,,n ,,guilty3  ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,!      
,,bottom ,,dog  ,by ,rob]t ,blat*=d     
,,new ,,york3 ,,boni ,,& ,,liv]ight3    
#aiah  ,d$icat$ to my ,old ,fri5d       
,fell[ ,work] ,w4,t4 ,,wilk9son     ,,! 
,,au?or',s ,,apology  ,,?is is n a /iff 
& le>n$ "w1 writt5 by a pr(essor =      
pr(essors1 b a human book1 writt5 9     
humanity's behalf by a man1 = m5 & wom54
  ,i %all n fret y ) /range & /ilt$     
language1 nor we>y y ) t$i\s & irksome  
sci5ce1 nor gall y ) f>-fet*$ !ories1   
nor wa/e y\r "t 9 any va9 ^w-twi/+ nor  
splitt+ ( hairs4  ,a pla9-deal+ man1    
speak+ frankly & simply to hone/ &      
pla9-deal+ read]s1 ,i %all tru/ to      
common s5se & common k & common ,engli% 
to make my mean+ cle>4  ,i h be5 w>n$ t 
x is easi] to write a book on su* a !me 
z ?is ?an to get p to read x :5 writt54 
,b ,i am hopeful1 & my hope spr+s f !   
liv+ int]e/ & deep significance ( !     
subject4  ,= 9 def5d+ ! ,bottom ,dog ,i 
d n deal ) h>d sci5ce only2 b ) ! de>e/ 
fai?s1 ! olde/ wrongs1 & ! mo/ awful    

relation%ips ( ! great human family1 =  
^: good ,i /rive1 & to ^: judgm5t ,i    
appeal4  ,kn[+1 z ,i d1 h[ ! h>d-work+ &
 h>d-play+ public %un labori\s ?9k+ &   
s]i\s writ+1 & h[ !y hate to h _! ease  
di/urb$ or _! prejudices h&l$ rudely1 ,i
 /ill make bold to und]take ?is task1   
because ( ! vital nature ( ! problems ,i
 %all probe4  ,! case = ! ,bottom ,dog  
%\ld t\* ! public he>t to ! quick1 = x  
affects ! tru? ( our religions1 ! ju/ice
 ( our laws1 & ! de/9ies ( our *ildr5 & 
our *ildr5's2 *ildr54  ,mu* gold5       
eloqu5ce has be5 squ&]$ 9 praise ( !    
successful & ! good2 mu* /]n            
condemnation has be5 v5t$ ^u ! wick$4 ,i
 v5ture n[ to plead = ^? ( our poor     
bro!rs & si/]s :o are accurs$ ( ,*ri/ & 
reject$4  ,hi!rto all ! love1 all !     
hon\rs1 all ! applause ( ?is8 _w1 & all 
! rew>ds ( heav51 h be5 lavi%$ on !     
=tunate & ! /rong2 & ! portion ( !      
unfri5d$ ,bottom ,dog1 9 8 adv]sity &   
weakness1 has be5 curses1 bl[s1 *a9s1 ! 
gall[s1 & ev]la/+ damnation4  ,i %all   

plead1 !n1 = ^? :o are loa!d & tortur$ &
 br&$ z ! s9ful & unclean2 = ^? :o h    
hat$ u & wrong$ u1 & h be5 wrong$ & hat$
 by u4 ,i %all def5d !m = "r's sake1 =  
pity's sake1 & = ! b5efit ( society & ! 
race4 ,= ^! also are ( our fle%1 ^! also
 h err$ & gone a/ray1 ^! also are       
victims ( an inscrutable & rel5tless    
,fate4  ,if x conc]ns u t ! religions ( 
! _w are *ildi% dreams1 or nightm>es2 if
 x conc]ns u t p5al laws & moral codes  
are survivals ( b>b>ism & fe>2 if x     
conc]ns u t our mo/ *]i%$ & v5]able     
ideas ( our relations to ,god & to ea*  
o!r are illogical & savage1 !n ! case = 
! ,bottom ,dog conc]ns u ne>ly4  ,if x  
moves u to le>n t disease may be        
prev5t$1 t ru9 may be av]t$1 t brok5    
he>ts & brok5 lives may be made :ole2 if
 x inspires u to he> h[ beauty may be   
conjur$ out ( loa?l9ess & glory out (   
%ame2 h[ wa/e may be turn$ to weal? &   
dea? to life1 & despair to happ9ess1 !n 
! case = ! ,bottom ,dog is a case to be 
well & truly tri$4  ,if man's fle% &    

woman's fle% are m]*&ise or c>rion2 if !
 defil$ & trampl$ s\ls ( innoc5t *ildr5 
are no m to u ?an are ! trodd5 blossoms 
"u ! feet ( sw9e2 if love lies to u &   
pity is a *eat2 if :ips & *a9s &        
contumely & ! gibbet are meet = our     
si/]s & our bro!rs & if di%on\rable ease
 & begg>ly pride & ! flatt]ies ( fools  
are wor?y ( ourselves1 !n we h ! ,yell[ 
,press & ! pa9t$ alt> & ! ,p>liam5t>y   
spee*es & a selfi% heav5 & a hell :]e ! 
worm nev] dies2 & ev]y?+ is = ! be/ 91  
?is be/ ( all possible worlds4  ,b      
because ,i believe m5 ne$s mu/ love !   
highe/ :5 !y see x1 because ,i believe t
 ! univ]sal he>t is sweet & s\nd1       
because ,i believe !re are _m :o hon\r  
tru? & seek happ9ess & peace = all1 ,i d
 n fe> to plead = ! ,bottom ,dog1 nor to
 ask a pati5t he>+4  ,rightly or        
wrongly1 happily or unhappily1 b ) all !
 s9c]ity ( my s\l1 ,i %all "h d5y !     
ju/ice & reason ( e k9d ( blame &       
praise1 ( puni%m5t & rew>d--human or    
div9e4  ,div9e law--! law made by       

prie/s1 & attribut$ to ,god--consi/s ( a
 code ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts' = acts call$
 good or bad4 ,human law--! law made by 
,k+s & ,p>liam5ts--consi/s ( a code (   
puni%m5ts = acts call$ crim9al &        
unlawful4  ,i claim t m5 %\ld n be      
classifi$ z good & bad1 b z =tunate &   
un=tunate2 t !y %\ld be piti$1 & n      
blam$2 help$ in/ead ( be+ puni%$4  ,i   
claim t s9ce we d n hold a man wor?y (  
praise = be+ born beautiful1 nor ( blame
 = be+ born ugly1 nei!r %\ld we hold him
 wor?y ( praise = be+ born virtu\s1 nor 
( blame = be+ born vici\s4  ,i base ?is 
claim ^u ! self-evid5t & und5iable fact 
t man has no "p 9 ! creation ( 8 own    
nature4  ,i %all be told ?is means t no 
man is answ]able = 8 own acts4  ,t is   
exactly :at x does mean4  ,b1 x w be    
urg$1 e man has a free w to act z he    
*ooses2 & to d5y t is to imp]il all law 
& ord]1 all morality & discipl9e4  ,i   
d5y bo? ^! inf]5ces1 & ,i ask ! read] to
 he> my case pati5tly1 & to judge x on  
its m]its4  ,let u fir/ te/ ! ju/ice (  

our laws1 div9e & human3 ! "q ( _!      
usefulness we w deal ) lat]4     ,,*apt]
 ,,"o--,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,god  ,,div9e law
 says t c]ta9 acts are good1 & t c]ta9  
acts are evil2 & t ,god w rew>d ^? :o d 
well1 & w puni% ^? :o d ill4 ,& we are  
told t ,god w s act because ,god is j4  
,b ,i claim t ,god _c ju/ly puni% ^?1 :o
 disobey1 nor rew>d ^? :o obey ,8 laws4 
,religi\s p tell u t ,god is ,! ,great  
,fir/ ,cause3 t ,god creat$ all         
?+s--mank9d1 ! univ]se1 nature & all h] 
laws4 ,:o is answ]able = a ?+ t is      
caus$3 he :o causes x1 or he :o does n  
cause x8  ,he :o causes x is answ]able4 
,& ,god is ,! ,fir/ ,great ,cause ( all 
?+s4 ,& ! cause ( all ?+s is answ]able =
 all ?+s4  ,if ,god creat$ all ?+s ,he  
mu/ h creat$ ! evil z well z ! good4    
,:o1 !n1 is responsible = good & evil8  
,only ,god1 = ,he made !m4  ,he :o      
creates all is responsible = all4 ,god  
creat$ all3 ,god is responsible = all4  
,he :o creates no?+ is responsible =    
no?+4 ,man creat$ no?+3 man is          

responsible = no?+4  ,!re=e man is n    
responsible = 8 nature1 nor = ! acts    
prompt$ by t nature4  ,!re=e ,god _c    
ju/ly puni% man = 8 acts4  ,!re=e !     
,div9e law1 ) its code ( rew>ds &       
puni%m5ts1 is n a j law1 & _c h emanat$ 
f a j ,god4  ,!re=e ! ,*ri/ian religion 
is built ^u a f\ndation ( error1 & !re  
are no su* ?+s z ,god's wra?1 ,god's    
p>don2 heav5 or hell4  ,t argum5t has   
nev] be5 answ]$4 ,b attempts h be5 made 
to evade x1 & ! plea mo/ commonly put   
=w>d has be5 s gracefully express$ by   
,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton t ,i w quote x 9 8
 own words3  ,n[1 ! "q r\nd :i* ?is     
controv]sy has circl$ = ages is simply  
?is3 ,cle>ly ,god c1 9 ! ex]cise ( ,8   
omnipot5ce1 give "p ( ,himself to ,8    
creatures2 c give ,8 /r5g? to ! bull1 or
 ,8 beauty to ! lily4 ,c\ld ,god        
possibly1 9 ! ex]cise ( ,8 omnipot5ce1  
give to "o ( ,8 creatures "s portion ( t
 o!r quality ( ,8--,8 orig9at+ p[]1 ,8  
p[] ( primal inv5tion1 ?is mak+ ?+s f   
no?+ or ,himself8 ,if ,god c d all ?+s1 

c ,he n make man free8 ,c ,he n give man
 ! p[] to create actions z ,god creates 
/>s8 ,he c give ,8 =ce2 c ,he give a    
little ( 8 sov]eignty8 ,c ,he1 9 %ort1  
create a k9d ( little ,god--an imago    
,dei8  ,! answ] to t qua9t piece (      
reason+ is t x begs ! "q4 ,= ,i d n say 
t ,god _c give to man any p[] ,he       
*ooses2 b t ,god is responsible1 & man  
is n responsible1 = ! nature & ! acts ( 
any p[] by ,god be/[$4  ,if man did n   
inv5t1 nor create himself2 if man did n 
create ! p[] be/[$ ^u him by ,god2 if   
man did n be/[ t p[] ^u himself1 h[ c   
man be responsible = ! p[] or = its     
acts8  ,god n only creat$ man2 ,he      
creat$ ! mat]ial ( :i* man 0 made1 & !  
laws ( ! univ]se into :i* man 0         
introduc$4  ,god is ! ,fir/ ,great      
,cause3 ,he creat$ all ?+s3 ! evil & !  
good4 ,h[ c ,god blame man = ! effects (
 :i* ,god is ! cause8  ,= ! defeat ( all
 ,*ri/ian apologi/s x is n necess>y = me
 to add ano!r ^w2 ! argum5t is inv9cible
 z x /&s4 ,b = ! read]'s sake x may be z

 well to deal r m fully ) :at may be to 
him a new & />tl+ idea4 ,let u !n return
 to ,mr4 ,*e/]ton's plea4  ,god is said 
to give to man a p[]3 a p[] :i*1 ,mr4   
,*e/]ton says1 ,god made out ( ,himself4
 ,& ?is p[] w create ?\ghts1 w create   
actions z ,god creates />s4  ,b we see t
 man _c create ! ?\ghts nor cause !     
actions until ,god gives him ! p[]4 ,!n 
x is ! p[] t creates ! ?\ghts or acts4  
,!n x is n man1 b ! p[]--! p[] ,god made
 out ( ,himself & be/[$ ^u man--t       
creates ! ?\ghts or acts4 ,!n ! p[] is a
 k9d ( "l or rul] made by ,god1 & put by
 ,god ov] man1 z a rid] is plac$ ^u a   
horse1 or a pilot on a %ip4 ,!n man is  
no m responsible = ! acts or ! ?\ghts ( 
?is rul+ p[] ?an a horse is responsible 
= ! acts ( a jockey1 or a %ip = ! acts (
 a pilot4  ,9 fact1 ! p[] giv5 by ,god  
to man is only ano!r "n = ! w ( ,god1 or
 ! p[] ( ,god2 & if man's acts are rul$1
 or creat$1 by ! w or p[] ( ,god1 h[ c  
,god ju/ly puni% man = ^? acts8  ,if    
,god creat$ man z well z ?is imag9>y p[]

