,,physics ,,& ,,politics ,,or ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ',,natural ,,selection' ,,& ',,inh]itance' ,,to ,,political ,,society ,,by ,,walt] ,,bagehot ,,new ,,& ,,*eap] ,,edition 7also publi%$ 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 cr[n #hvo4 #es47 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,age ,,ii4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,conflict ,,iii4 ,,nation-,,mak+ ,,iv4 ,,nation-,,mak+ ,v4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,discussion ,,vi4 ,,v]ifiable ,,progress ,,politically ,,consid]$ ,,no4 ,i4 ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,age4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ?is age is ! sudd5 acquisition ( mu* physical k4 ,!re is sc>cely a dep>tm5t ( sci5ce or art :i* is ! same1 or at all ! same1 z x 0 fifty ye>s ago4 ,a new _w ( inv5tions--( railways & ( telegraphs--has gr[n up ar\nd u :i* we _c help see+2 a new _w ( ideas is 9 ! air & affects u1 ?\gh we d n see x4 ,a full e/imate ( ^! effects w\ld require a great book1 & ,i am sure ,i c\ld n write x2 b ,i ?9k ,i may usefully1 9 a few pap]s1 %[ h[1 ^u "o or two great po9ts1 ! new ideas are modify+ two old sci5ces--politics & political economy4 ,ev5 ^u ^! po9ts my ideas mu/ be incomplete1 = ! subject is novel2 b1 at any rate1 ,i may sugge/ "s conclusions1 & s %[ :at is requisite ev5 if ,i d n supply x4 ,if we want$ to describe "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ results1 p]haps ! mo/ m>k$ result1 ( late ?\ght1 we %\ld say t by x ev]y?+ is made 'an antiquity4' ,:51 9 =m] times2 our ance/ors ?\ght ( an antiqu>ian1 !y describ$ him z occupi$ ) co9s1 & m$als1 & ,druids' /ones2 ^! 7 !n ! *>act]i/ic records ( ! deciph]able pa/1 & x 0 ) ^! t deciph]]s busi$ !mselves4 ,b n[ !re are o!r relics2 inde$1 all matt] is become su*4 ,sci5ce tries to f9d 9 ea* bit ( e>? ! record ( ! causes :i* made x precisely :at x is2 ^? =ces h left _! trace1 %e kn[s1 z mu* z ! tact & h& ( ! arti/ left _! m>k on a classical gem4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s 7& x is n 9 my way7 to reckon up ! +5i\s que/ion+s by :i* geology has made "p ( ! e>?1 at lea/1 tell "p ( its tale2 & ! answ]s w\ld h be5 mean+less if physiology & con*ology & a hundr$ simil> sci5ces _h n br\ght _! aid4 ,su* subsidi>y sci5ces are to ! deciph]] ( ! pres5t day :at old languages 7 to ! antiqu>y ( o!r days2 !y con/rue = him ! words :i* he discov]s1 !y give a ri*ness & a tru?-l complexity to ! picture :i* he pa9ts1 ev5 9 cases :]e ! p>ticul> detail !y tell is n mu*4 ,b :at "h conc]ns me is t man himself has1 to ! eye ( sci5ce1 become 'an antiquity4' ,%e tries to read1 is beg9n+ to read1 kn[s %e ought to read1 9 ! frame ( ea* man ! result ( a :ole hi/ory ( all 8 life1 ( :at he is & :at makes him s1--( all 8 =e-fa!rs1 ( :at !y 7 & ( :at made !m s4 ,ea* n]ve has a sort ( memory ( its pa/ life1 is tra9$ or n tra9$1 dull$ or quick5$1 z ! case may be2 ea* feature is %ap$ & *>act]is$1 or left loose & mean+less1 z may happ52 ea* h& is m>k$ ) its trade & life1 subdu$ to :at x works 92--,,if ,,we ,,c\ld ,,b ,,see ,,x4 ,x may be answ]$ t 9 ?is !re is no?+ new2 t we always knew h[ mu* a man's pa/ modifi$ a man's future2 t we all knew h[ mu*1 a man is apt to be l 8 ance/ors2 t ! exi/5ce ( national "* is ! greate/ commonplace 9 ! _w2 t :5 a philosoph] _c acc\nt = any?+ 9 any o!r mann]1 he boldly ascribes x to an occult quality 9 "s race4 ,b :at physical sci5ce does is1 n to discov] ! h]$it>y elem5t1 b to r5d] x di/9ct1--to give u an accurate conception ( :at we may expect1 & a good acc\nt ( ! evid5ce by :i* we are l$ to expect x4 ,let u see :at t sci5ce tea*es on ! subject2 &1 z f> z may be1 ,i w give x 9 ! words ( ^? :o h made x a pr(essional /udy1 bo? t ,i may be m sure to /ate x rightly & vividly1 & because--z ,i am ab\t to apply ^! pr9ciples to subjects :i* are my own pursuit--,i w\ld r h x q cle> t ,i h n made my premises to suit my own conclusions4 #a/1 !n1 z respects ! individual1 we le>n z foll[s3 ',ev5 :ile ! c]ebral hemisph]es are entire1 & 9 full possession ( _! p[]s1 ! bra9 gives rise to actions :i* are z completely reflex z ^? ( ! sp9al cord4 ',:5 ! eyelids w9k at a fla% ( light1 or a ?reat5$ bl[1 a reflex action takes place1 9 :i* ! aff]5t n]ves are ! optic1 ! eff]5t1 ! facial4 ,:5 a bad smell causes a grimace1 !re is a reflex action ?r\gh ! same motor n]ve1 :ile ! olfactory n]ves con/itute ! aff]5t *annels4 ,9 ^! cases1 !re=e1 reflex action mu/ be effect$ ?r\gh ! bra91 all ! n]ves involv$ be+ c]ebral4 ',:5 ! :ole body />ts at a l\d noise1 ! aff]5t auditory n]ve gives rise to an impulse :i* passes to ! m$ulla oblongata1 & !nce affects ! great majority ( ! motor n]ves ( ! body4 ',x may be said t ^! are m]e me*anical actions1 & h no?+ to d ) ! acts :i* we associate ) intellig5ce4 ,b let u consid] :at takes place 9 su* an act z read+ al\d4 ,9 ?is case1 ! :ole att5tion ( ! m9d is1 or ought to be1 b5t ^u ! subject-matt] ( ! book2 :ile a multitude ( mo/ delicate muscul> actions are go+ on1 ( :i* ! read] is n 9 ! slighte/ degree aw>e4 ,?us ! book is held 9 ! h&1 at ! "r di/ance f ! eyes2 ! eyes are mov$1 f side to side1 ov] ! l9es1 & up & d[n ! pages4 ,fur!r1 ! mo/ delicately adju/$ & rapid movem5ts ( ! muscles ( ! lips1 tongue1 & ?roat1 ( l>yngeal & respiratory muscles1 are involv$ 9 ! production ( spee*4 ,p]haps ! read] is /&+ up & accompany+ ! lecture ) appropriate ge/ures4 ,& yet e "o ( ^! muscul> acts may be p]=m$ ) utt] unconsci\sness1 on 8 "p1 ( any?+ b ! s5se ( ! words 9 ! book4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are reflex acts4 ',! reflex actions prop] to ! sp9al cord itself are ,,natural1 & are involv$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! cord & ! prop]ties ( its con/itu5ts4 ,by ! help ( ! bra9 we may acquire an aff9ity ( ,,artificial reflex actions4 ,t is to say1 an action may require all our att5tion & all our volition = its fir/1 or second1 or ?ird p]=mance1 b by frequ5t repetition x becomes1 9 a mann]1 "p our organisation1 & is p]=m$ )\t volition1 or ev5 consci\sness4 ',z ev]yone kn[s1 x takes a soldi] a v long "t to le>n 8 drill--to put himself1 = in/ance1 into ! attitude ( 'att5tion' at ! in/ant ! ^w ( comm& is he>d4 ,b1 aft] a "t1 ! s\nd ( ! ^w gives rise to ! act1 :e!r ! soldi] be ?9k+ ( x or n4 ,!re is a /ory1 :i* is cr$ible en\gh1 ?\gh x may n be true1 ( a practical jok]1 :o1 see+ a dis*>g$ vet]an c>ry+ home 8 d9n]1 sudd5ly call$ out ',att5tion6' :]eupon ! man in/antly br\ght 8 h&s d[n1 & lo/ 8 mutton & potatoes 9 ! gutt]4 ,! drill _h be5 gone ?r\gh1 & its effects _h become embodi$ 9 ! man's n]v\s /ructure4 ',! possibility ( all education 7( :i* milit>y drill is only "o p>ticul> =m7 is bas$ ^u1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is p[] :i* ! n]v\s sy/em possesses1 ( organis+ consci\s actions into m or less unconsci\s1 or reflex1 op]ations4 ,x may be laid d[n z a rule1 t if any two m5tal /ates be call$ up toge!r1 or 9 succession1 ) due frequ5cy & vividness1 ! subsequ5t production ( ! "o ( !m w suffice to call up ! o!r1 & t :e!r we desire x or n4'#a #a ,huxley's ,elem5t>y ,physiology1 pp4 #bhd-bhf4 ,! body ( ! accompli%$ man has ?us become by tra9+ diff]5t f :at x once 01 & diff]5t f t ( ! rude man2 x is *>g$ ) /or$ virtue & acquir$ faculty :i* come away f x unconsci\sly4 ,aga91 z to race1 ano!r au?ority tea*es3--',man's life truly repres5ts a progressive developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 none ! less s because x takes place out ( ! womb in/ead ( 9 x4 ,! regul> transmutation ( motions :i* are at fir/ volunt>y into second>y automatic motions1 z ,h>tley calls !m1 is due to a gradually effect$ organisation2 & we may re/ assur$ ( ?is1 t co-ord9ate activity always te/ifies to /or$-up p[]1 ei!r innate or acquir$4 ',! way 9 :i* an acquir$ faculty ( ! p>5t animal is sometimes di/9ctly transmitt$ to ! prog5y z a h]itage1 in/9ct1 or innate end[m5t1 furni%es a /rik+ confirmation ( ! =ego+ obs]vations4 ,p[] t has be5 labori\sly acquir$ & /or$ up z /atical 9 "o g5]ation manife/ly 9 su* case becomes ! inborn faculty ( ! next2 & ! developm5t takes place 9 accordance ) t law ( increas+ speciality & complexity ( adaptation to ext]nal nature :i* is traceable ?r\gh ! animal k+dom2 or1 9 o!r words1 t law1 ( progress f ! g5]al to ! special 9 developm5t :i* ! appe>ance ( n]ve =ce among/ natural =ces & ! complexity ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( man bo? illu/rate4 ,z ! vital =ce ga!rs up1 z x 71 into itself inf]ior =ces1 & might be said to be a developm5t ( !m1 or1 z 9 ! appe>ance ( n]ve =ce1 simpl] & m g5]al =ces are ga!r$ up & conc5trat$ 9 a m special & complex mode ( en]gy2 s aga9 a fur!r specialisation takes place 9 ! developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :e!r wat*$ ?r\gh g5]ations or ?r\gh individual life4 ,x is n by limit+ our obs]vations to ! life ( ! individual1 h[ev]1 :o is b a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( organic be+s connect+ ! pa/ ) ! future1 t we %all come at ! full tru?2 ! pres5t individual is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( 8 antec$5ts 9 ! pa/1 & 9 ! exam9ation ( ^! alone d we arrive at ! adequate explanation ( him4 ,x behoves u1 !n1 hav+ f\nd any faculty to be innate1 n to re/ cont5t !re1 b /eadily to foll[ backw>ds ! l9e ( causation1 & ?us to display1 if possible1 its mann] ( orig94 ,?is is ! m necess>y ) ! l[] animals1 :]e s mu* is innate4'#b #b ,maudsley on ! ,physiology & ,pa?ology ( ! ,m9d1 p4 #gc4 ,! special laws ( inh]itance are inde$ z yet unkn[n4 ,all :i* is cle>1 & all :i* is to my purpose is1 t !re is a t5d5cy1 a probability1 great] or less accord+ to circum/ances1 b always consid]able1 t ! desc5dants ( cultivat$ p>5ts w h1 by born n]v\s organisation1 a great] aptitude = cultivation ?an ! desc5dants ( su* z are n cultivat$2 & t ?is t5d5cy augm5ts1 9 "s enhanc$ ratio1 = _m g5]ations4 ,i d n ?9k any :o d n acquire--& x takes a h>d ef=t to acquire--?is notion ( a transmitt$ n]ve elem5t w ev] und]/& '! connective tissue' ( civilisation4 ,we h "h ! cont9u\s =ce :i* b9ds age to age1 :i* enables ea* to beg9 ) "s improvem5t on ! la/1 if ! la/ did itself improve2 :i* makes ea* civilisation n a set ( deta*$ dots1 b a l9e ( col\r1 surely enhanc+ %ade by %ade4 ,!re is1 by ?is doctr9e1 a physical cause ( improvem5t f g5]ation to g5]ation3 & no imag9ation :i* has appreh5d$ x c =get x2 b unless y appreciate t cause 9 its subtle mat]ialism1 unless y see x1 z x 71 play+ ^u ! n]ves ( m51 &1 age aft] age1 mak+ nic] music f f9] *ords1 y _c compreh5d ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance ei!r 9 its my/]y or its p[]4 ,^! pr9ciples are q indep5d5t ( any !ory z to ! nature ( matt]1 or ! nature ( m9d4 ,!y are z true ^u ! !ory t m9d acts on matt]--?\gh sep>ate & altoge!r diff]5t f x--z ^u ! !ory ( ,bi%op ,b]keley t !re is no matt]1 b only m9d2 or ^u ! contr>y !ory--t !re is no m9d1 b only matt]2 or ^u ! yet subtl] !ory n[ (t5 held--t bo? m9d & matt] are diff]5t modifications ( "s "o t]tium quid1 "s hidd5 ?+ or =ce4 ,all ^! !ories admit--inde$ !y are b v>i\s !ories to acc\nt =--! fact t :at we call matt] has consequ5ces 9 :at we call m9d1 & t :at we call m9d produces results 9 :at we call matt]2 & ! doctr9es ,i quote assume only t4 ,our m9d 9 "s /range way acts on our n]ves1 & our n]ves 9 "s equally /range way /ore up ! consequ5ces1 & someh[ ! result1 z a rule & commonly en\gh1 goes d[n to our desc5dants2 ^! primitive facts all !ories admit1 & all ( !m lab\r to expla94 ,nor h ^! pla9 pr9ciples any relation to ! old difficulties ( necessity & freewill4 ,e ,freewilli/ holds t ! special =ce ( free volition is appli$ to ! pre-exi/+ =ces ( our corporeal /ructure2 he does n consid] x z an ag5cy act+ 9 vacuo1 b z an ag5cy act+ ^u o!r ag5cies4 ,e ,freewilli/ holds t1 ^u ! :ole1 if y /r5g!n ! motive 9 a giv5 direction1 mank9d t5d m to act 9 t direction4 ,bett] motives--bett] impulses1 r--come f a good body3 worse motives or worse impulses come f a bad body4 ,a ,freewilli/ may admit z mu* z a ,necess>ian t su* improv$ conditions t5d to improve human action1 & t det]iorat$ conditions t5d to deprave human action4 ,no ,freewilli/ ev] expects z mu* f ,/4 ,giles's z he expects f ,belgravia3 he admits an h]$it>y n]v\s sy/em z a datum = ! w1 ?\gh he holds ! w to be an extraord9>y incom+ 'some?+4' ,no d\bt ! mod]n doctr9e ( ! ',cons]vation ( ,=ce1' if appli$ to decision1 is inconsi/5t ) free w2 if y hold t =ce 'is nev] lo/ or ga9$1' y _c hold t !re is a real ga9--a sort ( new creation ( x 9 free volition4 ,b ,i h no?+ to d "h ) ! univ]sal ',cons]vation ( ,=ce4' ,! conception ( ! n]v\s organs z /ores ( w-made p[] does n raise or ne$ s va/ a discussion4 ,/ill less are ^! pr9ciples to be conf\nd$ ) ,mr4 ,buckle's idea t mat]ial =ces h be5 ! ma9-spr+s ( progress1 & moral causes second>y1 &1 9 comp>ison1 n to be ?\ght (4 ,on ! contr>y1 moral causes are ! fir/ "h4 ,x is ! action ( ! w t causes ! unconsci\s habit2 x is ! cont9ual ef=t ( ! beg9n+ t creates ! ho>d$ en]gy ( ! end2 x is ! sil5t toil ( ! fir/ g5]ation t becomes ! transmitt$ aptitude ( ! next4 ,"h physical causes d n create ! moral1 b moral create ! physical2 "h ! beg9n+ is by ! high] en]gy1 ! cons]vation & propagation only by ! l[]4 ,b we ?us p]ceive h[ a sci5ce ( hi/ory is possible1 z ,mr4 ,buckle said1--a sci5ce to tea* ! laws ( t5d5cies--creat$ by ! m9d1 & transmitt$ by ! body--:i* act ^u & incl9e ! w ( man f age to age4 ,,ii4 ,b h[ d ^! pr9ciples *ange ! philosophy ( our politics8 ,i ?9k 9 _m ways2 & fir/1 9 "o p>ticul>ly4 ,political economy is ! mo/ sy/ematis$ & mo/ accurate "p ( political philosophy2 & yet1 by ! help ( :at has be5 laid d[n1 ,i ?9k we may travel back to a sort ( 'pre-economic age1' :5 ! v assumptions ( political economy did n exi/1 :5 its precepts w\ld h be5 ru9\s1 & :5 ! v contr>y precepts 7 requisite & wise4 ,= ?is purpose ,i d n ne$ to deal ) ! dim ages :i* e?nology j reveals to u--) ! /one age1 & ! fl9t implem5ts1 & ! refuse-heaps4 ,! "t to :i* ,i w\ld g back is only t j be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory--coeval ) ! dawn1 p]haps1 x w\ld be "r to say--= ! fir/ hi/orians saw su* a /ate ( society1 ?\gh !y saw o!r & m advanc$ /ates too3 a p]iod ( :i* we h di/9ct descriptions f eye-witnesses1 & ( :i* ! traces & consequ5ces ab\nd 9 ! olde/ law4 ',! effect1' says ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 ! greate/ ( our liv+ juri/s--! only "o1 p]haps1 ^: writ+s are 9 keep+ ) our be/ philosophy--'( ! evid5ce d]iv$ f comp>ative jurisprud5ce is to e/abli% t view ( ! primeval condition ( ! human race :i* is kn[n z ! ,patri>*al ,!ory4 ,!re is no d\bt1 ( c\rse1 t ?is !ory 0 orig9ally bas$ on ! ,scriptural hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew patri>*s 9 ,l[] ,asia2 b1 z has be5 expla9$ already1 its connection ) ,scripture r militat$ ?an o!rwise aga9/ its reception z a complete !ory1 s9ce ! majority ( ! inquir]s :o till rec5tly address$ !mselves ) mo/ e>ne/ness to ! colligation ( social ph5om5a1 7 ei!r influ5c$ by ! /ronge/ prejudice aga9/ ,hebrew antiquities or by ! /ronge/ desire to con/ruct _! sy/em )\t ! assi/ance ( religi\s records4 ,ev5 n[ !re is p]haps a disposition to und]value ^! acc\nts1 or r to decl9e g5]alis+ f !m1 z =m+ "p ( ! traditions ( a ,semitic p4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! legal te/imony comes ne>ly exclusively f ! in/itutions ( societies belong+ to ! ,indo-,european /ock1 ! ,romans1 ,h9doos1 & ,sclavonians supply+ ! great] "p ( x2 & inde$ ! difficulty1 at ! pres5t /age ( ! inquiry1 is to "k :]e to /op1 to say ( :at races ( m5 x is ,,n all[able to lay d[n t ! society 9 :i* !y are unit$ 0 orig9ally organis$ on ! patri>*al model4 ,! *ief l9eam5ts ( su* a society1 z collect$ f ! e>ly *apt]s 9 ,g5esis1 ,i ne$ n attempt to depict ) any m9ut5ess1 bo? because !y are famili> to mo/ ( u f our e>lie/ *ildhood1 & because1 f ! int]e/ once atta*+ to ! controv]sy :i* takes its "n f ! debate betwe5 ,locke & ,film]1 !y fill a :ole *apt]1 ?\gh n a v pr(itable "o1 9 ,engli% lit]ature4 ,! po9ts :i* lie on ! surface ( ! hi/ory are ^!3--,! elde/ male p>5t--! elde/ asc5dant--is absolutely supreme 9 8 h\sehold4 ,8 dom9ion ext5ds to life & dea?1 & is z unqualifi$ ov] 8 *ildr5 & _! h\ses z ov] 8 slaves2 inde$ ! relations ( son%ip & s]fdom appe> to diff] 9 little beyond ! high] capacity :i* ! *ild 9 blood possesses ( becom+ "o day ! head ( a family himself4 ,! flocks & h]ds ( ! *ildr5 are ! flocks & h]ds ( ! fa!r1 & ! possessions ( ! p>5t1 :i* he holds 9 a repres5tative r ?an 9 a propriet>y "*1 are equally divid$ at 8 dea? among 8 desc5dants 9 ! fir/ degree1 ! elde/ son sometimes receiv+ a d\ble %>e "u ! "n ( bir?right1 b m g5]ally end[$ ) no h]$it>y advantage beyond an honor>y prec$5ce4 ,a less obvi\s inf]5ce f ! ,scriptural acc\nts is t !y seem to plant u on ! traces ( ! brea* :i* is fir/ effect$ 9 ! empire ( ! p>5t4 ,! families ( ,jacob & ,esau sep>ate & =m two nations2 b ! families ( ,jacob's *ildr5 hold toge!r & become a p4 ,?is looks l ! immature g]m ( a /ate or commonweal?1 & ( an ord] ( rights sup]ior to ! claims ( family relation4 ',if ,i 7 attempt+ = ! m special purposes ( ! juri/ to express comp5di\sly ! *>act]i/ics1 ( ! situation 9 :i* mank9d disclose !mselves at ! dawn ( _! hi/ory1 ,i %\ld be satisfi$ to quote a few v]ses f ! ,odyssee ( ,hom]3-- ',tos9 d' out' agorai b\lphroi oute ?mi/es1 !mi/eei d hka/os padn ed al*n1 out' allln alg\s94' ',!y h nei!r assemblies = consultation nor ,,!mi/es1 b ev]yone ex]cises jurisdiction ov] 8 wives & 8 *ildr51 & !y pay no reg>d to "o ano!r4' ,& ?is description ( ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory is confirm$ by :at may be call$ ! la/ lesson ( prehi/oric e?nology4 ,p]haps x is ! mo/ valuable1 z x is cle>ly ! mo/ sure result ( t sci5ce1 t x has dispell$ ! dreams ( o!r days z to a primitive high civilisation4 ,hi/ory cat*es man z he em]ges1 f ! patri>*al /ate3 e?nology %[s h[ he liv$1 grew1 & improv$ 9 t /ate4 ,! conclusive argum5ts aga9/ ! imag9$ orig9al civilisation are inde$ pla9 to ev]yone4 ,no?+ is m intelligible ?an a moral det]ioration ( mank9d--no?+ ?an an ae/hetic degradation--no?+ ?an a political degradation4 ,b y _c imag9e mank9d giv+ up ! pla9 ut5sils ( p]sonal com=t1 if !y once knew !m2 /ill less c y imag9e !m giv+ up good weapons--say b[s & arr[s--if !y once knew !m4 ,yet if !re 7 a primitive civilisation ^! ?+s ,,mu/ h be5 =gott51 = tribes c be f\nd 9 e degree ( ignorance1 & e grade ( k z to pott]y1 z to ! metals1 z to ! means ( com=t1 z to ! in/rum5ts ( w>4 ,& :at is m1 ^! savages h n fail$ f /upidity2 !y are1 9 v>i\s degrees ( orig9ality1 inv5tive ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,y _c trace ! roots ( an old p]fect sy/em v>i\sly maim$ & v>i\sly dy+2 y _c f9d x1 z y f9d ! trace ( ! ,lat9 language 9 ! m$iaeval dialects4 ,on ! contr>y1 y f9d x beg9n+--z new sci5tific discov]ies & inv5tions n[ beg9--"h a little & !re a little1 ! same ?+ half-done 9 v>i\s half-ways1 & s z no "o :o knew ! be/ way w\ld ev] h begun4 ,an idea us$ to prevail t b[s & arr[s 7 ! 'primitive weapons'--! weapons ( univ]sal savages2 b mod]n sci5ce has made a table1#c & "s savages h !m & "s h n1 & "s h sub/itutes ( "o sort & "s h sub/itutes ( ano!r--sev]al ( ^! sub/itutes be+ l ! 'boom]ang1' s mu* m difficult to hit on or to use ?an ! b[1 z well z s mu* less effectual4 ,& n only may ! miscellane\s races ( ! _w be ju/ly describ$ z be+ ^u v>i\s edges ( indu/rial civilisation1 approa*+ x by v>i\s sides1 & fall+ %ort ( x 9 v>i\s p>ticul>s1 b ! mom5t !y see ! real ?+ !y "k h[ to use x z well1 or bett]1 ?an civilis$ man4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican uses ! horse :i* ! ,european br\ght bett] ?an ! ,european4 ,_m races use ! rifle--! especial & v complicat$ weapon ( civilis$ man--bett]1 ^u an av]age1 ?an he c use x4 ,! savage ) simple tools--tools he appreciates--is l a *ild1 quick to le>n1 n l an old man1 :o has once =gott5 & :o _c acquire aga94 ,aga91 if !re _h be5 an excell5t aborig9al civilisation 9 ,au/ralia & ,am]ica1 :]e1 botani/s & zoologi/s1 ask1 are its ve/iges8 ,if ^! savages did c>e to cultivate :eat1 :]e is ! wild :eat gone :i* _! ab&on$ culture mu/ h left8 if !y did give up us+ good dome/ic animals1 :at has become ( ! wild ones :i* w\ld1 accord+ to all natural laws1 h sprung up out ( !m8 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t ! dome/ic animals ( ,europe h1 s9ce :at may be call$ ! discov]y ( ! ,,_w dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 run up & d[n x4 ,! ,engli% rat--n ! pleasante/ ( our dome/ic creatures--has gone ev]y:]e2 to ,au/ralia1 to ,new ,zeal&1 to ,am]ica3 no?+ b a complicat$ rat-miracle c\ld ev] root him out4 ,nor c\ld a common =ce expel ! horse f ,s\? ,am]ica s9ce ! ,spani>ds took him ?i!r2 if we did n "k ! contr>y we %\ld suppose him a pr9cipal aborig9al animal4 ,:]e !n1 s to say1 are ! rats & horses ( ! primitive civilisation8 ,n only c we n f9d !m1 b zoological sci5ce tells u t !y nev] exi/$1 = ! 'feebly pron\nc$1' ! ineffectual1 m>supials ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& c\ld nev] h surviv$ a competition ) bett] creatures1 su* z t by :i* !y are n[ p]i%+4 ,we cat* !n a fir/ glimpse ( patri>*al man1 n ) any indu/rial relics ( a primitive civilisation1 b ) "s gradually le>nt k ( ! simpl] arts1 ) "s tam$ animals & "s little k ( ! c\rse ( nature z f> z x tells ^u ! seasons & affects ! condition ( simple tribes4 ,?is is :at1 accord+ to e?nology1 we %\ld expect ! fir/ hi/oric man to be1 & ?is is :at we 9 fact f9d him4 ,b :at 0 8 m9d2 h[ are we to describe t8 #c ,see ! v c>eful table & admirable discussion 9 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's ,pre-,hi/oric ,times4 ,i believe ! g5]al description 9 :i* ,sir ,john ,lubbock sums up 8 e/imate ( ! savage m9d suits ! patri>*al m9d4 ',savages1' he says1 'unite ! "* ( *ildhood ) ! passions & /r5g? ( m54' ,& if we op5 ! fir/ record ( ! pagan _w--! poems ( ,hom]--h[ mu* d we f9d t suits ?is description bett] ?an any o!r4 ,civilisation has inde$ already gone =w>d ages beyond ! "t at :i* any su* description is complete4 ,man1 9 ,hom]1 is z good at oratory1 ,mr4 ,glad/one seems to say1 z he has ev] be51 &1 mu* z t means1 o!r & bett] ?+s might be add$ to x4 ,b aft] all1 h[ mu* ( ! 'spl5did savage' !re is 9 ,a*illes1 & h[ mu* ( ! 'spoil$ *ild sulk+ 9 8 t5t4' ,impressibility & excitability are ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! olde/ ,greek hi/ory1 & if we turn to ! ea/1 ! 'simple & viol5t' _w1 z ,mr4 ,k+lake calls x1 ( ! fir/ times meets u e mom5t4 ,& ?is is precisely :at we %\ld expect4 ,an 'inh]it$ drill1' sci5ce says1 'makes mod]n nations :at !y are2 _! born /ructure be>s ! trace ( ! laws ( _! fa!rs2' b ! anci5t nations came into no su* inh]itance2 !y 7 ! desc5dants ( p :o did :at 0 "r 9 _! own eyes2 !y 7 born to no tutor$ habits1 no pres]vative bonds1 & !re=e !y 7 at ! m]cy ( e impulse & bl[n by e passion4 ,! condition ( ! primitive man1 if we conceive ( him rightly1 is1 9 sev]al respects1 diff]5t f any we "k4 ,we unconsci\sly assume ar\nd u ! exi/5ce ( a great miscellane\s social ma*9e work+ to our h&s1 & n only supply+ our wants1 b ev5 tell+ & decid+ :5 ^? wants %all come4 ,no "o c n[ )\t difficulty conceive h[ p got on be=e !re 7 clocks & wat*es2 z ,sir ,g4 ,lewis said1 'x takes a vigor\s ef=t ( ! imag9ation' to realise a p]iod :5 x 0 a s]i\s difficulty to "k ! h\r ( day4 ,& mu* m is x difficult to fancy ! un/able m9ds ( su* m5 z nei!r knew nature1 :i* is ! clock-"w ( mat]ial civilisation1 nor possess$ a polity1 :i* is a k9d ( clock-"w to moral civilisation4 ,!y nev] c\ld h kn[n :at to expect2 ! :ole habit ( /eady b v>i$ anticipation1 :i* makes our m9ds :at !y are1 mu/ h be5 :olly =eign to !irs4 ,aga91 ,i at lea/ _c call up to myself ! loose conceptions 7z !y mu/ h be57 ( morals :i* !n exi/$4 ,if we set aside all ! elem5t d]iv$ f law & polity :i* runs ?r\gh our curr5t moral notions1 ,i h>dly "k :at we %all h left4 ,! residuum 0 someh[1 & 9 "s vague way1 intelligible to ! ante-political man1 b x mu/ h be5 unc]ta91 wav]+1 & unfit to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,9 ! be/ cases x exi/$ mu* z ! vague feel+ ( beauty n[ exi/s 9 m9ds s5sitive b untaught2 a /ill small voice ( unc]ta9 mean+2 an unkn[n some?+ modify+ ev]y?+ else1 & high] ?an any?+ else1 yet 9 =m s indi/9ct t :5 y look$ = x1 x 0 gone--or if ?is be ?\ght ! delicate fiction ( a lat] fancy1 !n morality 0 at lea/ to be f\nd 9 ! wild spasms ( 'wild ju/ice1' half puni%m5t1 half outrage1--b anyh[1 be+ unfix$ by /eady law1 x 0 int]mitt5t1 vague1 & h>d = u to imag9e4 ,ev]ybody :o has /udi$ ma!matics kn[s h[ _m %ad[y difficulties he seem$ to h be=e he und]/ood ! problem1 & h[ impossible x 0 :5 once ! demon/ration _h fla%$ ^u him1 ev] to compreh5d ^? indi/9ct difficulties aga91 or to call up ! m5tal confusion1 t admitt$ !m4 ,s 9 ^! days1 :5 we _c by any ef=t drive out ( our m9ds ! notion ( law1 we _c imag9e ! m9d ( "o :o _h nev] kn[n x1 & :o c\ld n by any ef=t h conceiv$ x4 ,aga91 ! primitive man c\ld n h imag9$ :at we mean by a nation4 ,we on ! o!r h& _c imag9e ^? to :om x is a difficulty2 'we "k :at x is :5 y d n ask u1' b we _c v quickly expla9 or def9e x4 ,b s mu* z ?is is pla91 a nation means a ,,l body ( m51 because ( t lik5ess capable ( act+ toge!r1 & because ( t lik5ess incl9$ to obey simil> rules2 & ev5 ?is ,hom]'s ,cyclops--us$ only to sp>se human be+s--c\ld n h conceiv$4 ,to sum up--,,law--rigid1 def9ite1 concise law--is ! prim>y want ( e>ly mank9d2 t :i* !y ne$ above any?+ else1 t :i* is requisite be=e !y c ga9 any?+ else4 ,b x is _! greate/ difficulty1 z well z _! fir/ requisite2 ! ?+ mo/ out ( _! rea*1 z well z t mo/ b5eficial to !m if !y rea* x4 ,9 lat] ages _m races h ga9$ mu* ( ?is discipl9e quickly1 ?\gh pa9fully2 a loose set ( scatt]$ clans has be5 (t5 & (t5 =c$ to sub/antial settlem5t by a rigid conqu]or2 ! ,romans did half ! "w = above half ,europe4 ,b :]e c\ld ! fir/ ages f9d ,romans or a conqu]or8 ,m5 conqu] by ! p[] ( gov]nm5t1 & x 0 exactly gov]nm5t :i* !n 0 n4 ,! fir/ asc5t ( civilisation 0 at a /eep gradi5t1 ?\gh :5 n[ we look d[n ^u x1 x seems almo/ no?+4 ,,iii4 ,h[ ! /ep f polity to no polity 0 made di/9ct1 hi/ory does n record1--on ?is po9t ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e has drawn a mo/ int]e/+ conclusion f 8 peculi> /udies3-- ',x w\ld be1' he tells u1 'a v simple explanation ( ! orig9 ( society if we c\ld base a g5]al conclusion on ! h9t furni%$ u by ! scriptural example already adv]t$ to1 & c\ld suppose t communities began to exi/ :]ev] a family held toge!r in/ead ( sep>at+ at ! dea? ( its patri>*al *iefta94 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,greek /ates & 9 ,rome !re long rema9$ ! ve/iges ( an asc5d+ s]ies ( gr\ps out ( :i* ! /ate 0 at fir/ con/itut$4 ,! family1 h\se1 & tribe ( ! ,romans may be tak5 z a type ( !m1 & !y are s describ$ to u t we c sc>cely help conceiv+ !m z a sy/em ( conc5tric circles :i* h gradually exp&$ f ! same po9t4 ,! elem5t>y gr\p is ! family1 connect$ by common subjection to ! highe/ male asc5dant4 ,! aggregation ( families =ms ! g5s1 or h\se4 ,! aggregation ( h\ses makes ! tribe4 ,! aggregation ( tribes con/itutes ! commonweal?4 ,are we at lib]ty to foll[ ^! indications1 & to lay d[n t ! commonweal? is a collection ( p]sons unit$ by common desc5t f ! prog5itor ( an orig9al family8 ,( ?is we may at lea/ be c]ta91 t all anci5t societies reg>d$ !mselves z hav+ proce$$ f "o orig9al /ock1 & ev5 lab\r$ "u an incapacity = compreh5d+ any reason except ?is = _! hold+ toge!r 9 political union4 ,! hi/ory ( political ideas beg9s1 9 fact1 ) ! assumption t k9%ip 9 blood is ! sole possible gr\nd ( community 9 political functions2 nor is !re any ( ^? subv]sions ( feel+1 :i* we t]m emphatically revolutions1 s />tl+ & s complete z ! *ange :i* is accompli%$ :5 "s o!r pr9ciple--su* z t1 = in/ance1 ( ,,local ,,contiguity--e/abli%es itself = ! fir/ "t z ! basis ( common political action4' ,if ?is !ory 7 true1 ! orig9 ( politics w\ld n seem a great *ange1 or1 9 e>ly days1 be really a great *ange4 ,! primacy ( ! eld] bro!r1 9 tribes casually cohesive1 w\ld be slight2 x w\ld be ! beg9n+ ( mu*1 b x w\ld be no?+ 9 itself2 x w\ld be--to take an illu/ration f ! opposite end ( ! political s]ies--x w\ld be l ! head%ip ( a weak p>liam5t>y lead] ov] adh]5ts :o may divide f him 9 a mom5t2 x 0 ! g]m ( sov]eignty1--x 0 h>dly yet sov]eignty itself4 ,i d n myself believe t ! sugge/ion ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e--= he does n1 x w be se51 (f] x z a confid5t !ory--is an adequate acc\nt ( ! true orig9 ( politics4 ,i %all 9 a subsequ5t essay %[ t !re are1 z x seems to me1 abundant evid5ces ( a "t /ill old] ?an t :i* he speaks (4 ,b ! !ory ( ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e s]ves my pres5t purpose well4 ,x describes1 & truly describes1 a k9d ( life antec$5t to our pres5t politics1 & ! conclusion ,i h drawn f x w be /r5g!n$1 n weak5$1 :5 we come to exam9e & deal ) an age yet old]1 & a social bond f> m rudim5t>y4 ,b :5 once polities 7 began1 !re is no difficulty 9 expla9+ :y !y la/$4 ,:atev] may be said aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( 'natural selection' 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 !re is no d\bt ( its pr$om9ance 9 e>ly human hi/ory4 ,! /ronge/ kill$ out ! weake/1 z !y c\ld4 ,& ,i ne$ n pause to prove t any =m ( politics m effici5t ?an none2 t an aggregate ( families own+ ev5 a slipp]y allegiance to a s+le head1 w\ld be sure to h ! bett] ( a set ( families ackn[l$g+ no ob$i5ce to anyone1 b scatt]+ loose ab\t ! _w & fight+ :]e !y /ood4 ,hom]'s ,cyclops w\ld be p[]less aga9/ ! feeble/ b&2 s f> f its be+ s+ul> t we f9d no o!r record ( t /ate ( man1 s un/able & sure to p]i% 0 x t we %\ld r wond] at ev5 a s+le ve/ige la/+ d[n to ! age :5 = picturesqu5ess x became valuable 9 poetry4 ,b1 ?\gh ! orig9 ( polity is dubi\s1 we are ^u ! t]ra firma ( actual records :5 we speak ( ! pres]vation ( polities4 ,p]haps e "y ,engli%man :o comes n[-a-days to ,ari/otle or ,plato is /ruck ) _! cons]vatism3 fre% f ! lib]al doctr9es ( ! pres5t age1 he wond]s at f9d+ 9 ^? recognis$ tea*]s s mu* contr>y tea*+4 ,!y bo?--unlike z !y are--hold ) ,x5ophon--s unlike bo?--t man is ! 'h>de/ ( all animals to gov]n4' ,( ,plato x might inde$ be plausibly said t ! adh]5ts ( an intuitive philosophy1 be+ '! tories ( speculation1' h commonly be5 prone to cons]vatism 9 gov]nm5t2 b ,ari/otle1 ! f\nd] ( ! exp]i5ce philosophy1 ought1 accord+ to t doctr9e1 to h be5 a lib]al1 if anyone ev] 0 a lib]al4 ,9 fact1 bo? ( ^! m5 liv$ :5 m5 _h n '_h "t to =get' ! difficulties ( gov]nm5t4 ,we h =gott5 !m altoge!r4 ,we reckon1 z ! basis ( our culture1 ^u an am\nt ( ord]1 ( tacit ob$i5ce1 ( prescriptive gov]nability1 :i* ^! philosoph]s hop$ to get z a pr9cipal result ( _! culture4 ,we take )\t ?\ght z a datum1 :at !y hunt$ z a quaesilum4 ,9 e>ly times ! quantity ( gov]nm5t is mu* m important ?an its quality4 ,:at y want is a compreh5sive rule b9d+ m5 toge!r1 mak+ !m d mu* ! same ?+s1 tell+ !m :at to expect ( ea* o!r--fa%ion+ !m alike1 & keep+ !m s4 ,:at ?is rule is does n matt] s mu*4 ,a good rule is bett] ?an a bad "o1 b any rule is bett] ?an none2 :ile1 = reasons :i* a juri/ w appreciate1 none c be v good4 ,b to ga9 t rule1 :at may be call$ ! impressive elem5ts ( a polity are incomp>ably m important ?an its useful elem5ts4 ,h[ to get ! ob$i5ce ( m5 is ! h>d problem2 :at y d ) t ob$i5ce is less critical4 ,to ga9 t ob$i5ce1 ! prim>y condition is ! id5tity--n ! union1 b ! sam5ess--( :at we n[ call ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,dr4 ,arnold1 fre% f ! /udy ( ,greek ?\ght & ,roman hi/ory1 us$ to prea* t ?is id5tity 0 ! great cure = ! misguid$ mod]n _w4 ,b he spoke to e>s fill$ ) o!r s\nds & m9ds fill$ ) o!r ?\ghts1 & !y h>dly knew 8 mean+1 mu* less he$$ x4 ,b ?\gh ! tea*+ 0 wrong = ! mod]n age to :i* x 0 appli$1 x 0 excell5t = ! old _w f :i* x 0 le>nt4 ,:at is !re requisite is a s+le gov]nm5t--call x ,*ur* or ,/ate1 z y l--regulat+ ! :ole ( human life4 ,no division ( p[] is !n endurable )\t dang]--probably )\t de/ruction2 ! prie/ mu/ n tea* "o ?+ & ! k+ ano!r2 k+ mu/ be prie/1 & prophet k+3 ! two mu/ say ! same1 because !y are ! same4 ,! idea ( diff]5ce betwe5 spiritual p5alties & legal p5alties mu/ nev] be awak5$4 ,inde$1 e>ly ,greek ?\ght or e>ly ,roman ?\ght w\ld nev] h compreh5d$ x4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( r\gh public op9ion & !re 7 r\gh1 v r\gh1 h&s :i* act$ on x4 ,we n[ talk ( political p5alties & ecclesia/ical prohibition1 & ! social c5sure1 b !y 7 all "o !n4 ,no?+ is v l ^? old communities n[1 b p]haps a 'trade's union' is z ne> z mo/ ?+s2 to "w *eap is ?\ght to be a 'wick$' ?+1 & s "s ,broadhead puts x d[n4 ,! object ( su* organisations is to create :at may be call$ a cake ( cu/om4 ,all ! actions ( life are to be submitt$ to a s+le rule = a s+le object2 t gradually creat$ ! 'h]$it>y drill' :i* sci5ce tea*es to be ess5tial1 & :i* ! e>ly in/9ct ( m5 saw to be ess5tial too4 ,t ?is regime =bids free ?\ght is n an evil2 or r1 ?\gh an evil1 x is ! necess>y basis = ! greate/ good2 x is necess>y = mak+ ! m\ld ( civilisation1 & h>d5+ ! s(t fibre ( e>ly man4 ,! fir/ record$ hi/ory ( ! ,aryan race %[s ev]y:]e a k+1 a c\ncil1 &1 z ! necessity ( e>ly conflicts requir$1 ! k+ 9 mu* prom95ce & ) mu* p[]4 ,t !re c\ld be 9 su* ages any?+ l an ori5tal despotism1 or a ,caes>ean despotism1 0 impossible2 ! outside extra-political army :i* ma9ta9s !m c\ld n exi/ :5 ! tribe 0 ! nation1 & :5 all ! m5 9 ! tribe 7 w>riors4 ,h5ce1 9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 9 ! fir/ times ( ,rome1 9 ! fir/ times ( anci5t ,g]many1 ! k+ is ! mo/ visible "p ( ! polity1 because = mom5t>y welf>e he is ! mo/ useful4 ,! close olig>*y1 ! patriciate1 :i* alone c\ld "k ! fix$ law1 alone c\ld apply ! fix$ law1 :i* 0 recognis$ z ! au?oris$ cu/odian ( ! fix$ law1 _h !n sole comm& ov] ! prim>y social want4 ,x alone knew ! code ( drill2 x alone 0 obey$2 x alone c\ld drill4 ,mr4 ,grote has admirably describ$ ! rise ( ! primitive olig>*ies ^u ! face ( ! fir/ mon>*y1 b p]haps because he s mu* loves hi/oric ,a!ns1 he has n sympa?is$ ) pre-hi/oric ,a!ns4 ,he has n %[n u ! ne$ ( a fix$ life :5 all else 0 unfix$ life4 ,x w\ld be s*oolboyi% to expla9 at l5g? h[ well ! two great republics1 ! two w9n+ republics ( ! anci5t _w1 embody ^! conclusions4 ,rome & ,sp>ta 7 drill+ ari/ocracies1 & succe$$ because !y 7 su*4 ,a!ns 0 inde$ ( ano!r & high] ord]2 at lea/ to u in/ruct$ mod]ns :o "k h] & h be5 taught by h]4 ,b to ! ',phili/9es' ( ^? days ,a!ns 0 ( a l[] ord]4 ,%e 0 beat52 %e lo/ ! great visible game :i* is all t %ort-sight$ contempor>ies "k4 ,%e 0 ! great 'free failure' ( ! anci5t _w4 ,%e began1 %e ann\nc$1 ! good ?