,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,paul',s ,,religion ,,! ,,james ,,sprunt ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,union ,,!ological ,,sem9>y ,,9 ,,virg9ia ,,by ,j4 ,,gre%am ,,ma*51 ,d4,d4 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,new ,te/am5t ,lit]ature & ,exegesis 9 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiba ,all rights res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,copyright1 #aiba1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & pr9t$4 ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aiba4 ,press ( ,j4 ,j4 ,little ,ives ,company ,new ,york1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,,william ,,p>k ,,arm/rong ,,my ,,guide ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,9 ,,all ,,good ,,?+s ,,! ,,james ,,sprunt ,,lectures ,9 #aiaa ,mr4 ,james ,sprunt ( ,wilm+ton1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 gave to ,! ,tru/ees ( ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 ,virg9ia ! sum ( ?irty ?\s& doll>s1 s9ce increas$ by 8 g5]osity to fifty ?\s& doll>s1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a p]petual lecture%ip1 :i* w\ld enable ! in/itution to secure f "t to "t ! s]vices ( di/+ui%$ m9i/]s & au?oritative s*ol>s1 outside ! regul> ,faculty1 z special lectur]s on subjects connect$ ) v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght & ,*ri/ian "w4 ,! lectur]s are *os5 by ! ,faculty ( ! ,sem9>y & a committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees1 & ! lectures are publi%$ aft] _! deliv]y 9 accordance ) a contract betwe5 ! lectur] & ^! repres5tatives ( ! in/itution4 ,! n9? s]ies ( lectures on ?is f\ndation is pres5t$ 9 ?is volume4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,moore1 ,presid5t4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ye>s #dc ,,iii4 ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,g5tile ,,fre$om #ga ,,iv4 ,,paul ,,& ,,jesus #aag ,v4 ,,! ,,jewi% ,,environm5t #agc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,age #baa ,,vii4 ,,r$emption ,,9 ,,pagan ,,religion ,,& ,,9 ,,paul #bee ,,viii4 ,,! ,,lord%ip ,,( ,,jesus #bic ,,index #cai ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,paul',s ,,religion ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! foll[+ discussion is int5d$ to deal1 f "o p>ticul> po9t ( view1 ) ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t problem is an important hi/orical problem1 & also an important practical problem4 ,x is an important hi/orical problem n only because ( ! l>ge place :i* ,*ri/ianity has occupi$ 9 ! m$ieval & mod]n _w1 b also because ( c]ta9 unique features :i* ev5 ! mo/ unsympa!tic & sup]ficial exam9ation mu/ detect 9 ! beg9n+s ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity is also an important practical problem4 ,rightly or wrongly1 ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce has ord9>ily be5 connect$ ) "o p>ticul> view ( ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t2 :]e t view has be5 ab&on$1 ! exp]i5ce has ceas$4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u a p>ticul> conception ( its orig9 & ( its ,f\nd] is n[ inde$ be+ made ! object ( vigor\s attack4 ,!re are _m :o ma9ta9 t ,*ri/ianity is ! same no matt] :at its orig9 01 & t !re=e ! problem ( orig9 %\ld be kept entirely sep>ate f ! pres5t religi\s int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 ?is indiff]5ce to ! "q z to :at ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity 0 dep5ds ^u a p>ticul> conception ( :at ,*ri/ianity n[ is2 x dep5ds ^u ! conception :i* makes ( ,*ri/ianity simply a mann] ( life4 ,t conception is inde$ widespread1 b x is by no means univ]sal2 !re are /ill ho/s ( e>ne/ ,*ri/ians :o reg>d ,*ri/ianity1 n simply z a mann] ( life1 b z a mann] ( life f\nd$ ^u a message--^u a message ) reg>d to ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t4 ,= su* p]sons ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity is r to be call$ ! "q ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t "q is to !m ! mo/ important practical "q ( _! lives4 ,ev5 if ^! p]sons are wrong1 ! refutation ( _! suppos$ error naturally proce$s1 & has 9 rec5t ye>s almo/ always proce$$1 prim>ily by means ( t v discussion ( ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t :i* is f9ally to be %orn ( its practical int]e/4 ,! mo/ important practical "q = ! mod]n ,*ur* is /ill ! "q h[ ,*ri/ianity came into be+4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has become cu/om>y to base discussions ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! apo/le ,paul4 ,jesus ,himself1 ! au?or ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t1 wrote no?+--at lea/ no writ+s ( ,8 h be5 pres]v$4 ,! record ( ,8 words & de$s is ! "w ( o!rs1 & ! date & au?or%ip & hi/orical value ( ! docum5ts 9 :i* t record is conta9$ are ! subject ( p]si/5t debate4 ,) reg>d to ! g5u95ess ( ! pr9cipal epi/les ( ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 & ) reg>d to ! value ( at lea/ "p ( ! outl9e ( 8 life :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,book ( ,acts1 all s]i\s hi/orians are agre$4 ,! te/imony ( ,paul1 !re=e1 =ms a fix$ />t+-po9t 9 all controv]sy4 ,obvi\sly t te/imony has an important be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,paul 0 a contempor>y ( ,jesus4 ,he atta*$ himself to ,jesus' disciples only a v few ye>s aft] ,jesus' dea?2 accord+ to 8 own words1 9 "o ( ! univ]sally accept$ epi/les1 he came into e>ly contact ) ! lead] among ,jesus' associates2 ?r\gh\t 8 life he 0 deeply int]e/$ 7= "o reason or ano!r7 9 ! affairs ( ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*2 bo? be=e 8 conv]sion & aft] x he mu/ h _h abundant opportunity = acqua9t+ himself ) ! facts ab\t ,jesus' life & dea?4 ,8 te/imony is n1 h[ev]1 limit$ to :at he says 9 detail ab\t ! words & de$s ( ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian movem5t4 ,m important /ill is ! te/imony ( 8 exp]i5ce z a :ole4 ,! religion ( ,paul is a fact :i* /&s 9 ! full light ( hi/ory4 ,h[ is x to be expla9$8 ,:at 7 its presuppositions8 ,^u :at sort ( ,jesus 0 x f\nd$8 ,^! que/ions lead into ! v he>t ( ! hi/orical problem4 ,expla9 ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,paul1 & y h solv$ ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t problem may ?us be approa*$ ?r\gh ! gateway ( ! te/imony ( ,paul4 ,b t is n ! only way to approa* x4 ,ano!r way is (f]$ by ! ,gospel picture ( ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,q indep5d5t ( que/ions ( date & au?or%ip & lit]>y relation%ips ( ! docum5ts1 ! total picture :i* ! ,gospels pres5t be>s unmi/akable m>ks ( be+ ! picture ( a real hi/orical p]son4 ,int]nal evid5ce "h rea*es ! po9t ( c]ta9ty4 ,if ! ,jesus :o 9 ! ,gospels is repres5t$ z rebuk+ ! ,ph>isees & z speak+ ! p>ables is n a real hi/orical p]son liv+ at a def9ite po9t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 !n !re is no way ( di/+ui%+ hi/ory f fiction4 ,ev5 ! evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les is no /rong] ?an ?is4 ,b if ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is a real p]son1 c]ta9 puzzl+ que/ions arise4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is a sup]natural p]son2 ,he is repres5t$ z possess+ sov]eign p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature4 ,:at %all be done ) ?is sup]natural elem5t 9 ! picture8 ,x is c]ta9ly v difficult to sep>ate x f ! re/4 ,moreov] ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is repres5t$ z advanc+ "s l(ty claims4 ,he reg>d$ ,himself z be+ de/9$ to come ) ! cl\ds ( heav5 & be ! in/rum5t 9 judg+ ! _w4 ,:at %all be done ) ?is elem5t 9 ,8 consci\sness8 ,h[ does x agree ) ! indelible impression ( calmness & sanity :i* has always be5 made by ,8 "*8 ,^! que/ions aga9 lead into ! he>t ( ! problem4 ,yet !y _c be ignor$4 ,!y are pres5t$ inevitably by :at e s]i\s hi/orian admits4 ,! fundam5tal evid5ce ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity is !re=e tw(old4 ,two facts ne$ to be expla9$--! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels & ! religion ( ,paul4 ,! problem ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity may be approa*$ 9 ei!r ( ^! two ways4 ,x %\ld f9ally be approa*$ 9 bo? ways4 ,& if x is approa*$ 9 bo? ways ! inve/igator w discov]1 to 8 amazem5t1 t ! two ways lead to ! same result4 ,b ! pres5t discussion is m limit$ 9 scope4 ,x seeks to deal m]ely ) "o ( ! two ways ( approa* to ! problem ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,paul8 ,9 discuss+ ! apo/le ,paul ! hi/orian is deal+ ) a subject important = its own sake1 ev5 aside f ! importance ( :at x presupposes ab\t ,jesus4 ,unque/ionably ,paul 0 a notable man1 ^: influ5ce has be5 felt ?r\gh\t all subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,! fact itself _c be call$ 9 "q4 ,b s9ce !re is wide diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t details1 x may be well1 9 a brief prelim9>y ^w1 to def9e a little m closely ! nature & ext5t ( ! influ5ce ( ,paul4 ,t influ5ce has be5 ex]t$ 9 two ways4 ,x 0 ex]t$1 9 ! fir/ place1 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,paul2 & x has be5 ex]t$1 9 ! second place1 ^u subsequ5t g5]ations ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,) reg>d to ! second k9d ( influ5ce1 g5]al consid]ations w\ld make a high e/imate natural4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les =m a l>ge proportion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* has be5 reg>d$ z fundam5tal & au?oritative 9 all ages ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! use ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les z normative = ,*ri/ian ?\ght & practice c be trac$ back to v e>ly times1 & has be5 cont9u\s ev] s9ce4 ,yet c]ta9 consid]ations h be5 urg$ on ! o!r side z indicat+ t ! influ5ce ( ,paul has n be5 s great z might h be5 expect$4 ,= example1 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* at ! close ( ! second c5tury displays a /range lack ( und]/&+ = ! deep] elem5ts 9 ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( salvation1 & some?+ ( ! same /ate ( affairs may be detect$ 9 ! scanty rema9s ( ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,fa!rs ( ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! div]g5ce f ,paul 0 n consci\s2 ! writ]s ( ! close ( ! second c5tury all quote ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ) ! utmo/ rev]5ce4 ,b ! fact ( ! div]g5ce _c altoge!r be d5i$4 ,v>i\s explanations ( ?is div]g5ce h be5 propos$4 ,baur expla9$ ! un-,paul9e "* ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* z due to a compromise ) a legali/ic ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity2 ,rits*l expla9$ x z due to a natural process ( deg5]ation on purely ,g5tile ,*ri/ian gr\nd2 ,von ,h>nack expla9s x z due to ! intrusion1 aft] ! "t ( ,paul1 ( ,greek habits ( ?\ght4 ,! dev\t believ]1 on ! o!r h&1 might simply say t ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( grace 0 too wond]ful & too div9e to be und]/ood fully by ! human m9d & he>t4#a #a ,comp>e ,jesus & ,paul1 9 ,biblical & ,!ological ,/udies by ,memb]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y1 #aiab1 pp4 #eec f4 ,:atev] ! explanation1 h[ev]1 ! fact1 ev5 aft] exagg]ations h be5 avoid$1 rema9s significant4 ,x rema9s true t ! ,*ur* ( ! second c5tury fail$ to und]/& fully ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! way ( salvation4 ,! same lack ( und]/&+ has be5 obs]vable only too frequ5tly ?r\gh\t subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,x 0 !re=e ) "s plausibility t ,von ,h>nack advanc$ 8 dictum to ! effect t ,paul9ism has e/abli%$ itself z a f]m5t1 b nev] z a f\ndation1 9 ! hi/ory ( doctr9e4#b #b ,h>nack1 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #dte ,aufl41 i1 #aiji1 p4 #aee4 7,engli% ,translation1 ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 i1 #ahie1 p4 #acf47 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! dictum ( ,von ,h>nack is true2 = 9 t l9e ( developm5t ( !ology :i* runs f ,augu/9e ?r\gh ! ,re=mation to ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*es1 ,paul9ism may fairly be reg>d$ z a true f\ndation4 ,b 9 ! second place1 ev5 if ,von ,h>nack's dictum 7 true1 ! importance ( ,paul's influ5ce w\ld n be de/roy$4 ,a f]m5t is sometimes z important z a f\ndation4 ,z ,von ,h>nack himself says1 ! ,paul9e reactions m>k ! critical epo*s ( !ology & ( ! ,*ur*4444 ,! hi/ory ( doctr9e c\ld be writt5 z a hi/ory ( ! ,paul9e reactions 9 ! ,*ur*4#c ,z a matt] ( fact ! influ5ce ( ,paul ^u ! entire life ( ! ,*ur* is simply measureless4 ,:o c measure ! influ5ce ( ! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans8 #c ,h>nack1 loc4 cit4 ,! influ5ce ( ,paul 0 also ex]t$1 h[ev]1 9 8 own lifetime1 by 8 spok5 words z well z by 8 lett]s4 ,to e/imate ! full ext5t ( t influ5ce "o w\ld h to write ! entire hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to consid] briefly at lea/ "o out/&+ aspect ( t influ5ce--an aspect :i* mu/ appeal ev5 to ! mo/ unsympa!tic obs]v]4 ,! ,*ri/ian movem5t began 9 ! mid/ ( a v peculi> p2 9 #ce ,a4,d4 x w\ld h appe>$ to a sup]ficial obs]v] to be a ,jewi% sect4 ,?irty ye>s lat] x 0 pla9ly a _w religion4 ,true1 ! numb] ( its adh]5ts 0 /ill small4 ,b ! really important /eps _h be5 tak54 ,! conque/ ( ! _w 0 n[ a m]e matt] ( "t4 ,?is e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity z a _w religion1 to almo/ z great an ext5t z any great hi/orical movem5t c be ascrib$ to "o man1 0 ! "w ( ,paul4 ,?is ass]tion ne$s to be def5d$ aga9/ v>i\s objections1 & at ! same "t fre$ f mis9t]pretations & exagg]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x might be said1 ! ,g5tile mission ( ,paul 0 really only a "p ( a mighty hi/orical process--! m>* ( ! ori5tal religions ?r\gh\t ! we/]n _w4 ,*ri/ianity 0 n ! only religion :i* 0 fill+ ! void left by ! decay ( ! native religions ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,! ,phrygian religion ( ,cybele _h be5 e/abli%$ (ficially at ,rome s9ce #bjd ,b4,c41 & aft] lead+ a some:at seclud$ & conf9$ exi/5ce = sev]al c5turies1 0 at ! "t ( ,paul beg9n+ to make its influ5ce felt 9 ! life ( ! capital4 ,! ,greco-,egyptian religion ( ,isis 0 prep>+ = ! triumphal m>* :i* x began 9 e>ne/ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,! ,p]sian religion ( ,mi?ras 0 de/9$ to %>e ) ,isis ! possession ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,0 n ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul m]ely "o division ( a mighty army :i* w\ld h conqu]$ ev5 )\t 8 help8 ,) reg>d to ?is objection a numb] ( ?+s may be said4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! apo/le ,paul1 z ov] aga9/ ! prie/s ( ,isis & ( ,cybele1 has p]haps at lea/ ! m]it ( priority2 ! really s]i\s attempt at _w-conque/ 0 made by ^? religions 7& /ill m cle>ly by ! religion ( ,mi?ras7 only aft] ! "t ( ,paul4 ,9 ! second place1 ! "q may well be ask$ :e!r x is at all ju/ifiable to class ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul along ) ^? o!r cults "u ! head ( ,hell5iz$ ori5tal religion4 ,?is "q w =m ! subject ( a consid]able "p ( ! discussion :i* foll[s1 & x w be answ]$ ) an emphatic negative4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul w be f\nd to be totally diff]5t f ! ori5tal religions4 ,! ?reat ( conque/ made by ^? religions1 !re=e1 only places 9 %>p] relief ! a*ievem5t ( ,paul1 by %[+ ! calamities f :i* ! _w 0 sav$ by 8 en]getic mission4 ,if except = ! ,paul9e mission ! _w w\ld h become devot$ to ,isis or ,mi?ras1 !n ,paul 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! supreme b5efactors ( ! human race4 ,ev5 ap>t f any detail$ inve/igation1 h[ev]1 "o diff]5ce betwe5 ! religion ( ,paul & ! ori5tal religions is p]fectly obvi\s4 ,! ori5tal religions 7 tol]ant ( o!r fai?s2 ! religion ( ,paul1 l ! anci5t religion ( ,israel1 dem&$ an absolutely exclusive devotion4 ,a man c\ld become initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ,isis or ,mi?ras )\t at all giv+ up 8 =m] beliefs2 b if he 7 to be receiv$ into ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to ! prea*+ ( ,paul1 he mu/ =sake all o!r ,savi\rs = ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! diff]5ce places ! a*ievem5t ( ,paul ^u an entirely diff]5t plane f ! successes ( ! ori5tal my/]y religions4 ,x 0 "o ?+ to (f] a new fai? & a new cult z simply "o additional way ( obta9+ contact ) ! ,div9e1 & x 0 ano!r ?+1 & a f> m difficult ?+ 7& 9 ! anci5t _w outside ( ,israel an unhe>d-( ?+71 to require a man to r5\nce all exi/+ religi\s beliefs & practices 9 ord] to place 8 :ole reliance ^u a s+le ,savi\r4 ,amid ! prevail+ syncretism ( ! ,greco-,roman _w1 ! religion ( ,paul1 ) ! religion ( ,israel1 /&s absolutely alone4 ,! successes ( ! ori5tal religions1 !re=e1 only place 9 cle>] light ! uniqu5ess ( ! a*ievem5t ( ,paul4 ,!y d inde$ indicate ! ne$ & long+ ( ! anci5t _w = r$emption2 b t is only "p ( ! prep>ation = ! com+ ( ! gospel :i* has always be5 celebrat$ by dev\t ,*ri/ians z "p ( ! div9e economy1 z "o indication t ! fullness ( ! "t 0 come4 ,b ! wide preval5ce ( ! ne$ does n at all detract f ! a*ievem5t ( satisfy+ ! ne$4 ,paul's way ( satisfy+ ! ne$1 z x is hop$ ! lat] *apt]s w %[1 0 unique2 b :at %\ld n[ be notic$ is t ! way ( ,paul1 because ( its exclusiv5ess1 0 at lea/ f> m difficult ?an t ( any ( 8 rivals or successors4 ,8 a*ievem5t 0 !re=e immeasurably great] ?an !irs4 ,b if ! successes ( ! ori5tal religions d n detract f ! a*ievem5t ( ,paul1 :at %all be said ( ! successes ( pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism8 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ,judaism1 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 0 an active mission>y religion4 ,ev5 ,pale/9ian ,judaism 0 imbu$ ) ! mission>y _s2 ,jesus said to ! ,ph>isees t !y compass$ sea & l& to make "o proselyte4 ,! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion 0 no d\bt ev5 m zeal\s = w9n+ adh]5ts4 ,! numb]less synagogues scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! cities ( ! ,greco-,roman _w 7 n att5d$1 z ,jewi% synagogues are att5d$ to-day1 only by ,jews1 b 7 also fill$ ) ho/s ( ,g5tiles1 "s ( :om _h accept$ circumcision & become full ,jews1 b o!rs ( :om1 =m+ ! class call$ 9 ! ,book ( ,acts ,god-fe>]s or ,god-wor%ip]s1 _h accept$ ! mono!ism ( ! ,jews & ! l(ty morality ( ! ,old ,te/am5t )\t def9itely unit+ !mselves ) ! p ( ,israel4 ,9 addition to ?is propag&a 9 ! synagogues1 an elaborate lit]>y propag&a1 ( :i* important remnants h be5 pres]v$1 help$ to c>ry on ! mission>y "w4 ,! "q !re=e arises :e!r ! prea*+ ( ,paul 0 any?+ m ?an a cont9uation1 ?\gh 9 any case a notewor?y cont9uation1 ( ?is pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% mission4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! long+ = r$emption :i* is atte/$ by ! successes ( ! ori5tal religions1 an important elem5t 9 ! prep>ation = ! gospel mu/ c]ta9ly be detect$4 ,x is h>d to exagg]ate ! s]vice :i* 0 r5d]$ to ! ,paul9e mission by ! ,jewi% synagogue4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important problems = e mission>y is ! problem ( ga9+ a he>+4 ,! problem may be solv$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,sometimes ! mission>y may hire a place ( meet+ & adv]tise2 sometimes he may talk on ! /reet corn]s to pass]s-by4 ,b = ,paul ! problem 0 solv$4 ,all t he ne$$ to d 0 to ent] ! synagogue & ex]cise ! privilege ( speak+1 :i* 0 accord$ ) rem>kable lib]ality to visit+ tea*]s4 ,9 ! synagogue1 moreov]1 ,paul f\nd an audi5ce n only ( ,jews b also ( ,g5tiles2 ev]y:]e ! ,god-fe>]s 7 to be f\nd4 ,^! ,g5tile att5dants ^u ! synagogues =m$ n only an audi5ce b a pick$ audi5ce2 !y 7 j ! class ( p]sons :o 7 mo/ likely to be won by ! gospel prea*+4 ,9 _! case mu* ( ! prelim9>y "w _h be5 accompli%$2 !y 7 already acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9e ( ! "o true ,god2 !y _h already1 ?r\gh ! l(ty e?ical tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 come to connect religion ) morality 9 a way :i* is to u matt]-(-c\rse b 0 v exceptional 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,:]e1 z 9 ! m>ket-place at ,a!ns1 ,paul _h to beg9 at ! v beg9n+1 )\t presuppos+ ?is previ\s in/ruction on ! "p ( 8 he>]s1 8 task 0 r5d]$ f> m difficult4 ,und\bt$ly1 9 ! case ( _m ( 8 conv]ts he did h to beg9 9 t way2 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians1 = example1 presupposes1 p]haps1 conv]ts :o turn$ directly f idols to s]ve ! liv+ & true ,god4 ,b ev5 9 su* cases ! ,god-fe>]s =m$ a nucleus2 _! manifold social relation%ips provid$ po9ts ( contact ) ! re/ ( ! ,g5tile population4 ,! debt :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* owes to ! ,jewi% synagogue is simply measureless4 ,?is ackn[l$gm5t1 h[ev]1 does n mean t ! ,paul9e mission 0 only a cont9uation ( ! pre-,*ri/ian mission>y activity ( ! ,jews4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v e>ne/ness ( ! ef=t made by ! ,jews to conv]t _! ,g5tile neighbors s]ves to demon/rate all ! m cle>ly ! hopelessness ( _! task4 ,"o ?+ t 0 fundam5tal 9 ! religion ( ! ,jews 0 its exclusiv5ess4 ,! p ( ,israel1 accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 ! *os5 p ( ,god2 ! notion ( a cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,8 *os5 p 0 absolutely c5tral 9 all ages ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t did inde$ cle>ly provide a me?od by :i* /rang]s c\ld be receiv$ into ! cov5ant2 !y c\ld be receiv$ :5ev]1 by becom+ circumcis$ & und]tak+ ! obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 !y %\ld rel9qui% _! own nationality & become "p ( ! nation ( ,israel4 ,b ?is me?od seem$ hopelessly burd5some4 ,ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,paul x _h become evid5t t ! ,g5tile _w z a :ole w\ld nev] submit to su* t]ms4 ,! t]ms 7 !re=e sometimes relax$4 ,cov5ant privileges 7 (f]$ by individual ,jewi% tea*]s to individual ,g5tiles )\t requir+ :at 0 mo/ (f5sive1 l circumcision2 m]it 0 s\ght by "s ( ! ,g5tiles by obs]vance ( only c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,law1 su* z ! requirem5ts ab\t ! ,sabba? or ! provisions ab\t food4 ,app>5tly widespread also 0 ! attitude ( ^? p]sons :o seem to h accept$ :at may be call$ ! spiritual1 z di/+ui%$ f ! c]emonial1 aspects ( ,judaism4 ,b all su* compromises 7 affect$ by a deadly weakness4 ,! /rict requirem5ts ( ! ,law 7 set =? pla9ly 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,to ca/ !m aside1 9 ! int]e/s ( mission>y activity1 meant a sacrifice ( pr9ciple to practice2 x meant a sacrifice ( ! zeal & ! good consci5ce ( ! mission>ies & ( ! true satisfaction ( ! conv]ts4 ,"o ( ! *ief attractions ( ,judaism to ! _w ( t day 0 ! possession ( an anci5t & au?oritative ,book2 ! _w 0 eag]ly se>*+ = au?ority 9 religion4 ,yet if ! privileges ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 to be secur$1 ! au?ority ( ! ,book _h to be set aside4 ,! "* ( a national religion 0 !re=e too indelibly /amp$ ^u ! religion ( ,israel2 ! ,g5tile conv]ts c\ld at be/ only be admitt$ into an out] circle ar\nd ! true h\sehold ( ,god4 ,:at pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism _h to (f] 0 !re=e obvi\sly insuffici5t4 ,p]haps ! tide ( ! ,jewi% mission _h already begun to ebb be=e ! "t ( ,paul2 p]haps ! process ( ! )drawal ( ,judaism into its age-long seclusion _h already begun4 ,und\bt$ly t process 0 ha/5$ by ! rivalry ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* (f]$ f> m ?an ,judaism _h (f]$ & (f]$ x on f> m acceptable t]ms4 ,b ! process soon] or lat] w\ld inevitably h made itself felt4 ,:e!r or n ,r5an 0 correct 9 suppos+ t _h x n be5 = ,*ri/ianity ! _w w\ld h be5 ,mi?raic1 "o ?+ is c]ta9--! _w ap>t f ,*ri/ianity w\ld nev] h become ,jewi%4 ,b 0 n ! prea*+ ( ,paul itself "o manife/ation ( t lib]aliz+ t5d5cy among ! ,jews to :i* allusion has j be5 made & ( :i* ! p[]lessness has j be5 ass]t$8 ,0 n ! attitude ( ,paul 9 remitt+ ! requirem5t ( circumcision1 :ile he reta9$ ! moral & spiritual "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,law--especially if1 z ! ,book ( ,acts ass]ts1 he ass5t$ ^u occasion to ! imposition ( c]ta9 ( ! less burd5some p>ts ev5 ( ! c]emonial ,law--v simil> to ! action ( a tea*] l t ,ananias :o 0 will+ to receive k+ ,izates ( ,adiab5e )\t requir+ him to be circumcis$8 ,^! que/ions 9 rec5t ye>s h occasionally be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 especially by ,kirsopp ,lake4#d ,b despite ! plausibility ( ,lake's repres5tation he has !reby introduc$ a root error into 8 recon/ruction ( ! apo/olic age4 ,= :atev] ! tea*+ ( ,paul 01 x c]ta9ly 0 n lib]alism4 ,! backgr\nd ( ,paul is n to be s\ght 9 lib]al ,judaism1 b 9 ! /ricte/ sect ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,& ,paul's remission ( ! requirem5t ( circumcision 0 simil> only 9 =m1 at ! mo/1 to ! action ( ! ,ananias :o has j be5 m5tion$4 ,9 motive & 9 pr9ciple x 0 diametrically opposite4 ,g5tile fre$om accord+ to ,paul 0 n some?+ p]mitt$2 x 0 some?+ absolutely requir$4 ,& x 0 requir$ j by ! /ricte/ int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,law4 ,if ,paul _h be5 a lib]al ,jew1 he w\ld nev] h be5 ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles2 = he w\ld nev] h develop$ 8 doctr9e ( ! ,cross4 ,g5tile fre$om1 9 o!r words1 0 n1 accord+ to ,paul1 a relax+ ( /rict requirem5ts 9 ! int]e/s ( practical mission>y "w2 x 0 a matt] ( pr9ciple4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! religion ( ,israel c\ld g =? 7or r 0 compell$ to g =?7 ) a really good consci5ce to ! spiritual conque/ ( ! _w4 #d ,! ,e>li] ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aiaa1 pp4 #af-bh1 especially p4 #bd4 ,comp>e ,lake & ,jackson1 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,"p ,i1 vol4 i1 #aibj1 p4 #aff4 ,?us ! ,paul9e mission 0 n m]ely "o manife/ation ( ! progress ( ori5tal religion1 & x 0 n m]ely a cont9uation ( ! pre-,*ri/ian mission ( ! ,jews2 x 0 some?+ new4 ,b if x 0 new 9 comp>ison ) :at 0 outside ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 x n anticipat$ )9 ,*ri/ianity itself8 ,0 x n anticipat$ by ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ,jesus ,himself8 ,at ?is po9t c>eful def9ition is necess>y4 ,if all t is meant is t ! ,g5tile mission ( ,paul 0 f\nd$ altoge!r ^u ,jesus1 !n !re ought to be no dispute4 ,a diff]5t view1 :i* makes ,paul r ?an ,jesus ! true f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 w be combat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,paul himself1 at any rate1 bases 8 doctr9e ( ,g5tile fre$om altoge!r ^u ,jesus4 ,b he bases x ^u :at ,jesus _h done1 n ^u :at ,jesus1 at lea/ dur+ ,8 e>?ly life1 _h said4 ,! true /ate ( ! case may !re=e be t ,jesus by ,8 r$eem+ "w really made possible ! ,g5tile mission1 b t ! discov]y ( ! true significance ( t "w 0 left to ,paul4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,paul1 :e!r x be reg>d$ z a discov]y made by him or a div9e revelation made to him1 w\ld ?us rema9 intact4 ,:at did ,jesus say or imply1 dur+ ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry1 ab\t ! univ]salism ( ! gospel8 ,did ,he make sup]flu\s ! tea*+ ( ,paul8 ,! latt] "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative2 attempts at f9d+1 cle>ly express$1 9 ! words ( ,jesus ! full doctr9e ( ,g5tile fre$om h fail$4 ,x is (t5 said t ,jesus1 ?\gh ,he address$ ,8 tea*+ to ,jews1 address$ x to !m n z ,jews b z m54 ,b ! discov]y ( t fact 7:5ev] x 0 made7 0 no mean a*ievem5t4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 n made by ! mod]n writ]s :o lightly repeat ! ass]tion1 = !y h ! b5efit ( ! tea*+ ( ,paul & ( n9ete5 c5turies ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce bas$ ^u t tea*+4 ,ev5 if ,jesus did address n ! ,jew z a ,jew1 b ! man 9 ! ,jew1 ! a*ievem5t ( ,paul 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,g5tile ,*ur* 0 n !reby made a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! pla9 man w\ld be m likely to /ick at ! fact t h[ev] ,jesus address$ ! ,jew ,he did address ! ,jew & n ! ,g5tile1 & ,he comm&$ ,8 disciples to d ! same4 ,in/ances 9 :i* ,he ext5d$ ,8 m9i/ry to ,g5tiles are expressly designat$ 9 ! ,gospels z exceptional4 ,b did ,he n def9itely comm& ,8 disciples to engage 9 ! ,g5tile "w aft] ,8 dep>ture8 ,c]ta9ly ,he did n d s accord+ to ! mod]n critical view ( ! ,gospels4 ,b ev5 if ! great commission ( ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai1 #bj be accept$ z an utt]ance ( ,jesus1 x is by no means cle> t ! "q ( ,g5tile lib]ty 0 settl$4 ,9 ! great commission1 ! apo/les are comm&$ to make disciples ( all ! nations4 ,b on :at t]ms 7 ! new disciples to be receiv$8 ,!re 0 no?+ />tl+1 f ! ,jewi% po9t ( view1 9 w9n+ ,g5tile conv]ts2 ! non-,*ri/ian ,jews1 z has j be5 obs]v$1 7 busily engag$ 9 do+ t4 ,! only difficulty arose :5 ! t]ms ( reception ( ! new conv]ts 7 *ang$4 ,7 ! new conv]ts to be receiv$ z disciples ( ,jesus )\t be+ circumcis$ & ?us )\t becom+ memb]s ( ! cov5ant p ( ,god8 ,! great commission does n answ] t "q4 ,x does inde$ m5tion only baptism & n circumcision4 ,b might t n be because circumcision1 = ^? :o 7 to ent] into ,god's p1 0 a matt] ( c\rse8 ,9 a numb] ( ,8 utt]ances1 x is true1 ,jesus did adopt an attitude t[>d ! c]emonial ,law1 at lea/ t[>d ! int]pretation ( x by ! scribes1 v diff]5t f :at 0 cu/om>y 9 ! ,judaism ( ,8 day4 ,!re is no?+ f )\t ! man1 ,he said1 t ent]+ into him c defile him3 b ! ?+s :i* come out ( him1 ^? are !y t defile ! man 7,m>k vii4 #ae74 ,no d\bt ^! words 7 revolution>y 9 _! ultimate implications4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t !y result$ 9 revolution>y practice on ! "p ( ,jesus4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is def9ite reason to suppose t ,he obs]v$ ! c]emonial ,law z x 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & def9ite utt]ances ( ,8 9 support ( ! au?ority ( ! ,law h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! disciples1 !re=e1 7 n obvi\sly unfai?ful to ! tea*+s ( ,jesus if aft] ,he _h be5 tak5 f !m !y cont9u$ to m9i/] only to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel4 ,if ,he _h told !m to make disciples ( all ! nations1 ,he _h n told !m ^u :at t]ms ! disciples 7 to be receiv$ or at :at mom5t ( "t ! specifically ,g5tile "w %\ld beg94 ,p]haps ! div9e economy requir$ t ,israel %\ld fir/ be br\ght to an ackn[l$gm5t ( h] ,"l1 or at lea/ h] obduracy e/abli%$ beyond p]adv5ture1 9 accordance ) ! my/]i\s prophecy ( ,jesus 9 ! p>able ( ! ,wick$ ,husb&m51#e be=e ! ,g5tiles %\ld be ga!r$ 94 ,at any rate1 !re is evid5ce t :atev] 0 revolution>y 9 ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus 0 less evid5t among ,8 disciples1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,ev5 ! ,ph>isees1 & at any rate ! p z a :ole1 c\ld f9d no?+ to object to 9 ! attitude ( ! apo/les & _! foll[]s4 ,! disciples cont9u$ to obs]ve ! ,jewi% fa/s & fea/s4 ,outw>dly !y 7 simply loyal ,jews4 ,evid5tly ,g5tile fre$om1 & ! abolition ( special ,jewi% privileges1 _h n be5 cle>ly e/abli%$ by ! words ( ! ,ma/]4 ,!re 0 !re=e /ill ne$ = ! epo*-mak+ "w ( ,paul4 #e ,matt4 xxi4 #da1 & p>allels4 ,?is v]se c p]haps h>dly be held to ref] exclusively to ! rejection ( ,jesus by ! rul]s2 x seems also to apply to a rejection by ! p z a :ole4 ,b ! full implications ( s my/]i\s an utt]ance may well h be5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,b if ! a*ievem5t ( ,paul 0 n cle>ly anticipat$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,himself1 0 x n anticipat$ or at any rate %>$ by o!rs 9 ! ,*ur*8 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 a ,g5tile1 ,cornelius1 & 8 h\sehold 7 baptiz$1 )\t requirem5t ( circumcision1 by ,pet] himself1 ! lead] ( ! orig9al apo/les2 & a free attitude t[>d ! ,temple & ! ,law 0 adopt$ by ,/eph54 ,! latt] in/ance1 at lea/1 has ord9>ily be5 accept$ z hi/orical by mod]n criticism4 ,ev5 9 f\nd+ ! *ur*es :i* are usually designat$ z ,paul9e1 moreov]1 ,b>nabas & ,silas & o!rs _h an important "p2 & 9 ! f\nd+ ( _m *ur*es ,paul himself 0 n conc]n$4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ( ! *ur*es 9 ! ?ree mo/ important cities ( ! ,roman ,empire n "o 0 f\nd$ by ,paul4 ,! ,*ur* at ,alex&ria does n appe> ^u ! pages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ! ,*ur* at ,rome appe>s fully =m$ :5 ,paul 0 only prep>+ = 8 com+ by ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans2 ! ,*ur* at ,antio*1 at lea/ 9 its ,g5tile =m1 0 f\nd$ by c]ta9 unnam$ ,jews ( ,cyprus & ,cyr5e4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ,paul 0 n ! only mission>y :o c>ri$ ! gospel to ! ,g5tile _w4 ,if ! ,g5tile "w consi/$ m]ely 9 ! geographical ext5sion ( ! fronti]s ( ! ,*ur*1 !n ,paul did n by any means /& alone4 ,ev5 9 ! geographical sph]e1 h[ev]1 8 a*ievem5ts mu/ n be und]e/imat$2 ev5 9 t sph]e he labor$ f> m abundantly ?an any o!r "o man4 ,8 desire to plant ! gospel 9 places :]e x _h nev] be5 he>d l$ him into an adv5tur\s life :i* may well excite ! a/oni%m5t ( ! mod]n man4 ,! catalogue ( h>d%ips :i* ,paul himself gives incid5tally 9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians %[s t ! ,book ( ,acts has be5 v cons]vative 9 its acc\nt ( ! h>d%ips & p]ils :i* ! apo/le endur$2 evid5tly ! half has n be5 told4 ,! results1 moreov]1 7 comm5surate ) ! h>d%ips t !y co/4 ,despite ! labors ( o!rs1 x 0 ,paul :o plant$ ! gospel 9 a real *a9 ( ! great cities2 x 0 he :o conceiv$ mo/ cle>ly ! ?\ght ( a mighty ,*ur* univ]sal :i* %\ld embrace bo? ,jew & ,g5tile1 b>b>ian1 ,scy?ian1 bond & free 9 a common fai? & a common life4 ,:5 he address$ himself to ! ,*ur* at ,rome1 9 a tone ( au?ority1 z ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles :o 0 ready to prea* ! gospel to ^? :o 7 at ,rome also1 8 l(ty claim 0 support$1 despite ! fact t ! ,*ur* at ,rome _h itself be5 f\nd$ by o!rs1 by ! m]e ext5t ( 8 labors4 ,! really di/9ctive a*ievem5t ( ,paul1 h[ev]1 does n consi/ 9 ! m]e geographical ext5sion ( ! fronti]s ( ! ,*ur*1 important z t "w 02 x lies 9 a totally diff]5t sph]e--9 ! hidd5 realm ( ?\ght4#f ,:at 0 really /&+ 9 ! way ( ! ,g5tile mission 0 n ! physical b>ri]s pres5t$ by sea & m\nta91 x 0 r ! great b>ri] ( religi\s pr9ciple4 ,p>ticul>ism 0 writt5 pla9 ^u ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 9 emphatic language ! ,scriptures impos$ ^u ! true ,israelite ! duty ( sep>at5ess f ! ,g5tile _w4 ,g5tiles might inde$ be br\ght 91 b only :5 !y ackn[l$g$ ! pr]ogatives ( ,israel & unit$ !mselves ) ! ,jewi% nation4 ,if premonitions ( a diff]5t doctr9e 7 to be f\nd1 !y 7 c\*$ 9 ! my/]i\s language ( prophecy2 :at seem$ to be fundam5tal = ! pres5t 0 ! doctr9e ( ! special cov5ant betwe5 ,jehovah & ,8 *os5 p4 #f ,= :at foll[s1 comp>e ! article cit$ 9 ,biblical & ,!ological ,/udies1 pp4 #eee-eeg4 ,?is p>ticul>ism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t might h be5 ov]come by practical consid]ations1 especially by ! consid]ation t s9ce z a matt] ( fact ! ,g5tiles w\ld nev] accept circumcision & submit to ! ,law ! only way to c>ry on ! broad] "w 0 quietly to keep ! m burd5some requirem5ts ( ! ,law 9 abeyance4 ,?is me?od w\ld h be5 ! me?od ( lib]alism4 ,& x w\ld h be5 utt]ly futile4 ,x w\ld h meant an irrep>able injury to ! religi\s consci5ce2 x w\ld h sacrific$ ! good consci5ce ( ! mission>y & ! au?oritativ5ess ( 8 proclamation4 ,lib]alism w\ld nev] h conqu]$ ! _w4 ,=tunately lib]alism 0 n ! me?od ( ,paul4 ,paul 0 n a practical ,*ri/ian :o reg>d$ life z sup]ior to doctr9e1 & practice z sup]ior to pr9ciple4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ov]came ! pr9ciple ( ,jewi% p>ticul>ism 9 ! only way 9 :i* x c\ld be ov]come2 he ov]came pr9ciple by pr9ciple4 ,x 0 n ,paul ! practical mission>y1 b ,paul ! !ologian1 :o 0 ! real apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,9 8 !ology he avoid$ c]ta9 errors :i* lay ne> at h&4 ,he avoid$ ! error ( ,m>cion1 :o 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury combat$ ,jewi% p>ticul>ism by repres5t+ ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t economy z evil & z ! "w ( a be+ ho/ile to ! good ,god4 ,t error w\ld h depriv$ ! ,*ur* ( ! pre/ige :i* x d]iv$ f ! possession ( an anci5t & au?oritative ,book2 z a m]ely new religion ,*ri/ianity nev] c\ld h appeal$ to ! ,g5tile _w4 ,paul avoid$ also ! error ( ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 :i*1 :ile x accept$ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 reject$ ! entire ,jewi% int]pretation ( x2 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,law1 accord+ to ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 0 nev] int5d$ to require lit]al sacrifices & circumcision1 9 ! way 9 :i* x 0 int]pret$ by ! ,jews4 ,t error1 also1 w\ld h be5 disa/r\s2 x w\ld h introduc$ su* b\ndless absurdity into ! ,*ri/ian use ( ! ,scriptures t all tru? & sob]ness w\ld h fl$4 ,avoid+ all su* errors1 ,paul 0 able ) a p]fectly good consci5ce to accept ! priceless support ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures 9 8 mission>y "w :ile at ! same "t he reject$ = 8 ,g5tile conv]ts ! c]emonial requirem5ts :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t impos$4 ,! solution ( ! problem is set =? cle>ly 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,law1 accord+ to ,paul1 0 truly au?oritative & truly div9e4 ,b x 0 tempor>y2 x 0 au?oritative only until ! fulfillm5t ( ! promise %\ld come4 ,x 0 a s*oolma/] to br+ ! ,jews to ,*ri/2 & 7su* is ! implication1 accord+ to ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans7 x c\ld also be a s*oolma/] to br+ e "o to ,*ri/1 s9ce x 0 int5d$ to produce ! necess>y consci\sness ( s94 ,?is treatm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! only practical solution ( ! difficulty4 ,b ,paul did n adopt x because x 0 practical2 he adopt$ x because x 0 true4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him to hold pr9ciple 9 abeyance ev5 = ! welf>e ( ! s\ls ( m54 ,! dead5+ blight ( pragmatism _h nev] fall5 ^u 8 s\l4 ,! ,paul9e gr\nd+ ( ! ,g5tile mission is n to be limit$1 h[ev]1 to 8 specific answ] to ! "q1 ,:at !n is ! law8 ,x ext5ds r to 8 entire unfold+ ( ! significance ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/4 ,he exhibit$ ! tempor>y "* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation by %[+ t a new era _h begun1 by exhibit+ positively ! epo*-mak+ significance ( ! ,cross4 ,at ?is po9t und\bt$ly he _h precursors4 ,! significance ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ 0 by no means entirely unkn[n to ^? :o _h be5 disciples be=e him2 he himself places ! ass]tion t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s accord+ to ! ,scriptures z "o ( ! ?+s t he _h receiv$4 ,b unless all indications fail ,paul did br+ an unp>allel$ enri*m5t ( ! und]/&+ ( ! ,cross4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 view$ 9 its full hi/orical & logical relation%ips4 ,& !reby ,g5tile fre$om1 & ! fre$om ( ! entire ,*ri/ian ,*ur* = all "t1 0 assur$4 ,inw>dly1 inde$1 ! e>ly ,j]usalem disciples 7 already free f ! ,law2 !y 7 really tru/+ = _! salvation n to _! obs]vance ( ! ,law b to :at ,*ri/ _h done = !m4 ,b app>5tly !y did n fully "k t !y 7 free2 or r !y did n "k exactly :y !y 7 free4 ,! case ( ,cornelius1 accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 0 exceptional2 ,cornelius _h be5 receiv$ into ! ,*ur* )\t be+ circumcis$1 b only by direct comm& ( ! ,_s4 ,simil> direct & unexpla9$ guidance 0 app>5tly to be wait$ = if ! case 0 to be repeat$4 ,ev5 ,/eph5 _h n really advocat$ ! imm$iate abolition ( ! ,temple or ! ab&onm5t ( ,jewi% pr]ogatives 9 ! pres5ce ( ,g5tiles4 ,! fre$om ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 9 o!r words1 0 n fully gr\nd$ 9 a compreh5sive view ( ! mean+ ( ,jesus' "w4 ,su* fre$om c\ld n be p]man5t4 ,x 0 op5 to argum5tative attacks1 & z a matt] ( fact su* attacks 7 n long abs5t4 ,! v life ( ! ,g5tile mission at ,antio* 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,judaiz]s :o came d[n f ,j]usalem & said1 ,except ye be circumcis$ aft] ! mann] ( ,moses1 ye _c be sav$4 ,practical consid]ations1 consid]ations ( *ur* polity1 7 q p[]less be=e su* attacks2 fre$om 0 held by b a prec>i\s t5ure until its und]ly+ pr9ciples 7 e/abli%$4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 o!r words1 c\ld n live )\t !ology4 ,& ! fir/ great ,*ri/ian !ologian 0 ,paul4 ,x 0 ,paul1 !n1 :o e/abli%$ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,g5tile mission4 ,o!rs labor$ 9 detail1 b x 0 he :o 0 at ! he>t ( ! movem5t4 ,x 0 he1 f> m ?an any o!r "o man1 :o c>ri$ ! gospel out f ,judaism into ! ,g5tile _w4 ,! importance ( ! a*ievem5t mu/ be app>5t to e hi/orian1 no matt] h[ unsympa!tic 8 attitude t[>d ! cont5t ( ,*ri/ianity may be4 ,! mod]n ,european _w1 :at may be call$ we/]n civilization1 is desc5d$ f ! civilization ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,our languages are ei!r d]iv$ directly f ! ,lat91 or at any rate connect$ ) ! same great family4 ,our lit]ature & art are inspir$ by ! great classical models4 ,our law & gov]nm5t h nev] be5 indep5d5t ( ! pr9ciples enunciat$ by ! /atesm5 ( ,greece1 & put into practice by ! /atesm5 ( ,rome4 ,our philosophies are oblig$ to return ev] anew to ! que/ions :i* 7 put1 if n answ]$1 by ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,yet !re has ent]$ into ?is curr5t ( ,indo-,european civilization an elem5t f a v div]se & v unexpect$ s\rce4 ,h[ comes x t a ?or\ghly ,semitic book l ! ,bible has be5 accord$ a place 9 m$ieval & mod]n life to :i* ! glories ( ,greek lit]ature c nev] by any possibility aspire8 ,h[ comes x t ! words ( t book h n only made political hi/ory--mov$ armies & built empires--b also h ent]$ into ! v fabric ( m5's s\ls8 ,! intr9sic value ( ! ,book w\ld n alone h be5 suffici5t to break d[n ! b>ri]s :i* oppos$ its acceptance by ! ,indo-,european race4 ,! race f :i* ! ,bible came 0 despis$ 9 anci5t times & x is despis$ to-day4 ,h[ comes x !n t a product ( t race has be5 grant$ su* b\ndless influ5ce8 ,h[ comes x t ! b>ri]s :i* h always sep>at$ ,jew f ,g5tile1 ,semite f ,aryan1 h at "o po9t be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 s t ! curr5t ( ,semitic life has be5 all[$ to fl[ un*eck$ ov] ! ri* fields ( our mod]n civilization8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions1 to ! l>ge ext5t :i* ! prec$+ outl9e has attempt$ to def9e1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ! inn] life ( a ,jew ( ,t>sus4 ,9 deal+ ) ! apo/le ,paul we are deal+ ) "o ( ! mov+ factors ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,t conclusion might at fir/ sight seem to affect unfavorably ! special use to :i* x is propos$1 9 ! pres5t discussion1 to put ! exam9ation ( ,paul4 ,! m important ,paul 0 z a man1 x might be said1 ! less important he becomes z a witness to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if 8 m9d _h be5 a blank tablet prep>$ to receive impressions1 !n ! hi/orian c\ld be sure t :at is f\nd 9 ,paul's ,epi/les ab\t ,jesus is a true reflection ( :at ,jesus really 04 ,b z a matt] ( fact ,paul 0 a g5ius4 ,x is ( ! nature ( g5ius to be creative4 ,may n :at ,paul says ab\t ,jesus & ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 be no m]e reflection ( ! facts1 b ! creation ( 8 own m9d8 ,! difficulty is n s s]i\s z x seems4 ,g5ius is n incompatible ) hone/y--c]ta9ly n ! g5ius ( ,paul4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,paul sets himself to give in=mation ab\t c]ta9 pla9 matt]s ( fact t came "u 8 obs]vation1 z 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,galatians1 !re are n _m hi/orians :o are incl9$ to refuse him cr$5ce4 ,b ! witness ( ,paul dep5ds n s mu* ^u details z ^u ! total fact ( 8 religi\s life4 ,x is t fact :i* is to be expla9$4 ,to say m]ely t ,paul 0 a g5ius & !re=e unacc\ntable is no explanation4 ,c]ta9ly x is n an explanation satisfactory to mod]n hi/orians4 ,dur+ ! progress ( mod]n criticism1 /ud5ts ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity h accept$ ! *all5ge pres5t$ by ! fact ( ,paul's religi\s life2 !y h felt oblig$ to acc\nt = ! em]g5ce ( t fact at j ! po9t :5 x actually appe>$4 ,b ! explanations :i* !y h (f]$1 z ! foll[+ discussion may %[1 are insuffici5t2 & x is j ! greatness ( ,paul = :i* ! explanations d n acc\nt4 ,! religion ( ,paul is too l>ge a build+ to h be5 erect$ ^u a p9-po9t4 ,moreov]1 ! great] a man is1 ! wid] is ! area ( 8 contact ) 8 environm5t1 & ! deep] is 8 p5etration into ! spiritual realm4 ,! man 9 ! /reet is n s good an obs]v] z is sometimes suppos$2 he obs]ves only :at lies on ! surface4 ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 0 able to s\nd ! dep?s4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 c]ta9ly no disadvantage to ! /ud5t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity t t p>ticul> memb] ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ^: inn] life /&s cle>e/ 9 ! light ( hi/ory 0 no m]e non5tity1 b "o ( ! comm&+ figures 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b :at1 9 ess5ce1 is ! fact ( :i* ! hi/orical implications are "h to be /udi$8 ,:at 0 ! religion ( ,paul8 ,no attempt w n[ be made to answ] ! "q 9 detail2 no attempt w be made to add to ! long li/ ( expositions ( ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,b :at is really ess5tial is abundantly pla91 & may be put 9 a ^w--! religion ( ,paul 0 a religion ( r$emption4 ,x 0 f\nd$ n ^u :at _h always be5 true1 b ^u :at _h rec5tly happ5$2 n ^u "r ideas ab\t ,god & ,8 relations to ! _w1 b ^u "o ?+ t ,god _h done2 n ^u an et]nal tru? ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god1 b ^u ! fact t ,god _h *os5 to become ! ,fa!r ( ^? :o %\ld accept ! r$emption (f]$ by ,*ri/4 ,! religion ( ,paul 0 root$ altoge!r 9 ! r$eem+ "w ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,jesus = ,paul 0 prim>ily n a ,reveal]1 b a ,savi\r4 ,! "* ( ,paul9ism z a r$emptive religion involv$ a c]ta9 conception ( ! ,r$eem]1 :i* is p]fectly pla9 on ! pages ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,paul believ$1 0 a heav5ly be+2 ,paul plac$ ,him cle>ly on ! side ( ,god & n on ! side ( m54 ,n by man b by ,jesus ,*ri/1 he says at ! beg9n+ ( ,galatians1 & ! same contra/ is impli$ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,?is heav5ly ,r$eem] exi/$ be=e ,8 e>?ly life2 came !n to e>?1 :]e ,he liv$ a true human life ( humiliation2 suff]$ on ! cross = ! s9s ( ^? ^u :om ! curse ( ! ,law ju/ly re/$2 !n rose aga9 f ! dead by a mighty act ( ,god's p[]2 & is pres5t always ) ,8 ,*ur* ?r\gh ,8 ,_s4 ,t repres5tation has become famili> to ! dev\t ,*ri/ian1 b to ! mod]n hi/orian x seems v /range4 ,= to ! mod]n hi/orian1 on ! basis ( ! mod]n view ( ,jesus1 ! proc$ure ( ,paul seems to be no?+ else ?an ! deification by ,paul ( a man :o _h liv$ b a few ye>s be=e & _h di$ a %ameful dea?4#g ,x is n necess>y to argue ! "q :e!r 9 ,rom4 ix4 #e ,paul actually applies ! t]m ,god to ,jesus--c]ta9ly he does s accord+ to ! only natural int]pretation ( 8 words z !y /&--:at is really important is t ev]y:]e ! relation%ip 9 :i* ,paul /&s t[>d ,jesus is n ! m]e relation%ip ( disciple to ma/]1 b is a truly religi\s relation%ip4 ,jesus is to ,paul ev]y:]e ! object ( religi\s fai?4 #g ,h4 ,j4 ,holtzmann 79 ,prote/antis*e ,monat%efte1 iv1 #aijj1 pp4 #dfe;f41 & 9 ,*ri/li*e ,welt1 xxiv1 #aiaj1 column #aec7 admitt$ t = ! rapid apo!osis ( ,jesus z x is atte/$ by ! epi/les ( ,paul he c\ld cite no p>allel 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! race4 ,t fact w\ld n be q s surpris+ if ,paul _h be5 ( poly!i/ic tra9+1 if he _h gr[n up 9 a spiritual environm5t :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 div9e & human 0 be+ brok5 d[n4 ,ev5 9 su* an environm5t1 inde$1 ! religion ( ,paul w\ld h be5 q )\t p>allel4 ,! deification ( ! ea/]n rul]s or ( ! emp]ors diff]s 9 toto f ! ,paul9e attitude t[>d ,jesus4 ,x diff]s 9 s]i\sness & f]vor2 above all x diff]s 9 its complete lack ( exclusiv5ess4 ,! lord%ip ( ! rul] admitt$ freely1 & 0 inde$ always accompani$ by1 ! lord%ip ( o!r gods2 ! lord%ip ( ,jesus1 9 ! religion ( ,paul1 0 absolutely exclusive4 ,= ,paul1 !re 0 "o ,"l & "o ,"l only4 ,:5 any p>allel = su* a religi\s relation%ip ( a notable man to "o ( 8 contempor>ies ) ^: mo/ intimate fri5ds he _h come into close contact c be cit$ 9 ! religi\s annals ( ! race1 !n x w be "t = ! hi/orian to lose 8 wond] at ! ph5om5on ( ,paul4 ,b ! wond] ( ! hi/orian rea*es its climax :5 he rememb]s t ,paul 0 n a poly!i/ or a pan!i/1 b a ,jew1 to :om mono!ism 0 ! v brea? ( life4#h ,! ,judaism ( ,paul's day 0 c]ta9ly no?+ if n mono!i/ic4 ,b 9 ! int5sity ( 8 mono!ism ,paul 0 n diff]5t f 8 c\ntrym54 ,no "o c possibly %[ a deep] scorn = ! _m gods ( ! hea!n ?an c ,paul4 ,= ?\gh !re be t are call$ gods1 he says1 :e!r 9 heav5 or 9 e>?1 7z !re be gods _m1 & lords _m17 ,b to u !re is b "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ( :om are all ?+s1 & we unto him2 & "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 by :om are all ?+s1 & we by him4 7,i ,cor4 viii4 #e1 #f47 ,yet x 0 ?is mono!i/ sprung ( a race ( mono!i/s1 :o /ood 9 a full religi\s relation to a man :o _h di$ b a few ye>s be=e2 x 0 ?is mono!i/ :o designat$ t man1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 by ! supreme religi\s t]m ,"l1 & did n hesitate to apply to ,him ! passages 9 ! ,greek ,old ,te/am5t :]e t t]m 0 us$ to translate ! mo/ awful "n ( ! ,god ( ,israel6 ,! religion ( ,paul is a ph5om5on well wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! hi/orian4 #h ,comp>e ,r4 ,seeb]g1 ,d] ,ursprung des ,*ri/usglaub5s1 #aiad1 pp4 #a;f4 ,9 rec5t ye>s t ph5om5on has be5 expla9$ 9 f\r diff]5t ways4 ,! f\r ways h n always be5 cle>ly def9$2 !y h sometimes ent]$ into comb9ation ) "o ano!r4 ,b !y are logically di/9ct1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t !y may be treat$ sep>ately4 ,!re is fir/ ( all ! sup]naturali/ic explanation1 :i* simply accepts at its face value :at ,paul presupposes ab\t ,jesus4 ,accord+ to ?is explanation1 ,jesus 0 really a heav5ly be+1 :o 9 ord] to r$eem s9ful man came volunt>ily to e>?1 suff]$ = ! s9s ( o!rs on ! cross1 rose f ! dead1 asc5d$ to ! "r h& ( ,god1 f :5ce ,he %all come to judge ! quick & ! dead4 ,if ?is repres5tation be correct1 !n !re is really no?+ to expla92 ! religi\s attitude ( ,paul t[>d ,jesus 0 n an apo!osis ( a man1 b recognition z div9e ( "o :o really 0 div9e4 ,! o!r ?ree explanations are alike 9 t !y all reject sup]naturalism1 !y all d5y ! entrance into human hi/ory ( any creative act ( ,god1 unless inde$ all ! c\rse ( nature be reg>d$ z creative4 ,!y all agree1 !re=e1 9 expla9+ ! religion ( ,paul z a ph5om5on :i* em]g$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory "u ! op]ation ( natural causes4 ,! mo/ widespread ( ^! naturali/ic explanations ( ! religion ( ,paul is :at may be call$ ! lib]al view4 ,! "n is highly unsatisfactory2 x has be5 us$ & misus$ until x has (t5 come to mean almo/ no?+4 ,b no o!r t]m is ready to h&4 ,rits*lian might possibly describe ! ph5om5on t is meant1 b t t]m is p]haps too n>r[1 & w\ld imply a degree ( logical connection ) ! ,rits*lian !ology :i* w\ld n fit all =ms ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! be/ t c be done1 !re=e1 is to def9e ! t]m lib]al 9 a n>r[] way ?an is sometimes cu/om>y & !n use x 9 di/9ction n only f traditional & sup]naturali/ic views1 b also f v>i\s radical views1 :i* w dem& sep>ate consid]ation4 ,! num]\s =ms ( ! lib]al view diff] f o!r naturali/ic hypo!ses 9 t !y attribute supreme importance 9 ! =mation ( ! religion ( ,paul to ! influ5ce ( ! real hi/oric p]son1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & to ! exp]i5ce :i* ,paul _h ne> ,damascus :5 he ?\ght he saw t p]son ris5 f ! dead4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 accord+ to ! lib]al view1 0 ! greate/ ( ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,8 greatness c5t]$ 9 ,8 consci\sness ( /&+ t[>d ,god 9 ! relation ( son to ,fa!r4 ,t consci\sness ( son%ip1 at lea/ 9 its purity1 ,jesus discov]$1 0 n %>$ by o!rs4 ,"s category 0 !re=e ne$$ to designate ! uniqu5ess ( ,8 son%ip4 ,! category :i* ,he adopt$1 ?\gh ) reluctance1 & probably t[>d ! end ( ,8 m9i/ry1 0 ! category ( ,messiah%ip4 ,8 ,messianic consci\sness 0 ?us n fundam5tal 9 ,8 conception ( ,8 mission2 c]ta9ly x did n mean t ,he put ,8 own p]son into ,8 gospel4 ,he urg$ m51 n to take ,him z ! object ( _! fai?1 b only to take ,him z an example = _! fai?2 n to h fai? 9 ,him1 b to h fai? 9 ,god l ,8 fai?4 ,su* 0 ! impression ( ,8 p]sonality1 h[ev]1 t aft] ,8 dea? ! love & rev]5ce ( ,8 disciples = ,him n only induc$ ! halluc9ations 9 :i* !y ?\ght !y saw ,him ris5 f ! dead b also l$ !m to attribute to ,8 p]son a k9d ( religi\s importance :i* ,he _h nev] claim$4 ,!y began to make ,him n only an example = fai? b also ! object ( fai?4 ,! ,messianic elem5t 9 ,8 life began n[ to assume an importance :i* ,he _h nev] attribut$ to x2 ! disciples began to ascribe to ,him div9e attributes4 ,?is process 0 some:at h9d]$ 9 ! case ( ,8 intimate fri5ds by ! fact t !y _h se5 ,him "u all ! limitations ( ord9>y human life4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! apo/le ,paul1 :o _h nev] se5 ,him1 ! process ( deification c\ld g on un*eck$4 ,:at 0 fundam5tal1 h[ev]1 ev5 = ,paul1 0 an impression ( ! real p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 t impression 0 convey$ to ,paul 9 v>i\s ways--especially by ! brave & pure lives ( ,jesus' disciples1 :i* _h impress$ him1 aga9/ 8 w1 ev5 :5 he 0 /ill a p]secutor4 ,b ,paul 0 a *ild ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 oblig$1 !re=e1 to express t :i* he _h receiv$ f ,jesus 9 ! categories t 7 ready to h&4 ,^? categories z appli$ to ,jesus con/itute ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,?us ,paul 0 really ! true/ disciple ( ,jesus 9 ! dep?s ( 8 inn] life1 b 8 !ology 0 ! out] & p]i%able %ell = ! preci\s k]nel4 ,8 !ology 0 ! product ( 8 "t1 & may n[ be ab&on$2 8 religion 0 d]iv$ f ,jesus ( ,naz>e? & is a p]man5t possession ( ! human race4 ,su* 9 b>e outl9e is ! lib]al view ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism & ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x has be5 set =? 9 s _m brilliant treatises t no "o may be s+l$ out z cle>ly repres5tative4 ,p]haps ,von ,h>nack's ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8#i1 among ! popul> expositions1 may /ill s]ve z well z any o!r4 ,! lib]al view ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity seem$ at "o "t likely to dom9ate ! religi\s life ( ! mod]n _w2 x f\nd expression 9 c\ntless s]mons & books ( devotion z well z 9 sci5tific treatises4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !re are "s indications t x is beg9n+ to fall2 x is be+ attack$ by radicalism ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,) "s ( ^! attacks x w n n[ be wor? :ile to deal2 x w n be wor? :ile to deal ) ^? =ms ( radicalism :i* reject :at h be5 designat$ z ! two />t+-po9ts = an inve/igation ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity--! hi/oricity ( ,jesus & ! g5u95ess ( ! major epi/les ( ,paul4 ,^! hypo!ses are "s ( !m int]e/+ on ! negative side1 !y are int]e/+ = _! criticism ( ! dom9ant lib]al view2 b :5 x comes to _! own attempts at recon/ruction !y h nev] advanc$ beyond ! pure/ dilettantism4 ,att5tion w n[ be conf9$ to ! "w ( hi/orians :o h really attempt$ s]i\sly to grapple ) ! hi/orical problems1 & specifically to ^? :o h giv5 att5tion to ! problem ( ,paul4 #i ,h>nack1 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijj4 7,engli% ,translation1 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity81 #aija47 ,two l9es ( explanation h be5 foll[$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ^? :o reject1 9 ! int]e/ ( m radical views1 ! lib]al acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism4 ,b ^! two l9es run to a c]ta9 po9t toge!r2 !y bo? reject ! lib]al emphasis ^u ! hi/oric p]son ( ,jesus z acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( ,paul's religion4 ,! criticism ( ! cu/om>y view 0 put %>ply by ,w4 ,wr$e 9 #aijdaj1 :5 he decl>$ t ,paul 0 no disciple ( ,jesus1 b a second f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! religi\s life ( ,paul1 ,wr$e insi/$1 0 n really d]iv$ f ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,:at 0 fundam5tal = ,paul 0 n ! example ( ,jesus1 b ,8 r$eem+ "w z embrac$ 9 ! dea? & resurrection1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z ev5ts ( a cosmic significance4 ,! !ology ( ,paul--8 int]pretation ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus--_c1 !re=e1 be sep>at$ f 8 religion2 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 connection ) ! !ology1 & n 9 connection ) any impression ( ! "* ( ,jesus1 t ! f]vor ( ,paul's religi\s life runs full & free4 ,!ology & religion 9 ,paul1 !re=e1 mu/ /& or fall toge!r2 if "o 0 d]iv$ f extra-,*ri/ian s\rces1 probably ! o!r mu/ be s d]iv$ also4 ,& su*1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,wr$e concludes is ! case4 ,! religion ( ,paul is n bas$ at all ^u ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 #aj ,wr$e1 ,paulus1 #aijd4 7,engli% ,translation1 ,paul1 #aijg47 ,su*1 9 true import1 ?\gh n 9 ^w or 9 detail1 0 ! />tl+ criticism :i* ,wr$e direct$ aga9/ ! lib]al acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism4 ,he _h really only made explicit a type ( criticism :i* _h gradually be5 becom+ inevitable = "s "t be=e4 ,h5ce ! importance ( 8 little book4 ,! curr5t recon/ruction ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity _h produc$ a ,jesus & a ,paul :o really _h little 9 common ) ea* o!r4 ,wr$e1 9 8 incomp>ably succ9ct & incisive way1 _h ! c\rage to say s4 ,b if ,paul9ism 0 n d]iv$ f ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :5ce 0 x d]iv$8 ,"h ! two l9es ( radical op9ion beg9 to div]ge4 ,accord+ to ,wr$e1 :o 0 support$ by ,m4 ,brckn]1#aa work+ contemporane\sly1 ! ,paul9e conception ( ,*ri/1 :i* 0 fundam5tal 9 ,paul's religi\s ?\ght & life1 0 d]iv$ f ! pre-,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,messiah :i* ,paul already _h be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,! ,messiah1 9 ! ?\ght ( ! ,jews1 0 n always conceiv$ ( m]ely z a k+ ( ,david's l9e2 sometimes he 0 reg>d$ r z a my/]i\s1 prexi/5t1 heav5ly be+ :o 0 to come sudd5ly ) ! cl\ds ( heav5 & be ! judge ( all ! e>?4 ,?is transc5d5t conception :i* is atte/$ by ! ,jewi% apocalypses l ! ,e?iopic ,book ( ,eno*1 01 ,wr$e ma9ta9$1 ! conception ( ! ,jew1 ,saul ( ,t>sus4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/les repres5ts ,*ri/ z prexi/5t1 & z /&+ close to ! ,supreme ,be+ 9 rul]%ip & judgm5t1 ! ph5om5on1 ?\gh x may seem /range to u1 is n really unique2 x is exactly :at is f\nd 9 ! apocalypses4 ,:at 0 new 9 ,paul1 z ov] aga9/ pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism1 0 ! belief t ! heav5ly ,messiah _h already come to e>? & c>ri$ out a "w ( r$emption4 ,?is belief 0 n d]iv$1 ,wr$e ma9ta9$1 f any impression ( ! exalt$ moral "* ( ,jesus2 on ! contr>y1 if ,paul _h really come into any close contact ) ! hi/orical ,jesus1 he might h _h difficulty 9 id5tify+ ,him s completely ) ! heav5ly ,messiah2 ! impression ( ! truly human "* ( ,jesus & ( ,8 subjection to all ! ord9>y limits ( e>?ly life w\ld h h9d]$ ! ascription to ,him ( ! transc5d5t attributes4 ,jesus1 = ,paul1 m]ely provid$ ! "o fact t ! ,messiah _h already come to e>? & di$ & ris5 aga94 ,op]at+ ) t fact1 int]pret+ ! com+ ( ! ,messiah z an act ( r$emption und]tak5 out ( love = m51 ,paul 0 able to develop all ! f]vor ( 8 ,*ri/-religion4 #aa ,die ,ent/ehung d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie1 #aijc2 ,zum ,!ma ,jesus und ,paulus1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 vii1 #aijf1 pp4 #aab-aai2 ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus als ,zeuge wid] das ,*ri/usbild d] ,evangeli51 9 ,prote/antis*e ,monat%efte1 x1 #aijf1 pp4 #ceb-cfd4 ,9 v rec5t ye>s1 ano!r acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism is becom+ increas+ly preval5t4 ,?is acc\nt agrees ) ,wr$e 9 reject+ ! lib]al d]ivation ( ! religion ( ,paul f an impression ( ! hi/orical p]son ( ,jesus4 ,b x diff]s f ,wr$e 9 its view ( ! s\rce f :i* ! religion ( ,paul is actually to be d]iv$4 ,accord+ to ?is late/ hypo!sis1 ,paul9ism 0 bas$ n ^u ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah1 b ^u contempor>y pagan religion4 ,?is hypo!sis repres5ts ! application to ! problem ( ,paul9ism ( ! me?od ( mod]n comp>ative religion4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago t me?od began to be ext5d$ resolutely into ! ,new ,te/am5t field1 & x has be5 becom+ increas+ly preval5t ev] s9ce4 ,despite ! preval5ce ( ! me?od1 h[ev]1 & ! v>iety ( its application1 "o great compreh5sive "w may n[ fairly lay claim to be tak5 z summ+ up ! results4 ,t "w is ! book ( ,w4 ,b\sset1 entitl$ ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aiac4ab ,x is p]haps too e>ly z yet to e/imate ! full importance ( ,b\sset's "w4 ,b unless all indications fail1 ! "w is really de/9$ to m>k an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 9 ! =m] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re has be5 no su* orig9al1 compreh5sive1 & gr&ly conceiv$ rewrit+ ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory z has n[ appe>$ 9 ,b\sset's ,kyrios ,*ri/os4 ,! only "q is :e!r orig9ality1 9 ?is hi/orical sph]e1 is always compatible ) tru?4 #ab ,comp>e also ,b\sset1 ,jesus d] ,h]r1 #aiaf4 ,accord+ to ,b\sset1 ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus is to be ma9ta9$2 ,jesus 0 really a religi\s tea*] ( incomp>able p[]4 ,b ,b\sset rejects mu* m ( ! ,gospel acc\nt ( ,jesus' life ?an is reject$ 9 ! ord9>y lib]al view2 ,b\sset seems ev5 to be d\btful z to :e!r ,jesus ev] pres5t$ ,himself to ,8 disciples z ! ,messiah1 ! ,messianic elem5t 9 ! ,gospels be+ reg>d$ = ! mo/ "p z a m]e reflection ( ! lat] convictions ( ! disciples4 ,aft] ! crucifixion1 ! disciples 9 ,j]usalem1 ,b\sset cont9ues1 7 conv9c$ t ,jesus _h ris5 f ! dead1 & t ,he 0 truly ! ,messiah4 ,!y conceiv$ ( ,8 ,messiah%ip *iefly "u ! category ( ! ,son ( ,man2 ,jesus1 !y believ$1 0 ! heav5ly be+ :o 9 _! int]pretation ( ! ,book ( ,daniel & 9 ! apocalypses appe>s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! supreme ,god z ! "o :o is to judge ! _w4 ,?is heav5ly ,son ( ,man 0 tak5 f !m = a "t1 b !y look$ ) passionate eag]ness = ,8 spe$y return4 ,! piety ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur* 0 !re=e di/9ctly es*atological2 x 0 f\nd$ n ^u any conviction ( a pres5t vital relation to ,jesus1 b on ! hope ( ,8 future com+4 ,9 ! ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ian communities ( su* cities z ,antio* & ,t>sus1 ,b\sset cont9ues1 an important additional /ep 0 tak52 ,jesus !re began to be n only hop$ = z ! future judge b also ador$ z ! pres5t ,"l4 ,he came to be reg>d$ z pres5t 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! t]m ,"l1 ) ! conception t x repres5ts1 0 nev]1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 appli$ to ,jesus 9 ! primitive ,pale/9ian ,*ur*2 x 0 fir/ appli$ to ,him 9 ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ian communities l ! "o at ,antio*4 ,& x 0 !re d]iv$ di/9ctly f ! preval5t pagan religion4 ,9 ! type ( religion famili> to ! disciples at ,antio*1 ! t]m ,"l 0 us$ to d5ote ! cult-god1 especially 9 ! s-call$ my/]y religions2 & ! ,antio* disciples naturally us$ ! same t]m to designate ! object ( _! own adoration4 ,b ) ! t]m w5t ! idea2 ,jesus 0 n[ consid]$ to be pres5t 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*1 j z ! cult-gods ( ! pagan religions 7 consid]$ to be pres5t 9 ! wor%ip practic$ by ^? religions4 ,an important /ep _h be5 tak5 beyond ! purely es*atological piety ( ! ,j]usalem disciples4 ,b h[ ab\t ,paul8 ,"h is to be f\nd "o ( ! bolde/ elem5ts 9 all ! bold recon/ruction ( ,b\sset4 ,paul1 ,b\sset believes1 0 n connect$ 9 any intimate way ) ! primitive ,*ri/ianity 9 ,pale/9e2 :at he receiv$ he receiv$ r f ! ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity1 j describ$1 ( cities l ,antio*4 ,he receiv$1 !re=e1 ! ,hell5i/ic conception ( ,jesus z ,"l4 ,b he add$ to t conception by connect+ ! ,"l ) ! ,_s4 ,! ,"l ?us became pres5t n only 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur* = wor%ip b also 9 ! individual lives ( ! believ]s4 ,paul9ism z x appe>s 9 ! ,epi/les 0 ?us complete4 ,b ?is di/9ctly ,paul9e contribution1 l ! conception ( ! ,lord%ip ( ,jesus to :i* x 0 add$1 0 ( pagan orig92 x 0 d]iv$ f ! my/ical piety ( ! "t1 ) its %>p dualism betwe5 a mat]ial & a spiritual realm & its notion ( ! trans=mation ( man by imm$iate contact ) ! div9e4 ,paul9ism1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 0 a religion ( r$emption4 ,b z su* x 0 d]iv$ n at all f ! hi/orical ,jesus 7^: optimi/ic tea*+ conta9$ no ?\ght ( r$emption7 b f ! pessimi/ic dualism ( ! pagan _w4 ,! lib]al di/9ction betwe5 ,paul9e religion & ,paul9e !ology1 ! attempt at sav+ ,paul's religion by ! sacrifice ( 8 !ology1 is "h ab&on$1 & all t is mo/ cle>ly di/9ctive ( ,paul9ism 7?\gh ( c\rse "s acc\nt is tak5 ( ! contribution ( 8 ,jewi% inh]itance & ( 8 own g5ius7 is d]iv$ f pagan s\rces4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,b\sset1 toge!r ) ! rival recon/ructions :i* h j be5 outl9$1 w be exam9$ 9 ! foll[+ discussion4 ,b be=e !y c be exam9$ x w be necess>y to say a ^w ab\t ! s\rces ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! life ( ,paul4 ,no discussion ( ! lit]>y que/ions c inde$ "h be und]tak54 ,almo/ all t c be done is to set =? v briefly ! measure ( agreem5t :i* has be5 atta9$ 9 ?is field1 & ! be>+ ( ! po9ts t are /ill disput$ ^u ! subject ( ! pres5t inve/igation4 ,! s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,paul are conta9$ almo/ exclusively 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y are1 fir/1 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 &1 second1 ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,f\r ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les--,galatians1 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans--7 accept$ z c]ta9ly g5u9e by ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool ( criticism 9 ! =m] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is favorable e/imate ( ! major epi/les has nev] be5 ab&on$ by any numb] ( really s]i\s hi/orians1 & ?ree ( ! o!r epi/les--#a ,!ssalonians1 ,philippians1 & ,philemon--h n[ be5 add$ to ! homolog\m5a4 ,sev5 epi/les1 !re=e1 are accept$ z g5u9e to-day by all hi/orians except a few extremi/s4 ,( ! rema9+ epi/les1 ,colossians is accept$ by ! majority ( inve/igators ( all %ades ( op9ion1 & ev5 9 ! case ( #b ,!ssalonians & ,ephesians1 ! acceptance ( ! hypo!sis ( g5u95ess is no long] reg>d$ z a cle> m>k ( cons]vatism1 ^! two epi/les be+ reg>d$ z g5u9e lett]s ( ,paul by "s ev5 ( ^? :o are n 9 g5]al favorable to ! traditional view ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,) reg>d to ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les--#a & #b ,timo?y & ,titus--! issue is m cle>ly drawn4 ,^! epi/les1 at lea/ 9 _! entirety1 are seldom reg>d$ z g5u9e except by ^? :o adopt 9 g5]al ! traditional view ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! sup]naturali/ic conception ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t does n mean t ! case ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les is desp]ate--c]ta9ly ! pres5t writ] is firmly conv9c$ t ! epi/les are g5u9e & t a d5ial ( _! g5u95ess really impov]i%es 9 important respects our conception ( ! "w ( ,paul--b x does mean t ) reg>d to ^! epi/les ! two great cont5d+ views conc]n+ ! ,new ,te/am5t come into %>p conflict2 common gr\nd1 9 o!r words1 _c "h be f\nd1 z 9 ! case ( ! major epi/les1 betwe5 ^? :o hold widely div]g5t views z to ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x w\ld be out ( place 9 ! pres5t connection to discuss ! "q ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/orals4 ,t "q is inde$ enorm\sly important4 ,x is important = ! view :i* is to be held conc]n+ ! ,new ,te/am5t canon2 x is important = any e/imate ( ,*ri/ian tradition2 x is important ev5 = a complete e/imate ( ! "w ( ,paul4 ,b x is n directly important = ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism2 = all ! ess5tial features ( ,paul9ism1 c]ta9ly all ^? features :i* make ,paul9ism1 ^u naturali/ic pr9ciples1 mo/ difficult ( explanation1 appe> pla9ly 9 ! accept$ epi/les4 ,! "q ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( vital importance ev5 = ! pres5t inve/igation4 ,ev5 t "q1 h[ev]1 mu/ "h be dismiss$ ) a ^w1 ?\gh x is hop$ t light may be %$ ^u x by ! :ole ( ! foll[+ discussion4 ,lit]>y evid5ce ( peculi> /r5g? may be adduc$ 9 favor ( ! view t ! ,book ( ,acts 0 really writt51 z tradition affirms1 by a companion ( ,paul4 ,?is evid5ce is bas$ prim>ily ^u ! pres5ce 9 ! book ( c]ta9 sections :]e ! n>rative is c>ri$ on 9 ! fir/ p]son in/ead ( ! ?ird4 ,x is g5]ally or ev5 univ]sally admitt$ t ^! we-sections are ! "w ( an eyewitness1 an actual travel+ companion ( ,paul4 ,b accord+ to ! common-s5se view--accord+ to ! fir/ impression made ^u e ord9>y read]--! au?or ( ! we-sections 0 also ! au?or ( ! :ole book1 :o :5 he came 9 8 n>rative to ^? p>ts ( ! mission>y j\rneys ( ,paul :]e he _h actually be5 pres5t ) ! apo/olic company naturally dropp$ into ! use ( ! fir/ p]son in/ead ( ! ?ird4 ,if ?is common-s5se view be incorrect1 !n a lat] au?or :o produc$ ! complet$ book has 9 ! we-sections simply made use ( an eyewitness s\rce4 ,b ?is hypo!sis is fraught ) ! mo/ s]i\s difficulty4 ,if ! au?or ( ! complet$ book1 writ+ at a "t long aft] ! "t ( ,paul1 0 9 ! we-sections us+ ! "w ( a companion ( ,paul1 :y did he n ei!r say t he 0 quot+ or else *ange ! we ( ! s\rce to !y4 ,! fir/ p]son plural1 us$ )\t explanation by a writ] (1 say1 #ajj ,a4,d4 9 a n>rative ( ! j\rneys ( ,paul1 w\ld be prepo/]\s4 ,:at c\ld be ! explanation ( s extraord9>y a proc$ure8 ,only two explanations are possible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! au?or may h reta9$ ! we ) deceitful int5t1 ) ! int5t ( produc+ ! false impression t he himself 0 a companion ( ,paul4 ,?is hypo!sis is fraught ) insup]able difficulty & is g5]ally reject$4 ,9 ! second place1 ! au?or may h reta9$ ! we because he 0 a m]e compil]1 copy+ out 8 s\rces ) me*anical accuracy1 & s unable to make ! simple editorial *ange ( we to !y4 ,?is hypo!sis is exclud$ by ! /rik+ simil>ity ( language & /yle betwe5 ! we-sections & ! re/ ( ,luke-,acts1 :i* %[s t if ! au?or ( ! complet$ d\ble "w is 9 ! we-sections mak+ use ( a s\rce writt5 by "s "o else1 he has revis$ ! s\rce s z to make x con=m to 8 own /yle4 ,b if he revis$ ! s\rce1 he 0 no m]e compil]1 & !re=e c\ld n h reta9$ ! fir/ p]son plural :i* 9 ! complet$ book produc$ nons5se4 ,! :ole hypo!sis !re=e breaks d[n4 ,su* consid]ations h l$ a numb] ( rec5t s*ol>s--ev5 ( ^? :o are unable to accept ! sup]naturali/ic acc\nt :i* ! ,book ( ,acts gives ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity--to return to ! traditional view t ! book 0 actually writt5 by ,luke ! physician1 a companion ( ,paul4 ,! argum5t = ,lucan au?or%ip has be5 develop$ ) great acum5 especially by ,von ,h>nack#ac4 ,& on ! basis ( purely lit]>y criticism ! argum5t is c]ta9ly irrefutable4 ,x c be refut$1 if at all1 only ?r\gh a consid]ation ( ! hi/orical cont5ts ( ! book4 #ac ,lukas d] ,arzt1 #aijf 7,engli% ,translation1 ,luke ! ,physician1 #aijg72 ,die ,apo/elges*i*te1 #aijh 7,engli% ,translation1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 #aiji72 ,neue ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,apo/elges*i*te und zur ,abfassungszeit d] synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #aiaa 7,engli% ,translation1 ,! ,date ( ! ,acts & ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 #aiaa74 ,su* attempts at refutation h n be5 lack+2 ! ,lucan au?or%ip ( ,acts is /ill reject$ by ! great majority ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! naturali/ic view ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! objections may be subsum$ "u two ma9 heads4 ,! ,book ( ,acts1 x is said1 is n ! k9d ( book t c\ld h be5 writt5 by a companion ( ,paul1 9 ! fir/ place because x conta9s an acc\nt ( miracles1 & 9 ! second place1 because x contradicts ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! acc\nt :i* x gives ( ! relations betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,! =m] objection is entirely valid on ! basis ( any naturali/ic acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,ef=ts h inde$ be5 made by ,von ,h>nack1 ,c4 ,c4 ,torrey1 & o!rs1 to ov]come ! objection4 ,belief 9 miracles1 x is said1 0 v g5]al 9 ! anci5t _w2 a miracul\s int]pretation c\ld !re=e be plac$ ^u happ5+s = :i* ! mod]n man w\ld h no difficulty 9 discov]+ a natural cause4 ,luke 0 a *ild ( 8 "t2 ev5 9 ! we-sections1 ,von ,h>nack insi/s1 :]e ! "w ( an eyewitness is univ]sally recogniz$1 a sup]naturali/ic int]pretation is plac$ ^u natural ev5ts--z1 = example1 :5 ,paul excites ! wond] ( 8 companions by %ak+ (f into ! fire a vip] t 0 no d\bt p]fectly h>mless4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! pres5ce ( ! sup]natural 9 ! re/ ( ! book be us$ to refute ! hypo!sis ( ! ,lucan au?or%ip1 if x is n s us$ 9 ! we-sections8#ad #ad ,h>nack1 ,die ,apo/elges*i*te1 #aijh1 pp4 #aaa-acj 7,engli% ,translation1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 #aiji1 pp4 #acc-afa74 ,?is me?od ( refut+ ! objection drawn f ! pres5ce ( ! sup]natural 9 ,luke-,acts has sometimes l$ to a curi\s return to ! rationaliz+ me?od ( int]pretation :i* 0 preval5t "o hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,by t me?od ( int]pretation ev5 ! details ( ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles 7 accept$ z hi/orical1 b x 0 ?\ght t ! writ]s 7 wrong 9 reg>d+ ^? details z miracul\s4 ,great +5uity 0 display$ by su* rationali/s z ,paulus & _m o!rs 9 exhibit+ ! true natural causes ( details :i* to ! fir/ obs]v]s seem$ to be sup]natural4 ,su* rationaliz+ has usually be5 ?\ght to h receiv$ its dea?-bl[ at ! h&s ( ,/rauss1 :o %[$ t ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives 7 ei!r to be accept$ z a :ole--miracles & all--or else reg>d$ z my?s1 t is1 z ! clo?+ ( religi\s ideas 9 hi/orical =ms4 ,b n[1 "u ! impulsion ( lit]>y criticism1 :i* has l$ away f ! position ( ,baur & ,/rauss & back to ! traditional view ( ! au?or%ip & date ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 ! exp$i5ts ( ! rationaliz]s h 9 "s cases be5 reviv$4 ,! entire ef=t ( ,von ,h>nack is1 h[ev]1 q hopeless4 ,! objection to ! ,lucan au?or%ip ( ,acts :i* is drawn f ! sup]natural elem5t 9 ! n>rative is irrefutable on ! basis ( any naturali/ic view ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! tr\ble is t ! sup]natural elem5t 9 ,acts does n conc]n m]ely details2 x lies1 r1 at ! root ( ! :ole repres5tation4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to ! mod]n naturali/ic recon/ruction1 0 due to ! belief ( ! e>ly disciples 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus2 t belief 9 turn 0 f\nd$ ^u c]ta9 halluc9ations 9 :i* !y ?\ght !y saw ,jesus alive aft] ,8 passion4 ,9 su* exp]i5ces1 ! optic n]ve is affect$ n by an ext]nal object b by ! condition ( ! subject himself4 ,b !re are limitations to :at is possible 9 exp]i5ces ( t sort1 especially :]e numb]s ( p]sons are affect$ & at diff]5t times4 ,x _c be suppos$1 !re=e1 t ! disciples ( ,jesus ?\ght !y _h any ext5d$ int]c\rse ) ,him aft] ,8 passion2 mom5t>y appe>ances1 ) possibly a few spok5 words1 7 all t !y c\ld h exp]i5c$4 ,?is view ( ! orig9 ( ! ,*ur* is ?\ght to be 9 accord ) ! all-important te/imony ( ,paul1 especially 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #c-h :]e he is reproduc+ a primitive tradition4 ,?us desp]ate ef=ts are made to %[ t ! ref]5ce by ,paul to ! burial ( ,jesus does n by any means confirm ! acc\nts giv5 9 ! ,gospels ( ev5ts connect$ ) ! empty tomb4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 9 rec5t criticism1 ! fact ( ! empty tomb is accept$1 & !n expla9$ 9 "s naturali/ic way4 ,b at any rate1 ! c>d9al feature ( ! mod]n recon/ruction is t ! e>ly ,*ur*1 includ+ ,paul1 _h a spiritual r ?an a physical conception ( ! ris5 body ( ,jesus2 !re 0 no ext5d$ int]c\rse1 x is suppos$2 ,jesus appe>$ to ,8 disciples mom5t>ily1 9 heav5ly glory4 ,b ?is entire repres5tation is diametrically oppos$ to ! repres5tation 9 ! ,gospel ( ,luke & 9 ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,if !re is any "o writ] :o emphasizes ! pla91 physical "* ( ! contact betwe5 ! disciples & _! ris5 ,"l1 x is ! au?or ( ,luke-,acts4 ,9 pro(1 x is only necess>y to po9t to ,acts x4 #da1 :]e x is said t ! ris5 ,jesus held table-companion%ip ) ,8 disciples aft] ,he 0 ris5 f ! dead6 ,b t is only "o detail4 ,! au?or ( ,acts is firmly conv9c$ t ! contact ( ! ris5 ,jesus ) ,8 disciples1 ?\gh n devoid ( my/]i\s features1 involv$ ! abs5ce ( ! body ( ,jesus f ! tomb & an int]c\rse 7int]mitt5t1 x is true1 b includ+ physical pro(s ( ! mo/ def9ite k9d7 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( =ty days4 ,no?+ c\ld possibly be m directly contr>y to :at ! curr5t critical view reg>ds z ! real acc\nt giv5 9 ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur* & by ! apo/le ,paul4 ,yet on ! basis ( t mod]n critical view1 ,von ,h>nack & o!rs h ma9ta9$ t ! book 9 :i* s false an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! orig9 ( ! ,*ur* 0 actually ! "w ( a man ( ! apo/olic age4 ,x is no wond] t ,von ,h>nack's conclusions h evok$ an emphatic prote/ f o!r naturali/ic hi/orians4 ,luke 0 a close associate ( ,paul4 ,c\ld he possibly h giv5 an acc\nt ( ?+s absolutely fundam5tal 9 ,paul's gospel 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #a-h7 :i* 0 s diametrically oppos$ to :at ,paul taught8 ,he 0 9 ,j]usalem 9 #eh ,a4,d4 or e>li]1 & dur+ ye>s ( 8 life 0 9 close t\* ) ,pale/9ian disciples4 ,c\ld he possibly h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* s totally at v>iance ) ! acc\nt :i* t *ur* itself ma9ta9$8 ,^! que/ions con/itute a complete refutation ( ,von ,h>nack's view1 :5 t view is tak5 z a :ole4 ,b !y d n at all con/itute a refutation ( ! conclusions ( ,von ,h>nack 9 ! sph]e ( lit]>y criticism4 ,on ! contr>y1 by %[+ h[ inconsi/5t ^? conclusions are ) o!r elem5ts 9 ! ?9k+ ( ! inve/igator1 !y make only ! m impressive ! /r5g? ( ! argum5t :i* has ov]come su* ob/acles4 ,! objection po9ts out ! ant9omy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! lit]>y criticism ( ,von ,h>nack & 8 naturali/ic acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at t ant9omy means is m]ely t ! te/imony ( ,acts to ! sup]natural orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 f> f be+ remov$ by lit]>y criticism1 is /rongly support$ by x4 ,a companion ( ,paul c\ld n h be5 egregi\sly mi/ak5 ab\t ! orig9 ( ! ,*ur*2 b lit]>y criticism e/abli%es ,luke-,acts z ! "w ( a companion ( ,paul4 ,h5ce !re is "s reason = suppos+ t ! acc\nt giv5 9 ?is book is ess5tially correct1 & t ! naturali/ic recon/ruction ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ be ab&on$4 ,! second objection to ! ,lucan au?or%ip ( ,acts is bas$ ^u ! contradiction :i* is ?\ght to exi/ betwe5 ! ,book ( ,acts & ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4#ae ,! way to te/ ! value ( a hi/orical "w1 x is said1 is to comp>e x ) "s recogniz$ au?ority4 ,) reg>d to mo/ ( ! n>rative 9 ,acts1 no su* comp>ison is possible1 s9ce !re is no acc\nt p>allel to ,acts by :i* x may be te/$4 ,b 9 c]ta9 places ! ,book ( ,acts provides an acc\nt ( ev5ts :i* are also n>rat$ 9 ! isolat$ biographical p>ts ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les--notably 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,galatians4 ,"h at la/ is f\nd ! long-s\ght opportunity = comp>ison4 ,& ! comp>ison1 x is said1 results unfavorably to ! ,book ( ,acts1 :i* is f\nd to contradict ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 n m]ely 9 details1 b 9 ! :ole acc\nt :i* x gives ( ! relation betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,b if ! ,book ( ,acts fails to approve itself 9 ! "o place :]e x c be te/$ by comp>ison ) a recogniz$ au?ority1 ! presumption is t x may be wrong else:]e z well2 9 p>ticul>1 x is q impossible t a book :i* s completely misrepres5ts :at happ5$ at a mo/ important crisis ( ,paul's life c\ld h be5 writt5 by a close fri5d ( ! apo/le4 #ae ,= :at foll[s1 comp>e ,jesus & ,paul1 9 ,biblical & ,!ological ,/udies by ! ,memb]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y1 #aiab1 pp4 #eec;f42 ,rec5t ,criticism ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 9 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 xvii1 #aiai1 pp4 #eic-eig4 ,?is argum5t 0 develop$ p>ticul>ly by ,baur & ,zell] & _! associates 9 ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool4 ,accord+ to ,baur1 ! major epi/les ( ,paul con/itute ! prim>y s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ! apo/olic age2 !y %\ld !re=e be int]pret$ )\t ref]5ce to any o!r s\rce4 ,:5 !y are s int]pret$1 !y %[ t ! fundam5tal fact ( apo/olic hi/ory 0 a conflict betwe5 ,paul on "o side & ! orig9al apo/les on ! o!r4 ,! conflict1 ,baur ma9ta9$ fur!r1 is p>ticul>ly pla9 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 :i* emphasize ! complete indep5d5ce ( ,paul ) ref]5ce to ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 & 8 cont9u$ opposition to ! ef=ts ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians to br+ ! ,g5tiles into subjection to ! ,jewi% ,law--ef=ts :i* mu/ h be5 support$ to "s ext5t by ! attitude ( ! orig9al apo/les4 ,?is conflict1 ,baur suppos$ fur!r1 cont9u$ up to ! middle ( ! second c5tury2 !re 0 a ,g5tile ,*ri/ian p>ty appeal+ to ,paul & a ,jewi% ,*ri/ian p>ty appeal+ to ,pet]4 ,f9ally h[ev]1 ,baur cont9u$1 a compromise 0 effect$2 ! ,paul9e p>ty gave up :at 0 really mo/ di/9ctive 9 ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification1 :ile ! ,petr9e p>ty rel9qui%$ ! dem& ( circumcision4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t docum5ts1 accord+ to ,baur1 are to be dat$ 9 accordance ) ! position t !y assume 9 ! conflict2 ^? docum5ts :i* take sides--:i* are /rongly anti-,paul9e or /rongly anti-,petr9e--are to be plac$ e>ly1 :ile ^? :i* display a t5d5cy t[>d compromise are to be plac$ late1 at ! "t :5 ! conflict 0 be+ settl$4 ,su* 0 ! t5d5cy-criticism ( ,baur4 ,by t criticism ! ,book ( ,acts 0 dat$ well on 9 ! second c5tury1 because x 0 ?\ght to display a t5d5cy t[>d compromise--an ir5ic t5d5cy4 ,?is t5d5cy1 ,baur suppos$1 manife/$ itself 9 ! ,book ( ,acts 9 a delib]ate falsification ( hi/ory2 9 ord] to br+ ab\t peace betwe5 ! ,petr9e & ! ,paul9e p>ties 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! au?or ( ,acts attempt$ to %[ by a new acc\nt ( ! apo/olic age t ,pet] & ,paul really 7 9 p]fect agreem5t4 ,to t end1 9 ! ,book ( ,acts1 ,paul is ,petr9iz$1 & ,pet] is ,paul9iz$2 ! /urdy indep5d5ce ( ,paul1 :i* actually kept him long away f ,j]usalem aft] 8 conv]sion1 gives place1 9 ,acts1 to a desire ( contact ) ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 :i* br\ght him e>ly to ,j]usalem & f9ally l$ him ev5 to accept = 8 ,g5tile conv]ts1 at ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 a portion ( ! c]emonial law4 ,pet]1 on ! o!r h&1 is repres5t$ 9 ,acts z giv+ expression at ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil to ,paul9e s5tim5ts ab\t ! ,law2 & all ?r\gh ! book !re is an elaborate & unhi/orical p>allelism betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul4 ,! !ory ( ,baur did n long ma9ta9 itself 9 its entirety4 ,x receiv$ a se>*+ criticism p>ticul>ly f ,a4 ,rits*l4 ,! conflict ( ! apo/olic age1 ,rits*l po9t$ out1 0 n a conflict betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les1 b betwe5 all ! apo/les 7includ+ bo? ,paul & ,pet]7 on ! "o side1 & an extreme ,judaiz+ p>ty on ! o!r2 t conflict did n cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! second c5tury2 on ! contr>y1 specifically ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity soon ceas$ to be influ5tial1 & ! legali/ic "* ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ! end ( ! second c5tury1 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 conceiv$ ( z a new law1 0 due n to any compromise ) ! legalism ( ! ,judaiz]s b to a natural process ( deg5]ation f ,paul9ism on purely ,g5tile ,*ri/ian gr\nd4 ,! ,tb+5 dat+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t docum5ts1 moreov]1 has be5 ab&on$ "u a m ?or\gh inve/igation ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,a /udy ( patri/ics soon r5d]$ x impossible to /r+ out ! ,new ,te/am5t books any:]e ?r\gh\t ! second c5tury 9 ! int]e/ ( a plausible !ory ( developm5t4 ,ext]nal evid5ce has l$ to a mu* e>li] dat+ ( mo/ ( ! books ?an ,baur's !ory requir$4 ,! ,tb+5 e/imate ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 9 p>ticul>1 has = ! mo/ "p be5 modifi$2 ! book is dat$ mu* e>li]1 & x is no long] ?\ght to be a p>ty docum5t writt5 9 ! int]e/s ( a delib]ate falsification ( hi/ory4 ,nev]!less1 ! criticism ( ,baur & ,zell]1 ?\gh no long] accept$ z a :ole1 is /ill influ5tial2 ! comp>ison ( ,acts & ,galatians1 p>ticul>ly 9 t :i* conc]ns ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv1 is /ill (t5 ?\ght to result unfavorably to ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,ev5 at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 a m favorable e/imate ( ,acts has be5 ga9+ gr\nd4 ,! c>d9al pr9ciple ( ,baur1 to ! effect t ! major epi/les ( ,paul %\ld be int]pret$ entirely )\t ref]5ce to ! ,book ( ,acts1 is be+ call$ 9 "q4 ,su* a me?od ( int]pretation1 x may well be urg$1 is likely to result 9 "o-sid$ness4 ,if ! ,book ( ,acts comm5ds itself at all z conta9+ tru/wor?y in=mation1 x %\ld be all[$ to ca/ light ^u ! ,epi/les4 ,! acc\nt :i* ,paul gives 9 ,galatians is n s complete z to r5d] sup]flu\s any assi/ance :i* may be d]iv$ f an indep5d5t n>rative4 ,& z a matt] ( fact1 no matt] :at pr9ciples ( int]pretation are held1 ! ,book ( ,acts simply mu/ be us$ 9 int]pret+ ! ,epi/les2 )\t ! outl9e giv5 9 ,acts ! ,epi/les w\ld be un9telligible4#af ,p]haps x may turn out1 !re=e1 t ,baur produc$ 8 impos+ recon/ruction ( ! apo/olic age by neglect+ all s\rces except ,galatians & ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les--& !n by mis9t]pret+ ^!4 #af ,j4 ,weiss1 ,ur*ri/5tum1 #aiad1 p4 #ajg3 ,x is simply impossible = u to erase x ! ,book ( ,acts s completely f our memory z to read ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians z ?