 :i* ,god is said to give to man1 ,god  
is responsible = ! acts ( bo?4  ,x is   
claim$ by o!rs t man is responsible to  
,god = 8 acts because ,god gave him     
reason1 or because ,god gave him a      
consci5ce1 or because ,god gave him a w 
to *oose4  ,b ^! words1 consci5ce1      
reason1 & w1 are only o!r names = ,mr4  
,*e/]ton's imag9>y p[]4  ,let u be      
c>eful to keep our ?\ghts q cle> &      
un5tangl$4 ,if we speak ( w1 or p[]1 or 
reason1 z a ?+ giv5 to man1 we imply t  
w1 or p[]1 is a ?+ outside ( man1 & n a 
"p ( him4  ,hav+ fail$ to saddle man )  
responsibility = himself1 our oppon5ts  
w\ld n[ make him responsible = "s p[]   
outside himself4 ,! simple answ] is t   
man made nei!r himself nor 8 p[]s1 & t  
,god made man & ! p[] giv5 to man2 !re=e
 ,god & n man is responsible4 ,consci5ce
 & reason & ! p[] are rul]s or guides   
giv5 to man by ,god4 ,god made ^! guides
 or rul]s4  ,^! guides mu/ be true      
guides1 or false guides3 !y mu/ be good 
or bad4  ,god is all-kn[+1 z well z     

all-p[]ful4 ,n only has ,he p[] to      
create at w a true guide or a false     
guide1 b ,he kn[s :5 ,he creates a      
guide1 & :5 ,he be/[s t guide ^u man1   
:e!r x w be a true or a false guide4    
,!re=e1 :5 ,god creat$ ! reason or !    
consci5ce & gave x to man1 ,he knew :e!r
 ! reason or ! consci5ce w\ld guide man 
"r or wrong4 ,if ! p[] made & be/[$ by  
,god leads man wrongly1 x is lead+ man z
 ,god will$ & knew x w\ld lead him4 ,h[1
 !n1 c ,god ju/ly blame man = ! acts t  
reason or p[] creates8  ,god creates a  
numb] ( good prop5sities1 & a numb] (   
evil prop5sities1 packs !m up 9 a bundle
 & calls !m man4 ,is ! sk9ful (         
prop5sities creat$ & put toge!r by ,god 
responsible = ! proportion ( good & evil
 p[]s x comprises8  ,b !n ,mr4 ,*e/]ton 
sugge/s t ,god puts ov] ! bundle a p[] (
 control4 ,t p[] controls man = evil3 z 
,god mu/ h kn[n x w\ld4 ,is ! bundle (  
,god's mak+ responsible = ! failure ( ! 
p[] ,god made & s5t to manage x8 ,god   
mu/ h kn[n :5 ,he creat$ & put ! p[] 9  

control t x w\ld fail4  ,tell me n[1 "s 
wise philosoph]1 or great div9e1 or     
le>n$ logician1 :i* is ! man8 ,is x !   
good prop5sities1 or ! evil prop5sities1
 or ! p[] ( control8 ,& tell me h[ c any
 "o or all ( ^! be responsible to ! ,god
 :o inv5t$ !m1 :o creat$ !m1 :o jo9$ !m 
toge!r2 :o made & unit$ !m1 kn[+ !y w\ld
 fail8  ,"h is a gr& conception ( an    
all-wise1 all-p[]ful1 p]fectly j ,god1  
:o creates a man :om ,he kn[s mu/ d     
evil1 gives him a guide :o _c make him d
 well1 issues comm&s = him to act z ,god
 has made x impossible = him to act1 &  
f9ally puni%es him = fail+ to d :at ,god
 knew f ! fir/ he 0 incapable ( do+4  ,&
 ! _w is pay+ millions ( money1 & be/[+ 
hon\rs & rew>ds 9 pr(usion ^u ! le>n$ & 
wise & spiritual lead]s :o tea* x to    
believe su* illogical nons5se z ! above4
  ,:5 we turn f ! old idea ( in/antane\s
 creation to ! new idea ( evolution1 !  
!ories ab\t ,god's m]cy & ,god's wra?   
are /ill m impossible & absurd4  ,= n[  
we are to believe t ,god1 ! ,fir/ ,great

 ,cause1 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ n man & bea/1
 & =e/ & sea1 & hill & pla91 b matt]1 & 
=ce1 & law4  ,out ( ! matt] & =ce ,god  
made1 work+ to ! law ,god made1 !re     
sl[ly develop$ ! nebul1 ! suns1 !       
planets4  ,out ( ! same matt] & =ce1    
*ang$ 9 =m by ! work+ ( ,god's laws1 !re
 sl[ly develop$ ! s+le-cell$ jelly-l    
creature f :i*1 by ! work+ ( ,god's     
laws1 all o!r =ms ( life h s9ce evolv$4 
,out ( matt] & =ce1 work+ to ,god's     
laws1 man has be5 evolv$4  ,is !re any  
/ep 9 ! long m>* ( evolution f ! fir/   
creation ( matt] & =ce to ! evolution ( 
man1 :5 ! jelly speck1 or ! polyp1 or ! 
fi%1 or ! reptile1 or ! bea/1 or ! ape1 
or ! man1 _h p[] to *ange1 or to assi/1 
or to resi/ ! work+ ( ! laws ,god made8 
,is !re any /ep 9 ! long m>* (          
evolution1 any l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( cause 
& effect1 :5 any "o ( ! ?+s or be+s     
evolv$ by law work+ on matt] & =ce c\ld 
by act or w ( _! own h develop$ o!rwise 
?an z !y did8  ,is x n pla9 t man has   
develop$ into t :i* he is by sl[        

evolution ( matt] & =ce1 ?r\gh !        
op]ation ( div9e laws ov] :i* he _h no m
 control ?an he n[ has ov] ! revolution 
( ! suns 9 _! orbits8  ,h[1 !n1 c we    
believe t man is to blame = be+ t :i* he
 is8  ,is !re any quality ( body or (   
m9d t has n be5 inevitably evolv$ 9 man 
by ! work+ ( ,god's laws8  ,y are n go+ 
to tell me t ,i am answ]able or         
blame-able = ! nature ( matt] & =ce1 nor
 = ! op]ations ( ,god's laws1 are y8  ,y
 w n sugge/ t ,i am responsible = !     
creation3 s long ago1 & ,i s new1 s     
weak1 s small6  ,god1 :5 ,he creat$     
matt] & =ce & law1 knew ! nature ( matt]
 & =ce1 & ! p[] & purpose ( law4 ,he    
knew t !y mu/ "w z ,he _h made & meant  
!m to "w4 ,he knew t we mu/ be z ,8     
ag5ts mu/ make u4  ,w ,he puni% or rew>d
 u1 !n1 = ! acts ( ,8 ag5ts3 ! ag5ts ,he
 made & controll$8 ,absurd4  ,b1 x may  
be urg$1 man has a s\l4 ,s6 ,he got t   
s\l f ,god4 ,god made ! s\l & fix$ its  
p[]s = good & evil4  ,x is ! s\l1 !n1 t 
is responsible1 is x8 ,b ! s\l did n    

create itself1 & c only act z ,god has  
orda9$ t x %all & mu/ act4  ,if man is n
 to blame = 8 own acts he is n to blame 
= ! acts ( 8 s\l2 & = ! same reason4    
,s\l1 or man1 reason1 or consci5ce1     
responsibility lies ) ! caus]1 & n ) !  
?+ caus$4  ,& ,god is ,! ,fir/ ,great   
,cause1 & h[ !n c ,god ju/ly puni% any (
 ,8 creatures = be+ z ,he creat$ !m8  ,x
 is impossible4 ,x is un?9kable4 ,b ^u  
?is un?9kable & impossible absurdity !  
:ole code ( div9e laws is built4  ,!re=e
 ! ,*ri/ian religion is untrue1 & man is
 n responsible to ,god = 8 nature nor = 
8 acts4     ,,*apt] ,,two--,,! ,,laws   
,,( ,,man  ,,common law & common usage  
all ! _w ov] hold m5 answ]able = _!     
acts1 & blame or puni% !m :5 ^? acts    
transgress ! laws ( cu/om4  ,human law1 
l ! div9e law1 is bas$ ^u ! false idea t
 m5 "k :at is "r & :at is wrong1 & h p[]
 to *oose ! "r4  ,human law1 l div9e    
law1 classifies m5 z good & bad1 &      
puni%es !m = do+ wrong4  ,b m5 %\ld n be
 classifi$ z good & bad1 b z =tunate &  

un=tunate1 z weak & /rong4  ,& !        
un=tunate & weak %\ld n be blam$1 b     
piti$2 %\ld n be puni%$ b help$4  ,! j &
 wise c\rse is to look ^u all wrong-do]s
 z we look ^u ! ignorant1 ! diseas$1 !  
insane1 & ! de=m$4  ,_m ( our wrong-do]s
 are ignorant1 or diseas$1 or insane1 or
 m5tally de=m$4 ,b !re are "s :o are    
base or savage by nature4 ,^! %\ld be   
reg>d$ z we reg>d base or savage        
animals3 z creatures ( a l[] ord]1      
dang]\s1 b n des]v+ blame nor hatr$4 ,& 
?is is ! s\nd view1 z ,i %all %[1       
because ^! unhappy creatures are ne>] to
 our bruti% ance/ors ?an o!r m51 !      
anci5t /ra9 ( man's be/ial orig9 cropp+ 
out 9 !m ?r\gh no fault ( _! own4       
,religion says man is ! product ( ,god2 
sci5ce says he is ! product ( h]$ity &  
environm5t4 ,! diff]5ce does n matt] mu*
 to my case4 ,! po9t is t man does n    
create himself1 & s is n to blame = 8   
nature1 &1 !re=e1 is n to blame = 8     
acts4  ,= man did n help ,god 9 ! act ( 
8 creation1 nor did he *oose 8 own      

ance/ors4  ,:at6 d y mean to say t !    
ruffian1 ! lib]t9e1 & ! knave are n to  
be blam$ nor puni%$ = any ( ! vile &    
cruel acts !y p]petrate8 asks ! av]age  
man4  ,yes4 ,t is :at ,i mean4 ,& t is n
 a new & />tl+ craze1 z _m may suppose1 
b is a piece ( v anci5t wisdom2 z old z 
! olde/ ?\ght ( ,india & ( ,greece4 ,9 !
 ,bhagavad-gita x is writt53  ,he sees  
truly :o sees all actions to be done by 
nature alone1 & likewise ! self n ! do]4
  ,& ,socrates said3  ,x is an odd ?+ t 
if y _h met a man ill-condition$ 9 body 
y w\ld n h be5 angry2 b to h met a man  
rudely dispos$ 9 m9d provokes y4  ,nei!r
 am ,i unsupport$ to-day 9 my h]esies4  
,mo/ !ologi/s are oppos$ to me1 b mo/ m5
 ( sci5ce are ) me3 !y look ^u man z a  
creature ( h]$ity & environm5t4  ,:at a 
man does dep5ds ^u :at he is2 & :at he  
is dep5ds ^u 8 bre$ & 8 exp]i5ce4  ,we  
admit t no two m5 are q alike4 ,we %\ld 
n expect m5 :o are unlike 9 nature & 9 k
 to d l acts4 ,:]e ! causes are diff]5t 
x is folly to expect id5tical effects4  

,e man is t :i* 8 =be>s 78 ance/ors7 & 8
 exp]i5ces 78 environm5t7 h made him4 ,e
 man's "* is =m$ p>tly by h]$ity 7bre$1 
or desc5t7 & p>tly by environm5t        
7exp]i5ce1 or surr\nd+s74 ,t is to say1 
8 "* dep5ds p>tly ^u ! nature ( 8 p>5ts1
 & p>tly ^u ! nature ( 8 exp]i5ce4  ,he 
comes into ! _w j z 8 ance/ors h made   
him4 ,he did n *oose 8 ance/ors2 he _h  
no?+ to d ) ! m\ld+ ( _! natures4 ,e    
quality1 good or bad1 9 8 own nature1   
has be5 h&$ d[n to him by 8 =be>s1 )\t k
 or cons5t4  ,h[ c we blame ! new-born  
or unborn baby = ! nature & arrangem5t (
 ! cells--:i* are he8  ,born into ! _w z
 he 0 made1 he is a helpless infant1    
dep5d5t ^u 8 nurses & 8 tea*]s4 ,he did 
n *oose 8 nurses1 nor 8 tea*]s2 he _c   
control _! conduct t[>ds him1 nor te/ ! 
tru? nor virtue ( ! lessons he le>ns f  
!m4  ,he gr[s old] ! nature he inh]it$ f
 8 ance/ors is modifi$1 = bett] or =    
worse1 by ! lessons & ! treatm5t giv5 to
 him by 8 nurses1 8 companions1 & 8     
tea*]s4  ,s1 :5 he becomes a man he is t

