures ( ,dea?1 ( ! ,annunciation1 & ( ! ,resurrection2 = ,s1 ( ,,ss4 ,cosmo & ,damian1 ( ,s4 ,m>t9 & ! ,begg>1 & ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,9 ,spa9 ! dignity & sev]ity :i* m>ks ! "w ( ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 oppos$ to any save purely decorative initials1 :i*1 probably ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,g]man pr9t]s 9 ! ,p59sula1 came into use at an e>ly date1 & 7 (t5 /rik+ly good4 ,! "o pictorial set ,i h f\nd occurs 9 ! ',copilacion de ,leyes1' promulgat$ 9 #adhe1 & pr9t$ by ,c5t5]a at ,zamora1 probably 9 ! same ye>4 ,ea* ( ^! initials1 n9e 9 numb]1 is appropriate to ! section ( ! book :i* x heads4 ,?us 9 an ,s two knights 9 combat h]ald ! laws ( *ivalry2 9 an ,a a canoni/ & 8 s*ol> preside ov] ^? ( matrimony2 = comm]ce we h money-*ang]s 9 a ,d1 & s on4 ,! initials are cut n 9 wood1 b on s(t metal1 :i* unluckily did n yield at all a good impression1 a fault by :i* ! be/ ,spani% decorative "w is (t5 m>r$4 ,9 ,italy pictorial initials d n make _! appe>ance until q late4 ,except at ,v5ice1 inde$1 pr9t$ initials ( any k9d 7 9 no high e/eem1 at ,flor5ce n com+ into use until #adhi4 ,at ,v5ice ,ratdolt's decorative alphabets f\nd sev]al imitators be=e ?is date1 & soon aft] #adij we f9d alphabets ( *ildr5 on a black gr\nd com+ into fav\r4 ,9 a ',donatus1' pr9t$1 accord+ to ,signor ,ongania1 9 #adic1 by ,guilelmus ,trid5tis1 we f9d an op5-"w ,p1 )9 :i* a boy is br++ a book to 8 ma/]1 &1 "u ! date #adid1 we are %[n a picture ( ,jacobus de ,vorag9e at "w "u ! %ad[ ( ! same lett]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury & 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? ! missals ( ,georgius ,arrivab5e & ,lucantonio ,giunta are cr[d$ ) pictorial initials ( v v>y+ value4 ,t "h %[n 7fig4 #f71 f ! ',missale ,ord9is ,vallisumbrosae1' pr9t$ by ,giunta 9 #aejc1 is a good example ( ! heavi] sort4 ,! lett] ?us trick$ out is a ,g1 ! initial ( ! ',gaudeamus' ) :i* ! introit beg9s on ! fe/ival ( ! fir/ ,abbot ( ,vallisumbrosa1 ,johannes ,gualb]tus4 ,num]\s o!r examples w be f\nd figur$ 9 ,ongania's ',arte della ,/ampa1' ?\gh ! c>eful /ud5t w soon discov] t ! initial lett]s ) :i* its pages are cr[d$ are usually fitt$ into any spaces :i* *ance to be vacant1 & (t5 h no connection ( any k9d ) ! l>g] reproductions :i* !y adjo94 ,?us _! s\rce c seldom be trac$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,,f ,,! ',,vallisumbrosa ,,missal1' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,giunta ,,at ,,v5ice1 #aejc ,) ! exception ( "s portrait-initials at ,pavia1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,paul ,kri/ell] has writt5 9 ',bibliographica1' vol4 i4 p4 #cef sq41 & a few ,engli% ones ( :i* we %all speak lat]1 ! initials 9 ^! ,v5etian ,s]vice-books are ! la/ ( any importance 9 :i* ! arti/ has endeav\r$ to comb9e picture & lett] into an h>moni\s design4 ,! arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 unlike _! craftsman pr$ecessors1 _h no feel+ = book-"w z su*1 & x mu/ be confess$ t ! pr9t]s repaid !m by pr9t+ _! delicate "w ) a c>elessness :i* 9 mo/ cases completely obscures x4 ,h5ce=? ! pr$om9ant type ( pictorial initial is "o 9 :i* a pla9 ,roman capital is impos$ ^u a picture to :i* x has no arti/ic relation1 & :i* x (t5 cruelly mutilates4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! reasonable pref]5ce = small books ov] bulky folios c>ri$ ) x a great r$uction 9 ! size ( initials1 ! refusal ( ! arti/s to simplify _! designs1 s z to accommodate !m to ^! n>r[] limits result$ 9 an absolute wa/e ( mu* f9e "w4 ,?us = ! fam\s ,holbe9 initials :i* came into use at ,basel ab\t #aebj ,i mu/ ref] my read]s to ! illu/rations 9 ',buts*1' :i*1 good z !y are1 d n enc\rage me to attempt fre% reproductions4 ,ev5 9 ! orig9al books 9 :i* ! initials appe>1 mu* ( ! delicacy ( ! designs is hopelessly lo/1 = x 0 impossible t a little picture1 (t5 ( less ?an an in* squ>e1 h[ev] c>efully cut1 %\ld be adequately r5d]$ :5 pr9t$ 9 a page ( type by workm5 :o _h already lo/ mu* ( ! cunn+1 or r mu* ( ! capacity = tak+ pa9s1 ( ! e>ly ma/]s ( ! craft4 ,! new s*ool ( design]s ca/ aside1 z a rule1 any attempt to suit _! pictures to ! subject ( any p>ticul> books1 tak+ in/ead "s "o !me or idea :i* !y illu/rat$ ?r\gh all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,?us we h ! ,*ild ,alphabet & ,peasant ,alphabet ( ,holbe91 & ! same ma/]'s /ill m fam\s ',dance ( ,dea?' design$ = lett]s slightly l>g] ?an ! previ\s ones1 b yet no m ?an an in* squ>e4 ,! alphabet by ! ,ma/] ,i4 ,f4 is m ?an a half z l>ge aga9 z ?is1 & is ! mo/ decorative ( any1 ! pictures be+ drawn 9 relief aga9/ a black gr\nd4 ,! e>ly lett]s ( ?is alphabet illu/rate ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules1 ^: "n & t ( 8 antagoni/s are inscrib$ ^u !m4 ,:5 ,h]cules 0 exhau/$1 ! arti/ seems to h fall5 back on ! ,scriptures1 8 ,r repres5t+ ,lot1 8 ,s ,balaam1 & s on4 ,^! ,basel initials1 :i* appe> *iefly 9 books pr9t$ by ,frob51 ,bebel1 ,crat&]1 & ,fros*ov]1 7 no d\bt ! p>5ts ( ! small pictorial initials :i* soon became popul> 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,engl&4 ,_! developm5t 9 ,g]many may be trac$ 9 ! pages ( ,buts*1 :ile ! ,italian initials ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury h already be5 dealt ) 9 ',bibliographica' 9 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,butl]'s int]e/+ article 7vol4 i4 pp4 #dah-bg74 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 has endeav\r$ to trace ! hi/ory ( pictorial initials 9 our own c\ntry1 & ,i hope t ! notes :i* ,i h be5 able to br+ toge!r on ?is "p ( ! subject1 scanty z !y are1 may yet prove ( "s use z a beg9n+4 ,z ,mr4 ,butl] has %[n1 ! idea ( ! ,italian alphabets is t ! subject ( ea* picture %\ld beg9 ) ! lett] :i* is impos$ ^u x4 ,9 a scriptural set ,a may %[ u ,abraham1 ,b ,babel or ,balaam1 ,c ,ca92 9 a my?ological1 ,a may be ,ajax1 ,b ,bucephalus1 ,c a ,c5taur1 & s ) o!r subjects4 ,9 isolat$ in/ances we may trace ?is connection betwe5 lett] & ^w at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,?us 9 ! ,lubeck ',josephus' besides ! l>ge initials !re is also a mu* small] ,d enclos+ a picture ( ,david1 & x is at lea/ possible t ! *oice ( ! picture 0 sugge/$ by ! lett] be+ ! initial ( ,david's "n4 ,! novelty to :i* ,mr4 ,butl] drew att5tion consi/s 9 ! application ( ?is sy/em ( illu/ration ?r\gh an entire alphabet1 & ,i h f\nd no good reason = *all5g+ 8 claim t ?is novelty orig9at$ 9 ,italy4 ,if x is to /&1 h[ev]1 we mu/ put back ! fir/ occurr5ce ( ^! lett]s to "s ye>s be=e #aedf1 :i* is ! fir/ positive date he m5tions1 = 9 ! fir/ ,greek book pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ',homiliae ,duae' ( ,s4 ,*ryso/om1 publi%$ by ,reyn] ,wolf 9 ,augu/ #aedc1 !re are f\r initials :i*1 despite "s difficulties z to two ( !m1 probably belong to ?is class4 ,! lett]s are 7i7 a ,d1 "h figur$1 :i* obvi\sly /&s = ,diog5es1 7ii7 an ,h 7us$ z a ,greek eta7 %[+ ,eli 7or ,heli7 & ,samuel1 7iii7 a ,k1 "h figur$1 repres5t+ ! f\nta9 ( ,en-hakkore :i* sprang at ,samson's pray] f ! jaw-bone ( ! ass1 ) :i* he _h sla9 ! ?\s& ,phili/9es1 & 7iv7 a ,q 7repeat$7 depict+ ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4 ,despite ! exi/5ce ( two ,k's 9 ,en-hakkore1 & ! possibility ( ! ,q /&+ = ,quae/io or ,qu]imonia1 ! difficulty ( fitt+ ! "r words to ^! lett]s makes x possible t ! propriety ( ! ,d & ,h may be accid5tal1 b on ! :ole ! probability is ! o!r way4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,d ,,& ,k ,,f ,,! ',,homiliae' ,,duae ,,( ,s4 ,,*ryso/om1 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,r4 ,,wolfe4 ,,london1 #aedc ,! int]e/+ "q n[ arises :]e did ,wolfe get ^! lett]s1 :i* h all ! appe>ance ( be+ us$ "h = ! fir/ "t8 ,_! simil>ity to ! lett]s to :i* att5tion 0 fir/ call$ by ,mr4 ,butl] is s great t we c h>dly d\bt t1 directly or indirectly1 !y are ( ,italian orig94 ,b ! introduction ( gold-tool+ into ,engl& by ,b]!let1 examples ( :i* occur on books pr9t$ z e>ly z #aeda1 0 und\bt$ly effect$ ?r\gh ,italian workm51 & x is q possible t ^! lett]s 7 cut 9 ,engl& by ,italians liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,if1 h[ev]1 fur!r inve/igation %\ld prove t !y 7 import$1 !y may help u to det]m9e f :at qu>t] ,wolfe obta9$ 8 ,greek type1 ( :i* no complete f\nt _h hi!rto exi/$ 9 ,engl&4 ,six ye>s aft] ! ',*ryso/om' we f9d traces1 9 ! edition by ,:it*ur* 7,m>* #aedi7 ( ! fir/ ,pray]-,book ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 ( ano!r set ( scriptural initials ( ! same "*4 ,! f\r lett]s :i* ,i h not$ are an ,a 7,abraham & ,isaac71 a ,b 7,balaam71 an ,i 7,jacob's dream71 & an ,o 7,ol(]nes74 ,! lett]s are all v mu* worn1 s t ! pictures 9 _m in/ances are b>ely deciph]able4 ,( ! next pictorial alphabet 9 ,engli% books ,i h lately be5 surpris$ to f9d "o lett] 9 a proclamation pr9t$ by ,b]!let 9 #aedf1 my previ\s acqua9tance ( x beg9n+ ) books pr9t$ m ?an t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! pictures 9 ?is alphabet are all sign$ ) an ,a1 at ! top ( :i* is a little projection sugge/+ t x /&s = ! monogram ( ,a4 ,s4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,sayle has f\nd initials ) ?is signature 9 books pr9t$ dur+ ! reign ( ,elizabe? & ,james ,i41 :i* ne>ly make up a complete alphabet1 ) "s lett]s 9 duplicate4 ,accord+ to ,bryant & ,ngl]1 ! engrav] ,anton ,sylvius1 :o 0 born at ,antw]p 9 #aebf1 & work$ = ,plant9 f #aeej to #aegc1 us$ ! monogram ,i h describ$4 ,b ,i am n :olly satisfi$ t ?is ,a4 ,s4 is ! same man4 ,ano!r po9t ( "s difficulty is :e!r ! pictures h any relation to ! lett]s4 ,"s ( !m come 9 v neatly1 ?us ,e & ,europa rid+ on h] bull1 ,m & ,m]cury1 ,t & a lady1 :o may v well be ,!tis1 h>angu+ a c\ncil ( ,gods1 ano!r ,t ) ,neptune fl\ri%+ a v prom95t ,trid5t1 g well en\gh toge!r1 b :y %\ld a ,w be illu/rat$ by ,h]cules & ,cacus1 or an ,f by ,cephalus & ,procris1 or an ,i by ! bir? ( ,adonis8 ,on ! :ole1 p5d+ fur!r explanations1 x w\ld seem t to connect lett] & subject 0 reg>d$ by ! design]s r z desirable ?an ess5tial4 ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,,pictorial ,,initial ,,attribut$ ,,to ,,anton ,,sylvius ,! same po9t arises z to a mu* clumsi] pictorial alphabet1 ) l>ge figures 9 x1 f\nd 9 books & proclamations1 pr9t$ f #aedg onw>ds4 ,"h ! picture belong+ to ! ,t is ( ,*ri/ & ! ,tribute-money1 b ! pictures 9 o!r lett]s seem "p ( a set illu/rat+ ! works ( m]cy 7visit+ prison]s1 heal+ ! w\nd$1 etc47 & to h no special appropriat5ess to _! initials4 ,9 #aeed we f9d ,cawood 9 possession ( bo? ( ^! sets ( initials4 ,he _h obta9$ ! fir/ app>5tly f ,b]!let1 & ! second f ,grafton4 ,! rud] set seems to h soon fall5 into disuse1 ?\gh ,i f9d "s lett]s f x 9 ! possession ( ,john ,day 9 #aefc1 b t ( ,a4 ,s4 7individual lett]s be+ re-cut z ne$ arose7 0 pass$ on to ,b>k]1 :5 he became ,que5's ,pr9t]1 & reappe>s 9 sev]al books ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,,h]aldic ,,initial ,,f ,,grafton',s ,,edition ,,( ',,hall4' ,,london1 #aedh ,9 #aedh1 9 ,grafton's edition ( ,hall's ',union ( ! ,families ( ,lanca%ire & ,york1' we f9d a new exp]im5t 9 ! =m ( h]aldic initials4 ,! d$ication to ,edw>d ,,vi4 beg9s ) a l>ge ,o1 measur+ #b-c_/d in*es ea* way1 & conta9+ ! v elaborate arms ( ! au?or himself2 ! records ( ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,viii41 ) an op5 ,h2 t ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ) a ,d1 ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ) a ,p1 & ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ) a f9e ,c 7fig4 #i71 ea* lett] conta9+ ! k+'s arms4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,,f ,a ,,bible ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,day4 ,,london1 #aeea4 #d,,to4 ,9 #aeea1 9 ! qu>to ,bible pr9t$ by ,john ,day1 ! d$ication to ,edw>d ,,vi4 by ,edmond ,becke beg9s ) a really excell5t pictorial ,e 7%[n 9 fig4 #aj71 repres5t+ ! (f] ( a copy to ! k+4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! initials = ,hall's ',*ronicle1' ?is design mu/ h be5 specially prep>$ = ! book1 & !re=e presumably 9 ,engl&1 s t we ne$ n set d[n o!r lett]s too freely z importations f abroad4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,,h]aldic ,,initial ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,arms ,,( ,,dudley ,,( ,,leice/] ,9 #aeei1 9 ,cunn+ham's ',cosmographical ,glass1' pr9t$ = him by ,john ,day1 !re are sev]al l>ge initials1 v good ( _! k9d & v well pr9t$4 ,! h]aldic ,d1 :i* is peculi>ly graceful1 conta9s ! arms ( ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 to :om ! book is d$icat$4 ,! pictorial ,i & ,l 7"h %[n7 are bo? sign$1 ! =m] ,i4 ,d41 a signature :i* recurs on sev]al ( ! illu/rations1 ! latt] ,i4 ,b41 :o 0 also ! design] ( ! bord] to ! title-page4 ,an ef=t seems to h be5 made to get ,dudley's arms into a ,d1 z ! op5+ allusion to ,da$alus is c]ta9ly dragg$ 9 by ! %\ld]s4 ,! o!r two lett]s %[n1 probably h ref]5ce to ! subject ( ! book1 ! ,preface1 9 :i* ! ,i is f\nd1 lay+ especial /ress on ! importance ( ,cosmography 9 w>4 ,! o!r pictorial initials 9 ! book are an ,s1 9 :i* "o man is po9t+ to a sun-dial & ano!r to ! sun 7sign$ ) a monogram ( a ,c & a small ,i )9 x71 an ,a ) a procession ( satyrs by ! same arti/1 & a ,t %[+ sea-gods navigat+ a %ip 7sign$ ,h74 ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,,initial ,,sign$ ,i4 ,d4 ,x is ?us obvi\s t sev]al design]s1 or engrav]s1 7 at "w ab\t ?is "t on pictorial initials1 ?\gh x w probably be f\nd no easy matt] to id5tify !m4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,,initial ,,sign$ ,i4 ,b4 ,9 #aefc mo/ ( ! lett]s f ! ',cosmographical ,glass' are f\nd aga9 9 ! v r>e edition ( ! music to ,/]nhold & ,hopk9s' metrical v]sion ( ! ,psalms1 also pr9t$ by ,day4 ,9 ! f\r p>ts ( ! book !re are ?ree o!r initials ( ! same "*1 a ,w repres5t+ ! battle ( ! ,pigmies & ! ,cranes1 a ,p ( ,h]cules 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides1 & an ,r ) a hunt+-sc5e 7sign$ ) ! monogram ,c4 ,i474 ,all are excell5t4 ,illu/ration3 #aa-ac4 ,,initials ,,f ,,cunn+ham',s ',,cosmographical ,,glass1' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,day1 #aeei ,two or ?ree m examples ( ^! l>ge initials w br+ to a close my notes ( ^? :i* ,i h be5 able to f9d 9 ,engli% books ( ?is p]iod1 ?\gh d\btless o!rs are await+ ! rese>* ( future inve/igators4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ,as*am's ',s*olema/]1' pr9t$ by ,day 9 #aegj1 ! l>ge ,s is repeat$ f ! ',cosmographical ,glass1' & %[s "s signs ( we>4 ,ano!r lett] ( a slightly l>g] size by ! same design] is f\nd prefix$ to ! ',hi/ory ( ,irel&' 9 ! #aegg edition ( ',hol9%$' pr9t$ by ,h>rison4 ,?is is a ,t1 & ! picture x conta9s %[s an a/ronom]1 :om we may p]haps reasonably id5tify ) ,ptolemy4 ,if s1 we may rememb] t 8 "n us$ to be spelt all ov] ,europe ) ! omission ( its fir/ lett]1 ?\gh ! true =m seems to be t us$ 9 ,engli% books ( ! p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,,f ,,as*am',s ',,s*olema/]1' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,day1 #aegj ,! o!r pictorial initial 9 ! #aegg ',hol9%$'#ae is ! l>ge/ ,i h f\nd 9 any ,engli% book1 measur+ ne>ly ?ree & a half in*es ea* way4 ,! lett] is an ,i1 ! subject ( ! picture ! ,creation1 & x is conceivable t1 ?\gh we f9d x 9 an ,engli% hi/ory1 x 0 orig9ally int5d$ = ! fir/ page ( a ,great ,bible1 9 :i* x w\ld fitly h illu/rat$ ! words ',9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4' ,x is possible1 inde$1 t ?is applicability to a p>ticul> text may sometimes h be5 tak5 z a motive1 :5 x 0 f\nd difficult to e/abli% a connection betwe5 ! initial & ! subject ( a picture z summ$ up 9 any s+le ^w4 ,?us a ,w1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,cawood's books 9 connection ) ! ,a4 ,s4 initials1 repres5ts ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & irresi/ibly rem9ds u ( ! v]se ',:5 ,israel came out ( ,egypt1' ?\gh n ( ! ^w ,exodus4 #ae ,s9ce ?is pap] 0 9 type ,i h be5 %[n an e>li] example ( ?is lett] 9 a book pr9t$ by ,r4 ,wolfe 9 #aefc4 ,"s v f9e h]aldic initials /ill rema9 to be notic$4 ,! initials 9 ! e>ly editions ( ! ,engli% ,bible are disappo9t+1 b 9 ! fir/ & second editions ( ! s-call$ ',bi%ops' ,bible1' pr9t$ by ,jugge 9 #aefh & #aegb1 special att5tion seems to h be5 paid to !m1 & besides _m small pictorial & decorative lett]s ( int]e/1 !re are "s really f9e examples ( h]aldic designs4 ,! own]s ( ! arms :i* ,i h id5tifi$ are ,ar*bi%op ,cranm]1 ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 ,cecil1 ,dudley1 & ,francis ,russell1 second ,e>l ( ,b$=d4 ,p>k]'s arms are exhibit$ 9 sev]al diff]5t lett]s1 g5]ally ) 8 initials ,m4 ,c4 7,mat!w ( ,cant]bury7 & ! date4 ,! =m ( ^! h]aldic lett]s is usually graceful1 & !y are mu* m easily ju/ifiable on arti/ic gr\nds ?an ! pictorial initials at :i* we h be5 look+4 ,! title-pages ( ! ',bi%ops' ,bible' are adorn$ ) copp]-engrav+s ( "s m]it ( ,elizabe? h]self1 ,cecil1 & ,dudley4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,i regret to say1 has be5 turn$ into an initial at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalms by ! simple device ( giv+ ,"l ,burleigh a l>ge ,roman ,b to hold 9 8 h&4 ,a less viol5t & m successful ef=t aft] a portrait-initial is "h %[n f ! edition ( ,foxe's ',actes & ,monum5tes1' pr9t$ by ,day 9 #aegf4 ,ano!r portrait-initial ( ! ,que5 is f\nd 9 an ,e1 :i* heads "o ( h] ,proclamations pr9t$ by ,purfoot1 & an inf]ior "o 9 an ,f 9 ano!r ,proclamation pr9t$ by ,b>k]4 ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,,f ,,foxe',s ',,actes ,,& ,,monum5tes1' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,day1 #aegf ,"s ( ! h]aldic initials ( ! fir/ & second editions ( ! ',bi%ops' ,bible' are repeat$1 ) "s additional ones ( small] size1 9 ! #aegc edition4 ,p>k]'s arms are also to be f\nd 9 ! edition ( ',mat!w ,p>is' issu$ "u 8 patronage 9 #aega1 ,cecil's 9 ! #aegg ',hol9%$' already m5tion$1 & x is probable t a good _m o!rs may be discov]$4 ,x seems to me1 inde$1 t /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ,engli% pr9t+ h h>dly paid ! att5tion x des]ves to ! "w ( ! =ty ye>s f #aedj to #aehj4 ,! pr9t]s & bookm5 ( ?is p]iod 7 n di/+ui%$ by mu* orig9ality1 or by delicate arti/ic ta/e1 b !y 7 m5 ( consid]able ent]prise1 & _! int]e/ 9 _! books 0 great & g5u9e4 ,?is int]e/ & ent]prise left a v di/9ctive m>k on ! types1 ! illu/rations & ! b9d+s ( ! books ( ! p]iod1 & ?\gh ! ideas :i* und]lie !m 7 mo/ly borr[$ f abroad1 !y 7 develop$ ) a c]ta9 fre$om & l>g5ess :i* are n )\t _! effect4 ,,engl& ,,& ,,! ,,booki% ,,arts#af ,!re are s _m gaps 9 our k ( ! hi/ory ( books 9 ,engl& t we c h>dly claim t our own dwell+ is set 9 ord]1 & yet _m ( our bookm5 appe> m incl9$ to re-decorate _! neighb\r's h\ses ?an to d "w t /ill urg5tly ne$s to be done at home4 ,! reasons = ?is transf]5ce ( en]gy are n f> to seek4 ,x is q easy to be /ruck ) ! inf]iority ( ,engli% books & _! accessories1 su* z b9d+s & illu/rations1 to ^? produc$ 9 ! same c5turies on ! ,cont95t4 ,?us to comp>e ! books pr9t$ by ,caxton ) ! be/ "w ( 8 ,g]man or ,italian contempor>ies1 to comp>e ! books b\nd = ,h5ry1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ) ^? b\nd = ! ,k+s ( ,france1 to try to f9d ev5 a doz5 ,engli% books pr9t$ be=e #afdj ) woodcuts 7n import$ f abroad7 ( any real arti/ic m]it--if any "o is anxi\s to re9=ce 8 national mode/y1 "h are ?ree v efficaci\s me?ods ( do+ x6 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,engli% book-collectors h always be5 cosmopolitan 9 _! ta/es1 & )\t leav+ ,engl& x is possible to /udy to "s effect1 9 public or private libr>ies1 ! f9e/ books ( almo/ any =eign c\ntry4 ,x is small wond]1 !re=e1 t our bookm51 :5 !y h be5 m9d$ to write on _! hobbies1 h s\ght beauty & /atel9ess ( "w :]e !y c\ld mo/ readily f9d !m1 & t ! lab\r]s 9 ! bookfield ( our own c\ntry are n num]\s4 ,t\*/one's rem>k1 'a poor ?+1 b m9e own1' might1 on ! wor/ view ( ! case1 h sugge/$ great] dilig5ce at home2 b on a wid] view ,engli% book-"w is by no means a 'poor ?+4' ,its excell5ce at c]ta9 p]iods is z /rik+ z its inf]iority at o!rs1 & x is a lit]al fact t !re is no art or craft connect$ ) books 9 :i* ,engl&1 at "o "t or ano!r1 has n held ! primacy 9 ,europe4 #af ,f ! introduction to ! ',engli% ,bookman's ,libr>y1' by leave ( ,messrs4 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] & ,co4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be unreasonable to compla9 t pr9t+ ) movable types 0 n inv5t$ at a "t bett] suit$ to our national conv5i5ce4 ,yet ! fact t ! inv5tion 0 made j 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury con/itut$ a h&icap by :i* ! pr9t+ trade 9 ?is c\ntry 0 = g5]ations ov]weight$4 ,at almo/ any e>li] p]iod1 m p>ticul>ly f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5?1 ,engl& w\ld h be5 z well equipp$ z any =eign c\ntry to take its "p 9 ! race4 ,f ! production ( ,que5 ,m>y's ,psalt] at ! e>li] date to t ( ! ,%]borne ,missal at ! lat]1 ,engli% manuscripts1 if we may judge f ! scanty specim5s :i* ! evil days ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,edw>d ,,vi4 h left u1 may vie 9 beauty ( writ+ & decoration ) ! f9e/ examples ( ,cont95tal art4 ,if ,john ,sif]was1 in/ead ( ,william ,caxton1 _h introduc$ pr9t+ into ,engl&1 our ,engli% incunabula w\ld h tak5 a f> high] place4 ,b ! sixty odd ye>s :i* sep>ate ! two m5 7 absolutely disa/r\s to ! ,engli% book-trade4 ,already exhau/$ by ! futile w> ) ,france1 ,engl& 0 torn asund] by ! w>s ( ! ,roses1 & by ! "t ^! 7 end$ ! s*ool ( illum9ation1 s full ( promise1 & seem+ly s firmly e/abli%$1 _h absolutely di$ out4 ,:5 pr9t+ 0 introduc$ ,engl& possess$ no tra9$ illum9ators or skilful scribes su* z 9 o!r c\ntries 7 oblig$ to make ! be/ ( ! new art 9 ord] n to lose _! liv+1 nor 7 !re any native wood-engrav]s ready to illu/rate ! new books4 ,i h nev] myself se5 or he>d ( a ',caxton' 9 :i* an illum9ator has pa9t$ a prelim9>y bord] or initial lett]s2 ev5 ! rubrication1 :]e x exi/s1 is usually a disfigurem5t2 :ile z = pictures1 x has be5 unk9dly said t inquiry :5ce !y 7 obta9$ is sup]flu\s1 s9ce any boy ) a knife c\ld h cut !m z well4 ,mak+ its />t "u ^! unfav\rable conditions1 ! ,engli% book-trade 0 expos$ at once to ! full competition ( ! ,cont95tal presses1 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 expressly exclud+ x f ! protection :i* 0 giv5 to o!r indu/ries4 ,practically all le>n$ books ( e k9d1 ! great majority ( our s]vice-books1 mo/ gramm>s = use 9 ,engli% s*ools1 & ev5 a few popul> books ( ! k9d to :i* ,caxton devot$ himself1 7 produc$ abroad = ! ,engli% m>ket & freely import$4 ,only ^? :o mi/ake ! %ad[ = ! sub/ance w regret ?is free trade1 to :i* we owe ! developm5t ( s*ol>%ip 9 ,engl& dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,none ! less1 x 0 h>d on a "y indu/ry1 & ?\gh ,pynson1 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ! ,faques1 ,b]!let1 ,wolfe1 ,john ,day1 & o!rs produc$ f9e books 9 ,engl& dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! />t giv5 to ! ,cont95tal presses 0 too great1 & be=e our pr9t]s _h fully caught up _! competitors1 !y too 7 seiz$ ) ! c>elessness & almo/ incr$ible bad ta/e :i* m>ks ! books ( ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 z is well kn[n1 ! ,fr5* ?\ght suffici5tly well ( ,bask]ville's types to pur*ase a f\nt aft] 8 dea? = ! pr9t+ ( an important edition ( ! works ( ,voltaire4 ,b ! m]its ( ,bask]ville z a pr9t]1 nev] v cordially admitt$1 are n[ m hotly disput$ ?an ev]2 & if ,i am ask$ at :at p]iod ,engli% pr9t+ has atta9$ t occasional primacy :i* ,i h claim$ = our expon5ts ( all ! booki% arts1 ,i w\ld boldly say t x possesses x at ! pres5t day4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,kelmscott ,press books & ^? ( ! ,doves ,press1 on _! own l9es1 are ! f9e/ & mo/ h>moni\s :i* h ev] be5 produc$2 on ! o!r1 ! book-"w turn$ out 9 ! ord9>y way ( bus9ess by ! five or six lead+ pr9t]s ( ,engl& & ,scotl& seems to me1 bo? 9 te*nical qualities & 9 excell5ce ( ta/e1 ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 & ) no rival wor? m5tion+1 except 9 ! "w ( "o or two ( ! be/ firms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,moreov]1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 x is only 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica t ! =m ( books is n[ ! subject ( ! ceaseless exp]im5t & +5uity :i* are ! signs ( a p]iod ( arti/ic activity4 ,z reg>ds book-illu/ration ! same claim may be put =w>d1 ?\gh ) a little m hesitation4 ,we h be5 taught lately1 ) insi/5ce1 t '! sixties' m>k$ an epo* 9 ,engli% art1 solely f ! black & :ite "w 9 illu/rat$ books4 ,at t p]iod our book-pictures are said to h be5 ! be/ 9 ! _w2 un=tunately our book-decoration1 :e!r bett] or worse ?an t ( o!r c\ntries1 0 almo/ unmitigat$ly bad4 ,9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury our decorative "w has improv$ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann]2 our illu/rations1 if judg$ m]ely = _! pictorial qualities1 h n advanc$4 ,9 ! eyes ( arti/s ! sket*es = book-"w n[ be+ produc$ 9 o!r c\ntries are probably z good z our own4 ,b an illu/ration is n m]ely a picture1 x is a picture to be plac$ 9 a c]ta9 position 9 a pr9t$ book1 & 9 due relation to ! size ( ! page & ! "* ( ! type4 ,engli% book-illu/rators by no means always realise ?is di/9ction1 yet !re is on ! :ole a great] feel+ = ^! proprieties 9 ,engli% books ?an 9 ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 & ?is is an important po9t 9 e/imat+ m]its4 ,ano!r important po9t is t ! rule ( ! 