\gh we _h nev] kn[n ,acts2 )\t ! ,book ( ,acts we %\ld simply n be able to und]/& ,galatians at all4 ,! comp>ison ( ,acts & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les w be res]v$ = ! *apt]s t deal ) ! outl9e ( ,paul's life4 ,x w !re be necess>y to deal ) ! vex$ "q ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil4 ,! "q is vital = ! pres5t discussion2 = if x c really be %[n t ,paul 0 9 fundam5tal disagreem5t ) ! intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 !n ! way is op5$ = suppos+ t he 0 9 disagreem5t ) ,jesus ,himself4 ,! "q rais$ by ,baur ) reg>d to ! ,book ( ,acts has a mo/ important be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism4 ,all t c n[ be done1 h[ev]1 is to po9t out t ! t5d5cy at ! pres5t "t is t[>d a high] & high] e/imate ( ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,a m c>eful /udy ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les !mselves is exhibit+ elem5ts 9 ,paul's ?9k+ :i* ju/ify m & m cle>ly ! acc\nt :i* ! ,book ( ,acts gives ( ! relations ( ,paul to ,judaism & to ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,be=e exam9+ ! v>i\s hypo!ses :i* h be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism1 ! inve/igator mu/ consid] fir/ ! outl9e ( ,paul's life1 at lea/ s f> z ! =mative ye>s are conc]n$4 ,paul9ism has be5 expla9$ by ! influ5ce ^u ,paul ( v>i\s features ( 8 environm5t4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to det]m9e at :at po9ts ,paul came into contact ) 8 environm5t4 ,:at1 9 view ( ! outl9e ( 8 life1 7 8 probable opportunities = acqua9t+ himself ) ! hi/orical ,jesus & ) ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*8 ,:5ce did he d]ive 8 ,judaism8 ,:]e1 if at all1 c\ld he naturally h be5 influ5c$ by contempor>y paganism8 ,su* que/ions1 x is hop$1 may be answ]$ by ! two foll[+ *apt]s4 ,9 ^! *apt]s1 ! outl9e ( ,paul's life w be consid]$ n = its own sake1 b m]ely = ! light t x may %$ ^u ! orig9 ( 8 ?\ght & exp]i5ce4 ,_m que/ions1 !re=e1 may be ignor$4 ,= example1 x w\ld "h be entirely aside f ! po9t to discuss su* intricate matt]s z ! hi/ory ( ,paul's j\rneys to ,cor9? atte/$ by ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les4 ,! pres5t discussion is conc]n$ only ) ^? ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,paul :i* det]m9$ ! nature ( 8 contact ) ! surr\nd+ _w1 bo? ,jewi% & pagan1 & p>ticul>ly ! nature ( 8 contact ) ,jesus & ! e>lie/ disciples ( ,jesus4 ,paul 0 born at ,t>sus1 ! *ief city ( ,cilicia4 ,?is fact is atte/$ only by ! ,book ( ,acts1 & =m]ly x did n escape un*all5g$4 ,x 0 call$ 9 "q1 = example1 9 #ahij by ,kr5kel1 9 an elaborate argum5t4#ag ,b ,kr5kel's argum5t is n[ completely antiquat$1 n m]ely because ( ! ris+ cr$it ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 b also because ! bir? ( ,paul 9 a ,greek city l ,t>sus is 9 h>mony ) mod]n recon/ructions4 ,kr5kel argu$1 = example1 t ! apo/le %[s little acqua9tance ) ,greek culture1 & !re=e c\ld n h sp5t 8 y\? 9 a ,greek univ]sity city4 ,su* ass]tions appe> v /range to-day4 ,rec5t philological inve/igation ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les has prov$ t ! au?or uses ! ,greek language 9 su* ma/]ly fa%ion t he mu/ h become famili> ) x v e>ly 9 life2 ! language ( ! ,epi/les is c]ta9ly no ,jewi%-,greek j>gon4 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! ideas1 also1 ! t5d5cy ( rec5t criticism is directly contr>y to ,kr5kel2 ,paul9ism is n[ (t5 expla9$ z be+ bas$ ei!r ^u paganism or else ^u a ,hell5iz$ ,judaism4 ,to su* recon/ructions x is a highly welcome piece ( in=mation :5 ! ,book ( ,acts makes ,paul a native n ( ,j]usalem b ( ,t>sus4 ,! au?or ( ,acts1 x is said1 is "h pres]v+ a bit ( g5u9e tradition1 :i* is ! m tru/wor?y because x runs c\nt] to ! t5d5cy1 ?\ght to be o!rwise 9 evid5ce 9 ,acts1 :i* br+s ,paul into ! close/ possible relation to ,pale/9e4 ,?us1 :e!r = good or = bad reasons1 ! bir? ( ,paul 9 ,t>sus is n[ univ]sally accept$1 & does n require def5se4 #ag ,kr5kel1 ,beitrge zur ,aufhellung d] ,ges*i*te und d] ,briefe des ,apo/els ,paulus1 #ahij1 pp4 #a-ag4 ,a v int]e/+ tradition pres]v$ by ,j]ome does inde$ make ,paul a native ( ,gis*ala 9 ,galilee2 b no "o to-day w\ld be incl9$ to foll[ ,kr5kel 9 giv+ cr$5ce to ,j]ome r ?an to ,acts4 ,! ,gis*ala tradition does n look l a pure fiction1 b x is evid5t t ,j]ome has at any rate ex]cis$ 8 peculi> tal5t = br++ ?+s into confusion4 ,zahn#ah has sugge/$1 ) consid]able plausibility1 t ! %ort] ref]5ce to ,gis*ala 9 ! treatise ,de viris illu/ribus#ai is a confus$ abridgm5t ( ! long] ref]5ce 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ,philemon4#bj ,! latt] passage ass]ts n t ,paul himself b only t ! p>5ts ( ,paul came f ,gis*ala4 ,t ass]tion may possibly be correct4 ,x w\ld expla9 ! ,aramaic & ,pale/9ian tradition :i* und\bt$ly 0 pres]v$ 9 ! boyhood home ( ,paul4 #ah ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #cte ,aufl41 i1 #aijf1 pp4 #dh-ej 7,engli% ,translation1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #bnd ed41 #aiji1 i1 pp4 #fh-gj74 #ai ,de vir4 ill4 #e 7ed4 ,vall4 ii1 #hcf74 #bj ,comm4 9 ,philem4 #bc 7ed4 ,vall4 vii1 #gfb74 ,t>sus 0 an important city4 ,its comm]cial importance1 ?\gh ( c\rse inf]ior to t ( places l ,antio* or ,cor9?1 0 consid]able2 & x 0 also well kn[n z a c5t] ( intellectual life4 ,al?\gh ! dramatic possibilities ( repres5t+ ! future ,*ri/ian mission>y gr[+ up unkn[n "u ! %ad[ ( a ,greek univ]sity may sometimes h l$ to an exagg]ation ( ! academic fame ( ,t>sus1 /ill x rema9s true t ,t>sus 0 a real univ]sity city1 & c\ld boa/ ( great names l t ( ,a!nodorus1 ! ,/oic philosoph]1 & o!rs4 ,! life ( ,t>sus has rec5tly be5 made ! subject ( two elaborate monographs1 by ,ramsay#ba & by ,bhlig1#bb :o h collect$ a mass ( in=mation ab\t ! bir?place ( ,paul4 ,! nature ( ! pagan religi\s atmosph]e :i* surr\nd$ ! future apo/le is ( peculi> int]e/2 b ! am\nt ( direct in=mation :i* has come d[n to u %\ld n be exagg]at$4 #ba ,! ,cities ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aijh1 pp4 #he-bdd4 #bb ,die ,gei/eskultur von ,t>sos1 #aiac4 ,! social position ( ,paul's family 9 ,t>sus mu/ n be reg>d$ z v humble2 = accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts n only ,paul himself1 b 8 fa!r be=e him1 possess$ ! ,roman citiz5%ip1 :i* 9 ! prov9ces 0 /ill 9 ! fir/ c5tury a highly priz$ privilege f :i* ! great masses ( ! p 7 exclud$4 ,! ,roman citiz5%ip ( ,paul is n atte/$ by ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 b ! repres5tation ( ,acts is at ?is po9t univ]sally1 or almo/ univ]sally1 accept$4 ,only "o objection might be urg$ aga9/ x4 ,if ,paul 0 a ,roman citiz51 h[ c\ld he h be5 subject$ ?ree times to ! ,roman puni%m5t ( beat+ ) rods 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #be71 f :i* citiz5s 7 exempt$ by law8 ,! difficulty is n insup]able4 ,paul may on "s occasions h be5 unwill+ to appeal to a privilege :i* sep>at$ him f 8 ,jewi% c\ntrym52 or he may h want$ to avoid ! delay :i* an appeal to 8 privilege1 ) ! subsequ5t inve/igation & trial1 might h caus$4 ,at any rate1 ! difficulty1 :e!r easily removable or n1 is q inadequate to ov]?r[ ! abundant evid5ce = ! fact ( ,paul's ,roman citiz5%ip4 ,t fact is absolutely necess>y to acc\nt = ! entire repres5tation :i* ! ,book ( ,acts gives ( ! j\rney ( ,paul z a prison] to ,rome1 :i* repres5tation1 x w be rememb]$1 is conta9$ 9 ! we-sections4 ,! :ole acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 ,paul & ,roman au?orities1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ! ,book ( ,acts1 & tru/wor?y ,*ri/ian tradition1 is explicable only if ,paul possess$ ! rights ( citiz5%ip4#bc #bc ,comp>e ,momms51 ,die ,re*tsv]hltnisse des ,apo/els ,paulus1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 ii1 #aija1 pp4 #hh-if4 ,bir? 9 a ,greek univ]sity city & ,roman citiz5%ip con/itute ! two facts :i* br+ ,paul into e>ly connection ) ! l>g] ,g5tile _w ( 8 day4 ,o!r facts1 equally well-atte/$1 sep>ate him j z cle>ly f ! ,g5tile _w & repres5t him z be+ f *ildhood a /rict ,jew4 ,^! facts might h be5 call$ 9 "q1 9 view ( ! pres5t t5d5cy ( criticism1 if !y _h be5 atte/$ only by ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,b =tunately x is j ^! facts :i* are atte/$ also by ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,9 #b ,cor4 xi4 #bb1 ,paul is decl>$ to be a ,hebrew1 & 9 ,phil4 iii4 #e he appe>s z a ,hebrew ( ,hebrews4 ,! ^w ,hebrew 9 ^! passages _c indicate m]ely ,israeliti% desc5t or g5]al adh]5ce to ! ,jews' religion4 ,if x did s x w\ld be a mean+less repetition ( ! o!r t]ms us$ 9 ! same passages4 ,obvi\sly x is us$ 9 "s n>r[] s5se4 ,! key to its mean+ is f\nd 9 ,acts vi4 #a1 :]e1 )9 ,judaism1 ! ,hell5i/s are di/+ui%$ f ! ,hebrews1 ! ,hell5i/s be+ ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion :o spoke ,greek1 & ! ,hebrews ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e :o spoke ,aramaic4 ,9 ,phil4 iii4 #e1 !re=e1 ,paul decl>es t he 0 an ,aramaic-speak+ ,jew & desc5d$ f ,aramaic-speak+ ,jews2 ,aramaic 0 us$ 9 8 boyhood home1 & ! ,pale/9ian tradition 0 pres]v$4 ,?is te/imony is n contr>y to :at 0 said above ab\t ,paul's use ( ! ,greek language--n improbably ,paul us$ bo? ,aramaic & ,greek 9 *ildhood--b x does contradict all ^? mod]n repres5tations :i* make ,paul fundam5tally a ,jew ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,?\gh he 0 born 9 ,t>sus1 he 01 9 ! ess5tial "* ( 8 family tradition1 a ,jew ( ,pale/9e4 ,ev5 m important is ! ass]tion1 f\nd 9 ! same v]se 9 ,philippians1 t ,paul 0 z t\*+ ! law a ,ph>isee4 ,conceivably1 inde$1 x might be argu$ t 8 ,ph>isaism 0 n d]iv$ f 8 boyhood home1 b 0 acquir$ lat]4 ,b surely x requires no excessively favorable e/imate ( ,acts to give cr$5ce to ! ass]tion 9 ,acts xxiii4 #f t ,paul 0 n only a ,ph>isee b ! son ( ,ph>isees2 & x is exce$+ly unlikely t ?is phrase ref]s1 z ,lightfoot#bd sugge/$1 to tea*]s r ?an to ance/ors4 ,= :5 ,paul says 9 ,gal4 i4 #ad t he advanc$ 9 ! ,jews' religion beyond _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 be+ m exce$+ly zeal\s = 8 pat]nal traditions1 x is surely natural1 :atev] int]pretation may be giv5 to ! ^w pat]nal1 to f9d a ref]5ce to ! ,ph>isaic traditions cultivat$ 9 8 boyhood home4 #bd ,on ,phil4 iii4 #e4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce1 !re=e1 = suppos+ t ,paul sp5t 8 e>ly ye>s 9 an atmosph]e ( lib]al ,judaism--a ,judaism really ?\gh unconsci\sly hospitable to pagan notions & pr$ispos$ to relax ! /rict requirem5ts ( ! ,law & break d[n ! b>ri] t sep>at$ ,israel f ! ,g5tile _w4 ,:e!r su* a lib]al ,judaism ev5 exi/$ 9 ,t>sus we d n "k4 ,at any rate1 if x did exi/1 ! h\sehold ( ,paul's fa!r 0 n 9 sympa?y ) x4 ,surely ! def9ite te/imony ( ,paul himself is "h wor? m ?an all mod]n conjectures4 ,& ,paul himself decl>es t he 0 9 language & 9 _s a ,jew ( ,pale/9e r ?an ( ! ,disp]sion1 & z t\*+ ! ,law a ,ph>isee4 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 ,paul w5t at an e>ly age to ,j]usalem1 receiv$ in/ruction !re f ,gamaliel1 ! fam\s rabbi1 & f9ally1 j be=e 8 conv]sion1 p]secut$ ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* 7,acts xxii4 #c2 vii4 #eh-viii4 #a2 ix4 #a1 etc474 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 ?is entire repres5tation has be5 que/ion$4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,momms51#be ,b\sset#bf1 ,heitmll]1#bg & ,loisy#bh t ,paul nev] 0 9 ,j]usalem be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,t he p]secut$ ! ,*ur* is1 ( c\rse1 atte/$ unequivocally by 8 own ,epi/les1 b ! p]secution1 x is said1 really took place only 9 su* cities z ,damascus1 & n at all 9 ,pale/9e4 #be ,op4 cit41 pp4 #he;f4 #bf ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 p4 #ib4 ,b\sset's d\bt ) reg>d to ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul ext5d$1 explicitly at lea/1 only to ! p]secution 9 ,j]usalem1 & x 0 a d\bt m]ely1 n a positive d5ial4 ,9 8 supplem5t>y "w he has admitt$ t 8 d\bt 0 unju/ifi$ 7,jesus d] ,h]r1 #aiaf1 p4 #ca74 #bg ,zum ,problem ,paulus und ,jesus1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xiii1 #aiab1 pp4 #cbj-ccg4 #bh ,l'pitre aux ,galates1 #aiaf1 pp4 #fh-gc2 ,les my/res paens et le my/re *rti51 #aiai1 pp4 #cag-cbj4 ,?is elim9ation ( ! e>ly resid5ce ( ,paul 9 ,j]usalem is no m]e by-product ( a g5]ally skeptical attitude t[>d ! ,book ( ,acts1 b is important = ! entire recon/ruction ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory :i* ,b\sset & ,heitmll] & ,loisy propose2 x is made to assi/ 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology4 ,paul reg>d$ ,jesus ,*ri/ z a sup]natural p]son1 come to e>? = ! r$emption ( m52 & t[>d ?is div9e ,*ri/ he assum$ a di/9ctly religi\s attitude4 ,h[ c\ld he h =m$ su* a conception ( a human be+ :o _h di$ b a few ye>s be=e8 ,if he _h be5 sep>at$ f ,jesus by sev]al g5]ations1 s t ! nimbus ( di/ance & my/]y w\ld h _h "t to =m ab\t ! figure ( ! ,galilean prophet1 !n 8 l(ty conception ( ,jesus might be expla9$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact he 0 actually a contempor>y ( ! ,jesus ^: simple human traits he obscur$4 ,h[ c\ld ! smell ( e>? h be5 s completely remov$ f ! figure ( ! ,galilean tea*] t ,he c\ld actually be reg>d$ by "o ( ,8 contempor>ies z a div9e ,r$eem]8 ,! "q c\ld p]haps be m easily answ]$ if ,paul1 be=e 8 l(ty conception ( ,*ri/ 0 fully =m$1 nev] came into any connection ) ^? :o _h se5 ,jesus subject to ! petty limitations ( human life4 ,?us ! elim9ation ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul1 by putt+ a geographical if n a temporal gulf betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul1 is ?\ght to make ! =mation ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology m compreh5sible4 ,pet] & ! orig9al disciples1 x is ?\ght1 nev] c\ld h sep>at$ ,jesus s completely f ! limitations ( ord9>y humanity2 ! simple memory ( ,galilean days w\ld 9 _! case h be5 an effective b>ri] aga9/ ,*ri/ological speculation4 ,b ,paul 0 subject to no su* limitation2 hav+ liv$ f> away f ,pale/9e1 9 ! company1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ^? :o l himself _h nev] se5 ,jesus1 he 0 free to transpose to ! ,galilean tea*] attributes :i* to ^? :o _h kn[n ! real ,jesus w\ld h seem$ excessive or absurd4 ,be=e exam9+ ! gr\nds ^u :i* ?is elim9ation ( ,paul's e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce is bas$1 x may fir/ be obs]v$ t ev5 su* h]oic measures d n really br+ ab\t ! desir$ result2 ev5 ?is radical rewrit+ ( ! /ory ( ,paul's boyhood & y\? w n s]ve to expla9 on naturali/ic pr9ciples ! orig9 ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology4 ,ev5 if be=e 8 conv]sion ,paul got no ne>] to ,j]usalem ?an ,damascus1 x /ill rema9s true t aft] 8 conv]sion he conf]r$ ) ,pet] & liv$ 9 m or less ext5d$ int]c\rse ) ,pale/9ian disciples4 ,! total lack ( any evid5ce ( a conflict betwe5 ! ,*ri/ology ( ,paul & ! views ( ^? :o _h walk$ & talk$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e? rema9s1 = any naturali/ic recon/ruction1 a puzzl+ fact4 ,ev5 )\t ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce1 ,paul rema9s too ne> to ,jesus bo? temporally & geographically to h =m$ a conception ( ,him entirely )\t ref]5ce to ! hi/orical p]son4 ,ev5 ) _! radical treatm5t ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 !re=e1 ,b\sset & ,heitmll] h n succe$$ at all 9 expla9+ h[ ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology ev] came to be atta*$ to ! ,galilean prophet4 ,b is ! elim9ation ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul hi/orically ju/ifiable8 ,m]e congruity ) a plausible !ory ( developm5t w n s]ve to ju/ify x4 ,= ! ,j]usalem resid5ce is /rongly atte/$ by ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,! te/imony ( ,acts c no long] be rul$ out except = v weighty reasons2 ! hi/ory ( rec5t criticism has on ! :ole exhibit$ ! rise ( a m & m favorable e/imate ( ! book4 ,& 9 ! case ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul ! te/imony is s insi/5t & s closely connect$ ) lifelike details t ! discr$it+ ( x involves an exce$+ly radical skepticism4 ,! pres5ce ( ,paul at ! /on+ ( ,/eph5 is n>rat$ 9 ! ,book ( ,acts 9 a concrete way :i* be>s e m>k ( tru/wor?9ess2 ! connection ( ,paul ) ,gamaliel is :at might h be5 expect$ 9 view ( ! self-te/imony ( ! apo/le2 ! acc\nt ( ,paul's vision 9 ! ,temple 7,acts xxii4 #ag-ba7 is bas$1 9 a mann] :i* is psy*ologically v natural1 ^u ! fact ( ,paul's p]secut+ activity 9 ,j]usalem2 ! pres5ce ( ,paul's si/]'s son 9 ,j]usalem1 atte/$ 9 a "p ( ! n>rative ( :i* ! ess5tial hi/oricity mu/ be univ]sally admitt$ 7,acts xxiii4 #af-bb71 sugge/s t family connections may h facilitat$ ,paul's resid5ce 9 ! city4 ,f9ally1 ! geographical details ( ! ?ree n>ratives ( ! conv]sion1 :i* place ! ev5t on a j\rney ( ,paul f ,j]usalem to ,damascus1 c]ta9ly look z ?\gh !y 7 f\nd$ ^u g5u9e tradition4 ,"o ( ! details--! place ( ! conv]sion itself--is confirm$ 9 a purely incid5tal way by ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 & ! read] has ! impression t if ,paul _h happ5$ to introduce o!r details 9 ! ,epi/les ! re/ ( ! n>rative 9 ,acts w\ld h be5 simil>ly confirm$4 ,except = ,paul's incid5tal ref]5ce to ,damascus 9 ,gal4 i4 #ag1 ! conv]sion might h be5 put by ,heitmll] & o!rs 9 a place ev5 m conv5i5tly remote ?an ,damascus f ! sc5e ( ,jesus' e>?ly labors4 ,b ! incid5tal confirmation ( ,acts at ?is po9t raises a di/9ct presumption 9 favor ( ! acc\nt z a :ole4 ,! ma9 tr5d ( mod]n criticism has be5 favorable on ! :ole to ! tradition embodi$ 9 ! acc\nts ( ! conv]sion2 x is a v extreme =m ( skepticism :i* rejects ! :ole framework ( ! tradition by elim9at+ ! j\rney f ,j]usalem to ,damascus4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul /ood absolutely firm 9 ! tradition us$ by ! au?or ( ,acts2 ! au?or has tak5 x z a matt] ( c\rse & wov5 x 9 ) 8 n>rative at _m po9ts4 ,su* a tradition c]ta9ly _c be lightly reject$2 ! burd5 ( pro( cle>ly re/s ^u ^? :o w\ld d5y its tru?wor?9ess4 ,! only def9ite pro( :i* is =?com+ is f\nd 9 ,gal4 i4 #bb1 :]e ,paul says t aft] 8 dep>ture = ,syria & ,cilicia1 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 he 0 unkn[n by face to ! *ur*es ( ,juda :i* are 9 ,*ri/4 ,if he _h engag$ 9 active p]secution ( ^? *ur*es1 x is argu$1 h[ c\ld he h be5 p]sonally unkn[n to !m8 ,by ?is argum5t a trem5d\s weight is hung ^u "o v]se4 ,&1 rightly int]pret$1 ! v]se w n be> ! weight at all4 ,9 ,gal4 i4 #bb1 ,paul is n speak+ s mu* ( :at took place be=e ! dep>ture = ,syria & ,cilicia1 z ( ! condition :i* prevail$ at ! "t ( t dep>ture & dur+ ! imm$iately ensu+ p]iod2 he is simply draw+ att5tion to ! significance = 8 argum5t ( ! dep>ture f ,j]usalem4 ,c]ta9ly he w\ld n h be5 able to speak z he does if be=e he left ,j]usalem he _h _h ext5d$ int]c\rse ) ! ,judan *ur*es1 b :5 he says t ! k ( ! ,judan *ur*es ab\t him 9 ! p]iod j succe$+ 8 dep>ture f ,j]usalem 0 a he>say k m]ely1 x w\ld h be5 p$antic = him to ?9k ab\t ! "q :e!r "s ( ! memb]s ( ^? *ur*es _h or _h n se5 him ye>s be=e z a p]secutor4 ,fur!rmore1 x is by no means cle> t ! ^w ,juda 9 ,gal4 i4 #bb includes ,j]usalem at all4 ,9 ,m>k iii4 #g1 #h1 = example1 ,j]usalem is cle>ly n includ$ 9 ,juda1 b is di/+ui%$ f x2 ,juda means ! c\ntry outside ( ! capital4 ,x may well be s also 9 ,gal4 i4 #bb2 & if s1 !n ! v]se does n exclude a p]sonal acqua9tance ( ,paul ) ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,b ev5 if ,juda is n us$ s z to exclude ! capital1 /ill ,paul's words w\ld be natural en\gh4 ,t ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* =m$ an exception to ! g5]al ass]tion 0 sugge/$ by ! acc\nt ( ! visit 9 ,j]usalem imm$iately prec$+1 & 0 probably well kn[n to 8 ,galatian read]s4 ,all t ,paul means is t he w5t away to ,syria & ,cilicia )\t becom+ acqua9t$ g5]ally ) ! *ur*es ( ,juda4 ,x is inde$ (t5 said t s9ce ! :ole po9t ( ,paul's argum5t 9 ,galatians 0 to %[ 8 lack ( contact ) ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 8 acqua9tance or lack ( acqua9tance ) ! *ur*es ( ,juda outside ( ,j]usalem 0 unwor?y ( m5tion1 s t he mu/ at lea/ be includ+ ,j]usalem :5 he speaks ( ,juda4 ,b ?is argum5t is n decisive4 ,if1 z is altoge!r probable1 ! apo/les except ,pet] 7 out ( ! city at ! "t ( ,paul's visit1 & 7 engag+ 9 mission>y "w 9 ,judan *ur*es1 !n acqua9tance ) ! ,judan *ur*es w\ld h meant int]c\rse ) ! apo/les1 s t x 0 v mu* to ! po9t = ,paul to d5y t he _h _h su* acqua9tance4 ,( c\rse1 ?is :ole argum5t aga9/ ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul1 bas$ on ,gal4 i4 #bb1 involves a rejection ( ! acc\nt :i* ! ,book ( ,acts gives ( ! visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion4 ,if ,gal4 i4 #bb means t ,paul 0 unkn[n by sight to ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 !n he c\ld n h gone 9 & out among ! disciples at ,j]usalem z ,acts ix4 #bh repres5ts1 b mu/ h be5 9 /rict hid+ :5 he 0 9 ! city4 ,su* is ! acc\nt ( ! matt] :i* is widely preval5t 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,n ev5 s mu* correction ( ,acts is at all requir$ by a correct und]/&+ ( ,gal4 i4 #bb4 ,b x is a /ill m unju/ifiable use ( t v]se :5 x is made to exclude ev5 ! p]secut+ activity ( ,paul 9 ,j]usalem4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! words ( ,galatians are really to be tak5 9 ! /ricte/ & mo/ lit]al s5se1 :at is to be done ) ,gal4 i4 #bc1 :]e 7imm$iately aft] ! words :i* h j be5 discuss$7 ,paul says t ! *ur*es ( ,juda 7 receiv+ ! report1 ,he t p]secut$ u =m]ly is n[ prea*+ z a gospel ! fai? :i* =m]ly he laid wa/e8 ,:at is meant by ! pron\n u 9 ?is v]se8 ,conceivably x might be tak5 9 a broad s5se1 z ref]r+ to all disciples :]ev] f\nd2 conceivably1 !re=e1 ! p]secution ref]r$ to by ! ,judan disciples might be p]secution ( _! bre?r5 9 ! fai? 9 ,t>sus or ,damascus4 ,b t is n ! k9d ( int]pretation :i* has j be5 appli$ to ! prec$+ v]se1 & ^u :i* su* a va/ /ructure has be5 re>$4 ,x may well be urg$ aga9/ ,heitmll] & ^? l him t if ,paul's words are to be tak5 s /rictly 9 "o v]se !y %\ld be tak5 9 ! same way 9 ! o!r2 if ! ,juda & unkn[n by face ( v]se #bb are to be tak5 s /rictly1 !n ! u ( v]se #bc %\ld also be tak5 /rictly1 & 9 t case ,paul is made to contradict himself1 :i* ( c\rse is absurd4 ,v]se #bc c]ta9ly does n fully confirm ! repres5tation ( ,acts ab\t ! p]secut+ activity ( ,paul 9 ,juda1 b at any rate x t5ds to confirm t repres5tation at lea/ z /rongly z v]se #bb t5ds to discr$it x4#bi #bi ,comp>e ,wellhaus51 ,kritis*e ,analyse d] ,apo/elges*i*te1 #aiad1 p4 #af4 ,?us ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul is /rongly atte/$ by ! ,book ( ,acts1 & is ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) ev]y?+ t ,paul says ab\t 8 ,ph>isaic pa/4 ,x is n surpris+ t ,b\sset has n[ rec$$ f 8 orig9al position & admits t ,paul 0 9 ,j]usalem be=e 8 conv]sion & engag$ 9 p]secution ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,t admission does n necess>ily c>ry ) x an acceptance ( all t ! ,book ( ,acts says ab\t ! ,j]usalem p]iod 9 ,paul's life1 p>ticul>ly all t x says ab\t 8 hav+ be5 a disciple ( ,gamaliel4 ,b ! decisive po9t has be5 ga9$4 ,if ! entire acc\nt ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem resid5ce ( ,paul is n rul$ out by ! te/imony ( 8 own ,epi/les1 !n !re is at lea/ no decisive objection aga9/ ! te/imony ( ,acts ) reg>d to ! details4 ,c]ta9ly ! common op9ion to ! effect t ,paul w5t to ,j]usalem to receive rabb9ical tra9+ is admirably 9 accord ) ev]y?+ t he says 9 8 ,epi/les ab\t 8 zeal = ! ,law4 ,x is also 9 accord ) 8 habits ( ?\ght & expression1 :i* 7 trans=m$ & glorifi$1 r ?an de/roy$1 by 8 ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,! decision ab\t e detail ( c\rse dep5ds ultimately ^u ! p>ticul> conclusion :i* ! inve/igator may h rea*$ ) reg>d to ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,if t book 0 writt5 by a companion ( ,paul--an op9ion :i* is ga9+ gr\nd ev5 9 circles :i* 7 =m]ly ho/ile--!n !re is e reason to suppose t ,paul 0 br\ght up 9 ,j]usalem at ! feet ( ,gamaliel 7,acts xxii4 #c74 ,"s important que/ions inde$ /ill rema9 unansw]$1 ev5 ) full acceptance ( ! ,lucan te/imony4 ,x c nev] be det]m9$1 = example1 at exactly :at age ,paul w5t to ,j]usalem4 ,! words1 br\ght up 9 ?is city1 9 ,acts xxii4 #c might seem to sugge/ t ,paul w5t to ,j]usalem 9 e>ly *ildhood1 9 :i* case 8 bir?place w\ld be ( comp>atively little importance 9 8 prep>ation = 8 lifework1 & all ! elaborate inve/igations ( ,t>sus1 s f> z !y are int5d$ to %$ light ^u ! environm5t ( ! apo/le 9 8 =mative ye>s1 w\ld become valueless4 ,b ! ,greek ^w br\ght up or n\ri%$ might be us$ figuratively 9 a some:at flexible way2 x rema9s1 !re=e1 p]fectly possible t ,paul's ,j]usalem tra9+ began1 n 9 *ildhood1 b 9 e>ly y\?4 ,at any rate1 an e>ly resid5ce 9 ,j]usalem is n exclud$ by ! ma/]ly way 9 :i* ! apo/le uses ! ,greek language4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ,pale/9e 9 ! fir/ c5tury 0 a bil+ual c\ntry2#cj ! pres5ce ( ho/s ( ,greek-speak+ ,jews ev5 9 ,j]usalem is amply atte/$1 = example1 by ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,acts4 ,moreov]1 ev5 aft] ,paul's ,j]usalem /udies _h begun1 8 connection ) ,t>sus ne$ n h be5 brok5 (f4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two cities 0 consid]able 7"s f\r or five hundr$ miles71 b travel 9 ^? days 0 safe & easy4 ,a p]iod ( tra9+ 9 ,j]usalem may h be5 foll[$ by a long resid5ce at ,t>sus4 #cj ,see ,zahn1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #cte ,aufl41 i1 #aijf1 pp4 #bd-cb1 #ci-dg 7,engli% ,translation1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #bnd ,ed41 #aiag1 i1 pp4 #cd-df1 #eg-ff74 ,at ?is po9t1 an int]e/+ "q arises1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c nev] be answ]$ ) any c]ta9ty4 ,did ,paul ev] see ,jesus be=e ! crucifixion8 ,9 ! light ( :at has j be5 e/abli%$ ab\t ! outl9e ( ,paul's life1 an affirmative answ] might seem to be natural4 ,paul 0 9 ,j]usalem bo? be=e & aft] ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus--be=e x :5 he 0 be+ br\ght up 9 ,j]usalem1 & aft] x :5 he 0 engag$ 9 p]secution ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,:]e 0 he dur+ ! int]val8 ,:]e 0 he on ^? occasions :5 ,jesus visit$ ,j]usalem--especially at ! "t ( t la/ ,passov]8 ,if he 0 9 ,j]usalem1 x seems probable t he w\ld h se5 ! great prophet1 ^: com+ caus$ su* a /ir among ! p4 ,& t he 0 9 ! city at ,passov] "t w\ld seem natural 9 view ( 8 devotion to ! ,law4 ,b ! matt] is by no means c]ta94 ,he may h return$ to ,t>sus1 9 ! mann] :i* has j be5 sugge/$4 ,! "q c\ld only be decid$ on ! basis ( actual te/imony ei!r 9 ,acts or 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,"o v]se has (t5 be5 ?\ght to provide su* te/imony4 ,9 #b ,cor4 v4 #af1 ,paul says1 ,ev5 if we h kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 yet n[ we "k him s no long]4 ,k ( ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% c only mean1 x is said1 k ( ,him by ! ord9>y use ( ! s5ses1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* "o man 9 ord9>y human int]c\rse kn[s ano!r4 ,t k9d ( k1 ,paul says1 has ceas$ to h significance = ! ,*ri/ian 9 8 relation to o!r m52 x has also ceas$ to h significance = him 9 8 relation to ,*ri/4 ,b x is t k9d ( k :i* ,paul seems to pr$icate ( himself1 z hav+ exi/$ 9 a previ\s p]iod ( 8 life4 ,he does n use ! unreal =m ( condition2 he does n say1 ,ev5 if we _h kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% 7?\gh z a matt] ( fact we nev] knew ,him s at all71 yet n[ we %\ld "k ,him s no long]4 ,app>5tly1 !n1 :5 he says if he means al?\gh2 he means to say1 ,al?\gh we h kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 yet n[ we "k ,him s no long]4 ,! k ( ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% is ?us put z an actual fact 9 ,paul's exp]i5ce1 & t c only mean t he knew ,him 9 ! way 9 :i* ,8 contempor>ies knew ,him 9 ,galilee & 9 ,j]usalem1 a way :i* 9 itself1 ,paul says1 0 altoge!r )\t spiritual significance4 ,"o objection to ?is int]pretation ( ! passage is t x proves too mu*4 ,if x means any?+1 x means t ,paul _h ext5d$ p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,jesus be=e ! crucifixion2 = if ,paul m]ely saw ,him = a few mom5ts--= example1 :5 ! cr[ds 7 surg+ ab\t ,him at ! "t ( ! la/ ,passov]--he c\ld h>dly be said to h kn[n ,him4 ,b1 = obvi\s reasons1 any ext5d$ int]c\rse betwe5 ,paul & ,jesus 9 ,pale/9e is exce$+ly improbable4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to look = "s o!r int]pretation4 ,o!r int]pretations und\bt$ly are possible4 ,"s ( ! int]pretations t h be5 propos$ mu/ inde$ be elim9at$4 ,= example1 ,paul _c possibly be contra/+ a =m] immature /age ( 8 ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce ) ! pres5t mature /age2 he _c possibly mean1 ,ev5 if 9 ! fir/ p]iod aft] my conv]sion ,i _h a l[ view ( ,*ri/1 :i* made ( ,him m]ely ! son ( ,david & ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 yet n[ ,i h come to a high] conception ( ,8 div9e nature4 ,= ! :ole po9t ( ! passage is f\nd 9 ! %>p break :i* comes 9 a man's exp]i5ce :5 he appropriates ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,any consci\sness ( a subsequ5t revolution 9 ! ?9k+ ( ! ,*ri/ian is n only unsupport$ any:]e 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 b is absolutely exclud$ by ! pres5t passage4 ,ano!r int]pretation also mu/ be elim9at$4 ,paul _c possibly be contra/+ 8 pre-,*ri/ian notions ab\t ! ,messiah ) ! high] k :i* came to him ) 8 conv]sion2 he _c possibly mean1 ,ev5 if be=e ,i knew ! fulfillm5t ( ! ,messianic promise ,i *]i%$ c>nal notions ( :at ! ,messiah 0 to be1 ev5 if ,i ?\ght ( ,him m]ely z an e>?ly rul] :o 0 to conqu] ! enemies ( ,israel1 yet n[ ,i h come to h a l(ti]1 m spiritual conception ( ,him4 ,= ! ^w ,*ri/1 especially )\t ! article1 c h>dly "h be any?+ o!r ?an a prop] "n1 & mu/ ref] n to ! conception ( ,messiah%ip b to ! concrete p]son ( ,jesus4 ,b ano!r int]pretation rema9s4 ,! key to x is f\nd 9 ! flexible use ( ! fir/ p]son plural 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! we ( ! :ole passage 9 :i* #b ,cor4 v4 #af is conta9$ ref]s prim>ily to ,paul himself4 ,b1 especially 9 #b ,cor4 v4 #af1 x may include also all true ambassadors = ,*ri/ ^: pr9ciples are ! same z ,paul's4 ,among su* true ambassadors !re 7 no d\bt to be f\nd "s :o _h kn[n ,*ri/ by way ( ord9>y int]c\rse 9 ,pale/9e4 ,b1 says ,paul1 ev5 if "s ( u h kn[n ,*ri/ 9 t way1 we "k him s no long]4 ,?is int]pretation is l+ui/ically m satisfactory1 p]haps1 ?an t :i* expla9s ! s5t5ce z simply a m vivid way ( pres5t+ a condition contr>y to fact4 ,grant$1 ,paul w\ld say accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 ev5 t we h kn[n ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle% 7:i* z a matt] ( fact we h n71 yet n[ we "k him s no long]4 ,b our int]pretation really am\nts to almo/ ! same ?+ s f> z ,paul is conc]n$4 ,at any rate1 ! passage is n s cle> z to ju/ify any c]ta9 conclusions ab\t ,paul's life 9 ,pale/9e2 x does n cle>ly imply any acqua9tance ( ,paul ) ,jesus be=e ! passion4 ,if su* acqua9tance is to be e/abli%$1 !re=e1 x mu/ be e/abli%$ on ! basis ( o!r evid5ce4 ,j4 ,weiss#ca seeks to e/abli% x by ! v fact ( ,paul's conv]sion4 ,paul1 ,weiss believes1 saw a vision ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,h[ did he "k t ! figure :i* appe>$ to him 9 ! vision 0 ,jesus8 ,:y did he n ?9k1 = example1 m]ely t x 0 ! ,messiah1 :o accord+ to "o /ra9 ( ,jewi% ,messianic expectation 0 already exi/5t 9 heav58 ,app>5tly he recogniz$ ! p]son :o appe>$ to him z ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,b h[ c\ld he h recogniz$ ,him z ,jesus unless he _h se5 ,jesus be=e8 #ca ,paulus und ,jesus1 #aiji1 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 ,comp>e ,ramsay1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,paul 9 ,t]ms ( ! ,pres5t ,day1 #aiad1 pp4 #ba-cj4 ,?is argum5t dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 altoge!r ^u ! naturali/ic conception ( ! conv]sion ( ,paul1 :i* reg>ds ! exp]i5ce z an halluc9ation4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! conv]sion giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,acts1 on ! contr>y1 x is di/9ctly said t f> f recogniz+ ! p]son :o appe>$ to him1 ,paul 0 oblig$ to ask ! "q1 ,:o art ?\1 ,"l8 & !n receiv$ ! answ]1 ,i am ,jesus4 ,su* a conv]sation betwe5 ,paul & ! ,"o :o appe>$ to him is p]fectly possible if !re 0 a real appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,*ri/1 b x exce$s ! ord9>y limits ( halluc9ations4 ,weiss has !re=e m]ely po9t$ out an additional psy*ological difficulty 9 expla9+ ! exp]i5ce ( ,paul z an halluc9ation1 a difficulty :i*1 on naturali/ic pr9ciples1 may h to be remov$ by ! assumption t ,paul _h se5 ,jesus be=e ! passion4 ,b if ,jesus really appe>$ to ,paul 9 su* a way z to be able to answ] 8 que/ions1 !n x is n necess>y to suppose t ,paul recogniz$ ,him4 ,! failure ( ,paul to recognize ,jesus 7accord+ to ! n>rative 9 ,acts7 does n inde$ positively exclude su* previ\s acqua9tance2 ! two disciples on ! road to ,emmaus1 = example1 also fail$ to recognize ! ,"l1 ?\gh !y _h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,him be=e4 ,b1 at any rate1 if ! sup]naturali/ic view ( ,paul's conv]sion be accept$1 ! exp]i5ce %$s no light :atev] ^u any previ\s p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,jesus4 ,?us !re is no cle> evid5ce = suppos+ t ,paul saw ,jesus be=e ! passion4 ,at ! same "t !re is no evid5ce to ! contr>y1 except ! evid5ce t is to be f\nd 9 ! sil5ce ( ! ,epi/les4 ,! argum5t f sil5ce1 prec>i\s z x is1 mu/ "h be all[$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( weight4 ,if ,paul _h se5 ,jesus be=e ! crucifixion1 w\ld n s important a fact h be5 m5tion$ some:]e 9 ! ,epi/les8 ,! matt] is by no means absolutely cle>2 a brief glimpse ( ,jesus 9 ! days ( ,8 fle% w\ld p]haps n h seem$ s important to ,paul1 9 view ( ! ri*] k :i* came aft]w>ds1 z x w\ld seem to u4 ,! sil5ce ( ! ,epi/les does1 h[ev]1 r5d] improbable any ext5d$ contact betwe5 ,paul & ,jesus1 p>ticul>ly any active opposition ( ! y\?ful ,paul t[>d ,jesus4 ,paul 0 deeply p5it5t = hav+ p]secut$ ! ,*ur*2 if he _h committ$ ! m t]rible s9 ( hav+ help$ br+ ! ,"l ,himself to ! %ameful cross1 ! fact w\ld naturally h appe>$ 9 8 expressions ( p5it5ce4 ,ev5 if ,paul did see ,jesus 9 ,pale/9e1 !n1 x is highly improbable t he 0 "o ( ^? :o cri$ out to ,pilate1 ,crucify him1 crucify him6 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is c]ta94 ,if ,paul nev] saw ,jesus 9 ,pale/9e1 he c]ta9ly he>d ab\t ,him4 ,! m9i/ry ( ,jesus caus$ consid]able /ir bo? 9 ,galilee & 9 ,j]usalem4 ,^! ?+s 7 n done 9 a corn]4 ,! appe>ance ( ,jesus at ! la/ ,passov] ar\s$ ! passions ( ! multitude1 & evid5tly caus$ ! deepe/ conc]n to ! au?orities4 ,ev5 "o :o 0 indiff]5t to ! :ole matt] c\ld h>dly h help$ le>n+ some?+ ( ! cont5t ( ,jesus' tea*+1 & ! ma9 outl9e ( ! /ory ( ,8 dea?4 ,b ,paul1 at lea/ at a "t only a v few ye>s aft] ! crucifixion1 0 n indiff]5t2 = he 0 an active p]secutor4 ,if he 0 9 ,pale/9e at all dur+ ! previ\s p]iod1 8 int]e/ probably began !n4 ,! outl9es ( ,jesus' life & dea? 7 kn[n to fri5d & foe alike1 & c]ta9ly 7 n unkn[n to ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion1 at ! "t :5 he 0 p]secut+ ! ,*ur*4 ,x is only a woeful lack ( hi/orical imag9ation :i* c attribute to ,paul1 ev5 be=e 8 conv]sion1 a total ignorance ( ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus4 ,! opposite error1 h[ev]1 is ev5 m s]i\s4 ,if ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion 0 n totally ignorant ( ,jesus1 on ! o!r h& 8 k only increas$ 8 opposition to ,jesus & ,jesus' foll[]s4 ,x is n true t be=e ! conv]sion ,paul 0 gradually com+ ne>] to ,*ri/ianity4 ,aga9/ any su* supposition /&s ! explicit te/imony ( ! ,epi/les4 ,despite t te/imony1 v>i\s attempts h be5 made to trace a psy*ological developm5t 9 ,paul :i* c\ld h l$ to ! conv]sion4 ,paul 0 conv]t$ ?r\gh a vision ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to ! sup]naturali/ic view t vision 0 a vision1 n 9 any specializ$ mean+ ( ! ^w1 b 9 its orig9al etymological mean+2 ,paul actually saw ! ris5 ,"l4 ,accord+ to ! mod]n naturali/ic view1 :i* rejects any direct creative int]position ( ,god 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 diff]5t 9 k9d f ,8 works ( provid5ce1 ! vision 0 produc$ by ! int]nal condition ( ! subject1 accompani$ p]haps by favorable conditions )\t--! heat ( ! sun or a ?und] /orm or ! l4 ,b 0 ! condition ( ! subject1 9 ! case ( ,paul1 really favorable to a vision ( ! ris5 ,*ri/8 ,if ! vision ( ,*ri/ 0 an halluc9ation1 z x is held to be by mod]n naturali/ic hi/orians1 h[ may ! g5esis ( ?is pa?ological exp]i5ce be expla9$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a c]ta9 basis = ! exp]i5ce is s\ght 9 ! physical organism ( ! subject4 ,accord+ to ! ,epi/les1 x is said1 ! apo/le 0 subject to a recurr5t malady2 ?is malady is spok5 ( 9 #b ,cor4 xii4 #a-h 9 connection ) visions & revelations4 ,9 ,gal4 iv4 #ad1 :]e x is said t ! ,galatians did n spit out :5 ! apo/le 0 ) !m1 an allusion is sometimes discov]$ to ! anci5t cu/om ( spitt+ to avoid contagion4 ,a comb9ation ( ?is passage ) ! "o 9 #b ,cor9?ians is ?\ght to e/abli% a diagnosis ( epilepsy1 ! ef=t be+ made to %[ t spitt+ out 0 p>ticul>ly preval5t 9 ! case ( t disease4 ,! visions !n become an additional symptom ( ! epileptic seizures4#cb #cb ,see ,kr5kel1 ,beitrge zur ,aufhellung d] ,ges*i*te und d] ,briefe des ,apo/els ,paulus1 #ahij1 pp4 #dg-abe4 ,b ! diagnosis re/s ^u totally insuffici5t data4 ,! visions are n reg>d$ 9 #b ,cor9?ians z "p ( ! buffet+s ( ! angel ( ,satan2 on ! contr>y1 ! two ?+s are %>ply sep>at$ 9 ,paul's m9d2 he rejoices 9 ! visions1 b prays ! ,"l t ! buffet+s may cease4 ,x is n ev5 said t ! visions & ! buffet+s came close toge!r2 !re is no real basis = ! view t ! buffet+s consi/$ 9 n]v\s exhau/ion foll[+ ! visions4 ,9 ,gal4 iv4 #ad1 ! spitt+ out is probably to be tak5 figuratively1 & ! object is y\r temptation 9 my fle%4 ,! mean+ !n is simply1 ,y did n reject me or spue me out2 & !re is no allusion to ! cu/om ( spitt+ out = ! purpose ( avoid+ contagion4 ,x is unnecess>y1 !re=e1 to exam9e ! elaborate argum5t ( ,kr5kel by :i* he s\ght to %[ t epilepsy 0 p>ticul>ly ! disease aga9/ :i* spitt+ 0 practis$ z a prophylactic measure4 ,!re is !re=e absolutely no evid5ce to %[ t ,paul 0 an epileptic1 unless ! v fact ( 8 hav+ visions be ?\ght to furni% su* evid5ce4 ,b su* a use ( ! visions prejudges ! great "q at issue1 :i* conc]ns ! objective validity ( ,paul's religi\s convictions4 ,fur!rmore1 ! fact %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t ,paul di/+ui%$ ! visions v %>ply f ! exp]i5ce :i* he _h ne> ,damascus1 :5 he saw ! ,"l4 ,! visions are spok5 ( 9 #b ,cor9?ians app>5tly ) reluctance1 z some?+ :i* conc]n$ ! apo/le alone2 ! ,damascus exp]i5ce 0 "p ( ! evid5ce = ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & _h a fundam5tal place 9 ! apo/le's mission>y prea*+4 ,all ef=ts to break d[n ?is di/9ction h fail$4 ,! apo/le reg>d$ ! ,damascus exp]i5ce z unique--n a my/]y l ! exp]i5ces :i* are m5tion$ 9 #b ,cor9?ians1 b a pla91 palpable fact capable ( be+ und]/ood by all4 ,b if ! ,damascus exp]i5ce is to be reg>d$ z an halluc9ation1 x is n suffici5t to exhibit a basis = x 9 ! physical weakness ( ! apo/le4 ,ev5 if ,paul 0 con/itutionally pr$ispos$ to halluc9ations1 ! exp]i5ce ( ?is p>ticul> halluc9ation mu/ be %[n to be possible4 ,! *all5ge has (t5 be5 accept$ by mod]n hi/orians4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t ! elem5ts ( ,paul's new conviction mu/ h be5 =m+ gradually 9 8 m9d2 ! ,damascus exp]i5ce1 x is said1 m]ely br\ght to light :at 0 really already pres5t4 ,9 ?is way1 ! enorm\s disp>ity betwe5 effect & cause is ?\ght to be remov$2 ! untold b5efits ( ,paul9ism are no long] to be reg>d$ z due to ! =tunate *ance ( an halluc9ation1 induc$ by ! weakness ( ! apo/le & ! heat ( ! des]t sun1 b r to a spiritual developm5t :i* ! halluc9ation m]ely reveal$4 ,?us ! mod]n view ( ,paul's conv]sion1 x is ?\ght1 may face bravely ! scorn ( ,beys*lag1 :o exclaim$1 :5 speak+ ( ! naturali/ic explanation ( ,paul's vision1 ,oh bless$ drop ( blood 444 :i* by press+ at ! "r mom5t ^u ! bra9 ( ,paul1 produc$ su* a moral wond]4#cc ,! drop ( blood1 x is said1 or :atev] may h be5 ! physical basis ( ! ,damascus exp]i5ce1 did n produce ! wond]s ( ! ,paul9e gospel2 x m]ely br\ght into ! sph]e ( consci\sness a psy*ological process :i* _h really be5 go+ on be=e4 #cc ,beys*lag1 ,die ,bekehrung des ,apo/els ,paulus1 9 ,!ologis*e ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 xxxvii1 #ahfd1 p4 #bda4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a psy*ological process1 by :i* ! apo/le 0 com+ ne>] to ,*ri/1 is sometimes ?\ght to receive docum5t>y support 9 "o v]se ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ,acts xxvi4 #ad1 ! ris5 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z say+ to ,paul1 ,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! goads4 ,accord+ to ?is v]se1 x is said1 ,paul _h be5 resi/+ a bett] conviction1 gradually =m+ 9 8 m9d1 t ! disciples might be "r ab\t ,jesus & he might be wrong2 t1 x is said1 0 ! goad :i* 0 really driv+ him4 ,he _h inde$ be5 resi/+ vigor\sly2 he _h be5 /ifl+ 8 d\bts by m & m fev]i% activity 9 p]secution4 ,b ! resi/ance _h n really br\ght him peace2 ! goad 0 really !re4 ,& at la/1 ne> ,damascus1 ! resi/ance 0 ov]come2 ! subconsci\s conviction :i* _h br\ght tumult into 8 s\l 0 at la/ all[$ to come to ! surface & rule 8 consci\s life4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! hi/orian is 9 grave dang] ( becom+ untrue to 8 own critical pr9ciples4 ,att5tion to ! ,book ( ,acts1 x has be5 ma9ta9$1 is n to be all[$ to color ! int]pretation ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 :i* are ! prim>y s\rces ( in=mation4 ,b "h ! proc$ure is rev]s$4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( a v]se 9 ,acts1 /&+1 moreov]1 9 a context :i* on naturali/ic pr9ciples _c be reg>d$ z hi/orical1 ! cle> te/imony ( ! ,epi/les is neglect$4 ,= ,paul 0 c]ta9ly n consci\s ( any goad :i* be=e 8 conv]sion 0 =c+ him into ! new fai?2 he kn[s no?+ ( d\bts :i* assail$ him dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 activity 9 p]secution4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v po9t ( ! passage 9 ,galatians1 :]e he alludes to 8 p]secut+ activity1 is ! sudd5ness ( 8 conv]sion4 ,f> f gradually com+ ne>] to ,*ri/ he 0 9 ! v mid/ ( 8 zeal = ! ,law :5 ,*ri/ call$ him4 ,! purpose ( ! passage is to %[ t 8 gospel came to him )\t human int]m$iation4 ,be=e ! conv]sion1 he says1 !re 0 ( c\rse no human int]m$iation1 s9ce he 0 an active p]secutor4 ,he c\ld n h spok5 9 ?is way if be=e ! conv]sion he _h already become half conv9c$ t ^? :om he 0 p]secut+ 7 "r4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/les !re appe>s 9 ! apo/le n ! slighte/ consci\sness ( 8 hav+ act$ aga9/ bett] convictions :5 he p]secut$ ! ,*ur*4 ,9 #a ,tim4 i4 #ac he di/9ctly says t he c>ri$ on ! p]secution 9 ignorance2 & ev5 if ,timo?y be reg>d$ z po/-,paul9e1 ! sil5ce ( ! o!r epi/les at lea/ po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,paul 0 deeply p5it5t = hav+ p]secut$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 b app>5tly he did n lay to 8 *>ge ! black s9 ( hav+ c>ri$ on ! p]secution 9 ! face ( bett] convictions4 ,:5 he laid ! ,*ur* wa/e he ?\ght he 0 do+ ,god s]vice4 ,9 ! v mid/ ( 8 mad p]secut+ activity1 he says1 ap>t f any tea*+ f m5--ap>t1 we may c]ta9ly inf]1 f any favorable impressions =m$ 9 8 m9d--! ,"l appe>$ to him & gave him 8 gospel4 ,paul /akes ev]y?+ ^u ! evid5tial value ( ! appe>ance1 :i* 0 able sudd5ly to ov]come an altoge!r ho/ile attitude4 ,su* is ! self-te/imony ( ! apo/le4 ,x re/s z a s]i\s weight ^u all attempts at mak+ ! conv]sion ! result ( a psy*ological process4 ,c]ta9ly ! passage 9 ,acts w n help to be> ! weight4 ,:5 ! ris5 ,*ri/ says to ,paul1 ,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! goads1 ,he ne$ n mean at all t ! pres5ce ( ! goad _h be5 kn[n to ,paul be=e t h\r4 ,! mean+ may be simply t ! w ( ,*ri/ is resi/less2 all opposition is 9 va91 ! appo9t$ h\r ( ,*ri/ has arriv$4 ,consci\s opposition on ! "p ( ,paul to a bett] conviction is c]ta9ly n at all impli$4 ,no d\bt ,paul 0 really mis]able :5 he 0 a p]secutor2 all activity contr>y to ! plan ( ,*ri/ br+s mis]y4 ,b t he _h ! slighte/ inkl+ ( ! s\rce ( 8 mis]y or ev5 ( ! fact ( x ne$ n be suppos$4 ,x is ev5 possible t ! h>dness ( resi/ance to ! goad is to be f\nd only 9 ! v mom5t ( ! conv]sion4 ,all resi/ance1 says ! ris5 ,*ri/1 all hesitation1 is z hopeless z = ! ox to kick aga9/ ! goad2 in/ant ob$i5ce alone is 9 place4 ,! weight ( ! apo/le's own te/imony is !re=e 9 no s5se remov$ by ,acts xxvi4 #ad4 ,t te/imony is unequivocally oppos$ to all attempts at exhibit+ a psy*ological process culm9at+ 9 ! conv]sion4 ,^! attempts1 h[ev]1 because ( ! importance :i* has be5 attribut$ to !m1 mu/ n[ be exam9$4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are becom+ less & less elaborate2 contempor>y s*ol>s are usually cont5t to dismiss ! psy*ological problem ( ! conv]sion ) a few g5]al obs]vations ab\t ! secret ( p]sonality1 or1 at ! mo/1 a brief ^w ab\t ! possible condition ( ! apo/le's m9d4 ,s9ce ! direct int]position ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ is reject$1 x is held t !re mu/ h be5 "s psy*ological prep>ation = ! ,damascus exp]i5ce1 b :at t prep>ation 0 rema9s hidd51 x is said1 9 ! secret places ( ! s\l1 :i* no psy*ological analysis c ev] fully reveal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! problem is n ?us to be dismiss$ z insoluble1 no unanimity has be5 a*iev$ among ^? :o attempt a solution4 ,two pr9cipal l9es ( solution ( ! problem may p]haps be di/+ui%$--t :i* beg9s ) ! objective evid5ce z x pres5t$ itself to ! p]secutor1 & t :i* />ts ) ! sev5? *apt] ( ,romans & ! p]secutor's own s5se ( ne$4 ,! =m] l9e 0 foll[$ by ,hol/51 ^: monographs /ill con/itute ! mo/ elaborate exposition ( ! psy*ological process suppos$ to lie back ( ! conv]sion4#cd ,accord+ to ,hol/51 ! process c5t]$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/4 ,t consid]ation ( c\rse result$ at fir/ 9 an attitude ( ho/ility on ! "p ( ,paul4 ,! ,cross 0 a %ameful ?+2 ! proclamation ( a crucifi$ ,messiah appe>$1 !re=e1 to ! dev\t ,ph>isee z an outrage\s blasphemy4 ,b ! disciples repres5t$ ! ,cross z 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god1 & support$ _! cont5tion by ! evid5ce = ! resurrection2 ! resurrection 0 made to ov]come ! (f5se ( ! ,cross4 ,b aga9/ ! evid5ce = ! resurrection1 ,hol/5 believes1 ,paul 0 helpless1 ! possibility ( resurrection be+ fully recogniz$ 9 8 ,ph>isaic tra9+4 ,:at !n if ! resurrection really v9dicat$ ! claims ( ,jesus to be ! ,messiah8 ,paul 0 by no means conv9c$1 ,hol/5 believes1 t su* 0 ! case4 ,b ! possibility 0 necess>ily 9 8 m9d1 if only = ! purposes ( refutation4 ,at ?is po9t ,paul began to advance1 accord+ to ,hol/51 beyond ! e>li] disciples4 ,on ! assumption t ! resurrection really did v9dicate ! claims ( ,jesus1 ! ,cross w\ld h to be expla9$4 ,b an explanation lay ready to h&1 & ,paul appli$ ?is explanation ) a ?or\ghness :i* ! e>li] disciples _h n atta9$4 ,! e>li] disciples remov$ ! (f5se ( ! ,cross by repres5t+ ! ,cross z "p ( ! plan ( ,god = ! ,messiah2 ,paul exhibit$ ! mean+ ( t plan mu* m cle>ly ?an !y4 ,he exhibit$ ! mean+ ( ! ,cross by apply+ to x ! category ( vic>i\s suff]+1 :i* c\ld be f\nd1 = example1 9 ,isaiah liii4 ,at ?is po9t ! pre-,*ri/ian developm5t ( ,paul 0 ov]4 ,! ,paul9e gnosis ( ! ,cross 0 already =m$4 ,( c\rse1 be=e ! conv]sion x 0 to ,paul entirely a matt] ( supposition4 ,on ! supposition1 /ill reg>d$ z false1 t ! resurrection _h really tak5 place1 ! ,cross1 f> f be+ an (f5se1 w\ld become a glori\s fact4 ,all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ,paul's gospel ( ! ,cross 7 ?us pres5t 9 ,paul's m9d be=e ! conv]sion2 ! validity ( !m _h be5 posit$ by him = ! purposes ( argum5t4 ,! only ?+ t 0 lack+ to make ,paul a disciple ( ,jesus 0 conviction ( ! fact ( ! resurrection4 ,t conviction 0 suppli$ by ! ,damascus exp]i5ce4 ,! un/able equilibrium !n 0 ov]2 ! elem5ts ( ! ,paul9e gospel1 :i* 7 all pres5t be=e1 fell at once into _! prop] places4 #cd ,hol/51 ,zum ,evangelium des ,paulus und des ,petrus1 #ahfh4 ,aga9/ ,hol/51 see ,beys*lag1 ,die ,bekehrung des ,apo/els ,paulus1 mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf die ,erklrungsv]su*e von ,baur und ,hol/51 9 ,!ologis*e ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 xxxvii1 #ahfd1 pp4 #aig-bfd2 ,die ,vision%ypo!se 9 ihr] neue/5 ,begrndung4 ,e9e ,duplik geg5 ,d4 ,hol/51 ibid41 xliii1 #ahgj1 pp4 #g-ej1 #ahi-bfc4 ,! o!r way ( expla9+ ! conv]sion />ts f ! sev5? *apt] ( ,romans & ! dissatisfaction :i* ,paul is ?\ght to h exp]i5c$ "u ! ,law4 ,paul1 x is said1 0 a ,ph>isee2 he made e ef=t to keep ! ,law ( ,god4 ,b he 0 too e>ne/ to be satisfi$ ) a m]ely ext]nal ob$i5ce2 & real ob$i5ce he _h n atta9$4 ,he 0 !re=e torm5t$ by a s5se ( s94 ,t s5se ( s9 no d\bt l$ him into a m & m fev]i% ef=t to keep ! lett] ( ! ,law & p>ticul>ly to %[ 8 zeal by p]secut+ ! disciples ( ,jesus4 ,b all 8 ef=ts 7 va92 8 ob$i5ce rema9$ insuffici5t2 ! curse ( ! ,law /ill re/$ ^u him4 ,:at if ! va9 ef=t c\ld be ab&on$8 ,:at if ! disciples ( ,jesus 7 "r8 ,( c\rse1 he believ$1 !y 7 n "r1 b :at if !y 78 ,:at if ! ,messiah _h really di$ = ! s9s ( believ]s1 9 accordance ) ,isaiah liii8 ,:at if salvation 7 atta9able n by m]it b by div9e grace8 ,^! que/ions1 x is suppos$1 7 9 ! m9d ( ,paul4 ,he answ]$ !m /ill 9 ! negative1 b 8 mis]y kept !m ev] be=e 8 m9d4 ,! ,law 0 ?us a s*oolma/] to br+ him to ,*ri/4 ,he 0 ready = ! vision4 ,9 bo? ( ^! l9es ( explanation importance is (t5 attribut$ to ! impression produc$ ^u ,paul's m9d by ! "* ( ! disciples4 ,:5ce did !y d]ive _! brav]y & _! joy 9 ! mid/ ( p]secution8 ,:5ce came ! f]vor ( _! love1 :5ce ! firmness ( _! fai?8 ,! p]secutor1 x is said1 0 impress$ aga9/ 8 w4 ,! fundam5tal objection to all ^! !ories ( psy*ological developm5t is t !y describe only :at might h be5 or :at ought to h be51 & n :at actually 04 ,no d\bt ,paul ought to h be5 com+ ne>] to ,*ri/ianity2 b z a matt] ( fact he 0 r gett+ fur!r away1 & he records ! fact 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms 9 8 ,epi/les4 ,!re are objections1 moreov]1 to ! v>i\s !ories ( developm5t 9 detail2 & ! advocates ( "o !ory are (t5 ! sev]e/ critics ( ano!r4 ,) reg>d to ,hol/5's exposition ( ! gnosis ( ! ,cross1 = example1 !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jews int]pret$ ,isaiah liii ( ! vic>i\s suff]+s ( ! ,messiah1 or _h any notion ( ! ,messiah's vic>i\s dea?4#ce ,x is n true1 moreov]1 z ,beys*lag po9t$ out aga9/ ,hol/51 t ,paul 0 helpless 9 ! face ( ! evid5ce = ! resurrection4#cf ,accord+ to ,paul's ,ph>isaic tra9+1 ! resurrection w\ld come only at ! end ( ! age2 a resurrection l ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 !re=e1 0 by no means a matt] ( c\rse1 & c\ld be e/abli%$ only by positive evid5ce ( ! mo/ direct & unequivocal k9d4 #ce ,see ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes1 #dte ,aufl41 ii1 #aijg1 pp4 #fdh-fea 7,engli% ,translation1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 ii1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ahd-ahg74 #cf ,beys*lag1 ,die ,vision%ypo!se 9 ihr] neue/5 ,begrndung1 9 ,!ologis*e ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 xliii1 #ahgj1 pp4 #ai-ba4 ,) reg>d to ! s5se ( s9 z ! goad :i* =c$ ,paul to accept ! ,savi\r1 !re is no evid5ce t be=e 8 conv]sion ,paul 0 "u real conviction ( s94 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ,rom4 vii4 #g-be1 ) its acc\nt ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! fle% & ! high] nature ( man1 ref]s to ! unreg5]ate r ?an to ! reg5]ate life2 & ev5 if ! =m] view is correct1 x is d\btful :e!r ! description is tak5 f ! apo/le's own exp]i5ce4 ,at any rate1 ! /ruggle1 ev5 if x be a /ruggle 9 ! unreg5]ate man1 is describ$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! reg5]ate2 x is n impli$1 !re=e1 t be=e ! entrance ( ! ,_s ( ,god a man is fully consci\s ( 8 own helplessness & ( ! desp]at5ess ( ! /ruggle4 ,! passage !re=e1 does n af=d any c]ta9 in=mation ab\t ! pre-,*ri/ian life ( ,paul4 ,und\bt$ly be=e ! conv]sion ! consci5ce ( ,paul 0 ar\s$2 he 0 consci5ti\s 9 8 devotion to ! ,law4 ,probably he 0 consci\s ( 8 fail+s4 ,b t su* consci\sness ( failure am\nt$ to any?+ l t g5u9e conviction ( s9 :i* leads a man to accept ! ,savi\r rema9s v d\btful4 ,recogniz$ failure to keep ! ,law p]fectly l$ 9 ! case ( ,paul m]ely to great] zeal = ! ,law1 a zeal :i* 0 manife/$ especially 9 ! p]secution ( a blasphem\s sect ^: tea*+ 0 subv]sive ( ! au?ority ( ,moses4 ,f9ally1 x is highly improbable t ,paul 0 favorably impress$ by ! brav]y ( ^? :om he 0 p]secut+4 ,x may seem /range at fir/ sight t ! same man :o wrote ! ?irte5? *apt] ( #a ,cor9?ians %\ld h hal$ helpless m5 & wom5 to prison )\t a qualm1 or li/5$ )\t pity to ! dy+ words ( ,/eph51 ,"l1 lay n ?is s9 to _! *>ge4 ,b x is v dang]\s to argue back f ! ,*ri/ian life ( ,paul to ! life ( ,paul ! ,ph>isee4 ,paul himself 0 consci\s ( a complete moral trans=mation z hav+ tak5 place 9 him :5 he saw ! ,"l ne> ,damascus4 ,:at 0 impossible = him aft] t trans=mation may well h be5 possible be=e4 ,moreov]1 if1 despite su* consid]ations1 we c\ld argue back f ,paul ! disciple ( ,jesus to ,paul ! ,ph>isee1 !re is "o *>act]i/ic ( ! apo/le :i* w\ld nev] h p]mitt$ him to p]secute ^? by :om he 0 favorably impress$--namely1 8 complete s9c]ity4 ,! picture ( ,saul ! d\bt]1 torn by conflict+ emotions1 impress$ by ! calmness & brav]y & magnanimity ( ^? :om he 0 p]secut+1 yet /ifl+ su* impressions by p]secut+ zeal1 is v romantic1 b v un-,paul9e4 ,b 9 attribut+ ! conv]sion ( ,paul altoge!r to ! exp]i5ce on ! road to ,damascus1 are we n heap+ up into "o mom5t :at mu/ ( v necessity 9 consci\s life be ! "w ( ye>s8 ,is x conceivable t ideas %\ld h be5 implant$ 9 ! m9d ( a p]son n by processes ( acquisition b me*anically z ?\gh by a hypod]mic syr+e8 ,w\ld n su* an exp]i5ce1 ev5 if x 7 possible1 be altoge!r de/ructive ( p]sonality8 ,! objection s]ves to correct possible misund]/&+s4 ,! view ( ! conv]sion :i* has j be5 set =? does n mean t :5 ,paul drew ne> to ,damascus on t memorable day he 0 ignorant ( ! facts ab\t ,jesus4 ,if he _h nev] he>d ( ,jesus1 or if hav+ he>d ( ,him he knew absolutely no?+ ab\t ,him1 !n p]haps ! conv]sion w\ld h be5 n only sup]natural b inconceivable4 ,b x is n ! traditional view ( ! conv]sion :i* is guilty ( su* exagg]ations4 ,!y are ! product r ( t sep>ation ( ,paul f ! hi/orical ,jesus :i* appe>s = example 9 ,wr$e & 9 ,b\sset4 ,accord+ to any reasonable view ( ,paul's pre-,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 ,paul 0 well acqua9t$1 be=e ! conv]sion1 ) _m ( ! facts ab\t ,jesus' life & dea?2 :at he receiv$ on ! road to ,damascus 0 a new int]pretation ( ! facts & a new attitude t[>d !m4 ,he _h kn[n ! facts be=e1 b !y _h fill$ him ) hatr$2 n[ 8 hatr$ 0 *ang$ into love4 ,ev5 aft] exagg]ations h be5 remov$1 h[ev]1 ! *ange wr\ght by ! ,damascus exp]i5ce rema9s revolution>y en\gh4 ,is t *ange conceivable8 ,c\ld hatr$ h be5 *ang$ into love m]ely by an exp]i5ce :i* conv9c$ ,paul ( ! fact ( ! resurrection8 ,! answ] to ?is "q dep5ds altoge!r ^u ! nature ( ! ,damascus exp]i5ce4 ,if t exp]i5ce 0 m]ely an halluc9ation1 ! "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative2 an halluc9ation c\ld nev] h produc$ ! pr(\nd *anges 9 ! p]sonal life ( ,paul :i* h j be5 contemplat$2 & ! hi/orian w\ld be oblig$ to fall back1 despite ! unequivocal te/imony ( ! ,epi/les1 ^u "s !ory ( psy*ological developm5t ( :i* ! halluc9ation w\ld only be ! climax4 ,b ev5 ^? :o ma9ta9 ! sup]naturali/ic view ( ! conv]sion h too (t5 fail$ to d ju/ice to ! cont5t ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,"o fundam5tal feature ( ! exp]i5ce has too (t5 be5 =gott5--! appe>ance on ! road to ,damascus 0 ! appe>ance ( a p]son4 ,sometimes ! ev5t has be5 reg>d$ m]ely z a sup]natural int]position ( ,god int5d$ to produce belief 9 ! fact ( ! resurrection1 z m]ely a sign4 ,und\bt$ly x 0 a sign4 ,b x 0 f> m2 x 0 contact betwe5 p]sons4 ,b contact betwe5 p]sons1 ev5 "u ord9>y conditions1 is exce$+ly my/]i\s2 m]ely a look or ! tone ( ! voice sometimes produces a/oni%+ results4 ,:o has n exp]i5c$ ! transition f m]e he>say k ( a p]son to actual contact8 ,"o meet+ is (t5 suffici5t to revolutionize ! entire impression2 indiff]5ce or ho/ility gives place at once to en?usia/ic devotion4 ,^? :o speak ( ! trans=mation wr\ght 9 ,paul by ! appe>ance ( ,jesus z magical or me*anical or inconceivable h nev] reflect$ ^u ! my/]ies ( p]sonal int]c\rse4 ,only1 x mu/ h be5 a real p]son :om ,paul met on ! road to ,damascus--n a vision1 n a m]e sign4 ,if x 0 m]ely a vision or a sign1 all ! objections rema9 9 =ce4 ,b if x 0 really ,jesus1 ! sight ( ,8 face & ! words ( love :i* ,he utt]$ may h be5 amply suffici5t1 provid$ ! he>t ( ,paul 0 r5ew$ by ! p[] ( ,god's ,_s1 to trans=m hatr$ into love4 ,to call su* an exp]i5ce magic is to blaspheme all t is highe/ 9 human life4 ,god 0 us+ no unwor?y in/rum5t :51 by ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ! ,savi\r1 ,he trans=m$ ! life ( ,paul4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no moral or psy*ological objection 9 ! way ( a simple acceptance ( ,paul's te/imony ab\t ! conv]sion4 ,& t te/imony is unequivocal4 ,paul 0 n conv]t$ by any tea*+ :i* he receiv$ f m52 he 0 n conv]t$ z ,*ri/ians are usually conv]t$1 by ! prea*+ ( ! tru? or by t revelation ( ,*ri/ :i* is conta9$ 9 ! lives ( ,8 foll[]s4 ,jesus ,himself 9 ! case ( ,paul did 9 visible pres5ce :at ,he ord9>ily does by ! means :i* ,he has appo9t$4 ,^u ?is imm$iat5ess ( ! conv]sion1 ,paul is will+ to /ake ! :ole ( 8 life2 ^u x he bases 8 apo/olic au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,g5tile ,,fre$om ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,g5tile ,,fre$om ,aft] ! conv]sion1 accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 ,paul receiv$ ! m9i/rations ( ,ananias1 & 0 baptiz$4#cg ,^! details are n exclud$ by ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,9 ! ,epi/le1 ,paul says t aft] ,god _h reveal$ ,8 son 9 him he did n conf] ) fle% & blood2#ch b ! conf]5ce ) fle% & blood :i* he 0 conc]n$ to d5y 0 a conf]5ce ) ! orig9al apo/les at ,j]usalem ab\t ! pr9ciples ( ! gospel1 n a conf]5ce ) humble disciples at ,damascus4 ,an ov]-int]pretation ( ,galatians w\ld "h lead almo/ to absurdity4 ,is x to be suppos$ t aft] ! conv]sion ,paul refus$ to h any?+ :atev] to d ) ^? :o 7 n[ 8 bre?r58 ,9 p>ticul>1 is x to be suppos$ t he :o aft]w>ds plac$ baptism z a matt] ( c\rse at ! beg9n+ ( ! new life = e ,*ri/ian %\ld himself n h be5 baptiz$8 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians does n m5tion 8 baptism1 b t omission m]ely illu/rates ! incomplet5ess ( ! acc\nt4 ,& if ! baptism ( ,paul1 :i* c]ta9ly mu/ h tak5 place1 is omitt$ f ,galatians1 o!r omissions mu/ n be reg>d$ z any m significant4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,galatians are n int5d$ to furni% complete biography4 ,only ^? details are m5tion$ :i* 7 important = ,paul's argum5t or _h be5 misrepres5t$ by 8 ,judaiz+ oppon5ts4 #cg ,acts ix4 #aj-ai2 xxii4 #ab-af4 #ch ,gal4 i4 #af4 ,aft] ,god _h reveal$ ,8 son 9 him1 ,paul says1 he w5t away into ,arabia4 ,app>5tly ?is j\rney to ,arabia is to be put v soon aft] ! revelation1 ?\gh ! con/ruction ( ! ^w imm$iately 9 ,gal4 i4 #af is n p]fectly cle>4 ,if t ^w goes m]ely ) ! negative "p ( ! s5t5ce1 !n no?+ is said ab\t ! "t ( ! j\rney to ,arabia2 ,paul w\ld say m]ely t 9 ! p]iod j aft] ! revelation ( ,god's ,son he did n g up to ,j]usalem4 ,!re w\ld !n be no difficulty 9 ! ass]tion ( ,acts :i* seems to put a /ay 9 ,damascus ) prea*+ activity 9 ! synagogues imm$iately aft] ! baptism4 ,?is int]pretation is adopt$ by a numb] ( mod]n comm5tators1 n only by ,b4 ,weiss & ,zahn1 :o might be suspect$ ( a bias 9 favor ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 b also by ,sieff]t & ,lipsius & ,b\sset4 ,p]haps m naturally1 h[ev]1 ! ^w imm$iately 9 ,galatians is to be tak5 grammatically ) ! positive "p ( ! s5t5ce or ) ! :ole s5t5ce2 ! s5t5ce w\ld !n mean1 ,imm$iately1 in/ead ( conf]r+ ) fle% & blood or go+ up to ,j]usalem to ^? :o 7 apo/les be=e me1 ,i w5t away into ,arabia & aga9 ,i return$ to ,damascus4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 !re is no real contradiction ) ,acts4 ,:5 ,paul tells :at happ5$ imm$iately aft] ! revelation he is ?9k+ 9 t]ms n ( days b ( j\rneys4 ,! v fir/ j\rney aft] ! conv]sion--& x took place soon--0 n to ,j]usalem b to ,arabia4 ,:5 tak5 9 ! context ! s5t5ce does n exclude a brief prea*+ activity 9 ,damascus be=e ! j\rney to ,arabia4 ,grammatically ! ^w imm$iately may g ) ! positive "p ( ! s5t5ce1 b 9 ess5tial import x goes r ) ! negative "p4 ,:at ,paul is really conc]n$ ab\t is to d5y t he w5t up to ,j]usalem soon aft] 8 conv]sion4 ,! ,book ( ,acts does n m5tion ! j\rney to ,arabia & does n make cle> :]e x may be ins]t$4 ,sometimes x is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ,acts ix4 #ai1 be=e ! words1 ,& he 0 ) ! disciples 9 ,damascus "s days4 ,9 t case ! discussion ab\t ! ^w imm$iately 9 ,gal4 i4 #af w\ld be unnecess>y2 t ^w c\ld be tak5 /rictly ) ! positive "p ( ! s5t5ce )\t contradict+ ! ,book ( ,acts2 ! j\rney to ,arabia w\ld h prec$$ ! prea*+ activity 9 ,damascus4 ,or ! j\rney may be plac$ be=e ,acts ix4 #bb2 x w\ld !n be ! cause ( ! great] vigor ( ,paul's prea*+4 ,f9ally1 x may be plac$ simply )9 ! _m days ( ,acts ix4 #bc4 ,! phrase1 _m days1 9 ,acts app>5tly is us$ to indicate fairly long p]iods ( "t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! au?or ( ,acts is n conc]n$ "h ab\t *ronology2 p]haps he did n tr\ble himself to inve/igate ! exact p]iod ( "t t elaps$ be=e ! j\rney to ,j]usalem4 ,he 0 cont5t m]ely to record ! fact t be=e ,paul w5t to ,j]usalem he engag$ = a consid]able "t 9 prea*+ 9 ! ,damascus synagogues4 ,c]ta9ly he mu/ "h be acquitt$ ( any attempt at subs]v+ ! int]e/s ( h>mony 9 ! ,*ur* by a falsification ( hi/ory4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ n[1 aga9/ ! ,tb+5 cont5tions1 t if ! au?or ( ,acts contradicts ,galatians1 8 contradiction is nave r ?an delib]ate2 ! contradiction or app>5t contradiction at lea/ %[s ! complete indep5d5ce ( 8 acc\nt4 ,he is n delib]ately %ort5+ up ! "t be=e ,paul's fir/ conf]5ce ) ,pet] 9 ! int]e/s ( a compromise betwe5 a ,paul9e & a ,petr9e p>ty 9 ! ,*ur*2 if he _h _h ! ?ree ye>s ( ,paul be=e him z he wrote he w\ld h _h no objection to us+ ! detail 9 8 hi/ory4 ,b inve/igation ( ! *ronology did n "h seem to be important4 ,! detail ( ! ?ree ye>s 0 va/ly important = ,paul's argum5t 9 ,galatians1 :]e he is %[+ t = a consid]able p]iod aft] ! conv]sion he did n ev5 meet ^? f :om he 0 said to h receiv$ 8 gospel1 b x 0 n at all important 9 a g5]al hi/ory ( ! progress ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ext5t ( ! j\rney to ,arabia1 bo? geographically & temporally1 is entirely unkn[n4 ,arabia includ$ n only v remote regions b also a t]ritory almo/ at ! gates ( ,damascus2 & all t may be det]m9$ ab\t ! l5g? ( ! ,arabian resid5ce is t x 0 less ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,possibly ,paul rema9$ only a few weeks 9 ,arabia4 ,9 t case ! omission ( ! j\rney f ! g5]al n>rative 9 ,acts is v natural4 ,! importance ( ,arabia 9 ,paul's argum5t is due simply to ! fact t ,arabia 0 n ,j]usalem2 ,paul m5tions ! j\rney to ,arabia simply 9 contra/ ) a j\rney to ,j]usalem :i* he is exclud+ 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 argum5t4 ,! only ?+ t might seem to require a consid]able /ay 9 ,arabia is ! n>rative ( ,paul's fir/ ,j]usalem visit 9 ,acts ix4 #bf-cj2 ! di/ru/ ( ,paul display$ by ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians is m easily explicable if aft] 8 conv]sion he _h be5 liv+ = ! mo/ "p 9 a region m remote ?an ,damascus f ,j]usalem4 ,a simil> consid]ation might possibly sugge/ t 9 ,arabia ,paul 0 engag$ 9 m$itation r ?an 9 mission>y activity2 he _h n yet become s well kn[n z a prea*] t ! ,*ri/ians ( ,j]usalem c\ld beg9 to glorify ,god 9 him1 z !y did a little lat]4 ,possibly also !re is an impli$ contra/ 9 ,gal4 i4 #af1 #ag betwe5 conf]5ce ) ! orig9al apo/les & direct communion ) ,*ri/2 possibly ,paul means to say1 ,in/ead ( conf]r+ ) fle% & blood 9 ,j]usalem1 ,i commun$ ) ! ,"l 9 ,arabia4 ,despite su* consid]ations1 ! matt] is by no means p]fectly cle>2 x is p]fectly possible t ,paul engag$ 9 mission>y "w 9 ,arabia4 ,b at any rate1 ev5 if t view be correct1 he also engag$ 9 m$itation4 ,paul 0 nev] a m]e practical ,*ri/ian 9 ! mod]n s5se2 labor 9 8 case 0 always bas$ ^u ?\ght1 & life ^u doctr9e4 ,! escape ( ,paul f ,damascus j be=e 8 fir/ visit to ,j]usalem is n>rat$ 9 ,acts ix4 #bc-be & 9 #b ,cor4 xi4 #cb1 #cc4 ,! m5tion ( ! e?n>* ( ,aretas ! ,nabatean k+ z hav+ au?ority at or ne> ,damascus causes "s difficulty1 & might n h pass$ un*all5g$ if x _h be5 atte/$ by ,acts4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 x is j ?is detail :i* appe>s1 n 9 ,acts1 b 9 an epi/le ( ,paul4 ,! fir/ visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem aft] ! conv]sion is describ$ 9 ,acts ix4 #bf-cj2 xxii4 #ag-ba2 ,gal4 i4 #ah1 #ai4 ,9 itself1 ! acc\nt 9 ,acts be>s e m>k ( tru/wor?9ess4 ,! only detail :i* might seem surpris+ is t ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians w\ld n at fir/ believe t ,paul 0 a disciple2 mu/ n a notable ev5t l ! conv]sion ( s prom95t a p]secutor h become kn[n at ,j]usalem 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree ye>s8 ,b if ,paul _h sp5t a l>ge "p ( ! ?ree ye>s 9 ,arabia1 :5ce news ( him c\ld n be easily obta9$1 ! report ( 8 conv]sion might h come to seem l a remote rumor2 ! v fact ( 8 )drawal might1 z has be5 sugge/$1 h ca/ suspicion ^u ! reality ( 8 conv]sion4 ,emotion1 moreov]1 (t5 lags beh9d cold reason+2 ! he>t is m difficult to conv9ce ?an ! m9d4 ,! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians _h kn[n ,paul only z a cruel & rel5tless p]secutor2 x 0 n s easy = !m to receive him at once z a bro!r4 ,?is "o detail is !re=e n at all suffici5t to rev]se ! favorable impression :i* is made by ! ,lucan acc\nt ( ! visit z a :ole4 ,! *ief objection to ! acc\nt is usually f\nd 9 a comp>ison ) :at ,paul himself says 9 ,galatians4 ,9 itself1 ! acc\nt is natural2 b does x agree ) ,paul's own te/imony8 ,"o app>5t div]g5ce may inde$ soon be dismiss$4 ,9 ,acts ix4 #bg x is said t ,paul 0 introduc$ to ! apo/les1 :]eas 9 ,gal4 i4 #ai x is said t ,paul saw only ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 7:o 0 n among ! ,twelve71 & ,pet]4 ,b possibly ! au?or ( ,acts is us+ ! t]m apo/le 9 a s5se broad en\gh to include ,james1 s t ,paul actually saw two apo/les--,pet] & ,james--or else ! plural is us$ m]ely 9 a g5]ic s5se to indicate t ,paul 0 introduc$ to :atev] repres5tative or repres5tatives ( ! apo/olic body may h happ5$ to be pres5t4 ,mu* m weight is commonly attribut$ to an objection drawn f ! g5]al repres5tation ( ! visit4 ,accord+ to ,acts1 ,paul 0 associat$ publicly ) ! ,j]usalem disciples & engag$ 9 an active mission among ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews2 accord+ to ,galatians1 x is argu$1 he 0 9 /rict hid+1 s9ce he did n become acqua9t$ p]sonally ) ! *ur*es ( ,juda 7,gal4 i4 #bb74 ,b ! objection1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 dep5ds ^u an ov]-int]pretation ( ,gal4 i4 #bb4 ,:e!r or no ,juda means ! c\ntry 9 %>p di/9ction f ! capital1 9 ei!r case all t is necess>ily meant is t ,paul did n become acqua9t$ g5]ally ) ! ,judan *ur*es4 ,! capital may well h =m$ an exception4 ,if ,paul _h meant 9 ! prec$+ v]ses t he _h be5 9 hid+ 9 ,j]usalem he w\ld h express$ himself v diff]5tly4 ,c]ta9ly ! mod]n repres5tation ( ! visit is 9 itself improbable4 ,! picture ( ,paul ent]+ ,j]usalem "u cov] ( d>kness or "u a disguise & be+ kept z a my/]i\s /rang] some:]e 9 a secret *amb] ( ,pet]'s h\se is c]ta9ly mu* less natural ?an ! acc\nt :i* ! ,book ( ,acts gives ( ! e>ne/ attempt ( ,paul to repair ! damage :i* he _h done to ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r concealm5t ( ,paul 9 ,j]usalem w\ld h be5 possible ev5 if ,paul _h cons5t$ to x2 he 0 too well-kn[n 9 ! city4 ,( c\rse ?is la/ argum5t w\ld be answ]$ if1 z ,heitmll] & ,loisy suppose1 ,paul _h nev] be5 9 ,j]usalem at all1 ev5 z a p]secutor4 ,b t hypo!sis is fac$ by absolutely decisive objections1 z has already be5 obs]v$4 ,! :ole mod]n repres5tation ( ! fir/ visit1 !re=e1 is bas$ solely ^u a v d\btful int]pretation ( "o v]se1 & is 9 itself highly unnatural4 ,surely x is mu* m probable t ! real reason :y ,paul saw only ,pet] & ,james among ! lead]s 0 t ! o!rs 7 out ( ! city1 engag$ 9 mission>y "w 9 ,juda4 ,_! pres5ce 9 ! *ur*es ( ,juda w\ld expla9 ! m5tion ( ^? *ur*es 9 ,gal4 i4 #bb4 ,paul is indicat+ ! meag]ness ( 8 direct contact ) ! orig9al apo/les4 ,! *ur*es ( ,juda w\ld become important 9 8 argum5t if !y 7 ! sc5e ( ! apo/les' labors4 ,aga9/ a v d\btful int]pretation ( ! acc\nt 9 ,galatians1 :i* br+s x into contradiction ) ,acts1 may !re=e be plac$ an entirely consi/5t int]pretation :i*1 :5 ! acc\nt is comb9$ ) ,acts1 produces a ?or\ghly natural repres5tation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,paul says no?+ ab\t :at happ5$ dur+ 8 fifte5-day int]c\rse ) ,pet]4 ,b x is highly improbable1 z ev5 ,hol/5 po9t$ out1 t he sp5t ! "t gaz+ sil5tly at ,pet] z ?\gh ,pet] 7 "o ( ! sights ( ! city4#ci ,und\bt$ly !re 0 conv]sation betwe5 ! two m51 & 9 ! conv]sation ! subject ( ! life & dea? ( ,jesus c\ld h>dly be avoid$4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians ,paul d5ies1 inde$1 t he receiv$ 8 gospel f m54 ,b ! b>e facts ab\t ,jesus did n con/itute a gospel4 ,! facts 7 kn[n to "s ext5t to fri5d & foe alike2 ,paul knew some?+ ab\t !m ev5 be=e 8 conv]sion & !n increas$ 8 k ?r\gh int]c\rse ) ! disciples at ,damascus4 ,! fifte5 days sp5t 9 company ) ,pet] c\ld h>dly h fail$ to br+ a fur!r enri*m5t ( 8 k4 #ci ,hol/51 op4 cit41 p4 #aah1 ,amn43 ,ab] natrli* kann 9 dem ni*t lieg51 ,paulus sei na* ,j]usalem gegang51 um d5 ,petrus fnfzehn tage lang /umm anzus*au54 ,die beid5 mnn] w]d5 mite9&] b] das evangelium ,*ri/i g]$et hab54 ,9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #c-g1 ,paul gives a summ>y ( :at he _h receiv$--! dea?1 burial1 resurrection1 & appe>ances ( ,jesus4 ,! va/ majority ( mod]n inve/igators1 ( all %ades ( op9ion1 f9d 9 ^! v]ses a summ>y ( ! ,j]usalem tradition :i* ,paul receiv$ f ,pet] dur+ ! fifte5 days4 ,und\bt$ly ,paul knew "s if n all ( ^! facts be=e he w5t to ,j]usalem2 ! facts 7 probably common prop]ty ( ! disciples 9 ,damascus z well z 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b x is inconceivable t he %\ld n h te/$ & supplem5t$ ! tradition by :at ,pet]1 ^: "n /&s fir/ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #e7 9 ! li/ ( ! appe>ances1 said 9 ,j]usalem4 ,rec5tly1 inde$1 an attempt has be5 made by ,heitmll] to repres5t ! tradition z be+ d]iv$ m]ely f ! ,*ri/ian communities 9 ,damascus or ,antio*1 & at be/ only indirectly f ,j]usalem2 ^! communities are ?us int]pos$ z an additional l9k betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4#dj ,b ! v purpose ( ! passage 9 #a ,cor9?ians is to emphasize ! unity ( tea*+1 n betwe5 ,paul & c]ta9 obscure ,*ri/ians 9 ,hell5i/ic communities1 b betwe5 ,paul & ! apo/les4 ,:e!r !re=e1 ,paul says1 x be ,i or !y1 s we prea* & s ye believ$ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #aa74 ,! attempt at sep>at+ ! factual basis ( ! ,paul9e gospel f ! primitive tradition %att]s ^u ! rock ( #a ,cor9?ians & ,galatians4 ,9 ,galatians1 ,paul says he 0 9 direct int]c\rse ) ,pet]1 & 9 #a ,cor9?ians he emphasizes ! unity ( 8 tea*+ ) t ( ,pet] & ! o!r apo/les4 #dj ,heitmll]1 ,zum ,problem ,paulus und ,jesus1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xiii1 #aiab1 pp4 #cbj-ccg1 especially p4 #cca4 ,aft] leav+ ,j]usalem ,paul w5t into ! regions ( ,syria & ( ,cilicia2 ! ,book ( ,acts1 m specifically1 m5tions ,t>sus 7,cilicia7 & ,antio* 7,syria74 ,! p]iod :i* ,paul sp5t 9 ,t>sus or 9 its vic9ity is = u altoge!r obscure4 ,9 all probability he engag$ 9 mission>y "w & includ$ ,g5tiles 9 8 mission4 ,c]ta9ly at ! conclusion ( ! ,cilician p]iod ,b>nabas ?\ght him suitable = ! specifically ,g5tile "w at ,antio*1 & x is probable t he _h already demon/rat$ 8 suitability4 ,8 apo/olic consci\sness1 also1 z atte/$ bo? by ! ,book ( ,acts & by ,galatians1 sugge/s t ! beg9n+ ( 8 life-"w z apo/le to ! ,g5tiles 0 n too long def]r$4 ,at ,antio*1 ! disciples 7 fir/ call$ ,*ri/ians 7,acts xi4 #bf74 ,! objections1 especially l+ui/ic1 =m]ly urg$ aga9/ ?is ass]tion ( ,acts h n[ = ! mo/ "p be5 sil5c$4 ,! ass]tion is important z %[+ t ! ,*ur* 0 becom+ s cle>ly sep>ate f ! synagogue t a sep>ate "n _h to be co9$ by ! ,g5tile population4 ,trem5d\s importance is attribut$ to ! ,*ri/ian community at ,antio* by ,b\sset & ,heitmll]1 :o believe t ! religion ( t community _h div]g$ 9 fundam5tal respects f ! religion ( ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 & t ?is extra-,pale/9ian ,*ri/ianity1 & n ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,j]usalem1 is ! basis ( ! religion ( ,paul4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! indep5d5ce ( ,paul :i* is atte/$ 9 ,galatians is app>5tly to be reg>d$ z indep5d5ce m]ely ov] aga9/ ! intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus2 app>5tly ,paul _h no objection aga9/ tak+ ov] ! tea*+ ( ! ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ians ( ,antio*4 ,?is repres5tation is out ( accord ) :at has j be5 e/abli%$ ab\t ! relations betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,x mu/ be exam9$ m 9 detail1 h[ev]1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,aft] at lea/ a ye>--probably m--,b>nabas & ,saul1 accord+ to ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be1 7 s5t up to ,j]usalem to be> ! gifts ( ! ,antio* ,*ur*1 :i* _h be5 collect$ 9 view ( ! fam9e prophesi$ by ,agabus4 ,?is fam9e visit is ! second visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem :i* is m5tion$ 9 ,acts4 ,! second visit :i* is m5tion$ 9 ,galatians is ! "o describ$ 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj1 at :i* ,paul came into conf]5ce ) ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,may ! two be id5tifi$8 ,is ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj an acc\nt ( ! visit :i* is m5tion$ 9 ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be8da #da ,= :at foll[s1 comp>e ,rec5t ,criticism ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 9 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 xvii1 #aiai1 pp4 #eig-fjh4 ,*ronology opposes no absolutely insup]able objection to ! id5tification4 ,! app>5t objection is z foll[s4 ,! fam9e visit ( ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be took place at ab\t ! same "t z ! ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ,acts xii1 s9ce ! n>rative ( ^? ev5ts is int]pos$ betwe5 ! m5tion ( ! com+ ( ,b>nabas & ,paul to ,j]usalem 7,acts xi4 #cj7 & t ( _! return to ,antio* 7,acts xii4 #be74 ,b ! ev5ts ( ,acts xii include ! dea? ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,i1 :i* c]ta9ly occurr$ 9 #dd ,a4,d4 ,! fam9e visit1 !re=e1 app>5tly occurr$ at ab\t #dd ,a4,d4 ,b ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj took place f\rte5 ye>s 7,gal4 ii4 #a7 aft] ! fir/ visit1 :i* 9 turn took place ?ree ye>s 7,gal4 i4 #ah7 aft] ! conv]sion4 ,!re=e ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj took place sev5te5 7#c #ad7 ye>s aft] ! conv]sion4 ,b if t visit be id5tifi$ ) ! fam9e visit & ! fam9e visit took place 9 #dd ,a4,d41 ! conv]sion mu/ h tak5 place sev5te5 ye>s be=e #dd ,a4,d4 or 9 #bg ,a4,d41 :i* ( c\rse is impossible s9ce ! crucifixion ( ,jesus did n occur till sev]al ye>s aft] t "t4 ,at fir/ sight1 !re=e1 x looks z ?\gh ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ! fam9e visit 7 impossible4 ,clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 %[s t ! *ronological data all all[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( leeway4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is by no means cle> t ! fam9e visit took place at exactly ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,h]od ,agrippa ,i 9 #dd ,a4,d4 ,! au?or ( ,acts has be5 c>ry+ on two ?reads ( n>rative1 "o deal+ ) ,antio* & ! o!r deal+ ) ,j]usalem4 ,9 ,acts xi4 #ai-cj he has c>ri$ ! ,antio* n>rative on to a po9t beyond t rea*$ 9 ! ,j]usalem n>rative4 ,n[1 :5 ! two n>ratives are br\ght toge!r by ! visit ( ,b>nabas & ,paul to ,j]usalem1 ! au?or pauses 9 ord] to br+ ! ,j]usalem n>rative up to date2 he tells :at has be5 happ5+ at ,j]usalem dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! read]'s att5tion has be5 div]t$ to ,antio*4 ,! ev5ts ( ,acts xii may !re=e h tak5 place "s "t be=e ! fam9e visit ( ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be2 ! fam9e visit may h tak5 place "s "t aft] #dd ,a4,d4 ,in=mation 9 ,josephus ) reg>d to ! fam9e1#db comb9$ ) ! ord] ( ! n>rative 9 ,acts1 p]mits ! plac+ ( ! fam9e visit z late z #df ,a4,d4 ,9 ! second place1 x is by no means c]ta9 t ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj took place sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! conv]sion4 ,! anci5ts sometimes us$ an inclusive me?od ( reckon+ "t1 9 accordance ) :i* ?ree ye>s might mean only "o full ye> ) p>ts ( two o!r ye>s2 ,janu>y1 #aibc1 w\ld ?us be ?ree ye>s aft] ,decemb]1 #aiba4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od ( reckon+1 ! f\rte5 ye>s ( ,gal4 ii4 #a w\ld become only ?irte52 & ! ?ree ye>s ( ,gal4 i4 #ah w\ld become only two ye>s2 ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj w\ld ?us be only fifte5 7#ac #b7 in/ead ( sev5te5 7#ad #c7 ye>s aft] ! conv]sion4 ,if1 !n1 ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj be id5tifi$ ) ! fam9e visit1 & ! fam9e visit took place 9 #df ,a4,d41 ! conv]sion took place 9 #ca ,a4,d4 7#df - #ae71 :i* is a possible date4 ,moreov]1 x is n c]ta9 t ! f\rte5 ye>s ( ,gal4 ii4 #a is to be reckon$ f ! fir/ visit2 x may be reckon$ f ! conv]sion1 s t ! ?ree ye>s ( ,gal4 i4 #ah is to be includ$ 9 x & n add$ to x4 ,9 t case1 ! conv]sion took place only f\rte5 7or1 by ! inclusive me?od ( reckon+1 ?irte57 ye>s be=e ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj2 or1 if ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj be id5tifi$ ) ! fam9e visit1 f\rte5 7or ?irte57 ye>s be=e #df ,a4,d41 t is1 9 #cb ,a4,d4 7or #cc ,a4,d471 :i* is a p]fectly possible date4 #db ,josephus1 ,antiq4 ,,xx4 v4 #b4 ,see ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes1 #cte u4 #dte ,aufl41 i1 #aija1 p4 #efg 7,engli% ,translation1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,division ,i1 vol4 ii1 #ahij1 pp4 #afi;f474 ,b ( c\rse *ronology does n decide 9 favor ( ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be2 at be/ x only p]mits t id5tification4 ,*ronologically x is ev5 slightly m conv5i5t to id5tify ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) a visit subsequ5t to ! fam9e visit4 ,! only subsequ5t visit :i* comes s]i\sly 9 "q is ! visit at ! "t ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv4 #a-bi4 ,! advantages ( id5tify+ ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be1 !re=e1 mu/ be comp>$ ) ^? ( id5tify+ x ) ,acts xv4 #a-bi4 ,if ! =m] id5tification be adopt$1 !n ,paul 9 ,galatians has n m5tion$ ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv4 #a-bi4 ,s9ce ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil dealt ) ! same "q z t :i* 0 "u discussion 9 ,galatians1 & s9ce x con/itut$ an important /ep 9 ,paul's relations ) ! orig9al apo/les1 x is a little difficult to see h[ ,paul c\ld h omitt$ x f ! ,epi/le4 ,?is objection has (t5 weigh$ aga9/ ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ! fam9e visit4 ,b 9 rec5t ye>s ! objection has be5 remov$ by ! hypo!sis :i* places ! writ+ ( ,galatians actually be=e ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil2 obvi\sly ,paul c\ld n be expect$ to m5tion ! ,c\ncil if ! ,c\ncil _h n yet tak5 place4 ,?is e>ly dat+ ( ,galatians has be5 advocat$ by a ,g]man ,roman ,ca?olic s*ol>1 ,web]1#dc & rec5tly x has won ! support ( m5 ( widely div]g5t po9ts ( view1 su* z ,emmet1#dd ,kirsopp ,lake1#de ,ramsay1#df & ,plooij4#dg ,( c\rse ?is hypo!sis dep5ds absolutely ^u ! correctness ( ! ,s\? ,galatian !ory ( ! address ( ! ,epi/le1 :i* f9ds ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia ( ,gal4 i4 #b 9 ,pisidian ,antio*1 ,iconium1 ,ly/ra & ,d]be2 = ! *ur*es 9 ,nor? ,galatia1 if !re 7 any su*1 7 n f\nd$ till aft] ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil 7,acts xvi4 #f74dh #dc ,die ,abfassung des ,galat]briefs vor dem ,apo/elkonzil1 #aijj4 #dd ,galatians ! ,e>lie/ ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 9 ,expositor1 #g? ,s]ies1 vol4 ix1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bdb-bed 7repr9t$ 9 ,! ,es*atological ,"q 9 ! ,gospels1 #aiaa1 pp4 #aia-bji72 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 #aiab1 pp4 xiv-xxii4 #de ,! ,e>li] ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aiaa1 pp4 #bfe-cjd4 ,9 a lat] book1 ,lake has modifi$ 8 views ab\t ! relation betwe5 ,galatians & ,acts4 ,! hi/oricity ( ,acts xv4 #a-bi is n[ ab&on$4 ,see ,l&m>ks 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 #aibj1 pp4 #fc-ff4 #df ,ramsay1 ,sugge/ions on ! ,hi/ory & ,lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,i4 ,! ,date ( ! ,galatian ,lett]1 9 ,expositor1 ,,viii1 v1 #aiac1 pp4 #abg-ade4 #dg ,plooij1 ,de *ronologie van het lev5 van ,paulus1 #aiah1 pp4 #aaa-adj4 #dh ,maurice ,jones 7,! ,date ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 9 ,expositor1 ,,viii1 vi1 #aiac1 pp4 #aic-bjh7 has adduc$ f ! ,book ( ,acts v>i\s argum5ts aga9/ ! e>ly date ( ,galatians1 :i*1 ?\gh wor?y ( att5tion1 are n q decisive4 ,"o objection to ! e>ly dat+ ( ,galatians is d]iv$ f ! close relation betwe5 t epi/le & ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,if ,galatians 0 writt5 be=e ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil x is ! e>lie/ ( ! extant epi/les ( ,paul & is sep>at$ by a p]iod ( "s six or eight ye>s f ! epi/les ( ! ?ird mission>y j\rney ) :i* x has ord9>ily be5 gr\p$4 ,?us ! ord] ( ! ,epi/les w\ld be ,galatians1 #a & #b ,!ssalonians1 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,romans4 ,?is ord] seems to te> asund] ! epi/les :i* naturally belong toge!r4 ,! objection 0 p>tially ov]come by a bold hypo!sis ( ,lake1 :o sugge/$ t ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 0 fir/ compos$ at an e>ly "t z an encyclical lett]1 & t lat]1 be+ modifi$ by ! addition ( a ,roman address & o!r suitable details1 x 0 s5t to ! ,*ur* at ,rome4#di ,on ?is hypo!sis ,galatians & ! sub/ance ( ,romans w\ld be kept toge!r because bo? w\ld be plac$ e>ly4 ,! hypo!sis c appeal to ! int]e/+ textual ph5om5on 9 ,rom4 i4 #g1 :]e ! words 9 ,rome are omitt$ by a few witnesses to ! text4 ,b ! evid5ce is insuffici5t4 ,& ev5 if ,lake's hypo!sis 7 correct1 x w\ld n altoge!r ov]come ! difficulty2 = bo? ,galatians & ,romans w\ld be remov$ f :at has usually be5 reg>d$ z _! natural position among ! epi/les ( ! ?ird mission>y j\rney4 ,9 reply1 x c\ld be said t recon/ructions ( an au?or's developm5t1 unless support$ by pla9 docum5t>y evid5ce1 are seldom absolutely c]ta92 ! simplicity ( #a & #b ,!ssalonians1 z ov] aga9/ ! great sot]iological epi/les1 ,galatians1 #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 is no d\bt due to ! immaturity ( ! ,!ssalonian ,*ur* r ?an to any immaturity 9 ,paul's ?9k+4 ,!re is !re=e no absolutely decisive objection aga9/ putt+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 ) its develop$ sot]iology1 be=e ! ,!ssalonian ,epi/les4 #di ,lake1 ,! ,e>li] ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aiaa1 pp4 #cfa-cgj4 ,on ! :ole1 x may be said t ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be is p]haps mo/ plausible :5 x is connect$ ) ! e>ly dat+ ( ,galatians1 be=e ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil4 ,b t id5tification1 :e!r ) or )\t ! e>ly dat+ ( ! ,epi/le1 mu/ n[ be consid]$ on its m]its4 ,is ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj to be id5tifi$ ) ! fam9e visit ( ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be1 or ) ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv8 ,! =m] id5tification possesses "o obvi\s advantage--by x ! second visit 9 ,galatians is ! same z ! second visit 9 ,acts2 :]eas if ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj is id5tifi$ ) ,acts xv4 #a-bi ,paul has pass$ ov] ! fam9e visit )\t m5tion4 ,! id5tification ) ! fam9e visit may !re=e conv5i5tly be consid]$ fir/4 ,accord+ to ?is id5tification1 ,paul _h two conf]5ces ) ! ,j]usalem lead]s1 "o at ! "t ( ! fam9e visit & "o "s ye>s aft]w>ds at ! "t ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil4 ,c\ld ! second conf]5ce conceivably h foll[$ ?us ^u ! =m]8 ,if ! conf]5ce betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem lead]s describ$ 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj took place at ! "t ( ! fam9e visit1 !n w\ld n ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil seem to be a m]e mean+less repetition ( ! =m] conf]5ce8 ,if ! matt] ( ,g5tile fre$om _h already be5 settl$ 7,gal4 ii4 #a-aj7 at ! fam9e visit1 h[ c\ld x come up aga9 de novo at ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil8 ,?is objection is by no means insup]able4 ,! meet+ describ$ 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj may h be5 m]ely a private meet+ betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les4 ,al?\gh ! pres5ce ( ,titus1 ! uncircumcis$ ,g5tile1 0 no d\bt a matt] ( public k1 x ne$ n necess>ily h giv5 rise to any public discussion1 s9ce x 0 n unprec$5t$1 ,cornelius also hav+ be5 receiv$ into ! ,*ur* )\t circumcision4 ,b if ! fam9e visit br\ght m]ely a private conf]5ce betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les1 ,g5tile fre$om 0 /ill op5 to attack1 especially if1 aft] ! fam9e visit1 !re 0 7z is 9 any case probable7 an influx ( /rict legali/s into ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,!re 0 no public pron\ncem5t ( ! orig9al apo/les to :i* ! advocates ( fre$om c\ld appeal4 ,!re 0 !re=e /ill urg5t ne$ ( a public c\ncil su* z ! "o describ$ 9 ,acts xv4 #a-bi1 especially s9ce t c\ncil dealt n only ) ! g5]al "q ( ,g5tile fre$om b also ) ! problem ( mix$ communities :]e ,jews & ,g5tiles 7 liv+ toge!r4 ,! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 !re=e1 may well h tak5 place 9 ! way describ$ 9 ,acts xv4 #a-bi ev5 if ! conf]5ce ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj _h be5 held "s ye>s be=e4 ,no absolutely decisive objection1 !re=e1 has yet be5 f\nd aga9/ ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be4 ,b ! prima facie evid5ce has usually be5 reg>d$ z favor+ ! alt]native id5tification1 s9ce ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj be>s mu* m resemblance to ,acts xv4 #a-bi ?an x does to ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be4 ,resemblance to ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be is n1 inde$1 altoge!r lack+4 ,9 bo? ,galatians ii4 #a-aj & ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be1 ,b>nabas is repres5t$ z go+ up ) ,paul to ,j]usalem2 9 bo? passages !re is ref]5ce to gifts = ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*2 & ! revelation ref]r$ to 9 ,gal4 ii4 #b z ! occasion ( ! j\rney may be discov]$ 9 ! revelation ( ! fam9e made to ,agabus 7,acts xi4 #bh74 ,b ! relief ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 :i* is put z ! sole purpose ( ! j\rney 9 ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be1 is q subord9ate 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj2 ,b>nabas is ) ,paul 9 ,acts xv4 #a-bi j z mu* z he is 9 ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be2 & x may be que/ion$ :e!r 9 ,gal4 ii4 #b x is n m natural to ?9k ( a revelation com+ to ,paul r ?an "o com+ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,agabus4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t1 h[ev]1 = id5tify+ ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts ,,xv4 #a-bi is t ! ma9 purpose ( ,paul's visit seems to be ! same accord+ to bo? passages2 accord+ to bo? ! matt] ( circumcision ( ,g5tiles 0 "u discussion1 & accord+ to bo? ! result 0 a triumph = ! cause ( fre$om4 ,?is id5tification mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,v>i\s objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ x4 ,^! objections lead1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view ( ! objector1 ei!r to an acceptance ( ! alt]native id5tification 7) ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be7 or else to a rejection ( ! hi/oricity ( ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,! fir/ objection is d]iv$ f ! fact t if ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj is to be id5tifi$ ) ,acts ,,xv4 #a-bi1 ,paul has pass$ ov] ! fam9e visit )\t m5tion4 ,c\ld he h done s hone/ly1 if t visit _h really occurr$8 ,9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,galatians ,paul is e/abli%+ ! indep5d5ce ( 8 apo/olic au?ority2 he _h n1 he says1 z ! ,judaiz]s ma9ta9$1 receiv$ 8 au?ority ?r\gh m$iation ( ! orig9al apo/les4 ,at fir/1 he says1 he came into no effective contact ) ! apo/les2 x 0 ?ree ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion be=e he saw any ( !m2 !n he saw only ,pet] 7& ,james7 & t only = fifte5 days4 ,!n he w5t away into ! regions ( ,syria & ( ,cilicia )\t ev] becom+ kn[n by face to ! ,*ur*es ( ,juda2 !n aft] f\rte5 ye>s aga9 he w5t up to ,j]usalem 7,gal4 ii4 #a74 ,is x n ! v po9t ( ! passage t aft] 8 dep>ture to ,syria & ,cilicia x 0 f\rte5 long ye>s be=e he aga9 w5t up to ,j]usalem8 ,w\ld n 8 entire argum5t be invalidat$ if !re 7 an unm5tion$ visit to ,j]usalem betwe5 ! fir/ visit 7,gal4 i4 #ah1 #ai7 & ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj8 ,if su* a visit _h tak5 place1 w\ld he n h _h to m5tion x 9 ord] to place x 9 ! prop] light z he _h done 9 ! case ( ! fir/ visit8 ,by omitt+ to m5tion ! visit 9 a context :]e he is c>efully trac+ ! hi/ory ( 8 relations ) ! ,j]usalem lead]s1 w\ld he n be expos+ himself to ! *>ge ( di%one/ suppression ( facts8 ,su* consid]ations h l$ a great numb] ( inve/igators to reject ! hi/oricity ( ! fam9e visit2 !re nev] c\ld h be51 !y insi/1 a visit betwe5 ! fir/ visit & ! visit ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj2 = if !re _h be51 ,paul w\ld h be5 oblig$ to m5tion x1 n only by 8 own hone/y1 b also because ( ! impossibility ( deception4 ,?is is "o ( ! po9ts :]e ! n>rative 9 ,acts has be5 mo/ insi/5tly criticiz$4 ,"h & !re1 inde$1 !re h be5 discordant notes 9 ! *orus ( criticism2 ! insuffici5cy ( ! objection has be5 admitt$ n[ & !n ev5 by ^? :o are f> remov$ f any conc]n = ! def5se ( ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,baur himself1 despite all 8 ,tb+5 sev]ity ( criticism1 0 cle>-sight$ en\gh n to lay /ress ^u ?is p>ticul> objection2#ej & 9 rec5t ye>s ,j4 ,weiss has be5 equally disc]n+4#ea ,9 ,galatians ,paul is n giv+ a complete enum]ation ( 8 visits to ,j]usalem1 b m]ely s+l+ out ^? details :i* _h =m$ ! basis ( ! ,judaiz]s' attack1 or af=d$ peculi> support to 8 own cont5tions4 ,app>5tly ! ,judaiz]s _h misrepres5t$ ! fir/ visit2 t is ! "t1 !y _h said1 :5 ,paul came "u ! au?ority ( ! orig9al apo/les4 ,9 answ] to ?is attack ,paul is oblig$ to deal c>efully ) t fir/ visit2 x came ?ree ye>s aft] ! conv]sion1 he says1 & x la/$ only fifte5 days--surely n long en\gh to make ,paul a disciple ( ,pet]4 ,!n ,paul w5t away into ! regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia4 ,probably1 = ! fir/ read]s1 :o 7 famili> ) ! outl9es ( ,paul's life1 ?is dep>ture = ,syria & ,cilicia cle>ly meant ! entrance by ,paul into 8 di/9ctive ,g5tile "w4 ,he 0 well laun*$ ^u 8 ,g5tile "w1 fully engag$ 9 ! proclamation ( 8 gospel1 be=e he _h ev] _h su* contact ) ! orig9al apo/les z c\ld possibly h giv5 him t gospel4 ,at ?is po9t1 z ,j4 ,weiss#eb well obs]ves1 !re is a transition 9 ! argum5t4 ,! argum5t bas$ on lack ( contact ) ! orig9al apo/les has be5 f9i%$1 & n[ gives place to an entirely diff]5t argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,galatians ,paul has be5 %[+ t at fir/ he _h no su* contact ) ! orig9al apo/les z c\ld h made him a disciple ( !irs2 n[1 9 ! second *apt] he proce$s to %[ t :5 he did come into conf]5ce ) !m1 !y !mselves recogniz$ t he 0 no disciple ( !irs b an indep5d5t apo/le4 ,app>5tly ?is conf]5ce1 l ! fir/ visit1 _h be5 misrepres5t$ by ! ,judaiz]s1 & h5ce ne$$ to be s+l$ out = special treatm5t4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,paul is int]e/$ 9 ! late date at :i* x occurr$--f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ visit or f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! conv]sion4 ,probably1 !re=e1 x 0 ! fir/ real conf]5ce :i* ,paul held ) ! orig9al apo/les on ! subject ( 8 ,g5tile "w4 ,if ! fam9e visit _h involv$ su* a conf]5ce1 probably ,paul w\ld h m5tion$ t visit4 ,b if 7z is n improbable on indep5d5t gr\nds7 ! apo/les 7 away f ,j]usalem at ! "t ( ! fam9e visit1 & if t visit occurr$ long aft] ,paul _h be5 well laun*$ ^u 8 di/9ctive "w1 & if x _h giv5 ! ,judaiz]s s little basis = _! cont5tions t !y _h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to draw x into ! discussion1 !n ,paul 0 n oblig$ to m5tion x4 ,paul is n con/ruct+ an argum5t :i* w\ld hold aga9/ all possible attacks1 b r is meet+ ! attacks :i* _h actually be5 laun*$4 ,9 ! second *apt]1 hav+ f9i%$ prov+ t 9 ! decisive e>ly p]iod be=e he 0 well engag$ 9 8 di/9ctive "w !re 0 n ev5 any ext5d$ contact ) ! orig9al apo/les at all1 he proce$s to ! tell+ argum5t t ! v m5 :o 7 appeal$ to by ! ,judaiz]s !mselves _h admitt$ t he 0 entirely indep5d5t ( !m & t !y _h no?+ to add to him4 ,if ! fam9e visit _h occurr$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 or if1 :5ev] x occurr$1 x _h involv$ ! important ev5t ( a conf]5ce ) ! apo/les ab\t ! ,paul9e gospel1 9 ei!r case ,paul w\ld probably h be5 oblig$ to m5tion x4 ,b1 z x is1 ! visit1 accord+ to ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be1 did n occur until ,paul _h already be5 engag$ 9 ! ,g5tile "w1 & !re is no reason to suppose t x involv$ any contact ) ! orig9al apo/les4 ,! omission ( ! fam9e visit f ,galatians1 !re=e1 z a visit di/9ct f ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj1 does n absolutely require ei!r ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) t fam9e visit or ! d5ial ( ! hi/oricity ( ,acts4 #ej ,baur1 ,paulus1 #bte ,aufl41 #ahff1 pp4 #acj-acb 7,engli% ,translation1 ,paul i1 #ahgc1 pp4 #aah-abj74 ,baur does ma9ta9 t ,gal4 ii4 #a r5d]s improbable a second visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem be=e ! conf]5ce ) ! apo/les :i* is n>rat$ 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a1 b po9ts out t 9 itself ! v]se is capable ( a diff]5t int]pretation4 #ea ,j4 ,weiss1 ,ur*ri/5tum1 #aiad1 p4 #adg1 ,anm4 #b4 #eb ,loc4 cit4 ,c]ta9 o!r difficulties em]ge1 h[ev]1 :5 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj is comp>$ ) ,acts xv4 #a-bi 9 detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! lead]s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 x is said1 are repres5t$ 9 ,acts xv4 #a-bi z ma9ta9+ ,paul9e pr9ciples1 :]eas 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj x appe>s t !re 0 really a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ,paul4 ,?is difficulty con/itutes an objection n aga9/ ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts ,,xv4 #a-bi b aga9/ ! hi/oricity ( ,acts1 = if at any "t !re 0 a really fundam5tal diff]5ce ( pr9ciple betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les !n ! :ole repres5tation 9 ,acts is radically incorrect4 ,b ! objection disappe>s altoge!r :5 ,galatians is correctly int]pret$4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians does n repres5t ! conf]5ce betwe5 ,paul & ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* z result+ 9 a cold agreem5t to disagree2 on ! contr>y x repres5ts ^? lead]s z giv+ to ,paul & ,b>nabas ! "r h& ( fell[%ip4 ,& ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba1 rightly int]pret$1 atte/s positively a real unity ( pr9ciple z exi/+ betwe5 ,paul & ,pet]4 ,! "o objection t rema9s aga9/ ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts ,,xv4 #a-bi conc]ns ! ,apo/olic ,decree ( ,acts ,,xv4 #bh1 #bi 7comp>e ,acts ,,xv4 #ai1 #bj2 xxi4 #be74 ,accord+ to ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians ! apo/les at ! "t ( ! conf]5ce add$ no?+ to ,paul 7,gal4 ii4 #f72 accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 x is argu$1 !y add$ some?+ v important inde$--namely1 ! requirem5ts ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree t ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians %\ld refra9 f ?+s (f]$ to idols & f blood & f ?+s /rangl$ & f =nication4 ,s9ce ^! requirem5ts are p>tly at lea/ c]emonial1 !y seem to con/itute an exception to ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ,g5tile fre$om1 & !re=e an addition to ,paul's gospel4 ,if :5 ,paul pres5t$ to ! orig9al apo/les ! gospel :i* he 0 prea*+ among ! ,g5tiles1 involv+ ! free (f] ( salvation ap>t f ! ,law1 ! apo/les em5d$ t gospel by requir+ at lea/ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c]emonial ,law1 7 !y n add+ some?+ to ,paul8 ,b are ! provisions ( ! decree really c]emonial8 ,app>5tly !y are 9 "p c]emonial if ! s-call$ ,neutral text atte/$ by ! ,codex ,s9aiticus & ! ,codex ,vaticanus be correct4 ,accord+ to ?is text1 :i* "h lies at ! basis ( all =ms ( our ,engli% ,bible1 blood c h>dly ref] to any?+ except meat t has ! blood left 9 x or else blood t might be prep>$ sep>ately = food2 = ?+s /rangl$ c]ta9ly ref]s to a closely relat$ provision ( ! c]emonial ,law ab\t food4 ,b at ?is po9t an int]e/+ textual "q arises4 ,! s-call$ ,we/]n text ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 atte/$ by ! ,codex ,bezae & ! usual companion witnesses1 omits ! ^w translat$ ?+s /rangl$ or :at is /rangl$ 9 ,acts ,,xv4 #bj1 #bi2 xxi4 #be1 & 9 ! fir/ two ( ^! ?ree passages adds ! negative =m ( ! ,gold5 ,rule4 ,?us ! ,we/]n text reads 9 ,acts ,,xv4 #bh1 #bi z foll[s3 ,= x has seem$ good to ! ,holy ,_s & to u to lay no fur!r burd5 ^u y except ^! necess>y ?+s--t y refra9 f ?+s (f]$ to idols & f blood & f =nication1 & t y d n to ano!r :atsoev] ?+s y d n wi% to be done to y4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! ,gold5 ,rule has "h be5 add$ by a copyi/2 b ! omission ( ?+s /rangl$ is ?\ght by _m mod]n s*ol>s to pres]ve ! read+ ( ! autograph4 ,if ?is %ort text )\t ?+s /rangl$ be correct1 !n ! provisions ( ! ,decree ne$ n be reg>d$ z c]emonial at all1 b may be tak5 z simply moral4 ,?+s (f]$ to idols may ref] to idolatry 9 g5]al2 blood may ref] to murd]2 & =nication may be meant 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se4 ,b if ! provisions ( ! ,decree 7 simply moral1 !n pla9ly !y did n con/itute any addition to ! message ( fre$om :i* ,paul proclaim$ among ! ,g5tiles4 ,paul himself _h ( c\rse enjo9$ ^u 8 conv]ts ! necessity ( lead+ a true moral life4 ,if :5 ! orig9al apo/les 7 urg$ by ! ,judaiz]s to impose ^u ! ,g5tile conv]ts ! requirem5ts ( ! c]emonial ,law1 !y respond$1 ,no2 ! only requirem5ts to be impos$ ^u ! ,g5tiles are t !y refra9 f deadly s9s l idolatry1 murd] & =nication1 t decision con/itut$ m]ely a mo/ emphatic confirmation ( ,paul's gospel ( fre$om4 ,! textual "q _c "h be discuss$ 9 detail4 ,9 favor ( ! ,we/]n text1 ) its omission ( ?+s /rangl$1 may be urg$ n only ! g5]al pr9ciple ( textual criticism t ! %ort] read+ is to be pref]r$ to ! long]1 b also ! special consid]ation t 9 ?is p>ticul> passage ! %ort] read+ seems to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! two additions2 7#a7 ! ^w translat$ ?+s /rangl$1 & 7#b7 ! ,gold5 ,rule4 ,! %ort text1 suppos+ x to be ! orig9al1 0 ambigu\s2 x might be tak5 ei!r z c]emonial 7blood mean+ ! eat+ ( blood7 or z moral 7blood mean+ ! %$d+ ( blood or murd]74 ,^? copyi/s :o took x z c]emonial1 x is ma9ta9$1 fix$ ! mean+ by add+ ?+s /rangl$ 7because animals t 7 /rangl$ _h ! blood /ill 9 !m1 s t ! eat+ ( !m con/itut$ a violation ( ! c]emonial ,law72 :]eas ^? :o took ! ,decree z moral fix$ ! mean+ by add+ ! ,gold5 ,rule z ! summation ( ! moral law4#ec #ec ,see ,lake1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ea-ec4 ,on ! o!r side may be urg$ ! connection :i* seems to exi/ betwe5 ! omission ( ?+s /rangl$ & ! manife/ gloss con/itut$ by ! ,gold5 ,rule4 ,docum5t>y atte/ation ( a %ort text1 )\t ! ,gold5 ,rule & )\t ?+s /rangl$1 is exce$+ly scanty if n non-exi/5t--,kirsopp ,lake c po9t only to ! witness ( ,ir5u4 ,! omission ( ?+s /rangl$1 !re=e1 may be only a "p ( a moraliz+ ( ! ,decree 7c>ri$ out also 9 ! addition ( ! ,gold5 ,rule71 :i* w\ld be q 9 accord ) t habit ( scribes by :i* !y t5d$ to ignore 9 ! int]e/s ( moral commonplaces :at 0 special & difficult 9 ! text :i* !y 7 copy+4 ,9 reply1 ,lake insi/s t j at ! "t & at ! place :]e ! %ort text 7)\t ?+s /rangl$7 0 preval5t1 !re 0 a food law = :i* ! long text 7) ?+s /rangl$7 w\ld h af=d$ welcome support4 ,:y %\ld ! text h be5 modifi$ j :]e 9 its orig9al =m x support$ ! prevail+ practice ( ! ,*ur*8 ,! conclusion is1 ,lake believes1 t if ! ,we/]n text prevail$1 despite ! welcome support :i* w\ld h be5 af=d$ by ! o!r text1 x 0 because ! ,we/]n text 0 correct4#ed #ed ,op4 cit41 pp4 #eg-ei4 ,decision z to ! textual "q w dep5d to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! conclusion :i* is rea*$ ) reg>d to ! ,we/]n text z a :ole4 ,! radical rejection ( t text :i* 0 advocat$ by ,we/cott & ,hort has by no means won univ]sal approval2 a numb] ( rec5t s*ol>s are incl9$ at lea/ to pursue an eclectic c\rse1 adopt+ n[ ! ,we/]n read+ & n[ ! ,neutral read+ on ! basis ( int]nal evid5ce 9 ! individual cases4 ,o!rs believe t ! ,we/]n text & ! ,neutral text are bo? correct1 s9ce ! ,we/]n text is d]iv$ f an e>li] edition ( ! book1 :]eas ! ,neutral text repres5ts a revis$ edition issu$ by ! au?or himself4#ee ,b ?is hypo!sis af=ds absolutely no assi/ance 9 ! case ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree2 = ! ,we/]n read+ 7if x be int]pret$ 9 ! purely non-c]emonial way7 pres5ts ! ,decree 9 a light v diff]5t f t 9 :i* x appe>s accord+ to ! ,neutral read+4 ,x is impossible t ! au?or c\ld h contradict$ himself s directly & 9 s important a matt]4 ,!re=e1 if "o ( ! two read+s is due to ! au?or1 ! o!r is due to "s "o else4 ,cases l ?is weigh heavily aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( two editions ( ! book2 t hypo!sis c be sav$ only by suppos+ ei!r t ! ,we/]n docum5ts d n "h reproduce correctly ! orig9al ,we/]n =m ( ! book1 or else t ! o!r docum5ts d n "h reproduce ! orig9al revis$ edition4 ,9 o!r words1 despite ! manuscript evid5ce1 ! two editions ( ! book mu/ "h be suppos$ to h be5 9 h>mony4 ,at any rate1 !n1 :e!r or no ! hypo!sis ( two editions be accept$1 a *oice mu/ "h be made betwe5 ! ,neutral read+ & ! ,we/]n read+2 !y _c bo? be due to ! au?or1 s9ce !y are contradictory to ea* o!r4 #ee ,an elaborate attempt has rec5tly be5 made by ,zahn1 9 addition to =m] attempts by ,blass & ,hilg5feld1 to reproduce ! orig9al =m ( ! ,we/]n text1 :i* ,zahn believes to be ! e>li] edition ( ! book4 ,see ,zahn1 ,die ,urausgabe d] ,apo/elges*i*te des ,lucas1 #aiaf 7,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des neute/am5tli*5 ,kanons1 ix4 ,teil74 ,on ! :ole1 x mu/ be said t ! ,we/]n text ( ! ,book ( ,acts does n comm5d itself1 ei!r z ! "o g5u9e =m ( ! book1 or z an e>li] edition ( :i* ! ,neutral text is a revision4 ,! ,we/]n read+s are int]e/+2 at times !y may conta9 g5u9e hi/orical in=mation2 b x seems unlikely t !y are due to ! au?or4 ,"h & !re inde$ ! ,we/]n docum5ts may pres]ve a g5u9e read+ :i* has be5 lo/ 9 all o!r witnesses to ! text--ev5 ,we/cott & ,hort did n altoge!r exclude su* a possibility--b 9 g5]al ! high e/imate :i* ,we/cott & ,hort plac$ ^u ! ,neutral text is ju/ifi$4 ,?us !re is a possibility t ! %ort text ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree1 )\t ?+s /rangl$1 is g5u9e1 b x is a possibility only4 ,if !n1 ! ,neutral text ( ! ,decree is correct1 s t ! requirem5ts ( ! ,decree are p>tly c]emonial1 mu/ ! ,book ( ,acts "h be held to contradict ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians8 ,if ! ,decree really 0 pass$ at ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 z ,acts xv4 #bi repres5ts1 w\ld ,paul h be5 oblig$ to m5tion x 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj8 ,answ]+ ^! que/ions 9 ! affirmative1 a great _m s*ol>s s9ce ! days ( ,baur h reg>d$ ! acc\nt :i* ! ,book ( ,acts gives ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil z radically wrong2 & s9ce ! book has ?us fail$ to approve itself at ! po9t :]e x runs p>allel to a recogniz$ au?ority1 x mu/ be di/ru/$ else:]e z well4 ,! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 especially ! ,apo/olic ,decree1 has ?us become1 to use a phrase ( ,b4 ,w4 ,bacon1 ! crux ( apo/olic hi/ory4#ef #ef ,b4 ,w4 ,bacon1 ,acts v]sus ,galatians3 ! ,crux ( ,apo/olic ,hi/ory1 9,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 xi1 #aijg1 pp4 #ded-dgd4 ,see also ,pr(essor ,h>nack on ! ,lukan ,n>rative1 ibid41 xiii1 #aiji1 pp4 #ei-gf4 ,x is exce$+ly unlikely1 h[ev]1 at any rate1 t ! ,decree has be5 made up out ( :ole clo?2 = x does n co9cide exactly ) ! usage ( ! lat] ,*ur*1 & seems to be fram$ 9 view ( primitive conditions4 ,ev5 ^? :o reject ! n>rative ( ,acts z x /&s1 !re=e1 (t5 admit t ! ,decree 0 really pass$ by ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur*2 b !y ma9ta9 t x 0 pass$ aft] ,paul's dep>ture f ,j]usalem & )\t 8 cons5t4 ,?is view is ?\ght to be support$ by ,acts xxi4 #be1 :]e ,james1 x is said1 is repres5t$1 at ! "t ( ,paul's la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 z call+ att5tion to ! ,decree z ?\gh x 7 some?+ new4 ,acts xxi4 #be is ?us ?\ght to pres]ve a bit ( primitive tradition :i* is 9 contradiction to ! repres5tation ( ! fifte5? *apt]4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 ! v]se z x /&s 9 ! complet$ book c only be tak5 by ! unsophi/icat$ read] z ref]r+ to :at ,paul already knew2 & x is a grave "q :e!r ! au?or ( ,acts 0 unskillful en\gh to all[ contradictory repres5tations to /& unassimilat$ 9 8 book1 z ! hypo!sis dem&s4 ,acts xxi4 #be1 !re=e1 is at any rate n oppos$ to ! view t ! ,decree 0 actually pass$ ) ! cons5t ( ,paul1 z ! fifte5? *apt] repres5ts4 ,b is ?is repres5tation really 9 contradiction to ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians8 ,does ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj really exclude ! ,apo/olic ,decree8 ,9 ord] to answ] ^! que/ions1 x w be necess>y to exam9e ! nature ( ! ,decree4 ,! ,apo/olic ,decree1 accord+ to ,acts xv4 #a-bi1 did n con/itute a def9ition ( :at 0 necess>y = ! salvation ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 b 0 an attempt to solve ! problem ( a limit$ gr\p ( mix$ communities :]e ,jews & ,g5tiles 7 liv+ toge!r4 ,su* seems to be ! implication ( ! difficult v]se1 ,acts xv4 #ba1 :]e ,james1 aft] he has propos$ ! sub/ance ( ! ,decree1 says1 ,= ,moses has f anci5t g5]ations 9 ! sev]al cities ^? :o proclaim him1 be+ read 9 ! synagogues e ,sabba?4 ,^! words seem to mean t s9ce !re are ,jews 9 ! cities1 & s9ce !y are devot$ to ! ,law ( ,moses1 ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 9 ord] to avoid (f5d+ !m1 ought to refra9 f c]ta9 ( ^? features ( ! ,g5tile mann] ( life :i* ! ,jews w\ld reg>d z mo/ repulsive4 ,! ,law ( ,moses _h be5 read 9 ! cities f anci5t g5]ations2 x 0 v5]able2 x des]v$ at lea/ respect4 ,su* a respectful attitude t[>d ! ,jewi% way ( life w\ld contribute n only to ! peace ( ! ,*ur* b also to ! w9n+ ( ! non-,*ri/ian ,jews4 ,0 ?is proc$ure contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( ,paul8 ,he himself tells u t x 0 n4 ,= ?\gh ,i 0 free f all m51 he says1 ,i br\ght myself "u bondage to all1 t ,i might ga9 ! m4 ,& to ! ,jews ,i became z a ,jew1 t ,i might ga9 ,jews2 to !m t are "u ! law1 z "u ! law1 n be+ myself "u ! law1 t ,i might ga9 !m t are "u ! law2 to !m t are )\t law1 z )\t law1 n be+ )\t law to ,god1 b "u law to ,*ri/1 t ,i might ga9 !m t are )\t law4 ,to ! weak ,i became weak1 t ,i might ga9 ! weak2 ,i am become all ?+s to all m51 t ,i may by all means save "s4#eg ,! ,apo/olic ,decree 0 simply a p>ticul> case ( becom+ to ! ,jews z a ,jew t ,jews might be ga9$4 ,inde$ x 0 a r mild case ( t k9d2 & ! conjecture may be v5tur$ t ,paul 0 (t5 v mu* m accommodat+ ?an ! ,decree w\ld dem&4 ,paul 0 n ! man to insi/ ^u blatant disreg>d ( ,jewi% feel+s :]e ,jews 7 to be won to ,*ri/4 #eg #a ,cor4 ix4 #ai-bb1 ,am]ican ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,paul1 accord+ to 8 ,epi/les1 did n dem& t ,jewi% ,*ri/ians %\ld give up keep+ ! ,law1 b only requir$ !m n to =ce ! keep+ ( ! ,law ^u ! ,g5tiles4 ,no d\bt ! obs]vance ( ! ,law on ! "p ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 0 to be v diff]5t 9 _s f _! pre-,*ri/ian legalism2 !y 7 no long] to reg>d ! ,law z a means ( salvation4 ,b aft] salvation _h be5 obta9$1 !y might well believe t x 0 ,god's w = !m to cont9ue to live z ,jews2 & ,paul1 accord+ to 8 ,epi/les1 _h no objection to t belief4 ,b h[ 7 ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians to c>ry out _! obs]vance ( ! ,law8 ,v>i\s requirem5ts ( ! ,law 7 held to imply t ,israelites %\ld keep sep>ate f ,g5tiles4 ,h[ !n c\ld ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians live 9 close bro!rly int]c\rse ) ! ,g5tile memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community )\t transgress+ ! ,law ( ,moses8 ,!re is no reason to believe t ,paul f ! beg9n+ _h a h>d & fa/ solution ( ?is problem4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! t5d5cy ( 8 practice l$ t[>d ! complete ab&onm5t ( ! c]emonial ,law 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ian unity betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,he 0 v sev]e ^u ^? ,jewi% ,*ri/ians :o1 ?\gh conv9c$ 9 _! he>ts ( ! necessity ( giv+ prec$5ce to ! new pr9ciple ( unity1 yet sep>at$ !mselves f ! ,g5tiles ?r\gh fe> ( m5 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba74 ,b !re is no reason to ?9k t he condemn$ on pr9ciple ^? :o truly believ$ t ,jewi% ,*ri/ians %\ld /ill keep ! ,law4 ,) reg>d to ^! matt]s he 0 app>5tly cont5t to wait = ! cle>] guidance ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 :i* w\ld f9ally "w out ! unity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,mean:ile ! ,apo/olic ,decree 0 an attempt to solve ! problem ( mix$ communities2 & t attempt 0 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples :i* ,paul enunciat$ 9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #ai-bb4 ,moreov]1 ! ,apo/olic ,decree 0 9 accord ) ,paul's pr9ciple ( reg>d = ! weak] bro!r 7#a ,cor4 viii2 ,rom4 xiv74 ,9 ,cor9?1 c]ta9 bre?r5 7 (f5d$ by ! eat+ ( meat :i* _h be5 (f]$ to idols4 ,paul himself 0 able to eat su* food2 = he recogniz$ t ! idols 7 no?+4 ,b = "s ( ! memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community ! p>tak+ ( su* food w\ld mean ! deadly s9 ( idolatry2 & out ( reg>d = !m ,paul is ready to =ego 8 fre$om4 ,! case 0 v simil> 9 ! mix$ communities contemplat$ 9 ! ,apo/olic ,decree4 ,! simil>ity1 ( c\rse1 appe>s on ! surface 9 ! fir/ prohibition ( ! ,decree1 :i* conc]ns ?+s (f]$ to idols4 ,b ! two o!r prohibitions ab\t food are n really v diff]5t4 ,! use ( blood 0 intimately associat$ ) hea!n cults1 & ! eat+ ( meat ) ! blood /ill 9 x 7?+s /rangl$7 w\ld also1 because ( deep-seat$ religi\s ideas1 seem to a dev\t ,jew to involve idolatry4 ,x is v d\btful1 !re=e1 :e!r ^? prohibitions ( ! ,decree :i* we are accu/om$ to designate z c]emonial 7 felt to be c]emonial by ^? = ^: b5efit ! ,decree 0 adopt$4 ,!y 7 probably n felt to be c]emonial any m ?an ! prohibition ( ?+s (f]$ to idols 0 felt to be c]emonial by ! weak] bre?r5 at ,cor9?4 ,r !y 7 felt to involve ! deadly s9 ( idolatry4 ,f9ally1 ! ,apo/olic ,decree 0 ( limit$ range ( application2 x 0 address$1 n to ,g5tile ,*ri/ians g5]ally1 b only to ^? 9 ,antio*1 ,syria1 & ,cilicia 7,acts xv4 #bc74 ,! ,book ( ,acts1 x is true1 does decl>e1 aft] ! m5tion ( ,d]be & ,ly/ra 9 connection ) ! beg9n+ ( ! second mission>y j\rney1 t ,paul & ,silas z !y w5t on _! way ?r\gh ! cities 444 deliv]$ !m ! decrees to keep :i* _h be5 orda9$ ( ! apo/les & eld]s t 7 at ,j]usalem 7,acts xvi4 #d74 ,accord+ to ?is passage ! obs]vance ( ! ,decree does seem to h be5 ext5d$ into ,lycaonia1 & ?us beyond ! limits set =? 9 ! ,decree itself4 ,b if ,paul *ose to make use ( ! docum5t beyond ! range orig9ally contemplat$1 t does n alt] ! fact t orig9ally ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* und]took to deal only ) ,antio* & ,syria & ,cilicia4 ,9 ,acts xxi4 #be1 inde$1 ! ref]5ce ( ,james to ! ,decree does n m5tion ! geographical limitation4 ,b ,james 0 ?9k+ no d\bt p>ticul>ly ( ^? regions :]e !re 7 ! l>ge/ bodies ( ,jews1 & he does n say t ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 ev5 if ! ,decree repres5t$ its own desires = all ,g5tiles1 _h actually s5t ! ,decree to all4 ,! g5]al ref]5ce 9 ,acts xxi4 #be may !re=e fairly be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! m p>ticul> in=mation giv5 9 ,acts xv4 #bc4 ,x is ?us unnecess>y to foll[ ,w5dt1 :o1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! hi/oricity ( ! ,decree1 concludes t ! ,decree 0 actually pass$ by ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* 9 ! pres5ce ( ,paul z ! ,book ( ,acts repres5ts1 b supposes t ! au?or ( ,acts has err$ 9 giv+ ! decision a wid] range ( application ?an 0 really contemplat$4#eh ,a correct int]pretation ( ! passages 9 "q w remove ev5 ?is la/ ve/ige ( objection to ! ,lucan acc\nt4 #eh ,w5dt1 ,die ,apo/elges*i*te1 #aiac1 9 ,mey]1 ,kritis*-exegetis*] ,komm5t> b] das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #ite ,aufl41 p4 #bcg4 ,b if ! ,decree 0 address$ only to ,antio* & ,syria & ,cilicia1 x 0 n impos$ ^u specifically ,paul9e *ur*es4 ,! ,g5tile "w at ,antio* _h n be5 />t$ by ,paul1 & x is a "q h[ f> he reg>d$ ! *ur*es ( ,syria & ,cilicia 9 g5]al z belong+ to 8 peculi> prov9ce4 ,und\bt$ly he _h labor$ long 9 ^? regions1 b o!rs _h %>$ 8 labors & 9 "s places _h ev5 prec$$ him4 ,^! o!r mission>ies _h come f ,j]usalem4 ,paul may well !re=e h recogniz$ ! au?ority ( ! ,j]usalem lead]s ov] ! *ur*es ( ,syria & ,cilicia 9 a way :i* w\ld n h be5 9 place at ,ephesus or ,cor9?1 especially s9ce ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian elem5t 9 ! ,syrian & ,cilician *ur*es 0 probably v /rong4 ,! adoption ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree by ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* 0 ?us n d]ogatory 9 g5]al to ! apo/olic dignity ( ,paul1 or contr>y to 8 pr9ciples4 ,b is ! ,decree exclud$1 9 p>ticul>1 by ! words ( ,paul 9 ,galatians8 ,paul says t ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* add$ no?+#ei to him 7,gal4 ii4 #f74 ,! mean+ ( ^! words mu/ be exam9$ ) "s c>e4 #ei 4 ,und\bt$ly ! ^w "h translat$ add$--x may p]haps be bett] translat$ imp>t$ no?+ to me 9 addition--is to be und]/ood 9 conjunction ) ,gal4 ii4 #b1 :]e ! same ,greek ^w is us$1 b )\t ! preposition :i* means 9 addition4 ,! s5se ( ! two v]ses--!y are sep>at$ by ! important digression ab\t ,titus--is ?us z foll[s3 ,:5 ,i laid my gospel be=e ! lead]s1 !y laid no?+ be=e me 9 addition4 ,t is1 !y decl>$1 aft] li/5+ to ,paul's gospel1 t !y _h no?+ to add to x2 ,*ri/ _h giv5 x to ,paul directly2 x 0 suffici5t & complete4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 9 connection ) ! ,apo/olic ,decree is n :e!r ! ,decree 0 or 0 n some?+ important t ! ,j]usalem lead]s imp>t$ to ,paul1 b only :e!r x con/itut$ an addition to 8 gospel4 ,if x con/itut$ an addition to 8 gospel1 !n x is exclud$ by ,paul's words 9 ,galatians1 & is unhi/orical4 ,b z x has be5 int]pret$ above1 x c]ta9ly did n con/itute an addition to ,paul's gospel4 ,paul's gospel consi/$ 9 ! (f] ( salvation to ! ,g5tiles ?r\gh fai? alone ap>t f ! works ( ! law4 ,! ,j]usalem lead]s recogniz$ t gospel2 !y _h absolutely no?+ to add to x2 ,paul _h reveal$ ! way ( salvation to ! ,g5tiles exactly z x _h be5 reveal$ to him by ,god4 ,b ! recognition ( ! ,paul9e gospel ( salvation by fai? alone did n solve all ! practical problems ( ! ,*ri/ian life2 9 p>ticul> x did n solve ! problem ( ! mix$ *ur*es4 ,x w\ld h be5 unnatural if ! conf]5ce _h n proce$$ to a consid]ation ( su* problems1 & ,paul's words d n at all exclude su* consid]ation4 ,c]ta9ly "s sort ( public pron\ncem5t on ! "p ( ! ,j]usalem lead]s 0 imp]atively dem&$4 ,! ,judaiz]s _h made tr\ble 9 ,antio*1 ,syria1 & ,cilicia--t mu* ( ! acc\nt 9 ,acts is g5]ally admitt$ to be hi/orical & is c]ta9ly necess>y to acc\nt = ! v fact t ,paul w5t to ,j]usalem1 ! revelation :i* came to him be+ giv5 by ,god 9 relation to a v def9ite situation4 ,aga9/ 8 incl9ation ,paul w5t to ,j]usalem 9 ord] to /op ! propag&a ( ! ,judaiz]s by obta9+ a pron\ncem5t f ! v au?orities to :i* !y appeal$4 ,is x to be suppos$ t he return$ to ,antio* )\t ! pron\ncem5t :i* he _h s\ght8 ,if he _h done s 8 j\rney w\ld h be5 9 va92 ! ,judaiz]s w\ld h cont9u$ to make tr\ble exactly z be=e4 ,"s k9d ( public pron\ncem5t 0 !re=e evid5tly s\ght by ,paul himself f ! ,j]usalem lead]s4 ,no d\bt ! v seek+ ( su* a pron\ncem5t 0 op5 to misund]/&+2 x might seem to involve subord9ation ( ,paul to ! au?orities to :om app>5tly he 0 appeal+ z to a high] in/ance4 ,paul 0 ke5ly aw>e ( su* dang]s1 & wait$ = def9ite guidance ( ,god be=e he decid$ to make ! j\rney4 ,b if he _h come back f ,j]usalem )\t any su* pron\ncem5t ( ! au?orities z w\ld demon/rate ! falsity ( ! ,judaiz]s' appeal to !m1 !n ! disadvantages ( ! conf]5ce w\ld h be5 incurr$ 9 va94 ,9 all probability1 !re=e1 ! conf]5ce ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj1 if x took place at ! "t rea*$ by ! n>rative at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? *apt] ( ,acts1 result$ 9 a pron\ncem5t f ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,& ! ,apo/olic ,decree 0 j su* a pron\ncem5t z might h be5 expect$4 ,x 0 public2 x 0 an emphatic v9dication ( ,g5tile fre$om & an express rebuke ( ! ,judaiz]s2 & x dealt ) "s at lea/ ( ! practical difficulties :i* w\ld result f ! pres5ce ( ,jews & ,g5tiles 9 ! *ur*es ( ,syria & ,cilicia4 ,! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ,acts xv4 #a-bi1 !re=e1 does n raise insup]able difficulties aga9/ ! acceptance z hi/orical ( ! n>rative 9 ,acts4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! alt]native id5tification--) ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be--;is also possible4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ,acts & ,galatians1 !re=e1 has c]ta9ly n result$ disa/r\sly = ! ,book ( ,acts2 !re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ,acts c be %[n to be 9 h>mony ) ,paul4 ,^! ?ree possibilities may n[ conv5i5tly be summ$ up 9 ! light ( ! exam9ation ( !m 9 ! prec$+ pages4 7#a7 ,galatians ii4 #a-aj may be reg>d$ z an acc\nt ( ! fam9e visit ( ,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be2 & on ! basis ( ?is id5tification ! ,epi/le may be dat$ be=e ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv4 #a-bi4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts w\ld !n be some:at z foll[s3 ,fir/ !re 0 a private conf]5ce betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les 7,gal4 ii4 #a-aj7 at ! "t ( ! fam9e visit 7,acts xi4 #cj2 xii4 #be74 ,!n foll[$ ! fir/ mission>y j\rney ( ,paul & ,b>nabas to ,s\!rn ,galatia 7,acts xiii1 xiv74 ,t j\rney br\ght a great influx ( ,g5tiles into ! ,*ur* & ar\s$ ! active opposition ( ! ,judaiz]s4 ,! tr\ble seems to h be5 acc5tuat$ by ! com+ to ,antio* ( c]ta9 m5 f ,james 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ac74 ,x is n cle> :e!r !y !mselves 7 to blame1 or :e!r1 if !y 71 !y _h any commission f ,james4 ,at any rate1 ,pet] 0 induc$ to give up ! table companion%ip ) ,g5tile ,*ri/ians :i* =m]ly he _h practic$ at ,antio*1 & ,b>nabas also 0 c>ri$ away4 ,paul rebuk$ ,pet] publicly4 ,b ! ,judaiz]s cont9u$ to di/urb ! peace ( ! ,*ur*1 & ev5 dem&$1 z a ?+ absolutely necess>y to salvation1 t ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians %\ld be circumcis$ & %\ld keep ! ,law ( ,moses4 ,! ,judaiz+ activity ext5d$ also into ,galatia1 & ,paul wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 9 ! mid/ ( ! conflict4 ,at ,antio* x 0 f9ally det]m9$ to br+ ! matt] to ! att5tion ( ! ,j]usalem lead]s 9 ord] to %[ t ! ,judaiz]s _h no "r to appeal to ^? lead]s1 & 9 ord] to sil5ce ! ,judaiz]s by a public pron\ncem5t ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,a revelation induc$ ,paul to agree to ?is plan4 ,! result 0 ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv4 #a-bi4 ,und\bt$ly ?is acc\nt ( ! matt] ov]comes c]ta9 difficulties4 ,x has won consid]able support1 & c no long] be reg>d$ z a m]e apologetic exp$i5t4 7#b7 ,! ,we/]n text ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree may be reg>d$ z correct4 ,! ,decree may !n be tak5 z =bidd+ only ! ?ree deadly s9s ( idolatry1 murd]1 & =nication1 s t x _c by any possibility be tak5 z a limitation ( ,g5tile fre$om or an addition to ,paul's gospel ( ju/ification by fai? alone4 ,?is solution has be5 adopt$ by ,von ,h>nack & o!rs2 & by ,kirsopp ,lake1#fj c]ta9ly )\t any apologetic motive1 x has actually be5 comb9$ ) 7#a74 #fj ,9 ,! ,e>li] ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aiaa4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,lake has n[ radically modifi$ 8 views4 ,see above1 p4 #ha1 footnote #c4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj be+ id5tifi$ ) ,acts xv4 #a-bi1 & ! ,neutral text ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree be+ adopt$1 h>mony betwe5 ,acts & ,galatians may be e/abli%$ by t int]pretation ( bo? passages :i* has be5 propos$ above4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 ! ,decree 0 n reg>d$ z necess>y to salvation or int5d$ z an addition to ,paul's gospel1 b 0 an attempt to solve ! special & tempor>y problem ( ! mix$ communities 9 ,syria & ,cilicia4 ,?is la/ solution be+ adopt$ provisionally 7?\gh 7#a7 c]ta9ly has mu* 9 its favor71 ! outcome ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil mu/ be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! ev5ts t foll[$4 ,app>5tly ,paul 9 ,galatians is tell+ only :at happ5$ 9 a private conf]5ce betwe5 himself & ! ,j]usalem lead]s1 ! acc\nt ( ! public action ( ! ,*ur* be+ f\nd 9 ,acts4 ,james & ,pet] & ,john recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,paul's apo/le%ip2 ,paul _h be5 intru/$ ) ! apo/le%ip to ! ,g5tiles z ,pet] ) t to ! circumcision4 ,aft] li/5+ to ,paul's acc\nt ( ! wond]ful works ( ,god by :i* 8 m9i/ry _h be5 bless$1 & aft] com+ into direct contact ) ! grace :i* _h be5 giv5 to him1 ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* gave to him & ,b>nabas ! "r h& ( fell[%ip t !y %\ld g to ! ,g5tiles :ile ! ,j]usalem lead]s %\ld g to ! circumcision4 ,?is division ( labor has (t5 be5 egregi\sly mis9t]pret$1 especially by ! ,tb+5 s*ool & all ^? 9 subsequ5t ye>s :o h n be5 able to ?r[ (f ! %ackles ( ,tb+5ism4 ,! "q has (t5 be5 ask$ :e!r ! division 0 meant geographically or e?nographically4 ,0 ,paul to prea* ev]y:]e outside ( ,pale/9e bo? to ,jews & ,g5tiles1 :ile ! orig9al apo/les 7 to labor 9 ,pale/9e only2 or 0 ,paul to prea* to ,g5tiles :]ev] f\nd1 :ile ! orig9al apo/les 7 to labor = ,jews :]ev] f\nd8 ,9 o!r words1 to ^: prov9ce 7 assign$ ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion--to ! prov9ce ( ,paul & ,b>nabas1 or to ! prov9ce ( ! orig9al apo/les8 ,x has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$ t ,paul und]/ood ! division geographically1 b t ! ,j]usalem lead]s und]/ood x e?nographically2 s t ,pet] transgress$ ,paul's geographical int]pretation :5 he w5t to labor 9 ,antio*4 ,b ! v rais+ ( ! :ole "q is 9 itself a fundam5tal error4 ,! division 0 n meant 9 an exclusive or negative s5se at all2 x 0 n int5d$ to prev5t ,pet] f labor+ among ,g5tiles or ,paul f labor+ among ,jews4 ,! same gospel 0 be+ prea*$ by bo? ,paul & ,pet]2 !y gave ea* o!r ! "r h& ( fell[%ip4 ,:at 0 meant 0 simply a g5]al recognition ( ! disp5sation ( ,god :i* _h s f> prevail$4 ,by t disp5sation ,paul & ,b>nabas _h be5 s5t p>ticul>ly to ! ,g5tiles & ! ,j]usalem apo/les to ! ,jews4 ,if ei!r gr\p 0 h9d]$ 9 its "w1 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* w\ld suff]4 ,bo? gr\ps1 !re=e1 7 absolutely necess>y 9 ord] t bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles %\ld be won4 ,9 "o p>ticul>1 inde$1 ! ,j]usalem lead]s reque/$ expressly t ! division ( labor %\ld n be tak5 too /rictly2 !y hop$ t ,paul w\ld n be s mu* engross$ 9 8 ,g5tile "w z to =get ! poor ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* 7,gal4 ii4 #aj74 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ v c>efully t ?is reque/ ab\t ! poor =ms an exception1 n at all to ! full recognition ( ,paul's gospel1 b only to ! division ( labor z betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,x does n g ) ! remote words ( v]se #f 7= to me ^? :o 7 ( repute add$ no?+71 b ) ! imm$iately adjac5t words 9 v]se #i4 ,paul does n say1 !re=e1 ,to me ^? ( repute add$ 7or impos$7 no?+ except t ,i %\ld rememb] ! ,j]usalem poor4 ,if he _h said t1 !n p]haps x w\ld be difficult to expla9 ! omission ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree2 = ! ,decree z mu* z ! reque/ = aid ( ! ,j]usalem poor 0 some?+ t ! ,j]usalem lead]s laid ^u him4 ,b ! fact is t nei!r ! ,decree nor ! reque/ ab\t ! poor has any?+ :atev] to d ) ,paul's gospel or ! attitude ( ! ,j]usalem lead]s t[>d x4 ,:at is really meant by ! reque/ = aid is simply ?is3 ,y are ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles2 x is a great "w2 we wi% y ,godspe$ 9 x4 ,b ev5 9 s great a "w z t1 d n =get y\r ne$y ,jewi% bre?r5 9 ,j]usalem4 ,aft] ! conf]5ce at ,j]usalem ,paul & ,b>nabas return$ to ,antio*4 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts ! lett] ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* 0 joyfully receiv$2 x meant a confirmation ( ,g5tile fre$om & relief f ! attacks ( ! ,judaiz]s4 ,b new di/urbances began1 & ,pet] 0 conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,he _h gone to ,antio*4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason to ?9k t 8 arrival occasion$ any?+ b joy4 ,! notion t ,paul 0 jeal\sly gu>d+ 8 rights 9 a ,g5tile *ur* & res5t$ ! com+ ( ,pet] z an intrusion has n ! slighte/ basis ei!r 9 ,acts or 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,b at ,antio* ,jews & ,g5tiles 7 liv+ toge!r 9 ! ,*ur*1 & _! juxtaposition pres5t$ a s]i\s problem4 ,! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 x w be rememb]$1 _h be5 releas$ f ! obligation ( be+ circumcis$ & ( und]tak+ to keep ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 on ! o!r h&1 _h n be5 requir$ to give up _! ance/ral mode ( life4 ,b h[ c\ld ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians cont9ue to live "u ! ,law if !y held companion%ip ) ,g5tiles 9 a way :i* w\ld r5d] ! /rict obs]vance ( ! ,law impossible8 ,%\ld ! prec$5ce be giv5 to ! obs]vance ( ! ,law on ! "p ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians or to ! new pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian unity8 ,?is "q _h n be5 settl$ by ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 = ev5 if ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians obs]v$ ! provisions ( ! ,apo/olic ,decree1 table companion%ip ) !m w\ld /ill h seem$ to involve a transgression ( ! ,law4 ,pet]1 h[ev]1 took a /ep beyond :at _h already be5 settl$2 he relax$ ! /rictness ( 8 ,jewi% mann] ( life by eat+ ) ! ,g5tiles4 ,he 0 conv9c$ ( ! revolution>y *ange wr\ght by ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 & gave practical expression to 8 conviction by hold+ full companion%ip ) all 8 bre?r54 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 & p]haps dur+ an abs5ce ( ,paul f ! city1 c]ta9 m5 came f ,james1 & _! com+ occasion$ difficulty4 ,x is n said t ^! m5 7 commission$ by ,james1 & "s read]s h ?\ght t f ,james means m]ely f ,j]usalem1 ,james be+ nam$ m]ely z repres5tative ( ! *ur* ov] :i* he presid$4 ,b ev5 if ! newcom]s /ood 9 "s clos] relation%ip to ,james1 or ev5 _h be5 s5t by him1 x is an unw>rant$ assumption t ,james 0 responsible = ! tr\ble t !y caus$1 or _h s5t !m to ,antio* ) ! purpose ( limit+ ! fre$om ( ,pet]'s conduct4 ,!y may h abus$ :atev] commission !y _h receiv$4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are n expressly blam$ by ,paul4 ,if !y clung consci5ti\sly to ! keep+ ( ! ,law1 z !y _h be5 accu/om$ to d at ,j]usalem1 ,paul w\ld p]haps n necess>ily condemn !m2 = he did n on pr9ciple or 9 all circum/ances require ,jewi% ,*ri/ians to give up ! keep+ ( ! ,law4 ,b ,pet] _h really transc5d$ t po9t ( view2 & :51 !re=e1 he n[1 f fe> ( ^! newcom]s1 )drew f ! ,g5tiles1 he 0 conceal+ 8 true convictions4 ,x 0 ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 conduct t ,paul felt call$ ^u to rebuke4 ,t inconsi/5cy c\ld n fail to h a bad effect ^u ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,pet] _h receiv$ !m into true fell[%ip4 ,b n[ app>5tly he reg>d$ su* lib]al conduct z a ?+ to be a%am$ ( & to be conceal$4 ,! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians c\ld n help draw+ ! conclusion t !y 7 at be/ only on ! outskirts ( ! ,*ri/ian community2 ! *ief ( ! orig9al apo/les ( ,jesus 0 app>5tly a%am$ ( 8 association ) !m4 ,despite ! lib]ty grant$ by ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 !re=e1 ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians 7 aga9 tempt$ to remove ! disabilities :i* re/$ ^u !m1 by accept+ circumcision & s becom+ full memb]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,evid5tly ! keep+ ( ! ,law on ! "p ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 0 a half-way position4 ,b :5 x 0 pursu$ consci5ti\sly1 z a duty /ill re/+ ^u m5 ( ,jewi% desc5t1 x might possibly be dealt ) g5tly by ,paul4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x 0 und]tak5 = fe> ( m51 9 ! face ( bett] und]/&+1 x became hypocrisy & 0 rebuk$ %>ply4 ,if ! transc5d+ ( ! ,law1 9 ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ian unity1 _h once be5 grasp$ z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! r$emption wr\ght by ,*ri/1 !n to repudiate x 0 to br+ discr$it ^u ,*ri/ ,himself1 & make ,8 dea? ( none avail4 ,! influ5ce ( ,pet]'s )drawal f ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians soon began to make itself felt2 o!r ,jewi% ,*ri/ians foll[$ ,pet]'s example1 & ev5 ,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away4 ,a s]i\s crisis _h aris54 ,b ,god _h n des]t$ ,8 ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* 0 sav$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ,paul4 ,to ,paul _h be5 reveal$ ! full implications ( ! gospel2 to him ! fre$om ( ! ,g5tiles 0 a matt] ( pr9ciple1 & :5 pr9ciple 0 at /ake he nev] kept sil5t4 ,reg>dless ( all petty calculations ab\t ! influ5ce t might be lo/ or ! fri5d%ips t might be sacrific$1 he spoke out boldly = ,*ri/2 he rebuk$ ,pet] op5ly be=e ! assembl$ ,*ur*4 ,x %\ld always be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 n ! pr9ciples ( ,pet]1 b 8 conduct1 :i* ,paul 0 rebuk+4 ,! incid5t is !re=e misus$ :5 x is made to e/abli% a fundam5tal disagreem5t betwe5 ,paul & ,pet]4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! v act ( condemn+ ! practice ( ,pet]1 ,paul approves 8 pr9ciples2 he is rebuk+ ,pet] j = ! concealm5t ( 8 correct pr9ciples = fe> ( m54 ,he & ,pet]1 he says1 7 p]fectly agre$ ab\t ! inadequacy ( ! ,law1 & ! all-suffici5cy ( fai? 9 ,*ri/2 :y !n %\ld ,pet] act 9 contradiction to ^! great convictions8 ,! passage1 ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba1 !re=e1 f> f e/abli%+ a fundam5tal disagreem5t betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul really furni%es ! /ronge/ possible evid5ce = _! fundam5tal unity4 ,b h[ did ,pet] take ! rebuke :i* 0 adm9i/]$ to him8 ,!re %\ld be no real d\bt ab\t ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,details1 inde$1 are unc]ta92 x may p]haps be d\btful :5 ,pet] acquiesc$ or h[ he express$ 8 acquiesc5ce4 ,b t he acquiesc$ at "s "t & 9 "s mann] is indicat$ by ! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a contr>y conclusion has1 inde$1 sometimes be5 drawn f ! sil5ce ( ,paul4 ,if ,pet] 0 conv9c$ by ,paul at ,antio*1 w\ld n ,paul h be5 sure to m5tion s gratify+ a result8 ,w\ld he n h appeal$1 aga9/ ! cont5tions ( ! ,judaiz]s 9 ,galatia1 to s signal a recognition ( 8 apo/olic au?ority8 ,?is argum5t ignores ! true "* ( ! passage4 ,dur+ ! writ+ ( ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba ,paul has altoge!r ceas$ to ?9k ( ,pet]4 ,:at he _h said to ,pet] at ,antio* happ5$ to be exactly ! same ?+ t he desir$ to say1 at ! "t ( ! writ+ ( ! lett]1 to ! ,galatians4 ,9 report+1 n ) p$antic v]bal accuracy b 9 sub/ance1 :at he _h said to ,pet] at ,antio*1 he has ent]$ ^u ! v he>t ( 8 gospel1 :i* _h be5 despis$ by ! ,judaiz]s 9 ,galatia4 ,long be=e ! end ( ! glori\s passage1 ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba1 he has =gott5 all ab\t ,pet] & ,b>nabas & ,antio*1 & is ?9k+ only ab\t ! grace ( ,*ri/ & ! way 9 :i* x 0 be+ made ( none effect by ^? :o w\ld des]t x = a religion ( works4 ,to expect him to desc5d f ! heights 9 ord] to n>rate ! outcome ( ! incid5t at ,antio* is to d woeful inju/ice to ! "* ( ! apo/le's m9d & ! mann] ( 8 lit]>y activity4 ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba =ms a transition betwe5 ! fir/ ma9 division ( ! ,epi/le1 9 :i* ,paul is answ]+ ! p]sonal attack ( ! ,judaiz]s1 & ! second ma9 division1 9 :i* he is def5d+ ! cont5ts ( 8 gospel4 ,be=e ! end ( ! passage ,paul has plung$ into ! pr9cipal ?+ t he want$ to say to ! ,galatians1 :o 7 mak+ void ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,! pres5tation 9 ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba ( :at ,b5gel#fa call$ ! m>r[ ( ,*ri/ianity leads inevitably1 !re=e1 n to a p$antic n>ration ( :at ,pet] did1 b to ! exclamation ( ,gal4 iii4 #a1 ,o fooli% ,galatians1 :o did bewit* y1 be=e ^: eyes ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 op5ly set =? crucifi$8 #fa ,on ,gal4 ii4 #ai4 ,?us ! sil5ce ( ,paul ab\t ! outcome ( ! incid5t at ,antio* does n at all e/abli% ! outcome z unfavorable4 ,b !re are positive indications on ! o!r side4 ,( c\rse1 if ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj 7 id5tifi$ ) ! fam9e visit1 ! :ole "q w\ld be settl$4 ,9 t case1 ! incid5t ( ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba w\ld h be5 foll[$ by ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 at :i* ! h>mony ( ,pet] & ,paul f\nd full expression4 ,b ev5 if ! id5tification ( ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj ) ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil be adopt$1 !re are /ill pla9 indications t ! outcome ( ! ,antio* incid5t 0 favorable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,paul m5tions ,pet] 9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #e ) respect1 z an apo/le to ^: example appeal may be made2 9 #a ,cor4 iii4 #bb he classes ,pet] ) himself & ) ,apollos z a possession ( all ,*ri/ians2#fb & 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa he includes z "p ( 8 fundam5tal mission>y prea*+ ! appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ to ,pet]1 & appeals to ! unity :i* exi/$ betwe5 8 own prea*+ & t ( ! o!r apo/les 7v]ses #e1 #aa74fc #fb ,kn[l+1 ,! ,witness ( ! ,epi/les1 #ahib1 p4 #ad1 note #a4 #fc ,kn[l+1 loc4 cit4 ,9 ! second place1 ,paul conc]n$ himself e>ne/ly1 accord+ to #a & #b ,cor9?ians & ,romans1 ) ! collection = ! ,j]usalem poor4 ,if ! incid5t at ,antio* _h meant a repudiation ( ! "r h& ( fell[%ip :i* ,pet] 9 common ) ,james & ,john _h giv5 to ,paul at ,j]usalem 7,gal4 ii4 #i71 x is difficult to see h[ ,paul c\ld h cont9u$ to engage 9 a =m ( bro!rly s]vice :i* 0 ! mo/ t\*+ expression ( t fell[%ip4 ,if !re 0 a p]man5t brea* betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul1 ! contribution = ! poor sa9ts at ,j]usalem c\ld h>dly h be5 collect$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! agitation ( ! ,judaiz]s seems to h di$ d[n dur+ ! ?ird mission>y j\rney4 ,x appe>s1 inde$1 at ,cor9?1 accord+ to ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les1 b seems !re to h lack$ t insi/5ce ^u ! keep+ ( ! ,law :i* _h made x s dang]\s 9 ,galatia4 ,9 ! epi/les ( ! captivity--,colossians & ,philemon1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians--x appe>s1 if at all1 only 9 ! obscure ref]5ce 9 ,phil4 iii4 #b;ff41 :i* may relate to non-,*ri/ian ,judaism r ?an to ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is subsid5ce ( ! ,judaiz+ activity is difficult to und]/& if ! b5efits ( ! ,j]usalem conf]5ce _h be5 annull$ by a s]i\s brea* at ,antio*4 ,f9ally1 ! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* is explicable only if !re 0 fundam5tal unity betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul4 ,ev] s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* at ! close ( ! second c5tury ! ,*ur* 0 f\nd$ ^u ! tw9 pill>s ( ,pet] & ,paul4 ,h[ 0 ?is unity produc$ if 9 ! apo/olic age !re 0 fundam5tal disunion8 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is problem 0 fully recogniz$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,baur1 & ! recognition ( x con/itutes "o elem5t ( greatness 9 ,baur's "w4 ,b ! elaborate solution :i* ,baur propos$ has _h to be ab&on$4 ,baur suppos$ t ! h>mony betwe5 ,paul9e & ,petr9e ,*ri/ianity 0 produc$ by a gradual compromise effect$ dur+ ! second c5tury4 ,subsequ5t inve/igation has pu%$ ! h>mony v mu* fur!r back4 ,! unity betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul appe>s1 = example1 pla9ly express$ 9 ! lett] ( ,clem5t ( ,rome 7ab\t #ie ,a4 ,d471 :o appeals to ! two great apo/les z ?\gh bo? 7 ( recogniz$ au?ority2 x appe>s also 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 :i* ev5 if n g5u9e is important z attribut+ to ,pet]1 z ?\gh ! attribution 7 a matt] ( c\rse1 a conception ( ! gospel ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) t ( ,paul2 x appe>s 9 ! e>ly traditional acc\nt ( ,john ,m>k1 by :i* ,m>k is made to be a foll[] ( ,pet] 7comp>e #a ,pet] v4 #ac7 & to h receiv$ f ,pet] ! sub/ance ( 8 ,gospel1 s t :5 8 cordial relations ) ,paul are rememb]$ 7,col4 iv4 #aj2 ,philem4 #bd7 he con/itutes an important l9k betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul4 ,:at is m important1 h[ev]1 ?an all details1 is ! und\bt$ fact t be=e ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury epi/les ( ,paul & g5u9e tradition ab\t ,jesus1 :i* latt] mu/ at fir/ h be5 connect$ ) ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 appe> side by side z possess+ high au?ority 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,f9ally1 ! te/imony ( ! ,book ( ,acts is n[ admitt$ to be at any rate v mu* e>li] ?an ,baur suppos$2 & t te/imony1 s f> z ! h>mony betwe5 ,paul & ,pet] is conc]n$1 is unequivocal4 ,?us ! explanation :i* ,baur propos$ = ! f9al heal+ ( ! suppos$ brea* betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul is unsatisfactory4 ,b no o!r explanation has be5 discov]$ to take its place4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5 impossible if !re _h be5 a p]man5t brea* betwe5 ! lead] 9 ! ,g5tile mission & ! lead] among ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus4 ,! ,book ( ,acts does n m5tion ! difficulty :i* arose at ,antio* ) reg>d to table companion%ip betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,b x does m5tion ano!r disagreem5t betwe5 ,paul & ,b>nabas4 ,b>nabas desir$ to take ,john ,m>k along on ! second mission>y j\rney1 :ile ,paul 0 unwill+ to take ) him aga9 ! "o :o _h turn$ back on ! =m] j\rney & _h n gone to ^? ,s\? ,galatian *ur*es :i* x 0 n[ propos$ to revisit4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,tb+5 s*ool ( criticism t ! less] qu>rel has "h be5 ins]t$ by ! au?or ( ,acts ) ! express purpose ( cov]+ up ! m s]i\s disagreem5t :i* 0 ! real reason = ! sep>ation ( ,b>nabas & ,paul4 ,b ! ins]tion ( a qu>rel is r an unnatural way to cov] up ! fact t !re 0 ano!r qu>rel2 x w\ld h be5 bett] to keep altoge!r sil5t ab\t ! disagreem5t4 ,moreov]1 ! good fai? ( ! au?or is n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,!re is ano!r possible way ( expla9+ ! omission ( ! incid5t ( ,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba f ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,x may be surmis$ t ! incid5t 0 s unimportant 9 its consequ5ces1 ,pet] & ,b>nabas 7 s quickly conv9c$ by ,paul1 t a hi/orian :o 0 conc]n$1 n ) p]sonal details ab\t ! relations betwe5 ,paul & ! o!r lead]s1 b ) ! ext]nal progress ( ! gospel1 did n f9d x necess>y to m5tion ! incid5t at all4 ,aft] ! sep>ation ( ,b>nabas f ,paul at ! beg9n+ ( ! second mission>y j\rney1 x is n record$ t ! two m5 7 ev] associat$ aga9 9 mission>y "w4 ,b 9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #f ,b>nabas is spok5 ( ) respect--,or ,i only & ,b>nabas1 h we n a "r to =be> work+4 ,evid5tly ,paul 0 int]e/$ 9 ! "w ( ,b>nabas1 & 0 n a%am$ to appeal to 8 example4 ,9 ,col4 iv4 #aj1 moreov]1 ,m>k1 ! c\s9 ( ,b>nabas is m5tion$1 & is comm5d$ to ! att5tion ( ! ,colossian ,*ri/ians4 ,m>k "h =ms a l9k betwe5 ,paul & ,b>nabas z he does betwe5 ,paul & ,pet]4 ,evid5tly ! e/rangem5t at ,antio* 0 n p]man5t ev5 9 ! case ( ,m>k1 aga9/ :om !re 0 ! special objection t he _h )drawn f ! "w at ,p]ga4 ,accord+ to #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa1 ,m>k became exactly :at he _h n be5 at ,p]ga1 useful to ,paul = m9i/]+4 ,& if ! te/imony ( #b ,timo?y be reject$1 ! same cordial relation%ip betwe5 ,paul & ,m>k appe>s also 9 ,col4 iv4 #aj1 #aa2 ,philem4 #bd4 ,! scanty indications all po9t v decid$ly away f any p]man5t e/rangem5t z result+ f ! incid5ts at ,antio*4 ,dur+ ! second & ?ird mission>y j\rneys1 ! agitation ( ! ,judaiz]s1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 seems to h subsid$4 ,9 ,cor9?1 inde$1 accord+ to #a & #b ,cor9?ians1 ,paul appe>s 9 deadly conflict ) c]ta9 m5 :o s\ght to und]m9e 8 apo/olic au?ority4 ,baur made mu* ( ?is conflict2 inde$1 he bas$ 8 recon/ruction ( apo/olic hi/ory ^u ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les almo/ z mu* z ^u ,galatians4 ,! />t+-po9t ( 8 inve/igation 0 f\nd 9 ! p>ty wat*words m5tion$ 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #ab1 ,i am ( ,paul2 & ,i ( ,apollos2 & ,i ( ,cephas2 & ,i ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,*ri/-p>ty ( ! v]se1 id5tifi$ ) ! oppon5ts attack$ 9 #b ,cor4 x-xiii1 ,baur believ$ to h be5 an extreme ,judaiz+ p>ty4 ,?is extreme ,judaiz+ p>ty1 ,baur ma9ta9$1 appeal$ ) "s %[ ( reason to ! orig9al apo/les 9 ,j]usalem4 ,?us ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les l ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 7 made to e/abli% :at 0 to ,baur ! fundam5tal fact ( apo/olic hi/ory1 a s]i\s conflict ( pr9ciple betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les4#fd #fd ,baur1 ,die ,*ri/usp>tei 9 d] kor9?is*5 ,geme9de1 9 ,tb+] ,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie1 #ahca1 #d ,heft1 pp4 #fa-bjf4 ,subsequ5t inve/igation1 h[ev]1 has ca/ at lea/ s]i\s d\bt ^u ! ,tb+5 exegesis1 ev5 :]e x has n discr$it$ x altoge!r4 ,! :ole matt] ( ! ,*ri/-p>ty ( #a ,cor4 i4 #ab is felt to be exce$+ly obscure1 s obscure t ,j4 ,weiss1 = example1 9 8 rec5t comm5t>y on #a ,cor9?ians1 has felt con/ra9$ to cut ! ,gordian knot by reg>d+ ! words1 ,& ,i ( ,*ri/1 z an int]polation4#fe ,:]e ?is h]oic measure has n be5 resort$ to1 v>i\s int]pretations h be5 propos$4 ,sometimes1 = example1 ! ,*ri/-p>ty has be5 ?\ght to h consi/$ ( ^? :o reject$ ! o!r wat*words1 b 9 su* a pr\d & qu>relsome way t ! wat*word1 ,i am ( ,*ri/1 :i* %\ld h belong$ to all1 became only ! %ibbole? ( ano!r p>ty4 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! ,*ri/-p>ty has be5 reg>d$ z a gno/iciz+ p>ty :i* boa/$ ( direct communications ) ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,at any rate1 x is v difficult to f9d 9 ! words ,i am ( ,*ri/ any cle> designation ( ,judaiz]s :o appeal$ aga9/ ,paul to ,james or to _! own connections ) ,jesus 9 ,pale/9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! read] ( ! fir/ f\r *apt]s ( #a ,cor9?ians may well be d\btful :e!r !re 7 any di/9ct p>ties at all4 ,x looks r z ?\gh :at ,paul 0 rebuk+ 7 m]ely a _s ( division1 :i* manife/$ itself n[ 9 "o wat*word & n[ 9 ano!r4 ,! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians seem to h be5 s]mon-ta/]s2 !y 7 pr\d ( _! wisdom1 & laid undue /ress ^u ! v>y+ =m ( ! gospel message to ! neglect ( ! cont5t4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 #a ,cor4 i-iv ,paul does n ent] ^u any anti-,judai/ic polemic1 b address$ himself to ^? :o 9 a _s ( pride & qu>relsom5ess s\ght aft] wisdom4 ,if y w\ld be truly wise & truly 'spiritual1' he says1 !n cease y\r cont5tions4 ,paul 0 p]haps combat+ n any def9ite p>ties1 b only ! p>ty _s4 #fe ,j4 ,weiss1 ,d] er/e ,kor9!rbrief1 #aiaj1 9 ,mey]1 op4 cit41 #ite ,aufl41 p4 xxxviii4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re 7 9 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* p]sons :o emphasiz$ aga9/ ,paul ! advantages ( ,pale/9ian orig9 & ( direct connection ) ,jesus4 ,b !re is no reason to br+ ^! oppon5ts ( ,paul into any close relation to ! orig9al apo/les & to ,james4 ,! lett]s ( recomm5dation 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #a7 may h come else:]e ?an f ! apo/les2 inde$ ! m5tion ( lett]s f ! ,cor9?ians z well z to !m w\ld seem to make ! passage ref] to a g5]al habit ( cr$5tial-be>+ r ?an to any special cr$5tials f ,j]usalem4 ,! oppon5ts desir$ to pu% !mselves into o!r m5's sph]es ( labor2 & 9 ord] to d s !y 7 9 ! habit ( arm+ !mselves ) comm5datory epi/les4 ,! ref]5ce is q g5]al & to u q obscure2 x is only by exce$+ly bold specialization t x c be made to atte/ ! exi/5ce ( lett]s ( comm5dation f ! ,j]usalem lead]s4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if ! oppon5ts did h "s sort ( endorsem5t f ,j]usalem1 !y may h abus$ ! confid5ce :i* _h be5 repos$ 9 !m4 ,! ,tb+5 exegesis ( #b ,cor4 xi4 #e2 xii4 #aa1 by :i* ! *iefe/ apo/les 7 id5tifi$ ) ! pill>s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* %\ld be reject$2 & ! phrase 7:i* is r to be translat$ ^? :o are apo/les ov]mu*7 %\ld be tak5 z designat+ simply ! ,cor9?ian agitators !mselves4 ,?us1 ! apo/les ov]mu* ( #b ,cor4 xi4 #e become ! same z ! false apo/les ( v]se #ac1 ! latt] v]se be+ us$ 9 ord] to int]pret ! =m]4 ,9 #a ,cor4 i4 #ab1 ,pet] is m5tion$ z be+ appeal$ to by "o ( ! p>ties 9 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur*4 ,x has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$1 on ! basis ( ?is v]se1 t ,pet] _h actually be5 pres5t 9 ,cor9? z _h ,apollos & ,paul1 :o appe> 9 two ( ! o!r p>ty wat*words4 ,b ! matt] is at lea/ v d\btful4 ,z *ief ( ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus ,pet] might well h evok$ ! special admiration ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* )\t hav+ ev] be5 p]sonally pres5t4 ,!re does n seem to be ! slighte/ evid5ce = suppos+ t ! admir]s ( ,pet] m5tion$ 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #ab 7 extreme ,judaiz]s2 & !re is no decisive reason = id5tify+ !m ) ! oppon5ts :o appe> 9 #b ,cor4 x-xiii4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no reason = mak+ ,pet] responsible = ! facti\sness ( ^? :o us$ 8 "n4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,paul rebukes ! ,paul p>ty--if x be a p>ty--z mu* z any ( ! o!rs1 & di/9ctly comm5ds ,apollos1 :o 0 appeal$ to by ! ,apollos p>ty4 ,evid5tly ! faults ( ! p>ties 7 n due at all to ^? ^: names ! p>ties us$4 ,9 #a ,cor4 iii4 #ba1 #bb1 ,paul says1 ,all ?+s are y\rs1 :e!r ,paul or ,apollos or ,cephas4 ,"h ,pet] is put z "p ( ! common possession ( all ,*ri/ians4 ,!re c\ld n possibly be a cle>] recognition ( ! complete fell[%ip :i* ,paul reg>ds z exi/+ betwe5 himself & ,pet]4 ,f9ally1 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #aa1 ,paul calls att5tion expressly to ! fundam5tal unity betwe5 himself & ! o!r apo/les3 ,:e!r !n x be ,i or !y1 s we prea*1 & s ye believ$4#ff ,! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les c]ta9ly l5d no support to ! ,tb+5 cont5tion2 !y c]ta9ly provide no evid5ce ( a brea* betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus4 #ff ,see ,kn[l+1 z cit$ above1 p4 #ajd1 footnotes #a & #b4 ,at ! "t ( 8 la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 ,paul came aga9 into contact ) ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & ) ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,! arrival at ,j]usalem is n>rat$ 9 "o ( ! we-sections ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 & x is !re said1 ,! bre?r5 receiv$ u gladly 7,acts xxi4 #ag74 ,! use ( ! fir/ p]son plural disappe>s aft] ! foll[+ v]se1 :]e ! meet+ ( ,paul ) ,james is describ$1 b x is v difficult to sep>ate ,acts xxi4 #bj1 = example1 f ! we-section4 ,( c\rse !re c\ld be no use ( ! we :5 ! n>rator did n p>ticipate 9 :at 0 be+ describ$4 ,9 ,acts xxi4 #bj1 x is said t ,james & ! presbyt]s glorifi$ ,god on acc\nt ( :at _h be5 done among ! ,g5tiles ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ,paul4 ,:atev] view may be tak5 ( ! composition ( ,acts1 !re=e1 ! w>m reception ( ,paul on ! "p ( ! ,j]usalem lead]s seems to be atte/$ by an eyewitness4 ,su* a reception w\ld be v difficult to expla9 if ! relations betwe5 ,paul & ,j]usalem _h be5 :at !y are repres5t$ z be+ by ! ,tb+5 s*ol>s4 ,accord+ to ,acts xxi4 #bj-bf1 ,james br\ght to ,paul's att5tion ! scruples ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 :o 7 zeal\s = ! law4 ,^! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians _h be5 told t ,paul 0 tea*+ ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion n to circumcise _! *ildr5 or to walk 9 ! cu/oms4 ,) reg>d to ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 ,james has no?+ to say except to call att5tion to ! ,apo/olic ,decree :i* ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* itself _h adopt$4 ,b 9 ord] to allay ! suspicions ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 ,james sugge/s t ,paul %\ld p>ticipate 9 a ,jewi% v[4 ,accord+ to ,acts xxi4 #bf1 ,paul compli$ ) ! reque/4 ,su* compliance 0 reg>d$ by ! ,tb+5 s*ol>s z absolutely incompatible ) ,paul's "*1 & !re=e z unhi/orical4 ,b rec5t criticism has be5 becom+1 to say ! lea/1 less c]ta9 ab\t ! matt]4 ,! incid5t is n>rat$ 9 a concrete way :i* creates a mo/ favorable impression2 inde$1 ! passage seems ev5 to belong to ! suppos$ we-section s\rce4 ,moreov]1 a sob] /udy ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les has %[n t ! attitude ( ,paul t[>d ,judaism & t[>d ! ,law 0 by no means :at ,baur & ,zell]1 ?r\gh a "o-sid$ int]pretation ( ! polemic ( ,galatians1 _h suppos$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! %>+ ( ,paul 9 a ,jewi% v[ is only an exemplification ( ! pr9ciple :i* ,paul lays d[n 9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #ai-bb ( becom+ all ?+s to all m54 ,:]e c\ld ! pr9ciple possibly h appli$ if x did n apply to ! situation 9 ,j]usalem at ! "t ( ,paul's la/ visit8 ,:]e1 if n !re1 c\ld ,paul h felt b\nd to become to ! ,jews z a ,jew 9 ord] t he might ga9 ,jews 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bj78 ,!re seems to h be5 no attempt at t "t to =ce ! ,law ^u ,g5tiles1 & no t5d5cy to reg>d x ev5 = ,jews z necess>y to salvation4 ,compliance ) ,jewi% cu/om w\ld !re=e n be op5 to ! misund]/&+ :i* might h made x inadvisable dur+ ! mid/ ( ! ,judai/ic controv]sy4 ,! devotion ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians to ! ,law seems nev] to h be5 condemn$ by ,paul on pr9ciple4 ,%\ld he !n run c\nt] to ,jewi% feel+ by pursu+ a crassly ,g5tile mann] ( life 9 ! v mid/ ( ,judaism1 :5 ! national life1 9 ! tr\bl\s ye>s be=e ! ,jewi% w>1 0 runn+ high8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is at any rate n s simple z 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,p>ticipation by ,paul 9 a ,jewi% v[ 9 ,j]usalem is n beyond ! limits ( t devotion to ! ,jewi% p :i* ! ,epi/les und\bt$ly atte/4 ,& x is n really d]ogatory to ! "* ( ,paul4 ,:]e ! tru? ( ! gospel 0 conc]n$1 ,paul 0 absolutely unsw]v+ & absolutely )\t reg>d = p]sonal consid]ations2 b :5 ! weak] bre?r5 ( 8 own nation c\ld be won )\t sacrifice ( pr9ciple1 he 0 fully capable ( becom+ to ! ,jews z a ,jew4 ,:ile ,paul 0 9 prison 9 ,j]usalem & 9 ,cs>ea1 :at 0 ! attitude ( ,james & ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*8 ,! ,book ( ,acts does n say1 & f>-rea*+ conclusions h sometimes be5 drawn f its sil5ce4 ,! ,j]usalem lead]s1 x is said1 7 at lea/ lukew>m 9 _! def5se ( ,paul2 !y !mselves 7 zeal\s = ! ,law1 & !y _h only be5 half-conv9c$ ( ! loyalty ( ,paul2 x is no wond]1 !n1 t !y 7 n anxi\s to br+ ,jewi% disfavor ^u !mselves by *ampion+ ! cause ( ,paul4 ,?is repres5tation c f9d no support :atev] 9 ! s\rces4 ,c]ta9ly x is n support$ by ! sil5ce ( ,acts4 ,! disciples ( ,jesus 7 c]ta9ly n 9 positions ( political influ5ce at ,j]usalem2 inde$ only a few ye>s lat] ev5 ,james1 despite 8 /rict ,jewi% mann] ( life1 fell victim to ! fury ( 8 enemies4 ,if at su* a "t & "u su* circum/ances ! ,j]usalem disciples accompli%$ no?+ = ,paul1 ! fact does n atte/ any coldness 9 _! sympa?y1 or any rep5tance = ! joy ) :i*1 on ! unequivocal te/imony ( a we-section1 !y _h greet$ him on 8 arrival4 ,! ,book ( ,acts does n m5tion ! collection :i* accord+ to #a & #b ,cor9?ians & ,romans ,paul c>ri$ up to ,j]usalem = ! poor ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 except p]haps 9 ! b>e allusion 9 ,acts xxiv4 #ag4 ,b no great significance is to be atta*$ to ! omission4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,book ( ,acts is n conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! inn] developm5t ( ! *ur*es1 b r ) ! ext]nal progress ( ! gospel out f ,j]usalem to ! ,g5tile _w4 ,h[ meag]1 = example1 z comp>$ ) ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les1 is ! acc\nt :i* ,acts gives ( affairs at ,cor9?6 ,to inf]1 !re=e1 f ! sil5ce ( ,acts ab\t ! collection t ! collection 0 n graci\sly receiv$ is to make use ( ! argum5t f sil5ce 9 a mo/ adv5tur\s & unw>rant$ mann]4 ,! inf]5ce is def9itely oppos$1 moreov]1 by ! te/imony ( a we-section 9 ,acts xxi4 #ag1 :]e ,paul is said to h be5 w>mly receiv$ on 8 arrival 9 ,j]usalem4 ,t v]se ref]s p]haps to ! reception ( ,paul m]ely 9 a little gr\p at ! h\se ( ,mnason4 ,b ! w>m? ( 8 reception !re 0 at lea/ ( good presage = ! reception :i* took place ! next day 9 ! assembly ( ! eld]s4 ,rom4 xv4 #ca is sometimes ?\ght to indicate anxi\s solicitude on ! "p ( ,paul le/ ! collection %\ld n be acceptable to ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,b ! words w n be> ! weight :i* is hung ^u !m4 ,:5 ,paul asks 8 read]s to pray t he may be rescu$ f !m t are disob$i5t 9 ,juda 7t is1 ! non-,*ri/ian ,jews71 & t ! (f]+ :i* he is c>ry+ to ,j]usalem may be acceptable to ! sa9ts1 he c]ta9ly does n indicate any fe> le/ ! (f]+ may n be acceptable4 ,! (f]+ _h be5 mu* on 8 he>t2 x 0 be+ c>ri$ to ,j]usalem at ! imm95t risk ( life2 ^! p]ils 7 be+ enc\nt]$ out ( love = ! ,j]usalem bre?r54 ,surely x is natural = ! be>] ( su* an (f]+ to wi% t x may be acceptable4 ,t wi% is natural 9 ! case ( any gift1 no matt] h[ c]ta9 ! giv] may be t ! recipi5t w be grateful4 ,x 0 /ill m natural 9 ! case ( ! ,paul9e collection4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if ,paul 0 solicit\s ab\t ! reception ( ! gift1 8 solicitude may well h conc]n$ m]ely ^? memb]s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* m5tion$ 9 ,acts xxi4 #bj-bb1 :o 7 suspici\s ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is no reason1 !re=e1 = connect+ ! solicitude ( ,paul ) ! orig9al apo/les or ) ,james4 ,x w n be necess>y = ! pres5t purpose to attempt any review ( ! mission>y j\rneys ( ,paul4 ,! outl9e ( ,paul's life is "h be+ consid]$ m]ely = its be>+ ^u ! relations :i* ,paul su/a9$ 7#a7 to ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus1 7#b7 to ,judaism1 & 7#c7 to paganism4 ,! fir/ ( ^! relation%ips has be5 *iefly 9 view4 ,en\gh has1 h[ev]1 p]haps be5 said to e/abli% ! foll[+ propositions3 7#a7 ,! relation betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus 0 cordial2 !re is no reason to int]pret ! "r h& ( fell[%ip :i* ! lead]s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* gave to ,paul 9 any o!r ?an its full mean+1 & no reason to suppose t ! good relation%ip 0 brok5 (f at any lat] "t4 7#b7 ,! e>ly tra9+ ( ,paul 0 ?or\ghly ,jewi%1 & 0 fundam5tally ,pale/9ian1 n ,hell5i/ic2 & ,paul nev] rel9qui%$ 8 atta*m5t to 8 own p4 7#c7 ,paul's attitude t[>d paganism1 aft] ! conv]sion z well z be=e x1 0 an attitude ( abhorr5ce4 ,if common gr\nd 0 ev] s\ght ) 8 pagan he>]s1 x 0 only z a />t+-po9t = ! d5unciation ( idolatry & ! proclamation ( a reveal$ gospel4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,paul ,,& ,,jesus ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,paul ,,& ,,jesus#fg #fg ,9 ! pres5t *apt] !re are "s co9cid5ces ( ?\ght & expression ) ! pap] by ! same au?or entitl$ ,jesus & ,paul 9 ,biblical & ,!ological ,/udies by ! ,memb]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y1 #aiab1 pp4 #edg-egh4 ,! review ( ,paul's life has prep>$ ! way = ! pr9cipal subject ( inve/igation4 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,paul8 ,! mo/ obvi\s answ] to t "q is t ! religion ( ,paul 0 bas$ ^u ,jesus4 ,t is ! answ] :i* has always be5 giv5 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* has always accept$ ! apo/le ,paul1 n at all z a religi\s philosoph]1 b simply & solely z a witness to ,jesus4 ,if he 0 n a true disciple ( ,jesus1 !n ! au?ority :i* he has always possess$ & ! influ5ce :i* he has wield$ h be5 bas$ ^u a misconception4 ,b exactly ! same answ] 0 giv5 by ,paul himself4 ,paul reg>d$ himself z a s]vant ( ,*ri/1 & bas$ 8 :ole life ^u :at ,*ri/ _h done & :at ,*ri/ 0 cont9u+ to d4 ,x is no long] ,i t live1 he says1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me4 ,unque/ionably ?is ,*ri/1 ^u :om ,paul bas$ 8 life1 0 id5tifi$ by ,paul ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 a p]son :o _h liv$ 9 ,pale/9e a few ye>s be=e4 ,a mighty *ange 9 ! mode ( exi/5ce ( ,jesus _h inde$1 ,paul believ$1 be5 wr\ght by ! resurrection2 a life ( humiliation _h giv5 place to a life ( glory4 ,b x 0 ! same p]son :o liv$ ?r\gh\t4 ,!re is 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les n a trace ( any di/9ction betwe5 ,jesus & ,*ri/1 z ?\gh ! =m] 7 ! "n ( ! hi/oric p]sonage :o liv$ 9 ,galilee & ! latt] ! "n ( ! ris5 ,"l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! "n ,jesus is appli$ freely to ! ris5 ,"l1 & ! "n ,"l--! l(tie/ ( all titles--is appli$ to ! ,jesus :o suff]$ & di$4 ,x 0 ! ,"l ( glory1 accord+ to ,paul1 :o 0 crucifi$ 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #h74 ,! same ph5om5on appe>s ev]y:]e 9 ! ,epi/les3 ! ,"l ( glory liv$ ! life ( a s]vant on e>?2 & ,jesus1 ! man :o _h rec5tly liv$ 9 ,pale/9e1 0 to be wor%ip$ by all 9 heav5 & on e>? 7,phil4 ii4 #aj1 #aa74 ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les n ! slighte/ trace ( any gno/iciz+ sep>ation betwe5 ,jesus ! hi/oric p]son1 & ,*ri/ ! div9e ,"l4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 z ,w4 ,morgan rightly obs]ves1#fh n ! slighte/ trace ( any adoptioni/ ,*ri/ology1 by :i* a man ,jesus c\ld be conceiv$ ( ei!r z gr[+ up gradually into div9ity or z receiv$ into div9ity by a cata/rophic ev5t l ! resurrection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,paul says expressly t ! ,jesus :o liv$ 9 ,pale/9e exi/$1 be=e ,8 appe>ance ^u e>?1 9 ! =m ( ,god2 & ! entrance ( t p]son ^u human life is repres5t$ z a volunt>y act ( love4 ,8 high] nature1 !re=e1 exi/$ f ! beg9n+2 inde$ ,he 01 accord+ to ,paul1 ! in/rum5t 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 #fh ,w4 ,morgan1 ,! ,religion & ,!ology ( ,paul1 #aiag4 ,f9ally1 !re is no trace 9 ,paul ( any doctr9e ( k5osis1 by :i* ! high] nature ( ,*ri/ might h be5 reg>d$ z s rel9qui%$ :ile ,he 0 on e>? t ! words & de$s ( ! hi/oric p]son w\ld become matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,su* a repres5tation is refut$ n only by :at has j be5 said ab\t ! application ( ! t]m ,"l to ! hi/oric ,jesus1 b also by ! ref]5ces ( ,paul to actual words & de$s ( ,jesus4 ,^! ref]5ces are few2 _! scant9ess may require explanation4 ,b !y are suffici5t to %[ t ,paul reg>d$ ! words ( ! hi/oric ,jesus z possess+ absolute au?ority & ,8 example z normative = ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,?us ! te/imony ( ,paul is pla94 ,he reg>d$ ,*ri/ z ,"l & ,ma/]1 & he id5tifi$ t ,*ri/ fully ) ! ,jesus :o _h liv$ b a few ye>s be=e4 ,?is te/imony mu/ be fac$ & invalidat$ by ^? :o w\ld f9d ! orig9 ( ,paul's religion else:]e ?an 9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,su* is ! te/imony ( ,paul4 ,b :at 0 ! te/imony ( 8 contempor>ies8 ,9 ! environm5t ( ,paul 7 to be f\nd "s m5 :o _h be5 intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus2 presumably !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ,jesus' "* & tea*+4 ,:at 0 _! attitude t[>d ,paul8 ,did !y reg>d him z an innovator ) respect to ,jesus1 or did !y admit him to ! company ( ,jesus' true disciples8 ,s9ce !y knew bo? ,jesus & ,paul1 _! te/imony z to ! relation%ip betwe5 ! two is obvi\sly wor? hav+4 ,at ?is po9t appe>s ! importance ( ,baur's "w4 ,x is ! m]it ( ,baur t h[ev] faulty 8 solution he plac$ at lea/ 9 ! =efront ( int]e/ ! problem ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ,paul & ! intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,t relation%ip1 ,baur believ$1 0 fundam5tally a relation%ip ( conflict2 ,paul & ,pet]1 accord+ to ,baur1 e/abli%$ at be/ only a modus viv5di1 an agreem5t to disagree2 really !y 7 sep>at$ by a deep-seat$ diff]5ce ( pr9ciple4 ,b at ?is po9t a fur!r problem arises4 ,if ,paul & ,pet] 7 really 9 di%>mony1 h[ did !y ev] come to be reg>d$ z 9 h>mony8 ,if !re 0 a deep-seat$ diff]5ce ( pr9ciple betwe5 ,paul & ,pet]1 h[ did x come ab\t t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 f\nd$ n ^u ,paul tak5 alone1 or ^u ,pet] tak5 alone1 b ^u ,paul & ,pet] tak5 toge!r8 ,"h1 aga91 ,baur display$ 8 true intellectual greatness by detect+ & fac+ ! problem4 ,he saw cle>ly :at has seldom be5 se5 ) equal cle>ness s9ce 8 day1 t ! hi/orian mu/ expla9 ! transition n only f ! hi/orical ,jesus to apo/olic ,*ri/ianity1 b f apo/olic ,*ri/ianity to ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,& = ?is latt] problem he propos$ a solution :i* 0 n want+ 9 gr&eur4 ,b 8 solution1 despite its gr&eur1 has succumb$4 ,baur's recon/ruction ( ! second c5tury1 ) ! suppos$ gradual compromise betwe5 ,paul9e & ,petr9e ,*ri/ianity1 result+ f9ally 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 0 "o ( ! fir/ elem5ts 9 8 sy/em :i* _h to be ab&on$2 x 0 de/roy$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! criticism ( ,a4 ,rits*l1 &1 9 ! second place1 by ! pa9/ak+ labors ( ,lightfoot1 ,zahn1 ,von ,h>nack & o!rs1 by :i*1 ?r\gh a /udy ( second-c5tury docum5ts & _! lit]>y relation%ips1 x 0 %[n t ! ,new ,te/am5t books _c be scatt]$ at w any:]e ?r\gh\t ! second c5tury 9 ! int]e/s ( a !ory ( developm5t4 ,rits*l %[$ t ! importance ( specifically ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity _h be5 enorm\sly exagg]at$ by ,baur2 & ! /udy ( patri/ics t5d$ to place ! ,new ,te/am5t books mu* e>li] ?an ! late dat+ :i* ! !ory ( ,baur requir$4 ,?us ,baur did n succe$ 9 ov]com+ ! fundam5tal objection rais$ aga9/ him by ! v exi/5ce ( a ,*ur* t appeal$ bo? to ,pet] & to ,paul4 ,if ,pet] & ,paul 7 really 9 fundam5tal di%>mony1 h[ did ! ,*ur* come to br+ !m toge!r s confid5tly & at su* an e>ly "t8 ,?is "q has nev] be5 answ]$4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* is a refutation ( ,baur2 ! ,*ur* nev] c\ld h exi/$ unless ! apo/les _h be5 9 fundam5tal agreem5t4 ,b ,baur may also be refut$ directly1 9 a purely exegetical way1 by an exam9ation ( ! s\rces to :i* he himself appeal$4 ,baur e/abli%$ 8 hypo!sis ( a conflict betwe5 ,paul & ,pet] on ! basis ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,subsidi>y evid5ce1 ?\ght to be f\nd 9 o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 0 soon %[n to be illusory4 ,?us ,baur & ! e>ly ,tb+5 s*ol>s detect$ an anti-,paul9e polemic 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation1 :i* !y attribut$ to ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,?is use ( ! ,apocalypse 0 soon ab&on$ ev5 by ,baur's own disciples4 ,! !ory ( ,baur1 !re=e1 /&s or falls ) 8 int]pretation ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 especially #a & #b ,cor9?ians & ,galatians4 ,! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les1 z has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 af=d no real support to ! hypo!sis ( an int]-apo/olic conflict4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason to connect ! tr\blemak]s at ,cor9? ) ! orig9al apo/les or ) ,james2 & ! :ole subject ( ! ,*ri/-p>ty 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #ab is n[ felt to be v obscure4 ,! evid5ce ( an apo/olic conflict n>r[s d[n1 !re=e1 to ! second *apt] ( ,galatians4 ,und\bt$ly !re are expressions 9 t *apt] :i* if tak5 alone might indicate ill-w betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem lead]s4 ,9 ,gal4 ii4 #b1 #f1 = example1 ,james & ,pet] & ,john are call$ ^? :o seem$1#fi & 9 ! latt] v]se ! phrase is expla9$ by ! full] designation1 ^? :o seem$ to be some?+4 ,9 ,gal4 ii4 #i1 ! same p]sons are designat$ z ^? :o seem$ to be pill>s4 ,9 !mselves ^! words are capable ( an int]pretation :i* w\ld be d]ogatory to ! p]sons s designat$4 ,! mean+ might conceivably be t ! ,j]usalem lead]s only seem$ or 7 ?\ght to be some?+1 or only ?\ght !mselves to be some?+ 7comp>e ,gal4 vi4 #c71 :]eas !y really 7 no?+4 ,b ?is int]pretation is1 ( c\rse1 q impossible1 s9ce ,paul c]ta9ly recogniz$ ,pet] & ,john z g5u9e apo/les & ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l z a man ( real au?ority 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! mo/ t may be ma9ta9$1 !re=e1 is t ! *oice ( ! peculi> phrases indicates a c]ta9 irritation ( ,paul aga9/ ! ,j]usalem lead]s2 in/ead ( call+ !m pill>s 7:i* c]ta9ly he recogniz$ !m z be+7 he %[s 8 irritation1 x is said1 by call+ !m ^? :o 7 ?\ght to be pill>s4 #fi 4 ,! pres5ce ( indignant feel+ 9 ! passage mu/ cle>ly be admitt$2 b ! "q is :e!r ! indignation is direct$ aga9/ ! ,j]usalem lead]s !mselves or only aga9/ ! ,judaiz]s :o falsely appeal$ to !m4 ,! latt] view is correct4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :at ,paul 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj desires mo/ ( all to prev5t is ! impression t he is appeal+ to ! ,j]usalem apo/les z to a high] in/ance4 ,he is n bas+ ! au?ority ( 8 prea*+ ^u any au?orization t ! apo/les gave him2 he is n say+ t he has a "r to be he>d because ^? :o 7 ! pill>s ( ! ,*ur* endors$ 8 message4 ,su* a repres5tation ( ! conf]5ce w\ld h ca/ despite ^u all ! "w :i* he _h done be=e1 & w\ld h made x necess>y = him 9 ! future to prove con/antly aga9/ all ,judaiz]s & o!r oppon5ts 8 agreem5t ) ! ,j]usalem au?orities4 ,! pr(\nd consci\sness :i* he _h ( 8 apo/olic au?ority did n p]mit any su* c\rse ( action2 & su* re/rictions w\ld h h9d]$ 8 "w :]ev] he w5t4 ,x 0 absolutely ess5tial 9 ! economy ( ,god t ! lead] ( ! ,g5tile "w %\ld h indep5d5t au?ority & %\ld n be oblig$ to appeal aga9 & aga9 to au?orities :o 7 f> away1 at ,j]usalem4 ,h5ce :at ,paul desires to make cle> above all 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj is t ?\gh he appeal$ to ! ,j]usalem au?orities x 0 n necess>y = 8 own sake = him to appeal to !m4 ,!y 7 great1 b _! greatness _h absolutely no?+ to d ) 8 au?ority2 = !y add$ no?+ to him4 ,x 0 !re=e n ! real greatness ( ! orig9al apo/les :i* caus$ him to appeal to !m 7= he ne$$ no au?orization f any man no matt] h[ great71 b only ! greatness :i* 0 attribut$ to !m by ! ,judaiz]s4 ,!y really 7 great1 b x 0 only ! false use :i* _h be5 made ( _! greatness by ! ,judaiz]s :i* caus$ him to lay 8 gospel be=e !m4 ,! ,judaiz]s 7 to be refut$ f ! lips ( ! v au?orities to :om !y appeal$4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! t]ms :i* are n[ "u discussion are incapable ( real translation into ,engli%4 ,! equival5t ,engli% words might seem to imply t ! reput$ greatness ( ! ,j]usalem lead]s 0 n also a real greatness4 ,!re is no su* implication 9 ! ,greek4 ,! %orte/ ( ! phrases1 :i* may be p>aphras$ ^? ( repute1 0 us$ 9 ,greek sometimes 9 a way ?or\ghly honorable to ! p]sons designat$4 ,possibly ! repetition ( ! phrases1 :i* seems some:at /range1 0 due to ! employm5t ( ! same phrases by ! ,judaiz+ oppon5ts4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! passage may p]haps be due p>tly to ! fact t ,paul is "h us+ cat*words ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,at any rate1 if ! read] refuses to int]pret ^! expressions 9 a way d]ogatory to ! orig9al apo/les1 su* refusal is n due m]ely to a pi\s desire to pres]ve h>mony 9 ! apo/olic college2 x is due r to ! way 9 :i* ,paul himself ev]y:]e speaks ( ! apo/les1 & to ! "r h& ( fell[%ip :i* accord+ to ?is v passage !y ext5d$ to him4 ,x is good exegetical me?od to int]pret ?+s t are obscure by ?+s t are pla92 b :at is pla9e/ ( all 9 ?is passage is t ! v au?orities to :om ! ,judaiz]s appeal$ aga9/ ,paul recogniz$ ! h& ( ,god 9 8 "w & bade him ,godspe$4 ,if ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj af=ds no support to ! !ory ( ,baur1 ! latt] "p ( ! same *apt] 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba7 is n really any m favorable4 ,?is passage does inde$ atte/ a rebuke :i* ,paul adm9i/]$ to ,pet] at ,antio*4 ,pet] is ev5 accus$ ( hypocrisy4 ,! ,greek ^w#gj is inde$ n q s h>% z ! ,engli% ^w d]iv$ f x2 x means ! play+ ( a "p & s "h ! concealm5t ( true convictions4 ,nev]!less1 ! incid5t rema9s regrettable en\gh2 evid5tly real moral blame 0 atta*$ by ,paul to ,pet]'s conduct4 ,b :at is really significant is t 9 ! v act ( condemn+ ,pet]'s practice ,paul comm5ds 8 pr9ciples2 he appeals to a great fund ( ,*ri/ian conviction :i* he & ,pet] _h 9 common 7,gal4 ii4 #ad-ba74 ,x w n d to say t 9 ?is passage ,paul is giv+ no report ( :at he said to ,pet]1 b is exp\nd+ 8 own views to ! ,galatians4 ,= 9 ,gal4 ii4 #ad he beg9s to tell :at he said to ,pet] be=e !m all2 & !re is n ! slighte/ indication ( a break be=e ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,c]ta9ly ! break _c come aft] v]se #ad2 = ! ?\ght ( t v]se is q incomplete 9 itself & becomes intelligible only :5 expla9$ by :at foll[s4 ,! passage is be/ expla9$1 !re=e1 if x be tak5 z embody+ ! sub/ance ( :at ,paul said to ,pet] at ,antio*1 ?\gh d\btless !re is no attempt at v]bal reproduction ( ! language4 ,at any rate1 h[ev] mu* ( ,gal4 ii4 #ad-ba be a report ( :at 0 said at ,antio*1 & h[ev] mu* be :at ,paul n[ wi%es to say to ! ,galatians1 "o ?+ is cle>--:5 ,paul beg9s 9 v]se #ad to report :at he said to ,pet]1 he means to call att5tion to some?+ 9 :i* he & ,pet] 7 agre$2 he means to say3 ,y & ,i1 ?\gh we _h all ! advantages ( ! ,law1 rel9qui%$ su* advantages1 9 ord] to be ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,h[ !n c we =ce ! ,g5tiles to seek salvation by a way :i* ev5 9 our own case 0 futile8 ,:atev] else ,paul said to ,pet]1 ?is mu* he c]ta9ly said4 ,! context makes ! matt] p]fectly cle>4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ,paul blames ,pet] n = false op9ions1 b = hypocrisy--t is1 = concealm5t ( true op9ions4 ,9 v]se #ad1 moreov]1 he says expressly t ,pet] 0 liv+ aft] a ,g5tile mann]4 ,! v]b is 9 ! pres5t t5se--if ?\ be+ a ,jew live/ z d ! ,g5tiles & n z d ! ,jews4 ,paul means to say t a pr9ciple ess5tially simil> to t ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 accord+ to :i* 9 _! case ! keep+ ( ! ,mosaic ,law 0 rel9qui%$1 0 ! fix$ basis ( ,pet]'s life4 ,pet]'s pres5t )drawal f ! ,g5tiles 0 a m]e tempor>y ab]ration4 ,be=e ! com+ ( ! m5 f ,james1 he _h se5 cle>ly t ! great new pr9ciple ( fai? 9 ,*ri/ took prec$5ce ( ! ,law1 ev5 = ,jewi% ,*ri/ians2 & aft] ! dep>ture ( ! m5 he w\ld presumably rev]t to 8 old fre$om4 ,inde$ ev5 n[1 ev5 :ile he 0 )draw+ himself f 8 ,g5tile bre?r51 ! real pr9ciple ( 8 life _h n be5 *ang$2 he 0 /ill liv+ z d ! ,g5tiles4 ,b he 0 conceal+ 8 real life = fe> ( m54 ,! v nature ( ! *>ge :i* ,paul br\ght aga9/ ,pet]1 !re=e1 atte/s a fundam5tal unity ( pr9ciple betwe5 ! two apo/les4 ,paul condemn$ ,pet] = hypocrisy2 n = false pr9ciples1 b = concealm5t ( true pr9ciples4 ,9 pr9ciple1 !re=e1 ,paul & ,pet] 7 agre$4 #gj 4 ,accord+ly1 ev5 ! v passage :i* at fir/ sight l5ds mo/ color to ! hypo!sis ( ,baur1 really1 :5 x is correctly int]pret$1 provides ! mo/ /rik+ refutation ( t hypo!sis4 ,! v *apt] :i* atte/s ! appeal ( ,paul's bitt] oppon5ts to ! orig9al apo/les1 & records a %>p rebuke :i* ,paul adm9i/]$ to ,pet]1 really furni%es ! be/ evid5ce ( apo/olic unity4 ,x is ! second *apt] ( ,galatians :i* m5tions ! "r h& ( fell[%ip ext5d$ to ,paul by ,james & ,pet] & ,john1 & x is ! second *apt] ( ,galatians :i* repres5ts ! div]g5ce betwe5 ,paul & ,pet] z div]g5ce ( practice1 n ( pr9ciple4 ,ev5 if ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians /ood alone1 x w\ld e/abli% ! fundam5tal unity ( ! apo/les4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians does n /& alone2 x mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( o!r s\rces4 ,! "o-sid$ int]pretation ( ,galatians1 ) neglect ( o!r epi/les ( ,paul & ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 has be5 "o ( ! mo/ fruitful causes ( error 9 ! /udy ( ! apo/olic age4 ,= example1 ,gal4 ii %\ld nev] be read except 9 ! light ( #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa4 ,! two passages emphasize two diff]5t aspects ( ,paul's relation to ^? :o _h be5 apo/les be=e him2 & only :5 bo? ! two aspects are consid]$ is ! full tru? atta9$4 ,gal4 ii emphasizes ! indep5d5ce ( ,paul's gospel2 ,paul _h n receiv$ x ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( m54 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa emphasizes ! h>mony ( ,paul's gospel ) t ( ! orig9al apo/les1 :om ,*ri/ _h commission$ z directly & z truly z ,he _h commission$ ,paul4 ,bo? passages are conta9$ 9 s\rces admitt$ by all to be s\rces ( prim>y importance2 yet ei!r passage might be misund]/ood if x 7 tak5 alone4 ,?us ! dang] ( int]pret+ ,gal4 ii entirely )\t ref]5ce to any?