 :i* 8 =be>s & 8 fell[ creatures h made 
him4  ,t is to say1 he is ! product ( 8 
h]$ity & 8 environm5t4 ,he c\ld n be    
o!rwise4  ,h[1 !n1 c x be j to blame him
 = be+ t :i* he mu/ be8  ,b1 x may be   
object$1 a man has p[] to *ange1 or to  
conqu]1 8 environm5t2 to tra91 or to    
subdue1 8 orig9al nature4  ,t dep5ds ^u 
! /r5g? ( 8 orig9al nature 7:i* 8       
ance/ors h&$ d[n to him7 & ( 8          
environm5t--:i* consi/s1 l>gely1 ( !    
actions ( 8 fell[-creatures4  ,a man has
 p[] to d t :i* 8 =be>s h made him able 
to d4 ,he has p[] to d no m4  ,he has   
c]ta9 p[]s giv5 him by 8 =be>s1 :i* may 
h be5 develop$ or repress$ by 8         
surr\nd+s4 ,) ^? p[]s1 z modifi$ by !   
influ5ces surr\nd+ & outside himself1 he
 may d all t 8 nature desires & is able 
to d4 ,up to ! limit ( 8 inh]it$ p[]s he
 may d all t 8 environm5t 78 exp]i5ces7 
h taught or incit$ him to d4  ,to speak 
( a man conqu]+ 8 environm5t is ! same  
?+ z to speak ( a man swimm+ aga9/ a    
/ream4 ,he c swim aga9/ ! /ream if he   

has /r5g? & skill to ov]come ! /ream4 ,8
 /r5g? is 8 h]$ity3 8 skill is ! result 
( 8 environm5t4 ,if 8 /r5g? & skill are 
m ?an equal to ! =ce ( ! /ream he w     
conqu] 8 environm5t2 if ! /ream is too  
/rong = him he w be conqu]$ by 8        
environm5t4  ,8 acts1 9 %ort1 dep5d     
:olly ^u 8 nature & 8 environm5t3 nei!r 
( :i* is ( 8 own *oos+4 ,( ?is ,i w say 
m 9 its place4  ,a man gets 8 nature f 8
 =be>s1 j z c]ta9ly z he gets ! %ape ( 8
 nose1 ! l5g? ( 8 foot1 & ! col\r ( 8   
eyes f 8 =be>s4  ,z we d n blame a man =
 be+ born ) r$ or black hair1 :y %\ld we
 blame him = be+ born ) /rong passions  
or base desires8  ,if x is fooli% to    
blame a *ild = be+ born ) a de=m$ or    
weak sp9e1 h[ c x be reasonable to blame
 him = be+ born ) a de=m$ or weak bra98 
,! nature & quality ( 8 hair & 8 eyes1 (
 8 sp9e & 8 bra91 ( 8 passions &        
desires1 7 all settl$ = & n by him be=e 
he drew ! brea? ( life4  ,if we blame a 
man because he has inh]it$ fickl5ess f  
an ,italian gr&fa!r1 or praise him      

because he has inh]it$ /eadfa/ness f a  
,dut* gr&mo!r1 we are actually prais+ or
 blam+ him because1 be=e he 0 born1 an  
,italian m>ri$ a ,holl&]4  ,if we blame 
a man = inh]it+ cupidity f an ance/or :o
 0 gre$y & rapaci\s1 or = inh]it+       
lic5ti\s incl9ations f an ance/or :o 0 a
 rake1 we are blam+ him = fail+ to be   
born ( bett] p>5ts4  ,briefly1 !n1      
h]$ity makes1 & environm5t modifies1 a  
man's nature4 ,& bo? ^! =ces are outside
 ! man4  ,!re=e man becomes t :i* he is 
by ! action ( =ces outside himself4     
,!re=e x is unju/ to blame a man = be+ t
 :i* he is4 ,!re=e x is unju/ to blame  
him = do+ t :i* he does4  ,!re=e our    
human laws1 :i* puni% m5 = _! acts1 are 
unju/ laws4  ,n[1 be=e we g fully into !
 mean+s ( ! words h]$ity & environm5t1  
let u make a %ort summ>y ( ! argum5ts   
above put =?4  ,s9ce man did n create 8 
own nature1 man is n responsible = 8 own
 acts4  ,!re=e all laws1 human or div9e1
 :i* puni% man = 8 acts are unju/ laws4 
,,*apt] ,,?ree--,,:]e ,,d ,,our         

,,natures ,,come ,,f8  ,i ,,hope ! read]
 w n fight %y ( h]$ity4 ,i tru/ he w f9d
 x q simple & int]e/+2 & ,i promise him 
to use no unfamili> words1 nor to tr\ble
 him ) difficult & t$i\s sci5tific      
expositions4  ,i deal ) h]$ity be=e     
environm5t1 because x is ne$ful to take 
!m "o at a "t1 & h]$ity comes fir/2 z   
bir? be=e s*ool+4  ,b we mu/ n fall into
 ! bad habit ( ?9k+ ( h]$ity &          
environm5t ap>t f ea* o!r1 = x is bo?1 &
 n ei!r ( !m t make man's "*4  ,x is (t5
 said t nei!r h]$ity nor environm5t     
acc\nts = a man's conduct4 ,& t is true4
 ,b x is true1 also1 t h]$ity &         
environm5t acc\nt = e quality 9 ! human 
make-up4 ,a piani/1 an arti/1 or a      
cricket] is made z well z born1 & s is e
 man4 ,a good batsman is a good batsman 
= two reasons3 7#a7 ,he 0 born ) good   
sight1 /eady2 n]ves1 & s\nd s5se1 all ( 
:i* he owes to 8 ance/ors4 7#b7 ,he has 
be5 well taught1 or has practis$ well1 &
 ?is practice1 ?is endeav\r to succe$1  
he owes to 8 inh]it$ ambition1 & to !   

precept & example ( o!r m54 ,s if a man 
plays a fiddle well1 or /e]s a %ip well1
 or devotes 8 life to *>ity1 ! excell5ce
 is always due to h]$ity & environm5t4  
,= ! cricket] w\ld nev] h be5 a         
cricket]1 nor ! viol9i/ a viol9i/1 _h he
 be5 born 9 a c\ntry :]e cricket & viol9
 play+ 7 unkn[n4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 a man 
br$ among/ cricket]s or musicians w nev]
 excel 9 music nor 9 cricket unless he  
has :at is call$ a gift2 & ! gift is    
h]$ity4   ,,n[1 ,,:at ,,d ,,we ,,mean   
,,by ,,h]$ity8  ,h]$ity is desc5t1 or   
bre$4 ,h]$ity1 z ! ^w is "h us$1 means  
^? qualities :i* are h&$ d[n f "o       
g5]ation to ! next4 ,x means ^?         
qualities :i* a new g5]ation inh]its f !
 g5]ation f :om x desc5ds4  ,x means all
 t is br$ 9 ! bone4 ,if a man inh]its a 
,grecian nose1 a viol5t temp]1 well-knit
 muscles1 a love ( excitem5t1 or a good 
e> = music1 f 8 fa!r or "m1 t quality or
 feature is "p ( 8 h]$ity4 ,x is br$ 9  
him4  ,e quality a *ild possesses at !  
mom5t ( bir?1 e quality ( body or ( m9d1

 is inh]it$ f 8 p>5ts & _! ance/ors4 ,& 
! :ole ( ^? qualities--:i* are !        
*ild--are :at we call h]$ity4  ,no *ild 
br+s into ! _w "o s+le quality ( body or
 m9d t has n be5 h&$ d[n to x by its    
ance/ors4  ,& yet no two *ildr5 are     
exactly alike1 & no *ild is exactly l   
any "o ( its =be>s4  ,?is diff]5ce (    
*ildr5 f ea* o!r & f ! p>5t /ock is     
call$ v>iation4  ,hundr$s ( books &     
pap]s h be5 writt5 ab\t v>iation1 & to  
read "s ( !m "o might suppose v>iation  
to be a v difficult subject4 ,b x is q  
simple1 & w n give u any tr\ble at all4 
,let u see4   ,,:y ,,we ,,are ,,n ,,all 
,,alike  ,! cause ( v>iation c be easily
 und]/ood4  ,v>iation is due to ! fact t
 e *ild has two p>5ts4 ,if ^! two p>5ts 
7 exactly alike1 & if _! ance/ors _h be5
 all exactly alike1 _! *ildr5 w\ld be   
exactly l ea* o!r & l _! p>5ts4  ,b !   
fa!r & "m are ( diff]5t families1 (     
diff]5t natures1 & p]haps ( diff]5t     
races4 ,& ! ance/ors ( ! fa!r &         
"m--millions 9 numb]--7 all diff]5t f   

ea* o!r 9 nature & 9 desc5t4  ,n[1 s9ce 
a *ild inh]its "s qualities f its fa!r &
 "s f its "m1 x foll[s t if ! fa!r & "m 
are diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ! *ild mu/ diff] 
f bo?1 & yet resemble bo?4 ,= he w      
inh]it f ! fa!r qualities :i* ! "m has n
 inh]it$ f h] ance/ors1 & he w inh]it f 
! "m qualities :i* ! fa!r did n inh]it f
 8 ance/ors4 ,s ! *ild w resemble bo?   
p>5ts1 )\t be+ an exact copy ( ei!r4 ,x 
v>ies f bo? p>5ts by inh]it+ f ea*4  ,! 
*ild ( a black & a :ite p>5t is :at we  
call a half-ca/e3 he is nei!r a negro   
nor a :ite man4 ,! pup ( a bulldog & a  
t]ri] is nei!r a bull-dog nor a t]ri]2  
he is a bull-t]ri] t]ri]4  ,b h]$ity    
goes f>!r ?an t1 & v>iation is m complex
 ?an t4  ,we mu/ n ?9k ( a man z inh]it+
 f 8 fa!r & "m only4 ,he inh]its f !    
p>5ts ( bo? 8 p>5ts2 & f ?\s&s (        
ance/ors be=e ^?4 ,he inh]its f m5 &    
wom5 :o di$ ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e he 0 born4
 ,he inh]its f ! cave-man1 f ! tree-man1
 f ! ape-man1 f ! ape1 & f ! bea/ be=e !
 ape4  ,! *ild 9 ! womb beg9s z a cell1 

& develops ?r\gh ! /ages ( evolution1   
becom+ an embryo worm1 fi%1 quadrup$1   
ape1 &1 f9ally1 a human baby4  ,! *ild  
is born ) ! bodily & m5tal qualities    
inh]it$ f _m g5]ations ( bea/s & _m     
g5]ations ( m54  ,any "o ( ! _m anci5t  
qualities ( m9d or body may crop up aga9
 9 a mod]n *ild4 ,*ildr5 h be5 born )   
tails3 *ildr5 h be5 born ) six nipples1 
l a dog1 in/ead ( ) two1 l a human be+4 
,& n[ ,i w expla91 simply & briefly1 :at
 we mean by ! ^w ,atavism4   ,,:y ,,!   
,,clock ,,( ,,desc5t ,,sometimes ,,goes 
,,backw>d  ,atavism1 or bre$+ back1 or  
rev]sion1 may rea* back ?r\gh ?\s&s (   
g5]ations1 & "s trait ( ! cave-man1 or !
 bea/1 may reappe> 9 a *ild ( ,tw5tie?  
,c5tury civilisation4  ,d>w91 9 ,!      
,desc5t ( ,man1 ,*apt] ,,ii1 gives _m   
in/ances ( atavism1 or bre$+ back1 by   
human be+s to api% & ev5 quadrup$al     
*>act]i/ics4 ,allud+ to a case cit$ by  
,mr4 ,j4 ,wood1 9 :i* a man _h sev5     
muscles prop] to c]ta9 apes1 ,d>w9 says3
  ,x is q incr$ible t a man %\ld ?r\gh  

m]e accid5t abnormally resemble c]ta9   
apes 9 no less ?an sev5 ( 8 muscles1 if 
!re _h be5 no g5etic connection betwe5  
!m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if man is desc5d$ f "s
 apelike creature1 no valid reason c be 
assign$ :y c]ta9 muscles %\ld n sudd5ly 
reappe> aft] an int]val ( _m ?\s&       
g5]ations1 9 ! same mann] z ) horses1   
asses1 & mules1 d>k-col\r$ /ripes       
sudd5ly reappe> on ! legs & %\ld]s aft] 
an int]val ( hundr$s1 or1 m probably1 ( 
?\s&s ( g5]ations4  ,dr4 ,lyd/on1 9 ,!  
,diseases ( ,society 7,lipp9cott3 #aijd7
 says3  ,! outcropp+ ( ance/ral types ( 
m5tality is obs]v$ to und]lie _m ( !    
manife/ations ( vice & crime4 ,^!       
ance/ral types or traits may rev]t f>!r 
back ev5 ?an ! savage prog5itors (      
civilis$ man1 & approximate ^? ( ! l[]  
animals :o1 9 _! turn1 /& beh9d ! savage
 9 ! l9e ( desc5t4  ,?is rev]sion to    
old] & l[] types1 or bre$+ back1 is     
important1 because x is ! s\rce ( mu*   
crime--! orig9 ( v _m ,bottom ,dogs1 z  
we %all see4 ,b at pres5t we ne$ only   

notice t h]$ity1 or bre$1 rea*es back   
?r\gh imm5se di/ances ( "t2 s t a man   
inh]its n only f savage ance/ors1 b also
 f ! brutes4 ,& man has no p[] to *oose 
8 bre$1 has no *oice ( ance/ors1 b mu/  
take ! qualities ( body & m9d !y h& d[n 
to him1 be ^? qualities good or bad4    
,desc5t1 or bre$1 does n "w regul>ly4   
,any trait ( any ance/or1 bea/ or man1  
ne> or remote1 may crop up sudd5ly 9 any
 new g5]ation4 ,a *ild may be> little   
lik5ess to its fa!r or "m3 x may be m l 
its great-gr&fa!r1 its uncle1 or its    
aunt4  ,x is z ?\gh e dead =e-p>5t back 
to ! dimme/ horizon ( "t1 7 liable to   
put a gho/ly f+] 9 ! pie1 to m5d or m>  
x4  ,let u n[ use a simple illu/ration (
 ! work+s ( h]$ity1 v>iation1 & atavism1
 or bre$+ back4  ,!re is no ne$ to      
tr\ble ourselves ) ! sci5tific          
explanations4 ,:at we h to und]/& is t  
*ildr5 inh]it qualities f _! ance/ors2 t
 *ildr5 v>y f _! ance/ors & f ea* o!r2 &
 t old types or old qualities may crop  
out sudd5ly & unexpect$ly 9 a new       