't9t' or 'half-tone' block1 ) its inevitable accompanim5t ( load$ pap]1 ugly to ! eye & heavy 9 ! h&1 ?\gh x has s]i\sly damag$ ,engli% illu/rat$ "w1 has n yet ga9$ ! pr$om9ance x has 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,our be/ illu/rat$ books are pr9t$ f l9e-blocks1 & !re are ev5 signs ( a possible revival ( arti/ic wood-engrav+4 ,9 endeav\r+ to make good my ass]tion ( :at ,i h call$ ! occasional primacy ( ,engli% book-"w1 ,i am n unaw>e ( ! dang] ( try+1 or seem+ to try1 to play ! /ra9s ( ',rule ,britannia' on my own poor p5ny :i/le4 ,z reg>ds manuscripts1 !re=e1 x is a pleasure to be able to seek %elt] beh9d ! au?ority ( ,sir ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson1 ^: words 9 ?is connection c>ry all ! m weight1 because he has %[n himself a sev]e critic ( ! claims :i* h be5 put =w>d on behalf ( sev]al f9e manuscripts to be reg>d$ z ,engli%4 ,9 ! clos+ p>agraphs ( 8 monograph on ',engli% ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts' he ?us sums up ! pret5sions ( ! ,engli% s*ool3-- ',! freeh& draw+ ( our arti/s "u ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s 0 incomp>ably sup]ior to ! dead copies f ,byzant9e models :i* 7 9 fav\r abroad4 ,! arti/ic in/9ct 0 n de/roy$1 b r /r5g!n$1 by ! incom+ ( ,norman influ5ce2 & ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies !re is abundant mat]ial to %[ t ,engli% book-decoration 0 !n at lea/ equal to t ( neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,= our art ( ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury we claim a /ill high] position1 & cont5d t no o!r nation c\ld at t "t produce su* graceful draw+4 ,c]ta9ly inf]ior to ?is high /&>d ( draw+ 0 ! "w ( ! latt] "p ( t c5tury2 b /ill1 z we h se51 9 ! m9iatures ( ?is "t we h examples ( a ris+ s*ool ( pa9t+ :i* bid fair to atta9 to a high /&>d ( excell5ce1 & :i* only fail$ = political causes4'#ag #ag ',engli% ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts4' ,by ,sir ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson ,k4,c4,b4 7,kegan ,paul1 #ahie71 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 ,to ?is judicial pron\ncem5t on ! excell5ce ( ,engli% manuscripts on _! decorative side1 we may fairly add ! fact t manuscripts ( lit]>y importance beg9 at an e>li] date 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & t ! ,cotton ,,ms4 ( ',be[ulf' & ! miscellanies :i* g by ! names ( ! ',exet] ,book' & ! ',v]celli ,book1' h no contempor>y p>allels 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,:5 we turn f books1 pr9t$ or 9 manuscript1 to _! possessors1 x is only j to beg9 ) a complim5t to our neighb\rs across ! ,*annel4 ,no ,engli% bookman holds ! unique position ( ,jean ,groli]1 & les femmes bibliophiles ( ,engl& h be5 few & undi/+ui%$ comp>$ ) ^? ( ,france4 ,groli]1 h[ev]1 & 8 fair imitators1 z a rule1 b\ght only ! books ( _! own day1 giv+ !m di/9ction by ! h&some liv]ies :i* !y made !m don4 ,our ,engli% collectors h m (t5 be5 ( ! omnivor\s type1 & ?\gh ,lords ,lumley & ,arundel 9 ! sixte5? c5tury _c1 ev5 :5 _! =ces are jo9$1 /& up aga9/ ,de ,?\1 9 ,sir ,rob]t ,cotton1 ,h>ley1 ,?omas ,rawl9son1 ,"l ,sp5c]1 ,heb]1 ,gr5ville1 & ,sir ,?omas ,phillipps 7& ! li/ might be d\bl$ )\t mu* relaxation ( ! /&>d71 we h a succession ( ,engli% collectors to :om x w\ld be difficult to produce =eign c\nt]p>ts4 ,r\nd ^! dii majores h clu/]$ innum]able demigods ( ! book-m>ket1 & c]ta9ly 9 no o!r c\ntry has collect+ be5 z widely diffus$1 & pursu$ ) s mu* ze/1 z 9 ,engl& dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is to be regrett$ t s few ,engli% collectors h c>$ to leave _! m>ks ( own]%ip on ! books !y h tak5 s mu* pleasure 9 br++ toge!r4 ,mi*ael ,wodhull 0 a model 9 ?is respect1 = 8 book-/amp is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ( ,engli% orig91 & 8 autograph notes record+ ! prices he paid = 8 treasures1 & 8 assidu\s collation ( !m1 make !m d\bly preci\s 9 ! eyes ( subsequ5t own]s4 ,mr4 ,gr5ville also _h 8 book-/amp1 ?\gh !re is little joy to be won f x1 = x is unpleas+ 9 itself1 & is too (t5 f\nd spoil+ a f9e old b9d+4 ,mr4 ,cra*]ode's /amp 0 z graceful z ,wodhull's2 b1 z a rule1 our ,engli% collectors1 ?\gh1 z is %[n else:]e 9 ?is volume1 _m m ( !m ?an is g5]ally kn[n h possess$ a /amp1 h n (t5 tr\bl$ to use x1 & _! collections h nev] obta9$ ! reputation :i* !y des]ve1 ma9ly = lack ( m>ks ( own]%ip to keep !m gre5 9 ! memory ( lat] possessors4 ,t ?is %\ld be s 9 a c\ntry :]e book-plates h be5 s common may at fir/ seem surpris+4 ,b book-plates ev]y:]e h be5 us$ r by ! small collectors ?an ! great ones1 & ! regrettable peculi>ity ( our ,engli% bookm5 is1 n t !y despis$ ?is r fugitive sign ( possession1 b t = ! mo/ "p !y despis$ book-/amps z well4 ,( book-plates !mselves ,i h no claim to speak2 b = good ta/e & grace ( design ! be/ ,engli% ,jacobean & ,*ipp5dale specim5s seem to me ! mo/ pleas+ ( _! k9d1 & c]ta9ly 9 our own day ! "w ( ,mr4 ,%]borne has no rival1 except 9 t ( ,mr4 ,fr5*1 :o1 9 te*nique1 w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 n h refus$ to call himself 8 disciple4 ,turn+ la/ly to b9d+s1 ! fir/ po9t :i* may fairly be made is t ,engl& is ! only c\ntry besides ,france 9 :i* ! art has be5 consi/5tly pursu$ ) success ?r\gh _m c5turies1 & t 9 l5g? ( p$igree x f> surpasses ev5 ,france h]self4 ,e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 if n be=e1 ! ,w9*e/] bookm5 turn$ _! att5tion also to lea!r-b9d+1 & ! s*ool ( design :i* !y />t$1 spread+ to ,london1 ,durham1 & ,ox=d1 did n die out until x 0 ou/$ by ! l>ge panel /amps introduc$ f ,france at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ?is p]iod ! ,engli% lea!r-b9d]s 7 ! f9e/ 9 ,europe2 dur+ ! second1 ! ,g]mans press$ !m h>d1 & :5 ! l>ge panel /amps1 ?ree or f\r in*es squ>e & m1 7 introduc$ 9 ,holl& & ,france1 ! ,engli% adaptations ( !m 7 di/9ctly inf]ior to ! orig9als4 ,! e>lie/ ,engli% b9d+s ) gold tool+ 71 ( c\rse1 also imitative4 ,! use ( gold rea*$ ?is c\ntry b sl[ly1 z ! fir/ kn[n ,engli% b9d+1 9 :i* x occurs1 is on a book pr9t$ 9 #aeda1 by :i* "t ! art _h be5 common 9 ,italy = a g5]ation4 ,! ,engli% b9d+s f\nd on books b\nd = ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,edw>d ,,vi41 & ,m>y ,i41 all ( :i* are r\ghly assign$ to ,b]!let z ! ,royal b9d]1 resemble ! curr5t ,italian designs ( ! day1 ) suffici5t diff]5ces to make x probable t !y 7 produc$ by ,engli%m54 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t until ! close ( ! c5tury !re 7 occasional compla9ts ( ! pres5ce ( =eign b9d]s 9 ,london1 & x is probable t ! ,groli]esque b9d+s execut$ = ,wotton 7 =eign r ?an ,engli%4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 we f9d "w on ,engli% books di/9ctly unlike any?+ 9 ,france or ,italy1 x is reasonable to assign x to a native s*ool1 & su* a s*ool seems to h gr[n up ab\t #aegj1 9 ! work%op ( ,john ,day1 ! help] ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k] 9 s _m ( 8 lit]>y und]tak+s4 ,^! b9d+s attribut$ to ,day1 especially ^? 9 :i* he work$ ) :ite lea!r on br[n1 al?\gh !y h none ( ! ,fr5* delicacy ( tool+1 may fairly be said to attack ! problem ( decoration ) a great] s5se ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /yles suitable = a l>ge book & a small ?an is always f\nd 9 ,france1 :]e ! greate/ b9d]s1 su* z ,ni*olas ,eve & ,le ,gascon1 (t5 cov]$ l>ge folios ) endless repetitions ( m9ute tools1 ^: full beauty c only be appreciat$ on small decimos or octavos4 ,! ,engli% designs ) a l>ge c5tre ornam5t & corn]-pieces are ri* & impressive1 & we may fairly give ,day & 8 fell[s ! palm = orig9ality & effectiv5ess among ,elizabe?an b9d]s4 ,9 ! next reign ! ,fr5* use ( ! semis or p[d]1 a s+le small /amp1 ( a fleur-de-lys1 a ?i/le1 a cr[n1 or ! l1 impress$ 9 r[s all ov] ! cov]1 0 increas+ly imitat$ 9 ,engl&1 v unsuccessfully1 &1 save = a few traces ( ! /yle ( ,day1 ! lea!r b9d+s ( ! fir/ ?ird ( ! c5tury des]ve ! wor/ epi!ts :i* c be giv5 !m4 ,until1 h[ev]1 ,fr5* fa%ions came into vogue aft] ! ,re/oration1 ,engli% b9d]s _h nev] be5 cont5t to reg>d lea!r z ! sole mat]ial 9 :i* !y c\ld "w4 ,embroid]$ b9d+s _h come into use 9 ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! sixte5? embroid]$ "w 0 v popul> ) ! ,tudor pr9cesses1 gold & silv] ?read & pe>ls be+ l>gely us$1 (t5 ) v decorative effect4 ,! simple/ ( ^! are also ! be/--b1 z a rule1 mu* elaboration 0 employ$1 & on a pres5tation copy ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]'s ',de ,antiquitate ,ecclesiae ,britannicae' we f9d a clev] b r grotesque repres5tation ( a de]-paddock4 ,"u ! ,/u>ts ! light] fea!r-/it* 0 pref]r$1 & !re seems to h be5 a regul> trade 9 embroid]$ ,bibles & ,pray]-books ( small size1 sometimes ) floral patt]ns1 sometimes ) portraits ( ! ,k+1 or ,scriptural sc5es4 ,a deal]'s freak :i* compell$ ! ,briti% ,museum to buy a pair ( elaborate gloves ( ! p]iod r ?an lose a f9ely embroid]$ ,psalt]1 ) :i* !y w5t1 0 c]ta9ly a =tunate "o1 enabl+ u to realise t 9 h&s ?us glov$ ^! little b9d+s1 always pretty1 (t5 really arti/ic1 mu/ h look$ exactly "r1 :ile _! vivid col\rs mu/ h be5 admirably 9 h>mony ) ! gay ,cavali] dresses4 ,besides furni%+ a gr\nd = embroid]y1 velvet b9d+s 7 (t5 decorat$1 9 ,engl&1 ) goldsmi? "w4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful little bookcov]s 9 exi/5ce is on a book ( pray]s1 b\nd = ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 r$ velvet1 ) a c5tre & corn] pieces delicately enamell$ on gold4 ,"u ! ,/u>ts1 aga91 we frequ5tly f9d simil> ornam5ts 9 engrav$ silv]1 & _! *>m is inconte/able4 ,?us :ile = ,engli% b9d+s ( ?is p]iod 9 gilt lea!r we c only claim t ,b]!let's %[ "s fre$om 9 _! adaptation ( ,italian models1 & ,day's a m decid$ orig9ality1 we are entitl$ to set side by side ) ?is scanty record a ho/ ( *>m+ b9d+s 9 m fem99e mat]ials1 :i* h no p>allel 9 ,france1 & c]ta9ly des]ve "s recognition4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration1 h[ev]1 lea!r quickly ou/$ its competitors1 & a s*ool ( design]s & gild]s arose 9 ,engl&1 :i*1 :ile tak+ its fir/ inspiration f ,le ,gascon1 soon develop$ an individual /yle4 ,9 effectiv5ess1 if n 9 m9ute accuracy ( execution1 ?is may rank ) ! be/ 9 ,europe4 ,we c trace ! beg9n+s ( ?is light] & mo/ graceful "w z e>ly z ! ?irties1 & x might be cont5d$ ) a c]ta9 plausibility t x began at ! ,univ]sities4 ,c]ta9ly ! two e>lie/ examples kn[n to me--! copy ( h] ',/atutes' pres5t$ to ,*>les ,i4 by ,ox=d 9 #afcd1 & ! ,little ,gidd+ ',h>mony' ( #afce1 ! tools employ$ 9 :i* h be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,dav5port to h be5 us$ also by ,buck1 ( ,cambridge--are two ( ! f9e/ ,engli% b9d+s 9 exi/5ce1 & 9 bo? cases1 despite ! multiplicity ( ! t9y tools employ$1 !re is a unity & l>g5ess ( design :i*1 z ,i h v5tur$ to h9t1 is n always f\nd ev5 9 ! be/ ,fr5* "w4 ,! *ief ,engli% b9d+s aft] ! ,re/oration1 ^? associat$ ) ! "n ( ,samuel ,me>ne1 ! ,k+'s b9d]1 pres]ves ?is "*1 ?\gh ! attempt to break ! =mality ( ! rectangle by ! bugles at ! side & ! little p5?\ses at foot & head 7:5ce its "n1 ! 'cottage' /yle7 0 n :olly successful4 ,! use ( ! lab\r sav+ device ( ! 'roll1' 9 pref]5ce to impress+ ea* section ( ! patt]n by h&1 is ano!r blot4 ,nev]!less1 x is almo/ impossible to f9d an ,engli% or ,scot* b9d+ ( ?is p]iod :i* is less ?an *>m+1 & ! be/ ( !m are admirable4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury a new grace 0 add$ by ! inlay+ ( a lea!r ( a second col\r4 ,! f9e ,h>leian b9d+s let u d[n g5tly f ?is em95ce1 & !n1 aft] a p]iod ( m]e dulness1 ) ! rise ( ,rog] ,payne we h aga9 an ,engli% s*ool 7= ,payne's traditions 7 wor?ily foll[$ by ,*>les ,lewis7 :i*1 by common cons5t1 0 ! f9e/ ( its "t4 ,aft] ,payne & ,lewis1 ,engli% b9d+1 l ,fr5*1 became purely imitative 9 its designs2 b :ile 9 our own decade ! ,fr5* arti/s h endeav\r$ to %ake !mselves free f old traditions by m]e ecc5tricity1 9 ,engl& we h sev]al liv+ b9d]s 7,mr4 ,cobd5 ,s&]son & ,mr4 ,d\glas ,cock]ell71 :o "w ) notable orig9ality & yet ) ! /ricte/ obs]vance ( ! canons ( _! art4 ,moreov] 9 ! application ( decorative designs to clo? cases1 ,engl& has inv5t$1 & ,engl& & ,am]ica h br\ght to p]fection1 an inexp5sive & v pleas+ =m ( bookcov]1 :i* gives ! bookman ample "t to consid] :e!r 8 pur*ase is wor? ! m p]man5t hon\rs ( gild$ lea!r1 & also1 by ! facts t x is av[$ly tempor>y1 & t its decoration is *eaply & easily effect$ by l>ge /amps1 r5d]s =givable vag>ies ( design1 :i* :5 translat$1 z !y h be5 ( late ye>s 9 ,france1 into "t-hon\r$ & solemn lea!r1 seem m]ely incongru\s & irrev]5t4 ,9 b9d+1 !n1 z 9 ! o!r ,booki% ,arts1 ,anglo-,saxondom has no ne$ to be a%am$ ( its record1 :ile1 if we look to ! "w ( ! pres5t day1 !re is good reason to hope t our "p 9 ! future may be a /ill wor?i] "o4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,engli% ,,book ,,sale#ah ,!re are _m po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( books & ( book-collect+ :i* are /ill tantalis+ly obscure4 ,h[ little we "k ab\t ! prices ( e>ly books1 ! co/ ( pr9t+1 ! relations ( pr9t] & publi%] or ( publi%] & au?or6 ,) ! exception ( a few royal p]sonages & a few m5 & wom5 ( great weal? & rank1 ! book-collectors ( ! two c5turies :i* succe$$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ are h>dly kn[n to u1 ev5 by "n4 ,a few h ga9$ immortality among book-lov]s by clo?+ _! books 9 priceless b9d+s2 o!rs1 l ,sir ,?omas ,bodley1 h won a nobl] r5[n by f\nd+ libr>ies 9 :i* /ud5ts %\ld h free access to _! treasures4 ,b ( ! rank & file ( ! e>ly collectors1 ! m5 :o b\ght books n by ! c>tload1 b ) individual ?\ght & c>e1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( purses easily exhau/ible--( ^! = two c5turies we "k little or no?+4 ,if x _h n be5 = an indiscreet pamphlet publi%$ by an ,engli% !ologian 9 ,holl&1 our ignorance ab\t ,engli% book-collectors might h la/$ indef9itely long]4 ,b dur+ 8 brief /ay 9 8 native l& ! pamphlete] introduc$ into ?is c\ntry ! cu/om ( sell+ by auction ! books ( dead collectors1 & f ! ye> #afgf1 :5 ?is practice 0 fir/ adopt$1 our k ab\t ,engli% libr>ies becomes abundant4 #ah ,f ',longman's ,magaz9e1' by leave ( ! publi%]s4 ,x is n a little curi\s 9 itself t we %\ld be able to say ) precision t at n9e o'clock ( ! morn+1 on ,octob] #ca1 #afgf1 at ! h\se ( ,dr4 ,laz>us ,seaman1 9 ,w>wick ,c\rt1 ,w>wick ,lane1 began ! fir/ book auction t ev] took place 9 ,engl&4 ,b we c d mu* m ?an ?is4 ,! little _w ( book-collectors 0 imm5sely tak5 ) ?is new me?od ( book-buy+4 ,! catalogues ( ! fir/ auctions soon came to be reg>d$ z curiosities1 & ! price fet*$ by ea* lot 0 c>efully record$4 ,! auctione]s 7 no less int]e/$4 ,!y wrote prefaces to ! catalogue ( ea* sale1 giv+ u _! reasons = ! v>i\s auction rules1 :i* soon came to assume a =m closely simil> to ^? n[ 9 use at ,so!by's or ,puttick & ,simpson's4 ,moreov]1 at ! end ( t5 ye>s ,?omas ,coop]1 ! lead+ auctione] ( ! "t1 pr9t$ an exact li/ ( ! sev5ty-?ree sales :i* _h tak5 place s9ce ! introduction ( ! practice into ,engl&1 & elev5 ye>s lat] ano!r fam\s memb] ( ! frat]nity wrote ! foll[+ lett]1 :i* has rec5tly be5 acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 & supplies u ) ! "o l9k :i* 0 ne$$ to complete our *a9 ( in=mation on ! subject4 ,! lett] =ms "p ( ! ',d]+ ,correspond5ce1' :i* /ret*es f ! reign ( ,james ! ,fir/ to t ( ,george ! ,second 7,/[e ms4 #gji74 ,x has ! d\ble endorsem5t3 7i7 ',mr4 ,mill+ton1 ! not$ auctione]1 to ,mr4 ,jos4 ,hill1' & 7ii7 ',mill+ton's lett] ackn[l$g+e ! usefulnesse ( sell+e ,libr>yes by ,auction4' ,"h is ! text ( ! "p :i* n[ conc]ns u3-- ',lond4 ,june #be1 #afig4 ',rev]5d ,sr1 ',i h designd sev]all ,times to wait ( sic y :5 9 ,engl& to pres5t my s]vice & t5d] my ?anks = y\r great ,s]vice done to ,le>n+ ,le>n$ m5 9 y\r fir/ advis+ effectually sett+ on foot t admirable univ]sally approv$ ( way ( sell+ ,libr>ys by ,auction among/ u4 ,a son ( a wor?y ffre9d ( m9e1 be+ n[ 9 ,rott]dam 9 ord] to get "s ,employm5t !re1 (f]+ me ! ,conveyance ( m9e to y\r h&1 ,i presume ( y\r ,c&\r to receive my ackn[l$gem5ts & gratefull ,res5tm5ts = ! k ,i h got & ! b5efit ,i h receiv$ by _! managem5t1 hav+ = sev]all ye>es /r5u\sly ,pursu$ :at y1 sire1 happily ,introduc$ ! ,practice ( into ,engl&4 ,i ,design y "s ,catalogues ( ! ,libr>y ( ,dr ,edw>d ,b]n>d1 late ,a/ronomy ,pr(essor 9 ,ox=d1 9 :i* y w f9d ,curi\s ,manuscripts1 ,libri ,impressi collati cum ,codicibus ,,mss41 etc' ,! lett] proce$s to enl>ge at "s l5g? on ,dr4 ,b]n>d's books1 ! be/ "p ( :i*1 by ! way1 _h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,bodleian1 & !n1 ) an apology = ! writ]'s presumption 9 address+ ,dr4 ,hill1 is duly sign$1 ',y\r oblig$ humble s]vant1 ,d4 ,mill+ton4' ,x tells u1 x w be obs]v$1 ) ! aid ( ! emphatic und]scor+ "h repres5t$ by italics1 t x 0 ,dr4 ,hill :o _h 'fir/ advis$ & effectually set on foot t admirable & univ]sally approv$ ( way ( sell+ libr>ies by auction among/ u1' & we c see exactly h[ he came to />t ! practice4 ,joseph ,hill 0 "o ( ! mo/ e>ne/ & ! mo/ mod]ate ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury ,presbyt]ians4 ,8 fa!r1 ,jo%ua1 is said to h di$ a few m9utes be=e ! ar*bi%op's app>itor arriv$ to cite him = n we>+ a surplice2 b ?\gh ! objection to ,*ur* discipl9e 0 ?us h]$it>y1 x does n seem to h be5 int5sifi$ 9 ,joseph4 ,a di/+ui%$ c>e] at ,cambridge 0 clos$ by 8 refusal to take ! oa? enjo9$ by ! ,act ( ,uni=mity 9 #affb1 & ! ,univ]sity au?orities 'cut 8 "n out ( ! books 9 k9dness to him1' to prev5t 8 be+ =mally eject$ f 8 (fices4 ,hill took refuge at ,leyd51 & 0 soon appo9t$ to ! *>ge ( ! ,scotti% ,*ur* at ,middleburg 9 ,zeel&4 ,b ?\gh a refugee1 he rema9$ ,engli% at he>t1 & 9 #afgb wrote a pamphlet1 entitl$ ',! ,int]e/ ( ^! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 be+ a ,def5ce ( ! ,zeel&]'s ,*oice4' ,x w be rememb]$ t by ! secret ,treaty ( ,dov]1 conclud$ betwe5 ,*>les ,,ii4 & ! ,fr5* k+ 9 #afgj1 ,*>les 0 to aid ,l\is aga9/ ! ,dut*1 & receive z "p ( 8 rew>d ! prov9ce ( ,zeel&4 ,! ,fr5* invasion took place 9 #afgb1 & x 0 at ?is crisis t ,hill wrote 8 pamphlet1 :i* conta9s a def5ce ( ! ,engli% k+4 ,?\gh complet$ on ,novemb] #cj1 #afgb1 x did n appe> till ,april ( ! next ye>1 :5 ! au?or at la/ obta9$ a publi%]1 ?\gh at ! co/ ( no less a sum ?an "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,augu/ he 0 ord]$ to leave ,zeel& till ! w> 0 ov]1 & on return+ to ,engl& 0 rew>d$ by ,*>les ) a p5sion ( #hj1 & ! (f] ( a bi%opric z ! price ( 8 con=mity4 ,! (f] 0 decl9$1 & 9 #afgh ,hill return$ to ,holl&1 accept+ a po/ at ,rott]dam1 :]e we f9d him :5 ! grateful ,mill+ton wrote 8 lett] ( ackn[l$gm5t 9 #afie1 & :]e he di$ 9 #agjg4 ,:5 ,hill came ov] to receive ! rew>d ( 8 patriotism 9 ,engl&1 he w\ld naturally h reviv$ 8 acqua9tance ) an old ,cambridge don1 ,dr4 ,laz>us ,seaman1 ) :om he _h _m ta/es 9 common4 ,seaman _h be5 ,ma/] ( ,pet]h\se & ,vice-,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,he _h writt5 pamphlets endeav\r+ to keep ! ,presbyt]ians 9 ! ,*ur* by m9imis+ ! importance ( episcopal ord]s1 & 0 j on ! "r side ( ! l9e :i* %ut ,hill out f ! pr(f]$ bi%opric4 ,bo? 7 book collectors1 bo? 7 classical s*ol>s1 & :5 ,seaman di$ dur+ ,hill's /ay 9 ,london1 we may be q sure t ,hill 0 among 8 m\rn]s4 ,seaman's fun]al 0 no small affair4 ,two broadsides ( n :olly despicable v]se are /ill extant to atte/ 8 popul>ity4 ,"o is entitl$ ',an ,elegie to ! ende>$ ,memory ( t ,le>n$ & ,rev]5d ,m9i/] ( ! ,gospel1 ,dr4 ,laz>us ,seaman1 :o di$ on ,friday1 ! #crd ( ,septemb]1 #afge1 & 0 c>ri$ f ,drap]s' ,hall to be int]r$1 ) a num]\s tra9 ( ,*ri/ian fri5ds bewail+ 8 ,dea?4' ,! o!r broadside1 :i* conta9s ! bett] v]se1 is m simply inscrib$ ',an ,elegy on ! ,rev]5d & ,le>n$ ,div9e1 ,dr4 ,laz>us ,seaman1 sometime ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,cambridge1 ,ma/] ( ,pet]h\se1 & late ,m9i/] ( ! ,gospel 9 ,all ,hall[s1 ,bread ,/reet4' ,ev5 ( ?is1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ six l9es may suffice z a specim53 ',:at6 ,seaman dead6 & did no blaz+ />1 ,no comet b=eh& 8 ,dea? decl>e8 ,:at1 ,m]l91 n a ^w ( ?is 9 !e8 ,lilly's b half a prophet n[ ,i see3 ,= _h he kn[n x1 he'd h quickly said1 ,?is ye> ,presbt]y %all lose its head4' ,9 no less conceit$ a ve91 b m successful1 is ! propos$ epitaph1 ! la/ l9e ( :i* is really an inspiration3 ',read]1 if t ?\ le>n$ art ,o d n urge me to imp>t ,:at 'tis ,i cov]2 = ,i fe> ,?\'lt be s eag] to lie "h1 ,& wi% ?y life might /raight expire4 ,!n ask no m1 b away g ,& s5d ?' unle>n$1 !y may "k4 ,i'll tell none else1 = "h does lie ,entomb'd a ,univ]sity4' ,?us 0 ! wor?y doctor bewail$ & buri$1 & soon 8 executors 7 busy realis+ 8 effects4 ,:at 0 to be done ) 8 five or six ?\s& books8 ,he _h bequea!d !m to no libr>y1 & to sell !m to ! booksell]s 0 to give !m away4 ,x 0 "h1 !n1 t ,dr4 ,hill /epp$ 9 & 'advis$ & effectually set on foot t admirable & univ]sally approv$ ( way ( sell+ libr>ies by auction1' :i* _h long be5 ! practice 9 ,holl&1 b z yet 0 q unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! arrangem5ts 7 soon made1 & a catalogue duly pr9t$1 = ^: title-page no less le>n$ a language ?an ,lat9 w\ld s]ve1 ?\gh we regret to h to note t ! wor?y ,william ,coop] :o compil$ x 0 a suffici5tly poor s*ol> to head "o ( 8 sections ',bibliae ,v>iae1' z if ',biblia' 7 a fem99e s+ul> ( ! fir/ decl5sion4 ,! ,lat9 ( ! title-page is ( a k9d :i* e "o c read1 s t = ! sake ( complet5ess we quote x z x /&s3-- ',catalogus v>iorum insignium librorum in/ructissim biblio!c cl>issimi doctissimiq2 viri ,laz>i ,seaman1 ,s4,t4,d41 quorum ,auctio habebitur ,londoni 9 dibus ,defuncti 9 ,area ,viculo ,w>wic5si1 ,octobris ultimo4 ,cura ,gulielmi ,coop] ,bibliopol4' ,probably "u ,dr4 ,hill's guidance ,coop] also drew up ! foll[+ preface1 ! rules giv5 9 :i*1 z we h already not$1 are ! prog5itors ( ^? /ill 9 use 9 ! pres5t day1 9 :i*1 inde$1 "s ( _! actual phrases may be f\nd en%r9$4 ',to ! ,read]4 ',read]1 ',x ha? n be5 usual "h 9 ,engl& to make sales ( ,books by way ( ,auction1 or :o w give mo/ = !m3 ,b x hav+ be5 practis$ 9 o!r ,c\ntreys to ! ,advantage bo? ( ,buy]s & ,sell]s2 ,x 0 !re=e conceiv$ 7= ! enc\ragem5t ( ,le>n+7 to publi% ! ,sale ( ^! ,books1 ?is mann] ( way2 & x is hop$ t ?is w n be unacceptable to ,s*oll]s2 & !re=e we ?\ght x conv5i5t to give an ,adv]tisem5t conc]n+ ! mann] ( proce$+ !re94 ',fir/1 ,t hav+ ?is ,catalogue ( ! ,books1 & _! ,editions "u _! sev]al ,heads & ,numb]s1 x w be m easie = any ,p]son ( ,quality1 ,g5tlem51 or o!rs1 to ,depute any "o to ,buy su* ,books = !m z !y %all desire1 if _! occasions w n p]mit !m to be pres5t at ! ,auction !mselves4 ',secondly1 ,t ^? :i* bid mo/ are ! ,buy]s2 & if any manife/ diff]5ces %\ld arise1 t !n ! same book or books %all be =?) expos$ aga9 to ,sale1 & ! highe/ bidd] to h ! same4 ',?irdly1 ,t all ! ,books accord+ to ! ,catalogue are 7= s mu* z we "k7 p]fect1 & sold z su*2 ,b if any ( !m appe> to be o!rwise be=e !y be tak5 away1 ! ,buy] %all h 8 *oice ( tak+ or leav+ ! same4 ',f\r?ly1 ,t ! money = ! ,books b\ght1 be paid at ! deliv]y ( !m1 )9 "o ,mon?'s "t aft] ! ,auction is end$4 ',fif?ly1 ,t ! ,auction w beg9 ! #ca/ ( ,octob] at ! ,deceas$ ,dr4's ,h\se 9 ,w>wick ,c\rt 9 ,w>wick lane1 punctually at ,n9e ( ! ,clock 9 ! ,morn+1 & ,two 9 ! ,aft]noon1 & ?is to cont9ue daily until all ! ,books be sold2 ,:]e=e x is desir$ t ! ,g5tlem51 or ^? ,deput$ by !m1 may be !re precisely at ! ,h\rs appo9t$1 le/ !y %\ld miss ! opportunity ( ,buy+ ^! ,books1 :i* ei!r !mselves or _! ,fri5ds desire4' ,9 subsequ5t auctions ^! rules 7 repeat$1 ) b slight alt]ations & ! addition ( a ',la/ly' to ! effect t ',if any ,g5tleman h a desire to view or see any or all ( ^! ,books 9 ?is ,catalogue1 or to satisfie !mselves 9 ! ,conditions & ,editions ( any ( !m1 !y %all be v ,welcome to ! place a=5am$ at any "t be=e ! day t ! ,sale beg9s4' ,to facilitate ?is inspection subsequ5t sales 7 held1 n at ! deceas$ collector's h\se1 b at "s m conv5i5t place1 t f :i* ?is rule is quot$1 ,kidn]'s sale 7,febru>y #f1 #afgg71 tak+ place 'at ! sign ( ! ,k+'s head 9 ,little ,brita91' possibly a tav]n1 b m probably ! "n ( ! booksell]'s %op4 ,x is to ,dr4 ,seaman's h\se1 h[ev]1 9 ,w>wick ,c\rt1 t we mu/ take our way at n9e o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,octob] #ca1 #afgf1 if we wi% to be pres5t at ! fir/ ,engli% book sale4 ,we %all h ,coop]'s catalogue 9 our h&s1 & note t he has inaugurat$ ! practice1 :i* /ill makes auction catalogues z difficult to consult z a ,brad%aw1 ( divid+ accord+ to _! sizes books 9 folio1 9 qu>to1 9 octavo1 & 9 duodecimo4 ,he fur!r divides ea* size ( books accord+ to _! subjects3 ',patres ,graeci1' ',patres ,lat9i1' ',biblia1' ',libri ,!ologici1' ',!ologi ,s*ola/ici1' ',scriptores 9 ,scripturam1' etc41 s t we h no little difficulty 9 f9d+ out if ! p>ticul> books ( :i* we are 9 want are includ$ 9 ! good ,doctor's libr>y4 ,z we ent] ! h\se we probably f9d x v full4 ,!re are fri5ds ( ,dr4 ,seaman's anxi\s = 8 books to sell well2 poor ,div9ity /ud5ts hopeful ( pick+ up a few volumes *eaply2 pr(ess$ book-collectors1 :o c>e little = !ology1 b h an eye on "s ( ! classics1 & are curi\s to see h[ ?is new dep>ture w succe$2 & a little knot ( booksell]s1 also curi\s1 b on ! :ole unfri5dly4 ,w4 ,coop] asc5ds an impromptu ro/rum1 an assi/ant h&s up a long set ( ! works ( ,s4 ,*ryso/om1 9 ,greek & ,lat9 7,p>is1 #afcf71 & ! bidd+ beg9s4 ,if any invocation w\ld p]suade ! ,muse ( ,le>n+ to tell u ':o fir/1 :o la/ uprais$ 8 voice to bid1' t invocation %\ld duly be made4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( docum5ts ! ,muse usually ab&ons u sev]ely to our own imag9ation1 & we are left to wond] :e!r x 0 fri5d1 or poor /ud5t1 or ri* collector :o made ! fir/ bid at ! fir/ ,engli% book auction4 ,probably x 0 "o ( ! la/ class :o secur$ ! prize1 = ! great ,*ryso/om fet*$ no less ?an #h1 #es41 ne>ly a qu>t]'s income = "s ( ! poor] cl]gy ( ^? days4 ,?is 0 ! highe/ price fet*$ by any book 9 ! sale1 b its imm$iate successors 7 all respectable4 ,a set ( ! records ( ,g5]al & ,prov9cial ,c\ncils 7,p>is1 #afcf7 fet*$ #e1 #cs42 ! works ( ,s4 ,cyril 7,p>is1 #afch71 #e1 #as42 ( ,!odoret 7#afdb71 #d1 #hs41 & ( ,epiphanius 7#afbb71 #c1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,?us ! fir/ five lots produc$ tw5ty-six p\nds all b sixp5ce1 & x may greatly be d\bt$ :e!r1 despite ! small] pur*as+ p[] ( money 9 ^! days1 !y w\ld fet* z mu* z ?is if put up to auction at any ( our mod]n sales4 ,! next tw5ty books av]ag$ some?