+s t 7 to come2 b %e 0 too weak to display & enjoy !m2 %e 0 trodd5 d[n by ^? ( co>s] make & bett] tra9$ frame4 ,h[ mu* ^! pr9ciples are confirm$ by ,jewi% hi/ory is obvi\s4 ,!re 0 d\btless mu* else 9 ,jewi% hi/ory--:ole elem5ts ) :i* ,i am n "h conc]n$4 ,b s mu* is pla94 ,! ,jews 7 9 ! beg9n+ ! mo/ un/able ( nations2 !y 7 submitt$ to _! law1 & !y came out ! mo/ /able ( nations4 ,_! polity 0 inde$ defective 9 unity4 ,aft] !y ask$ = a k+ ! spiritual & ! secul> p[]s 7z we %\ld speak7 7 nev] at peace1 & nev] agre$4 ,& ! t5 tribes :o laps$ f _! law1 melt$ away into ! neighb\r+ nations4 ,j]oboam has be5 call$ ! 'fir/ ,lib]al2' &1 religion ap>t1 !re is a mean+ 9 ! phrase4 ,he began to break up ! b9d+ polity :i* 0 :at m5 want$ 9 t age1 ?\gh eag] & inv5tive m9ds always dislike x4 ,b ! ,jews :o adh]$ to _! law became ! ,jews ( ! day1 a nation ( a firm set if ev] !re 0 "o4 ,x is connect$ ) ?is fixity t juri/s tell u t ! title 'contract' is h>dly to be discov]$ 9 ! olde/ law4 ,9 mod]n days1 9 civilis$ days1 m5's *oice det]m9es ne>ly all !y d4 ,b 9 e>ly times t *oice det]m9$ sc>cely any?+4 ,! guid+ rule 0 ! law ( ,,/atus4 ,ev]ybody 0 born to a place 9 ! community3 9 t place he _h to /ay3 9 t place he f\nd c]ta9 duties :i* he _h to fulfil1 & :i* 7 all he ne$$ to ?9k (4 ,! net ( cu/om caught m5 9 di/9ct spots1 & kept ea* :]e he /ood4 ,:at are call$ 9 ,european politics ! pr9ciples ( #aghi1 are !re=e inconsi/5t ) ! e>ly _w2 !y are fitt$ only to ! new _w 9 :i* society has gone ?r\gh its e>ly task2 :5 ! inh]it$ organisation is already confirm$ & fix$2 :5 ! s(t m9ds & /rong passions ( y\?ful nations are fix$ & guid$ by h>d transmitt$ in/9cts4 ,till !n n equality be=e ! law is necess>y b inequality1 = :at is mo/ want$ is an elevat$ elite :o "k ! law3 n a good gov]nm5t seek+ ! happ9ess ( its subjects1 b a dignifi$ & ov]aw+ gov]nm5t gett+ its subjects to obey3 n a good law1 b a compreh5sive law b9d+ all life to "o r\t9e4 ,lat] are ! ages ( fre$om2 fir/ are ! ages ( s]vitude4 ,9 #aghi1 :5 ! great m5 ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly look$ on ! long pa/1 !y h>dly saw any?+ 9 x :i* c\ld be prais$1 or admir$1 or imitat$3 all seem$ a blund]--a complex error to be got rid ( z soon z might be4 ,b t error _h made !mselves4 ,on _! v physical organisation ! h]$it>y m>k ( old times 0 fix$2 _! bra9s 7 h>d5$ & _! n]ves 7 /eadi$ by ! transmitt$ results ( t$i\s usages4 ,! ages ( monotony _h _! use1 = !y tra9$ m5 = ages :5 !y ne$ n be monoton\s4 ,,iv4 ,b ev5 yet we h n realis$ ! full b5efit ( ^? e>ly polities & ^? e>ly laws4 ,!y n only 'b\nd up' m5 9 gr\ps1 n only impress$ on m5 a c]ta9 set ( common usages1 b (t51 at lea/ 9 an indirect way1 sugge/$1 if ,i may use ! expression1 national "*4 ,we _c yet expla9--,i am sure1 at lea/1 ,i _c attempt to expla9--all ! s+ul> ph5om5a ( national "*3 h[ completely & p]fectly !y seem to be at fir/ fram$2 h[ sl[ly1 h[ gradually !y c alone be alt]$1 if !y c be alt]$ at all4 ,b !re is "o analog\s fact :i* may help u to see1 at lea/ dimly1 h[ su* ph5om5a are caus$4 ,!re is a "* ( ages1 z well z ( nations2 & z we h full hi/ories ( _m su* p]iods1 we c exam9e exactly :5 & h[ ! m5tal peculi>ity ( ea* began1 & also exactly :5 & h[ t m5tal peculi>ity pass$ away4 ,we h an idea ( ,que5 ,anne's "t1 = example1 or ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1 or ,george ,,ii4's "t2 or aga9 ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 or ,l\is ,,xv41 or ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 an idea m or less accurate 9 proportion z we /udy1 b probably ev5 9 ! m9ds :o "k ^! ages be/ & mo/ m9utely1 m special1 m simple1 m unique ?an ! tru? 04 ,we ?r[ aside too mu*1 9 mak+ up our images ( eras1 t :i* is common to all eras4 ,! ,engli% "* 0 mu* ! same 9 _m great respects 9 ,*auc]'s "t z x 0 9 ,elizabe?'s "t or ,anne's "t1 or z x is n[2 ,b "s qualities 7 add$ to ?is common elem5t 9 "o era & "s 9 ano!r2 "s qualities seem$ to ov]%ad[ & eclipse x 9 "o era1 & o!rs 9 ano!r4 ,we ov]look & half =get ! con/ant :ile we see & wat* ! v>iable4 ,b--= t is ! pres5t po9t--:y is !re ?is v>iable8 ,ev]yone mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 puzzl$ ab\t x4 ,sudd5ly1 9 a quiet "t--say1 9 ,que5 ,anne's "t--arises a special lit]ature1 a m>k$ v>iety ( human expression1 p]vad+ :at is !n writt5 & peculi> to x3 surely ?is is s+ul>4 ,! true explanation is1 ,i ?9k1 some?+ l ?is4 ,"o consid]able writ] gets a sort ( />t because :at he writes is some:at m--only a little m v (t51 z ,i believe--cong5ial to ! m9ds ar\nd him ?an any o!r sort4 ,?is writ] is v (t5 n ! "o :om po/]ity rememb]s--n ! "o :o c>ries ! /yle ( ! age f>!/ t[>ds its ideal type1 & gives x its *>m & its p]fection4 ,x 0 n ,addison :o began ! essay-writ+ ( ,que5 ,anne's "t1 b ,/eele2 x 0 ! vigor\s =w>d man :o /ruck out ! r\gh notion1 ?\gh x 0 ! wise & m$itative man :o improv$ ^u x & elaborat$ x1 & :om po/]ity reads4 ,"s /rong writ]1 or gr\p ( writ]s1 ?us seize on ! public m9d1 & a curi\s process soon assimilates o!r writ]s 9 appe>ance to !m4 ,to "s ext5t1 no d\bt1 ?is assimilation is effect$ by a process mo/ intelligible1 & n at all curi\s--! process ( consci\s imitation2 ,a sees t ,b's /yle ( writ+ answ]s1 & he imitates x4 ,b def9itely aim$ mimicry l ?is is always r>e2 orig9al m5 :o l _! own ?\ghts d n will+ly clo! !m 9 words !y feel !y borr[4 ,no man1 inde$1 c ?9k to mu* purpose :5 he is /udy+ to write a /yle n 8 own4 ,aft] all1 v few m5 are at all equal to ! /eady lab\r1 ! /upid & mi/ak5 lab\r mo/ly1 ( mak+ a /yle4 ,mo/ m5 cat* ! words t are 9 ! air1 & ! rhy?m :i* comes to !m !y d n "k f :5ce2 an unconsci\s imitation det]m9es _! words1 & makes !m say :at ( !mselves !y w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( say+4 ,ev]yone :o has writt5 9 m ?an "o newspap] kn[s h[ inv>iably 8 /yle cat*es ! tone ( ea* pap] :ile he is writ+ = x1 & *anges to ! tone ( ano!r :5 9 turn he beg9s to write = t4 ,he probably w\ld r write ! traditional /yle to :i* ! read]s ( ! j\rnal are us$1 b he does n set himself to copy x2 he w\ld h to =ce himself 9 ord] ,,n to write x if t 0 :at he want$4 ,exactly 9 ?is way1 j z a writ] = a j\rnal )\t a di/9ctly fram$ purpose gives ! read]s ( ! j\rnal ! sort ( words & ! sort ( ?\ghts !y are us$ to--s1 on a l>g] scale1 ! writ]s ( an age1 )\t ?9k+ ( x1 give to ! read]s ( ! age ! sort ( words & ! sort ( ?\ghts--! special lit]ature1 9 fact--:i* ^? read]s l & prize4 ,& n only does ! writ]1 )\t ?9k+1 *oose ! sort ( /yle & mean+ :i* are mo/ 9 vogue1 b ! writ] is himself *os54 ,a writ] does n beg9 to write 9 ! traditional rhy?m ( an age unless he feels1 or fancies he feels1 a sort ( aptitude = writ+ x1 any m ?an a writ] tries to write 9 a j\rnal 9 :i* ! /yle is uncong5ial or impossible to him4 ,inde$ if he mi/akes he is soon we$$ out2 ! editor rejects1 ! age w n read 8 compositions4 ,h[ pa9fully ?is traditional /yle cramps great writ]s :om x happ5s n to suit1 is curi\sly se5 9 ,wordswor?1 :o 0 bold en\gh to break ?r\gh x1 &1 at ! risk ( contempor>y neglect1 to frame a /yle ( 8 own4 ,b he did s kn[+ly1 & he did s ) an ef=t4 ',x is suppos$1' he says1 't by ! act ( writ+ 9 v]se an au?or makes a =mal engagem5t t he w gratify c]ta9 kn[n habits ( association2 t he n only !n apprizes ! read] t c]ta9 classes ( ideas & expressions w be f\nd 9 8 book1 b t o!rs w be c>efully es*ew$4 ,! expon5t or symbol held =? by metrical language mu/1 9 diff]5t ages ( lit]ature1 h excit$ v diff]5t expectations2 = example1 9 ! age ( ,catullus1 ,t]5ce1 or ,lucretius1 & t ( ,/atius or ,claudian2 & 9 our own c\ntry1 9 ! age ( ,%akespe>e & ,beaumont & ,met*]1 & t ( ,donne & ,c[ley1 or ,pope4' ,& !n1 9 a k9d ( vex$ way1 ,wordswor? goes on to expla9 t he himself c't & won't d :at is expect$ f him1 b t he w write 8 own words1 & only 8 own words4 ,a /rict1 ,i 0 go+ to say a ,puritan1 g5ius w act ?us1 b mo/ m5 ( g5ius are susceptible & v]satile1 & fall into ! /yle ( _! age4 ,"o v unapt at ! assimilat+ process1 b on t acc\nt ! m curi\s ab\t x1 says3-- ,h[ we ,track a livelong day1 great heav51 & wat* our %ad[s6 ,:at our %ad[s seem1 =soo?1 we w ourselves be4 ,d ,i look l t8 ,y ?9k me t3 !n ,i ,,am t4 ,:at writ]s are expect$ to write1 !y write2 or else !y d n write at all2 b1 l ! writ] ( ^! l9es1 /op disc\rag$1 live di%e>t5$1 & die leav+ fragm5ts :i* _! fri5ds treasure1 b :i* a ru%+ _w nev] he$s4 ,! ,noncon=mi/ writ]s are neglect$1 ! ,con=mi/ writ]s are enc\rag$1 until p]haps on a sudd5 ! fa%ion %ifts4 ,& z ) ! writ]s1 s 9 a less degree ) read]s4 ,_m m5--mo/ m5--get to l or ?9k !y l t :i* is ev] be=e !m1 & :i* ^? ar\nd !m l1 & :i* receiv$ op9ion says !y ought to l2 or if _! m9ds are too m>k$ & oddly made to get into ! m\ld1 !y give up read+ altoge!r1 or read old books & =eign books1 =m$ "u ano!r code & appeal+ to a diff]5t ta/e4 ,! pr9ciple ( 'elim9ation1' ! 'use & disuse' ( organs :i* naturali/s speak (1 works "h4 ,:at is us$ /r5g!ns2 :at is disus$ weak5s3 'to ^? :o h1 m is giv52' & s a sort ( /yle settles ^u an age1 & impr9t+ itself m ?an any?+ else 9 m5's memories becomes all t is ?\ght ( ab\t x4 ,i believe t :at we call national "* arose 9 v mu* ! same way4 ,at fir/ a sort ( '*ance pr$om9ance' made a model1 & !n inv9cible attraction1 ! necessity :i* rules all b ! /ronge/ m5 to imitate :at is be=e _! eyes1 & to be :at !y are expect$ to be1 m\ld$ m5 by t model4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! v process by :i* new national *>act]s are be+ made 9 our own "t4 ,9 ,am]ica & 9 ,au/ralia a new modification ( :at we call ,anglo-,saxonism is gr[+4 ,a sort ( type ( "* arose f ! difficulties ( colonial life--! difficulty ( /ruggl+ ) ! wild]ness2 & ?is type has giv5 its %ape to ! mass ( *>act]s because ! mass ( *>act]s h unconsci\sly imitat$ x4 ,_m ( ! ,am]ican *>act]i/ics are pla9ly useful 9 su* a life1 & consequ5t on su* a life4 ,! eag] re/lessness1 ! highly-/rung n]v\s organisation are useful 9 cont9ual /ruggle1 & also are promot$ by x4 ,^! traits seem to be aris+ 9 ,au/ralia1 too1 & :]ev] else ! ,engli% race is plac$ 9 l circum/ances4 ,b ev5 9 ^! useful p>ticul>s ! innate t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to become l :at is ar\nd x1 has effect$ mu*3 a sluggi% ,engli%man w (t5 cat* ! eag] ,am]ican look 9 a few ye>s2 an ,iri%man or ev5 a ,g]man w cat* x1 too1 ev5 9 all ,engli% p>ticul>s4 ,& z to a hundr$ m9or po9ts--9 s _m t g to m>k ! typical ,yankee--usefulness has _h no %>e ei!r 9 _! orig9 or _! propagation4 ,! accid5t ( "s pr$om9ant p]son possess+ !m set ! fa%ion1 & x has be5 imitat$ to ?is day4 ,anybody :o inquires w f9d ev5 9 ,engl&1 & ev5 9 ^! days ( assimilation1 p>i% peculi>ities :i* arose1 no d\bt1 f "s old accid5t1 & h be5 he$fully pres]v$ by cu/om>y copy+4 ,a national "* is b ! successful p>i% "*2 j z ! national spee* is b ! successful p>i% dialect1 ! dialect1 t is1 ( ! di/rict :i* came to be m--9 _m cases b a little m--influ5tial ?an o!r di/ricts1 & s set its yoke on books & on society4 ,i c\ld enl>ge mu* on ?is1 = ,i believe ?is unconsci\s imitation to be ! pr9cipal =ce 9 ! mak+ ( national *>act]s2 b ,i h already said m ab\t x ?an ,i ne$4 ,ev]ybody :o weighs ev5 half ^! argum5ts w admit t x is a great =ce 9 ! matt]1 a pr9cipal ag5cy to be ackn[l$g$ & wat*$2 & = my pres5t purpose ,i want no m4 ,i h only to %[ ! efficacy ( ! tight e>ly polity 7s to speak7 & ! /rict e>ly law on ! creation ( corporate *>act]s4 ,^! settl$ ! pr$om9ant type1 set up a sort ( model1 made a sort ( idol2 ?is 0 wor%ipp$1 copi$1 & obs]v$1 f all mann] ( m+l$ feel+s1 b mo/ ( all because x 0 ! '?+ to d1' ! !n accept$ =m ( human action4 ,:5 once ! pr$om9ant type 0 det]m9$1 ! copy+ prop5sity ( man did ! re/4 ,! tradition ascrib+ ,sp>tan legislation to ,lycurgus 0 lit]ally untrue1 b its _s 0 q true4 ,9 ! orig9 ( /ates /rong & eag] individuals got hold ( small knots ( m51 & made = !m a fa%ion :i* !y 7 atta*$ to & kept4 ,x is only aft] duly appreh5d+ ! sil5t mann] 9 :i* national *>act]s ?us =m !mselves1 t we c rightly appreciate ! dislike :i* old ,gov]nm5ts _h to trade4 ,!re mu/ h be5 some?+ peculi> ab\t x1 = ! be/ philosoph]s1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 %>$ x4 ,!y reg>d$ comm]ce z ! s\rce ( corruption z naturally z a mod]n economi/ consid]s x ! spr+ ( indu/ry1 & all ! old ,gov]nm5ts act$ 9 ?is respect ^u ! philosoph]s' maxims4 ',well1' said ,dr4 ,arnold1 speak+ ironically & 9 ! _s ( mod]n times--',well1 inde$1 might ! policy ( ! old prie/-nobles ( ,egypt & ,india endeav\r to div]t _! p f becom+ famili> ) ! sea1 & repres5t ! occupation ( a seaman z incompatible ) ! purity ( ! highe/ ca/es4 ,! sea des]v$ to be hat$ by ! old ari/ocracies1 inasmu* z x has be5 ! mightie/ in/rum5t 9 ! civilisation ( mank9d4' ,b ! old olig>*ies _h _! own "w1 z we n[ "k4 ,!y 7 impos+ a fa%ion+ yoke2 !y 7 mak+ ! human nature :i* aft] times employ4 ,!y 7 at _! lab\rs1 we h ent]$ into ^! lab\rs4 ,& to ! unconsci\s imitation :i* 0 _! pr9cipal tool1 no imp$im5t 0 s =midable z =eign int]c\rse4 ,m5 imitate :at is be=e _! eyes1 if x is be=e _! eyes alone1 b !y d n imitate x if x is only "o among _m pres5t ?+s--"o competitor among o!rs1 all ( :i* are equal & "s ( :i* seem bett]4 ',:oev] speaks two languages is a rascal1' says ! say+1 & x rightly repres5ts ! feel+ ( primitive communities :5 ! sudd5 impact ( new ?\ghts & new examples breaks d[n ! compact despotism ( ! s+le consecrat$ code1 & leaves pliant & impressible man--su* z he !n is--to foll[ 8 unpleasant w )\t di/9ct guidance by h]$it>y morality & h]$it>y religion4 ,! old olig>*ies want$ to keep _! type p]fect1 & = t end !y 7 "r n to all[ =eign]s to t\* x4 ',di/9ctions ( race1' says ,arnold himself else:]e 9 a rem>kable essay--= x 0 8 la/ on ,greek hi/ory1 8 f>ewell words on a long fav\rite subject--'7 n ( t odi\s & fanta/ic "* :i* !y h be5 9 mod]n times2 !y impli$ real diff]5ces ( ! mo/ important k9d1 religi\s & moral4' ,& aft] exemplify+ ?is at l5g? he goes on1 ',x is n !n to be wond]$ at t ,?ucydides1 :5 speak+ ( a city f\nd$ jo9tly by ,ionians & ,dorians1 %\ld h ?\ght x "r to add t ! prevail+ in/itutions ( ! two 7 ,ionian1 = accord+ z !y 7 d]iv$ f "o or ! o!r ! prevail+ type w\ld be diff]5t4 ,& !re=e ! mixture ( p]sons ( diff]5t race 9 ! same commonweal?1 unless "o race _h a complete asc5dancy1 t5d$ to confuse all ! relations ( human life1 & all m5's notions ( "r & wrong2 or by compell+ m5 to tol]ate 9 s ne> a relation z t ( fell[-citiz5s diff]5ces ^u ! ma9 po9ts ( human life1 l$ to a g5]al c>elessness & scepticism1 & enc\rag$ ! notion t "r & wrong _h no real exi/5ce1 b 7 m]e creatures ( human op9ion4' ,b if ?is be s1 ! olig>*ies 7 "r4 ,comm]ce br+s ?is m+l+ ( ideas1 ?is break+ d[n ( old cre$s1 & br+s x inevitably4 ,x is n[-a-days its greate/ good t x does s2 ! *ange is :at we call 'enl>gem5t ( m9d'4 ,b 9 e>ly times ,provid5ce 'set ap>t ! nations2' & x is n till ! frame ( _! morals is set by long ages ( transmitt$ discipl9e1 t su* enl>gem5t c be borne4 ,! ages ( isolation _h _! use1 = !y tra9$ m5 = ages :5 !y 7 n to be isolat$4 ,,no4 ,,ii ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,conflict4 ',! diff]5ce betwe5 progression & /ation>y inaction1' says "o ( our greate/ liv+ writ]s1 'is "o ( ! great secrets :i* sci5ce has yet to p5etrate4' ,i am sure ,i d n pret5d t ,i c completely p5etrate x2 b x und\bt$ly seems to me t ! problem is on ! v]ge ( solution1 & t sci5tific successes 9 k9dr$ fields by analogy sugge/ "s pr9ciples--:i* :olly remove _m ( its difficulties1 & indicate ! sort ( way 9 :i* ^? :i* rema9 may h]eaft] be remov$ too4 ,b :at is ! problem8 ,common ,engli%1 ,i might p]haps say common civilis$ ?\ght1 ignores x4 ,our habitual in/ructors1 our ord9>y conv]sation1 our inevitable & in]adicable prejudices t5d to make u ?9k t ',progress' is ! normal fact 9 human society1 ! fact :i* we %\ld expect to see1 ! fact :i* we %\ld be surpris$ if we did n see4 ,b hi/ory refutes ?is4 ,! anci5ts _h no conception ( progress2 !y did n s mu* z reject ! idea2 !y did n ev5 ent]ta9 ! idea4 ,ori5tal nations are j ! same n[4 ,s9ce hi/ory began !y h always be5 :at !y are4 ,savages1 aga91 d n improve2 !y h>dly seem to h ! basis on :i* to build1 mu* less ! mat]ial to put up any?+ wor? hav+4 ,only a few nations1 & ^? ( ,european orig91 advance2 & yet ^! ?9k--seem irresi/ibly compell$ to ?9k--su* advance to be inevitable1 natural1 & et]nal4 ,:y !n is ?is great contra/8 ,be=e we c answ]1 we mu/ inve/igate m accurately4 ,no d\bt hi/ory %[s t mo/ nations are /ation>y n[2 b x af=ds reason to ?9k t all nations once advanc$4 ,_! progress 0 arre/$ at v>i\s po9ts2 b n[h]e1 probably n ev5 9 ! hill tribes ( ,india1 n ev5 9 ! ,&aman ,isl&]s1 n ev5 9 ! savages ( ,t]ra del ,fuego1 d we f9d m5 :o h n got "s way4 ,!y h made _! little progress 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways2 !y h fram$ ) inf9ite assiduity a hundr$ curi\s habits2 !y h1 s to say1 screw$ !mselves into ! uncom=table corn]s ( a complex life1 :i* is odd & dre>y1 b yet is possible4 ,& ! corn]s are nev] ! same 9 any two p>ts ( ! _w4 ,our record beg9s ) a ?\s& un*ang+ edifices1 b x %[s traces ( previ\s build+4 ,9 hi/oric times !re has be5 little progress2 9 prehi/oric times !re mu/ h be5 mu*4 ,9 solv+1 or try+ to solve1 ! "q1 we mu/ take notice ( ?is rem>kable diff]5ce1 & expla9 x1 too1 or else we may be sure our pr9ciples are utt]ly incomplete1 & p]haps altoge!r uns\nd4 ,b :at !n is t solution1 or :at are ! pr9ciples :i* t5d t[>ds x8 ,?ree laws1 or approximate laws1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be laid d[n1 ) only "o ( :i* ,i c deal 9 ?is pap]1 b all ?ree ( :i* x w be be/ to /ate1 t x may be se5 :at ,i am aim+ at4 ,fir/4 ,9 e p>ticul> /ate ( ! _w1 ^? nations :i* are /ronge/ t5d to prevail ov] ! o!rs2 & 9 c]ta9 m>k$ peculi>ities ! /ronge/ t5d to be ! be/4 ,secondly4 ,)9 e p>ticul> nation ! type or types ( "* !n & !re mo/ attractive t5d to prevail2 &1 ! mo/ attractive1 ?\gh ) exceptions1 is :at we call ! be/ "*4 ,?irdly4 ,nei!r ( ^! competitions is 9 mo/ hi/oric conditions int5sifi$ by extr9sic =ces1 b 9 "s conditions1 su* z ^? n[ prevail+ 9 ! mo/ influ5tial "p ( ! _w1 bo? are s int5sifi$4 ,^! are ! sort ( doctr9es ) :i*1 "u ! "n ( 'natural selection' 9 physical sci5ce1 we h become famili>2 & z e great sci5tific conception t5ds to advance its b\nd>ies & to be ( use 9 solv+ problems n ?\ght ( :5 x 0 />t$1 s "h1 :at 0 put =w>d = m]e animal hi/ory may1 ) a *ange ( =m1 b an id5tical ess5ce1 be appli$ to human hi/ory4 ,at fir/ "s objection 0 rais$ to ! pr9ciple ( 'natural selection' 9 physical sci5ce ^u religi\s gr\nds2 x 0 to be expect$ t s active an idea & s l>ge a %ift+ ( ?\ght w\ld seem to imp]il mu* :i* m5 valu$4 ,b 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! objection is1 ,i ?9k1 pass+ away2 ! new pr9ciple is m & m se5 to be fatal to m]e outworks ( religion1 n to religion itself4 ,at all ev5ts1 to ! sort ( application "h made ( x1 :i* only am\nts to se>*+ out & foll[+ up an analogy sugge/$ by x1 !re is pla9ly no objection4 ,ev]yone n[ admits t human hi/ory is guid$ by c]ta9 laws1 & all t is "h aim$ at is to indicate1 9 a m or less di/9ct way1 an inf9itesimally small portion ( su* laws4 ,! discussion ( ^! ?ree pr9ciples _c be kept q ap>t except by p$antry2 b x is almo/ exclusively ) ! fir/--t ( ! competition betwe5 nation & nation1 or tribe & tribe 7= ,i mu/ use ^! words 9 _! l>ge/ s5se1 & s z to include e coh]+ aggregate ( human be+s7--t ,i c deal n[2 & ev5 z to t ,i c b set d[n a few pr9cipal consid]ations4 ,! progress ( ! milit>y art is ! mo/ conspicu\s1 ,i 0 ab\t to say ! mo/ ,,%[y1 fact 9 human hi/ory4 ,anci5t civilisation may be comp>$ ) mod]n 9 _m respects1 & plausible argum5ts con/ruct$ to %[ t x is bett]2 b y _c comp>e ! two 9 milit>y p[]4 ,napoleon c\ld indisputably h conqu]$ ,alex&]2 our ,indian army w\ld n ?9k mu* ( ! ,retreat ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&4 ,& ,i suppose ! improvem5t has be5 cont9u\s3 ,i h n ! slighte/ pret5ce to special k2 b1 look+ at ! m]e surface ( ! facts1 x seems likely t ! aggregate battle array1 s to say1 ( mank9d1 ! fight+ =ce ( ! human race1 has con/antly & inv>iably gr[n4 ,x is true t ! anci5t civilisation long resi/$ ! 'b>b>ians1' & 0 !n de/roy$ by ! b>b>ians4 ,b ! b>b>ians _h improv$4 ',by degrees1' says a mo/ accompli%$ writ]1#d 'b>b>ian m]c5>ies came to =m ! l>ge/1 or at lea/ ! mo/ effective1 "p ( ! ,roman armies4 ,! body-gu>d ( ,augu/us _h be5 s compos$2 ! praetorians 7 g5]ally select$ f ! brave/ fronti] troops1 mo/ ( !m ,g]mans4' ',?us1' he cont9ues1 '9 _m ways 0 ! old antagonism brok5 d[n1 ,romans admitt+ b>b>ians to rank & (fice2 b>b>ians cat*+ some?+ ( ! mann]s & culture ( _! neighb\rs4 ,& ?us1 :5 ! f9al movem5t came1 ! ,teutonic tribes sl[ly e/abli%$ !mselves ?r\gh ! prov9ces1 kn[+ some?+ ( ! sy/em to :i* !y came1 & n unwill+ to be consid]$ its memb]s4' ,tak+ fri5d & foe toge!r1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! fight+ capacity ( ! two armies 0 n z great at la/1 :5 ! ,empire fell1 z ev] x 0 9 ! long p]iod :ile ! ,empire prevail$4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! comb9+ p[] ( m5 (t5 fail$2 9 a divid$ "t y _c collect z _m soldi]s z 9 a conc5trat$ "t4 ,b ?is difficulty is political1 n milit>y4 ,if y add$ up ! _m little ho/s ( any c5tury ( sep>ation1 !y w\ld p]haps be f\nd equal or great] ?an ! s+le ho/1 or ! few] ho/s1 ( previ\s c5turies :i* 7 m unit$4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 & all[+ = possible exceptions1 ! aggregate fight+ p[] ( mank9d has gr[n imm5sely1 & has be5 gr[+ cont9u\sly s9ce we knew any?+ ab\t x4 #d ,mr4 ,bryce ,aga91 ?is =ce has t5d$ to conc5trate itself m & m 9 c]ta9 gr\ps :i* we call 'civilis$ nations4' ,! lit]ati ( ! la/ c5tury 7 = ev] 9 fe> ( a new conque/ ( ! b>b>ians1 b only because _! imag9ation 0 ov]%ad[$ & fright5$ by ! old conque/s4 ,a v little consid]ation w\ld h %[n !m t1 s9ce ! monopoly ( milit>y inv5tions by cultivat$ /ates1 real & effective milit>y p[] t5ds to conf9e itself to ^? /ates4 ,! b>b>ians are no long] s mu* z vanqui%$ competitors2 !y h ceas$ to compete at all4 ,! milit>y vices1 too1 ( civilisation seem to decl9e j z its milit>y /r5g? augm5ts4 ,someh[ or o!r civilisation does n make m5 effem9ate or unw>like n[ z x once did4 ,!re is an improvem5t 9 our fibre--moral1 if n physical4 ,9 anci5t times city p c\ld n be got to fight--seem+ly c\ld n fight2 !y lo/ _! m5tal c\rage1 p]haps _! bodily n]ve4 ,b n[-a-days 9 all c\ntries ! great cities c\ld p\r out multitudes want+ no?+ b practice to make good soldi]s1 & ab\nd+ 9 brav]y & vig\r4 ,?is 0 s 9 ,am]ica2 x 0 s 9 ,prussia2 & x w\ld be s 9 ,engl& too4 ,! bre$ ( anci5t times 0 impair$ = w> by trade & luxury1 b ! mod]n bre$ is n s impair$4 ,a curi\s fact indicates ! same ?+ probably1 if n c]ta9ly4 ,savages wa/e away be=e mod]n civilisation2 !y seem to h held _! gr\nd be=e ! anci5t4 ,!re is no lam5t 9 any classical writ] = ! b>b>ians4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s say t ! l& w dep>t f _! *ildr52 ! ,au/ralians are vani%+2 ! ,tasmanians h vani%$4 ,if any?+ l ?is _h happ5$ 9 antiquity1 ! classical morali/s w\ld h be5 sure to muse ov] x2 = x is j ! l>ge solemn k9d ( fact t suit$ !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,gaul1 9 ,spa91 9 ,sicily--ev]y:]e t we "k (--! b>b>ian endur$ ! contact ( ! ,roman1 & ! ,roman alli$ himself to ! b>b>ian4 ,mod]n sci5ce expla9s ! wa/+ away ( savage m52 x says t we h diseases :i* we c be>1 ?\gh !y _c1 & t !y die away be=e !m z our fatt$ & protect$ cattle di$ out be=e ! r9d]pe/1 :i* is innocu\s1 9 comp>ison1 to ! h>dy cattle ( ! ,/eppes4 ,savages 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,*ri/ian era 7 pretty mu* :at !y 7 9 ! #ahjj?2 & if !y /ood ! contact ( anci5t civilis$ m51 & _c /& ours1 x foll[s t our race is presumably t\gh] ?an ! anci5t2 = we h to be>1 & d be>1 ! se$s ( great] diseases ?an ^? ! anci5ts c>ri$ ) !m4 ,we may use1 p]haps1 ! unv>y+ savage z a metre to gauge ! vig\r ( ! con/itutions to ^: contact he is expos$4 ,p>ticul> consequ5ces may be dubi\s1 b z to ! ma9 fact !re is no d\bt3 ! milit>y /r5g? ( man has be5 gr[+ f ! e>lie/ "t kn[n to our hi/ory1 /raight on till n[4 ,& we mu/ n look at times kn[n by writt5 records only2 we mu/ travel back to old] ages1 kn[n to u only by :at lawy]s call ,,real evid5ce--! evid5ce ( ?+s4 ,be=e hi/ory began1 !re 0 at lea/ z mu* progress 9 ! milit>y art z !re has be5 s9ce4 ,! ,roman legion>ies or ,hom]ic ,greeks 7 ab\t z sup]ior to ! m5 ( ! %ell m\nds & ! fl9t implem5ts z we are sup]ior to !m4 ,!re has be5 a con/ant acquisition ( milit>y /r5g? by man s9ce we "k any?+ ( him1 ei!r by ! docum5ts he has compos$ or ! indications he has left4 ,! cause ( ?is milit>y gr[? is v pla94 ,! /ronge/ nation has always be5 conqu]+ ! weak]2 sometimes ev5 subdu+ x1 b always prevail+ ov] x4 ,e intellectual ga91 s to speak1 t a nation possess$ 0 9 ! e>lie/ times made use (--0 ,,inve/$ & tak5 out--9 w>2 all else p]i%$4 ,ea* nation tri$ con/antly to be ! /rong]1 & s made or copi$ ! be/ weapons2 by consci\s & unconsci\s imitation ea* nation =m$ a type ( "* suitable to w> & conque/4 ,conque/ improv$ mank9d by ! int]mixture ( /r5g?s2 ! arm$ truce1 :i* 0 !n call$ peace1 improv$ !m by ! competition ( tra9+ & ! consequ5t creation ( new p[]4 ,s9ce ! long-head$ m5 fir/ drove ! %ort-head$ m5 out ( ! be/ l& 9 ,europe1 all ,european hi/ory has be5 ! hi/ory ( ! sup]position ( ! m milit>y races ov] ! less milit>y ( ! ef=ts1 sometimes successful1 sometimes unsuccessful1 ( ea* race to get m milit>y2 & s ! art ( w> has con/antly improv$4 ,b :y is "o nation /rong] ?an ano!r8 ,9 ! answ] to t1 ,i believe1 lies ! key to ! pr9cipal progress ( e>ly civilisation1 & to "s ( ! progress ( all civilisation4 ,! answ] is t !re are v _m advantages--"s small & "s great--e "o ( :i* t5ds to make ! nation :i* has x sup]ior to ! nation :i* has x n2 t _m ( ^! advantages c be imp>t$ to subjugat$ races1 or imitat$ by compet+ races2 & t1 ?\gh "s ( ^! advantages may be p]i%able or inimitable1 yet1 on ! :ole1 ! en]gy ( civilisation gr[s by ! coalesc5ce ( /r5g?s & by ! competition ( /r5g?s4 ,,ii4 ,by f> ! greate/ advantage is t on :i* ,i obs]v$ be=e--t to :i* ,i drew all ! att5tion ,i 0 able by mak+ ! fir/ ( ^! essays an essay on ! ,prelim9>y ,age4 ,! fir/ ?+ to acquire is if ,i may s express x1 ! ,,legal ,,fibre2 a polity fir/--:at sort ( polity is immat]ial2 a law fir/--:at k9d ( law is second>y2 a p]son or set ( p]sons to pay def]5ce to--?\gh :o he is1 or !y are1 by comp>ison sc>cely signifies4 ',!re is1' x has be5 said1 'h>dly any exagg]at+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 civilis$ & uncivilis$ m52 x is great] ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 a tame & a wild animal1' because man c improve m4 ,b ! diff]5ce at fir/ 0 ga9$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,! tam+ ( animals z x n[ goes on among savage nations1 & z travell]s :o h se5 x describe x1 is a k9d ( selection4 ,! mo/ wild are kill$ :5 food is want$1 & ! mo/ tame & easy to manage kept1 because !y are m agreeable to human indol5ce1 & s ! keep] likes !m be/4 ,capta9 ,galton1 :o has (t5 se5 /range sc5es ( savage & ( animal life1 _h bett] describe ! process3--',! irreclaimably wild memb]s ( e flock w\ld escape & be utt]ly lo/2 ! wild] ( ^? t rema9$ w\ld assur$ly be select$ = slaught]--:5ev] x 0 necess>y t "o ( ! flock %\ld be kill$4 ,! tame/ cattle--^? :i* seldom ran away1 t kept ! flocks toge!r1 & ^? :i* l$ !m homew>d--w\ld be pres]v$ alive long] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ^! t *iefly become ! p>5ts ( /ock & bequea? _! dome/ic aptitudes to ! future h]d4 ,i h con/antly witness$ ?is process ( selection among ! pa/oral savages ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,i believe x to be a v important "o on acc\nt ( its rig\r & its regul>ity4 ,x mu/ h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & h be51 9 cont9u\s op]ation1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 d[n to ! pres5t day4'#e #e ,e?nological ,society's ,transactions1 vol4 iii4 p4 #acg4 ,man1 be+ ! /ronge/ ( all animals1 diff]s f ! re/2 he 0 oblig$ to be 8 own dome/icator2 he _h to tame himself4 ,& ! way 9 :i* x happ5$ 01 t ! mo/ ob$i5t1 ! tame/ tribes are1 at ! fir/ /age 9 ! real /ruggle ( life1 ! /ronge/ & ! conqu]ors4 ,all are v wild !n2 ! animal vig\r1 ! savage virtue ( ! race has di$ out 9 none1 & all h en\gh ( x4 ,b :at makes "o tribe--"o incipi5t tribe1 "o bit ( a tribe--to diff] f ano!r is _! relative faculty ( coh]5ce4 ,! slighte/ symptom ( legal developm5t1 ! lea/ indication ( a milit>y bond1 is !n en\gh to turn ! scale4 ,! compact tribes w91 & ! compact tribes are ! tame/4 ,civilisation beg9s1 because ! beg9n+ ( civilisation is a milit>y advantage4 ,probably if we _h hi/oric records ( ! ante-hi/oric ages--if "s sup]human p[] _h set d[n ! ?\ghts & actions ( m5 ages be=e !y c\ld set !m d[n = !mselves--we %\ld "k t ?is fir/ /ep 9 civilisation 0 ! h>de/ /ep4 ,b :5 we come to hi/ory z x is1 we are m /ruck ) ! difficulty ( ! next /ep4 ,all ! absolutely incoh]5t m5--all ! ',cyclopes'--h be5 cle>$ away long be=e !re 0 an au!ntic acc\nt ( !m4 ,& ! lea/ coh]5t only rema9 9 ! 'protect$' p>ts ( ! _w1 z we may call !m4 ,ord9>y civilisation beg9s ne> ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 ! be/1 d\btless1 ( ! ante-hi/oric civilisations 7 n f> (f4 ,f ?is c5tre ! conqu]+ ,,sw>m--= su* x is--has gr[n & gr[n2 has wid5$ its subject t]ritories /eadily1 ?\gh n equably1 age by age4 ,b geography long defi$ x4 ,an ,atlantic ,ocean1 a ,pacific ,ocean1 an ,au/ralian ,ocean1 an unapproa*able int]ior ,africa1 an inaccessible & undesirable hill ,india1 7 beyond its range4 ,9 su* remote places !re 0 no real competition1 & on !m inf]ior1 half-comb9$ m5 cont9u$ to exi/4 ,b 9 ! regions ( rivalry--! regions :]e ! bett] man press$ ^u ! worse man--su* half-made associations c\ld n la/4 ,!y di$ out & hi/ory did n beg9 till aft] !y 7 gone4 ,! great difficulty :i* hi/ory records is n t ( ! fir/ /ep1 b t ( ! second /ep4 ,:at is mo/ evid5t is n ! difficulty ( gett+ a fix$ law1 b gett+ out ( a fix$ law2 n ( cem5t+ 7z ^u a =m] occasion ,i phras$ x7 a cake ( cu/om1 b ( break+ ! cake ( cu/om2 n ( mak+ ! fir/ pres]vative habit1 b ( break+ ?r\gh x1 & rea*+ some?+ bett]4 ,?is is ! precise case ) ! :ole family ( arre/$ civilisations4 ,a l>ge "p1 a v l>ge "p1 ( ! _w seems to be ready to advance to some?+ good--to h prep>$ all ! means to advance to some?+ good1--& !n to h /opp$1 & n advanc$4 ,india1 ,japan1 ,*9a1 almo/ e sort ( ,ori5tal civilisation1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 ne>ly all o!r ?+s1 are 9 ?is alike4 ,!y look z if !y _h paus$ :5 !re 0 no reason = paus+--:5 a m]e obs]v] f )\t w\ld say !y 7 likely n to pause4 ,! reason is1 t only ^? nations c progress :i* pres]ve & use ! fundam5tal peculi>ity :i* 0 giv5 by nature to man's organism z to all o!r organisms4 ,by a law ( :i* we "k no reason1 b :i*1 is among ! fir/ by :i* ,provid5ce guides & gov]ns ! _w1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 desc5dants to be l _! prog5itors1 & yet a t5d5cy also 9 desc5dants to ,,diff] f _! prog5itors4 ,! "w ( nature 9 mak+ g5]ations is a pat*work--"p resemblance1 "p contra/4 ,9 c]ta9 respects ea* born g5]ation is n l ! la/ born2 & 9 c]ta9 o!r respects x is l ! la/4 ,b ! peculi>ity ( arre/$ civilisation is to kill out v>ieties at bir? almo/2 t is1 9 e>ly *ildhood1 & be=e !y c develop4 ,! fix$ cu/om :i* public op9ion alone tol]ates is impos$ on all m9ds1 :e!r x suits !m or n4 ,9 t case ! community feel t ?is cu/om is ! only %elt] f b>e tyranny1 & ! only security = !y value4 ,mo/ ,ori5tal communities live on l& :i* 9 !ory is ! prop]ty ( a despotic sov]eign1 & nei!r !y nor _! families c\ld h ! elem5ts ( dec5t exi/5ce unless !y held ! l& ^u "s sort ( fix$ t]ms4 ,l& 9 t /ate ( society is 7= all b a petty skill$ m9ority7 a necess>y ( life1 & all ! un9creasable l& be+ occupi$1 a man :o is turn$ out ( 8 hold+ is turn$ out ( ?is _w1 & mu/ die4 ,& our notion ( writt5 leases is z out ( place 9 a _w )\t writ+ & )\t read+ z a ,h\se ( ,commons among ,&aman ,isl&]s4 ,only "o *eck1 "o sole %ield = life & good1 is !n possible2--usage4 ,& x is b too pla9 h[ 9 su* places & p]iods m5 cl+ to cu/oms because cu/oms alone /& betwe5 !m & />vation4 ,a /ill m p[]ful cause co-op]at$1 if a cause m p[]ful c be imag9$4 ,dryd5 _h a dream ( an e>ly age1 ':5 wild 9 woods ! noble savage ran2' b ':5 lone 9 woods ! cr++ savage crept' w\ld h be5 m l all we "k ( t e>ly1 b>e1 pa9ful p]iod4 ,n only _h !y no com=t1 no conv5i5ce1 n ! v beg9n+s ( an epicurean life1 b _! m9d )9 0 z pa9ful to !m z ! _w )\t4 ,x 0 full ( fe>4 ,s f> z ! ve/iges in=m u1 !y 7 afraid ( ev]y?+2 !y 7 afraid ( animals1 ( c]ta9 attacks by ne> tribes1 & ( possible inroads f f> tribes4 ,b1 above all ?+s1 !y 7 fright5$ ( '! _w2' ! spectacle ( nature fill$ !m ) awe & dread4 ,!y fanci$ !re 7 p[]s beh9d x :i* mu/ be pleas$1 soo!d1 flatt]$1 & ?is v (t5 9 a numb] ( hide\s ways4 ,we h too _m su* religions1 ev5 among races ( great cultivation4 ,m5 *ange _! religions m sl[ly ?an !y *ange any?+ else2 & accord+ly we h religions '( ! ages'--7x is ,mr4 ,j[ett :o s calls !m7--( ! 'ages be=e morality2' ( ages ( :i* ! civil life1 ! common maxims1 & all ! secul> ?\ghts h long be5 dead4 ',e read] ( ! classics1' said ,dr4 ,johnson1 'f9ds _! my?ology t$i\s4' ,9 t old _w1 :i* is s l our mod]n _w 9 s _m ?+s1 s mu* m l ?an _m f> m rec5t1 or "s t live beside u1 !re is a "p 9 :i* we seem to h no k9dr$1 :i* we />e at1 ( :i* we _c ?9k h[ x c\ld be cr$ible1 or h[ x came to be ?\ght (4 ,?is is ! ar*aic "p ( t v _w :i* we look at z s anci5t2 an 'antiquity' :i* desc5d$ to !m1 h>dly alt]$1 p]haps1 f times long antec$5t1 :i* 7 z un9telligible to !m z to u1 or m s4 ,h[ ?is t]rible religion--= su* x 0 9 all liv+ detail1 ?