g5]ation4 ,kn[+1 z we d1 t *ildr5 inh]it
 f _! p>5ts & =e-p>5ts1 ! re/ may be    
made1 q pla9 )\t a s+le sci5tific ^w4   
,9 our illu/ration we w take = p>5ts &  
*ildr5 bottles1 & = h]$it>y qualities   
beads ( diff]5t col\rs4   ,,! ,,my/]y   
,,( ,,desc5t ,,made ,,easy  ,n[1 take a 
bottle ( r$ beads1 & call x male4 ,take 
a bottle ( blue beads1 & call x female4 
,f ea* bottle take a portion ( beads2   
mix !m 9 a ?ird bottle & call x *ild4   
,we h n[ a *ild ( a r$ fa!r & a blue "m2
 & we f9d t ?is *ild is n all r$1 nor   
all blue1 b "p r$ & "p blue4  ,x is l ! 
fa!r1 = x has r$ beads2 x is l ! "m1 = x
 has blue beads4  ,x is unlike ! fa!r1 =
 ! fa!r has no blue1 & x is unlike ! "m1
 = ! "m has no r$4  ,"h we h a simple   
illu/ration ( h]$ity & v>iation4  ,n[1  
c\ld we blame ! *ild bottle = hav+ r$ & 
blue beads 9 x2 or c\ld we blame ! *ild 
bottle = hav+ no yell[ & no gre5 beads 9
 x8  ,b t is an example ( a simple      
mixture ( two ance/ral /ra9s4 ,we h to d
 ) mixtures ( millions ( /ra9s4  ,let u 

c>ry our illu/ration =w>d ano!r         
g5]ation4  ,take our blue & r$ *ild &   
m>ry him to ! *ild ( a black bottle & a 
yell[ bottle4  ,?is gives u a m>riage   
betwe5 ,r$-,blue & ,black-,yell[4  ,!   
*ild bottle mix$ f ^! two bottles (     
d\ble col\rs w conta9 f\r col\rs4  ,he w
 inh]it f gr&fa!r ,r$ & gr&mo!r ,blue1 f
 gr&fa!r ,black & gr&mo!r ,yell[1 & f   
fa!r ,r$-,blue & "m ,black-,yell[4  ,he 
w be l ! six =e-p>5ts1 b diff]5t f ea* (
 !m4  ,c we blame ?is *ild bottle = be+ 
made up ( r$1 blue1 black1 & yell[8 ,c  
we blame x = hav+ no purple nor :ite    
beads 9 its composition8 ,no4 ,^! col\rs
 7 mix$ = ! *ild1 & n by x4  ,h[ c\ld   
!re be :ite or purple beads 9 ?is       
bottle1 :5 !re 7 no :ite nor purple     
beads 9 ! bottles f :i* x 0 fill$8  ,b  
:at ( ! v>iation among/ bro!rs & si/]s8 
,t is easily und]/ood4 ,if ! f\r col\rs 
9 ! ance/ral bottles are ev5ly mix$1 !  
gr&*ildr5 bottles w v>y f _! ance/ors1 b
 n f ea* o!r4  ,z we "k t bro!rs & si/]s
 d v>y f ea* o!r1 we mu/ conclude t !   

h]$it>y qualities are n ev5ly mix$4     
,,:]e ,,d ,,our ,,natures ,,come ,,f8   
,= ! sci5tific explanation ( ?is fact ,i
 mu/ ref] y to ,! ,g]m ,plasm1 by       
,weissmann4  ,= our purposes x is en\gh 
to "k t bro!rs & si/]s d v>y f ea* o!r1 
& t !y s v>y because ! ance/ral         
qualities are n ev5ly di/ribut$ among/ !
 sp]ms & ! ova4 ,on ?is head our own k &
 obs]vation d n leave any room = d\bt4  
,x is z if 9 ! case ( our m>riage (     
,r$-,blue & ,black-,yell[ !re 7 ?ree    
*ild-bottles1 ( :i* "o got m r$ & yell[1
 "o m blue & r$1 & "o m yell[ & blue ?an
 ! o!rs4 ,s t ! ?ree bro!r-bottles w\ld 
diff] f _! =e-p>5ts & f ea* o!r4  ,& z x
 w\ld be fooli% to blame ! second bottle
 = hav+ less r$ 9 x ?an ! fir/1 s x is  
fooli% to blame a human *ild = hav+ less
 intellect or less indu/ry ?an 8 bro!rs4
  ,if y ref] to ! ma/]ly description ( !
 impregnation ( ! ova giv5 9 ,haeckel's 
great "w1 ,! ,evolution ( ,man1 y w f9d 
t ! h]$ity ( bro!rs is l>gely a matt] ( 
accid5t4 ,see ! plate & explanation on  

page #acj 9 ! fir/ volume4  ,! v>iation 
9 bro!rs & si/]s is l ! v>iation 9 !    
mix+ ( beads 9 our bottles4  ,x is z    
?\gh we made sev]al t>tan plaids ( !    
same f\r col\rs1 b 9 diff]5t patt]ns4   
,x is l deal+ h&s ( c>ds f a %uffl$     
pack4 ,!re are f\r suits1 b "o h& may be
 ri* 9 clubs1 ano!r 9 diamonds4  ,& :o 9
 a game ( :i/ w\ld blame 8 p>tn] = hold+
 no trumps 9 8 h&8 ,! p>tn] c\ld only   
play ! trumps dealt out to him4  ,9 no  
way c a *ild control ! pre-natal %uffl+ 
or deal+ ( ! ance/ral pack4  ,n[1 z to  
atavism1 or bre$+ back4 ,9 ! ance/ral   
bottles call$ m5 & wom5 !re are millions
 ( diff]5t k9ds ( beads4 ,& x sometimes 
happ5s t a p>ticul> k9d ( bead 7or      
quality7 :i* has la9 dormant = a long   
"t--p]haps = a ?\s& ye>s--w crop up 9 a 
new mix+ t goes to make a *ild-bottle1 &
 s t *ild may be less l its own p>5ts   
?an l "s ance/or :o has be5 dead &      
=gott5 = c5turies4  ,9 ! case ( ! man ) 
! sev5 ape muscles1 m5tion$ by ,d>w91 ! 
bre$+ back mu/ h rea*$ millions ( ye>s4 

,?is ly+ doggo1 or inactive1 ( "s       
h]$it>y trait1 may be lik5$ to ! action 
( a kaleidoscope4 ,we d n see all !     
fragm5ts ( col\r$ glass at e turn4 ,b !y
 are all !re4  ,we d n see ! same patt]n
 twice2 yet ! patt]ns are made almo/ ( !
 same col\rs & ! same pieces4  ,& n[ ,i 
?9k we h got a cle> idea ( ! mean+s ( ! 
words h]$ity1 v>iation1 & atavism1 & !  
mo/ timid read] w n be afraid ( !m any  
m4  ,!re is no ne$1 = our purpose1 to   
wre/le ) sev]e sci5ce4 ,! read] may f9d 
= himself all ab\t pang5esis 9 ,d>w91 & 
ab\t ! g]m plasm 9 ,weissmann4 ,"h we w 
n tax our memories ) su* weird words z  
biophors1 gemmules1 ids1 id5ts1 &       
det]m9ants4 ,our similes ( beads1       
t>tans1 & c>ds w s]ve u well en\gh4  ,! 
only objection to our similes is t !y   
are too simple4  ,! mixture ( bloods 9  
desc5t is v mu* m ext5sive  ?an our     
mixture ( c>ds or beads4  ,if we trace a
 *ild's desc5t back only f\r g5]ations  
we f9d t he has no less ?an ?irty       
=e-p>5ts belong+ to sixte5 diff]5t      

families4 ,ano!r g5]ation w\ld rea*     
?irty-two families4 ,if we g back to    
tw5ty g5]ations we f9d ! numb] (        
families drawn ^u to be ov] a million4  
,b ,d>w9 speaks ( ?\s&s ( g5]ations4    
,does n6 ?is sugge/ ! wond]ful          
possibilities ( v>iation & atavism8     
,imag9e ! v>iety ( "* & physique 9 a    
city l ,london4 ,!n rememb] t ea* "o ( u
 is desc5d$ f m ance/ors1 & ( mu* wid]  
v>ieties1 ?an all ! population (        
,london4 ,& to hold a man answ]able = 8 
inh]itance f ^? motley myriads ( m5 &   
wom5 is to hold him answ]able = !       
natures & ! actions ( millions ( human  
be+s :om he nev] saw1 ( :om he nev]     
he>d4  ,we all "k t ! diff]5t races ( m5
 diff] f ea* o!r 9 col\r1 9 features1 & 
9 capacity4 ,we h only to ?9k = a little
 ( ! ,japanese1 ! ,am]icans1 !          
,spani>ds1 & ! ,sw$es1 to feel ! full   
=ce ( ! t]m racial *>act]i/ics4  ,we "k 
t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,iri%
 & ! ,scot*4 ,we "k t !re is a great    
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,italians & ! ,dut*4  

,we "k ! /rongly m>k$ peculi>ities ( !  
,jews & ! ,greeks4  ,n[1 to blame a man 
= 8 nature is to blame him = n be+ l "s 
o!r man4 ,& h[ absurd x w\ld be to blame
 a ,norwegian = n be+ l a ,jew1 or a    
,gascon = n be+ l a ,scot4    ,!        
,italians are wayw>d & impulsive3 !     
,dut* are /eadfa/ & cauti\s4 ,is x      
reasonable to blame ! "o = n be+ l !    
o!r8  ,if a *ild is born ( an ,italian  
fa!r & an ,iri% "m1 is x reasonable to  
expect t *ild to be z cool & me?odical z
 ! *ild ( ,dut* & ,scotti% p>5ts8  ,is x
 n ! same ) p]sonal z ) racial traits8  
,we h all he>d ( ,spani% pride1 & (     
,iri% wit2 we h all he>d ( ! pride ( !  
,h[>ds1 & ! g5ius ( ! ,ba*s4  ,to blame 
a ,spani>d = be+ pr\d is to blame him = 
be+ born ( ,spani% p>5ts4 ,to blame a   
,h[>d = 8 pride is to blame him = be+ a 
son ( ! ,h[>ds4  ,ba* 0 a musical g5ius1
 ,%]idan 0 witty1 ,nelson 0 brave1      
,rembr&t 0 a great pa9t]1 because !re 7 
gold5 beads 9 _! ance/ral bottles4 ,b !y
 did n put ! gold5 beads !re4 ,!y       

inh]it$ !m1 z ,"l ,tomnoddy inh]its 8   
l&s1 8 ri*es1 & 8 pl5tiful lack ( wit4  
,we %\ld n expect ! daught] ( ,c>m5 to  
be l ! daught] ( ,jeannie ,deans1 nor ! 
son ( ,rawdon ,crawley to be l ! son (  
,p>son ,adams4 ,we %\ld1 inde$1 no m ?9k
 ( prais+ a man = inh]it+ ! g5ius or !  
virtues ( 8 ance/ors1 ?an we %\ld ?9k ( 
prais+ a man = inh]it+ 8 p>5ts' weal?4  
,we h laugh$ ov] ! ,gilb]tian satire on 
our patriotic boa/fulness3       ,= he  
himself has said x1      ,& x's greatly 
to 8 cr$it1      ,t he is an ,engli%man4
      ,he might h be5 a ,roo%ian1       
,a ,fr5*man1 ,turk1 or ,proo%ian1       
,or ev5 ,italian2      ,b 9 spite ( all 
temptations      ,to belong to o!r      
nations1      ,he rema9s an ,engli%man4 
,all ( u c feel ! po9t ( ^? satirical   
l9es2 b "s ( u h yet to le>n t a man c  
no m help be+ born good or bad1 sm>t or 
dull1 ?an he c help be+ born ,engli%1   
,fr5*1 or ,proo%ian1 or ev5 ,italian4   
,"s ( our ance/ors conqu]$ at ,ha/+s1 & 
"s ( !m did n ,"s ( our ance/ors held ! 