+ ov] a p\nd apiece1 & ! prices langui%$ till ?is division ( ! sale 0 ov]1 & ! ',patres ,graeci' 7 succe$$ by ! ',patres ,lat9i1' ! works ( ,s4 ,augu/9e 7,frob5's edition1 #aefi7 head+ ! li/ at #e1 #aes4 ,among ! editions ( ! ,bible1 ',bibliae v>iae1' z ! auctione] call$ !m1 ! ,london ,polyglot ( #afeg 0 facile pr9ceps1 fet*+ no less ?an #h1 #bs41 or )9 ?ree %ill+s ( ! top price ( ! sale4 ,rabb9ical lit]ature 0 ! next division tak51 & "h x is curi\s to note t no s+le "w fet*$ z mu* z a sov]eign4 ,!n came long r[s ( classics & !ology1 ) no?+ to call = rem>k till we come to ! books ( ,engli% div9ity1 among :i* ,fox's ',m>tyrs' 7,london1 #afda7 fet*$ z mu* z #c1 #es4 ,among ! ,engli% philologi/s1 a v miscellane\s section1 ,raleigh's ',hi/ory ( ! ,_w' w5t = #a1 #fs41 & ,burton's ',anatomy ( ,melan*oly' 7,ox=d1 #afch7 = #fs4 ,ev5 ! latt] 0 n mu* ( a b>ga91 = x is ! fir/ edition 7#afba71 ! "o 9 qu>to1 :i* is n[ s highly priz$4 ,:5 ! folios 7 all sold1 ! small] sizes 7 tak5 9 _! ord]1 b ei!r ! collectors ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7v unlike 9 ?is to _! mod]n successors7 valu$ a book 9 proportion to its bulk1 or else ! novelty ( ! bidd+ 0 exhau/$4 ,c]ta9ly we h no m high prices to record1 & ! auctione]1 aft] a "t1 _h rec\rse to sell+ books 9 bundles or bat*es4 ,! ,ori5tal works w5t badly1 probably because few c\ld read !m2 ! ,engli% div9ity1 :i* 7 sold t5 & tw5ty toge!r1 at f a flor9 to fifte5 %ill+s ! lot1 ev5 worse1 because ,dr4 ,seaman's !ology 0 n[ disc\nt5anc$ by ,*ur*m51 & ! pockets ( ! ,diss5t]s 7 ill furni%$4 ,we note a few pe>ls among ^! du/y tomes4 ,flet*]'s ',purple ,isl&' 7#afcc7 0 sold ) six dull tracts = #es41 & ,bacon's ',advancem5t ( ,le>n+' 7#afje7 = #as4 ,! pamphlets ( ! ,civil ,w> w5t fairly well1 b a collection1 :i* w\ld n[ be held priceless1 ( ?irty-two tracts on ! relation ( ,engl& & ,spa9 f #aehe to #aeia realis$ no m ?an #hs4 ,! total sum ga9$ by ! sale is /at$ z ab\t #gjj1 a result :i* ,i h n _h ! indu/ry to *eck by add+ toge!r ! prices ( all ! diff]5t lots4 ,my impression is t x is r an "u-e/imate4 ,tak+ x z correct1 we may guess ! av]age sum realis$ by ea* book z ab\t #cs41 = !re are #acg pages 9 ! ,catalogue1 & f #ce to #dj books catalogu$ on ea* page1 or a total ( some:]e ab\t #e1jjj4 ,a s*ol>'s libr>y1 especially a !ological s*ol>'s1 always sells badly--unless ,i am mi/ak51 ,bi%op ,?irwall's books only av]ag$ ab\t #bs4 ea*--& ,dr4 ,seaman's executors probably congratulat$ !mselves on ! result ( ?is new me?od ( dispos+ ( old books4 ,!y _h realis$ m ?an c\ld possibly h be5 obta9$ on an en=c$ sale to a s+le booksell]1 & on ! o!r h&1 aft] ! ard\r ( competition = ! fir/ few lots _h subsid$1 buy]s 7 able to make b>ga9s :i* ! booksell]s w\ld nev] h all[$ !m4 ,e "o1 save ! booksell]s1 0 pleas$1 & bo? ! g5]al satisfaction & ! "o discordant note :i* m>r$ x1 are reflect$ 9 ! preface :i* ! auctione] wrote = ! second book sale1 :i* took place "s f\r mon?s aft] ! fir/4 ,"h he says3 ',! fir/ ,attempt 9 ?is k9d 7by ! ,sale ( ,dr4 ,seaman's ,libr>y7 hav+ giv5 great ,cont5t & ,satisfaction to ! ,g5tlem5 :o 7 ! ,buy]s1 & no great ,disc\ragem5t to ! ,sell]s1 ha? ,enc\rag$ ! mak+ ?is second ,trial1 by ! expos+ 7to ,auction or ,sale7 ! ,libr>y ( ,mr4 ,?o4 ,kidn]1 9 hopes ( receiv+ su* ,enc\ragem5t f ! ,le>n$ z may prev5t ! ,/ifl+ ( ?is mann] ( ,sale1 ! ,b5efit 7if rightly consid]$7 be+ equally ,balanc$ betwe5 ,buy] & ,sell]4' ,!re 0 a dang]1 we see1 ( ?is mann] ( sale be+ '/ifl$1' & subsequ5t prefaces %[ u t ! dang] came f reports spread by ! retail booksell]s t ! bidd+ 0 n always g5u9e4 ,to meet ^! reports ! auctione]s = a long "t refus$ to accept commissions to bid !mselves1 le/ !y %\ld be accus$ ( bidd+ :5 !re 0 no commission beh9d !m1 m]ely to run up prices aga9/ g5u9e pur*as]s4 ,a new rule 0 also pass$1 oblig+ /rang]s f ! c\ntry ei!r to pay = & remove books z soon z !y 7 knock$ d[n to !m1 or else to bid ?r\gh citiz5s ( reputation1 '& ?is is ! r desir$ t all suspicions may be remov$ ( any ,/rang]s appe>+ !re to bid & enhance ! ,price to o!rs )\t ev] int5d+ to s5d = :at !y s buy !mselves4' ,f5c$ r\nd ) ^! regulations1 ! in/itution ( sell+ books by auction grew & fl\ri%$1 s t1 z we h said1 at ! end ( ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( its exi/5ce no few] ?an sev5ty-?ree su* auctions _h tak5 place4 ,x has c]ta9ly made book-collect+ a m excit+ & m picturesque practice ?an x c\ld o!rwise h be51 & enables u n only to recon/ruct ! libr>y ( any fam\s collector1 b (t5 to trace ! hi/ory ( a p>ticul> book 9 a v pleasant & int]e/+ mann]4 ,?us ! copy ( ,dr4 ,seaman's ,catalogue & ! two ,elegies on 8 dea?1 at :i* we h be5 look+1 all once belong$ to ,n>cissus ,luttrell1 ! au?or ( ',brief ,hi/orical ,relation ( ,/ate ,affairs1' #afgh-agad4 ,accord+ to ! crabb$ notes ( ! antiqu>y ,he>ne1 :om he _h (f5d$ by refus+ to l5d him books1 ,luttrell 0 n only a book-collector b a mis]1 :o w\ld n h giv5 ! judges & o!r dignit>ies :o att5d$ 8 fun]al 79 #agcb7 'a meal's meat' :ile he 0 alive4 ,b he 0 'well-kn[n = 8 curi\s libr>y1 especially = ! numb] & sc>city ( books on ,engli% hi/ory & antiquities1 :i* he collect$ 9 a lucky h\r at v reasonable rates4' ,aft] ,luttrell's dea?1 8 copy ( ,seaman's ,catalogue pass$ into ! collection ( ! antiqu>y ,g\gh1 & !n into t ( ! celebrat$ ,ri*>d ,heb]1 p]haps ! greate/ ( all ,engli% book-collectors4 ,at ,heb]'s sale x 0 acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 & its lit]>y p$igree !reby clos$4 ,b ! possession ( su* a p$igree adds v greatly to ! int]e/ ( a book 9 ! eyes ( book-lov]s1 & s f> z ! in/itution ( sales by auction has increas$ our k ( ! book-collectors ( ! pa/1 we h e reason to be grateful to ,dr4 ,joseph ,hill :o1 to return to our text1 'fir/ advis$ & effectually set on foot t admirable & univ]sally approv$ ( way ( sell+ libr>ies4' ,,john ,,durie',s ',,re=m$ ,,libr>ie-,,keep]'#ai #ai ,f ',! ,libr>y1' by leave ( ! editor4 ,f "t to "t att5tion has be5 call$ to ! lett] 9 :i* ,john ,durie put toge!r1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl&1 a s]ies ( sugge/ions on ! duties ( a ,libr>ian1 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ,durie's lett] has nev] be5 repr9t$ 9 full1 & ,i propose "h to preface x ) a few notes on ! au?or's own c>e] z a libr>ian1 = :i* ! ,cal5d>s ( ,/ate ,pap]s (f] "s mat]ials4 ,( ,durie's long life--he 0 born 9 #aeif & did n die till #afhj--we ne$ conc]n ourselves ) only a v few mon?s4 ,z we %all see1 8 employ] ,:itelock ass]ts t he 0 a ,g]man1 b ?is is a mi/ake1 = he 0 born 9 ,ed9burgh1 al?\gh ! p]secut$ life ( 8 fa!r1 ,rob]t ,durie1 caus$ him to be educat$ abroad1 *iefly at ,s$an4 ,f an e>ly p]iod he devot$ himself to ! cause ( religi\s unity among ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es ( ,europe1 & 9 ?is cause he lab\r$ all 8 life1 possibly ) m zeal ?an wisdom4 ,:5 he f\nd h[ h>dly religi\s unity 0 to be a*iev$ he 0 ready1 we are told1 to reg>d ! acceptance ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 & ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts z ! sole requirem5t = int]communion4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is c]ta9ly am\nt$ to latitud9>ianism1 & x is n easy to acquit ,durie ( a disposition to run bo? ) h>e & h\nds1 :i* did n escape ! obs]vation ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> he 0 a ,royali/ & act$ = "s "t z ,*apla9 to ! ,pr9cess ,m>y ( ,orange at ! ,hague4 ,b he we>i$ ( ?is employm5t1 return$ to ,engl&1 s]v$ ! ,commonweal?1 bo? z libr>ian & z lit]>y hack 9 (fices peculi>ly di/a/eful to ! ,royali/s1 & yet aft] ! ,re/oration did n fail to endeav\r to expla9 away 8 defection4 ,a political compreh5siv5ess su* z ?is may p]haps expla9 ! reason :y1 despite 8 j\rney+s all ov] ! nor? ( ,europe1 ,durie's ef=ts aft] religi\s unity s signally fail$ to attract !ologians ( any p>ty4 ,! believ]s 9 black & ! believ]s 9 :ite w h>dly admire ! man :o adopts grey z ! only we>1 & endeav\rs to make x s]ve = ea* 9 turn4 ,! excell5ce ( ,durie's treatise on libr>y-managem5t speaks = itself1 b x seems n altoge!r unlikely t x 0 compos$ = ! special purpose ( ! au?or's advancem5t4 ,x is prefac$ by a %ort lett] by ,samuel ,h>tlib1 ! fri5d ( ,milton1 & ,durie1 z we %all see1 %ortly aft]w>ds 0 employ$ to translate ,milton's ',eiconocla/es' into ,fr5*4 ,on ,augu/ #e1 #afej 7! ye> 9 :i* ! ',re=m$ ,libr>ie-,keep]' 0 publi%$71 ,durie _h be5 grant$ lib]ty by ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate1 to :i* ,milton 0 ,lat9 ,secret>y1 to abide 9 ! ,commonweal?1 & on ,augu/ #ba ?is grant 0 confirm$ by w>rant 'grant+ lic5se to ,mr4 ,durie to /ay 9 ,engl& till fur!r ord]1 on security = good behavi\r4' ,n[ "s weeks be=e ?is ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate _h tak5 into consid]ation :at %\ld be done ) ! ,royal ,collections ( books1 manuscripts1 & m$als1 & _h resolv$ to appo9t ,:itelocke _! keep]1 & to all[ him ! s]vices ( an ,assi/ant4 ,if ,durie's ',re=m$ ,libr>ie-,keep]' 0 writt5 at ?is juncture1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,milton & ,h>tlib 9 ord] to =w>d 8 claims to ! ,assi/ant-%ip1 x 0 c]ta9ly v well tim$1 & x is n unlikely t ?is 0 actually ! case4 ,:itelocke's acc\nt ( ! matt]1 "u date ,july #cj1 #afej1 is z foll[s3 ',july #cj4 ,ref]r$ to ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate to pres]ve ! books & m$als at ,/4 ,james's f imbezzlem5t4 ',aft] ?is ,ord] pa/1 ! ,c\ncil prop\nd$ x to me1 :e!r ,i w\ld take ^u me ! ,*>ge & ,c>e ( ^! preci\s ,m$als & ,books1 & to be ! ,libr>y-,keep]1 & to appo9t :om ,i ?\ght fit to look to !m "u me4 ',i knew ! greatness ( ! *>ge1 & consid]$ ! prejudice t might fall out1 by be+ responsible = ^? ri* jewels1 ! imbezzlem5t :]e( w\ld be attempt$ by _m1 & my o!r occupations w\ld n p]mit me to give mu* p]sonal att5dance on ?is bus9ess1 nor to enjoy mu* ( ! delight ( p]us+ !m4 ',yet ,i1 be+ in=m$ ( a design 9 "s to h !m sold & transport$ beyond sea1 :i* ,i ?\ght w\ld be a di%on\r & a damage to our nation1 & to all s*ol>s !re91 & fe>+ t 9 o!r h&s !y might be m subject to imbezzle+1 & be+ will+ to pres]ve !m = publick use1 ,i did accept ( ! tr\ble ( be+ ,libr>y-,keep] at ,/4 ,james's & !re9 0 enc\rag$ & mu* p]suad$ to x by ,mr4 ,seld51 :o swore t if ,i did n und]take ! *>ge ( !m--all ^? r>e ,monum5ts ( ,antiquity1 ^? *oice ,books & ,manuscripts w\ld be lo/1 & !re 7 n ! l to !m1 except only 9 ! ,vatican1 9 any o!r ,libr>y 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ',! ,c\ncil made an ord] = me to be ,libr>y-,keep] ( ,/4 ,james's & to h lodg+s 9 ! h\se belong+ to ! place1 & recomm5d$ to me ,mr4 ,du]y1 a ,g]man by bir?1 a good s*ol>1 & a great travell] & fri5d to ! ,p>liam5t1 to be my ,deputy 9 t place1 b at my lik+4 ',i 0 will+ to h a ,deputy by _! recomm5dation1 be+ !reby ,i %\ld be ! less answ]able1 & ,i appo9t$ ,mr4 ,du]y to h ! keys1 to g to ,mr4 ,patrick ,"y ! =m] ,libr>y-,keep] to ! late ,k+1 to inquire = an inv5tory ( ! ,books & ,m$als1 & to see an exact "o made =?) ( all ( !m4'--',:itelocke's ,memorials1' p4 #daf4 ,:itelocke's n>rative1 ?\gh "u date ,july #cj1 ( c\rse embraces also ! ev5ts ( ! subsequ5t mon?s4 ,z ! foll[+ entries f ! ,cal5d> ( ,/ate ,pap]s = #aefj w %[1 ,durie did n receive 8 appo9tm5t till ! foll[+ ,octob]3 ',oct4 #bh4--bd4 ,john ,durie appo9t$ ,libr>y-,keep] ( ! books at ,/4 ,james's1 z also ( ! m$als1 & to h ! lodg+s belong+ to t place1 & to make an inv5tory ( ! books1 m$als & ,,mss41 & pres5t x to ,c\ncil4 ',oct4 #bi4--a4 ,mr4 ,dury to be ,libr>y-,keep] at ,/4 ,james's ,h\se1 & ,col4 ,b]k/ead to appo9t conv5i5t lodg+s = him4 ',nov4 #g4--b4 ,! new *apel ( ,/4 ,james's to be us$ z a libr>y1 & ,mr4 ,durie to take c>e t ! books & m$als be remov$ !re z soon z x is f9i%$4 ',nov4 #ba4--ab4 ,"l ,commission] ,lisle1 ,sir ,h54 ,vane1 & ,mr4 ,*allon] add$ to ! ,committee =m]ly appo9t$ = ! libr>y--viz41 ,"l ,commission] ,:itelock1 ,visct4 ,lisle1 & ,sir ,gilb]t ,pick]+2 ,mr4 ,dury1 ! ,libr>y-,keep]1 is to apply to !m ^u all em]g5cies1 & receive in/ructions = ! safe pres]vation ( ! libr>y & m$als1 & to prep>e directions to be giv5 to ! surveyor ( ! works = fitt+ ! new *apel = ! use ( a libr>y4' ,we he> no m ( ,durie till ,may #bj?1 #afea1 :5 ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate ord]$ him 'to proce$ 9 translat+ ,mr4 ,milton's book1 writt5 9 answ] to ! ,k+'s book1 & ,mr4 ,fro/ to give him su* fit rew>d = 8 pa9s z he %all ?9k fit4' ,9 ! foll[+ ,octob] we h ?is int]e/+ entry1 :i* %[s t he 0 by no means neglectful ( 8 duties3 ',oct4 #f8--ef4 ,john ,dury1 ,libr>y-,keep] at ,/4 ,james's1 to ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate4 ,! books & manuscripts w be utt]ly spoil$ if n imm$iately look$ aft]1 z !y lie ^u ! floor 9 confus$ heaps1 s t n only ! ra9 & du/1 b ! rats1 mice1 & o!r v]m9 c easily get at !m1 & none ( ^! inconv5i5ces c be prev5t$1 unless y ord] ! tru/ees = sale ( ! late ,k+'s goods to deliv] me ! keys4 ',! tru/ees long s9ce made a catalogue ( ! books1 & an inv5tory ( ! m$als1 s t !re is no?+ m left = !m to d1 & !y might !re=e be also desir$ to deliv] up su* catalogues & inv5tory2 if !re %\ld be any?+ to complete1 ,i am will+ to assi/ !m !re91 s t ! "w may n l+]1 & ! libr>y be utt]ly spoil$1 & rema9 useless to ! public4' ,"o page4 ,?is is ! la/ entry we h conc]n+ ,durie z a libr>ian4 ,8 translation 7publi%$ 9 #afeb7 ( ',mr4 ,milton's book writt5 9 answ] to ! late ,k+'s book1' i4e4 ',eiconocla/es1' 0 br\ght to a completion1 & !re is an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil t no cu/om duty %\ld be *>g$ ^u its export4 ,!n we h ,durie's petition = 8 fee = ! translation1 & !n he goes (f to ,sw$5 ) ,:itelocke1 8 rooms at ,/4 ,james's are assign$ to ano!r1 & our int]e/ 9 him s5sibly wanes4 ,! title-page ( ,durie's t9y pamphlet runs z foll[s3--',! ,re=m$ ,libr>ie-,keep] ) a supplem5t to ! ,re=m$ ,s*ool1 z subord9ate to ,colleges 9 ,univ]sities4 ,by ,john ,durie :]eunto is add$ ,i4 ,an idea ( ,ma!maticks4 ,,ii4 ,! description ( "o ( ! *iefe/ ,libr>ies :i* is 9 ,g]manie1 erect$ & ord]$ by "o ( ! mo/ ,le>n$ ,pr9ces 9 ,europe4 ,london ,pr9t$ by ,william ,du-,g>d1 & are to bee sold by ,rob]t ,littleb]rie at ! sign ( ! ,unicorn 9 ,little ,brita94 #afej4' ,! supplem5t to ! ,re=m$ ,s*ool comes fir/1 & our tract is prec$$ by a false title ( its own3--',! ,re=m$ ,libr>ie-,keep]4 ,by ,john ,durie ,device ( ,fleur-de-,lys4 ,london ,pr9t$ by ,william ,du-,g>d1 ,anno ,dom4 #afej4' ,! two lett]s are prec$$ by ,h>tlib's preface1 & foll[$ by ! two app5dices m5tion$ on ! title-page1 nei!r ( :i*1 9 all likelihood1 is by ,durie himself4 ,( ! two lett]s only ! fir/ is "h repr9t$1 ! second be+ a m]e feeble repetition ( x clo!d 9 religi\s phraseology4 ,! "o "h giv5 is to "s ext5t m>r$ by ,durie's rid+ to dea? ( ! metaphor ( 'trad+' = ex*ange ( in=mation4 ,despite ?is fault1 x is full ( excell5t s5se1 & %[s ?r\gh\t a l(ty s5se ( ! functions ( a libr>ian4 ,i repr9t x "h z x /&s1 ) a c>eful ret5tion ( ! orig9al spell+ & punctuation3-- ,,! ,,re=m$ ,,libr>ie-,,keep]3 ,,or ,two ,copies ( ,lett]s conc]n+ ! ,place & ,(fice ( a ,libr>ie-,keep]4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,lett]4 ',! ,libr>ie-,keep]'s place & (fice1 9 mo/ c\ntries 7z mo/ o!r ,places & ,(fices bo? 9 ,*ur*es & ,univ]sities7 are lookt ^u1 z ,places ( pr(it & ga91 & s accord+ly s\ght aft] & valu$ 9 t reg>d2 & n 9 reg>d ( ! s]vice1 :i* is to bee don by !m unto ! ,common-weal? ( ,isral1 = ! advancem5t ( ,pietie & ,le>n+2 = ! mo/ "p m5 look aft] ! ma9t5ance1 & livelihood settl$ ^u _! ,places1 m !n ^u ! end & usefulness ( _! emploim5ts2 !y seek !mselves & n ! ,publick !re91 & s !y subord9ate all ! advantages ( _! places1 to pur*ase ma9ly two ?+s !reby viz4 an easie subsi/5ce2 & som cr$it 9 comp>ison ( o!rs2 nor is ! la/ mu* reg>d$1 if ! fir/ may bee _h2 except x bee 9 cases ( /rife & debate1 :]e9 m5 are ov]-heat$3 = !n inde$ som w /& ^u ! po9t ( ,honor1 to ! haz>d ( _! temporal pr(its2 b to speak 9 p>ticul> ( ,libr>ie-,keep]s1 9 mo/ ,univ]sities t ,i "k2 nay inde$ 9 all1 _! places are b ,m]c5>ie1 & _! emploim5t ( little or no use fur!r1 !n to look to ! books committ$ to _! cu/odie1 t !y may n bee lo/ or embezel$ by ^? t use !m1 & ?is is all4 ,i h be5 in=m$ t 9 ,ox=d 7:]e ! mo/ fam\s ,libr>ie n[ extant among/ ! ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians is kept71 ! settl$ ma9t5ance ( ! ,libr>ie-,keep] is n above fiftie or sixtie p\nd p] annum2 b t x is accid5tally1 viis et modis sometimes wor? an hundr$ p\nd3 :at ! accid5ts are1 & ! waies by :i* !y com1 ,i h n be5 curi\s to se>* aft]2 b ,i h ?\ght1 t if ! prop] emploim5ts ( ,libr>ie-,keep]s 7 tak5 into consid]ation z !y are1 or may bee made useful to ! advancem5t ( ,le>n+2 & 7 ord]$ & ma9te9$ proportionally to ! ends1 :i* ought to bee int5d$ !reby2 !y w\ld bee ( exce$+ great use to all sorts ( ,s*ol>s1 & h an univ]sal influ5ce ^u all ! p>ts ( ,le>n+1 to produce & propagate ! same unto p]fection4 ,= if ,libr>ie-,keep]s did und]/& !mselves 9 ! nature ( _! "w1 & w\ld make !mselves1 z !y ought to bee1 useful 9 _! places 9 a publick waie2 !y ought to becom ,ag5ts = ! advancem5t ( univ]sal ,le>n+3 & to ?is effect ,i c\ld wi%1 t _! places might n bee made1 z eu]ie:]e !y are1 ,m]c5>ie1 b r ,honor>ie2 & t ) ! compet5t all[ance ( two hundr$ p\nds a ye>1 som emploim5ts %\ld bee put ^u !m fur!r !n a b>e keep+ ( ! books4 ,x is true t a fair ,libr>ie1 is n onely an ornam5t & cr$it to ! place :]e x is2 b an useful commoditie by itself to ! publick2 yet 9 effect x is no m !n a dead ,bodie z n[ x is con/itut$1 9 comp>ison ( :at x might bee1 if x 7 animat$ ) a publick _s to keep & use x1 & ord]$ z x might bee = public s]vice4 ,= if su* an all[ance 7 settl$ ^u ! emploim5t z might ma9ta9 a man ( p>ts & g5]\s ?\ghts1 !n a condition might bee annex$ to ! be/[+ ( ! ,place2 t none %\ld be call$ !reunto b su* z _h approv$ !mselves zeal\s & pr(itable 9 som publick waies ( ,le>n+ to advance ! same1 or t %\ld bee b\nd to c]ta9 tasks to bee prosecut$ t[>ds t end1 :]e( a ,li/ might bee made1 & ! waie to trie _! abilities 9 prosecut+ ! same %\ld be describ$1 lea/ 9 aft] times1 unpr(itable m5 creep into ! place1 to fru/rate ! publick ( ! b5efit int5d$ by ! ,don]s t[>ds po/]itie4 ,! prop] *>ge !n ( ! ,honor>ie ,libr>ie-,keep] 9 an ,univ]sitie %\ld bee ?\ght ^u1 & ! end ( t ,imploim5t1 9 my conception1 is to keep ! publick /ock ( ,le>n+1 :i* is 9 ,books & ,manuscripts1 to increas x1 & to propose x to o!rs 9 ! waie :i* may bee mo/ useful unto all2 8 "w !n is to bee a ,factor & ,trad] = helps to ,le>n+1 & a ,treasur] to keep !m1 & a disp5s] to applie !m to use1 or to see !m well us$1 or at lea/ n abus$2 & to d all ?is1 fir/ a ,catalogue1 ( ! ,treasurie committ$ unto 8 *>ge is to bee made1 t is all ! ,books & ,manuscripts1 accord+ to ! ,titles :]eunto !y belong1 are to bee rank$ 9 an ord] mo/ easie & obvi\s to bee f\nd1 :i* ,i ?9k is t ( ,sci5ces & ,languages2 :5 fir/ all ! ,books are divid$ into _! subjectam mat]iam :]e( !y ,treat1 & !n ev]ie k9de ( matt] subdivid$ into _! sev]al ,languages2 & z ! ,catalogue %\ld bee s made1 t x may alwaies bee augm5t$ z ! /ock do? increas2 s ! place 9 ! ,libr>ie mu/ bee left op5 = ! increas ( ! numb] ( ,books 9 _! prop] ,seats1 & 9 ! ,pr9t$ ,catalogue1 a ,ref]5ce is to bee made to ! place :]e ! ,books are to bee f\nd 9 _! ,%elvs or repository4 ,:5 ! /ock is ?us kn[n & fitt$ to bee expos$ to ! view ( ! ,le>n$ ,_w1 !n ! waie ( ,trad+ ) x1 bo? at home & abroad1 is to bee laid to he>t bo? = ! increas ( ! /ock1 & = ! improvem5t ( x to use4 ,= ! increas ( ! /ock bo? at home & abroad1 correspond5cie %\ld bee held ) ^? t are em95t 9 ev]ie ,sci5ce1 to ,trade ) !m = _! pr(it1 t :at !y want & wee h1 !y may receiv ^u condition1 t :at !y h & wee want1 !y %\ld imp>t 9 t facultie :]e9 _! em95ce do? lie2 z = su* z are at home em95t 9 anie k9de1 becaus !y may com by ,native "r to h use ( ! ,libr>ie-,treasure1 !y are to be ,trad$ )al 9 ano!r waie1 viz4 t ! ?+s :i* are ga9$ f abroad1 :i* z yet are n made common1 & put to publick use %\ld bee promis$ & imp>t$ to !m = ! increas ( _! private /ock ( k1 to ! end t :at !y h peculi>1 may also bee giv5 9 = a requital1 s t ! p>ticul>ities ( gifts at home & abroad1 are to meet z 9 a ,c5t] 9 ! h& ( ! ,libr>ie-,keep]1 & hee is to ,trade ) ! "o by ! o!r1 to caus !m to multiplie ! publick /ock1 :]e( hee is a ,treasur] & ,factor4 ',?us hee %\ld ,trade ) ^? t are at home & abroad out ( ! ,univ]sitie1 & ) ^? t are )9 ! ,univ]sitie1 hee %\ld h acqua9tance to "k all t are ( anie p>ts1 & h[ _! view ( ,le>n+ do? lie1 to supplie helps unto !m 9 _! faculties f )\t & f )9 ! ,nation1 to put !m ^u ! keep+ ( correspond5cie ) m5 ( _! own /ra91 = ! beat+ out ( matt]s n yet elaborat$ 9 ,sci5ces2 s t !y may bee z 8 ,assi/ants & subord9ate ,factors 9 8 ,trade & 9 _! own = ga9+ ( kn[l$g3 ,n[ because 9 all publick ,ag5cies1 x is fit t som inspection %\ld bee _h ov] ^? t are intru/$ !re)1 !re=e 9 ?is ,factorie & ,trade = ! increas ( ,le>n+1 som tie %\ld bee ^u ^? ,libr>ie-,keep]s to oblige !m to c>efulness4 ',i w\ld !n ^u ?is acc\nt h an ,ord] made t once 9 ! ye> ! ,libr>ie-,keep] %\ld bee b\nd to give an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,trad+1 & ( 8 ,pr(it 9 8 ,trade 7z 9 all humane ,trades ,factors ought1 & use to d to _! pr9cipals at lea/ once a ye>71 & to ?is effect ,i w\ld h x ord]$1 t ! *ief ,doctors ( ea* facultie ( ! ,univ]sitie %\ld meet at a ,conv5i5t "t 9 a week ( ! ye> to receive ! ,acc\nts ( 8 ,trad+1 t hee may %ew !m :]e9 ! /ock ( ,le>n+ ha? be5 increas$ = t ye>'s space2 & !n he is to produce ! p>ticul>s :i* he ha? ga9$ f abroad1 & laie !m be=e !m all1 t ev]ie "o 9 8 own facultie may decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs t :i* hee ?9ke? fit to bee add$ to ! publick /ock1 & made common by ! ,catalogue ( ,additionals1 :i* ev]ie ye> )9 ! ,univ]sities is to be publi%$ 9 writ+ )9 ! ,libr>ie itself1 & ev]ie ?ree ye>s 7or soon] z ! numb] ( ,additionals may bee great1 or lat]1 if x bee smal7 to be put 9 ,pr9t & made common to ^? t are abroad4 ,& at ?is giv+ up ( ! acc\nts1 z ! ,doctors are to decl>e :at !y ?9k wor?ie to bee add$ to ! common /ock ( ,le>n+1 ea* 9 _! ,facultie2 s ,i w\ld h !m see :at ! ,*>ges & ,pa9s are :]eat ! ,libr>ie ,keep] ha? be51 t = 8 enc\ragem5t ! extraord9>ie exp5ces 9 correspond5cies & transcriptions = ! publick good may bee all[$ him out ( "s ,rev5ues1 :i* %\ld be set ap>t to t effect1 & dispos$ ( accord+ to _! jo9t cons5t & judgm5t 9 t matt]4 ,"h !n hee %\ld bee b\nd to %ew !m ! ,li/s ( 8 correspond5ts1 ! ,lett]s f !m 9 ,answ] to 81 & ! reckon+ ( 8 extraord9>ie exp5ce %\ld bee all[$ him 9 t :i* hee is indebt$1 or ha? freely laid out to procure ,r>ities into ! /ock ( ,le>n+4 ,& becaus ,i und]/& t all ! ,book-,pr9t]s or ,/ation]s ( ! ,common-weal? are b\nd ( ev]ie ,book :i* is ,pr9t$ to s5d a ,copie into ! ,univ]sitie ,libr>ie2 & x is impossible = "o man to read all ! ,books 9 all ,faculties1 to judg ( !m :at wor? !re is 9 !m2 nor ha? ev]ie "o ,abilitie to judg ( all k9de ( ,sci5ces :at ev]ie ,au?or do? h&le1 & h[ suffici5tly2 !re=e ,i w\ld h at ?is "t ( giv+ acc\nts ! ,libr>ie-,keep] also b\nd to produce ! ,catalogue ( all ! ,books s5t unto ! ,univ]sitie's ,libr>ie by ! ,/ation]s t ,pr9t$ !m2 to ! end t ev]ie "o ( ! ,doctors 9 _! own ,faculties %\ld decl>e1 :e!r or no !y %\ld bee add$1 & :]e !y %\ld bee plac$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ,additionals2 = ,i d n ?9k t all ,books & ,treatises1 :i* 9 ?is age are ,pr9t$ 9 all k9des1 %\ld bee ins]t$ into ! ,catalogue1 & add$ to ! /ock ( ! ,libr>ie1 discretion mu/ be us$ & confusion avoid$1 & a c\rs tak5 to di/+ui% t :i* is pr(itable f t :i* is useless1 & accord+ to ! v]dict ( t ,societie1 ! usefulness ( ,books = ! publick is to bee det]m9$2 yet because !re is seldom anie ,books :]e9 !re is n som?+ useful1 & ,books freely giv5 are n to bee ca/ away1 b may bee kept2 !re=e ,i w\ld h a peculi> place appo9t$ = su* ,books z %all bee laid aside to keep !m 91 & a ,catalogue ( _! ,titles made ,alphabetically 9 ref]5ce to ! ,au?or's "n ) a note ( di/9ction to %ew ! ,sci5ce to :i* !y are to bee ref]r$4 ,^! ?