\gh we make1 & ! anci5ts !n made1 an arti/ic use ( ! m attractive bits ( x--weigh$ on man1 ! great poem ( ,lucretius1 ! mo/ ( a n9ete5?-c5tury poem ( any 9 antiquity1 br+s be=e u ) a feel+ s vivid z to be almo/ a feel+ ( our own4 ,yet ! classical religion is a mild & t5d] specim5 ( ! pres]v$ religions4 ,to get at ! wor/1 y %\ld look :]e ! de/roy+ competition has be5 lea/--at ,am]ica1 :]e sectional civilisation 0 r>e1 & a p]vad+ co]cive civilisation did n exi/2 at su* religions z ^? ( ! ,aztecs4 ,at fir/ sight x seems impossible to imag9e :at conceivable function su* awful religions c p]=m 9 ! economy ( ! _w4 ,& no "o c fully expla9 !m4 ,b "o use !y assur$ly _h3 !y fix$ ! yoke ( cu/om ?or\ghly on mank9d4 ,!y 7 ! prime ag5ts ( ! era4 ,!y put ^u a fix$ law a sanction s fe>ful t no "o c\ld dream ( n con=m+ to x4 ,no "o w ev] compreh5d ! arre/$ civilisations unless he sees ! /rict dilemma ( e>ly society4 ,ei!r m5 _h no law at all1 & liv$ 9 confus$ tribes1 h>dly hang+ toge!r1 or !y _h to obta9 a fix$ law by processes ( incr$ible difficulty4 ,^? :o surm\nt$ t difficulty soon de/roy$ all ^? t lay 9 _! way :o did n4 ,& !n !y a !mselves 7 caught 9 _! own yoke4 ,! cu/om>y discipl9e1 :i* c\ld only be impos$ on any e>ly m5 by t]rible sanctions1 cont9u$ ) ^? sanctions1 & kill$ out ( ! :ole society ! prop5sities to v>iation :i* are ! pr9ciple--( progress4 ,exp]i5ce %[s h[ incr$ibly difficult x is to get m5 really to enc\rage ! pr9ciple ( orig9ality4 ,!y w admit x 9 !ory1 b 9 practice ! old error--! error :i* arre/$ a hundr$ civilisations--returns aga94 ,m5 are too fond ( _! own life1 too cr$ul\s ( ! complet5ess ( _! own ideas1 too angry at ! pa9 ( new ?\ghts1 to be able to be> easily ) a *ang+ exi/5ce2 or else1 hav+ new ideas1 !y want to en=ce !m on mank9d--to make !m he>d1 & admitt$1 & obey$ be=e1 9 simple competition ) o!r ideas1 !y w\ld ev] be s naturally4 ,at ?is v mom5t !re are ! mo/ rigid ,comti/s tea*+ t we ought to be gov]n$ by a hi]>*y--a comb9ation ( savans or?odox 9 sci5ce4 ,yet :o c d\bt t ,comte w\ld h be5 hang$ by 8 own hi]>*y2 t 8 essor mat]iel1 :i* 0 9 fact tr\bl$ by ! '!ologians & metaphysicians' ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 w\ld h be5 m imp$$ by ! gov]nm5t he want$ to make8 ,& !n ! secul> ,comti/s1 ,mr4 ,h>rison & ,mr4 ,beesly1 :o want to ',fr5*ify ! ,engli% in/itutions'--t is1 to introduce "h an imitation ( ! ,napoleonic sy/em1 a dictator%ip f\nd$ on ! prolet>iat--:o c d\bt t if bo? ^! clev] writ]s _h be5 real ,fr5*m5 !y w\ld h be5 irascible anti-,bonap>ti/s1 & h be5 s5t to ,cay5ne long ere n[8 ,! wi% ( ^! writ]s is v natural4 ,!y want to 'organise society1' to erect a despot :o w d :at !y l1 & "w out _! ideas2 b any despot w d :at he himself likes1 & w root out new ideas n9ety-n9e times = once t he introduces !m4 ,aga91 side by side ) ^! ,comti/s1 & w>r+ ) !m--at lea/ ) "o ( !m--is ,mr4 ,arnold1 ^: poems we "k by he>t1 & :o has1 z mu* z any liv+ ,engli%man1 ! g5u9e lit]>y impulse2 & yet ev5 he wants to put a yoke ^u u--&1 worse ?an a political yoke1 an academic yoke1 a yoke ^u our m9ds & our /yles4 ,he1 too1 asks u to imitate ,france2 & :at else c we say ?an :at ! two mo/ ?or\gh ,fr5*m5 ( ! la/ age did say8--',dans les corps a tal5t1 nulle di/9ction ne fait ombrage1 si ce n'e/ pas celle du tal5t4 ,un due et pair honore l',academie ,francaise1 qui ne veut po9t de ,boileau1 refuse la ,bruy]e1 fait att5dre ,voltaire1 mais recoit t\t d'abord ,*apela9 et ,conr>t4 ,de meme n\s voyons a l',academie ,grecque le vicomte invite1 ,corai rep\sse1 lorsque ,jorm>d y entre comme dans un m\l94' ,?us speaks ,paul-,l\is ,c\ri] 9 8 own brief inimitable prose4 ,& a /ill great] writ]--a real ,fr5*man1 if ev] !re 0 "o1 & 7:at _m critics w\ld h d5i$ to be possible7 a great poet by reason ( 8 mo/ ,fr5* *>act]i/ics--,b]ang]1 tells u 9 v]se3-- ,je croyais voir le presid5t ,fairs baill]--en repondant ,que l'on vi5t de p]dre un gr& homme2 ,que moi je le vaux1 ,dieu sait comme4 ,mais ce presid5t sans facon#f ,ne p]ore ici qu'en *anson3 ,t\j\rs trop tot sa h>angue e/ f9ie4 ,non1 non1 ce n'e/ po9t comme a l',academia2 ,ce n'e/ po9t comme a l',academie4 ,admis enf91 aurai-jo alors1 ,p\r t\t esprit1 l'esprit de corps8 ,il r5d le bon s5s1 quoi qu'on dise1 ,solidaire de la sottise2 ,mais1 dans votes societe1 ,l'esprit de corps1 c'e/ la gaite4 ,cet esprit la regne sans tyrannie4 ,non1 non1 ce n'e/ po9t comme a l',academie2 ,ce n'e/ po9t comme a l',acad5ie4 #f ,desaugi]s4 ,asylums ( common-place1 he h9ts1 academies mu/ ev] be4 ,b t s5t5ce is too h>%2 ! true "o is--! academies are asylums ( ! ideas & ! ta/es ( ! la/ age4 ',by ! "t1' ,i h he>d a mo/ em95t man ( sci5ce obs]ve1 'by ! "t a man ( sci5ce atta9s em95ce on any subject1 he becomes a nuisance ^u x1 because he is sure to reta9 errors :i* 7 9 vogue :5 he 0 "y1 b :i* ! new race h refut$4' ,^! are ! sort ( ideas :i* f9d _! home 9 academies1 & out ( _! dignifi$ w9d[s pooh-pooh new ?+s4 ,i may seem to h w&]$ f> f e>ly society1 b ,i h n w&]$4 ,! true sci5tific me?od is to expla9 ! pa/ by ! pres5t--:at we see by :at we d n see4 ,we c only compreh5d :y s _m nations h n v>i$1 :5 we see h[ hateful v>iation is2 h[ ev]ybody turns aga9/ x2 h[ n only ! cons]vatives ( speculation try to root x out1 b ! v innovators inv5t mo/ rigid ma*9es = cru%+ ! 'mon/rosities & anomalies'--! new =ms1 out ( :i*1 by competition & trial1 ! be/ is to be select$ = ! future4 ,! po9t ,i am br++ out is simple3--"o mo/ important pre-requisite ( a prevail+ nation is t x %\ld h pass$ out ( ! fir/ /age ( civilisation into ! second /age--out ( ! /age :]e p]man5ce is mo/ want$ into t :]e v>iability is mo/ want$2 & y _c compreh5d :y progress is s sl[ till y see h[ h>d ! mo/ ob/9ate t5d5cies ( human nature make t /ep to mank9d4 ,( c\rse ! nation we are suppos+ mu/ keep ! virtues ( its fir/ /age z x passes into ! aft] /age1 else x w be trodd5 out2 x w h lo/ ! savage virtues 9 gett+ ! beg9n+ ( ! civilis$ virtues2 & ! savage virtues :i* t5d to w> are ! daily bread ( human nature4 ,c>lyle said1 9 8 graphic way1 ',! ultimate "q betwe5 e two human be+s is1 ,c ,i kill !e1 or can/ ?\ kill me8' ,hi/ory is /rewn ) ! wrecks ( nations :i* h ga9$ a little progressiv5ess at ! co/ ( a great deal ( h>d manl9ess1 & h ?us prep>$ !mselves = de/ruction z soon z ! movem5ts ( ! _w gave a *ance = x4 ,b ^! nations h come out ( ! 'pre-economic /age' too soon2 !y h be5 put to le>n :ile yet only too apt to unle>n4 ,su* cases d n vitiate1 !y confirm1 ! pr9ciple--t a nation :i* has j ga9$ v>iability )\t los+ legality has a s+ul> likelihood to be a preval5t nation4 ,no nation admits ( an ab/ract def9ition2 all nations are be+s ( _m qualities & _m sides2 no hi/orical ev5t exactly illu/rates any "o pr9ciple2 e cause is int]tw9$ & surr\nd$ ) a hundr$ o!rs4 ,! be/ hi/ory is b l ! art ( ,rembr&t2 x ca/s a vivid light on c]ta9 select$ causes1 on ^? :i* 7 be/ & greate/2 x leaves all ! re/ 9 %ad[ & unse54 ,to make a s+le nation illu/rate a pr9ciple1 y mu/ exagg]ate mu* & y mu/ omit mu*4 ,b1 n =gett+ ?is caution1 did n ,rome--! preval5t nation 9 ! anci5t _w--ga9 h] pr$om9ance by ! pr9ciple on :i* ,i h dwelt8 ,9 ! ?ick cru/ ( h] legality !re 0 hidd5 a little se$ ( adaptiv5ess4 ,ev5 9 h] law itself no "o c fail to see t1 b9d+ z 0 ! habit ( ob$i5ce1 co]cive z use & wont at fir/ seem1 a hidd5 impulse ( extrication ,,did manage1 9 "s que] way1 to *ange ! sub/ance :ile con=m+ to ! accid5ts--to d :at 0 want$ = ! new "t :ile seem+ to d only :at 0 direct$ by ! old "t4 ,& ! moral ( _! :ole hi/ory is ! same ea* ,roman g5]ation1 s f> z we "k1 diff]s a little-& 9 ! be/ times (t5 b a ,,v little--f its pr$ecessors4 ,& !re=e ! hi/ory is s cont9u\s z x goes1 ?\gh its two ends are s unlike4 ,! hi/ory ( _m nations is l ! /age ( ! ,engli% drama3 "o sc5e is succe$$ on a sudd5 by a sc5e q diff]5t1--a cottage by a palace1 & a w9dmill by a =tress4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ,rome *anges z a good diorama *anges2 :ile y look1 y h>dly see x alt]2 ea* mom5t is h>dly diff]5t f ! la/ mom5t2 yet at ! close ! metamorphosis is complete1 & sc>cely any?+ is z x began4 ,j s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! great prevail+ city3 y beg9 ) a t[n & y end ) an empire1 & ?is by unm>k$ /ages8--,s %r\d$1 s %ield$1 9 ! co>se fibre ( o!r qualities--0 ! delicate pr9ciple ( progress1 t x nev] fail$1 & x 0 nev] brok54 ,"o /&+ in/ance1 no d\bt1 %[s t ! union ( progressiv5ess & legality does n secure supremacy 9 w>4 ,! ,jewi% nation has its type ( progress 9 ! prophets1 side by side ) its type ( p]man5ce 9 ! law & ,levites1 m di/9ct ?an any o!r anci5t p4 ,n[h]e 9 common hi/ory d we see ! two =ces--bo? s necess>y & bo? s dang]\s--s ap>t & s int5se3 ,judaea *ang$ 9 inw>d ?\ght1 j z ,borne *ang$ 9 ext]ior p[]4 ,ea* *ange 0 cont9u\s1 gradual & good4 ,9 e>ly times e sort ( advantage t5ds to become a milit>y advantage2 su* is ! be/ way1 !n1 to keep x alive4 ,b ! ,jewi% advantage nev] did s2 beg9n+ 9 religion1 contr>y to a ?\s& analogies1 x rema9$ religi\s4 ,= t we c>e = !m2 f t h issu$ endless consequ5ces4 ,b ,i _c deal ) su* matt]s "h1 nor are !y to my purpose4 ,z respects ?is essay1 ,judaea is an example ( comb9$ v>iability & legality n inve/+ itself 9 w>like p[]1 & s p]i%+ at la/1 b bequea?+ nev]!less a legacy ( ! comb9ation 9 imp]i%able m5tal effects4 ,x may be object$ t ?is pr9ciple is l say+ t m5 walk :5 !y d walk1 & sit :5 !y d sit4 ,! problem1 is1 :y d m5 progress8 ,& ! answ] sugge/$ seems to be1 t !y progress :5 !y h a c]ta9 suffici5t am\nt ( v>iability 9 _! nature4 ,?is seems to be ! old /yle ( explanation by occult qualities4 ,x seems l say+ t opium s5ds m5 to sleep because x has a soporific virtue1 & bread fe$s because x has an alim5t>y quality4 ,b ! explanation is n s absurd4 ,x says3 ',! beg9n+ ( civilisation is m>k$ by an int5se legality2 t legality is ! v condition ( its exi/5ce1 ! bond :i* ties x toge!r2 b t legality--t t5d5cy to impose a settl$ cu/om>y yoke ^u all m5 & all actions if x goes on1 kills out ! v>iability implant$ by nature1 & makes diff]5t m5 & diff]5t ages facsimiles ( o!r m5 & o!r ages1 z we see !m s (t54 ,progress is only possible 9 ^? happy cases :]e ! =ce ( legality has gone f> en\gh to b9d ! nation toge!r1 b n f> en\gh to kill out all v>ieties & de/roy nature's p]petual t5d5cy to *ange4' ,! po9t ( ! solution is n ! inv5tion ( an imag9>y ag5cy1 b an assignm5t ( comp>ative magnitude to two kn[n ag5cies4 ,,iii4 ,?is advantage is ,"o ( ! greate/ 9 e>ly civilisation--"o ( ! facts :i* give a decisive turn to ! battle ( nations2 b !re are _m o!rs4 ,a little p]fection 9 ,,political ,,in/itutions may d x4 ,travell]s h notic$ t among savage tribes ^? seem$ to answ] be/ 9 :i* ! mon>*ical p[] 0 mo/ pr$om9ant1 & ^? wor/ 9 :i* ! 'rule ( _m' 0 9 its vig\r4 ,s long z w> is ! ma9 bus9ess ( nations1 tempor>y despotism--despotism dur+ ! campaign--is indisp5sable4 ,macaulay ju/ly said t _m an army has prosp]$ "u a bad comm&]1 b no army has ev] prosp]$ "u a 'debat+ society2' t _m-head$ mon/] is !n fatal4 ,despotism gr[s 9 ! fir/ societies1 j z democracy gr[s 9 m mod]n societies2 x is ! gov]nm5t answ]+ ! prim>y ne$1 & cong5ial to ! :ole _s ( ! "t4 ,b despotism is unfav\rable to ! pr9ciple ( v>iability1 z all hi/ory %[s4 ,x t5ds to keep m5 9 ! cu/om>y /age ( civilisation2 its v fitness = t age unfits x = ! next4 ,x prev5ts m5 f pass+ into ! fir/ age ( progress--! ,,v sl[ & ,,v gradually improv+ age4 ,"s '/&+ sy/em' ( semi-free discussion is z necess>y to break ! ?ick cru/ ( cu/om & beg9 progress z x is 9 lat] ages to c>ry on progress :5 begun2 probably x is ev5 m necess>y4 ,& 9 ! mo/ progressive races we f9d x4 ,i h spok5 already ( ! ,jewi% prophets1 ! life ( t nation1 & ! pr9ciple ( all its gr[?4 ,b a /ill m progressive race--t by :i* secul> civilisation 0 once creat$1 by :i* x is n[ ma9ly adm9i/]$--_h a /ill bett] in/rum5t ( progression4 ',9 ! v e>lie/ glimpses1' says ,mr4 ,freeman1 '( ,teutonic political life1 we f9d ! mon>*ic1 ! ari/ocratic1 & ! democratic elem5ts already cle>ly m>k$4 ,!re are lead]s ) or )\t ! royal title2 !re are m5 ( noble bir?1 ^: noble bir? 79 :atev] ! orig9al nobility may h consi/$7 entitles !m to a pre-em95ce 9 e way2 b beyond ^! !re is a free & arm$ p1 9 :om x is cle> t ! ultimate sov]eignty resides4 ,small matt]s are decid$ by ! *iefs alone2 great matt]s are submitt$ by ! *iefs to ! assembl$ nation4 ,su* a sy/em is f> m ?an ,teutonic2 x is a common ,aryan possession2 x is ! con/itution ( ! ,hom]ic ,a*aians on e>? & ( ! ,hom]ic gods on ,olympus4' ,p]haps1 & inde$ probably1 ?is con/itution may be t ( ! primitive tribe :i* ,romans left to g "o way1 & ,greeks to g ano!r1 & ,teutons to g a ?ird4 ,! tribe took x ) !m1 z ! ,engli% take ! common law ) !m1 because x 0 ! "o k9d ( polity :i* !y c\ld conceive & act ^u2 or x may be t ! emigrants f ! primitive ,aryan /ock only took ) !m a good aptitude--an excell5t political nature1 :i* simil> circum/ances 9 di/ant c\ntries 7 aft]w>ds to develop into l =ms4 ,b anyh[ x is impossible n to trace ! supremacy ( ,teutons1 ,greeks1 & ,romans 9 "p to _! common =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! conte/s ( ! assembly *]i%$ ! pr9ciple ( *ange2 ! influ5ce ( ! eld]s insur$ s$at5ess & pres]v$ ! m\ld ( ?\ght2 &1 9 ! be/ cases1 milit>y discipl9e 0 n impair$ by fre$om1 ?\gh milit>y intellig5ce 0 enhanc$ ) ! g5]al intellig5ce4 ,a ,roman army 0 a free body1 at its own *oice gov]n$ by a p]emptory despotism4 ,! ,,mixture ,,( ,,races 0 (t5 an advantage1 too4 ,mu* z ! old _w believ$ 9 pure blood1 x _h v little ( x4 ,mo/ hi/oric nations conqu]$ prehi/oric nations1 & ?\gh !y massacr$ _m1 !y did n massacre all4 ,!y enslav$ ! subject m51 & !y m>ri$ ! subject wom54 ,no d\bt ! :ole bond ( e>ly society 0 ! bond ( desc5t2 no d\bt x 0 ess5tial to ! notions ( a new nation t x %\ld h _h common ance/ors2 ! mod]n idea t vic9ity ( habitation is ! natural cem5t ( civil union w\ld h be5 repell$ z an impiety if x c\ld h be5 conceiv$ z an idea4 ,b by "o ( ^? legal fictions :i* ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e describes s well1 primitive nations contriv$ to d :at !y f\nd conv5i5t1 z well z to adh]e to :at !y fanci$ to be "r4 ,:5 !y did n beget !y ,,adopt$2 !y solemnly made believe t new p]sons 7 desc5d$ f ! old /ock1 ?\gh ev]ybody knew t 9 fle% & blood !y 7 n4 ,!y made an artificial unity 9 default ( a real unity2 & :at x is n easy to und]/& n[1 ! sacr$ s5tim5t requir+ unity ( race 0 someh[ satisfi$3 :at 0 made did z well z :at 0 born4 ,nations ) ^! sort ( maxims are n likely to h unity ( race 9 ! mod]n s5se1 & z a physiologi/ und]/&s x4 ,:at sorts ( unions improve ! bre$1 & :i* are worse ?an bo? ! fa!r-race & ! "m1 x is n v easy to say4 ,! subject 0 review$ by ,m4 ,quatrefages 9 an elaborate report ^u ! occasion ( ! ,fr5* ,exhibition1 ( all ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,m4 ,quatrefages quotes f ano!r writ] ! phrase t ,s\? ,am]ica is a great laboratory ( exp]im5ts 9 ! mixture ( races1 & reviews ! diff]5t results :i* diff]5t cases h %[n4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ! ,mulatto race is n v prolific1 :]eas 9 ,l\isiana & ,florida x decid$ly is s4 ,9 ,jamaica & 9 ,java ! ,mulatto _c reproduce itself aft] ! ?ird g5]ation2 b on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 ! mix$ race is n[ mo/ num]\s1 & spreads g5]ation aft] g5]ation )\t imp$im5t4 ,equally v>i\s likewise 9 v>i\s cases has be5 ! fate ( ! mix$ race betwe5 ! :ite man & ! native ,am]ican2 sometimes x prosp]s1 sometimes x fails4 ,& ,m4 ,quatrefages concludes 8 description ?us3 ',en acceptant comme vraies t\tes les obs]vations qui t5d5t a faire admettre qu'il en s]a autrem5t dans les localites dont j'ai p>le plus haut1 quelle e/ la conclusion a tir] de faits aussi peu semblables8 ,evidemm5t1 on e/ oblige de reconnaitre que le developpem5t de la race mulatre e/ favorise1 ret>de1 ou empe*e p> des circon/ances locales2 en d'autres t]mes1 qu'il dep5d des influ5ces ex]cees p> l'ensemble des conditions d'exi/5ce1 p> le ,,milieu4' ,by :i* ,i und]/& him to mean t ! mixture ( race sometimes br+s out a =m ( "* bett] suit$ ?an ei!r p>5t =m to ! place & "t2 t 9 su* cases1 by a k9d ( natural selection1 x dom9ates ov] bo? p>5ts1 & p]haps supplants bo?1 :]eas 9 o!r cases ! mix$ race is n z good !n & !re z o!r p>5t =ms1 & !n x passes away soon & ( itself4 ,e>ly 9 hi/ory ! cont9ual mixtures by conque/ 7 j s _m exp]im5ts 9 mix+ races z are go+ on 9 ,s\? ,am]ica n[4 ,new races w&]$ into new di/ricts1 & half kill$1 half mix$ ) ! old races4 ,& ! result 0 d\btless z v>i\s & z difficult to acc\nt = !n z n[2 sometimes ! cross+ answ]$1 sometimes x fail$4 ,b :5 ! mixture 0 at its be/1 x mu/ h excell$ bo? p>5ts 9 t ( :i* s mu* has be5 said2 t is1 v>iability1 & consequ5tly progressiv5ess4 ,!re is m life 9 mix$ nations4 ,france1 = in/ance1 is ju/ly said to be ! mean t]m betwe5 ! ,lat9 & ! ,g]man races4 ,a ,norman1 z y may see by look+ at him1 is ( ! nor?2 a ,prov5cal is ( ! s\?1 ( all t !re is mo/ s\!rn4 ,y h 9 ,france ,lat91 ,celtic1 ,g]man1 comp\nd$ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( proportions3 "o z %e is 9 feel+1 %e is v>i\s n only 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( h] v>i\s prov9ces1 b 9 _! pres5t temp]am5ts4 ,l ! ,iri% elem5t & ! ,scot* elem5t 9 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons1 ! v>iety ( ,fr5* races contributes to ! play ( ! polity2 x gives a *ance = fitt+ new ?+s :i* o!rwise !re w\ld n be4 ,& e>ly races mu/ h want$ mix+ m ?an mod]n races4 ,x is said1 9 answ] to ! ,jewi% boa/ t '_! race /ill prosp]s1 ?\gh x is scatt]$ & bre$s 9-&-91' ',y prosp] ,,because y are s scatt]$2 by acclimatisation 9 v>i\s regions y\r nation has acquir$ s+ul> elem5ts ( v>iety2 x conta9s )9 itself ! pr9ciple ( v>iability :i* o!r nations mu/ seek by int]m>riage4' ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s !re 0 c]ta9ly no cosmopolitan race l ! ,jews2 ea* race 0 a sort ( 'p>i% race1' n>r[ 9 ?\ght & b\nd$ 9 range1 & x want$ mix+ accord+ly4 ,b ! mixture ( races has a s+ul> dang] z well z a s+ul> advantage 9 ! e>ly _w4 ,we "k n[ ! ,anglo-,indian suspicion or contempt = 'half-ca/es4' ,! union ( ! ,engli%man & ! ,h9doo produces some?+ n only betwe5 races1 b ,,betwe5 ,,moralities4 ,!y h no inh]it$ cre$ or pla9 place 9 ! _w2 !y h none ( ! fix$ traditional s5tim5ts :i* are ! /ays ( human nature4 ,9 ! e>ly _w _m mixtures mu/ h wr\ght _m ru9s2 !y mu/ h de/roy$ :at !y c\ld n replace--an inbr$ pr9ciple ( discipl9e & ( ord]4 ,b if ^! unions ( races did n "w ?us2 if1 = example1 ! two races 7 s ne> ak9 t _! morals unit$ z well z _! bre$s1 if "o race by its great numb]s & prepot5t organisation s presid$ ov] ! o!r z to take x up & assimilate x1 & leave no sep>ate rema9s ( x1 ,,!n ! admixture 0 invaluable4 ,x add$ to ! probability ( v>iability1 & !re=e ( improvem5t2 & if t improvem5t ev5 9 "p took ! milit>y l9e1 x might give ! mix$ & ameliorat$ /ate a /eady advantage 9 ! battle ( nations1 & a great] *ance ( la/+ 9 ! _w4 ,ano!r mode 9 :i* "o /ate acquires a sup]iority ov] compet+ /ates is by ,,provisional in/itutions1 if ,i may s call !m4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!--slav]y--arises out ( ! same e>ly conque/ z ! mixture ( races4 ,a slave is an unassimilat$1 an undige/$ atom2 some?+ :i* is 9 ! body politic1 b yet is h>dly "p ( x4 ,slav]y1 too1 has a bad "n 9 ! lat] _w1 & v ju/ly4 ,we connect x ) gangs 9 *a9s1 ) laws :i* keep m5 ignorant1 ) laws t h9d] families4 ,b ! evils :i* we h endur$ f slav]y 9 rec5t ages mu/ n bl9d u to1 or make u =get1 ! great s]vices t slav]y r5d]$ 9 e>ly ages4 ,!re is a wond]ful presumption 9 its fav\r2 x is "o ( ! in/itutions :i*1 at a c]ta9 /age ( gr[?1 all nations 9 all c\ntries *oose & cleave to4 ',slav]y1' says ,ari/otle1 'exi/s by ! law ( nature1' mean+ t x 0 ev]y:]e to be f\nd--0 a rudim5t>y univ]sal po9t ( polity4 ',!re are v _m ,engli% colonies1' said ,edw>d ,gibbon ,wakefield1 z late z #ahdh1 ':o w\ld keep slaves at once if we w\ld let !m1' & he 0 speak+ n only ( old colonies tra9$ 9 slav]y1 & rais$ ^u ! products ( x1 b likewise ( new colonies />t$ by freem51 & :i* ought1 "o w\ld ?9k1 to wi% to conta9 freem5 only4 ,b ,wakefield knew :at he 0 say+2 he 0 a c>eful obs]v] ( r\gh societies1 & he _h wat*$ ! m9ds ( m5 9 !m4 ,he _h se5 t ,,leisure is ! great ne$ ( e>ly societies1 & slaves only c give m5 leisure4 ,all freem5 9 new c\ntries mu/ be pretty equal2 e "o has lab\r1 & e "o has l&2 capital1 at lea/ 9 agricultural c\ntries 7= pa/oral c\ntries are v diff]5t71 is ( little use2 x _c hire lab\r2 ! lab\r]s g & "w = !mselves4 ,!re is a /ory (t5 told ( a great ,engli% capitali/ :o w5t out to ,au/ralia ) a %ipload ( lab\r]s & a c>riage2 8 plan 0 t ! lab\r]s %\ld build a h\se = him1 & t he w\ld keep 8 c>riage1 j z 9 ,engl&4 ,b 7s ! /ory goes7 he _h to try to live 9 8 c>riage1 = 8 lab\r]s left him1 & w5t away to "w = !mselves4 ,9 su* c\ntries !re c be few g5tlem5 & no ladies4 ,ref9em5t is only possible :5 leisure is possible2 & slav]y fir/ makes x possible4 ,x creates a set ( p]sons born to "w t o!rs may n "w1 & n to ?9k 9 ord] t o!rs may ?9k4 ,! sort ( orig9ality :i* slav]y gives is ( ! fir/ practical advantage 9 e>ly communities2 & ! repose x gives is a great arti/ic advantage :5 !y come to be describ$ 9 hi/ory4 ,! patri>*s ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob c\ld n h _h ! /eady calm :i* m>ks !m1 if !y _h !mselves be5 teas$ & hurri$ ab\t _! flocks & h]ds4 ,ref9em5t ( feel+ & repose ( appe>ance h inde$ no m>ket value 9 ! e>ly bidd+ ( nations2 !y d n t5d to secure !mselves a long future or any future4 ,b orig9ality 9 w> does1 & slave-own+ nations1 hav+ "t to ?9k1 are likely to be m %rewd 9 policy1 & m crafty 9 /rategy4 ,no d\bt ?is mom5t>y ga9 is b\ght at a ru9\s aft]-co/4 ,:5 o!r s\rces ( leisure become possible1 ! "o use ( slav]y is pa/4 ,b all its evils rema91 & ev5 gr[ worse4 ',retail' slav]y--! slav]y 9 :i* a ma/] owns a few slaves1 :om he well kn[s & daily sees--is n at all an intol]able /ate2 ! slaves ( ,abraham _h no d\bt a fair life1 z ?+s w5t 9 t day4 ,b :olesale slav]y1 :]e m5 are b "o ( ! inve/m5ts ( l>ge capital1 & :]e a great own]1 s f> f kn[+ ea* slave1 c h>dly tell h[ _m gangs ( !m he works1 is an abom9able /ate4 ,?is is ! slav]y :i* has made ! "n revolt+ to ! be/ m9ds1 & has ne>ly root$ ! ?+ out ( ! be/ ( ! _w4 ,!re is no out-(-!-way m>vel 9 ?is4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( civilisation1 is /rewn ) cre$s & in/itutions :i* 7 invaluable at fir/1 & deadly aft]w>ds4 ,progress w\ld n h be5 ! r>ity x is if ! e>ly food _h n be5 ! late poison4 ,a full exam9ation ( ^! provisional in/itutions w\ld ne$ half a volume1 & w\ld be out ( place & useless "h4 ,v5]able olig>*y1 augu/ mon>*y1 are two t w\ld alone ne$ l>ge *apt]s4 ,b ! sole po9t "h necess>y is to say t su* prelim9>y =ms & feel+s at fir/ (t5 br+ _m graces & _m ref9em5ts1 & (t5 t5d to secure !m by ! pres]vative milit>y virtue4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* "s /ep 9 ,,intellectual progress gives an e>ly society "s ga9 9 w>2 m obvi\s cases are :5 "s k9d ( ,,moral quality gives "s su* ga94 ,w> bo? ne$s & g5]ates c]ta9 virtues2 n ! highe/1 b :at may be call$ ! prelim9>y virtues1 z val\r1 v]acity1 ! _s ( ob$i5ce1 ! habit ( discipl9e4 ,any ( ^!1 & ( o!rs l !m1 :5 possess$ by a nation1 & no matt] h[ g5]at$1 w give !m a milit>y advantage1 & make !m m likely to /ay 9 ! race ( nations4 ,! ,romans probably _h z mu* ( ^! efficaci\s virtues z any race ( ! anci5t _w1--p]haps z mu* z any race 9 ! mod]n _w too4 ,& ! success ( ! nations :i* possess ^! m>tial virtues has be5 ! great means by :i* _! cont9uance has be5 secur$ 9 ! _w1 & ! de/ruction ( ! opposite vices insur$ also4 ,conque/ is ! mission>y ( val\r1 & ! h>d impact ( milit>y virtues beats meanness out ( ! _w4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury x w\ld h s\nd$ /range to speak1 z ,i am go+ to speak1 ( ! milit>y advantage ( ,,religion4 ,su* an idea w\ld h be5 oppos$ to rul+ prejudices1 & w\ld h>dly h escap$ philosophical ridicule4 ,b ! notion is b a commonplace 9 our day1 = a man ( g5ius has made x 8 own4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle's books are de=m$ by phrases l 'inf9ities' & 'v]ities' & altoge!r are full ( faults1 :i* attract ! v "y1 & det] all t are old]4 ,9 spite ( 8 great g5ius1 aft] a long life ( writ+1 x is a "q /ill :e!r ev5 a s+le "w ( 8 c take a la/+ place 9 high lit]ature4 ,!re is a want ( sanity 9 _! mann] :i* ?r[s a suspicion on _! sub/ance 7?\gh x is (t5 pr(\nd72 & he br&i%es "o or two fallacies1 ( :i* he has himself a high notion1 b :i* pla9 p w always detect & d]ide4 ,b :atev] may be ! fate ( 8 fame1 ,mr4 ,c>lyle has taught ! pres5t g5]ation _m lessons1 & "o ( ^! is t ',god-fe>+' armies are ! be/ armies4 ,be=e 8 "t p laugh$ at ,cromwell's say+1 ',tru/ 9 ,god1 & keep y\r p[d] dry4' ,b we n[ "k t ! tru/ 0 ( z mu* use z ! p[d]1 if n ( m4 ,t high conc5tration ( /eady feel+ makes m5 d>e ev]y?+ & d any?+4 ,?is subject w\ld run to an inf9ite ext5t if any "o 7 compet5t to h&le x4 ,^? k9ds ( morals & t k9d ( religion :i* t5d to make ! firme/ & mo/ effectual "* are sure to prevail1 all else be+ ! same2 & cre$s or sy/ems t conduce to a s(t limp m9d t5d to p]i%1 except "s h>d extr9sic =ce keep !m alive4 ,?us ,epicureanism nev] prosp]$ at ,rome1 b ,/oicism did2 ! /iff1 s]i\s "* ( ! great prevail+ nation 0 attract$ by :at seem$ a confirm+ cre$1 & det]r$ by :at look$ l a relax+ cre$4 ,! inspirit+ doctr9es fell ^u ! ard5t "*1 & s confirm$ its en]gy4 ,/rong beliefs w9 /rong m51 & !n make !m /rong]4 ,su* is no d\bt "o cause :y ,mono!ism t5ds to prevail ov] ,poly!ism2 x produces a high]1 /eadi] "*1 calm$ & conc5trat$ by a great s+le object2 x is n confus$ by compet+ rites1 or di/ract$ by miscellane\s deities4 ,poly!ism is religion ,,9 ,,commission1 & x is weak accord+ly4 ,b x w be said ! ,jews1 :o 7 mono!i/1 7 conqu]$ by ! ,romans1 :o 7 poly!i/4 ,yes1 x mu/ be answ]$1 because ! ,romans _h o!r gifts2 !y _h a capacity = politics1 a habit ( discipl9e1 & ( ^! ! ,jews _h n ! lea/4 ,! religi\s advantage ,,0 an advantage1 b x 0 c\nt]-weigh$4 ,no "o %\ld be surpris$ at ! prom95ce giv5 to w>4 ,we are deal+ ) e>ly ages2 nation-,,mak+ is ! occupation ( man 9 ^! ages1 & x is w> t makes nations4 ,nation-,,*ang+ comes aft]w>ds1 & is mo/ly effect$ by peaceful revolution1 ?\gh ev5 !n w>1 too1 plays its "p4 ,! idea ( an inde/ructible nation is a mod]n idea2 9 e>ly ages all nations 7 de/ructible1 & ! fur!r we g back1 ! m incessant 0 ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,! int]nal decoration ( nations is a sort ( second>y process1 :i* succe$s :5 ! ma9 =ces t create nations h pr9cipally done _! "w4 ,we h "h be5 conc]n$ ) ! political scaffold+2 x w be ! task ( o!r pap]s to trace ! process ( political f9i%+ & build+4 ,! nic] play ( f9] =ces may !n require m pleas+ ?\ghts ?an ! fi]ce fights ( e>ly ages c ev] sugge/4 ,x belongs to ! idea ( progress t beg9n+s c nev] seem attractive to ^? :o live f> on2 ! price ( improvem5t is1 t ! unimprov$ w always look degrad$4 ,b h[ f> are ! /ronge/ nations really ! be/ nations8 h[ f> is excell5ce 9 w> a crit]ion ( o!r excell5ce8 ,i _c answ] ?is n[ fully1 b ?ree or f\r consid]ations are v pla94 ,w>1 z ,i h said1 n\ri%es ! 'prelim9>y' virtues1 & ?is is almo/ z mu* z to say t !re are virtues :i* x does n n\ri%4 ,all :i* may be call$ 'grace' z well z virtue x does n n\ri%2 humanity1 *>ity1 a nice s5se ( ! rights ( o!rs1 x c]ta9ly does n fo/]4 ,! ins5sibility to human suff]+1 :i* is s /rik+ a fact 9 ! _w z x /ood :5 hi/ory fir/ reveals x1 is d\btless due to ! w>like orig9 ( ! old civilisation4 ,br$ 9 w>1 & nurs$ 9 w>1 x c\ld n revolt f ! ?+s ( w>1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal ( ^! is human pa94 ,s9ce w> has ceas$ to be ! mov+ =ce 9 ! _w1 m5 h become m t5d] "o to ano!r1 & %r9k f :at !y us$ to inflict )\t c>+2 & ?is n s mu* because m5 are improv$ 7:i* may or may n be 9 v>i\s cases71 b because !y h no long] ! daily habit ( w>--h no long] =m$ _! notions ^u w>1 & !re=e are guid$ by ?\ghts & feel+s :i* soldi]s z su*--soldi]s educat$ simply by _! trade--are too h>d to und]/&4 ,v l ?is is ! contempt = physical weakness & = wom5 :i* m>ks e>ly society too4 ,! non-combatant population is sure to f>e ill dur+ ! ages ( combat4 ,b ^! defects1 too1 are cur$ or less5$2 wom5 h n[ m>vell\s means ( w9n+ _! way 9 ! _w2 & m9d )\t muscle has f> great] =ce ?an muscle )\t m9d4 ,^! are "s ( ! aft]-*anges 9 ! int]ior ( nations1 ( :i* ! causes mu/ be scrut9is$1 & ,i n[ m5tion !m only to br+ out h[ _m s(t] gr[?s h n[ half-hidd5 ! old & h>% civilisation :i* w> made4 ,b x is v dubi\s :e!r ! _s ( w> does n /ill col\r our morality f> too mu*4 ,metaphors f law & metaphors f w> make mo/ ( our curr5t moral phrases1 & a nice exam9ation w\ld easily expla9 t bo? r vitiate :at bo? (t5 illu/rate4 ,! milit>y habit makes man ?9k f> too mu* ( def9ite action1 & f> too little ( brood+ m$itation4 ,life is n a set campaign1 b an irregul> "w1 & ! ma9 =ces 9 x are n ov]t resolutions1 b lat5t & half-involunt>y prompt+s4 ,! mi/ake ( milit>y e?ics is to exagg]ate ! conception ( discipl9e1 & s to pres5t ! moral =ce ( ! w 9 a b>] =m ?an x ev] ought to take4 ,milit>y morals c direct ! axe to cut d[n ! tree1 b x kn[s no?+ ( ! quiet =ce by :i* ! =e/ gr[s4 ,:at has be5 said is en\gh1 ,i hope1 to br+ out t !re are _m qualities & _m in/itutions ( ! mo/ v>i\s sort :i* give nations an advantage 9 milit>y competition2 t mo/ ( ^! & mo/ w>like qualities t5d pr9cipally to good2 t ! con/ant w9n+ ( ^! fav\r$ competitors is ! p>ticul> mode by :i* ! be/ qualities want$ 9 elem5t>y civilisation are propagat$ & pres]v$4 ,,no4 ,,iii ,,nation-,,mak+4 ,9 ! la/ essay ,i endeav\r$ to %[ t 9 ! e>ly age ( man--! 'fight+ age' ,i call$ x--!re 0 a consid]able1 ?\gh n c]ta91 t5d5cy t[>ds progress4 ,! be/ nations conqu]$ ! wor/2 by ! possession ( "o advantage or ano!r ! be/ competitor ov]came ! inf]ior competitor4 ,s long z !re 0 cont9ual fight+ !re 0 a likelihood ( improvem5t 9 m>tial virtues1 & 9 e>ly times _m virtues are really 'm>tial'--t is1 t5d to success 9 w>--:i* 9 lat] times we d n ?9k ( s call+1 because ! orig9al usefulness is hid by _! lat] usefulness4 ,we judge ( !m by ! pres5t effects1 n by _! fir/4 ,! love ( law1 = example1 is a virtue :i* no "o n[ w\ld call m>tial1 yet 9 e>ly times x discipl9$ nations1 & ! discipl9$ nations won4 ,! gift ( 'cons]vative innovation'--! gift ( ,,mat*+ new in/itutions to old--is n n[adays a w>like virtue1 yet ! ,romans ow$ mu* ( _! success to x4 ,alone among anci5t nations !y _h ! def]5ce to usage :i*1 comb9es nations1 & ! p>tial p]mission ( select$ *ange :i* improves nations2 & !re=e !y succe$$4 ,j s 9 mo/ cases1 all ?r\gh ! e>lie/ times1 m>tial m]it is a tok5 ( real m]it3 ! nation t w9s is ! nation t ought to w94 ,! simple virtues ( su* ages mo/ly make a man a soldi] if !y make him any?+4 ,no d\bt ! brute =ce ( numb] may be too pot5t ev5 !n 7z s (t5 x is aft]w>ds73 civilisation may be ?r[n back by ! conque/ ( _m v rude m5 ov] a few less rude m54 ,b ! fir/ elem5ts ( civilisation are great milit>y advantages1 &1 r\ghly1 x is a rule ( ! fir/ times t y c inf] m]it f conque/1 & t progress is promot$ by ! competitive exam9ation ( con/ant w>4 ,?is pr9ciple expla9s at once :y ! 'protect$' regions ( ! _w--! int]ior ( cont95ts l ,africa1 outly+ isl&s l ,au/ralia or ,new ,zeal&--are ( necessity backw>d4 ,!y are /ill 9 ! prep>atory s*ool2 !y h n be5 tak5 on class by class1 z ,no4 ,,ii41 be+ a little bett]1 r\t$ effac$ ,no4 ,i42 & z ,no4 ,,iii41 be+ a little bett] /ill1 r\t$ & effac$ ,no4 ,,ii4 ,& x expla9s :y ,we/]n ,europe 0 e>ly 9 advance ( o!r c\ntries1 because !re ! conte/ ( races 0 exce$+ly sev]e4 ,unlike mo/ regions1 x 0 a tempt+ "p ( ! _w1 & yet n a corrupt+ "p2 ^? :o did n possess x want$ x1 & ^? :o _h x1 n be+ en]vat$1 c\ld /ruggle h>d to keep x4 ,! conflict ( nations is at fir/ a ma9 =ce 9 ! improvem5t ( nations4 ,b :at ,,are nations8 ,:at are ^! gr\ps :i* are s famili> to u1 & yet1 if we /op to ?9k1 s /range2 :i* are z old z hi/ory2 :i* ,h]odotus f\nd 9 almo/ z great numb]s & ) q z m>k$ di/9ctions z we see !m n[8 ,:at breaks ! human race up into fragm5ts s unlike "o ano!r1 & yet ea* 9 its int]ior s monoton\s8 ,! "q is mo/ puzzl+1 ?\gh ! fact is s famili>1 & ,i w\ld n v5ture to say t ,i c answ] x completely1 ?\gh ,i c advance "s consid]ations :i*1 z x seems to me1 g a c]ta9 way t[>ds answ]+ x4 ,p]haps ^! same consid]ations ?r[ "s light1 too1 on ! fur!r & /ill m int]e/+ "q :y "s few nations progress1 & :y ! great] "p d n4 ,( c\rse at fir/ all su* di/9ctions ( nation & nation 7 expla9$ by orig9al div]sity ( race4 ,!y ,,are dissimil>1 x 0 said1 because !y 7 creat$ dissimil>4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ?is easy supposition w n d its "w4 ,y _c 7consi/5tly ) pla9 facts7 imag9e en\gh orig9al races to make x t5able4 ,"s half-doz5 or m great families ( m5 may or may n h be5 desc5d$ f sep>ate fir/ /ocks1 b sub-v>ieties h c]ta9ly n s desc5d$4 ,y may argue1 rightly or wrongly1 t all ,aryan nations are ( a s+le or peculi> orig91 j z x 0 long believ$ t all ,greek-speak+ nations 7 ( "o su* /ock4 ,b y w n be li/5$ to if y say t !re 7 "o ,adam & ,eve = ,sp>ta1 & ano!r ,adam & ,eve = ,a!ns4 ,all ,greeks are evid5tly ( "o orig91 b )9 ! limits ( ! ,greek family1 z ( all o!r families1 !re is "s contra/-mak+ =ce :i* causes city to be unlike city1 & tribe unlike tribe4 ,c]ta9ly1 too1 nations did n orig9ate by simple natural selection1 z wild v>ieties ( animals 7,i d n speak n[ ( species7 no d\bt arise 9 nature4 ,natural selection means ! pres]vation ( ^? individuals :i* /ruggle be/ ) ! =ces t oppose _! race4 ,b y c\ld n %[ t ! natural ob/acles oppos+ human life mu* diff]$ betwe5 ,sp>ta & ,a!ns1 or inde$ betwe5 ,rome & ,a!ns2 & yet ,sp>tans1 ,a!nians1 & ,romans diff] ess5tially4 ,old writ]s fanci$ 7& x 0 a v natural idea7 t ! direct effect ( climate1 or r ( l&1 sea1 & air1 & ! sum total ( physical conditions v>i$ man f man1 & *ang$ race to race4 ,b exp]i5ce refutes ?is4 ,! ,engli% immigrant lives 9 ! same climate z ! ,au/ralian or ,tasmanian1 b he has n become l ^? races2 nor w a ?