+ else is signally manife/$ by a comp>ison ) #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians mu/ be all[$ to ca/ light ^u ,galatians4 ,b if s1 may n ! same privilege be grant$ to ! ,book ( ,acts8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! privilege is be+ grant$ to ! ,book ( ,acts by a l>g] & l>g] numb] ( mod]n s*ol>s4 ,baur dem&$ t ! ,paul9e ,epi/les %\ld be int]pret$ by !mselves1 entirely )\t ref]5ce to ,acts4 ,b z ,j4 ,weiss#ga p]t95tly rem>ks1 su* int]pretation is q impossible2 ! ,epi/les tak5 by !mselves are un9telligible2 !y c be int]pret$ only :5 plac$ 9 ! biographical outl9e provid$ by ! hi/orian4 ,( c\rse1 t outl9e might be discr$it$ by a comp>ison ) ! ,epi/les2 ! div]g5ces might really be contradictions4 ,comp>ison ( ,acts ) ! ,epi/les is !re=e a matt] ( fundam5tal importance4 ,b t comp>ison1 z x has be5 und]tak5 at "s l5g? 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s ( ! pres5t discussion1 has result$ favorably to ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,! div]g5ces betwe5 ,acts & ,paul9e ,epi/les are no m to be reg>d$ z contradictions ?an are ! div]g5ces betwe5 v>i\s passages 9 ! ,epi/les !mselves2 & at _m po9ts ! hi/orical "w ca/s a flood ( light ^u ! words ( ,paul4 #ga ,see p4 #dj1 footnote #a4 ,?us ! impos+ con/ruction ( ,baur 0 erect$ by neglect+ all s\rces except ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 & !n by mis9t]pret+ ^!4 ,:5 all ! available s\rces are us$1 & e/imat$ at _! true value1 ! hypo!sis ( a fundam5tal conflict betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les disappe>s4 ,!re 0 inde$ a bitt] conflict 9 ! apo/olic age1 b1 z ,rits*l obs]v$ aga9/ ,baur1 x 0 a conflict n betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les1 b betwe5 all ! apo/les1 includ+ bo? ,paul & ,pet]1 on ! "o side1 & an extreme ,judaiz+ p>ty on ! o!r4 ,! extreme ,judaiz+ p>ty1 n hav+ ! support ( ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus1 soon ceas$ to be influ5tial4 ,! v>i\s sects ( s*ismatic ,jewi% ,*ri/ians :i* appe> 9 ! second c5tury--,ebionites & ! l--if !y _h any roots at all ! apo/olic age 7:i* is m ?an d\btful71 c\ld trace _! spiritual desc5t n f ! orig9al apo/les1 b f ! ,judaiz]s4 ,x is no wond] !n t !y 7 left beh9d 9 ! m>* ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y 7 left beh9d n because ,pet] 0 left beh9d--= ,pet] appe>s z at lea/ "o ( ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 built--b because ,pet] _h left !m beh9d1 or r because ,pet] _h nev] giv5 !m 8 support at all4 ,!y 7 left beh9d because f ! beg9n+ _! spiritual ance/ors 9 ! apo/olic age _h n really belong$ ) apo/olic ,*ri/ianity1 b _h be5 false bre?r5 privily br\ght 94 ,"o fact1 inde$1 /ill requires explanation4 ,if ,paul & ! orig9al apo/les 7 9 su* p]fect agreem5t1 h[ is x t ! ,judaiz]s 9 ! apo/olic age c\ld appeal to ! orig9al apo/les aga9/ ,paul8 ,! exi/5ce ( t appeal _c altoge!r be d5i$4 ,! exact nature ( ! appeal is n inde$ altoge!r cle>4 ,x is by no means cle> t ! ,judaiz]s appeal$ to ! orig9al apo/les 9 support ( ! cont5t ( ! ,judaiz+ message2 x is by no means cle> t !y made ,pet] or ,james tea* ! necessity ( ! ,mosaic ,law = salvation4 ,:at is cle> is only t !y appeal$ to ! orig9al apo/les 9 _! p]sonal attack aga9/ ,paul2 !y contra/$ ,paul1 :o _h become a disciple only aft] ! crucifixion1 ) ^? :o _h be5 intimate ) ,jesus4 ,!y us$ ,pet] to discr$it ! apo/olic au?ority ( ,paul1 b x is n s cle> t !y us$ ,pet] to discr$it ! cont5t ( ,paul's message4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y did appeal to ,pet] 9 ?is latt] way1 if !y did appeal to ,pet] 9 support ( _! legali/ic cont5tions1 su* an appeal does n ov]?r[ ! conclusions :i* h j be5 rea*$ ab\t ! h>mony ( ,pet] & ,paul2 x does n really make ,pet] an advocate ( legalism4 ,= ev5 if ,pet] 0 n an advocate ( legalism ! appeal ( ! ,judaiz]s to him c be expla9$4 ,x c be expla9$ n by ! pr9ciples ( ,pet]1 b by 8 practice4 ,! e>ly disciples 9 ,j]usalem cont9u$ to obs]ve ! ,jewi% fa/s & fea/s2 !y cont9u$ 9 dilig5t att5dance ^u ! ,temple s]vices4 ,outw>dly1 !y 7 simply dev\t ,jews2 & ! mann] ( _! life might !re=e h giv5 "s color to ! ,judaiz+ cont5tions4 ,inw>dly1 x is true1 ! e>ly disciples 7 n simply dev\t ,jews2 !y 7 really tru/+ = _! salvation no long] to _! obs]vance ( ! ,law b to ,jesus _! ,savi\r4 ,! :ole _s ( _! lives1 moreov]1 0 q diff]5t f t :i* prevail$ 9 legali/ic ,judaism2 anxi\s ?\ght = ! morr[1 gloomy contemplation ( ! triumphs ( ! oppressor1 _h giv5 place to exultant joy4 ,! e>ly disciples1 inde$1 l ! ,jews1 7 /ill wait+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,b _! wait+ 0 no long] full ( sorr[4 ,! ,messiah 0 tak5 f !m = a "t2 b ,he _h already appe>$ & _h br\ght salvation4 ,?us ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur* 0 really q di/9ct f contempor>y ,judaism2 ! real pr9ciple ( its life 0 fre% & new4 ,b to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 on acc\nt ( ! cont9uance ( old cu/oms1 ! new pr9ciple might n appe>2 to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 ! obs]vance ( ,jewi% cu/oms on ! "p ( ! e>ly disciples might seem to be legalism4 ,& c]ta9ly ! ,judaiz]s 7 sup]ficial4 ,app>5tly !y _h come into ! ,*ur* 9 ! p]iod ( quiet t foll[$ ! p]secution ( ,/eph52 !y _h come 9 f ! sect ( ! ,ph>isees1 & !y cont9u$ to be ,ph>isees at he>t4 ,z ,ph>isees !y welcom$ ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 b !y did n und]/& ! tea*+ ( ?is ,messiah4 ,!y look$ = a cont9uance ( ! pr]ogatives ( ,israel4 ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 b 0 ,he n ! ,jewi% ,messiah1 w\ld ,he n br+ ab\t ! triumph ( ! *os5 p8 ,w\ld n all ! peoples ( ! e>? come to d obeisance to ,israel by submitt+ to ,israel's ,law8 ,to su* obs]v]s1 ! ,jewi% practice ( ! orig9al apo/les w\ld furni% welcome support2 ^! obs]v]s w\ld n c>e to look b5ea? ! surface2 !y w\ld say simply to ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians ( ,galatia3 ,! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus obey ! ,mosaic ,law2 mu/ n y d likewise8 ,at a lat] "t su* an appeal c\ld n h be5 made2 at a lat] "t ev5 ! practice ( ! orig9al apo/les ceas$ to con=m to ,jewi% cu/om4 ,! tradition accord+ to :i* ! apo/le ,pet] f9ally w5t to ,rome is em]g+ triumphant#gb f ! fires ( criticism2 & if ,pet] w5t to ,rome1 x is inconceivable t he sep>at$ himself f ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly days1 9 ,antio*1 he _h begun to ab&on 8 ,jewi% mann] ( life2 surely he mu/ h ab&on$ x m fully :5 he w5t to ! capital ( ! ,g5tile _w4 ,! tradition z to ! ,ephesian resid5ce ( ! apo/le ,john also po9ts to ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,law on ! "p ( ! orig9al apo/les1 & to _! def9ite entrance ^u ! ,g5tile mission4 ,t tradition has be5 reject$ only by att5d+ to late & dubi\s evid5ce to ! neglect ( :at is pla94 ,b x is n necess>y to appeal to details4 ,all t has be5 said above ab\t ! position ( ,pet] 9 ! m9d ( ! ,*ur* %[s t ev5 ! practice ( ! orig9al apo/les f9ally adapt$ itself to ! ne$s ( ! exp&+ ,g5tile "w4 #gb ,see1 = example1 ,lietzmann1 ,petrus & ,paulus 9 ,rom1 #aiae4 ,b 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 9 ,j]usalem1 be=e x _h become evid5t t ! ,jewi% p z su* 0 to reject ! gospel message1 ! apo/les cont9u$ to obs]ve ! ,law4 ,& by do+ s1 !y gave ! ,judaiz]s "s color ( support4 ,?us if ! ,judaiz]s did appeal to ! orig9al apo/les 9 support ( _! legali/ic claims1 ! appeal does n e/abli% any real unity ( pr9ciple betwe5 !m & ! orig9al apo/les1 or any div]g5ce ( pr9ciple betwe5 ! orig9al apo/les & ,paul4 ,b z a matt] ( fact x is by no means p]fectly cle> t ! appeal 0 made2 x is by no means cle> t ! ,judaiz]s appeal$ to ! orig9al apo/les = ! cont5t ( _! legali/ic message r ?an m]ely = _! attack ^u ! indep5d5t apo/le%ip ( ,paul4 ,x is possible t !y said no m ?an ?is3 ,paul 0 n "o ( ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus2 8 au?ority is m]ely a d]iv$ au?ority2 he is1 !re=e1 no m wor?y to be he>d ?an we2 & we c tell y some?+ new--! foll[]s ( ! ,messiah mu/ unite !mselves ) ! *os5 p & obey ! ,law ( ,god4 ,at any rate1 ev5 if ! ,judaiz]s did appeal to ! orig9al apo/les = ! cont5t ( _! message1 ! appeal 0 a false appeal2 ! orig9al apo/les repudiat$ ! ,judaiz]s1 & recogniz$ ,paul z a true apo/le1 ) au?orization z direct z _! own4 ,?us ,baur 0 wrong4 ,b suppose ,baur 7 "r ab\t ! po9t :i* has j be5 discuss$2 suppose ev5 ! mo/ impossible admissions be made2 suppose x be grant$ t ! orig9al apo/les diff]$ fundam5tally f ,paul4 ,ev5 !n ! te/imony ( ! orig9al apo/les to ! true connection betwe5 ,paul & ,jesus is n invalidat$4 ,= ev5 if ! orig9al apo/les diff]$ fundam5tally f ,paul1 ! diff]5ce conc]n$ only ! place ( ! ,mosaic ,law 9 ! ,*ri/ian economy1 & did n conc]n ! ,paul9e conception ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,s mu* at lea/ mu/ be insi/$ ^u aga9/ ,baur4 ,! really a/\nd+ fact1 :i* em]ges f all discussion ( ! apo/olic age1 is t ! ,paul9e conception ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 :atev] may be said ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ,g5tile fre$om1 0 nev] criticiz$ by ! orig9al apo/les4 ,inde$1 s f> z c be se51 x 0 nev] criticiz$ ev5 by ! ,judaiz]s !mselves4 ,app>5tly x nev] occurr$ to ,paul t 8 conception ( ! heav5ly ,*ri/ requir$ def5se4 ,ab\t o!r ?+s !re 0 controv]sy2 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ian fre$om1 = example1 _h to be def5d$ aga9/ all sorts ( objections & by ! use ( all sorts ( evid5ce4 ,b ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/ !re 0 n "o ^w ( debate4 ,n by man b by ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,paul says at ! beg9n+ ( ,galatians4 ,evid5tly ! ,judaiz]s said1 ,n by ,jesus ,*ri/ b by man4 ,b app>5tly x nev] occurr$ to ,paul t any "o might say1 ,by ,jesus ,*ri/ & !re=e by man4 ,! ,judaiz]s1 app>5tly1 z well z ,paul1 recogniz$ ! alt]native betwe5 ,jesus ,*ri/ & man2 l ,paul !y sep>at$ ,jesus ,*ri/ f ord9>y humanity & plac$ ,him on ! side ( ,god4 ,! same ph5om5on appe>s ev]y:]e 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les--! trem5d\s doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ is nev] def5d$1 b always assum$4 ,inde$1 9 ! e>li] epi/les ! doctr9e is nev] ev5 set =? 9 any sy/ematic way2 x is simply presuppos$4 ,9 ,colossians1 inde$1 x is m def9itely set =?1 & app>5tly 9 opposition to errori/s :o fail$ to recognize its full implications4 ,ev5 9 ,coloss1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e does n seem to h be5 d5i$2 ! errori/s app>5tly did n d5y ! supreme place ( ,jesus 9 ! scale ( be+1 b m]ely err$ 9 atta*+ undue importance to o!r be+s4 ,:at is really significant 9 ,colossians is ! "* ( ! errori/s4 ,evid5tly !y 7 n cons]vative disciples1 :o appeal$ aga9/ ! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ,paul to ! facts ab\t ! hi/oric ,jesus4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 gno/ics1 engag$ 9 unhi/orical speculations1 & z f> remov$ z possible f any?+ t primitive ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ianity might conceivably h be54 ,s :5 ,paul fir/ has to def5d 8 doctr9e ( ! exclusive & supreme importance ( ,*ri/1 he def5ds x n aga9/ cons]vative disciples1 :o c\ld appeal ei!r ) or )\t reason to ! orig9al apo/les1 b aga9/ gno/ic speculation4 ,) reg>d to ! p]son ( ,*ri/ ,paul appe>s ev]y:]e 9 p]fect h>mony ) all ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ians4 ,! fact is ( su* importance t x mu/ be exam9$ 9 ! light ( all possible objections4 ,is !re any trace 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ( a primitive view ( ,jesus diff]5t f ! l(ty ,*ri/ology ( ,paul8 ,"o su* trace has occasionally be5 f\nd 9 #b ,cor4 v4 #af4 ,9 t v]se1 aft] ,paul has spok5 ( ! complete break t comes 9 a man's life :5 he accepts ! b5efits ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 he says3 ,:]e=e we h5ce=? "k no man aft] ! fle%3 ev5 ?\gh we h kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 yet n[ we "k him s no m4 ,"s int]pret]s h discov]$ 9 ! words1 ev5 ?\gh we h kn[n ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 a ref]5ce to a fle%ly conception ( ,*ri/ :i* laid /ress ^u ,8 ,davidic desc5t1 ,8 connection ) ! ,jewi% p1 & 9 g5]al ,8 ord9>y human relation%ips1 to ! neglect ( ,8 high]1 div9e nature4 ,t fle%ly conception ( ,*ri/ might !n be reg>d$ z ! primitive conception1 :i* ,paul himself %>$ until a mature /age ( 8 ,*ri/ian life4 ,b ?is latt] sugge/ion is exclud$ n only by ! :ole t5or ( ! ,epi/les 79 :i* ,paul nev] displays ! slighte/ consci\sness ( any su* revolution 9 8 idea ( ,*ri/71 b also especially by ! pres5t passage4 ,! passage deals ) ! complete & imm$iate break :i* comes 9 a man's way ( ?9k+ :5 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ becomes repres5tative ( him--t is1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,*ri/ian life4 ,x is !re=e entirely out ( accord ) ! context to suppose t ,paul is contra/+ an immature /age ( 8 own ,*ri/ian life ) ! pres5t mature /age4 ,b he is also n allud+ to any l[]1 fle%ly conception ( ,*ri/ z be+ held by o!rs4 ,! int]pretation :i* f9ds 9 ! passage a human ,messiah 9 contra/ to ! div9e ,*ri/ ( ,paul1 errs fundam5tally 9 mak+ ! words accord+ to ! fle% modify ,*ri/1 :]eas z a matt] ( fact !y cle>ly modify ! v]b "k4 ,paul says n1 ,ev5 if we h kn[n a ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle%1 we "k su* a ,*ri/ no long]1 b1 ,ev5 if we h kn[n ,*ri/ ) a fle%ly k9d ( k1 we "k ,him 9 su* a way no long]4 ,he is n speak+ ( two diff]5t conceptions ( ,*ri/1 b ( two diff]5t ways ( kn[+ ,*ri/4 ,!re is 9 ! passage1 !re=e1 n ! slighte/ ref]5ce to any primitive conception ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ diff]5t f ,paul's conception4 ,9 #b ,cor4 xi4 #d ,paul speaks ( ano!r ,jesus :om 8 oppon5ts 9 ,cor9? 7 proclaim+ or might proclaim4 ,0 ?is o!r ,jesus ! hi/orical ,jesus1 9 di/9ction f ! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ,paul8 ,does ?is v]se ref] to a primitive1 ,pale/9ian conception ( ,jesus diff]5t f ! conception held by ,paul8 ,! v]se is c]ta9ly v difficult2 x con/itutes a fam\s crux int]pretum4 ,b j = t reason1 x %\ld n be made ! f\ndation = f>-rea*+ !ories4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ h9t else:]e 9 #b ,cor9?ians t ! oppon5ts pres5t$ a view ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ diff]5t f t ( ,paul2 inde$ :at is *>act]i/ic ( ! polemic 9 ?is ,epi/le is t doctr9al que/ions are abs5t4 ,!re is n ev5 any evid5ce t ! oppon5ts1 ?\gh app>5tly !y laid /ress ^u ,jewi% desc5t1 ,pale/9ian connections1 & ! l1 & s may p]haps loosely be call$ ,judaiz]s1 insi/$ ^u ! keep+ ( ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,app>5tly ,paul does n feel requir$ to def5d ! cont5t ( 8 gospel at all4 ,c]ta9ly he does n feel requir$ to def5d 8 doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,b if ! oppon5ts _h really proclaim$ a human ,jesus diff]5t f ! div9e ,*ri/ ( ,paul1 x is inconceivable t ,paul %\ld n h def5d$ 8 view4 ,if !re is "o ?+ t is fundam5tal 9 ! religion ( ,paul1 x is 8 conception ( ,*ri/ z div9e ,r$eem]4 ,any d5ial ( t conception w\ld c]ta9ly h call$ =? ana!mas at lea/ z sev]e z ^? :i* 7 hurl$ aga9/ ! legali/s 9 ,galatia4 ,yet 9 #b ,cor4 x-xiii1 ?\gh ^! *apt]s conta9 p]haps ! bitt]e/ polemic to be f\nd any:]e 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 !re is no trace ( any def5se ( ! ,paul9e conception ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,! natural sugge/ion is t su* def5se is abs5t because x 0 n call$ =? by any?+ t ! oppon5ts said4 ,x is adv5tur\s exegetical proc$ure to hang a heavy weight ^u ! v obscure v]se1 #b ,cor4 xi4 #d4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! obscurities ( t v]se are n hopeless1 & rightly int]pret$ ! v]se conta9s no h9t ( a primitive conception ( ,jesus diff]5t f t :i* 0 proclaim$ by ,paul4 ,! translation ( ! ,am]ican ,revis$ ,v]sion may fir/ be pres5t$ z a basis ( discussion1 ?\gh x is probably incorrect 9 important p>ticul>s4 ,9 t v]sion ! ?ree v]ses #b ,cor4 xi4 #d-fgc read z foll[s3 ,= if he t come? prea*e? ano!r ,jesus1 :om we did n prea*1 or if ye receive a diff]5t _s1 :i* ye did n receive1 or a diff]5t gospel1 :i* ye did n accept1 ye d well to be> ) him4 #e ,= ,i reckon t ,i am n a :it beh9d ! v *iefe/ apo/les4 #f ,b ?\gh ,i be rude 9 spee*1 yet am ,i n 9 k2 nay1 9 e way h we made ?is manife/ unto y 9 all ?+s4 ,by a modification ( ?is translation at ! end ( v]se #d1 ! :ole passage might mean3 ,be> ) me 9 my boa/+4 ,i am 'boa/+' or def5d+ myself only 9 ord] t y may n be deceiv$ by ! oppon5t :o comes to y4 ,= if he comes arrogantly proclaim+ ano!r ,jesus1 ano!r ,_s1 & ano!r gospel1 ye be> ) him only too well4 ,be> ) me !n :5 ,i def5d myself4 ,= ,i am n a bit beh9d ^! 'prem95t' apo/les1#gd s9ce despite :at !y say ,i h really made ! :ole tru? kn[n to y4 #gc #d4 k 1 1 k 1 4 #e4 4 #f4 t 1 ' 1 ' 4 #gd ,! translation pref]r$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,revision1 v *iefe/ apo/les1 seems to be bas$ ^u ! mi/ak5 view t ! are ! orig9al apo/les at ,j]usalem4 ,?is view is reject$ 9 ! above p>aphrase1 :i* div]ges f ! ,am]ican ,revision 9 o!r ways also4 ,ev5 accord+ to ?is int]pretation !re is no real ref]5ce to a ,jesus ( ! oppon5ts diff]5t f ,paul's ,jesus4 ,! o!r ,jesus ( ! oppon5ts exi/$1 r1 m]ely 9 _! own inord9ate claims4 ,!y _h no o!r ,jesus1 no o!r ,_s1 & no o!r gospel to (f]4 ,!y ass]t$1 inde$1 t ! tea*+ ( ,paul 0 insuffici5t2 !y ass]t$ t !y _h full] in=mation ab\t ,jesus1 ab\t ! ,_s1 & ab\t ! gospel4 ,!y said1 ,paul has n made ! full tru? kn[n to y4 ,yet !y _h really no?+ new to (f]4 ,paul _h really giv5 to ! ,cor9?ians ! :ole ,jesus1 ! :ole ,_s1 & ! :ole gospel4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ?is int]pretation is unsatisfactory4 ,x is oblig$ to supply a l9k to connect v]se #d ) v]se #e--namely1 ! ?\ght1 ,be> ) me4 ,t ?\ght is "h entirely unexpress$2 v]se #a1 :]e x is express$1 is too f> back to be 9 view4 ,?us if ! pron\n him is suppli$ ) ! v]b at ! end ( v]se #d1 !re is no cle> connection ) v]se #e2 ! = ( v]se #e is v obscure4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pron\n me1 n him1 is suppli$ ) ! v]b at ! end ( v]se #d1 all is pla94 ,s9ce ! pron\n does n appe> at all 9 ! ,greek1 ! translator is free to supply x z ! context dem&s2 & ! context app>5tly dem&s ! pron\n me4 ,! mean+ ( ! passage is !n z foll[s3 ,be> ) me 9 my 'boa/+4' ,my boa/+ is und]tak5 to prev5t y f be+ deceiv$4 ,= if ! "o :o comes to y seeks to comm5d himself by claim+ full] k ( ,jesus1 ! ,_s1 or ! gospel1 !n y d well to be> ) me 9 my boa/+1 y d well to li/5 to my def5se4 ,= ,i am n afraid ( ! comp>ison ) ! oppon5t4 ,x is n true t ,i h conceal$ f y any?+ ab\t ,jesus1 ab\t ! ,_s1 or ab\t ! gospel2 on ! contr>y ,i h made ev]y?+ kn[n to y4 ,! exegetical "q is some:at complicat$ by a "q ( ! text 9 v]se #d4 ,manuscript evid5ce is r ev5ly divid$ betwe5 ! pres5t t5se ( ! v]b at ! end ( ! v]se & ! imp]fect t5se4#ge ,unque/ionably ! imp]fect t5se is ! m difficult read+2 x is favor$ !re=e by ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( textual criticism t ! m difficult read+ is to be pref]r$ to ! easi]4 ,if ! imp]fect be read1 x may p]haps be expla9$ z ! imp]fect t5se 9 ! apodosis ( a condition contr>y to fact2 !re w\ld !n be a transition f "o =m ( condition to ano!r4 ,paul w\ld !n say3 ,if he :o comes is prea*+ ano!r ,jesus1 ano!r ,_s1 & ano!r gospel--if su* 7 ! case y w\ld d well to be> ) my def5se ( my own prea*+4 ,if inde$ ! pron\n him be suppli$ at ! end ( v]se #d1 z is usually done1 ! imp]fect might be tak5 simply z ref]r+ to pa/ "t1 & ! mean+ w\ld be3 ,if he :o comes is prea*+ ano!r ,jesus1 ano!r ,_s1 & ano!r gospel--:5 t took place ye 7 be>+ ) ! newcom] only too well4 ,b ev5 s ! imp]fect is extremely h>%1 & on ! :ole x is m probable t x has crept 9 by a copyi/'s error--p]haps 9 con=mity to ! same imp]fect 9 v]se #a1 :]e ! imp]fect is us$ to express a wi%4 #ge ,betwe5 & 7or 74 ,:at has caus$ ! va/ majority ( comm5tators to supply him r ?an me at ! end ( v]se #d is app>5tly ! p>allel ) #b ,cor4 xi4 #ai1 #bj1 :]e ,paul c]ta9ly expresses ! ?\ght1 ,be> ) me1 = y be> ) my arrogant oppon5ts only too well4 ,! p>allel does inde$ con/itute ! /ronge/ argum5t 9 favor ( ! ord9>y view ( v]se #d :i* supplies ! pron\n him1 & reg>ds ! adv]b well z s>ca/ic--only too well4 ,b ! argum5t is n decisive4 ,! connection ) v]se #e really fixes ! pron\n :i* is to be suppli$ at ! end ( ! prec$+ v]se4 ,paul is def5d+ himself aga9/ ! *>ge1 impli$ 9 v]se #f1 t he _h n made ! full tru? kn[n4 ,! oppon5ts _h claim$ to h fur!r in=mation ab\t ,jesus1 ! ,_s1 & ! gospel4 ,b1 says ,paul1 if t is _! claim1 ye d well to li/5 to my def5se4 ,= ,i h made ,jesus & ! ,_s & ! gospel j z fully kn[n to y z !y h4 ,! ?\ght is p]fectly cle> if only ! pron\n me be suppli$ at ! end ( v]se #d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 exegetical tradition be foll[$1 & ! pron\n him be suppli$1 ! ess5tial implications ( ! passage are n really diff]5t4 ,9 no case is any?+ said ab\t a conception ( ,jesus really diff]+ f t ( ,paul4 ,"o int]pretation1 inde$1 def9itely excludes su* an implication4 ,! passage may mean1 ,if ! "o :o comes to y prea*es ano!r ,jesus--9 t case y w\ld d well to be> ) him4 ,b z a matt] ( fact !re is only "o ,jesus4 ,!re=e y w d well to be cont5t ) me4 ,= ,i h made ,jesus fully kn[n to y4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 :i* has mu* to be said 9 its favor1 ,paul refutes ! oppon5ts & _! arrogant claims ( br++ some?+ sup]ior to ,paul's message1 by a ref]5ce to ! obvi\s fact t !re is only "o ,jesus4 ,if !y _h ano!r ,jesus1 ,paul says1 !n !y might claim to br+ y some?+ t ,i did n br+4 ,b s9ce1 un=tunately = !m1 !re is ( c\rse only "o ,jesus1 & s9ce ,i made t ,jesus fully kn[n to y1 !y _c ma9ta9 any sup]iority4 ,?is int]pretation is probably to be pref]r$ among all ^? :i* supply ! pron\n him r ?an me at ! end ( v]se #d4 ,at any rate1 :i*ev] int]pretation be adopt$1 ,paul w\ld surely h express$ himself v diff]5tly if ! oppon5ts _h pres5t$ an acc\nt ( ,jesus radically contradictory to 8 own4 ,9 t case he c\ld h>dly h appeal$ m]ely to ! complet5ess ( 8 pres5tation4 ,in/ead1 he w\ld h _h to e/abli% ! tru? ( 8 pres5tation4 ,z x is1 ! o!r ,jesus ( ! ,judaiz]s exi/$ only 9 _! own inord9ate claims4 ,!y really _h no o!r ,jesus to (f]2 ,paul _h made ! :ole ,jesus kn[n4 ,! passage conta9s no h9t1 !re=e1 ( a primitive conception ( ,jesus diff]+ f ! l(ty conception proclaim$ by ,paul4 ,?us ! ,paul9e ,epi/les conta9 n ! slighte/ trace ( any conflict ) reg>d to ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,ab\t o!r ?+s !re 0 debate1 b ab\t ?is po9t ,paul appe>s to h be5 9 h>mony ) all ,pale/9ian ,*ri/ians4 ,ev5 ! ,judaiz]s seem to h _h no objection to ! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ,paul4 ,b if ! ,judaiz]s1 :o 7 ,paul's bitt] oppon5ts1 _h no objection to ,paul's view ( ,*ri/1 x c\ld only h be5 because ! orig9al apo/les on ?is po9t gave !m n ev5 t slight color ( support :i* may h be5 f\nd ) reg>d to ! way ( salvation 9 ! apo/les' obs]vance ( ! ,law4 ,! fact is ( enorm\s importance4 ,! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ,paul 0 also ! ,*ri/ ( ^? :o _h walk$ & talk$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,let x n be said t ?is conclusion involves an undue employm5t ( ! argum5t f sil5ce2 let x n be said t al?\gh ! orig9al apo/les did n %>e ,paul's conception ( ! heav5ly ,*ri/1 ,paul did n f9d x necess>y to ent] into ! debate 9 8 ,epi/les4 ,= on ?is matt] ,paul c\ld n possibly h kept sil5t4 ,he 0 n 9 ! habit ( keep+ sil5t :5 ! ess5tial ?+s ( 8 gospel 7 call$ 9 "q--! ana!mas :i* he pron\nc$ aga9/ ! ,judaiz]s 9 ,galatia & ! %>p rebuke :i* he adm9i/]$ to ! *ief ( ! apo/les at ,antio* are suffici5t pro( ( 8 fe>lessness4 ,b :at c possibly be reg>d$ z ess5tial to 8 gospel if x 0 n 8 doctr9e ( ,*ri/ z div9e ,r$eem]8 ,t doctr9e 0 ! v w>p & wo( ( 8 be+2 )\t x he 0 less ?an no?+4 ,yet ! hi/orian is ask$ to believe t ,paul submitt$ tamely1 )\t a ^w ( prote/1 to ! pres5tation ( a purely human ,jesus4 ,! ?+ is un?9kable4 ,paul w\ld n h submitt$ to ! prea*+ ( su* a ,jesus if ! prea*]s _h all be5 angels f heav54 ,:at is really mo/ significant 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les !re=e1 is ! complete abs5ce ( any def5se ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ! complete abs5ce1 inde$1 ( any sy/ematic pres5tation ( t doctr9e4 ,! ,paul9e view ( ,*ri/ is ev]y:]e presuppos$1 b n[h]e def5d$4 ,! ph5om5on is v /range if ! mod]n naturali/ic acc\nt ( ,jesus be correct4 ,accord+ to t acc\nt1 ! hi/orical ,jesus1 a great & good man1 came aft] ,8 dea? to be reg>d$ z a div9e ,r$eem]2 "o conception ( ,jesus gave place to a v diff]5t conception4 ,yet ! surpris+ ?+ is t ! mighty transition has left n ! slighte/ trace 9 ! prim>y s\rces ( in=mation4 ,! *ief witness to ! transc5d5t conception ( ,jesus z div9e ,r$eem] is q unconsci\s ( introduc+ any?+ new2 inde$ he expressly calls att5tion to ! h>mony ( 8 proclamation ) t ( ! intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,!re is only "o possible conclusion--! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ,paul 0 also ! ,*ri/ ( ^? :o _h liv$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,!y _h se5 ,jesus subject to all ! petty limitations ( human life2 !y _h se5 ,him hungry & ?ir/y & we>y2 !y _h toil$ ) ,him ov] ! hills ( ,galilee2 yet !y gave ! "r h& ( fell[%ip to "o :o reg>d$ ,him z ! div9e ,r$eem] seat$ on ! ?rone ( all be+1 & !y 7 q unconsci\s ( any conflict betwe5 _! view & 84 ,?us ,paul 0 n reg>d$ z an innovator ) respect to ,jesus by ,jesus' intimate fri5ds4 ,he 0 n reg>d$ z an innovator ev5 ) reg>d to ^? elem5ts 9 8 message--su* z fre$om f ! ,law--ab\t :i* no def9ite guidance 0 to be f\nd 9 ! tea*+ or example ( ,jesus4 ,/ill less 0 he reg>d$ z an innovator 9 8 acc\nt ( ,jesus' p]son4 ,) reg>d to t matt] ev5 ! ,judaiz]s did n v5ture to disagree4 ,b if ,paul reg>d$ himself1 & 0 reg>d$ by ! orig9al apo/les1 z a true disciple ( ,jesus1 h[ did he obta9 ! necess>y k ( ,jesus' life8 ,0 8 k limit$ to intuition or remote he>say2 or _h he opportunities = au!ntic in=mation8 ,t "q has really be5 answ]$ by ! outl9e ( ,paul's life 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,x has be5 %[n t ev5 be=e 8 conv]sion1 9 ,pale/9e1 ,paul mu/ h become acqua9t$ ) ! facts ab\t ,jesus' life & dea?4 ,! facts 7 common prop]ty2 ev5 indiff]5ce c\ld n h made a man completely ignorant ( !m4 ,b f> f be+ indiff]5t1 ,paul 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ,jesus1 s9ce he 0 an active p]secutor ( ,jesus' disciples4 ,aft] ! conv]sion1 ,paul 0 und\bt$ly baptiz$1 & und\bt$ly came into "s contact ) ,*ri/ians 9 ,damascus4 ,! presumption is /rongly 9 favor ( ! pres5ce !re ( "s :o _h kn[n ,jesus 9 ! days ( ,8 fle%2 ! indep5d5ce ( :i* ,paul is speak+ 9 ,galatians is indep5d5ce ov] aga9/ ! ,j]usalem apo/les1 n ov] aga9/ humble disciples 9 ,damascus1 & x does n relate to in=mation ab\t details4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! conv]sion ,paul visit$ ,pet] at ,j]usalem1 & also met ,james ! bro!r ( ,jesus4 ,x is q inconceivable t ! ?ree m5 avoid$ ! subject ( ,jesus' words & de$s4 ,! fifte5 days sp5t ) ,pet] at ,j]usalem br\ght ,paul into contact ) ! mo/ intimate possible s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ,jesus4 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 ,paul came into contact ) ,b>nabas at ! "t ( 8 fir/ ,j]usalem visit4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is detail1 ! lat] association ( ,b>nabas ) ,paul1 at ,antio* & on ! fir/ mission>y j\rney1 is g5]ally or univ]sally recogniz$ z hi/orical4 ,x is confirm$ by ! association ( ! two m5 at ! "t ( ! conf]5ce ) ! ,j]usalem pill>s 7,gal4 ii4 #a74 ,?us ,paul sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 ! mo/ intimate association ) ,b>nabas4 ,:o !n 0 ,b>nabas8 ,accord+ to ,acts iv4 #cf1 #cg1 he 0 a man ( ,cyprus by desc5t1 b he 0 also a memb] ( ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,! k9d ( in=mation conta9$ 9 ?is passage repres5ts j t elem5t 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,acts :i* is be+ g5]ally accept$ by rec5t criticism4 ,) reg>d to ! community ( goods 9 ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 x is sometimes suppos$ t ! au?or ( ,acts has err$ 9 g5]aliz+ & exalt+ to ! position ( a pr9ciple :at 0 really done 9 _m cases by g5]\s individuals4 ,b 9 ord] t !re might be unhi/orical g5]alization1 !re mu/ h be5 some?+ to g5]alize4 ,details1 !re=e1 l ! g5]\s act ( ,b>nabas 9 sell+ a field & devot+ ! proce$s to ! ne$s ( ! bre?r51 are ?\ght to con/itute ! solid tradition ) :i* ! au?or ( ,acts is op]at+4 ,objections 9 pl5ty may be rais$ aga9/ ?is treatm5t ( ! n>rative z a :ole1 b c]ta9ly ! concret5ess ( ! little deta*$ note ab\t ,b>nabas makes a specially favorable impression4 ,x w probably be admitt$ to-day by ! majority ( s*ol>s t ,b>nabas really _h a place 9 ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,b if s1 8 close connection ) ,paul is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,h[ c\ld ,paul possibly h be5 = ye>s intimately associat$ ) ,b>nabas 9 ! proclamation ( ! gospel )\t becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! facts ab\t ,jesus8 ,is x to be suppos$ t ,b>nabas1 :o _h liv$ at ,j]usalem1 proclaim$ ,jesus z ,savi\r )\t tell+ 9 detail :at sort ( p]son ,jesus _h be51 & :at ,he _h said & done8 ,or is x to be suppos$ t ,paul clos$ 8 e>s to :at 8 bro!r mission>y said8 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ mission>y j\rney1 ,b>nabas & ,paul 7 accompani$ by ,john ,m>k1 & ,m>k appe>s aga9 9 ! company ( ,paul1 z "o ( ,paul's tru/$ help]s1 9 ,col4 iv4 #aj & ,philem4 #bd4 ,?is ,john ,m>k c]ta9ly came f ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*2 = ! h\se ( 8 "m is m5tion$ z a meet+-place = ! ,j]usalem disciples 9 ! incomp>ably vivid acc\nt 9 ,acts xii4 #a-ag ( ! escape ( ,pet] f prison4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! ,book ( ,acts z a :ole1 ! twelf? *apt] is recogniz$ z embody+ primitive tradition4 ,ev5 ,wellhaus5 0 some:at impress$ ) ! lifelike detail ( ?is n>rative2 ! *apt]1 ,wellhaus5 admitt$1 conta9s elem5ts ( high hi/orical value4#gf ,c]ta9ly1 !n1 ! "m ( ,john ,m>k & presumably ,m>k himself 7 memb]s ( ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,tradition1 moreov]1 z pres]v$ by ,papias ( ,hi]apolis1 connects ,m>k ) ,pet] & repres5ts ! ,second ,gospel 7attribut$ to ,m>k7 z bas$ ^u ,pet]'s prea*+4#gg ,! connection ( ,m>k ) ,pet] is confirm$ by #a ,pet] v4 #ac4 ,9 g5]al1 rec5t criticism is favorably dispos$ t[>d ! ,papian tradition ab\t ! ,second ,gospel2 t tradition is (t5 admitt$ to h "s basis 9 fact4 ,( c\rse ! words ( ,papias ab\t ,m>k's connection ) ,pet] naturally ref]1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to a "t lat] ?an ! =mative p]iod ( ,paul's life4 ,b no d\bt ! lat] relation%ip 0 at lea/ prep>$ = 9 ! e>ly days :5 ,m>k & ,pet] 7 toge!r 9 ,j]usalem4#gh ,john ,m>k1 !re=e1 con/itutes an important l9k1 n only betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 b also betwe5 ,paul & "o ( ! mo/ intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,paul w\ld h be5 able to le>n ! facts ab\t ,jesus' life f ,m>k if he _h n le>n$ !m else:]e4 #gf ,wellhaus51 ,kritis*e ,analyse d] ,apo/elges*i*te1 #aiad1 pp4 #bb;f4 #gg ,9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 iii1 #ci1 #ae4 #gh ,b4 ,w4 ,bacon 7,jesus & ,paul1 #aiba1 pp4 #ae;f47 believes t ! connection betwe5 ,pet] & ,m>k is probably to be plac$ only 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 pr9cipally be=e ! fir/ association ( ,m>k ) ,paul4 ,?is view1 :i* is insuffici5tly gr\nd$1 involves a rejection ( ! common view1 atte/$1 = example1 by #a ,pet] v4 #ac1 accord+ to :i* ,m>k 0 also ) ,pet] at a lat] "t4 ,! conf]5ce betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem lead]s1 describ$ 9 ,gal4 ii4 #a-aj1 :e!r or no x 0 id5tical ) ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv4 #a-bi1 w\ld naturally br+ an enri*m5t 9 ,paul's k ( ,jesus' e>?ly m9i/ry4 ,x is h>dly to be suppos$ t at ! conf]5ce any m ?an at ! fir/ visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem ! subject ( ! words & de$s ( ,jesus 0 c>efully avoid$4 ,su* avoidance w\ld h be5 possible only if ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* itself _h be5 indiff]5t to its own rem9isc5ces ( ,jesus' e>?ly m9i/ry4 ,b t ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* 0 n indiff]5t to its own rem9isc5ces is prov$ by ! pres]vation 7evid5tly at ,j]usalem7 ( ! tradition conta9$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels %[s t ! memory ( ,jesus' words & de$s 0 c>efully treasur$ up 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* f ! e>lie/ times4 ,paul c\ld h>dly h come into contact ) su* a *ur* )\t obta9+ in=mation ab\t ,jesus4 ,he c\ld n h fail$ to obta9 in=mation ev5 if he _h be5 anxi\s to avoid x4 ,b z a matt] ( fact he 0 n anxi\s to avoid x2 8 apo/olic indep5d5ce1 z w be obs]v$ bel[1 does n really presuppose any su* absurd attitude on 8 "p4 ,on ! ?ird mission>y j\rney ,paul 0 accompani$ by ,silas 7! ,silvanus ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les74 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 ,silas1 l ,b>nabas & ,m>k1 came orig9ally f ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 ?\gh 8 connection ) ,j]usalem is n trac$ s f> back4 ,he is said to h be5 "o ( ! two m5 :o accompani$ ! ,apo/olic ,decree f ,j]usalem to ,antio* 7,acts xv4 #bg74 ,?is ass]tion ( c\rse w n escape un*all5g$4 ,x %>es no d\bt to "s ext5t ! criticism :i* has be5 direct$ aga9/ ! ,decree itself4 ,b ! t5d5cy 9 rec5t ye>s is to f9d a l>g] & l>g] hi/orical basis = ! concrete ass]tions ( ! au?or ( ,acts4 ,s ! m5tion ( ,judas & ,silas z com+ f ,j]usalem creates a favorable impression4 ,x _c be rul$ out m]ely because x /&s only 9 ,acts1 or m]ely because x is connect$ ) ! ,decree4 ,ev5 ! ,decree1 x w be rememb]$1 is n[ (t5 admitt$ to be a ,decree ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* or to repres5t ! sub/ance ( su* a decree1 ev5 by ^? s*ol>s :o suppose t ,acts is wrong 9 repres5t+ ,paul z be+ pres5t :5 ! ,decree 0 pass$4 ,! tradition :i* lies back ( ,acts xv1 !re=e1 _c lightly be reject$4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s evid5ce1 !re=e1 = connect+ ,silas ) ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,( c\rse1 if ! n>rative 9 ,acts be accept$ z x /&s1 z x is be+ accept$ m & m g5]ally to-day1 !n ! connection ( ,silas ) ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* is firmly e/abli%$4 ,t connection is n )\t its importance4 ,x %[s t ev5 :5 engag$ 9 8 specifically ,g5tile "w1 ,paul _h n %ut himself (f f ! s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,jesus4 ,! m5tion ( ,&ronicus & ,junias 9 ,rom4 xvi4 #g is n )\t int]e/4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ! v]se1 ,&ronicus & ,junias are decl>$ to h be5 9 ,*ri/ be=e ,paul 0 9 ,*ri/4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 primitive disciples4 ,c]ta9 o!r details are m obscure4 ,does ,paul mean t ,&ronicus & ,junias 7 !mselves apo/les1 ! ^w apo/le be+ us$ "h 9 a broad s5se8 ,9 t case1 ! v]se may be translat$1 ,salute ,&ronicus & ,junias1 my k9sm5 & fell[-prison]s1 :o are notewor?y among ! apo/les :o 7 be=e me 9 ,*ri/4 ,or is x m]ely said t ,&ronicus & ,junias 7 reg>d$ highly by ! apo/les1 _h a good reputation among !m8 ,9 t case1 ! relative pron\n is no d\bt to be tak5 ) ! words ,&ronicus & ,junias r ?an ) ! ^w apo/les2 & two details are m5tion$3 7#a7 t ,&ronicus & ,junias _h a good reputation among ! apo/les1 & 7#b7 t !y 7 conv]t$ e>li] ?an ,paul4 ,also ! mean+ ( ! ^w translat$ k9sm5 is d\btful4 ,! ^w may mean m]ely memb]s ( ! same race1 t is1 ,jews2 or x may mean memb]s ( ! same family1 t is1 relatives4 ,/ill ano!r int]pretation is favor$ by ,bhlig1 :o ?9ks t ! ^w designates ,&ronicus & ,junias z memb]s ( ! ,jewi% colony at ,t>sus1 ! boyhood home ( ,paul4#gi ,b h[ev] ! int]e/+ exegetical problems may be solv$1 x seems evid5t t ,&ronicus & ,junias _h become ,*ri/ians e>li] ?an ,paul1 & t !y 7 !re=e repres5tatives ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,! pres5ce ( su* m5 9 ! ,*ur* at ,rome--or 9 ! ,*ur* at ,ephesus1 if ! common sep>ation ( ,rom4 xvi4 f ! re/ ( ,romans 7on insuffici5t gr\nds7 be adopt$--is int]e/+4 ,x exemplifies ! k9d ( p]sonal connection t 0 und\bt$ly ma9ta9$ betwe5 primitive ,*ri/ianity & ! ,g5tile *ur*es4 ,ev5 f> away 9 ! ,g5tile _w ,paul 0 n altoge!r remov$ f contact ) ^? :o _h be5 ,*ri/ians be=e him4 ,:]ev] & h[ev] ,&ronicus & ,junias _h become disciples1 :e!r 9 ,j]usalem or else:]e1 :e!r by ! in/rum5tality ( ,jesus ,himself or by ! in/rum5tality ( ,8 apo/les1 9 any case !y _h become disciples 9 ! v e>lie/ days ( ! ,*ur*'s life4 ,x is h>dly to be suppos$ t !y 7 ignorant ( ! facts ab\t ,jesus1 & 9 all probability !re 7 o!r su* p]sons1 ev5 9 ,paul9e *ur*es4 #gi ,bhlig1 ,die ,gei/eskultur von ,t>sos1 #aiac1 pp4 #adj-adb4 ,b x is n necess>y to lay /ress ^u ,&ronicus & ,junias1 :5 ,pet] & ,james & ,b>nabas & ,m>k all came into close contact ) ,paul4 ,paul _h abundant opportunity = acqua9t+ himself ) ! words & de$s ( ,jesus4 ,?ree important facts h ?us f> be5 e/abli%$2 7#a7 ,paul reg>d$ himself z a disciple ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 7#b7 he 0 s reg>d$ by ! intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus1 7#c7 he _h abundant s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,jesus' life4 ,! natural conclusion is t ,paul 0 a true disciple ( ! real ,jesus4 ,?is conclusion is ?\ght to be ov]?r[n by two consid]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is said1 ,paul himself atte/s 8 own indiff]5ce to hi/orical in=mation ab\t ,jesus2 & 9 ! second place1 su* indiff]5ce is confirm$ by ! paucity ( ref]5ces 9 ! ,epi/les to ,jesus' words & de$s4 ,^! two consid]ations lead into ! he>t ( ! problem1 & mu/ be exam9$ ) "s c>e4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ,paul t[>d hi/orical in=mation ab\t ,jesus is ?\ght to be atte/$ *iefly by #b ,cor4 v4 #af & by ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,9 #b ,cor4 v4 #af ,paul says1 ,ev5 if we h kn[n ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle%1 yet n[ we "k ,him s no m4 ,:at c ^! words mean1 x is ask$1 except t ord9>y in=mation ab\t ,jesus1 deal+ ) ! details ( ,8 e>?ly life1 ! k9d ( in=mation t "o man c obta9 ( ano!r by sight & he>+1 has become valueless = ! ,*ri/ian8 ,! ,*ri/ian1 ,paul says1 is int]e/$ n at all 9 :at eyewitnesses may say or 9 :at he himself may rememb] ab\t ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus2 he is int]e/$ only 9 ! direct contact :i* he has at pres5t ) ! ris5 ,"l4 ,?is int]pretation ignores ! fact t ! ass]tion 9 #b ,cor4 v4 #af ab\t ! k ( ,*ri/ is only an application ( ! g5]al ass]tion at ! beg9n+ ( ! v]se ab\t ! k ( p]sons 9 g5]al4 ,s t1 says ,paul1 we f n[ on "k no "o aft] ! fle%4 ,paul says1 !re=e1 n only t he does n "k ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 b also t he does n "k any man aft] ! fle%1 & ! two ass]tions mu/ obvi\sly be int]pret$ 9 ! same way4 ,!re=e ! int]pretation :i* has be5 propos$ = ! k ( ,*ri/1 if x is to comm5d itself1 mu/ also be appli$ to ! k ( e man4 ,b :5 x is s appli$ x results 9 absurdity4 ,x w\ld make ,paul indiff]5t n only to ord9>y in=mation ab\t ,jesus1 b also to ord9>y in=mation ab\t m5 9 g5]al4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ,paul 0 n indiff]5t to ord9>y in=mation ab\t m5 9 g5]al4 ,on ! contr>y1 he 0 exce$+ly c>eful ab\t gett+ in=mation j z accurate z c\ld possibly be secur$4 ,0 ,paul a vision>y1 ) 8 head always 9 ! cl\ds1 indiff]5t to ! concrete problems ( individual m51 indiff]5t to :at m5 _h to tell him ab\t _! v>i\s e>?ly relation%ips1 indiff]5t to _! bodily ne$s8 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians is a magnific5t refutation ( su* a c>icature4 ,t ,epi/le repres5ts ,paul z a pa/or ( s\ls1 unsurpass$ 9 8 insight into ! practical problems ( 8 conv]ts1 unsurpass$ 9 ! tact ) :i* he appli$ great pr9ciples to special circum/ances4 ,b ! same *>act]i/ics appe> ev]y:]e 9 ,paul4 ,ev]y:]e ,paul is ! true fri5d1 ! true patriot1 & ! true man2 ev]y:]e he exhibits t c>eful att5tion to detail1 t c>eful recognition ( special relation%ips1 :i* is lack+ 9 g5u9ely my/ical piety4 ,"s pa/ors are accu/om$ to say ! same ?+ no matt] :at que/ions are laid be=e !m2 !y c only enunciate g5]al pr9ciples )\t apply+ !m to special problems2 !y are incapable ( special fri5d%ips & incapable ( analyz+ actual situations4 ,x is n s 9 ! case ( ,paul4 ,9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les special problems are solv$ 9 ! light ( et]nal pr9ciples2 b ! special problems z well z ! et]nal pr9ciples are subject$ to ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation4 ,paul 0 n indiff]5t to ord9>y k ( 8 fell[-m54 ,?us :5 ,paul says t he kn[s no man aft] ! fle% he does n mean t he ignor$ ! ord9>y k :i* comes ?r\gh sight & he>+4 ,b if t k9d ( k is n exclud$ f ! relations betwe5 ,paul & m5 9 g5]al1 x is also n exclud$ f ! relations betwe5 ,paul & ,*ri/2 = ! latt] "p ( ! v]se is evid5tly plac$ 9 p>allel ) ! =m] "p4 ,x is evid5tly ! same k9d ( k :i* is exclud$ 9 bo? cases4 ,paul does n mean1 !re=e1 t he 0 indiff]5t to ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,*ri/4 ,:at he does mean is t he reg>d$ ^? ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation n z an end 9 !mselves1 b z a means to an end4 ,! natural man accord+ to ,paul does n und]/& ! true significance ( ! words & de$s ( 8 fell[-m52 he does n use !m to atte/ spiritual facts4 ,! man :o is 9 ,*ri/1 on ! contr>y1 ev5 :5 he uses ord9>y means ( in=mation1 is acquir+ k ( spiritual relation%ips1 relation%ips :i* exi/ 9 ! new _w4 ,s x is also ) ! k ( ,*ri/4 ,! natural man may acquire a c]ta9 k ( ,*ri/2 he may le>n :at ,*ri/ said & did & :at 7 ! worldly circum/ances ( ,8 life4 ,b su* k is a k accord+ to ! fle%2 x does n atta9 to ! true significance ev5 ( ^? facts :i* are le>n$4 ,! man :o is 9 ,*ri/1 on ! o!r h&1 may op]ate p>tly ) ! same mat]ials2 b ev5 :5 he is op]at+ ) ! same mat]ials1 ev5 :5 he is obta9+ by sight or by he>say k ( ! words & de$s ( ,jesus1 ^! facts n[ are inve/$ ) a high] significance4 ,! natural man detects only ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! words & de$s ( ,jesus2 ! man :o is 9 ,*ri/ makes !m atte/ facts t h significance 9 ! new _w4 ,no d\bt ! high] k ( ,*ri/ ( :i* ,paul is speak+ is n limit$ to ?is spiritual use ( ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation2 no d\bt !re is also a direct int]c\rse betwe5 ! believ] & ! ris5 ,"l4 ,b ! spiritual use ( ! ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation is c]ta9ly n exclud$4 ,paul does n mean t he 0 indiff]5t to :at ,jesus said & did4 ,?us #b ,cor4 v4 #af1 rightly int]pret$1 does n atte/ any indiff]5ce on ! "p ( ,paul t[>d ! in=mation ab\t ,jesus :i* came to him ?r\gh contact ) ,jesus' disciples4 ,su* indiff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is also ?\ght to be atte/$ by ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,9 ,gal4 i1 ii1 ,paul emphasizes 8 complete indep5d5ce ov] aga9/ ! orig9al disciples4 ,he receiv$ 8 gospel1 he says1 n by ! in/rum5tality ( m51 b by direct revelation f ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,ev5 aft] ! revelation he felt no ne$ ( in/ruction f ^? :o _h be5 apo/les be=e him4 ,x 0 ?ree ye>s be=e he saw any ( !m1 & !n he 0 ) ,pet] only fifte5 days4 ,ev5 :5 he did f9ally h a conf]5ce ) ! orig9al apo/les1 he receiv$ no?+ f !m2 !y recogniz$ t ,god _h already entru/$ him ) 8 gospel & t !y _h no?+ to add4 ,:at c ?is passage mean1 x is ask$1 except t ,paul 0 indiff]5t to tradition1 & d]iv$ 8 k ( ,*ri/ entirely f revelation8 ,9 answ]1 x is suffici5t to po9t to #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa4 ,0 ,paul indiff]5t to tradition8 ,9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #c he himself atte/s ! contr>y2 he places tradition--some?+ t he _h receiv$--at ! v f\ndation ( 8 mission>y prea*+4 ,= ,i deliv]$ unto y among ! fir/ ?+s1 he says1 t :i* ,i also receiv$4 ,! ^w receiv$ "h c]ta9ly designates in=mation obta9$ by ord9>y ^w ( m\?1 n direct revelation f ! ris5 ,*ri/2 & ! cont5t ( :at 0 receiv$ fixes ! s\rce ( ! in=mation pretty def9itely 9 ! fifte5 days :i* ,paul sp5t ) ,pet] at ,j]usalem4 ,x is almo/ univ]sally admitt$ t #a ,cor4 xv4 #c;ff4 conta9s ! tradition ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* ) reg>d to ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,! comp>ison ) #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa ?us exhibits ! dang] ( int]pret+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians 9 "o-sid$ fa%ion4 ,if ,galatians /ood by itself1 ! read] might suppose t at lea/ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 ! c5tral fact ( ,paul's gospel1 0 f\nd$1 9 ,paul's prea*+1 ^u ,paul's own te/imony alone4 ,9 ,galatians ,paul says t 8 gospel 0 n d]iv$ f m54 ,b 8 gospel 0 gr\nd$ ^u ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,surely1 x might be said1 !re=e1 he bas$ at lea/ ! resurrection n at all ^u ! te/imony ( o!rs b ^u ! revelation :i* came to him f ,*ri/4 ,is x possible to conceive ( ! au?or ( ,galatians z appeal+ = ! f\ndation ( 8 gospel to ! te/imony ( ,pet] & ! twelve & o!r bre?r5 9 ! primitive ,*ur*--to ! te/imony ( exactly ^? m5 ^: m$iator%ip he is exclud+ 9 ,galatians8 ,yet z a matt] ( fact1 t is exactly :at ,paul did4 ,t he did s is atte/$ n by ! ,book ( ,acts or by any s\rce ^u :i* d\bt might be ca/1 b by "o ( ! accept$ epi/les4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians mu/ always be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa4 ,:at !n does ,paul mean 9 ,galatians :5 he says t he receiv$ 8 gospel directly f ,*ri/8 ,! answ] is p]fectly pla94 ,he does n mean t :5 he drew ne> to ,damascus on t memorable day he knew none ( ! facts ab\t ,jesus2 he does n mean t aft] t day 8 k ( ! facts 0 n enri*$ by int]c\rse ) ,jesus' fri5ds4 ,:at ,jesus really gave him ne> ,damascus 0 n s mu* ! facts z a new int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,he _h kn[n "s ( ! facts be=e1 b !y _h fill$ him ) hatr$4 ,! ,galilean prophet _h ca/ despite ^u ! ,law2 ,he _h brok5 d[n ! pr]ogatives ( ,israel2 x 0 blasphem\s1 moreov]1 to proclaim a crucifi$ malefactor z ! ,"l's ,ano9t$4 ,paul _h kn[n ! facts be=e2 he _h kn[n !m only too well4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 he obta9$ a new int]pretation ( ! facts2 he obta9$ t new int]pretation n by human int]m$iation1 n by reflection ^u ! te/imony ( ! disciples1 n by ! example ( ! holy m>tyrs1 b by revelation f ,jesus ,himself4 ,jesus ,himself appe>$ to him4 ,he might h appe>$ 9 ang]1 to de/roy him = 8 unspeakable s94 ,in/ead1 ,he appe>$ 9 love1 to call him into fell[%ip & into glori\s s]vice1 to commission him z apo/le ( ! ,"o ^: ,*ur* he _h laid wa/e4 ,t is :at ,paul means :5 he says t he receiv$ 8 gospel directly f ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,! tru? is1 x nev] occurr$ to ,paul to reg>d ! b>e facts ab\t ,jesus z con/itut+ a gospel2 x nev] ev5 occurr$ to ,paul to reflect ^u all ! s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ! facts4 ,to u ! s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,jesus are limit$3 !re=e !y are se>*$ out & numb]$ & weigh$4 ,b to ,paul ! s\rces ( in=mation 7 s num]\s t !y c\ld n be catalogu$4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him to reg>d ) supreme gratitude ! p>ticul> s\rce f :i* he d]iv$ any p>ticul> bit ( in=mation ab\t ,jesus any m ?an we reg>d ) special gratitude ! newspap] f :i* we d]ive our k ( curr5t ev5ts4 ,if "o newspap] _h n pr9t$ ! news1 o!rs w\ld h done s2 ! s\rces ( in=mation are s num]\s t we d n reflect ^u !m4 ,s x 0 9 ! case ( ,paul's in=mation ab\t ,jesus4 ,b>e detail$ in=mation ab\t ! words & de$s ( ,jesus did n 9 ,paul's m9d con/itute a gospel2 !y con/itut$ only ! mat]ials ^u :i* ! gospel 0 bas$4 ,:5 he says1 !re=e1 t he did n receive 8 gospel f m5 he does n mean t he receiv$ no in=mation f ,pet] or ,b>nabas or ,m>k or ,james or ! five hundr$ bre?r5 :o _h se5 ! ris5 ,"l4 ,:at he does mean is t he himself 0 conv9c$ ( ! decisive fact--! fact ( ! resurrection--n by ! te/imony ( ^! m51 b by ! div9e int]position on ! road to ,damascus1 & t none ( ^! m5 told him h[ he himself 0 to be sav$ or :at he 0 to say to ! ,g5tiles ab\t ! way ( salvation4 ,mat]ials = ! pro( ( 8 gospel might come to him f ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation1 b 8 gospel itself 0 giv5 to him directly by ,*ri/4 ,?us ,paul does n directly atte/ any indiff]5ce on 8 "p t[>d tradition ab\t ! life ( ,jesus4 ,b is n su* indiff]5ce reveal$ by ! extreme paucity ( ref]5ces 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les to :at ,jesus said & did8 ,9 answ] to ?is "q x mu/ be admitt$ t direct citations 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ( words ( ,jesus1 & direct ref]5ces to ! details ( ,jesus' life1 are surpris+ly few4 ,9 #a ,cor4 vii4 #aj1 ,paul appeals to a comm& ( ! ,"l ab\t divorce1 & c>efully di/+ui%es su* comm&s f :at he himself is say+ to ! ,cor9?ians 7v]ses #ab1 #be74 ,9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #ad1 he calls att5tion to an ord9ance ( ! ,"l to ! effect t !y t proclaim ! gospel %\ld live ( ! gospel4 ,9 ^! passages x _c be d\bt$ t ! comm&s ( ! ,"l are comm&s t ,jesus gave dur+ ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry2 !y are c]ta9ly n comm&s giv5 to ,paul by ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,= ! words :i* ,paul himself wrote to 8 *ur*es1 by virtue ( 8 apo/olic au?ority1 !mselves con/itut$ comm&s ( ! ,"l 9 ! broad s5se1 9 t ! au?ority ( ! ,"l 0 beh9d !m 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #cg72 "h1 !re=e1 :5 su* apo/olic comm&s are di/+ui%$ f comm&s ( ! ,"l1 ! comm&s ( ! ,"l mu/ be tak5 9 a n>r[] s5se4 ,!y c only be comm&s giv5 by ,jesus dur+ ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry4#hj #hj ,comp>e ,kn[l+1 ,! ,witness ( ! ,epi/les1 #ahib1 pp4 #cai;f4 ,^! passages %[ t ,paul 0 9 ! habit ( di/+ui%+ :at ,jesus said on e>? to ,8 disciples f :at ! ris5 ,"l said to him directly by revelation4 ,!y %[1 moreov]1 t ,paul 0 9 possession ( a fund ( in=mation ab\t ! words ( ,jesus4 ,x may be a "q :y he did n draw ^u ! fund m frequ5tly2 b at any rate1 ! fund 0 !re4 ,9 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ae1 ! assurance t ^? :o are alive at ! ,p>\sia %all n prec$e ^? t h di$ is gr\nd$ 9 a ^w ( ! ,"l 7,= ?is we say to y 9 a ^w ( ! ,"l74#ha ,"h aga9 ! ^w ( ! ,"l is probably to be reg>d$ z a ^w :i* ,jesus spoke :ile ,he 0 on e>?1 r ?an z a revelation made by ! ris5 ,"l directly to ,paul4 ,if ?is int]pretation be correct1 !n ?is passage conta9s ano!r incid5tal ref]5ce to a fund ( in=mation ab\t ! words ( ,jesus4 #ha 4 ,mo/ important ( all1 h[ev]1 is ! report ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc;ff4 ,! report is introduc$ by ! words1 ,= ,i receiv$ f ! ,"l t :i* also ,i deliv]$ unto y4 ,:at does ,paul mean by ! expression receiv$ f ! ,"l8 ,does he mean t ! in=mation 0 giv5 him directly by ! ris5 ,*ri/1 or t he receiv$ x by ord9>y ^w ( m\? f ! eyewitnesses8 ,! =m] int]pretation has be5 favor$ 9 ! fir/ place by "s :o occupy a /rictly sup]naturali/ic po9t ( view1 to :om !re=e x does n seem /range t ! ris5 ,*ri/ %\ld give to ,8 apo/le ev5 detail$ in=mation ab\t pa/ ev5ts2 x has also be5 favor$ by "s :o />t f naturali/ic presuppositions1 &1 reg>d+ ,paul z a my/ic & a vision>y1 seek to sep>ate him z f> z possible f hi/orical tradition ab\t ,jesus4 ,b f ei!r ( ^! two po9ts ( view ! int]pretation is unsatisfactory4 ,:y %\ld ! ris5 ,*ri/ give to ,8 apo/le detail$ in=mation :i* c\ld be obta9$ p]fectly well by ord9>y inquiry f ! eyewitnesses8 ,su* revelation w\ld be unlike ! o!r miracles ( ! ,bible4 ,god does n r5d ! heav5 to reveal :at c be le>n$ j z well by ord9>y ^w ( m\?4 ,b ?is int]pretation is equally unsatisfactory f ! naturali/ic po9t ( view4 ,did ,paul really suppose ! ris5 ,*ri/ to h giv5 him all ?is detail$ in=mation ab\t ! night ( ! betrayal & ! re/8 ,h[ c\ld su* a vision>y exp]i5ce be expla9$8 ,! only possible answ]1 on naturali/ic presuppositions1 w\ld be t ! vision m]ely made use ( mat]ials :i* 7 already 9 ,paul's m9d2 ,paul already _h in=mation f ! eyewitnesses ab\t ! ,supp]1 b aft] he _h =gott5 :5ce he _h receiv$ ! in=mation x well$ up aga9 f 8 subconsci\s life 9 ! =m ( a vision4 ,?is explanation involves a psy*ological absurdity4 ,! area ( ,paul's consci\sness 0 n s limit$ z x is repres5t$ 9 mod]n recon/ructions z be+4 ,if ,paul receiv$ in=mation f ! eyewitnesses ab\t :at ,jesus said & did on ! night ( ! betrayal1 we c be sure t he rememb]$ ! in=mation & rememb]$ :]e he _h got x4 ,x 0 n necess>y = him to receive x all ov] aga9 9 a vision4 ,!re are !re=e s]i\s a priori objections aga9/ f9d+ 9 ! words receiv$ f ! ,"l 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc a ref]5ce to direct revelation4 ,b ?is int]pretation is n really favor$ by ! words z !y /&4 ,! ^w f1 9 ! clause ,i receiv$ f ! ,"l1 is n ! only ^w us$ = f aft] ! ^w receiv$2 ?is ^w seems to indicate n ! imm$iate b ! ultimate s\rce ( :at is receiv$4#hb ,fur!rmore1 ! ^w receiv$#hc 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #c c]ta9ly ref]s to ord9>y in=mation obta9$ f eyewitnesses2 x is natural !re=e to f9d a simil> usage ( ! ^w 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc4 ,x is natural to int]pret "o passage aft] ! analogy ( ! o!r4 ,9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #c;ff4 ,paul is c]ta9ly appeal+ to ord9>y tradition2 probably1 !re=e1 he is also do+ s 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc;ff4 ,! report ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] is ?us to be add$ to ^? passages :i* conta9 def9ite citations ( ! words ( ,jesus4 #hb is "h us$1 n 4 #hc 4 ,?is report also belongs ) ^? passages 9 ! ,epi/les :i* atte/ k ( ! details ( ,jesus' life4 ,x is sometimes said t ,paul is int]e/$ only 9 two facts ab\t ,jesus1 ! dea? & ! resurrection4 ,yet 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc he ref]s ev5 to su* a detail z ! betrayal1 & fixes ! "t ( its occurr5ce--! night 9 :i* ,he 0 betray$4 ,o!r details ab\t ! life ( ,jesus may be glean$ f ! ,epi/les4 ,jesus1 accord+ to ,paul1 0 a ,jew1 ,he 0 desc5d$ f ,david1 ,he 0 subject to ! ,mosaic ,law1 ,he _h bro!rs1 ( :om "o is nam$1 ,he c>ri$ on a m9i/ry = ! ,jews 7,rom4 xv4 #h74 ,) reg>d to ! crucifixion & resurrection1 moreov]1 ,paul 0 int]e/$ n m]ely 9 ! b>e facts !mselves2 he 0 also int]e/$ 9 ! details connect$ ) !m4 ,?us 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #d he m5tions ! burial ( ,jesus z hav+ =m$ a "p ( 8 fundam5tal mission>y prea*+2 & he also gives 9 ! same connection an ext5d$ li/ ( appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,x is possible t :5 ,paul writes to ! ,galatians t ,jesus ,*ri/ crucifi$ _h be5 pictur$ or plac>d$ be=e _! eyes 7,gal4 iii4 #a71 he is ref]r+1 n m]ely to ! =cibl5ess ) :i* ! "o fact ( ,*ri/'s dea? 0 proclaim$ 9 ,galatia1 b also to ! vividness ) :i* ! /ory 0 told 9 detail4 ,s vivid 0 ! /ory ( ! crucifixion z ,paul told x 9 ,galatia t x 0 z ?\gh ! ,galatians _h be=e _! eyes a great picture ( ,jesus on ! cross4 ,moreov]1 ! ref]5ces ( ,paul to ,jesus' life conc]n n m]ely details2 "s ( !m also atte/ w>m appreciation ( ,jesus' "*4 ,! "* ( ,jesus is inde$1 accord+ to ,paul1 exhibit$ prim>ily by ! great c5tral act ( love by :i* ,he came to e>? to die = ! salvation ( m54 ,9 ,phil4 ii4 #e;ff41 ! unselfi%ness ( ,*ri/1 :i* is held up = imitation by ! ,philippian ,*ri/ians1 is f\nd no d\bt prim>ily 9 ! inc>nation & 9 ! ,cross2 9 ,gal4 ii4 #bj1 ! love ( ,*ri/1 ^u :i* ! fai? & ! gratitude ( believ]s are bas$1 is f\nd 9 ! "o great fact ( ,*ri/'s dea? 7:o lov$ me & gave himself = me74 ,b !re are also passages 9 ! ,epi/les :i* %[ t ,paul 0 impress$ ) ! "* ( ,jesus n only z x 0 manife/$ by ! inc>nation & by ! aton+ dea?1 b also z x appe>$ 9 ! daily life ( ,jesus ?r\gh\t ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry4 ,! pla9e/ ( su* passages1 p]haps1 are #b ,cor4 x4 #a & ,rom4 xv4 #b1 #c4 ,:5 ,paul speaks ( ! meekness & g5tl5ess ( ,*ri/1 he ref]s evid5tly to ! impression :i* ,jesus made ^u ,8 contempor>ies2 & :5 he says t ,*ri/ pleas$ n himself b bore reproa*es pati5tly1 he is evid5tly ?9k+ n only ( ! graci\s acts ( inc>nation & atonem5t b also ( ! conduct ( ,jesus f day to day4 ,9 #b ,cor4 viii4 #i 7?\gh ,he 0 ri* yet = y\r sakes ,he became poor71 al?\gh ! ref]5ce may be prim>ily to ! pov]ty ( any human life z comp>$ ) ! glories ( ! prexi/5t ,*ri/1 yet ! peculi> *oice ( words is probably due to ! details ( ,jesus' life ( h>d%ip2 ,paul w\ld h>dly h spok5 9 ?is way if ,jesus :ile ,he 0 on e>? _h liv$ 9 ! magnific5ce ( an e>?ly k+dom4 ,ev5 9 ,phil4 ii4 #g1 ?\gh ! =m ( a s]vant ref]s prim>ily to human exi/5ce z di/+ui%$ f ! glories ( heav51 yet !re seems to be also an impression ( ! special humility & pov]ty ( ,jesus' e>?ly life2 & ! ,cross is put z ! climax ( an ob$i5ce :i* appe>$ also 9 ,jesus' life z a :ole 7v]se #h74 ,back ( ^! passages !re lies w>m appreciation ( ,jesus' "* z x appe>$ 9 ! days ( ,8 fle%4 ,imitation ( ,*ri/ 7#a ,!ss4 i4 #f2 #a ,cor4 xi4 #a7 _h its due place 9 ! life & tea*+ ( ,paul1 & t imitation 0 f\nd$ n only ^u "o act1 b ^u _m acts1 ( ! ,"l4 ,:5 ,paul speaks ( 8 own life ( con/ant self-sacrifice1 9 :i* he seeks n 8 own com=t b ! salvation ( o!rs1 z be+ l$ 9 imitation ( ,*ri/ 7#a ,cor4 x4 #cb-xi4 #a71 he has be=e 8 m9d ! l9eam5ts ( j t ,jesus :o is kn[n to u 9 ! ,gospels--t ,jesus :o _h n :]e to lay ,8 head1 :o w5t ab\t do+ good1 & :o prea*$ ! gospel to ! poor4 ,?us ! paucity ( ref]5ces 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les to ! tea*+ & example ( ,jesus has sometimes be5 exagg]at$4 ,! ,epi/les atte/ consid]able k ( ! details ( ,jesus' life1 & w>m appreciation ( ,8 "*4 ,und\bt$ly1 moreov]1 ,paul knew f> m ab\t ,jesus ?an he has se5 fit1 9 ! ,epi/les1 to tell4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! ,epi/les d n conta9 ! mission>y prea*+ ( ,paul2 !y are address$ to ,*ri/ians1 9 ^: case mu* ( ! prim>y in/ruction _h already be5 giv54 ,"s ?+s are omitt$ f ! ,epi/les1 !re=e1 n because !y 7 unimportant1 b on ! contr>y j because !y 7 fundam5tal2 in/ruction ab\t !m _h to be giv5 at ! v beg9n+ & except = special reasons did n ne$ to be repeat$4 ,except = c]ta9 misund]/&+s :i* _h aris5 at ,cor9?1 = example1 ,paul w\ld nev] h set =? 9 8 ,epi/les ! te/imony by :i* ! fact ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus 0 e/abli%$2 yet t te/imony1 he says1 0 fundam5tal 9 8 mission>y prea*+4 ,if x 7 n = ! errori/s at ,cor9? we %\ld nev] h _h ! all-important passage ab\t ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,x is appall+ to reflect :at f>-rea*+ conclusions w\ld 9 t case h be5 drawn by mod]n s*ol>s f ! sil5ce ( ,paul4 ,s x is also ) ! acc\nt ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc;ff4 ,t acc\nt is ins]t$ 9 ! ,epi/les only because ( c]ta9 abuses :i* _h happ5$ to arise at ,cor9?4 ,else:]e ,paul says absolutely no?+ ab\t ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]2 inde$1 9 ! ,epi/les o!r ?an #a ,cor9?ians he says no?+ ab\t ! ,supp] at all4 ,yet ! ,"l's ,supp] 0 und\bt$ly celebrat$ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,paul9e *ur*es1 & no d\bt 0 gr\nd$ ev]y:]e 9 an acc\nt ( its in/itution4 ,?us ! resurrection appe>ances & ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 despite ! fact t !y 7 absolutely fundam5tal 9 ,paul's tea*+1 appe> ea* only once 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,may !re n !n h be5 o!r ?+s j z prom95t 9 ,paul's tea*+ :i* are n m5tion$ at all8 ,^! two ?+s are m5tion$ only because ( ! misund]/&+s t _h aris5 ) reg>d to !m4 ,c]ta9 o!r ?+s j z important may be omitt$ f ! ,epi/les only because 9 _! case no misund]/&+s _h happ5$ to arise4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! ,epi/les ( ,paul are address$ to special ne$s ( ! *ur*es4 ,x _c be argu$1 !re=e1 t :at is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/les 0 n kn[n to ! apo/le at all4 ,?us ! incid5tal "* ( ,paul's ref]5ces to ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus %[s cle>ly t ,paul knew f> m ?an he has se5 fit 9 ! ,epi/les to tell4 ,! ref]5ces make ! impression ( be+ deta*$ bits tak5 f a l>g] :ole4 ,:51 = example1 ,paul says t ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] took place on ! night 9 :i* ,jesus 0 betray$1 he presupposes on ! "p ( 8 read]s an acc\nt ( ! betrayal1 & h5ce an acc\nt ( ! traitor & ( 8 position among ! apo/les4 ,s x is 9 o!r cases :]e ,paul ref]s to ! life & tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! ref]5ces c be expla9$ only z presuppos+ a l>g] fund ( in=mation ab\t ! words & de$s ( ,jesus4 ,unque/ionably ,paul includ$ 9 8 fundam5tal tea*+ an acc\nt ( :at ,jesus said & did4 ,inde$1 if he _h n done s1 he w\ld h involv$ himself 9 absurdity4 ,z ,j4 ,weiss has po9t$ out ) admirable acut5ess1 a mission>y prea*+ :i* dem&$ fai? 9 ,jesus )\t tell+ :at sort ( p]son ,jesus 0 w\ld h be5 prepo/]\s4#hd ,! he>]s ( ,paul 7 ask$ to /ake _! salvation ^u ! r$eem+ "w ( ,jesus4 ,b :o 0 ?is ,jesus8 ,! "q c\ld sc>cely be avoid$4 ,o!r r$eem]s1 9 ! pagan religion ( ! "t1 7 protect$ f su* que/ions2 !y 7 protect$ by ! mi/s ( antiquity2 inve/igations ab\t !m 7 obvi\sly out ( place4 ,b ,paul _h giv5 up ! advantages ( su* vagu5ess4 ,! r$eem] :om he proclaim$ 0 "o ( 8 own contempor>ies1 a ,jew :o _h liv$ b a few ye>s be=e & _h di$ ! dea? ( a crim9al4 ,inve/igation ( ?is ,jesus 0 p]fectly possible2 ,8 bro!rs1 ev51 7 /ill alive4 ,:o 0 ,he !n8 ,did ,he suff] ju/ly on ! cross8 ,or 0 ,he ! ,righte\s ,"o8 ,su* que/ions c\ld h>dly be avoid$4 ,& z a matt] ( fact !y 7 n avoid$4 ,! incid5tal ref]5ces 9 ! ,epi/les1 scanty ?\gh !y are1 are suffici5t to %[ t an acc\nt ( ! words & de$s ( ,jesus =m$ an important "p ( ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 #hd ,j4 ,weiss1 ,das lte/e ,evangelium1 #aijc1 pp4 #cc-ci4 ,! presumption is1 !re=e1 t ,paul 0 a true disciple ( ,jesus4 ,he reg>d$ himself z a disciple2 he 0 s reg>d$ by 8 contempor>ies2 he made use ( ,jesus' tea*+ & example4 ,b is ?is presumption ju/ifi$8 ,0 x ! real ,jesus :om ,paul foll[$8 ,! "q c be answ]$ only by a comp>ison ( :at is kn[n ab\t ,paul ) :at is kn[n ab\t ,jesus4 ,b at ! v beg9n+ ( ! comp>ison1 a fundam5tal difficulty arises4 ,h[ may ,jesus be kn[n8 ,paul is kn[n1 ?r\gh 8 own lett]s4 ,b h[ ab\t ,jesus8 ,! s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,jesus are ! f\r ,gospels4 ,b are ! ,gospels tru/wor?y8 ,if !y are tru/wor?y1 !n x w probably be admitt$ t ,paul 0 a true disciple ( ,jesus4 ,= ! ,gospels1 tak5 z a :ole1 pres5t a ,jesus l 9 ess5tials to t div9e ,"l :o 0 sum & sub/ance ( ! life ( ,paul4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is no m]e prophet1 no m]e inspir$ tea*] ( righte\sness1 no m]e reveal] or int]pret] ( ,god4 ,he is1 on ! contr>y1 a sup]natural p]son2 a heav5ly ,r$eem] come to e>? = ! salvation ( m54 ,s mu* is usually be+ admitt$ to-day4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! real facts ab\t ,jesus1 ! ,gospels pres5t a sup]natural ,jesus4 ,?is repres5tation is conta9$ n m]ely 9 "o ( ! ,gospels2 x is conta9$ 9 all ( !m4 ,! day is pa/ :5 ! div9e ,*ri/ ( ,john c\ld be confront$ ) a human ,*ri/ ( ,m>k4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,m>k & ,john1 x is n[ ma9ta9$1 diff] only 9 degree2 ,m>k z well z ,john1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be suppos$ t he does s less cle>ly & less consi/5tly1 pres5ts a ,jesus simil> 9 important respects to ! div9e ,r$eem] ( ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4#he #he ,see1 = example1 ,j4 ,weiss1 ,das ,ur*ri/5tum1 #aiad-aiag1 pp4 #edj1 #edg1 #edh4 ,?us if ,paul be comp>$ ) ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels1 !re is full agreem5t betwe5 ! two4 ,! ,jesus ( all ! ,gospels is a sup]natural p]son2 ! ,jesus ( all ! ,gospels is a ,r$eem]4 ,! ,son ( ,man1 accord+ to ! %orte/ & if mod]n criticism be accept$ ! e>lie/ ( ! ,gospels1 came n to be m9i/]$ unto1 b to m9i/]1 & to give 8 life a ransom = _m 7,mk4 x4 #de74 ,b x is n necess>y to dep5d ^u details4 ,! v *oice ( mat]ial 9 ! ,gospels po9ts to ! same conclusion2 ! ,gospels l ! ,epi/les ( ,paul are m int]e/$ 9 ! dea? ( ,jesus ?an 9 ! details ( ,8 life4 ,& = ! same reason4 ,! ,gospels1 l ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 are int]e/$ 9 ! dea? ( ,jesus because x 0 a ransom f s94 ,b ?is simil>ity ( ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels to ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les has l$ sometimes1 n to ! recognition ( ,paul z a disciple ( ,jesus1 b to ! hypo!sis t ! ,gospels are dep5d5t ^u ,paul4 ,if ! ,gospels are introduc+ into _! picture ( ,jesus elem5ts d]iv$ n f ! real ,jesus b f ! my?ical ,*ri/ ( ! ,epi/les1 !n ( c\rse !y w display simil>ity to ! ,epi/les2 b su* simil>ity w sc>cely be v significant4 ,9 comp>+ ! ,epi/les ) ! ,gospels1 ! hi/orian w !n be comp>+ n ,paul ) ,jesus1 b ,paul ) ,paul4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,paul is to be comp>$ ) ,jesus1 x is said1 ^? elem5ts :i* are d]iv$ f ,paul mu/ fir/ be sep>at$ f ! ,gospels4 ,ev5 aft] ?is sep>ation has be5 accompli%$1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s 9 ! ,gospel picture ( ,jesus a c]ta9 am\nt ( simil>ity to ! ,paul9e ,*ri/2 x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! process by :i* ,jesus 0 rais$ to ! position ( a heav5ly be+ 0 begun be=e ! appe>ance ( ,paul & 0 cont9u$ 9 "s qu>t]s 9 m or less indep5d5ce ( him4 ,?us if ,paul is to be comp>$ ) ! real ,jesus1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,*ri/ ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! hi/orian1 x is said1 mu/ fir/ sep>ate f ! ,gospel picture n m]ely ^? details :i* 7 d]iv$ di/9ctly f ,paul1 b also ! :ole ( ! sup]natural elem5t4#hf ,m]e lit]>y criticism w n accompli% ! task2 = ev5 ! e>lie/ s\rces :i* c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,gospels seem to lift ,jesus above ! level ( ord9>y humanity & pres5t ,him n m]ely z an example = fai? b also z ! object ( fai?4#hg ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ s\rces1 !re=e1 ! hi/orian mu/ di/+ui% g5u9e tradition f dogmatic accretions2 he mu/ sep>ate ! natural f ! sup]natural1 ! believable f ! unbelievable2 he mu/ seek to remove f ! g5u9e figure ( ! ,galilean prophet ! tawdry ornam5tation :i* has be5 hung ab\t him by nave & un9tellig5t admir]s4 #hf ,= :at foll[s1 see1 9 addition to ! pap] m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 ,hi/ory & ,fai?1 9 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 xiii1 #aiae1 pp4 #ccg-cea4 #hg ,see ,d5ney1 ,jesus & ! ,gospel1 #aiji4 ,?us ! ,jesus :o is to be comp>$ ) ,paul1 accord+ to ! mod]n naturali/ic !ory1 is n ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels2 he is a ,jesus :o c be r$iscov]$ only ?r\gh a critical process )9 ! ,gospels4 ,& t critical process is v difficult4 ,x is c]ta9ly no easy matt] to sep>ate natural & sup]natural 9 ! ,gospel picture ( ,jesus1 = ! two are inextricably int]tw9$4 ,9 pull+ up ! t>es1 ! hi/orian is 9 dang] ( pull+ up ! :eat z well2 9 ! removal ( ! sup]natural elem5ts f ! /ory ( ,jesus1 ! :ole ( ! /ory is 9 dang] ( be+ de/roy$4 ,c]ta9 radical spirits are n afraid ( ! consequ5ce2 s9ce ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels1 !y say1 is a sup]natural p]son1 ,he is n a real p]son2 no su* p]son z ?is ,jesus ev] liv$ on e>?4 ,su* radicalism1 ( c\rse1 is absurd4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels is c]ta9ly n ! product ( inv5tion or ( my?2 ,he is root$ too deep 9 hi/orical conditions2 ,he t[]s too high above ^? :o by any possibility c\ld h produc$ ,him4 ,b ! radical d5ials ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus are n )\t int]e/4 ,!y h at lea/ call$ att5tion to ! arbitr>9ess ) :i* ! sep>ation ( hi/orical f unhi/orical has be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! production ( ! lib]al ,jesus4 ,b suppose ! sep>ation has be5 complet$2 suppose ! hi/orical ,jesus has be5 discov]$ b5ea? ! gaudy colors :i* _h almo/ hopelessly defac$ ,8 portrait4 ,ev5 !n ! tr\bles ( ! hi/orian are n at an end4 ,= ?is hi/orical ,jesus1 ?is human ,jesus ( mod]n lib]alism1 is a mon/rosity2 !re is a contradiction at ! v c5t] ( ,8 be+4 ,! contradiction is produc$ by ,8 ,messianic consci\sness4 ,! human ,jesus ( mod]n lib]alism1 ! pure & humble tea*] ( righte\sness1 ! "o :o kept ,8 own p]son out ( ,8 message & m]ely ask$ m5 to h fai? 9 ,god l ,8 fai?--?is ,jesus ( mod]n lib]alism ?\ght t ,he 0 to come ) ! cl\ds ( heav5 & be ! in/rum5t 9 judg+ ! e>?6 ,if ,jesus 0 pure & unselfi% & ( heal?y m9d1 h[ c\ld ,he h appli$ to ,himself ! trem5d\s conception ( ! transc5d5t ,messiah8 ,by "s ! problem is avoid$4 ,"s1 l ,wr$e1 d5y t ,jesus ev] pres5t$ ,himself z ! ,messiah2 o!rs1 l ,b\sset1 are at lea/ mov+ 9 ! same direction4 ,b su* radicalism _c be c>ri$ out4 ,! ,messianic elem5t 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus is root$ too deep 9 ! s\rces ev] to be remov$ by any critical process4 ,x is e/abli%$ also by ! subsequ5t developm5t4 ,if ,jesus nev] ?\ght ,himself to be ! ,messiah & nev] pres5t$ ,himself z su*1 h[ did ,8 disciples come to reg>d ,him z ! ,messiah aft] ,8 dea?8 ,:y did !y n simply say1 ,despite ,8 dea?1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god is com+8 ,:y did !y say r1 ,despite ,8 dea?1 ,he is ! ,messiah8#hh ,!y c\ld only h done s if ,jesus _h already pres5t$ ,himself to !m z ,messiah :5 ,he _h be5 ) !m on e>?4 #hh ,j4 ,weiss1 ,das ,problem d] ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 xvi1 #aiac1 p4 #def4 ,9 rec5t criticism1 su* radicalism z t :i* has j be5 discuss$ is usually avoid$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,messianic elem5t 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus _c altoge!r be d5i$4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 t elem5t is ev5 made ! det]m9+ factor 9 all ( ,jesus' tea*+4 ,s x is ) ! hypo!sis ( consi/5t es*atology ( ,a4 ,s*weitz] & o!rs4#hi ,accord+ to t hypo!sis ,jesus expect$ ! ,k+dom ( ,god to come 9 a cata/rophic way 9 ! v ye> 9 :i* he 0 c>ry+ on ,8 m9i/ry 9 ,galilee1 & all ,8 tea*+ 0 int5d$ to be a prep>ation = ! great cata/rophe4 ,ev5 ! e?ic ( ,jesus1 !re=e1 is ?\ght to h be5 con/ruct$ 9 view ( ! approa*+ end ( ! _w1 & is ?us reg>d$ z unsuitable = a p]man5t _w ord]4 ,?is hypo!sis n only accepts ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus1 b 9 "o direction at lea/ x ev5 exagg]ates ! implications ( t consci\sness4 #hi ,a4 ,s*weitz]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,leb5-,jesu-,=s*ung1 #aiac1 pp4 #cij-ddc4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ?is extreme also is avoid$1 & ! hi/orian pursues1 r1 a policy ( palliation4 ,jesus did come to reg>d ,himself z ! ,messiah1 x is said1 b ,he did s only late 9 ,8 m9i/ry & almo/ aga9/ ,8 w4 ,:5 ,he f\nd t ! p 7 devot$ to s91 & t ,he alone 0 fight+ ,god's battle1 ,he came to reg>d ,himself z ,god's *os5 in/rum5t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,k+dom4 ,?us ,he _h a trem5d\s consci\sness ( a mission4 ,b ! only category 9 :i* ,he c\ld express t consci\sness ( a mission 0 ! category ( ,messiah%ip4 ,9 "o =m1 inde$1 t category 0 unsuitable2 ,jesus w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! political aspirations associat$ ) ! expect$ k+ ( ,david's l9e4 ,b ! expectation ( ! ,messiah exi/$ also 9 ano!r =m2 ! ,messiah 0 sometimes reg>d$1 n z a k+ ( ,david's l9e1 b z ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man allud$ to 9 ,daniel & m fully describ$ 9 ! ,similitudes ( ,eno*4 ,?is transc5d5t =m ( ,messiah%ip1 !re=e1 0 ! =m :i* ,jesus us$4 ,b ! =m1 x is ma9ta9$1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u1 & x 0 n really ess5tial to ,jesus2 :at 0 really ess5tial 0 ,jesus' consci\sness ( ne>ness to ,god4 ,su* palliative measures w n really solve ! problem4 ,! problem is a moral & psy*ological problem4 ,h[ c\ld a pure & holy prophet ( righte\sness1 "o ^: humility & sanity h made an indelible impression ^u all subsequ5t g5]ations--h[ c\ld su* a "o lapse s f> f ! sobriety & sanity ( ,8 tea*+ z to reg>d ,himself z ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man :o 0 to be ! in/rum5t 9 judg+ ! _w8 ,! difficulty is felt by all ?\ghtful /ud5ts :o proce$ ^u naturali/ic pr9ciples4 ,!re is to su* /ud5ts1 z ,heitmll] says1 some?+ almo/ uncanny ab\t ,jesus4#ij ,& ! difficulty is n remov$ by putt+ ! g5esis ( ! ,messianic consci\sness late 9 ,jesus' life4 ,:e!r late or e>ly1 ,jesus did reg>d ,himself z ! ,messiah1 did reg>d ,himself z ! "o :o 0 to come ) ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,!re lies ! problem4 ,h[ c\ld ,jesus1 ) ,8 humility & sobriety & /r5g?1 ev] h laps$ s f> f ! pa? ( sanity z to assume ! c5tral place 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god8 #ij ,heitmll]1 ,jesus1 #aiac1 p4 #ga4 ,"h1 aga91 radical m9ds h drawn ! logical conclusions4 ,! ,messianic consci\sness1 !y say1 is an example ( megalomania2 ,jesus1 !y say1 0 insane4 ,su* is said to be ! diagnosis ( c]ta9 ali5i/s4 ,& ! diagnosis ne$ cause no al>m4 ,v likely x is correct4 ,b ! ,jesus :o is be+ inve/igat$ by ! ali5i/s is n ! ,jesus ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! lib]al ,jesus1 if he ev] exi/$1 may h be5 insane4 ,b t is n ! ,jesus :om ! ,*ri/ian loves4 ,! ali5i/s are inve/igat+ a man :o ?\ght he 0 div9e & 0 n div9e2 ab\t "o :o ?\ght ,he 0 div9e & 0 div9e !y h obvi\sly no?+ to say4 ,two difficulties1 !re=e1 face ! recon/ruction ( ! lib]al ,jesus4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is difficult to sep>ate ! natural f ! sup]natural 9 ! ,gospel picture ( ,jesus2 & 9 ! second place1 aft] ! sep>ation has be5 accompli%$1 ! human ,jesus :o is left is f\nd to be a mon/rosity1 ) a contradiction at ! v c5t] ( ,8 be+4 ,su* a ,jesus1 x may fairly be ma9ta9$1 c\ld nev] h exi/$ on e>?4 ,b suppose ,he did exi/1 suppose ! psy*ological impossibilities ( ,8 "* be ignor$4 ,ev5 !n ! difficulties ( ! hi/orian are n ov]come4 ,ano!r "q rema9s4 ,h[ did ?is human ,jesus ev] come to give place to ! sup]human ,jesus ( ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,! transition evid5tly occurr$ at a v e>ly "t4 ,x is complete 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,& )9 ,paul's exp]i5ce x 0 c]ta9ly no late developm5t2 on ! contr>y x 0 evid5tly complete at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 ,*ri/ian life2 ! ,jesus 9 :om he tru/$ at ! "t ( 8 conv]sion 0 c]ta9ly ! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ! ,epi/les4 ,b ! conv]sion occurr$ only a v few ye>s1 at ! mo/1 aft] ! crucifixion ( ,jesus4 ,moreov]1 !re is 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les n ! slighte/ trace ( a conflict betwe5 ! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ,paul & any o!r ,jesus ( ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*2 app>5tly ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul 0 also ! ,*ri/ ( ^? :o _h walk$ & talk$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,su* is ! evid5ce ( ! ,epi/les4 ,x is confirm$ by ! ,gospels4 ,l ,paul1 ! ,gospels pres5t no m]e tea*] ( righte\sness1 b a heav5ly ,r$eem]4 ,yet ! ,gospels make ! impression ( be+ indep5d5t ( ,paul4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,jesus t !y pres5t is mo/ /rik+ly simil> to ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul2 b n[h]e--n ev5 :]e ,jesus is made to tea* ! r$emptive significance ( ,8 dea? 7,mk4 x4 #de7--;is !re ! slighte/ evid5ce ( lit]>y dep5d5ce ^u ! ,epi/les4 ,?us ! lib]al ,jesus1 if he ev] exi/$1 has disappe>$ f ! pages ( hi/ory2 all ! s\rces agree 9 pres5t+ a heav5ly ,*ri/4 ,h[ %all su* agreem5t be expla9$8 ,x might conceivably be expla9$ by ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,if1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,*ur*'s life1 ,jesus appe>$ to ,8 disciples1 aft] ,8 dea?1 alive & 9 heav5ly glory1 x is conceivable t t exp]i5ce might h orig9at$ ! l(ty ,new ,te/am5t conception ( ,jesus' p]son4 ,b :at 9 turn caus$ t exp]i5ce itself8 ,on naturali/ic pr9ciples ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ c be expla9$ only by an impression :i* ! disciples already _h ( ! maje/y ( ,jesus' p]son4 ,if !y _h li/5$ to l(ty claims ( ,jesus l ^? :i* are record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 if !y _h witness$ miracles l ! walk+ on ! wat] or ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 !n1 conceivably1 ?\gh n probably1 !y might h come to believe t s great a p]son c\ld n be hold5 ( dea?1 & ?is belief might h be5 suffici5t1 )\t fur!r miracle1 to induce ! pa?ological exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y ?\ght !y saw ,him alive aft] ,8 passion4 ,b if ! miracul\s be remov$ f ! life ( ,jesus1 a d\ble portion ( ! miracul\s mu/ be heap$ up ^u ! appe>ances4 ,! small] be ! ,jesus :om ! disciples _h kn[n 9 ,galilee1 ! m unacc\ntable becomes ! exp]i5ce :i* caus$ !m to believe 9 ,8 resurrection4 ,by "o pa? or ano!r1 !re=e1 ! hi/orian ( ,*ri/ian orig9s is pu%$ (f f ! safe gr\nd ( ! ph5om5al _w t[>d ! abyss ( sup]naturalism4 ,to acc\nt = ! fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ! sup]natural mu/ be f\nd ei!r 9 ! life ( ,jesus on e>?1 or else 9 ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,b if ! sup]natural is f\nd 9 "o place1 !re is no objection to f9d+ x 9 bo? places4 ,& 9 bo? places x is f\nd by ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?ree difficulties1 !re=e1 beset ! recon/ruction ( ! lib]al ,jesus4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is difficult to dis5gage ,8 picture f ! miracul\s elem5ts :i* h defac$ x 9 ! ,gospels2 9 ! second place1 :5 ! suppos$ hi/orical ,jesus has be5 recon/ruct$1 !re is a moral contradiction at ! c5t] ( ,8 be+1 caus$ by ,8 l(ty claims2 9 ! ?ird place1 x is h>d to see h[1 9 ! ?9k+ ( ! e>ly disciples1 ! purely human ,jesus gave place )\t ! slighte/ /ruggle to ! heav5ly ,*ri/ ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & ( ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b suppose all ! difficulties h be5 remov$4 ,suppose a human ,jesus has be5 recon/ruct$4 ,:at is ! result ( comp>+ t human ,jesus ) ,paul8 ,at fir/ sight !re seems to be no?+ b contradiction4 ,b clos] exam9ation discloses po9ts ( agreem5t4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul ext5ds ev5 to ^? elem5ts 9 ! ,gospel acc\nt ( ,jesus :i* are accept$ by mod]n naturali/ic criticism4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,jesus & ,paul pres5t ! same view ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! t]m k+dom ( ,god is n v frequ5t 9 ! ,epi/les2 b x is us$ z ?\gh famili> to ! read]s1 & :5 x does occur1 x has ! same mean+ z 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! simil>ity appe>s1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 a negative feature--bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 ! idea ( ! ,k+dom is divorc$ f all political & mat]iali/ic associations4 ,t fact may seem to u to be a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b 9 ! ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury x 0 f> f be+ a matt] ( c\rse4 ,on ! contr>y1 x meant no?+ less ?an a revolution 9 ?\ght & 9 life4 ,h[ did ,paul1 ! patriot & ! ,ph>isee1 come to sep>ate ! ?\ght ( ! ,k+dom f political associations8 ,h[ did he come to d s ev5 if he _h come to ?9k t ! ,messiah _h already appe>$8 ,h[ did he come to d s unless he 0 influ5c$ 9 "s way by ! tea*+ ( ,jesus8 ,b ! simil>ity is n m]ely negative4 ,9 positive aspects also1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ,paul is simil> to t :i* appe>s 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 ! implications ( entrance are e?ical4 ,or "k ye n1 says ,paul1 t ! unrighte\s %all n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #i74 ,!n foll[s1 aft] ^! words1 z 9 ,gal4 v4 #ai-ba1 a long li/ ( s9s :i* exclude a man f p>ticipation 9 ! ,k+dom4 ,paul is "h cont9u+ fai?fully ! tea*+ ( ,him :o said1 ,rep5t ye2 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,f9ally bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul ! ,k+dom appe>s p>tly z pres5t & p>tly z future4 ,9 ! above passages f ,galatians & #a ,cor9?ians1 = example1 & 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ej1 x is future2 :]eas 9 su* passages z ,rom4 xiv4 #ag 7= ! k+dom ( ,god is n eat+ & dr9k+ b righte\sness & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,_s71 ! pres5t aspect is r 9 view4 ,! same two aspects ( ! ,k+dom appe> also 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 all attempts at mak+ ,jesus' conception ?or\ghly es*atological h fail$4 ,bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 !re=e1 ! ,k+dom ( ,god is bo? transc5d5t & e?ical4 ,bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 f9ally1 ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom means joy z well z judgm5t4 ,:5 ,paul says t ! ,k+dom ( ,god is righte\sness & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 he is l ,jesus n m]ely 9 ^w b 9 ! :ole _s ( ! message2 ,jesus also proclaim$ ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom z a gospel4 ,9 ! second place1 ,paul is l ,jesus 9 8 doctr9e ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,t doctr9e1 x w probably be admitt$1 0 *>act]i/ic ( ,jesus2 inde$ ! t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s is to reg>d x z ! v sum & sub/ance ( all t ,jesus said4 ,c]ta9ly no p>allel to ,jesus' pres5tation ( ,god z ,fa!r has be5 f\nd 9 extra-,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,! t]m fa!r is inde$ appli$ to ,god "h & !re 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x is usually 9 relation to ! p ( ,israel t ,god is ?\ght ( z ,fa!r r ?an 9 relation to ! individual4 ,ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is true1 ! conception ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god is n )\t importance4 ,! consci\sness ( belong+ to ,god's *os5 p & ?us be+ "u ,god's fa!rly c>e 0 imm5sely valuable = ! life ( ! individual ,israelite2 x 0 no m]e product ( an unsatisfy+ /ate religion l ! religions ( ,greece or ,rome4 ,!re 0 prep>ation 9 ,old ,te/am5t revelation1 "h z else:]e1 = ! com+ ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 ,jewi% lit]ature outside ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 moreov]1 & 9 rabb9ical s\rces1 ! conception ( ,god z ,fa!r is n altoge!r abs5t4#ia ,b x appe>s comp>atively seldom1 & x lacks altoge!r ! true cont5t ( ,jesus' tea*+4 ,despite all previ\s uses ( ! ^w fa!r z appli$ to ,god1 ,jesus 0 u%]+ 9 a new era :5 ,he taught ,8 disciples to say1 ,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 heav54 #ia ,b\sset1 ,die ,religion des ,jud5tums1 #bte ,aufl41 #aijf1 pp4 #dcb-dcd4 ,?is conception ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god appe>s 9 ,paul 9 j ! same way z 9 ,jesus4 ,9 ,paul z well z 9 ,jesus x is n some?+ to be turn$ to occasionally2 on ! contr>y x is "o ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! religi\s life4 ,x is no wond] t ! words1 ,god our ,fa!r1 appe> regul>ly at ! beg9n+s ( ! ,epi/les4 ,! fa!rhood ( ,god 9 ,paul is n some?+ to be argu$ ab\t or def5d$2 x is altoge!r a matt] ( c\rse4 ,b x has n lo/1 ?r\gh repetition1 "o :it ( its fre%ness4 ,! "n ,fa!r appli$ to ,god 9 ,paul is m ?an a b>e title2 x is ! well+ up ( ! dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,abba1 ,fa!r on ! lips ( ,paul's conv]ts 0 exactly ! same1 n only 9 =m b also 9 deepe/ import1 z ! ^w :i* ,jesus fir/ taught ,8 disciples :5 !y said to ,him1 ,"l1 tea* u to pray4 ,b ! fa!rhood ( ,god 9 ,paul is l ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 9 ev5 m def9ite ways ?an 9 ! f]vor ( ! religi\s life :i* x evokes4 ,x is also l ,jesus' tea*+ 9 be+ ! possession1 n ( ! _w1 b ( ! h\sehold ( fai?4 ,if1 inde$1 ! fa!rhood ( ,god 9 ,jesus' tea*+ 7 l ! fa!rhood ( ,god 9 mod]n lib]alism--a relation%ip :i* ,god su/a9s t[>d m5 z m5--!n x w\ld be z f> remov$ z possible f ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 bo? ,paul & ,jesus res]v$ ! t]m ,fa!r = ! relation 9 :i* ,god /&s to ! disciples ( ,jesus4 ,"o passage1 inde$ 7,matt4 v4 #de2 ,luke vi4 #ce71 has be5 quot$ z mak+ ,god ! ,fa!r ( all m54 ,b only by a /range mis9t]pretation4 ,x is /range h[ 9 ! day ( our boa/$ grammatico-hi/orical exegesis1 s egregi\s an error c be all[$ to live4 ,! prejudices ( ! read] h triumph$ "h ov] all exegetical pr9ciples2 a vague mod]nism has be5 attribut$ to ! /]ne/1 z well z mo/ m]ciful1 ,prophet :o ev] walk$ ^u e>?4 ,:5 ,jesus says1 ,love y\r enemies1 & pray = !m t p]secute y2 t ye may be sons ( y\r ,fa!r :o is 9 heav53 = he make? 8 sun to rise on ! evil & ! good1 & s5de? ra9 on ! j & ! unju/1 ,he c]ta9ly does n mean t ,god is ! ,fa!r ( all m5 bo? evil & good4 ,god c>es = all1 b ,he is n said to be ! ,fa!r ( all4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may almo/ be said t ! v po9t ( ! passage is t ,god c>es = all al?\gh ,he is n ! ,fa!r ( all4 ,t x is :i* makes ,him ! example = ^? :o are to d good n m]ely to fri5ds or bro!rs b also to enemies4 ,?is int]pretation does n mean t ,god does n /& t[>d all m5 9 a relation analog\s to t ( a fa!r to 8 *ildr52 x does n mean t ,he does n love all or c>e = all4 ,b x does mean t h[ev] close may be ! relation%ip :i* ,god su/a9s to all m51 ! l(ty t]m ,fa!r is res]v$ = a relation%ip :i* is f> m intimate /ill4 ,jesus ext5ds to all m5 ^? common bless+s :i* ! mod]n prea*] sums up 9 ! t]m fa!rhood ( ,god2 b ,he ext5ds to ,8 own disciples n only ^? bless+s b inf9itely m4 ,x is n ! m5 ( ! _w--n ! publicans1 n ! ,g5tiles--:o c say1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 ,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 ,heav54 ,r x is ! little gr\p ( ,jesus' disciples--:i* little gr\p1 h[ev]1 all )\t exception are freely invit$ to jo94 ,s x is exactly also 9 ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,god /&s1 accord+ to ,paul1 9 a vital relation to all m54 ,he is ! au?or ( ! be+ ( all2 ,he c>es = all2 ,he has plant$ ,8 law 9 ! he>ts ( all4 ,he /&s ?us 9 a relation t[>d all :i* is analog\s to t ( fa!r to *ild4 ,! ,book ( ,acts is q 9 accord ) ! ,epi/les :5 x makes ,paul say ( all m51 ,= we are also ,8 (fspr+4 ,b 9 ,paul j z 9 ,jesus ! l(ty t]m ,fa!r is res]v$ = a m intimate relation%ip4 ,paul accepts all ! tru? ( natural religion2 all ! tru? t reappe>s 9 ! vague lib]alism ( mod]n times4 ,b he adds to x ! tru? ( ! gospel4 ,^? are truly sons ( ,god1 he says1 :o h be5 receiv$ by adoption into ,god's h\sehold1 & 9 ^: he>ts ,god's ,_s cries1 ,abba1 ,fa!r4 ,!re 0 no?