\ghts com ?us sudd5ly into my head1 :i* 9 due "t may bee m fully describ$1 if ne$ bee1 *iefly if1 ^u ! gr\nd ( ?is acc\nt1 som compet5cie %\ld bee f\nd out & all[$ to ma9te9 su* *>ges z w bee requisite t[>ds ! advancem5t ( ! ,publick good ( ,le>n+ aft] ?is mann]4' ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,wynkyn ,,de ,,worde',s ',,hyckscorn]4' ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,anto9e ,,v]>d',s ',,!r5ce ,,en ,,fran,,oys4' ,,woodcuts ,,9 ,,engli% ,,plays ,,pr9t$ ,,be=e #affjbj #bj ,f ',! ,libr>y1' by leave ( ! editor1 & ,messrs4 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] & ,co4 ,:5 loaves are lack+ x seems natural to atta* a high value to crumbs1 & p]haps ?is may be accept$ z an excuse = pr9t+ ! foll[+ r\gh notes on ! few woodcuts :i* ,i h be5 able to f9d 9 editions ( ,engli% plays pr9t$ be=e #affj4 ,an excuse is ne$$1 because1 :ile ! arti/ic value ( ! cuts is di/9ctly l[1 ! plays 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 ) ! exception ( ,m>l[e's ',dr4 ,fau/us1' are n ( ! fir/ int]e/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,i hope to %[1 ! woodcuts1 z a rule1 are n m]ely fancy pictures us$ only because !y look$ pretty4 ,!y are real illu/rations1 drawn by m5 :o _h c]ta9ly read ! plays !mselves1 & 9 all probability _h se5 !m4 ,to h _h1 say1 ! play-sc5e f ',hamlet' drawn1 h[ev] rudely1 z a title-cut by a contempor>y arti/ w\ld h be5 a v pleasant addition to our scanty s\rces ( k z to ! appe>ance ( ! actors & ! /age :5 ,%akespe>e's plays 7 fir/ act$1 &1 ?\gh x is less int]e/+ plays :i* h come d[n to u embelli%$ ) illu/rat$ title-pages1 we may z well take note ( :at =tune has giv5 u4 ,two at lea/ ( ! old morality plays1 ',e ,man' & ',hyckscorn]1' are prefac$ ) cuts1 to "s ( :i* ! names ( ! *>act]s are atta*$ on labels1 s t we may be sure ( _! id5tity4 ,un=tunately mo/ ( ^! little figures are poor copies ( ^? us$ 9 a ,fr5* translation ( ',t]5ce1' publi%$ by ,anto9e ,vr>d4 ,9 ',hyckscorn]' ,wynkyn de ,worde w5t f>!r4 ,to fill up a gap on 8 title-page he ins]ts a picture ( an elephant ) a h[dah on 8 back4 ,i h read ',hyckscorn]' once1 t5 ye>s ago1 & ,i hope nev] to h to read x aga94 ,b if my memory s]ves me1 !re is no?+ ab\t an elephant 9 x1 & ?is p>ticul> elephant agrees s closely ) "o us$ by ,john ( ,doesborgh to illu/rate a tract ab\t ,pre/] ,john's c\ntry t ,i am afraid he 0 "o ( ,wynkyn de ,worde's job lots4 ,cle>ly ^! e>lie/ cuts ?r[ no light on ! contempor>y /age4 ,! title-cut ( ',! pleasant & /ately morall ( ! ,?ree ,lordes & ,?ree ,ladies ( ,london1' pr9t$ by ',r4 ,ihones' 9 #aeij1 is ( m int]e/4 ,if ,i am "r 9 my int]pretation ( x1 x relates n to ! play itself1 b to a p]=mance ( any morality 9 a private hall4 ,on ! "r is a philosophical-look+ p]son ) a w& 9 8 h&1 :om ,i take to be ! ',doctor' or ',expositor1' :o us$ to int]pret to ! audi5ce ! mean+ ( ! old miracle plays & moralities4 ,on ! left is a man 9 ord9>y dress ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 app>5tly an actor4 ,bo? ^! are turn+ _! faces to a gr\p ( ladies seat$ on a dais1 presumably z spectators4 ,! picture is ?us tak5 f ! re> ( ! actors1 & illu/rates1 ?\gh 9 r a dull & conv5tional mann]1 ! p]=mances ( a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an #aeij4 ,?is is 9 keep+ ) ! play itself1 ! '/atelie morall' be+ a curi\s hybrid1 half morality1 half play1 ! publication ( :i* at a date :5 ,%akespe>e & ,m>l[e 7 already writ+ = ! /age 0 a curi\s anomaly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ',,! ,,?ree ,,lords ,,& ,,?ree ,,ladies ,,( ,,london1' #aeij4 ,?ree o!r sixte5?-c5tury plays1 ,m>l[e's ',fau/us1' ,gre5e's ',fri> ,bacon' & ',hi]onimo1' 7 issu$ ) title-cuts1 b n1 ,i believe1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! edition ( ',! ,tragicall ,hi/ory ( ! ,life & ,dea? ( ,dr4 ,fau/us4 ,writt5 by ,*r4 ,m>41' :i* ,i h f\nd ?us illu/rat$ is t 'pr9t$ = ,john ,wright1 & to be sold at 8 %op )\t ,newgate at ! sign ( ! ,bible1 #afaf4' ,un=tunately ! cut is l>g] ?an ! page ( text1 & 9 ! copies bo? ( ?is & ( lat] editions1 to :i* ,i h _h access1 has be5 cropp$ by ! b9d]'s %e>s beyond any possibility ( reproduction4 ,x %[s ,fau/us1 look+ r l "s ( ! lea/ flatt]+ portraits ( ,ar*bi%op ,laud1 /&+ 9 a magic circle1 w& 9 h&1 ) ! devil he has rais$ squatt+ be=e him on 8 haun*es l a f]oci\s black poodle4 ,z 9 ! case ( ',dr4 ,fau/us1' x is difficult to f9d an uncropp$ copy ( ',! ,honorable ,hi/orie ( ,fri] ,bacon & ,fri] ,bongay4 ,z x 0 lately plaid by ! ,pr9ce ,palat9e 8 s]vants4 ,made by ,rob]t ,gre5e1 ,ma/] ( ,arts4 7,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,elizabe? ,allde dwell+ ne]e ,*ri/-,*ur*4 #afcj47' ,9 ! copy accessible to me only ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! title-page h escap$ ! horrid %e>s2 b ?is suffices to %[ t we h "h "o ( ! few v>iations f ! dramati/'s text ( :i* ^! illu/rators h to be accus$4 ,bacon1 :5 we>9ess compels him to leave to 8 s]vant ! task ( wat*+ ! ,braz5 ,head1 *ides him = sl[ness 9 answ]+ 8 call4 ',?9k y1' is ! answ]1 't ! wat*+ ( ! ,braz5 ,head craves no furniture8 ,i w>rant y1 sir1 ,i h s arm$ myself t if all y\r devils d come ,i w n fe> !m an in*4' ,unluckily ! arti/ has dress$ ! s]vant n z a fight]1 b z a b&sman1 ) drum & a k9d ( fife1 & no visible arms4 ,b ! ,braz5 ,head is !re1 & ,bacon v fa/ asleep1 :ile ! labels issu+ f ! ,head's m\?1 ',"t 01' ',"t is1' ',"t is ,pa/1' %[ t ! text ( ! play _h be5 read1 ?\gh n v c>efully4 ,! illu/ration to ',hi]onimo' "h %[n is tak5 f ! edition ^: title runs3 ',! ,spani% ,trag$ie1 conta9+ ! lam5table end ( ,don ,horatio & ,belimp]ia3 ) ! pittiful dea? ( old ,hi]onimo4 7,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,augu/9e ,ma!wes1 & are to bee sold by ,iohn ,grism& at 8 %op 9 ,pauls ,alley47' ,! orig9al cut is v 'mealy' 7a *>act]i/ic q successfully reproduc$ 9 ! accompany+ facsimile ( x71 & ! design has n _m arti/ic m]its2 b 9 po9t ( fai?fulness x is probably all t c\ld be desir$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t z ,horatio & ,belimp]ia are toy+ 9 an arb\r 9 ,hi]onimo's g>d51 ! lady he>s foot/eps4 ',lor5zo1 ,bal?az>1 ,c]b]im1 & ,p$r+ano ent]1 disguis$4' ,lor5zo1 ! jeal\s bro!r1 bids 8 m9ions ',quickly despat*1 my ,ma/]s1' & accord+ to ! /age direction1 '!y hang him 9 ! ,arb\r' 7i4e41 ,horatio1 n ,lor5zo71 &1 despite ,belimp]ia's entreaties1 /ab him to dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ',,spani% ,,trag$ie' ',murd]1 murd]1 help1 ,hi]onimo1 help6' cries ,belimp]ia1 z 9 ! picture1 & ?\gh at ,lor5zo's bidd+1 ',come /op h] m\?2 away ) h]1' %e is dragg$ (f1 ! old man he>s4 ,! /age direction1 ',ent] ,hi]onimo 9 8 %irt1' has be5 int]pret$ lib]ally1 = ,hi]onimo has ne!r g>m5ts 9 addition2 b he is duly coatless & provid$ ) a tor* ) :i* to see ! 'murdr\s spectacle4' ',hi]4 ,:at outcry calls me f my nak$ b$1 ,& *ills my ?robb+ he>t ) trembl+ fe>1 ,:i* nev] dang] yet c\ld daunt be=e8 ,:o calls ,hi]onimo8 speak1 "h ,i am4 ,i did n slumb]2 !re=e 'twas no dream4 ,no1 no2 x 0 "s woman cri$ = help4 ,& "h )9 ! g>d5 did %e cry1 ,& 9 ?is g>d5 mu/ ,i rescue h]4 ,b /ay1 :at murdr\s spectacle is ?is8 ,a man hang'd up1 & all ! ,murd]]s gone2 ,& 9 my ,b[]1 to lay ! guilt on me8 ,?is place 0 made = pleasure1 n = dea?3 ,he cuts him d[n4 ,^! g>m5ts t he we>s ,i (t h se53 ,alas1 x is ,horatio1 my sweet son6'---- & s he makes 8 discov]y & devotes himself h5ce=? to rev5ge4 ,! labels issu+ f ! actors' m\?s %[ t ! arti/ _h /udi$ 8 text1 & ,i _c resi/ rem>k+ on h[ admirably he has caught ! pose ( ! /raw dummy1 :i* mu/ h be5 left hang+ to p]sonate ,horatio1 9 place ( ! actor1 :o _h d\btless slipp$ beh9d ! arb\r dur+ ! scuffle & 0 n[ re/+ aft] 8 ex]tions4 ,( plays fir/ act$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury :i* h woodcuts1 ! e>lie/ is probably1 ',if y "k n me1 y "k nobodie3 ,or ! tr\bles ( ,que5e ,elizabe?4 ,pr9t$ = ,na?aniel ,butt]1 #afjf4' ,to r5d] ! 'me' emphatic !re is a portrait ( ,que5 ,bess seat$ 9 a *air ( /ate1 cr[n$1 & ) ball & sceptre 9 h] h&s4 ,x is c>efully drawn & cut1 & no d\bt repres5ts ! 'make up' :i* ! actors foll[$4 ,sev5 ye>s lat] ! same publi%] simil>ly embelli%$ ano!r *ronicle play1 ',:5 y see me y "k me1 or ! fam\s ,*ronicle ,hi/orie ( ,k+ ,h5rie ! ,eight1 ) ! bir? & v]tu\s life ( ,edw>d ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,z x 0 play$ by ! high & mightie ,pr9ce ( ,wales 8 s]vants4 ,by ,samuel ,r[ly1 s]vant to ! ,pr9ce4 7,at ,london1 ,pr9t$ = ,na?aniel ,butt]1 & are to be sold at 8 %op 9 ,paules *ur*y>d ne> ,s4 ,au/9es ,gate4 #afac47' ,9 ! cut ,h5ry ,,viii41 9 8 famili> attitude1 is /&+ envelop$ 9 curta9s1 r l a /age manag] :o has come to ! 'front' to address ! audi5ce4 ,b = our purpose k+s & que5s copi$ f famili> portraits are less important ?an p]sons ( a mu* humbl] rank1 & m int]e/+ ?an ei!r ( ! two illu/rations j describ$ is t ( ! h]o9e f ',! ,ro>+ ,girls or ,moll ,cut-,purse4 ,z x ha? lately be5e act$ on ! ,=tune ,/age by ! ,pr9ce 8 ,play]s4 ,writt5 by ,g4 ,middleton & ,p4 ,dekk>4 7,pr9t$ at ,london = ,?omas ,ar*]4 #afaa47' ,moll ,cut-,purse 0 a real p]son1 ( :om1 z ,m>y ,fri?1 a judicial acc\nt f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,bull5 w be f\nd 9 ! ',diction>y ( ,national ,biography4' ,9 ! play %e fright5s a fa!r into all[+ 8 son to m>ry ano!r ,m>y by p]suad+ him t x is %e h]self ( :om ! "y man is enam\r$4 ,%e is cr$it$ ) '! _s ( f\re great p>i%es & a voyce t w dr[n all ! citty1' b ! c[>dly ,laxton1 :om %e fights1 mi/akes h] 9 h] male attire = a "y b>ri/]1 & p]haps ! ,temple produc$ _m ruffl]s n unlike ! figure "h %[n4 ,m>y ,fri? h]self seems to h _h few good qualities1 b ,moll 9 ! play is an amiable giant1 & h] promise to h] s]vant ( ! rev]sion ( h] man's clo!s 'next week' 0 probably made 9 ord] to p]suade ! spectators t ?is masqu]ad+ 0 only an isolat$ freak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,moll ,,cut-,,purse ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5e',s ',,tu ,,quoque' ,no less int]e/+ ?an ?is1 & arti/ically ! be/ picture we h to %[1 is ! title-cut ( ',gre5e's ,tu ,quoque or ! ,cittie ,gallant1 z x ha? be5e div]s times act$ by ! ,que5es ,maie/ies s]vants4 ,writt5 by ,jo4 ,cooke1 ,g5t4 7,pr9t$ at ,london = ,john ,trundle4 #afad47' ,orig9ally kn[n z ',! ,cittie ,gallant1' ?is play 0 r5am$ aft] ,?omas ,gre51 ! actor :o s successfully p]sonat$ ',bubble1' to :om ! ',tu ,quoque' quip is assign$4 ,bubble is ! type ( ! fooli% "y g5tleman :o wants to "k '! l[e/ price ( be+ italianat$4' ,no d\bt ?is excell5t cut is a portrait ( ,gre5 9 ! "p z he ent]s 'gallant$1' & exclaims3 ',h[ app>el makes a man respect$1 ! v *ildr5 9 ! /reets d adore me2 = if a boy t is ?r[+ at 8 jackal5t *ance to hit me on ! %9s1 :y ,i say no?+ b ,tu quoque1 smile & =give ! *ild ) a beck ( my h& or "s su* l tok53 s by t means ,i d seldom g )\t brok5 %9s4' ,illu/ration3 ,,f ',,! ,,maids ,,trag$ie' ,9 contra/ to ^! portraits ( s+le *>act]s is ! title-cut ( ',! ,maids ,trag$ie1 z x ha? be5e diu]s times act$ at ! ,black-,fri]s by ! ,k+s ,maie/ies ,s]uants4 ,newly p]us$1 augm5t$ & inl>g$1 ?is second ,impression4 7,london1 ,pr9t$ = ,francis ,con/able1 & are to be sold at ! ,:ite ,lion 9 ,pauls ,*ur*-y>d1 #afbb47' ,"h we h depict$ ! *ief incid5t ( ! play1 ! fight :i* ,aspatia1 9 man's clo!s1 =ces ^u ,am9tor 9 ord] to end h] life at 8 h&4 ,! draw+ is a little rude1 b1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ quotation1 ! attitude ( ,aspatia is /rictly 9 accordance ) ! text4 ',aspatia4 ,y mu/ be urg$1 ,i d n deal uncivilly ,) ^? t d>e to fight1 b su* z y ,mu/ be us$ ?us4 ,%e /rikes him4 ,am9tor4 ,i pri!e1 y\?1 take he$4 ,?y si/] is a ?+ to me s mu* ,above m9e hon\r t ,i c endure ,all ?is--good gods6--a bl[ ,i c endure1 ,b /ay n1 le/ ?\ draw a timeless dea? ,^u ?y self4 ,aspatia4 ,?\ art "s prat+ fell[1 ,"o t has /udi$ out a trick to talk ,& move s(t-he>t$ p2 to be kickt1 ,%e kicks him4 ,?us to be kickt--aside ,:y %\ld he be s sl[ ,9 giv+ me my dea?8 ,am9tor4 ,a man c be> ,no m & keep 8 fle%4 ,=give me !n1 ,i w\ld endure yet1 if ,i c\ld4 ,n[ %[ ,! _s ?\ pret5de/1 & und]/& ,?\ ha/ no h\r to live4 ,!y fight4 ,:at do/ ?\ mean8 ,?\ can/ n fight4 ,! bl[s ?\ mak'/ at me are q besides1 ,& ^? ,i (f] at !e1 ?\ spread'/ ?9e arms ,& tak'/ ^u ?y brea/1 alas1 def5celess6 ,aspatia4 ,i h got en\gh1 ,& my desire4 ,!re is no place s fit ,= me to die z "h4' ,! fight1 x w be obs]v$1 is ak9 to t betwe5 ,david ,balf\r & ,alan ,breck 9 ,/ev5son's ',kidnapp$1' b "h ! spectators' pity is m ke5ly work$ on by ! inexp]t *all5g] be+ a woman & by ! m tragical t]m9ation ( ! combat4 ,z = ! arti/1 no d\bt he did 8 be/4 ,9 ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s ',a ,k+ & ,no ,k+1' pr9t$ by ,t4 ,walkley 9 #afai1 ! title-page %[s a well-drawn figure ( a man1 above ^: head1 half on1 half (f x1 a cr[n is held by an arm f ! sky4 ,9 ',swetnam ! ,woman-hat]1 arraign$ by wom51' pr9t$ = ,ri*>d ,meigh5 ! next ye>1 a fairly good cut1 :i* ,i regret to h rememb]$ too late to h reproduc$1 exhibits ,swetnam =mally tri$ at b>1 be=e a judge & jury ( wom54 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fair ,,maid ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,our next picture is f ',! ,fair ,maid ( ! ,we/1 or1 a ,girle ,wor? ,gold4 ,! fir/ "p4 ,z x 0 lately act$ be=e ! ,k+ & ,que51 ) approv$ lik+1 by ! ,que5s ,maje/ies ,com$ians4 ,writt5 by ,t4 ,h4 7,london1 ,pr9t$ = ,ri*>d ,roy/on1 & are to be sold at 8 ,%op 9 ,ivie ,lane4 #afca47' ,! cut1 ( c\rse1 repres5ts ! 'girl wor? gold1' & leaves "o wond]+ :e!r ! man :o took ! "p 0 really able to screw 8 wai/ to ! fa%ionable limit "h %[n4 ,9 ',! ,iron ,age3 ,contayn+ ! ,rape ( ,hell53 ,! siege ( ,troy3 ,! ,combate betwixt ,hector & ,aiax3 ,hector & ,troilus slayne by ,a*illes3 ,a*illes sla9e by ,p>is3 ,aiax & ,vlisses cont5d = ! ,arm\r ( ,a*illes3 ,! ,dea? ( ,aiax1 etc4 ,writt5 by ,?omas ,heywood1' we h a v pictorial title-page1 :i* duly answ]s to ! /age direction3 ',al>um4 ,9 ?is combat1 bo? hav+ lo/ _! swords & %ields1 ,hector takes up a great piece ( a rock & ca/s at ,aiax1 :o te>s a "y tree up by ! roots1 & assails ,hector2 at :i* !y are p>t$ by bo? armies4' ,9 ',! ,second ,"p' 7,n4 ,okes1 #afcb7 ! title-cut %[s ,troy 9 flames1 ! ,greeks issu+ f ! wood5 horse1 & 9 ! =egr\nd ,s9on & ,!rsites engag$ 9 a mo/ conv5tional /age dialogue4 ,! actual greet+ ( ^! h]oes is 9 contra/ ) ! e>ne/ mi5 ! arti/ has giv5 !m2 = ,!rsites hails ,s9on z ',my ,ur*91' & ,s9on hails ,!rsites z ',my ,toad4' ,b ^! epi!ts _h no d\bt a hidd5 mean+4 ,our next illu/ration is f ',! ,f\re ,pr5tises ( ,london1 ,) ! ,conque/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,z x ha? be5e diu]s times act$ at ! ,r$-,bull1 by ! ,que5e's ,maie/ie's ,s]uants ) good applause4 ,writt5 & newly reuis$ by ,?omas ,heywood4 7,pr9t$ at ,london by ,ni*olas ,okes1 #afcb47' ,on ! :ole1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! picture m]ely repres5ts ! jovial dance ( ! appr5tices1 ei!r :5 _! lab\rs are ov]1 or :51 aft] ! proclamation = ! ,crusades1 !y hold ?is colloquy3 ',eu/ace4 ,ran1 tan1 tan4 ,n[ by ,s4 ,george he tells u gallant newes4 ,i'll home no m4 ,i'll run away to-night4 ,guy4 ,if ,i ca/ b[l1 or spoon1 or salt aga91 ,be=e ,i h beheld ,j]usalem ,let me turn ,pagan4 ,*>les4 ,hats & caps1 adieu2 ,= ,i mu/ leave y1 if ! ,drum say true4 ,godfrey4 ,nay1 !n1 h ) y1 bro!rs6 = my _s ,) z mu* vig\r ha? bur/ =? z ?9e1 ,& c z h>dly be re/ra9'd z y\rs4 ,give me y\r h&s4 ,i w consort y too3 ,let's try :at ,london ,pr5tices c d6 ,eu/ace4 ,= my ,trades sake1 if good success ,i h ,! groc]s arms %all 9 my ensign wave4 ,guy4 ,& if my val\r br+ me to comm& ,! ,goldsmi?s' arms %all 9 my col\rs /&4 ,godfrey4 ,s ( u all4 ,!n let u 9 "o fleet ,laun* all toge!r4' ,^! are brave words1 & ! coats ( arms hung ov] ! 'pr5tices' heads are 9 accordance ) !m4 ,b !re is a /age direction lat] on 9 ! play3 ',al>um4 ,! f\r bre?r5 ea* ( !m kill a ,pagan k+1 take (f _! cr[ns & exeunt1 two "o way & two ano!r way'2 & ,i _c b regret t ! arti/ did n *oose ?is z ! subject ( 8 cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f\r ,,pr5tises ,,( ,,london ,9 #afee ',! ,m]ry ,devil ( ,edmonton' appe>$ f ! press ( ,d4 ,gilb]tson ) a title-cut %[+ ,banks & 8 fam\s horse on a plat=m4 ,our la/ illu/ration is tak51 n f ?is1 b f ano!r ,edmonton play1 ',! ,wit* ( ,edmonton1 a kn[n true /ory4 ,compos$ into a tragi-com$y by div]s well-e/eem$ ,poets2 ,william ,r[ley1 ,?omas ,dekk]1 ,john ,=d1 etc4 ,act$ by ! ,pr9ces ,s]vants1 (t5 at ! ,cock-,pit 9 ,drury-,lane1 once at ,c\rt1 ) s+ul> ,applause4 ,nev] pr9t$ till n[4 7,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,j4 ,cottrel1 = ,edw>d ,blackmore1 at ! ,angel 9 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d4 #afeh47' ,illu/ration3 ,,f ',,! ,,wit* ,,( ,,edmonton' ,! illu/ration 9 ?is case is a composite "o1 ref]r+ to ?ree diff]5t mom5ts 9 ! play4 ,"m ,sawy] is f\nd by ! dog--said dog1 ( c\rse1 be+ 'a ,famili>'--curs+ 't curmudgeon ,banks1' ! 'cl[n' ( ! piece1 :o1 ) ?ree ( 8 companions1 has be5 abus+ h]4 ,a long spee* ( imprecation ends ) ! effective l9e3 ',v5geance1 %ame1 ru91 light ^u t ,cank]1' & x is !n t !re appe>s ! /age direction1 ',ent] ,dog1' 8 op5+ rem>k be+ ! ',ho6 h ,i f\nd !e curs+8 n[ ?\ art m9e own1' ( :i* "p is %[n on ! label4 ,! dog subsequ5tly expla9s t x is only :5 he f9ds p curs+ t he c obta9 p[]s ov] !m ( life & dea?1 b be=e own+ to ?is limitation he has r unfairly got ! old woman to seal ! usual cov5ant ) h] blood1 & in/ruct$ h] 9 ! art ( mak+ h]self unpleasant4 ',i'll tell !e1 :5 ?\ wi%e/ ill2 ,corn1 ,man or ,bea/1 w\ld spoyl or kill1 ,turn ?y back aga9/ ! ,sun1 ,& mumble ?is %ort ,orison3 ,if ?\ to dea? or %ame pursue 'em ,sanctibicetur nom5 tuum4' ,9 a subsequ5t sc5e ! ,_s takes ! =m ( ,ka!r9e ,c>t]1 ) :om ,cuddy ,banks is 9 love4 ,on h] appe>+ to him he rem>ks t he w tea* h] to walk s late6 ,! tea*+1 h[ev]1 0 n on 8 side4 ,%e trips be=e him1 & 8 exclamation z he quits ! /age1 ',nay1 by y\r leave ,i mu/ embrace y1' is spe$ily foll[$ by t quot$ 9 ! cut1 ',oh help1 help1 ,i am dr[n'd4 ,i am dr[n'd4' ,! /age direction h]eupon is ',ent] ,wet1' & ! dog1 aft] f\r diabolic 'ha ha's1' bids him ',take he$ h[ ?\ tru/e/ ! ,devil ano!r "t6' ,! tumbl+ into ! wat]1 x w be obs]v$1 l ! murd] ( h] *ildr5 by ,m$ea1 0 enact$ beh9d ! /age1 probably because on ! /age !re 0 no means ( simulat+ wat] to tumble into4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! arti/1 a v rude "o1 x mu/ be confess$1 n only br\ght ?ree sc5es toge!r1 b depict$ "o :i* ! audi5ce c\ld n h witness$4 ,our subject has be5 limit$ to woodcuts 9 old plays1 b x %\ld be not$ t bo? ! undat$ editions ( ,middleton's ',game ( ,*ess' h engrav$ title-pages ( "s m]it4 ,z = our woodcuts1 ,i h tri$ to resi/ ! temptation to claim = !m m ?an !y des]ve4 ,"o or two ( !m are really good1 sev]al o!rs at lea/ int]e/+1 a few1 l t at :i* we h j be5 look+1 poor /uff en\gh4 ,b !y are connect$ ) ! greate/ p]iod ( ! ,engli% drama1 & x has be5 wor? :ile to collect ^! notes1 if only to %[ t ?is is ! be/ t ,engli% arti/s c\ld d1 or ,engli% publi%]s _h ! ent]prise to commission !m to d1 :5 !y 7 confront$ ) s unique an opportunity4 ,,h]rick ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds#ba #ba ,f ',macmillan's ,magaz9e1' by leave ( ! editor & publi%]s4 ,to all b 8 pr(ess$ admir]s ,h]rick is *iefly kn[n by a little h&ful ( lyrics1 :i* appe> ) great regul>ity 9 ! an?ologies1 b br+ ) !m a v incomplete impression ( _! au?or's p]sonality & life4 ,9 ! case ( ,h]rick ?is is no great wond]4 ,! same s5su\s feel+ :i* made him inve/ 8 fri5ds ) ! p]fume ( ,juno or ,isis1 s+ ( _! complexions z roses ov]spread ) lawn1 comp>e _! lips to *]ries1 & praise _! silv] feet1 _h also its o!r side4 ,! unlucky wights :o incurr$ ! poet's wra? 7 treat$ 9 a fa%ion equally (f5sive to good ta/e & good mann]s4 ,nor are ^! gruesome epigrams ! only apples 9 ! g>d5 ( ,h]rick's ',hesp]ides' :i* h affront$ ! ta/e ( mod]n read]s4 ,! epigrams inde$1 if apples at all1 are r ! du/y apples ( ! ,dead ,sea ?an ! pleasant fruit ( ! ,we/]n ,isles2 b ,h]rick's ',epi?alamia1' odes ^: su/a9$ spl5d\r gives !m a high rank among 8 poems1 because !y s+ ( o!r m>riage-rites ?an ^? ( rice & slipp]1 h also t5d$ to re/rict ! circle ( 8 read]s 9 an age :i* prides itself on its mode/y4 ,h5ce x has come ab\t t :ile ! names ( ! lovely ladies ( ! poet's imag9ation1--,julia1 ,dianeme1 ,electra1 ,p]illa--are widely kn[n1 ^? ( ! m5 & wom5 :om ,h]rick treasur$ z 8 fri5ds are all b =gott51 & ! mat]ials = con/ruct+ a picture ( ! society amid :i* ! poet mov$ h be5 neglect$ & ?r[n aside4 ,l mo/ ba*elors1 ,h]rick set a high value ^u fri5d%ip1 & 9 8 s$at] middle age1 :5 8 poetry _h lo/ some?+ ( its fire1 he set himself to con/ruct a poetic temple to commemorate ! virtues ( ! m5 & wom5 :om he mo/ lov$ or hon\r$4 ,sometimes in/ead ( a temple he speaks ( a book1 sometimes 8 fri5ds are 8 'elect1' 8 'righte\s tribe1' language :i* recalls ! 'seal$ ( ! tribe ( ,b5' ( 8 fav\rite ,jonson4 ,inclusion among !m 0 cle>ly reckon$ z an hon\r1 & _m ( ! poems 9 :i* x is conf]r$ 7 evid5tly writt5 9 response to solicitation1 sportive or e>ne/ z we may *oose to ?9k4 ,^! fri5ds ( 8 lat] days are n always v int]e/+4 ,_m ( !m are ( 8 relations1 ,h]ricks1 or "s ( ! innum]able ,/ones & ,soames1 well-to-d folk ) :om ! poet claim$ c\s9%ip ?r\gh 8 "m1 ,julia ,/one4 ,"s ( ! outsid]s are m to our purpose--,john ,seld5 ! ,antiqu>y1 = in/ance1 ^: intimacy 0 no small hon\r1 & ,dr4 ,alaba/]1 :o 9 8 "y days _h become a conv]t to ,ca?olicism :ile s]v+ ) ,essex 9 ,spa91 b ^: apocalyptic writ+s br\ght him into tr\ble ) ! ,inquisition1 f ^: clut*es he 0 glad to f9d refuge 9 a return to ,prote/antism & an ,engli% liv+4 ,mr4 ,john ,cr(ts1 cup-be>] to ! ,k+1 is ano!r fri5d :o br+s ) him a di/9ct s5se ( reality4 ,h]rick calls him 8 'fai?ful fri5d1' & _! acqua9tance 0 probably ( long /&+1 = we he> ( ,cr(ts z 9 ! ,k+'s s]vice a ye> or two be=e ! poet buri$ himself 9 8 ,devon%ire liv+1 & on ! o!r h& all ^! ',temple' poems impress u z hav+ be5 writt5 late 9 ,h]rick's life4 ,9 8 y\ng] days ,cr(ts himself may h be5 a rhyme/]1 = 9 ! ,/ate ,pap]s !re is a lett] f ,"l ,conway ?ank+ ,william ,weld = "s v]ses1 & express+ a hope t ! l9es may be '/rong en\gh to b9d ,rob]t ,maule & ,jack ,cr(ts' f ev]more us+ "s phrase unkn[n4 ,mr4 ,cr(ts seems to h _h worse faults ?an ?is ( us+ incorrect phrases1 = a ye> or two lat] 7#afcd7 !re is a record ( a petition f ,george1 ,"l ,digby1 pray+ to be releas$ f an imprisonm5t incurr$ = assault+ ,h]rick's fri5d "u v irritat+ provocation4 ,jack _h pass$ "s insult on a lady "u ,"l ,digby's escort1 _h apologis$1 _h boa/$ ( ! orig9al (f5ce1 & :5 f9ally br\ght to book _h int]sp]s$ rem>ks su* z ',well6' & ',:at !n8' 9 a mann] :i* made can+ seem too good = him4 ,b ?is is ! petition]'s acc\nt1 & ,jack himself might h giv5 a diff]5t v]sion4 ,o!rs ( ,h]rick's fri5ds seem occasionally to h got !mselves into tr\ble4 ,dr4 ,john ,p>ry1 = in/ance1 ,*ancellor ( ! ,diocese ( ,exet]1 :5 fir/ appo9t$1 0 accus$ ( hav+ oppress$ div]s p ) excommunications = ! sake ( fees2 b we he> ( him aft]w>ds z highly recomm5d$ by ! ,deputy-,lieut5ants1 & 8 e>ly exactions mu/ h be5 aton$ to ! ,k+'s satisfaction1 s9ce ! *ancellor 0 ?\ght wor?y to be made a judge-m>%al1 & to receive ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,_m ( ,h]rick's poems be> ref]5ce1 direct or indirect1 to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,he bewail$ ! sep>ation ( ! ,k+ & ,que51 welcom$ ,*>les to ! ,we/ 9 v]se :i* sang ! ':ite om5s' ( 8 com+1 congratulat$ him on 8 tak+ ( ,leice/] 9 ,may1 #afde1 & compos$ an ode1 ',to ! ,k+ ^u 8 welcome to ,hampton ,c\rt1' 9 :i* he took all too *e]ful a view ( ! royal prospects4 ,8 book is d$icat$ to ,*>les ,,ii41 & x conta9s also an address ',to ,pr9ce ,*>lie ^u 8 com+ to ,exet]1' :i* probably ref]s to a visit 9 #afde4 ,ye>s be=e he _h sung ! ,pr9ce's bir? 9 a pretty *oral ode1 tak+ note ( ! /> :i* appe>$ at noontide :5 ! ,k+ 8 fa!r w5t to make ?anksgiv+ at ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,two o!r incid5ts 9 ! we/-c\ntry campaign inspir$ 8 muse1 ! tak+ & hold+ ( ,exet] by ,sir ,john ,b]keley1 & ! gallant victories won 9 ,cornwall by ,"l ,hopton ov] v sup]ior numb]s4 ,= ! re/ !re is no?