\s& ye>s1 9 mo/ respects1 make him l !m4 ,! ,papuan & ! ,malay1 z ,mr4 ,wallace f9ds1 live n[1 & h liv$ = ages1 side by side 9 ! same tropical regions1 ) e sort ( div]sity4 ,ev5 9 animals 8 rese>*es %[1 z by an object-lesson1 t ! direct efficacy ( physical conditions is ov]rat$4 ',borneo1' he says 'closely resembles ,new ,gu9ea1 n only 9 its va/ size & fre$om f volcanoes1 b 9 its v>iety ( geological /ructure1 its uni=mity ( climate1 & ! g5]al aspect ( ! =e/ vegetation t clo!s its surface4 ,! ,moluccas are ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,philipp9es 9 _! volcanic /ructure1 _! extreme f]tility1 _! luxuriant =e/s1 & _! frequ5t e>?quakes2 & ,bali1 ) ! ea/ end ( ,java1 has a climate almo/ z arid z t ( ,timor4 ,yet betwe5 ^! correspond+ gr\ps ( isl&s1 con/ruct$1 z x 71 aft] ! same patt]n1 subject$ to ! same climate1 & ba!d by ! same oceans1 !re exi/s ! greate/ possible contra/1 :5 we comp>e _! animal productions4 ,n[h]e does ! anci5t doctr9e--t diff]5ces or simil>ities 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( life t inhabit diff]5t c\ntries are due to correspond+ physical diff]5ces or simil>ities 9 ! c\ntries !mselves--meet ) s direct & palpable a contradiction4 ,borneo & ,new ,gu9ea1 z alike physically z two di/9ct c\ntries c be1 are zoologically z wide z ! poles asund]2 :ile ,au/ralia1 ) its dry w9ds1 its op5 pla9s1 its /ony des]ts & its temp]ate climate1 yet produces birds & quadrup$s :i* are closely relat$ to ^? inhabit+ ! hot1 damp1 luxuriant =e/s :i* ev]y:]e clo! ! pla9s & m\nta9s ( ,new ,gu9ea4' ,t is1 we h l liv+ ?+s 9 ! mo/ dissimil> situations1 & unlike liv+ ?+s 9 ! mo/ simil> ones4 ,& ?\gh "s ( ,mr4 ,wallace's speculations on e?nology may be d\btful1 no "o d\bts t 9 ! ar*ipelago he has /udi$ s well1 z (t5 else:]e 9 ! _w1 ?\gh r>ely ) su* m>k$ emphasis1 we f9d l m5 9 contra/$ places1 & unlike m5 9 resembl+ places4 ,climate is cle>ly n ,,! =ce :i* makes nations1 = x does n always make !m1 & !y are (t5 made )\t x4 ,! problem ( 'nation-mak+'--t is1 ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( nations su* z we n[ see !m1 & su* z 9 hi/orical times !y h always be5--_c1 z x seems to me1 be solv$ )\t sep>at+ x into two3 "o1 ! mak+ ( broadly-m>k$ races1 su* z ! negro1 or ! r$ man1 or ! ,european2 & ! second1 t ( mak+ ! m9or di/9ctions1 su* z ! di/9ction betwe5 ,sp>tan & ,a!nian1 or betwe5 ,scot*man & ,engli%man4 ,nations1 z we see !m1 are 7if my argum5ts prove true7 ! produce ( two great =ces3 "o ! race-mak+ =ce :i*1 :atev] x 01 act$ 9 antiquity1 & has n[ :olly1 or almo/1 giv5 ov] act+2 & ! o!r ! nation-mak+ =ce1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* is act+ n[ z mu* z x ev] act$1 & creat+ z mu* z x ev] creat$4 ,! /ronge/ light on ! great causes :i* h =m$ & are =m+ nations is ?r[n by ! small] causes :i* are alt]+ nations4 ,! way 9 :i* nations *ange1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 is exce$+ly curi\s1 & ! *ange occasionally happ5s :5 x is v h>d to acc\nt =4 ,some?+ seems to /eal ov] society1 say ( ! ,reg5cy "t z comp>$ ) t ( ! pres5t ,que54 ,if we read ( life at ,w9dsor 7at ! cottage n[ pull$ d[n71 or ( ,bond ,/reet z x 0 9 ! days ( ! ,l\ng]s 7an ext9ct race71 or ( ,/4 ,james's ,/reet z x 0 :5 ,mr4 ,fox & 8 p>ty tri$ to make 'political capital' out ( ! dissipation ( an heir app>5t1 we seem to be read+ n ( ! places we "k s well1 b ( v di/ant & unlike localities4 ,or let anyone ?9k h[ little is ! ext]nal *ange 9 ,engl& betwe5 ! age ( ,elizabe? & ! age ( ,anne comp>$ ) ! national *ange4 ,h[ few 7 ! alt]ations 9 physical condition1 h[ few 7if any7 ! sci5tific inv5tions affect+ human life :i* ! lat] p]iod possess$1 b ! e>li] did n6 ,h[ h>d x is to say :at has caus$ ! *ange 9 ! p6 ,& yet h[ total is ! contra/1 at lea/ at fir/ sight6 ,9 pass+ f ,bacon to ,addison1 f ,%akespe>e to ,pope1 we seem to pass into a new _w4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! essays ,i spoke ( ! mode 9 :i* ! lit]>y *ange happ5s1 & ,i recur to x because1 lit]ature be+ n>r[] & m def9ite ?an life1 a *ange 9 ! less s]ves z a model & illu/ration ( ! *ange 9 ! great]4 ,"s writ]1 z 0 expla9$1 n necess>ily a v excell5t writ] or a rememb]$ "o1 hit on some?+ :i* suit$ ! public ta/e3 he w5t on writ+1 & o!rs imitat$ him1 & !y s accu/om$ _! read]s to t /yle t !y w\ld be> no?+ else4 ,^? read]s :o did n l x 7 driv5 to ! works ( o!r ages & o!r c\ntries1--_h to despise ! 'tra% ( ! day1' z !y w\ld call x4 ,! age ( ,anne patronis$ ,/eele1 ! beg9n] ( ! essay1 & ,addison its p]fect]1 & x neglect$ writ+s 9 a :olly discordant key4 ,i h he>d t ! f\nd] ( ! ',times' 0 ask$ h[ all ! articles 9 ! ',times' came to seem to be writt5 by "o man1 & t he repli$--',oh1 !re is always "s "o be/ contributor1 & all ! re/ copy4' ,& ?is is d\btless ! true acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* a c]ta9 trade m>k1 a curi\s & indef9able unity1 settles on e newspap]4 ,p]haps x w\ld be possible to "n ! m5 :o a few ye>s s9ce creat$ ! ',saturday ,review' /yle1 n[ imitat$ by ano!r & a y\ng] race4 ,b :5 ! /yle ( a p]iodical is once =m$1 ! cont9uance ( x is pres]v$ by a mu* m despotic impulse ?an ! t5d5cy to imitation1--by ! self-int]e/ ( ! editor1 :o acts z tru/ee1 if ,i may say s1 = ! subscrib]s4 ,! regul> buy]s ( a p]iodical want to read :at !y h be5 us$ to read--! same sort ( ?\ght1 ! same sort ( words4 ,! editor sees t !y get t sort4 ,he selects ! suitable1 ! con=m+ articles1 & he rejects ! non-con=m+4 ,:at ! editor does 9 ! case ( a p]iodical1 ! read]s d 9 ! case ( lit]ature 9 g5]al4 ,!y patronise "o ?+ & reject ! re/4 ,( c\rse !re 0 always "s reason 7if we only c\ld f9d x7 :i* gave ! prom95ce 9 ea* age to "s p>ticul> w9n+ lit]ature4 ,!re always is "s reason :y ! fa%ion ( female dress is :at x is4 ,b j z 9 ! case ( dress we "k t n[-a-days ! det]m9+ cause is v mu* ( an accid5t1 s 9 ! case ( lit]>y fa%ion1 ! orig9 is a good deal ( an accid5t4 ,:at ! mill9]s ( ,p>is1 or ! demi-monde ( ,p>is1 enjo9 our ,engli% ladies1 is 7,i suppose7 a good deal *ance2 b z soon z x is decre$1 ^? :om x suits & ^? :om x does n all we> x4 ,! imitative prop5sity at once insures uni=mity2 & 't horrid ?+ we wore la/ ye>' 7z ! phrase may g7 is soon n[h]e to be se54 ,j s a lit]>y fa%ion spreads1 ?\gh ,i am f> f say+ ) equal primitive unreasonabl5ess--a lit]>y ta/e always beg9s on "s dec5t reason1 b once />t$1 x is propagat$ z a fa%ion 9 dress is propagat$2 ev5 ^? :o d n l x read x because x is !re1 & because no?+ else is easily to be f\nd4 ,! same patronage ( fav\r$ =ms1 & p]secution ( dislik$ =ms1 are ! ma9 causes too1 ,i believe1 :i* *ange national "*4 ,"s "o attractive type cat*es ! eye1 s to speak1 ( ! nation1 or a "p ( ! nation1 z s]vants cat* ! gait ( _! ma/]s1 or z mobile girls come home speak+ ! special words & act+ ! little ge/ures ( ea* family :om !y may h be5 visit+4 ,i d n "k if _m ( my read]s happ5 to h read ,fa!r ,newman's celebrat$ s]mon1 ',p]sonal ,influ5ce ! ,means ( ,propagat+ ! ,tru?2' if n1 ,i /rongly recomm5d !m to d s4 ,!y w !re see ! op9ion ( a great practical lead] ( m51 ( "o :o has l$ v _m :]e !y little ?\ght ( go+1 z to ! mode 9 :i* !y are to be l$2 & :at he says1 put %ortly & simply1 & tak5 out ( 8 delicate language1 is b ?is--t m5 are guid$ by ,,type1 n by argum5t2 t "s w9n+ in/ance mu/ be set up be=e !m1 or ! s]mon w be va91 & ! doctr9e w n spread4 ,i d n want to illu/rate ?is matt] f religi\s hi/ory1 = ,i %\ld be l$ f> f my purpose1 & aft] all ,i c b tea* ! commonplace t x is ! life ( tea*]s :i* is ,,cat*+1 n _! t5ets4 ,& aga91 9 political matt]s1 h[ quickly a lead+ /atesman c *ange ! tone ( ! community6 ,we are mo/ ( u e>ne/ ) ,mr4 ,glad/one2 we 7 mo/ ( ,,n s e>ne/ 9 ! "t ( ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,! *ange is :at e "o feels1 ?\gh no "o c def9e x4 ,ea* pr$om9ant m9d calls out a correspond+ s5tim5t 9 ! c\ntry3 mo/ feel x a little4 ,^? :o feel x mu* express x mu*2 ^? :o feel x excessively express x excessively2 ^? :o diss5t are sil5t1 or unhe>d4 ,aft] su* great matt]s z religion & politics1 x may seem trifl+ to illu/rate ! subject f little boys4 ,b x is n trifl+4 ,! bane ( philosophy is pomposity3 p w n see t small ?+s are ! m9iatures ( great]1 & x seems a loss ( ab/ract dignity to fre%5 _! m9ds by object lessons f :at !y "k4 ,b e bo>d+-s*ool *anges z a nation *anges4 ,mo/ ( u may rememb] ?9k+1 ',h[ odd x is t ?is half %\ld be s unlike la/ half3 n[ we nev] g out ( b\nds1 la/ half we 7 always go+3 n[ we play r\nd]s1 !n we play$ prison]'s base2' & s ?r\gh all ! easy life ( t "t4 ,9 fact1 "s rul+ spirits1 "s "o or two asc5dant boys1 _h left1 "o or two o!rs _h come2 & s all 0 *ang$4 ,! models 7 *ang$1 & ! copies *ang$2 a diff]5t ?+ 0 prais$1 & a diff]5t ?+ bulli$4 ,a curi\s case ( ! same t5d5cy 0 notic$ to me only lately4 ,a fri5d ( m9e--a ,lib]al ,cons]vative--address$ a meet+ ( work+ m5 at ,le$s1 & 0 mu* pleas$ at f9d+ 8 *>act]i/ic1 & p]haps ref9$ po9ts1 bo? appreh5d$ & applaud$4 ',b !n1' z he n>rat$1 'up rose a blatant ,radical :o said ! v opposite ?+s1 & ! work+ m5 *e]$ him too1 & q equally4' ,he 0 puzzl$ to acc\nt = s rapid a *ange4 ,b ! mass ( ! meet+ 0 no d\bt ne>ly neutral1 &1 if set go+1 q ready to applaud any good words )\t mu* ?9k+4 ,! r+lead]s *ang$4 ,! radical tailor />t$ ! radical *e]2 ! m mod]ate %oemak] />t$ ! mod]ate *e]2 & ! great bulk foll[$ suit4 ,only a few 9 ea* case 7 sil5t1 & an absolute contra/ 0 9 t5 m9utes pres5t$ by ! same elem5ts4 ,! tru? is t ! prop5sity ( man to imitate :at is be=e him is "o ( ! /ronge/ p>ts ( 8 nature4 ,& "o sign ( x is ! great pa9 :i* we feel :5 our imitation has be5 unsuccessful4 ,!re is a cynical doctr9e t mo/ m5 w\ld r be accus$ ( wick$ness ?an ( gau*]ie4 ,& ?is is b ano!r way ( say+ t ! bad copy+ ( pr$om9ant mann]s is felt to be m ( a disgrace ?an common consid]ation w\ld acc\nt = its be+1 s9ce gau*]ie 9 all b extravagant cases is n an (f5ce aga9/ religion or morals1 b is simply bad imitation4 ,we mu/ n ?9k t ?is imitation is volunt>y1 or ev5 consci\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has its seat ma9ly 9 v obscure p>ts ( ! m9d1 ^: notions1 s f> f hav+ be5 consci\sly produc$1 are h>dly felt to exi/2 s f> f be+ conceiv$ be=eh&1 are n ev5 felt at ! "t4 ,! ma9 seat ( ! imitative "p ( our nature is our belief1 & ! causes pr$ispos+ u to believe ?is1 or dis9cl9+ u to believe t1 are among ! obscure/ p>ts ( our nature4 ,b z to ! imitative nature ( cr$ulity !re c be no d\bt4 ,9 ',eo!n' !re is a capital description ( h[ e sort ( ,european resid5t 9 ! ,ea/1 ev5 ! %rewd m]*ant & '! po/-capta91' ) 8 bright1 wakeful eyes ( comm]ce1 comes soon to believe 9 wit*craft1 & to assure y1 9 confid5ce1 t !re 'really is some?+ 9 x4' ,he has nev] se5 any?+ conv9c+ himself1 b he has se5 ^? :o h se5 ^? :o h se5 ^? :o h se54 ,9 fact1 he has liv$ 9 an atmosph]e ( infecti\s belief1 & he has inhal$ x4 ,sc>cely any "o c help yield+ to ! curr5t infatuations ( 8 sect or p>ty4 ,= a %ort "t--say "s =tnight--he is resolute2 he argues & objects2 b1 day by day1 ! poison ?rives1 & reason wanes4 ,:at he he>s f 8 fri5ds1 :at he reads 9 ! p>ty organ1 produces its effect4 ,! pla91 palpable conclusion :i* e "o ar\nd him believes1 has an influ5ce yet great] & m subtle2 t conclusion seems s solid & unmi/akable2 8 own good argum5ts get daily m & m l a dream4 ,soon ! grave/ sage %>es ! folly ( ! p>ty ) :i* he acts1 & ! sect ) :i* he wor%ips4 ,9 true metaphysics ,i believe t1 contr>y to common op9ion1 unbelief f> (t5] ne$s a reason & requires an ef=t ?an belief4 ,naturally1 & if man 7 made accord+ to ! patt]n ( ! logicians1 he w\ld say1 ',:5 ,i see a valid argum5t ,i w believe1 & till ,i see su* argum5t ,i w n believe4' ,b1 9 fact1 e idea vividly be=e u soon appe>s to u to be true1 unless we keep up our p]ceptions ( ! argum5ts :i* prove x untrue1 & volunt>ily co]ce our m9ds to rememb] its falsehood4 ',all cle> ideas are true1' 0 = ages a philosophical maxim1 & ?\gh no maxim c be m uns\nd1 none c be m exactly con=mable to ord9>y human nature4 ,! *ild resolutely accepts e idea :i* passes ?r\gh its bra9 z true2 x has no di/9ct conception ( an idea :i* is /rong1 bright1 & p]man5t1 b :i* is false too4 ,! m]e pres5tation ( an idea1 unless we are c>eful ab\t x1 or unless !re is )9 "s unusual resi/ance1 makes u believe x2 & ?is is :y ! belief ( o!rs adds to our belief s quickly1 = no ideas seem s v cle> z ^? inculcat$ on u f e side4 ,! grave "p ( mank9d are q z liable to ^! imitat$ beliefs z ! frivol\s "p4 ,! belief ( ! money-m>ket1 :i* is ma9ly compos$ ( grave p1 is z imitative z any belief4 ,y w f9d "o day ev]yone ent]pris+1 en?usia/ic1 vigor\s1 eag] to buy1 & eag] to ord]3 9 a week or s y w f9d almo/ ! :ole society depress$1 anxi\s1 & want+ to sell4 ,if y exam9e ! reasons = ! activity1 or = ! inactivity1 or = ! *ange1 y w h>dly be able to trace !m at all1 & z f> z y c trace !m1 !y are ( little =ce4 ,9 fact1 ^! op9ions 7 n =m$ by reason1 b by mimicry4 ,some?+ happ5$ t look$ a little good1 on :i* eag] sangu9e m5 talk$ l\dly1 & common p caught _! tone4 ,a little :ile aft]w>ds1 & :5 p 7 tir$ ( talk+ ?is1 some?+ also happ5$ look+ a little bad1 on :i* ! dismal1 anxi\s p began1 & all ! re/ foll[$ _! words4 ,& 9 bo? cases an av[$ diss5ti5t is set d[n z 'crot*ety4' ',if y want1' said ,swift1 'to ga9 ! reputation ( a s5sible man1 y %\ld be ( ! op9ion ( ! p]son ) :om = ! "t be+ y are conv]s+4' ,!re is mu* quiet intellectual p]secution among 'reasonable' m52 a cauti\s p]son hesitates be=e he tells !m any?+ new1 = if he gets a "n = su* ?+s he w be call$ 'flighty1' & 9 times ( decision he w n be att5d$ to4 ,9 ?is way ! infection ( imitation cat*es m5 9 _! mo/ inw>d & intellectual "p--_! cre$4 ,b x also invades m5--by ! mo/ bodily "p ( ! m9d--s to speak--! l9k betwe5 s\l & body--! mann]4 ,no "o ne$s to h ?is expla9$2 we all "k h[ a k9d ( subtle influ5ce makes u imitate or try to imitate ! mann] ( ^? ar\nd u4 ,to con=m to ! fa%ion ( ,rome--:atev] ! fa%ion may be1 & :atev] ,rome we may = ! "t be at--is among ! mo/ obvi\s ne$s ( human nature4 ,b :at is n s obvi\s1 ?\gh z c]ta91 is t ! influ5ce ( ! imitation goes deep z well z ext5ds wide4 ',! matt]1' z ,wordswor? says1 '( /yle v mu* comes out ( ! mann]4' ,if y w endeav\r to write an imitation ( ! ?\ghts ( ,swift 9 a copy ( ! /yle ( ,addison1 y w f9d t n only is x h>d to write ,addison's /yle1 f its intr9sic excell5ce1 b also t ! m y approa* to x ! m y lose ! ?\ght ( ,swift4 ,! eag] passion ( ! mean+ beats ^u ! mild drap]y ( ! words4 ,s y c\ld n express ! pla9 ?\ghts ( an ,engli%man 9 ! gr& mann] ( a ,spani>d4 ,ins5sibly1 & z by a sort ( magic1 ! k9d ( mann] :i* a man cat*es eats into him1 & makes him 9 ! end :at at fir/ he only seems4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal mode 9 :i* ! greate/ m9ds ( an age produce _! effect4 ,!y set ! tone :i* o!rs take1 & ! fa%ion :i* o!rs use4 ,!re is an odd idea t ^? :o take :at is call$ a 'sci5tific view' ( hi/ory ne$ rate lightly ! influ5ce ( individual "*4 ,x w\ld be z reasonable to say t ^? :o take a sci5tific view ( nature ne$ ?9k little ( ! influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,on ! sci5tific view a great man is a great new cause 7comp\nd$ or n out ( o!r causes1 = ,i d n "h1 or else:]e 9 ^! pap]s1 raise ! "q ( free-w71 b1 anyh[1 new 9 all its effects1 & all its results4 ,great models = good & evil sometimes appe> among m51 :o foll[ !m ei!r to improvem5t or degradation4 ,i am1 ,i "k1 v long & t$i\s 9 sett+ out ?is2 b ,i want to br+ home to o!rs :at e new obs]vation ( society br+s m & m fre%ly to myself--t ?is unconsci\s imitation & enc\ragem5t ( appreciat$ "*1 & ?is equally unconsci\s %r9k+ f & p]secution ( dislik$ "*1 is ! ma9 =ce :i* m\lds & fa%ions m5 9 society z we n[ see x4 ,soon ,i %all try to %[ t ! m ackn[l$g$ causes1 su* z *ange ( climate1 alt]ation ( political in/itutions1 progress ( sci5ce1 act pr9cipally ?r\gh ?is cause2 t !y *ange ! object ( imitation & ! object ( avoidance1 & s "w _! effect4 ,b fir/ ,i mu/ speak ( ! orig9 ( nations--( nation-mak+ z "o may call x--! prop] subject ( ?is pap]4 ,! process ( nation-mak+ is "o ( :i* we h obvi\s examples 9 ! mo/ rec5t times1 & :i* is go+ on n[4 ,! mo/ simple example is ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ ,/ate ( ,am]ica1 say ,new ,engl&1 :i* has su* a m>k$ & su* a deep national "*4 ,a great numb] ( p]sons agree+ 9 fundam5tal disposition1 agree+ 9 religion1 agree+ 9 politics1 =m a sep>ate settlem5t2 !y exagg]ate _! own disposition1 tea* _! own cre$1 set up _! fav\rite gov]nm5t2 !y disc\rage all o!r dispositions1 p]secute o!r beliefs1 =bid o!r =ms or habits ( gov]nm5t4 ,( c\rse a nation s made w h a sep>ate /amp & m>k4 ,! orig9al settl]s began ( "o type2 !y s$ul\sly imitat$ x2 & 7?\gh o!r causes h int]v5$ & di/urb$ x7 ! necess>y op]ation ( ! pr9ciples ( inh]itance has transmitt$ _m orig9al traits /ill unalt]$1 & has left an entire ,new ,engl& "*--9 no respect unaffect$ by its fir/ "*4 ,?is case is well kn[n1 b x is n s t ! same process1 9 a weak] %ape1 is go+ on 9 ,am]ica n[4 ,cong5iality ( s5tim5t is a reason ( selection1 & a bond ( cohesion 9 ! ',we/' at pres5t4 ,compet5t obs]v]s say t t[n%ips gr[ up !re by ea* place tak+ its own religion1 its own mann]s1 & its own ways4 ,^? :o h ^! morals & t religion g to t place1 & /ay !re2 & ^? :o h n ^! morals & t religion ei!r settle else:]e at fir/1 or soon pass on4 ,! days ( colonisation by sudd5 'sw>ms' ( l cre$ is almo/ ov]1 b a less visible process ( attraction by simil> fai? ov] simil> is /ill 9 vig\r1 & v likely to cont9ue4 ,& 9 cases :]e ?is pr9ciple does n op]ate all new settlem5ts1 be+ =m$ ( 'emigrants1' are sure to be compos$ ( r re/less p1 ma9ly4 ,! /ay-at-home p are n to be f\nd !re1 & ^! are ! quiet1 easy p4 ,a new settlem5t volunt>ily =m$ 7= ( old times1 :5 p 7 expell$ by t]ror1 ,i am n speak+7 is sure to h 9 x mu* m ?an ! ord9>y proportion ( active m51 & mu* less ?an ! ord9>y proportion ( inactive2 & ?is acc\nts = a l>ge "p1 ?\gh n p]haps all1 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,engli% 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! causes :i* =m$ ,new ,engl& 9 rec5t times _c be conceiv$ z act+ mu* ^u mank9d 9 _! infancy4 ,society is n !n =m$ ^u a 'volunt>y sy/em' b ^u an involunt>y4 ,a man 9 e>ly ages is born to a c]ta9 ob$i5ce1 & _c extricate himself f an inh]it$ gov]nm5t4 ,society !n is made up1 n ( individuals1 b ( families2 cre$s !n desc5d by inh]itance 9 ^? families4 ,"l ,melb\rne once incurr$ ! ridicule ( philosoph]s by say+ he %\ld adh]e to ! ,engli% ,*ur* ,,because x 0 ! religion ( 8 fa!rs4 ,! philosoph]s1 ( c\rse1 said t a man's fa!rs' believ+ any?+ 0 no reason = 8 believ+ x unless x 0 true4 ,b ,"l ,melb\rne 0 only utt]+ out ( season1 & 9 a mod]n "t1 "o ( ! mo/ firm & accept$ maxims ( old times4 ,a secession on religi\s gr\nds ( isolat$ ,romans to sail beyond sea w\ld h seem$ to ! anci5t ,romans an impossibility4 ,9 /ill rud] ages ! religion ( savages is a ?+ too feeble to create a s*ism or to f\nd a community4 ,we are deal+ ) p capable ( hi/ory :5 we speak ( great ideas1 n ) prehi/oric fl9t-m5 or ! pres5t savages4 ,b ?\gh "u v diff]5t =ms1 ! same ess5tial causes--! imitation ( pref]r$ *>act]s & ! elim9ation ( dete/$ *>act]s--7 at "w 9 ! olde/ times1 & are at "w among rude m5 n[4 ,/rong z ! prop5sity to imitation is among civilis$ m51 we mu/ conceive x z an impulse ( :i* _! m9ds h be5 p>tially d5ud$4 ,l ! f>-see+ sight1 ! infallible he>+1 ! magical sc5t ( ! savage1 x is a half-lo/ p[]4 ,x 0 /ronge/ 9 anci5t times1 & ,,is /ronge/ 9 uncivilis$ regions4 ,?is extreme prop5sity to imitation is "o great reason ( ! amaz+ sam5ess :i* e obs]v] notices 9 savage nations4 ,:5 y h se5 "o ,euegian1 y h se5 all ,fuegians--"o ,tasmanian1 all ,tasmanians4 ,! high] savages1 z ! ,new ,zeal&]s1 are less uni=m2 !y h m ( ! v>i$ & compact /ructure ( civilis$ nations1 because 9 o!r respects !y are m civilis$4 ,!y h great] m5tal capacity--l>g] /ores ( inw>d ?\ght4 ,b mu* ( ! same monoton\s nature cl+s to !m too4 ,a savage tribe resembles a h]d ( greg>i\s bea/s2 :]e ! lead] goes !y g too2 !y copy bl9dly 8 habits1 & ?us soon become t :i* he already is4 ,= n only ! t5d5cy1 b also ! p[] to imitate1 is /rong] 9 savages ?an civilis$ m54 ,savages copy quick]1 & !y copy bett]4 ,*ildr51 9 ! same way1 are born mimics2 !y _c help imitat+ :at comes be=e !m4 ,!re is no?+ 9 _! m9ds to resi/ ! prop5sity to copy4 ,e educat$ man has a l>ge inw>d supply ( ideas to :i* he c retire1 & 9 :i* he c escape f or alleviate unpleasant outw>d objects4 ,b a savage or a *ild has no res\rce4 ,! ext]nal movem5ts be=e x are its v life2 x lives by :at x sees & he>s4 ,un$ucat$ p 9 civilis$ nations h ve/iges ( ! same condition4 ,if y s5d a h\semaid & a philosoph] to a =eign c\ntry ( :i* nei!r kn[s ! language1 ! *ances are t ! h\semaid w cat* x be=e ! philosoph]4 ,he has some?+ else to d2 he c live 9 8 own ?\ghts4 ,b unless %e c imitate ! utt]ances1 %e is lo/2 %e has no life till %e c jo9 9 ! *att] ( ! kit*54 ,! prop5sity to mimicry1 & ! p[] ( mimicry1 are mo/ly /ronge/ 9 ^? :o h lea/ ab/ract m9ds4 ,! mo/ wond]ful examples ( imitation 9 ! _w are p]haps ! imitations ( civilis$ m5 by savages 9 ! use ( m>tial weapons4 ,!y le>n ! knack1 z sportsm5 call x1 ) inconceivable rapidity4 ,a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian--an ,au/ralian ev5--c %oot z well z any :ite man4 ,"h ! motive is at its maximum1 z well z ! innate p[]4 ,e savage c>es m = ! p[] ( kill+ ?an = any o!r p[]4 ,! p]secut+ t5d5cy ( all savages1 &1 inde$1 ( all ignorant p1 is ev5 m /rik+ ?an _! imitative t5d5cy4 ,no b>b>ian c be> to see "o ( 8 nation deviate f ! old b>b>\s cu/oms & usages ( _! tribe4 ,v commonly all ! tribe w\ld expect a puni%m5t f ! gods if any "o ( !m refra9$ f :at 0 old1 or began :at 0 new4 ,9 mod]n times & 9 cultivat$ c\ntries we reg>d ea* p]son z responsible only = 8 own actions1 & d n believe1 or ?9k ( believ+1 t ! misconduct ( o!rs c br+ guilt on !m4 ,guilt to u is an individual ta9t consequ5t on *oice & cleav+ to ! *oos]4 ,b 9 e>ly ages ! act ( "o memb] ( ! tribe is conceiv$ to make all ! tribe impi\s1 to (f5d its peculi> god1 to expose all ! tribe to p5alties f heav54 ,!re is no 'limit$ liability' 9 ! political notions ( t "t4 ,! e>ly tribe or nation is a religi\s p>tn]%ip1 on :i* a ra% memb] by a sudd5 impiety may br+ utt] ru94 ,if ! /ate is conceiv$ ?us1 tol]ation becomes wick$4 ,a p]mitt$ deviation f ! transmitt$ ord9ances becomes simple folly4 ,x is a sacrifice ( ! happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,x is all[+ "o individual1 = a mom5t's pleasure or a /upid :im1 to br+ t]rible & irretrievable calamity ^u all4 ,no "o w ev] und]/& ev5 ,a!nian hi/ory1 :o =gets ?is idea ( ! old _w1 ?\gh ,a!ns 01 9 comp>ison ) o!rs1 a rational & sceptical place1 ready = new views1 & free f old prejudices4 ,:5 ! /reet /atues ( ,h]mes 7 mutilat$1 all ! ,a!nians 7 fright5$ & furi\s2 !y ?\ght t !y %\ld ,,all be ru9$ because "s "o _h mutilat$ a god's image1 & s (f5d$ him4 ,almo/ e detail ( life 9 ! classical times--! times :5 real hi/ory op5s--0 inve/$ ) a religi\s sanction2 a sacr$ ritual regulat$ human action2 :e!r x 0 call$ 'law' or n1 mu* ( x 0 old] ?an ! ^w 'law2' x 0 "p ( an anci5t usage conceiv$ z emanat+ f a sup]human au?ority1 & n to be transgress$ )\t risk ( puni%m5t by m ?an mortal p[]4 ,!re 0 su* a solid>ite !n betwe5 citiz5s1 t ea* might be l$ to p]secute ! o!r = fe> ( h>m to himself4 ,x may be said t ^! two t5d5cies ( ! e>ly _w--t to p]secution & t to imitation--mu/ conflict2 t ! imitative impulse w\ld lead m5 to copy :at is new1 & t p]secution by traditional habit w\ld prev5t _! copy+ x4 ,b 9 practice ! two t5d5cies co-op]ate4 ,!re is a /rong t5d5cy to copy ! mo/ common ?+1 & t common ?+ is ! old habit4 ,daily imitation is f> (t5e/ a cons]vative =ce1 = ! mo/ frequ5t models are anci5t4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 some?+ new is necess>y = e man & = e nation4 ,we may wi%1 if we please1 t to-morr[ %all be l to-day1 b x w n be l x4 ,new =ces w imp+e ^u u2 new w9d1 new ra91 & ! light ( ano!r sun2 & we mu/ alt] to meet !m4 ,b ! p]secut+ habit & ! imitative comb9e to insure t ! new ?+ %all be 9 ! old fa%ion2 x mu/ be an alt]ation1 b x %all conta9 z little ( v>iety z possible4 ,! imitative impulse t5ds to ?is1 because m5 mo/ easily imitate :at _! m9ds are be/ prep>$ =1--:at is l ! old1 yet ) ! inevitable m9imum ( alt]ation2 :at ?r[s !m lea/ out ( ! old pa?1 & puzzles lea/ _! m9ds4 ,! doctr9e ( developm5t means ?is1--t 9 unavoidable *anges m5 l ! new doctr9e :i* is mo/ ( a 'pres]vative addition' to _! old doctr9es4 ,! imitative & ! p]secut+ t5d5cies make all *ange 9 e>ly nations a k9d ( selective cons]vatism1 = ! mo/ "p keep+ :at is old1 b annex+ "s new b l practice--an additional turret 9 ! old /yle4 ,x is ?is process ( add+ suitable ?+s & reject+ discordant ?+s :i* has rais$ ^? sc5es ( /range mann]s :i* 9 e "p ( ! _w puzzle ! civilis$ m5 :o come ^u !m fir/4 ,l ! old head-dress ( m\nta9 villages1 !y make ! travell] ?9k n s mu* :e!r !y are good or :e!r !y are bad1 z wond] h[ any "o c\ld h come to ?9k ( !m2 to reg>d !m z 'mon/rosities1' :i* only "s wild abnormal intellect c\ld h hit ^u4 ,& wild & abnormal inde$ w\ld be t intellect if x 7 a s+le "o at all4 ,b 9 fact su* mann]s are ! gr[? ( ages1 l ,roman law or ! ,briti% con/itution4 ,no "o man--no "o g5]ation--c\ld h ?\ght ( !m1--only a s]ies ( g5]ations tra9$ 9 ! habits ( ! la/ & want+ some?+ ak9 to su* habits1 c\ld h devis$ !m4 ,savages ,,pet _! fav\rite habits1 s to say1 & pres]ve !m z !y d _! fav\rite animals2 ages are requir$1 b at la/ a national "* is =m$ by ! conflu5ce ( cong5ial attractions & accordant dete/ations4 ,ano!r cause helps4 ,9 e>ly /ates ( civilisation !re is a great mortality ( infant life1 & ?is is a k9d ( selection 9 itself--! *ild mo/ fit to be a good ,sp>tan is mo/ likely to survive a ,sp>tan *ildhood4 ,! habits ( ! tribe are en=c$ on ! *ild2 if he is able to cat* & copy !m he lives2 if he _c he dies4 ,! imitation :i* assimilates e>ly nations cont9ues ?r\gh life1 b x beg9s ) suitable =ms & acts on pick$ specim5s4 ,i suppose1 too1 t !re is a k9d ( p>5tal selection op]at+ 9 ! same way & probably t5d+ to keep alive ! same individuals4 ,^? *ildr5 :i* gratifi$ _! fa!rs & mo!rs mo/ w\ld be mo/ t5d]ly treat$ by !m1 & h ! be/ *ance to live1 & z a r\gh rule _! fav\rites w\ld be ! *ildr5 ( mo/ 'promise1' t is to say1 ^? :o seem$ mo/ likely to be a cr$it to ! tribe accord+ to ! lead+ tribal mann]s & ! exi/+ tribal ta/es4 ,! mo/ gratify+ *ild w\ld be ! be/ look$ aft]1 & ! mo/ gratify+ w\ld be ! be/ specim5 ( ! /&>d !n & !re rais$ up4 ,ev5 s1 ,i ?9k !re w be a dis9cl9ation to attribute s m>k$1 fix$1 almo/ physical a ?+ z national "* to causes s evanesc5t z ! imitation ( appreciat$ habit & ! p]secution ( dete/$ habit4 ,b1 aft] all1 national "* is b a "n = a collection ( habits m or less univ]sal4 ,& ?is imitation & ?is p]secution 9 long g5]ations h va/ physical effects4 ,! m9d ( ! p>5t 7z we speak7 passes someh[ to ! body ( ! *ild4 ,! transmitt$ 'some?+' is m affect$ by habits ?an1 x is by any?+ else4 ,9 "t an +ra9$ type is sure to be =m$1 & sure to be pass$ on if only ! causes ,i h specifi$ be fully 9 action & )\t imp$im5t4 ,z ,i h said1 ,i am n expla9+ ! orig9 ( races1 b ( nations1 or1 if y l1 ( tribes4 ,i fully admit t no imitation ( pr$om9ant mann]1 or prohibitions ( dete/$ mann]s1 w ( !mselves acc\nt = ! broade/ contra/s ( human nature4 ,su* means w\ld no m make a ,negro out ( a ,brahm91 or a ,r$-man out ( an ,engli%man1 ?an wa%+ w\ld *ange ! spots ( a leop>d or ! col\r ( an ,e?iopian4 ,"s m pot5t causes mu/ co-op]ate1 or we %\ld n h ^! enorm\s div]sities4 ,! m9or causes ,i deal ) made ,greek to diff] f ,greek1 b !y did n make ! ,greek race4 ,we _c precisely m>k ! limit1 b a limit !re cle>ly is4 ,if we look at ! e>lie/ monum5ts ( ! human race1 we f9d ^! race-*>act]s z decid$ z ! race-*>act]s n[4 ,! e>lie/ pa9t+s or sculptures we any:]e h1 give u ! pres5t contra/s ( dissimil> types z /rongly z pres5t obs]vation4 ,)9 hi/orical memory no su* diff]5ces h be5 creat$ z ^? betwe5 ,negro & ,greek1 betwe5 ,papuan & ,r$ ,indian1 betwe5 ,esquimaux & ,go?4 ,we />t ) c>d9al div]sities2 we trace only m9or modifications1 & we only see m9or modifications4 ,& x is v h>d to see h[ any numb] ( su* modifications c\ld *ange man z he is 9 "o race-type to man z he is 9 "s o!r4 ,( ?is !re are b two explanations2 ,,"o1 t ^! great types 7 orig9ally sep>ate creations1 z !y /&--t ! ,negro 0 made s1 & ! ,greek made s4 ,b ?is easy hypo!sis ( special creation has be5 tri$ s (t51 & has brok5 d[n s v (t51 t 9 no case1 probably1 d any great numb] ( c>eful inquir]s v firmly believe x4 ,!y may accept x provisionally1 z ! be/ hypo!sis at pres5t1 b !y feel ab\t x z !y _c help feel+ z to an army :i* has always be5 beat52 h[ev] /rong x seems1 !y ?9k x w be beat5 aga94 ,:at ! o!r explanation is exactly ,i _c pret5d to say4 ,possibly z yet ! data = a confid5t op9ion are n be=e u4 ,b by f> ! mo/ plausible sugge/ion is t ( ,mr4 ,wallace1 t ^! race-m>ks are liv+ records ( a "t :5 ! intellect ( man 0 n z able z x is n[ to adapt 8 life & habits to *ange ( region2 t consequ5tly e>ly mortality 9 ! fir/ w&]]s 0 beyond conception great2 t only ^? 7s to say7 haphaz>d individuals ?rove :o 7 born ) a protect$ nature--t is1 a nature suit$ to ! climate & ! c\ntry1 fitt$ to use its advantages1 %ield$ f its natural diseases4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,wallace1 ! ,negro is ! remnant ( ! "o v>iety ( man :o )\t m adaptiv5ess ?an !n exi/$ c\ld live 9 ,int]ior ,africa4 ,immigrants di$ (f till !y produc$ him or some?+ l him1 & s ( ! ,esquimaux or ! ,am]ican4 ,any protective habit also /ruck out 9 su* a "t w\ld h a f> great] effect ?an x c\ld aft]w>ds4 ,a greg>i\s tribe1 ^: lead] 0 9 "s imitable respects adapt$ to ! /ruggle = life1 & :i* copi$ its lead]1 w\ld h an enorm\s advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,x w\ld be sure to w9 & live1 = x w\ld be coh]5t & adapt$1 :]eas1 9 comp>ison1 compet+ tribes w\ld be incoh]5t & unadapt$4 ,& ,i suppose t 9 e>ly times1 :5 ^? bodies did n already conta9 ! records & ! traces ( endless g5]ations1 any new habit w\ld m easily fix its m>k on ! h]itable elem5t1 & w\ld be transmitt$ m easily & m c]ta9ly4 ,9 su* an age1 man be+ s(t] & m pliable1 deep] race-m>ks w\ld be m easily inscrib$ & w\ld be m likely to cont9ue legible4 ,b ,i h no pret5ce to speak on su* matt]s2 ?is pap]1 z ,i h s (t5 expla9$1 deals ) nation-mak+ & n ) race-mak+4 ,i assume a _w ( m>k$ v>ieties ( man1 & only want to %[ h[ less m>k$ contra/s w\ld probably & naturally arise 9 ea*4 ,giv5 l>ge homog5e\s populations1 "s ,negro1 "s ,mongolian1 "s ,aryan1 ,i h tri$ to prove h[ small contra/+ gr\ps w\ld c]ta9ly spr+ up )9 ea*--"s to la/ & "s to p]i%4 ,^! are ! eddies 9 ea* race-/ream :i* v>y its surface1 & are sure to la/ till "s new =ce *anges ! curr5t4 ,^! m9or v>ieties1 too1 w\ld be inf9itely comp\nd$1 n only ) ^? ( ! same race1 b ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( man1 /ream has be5 a ?\s& times p\r$ into /ream--quick into sluggi%1 d>k into pale--& eddies & wat]s h tak5 new %apes & new col\rs1 affect$ by :at w5t be=e1 b n resembl+ x4 ,& !n on ! fre% mass1 ! old =ces ( composition & elim9ation aga9 beg9 to act1 & create ov] ! new surface ano!r _w4 ',motley 0 ! we>' ( ! _w :5 ,h]odotus fir/ look$ on x & describ$ x to u1 & ?us1 z x seems to me1 7 its v>y+ col\rs produc$4 ,if x be ?\ght t ,i h made out t ^! =ces ( imitation & elim9ation be ! ma9 ones1 or ev5 at all p[]ful ones1 9 ! =mation ( national "*1 x w foll[ t ! effect ( ord9>y ag5cies ^u t "* w be m easy to und]/& ?an x (t5 seems & is put d[n 9 books4 ,we get a notion t a *ange ( gov]nm5t or a *ange ( climate acts equally on ! mass ( a nation1 & s are we puzzl$--at lea/1 ,i h be5 puzzl$--to conceive h[ x acts4 ,b su* *anges d n at fir/ act equally on all p 9 ! nation1 ,on _m1 = a v long "t1 !y d n act at all4 ,b !y br+ out new qualities1 & adv]tise ! effects ( new habits4 ,a *ange ( climate1 say f a depress+ to an invigorat+ "o1 s acts4 ,ev]ybody feels x a little1 b ! mo/ active feel x exce$+ly4 ,!y lab\r & prosp]1 & _! prosp]ity invites imitation4 ,j s ) ! contr>y *ange1 f an animat+ to a relax+ place1--! naturally lazy look s happy z !y d no?+1 t ! naturally active are corrupt$4 ,! effect ( any consid]able *ange on a nation is ?us an int5sify+ & accumulat+ effect4 ,) its maximum p[] x acts on "s prep>$ & cong5ial individuals2 9 !m x is se5 to produce attractive results1 & !n ! habits creat+ ^? results are copi$ f> & wide4 ,&1 z ,i believe1 x is 9 ?is simple b n q obvi\s way1 t ! process ( progress & ( degradation may g5]ally be se5 to run4 ,,no4 ,,iv4 ,,nation-,,mak+4 ,all !ories z to ! primitive man mu/ be v unc]ta94 ,grant+ ! doctr9e ( evolution to be true1 man mu/ be held to h a common ance/or ) ! re/ ( ! ,primates4 ,b !n we d n "k :at _! common ance/or 0 l4 ,if ev] we are to h a di/9ct conception ( him1 x c only be aft] long ye>s ( future rese>*es & ! labori\s accumulation ( mat]ials1 sc>cely ! beg9n+ ( :i* n[ exi/s4 ,b sci5ce has already done some?+ = u4 ,x _c yet tell u our fir/ ance/or1 b x c tell u mu* ( an ance/or v high up 9 ! l9e ( desc5t4 ,we _c get ! lea/ idea 7ev5 ^u ! full assumption ( ! !ory ( evolution7 ( ! fir/ man2 b we c get a v tol]able idea ( ! ,paulo-prehi/oric man1 if ,i may s say--( man z he exi/$ "s %ort "t 7z we n[ reckon %ortness71 "s t5 ?\s& ye>s1 be=e hi/ory began4 ,inve/igators ^: acut5ess & dilig5ce c h>dly be surpass$--,sir ,john ,lubbock & ,mr4 ,tylor are ! *iefs among !m--h collect$ s mu* & expla9$ s mu* t !y h left a fairly vivid result4 ,t result is1 or seems to me to be1 if ,i may sum x up 9 my own words1 t ! mod]n pre-hi/oric m5--^? ( :om we h collect$ s _m rema9s1 & to :om are due ! anci5t1 /range cu/oms ( hi/orical nations 7! fossil cu/oms1 we might call !m1 = v (t5 !y are /uck by !mselves 9 real civilisation1 & h no m "p 9 x ?an ! fossils 9 ! surr\nd+ /rata7--pre-hi/oric m5 9 ?is s5se 7 'savages )\t ! fix$ habits ( savages2' t is1 t1 l savages1 !y _h /rong passions & weak reason2 t1 l savages1 !y pref]r$ %ort spasms ( gre$y pleasure to mild & equable enjoym5t2 t1 l savages1 !y c\ld n po/pone ! pres5t to ! future2 t1 l savages1 _! +ra9$ s5se ( morality 01 to say ! be/ ( x1 rudim5t>y & defective4 ,b t1 unlike pres5t savages1 !y _h n complex cu/oms & s+ul> cu/oms1 odd & seem+ly inexplicable rules guid+ all human life4 ,& ! reasons = ^! conclusions z to a race too anci5t to leave a hi/ory1 b n too anci5t to h left memorials1 are briefly ^!3--,fir/1 t we _c imag9e a /rong reason )\t atta9m5ts2 &1 pla9ly1 pre-hi/oric m5 _h n atta9m5ts4 ,!y w\ld nev] h lo/ !m if !y _h4 ,x is utt]ly incr$ible t :ole races ( m5 9 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! _w 7capable ( c\nt+1 = !y quickly le>n to c\nt7 %\ld h lo/ ! art ( c\nt+1 if !y _h ev] possess$ x4 ,x is incr$ible t :ole races c\ld lose ! elem5ts ( common s5se1 ! elem5t>y k z to ?