+ n>r[ ab\t su* a gospel2 = ! door ( ! h\sehold ( fai? 0 op5$ wide to all4 ,jesus _h di$ 9 ord] to op5 t door1 & ! apo/le w5t up & d[n ! _w1 endur+ p]il ^u p]il 9 ord] to br+ m5 94 ,!re 0 ne$ = su* s]vice1 because ( s94 ,nei!r 9 ,jesus nor 9 ,paul is s9 cov]$ up1 nor ! necessity ( a great trans=mation conceal$4 ,jesus came n to reveal to m5 t !y 7 already *ildr5 ( ,god1 b to make !m ,god's *ildr5 by ,8 r$eem+ "w4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,paul is l ,jesus 9 pres5t+ a doctr9e ( grace4 ,( c\rse he is l ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels2 = ! ,jesus ( ! ,gospels decl>$ t ! ,son ( ,man came to give ,8 life a ransom = _m4 ,b ,he is ev5 l ! ,jesus ( mod]n recon/ruction4 ,ev5 ! lib]al ,jesus taught a doctr9e ( grace4 ,he taught1 x = example1 9 ! p>ables ( ! labor]s 9 ! v9ey>d & ( ! s]vant com+ 9 f ! field4 ,9 ^? two p>ables ,jesus express$ ,8 opposition to a religion ( works1 a religion :i* c op5 an acc\nt ) ,god & seek to obta9 salvation by m]it4#ib ,salvation1 accord+ to ,jesus1 is a matt] ( ,god's free grace2 x is some?+ :i* ,god gives to :om ,he w4 ,! same great doctr9e really runs all ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 x is ! root ( ,8 opposition to ! scribes & ,ph>isees2 x det]m9es ! confid5ce ) :i* ,he taught ,8 disciples to draw ne> to ,god4 ,b x is ! same doctr9e1 exactly1 :i* appe>s 9 ,paul4 ,! ,paul :o combat$ ! legali/s 9 ,galatia1 l ! ,jesus :o combat$ ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 0 cont5d+ = a ,god ( grace4 #ib ,comp>e ,w4 ,morgan1 ,! ,religion & ,!ology ( ,paul1 #aiag1 p4 #aee3 ,! ess5tial import ( ,paul's doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? is all conta9$ 9 ! two p>ables ( ! ,ph>isee & ! publican & ! s]vant com+ 9 f ! field4 ,let x n be object$ t ,jesus ma9ta9$ also ! expectation ( a judgm5t4 ,= 9 ?is p>ticul> also ,he 0 foll[$ by ,paul4 ,paul also1 despite 8 doctr9e ( grace1 expect$ t ! ,*ri/ians w\ld /& be=e ! judgm5t-seat4 ,& x may be rememb]$ 9 pass+ t bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul ! judgm5t-seat is a judgm5t-seat ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,paul is /rik+ly simil> to t ( ,jesus4 ,x is necess>y only to po9t to ! conception ( love z ! fulfill+ ( ! law1 & to ! sub/itution = ext]nal rules ( ! great pr9ciples ( ju/ice & ( m]cy4 ,^! ?+s may seem to u to be matt]s ( c\rse4 ,b !y 7 n matt]s ( c\rse 9 ! ,jewi% environm5t ( ,paul4 ,simil>ity 9 ?is field betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul c h>dly be a matt] ( *ance4 ,_m resemblances h be5 po9t$ out 9 detail betwe5 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,jesus & t ( ,paul4 ,b ! mo/ important is ! "o :i* is mo/ obvi\s1 & :i* j = t reason has sometimes escap$ notice4 ,paul & ,jesus1 9 _! e?ical tea*+1 are simil> because ( ! details ( :at !y say2 b !y are /ill m simil> because ( :at !y d n say4 ,& !y are simil> 9 :at !y d n say despite ! opposition ( _! c\ntrym54 ,_m p>allels = words ( ,jesus may h be5 f\nd 9 rabb9ical s\rces4 ,b s mu* m1 alas1 is also f\nd !re4 ,t oppressive plus ( triviality & =malism places an impassable gulf betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,jewi% tea*]s4 ,b ,paul belongs ) ,jesus1 on ! same side ( ! gulf4 ,9 8 e?ic !re is no =malism1 no triviality1 no casui/ry--!re is naught b love1 joy1 peace1 longsuff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?fulness1 meekness1 self-control4 ,:at has become ( all ! re/8 ,0 x remov$ by ! g5ius ( ,paul8 ,x is /range t two su* m5 ( g5ius %\ld h aris5 indep5d5tly & at ! same "t4 ,or 0 ! t]rible plus ( ,ph>isaic =malism & triviality burn$ away f ,paul :5 ! light %one ar\nd him on ! way to ,damascus & he fell at ! feet ( ! great ,tea*]8 ,po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul h j be5 po9t$ out 9 detail1 & ! li/ ( resemblances c\ld be greatly increas$4 ,! lik5ess ( ,paul to ,jesus ext5ds ev5 to ^? features :i* appe> 9 ! ,jesus ( mod]n lib]alism4 ,:at is m impressive1 h[ev]1 ?an all simil>ity 9 detail is ! simil>ity 9 ! two p]sons tak5 ea* z a :ole4 ,! ,gospels are m ?an a collection ( say+s & anecdotes2 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les are m ?an a collection ( reason$ discussions4 ,9 ! ,gospels1 a p]son is reveal$1 & ano!r p]son 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,& ! two p]sons belong toge!r4 ,x is impossible to e/abli% t fact fully by detail$ argum5t any m ?an x is possible to expla9 exactly :y any two p]sons are fri5ds to-day4 ,b ! fact is pla9 to any sympa!tic read]4 ,! writ] ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les w\ld h be5 at home 9 ! company ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,:at !n 0 ! true relation betwe5 ,paul & ,jesus8 ,x has be5 %[n t ,paul reg>d$ himself z a disciple ( ,jesus1 t he 0 s reg>d$ by ^? :o _h be5 ,jesus' fri5ds1 t he _h abundant opportunity = acqua9t+ himself ) ,jesus' words & de$s1 t he does ref] to !m occasionally1 t he c\ld h done s (t5] if he _h desir$1 t ! imitation ( ,jesus f\nd a place 9 8 life1 & t 8 lik5ess to ,jesus ext5ds ev5 to ^? elem5ts 9 ,jesus' life & tea*+ :i* are accept$ by mod]n naturali/ic criticism z au!ntic4 ,at ?is po9t ! problem is left by ! great mass ( rec5t inve/igators4 ,wr$e is ?\ght to be refut$ already2 ! inve/igator triumphantly writes 8 ,q4 ,e4 ,d41 & passes on to some?+ else4 ,b 9 reality ! problem has n ev5 be5 t\*$4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! influ5ce ( ,jesus ^u ,paul 0 some:at great] ?an ,wr$e suppos$4 ,b t does n make ,paul a disciple ( ,jesus4 ,! true relation%ips ( a man are det]m9$ n by ?+s t lie on ! p]iph]y ( 8 life1 b by :at is c5tral#ic--;c5tral bo? 9 8 own e/imation & 9 8 influ5ce ^u subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,& :at 0 c5tral 9 ,paul 0 c]ta9ly n ! imitation ( ,jesus4 ,at t po9t1 ,wr$e 0 entirely correct2 he has nev] really be5 sil5c$ by ! *orus ( prote/ ) :i* 8 />tl+ little book 0 receiv$4 ,x is futile1 !re=e1 to po9t to ! influ5ce ( ,jesus ^u ,paul 9 detail4 ,su* a me?od may be useful 9 correct+ exagg]ations1 b x does n t\* ! real "q4 ,! pla9 fact rema9s t if imitation ( ,jesus _h be5 c5tral 9 ! life ( ,paul1 z x is c5tral1 = example1 9 mod]n lib]alism1 !n ! ,epi/les w\ld be full ( ! words & de$s ( ,jesus4 ,x is insuffici5t to po9t to ! occasional "* ( ! ,epi/les4 ,no d\bt ! ,epi/les are address$ to special ne$s2 no d\bt ,paul knew f> m ab\t ,jesus ?an 9 ! ,epi/les he has f\nd occasion to tell4 ,b !re are passages 9 ! ,epi/les :]e ! curr5t ( ,paul's religi\s life runs full & free1 :]e ev5 aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 ev5 ?r\gh ! dull m$ium ( ! pr9t$ page1 x sweeps ! he>t ( ! sympa!tic read] on ) x 9 a mighty flood4 ,& ^? passages are n conc]n$ ) ! details ( ,jesus' e>?ly life4 ,!y are1 r1 ! great !ological passages ( ! ,epi/les--! second *apt] ( ,galatians1 ! fif? *apt] ( #b ,cor9?ians1 & ! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans4 ,9 ^! *apt]s1 religion & !ology are bl5d$ 9 a union :i* no critical analysis c ev] possibly dissolve2 ^! passages reveal ! v c5t] ( ,paul's life4 #ic ,wr$e1 ,paulus1 #aijd1 p4 #ic 7,engli% ,translation1 ,paul1 #aijg1 p4 #afa74 ,! details ( ,jesus' e>?ly m9i/ry no d\bt _h an important place 9 ! ?9k+ ( ,paul4 ,b !y 7 important1 n z an end 9 !mselves1 b z a means to an end4 ,!y reveal$ ! "* ( ,jesus2 !y %[$ :y ,he 0 wor?y to be tru/$4 ,b !y did n %[ :at ,he _h done = ,paul4 ,! /ory ( ,jesus reveal$ :at ,jesus _h done = o!rs3 ,he _h heal$ ! sick2 ,he _h giv5 sight to ! bl9d2 ,he _h rais$ ! dead4 ,b = ,paul ,he _h done some?+ f> great] ?an all ^! ?+s--= ,paul ,he _h di$4 ,! religion ( ,paul1 9 o!r words1 is a religion ( r$emption4 ,jesus1 accord+ to ,paul1 came to e>? n to say some?+1 b to d some?+2 ,he 0 prim>ily n a tea*]1 b a ,r$eem]4 ,he came1 n to tea* m5 h[ to live1 b to give !m a new life ?r\gh ,8 aton+ dea?4 ,he 01 inde$1 also a tea*]1 & ,paul att5d$ to ,8 tea*+4 ,b ,8 tea*+ 0 all 9 va9 unless x l$ to ! f9al acceptance ( ,8 r$emptive "w4 ,n ! details ( ,jesus' life1 !re=e1 b ! r$emptive acts ( dea? & resurrection are at ! c5t] ( ! religion ( ,paul4 ,! tea*+ & example ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,paul1 are valuable only z a means to an end1 valuable 9 ord] t ?r\gh a revelation ( ,jesus' "* sav+ fai? may be induc$1 & valuable !reaft] 9 ord] t ! sav+ "w may be br\ght to its fruition 9 holy liv+4 ,b all t ,jesus said & did 0 = ! purpose ( ! ,cross4 ,he lov$ me1 says ,paul1 & gave ,himself = me4 ,!re is ! he>t & core ( ! religion ( ,paul4 ,jesus1 accord+ to ,paul1 !re=e1 0 n a tea*]1 b a ,r$eem]4 ,b 0 ,paul "r8 ,0 ,jesus really a ,r$eem]1 or 0 ,he only a tea*]8 ,if ,he 0 only a tea*]1 !n ,paul 0 no true foll[] ( ,84 ,= 9 t case1 ,paul has miss$ ! true import ( ,jesus' life4 ,comp>$ ) t "o c5tral error1 small importance is to be attribut$ to ! influ5ce :i* ,jesus may h ex]t$ ^u ,paul "h & !re4 ,wr$e1 !re=e1 0 exactly "r 9 8 =mulation ( ! "q4 ,paul reg>d$ ,jesus z a ,r$eem]4 ,if ,jesus 0 n a ,r$eem]1 !n ,paul 0 no true foll[] ( ,jesus1 b ! f\nd] ( a new religion4 ,! lib]al !ologians h tri$ to avoid ! issue4 ,!y h po9t$ out exagg]ations2 !y h trac$ ! influ5ce ( ,jesus ^u ,paul 9 detail2 !y h di/+ui%$ religion f !ology1 & ab&on+ ! !ology ( ,paul !y h s\ght to d]ive 8 religion f ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,x is all v le>n$ & v eloqu5t4 ,b x is also entirely futile4 ,despite ! num]\s monographs on ,jesus & ,paul1 ,wr$e 0 entirely correct4 ,he 0 correct1 t is1 n 9 8 conclusions1 b 9 8 /atem5t ( ! "q4 ,he 0 correct 9 8 c5tral cont5tion--,paul 0 no true disciple ( ! lib]al ,jesus4 ,if ,jesus 0 :at ! lib]al !ologians repres5t ,him z be+--a tea*] ( righte\sness1 a religi\s g5ius1 a guide on ! way to ,god--!n n ,jesus b ,paul 0 ! true f\nd] ( hi/oric ,*ri/ianity4 ,= hi/oric ,*ri/ianity1 l ! religion ( ,paul1 is a religion ( r$emption4 ,c]ta9ly ! sep>ation ( religion f !ology 9 ,paul mu/ be ab&on$4 ,0 x a m]e !ory :5 ,paul said ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,he lov$ me & gave ,himself = me8 ,0 x m]ely !ological speculation :5 he said1 ,"o di$ = all1 !re=e all di$2 & he di$ = all1 t !y t live %\ld no long] live unto !mselves1 b unto him :o = _! sakes di$ & rose aga98 ,0 x m]e !ology :5 he said1 ,f> be x f me to glory save 9 ! cross ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,0 ?is m]e !ological speculation8 ,surely n4 ,surely x 0 religion--w>m1 liv+ religion4 ,if ?is 0 n true religion1 !n :]e c religion ev] be f\nd8 ,b ! passages j quot$ are n passages :i* deal ) ! details ( ,jesus' life2 !y are n passages :i* deal ) g5]al pr9ciples ( love & grace1 & fa!rl9ess & bro!rl9ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y deal ) j ! ?+ mo/ di/a/eful to ! mod]n lib]al ,*ur*2 !y deal ) ! aton+ dea? ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 by :i* ,he took our s9s ^u ,him & b>e !m 9 ,8 own body on ! tree4 ,! matt] is p]fectly pla94 ,religion 9 ,paul does n exi/ ap>t f !ology1 & !ology does n exi/ ap>t f religion4 ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to ,paul1 is bo? a life & a doctr9e--b logically ! doctr9e comes fir/4 ,! life is ! expression ( ! doctr9e & n vice v]sa4 ,!ology1 z x appe>s 9 ,paul1 is n a product ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 b a sett+ =? ( ^? facts by :i* ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce has be5 produc$4 ,if1 !n1 ! !ology ( ,paul 0 d]iv$ f extra-,*ri/ian s\rces1 8 religion mu/ be ab&on$ also4 ,! :ole ( ,paul9ism is bas$ ^u ! r$emptive "w ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?us ,paul 0 a true foll[] ( ,jesus if ,jesus 0 a div9e ,r$eem]1 come f heav5 to die = ! s9s ( m52 he 0 n a true foll[] ( ,jesus if ,jesus 0 a m]e reveal] ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,paul9ism 0 n bas$ ^u a ,galilean prophet4 ,x 0 bas$ ei!r ^u ! ,son ( ,god :o came to e>? = m5's salvation & /ill holds communion ) ^? :o tru/ ,him1 or else x 0 bas$ ^u a colossal error4 ,b if ! latt] alt]native be adopt$1 ! error 0 n only colossal1 b also unacc\ntable4 ,x is made m unacc\ntable by all t has be5 said above1 all t ! lib]al !ologians h help$ to e/abli%1 ab\t ! ne>ness ( ,paul to ,jesus4 ,if ,paul really /ood s ne> to ,jesus1 if he really came "u ,jesus' influ5ce1 if he really 0 intimate ) ,jesus' fri5ds1 h[ c\ld he h mis9t]pret$ s completely ! significance ( ,jesus' p]son2 h[ c\ld he h sub/itut$ = ! tea*] ( righte\sness :o _h really liv$ 9 ,pale/9e ! heav5ly ,r$eem] ( ! ,epi/les8 ,no satisfactory answ] has yet be5 giv54 ,9 ! relation betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul ! hi/orian discov]s a problem :i* =ces him on t[>d a ,cop]nican revolution 9 all 8 ?9k+1 :i* leads him to gr\nd 8 own salvation & ! hope ( ?is _w no long] 9 millions ( acts ( s9ful m5 or 9 ! gradual progress ( civilization1 b simply & solely 9 "o r$emptive act ( ! ,"l ( ,glory4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,jewi% ,,environm5t ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,jewi% ,,environm5t ,( ! ?ree ways 9 :i*1 ^u naturali/ic pr9ciples1 ! g5esis ( ! religion ( ,paul has be5 expla9$1 "o has be5 exam9$1 & has be5 f\nd want+4 ,paul9ism1 x has be5 %[n1 0 n bas$ ^u ! ,jesus ( mod]n lib]alism4 ,if ,jesus 0 simply a tea*] ( righte\sness1 a reveal] ( ,god1 !n ! religion ( ,paul 0 n d]iv$ f ,him4 ,= ! religion ( ,paul 0 a religion ( r$emption4 ,b if ! religion ( ,paul 0 n d]iv$ f ! ,jesus ( mod]n lib]alism1 :5ce 0 x d]iv$8 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 d]iv$ f ! div9e ,r$eem]2 ! ,jesus :om ,paul presupposes may h be5 ! ,jesus :o actually liv$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,b t explanation involves ! intrusion ( ! sup]natural into ! c\rse ( hi/ory2 x is !re=e reject$ by ! mod]n m9d4 ,o!r explanations1 !re=e1 are be+ s\ght4 ,^! o!r explanations are alike 9 t !y d]ive ! religion ( ,paul f s\rces indep5d5t ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,two su* explanations h be5 propos$4 ,accord+ to "o1 ! religion ( ,paul 0 d]iv$ f contempor>y ,judaism2 accord+ to ! o!r1 x 0 d]iv$ f ! paganism ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,! pres5t *apt] w deal ) ! =m] ( ^! two explanations--) ! explanation :i* d]ives ! religion ( ,paul f contempor>y ,judaism4 ,?is explanation is connect$ especially ) ! names ( ,wr$e#id & ,brckn]4#ie ,x has1 h[ev]1 seldom be5 ma9ta9$ 9 any exclusive way1 b ent]s into comb9ation ) o!r hypo!ses4 ,inde$1 9 itself x is obvi\sly insuffici5t2 x w h>dly expla9 ! idea ( r$emption 9 ! religion ( ,paul4 ,b x is ?\ght to expla91 if n ! idea ( r$emption1 at lea/ ! conception ( ! ,r$eem]'s p]son1 & f ! conception ( ! ,r$eem]'s p]son ! idea ( r$emption might 9 "s way be d]iv$4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,wr$e & ,brckn]1 9 o!r words1 seeks to expla9 n s mu* ! sot]iology z ! ,*ri/ology ( ,paul2 x d]ives f ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah ! ,paul9e conception ( ! heav5ly ,*ri/4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x seeks to expla9 ! matt]-(-c\rse way 9 :i* 9 ! ,epi/les ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ is ev]y:]e presuppos$ b n[h]e def5d$4 ,app>5tly ,paul 0 n aw>e t 8 ,*ri/ology might provoke diss5t4 ,?is attitude is v difficult to expla9 on ! basis ( ! ord9>y lib]al recon/ruction2 x is difficult to expla9 if ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology 0 d]iv$ by a process ( developm5t f ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,= if x _h be5 s d]iv$1 its newness & revolution>y "* w\ld naturally h appe>$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,paul does n reg>d x z any?+ new2 he treats 8 doctr9e ( ,*ri/ z ?\gh x 7 firmly e/abli%$ & requir$ no def5se4 ,h[ %all ?is confid5t attitude ( ! apo/le be expla9$8 ,x is to be expla9$1 ,wr$e says1 by ! !ology ( contempor>y ,judaism4 ,paul 0 s confid5t t 8 conception ( ,*ri/ c\ld n be reg>d$ z an innovation because z a matt] ( fact x 0 n an innovation2 x 0 no?+ b ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% notion ( ! ,messiah4 ,! ,paul9e conception ( ,*ri/ 0 ?us firmly fix$ 9 ! m9d ( ,paul & 9 ! m9ds ( _m ( 8 contempor>ies long be=e ! ev5t on ! road to ,damascus2 all t happ5$ at t "t 0 ! id5tification ( ! ,*ri/ :om ,paul _h believ$ 9 all along ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 & t id5tification1 because ( ! meag]ness ( ,paul's k ( ,jesus1 did n really br+ any fundam5tal *ange 9 ! ,*ri/ology itself4 ,aft] ! conv]sion z well z be=e x1 ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul 0 simply ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,jewi% apocalypses4 #id ,see p4 #bf1 footnote #b4 #ie ,see p4 #bg1 footnote #a4 ,9 ord] t ?is hypo!sis may be exam9$1 x w be advisable to beg9 ) a brief g5]al survey ( ! ,jewi% environm5t ( ,paul4 ,! survey w necess>ily be ( ! mo/ cursory "*1 & x w n be bas$ ^u orig9al rese>*4 ,b x may s]ve to cle> ! way = ! real "q at issue4 ,=tunately ! gr\nd has be5 cov]$ r ?or\ghly by rec5t inve/igators4 ,9 dep5d5ce ^u ,s*r] & ,*>les & o!rs1 ev5 a layman may hope to arrive at ! mo/ obvi\s facts4 ,& x is only ! mo/ obvi\s facts :i* ne$ n[ be consid]$4 ,?ree topics only w be discuss$1 & !y only 9 ! mo/ cursory way4 ,^! ?ree topics are 7#a7 ! divisions )9 ,judaism1 7#b7 ! ,law1 7#c7 ! ,messiah4 ,! mo/ obvi\s division )9 ! ,judaism ( ,paul's day is ! division betwe5 ! ,judaism ( ,pale/9e & t ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,! ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 = ! mo/ "p1 spoke ,aramaic2 ^? ( ! ,disp]sion spoke ,greek4 ,) ! diff]5ce ( language w5t no d\bt 9 "s cases a diff]5ce 9 habits ( ?\ght4 ,b exagg]ations %\ld be avoid$4 ,c]ta9ly x is a s]i\s error to repres5t ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion z be+ univ]sally or ev5 g5]ally a lib]al ,judaism1 incl9$ to break d[n ! /rict requirem5ts ( ! ,law4 ,! vivid descriptions ( ! ,book ( ,acts po9t 9 ! opposite direction4 ,opposition to ! ,g5tile mission ( ,paul prevail$ among ! ,hell5i/s ( ! ,disp]sion z well z among ! ,hebrews ( ,pale/9e4 ,on ! :ole1 al?\gh no d\bt "h & !re individuals 7 incl9$ to modify ! requirem5ts impos$ ^u proselytes1 or ev5 7 influ5c$ by ! ?\ght ( ! ,g5tile _w1 ! ,jews ( ! fir/ c5tury mu/ be ?\ght ( z be+ a /rangely unifi$ p1 devot$ to ! ,mosaic ,law & jeal\s ( _! ,god-giv5 pr]ogatives4 ,at any rate1 x is a grave error to expla9 ! ,g5tile mission ( ,paul z spr++ by natural developm5t f a lib]al ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,= ev5 if su* a lib]al ,judaism exi/$1 ,paul did n belong to x4 ,he tells u 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms t he 0 a ,hebrew1 n a ,hell5i/2 inw>dly1 !re=e1 despite 8 bir? 9 ,t>sus1 he 0 a ,jew ( ,pale/9e4 ,no d\bt ! impressions receiv$ f ! ,greek city :]e he 0 born 7 ( great importance 9 8 prep>ation = 8 life-"w2 x 0 no m]e *ance1 b a disp5sation ( ,god1 t ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles sp5t 8 e>lie/ ye>s 9 a seat ( ,g5tile culture4 ,b x 0 ,j]usalem r ?an ,t>sus :i* det]m9$ ,paul's outlook ^u life4 ,at any rate1 h[ev] great or h[ev] little 0 ! influ5ce ( 8 boyhood home1 ,paul 0 n a lib]al ,jew2 = he tells u t he 0 a ,ph>isee1 m exce$+ly zeal\s ?an 8 contempor>ies = ! traditions ( 8 fa!rs4 ,bir? 9 ,t>sus1 !re=e1 did n mean = ,paul any adh]5ce to a lib]al ,judaism1 z di/+ui%$ f ! /rict ,judaism ( ,pale/9e4 ,accord+ to ,montefiore1 a popul> ,jewi% writ] ( ! pres5t day1 x ev5 meant ! exact opposite2 ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion1 ,montefiore believes1 0 n m lib]al1 b less lib]al1 ?an ! ,judaism ( ,pale/9e2 x 0 f ,t>sus1 ,montefiore ?9ks1 t ,paul d]iv$ 8 gloomy view ( s91 & 8 repell5t conception ( ! wra? ( ,god4 ,pale/9ian ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury1 accord+ to ,montefiore1 0 probably l ! rabb9ical ,judaism ( #ejj ,a4 ,d41 & ! rabb9ical ,judaism ( #ejj ,a4 ,d41 contr>y to popul> op9ion1 0 a broad-m9d$ rgime :i* unit$ devotion to ! ,law ) confid5ce 9 ! =giv5ess ( ,god4#if ,?is curi\s rev]sal ( ! usual op9ion is ( c\rse op5 to s]i\s objection4 ,h[ does ,montefiore "k t ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion 0 less lib]al & held a gloomi] view ( s9 ?an ! ,judaism ( ,pale/9e8 ,! only positive evid5ce seems to be d]iv$ f #d ,ezra1 :i*1 ) ! o!r apocalypses1 9 an entirely unw>rant$ mann]1 is app>5tly made to be a witness to ! ,judaism ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,& 7 ! rabb9ical ,judaism ( #ejj ,a4 ,d4 & ! ,pale/9ian ,judaism ( #ej ,a4 ,d4 really *>act]iz$ by t sweet reasonabl5ess :i* ,montefiore attributes to !m8 ,!re is at lea/ "o te/imony to ! contr>y--! te/imony f\nd 9 ! words ( ,jesus4 #if ,montefiore1 ,judaism & ,/4 ,paul1 #aiad4 ,comp>e ,emmet1 ,! ,f\r? ,book ( ,esdras & ,/4 ,paul1 9 ,expository ,times1 xxvii1 #aiae-aiaf1 pp4 #eea-eef4 ,di/9ct f ! "q ( fact is ! "q ( value4 ,b ) reg>d to t "q also1 ,montefiore's op9ion may be criticiz$4 ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ! easy-go+ belief 9 ! complac5cy ( ,god1 celebrat$ by ,montefiore z *>act]i/ic ( ,judaism1 01 if x ev] exi/$1 sup]ior to ! gloomy que/ion+s ( #d ,ezra4 ,c]ta9ly f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view x 0 n sup]ior4 ,9 its %all[ view ( s91 9 its unwill+ness to face ! ultimate problems ( s9 & dea?1 ! ,jewi% lib]alism ( ,montefiore is exactly l ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian lib]alism ( ! mod]n ,*ur*4 ,& x is z f> remov$ z possible f ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul4 ,at "o po9t1 !re=e1 ,montefiore is entirely correct4 ,! gospel ( ,paul 0 bas$ n ^u a mild view ( law1 b ^u a /rict view2 n ^u a belief 9 ! complac5cy ( ,god1 b ^u ! cross ( ,*ri/ z a satisfaction ( div9e ju/ice4 ,nei!r be=e 8 conv]sion nor aft] x 0 ,paul a lib]al4 ,besides ! obvi\s division betwe5 ! ,judaism ( ,pale/9e & t ( ! ,disp]sion1 o!r divisions may be detect$1 especially )9 ,pale/9ian ,judaism4 ,?ree pr9cipal ,jewi% sects are di/+ui%$ by ,josephus2 ! ,ph>isees1 ! ,sadducees1 & ! ,ess5es4#ig ,( ^!1 ! fir/ two appe> also 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,ess5es 7 sep>at$ f ! ord9>y life ( ! p by c]ta9 ascetic cu/oms1 by ! rejection ( animal sacrifice1 & by religi\s practices :i* may p]haps be due to =eign influ5ce4 ,app>5tly ! ,ess5ic ord] did n come into any close contact ) ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,x is v d\btful1 = example1 :e!r ,lightfoot 0 correct 9 f9d+ ,ess5ic influ5ce 9 ! errori/s combat$ 9 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,at any rate1 !re is n ! slighte/ reason to suppose t ,paul 0 influ5c$ f ?is s\rce4 #ig ,josephus1 ,antiq4 ,,xviii4 i4 #b-e4 ,! ,sadducees 7 a worldly ari/ocracy1 9 possession ( ! lucrative prie/ly (fices & reconcil$ to ,roman rule4 ,_! rejection ( ! doctr9e ( resurrection is atte/$ n only by ! ,new ,te/am5t b also by ,josephus4 ,!y 7 z f> remov$ z possible f ex]t+ influ5ce ^u ! y\?ful ,paul4 ,! ,ph>isees repres5t$ or?odox ,judaism1 ) its devotion to ! ,law4 ,_! popul>ity1 & _! g5]al1 ?\gh n univ]sal1 control ( education1 made !m ! real lead]s ( ! p4 ,c]ta9ly ! future hi/ory ( ! nation 0 9 _! h&s2 = :5 ! ,temple 0 de/roy$ ! ,law alone rema9$1 & ! ,ph>isees 7 ! *ief int]pret]s ( ! ,law4 ,x 0 ?is p>ty :i* claim$ ! allegiance ( ,paul4 ,s he te/ifies himself4 ,8 te/imony is (t5 =gott51 or at lea/ ! implications ( x ignor$4 ,b x is unequivocal4 ,saul ( ,t>sus 0 n a lib]al ,jew1 b a ,ph>isee4 ,! m5tion ( ! ,ph>isees leads naturally to ! second division ( our sket* ( pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism--namely1 ! ,law4 ,accord+ to ,bald5sp]g]1 ! two foci ar\nd :i* ,judaism mov$ 7 ! ,law & ! ,messianic hope4#ih ,^! two foci w "h be t\*$ ^u v briefly 9 ord]4 #ih ,bald5sp]g]1 ,die ,messianis*-apokalyptis*5 ,h(fnung5 des ,jud5tums1 #cte ,aufl41 #aijc1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 ,unque/ionably po/-exilic ,judaism 0 devot$ to ! ,law4 ,! ,law 0 f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 especially 9 ! books ( ,moses4 ,b ar\nd ! writt5 ,law _h gr[n up a great mass ( oral int]pretations :i* really am\nt$ to elaborate additions4 ,by ?is tradition ( ! eld]s ! life ( ! dev\t ,jew 0 regulat$ 9 its m9ute/ p>ticul>s4 ,morality ?us became a matt] ( ext]nal rules1 & religion became a cr$it-&-debit relation%ip into :i* a man ent]$ ) ,god4 ,mod]n ,jews are sometimes incl9$ to contradict su* ass]tions1 b ! evid5ce f\nd bo? 9 rabb9ical s\rces & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is too /rong4 ,exagg]ations c]ta9ly %\ld be avoid$2 !re are c]ta9ly _m noble utt]ances to be f\nd among ! say+s ( ! ,jewi% tea*]s2 x is n to be suppos$ t =malism 0 unreliev$ by any manife/ations :atev] ( ! goodness ( ! he>t4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,jewi% writ+s !mselves1 along ) fla%es ( true insight1 conta9 a great mass ( fruitless casui/ry2 & ! ,new ,te/am5t confirms ! impression ?us produc$4 ,9 "s qu>t]s1 inde$1 x is cu/om>y to discr$it ! te/imony ( ,jesus1 report$ 9 ! ,gospels1 z be+ ! te/imony ( an oppon5t4 ,b :y 0 ,jesus an oppon5t8 ,surely x 0 because ( some?+ blamewor?y 9 ! life ( ^? :om ,he d5\nc$4 ,9 ! sph]e ( moral values1 ! te/imony ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? is wor? hav+2 :5 ,he d5\nces ! =malism & hypocrisy ( ! scribes1 x is v difficult = any /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( morals n to be impress$4 ,c]ta9ly ! d5unciation ( ,jesus 0 n indiscrim9ate4 ,he lov$ ! ri* "y rul]1 & said to ! lawy]1 ,?\ art n f> f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?us ! ,gospels 9 _! *oice ( ! words ( ,jesus :i* !y record h n be5 prejudic$ by any hatr$ ( ! ,jews2 !y h fai?fuly set d[n v>i\s elem5ts 9 ,jesus' judgm5t ( ,8 contempor>ies4 ,b ! picture :i* !y give ( ,jewi% legalism _c be put out ( ! _w2 x seems cle> t ! religion ( ! ,ph>isees at ! "t ( ,paul 0 burd5$ ) all ! defects ( a religion ( m]it z di/+ui%$ f a religion ( grace4 ,! legalism ( ! ,ph>isees might inde$ seem to possess "o advantage z a prep>ation = ! gospel ( ,paul2 x might seem likely to produce ! consci\sness ( s9 & s ! long+ = a ,savi\r4 ,if ! ,law 0 s v /rict z ! ,ph>isees said x 01 if its comm&s ent]$ s deep into e dep>tm5t ( life1 if ! p5alty :i* x impos$ ^u disob$i5ce 0 no?+ less ?an loss ( ! favor ( a righte\s ,god1 w\ld n ! man :o 0 plac$ "u su* a rgime come to recognize ! imp]fection ( 8 ob$i5ce to ! c\ntless comm&s & s be oppress$ by a s5se ( guilt8 ,paul said t ! ,law 0 a s*oolma/] to br+ ! ,jews to ,*ri/1 & by t he meant t ! ,law produc$ ! consci\sness ( s94 ,b if ! ,law 0 a s*oolma/]1 0 its /]n lesson he$$8 ,0 x a s*oolma/] to br+ ! ,jews to ,*ri/ only 9 its ess5tial "*1 or 0 x actually be+ us$ 9 t b5efic5t way by ! ,jews ( ! age ( ,paul8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions1 s f> z x c be obta9$1 is on ! :ole disappo9t+4 ,! ,judaism ( ! ,paul9e p]iod does n seem to h be5 *>act]iz$ by a pr(\nd s5se ( s94 ,& ! reason is n f> to seek4 ,! legalism ( ! ,ph>isees1 ) its regulation ( ! m9ute details ( life1 0 n really mak+ ! ,law too h>d to keep2 x 0 really mak+ x too easy4 ,jesus said to ,8 disciples1 ,except y\r righte\sness %all exce$ ! righte\sness ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1 ye %all 9 no wise ent] into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! tru? is1 x is easi] to cleanse ! outside ( ! cup ?an x is to cleanse ! he>t4 ,if ! ,ph>isees _h recogniz$ t ! ,law dem&s n only ! obs]vance ( ext]nal rules b also & prim>ily m]cy & ju/ice & love = ,god & m51 !y w\ld n h be5 s readily satisfi$ ) ! measure ( _! ob$i5ce1 & ! ,law w\ld !n h fulfill$ its great function ( be+ a s*oolma/] to br+ !m to ,*ri/4 ,a l[ view ( law leads to legalism 9 religion2 a high view ( law makes a man a seek] aft] grace4 ,"h & !re1 inde$1 voices are to be he>d 9 ! ,judaism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t p]iod :i* atte/ a real s5se ( s94 ,! ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra1#ii 9 p>ticul>1 /ruggles s]i\sly ) ! g5]al reign ( evil 9 ! lives ( m51 & c f9d no solution ( ! t]rible problem4 ,_m h be5 creat$1 b few %all be sav$6 7#d ,ezra viii4 #c74 ,or :o is !re t has n transgress$ ?y cov5ant8 7vii4 #df74 ,alas = ! evil he>t 7vii4 #dh76 ,9 a v int]e/+ mann] #d ,ezra connects ! mis]able condition ( humanity ) ! fall ( ,adam2 ! fall 0 n ,adam's alone b 8 desc5dants' 7vii4 #aah74 ,at ?is po9t1 x is int]e/+ to comp>e #b ,b>u*1#ajj :i* occupies a some:at diff]5t position2 ea* ( u1 decl>es #b ,b>u*1 has be5 ! ,adam ( 8 own s\l4 ,& 9 g5]al1 #b ,b>u* takes a less pessimi/ic view ( human evil1 & 7accord+ to ,*>les' e/imate1 :i* may be correct7 is m self-complac5t ab\t ! ,law4 ,b ! pr(\nd s5se ( guilt 9 #d ,ezra might conceivably be a /ep on ! way to sav+ fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,o ,"l above u1 if ?\ w\ld/ 444 give unto u ! se$ ( a new he>t6 7#d ,ezra viii4 #f74 ,?is pray] 0 glori\sly answ]$ 9 ! gospel ( ,paul4#aja #ii ,see ,box1 9 ,*>les1 ,apocrypha & ,pseudepigrapha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #aiac1 ii1 pp4 #edb-fbd2 ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes1 #cte und #dte ,aufl41 iii1 #aiji1 pp4 #cae-cce 7,engli% ,translation1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,p1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ic-ajd74 ,! "w ( ,*>les has be5 us$ freely1 )\t special ackn[l$gm5t1 = ! citations f ! ,jewi% apocalypses4 #ajj ,see ,*>les1 op4 cit41 ii1 pp4 #dgj-ebf2 ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 iii1 pp4 #cje-cae 7,engli% ,translation1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #hc-ic74 #aja ,comp>e ,box1 9 ,*>les1 op4 cit41 p4 #eic4 ,see also ,emmet1 loc4 cit4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t #d ,ezra 0 complet$ long aft] ! ,paul9e p]iod2 its attitude to ! problem ( evil c]ta9ly _c be attribut$ ) any confid5ce to ,saul ( ,t>sus1 ! pupil ( ,gamaliel4 ,x is significant t :51 aft] ! conv]sion1 ,paul seeks te/imonies to ! univ]sal s9fulness ( man1 he looks n to contempor>y ,judaism1 b to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,at ?is po9t1 z else:]e1 ,paul9ism is bas$ n ^u lat] developm5ts b ^u ! religion ( ! ,prophets & ! ,psalms4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 especially 9 ! light ( :at 0 said above1 x _c be suppos$ t ,saul ! ,ph>isee held a spiritual view ( law1 or 0 possess$ ( a true conviction ( s94 ,paul 0 convict$ ( 8 s9 only :5 ! ,"l ,jesus said to him1 ,i am ,jesus :om ?\ p]secute/4 ,! o!r focus ab\t :i* pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism1 accord+ to ,bald5sp]g]1 revolv$ 0 ! ,messianic hope4 ,?is hope _h its roots 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a complete introduction to ! subject w\ld ( c\rse deal fir/ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t backgr\nd4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! backgr\nd w h to be dismiss$ ) a ^w4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y critical view1 ! doctr9e ( an individual ,messiah1 & especially t ( a transc5d5t ,messiah1 arose late 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,at fir/1 x is ma9ta9$1 !re 0 ! expectation ( a bless$ l9e ( ,davidic k+s2 !n ! expectation ( a l9e ( k+s gave way 9 "s qu>t]s to ! expectation ( an individual k+2 !n ! expectation ( an e>?ly k+ gave way 9 "s qu>t]s to ! expectation ( a heav5ly be+ l ! ,son ( ,man :o is describ$ 9 #a ,eno*4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 has be5 call$ 9 "q 9 rec5t ye>s1 = example by ,gressmann4#ajb ,accord+ to ,gressmann1 ! doctr9e ( an individual transc5d5t ,savi\r is ( ho> antiquity1 & ant$ates by f> ! expectation ( a bless$ l9e ( ,davidic k+s & t ( an individual e>?y k+4 ,gressmann is n1 ( c\rse1 return+ to ! traditional view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he believes t ! anci5t doctr9e ( a heav5ly ,savi\r is ( extra-,israeliti% orig9 & repres5ts a widespread my?4 ,b 9 ! details ( exegesis1 ! radicalism ( ,gressmann1 z is also ! case ) _m =ms ( radicalism 9 connection ) ! ,new ,te/am5t1 involves a curi\s return to ! traditional view4 ,_m passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 =m]ly remov$ f ! li/ ( ,messianic passages by ! dom9ant s*ool ( exegesis1 or else reg>d$ z late int]polations1 are re/or$ by ,gressmann to _! orig9al significance4 ,?us ! suff]+ s]vant ( ,jehovah ( ,is4 liii 7a passage :i* ! dom9ant s*ool ( exegesis has int]pret$ 9 a collective s5se1 z ref]r+ to ! nation ( ,israel or to ! righte\s "p ( ! nation7 is reg>d$ by ,gressmann z be+ an individual 7my?ical7 figure to ^: dea? & resurrection is attribut$ sav+ significance4 #ajb ,d] ,ursprung d] israelitis*-jdis*5 ,es*atologie1 #aije4 ,! sup]naturali/ic view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t#ajc agrees ) ,gressmann 9 8 individuali/ic int]pretation ( su* passages z ,is4 liii1 b diff]s f him 9 t x attributes objective validity to ! repres5tation ?us obta9$4 ,accord+ to ! sup]naturali/ic view1 ,israel 0 f ! beg9n+ ! p ( ! ,promise4 ,! ,promise at fir/ 0 n fully def9$ 9 ! m9ds ( all ! p4 ,b ev5 at ! beg9n+ !re 7 glori\s revelations1 & ! revelations became pla9] & pla9] z "t w5t on4 ,! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! ,promise 7 n inde$ kept c>efully di/9ct1 & _! logical connections 7 n reveal$4 ,b ev5 long be=e ! ,exile !re 0 n only a promise ( bless+ to ,david's l9e1 ) occasional m5tion ( an individual k+1 b also a promise ( a ,r$eem] & ,k+ :o %\ld f> exce$ ! limits ( humanity4 ,?us ,god _h su/a9$ ,8 p ?r\gh ! c5turies ) a bless$ hope1 :i* 0 f9ally fulfill$1 9 all its aspects1 by ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 #ajc ,see ,bee*]1 ,! ,prophets & ! ,promise1 #aije4 ,discussion ( ^! v>i\s views w\ld exce$ ! limits ( ! pres5t inve/igation4 ,all t c "h be done is to pres5t briefly ! ,messianic expectations ( ! lat] p]iod1 9 :i* ,paul liv$4 ,b 7 ^? expectations widely preval5t8 ,0 ! doctr9e ( a com+ ,messiah firmly e/abli%$ among ! ,jews ( ! "t ( ,paul8 ,! answ] to ^! que/ions might seem to be p]fectly pla94 ,! common impression is t ! ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury 0 devot$ to no?+ if n to ! hope ( a k+ :o 0 to deliv] ,god's p f ! oppression ( h] enemies4 ,?is impression is d]iv$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,some:at diff]5t is ! impression :i* might be d]iv$ f ! ,jewi% s\rces if !y 7 tak5 alone4 ,! expectation ( a ,messiah h>dly appe>s at all 9 ! ,apocrypha1 & ev5 9 ! ,pseudepigrapha x appe>s by no means 9 all ( ! books4 ,ev5 :5 ! ?\ght ( ! future age is mo/ prom95t1 t age does n by any means appe> 9 inevitable connection ) a p]sonal ,messiah4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,god ,himself1 n ,8 in/rum5t ! ,messiah1 is (t5 repres5t$ z u%]+ 9 ! new era :5 ,israel %\ld be bless$4 ,despite ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,jewi% lit]ature1 x is g5]ally recogniz$ t ! te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ be ess5tially correct4 ,! picture :i* is giv5 9 ! ,gospels ( ! int5sity ( ! ,messianic hope among ! ,jews mu/ be f\nd$ ^u fact ev5 if ,jesus ,himself did n claim to be ! ,messiah4 ,inde$1 x is j 9 t latt] case t ! te/imony 9 "s respects w\ld become /ronge/ ( all4 ,= if ,jesus did n claim to be ! ,messiah1 ! attribution ( ,messiah%ip to ,him by ,8 disciples c\ld be expla9$ only by ! int5sity ( _! own ,messianic expectations4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,jesus did claim to be ! ,messiah2 ! elim9ation ( ,8 ,messianic consci\sness has n won ! ass5t ( any l>ge body ( hi/orians4 ,he did claim to be ! ,messiah1 & ,he di$ because ! ,jews reg>d$ ,him z a false claimant4 ,b ,8 oppon5ts1 no less ?an ,8 disciples1 7 expect+ a ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ?r\gh\t1 no matt] :at view may be held z to ! hi/oricity ( ! individual n>ratives1 is q inexplicable unless ! ,jews bo? 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ! ,disp]sion _h a doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/4 ,?is ,new ,te/am5t repres5tation is confirm$ "h & !re by o!r writ]s4 ,ev5 ,philo1#ajd z ,brckn] rem>ks1 pays 8 tribute1 ?\gh 9 an isolat$ passage1 to ! common ,messianic doctr9e4#aje ,josephus1#ajf also1 despite 8 ef=t to avoid (f5d+ 8 ,roman read]s1 is oblig$ to m5tion ! ,messianic hope z "o cause ( ! great w>1 & c only make ! ref]5ce h>mless by f9d+ ! ,messiah 9 ! ,emp]or ,vespasian6#ajg ,on ! :ole1 ! fact may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/ ! expectation ( ! ,messiah 0 firmly e/abli%$ among ! ,jews4 ,! sil5ce ( great sections ( ! ,apocrypha may !n be expla9$ p>tly by ! date ( "s ( ! books4 ,x may well be t !re 0 a p]iod1 especially dur+ ! ,maccabean upris+1 :5 because ( ! bett] pres5t condition ( ! nation ! ,messianic hope 0 less 9 ! =efront ( int]e/1 & t aft]w>ds1 "u ! humiliation ( ,roman rule1 ! ?\ghts ( ! p turn$ anew to ! expect$ ,deliv]]4 ,b h[ev] t may be1 x is altoge!r probable t ! expectation ( a ,messiah 0 ev]y:]e *]i%$ 9 ! ,judaism ( ! "t ( ,paul4 #ajd ,de praem et po54 #af 7ed4 ,cohn1 #aijb1 iv1 p4 #ceg74 #aje ,brckn]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie1 #aijc1 pp4 #ajb;f4 #ajf ,bell4 ,jud4 ,,vi4 v4 #d4 #ajg ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 ii1 #aijg1 p4 #fjd 7,engli% ,translation1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 ii1 #ahhe1 p4 #adi74 ,if !n ! hope ( a ,messiah 0 preval5t 9 ! ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury1 :at 0 ! nature ( t hope8 ,two =ms ( ,messianic expectation h ord9>ily be5 di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is said1 !re 0 an expectation ( an e>?ly k+ ( ,david's l9e1 & 9 ! second place1 !re 0 ! notion ( a heav5ly be+ already exi/+ 9 heav54 ,! =m] ( ^! two l9es ( expectation is usually ?\ght to repres5t ! popul> view1 held by ! masses ( ! p2 & ! latt] is reg>d$ z an esot]ic doctr9e held by a limit$ circle f :i* ! apocalypses h sprung4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,brckn] is some:at 9 opposition to ! ord9>y op9ion2 he d5ies altoge!r ! pres5ce 9 fir/-c5tury ,judaism ( any di/9ctive doctr9e ( a purely human ,messiah4#ajh ,! ,messiah1 he says1 appe>s 9 all ! s\rces di/9ctly z a sup]natural figure4 ,ev5 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 he insi/s1 :]e ! ,messiah is repres5t$ z a k+ reign+ ^u e>?1 ,he is nev]!less no ord9>y k+1 = ,he de/roys ,8 enemies n by ! weapons ( w> b by ! brea? ( ,8 m\?4 ,9 ! ,gospels1 moreov]1 al?\gh ! p are repres5t$ z look+ = a k+ :o %\ld break ! ,roman rule1 yet !y dem& ( ?is k+ works ( sup]human p[]4 #ajh ,brckn]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ajd-aab4 ,und\bt$ly !re is a measure ( tru? 9 ?is cont5tion ( ,brckn]4 ,x may p]haps be admitt$ t ! ,messiah ( ,jewi% expectation 0 always some?+ m ?an an ord9>y k+2 x may p]haps be admitt$ t ,he 0 end[$ ) sup]natural attributes4 ,nev]!less1 ! view ( ,brckn] is exagg]at$4 ,!re is /ill to be ma9ta9$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! heav5ly be+ ( #a ,eno* & ! ,davidic k+4 ,! latt] might p]haps be reg>d$ z possess$ ( miracul\s p[]s1 b /ill ,he 0 9 ! ess5tials ( ,8 p]son an e>?ly mon>*4 ,he 0 to be born l o!r m52 ,he 0 to rule ov] an e>?ly k+dom2 ,he 0 to conqu] e>?ly armies2 presumably ,he 0 to die4 ,x is significant t ,john ! ,bapti/1 despite ! fact t he _h z yet wr\ght no miracles1 0 app>5tly ?\ght by "s to be ! ,messiah 7,lk4 iii4 #ae2 ,john i4 #ai-bg74 ,ev5 if ?is repres5tation ( ! ,gospels ( ,luke & ( ,john %\ld be reg>d$ z q unhi/orical1 /ill x does %[ t ! writ]s ( ^! two ,gospels1 nei!r ( :om 0 by any means ignorant ( ,jewi% conditions1 reg>d x z no incongruity t "s %\ld h suppos$ su* a man z ,john to be ! ,messiah4 ,! ,messiah1 !re=e1 c\ld n h be5 reg>d$ always z be+ l ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man ( #a ,eno*4 ,b x is unnecess>y to appeal to details4 ,! :ole ,new ,te/am5t1 :atev] view may be tak5 ( ! hi/oricity ( its n>ratives 9 detail1 atte/s ! preval5ce 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( a ,messianic expectation accord+ to :i* ! ,messiah 0 to be an e>?ly k+ ( ,david's l9e4 ,?is view ( ,messiah%ip becomes explicit 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 :i* 0 writt5 at ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,9 ?is book1 ! ,jewi% oppon5t ( ,ju/9 repres5ts ! ,messiah z a m]e man4#aji ,no d\bt ?is evid5ce _c be us$ directly = ! e>li] p]iod 9 :i* ,paul liv$4 ,!re does seem to h be5 a reaction 9 lat] ,jewi% expectations aga9/ t transc5d5t view ( ,messiah%ip :i* _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?us ! apocalypses pass$ out ( use among ! ,jews1 &1 9 "s cases at lea/1 h be5 pres]v$ only by ! ,*ur*1 & only because ( _! congruity ) ,*ri/ian views4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t :5 ,trypho 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury repres5ts ! ,messiah z a m]e man1 he is atte/+ a developm5t 9 ! ,jewi% doctr9e :i* 0 subsequ5t to ! "t ( ,paul4 ,b ev5 9 t case 8 te/imony is n altoge!r )\t value4 ,ev5 if ,trypho's doctr9e ( a m]ely human ,messiah be a lat] developm5t1 x 0 probably n )\t "s roots 9 ! pa/4 ,if ! ,jews ( ! fir/ c5tury possess$ bo? ! doctr9e ( an e>?ly k+ & t ( a heav5ly ,son ( ,man1 x is possible to see h[ ! latt] doctr9e might h be5 remov$ & ! =m] left 9 sole possession ( ! field2 b if 9 ! fir/ c5tury ! transc5d5t doctr9e alone prevail$1 x is unlikely t a totally diff]5t view c\ld h be5 produc$ s quickly to take its place4#aaj #aji 4 #aaj ,inde$ ,brckn] himself 7op4 cit41 p4 #aaj7 admits t !re 7 two l9es ( ?\ght ab\t ! ,messiah 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism4 ,b he d5ies t ! two 7 sep>at$1 & insi/s t ! transc5d5t conception _h trans=m$ ! conception ( an e>?ly k+4 ,?us x mu/ be insi/$ aga9/ ,brckn] t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ! transc5d5t conception ( ,messiah%ip atte/$ by ! apocalypses 0 n ! only conception t prevail$4 ,despite its dom9ance 9 ! apocalypses1 x 0 probably n ! doctr9e ( ! masses ( ! p4 ,probably ! ord9>y view ( ! matt] is ess5tially correct2 probably ! ,jews ( ! fir/ c5tury 7 eag]ly await+ an e>?ly k+ ( ,david's l9e :o %\ld deliv] !m f ,roman rule4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! transc5d5t conception ( ,messiah%ip :i* is f\nd 9 ! apocalypses 0 n ! only conception held by pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism1 x is none ! less ( special int]e/1 & w repay exam9ation4 ,x is f\nd mo/ fully set =? 9 ! ,similitudes ( #a ,eno*1#aaa b appe>s also 9 #d ,ezra & 9 #b ,b>u*4 #aaa ,all p>ts ( #a ,eno* are n[ usually ?\ght to be ( pre-,*ri/ian orig94 ,! ,similitudes 7*aps4 xxxvii-lxxi7 are usually dat$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,see ,*>les1 op4 cit41 ii1 pp4 #afc-bha2 ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 iii1 pp4 #bfh-bij 7,engli% ,translation1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #ed-gc74 ,9 ! ,similitudes1 ! heav5ly be+1 :o is to appe> at ! end ( ! age & be ! in/rum5t ( ,god 9 judgm5t1 is usually call$ ! ,elect ,"o1 ,m9e ,elect ,"o1 ! ,son ( ,man1 or t ,son ( ,man4 ,he is also call$ ! ,righte\s ,"o1 & twice he is call$ ,messiah or ,ano9t$ ,"o 7xlviii4 #aj2 lii4 #d74 ,?is latt] title w\ld seem to connect him ) ! expect$ k+ ( ,david's l9e1 :o 0 ! ,ano9t$ ,"o or ! ,messiah4 ,lake & ,jackson1 h[ev]1 w\ld d5y all connection4 ,! heav5ly ,son ( ,man1 !y ma9ta91 0 nev] 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism id5tifi$ ) ! expect$ k+ ( ,david's l9e--t is1 ) ! ,messiah 9 ! te*nical s5se--s t x is a mi/ake to speak ( ,messianic passages 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*4#aab ,b aft] all1 ! heav5ly figure ( #a ,eno* is repres5t$ z fulfill+ mu* ! same functions z ^? :i* are attribut$ 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 = example1 to ! ,messiah4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive ( ! same writ] z expect+ two deliv]]s--"o ! ,messiah ( ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 & ! o!r ! ,son ( ,man ( #a ,eno*4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 x is correct1 despite ! prote/ ( ,lake & ,jackson1 to speak ( ! passages 9 #a ,eno* z ,messianic1 & ( ! ,son ( ,man z ! ,messiah4 ,9 #d ,ezra xii4 #cb1 moreov]1 ! transc5d5t be+1 :o is set =? "u ! figure ( ! lion1 is di/9ctly id5tifi$ ) ! ,messiah :o %all spr+ f ! se$ ( ,david4 ,( c\rse1 ! late date ( #d ,ezra may be insi/$ ^u1 & x may be ma9ta9$ t ! ,davidic desc5t ( ! ,messiah 9 #d ,ezra is a m]e traditional detail1 )\t organic connection ) ! re/ ( ! picture4 ,b x is significant t ! writ] did feel x necess>y to reta9 ! detail4 ,8 do+ s proves at lea/ t ! heav5ly be+ ( ! apocalypses 0 n always ?\ght ( z di/9ct f ! promis$ k+ ( ,david's l9e4 ,all t c be grant$ to ,lake & ,jackson is t ! future ,deliv]] 0 ?\ght ( 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism 9 widely div]se ways1 & t !re 0 (t5 no ef=t to br+ ! diff]5t repres5tations into h>mony4 ,b x is correct to speak ( all ! repres5tations z ,messianic4 ,= ! com+ ,deliv]] 9 all cases 7despite ! v>iety ( ! expectations7 0 int5d$ to satisfy at lea/ ! same religi\s ne$s4 #aab ,lake & ,jackson1 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,"p ,i1 vol4 i1 #aibj1 pp4 #cgc;f4 ,! title ,son ( ,man1 :i* is us$ frequ5tly 9 ! ,similitudes1 has giv5 rise to a great deal ( discussion1 especially because ( its employm5t 9 ! ,gospels z a self-designation ( ,jesus4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by "s s*ol>s t ,son ( ,man nev] c\ld h be5 a ,messianic title1 s9ce ! phrase 9 ,aramaic idiom means simply man4 ,?us ! ,greek phrase1 ! ,son ( ,man1 9 ! ,gospels w\ld m]ely be an ov]-lit]al translation ( an ,aramaic phrase :i* meant simply ! man1 & ! use ( ,son ( ,man z a title w\ld n ext5d back ( ! "t :5 ! tradition ab\t ! words ( ,jesus pass$ ov] into ,greek4 ,b 9 rec5t ye>s ?is extreme position has = ! mo/ "p be5 ab&on$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is by no means cle> t ! ,aramaic phrase f :i* ! phrase ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! ,gospels is d]iv$ 0 simply ! ord9>y phrase mean+ simply ! man4 ,oppos$ to ?is view is to be put1 = example1 ! weighty op9ion ( ,dalman4#aac ,9 ! second place1 x has be5 %[n t ! l+ui/ic "q is n s important z 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,= ev5 if ! son ( man 9 ,aramaic meant simply ! man1 x might /ill be a title4 ,! commone/ n\n may sometimes become a title1 & a title ( highly specializ$ significance4 ,= example1 ! ^w day is a v common ^w1 b ,! ,day 9 c]ta9 connections1 l ! ,g]man1 ,d] ,tag1 altoge!r )\t ! help ( any adjectives1 comes to designate "o p>ticul> day4 ,s ! ,man or t ,man c\ld become a v l(ty title1 especially if x ref]s to "s def9ite sc5e 9 :i* ,he :o is ! ,man p> excell5ce is describ$4 #aac ,dalman1 ,die ,worte ,jesu1 i1 #ahih1 pp4 #aia-aig 7,engli% ,translation1 ,! ,words ( ,jesus1 i1 #aijb1 pp4 #bcd-bda72 ,b\sset1 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,9 ! ,similitudes1 su* is actually ! case2 ! phrase ,son ( ,man1 :atev] be its exact mean+1 pla9ly ref]s to ! "o l unto a son ( man :o 9 ,daniel vii4 #ac appe>s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,anci5t ( ,days4 ,?is ref]5ce is made p]fectly pla9 at ! fir/ m5tion ( ! ,son ( ,man 7#a ,eno* xlvi4 #a1 #b71 :]e ! same sc5e is evid5tly describ$ z ! sc5e ( ,dan4 vii4 #ac4 ,! ,son ( ,man is n introduc$ abruptly1 b is fir/ describ$ z a be+ ^: c\nt5ance _h ! appe>ance ( a man1 & is !n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,similitudes n only z ! ,son ( ,man1 b also z t ,son ( ,man4 ,*>les & o!rs suppose1 inde$1 t ! ,e?iopic ^w translat$ t is m]ely a some:at false repres5tation1 9 ! ,e?iopic translation1 ( ! ,greek def9ite article1 s t ! ,greek =m ( ! book f :i* ! extant ,e?iopic 0 tak5 _h ev]y:]e ! ,son ( ,man1 & n[h]e t ,son ( ,man4 ,! "q is p]haps n ( v great importance4 ,9 any case1 ! phrase son ( man d]ives its special significance f ! ref]5ce to ! sc5e ( ,dan4 vii4 #ac4 ,n any ord9>y man or son ( man is meant1 b ! my/]i\s figure :o came ) ! cl\ds ( heav5 & 0 br\ght ne> to ! ,anci5t ( ,days4 ,! ,son ( ,man1 or ! ,elect ,"o1 9 ! ,similitudes1 appe>s clo!d ) ! l(tie/ attributes4 ,he exi/$ be=e ! creation ( ! _w 7xlviii4 #c1 #f74 ,:5 he f9ally appe>s1 x is to sit 9 glory ^u ! ?rone ( ,god 7li4 #c1 etc471 & judge n only ! inhabitants ( e>? b also ! fall5 angels 7lv4 #d74 ,= ! purposes ( judgm5t he is endu$ ) righte\sness & wisdom4 ,he is conc]n$1 moreov]1 n only ) ! judgm5t b also ) ! execution ( ! judgm5t2 he causes ! s9n]s to pass away & be de/roy$ f (f ! face ( ! e>? 7lxix4 #bg74 ,= ! righte\s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! judgm5t results 9 bless+ & 9 communion ) ! ,son ( ,man4 ,& ! righte\s & elect %all be sav$ 9 t day1 & !y %all nev] !nce=w>d see ! face ( ! s9n]s & ! unrighte\s4 ,& ! ,"l ( ,spirits w abide ov] !m1 & ) t ,son ( ,man %all !y eat & lie d[n & rise up = ev] & ev] 7lxii4 #ac1 #ad74 ,! entire repres5tation 9 ! ,similitudes is sup]natural2 ! ,son ( ,man is a heav5ly figure :o appe>s sudd5ly 9 ! full blaze ( 8 glory4 ,yet ! connection ) e>? is n altoge!r brok5 (f4 ,x is ^u a glorifi$ e>? t ! righte\s are to dwell4 ,inde$1 despite ! cosmic ext5t ( ! drama1 ! pr]ogatives ( ,israel are pres]v$2 ! ,g5tile rul]s are no d\bt ref]r$ to 9 ! ,k+s & ! ,mighty :o are to suff] puni%m5t because ( _! =m] oppression ( ! elect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m]e connection ) ,israel is n ! only gr\nd = a man's acceptance by ! ,son ( ,man2 ! judgm5t w be bas$ ^u a real und]/&+ ( ! secrets ( individual lives4 ,9 #d ,ezra vii4 #bf-ca1 ! rule ( ! ,messiah is repres5t$ z di/9ctly tempor>y4 ,! ,messiah w rejoice ! liv+ = f\r hundr$ ye>s2 !n1 toge!r ) all human be+s1 he w die2 !n aft] ! _w has return$ to primeval sil5ce = sev5 days1 ! new age1 ) ! f9al resurrection1 w be u%]$ 94 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is repres5tation h>monizes ) :at is said else:]e 9 #d ,ezra ab\t ! ,messiah1 inde$ :e!r ev5 9 ?is passage ! repres5tation is ?or\ghly consi/5t4 ,box1 = example1 ?9ks t !re are contradictions "h1 :i* are to be expla9$ by ! composite nature ( ! book & by ! "w ( a r$actor4 ,b at any rate ! result1 9 ! complet$ book1 is cle>4 ,! ,messiah is to die1 l all ! m5 :o are ^u ! e>?1 & is n connect$ ) ! new age4 ,?is dea? ( ! ,messiah is z f> z possible f possess+ any significance = ! salvation ( m54 ,c]ta9ly x is n br\ght into any connection ) ! problem ( s91 :i*1 z has be5 obs]v$ above1 engages ! special att5tion ( ! writ] ( #d ,ezra4 ,x is important to obs]ve h[ ! ,jewi% fai? knew ( a ,savi\r = ext]nal ills1 b n = s9 & condemnation2 & h[ ! ,*ri/ is able only to create a brief e>?ly joy1 :i* passes away ) ! de/ruction ( ! _w4#aad #aad ,volz1 ,jdis*e ,es*atologie von ,daniel bis ,akiba1 #aijc1 pp4 #bjb;f4 ,9 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1#aae al?\gh ,brckn] is no d\bt "r 9 say+ t ! ,messiah "h z well z 9 #a ,eno* is a sup]natural figure1 ! connection ( ! ,messiah ) ! tribe ( ,levi introduces ! read] into a some:at diff]5t circle ( ideas4 ,! diff]5ce becomes m m>k$ 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1#aaf :]e ! ,messiah is a k+ ( ,david's l9e4 ,x is no d\bt true t ev5 "h ! ,messiah is no ord9>y human be+2 he de/roys 8 enemies1 n by ! weapons ( w>f>e & n by ! help ( ,israeliti% armies1 b by ! brea? ( 8 m\?4 ,yet ! local1 e>?ly "* ( ! ,messiah's reign--:at may ev5 be call$1 p]haps1 its political "*--is m cle>ly m>k$ ?an 9 ! apocalypses4 ,also !re is /rong] emphasis ^u ! e?ical qualities ( ! ,messianic k+2 ! righte\sness ( 8 p is celebrat$ 9 l(ty t]ms1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n exclude a /rong elem5t ( ,jewi% & ,ph>isaic p>ticul>ism4 #aae ,see ,*>les1 op4 cit41 ii1 pp4 #bhb-cfg2 ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 iii1 pp4 #cci-cef 7,engli% ,translation1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #aad-abd74 #aaf ,see ,gray1 9 ,*>les1 op4 cit41 ii1 pp4 #fbe-feb2 ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 iii1 pp4 #bje-bab 7,engli% ,translation1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #ag-bc74 ,no complete exposition ( ! ,jewi% belief ab\t ! ,messiah has "h be5 attempt$4 ,b en\gh has p]haps be5 said to indicate at lea/ "s features ( ! ,messianic expectation 9 ! p]iod j prec$+ ! "t ( ,paul4 ,evid5tly1 9 c]ta9 circles at lea/1 ! ,messianic hope 0 transc5d5t1 individuali/ic1 & univ]sali/ic4 ,! sc5e ( ,messiah's k+dom 0 n always ?\ght ( m]ely z ! e>?ly ,j]usalem2 at lea/ ! drama by :i* t k+dom is u%]$ 9 0 ?\ght ( z tak+ place ei!r 9 heav5 or ^u an e>? :i* has be5 totally trans=m$4 ,) ?is transc5d5t repres5tation w5t naturally a t5d5cy t[>ds individualism4 ,n m]ely nations 7 to be judg$1 b also ! secrets ( ! individual life2 & individuals 7 to h a "p 9 ! f9al bless+ or ! f9al woe4 ,( c\rse1 = ^? :o %\ld die be=e ! end ( ! age1 ?is p>ticipation 9 ! f9al bless$ness or ! f9al woe w\ld be possible only by a resurrection4 ,& ! doctr9e ( resurrection1 especially = ! righte\s1 is 9 ! apocalypses cle>ly m>k$4 ,9 #b ,b>u*1 inde$1 !re is an int]e/+ discussion ( ! relation betwe5 ! resurrection /ate & ! pres5t condition ( man2 ! righte\s w fir/ rise 9 _! old bodies1 b aft]w>ds w be trans=m$ 7#b ,b>u* xlix-li74 ,f9ally1 ! apocalypses exhibit a t5d5cy t[>d univ]salism4 ,! com+ ( ! ,messianic k+dom is reg>d$ z an ev5t ( cosmic significance4 ,! ,g5tiles are ev5 sometimes said to %>e 9 ! bless+4 ,b !y are to %>e 9 ! bless+ only by subord9ation to ! p ( ,god4 ,despite ! importance ( ! lat] p]iod1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t all ! ess5tial features ( lat] ,jewi% es*atology h _! roots 9 ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! transc5d5ce ( ! lat] repres5tation has an ,old ,te/am5t basis4 ,9 ,isaiah ix & xi ! ,messiah appe>s cle>ly z a sup]natural figure1 & 9 ,isaiah lxv4 #ag !re is a prophecy ( new heav5s & a new e>?4 ,! heav5ly ,son ( ,man is d]iv$ f ,dan4 vii4 #ac1 & ! individuali/ic int]pretation ( t passage1 :i* makes ! ,son ( ,man1 despite v]se #ah1 some?+ m ?an a m]e collective symbol = ! p ( ,israel1 is to-day 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s com+ to its rights4 ,n only 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 b also 9 ! apocalypses1 ! ,old ,te/am5t language is us$ aga9 & aga9 to describe ! heav5ly ,messiah4 ,!re is1 9 ! second place1 an ,old ,te/am5t basis = ! individualism ( ! lat] repres5tation4 ,! doctr9e ( resurrection1 ) its consequ5ces = an individuali/ic hope1 appe>s 9 ,daniel4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! univ]salism ( ! apocalypses does n transc5d t ( ! great ,old ,te/am5t prophets4 ,9 ! prophets also1 ! nations are to come "u ! judgm5t ( ,god & are to %>e 9 "s sort 9 ! bless+s ( ,israel4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! apo/le ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion believ$ 9 a heav5ly ,messiah1 sup]natural 9 orig9 & 9 function1 he 0 n really unfai?ful to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b 0 8 pre-,*ri/ian notion ( ! ,messiah really ! s\rce ( ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,epi/les8 ,su* is ! cont5tion ( ,wr$e & ,brckn]4 ,wr$e & ,brckn] believe t ! l(ty ,*ri/ology ( ,paul1 inexplicable if x 0 d]iv$ f ! man ,jesus1 may be acc\nt$ = if x 0 m]ely ! pre-,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,messiah br\ght into loose connection ) ! prophet ( ,naz>e?4 ,?is hypo!sis mu/ n[ be exam9$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! inve/igation1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion held ! apocalyptic view ( ! ,messiah4 ,x might1 inde$1 ev5 be que/ion$ :e!r he 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! ,messianic hope at all4 ,if ,bald5sp]g] is correct 9 say+ t ! ,messianic dogma 0 9 "s sort a sub/itute = ! ,law1 & ! ,law a sub/itute = ! ,messianic dogma1 s t f9ally rabb9ical int]e/ 9 ! ,law t5d$ to damp5 int]e/ 9 ! ,messiah1#aag !n ! pre-,*ri/ian life ( ,paul 0 presumably n dom9at$ by ,messianic expectations4 ,= ,paul himself1 z ,bald5sp]g] obs]ves1#aah does n1 9 speak+ ( 8 pre-,*ri/ian life1 reckon himself ) ! ,messiani/s4 ,he reckons himself1 r1 ) ^? :o 7 zeal\s = ! ,law4 ,su* consid]ations are int]e/+4 ,b _! importance %\ld n be exagg]at$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t ! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! ,judaism ( ,paul's day4 ,x is h>dly likely t ,paul ! ,ph>isee diss5t$ f ! or?odox belief4 ,9 all probability1 !re=e1 ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion did hold "s doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 #aag ,bald5sp]g]1 ,die ,messianis*-apocalyptis*5 ,h(fnung5 des ,jud5tums1 #cte ,aufl41 #aijc1 pp4 #hh1 #bjg;f41 #baf;f4 #aah ,bald5sp]g]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #baf;f4 ,x is n s c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! pre-conv]sion doctr9e ( ,paul pres5t$ a transc5d5t ,messiah l ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man ( ! apocalypses4 ,c]ta9ly !re is 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les no evid5ce :atev] ( lit]>y dep5d5ce ^u ! apocalyptic descriptions ( ! ,messiah4 ,! *>act]i/ic titles ( ! ,messiah :i* appe> 9 ! ,similitudes ( ,eno*1 = example1 are conspicu\sly abs5t f ,paul4 ,paul nev] uses ! title ,son ( ,man or ,elect ,"o or ,righte\s ,"o 9 speak+ ( ,*ri/4 ,& 9 ! apocalypses1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,paul9e t]m9ology is almo/ equally unkn[n4 ,! apocalypses1 at lea/ #a ,eno*1 use ! title ,messiah only v seldom1 & ! *>act]i/ic ,paul9e title1 ,"l1 nev] at all4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology 0 n d]iv$ f ! p>ticul> apocalypses t are /ill extant4 ,all t c possibly be ma9ta9$ is t x 0 d]iv$ f apocalypses :i* h be5 lo/1 or f an apocalyptic oral tradition4 ,b dep5d5ce ^u lo/ s\rces1 direct comp>ison n be+ possible1 is always v difficult to e/abli%4 ,?us ! t]m9ology ( ! ,epi/les & ( ! apocalypses is r unfavorable to ! view :i* attributes to ! y\?ful ,paul ! apocalyptic doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,no lit]>y relation c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,epi/les & ! extant apocalypses4 ,b w g5]al consid]ations s]ve to supply ! lack ( direct evid5ce ( dep5d5ce8 ,on ! :ole1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,g5]al consid]ations z to ! pre-,*ri/ian op9ions ( ,paul po9t r to a less transc5d5t & m political conception ?an ! conception :i* is f\nd 9 ! apocalypses4 ,no d\bt ! ,messiah :om ,paul 0 expect+ possess$ sup]natural attributes2 x seems to h be5 g5]ally expect$ 9 ,new ,te/am5t times t ! ,messiah w\ld "w miracles4 ,b ! sup]natural attributes ( ! ,messiah w\ld n necess>ily involve a conception l t :i* is pres5t$ 9 ! ,similitudes ( ,eno*4 ,possibly x is r to ! ,psalms ( ,solomon t ! hi/orian %\ld turn4 ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon 7 a typical product ( ,ph>isaism 9 its nobl] aspects4 ,_! conception ( ! ,messiah1 !re=e1 may well h be5 t ( ! pupil ( ,gamaliel4 ,& ! ,messiah ( ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 ?\gh possess$ ( sup]natural p[] & wisdom1 is ?\ght ( prim>ily z a k+ ( ,david's l9e1 & !re is no ?\ght ( 8 prexi/5ce4 ,he is v diff]5t f ! ,son ( ,man ( #a ,eno*4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n p]fectly cle> t ,paul be=e ! conv]sion believ$ 9 a heav5ly1 prexi/5t ,messiah l ! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses4 ,!re is "s reason = suppos+ t ! apocalyptic ,messiah 0 ! ,messiah1 n ( ! masses ( ! p & n ( ! or?odox tea*]s1 b ( a some:at limit$ circle4 ,did ,paul belong to t limit$ circle8 ,! "q _c be answ]$ ) any c]ta9ty4 ,! importance ( su* qu]ies mu/ n1 inde$1 be exagg]at$4 ,x is n be+ ma9ta9$ "h t ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion did n believe 9 ! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses2 all t is ma9ta9$ is t x is n c]ta9 t he did4 ,possibly ! diffusion ( apocalyptic ideas 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism 0 mu* wid] ?an is sometimes suppos$2 possibly ! y\?ful ,paul did come "u ! influ5ce ( su* ideas4 ,b ,wr$e & ,brckn] are go+ too f> if !y ass]t t ,paul mu/ necess>ily h come "u su* influ5ces4 ,! tru? is t ! pre-,*ri/ian life ( ,paul is %r\d$ 9 ! pr(\nde/ obscurity4 ,almo/ ! only def9ite piece ( in=mation is :at ,paul himself tells u--t he 0 zeal\s = ! ,law4 ,he says no?+ ab\t 8 conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,! utmo/ caution is !re=e 9 place4 ,brckn] is go+ mu* fur!r ?an ! s\rces w w>rant :5 he makes ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion a devotee ( ! apocalyptic ,messiah1 & bases ^u ?is hypo!sis an elaborate !ory z to ! g5esis ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology4 ,b ev5 if ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion 0 a devotee ( ! apocalyptic ,messiah1 ! g5esis ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology has n yet be5 expla9$4 ,= ! apocalyptic ,messiah is diff]5t 9 important respects f ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,epi/les4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is 9 ! apocalypses no doctr9e ( an activity ( ! ,messiah 9 creation1 l t :i* appe>s 9 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f2 ,col4 i4 #af4 ,! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses is prexi/5t1 b ,he is n ?\ght ( z be+ associat$ ) ,god 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,?is diff]5ce may seem to be only a diff]5ce 9 detail2 b x is a diff]5ce 9 detail :i* conc]ns j t "p ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology :i* w\ld seem to be mo/ simil> to ! apocalyptic doctr9e4 ,x is ! ,paul9e conception ( ! prexi/5t ,*ri/1 z di/+ui%$ f ! inc>nate or ! ris5 ,*ri/1 :i* ,wr$e & ,brckn] f9d x easie/ to connect ) ! apocalypses4 ,b ev5 9 ! prexi/5t p]iod ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul is diff]5t f ! apocalyptic ,messiah1 because ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul1 unlike ! apocalyptic ,messiah1 has an active "p 9 ! creation ( ! _w4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is 9 ! apocalypses no trace ( ! w>m1 p]sonal relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! believ] & ! ,paul9e ,*ri/4#aai ,! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses is hidd5 9 heav54 ,he is reveal$ only z a great my/]y1 & only to favor$ m5 su* z ,eno*4 ,ev5 aft] ! judgm5t1 al?\gh ! righte\s are to be 9 company ) ,him1 !re is no su* acc\nt ( ,8 p]son z w\ld make conceivable a liv+1 p]sonal relation%ip ) ,him4 ,! heav5ly ,messiah ( ! apocalypses is a lifeless figure1 clo!d 9 unapproa*able light4 ,! ris5 ,*ri/ ( ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 is a p]son :om a man c love2 inde$ ,he is a p]son :om z a matt] ( fact ,paul did love4 ,:5ce 0 d]iv$ ! concrete1 p]sonal "* ( ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul8 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n d]iv$ f ! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses4 ,:5ce !n 0 x d]iv$8 #aai ,comp>e especially ,ols*ewski1 ,die ,wurzeln d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie1 #aiji4 ,! natural answ] w\ld be t x 0 d]iv$ f ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,! fact t ! ris5 ,*ri/ ( ,paul is n m]ely a heav5ly figure b a p]son :om a man c love is mo/ naturally expla9$ by suppos+ t ,paul attribut$ to ! ,messiah all ! concrete traits ( ! /rik+ p]sonality ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,b ?is supposition is exclud$ by ,wr$e's hypo!sis4 ,inde$1 ,wr$e supposes1 if ,paul _h come into su* close contact ) ! hi/orical ,jesus z to h 9 8 m9d a full acc\nt ( ,jesus' words & de$s1 he c\ld n easily h atta*$ to ,him ! sup]natural attributes ( ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man2 only a man :o /ood remote f ! real ,jesus c\ld h reg>d$ ,jesus z ! in/rum5t 9 creation & ! f9al judge ( all ! _w4 ,?us ! hypo!sis ( ,wr$e & ,brckn] faces a qu&>y4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! sup]natural attributes ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/1 ,paul has to be plac$ ne> to ! apocalypses & f> f ! hi/orical ,jesus2 :]eas 9 ord] to expla9 ! w>m1 p]sonal relation betwe5 ,paul & 8 ,*ri/1 ,paul w\ld h to be plac$ ne> to ! hi/orical ,jesus & f> f ! apocalypses4 ,?is qu&>y c\ld be avoid$ only by d]iv+ ! w>m1 p]sonal relation betwe5 ,paul & 8 ,*ri/ f some?+ o!r ?an ! "* ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,wr$e & ,brckn] might seek to d]ive x f ! "o fact ( ! crucifixion4 ,all t ,paul really d]iv$ f ! hi/orical ,jesus1 accord+ to ,wr$e & ,brckn]1 0 ! fact t ! ,messiah _h come to e>? & di$4 ,b t "o fact1 x might be ma9ta9$1 0 suffici5t to produce ! f]v5t ,*ri/-religion ( ,paul4 ,= ,paul int]pret$ ! dea? ( ! ,messiah z a dea? suff]$ = ! s9s ( o!rs4 ,su* a dea? involv$ self-sacrifice2 x mu/ h be5 an act ( love4 ,h5ce ! b5efici>ies 7 grateful2 h5ce ! w>m1 p]sonal relation%ip ( ,paul to ! "o :o _h lov$ him & giv5 ,himself = him4#abj #abj ,comp>e ,brckn]1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] paul9is*5 ,*ri/ologie1 #aijc1 p4 #bcg4 ,b h[ did ! dea? ( ,jesus ev] come to be int]pret$ by ,paul z a vic>i\s dea? ( ! ,messiah8 ,! natural answ] w\ld be t x 0 because ( some?+ t ,jesus _h said or because ( an impression d]iv$ f ,8 "*4 ,t answ] is exclud$ by ,wr$e's hypo!sis4 ,h[ !n did ,paul come to reg>d ! dea? ( ,jesus z a vic>i\s dea? ( ! ,messiah8 ,x c\ld only h be5 because ,paul already _h a doctr9e ( ! vic>i\s dea? ( ! ,messiah be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,b no?+ is m unlikely4 ,!re is 9 late pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% lit]ature n a trace ( su* a doctr9e4#aba ,! ,messiah 9 #d ,ezra is repres5t$1 inde$1 z dy+1 b ,8 dea? is ( b5efit to no "o4 ,he dies1 along ) all ! inhabitants ( e>?1 simply 9 ord] to make way = ! new _w4#abb ,9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 ! ,jew ,trypho is repres5t$ z admitt+ t ! ,messiah 0 to suff]4 ,b ! suff]+ is n repres5t$ z vic>i\s4 ,& s9ce ! ,dialogue 0 writt5 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 ! isolat$ te/imony ( ,trypho _c be us$ z a witness to fir/-c5tury conditions4 ,x is p]fectly possible1 z ,s*r] sugge/$1 t c]ta9 ,jews ( ! second c5tury 7 only l$ to conc$e ! suff]+ ( ! ,messiah 9 ! light ( ! ,scriptural argum5ts advanc$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! rabb9ical evid5ce z to suff]+s ( ! ,messiah is also too late to be us$ 9 recon/ruct+ ! pre-,*ri/ian environm5t ( ,paul4 ,& ( real evid5ce f ! p]iod j be=e ,paul's day !re is none4 ,9 #d ,maccabees vi4 #bh1 #bi1 inde$ 7less cle>ly 9 xvii4 #ba1 #bb71 ! blood ( ! righte\s is repres5t$ z br++ purification = ! p4 ,! dy+ m>tyr ,eleaz> is repres5t$ z pray+3#abc ,be m]ciful unto ?y p1 & let our puni%m5t be a satisfaction 9 _! behalf4 ,make my blood _! purification1 & take my s\l to ransom _! s\ls4 ,?is passage1 h[ev]1 is entirely isolat$4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] t ! vic>i\s suff]+ ( ! righte\s 0 any?+ l an e/abli%$ doctr9e 9 ! ,judaism ( ,paul's day1 & 9 p>ticul> !re is no evid5ce t 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism ! idea ( vic>i\s suff]+ 0 appli$ to ! ,messiah4 ,und\bt$ly ,isaiah liii might h =m$ a basis = su* an application2 x may ev5 seem surpris+ t t glori\s passage 0 n m influ5tial4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ,judaism 0 mov+ 9 a v diff]5t direction2 ! lat] doctr9e ( ! ,messiah _h absolutely no place = a vic>i\s dea? or = vic>i\s suff]+4 ,all ! s\rces are "h 9 agreem5t4 ,nei!r 9 ! apocalypses nor 9 :at is presuppos$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ab\t ,jewi% belief is !re any trace ( a vic>i\s dea? ( ! ,messiah4 ,inde$1 !re is abundant evid5ce t su* an idea 0 extremely repulsive to ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,! ,cross 0 unto ! ,jews a /umbl+-block4#abd #aba ,see ,s*r]1 op4 cit41 ii1 pp4 #fdh-fea 7,engli% ,translation1 ,division ,,ii1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ahd-ahg74 #abb ,x w be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t #d ,ezra1 at lea/ 9 its complet$ =m1 dates f long aft] ! "t ( ,paul4 #abc ,t[n%5d1 9 ,*>les1 op4 cit41 ii1 p4 #fgd4 #abd ,b4 ,w4 ,bacon 7,jesus & ,paul1 #aiba1 pp4 #de-di7 seeks to bridge ! gulf betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul by suppos+ t ,jesus himself1 some:at l ! ,maccabean h]o1 f9ally atta9$1 aft] ! failure ( ,8 orig9al program & at ! v close ( ,8 life1 ! conception t ,8 approa*+ dea? 0 to be 9 "s sort an expiation = ,8 p4 ,b ! idea ( expiation :i* ,bacon attributes to ,jesus is no d\bt v diff]5t f ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/4 ,! gulf betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul is !re=e n really bridg$4 ,moreov]1 x _c be said t ,bacon's hypo!sis ( successive /ages 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,jesus1 culm9at+ 9 ! idea ( expiation atta9$ at ! la/ supp]1 has really help$ at all to solve ! problem pres5t$ to e hi/orian :o proce$s ^u naturali/ic presuppositions by ,jesus' l(ty claims4 ,at lea/1 h[ev]1 ?is late/ inve/igator ( ! problem ( ,jesus & ,paul has betray$ a salut>y consci\sness ( ! fact t ! ,paul9e conception ( ,jesus' r$emptive "w is inexplicable unless x f9d "s ju/ification 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,only1 ! ju/ification :i* ,bacon himself has f\nd--p>ticul>ly 8 acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! idea ( expiation is suppos$ to h aris5 9 ,jesus' m9d--is entirely inadequate4 ,?us ! w>m1 p]sonal relation ( love & gratitude :i* ,paul su/a9s to ! ris5 ,*ri/ is entirely unexpla9$ by any?+ 9 8 ,jewi% environm5t4 ,x is n expla9$ by ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ! ,messiah2 x is n expla9$ by reflection ^u ! vic>i\s dea? ( ! ,messiah4 ,= ! ,messiah 9 ,jewi% expectation 0 n to suff] a vic>i\s dea?4 ,su* a relation ( love & gratitude c\ld be su/a9$ only t[>d a liv+ p]son4 ,x c\ld be su/a9$ t[>d ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 if ,jesus cont9u$ to live 9 glory1 b x c\ld n be su/a9$ t[>d ! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ & ! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses conc]ns ! v c5t] ( ! ,paul9e conception--!re is 9 ! apocalypses no doctr9e ( ! div9ity ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 ,paul1 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ is presuppos$ on e page4 ,! ^w div9ity is inde$ (t5 be+ abus$2 9 mod]n pan!iz+ lib]alism1 x means absolutely no?+4 ,b ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les is to be und]/ood 9 ! highe/ possible s5se4 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ is n dep5d5t ^u individual passages2 x does n dep5d ^u ! "q :e!r 9 ,rom4 ix4 #e ,paul applies ! t]m ,god to ,*ri/4 ,c]ta9ly he does s by any natural int]pretation ( 8 words4 ,b :at is f> m important is t ! t]m ,"l 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ! *>act]i/ic ,paul9e "n ( ,*ri/1 is e :it z mu* a designation ( deity z is ! t]m ,god4#abe ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ,epi/les1 moreov]1 ! attitude ( ,paul t[>d ,*ri/ is n m]ely ! attitude ( man to man1 or s*ol> to ma/]2 x is ! attitude ( man t[>d ,god4 #abe ,see ,w>field1 ',god our ,fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1' 9 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 xv1 #aiag1 pp4 #a-bj4 ,su* an attitude is abs5t f ! apocalyptic repres5tation ( ! ,messiah4 ,= example1 ! way 9 :i* ,god & ,*ri/ are l9k$ toge!r regul>ly at ! beg9n+s ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les--,god our fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/#abf--?is c f9d no real p>allel 9 #a ,eno*4 ,! isolat$ passages 7#a ,eno* xlix4 #aj2 lxx4 #a7 :]e 9 #a ,eno* ! ,"l ( ,spirits & ! ,son ( ,man or ! ,elect ,"o are l9k$ toge!r by ! ^w &1 d n beg9 to approa* ! height ( ! ,paul9e conception4 ,x is n surpris+ & n p>ticul>ly significant t ! wick$ are designat$ 9 "o passage z ^? :o h d5i$ ! ,"l ( ,spirits & ,8 ano9t$ 7#a ,eno* xlix4 #aj74 ,su* an expression w\ld be natural ev5 if ! ,ano9t$ ,"o 71 = example1 m]ely an e>?ly k+ ( ,david's l9e4 ,:at is *>act]i/ic ( ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 is t ,god ! ,fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ are n m]ely unit$ by ! conjunction & 9 isolat$ passages--t might happ5 ev5 if !y belong$ to diff]5t sph]es ( be+--b are unit$ regul>ly & z a matt] ( c\rse1 & are j z regul>ly sep>at$ f all o!r be+s except ! ,holy ,_s4 ,moreov]1 ,god & ,*ri/1 9 ,paul1 h attribut$ to !m ! same functions4 ,grace & peace1 = example1 come equally f bo?4 ,su* a repres5tation w\ld be q incongru\s 9 #a ,eno*4 ,equally incongru\s 9 #a ,eno* w\ld be ! ,paul9e sep>ation ( ! ,*ri/ f ord9>y humanity & f angels4 ,! au?or ( #a ,eno* c\ld h>dly h said1 ,n f m5 nor ?r\gh a man b ?r\gh ! ,elect ,"o & ! ,"l ( ,spirits1 z ,paul says1 ,n f m5 nor ?r\gh a man b ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,god ! ,fa!r :o rais$ him f ! dead 7,gal4 i4 #a74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! way 9 :i* #a ,eno* includes ! ,elect ,"o 9 ! middle ( a long li/ ( be+s :o praise ! ,"l ( ,spirits 7#a ,eno* lxi4 #aj1 #aa7 w\ld be absolutely inconceivable 9 ,paul4 #abf ,w>field1 loc4 cit4 ,?is /up5d\s diff]5ce is e/abli%$ n by isolat$ passages1 b by e page ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,! ,paul9e ,*ri/ is exalt$ to an inf9ite height above ! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses4 ,h[ did ,he rea* ?is height8 ,0 x because ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,b t id5tification1 if ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 7 a m]e man1 w\ld h dragg$ ,him d[n r ?an lift$ ,him up4 ,!re lies ! unsolv$ problem4 ,ev5 if ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion believ$ 9 ! heav5ly ,messiah ( ! apocalypses1 he _h to exalt t ,messiah f> beyond all t _h ev] be5 attribut$ to ,him 9 ! bolde/ visions ( ! ,jewi% se]s1 be=e he c\ld produce ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,epi/les4 ,yet ! only new ?+ t _h ent]$ ,paul's life 0 id5tification ( ! ,messiah ) ,jesus4 ,:y did t id5tification lift ! ,messiah to ! ?rone ( ,god8 ,:o 0 ?is ,jesus1 :o by ,8 id5tification ) ! ,messiah1 lift$ ! ,messiah ev5 f> above m5's wilde/ dreams8 ,?us ! ,messianic doctr9e ( ! apocalypses is an insuffici5t basis = ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology4 ,its insuffici5cy is admitt$ by ,hans ,w9dis*4#abg ,b ,w9dis* seeks to supply :at is lack+ 9 ! apocalyptic ,messiah by appeal+ to ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ,wisdom4 ,! apocalyptic doctr9e ( ! ,messiah1 ,w9dis* admits1 w n expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology2 = example1 x w n expla9 ,paul's doctr9e ( ! activity ( ,*ri/ 9 creation4 ,b ,wisdom is ?\ght to supply ! lack4 #abg ,die gttli*e ,wei%eit d] ,jud5 und die paul9is*e ,*ri/ologie1 9 ,neute/am5tli*e ,/udi5 ,georg ,he9rici d>gebra*t1 #aiad1 pp4 #bbj-bcd4 ,9 ,prov4 viii1 wisdom is celebrat$ 9 l(ty t]ms1 & is said to h exi/$ be=e ! creation ( ! _w4 ,wisdom is "h boldly p]sonifi$ 9 a poetic way4 ,b %e is n reg>d$ z a real p]son sep>ate f ,god4 ,9 lat] books1 h[ev]1 notably 9 ! ,alex&rian ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ! p]sonification is develop$ until x seems to involve actual p]sonality4 ,wisdom seems to be reg>d$ z an hypo/asis1 a figure 9 "s sort di/9ct f ,god4 ,?is hypo/asis1 ,w9dis* believes1 0 id5tifi$ by ,paul ) ,*ri/1 & ! result 0 ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology4 ,! figure ( ,wisdom1 ,w9dis* believes1 w supply two elem5ts 9 ! ,paul9e ,*ri/-religion :i* are lack+ 9 ! ,messiah ( ! apocalypses4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w acc\nt = ! ,paul9e notion t ,*ri/ 0 active 9 creation1 s9ce ,wisdom 9 ,jewi% belief is repeat$ly repres5t$ z ! assessor or ev5 ! in/rum5t ( ! ,creator4 ,9 ! second place1 x w acc\nt = ! intimate relation betwe5 ,paul & 8 ,*ri/1 s9ce ,wisdom is repres5t$ 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon z ent]+ into ! wise man1 & ! wise man seems to be repres5t$ 9 ,prov]bs viii & 9 ,ecclesia/icus z ! m\?piece ( ,wisdom4#abh #abh ,w9dis*1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbf4 ,b :5 0 ! id5tification ( ! ,messiah ) ,wisdom accompli%$8 ,0 x accompli%$ by ,paul himself aft] 8 conv]sion8 ,or 0 x receiv$ by ,paul f pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% doctr9e8 ,if x 0 accompli%$ by ,paul himself aft] 8 conv]sion1 !n absolutely no progress has be5 made t[>d ! explanation ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology4 ,h[ did ,paul come to id5tify ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ) ! div9e figure ( ,wisdom8 ,x c\ld only h be5 because ,jesus 0 su* a p]son z to make ! id5tification natural4 ,b t supposition is ( c\rse exclud$ by ! naturali/ic pr9ciples ) :i* ,w9dis* is op]at+4 ,! id5tification ( ,jesus ) ,wisdom at or aft] ! conv]sion is1 !re=e1 absolutely inexplicable2 9 sub/itut+ ,wisdom = ! apocalyptic ,messiah z ! basis ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology1 ,w9dis* has de/roy$ :atev] measure ( plausibility ! !ory ( ,wr$e & ,brckn] possess$4 ,= x is really ess5tial to ,wr$e's !ory t ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion _h n only believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a heav5ly be+ l ! ,son ( ,man ( #a ,eno*1 b _h also expect$ t heav5ly be+ to appe>4 ,s9ce he _h expect$ ! heav5ly be+ to appe>1 x might seem to be n s absolutely inexplicable t he came to ?9k t t be+ _h actually appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,b no "o expect$ ,wisdom to appe>1 9 any m def9ite way ?an by ! entrance :i* %e _h already accompli%$ into ! he>ts ( wise m54 ,! ?\ght ( an inc>nation or a p>\sia ( ,wisdom is absolutely =eign to ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,:at possible reason 0 !re1 !n1 = ,paul to ?9k t ,wisdom actually _h appe>$ & w\ld f9ally appe> aga9 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus8 ,?us ! !ory ( ,w9dis* c be ma9ta9$ only if ! id5tification ( ,wisdom ) ! ,messiah 0 accompli%$ n by ,paul aft] ! conv]sion b by pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism4 ,if ,paul's pre-,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,messiah already conta9$ vital elem5ts drawn f ! doctr9e ( ,wisdom1 !n & !n only might x be held t ! ,paul9e ,*ri/1 ) ,8 activity 9 creation & ,8 spiritual indwell+ 9 ! believ]1 0 m]ely ! pre-,*ri/ian ,messiah4 ,b 0 ! pre-,*ri/ian ,messiah ev] id5tifi$ ) ! hypo/asis ,wisdom8 ,^u an affirmative answ] to ?is "q dep5ds ! :ole /ructure ( ,w9dis*'s !ory4 ,b ,w9dis* passes ! "q ov] r lightly4 ,he tries1 inde$1 to e/abli% c]ta9 co9cid5ces betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah 9 #a ,eno* & 9 ! ,septuag9t translation ( ,micah v4 #b & ,ps4 cx4 #c on ! "o h&1 & ! descriptions ( ,wisdom on ! o!r2 b ! co9cid5ces app>5tly am\nt to no?+ except ! ascription ( prexi/5ce to bo? figures4 ,b ! fundam5tal tr\ble is t ,w9dis* has an entirely inadequate conception ( :at really ne$s to be prov$4 ,:at ,w9dis* really ne$s to d is to ascribe to ! pre-,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,messiah two elem5ts--activity 9 creation & spiritual indwell+--:i* 9 ! extant s\rces are f\nd n at all 9 ! descriptions ( ! ,messiah b only 9 ! descriptions ( ,wisdom4 ,ev5 if he succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ v]bal dep5d5ce ( ! descriptions ( ! ,messiah ^u ! descriptions ( ,wisdom1 t w\ld n really prove 8 po9t at all4 ,su* v]bal dep5d5ce z a matt] ( fact has n be5 e/abli%$1 b if x 7 e/abli%$ x w\ld be )\t significance4 ,x w\ld be f> m completely devoid ( significance ?an is ! simil>ity betwe5 ! descriptions ( ! heav5ly ,messiah z judge & ! descriptions ( ,god z judge4 ,?is latt] simil>ity may be significant1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) o!r evid5ce1 z be+ a true anticipation ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! deity ( ,*ri/1 b 9 itself x w h>dly be held 7at lea/ x w h>dly be held by ,w9dis*7 to e/abli% ! complete p]sonal id5tity1 9 ,jewi% ?9k+1 ( ! ,messiah & ,god1 s t ev]y?+ t is said ab\t ,god 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% s\rces c h5ce=? be appli$ to ! ,messiah4 ,:y !n %\ld simil>ity 9 language betwe5 ! descriptions ( ! ,wisdom ( ,god z prexi/5t & ! descriptions ( ! ,messiah z prexi/5t 7ev5 if t simil>ity exi/$7 e/abli% su* id5tity betwe5 ! ,messiah & ,wisdom t :at is attribut$ to ,wisdom 7notably spiritual indwell+7 c h5ce=? be attribut$ to ! ,messiah8 ,!re is really no evid5ce :atev] = suppos+ t ! ,messiah 0 conceiv$ ( 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism ei!r z be+ active 9 creation or z dwell+ 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,inde$1 ) reg>d to ! latt] po9t1 !re is decisive evid5ce ( ! contr>y4 ,! figure ( ! ,messiah 9 ! apocalypses is z incongru\s z any?+ c possibly be ) ! idea ( spiritual indwell+4 ,wisdom is conceiv$ ( z dwell+ 9 ! he>ts ( m5 only because ,wisdom 9 ,jewi% lit]ature is n really or completely a concrete p]son1 b is also an ab/ract quality4 ,! ,messiah is a concrete p]son & h5ce is n ?\ght ( z indwell+4 ,x 0 some?+ absolutely )\t prec$5t1 !re=e1 :5 ,paul reg>d$ 8 ,*ri/--:o is no?+ if n a p]son1 & a p]son :o may be lov$--z dwell+ 9 ! he>t ( ! believ]4 ,objection w no d\bt be rais$ aga9/ ?is treatm5t ( ! idea ( p]sonality4 ,wisdom1 we h argu$1 0 nev] 9 ,jewi% lit]ature reg>d$ consi/5tly z a p]son di/9ct f ,god2 :]eas ! ,messiah 0 always reg>d$ z a p]son4 ,aga9/ ?is argum5t x w be object$ t ! anci5t _w possess$ no idea ( p]sonality at all1 s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,wisdom & ! ,messiah disappe>s4 ,b :at is meant by ! objection8 ,if x is meant only t ! anci5t _w possess$ no def9ition ( p]sonality1 ! po9t may p]haps be conc$$4 ,b x is q irrelevant4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 :at is meant is t ! anci5ts _h no way ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a p]son & a m]e quality1 no way ( feel+ ! diff]5ce ev5 if ! diff]5ce c\ld n be put into words1 !n an emphatic d5ial is 9 place4 ,)\t su* a p[] ( practical1 if n !oretical1 di/9ction1 no m5tal or moral life at all1 to say no?+ ( ! highly develop$ life ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 w\ld h be5 possible4 ,x is highly important1 !re=e1 to obs]ve t ,wisdom 9 ,jewi% lit]ature h>dly becomes reg>d$ z a p]son 9 any consi/5t way4 ,und\bt$ly ! hypo/asiz+ has gone to consid]able l5g?s1 b x is always possible = ! writ]s to h>k back to ! orig9al s5se ( ! ^w wisdom--to play at lea/ ^u ! orig9al mean+4 ,wisdom seems to be treat$ n m]ely z a p]son b also z an attribute ( ,god4 ,?us ,w9dis* is entirely unju/ifi$ :5 he uses passages :i* repres5t ! ,messiah z possess+ wisdom to prove t ! ,messiah 0 reg>d$ z id5tical ) ,wisdom4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is mi/ake is f\nd 9 ! treatm5t ( #a ,eno* xlix4 #c1 :]e x is said t 9 ! ,elect ,"o dwells ! _s ( wisdom1 & ! _s :i* gives insight1 & ! _s ( und]/&+ & ( might & ! _s ( ^? :o h fall5 asleep 9 righte\sness4 ,a /ill m /rik+ example is f\nd 9 ! use ( #a ,cor4 i4 #bd1 #cj1 :]e ,*ri/ crucifi$ is call$ ! p[] ( ,god & ! wisdom ( ,god1 & is said to h become to believ]s wisdom & ju/ification & sanctification & r$emption4 ,w9dis* actually uses ^! passages z evid5ce = ! application to ! apocalyptic ,messiah & to ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ ( ! attributes ( ! hypo/asis ,wisdom4 ,c\ld any?+ be m utt]ly unw>rant$8 ,! inclusion ( wisdom 9 a consid]able li/ ( :at ! ,son ( ,man possesses or ( :at ,*ri/ means to ! believ]1 f> f prov+ t #a ,eno* or ,paul id5tifi$ ! ,messiah ) ! hypo/asiz$ ,wisdom1 r proves1 if pro( be necess>y1 t !y did n make ! id5tification4 ,x is a v diff]5t ?+ to say t ,*ri/ possesses wisdom 7along ) o!r qualities7 or br+s wisdom to ! believ] 7along ) o!r gifts7 f say+ t ,*ri/ is s id5tical ) ! hypo/asis ,wisdom ( ! wisdom lit]ature t :at is !re said ab\t ,wisdom is to be attribut$ to ,him4 ,w9dis* himself obs]ves1 v significantly1 t ,paul c\ld n actually designate ,*ri/ z ,wisdom because ! ^w wisdom is ( fem99e g5d] 9 ,greek4 ,! diff]5ce ( g5d] is "h ! symbol ( a pr(\nd diff]5ce 9 ess5tial "*4 ,! figure ( ,wisdom 9 ,jewi% lit]ature1 ) its curi\s vacillation betwe5 p]sonality & ab/raction1 is absolutely incongru\s ) ! w>m1 liv+1 concrete1 p]sonal figure ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/4 ,! two belong to totally diff]5t circles ( ideas4 ,no wond] t ev5 ,b\sset 7z ,w9dis* compla9s7 has n v5tur$ to br+ !m into connection4 ,! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology 0 c]ta9ly n bas$ ^u ! pre-,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,wisdom4 ,?us ! fir/ great objection to ,wr$e's d]ivation ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology is t x is simply insuffici5t4 ,! ,messiah ( ! ,jewi% apocalypses is n great en\gh to h be5 ! basis ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/4 ,if be=e ! conv]sion ,paul _h believ$ 9 ! apocalyptic ,messiah1 !n :5 he 0 conv]t$ he lift$ 8 conception to f> great] heights ?an x _h be=e atta9$4 ,b :at caus$ him to d s8 ,app>5tly he ought to h done exactly ! rev]se4 ,if ,jesus 0 a m]e man1 !n ! id5tification ( ! ,messiah ) ,him ought to h pu%$ ! conception ( ! ,messiah d[n in/ead ( lift+ x up4 ,z ,bald5sp]g] significantly rem>ks1 ! ,jewi% apocalypti/s fac$ less difficulty 9 pres5t+ a transc5d5t ,messiah ?an did _! successors1 ! expon5ts ( a metaphysical ,*ri/ology 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 s9ce ! ,jewi% apocalypti/s c\ld give free c\rse to _! fancy1 :]eas ! ,*ri/ians 7 hamp]$ by ! recollections ( ! e>?ly ,jesus4#abi ,?is obs]vation1 on ! basis ( ,bald5sp]g]'s naturali/ic presuppositions1 is entirely correct4 ,b ! /range ?+ is t ! recollections ( ,jesus1 f> f hamp]+ ! ,*ri/ians 9 _! ascription ( sup]natural attributes to ! ,messiah1 actually _h j ! opposite effect4 ,paul furni%es a /rik+ example4 ,be=e he id5tifi$ ! ,messiah ) ,jesus1 he did n really ?9k ( ! ,messiah z div9e--n ev5 if he believ$ 9 ! transc5d5t ,messiah ( #a ,eno*4 ,b aft] he id5tifi$ ! ,messiah ) ,jesus1 he said n by man b by ,*ri/4 ,:y 0 x t id5tification ) ,jesus1 in/ead ( br++ ! apocalyptic ,messiah d[n to e>?1 lift$ ,him r to ! ?rone ( ,god8 ,0 x1 aft] all1 because ( some?