+ 9 ! ',hesp]ides' to %[ t ,h]rick 0 a bigot$ royali/4 ,utt]ances 9 fav\r ( ! div9e "r ( k+s & ! duty ( implicit ob$i5ce are n h>d to f9d2 b !y are balanc$ by epigrams :i* %[ a mu* m ,p>liam5t>y _s1 & x is (t5 difficult to tell :]e ,h]rick is express+ 8 own s5tim5ts & :]e he is simply runn+ into v]se "s s5t5ce or phrase :i* happ5$ to cat* 8 att5tion4 ,:5 ! end came1 ,h]rick1 l _m ano!r c\ntry prie/1 0 turn$ out ( 8 liv+1 %ook ! du/ ( ,dean ,prior (f 8 feet1 & return$ cont5t$ly to ,london1 !re to take 8 place 9 a little b& ( wits :o 7 able to endure ! gloom ( ! ,presbyt]ian rule :i* !n held ! city 9 its grasp4 ,he pass$ 8 ',hesp]ides' & ',noble ,numb]s' ?r\gh ! press1 made fri5ds ) "y ,john ,hall1 !n fre% f ,cambridge b ) a ,european reputation = clev]ness2 address$ 8 'hon\r$ fri5d' ,mr4 ,*>les ,cotton1 probably ! fri5d ( ,izaak ,walton & translator ( ,montaigne2 ov]prais$ ,leon>d ,willan1 a wret*$ poet & dramati/1 & contribut$ a curi\s poem to ! ',la*rymae ,mus>um1' 9 :i*1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,ri*>d ,brome1 all ! wits ( ! day p\r$ =? _! lam5t = ! dea? ( ,"l ,ha/+s 9 #afdi4 ,!n ,h]rick vani%es f our sight1 & save t he return$ to 8 liv+ aft] ! ,re/oration & di$ !re at ,dean ,prior 9 #afgd we "k no m ( him4 ,! m5tion ( ,h]rick's ',temple' or ',book' ( 8 h]oes has l$ u to gossip fir/ ( ! less int]e/+ half ( 8 life :i* foll[$ on 8 acceptance ( a c\ntry liv+4 ,! n9e or t5 ye>s :i* pass$ betwe5 8 leav+ ,cambridge & 8 retirem5t to ,devon%ire 7 probably ! mo/ poetically productive 9 all 8 c>e]1 &1 f ! glimpses :i* 8 poems give u1 7 c]ta9ly ! gaye/ & mo/ amus+4 ,he _h gone to ! ,univ]sity unusually late 9 life1 9 #afac :5 he 0 already 9 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 t is to say1 five or six ye>s s5ior to ! av]age fre%man ( ^? days4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's suicide 7= ! fall f a w9d[ foll[+ imm$iately on mak+ 8 w c h>dly h be5 accid5tal1 & 0 n s reg>d$ at ! "t7 ! c>e ( ! poet & 8 bro!rs _h devolv$ on _! uncles ,rob]t & ,william1 & ! latt]1 :o 0 jewell]1 goldsmi?1 & bank] to ,james ,i41 %ortly aft] receiv+ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood f ! ,k+1 on ,septemb] #be1 #afjg1 accept$ 8 nephew z an appr5tice = t5 ye>s4 ,h]rick's appreciation ( mat]ial beauty 0 s ke5 t ! abs5ce f 8 poems 7s f> z my memory s]ves me7 ( any /rik+ allusions to goldsmi?'s "w may p]haps be tak5 z evid5ce t dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip ) 8 uncle he did n make any great progress 9 ! craft4 ,at all ev5ts he p]suad$ ,sir ,william to excuse him ! la/ f\r ye>s ( 8 "t1 & betook himself to ,cambridge1 ! poets' ,univ]sity4 ,f\rte5 lett]s :i* he wrote to 8 uncle f 8 college /ill survive1 all writt5 9 a high-fl[n rhetorical /yle1 sometimes laps+ into blank v]se1 & ) "o unv>y+ !me1--! ne$ ( a prompt remittance4 ,8 all[ance 0 #dj a ye> 7"s #bjj pres5t value71 probably paid out ( ! remnant ( ! #fjj odd :i* came to him f 8 fa!r's e/ate4 ,?is ( itself 0 no bad '/ip5d1' to use ! poet's ^w1 & f ! tone ( ! lett]s we may guess t x 0 also supplem5t$ by occasional gifts f 8 uncle & aunt4 ,b x 0 app>5tly n paid regul>ly2 ,h]rick 0 frequ5tly 9 pecuni>y /raits1 & ab\t #afaf he migrat$ f ,/4 ,john's to ,tr9ity ,hall 9 ord] to curtail 8 exp5ses1 tak+ 8 ba*elor's degree f ! latt] college 9 #afag4 ,x w\ld be plac+ too t\*+ a fai? 9 "u-graduate nature to atta* mu* importance to ! fact t ! paym5ts :i* ,h]rick reque/s 7 mo/ly to be made ?r\gh booksell]s1 & t 7save once :5 he confesses to hav+ 'run some:at deep into my tailor's debt'7 ! ne$ ( books or ! advancem5t ( 8 /udies are ! pretexts mo/ly giv5 = 8 reque/s = spe$y paym5t4 ,b !re is no reason to imag9e t ,h]rick's univ]sity c>e] 0 an idle "o4 ,8 poems %[ consid]able traces ( a k & love ( ! classics4 ,he translates f ,virgil t *>m+ passage :i* describes ! meet+ ( neas ) ,v5us clad z a simple huntress1 is full ( ,horatian rem9isc5ces1 borr[s a few c\plets f ,ovid1 adapts q a numb] ( epigrams f ,m>tial1 makes s mu* use ( 8 ,catullus t we may guess he knew a fair numb] ( 8 odes by he>t1 quotes ,cic]o1 turns a tag or two f ,sallu/ & ,tacitus1 & _h a v ext5sive acqua9tance ) ,s5eca4 ,9 ,greek he takes a c\plet f ,hesiod z a motto = 8 ',noble ,numb]s1' alludes to ,hom]1 ?\gh 8 ref]5ce to ,hel5 at ! ,scaean ,gate is p]haps r f ! ',love ,lett]s' ( ,ari/a5etus ?an ! ,iliad1 translates "s tw5ty l9es ( ,!ocritus into ! pretty poem entitl$ ',! ,cruel ,maid1' knew some?+ ( ! ,planudean ,an?ology1 & knew1 lov$1 translat$1 & mitat$ ! pseudo-,anacreon4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ,h]rick's indebt$ness to ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors w be f\nd 9 ano!r pap]4 ,?is brief survey ( 8 classical /udies may suffice to prove t he 0 no idl]1 & :5 he left ! univ]sity & return$ to t[n he mu/ h be5 well able to hold 8 own ) ! be/ wits ( ! day4 ,! well-kn[n poem on ',8 ,age1' 'd$icat$ to 8 peculi> fri5d1 ,mr4 ,john ,weekes "u ! "n ( ,po/humus1' conta9s 9 ! pr9t$ v]sion "s vague rem9isc5ces ( _! sportive days4 ,9 ! ,eg]ton ,,ms4 #bgbe at ! ,briti% ,museum "o v]se ( ?is poem m5tions "s ( _! old play-fell[s3 ',!n ! next heal? to fri5ds ( m9e ,9 oy/]s & ,burgundian w9e1 ,h9d1 ,god]iske1 ,smi?1 ,& ,nansagge1--' acqua9tances ( ! ye>s ere yet ,h]rick _h donn$ 8 p>son's g[n1 & ^: amatory p[]s he comp>es to ^? ( ,jove himself4 ,! id5tity ( ^! h]oes is n v easily det]m9$4 ,a fri5d sugge/s t ,h9d may h be5 ,john ,h9d1 an ,anacreontic poet & fri5d ( ,gre5e1 & has f\nd ref]5ces to a ,god]iske 7,goodri*7 & a ,nansagge1 ( :om1 h[ev]1 only ! names are kn[n4 ,smi?1 despite ! commonness ( ! "n1 may almo/ c]ta9ly be id5tifi$ ) ,james ,smi?1 a poet ^: few v]ses sometimes /rike a curi\sly mod]n note4 ,l ,h]rick he act$ at "o "t z *apla9 to a squadron s5t to ! relief ( ! ,isle ( ,rh1 & l ,h]rick also became a ,devon%ire p>son4 ,he 01 too1 "o ( ! editors & writ]s ( ! ,an?ology kn[n z ',mus>um ,deliciae1' & 8 colleague 9 t task1 ! gallant royali/ sailor1 ,sir ,john ,m5nis1 0 also a fri5d ( ,h]rick1 :o address$ a poem to him4 ,john ,wicks1 or ,weekes1 ! ',po/humus' ( ,h]rick's v]ses1 0 ano!r fri5d ( ,m5nis & ,smi?1 & also a c\ntry cl]gyman4 ,! fir/ poem 9 ! ',mus>um ,deliciae' is address$ ',to ,p>son ,weeks2 an invitation to ,london4' ',"o fri5d8' he is told-- ',:y ?\ ha/ ?\s&s "h ,w /rive to make !e bett] *e]4 ,%ips lately f ! isl&s came ,) w9es1 ?\ nev] he>d'/ _! "n-- ,montefiasco1 ,front9iac1 ,viatico & t old ,sack ,"y ,h]rick took to ent]ta9 ,! ,muses 9 a sprightly ve9'-- an invitation :i* l9ks toge!r ! names ( all ^! top]s4 ,weekes1 h[ev]1 s ,antony ,wood tells u1 0 a good prea*] z well z a m]ry fell[4 ,8 liv+ 0 9 ,cornwall1 b he add$ to x a canonry at ,bri/ol4 ,h]rick addresses two o!r poems to him2 "o 'a p>a5eticall or advisive v]se1' beg9n+1 ',is ?is a life to break ?y sleep1 ,to rise z soon z day do? peep8 ,to tire ?y pati5t ox or ass ,by noon & let ?y good days pass1 ,n kn[+ ?is1 t ,jove decrees ,"s mir? to adulce man's mis]ies8' l9es :i* seem to %[ t ,p>son ,weekes took ! cultivation ( 8 glebe some:at too s]i\sly4 ,9 ! ?ird poem he is aga9 address$ z ,h]rick's 'peculi> fri5d1' & hav+ app>5tly come (f bett] ?an mo/ royali/ p>sons "u ! ,commonweal?1 is exhort$ to hospitality3 ',s9ce %$ or cottage ,i h none1 ,i s+ ! m t ?\ ha/ "o1 ,to ^: glad ?re%old & free door ,i may a poet come1 ?\gh poor1 ,& eat ) !e a sav\ry bit1 ,pay+ b common ?anks = x4' ,if ,h]rick made "s fri5ds among memb]s ( 8 own pr(ession1 8 love ( music probably procur$ him _m m4 ,he addresses poems to ,william & ,h5ry ,lawes1 bo? ( :om set v]ses ( 8 to music2 he alludes also to ,dr4 ,john ,wilson1 to ,gaul?i]1 to ,lanire1 & to ,rob]t ,ramsay1 9 t]ms ( famili>ity4 ,! la/ nam$1 :o 'set' 8 v]sion ( ! dialogue betwe5 ,horace & ,lydia1 may h be5 a ,cambridge fri5d1 z he 0 organi/ ( ,tr9ity ,college 7#afbh-afcd74 ,) ano!r organi/1 ,john ,p>sons ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :o di$ 9 #afbc1 ,h]rick mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ v %ortly aft] 8 return f ,cambridge4 ,evid5ce ( ! fri5d%ip rema9s 9 two *>m+ little poems address$ to ! musician's daught]s1 ,doro?y & ,?omas9e3 ',if ?\ ask me1 de>1 :]e=e ,i d write ( !e no m1 ,i mu/ answ]1 sweet1 ?y "p ,less is "h ?an 9 my he>t1' are ! l9es :i* h giv5 ! eld] si/] immortality1 :ile ! attractions ( ! second are = ev] celebrat$ 9 ! c\plet1-- ',gr[ up 9 beauty1 z ?\ do/ beg9 ,& be ( all admir$1 ,?omas9e4' ,ano!r family into :i* ,h]rick's love ( music 0 probably ! key :i* ga9$ him admission1 0 t ( ! ,norgates4 ,accord+ to ! ',cal5d>s ( ,/ate ,pap]s1' ,edw>d ,norgate ! eld] 0 9 #afaa appo9t$1 9 conjunction ) ,&rea ,bassano1 to ! (fice ( tun] ( ! ,k+'s virg9als1 organs1 & o!r in/rum5ts2 & six-&-tw5ty ye>s lat] we f9d him sup]9t5d+ ! repair ( ! organ 9 ! *apel at ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,8 son1 ano!r ,edw>d1 0 orig9ally a scriv5] 9 ! ,k+'s s]vice1 & 0 employ$ 'to write1 limn & g>ni% ) gold & col\rs' ! royal lett]s to a picturesque li/ ( =eign pot5tates1 includ+ ! ,gr& ,signior1 ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 ! ,great ,mogul & o!r remote pr9ces1 su* z ! ,k+s ( ,bantam1 ,macass>1 ,b>b>y1 ,siam1 ,a*ee1 ,fez1 & ,sus4 ,f scriv5] he 0 rais$ to be ,cl]k ( ! ,signet ,extraord9>y1 & !nce to be ,w9dsor ,h]ald1 & to fill a v>iety ( small (fices ( pr(it4 ,h]rick addresses him z '! mo/ accompli%$ g5tleman1 ,ma/] ,edw>d ,norgate1 ,cl]k ( ! ,signet to 8 ,maje/y1' & rem>ks t ',= "o s r>ely tun'd to fit all p>ts1 ,= "o to :om esp\s$ are all ! arts1 ,long h ,i s\ght =1 b c\ld nev] see ,!m all conc5t]$ 9 "o man b !e'-- a flatt]+ tribute to ! univ]sality ( ,norgate's tal5ts4 ,we may pass n[ to "s ( ,h]rick's patrons4 ,8 relations ) ! royal family we h already t\*$ on1 s no?+ m ne$ be said ab\t !m "h4 ,aft] ! ,k+1 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 :om he accompani$ z *apla9 to ! ,isle ( ,rh1 0 probably ! mo/ influ5tial ( ! poet's protectors1 & ,h]rick addresses an effusive poem to him1 & a pretti] "o to 8 si/]1 ,lady ,m>y ,villi]s4 ,) ! ,e>l ( ,we/morel&1 himself ! au?or ( a volume ( v]se 7',otia ,sacra'71 ,h]rick 0 probably on r m intimate t]ms4 ,he addresses poems also to ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond & ,l5nox1 ! ,e>l ( ,pembroke 7,mass+]'s patron71 ,edw>d ,e>l ( ,dorset1 ,visc\nt ,new>k1 & also to ! ,visc\nt's son1 :om he calls ',ultimus ,h]\m1 or ! mo/ le>n$ & ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,h5ry ,m>quis ( ,dor*e/]4' ,joseph ,hall1 ,bi%op ( ,exet] 78 diocesan71 & ,williams1 ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 are ! only episcopal recipi5ts ( 8 v]ses4 ,he bespeaks ! fav\r ( ! =m] = 8 book1 :ile to ! latt] he addresses a c>ol & a congratulation on 8 release f imprisonm5t1 9 :i* he speaks obscurely ( "s ill-turn :i* ,williams _h done him4 ,! li/ ( less] m5 ( rank1 knights & b>onets1 among ,h]rick's fri5ds is ( ab\t ! same l5g?4 ,sir ,simeon ,/ew>d1 :o compet$ ) him 9 writ+ fairy poems1 is /ill rememb]$ by lit]>y antiqu>ies1 & ,sir ,john ,d5ham1 :om he congratulat$ on 8 'prospective poem' 7',coop]'s ,hill'71 is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n4 ,b ,sir ,clipsby ,crew1 ,sir ,lewis ,pemb]ton1 ,sir ,edw>d ,fi%1 ,sir ,?omas ,heale1 ,sir ,?omas ,s\?well1 & o!r wor?y magnates ( ! day1 n[ only survive 9 ,h]rick's v]se & ! indices to ,c\nty ,hi/ories4 ,sir ,clipsby ,crew1 to :om he addresses five poems 7besides two to 8 lady71 0 probably ! mo/ intimate ( ^! fri5ds1 z ,h]rick speaks ( him z ',my ,crew1' ',my ,clipsby1' & aft] tell+ him h[ he & 8 fri5ds 'securely live & eat ! cream ( meat1' quot+ ,anacreon & ,horace ! :ile1 bids ! 'brave knight' come to visit 8 cell1 an invitation :i* implies famili>ity4 ,yet x is to be fe>$ t ) all ^! good knights ,h]rick held ! ,elizabe?an relation ( poet to patron r ?an a purely equal fri5d%ip4 ,v>i\s v]ses to ,sir ,clipsby ,crew1 ,sir ,lewis ,pemb]ton1 ,mr4 ,kellan & o!rs1 %[ t ,h]rick lov$ to frequ5t a ri* man's table1 & t :5 8 own cell> 0 empty he 0 n sl[ to rem9d 8 fri5ds t )\t ,bac*us song is impossible4 ,h]rick's ducal patrons probably repaid 8 complim5ts 9 broad pieces1 & ev5 a pla9 common]1 ,ma/] ,endymion ,port]1 is comm5d$ = 8 lib]ality to poets1 9 t he 'n only prais$ b paid !m too4' ,?is ,endymion ,port] is ! la/ ( ,h]rick's fri5ds ) :om we %all conc]n ourselves1 & 9 _m respects ! mo/ int]e/+ ( !m all4 ,orig9ally 9 ! s]vice ( ,buck+ham1 he accompani$ ! ,duke & ,pr9ce ,*>les on _! visit to ,spa91 & pass$ into ! latt]'s s]vice "s "t 9 ! ye> #afbd z a groom ( ! *amb]4 ,he made himself useful to ! ,k+ 9 _m ways1 & z e>ly z ,may #afbe 0 grant$ a p5sion ( #ejj a ye> = life1 & ?ree ye>s lat] 0 assign$ ! invidi\s (fice ( ,collector ( ,f9es to ! ,/> ,*amb]1 ') a moiety ( ! f9es he %all br+ 94' ,port] 0 z full also ( projects z ,/eele himself1 & turn$ !m1 x w\ld seem1 to mu* bett] acc\nt4 ,?us we he> ( v5tures ( 8 9 %ips call$ ! ,sam>itan & ! ,roebuck1 ! latt] ( :i* prov$ s remun]ative t ! common sailors took #bj apiece z _! %>e4 ,he contract$ to dra9 ,som]coates ,m>% 9 ,l9coln%ire1 & compla9$ to ! ,privy ,c\ncil :5 8 workm5 7 int]f]$ )4 ,9 #afce he jo9$ ) ,"l ,conway 9 petition+ ! ,k+ = a grant ( a k9d ( inspector%ip ( silks1 = :i* dues 7 to be levi$ & #ajj a ye> paid to ! ,treasury1 ! balance pass+ to ! inspectors4 ,two ye>s lat] ,port] & 8 son ,george became deputies 9 ! managem5t ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,po/s4 ,!n we he> ( him z an assi/ant 9 ! ,corporation ( ,saltmak]s ( ,y>m\?1 & a little lat] he is conc]n$ 9 ! erection ( a light-h\se & h>b\r at ,filey1 ne> ,flambor\gh ,head4 ,an inv5tion = p]fect+ b>-iron )\t ! use ( ,scot* coal 0 8 next v5ture1 &1 hav+ app>5tly obta9$ a pat5t = ?is1 he prays ! ,k+ = a grant ( ! =e/ ( ,exmoor 9 fee-f>m ) a t5ure 9 socage & ! lib]ty ( disaf=e/ation4 ,next ye> 7#afch7 he 0 giv5 ! rev]sion ( ! ,surveyor%ip ( ,petty ,cu/oms 9 ! ,port ( ,london 7,*auc]'s old po/71 & a little lat] on1 ) ! ,m>quis ( ,hamilton1 obta9$ leave f ! ,k+ to exam9e all acc\nts made to 8 ,maje/y1 & :5 !y f\nd any acc\ntants to h deceiv$ ! ,k+1 to make :at advantage !y c\ld1 ei!r by comp\nd+ ) del9qu5ts ( t k9d or by prosecut+ !m1 ! ,k+ to h "o half ! pr(it1 & ,port] & ! ,m>quis ! o!r4 ,_m acc\ntants1 we are told1 came 9 & (f]$ v consid]able compositions1 s mu* m gri/ to ,port]'s ev] busy mill4 ,^! grants & petitions1 x mu/ be confess$1 %$ b a sorry light on ! way affairs 7 manag$ dur+ ! elev5 ye>s ( ,*>les's p]sonal gov]nm5t1 b ,port] knew h[ to make himself a fav\rite ) ! ,k+ by pur*as+ him works ( art1 conduct+ negotiations ) ,rub5s & o!r pa9t]s1 & _m simil> s]vices4 ,! ,/ate ,pap]s :i* give u all ^! details ( 8 bus9ess life tell u also "s int]e/+ scraps z to 8 ta/e 9 dress & at ! table4 ,he ord]s w9e f abroad1 & app>5tly uses 8 influ5ce to get x 9 duty free1 :ile a fri5d gratefully in=ms him t he has tri$ ! l>ge/ soles he ev] saw1 fri$ !m & pickl$ !m accord+ to ,endymion's directions1 & f\nd !m excell5t4 ,a husb& :o kn[s mu* ab\t cook]y does n always contribute to ! easy dige/ion ( family meals4 ,if ,endymion int]f]$ mu* 9 ?is or o!r respects1 he may probably h rep5t$ ( x1 = 8 wife1 ,olive1 0 pla9ly a little hot-temp]$4 ,:ile ,endymion 0 abs5t 9 ,spa9 ! lett]s ( husb& & wife are full ( pretty qu>rels & reconciliations4 ',h] w1' he writes once1 'mu/ be done1 or else !re w be b little quiet'2 & aga91--',i wi% no m wrangl+ till we meet1 abs5ce be+ puni%m5t en\gh4 ,i beg y n to beat ,george 7_! elde/ son7 s mu*1 unless he be v l me4 ,i w nev] beat ,*>les = be+ l y4' ,b ,mrs4 ,port] c\ld be submissive z well z provok+4 ,h] bro!r tells h] t ,endymion is v angry1 & %e writes t--',%e did n ?9k he c\ld h be5 s cruel to h /ay$ s long away1 & n to =give t :i* he kn[s 0 spok5 9 passion4 ,%e kn[s n h[ to beg 8 p>don1 because %e has brok5 ^w ) him be=e1 b %e hopes 8 good nature w =give h]1 & t he w come home4' ,"s day ! temptation to piece toge!r ^! m>ri$ love-lett]s1 ) a sket* ( :at c be f\nd out z to ?is int]e/+ man1 w become irresi/ible4#bb ,"h ,i mu/ ha/5 to ju/ify ,port]'s appe>ance on ! pres5t occasion4 ,five ( ,h]rick's poems are address$ to him1 all 9 ! ve9 ( a poet to a patron ) :om he 0 on famili> t]ms4 ,"o ,i take to be an answ] to a lett] ( condol5ce on ! dea? ( "o ( ,h]rick's own bro!rs1 ?\gh x is usually ma9ta9$ t ! dea? allud$ to is t ( a bro!r ( ,port] himself4 ,! o!rs are all sportive2 a lett] 9 praise ( a c\ntry life1 a dialogue 9 :i* ,h]rick & ,port] s+ 9 turns ! *>ms ( c\ntry & c\rt1 & two encomiums on ,port]'s lib]ality4 #bb ,s9ce ?is article 0 writt51 a pleasant volume on ! ',life & ,lett]s ( ,mr4 ,endymion ,port]' has be5 br\ght out by ,doro!a ,t[n%5d 7,fi%] ,unw91 #ahig74 ',let !re be patrons1 patrons l to !e1 ,brave ,port]6 poets ne'er w want+ be2 ,fabius & ,cotta1 ,l5tulus all live ,9 !e1 ?\ man ( m56 :o "h do/ give ,n only subject-matt] = our wit ,b likewise oil ( ma9t5ance = x4' ,& aga9 ?is quatra91 :i* calls up an amus+ picture3 ',:5 to ?y por* ,i come & ravi%'d see ,! /ate ( poets !re att5d+ !e1 ,^? b>ds & ,i all 9 a *orus s+ ,we are ?y prophets1 ,port]1 ?\ our ,k+4' ,z ^! v]ses rem9d u1 ,port] 0 a patron ( _m o!r poets besides ,h]rick1 & by !m also 0 duly besung4 ,he 0 a patron1 too 7! trait is too delightful to be omitt$71 ( ! r$\btable ,capta9 ,dov]1 & 9 8 capacity ( ,groom ( ! ,b$*amb]1 gave t wor?y a suit ( ! ,k+'s clo!s to l5d m grace to ! celebration ( ! ,cotswold ,games4 ,b "h1 alas1 we mu/ bid f>ewell to him4 ,!re are yet o!rs ( ,h]rick's fri5ds ( :om we w\ld fa9 write1 notably a gr\p ( *>m+ ladies3 ,mi/ress ,bridget ,l[man1 to :om he wrote 8 ',mead[ ,v]se'2 ,mrs4 ,doro?y ,k5n$y1 f :om he p>t$ ) s mu* sorr[2 ! 'mo/ comely & prop] ,mi/ress ,elizabe? ,f9*'2 ',mrs4 ,ca!r9e ,brad%aw1 ! lovely1 t cr[n$ him ) laurels'2 & la/1 b c]ta9ly n lea/1 t ',pe>l ( ,putney1 ! mi/ress ( all s+ul> mann]s1 ,mi/ress ,portman4' ,b ^!1 alas1 are z my/]i\s to u z ,julia & ,dianeme !mselves4 ,! gossip t has "h be5 set d[n has be5 glean$1 pa9fully en\gh1 f old records & regi/]s1 & ev5 ^! seem+ly inexhau/ible treasures w n always yield ! in=mation we desire4 ,a ,,poet',s ,,/udies#bc #bc ,f ',! ,gu>dian4' ,by leave ( ! editor4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to trace ! hi/ory ( ! value we n[ atta* to orig9ality ( ideas4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 ! ,middle ,ages orig9ality 0 b lightly e/eem$ 9 comp>ison ) ! appe>ance ( le>n+ :i* is obta9$ by frequ5t ref]5ce to old] au?ors4 ,*auc]1 = in/ance1 delights 9 ackn[l$gm5ts ( 8 indebt$ness to 'old books1' & ev5 appe>s to h inv5t$ "o or two au?orities r ?an take ! responsibility = 8 /atem5ts on 8 own %\ld]s4 ,moreov]1 9 _m ( 8 e>li] poems 8 indebt$ness to o!r writ]s is really great4 ,?us 9 ! ',p>liam5t ( ,f\les' we f9d him tak+ h9ts f ,boccaccio1 f ,dante1 f ,ala9 de l',isle1 f ,macrobius1 ,claudian1 & ,/atius4 ,despite ?is indebt$ness 8 "w rema9s ess5tially 8 own2 b 8 borr[+s1 especially f ,boccaccio & ,de l',isle1 are mu* m consid]able ?an cu/om w\ld p]mit to a mod]n poet4 ,%akespe>e's royal me?od ( appropriation is some?+ q diff]5t f ?is1 & x is probable t ! e/eem = orig9ality fir/ sprung up z an incid5t ( t g5]al revolt f ! tyranny ( au?ority :i* m>k$ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,by #afgb1 :5 ! ',rehe>sal' 0 ^u ! /age1 ! habit ( copy+ old au?ors _h become a subject = ridicule3-- ',:y1 sir1' says ,bayes1 ':5 ,i h any?+ to inv5t ,i nev] tr\ble my head ab\t x z o!r m5 d1 b pres5tly turn o'er ?is book1 & !re ,i h at "o view all t ,p]sius1 ,montaigne1 ,s5eca's ',trag$ies1' ,horace1 ,juv5al1 ,claudian1 ,pl9y1 ,plut>*'s ',lives1' & ! re/ h ev] ?\ght ^u ?is subject1 & s1 9 a trice1 by leav+ out a few words1 or putt+ 9 o!rs ( my own1 ! bus9ess is done4' ,! bolt 0 app>5tly only %ot into ! air1 & c]ta9ly _h n1 z f> z we c see1 any special appropriat5ess to ,dryd51 :om ,bayes 0 ma9ly int5d$ to satirise4 ,b x is curi\s to note1 ?\gh ,buck+ham 0 probably q ignorant ( ! fact1 t :5 ! words 7 fir/ spok5 a poet 0 /ill liv+1 9 a quiet c\ntry p>sonage1 to :om by way ( c>icature !y might h be5 appli$ ) rem>kable exactness4 ,! poet 0 ,rob]t ,h]rick1 by common cons5t "o ( ! mo/ individual & orig9al ( poets1 f ^: title to t hon\r no?+ 9 ?is pap] w 9 any way detract4 ,= ,h]rick's borr[+s assur$ly 7 ! outcome less ( 8 pov]ty ( ?\ght ?an ( 8 weal? ( music4 ,a say+ pleas$ him1 & by putt+ 9 or leav+ out a few words he seems to h made x run into graceful v]se ) an ease & *>m :i* 7 :olly 8 own4 ,a fri5d to :om ! pres5t writ]'s ,h]rick-/udies are m indebt$ ?an he c easily express has made a special inve/igation into ! borr[+s1 & ! results ( 8 inquiries are extremely curi\s4#bd #bd ,i am glad 9 repr9t+ ?is article to be all[$ to give 8 "n1 ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,p4 ,ph9n4 ,x %\ld1 p]haps1 be premis$ t1 al?\gh ,h]rick does n draw our att5tion to m ?an a small "p ( 8 indebt$ness1 he _h c]ta9ly no wi% to conceal x4 ,9 ! sole edition ( 8 poems publi%$ dur+ 8 life --an edition :i* s]v$ ! ne$s ( 8 few read]s = a hundr$ & sev5ty-five ye>s--a consid]able numb] ( l9es are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,"s ( ^! l9es repres5t a few words ( a spee*1 o!rs are ! quotation ( a prov]b or prov]bial say+1 b ! great majority indicate t ! poet is translat+ f a ,lat9 au?or4 ,! italicis$ l9es d n by any means exhau/ ,h]rick's obligations to classical writ]s1 & we may conjecture t :5 prep>+ 8 poems = ! press he und]scor$ ! passages ( :i* he happ5$ to recollect ! orig9al1 b t 8 memory 9 _m cases refus$ to s]ve him4 ,h]rick's poems are kn[n to s _m read]s only by selections & an?ologies1 t x w probably cause ev5 pr(ess$ /ud5ts ( poetry "s surprise to he> t among 8 heavie/ cr$itors is ! prosaic ,s5eca1 & t he is also consid]ably indebt$ to ,tacitus1 & 9 "s slight degree to ,sallu/4 ,! popul>ity ( ! epigram dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is an episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature :i* has be5 too mu* ignor$4 ,mo/ ( ! epigrams !mselves are wor? little or no?+--(t5 less ?an no?+1 = _m ( !m are vulg> or vile4 ,nei!r c x be said t ! m5 :o wrote !m--,sir ,john ,davies1 ,ba/>d1 ,pick1 ,p>rot1 ! ,mays1 & ! re/--are ( great int]e/4 ,b ! popul>ity ( ! epigram1 z te/ifi$ by su* a collection z ',wit's ,recreation1' :i* ran ?r\gh five editions 9 ! f\rte5 ye>s1 #afdj-ed1 helps u greatly to und]/& ! transition f ! luxuriant poetry :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury to ! cold] & m prosaic v]se :i* we associate ) ,dryd54 ,n[1 ( ^! epigrams ,h]rick wrote some:at m ?an 8 fair %>e1 & !y 7 s mu* 9 ! temp] ( ! "t t 9 ! next edition ( ',wit's ,recreations1' :i* appe>$ aft] ! publication ( 8 ',hesp]ides1' ! editors help$ !mselves lib]ally f 8 /ore4 ,"s ( ^! epigrams _h bett] nev] h be5 writt51 = ,h]rick1 ^: sweetness at times almo/ cloys1 0 also ma/] ( a peculi>ly nauseat+ dirt1 :i* 8 mod]n editors surely d well 9 refus+ to pr9t4 ,mo/ ( ^! unpleasant v]ses he mu/ take ^u 8 own %\ld]s1 ?\gh = a consid]able numb] he f\nd 8 evil inspiration 9 ,m>tial4 ,b = 8 clean] epigrams he 0 (t5 indebt$1 z we h said1 to ,s5eca & ,tacitus1 & ! influ5ce ( ^! au?ors may also be trac$ 9 "s ( ! gnomic say+s :i* occasionally height5 ! effect ( 8 be/ & mo/ graceful poems4 ,"h are a few in/ances1 *os5 almo/ at r&om4 ,h]rick's ',safety on ! ,%ore'3-- ',:at ?\gh ! sea be calm8 ,tru/ to ! %ore2 ,%ips h be5 dr[n'd :]e late !y danc$ be=e'-- is f ,s5eca1 ',ep4' #d3 ',noli huic tranquillitati confid]e2 mom5to m>e ev]titur2 eodem die ubi lus]unt navigia1 sorb5tur4' ,9 ,h]rick's ',no ,ba%fulness 9 ,begg+'-- ',to get ?9e ends1 lay ba%fulness aside1 ,:o fe>s to ask do? tea* to be d5y'd'-- ! l9e he italicises is f ,s5eca's ',hippolytus' 7ll4 #eid1 #e7--',qui timide rogat 444 docet neg>e4' ,s too 9 ',loss f ! ,lea/'-- ',great m5 by small means (t are ov]?r[n2 ,he's "l ( ?y life :o contemns 8 own'-- ! quotation is aga9 f ,s5eca1 ',ep4' #d--',quisquis vitam suam contempsit tuae dom9us e/4' ,if we turn n[ to ,h]rick's borr[+s f ,tacitus we may take z a good example 8 c\plet head$1 ',?+s mortal /ill mutable'3-- ',?+s are unc]ta91 & ! m we get ,! m on icy pavem5ts we are set4' ,:i* is really a wond]ful r5d]+ ( a say+ ( ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius report$ 9 ',annals' ,i4 #gb--';,cuncta mortalium inc]ta1 quantoque plus adeptus =et1 tanto se magis 9 lubrico4' ,ano!r good in/ance is suppli$ by ',! ,eyes'-- '',tis a kn[n pr9ciple 9 w>1 ,! eyes be fir/ t conqu]$ are'-- :]e ,h]rick's n v lucid ,engli% is expla9$ by ',de ,moribus ,g]man4' #dc--',primi 9 omnibus praeliis oculi v9cuntur4' ,or aga91 we may take ',rev5ge'--a r long] v]se ?an ^? we h hi!rto quot$3-- ',man's disposition is = to requite ,an injury be=e a b5efit3 ,?anksgiv+ is a burd5 & a pa91 ,rev5ge is pleas+ to u1 z our ga9'-- :]e ,h]rick's orig9al is ,tacitus1 ',hi/4' ,,iv41 #c3--',tanto proclivius e/ iniuriae quam b5eficio vicem exsolv]e2 quia gratia on]i1 ultio 9 quae/u habetur4' ,h]rick's obligations to ,sallu/ are less important ?an ^? to ,s5eca & ,tacitus4 ,9 "o case he m5tions ! hi/orian by "n3-- ',empires ( k+s are n[1 & ev] 71 ,z ,sallu/ sai?1 co9cid5t to fe>4' ,! ref]5ce be+ to ! spuri\s ',epi/4 ad ,cai4 ,caes>4 de ,rep4 ,ord9&a4' ',consultation'-- ',consult ere ?\ beg9'/2 t done1 g on ,) all wise spe$ = execution'-- is app>5tly sugge/$ by ! ',nam et prius quam incipias consulto1 et ubi consulu]is mature facto opus e/1' ( ! op5+ ( ! ',catil9e4' ,!re are "s ?ree or f\r o!r rem9isc5ces ab\t equally close1 b !y are h>dly wor? special m5tion4 ,z might be expect$1 _m ( ,h]rick's borr[+s1 especially ^? f ,tacitus1 h to d ) politics1 & comm5tators :o h mi/ak5 8 jott+s f 8 common-place book = ! expression ( 8 own pr9ciples h be5 r confus$ by _! alt]nate lean+ to absolutism & its rev]se4 ,?us1 9 ',a ,k+ & no ,k+'-- ',t pr9ce :o may d no?+ b :at's j ,rules b by leave1 & takes 8 cr[n on tru/'-- ! s5tim5t is rem>kably '?or\gh'2 b ! italics indicate a quotation1 & we c h>dly be wrong 9 trac+ ! l9es to ! ',?ye/es' ( ,s5eca3-- ',ubicunque tantum hone/e dom9anti licet1 ,prec>io regnatur4' ,aga91 9 ',%ame no ,/ati/'-- ',%ame is a bad att5dant to a ,/ate3 ,he r5ts 8 cr[n1 :o fe>s ! p's hate'-- bo? l9es1 ?\gh only ! la/ is italicis$1 are f ,s5eca2 ! fir/ f ',hippolytus' #dca--',malus e/ m9i/] regii imp]ii pudor'2 ! second f 'dipus' #gja--',odia qui nimium timet regn>e nescit4' ,on ! o!r h&1 ! italics 9 ! l9es entitl$ ',pati5ce 9 ,pr9ces' & ',g5tl5ess' %[ t "s ( ,h]rick's con/itutional maxims 7 also quotations1 ?\gh _! s\rce has n yet be5 trac$4 ,t ( ! fir/ is1 p]haps1 to be f\nd 9 ,s5eca's ',de ,clem5tia' i4 #bb4 ',k+s ought to %e>1 n sk91 _! %eep' comes f ,suetonius1 ',tib]ius' #cb 7',boni pa/oris e/ tond]e pecus1 non deglub]e'71 & ',k+s ought to be m lov$ ?an fe>$' f ,s5eca's ',octavia1' l4 #deg 7',decet tim]i ,cs>em4 ,at plus diligi'74 ,ev5 9 weighti] matt]s ?an politics we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ ! tricks ,h]rick may play u4 ,! l9es entitl$ ',devotion makes ! ,deity'-- ',:o =ms a godhead out ( gold or /one1 ,makes n a god1 b he t prays to "o'-- h rec5tly be5 quot$ z express+ '= once a really high & deep ?