+s mat]ial & ?+s m5tal--! ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 philosophy--if !y _h ev] kn[n x4 ,)\t "s data ! reason+ faculties ( man _c "w4 ,z ,"l ,bacon said1 ! m9d ( man mu/ '"w ^u /uff4' ,& 9 ! abs5ce ( ! common k :i* tra9s u 9 ! elem5ts ( reason z f> z we are tra9$1 !y _h no '/uff4' ,ev51 !re=e1 if _! passions 7 n absolutely /rong] ?an ours1 relatively !y 7 /rong]1 = _! reason 0 weak] ?an our reason4 ,aga91 x is c]ta9 t races ( m5 capable ( po/pon+ ! pres5t to ! future 7ev5 if su* races 7 conceivable )\t an educat$ reason7 w\ld h _h s huge an advantage 9 ! /ruggles ( nations1 t no o!rs w\ld h surviv$ !m4 ,a s+le ,au/ralian tribe 7really capable ( su* a habit1 & really practis+ x7 w\ld h conqu]$ all ,au/ralia almo/ z ! ,engli% h conqu]$ x4 ,suppose a race ( long-head$ ,scot*m51 ev5 z ignorant z ! ,au/ralians1 & !y w\ld h got f ,torres to ,bass's ,/raits1 no matt] h[ fi]ce 0 ! resi/ance ( ! o!r ,au/ralians4 ,! :ole t]ritory w\ld h be5 !irs1 & !irs only4 ,we _c imag9e innum]able races to h lo/1 if !y _h once _h x1 ! mo/ useful ( all habits ( m9d--! habit :i* w\ld mo/ ensure _! victory 9 ! incessant conte/s :i*1 ev] s9ce !y began1 m5 h c>ri$ on ) "o ano!r & ) nature1 ! habit1 :i* 9 hi/orical times has above any o!r receiv$ = its possession ! victory 9 ^? conte/s4 ,?irdly1 we may be sure t ! morality ( pre-hi/oric man 0 z imp]fect & z rudim5t>y z 8 reason4 ,! same sort ( argum5ts apply to a self-re/ra9+ morality ( a high type z apply to a settl$ po/ponem5t ( ! pres5t to ! future ^u gr\nds recomm5d$ by argum5t4 ,bo? are s involv$ 9 difficult intellectual ideas 7& a high morality ! mo/ ( ! two7 t x is all b impossible to conceive _! exi/5ce among p :o c\ld n c\nt m ?an five--:o _h only ! grosse/ & simple/ =ms ( language--:o _h no k9d ( writ+ or read+--:o1 z x has be5 r\ghly said1 _h 'no pots & no pans'--:o c\ld inde$ make a fire1 b :o c\ld h>dly d any?+ else--:o c\ld h>dly comm& nature any fur!r4 ,exactly also l a %rewd f>-sight$ness1 a s\nd morality on elem5t>y transactions is f> too useful a gift to ! human race ev] to h be5 ?or\ghly lo/ :5 !y _h once atta9$ x4 ,b innum]able savages h lo/ all b completely _m ( ! moral rules mo/ conducive to tribal welf>e4 ,!re are _m savages :o c h>dly be said to c>e = human life--:o h sc>cely ! family feel+s--:o are eag] to kill all old p 7_! own p>5ts includ$7 z soon z !y get old & become a burd5--:o h sc>cely ! s5se ( tru?--:o1 probably f a con/ant tradition ( t]ror1 wi% to conceal ev]y?+1 & w\ld 7z obs]v]s say7 'r lie ?an n'--^: ideas ( m>riage are s vague & slight t ! idea1 'communal m>riage' 79 :i* all ! wom5 ( ! tribe are common to all ! m51 & !m only71 has be5 inv5t$ to d5ote x4 ,n[ if we consid] h[ cohesive & h[ =tify+ to human societies are ! love ( tru?1 & ! love ( p>5ts1 & a /able m>riage tie1 h[ sure su* feel+s w\ld be to make a tribe :i* possess$ !m :olly & soon victori\s ov] tribes :i* 7 de/itute ( !m1 we %all beg9 to compreh5d h[ unlikely x is t va/ masses ( tribes ?r\gh\t ! _w %\ld h lo/ all ^! moral helps to conque/1 n to speak ( o!rs4 ,if any reason+ is safe z to pre-hi/oric man1 ! reason+ :i* imputes to him a defici5t s5se ( morals is safe1 = all ! argum5ts sugge/$ by all our late rese>*es conv]ge ^u x1 & concur 9 tea*+ x4 ,nor on ?is po9t does ! case re/ :olly on rec5t inve/igations4 ,_m ye>s ago ,mr4 ,j[ett said t ! classical religions bore relics ( ! 'ages be=e morality4' ,& ?is is only "o ( sev]al cases 9 :i* t great ?9k] has prov$ by a *ance expression t he _h exhau/$ imp5d+ controv]sies ye>s be=e !y arriv$1 & _h p]ceiv$ m or less ! conclusion at :i* ! disputants w\ld arrive long be=e ! public issue 0 jo9$4 ,!re is no o!r explanation ( su* religions ?an ?is4 ,we h b to op5 ,mr4 ,glad/one's ',hom]' 9 ord] to see ) h[ int5se an antipa?y a really moral age w\ld reg>d ! gods & goddesses ( ,hom]2 h[ inconceivable x is t a really moral age %\ld fir/ h inv5t$ & !n b[$ d[n be=e !m2 h[ pla9 x is 7:5 once expla9$7 t !y are antiquities1 l an ,engli% c\rt-suit1 or a ,,/one-sacrificial knife1 = no "o w\ld use su* ?+s z implem5ts ( c]emony1 except ^? :o _h inh]it$ !m f a pa/ age1 :5 !re 0 no?+ bett]4 ,nor is !re any?+ inconsi/5t ) our pres5t moral !ories ( :atev] k9d 9 s ?9k+ ab\t our ance/ors4 ,! intuitive !ory ( morality1 :i* w\ld be t naturally mo/ oppos$ to x1 has lately tak5 a new developm5t4 ,x is n n[ ma9ta9$ t all m5 h ! same am\nt ( consci5ce4 ,inde$1 only a mo/ %all[ disputant :o did n und]/& ev5 ! pla9e/ facts ( human nature c\ld ev] h ma9ta9$ x2 if m5 diff] 9 any?+ !y diff] 9 ! f95ess & ! delicacy ( _! moral intuitions1 h[ev] we may suppose ^? feel+s to h be5 acquir$4 ,we ne$ n g z f> z savages to le>n t lesson2 we ne$ only talk to ! ,engli% poor or to our own s]vants1 & we %all be taught x v completely4 ,! l[] classes 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 l all classes 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries1 are cle>ly want+ 9 ! nic] "p ( ^? feel+s :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 we call ! ,,s5se ( morality4 ,all ?is an intuitioni/ :o kn[s 8 case w n[ admit1 b he w add t1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( ! moral s5se may & does diff] 9 diff]5t p]sons1 yet t z f> z x goes x is alike 9 all4 ,he lik5s x to ! intuition ( numb]1 9 :i* "s savages are s defective t !y _c really & easily c\nt m ?an ?ree4 ,yet z f> z ?ree 8 intuitions are ! same z ^? ( civilis$ p4 ,unque/ionably if !re are intuitions at all1 ! prim>y tru?s ( numb] are su*4 ,!re is a felt necessity 9 !m if 9 any?+1 & x w\ld be p$antry to say t any proposition ( morals 0 ,,m c]ta9 ?an t five & five make t54 ,! tru?s ( ari?metic1 intuitive or n1 c]ta9ly _c be acquir$ indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce nor c ^? ( morals be s ei!r4 ,unque/ionably !y 7 ar\s$ 9 life & by exp]i5ce1 ?\gh aft] t comes ! difficult & anci5t controv]sy :e!r any?+ peculi> to !m & n to be f\nd 9 ! o!r facts ( life is sup]add$ to !m indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce out ( ! vig\r ( ! m9d itself4 ,no intuitioni/1 !re=e1 fe>s to speak ( ! consci5ce ( 8 pre-hi/oric ance/or z imp]fect1 rudim5t>y1 or h>dly to be disc]n$1 = he has to admit mu* ! same s z to squ>e 8 !ory to pla9 mod]n facts1 & t !ory 9 ! mod]n =m may consi/5tly be held along ) !m4 ,( c\rse if an intuitioni/ c accept ?is conclusion z to pre-hi/oric m51 s assur$ly may ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :o traces all morality back to our inh]it$ exp]i5ce ( utility1 or ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o ascribes x to an inh]it$ sympa?y1 or ,mr4 ,mill1 :o ) *>act]i/ic c\rage und]takes to build up ! :ole moral nature ( man ) no help :atev] ei!r f e?ical intuition or f physiological in/9ct4 ,inde$ ( ! ev]la/+ que/ions1 su* z ! reality ( free w1 or ! nature ( consci5ce1 x is1 z ,i h be=e expla9$1 altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! design ( ^! pap]s to speak4 ,!y h be5 discuss$ ev] s9ce ! hi/ory ( discussion beg9s2 human op9ion is /ill divid$1 & mo/ p /ill feel _m difficulties 9 e sugge/$ !ory1 & d\bt if !y h he>d ! la/ ^w ( argum5t or ! :ole solution ( ! problem 9 any ( !m4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( s\nd k x is ess5tial to n>r[ to ! utmo/ ! debatable t]ritory2 to see h[ _m asc]ta9$ facts !re are :i* are consi/5t ) all !ories1 h[ _m may1 z =eign lawy]s w\ld phrase x1 be equally held 9 condom9ium by !m4 ,b ?\gh 9 ^! great *>act]i/ics !re is reason to imag9e t ! pre-hi/oric man--at lea/ ! sort ( pre-hi/oric man ,i am treat+ (1 ! man "s few ?\s& ye>s be=e hi/ory began1 & n at all1 at lea/ n necess>ily1 ! primitive man--0 id5tical ) a mod]n savage1 9 ano!r respect !re is equal or great] reason to suppose t he 0 mo/ unlike a mod]n savage4 ,a mod]n savage is any?+ b ! simple be+ :i* philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury imag9$ him to be2 on ! contr>y1 8 life is twi/$ into a ?\s& curi\s habits2 8 reason is d>k5$ by a ?\s& /range prejudices2 8 feel+s are fright5$ by a ?\s& cruel sup]/itions4 ,! :ole m9d ( a mod]n savage is1 s to say1 tattoo$ ov] ) mon/r\s images2 !re is n a smoo? place any:]e ab\t x4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose ! m9ds ( pre-hi/oric m5 to be s cut & m>k$2 on ! contr>y1 ! creation ( ^! habits1 ^! sup]/itions1 ^! prejudices1 mu/ h tak5 ages4 ,9 8 nature1 x may be said1 pre-hi/oric man 0 ! same z a mod]n savage2 x is only 9 8 acquisition t he 0 diff]5t4 ,x may be object$ t if man 0 develop$ out ( any k9d ( animal 7& ?is is ! doctr9e ( evolution :i*1 if x be n prov$ conclusively1 has great probability & great sci5tific analogy 9 its fav\r7 he w\ld necess>ily at fir/ possess animal in/9cts2 t ^! w\ld only gradually be lo/2 t 9 ! meantime !y w\ld s]ve z a protection & an aid1 & t pre-hi/oric m51 !re=e1 w\ld h important helps & feel+s :i* exi/+ savages h n4 ,& probably ( ! fir/ m51 ! fir/ be+s wor?y to be s call$1 ?is 0 true3 !y _h1 or may h _h1 c]ta9 remnants ( in/9cts :i* aid$ !m 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 & z reason gradually came ^! in/9cts may h wan$ away4 ,"s in/9cts c]ta9ly d wane :5 ! intellect is appli$ /eadily to _! subject-matt]4 ,! curi\s 'c\nt+ boys1' ! ari?metical prodigies1 :o c "w by a /range innate faculty ! mo/ wond]ful sums1 lose t faculty1 always p>tially1 sometimes completely1 if !y are taught to reckon by rule l ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,9 l mann] ,i h he>d x said t a man c\ld soon reason himself out ( ! in/9ct ( dec5cy if he w\ld only take pa9s & "w h>d en\gh4 ,& p]haps o!r primitive in/9cts may h 9 l mann] pass$ away4 ,b ?is does n affect my argum5t4 ,i am only say+ t ^! in/9cts1 if !y ev] exi/$1 ,,did pass away--t !re 0 a p]iod2 probably an imm5se p]iod z we reckon "t 9 human hi/ory1 :5 pre-hi/oric m5 liv$ mu* z savages live n[1 )\t any important aids & helps4 ,! pro(s ( ?is are to be f\nd 9 ! great works ( ,sir ,john ,lubbock & ,mr4 ,tylor1 ( :i* ,i j n[ spoke4 ,i c only br+ out two ( !m "h4 ,fir/1 x is pla9 t ! fir/ pre-hi/oric m5 _h ! fl9t tools :i* ! l[e/ savages use1 & we c trace a regul> improvem5t 9 ! f9i% & 9 ! effici5cy ( _! simple in/rum5ts correspond+ to t :i* we see at ?is day 9 ! upw>d transition f ! l[e/ savages to ! highe/4 ,n[ x is n conceivable t a race ( be+s ) valuable in/9cts support+ _! exi/5ce & supply+ _! wants w\ld ne$ ^! simple tools4 ,!y are exactly ^? ne$$ by v poor p :o h no in/9cts1 & ^? 7 us$ by su*1 = savages are ! poore/ ( ! poor4 ,x w\ld be v /range if ^! same ut5sils1 no m no less1 7 us$ by be+s ^: disc]n+ in/9cts made !m 9 comp>ison altoge!r ri*4 ,su* a be+ w\ld "k h[ to manage )\t su* ?+s1 or if x want$ any1 w\ld "k h[ to make bett]4 ,&1 secondly1 on ! moral side we "k t ! pre-hi/oric age 0 "o ( mu* lic5ce1 & ! pro( is t 9 t age desc5t 0 reckon$ ?r\gh ! female only1 j z x is among ! l[e/ savages4 ',mat]nity1' x has be5 said1 'is a matt] ( fact1 pat]nity is a matt] ( op9ion2' & ?is n v ref9$ expression exactly conveys ! connection ( ! l[] human societies4 ,9 all slave-own+ communities--9 ,rome =m]ly1 & 9 ,virg9ia ye/]day--su* 0 ! accept$ rule ( law2 ! *ild kept ! condition ( ! "m1 :atev] t condition 02 nobody inquir$ z to ! fa!r2 ! law1 once = all1 assum$ t he c\ld n be asc]ta9$4 ,( c\rse no rema9s exi/ :i* prove ?is or any?+ else ab\t ! morality ( pre-hi/oric man2 & morality c only be describ$ by rema9s am\nt+ to a hi/ory4 ,b "o ( ! axioms ( pre-hi/oric inve/igation b9ds u to accept ?is z ! morality ( ! pre-hi/oric races if we receive t axiom4 ,x is pla9 t ! wide-spread abs5ce ( a *>act]i/ic :i* greatly aids ! possessor 9 ! conflicts betwe5 race & race probably indicates t ! prim>y race did n possess t quality4 ,if "o-arm$ p exi/$ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 e cont95t2 if p 7 f\nd 9 e int]m$iate /age1 "s ) ! m]e g]m ( ! second arm1 "s ) ! second arm half-gr[n1 "s ) x ne>ly complete2 we %\ld !n argue--'! fir/ race _c h _h two arms1 because m5 h always be5 fight+1 & z two arms are a great advantage 9 fight+1 "o-arm$ & half-arm$ p w\ld imm$iately h be5 kill$ (f ! e>?2 !y nev] c\ld h atta9$ any numb]s4 ,a diffus$ defici5cy 9 a w>like p[] is ! be/ atta9able evid5ce t ! pre-hi/oric m5 did n possess t p[]4' ,if ?is axiom be receiv$ x is palpably applicable to ! m>riage-bond ( primitive races4 ,a cohesive 'family' is ! be/ g]m = a campaign+ nation4 ,9 a ,roman family ! boys1 f ! "t ( _! bir?1 7 br$ to a dome/ic despotism1 :i* well prep>$ !m = a subjection 9 aft] life to a milit>y discipl9e1 a milit>y drill1 & a milit>y despotism4 ,!y 7 ready to obey _! g5]als because !y 7 compell$ to obey _! fa!rs2 !y c5t]$ ! _w 9 manhood because z *ildr5 !y 7 br$ 9 homes :]e ! tradition ( passionate val\r 0 /eadi$ by ! habit ( implacable ord]4 ,& no?+ ( ?is is possible 9 loosely-b\nd family gr\ps 7if !y c be call$ families at all7 :]e ! fa!r is m or less unc]ta91 :]e desc5t is n trac$ ?r\gh him1 :]e1 t is1 prop]ty does n come f him1 :]e su* prop]ty z he has passes to 8 ,,sure relations--to 8 si/]'s *ildr54 ,an ill-knit nation :i* does n recognise pat]nity z a legal relation1 w\ld be conqu]$ l a mob by any o!r nation :i* _h a ve/ige or a beg9n+ ( ! patria pote/as4 ,if1 !re=e1 all ! fir/ m5 _h ! /rict morality ( families1 !y w\ld no m h p]mitt$ ! rise ( ,,semi-moral nations any:]e 9 ! _w ?an ! ,romans w\ld h p]mitt$ !m to arise 9 ,italy4 ,!y w\ld h conqu]$1 kill$1 & plund]$ !m be=e !y became nations2 & yet semi-moral nations exi/ all ov] ! _w4 ,x w be said t ?is argum5t proves too mu*4 ,= x proves t n only ! some:at-be=e-hi/ory m51 b ! absolutely fir/ m51 c\ld n h _h close family in/9cts1 & yet if !y 7 l mo/ ?\gh n all ( ! animals ne>e/ to man !y _h su* in/9cts4 ,!re is a great /ory ( "s ,african *ief :o express$ 8 disgu/ at adh]+ to "o wife1 by say+ x 0 'l ! monkeys4' ,! semi-brutal ance/ors ( man1 if !y exi/$1 _h v likely an in/9ct ( con/ancy :i* ! ,african *ief1 & o!rs l him1 _h lo/4 ,h[1 !n1 if x 0 s b5eficial1 c\ld !y ev] lose x8 ,! answ] is pla93 !y c\ld lose x if !y _h x z an irrational prop5sity & habit1 & n z a moral & rational feel+4 ,:5 reason came1 x w\ld weak5 t habit l all o!r irrational habits4 ,& reason is a =ce ( su* inf9ite vig\r--a victory-mak+ ag5t ( su* incomp>able effici5cy--t its cont9ually dim9i%+ valuable in/9cts w n matt] if x gr[s itself /eadily all ! :ile4 ,! /ronge/ competitor w9s 9 bo? ! cases we are imag9+2 9 ! fir/1 a race ) intellig5t reason1 b )\t bl9d in/9ct1 beats a race ) t in/9ct b )\t t reason2 9 ! second1 a race ) reason & high moral feel+ beats a race ) reason b )\t high moral feel+4 ,& ! two are palpably consi/5t4 ,!re is e reason1 !re=e1 to suppose pre-hi/oric man to be defici5t 9 mu* ( sexual morality1 z we reg>d t morality4 ,z to ! detail ( 'primitive m>riage' or ',,no m>riage1' = t is pretty mu* :at x comes to1 !re is ( c\rse mu* room = discussion4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,m',cl5nan & ,sir ,john ,lubbock are too accompli%$ reason]s & too c>eful inve/igators to wi% conclusions s complex & ref9$ z !irs to be accept$ all 9 a mass1 besides t on "s critical po9ts ! two diff]4 ,b ! ma9 issue is n dep5d5t on nice argum5ts4 ,^u broad gr\nds we may believe t 9 pre-hi/oric times m5 f\ght bo? to ga9 & to keep _! wives2 t ! /ronge/ man took ! be/ wife away f ! weak] man2 & t if ! wife 0 re/ive1 did n l ! *ange1 h] new husb& beat h]2 t 7z 9 ,au/ralia n[7 a pretty woman 0 sure to und]go _m su* *anges1 & h] back to be> ! m>ks ( _m su* *a/isem5ts2 t 9 ! pr9cipal dep>tm5t ( human conduct 7:i* is ! mo/ tangible & easily trac$1 & !re=e ! mo/ obta9able specim5 ( ! re/7 ! m9ds ( pre-hi/oric m5 7 n s mu* immoral z ,u,nmoral3 !y did n violate a rule ( consci5ce1 b !y 7 someh[ n suffici5tly develop$ = !m to feel on ?is po9t any consci5ce1 or = x to prescribe to !m any rule4 ,! same argum5t applies to religion4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m po9ts ( ! greate/ obscurity1 bo? 9 ! pres5t savage religions & 9 ! scanty ve/iges ( pre-hi/oric religion4 ,b "o po9t is cle>4 ,all savage religions are full ( sup]/itions f\nd$ on luck4 ,savages believe t casual om5s are a sign ( com+ ev5ts2 t "s trees are lucky1 t "s animals are lucky1 t "s places are lucky1 t "s indiff]5t actions--indiff]5t app>5tly & indiff]5t really--are lucky1 & s ( o!rs 9 ea* class1 t !y are unlucky4 ,nor c a savage well di/+ui% betwe5 a sign ( 'luck' or ill-luck1 z we %\ld say1 & a deity :i* causes ! good or ! ill2 ! indicat+ prec$5t & ! caus+ be+ are to ! savage m9d mu* ! same2 a /ead9ess ( head f> beyond savages is requir$ consi/5tly to di/+ui% !m4 ,& x is extremely natural t !y %\ld believe s4 ,!y are play+ a game--! game ( life--) no k ( its rules4 ,!y h n an idea ( ! laws ( nature2 if !y want to cure a man1 !y h no conception at all ( true sci5tific rem$ies4 ,if !y try any?+ !y mu/ try x ^u b>e *ance4 ,! mo/ useful mod]n rem$ies 7 (t5 discov]$ 9 ?is b>e1 empirical way4 ,:at c\ld be m improbable--at lea/1 = :at c\ld a pre-hi/oric man h less giv5 a good reason--?an t "s m9]al spr+s %\ld /op rheumatic pa9s1 or m9]al spr+s make w\nds heal quickly8 ,& yet ! *ance k ( ! m>vell\s effect ( gift$ spr+s is probably z anci5t z any s\nd k z to m$ic9e :atev]4 ,no d\bt x 0 m]e casual luck at fir/ t tri$ ^! spr+s & f\nd !m answ]4 ,somebody by accid5t tri$ !m & by t accid5t 0 in/antly cur$4 ,! *ance :i* happily direct$ m5 9 ?is "o case1 misdirect$ !m 9 a ?\s& cases4 ,"s exp$ition _h answ]$ :5 ! resolution to und]take x 0 resolv$ on "u an anci5t tree1 & accord+ly t tree became lucky & sacr$4 ,ano!r exp$ition fail$ :5 a magpie cross$ its pa?1 & a magpie 0 said to be unlucky4 ,a s]p5t cross$ ! pa? ( ano!r exp$ition1 & x _h a m>vell\s victory1 & accord+ly ! s]p5t became a sign ( great luck 7& :at a savage _c di/+ui% f x--a pot5t deity :i* makes luck74 ,anci5t m$ic9e is equally unreasonable3 z late d[n z ! ,middle ,ages x 0 full ( sup]/itions f\nd$ on m]e luck4 ,! collection ( prescriptions publi%$ "u ! direction ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls ab\nds 9 su* fancies z we %\ld call !m4 ,accord+ to "o ( !m1 unless ,i =get1 "s disease--a fev]1 ,i ?9k--is suppos$ to be cur$ by plac+ ! pati5t betwe5 two halves ( a h>e & a pigeon rec5tly kill$4#g ,no?+ c be pla9] ?an t !re is no gr\nd = ?is k9d ( treatm5t1 & t ! idea ( x arose out ( a *ance hit1 :i* came "r & succe$$4 ,!re 0 no?+ s absurd or s contr>y to common s5se z we are apt to imag9e ab\t x4 ,! ly+ betwe5 two halves ( a h>e or a pigeon 0 a priori1 & to ! inexp]i5c$ m9d1 q z likely to cure disease z ! dr9k+ c]ta9 draughts ( na/y m9]al wat]4 ,bo?1 someh[1 7 tri$2 bo? answ]$--t is4 ,bo? 7 at ! fir/ "t1 or at "s memorable "t1 foll[$ by a rem>kable recov]y2 & ! only diff]5ce is1 t ! curative p[] ( ! m9]al is p]si/5t1 & happ5s con/antly2 :]eas1 on an av]age ( trials1 ! proximity ( a h>e or pigeon is f\nd to h no effect1 & cures take place z (t5 9 cases :]e x is n tri$ z 9 cases :]e x is4 ,! nature ( m9ds :i* are deeply engag$ 9 wat*+ ev5ts ( :i* !y d n "k ! reason1 is to s+le out "s fabul\s accompanim5t or "s wond]ful s]ies ( good luck or bad luck1 & to dread ev] aft] t accompanim5t if x br+s evil1 & to love x & long = x if x br+s good4 ,all savages are 9 ?is position1 & ! fasc9at+ effect ( /rik+ accompanim5ts 79 "s s+le case7 ( s+ul> good =tune & s+ul> calamity1 is "o great s\rce ( savage religions4 #g ,read]s ( ,scott's life w rememb] t an admir] ( 8 9 humble life propos$ to cure him ( inflammation ( ! b[els by mak+ him sleep a :ole night on twelve smoo? /ones1 pa9fully collect$ by ! admir] f twelve brooks1 :i* 01 x appe>$1 a recipe ( sov]eign traditional p[]4 ,scott gravely told ! propos] t he _h mi/ak5 ! *>m1 & t ! /ones 7 ( no virtue unless wrapp$ up 9 ! petticoat ( a wid[ :o nev] wi%$ to m>ry aga91 & z no su* wid[ seems to h be5 =?com+1 he escap$ ! rem$y4 ,gambl]s to ?is day are1 ) respect to ! *ance "p ( _! game1 9 mu* ! same plight z savages ) respect to ! ma9 ev5ts ( _! :ole lives4 ,& we well "k h[ sup]/iti\s !y all are4 ,to ?is day v s5sible :i/-play]s h a c]ta9 belief--n1 ( c\rse1 a fix$ conviction1 b /ill a c]ta9 impression--t !re is 'luck "u a black deuce1' & w half mutt] "s n v g5tle mal$ictions if !y turn up z a trump ! f\r ( clubs1 because x br+s ill-luck1 & is '! devil's b$-po/4' ,( c\rse gr[n-up gambl]s h too mu* g5]al k1 too mu* organis$ common s5se to prolong or *]i% su* ideas2 !y are a%am$ ( ent]ta9+ !m1 ?\gh1 nev]!less1 !y _c entirely drive !m out ( _! m9ds4 ,b *ild gambl]s--a numb] ( little boys set to play loo-are j 9 ! position ( savages1 = _! fancy is /ill impressible1 & !y h n z yet be5 ?or\ghly subject$ to ! confut+ exp]i5ce ( ! real _w & *ild gambl]s h idolatries--at lea/ ,i "k t ye>s ago a set ( boy loo-play]s1 ( :om ,i 0 "o1 _h consid]able fai? 9 a c]ta9 'pretty fi%' :i* 0 l>g] & m nicely made ?an ! o!r fi% we _h4 ,we gave ! be/ evid5ce ( our belief 9 its p[] to 'br+ luck2' we f\ght = x 7if our eld]s 7 out ( ! way72 we (f]$ to buy x ) _m o!r fi% f ! envi$ hold]1 & ,i am sure ,i h (t5 cri$ bitt]ly if ! *ance ( ! game took x away f me4 ,p]sons :o /& up = ! dignity ( philosophy1 if any su* !re /ill are1 w say t ,i ought n to m5tion ?is1 because x seems trivial2 b ! m mode/ _s ( mod]n ?\ght pla9ly tea*es1 if x tea*es any?+1 ! c>d9al value ( occasional little facts4 ,i d n hesitate to say t _m le>n$ & elaborate explanations ( ! totem--! 'clan' deity--! bea/ or bird :i* 9 "s sup]natural way1 att5ds to ! clan & wat*es ov] x--d n seem to me to be ne>ly ak9 to ! reality z x works & lives among--! l[] races z ! 'pretty fi%' ( my e>ly boyhood4 ,& v naturally s1 = a grave philosoph] is sep>at$ f primitive ?\ght by ! :ole l5g? ( human culture2 b an impressible *ild is z ne> to1 & its ?\ghts are z mu* l1 t ?\ght z any?+ c n[ be4 ,! wor/ ( ^! sup]/itions is t !y are easy to make & h>d to de/roy4 ,a s+le run ( luck has made ! =tune ( _m a *>m & _m idols4 ,i d\bt if ev5 a s+le run ( luck be necess>y4 ,i am sure t if an eld] boy said t '! pretty fi% 0 lucky--( c\rse x 01' all ! less] boys w\ld believe x1 & 9 a week x w\ld be an accept$ idol4 ,& ,i suspect ! ,ne/or ( a savage tribe--! ag$ repository ( guid+ exp]i5ce--w\ld h an equal p[] ( creat+ sup]/itions4 ,b if once creat$ !y are mo/ difficult to eradicate4 ,if any "o said t ! amulet 0 ( c]ta9 efficacy--t x always act$ :5ev] x 0 appli$--x w\ld ( c\rse be v easy to disprove2 b no "o ev] said t ! 'pretty fi%' always br\ght luck2 x 0 only said t x did s on ! :ole1 & t if y _h x y 7 m likely to be lucky ?an if y 7 )\t x4 ,b x requires a long table ( /ati/ics ( ! results ( games to disprove ?is ?or\ghly2 & by ! "t p c make tables !y are already above su* beliefs1 & d n ne$ to h !m disprov$4 ,nor 9 _m cases :]e om5s or amulets are us$ w\ld su* tables be easy to make1 = ! data c\ld n be f\nd2 & a ra% attempt to subdue ! sup]/ition by a /rik+ in/ance may easily end 9 confirm+ x4 ,francis ,newman1 9 ! rem>kable n>rative ( 8 exp]i5ce z a mission>y 9 ,asia1 gives a curi\s example ( ?is4 ,z he 0 sett+ out on a di/ant & some:at haz>d\s exp$ition1 8 native s]vants ti$ r\nd ! neck ( ! mule a small bag suppos$ to be ( prev5tive & my/ic virtue4 ,z ! place 0 cr[d$ & a :ole t[nspeople look+ on1 ,mr4 ,newman ?\ght t he w\ld take an opportunity ( disprov+ ! sup]/ition4 ,s he made a long spee* ( explanation 9 8 be/ ,arabic1 & cut (f ! bag1 to ! horror ( all ab\t him4 ,b z ill-=tune w\ld h x1 ! mule _h n got ?irty y>ds up ! /reet be=e %e put h] foot into a hole & broke h] leg2 ^u :i* all ! natives 7 confirm$ 9 _! =m] fai? 9 ! p[] ( ! bag1 & said1 ',y see n[ :at happ5s to unbeliev]s4' ,n[ ! pres5t po9t z to ^! sup]/itions is _! milit>y inexp$i5cy4 ,a nation :i* 0 mov$ by ^! sup]/itions z to luck w\ld be at ! m]cy ( a nation1 9 o!r respects equal1 :i*1 0 n subject to !m4 ,9 hi/orical times1 z we "k1 ! panic t]ror at eclipses has be5 ! ru9 ( ! armies :i* h felt x2 or has made !m delay to d some?+ necess>y1 or ru% to d some?+ de/ructive4 ,! necessity ( consult+ ! auspices1 :ile x 0 s9c]ely practis$ & be=e x became a trick = disguis+ =esight1 0 9 classical hi/ory v dang]\s4 ,& mu* worse is x ) savages1 ^: life is "o ( om5s1 :o mu/ always consult _! sorc]]s1 :o may be turn$ ?is way or t by "s *ance accid5t1 :o1 if !y 7 intellectually able to frame a consi/5t milit>y policy--& "s savages 9 w> see f>!r ?an 9 any?+ else--are yet liable to be put out1 di/ract$1 confus$1 & turn$ aside 9 ! c>ry+ out ( x1 because "s ev5t1 really innocu\s b to _! m9ds =ebod+1 arre/s & fright5s !m4 ,a religion full ( om5s is a milit>y mis=tune1 & w br+ a nation to de/ruction if set to fight ) a nation at all equal o!rwise1 :o _h a religion )\t om5s4 ,cle>ly !n1 if all e>ly m5 unanim\sly1 or ev5 mu* ! great] numb] ( e>ly m51 _h a religion ,,)\t om5s1 no religion1 or sc>cely a religion1 any:]e 9 ! _w c\ld h come into exi/5ce ,,) om5s2 ! imm5se majority possess+ ! sup]ior milit>y advantage1 ! small m9ority de/itute ( x w\ld h be5 cru%$ out & de/roy$4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 all ov] ! _w religions ) om5s once exi/$1 9 mo/ !y /ill exi/2 all savages h !m1 & deep 9 ! mo/ anci5t civilisations we f9d ! pla9e/ traces ( !m4 ,unque/ionably !re=e ! pre-hi/oric religion 0 l t ( savages--viz41 9 ?is t x l>gely consi/$ 9 ! wat*+ ( om5s & 9 ! wor%ip ( lucky bea/s & ?+s1 :i* are a sort ( embodi$ & p]man5t om5s4 ,x may inde$ be object$--an analog\s objection 0 tak5 z to ! asc]ta9$ moral defici5cies ( pre-hi/oric mank9d--t if ?is religion ( om5s 0 s p]nici\s & s likely to ru9 a race1 no race w\ld ev] h acquir$ x4 ,b x is only likely to ru9 a race cont5d+ ) ano!r race o!rwise equal4 ,! fanci$ discov]y ( ^! om5s--n an extravagant ?+ 9 an e>ly age1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 n a :it !n to be di/+ui%$ z improbable f ! discov]y ( heal+ h]bs or spr+s :i* pre-hi/oric m5 also did discov]--! discov]y ( om5s 0 an act ( reason z f> z x w5t4 ,& if 9 reason ! om5-f9d+ race 7 sup]ior to ! races 9 conflict ) !m1 ! om5-f9d+ race w\ld w91 & we may conjecture t om5-f9d+ races 7 ?us sup]ior s9ce !y won & prevail$ 9 e latitude & 9 e zone4 ,9 all p>ticul>s !re=e we w\ld keep to our =mula1 & say t pre-hi/oric man 0 sub/antially a savage l pres5t savages1 9 morals1 intellectual atta9m5ts1 & 9 religion2 b t he diff]$ 9 ?is f our pres5t savages1 t he _h n _h "t to +ra9 8 nature s deeply ) bad habits1 & to impress bad beliefs s unalt]ably on 8 m9d z !y h4 ,!y h _h ages to fix ! /a9 on !m selves1 b primitive man 0 y\ng] & _h no su* "t4 ,i h elaborat$ ! evid5ce = ?is conclusion at :at may seem ne$less & t$i\s l5g?1 b ,i h done s on acc\nt ( its importance4 ,if we accept x1 & if we are sure ( x1 x w help u to _m mo/ important conclusions4 ,"s ( ^! ,i h dwelt ^u 9 previ\s pap]s1 b ,i w set !m d[n aga94 ,fir/1 x w 9 "p expla9 to u :at ! _w 0 ab\t1 s to speak1 be=e hi/ory4 ,x 0 mak+1 s to say1 ! intellectual consi/5ce--! connect$ & coh]5t habits1 ! pref]5ce ( equable to viol5t enjoym5t1 ! abid+ capacity to pref]1 if requir$1 ! future to ! pres5t1 ! m5tal pre-requisites )\t :i* civilisation c\ld n beg9 to exi/1 & )\t :i* x w\ld soon cease to exi/ ev5 _h x begun4 ,! primitive man1 l ! pres5t savage1 _h n ^! pre-requisites1 b1 unlike ! pres5t savage1 he 0 capable ( acquir+ !m & ( be+ tra9$ 9 !m1 = 8 nature 0 /ill s(t & /ill impressible1 & possibly1 /range z x may seem to say1 8 outw>d circum/ances 7 m fav\rable to an atta9m5t ( civilisation ?an ^? ( our pres5t savages4 ,at any rate1 ! pre-hi/oric times 7 sp5t 9 mak+ m5 capable ( writ+ a hi/ory1 & hav+ some?+ to put 9 x :5 x is writt51 & we c see h[ x 0 done4 ,two prelim9>y processes inde$ !re are :i* seem inscrutable4 ,!re 0 "s /range prelim9>y process by :i* ! ma9 races ( m5 7 =m$2 !y began to exi/ v e>ly1 & except by int]mixture no new ones h be5 =m$ s9ce4 ,x 0 a process s+ul>ly active 9 e>ly ages1 & s+ul>ly quiesc5t 9 lat] ages4 ,su* diff]5ces z exi/ betwe5 ! ,aryan1 ! ,turanian1 ! negro1 ! r$ man1 & ! ,au/ralian1 are diff]5ces great]--altoge!r ?an any causes n[ active are capable ( creat+ 9 pres5t m51 at lea/ 9 any way explicable by u4 ,& !re is1 !re=e1 a /rong presumption t 7z great au?orities n[ hold7 ^! diff]5ces 7 creat$ be=e ! nature ( m51 especially be=e ! m9d & ! adaptive nature ( m5 _h tak5 _! exi/+ con/itution4 ,& a second condition prec$5t ( civilisation seems1 at lea/ to me1 to h be5 equally inh]it$1 if ! doctr9e ( evolution be true1 f "s previ\s /ate or condition4 ,i at lea/ f9d x difficult to conceive ( m51 at all l ! pres5t m51 unless exi/+ 9 some?+ l families1 t is1 9 gr\ps av[$ly connect$1 at lea/ on ! "m's side1 & probably always ) a ve/ige ( connection1 m or less1 on ! fa!r's side1 & unless ^! gr\ps 7 l _m animals1 greg>i\s1 t9d] a lead] m or less fix$4 ,x is almo/ beyond imag9ation h[ man1 z we "k man1 c\ld by any sort ( process h ga9$ ?is /ep 9 civilisation4 ,& x is a great advantage1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 9 ! evolution !ory t x enables u to remit ?is difficulty to a pre-exi/+ p]iod 9 nature1 :]e o!r in/9cts & p[]s ?an our pres5t ones may p]haps h come into play1 & :]e our imag9ation c h>dly travel4 ,at any rate1 = ! pres5t ,i may assume ^! two /eps 9 human progress made1 & ^! two conditions realiz$4 ,! re/ ( ! way1 if we grant ^! two conditions1 is pla9]4 ,! fir/ ?+ is ! erection ( :at--we may call a cu/om-mak+ p[]1 t is1 ( an au?ority :i* c en=ce a fix$ rule ( life1 :i*1 by means ( t fix$ rule1 c 9 "s degree create a calculable future1 :i* c make x rational to po/pone pres5t viol5t b mom5t>y pleasure = future cont9ual pleasure1 because x ensures1 :at else is n sure1 t if ! sacrifice ( :at is 9 h& be made1 enjoym5t ( ! cont+5t expect$ recomp5se w be receiv$4 ,( c\rse ,i am n say+ t we %all f9d 9 e>ly society any au?ority ( :i* ^! %all be ! motives4 ,we mu/ h travell$ ages 7unless all our evid5ce be wrong7 f ! fir/ m5 be=e !re 0 a compreh5sion ( su* motives4 ,i only mean t ! fir/ ?+ 9 e>ly society 0 an au?ority ( ^: action ?is %all be ! result1 little z x knew :at x 0 do+1 little z x w\ld h c>$ if x _h kn[n4 ,! consci\s end ( e>ly societies 0 n at all1 or sc>cely at all1 ! protection ( life & prop]ty1 z x 0 assum$ to be by ! eighte5?-c5tury !ory ( gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 9 e>ly hi/orical ages--9 ! y\? ( ! human race1 n its *ildhood--su* is n ! nature ( e>ly /ates4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e has taught u t ! e>lie/ subject ( jurisprud5ce is n ! sep>ate prop]ty ( ! individual1 b ! common prop]ty ( ! family gr\p2 :at we %\ld call private prop]ty h>dly !n exi/$2 or if x did1 0 s small z to be ( no importance3 x 0 l ! ?+s little *ildr5 are n[ all[$ to ,,call _! own1 :i* !y feel x v h>d to h tak5 f !m1 b :i* !y h no real "r to hold & keep4 ,su* is our e>lie/ prop]ty-law1 & our e>lie/ life--law is t ! lives ( all memb]s ( ! family gr\p 7 at ! m]cy ( ! head ( ! gr\p4 ,z f> z ! individual goes1 nei!r 8 goods nor 8 exi/5ce 7 protect$ at all4 ,& ?is may tea* u t some?+ else 0 lack$ 9 e>ly societies besides :at 9 our societies we n[ ?9k (4 ,i d n ?9k ,i put ?is too high :5 ,i say t a mo/ important if n ! mo/ important object ( e>ly legislation 0 ! en=cem5t ( ,,lucky rites4 ,i d n l to say religi\s rites1 because t w\ld involve me 9 a great controv]sy z to ! p[]1 or ev5 ! exi/5ce1 ( e>ly religions4 ,b !re is no savage tribe )\t a notion ( luck2 & p]haps !re is h>dly any :i* has n a conception ( luck = ! tribe z a tribe1 ( :i* ea* memb] has n "s su* a belief t 8 own action or ! action ( any o!r memb] ( x--t he or ! o!rs do+ any?+ :i* 0 unlucky or w\ld br+ a 'curse'--might cause evil n only to himself1 b to all ! tribe z well4 ,i h said s mu* ab\t 'luck' & ab\t its naturalness be=e1 t ,i ought to say no?+ aga94 ,b ,i mu/ add t ! contagi\sness ( ! idea ( 'luck' is rem>kable4 ,x does n at all1 l ! notion ( des]t1 cleave to ! do]4 ,!re are p to ?is day :o w\ld n p]mit 9 _! h\se p to sit d[n ?irte5 to d9n]4 ,!y d n expect any evil to !mselves p>ticul>ly = p]mitt+ x or %>+ 9 x1 b !y _c get out ( _! heads ! idea t "s "o or m ( ! numb] w come to h>m if ! ?+ is done4 ,?is is :at ,mr4 ,tylor calls survival 9 culture4 ,! fa9t belief 9 ! corporate liability ( ^! ?irte5 is ! feeble relic & la/ dy+ repres5tative ( t great pr9ciple ( corporate liability to good & ill =tune :i* has fill$ su* an imm5se place 9 ! _w4 ,! traces ( x are endless4 ,y c h>dly take up a book ( travels 9 rude regions )\t f9d+ ',i want$ to d s & s4 ,b ,i 0 n p]mitt$1 = ! natives fe>$ x might br+ ill luck on ! p>ty1 or p]haps ! tribe4' ,mr4 ,galton1 = in/ance1 c\ld h>dly fe$ 8 p4 ,! ,dam>as1 he says1 h numb]less sup]/itions ab\t meat :i* are v tr\blesome4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* tribe1 or r family1 is prohibit$ f eat+ cattle ( c]ta9 col\rs1 savages ':o come f ! sun' es*ew+ %eep spott$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 :i* ^? ':o come f ! ra9' h no objection to4 ',z1' he says1 '!re are five or six e&as or desc5ts1 & ,i _h m5 f mo/ ( !m ) me1 ,i c\ld h>dly kill a %eep t ev]ybody w\ld eat2' & he c\ld n keep 8 meat1 = x _h to be giv5 away because x 0 comm&$ by "o sup]/ition1 nor buy milk1 ! /aple food ( ^? p>ts1 because x 0 prohibit$ by ano!r4 ,& s on )\t end4 ,do+ any?+ unlucky is 9 _! idea :at putt+ on some?+ t attracts ! electric fluid is 9 fact1 y _c be sure t h>m w n be done1 n only to ! p]son 9 fault1 b to ^? ab\t him too4 ,z 9 ! ,scriptural phrase1 do+ :at is ( evil om5 is 'l "o t lette? out wat]4' ,he _c tell :at are ! consequ5ces ( 8 act1 :o w %>e !m1 or h[ !y c be prev5t$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ hi/orical nations ,i ne$ n say t ! corporate liabilities ( /ates is to a mod]n /ud5t _! mo/ curi\s feature4 ,! belief is inde$ rais$ f> above ! notion ( m]e 'luck1' because !re is a di/9ct belief 9 gods or a god :om ! act (f5ds1 ,b ! indiscrim9ate "* ( ! puni%m5t /ill survives2 n only ! mutilator ( ! ,h]mae1 b all ! ,a!nians--n only ! violator ( ! rites ( ! ,bona dea1 b all ! ,romans--are liable to ! curse eng5d]$2 & s all ?r\gh anci5t hi/ory4 ,! /r5g? ( ! corporate anxiety s creat$ is kn[n to e "o4 ,n only 0 x greately ?an any anxiety ab\t p]sonal prop]ty1 b x 0 immeasurably great]4 ,naturally1 ev5 reasonably we may say1 x 0 great]4 ,! dread ( ! p[]s ( nature1 or ( ! be+s :o rule ^? p[]s1 is prop]ly1 ^u gr\nds ( reason1 z mu* great] ?an any o!r dread z ! might ( ! p[]s ( nature is sup]ior to t ( any o!r p[]s4 ,if a tribe or a nation h1 by a contagi\s fancy1 come to believe t ! do+ ( any "o ?