pass at ,!rmopylae1 & o!rs ran away at  
,bunk]'s ,hill4 ,"s 7 sa9ts1 & "s 7     
petty l>c5i/s2 "s 7 philosoph]s1 & "s 7 
pirates2 "s 7 knights & "s 7 savages2 "s
 7 g5tle ladies1 "s 7 apes1 & "s 7 hogs4
 ,& we inh]it f !m all4  ,we are all ( u
 great-great-gr&*ildr5 ( ! bea/s4 ,we   
c>ry ! be/ial attributes 9 our blood3 "s
 m1 "s less4 ,:o among/ u is s pure &   
exalt$ t he has nev] be5 consci\s ( !   
be/ial ta9t8 ,:o among/ u has n f\ght ) 
wild bea/s--n at ,ephesus1 b 9 8 own    
he>t8  ,"s ( our ance/ors wore tails6   
,is x /range t "s ( our desc5dants %\ld 
h :at ,w9wood ,reade call$ tail$ m9ds8  
,! gho/s ( old trag$ies haunt ! gloomy  
ve/ibules ( _m human m9ds4 ,! ,bottom   
,dog may (t5 be possess$ ( ance/ral     
devils4  ,he t is )\t inh]it$ ta9t among
 u1 let him ca/ ! fir/ /one4     ,,*apt]
 ,,f\r--,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,morals      
,,:at d we mean by ! words s9 & vice1 & 
crime8  ,s9 is disob$i5ce ( ! laws (    
,god4  ,crime is disob$i5ce ( ! laws (  
m54  ,vice is disob$i5ce ( ! laws (     

nature4  ,i say t !re is no su* ?+ z a  
kn[n law ( ,god3 t ! s-call$ laws ( ,god
 7 made by m5 9 ,god's "n1 & t !re=e !  
^w s9 ne$ tr\ble u no m4 ,!re is no su* 
?+ z s94  ,i say t s9ce !re are bad laws
 z well z good laws1 a crime may be a   
good in/ead ( a bad act4 ,= ?\gh x is   
wrong to disobey a good law1 x may be "r
 to disobey a bad law4  ,& n[ :at d we  
mean by ! words good & bad1 moral &     
immoral8  ,we call an act good :5 x     
makes good2 :5 its effects are          
b5eficial4 ,we call an act bad :5 x     
makes bad2 :5 its effects are injuri\s4 
,:at are morals8 ,my diction>y says1 !  
doctr9e ( man's moral duties & social   
relations2 & 9 ,crabbe's ,synonyms ,i   
f9d3 ,by an obs]vance ( good morals we  
become good memb]s ( society4  ,!       
italics are m9e4 ,morals are ! /&>d (   
social conduct4 ,all immoral conduct is 
anti-social1 & all anti-social conduct  
is immoral4  ,if !re 7 only "o man 9 !  
_w he c\ld n act immorally1 = !re w\ld  
be no o!r p]son :om 8 acts c\ld injure  

or (f5d4  ,:]e two p]sons live toge!r   
ei!r may act immorally1 = he may s act z
 to injure or (f5d 8 companion4  ,any   
act is immoral & wrong :i* ne$lessly    
injures a fell[ creature4 ,b no act is  
immoral or wrong :i* does n directly or 
indirectly inflict ne$less injury ^u any
 fell[ creature4  ,i say1 ne$less       
injury2 = x may sometimes be "r &       
necess>y to injure a fell[ creature4    
,if x is wrong to inflict ne$less injury
 ^u our fell[s1 x is "r to def5d our    
fell[s & ourselves f ! attacks ( ^? :o  
w\ld ne$lessly injure u4  ,any act :i*  
inflicts ne$less injury ^u a fell[      
creature is immoral2 b no act :i* does n
 inflict ne$less injury ^u a fell[      
creature is immoral4  ,t is ! root ( my 
moral code4 ,x may at fir/ seem         
insuffici5t1 b ,i ?9k x w be f\nd to    
rea* high en\gh1 wide en\gh1 & deep     
en\gh to cov] all true morality4 ,= !re 
is h>dly any act a man c p]=m :i* does n
 affect a fell[ creature4  ,= in/ance1  
if a man takes to dr9k1 or neglects 8   

heal?1 he injures o!rs z well z himself4
 ,= he becomes a less agreeable & a less
 useful memb] ( society4 ,he takes m f !
 common /ock1 & gives back less4 ,he may
 ev5 become an eyesore1 or a dang]1 or a
 burd5 to 8 fell[s4 ,a cricket] :o      
drank1 or neglect$ to practise1 w\ld be 
act+ z immorally t[>ds ! re/ ( ! team z 
he w\ld if he field$ c>elessly or batt$ 
selfi%ly4 ,because1 speak+ morally1 a   
man belongs n only to himself1 b also to
 ! :ole human race4   ,,:]e ,,did       
,,morals ,,come ,,f8  ,morals d n come  
by revelation1 b by evolution4 ,morals  
are n bas$ ^u ! comm&s ( ,god1 b ^u !   
nature & ! ne$s ( man4 ,our *ur*es      
attribute ! orig9 ( morals to ! ,bible4 
,b ! ,egyptians & ,babylons _h moral    
codes be=e ,moses 0 born or ! ,bible    
writt54 ,?\s&s ( ye>s1 t5s ( ?\s&s (    
ye>s1 p]haps millions ( ye>s be=e       
,abraham1 !re 7 civilisations & moral   
codes4  ,ev5 be=e ! com+ ( man !re 7 !  
beg9n+s ( morals 9 ! animal _w4  ,:5 ,i 
0 a boy1 we 7 taught t acts 7 "r or     

wrong z !y 7 pleas+ or displeas+ to !   
,god ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4  ,!re 7 two    
k9ds ( m5--good m5 & bad m54 ,! good m5 
might expect to succe$ 9 bus9ess "h & g 
to heav5 h]eaft]4 ,! bad m5 7 9 p]il (  
f9ancial fro/s 9 ?is _w1 & ( p5al fires 
9 ! _w to come4  ,z ,i grew old] & began
 to ?9k = myself1 ,i broke f t tea*+1 & 
at la/ came to see t all acts 7 wrong   
:i* caus$ ne$less injury to o!rs2 t !   
be/ & happie/ man 0 he :o mo/ e>ne/ly   
devot$ himself to mak+ o!rs happy2 t all
 wrong-do+ sprang f selfi%ness1 & all   
welldo+ f unselfi%ness2 t all moral acts
 7 social acts1 & all immoral acts      
unsocial acts2 & t !re=e ,socialism 0   
good1 & ,individualism 0 evil4  ,b z to 
! beg9n+ ( ! social virtues ,i 0 puzzl$4
  ,9 mo/ religions morality is suppos$  
to h be5 e/abli%$ by div9e revelation4  
,m5 did n "k "r f wrong until ,god gave 
!m codes ( laws ready-made2 & ev5 aft]  
m5 _h ! div9e laws giv5 to !m !y 7 by   
nature s deprav$ t !y c\ld only obey ^? 
laws by ! special grace ( ,god4  ,! idea

 t morality 0 sl[ly built up by         
evolution 0 fir/ giv5 to ! _w by ,sp5c] 
& ,d>w94 ,x has s9ce be5 elaborat$ by   
o!r writ]s1 notably by ,w9wood ,reade & 
,pr9ce ,kropotk94  ,! notions ( !       
/ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( !      
fitte/ h be5 too commonly tak5 to mean t
 life 9 ! animal _w is "o tragic s]ies (
 ru?less s+le combats2 t e man's h&     
always 0 & ev] mu/ be aga9/ ! h& ( e    
man1 & e bea/'s too? & claw aga9/ ! too?
 & claw ( e bea/4  ,b if we read ,d>w9's
 ,desc5t ( ,man & ,pr9ce ,kropotk9's    
,mutual ,aid ,among ,animals & ,w9wood  
,reade's ,m>tyrdom ( ,man1 we %all f9d t
 ! law ( natural selection does n fav\r 
any su* horrible conclusions4           
,self-pres]vation may be ! fir/ law (   
nature2 b x is n ! la/ law ( nature4 ,9 
union is /r5g?4 ,! greg>i\s animals--^? 
:i* live 9 communities ( flocks &       
h]ds--z ! apes1 ! de]1 ! rooks1 ! bees1 
! bison1 ! swall[s1 & ! wolves1 ga9 by  
mutual aid 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 =1 by 
reason ( _! numb]s & _! union1 !y are   

bett] able to wat* = ! approa* & to     
defeat ! attacks ( _! enemies4  ,f ?is  
union & mutual aid ( ! greg>i\s animals 
arose ! social in/9cts4  ,! sociable    
animals w\ld d\btless be fir/ drawn     
toge!r p>tly = safety & p>tly = company4
  ,%eep1 de]1 buffalo1 wild dogs1 ants1 
rooks1 & o!r social animals enjoy !     
companion%ip ( _! own k9d4 ,!y play     
toge!r1 fe$ toge!r1 sleep toge!r1 hunt  
toge!r1 & help ea* o!r to evade or resi/
 _! common foes4 ,!y %>e 9 social       
pleasures1 & practise "s ( ! social     
virtues4  ,& z ! m sociable animals w\ld
 be safe/1 & ! less sociable animals mo/
 expos$ to dang]1 natural selection w\ld
 t5d to raise ! level ( sociability1    
because ! /ock w\ld be br$ m f sociable 
?an f unsociable animals4  ,! apes are  
social animals1 & also imitative        
animals4 ,! ape-l =be>s ( man w\ld unite
 = safety & = society1 &1 be+ imitative1
 w\ld obs]ve & copy any inv5tion or     
discov]y due to lucky accid5t or to !   
%>p] wits among/ _! numb]4  ,l ! l[]    

animals1 !y w\ld play toge!r1 fe$       
toge!r1 fight 9 companies1 def5d or     
rescue _! "y1 & po/ s5t9els to wat* = ! 
approa* ( dang]4  ,long be=e man _h     
?\ght ( any gho/ or ,god1 "s rude =m (  
ord] & morality w\ld exi/ 9 ! families &
 tribes ( m51 z "s rude =m ( ord] &     
morality exi/s to-day among/ ! wild     
elephants1 ! bees1 ! de]1 & o!r         
creatures4  ,i once saw two horses      
fight+ 9 a field4 ,a ?ird & old] horse  
came up & p>t$ !m1 & !n drove !m away 9 
opposite directions4 ,s 9 ! e>lie/ human
 tribes w\ld ! lead]s prev5t brawl+ &   
exact ob$i5ce4  ,p>tly f su* action1 &  
p>tly f ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 w\ld be =m$ !   
habit ( res5t+ & ( puni%+ c]ta9 unsocial
 acts :i* ! h]d or tribe felt to be     
oppos$ to ! g5]al welf>e4  ,"o ( ! fir/ 
faults man w\ld br& z immoral w\ld be   
c[>dice4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ moral laws w\ld1
 p]haps1 resemble ! ,vik+ law t m5 :o   
prov$ c[>ds 9 battle %\ld be buri$ 9 !  
swamp "u a hurdle4  ,imitation1 habit1  
natural selection1 & ! love (           

approbation1 w\ld all t5d to fix &      
improve ^! crude cu/oms1 & f ^! simple  
beg9n+s w\ld gr[ up laws & morals &     
consci5ce4  ,v likely ! e>lie/ human    
gr\ps 7 family gr\ps1 or clans4 ,^!     
clans w\ld fight aga9/ o!r clans4  ,!   
next /ep may h be5 ! union ( clans into 
tribes1 & ! next ! b&+ ( tribes into    
nations4  ,at pres5t m5 are mo/ly unit$ 
z nations4 ,ea* nation has its own laws1
 its own morality1 & its own patriotism1
 & ! diff]5t nations are m or less      
ho/ile to ea* o!r2 z =m]ly 7 ! tribes or
 clans4  ,! f9al triumph w be ! union ( 
! nations 9 "o bro!rhood1 & ! abolition 
( w>4   ,! r$ ,indian does n ?9k x      
immoral to murd] an ,indian ( ano!r     
tribe4 ,! ,european does n ?9k x immoral
 to kill ?\s&s ( m5 9 battle4 ,!        
evolution ( morality has n yet c>ri$ u z
 f> z univ]sal peace4 ,nor has any      
revelation ( ,god =bidd5 w>4  ,we d n   
ne$ to ?9k long1 nor to look f> to see t
 diff]5t conditions h evolv$ diff]5t    
moral codes4  ,b all morals may be      

divid$ into two classes3 ,true ,morals &
 ,artificial ,morals4  ,true morals are 
all f\nd$ on ! rule t x is wrong to     
cause ne$less injury to any             
fell[-creature4  ,artificial morals are 
^? morals inv5t$ by prie/s1 k+s1 lawy]s1
 poets1 soldi]s1 & philosoph]s4  ,moral 
codes made by rul]s1 or by rul+ classes1
 are g5]ally f\nd$ on exp$i5cy2 &       
exp$i5cy1 z und]/ood by ! rul]s or !    
rul+ classes1 usually means ^? ?+s t are
 exp$i5t = !mselves4  ,n[ t :i* is      
exp$i5t = a k+1 a tyrant1 or an         
ari/ocracy may be f> f exp$i5t = ! p ov]
 :om !y rule4 ,s we ne$ n be surpris$ to
 f9d t _m ( ! laws ( b>b>\s & civilis$  
nations are immoral laws4 ,our ,briti%  
game laws1 l& laws1 poor laws1 & v _m ( 
! crim9al laws1 & ! laws relat+ to      
prop]ty1 are immoral laws4  ,b !re is no
 revelation ( ,god condemn+ ^? laws4    
,nor does any ,european *ur* oppose ^?  
laws1 nor d5\nce !m z immoral4  ,!n z to
 public op9ion--our unwritt5 moral      
code--!re is no cle> & logical sy/em (  

moral pr9ciples4 ,= in/ance1 ! public   
?9k x a pity t m5 %\ld be out ( "w1 t   
wom5 %\ld />ve1 t little *ildr5 %\ld be 
s5t to s*ool unwa%$ & unf$4 ,b ! public 
d n ?9k ^! ?+s immoral4 ,! fact is1 !   
,briti% p1 aft] m ?an a ?\s& ye>s (     
,*ri/ian tea*+1 d n "k :at true morality
 is4 ,& h[ %\ld !y "k1 :5 _! tea*]s 9 ! 
*ur* d n "k8  ,! *ur*es h always drawn  
_! morality f ! ,bible1 & h always tri$ 
to fit x 9 ) ! immoral codes made by    
k+s1 soldi]s1 l&lords1 money-l5d]s1 &   
o!r immoral p]sons4  ,! ,*ur* has (t5   
plead$ = *>ity to ! poor1 b has nev]    
come to ! rescue ( ! ,bottom ,dog2      
because ! *ur*es h nev] und]/ood        
morality nor human nature4  ,x is       
sci5ce1 & n ! revelation ( ,god1 nor !  
tea*+ ( prie/s1 t has enabl$ u to beg9  
to und]/& human nature1 & has made x    
possible to build up a sy/ematic code ( 
true morality4  ,z to :at morality is1  
,i claim x is ! rule ( social conduct3 !
 measure ( "r conduct betwe5 man & man2 
& ,i %all build up my :ole case ^u !    