\ght 9 words ( really noble & sev]e propriety'2 yet !y are tak5 almo/ lit]ally f ,m>tial ,,viii4 xxiv4 #e3-- ',qui f+it sacros auro vel m>more vultus1 ,non facit ille deos3 qui rogat ille facit4' ,9 8 ',noble ,numb]s' ,h]rick quotes or p>aphrases 9 ! same way f ,s4 ,augu/9e1 ,cassiodorus1 ,s4 ,b]n>d1 ,s4 ,basil1 ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,john ( ,damascus1 ,boe?ius1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,"o or two passages h also be5 trac$ ) absolute c]ta9ty to a contempor>y !ological "w1 & x fills u ) admiration to wat* h[ dext]\sly ,h]rick1 ) a m9imum ( alt]ation1 turns ! prose ( ! comm5tator into excell5t v]se4 ,if we turn to ,h]rick's debt to m poetical writ]s we f9d t he takes a few phrases f ,catullus 78 obligations to :om h be5 absurdly exagg]at$71 ab\t z mu* f ,tibullus1 & a little also f ,prop]tius & ,juv5al4 ,to 8 poem entitl$ ',! ,vision' he transf]s f ,virgil 7',a5eid' i4 #cae-bj7 ! *>m+ description ( ! dress ( ! ,sp>tan huntress1 9 :i* ,v5us enc\nt]s ,a5eas4 ,f ,horace1 :om he occasionally imitates1 he borr[s _m s+le l9es1 = ! mo/ "p ackn[l$g+ !m by italics4 ,to ,ovid 8 indebt$ness = phrases & turns ( ?\ght is /ill m m>k$4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 8 *ief obligation is to ,m>tial1 :o suppli$ him n only ) _m ( 8 epigrams1 bo? good & bad1 b also ) sugge/ions = m important poems4 ,?us1 9 8 second poem 7',to 8 ,muse'7 he is inspir$ by ,m>tial ,i4 iv42 a phrase 9 8 ?ird 7',to 8 ,book'7 is sugge/$ by ! same orig9al2 ! ref]5ce to ,brutus 9 ! f\r? is f ,m>tial ,,xi4 xvi42 & ! next poem is a p>aphrase f ,x4 xix4 ,all ^! poems h to d ) 8 book1 & x is ne$less to say t ! am\nt ( borr[+ 9 !m is v exceptional2 b x 0 f ,m>tial ,,vii4 lxxxix4 t ,h]rick took 8 lovely ',g1 ,happy ,rose'2 "o ( 8 poems on ,julia is f ,m>tial ,,iv4 xxii42 ',! ,lily & ! ,cry/al' is sugge/$ by ! same poet 7,,viii4 lxviii4 #e-h71 & !re are num]\s small] borr[+s1 altoge!r ap>t f ! epigrams4 ,( ,greek1 x is probable t ,h]rick's k 0 only slight4 ,!re is ev5 "s slight reason to believe t 8 acqua9tance ) ,greek au?ors 0 ma9ly d]iv$ f ,lat9 translations4 ',! ,cruel ,maid' is a v close imitation ( "p ( ! tw5ty-?ird ,idyll ( ,!ocritus2 ! only o!r ,greek poetry :i* plays a s]i\s "p 9 8 v]se is ! pseudo-,anacreon4 ,to ! collection ( sportive poems1 ^: v slightness is _! *>m1 :i* pass$ "u ,anacreon's "n1 ,h]rick's obligations are really imm5se4 ,x is n only t sev]al ( 8 mo/ *>m+ poems--',! ,*eat ( ,cupid1' ',! ,w\nd$ ,cupid1' ',on ,himself1' ',^u ,8 ,grey ,hairs1' etc4--are directly translat$ or closely imitat$ f ! ,greek2 b we feel 9 ! case ( ^! lyrics t !y really help$ ! developm5t ( ,h]rick's own gifts 9 a way 9 :i* none ( 8 ,lat9 /oreh\ses ev5 approa*$4 ,?us x w\ld be easy to make out a fairly long li/ ( poems1 9 :i* he comes s close to ! _s ( ',anacreon' t ! curi\s /ud5t ( su* matt]s is s5t hunt+ ?r\gh ! pages ( 8 ,b]gk 9 a va9 se>* = orig9als :i* nev] exi/$4 ,h]rick w5t late to ! ,univ]sity1 &1 despite ! extreme propriety ( ! language z to 8 read+ :i* we f9d 9 8 lett]s to 8 goldsmi?-uncle :5 he 0 9 ne$ ( a remittance1 x is difficult to believe t he 0 ev] a v e>ne/ or labori\s /ud5t4 ,?us ! li/ ( au?ors f :om he borr[$ comes r z a surprise4 ,x is probable t a little disc\nt mu/ be tak5 (f ! am\nt ( erudition ) :i* x might incl9e u to cr$it him4 ,8 poems make x absolutely c]ta9 t he 0 /eep$ 9 ! works ( ,b5 ,jonson & well acqua9t$ ) ,burton's ',anatomy ( ,melan*oly1' & ! ,essays ( ,montaigne4 ,n[ ,jonson1 ,burton1 & ,montaigne1 z x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k1 all ?ree drew inspiration f ! classics1 & x w\ld n be difficult to prove t at times ,h]rick's quotations came to him filt]$ ?r\gh ^! au?ors1 & n directly f ! f\nta9 head4 ,?is helps u to und]/& "s excursions ( ! poet :i* seem unusually f> afield4 ,= in/ance1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ultimate orig9al ( ,h]rick's-- ',ga!r ye rosebuds :ile ye may1 ,old ,"t is /ill a-fly+'-- is f ,ausonius 7#cfa1 ll4 #di-ej73-- ',collige1 virgo1 rosas1 dum flos novus1 et nova pubes1 ,et memor e/o aevum sic prop]>e tuum4' ,b h[ came ,h]rick to be read+ an au?or s little kn[n8 ,! probable answ] is t he f\nd ! l9es 9 ,burton 7,,iii4 ii4 s4 sec4 #e71 :]e !y are quot$ ) ! gloss3-- ',a virg9 is l a fl[]1 a rose )]$ on a sudd54 ,let !m take "t !n :ile !y may1 make advantage ( y\?1' etc4 ,s too :5 we f9d ,h]rick 9 8 ',jove = our lab\rs all ?+s sells u1' quot+ ,epi*>mus1 economy bids u imag9e t he f\nd ! say+ 7,greek3 tn ponn pl\s9 hm9 panta taga?' hoi ,!oi7 n 9 ,x5ophon's ',memorabilia' ii4 i4 #bj71 :]e x fir/ appe>s1 b 9 ,montaigne 7,,ii4 #bj71 :]e x is quot$4 ,= we "k ,h]rick read ,montaigne1 & we h no evid5ce t he read ,x5ophon4 ,:]e ! quotation is f ,horace1 or ,m>tial1 or ,s5eca1 or any o!r au?or :om we may be reasonably sure t ,h]rick /udi$ at fir/ h&1 x is ( c\rse q z likely t he f\nd x = himself z t 8 att5tion 0 drawn to x by ,jonson1 ,burton1 or ,montaigne4 ,probably ! poet himself w\ld sometimes h be5 puzzl$ to trace 8 obligations to _! s\rces4 ,9 any case1 :5 all necess>y all[ance has be5 made1 x is obvi\s t 8 k ( ! *ief ,lat9 writ]s 0 consid]able1 & t accord+ to ! /]eotyp$ phrase1 he mu/ h 'kept up 8 classics' v dilig5tly aft] leav+ ,cambridge4 ,:at effect %\ld ?is track+ out ! poet's quotations & adaptations to _! s\rces h on our judgm5t ( 8 g5ius8 ,surely1 x %\ld make u rate x m highly4 ,we may almo/ say t :at ,h]rick borr[$ 0 intr9sically ( little m value ?an ! tags f a ,lat9 delectus4 ,he brea!d ^u !m & fill$ !m ) 8 music1 s t !y assimilate s admirably ) 8 v]se1 t ev5 :5 he pr9t$ !m 9 italics ! mean+ ( ! *ange ( type has long rema9$ a secret to 8 comm5tators4 ,x has become a commonplace ( criticism to write ( ,h]rick z a 'butt]fly1' b he 0 really a consci\s arti/1 & no mean "o4 ,! examples :i* h be5 giv5 9 ?is pap] h necess>ily be5 *os5 *iefly to illu/rate ! wid? ( 8 read+4 ,if space all[$1 x w\ld be pleasant to adduce o!rs ) ! special object ( exhibit+ ! skilfulness ( 8 transmutations4 ,ev5 9 ^? we h giv51 few g5u9e lov]s ( poetry w d5y t :ile to translate 'lus]unt navigia' by ':]e late !y danc$' is m]ely a happy /roke ( s*ol>%ip1 ! r5d]+ ( '9 lubrico' by 'on icy pavem5ts1' or 'regn>e nescit' by 'he r5ts 8 cr[n1' is %e] g5ius4 ,,pr9t]s' ,,m>ks ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,& ,,sixte5? ,,c5turies#be #be ,f ! ',connoisseur1' by leave ( ! editor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,fu/ ,,& ,,s*,,ff]1 #adfb ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,mat?ias ,,van ,,d] ,,goes ,if tru? is to be told1 ,i h nev] z yet met ) any amateur :o collect$ books = ! sake ( ! pr9t]'s m>k at ! beg9n+ or end ( !m4 ,b x has always seem$ to me t x w\ld be an agreeable v>iety ( book-collect+ to d ?is1 & "o :i* w\ld lead ! collector along _m by-pa?s ( curi\s k4 ,= fe> ( any possible mi/ake1 ,i %\ld p]haps emphasise ! po9t t ! collection mu/ be "o n ( pr9t]s' m>ks cut out f books1 b ( books 9 :i* ! m>ks are pr9t$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( book-plates1 x has (t5 be5 not$ h[ mu* !y ga9 9 int]e/ :5 !y are f\nd 9 situ1 ?\gh !re is always ! haunt+ fe> t ! conjunction ( book & plate may only be due to ! +5uity ( ! v5dor4 ,book-plates1 h[ev]1 h ( "r a sep>ate exi/5ce ap>t f books1 s9ce !y are made sep>ately & mu/ await _! own]s' pleasure be=e !y c be set to _! prop] "w4 ,b ! pr9t]'s device is an integral "p ( ! book 9 :i* x occurs1 nor c any limpet torn f its rock look m unhappy ?an "o ( ^! m>ks cut out f ! page on :i* x 0 pr9t$1 & pa/$ 9 a scrap-book4 ,unhappily1 x mu/ be said t1 l ! book-plate1 ?\gh m r>ely1 a device is sometimes f\nd atta*$ to a book to :i* x does n belong4 ,?us1 9 ! la/ ,+lis sale an edition ( a ',def5sorium ,curatorum' by an unkn[n ,fr5* pr9t]1 0 catalogu$ z f ! press ( ,col>d ,mansion on ! score ( ,mansion's device1 cut out ) extraord9>y neatness1 be+ pa/$ on ! la/ leaf4 ,! buy] ( x c]ta9ly bid ) op5 eyes1 b x is annoy+ to pay ev5 a few %ill+s m because ( su* a freak4 ,s1 too1 a leaf ) ,caxton's device b\nd at ! end ( ,pynson's edition ( ! ',speculum ,vitae ,*ri/i' l$ ! late ,mr4 ,blades to believe t ,pynson 0 ,caxton's appr5tice4 ,b ^! misde$s or mi%aps are exceptional1 & x is ! collector ( scraps1 f ,bag=d d[nw>ds1 :om ! pr9t]s' device has *iefly to fe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,egmont ,,& ,,b>revelt ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,arnold ,,guillem ,,de ,,broc> ,! m]its ( pr9t]s' devices are tw(old--_m ( !m are v pretty1 & all ( !m1 :5 duly /udi$1 are capable ( ?r[+ consid]able light on ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 m especially on ! (t5 important po9t ( ! ord] 9 :i* books 7 issu$ & ! ye>1 or ev5 ! mon?1 to :i* an undat$ book belongs4 ,! prett9ess or beauty ( "s ( ! designs w be %[n by our illu/rations1 nor is x difficult to expla9 h[ ! devices ?r[ light on ! c>e]s ( _! pr9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,j4 ,b4 ,,sessa1 ,,fifte5?-,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,us$ ,,by ,,pynson ,,9 ',,froiss>t',s ,,*ronicles1' #aebe 7r$uc$7 ,always execut$ 9 ! mann] ( wood-cuts1 t is to say1 9 relief1 "s ( !m 7 cut ) a knife 9 wood1 o!rs ) a grav] on v s(t metal4 ,! l9es ( ! wood block break ) use1 ! l9es ( ! metal block b5d1 & by c>eful exam9ation ( any two pr9ts a good guess c mo/ly be made z to :i* 0 ! e>li]4 ,a palm>y in/ance ( ?is is a metal block :i* ,ri*>d ,pynson began to use 9 #adif4 ,its l[] bord] began to b5d almo/ at once2 by #aejc ! b5d 0 z mu* z an eigh? ( an in*1 & ye> by ye> x increas$1 till 9 #aeac ! bord] broke altoge!r4 ,ne$less to say1 t e undat$ book 9 :i* ?is bord] appe>s c be dat$ almo/ z easily z if ! ye> ( publication 7 pr9t$ 9 x4 ,:5 sev]al examples by ! same pr9t] are br\ght toge!r1 a little obs]vation1 if c>efully v]ifi$1 w give a good clue to ! date at :i* a device fir/ came into use & :5 x 0 ab&on$ = ano!r1 & h]e9 lie bo? ! usefulness & ! sport :i* may be obta9$ f ! /udy ( pr9t]s' devices4 ,:at ! collector %\ld aim at is to obta9 ! e>lie/ book 9 :i* ! m>k is us$1 & to make notes ( its subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,p]haps f ! fact t ! ,an*or & ,dolph9 :i* ,aldus adopt$ z 8 device 7 c\nt]feit$ ) evil int5t1 x has sometimes be5 said t ! devices 7 us$ z trade m>ks to protect ! copyright ( ! books 9 :i* !y occur4 ,copyright z su* did n exi/ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 & books c\ld only be protect$ by _! pr9t] obta9+ a special 'privilege' ei!r = an individual book or = books ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,) ?is ! devices _h no?+ to d1 & al?\gh a pleas+ design (t5 begat a :ole prog5y ( simil> ones1 ?is copy+1 :5 x 0 n m]ely lazy1 0 probably complim5t>y r ?an competitive4 ,we mu/ take x t ! devices 7 purely ornam5tal1 aim+1 no d\bt1 at ! glorification ( ! pr9t]s :o us$ !m1 b n possess+ any comm]cial significance4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 ! v>iety we f9d 9 !m4 ,!y may be simply p]sonal1 conta9+ only ! pr9t]'s private arms or 9 "s few cases 8 portrait4 ,!y may jo9 8 initials or "s motto ( 8 *oice to ! arms ( ! city 9 :i* he work$1 or to "s m or less graceful scroll "w4 ,!y may reproduce ! sign ( 8 %op or ! figure ( 8 patron sa9t2 or la/ly1 a k9d mu* 9 vogue 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !y may be allegorical4 ,z we %\ld expect1 !re is a fairly /eady movem5t f simplicity to ornat5ess4 ,! e>lie/ device 7! fir/ ( our illu/rations71 t us$ by ,fu/ & ,s*ff] at ! end ( ! ,lat9 ,bible !y pr9t$ at ,ma9z 9 #adfb1 consi/s only ( two %ields slung f a bran*4 ,t ( ,arnold !r ,ho]n51 ( ,cologne 7ab\t #adgj71 is 9 ! same /yle1 b ev5 m mode/4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ,gn!r ,za9]1 ( ,augsburg1 %[$ great] ambition 9 8 m>k1 :i* repres5ts a wild man hold+ a %ield1 on :i* is a cr[n$ lion rampant4 ,b ?\gh ,s*ff]1 !r ,ho]n51 & ,za9] ?us l$ ! way1 _! example 0 v little foll[$ 9 ,g]many dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 & x is 9 o!r c\ntries & 9 ! books ( native pr9t]s r ?an ( ! ,g]man tea*]s ( ! craft t ! developm5t ( ! ornam5tal device mu/ be look$ =4 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,fran,,oys ,,regnault ,9 ,italy1 despite :at has j be5 said1 ! e>lie/ device kn[n is t ( a ,g]man pr9t]1 ,sixtus ,riess+]1 :o work$ at ,naples1 #adga-hj4 ,x repres5ts a woman hold+ a %ield1 :ile beh9d h] is a scroll be>+ ! lett]s ',s4,r4,d4,a41 ,sixtus ,riess+] de ,arg5t9a1' i4e4 ( ,cologne4 ,?is device /&s by itself1 ! real sequ5ce ( ,italian designs beg9n+ ) t us$ at ,v5ice by ,nicolas ,j5son & ,john ( ,cologne 9 #adha4 ,?is consi/s ( a circle & ( a /raight l9e1 cross$ by two b>s1 ris+ at "r angles to ! base ( a segm5t ( x4 ,x 0 imitat$ by "o ,italian pr9t] aft] ano!r at ,v5ice1 ,pavia1 ,brescia1 & else:]e1 & ) v>i\s ornam5tal modifications re-appe>s 9 q ?ree out ( f\r ( ! fifte5? c5tury ,italian devices4 ,f ,italy x pass$ to ,france1 & f ,france to ,engl&1 :]e x 0 us$ by ,julian ,not>y4 ,! design1 by divid+ ! circle into ?ree p>ts1 all[s ! pr9t] to place 8 initials 9 !m1 & ?is 0 frequ5tly done4 ,j5son 0 also a v fam\s pr9t]1 & 8 example w\ld naturally be imitat$4 ,b h[ x came to be imitat$ s widely1 & :e!r any mean+1 symbolical or o!rwise1 c be extract$ f ! design1 are problems to :i* no satisfactory answ] has be5 return$4 ,among ! pretti] modifications ( ?is too popul> design are ^? us$ by ,franciscus de ,mazaliis1 ( ,reggio1 & by ,egmont & ,b>revelt1 ! pr9t]s ( ! ,v5ice edition ( ! ,s>um ,missal4 ,! latt] is %[n on page #bbi4 ,among designs ( o!r patt]ns1 m5tion may be made ( ! cr[n us$ by ,mazo*ius1 ( ,f]r>a2 ! 'putti' ( ,filippo ,giunta1 & ! cr[n$ dolph9 ( ,pi]o ,pac9i1 bo? ( ,flor5ce2 ! f\rte5 v>ieties ( angels :i* appe> on z _m devices us$ by ! bro!rs ,de ,legnano1 ( ,milan2 ! %ield$ w>rior ( ,b]n>d9us de ,g>aldis1 ( ,milan2 ! ,s4 ,j]ome ( ,b]n>d9us ,b5alius2 ! fleur-de-lys ( ,lucantonio ,giunta2 ! ,s4 ,antony ( ,philippus ,p9tius2 ! ,s4 ,george & ! ,dragon ( ,giorgio ,rusconi2 & ! m\se-eat+ cat ( ,j4 ,b4 ,sessa1 reproduc$ on page #bca4 ,! la/ five pr9t]s all work$ at ,v5ice1 & almo/ all ( ^? we h nam$ belong$ n only to ! fifte5? c5tury1 b to ! sixte5?1 9 :i* ! vogue ( ! ,j5son model at la/ came to an end4 ,x has already be5 said t = v>iety & arti/ic treatm5t among pr9t]s' devices1 ! fir/ place mu/ be giv5 to ^? f\nd 9 ,fr5* books4 ,yet _! beg9n+ 0 poor en\gh1 ! repres5tation ( ! %ip1 tak5 f ! arms ( ! city ( ,p>is1 :i* 0 us$ by ,l\is ,m>t9eau ab\t #adhd1 be+ badly cut & q insignificant4 ,jean ,du ,pr 7= 8 fir/ device71 ,pi]re ,levet1 ,jean ,lamb]t1 & "o or two o!r ,fr5* pr9t]s at ,p>is1 us$ "s ( ! features ( ! normal ,italian design1 ?\gh 9 a f> m elaborate & decorative =m2 :ile at ,lyons1 :]e ,italian influ5ce 0 always /rong1 simple copy+ 0 ?\ght good en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,diego ,,de ,,gumiel ,b ! typical ,fr5* device is mu* m pictorial ?an any ( ^!4 ,! arms ( ,france & ( ! city ( ,p>is are prom95t 9 _m ( !m1 & 9 t ( ,&r ,boc>d bo? are us$ at once2 b ! pr9t] us$ (t5 to take a sugge/ion f 8 ,*ri/ian "n1 f ! sign by :i* 8 %op 0 kn[n1 or f ! motto ) :i* mo/ e>ly ,fr5* devices are encircl$4 ,! second device ( ,anto9e ,caillaut 7reproduc$ on p4 #bda7 is a beautiful & e>ly example ( ! appe>ance ( a patron sa9t 9 a device2 :ile t ( ! two swans us$ by ,du ,pr1 ^: pr9t+ h\se _h ! ',deux ,cygnes' = its sign1 is a good example ( ! second class4 ,! device "h *os5 = our second ,fr5* illu/ration ,i take to be an example ( ! pictorial expansion ( a motto1 ,regnault's expression ( tru/ 9 ,god be+ well repres5t$ by ?is quiet little pa/oral sc5e 7see page #bcd74 ,?\gh f> inf]ior to ! be/ ,fr5* examples1 ! pr9t]s' m>ks us$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries are also num]\s1 v>i$ & good4 ,!y range f ! tw9 %ields ( ,veld5] & ,g]>d ,leeu to su* impos+ devices z ! elephant & h[dah us$1 ) punn+ int5t1 by an unkn[n pr9t] 7',g4,d4'7 at ,g\da1 & ! bann]$ ca/le1 ! arms ( ! city ( ,antw]p1 adopt$ by ,?i]ry ,m>t5s4 ,among ! e>lie/ are ! small portraits ( ! pr9t]s !mselves f\nd 9 "s ( ! books ( ,john & ,conrad1 ( ,pad]born1 9 ,we/phalia4 ,t ( ! =m]1 "h reproduc$1 is sometimes f\nd 9 r$ ink z well z black1 & is ref]r$ to 9 "o ( 8 colophons z 'meum solitum signum4' ,! bird-cage us$ by ,godfrid ,back at ,antw]p has no p>allel among devices t ,i "k (1 b z a specim5 ( ! l>g] ,dut* m>ks we w take t ( 8 fell[-citiz51 ,mat?ias van d] ,goes1 :i* repres5ts a v vigor\s 'wild man' ) club & %ield 7see page #bbh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,john ,,( ,,pad]born ,spani% devices are 9 "s cases adapt$ f ! ,fr5* or ,italian1 9 o!rs r dull & un9t]e/+4 ,( ^? :i* belong to nei!r ( ^! classes1 by f> ! f9e/ z a piece ( decorative "w is t ( ,diego de ,gumiel1 ( ,valladolid 7see page #bcf71 ! effect ( :i* is z ri* z t ( ! be/ ( ,william ,morris's initial lett]s4 ,next 9 int]e/ to ?is we may p]haps rank ! r elaborate device 7see page #bcj7 ( ,arnold ,guillem de ,broc>1 ! pr9t] ( ! ,complut5sian ,polyglot1 :o at diff]5t times 9 8 c>e] _h presses also at f\r o!r places4 ,! motto ^u x1 ',inimici hom9is dome/ici ejus1' ?\gh x has be5 made ! basis ( "s !ories z to ,broc>'s c>e]1 is /ill unexpla9$4 ,if ! 'dome/ici1' ! '^? ( 8 own h\sehold1' c\ld be ext5d$ to ,broc>'s workpeople1 we %\ld h "h a f9e example ( an e>ly grumble by a ma/] pr9t]1 b ! sugge/ion is p]haps m pleas+ ?an probable4 ,cryptic mottoes seem to h run 9 ,broc>'s family4 ,8 son ,juan adopt$ an extraord9>y device ( a knight seiz+ a lady by ! hair1 ) an inscription ',legitime c]tanti1' :i* mu/ be tak5 z s>ca/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,john ,,wight ,! hi/ory ( pr9t]s' m>ks 9 ,engl& beg9s ) t us$ by ,caxton = ! fir/ "t z late 9 8 c>e] z #adhg4 ,out ( respect = 8 ma/]1 ,wynkyn de ,worde adopt$ ! ess5tial p>ts ( ?is1 i4e4 ! initials ',w4,c4' & ! int]lacem5t betwe5 !m 9 all 8 fifte5 diff]5t devices1 ?us conf]r+ on !m a r pa9ful monotony4 ,engli% pr9t]s1 inde$1 seem to h set little /ore on orig9ality 9 ^! matt]s1 ! e>lie/ device ( ,pynson be+ adapt$ f t ( ,le ,talleur1 ( ,r\51 t ( ,ri*>d ,faques f ,?ielmann ,k]v]'s1 ! 'wild m5' ( ,pet] ,trev]is f ^? ( ,pig\*et1 & ,john ,byddell's unprepossess+ figure ( ,virtue f t us$ by ,jacques ,sacon1 ( ,lyons4 ,nev]!less1 ,engli% devices at once int]e/+ & orig9al are n lack+4 ,t us$ by ,pynson at ! end ( ,"l ,b]n]'s translation ( ',froiss>t' 7see page #bcb7 is "o ( ! l>ge/ & n ! lea/ f9e ( armorial m>ks1 ! int]lac$ triangles ( ,william ,faques make a s+ul>ly neat device1 & ,john ,day's picture ( two m5 gaz+ on a skeleton1 ) ! motto1 ',etsi mors indies accel]at vivet tam5 po/ fun]a virtus1' has its own m]its4 ,engl& also contributes two ( ! v small numb] ( portrait m>ks1 a l>ge "o ( ,day & a small] "o 7"h reproduc$7 ( ,john ,wight1#bf a booksell] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 :o publi%$ a few books betwe5 #aeea & #aehi4 ,x seem$ p]missible to come d[n z late z ?is 9 ! case ( our own c\ntry1 b to speak ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man devices ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury w\ld op5 up too l>ge a field4 ,all t has be5 attempt$ "h is to give a few *>act]i/ic examples ( comp>atively e>ly date1 s z to exhibit ! diff]5t /yles ( pr9t]s' m>ks1 us$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries by "o g5]ation ( pr9t]s4 ,i hope t any ( my read]s :o _h n hi!rto made ! acqua9tance ( ^! little designs w h be5 conv9c$ t !y are wor?y ( fur!r /udy4 #bf ,our illu/ration %[s ! cut 9 an int]e/+ /ate1 :5 ! orig9al ,i4 ( ! fir/ initial _h be5 alt]$ to an ,r4 to suit ,john's desc5dant ,rob]t4 ,! *ange is "o ( a k9d ) :i* collectors ( book-plates are famili>4 ,any "o :o desires to take up ! subject m or less s]i\sly w f9d a consid]able lit]ature ready to 8 h&4 ,to ,messrs4 ,bell & ,co4's ',ex ,libris' s]ies ,mr4 ,william ,rob]ts has contribut$ a pleasant volume1 :i* (f]s an easy introduction = beg9n]s4 ,m s]i\s /ud5ts w f9d an almo/ exhau/ive s]ies ( woodcut copies ( ,fr5* devices 9 ,silve/re's ',m>ques typographiques1' & mu* pretti] facsimiles ab\nd 9 ,m4 ,claud9's great ',hi/oire de l',imprim]ie en ,france1' ?\gh ?is z yet treats only ( ,p>is pr9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,= ,italy1 ,dr4 ,kri/ell]'s ',die ,itali5is*5 ,bu*druck] und ,v]leg]zei*5 bis #aebe' is excell5t1 & its publi%]s 7,heitz & ,mndel7 h br\ght out simil> monographs on ! m>ks us$ at ,/rasburg1 ,basel1 ,frank=t1 & ,cologne1 & also 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,! e>li] ,l[ ,c\ntry m>ks w be f\nd 9 ,holtrop's ',monum5s typographiques des ,pays-,bas'2 ! e>li] ,engli% ones 9 ! ',h&li/s ( ,engli% ,pr9t]s' issu$ by ! ,bibliographical ,society4 ,z to collect+1 x is c]ta9ly a little al>m+ to h to buy a :ole book = ! sake ( a s+le device 9 x1 or at mo/ two4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! books are pleasant ?+s 9 !mselves1 & !re is an alleviation 9 ! fact t ! devices only beg9 to ab\nd a little be=e #adij1 & t books ( ?is date c be acquir$1 ev5 n[1 at prices :i* seem reasonable comp>$ ) ^? fet*$ by ! real fir/-fruits ( ! press4 ,_m v pretty devices w be f\nd 9 ! ?9 volumes ( ,lat9 v]se publi%$ at ,p>is 9 ! e>ly p>ts ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & a bookman :o meets a 'tract-volume' conta9+ sev]al ( ^! b\nd toge!r1 w probably f9d suffici5t devices among !m to />t 8 collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,device ,,( ,,anto9e ,,caillaut ,,! ,,franks ,,collection ,,( ,,armorial ,,book-,,/amps#bg #bg ,f ! ',libr>y1' by leave ( ! editor4 ,"s little "t aft] ! dea? ( ,sir ,augu/us ,wolla/on ,franks ! ,libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum acquir$1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( 8 successor 9 ! ,keep]%ip ( ,m$ival ,antiquities1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 "s ?ree hundr$ books1 ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies1 be>+ on _! b9d+s armorial book-/amps4 ,= lack ( a bett] ^w ^! ?ree hundr$ books h be5 dignifi$ 9 ! head+ ( ?is article by ! title ( a 'collection1' b x is due to ! great reputation ( ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks z a collector to say t he himself w\ld probably h smil$ if he _h he>d !m call$ s4 ,z all booki% p "k1 "o ( 8 real hobbies 0 ! collection ( book-plates1 8 c\ntless specim5s ( :i* pass$ at 8 dea? to ano!r dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 :]e consid]able progress has be5 made 9 describ+ & catalogu+ !m4 ,by ! side ( 8 ?\s&s ( book-plates ^! ?ree hundr$ or s old books ) armorial /amps on _! cov]s are a m]ely subsidi>y collection1 suffici5t to illu/rate ! me?od ( m>k+ own]%ip1 :i* book-plates fir/ rivall$ & !n1 alas1 almo/ entirely sup]s$$4 ,! #ejj :i* ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks gave = ! copy ( ! ',ptolemy' ( #adij1 ) ! badge ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots1 rec5tly ! subject ( "o ( ! ,bibliographical ,society's ,monographs1 %[s ! _s 9 :i* he w\ld h pursu$ ! collection ( armorial b9d+s _h he tak5 x up s]i\sly4 ,z x 01 he seems to h giv5 a /&+ ord] to sev]al booksell]s to s5d him any books or odd volumes1 ( :i* ! *ief value lay 9 ! /amp$ arms1 & :i* !y 7 will+ to sell = a small sum1 & to h tak5 8 *ance4 ,!re are worse ways ( collect+ ?an ?is1 = a booksell] :o kn[s t he c always place a book ( a c]ta9 class ) a cu/om]1 w (t5 be cont5t to buy x at a v5ture = a small price & pass x on at once at a few %ill+s' pr(it )\t exam9+ x v c>efully or inquir+ too curi\sly into its m>ket value4 ,z w be se5 f "s ( ! books soon to be m5tion$1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly ! exp]i5ce 9 ?is in/ance ( ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks1 & ! =ego+ depreciation ( ! specim5s he ?us got toge!r mu/ be und]/ood z writt5 solely to prev5t 8 "n 9 ! title ( ?is article f rais+ expectation too high4 ,be=e describ+ any individual specim5s1 x may be wor? :ile to say a few words ab\t book-/amps 9 g5]al4 ,comp>$ ) book-plates1 ( :i* ! lit]ature dur+ ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s has gr[n ) su* rapidity1 !y h z yet receiv$ v little att5tion outside ,france1 :]e ,guig>d's ',armorial du ,bibliophile' 9 its second edition 7#ahib7 gives z full in=mation ab\t mo/ ,fr5* examples z c reasonably be desir$4 ,9 ! ?ird volume ( ',bibliographica1' ,mr4 ,w4 ,y4 ,flet*] wrote an int]e/+ article on ',engli% ,armorial ,book-/amps1' & x is mu* to be wi%$ t he c\ld be p]suad$ to pr9t 9 full 8 notes on ! subject1 :i* are c]ta9ly m complete-- or less incomplete--?an ^? 