+ 9 ,jesus8 ,if x 01 !n ! et]nal ,son ( ,god walk$ ^u e>?1 & suff]$ = ! s9s ( m54 ,if x 0 n1 !n ! fundam5tal hi/orical problem ( ,*ri/ianity is /ill entirely unsolv$4 #abi ,bald5sp]g]1 op4 cit41 p4 #abf4 ,b ano!r objection faces ! solution propos$ by ,wr$e & ,brckn]4 ,suppose ! apocalyptic doctr9e ( ! ,messiah 7 really adequate to ! /ra9 :i* is plac$ ^u x4 ,suppose x really repres5t$ ! ,messiah z active 9 creation & z indwell+ 9 ! he>ts ( ! fai?ful & z exalt$ to ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,^! suppositions are entirely )\t w>rant 9 ! facts2 !y transc5d by f> ev5 ! claims ( ,wr$e & ,brckn] !mselves4 ,b suppose !y 7 correct4 ,ev5 !n ! g5esis ( ,paul's religion w\ld n be expla9$4 ,suppose ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,messiah really 0 complete 9 8 m9d be=e he 0 conv]t$4 ,ev5 !n1 ano!r problem rema9s4 ,h[ did he come to id5tify 8 exalt$ ,messiah ) a ,jew :o _h liv$ b a few ye>s be=e & _h di$ a %ameful dea?8 ,! ?+ might be expla9$ if ,jesus 0 :at ,he is repres5t$ 9 all ( ! extant s\rces z be+--a sup]natural p]son ^: glory %one out pla9 ev5 ?r\gh ! veil ( fle%4 ,x might be expla9$ if ,paul be=e 8 conv]sion really believ$ t ! heav5ly ,*ri/ 0 to come to e>? be=e ,8 f9al p>\sia & die an accurs$ dea?4 ,b ! =m] alt]native is exclud$ by ! naturali/ic presuppositions ( ! mod]n man4 ,& ! latt] is exclud$ by an ov]:elm+ weight ( evid5ce z to pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism & ! pre-,*ri/ian life ( ,paul4 ,h[ !n did ,paul come to id5tify 8 heav5ly ,messiah ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,x c\ld only h be5 ?r\gh ! /range exp]i5ce :i* he _h ne> ,damascus4 ,b :at1 9 turn1 caus$ t exp]i5ce8 ,no answ]1 on ! basis ( naturali/ic presuppositions1 has yet be5 giv54 ,9 remov+ ! sup]natural f ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus1 mod]n naturalism has preclud$ ! only possible naturali/ic explanation ( ! conv]sion ( ,paul4 ,if ,jesus _h giv5 evid5ce ( be+ ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man1 !n ,paul might conceivably1 ?\gh /ill n probably1 h become conv9c$ aga9/ 8 w1 & might1 conceivably ?\gh /ill n probably1 h exp]i5c$ an halluc9ation 9 :i* he ?\ght he saw ,jesus liv+ 9 glory4 ,b if ,jesus 0 a m]e man1 ! id5tification ( ,him ) ! heav5ly apocalyptic ,messiah becomes inconceivable1 & ! exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* t id5tification took place is left absolutely uncaus$4 ,?us ! hypo!sis ( ,wr$e & ,brckn] defeats itself4 ,9 argu+ t ,paul's pre-conv]sion conception ( ! ,messiah 0 n a conception ( a m]e e>?ly be+ or ! l1 b t ( a transc5d5t be+1 ,wr$e & ,brckn] are really digg+ ! grave ( _! own !ory4 ,= ! m exalt$ 0 ! ,messiah 9 :om ,paul believ$ be=e 8 conv]sion1 ! m inexplicable becomes ! id5tification ( t ,messiah ) a crucifi$ malefactor4 ,b /ill ano!r objection rema9s4 ,suppose ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ 7 simply ! ,messiah ( ! ,jewi% apocalypses2 suppose ,paul knew s little ab\t ! hi/orical ,jesus t he c\ld ev5 id5tify ! exalt$ ,messiah ) ,him4 ,ev5 !n ano!r fact requires explanation4 ,h[ did ,paul come to be s /rik+ly simil> to ! hi/orical ,jesus bo? 9 tea*+ & 9 "*8 ,wr$e 0 audaci\s en\gh to expla9 ! simil>ity z due to a common dep5d5ce ^u ,judaism4#acj ,b at ?is po9t few h foll[$ him4 ,= ! /rik+ fact is t ,paul agrees ) ,jesus 9 j ^? matt]s to :i* ,judaism 0 mo/ signally oppos$4 ,x w\ld be m plausible to say t ,paul agrees ) ,jesus because bo? ( !m ab&on$ contempor>y ,judaism & return$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets4 ,b ev5 t explanation w\ld be q inadequate4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul goes f> beyond :at bo? hold 9 common ) ! ,prophets & ! ,psalms4 ,& :y did two m5 return to ! ,prophets & ,psalms at j ! same "t & 9 j ! same way8 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul might !n be reg>d$ z due to m]e *ance4 ,paul1 x might be suppos$1 develop$ ! ideal ( ,*ri/ian love f ! dea? ( ! ,messiah1 :i* he int]pret$ z an act ( self-sacrifice4#aca ,?is ideal ( love happ5$ to be j ! same z t :i* ,jesus ( ,naz>e? exemplifi$ 9 a life ( s]vice--to :i* life ( s]vice1 h[ev]1 ,paul 0 completely indiff]5t4 ,su*1 ess5tially1 is :at ! hypo!sis ( ,wr$e really am\nts to4 ,! hypo!sis is really absurd4 ,b its absurdity is in/ructive4 ,x is an absurdity to :i* ! naturali/ic acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity is driv5 by an inexorable logic4 ,paul1 x mu/ be suppos$1 c\ld n h reg>d$ ,jesus z a div9e be+ if he _h really kn[n ,jesus4 ,! simil>ity ( 8 life & tea*+ to t ( ,jesus _c1 !re=e1 be due to k ( ,jesus4 ,x mu/ !re=e be due to *ance4 ,9 o!r words1 x is dang]\s1 on naturali/ic pr9ciples1 to br+ ,paul into contact ) ,jesus4 ,= if he is br\ght into contact ) ,jesus1 8 witness to ,jesus w h to be he>d4 ,& :5 8 witness is he>d1 ! elaborate mod]n recon/ructions ( ! lib]al ,jesus fall to ! gr\nd4 ,= accord+ to ,paul1 ,jesus 0 no m]e ,galilean prophet1 b ! ,"l ( ,glory4 #acj ,wr$e1 ,paulus1 #aijd1 pp4 #ij1 #ia 7,engli% ,translation1 ,paul1 #aijg1 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh74 #aca ,see ,brckn]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bcg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,age ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,age ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! religion ( ,paul 0 n d]iv$ f ! pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% doctr9e ( ! ,messiah4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! d]ivation ( ,paul9ism f ! hi/orical ,jesus is /ill to be ab&on$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! pagan _w4 ,& z a matt] ( fact1 x is 9 ! pagan _w t ! g5esis ( ,paul9ism is to-day m & m frequ5tly be+ s\ght4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s w deal ) t hypo!sis :i* makes ! religion ( ,paul ess5tially a product ( ! syncreti/ic pagan religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,?is hypo!sis is n only held 9 _m diff]5t =ms1 b also ent]s into comb9ation ) ! view :i* has be5 consid]$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,= example1 ,m4 ,brckn]1 :o reg>ds ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology z be+ simply ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah1 modifi$ by ! episode ( ! ,messiah's humiliation1 is by no means ho/ile to ! hypo!sis ( pagan influ5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 he br+s ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah ^u :i* ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology is ?\ght to be bas$1 itself into connection ) ! widespread pagan my? ( a dy+ & ris+ savi\r-god4#acb ,?us ,brckn] is at "o ) ! mod]n s*ool ( comp>ative religion 9 d]iv+ ,paul's religion f paganism2 only he d]ives x f paganism n directly b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,jewi% conception ( ! ,messiah4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ( ^? :o f9d direct & n m]ely m$iate pagan influ5ce at ! he>t ( ! religion ( ,paul are also will+ to admit t "s important influ5ces came ?r\gh pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism--notably1 ?r\gh ! ,messianic expectations ( ! apocalypses4 ,! division betwe5 ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt] & t ( ! prec$+ *apt] is !re=e difficult to c>ry out4 ,nev]!less1 t division w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,x w be well to consid] sep>ately ! hypo!sis 7n[ 9 ! v =efront ( int]e/7 :i* d]ives ,paul9ism1 n f ! hi/orical ,jesus1 & n f pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism1 b f ! pagan religion ( ! ,greco-,roman _w4 #acb ,brckn]1 ,d] /]b5de und auf]/eh5de ,got!il&1 #aijh4 ,"h1 z 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! discussion may beg9 ) a brief review ( t type ( religion f :i* ,paul9ism is ?\ght to h be5 d]iv$4 ,! review w aga9 h to be ( a mo/ cursory "*1 & w make free use ( rec5t rese>*es4#acc ,^? rese>*es are becom+ m & m ext5sive 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age is no long] reg>d$ z a p]iod ( hopeless decad5ce1 b is comm&+ a l>g] & l>g] %>e ( att5tion f philologians & f /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,! s\rces1 h[ev]1 s f> z ! sph]e ( popul> religion is conc]n$1 are r meag]4 ,complete unanimity ( op9ion1 !re=e1 ev5 reg>d+ fundam5tal matt]s1 has by no means be5 atta9$4 #acc ,= example1 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 #b ,bde1 #cte ,aufl41 #aijc2 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 iii1 #aijg2 ,w5dl&1 ,die hell5i/is*-rmis*e ,kultur1 #bte u4 #cte ,aufl41 #aiab2 ,anri*1 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes51 #ahid2 ,cumont1 ,les religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 #b;ime d41 #aiji 7,engli% ,translation1 ,! ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ,roman ,paganism1 #aiaa74 ,at ! "t ( ,paul1 ! civiliz$ _w 0 unifi$1 politically1 "u ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! native religion ( ,rome1 h[ev]1 0 n an important factor 9 ! life ( ! ,empire--c]ta9ly n 9 ! ,ea/4 ,t religion _h be5 closely b\nd up ) ! life ( ! ,roman city-/ate4 ,x _h be5 conc]n$ l>gely ) a sy/em ( auguries & religi\s c]emonies int5d$ to guide ! =tunes ( ! city & insure ! favor ( ! gods4 ,b !re _h be5 little attempt to ent] into any sort ( p]sonal contact ) ! gods or ev5 to produce any highly diff]5tiat$ acc\nt ( _! nature4 ,! native religion ( ,rome1 on ! :ole1 seems to h be5 r a cold1 unsatisfy+ affair4 ,x ar\s$ ! emotions ( ! p only because x 0 an expression ( /]n & /urdy patriotism4 ,& x t5d$ to lose its influ5ce :5 ! horizon ( ! p 0 broad5$ by contact ) ! outside _w4 ,! mo/ important *ange 0 wr\ght by contact ) ,greece4 ,:5 ,rome began to ext5d h] conque/s into ! ,ea/1 ! ea/]n c\ntries1 to a v consid]able ext5t1 _h already be5 ,hell5iz$1 by ! conque/s ( ,alex&] & by ! ,greek k+doms into :i* 8 %ort-liv$ empire _h be5 divid$4 ,?us ! ,roman conqu]ors came into contact ) ,greek civilization1 n only 9 ! ,greek colonies 9 ,sicily & s\!rn ,italy1 n only 9 ,greece prop] & on ! gean coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 b also to "s ext5t ev]y:]e 9 ! ea/]n _w4 ,no attempt 0 made to root out ! ,greek influ5ces4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! conqu]ors to a v consid]able ext5t 7 conqu]$ by ^? :om !y _h conqu]$2 ,rome submitt$ h]self1 9 ! spiritual sph]e1 to ! dom9ance ( ,greece4 ,! ,greek influ5ce ext5d$ into ! sph]e ( religion4 ,at a v e>ly "t1 ! anci5t ,roman gods 7 id5tifi$ ) ! ,greek gods :o possess$ r\ghly analog\s functions--,jupit] became ,zeus1 = example1 & ,v5us became ,aphrodite4 ,?is id5tification br\ght an important enri*m5t into ,roman religion4 ,! cold & lifeless figures ( ! ,roman pan!on began to take on ! grace & beauty & ! cle>ly def9$ p]sonal "* :i* _h be5 giv5 to _! ,greek c\nt]p>ts by ,hom] & ,hesiod & ! dramati/s & ,phidias & ,praxiteles4 ,?us x is n to ! anci5t (ficial religion ( ,rome b to ! ri* pan!on ( ,hom] t ! /ud5t mu/ turn 9 ord] to f9d ! spiritual ance/ry ( ! religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w4 ,ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,hom]1 ,greek religion _h und]gone developm5t4 ,mod]n s*ol>%ip1 at lea/1 is no long] incl9$ to f9d 9 ,hom] ! artless simplicity ( a primitive age4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,hom]ic poems1 x is n[ suppos$1 7 ! product ( a highly develop$1 ari/ocratic society1 :i* mu/ be ?\ght ( z /&+ at ! apex ( a social ord]4 ,?us x is n to be suppos$ t ! religion ( ,hom] 0 ! only ,hell5ic religion ( ,hom]'s day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 x is said1 !re appe> "h & !re remnants ( a popul> primitive religion--human sacrifice & ! l--& _m ( ! r\gh1 primitive conceptions :i* crop out 9 ,greek life 9 ! lat] c5turies 7 really pres5t long be=e ! ,hom]ic age1 & _h be5 pres]v$ b5ea? ! surface 9 ! dep?s ( a non-lit]>y popul> religion4 ,h[ev] mu* ( tru? !re may be 9 ^! cont5tions1 x is at any rate cle> t ! ,hom]ic poems ex]t$ an enorm\s influ5ce ^u subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,ev5 if !y 7 ! product ( a limit$ circle1 ev5 if !y nev] succe$$ 9 eradicat+ ! primitive conceptions1 at lea/ !y did ga9 enorm\s pre/ige & did become ! mo/ important s+le factor 9 mold+ ! religion ( ! gold5 age ( ,greece4 ,z det]m9$ by ! ,hom]ic poems1 ! religion ( ,greece 0 a highly develop$ poly!ism ( a ?or\ghly an?ropomorphic k9d4 ,! ,greek gods 7 simply m5 & wom51 ) human passions & human s9s--m p[]ful1 inde$1 b n m righte\s ?an ^? :o wor%ip$ !m4 ,su* a religion 0 /imulat+ to ! highe/ art4 ,an?ropomorphism gave free c\rse to ! imag9ation ( poets & sculptors4 ,!re is no?+ lifeless ab\t ! gods ( ,greece2 :e!r portray$ by ! *isel ( sculptors or ! p5 ( poets1 !y are w>m1 liv+1 brea?+1 human figures4 ,b h[ev] /imulat+ to ! s5se ( beauty1 ! an?ropomorphic religion ( ,greece 0 s+ul>ly unsatisfy+ 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,if ! gods 7 no bett] ?an m51 ! wor%ip ( !m 0 n necess>ily ennobl+4 ,no d\bt !re 0 a c]ta9 moral quality 9 ! v act ( wor%ip4 ,= wor%ip 0 n always conceiv$ ( z m]e prud5t propitiation ( dang]\s tyrants4 ,sometimes x 0 conceiv$ ( z a duty1 l ! pi\s rev]5ce :i* a *ild %\ld exhibit t[>d 8 p>5t4 ,9 ! case ( filial piety1 z 9 ! case ( piety t[>d ! gods1 ! duty ( rev]5ce is indep5d5t ( ! moral quality ( ! rev]$ object4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! v act ( rev]5ce may possess a c]ta9 moral value4 ,?is admission1 h[ev]1 does n *ange ! ess5tial fact4 ,x rema9s true t ! an?ropomorphic "* ( ! gods ( ,greece1 j because x /imulat$ ! fancy ( poets by attribut+ human passions to ! gods & s provid$ ! mat]ials ( dramatic art1 at ! same "t prev5t$ religion f lift+ society above ! prevail+ /&>ds4 ,! moral /&>ds ( sn[y ,olympus1 un=tunately1 7 n high] ?an ^? ( ! ,a!nian m>ket place4 ,9 ano!r way also1 ! poly!i/ic religion ( ,greece 0 unsatisfy+4 ,x provid$ little hope ( p]sonal communion betwe5 ! gods & m54 ,religion1 9 ,greece sc>cely less ?an 9 anci5t ,rome1 0 an affair ( ! /ate4 ,a man 0 born into 8 religion4 ,an ,a!nian citiz51 z su*1 0 a wor%ip] ( ! ,a!nian gods4 ,!re 0 little place = individual *oice or = individual devotion4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 little place = ! my/ical elem5t 9 religion4 ,! gods ( ,greece 7 9 "s sort1 inde$1 companionable figures2 !y 7 simil> to m52 m5 c\ld und]/& ! motives ( _! actions4 ,b !re 0 no way 9 :i* companion%ip ) !m c\ld f9d expression4 ,!re 0 a "t1 inde$1 :5 ! gods _h come d[n to e>? to help ! great h]oes :o 7 _! favorites or _! sons4 ,b su* favors 7 n giv5 to ord9>y mortals4 ,! gods might be rev]$1 b direct & individual contact ) !m 0 = ! mo/ "p n to be atta9$4 ,^! limitations1 h[ev]1 7 n univ]sal2 & = purposes ( ! pres5t inve/igation ! exceptions are f> m important ?an ! rule4 ,x is n true t ! religion ( ,greece1 ev5 previ\s to ! gold5 age1 0 entirely devoid ( en?usiasm or individualism or my/ic contact ) ! gods4 ,! poly!ism ( ,hom]1 ! poly!ism ( ! ,olympic pan!on1 despite its wide preval5ce 0 n ! only =m ( ,greek religion4 ,along ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,olympic gods !re w5t also religi\s practices ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,!re 0 a place ev5 9 ,greece = my/ical religion4 ,?is my/ical or en?usia/ic elem5t 9 ! religion ( ,greece is connect$ especially ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus4 ,dionysus 0 n orig9ally a ,greek god4 ,he came f ,?race & is v closely relat$ to ! ,phrygian ,sabazius4 ,b1 at an e>ly "t1 8 wor%ip 0 widely adopt$ 9 ! ,greek _w4 ,no d\bt x 0 n adopt$ entirely )\t modification2 no d\bt x 0 %orn ( "s ( ^? features :i* 7 mo/ repulsive to ! ,greek g5ius4 ,b en\gh rema9$ 9 ord] to affect v p[]fully ! "* ( ,greek religion4 ,! wor%ip ( ,dionysus suppli$1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 j ^? elem5ts :i* 7 lack+ 9 ! religion ( ! ,greek city-/ate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 direct contact ) ! god4 ,! wor%ip]s ( ,dionysus s\ght to atta9 contact ) ! god p>tly by a div9e fr5zy1 :i* 0 induc$ by wild music & danc+1 & p>tly by ! crass me?od ( eat+ ! raw fle% ( ! sacr$ animal1 ! bull4 ,no d\bt ^! savage practices 7 (t5 modifi$ :5 !y 7 introduc$ into ,greece4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 = example1 t ! fr5zi$ dances & nightly excursions to ! wilds ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* orig9ally _h be5 c>ri$ on 9 true self-=getfulness1 became 9 ,greece r p>ts ( an e/abli%$ cult4 ,b on ! :ole1 ! influ5ce ( ,dionysus-wor%ip mu/ be reg>d$ z v great4 ,an elem5t ( true my/icism or en?usiasm 0 introduc$ into ! ,greek _w4 ,9 ! second place1 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus /imulat$ int]e/ 9 a future life4 ,! ,hom]ic poems _h repres5t$ ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?--at lea/ ! s\l ( an ord9>y mortal--z be+ a m]e %ad[-exi/5ce :i* c\ld n be call$ life at all4 ,x is inde$ que/ionable :e!r at ?is po9t ,hom] truly repres5t$ ! orig9al ,hell5ic belief1 or ! popul> belief ev5 ( ! "t :5 ! poems 7 writt54 ,mod]n s*ol>s h detect$ 9 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey "h & !re remnants ( a m positive doctr9e ( a future life4 ,b at any rate1 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus br\ght su* positive beliefs--if !y exi/$ 9 ,greece be=e--m to ! surface4 ,?racian religion1 app>5tly1 _h conc]n$ itself to a v consid]able ext5t ) ! future condition ( ! s\l2 ! introduction ( ! ,?racian ,dionysus1 !re=e1 /imulat$ a simil> int]e/ 9 ,greece4 ,f9ally1 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus t5d$ to sep>ate religion f ! /ate & make x p>tly at lea/ an affair ( ! individual man4 ,su* individualism is connect$ ( c\rse ) ! en?usia/ic "* ( ! wor%ip2 a /ate religion z su* is n likely to be en?usia/ic4 ,! :ole body ( citiz5s _c be possess$ ( a div9e fr5zy1 & if n1 !n ^? :o h ! exp]i5ce are likely to sep>ate !mselves to "s ext5t f _! c\ntrym54 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! wor%ip]s ( ,dionysus1 "h & !re1 7 incl9$ to unite !mselves 9 sects or bro!rhoods4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! bro!rhoods 7 connect$ ) ! "n ( ,orpheus1 ! my?ical musician & se]4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,orphic sects is inde$ v obscure4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 !y sprang up or became influ5tial 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & 7 connect$ 9 "s way ) ,dionysus4 ,!y seem to h repres5t$ a re=m ( ,dionysiac practice4 ,at any rate1 !y cont9u$ t int]e/ 9 ! future life :i* ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus _h already cultivat$4 ,orphism is especially important because x taught m5 to expect 9 ! future life n only rew>ds b also puni%m5ts4 ,! s\l aft] dea?1 accord+ to ,orphic doctr9e1 0 subject to an indef9ite succession ( re9c>nations1 n only 9 ! bodies ( m51 b also 9 ^? ( animals4 ,^! re9c>nations 7 reg>d$ z an evil1 because ! body 0 ?\ght ( z a prison-h\se ( ! s\l4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! righte\s s\l atta9s purification1 &1 escap+ f ! succession ( bir?s1 ent]s into a bless$ exi/5ce4 ,relat$ 9 "s way to ! ,orphic sects 7 ! bro!rhoods t own$ ,py?agoras z _! ma/]4 ,b ! relation betwe5 ! two movem5ts is n p]fectly pla94 ,at any rate1 bo? ,orphism & ,py?agoreanism /& ap>t f ! (ficial cults ( ! ,greek /ates4 ,ev5 )9 ^? cults1 h[ev]1 !re 7 n want+ "s elem5ts :i* satisfi$ m fully ?an ! ord9>y wor%ip ( ! ,olympic gods ! long+ ( individual m5 = contact ) ! high] p[]s & = a bless$ immortality4 ,su* elem5ts 7 f\nd 9 ! my/]ies1 ( :i* f> ! mo/ important 7 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis4#acd ,! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies orig9at$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,demet] t 0 c>ri$ on at ,eleusis1 a t[n 9 ,attica "s fifte5 miles f ,a!ns4 ,:5 ,eleusis 0 conqu]$ by ,a!ns1 ! ,eleus9ian cult ( ,demet]1 f> f suff]+ eclipse1 0 adopt$ by ! conqu]ors & s atta9$ unp>allel$ influ5ce4 ,*>act]i/ic ( ! cult z s develop$ 0 ! secrecy ( its c5tral rites2 ! ,eleus9ian cult ( ,demet] became 7if x 0 n "o already7 a my/]y-cult1 ^: secrets 7 divulg$ only to ! initiates4 ,! t]ms ( admission1 h[ev]1 7 v broad4 ,all p]sons ( ,greek race1 ev5 slaves--except ^? p]sons :o 7 /a9$ ) bloodguilt9ess or ! l--c\ld be admitt$4 ,z s con/itut$1 ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies 7 active = "s t5 c5turies2 !y cont9u$ until ! v end ( pagan antiquity4 #acd ,on ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies & ! cult ( ,demet] & ,kore-,p]sephone1 see especially ,f>nell1 op4 cit41 iii1 pp4 #bi-bgi4 ,initiation into ! my/]ies took place ord9>ily 9 ?ree /ages2 ! c&idate 0 fir/ initiat$ into ! less] my/]ies at ,agr ne> ,a!ns 9 ! spr+2 !n into a fir/ /age ( ! great my/]ies at ,eleusis 9 ! foll[+ autumn2 !n a ye> lat] 8 initiation 0 complet$ at ,eleusis by ! reception ( ! my/ic vision4 ,! my/]ies ( ,eleusis 7 prep>$ = by a succession ( acts ab\t :i* "s in=mation has be5 pres]v$4 ,^! acts 7 ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( days4 ,fir/ ! sacr$ objects 7 br\ght f ,eleusis to ,a!ns4 ,!n ! c&idates = initiation1 :o _h purifi$ !mselves by ab/95ce f c]ta9 k9ds ( food & f sexual int]c\rse1 7 call$ ^u to assemble4 ,!n1 at ! cry1 ,to ! sea1 ,o my/6 ! c&idates w5t to ! sea-coa/1 :]e !y made sacrifice ( a pig1 & purifi$ !mselves by wa%+ 9 ! sea wat]4 ,!n came ! solemn procession f ,a!ns to ,eleusis1 int]rupt$ by ribald je/s at ! passage ( ! riv] ,cephissus4 ,! initiation itself took place 9 ! tele/]ion4 ,:at happ5$ !re is obscure2 antiquity has well obs]v$ ! secrecy :i* 0 ess5tial to ! my/]ies4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 ! c]emony 0 accompani$1 or r1 p]haps1 prec$$1 by ! dr9k+ ( ! kykeon1 a mixture compos$ ( wat] & b>ley-meal & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,! significance ( ?is act is n really kn[n4 ,x w\ld be v ra%1 = example1 to ass]t t ! p>tak+ ( ! kykeon 0 sacram5tal1 or 0 ?\ght ( z imp>t+ a new nature to ! recipi5ts4 ,app>5tly ! kykeon did n h a "p 9 ! my/]ies !mselves1 = if x _h1 x c\ld h>dly h be5 spok5 ( s op5ly by pagan writ]s4 ,! my/]ies seem to h consi/$ 9 "s sort ( sacr$ drama1 repres5t+ ! se>* ( ,demet] = h] daught] ,p]sephone :o _h be5 c>ri$ (f to ! l[] _w1 & 9 ! exhibition ( sacr$ emblems or ( images ( ! gods4 ,hippolytus scornfully says t ! supreme object ( my/ic awe 0 a cut corn-/alk4#ace ,8 te/imony is v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,b x is q possible t he has "h giv5 u g5u9e in=mation4 ,s9ce ,demet] 0 ! goddess ( ! f]tility ( ! soil1 ! corn-/alk 0 n ill fitt$ to be h] sacr$ emblem4 #ace ,hippolytus1 ,ref4 omn4 ha]41 ,v4 viii4 #ci 7ed4 ,w5dl&1 #aiaf74 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! cult ( ,demet] at ,eleusis 0 orig9ally an agr>ian cult1 int5d$ to celebrate or to induce ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,b ! *ief significance ( ! my/]ies 0 f\nd 9 ano!r sph]e4 ,9 ! my/]ies1 ! cult goddesses1 ,demet] & ,p]sephone1 7 ?\ght ( *iefly z goddesses ( ! ne!r _w1 ! abode ( ! dead2 & ! my/]ies 7 valu$ *iefly z provid+ a gu>antee ( a bless$ immortality4 ,h[ ! gu>antee 0 giv5 is q obscure4 ,b ! fact is well atte/$4 ,^? :o _h be5 initiat$ into ! my/]ies 7 able to expect a bett] lot 9 ! future life ?an ! lot ( ! g5]ality ( m54 ,! my/]ies at ,eleusis 7 n ! only my/]ies :i* 7 practis$ 9 ! gold5 age ( ,greece4 ,!re 7 n only (f%oots ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 9 v>i\s places1 b also indep5d5t my/]ies l ^? ( ! ,kabeiri on ! isl& ( ,samo?race4 ,b ! my/]ies at ,eleusis 7 und\bt$ly ! mo/ important1 & ! o!rs are ev5 less fully kn[n4 ,! moral value ( ! my/]ies1 includ+ ^? at ,eleusis1 %\ld n be exagg]at$4 ,slight allusions 9 pagan writ]s seem to po9t "h & !re to a purify+ moral effect wr\ght by initiation4 ,b ! indications are n v cle>4 ,c]ta9ly ! secrets ( ,eleusis did n consi/ 9 any body ( tea*+1 ei!r religi\s or e?ical4 ,! effect 0 produc$1 n ^u ! intellect1 b ^u ! emotions & ^u ! imag9ation4 ,?us ! religion ( ! gold5 age ( ,greece 0 an an?ropomorphic poly!ism1 closely connect$ ) ! life ( ! city-/ate1 b reliev$ "h & !re by practices int5d$ to provide m direct contact ) ! div9e or be/[ special bless+ ^u individuals4 ,! religion ( ,greece 0 f9ally und]m9$ by at lea/ ?ree ag5cies4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 philosophy t5d$ to de/roy belief 9 ! gods4 ,! philosophic criticism ( ! exi/+ religion 0 p>tly !oretical & p>tly e?ical4 ,! !oretical criticism arose especially ?r\gh ! se>* = a unify+ pr9ciple op]ative 9 ! univ]se4 ,if ! manifold ph5om5a ( ! univ]se 7 all r$uc$ to a s+le cause1 ! gods might inde$ /ill be ?\ght ( z exi/+1 b _! importance 0 gone4 ,!re 0 ?us a t5d5cy ei!r t[>d mono!ism or else t[>d "s sort ( mat]iali/ic monism4 ,b ! objections :i* philosophy rais$ aga9/ ! exi/+ poly!ism 7 e?ical z well z !oretical4 ,! ,hom]ic my?s 7 rightly felt to be immoral2 ! imitation ( ! ,hom]ic gods w\ld result 9 moral degradation4 ,?us if ! my?s 7 /ill to be reta9$ !y c\ld n be int]pret$ lit]ally1 b _h to be giv5 "s k9d ( allegorical int]pretation4 ,?is opposition ( philosophy to ! exi/+ religion 0 (t5 n explicit1 & x did n conc]n religi\s practice4 ,ev5 ^? philosoph]s ^: !ory left no room = ! exi/5ce or at lea/ ! importance ( ! gods1 cont9u$ to engage loyally 9 ! e/abli%$ cults4 ,b al?\gh ! sup]/ructure ( religion rema9$1 ! f\ndation1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 0 und]m9$4 ,9 ! second place1 s9ce religion 9 anci5t ,greece _h be5 closely connect$ ) ! city-/ates1 ! de/ruction ( ! /ates br\ght important *anges 9 religion4 ,! ,greek /ates lo/ _! indep5d5ce ?r\gh ! conque/s ( ,philip ( ,mac$on & ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,^? conque/s meant1 inde$1 a wide ext5sion ( ,greek culture ?r\gh\t ! ea/]n _w4 ,b ! religion ( ,alex&]'s empire & ( ! k+doms into :i* x 0 divid$ aft] 8 dea? 0 widely diff]5t f ! religion ( ,a!ns 9 h] glory4 ,cosmopolitanism br\ght mighty *anges 9 religion1 z 9 ! political sph]e4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! influ5ce ( ! ea/]n religions made itself m & m /rongly felt4 ,t influ5ce 0 nev] inde$ dom9ant 9 ! life ( ,greece prop] s completely z x 0 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b 9 g5]al x 0 v important4 ,:5 ! ,olympic gods lo/ _! place 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( m51 o!r gods 7 ready to take _! place4 ,be=e any acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! ea/]n religions tak5 sep>ately1 & ( _! progress t[>d ! we/1 x may be well to m5tion c]ta9 g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod :i* foll[$ ! conque/s ( ,alex&]4 ,t p]iod1 :i* ext5d$ sev]al c5turies into ! ,*ri/ian era1 is usually call$ ! ,hell5i/ic age1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,hell5ic p]iod :i* _h gone be=e4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age 0 *>act]iz$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by cosmopolitanism4 ,natural & racial b>ri]s to an a/oni%+ ext5t 7 brok5 d[n2 ! _w1 at lea/ ! educat$ _w ( ! cities1 0 unit$ by ! bonds ( a common language1 & f9ally by a common political control4 ,! common language 0 ! ,ko91 ! modifi$ =m ( ! ,attic dialect ( ,greek1 :i* became ! vehicle ( a _w-civilization4 ,! common political control 0 t ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,on acc\nt ( ! union ( ^! two factors1 int]-communication betwe5 v>i\s nations & races 0 safe & easy2 ! nations 7 unit$ bo? 9 trade & 9 intellectual activity4 ,) ! cosmopolitanism ?us produc$ !re w5t naturally a new individualism1 :i* ext5d$ into ! religi\s sph]e4 ,"u ! city-/ate ( anci5t ,greece ! individual 0 subord9at$ to ! life ( ! community4 ,b 9 ! _w-empire ! control ( ! /ate1 j because x 0 broad]1 0 at ! same "t loos]4 ,patriotism no long] engross$ ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,x 0 impossible = a subject ( a great empire to id5tify himself ) ! life ( ! empire s completely z ! free ,a!nian citiz5 ( ! age ( ,p]icles _h id5tifi$ himself ) ! glories ( 8 native city4 ,?us ! satisfactions :i* 9 t e>li] p]iod _h be5 s\ght 9 ! life ( ! /ate1 includ+ ! /ate-religion1 7 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age s\ght r 9 individual religi\s practice4 ,! anci5t religions ( ! city-/ate did inde$ f9d a successor :i* 0 adapt$ to ! *ang$ condition4 ,t successor 0 ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]ors 0 m ?an a m]e =m ( flatt]y4 ,x express$ a g5]al gratitude = ! reign ( peace :i* 0 introduc$ by ,augu/us1 & x _h its roots1 n only 9 ,greek religion1 b also1 & f> m fundam5tally1 9 ! religions ( ! ,ea/4 ,! wor%ip ( ! rul]s 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! k+doms into :i* ,alex&]'s empire 0 divid$1 & f !re x 0 transmitt$ v naturally to ! new & great] empire ( ,rome4 ,v naturally x became a dang]\s enemy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 = ! refusal ( ! ,*ri/ians to wor%ip ! ,emp]or seem$ inexplicable to an age ( poly!ism1 & gave rise to ! *>ge ( political disloyalty4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 & s dur+ ! p]iod ( ,paul's mission>y j\rneys1 ! ,*ur* %>$ m or less 9 ! special privileges :i* 7 grant$ to ! ,jews4 ,*ri/ianity at fir/ seem$ to be a v>iety ( ,judaism1 & ,judaism 9 ,roman practice 0 a religio licita4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]ors1 important z x 01 0 n practis$ 9 any exclusive way2 x did n at all exclude ! wor%ip ( o!r gods4 ,x rema9s true1 !re=e1 t 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age1 f> m ?an "u ! anci5t ,greek city-/ate1 !re 0 room = individual *oice 9 religi\s practice4 ,x is n surpris+ t su* an age 0 an age ( religi\s propag&a4 ,s9ce religion 0 no long] an affair ( ! nation z su*1 b address$ itself to m5 z m51 free scope 0 (f]$ = ! ext5sion to ! :ole _w ( religions :i* orig9ally _h be5 national 9 "*4 ,! gold5 age ( su* religi\s propag&a1 x is true1 did n beg9 until ! second c5tury2 & t fact is ( v great importance 9 deal+ ) c]ta9 mod]n !ories ( dep5d5ce s f> z ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity is conc]n$4 ,nev]!less ! cosmopolitaniz+ ( national religions _h begun to "s ext5t 9 an e>ly p]iod & 0 r5d]$ natural by ! entire "* ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,ev5 be=e ! fall ( ! ,greek city-/ate1 little communities ( ! wor%ip]s ( ea/]n gods _h e/abli%$ !mselves "h & !re 9 ,greece2 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w ! b>ri]s aga9/ religi\s propag&a 7 ev5 less effective4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic age su* b>ri]s 7 almo/ ev]y:]e brok5 d[n4 ,:5 any religion ceas$ to be an affair ( ! nation1 :5 x c\ld no long] c\nt on ! devotion ( ! citiz5s or subjects z su*1 x 0 oblig$1 if x desir$ to subsi/1 to seek its devotees ?r\gh an appeal to ! free *oice ( individuals4 ,?is religi\s propag&a1 h[ev]1 0 n c>ri$ on 9 any exclusive way2 ! adoption ( "o god did n mean ! ab&onm5t ( ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,hell5i/ic age 0 ! age ( syncretism p> excell5ce4 ,gods ( diff]5t nations1 orig9ally q di/9ct1 7 id5tifi$ almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,"o example ( su* id5tification has already be5 not$2 at an e>ly "t ! gods ( ,rome 7 id5tifi$ ) ^? ( ,greece4 ,b 9 ! lat] portion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age ! process w5t on 9 m :olesale fa%ion4 ,& x 0 sometimes ju/ifi$ by ! f>-rea*+ !ory t ! gods ( diff]5t nations 7 m]ely diff]5t names ( "o great div9ity4 ,?is !ory receiv$ classic expression 9 ! words ( ! goddess ,isis :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,metamorphoses ( ,apuleius3 ,= ! ,phrygians t are ! fir/ ( all m5 call me ! ,"m ( ! gods at ,pess9us2 ! ,a!nians1 :i* are sprung f _! own soil1 ,cecropian ,m9]va2 ! ,cyprians1 :i* are girt ab\t by ! sea1 ,paphian ,v5us2 ! ,cretans :i* be> arr[s1 ,dictynnian ,diana2 ! ,sicilians1 :i* speak ?ree tongues1 inf]nal ,pros]p9e2 ! ,eleusians _! anci5t goddess ,c]es2 "s ,juno1 o!r ,bellona1 o!r ,hecate1 o!r ,rhamnusia1 & pr9cipally bo? sort ( ! ,e?iopians :i* dwell 9 ! ,ori5t & are enlight5$ by ! morn+ rays ( ! sun1 & ! ,egyptians1 :i* are excell5t 9 all k9d ( anci5t doctr9e1 & by _! prop] c]emonies accu/om to wor%ip me1 d call me by my true "n1 ,que5 ,isis4#acf #acf ,apuleius1 ,metam4 xi4 #e1 ,add+ton's translation revis$ by ,gaselee1 9 ,apuleius1 ,! ,gold5 ,ass1 9 ! ,! ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 p4 #edg4 ,b :at is p]haps ! mo/ important feature ( ! religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age has n yet be5 m5tion$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! widespread desire = r$emption4 ,9 ! gold5 age ( ,greece m5 _h be5 satisfi$ ) ! _w4 ,:o c\ld engage 9 gloomy que/ion+s1 :o c\ld face ! und]ly+ problem ( evil1 :5 x 0 possible to li/5 ) ke5 appreciation to an ode ( ,p9d> or to a trag$y ( s*ylus8 ,! ,greek tragic poets1 x is true1 pres5t 9 t]rible fa%ion ! /]n] facts ( life4 ,b ! glori\s beauty ( ! pres5tation itself produces a k9d ( satisfaction4 ,9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 life 0 ri* & full2 = ! ,a!nian citiz5 x 0 a joy to live4 ,! ?\ght ( ano!r _w 0 n ne$$2 ?is _w 0 l>ge & ri* en\gh4 ,joy\s developm5t ( exi/+ human faculties 01 9 ! gold5 age ( ,greece1 ! *ief end ( man4 ,b ! glori\s a*ievem5ts ( ! ,greek g5ius 7 foll[$ by lam5table failure4 ,!re 0 failure 9 political life4 ,despite ! political g5ius ( ,a!nian /atesm51 ,a!ns soon lay pro/rate1 fir/ be=e h] si/] /ates & !n be=e ! ,mac$onian conqu]or4 ,!re 0 failure 9 intellectual life4 ,! glori\s a*ievem5ts ( ,a!nian art 7 foll[$ by a p]iod ( decl9e4 ,poets & sculptors _h to f9d _! inspiration 9 imitation ( ! pa/4 ,human nature1 once s pr\d1 0 oblig$ to confess its inadequacy2 ! ,hell5i/ic age 0 *>act]iz$ by :at ,gilb]t ,murray1 borr[+ a phrase ( ,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 calls a failure ( n]ve4#acg #acg ,gilb]t ,murray1 ,f\r ,/ages ( ,greek ,religion1 #aiab1 pp4 #h1 #ajc-aed4 ,comp>e1 h[ev]1 ,rohde 7op4 cit41 ii1 pp4 #bih-cjj71 :o calls att5tion to an opposite aspect ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,?is failure ( n]ve f\nd expression1 9 ! religi\s sph]e1 9 ! long+ = r$emption4 ,! _w 0 f\nd n to be s happy a place z _h be5 suppos$1 & human nature 0 oblig$ to seek help f outside4 ,?us arose ! desire = salvation4 ,! *>act]i/ic gods ( ! ,hell5i/ic age are 9 "s sort savi\r-gods--gods :o c\ld give help 9 ! mis]ies ( life4 ,asclepius f9ally became m important ?an ,zeus4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! _w ( s5se1 m5 turn$ _! ?\ghts to ano!r _w2 dissatisfi$ ) ! a*ievem5ts ( human nature1 !y s\ght communion ) high] p[]s4 ,op9ions may diff] z to ! value ( ?is developm5t4 ,to ! humani/ ( all ages1 x w seem to be a calamity4 ,f ! glories ( ,p9d> to ! morbid practices ( ! ,hell5i/ic my/]ies1 h[ great a fall6 ,b !re is ano!r way ( reg>d+ ! *ange4 ,possibly ! a*ievem5ts ( anci5t ,greece1 glori\s z !y 71 _h be5 built ^u an insecure f\ndation4 ,scrut9y ( ! f\ndation 0 no d\bt pa9ful1 & x dull$ ! en?usiasm ( ! ar*itects4 ,b p]haps x 0 necess>y & c]ta9ly x 0 inevitable4 ,p]haps also x might become a /ep t[>d "s high] humanism4 ,! ,greek joy ( liv+ 0 f\nd$ ^u a c]ta9 ru?lessness t[>d human mis]y1 a c]ta9 indiff]5ce t[>d moral problems4 ,su* a joy c\ld n be p]man5t4 ,b h[ w\ld x be if ! und]ly+ problem c\ld be fac$1 in/ead ( be+ ignor$8 ,h[ w\ld x be if human nature c\ld be f\nd$ ^u "s secure rock1 9 ord] t !n ! ar*itect might />t to build once m1 & build1 ?is "t1 ) a consci5ce void ( (f5se8 ,su* is ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 ! ideal ( a l(ti] humanism--a humanism z ri* & z joyful z ! humanism ( ,greece1 b a humanism f\nd$ ^u ! grace ( ,god4 ,b h[ev] ! failure ( n]ve :i* appe>s 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age be appreciat$ by ! /ud5t ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 ! fact at lea/ _c be ignor$4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age 0 *>act]iz$ by a widespread long+ = r$emption--a widespread long+ = an escape f ! pres5t _w ( s5se to "s high] & bett] c\ntry4 ,su* long+ 0 n satisfi$ by ! anci5t religion ( ,greece4 ,x caus$ m51 !re=e1 to become seek]s aft] new gods4 ,b :at 0 ! attitude ( philosophy8 ,philosophy _h contribut$ to ! decl9e ( ! anci5t gods4 ,_h x be5 equally successful on ! positive side8 ,_h x be5 able to fill ! void :i* its que/ion+s _h produc$4 ,! answ] on ! :ole mu/ be r5d]$ 9 ! negative4 ,on ! :ole1 x mu/ be said t ,greek philosophy 0 unsuccessful 9 its ef=ts to solve ! riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,! ef=t :i* x made 0 inde$ impos+4 ,plato 9 p>ticul> endeavor$ to satisfy ! deepe/ long+s ( ! human s\l2 he attempt$ to provide an escape f ! _w ( s5se to ! high] _w ( ideas4 ,b ! way ( escape 0 op5 at be/ only to ! few philosophical s\ls2 ! g5]ality ( m5 7 left hopeless & helpless 9 ! %ad[-exi/5ce ( ! cave4 ,& ev5 ! philosoph]s 7 n long satisfi$ ) ! ,platonic solution4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,hell5i/ic age 0 ei!r op5ly skeptical or mat]iali/ic1 z is ! case1 = example1 ) ,epicureanism1 or at any rate x ab&on$ ! great !oretical que/ions & busi$ itself *iefly ) practical affairs4 ,epicureans & ,/oics & ,cynics 7 all int]e/$ *iefly1 n 9 ontology or epi/emology1 b 9 e?ics4 ,at ?is po9t ! fir/ c5tury 0 l ! tw5tie?4 ,! di/ru/ ( !ory1 ! depreciation ( !ology1 ! exclusive int]e/ 9 social & practical que/ions--^! t5d5cies appe> n[ z !y appe>$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,& n[ z well z !n !y are m>ks ( intellectual decad5ce4 ,b if ! philosophy ( ! ,hell5i/ic age (f]$ no satisfactory solution ( ! riddle ( ! univ]se & no satisfaction = ! deepe/ long+s ( ! s\l1 x pres5t$1 on ! o!r h&1 no effective opposition to ! religi\s curr5t ( ! "t4 ,x _h help$ br+ ab\t t d[nfall ( ! ,olympic gods1 t sad neglect ( ,zeus & 8 alt>s :i* is describ$ by ,lucian 9 8 wond]fully mod]n satires4 ,b x 0 n able to *eck ! ris+ p[] ( ! ea/]n religions4 ,inde$ x ent]$ into a curi\s alliance ) ! invad]s4 ,z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ,posidonius seems to h introduc$ an elem5t ( ori5tal my/icism into ! philosophy ( ! ,/oics1 & 9 ! succe$+ c5turies ! process w5t on apace4 ,! climax 0 rea*$1 at ! close ( pagan antiquity1 9 t curi\s mixture ( philosophy & *>latanism :i* is f\nd 9 ! neo-,platonic writ]s4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 ) its int5se int]e/ 9 que/ions ( conduct1 con/itutes1 inde$1 an important *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 & c po9t to c]ta9 notewor?y a*ievem5ts4 ,! ,/oics1 = example1 enunciat$ ! great pr9ciple ( human bro!rhood2 !y made use ( ! cosmopolitanism & individualism ( ! ,hell5i/ic age 9 ord] to ar\se a new int]e/ 9 man z man4 ,ev5 ! slaves1 :o 9 ! !ory ( an ,ari/otle _h be5 treat$ z *attels1 began to be look$ ^u "h & !re z memb]s ( a great human family4 ,m5 ( e race & ( e social grade came to be ! object ( a true humanit>ian int]e/4 ,b ! humanit>ian ef=ts ( ,/oicism1 ?\gh proce$+ f an exalt$ !ory ( ! wor? ( man z man1 prov$ to be p[]less4 ,! dynamic someh[ 0 lack+4 ,despite ! tea*+ ( ,s5eca & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 despite ! beg9n+s ( true humanit>ian ef=t "h & !re1 ! lat] ,empire ) its cruel gladiatorial %[s & its he>tless social sy/em 0 s9k+ into ! sl\gh ( savag]y4 ,:at ,/oicism 0 unable to d1 ,*ri/ianity to "s ext5t at lea/ accompli%$4 ,! ideal ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n ! m]e ideal ( a human bro!rhood4 ,pure humanit>ianism1 ! notion ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 z t phrase is usually und]/ood1 is ,/oic r ?an ,*ri/ian4 ,*ri/ianity did make its appeal to all m52 x won _m ( its fir/ adh]5ts f ! dep?s ( slav]y4 ,x did inculcate *>ity t[>d all m5 :e!r ,*ri/ians or n4 ,& x enunciat$ ) an unhe>d-( s]i\sness ! doctr9e t all classes ( m51 wise & unwise1 bond & free1 are ( equal wor?4 ,b ! equality 0 n f\nd 9 ! common possession ( human nature4 ,x 0 f\nd1 in/ead1 9 a common connection ) ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!re c be nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 !re c be nei!r bond nor free1 !re c be no male & female--s f> ! words ( ,paul c f9d analogies 7fa9t analogies1 x is true7 9 ! ,/oic writ]s4 ,b ! ,paul9e gr\nd+ ( ! unity "h enunciat$ is ! v anti!sis ( all m]e humanit>ianism bo? anci5t & mod]n--,= ye are all "o p]son1 says ,paul1 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,*ri/ianity did n reveal ! fact t all m5 7 bro!rs4 ,inde$ x reveal$ ! contr>y4 ,b x (f]$ to make all m5 bro!rs by br++ !m into sav+ connection ) ,*ri/4 ,! above sket* ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,hell5i/ic age has be5 q inadequate4 ,& ev5 a full] pres5tation c\ld h>dly d ju/ice to ! complexity ( ! life ( t "t4 ,b p]haps "s common misconceptions h be5 correct$4 ,! pagan _w at ! "t :5 ,paul set sail f ,seleucia on 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney 0 n altoge!r )\t religion4 ,ev5 ! anci5t poly!ism 0 by no means altoge!r dead4 ,x 0 r a day ( religi\s unre/4 ,! old fai?s _h be5 %ak51 b !y 7 mak+ room = ! new4 ,! ,orontes1 to use ! figure ( ,juv5al1 0 soon to empty into ! ,tib]4 ,! fl[ ( ea/]n sup]/ition & ea/]n my/ical religion 0 soon to spread ov] ! :ole _w4 ,b :at 7 ! ea/]n religions :i* 9 ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 if n be=e1 ent]$ ^u _! triumphal m>* t[>d ! we/8#ach ,!y 7 ( div]se orig9 & div]se "*4 ,b "o feature 0 common to a numb] ( ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,^? ea/]n religions :i* became mo/ influ5tial 9 ! lat] ,roman ,empire 7 my/]y religions--t is1 !y _h connect$ ) !m secret rites :i* 7 ?\ght to af=d special bless+ to ! initiates4 ,! my/]ies did n inde$ con/itute ! :ole ( ! wor%ip ( ! ea/]n gods4 ,side by side ) ! my/]ies 7 to be f\nd public cults to :i* e "o 0 admitt$4 ,b ! my/]ies are ( special int]e/1 because x 0 !y :i* satisfi$ mo/ fully ! long+ ( ! ,hell5i/ic age = r$emption1 = salvation1 = ! atta9m5t ( a high] nature4 #ach ,! sket* :i* foll[s is indebt$ especially to ,cumont1 ,les religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 #b;ime d41 #aiji 7,engli% translation1 ,! ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ,roman ,paganism1 #aiaa74 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to s+le out = special m5tion ! *ief ( ! my/]y religions--^? ea/]n religions :i* al?\gh !y 7 by no means altoge!r secret did h my/]ies connect$ ) !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! religions to be introduc$ into ,rome 0 ! religion ( ! ,phrygian ,cybele1 ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods4#aci ,9 #bjd ,b4,c41 9 ! d>k days ( ! ,c>?ag9ian invasion1 ! black meteoric /one ( ,pess9us 0 br\ght1 by comm& ( an oracle1 to ,rome4 ,) ! sacr$ /one came ! cult4 ,b ,rome 0 n yet ready = ! b>b>ic wor%ip ( ! ,phrygian goddess4 ,= sev]al hundr$ ye>s ! cult ( ,cybele 0 kept c>efully isolat$ f ! life ( ! ,roman p4 ,! =eign rites 7 support$ by ! au?ority ( ! /ate1 b !y 7 conduct$ altoge!r by a =eign prie/hood2 no ,roman citiz5 0 all[$ to p>ticipate 9 !m4 ,x 0 n until ! reign ( ,claudius 7#da-ed ,a4,d47 t ! b>ri] 0 f9ally brok5 d[n4 #aci ,= ! religion ( ,cybele & ,attis1 see ,%[]man1 ,! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods1 #aija2 ,hepd+1 ,attis1 #aijc4 ,! my? ( ,cybele is n>rat$ 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ *>act]i/ic =m1 ! y\?ful ,attis1 belov$ by ,cybele1 is /ruck ) madness by ! jeal\s goddess1 deprives himself ( 8 virility1 dies ?r\gh 8 own mad act1 & is m\rn$ by ! goddess4 ,! my? conta9s no acc\nt ( a resurrection2 all t ,cybele is able to obta9 is t ! body ( ,attis %\ld be pres]v$1 t 8 hair %\ld cont9ue to gr[1 & t 8 little f+] %\ld move4 ,! cult 0 m /able ?an ! my?4 ,no d\bt1 inde$1 ev5 ! cult exp]i5c$ important *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,at ! beg9n+1 accord+ to ,hepd+ & ,cumont1 ,cybele 0 a goddess ( ! m\nta9 wilds1 ^: wor%ip 0 simil> 9 important respects to t ( ,dionysus4 ,) ,cybele ,attis 0 associat$ at an e>ly "t4 ,! ,phrygian wor%ip ( ,cybele & ,attis 0 always ( a wild1 orgia/ic "*1 & ! fr5zy ( ! wor%ip]s culm9at$ ev5 9 ! act ( self-mutilation4 ,?us ! eunu*-prie/s ( ,cybele1 ! ,galli1 became a well-kn[n feature ( ! life ( ! ,empire4 ,b ! ,phrygian cult ( ,cybele & ,attis _c be recon/ruct$ by any means 9 detail2 ext5sive in=mation has be5 pres]v$ only ab\t ! wor%ip z x 0 c>ri$ on at ,rome4 ,& ev5 ) reg>d to ! ,roman cult1 ! s\rces ( in=mation are to a v consid]able ext5t late4 ,x is n c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! great spr+ fe/ival ( ,attis1 z x 0 celebrat$ 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire1 0 an unmodifi$ reproduction ( ! orig9al ,phrygian rites4 ,! ,roman fe/ival 0 conduct$ z foll[s3#adj ,on ,m>* #ae1 !re 0 a prelim9>y fe/ival4 ,on ,m>* #bb1 ! sacr$ p9e-tree 0 fell$ & c>ri$ 9 solemn procession by ! ,d5drophori into ! temple ( ,cybele4 ,! p9e-tree appe>s 9 ! my? z ! tree "u :i* ,attis committ$ 8 act ( self-mutilation4 ,9 ! cult1 ! fell+ ( ! tree is ?\ght by mod]n s*ol>s to repres5t ! dea? ( ! god4 ,h5ce ! m\rn+ ( ! wor%ip]s 0 connect$ ) ! tree4 ,m>* #bd 0 call$ ! day ( blood2 on ?is day ! m\rn+ = ! dead ,attis rea*$ its climax4 ,! ,galli *a/is$ !mselves ) sc\rges & cut !mselves ) knives--all to ! wild music ( ! drums & cymbals :i* 7 connect$ especially ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,phrygian ,"m4 ,on ?is day also1 accord+ to ,hepd+'s conjecture1 ! new ,galli d$icat$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ! goddess by ! act ( self-mutilation4 ,f9ally1 ! resurrection or epiphany ( ! god ,attis 0 celebrat$4 ,?is took place p]haps dur+ ! night betwe5 ,m>* #bd & ,m>* #be4 ,b ,hepd+ admits t ! "t is n directly atte/$4 ,x is also only conjecture :5 a fam\s passage ( ,firmicus ,mat]nus 7f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/7 is appli$ to ! wor%ip ( ,attis & to ?is "p ( x4#ada ,b ! conjecture may well be correct4 ,firmicus ,mat]nus#adb describes a fe/ival 9 :i* ! figure ( a god re/s ^u a bi] & is lam5t$1 & !n a light is br\ght 9 & ! prie/ exclaims1 ,be ( good c\rage1 ye initiates1 s9ce ! god is sav$2 = to u !re %all be salvation out ( tr\bles4#adc ,app>5tly ! resurrection ( ! god is "h reg>d$ z ! cause ( ! salvation ( ! wor%ip]s2 ! wor%ip]s %>e 9 ! =tunes ( ! god4 ,at any rate1 ,m>* #be 9 ! ,roman ,attis fe/ival 0 ! ,hil>ia1 a day ( rejoic+4 ,on ?is day1 ! resurrection ( ! god 0 celebrat$4 ,m>* #bf 0 a day ( re/2 & f9ally1 on ,m>* #bg1 !re 0 a solemn wa%+ ( ! sacr$ images & emblems4 #adj ,see ,hepd+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #adg-agf4 #ada ,loisy 7,les my/res paens et le my/re *rti51 #aiaj1 p4 #ajd7 pref]s to atta* ! passage to ,osiris r ?an to ,attis4 #adb ,see ,hepd+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aff1 #afg4 #adc ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de error1 pr(4 rel41 xxii 7ed4 ,ziegl]1 #aijg73 4 ,z ?us describ$1 ! wor%ip ( ,cybele & ,attis 01 = ! mo/ "p at lea/1 public4 ,b !re 7 also my/]ies connect$ ) ! same two gods4 ,^! my/]ies app>5tly 7 practis$ 9 ! ,ea/ be=e ! cult 0 br\ght to ,rome4 ,b ! ea/]n =m ( _! celebration is q obscure1 & ev5 ab\t ! ,roman =m v little is kn[n4 ,connect$ ) ! my/]ies 0 "s sort ( sacr$ meal4#add ,firmicus ,mat]nus has pres]v$ ! =mula3 ,i h eat5 f ! drum2 ,i h drunk f ! cymbal2 ,i h become an initiate ( ,attis4#ade ,& ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7ab\t #bjj ,a4 ,d47 also connect$ a simil> =mula ) ! ,phrygian my/]ies3 ,i ate f ! drum2 ,i drank f ! cymbal2 ,i c>ri$ ! 'k]nos'2 ,i /ole into ! bridal *amb]4#adf ,! significance ( ?is ritual eat+ & dr9k+ is n cle>4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld be ra% to f9d 9 x ! notion ( new bir? or sacram5tal union ) ! div9e nature4 ,hepd+ sugge/s t x meant r ! entrance ( ! initiate into ! circle ( ! table-companions ( ! god4 #add ,see ,hepd+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ahd-aij4 #ade ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 op4 cit41 xviii3 1 1 4 #adf ,clem4 ,al41 ,protrepticus1 ii4 #ae 7ed4 ,/hl91 #aije73 4 ,! actual initiation is ev5 m obscure 9 ! ,attis my/]ies ?an x is 9 ^? ( ,eleusis2 ,hepd+ admits t 8 recon/ruction ( ! details ( ! my/]ies is bas$ l>gely on conjecture4 ,possibly 9 ! =mula quot$ above f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ! words1 ,i /ole into ! bridal *amb]1 indicate t !re 0 "s sort ( repres5tation ( a sacr$ m>riage2 b o!r int]pretations ( ! ,greek words are possible4 ,hepd+ sugge/s t ! c&idate ent]$ into ! grotto1 desc5d$ into a dit* )9 ! grotto1 li/5$ to lam5tations = ! dead god1 receiv$ a blood-ba?1 !n saw a wond]ful light1 & he>d ! joyful words quot$ above3 ,be ( good c\rage1 ye initiates1 s9ce ! god is sav$2 = to u %all !re be salvation out ( tr\bles1 & f9ally t ! c&idate arose out ( ! dit* z a new man 7reborn = et]nity7 or r z a be+ id5tifi$ ) ! god4#adg #adg ,hepd+1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aif;ff4 ,accord+ to ?is recon/ruction1 ! initiation repres5t$ ! dea? & ! new bir? ( ! c&idate4 ,b ! recon/ruction is exce$+ly d\btful1 & "s ( ! mo/ important features ( x are atte/$ 9 connection ) ! ,attis my/]ies if at all only 9 v late s\rces4 ,hepd+ is p>ticul>ly c>eful to admit t !re is no direct docum5t>y evid5ce = connect+ ! blood-ba? ) ! ,m>* fe/ival4 ,?is blood-ba?1 :i* is call$ ! taurobolium1 requires special att5tion4 ,! "o :o receiv$ x desc5d$ into a pit ov] :i* a lattice-"w 0 plac$4 ,a bull 0 slaught]$ above ! lattice-"w1 & ! blood 0 all[$ to run ?r\gh into ! pit1 :]e ! recipi5t let x saturate 8 clo?+ & ev5 ent] 8 nose & m\? & e>s4 ,! result 0 t ! recipi5t 0 reborn =ev]1 or else reborn = a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 aft] :i* ! rite _h to be repeat$4 ,! taurobolium is ?\ght to h signifi$ a dea? to ! old life & a new bir? into a high]1 div9e exi/5ce4 ,b x is n p]fectly cle> t x _h t significance 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! e>ly p]iod4 ,accord+ to ,hepd+1 ! taurobolium 0 9 ! e>ly p]iod a m]e sacrifice1 & ! fir/ man :o is said to h receiv$ x 9 ! s5se j describ$ 0 ! ,emp]or ,heliogabalus 7?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/74 ,o!r s*ol>s refuse to accept ,hepd+'s di/9ction betwe5 an e>li] & a lat] =m ( ! rite4 ,b ! matt] is at lea/ obscure1 & x w\ld be exce$+ly ra% to attribute pre-,*ri/ian orig9 to ! develop$ taurobolium z x appe>s 9 f\r?-c5tury s\rces4 ,inde$1 !re seems to be no m5tion ( any k9d ( taurobolium :atev] be=e ! second c5tury1#adh & ,hepd+ may be correct 9 sugge/+ t possibly ! f\r?-c5tury practice 0 influ5c$ by ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! blood ( ,*ri/4#adi #adh ,%[]man1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhj4 #adi ,hepd+1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjj1 ,anm4 #g4 ,no less important ?an ! religion ( ,cybele & ,attis 0 ! ,greco-,egyptian religion ( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,isis & ,osiris are bo? anci5t ,egyptian gods1 ^: wor%ip1 9 modifi$ =m1 0 c>ri$ ov] fir/ into ! ,greek k+dom ( ! ,ptolemies1 & !nce into ! remote/ b\nds ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! my? :i* conc]ns ^! gods is report$ at l5g? 9 ,plut>*'s treatise1 ,conc]n+ ,isis & ,osiris4 ,briefly x is z foll[s3 ,osiris1 ! bro!r & husb& ( ,isis1 aft] rul+ 9 a b5efic5t mann] ov] ! ,egyptians1 is plott$ aga9/ by 8 bro!r ,typhon4 ,f9ally ,typhon makes a *e/ & promises to give x to any "o :o exactly fits x4 ,osiris ent]s ! *e/1 :i* is !n clos$ by ,typhon & ?r[n into ! ,nile4 ,aft] a se>*1 ,isis f9ds ! *e/ at ,byblos on ! coa/ ( ,phnicia1 & br+s x back to ,egypt4 ,b ,typhon succe$s 9 gett+ possession ( ! body ( ,osiris & cuts x up into f\rte5 p>ts1 :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ,egypt4 ,isis goes ab\t collect+ ! p>ts4 ,osiris becomes k+ ( ! ne!r _w1 & helps 8 son ,horus to ga9 a victory ov] ,typhon4 ,! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,osiris 0 prom95t 9 anci5t ,egyptian religion long be=e ! entrance ( ,greek influ5ce4 ,osiris 0 reg>d$ z ! rul] ov] ! dead1 & z su* 0 naturally v important 9 a religion 9 :i* supreme att5tion 0 giv5 to a future life4 ,b ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ptolemaic k+dom at ab\t #cjj ,b4 ,c41 !re 0 an important modification ( ! wor%ip4 ,a new god1 ,s]apis1 0 introduc$1 & 0 closely id5tifi$ ) ,osiris4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n ,s]apis has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion & is /ill obscure4 ,b "o motive = ! introduction ( ! new div9ity 7or ( ! new "n = an old div9ity7 is p]fectly pla94 ,ptolemy ,i desir$ to unify ! ,egyptian & ! ,greek elem5ts 9 8 k+dom by provid+ a cult :i* w\ld be acceptable to bo? & at ! same "t int5sely loyal to ! cr[n4 ,! result 0 ! ,greco-,egyptian cult ( ,s]apis 7,osiris7 & ,isis4 ,"h is to be f\nd1 !n1 ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( a religion delib]ately e/abli%$ = political reasons1 :i*1 despite its artificial orig91 became enorm\sly successful4 ,( c\rse1 ! success 0 obta9$ only by a skillful use ( exi/+ beliefs1 :i* _h be5 hall[$ 9 ,egyptian usage f "t immemorial1 & by a skillful clo?+ ( ^? beliefs 9 =ms acceptable to ! ,greek elem5t 9 ! population4 ,! religion ( ,isis & ,s]apis 01 z ,cumont obs]ves1 entirely devoid ( any e/abli%$ sy/em ( !ology or any v l(ty e?ics4 ,x 0 effective r on acc\nt ( its gorge\s ritual1 :i* 0 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation ) meticul\s accuracy1 & on acc\nt ( ! assurance :i* x gave ( a bless$ immortality1 ! wor%ip]s be+ conceiv$ ( z %>+ 9 ! resuscitation :i* ,osiris _h obta9$4 ,! wor%ip 0 at fir/ repulsive to ,roman ideals ( gravity1 b effect$ an (ficial entrance into ! city 9 ! reign ( ,caligula 7#cg-da ,a4 ,d474 ,9 ! second & ?ird c5turies x 0 ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ,empire4 ,9 alliance ) ! religion ( ,mi?ras x became f9ally p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s rival ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! cult 0 p>tly public & p>tly private4 ,prom95t 9 ! public wor%ip 7 ! solemn op5+ ( ! temple ( ,isis 9 ! morn+ & ! solemn clos+ 9 ! aft]noon4 ,elaborate c>e 0 tak5 ( ! images ( ! gods--! gods be+ reg>d$ z dep5d5t ^u human m9i/rations4 ,besides ! rites t 7 conduct$ daily1 !re 7 special fe/ivals l ! spr+ fe/ival ( ! %ip ( ,isis :i* is brilliantly describ$ by ,apuleius4 ,b x is ! my/]ies :i* ar\se ! greate/ int]e/1 especially because ( ! preci\s s\rce ( in=mation ab\t !m :i* is f\nd 9 ! elev5? book ( ! ,metamorphoses ( ,apuleius 7second c5tury aft] ,*ri/74 ,9 ?is book1 al?\gh ! secrets ( ! my/]ies !mselves are ( c\rse n reveal$1 ,apuleius has giv5 a m complete & ord]ly acc\nt ( ! ev5ts connect$ ) an initiation ?an is to be f\nd any:]e else 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,! h]o ,lucius is repres5t$ fir/ z wait+ = a summons f ! goddess ,isis1 :i* comes ) miracul\s co9cid5ce indep5d5tly to him & to ! prie/ :o is to (ficiate 9 8 initiation4 ,!n ,lucius is tak5 into ! temple & made acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 my/]i\s books1 & also wa%es 8 body at ! ne>e/ ba?s4 ,?is wa%+ has z little z possible ! appe>ance ( a sacram5t2 evid5tly x 0 n int5d$ to produce reg5]ation or any?+ ( ! sort4#aej ,! purpose ( x seems to h be5 cleanl9ess1 :i* 0 naturally reg>d$ z a prep>ation = ! holy rite t 0 to foll[4 ,!re foll[s a t5 days' p]iod ( fa/+1 aft] :i* ! day ( initiation arrives4 ,lucius is tak5 into ! mo/ secret place ( ! temple4 ,( :at happ5s !re he speaks ) ! utmo/ res]ve4 ,he says1 h[ev]3 ,i came to ! limits ( dea?1 & hav+ trod ! ?re%old ( ,pros]p9e & be5 borne ?r\gh all ! elem5ts ,i return$2 at midnight ,i saw ! sun %9+ ) a bright light2 ,i came into ! pres5ce ( ! upp] & ne!r gods & ador$ !m ne> at h&4#aea ,x is (t5 suppos$ t ^! words indicate "s sort ( my/]i\s drama or vision1 :i* m>k$ ! dea? ( ! initiate1 8 passage ?r\gh ! elem5ts1 & 8 ris+ to a new life4 ,b c]ta9ly ! matt] is v obscure4 ,! next morn+ ,lucius is clo!d ) gorge\s robes1 & is pres5t$ to ! gaze ( ! multitude4 ,app>5tly he is reg>d$ z p>tak+ ( ! div9e nature4 ,two o!r initiations ( ,lucius are n>rat$1 "o ( !m be+ an initiation into ! my/]ies ( ,osiris1 z ! fir/ _h be5 into ! my/]ies ( ,isis4 ,b little is add$ by ! acc\nt ( ^! lat] exp]i5ces1 & x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t ! multiplication ( ! initiations 0 due to ! self-int]e/ ( ! prie/s r ?an to any real advantage = ! initiate4 #aej ,b comp>e ,k5n$y1 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,my/]y-,religions1 #aiac1 p4 #bbi4 #aea ,apuleius1 ,metam41 xi4 #bc 7ed4 ,van d] ,vliet1 #ahig1 p4 #bgj73 ,accessi conf9ium mortis et calcato ,pros]p9ae lim9e p] omnia vectus elem5ta remeavi2 nocte m$ia vidi solem c&ido coruscantem lum9e2 deos inf]os et deos sup]os accessi coram et adoravi de proxumo4 ,simil> 9 important respects to ! ,egyptian ,osiris 0 ! ,adonis ( ,phnicia1 :o may !re=e be m5tion$ 9 ! pres5t connection1 ev5 ?\gh little is kn[n ab\t my/]ies connect$ ) 8 wor%ip4 ,accord+ to ! well-kn[n my?1 ! y\? ,adonis1 belov$ by ,aphrodite1 0 kill$ by a wild bo>1 & !n bemoan$ by ! goddess4 ,! cult ( ,adonis 0 f\nd 9 v>i\s places1 notably at ,byblos 9 ,phnicia1 :]e ! dea? & resurrection ( ! god 7 celebrat$4 ,) reg>d to ?is d\ble fe/ival1 ,lucian says 9 8 treatise ,on ! ,syrian ,goddess3 ,!y ! inhabitants ( ,byblos ass]t t ! leg5d ab\t ,adonis & ! wild bo> is true1 & t ! facts occurr$ 9 _! c\ntry1 & 9 memory ( ?is calamity !y beat _! brea/s & wail e ye>1 & p]=m _! secret ritual amid signs ( m\rn+ ?r\gh ! :ole c\ntryside4 ,:5 !y h f9i%$ _! m\rn+ & wail+1 !y sacrifice 9 ! fir/ place to ,adonis1 z to "o :o has dep>t$ ?is life3 aft] ?is !y allege t he is alive aga91 & exhibit 8 effigy to ! sky4#aeb ,! wail+ = ,adonis at ,byblos is simil> to :at is n>rat$ ab\t ! wor%ip ( ! ,babylonian god ,tammuz4 ,ev5 ! ,old ,te/am5t m5tions 9 a notewor?y passage ! wom5 weep+ = ,tammuz 7,ezek4 viii4 #ad74 ,b ! ,tammuz-wor%ip does n seem to h conta9$ any celebration ( a resurrection4 #aeb ,lucian1 ,de dea syria1 #f1 translation ( ,g>/ang 7,! ,syrian ,goddess1 #aiac1 pp4 #de;f474 ,attis1 ,osiris1 & ,adonis are alike 9 t all ( !m are app>5tly repres5t$ z dy+ & com+ to life aga94 ,!y are reg>d$ by ,brckn]#aec & _m o!r mod]n s*ol>s z repres5t+ ! widespread notion ( a dy+ & ris+ savi\r-god4 ,b x is p]haps wor?y ( note t ! resurrection ( ^! gods is v diff]5t f :at is meant by t ^w 9 ,*ri/ian belief4 ,! my? ( ,attis1 = example1 conta9s no m5tion ( a resurrection2 ?\gh app>5tly ! cult1 9 :i* m\rn+ is foll[$ by gladness1 did presuppose "s su* notion4 ,9 ! my? ( ,osiris1 also1 !re is no?+ t c\ld be call$ resurrection2 aft] 8 passion ! god becomes rul]1 n ov] ! liv+1 b ov] ! dead4 ,9 ,lucian's description ( ! wor%ip ( ,adonis at ,byblos1 !re is p]haps z cle> an acc\nt z is to be f\nd any:]e ( ! celebration ( ! dy+ & resuscitation ( a god1 b ev5 9 ?is acc\nt !re is n /rictly speak+ a resurrection4 ,a t5d5cy is f\nd 9 c]ta9 rec5t writ]s to exagg]ate enorm\sly ! preval5ce & ! cl>ity ( ! pagan ideas ab\t a dy+ & ris+ god4 #aec ,d] /]b5de und auf]/eh5de ,got!il&1 #aijh4 ,accord+ to a common op9ion1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 & ,adonis are vegetation-gods2 _! dy+ & resuscitation repres5t1 !n1 ! annual )]+ & revival ( vegetation4 ,?is hypo!sis has atta9$ g5]al1 ?\gh n univ]sal1 acceptance4 ,c]ta9ly ! facts are v complex4 ,at any rate1 ! celebration ( ! pr9ciple ( fecundity 9 nature 0 n ( a purely agr>ian "*1 b f\nd expression also 9 ! gross symbols & immoral practices :i* appe> 9 connection ) ! gods j m5tion$ at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,! mo/ important ( ! religions :i* h j be5 exam9$ _h _! rise 9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ,egypt4 ,no less important1 at lea/ 9 ! la/ p]iod ( pagan antiquity1 0 ! religi\s influ5ce ( ,syria4 ,! ,syrian gods1 call$ ,baals 7,lords71 7 n1 accord+ to ,cumont1 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by any cle>ly def9$ *>act]i/ics4 ,e locality _h its own ,baal & a female div9ity z ! ,baal's consort1 b ! attributes ( ^! local gods 7 ( ! vague/ "*4 ,! female div9ity ,at>gatis1 ^: temple at ,hi]apolis is describ$ by ,lucian1 & ! male div9ity ,hadad1 ( ,heliopolis1 are among ! be/-kn[n ( ! ,syrian gods4 ,! ,syrian wor%ip 0 *>act]iz$ by especially immoral & revolt+ features1 b seems to h become ennobl$ by ! introduction ( ! ,babylonian wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ?us contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! sol> mono!ism :i* 0 ! f9al =m assum$ by ! pagan religion ( ! ,empire be=e ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 po9t ( intr9sic wor?1 ! ,p]sian my/]y religion ( ,mi?ras is easily sup]ior to any ( ! religions :i* h ?us f> be5 m5tion$1 b x is ( less importance ?an "s ( ! o!rs = ! purposes ( ! pres5t inve/igation1 s9ce x became influ5tial 9 ! ,roman ,empire only aft] ! "t ( ,paul4 ,great /ress has inde$ be5 laid ^u ! fact t ,plut>* atte/s ! practice ( ,mi?raic my/]ies by ! pirates :om ,pompey conqu]$ 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & says fur!rmore t ! ,mi?raic rites begun by ! pirates 7 cont9u$ until ! writ]'s own day4#aed ,! pirates practis$ _! rites at ,olympus1 :i* is on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,b ! ,olympus :i* is meant is 9 ,lycia1 "s ?ree hundr$ miles f ,t>sus4 ,x is a mi/ake1 !re=e1 to br+ ! ,mi?raic my/]ies ( ! pirates into any close geographical connection ) ! boyhood home ( ,paul4 ,aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( any dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras is to be plac$ ! au?ority ( ,cumont1 ! *ief inve/igator 9 ?is field1 :o says3 ,x is impossible to suppose t at t "t ! "t ( ,paul !re 0 an imitation ( ! ,mi?raic my/]ies1 :i* !n _h n yet atta9$ any importance4#aee ,attempts h (t5 be5 made to expla9 away ?is judgm5t ( ,cumont1 b )\t success4 ,! progress ( ,mi?raism 9 ! ,empire seems to h be5 due to def9ite political causes :i* 7 op]ative only aft] ,paul's day4 #aed ,plut>*1 ,vita ,pompei1 #bd4 #aee ,cumont1 op4 cit41 p4 xvi 7,engli% ,translation1 p4 xx74 ,! ,p]sian religion1 f :i* ,mi?raism 0 desc5d$1 0 sup]ior to ! o!rs :i* h j be5 consid]$ 9 its m>k$ e?ical "*4 ,x pres5t$ ! doctr9e ( a mighty conflict betwe5 light & d>kness1 betwe5 good & evil4 ,& ,mi?raism itself reg>d$ religion "u ! figure ( a w>f>e4 ,x appeal$ especially to ! soldi]s1 & only m5 7n wom57 7 admitt$ to its my/]ies4 ,!re 7 sev5 grades ( initiation1 ea* ) its special "n4 ,! highe/ grade 0 t ( fa!r4 ,! ,mi?ras cult 0 always celebrat$ und]gr\nd1 9 *amb]s ( v limit$ ext5t4 ,!re 0 a sacr$ meal1 consi/+ ( bread & wat]1 :i* ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 reg>ds z hav+ be5 in/itut$ ?r\gh demoniac imitation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,eu*>i/4#aef ,?is religion ( ,mi?ras f9ally became1 ) ! religion ( ,isis1 ! mo/ s]i\s rival ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b at ! "t ( ,paul x 0 )\t importance1 & c\ld n h ex]t$ any influ5ce ^u ! apo/le4 #aef ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,apol4 #ff4 ,b ! religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age 0 n limit$ to ! individual cults :i* h j be5 consid]$1 & x is n *iefly to ! individual cults t rec\rse is _h by ^? mod]n s*ol>s :o w\ld d]ive ,paul9ism f pagan s\rces4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! syncretism ( ! age2 v>i\s religions 7 m+l$ 9 a limitless v>iety ( comb9ations4 ,& !re 0 also a m+l+ ( religion ) philosophy4 ,x is 9 ! manifold products ( ?is union betwe5 ,greek philosophy & ori5tal religion t ! g5esis ( ,paul9ism is n[ (t5 be+ s\ght4 ,n ori5tal religion 9 its orig9al /ate1 b ori5tal religion already to "s ext5t ,hell5iz$1 is ?\ght to h produc$ ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! religion ( ,paul4 ,! hypo!sis is fac$ by "o obvi\s difficulty4 ,! difficulty appe>s 9 ! late date ( mo/ ( ! s\rces ( in=mation4 ,9 ord] to recon/ruct t ,hell5iz$ ori5tal my/icism f :i* ! religion ( ,paul is to be d]iv$1 ! inve/igator is oblig$ to appeal to s\rces :i* are long subsequ5t to ,paul's day4 ,= example1 9 reproduc+ ! spiritual atmosph]e 9 :i* ,paul is suppos$ to h liv$1 no te/imony is m (t5 evok$ ?an ! words ( ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,be ( good c\rage1 ye initiates1 s9ce ! god is sav$2 = to u !re %all be salvation out ( tr\bles4#aeg ,"h1 x is ?\ght1 is to be f\nd t connection betwe5 ! resurrection ( ! god & ! salvation ( ! believ]s :i* appe>s 9 ! ,paul9e idea ( dy+ & ris+ ) ,*ri/4 ,b ! tr\ble is t ,firmicus ,mat]nus liv$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ,paul4 ,) :at "r c an utt]ance ( 8 be us$ 9 ! recon/ruction ( pre-,*ri/ian paganism8 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght1 by ! same s*ol>s :o quote ,firmicus ,mat]nus s confid5tly z a witness to fir/-c5tury paganism1 ( a hi/orian :o %\ld quote a f\r?-c5tury ,*ri/ian writ] z a witness to fir/-c5tury ,*ri/ianity8 #aeg ,see above1 p4 #bbi1 ) footnote #c4 ,?is objection has be5 met by ! mod]n s*ool ( comp>ative religion some:at z foll[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is said1 ! po/-,*ri/ian pagan usage :i* at any "t may be "u inve/igation is pla9ly n influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 x is too simil> to ,*ri/ian usage = ! simil>ity to be expla9$ by m]e co9cid5ce4 ,!re=e1 9 ! ?ird place1 s9ce x is n dep5d5t ^u ,*ri/ian usage1 ,*ri/ian usage mu/ be dep5d5t ^u x1 & !re=e despite its late atte/ation x mu/ h exi/$ 9 pre-,*ri/ian times4 ,a little reflection w reveal ! prec>i\s "* ( ?is reason+4 ,e /ep is unc]ta94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is (t5 by no means cle> t ! pagan usage has n be5 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,*ur* did n long rema9 obscure2 ev5 e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,pl9y1 x 0 caus+ ! hea!n temples to be des]t$4 ,:at is m likely ?an t 9 an age ( syncretism ! adh]5ts ( pagan religion %\ld borr[ weapons f s successful a rival8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! paganism ( ! ,hell5i/ic age _h elevat$ syncretism to a sy/em2 x _h absolutely no objection ( pr9ciple aga9/ receiv+ elem5ts f e s\rce4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a /rong objection to su* proc$ure2 ,*ri/ianity f ! beg9n+ 0 l ,judaism 9 be+ exclusive4 ,x reg>d$ ) ! utmo/ abhorr5ce any?+ t 0 ta9t$ by a pagan orig94 ,?is abhorr5ce1 at lea/ 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 m ?an ov]balanc$ ! fact t ! ,*ri/ians = ! mo/ "p _h =m]ly be5 pagans1 s t x might be ?\ght natural = !m to reta9 some?+ ( pagan belief4 ,conv]sion involv$ a passionate r5unciation ( =m] beliefs4 ,su*1 at any rate1 0 cle>ly ! k9d ( conv]sion t 0 requir$ by ,paul4 ,9 ! second place1 ! simil>ity betwe5 ! pagan & ! ,*ri/ian usages is (t5 enorm\sly exagg]at$2 sometimes a sup]ficial simil>ity ( language masks ! mo/ pr(\nd diff]5ces ( und]ly+ mean+4 ,illu/rations w be giv5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,?us ! conclusion is1 to say ! lea/1 prec>i\s4 ,x is by no means s easy z is sometimes suppos$ to prove t a pagan usage atte/$ only long aft] ! "t ( ,paul is really ! s\rce ( ,paul9e tea*+4 ,& x w n help to say t al?\gh !re is no direct dep5d5ce "o way or ! o!r yet ! pagan & ! ,paul9e tea*+ h a common s\rce4 ,= to say t a usage has a pagan s\rce sev]al c5turies e>li] ?an ! "t at :i* ! usage is fir/ atte/$ is really to assume ! po9t t is to be prov$4 ,we are n "h deal+ ) a "q ( lit]>y dep5d5ce1 :]e ! unity ( ! books :i* are be+ comp>$ is assum$4 ,9 su* a "q ! indep5d5ce ( ! two writ]s may be prov$ by ! g5]al comp>ison ( ! books2 x may be %[n1 9 o!r words1 t if "o au?or _h us$ ! o!r au?or's "w at all he w\ld h _h to use x a great deal m ?an z a matt] ( fact ! simil>ity w\ld indicate4 ,9 su* cases1 /rik+ v]bal simil>ity 9 "o place may prove t bo? books 7 dep5d5t ^u a common s\rce4 ,b if a pagan usage ( ! f\r? c5tury is simil> to a ,*ri/ian usage1 ! fact t 9 g5]al ! paganism ( ! f\r? c5tury is indep5d5t ( ,*ri/ianity does n disprove dep5d5ce ( paganism ^u ,*ri/ianity at ?is "o po9t4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! reason+ j outl9$ is usually supplem5t$ by a fur!r consid]ation4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 namely1 t ! my/ic piety ( paganism =ms to "s ext5t a unit2 x 0 n a m]e =tuit\s collection ( beliefs & practices1 b 0 l an envelop+ spiritual atmosph]e ( :i*1 despite v>iations ( humidity & temp]ature1 ! fundam5tal composition 0 ev]y:]e ! same4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! pres5ce ( ?is atmosph]e ( my/ical piety c be e/abli%$ "h & !re 9 s\rces ( actually pre-,*ri/ian date1 ! inve/igator has a "r to det]m9e ! nature ( ! atmosph]e 9 detail by draw+ ^u lat] s\rces4 ,9 o!r words1 ! my/ical religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age is recon/ruct$ 9 detail by ! use ( po/-,*ri/ian s\rces1 & !n 7! ess5tial unity ( ! ph5om5on be+ assum$7 ! e>ly date ( ?is ori5tal my/ical religion is e/abli%$ by ! scanty ref]5ces 9 pre-,*ri/ian times4 ,x is admitt$1 p]haps1 t ! elem5ts ( ori5tal my/icism actually f\nd 9 pre-,*ri/ian s\rces w\ld n be suffici5t to prove dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u t type ( religion2 b ! elem5ts f\nd 9 lat] s\rces are ?\ght to be s closely alli$ to ^? :i* happ5 to h e>ly atte/ation t !y too mu/ be suppos$ to h be5 pres5t 9 ! e>ly p]iod1 & s9ce !y are simil> to ,paul9ism !y mu/ h ex]t$ a =mative influ5ce ^u ,paul's religion4 ,to put ! matt] briefly1 ! nature ( ,hell5iz$ ori5tal religion is e/abli%$ by po/-,paul9e s\rces2 :]eas ! e>ly orig9 ( t religion is e/abli%$ by ! scanty pre-,*ri/ian ref]5ces4 ,?is proc$ure con/itutes a curi\s rev]sal ( ! proc$ure :i* is appli$ by ! v same s*ol>s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity is suppos$ to h und]gone kaleidoscopic *anges 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s or ev5 mon?s1 *anges involv+ a trans=mation ( its inmo/ nature2 yet pagan religion is app>5tly ?\ght to h rema9$ f age to age ! same4 ,:5 ,paul1 only a few ye>s aft] ! orig9 ( ! ,*ur*1 says t he receiv$ c]ta9 fundam5tal elem5ts 9 8 religion1 ! intimate connection ( ^? elem5ts ) ! re/ ( ! ,paul9e sy/em is n all[$ to e/abli% ! e>ly orig9 ( ! :ole2 yet ! paganism ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies is ?\ght to h con/itut$ su* a unity t ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 elem5ts ( x 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod is reg>d$ z p]mitt+ ! :ole sy/em to be transplant$ bodily to t e>ly "t4 ,( c\rse1 ! hypo!sis :i* is n[ be+ exam9$ is held 9 _m =ms1 & is be+ advocat$ ) v>y+ degrees ( caution4 ,"s ( its advocates might def5d !mselves aga9/ ! *>ge ( transplant+ po/-,*ri/ian paganism bodily into ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,!y might po9t to special evid5ce ) reg>d to _m details4 ,su* evid5ce w\ld h to be exam9$ 9 any complete inve/igation4 ,b ! objection j rais$1 despite possible answ]s to x 9 detail1 is n )\t validity4 ,x rema9s true1 despite all res]vations1 t adh]5ts ( ! comp>ative-religion s*ool are entirely too impati5t ) reg>d to que/ions ( priority4 ,!y are inde$ v sev]e ^u ^? :o raise su* que/ions4 ,!y d n l hav+ ! fl[ ( _! ?\ght *eck$ by s homely a ?+ z a date4 ,b dates sometimes h _! importance4 ,= example1 ! phrase1 reborn = et]nity1 occurs 9 connection ) ! blood-ba? ( ! taurobolium4 ,h[ significant1 x might be said1 is ?is connection ( reg5]ation ) ! %$d+ ( blood6 ,h[ useful z e/abli%+ ! pagan orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian idea6 ,f ! confid5t way 9 :i* ! phrase reborn = et]nity is quot$ 9 discussions ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 "o w\ld ?9k t its pre-,*ri/ian orig9 7 e/abli%$ beyond p]adv5ture4 ,x may come z a %ock1 !re=e1 to read]s ( rec5t discussions to be told t z a matt] ( fact ! phrase does n appe> until ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 tak+ its place z ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! ,roman _w4 ,if !re is any dep5d5ce1 x is c]ta9ly dep5d5ce ( ! taurobolium ^u ,*ri/ianity1 & n ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! taurobolium4 ,! same lordly disreg>d ( dates runs all ?r\gh ! mod]n treatm5t ( ! hi/ory ( religion 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t p]iod4 ,x is p>ticul>ly un=tunate 9 popul> expositions4 ,:5 ! lay read] is ov]:elm$ by an impos+ array ( citations f ,apuleius & f ,lucian1 to say no?+ ( ,firmicus ,mat]nus & f\r?-c5tury inscriptions1 & :5 ^! late citations are confid5tly treat$ by m5 ( und\bt$ le>n+ z witnesses to pre-,*ri/ian religion1 & :5 ! proc$ure is r5d]$ m plausible by occasional ref]5ces to pre-,*ri/ian writ]s :i* if look$ up w\ld be f\nd to prove no?+ at all1 & :5 !re is a c>eful avoidance ( any?+ l temporal arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial1 b citations d]iv$ f all c\ntries & all ages are br\ght toge!r = ! recon/ruction ( ! environm5t ( ,paul--"u su* treatm5t ! lay read] (t5 receives ! impression t some?+ v important is be+ prov$4 ,! impression w\ld be correct$ by ! m]e introduction ( a few dates1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t ori5tal religion und\bt$ly ent]$ ^u a rem>kable expansion %ortly aft] ! close ( ! ,new ,te/am5t p]iod1 s t conditions prevail+ aft] t expansion are by no means necess>ily to be reg>d$ z hav+ exi/$ be=e ! expansion took place4 ,?is criticism is "h int5d$ to be tak5 only 9 a provisional way4 ,! ju/ice ( x c be te/$ only by a detail$ exam9ation ( ! hypo!sis aga9/ :i* ! criticism is direct$4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! pre-,*ri/ian my/ical religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w to be recon/ruct$8 ,:at s\rces are to be us$8 ,"s ( ! s\rces h already be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! review ( ! individual ori5tal cults4 ,& incid5tally ! unsatisfactory "* ( "s ( ^! s\rces has already appe>$4 ,b x is n[ necess>y to exam9e o!r s\rces :i* are n s def9itely connect$ ) any cle>ly def9$ cult4 ,increas+ att5tion has be5 paid 9 rec5t ye>s to ! complex ( writ+s :i* goes "u ! "n ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us4 ,^! ,h]metic writ+s embrace n only a corpus ( "s f\rte5 tractates :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 cont9u\s ,greek manuscript =m1 b also fragm5ts conta9$ 9 ! works ( ,/obu & o!r writ]s1 & f9ally ! ,asclepius attribut$ to ,apuleius4 ,x is n usually ma9ta9$ t ! ,h]metic lit]ature 0 complet$ be=e ab\t #cjj ,a4,d42 no "o claims any?+ l pre-,*ri/ian orig9 = ! :ole4 ,! individual elem5ts ( ! lit]ature--= example1 ! individual tractates ( ! ,h]metic corpus--are usually reg>d$ z hav+ be5 produc$ at v>i\s times2 b no "o ( !m is g5]ally ?\ght to h be5 writt5 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,) reg>d to ! mo/ important tractate1 ! ,poim&res1 :i* /&s at ! beg9n+ ( ! corpus1 op9ions diff] some:at4 ,j4 ,kroll1 = example1 ! au?or ( ! lead+ monograph on ! ,h]metic writ+s1 reg>ds ! ,poim&res z ! late/ ( ! tractates 9 ! corpus1 & z hav+ appe>$ n be=e ! "t ( ,num5ius 7second half ( ! second c5tury72#aeh :]eas ,ziel9ski reg>ds x z ! e>lie/ writ+ ( ! corpus4#aei ,by an +5i\s argum5t1 ,reitz5/e9 attempts to prove t ! ,*ri/ian ,%eph]d ( ,h]mes 7middle ( ! second c5tury7 is dep5d5t ^u an orig9al =m ( ! ,poim&res4#afj ,b 8 argum5t has n obta9$ any g5]al cons5t4 ,x is impossible to pu% ! mat]ial ( ! ,poim&res back into ! fir/ c5tury--c]ta9ly impossible by any treatm5t ( lit]>y relation%ips4 #aeh ,j4 ,kroll1 ,die ,lehr5 des ,h]mes ,trismegi/os1 #aiad1 9 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie des ,mittelalt]s1 xii4 #b-d1 pp4 #chh1 #chi4 #aei ,ziel9ski1 ,h]mes und die ,h]metik1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 viii1 #aije1 p4 #cbc4 #afj ,reitz5/e91 ,poim&res1 #aijd1 pp4 #aj-ac4 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! ideas 9 ! ,h]metic writ+s1 !re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,reitz5/e9 all[s a l>ge place to ,egyptian & ,p]sian elem5ts2 o!r s*ol>s emphasize r ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy1 :i* ( c\rse is 9 turn ?\ght to h be5 modifi$ by its contact ) ori5tal religion4 ,j4 ,kroll1#afa ,w4 ,kroll1#afb ,reitz5/e91#afc & o!rs d5y emphatically ! pres5ce ( any consid]able ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9 ,h]mes2 b at ?is po9t ,he9rici1 aft] p>ticul>ly c>eful rese>*es1 diff]s f ! cu/om>y view4#afd ,w9dis* is en\gh impress$ by ,he9rici's argum5ts to confess t ,*ri/ian lit]ature may h influ5c$ ! pres5t =m ( ! ,h]metic writ+s "h & !re1 b insi/s t ! ,*ri/ian influ5ce ^u ,h]mes is altoge!r trifl+ comp>$ to ! influ5ce ^u primitive ,*ri/ianity ( ! type ( religion ( :i* ,h]mes is an example4#afe ,! true /ate ( ! case1 accord+ to ,w9dis*1 is probably t ,*ri/ianity fir/ receiv$ f ori5tal religion ! fundam5tal ideas1 & !n gave back to ori5tal religion z repres5t$ by ,h]mes c]ta9 =ms ( expression 9 :i* ^? ideas _h be5 clo!d4 ,at ! same "t ,w9dis* urges c>eful att5tion to ,he9rici's argum5t = ,*ri/ian influ5ce ^u ,h]mes = ?ree reasons3 7#a7 all ,h]metic writ+s are lat] ?an ! ,new ,te/am5t p]iod1 7#b7 ! ,h]metic writ+s are admitt$ly influ5c$ by ,judaism1 7#c7 at lea/ ! late/ /ratum 9 ! ,h]metic writ+s has admitt$ly pass$ ?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian sph]e4 ,^! admissions1 com+ f "o :o is v fri5dly to ! mod]n me?od ( comp>ative religion1 are significant4 ,:5 ev5 ,w9dis* admits t ! =m ( expression ) reg>d to ! new bir? 9 ! ,poim&res may possibly be influ5c$ by ! ,gospel tradition1 & t ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,h]metic tractate1 = example1 0 some:at famili> ) ,new ,te/am5t writ+s or ,*ri/ian ideas & assimilat$ ,*ri/ian t]m9ology to 8 gnosis1 & t ! t]m fai? has possibly come into ,h]mes 7iv & ix7 f ,*ri/ian tradition--9 ! light ( ^! admissions x may appe> h[ v prec>i\s is ! employm5t ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us z a witness to pre-,*ri/ian paganism4 #afa ,op4 cit4 #afb ,article ,h]mes ,trismegi/os1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 xv1 #aiab1 pp4 #gia-hbc4 #afc ,op4 cit4 #afd ,he9rici1 ,die ,h]mes-,my/ik und das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #aiah4 #afe ,w9dis*1 ,ur*ri/5tum und ,h]mesmy/ik1 9 ,!ologis* ,tijds*rift1 lii1 #aiah1 pp4 #ahf-bdj4 ,op9ions diff]1 moreov]1 z to ! importance ( ! ,h]metic type ( ?\ght 9 ! life ( ! anci5t _w4 ,reitz5/e9 exalts its importance2 he believes t back ( ! ,h]metic writ+s !re lies a liv+ religion1 & t ?is ,h]metic type ( religion 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,at ?is po9t ,cumont & o!rs are 9 %>p disagreem5t2 ,cumont believes t 9 ! ,we/ ,h]metism _h no?+ m ?an a lit]>y exi/5ce & did n produce a ,h]metic sect1 & t 9 g5]al ,reitz5/e9 has greatly exagg]at$ ! ,h]metic influ5ce4#aff ,) reg>d to ?is controv]sy1 x c at lea/ be said t ,reitz5/e9 has fail$ to prove 8 po9t4 #aff ,cumont1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cdj1 #cda 7,engli% ,translation1 pp4 #bcc1 #bcd1 note #da74 ,detail$ exposition ( ! ,h]metic writ+s w "h be impossible4 ,a numb] ( rec5t inve/igators h cov]$ ! field ) "s ?or\ghness4 ,un=tunately a complete mod]n critical edition ( ! ,h]metic corpus is /ill lack+2 ! /ud5t is oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! edition ( ,p>!y 7#ahed71afg :i* is n complete & does n q measure up to mod]n /&>ds4 ,reitz5/e9 has includ$ 9 8 ,poim&res 7#aijd7 a critical edition ( ,tractates ,i1 ,,xiii1 ,,xvi1 ,,xvii1 ,,xviii4 ,!re has be5 no collection1 9 ! orig9al languages1 ( all ! ,h]metic writ+s 7includ+ ^? outside ( ! corpus71 ?\gh ,mn>d has provid$ a ,fr5* translation1#afh & ,mead an ,engli% translation ) elaborate introduction & notes4#afi ,! "w ( ,mead1 :i* is publi%$ by ! ,!osophical ,publi%+ ,society1 is n usually reg>d$ z q satisfactory4 ,b ! translation at lea/ w be f\nd exce$+ly useful4 ,! sy/ematic exposition ( ! ?\ght ( ! ,h]metic writ+s by ,j4 ,kroll is cle> & in/ructive2#agj & ,he9rici1 :o diff]s f ,kroll 9 treat+ ! individual writ+s sep>ately1 has also made a valuable contribution to ! subject4#aga #afg ,p>!y1 ,h]metis ,trismegi/i ,poem&]1 #ahed4 #afh ,mn>d1 ,h]ms ,trismgi/e1 #aiaj4 #afi ,mead1 ,?rice-,greate/ ,h]mes1 ?ree volumes1 #aijf4 #agj ,op4 cit4 ,cf4 ! review by ,b\sset1 9 ,gtt+is*e gelehrte ,anzeig51 clxxvi1 #aiad1 pp4 #fig-gee4 #aga ,op4 cit4 ,9 ! ,h]metic tractates ,i & ,,xiii1 ^u :i* ,reitz5/e9 lays ! *ief emphasis1 !re is pres5t$ a notion ( ! trans=mation ( ! "o :o receives div9e revelation4 ,! trans=mation1 z 9 ! ,h]metic writ+s g5]ally1 is = ! mo/ "p indep5d5t ( c]emonies or sacram5ts4 ,an exp]i5ce :i* 9 ! my/]ies is connect$ ) an initiation involv+ an appeal to ! s5ses "h seems to h be5 spiritualiz$ "u ! influ5ce ( philosophy2 reg5]ation comes n ?r\gh a my/ic drama or ! l b ?r\gh an inn] exp]i5ce4 ,su* at lea/ is a common mod]n int]pretation ( ! g5esis ( ! ,h]metic doctr9e4 ,at any rate1 x seems to be impossible to r$uce t doctr9e to any?+ l a consi/5t logical s*eme4 ,reitz5/e9 has tri$ to br+ ord] out ( *aos by di/+ui%+ 9 ! fir/ tractate two orig9ally di/9ct views z to ! orig9 ( ! _w & ( man1 b 8 analysis has n won g5]al acceptance4 ,x mu/ probably be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,h]metic lit]ature has receiv$ elem5ts f v>i\s s\rces & has n succe$$ 9 comb9+ !m 9 any consi/5t way4 ,! /ud5t :o w fir/ read ,tractates ,i & ,,xiii = himself w probably be surpris$ :5 he is told 7= example by ,reitz5/e97 t "h is to be f\nd ! spiritual atmosph]e f :i* ,paul9ism came4 ,= !re c\ld be no %>p] contra/ ?an t betwe5 ! fanta/ic speculations ( ! ,poim&res & ! hi/orical gospel ( ,paul4 ,bo? ! ,poim&res & ,paul h "s notion ( a trans=mation t a man exp]i5ces ?r\gh a div9e revelation4 ,b ! trans=mation1 accord+ to ,paul1 comes ?r\gh an acc\nt ( :at _h happ5$ b a few ye>s be=e4 ,no?+ c\ld possibly be m utt]ly =eign to ,h]mes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! result ( ! trans=mation 9 ,h]mes is deification4 ,?is1 says ,h]mes 7,tractate ,i1 #bf71 is ! good end to ^? :o h receiv$ k1 to be deifi$4#agb ,paul c\ld nev] h us$ su* language4 ,=1 accord+ to ,paul1 ! relation betwe5 ! believ] & ! ,*ri/ :o has trans=m$ him is a p]sonal relation ( love4 ,! ,*ri/-my/icism ( ,paul is nev] pan!i/ic4 ,x is inde$ sup]natural2 x is n produc$ by any m]e influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u ! old life4 ,b ! result1 f> f be+ apo!osis1 is p]sonal communion ( a man ) 8 ,god4 #agb 1 4 ,9 connection ) ,h]mes ,trismegi/us may be m5tion$ ! s-call$ ,oracula ,*aldaica1 :i* app>5tly sprang f ! same g5]al type ( ?\ght4#agc ,^! ,oracula ,*aldaica1 accord+ to ,w4 ,kroll1 con/itute a docum5t ( hea!n gnosis1 :i* 0 produc$ ab\t #bjj ,a4,d4 ,al?\gh ,kroll believes t !re is "h no ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 & t ,jewi% influ5ce t\*es n ! c5t] b only ! circumf]5ce1 yet = ! reasons already notic$ x w\ld be prec>i\s to use a docum5t ( #bjj ,a4,d4 9 recon/ruct+ pre-,paul9e paganism4 #agc ,see ,w4 ,kroll1 ,de ,oraculis ,*aldaicis1 #ahid2 ,die *aldis*5 ,orakel1 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fr ,philologie1 l1 #ahie1 pp4 #fcf-fci4 ,a v important s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ! ,greco-ori5tal religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age is f\nd by s*ol>s l ,diet]i* & ,reitz5/e9 9 ! s-call$ magical papyri4 ,among ! _m int]e/+ papyrus docum5ts :i* h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,egypt are "s t conta9 =mulas int5d$ to be us$ 9 incantations4 ,at fir/ sight ^! =mulas look l hopeless nons5se2 x may p]haps ev5 be said t !y are int5d$ to be nons5se4 ,t is1 ! effect is s\ght1 n f any logical und]/&+ ( ! =mulas ei!r on ! "p ( ^? :o use !m or on ! "p ( ! high] p[]s ^u :om !y are to be us$1 b simply & solely f ! me*anical effect ( c]ta9 comb9ations ( s\nds4 ,?us ! magical papyri include n only div9e names 9 =eign languages 7! anci5t & orig9al "n ( a god be+ reg>d$ z ex]t+ a co]cive effect ^u t god71 b also _m mean+less r[s ( lett]s :i* d n =m words at all4 ,b accord+ to ,diet]i* & ,reitz5/e9 & o!rs1 ^! papyri1 nons5sical z !y are 9 _! complet$ =m1 (t5 embody mat]ials :i* belong n to magic b to religion2 9 p>ticul>1 !y make use1 = a magical purpose1 ( :at 0 orig9ally int5d$ to be us$ 9 a liv+ religi\s cult4 ,inde$ ! di/9ction betwe5 magic & religion is (t5 difficult to draw4 ,9 religion !re is an elem5t ( int]e/1 on ! "p ( ! wor%ip]1 9 ! high] p[]s z su*1 "s idea ( propitiat+ !m1 ( w9n+ _! favor2 :]eas 9 magic ! high] p[]s are made use ( z ?\gh !y 7 m]e ma*9es ?r\gh ! use ( incantations & spells4 ,b :5 ?is di/9ction is appli$ to ! anci5t my/]y religions1 sometimes ^! religions seem to be little m ?an magic1 s ext]nal & me*anical is ! way 9 :i* ! initiation is suppos$ to "w4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 if ! compos]s ( magical =mulas turn$ especially1 9 seek+ _! mat]ials1 to ! my/]y cults2 = !y 7 drawn 9 t direction by a c]ta9 aff9ity bo? ( purpose & ( me?od4 ,at any rate1 :atev] may be ! explanation1 ! exi/+ magical papyri1 accord+ to ,diet]i* & o!rs1 d conta9 important elem5ts d]iv$ f ! ori5tal religi\s cults2 x is only necess>y1 ,diet]i* ma9ta9s1 to subtract ! obvi\sly lat] elem5ts--! nons5sical r[s ( lett]s & ! l--9 ord] to obta9 important s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ! religi\s life ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,?is me?od has be5 appli$ by ,diet]i* especially to a ,p>is magical papyrus1 ) ! result t ! und]ly+ religi\s docum5t is f\nd to be no?+ less ?an a liturgy ( ! religion ( ,mi?ras4#agd ,diet]i*'s conclusions h n escap$ un*all5g$2 ! connection ( ! docum5t ) ,mi?raism has be5 d5i$1 = example1 by ,cumont4#age ,( c\rse1 ev5 if ! docum5t be n really a ,mi?ras liturgy1 x may /ill be ( great value 9 ! recon/ruction ( ,hell5i/ic gnosis4 ,) reg>d to date1 h[ev]1 x is n any m favorably plac$ ?an ! docum5ts :i* h j be5 consid]$4 ,! papyrus manuscript 9 :i* ! liturgy is conta9$ 0 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/2 & ! composition ( ! liturgy itself _c be fix$ def9itely at any v mu* e>li] date4#agf ,diet]i* supposes t ! beg9n+ 0 made 9 ! second c5tury1 & t !re 7 successive additions aft]w>d4 ,at any rate1 !n1 n only ! papyrus manuscript1 b also ! liturgy :i* x is ?\ght to conta91 0 produc$ long aft] ! "t ( ,paul4 ,l ! ,h]metic writ+s1 moreov]1 ,diet]i*'s ,mi?ras liturgy pres5ts a conception ( union ) div9ity :i* is really altoge!r unlike ! ,paul9e gospel4 #agd ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie1 #bte ,aufl41 #aiaj4 #age ,op4 cit41 p4 #cgi 7,engli% ,translation1 pp4 #bfj;f474 #agf ,diet]i*1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dc;f4 ,b in=mation ab\t pre-,*ri/ian paganism is be+ s\ght n only 9 o/5sibly pagan s\rces2 x is also be+ s\ght 9 ! ,gno/icism :i* appe>s 9 connection ) ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,gno/icism us$ to be reg>d$ z a h]esy1 a p]v]sion ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 x is be+ reg>d$ z ess5tially non-,*ri/ian1 z a manife/ation ( ,greco-ori5tal religion :i* 0 br\ght into only v loose connection ) ,*ri/ianity2 ! great ,gno/ic sy/ems ( ! second c5tury1 x is said1 :5 !y are /ripp$ ( a few comp>atively unimportant ,*ri/ian elem5ts are f\nd to repres5t n a developm5t f ,*ri/ianity b r ! spiritual atmosph]e f :i* ,*ri/ianity itself sprang4 ,if ?is view ( ! case be correct1 x is at lea/ significant t pagan tea*]s ( ! second c5tury 7! ,gno/ics7 %\ld h be5 s ready to adopt ,*ri/ian elem5ts & s anxi\s to give _! sy/ems a ,*ri/ian appe>ance4 ,:y %\ld a simil> proc$ure be d5i$ 9 ! case1 = example1 ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us8 ,if second-c5tury paganism1 )\t at all modify+ its ess5tial "*1 c\ld sometimes actually adopt ! "n ( ,*ri/1 :y %\ld x be ?