simple moral rule t e act is immoral :i*
 ne$lessly injures any fell[-creature4  
,?is rule is only an old tru? 9 a new   
=m4 ,x is1 inde$1 j a mod]n read+ ( !   
,gold5 ,rule4 ,x is n ! rule itself1 b !
 use ,i %all put x to1 t is likely to   
flutt] c]ta9 moral dovecotes4 ,z to !   
rule1 ! tea*+s ( mo/ great morali/s1 (  
all times & nations1 g to prove x4 ,z1 =
 in/ance3  ,lao ,tze1 a ,*9ese morali/1 
be=e ,confucius1 said3 ,! good ,i w\ld  
meet ) goodness1 ! n-good ,i w\ld also  
meet ) goodness4  ,confucius1 ,*9ese    
morali/1 said3 ,:at y d n want done to  
y\rself1 d n d to o!rs4  ,he also said3 
,b5evol5ce is to be 9 "o's mo/ inw>d    
he>t 9 sympa?y ) all ?+s2 to love all   
m52 & to all[ no selfi% ?\ghts4  ,! same
 k9d ( tea*+ is f\nd 9 ! ,buddhi/ books1
 & 9 ! rock edicts ( ,k+ ,asoka4 ,"h is 
a ,buddhi/ precept1 :i* has a special   
int]e/ z t\*+ ! orig9 ( morals4  ,s9ce  
ev5 animals c live toge!r 9 mutual      
rev]5ce1 confid5ce1 & c\rtesy1 mu* m    
%\ld y1 ,o bre?r51 s let y\r light %9e  

=? t y may be se5 to dwell 9 l mann]    
toge!r4  ,! ,hebrew morali/s (t5 s\nd$ !
 same note4 ,9 ,leviticus we f9d3 ,?\   
%alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4  ,9     
,prov]bs3 ,if ?9e enemy be hungry give  
him bread to eat1 & if he be ?ir/y give 
him wat] to dr9k4  ,9 ! ,talmud x is    
writt53 ,d n unto o!rs t :i* x w\ld be  
disagreeable to y to suff] y\rself2 t is
 ! ma9 "p ( ! law4  ,we h ! same idea   
express$ by ,*ri/3 ,all ?+s !re=e       
:atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d unto y1 ev5
 s d ye also unto !m1 = ?is is ! ,law & 
! ,prophets4 ,sextus1 a tea*] (         
,epictetus1 said3 ,:at y wi% y\r        
neighb\rs to be to y1 su* be also to !m4
  ,isocrates said3 ,act t[>ds o!rs z y  
desire o!rs to act t[>ds y4  ,k+ ,asoka 
said3 ,i consid] ! welf>e ( all p z     
some?+ = :i* ,i mu/ "w4   ,,! ,,beg9n+s 
,,( ,,morals  ,9 ! ,buddhi/ ,ka? ,s>it  
,sg>a x is writt53 ,:y %\ld we cl+ to   
?is p]i%able body8 ,9 ! eye ( ! wise !  
only ?+ x is good = is to b5efit "o's   
fell[ creatures4 ,& ano!r ,buddhi/ au?or

 expresses ! same idea ) /ill m =ce &   
beauty3 ,full ( love = all ?+s 9 ! _w1  
practis+ virtue 9 ord] to b5efit        
o!rs--?is man alone is happy4  ,b ev5 :5
 ! morali/s did n lay d[n ! ,gold5      
,rule1 !y taught t ! cause ( s9 & (     
suff]+ 0 selfi%ness2 & !y spoke /rongly 
aga9/ self-pity1 & self-love1 &         
self-aggr&isem5t4  ,:at is ! lesson (   
,buddha1 & ( ! ,indian1 ,p]sian1 &      
,greek morali/s8 ,buddha w5t out into ! 
_w to se>* = ! cause ( human s9 & sorr[4
 ,he f\nd ! cause to be self-indulg5ce &
 ! cure to be self-conque/4 ,! cause (  
pa91 he said1 is desire4 ,& ?is lesson 0
 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 by ,socrates1   
,plato1 ,epictetus1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & 
,plut>*1 & ,s5eca44  ,! moral is t      
selfi%ness is bad1 & unselfi%ness is    
good4 ,& ?is moral is back$ by ! almo/  
univ]sal practice ( all m5 9 all ages & 
( all races 9 te/+ or weigh+ ! virtue or
 ! value ( any p]son's conduct4  ,:at is
 ! common assay = moral gold8 ,! te/ ( !
 motive4 ,sir ,gorgio ,midas has giv5   

#ajj1jjj to f\nd a ,midas hospital4 ,:at
 says ! man 9 ! /reet8 ,ah6 f9e         
adv]tisem5t = ! ,midas pills6 ,mr4      
,quee*1 ! groc] & *ur*w>d51 has giv5 #e 
to ! new ,me?odi/ ,sunday ,s*ool4 ,h'm6 
says ! cynical av]age man1 a sprat to   
cat* a mack]el4 ,sir ,norman ,conque/1  
,b>t1 ,m4,p41 has made an eloqu5t spee* 
9 fav\r ( old-age p5sions4 ,*igw91 !    
incorruptible1 rem>ks ) a sniff t x     
looks z if !re w\ld soon be a ,g5]al    
,election4  ,:at d ^! gibes mean8 ,!y   
mean t ! b5evol5ce ( ,messrs4 ,midas1   
,quee*1 & ,conque/ is inspir$ by        
selfi%ness1 & !re=e is n wor?y1 b base4 
,n[1 :5 a gang ( colli]s g d[n a burn+  
pit to save life1 or :5 a sailor jumps  
ov]bo>d 9 a /orm to save a dr[n+        
fireman1 or :5 a ,russian c\ntess goes  
to ,sib]ia = try+ to free ! ,russian    
s]fs1 !re is no sne] he>d4 ,*igw9's     
fi]ce eye lights up1 ! man 9 ! /reet    
nods approv+ly1 & ! av]age man 9 !      
railway comp>tm5t obs]ves s5t5ti\sly3   
,t's pluck4  ,well4 ,is x n cle> t ^!   

acts are approv$ & held good8 ,& is x n 
cle> t !y are held to be good because !y
 are felt to be unselfi%8  ,n[1 ,i make 
bold to say t 9 no case %all we f9d a   
man or woman hon\r$ or prais$ by m5 :5 8
 conduct is believ$ to be selfi%4 ,x is 
always selfi%ness t m5 scorn4 ,x is     
always self-sacrifice or unselfi% s]vice
 !y admire4 ,?is %[s u t deep 9 !       
univ]sal he>t ! root idea ( morality is 
social s]vice4 ,?is is n a div9e tru?3 x
 is a human tru?4  ,selfi%ness has come 
to be call$ bad because x injures ! _m  
)\t b5efit+ ! "o4 ,unselfi%ness has come
 to be call$ good because x br+s b5efit 
& pleasure to "o & all4 ,x is twice     
bless'd3 x blesse? him t gives & him t  
takes4 ,z ,m>cus ,aurelius expresses x3 
,t :i* is n = ! int]e/ ( ! :ole sw>m is 
n = ! int]e/ ( a s+le bee4 ,& aga9 he   
puts x3 ,mank9d are "u "o common law2 & 
if s !y mu/ be fell[-citiz5s1 & belong  
to ! same body politic4 ,f :5ce x w     
foll[ t ! :ole _w is b "o commonweal?4  
,& ,epictetus1 ! ,greek slave1 said t z 

,god is ! fa!r ( all m51 !n all m5 are  
bro!rs4  ,= c\ntless ages ?is notion (  
human bro!rhood1 & ( ! evil ( self-love1
 has be5 to morality :at ! sap is to !  
tree4 ,& n[ let u ?9k once m h[ ! notion
 fir/ came into be+4  ,i said t         
morality--:i* is ! k ( good & evil--did 
n come by revelation f ,god1 b by means 
( evolution4 ,& ,i said t ?is idea 0    
fir/ put =? by ,sp5c] & ,d>w91 &        
aft]w>ds dealt ) by o!r writ]s4  ,d>w9's
 idea 0 two-fold4 ,he held t man inh]it$
 8 social in/9cts 7on :i* morality is   
built7 f ! l[] animals2 & he ?\ght t v  
likely ! orig9 ( ! social in/9ct 9      
animals 0 ! relation ( ! p>5ts to _! "y4
 ,let u fir/ see :at ,d>w9 said4  ,9    
,*apt] ,f\r ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man ,d>w9   
deals ) moral s5se4 ,aft] rem>k+ t1 s f>
 z he kn[s1 no "o has approa*$ ! "q     
exclusively f ! side ( natural hi/ory1  
,d>w9 goes on3  ,! foll[+ proposition   
seems to me 9 a high degree             
probable--namely1 t any animal :atev]1  
end[$ ) well-m>k$ social in/9cts1 !     

p>5tal & filial affections be+ "h       
includ$1 w\ld inevitably acquire a moral
 s5se1 or consci5ce1 z soon z its       
intellectual p[]s _h become z well1 or  
ne>ly z well1 develop$ z 9 man4  ,=1    
fir/ly1 ! social in/9cts lead an animal 
to take pleasure 9 ! society ( its      
fell[s1 & feel a c]ta9 am\nt ( sympa?y )
 !m1 & to p]=m v>i\s s]vices = !m4444   
,e "o mu/ h notic$ h[ mis]able dogs1    
horses1 %eep1 etc41 are :5 sep>at$ f _! 
companions1 & :at /rong mutual affection
 ! two =m] k9ds1 at lea/1 %[n on _!     
reunion4444  ,all animals liv+ 9 a body1
 :i* def5d !mselves or attack _! enemies
 9 conc]t1 mu/ inde$ be 9 "s degree     
fai?ful to "o ano!r2 & ^? t foll[ a     
lead] mu/ be 9 "s degree ob$i5t4 ,:5 !  
baboons 9 ,abyss9ia plund] a g>d51 !y   
sil5tly foll[ a lead]1 & if an imprud5t 
"y animal makes a noise1 he receives a  
slap f ! o!rs to tea* him sil5ce &      
ob$i5ce4444  ,) respect to ! impulse :i*
 leads c]ta9 animals to associate       
toge!r1 & to aid "o ano!r 9 _m ways1 we 

may inf] t 9 mo/ cases !y are impell$ by
 ! same s5se ( satisfaction or pleasure 
:i* !y exp]i5ce 9 p]=m+ o!r in/9ctive   
actions4444  ,9 h[ev] complex a mann]   
?is feel+ 7sympa?y7 may h orig9at$1 z x 
is "o ( high importance to all ^?       
animals :i* aid & def5d "o ano!r1 x w h 
be5 increas$ ?r\gh natural selection =  
^? communities :i* includ$ ! greate/    
numb] ( sympa!tic memb]s w\ld fl\ri% be/
 & re> ! greate/ numb] ( (fspr+4444     
,?us ! social in/9cts1 :i* mu/ h be5    
acquir$ by man 9 a v rude /ate1 &       
probably ev5 by 8 e>ly apelike          
prog5itors1 /ill give ! impulse to "s ( 
8 be/ actions2 b 8 actions are 9 a high]
 degree det]m9$ by ! express$ wi%es &   
judgm5t ( 8 fell[-m51 & un=tunately v   
(t5 by 8 own /rong selfi% desires4  ,^? 
quotations %\ld be en\gh to %[ ,d>w9's  
idea ( ! orig9 ( ! social1 or moral1    
feel+s4 ,b ,i %all quote besides        
,haeckel's comm5t on ,d>w9's !ory4      
,speak+ ( ! ,gold5 ,rule 9 8            
,confessions ( ,fai? ( a ,man ( ,sci5ce1