9 ! possession ( any "o else4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,groli] ,club ( ,new ,york held an exhibition ( books be>+ ^! m>ks ( own]%ip1 & pr9t$ a small catalogue ( x1 :i* ,i h n _h ! advantage ( see+4 ,o!r in=mation1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 c only be obta9$ by pa9ful se>* 9 books ( h]aldry & g5ealogy & 9 biographies4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! age ( manuscripts1 x became a fairly common practice1 m especially 9 ,italy1 = book-lov]s to cause _! arms to be pa9t$ z "p ( ! decoration ( ! fir/ page ( text4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury book-plates came into use 9 ,g]many1 & dur+ ! next hundr$ ye>s 7 sl[ly adopt$ bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,b until ! sixte5? c5tury 0 f> advanc$ ! commone/ way ( m>k+ possession ( a book 9 ,engl& rema9$ t ( inscrib+ ! own]'s "n on ! title-page or a fly-leaf4 ,?us all ! books 9 ! l>ge libr>ies ( ,ar*bi%op ,cranm] & ,"l ,lumley be> _! names1 ',?omas ,cantu>i5sis' & ',lumley1' 9 ! h&writ+ ( _! secret>ies or libr>ians4 ,"o or two in/ances are f\nd ( names pr9t$ or writt5 on book-edges4 ,t ( ',anna ,reg9a ,anglie1' i4e4 ,anne ,boleyn1 on a vellum pres5tation copy ( ,tyndale's ,new ,te/am5t ( #aecd1 is a well-kn[n example ( ?is4 ,on ! outside ( books names are f\nd f a v e>ly p]iod2 b 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? !y are mo/ly ^?1 n ( ! own]s ( ! volume1 b ( ! bookb9d]1 z 9 ! case ( ,conrad ( ,/rasburg1 ,johann ,ri*5ba*1 & ,&r ,b\le4 ,e "o1 h[ev]1 kn[s ! inscriptions :i* ! ?ree great collectors1 ,groli]1 ,maioli1 & ,lauwr9 put on _! books4 ,z ! sixte5? c5tury grew old] ! names or initials ( ! own]1 ) sometimes a date add$1 are f\nd on a fair numb] ( b9d+s4 ,9 ,g]many su* names & dates 7 frequ5tly br&$ 9 black on pigsk9 b9d+s4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! names are1 z a rule1 /amp$ 9 gold4 ,z late z ! eighte5? c5tury ,"l ,ox=d us$ to /amp 8 "n1 ',rob]t ,h>ley1' on 8 books1 9 addition to 8 arms4 ,com+ at la/ to armorial book-/amps1 we f9d t f ! fifte5? c5tury onw>ds books 7 (t5 impress$ ) ! royal arms4 ,^! 7 us$ bo? z m>ks ( possession & also1 at lea/ 9 ,engl& 7z not$ by ,mr4 ,dav5port 9 8 article on ',"s ,popul> ,errors z to old ,b9d+s' 9 vol4 ii4 ( ',! ,libr>y'71 z decorative designs on ! trade b9d+s ( loyal /ation]s4 ,cr[n$ initials & royal badges are (t5 f\nd1 & ^! ne>ly always m>k royal own]%ip4 ,:5 ?is use ( armorial book-/amps 0 fir/ adopt$ by collectors b5ea? ! royal rank is n easy to say4 ,groli] is said to h occasionally plac$ 8 arms on 8 books1 b ,i believe t until ab\t #aefj1 ! practice did n become at all common ev5 9 =eign c\ntries1 & 9 ,engl& x 0 probably "s t5 ye>s lat]4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? not+ t 9 ,france ! fa%ion mu/ und\bt$ly h receiv$ a great impetus f ! sumptu>y law ( #aegg1 :i* re/rict$ ! use ( ! elaborate 'fanf>e' /yle ( ornam5t+ books to ^? 9 royal own]%ip4 ,! spl5did b9d+s ( a few ( ! books ( ,jacques ,augu/e de ,?\ 7associat$1 rightly or wrongly1 ) ! "n ( ,nicolas ,eve7 mu/ all h be5 execut$ be=e ?is date4 ,!reaft] he adopt$ ! pla9 morocco cov]s decorat$ only ) ! /amps ( 8 arms ) :i* all book-lov]s are famili>4 ,o!r collectors foll[$ 8 example1 & 9 _! respective k9ds bo? ! /rong1 massively /amp$ books ( ,de ,?\1 & ! m f9ely gra9$ r$ moroccos ( lat] ,fr5* bookm51 9 :i* ! t9y /amp ( arms has a ,legasconesque delicacy ( f9i%1 (f] examples ( simple decoration :i* ! weal?ie/ collector may well imitate4 ,( books be>+ ! arms ( ,fr5* collectors upw>ds ( "o hundr$ & fifty 7 br\ght toge!r by ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks1 b ! ,engli% /amps1 :i* numb] r ov] a hundr$1 mu/ engage our fir/ att5tion4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! is a small /amp ( ! arms ( ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 =m+ ! c5tre ( a r decorative b9d+1 obvi\sly ( ,engli% "w4 ,! book x is f\nd on is a copy ( ,beza's ,lat9 ,new ,te/am5t1 pr9t$ at ,london by ,vautrolli]1 9 #aegd1 on ! yell[ pap] occasionally us$ dur+ ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 presumably z less try+ to ! eyes ?an ! ord9>y :ite4 ,p>k]'s patronage ( ,john ,day is well kn[n1 b 9 view ( ! likelihood ( ?is be+ a pres5tation copy to ! ,ar*bi%op f ,vautrolli]1 x w\ld be ra% to cr$it ,day ) ! b9d+ ( ?is volume1 :i* is1 moreov]1 n q s orig9al z ,day's "w at its be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,elizabe?',s ,,falcon ,,badge ,two o!r books 9 ! ,franks collection are connect$ by _! /amps ) ,p>k]'s royal mi/ress4 ,"o ( ^! be>s ! well-kn[n ,falcon badge :i* ,elizabe? adopt$ 9 imitation ( h] "m4 ,?is is f\nd on a copy ( ,eti5ne ,dolet's ',de ,lat9a l+ua' pr9t$ at ,basel 9 #aeci4 ,i d n "k if ! po9t has be5 rais$ & settl$ z to :e!r ?is badge 0 us$ by ,elizabe?1 bo? z que5 & z pr9cess1 b !re is at lea/ no?+ to prev5t our suppos+ t ?is treatise ( ,dolet's 0 "o ( ,elizabe?'s s*ool-books1 & ?us (t5 9 h] h&s4 ,x is at lea/ a po9t 9 fav\r ( su* a supposition t ! badge 9 ?is case is %>p] & fre%] ?an on any o!r book ,i h ev] se54 ,! o!r ,elizabe?an book 9 ! collection is ev5 m int]e/+1 = its cov]s are emboss$ ) ! portrait-/amp ( ! que5 "h reproduc$1 & no o!r in/ance ( ! use ( ! /amp is record$4 ,! book is ! ,plant9 ,greek ,te/am5t ( #aehc1 an edition :i* ! que5 w\ld be v likely to possess4 ,b :e!r ?is copy 0 ev] 9 h] libr>y we h no means ( decid+1 ! alt]natives ( pres5tation to & pres5tation by1 ( own]%ip by ! orig9al ( ! portrait or by "s loyal subject1 be+ v equally balanc$4 ,! /amp 9 ?is case is slightly rais$1 & is ! e>lie/ in/ance ( a cameo /amp on any ,engli% b9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe?an ,,portrait-,,/amp ,! only o!r sixte5?-c5tury ,engli% armorial /amps 9 ! collection are two examples ( ! /amp us$ by ,william ,cecil1 ,"l ,burleigh1 "o 9 gold on a copy ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t ( ,erasmus pr9t$ at ,basel 9 #aegj1 ! o!r 9 silv] on a ,hebrew ,bible issu$ f ! press ( ,plant9 9 #aehc4 ,x is c]ta9ly a v decorative /amp1 b ,i mu/ confess to pref]r+ to x ! simple inscription ',william' & ',mildr$ ,cicyll' on a b9d+ :i* ent]$ ! ,museum ) ! old ,royal ,libr>y4 ,9 ! pres5t collection a little ,lyons ,virgil pr9t$ by ,gryphius 9 #aega1 ?\gh ) a decorative in/ead ( an h]aldic /amp1 be>s ! initials1 ',w4,p41' ( an ,engli% own]1 a book-plate ( ',! ,"r ,honble4 ,rob]t ,james ,ld ,petre1 ,?orndon 9 ,essex1' comb9$ ) a manuscript note1 dat$ #aehi1 enabl+ u to id5tify ,w4 ,p4 ) ,william ,petre ! second ,b>on 7#aege-afjg74 ,! note1 app>5tly writt5 :5 ,petre 0 f\rte5 ye>s old1 records t ! book 0 acquir$ by ex*ange ) a c]ta9 ,dom9us ,bigge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arms ,,( ,,"l ,,burleigh ,illu/ration3 ,,t[neley ,,arms ,pass+ to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we may notice fir/ two books :i* be> ! ,t[neley arms1 ,ni*ols's translation ( ,?ucydides pr9t$ at ,london 9 #aeej1 & ! ',s*olia 9 quatuor ,evangelia' ( ,lyons1 #afjb4 ,! arms are /amp$ 9 silv] in/ead ( ! m usual gold1 & alone ( all ! book-/amps ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ !y be> a date1 t ( ! ye> #afjc4 ,read]s famili> ) ,mr4 ,h>dy's excell5t little treatise on ,bookplates may rememb] t ! ,t[neley plate :i* =ms its frontispiece be>s ! date #agjb1 j a c5tury lat]4 ,! two m>ks ( own]%ip are really1 h[ev]1 sep>at$ by a some:at small] int]val1 = :ile #agjb is no d\bt ! date ( ! plate 7su* dat$ plates be+ unusually common at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury71 ! #afjc ( ! book-/amp is probably ! bir?-date ( ,*ri/oph] ,t[neley1 ! antiqu>y1 :o 0 born at ,t[neley ,hall1 ,lanca%ire1 on #i? ,janu>y #afjc1 old /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,augu/9e ,,v9c5t',s ,,badge ,illu/ration3 ,,arms ,,( ,,ralph ,,%eldon ,,& ,,8 ,,wife ,we come n[ to an int]e/+ gr\p ( books1 once 9 ! possession ( ,ralph ,%eldon1 ! sev5te5?-c5tury antiqu>y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! be>s n 8 own arms b ^? ( ,augu/9e ,v9c5t1 ! ,w9dsor ,h]ald1 :i* two ye>s ago attract$ att5tion f be+ f\nd1 /amp$ 9 bl9d1 on ! spl5did copy ( ! fir/ ,folio ,%akespe>e pres5t$ to him by ,william ,jagg>d1 "o ( its publi%]s4#bh ,9 ! pres5t in/ance !y are impress$ 9 gold on ,e/i5ne de ,cypres' ',g5ealogies de soixante et sept tres nobles ,maisons1' pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #aehf4 ,augu/9e ,v9c5t di$ 9 #afbf1 & 8 son sold 8 books to ,ralph ,%eldon1 :o on 8 dea? 9 #afhd bequea!d 8 manuscripts to ! ,college ( ,arms4 ,! pr9t$ books app>5tly rema9$ = "s "t 9 ! possession ( ! family1 = ?is volume be>s a ,%eldon book-plate1 & ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks 0 able to pur*ase two o!r books ) ,ralph ,%eldon's book-/amp1 ,campian's ',hi/oria ,anglicana' 7,d\ay1 #afcb71 & ! ',prophecies' ( ,no/radamus 7,london1 #afgb74 ,on bo? ( ^! ! ,%eldon arms are qu>t]$ ) ^? ( ,ralph's wife 7,h5rietta ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,?omas ,savage1 ,visc\nt ,rock ,savage71 & bo? books h writt5 9 !m ! motto1 ',9 ,po/]um1' app>5tly 9 ,ralph's autograph4 ,a ?ird book1 ,gre5way's translation ( ! ',annals' ( ,tacitus 7,london1 #afdj71 be>s on its title-page ! autograph ( ',geo4 ,%eldon1' & on ! cov] ! ,%eldon arms z "h %[n4 #bh ,?is copy1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,con+sby ,sib?orp1 ( ,sudbrooke ,holme1 ,l9coln1 to ^: family x has belong$ = m ?an a c5tury1 is fully describ$ by ,mr4 ,sidney ,lee on p4 #aga ( 8 ',%akespe>e's ,life & ,"w4' ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce ! copy he describes on ! previ\s page is "o1 n[ own$ by ! ,b>oness ,burdett-,c\tts1 :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,ralph ,%eldon1 :o b\ght ,v9c5t's libr>y4 ,presumably bo? copies at "o "t belong$ to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arms ,,( ,,george ,,%eldon ,! next two volumes we may note are ,?omas ,mason's ',( ! ,consecration ( ,bi%ops 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&' 7#afac71 & ! ',works' ( ,k+ ,james ,i4 7#afaf71 bo? ( !m be>+ ! ,hatton arms4 ,f _! dates ^! mu/ !re=e h belong$ n to ,elizabe?'s fav\rite1 ^: arms are figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,flet*]'s article1 s9ce he di$ 9 #aeia1 b to a son ( 8 c\s9 ( ! same "n1 ( ,clay ,hall1 ,b>k+4 ,?is ?ird ,*ri/oph] ,hatton 0 baptiz$ & probably born 9 #afje1 & 0 a prom95t man dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,i41 by :om he 0 creat$ ,b>on ,hatton 9 #afdc4 ,he 0 responsible = an edition ( ! ,psalms ) pray]s atta*$ 7#afdd71 :i* w5t by ! "n ( ,hatton's ',psalt]1' & 0 philosoph] en\gh to be able to make himself happy ) 8 'books & fiddles' :ile a ,royali/ exile4 ,a few ( ^! e>ly sev5te5?-c5tury books possess b9d+s int]e/+ = o!r reasons besides _! m>ks ( own]%ip4 ,?us1 a f9e ,hebrew folio is decorat$ n only ) ! arms ( ,john ,williams1 ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 b ) "s /rik+ examples ( ! h&some1 if heavy1 corn]-pieces 9 vogue 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i4 ,on a copy ( ,br5t's ',hi/ory ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t' ! arms ( ,b]keley look all ! bett] = be+ inclos$ 9 a h&some scroll-"w c5trepiece4 ,s aga9 we f9d bo? f9e corn]pieces & a good c5tral /amp on ! ?ree volumes ( ! works ( t le>n$ div9e ,william ,p]k9s 7,london1 #afab71 :i* be> also ! initials ,h4 ,l4 b5ea? a coronet4 ,! own] 0 presumably ,h5ry ,yelv]ton1 creat$ ,visc\nt ,longueville 9 #afij1 to :om also belong$ a copy ( ! #affj edition ( ,m's ',explanation ( ! ,gr& ,my/]y ( ,godl9ess4' ,on ! ,p]k9s volumes 8 coronet$ initials 7 pla9ly add$ z an aft]?\ght1 :ile a mu* small] ,m4 ,y41 inclos$ 9 ! corn]pieces z "p ( ! orig9al design1 sugge/s t ! volume _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance belong$ to ,m>y ,yelv]ton1 ! wife ( ! ,judge ( ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas1 :o di$ 9 #afcj4 ,! works ( ,p]k9s 7 popul> 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks acquir$ ano!r edition ( !m1 t ( #afbf1 be>+ ! arms ( "o ( ! desc5dants ( ,?omas ,smy!1 ,f>m] ( ! ,cu/oms 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 ^: arms comb9$ ) ^? ( 8 wife1 ,alice ,judde1 7 figur$ by ,mr4 ,flet*]4 ,! coat n[ 9 "q may h belong$ ei!r to 8 gr&son1 ,?omas1 :o 0 n creat$ ,visc\nt ,/rang=d until two ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! book1 or to ! ,visc\nt's bro!r1 ! ambassador to ! ,c\rt ( ,russia1 :o fitt$ out an ,arctic exp$ition1 & has 8 munific5ce commemorat$ 9 ! "n ( ',smi?'s ,s\nd4' ,a copy ( ! #afag edition ( ,sp5s]'s ',fa]y ,que51' be>+ ! initials ,m4 ,c4 b5ea? a coronet1 (f]s ano!r example ( a m>k ( own]%ip atta*$ by a desc5dant ( ! orig9al possessor4 ,:o ,m4 ,c4 0 is expla9$ by ! pret5ti\s inscription on a book-plate inside ! cov]1 :i* proclaims itself ! prop]ty ( ',! ,"r ,honble ,m>y1 wife ( ,*>les1 ,e>le ( ,c>n>von ,si/] ( ,james1 ,e>le ( ,ab+don4' ,! ,e>l ( ,c>n>von "h nam$ 0 ! second e>l1 ,*>les ,dorm]1 :o di$ 9 #agji1 & 8 c\ntess 0 ! daught] ( ,montague ,b]tie1 ,e>l ( ,l9dsey1 by 8 second wife ,bridget1 ,b>oness ,norreys ( ,rycote4 ,?is desc5t acc\nts = ! inscription on ! title-page1 ',norreys1 #afdg1' & we may conclude t ! volume 0 at "o "t own$ ei!r by ! ,b>oness ,norreys or h] fir/ husb&4 ,! book-plate ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,c>n>von is "h reproduc$ z presumably a r e>ly example ( a lady's plate 9 ! h]aldic /yle4 ,x c]ta9ly does n des]ve ! hon\r = its arti/ic m]its1 ! design & engrav+ be+ z poor z ! inscription is fooli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntess ,,( ,,c>n>von ,illu/ration3 ,,arms ,,( ,,sir ,,k5elm ,,digby ,,& ,,v5etia ,,/anley1 ,,8 ,,wife ,copies ( a ,commel9us ,tacitus 7#aeie7 & a ,horace1 ,p]sius & ,juv5al 7,london1 #afad-ae7 be> ! arms ( ,john ,maitl&1 creat$ ,visc\nt ,laud]dale 9 #afaf2 ^? ( ! ,e>l ( ,hunt+don are f\nd on a ,camd5's ',britannica' ( #afbg2 ^? ( ,william ,cov]t ( ,sussex1 on ! #afae edition ( ! works ( ,g]vase ,bab+ton2 ,! ,"r ,hon4ble ,m>y ,wife ( ,*>les ,e>le ( ,c>n>von ,si/] ( ,james ,e>le ( ,ab+don ^? ( ,*etwynd1 on ,mat!w ( ,we/m9/]'s ',flores ,hi/ori>um' 7,frank=t1 #afja72 ^? ( ,wilm] on ,/[e's ',survey ( ,london1' #afah4 ,fur!r inve/igation w\ld no d\bt yield a tale z to ea* ( ^! volumes1 b we may n l+] ov] !m4 ,we mu/ /op1 h[ev]1 to note t ! arms ( ,ar*bi%op ,laud1 on a copy ( 8 ',relation ( a conf]5ce ) ,fi%] ! ,jesuit1' d n cle>ly indicate t ?is 0 8 own libr>y copy1 s9ce an inscription 7app>5tly 9 ,laud's h&writ+7 in=ms u t ! book 0 'pres5t$ by ye au?or to ,sr ,jo4 ,bram/on1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,k+'s ,ben*1' a book-plate ( "o ( ^: desc5dants1 ',thomas,bramston1 ,esq41 ( ,skre5s1' is f\nd 9 ! volume4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! next c5tury1 we f9d ,speak] ,onsl[ possess$ ( a copy ( ,locke's ',lett]s conc]n+ ,tol]ation1' pres5t$ to him by ,?omas ,hollis1 & be>+ "s ( ! donor's fav\rite emblems1 ! cap ( lib]ty1 ! owl ( ,m9]va & a p51 ) ! motto ',placidam sub lib]tate quietem4' ,!re is no special reason to suppose t ei!r ,ar*bi%op ,laud or ,hollis int5d$ ^! volumes orig9ally = _! libr>ies1 & aft] hav+ _h !m b\nd ) t int5tion subsequ5tly gave !m away4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 s1 b we %\ld n entirely exclude ! supposition t books 7 also sometimes impress$ ) ! arms or device ( ! donor1 9 ord] to rem9d ! recipi5t ( ! s\rce :5ce ! gift came1 j z we f9d gift-plates alongside ( ! m usual book-plates d5ot+ p]sonal own]%ip4 ,ow+ to ! libr>y ( ,sir ,k5elm ,digby hav+ be5 seiz$ aft] 8 dea? 9 ,france "u ! inhospitable ,fr5* law :i* gave to ! k+ ! *attels ( /rang]s dy+ 9 8 c\ntry1 books ) 8 arms are n (t5 f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks 01 !re=e1 =tunate 9 obta9+ ?ree volumes ?us decorat$1 two ( !m %[+ 8 coat ) t ( 8 fir/ wife1 ,v5etia ,/anley on an escut*eon ( pret5ce1 z figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,flet*]'s article1 :ile ! ?ird be>s 8 coat impal$ ) h]s1 & is mu* m f9ely cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,k5elm ,,digby',s ,,arms ,! arms ( ! ,duke ( ,albem>le are f\nd on ! #afcd edition ( ,h>r+ton's ',orl&o ,furioso1' ^? ( ! ,e>l ( ,arl+ton on a copy ( a ,spani% religi\s "w1 ',trabajos de ,iesus1' pr9t$ at ,madrid 9 #afdg1 ^? ( ,"l ,cornwallis1 ) a ciph] imitat$ f t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 on a #affi edition ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,o!r sev5te5?-c5tury collectors ( m9or note might be m5tion$1 b we mu/ pass on n[ beyond ! ,revolution ( #afhh1 & notice a few coats ( lat] date4 ,a copy ( ,dryd5's ',miscellany ,poems' ( #agjb be>s ! arms ( ,*>les1 ,"l ,halifax 7'! ,treasur]'71 z well z a book-plate dat$ ) ! same ye>1 #agjb2 a ,roman ,hi/ory ( #afie & a ,pray] ,book ( #agjj c>ry two diff]5t /amps ( ! arms ( ,john1 ,"l ,som]s2 !re are ?ree books ) ! /amp & "n ( ,rob]t ,h>ley1 ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 & ?ree ) ! ,c>t]et arms4 ,( ^! la/ two1 ,hammond's ',s]mons' & ! ',divi ,britannici1' bo? publi%$ 9 #afge1 be> '! bloody h&' t m>ks a b>onet1 :ile a ,horace ( ,p>is1 #aefg1 %[s ,"l ,c>t]et's arms z a pe]4 ,on ,s&]son's ',nature & ,obligation ( ,consci5ce' 7#agbb7 we h ano!r in/ance ( a lady's book-/amp1 t ( ,cass&ra ,will\ghby1 ,du*ess ( ,*&os2 ! arms & book-plate ( ! ,duke ( ,montagu are f\nd on a copy ( ,bi%op ,b]keley's fam\s treatise on ! virtues ( t>-wat] 7#agdd72 la/ly1 a ,utre*t ,callima*us ( #afig is adorn$ ) ! arms ( ,sir ,philip ,syd5ham1 ,b>t41 & ) ! book-plate ( ,john ,wilkes1 :o1 if a demagogue1 0 a demagogue ( classical ta/es4 ,^! eighte5?-c5tury books & _! own]s are some:at less int]e/+ ?an ! e>li] ones to :i* mo/ ( ?is article has be5 devot$1 & 9 attempt+ to enum]ate !m x is difficult to avoid ! /yle ( a catalogue4 ,! dang] is all ! great] :5 we turn to ! ,fr5* books1 = "h ,guig>d has be5 be=e u1 & !re is no purpose to be s]v$ by mak+ extracts f 8 pages4 ,z might be expect$1 ! collection conta9s m ?an "o specim5 ( ! books ( ,de ,?\1 9 :i* ! ,briti% ,museum 0 already fairly ri*4 ,among o!r notable /amps ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies we may m5tion t ( ,anto9e de ,leve1 ,abb de l',isle en ,b>rois1 on ?ree books publi%$ betwe5 #aegd & #afbd2 ( ,e/ampes de ,val5cy on a book ( #aeeg2 ( ,peiresc 7on a ',h>pocrationis ,diction>ium1' #afad71 & ( ,l\is ,philippeaux1 ,seigneur de la ,vaillire4 ,( lat] date are ^? ( ! ,comtesse de ,v]rue1 ,beatrix de ,*oiseul1 ,la ,ro*ef\cald1 ,presid5t ,segui]1 ,turgot1 ,montausi]1 ,m>ie ,lecz9ska1 & a ho/ ( o!rs too num]\s to m5tion4 ,! ,g]man books are few & app>5tly unimportant1 ! ,italian mo/ly ecclesia/ical1 ^? f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries mo/ly s*ool-prizes4 ,!re are also two or ?ree ,spani% books1 all ! m welcome because ,spani% b9d+s are s seldom met ) 9 ,engl&1 & a few fairly good specim5s ( ! bookb9d]'s craft )\t armorial /amps4 ,b ! ,engli% books are ! ma9 feature ( ! collection4 ,a ,,que5 ,,anne ,,pocket-,,book#bi 7,,by ,,alice ,,poll>d7 ,"s =ty ye>s ago !re 0 pick$ up 9 ! cell> ( a l>ge private bank 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet a little pocket-book1 :i* mu/ h la9 !re = at lea/ a c5tury4 ,its p>*m5t cov]s 7 yell[ & "t-/a9$1 & ! br[n ribbon :i* fa/5$ !m toge!r _h become ragg$ & mo?-eat51 b despite its some:at fad$ br[n ink ! crabb$ h&writ+ rema9$ z legible z ev]4 ,aft] its removal f ! ,lomb>d ,/reet cell> ! que] little book lay = ano!r =ty ye>s 9 ! musk-sc5t$ draw] ( a ,*ipp5dale secretaire1 :i* =m$ = x a n unfitt+ re/+-place4 ,!nce x has to-day be5 une>!d1 & is n[ to be made to tell its old-_w /ory4 ,?is1 9 tru?1 is b a simple "o1 z ! book conta9s *iefly a v c>efully kept memor&um ( ! moneys sp5t by its own] dur+ 8 y\? & e>ly manhood2 b runn+ ?r\gh ^! acc\nts we c trace some?+ ( 8 family hi/ory1 ( 8 employm5ts1 ta/es1 & habits1 & s1 ,i ?9k1 ga9 a v fair idea ( ! writ]'s individuality4 ,n[ & !n1 z if to help u1 he uses a page z a di>y1 & by means ( su* entries z bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages1 we c piece our /ory toge!r4 #bi ,f ',longman's ,magaz9e1' by leave ( ! publi%]s4 ',john ,payne1 #afii1' t is ! fir/ in=mation :i* our book gives u1 & we turn f ! fly-leaf1 :]e x is boldly writt51 to inquire :o ?is ,john ,payne 01 & :at 0 8 bus9ess & rank 9 life4 ,we />t ) a pr$isposition to believe t he 0 a bank]1 because x 0 9 a bank :i* /ill be>s 8 "n t 8 pocket-book 0 pick$ up2 b ! pocket-book itself has no?+ to say ab\t bank+1 :ile x is v pr(use on ! subjects ( ',l9sayes1 dyap]s1 ,we/falia l951' etc41 & in=ms u t its own] 0 frequ5tly s5d+ home h\se l95 & dress /uffs to 8 "m1 si/]s1 & fri5ds4 ,some:at reluctantly1 !re=e1 we conclude t our h]o began life z a drap]1 & x is ) satisfaction 7= we w\ld fa9 h him cut a figure7 t we note sundry entries ( a ,sir ,james & my ,lady1 a ,sir ,/eph51 & a ,lady ,langham 9 a connection :i* %[s !m to h be5 ei!r relations or old family fri5ds4 ,!re are n want+ o!r indications t our "y drap] came ( a well-to-d /ock1 & we may1 !re=e1 conclude t 9 com+ to ,london to s]ve a sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip1 he 0 only act+ on ! excell5t rule t to w9 success z a m]*ant 7or any?+ else7 y mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,z has be5 already said1 ! date inside ! pocket-book is #afii1 b ! acc\nts beg9 on ,janu>y #aj1 #afif1 s t ^? ( ! fir/ ?ree ye>s h evid5tly be5 copi$ 9 f "s e>li] notes4 ,?is asc]ta9$1 we become excit$ to f9d ! entry ( ! pur*ase ( ! book itself1 & are rew>d$ aft] a little se>* by ! in=mation t1 toge!r ) "s pap] & quills1 x only co/ "o %ill+ & f\rp5ce1 c]ta9ly no excessive outlay = a book con/antly 9 use = ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,9 copy+ 8 back acc\nts into 8 new pur*ase1 ,john divid$ 8 book into two halves1 keep+ ! fir/ = ':at ,i h layd out s9ce ,i came to ,london on my ,fa!r's *>ge1' & ! second = 8 disbursem5ts f '! money t ,i did br+ up to t[n at ! fir/ com+ up 7#dl #hs471 & s5t me s9ce & giv5 me by fre9ds4' ,9 look+ ov] 8 acc\nts = him we w foll[ ! ord] ( 8 own *oos+1 & beg9 ) 8 exp5diture = :at he consid]$ ! necess>ies he might fairly *>ge to 8 fa!r4 ,on 8 fir/ arrival 9 t[n ! y\?ful ,john evid5tly f\nd himself some:at beh9d ! times 9 ! cut ( 8 clo!s & ! fa%ion ( 8 hair1 = on ! fir/ page ( ! book we h di/9ct sugge/ions ( visits to 8 tailor & ! b>b]1 :o betwe5 !m array$ 8 out] man = a fir/ entry into t[n life1 & manag$ to d s at ! mod]ate co/ ( #e1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,"h are ! items3 ,lay$ out betwe5 ye #aj? ( ,janu>y ye #bj? ( ,febru>y #afi-e_/f4 s4 d4 ,a paire ( ,gloves #jj #ja #jb ,a box hatb& #jj #jb #jf ,a p5nknife #jj #jj #jh ,a ,que] ( pap] #jj #jj #jf ,a ,coppy ,booke #jj #jj #jh ,a ,port] lett] #jj #jj #jf ,! ,b>b] #jj #jj #jc ,sug> ,c&y #jj #jj #jb ,damask #d yds #jj #ad #jf #b yds #c_/d ( ,bd ,clo? #ja #ac #jj #e yds ( ,%aloone #jj #aa #jj ,buttons fu/9 #jj #aj #aa ,buckrum ,canvis #jj #ja #jc ,glazd ,l93 #jj #jj #je ,! ,taylors ,bill #ja #jf #jj -------- #je #jc #jf ,tailors 7 evid5tly m mode/ 9 _! *>ges 9 ^? days4 ,x is difficult at fir/ to see "u :at pretext ,john c\ld h set d[n twop5nywor? ( sug> c&y "u ! head ( ',?+es layd out on my ,fa!r's *>ge1' b we soon f9d a fur!r entry ( ',?+s = my cold1' & d\btless ! sug> c&y might also h come "u t head2 inde$1 ! ,london fogs seem n to h agre$ ) ! ,hunt+don%ire lad1 = m ?an once 9 ea* ye> we f9d ref]5ces to colds :i* mo/ly appe> to h be5 treat$ by blood-lett+4 ,aft] ! fir/ mon? ( #afi-e_/f ! fa!r c\ld h _h no cause to compla9 ( 8 son's extravagance1 = 8 :ole exp5ses = ! next qu>t] come to sev5te5 %ill+s & f\rp5ce1 ev5 includ+ ',si/] ,betty's fr+e1' = :i* he paid eightp5ce1 a tip ( sixp5ce giv5 to ',ye ,maide1' & ',close m5d+ f ,top to ,toe1' :i* co/ him f\r %ill+s & ?reep5ce6 ,dur+ ! next ye> & a half he has a fair numb] ( new clo!s & makes "s wond]ful b>ga9s1 obta9+ ',a ,comb3 ,sis]s3 ,blade ,buttons' = "o %ill+ & n9ep5ce4 ,8 b>b] is /ill an exp5sive item1 = 8 ',p]uke' ne$s con/ant att5tion2 8 cold also requires 'sug> c&y & o!r ?