+ by any numb] w be 'unlucky1' t is1 w br+ an int5se & va/ liability on !m all1 !n t tribe & t nation w prev5t ! do+ ( t ?+ m ?an any?+ else4 ,!y w deal ) ! mo/ *]i%$ *ief :o ev5 by *ance %\ld d x1 z 9 a simil> case ! sailors dealt ) ,jonah4 ,i d n ( c\rse mean t ?is /range condition ( m9d z x seems to u 0 ! sole s\rce ( e>ly cu/oms4 ,on ! contr>y1 man might be describ$ z a cu/om-mak+ animal ) m ju/ice ?an by _m ( ! %ort descriptions4 ,9 :atev] way a man has done any?+ once1 he has a t5d5cy to d x aga93 if he has done x sev]al times he has a great t5d5cy s to d x1 & :at is m1 he has a great t5d5cy to make o!rs d x also4 ,he transmits 8 =m$ cu/oms to 8 *ildr5 by example & by tea*+4 ,?is is true n[ ( human nature1 & w always be true1 no d\bt4 ,b :at is peculi> 9 e>ly societies is t ov] mo/ ( ^! cu/oms !re gr[s soon] or lat] a semi-sup]natural sanction4 ,! :ole community is possess$ ) ! idea t if ! primal usages ( ! tribe be brok51 h>m unspeakable w happ5 9 ways y _c ?9k (1 & f s\rces y _c imag9e4 ,z p n[-a-days believe t 'murd] w out1' & t great crime w br+ ev5 an e>?ly puni%m5t1 s 9 e>ly times p believ$ t = any brea* ( sacr$ cu/om c]ta9 retribution w\ld happ54 ,to ?is day _m semi-civilis$ races h great difficulty 9 reg>d+ any arrangem5t z b9d+ & conclusive unless !y c also manage to look at x z an inh]it$ usage4 ,sir ,h4 ,ma9e1 9 8 la/ "w1 gives a mo/ curi\s case4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t 9 ,india has 9 _m cases made new & great works ( irrigation1 ( :i* no anci5t ,indian ,gov]nm5t ev] ?\ght2 & x has g5]ally left x to ! native village community to say :at %>e ea* man ( ! village %\ld h 9 ! wat]2 & ! village au?orities h accord+ly laid d[n a s]ies ( mo/ m9ute rules ab\t x4 ,b ! peculi>ity is t 9 no case d ^! rules 'purport to emanate f ! p]sonal au?ority ( _! au?or or au?ors1 :i* re/s on gr\nds ( reason n on gr\nds ( innoc5ce & sanctity2 nor d !y assume to be dictat$ by a s5se ( equity2 !re is always1 ,i am assur$1 a sort ( fiction "u :i* "s cu/oms z to ! di/ribution ( wat] are suppos$ to h emanat$ f a remote antiquity1 al?\gh1 9 fact1 no su* artificial supply _h ev] be5 s mu* z ?\ght (4' ,s difficult does ?is anci5t race--l1 probably1 9 ?is respect s mu* ( ! anci5t _w-f9d x to imag9e a rule :i* is obligatory1 b n traditional4 ,! ready =mation ( cu/om-mak+ gr\ps 9 e>ly society mu/ h be5 greatly help$ by ! easy divisions ( t society4 ,mu* ( ! _w--all ,europe1 = example--0 !n cov]$ by ! primeval =e/2 m5 _h only conqu]$1 & z yet c\ld only conqu]1 a few plots & corn]s f x4 ,^! n>r[ spaces 7 soon exhau/$1 & if numb]s grew "s ( ! new p mu/ move4 ,accord+ly1 migrations 7 con/ant1 & 7 necess>y4 ,& ^! migrations 7 n l ^? ( mod]n times4 ,!re 0 no su* feel+ z b9ds ev5 ,am]icans :o hate1 or speak z if !y hat$1 ! pres5t political ,engl&--nev]!less to '! old home4' ,!re 0 !n no organis$ means ( communication--no practical communication1 we may say1 betwe5 p>t$ memb]s ( ! same gr\p2 ^? :o once w5t out f ! p>5t society w5t out = ev]2 !y left no abid+ remembrance1 & !y kept no abid+ reg>d4 ,ev5 ! language ( ! p>5t tribe & ( ! desc5d$ tribe w\ld diff] 9 a g5]ation or two4 ,!re be+ no writt5 lit]ature & no spok5 int]c\rse1 ! spee* ( bo? w\ld v>y 7! spee* ( su* communities is always v>y+71 & w\ld v>y 9 diff]5t directions4 ,"o set ( causes1 ev5ts1 & associations w\ld act on "o1 & ano!r set on ano!r2 sectional diff]5ces w\ld soon arise1 &1 = speak+ purposes1 :at philologi/s call a dialectical diff]5ce (t5 am\nts to real & total diff]5ce3 no connect$ int]*ange ( ?\ght is possible any long]4 ,sep>ate gr\ps soon 'set up h\se2' ! e>ly societies beg9 a new set ( cu/oms1 acquire & keep a di/9ct & special 'luck4' ,if x 7 n = ?is facility ( new =mations1 "o good or bad cu/om w\ld long s9ce h 'corrupt$' ! _w2 b ev5 ?is w\ld n h be5 en\gh b = ^? cont9ual w>s1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 at su* l5g? 9 ! essay on ',! ,use ( ,conflict1' t ,i ne$ say no?+ n[4 ,^! are by _! incessant fractures ( old images1 & by _! con/ant infusion ( new elem5ts1 ! real reg5]ators ( society4 ,& :atev] be ! tru? or falsehood ( ! g5]al dislike to mix$ & half-br$ races1 no su* suspicion 0 probably applicable to ! e>ly mixtures ( primitive society4 ,suppos+1 z is likely1 ea* great aborig9al race to h _h its own qu>t] ( ! _w 7a qu>t]1 z x w\ld seem1 correspond+ to ! special qu>t]s 9 :i* plants & animals are divid$71 !n ! imm5se majority ( ! mixtures w\ld be betwe5 m5 ( diff]5t tribes b ( ! same /ock1 & ?is no "o w\ld object to1 b e "o w\ld praise4 ,9 g5]al1 too1 ! conqu]ors w\ld be bett] ?an ! conqu]$ 7mo/ m]its 9 e>ly society are m or less milit>y m]its71 b !y w\ld n be v mu* bett]1 = ! l[e/ /eps 9 ! ladd] ( civilisation are v /eep1 & ! ef=t to m\nt !m is sl[ & t$i\s4 ,& ?is is probably ! bett] if !y are to produce a good & quick effect 9 civilis+ ^? !y h conqu]$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,engli% 9 ,india %[s--if x %[s any?+--t a highly civilis$ race may fail 9 produc+ a rapidly excell5t effect on a less civilis$ race1 because x is too good & too diff]5t4 ,! two are n en rapport toge!r2 ! m]its ( ! "o are n ! m]its priz$ by ! o!r2 ! mann]-language ( ! "o is n ! mann]-language ( ! o!r4 ,! high] be+ is n & _c be a model = ! l[]2 he c\ld n m\ld himself on x if he w\ld1 & w\ld n if he c\ld4 ,consequ5tly1 ! two races h long liv$ toge!r1 'ne> & yet f> (f1' daily see+ "o ano!r & daily int]*ang+ sup]ficial ?\ghts1 b 9 ! dep?s ( _! m9d sep>at$ by a :ole era ( civilisation1 & s affect+ "o ano!r only a little 9 comp>ison ) :at might h be5 hop$4 ,b 9 e>ly societies !re 7 no su* great diff]5ces1 & ! r sup]ior conqu]or mu/ h easily improv$ ! r inf]ior conqu]$4 ,x is 9 ! int]ior ( ^! cu/om>y gr\ps t national *>act]s are =m$4 ,z ,i wrote a :ole essay on ! mann] ( ?is be=e1 ,i _c speak ( x n[4 ,by proscrib+ noncon=mi/ memb]s = g5]ations1 & *]i%+ & rew>d+ con=mi/ memb]s1 noncon=mi/s become few] & few]1 & con=mi/s m & m4 ,mo/ m5 mo/ly imitate :at !y see1 & cat* ! tone ( :at !y he>1 & s a settl$ type--a p]si/5t "*--is =m$4 ,nor is ! process :olly m5tal4 ,i _c agree1 ?\gh ! greate/ au?orities say x1 t no 'unconsci\s selection' has be5 at "w at ! bre$ ( man4 ,if nei!r t nor consci\s selection has be5 at "w1 h[ did !re come to be ^! bre$s1 & su* !re are 9 ! greate/ numb]s1 ?\gh we call !m nations8 ,9 societies tyrannically cu/om>y1 uncong5ial m9ds become fir/ c[$1 !n melan*oly1 !n out ( heal?1 & at la/ die4 ,a ,%elley 9 ,new ,engl& c\ld h>dly h liv$1 & a race ( ,%elleys w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,mr4 ,galton wi%es t bre$s ( m5 %\ld be creat$ by mat*+ m5 ) m>k$ *>act]i/ics ) wom5 ( l *>act]i/ics4 ,b surely ?is is :at nature has be5 do+ "t out ( m9d1 & mo/ 9 ! rude/ nations & h>de/ times4 ,nature di%e>t5$ 9 ea* g5]ation ! ill-fitt$ memb]s ( ea* cu/om>y gr\p1 s depriv$ !m ( _! full vig\r1 or1 if !y 7 weakly1 kill$ !m4 ,! ,sp>tan "* 0 =m$ because none b p )1 a ,sp>tan make ( m9d c\ld endure a ,sp>tan exi/5ce4 ,! e>ly ,roman "* 0 s =m$ too4 ,p]haps all v m>k$ national *>act]s c be trac$ back to a "t ( rigid & p]vad+ discipl9e4 ,9 mod]n times1 :5 society is m tol]ant1 new national *>act]s are nei!r s /rong1 s featurely1 nor s uni=m4 ,9 ?is mann] society 0 occupi$ 9 pre-hi/oric times1--x is consi/5t ) & explicable by our g5]al pr9ciple z to savages1 t society %\ld = ages h be5 s occupi$1 /range z t conclusion is1 & incr$ible z x w\ld be1 if we _h n be5 taught by exp]i5ce to believe /range ?+s4 ,secondly1 ?is pr9ciple & ?is conception ( pre-hi/oric times expla9 to u ! mean+ & ! orig9 ( ! olde/ & /range/ ( social anomalies--an anomaly :i* is among ! fir/ ?+s hi/ory tells u--! exi/5ce ( ca/e nations4 ,no?+ is at fir/ sight /rang] ?an ! aspect ( ^? communities :]e sev]al nations seem to be b\nd up toge!r--:]e ea* is gov]n$ by its own rule ( law1 :]e no "o pays any def]5ce to ! rule ( law ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,b if our pr9ciples be true1 ^! are j ! nations mo/ likely to la/1 :i* w\ld h a special advantage 9 e>ly times1 & w\ld probably n only ma9ta9 !mselves1 b conqu] & kill out o!rs also4 ,! *>act]i/ic necessity ( e>ly society z we h se51 is /rict usage & b9d+ co]cive cu/om4 ,b ! obvi\s result & inevitable evil ( t is monotony 9 society2 no "o c be mu* diff]5t f 8 fell[s1 or c cultivate 8 diff]5ce4 ,su* societies are necess>ily weak f ! want ( v>iety 9 _! elem5ts4 ,b a ca/e nation is v>i\s & composite2 & has 9 a mode suit$ to e>ly societies ! con/ant co-op]ation ( contra/$ p]sons1 :i* 9 a lat] age is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( civilisation4 ,9 a primitive age ! division betwe5 ! w>rior ca/e & ! prie/ly ca/e is especially advantage\s4 ,little popul> & little des]v+ to be popul> n[-a-days z are prie/ly hi]>*ies1 mo/ probably ! beg9n+s ( sci5ce 7 made 9 su*1 & 7 = ages transmitt$ 9 su*4 ,an intellectual class 0 9 t age only possible :5 x 0 protect$ by a notion t :oev] hurt !m w\ld c]ta9ly be puni%$ by heav54 ,9 ?is class ap>t discov]ies 7 sl[ly made & "s beg9n+ ( m5tal discipl9e 0 sl[ly matur$4 ,b su* a community is necess>ily unw>like1 & ! sup]/ition :i* protects prie/s f home murd] w n aid !m 9 conflict ) ! =eign]4 ,few nations m9d kill+ _! enemies' prie/s1 & _m prie/ly civilisations h p]i%$ )\t record be=e !y well began4 ,b su* a civilisation w n p]i% if a w>rior ca/e is tack$ on to x & is b\nd to def5d x4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* a civilisation w be s+ul>ly likely to live4 ,! head ( ! sage w help ! arm ( ! soldi]4 ,t a nation divid$ into ca/es mu/ be a mo/ difficult ?+ to f\nd is pla94 ,probably x c\ld only beg9 9 a c\ntry sev]al times conqu]$1 & :]e ! b\nd>ies ( ea* ca/e rudely co9cid$ ) ! b\nd>ies ( c]ta9 sets ( victors & vanqui%$4 ,b1 z we n[ see1 :5 f\nd$ x is a likely nation to la/4 ,a p>ty-col\r$ community ( _m tribes & _m usages is m likely to get on1 & help itself1 ?an a nation ( a s+le l9eage & "o monoton\s rule4 ,i say 'at fir/1' because ,i appreh5d t 9 ?is case1 z 9 s _m o!rs 9 ! puzzl+ hi/ory ( progress1 ! v in/itutions :i* mo/ aid at /ep numb] "o are precisely ^? :i* mo/ imp$e at /ep numb] two4 ,! :ole ( a ca/e nation is m v>i\s ?an ! :ole ( a non-ca/e nation1 b ea* ca/e itself is m monoton\s ?an any?+ is1 or c be1 9 a non-ca/e nation4 ,gradually a habit ( action & type ( m9d =ces itself on ea* ca/e1 & x is little likely to be rid ( x1 = all :o ent] x are taught 9 "o way & tra9$ to ! same employm5t4 ,sev]al non-ca/e nations h /ill cont9u$ to progress4 ,b all ca/e nations h /opp$ e>ly1 ?\gh "s h la/$ long4 ,ea* col\r 9 ! s+ul> composite ( ^! tesselat$ societies has an indelible & inv>iable %ade4 ,?irdly1 we see :y s few nations h made rapid advance1 & h[ _m h become /ation>y4 ,x is 9 ! process ( becom+ a nation1 & 9 ord] to become su*1 t !y subject$ !mselves to ! influ5ce :i* has made !m /ation>y4 ,!y c\ld n become a real nation )\t b9d+ !mselves by a fix$ law & usage1 & x is ! fixity ( t law & usage :i* has kept !m z !y 7 ev] s9ce4 ,i wrote a :ole essay on ?is be=e1 s ,i ne$ say no?+ n[2 & ,i only "n x because x is "o ( ! mo/ important consequ5ces ( ?is view ( society1 if n inde$ ! mo/ important4 ,aga91 we c ?us expla9 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts ( ! pres5t _w4 ',mann]1' says a %rewd obs]v]1 :o has se5 mu* ( exi/+ life1 'mann] gets regul>ly worse z y g f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/2 x is be/ 9 ,asia1 n s good 9 ,europe1 & altoge!r bad 9 ! we/]n /ates ( ,am]ica4' ,& ! reason is ?is--an impos+ mann] is a dignifi$ usage1 :i* t5ds to pres]ve itself & also all o!r exi/+ usages along ) itself4 ,x t5ds to induce ! ob$i5ce ( mank9d4 ,"o ( ! clev]e/ noveli/s ( ! pres5t day has a curi\s diss]tation to settle :y on ! hunt+-field1 & 9 all collections ( m51 "s m5 'snub & "s m5 get snubb$2' & :y society recognises 9 ea* case ! asc5dancy or ! subord9ation z if x 0 "r4 ',x is n at all1' ,mr4 ,trollope fully expla9s1 'r>e ability :i* ga9s ! supremacy2 v (t5 ! ill-treat$ man is q z clev] z ! man :o ill-treats him4 ,nor does x absolutely dep5d on weal?2 =1 ?\gh great weal? is almo/ always a protection f social ignom9y1 & w always ensure a passive respect1 x w n 9 a miscellane\s gr\p ( m5 ( itself ga9 an active p[] to snub o!rs4 ,s*oolboys1 9 ! same way1' ! noveli/ adds1 'let "s boys h dom9ion1 & make o!r boys slaves4' ,& he decides1 no d\bt truly1 t 9 ea* case 'some?+ 9 ! mann] or gait' ( ! supreme boy or man has mu* to d ) x4 ,on ?is acc\nt 9 e>ly society a dignifi$ mann] is ( ess5tial importance2 x is1 !n1 n only an auxili>y mode ( acquir+ respect1 b a pr9cipal mode4 ,! compet+ in/itutions :i* h n[ mu* sup]s$$ x1 _h n !n begun4 ,anci5t in/itutions or v5]at$ laws did n !n exi/2 & ! habitual asc5dancy ( grave mann] 0 a prim>y =ce 9 w9n+ & calm+ mank9d4 ,to ?is day x is r>e to f9d a savage *ief )\t x2 & almo/ always !y greatly excel 9 x4 ,only la/ ye> a r$ ,indian *ief came f ! prairies to see ,presid5t ,grant1 & ev]ybody decl>$ t he _h ! be/ mann]s 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! secret>ies & heads ( dep>tm5ts seem$ vulg> to him2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 intr9sically !y 7 inf9itely above him1 = he 0 only 'a plund]+ rascal4' ,b an impressive mann] _h be5 a tradition 9 ! societies 9 :i* he _h liv$1 because x 0 ( great value 9 ^? societies2 & x is n a tradition 9 ,am]ica1 = n[h]e is x less ?\ght (1 or ( less use1 ?an 9 a r\gh ,engli% colony2 ! ess5tials ( civilisation !re dep5d on f> diff]5t influ5ces4 ,& mann]1 be+ s useful & s important1 usages & cu/oms gr[ up to develop x4 ,asiatic society is full ( su* ?+s1 if x %\ld n r be said to be compos$ ( !m4 ',f ! _s & decision ( a public envoy ^u c]emonies & =ms1' says ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 '! ,p]sians v g5]ally =m _! op9ion ( ! "* ( ! c\ntry he repres5ts4 ,?is fact ,i _h read 9 books1 & all ,i saw conv9c$ me ( its tru?4 ,=tunately ! ,el*ee _h resid$ at "s ( ! pr9cipal c\rts ( ,india1 ^: usages are v simil>4 ,he 01 !re=e1 deeply v]s$ 9 t important sci5ce d5om9at$ ,kaida-e-ni%e/-oo-b]kha/ 7or ! art ( sitt+ & ris+71 9 :i* is includ$ a k ( ! =ms & mann]s ( good society1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,asiatic k+s & _! c\rts4 ',he 0 q aw>e1 on 8 fir/ arrival 9 ,p]sia1 ( ! consequ5ce ( e /ep he took on su* delicate po9ts2 he 01 !re=e1 anxi\s to fight all 8 battles reg>d+ c]emonies be=e he came ne> ! foot/ool ( royalty4 ,we 7 consequ5tly plagu$1 f ! mom5t we l&$ at ,ambu%eh]1 till we rea*$ ,%iraz1 ) daily almo/ h\rly drill+1 t we might be p]fect 9 our demean\r at all places1 & "u all circum/ances4 ,we 7 c>efully in/ruct$ :]e to ride 9 a procession1 :]e to /& or sit )9-doors1 :5 to rise f our seats1 h[ f> to advance to meet a visitor1 & to :at "p ( ! t5t or h\se we 7 to foll[ him :5 he dep>t$1 if he 0 ( suffici5t rank to make u /ir a /ep4 ',! regulations ( our ris+s & /&+s1 & mov+s & reseat+s1 71 h[ev]1 ( comp>atively less importance ?an ! "t & mann] ( smok+ our ,kellians & tak+ our c(fee4 ,x is q a/oni%+ h[ mu* dep5ds ^u c(fee & tobacco 9 ,p]sia4 ,m5 are gratifi$ or (f5d$1 accord+ to ! mode 9 :i* ^! fav\rite refre%m5ts are (f]$4 ,y welcome a visitor1 or s5d him (f1 by ! way 9 :i* y call = a pipe or a cup ( c(fee4 ,!n y m>k1 9 ! mo/ m9ute mann]1 e %ade ( att5tion & consid]ation1 by ! mode 9 :i* he is treat$4 ,if he be above y1 y pres5t ^! refre%m5ts y\rself1 & d n p>take till comm&$2 if equal1 y ex*ange pipes1 & pres5t him ) c(fee1 tak+ ! next cup y\rself2 if a little bel[ y1 & y wi% to pay him att5tion1 y leave him to smoke 8 own pipe1 b ! s]vant gives him1 accord+ to y\r condesc5d+ nod1 ! fir/ cup ( c(fee2 if mu* inf]ior1 y keep y\r di/ance & ma9ta9 y\r rank1 by tak+ ! fir/ cup ( c(fee y\rself1 & !n direct+ ! s]vant1 by a wave ( ! h&1 to help ! gue/4 ',:5 a visitor arrives1 ! c(fee & pipe are call$ = to welcome him2 a second call = ^! articles ann\nces t he may dep>t2 b ?is "p ( ! c]emony v>ies accord+ to ! relative rank or intimacy ( ! p>ties4 ',^! matt]s may appe> light to ^? ) :om obs]vances ( ?is "* are habits1 n rules2 b 9 ?is c\ntry !y are ( prim>y consid]ation1 a man's importance ) himself & ) o!rs dep5d+ on !m4' ,9 anci5t cu/om>y societies ! influ5ce ( mann]1 :i* is a prim>y influ5ce1 has be5 settl$ into rules1 s t x may aid e/abli%$ usages & n ?w>t !m--t x may1 above all1 augm5t ! ,,habit ( go+ by cu/om1 & n break & weak5 x4 ,e aid1 z we h se51 0 want$ to impose ! yoke ( cu/om ^u su* societies2 & impress+ ! p[] ( mann] to s]ve !m 0 "o ( ! greate/ aids4 ,& la/ly1 we n[ und]/& :y ord] & civilisation are s un/able ev5 9 progressive communities4 ,we see frequ5tly 9 /ates :at physiologi/s call ',atavism'--! return1 9 "p1 to ! un/able nature ( _! b>b>\s ance/ors4 ,su* sc5es ( cruelty & horror z happ5$ 9 ! great ,fr5* ,revolution1 & z happ51 m or less1 9 e great riot1 h always be5 said to br+ out a secret & suppress$ side ( human nature2 & we n[ see t !y 7 ! outbreak ( inh]it$ passions long repress$ by fix$ cu/om1 b />t+ into life z soon z t repression 0 cata/rophically remov$ & :5 sudd5 *oice 0 giv54 ,! irritability ( mank9d1 too1 is only "p ( _! imp]fect1 transitory civilisation & ( _! orig9al savage nature4 ,!y c\ld n look /eadily to a giv5 end = an h\r 9 _! pre-hi/oric /ate2 & ev5 n[1 :5 excit$ or :5 sudd5ly & :olly ?r[n out ( _! old grooves1 !y c sc>cely d s4 ,ev5 "s v high races1 z ! ,fr5* & ! ,iri%1 seem 9 tr\bl$ times h>dly to be /able at all1 b to be c>ri$ ev]y:]e z ! passions ( ! mom5t & ! ideas g5]at$ at ! h\r may det]m9e4 ,b1 ?or\ghly to deal ) su* ph5om5a z ^!1 we mu/ exam9e ! mode 9 :i* national *>act]s c be emancipat$ f ! rule ( cu/om1 & c be prep>$ = ! use ( *oice4 ,,no4 ,v4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,discussion4 ,! greate/ liv+ contra/ is betwe5 ! old ,ea/]n & cu/om>y civilisations & ! new ,we/]n & *angeable civilisations4 ,a ye> or two ago an inquiry 0 made ( our mo/ intellig5t (fic]s 9 ! ,ea/1 n z to :e!r ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t 7 really do+ good 9 ! ,ea/1 b z to :e!r ! natives ( ,india !mselves ?\ght we 7 do+ good2 to :i*1 9 a majority ( cases1 ! (fic]s :o wore ! be/ au?ority1 answ]$ ?us3 ',no d\bt y are giv+ ! ,indians _m great b5efits3 y give !m cont9u$ peace1 free trade1 ! "r to live z !y l1 subject to ! laws2 9 ^! po9ts & o!rs !y are f> bett] (f ?an1 !y ev] 72 b /ill !y _c make y out4 ,:at puzzles !m is y\r con/ant disposition to *ange1 or z y call x1 improvem5t4 ,_! own life 9 e detail be+ regulat$ by anci5t usage1 !y _c compreh5d a policy :i* is always br++ some?+ new2 !y d n a bit believe t ! desire to make !m com=table & happy is ! root ( x2 !y believe1 on ! contr>y1 t y are aim+ at some?+ :i* !y d n und]/&--t y mean to take away _! religion2 9 a ^w1 t ! end & object ( all ^! cont9ual *anges is to make ,indians n :at !y are & :at !y l to be1 b some?+ new & diff]5t f :at !y are1 & :at !y w\ld n l to be4' ,9 ! ,ea/1 9 a ^w1 we are attempt+ to put new w9e into old bottles-to p\r :at we c ( a civilisation ^: _s is progress into ! =m ( a civilisation ^: _s is fixity1 & :e!r we %all succe$ or n is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ "q 9 an age ab\nd+ almo/ beyond example 9 que/ions ( political int]e/4 ,hi/orical inquiries %[ t ! feel+ ( ! ,h9doos is ! old feel+1 & t ! feel+ ( ! ,engli%man is a mod]n feel+4 ',old law re/s1' z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e puts x1 'n on contract b on /atus4' ,! life ( anci5t civilisation1 s f> z legal records g1 runs back to a "t :5 e important p>ticul> ( life 0 settl$ by a usage :i* 0 social1 political1 & religi\s1 z we %\ld n[ say1 all 9 "o--:i* ^? :o obey$ x c\ld n h be5 able to analyse1 = ^? di/9ctions _h no place 9 _! m9d & language1 b :i* !y felt to be a usage ( imp]i%able import1 & above all ?+s to be kept un*ang$4 ,9 =m] pap]s ,i h %[n1 or at lea/ tri$ to %[1 :y ^! cu/om>y civilisations 7 ! only ones :i* suit$ an e>ly society2 :y1 s to say1 !y alone c\ld h be5 fir/2 9 :at mann] !y _h 9 _! v /ructure a decisive advantage ov] all competitors4 ,b n[ comes ! f>!r "q3 ,if fixity is an inv>iable +r$i5t 9 e>ly civilisations1 h[ !n did any civilisation become unfix$8 ,no d\bt mo/ civilisations /uck :]e !y fir/ 72 no d\bt we see n[ :y /agnation is ! rule ( ! _w1 & :y progress is ! v r>e exception2 b we d n le>n :at x is :i* has caus$ progress 9 ^! few cases1 or ! abs5ce ( :at x is :i* has d5i$ x 9 all o!rs4 ,to ?is "q hi/ory gives a v cle> & v rem>kable answ]4 ,x is t ! *ange f ! age ( /atus to ! age ( *oice 0 fir/ made 9 /ates :]e ! gov]nm5t 0 to a great & a gr[+ ext5t a gov]nm5t by discussion1 & :]e ! subjects ( t discussion 7 9 "s degree ab/ract1 or1 z we %\ld say1 matt]s ( pr9ciple4 ,x 0 9 ! small republics ( ,greece & ,italy t ! *a9 ( cu/om 0 fir/ brok54 ',lib]ty said1 ,let !re be light1 &1 l a sunrise on ! sea1 ,a!ns arose1' says ,%elley1 & 8 hi/orical philosophy is 9 ?is case f> m correct ?an is usual ) him4 ,a free /ate--a /ate ) lib]ty--means a /ate1 call x republic or call x mon>*y1 9 :i* ! sov]eign p[] is divid$ betwe5 _m p]sons1 & 9 :i* !re is a discussion among ^? p]sons4 ,( ^! ! ,greek republics 7 ! fir/ 9 hi/ory1 if n 9 "t1 & ,a!ns 0 ! greate/ ( ^? republics4 ,aft] ! ev5t x is easy to see :y ! tea*+ ( hi/ory %\ld be ?is & no?+ else4 ,x is easy to see :y ! common discussion ( common actions or common int]e/s %\ld become ! root ( *ange & progress4 ,9 e>ly society1 orig9ality 9 life 0 =bidd5 & repress$ by ! fix$ rule ( life4 ,x may n h be5 q s mu* s 9 ,anci5t ,greece z 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b x 0 v mu* s ev5 !re4 ,z a rec5t writ] has well said1 ',law !n pres5t$ itself to m5's m9ds z some?+ v5]able & un*angeable1 z old z ! city2 x _h be5 deliv]$ by ! f\nd] himself1 :5 he laid ! walls ( ! city1 & k9dl$ its sacr$ fire4' ,an ord9>y man :o wi%$ to /rike out a new pa?1 to beg9 a new & important practice by himself1 w\ld h be5 p]emptorily requir$ to ab&on 8 novelties on pa9 ( dea?2 he 0 deviat+1 he w\ld be told1 f ! ord9ances impos$ by ! gods on 8 nation1 & he mu/ n d s to please himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 o!rs 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 8 actions4 ,if he disobey$1 ! gods might inflict griev\s h>m on all ! p z well z him4 ,ea* p>tn] 9 ! mo/ anci5t k9d ( p>tn]%ips 0 suppos$ to h ! p[] ( attract+ ! wra? ( ! div9ities on ! entire firm1 ^u ! o!r p>tn]s q z mu* z ^u himself4 ,! quak+ by/&]s 9 a sup]/iti\s age w\ld soon h sla9 an isolat$ bold man 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 innovations1 ,:at ,macaulay s reli$ on z ! incessant s\rce ( progress--! desire ( man to bett] 8 condition--0 n !n p]mitt$ to "w2 man 0 requir$ to live z 8 ance/ors _h liv$4 ,/ill fur!r away f ^? times 7 ! 'free ?\ght' & ! 'advanc+ sci5ces' ( :i* we n[ he> s mu*4 ,! fir/ & mo/ natural subject ^u :i* human ?\ght conc]ns itself is religion2 ! fir/ wi% ( ! half-emancipat$ ?9k] is to use 8 reason on ! great problems ( human de/9y--to f9d out :5ce he came & :i!r he goes1 to =m = himself ! mo/ reasonable idea ( ,god :i* he c =m4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,grote happily said--',?is is usually :at anci5t times w\ld n let a man d4 ,8 g5s or 8 phratria requir$ him to believe z !y believ$4' ,tol]ation is ( all ideas ! mo/ mod]n1 because ! notion t ! bad religion ( ,a _c impair1 "h or h]eaft]1 ! welf>e ( ,b1 is1 /range to say1 a mod]n idea4 ,& ! help ( 'sci5ce1' at t /age ( ?\ght1 is /ill m nugatory4 ,physical sci5ce1 z we conceive x--t is1 ! sy/ematic inve/igation ( ext]nal nature 9 detail--did n !n exi/4 ,a few isolat$ obs]vations on surface ?+s--a half-correct cal5d>1 secrets ma9ly ( prie/ly inv5tion1 & 9 prie/ly cu/ody--7 all t 0 !n imag9$2 ! idea ( us+ a settl$ /udy ( nature z a basis = ! discov]y ( new in/rum5ts & new ?+s1 did n !n exi/4 ,x is inde$ a mod]n idea1 & is peculi> to a few ,european c\ntries ev5 yet4 ,9 ! mo/ intellectual city ( ! anci5t _w1 9 its mo/ intellectual age1 ,socrates1 its mo/ intellectual inhabitant1 disc\rag$ ! /udy ( physics because !y eng5d]$ unc]ta9ty1 & did n augm5t human happ9ess4 ,! k9d ( k :i* is mo/ connect$ ) human progress n[ 0 t lea/ connect$ ) x !n4 ,b a gov]nm5t by discussion1 if x c be borne1 at once breaks d[n ! yoke ( fix$ cu/om4 ,! idea ( ! two is inconsi/5t4 ,z f> z x goes1 ! m]e putt+ up ( a subject to discussion1 ) ! object ( be+ guid$ by t discussion1 is a cle> admission t t subject is 9 no degree settl$ by e/abli%$ rule1 & t m5 are free to *oose 9 x4 ,x is an admission too t !re is no sacr$ au?ority--no "o transc5d5t & div9ely appo9t$ man :om 9 t matt] ! community is b\nd to obey4 ,& if a s+le subject or gr\p ( subjects be once admitt$ to discussion1 ere long ! habit ( discussion comes to be e/abli%$1 ! sacr$ *>m ( use & wont to be dissolv$4 ',democracy1' x has be5 said 9 mod]n times1 'is l ! grave2 x takes1 b x does n give4' ,! same is true ( 'discussion4' ,once effectually submit a subject to t ordeal1 & y c nev] )draw x aga92 y c nev] aga9 clo! x ) my/]y1 or f5ce x by consecration2 x rema9s = ev] op5 to free *oice1 & expos$ to pr(ane delib]ation4 ,! only subjects :i* c be fir/ submitt$1 or :i* till a v late age ( civilisation c be submitt$ to discussion 9 ! community1 are ! que/ions involv+ ! visible & press+ int]e/s ( ! community2 !y are political que/ions ( high & urg5t import4 ,if a nation has 9 any consid]able degree ga9$ ! habit1 & exhibit$ ! capacity1 to discuss ^! que/ions ) fre$om1 & to decide !m ) discretion1 to argue mu* on politics & n to argue ru9\sly1 an enorm\s advance 9 o!r k9ds ( civilisation may confid5tly be pr$ict$ = x4 ,& ! reason is a pla9 d$uction f ! pr9ciples :i* we h f\nd to guide e>ly civilisation4 ,! fir/ pre-hi/oric m5 7 passionate savages1 ) ! greate/ difficulty co]c$ into ord] & compress$ into a /ate4 ,= ages 7 sp5t 9 beg9n+ t ord] & f\nd+ t /ate2 ! only suffici5t & effectual ag5t 9 s do+ 0 consecrat$ cu/om2 b !n t cu/om ga!r$ ov] ev]y?+1 arre/$ all onw>d progress1 & /ay$ ! orig9ality ( mank9d4 ,if1 !re=e1 a nation is able to ga9 ! b5efit ( cu/om )\t ! evil--if aft] ages ( wait+ x c h ord] & *oice toge!r--at once ! fatal clog is remov$1 & ! ord9>y spr+s ( progress1 z 9 a mod]n community we conceive !m1 beg9 _! ela/ic action4 ,discussion1 too1 has inc5tives to progress peculi> to itself4 ,x gives a premium to intellig5ce4 ,to set out ! argum5ts requir$ to det]m9e political action ) su* =ce & effect t !y really %\ld det]m9e x1 is a high & great ex]tion ( intellect4 ,( c\rse1 all su* argum5ts are produc$ "u conditions2 ! argum5t ab/ract$ly be/ is n necess>ily ! w9n+ argum5t4 ,political discussion mu/ move ^? :o h to act2 x mu/ be fram$ 9 ! ideas1 & be consonant ) ! prec$5t1 ( its "t1 j z x mu/ speak its language4 ,b )9 ^! m>k$ conditions good discussion is bett] ?an bad2 no p c be> a gov]nm5t ( discussion = a day1 :i* does n1 )9 ! b\nd>ies ( its prejudices & its ideas1 pref] good reason+ to bad reason+1 s\nd argum5t to uns\nd4 ,a prize = argum5tative m9d is giv5 9 free /ates1 to :i* no o!r /ates h any?+ to comp>e4 ,tol]ance too is le>n$ 9 discussion1 &1 z hi/ory %[s1 is only s le>n$4 ,9 all cu/om>y societies bigotry is ! rul+ pr9ciple4 ,9 rude places to ?is day any "o :o says any?+ new is look$ on ) suspicion1 & is p]secut$ by op9ion if n injur$ by p5alty4 ,"o ( ! greate/ pa9s to human nature is ! pa9 ( a new idea4 ,x is1 z common p say1 s 'upsett+2' x makes y ?9k t1 aft] all1 y\r fav\rite notions may be wrong1 y\r firme/ beliefs ill-f\nd$2 x is c]ta9 t till n[ !re 0 no place allott$ 9 y\r m9d to ! new & />tl+ inhabitant1 & n[ t x has conqu]$ an entrance y d n at once see :i* ( y\r old ideas x w or w n turn out1 ) :i* ( !m x c be reconcil$1 & ) :i* x is at ess5tial enmity4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 common m5 hate a new idea1 & are dispos$ m or less to ill-treat ! orig9al man :o br+s x4 ,ev5 nations ) long habits ( discussion are intol]ant en\gh4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e !re is on ! :ole probably a fre] discussion ( a great] numb] ( subjects ?an ev] 0 be=e 9 ! _w1 we "k h[ mu* p[] bigotry reta9s4 ,b discussion1 to be successful1 requires tol]ance4 ,x fails :]ev]1 z 9 a ,fr5* political assembly1 any "o :o he>s any?+ :i* he dislikes tries to h[l x d[n4 ,if we "k t a nation is capable ( endur+ cont9u\s discussion1 we "k t x is capable ( practis+ ) equanimity cont9u\s tol]ance4 ,! p[] ( a gov]nm5t by discussion z an in/rum5t ( elevation pla9ly dep5ds--o!r ?+s be+ equal--on ! greatness or littl5ess ( ! ?+s to be discuss$4 ,!re are p]iods :5 great ideas are '9 ! air1' & :51 f "s cause or o!r1 ev5 common p]sons seem to p>take ( an unusual elevation4 ,! age ( ,elizabe? 9 ,engl& 0 conspicu\sly su* a "t4 ,! new idea ( ! ,re=mation 9 religion1 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! ,,mo5ia ,,mundi by ! discov]y ( new & s+ul> l&s1 tak5 toge!r1 gave an impulse to ?\ght :i* few1 if any1 ages c equal4 ,! discussion1 ?\gh n :olly free1 0 yet f> fre] ?an 9 ! av]age ( ages & c\ntries4 ,accord+ly1 e pursuit seem$ to />t =w>d4 ,poetry1 sci5ce1 & ar*itecture1 diff]5t z !y are1 & remov$ z !y all are at fir/ sight f su* an influ5ce z discussion1 7 sudd5ly />t$ onw>d4 ,macaulay w\ld h said y might rightly read ! p[] ( discussion '9 ! poetry ( ,%akespe>e1 9 ! prose ( ,bacon1 9 ! oriels ( ,longleat1 & ! /ately p9nacles ( ,burleigh4' ,?is is1 9 tru?1 b ano!r case ( ! pr9ciple ( :i* ,i h _h occasion to say s mu* z to ! "* ( ages & c\ntries4 ,if any p>ticul> p[] is mu* priz$ 9 an age1 ^? possess$ ( t p[] w be imitat$2 ^? defici5t 9 t p[] w be despis$4 ,9 consequ5ce an unusual quantity ( t p[] w be develop$1 & be conspicu\s4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits vigor\s & elevat$ ?\ght 0 respect$ 9 ,elizabe?'s "t1 &1 !re=e1 vigor\s & elevat$ ?9k]s 7 _m2 & ! effect w5t f> beyond ! cause4 ,x p5etrat$ into physical sci5ce1 = :i* v few m5 c>$2 & x began a re=m 9 philosophy to :i* almo/ all 7 !n oppos$4 ,9 a ^w1 ! temp] ( ! age enc\rag$ orig9ality1 & 9 consequ5ce orig9al m5 />t$ into prom95ce1 w5t hi!r & ?i!r :]e !y lik$1 arriv$ at goals :i* ! age nev] expect$1 & s made x ev] memorable4 ,9 ?is mann] all ! great movem5ts ( ?\ght 9 anci5t & mod]n times h be5 ne>ly connect$ 9 "t ) gov]nm5t by discussion4 ,a!ns1 ,rome1 ! ,italian republics ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! ,,communes & /ates-g5]al ( feudal ,europe1 h all _h a special & peculi> quick5+ influ5ce1 :i* !y ow$ to _! fre$om1 & :i* /ates )\t t fre$om h nev] communicat$4 ,& x has be5 at ! "t ( great epo*s ( ?\ght--at ! ,peloponnesian w>1 at ! fall ( ! ,roman ,republic1 at ! ,re=mation1 at ! ,fr5* ,revolution--t su* lib]ty ( speak+ & ?9k+ h produc$ _! full effect4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! discussions ( savage tribes h produc$ s little effect 9 emancipat+ ^? tribes f _! despotic cu/oms4 ,! oratory ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian--! fir/ savage ^: peculi>ities fix$ !mselves 9 ! public imag9ation--has become celebrat$1 & yet ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 7 sc>cely1 if at all1 bett] orators ?an _m o!r savages4 ,almo/ all ( ! savages :o h melt$ away be=e ! ,engli%man 7 bett] speak]s ?an he is4 ,b ! oratory ( ! savages has l$ to no?+1 & 0 likely to lead to no?+4 ,x is a discussion n ( pr9ciples1 b ( und]tak+s2 its topics are :e!r exp$ition ,a w answ]1 & %\ld be und]tak52 :e!r exp$ition ,b w n answ]1 & %\ld n be und]tak52 :e!r village ,a is ! be/ village to plund]1 or :e!r village ,b is a bett]4 ,su* discussions augm5t ! vig\r ( language1 enc\rage a debat+ facility1 & develop ^? gifts ( demean\r & ( ge/ure :i* excite ! confid5ce ( ! he>]s4 ,b !y d n excite ! speculative intellect1 d n lead m5 to argue speculative doctr9es1 or to "q anci5t pr9ciples4 ,!y1 9 "s mat]ial respects1 improve ! %eep )9 ! fold2 b !y d n help !m or incl9e !m to leap out ( ! fold4 ,! next "q1 !re=e1 is1 ,:y did discussions 9 "s cases relate to prolific ideas1 & :y did discussions 9 o!r cases relate only to isolat$ transactions8 ,! reply :i* hi/ory sugge/s is v cle> & v rem>kable4 ,"s races ( m5 at our e>lie/ k ( !m h already acquir$ ! basis ( a free con/itution2 !y h already ! rudim5ts ( a complex polity--a mon>*1 a s5ate1 & a g5]al meet+ ( citiz5s4 ,! ,greeks 7 "o ( ^? races1 & x happ5$1 z 0 natural1 t !re 0 9 process ( "t a /ruggle1 ! e>lie/ t we "k (1 betwe5 ! ari/ocratical p>ty1 orig9ally repres5t$ by ! s5ate1 & ! popul> p>ty1 repres5t$ by ! 'g5]al meet+4' ,?is is pla9ly a "q ( pr9ciple1 & its be+ s has l$ to its hi/ory be+ writt5 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s aft]w>ds 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,"s sev5ty ye>s ago an ,engli% c\ntry g5tleman nam$ ,mit=d1 :o1 l s _m ( 8 age1 _h be5 t]rifi$ into ari/ocratic op9ions by ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution1 sudd5ly f\nd t ! hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> 0 ! reflex ( 8 own "t4 ,he took up 8 ,?ucydides1 & !re he saw1 z 9 a mirror1 ! progress & ! /ruggles ( 8 age4 ,x requir$ "s fre%ness ( m9d to see ?is2 at lea/1 x _h be5 hidd5 = _m c5turies4 ,all ! mod]n hi/ories ( ,greece be=e ,mit=d _h b ! vague/ idea ( x2 & n be+ a man ( supreme orig9ality1 he w\ld d\btless h _h v little idea ( x ei!r1 except t ! analogy ( :at he saw help$ him by a tell+ object-lesson to ! und]/&+ ( :at he read4 ,j z 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe 9 #agic !re 7 two factions1 "o ( ! old-_w ari/ocracy1 & ! o!r ( ! incom+ democracy1 j s !re 0 9 e city ( anci5t ,greece1 9 ! ye> #djj ,b4,c41 "o p>ty ( ! _m & ano!r ( ! few4 ,?is ,mr4 ,mit=d p]ceiv$1 & be+ a /rong ari/ocrat1 he wrote a 'hi/ory1' :i* is little except a p>ty pamphlet1 & :i*1 x mu/ be said1 is ev5 n[ readable on t v acc\nt4 ,! vig\r ( passion ) :i* x 0 writt5 puts life into ! words1 & reta9s ! att5tion ( ! read]4 ,& t is n all4 ,mr4 ,grote1 ! great s*ol> :om we h _h lately to m\rn1 also recognis+ ! id5tity betwe5 ! /ruggles ( ,a!ns & ,sp>ta & ! /ruggles ( our mod]n _w1 & tak+ viol5tly ! contr>y side to t ( ,mit=d1 be+ z great a democrat z ,mit=d 0 an ari/ocrat1 wrote a reply1 f> above ,mit=d's hi/ory 9 p[] & le>n+1 b be+ 9 its ma9 *>act]i/ic almo/ id5tical1 be+ above all ?