\ght incr$ible t ! compil] ( ! ,h]metic lit]ature1 :o did n g q s f>1 %\ld yet h p]mitt$ ,*ri/ian elem5ts to creep into 8 syncreti/ic "w8 ,:y %\ld simil>ity ( language betwe5 ,h]mes & ,paul1 suppos+ t x exi/s1 be reg>d$ z prov+ dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u a type ( paganism l t ( ,h]mes1 r ?an dep5d5ce ( ,h]mes ^u ,paul8 ,b ! use ( ,gno/icism z a witness to pre-,*ri/ian paganism is fac$ ) obvi\s difficulties4 ,gno/icism has admitt$ly be5 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,:o c say1 !n1 exactly h[ f> ! ,*ri/ian influ5ce ext5ds8 ,:o c say t any elem5t 9 ,gno/icism1 f\nd also 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b n cle>ly conta9$ 9 pagan s\rces1 is d]iv$ f paganism r ?an f ,*ri/ianity8 ,yet x is j exactly su* proc$ure :i* is advocat$ by ,reitz5/e9 & o!rs4 ,! dang]s ( ! proc$ure may be exhibit$ by an example4 ,9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us ! _s is reg>d$ z ! g>m5t ( ! s\l4#agg ,?is doctr9e is ! exact rev]se ( ,paul9e tea*+1 s9ce x makes ! s\l appe> high] ?an ! _s1 :]eas 9 ,paul ! ,_s1 9 ! believ]1 is exalt$ f> above ! s\l4 ,9 ,h]mes ! _s appe>s z a mat]ial sub/ratum ( ! s\l2 9 ,paul ! ,_s repres5ts ! div9e p[]4 ,!re c\ld be no %>p] contradiction4 ,& ! matt] is absolutely c5tral 9 ,reitz5/e9's hypo!sis1 = x is j ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s :i* he is seek+ to d]ive f pagan religion4 ,! difficulty = ,reitz5/e91 !n1 is t 9 ,h]mes ! _s appe>s z ! g>m5t ( ! s\l1 :]eas 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 !ory ! s\l ought to appe> r z ! g>m5t ( ! _s4 ,b ,reitz5/e9 avoids ! difficulty by appeal+ to ,gno/icism4 ,! ,h]metic doctr9e1 he says1 is no?+ b ! necess>y philosophic rev]sal ( ! ,gno/ic doctr9e t ! s\l is ! g>m5t ( ! _s4#agh ,?us ,gno/icism is "h made to be a witness to pre-,*ri/ian pagan belief1 9 direct defiance ( pagan s\rces4 ,is x n m probable t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,gno/icism on ! "o h& & pagan gnosis z repres5t$ by ,h]mes on ! o!r1 is due to ! influ5ce ^u ! =m] ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e8 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,j4 ,kroll1 f :om ! above illu/ration is obta9$1 insi/s aga9/ ,reitz5/e9 t ! ,gno/ic doctr9e1 z ov] aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,h]mes1 is "h cle>ly second>y4#agi ,at any rate1 !n1 ! recon/ruction ( a pre-,*ri/ian pagan doctr9e ( ! s\l z ! g>m5t ( ! _s is a matt] ( pure conjecture4 #agg ,corp4 ,h]m4 x4 #ac4 #agh ,reitz5/e91 ,hell5i/is*e ,my/]i5religion51 #bte ,aufl41 #aibj1 p4 #ahc4 #agi ,j4 ,kroll1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bhf-bhi1 especially p4 #bhh1 ,anm4 #a4 ,simil> difficulties appe> ev]y:]e4 ,x is c]ta9ly v haz>d\s to use ,gno/icism1 a po/-,paul9e ph5om5on appeal+ to ,paul z "o ( its *ief s\rces1 z a witness to pre-,paul9e paganism4 ,c]ta9ly su* use ( ,gno/icism %\ld be c>efully limit$ to ^? matt]s :]e !re is "s confirmatory pagan te/imony4 ,b su* confirmatory te/imony1 9 ! decisive cases1 is significantly abs5t4 ,! use ( ,gno/icism z a s\rce ( in=mation ab\t pre-,*ri/ian paganism might be less prec>i\s if ! sep>ation ( ! pagan & ,*ri/ian elem5ts c\ld be c>ri$ out by means ( lit]>y criticism4 ,su* a me?od is employ$ by ,reitz5/e9 9 connection ) an int]e/+ passage 9 ,hippolytus4 ,9 attack+ ! ,gno/ic sect ( ! ,naass5es1 ,hippolytus says t ! sect has be5 dep5d5t ^u ! pagan my/]ies1 & 9 pro( he quotes a ,naass5e writ+4 ,?is quotation1 z x n[ exi/s 9 ! "w ( ,hippolytus1 is1 accord+ to ,reitz5/e91 a pagan text ) ,gno/ic-,*ri/ian s*olia 7or 9 a ,gno/ic-,*ri/ian revision71 :i* has be5 tak5 ov] by an oppon5t :o did n und]/& ?is /ate ( ! case1 & s1 9 ?is =m1 has be5 us$ by ,hippolytus4#ahj ,reitz5/e9 seeks to reproduce ! pagan docum5t4#aha #ahj ,reitz5/e91 ,poim&res1 p4 #hb4 #aha ,op4 cit41 pp4 #hc-ih4 ,unque/ionably ! passage is int]e/+1 & unque/ionably x conta9s important in=mation ab\t ! pagan my/]ies4 ,b x does n help to e/abli% influ5ce ( ! my/]ies ^u ,paul4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t :at is n[ be+ ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,reitz5/e9 is n t ! ,gno/ics :o appe> 9 ! polemic ( ! anti-h]etical1 ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! close ( ! second c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird 7 n influ5c$ by pre-,*ri/ian paganism1 or ev5 t !y did n d]ive ! fundam5tals ( _! type ( religion f pre-,*ri/ian paganism4 ,all t is be+ ma9ta9$ is t x is v prec>i\s to use ! ,gno/ic sy/ems 9 recon/ruct+ pre-,*ri/ian paganism 9 detail--especially :]e ! ,gno/ic sy/ems diff] f admitt$ly pagan s\rces & agree ) ,paul4 ,9 recon/ruct+ ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism x is prec>i\s to employ ! te/imony ( ^? :o liv$ aft] ,paul & actually quot$ ,paul4 ,all ! s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,greco-ori5tal religion :i* h ?us f> be5 discuss$ belong to a "t subsequ5t to ,paul4 ,if ! type ( religion :i* !y atte/ is to be pu%$ back into ! pre-,*ri/ian p]iod1 x c be done only by an appeal to e>li] s\rces4 ,su* e>li] s\rces are sometimes f\nd 9 passages l ,livy's description ( ! ,bac*analian rites ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 9 ,italy1 & 9 writ]s su* z ,posidonius & ,philo4 ,b ! pres5ce ( ,bac*analian rites 9 ,italy 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ is n p>ticul>ly significant1 & ! details ( ^? rites d n include ! features :i* 9 ! lat] s\rces are ?\ght to invite comp>ison ) ,paul4 ,posidonius1 ! ,/oic philosoph] ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 seems to h be5 a man ( v great influ5ce2 & no d\bt he did introduce ori5tal elem5ts into ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,b 8 works1 = ! mo/ "p1 h be5 lo/1 & s f> z !y h be5 recon/ruct$ by ! use ( writ]s :o 7 dep5d5t ^u him1 !y d n seem to conta9 ^? elem5ts :i* might be reg>d$ z expla9+ ! g5esis ( ,paul9ism4 ,) reg>d to ,philo1 :o 0 an old] contempor>y ( ,paul1 ! inve/igator f9ds himself 9 a mu* m favorable position1 s9ce volum9\s works ( ! ,alex&rian philosoph] h be5 pres]v$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 rec5t inve/igation to make ,philo an important witness to ,greco-ori5tal religion z x f\nd expression 9 ! my/]ies4#ahb ,b ! be>+ ( ! evid5ce does n seem to be absolutely unequivocal4 ,at any rate1 ! relation betwe5 ,paul & ,philo has be5 ! subject ( inve/igation = _m ye>s1 & x _c be said t ! results h accompli%$ any?+ t[>d expla9+ ! g5esis ( ,paul's religion4 ,direct dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u ,philo1 x is admitt$1 has n be5 prov$1 & ev5 dep5d5ce ( bo? ^u ! same type ( ?\ght is highly problematical4 ,! /ate ( ! evid5ce is n ess5tially alt]$ by designat+ z ! type ( ?\ght ^u :i* bo? are suppos$ to h be5 dep5d5t ! ,greco-ori5tal religion ( ! my/]ies4 ,! real "q is :e!r ! te/imony ( ,philo e/abli%es z ( pre-,*ri/ian orig9 t type ( my/ical piety f :i* ,paul9ism is be+ d]iv$--! type ( religion :i* is atte/$1 = example1 by ,firmicus ,mat]nus or by ! f\r?-c5tury inscriptions t deal ) ! taurobolium1 or by ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 or by ,diet]i*'s ,mi?ras liturgy1 or by ! pagan elem5ts :i* are suppos$ to lie back ( second-c5tury ,gno/icism4 ,& s f> z c be judg$ on ! basis ( ! evid5ce :i* is actually be+ adduc$ by ! comp>ative-religion s*ool1 ! "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,ev5 ! liv+ connection ( ,philo ) ! my/]ies ( 8 own day does n seem to be def9itely e/abli%$4 ,& if x 7 e/abli%$1 ! fur!r "q w\ld rema9 z to :e!r ! my/]y religions ( ,philo's day conta9$ j ^? elem5ts :i* 9 ! my/]y religions ( ! po/-,paul9e p]iod are suppos$ to %[ simil>ity to ,paul4 ,if ! my/ical piety :i* is atte/$ by ,philo is suffici5t to be reg>d$ z ! basis ( ,paul9ism1 :y %\ld ! inve/igator appeal to ,firmicus ,mat]nus8 ,& if he does appeal to ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ) :at "r c he assume t ! elem5ts :i* he ?us f9ds exi/$ 9 ! days ( ,philo & ( ,paul8 #ahb ,helbig1 review ( ,philo von ,alex&ri53 ,w]ke1 9 deut4 ,ueb]setzg4 hrsg4 v4 ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,leop4 ,cohn4 #c4 ,tl41 9 ,!ologis*e ,lit]aturzeitung1 xlv1 #aibj1 column #cj3 ,"h "o p]ceives ) all requisite cle>ness t ,philo did n m]ely imitate ! language ( ! my/]y religions1 b _h be5 himself a 4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,r$emption ,,9 ,,pagan ,,religion ,,& ,,9 ,,paul ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,r$emption ,,9 ,,pagan ,,religion ,,& ,,9 ,,paul ,x has be5 obs]v$ ?us f> t 9 comp>+ ,paul ) ,hell5i/ic pagan religion1 ! "q ( priority _c be rul$ out s easily z is sometimes suppos$4 ,ano!r prelim9>y "q1 moreov]1 rema9s4 ,?r\gh :at *annels did ! suppos$ influ5ce ( ! my/]y religions ent] into ! life ( ,paul8 ,! "q is some:at p]plex+4 ,9 view ( ! outl9e ( ,paul's life :i* 0 set =? 9 ,*apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii1 x w\ld seem difficult to f9d a place = ! entrance ( pagan religi\s ?\ght4 ,"o sugge/ion is t pagan ?\ght came to ,paul only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,judaism4 ,t sugge/ion w\ld expla9 ! consci\sness t ,paul atte/s ( hav+ be51 be=e 8 conv]sion1 a dev\t ,jew4 ,if pagan religion _h already ent]$ into ! w>p & wo( ( ,judaism1 & if ! ?roes ( ! process ( assimilation _h already be5 =gott5 be=e ! "t ( ,paul1 !n ,paul might reg>d himself z a dev\t ,jew1 ho/ile to all pagan influ5ce1 & yet be pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! paganism :i* _h already f\nd an entrance into ! ,jewi% /ronghold4 ,b ! tr\ble is t ) reg>d to ^? matt]s :i* are ?\ght to be necess>y = ! explanation ( ,paul's religion !re is no evid5ce t paganism _h ent]$ into ! common life ( ! ,jews4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,v t ! ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury1 z x c be recon/ruct$ by ! use ( ! extant s\rces1 is insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism4 ,t fact is admitt$ by ^? s*ol>s :o are hav+ rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( pagan influ5ce4 ,!re=e1 if ! pagan influ5ce came to ,paul ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,judaism1 ! hi/orian mu/ fir/ posit ! exi/5ce ( a ,judaism into :i* ! necess>y pagan elem5ts _h ent]$4 ,!re is no evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,judaism2 9 fact ! extant ,jewi% s\rces po9t cle>ly 9 an opposite direction4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult1 !re=e1 to suppose1 9 defiance ( ! ,jewi% s\rces1 & 9 ! m]e int]e/s ( a !ory z to ! g5esis ( ,paul9ism1 t ! ,ph>isaic ,judaism f :i* ,paul sprang 0 imbu$ ) a my/ical piety l t ( ! my/]y religions or ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us4 ,9 fact1 9 view ( ! kn[n "* ( ,ph>isaic ,judaism1 ! hypo!sis is no?+ %ort ( mon/r\s4 ,!re=e1 if ,paul 0 influ5c$ by ! pagan my/]y religions x c\ld n h be5 simply 9 virtue ( 8 connection ) fir/-c5tury ,judaism2 x mu/ h be5 due to "s special influ5ces :i* 7 br\ght to be> ^u him4 ,:]e c\ld ^! influ5ces h be5 ex]t$8 ,"o sugge/ion is t !y 7 ex]t$ 9 ,t>sus1 8 boyhood home4 ,/ress is ?us laid ^u ! fact t ,paul 0 born n 9 ,pale/9e b 9 ! ,disp]sion4 ,z he grew up 9 ,t>sus1 x is said1 he c\ld n help obs]v+ ! paganism t surr\nd$ him4 ,at ?is po9t1 "s hi/orians1 on entirely insuffici5t evid5ce1 are incl9$ to be specific2 !y are tempt$1 = example1 to speak ( my/]ies ( ,mi?ras z be+ practis$ 9 or ne> ,t>sus 9 ,paul's e>ly ye>s4 ,! hypo!sis is only weak5$ by su* incauti\s advocacy2 x is mu* bett] to po9t m]ely to ! und\bt$ fact t ,t>sus 0 a pagan city & 0 presumably affect$ by ! exi/+ curr5ts ( pagan life4 ,b if ,paul grew up 9 a pagan environm5t1 0 he influ5c$ by x8 ,an affirmative answ] w\ld seem to run c\nt] to 8 own te/imony4 ,al?\gh ,paul 0 born 9 ,t>sus1 he belong$ inw>dly to ,pale/9e2 he & 8 p>5ts be=e him 7 n ,hell5i/s b ,hebrews4 ,moreov]1 he 0 a ,ph>isee1 m exce$+ly zeal\s ?an 8 contempor>ies = 8 pat]nal traditions4 ,! evid5ce has be5 exam9$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,c]ta9ly !n1 ,paul 0 n a lib]al ,jew2 f> f be+ incl9$ to break d[n ! wall ( p>tition betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles he 0 especially zeal\s = ! ,law4 ,x is v difficult to conceive ( su* a man--) 8 excessive zeal = ! ,mosaic ,law1 ) 8 int5se hatr$ ( paganism1 ) 8 int5se consci\sness ( ! all-suffici5cy ( ,jewi% privileges--z be+ susceptible to ! pagan influ5ces t surr\nd$ 8 or?odox home4 ,! hypo!sis mu/1 !re=e1 at lea/ be modifi$ to ! ext5t t ! pagan influ5ce ex]t$ at ,t>sus be reg>d$ z m]ely unconsci\s4 ,paul did n delib]ately accept ! pagan religion ( ,t>sus1 x might be said1 b at lea/ he became acqua9t$ ) x1 & 8 acqua9tance ) x became fruitful aft] he ent]$ ^u 8 ,g5tile mission4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! attitude ( ,paul t[>d pagan religion 0 9 ! e>ly days 9 ,t>sus m]ely negative1 b became m favorable 7:e!r or no ,paul himself 0 consci\s ( ! real s\rce ( ! pagan ideas7 because ( subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,b :at 7 ! ev5ts :i* induc$ 9 ,paul a m favorable attitude t[>d ideas :i* 7 really pagan8 ,:5 did he ov]come 8 life-long antagonism to ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( false gods8 ,su* a *ange ( attitude is c]ta9ly n atte/$ by ! ,epi/les4 ,x w probably be admitt$ t if pagan influ5ce ent]$ into ! he>t ( ,paul's religi\s life x c\ld only h done s by "s m subtle way ?an by ! m]e ret5tion 9 ,paul's m9d ( :at he _h se5 at ,t>sus4 ,! way :i* f9ds special favor among rec5t hi/orians is discov]$ 9 ! pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity ( cities l ,damascus & ,antio*4 ,:5 ,paul 0 conv]t$1 x is said1 he 0 conv]t$ n to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,j]usalem1 b to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,damascus & ,antio*4 ,b ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,damascus & ,antio*1 x is suppos$1 _h already receiv$ pagan elem5ts2 h5ce ! v fact ( ,paul's conv]sion broke d[n 8 ,jewi% prejudices & p]mitt$ ! influx ( pagan ideas4 ,( c\rse ,paul did n "k t !y 7 pagan ideas2 he suppos$ t !y 7 m]ely ,*ri/ian2 b pagan !y 71 nev]!less4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,jews :o f\nd$ ! *ur*es at ,damascus & ,antio*1 unlike ! orig9al apo/les at ,j]usalem1 7 lib]al ,jews1 susceptible to pagan influ5ce & desir\s ( attribut+ to ,jesus all t ! pagans attribut$ to _! own cult-gods4 ,?us ,jesus became a cult-god l ! cult-gods ( ! pagan religions1 & ,*ri/ianity became simil>1 9 important respects1 to ! pagan cults4 ,?is hypo!sis has be5 advocat$ brilliantly by ,heitmll] & ,b\sset4#ahc ,b :at evid5ce c be adduc$ 9 favor ( x8 ,h[ may ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,damascus & ,antio*1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 influ5c$ by pagan religion1 be recon/ruct$8 ,ev5 ,heitmll] & ,b\sset admit t ! recon/ruction is v difficult4 ,! only unque/ion$ s\rce ( in=mation ab\t ! pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity :i* is ! subject ( inve/igation is to be f\nd 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les !mselves4 ,b if ! mat]ial is f\nd 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 h[ c ! hi/orian be sure t x is n ! product ( ,paul's own ?9k+8 ,h[ c ! specifically ,paul9e elem5t 9 ! ,epi/les be sep>at$ f ! elem5t :i* is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f pre-,paul9e ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity8 #ahc ,see especially ,heitmll]1 ,zum ,problem ,paulus und ,jesus1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xiii1 #aiab1 pp4 #cbj-ccg2 ,jesus und ,paulus1 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie und ,kir*e1 xxv1 #aiae1 pp4 #aef-agi2 ,b\sset1 ,jesus d] ,h]r1 #aiaf1 pp4 #cj-cg4 ,! process ( sep>ation1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is difficult4 ,b1 accord+ to ,b\sset & ,heitmll]1 x is n impossible4 ,!re are passages 9 ! ,epi/les :]e ,paul evid5tly assumes t c]ta9 ?+s are kn[n already to 8 read]s4 ,9 *ur*es :]e ,paul himself _h n already _h ! opportunity ( tea*+1 notably at ,rome1 ^? elem5ts assum$ z already kn[n mu/ h be5 d]iv$1 x is said1 f tea*]s o!r ?an ,paul2 !y mu/ h =m$ "p ( ! pre-,paul9e fund ( ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity4 ,b 9 ord] to recon/ruct ?is pre-,paul9e ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity1 x is n suffici5t to sep>ate :at ,paul _h receiv$ f :at he himself produc$4 ,ano!r process ( sep>ation rema9s2 & ?is second process is va/ly m difficult ?an ! fir/4 ,9 ord] to recon/ruct ! ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity ( ,antio*1 ^u :i* ,paul9ism is ?\ght to be bas$1 x is necess>y n only to sep>ate :at ,paul receiv$ f :at he produc$1 b also to sep>ate :at he receiv$ f ,antio* f :at he receiv$ f ,j]usalem4 ,x is 9 connection ) ?is latt] process t ! hypo!sis ( ,heitmll] & ,b\sset breaks d[n4 ,unque/ionably "s elem5ts 9 ! ,epi/les c be e/abli%$ z hav+ be5 receiv$ by ,paul f ^? :o _h be5 ,*ri/ians be=e him4 ,"o notable example is f\nd 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-g4 ,9 t all-important passage ,paul di/9ctly says t he _h receiv$ 8 acc\nt ( ! dea?1 burial1 & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,b h[ does ,b\sset "k t he receiv$ x f ! ,*ur* at ,antio* or ! ,*ur* at ,damascus r ?an f ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem8 ,paul _h be5 9 intimate contact ) ,pet] 9 ,j]usalem2 ,pet] is prom95t 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-g4 ,:at reason is !re1 !n1 = des]t+ ! common view1 reg>d$ almo/ z an axiom ( criticism1 to ! effect t #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-g repres5ts ! tradition ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* :i* ,paul receiv$ f ,pet]8 ,moreov]1 :at "r h ,b\sset & ,heitmll] to use ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 9 recon/ruct+ ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,antio*8 ,ev5 if 9 t ,epi/le ! elem5ts ( specifically ,paul9e tea*+ c be sep>at$ f ^? ?+s :i* ,paul reg>ds z already matt] ( c\rse 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :at reason is !re to assume t ! pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity ( ,rome 0 ! same z ! pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity ( ,antio* & ,damascus8 ,in=mation ab\t ! pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity ( ,antio* & ,damascus is1 to say ! lea/1 scanty & unc]ta94 ,& x is t ,*ri/ianity only--! ,*ri/ianity ) :i* ,paul came into contact soon aft] 8 conv]sion--& n ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,rome1 :i* c be ( use 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ,paul's religion4 ,f9ally1 :at reason is !re = suppos+ t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,damascus & ,antio* 0 diff]5t 9 ess5tials f ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,j]usalem8 ,an important /ep1 x is said1 0 tak5 :5 ! gospel 0 transplant$ f its native ,pale/9ian soil to ! ,greek-speak+ _w--! mo/ mom5t\s /ep 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! mo/ heavily fraught ) *anges4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur* itself 0 bil+ual2 x conta9$ a l>ge ,greek-speak+ elem5t4 ,! transplant+ ( ! gospel to ,antio* 0 accompli%$ n by any ord9>y ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 b by ^? ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion :o _h liv$ at ,j]usalem & _h receiv$ _! in/ruction f ! intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,is x likely t su* m5 w\ld s soon =get ! impressions t !y _h receiv$1 & w\ld trans=m ,*ri/ianity f a simple acceptance ( ,jesus z ,messiah ) eag] long+ = ,8 return into a cult t emulat$ ! pagan cults ( ! surr\nd+ _w by wor%ip ( ,jesus z ,"l8 ,! transition1 if x occurr$ at all1 occurr$ ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,paul 0 conv]t$ only two or ?ree ye>s aft] ! crucifixion ( ,jesus4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! paganiz+ ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity ( ,damascus & ,antio* 0 to be ! spiritual soil 9 :i* ,paul's religion 0 nurtur$1 x mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 ! v e>ly days4 ,! pagan influ5ces c\ld h>dly h begun to ent] aft] ! conv]sion ( ,paul4#ahd ,= !n ,paul w\ld h be5 consci\s ( _! entrance1 & all ! advantages ( ! hypo!sis w\ld disappe>--! hypo!sis w\ld !n be exclud$ by ! self-te/imony ( ,paul4 ,b ! =mation ( a paganiz+ ,*ri/ianity at ,antio* & ,damascus1 9 ! v e>ly days & by ! in/rum5tality ( m5 :o _h come "u ! in/ruction ( ! intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus1 & despite ! con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 ,j]usalem & ! cities 9 "q1 is v difficult to conceive4 ,at any rate1 ! sep>ation betwe5 :at ,paul receiv$ f ,antio* & ,damascus & :at he receiv$ f ,j]usalem is q impossible4 ,heitmll] & ,b\sset h n really help$ matt]s by try+ to place an additional l9k 9 ! *a9 betwe5 ,paul & ,jesus4 ,! ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity ( ,antio*1 suppos$ to be di/9ct f ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,j]usalem1 is to say ! lea/ a v %ad[y ?+4 #ahd ,b comp>e ,b\sset1 op4 cit41 p4 #cb4 ,b ,b\sset & ,heitmll] probably w n ma9ta9 t all ! pagan influ5ces :i* ent]$ ! life ( ,paul ent]$ ?r\gh ! gateway ( pre-,paul9e ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w probably be said t ,paul liv$ all 8 life 9 ! mid/ ( a pagan religi\s atmosph]e1 :i* affect$ him directly z well z ?r\gh ! community at ,antio*4 ,b h[ 0 ?is direct pagan influ5ce ex]t$8 ,"s suppose t x 0 ex]t$ ?r\gh ! read+ ( pagan religi\s lit]ature2 o!rs suppose t x came m]ely ?r\gh conv]sation ) ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,paul desir$ to become all ?+s to all m5 7we are rem9d$71 9 ord] t by all means he might save "s 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bb74 ,b :at 0 m necess>y = w9n+ ! ,g5tiles ?an famili>ity ) _! habits ( ?\ght & life8 ,!re=e1 x is said1 ,paul mu/ h made "s /udy ( paganism 9 ord] to put 8 proclamation ( ! gospel 9 a =m :i* w\ld appeal to ! pagans :om he s\ght to w94 ,a c]ta9 elem5t ( tru? und]lies ?is cont5tion4 ,x %\ld n be suppos$ t ,paul 0 ignorant ( ! pagan life t surr\nd$ him4 ,he uses figures ( spee* d]iv$ f ! a?letic games2 "h & !re 9 8 ,epi/les he makes ref]5ce to ! =m] religi\s practices ( 8 conv]ts4 ,x is n unnatural t he %\ld occasionally h s\ght common gr\nd ) ^? to :om he prea*$1 9 accordance ) ! example conta9$ 9 ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ,acts4 ,b on ! :ole1 ! picture ( ,paul mak+ a /udy ( paganism 9 prep>ation = 8 life-"w is too mod]n to be conv9c+4 ,x may seem natural to ^? mod]n mission>ies :o no long] reg>d ,*ri/ianity z a positive religion1 :o no long] insi/ ^u any %>p break on ! "p ( ! conv]ts ) _! ance/ral ways ( ?9k+1 :o are p]fectly cont5t to d]ive help f all qu>t]s & are f> m int]e/$ 9 improv+ political & social conditions 9 ! l& = :i* !y labor ?an !y are 9 secur+ ass5t to any specific ,*ri/ian message4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( su* mission>ies might consi/5tly be hospitable to =eign influ5ce2 su* mission>ies might assign ! c5tral place 9 _! prep>ation to ! inve/igation ( ! religi\s life ( mission l&s4 ,b ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul 0 entirely diff]5t4 ,paul 0 conv9c$ ( ! exclusiv5ess & ! all-suffici5cy ( 8 own message4 ,! message _h be5 reveal$ to him directly by ! ,"l4 ,x 0 support$ by ! te/imony ( ^? :o _h be5 intimate ) ,jesus2 x 0 support$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,b ?r\gh\t x 0 ! product ( revelation4 ,to ! ,jews x 0 a /umbl+-block1 to ! ,greeks fooli%ness4 ,b to ^? :o 7 sav$ x 0 ! p[] ( ,god & ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,:]e is ! wise1 says ,paul1 :]e is ! scribe1 :]e is ! disput] ( ?is _w8 ha? n ,god made fooli% ! wisdom ( ! _w8 ,x is a little difficult to suppose t ! man :o wrote ^! words 0 will+ to modify ! div9e fooli%ness ( 8 message 9 ord] to make x con=m to ! religion ( pagan he>]s4 ,two res]vations1 !re=e1 are necess>y be=e ! inve/igator c ent] ^u an actual comp>ison ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ) ,h]mes ,trismegi/us & o!r simil> s\rces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x has n be5 prov$ t ! type ( religion atte/$ by ^! s\rces exi/$ at all 9 ! "t ( ,paul2#ahe & 9 ! second place1 x is difficult to see h[ any pagan influ5ce c\ld h ent]$ into ,paul's life4 ,b if despite ^! difficulties ! comp>ison be in/itut$1 x w %[1 z a matt] ( fact1 n agreem5t1 b a mo/ /rik+ div]g5ce bo? ( language & ( _s4 #ahe ,see ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! inve/igation may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 al?\gh ! ?ree p>ts w be f\nd to ov]lap at _m po9ts4 ,?ree fundam5tal elem5ts 9 ,paul's religion h be5 d]iv$ f ,greco-ori5tal syncretism3 fir/1 ! complex ( ideas connect$ ) ! obta9+ ( salvation2 second1 ! sacram5ts2 ?ird1 ! ,*ri/ology & ! "w ( ,*ri/ 9 r$emption4#ahf #ahf ,= :at foll[s1 comp>e especially ,k5n$y1 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,my/]y-,religions1 #aiac2 ,clem51 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aiji 7,engli% ,translation1 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity & ,its ,non-,jewi% ,s\rces1 #aiab71 ,d] ,e9fluss d] ,my/]i5religion5 auf das lte/e ,*ri/5tum1 #aiac4 ,^! writ]s d5y = ! mo/ "p any influ5ce ( ! my/]y religions ^u ! c5t] ( ,paul's religion4 ,= a ?or\ghgo+ pres5tation ( ! o!r side ( ! controv]sy1 see1 9 addition to ! works ( ,b\sset & ,reitz5/e91 ,loisy1 ,les my/res paens et le my/re *rti51 #aiai4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree divisions j enum]at$ is connect$ especially ) ! "n ( ,r4 ,reitz5/e94#ahg ,reitz5/e9 lays great /ress ^u ! lexical me?od ( /udy2 x may be prov$1 he believes1 t ,paul us$ t]ms :i* 7 d]iv$ f ,hell5i/ic my/ical religion1 & ) ! t]ms w5t ! ideas4 ,! ideas1 he admits1 7 n tak5 ov] )\t modification1 b ev5 aft] ! ,paul9e modifications are subtract$1 en\gh is ?\ght to rema9 9 ord] to %[ t ! my/]y religions ex]t$ an important influ5ce ^u ,paul4 #ahg ,poim&res1 #aijd2 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion51 #bte ,aufl41 #aibj2 ,religionsges*i*te und ,es*atologie1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xiii1 #aiab1 pp4 #a-bh4 ,?us ,reitz5/e9 attempts to exhibit 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les a te*nical vocabul>y d]iv$ f ! ,hell5iz$ my/]y religions4 ,?is suppos$ te*nical vocabul>y embraces especially ! t]ms connect$ ) k#ahh & ,_s4#ahi #ahh 4 #ahi 4 ,9 ! my/ical religion ( ,paul's day1 ,reitz5/e9 says1 gnosis 7k7 did n mean k acquir$ by processes ( inve/igation or reason+1 b ! k t came by imm$iate revelation f a god4 ,su* imm$iate revelation 0 giv51 9 ! my/]y cults1 by ! my/ic vision :i* =m$ a "p ( ! exp]i5ce ( initiation2 9 ! philosophiz+ d]ivatives ( ! my/]y cults1 l ! type ( piety :i* is atte/$ 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 ! revelation c\ld be divorc$ f any ext]nal acts & connect$ ) ! m]e read+ ( a book4 ,b 9 any case1 gnosis 0 n reg>d$ z an a*ievem5t ( ! intellect2 x 0 an exp]i5ce grant$ by div9e favor4 ,! man :o _h receiv$ su* favor 0 exalt$ f> above ord9>y humanity2 inde$ he 0 already deifi$4 ,?is conception ( gnosis1 ,reitz5/e9 believes1 is ! conception :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les2 gnosis accord+ to ,paul 0 a gift ( ,god1 an exp]i5ce produc$ by ! div9e ,_s4 ,9 ! case ( ,paul1 ,reitz5/e9 cont9ues1 ! exp]i5ce 0 produc$ ?r\gh a vision ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,t vision _h *ang$ ! v nature ( ,paul4 ,x is true1 ,paul avoids ! t]m deification2 he does n say1 9 accordance ) ,hell5i/ic usage1 t he _h ceas$ to be a man & _h become ,god4 ,?is limitation 0 requir$ by 8 ,jewi% habits ( ?\ght4 ,b he does say t ?r\gh 8 vision he 0 illum9$ & receiv$ glory4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! t]m deification is avoid$1 ! idea is pres5t4 ,z "o :o has receiv$ gnosis1 ,paul reg>ds himself z be+ beyond ! rea* ( human judgm5ts1 & is n int]e/$ 9 tradition t came f o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,9 %ort1 accord+ to ,reitz5/e91 ,paul 0 a true gno/ic4 ,b ?is conclusion is rea*$ only by do+ viol5ce to ! pla9 mean+ ( ! ,epi/les4 ,gnosis 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* 7includ+ ,paul71 z ,von ,h>nack well obs]ves1#aij is n a te*nical t]m2 x is no m a te*nical t]m ?an is1 = example1 wisdom4 ,9 #a ,cor4 xii4 #h x appe>s1 n by itself1 b along ) _m o!r spiritual gifts ( widely div]se nature4 ,gnosis1 !re=e1 does n /& 9 t position ( prom95ce :i* x ought to occupy if ,reitz5/e9's !ory 7 correct4 ,x is1 inde$1 accord+ to ,paul1 important2 & x is a direct gift f ,god4 ,b :at reason is !re to h rec\rse to ,hell5i/ic my/]y religions 9 ord] to expla9 ei!r its importance or its nature8 ,ano!r explanation is f\nd mu* ne>] at h&--namely1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! possibility ( ,old ,te/am5t influ5ce 9 ,paul does n h to be e/abli%$ by any elaborate argum5ts1 & is n oppos$ by 8 own te/imony4 ,on ! contr>y1 he appeals to ! ,old ,te/am5t aga9 & aga9 9 8 ,epi/les4 ,& ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s all ! elem5ts ( 8 conception ( ! k ( ,god4 ,ev5 ! ,greek n\n gnosis occurs 9 ! ,septuag9t 7?\gh ) comp>ative infrequ5cy72 b :at is f> m important is t ! idea is express$ c\ntless times by ! v]b4 ,let x n be said t ! ,septuag9t is a ,hell5i/ic book1 & t !re=e if ! ,septuag9t idea ( ! k ( ,god af=ds ! basis = ,paul9e tea*+ t does n disprove ! influ5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic my/]y religions4 ,= 9 its r5d]+ ( ! passages deal+ ) ! k ( ,god1 :atev] may be said ( o!r matt]s1 ! ,septuag9t is transmitt+ fai?fully ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew text4 ,k ( ,god 9 ! ,hebrew ,old ,te/am5t is some?+ f> m ?an a m]e intellectual a*ievem5t4 ,x is ! gift ( ,god1 & x involves ! entire emotional nature4 #aij ,von ,h>nack1 ,die ,t]m9ologie d] ,wi$]geburt und v]w&t] ,erlebnisse 9 d] lte/5 ,kir*e1 9 ,texte und ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] alt*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 xlii1 #aiah1 pp4 #abh;f41 ,anm4 #a4 ,b may x n be object$ t ! ,paul9e conception transc5ds t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 t 9 ,paul ! k ( ,god produces a trans=mation ( human nature--! virtual deification ( man8 ,?is "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,paul9e conception does transc5d t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b n 9 ! way :i* is "h suppos$4 ,! intimate relation betwe5 ! believ] & ! ris5 ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,paul1 goes f> beyond any?+ t 0 possible "u ! old disp5sation4 ,x involves a full]1 ri*]1 m intimate k4 ,b ! exp]i5ce 9 :i* ,paul saw ! ris5 ,*ri/ ne> ,damascus 0 n an end 9 itself1 z x w\ld h be5 9 ! milieu ( ! my/]y religions2 x 0 r a means to an end4#aia ,x 0 ! div9ely appo9t$ means by :i* ,paul 0 conv9c$ ( an hi/orical fact1 ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 & 0 l$ to appropriate ! b5efits ( t fact4 ,?us1 z ,oepke#aib has well obs]v$1 ,paul does n expect 8 conv]ts all to see ,*ri/1 or ev5 to h exp]i5ces l t :i* is describ$ 9 #b ,cor4 xii4 #b-d4 ,x is suffici5t = !m to receive ! hi/orical acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s r$eem+ "w1 ?r\gh ! te/imony ( ,paul & ( ! o!r witnesses4 ,t acc\nt1 transmitt$ by ord9>y ^w ( m\?1 is a suffici5t basis = fai?2 & ?r\gh fai? comes ! new life4 ,at ?is po9t is discov]$ an enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ,paul & ! my/]y religions4 ,9 ! my/]y religions ev]y?+ l$ up to ! my/ic vision2 )\t t my/ic vision !re 0 no escape f ! mis]ies ( ! old life4 ,b accord+ to ,paul1 ! mighty *ange 0 produc$ by ! acceptance ( a simple /ory1 an acc\nt ( :at _h happ5$ only a few ye>s be=e1 :5 ,jesus di$ & rose aga94 ,f ! acceptance ( t /ory !re proce$s a new k1 a gnosis4 ,b ?is high] gnosis 9 ,paul is n ! means ( salvation1 z x is 9 ! my/]y religions2 x is only "o ( ! effects ( salvation4 ,?is diff]5ce is no m]e matt] ( detail4 ,on ! contr>y1 x involves a contra/ betwe5 two entirely diff]5t worlds ( ?\ght & life4 #aia ,oepke1 ,die ,missionspr$igt des ,apo/els ,paulus1 #aibj1 p4 #ec4 #aib ,loc4 cit4 ,! message ( ,paul1 !n1 0 a gospel1 a piece ( news ab\t some?+ t _h happ5$4 ,z has well be5 obs]v$1#aic ! *>act]i/ic ,new ,te/am5t words are ! words t deal ) gospel1 tea*+1 & ! transmission ( an hi/orical message4 ,paul 0 n a gno/ic1 b a witness2 salvation1 accord+ to 8 tea*+1 came n ?r\gh a my/ic vision1 b ?r\gh ! he>+ ( fai?4#aid #aic ,he9rici1 ,die ,h]mes-,my/ik und das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #aiah1 pp4 #agh-ahj4 #aid ,comp>e ,oepke1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dj;ff4 ,?us1 s f> z ! idea ( k is conc]n$1 ,reitz5/e9 has n be5 successful 9 %[+ any dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u ! my/]y religions4 ,b h[ is x ) reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ! ,_s8 ,9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #ad1 #ae1 ! spiritual man is contra/$ ) ! psy*ic man4 ,! spiritual man is ! man :o has ! ,_s ( ,god2 ! psy*ic man is ! man :o has only a human s\l4 ,x is n really correct to say t ! spiritual man1 accord+ to ,paul1 is a man n :o has ! ,_s b :o is ! ,_s4 ,paul avoids su* an expression = ! same reason t prev5ts 8 speak+ ( ! deification ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ,paul ! p]sonal di/9ction betwe5 ! believ] & ! ,*ri/ :o dwells 9 him is c>efully pres]v$4 ,8 my/icism 7if ! ^w may be us$ ?us loosely7 is nev] pan!i/ic4 ,"h already is to be f\nd a mo/ vital diff]5ce betwe5 ,paul & ,h]mes ,trismegi/us4 ,b ?is obs]vation con/itutes a digression4 ,x is necess>y to return to #a ,cor4 ii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,! spiritual man1 accord+ to t passage1 is ! man :o has ! ,_s ( ,god2 ! psy*ic man is ! man :o has only a human s\l4 ,reitz5/e9 app>5tly insi/s t ! only 9 ?is s5t5ce %\ld be left out4 ,! psy*ic man1 accord+ to ,paul1 he says1 has a s\l2 ! spiritual man has no s\l b has ! div9e ,_s in/ead4 ,b su* a repres5tation is n really ,paul9e4#aie ,paul cle>ly tea*es t ! human s\l cont9ues to exi/ ev5 aft] ! div9e ,_s has ent]$ 94 ,! ,_s himself1 he says1 be>e? witness ) our _s1 t we are *ildr5 ( ,god 7,rom4 viii4 #af74 ,"h our _s cle>ly means our s\l1 & is expressly di/+ui%$ f ! div9e ,_s4 ,at e po9t1 !n1 ! attempt to f9d a pan!i/ic my/icism 9 ,paul breaks d[n be=e ! int5sely p]sonal "* ( 8 religion4 ,! relation ( ,paul to ! ris5 ,*ri/1 intimate z x is1 m$iat$ z x is by ! all-p]vasive ,_s1 is a relation ( "o p]son to ano!r4 #aie ,see especially ,vos1 ,! ,es*atological ,aspect ( ! ,paul9e ,conception ( ! ,_s1 9 ,biblical & ,!ological ,/udies by ! ,memb]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y1 #aiab1 pp4 #bdh-bej4 ,b x is /ill necess>y to return to ! ,paul9e contra/ betwe5 ! spiritual man & ! psy*ic man4 ,reitz5/e9 lays great /ress ^u t contra/4 ,he reg>ds x z ly+ at ! he>t ( ,paul's religion1 & he ?9ks t he c expla9 x f ! ,hell5i/ic my/]y religions4 ,app>5tly ! me?od ( ,reitz5/e9 c be te/$ at ?is po9t if x c be te/$ at all4 ,if x does n succe$ 9 expla9+ ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s1 ^u :i* ! *ief /ress is laid1 probably x w expla9 no?+ at all4 ,at fir/ sight ! mat]ial adduc$ by ,reitz5/e9 is impressive4 ,x is impressive by its v bulk4 ,! read] is l$ by ! le>n$ inve/igator into _m new & entranc+ fields4 ,surely aft] s long a j\rney ! travel] mu/ arrive at la/ at 8 desir$ goal4 ,b someh[ ! goal is nev] rea*$4 ,all ( ,reitz5/e9's mat]ial1 /range to say1 seems to prove ! exact opposite ( :at ,reitz5/e9 desires4 ,reitz5/e9 desires app>5tly to expla9 ! ,paul9e use ( ! adjectives psy*ic & spiritual#aif 9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #ad1 #ae2 app>5tly he is q sure t ! usage f9ds its suffici5t basis 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us & relat$ s\rces4 ,b ! pla9 fact--almo/ buri$ ?\gh x is "u ! mass ( irrelevant mat]ial--is t ! adjective psy*ic & ! adjective spiritual occur ea* only once 9 ! s\rces :i* are exam9$1 & t !y nev] occur1 z 9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #ad1 #ae1 9 contra/ ) ea* o!r4#aig ,:at is ev5 f> m disconc]t+1 h[ev]1 is t ! n\n _s#aih is n us$ 7c]ta9ly n us$ ord9>ily7 9 contra/ ) s\l1#aii z ,paul uses x4 ,c]ta9ly x is n s us$ ord9>ily 9 ! ,h]metic writ+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,h]mes ! _s appe>s1 9 c]ta9 passages1 n z some?+ t is high] ?an ! s\l1 b z some?+ t is l[]4 ,app>5tly ! common ,greek mat]iali/ic use ( pneuma to indicate brea? or w9d or ! l is "h foll[$4 ,at any rate1 ! t]m9ology is z remote z c\ld be imag9$ f t ( ,paul4 ,!re is absolutely no basis = ! ,paul9e contra/ betwe5 ! human s\l & ! div9e ,_s4#bjj #aif & 4 #aig ,on ! occurr5ce ( at ! beg9n+ ( ,diet]i*'s ,mi?ras ,liturgy 7l9e #bd71 see ,b\sset1 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 p4 #ada1 ,anm4 #a4 ,on ! occurr5ce ( 1 see ,reitz5/e91 ,hell5i/is*e ,my/]i5religion51 #bte ,aufl41 #aibj1 p4 #afb4 ,comp>e ,b\sset1 ,jesus d] ,h]r1 #aiaf1 pp4 #hj;f4 #aih 4 #aii 4 #bjj ,= ?is :ole subject1 see especially ! compreh5sive monograph ( ,burton 7,_s1 ,s\l1 & ,fle%1 #aiah71 ) ! summ>y on pp4 #bje-bjg4 ,x might be suppos$ t ?is fact w\ld weak5 ,reitz5/e9's devotion to 8 !ory4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,if1 says ,reitz5/e91 ,_s 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us does n indicate some?+ high] ?an s\l1 t is because ! orig9al popul> t]m9ology has "h suff]$ philosophical revision4 ,! popul> t]m _s has be5 made to give place to ! m philosophical t]m m9d4#bja ,:]e ,h]mes says m9d1 !re=e1 x is only necess>y to re/ore ! t]m _s1 & an admirable basis is discov]$ = ! ,paul9e t]m9ology4 ,b h[ does ,reitz5/e9 "k t ! popul>1 unphilosophical t]m 9 ! my/]y religions 0 _s1 r ?an m9d or ! l8 ,! extant pagan s\rces d n cle>ly atte/ ! t]m _s 9 ! s5se :i* is "h requir$4 ,app>5tly !n ! only reason = posit+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a t]m 9 pagan my/]y religion is t x mu/ h exi/$ 9 pagan my/]y religion if ! ,paul9e use ( x is to be expla9$4 ,x looks1 !re=e1 z ?\gh ! le>n$ argum5t ( ,reitz5/e9 _h be5 mov+ all ! "t 9 a circle4 ,aft] pursu+ a r\ndab\t c\rse ?r\gh _m c5turies & _m races ( m51 aft] acquir+ b\ndless treasures ( curi\s in=mation1 aft] impress+ ! :ole _w ) ! le>n+ ?us acquir$1 ! explor] arrives at la/ at ! exact po9t :]e he />t$1 & no ri*] ?an :5 he fir/ set out6 ,! ,paul9e t]m9ology _c be expla9$ except z com+ f ! my/]y religions2 !re=e1 says ,reitz5/e9 9 effect1 x mu/ h _h a place 9 ! my/]y religions ev5 ?\gh ! extant s\rces provide no suffici5t evid5ce ( ! fact4#bjb #bja #bjb ,see ,burton1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjf3 ,= ! ,paul9e exaltation ( ov] !re is no obs]v$ previ\s p>allel4 ,x m>ks an advance on ,philo1 = :i* !re is no prec$5t 9 non-,jewi% ,greek1 & only p>tial & imp]fect p>allels 9 ! magical papyri4 ,x is ! rev]se ( ,h]metic usage4 ,b is !re n "s way out ( ! vici\s circle8 ,is !re n "s witness to ! t]m9ology :i* is requir$8 ,! inve/igator turns naturally to ,philo4 ,philo is ?\ght to be dep5d5t ^u ! my/]ies2 p]haps he w atte/ ! requir$ my/ical use ( ! t]m _s4 ,b1 alas1 ,philo app>5tly des]ts 8 fri5ds4 ,except :]e he is influ5c$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t use ( ! ^w _s1 he seems to pref] o!r t]m9ology4#bjc ,8 t]m9ology1 !n1 l t ( ,h]mes mu/ be ?\ght to h suff]$ philosophical rev]sal4 ,& /ill ! requir$ my/]y t]m9ology eludes ! eye ( ! inve/igator4 #bjc ,see ,b\sset1 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 pp4 #ach1 #adj1 #ada 7,anm4 #b74 ,( c\rse !re is "o place :]e ! t]ms ,_s & spiritual are exalt$ above ! t]ms psy*e & psy*ic1 9 q ! mann] t is desir$4 ,t place is f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism ( ! second c5tury4 ,b ! ,gno/ics ( ! second c5tury are pla9ly dep5d5t ^u ,paul2 !y vie ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 _! appeal to ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,! orig9 ( _! use ( ! t]ms psy*ic & spiritual is !re=e only too pla94 ,at lea/ x might seem to be pla94 ,b ,reitz5/e9 rejects ! common view4#bjd ,accord+ to ,reitz5/e91 ! ,gno/ics h d]iv$ _! usage n f ,paul b f ! pre-,paul9e my/]y religions2 & ! ,gno/ic usage ( ,_s z high] ?an s\l is ! s\rce ( ! ,h]metic usage ( s\l z high] ?an _s1 :i*1 ,reitz5/e9 believes1 has be5 d]iv$ f x by philosophical revision4 ,b ! argum5t is beyond ! rea* ev5 ( ,j4 ,kroll1 :o _c be accus$ ( !ological int]e/4 ,z has already be5 obs]v$1 ,kroll insi/s t ! ,gno/ic usage is "h second>y4#bje #bjd ,also ,b\sset1 op4 cit41 pp4 #adj;f4 ,accord+ to ,b\sset1 x is unlikely t ! few & difficult t]m9ological explanations ( ,paul 444 %\ld h ex]t$ su* ext5sive influ5ce ^u ! mo/ div]se ,gno/ic sy/ems4 ,b is ! tea*+ ( ,paul ab\t ! ,_s z high] ?an ! s\l really obscure8 ,does x n appe> pla9ly all ?r\gh ! ,epi/les8 #bje ,see above1 p4 #bdi1 ) footnote #b4 ,"o argum5t rema9s4 ,! tr\ble1 f ,reitz5/e9's po9t ( view1 is t :5 ! ,h]metic writ+s ought1 9 ! int]e/s ( ! !ory1 to say ,_s !y actually say m9d4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to prove t m9d means ! same ?+ z _s4 ,a pro( is f\nd by ,reitz5/e9 9 ,paul himself1 9 ,i ,cor4 ii4 #ae1 #af4 ,b ! spiritual man1 says ,paul1 exam9es all ?+s1 b he himself is exam9$ by none4 ,= ':o ha? kn[n ! m9d ( ! ,"l1 t he %\ld in/ruct ,him8' ,b we h ! m9d ( ,*ri/4 ,"h1 says ,reitz5/e91#bjf ! possession ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/ makes a man a spiritual man1 t is1 a man :o has ! ,_s4 ,h5ce m9d is ! same ?+ z _s4 ,h5ce--su*1 at lea/1 w\ld seem to be ! only inf]5ce f ! passage 9 ,i ,cor9?ians :i* w\ld really e/abli% ,reitz5/e9's !ory--:5 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us says m9d1 x is legitimate to sub/itute _s 9 ord] ?us to f9d ! basis = ! ord9>y ,paul9e t]m9ology4 #bjf ,hell5i/is*e ,my/]i5religion51 #bte ,aufl41 #aibj1 pp4 #ahi;f4 ,b x is by no means cle> t m9d 9 ,i ,cor4 ii4 #af;b is ! same z _s4 ,if a man has ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 he also has ! m9d ( ,*ri/2 ! ,_s gives him an und]/&+ ( ! ?\ghts ( ,*ri/4 ,conv]sely1 ! possession ( ! m9d ( ,*ri/ is a pro( t ! man has ! ,_s ( ,*ri/2 x is only ! ,_s :o c\ld h giv5 him 8 und]/&+ ( ,*ri/'s ?\ghts4 ,b x does n foll[ by any means t ! t]m m9d means ! same ?+ z ! t]m _s4 ,moreov]1 ! passage is entirely isolat$2 & ! *oice ( ! unusual ^w m9d may be due to ! =m ( ! ,septuag9t passage :i* ,paul is cit+4 ,at any rate1 ! pla9 fact is t ! t]m9ology 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us & relat$ s\rces is /rik+ly diff]5t f t ( ,paul4 ,reitz5/e9 f9ds himself 9 ! peculi> position ( prov+ t ,paul is dep5d5t ^u pagan s\rces by ! fact t ! ,paul9e t]m9ology does n occur 9 ! pagan s\rces4 ,x w n d = him to say t ! t]m9ology is ( little importance & t ! ideas ( ,paul1 if n ! t]m9ology1 are d]iv$ f ! pagan my/]ies4 ,= x is j ,reitz5/e9 :o insi/s ^u ! importance ( words z ! vehicle ( ideas4 ,8 fundam5tal argum5t is t ,paul us$ ! t]m9ology ( ! my/]y religions1 & ) ! t]m9ology receiv$ also ! ideas4 ,x is !re=e important to obs]ve t ,reitz5/e9's lexical p>allel utt]ly breaks d[n4 ,b if ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s 0 n d]iv$ f ! pagan my/]y religions1 :5ce 0 x d]iv$8 ,! answ] is p]fectly pla94 ,x 0 d]iv$ ultimately f ! ,old ,te/am5t4#bjg ,unque/ionably1 inde$1 x goes f> beyond ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! enri*m5t ( its cont5t may conceivably be expla9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! ,gospels & ,acts expla9 ! enri*m5t z due p>tly to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,himself & to ! com+ ( ! ,_s on ! day ( ,p5teco/4 ,?is explanation w be reject$ = ! mo/ "p by naturali/ic criticism4 ,paul expla9s ! enri*m5t z due p>tly to ! exp]i5ce :i* he _h ( ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/4 ,?is explanation is reg>d$ z no explanation at all by ! s*ool ( comp>ative religion4 ,b x is n necess>y 9 ! pres5t connection to discuss ^! matt]s4 ,all t ne$s to be obs]v$ n[ is t ! basis = ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #bjg ,b\sset 7op4 cit41 p4 #ada1 ,anm4 #b7 admits t ! t]m9ology ( ,paul1 especially 8 use ( ! t]m ,_s in/ead ( m9d & 8 use ( ! t]ms 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ,_s & fle% may possibly be due p>tly to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b insi/s t su* t]m9ological influ5ce does n t\* ! fundam5tals ( ! ?\ght4 ,su* admissions are important1 despite ! way 9 :i* ,b\sset qualifies !m4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,_s ( ,god is repres5t$ z di/9ct f man & high] ?an man2 !re is no "q 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( a usage by :i* ! ,_s is degrad$1 z 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 bel[ ! s\l4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 moreov]1 ! ,_s is reg>d$ z be/[+ sup]natural gifts su* z prophecy & produc+ sup]natural exp]i5ces--exactly z 9 ,paul4 ,b ! fruit ( ! ,_s accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t is some?+ m ?an prophecy or any mom5t>y exp]i5ce2 x is also a p]man5t possession ( ! s\l4 ,take n ?y holy ,_s f me1 says ! ,psalmi/4 7,ps4 li4 #aa47 ,let ! /ud5t fir/ exam9e ! labor$ argum5ts ( ,reitz5/e91 let him exam9e ! few fa9t approa*es to ! ,paul9e t]m9ology :i* h be5 glean$ f pagan s\rces1 mo/ly late & ( unc]ta9 orig91 let him obs]ve t j :]e ,greek usage approa*es ,paul mo/ closely 9 =m 7z 9 ! div9e ,_s ( ,m5&]71#bjh x is mo/ diametrically oppos$ 9 cont5t1 let him reflect t ! influ5ce ( pagan usage is contr>y to ,paul's own consci\sness4 ,& !n let him turn to ! ,old ,te/am5t6 ,let him rememb] t ! ,paul9e use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is no matt] ( conjecture1 b is atte/$ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,& let him exam9e ! ,old ,te/am5t usage 9 detail4 ,! ,paul9e t]m9ology--! ,holy ,_s1 ! ,_s ( ,god--s signally lack+ 9 e>ly pagan s\rces1#bji appe>s "h 9 all its ri*ness2 & ) ! t]m9ology g ! dep?s ( life4 ,9 turn+ f ,h]mes to ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 ! /ud5t has turn$ away f ,/oic pan!ism1 away f ! poly!ism ( ! my/]y religions1 away f ! fanta/ic speculations ( a decad5t philosophy1 to ! pres5ce ( ! p]sonal ,god4 ,&1 9 do+ s1 he has f\nd ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,paul4 #bjh ,see ,burton1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aad-aaf4 #bji ,burton1 op4 cit41 pp4 #agc-age1 #ahg;f4 ,?us ! lexical argum5t ( ,reitz5/e9 breaks d[n at ! decisive po9ts4 ,x w\ld inde$ be ra% to ass]t t ,paul nev] uses a t]m d]iv$ f ! pagan my/]ies4 ,= example1 9 ,phil4 iv4 #ab he uses ! v]b t means to be initiat$4 ,9 ev]y?+ & 9 all ?+s ,i h be5 initiat$1 he says1 bo? to be fill$ & to suff] hung]1 bo? to ab\nd & to be 9 want4 ,b ?is example %[s cle>ly h[ little importance is sometimes to be attribut$ to ! ultimate d]ivation ( a ^w4 ,! ^w initiate is "h us$ 9 a purely figurative way4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re is ! slighte/ ?\ght ( its orig9al significance4 ,! ^w has be5 worn d[n by repeat$ use almo/ z mu* z1 = example1 ! ^w :i* means supply 9 ,gal4 iii4 #e4 ,etymologically t ^w means to be ! lead] ( a *orus4 ,x ref]r$ orig9ally to ! ,a!nian cu/om by :i* a weal?y citiz5 und]took to defray ! co/ ( ! *orus at "o ( ! dramatic fe/ivals4 ,b lat] x 0 us$ to designate any act ( b\ntiful supply+4 ,& :5 x 0 us$ by ,paul1 its orig9 0 entirely =gott54 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to make ,paul say t 9 be/[+ ! ,_s ^u ! ,galatian ,*ri/ians ,god act$ z ! lead] ( a *orus4 ,x is n ess5tially diff]5t ) ! v]b mean+ to be initiat$ 9 ,philippians4 ,9 bo? cases1 an in/itution ( anci5t ,hell5ic life--9 ! =m] case1 ! religi\s fe/ivals1 9 ! latt] case1 ! my/]ies--has giv5 rise to ! use ( a ^w1 :i* f\nd its way into ! ,greek _w-language ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 & cont9u$ to be us$ ev5 :]e !re 0 no ?\ght ( its ultimate orig94 ,?is example is in/ructive because ! context 9 ! ,philippians passage is pla9ly free f all my/ical associations4 ,pla9ly1 !re=e1 ! use ( a ^w d]iv$ f ! my/]ies does n necess>ily indicate any agreem5t ) ! my/ical po9t ( view4 ,inde$1 x may p]haps indicate ! exact opposite4 ,if ! idea to initiate _h associations connect$ ) ! c5t] ( ,paul's religi\s life1 x is p]haps d\btful :e!r ,paul c\ld h us$ ! ^w 9 s purely figurative a way1 j z he w\ld n h us$ ! ^w mean+ to be ! lead] ( a *orus 9 ref]r+ to ,god's be/[al ( ! ,_s1 if he _h _h ! slighte/ ?\ght ( ! ,a!nian fe/ivals4 ,if1 !n1 x %\ld appe> t ,paul uses a vocabul>y d]iv$ f ! my/]ies1 ! fact w\ld n necess>ily be ( any significance :atev] 9 det]m9+ ! orig9 ( 8 religion4 ,e mission>y is oblig$ to take ! words :i* h be5 us$ 9 ! religion f :i* conv]ts are to be won 9 ord] to express ! new ideas4 ,translators ( ! ,bible 9 ! mod]n mission fields are oblig$ to proce$ 9 ?is way4 ,yet ! proc$ure does n necess>ily involve any modification ( ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,! old words are giv5 l(ti] mean+s 9 ord] to become ! vehicle ( ,*ri/ian tru?2 ! orig9al mean+s provide m]ely a />t+-po9t = ! new tea*+4 ,conceivably1 ! apo/le ,paul might h proce$$ 9 ?is way2 conceivably he might h us$ words connect$ ) ! my/]y religions 9 ord] to proclaim ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! evid5ce = su* an employm5t ( a my/]y t]m9ology 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les is v slight4 ,9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #f1 #g1 ,paul uses ! t]ms my/]y & p]fect or full-gr[n4#baj ,! =m] ^w 0 sometimes us$ to designate ! my/]ies 9 ! te*nical1 religi\s s5se4 ,b x is also us$ 9 ,greek 9 a v mu* m g5]al way4 ,& c]ta9ly z x is us$ 9 ,paul x is v remote f ! te*nical mean+4 ,! ,*ri/ian my/]y accord+ to ,paul is n some?+ t is to be kept secret on pr9ciple1 l ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 b x is some?+ :i*1 ?\gh x 0 =m]ly hidd5 9 ! c\nsels ( ,god1 is n[ to be made kn[n to all4 ,"s1 x is true1 may nev] be able to receive x4 ,b t :i* is necess>y 9 ord] t x may be receiv$ is n gnosis or an initiation4 ,x is r acceptance ( a message & ! holy life t foll[s4 ,if y w\ld "k ! deep ?+s ( ,god1 ,paul says to ! ,cor9?ians1 !n /op y\r qu>rel+4 ,we f9d ourselves "h 9 a circle ( ideas q diff]5t f t ( ! my/]y religions4 ,z = ! ^w teleios1 x seems n to h be5 discov]$ 9 pagan s\rces 9 ! s5se ( initiat$1 :i* is sometimes attribut$ to x 9 #a ,cor9?ians4 ,app>5tly x means simply full-gr[n2 ,paul contra/s ! full-gr[n man ) ! babes 9 ,*ri/4 #baj & 4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems improbable t ! conv]ts ( ,paul1 9 any great numb]s1 _h liv$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! my/]y religions4#baa ,at any rate1 ,paul c]ta9ly does n use ! te*nical vocabul>y ( ! my/]ies4 ,t fact has be5 amply demon/rat$ by ,von ,h>nack 9 ! illum9at+ /udy :i* he has devot$ to ! t]m9ology ( ! new bir?4#bab ,! e>lie/ g5u9e te*nical t]m 9 ! vocabul>y ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ,von ,h>nack believes1 is illum9ation1 z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr uses x to designate baptism4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( any su* fixity 9 ! use ( t]ms z w\ld h appe>$ if ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s _h adopt$ a te*nical vocabul>y4 #baa ,oepke1 ,die ,missionspr$igt des ,apo/els ,paulus1 #aibj1 p4 #bf4 #bab ,von ,h>nack1 ,die ,t]m9ologie d] ,wi$]geburt und v]w&t] ,erlebnisse 9 d] lte/5 ,kir*e1 9 ,texte und ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] alt*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 xlii1 #aiah1 pp4 #ig-adc4 ,see especially pp4 #aci-adc4 ,!re=e1 if ! dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u ! my/]y religions is to be demon/rat$1 ! lexical me?od ( ,reitz5/e9 mu/ be ab&on$4 ,! t]m9ology ( ,paul is n d]iv$ f ! t]m9ology ( ! my/]ies4 ,b possibly1 x may be said1 al?\gh !re is no cle> dep5d5ce 9 ! t]m9ology1 ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,paul may /ill be %[n to h come f ! surr\nd+ paganism4 ,x is 9 ?is m cauti\s =m t ! hypo!sis is ma9ta9$ by ,b\sset3 at lea/ ,b\sset is less incl9$ ?an ,reitz5/e9 to lay /ress ^u v]bal co9cid5ces4#bac ,! entire outlook ( ,paul1 ,b\sset believes1 reg>dless ( ! way 9 :i* t outlook is express$1 0 d]iv$ f ! my/ical piety ( ! ,hell5i/ic age2 x 0 f 8 pagan environm5t t ,paul d]iv$ ! pessimi/ic e/imate ( human nature :i* is at ! basis ( 8 tea*+4 #bac ,b comp>e ,jesus d] ,h]r1 #aiaf1 pp4 #hj-he4 ,at ?is po9t x may be admitt$ v freely t ,paul 0 conv9c$ ( ! insuffici5cy ( human nature1 & t t conviction 0 also preval5t 9 ! paganism ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age1 l ,paul1 recogniz$ ! ne$ ( r$emption2 salvation1 x 0 believ$1 c\ld n be atta9$ by unaid$ human res\rces1 b 0 a gift ( high] p[]s4 ,b ?is simil>ity is q insuffici5t to e/abli% any relation%ip ( dep5d5ce4 ,bo? ,paul9ism & ! ,hell5i/ic my/]y religions 7 religions ( r$emption4 ,b !re h be5 _m religions ( r$emption1 9 _m ages & among _m peoples1 :i* h be5 entirely indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,x w probably n be ma9ta9$1 = example1 t e>ly ,buddhism /ood 9 any fundam5tal causal relation to ! piety ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,yet e>ly ,buddhism 0 a religion ( r$emption4 ,no attempt inde$ %\ld be made to und]e/imate ! community ( int]e/ :i* b9ds all r$emptive religions toge!r & sep>ates !m %>ply f all o!rs4 ,common recognition ( ! fundam5tal evil ( ! _w is a f> clos] bond ( union ?an agreem5t ab\t ! details ( conduct4 ,gautama "u ! tree ( k 9 ,india1 seek+ 9 ascetic m$itation = fre$om f ! mis]y ( exi/5ce1 0 inw>dly f> ne>] to ! apo/le ,paul ?an is _m a mod]n lib]al prea*] :o loves to read ! six? *apt] ( ,ephesians 9 ,*ur*4 ,b su* community ( int]e/ does n indicate any relation ( dep5d5ce4 ,x might d s if ! s5se ( human inadequacy 7 an abnormal ?+4 ,9 t case1 ! appe>ance ( a pessimi/ic view ( human nature w\ld require explanation4 ,b if human nature is really hopeless & helpless 9 an evil _w1 !n ! indep5d5t recognition ( ! fact by _m m5 ( _m m9ds is no long] cause = wond]4 ,hi/orical judgm5ts at ?is po9t1 !n1 are apt to be influ5c$ by ! presuppositions ( ! inve/igator4 ,to ,b\sset ! :ole notion ( r$emption is di/a/eful4 ,x seems to him to be an abnormal1 an unheal?y ?+4 ,to expla9 its em]g5ce1 !re=e1 9 ! c\rse ( human hi/ory he is prone to look = special causes4 ,s he expla9s ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! radical evil ( human nature z be+ due to ! piety ( a decad5t age4 ,b if ?is _w is really an evil _w1 z ,paul says x is1 !n recognition ( ! fact w appe> spontane\sly at _m po9ts4 ,= a "t1 9 an age ( high a*ievem5ts l ! age ( ,p]icles1 ! fundam5tal problem ( life may be =gott54 ,b ! problem is always !re & w =ce itself ev] anew into ! consci\sness ( m54 ,at any rate1 :e!r desirable or n1 ! long+ = r$emption is a fundam5tal fact ( hi/ory1 & may be %[n to h em]g$ indep5d5tly at _m po9ts4 ,! "* ( ,paul9ism z a r$emptive religion1 ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( human depravity1 is !re=e insuffici5t to e/abli% dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u ! my/]y religions ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,dep5d5ce c\ld be e/abli%$ only by simil>ity 9 ! =m 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( depravity appe>s4 ,b z a matt] ( fact su* simil>ity is /rik+ly abs5t4 ,! ,paul9e use ( ! t]m fle% to d5ote t 9 :i* evil resides c app>5tly f9d no real p>allel :atev] 9 pagan usage4 ,& ! div]g5ce appe>s n only 9 t]m9ology b also 9 ?\ght4 ,at fir/ sight !re might seem to be a p>allel betwe5 ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! fle% & ! ,greek doctr9e ( ! evil ( matt]1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,orphic sects1 !n 9 ,plato & 9 8 successors4 ,b ! p>allel breaks d[n ^u clos] exam9ation4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! body is evil because x is mat]ial2 x is ! prison-h\se ( ! s\l4 ,no?+ c\ld really be m remote f ! ?\ght ( ,paul4 ,accord+ to ,paul1 ! connection ( s\l & body is entirely normal1 & ! s\l ap>t f ! body is 9 a condition ( nak$ness4 ,x is true1 ! body w be *ang$ at ! resurrection or at ! com+ ( ,*ri/2 x w be made m adequate = ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,b at any rate1 !re is 9 ,paul no doctr9e ( ! inh]5t evil ( matt]4 ,! real />t+-po9t ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! fle% is to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ! passages :]e fle% d5otes human nature 9 its frailty4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,paul9e tea*+ is f> m highly develop$ ?an ! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b ! ,old ,te/am5t provides ! />t+-po9t4 ,! fle% 9 ,paul1 :5 x is us$ 9 its develop$1 e?ical s5se1 does n mean ! mat]ial nature ( man2 x includes r all t man receives by ord9>y g5]ation4 ,! contra/ betwe5 fle% & ,_s !re=e is n ! contra/ betwe5 matt] & _s2 x is a contra/ betwe5 human nature1 ( :i* s9 has tak5 possession1 & ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,c]ta9ly1 at any rate1 :atev] solution may be f\nd = ! intricate problem ( ! ,paul9e use ( ! t]m fle%1 ! ,paul9e pessimism ) reg>d to human nature is totally diff]5t f ! duali/ic pessimism ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,x is diff]5t because x does n make evil reside 9 matt] z su*4 ,b x is diff]5t also 9 a f> m fundam5tal way4 ,x is diff]5t 9 its e?ical "*4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age 0 consci\s ( ! ne$ ( salvation2 & salvation1 x 0 recogniz$1 mu/ come f outside ( man4 ,b ?is consci\sness ( ne$ 0 n always1 & n cle>ly1 connect$ ) que/ions ( "r & wrong4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age 0 consci\s ( inadequacy1 ( slav]y to fate1 ( ! futility ( human life z x is actually liv$ ^u ! e>?4 ,"h & !re1 no d\bt1 !re 0 also a recognition ( exi/+ moral evil1 & a long+ = a bett] life4 ,b su* long+s 7 almo/ subm]g$ amid/ long+s ( a non-e?ical k9d4 ,! my/]ies 7 *]i%$ = ! mo/ "p n because !y (f]$ goodness b because !y (f]$ happ9ess4 ,9 ,paul1 on ! o!r h&1 ! consci\sness ( human inadequacy is ess5tially a consci\sness ( s94 ,& r$emption is desir$ because x satisfies ! hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness4 ,at ?is po9t ! contra/ ) ! ,hell5i/ic my/]y religions is pr(\nd4 ,! religion ( ,paul is l ! my/]y religions 9 t x is a religion ( r$emption4 ,b !re ! simil>ity ceases4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no su* simil>ity 9 ! conception ( t f :i* m5 are to be r$eem$ z w\ld raise any presumption ( dep5d5ce 9 ! pres5tation ( ! means ( r$emption4 ,& x is dep5d5ce 9 ! pres5tation ( ! means ( r$emption :i* alone w\ld s]ve to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,paul4 ,x is unw>rant$ to argue t because ,paul agrees ) ! my/]y religions 9 a long+ = r$emption !re=e he mu/ h d]iv$ f ! my/]y religions 8 me?od ( satisfy+ ! long+--namely 8 conception ( ! r$emptive "w ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,= ev5 9 ! long+ = r$emption--to say no?+ ( ! way ( satisfy+ ! long+--,paul 0 totally diff]5t f ! my/]ies4 ,! long+ :i* 0 ar\s$ 9 ! devotees ( ! my/]ies 0 a long+ = a happi] immortality1 a fre$om f ! pressure ( fate2 ! long+ :i* ,paul s\ght to ar\se 9 ^? = :om he labor$ 0 a long+ = righte\sness & = acceptance by ! righte\s ,god4 ,?is diff]5ce is intimately connect$ ) a highly significant fact--! pres5ce 9 ,paul ( a =5sic view ( salvation4 ,salvation1 accord+ to ,paul1 is n only salvation f ! p[] ( s92 x is also salvation f ! guilt ( s94 ,n only reg5]ation is ne$$1 if a man is to be sav$1 b also ju/ification4 ,at ?is po9t1 !re is app>5tly 9 ! my/]y religions no p>allel wor?y ( ! "n4 ,at lea/ !re is none if ,reitz5/e9's attempt to exhibit a p>allel#bad is at all adequate2 = ,reitz5/e9 has succe$$ only 9 sett+ 9 cle>] light ! enorm\s diff]5ce at ?is po9t betwe5 ,paul & 8 pagan environm5t4 ,! ^w ju/ify appe>s1 inde$1 9 ! ,h]metic corpus 7xiii4 #i71 b z ,reitz5/e9 himself obs]ves1 x means n decl>e righte\s b make righte\s4 ,a p>allel ) ,paul c be set up1 !re=e1 only if ju/ify 9 ,paul also means make righte\s4 ,reitz5/e9 actually f9ds su* a mean+ 9 ,rom4 vi4 #g1 & 9 ,rom4 viii4 #cj4 ,b ! exp$i5t is desp]ate 9 ! extreme4 ,x w probably be unnecess>y to review aga9 ! absolutely ov]:elm+ evid5ce by :i* ! ^w ju/ify 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les is %[n to mean n make righte\s b decl>e righte\s4 ,)\t ! slighte/ "q ,paul did ma9ta9 a =5sic view ( salvation4 ,! believ]1 accord+ to ,paul1 is 9 himself guilty 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,b he is giv5 a s5t5ce ( acquittal1 he is ju/ifi$1 because ,*ri/ has borne on ! cross ! curse ( ! ,law :i* rightly re/$ ^u ^? :om ,*ri/ di$ to save4 #bad ,reitz5/e91 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion51 #bte ,aufl41 pp4 #aab-aaf4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is =5sic elem5t 9 ! tea*+ ( ,paul is univ]sally or g5]ally recogniz$2 & x is usually admitt$ to be n ,greek b ,jewi%4 ,b !re is a t5d5cy among rec5t s*ol>s to m9imize its importance4 ,accord+ to ,wr$e1 ! =5sic conception ( salvation1 ! complex ( ideas c5t]+ ar\nd ju/ification ap>t f ! works ( ! ,law1 0 m]ely a weapon =g$ by ,paul 9 ! exig5cies ( controv]sy4#bae ,aga9/ ! ,judaiz+ cont5tion = ! cont9u$ validity ( ! ,law ,paul develop$ ! doctr9e t ! p5alty impos$ by ! ,law ^u s9 0 borne by ,*ri/1 s t = ! believ] ! bondage ( ! ,law is ov]4 ,b1 ,wr$e believes1 ?is :ole conception 0 ( m9or importance 9 ,paul's own life2 x 0 m]ely necess>y 9 ord] t he might refute ! ,judaiz]s & s cont9ue 8 free ,g5tile mission4 ,a some:at simil> view is advocat$ by ,b\sset2 ,b\sset believes1 at lea/1 t ! =5sic conception ( salvation occupies a subord9ate place 9 ! ?\ght & life ( ,paul4 #bae ,kampfeslehre4 ,see ,wr$e1 ,paulus1 #aijd1 pp4 #gb;ff4 7,engli% ,translation1 ,paul1 #aijg1 pp4 #abb;ff474 ,b !re c\ld be no great] mi/ake4 ,! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? alone ap>t f ! works ( ! ,law appe>s inde$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians z a weapon aga9/ ! ,judaiz]s4 ,b :y 0 ,paul oppos$ to ! ,judaiz]s 9 ! fir/ place8 ,c]ta9ly x 0 n m]ely because ! ,judaiz+ dem& t ,g5tile ,*ri/ians %\ld be circumcis$ & keep ! ,law w\ld int]f]e 9 a practical way ) ! ,g5tile mission4 ,paul 0 n l "s mod]n lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 :o are int]e/$ 9 m]e bigness2 he 0 n int]e/$ 9 ! ext5sion ( ! ,*ur* if su* ext5sion involv$ ! sacrifice ( pr9ciple4 ,no?+ c\ld be m utt]ly unhi/orical ?an ! repres5tation ( ,paul z a practical mission>y1 develop+ ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? 9 ord] to get rid ( a doctr9e ( ! ,law :i* w\ld be a h9drance 9 ! way ( 8 ,g5tile mission4 ,su* a repres5tation rev]ses ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,! real reason :y ,paul 0 devot$ to ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? 0 n t x made possible ! ,g5tile mission1 b r t x 0 true4 ,paul 0 n devot$ to ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? because ( ! ,g5tile mission2 he 0 devot$ to ! ,g5tile mission because ( ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?4 ,& he 0 oppos$ to ! ,judaiz]s1 n m]ely because !y con/itut$ a h9drance 9 ! way ( ! ,g5tile "w1 b because !y made ! cross ( ,*ri/ ( none effect4 ,if righte\sness is ?r\gh ! law1 !n ,*ri/ di$ 9 va9 7,gal4 ii4 #ba74 ,^! words are at ! v he>t ( ,paul's life2 = !y involve ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,!re c\ld be no great] error1 !re=e1 ?an t ( repres5t+ ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? z a m]e aft]?\ght1 z a m]e weapon 9 controv]sy4 ,paul 0 int]e/$ 9 salvation f ! guilt ( s9 no :it less ?an 9 salvation f ! p[] ( s91 9 ju/ification no :it less ?an 9 ! new creation4 ,inde$1 x is a great mi/ake to sep>ate ! two sides ( 8 message4 ,!re lies ! root error ( ! cu/om>y mod]n =mula = expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,accord+ to t =mula1 ! =5sic elem5t 9 ,paul's doctr9e ( salvation1 :i* c5t]s 9 ju/ification1 0 d]iv$ f ,judaism1 & ! vital or ess5tial elem5t :i* c5t]s 9 ! new creation 0 d]iv$ f paganism4 ,9 reality1 ! two elem5ts are inextricably int]tw9$4 ,! s5se ( guilt 0 always c5tral 9 ! long+ = salvation :i* ,paul desir$ to induce 9 8 he>]s1 & imp>t$ to t long+ an e?ical quality :i* 0 totally lack+ 9 ! my/]y religions4 ,& salvation 9 ! ,paul9e *ur*es consi/$ n m]ely 9 ! assurance ( a bless$ immortality1 n m]ely 9 ! assurance ( a pres5t fre$om f ! bondage ( fate1 n m]ely ev5 9 ! possession ( a new p[] ( holy liv+1 b also1 & ev]y:]e1 9 ! consci\sness t ! guilt ( s9 _h be5 remov$ by ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,!re is no aff9ity1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( salvation & t :i* is f\nd 9 ! my/]y religions4 ,! t]m9ology is /rik+ly diff]5t1 & ! diff]5ce is ev5 great] 9 ! und]ly+ ideas4 ,paul9ism is l ! my/]y religions 9 be+ a religion ( r$emption1 b )9 ! great category ( r$emptive religions !re c\ld be no great] contra/4 ,?is conclusion might be ov]?r[n if c]ta9 rec5t cont5tions %\ld prove to be correct ) reg>d to ! second ( ! elem5ts 9 ,paul9ism :i* are be+ d]iv$ f pagan religion4 ,?is second elem5t is f\nd 9 ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! sacram5ts4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( ,paul ab\t baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 we are told1 !re is cle>ly to be obs]v$ ! influ5ce ( ! my/]y religions4 ,?is cont5tion dep5ds p>tly ^u ! suppos$ nature ( ^! p>ticul> sacram5ts & p>tly ^u ! m]e fact ( ! pres5ce ( sacram5ts 9 ! religion ( ,paul4 ,) reg>d to ! nature ( ^! p>ticul> sacram5ts !re might seem at fir/ sight to be a p>allel ) ! my/]y religions4 ,! my/]ies usually _h connect$ ) !m ablutions ( "o k9d or ano!r & "s sort ( p>tak+ ( sacr$ food4 ,b x is s+ul>ly difficult to det]m9e ! mean+ ( ^! practices4 ,! v>i\s ablutions :i* prec$$ ! celebration ( ! my/]ies may h be5 (t5 no?+ m ?an symbols ( cleans+2 & su* symbolism is s natural t x might appe> indep5d5tly at _m places4 ,x appe>s1 = example1 highly develop$ among ! ,jews2 & 9 ! baptism ( ,john ! ,bapti/ x assumes a =m f> m closely ak9 to ,*ri/ian baptism ?an 9 ! wa%+s :i* 7 connect$ ) ! pagan my/]ies4 ,! evid5ce = a sacram5tal significance ( ! ablutions 9 ! my/]ies1 despite confid5t ass]tions on ! "p ( "s mod]n writ]s1 is really v slight4 ,mo/ int]e/+1 p]haps1 ( all ! passages :i* h be5 cit$ is t :i* appe>s 9 ,pap4 ,p>4 #dg1 a papyrus lett] writt5 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4#baf ,?is passage may be translat$ z foll[s3 ,= y are untru?ful ab\t all ?+s & ! gods :o are ) y likewise1 because !y h ca/ y into great matt] & we are n able to die1 & if y see t we are go+ to be sav$1 !n let u be baptiz$4 ,x is possible to und]/& ! dea? t is ref]r$ to z ! my/ical dea? :i* w\ld be atta9$ 9 ! my/]ies1 & to connect ! baptism ) t dea? & ) ! consequ5t salvation4 ,!re w\ld ?us be a p>allel1 ext]nal at lea/1 ) ! six? *apt] ( ,romans1 :]e ,paul connects baptism ) ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,b ! papyrus passage is hopelessly obscure1 & is capable ( v diff]5t int]pretations4 ,m\lton & ,milligan1 = example1 take ! v]b to be baptiz$1 9 a purely figurative s5se1 z mean+ simply to be ov]:elm$ ) calamities4#bag ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation ! ref]5ce to ! my/]ies disappe>s altoge!r4 ,at any rate1 ! passage1 if x does ref] to ! my/]ies1 is altoge!r isolat$4 ,& 9 view ( its extreme obscurity x %\ld n be made ! basis ( f>-rea*+ conclusions4 ,:at is n[ be+ ma9ta9$ is n t ! wa%+s :i* 7 connect$ ) ! my/]ies 7 nev] sacram5tal4 ,x is incauti\s to make su* sweep+ negative ass]tions4 ,b s f> z ! pre-,paul9e p]iod is conc]n$1 ! evid5ce :i* has be5 adduc$ is1 to say ! lea/1 exce$+ly scanty4 ,x has by no means be5 prov$ t 9 ! pre-,paul9e my/]ies1 baptism 0 connect$ closely ) ! new bir?4#bah #baf ,see ,reitz5/e91 op4 cit41 #bte ,aufl41 pp4 #he;f4 ,! passage 9 ! papyrus reads z foll[s 7,notices et extraits des manuscrits de la biblio?que impriale1 xviii1 #ahfe1 p4 #cae73 1 1 1 1 4 ,! lett] is also conta9$ 9 ,witk[ski1 ,epi/ulae privatae graecae1 #aijf1 pp4 #fc-ff4 #bag ,m\lton & ,milligan1 ,! ,vocabul>y ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 s4 v4 1 ,"p ii1 #aiae1 p4 #ajb4 ,simil>ly ,se!1 ,s>apis1 9 ,abh&lung5 d] knigli*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,gtt+51 philologis*-hi/oris*e ,klasse1 ,neue ,folge1 xiv1 ,nro4 #e1 #aiac1 p4 #ea4 #bah ,t]tullian1 de bapt4 #e 7ed4 ,reiff]s*eid et ,wiss[a1 #ahij71 x mu/ be admitt$1 connects baptism 9 hea!n religion ) reg5]ation1 & m5tions ! "p :i* sacram5tal wa%+s _h 9 ! my/]ies ( ,isis & ( ,mi?ras1 & 9 ,eleus9ian rites4 ,despite ! po/-,paul9e date ( ?is te/imony1 ! passage is c]ta9ly int]e/+4 ,comp>e ,k5n$y1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbi4 ,) reg>d to ! p>tak+ ( sacr$ food1 ! evid5ce is 9 "s respects m abundant4 ,ev5 9 ! my/]ies ( ,eleusis1 a special significance seems to h be5 attribut$ to ! dr9k+ ( ! kykeon2 & ! initiates into ! ,phrygian my/]ies are report$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7simil>ly ,firmicus ,mat]nus7 to h us$ a =mula includ+ ! words1 ,i ate f ! drum1 ,i drank f ! cymbal4 ,s f> z ! =m ( ! act is conc]n$1 ! simil>ity to ! ,*ri/ian ,eu*>i/ is "h c]ta9ly n great2 !re 0 eat+ & dr9k+ 9 bo? cases1 b ev]y?+ else1 s f> z c be se51 0 diff]5t4 ,9 ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras ! simil>ity ( =m seems to h be5 great]2 ! initiates p>took ( bread & ( a cup 9 a way :i* ,ju/9 ,m>tyr reg>d$ z a demoniac imitation ( ! ,*ri/ian sacram5t4 ,accord+ to ,cumont1 moreov]1 ! ,mi?raic practice 0 cle>ly sacram5tal2 ! initiates expect$ f _! sacr$ banquet a sup]natural effect4#bai ,b x w be rememb]$ t consid]ations ( date r5d] an influ5ce ( ,mi?ras ^u ,paul exce$+ly improbable4 ,& ! significance ( ! eat+ & dr9k+ 9 connection ) o!r my/]ies is obscure4 ,app>5tly ^! acts did n =m a "p ( ! my/]ies prop]1 b 7 only a prep>ation = !m4 #bai ,cumont1 ,textes et monum5ts figurs relatifs aux my/res de ,mi?ra1 i1 #ahii1 p4 #cba4 ,see ,heitmll]1 ,taufe und ,ab5dmahl bei ,paulus1 #aijc1 p4 #df1 ,anm4 #c4 ,9 a v savage =m ( religion !re appe>s ! notion t m5 c\ld p>take ( ! div9e nature by actually eat+ ! god4 ,= example1 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus1 ! wor%ip]s 9 ! height ( religi\s fr5zy tore 9 pieces ! sacr$ bull & dev\r$ ! raw fle%4 ,"h ! bull app>5tly repres5t$ ! god himself4 ,?is savage practice /&s 9 ext]nal p>allel ) c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 n only ) ! ref]5ces 9 ,john vi to ! eat+ ( ! fle% & dr9k+ ( ! blood ( ,*ri/1 b also 7?\gh less cle>ly7 ) ! ,paul9e tea*+ ab\t ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,9 #a ,cor4 x4 #af ,paul speaks ( ! cup ( bless+ z be+ communion ( ! blood ( ,*ri/1 & ( ! bread z be+ communion ( ! body ( ,*ri/4 ,h we n "h a sublimat$ =m ( ! pagan notion ( eat+ ! god8 ,! supposition might seem to be /r5g!n$ by ! p>allel :i* ,paul draws a few v]ses fur!r on betwe5 ! cup ( ! ,"l & ! cup ( demons1 & betwe5 ! table ( ! ,"l & ! table ( demons 7v]se #ba71 ! demons1 x is said1 be+ reg>d$ by ,paul z id5tical ) ! hea!n gods4 ,b ! tr\ble is t ! savage notion ( eat+ ! god does n seem to h surviv$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic my/]y religions4 ,at ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ! /ud5t ( comp>ative religion is fac$ ) a difficulty exactly opposite to t :i* appe>s 9 mo/ ( ! p>allels :i* h be5 set up betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ,paul & pagan religion4 ,9 mo/ cases ! difficulty is t ! pagan p>allels are too late2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 !y are too e>ly4 ,if ,paul is dep5d5t ^u ! pagan notion ( eat+ ! god1 he mu/ h des]t$ ! religi\s practice :i* prevail$ 9 8 own day 9 ord] to h rec\rse to a savage cu/om :i* _h long s9ce be5 ab&on$4 ,! sugge/ion does n seem to be v natural4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ev5 :]e ,*ri/ianity is dep5d5t ^u ,hell5i/ic religion x repres5ts a spiritualiz+ modification ( ! pagan practice4 ,b at ?is po9t x w\ld h to be suppos$ t ! ,*ri/ian modification proce$$ 9 exactly ! opposite direction2 f> f m>k+ a great] spiritualization ( pagan practice1 x meant a return to a savage /age ( religion :i* ev5 paganism _h ab&on$4 ,ef=ts are sometimes made to ov]come ?is objection4 ,we obs]ve 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 says ,heitmll]1 t t5d5cies connect$ ) l[ /ages ( religi\s developm5t1 :i* 9 ! high] /ages 7 quiesc5t or ext9ct1 sudd5ly spr+ up aga9--( c\rse 9 a modifi$ =m adapt$ to ! *ang$ circum/ances4#bbj ,su* g5]al obs]vations1 ev5 if !y are bas$ ^u fact1 w h>dly s]ve to r5d] ! pres5t hypo!sis any m plausible4 ,dep5d5ce ( ! ,paul9e tea*+ ab\t ! ,"l's ,supp] ^u ! savage notion ( eat+ ! god1 :5 ev5 paganism _h come to ab&on t notion1 w always seem v unnatural4 #bbj ,heitmll]1 ,taufe und ,ab5dmahl bei ,paulus1 #aijc1 p4 #dg4 ,c]ta9ly ! hypo!sis is n support$ by ! p>allel :i* ,paul draws 9 #a ,cor4 x4 #ba betwe5 ! table ( ! ,"l & ! table ( demons4 ,paul does n say t ! hea!n _h fell[%ip ) _! gods by p>tak+ ( !m 9 a meal2 ! fell[%ip ) ^? gods 7v]se #bj7 c\ld be conceiv$ ( 9 o!r ways4 ,= example1 ! cult god may h be5 conceiv$ ( 9 ! sacrificial meals z ! ho/ at a fea/4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 su* an idea 0 no d\bt widely preval5t4 ,x is attribut$ to ! ,phrygian my/]ies1 = example1 by ,hepd+1 :o supposes t ! eat+ f ! drum & dr9k+ f ! cymbal meant ! entrance ( ! initiate into ! circle =m$ by ! table-companions ( ! god4#bba ,at any rate1 ! savage notion ( eat+ ! god is n cle>ly atte/$ = ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 & c]ta9ly dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u su* a notion is unlikely 9 ! extreme4 #bba ,hepd+1 ,attis1 #aijc1 pp4 #ahf;f4 ,no close p>allel1 !n1 c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts & ! practices ( ! pagan cults4 ,b ! v fact t ! ,paul9e *ur*es _h sacram5ts at all--irrespective ( ! =m ( ! p>ticul> sacram5ts--may conceivably be made a gr\nd = connect+ ,paul9ism ) ! ,hell5i/ic religions4 ,! argum5t dep5ds ^u "o p>ticul> view ( ! ,paul9e sacram5ts2 x dep5ds ^u ! view t baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] 7 conceiv$ ( z convey+ bless+ n 9 virtue ( ! disposition ( s\l ) :i* !y 7 adm9i/]$ or receiv$ b 9 virtue ( ! sacram5tal acts !mselves4 ,9 o!r words 7to use traditional language71 ! argum5t dep5ds ^u ! view t ! ,paul9e sacram5ts convey$ _! bless+ n ex op]e op]antis b ex op]e op]ato4 ,9 ! ,paul9e *ur*es1 x is argu$1 ! beg9n+ ( ! new life & ! communion ) ! cult god 7 connect$ ) c]ta9 c]emonial acts4 ,s x 0 also 9 ! my/]y religions4 ,!re=e ,paul9ism is to be und]/ood 9 connection ) ! my/]ies4 ,b ! int]pretation ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ^u :i* ?is hypo!sis is bas$ is fraught ) s]i\s difficulty4 ,did ,paul really conceive ( ! sacram5ts z convey+ _! bless+ ex op]e op]ato8 ,! g5]al "* ( ! ,epi/les c]ta9ly po9ts 9 an opposite direction4 ,an unprejudic$ read] ( ! ,epi/les z a :ole c]ta9ly receives ! impression t ! writ] laid extraord9>ily little /ress ^u =ms & c]emonies4 ,salvation accord+ to ,paul 0 dep5d5t solely ^u fai?1 ! simple acceptance ( ! (f] conta9$ 9 ! message ( ! ,cross4 ,any connection ( su* a religion ) ext]nal =ms seems ev5 to be exclud$ expressly by ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,a disp5sation ( =ms & c]emonies1 accord+ to t ,epi/le1 belongs to ! p]iod ( *ildi% bondage f :i* ,*ri/ has set m5 free4 ,yet su* a writ]1 x is ma9ta9$1 actually taught t ! m]e act ( baptism convey$ ! bless+ ( a new life & ! m]e p>tak+ ( food & dr9k convey$ ! bless+ ( communion ) ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,! supposition seems at fir/ sight to be prepo/]\s4 ,if x is to be e/abli%$1 x c only be on ! basis ( ! cle>e/ k9d ( evid5ce4 ,! evid5ce1 x %\ld be not$ at ! />t1 is at any rate decid$ly limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,x is only 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians t ,paul m5tions ! ,"l's ,supp] at all1 & x is only 9 ,rom4 vi & ,col4 ii4 #ab t baptism is connect$ ) ! dea? & resurrection :i* ! believ] is said to h %>$ ) ,*ri/4 ,! limit$ ext5t ( ! evid5ce may 9 itself be significant4 ,if ,paul held ! high sacram5t>ian view ( baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 x seems a little /range t he %\ld h laid s little /ress ^u ! sacram5ts4 ,high sacram5t>ians ( all ages h pres]v$ a v diff]5t proportion4 ,x seems /ill m /range1 p]haps1 t ,paul %\ld h said t ,*ri/ s5t him n to baptize b to prea* ! gospel 7#a ,cor4 i4 #ag74 ,on ! ex op]e op]ato view ( baptism1 baptism 0 ! highe/ possible function4 ,c\ld an apo/le :o held t view h attribut$ relatively s little importance to x8 ,9 ord] to appreciate h[ mu* less importance is attribut$ 9 ! ,epi/les to baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp] ?an to c]ta9 o!r elem5ts 9 ,paul's tea*+1 x is only necess>y to comp>e ! ref]5ces to ! sacram5ts ) ! ref]5ces to fai?4 ,! fact is p]fectly pla94 ,:5 ,paul speaks1 9 ! l>ge1 ab\t ! way ( salvation1 x nev] seems to occur to him to m5tion ! sacram5ts2 :at he does ?9k ( is ! message ( ! gospel & ! simple acceptance ( x ?r\gh fai?4 ,^! facts are sometimes admitt$ ev5 by ^? :o attribute a high sacram5t>ian view ( ! sacram5ts to ,paul2 ,paul9ism :5 tak5 z a :ole1 x is admitt$1 is c]ta9ly n a sacram5t>ian religion4 ,:at has happ5$1 !n1 x is suppos$1 is t ,paul has reta9$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ! sacram5ts an elem5t d]iv$ f a l[] type ( religion1 an unassimilat$ remnant ( ! type ( religion :i* is repres5t$ by ! my/]y cults4 ,?us ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! sacram5ts is ?\ght to introduce a gl>+ contradiction into ! ?\ght & life ( ,paul4 ,c su* a gl>+ contradiction be attribut$ to ,paul8 ,x c\ld probably be attribut$ to ,h]mes ,trismegi/us4 ,b c x be attribut$ to ,paul8 ,! writ] ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les 0 no m]e compil]1 receiv+ unassimilat$ mat]ials f _m s\rces4 ,he 0 a p]son ( highly m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,& he 0 a p]son ( comm&+ intellect4 ,c\ld su* a writ] h introduc$ a gl>+ contradiction into ! v c5t] ( 8 tea*+8 ,c\ld a writ] :o 9 ! great mass ( 8 writ+ is triumphantly & ev5 polemically anti-sacram5t>ian h ma9ta9$ all along a crassly sacram5t>ian view ( ! way 9 :i* religi\s bless+ 0 to be obta9$8 ,an affirmative answ] to ^! que/ions c\ld be r5d]$ only on ! basis ( positive evid5ce ( ! mo/ unequivocal k9d4 ,& su* positive evid5ce is n =?com+4 ,! mo/ t c by any possibility be said = ! /rictly sacram5t>ian int]pretation ( ,rom4 vi is t x is possible4 ,x might conceivably be adopt$ if ,rom4 vi /ood alone4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ,rom4 vi does n /& alone2 x /&s 9 ! mid/ ( a consid]able body ( ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,& x mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( :at ,paul says else:]e4 ,if ,rom4 vi /ood absolutely alone1 ,paul might conceivably be ?\ght to mean t ! act ( baptism 9 itself involves a dy+ ) ,*ri/ & a ris+ ) ,him to a new life4 ,b ! :ole "* ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les absolutely precludes su* an int]pretation4 ,& ano!r int]pretation does full ju/ice to ! words z !y /&4 ,t int]pretation is ! obvi\s "o :i* makes ! act ( baptism an outw>d sign ( an inn] exp]i5ce4 ,we 7 buri$ ) him1 says ,paul1 ?r\gh baptism unto dea?4 ,^! words are press$ by ! mod]n s*ool ( comp>ative religion v mu* z ,lu!r at ! ,m>burg ,conf]5ce press$ ! ,lat9 words ( in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,lu!r wrote on ! table1 ,?is is my body 7hoc e/ corpus meum71 & w\ld n he> ( any?+ b ! mo/ lit]al int]pretation ( ! words4 ,s ! mod]n s*ool ( comp>ative religion presses ! words ?r\gh baptism 9 ,rom4 vi4 #d4 ,we 7 buri$ ) him ?r\gh baptism1 says ,paul4 ,!re=e1 x is said1 s9ce x 0 ?r\gh baptism1 x 0 n ?r\gh fai?1 or ?r\gh any inn] disposition ( ! s\l2 !re=e ! sacram5t>ian int]pretation is correct4 ,b if ,lu!r's ov]-lit]alness1 fraught ) su* disa/r\s consequ5ces = ! ,*ur*1 is des]t$ by mo/ advocates ( ! grammatico-hi/orical me?od ( exegesis1 %\ld an equally bald lit]alness be insi/$ ^u 9 connection ) ,rom4 vi4 #d8 ,int]pret$ 9 connection ) ! :ole tr5d ( ! ,epi/les1 ! six? *apt] ( ,romans conta9s an appeal to ! outw>d sign ( an inn] exp]i5ce4 ,x is p]fectly natural t ,paul %\ld "h appeal to ! outw>d sign r ?an to ! inn] exp]i5ce4 ,paul desires to /r5g!n 9 8 read]s ! conviction t ! life :i* !y are lead+ z ,*ri/ians is a new life 9 :i* s9 c h no place4 ,unque/ionably he might h appeal$ to ! fai? :i* _h be5 ! means by :i* ! new life _h be5 begun4 ,b fai? is n some?+ t c be se54 ,baptism1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a pla9 & obvi\s fact4 ,to use a mod]n t]m1 x visualiz$ fai?4 ,& x is j ! visualiz+ ( fai? t ,paul "h desires4 ,:5 ! ,roman ,*ri/ians 7 baptiz$1 !y 7 conv9c$ t ! act meant a dy+ ) ,*ri/ & a ris+ ) ,him2 x meant ! beg9n+ ( _! ,*ri/ian life4 ,x 0 a solemn & a def9ite act4 ,x 0 some?+ t c\ld be se5 z well z felt4 ,conceivably1 inde$1 ! act 9 itself might h be5 unaccompani$ by fai?4 ,b 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* su* cases 7 no d\bt extremely r>e4 ,!y c\ld !re=e be left out ( acc\nt by ,paul4 ,paul assumes--& no d\bt he is correct--t1 :atev] might conceivably h be5 ! case1 z a matt] ( fact :5 any "o ( ! ,roman ,*ri/ians 0 baptiz$ he di$ & rose aga9 ) ,*ri/4 ,b ,paul does n say t ! dy+ & ris+ aga9 0 produc$ by ! ext]nal act o!rwise ?an z t act 0 an expression ( fai?4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is to ! ext]nal act t he appeals1 because x is ! ext]nal act :i* c be se5 & c be realiz$4 ,x c only be because ! newness ( ! ,*ri/ian life is n realiz$ t ,*ri/ians c ?9k ( x z p]mitt+ a cont9uance 9 s94 ,:at enables x to be realiz$ is t :i* c actually be se51 namely1 ! ext]nal & obvi\s fact ( baptism4 ,9 o!r words1 baptism is "h made to dis*>ge 9 typical fa%ion its div9ely appo9t$ function z an ext]nal sign ( an inn] exp]i5ce1 & an ext]nal sign :i* is made ! vehicle ( special bless+4 ,a simil> int]pretation may be appli$ to all ! ref]5ces to ! sacram5ts :i* occur 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,:at sometimes produces ! impression ( an ex op]e op]ato conception ( ! sacram5ts is t ,paul does n take into acc\nt ! possibility t ! sacram5ts might be unaccompani$ by fai?4 ,s 9 ,gal4 iii4 #bg he says1 ,all ye :o 7 baptiz$ into ,*ri/ did put on ,*ri/4 ,^! words if tak5 alone might mean t e man1 :atev] ! condition ( 8 s\l1 :o w5t ?r\gh ! ext]nal =m ( baptism _h put on ,*ri/4 ,b ( c\rse z a matt] ( fact ,paul means no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,:at he does mean is t ! baptism ( ! ,galatians1 s9ce t baptism 0 accompani$ by fai? 7,gal4 iii4 #b71 meant 9 t concrete case ! putt+ on ( ,*ri/4 ,"h aga9 !re is an appeal1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :o 7 9 dang] ( =gett+ spiritual facts1 to ! ext]nal sign :i* no "o c\ld =get4 ,?is int]pretation _c be invalidat$ by ! passages :i* h be5 appeal$ to z support+ a crassly ex op]e op]ato conception ( ! sacram5ts4 ,9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #cj1 = example1 ,paul says t because ( an unwor?y p>tak+ ( ! ,"l's ,supp] _m ( ! ,cor9?ians 7 ill & _m _h di$4 ,b ^! words ne$ n necess>ily mean t ! bread & w9e1 because ( a dang]\s magical virtue t 0 9 !m1 _h inflict$ h>m ^u ^? :o _h n us$ !m aright4 ,!y may mean at lea/ equally well t ! physical ills ( ! ,cor9?ians 7 a *a/isem5t :i* _h be5 inflict$ by ,god4 ,z = #a ,cor4 xv4 #bi 7baptism 9 behalf ( ! dead71 x c be said at lea/ t t v]se is isolat$ & exce$+ly obscure1 & t x is bad hi/orical me?od to all[ :at is obscure to color ! int]pretation ( :at is pla94 ,_m int]pretations ( ! v]se h be5 propos$4 ,& x is by no means cle> t ,paul l5t 8 own support to ! cu/om to :i* ref]5ce is "h made4 ,?us x _c be ma9ta9$ t ,paul9ism 0 l ! pagan my/]ies ev5 9 ! g5]al s5se t bo? ,paul9ism & ! my/]ies connect$ salvation ) ext]nal acts4 ,! acts !mselves 7 diff]5t2 & ! mean+ ( ! acts 0 /ill m div]se4 ,an elem5t ( tru? does inde$ und]lie ! sacram5t>ian int]pretation ( ,paul4 ,! elem5t ( tru? consi/s 9 ! prote/ :i* is "h rais$ aga9/ ! int]pretation :i* has sometimes be5 favor$ by lib]al s*ol>s4 ,accord+ to ?is lib]al int]pretation1 :5 ,paul speaks ( dy+ & ris+ ) ,*ri/ he is ref]r+ to a purely e?ical fact2 :5 he says t he has di$ to ! ,law1 he means t he has made a radical break ) an ext]nal1 legali/ic type ( religion2 :5 he says t x is no long] he t lives b ,*ri/ t lives 9 him1 he means t he has made ,*ri/ 8 supreme guide & example2 :5 he says t ?r\gh ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ he has be5 crucifi$ to ! _w1 he means t ! ,cross has l$ him to r5\nce all worldl9ess ( purpose4 ,su* int]pretation is exce$+ly common4 ,b x is radically false4 ,x is false because x does away ) ! sup]naturalism ( ,paul's tea*+4 ,!re c\ld be no great] mi/ake ?an t ( mak+ salvation accord+ to ,paul an affair ( ! human w4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v ess5ce ( ,paul9e tea*+ is sup]naturlism4 ,salvation1 accord+ to ,paul1 is bas$ ^u a sup]natural act ( ,god--! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& equally sup]natural is ! application ( salvation to ! individual4 ,! new creation :i* /&s at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian life is accord+ to ,paul j z little a product ( natural =ces1 & j z little a product ( ! human w1 z ! fir/ creation 04 ,! mod]n s*ool ( comp>ative religion is entirely correct 9 insi/+ ^u ! ?or\ghgo+ sup]naturalism ( ! ,paul9e gospel4 ,paul9ism is a r$emptive religion 9 ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ s5se ( ! ^w2 x f9ds salvation1 n 9 a decision ( ! human w1 b 9 an act ( ,god4 ,b ! error comes 9 confus+ sup]naturalism ) sacram5talism4 ,paul's conception ( salvation is sup]natural1 b x is n ext]nal4 ,x is inde$ j z sup]natural z if x 7 ext]nal4 ,! beg9n+ ( a man's ,*ri/ian life1 accord+ to ,paul1 is j z little a product ( 8 own moral =ces1 j z little a product ( any m]e moral influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u him1 z x w\ld be if x 7 produc$ by ! wat] into :i* he 0 dipp$ or ! bread & w9e ( :i* he p>takes4 ,conceivably ,god might h *os5 to use su* means4 ,if ,he _h done s1 ,8 action w\ld h be5 n "o :it m sup]natural ?an x actually is4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ,he has *os51 9 ,8 my/]i\s wisdom1 to use ! means ( fai?4 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,x is highly di/a/eful to ! mod]n lib]al ,*ur*4 ,b ev5 if x is to be reject$ x %\ld at lea/ be recogniz$ z ,paul9e4 ,?us ! int]pretation ( ! sacram5ts :i* is propos$ by ! mod]n s*ool ( comp>ative religion--& inde$ ! :ole mod]n radical treatm5t ( ,paul9ism z a ?or\ghgo+ religion ( r$emption--m>ks a reaction aga9/ ! mod]niz+ exegesis :i* 0 practis$ by ! lib]al s*ool4 ,b ! reaction has at any rate gone too f>4 ,x _c be said t ! new] exegesis is any m objective ?an ! lib]al exegesis :i* x endeavors to replace4 ,! lib]al s*ol>s 7 conc]n$ to keep ,paul z ne> z possible to _! mod]n naturali/ic pr9ciples1 9 ord] to cont9ue to use him = ! edification ( ! ,*ur*2 ! radical s*ol>s ( ! s*ool ( comp>ative religion are conc]n$ to keep him z f> away z possible f mod]n naturali/ic pr9ciples 9 ord] to br+ him into connection ) ! crass ext]nalism ( ! my/]y religions4 ,nei!r gr\p has atta9$ ! :ole tru?4 ,! ,paul9e conception ( salvation is j z spiritual z x is ?\ght to be by ! lib]al s*ol>s2 b on ! o!r h&1 x is j z sup]natural z x is repres5t$ z be+ by ,reitz5/e9 & ,b\sset4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,lord%ip ,,( ,,jesus ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,lord%ip ,,( ,,jesus ,two ( ! cont5tions ( ! mod]n s*ool ( comp>ative religion h s f> be5 exam9$4 ,x has be5 %[n t nei!r ! gr\p ( ,paul9e conceptions :i* c5t]s ar\nd ! new bir? 7or1 z ,paul calls x1 ! new creation7 nor ! ,paul9e tea*+ ab\t ! sacram5ts 0 d]iv$ f ! my/]y religions4 ,! ?ird elem5t ( ,paul9ism :i* is ?\ght to h come f pagan religion is f\nd 9 ! ,paul9e conception ( ,*ri/ & ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ 9 r$emption4 ,?is cont5tion is connect$ especially ) ! "n ( ,b\sset#bbb1 :o is1 h[ev]1 support$ 9 ess5tials by a consid]able numb] ( contempor>y s*ol>s4 ,! hypo!sis ( ,b\sset is intimately connect$ ) ^? hypo!ses :i* h already be5 exam9$4 ,a complete treatm5t ( x at ?is po9t w\ld !re=e involve repetition4 ,b x may "h be set =? at lea/ 9 a some:at sy/ematic1 ?\gh /ill 9 a m]ely summ>y1 way4 #bbb ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac2 ,jesus d] ,h]r1 #aiaf4 ,accord+ to ,b\sset1 ! primitive ,*ri/ian community 9 ,j]usalem reg>d$ ,jesus *iefly z ! ,son ( ,man--! my/]i\s p]son1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,jewi% apocalypses1 :o 0 f9ally to come ) ! cl\ds ( heav5 & be ! in/rum5t 9 u%]+ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,b\sset is d\btful :e!r or no ! title ,son ( ,man 0 ev] assum$ by ,jesus ,himself1 & reg>ds ! settlem5t ( ?is "q z ly+ beyond ! scope ( 8 book4 ,b ! t5d5cy ( ! book is decid$ly t[>d a radical d5ial ( ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,& at ?is po9t ! cauti\s inve/igator1 ev5 if 8 presuppositions are ! same z ,b\sset's own1 may well be incl9$ to take al>m4 ,! me?od :i* is "h pursu$ seems to be lead+ logically to ! elim9ation f ! pages ( hi/ory ( ! :ole ,gospel picture ( ,jesus1 or r to ! use ( t picture 9 ! recon/ruction n ( ! hi/orical ,jesus1 b only ( ! belief ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,( c\rse ,b\sset does n pu% matt]s to su* l5g?s2 he is by no means incl9$ to foll[ ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? & ,drews 9 d5y+ ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus4 ,b ! read] ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ,kyrios ,*ri/os has an uneasy feel+ t if any ( ! ,gospel picture /ill escapes ! ke5 edge ( ,b\sset's criticism1 x is only by accid5t4 ,_m ( ^? incid5ts 9 ! ,gospel n>rative1 _m ( ^? elem5ts 9 ! ,gospel tea*+1 :i* h be5 consid]$ mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! hi/orical ,jesus h "h be5 remov$4 ,!re seems to be no p>ticul> reason :y ! re/ %\ld rema92 = ! elem5ts t rema9 are q simil> to ! elem5ts t h be5 made to g4 ,no m>k ( au!nticity seems to be pro( aga9/ ! skepticism ( ?is late/ hi/orian4 ,b\sset ?us illu/rates ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! natural f ! sup]natural 9 ! ,gospel picture ( ,jesus4 ,:5 ! process ( sep>ation beg9s1 x is difficult to br+ x to a halt2 ! :eat is 9 dang] ( be+ root$ up ) ! t>es4 ,b\sset has dealt a sev]e bl[ to ! pre/ige ( ! lib]al recon/ruction ( ,jesus4 ,by ! rec5t developm5ts 9 8 ?9k+ he has %[n by 8 own example t ! lib]al recon/ruction is 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium4 ,x is always 9 dang] ( giv+ way to radical d5ial ei!r ( ! hi/oricity ( ,jesus or ( ! hi/oricity ( ! ,messianic consci\sness4 ,su* radicalism is fac$ by insup]able difficulties4 ,p]haps1 !n1 !re is some?+ wrong ) ! critical me?od f :i* ! radicalism always t5ds to result4 ,b x is necess>y n[ to exam9e a little m closely ! belief ( ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,t belief1 ,b\sset ma9ta9s1 did n involve any conception ( ,jesus z ,"l4 ,! title ,"l1 he says1 0 n appli$ to ,jesus on ,pale/9ian gr\nd1 & ,jesus 0 n reg>d$ by ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur* z ! object ( fai?4 ,! piety ( ! primitive ,*ur* 0 ?us exclusively es*atological2 ,jesus 0 expect$ to return 9 glory f heav51 b mean:ile ,he 0 reg>d$ z sep>at$ f ,8 disciples4 ,he 0 ! heav5ly ,son ( ,man1 to come ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 n ! ,"l n[ pres5t 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,^! mom5t\s ass]tions1 :i* lie at ! v basis ( ,b\sset's hypo!sis1 are summ$ up 9 ! elim9ation f ,j]usalem ,*ri/ianity ( ! title ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus4 ,?is elim9ation ( ! title ,"l ( c\rse involves a rejection ( ! te/imony ( ,acts4 ,! ,book ( ,acts conta9s ! only extant n>rative ( ! e>ly progress ( ,j]usalem ,*ri/ianity4 ,& s f> z ! designations ( ,*ri/ are conc]n$1 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ! book h usually be5 ?\ght to produce an impression ( special antiquity & au!nticity4 ,^! *apt]s apply ! title ,"l to ,jesus2 ! words 9 ,acts ii4 #cf1 ,god has made him bo? ,"l & ,*ri/1 h (t5 be5 reg>d$ z especially significant4 ,b to ,b\sset1 9 view ( 8 op9ion ab\t ! ,book ( ,acts z a :ole1 ! elim9ation ( ?is te/imony causes no difficulty4 ,b h[ does ,b\sset "k t ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur* did n apply ! t]m ,"l to ,jesus8 ,! pr9cipal argum5t is d]iv$ f an exam9ation ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,! title ,"l1 z appli$ to ,jesus1 ,b\sset believes1 appe>s only on ! m>g9 7z x 77 ( ! ,gospel tradition2 x does n appe> z "o ( ! primitive elem5ts 9 ! tradition4 ,b s9ce x does n appe> firmly fix$ 9 ! ,gospel tradition1 x c\ld n h =m$ a "p ( ,*ri/ian belief 9 ! community :]e ! ,gospel tradition 0 =m$4 ,! community :]e ! ,gospel tradition 0 =m$ 0 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,!re=e ! title ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus did n =m "p ( ! belief ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,su*1 9 b>e outl9e1 is ! argum5t ( ,b\sset4 ,an exam9ation ( t argum5t 9 detail w\ld f> transc5d ! limits ( ! pres5t discussion4#bbc ,b c]ta9 obvi\s rem>ks c be made4 #bbc ,see ,vos1 ,! ,kyrios ,*ri/os ,controv]sy1 9 ,! ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 xv1 #aiag1 pp4 #ba-hi4 ,see also ! review ( ,b\sset's ,kyrios ,*ri/os by ! same au?or1 ibid41 xii1 #aiad1 pp4 #fcf-fde4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n p]fectly cle> t ! title ,"l appe>s only 9 second>y elem5ts ( ! ,gospel tradition4 ,c]ta9ly x mu/ be grant$ to ,b\sset t ! in/ances :]e ! ^w ,"l appe>s 9 ! vocative case d n necess>ily involve any recognition ( ! l(ty title ,"l z belong+ to ,jesus2 = ! ^w c\ld be us$ 9 direct address 9 ! pres5ce ( any p]son to :om respect 0 to be paid4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s ( ! passages ! ^w does seem to be m ?an a m]e rev]5tial =m ( address4 ,b\sset himself admits t su* is ! case at lea/ 9 ,matt4 vii4 #ba1 ,n e "o :o says unto me ,"l1 ,"l1 %all ent] into ! k+dom ( heav51 & 8 op9ion t ?is passage is second>y z comp>$ ) ,lk4 vi4 #df is insuffici5tly gr\nd$4 ,! cases 9 ! ,gospels :]e ! title is us$ absolutely are n v num]\s1 & !y occur *iefly 9 ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 ,b ! e/imate ( !m z second>y dep5ds ( c\rse ^u c]ta9 critical conclusions ab\t ! relation%ips ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,& x is d\btful :e!r ,b\sset has q succe$$ 9 refut+ ! argum5t :i* c be d]iv$ f ,mk4 xii4 #ce-cg 7& p>allels71 ! passage ab\t ,david's son & ,david's ,"l4 ,b\sset himself uses ?is passage z an important te/imony to ! belief ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 ?\gh he does n reg>d x z repres5t+ a g5u9e say+ ( ,jesus4 ,yet "h ,jesus is made to call att5tion to ! fact t ,david call$ ! ,messiah ,"l4 ,if ?is passage repres5ts ! belief ab\t ,jesus ( ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 :at /rong] te/imony c\ld !re be to ! use 9 t *ur* ( ! title ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus8 ,b\sset avoids ! difficulty by call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! ,old ,te/am5t passage 7,ps4 cx4 #a7 is "h quot$ n accord+ to ! orig9al b accord+ to ! ,septuag9t translation4 ,9 ! orig9al ,hebrew1 says ,b\sset1 !re 0 a di/9ction betwe5 ! ^w ,"l z appli$ to ,god & ! ^w ,"l z appli$ to ! o!r p]son :o is ref]r$ to2 ! ,hebrew has1 ,jahwe said to my ,"l 7adoni74 ,?us t second p]son1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew1 c be reg>d$ z a human individual1 & all t is meant by ! t]m ,"l z us$ ( him by ,david is t he /ood high] ?an ,david4 ,b\sset seems to ?9k t ?is explanation de/roys ! value ( ! passage z a witness to ! use 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* ( ! religi\s t]m ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus4 ,b su* is by no means ! case4 ,= if ! ,messiah 7,jesus7 0 high] ?an ,david1 s t ,david c\ld call ,him ,"l1 !n ,jesus mu/ h occupi$ "s v l(ty position4 ,if ,david c\ld call ,him ,"l1 w\ld ! title be refus$ to ,him by humble memb]s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*8 ,on ,b\sset's int]pretation ! passage may n directly atte/ ! use ( ! title by ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 b x does seem to presuppose x4 ,x may also be que/ion$ :e!r ,b\sset has succe$$ 9 gett+ rid ( ,mk4 xi4 #c1 z a witness to ! title ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,b does ! infrequ5cy ( ! use ( ! title ,"l 9 ! ,gospels necess>ily indicate t t title 0 n preval5t 9 ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! title ,*ri/1 :i* 0 ( c\rse appli$ to ,jesus by ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 is also v infrequ5t 9 ! ,gospels4 ,:y %\ld ! infrequ5cy 9 ! ,gospel use ( "o title be reg>d$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! use ( t title 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 :5 9 ! case ( ! o!r title no su* argum5t c possibly be set up8 ,b\sset is ready ) 8 answ]4 ,b ! answ] is entirely inadequate4 ,! title ,*ri/1 ,b\sset says1 0 an es*atological title2 x ref]r$ to a dignity :i* 9 ! belief ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* ,jesus 0 n to atta9 until ,8 com+ 9 glory4 ,!re=e x c\ld n readily be appli$ to ,jesus 9 ! acc\nts ( ,8 e>?ly m9i/ry4 ,h5ce 9 ! case ( t title !re 0 a special ob/acle :i* h9d]$ ! intrusion ( ! title into ! ,gospel tradition4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! title ,"l1 !re 0 no su* ob/acle2 !re=e ! non-intrusion ( t title into ! ,gospel tradition requires a special explanation2 & ! only possible explanation is t ! title 0 n us$ 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,x w\ld be difficult to cr[d into brief compass s _m highly debatable ass]tions z are cr[d$ toge!r 9 ?is argum5t4 ,0 ! title ,*ri/ a purely es*atological title8 ,x is n a purely es*atological title 9 ,paul4 ,x is n really a purely es*atological title any:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,at any rate1 ,b\sset is "h adopt+ a conception ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus :i* is at be/ problematical & is reject$ by m5 ( ! mo/ widely div]g5t po9ts ( view4 ,& did ! title ,"l designate ,jesus especially z ! pres5t ,"l ( ! ,*ur*1 r ?an z ! "o :o 0 f9ally to u%] 9 ! ,k+dom8 ,0 ,jesus 9 ! belief ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ! com+ ,*ri/ any m ?an ,he 0 ! com+ ,"l2 & 0 ,he ! pres5t ,"l any m ?an ,he 0 ! pres5t ,*ri/8 ,^! que/ions _c be answ]$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,at any rate1 ev5 if ,b\sset c po9t to a l>g] proportion ( es*atological int]e/ 9 ! "o title ?an t :i* appe>s 9 ! o!r1 yet su* a di/9ction is relative only4 ,& x /ill rema9s true t if ! infrequ5cy ( ! title ,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels does n indicate ! non-exi/5ce ( t title 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 ! infrequ5cy ( ! title ,"l 9 ! ,gospels is n any m significant4 ,) reg>d to ! title ,son ( ,man1 ,b\sset makes a rem>k some:at simil> to t :i* he makes ab\t ! title ,*ri/4 ,! title ,son ( ,man1 he says1 0 es*atological2 !re=e x c\ld n be introduc$ into ! n>rative "p ( ! ,gospels4 ,b x w always rema9 "o ( ! p>adoxes ( ,b\sset's !ory t accord+ to ,b\sset ! title ,son ( ,man1 :i* 7except 9 ,acts vii4 #ef7 appe>s 9 ! tradition only 9 ! words ( ,jesus1 & nev] z ! title us$ :5 m5 spoke ab\t ,jesus1 %\ld be suppos$ to h be5 ! *>act]i/ic title us$ 9 speak+ ab\t ,jesus 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,if ! belief ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* ab\t ,jesus 0 s exclusively a ,son-(-,man dogma1 z ,b\sset supposes x 01 & if t *ur* 0 s little conc]n$ ) hi/orical fact1 x seems some:at /range t ! title1 ,son ( ,man1 has n be5 all[$1 despite its es*atological "*1 to intrude into ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,ano!r hypo!sis w always sugge/ itself--! hypo!sis t ,jesus really us$ ! title1 ,son ( ,man1 9 a some:at my/]i\s way1 9 speak+ ab\t ,himself1 & t ! memory ( ! fact t x 0 ,8 own special designation ( ,himself has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! curi\s limitation ( ! use ( ! title 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 t case1 9 view ( ! accuracy ?us e/abli%$ ) reg>d to "o title1 ! te/imony ( ! ,gospels ) reg>d to ! o!r title1 ,"l1 _c lightly be reject$4 ,b ! evid5ce = ! use ( ! title ,"l 9 ! primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur* is n conta9$ m]ely 9 ! ,gospels4 ,o!r evid5ce appe>s 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,! mo/ obvi\s fact is t ,paul himself uses ! t]m z ! *>act]i/ic title ( ,jesus4 ,& x is equally evid5t t he did n inv5t ?is usage4 ,evid5tly x 0 a cont9uation ( a usage :i* prevail$ be=e he began 8 "w4 ,s mu* is fully admitt$ by ,b\sset4 ,b :5ce did ,paul d]ive ! usage8 ,or r1 suppos+ t he began 8 own use ( ! title at ! mom5t ( ! conv]sion1 9 accordance ) ! repres5tation 9 ,acts 7,:o art ?\1 ,"l871 :5ce did he d]ive 8 assumption t ! title 0 already 9 use8 ,! mo/ obvi\s view is t he assum$ ! title to be already kn[n because x 0 9 use 9 ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,! matt]-(-c\rse way 9 :i* ,paul applies ! title ,"l to ,jesus has always1 until rec5tly1 be5 tak5 z indicat+ t ! title _h be5 preval5t f ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,*ur*'s life4 ,b at ?is po9t appe>s "o ( ! mo/ important features ( ,b\sset's !ory4 ,paul d]iv$ ! title ,"l1 ,b\sset believes1 f ^? :o _h be5 ,*ri/ians be=e him2 b he d]iv$ x1 n f ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 b f ! ,*ri/ian communities 9 su* cities z ,antio*1 ,t>sus1 & p]haps ,damascus4 ,x is 9 ^! communities1 !re=e1 t ! g5esis ( ! title ,"l1 z appli$ to ,jesus1 is to be plac$4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! difficulties :i* beset ?is int]position ( an extra l9k betwe5 ,paul & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,x has be5 %[n t :at ,paul receiv$ he receiv$ n f ! *ur*es at ,antio* & ,t>sus b f ! orig9al disciples at ,j]usalem4 ,b 9 addition to ! g5]al consid]ations :i* connect ! :ole ( ,paul9ism ) ! ,j]usalem tradition ab\t ,jesus1 !re are c]ta9 special indications ( a ,j]usalem orig9 ( ! title ,"l4 ,"o su* indication may be f\nd1 p]haps1 9 ,gal4 i4 #ai4 ,:51 9 connection ) a visit to ,j]usalem :i* occurr$ ?ree ye>s aft] ! conv]sion1 ,paul speaks ( ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 ! natural inf]5ce is t ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 0 a designation :i* 0 appli$ to ,james 9 ,j]usalem2 & if s1 !n ! title ,"l 0 curr5t 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4#bbd ,( c\rse1 ! inf]5ce is n absolutely c]ta92 ,paul might h designat$ ,james z ! bro!r ( ! ,"l because t 0 ! designation ( ,james 9 ! ,galatian ,*ur*es & ! designation :i* ,paul himself commonly us$1 ev5 if x 0 n curr5t 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b ! natural impression :i* ! passage w always make ^u an unsophi/icat$ read] is t ,paul is us+ a t]m9ology :i* 0 already fix$ among ,james' associates at ! "t & place to :i* ! n>rative ref]s4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 speak+ ( ,pet]1 ,paul actually uses ! ,aramaic =m & n ! ,greek =m ( ! "n4 ,! indications are t ) reg>d to ! lead]s ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* ,paul is accu/om$ g5]ally to foll[ ! ,j]usalem usage4 ,& ! evid5ce ( su* a passage z ,gal4 i4 #ah1 #ai1 :]e ,j]usalem conditions are m5tion$1 is d\bly /rong4 ,! use 9 ?is passage ( ! title bro!r ( ! ,"l w\ld inde$ n be absolutely decisive if x /ood alone4 ,b tak5 9 connection ) ! o!r evid5ce1 x does po9t /rongly to ! preval5ce 9 ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur* ( ! title ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus4 #bbd ,kn[l+1 ,! ,witness ( ! ,epi/les1 #ahib1 p4 #ae4 ,m /ress is usually laid ^u ! occurr5ce ( ,m>ana?a 9 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bb4 ,m>ana?a is ,aramaic1 & x means ,our ,"l1 come6 ,:y 0 ! ,aramaic ^w ,our ,"l includ$1 z a designation ( ,jesus1 9 a ,greek lett]8 ,! natural supposition is t x _h be5 hall[$ by its use 9 ! ,aramaic-speak+ *ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ly x pu%es ! use ( ! title ,"l back to ! primitive ,*ri/ian community2 ! title _c1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z a product ( ! ,hell5i/ic *ur*es 9 ,antio* & ,t>sus4 ,?is argum5t has be5 met 9 v>i\s ways4 ,accord+ to ,bhlig1 ! passage does atte/ ! application ( ! ,aramaic title ,"l to ,jesus1 b t application1 ,bhlig believes1 0 made n 9 ,pale/9e b 9 ,syria1 n 9 ,j]usalem b 9 ,antio*4 ,syria1 inde$1 ) ,cilicia1 01 ,bhlig insi/s1 ! special home ( ! designation ,"l z appli$ to ! gods2 ! ^w ,baal1 ! common ,semitic title ( ! ,syrian gods1 means ,"l4 ,& ,bhlig also po9ts to ! appe>ance ( ! title ,m> along ) ,baal z a title ( div9ity4#bbe #bbe ,see ,bhlig1 ,zum ,begriff ,kyrios bei ,paulus1 9 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xiv1 #aiac1 pp4 #bc-cg4 ,b :y 0 ! ,semitic title reta9$ 9 a ,greek lett]8 ,9 answ] to ?is "q ! bil+ual condition ( ,syria may be appeal$ to4 ,b :at p>ticul> sanctity c\ld be atta*$ to ! ,semitic usage ( ,syria2 :y %\ld ,paul foll[ t usage 9 writ+ to a *ur* t 0 situat$1 n 9 ! ,ea/1 b 9 ,greece prop]8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! title ,m> _h be5 hall[$ by ! use ( ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus1 !n ! ret5tion ( ! orig9al ^w )\t translation is p]fectly natural4 ,b\sset n[ proposes ano!r hypo!sis4#bbf ,! phrase ,m>ana?a1 he says1 probably _h no?+ to d ) ,jesus2 x con/itutes m]ely a =mula ( curs+ l ! ana!ma :i* imm$iately prec$es 9 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bb2 ! ,m>an 7or ,m>ana7 ref]s n to ,jesus1 b to ,god2 ! =mula means1 ,our ,"l 7,god7 %all come & judge4 ,b ,b\sset adduces no real evid5ce 9 support ( 8 explanation4 ,no su* =mula ( curs+ seems to h be5 f\nd 9 ,semitic s\rces4 ,& :y %\ld ,paul introduce su* a ,semitic curse 9 writ+ to ,cor9?8 ,! late/ hypo!sis ( ,b\sset is c]ta9ly a desp]ate exp$i5t4 #bbf ,b\sset1 ,jesus d] ,h]r1 #aiaf1 pp4 #bb;f4 ,comp>e ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 p4 #ajc4 ,m>ana 9 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bb1 !re=e1 c]ta9ly ref]s to ,jesus1 & ! /rong presumption is t x 0 d]iv$ f ,pale/9e4 ,! passage con/itutes a real te/imony to ! use ( ! title ,"l z a designation ( ,jesus 9 ! ,pale/9ian ,*ur*4 ,possibly1 moreov]1 ?is passage may also s]ve to fix ! orig9al ,aramaic =m ( ! title4 ,b\sset & c]ta9 o!r s*ol>s h be5 incl9$ to detect a l+ui/ic difficulty 9 ! way ( attribut+ ! title ,"l to ! ,aramaic-speak+ ,*ur*4 ,! absolute ,m>a1 x is said1 does n seem to h be5 curr5t 9 ,aramaic2 only ,m>i 7my ,"l7 & ,m>an 7our ,"l7 seem to h be5 commonly us$4 ,b x is j 9 ! absolute =m1 ! ,"l1 t ! title appe>s mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! ,greek ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re=e1 x is conclud$1 ?is ,new ,te/am5t ,greek usage _c g back to ! usage ( ! ,aramaic-speak+ ,*ur*4 ,x w p]haps be unnecess>y to ent] ^u ! l+ui/ic side ( ?is argum5t4 ,v>i\s possibilities might be sugge/$ = exam9ation to ! /ud5ts ( ,aramaic--among o!rs1 ! possibility t ,m>i1 ,m>an1 _h come to be us$ absolutely1 l ,rabbi1 ,rabban1 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! possessive suffix hav+ be5 obscur$4#bbg ,b 9 g5]al x c probably be said t if p]sons ( ,aramaic spee* _h desir$ to designate ,jesus1 absolutely1 z ,"l or ! ,"l1 ! language 0 presumably n s poor b t ! ess5tial idea c\ld h be5 express$4 ,& x is ! ess5tial idea1 n ! ^w1 :i* is really important4 ,! important ?+ is t ! attitude t[>d ,jesus :i* is express$ by ! ,greek ^w ,kyrios1 01 unless all indications fail1 also ! attitude ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 #bbg ,comp>e ,b\sset1 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 p4 #ii1 ,anm4 #c4 ,b may n ! ,greek title itself h orig9at$ 9 ,j]usalem8 ,?is possibility has be5 neglect$ 9 rec5t discussions ( ! subject4 ,b x is wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,pale/9e 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/ 0 a bil+ual c\ntry4#bbh ,no d\bt ,aramaic 0 9 common use among ! great body ( ! p1 & no d\bt x 0 ! language ( ,jesus' tea*+4 ,b ,greek 0 also 9 use1 & x is by no means beyond ! b\nds ( possibility t ev5 ,jesus spoke ,greek :5 occasion dem&$4 ,at any rate1 ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur* includ$ a l>ge body ( ,greek-speak+ p]sons2 ! ,hell5i/s are m5tion$ 9 ,acts vi4 #a 9 a way to :i* high hi/orical importance is usually attribut$4 ,x is altoge!r probable1 !re=e1 t ! t]m9ology curr5t 9 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* f ! v beg9n+1 or almo/ f ! v beg9n+1 0 ,greek z well z ,aramaic4 ,f ?is ,greek-speak+ "p ( ! ,*ur* ! orig9al apo/les c\ld h>dly h held !mselves alo(4 ,total ignorance ( ,greek on ! "p ( ,galileans is improbable 9 view ( :at is kn[n 9 g5]al ab\t l+ui/ic conditions 9 ,pale/9e2 & 9 ! capital1 ) its =eign connections1 & its ho/s ( ,hell5i/s1 ! opportunity = ! use ( ,greek w\ld be enorm\sly increas$4 ,x is altoge!r improbable1 !re=e1 t ! ,greek t]m9ology ( ! ,hell5i/s resid5t 9 ,j]usalem 0 =m$ )\t ! approval ( ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus4 ,:5 ! apo/le ,paul1 !re=e1 assumes ev]y:]e t ! t]m ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus 0 no peculi>ity ( 8 own1 b 0 famili> to all 8 read]s1 ! ph5om5on c be be/ expla9$ if n only ! s5se ( ! title1 b also its ,greek =m1 0 due to ! "m ,*ur*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! transition f ,aramaic to ,greek1 z ! language ( ! disciples ( ,jesus1 did n occur at ,antio* or ,t>sus1 z ,b\sset seems to ?9k4 ,9 all probability x occurr$ at ,j]usalem1 & occurr$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! imm$iate fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,x c\ld n possibly1 !re=e1 h involv$ a trans=mation ( ! orig9al fai?4 #bbh ,zahn1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 #cte ,aufl41 i1 #aijf1 pp4 #ba-cb1 #ci-dg 7,engli% ,translation1 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #bnd ,ed41 #aiag1 i1 pp4 #cd-df1 #eg-fg74 ,b ! l+ui/ic consid]ations j adduc$ are only supplem5t>y4 ,ev5 if ! use ( ,greek 9 ,j]usalem 0 less important ?an has "h be5 sugge/$1 ! /ate ( ! case is n ess5tially alt]$4 ,e attempt at sep>at+ ! religion ( ,paul %>ply f ! religion ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* has result$ 9 failure4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! l+ui/ic facts1 ! div9e ,"l ( ! ,epi/les 0 also ! ,"l ( ^? :o _h be5 intimate fri5ds ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,b\sset ( c\rse rejects ?is conclusion4 ,b he does s on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,8 !ory1 x may well be ma9ta9$1 has already brok5 d[n at ! mo/ decisive po9t4 ,x is n really possible to int]pose ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,antio* & ,t>sus betwe5 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* & ,paul2 x is n really possible to suppose t t ,*ri/ianity ( ,antio* 0 ess5tially diff]5t f ! ,j]usalem ,*ri/ianity :i* _h giv5 x bir?2 9 p>ticul> x is n possible to d5y ! use ( ! title ,"l1 & ! religi\s attitude t[>d ,jesus :i* ! title repres5ts1 to ! orig9al fri5ds ( ,jesus4 ,exam9ation ( ! fur!r elem5ts ( ,b\sset's !ory1 !re=e1 c be und]tak5 only "u prote/4 ,b su* exam9ation is important4 ,= x w confirm ! unfavorable impression :i* has already be5 receiv$4 ,if1 z ,b\sset says1 ! title ,"l1 z a designation ( ,jesus1 orig9at$ n at ,j]usalem b at ,antio*1 9 :at way did x orig9ate8 ,x orig9at$1 ,b\sset believes1 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*1 & x orig9at$ 9 dep5d5ce ^u ! surr\nd+ pagan cults4 ,at ,j]usalem1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 ! piety ( ! disciples 0 purely es*atological2 ,jesus 0 await$ ) eag]ness1 ,he 0 to come 9 glory1 b mean:ile ,he 0 abs5t4 ,!re 0 no ?\ght ( communion ) ,him4 ,at ,antio*1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t attitude began to be assum$4 ,z ! little community ( disciples 0 unit$ = com=t & pray] & ! reception ( ! ec/atic gifts ( ! ,_s1 x came to be felt t ,jesus 0 actually pres5t2 ! wond]ful exp]i5ces ( ! meet+s came to be attribut$ to ,him4 ,b if ,he 0 actually pres5t 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*1 a new title 0 requir$ to express :at ,he meant to ^? :o belong$ to ,him4 ,& "o title lay ready to h&4 ,x 0 ! title ,"l4 ,t title 0 us$ by ! pagans to designate _! own false gods4 ,surely no l[] title c\ld be us$ by ! ,*ri/ians to designate _! ,jesus4 ,! title ,"l1 moreov]1 0 especially a cult-title2 x 0 us$ to designate ^? gods :o presid$ especially ov] ! wor%ip1 ov] ! cult1 ( ! pagan religions4 ,b x 0 j 9 ! cult1 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*1 t ! new attitude t[>d ,jesus _h aris54 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,jesus' pres5ce1 !re=e1 & ! title :i* w\ld give expression to x1 7 naturally jo9$ toge!r4 ,9 ! rapture ( a meet+ ( ! gr\p ( wor%ip]s1 9 ! mid/ ( wond]ful ec/atic exp]i5ces1 "s memb] ( ! ,*ur* at ,antio* or ,t>sus1 or p]haps _m memb]s simultane\sly1 utt]$ ! mom5t\s words1 ,"l ,jesus4 ,?us occurr$1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,b\sset1 ! mo/ mom5t\s ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ev5ts 9 ! :ole religi\s hi/ory ( ! race4 ,*ri/ianity ceas$ to be m]ely fai? 9 ,god l ! fai? :i* ,jesus _h2 x became fai? 9 ,jesus4 ,jesus 0 n[ no long] m]ely an example = fai?2 ,he _h become ! object ( fai?4 ,! prophet ( ,naz>e? _h become an object ( wor%ip2 ! ,messiah _h giv5 way to ! ,"l4 ,jesus _h tak5 a place :i* be=e _h be5 assign$ only to ,god4 ,?is e/imate ( ! ev5t ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ,b\sset's critical conclusions ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,& ^? conclusions are op5 to s]i\s objections4 ,! objections h already be5 consid]$ s f> z ! title ,"l is conc]n$2 t title _c really be d5i$ to ! orig9al disciples ( ,jesus4 ,equally s]i\s are ! objections aga9/ :at ,b\sset says ab\t fai? 9 ,jesus4 ,a consid]ation ( ^! objections lies beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t discussion4 ,! gr\nd has be5 cov]$ 9 ma/]ly fa%ion by ,james ,d5ney1 :o has %[n t ev5 9 ! e>lie/ /rata ( ! ,gospel lit]ature1 z !y are di/+ui%$ by mod]n criticism ( s\rces1 ,jesus appe>s n m]ely z an example = fai? b z ! object ( fai?--inde$1 t ,jesus actually s pres5t$ ,himself4#bbi ,*ri/ianity 0 nev] a m]e imitation ( ! fai? :i* ,jesus repos$ 9 ,god4 ,b x is n[ necess>y to return to ! exam9ation ( ! ,antio* ,*ur*4 #bbi ,d5ney1 ,jesus & ! ,gospel1 #aijh4 ,! title ,"l1 z appli$ to ,jesus1 ,b\sset believes1 orig9at$ 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,antio* disciples--9 :at may be call$1 = want ( a bett] t]m1 ! public wor%ip ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is ass]tion con/itutes an important /ep 9 ,b\sset's recon/ruction4 ,b ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 support ( x is insuffici5t4 ,! passages cit$ f ! ,paul9e ,epi/les %[1 inde$1 t great importance 0 attribut$ to ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*2 !y %[ p]haps t ! cu/om ( hold+ su* meet+s prevail$ f ! v beg9n+4 ,b !y d n %[ t ! :ole ( ! ,*ur*'s devotion to ,*ri/ & ! :ole ( ,paul's religion 7 d]iv$1 by way ( developm5t1 f ! cult4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose ei!r t ! individual relation to ,*ri/ 0 d]iv$ f ! cult1 or t ! cult 0 d]iv$ f ! individual relation4 ,!re is also a ?ird possibility--t individual piety & ! cult 7 bo? practis$ f ! v beg9n+ side by side4 ,at any rate1 ,b\sset has va/ly und]e/imat$ ! importance ( ! conv]sion z det]m9+ ! "* ( ,paul's religi\s life4 ,! ,damascus exp]i5ce lay at ! v f\ndation ( all ( ,paul's ?9k+ & all ( 8 actions4 ,yet t exp]i5ce _h no?+ to d ) ! cult4 ,b ev5 if1 9 accordance ) ,b\sset's recon/ruction1 ! title ,"l 0 appli$ to ,jesus "u ! influ5ce ( ! ec/atic conditions t prevail$ 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*1 ! orig9 ( ! title is n yet expla9$4 ,h[ did ! ,*ri/ians at ,antio* come to ?9k t _! ec/atic exp]i5ces 7 due to ! fact t ,jesus 0 presid+ ov] _! meet+s8 ,& if !y did come to ?9k s1 :y did !y *oose j ! title ,"l 9 ord] to express ! dignity t !y desir$ to attribute to ,him8 ,at ?is po9t1 ,b\sset has rec\rse to a comp>ison ) ! surr\nd+ paganism4 ,! t]m ,"l1 he says1 0 common 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age z a title ( ! cult-gods ( ! v>i\s =ms ( wor%ip4 ,& ! mat]ial :i* ,b\sset has collect$ 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion is entirely conv9c+4 ,n only 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]ors & o!r rul]s1 b also 9 ! ,hell5iz$ religions ( ! ,ea/1 ! title ,"l 0 well kn[n z a designation ( div9ity4 ,inde$1 ,paul himself ref]s pla9ly to ! curr5cy ( ! title4 ,= ?\gh !re be1 he says1 t are call$ gods1 :e!r 9 heav5 or on e>?2 z !re are gods _m1 & lords _m2 yet to u !re is "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ( :om are all ?+s1 & we unto him2 & "o ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?r\gh :om are all ?+s1 & we ?r\gh him 7#a ,cor4 viii4 #e1 #f74 ,9 ?is passage1 ! lords _m are ( c\rse hea!n gods1 & x is cle>ly impli$ t ! t]m "l 0 ! title :i* 0 giv5 !m by _! own wor%ip]s4 ,b\sset is entirely correct1 !re=e1 :5 he says t ! title ,"l1 at ,antio*1 at ,t>sus1 & ev]y:]e 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w1 0 cle>ly a title ( div9ity4 ,inde$1 x may be add$1 ! ^w "l 0 no :it inf]ior 9 dignity to ! t]m god4#bcj ,:5 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 !re=e1 call$ ,jesus ,"l1 x 0 p]fectly pla9 to _! pagan he>]s ev]y:]e t !y meant to ascribe div9ity to ,him & desir$ to wor%ip ,him4 #bcj ,w>field1 ',god our ,fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1' 9 ,! ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 xv1 #aiag1 p4 #ah4 ,?us ! curr5cy ( ! title 9 pagan religion 0 ( great importance = ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission4 ,b t does n necess>ily mean t ! title 0 appli$ to ,jesus 9 ! fir/ place because ( ! pagan usage1 or t ! ascription ( div9e dignity to ,jesus 0 fir/ v5tur$ ^u because ! ,*ri/ians desir$ to place ! "o :om !y rev]$ 9 a position at lea/ equal to t ( ! pagan cult-gods4 ,x is ^! ass]tions :i* h n be5 prov$4 ,inde$1 !y are improbable 9 ! extreme4 ,!y are r5d]$ improbable1 = example1 by ! /urdy mono!ism ( ! ,*ri/ian communities4 ,t mono!ism 0 n at all impair$ by ! honor :i* 0 paid to ,jesus2 ! ,*ri/ian communities 7 j z intol]ant ( o!r gods z _h be5 ! anci5t ,hebrew prophets4 ,?is intol]ance & exclusiv5ess ( ! e>ly ,*ur* con/itutes a /up5d\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian ,jesus-cult & ! cults ( ! o!r ,lords4 ,! pagan cults 7 entirely tol]ant2 wor%ip ( "o ,"l did n mean ! rel9qui%m5t ( ano!r4 ,b to ! ,*ri/ians !re 0 "o ,"l & "o only4 ,x is v difficult to see h[ 9 an atmosph]e ( su* mono!ism ! influ5ce ( ! pagan cults c\ld h be5 all[$ to intrude4 ,any ?\ght ( ! analogy :i* an application ( ! title ,"l to ,jesus w\ld set up betwe5 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur* at ,antio* & ! wor%ip ( ! hea!n gods w\ld h h9d]$1 r ?an h actually caus$1 ! use ( ! title4 ,evid5tly ! title1 & especially ! div9e dignity ( ,jesus :i* ! title express$1 7 q indep5d5t ( ! pagan usage4 ,c]ta9ly ! m]e fact t ! ,*ri/ians us$ a title :i* 0 also us$ 9 ! pagan cults does n e/abli% any dep5d5ce ^u paganism4 ,= ! title ,"l#bca 0 almo/ z well e/abli%$ z a designation ( div9ity z 0 ! t]m ,god4#bcb ,:atev] _h be5 ! orig9 ( ! religi\s use ( ! ^w1 t use _h become a "p ( ! ,greek language4 ,a mission>y :o desir$ to proclaim ! "o true ,god 0 oblig$1 if he spoke 9 ,greek1 to use ! t]m ,god1 :i* ( c\rse _h be5 us$ 9 pagan religion4 ,s if he desir$ to designate ,jesus z ,god1 by "s ^w :i* at ! same "t w\ld di/+ui% ,him f ,god ! ,fa!r1 he 0 oblig$ to use ! ^w ,"l1 ?\gh t ^w also _h be5 us$ 9 paganism4 ,nei!r 9 ! "o case nor 9 ! o!r did ! use ( a ,greek ^w involve ! slighte/ influ5ce ( ! conceptions :i* _h be5 atta*$ to ! ^w 9 a poly!i/ic religion4 #bca #bcb ,b !re 0 a f> /rong] reason = ! application ( ! ,greek t]m ,"l to ,jesus ?an t :i* 0 f\nd 9 its g5]al curr5cy among ,greek-speak+ peoples4 ,! religi\s use ( ! t]m 0 n limit$ to ! pagan cults1 b appe>s also1 & if any?+ ev5 m firmly e/abli%$1 9 ! ,greek ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ^w ,"l is us$ by ! ,septuag9t to translate ! ,jahwe ( ! ,hebrew text4 ,x w\ld be q irrelevant to discuss ! reasons :i* gov]n$ ! translators 9 _! *oice ( ?is p>ticul> ^w4 ,no d\bt "s ^w = ,"l 0 requir$ by ! associations :i* _h already clu/]$ ar\nd ! ,hebrew ^w4 ,& v>i\s reasons may be sugge/$ = ! *oice ( kyrios r ?an "s o!r ,greek ^w mean+ "l4#bcc ,possibly ! root mean+ ( kyrios bett] express$ ! idea :i* 0 int5d$2 p]haps1 also1 a religi\s mean+ _h already be5 atta*$ to kyrios1 :i* ! o!r words did n possess4 ,at any rate1 :atev] may h be5 ! reason1 kyrios 0 ! ^w :i* 0 *os54 ,& ! fact is ( capital importance4 ,= x 0 among ! read]s ( ! ,septuag9t t ,*ri/ianity fir/ made its way4 ,! ,septuag9t 0 ! ,bible ( ! ,jewi% synagogues1 & 9 ! synagogues ! read+ ( x 0 he>d n only by ,jews b also by ho/s ( ,g5tiles1 ! ,god-fe>]s ( ! ,book ( ,acts4 ,x 0 ) ! ,god-fe>]s t ! ,g5tile mission began4 ,& ev5 :]e !re 7 ,g5tile conv]ts :o _h n pass$ at all ?r\gh ! s*ool ( ! synagogue--9 ! v e>lie/ p]iod p]haps su* conv]ts 7 few--ev5 !n ! ,septuag9t 0 at once us$ 9 _! in/ruction4 ,?us :5 ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies us$ ! ^w ,"l ( ,jesus1 _! he>]s knew at once :at !y meant4 ,!y knew at once t ,jesus occupi$ a place :i* is occupi$ only by ,god4 ,= ! ^w ,"l is us$ c\ntless times 9 ! ,greek scriptures z ! holie/ "n ( ! cov5ant ,god ( ,israel1 & ^! passages 7 appli$ freely to ,jesus4 #bcc ,z1 = example1 4 ,?is ,septuag9t use ( ! t]m ,"l1 ) ! application ( ! ,septuag9t passages to ,jesus1 :i* appe>s z a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 0 ( va/ly m importance = ! e>ly ,*ri/ian mission ?an ! use ( ! t]m 9 ! pagan cults4 ,& x %$s va/ly m light ^u ! orig9al significance ( ! t]m z appli$ to ,jesus4 ,b ! pagan usage is int]e/+1 & ! exhibition ( x by ,b\sset & o!rs %\ld be ?ankfully receiv$4 ,an important fact has be5 e/abli%$ m & m firmly by mod]n rese>*--! fact t ! ,greek ^w kyrios 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era 01 :]ev] ! ,greek language ext5d$1 di/9ctly a designation ( div9ity4 ,! common usage ( ! ^w inde$ p]si/$2 ! ^w /ill express$ ! relation :i* a ma/] su/a9$ t[>d 8 slaves4 ,b ! ^w _h come to be a *>act]i/ically religi\s t]m1 & x is 9 ! religi\s s5se1 especially z fix$ by ! ,septuag9t1 t x appe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?us x is n 9 accordance ) ,new ,te/am5t usage :5 ,jesus is call$1 by c]ta9 p]sons 9 ! mod]n ,*ur*1 ! ,ma/]1 r ?an ! ,"l4 ,sometimes1 p]haps1 ?is usage is adopt$ 9 consci\s prote/ aga9/ ! ,new ,te/am5t conception ( ! deity ( ,*ri/2 ,jesus is spok5 ( z ! ,ma/]1 9 v mu* ! way 9 :i* ! lead] ( a s*ool ( arti/s is spok5 ( z ! ,ma/] by 8 foll[]s4 ,or else ! ^w means m]ely ! "o ^: comm&s are to be obey$4 ,b sometimes ! mod]n fa%ion is adopt$ by dev\t m5 & wom5 ) ! notion t ! ,engli% ^w ,"l has be5 worn d[n & t ! use ( ! ^w ,ma/] is a clos] approa* to ! mean+ ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,?is notion is false4 ,9 translat+ ! ,new ,te/am5t designation ( ,jesus1 "o %\ld n desire to get back to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w kyrios4 ,= ! ,greek ^w _h already und]gone a developm5t1 & z appli$ to ,jesus 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x 0 cle>ly a religi\s t]m4 ,x _h exactly ! religi\s associations :i* are n[ possess$ by our ,engli% ^w ,"l4 ,& = v mu* ! same reason4 ,! religi\s associations ( ! ,engli% ^w ,"l are due to ,bible usage2 & ! religi\s associations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ^w kyrios 7 also due to ,bible usage--! usage ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 !n1 %\ld rememb] t a little le>n+ is a dang]\s ?+4 ,! uni=m sub/itution ( ! ,ma/] = ! ,"l 9 speak+ ( ,jesus has only a false appe>ance ( fre%ness & orig9ality4 ,9 reality x sometimes means a dep>ture f ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t usage4 ,accord+ly1 ,b\sset has p]=m$ a s]vice 9 sett+ 9 cle> relief ! religi\s mean+ ( ! ^w ,"l4 ,b he has n succe$$ 9 expla9+ ! application ( t ^w to ,jesus4 ,fur!r difficulties1 moreov]1 beset ,b\sset's !ory4 ,! t]m ,"l z appli$ to ,jesus1 & ! religi\s attitude t[>d ,jesus express$ by ! t]m1 arose1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 9 ! meet+s ( su* communities z ! "o at ,antio*1 & "u ! influ5ce ( pagan conceptions4 ,b ( c\rse ,b\sset's explanation ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism has n yet be5 completely set =?4 ,paul9ism is some?+ f> m ?an an ec/atic wor%ip ( a cult-god2 ! p]sonal relation to ,*ri/ dom9ates e dep>tm5t ( ! apo/le's life4 ,b\sset recognizes ?is fact4 ,! religion ( ,paul1 he admits1 is some?+ f> m ?an ! religion :i* 0 express$ 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,antio* ,*ur*4 ,b he supposes t ! o!r elem5ts ( ,paul's religion1 f>-rea*+ z !y are1 _h at lea/ _! />t+-po9t 9 ! cult4 ,"h is to be f\nd "o ( ! lea/ plausible elem5ts 9 ! :ole con/ruction4 ,b\sset has und]e/imat$ ! individuali/ic "* ( ,paul's religion4 ,at lea/ he has n succe$$ 9 %[+ t ! ,paul9e life 9 ,*ri/ or 9 ! ,"l 0 produc$ by developm5t f ec/atic exp]i5ces 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,antio* ,*ur*4 ,b if ! individuali/ic religion ( ,paul 0 develop$ f ! cult1 h[ 0 x develop$8 ,h[ %all ! introduction ( ! new elem5ts be expla9$8 ,b\sset has attack$ ?is problem ) great e>ne/ness4 ,& he tries to %[ t ! religion ( ,paul z x appe>s 9 ! ,epi/les 0 develop$ f ! cult religion ( ,antio* by ! id5tification ( ! ,"l ) ! ,_s1 & by ! g5]aliz+ & e?iciz+ ( ! conception ( ! ,_s's activity4 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s1 ,b\sset believes1 0 d]iv$ f ! pagan my/ical religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,q aside f ! matt] ( t]m9ology--?\gh ! cont5tions ( ,reitz5/e9 are ?\ght by ,b\sset to be ess5tially correct--! fundam5tal pessimi/ic dualism ( ,paul 0 bas$1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 ^u t widespread type ( ?\ght & life :i* appe>s 9 ! my/]y religions & 9 ! ,h]metic writ+s4 ,accord+ to ?is pessimi/ic way ( ?9k+1 salvation c\ld nev] be atta9$ by human nature1 ev5 ) div9e aid1 b only by an entirely new beg9n+1 produc$ by ! sub/itution ( ! div9e nature = ! old man4 ,by ! apo/le ,paul1 ,b\sset cont9ues1 ?is sup]naturalism1 ?is conception ( ! dom9ance ( div9e p[] 9 ! new life1 0 ext5d$ f> beyond ! limits ( ! cult or ( vision>y exp]i5ces2 ! ,_s 0 made to be ! rul+ pr9ciple ( ! ,*ri/ian's life2 n only prophecy1 tongues1 heal+1 & ! l1 7 n[ reg>d$ z ! fruit ( ! ,_s1 b also love1 joy1 peace1 longsuff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?fulness1 meekness1 self-control4 ,b ?is ,paul9e ext5sion ( ! ,_s's activity1 ,b\sset insi/s1 did n involve ! slighte/ weak5+ ( ! sup]naturalism :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! orig9al conception2 ! ,_s t produc$ love1 joy1 peace1 _h j z little to d ) ! human _s z ! ,_s t caus$ m5 to speak ) tongues4 ,& ! sup]naturalism :i* "h appe>s 9 glorifi$ =m 0 d]iv$1 ,b\sset concludes1 f ! my/ical pagan religion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,?is cont5tion has already be5 discuss$1 & ! weakness ( x has be5 po9t$ out4 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,_s 0 n d]iv$ f contempor>y paganism4 ,b ! exposition ( ,b\sset's !ory has n yet be5 f9i%$4 ,! ,_s ^: activities 7 ext5d$ by ,paul into ! inn]mo/ recesses ( ! ,*ri/ian's life 0 id5tifi$1 ,b\sset says1 ) ! ,"l 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #ag74 ,?is id5tification ex]t$ an important influ5ce ^u bo? ! elem5ts t 7 br\ght toge!r2 x ex]t$ an important influ5ce ^u ! conception bo? ( ! ,"l & ( ! ,_s4 ,if ! ,"l 0 id5tifi$1 or br\ght into v close relation1 ) ! ,_s1 & if ! ,_s's activity ext5d$ into ! :ole ( life1 !n ! ,"l c\ld no long] be = ,paul m]ely ! cult-god :o 0 pres5t 9 ! meet+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,he w\ld h to be pres5t ev]y:]e :]e ! ,_s 0 pres5t--t is1 ,he w\ld h to be t 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian liv$ & mov$ & _h 8 be+4 ,?us ,paul c\ld =m ! a/oni%+ phrase 9 ,*ri/ or 9 ! ,"l1 = :i* ,b\sset admits t no analogy is to be f\nd 9 pagan religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( ! ,_s1 ,b\sset believes1 0 necess>ily modifi$ by its connection ) ! ,"l4 ,by ! id5tification ) an actual p]son :o _h liv$ b a few ye>s be=e1 ! ,_s 0 giv5 a p]sonal quality :i* o!rwise x did n possess4 ,or1 to put ! same ?+ 9 o!r words1 ! ,paul9e phrase 9 ! ,"l is n exactly ! same 9 mean+ z ! phrase 9 ! ,_s2 = x possesses a peculi> p]sonal "*4 ,?is rem>kable m+l+ ( ab/raction & p]sonality1 says ,b\sset1 ?is connection ( a religi\s pr9ciple ) a p]son :o _h walk$ "h on ! e>? & _h "h suff]$ dea?1 is a ph5om5on ( peculi> p[] & orig9ality4 ,at ?is po9t1 ,b\sset is 9 dang] ( be+ untrue to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 recon/ruction2 he is 9 dang] ( br++ ! religion ( ,paul into connection ) ! concrete p]son ( ,jesus4 ,b he detects ! dang] & avoids x4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 he says1 t ,paul _h any v cle> impression ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,= if he _h _h su* an impression1 he nev] c\ld h connect$ ,jesus ) an ab/raction l ! ,_s4 ,all t he 0 int]e/$ 91 !n1 0 ! fact t ,jesus _h liv$ & especially t ,he _h di$4 ,yet ^! b>e facts are ?\ght to h be5 suffici5t to imp>t to ,paul's notion ( ! ,_s-,"l t peculi> p]sonal quality :i* ar\ses ! admiration ( ,b\sset6 ,! tru? is1 ,b\sset f9ds himself at ?is po9t face to face ) ! difficulty :i* besets e naturali/ic explanation ( ! g5esis ( ,paul's religion4 ,! tr\ble is t a close connection ( ,paul ) ! hi/orical ,jesus is imp]atively requir$ by ! hi/orian 9 ord] to imp>t to ,paul's relation to ,*ri/ t w>m1 p]sonal quality :i* %9es out f e page ( ! ,epi/les2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 a wide sep>ation ( ,paul f ! hi/orical ,jesus is j z imp]atively requir$ 9 ord] t ,paul might n be hamp]$ by hi/orical tradition 9 rais+ ,jesus to div9e dignity & 9 br++ ,him into connection ) ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,mod]n criticism has wav]$ betwe5 ! two requirem5ts2 x tries to pres]ve ! rights ( ea*4 ,b\sset is m impress$ by ! second requirem5t2 ,w]nle1 8 oppon5t1 is m impress$ by ! =m]4#bcd ,b bo? are equally wrong4 ,!re is really only "o way out ( ! difficulty4 ,x is an old way & a radical way4 ,b ! _w ( s*ol>%ip may come back to x 9 ! end4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism w nev] disappe> by be+ ignor$2 x w nev] yield to compromises ( any k9d4 ,x w disappe> only :5 ,jesus is recogniz$ z be+ really :at ,paul presupposes ,him to be & :at all ! ,gospels repres5t ,him z be+--! et]nal ,son ( ,god1 come to e>? = ! r$emption ( man1 n[ seat$ once m on ! ?rone ( ,8 glory1 & work+ 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 disciples ?r\gh ,8 ,_s1 z only ,god c "w4 ,su* a solution 0 nev] s unpopul> z x is to-day4 ,acceptance ( x w involve a ,cop]nican revolution 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( human ?\ght & life4 ,b refusal ( su* acceptance has left an hi/orical problem :i* s f> has n be5 solv$4 #bcd ,w]nle1 ,jesus & ,paulus4 ,anti!s5 zu ,b\ssets ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie und ,kir*e1 xxv1 #aiae1 pp4 #a-ib4 ,at "o po9t1 ,b\sset admits1 ! religion ( ,paul 0 bas$ ^u an hi/orical fact4 ,x 0 bas$ ^u ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,b ! ,paul9e int]pretation ( ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 d]iv$1 ,b\sset believes1 9 important p>ticul>s f contempor>y pagan religion2 ! ,paul9e notion ( dy+ & ris+ ) ,*ri/ 0 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! widespread pagan conception ( ! dy+ & ris+ god4 ,?is ass]tion has become q common among rec5t s*ol>s2 mat]ial 9 support ( x has be5 collect$ 9 conv5i5t =m by ,m4 ,brckn]4#bce ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ! evid5ce 9 support ( ! ass]tion is ( ! feeble/ k9d4 #bce ,d] /]b5de und auf]/eh5de ,got!il&1 #aijh4 ,! review ( ,hell5i/ic religion :i* 0 attempt$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi reveal$1 inde$1 ! fact t c]ta9 gods1 especially ,attis1 ,adonis1 & ,osiris1 7 repres5t$ fir/ z dy+ & !n z be+ resuscitat$4 ,! simil>ity ( ^! figures to "o ano!r may p]haps be expla9$ by ! hypo!sis t all ( !m 7 orig9ally vegetation gods1 ^: dea? & resuscitation repres5t$ ! )]+ ( vegetation 9 ! autumn & its r5ewal 9 ! spr+4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! p>allel betwe5 ^! gods & ,jesus may seem /rik+4 ,jesus also 0 repres5t$ z dy+ & z com+ back to life aga94 ,b :at is ! significance ( ! p>allel8 ,c x mean t ! entire ,new ,te/am5t /ory ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus 0 d]iv$ f ^! vegetation my?s8 ,su* has be5 ! conclusion ( c]ta9 mod]n s*ol>s4 ,b ( c\rse ?is conclusion is absurd1 & x is n favor$ by ,b\sset4 ,! ess5tial hi/oricity ( ! crucifixion ( ,jesus "u ,pontius ,pilate & ( ! rise ( ! belief 9 ,8 resurrection among ,8 intimate fri5ds /&s too firm to be %ak5 by any !ory ( dep5d5ce ^u pagan my?4 ,?us ! argum5t drawn f ! p>allel betwe5 ! ,new ,te/am5t /ory & ! pagan my? ( ! dy+ & ris+ god proves too mu*4 ,if x proves any?+1 x proves t ! ,new ,te/am5t /ory ( ! resurrection 0 d]iv$ f ! pagan my?4 ,b su* a view has n be5 held by any s]i\s hi/orians4 ,!re=e x w h to be admitt$ t ! p>allel betwe5 ! belief t ,adonis & ,osiris & ,attis di$ & rose aga91 & ! belief t ,jesus di$ & rose aga9 0 n produc$ by dep5d5ce ( "o /ory ^u ! o!r4 ,x w h to be recogniz$1 !re=e1 t a p>allel does n always mean a relation%ip ( dep5d5ce4 ,& if x does n d s at "o po9t1 p]haps x does n d s at o!rs4 ,b ,b\sset w insi/ t al?\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t /ory ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus 0 n orig9ally produc$ by ! pagan my?1 yet ! influ5ce ( ! pagan conception made itself felt 9 ! int]pretation :i* ,paul plac$ ^u ! /ory4 ,paul believ$ t ! ,*ri/ian %>$ ! fate ( ,*ri/--di$ ) ,*ri/ & rose ) ,*ri/4 ,b a simil> conception appe>s 9 ! pagan religions4 ,! classical expression ( ?is idea appe>s 9 ! (t-quot$ words report$ by ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,be ( good c\rage1 ye initiates1 s9ce ! god is sav$2 = to u !re %all be salvation out ( tr\bles4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! te/imony ( ,firmicus ,mat]nus is v late1 & t ! evid5ce = ! preval5ce ( ! conception 9 ! e>ly p]iod is some:at scanty4 ,! confid5t ass]tions ( rec5t writ]s ) reg>d to ^! matt]s are no?+ %ort ( a/oni%+4 ,lay read]s are likely to receive ! impression t ! inve/igator c recon/ruct ! conception ( a dy+ & ris+ god1 & ( ! %>e :i* ! wor%ip]s h 9 ! dea? & resurrection1 on ! basis ( "s va/ /ore ( in=mation 9 ! extant s\rces4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 no?+ ( ! sort is ! case4 ,! extant in=mation ab\t ! conception 9 "q is scanty 9 ! extreme1 & = ! mo/ "p dates f long aft] ! "t ( ,paul4 ,x w\ld be go+ too f>1 inde$1 to ass]t t ! conception ( ! dy+ & ris+ god1 ) its religi\s significance1 0 n 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,paul9e p]iod4 ,an anci5t ,egyptian text1 = example1 has be5 quot$ by ,erman1 :i* makes ! welf>e ( ! wor%ip] dep5d ^u t ( ,osiris3 ,ev5 z ,osiris lives1 he also %all live4#bcf ,v likely "s su* conceptions 7 connect$ also ) ! m\rn+ & subsequ5t rejoic+ = ,attis & ,adonis4 ,b if ! conception 0 exi/5t 9 ! pre-,paul9e p]iod1 x by no means foll[s t x 0 common4 ,c]ta9ly its preval5ce has be5 enorm\sly exagg]at$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,aga9/ su* exagg]ations1 ,j4 ,weiss--:o surely _c be accus$ ( any lack ( sympa?y ) ! me?ods ( comp>ative religion z appli$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t--has p]t95tly call$ att5tion to #a ,cor4 i4 #bc4 ,*ri/ crucifi$1 ,paul says1 0 to ! ,g5tiles fooli%ness4#bcg ,t does n look z ?\gh ! ,g5tiles among :om ,paul labor$ 7 v famili> ) ! notion ( a dy+ god4 ,if ! cont5tions ( ,brckn] 7 correct1 if ! conception ( ! dy+ god 7 z common 9 ,paul's day z ,brckn] supposes1 ! ,cross w\ld n h be5 to ! ,g5tiles fooli%ness2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld h seem$ to ! ,g5tiles to be ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w4 #bcf ,erman1 ,a ,h&book ( ,egyptian ,religion 7publi%$ 9 ! orig9al ,g]man edition z a h&book1 by ! ,g5]alv]waltung ( ! ,b]l9 ,imp]ial ,museum71 #aijg1 p4 #ie4 #bcg ,j4 ,weiss1 ,das ,problem d] ,ent/ehung des ,*ri/5tums1 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 xvi1 #aiac1 p1 #dij4 ,b ev5 if ! e>ly preval5ce ( ! conception ( a dy+ & ris+ god1 ) its religi\s significance1 7 bett] e/abli%$ ?an x is1 ! dep5d5ce ( ,paul ^u t conception w\ld by no means be prov$4 ,= ! ,paul9e conception is totally diff]5t4 ,"o diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 is p]fectly obvi\s & is inde$ g5]ally recogniz$--! ,paul9e ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z dy+ volunt>ily1 & dy+ = ! sake ( m54 ,he lov$ me1 says ,paul1 & gave himself = me4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ l t conception 9 ! case ( ! pagan religions4 ,osiris1 ,adonis1 & ,attis 7 ov]tak5 by _! fate2 ,jesus gave ,8 life freely away4 ,! diff]5ce is /up5d\s2 x involves ! v he>t ( ! religion ( ,paul4 ,h[ 0 ! diff]5ce caus$8 ,:5ce 0 d]iv$ ! ,paul9e conception ( ! grace ( ,*ri/8 ,0 x d]iv$ f ,jesus ,himself8 ,0 x d]iv$ f ! k :i* ,paul _h ( ! "* ( ,jesus8 ,! supposition might seem to be natural4 ,b un=tunately1 f ! po9t ( view ( ,b\sset1 x mu/ be reject$4 ,= if ,paul _h _h any k ( ,jesus' real "*1 h[ c\ld he ev] h suppos$ t ,jesus1 a m]e man1 0 ! heav5ly ,"l8 ,ano!r diff]5ce is ev5 m fundam5tal4 ,! dea? & resurrection ( ! pagan gods 0 a matt] ( ! cult2 ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ 0 a fact ( hi/ory4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! review ( ,hell5i/ic religion t ! cults 9 ! pagan religions 7 mu* m firmly fix$ ?an ! my?s2 9 ! op9ion ( mod]n s*ol>s1 ! my?s 7 d]iv$ f ! cults r ?an vice v]sa4 ,s 9 ! case ( ! dy+ & ris+ gods1 "o is /ruck above all ?+s ) ! totally fluid "* ( ! my?s4 ,! /ory ( ,attis1 = example1 is told 9 _m div]g5t =ms1 & !re does n seem to h be5 ! slighte/ int]e/ among ! ,attis wor%ip]s = ! e/abli%m5t ( any au!ntic acc\nt ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! god4 ,p>ticul>ly ! resurrection ( ! god appe>s 9 ! my?s ( ,attis1 ,adonis1 & ,osiris sc>cely at all4 ,! real dea? & resurrection occurr$ only 9 ! cult4 ,e ye> 9 ,m>*1 ! ,attis-wor%ip]s at ,rome fir/ saw ! god ly+ dead z he 0 repres5t$ by ! fir-tree1 & !n rejoic$ 9 8 resurrection4 ,! dea? & resurrection 7 h>dly conceiv$ ( z ev5ts :i* _h happ5$ once = all long ago4 ,!y 7 r ?\ght ( z happ5+ at e celebration ( ! fe/ival4 ,! ,paul9e treatm5t ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ is entirely diff]5t4 ,by ,b\sset1 inde$1 ! diff]5ce is p>tly obscur$2 ,b\sset tries to %[ t ! ,paul9e conception ( ! dy+ & ris+ ( ! believ] ) ,*ri/ 0 d]iv$ f ! celebration ( ! sacram5ts4 ,b !re c\ld be no m radical error4 ,:at is pla9e/ ( all 9 ! ,epi/les is ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,paul9e message4 ,! religion ( ,paul 0 root$ 9 an ev5t1 & ! sacram5ts 7 "o way ( sett+ =? ! significance ( ! ev5t4 ,! ev5t 0 ! r$emptive "w ( ,*ri/ 9 ,8 dea? & resurrection4 ,"h lies ! pr(\nde/ ( all diff]5ces betwe5 ,paul & contempor>y religion4 ,paul9ism 0 n a philosophy2 x 0 n a set ( directions = escape f ! mis]y ( ! _w2 x 0 n an acc\nt ( :at _h always be5 true4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 an acc\nt ( some?+ t _h happ5$4 ,! ?+ t _h happ5$1 moreov]1 0 n hidd5 9 ! dim & di/ant pa/4 ,! acc\nt ( x 0 n evolv$ z a ju/ification = exi/+ religi\s =ms4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 ^u :i* ,paul's gospel 0 bas$1 _h happ5$ only a few ye>s be=e4 ,& ! facts c\ld be e/abli%$ by adequate te/imony2 ! eyewitnesses c\ld be que/ion$1 & ,paul appeals to ! eyewitnesses 9 detail4 ,! s+le passage1 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-h1 is suffici5t to place a /up5d\s gulf betwe5 ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ & ! pagan savi\r-gods4 ,b ! "* ( ,paul9ism does n dep5d ^u "o passage4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ! ,epi/les ,paul /akes all 8 life ^u ! tru? ( :at he says ab\t ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,! gospel :i* ,paul prea*$ 0 an acc\nt ( some?+ t _h happ5$4 ,if ! acc\nt 0 true1 ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism is expla9$2 if x 0 n true1 ! ,*ur* is bas$ ^u an inexplicable error4 ,?is latt] alt]native has be5 exam9$ 9 ! prec$+ discussion4 ,if ,jesus 0 n ! div9e ,r$eem] t ,paul says ,he 01 h[ did ! ,paul9e religion ( r$emption arise8 ,?ree great hypo!ses h be5 exam9$ & h be5 f\nd want+4 ,paul9ism1 x has be5 %[n1 0 n bas$ ^u ! ,jesus ( mod]n naturalism2 if ,jesus 0 only :at ,he is repres5t$ by mod]n naturali/ic hi/orians z be+1 !n :at is really di/9ctive ( ,paul 0 n d]iv$ f ,jesus4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( t fact has be5 a notable a*ievem5t ( ,wr$e & ,b\sset4 ,b if :at is ess5tial 9 ,paul9ism 0 n d]iv$ f ,jesus1 :5ce 0 x d]iv$8 ,x 0 n d]iv$1 z ,wr$e believ$1 f ! pre-,*ri/ian apocalyptic notions ( ! ,messiah2 = ! apocalyptic ,messiah 0 n an object ( wor%ip1 & n a liv+ p]son to be lov$4 ,x 0 n d]iv$ f pagan religion1 9 accordance ) ! brilliant hypo!sis ( ,b\sset2 = pagan influ5ce is exclud$ by ! self-te/imony ( ,paul1 & ! pagan p>allels utt]ly break d[n4 ,b ev5 if ! p>allels 7 t5 times clos] ?an !y are1 ! he>t ( ! problem w\ld n ev5 h be5 t\*$4 ,! he>t ( ! problem is f\nd 9 ! ,paul9e relation to ,*ri/4 ,t relation _c be describ$ by m]e enum]ation ( details2 x _c be r$uc$ to l[] t]ms2 x is an absolutely simple & indivisible ?+4 ,! relation ( ,paul to ,*ri/ is a relation ( love2 & love exi/s only betwe5 p]sons4 ,x is n a gr\p ( ideas t is to be expla9$1 if ,paul9ism is to be acc\nt$ =1 b ! love ( ,paul = 8 ,savi\r4 ,& t love is root$1 n 9 :at ,*ri/ _h said1 b 9 :at ,*ri/ _h done4 ,he lov$ me & gave ,himself = me4 ,!re lies ! basis ( ! religion ( ,paul2 !re lies ! basis ( all ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t basis is confirm$ by ! acc\nt ( ,jesus :i* is giv5 9 ! ,gospels1 & giv51 inde$1 9 all ! s\rces4 ,x is oppos$ only by mod]n recon/ructions4 ,& ^? recon/ructions are all break+ d[n4 ,! religion ( ,paul 0 n f\nd$ ^u a complex ( ideas d]iv$ f ,judaism or f paganism4 ,x 0 f\nd$ ^u ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,b ! hi/orical ,jesus ^u :om x 0 f\nd$ 0 n ! ,jesus ( mod]n recon/ruction1 b ! ,jesus ( ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t & ( ,*ri/ian fai?2 n a tea*] :o surviv$ only 9 ! memory ( ,8 disciples1 b ! ,savi\r :o aft] ,8 r$eem+ "w 0 done /ill liv$ & c\ld /ill be lov$4 ,,index ,i ,,names ,,& ,,subjects ,acts1 ,book (1 #cb-dj %\ld be all[$ to help 9 int]pret+ ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 #abe ,adonis1 #cad;f4 religion (1 #bcd;f4 ,adoptioni/ ,*ri/ology1 n f\nd 9 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 #aah ,agabus1 #cc;f41 #gh ,agr1 my/]ies (1 #bag ,alex&] ! ,great1 #bbj ,alex&ria1 ,*ur* at1 #af ,ananias 79 ,acts71 #ga ,ananias 79 ,josephus71 #ab ,&ronicus & ,junias1 #adj;f4 ,anri*1 #bab ,antio*1 #bi;f41 #gg;ff41 #abb;ff2 ,apo/olic ,decree address$ to1 #id;ff42 ,pet] at1 #ig-ajf2 ,*ur* at1 #af ,antio*1 pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity (3 n *annel by :i* pagan religion influ5c$ ,paul1 #beg;ff42 h[ inve/igat$1 #beg-bei2 n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ,j]usalem1 #bei;f42 did x orig9ate application ( t]m ,"l to ,jesus1 #bii1 #cjc-cjg ,apocalypses1 ,jewi%1 n us$ by ,paul1 #aib;f4 ,apocrypha1 ,old ,te/am5t1 #ahb;f4 ,apollo's1 #aji ,apo/les1 ! orig9al3 attitude t[>d ,paul at ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 #hf;f42 relation ) ,paul1 #abj-acg2 obs]v$ ,mosaic ,law1 #abf-abh2 7 inw>dly free f ,law1 #abg;f42 agre$ ) ,paul ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 #ace-acg2 contact ) ,paul1 #aci ,apo/olic ,c\ncil1 !1 #ci1 #hj-ajj ,apo/olic ,decree1 !1 #hg-ih1 #aaj2 0 accompani$ by ,judas & ,silas1 #adj ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 !1 #f ,apuleius1 #bbb;f41 #bcc;f41 #bda ,arabia1 ,paul's j\rney to1 #ga-gd ,aretas1 #gd ,asclepius1 !1 #bdb ,at>gatis1 #bce ,a!nodorus1 #de ,a?letic games1 use ( figures reg>d+ !1 by ,paul1 #bfj ,attis1 #cad-caf2 religion (1 #bbg-bca2 my/]ies (1 #bhc ,baals1 ! ,syrian1 #bce ,bac*analian rites 9 ,italy1 #bej ,bacon1 ,b4 ,w41 #ia1 #aci1 #aha1 #aig ,bald5sp]g]1 #agh1 #aib1 #bjd ,baptism1 9 pagan religion1 #bhj;f4 ,baptism = ! dead1 #bhh ,b>nabas1 #af1 #gh;ff41 #hc;f41 #ii2 0 c>ri$ away ) ,pet] at ,antio*1 #ajb2 dispute ) ,paul1 #aje-ajg2 relations ) ,paul1 #ajf;f42 0 memb] ( ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 #acg;f42 contact ) ,paul1 #acg;f4 ,b>nabas1 ,epi/le (1 #ah ,b>u*1 ,second ,book (1 #ahj1 #aia ,baur1 ,f4 ,c1 #f1 #ca1 #cg1 #he1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aai;ff41 #abd;f41 #abh;f4 ,bee*]1 #ahb ,b5gel1 #ajc ,beys*lag1 #fj1 #fc1 #fe ,bible1 introduction ( !1 into ,indo-,european civilization1 #bj ,blass1 #ij ,bhlig1 #de1 #ada1 #cjj ,b\sset1 ,w41 #bh-cj1 #dg1 #di1 #eb1 #fg1 #gb1 #gh1 #aef1 #afa1 #agb-aii1 #bjd-bjg1 #bdd1 #beg-bfb1 #bfg;f41 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bgh1 #bic-cag ,brckn]1 #bg1 #ahe1 #aia1 #aid;ff41 #bje;f41 #baa1 #bcd1 #cac1 #cae ,buddhism1 e>ly1 #bgd ,burton1 ,e4 ,d41 #bfg;f41 #bga ,byblos1 #bca1 #bcd;f4 ,*>les1 #ahj1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aij ,*ri/1 ! t]m1 #big;f4 ,*ri/ianity1 orig9 (3 importance ( ! "q1 #c;f42 two ways ( inve/igat+1 #d;f42 te/imony ( ,paul to1 #d;f4 ,*ri/ianity1 mono!ism (1 #cjf ,*ri/ians1 fir/ application ( ! "n1 #gh ,*ri/ology1 ! ,paul9e3 n d]iv$ f pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% doctr9e ( ! ,messiah1 #agc-bjg2 n d]iv$ f pre-,*ri/ian ,jewi% doctr9e ( ,wisdom1 #aii-bjd2 n d]iv$ f pagan religion1 #bic-cag ,*ri/-p>ty1 !1 at ,cor9?1 #abj ,circumcision1 #ag ,clem51 #bfb ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #bcj1 #bha ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #aje ,coloss1 errori/s 91 #abi;f4 ,colossians1 ,epi/le to !1 #ca1 #ajd ,cor9?ian ,*ur*1 p>ties 9 !1 #ajg-aji ,cor9?ians1 ,epi/les to !1 #ca ,cornelius1 #af1 #ai1 #hc ,cross ( ,*ri/1 !1 #ai1 #fc;f4 ,cult1 ,b\sset's exagg]ation ( ! importance ( !1 #cjc;ff4 ,cumont1 #bab1 #bbg;ff41 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bdc;f41 #bdg1 #bha;f4 ,cybele1 religion (1 #h1 #bbg-bca ,cybele & ,attis1 my/]ies (1 #bbi-bca ,cynics1 !1 #bbe ,dalman1 #ahg ,damascus1 #ga;ff41 #gf2 prea*+ ( ,paul at1 #gb;f42 escape ( ,paul f1 #gd ,damascus1 pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity (3 h[ inve/igat$1 #beg-bei2 n *annel by :i* pagan religion influ5c$ ,paul1 #beg;ff42 n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ,j]usalem1 #bei;f42 did x orig9ate application ( ! t]m ,"l to ,jesus1 #bii ,date1 "q (1 ) ref]5ce to pagan ideas & practices1 #bcg-da ,dea? ( ,*ri/1 !1 0 volunt>y1 #cae ,dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus3 hi/oricity (1 #cab;f42 n d]iv$ f ! cult1 #cae;f4 ,dea? & resurrection ( pagan gods1 ! my?s conc]n+1 ?\ght to h be5 d]iv$ f ! cults1 #cae;f4 ,deification3 9 pagan religion1 #bde1 #bfc2 n f\nd 9 ,paul1 #bfc-bfe ,demet]1 #bag;f4 ,d5ney1 ,james1 #aee1 #cjd ,diet]i*1 #bdf;f41 #bea ,dionysus1 #bae;f42 religion (1 #bhb;f4 ,disp]sion1 ,judaism ( !3 0 x lib]al1 #age-agg2 did n produce ,g5tile mission ( ,paul1 #age;ff4 ,drews1 #bid ,dualism ( ,hell5i/ic age1 diff]5t f ,paul9ism1 #bgf ,dy+ & ris+ god1 !1 #baa1 #bcd;f41 #bcg1 #cab-caf ,ebionites1 !1 #abe;f4 ,ecclesia/icus1 #bjj ,eleusis1 my/]ies (1 #bag-bai1 #bha ,emmet1 #ha1 #agf1 #ahj ,emp]ors1 wor%ip ( !1 #bba ,eno*1 ,fir/ ,book (1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahf-ahi1 #aic1 #aih;f41 #bjc ,epicureans1 !1 #bbe ,ephesians1 ,epi/le to !1 #ca1 #ajd ,erman1 #cad ,es*atology1 consi/5t1 #aef;f4 ,ess5es1 #agg ,e?ics1 same tea*+ ab\t1 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 #afd;f4 ,eusebius1 #aci ,ezra1 ,f\r? ,book (1 #agf1 #ahj1 #ahg1 #ahi;f41 #aif ,fai? 9 ,jesus1 did n orig9ate at ,antio*1 #cjc;ff4 ,fam9e visit1 hi/oricity ( !1 #hd-hf ,f>nell1 #bab1 #bag ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 same tea*+ ab\t1 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 #afa-afd ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 #bbi1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bea1 #bha1 #cad ,fle%1 ,paul9e use ( ! t]m3 )\t p>allel 9 pagan usage1 #bge;f42 bas$ on ,old ,te/am5t1 #bgf ,future life1 int]e/ 9 !1 /imulat$ by wor%ip ( ,dionysus & by ,orphism1 #baf;f4 ,galatians1 ,epi/le to !3 g5u95ess1 #ca2 addressees1 #ha2 date1 #ha;ff42 mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ,i ,cor4 xv4 #a-aa1 #add;f4 ,gamaliel1 #dg1 #eb ,gautama1 #bgd ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity3 9 :at s5se f\nd$ by ,paul1 #g-ba2 9 :at s5se f\nd$ by ,jesus1 #ac-ae2 "p 9 ! f\nd+ (1 tak5 by mission>ies o!r ?an ,paul1 #ae;f4 ,g5tiles1 reception (1 accord+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ag ,gis*ala1 #dd ,gnosis1 #bfb-bfe3 idea (1 9 ,paul1 #bfc-bfe2 n a te*nical t]m 9 ,paul1 #bfc ,gno/icism1 #bdg-bea1 #bfh;f43 pagan basis (1 #bdg2 c x be us$ z a witness to pre-,*ri/ian paganism1 #bdg-bej2 ,*ri/ian elem5ts 91 #bdi;f42 use 91 ( t]ms ,_s & spiritual due to dep5d5ce on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #bfh;f4 ,god1 ! t]m1 #cjf;f4 ,gold5 ,rule1 negative =m ( !1 #hh;f4 ,gospel1 ! ,paul9e1 0 a matt] ( hi/ory1 #bfd;f4 ,gospels1 !3 conta9 an acc\nt ( ,jesus l t presuppos$ 9 ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 #aec;f42 7 !y influ5c$ by ,paul1 #aed;f41 #aei ,grace1 doctr9e (1 bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 #afd ,grace ( ,god accord+ to ,paul1 #bgi ,greece1 religion (3 influ5c$ ,rome1 #bab;f42 moral defects (1 #bad2 0 an?ropomorphic poly!ism1 #bad;f42 0 connect$ ) ! /ate1 #bad;f42 my/ical elem5ts 91 #bae;ff42 0 und]m9$ by philosophy1 by ! fall ( ! city-/ate1 & by ! influ5ce ( ! ea/]n religions1 #bai;f4 ,greek language3 9 ,pale/9e1 #ec1 #cjb2 ,paul's use (1 #dd1 #df1 #ec ,gressmann1 #aha ,hadad1 #bce ,h>nack1 ,a4 von1 #f;f41 #bf1 #cc-cf1 #ih1 #aai1 #bfc1 #bgc ,hebrew1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #df ,he9rici1 #bfe ,heitmll]1 #dg1 #di1 #eb1 #gf-gh1 #aeg1 #bdc;f41 #beg-bfa1 #bfe1 #bhb;f4 ,helbig1 #df ,hell5i/1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #df ,hell5i/ic age1 !3 cosmopolitanism 91 #bbj2 individualism 91 #bba2 religi\s propag&a 91 #bba;f42 syncretism 91 #bbb;f42 long+ = r$emption 91 #bbc;f4 ,hell5i/s1 !1 #cjb ,hepd+1 #bbg-bca1 #bhc ,h]mas1 ,%eph]d (1 #bdb ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 #bdb-bde1 #bdh;f41 #bfa;f41 #bfe-bfg1 #bhe3 0 x influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #bdb;f41 #bdg;f42 importance (1 #bdc;f42 places s\l high] ?an _s1 #bdh;f42 t]m9ology diff]5t f ,paul's1 #bfe-bgj ,h]metic ,corpus1 #bdb-bde1 #bgg ,h]od ,agrippa ,i1 dea? (1 #gi ,hilg5feld1 #ij ,hippolytus1 #bah1 #bdi;f4 ,hol/e91 #fc-fe1 #gf ,holtzmann1 ,h4 ,j41 #bb ,hom]1 #bac;f4 ,illum9ation1 ! t]m1 #bgc ,initiat$1 to be1 use ( ! v]b by ,paul1 #bga;f4 ,ir5u1 #hi ,isis1 religion (1 #h;f4 ,isis1 my/]ies (1 #bcb;ff41 _h sacram5tal wa%+s accord+ to ,t]tullian1 #bha ,isis & ,osiris1 religion (1 #bca-bcd ,izates ( ,adiab5e1 #ab ,james1 #id1 #ih3 contact ( ) ,paul1 #ge1 #aji-aac1 #acg2 m5 :o came f1 #aja2 attitude (1 t[>d ,paul1 #aaa;f42 attitude ( ,paul t[>d1 #abj;ff42 call$ ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 #bii;f4 ,j]ome1 #dd ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 !1 #bic-cjc3 attitude (1 t[>d ! ,law1 #ai2 relief ( ! poor (1 #ii;f41 #ajd1 #aab;f42 new pr9ciple ( ! life (1 #abg2 community ( goods 91 #ach2 contact (1 ) ,paul1 #aci2 treasur$ tradition ab\t ,jesus1 #aci2 direct influ5ce (1 ^u ,paul1 #beh;f42 use ( ! t]m ,"l by1 #bid-cjc ,jesus ,*ri/3 hi/oricity (1 #e2 9 :at s5se f\nd] ( ! ,g5tile mission1 #ac-ae2 ,paul9e conception (1 #bb2 deification (1 accord+ to mod]n lib]alism1 #bb-bd2 ,messiah%ip (1 accord+ to ! lib]al hypo!sis1 #be2 consci\sness ( son%ip1 accord+ to ! lib]al hypo!sis1 #be2 importance (1 9 ! lib]al explanation ( ! orig9 ( ,paul9ism1 #be2 ,messiah%ip (1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 #bi2 ,lord%ip (1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 #bi;f42 div9ity (1 disput$ by no "o 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 #abi-acg2 k (1 accord+ to ,paul1 #adb-add2 words (1 9 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 #adg-adi2 details ( ! life (1 kn[n to ,paul1 #adi;f42 "* (1 appreciat$ by ,paul1 #aej;f42 comp>ison (1 ) ,paul1 #aec-afi2 pres5t$ ,himself z ,messiah1 #aee-aeh2 p]sonal aff9ity (1 ) ,paul1 #afe2 reg>d$ by ,paul z a ,r$eem]1 n z a m]e tea*]1 #afg-afi ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! lib]al acc\nt (3 atte/$ by none ( ! s\rces1 #aee2 involves psy*ological contradiction1 #aee-aeh2 _c expla9 ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 ! div9e ,r$eem]1 #aeh;f4 ,john1 #ih1 w5t to ,ephesus1 #abh ,jones1 ,maurice1 #ha ,josephus1 #gi1 #agg1 #ahc ,juda1 ,*ur*es (1 #ej-eb1 #ge;f4 ,judaism3 mission>y activity (1 #i-aa2 prep>$ = ,paul9e mission1 #aj;f42 did n produce ,*ri/ian univ]salism1 #aa-ac2 _h no doctr9e ( ! vic>i\s dea? ( ! ,messiah1 #fe1 #aif;ff42 divisions )91 #age-agg2 did n s]ve z m$ium = pagan influ5ce ^u ,paul1 #bee;f4 ,judaism1 rabb9ical1 #agf ,judas1 #adj ,judaiz]s1 !1 #ai1 #hf1 #ih1 #aba1 #abe;f41 #abh1 #aca1 #ace1 #bgh3 activity (1 subsid$ dur+ ! ?ird mission>y j\rney1 #ajd1 #ajg2 did n dispute ,paul's doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 #abi-acg ,judgm5t1 tea*+ ab\t1 bo? 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 #afd ,ju/ification1 ,paul9e idea (3 c f9d no analogy 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 #bgg2 importance (1 9 ,paul's ?9k+1 #bgg-bgi2 n produc$ m]ely z weapon aga9/ ! ,judaiz]s1 #bgh;f42 intimately connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( ! new creation1 #bgi ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #ahe1 #aif1 #bcf1 #bgc1 #bha ,juv5al1 #bbg ,kabeiri1 !1 #bai ,k5n$y1 ,h4 ,a4 ,a41 #aah1 #bcc1 #bfb1 #bha ,k+dom ( ,god1 same tea*+ ab\t1 9 ,jesus & 9 ,paul1 #afj;f4 ,kn[l+1 #ajd1 #aji1 #adg1 #bii ,ko91 !1 #bbj ,kr5kel1 #dd;f41 #ei ,kroll1 ,j41 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bdi1 #bfi ,kroll1 ,w41 #bdb1 #bde ,kykeon1 !1 #bah1 #bha ,labor]s 9 ! v9ey>d1 p>able ( !1 #afd ,lake1 ,kirsopp1 #ab;f41 #ha;f41 #hi1 #ih ,lake & ,jackson1 #ahf ,law1 ! c]emonial1 attitude ( ,jesus t[>d1 #ad;f4 ,law1 ! ,mosaic3 function (1 accord+ to ,paul1 #ah2 attitude ( ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur* t[>d1 #ai2 obs]vance (1 by ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 #ib;f41 #aja;f42 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians zeal\s =1 #aaj2 add$ to1 by ! ,jews1 #agh2 ,paul's e>ly zeal =1 #bef ,legalism1 ,jewi%1 #agh-aha ,lexical me?od ( det]m9+ que/ions ( dep5d5ce1 #bfb ,lib]alism1 0 n ! me?od ( ,paul 9 f\nd+ ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 #ag ,lib]al ,judaism1 0 n ! atmosph]e ( ,paul's boyhood home1 #dg1 #bef ,lietzmann1 #abg ,lightfoot1 ,j4 ,b41 #dg1 #aai ,lipsius1 #gb ,livy1 #bej ,loisy1 #dg1 #gf1 #bbi1 #bfb ,"l1 !1 connect$ by ,paul ) ! ,_s1 #caa;ff4 ,"l1 ! t]m3 appli$ by ,paul to ! ,jesus :o 0 on e>?1 #aag;f42 use (1 9 primitive ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 #bid-cjc2 occurr5ce (1 9 ! ,gospels1 #bie-bih2 ! ,aramaic basis (1 #cja2 receiv$ ,greek =m 9 ,j]usalem1 #cja;f42 n = ! fir/ "t appli$ to ,jesus at ,antio*1 #cjc;ff42 use (1 9 pagan religion1 #cje;f42 use (1 9 ! ,septuag9t1 #cjg;f4 ,"l's ,supp]1 !3 acc\nt ( in/itution (1 #adh;f41 #aea;f42 0 ?\ght by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr to be imitat$ 9 religion ( ,mi?ras1 #bcf2 comp>ison (1 ) pagan rites1 #bha-bhc2 n dep5d5t ^u pagan notion ( eat+ ! god1 #bhb;f4 ,lucian1 #bbe1 #bcd;f41 #bda ,luke1 #cf;f4 ,lycaonia1 ,apo/olic ,decree ext5d$ into1 #id ,maccabees1 ,f\r? ,book (1 #aif ,magic3 aff9ity (1 = ! my/]ies1 #bdf2 diff]5ce (1 f religion1 #bdf ,magical papyri1 !1 #bdf;f4 ,m>1 ! t]m1 #cjj;f4 ,m>ana?a1 #cjj;f4 ,m>cion1 #ah ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #bbf ,m>k1 ,john1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg2 relations (1 ) ,paul & ) ,pet]1 #ach;f4 ,m>riage1 ! sacr$1 #bcj ,ma/]1 ! t]m1 appli$ to ,jesus1 #cjh ,mead1 #bdd ,meals1 sacr$1 9 ! my/]y religions1 #bha-bhc ,m5&]1 #bga ,mn>d1 #bdd ,messiah1 !3 doctr9es (1 9 ,old ,te/am5t1 #aha;f42 doctr9e (1 9 ,judaism1 #ahb;ff42 ,old ,te/am5t basis = lat] doctr9e (1 #aia2 pre-,*ri/ian doctr9e (1 exalt$ by id5tification ) ,jesus1 #bjd ,messiah1 ! apocalyptic3 0 diff]5t f ! ,paul9e ,*ri/1 #aid-aii2 _h no "p 9 creation1 #aid2 _h no intimate relation to ! believ]1 #aid-aig2 0 n div9e1 #aig-aii2 :at c\ld h l$ to 8 id5tification ) ,jesus1 #bje;f4 ,m9d1 ! t]m1 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 #bfg;f41 n produc$ by philosophical modification ( ! t]m ,_s ,m9d1 n ! same ?+ z ,_s 9 ,i ,cor4 ii4 #ae1 #af1 #bfi ,miracles3 objection drawn f acc\nts (1 aga9/ ,lucan au?or%ip ( ,acts1 #cc-cg2 _c be sep>at$ f ! ,gospel acc\nt ( ,jesus1 #aed;f4 ,mi?ras1 my/]ies (1 #bcf1 #bef3 _h sacram5tal wa%+s accord+ to ,t]tullian1 #bha2 bread & cup 91 #bha;f4 ,mi?ras1 religion (1 #h;f41 #bce-bcg ,mi?ras-liturgy1 ! s-call$1 #bdg1 #bea1 #bfg ,mnason1 #aab ,momms51 #df;f4 ,montefiore1 #agf;f4 ,morgan1 ,w41 #aah1 #afd ,m\lton & ,milligan1 #bha ,murray1 ,gilb]t1 #bbc ,my/]y1 ! t]m1 9 ,paul1 #bgb;f4 ,my/]y religions1 !1 #bbg;ff43 did n produce ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 #h;f42 7 tol]ant ( o!r fai?s1 #i2 in=mation ab\t1 9 a ,naass5e writ+1 #bdi;f42 te*nical vocabul>y (1 #bfb;ff42 idea ( gnosis 91 #bfb-bfe2 n ! s\rce ( ,paul's doctr9e ( ! ,_s1 #bgj2 probably _h n dom9at$ _m conv]ts ( ,paul1 #bgc2 produc$ no /rong consci\sness ( s91 #bgf2 did n produce ! ,paul9e tea*+ ab\t ! sacram5ts1 #bgi-bij ,my/icism1 pagan1 #bci;ff4 ,naass5es1 sect ( !1 #bdi;f4 ,neutral text1 !1 #hg;ff4 ,oepke1 #bfd;f41 #bgc ,old ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #f1 #aai;f43 f\nd$ on unity betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul1 #ajd;f4 ,ols*ewski1 #aid ,oracula ,*aldaica1 !1 #bde;f4 ,orphism1 #baf;f4 ,osiris1 #bbi1 #bca;ff41 #cad;f4 ,pagan religion3 ?r\gh :at *annels c\ld x h influ5c$ ,paul1 #bee-bfa2 did x influ5ce ,paul directly1 #bfj;f4 ,papias1 #aci ,p>!y1 #bdd4 ,p>ticul>ism1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ag ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 !1 #ca;f4 ,paul3 te/imony (1 z to orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #d;f42 influ5ce (1 #f-ba2 geographical ext5t ( ! labors (1 #af;f42 importance ( ! !ology (1 9 f\ndation ( ,g5tile mission1 #ag-bj2 9 :at ways a witness ab\t ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ba2 ! g5ius (1 n incompatible ) ! tru? ( 8 witness+1 #ba2 mono!ism (1 #bc2 s\rces ( in=mation ab\t1 #ca-dj2 bir? (1 at ,t>sus1 #dc;f42 ,roman citiz5%ip (1 #de;f42 ,ph>isaism (1 #df;f42 0 n a lib]al ,jew1 #dg1 #age;ff42 0 9 ,j]usalem be=e conv]sion1 #dg-ec2 rabb9ical tra9+ (1 #eb;f42 did he see ,jesus be=e ! conv]sion1 #ed-eg2 knew ab\t ,jesus be=e ! conv]sion1 #eg;f41 #ff;f42 conv]sion (1 #eh-fh1 #ade-adg1 #bje1 #cje2 malady (1 #eh;f42 did he h ! consci\sness ( s9 be=e 8 conv]sion1 #fd-ff2 ! conv]sion (1 involv$ meet+ ) a p]son1 #fg;f42 baptism (1 #ga2 at ,damascus1 #ga;ff42 w5t to ,arabia1 #ga-gd2 escap$ f ,damascus1 #gd2 rebuk$ ,pet]1 #ig1 #ajb2 division ( labor ) ,pet]1 #ii;f42 fir/ visit (1 to ,j]usalem1 #gd-gg2 9 ,syria & ,cilicia1 #gg2 at ,antio*1 #gh2 fam9e visit (1 to ,j]usalem1 #gh;ff42 agre$ ) ,pet] 9 pr9ciple1 #ajb1 #abc;f42 relations (1 ) ,pet]1 #ajb-aje1 #acg2 dispute (1 ) ,b>nabas1 #aje-ajg2 relations (1 ) ,b>nabas1 #ajf;f41 #acg;f42 relations (1 ) ,james1 #aji-aac2 p>ticipation (1 9 a ,jewi% v[1 #aaj;f42 has be5 reg>d$ by ! ,*ur* z a disciple ( ,jesus1 #aag2 reg>d$ himself z a disciple ( ,jesus1 #aag;f42 0 reg>d$ z a disciple ( ,jesus by ,jesus' fri5ds1 #aah-acg2 attitude (1 t[>d ,pet]1 #abj;ff42 attitude (1 t[>d ,james1 #abj;ff42 rebuk$ ,pet]1 #abb-abd2 _h abundant s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,jesus1 #acg-adb2 relations (1 ) ,m>k1 #ach;f42 contact (1 ) ! orig9al apo/les & ) ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 #aci2 contact (1 ) ,silas1 #adj2 ! gospel (1 9 :at s5se did he receive x directly f ,*ri/1 #ade-adg2 mean+ ( ! conv]sion (1 = him1 #ade-adg2 %[s k ( words ( ,jesus1 #adg-adi2 %[s k ( details ( ,jesus' life1 #adi;f42 %[s appreciation ( ,jesus' "*1 #aej;f42 knew m ab\t ,jesus ?an he has told 9 ! ,epi/les1 #aea-aec2 comp>ison (1 ) ,jesus1 #aec-afi2 p]sonal aff9ity (1 ) ,jesus1 #afe2 0 n a disciple ( ! lib]al ,jesus1 #aff-afi2 8 pre-conv]sion belief ab\t ! ,messiah1 #aib-aid2 0 n dep5d5t ^u ! ,jewi% apocalypses1 #aib;f42 p]sonal relation (1 to ,*ri/1 0 n d]iv$ f m]e reflection on ! dea? ( ! ,messiah1 #aid-aig2 simil>ity (1 to ,jesus1 n expla9$ by common dep5d5ce on ,judaism1 #bjf2 ! gospel (1 0 a matt] ( hi/ory1 #bfd;f42 h[ f> did he use a t]m9ology d]iv$ f ! my/]ies1 #bga-bgc ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ! g5u95ess (1 #ca;f4 ,paul9ism3 requir$ exclusive devotion1 #i2 0 a religion ( r$emption1 #bb1 #afg-afi2 doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ 91 0 n disput$ ev5 by ,judaiz]s1 #abi-acg2 0 sup]naturali/ic1 #bhh;f42 0 n ext]nal1 #bhi;f42 0 individuali/ic1 #cji;ff42 0 n develop$ f ! cult1 #cji;ff42 0 p]sonal1 #caa;f41 #cag2 0 hi/orical1 #caf ,paul9ism1 ! orig9 (3 f\r ways ( expla9+1 #bd;ff42 sup]naturali/ic explanation (1 #bd2 lib]al explanation (1 #bd-bf2 radical explanations (1 #bf;ff42 f\nd 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism by ,wr$e & ,brckn]1 #bg;f42 f\nd 9 paganism by ,b\sset1 #cj2 n really expla9$ by developm5t f ! lib]al ,jesus1 #aag-afi2 n really expla9$ by ,judaism1 #agc-bjg2 n really expla9$ by paganism1 #baa-cag ,p]sephone1 #bah ,p]sonality1 idea (1 #bjb;f4 ,pet]3 receiv$ ,cornelius1 #af2 ) ,paul 9 ,j]usalem1 #ge-gg2 at ,antio*1 #ig-ajf2 rebuk$ by ,paul1 #ig1 #ajb1 #abb-abd2 division ( labor ) ,paul1 #ii;f42 relations (1 ) ,paul1 #ajb-aje2 attitude ( ,paul t[>d1 #abj;ff42 agre$ ) ,paul 9 pr9ciple1 #abc;f42 n 9 h>mony ) ,ebionism1 #abe;f42 w5t to ,rome1 #abg;f42 contact ) ,paul1 #acg2 relations (1 ) ,m>k1 #aci ,ph>isaism1 n influ5c$ by pagan religion1 #bee;f4 ,ph>isees1 !1 #agg ,philemon1 ,epi/le to1 #ca ,philippians1 ,epi/le to !1 #ca1 #ajd ,philo1 #ahc1 #bej;f43 use ( t]m ,_s by1 due to ,old ,te/am5t1 #bfh ,philosophy3 und]m9$ ! religion ( ,greece1 #bai2 practical int]e/ (1 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age1 #bbd;ff4 ,plato1 #bbd;f41 #bge ,plooij1 #ha ,plut>*1 #bca1 #bcf ,poim&res1 !1 #bdb-bde ,posidonius1 #bbe1 #bej ,pr9ceton ,biblical ,/udies1 #g1 #ag1 #cg1 #aag ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 #cg1 #gh1 #aee ,psalms ( ,solomon1 #aij1 #aic ,pseudepigrapha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ahb ,ptolemy #a1 #bca ,py?agoreanism1 #bag ,ramsay1 #de1 #ef1 #ha ,rationaliz+1 reviv$ by ,torrey & o!rs1 #cd ,r$emption3 ,paul9ism a religion (1 #bb1 #afg-afi2 0 desir$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age1 #bbc;f42 value (1 #bbd2 9 pagan religion & 9 ,paul1 #bee-bgi2 idea (1 9 ,hell5i/ic age1 #bgd;ff42 idea (1 n an abnormal ?+1 #bge2 ,paul9e conception (1 0 n d]iv$ f pagan cults1 #bgd;ff42 ,paul9e idea (1 involves salvation f s91 #bgf;f4 ,reg5]ation3 9 pagan religion1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bdj;f41 #bdd;f42 associat$1 9 ,paul1 ) ju/ification1 #bgi ,reitz5/e91 ,r41 #bdb-bdd1 #bdf1 #bdh;ff41 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bfb-bhj ,religion & !ology3 union (1 accord+ to ,wr$e1 #bg2 sep>ation (1 accord+ to ! lib]al hypo!sis1 #be;f42 n to be sep>at$ 9 ,paul1 #aff;ff4 ,revelation1 ,book (1 #abj ,rits*l1 ,a41 #f1 #ch;f41 #aai;f41 #abe ,rits*lian !ology1 !1 #bc ,rohde1 #bab1 #bbc ,romans1 ,epi/le to !3 g5u95ess (1 #ca2 date (1 #ha;f42 c x be us$ 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity ( ,damascus & ,antio*1 #bei ,rome1 ,*ur* at1 #af ,rome1 ! native religion (1 #bab;f4 ,sabazius1 #bae ,sacram5ts1 ! ,paul9e3 7 n d]iv$ f ! my/]y religions1 #bgi-bij2 did n convey bless+ ex op]e op]ato1 #bhc-bhh2 7 outw>d signs ( an inn] exp]i5ce1 #bhf;f4 ,sadducees1 !1 #agg ,samo?race1 ! my/]ies (1 #bai ,s*r]1 #bc1 #fe1 #gi1 #aef1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aif ,s5eca1 #bbf ,septuag9t1 importance ( !1 #cjg;f4 ,s]apis1 religion (1 #bcb;ff4 ,s]vant com+ 9 f ! field1 p>able ( !1 #afd ,se!1 #bha ,%[]man1 #bbg1 #bca ,sieff]t1 #gb ,silas1 #af3 contact (1 ) ,paul1 #adj2 0 memb] ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 #adj ,s91 consci\sness (3 9 ,judaism1 #agh-aha2 9 ,paul1 #bgf;f4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,b41 #bid ,solomon1 ,psalms (1 #ahd ,son ( ,man1 !3 9 ,i ,eno*1 #aha1 #ahf;ff42 orig9 & mean+ ( ! title1 #ahg;ff42 idea (1 dom9at$ ! e>ly ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 accord+ to ,b\sset1 #bic;f41 #bih ,s\l3 plac$ high] ?an _s 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us & l[] ?an ,_s 9 ,paul1 #bdh;f41 #bfg;f42 conception ( !1 9 ,paul1 #bff;ff4 ,_s3 plac$ l[] ?an s\l 9 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us & 7:5 ! ^w designates ! ,_s ( ,god7 high] ?an s\l 9 ,paul1 #bdh;f41 #bfg;f42 no evid5ce ( popul> pagan use ( ! t]m analog\s to ,paul9e usage1 #bfg-bgj2 ,greek mat]iali/ic use ( ! t]m1 #bfg2 use ( ! t]m 9 ,philo %[s influ5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #bfh2 use ( ! t]m 9 ,gno/icism due to dep5d5ce on ,new ,te/am5t1 #bfh;f42 use ( ! t]m 9 ,m5&]1 #bgj ,_s1 ,paul9e conception ( !1 #bfe-bga3 diff]5t f t 9 my/]y religions1 #bfe1 #bgj2 does n make ! div9e ,_s take ! place ( ! human s\l1 #bff2 has roots 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #bgj;f42 br+s enri*m5t ( ,old ,te/am5t tea*+1 #bgj2 n d]iv$ f paganism1 #caj2 ,b\sset's view (1 #caj;ff4 ,spiritual man3 contra/ ) psy*ic man1 #bfe-bgj2 ! t]m n 9 accord ) ! t]m9ology ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 #bff;ff4 ,/eph51 #af1 #ai1 #ff ,/obu1 #bdb ,/oics1 !3 humanit>ian a*ievem5ts (1 #bbe;f42 humanit>ian ideal (1 diff]$ f ,*ri/ian ideal1 #bbe;f4 ,/rauss1 #cd ,sup]naturalism 9 ,paul's religion1 #bhh;f4 ,syncretism1 #bbb;f41 #bcg;ff41 #bfb ,syria3 religion (1 #gg2 use ( ! t]m ,"l 91 #cjj ,syria & ,cilicia1 #gg3 ! ,apo/olic ,decree address$ to1 #id;ff4 ,tammuz1 #bcd ,t>sus1 #dc;f41 #gg3 did n br+ pagan influ5ces effectively to be> ^u ,paul1 #bef;f42 ,*ri/ianity (1 did x orig9ate application ( ! t]m ,"l to ,jesus1 #bii ,taurobolium1 #bcj;f41 #bdj;f41 #bea ,teleios1 ! t]m1 9 ,paul1 #bgb;f4 ,t]m9ology1 n necess>ily important z e/abli%+ dep5d5ce 9 ideas1 #bgb ,t]m9ology ( ! my/]ies1 ! te*nical1 does n appe> 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #bgc ,t]tullian1 #bha ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 #aij ,!ssalonians1 ,epi/les to !1 #ca1 #hb ,?race1 religion (1 #bae;f4 ,titus1 #hc ,torrey1 ,c4 ,c41 #cd ,t[n%5d1 #aif ,tradition1 ,paul n indiff]5t t[>d1 #adb-aec ,trypho1 ,dialogue )1 #ahe1 #aif ,tb+5 ,s*ool1 !1 #ca1 #cg1 #ii1 #ajh;f41 #aaj ,vegetation gods1 #bce ,vespasian1 #ahc ,volz1 #aij ,vos1 ,ge]h>dus1 #bff1 #bie ,w>field1 ,b4 ,b41 #aih1 #cjf ,web]1 #ha ,weiss1 ,b41 #gb ,weiss1 ,j41 #dj1 #ef1 #he1 #ajg1 #abe1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aef1 #cad ,wellhaus51 #eb1 #ach ,w5dl&1 #bab ,w5dt1 #id;f4 ,w]nle1 #cab ,we/cott & ,hort1 #hi ,we/]n text1 !1 #hh;ff4 ,wick$ husb&m51 p>able (1 #ae ,w9dis*1 ,h41 #aii-bjd1 #bdc ,wisdom1 9 ,paul9e ,epi/les1 n id5tifi$ ) ,*ri/1 #bjc;f4 ,wisdom1 9 pre-,*ri/ian ,judaism3 w n acc\nt = ! ,paul9e ,*ri/ology1 #aii-bjd2 is active 9 creation1 #bjj2 ent]s into ! wise m51 #bjj2 is n expect$ to appe> at a def9ite "t1 #bjj;f42 is n id5tifi$ ) ! ,messiah1 #bja-bjd2 is n fully p]sonal1 #bjb;f4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 #bjj ,witk[ski1 #bhj ,wr$e1 ,w41 #bf-bh1 #fg1 #aef1 #aff1 #agb-aii1 #bjd-bjg1 #bgh1 #cag ,zahn1 ,?41 #dd1 #ec1 #gb1 #ij1 #aai1 #cjb ,zell]1 ,e41 #cg ,ziel9ski1 #bdb ,,ii ,,biblical ,,passages ,,old ,,te/am5t ,psalms-- li4 #aa1 #bgj;f4 cx4 #a1 #bif cx4 #c 7lxx71 #bja ,prov]bs-- viii1 #aii;f4 ,isaiah-- ix1 #aia xi1 #aia liii1 #fc1 #fe1 #aha lxv4 #ag1 #aia ,ezekiel-- viii4 #ad1 #bcd ,daniel-- vii4 #ac1 #ahh1 #aia vii4 #ah1 #aia ,micah-- v4 #b 7lxx71 #bja ,,new ,,te/am5t ,mat!w-- v4 #de1 #afb vii4 #ba1 #bif xxi4 #da1 #ae xxviii4 #ai1 #bj1 #ad ,m>k-- iii4 #g1 #h1 #ea vii4 #ae1 #ae x4 #de1 #aed1 #aei xi4 #c1 #big xii4 #ce-cg1 #bif ,luke-- iii4 #ae1 #ahd vi4 #ce1 #afb vi4 #df1 #bif ,john-- i4 #ai-bg1 #ahd vi1 #bhb ,acts-- ii4 #cf1 #bie iv4 #cf1 #cg1 #acg;f4 vi4 #a1 #df1 #cjb vii4 #ef1 #bih vii4 #eh-viii4 #a1 #dg ix4 #a1 #dg ix4 #aj-ai1 #ga ix4 #ai1 #gb ix4 #bb1 #gb ix4 #bc1 #gb ix4 #bf-cj1 #gc1 #gd-gf ix4 #bg1 #ge ix4 #bh1 #ea x4 #da1 #ce xi4 #ai-cj1 #gi xi4 #bf1 #gh xi4 #cj1 #gh;ff4 xii1 #gh xii4 #a-ag1 #ach xii4 #be1 #gh;ff4 xiii-xiv1 #ig xv1 #ci1 #adj xv4 #a-bi1 #hj-ajj1 #aci xv4 #ai1 #bj1 #hg xv4 #ba1 #ib xv4 #bc1 #id xv4 #bg1 #adj xv4 #bh1 #bi1 #hg-ih xvi4 #d1 #id xxi4 #ag1 #aji1 #aab xxi4 #bj-bf1 #aa,(4 xxi4 #bj-bb1 #aac xxi4 #bj1 #aaj xxi4 #be1 #hg1 #ia xxi4 #bf1 #aaj xxii4 #c1 #dg xxii4 #ab-af1 #ga xxii4 #ag-ba1 #di1 #gd xxiii4 #f1 #df;f4 xxiii4 #af-bb1 #di xxiv4 #ag1 #aab xxvi4 #ad1 #fj-fb ,romans-- i4 #g1 #hb vi1 #bhd1 #bhf;f4 vi4 #d1 #bhf vi4 #g1 #bgg vii1 #fc;ff4 vi4 #g-be1 #fe;f4 viii4 #af1 #bff viii4 #cj1 #bgg ix4 #e1 #aih xiv1 #ic xiv4 #ag1 #afa xv4 #b1 #c1 #aej xv4 #h1 #adi xv4 #ca1 #aab;f4 xvi1 #ada xvi4 #g1 #adj;f4 #a ,cor9?ians-- i-iv1 #ajh i4 #ab1 #ajg;f41 #aji1 #abj i4 #ag1 #bhe i4 #bc1 #cad;f4 i4 #bd1 #bjc i4 #cj1 #bjc ii4 #f1 #g1 #bgb;f4 ii4 #h1 #aag;f4 ii4 #ad1 #ae1 #bfe-bfg ii4 #ae1 #af1 #bfi iii4 #ba1 #bb1 #aji iii4 #bb1 #ajd vi4 #i1 #afj vii4 #aj1 #adg vii4 #ab1 #adg vii4 #be1 #adg viii1 #ic viii4 #e1 #f1 #cje;f4 viii4 #f1 #aid ix4 #e1 #ajd ix4 #f1 #ajf ix4 #ad1 #adg ix4 #ai-bb1 #ib;f41 #aaj ix4 #bj1 #aaa ix4 #bb1 #bfj x4 #af1 #bhb x4 #bj1 #bhc x4 #ba1 #bhb;f4 x4 #cb-xi4 #a1 #aea xi4 #a1 #aej xi4 #bc;ff41 #adh;f41 #aea;f4 xi4 #bc1 #adi xi4 #cj1 #bhh xii4 #h1 #bfc xiii1 #ff xiv4 #cg1 #adg xv4 #a-aa1 #ajd1 #abd;f41 #add;f4 xv4 #a-h1 #caf xv4 #a-g1 #beh;f4 xv4 #c-h1 #ce xv4 #c-g1 #gf xv4 #c1 #add;f41 #adi xv4 #d1 #adi xv4 #e1 #gg1 #ajd xv4 #aa1 #gg1 #ajd1 #aji xv4 #bi1 #bhh xv4 #ej1 #afa xvi4 #bb1 #cjj;f4 #b ,cor9?ians-- iii4 #a1 #ajh iii4 #ag1 #caa v4 #af1 #ed-ef1 #acj;f41 #adb-add viii4 #i1 #aej x-xiii1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aca;f4 x4 #a1 #aej xi4 #d-f1 #aca-ace xi4 #e1 #ajh;f41 #acc xi4 #ac1 #aji xi4 #ai1 #bj1 #acd xi4 #bb1 #df xi4 #be1 #de xii4 #a-h1 #ei;f4 xii4 #b-d1 #bfd xii4 #aa1 #ajh;f4 ,galatians-- i-ii1 #add-adg i4 #a1 #aii i4 #ad1 #dg i4 #af1 #ag1 #gd i4 #af1 #ga i4 #ag1 #ej i4 #ah1 #ai1 #gd-gf1 #hd1 #cjj i4 #ah1 #gi i4 #ai1 #ge1 #bii;f4 i4 #bb1 #ej-eb1 #ge i4 #bc1 #eb ii4 #a-aj1 #gh-ajj1 #ajd1 #aba;f41 #aci ii4 #a1 #hd1 #acg ii4 #b1 #abj;ff4 ii4 #f1 #hg1 #ie1 #abj;ff4 ii4 #i1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #abj;ff4 ii4 #aj1 #ii;f4 ii4 #aa-ba1 #hg1 #ic1 #ajj-ajf1 #abb-abd ii4 #aa-ac1 #ig ii4 #ad-ba1 #abc;f4 ii4 #ai1 #ajc ii4 #bj1 #aej ii4 #ba1 #bgi iii4 #a1 #adi;f4 iii4 #b1 #bhg iii4 #e1 #bga;f4 iii4 #bg1 #bhg iv4 #ad1 #ei;f4 v4 #ai-ba1 #afj vi4 #c1 #aba ,philippians-- ii4 #e;ff41 #aej ii4 #aj1 #aa1 #aah iii4 #b;ff41 #ajd iii4 #e1 #df1 #dg iv4 #ab1 #bga;f4 ,colossians-- i4 #af1 #aid ii4 #ab1 #bhd iv4 #aj1 #aa1 #ajg iv4 #aj1 #aje;f41 #ach #a ,!ssalonians-- i4 #f1 #aea iv4 #ae1 #adg;f4 #a ,timo?y-- i4 #ac1 #fa #b ,timo?y-- iv4 #aa1 #ajf ,philemon-- #bd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ach #a ,pet]-- v4 #ac1 #aje1 #aci 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ except 9 obvi\s cases ( typographical error4 ,! cov] = ! e,book v]sion ( ?is book 0 creat$ by ! transcrib] & is plac$ 9 ! public doma94 ,page #bd3 cu/om>y & !n use x 9 di/9ction-- ,! transcrib] has replac$ ?an ) !n4 ,page #cjg3 ,9 footnote #bcc ! transcrib] has replac$ ! scrambl$ ,greek lett]s otsdesp ) despots4