 ,haeckel says3  ,9 ! human family ?is  
maxim has always be5 accept$ z          
self-evid5t2 z e?ical in/9ct x 0 an     
inh]itance d]iv$ f our animal ance/ors4 
,x _h already f\nd a place among ! h]ds 
( apes & o!r social mammals2 9 a simil> 
mann]1 b ) wid] scope1 x 0 already      
pres5t 9 ! mo/ primitive communities &  
among ! hordes ( ! lea/ advanc$ savages4
 ,bro!rly love--mutual support1 succ\r1 
protection1 & ! l--_h already made its  
appe>ance among greg>i\s animals z a    
social duty2 = )\t x1 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce 
( su* societies is impossible4 ,al?\gh  
at a lat] p]iod1 9 ! case ( man1 ^!     
moral f\ndations ( society came to be   
mu* m highly develop$1 _! olde/         
prehi/oric s\rce1 z ,d>w9 has %[n1 is to
 be s\ght 9 ! social in/9cts ( animals4 
,among ! high] v]tebrates 7dogs1 horses1
 elephants1 etc471 ! developm5t ( social
 relations & duties is ! indisp5sable   
condition ( _! liv+ toge!r 9 ord]ly     
societies4 ,su* societies h = man also  
be5 ! mo/ important in/rum5t (          

intellectual & moral progress4  ,!re is 
a v able article 9 ! ,m>*1 #aije1 issue 
( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 by ,pr9ce         
,kropotk91 ! au?or ( ,mutual ,aid1 on   
,d>w9's !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! moral s5se1 9
 :i* ! /rik+ sugge/ion is made t        
primitive man1 besides inh]it+ f animals
 ! social in/9ct1 also copi$ f !m ! fir/
 rudim5ts ( tribal union & mutual aid4  
,?is notion may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+     
picturesque passages3  ,primitive man   
liv$ 9 close intimacy ) animals4 ,) "s (
 !m he probably %>$ ! %elt]s "u ! rocks1
 occasionally ! cav]ns1 & v (t5 food4444
  ,our primitive ance/ors liv$ ) !      
animals1 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,& z soon z !y  
began to br+ "s ord] into _! obs]vations
 ( nature1 & to transmit !m to po/]ity1 
! animals & _! life suppli$ !m ) ! *ief 
mat]ials = _! unwritt5 encyclopa$ia ( k1
 z well z = _! wisdom1 :i* !y express$ 9
 prov]bs & say+s4 ,animal psy*ology 0 ! 
fir/ psy*ology man 0 aw>e (--x is /ill a
 fav\rite subject ( talk at ! camp      
fires2 animal life1 closely int]wov5 ) t

 ( man1 0 ! subject ( ! v fir/ rudim5ts 
( art1 inspir+ ! fir/ engrav]s &        
sculptors1 & ent]+ into ! composition ( 
! mo/ anci5t epical traditions &        
cosmogonic my?s4444  ,! fir/ ?+ :i* our 
*ildr5 le>n 9 natural hi/ory is some?+  
ab\t ! bea/s ( prey--! lions & ! tig]s2 
,b ! fir/ ?+ t primitive savages mu/ h  
le>n$ ab\t nature 0 t x repres5ts a va/ 
agglom]ation ( animal clans & tribes2 ! 
ape tribe1 s ne>ly relat$ to man1 !     
ev]-pr[l+ wolf tribe1 ! kn[+1 *att]+    
bird tribe1 ! ev]-busy insect tribe1 &  
on4 ,= !m ! animals 7 an ext5sion ( _!  
own k9--only s mu* wis] ?an !mselves4 ,&
 ! fir/ vague g5]alisation :i* m5 mu/ h 
made ab\t nature--s vague z to h>dly    
diff] f a m]e impression--0 t ! liv+ be+
 & 8 clan or tribe are insep>able4 ,we c
 sep>ate !m--!y c\ld n2 & x seems ev5   
d\btful :e!r !y c\ld ?9k ( life o!rwise 
?an )9 a clan or a tribe4444  ,& t man  
:o _h witness$ once an attack ( wild    
dogs1 or dholes1 ^u ! bigge/ bea/s (    
prey1 c]ta9ly realis$1 once & = ev]1 !  

irresi/ible =ce ( ! tribal unions1 & !  
confid5ce & c\rage ) :i* !y inspire e   
individual4 ,man made div9ities ( ^!    
dogs1 & wor%ipp$ !m1 try+ by all sorts (
 magic to acquire _! c\rage4  ,9 !      
prairies & ! woods our e>lie/ ance/ors  
saw myriads ( animals1 all liv+ 9 clans 
& tribes4 ,c\ntless h]ds ( r$ de]1 fall[
 de]1 re9de]1 gazelles1 & antelopes1    
?\s&s ( droves ( buffaloes & legions (  
wild horses1 wild donkeys1 quaggas1     
zebras1 & s on1 7 mov+ ov] ! b\ndless   
pla9s1 peacefully graz+ side by side4   
,ev5 ! dre>y plateaus _h _! h]ds (      
llamas & wild camels4 ,& :5 man approa*$
 ^! animals1 he soon realis$ h[ closely 
connect$ all ^! be+s 7 9 _! respective  
droves or h]ds4 ,ev5 :5 !y seem$ fully  
absorb$ 9 graz+1 & app>5tly took no     
notice ( ! o!rs1 !y closely wat*$ ea*   
o!r's movem5ts1 always ready to jo9 9 "s
 common action4 ,man saw t all ! de]    
tribe1 :e!r !y graze or m]ely gambol1   
always kept s5tries1 :i* nev] release _!
 wat*fulness & nev] are late to signal !

 approa* ( a bea/ ( prey2 he knew h[1 9 
case ( a sudd5 attack1 ! males & !      
females w\ld encircle _! "y ones & face 
! enemy1 expos+ _! lives = ! safety ( ! 
feeble ones2 & h[1 ev5 ) su* timid      
creatures z ! antelopes1 or ! fall[ de]1
 ! old males w\ld (t5 sacrifice !mselves
 9 ord] to cov] ! retreat ( ! h]d4 ,man 
knew all t1 :i* we ignore or easily     
=get1 & he repeat$ x 9 8 tales1         
embelli%+ ! acts ( c\rage &             
self-sacrifice ) 8 primitive poetry1 or 
mimick+ !m 9 8 religi\s tribal          
dances4444  ,social life--t is1 we1 n   
,i--is1 9 ! eyes ( primitive man1 !     
normal =m ( life4 ,x is life itself4    
,!re=e we mu/ h be5 ! normal =m ( ?9k+ =
 primitive man3 a category ( 8 und]/&+1 
z ,kant might h said4 ,& n ev5 we1 :i*  
is /ill too p]sonal1 because x repres5ts
 a multiplication ( ! ,i's1 b r su*     
expression z ! m5 ( ! beav] tribe1 !    
kang>oo m51 or ! turtles4 ,?is 0 !      
primitive =m ( ?9k+1 :i* nature impress$
 ^u ! m9d ( man4  ,"h1 9 t              

id5tification1 or1 we might ev5 say1 9  
?is absorption ( ! ,i by ! tribe1 lies !
 root ( all e?ical ?\ght4 ,! self-ass]t+
 individual came mu* lat] on4 ,ev5 n[1 )
 ! l[] savages1 ! individual h>dly exi/s
 at all4 ,x is ! tribe1 ) its h>d-&-fa/ 
rules1 sup]/itions1 taboos1 habits1 &   
int]e/s1 :i* is always pres5t 9 ! m9d ( 
! *ild ( nature4 ,& 9 t con/ant1        
ev]-pres5t id5tification ( ! unit ) !   
:ole lies ! sub/ratum ( all e?ics1 ! g]m
 out ( :i* all ! subsequ5t conceptions (
 ju/ice1 & ! /ill high] conceptions (   
morality1 grew up 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4
  ,besides ^! excell5t contributions to 
! subject1 ,pr9ce ,kropotk9 gives u o!r 
new & /rik+ ?\ghts1 be>+ ^u ! p>5tal    
s\rce ( ! social feel+s indicat$ by     
,d>w94 ,b fir/ let u g back to ,d>w94 ,9
 ,*apt] ,f\r ( ,! ,de-sc5t ( ,man ,d>w9 
says3  ,! feel+ ( pleasure f society is 
probably an ext5sion ( ! p>5tal or      
filial affections1 s9ce ! social in/9ct 
seems to be develop$ by ! "y rema9+ = a 
long "t ) _! p>5ts1 & ?is ext5sion may  

be attribut$ 9 "p to habit1 b *iefly to 
natural selection4 ,) ^? animals :i* 7  
b5efit$ by liv+ 9 close association1 !  
individuals :i* took ! greate/ pleasure 
9 society w\ld be/ escape v>i\s dang]s1 
:il/ ^? t c>$ lea/ = _! comrades1 & liv$
 solit>y1 w\ld p]i% 9 great] numb]s4    
,dr4 ,saleeby1 9 ! ,academy 9 ! spr+ (  
#aije1 _h "s int]e/+ rem>ks ^u ! orig9 (
 altruism4 ,he f9ds 9 ! brea/ ( !       
mammalian "m ! f\nt :5ce love has fl[$1 
& po9ts out t ! high] we g 9 ! mammalian
 scale ! m dep5d5t are ! "y ^u _! mo!rs4
  ,aft] describ+ ! helplessness ( !     
human baby1 he cont9ues ?us3  ,yet1 ?is 
is ! creature :i* has spread ov] ! e>? s
 t he numb]s "s fifte5 hundr$ millions  
to-day4 ,he is ! "l ( creation1 ma/] (  
creatures bigg]1 /rong]1 fleet]1        
long]-liv$ ?an himself4 ,! e>? is 8 & ! 
fulness !re(4 ,yet )\t love n "o s+le   
specim5 ( him has a *ance ( rea*+       
maturity1 or ev5 surviv+ = a week4      
,v]ily love is ! greate/ ?+ 9 ! _w4     
,well1 ^u ?is subject ( ! p>5tal orig9 (

 altruism1 ,pr9ce ,kropotk9 ?r[s ano!r  
light4 ,fir/1 allud+ to ,d>w9's cauti\s 
h&l+ ( ! subject ( ! mat]nal orig9 (    
social feel+s1 ,pr9ce ,kropotk91 quotes 
,d>w9's own rem>kable comm5t1 ?us3  ,?is
 caution 0 fully ju/ifi$1 because 9 o!r 
places he po9t$ out t ! social in/9ct   
mu/ be a sep>ate in/9ct 9 itself1       
diff]5t f ! o!rs--an in/9ct :i* has be5 
develop$ by natural selection = its own 
sake1 z x 0 useful = ! well-be+ &       
pres]vation ( ! species4 ,x is s        
fundam5tal1 t :5 x runs aga9/ ano!r     
in/9ct1 ev5 "o s /rong z ! atta*m5t ( ! 
p>5ts to _! (fspr+1 x (t5 takes ! upp]  
h&4 ,birds1 :5 ! "t has come = _! autumn
 migration1 w leave beh9d _! t5d] "y1 n 
yet old en\gh = a prolong$ flight1 &    
foll[ _! comrades4  ,he !n (f]s ! foll[+
 sugge/ion3  ,to ?is /rik+ illu/ration  
,i may also add t ! social in/9ct is    
/rongly develop$ ) _m l[] animals1 su* z
 ! l&-crabs1 or ! ,molucca crab2 z also 
) c]ta9 fi%es1 ) :om x h>dly c\ld be    
consid]$ z an ext5sion ( ! filial or    

p>5tal feel+s4 ,9 ^! cases x appe>s r an
 ext5sion ( ! bro!rly or si/]ly         
relations or feel+s ( comrade%ip1 :i*   
probably develop ea* "t t a consid]able 
numb] ( "y animals1 hav+ be5 hat*$ at a 
giv5 place & at a giv5 mom5t1 cont9ue to
 live toge!r--:e!r !y are ) _! p>5ts or 
n4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 m correct to    
consid] ! social & ! p>5tal in/9cts z   
two closely connect$ in/9cts1 ( :i* !   
=m] is p]haps ! e>li]1 & !re=e ! /rong]1
 & :i* bo? g h& 9 h& 9 ! evolution ( !  
animal _w4 ,bo? are fav\r$ by natural   
selection1 :i* z soon z !y come into    
conflict keeps ! balance betwe5 ! two1 =
 ! ultimate good ( ! species4  ,to sum  
up all ^! ideas4 ,we f9d x sugge/$ t !  
social feel+s f :i* morality sprang1 7  
p>tly inh]it$ by man f 8 animal         
ance/ors1 p>tly imitat$ f obs]vation ( !
 animals he knew s well 9 8 wild life4  
,& we f9d x sugge/$ t ^! social feel+s  
probably began 9 ! love ( animals = _!  
"y1 & 9 ! bro!rhood & comrade%ip ( ! "y 
= ea* o!r4  ,x 0 ! social feel+s ( m5 t 

made _! ,bibles3 ! ,bibles did n make ! 
social feel+s4  ,morality is ! result ( 
evolution1 n ( revelation4     ,,*apt]  
,,five--,,! ,,ance/ral ,,/ruggle ,,)9   
,,u  ,i ,,h spok5 ( ! nature h&$ d[n to 
u by our =e-p>5ts4 ,i might h said      
natures1 = our inh]itance1 be+ n f "o1 b
 f _m1 is n simple1 b comp\nd4  ,we too 
commonly ?9k ( a man z an ,engli%man or 
a ,fr5*man2 z a ,london] or a           
,york%ireman2 z good or bad4  ,we too   
commonly ?9k ( a man z "o p]son1 in/ead 
( z a mixture ( _m p]sons4 ,z ?\gh ,john
 ,smi? 7 all ,john ,smi?1 & always ,john
 ,smi?4  ,!re is no su* ?+ z an unmix$  
,engli%man1 ,iri%man1 or ,york%ireman4  
,!re is no su* ?+ z an unmix$ ,john     
,smi?4  ,engli%m5 are br$ f ! ,anci5t   
,briton1 f ! ,roman1 f ! ,piets &       
,scots1 f ! ,saxons1 ! ,danes1 !        
,norwegians1 ! ,normans1 ! ,fr5*4 ,all  
^! v>i$ & antagoni/ic bloods 7 mix$ 9   
c5turies ago4  ,s9ce !n ! mix+ has gone 
on1 pl5tifully v>i$ by int]m>riage )    
,iri%1 ,scots1 ,dut*1 ,g]mans1          