+s a book ( vigor\s political passion1 writt5 = p]sons :o c>e = politics1 & n1 z almo/ all hi/ories ( antiquity are & mu/ be1 ! book ( a man :o c>es = s*ol>%ip m ?an = any?+ else1 writt5 ma9ly if n exclusively1 = s*ol>s4 ,& ! effect ( fundam5tal political discussion 0 ! same 9 anci5t z 9 mod]n times4 ,! :ole cu/om>y ways ( ?\ght 7 at once %ak5 by x1 & %ak5 n only 9 ! closets ( philosoph]s1 b 9 ! common ?\ght & daily bus9ess ( ord9>y m54 ,! 'lib]ation ( humanity1' z ,goe! us$ to call x--! deliv]ance ( m5 f ! yoke ( inh]it$ usage1 & ( rigid1 unque/ionable law--0 begun 9 ,greece1 & _h _m ( its greate/ effects1 good & evil1 on ,greece4 ,x is j because ( ! analogy betwe5 ! controv]sies ( t "t & ^? ( our times t "s "o has said1 ',classical hi/ory is a "p ( mod]n hi/ory2 x is m$iaeval hi/ory only :i* is anci5t4' ,if !re _h be5 no discussion ( pr9ciple 9 ,greece1 probably %e w\ld /ill h produc$ works ( art4 ,hom] conta9s no su* discussion4 ,! spee*es 9 ! ',iliad1' :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ! mo/ compet5t ( liv+ judges1 ma9ta9s to be ! f9e/ ev] compos$ by man1 are n discussions ( pr9ciple4 ,!re is no m t5d5cy 9 !m to critical disquisition ?an !re is to political economy4 ,9 ,h]odotus y h ! beg9n+ ( ! age ( discussion4 ,he belongs 9 8 ess5ce to ! age :i* is go+ out4 ,he ref]s ) rev]5ce to e/abli%$ ord9ance & fix$ religion4 ,/ill1 9 8 travels ?r\gh ,greece1 he mu/ h he>d endless political argum5ts2 & accord+ly y c f9d 9 8 book _m incipi5t traces ( ab/ract political disquisition4 ,! disc\rses on democracy1 ari/ocracy1 & mon>*y1 :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ! ,p]sian conspirators :5 ! mon>*y 0 vacant1 h ju/ly be5 call$ absurd1 z spee*es suppos$ to h be5 spok5 by ^? p]sons4 ,no ,asiatic ev] ?\ght ( su* ?+s4 ,y might z well imag9e ,saul or ,david speak+ !m1 z ^? to :om ,h]odotus attributes !m4 ,!y are ,greek spee*es1 full ( free ,greek discussion1 & sugge/$ by ! exp]i5ce1 already consid]able1 ( ! ,greeks 9 ! results ( discussion4 ,! age ( debate is beg9n+1 & ev5 ,h]odotus1 ! lea/ ( a wrangl] ( any man1 & ! mo/ ( a sweet & simple n>rator1 felt ! effect4 ,:5 we come to ,?ucydides1 ! results ( discussion are z full z !y h ev] be52 8 light is pure1 'dry light1' free f ! 'hum\rs' ( habit1 & purg$ f consecrat$ usage4 ,z ,grote's hi/ory (t5 reads l a report to ,p>liam5t1 s half ,?ucydides reads l a spee*1 or mat]ials = a spee*1 9 ! ,a!nian ,assembly4 ,( lat] times x is unnecess>y to speak4 ,e page ( ,ari/otle & ,plato be>s ample & indelible trace ( ! age ( discussion 9 :i* !y liv$2 & ?\ght _c possibly be fre]4 ,! deliv]ance ( ! speculative intellect f traditional & cu/om>y au?ority 0 altoge!r complete4 ,no d\bt ! 'deta*m5t' f prejudice1 & ! subjection to reason1 :i* ,i ascribe to anci5t ,a!ns1 only w5t d[n a v little way among ! population ( x4 ,two great classes ( ! p1 ! slaves & wom51 7 almo/ exclud$ f su* qualities2 ev5 ! free population d\btless conta9$ a f> great] proportion ( v ignorant & v sup]/iti\s p]sons ?an we are 9 ! habit ( imag9+4 ,we fix our att5tion on ! be/ specim5s ( ,a!nian culture--on ! books :i* h desc5d$ to u1 & we =get t ! corporate action ( ! ,a!nian p at v>i\s critical junctures exhibit$ ! mo/ gross sup]/ition4 ,/ill1 z f> z ! intellectual & cultivat$ "p ( society is conc]n$1 ! triumph ( reason 0 complete2 ! m9ds ( ! highe/ philosoph]s 7 !n z ready to obey evid5ce & reason z !y h ev] be5 s9ce2 probably !y 7 m ready4 ,! rule ( cu/om ov] !m at lea/ _h be5 :olly brok51 & ! prim>y conditions ( intellectual progress 7 9 t respect satisfi$4 ,x may be said t ,i am giv+ too mu* weight to ! classical idea ( human developm5t2 t hi/ory conta9s ! record ( ano!r progress z well2 t 9 a c]ta9 s5se !re 0 progress 9 ,judaea z well z 9 ,a!ns4 ,& unque/ionably !re 0 progress1 b x 0 only progress ^u a s+le subject4 ,if we except religion & omit also all t ! ,jews _h le>n$ f =eign]s1 x may be d\bt$ if !re be mu* else new betwe5 ! "t ( ,samuel & t ( ,mala*i4 ,9 ,religion !re 0 progress1 b )\t x !re 0 n any4 ,?is 0 due to ! cause ( t progress4 ,all ov] antiquity1 all ov] ! ,ea/1 & ov] o!r p>ts ( ! _w :i* pres]ve m or less ne>ly _! anci5t condition1 !re are two classes ( religi\s tea*]s--"o1 ! prie/s1 ! inh]itors ( pa/ accr$it$ inspiration2 ! o!r1 ! prophet1 ! possessor ( a l pres5t inspiration4 ,curtius describes ! di/9ction well 9 relation to ! condition ( ,greece ) :i* hi/ory fir/ pres5ts u3-- ',! mantic art is an in/itution totally diff]5t f ! prie/hood4 ,x is bas$ on ! belief t ! gods are 9 con/ant proximity to m51 & 9 _! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :i* compreh5ds e ?+ bo? great & small1 w n disda9 to manife/ _! w2 nay1 x seems necess>y t1 :5ev] any hit* has aris5 9 ! moral sy/em ( ! human _w1 ?is %\ld also manife/ itself by "s sign 9 ! _w ( nature1 if only mortals are able to und]/& & avail !mselves ( ^! div9e h9ts4 ',= ?is a special capacity is requisite2 n a capacity :i* c be le>nt l a human art or sci5ce1 b r a peculi> /ate ( grace 9 ! case ( s+le individuals & s+le families ^: e>s & eyes are op5$ to ! div9e revelations1 & :o p>ticipate m l>gely ?an ! re/ ( mank9d 9 ! div9e _s4 ,accord+ly x is _! (fice & call+ to ass]t !mselves z organs ( ! div9e w2 !y are ju/ifi$ 9 oppos+ _! au?ority to e p[] ( ! _w4 ,on ?is head conflicts 7 unavoidable1 & ! rem9isc5ces liv+ 9 ! ,greek p1 ( ! ag5cy ( a ,tiresias & ,cal*as1 prove h[ ! ,h]oic k+s exp]i5c$ n only support & aid1 b also opposition & viol5t prote/s1 f ! m\?s ( ! m5 ( prophecy4' ,9 ,judaea !re 0 exactly ! same opposition z else:]e4 ,all t is new comes f ! prophets2 all :i* is old is reta9$ by ! prie/s4 ,b ! peculi>ity ( ,judaea--a peculi>ity :i* ,i d n = a mom5t pret5d t ,i c expla9--is t ! prophetic revelations are1 tak5 z a :ole1 indisputably improvem5ts2 t !y conta91 z "t goes on1 at ea* succe$+ epo*1 high] & bett] views ( religion4 ,b ! peculi>ity is n to my pres5t purpose4 ,my po9t is t !re is no su* spread+ impetus 9 progress ?us caus$ z !re is 9 progress caus$ by discussion4 ,to receive a p>ticul> conclusion ^u ! ipse dixit1 ^u ! accept$ au?ority ( an admir$ in/ructor1 is obvi\sly n s vivify+ to ! argum5tative & que/ion+ intellect z to argue out conclusions = y\rself4 ,accord+ly ! religi\s progress caus$ by ! prophets did n break d[n t anci5t code ( au?oritative usage4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! two comb9$4 ,9 ea* g5]ation ! cons]vative influ5ce 'built ! sepul*res' & accept$ ! tea*+ ( pa/ prophets1 ev5 :ile x 0 slay+ & p]secut+ ^? :o 7 liv+4 ,b discussion & cu/om _c be ?us comb9$2 _! 'me?od1' z mod]n philosoph]s w\ld say1 is antagoni/ic4 ,accord+ly1 ! progress ( ! classical /ates gradually awak5$ ! :ole intellect2 t ( ,judaea 0 p>tial & improv$ religion only4 ,&1 !re=e1 9 a hi/ory ( intellectual progress1 ! classical fills ! sup]ior & ! ,jewi% ! inf]ior place2 j z 9 a special hi/ory ( !ology only1 ! places ( ! two might be int]*ang$4 ,a second exp]im5t has be5 tri$ on ! same subject--matt]4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages may be approximately--?\gh only approximately--describ$ z a return to ! p]iod ( au?oritative usage & z an ab&onm5t ( ! classical habit ( indep5d5t & self-*oos+ ?\ght4 ,i d n = an in/ant mean t ?is is an exact description ( ! ma9 m$iaeval *>act]i/ic2 nor c ,i discuss h[ f> t *>act]i/ic 0 an advance ^u ^? ( previ\s times2 its fri5ds say x is f> bett] ?an ! peculi>ities ( ! classical p]iod2 its enemies t x is f> worse4 ,b bo? fri5ds & enemies w admit t ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ! ,middle ,ages may r\ghly be describ$ z ,i h describ$ x4 ,& my po9t is t j z ?is m$iaeval *>act]i/ic 0 t ( a return to ! ess5ce ( ! cu/om>y epo* :i* _h m>k$ ! pre-,a!nian times1 s x 0 dissolv$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! influ5ce ( ,a!ns1 & o!r influ5ces l x1 claim to h dissolv$ t cu/om>y epo*4 ,! pr9cipal ag5t 9 break+ up ! p]si/5t m$ieval cu/oms1 :i* 7 s fix$ t !y seem$ likely to la/ = ev]1 or till "s hi/orical cata/rophe ov]:elm$ !m1 0 ! popul> elem5t 9 ! anci5t polity :i* 0 ev]y:]e diffus$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,g]manic tribes br\ght ) !m f _! anci5t dwell+-place a polity conta9+1 l ! classical1 a k+1 a c\ncil1 & a popul> assembly2 & :]ev] !y w5t1 !y c>ri$ ^! elem5ts & v>i$ !m1 z =ce compell$ or circum/ances requir$4 ,z f> z ,engl& is conc]n$1 ! excell5t diss]tations ( ,mr4 ,freeman & ,mr4 ,/ubbs h prov$ ?is 9 ! ample/ mann]1 & br\ght x home to p]sons :o _c claim to possess mu* antiqu>ian le>n+4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 z f> z ! _w c>es = x1 is1 9 fact1 ! complex hi/ory ( ! popul> elem5t 9 ?is anci5t polity1 :i* 0 sometimes weak] & sometimes /rong]1 b :i* has nev] di$ out1 has commonly possess$ great ?\gh v>y+ p[]1 & is n[ entirely pr$om9ant4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is gr[? is ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% p2 & ! discussions ab\t ?is con/itution & ! discussions )9 x1 ! controv]sies z to its /ructure & ! controv]sies z to its true effects1 h ma9ly tra9$ ! ,engli% political intellect1 9 s f> z x is tra9$4 ,b 9 mu* ( ,europe1 & 9 ,engl& p>ticul>ly1 ! influ5ce ( religion has be5 v diff]5t f :at x 0 9 antiquity4 ,x has be5 an influ5ce ( discussion4 ,s9ce ,lu!r's "t !re has be5 a conviction m or less root$1 t a man may by an intellectual process ?9k out a religion = himself1 & t1 z ! highe/ ( all duties1 he ought to d s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! political discussion1 & ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s discussion1 h be5 s long & s firmly comb9$1 & h s effectually en=c$ "o ano!r1 t ! old notions ( loyalty1 & fealty1 & au?ority1 z !y exi/$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 h n[ ov] ! be/ m9ds almo/ no effect4 ,x is true t ! influ5ce ( discussion is n ! only =ce :i* has produc$ ?is va/ effect4 ,bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times o!r =ces coop]at$ ) x4 ,trade1 = example1 is obvi\sly a =ce :i* has done mu* to br+ m5 ( diff]5t cu/oms & diff]5t beliefs into close contiguity1 & has ?us aid$ to *ange ! cu/oms & ! beliefs ( !m all4 ,colonisation is ano!r su* influ5ce3 x settles m5 among aborig9es ( ali5 race & usages1 & x commonly compels ! coloni/s n to be ov]-/rict 9 ! *oice ( _! own elem5ts2 !y are oblig$ to coalesce ) & 'adopt' useful b&s & useful m51 ?\gh _! ance/ral cu/oms may n be id5tical1 nay1 ?\gh !y may be1 9 fact1 opposite to _! own4 ,9 mod]n ,europe1 ! exi/5ce ( a cosmopolite ,*ur*1 claim+ to be above nations1 & really ext5d+ ?r\gh nations1 & ! scatt]$ rema9s ( ,roman law & ,roman civilisation co-op]at$ ) ! lib]at+ influ5ce ( political discussion4 ,& s did o!r causes also4 ,b p]haps 9 no case h ^! subsidi>y causes alone be5 able to g5]ate intellectual fre$om2 c]ta9ly 9 all ! mo/ rem>kable cases ! influ5ce ( discussion has presid$ at ! creation ( t fre$om1 & has be5 active & dom9ant 9 x4 ,no d\bt app>5t cases ( exception may easily be f\nd4 ,x may be said t 9 ! c\rt ( ,augu/us !re 0 mu* g5]al intellectual fre$om1 an almo/ entire deta*m5t f anci5t prejudice1 b t !re 0 no free political discussion at all4 ,b1 !n1 ! ornam5ts ( t "t 7 d]iv$ f a "t ( great fre$om3 x 0 ! republic :i* tra9$ ! m5 :om ! empire rul$4 ,! close congregation ( mo/ miscellane\s elem5ts "u ! empire1 01 no d\bt1 ( itself unfav\rable to inh]it$ prejudice1 & fav\rable to intellectual ex]tion4 ,yet1 except 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is a peculi> subject t requires a sep>ate discussion1 h[ little 0 add$ to :at ! republic left6 ,! p[] ( free int]*ange ( ideas be+ want+1 ! ideas !mselves 7 b>r54 ,also1 no d\bt1 mu* intellectual fre$om may emanate f c\ntries ( free political discussion1 & p5etrate to c\ntries :]e t discussion is limit$4 ,?us ! intellectual fre$om ( ,france 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 9 great "p ow+ to ! proximity ( & incessant int]c\rse ) ,engl& & ,holl&4 ,voltaire resid$ among u2 & e page ( ! ',esprit des ,lois' proves h[ mu* ,montesquieu le>n$ f liv+ "h4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x 0 only "p ( ! ,fr5* culture :i* 0 s d]iv$3 ! g]m might be =eign1 b ! tissue 0 native4 ,& v naturally1 = x w\ld be absurd to call ! anci5 regime a gov]nm5t )\t discussion3 discussion ab\nd$ !re1 only1 by reason ( ! bad =m ( ! gov]nm5t1 x 0 nev] sure ) ease & c]ta9ty to affect political action4 ,! despotism 'temp]$ by epigram1' 0 a gov]nm5t :i* p]mitt$ argum5t ( lic5ti\s fre$om )9 *ang+ limits1 & :i* 0 rul$ by t argum5t spasmodically & practically1 ?\gh n 9 "n or consi/5tly4 ,b ?\gh 9 ! e>lie/ & 9 ! late/ "t gov]nm5t by discussion has be5 a pr9cipal organ = improv+ mank9d1 yet1 f its orig91 x is a plant ( s+ul> delicacy4 ,at fir/ ! *ances are mu* aga9/ its liv+4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! memb]s ( a free /ate are ( necessity few4 ,! ess5ce ( x requires t discussion %all be br\ght home to ^? memb]s4 ,b 9 e>ly "t1 :5 writ+ is difficult1 read+ r>e1 & repres5tation undiscov]$1 ^? :o are to be guid$ by ! discussion mu/ he> x ) _! own e>s1 mu/ be br\ght face to face ) ! orator1 & mu/ feel 8 influ5ce = !mselves4 ,! fir/ free /ates 7 little t[ns1 small] ?an any political division :i* we n[ h1 except ! ,republic ( ,&orre1 :i* is a sort ( ve/ige ( !m4 ,x is 9 ! m>ket-place ( ! c\ntry t[n1 z we %\ld n[ speak1 & 9 petty matt]s conc]n+ ! m>ket-t[n1 t discussion began1 & ?i!r all ! long tra9 ( its consequ5ces may be trac$ back4 ,"s hi/orical inquir]s1 l myself1 c h>dly look at su* a place )\t "s s5tim5tal mus+1 poor & trivial z ! ?+ seems4 ,b su* small t[ns are v feeble4 ,numb]s 9 ! e>lie/ w>s1 z 9 ! late/1 are a ma9 s\rce ( victory4 ,& 9 e>ly times "o k9d ( /ate is v common & is exce$+ly num]\s4 ,9 e qu>t] ( ! globe we f9d great populations compact$ by traditional cu/om & consecrat$ s5tim5t1 :i* are rul$ by "s soldi]--g5]ally "s soldi] ( a =eign tribe1 :o has conqu]$ !m1 &1 z x has be5 said1 'vault$ on ! back' ( !m1 or ^: ance/ors h done s4 ,^! great populations1 rul$ by a s+le w1 h1 d\btless1 trodd5 d[n & de/roy$ innum]able little cities :o 7 j beg9n+ _! fre$om4 ,9 ?is way ! ,greek cities 9 ,asia 7 subject$ to ! ,p]sian ,p[]1 & s ,,ought ! cities 9 ,greece prop] to h be5 subject$ also4 ,e s*oolboy mu/ h felt t no?+ b amaz+ folly & unmat*$ mismanagem5t sav$ ,greece f conque/ bo? 9 ! "t ( ,x]xes & 9 t ( ,d>ius4 ,! =tunes ( intellectual civilisation 7 !n at ! m]cy ( :at seems an insignificant probability4 ,if ! ,p]sian lead]s _h only %[n t dec5t skill & ord9>y milit>y prud5ce :i* x 0 likely !y w\ld %[1 ,grecian fre$om w\ld h be5 at an end4 ,a!ns1 l s _m ,ionian cities on ! o!r side ( ! ,a,egean1 w\ld h be5 absorb$ into a great despotism2 all we n[ rememb] h] = we %\ld n rememb]1 = x w\ld nev] h occurr$4 ,h] citiz5s might h be5 +5i\s1 & imitative1 & clev]2 !y c\ld n c]ta9ly h be5 free & orig9al4 ,rome 0 pres]v$ f subjection to a great empire by h] =tunate di/ance f "o4 ,! e>ly w>s ( ,rome are ) cities l ,rome--ab\t equal 9 size1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 val\r4 ,x 0 only :5 %e _h conqu]$ ,italy t %e began to measure h]self aga9/ ,asiatic despotisms4 ,%e became great en\gh to beat !m be=e %e advanc$ f> en\gh to cont5d ) !m4 ,b su* great good =tune 0 & mu/ be r>e4 ,unnumb]$ little cities :i* might h rivall$ ,rome or ,a!ns d\btless p]i%$ )\t a sign long be=e hi/ory 0 imag9$4 ,! small size & slight /r5g? ( e>ly free /ates made !m always liable to easy de/ruction4 ,& _! int]nal frailty is ev5 great]4 ,z soon z discussion beg9s ! savage prop5sities ( m5 break =?2 ev5 9 mod]n communities1 :]e ^? prop5sities1 too1 h be5 weak5$ by ages ( culture1 & repress$ by ages ( ob$i5ce1 z soon z a vital topic = discussion is well />t$ ! ke5e/ & mo/ viol5t passions break =?4 ,easily de/roy$ z are e>ly free /ates by =ces f )\t1 !y are ev5 m liable to de/ruction by =ces f )94 ,on ?is acc\nt su* /ates are v r>e 9 hi/ory4 ,^u ! fir/ view ( ! facts a speculation might ev5 be set up t !y 7 peculi> to a p>ticul> race4 ,by f> ! mo/ important free in/itutions1 & ! only ones :i* h left liv+ repres5tatives 9 ! _w1 are ! (fspr+ ei!r ( ! fir/ con/itutions ( ! classical nations or ( ! fir/ con/itutions ( ! ,g]manic nations4 ,all liv+ fre$om runs back to !m1 & ^? tru?s :i* at fir/ sight w\ld seem ! :ole ( hi/orical fre$om1 c be trac$ to !m4 ,& bo? ! ,g]manic & ! classical nations belong to :at e?nologi/s call ! ,aryan race4 ,plausibly x might be argu$ t ! p[] ( =m+ free /ates 0 sup]ior 9 & peculi> to t family ( mank9d4 ,b un=tunately = ?is easy !ory ! facts are inconsi/5t ) x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! s-call$ ,aryan race c]ta9ly is n free4 ,! ea/]n ,aryans--^?1 = example1 :o speak languages d]iv$ f ! ,sanscrit--are among/ ! mo/ slavi% divisions ( mank9d4 ,to (f] ! ,b5galese a free con/itution1 & to expect !m to "w "o1 w\ld be ! maximum ( human folly4 ,!re !n mu/ be some?+ else besides ,aryan desc5t :i* is necess>y to fit m5 = discussion & tra9 !m = lib]ty2 &1 :at is worse = ! argum5t we are oppos+1 "s non-,aryan races h be5 capable ( fre$om4 ,c>?age1 = example1 0 a ,semitic republic4 ,we d n "k all ! details ( its con/itution1 b we "k en\gh = our pres5t purpose4 ,we "k t x 0 a gov]nm5t 9 :i* _m propos]s took "p1 & "u :i* discussion 0 con/ant1 active1 & conclusive4 ,no d\bt ,tyre1 ! p>5t city ( ,c>?age1 ! o!r colonies ( ,tyre besides ,c>?age1 & ! colonies ( ,c>?age1 7 all z free z ,c>?age4 ,we h ?us a :ole gr\p ( anci5t republics ( non-,aryan race1 & "o :i*1 be+ m anci5t ?an ! classical republics1 c\ld n h borr[$ f or imitat$ !m4 ,s t ! !ory :i* w\ld make gov]nm5t by discussion ! exclusive patrimony ( a s+le race ( mank9d is on ! face ( x unt5able4 ,i am n prep>$ ) any simple c\nt] !ory4 ,i _c pr(ess to expla9 completely :y a v small m9imum ( mank9d 71 z long z we "k ( !m1 possess$ ( a polity :i* z "t w5t on sugge/$ discussions ( pr9ciple1 & :y ! great majority ( mank9d _h no?+ l x4 ,?is is almo/ z hopeless z ask+ :y ,milton 0 a g5ius & :y ,bacon 0 a philosoph]4 ,inde$ x is ! same1 because ! causes :i* give bir? to ! />tl+ v>ieties ( individual "*1 & ^? :i* give bir? to simil> v>ieties ( national "*1 are1 9 fact1 ! same4 ,i h1 inde$1 endeav\r$ to %[ t a m>k$ type ( individual "* once orig9at+ 9 a nation & once /rongly pref]r$ by x1 is likely to be fix$ on x & to be p]man5t 9 x1 f causes :i* 7 /at$4 ,grant$ ! beg9n+ ( ! type1 we may1 ,i ?9k1 expla9 its developm5t & aggravation2 b we _c 9 ! lea/ expla9 :y ! incipi5t type ( curi\s *>act]s broke out1 if ,i may s say1 9 "o place r ?an 9 ano!r4 ,climate & 'physical' surr\nd+s1 9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 h unque/ionably mu* influ5ce2 !y are "o factor 9 ! cause1 b !y are n ! only factor2 = we f9d mo/ dissimil> races ( m5 liv+ 9 ! same climate & affect$ by ! same surr\nd+s1 & we h e reason to believe t ^? unlike races h s liv$ z neighb\rs = ages4 ,! cause ( types mu/ be some?+ outside ! tribe act+ on some?+ )9--some?+ inh]it$ by ! tribe4 ,b :at t some?+ is ,i d n "k t any "o c 9 ! lea/ expla94 ,! foll[+ conditions may1 ,i ?9k1 be hi/orically trac$ to ! nation capable ( a polity1 :i* sugge/s pr9ciples = discussion1 & s leads to progress4 ,fir/1 ! nation mu/ possess ! ,,patria ,,pote/as 9 "s =m s m>k$ z to give family life di/9ctness & precision1 & to make a home education & a home discipl9e probable & possible4 ,:ile desc5t is trac$ only ?r\gh ! "m1 & :ile ! family is !re=e a vague entity1 no progress to a high polity is possible4 ,secondly1 t polity w\ld seem to h be5 creat$ v gradually2 by ! aggregation ( families into clans or ,,g5tes1 & ( clans into nations1 & !n aga9 by ! wid5+ ( nations1 s z to include circumjac5t outsid]s1 z well z ! fir/ compact & sacr$ gr\p--! numb] ( p>ties to a discussion 0 at fir/ augm5t$ v sl[ly4 ,?irdly1 ! numb] ( 'op5' subjects--z we %\ld say n[adays--t is1 ( subjects on :i* public op9ion 0 optional1 & on :i* discussion 0 admitt$1 0 at fir/ v small4 ,cu/om rul$ ev]y?+ orig9ally1 & ! area ( free argum5t 0 enl>g$ b v sl[ly4 ,if ,i am at all "r1 t area c\ld only be enl>g$ ?us sl[ly1 = ,cu/om 0 9 e>ly days ! cem5t ( society1 & if y sudd5ly que/ion$ su* cu/om y w\ld de/roy society4 ,b ?\gh ! exi/5ce1 ( ^! conditions may be trac$ hi/orically1 & ?\gh ! reason ( !m may be expla9$ philosophically1 !y d n completely solve ! "q :y "s nations h ! polity & "s n2 on ! contr>y1 !y pla9ly leave a l>ge 'residual ph5om5on' unexpla9$ & unkn[n4 ,,ii4 ,9 ?is mann] politics or discussion broke up ! old bonds ( cu/om :i* 7 n[ /rangl+ mank9d1 ?\gh !y _h once aid$ & help$ x4 ,b ?is is only "o ( ! _m gifts :i* ^? polities h conf]r$1 are conf]r+1 & w conf] on mank9d4 ,i am n go+ to write an eulogium on lib]ty1 b ,i wi% to set d[n ?ree po9ts :i* h n be5 suffici5tly notic$4 ,civilis$ ages inh]it ! human nature :i* 0 victori\s 9 b>b>\s ages1 & t nature is1 9 _m respects1 n at all suit$ to civilis$ circum/ances4 ,a ma9 & pr9cipal excell5ce 9 ! e>ly times ( ! human races is ! impulse to action4 ,! problems be=e m5 are !n pla9 & simple4 ,! man :o works h>de/1 ! man :o kills ! mo/ de]1 ! man :o cat*es ! mo/ fi%--ev5 lat] on1 ! man :o t5ds ! l>ge/ h]ds1 or ! man :o tills ! l>ge/ field--is ! man :o succe$s2 ! nation :i* is quicke/ to kill its enemies1 or :i* kills mo/ ( its enemies1 is ! nation :i* succe$s4 ,all ! inducem5ts ( e>ly society t5d to fo/] imm$iate action2 all its p5alties fall on ! man :o pauses2 ! traditional wisdom ( ^? times 0 nev] we>y ( inculcat+ t 'delays are dang]\s1' & t ! sluggi% man--! man ':o roa/e? n t :i* he took 9 hunt+'--w n prosp] on ! e>?1 & inde$ w v soon p]i% out ( x4 ,& 9 consequ5ce an inability to /ay quiet1 an irritable desire to act directly1 is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s fail+s ( mank9d4 ,pascal said t mo/ ( ! evils ( life arose f 'man's be+ unable to sit /ill 9 a room2' & ?\gh ,i d n g t l5g?1 x is c]ta9 t we %\ld h be5 a f> wis] race ?an we are if 'we _h be5 readi] to sit quiet--we %\ld h kn[n mu* bett] ! way 9 :i* x 0 be/ to act :5 we came to act4 ,! rise ( physical sci5ce1 ! fir/ great body ( practical tru? provable to all m51 exemplifies ?is 9 ! pla9e/ way4 ,if x _h n be5 = quiet p1 :o sat /ill & /udi$ ! sections ( ! cone1 if o!r quiet p _h n sat /ill & /udi$ ! !ory ( inf9itesimals1 or o!r quiet p _h n sat /ill & work$ out ! doctr9e ( *ances1 ! mo/ 'dreamy moon%9e1' z ! purely practical m9d w\ld consid]1 ( all human pursuits2 if 'idle />-gaz]s' _h n wat*$ long & c>efully ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies--our mod]n a/ronomy w\ld h be5 impossible1 & )\t our a/ronomy 'our %ips1 our colonies1 our seam51' all :i* makes mod]n life mod]n life c\ld n h exi/$4 ,ages ( s$5t>y1 quiet1 ?9k+ p 7 requir$ be=e t noisy exi/5ce began1 & )\t ^? pale prelim9>y /ud5ts x nev] c\ld h be5 br\ght into be+4 ,& n9e-t5?s ( mod]n sci5ce is 9 ?is respect ! same3 x is ! produce ( m5 :om _! contempor>ies ?\ght dream]s--:o 7 laugh$ at = c>+ = :at did n conc]n !m--:o1 z ! prov]b w5t1 'walk$ into a well f look+ at ! />s'--:o 7 believ$ to be useless1 if any "o c\ld be su*4 ,& ! conclusion is pla9 t if !re _h be5 m su* p1 if ! _w _h n laugh$ at ^? !re 71 if r x _h enc\rag$ !m !re w\ld h be5 a great accumulation ( prov$ sci5ce ages be=e !re 04 ,x 0 ! irritable activity1 ! 'wi% to be do+ some?+1' t prev5t$ x4 ,mo/ m5 inh]it$ a nature too eag] & too re/less to be quiet & f9d out ?+s2 & ev5 worse--) _! idle clam\r !y 'di/urb$ ! brood+ h51' !y w\ld n let ^? be quiet :o wi%$ to be s1 & out ( ^: calm ?\ght mu* good might h come =?4 ,if we consid] h[ mu* sci5ce has done & h[ mu* x is do+ = mank9d1 & if ! ov]-activity ( m5 is prov$ to be ! cause :y sci5ce came s late into ! _w1 & is s small & scanty /ill1 t w conv9ce mo/ p t our ov]-activity is a v great evil4 ,b ?is is only "p1 & p]haps n ! greate/ "p ( ! h>m t ov]-activity does4 ,z ,i h said1 x is inh]it$ f times :5 life 0 simple1 objects 7 pla91 & quick action g5]ally l$ to desirable ends4 ,if ,a kills ,b be=e ,b kills ,a1 !n ,a survives1 & ! human race is a race ( ,a's4 ,b ! issues ( life are pla9 no long]4 ,to act rightly 9 mod]n society requires a great deal ( previ\s /udy1 a great deal ( assimilat$ in=mation1 a great deal ( %>p5$ imag9ation2 & ^! pre-requisites ( s\nd action require mu* "t1 &1 ,i 0 go+ to say1 mu* 'ly+ 9 ! sun1' a long p]iod ( 'm]e passiv5ess4' ,ev5 ! art ( kill+ "o ano!r1 :i* at fir/ p>ticul>ly tra9$ m5 to be quick1 n[ requires !m to be sl[4 ,a ha/y g5]al is ! wor/ ( g5]als n[adays2 ! be/ is a sort ( ,von ,moltke1 :o is passive if any man ev] 0 passive2 :o is 'sil5t 9 sev5 languages2' :o possesses m & bett] accumulat$ in=mation z to ! be/ way ( kill+ p ?an any "o :o ev] liv$4 ,?is man plays a re/ra9$ & consid]ate game ( *ess ) 8 enemy4 ,i wi% ! art ( b5efit+ m5 _h kept pace ) ! art ( de/roy+ !m2 = ?\gh w> has become sl[1 philan?ropy has rema9$ ha/y4 ,! mo/ melan*oly ( human reflections1 p]haps1 is t1 on ! :ole1 x is a "q :e!r ! b5evol5ce ( mank9d does mo/ good or h>m4 ,great good1 no d\bt1 philan?ropy does1 b !n x also does great evil4 ,x augm5ts s mu* vice1 x multiplies s mu* suff]+1 x br+s to life su* great populations to suff] & to be vici\s1 t x is op5 to argum5t :e!r x be or be n an evil to ! _w1 & ?is is entirely because excell5t p fancy t !y c d mu* by rapid action--t !y w mo/ b5efit ! _w :5 !y mo/ relieve _! own feel+s2 t z soon z an evil is se5 'some?+' ought to be done to /ay & prev5t x4 ,"o may incl9e to hope t ! balance ( good ov] evil is 9 fav\r ( b5evol5ce2 "o c h>dly be> to ?9k t x is n s2 b anyh[ x is c]ta9 t !re is a mo/ heavy debit ( evil1 & t ?is burd5 might almo/ all h be5 sp>$ u if philan?ropi/s z well z o!rs _h n inh]it$ f _! b>b>\s =efa!rs a wild passion = in/ant action4 ,ev5 9 comm]ce1 :i* is n[ ! ma9 occupation ( mank9d1 & "o 9 :i* !re is a ready te/ ( success & failure want+ 9 _m high] pursuits1 ! same disposition to excessive action is v app>5t to c>eful obs]v]s4 ,"p ( e mania is caus$ by ! impossibility to get p to conf9e !mselves to ! am\nt ( bus9ess = :i* _! capital is suffici5t1 & 9 :i* !y c engage safely4 ,9 "s degree1 ( c\rse1 ?is is caus$ by ! wi%1 to get ri*2 b 9 a consid]able degree1 too1 by ! m]e love ( activity4 ,!re is a great] prop5sity to action 9 su* m5 ?an !y h ! means ( gratify+4 ,op]ations ) _! own capital w only occupy f\r h\rs ( ! day1 & !y wi% to be active & to be indu/ri\s = eight h\rs1 & s !y are ru9$4 ,if !y c\ld only h sat idle ! o!r f\r h\rs1 !y w\ld h be5 ri* m54 ,! amusem5ts ( mank9d1 at lea/ ( ! ,engli% "p ( mank9d1 tea* ! same lesson4 ,our %oot+1 our hunt+1 our travell+1 our climb+ h become labori\s pursuits4 ,x is a common say+ abroad t 'an ,engli%man's notion ( a holiday is a fatigu+ j\rney2' & ?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! imm5se en]gy & activity :i* h giv5 u our place 9 ! _w h 9 _m cases desc5d$ to ^? :o d n f9d 9 mod]n life any mode ( us+ t activity1 & ( v5t+ t en]gy4 ,ev5 ! ab/ract speculations ( mank9d be> conspicu\s traces ( ! same excessive impulse4 ,e sort ( philosophy has be5 sy/ematis$1 & yet z ^! philosophies utt]ly contradict "o ano!r1 mo/ ( !m _c be true4 ,unprov$ ab/ract pr9ciples )\t numb] h be5 eag]ly caught up by sangu9e m51 & !n c>efully spun out into books & !ories1 :i* 7 to expla9 ! :ole _w4 ,b ! _w goes cle> aga9/ ^! ab/ractions1 & x mu/ d s1 z !y require x to g 9 antagoni/ic directions4 ,! mass ( a sy/em attracts ! "y & impresses ! unw>y2 b cultivat$ p are v dubi\s ab\t x4 ,!y are ready to receive h9ts & sugge/ions1 & ! smalle/ real tru? is ev] welcome4 ,b a l>ge book ( d$uctive philosophy is mu* to be suspect$4 ,no d\bt ! d$uctions may be "r2 9 mo/ writ]s !y are s2 b :]e did ! premises come f8 ,:o is sure t !y are ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 ( ! matt] 9 h&8 ,:o is n almo/ sure be=eh& t !y w conta9 a /range mixture ( tru? & error1 & !re=e t x w n be wor? :ile to sp5d life 9 reason+ ov] _! consequ5ces8 ,9 a ^w1 ! sup]flu\s en]gy ( mank9d has fl[$ ov] into philosophy1 & has work$ into big sy/ems :at %\ld h be5 left z little sugge/ions4 ,& if ! old sy/ems ( ?\ght are n true z sy/ems1 nei!r is ! new revolt f !m to be tru/$ 9 its :ole vig\r4 ,!re is ! same orig9al vice 9 t also4 ,!re is an excessive en]gy 9 revolutions if !re is su* en]gy any:]e4 ,! passion = action is q z ready to pull d[n z to build up2 probably x is m ready1 = ! task is easi]4 ',old ?+s ne$ n be !re=e true1 ,o bro!r m51 nor yet ! new2 ,ah1 /ill a:ile ! old ?\ght reta91 ,& yet consid] x aga94' ,b ?is is exactly :at ! human m9d w n d4 ,x w act someh[ at once4 ,x w n 'consid] x aga94' ,b x w be said1 ,:at has gov]nm5t by discussion to d ) ^! ?+s8 ,w x prev5t !m1 or ev5 mitigate !m8 ,x c & does d bo? 9 ! v pla9e/ way4 ,if y want to /op in/ant & imm$iate action1 always make x a condition t ! action %all n beg9 till a consid]able numb] ( p]sons h talk$ ov] x1 & h agre$ on x4 ,if ^? p]sons be p ( diff]5t temp]am5ts1 diff]5t ideas1 & diff]5t educations1 y h an almo/ infallible security t no?+1 or almo/ no?+1 w be done ) excessive rapidity4 ,ea* k9d ( p]sons w h _! spokesman2 ea* spokesman w h 8 *>act]i/ic objection1 & ea* 8 *>act]i/ic c\nt]-proposition1 & s 9 ! end no?+ w probably be done1 or at lea/ only ! m9imum :i* is pla9ly urg5t4 ,91 _m cases ?is delay may be dang]\s2 9 _m cases quick action w be pref]able4 ,a campaign1 z ,macaulay well says1 _c be direct$ by a 'debat+ society2' & _m o!r k9ds ( action also require a s+le & absolute g5]al4 ,b = ! purpose n[ 9 h&--t ( prev5t+ ha/y action1 & ensur+ elaborate consid]ation--!re is no device l a polity ( discussion4 ,! enemies ( ?is object--! p :o want to act quickly--see ?is v di/9ctly4 ,!y are = ev] expla9+ t ! pres5t is 'an age ( committees1' t ! committees d no?+1 t all evaporates 9 talk4 ,_! great enemy is p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t2 !y call x1 aft] ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 ! 'national palav]2' !y add up ! h\rs t are consum$ 9 x1 & ! spee*es :i* are made 9 x1 & !y sigh = a "t :5 ,engl& might aga9 be rul$1 z x once 01 by a ,cromwell--t is1 :5 an eag]1 absolute man might d exactly :at o!r eag] m5 wi%$1 & d x imm$iately4 ,all ^! invectives are p]petual & _m-sid$2 !y come f philosoph]s1 ea* ( :om wants "s new s*eme tri$2 f philan?ropi/s1 :o want "s evil abat$2 f revolutioni/s1 :o want "s old in/itution de/roy$2 f new a]ai/s1 :o want _! new a]a />t$ =?)4 ,& !y all are di/9ct admissions t a polity ( discussion is ! greate/ h9drance to ! inh]it$ mi/ake ( human nature1 to ! desire to act promptly1 :i* 9 a simple age is s excell5t1 b :i* 9 a lat] & complex "t leads to s mu* evil4 ,! same accusation aga9/ our age sometimes takes a m g5]al =m4 ,x is alleg$ t our en]gies are dim9i%+2 t ord9>y & av]age m5 h n ! quick det]m9ation n[adays :i* !y us$ to h :5 ! _w 0 y\ng]2 t n only d n committees & p>liam5ts act ) rapid decisiv5ess1 b t no "o n[ s acts4 ,& ,i hope t 9 fact ?is is true1 = accord+ to me1 x proves t ! h]$it>y b>b>ic impulse is decay+ & dy+ out4 ,s f> f ?9k+ ! quality attribut$ to u a defect1 ,i wi% t ^? :o compla9 ( x 7 f> m "r ?an ,i mu* fe> !y are4 ,/ill1 c]ta9ly1 eag] & viol5t action ,,is some:at dim9i%$1 ?\gh only by a small fraction ( :at x ought to be4 ,& ,i believe t ?is is 9 great "p due1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 to our gov]nm5t by discussion1 :i* has fo/]$ a g5]al intellectual tone1 a diffus$ disposition to weigh evid5ce1 a conviction t mu* may be said on e side ( ev]y?+ :i* ! eld] & m fanatic ages ( ! _w want$4 ,?is is ! real reason :y our en]gies seem s mu* less ?an ^? ( our fa!rs4 ,:5 we h a def9ite end 9 view1 :i* we "k we want1 & :i* we ?9k we "k h[ to obta91 we c act well en\gh4 ,! campaigns ( our soldi]s are z en]getic z any campaigns ev] 72 ! speculations ( our m]*ants h great] promptitude1 great] audacity1 great] vig\r ?an any su* speculations ev] _h be=e4 ,9 old times a few ideas got possession ( m5 & communities1 b ?is is happily n[ possible no long]4 ,we see h[ incomplete ^! old ideas 72 h[ almo/ by *ance "o seiz$ on "o nation1 & ano!r on ano!r2 h[ (t5 "o set ( m5 h p]secut$ ano!r set = op9ions on subjects ( :i* nei!r1 we n[ p]ceive1 knew any?+4 ,x might be well if a great] numb] ( effectual demon/rations exi/$ among mank9d2 b :ile no su* demon/rations exi/1 & :ile ! evid5ce :i* completely conv9ces "o man seems to ano!r trifl+ & insuffici5t1 let u recognise ! pla9 position ( inevitable d\bt4 ,let u n be bigots ) a d\bt1 & p]secutors )\t a cre$4 ,we are beg9n+ to bee ?is1 & we are rail$ at = s beg9n+4 ,b x is a great b5efit1 & x is to ! incessant preval5ce ( detective discussion t our d\bts are due2 & mu* ( t discussion is due to ! long exi/5ce ( a gov]nm5t requir+ con/ant debates1 writt5 & oral4 ,?is is "o ( ! unrecognis$ b5efits ( free gov]nm5t1 "o ( ! modes 9 :i* x c\nt]acts ! excessive inh]it$ impulses ( humanity4 ,!re is ano!r also = :i* x does ! same1 b :i* ,i c only t\* delicately1 & :i* at fir/ sight w seem ridicul\s4 ,! mo/ successful races1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 are ^? :i* multiply ! fa/e/4 ,9 ! conflicts ( mank9d numb]s h ev] be5 a great p[]4 ,! mo/ num]\s gr\p has always _h an advantage ov] ! less num]\s1 & ! fa/e/ bre$+ gr\p has always t5d$ to be ! mo/ num]\s4 ,9 consequ5ce1 human nature has desc5d$ into a comp>atively uncont5ti\s civilisation1 ) a desire f> 9 excess ( :at is ne$$2 ) a 'felt want1' z political economi/s w\ld say1 altoge!r great] ?an ! 'real want4' ,a walk 9 ,london is all :i* is necess>y to e/abli% ?is4 ',! great s9 ( great cities' is "o va/ evil consequ5t ^u x4 ,& :o is to reckon up h[ mu* ^! words mean8 ,h[ _m spoil$ lives1 h[ _m brok5 he>ts1 h[ _m wa/$ bodies1 h[ _m ru9$ m9ds1 h[ mu* mis]y pret5d+ to be gay1 h[ mu* gaiety feel+ itself to be mis]able1 h[ mu* aft] m5tal pa91 h[ mu* eat+ & transmitt$ disease4 ,& 9 ! moral "p ( ! _w1 h[ _m m9ds are rack$ by incessant anxiety1 h[ _m ?\ghtful imag9ations :i* might h left some?