+s1' b he executes a great piece ( economy by hav+ ',wa/coate turn$ to ,bree*es' at a co/ ( only #bs4 #a;d4 ,9 #afii 8 'wigg' aga9 proves co/ly2 x appe>s to h be5 ?or\ghly done up & trimm$ to ! late/ fa%ion previ\s to a visit to 8 home1 = we f9d two entries foll[+ ea* o!r3 s4 d4 ,my ,wigg its ,m5d+ #ja #jd #jj ,my place i?' ,coa* *>ge on ! ,roade #ja #jj #jj ,! rema9+ acc\nts :i* he s5ds 9 to 8 fa!r f "t to "t h no p>ticul> int]e/1 be+ m or less repetitions ( ^? :i* h gone be=e1 b on ! la/ page ( ! book he sums up ! :ole sev5 ye>s z foll[s3 ',sp5t on fa!r's acct 9 ye :ole #g ye>s ( ,appr5tice%ip1 #fdl4 #ais4 #aa;d4 ,sp5t on my own acct on ,self & fre9ds1 #ail4 #aes4 #i;d4 ,sp5t less ?an ,i _h sav$ be=e & giv5 me aft] ,i came to t[ne 9 ye #g ye>s1 #cl4 #acs4 #e;d4' ,! sev5 ye>s' private acc\nts />t z foll[s3 ,! ,money t ,i did br+ up to t[n att ye fir/ com+ up 0 #dl4 #hs4 #j;d4 ,l5t me s9ce yt giv5 me by fre9ds3 s4 d4 ,by fa!r #j #ag #j ,by ,"m #j #ac #f ,by ,gr&mo!r #a #ai #f ,by ,sr ,james & my ,lady #b #ah #j ,by ,c\s5 ,betty #j #ab #j ,by ,sr ,/eph5 #j #aa #j ,by ,bro!r #j #af #j ,by ,uncle ,aunt #j #jc #j ,by ,si/]s #j #ac #f ,hog ,money old ,coate #j #jf #j ,by sev]al #j #jd #f ,by ye ,box ,money ( ye fir/ #a_/b ( my "t #j #ah #f ,by ye ,k+'s ,entry #j #jc #j ,by ,aunt ,wikes #j #jb #f ,by fa!r m #j #ji #j ,by my ,lady m #j #aj #j ------ #af #ja #j #gs4 #f;d4 ,i _h giv5 me m n sett d[n because layd out aga9e ,9 ,tok5s4 ,! private acc\nts are only ent]$ 9 detail = "o half ! "t ( 8 appr5tice%ip1 & ) "o or two additions may be all summ$ up "u ! foll[+ heads3--',fruit3 ,necess>ys3 ,lo/ 9 wag]s & o!r wayes3 on ye ,poore3 ,sp5t ) k9dr$ & acqua9tance3 ,tok5s3 giv54' ,! regul>ity ) :i* ! acc\nts are kept is only equall$ by ! rem>kable /ead9ess ( 8 exp5diture2 ! fir/ & ?ird ye>s %[+ an outlay ( exactly #a1 #bs4 ea*1 :il/ ! second & f\r? ea* run to precisely #b4 ,p]haps x w be mo/ int]e/+ to exam9e ! f\r ye>s side by side4 #a/ ,ye>4 #bnd ,ye>4 #crd ,ye>4 #d? ,ye>4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,9 fruit #f #aj-a_/b #h #j #g #e #g #e ,necess>ys #a #a-a_/b #b #i #a #i #b #f ,lo/ 9 wag]s o!r wayes #b #a #a #f #b #g #aa ,on ,ye ,poore #a #f #b #f #a #g #a #b ,sp5t ) ,k9dr$ acqua9tance #d #a-a_/b #f #h #d #f #ae #j ,tok5s -- #ac #h -- #aa #f ,giv5 -- #a #i #d #b #j #f ,! additional exp5ses are unnotewor?y ) ! exception ( ',a ,key to a ,p51' :i* c]ta9ly ar\ses curiosity2 ! price ( ! key 0 "o %ill+1 b its size1 %ape1 & use rema9 a my/]y to u4 ,! next page or two are fill$ ) desultory memor&a ( small sums receiv$ 9 ! =m ( 'tips1' & end+ up ) ^! two /atem5ts3 ,?is be+ ,septr ye #bi? #afii ,i f9d ,i h sp5t ?is fir/ half ( my "t on my own *>ges #jfl4 #ds4 #jj;d44 ,sp5t on my own acct 9 ye #g ye>s #ail4 #aes4 #i;d4 ,"o is tempt$ to speculate z to :at =m 8 great] extravagance dur+ ! second half ( 8 "t took1 b on ?is po9t ! book is sil5t4 ,! appr5tice%ip end$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( #agjc1 b ,john app>5tly /ay$ on 9 ! same bus9ess = sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds at a weekly wage ( #e4 ,t ?is did n con/itute 8 entire income is cle> f a page ( 8 di>y1 :i* records3 ',fa!r recd ( ,jos4 ,atk9s = my r5t ,dew at ,lady ,day #agja1 #afl4 #acs4 #jj;d4 taxes be+ ,d$uct$'2 & aga91 aft] m ref]5ces to ,jos4 ,atk9s3 ',recd ( my t5ant 9 all #fdl4 #ags4 be+ #b ye>s r5t due att ,mi*aelmas #agjc4' ,we d n f9d any ref]5ces ei!r 9 ! di>y or ! acc\nts to ! "t :5 ! "y man began to ?9k ( tak+ to himself a wife1 b 8 income at ! high value ( money 9 ^? days w\ld n[ be q suffici5tly l>ge to enable him to d s1 & "s "t )9 ! next ?ree ye>s he woo$ & won 8 bride4 ,( ! nature ( t woo+ "o w\ld gladly le>n a little m1 = ev5 ) ! help ( a decid$ love-lett] writt5 to 8 mi/ress )9 six mon?s ( _! m>riage we _c div9e mu*4 ,h[ ?is lett] 7probably only "o among/ _m ( a l nature7 ev] fell aga9 into ! h&s ( its orig9al writ]1 to be plac$ by him 9 ! pocket ( ! little acc\nt-book1 we are unable to say2 b !re x is1 yell[ & /a9$ ) age1 & worn ) mu* fold+ & refold+4 ,x is writt5 on ! ?91 r\gh1 l>ge squ>e note-pap] ( ! p]iod1 seal$ ) a monogram & elaborately address$ on ! back3 ,= ,mrs4 ,lydia ,durrant att ,mr4 ,h5ry ,woodgate's 9 ,g\dhur/ ,k5t ,by ,/one ,cr\* ,bag ,! lett] is s %ort & s qua9t t ,i transcribe ! :ole4 ,i gladly embrace ys fir/ opportunity to tell y de>e/ ,mdm yt ,i arriv$ ,safe 9 t[ne ys ev5+ ) a great deal ( ease bo? to my horse self2 ,! ,roads ,i f\nd mu* bett] ?an by way ( ,tunbridge ,wea!r ,?anks be to ,god pretty fav\rable1 ,my greate/ tr\ble 0 to ?9k ye ne>] ,i 0 to my j\rneys ,end1 yt ,i 0 /ill ye f>!r f yr ,de> ,self4 ,d me s mu* ,ju/ice ,mdm z to believe yt x is impossible = me to h any int]e/ or conc]n ne>] my he>t !n y ,i am sorry s great a tru? & pure _c be express$ 9 o!r ,words !n su* z sometimes are =c$ to s]ve ye pr(ane use ( ,complem5ts4 ,i wi% x 7 any way 9 my p[] ,i hope x w 'ere long1 to %ew ye true affection ,i h = y ,i value myself ^u ye opportunity ,i promise myself ( %ortly kiss+ yr h&4 ,i h n mett ) fa!r z yett b tru/ ,i %all tomorr[ morn+4 ,yr lett]s to ,hackney %all be deliv]$ ) c>e & spe$4 ,i beg ,mrs ,woodgate's acceptance ( ye oranges design$ h] ys week by ,c>y]1 ,i %all rejoice to he> ye little "o is come safe to t[ne ,aunt 9 a way ( recov]y b above all to he> ( yr good heal? w* w be an inf9ite joy4 ,if y did believe or c\ld ,imag9e h[ great a refre%m5t a lett] f y w\ld af=d me at ?is melan*oly di/ance y w\ld n faile to write by ! fir/ po/1 ye hopes ,i conceive y w d s support me "u ye mis=tune ( yr abs5ce4 ,x is late s add+ my humble s]vice to ,unkle's ,mr ,p>is's family ) a ?\s& ?anks %all ext5d ?is no f>!r ?an ye subscrib+ myself ) a mo/ s9c]e & he>ty affection ,mdm yr mo/ humble admir] ,,john ,,payne4 ,m>* #ab? #agj-e_/f ,fett] ,lane4 ',my greate/ tr\ble 0 to ?9k ! ne>] ,i 0 to my j\rneys ,end1 t ,i 0 /ill ! f>!r f y\r ,de> ,self'--t is a v prettily turn$ s5t5ce1 & yet ) a r+ ab\t x :i* s\nds /raight f ! he>t4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole lett]1 inde$1 !re is a delightful simplicity & homel9ess :i* ev5 ! /ilt$ phraseology ( ! p]iod _c q spoil1 & :i* tempts u to ?9k t :5 ! 'melan*oly di/ance' 7( "s ?irty miles7 no long] kept ! lov]s ap>t1 ,john may possibly h greet$ 8 lady j a little m w>mly ?an ) t respectful t\* ( h] h& :i* 0 all t epi/ol>y conv5tions all[$ him to propose to himself4 ,at any rate 8 suit prosp]$1 = 9 ! middle ( 8 pocket-book we come across two pages ( di>y pure & simple :i* %[ u t j five mon?s aft] 8 lett] ! wi%$-= opportunity ( %[+ 8 'true affection' 0 grant$ by 8 m>riage ) ,mi/ress ,lydia ,durrant 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ?is record ( 8 entrance 'into ye holy /ate ( ,matrimony1 ,sept4 #d1 #agjf1' we h ! beg9n+ ( 8 h\sehold acc\nts4 ,on ! cr$it side !y run z foll[s3 ,recd ,sept4 #bg?1 #agjf-- s4 d4 #d weeks money f ,%op #bj #jj #j #e weeks d4 ,nov4 #b;d #be #j #j ,recd4 ,fa!r pr4 ,bror4 ,wood=d #bj #j #j ,recd4 ,bro!r ,wood=d m ?an lay$ out #b #aa #j ,nov4 #af4 #b weeks' money #aj #jj #j -- #bc4 #a week's money #e #j #j ,dec4 #g4 #b weeks' money #aj #j #j ,jan4 #ah4 #f weeks' money #cj #jj #j ,jan4 #be4 #a week's money #e #jj #j -------- #abg #aa #j ,! debit side is evid5tly head$ by exp5ses 9 connection ) ! w$d+1 & x w\ld appe> t1 :5 ,john _h br\ght 8 wife to t[n1 ! "y c\ple f9i%$ ! furni%+ ( _! h\se toge!r4 ,septr #bi1 #agjf4 s4 d4 ,pd = hatt #a #aa #jj ,o!r small ?+s #j #aj #jj ,mantle pr4 glass #b #aj #jj ,wife #b #aj -- ,*>ges ( j\rney #f #i #jj ,pd ,fa!r = h\se #f #ae #jj ,pd = ,*aires #d #h #jj #b ,kills ,be]e #j #aj #jj ,wife = h\se #b #f #jj ,self = ,pockett #a #jj #jj ,glasses #abs4 #f;d41 ,table #hs4 #a #jj #jf ,*e/ ( ,draw]s ,d4 #c #af #jj ,nov4 #ah?4 ,wife = h\se #b #jj #jj ,l95 #e #f #jj ,%oes #is41 h\se #bl4 #b #i #jj ,knives #cjs4 #a #aj #jj ,mon?s ,r5t1 ,bo>d1 ,s]vts wages to ,mi*ms #i #ag #f ,pd wife = h\se #b #jj #jj ,l95 = ,ditto #c #jj #f ,buttr1 ,*eese1 ,bacon #a #ab #f ,w4 ,cl>k1 ,uphol/] #aj #ab #f ,w4 ,lit*feilds ,bill #e #b #jj ,h\se #f weeks #ab #jj #jj ,pd = ,plate ,spoons #ab #e #f ,pd ,*eesemong]1 ,st ,m>t9s #b #j #j ,h\se #bl41 ,h&k4 ,muz4 #cas4 #c #aa #jj -------- #ajf #ab #jj ,on ! next page we h a ref]5ce to ,s>ah's wages1 :i* 7 #b1 #cs41 b z no dates are giv5 we are unable to decide :e!r ?is repres5ts ?ree or six mon?s' hire4 ,we n[ beg9 to notice t besides 'wife = h\se1' !re is ano!r entry ( 'wife = self1' :i* occurs pretty (t51 'wife' receiv+ f two to ?ree p\nds at once1 & f9ally %e receives five p\nds = h] 'occassions1' a my/]i\s allusion :i* is p]haps expla9$ by a ref]5ce lat] on to ',p>son & ,cl>k1 #acs4 #c;d41' & ',cradle & ,baskitt1 #aas4 #f;d4' ,turn+ to ! ',di>y1' we h ! simple record ( ! bir?1 & sad to say ! dea?1 ( 8 fir/ *ild3 ,my ,de> fir/ *ild 0 born ye #bcrd ( ,june1 #agjg1 ab\t #aj 9 ye =5oon4 ,*ri/5$ by ye "n ( ,eliz4 ye #be ( ye same mon?1 dy$ ye #ai? ( ,july foll[+ ab\t #aa at night1 lyes 9 ye vault 9 ,st ,vo/]'s1 ,londn4 ,) ! bir? ( ! *ild ! h\sehold exp5ses increase1 & we f9d 9 addition to ',h\se #bl4' fur!r exp5ses1 :i* are not$ d[n z 'extraord9>y1' b soon cease to be look$ ^u z any?+ b ord9>y4 ,! h\sehold seems to h be5 kept up on a fairly l>ge scale1 = we h m5tion ( a ',kate' & a ',betsy' :o also receive wages z well z ',s>ah'2 b x is evid5t f ! o!r side ( ! page t ! wife's fa!r liv$ ) ! "y p & kept 8 own mans]vant1 pay+ !m = bo>d two sums ( #dg1 #ajs4 )9 ! twelve mon?s4 ,items = w9e & be] are v common1 "o brew]'s bill = six mon?s be+ t5 p\nds6 ,x is difficult to guess :at became ( ! money all[$ = ',h\se1' s9ce ! ma/] paid s]vants' wages1 & bills = w9e1 be]1 coals1 groc]ies1 h\se-l951 but*]1 butt]-man1 & taxes6 ,8 wife's all[ance also 0 v lib]al1 & at v>i\s times he pays = ! foll[+ items besides3 ',= ,wife's ,sc>f1 #bl4 #ajs4 #j;d42 ,wife's ,callico1 #al4 #gs42 ,wife's ,silk1 #fl4 #ajs4 #jj;d42 ,wife1 = tippet1 #dl4 #fs4 #jj;d4'2 9 fact1 accord+ to 8 own %[+1 he appe>s to h giv5 8 wife ample means ( provid+ bo? = ! h\se & h]self1 & !n to h paid all h] bills z well6 ,"u date ,octob] #agjh1 we come across evid5ce ( ! arrival ( ano!r *ild to replace ! "o too soon lo/4 ,?is "t ',p>son & ,cl>k' head ! li/1 receiv+ #acs4 #c;d42 ',gossip+ money' comes to #a4 #bs4 #f;d42 ',coates = *ild1 #al4 #as4 #f;d4'2 ',midwife & ,nurse1 #cl4 #ds4 #f;d41' & ! ,di>y says3 ,my second *ild ,john 0 born ,octr #ac?1 #agjh1 0 baptis$ ye ,sabba? ,day foll[+ by ,w4 ,b5jn4 ,ibbatt4 ,!re is /ill ano!r record ( ! bir? ( a daught]1 :o1 l ! fir/1 liv$ b a few days4 ,my daught] ,ann 0 born ,novr ye #ab?1 #agji1 ,dy$ ye #ai? ,ditto4 ,aft] ?is ! regul> acc\nts /op1 z does also ! ,di>y1 b f /ray notes scatt]$ ?r\gh ! book !re w\ld appe> to h be5 born yet ano!r daught] :o surviv$ infancy1 b ^: heal? mu/ h giv5 cause = anxiety4 ,?us 9 ,febru>y #agaf1 we read3 ',pd ,nurse ,pat* fifte5 ,p\nds twelve %ill+s 9 full = nurs+ & bo>d+ my ,daught] to ! #bj? ( ?is ,in/ant ,febru>y4' ,& aga91 9 ,febru>y #agbj1 ! *ild & nurse 7 evid5tly s5t on a long visit to ,hunt+don to ,gr&mo!r ,payne3 ',pd ,"m ,febry ye #af?1 #ag-bj_/a1 ,?irty seav5 ,p\nds f\rte5 %ill+s #f;d4 9 full = ,butt]1 ,int]e/1 ,*ild1 & ,maide's bo>d & wages & all accts4' ,aft] ,novemb] #agji !re are no m regul> h\se-acc\nts1 & ! little book is us$ pr9cipally = jott+ d[n moneys receiv$ & l>g] sums paid out to 8 "m & si/]s4 ,! %op also ceases to be m5tion$1 & we h num]\s entries ( r5ts paid by t5ants 9 ,hunt+don2--inde$ x w\ld seem t soon aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife's fa!r1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,june #agji1 ,john ,payne left ,london & w5t d[n to manage 8 e/ates 9 ,hunt+don1 :]e he seems to h be5 9 possession ( ab\t #ajjj p] annum 9 l&$ prop]ty1 *iefly consi/+ ( small f>ms let to t5ants at f #bj to #ej p] annum4 ,out ( ?is prop]ty1 h[ev]1 he has to pay qu>t]ly divid5ds to 8 "m & si/] ,anna1 ?\gh _! income1 l t ( mo/ wid[s & unm>ri$ daught]s ( ! "t1 0 v small & c\ld =m no great burd5 on ! e/ate4 ,at :at p]iod ,john ,payne aga9 left 8 c\ntry h\se to mix once m 9 ,london bus9ess life1 :e!r he 0 p]sonally connect$ ) ! bank or only l5t 8 money & 8 "n1 or :e!r inde$ he ev] 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s or left t hon\r to 8 son ,john1 is all a matt] ( conjecture2 yet "o closes ! qua9t little old book ) feel+s ( regret1 & w\ld fa9 foll[ its own] a little fur!r4 ,! la/ date is #agbf1 :5 he mu/ /ill h be5 a comp>atively "y man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! publication ( ?is little article _h ! pleasant result ( enabl+ ! writ] to re/ore ! ,pocket-,book to a desc5dant ( ! orig9al own]4 ,fur!r notes on "s ( ! p]sons m5tion$ w be f\nd 9 a ',sequel' contribut$ by ,mr4 ,john ,orleb> ,payne to ! next numb] 7t = ,april #ahhi7 ( ',longman's ,magaz9e4' ,,:y ,,m5 ,,don',t ,,m>ry#cj ,,an ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,answ] 7,,by ,,alice ,,poll>d7 #cj ,f ',longman's ,magaz9e1' by leave ( ! publi%]s4 ,! title ( ?is article is n ( my own *oos+4 ,x 0 =e-orda9$ = me "s "t back by ! r excit$ correspond5ts ( a daily newspap]1 :i* op5$ its columns to z _m solutions ( ! riddle z +5uity c\ld devise4 ,x may fairly be object$ t ! riddle is no riddle at all1 b r belongs to ! class ( "q-begg+ qu]ies ( :i* ',h[ long h y ceas$ beat+ y\r "m8' is ! mo/ fam\s example4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 mo/ m5 d m>ry1 & x seems1 !re=e1 unreasonable to be ask$ to expla9 :y !y don't4 ,b on ?is "o po9t my sex is p]haps a little unreasonable4 ,wom5 h nev] acquiesc$ :olehe>t$ly 9 ,mr4 ,/ev5son's ass]tion t ?\gh ! ideal woman is a wife ! ideal man is a ba*elor1 & s long z ev5 a small m9ority ( m5 ( pres5table appe>ance & "s visible means ( subsi/5ce p]si/ 9 d5y+ !mselves a man's highe/ privilege1 ! problem w d\btless cont9ue to be /at$ 9 ! sweep+ =m :i* ,i "h adopt4 ,! mo/ h>d5$ (f5d]s are und\bt$ly ! memb]s ( a s+le class3 pleasant "y fell[s1 ) an income ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ a ye> & no prospect ( increas+ x4 ,a ba*elor ) #djj a ye>1 if he live )9 x1 p]si/s 9 reg>d+ himself z a miracle ( economy1 b ) ev5 ! smalle/ gift ( husb&ry is probably z ri* z any man 9 ! k+dom4 ,to m>ry on ! same #djj means a t]rible fall+-(f 9 ! /&>d ( com=t1 & ! "o luxury :i* ^! pleasant fell[s religi\sly d5y !mselves is t ( a wife4 ,! /ory is n a new "o1 & ! o!r day1 9 look+ ov] "s pamphlets 9 a great libr>y1 ,i came across a ?9 qu>to1 entitl$1 ',! ,bat*elor's ,e/imate ( ! ,exp5ces ( a ,m>ri$ ,life ,9 a ,lett] to a ,fri5d4 ,be+ an ,answ] to a ,proposal ( ,m>ry+ a ,lady ) #bjjjl4 ,=tune4' ,! date ( ! pamphlet is #agbi1 & 9 x ! situation is set =? ) s mu* circum/ance1 & 9 s engag+ a mann]1 t ,i ?\ght !re might be "s read]s :o w\ld c>e to sp5d a few m9utes 9 look+ at x ) me4 ,a g5tleman1 himself a m>ri$ man1 hav+ a relation a sp9/] ( a m>riageable age1 & possess+ also !1 = ^? days1 by no means despicable =tune ( #bjjj1 has propos$ to a ba*elor fri5d to negotiate a m>riage betwe5 !m4 ,! ba*elor has no innate objection to m>riage z su*--on ! contr>y1 he looks ^u x z 'an agreeable /ate'2 b he _c 'at pres5t accept ! proposal' because '! foll[+ necess>y exp5ses arise s frequ5tly & s op5ly to 8 view' t !y det] him f consid]+ m>riage z possible4 ,up to ! pres5t "t he has liv$ 9 *amb]s at ! mod]ate r5t ( #ab1 #ajs4 p] annum4 ,b s impress$ is he ) ! probable requirem5ts ( a lady ) ! 'h&some ,=tune' ( #bjjj1 t he sees himself at once oblig$ to secure a h\se ) a r5tal ( #ej4 ,z a ba*elor 9 *amb]s he has be5 lucky en\gh to escape all ',*ur*1 ,w9d[ & ,poor's ,taxes1 ,paym5ts to ,rector1 ,read] & ,lectur]1 ,wat] ,rates1 ,trophy ,money1#ca ,militia1 ,lamp1 ,scav5g]s1 ,wat*1 ,con/able1 etc4' ,z a m>ri$ man he calculates t = ^! ?+s alone he w be mulct$ to ! ext5t ( 'at lea/' #i p] annum4 #ca ,trophy money 0 a duty paid by h\sehold]s = provid+ ! militia ) h>ness1 drums1 col\rs1 etc4 ,our fri5d 01 we presume1 9 ! habit ( tak+ 8 morn+ cup ( c(fee at a c(fee-h\se4 ,n[ he sees 9 imag9ation n only 8 own & 8 wife's daily supply ( c(fee to be provid$1 b he pictures ! innum]able 'di%es ( tea' :i* w be consum$ by h] & h] maids1 n to m5tion ! additional quantity = gossips & c>d p>ties4 ,?us1 ',tea1 ,c(fee1 ,*ocolate1 ,sug>1 ,spirits & ,fre% ,supply ( ,*9a w co/ #abl4 p] annum4' ,we are tempt$ to inquire :at proportion ( ?is sum mu/ be set aside = 'spirits' & brok5 crock]y1 & :y1 inde$1 !re %\ld be any connection betwe5 !m1 unless tea-dr9k+s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 too (t5 modell$ on ! /yle ( a c]ta9 fam\s "o kn[n to read]s ( ,dick5s4 ,! consid]ation ( tea1 ?is be+ ess5tially a dome/ic article1 leads our ba*elor to ! "q ( s]vants4 ,= 8 own use he has be5 cont5t ) ! s]vices ( a b$mak]1 to :om he gave #ejs4 a ye>4 ,he =gets to add an unkn[n sum to pay = ! wa/e1 impositions1 & p]quisites insep>able f a b$mak]'s exi/5ce4 ,9 ! future ! dignity ( a citiz51 a h\sehold]1 & a m>ri$ man has to be support$1 & ! weight ( ?is c only be su/a9$ by a /aff ( 'two ,maid-s]vants & a ,man'--! man to be 9 liv]y4 ,yet ev5 ^! luxuries w n co/ him su* a v l>ge sum1 s9ce he reckons to procure !m all1 liv]y includ$1 = an additional #ag1 #ajs4 p] annum--i4e4 #bj 9 all4 ,we are next let into 8 confid5ce ) reg>d to ! prop] am\nt ( ent]ta9m5t he w ?9k x fit & necess>y to all[ 8 wife4 ,%e mu/ c]ta9ly g to ! play1 b a lady ( indep5d5t =tune1 ! mi/ress ( a gr& h\se & a s]vant 9 liv]y1 _c be expect$ to walk out 9 ev5+-dress1 s a coa* or *air mu/ be provid$ = h] conveyance1 & = ! hire ( ^! he makes a ye>ly computation ( #c1 #ajs4 ',h] exp5ses at ^! ,div]sions' 7:i* includ$1 d\btless1 entrance fees & refre%m5ts7 w\ld am\nt to ano!r #c1 #ajs4 ,z a /aid & /eady ba*elor n giv5 7z he tells u lat] on7 to 'saunt]+ at ,c(fee-,h\ses' or play+ at haz>d1 he has be5 cont5t ) go+ to ! play ab\t once a ye>1 b n[1 z 'x w\ld n be prop] %e %\ld g alone1' ?is exempl>y husb& w ev5 sacrifice 8 own incl9ations1 &1 obey+ ! call ( duty1 att5d 8 wife at a co/ ( #a1 #ajs4 a ye>6 ,n only is he consid]ate 9 ! matt] ( provid+ = 8 wife's pleasures1 b he seems to u decid$ly lib]al 9 ! matt] ( p9-money1 z he sets aside #cj = h] p]sonal exp5ses4 ,coals & c&les weigh heavily on 8 m9d4 ,8 l&lady has hi!rto kept him suffici5tly w>m = an annual #djs4 7coals mu/ h be5 mu* *eap]1 l&ladies less ( h>pies1 or ! w9t]s mu* mild] 9 ^? days671 b 9 8 new e/abli%m5t coals & c&les w run up to ! l>ge sum ( #ae4 ,8 ba*elor d9n]s h co/ him an av]age ( #ajs4 p] week2 :5 m>ri$ he mu/ /ill d9e1 & ev5 div]t himself ) 'ev5+ exp5ses' common bo? to m>ri$ m5 & ba*elors1 s t in/ead ( a mode/ #be = d9n]s he w n[ h to pay ! foll[+ ye>ly bills3 s4 d4 ,! ,but*] #ce #jj #jj ,p\lt]] #jf #jj #jj ,fi%mong] #jg #jj #jj ,h]b-,woman #je #jj #jj ,oylman #je #jj #jj ,bak] #jh #jj #jj ,brew] #aj #jj #jj ,groc] #jf #jj #jj ,confection] #jb #jj #jj ,*eesemong] #jd #jj #jj ,w9e1 ,cyd]1 etc41 at a mod]ate computation #cj #jj #jj ,! ,fruit]] #ja #aj #jj ,! ,milk-,woman #ja #jj #jj ,salt1 ,small-coal1 ,rott5-/one1 ,brick-du/1 ,s&1 ,oat-meal1 ,:ite+ & _m o!r little ,+r$i5ts 9 ,h\se-,keep+ ,i am ignorant ( #jb #jj #jj ,?is detail$ calculation ov]1 we aga9 cat* a glimpse ( ! man's p]sonality & 8 conception ( :at is due f him t[>ds a wife4 ',if my ,wife pleases me1 z ,i d n d\bt b y\r ,relation w1 7,i "k my own ,temp] s well 9 t ,respect t7 ,i %all be (t5 mak+ h] ,pres5ts ( ei!r ,r+s1 ,jewels1 ,snuff-,boxes1 ,wat*1 ,tweez]s1 "s ,knick-,knacks1 & ,?+s ( t ,nature1 9 :i*1 "o ,ye> ) ano!r1 ,i am sure ,i %all sp5d #el4' ,aft] ?is x occurs to him t he has left out "o important s\rce ( exp5se :i* he 'lea/ wi%es =1' b :i* 'happ5s 9 mo/ ,families'--t is1 ! fees ( doctor & apo!c>y1 :i* w1 he fe>s1 av]age #e p] annum4 ',z = ,*ildr51 we may reasonably expect "o 9 e two ,ye>s1 if n (t5]4' ,reckon+ ! ',exp5ce ( ,ly+-,inne1 ,*ild-,l951 ,midwife1 ,nurses1 ,caudles1 ,possets1 ,cradle1 ,*ri/5+s1 etc41' ! annual exp5se consequ5t on be+ a family man w be #ae4 ,b ! initial exp5se is n all3 ',nurs+1 ,ma9ta9+1 ,education1 ,cloa!s1 ,s*ool+1' &--"h1 surely1 we h f\nd ! prototype ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,besant's ideal fa!r--provid+ an end[m5t or =tune = ea* *ild w require a sum ( #cj p] annum2 & he is 'satisfi$' t he has /at$ a sum 'va/ly less' ?an is likely to prove ne$ful 9 ! end--a =ebod+ 9 :i* he 0 c]ta9ly ju/ifi$1 = ( paym5ts = s*ool & 'cloa?+1' n[ z !n1 !re is no end6 ,hav+ provid$ himself 9 imag9ation ) wife1 h\se1 s]vants1 & *ildr51 our f>-see+ fri5d sudd5ly rememb]s t 8 dignity & respectability w require to be support$ by a seat 9 *ur*1 s we f9d an entry1 ',pew 9 ,*ur*1' #b4 ,?is is foll[$1 al?\gh we _c trace ! connection1 by an e/imate ( #h p] annum = ',wa%+ 8 wife's & ! ,family ,l951' & we wond] h[ laundresses manag$ to live 9 ^? days4 ,b s f> ! h\se is n furni%$1 & an initial #cej mu/ be f\nd = t4 ,fifty p\nds is to g = plate alone1 ')\t :i*1 be+ s mod]ate a ,quantity1 ,i d>esay my wife1 nor inde$ %\ld ,i myself be satisfi$4' ,?is #cej he calmly proposes to d$uct f 8 wife's =tune1 r$uc+ x1 !re=e1 to #afej4 ,?is #afej1 plac$ out at #e p] c5t4 int]e/1 w br+ 9 an income ( #hb1 b ! cauti\s ba*elor says #e p] c5t4 is n likely to cont9ue1 !re=e he w reckon int]e/ at #d p] c5t4 only1 & at ?is rate ! wife's =tune w produce an income ( only #ef4 ,he !n proce$s to %[ t1 add+ toge!r ! =ego+ items1 he w h to sp5d on 8 wife #bae1 or ev5 #bca1 #ajs41 'above ! ,income ( ! ,=tune %e br+s1 besides ! ,haz>d & want ( c]ta9ty = ! ,money1 :i* ought to be consid]$4' ,& n[ ! pamphlet draws to an end1 ) a conclusion we w give 9 ! writ]'s own words3 ',^! ,?+s consid]$ 7& he t m>ries )\t previ\s ,consid]ation acts v indiscreetly71 ,i d n see h[ ,i c m>ry a ,woman ) ! ,=tune y propose1 or t ,i %\ld bett] myself at all by x1 & 9 ,prud5ce1 ,p %\ld d s or let x alone2 7n t ,i propose or ?9k to h m7 ,i mu/ !re=e live s+le1 ?\gh ) "s regret t ,i _c d o!rwise1 & increase my own ,=tune1 :i* happ5s to be suffici5t = my own ,ma9t5ance till 7if ,i may s call x7 ,i c af=d ,matrimony4 ',i wi% ! ,lady all ,happ9ess & a bett] ,husb&1 & if x be = h] ,satisfaction1 "o :o has ?\ght less ( ! ,matt]2 n b t ,i h a v good ,op9ion ( ,matrimony1 & ?9k ( x ) ,pleasure1 z hop+ "o "t or o!r to ent] into its ,li/s1 b ,i n[ wait ) ,pati5ce till my ,circum/ances or ,?\ght v>y4 ,"o ,?+ ,i w\ld n h y mi/ak5 91 is1 t ,i d n mean1 t y\r ,relation w be ?us exp5sive to me1 m ?an any o!r1 only t :5ev] ,i m>ry1 let h] be :o %e w1 ,i mu/ necess>ily 7if ,%e has no m ,=tune ?an y propose7 exp5d consid]ably m ?an #bjjl4 a ye> on h]1 above ! ,income ( h] ,=tune1 & at pres5t ,i _c p]suade myself to be at s great an ,exp5se1 = ! value ( try+ a dang]\s ,exp]im5t1 :e!r ! ,pleasures ( ,matrimony are ye>ly wor? t ,sum4' ,& all ?is is submitt$ to ! propos] by 8 ',oblig$ & ,humble ,s]vant4' ,! :ole "q ( m>riage1 ) its argum5ts = & aga9/1 seems to h be5 z engross+ a topic among/ ,engli% m5 & wom5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury z x c]ta9ly is ) u n[1 & ! ba*elor's pamphlet br\ght =w>d at lea/ two replies1 :i* we f\nd b\nd up ) ! orig9al4 ,"o ( ^!1 purport+ to be by ! lady h]self1 & sign$ ',philogamia1' may be dismiss$ 9 a few words2 its argum5ts are nei!r s]i\s nor to ! po9t1 & su* wit z !re is is ( a l[ ord]1 & too mu* 9 ! tu quoque /yle to be amus+4 ,! second rejo9d] is by ! ',woman's ,advocate1' & is probably n1 z x pret5ds1 writt5 by a man on behalf ( wom5 9 g5]al1 b r by an irritat$ memb] ( ! weak] sex1 :o f9ds h]self & h] fell[s insult$ en masse by ! ba*elor's refusal to m>ry "o ( !m4 ,! ',advocate' takes ! v>i\s items ( ! ',bat*elor's ,e/imate' "o by "o1 & proce$s to demoli% !m to ! be/ ( h] ability1 sometimes ) a c]ta9 degree ( success1 due1 we fancy1 to ! m intimate k ( h\sekeep+ details naturally possess$ by a woman4 ,%e at once attacks him on ! subject ( h\se-r5t1 & ) truly fem99e malice rem9ds him h[ %e has (t5 he>d him praise a fri5d's h\se r5t$ at #bd1 & decl>e t he 'c\ld wi% = no?+ bett]4' ,?is r rem9ds u ( a "y lady :o advocat$ ! claims ( a some:at un9t]e/+ "y man by say+ he w\ld make 'su* a delightful bro!r-9-law4' ,has n our sex1 too1 be5 accus$1 ) "s degree ( ju/ice1 ( practis+ little meannesses1 & does n ! ',woman's ,advocate's' confession t %e 'has liv$ #aj ye>s 9 "o ,p>i% & nev] paid a p5ny to ! ,*ur*' smack slightly ( ?is fem99e vice8 ,%e goes on to say3 ',to ! ,rector y w give #f;d4 z an ,ea/] (f]+--to ! ,lectur] :at y please4 ,trophy-money is b #f;d4 p] annum4 ,y ne$ n jo9 ! ,militia4 ,lamp1 ,scav5g]1 & ,wat* seldom am\nt to ?irty %ill+s1 & z = ! ,con/able's ,tax1 ,i nev] he>d ( su* a ?+ 9 my ,life4' ,s ! #i is r$uc$ to #b4 ,on ! e/imate = s]vants1 especially = ! footman 9 liv]y1 ! ',woman's ,advocate' p\rs great scorn4 ',a man 9 liv]y =soo?6 ,h ! two maids s little to d t y mu/ e'en employ a man to play ) 'em8' ,b x is p]haps 9 h] attack on ! actual h\se-keep+ e/imates t ! ',woman's ,advocate' is at h] be/4 ,%e does n always assign h] reasons1 b boldly makes su* /atem5ts z ! foll[+3 ',y\r ,but*]'s ,bill is ov]-rat$ at lea/ "o ,?ird4 ,y\r ,p\lt]]'s & ,fi%mong]'s m ?an two ,?irds4 ,z = ! ,h]b-,woman y h ov]topt h] ) a ,v5geance2 ,twelve p5ce a week is m ?an en\gh = gre5s etc41 & besides' 7does n ?is be> "s resemblance to ! traditional po/script87 'half ! ye> b few sorts are 9 ,season4' ,!re is m bant] ab\t gre5/uff & salads1 dur+ :i* ! ba*elor is taunt$ ) be+ 'a me] ,fr5*man to eat sev5 ,p\nds p] annum 9 ,salads1' & ) 'outdo+ ! ,italians 9 oil+ x1' & is1 moreov]1 advis$ to buy 8 oil direct f ! %ip in/ead ( f ! tav]n1 !reby effect+ a sav+ ( #ajs4 p] qu>t6--a h9t we %\ld imag9e well wor? c>ry+ out4 ,words fail ! ',advocate' 9 :i* to p\r suffici5t contempt on ! e/imates = groc] & confection]3 ',if y are sweet-,too?'d1' %e says1 ',i w all[ y n[ & !n a ,p5nywor? ( ,sug>-,plumbs1 b ?9k #djs4 p] annum 9 t k9d ( ,tra% too mu* = a ,p]son ( y\r ,ye>s & ,frugality2 & ,i c\ld really wi%1 = y\r own ,sake1 y _h omitt$ t ,article 9 y\r ,e/imate4' ,! m5tion ( ! doctor's & apo!c>y's fees1 :i* he 'lea/ desir$1' gives ! ',advocate' a f9al opportunity = cru%+ h] victim1 & w s]ve z a v fair example ( h] /yle ( rejo9d] ?r\gh\t ! :ole answ] :5 %e is n deal+ ) concrete mat]ials3 ',i believe y wi% = no "o ,article ( ,exp5ce2 c\ld y h a ,wife t w\ld we> no ,cloa!s1 eat no ,victuals1 be> no ,*ildr51 nev] be sick1 & br+ y #b or #c1jjjl41 ! m ! bett]1 ,i suppose y\r self-conceit$ ,wor%ip w\ld m>ry1 :o imag9e1 no d\bt1 y m]it a ,=tune ( #ej1 nay1 #ajj1jjjl4 ,to conclude ,i pron\nce ,ba*elors ! ,v]m9 ( a ,/ate4 ,!y enjoy ! ,b5efits ( ,society b contribute n to its *>ge1 & sponge ^u ! ,publick1 )\t mak+ ! lea/ return4 ,_h ,i any ,p[] 9 ! ,legislature1 y %\ld n only be puni%$ = ,mis*iev\s ,libel1 b all ,bat*elors above ! age ( ,?irty %\ld be d\ble ,tax'd4' ,ed9burgh3 ,pr9t$ by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ except 9 obvi\s cases ( typographical error3 444is a 7famil> --7 famili> feature 9 m$ival art444 444! zeal ( 7,ph9ehas --7 ,ph9eas 9444 444& !re 7aret wo --7 are two m444 444picture by 7,v]ro*io --7 ,v]roc*io 9 ,or ,s4 ,mi*ele1444 444& 9 ! ',rudim5ta ,grammatices' ( 7,donatu --7 ,donatus #adic1444 4448 ,r 7repres5s+ --7 repres5t+ ,lot1444 444,"o ,missal 0 pr9t$ at 7,basle --7 ,basel1444 444,caxton1 _h 7introdnc$ --7 introduc$ pr9t+ into ,engl&1444 444x is only 9 ,great 7,britian --7 ,brita9 &444 444t manuscripts ( lit]>y 7inportance --7 importance beg9444 444be s eag] to 7ie --7 lie "h1444 4449 ref]5ce to ! 7,autor's --7 ,au?or's "n444 444be>s ! 7initals --7 initials1 ',w4,p41'444 444comb9$ ) a 7manuscipt --7 manuscript note1444 ,footnotes int]rupt+ p>agraphs h be5 mov$4 ,image tags int]rupt+ p>agraphs h be5 mov$4 text & text repres5t sup]script text4 ,italic pr9t$ text has be5 =matt$ z text4