+ to mank9d are debas$ to mean c>es1 h[ mu* e successive g5]ation sacrifices to ! next1 h[ little does any ( !m make ( itself 9 comp>ison ) :at might be4 ,& h[ _m ,irel&s h !re be5 9 ! _w :]e m5 w\ld h be5 cont5t$ & happy if !y _h only be5 few]2 h[ _m m ,irel&s w\ld !re h be5 if ! intrusive numb]s _h n be5 kept d[n by infanticide & vice & mis]y4 ,h[ pa9ful is ! conclusion t x is dubi\s :e!r all ! ma*9es & inv5tions ( mank9d 'h yet light5$ ! day's lab\r ( a human be+4' ,!y h enabl$ m p to exi/1 b ^! p "w j z h>d & are j z mean & mis]able z ! eld] & ! few]4 ,b x w be said ( ?is passion j z x 0 said ( ! passion ( activity4 ,grant$ t x is 9 excess1 h[ c y say1 h[ on e>? c anyone say1 t gov]nm5t by discussion c 9 any way cure or dim9i%1 x8 ,cure ?is evil t gov]nm5t c]ta9ly w n2 b t5d to dim9i% x--,i ?9k x does & may4 ,to %[ t ,i am n mak+ premises to support a conclusion s abnormal1 ,i w quote a passage f ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ! philosoph] :o has done mo/ to illu/rate ?is subject3-- ',t future progress ( civilisation :i* ! nev]-ceas+ pressure ( population mu/ produce1 w be accompani$ by an enhanc$ co/ ( ,individuation1 bo? 9 /ructure & function2 & m especially 9 n]v\s /ructure & function4 ,! peaceful /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 societies ev] gr[+ m cr[d$ & m complicat$1 mu/ h = its concomitant an increase ( ! great n]v\s c5tres 9 mass1 9 complexity1 9 activity4 ,! l>g] body ( emotion ne$$ z a f\nta9 ( en]gy = m5 :o h to hold _! places & re> _! families "u ! int5sify+ competition ( social life1 is1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! correlative ( l>g] bra94 ,^? high] feel+s presuppos$ by ! bett] self-regulation :i*1 9 a bett] society1 c alone enable ! individual to leave a p]si/5t po/]ity1 are1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! correlatives ( a m complex bra92 z are also ^? m num]\s1 m v>i$1 m g5]al1 & m ab/ract ideas1 :i* mu/ also become increas+ly requisite = successful life z society advances4 ,& ! g5esis ( ?is l>g] quantity ( feel+ & ?\ght 9 a bra9 ?us augm5t$ 9 size & develop$ 9 /ructure1 is1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! correlative ( a great] we> ( n]v\s tissue & great] consumption ( mat]ials to repair x4 ,s t bo? 9 orig9al co/ ( con/ruction & 9 subsequ5t co/ ( work+1 ! n]v\s sy/em mu/ become a heavi] tax on ! organism4 ,already ! bra9 ( ! civilis$ man is l>g] by ne>ly ?irty p]c5t1 ?an ! bra9 ( ! savage4 ,already1 too1 x pres5ts an increas$ het]og5eity--especially 9 ! di/ribution ( its convolutions4 ,& fur!r *anges l ^! :i* h tak5 place "u ! discipl9e ( civilis$ life1 we inf] w cont9ue to take place4444 ,b ev]y:]e & always1 evolution is antagoni/ic to procreative dissolution4 ,:e!r x be 9 great] gr[? ( ! organs :i* subs]ve self-ma9t5ance1 :e!r x be 9 _! add$ complexity ( /ructure1 or :e!r x be 9 _! high] activity1 ! ab/raction ( ! requir$ mat]ials implies a dim9i%$ res]ve ( mat]ials = race-ma9t5ance4 ,& we h se5 reason to believe t ?is antagonism betwe5 ,individuation & ,g5esis becomes unusually m>k$ :]e ! n]v\s sy/em is conc]n$1 because ( ! co/l9ess ( n]v\s /ructure & function4 ,9 ,section #cdf 0 po9t$ out ! app>5t connection betwe5 high c]ebral developm5t & prolong$ delay ( sexual maturity2 & 9 ,sections #cff1 #cfg1 ! evid5ce w5t to %[ t :]e exceptional f]tility exi/s !re is sluggi%ness ( m9d1 & t :]e !re has be5 dur+ education excessive exp5diture 9 m5tal action1 !re frequ5tly foll[s a complete or p>tial inf]tility4 ,h5ce ! p>ticul> k9d ( fur!r evolution :i* ,man is h]eaft] to und]go1 is "o :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 may be expect$ to cause a decl9e 9 8 p[] ( reproduction4' ,?is means t m5 :o h to live an intellectual life1 or :o c be induc$ to lead "o1 w be likely n to h s _m *ildr5 z !y w\ld o!rwise h _h4 ,9 p>ticul> cases ?is may n be true2 su* m5 may ev5 h _m *ildr5--!y may be m5 9 all ways ( unusual p[] & vig\r4 ,b !y w n h _! maximum ( po/]ity--w n h s _m z !y w\ld h _h if !y _h be5 c>eless or ?\ghtless m52 & s1 ^u an av]age1 ! issue ( su* intellectualis$ m5 w be less num]\s ?an ^? ( ! un9tellectual4 ,n[1 suppos+ ?is philosophical doctr9e to be true--& ! be/ philosoph]s1 ,i ?9k1 believe x--its application to ! case 9 h& is pla94 ,no?+ promotes intellect l intellectual discussion1 & no?+ promotes intellectual discussion s mu* z gov]nm5t by discussion4 ,! p]petual atmosph]e ( intellectual inquiry acts p[]fully1 z ev]yone may see by look+ ab\t him 9 ,london1 ^u ! con/itution bo? ( m5 & wom54 ,!re is only a c]ta9 ,,quantum ( p[] 9 ea* ( our race2 if x goes 9 "o way x is sp5t1 & _c g 9 ano!r4 ,! intellectual atmosph]e ab/racts /r5g? to intellectual matt]s2 x t5ds to div]t t /r5g?--:i* ! circum/ances ( e>ly society direct$ to ! multiplication ( numb]s2 & z a polity ( discussion t5ds1 above all ?+s1 to produce an intellectual atmosph]e1 ! two ?+s :i* seem$ s f> (f h be5 %[n to be ne>1 & free gov]nm5t has1 9 a second case1 be5 %[n to t5d to cure an inh]it$ excess ( human nature4 ,la/ly1 a polity ( discussion n only t5ds to dim9i% our inh]it$ defects1 b also1 9 "o case at lea/1 to augm5t a h]itable excell5ce4 ,x t5ds to /r5g!n & increase a subtle quality or comb9ation ( qualities s+ul>ly useful 9 practical life-a quality :i* x is n easy to describe exactly1 & ! issues ( :i* x w\ld require n a remnant ( an essay1 b a :ole essay to elucidate completely4 ,?is quality ,i call ,,animat$ ,,mod]ation4 ,if anyone 7 ask$ to describe :at x is :i* di/+ui%es ! writ+s ( a man ( g5ius :o is also a great man ( ! _w f all o!r writ+s1 ,i ?9k he w\ld use ^! same words1 'animat$ mod]ation4' ,he w\ld say t su* writ+s are nev] sl[1 are nev] excessive1 are nev] exagg]at$2 t !y are always in/9ct ) judgm5t1 & yet t judgm5t is nev] a dull judgm5t2 t !y h z mu* _s 9 !m z w\ld g to make a wild writ]1 & yet t e l9e ( !m is ! product ( a sane & s\nd writ]4 ,! be/ & almo/ p]fect in/ance ( ?is 9 ,engli% is ,scott4 ,hom] 0 p]fect 9 x1 z f> z we c judge2 ,%akespe>e is (t5 p]fect 9 x = long toge!r1 ?\gh !n1 f ! defects ( a bad education & a vici\s age1 all at once he loses himself 9 excesses4 ,/ill1 ,hom]1 & ,%akespe>e at 8 be/1 & ,scott1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects s unequal to !m1 h ?is rem>kable quality 9 common--?is union ( life ) measure1 ( _s ) reasonabl5ess4 ,9 action x is equally ?is quality 9 :i* ! ,engli%--at lea/ s ,i claim x = !m--excel all o!r nations4 ,!re is an inf9ite deal to be laid aga9/ u1 & z we are unpopul> ) mo/ o!rs1 & z we are always grumbl+ at ourselves1 !re is no want ( p to say x4 ,b1 aft] all1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ,engl& is a success 9 ! _w2 h] c>e] has _h _m faults1 b /ill x has be51 a f9e & w9n+ c>e] ^u ! :ole4 ,& ?is on acc\nt ( ! exact possession ( ?is p>ticul> quality4 ,:at is ! mak+ ( a successful m]*ant8 ,t he has pl5ty ( en]gy1 & yet t he does n g too f>4 ,& if y ask = a description ( a great practical ,engli%man1 y w be sure to h ?is1 or some?+ l x1 ',oh1 he has pl5ty ( g 9 him2 b he kn[s :5 to pull up4' ,he may h all o!r defects 9 him2 he may be co>se1 he may be illit]ate1 he may be /upid to talk to2 /ill ?is great union ( spur & bridle1 ( en]gy & mod]ation1 w rema9 to him4 ,probably he w h>dly be able to expla9 :y he /ops :5 he does /op1 or :y he cont9u$ to move z long z he1 9 fact1 mov$2 b /ill1 z by a r\gh in/9ct1 he pulls up pretty mu* :]e he %\ld1 ?\gh he 0 go+ at su* a pace be=e4 ,!re is no bett] example ( ?is quality 9 ,engli% /atesm5 ?an ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m mo/ s]i\s accusations to be made aga9/ him4 ,! sort ( homage ) :i* he 0 reg>d$ 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life has pass$ away2 ! spell is brok51 & ! magic _c be aga9 reviv$4 ,we may ?9k t 8 in=mation 0 meagre1 t 8 imag9ation 0 n>r[1 t 8 aims 7 %ort--sight$ & faulty4 ,b ?\gh we may (t5 object to 8 objects1 we r>ely f9d mu* to criticise 9 8 means4 ',he w5t1' x has be5 said1 ') a great sw+2' b he nev] tumbl$ ov]2 he always manag$ to pull up 'be=e !re 0 any dang]4' ,he 0 an odd man to h inh]it$ ,hampd5's motto2 /ill1 9 fact1 !re 0 a great trace 9 him ( m$iocria firma--z mu*1 probably1 z !re c\ld be 9 anyone ( su* great vivacity & buoyancy4 ,x is pla9 t ?is is a quality :i* z mu* z1 if n m ?an1 any o!r multiplies good results 9 practical life4 ,x enables m5 to see :at is good2 x gives !m intellect en\gh = suffici5t p]ception2 b x does n make m5 all intellect2 x does n' sickly !m o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght2' x enables !m to d ! good ?+s !y see to be good1 z well z to see t !y are good4 ,& x is pla9 t a gov]nm5t by popul> discussion t5ds to produce ?is quality4 ,a /rongly idiosyncratic m9d1 viol5tly dispos$ to extremes ( op9ion1 is soon we$$ out ( political life1 & a bodiless ?9k]1 an ineffectual s*ol>1 _c ev5 live !re = a day4 ,a vigor\s mod]at5ess 9 m9d & body is ! rule ( a polity :i* works by discussion2 &1 ^u ! :ole1 x is ! k9d ( temp] mo/ suit$ to ! active life ( su* a be+ z man 9 su* a _w z ! pres5t "o4 ,^! ?ree great b5efits ( free gov]nm5t1 ?\gh great1 are entirely second>y to its cont9u$ usefulness 9 ! mode 9 :i* x orig9ally 0 useful4 ,! fir/ great b5efit 0 ! deliv]ance ( mank9d f ! sup]annuat$ yoke ( cu/om>y law1 by ! gradual developm5t ( an inquisitive orig9ality4 ,& x cont9ues to produce t effect ^u p]sons app>5tly f> remote f its influ5ce1 & on subjects ) :i* x has no?+ to d4 ,?us ,mr4 ,mundella1 a mo/ exp]i5c$ & capable judge1 tells u t ! ,engli% artisan1 ?\gh s mu* less sob]1 less in/ruct$1 & less ref9$ ?an ! artisans ( "s o!r c\ntries1 is yet m inv5tive ?an any o!r artisan4 ,! ma/] w get m good sugge/ions f him ?an f any o!r4 ,aga91 ^u plausible gr\nds--look+1 = example1 to ! position ( ,locke & ,newton 9 ! sci5ce ( ! la/ c5tury1 & to t ( ,d>w9 9 our own--x may be argu$ t !re is "s quality 9 ,engli% ?\ght :i* makes !m /rike out z _m1 if n m1 fir/-rate & orig9al sugge/ions ?an nations ( great] sci5tific culture & m diffus$ sci5tific int]e/4 ,9 bo? cases ,i believe ! reason ( ! ,engli% orig9ality to be t gov]nm5t by discussion quick5s & enliv5s ?\ght all ?r\gh society2 t x makes p ?9k no h>m may come ( ?9k+2 t 9 ,engl& ?is =ce has long be5 op]at+1 & s x has develop$ m ( all k9ds ( p ready to use _! m5tal en]gy 9 _! own way1 & n ready to use x 9 any o!r way1 ?an a despotic gov]nm5t4 ,& s r>e is great orig9ality among mank9d1 & s great are its fruits1 t ?is "o b5efit ( free gov]nm5t probably outweighs :at are 9 _m cases its accessory evils4 ,( itself x ju/ifies1 or goes f> to ju/ify1 our say+ ) ,montesquieu1 ',:atev] be ! co/ ( ?is glori\s lib]ty1 we mu/ be cont5t to pay x to heav54' ,,no4 ,,vi4 ,,v]ifiable ,,progress ,,politically ,,consid]$4 ,! orig9al publication ( ^! essays 0 int]rupt$ by s]i\s illness & by long consequ5t ill--heal?1 ,i & n[ t ,i am putt+ !m toge!r ,i wi% to add ano!r :i* %all %ortly expla9 ! ma9 ?read ( ! argum5t :i* !y conta94 ,9 do+ s !re is a risk ( t$i\s repetition1 b on a subject bo? obscure & important1 any defect is bett] ?an an appe>ance ( vagu5ess4 ,9 a =m] essay ,i attempt$ to %[ t slight] causes ?an is commonly ?\ght may *ange a nation f ! /ation>y to ! progressive /ate ( civilisation1 & f ! /ation>y to ! degrad+4 ,commonly ! effect ( ! ag5t is look$ on 9 ! wrong way4 ,x is consid]$ z op]at+ on e individual 9 ! nation1 & x is assum$1 or half assum$1 t x is only ! effect :i* ! ag5t directly produces on ev]yone t ne$ be consid]$4 ,b besides ?is diffus$ effect ( ! fir/ impact ( ! cause1 !re is a second effect1 always consid]able1 & commonly m pot5t--a new model 9 "* is creat$ = ! nation2 ^? *>act]s :i* resemble x are enc\rag$ & multipli$2 ^? contra/$ ) x are p]secut$ & made few]4 ,9 a g5]ation or two1 ! look ( ! nation1 becomes q diff]5t2 ! *>act]i/ic m5 :o /& out are diff]5t1 ! m5 imitat$ are diff]5t2 ! result ( ! imitation is diff]5t4 ,a lazy nation may be *ang$ into an indu/ri\s1 a ri* into a poor1 a religi\s into a pr(ane1 z if by magic1 if any s+le cause1 ?\gh slight1 or any comb9ation ( causes1 h[ev] subtle1 is /rong en\gh to *ange ! fav\rite & dete/$ types ( "*4 ,?is pr9ciple w1 ,i ?9k1 help u 9 try+ to solve ! "q :y s few nations h progress$1 ?\gh to u progress seems s natural-:at is ! cause or set ( causes :i* h prev5t$ t progress 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 & produc$ x 9 ! feeble m9ority4 ,b !re is a prelim9>y difficulty3 ,:at is progress1 & :at is decl9e8 ,ev5 9 ! animal _w !re is no applicable rule accept$ by physiologi/s1 :i* settles :at animals are high] or l[] ?an o!rs2 !re are controv]sies ab\t x4 ,/ill m !n 9 ! m complex comb9ations & politics ( human be+s x is likely to be h>d to f9d an agre$ crit]ion = say+ :i* nation is be=e ano!r1 or :at age ( a nation 0 m>*+ =w>d & :i* 0 fall+ back4 ,ar*bi%op ,mann+ w\ld h "o rule ( progress & decl9e2 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 mo/ important po9ts1 q an opposite rule2 :at "o w\ld set d[n z an advance1 ! o!r w\ld set d[n z a retreat4 ,ea* has a di/9ct end :i* he wi%es & a di/9ct calamity :i* he fe>s1 b ! desire ( ! "o is pretty ne> ! fe> ( ! o!r2 books w\ld n hold ! controv]sy betwe5 !m4 ,aga91 9 art1 :o is to settle :at is advance & :at decl9e8 ,w\ld ,mr4 ,busk9 agree ) anyone else on ?is subject1 w\ld he ev5 agree ) himself or c\ld any common enquir] v5ture to say :e!r he 0 "r or wrong8 ,i am afraid t ,i mu/1 z ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton us$ to say1 'truncate a problem :i* ,i _c solve4' ,i mu/ decl9e to sit 9 judgm5t on disput$ po9ts ( art1 morals1 or religion4 ,b )\t s do+ ,i ?9k !re is su* a ?+ z 'v]ifiable progress1' if we may say s2 t is1 progress :i* n9ety-n9e hundr$?s or m ( mank9d w admit to be su*1 aga9/ :i* !re is no e/abli%$ or organis$ opposition cre$1 & ! objectors to :i*1 ess5tially v>y+ 9 op9ion !mselves1 & believ+ "o ?+ & ano!r ! rev]se1 may be safely & altoge!r reject$4 ,let u consid] 9 :at a village ( ,engli% coloni/s is sup]ior to a tribe ( ,au/ralian natives :o roam ab\t !m4 ,indisputably 9 "o1 & t a ma9 s5se1 !y are sup]ior4 ,!y c beat ! ,au/ralians 9 w> :5 !y l2 !y c take f !m any?+ !y l1 & kill any ( !m !y *oose4 ,z a rule1 9 all ! outly+ & unconte/$ di/ricts ( ! _w1 ! aborig9al native lies at ! m]cy ( ! intrud+ ,european4 ',nor is ?is all4 ,indisputably 9 ! ,engli% village !re are m means ( happ9ess1 a great] accumulation ( ! in/rum5ts ( enjoym5t1 ?an 9 ! ,au/ralian tribe4 ,! ,engli% h all mann] ( books1 ut5sils1 & ma*9es :i* ! o!rs d n use1 value1 or und]/&4 ,& 9 addition1 & beyond p>ticul> inv5tions1 !re is a g5]al /r5g? :i* is capable ( be+ us$ 9 conqu]+ a ?\s& difficulties1 & is an abid+ s\rce ( happ9ess1 because ^? :o possess x always feel t !y c use x4 ,if we omit ! high] b disput$ topics ( morals & religion1 we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t ! pla9] & agre$--on sup]iorities ( ! ,engli%m5 are ^!3 fir/1 t !y h a great] comm& ov] ! p[]s ( nature ^u ! :ole4 ,?\gh !y may fall %ort ( individual ,au/ralians 9 c]ta9 feats ( petty skill1 ?\gh !y may n ?r[ ! boom]ang z well1 or light a fire ) e>?/icks z well1 yet on ! :ole tw5ty ,engli%m5 ) _! implem5ts & skill c *ange ! mat]ial _w immeasurably m ?an tw5ty ,au/ralians & _! ma*9es4 ,secondly1 t ?is p[] is n ext]nal only2 x is also int]nal4 ,! ,engli% n only possess bett] ma*9es = mov+ nature1 b are !mselves bett] ma*9es4 ,mr4 ,babbage taught u ye>s ago t "o great use ( ma*9]y 0 n to augm5t ! =ce ( man1 b to regi/] & regulate ! p[] ( man2 & ?is 9 a ?\s& ways civilis$ man c d1 & is ready to d1 bett] & m precisely ?an ! b>b>ian4 ,?irdly1 civilis$ man n only has great] p[]s ov] nature1 b kn[s bett] h[ to use !m1 & by bett] ,i "h mean bett] = ! heal? & com=t ( 8 pres5t body & m9d4 ,he c lay up = old age1 :i* a savage hav+ no durable means ( su/5ance _c2 he is ready to lay up because he c di/9ctly =esee ! future1 :i* ! vague--m9d$ savage _c2 he is ma9ly desir\s ( g5tle1 cont9u\s pleasure1 ,i :]eas ! b>b>ian likes wild excitem5t1 & longs = /upefy+ repletion4 ,mu*1 if n all1 ( ^! ?ree ways may be summ$ up 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s phrase1 t progress is an increase ( adaptation ( man to 8 environm5t1 t is1 ( 8 int]nal p[]s & wi%es to 8 ext]nal lot & life4 ,some?+ ( x too is express$ 9 ! old pagan idea 'm5s sana 9 corpore sano4' ,& ,i ?9k ?is sort ( progress may be fairly inve/igat$ q sep>ately1 z x is progress 9 a sort ( good ev]yone wor? reckon+ ) admits & ,i agrees 94 ,no d\bt !re w rema9 p l ! ag$ savage1 :o 9 8 old age w5t back to 8 savage tribe & said t he _h 'tri$ civilisation = =ty ye>s1 & x 0 n wor? ! tr\ble4' ,b we ne$ n take acc\nt ( ! mi/ak5 ideas ( unfit m5 & beat5 races4 ,on ! :ole ! pla9] sort ( civilisation1 ! simpl] moral tra9+1 & ! m elem5t>y education are pla9 b5efits4 ,& ?\gh !re may be d\bt z to ! edges ( ! conception yet !re c]ta9ly is a broad road ( 'v]ifiable progress' :i* n only discov]]s & admir]s w l1 b :i* all ^? :o come ^u x w use & value4 ,unless "s k9d ( ab/raction l ?is is made 9 ! subject ! great problem ',:at causes progress8' w1 ,i am confid5t1 long rema9 unsolv$4 ,unless we are cont5t to solve simple problems fir/1 ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy tea*es t we %all nev] solve h>d problems4 ,?is is ! maxim ( sci5tific humility s (t5 insi/$ on by ! highe/ enquir]s t1 9 inve/igations1 z 9 life1 ^? ':o exalt !mselves %all be abas$1 & ^? :o humble !mselves %all be exalt$2' & ?\gh we may seem mean only to look = ! laws ( pla9 com=t & simple pres5t happ9ess1 yet we mu/ "w out t simple case fir/1 be=e we enc\nt] ! incr$ibly h>d] additional difficulties ( ! high] art1 morals & religion4 ,! difficulty ( solv+ ! problem ev5 ?us limit$ is exce$+ly great4 ,! mo/ palpable facts1 are exactly ! contr>y to :at we %\ld expect4 ,"l ,macaulay tells u t ',9 e exp]im5tal sci5ce !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds p]fection4 ,9 e human be+ !re is a t5d5cy to ameliorate 8 condition2' & ^! two pr9ciples op]at+ ev]y:]e & always1 might well h be5 expect$ to 'c>ry mank9d rapidly =w>d4' ,inde$1 tak+ v]ifiable progress 9 ! s5se :i* has j be5 giv5 to x1 we may say t nature gives a prize to e s+le /ep 9 x4 ,ev]yone t makes an inv5tion t b5efits himself or ^? ar\nd him1 is likely to be m com=table himself & to be m respect$ by ^? ar\nd him4 ,to produce new ?+s 's]viceable to man's life & conducive to man's e/ate1' is1 we %\ld say1 likely to br+ increas$ happ9ess to ! produc]4 ,x (t5 br+s imm5se rew>d c]ta9ly n[2 a new =m ( good /eel p51 a way ( mak+ "s k9d ( clo!s a little bett] or a little *eap]1 h br\ght m5 great =tunes4 ,& !re is ! same k9d ( prize = indu/rial improvem5t 9 ! e>lie/ times z 9 ! late/2 ?\gh ! b5efits s obta9able 9 e>ly society are poor inde$ 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( advanc$ society4 ,nature is l a s*oolma/]1 at lea/ 9 ?is1 %e gives h] f9e/ prizes to h] high & mo/ in/ruct$ classes2 ,/ill1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ society1 nature helps ^? :o c help !mselves1 & helps !m v mu*4 ,all ?is %\ld h made ! progress ( mank9d--progress at lea/ 9 ?is limit$ s5se-exce$+ly common2 b1 9 fact1 any progress is extremely r>e4 ,z a rule 7& z has be5 insi/$ on be=e7 a /ation>y /ate is by f> ! mo/ frequ5t condition ( man1 z f> z hi/ory describes t condition2 ! progressive /ate is only a r>e & an occasional exception4 ,be=e hi/ory began !re mu/ h be5 9 ! nation :i* writes x mu* progress2 else !re c\ld h be5 no hi/ory4 ,x is a great advance 9 civilisation to be able to describe ! common facts ( life1 & p]haps1 if we 7 to exam9e x1 we %\ld f9d t x 0 at lea/ an equal advance to wi% to describe !m4 ,b v few races h made ?is /ep ( progress2 v few h be5 capable ev5 ( ! meane/ sort ( hi/ory2 & z = writ+ su* a hi/ory z t ( ,?ucydides1 mo/ nations c\ld z soon h con/ruct$ a planet4 ,:5 hi/ory beg9s to record1 %e f9ds mo/ ( ! races incapable ( hi/ory1 arre/$1 unprogressive1 & pretty mu* :]e !y are n[4 ,:y1 !n1 h n ! obvi\s & natural causes ( progress 7z we %\ld call !m7 produc$ ^? obvi\s & natural effects8 ,:y h ! real =tunes ( mank9d be5 s diff]5t f ! =tunes :i* we %\ld expect8 ,?is is ! problem :i* 9 v>i\s =ms ,i h tak5 up 9 ^! pap]s1 & ?is is ! outl9e ( ! solution :i* ,i h attempt$ to propose4 ,! progress ( ,,man requires ! co--op]ation ( ,,m5 = its developm5t4 ,t :i* any "o man or any "o family c\ld inv5t = !mselves is obvi\sly exce$+ly limit$4 ,& ev5 if ?is 7 n true1 isolat$ progress c\ld nev] be trac$4 ,! rude/ sort ( coop]ative society1 ! l[e/ tribe & ! feeble/ gov]nm5t1 is s mu* /rong] ?an isolat$ man1 t isolat$ man 7if he ev] exi/$ 9 any %ape :i* c\ld be call$ man71 might v easily h ceas$ to exi/4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! subject is t man c only progress 9 'co-op]ative gr\ps2' ,i might say tribes & nations1 b ,i use ! less common ^w because few p w\ld at once see t tribes & nations ,,are co-op]ative gr\ps1 & t x is _! be+ s :i* makes _! value2 t unless y c make a /rong co-op]ative bond1 y\r society w be conqu]$ & kill$ out by "s o!r society :i* has su* a bond2 & ! second pr9ciple is t ! memb]s ( su* a gr\p %\ld be simil> en\gh to "o ano!r to co-op]ate easily & readily toge!r4 ,! co-op]ation 9 all su* cases dep5ds on a ,,felt ,,union ( he>t & _s2 & ?is is only felt :5 !re is a great degree ( real lik5ess 9 m9d & feel+1 h[ev] t lik5ess may h be5 atta9$4 ,?is ne$ful co-op]ation & ?is requisite lik5ess ,i believe to h be5 produc$ by "o ( ! /ronge/ yokes 7z we %\ld ?9k if x 7 to be reimpos$ n[7 & ! mo/ t]rible tyrannies ev] kn[n among m5--! au?ority ( 'cu/om>y law4'1 ,9 its e>li] /age ?is is no pleasant p[]--no 'rosewat]' au?ority1 z ,c>lyle w\ld h call$ x--b a /]n1 incessant1 implacable rule4 ,& ! rule is (t5 ( mo/ *ildi% orig91 beg9n+ 9 a casual sup]/ition or local accid5t4 ',^! p1' says ,capta9 ,palm] ( ! ,fiji1' are v cons]vative4 ,a *ief 0 "o day go+ ov] a m\nta9-pa? foll[$ by a long /r+ ( 8 p1 :5 he happ5$ to /umble & fall2 all ! re/ ( ! p imm$iately did ! same except "o man1 :o 0 set ^u by ! re/ to "k :e!r he consid]$ himself bett] ?an ! *ief4' ,:at c be worse ?an a life regulat$ by t sort ( ob$i5ce1 & t sort ( imitation8 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a bad specim51 b ! nature ( cu/om>y law z we ev]y:]e f9d x 9 its e>lie/ /ages is t ( co>se casual compreh5sive usage1 beg9n+1 we _c tell h[1 decid+1 we _c tell :y1 b rul+ ev]yone 9 almo/ e action ) an inflexible grasp4 ,! necessity ( ?us =m+ co-op]ative gr\ps by fix$ cu/oms expla9s ! necessity ( isolation 9 e>ly society4 ,z a matt] ( fact all great nations h be5 prep>$ 9 privacy & 9 secret4 ,!y h be5 compos$ f> away f all di/raction4 ,greece1 ,borne1 ,judaea1 7 fram$ ea* by itself1 & ! antipa?y ( ea* to m5 ( diff]5t race & diff]5t spee* is "o ( _! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ities1 & q _! /ronge/ common prop]ty4 ,& ! in/9ct ( e>ly ages is a "r guide = ! ne$s ( e>ly ages4 ,int]c\rse ) =eign]s !n broke d[n 9 /ates ! fix$ rules :i* 7 =m+ _! *>act]s1 s z to be a cause ( weak fibre ( m9d1 ( desultory & unsettl$ action2 ! liv+ spectacle ( an admitt$ unbelief de/roys ! b9d+ au?ority ( religi\s cu/om & snaps ! social cord4 ,?us we see ! use ( a sort ( 'prelim9>y' age 9 societies1 :5 trade is bad because x prev5ts ! sep>ation ( nations1 because x infuses di/ract+ ideas among occupi$ communities1 because x 'br+s ali5 m9ds to ali5 %ores4 ,& z ! trade :i* we n[ ?9k ( z an incalculable good1 is 9 t age a =midable evil & de/ructive calamity2 s w> & conque/1 :i* we commonly & ju/ly see to be n[ evils1 are 9 t age (t5 s+ul> b5efits & great advantages4 ,x is only by ! competition ( cu/oms t bad cu/oms c be elim9at$ & good cu/oms multipli$4 ,conque/ is ! premium giv5 by nature to ^? national *>act]s :i* _! national cu/oms h made mo/ fit to w9 9 w>1 & 9 _m mo/ mat]ial respects ^? w9n+ *>act]s are really ! be/ *>act]s4 ,! *>act]s :i* d w9 9 w> are ! *>act]s :i* we %\ld wi% to w9 9 w>4 ,simil>ly1 ! be/ in/itutions h a natural milit>y advantage ov] bad in/itutions4 ,! fir/ great victory ( civilisation 0 ! conque/ ( nations ) ill-def9$ families hav+ legal desc5t ?r\gh ! "m only1 by nations ( def9ite families trac+ desc5t ?r\gh ! fa!r z well z ! "m1 or ?r\gh ! fa!r only4 ,su* compact families are a mu* bett] basis = milit>y discipl9e ?an ! ill-b\nd families :i* inde$ seem h>dly to be families at all1 :]e 'pat]nity' is1 = tribal purposes1 an unrecognis$ idea1 & :]e only ! physical fact ( 'mat]nity' is ?\ght to be c]ta9 en\gh to be ! f\ndation ( law or cu/om4 ,! nations ) a ?or\ghly compact$ family sy/em h 'possess$ ! e>?1' t is1 !y h tak5 all ! f9e/ di/ricts 9 ! mo/ compet$-= p>ts2 & ! nations ) loose sy/ems h be5 m]ely left to m\nta9 ranges & lonely isl&s4 ,! family sy/em & t 9 its highe/ =m has be5 s exclusively ! sy/em ( civilisation1 t lit]ature h>dly recognises any o!r1 & t1 if x 7 n = ! liv+ te/imony ( a great multitude ( scatt]$ communities :i* are 'fa%ion$ aft] ! /ructure ( ! eld] _w1' we %\ld h>dly admit ! possibility ( some?+ s contr>y to all :i* we h liv$ among/1 & :i* we h be5 us$ to ?9k (4 ,aft] su* an example ( ! fragm5t>y nature ( ! evid5ce x is 9 comp>ison easy to believe t hundr$s ( /range in/itutions may h pass$ away & h left beh9d !m n only no memorial1 b n ev5 a trace or a ve/ige to help ! imag9ation to figure :at !y 74 ,i _c exp& ! subject1 b 9 ! same way ! bett] religions h _h a great physical advantage1 if ,i may say s1 ov] ! worse4 ,!y h giv5 :at ,i may call a ,,confid5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,! savage subject$ to a mean sup]/ition1 is afraid to walk simply ab\t ! _w--he _c d ,,?is because x is om9\s1 or he mu/ d ,,t because x is lucky1 or he _c d any?+ at all till ! gods h spok5 & giv5 him leave to beg94 ,b "u ! high] religions !re is no simil> slav]y & no simil> t]ror4 ,! belief ( ! ,greek eis oianos ari/os amne/hai p] ptrs2 ! belief ( ! ,roman t he 0 to tru/ 9 ! gods ( ,borne1 = ^? gods are /rong] ?an all o!rs2 ! belief ( ,cromwell's soldi]y t !y 7 'to tru/ 9 ,god & keep _! p[d] dry1' are great /eps 9 upw>d progress1 us+ progress 9 its n>r[e/ s5se4 ,!y all enabl$ ^? :o believ$ !m 'to take ! _w z x comes1' to be guid$ by no unreal reason1 & to be limit$ by no my/ic scruple2 :5ev] !y f\nd any?+ to d1 to d x ) _! might4 ,& m directly :at ,i may call ! =tify+ religions1 t is to say1 ^? :i* lay ! pla9e/ /ress on ! manly p>ts ( morality--^u val\r1 on tru? & indu/ry--h _h pla9ly ! mo/ obvi\s effect 9 /r5g!n+ ! races :i* believ$ !m1 & 9 mak+ ^? races ! w9n+ races4 ,no d\bt _m sorts ( primitive improvem5t are p]nici\s to w>2 an exquisite s5se ( beauty1 a love ( m$itation1 a t5d5cy to cultivate ! =ce ( ! m9d at ! exp5se ( ! =ce ( ! body1 = example1 help 9 _! respective degrees to make m5 less w>like ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be4 ,b ^! are ! virtues ( o!r ages4 ,! fir/ "w ( ! fir/ ages is to b9d m5 toge!r 9 ! /rong bond ( a r\gh1 co>se1 h>% cu/om2 & ! incessant conflict ( nations effects ?is 9 ! be/ way4 ,e nation1 is an 'h]$it>y co-op]ative gr\p1' b\nd by a fix$ cu/om2 & out ( ^? gr\ps ^? conqu] :i* h ! mo/ b9d+ & mo/ invigorat+ cu/oms1 & ^! are1 z a r\gh rule1 ! be/ cu/oms4 ,! majority ( ! 'gr\ps' :i* w9 & conqu] are bett] ?an ! majority ( ^? :i* fail & p]i%1 & ?us ! fir/ _w gr[ bett] & 0 improv$4 ,?is e>ly cu/om>y _w no d\bt cont9u$ = ages4 ,! fir/ hi/ory del9eates great mon>*ies1 ea* compos$ ( a hundr$ cu/om>y gr\ps1 all ( :i* believ$ !mselves to be ( enorm\s antiquity1 & all ( :i* mu/ h exi/$ = v _m g5]ations4 ,! fir/ hi/orical _w is n a new-look+ ?+ b a v anci5t1 & accord+ to pr9ciple x is necess>y t x %\ld exi/ = ages4 ,if human nature 0 to be gradually improv$1 ea* g5]ation mu/ be born bett] tam$1 m calm1 m capable ( civilisation--9 a ^w1 m ,,legal ?an ! "o be=e x1 & su* inh]it$ improvem5ts are always sl[ & dubi\s4 ,?\gh a few gift$ p may advance mu*1 ! mass ( ea* g5]ation c improve b v little on ! g5]ation :i* prec$$ x2 & ev5 ! slight improvem5t s ga9$ is liable to be de/roy$ by "s my/]i\s atavism--"s /range recurr5ce to a primitive pa/4 ,long ages ( dre>y monotony are ! fir/ facts 9 ! hi/ory ( human communities1 b ^? ages 7 n lo/ to mank9d1 = x 0 !n t 0 =m$ ! comp>atively g5tle & guidable ?+ :i* we n[ call human nature4 ,& inde$ ! greate/ difficulty is n 9 pres]v+ su* a _w b 9 end+ x4 ,we h br\ght 9 ! yoke ( cu/om to improve ! _w1 & 9 ! _w ! cu/om /icks4 ,9 a ?\s& cases--9 ! great majority ( cases--! progress ( mank9d has be5 arre/$ 9 ?is its e>lie/ %ape2 x has be5 closely embalm$ 9 a mummy-l imitation ( its primitive exi/5ce4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ 9 :at mann]1 & h[ sl[ly1 & 9 h[ few cases ?is yoke ( cu/om 0 remov$4 ,x 0 'gov]nm5t by discussion '1 :i* broke ! bond ( ages & set free ! orig9ality ( mank9d4 ,!n1 & !n only1 ! motives :i* ,"l ,macaulay c\nt$ on to secure ! progress ( mank9d1 9 fact1 beg9 to "w2 ,,!n '! t5d5cy 9 e man to ameliorate 8 condition' beg9s to be important1 because !n man c alt] 8 condition :ile be=e he is pegg$ d[n by anci5t usage2 ,,!n ! t5d5cy 9 ea* me*anical art t[>ds p]fection beg9s to h =ce1 because ! arti/ is at la/ all[$ to seek p]fection1 aft] hav+ be5 =c$ = ages to move 9 ! /raight furr[ ( ! old fix$ way4 ,z soon z ?is great /ep upw>ds is once made1 all or almo/ all1 ! high] gifts & graces ( humanity h a rapid & a def9ite effect on 'v]ifiable progress'--on progress 9 ! n>r[e/1 because 9 ! mo/ univ]sally admitt$ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,success 9 life1 !n1 dep5ds1 z we h se51 m ?an any?+ else on 'animat$ mod]ation1' on a c]ta9 comb9ation ( en]gy ( m9d & balance ( m9d1 h>d to atta9 & h>d] to keep4 ,& ?is subtle excell5ce is aid$ by all ! f9] graces ( humanity4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t1 ?\gh (t5 sep>at$1 f9e ta/e & f9e judgm5t g v mu* toge!r1 & especially t a man ) gross want ( ta/e1 ?\gh he may act s5sibly & correctly = a :ile1 is yet apt to break out1 soon] or lat]1 into gross practical error4 ,9 metaphysics1 probably bo? ta/e & judgm5t involve :at is t]m$ 'poise ( m9d1' t is ! p[] ( true passiv5ess--! faculty ( 'wait+' till ! /ream ( impressions1 :e!r ^? ( life or ^? ( art h done all t !y h to d1 & cut _! full type pla9ly ^u ! m9d4 ,! ill-judg+ & ! unta/eful are bo? ov]-eag]2 bo? move too quick & blur ! image4 ,9 ?is way ! union betwe5 a subtle s5se ( beauty & a subtle discretion 9 conduct is a natural "o1 because x re/s on ! common possession ( a f9e p[]1 ?\gh1 9 matt] ( fact1 t union may be (t5 di/urb$4 ,a complex sea ( =ces & passions tr\bles m5 9 life & action1 :i* 9 ! calm] region ( art are h>dly to be felt at all4 ,&1 !re=e1 ! cultivation ( a f9e ta/e t5ds to promote ! function ( a f9e judgm5t1 :i* is a ma9 help 9 ! complex _w ( civilis$ exi/5ce4 ,j s too ! mann] 9 :i* ! m delicate p>ts ( religion daily "w 9 produc+ t 'mod]ation' :i*1 ^u ! :ole1 & z a rule1 is ess5tial to long success1 def9+ success ev5 9 its mo/ n>r[ & mundane way1 might be work$ out 9 a hundr$ cases1 ?\gh x w\ld n suit ^! pages4 ,_m ( ! f9] intellectual ta/es h a simil> re/ra9+ effect !y prev5t1 or t5d to prev5t1 a gre$y voracity aft] ! good ?+s ( life1 :i* makes bo? m5 & nations 9 excessive ha/e to be ri* & fam\s1 (t5 makes !m d too mu* & d x ill1 & s (t5 leaves !m at la/ )\t money & )\t respect4 ,b !re is no ne$ to exp& ?is fur!r4 ,! pr9ciple is pla9 t1 ?\gh ^! bett] & high] graces ( humanity are imp$im5ts & encumbrances 9 ! e>ly fight+ p]iod1 yet t 9 ! lat] era !y are among ! greate/ helps & b5efits1 & t z soon z gov]nm5ts by discussion h become /rong en\gh to secure a /able exi/5ce1 & z soon z !y h brok5 ! fix$ rule ( old cu/om1 & h awak5$ ! dormant inv5tiv5ess ( m51 !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 almo/ e "p ( human nature beg9s to spr+ =w>d1 & beg9s to contribute its quota ev5 to ! n>r[e/1 ev5 to 'v]ifiable' progress4 ,& ?is is ! true reason ( all ^? panegyrics on lib]ty :i* are (t5 s measur$ 9 expression b are 9 ess5ce s true to life & nature4 ,lib]ty is ! /r5g!n+ & develop+ p[]--! light & heat ( political nature2 & :5 "s ',caes>ism' exhibits z x sometimes w an orig9ality ( m9d1 x is only because x has manag$ to make its own ! products ( pa/ free times or neighb\r+ free c\ntries2 & ev5 t orig9ality is only brief & frail1 & aft] a little :ile1 :5 te/$ by a g5]ation or two1 9 "t ( ne$ x falls away4 ,9 a complete inve/igation ( all ! conditions ( 'v]ifiable progress1' mu* else w\ld h to be set out2 = example1 sci5ce has secrets ( h] own4 ,nature does n we> h] mo/ useful lessons on h] sleeve2 %e only yields h] mo/ productive secrets1 ^? :i* yield ! mo/ weal? & ! mo/ 'fruit1' to ^? :o h gone ?r\gh a long process ( prelim9>y ab/raction4 ,to make a p]son really und]/& ! 'laws ( motion' is n easy1 & to solve ev5 simple problems 9 ab/ract dynamics is to mo/ p exce$+ly h>d4 ,& yet x is on ^! out-(-!-way inve/igations1 s to speak1 t ! art ( navigation1 all physical a/ronomy1 & all ! !ory ( physical movem5ts at lea/ dep5d4 ,b no nation w\ld be=eh& h ?\ght t 9 s curi\s a mann] su* great secrets 7 to be discov]$4 ,& _m nations1 !re=e1 :i* get on ! wrong track1 may be di/anc$--suppos+ !re to be no communication by "s nation n bett] ?an any ( !m :i* happ5s to /umble on ! "r track4 ,if !re 7 no ',brad%aw' & no "o knew ! "t at :i* tra9s />t$1 a man :o caught ! express w\ld n be a wis] or a m bus9ess-l man ?an he :o miss$ x1 & yet he w\ld arrive :ole h\rs soon] at ! capital bo? are go+ to4 ,& unless ,i misread ! matt]1 su* 0 (t5 ! case ) e>ly k4 ,at any rate be=e a complete !ory ( 'v]ifiable progress' c\ld be made1 x w\ld h to be settl$ :e!r ?is is s or n1 & ! conditions ( ! developm5t ( physical sci5ce w\ld h to be fully /at$2 obvi\sly y _c expla9 ! developm5t ( human com=t unless y "k ! way 9 :i* m5 le>n & discov] com=table ?+s4 ,!n aga91 = a complete discussion1 :e!r ( progress or degradation1 a :ole c\rse ( analysis is necess>y z to ! effect ( natural ag5cies on man1 & ( *ange 9 ^? ag5cies4 ,b ^u ^! ,i _c t\*2 ! only way to solve ^! great problems is to take !m sep>ately4 ,i only pr(ess to expla9 :at seem to me ! political pr]equisites ( progress1 & especially ( e>ly progress1 ,i d ?is ! r because ! subject is insuffici5tly exam9$1 s t ev5 if my views are f\nd to be faulty1 ! discussion ^u !m may br+ out o!rs :i* are tru] & bett]4 ,,! ,,end