,belgians1 ,fr5*1 ,italians1 ,poles1 &  
,spani>ds4 ,we h _h refugees &          
immigrants f all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,we h  
giv5 homes to ! ,hugu5ots1 & ! ,emigrs f
 ,france1 to ! ,loll>ds & ,lu!rans f !  
,ne!rl&s1 to cr[d+ fugitives f ,russia1 
,holl&1 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 & ,greece4 ,we 
h absorb$ ^! =eign]s & tak5 !m into our 
blood4 ,& ! desc5dants ( all ^! mix$    
races are call$ ,engli%m54  ,! ,london] 
is a mixture ( all ^? races1 & m4 ,f e  
"p ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,wales2 f 
mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 f _m p>ts ( ,am]ica 
& ,asia1 & ev5 ,africa1 /reams ( =eign  
blood h fl[$ 9 to make ! ,london]4  ,9  
,york%ire !re are sev]al di/9ct races1  
?\gh none ( !m are pure4 ,!re is "o     
,york%ire type be>+ m>ks ( desc5t f !   
,norsem51 ano!r be>+ m>ks ( desc5t f !  
,flemi% & ,fr5* immigrants1 & ano!r f ! 
,norm&y invad]s4 ,i h se5 ,vik+s1       
,belgians1 & ,normans all play+ cricket 
9 ! ,york%ire ,c\nty team4  ,9 ,irel&   
!re are ,iri%m5 f ,d5m>k & ,norway1     
,iri%m5 f ,anci5t ,mongolia1 &1         

especially 9 ,k]ry1 ,iri%m5 :o seem to  
be ( almo/ pure ,ib]ian type4  ,!       
,ib]ian ,iri%man is %ort1 d>k1 aquil9e1 
& s>donic1 ) black hair & eyes1 & a     
m\/a*e m l a ,t>t>'s ?an a ,european's4 
,! ,vik+ ,iri%man is big & burly1 ) blue
 or grey eyes1 & r$di% hair & be>d2 !   
diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two types is z great 
z t betwe5 a ,saxon & a ,spani>d4  ,"o (
 ^! ,iri% ,ib]ians m>ries a ,york%ire   
,dane4 ,_! son m>ries ! daught] ( a     
,lanca%ire ,belgian & an ,anci5t ,briton
 f ,fl9t2 & _! *ildr5 are ,engli%4  ,z  
,i said j n[1 we ?9k ( ,john ,smi? z all
 ,john ,smi? & always ,john ,smi?4  ,b  
,john is a mixture ( millions ( m5 &    
wom51 _m ( !m z diff]5t f ea* o!r z     
,john ,ridd is diff]5t f ,dick          
,swivell]1 or z ,diana ( ! ,crossways is
 diff]5t f ,betsy ,trotwood4 ,& ^!      
unc\ntable & conflict+ natures are n    
ext9ct3 !y are alive & busy 9 ! motley  
jumble we call ,john ,smi?4  ,john is n 
all ,john4 ,he is1 a great deal ( him1  
,roman soldi]1 ,anci5t ,briton1 ,vik+   

pirate1 ,flemi% weav]1 ,corni% fi%]man1 
,l[l& s*ol>1 ,iri% grazi]1 ,london *orus
 girl1 ,york%ire sp9n]1 ,wel% dairymaid1
 & a ho/ ( o!r g5tle & simple1 wild &   
tame1 gay & grave1 sweet & s\r1 fickle &
 con/ant1 lovable & repell5t ance/ors2 f
 8 great-great-gr&p>5t1 ! hairy treeman1
 ) flat feet & club l a "y l>*1 to 8    
respectable fa!r1 ! :ite-front$1        
silk-hatt$ cl]k 9 ! ,pudsey ,p5ny ,sav+s
 ,bank4  ,&1 be+ z he is1 n all ,john   
,smi?1 b r ! knott$1 cross$1 & tangl$   
mixture ( ,johns & ,m>ys1 & ,smi?s &    
,br[ns & ,rob9sons1 t has be5 gr[+ m    
d5se & intricate = t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1  
h[ c we expect our good ,john to be     
always ! same ,john8  ,we "k ,john is _m
 ,johns 9 ! c\rse ( a summ]'s day4 ,we h
 se5 him1 possibly1 skip back to !      
cave-man 9 a spasm ( rage1 gl[ ) !      
t5d]ness ( ! ,fr5* lady :o di$ ( !      
plague 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 & !n smile 
! smile ( ! m]ry "y soldi] :o 0 %ot at  
,dett+5--all 9 ! "t x takes him to cl5* 
& uncl5* 8 h&1 or to feel 9 8 pocket = a

 p5ny1 or to fla% a glance at a pretty  
face 9 ! cr[d4  ,john ,smi? is n        
,engli%1 nor ,york%ire2 b human4 ,he is 
n "o man2 b _m m51 &1 :i* c\nts = m1 _m 
wom54  ,& h[ c we say ( ,john ,smi? t he
 is good or bad8 ,x is l say+ ( a bottle
 ( beads1 mix$ ( fifty col\rs1 t x is   
r$1 or blue4 ,z ,john's ance/ors 7 made 
up ( good & bad1 & z he is made up ( !m1
 s ,john is good & bad 9 /ripes or      
pat*es3 is good & bad by turns4  ,we    
speak ( ^! mix$ natures :i* a man       
inh]its f 8 =e-p>5ts z 8 disposition3 we
 call !m ! qualities ( 8 m9d1 & we wond]
 :5 we f9d him inconsi/5t1 *angeable1   
undecid$4 ,ought we to be surpris$ t !  
cont9ual /ruggle = ! ma/]y among/ s _m  
ali5 natures leads to unlook$-= &       
unwi%$-= results8  ,take ! case ( a     
c\ncil1 a cab9et1 a regim5t1 compos$ (  
antagoni/ic natures2 :at happ5s8 ,!re   
are disputes1 confusion1 contradictions1
 cross-purposes4 ,well3 a man is l a    
cr[d1 a ,p>liam5t1 a camp ( ill-mat*$   
=eign allies4 ,inde$1 he is a cr[d--a   

cr[d ( ali5 & ill-sort$ ance/ors4  ,!   
,great ,art]ies ( ,human ,nature  ,b1   
diff] f ea* o!r z we may1 !re are "s    
g5]al qualities--"s human               
qualities--common to mo/ ( u4  ,^!      
common qualities may be split into two  
k9ds1 selfi% & unselfi%4  ,! selfi%     
in/9cts come d[n to u f our e>li] brute 
ance/ors4  ,! unselfi% in/9cts come d[n 
to u f our lat] brute ance/ors1 & f our 
human ance/ors4  ,among/ ! /ronge/ & !  
deepe/ ( man's in/9cts are love ( woman1
 love ( *ildr51 love ( pleasure1 love ( 
art1 love ( humanity1 love ( adv5ture1 &
 love ( praise4  ,i %\ld say t !        
commone/ & mo/ la/+ ( all human passions
 is ! love ( praise3 call$ by "s love ( 
approbation4  ,f ?is great trunk impulse
 !re spr+ _m bran*es4 ,ne>ly all our    
vanities1 ambitions1 affectations1      
covet+s1 are born ( our ?ir/ = praise4  
,x is l>gely 9 ! hope ( excit+ ! wond]  
or ! admiration ( our fell[s t we toil &
 scramble & snat* & fight1 = weal?1 =   
p[]1 = place2 = ma/]ly or d>+ a*ievem5t4

  ,none b mis]s love money = its own    
sake4 ,x is = :at money w buy t m5 covet
 x2 & ! mo/ desir$ ( ! ?+s money w buy  
are p[] & display3 ! value ( :i* lies 9 
! a/oni%m5t !y w create1 & ! flatt]y !y 
w w94  ,h[ mu* mean+ w\ld rema9 to su*  
pr\d & pot5t words z glory1 ri*es1      
conque/1 fame1 h]o1 triumph1 spl5d\r1 if
 !y 7 b]eft ( ! glam\r ( human wond] &  
applause8  ,:at man w be> & d & suff] = 
love ( woman1 & woman = love ( man2 :at 
bo? w sacrifice = ! sake ( _! *ildr52 h[
 ! devotee ( art & sci5ce1 lit]ature1 or
 w>1 w cleave to ! "w ( 8 *oice2 ) :at  
eag]ness ! adv5tur] w foll[ 8 d>l+ b5t1 
seek+ 9 ! ends ( ! e>? = excitem5t1     
happy to gaze once m into ! bright eyes 
( dang]2 ) :at *e]ful /eadfa/ness &     
unwe>i$ self-d5ial b5evol5ce w lab\r = !
 good ( ! race2 is kn[n to u all4 ,:at  
we %\ld rememb] is t ^! & o!r p[]s ( our
 nature act & react ^u ea* o!r3 t "o    
impulse *ecks1 or goads1 or div]ts      
ano!r4  ,?us ! love ( our fell[s w (t5  
*eck or turn aside our love ( ourselves4

 ,(t5 :5 ! desire = praise beckons u !  
dread ( blame calls u back aga94 ,! love
 ( praise may ev5 lure u t[>ds an act1 &
 baulk u ( its p]=mance3 z :5 a cricket]
 sacrifices ! applause ( ! cr[d 9 ord]  
to w9 ! praise ( capta9 or critics4  ,s 
w ! lu/ ( pleasure /ruggle aga9/ ! lu/ (
 fame2 ! love ( woman aga9/ ! love (    
art2 ! passion = adv5ture aga9/ ! desire
 = weal?2 & ! victory w be to ! /rong]4 
,let u look into ! human he>t 7! be/ way
 is to look into our own7 & see h[ ^!   
inh]it$ qualities "w = & aga9/ ea* o!r4 
,"o ( ! /ronge/ *ecks is fe>2 ano!r is  
:at we call consci5ce4  ,fe> spr+s      
sometimes f love ( approbation2 we %r9k 
f an act f fe> ( be+ f\nd out1 :i* w\ld 
mean ! loss ( t e/eem we s prize4 ,or we
 %r9k f fe> ( bodily pa93 z ^? knew well
 :o inv5t$ ! t]rors ( hell-fire4  ,!re  
is a great deal ( mo/ respectable virtue
 t ought to be call$ c[>dice4 ,deprive  
virtue ( its d>e nots1 & h[ _m w\ld nots
 & %\ld nots might survive8 ,good       
conduct may n mean ! pres5ce ( virtue1 b

 ! lack ( c\rage1 or desire4  ,b1       
happily1 m5 d "r1 also1 = "r's sake2 &  
because x is "r2 or !y refra9 f do+     
wrong because x is wrong4  ,! b5t t[>ds 
"r conduct arises f "o ( two s\rces3    
#a4 ,education3 we h be5 taught t c]ta9 
acts are wrong4  #b4 ,natural b5evol5ce3
 a dislike to injure o!rs4  ,! fir/ (   
^!--education--has to d ) environm5t2 ! 
second is "p ( h]$ity4 ,"o we get f our 
fell[-m51 ! o!r f our ance/ors4  ,"h let
 u pause to look into t mu*-prea*$-(    
my/]y ( ! dual consci\sness1 or         
d\ble-self4  ,we all "k t m5 (t5 d ?+s  
:i* !y "k to be wrong4 ,:5 we halt      
betwe5 ! desire to d a ?+1 & ! feel+ t  
we ought n to d x1 we seem to h two m9ds
 )9 u1 & ^! two m9ds dispute ab\t !     
decision4  ,:at is ?is my/]i\s          
d\ble-self8 ,x is no?+ b ! conte/ betwe5
 h]$ity & environm5t2 & is n my/]i\s at 
all4  ,h]$ity is v old4 ,x rea*es back1 
to ! bea/s4 ,x passes on to u1 g5]ation 
aft] g5]ation1 = millions ( ye>s1 c]ta9 
in/9cts1 impulses1 or desires ( ! bea/4 

,environm5t is new4 ,x beg9s at !       
cradle4 ,x pr9ts ^u u c]ta9 lessons ( "r
 & wrong4 ,x tells u t we ought n to d  
c]ta9 ?+s4  ,b ! desire to d ^? ?+s is  
"p ( our h]$ity4 ,x is 9 our blood4 ,x  
is p]si/5t1 turbul5t1 p[]ful4 ,x rises  
up sudd5ly1 ) a gl>e & a sn>l1 l a wild 
bea/ 9 its lair4 ,& at ! s\nd ( its ro>1
 & ! flame ( its lamb5t eyes1 & ! feel (
 its fi]y brea?1 memory lifts its voice 
& h&1 & repeats ! well-le>n$ lesson )   
its %all-nots4  ,we are told t ! animal 
impulses dwell 9 ! h9d bra91 & t morals 
& ?\ght dwell 9 ! =e bra94 ,! dual      
p]sonality1 !n1 ! d\ble-self1 consi/s ( 
! two halves ( ! bra92 & ! dispute      
betwe5 passion & reason1 or betwe5      
desire & morality1 is a conflict betwe5 
! l[] man & ! high]2 betwe5 ! old ,adam 
& ! new4  ,b x is also1 to a great      
ext5t1 a conflict betwe5 ! av]age man & 
! h]o1 or lead]4  ,we inh]it ! roots (  
morality1 t is ta say1 ! social in/9cts1
 or impulses ( unselfi% ?\ghts = o!rs1 f
 ! sociable animals4 ,b :at we call     

e?ics1 ! rules or laws ( moral conduct1 
h be5 sl[ly built up by human tea*]s4   
,^! tea*]s h be5 m5 ) a special g5ius = 
morals4 ,!y h made codes ( morals high] 
?an ! nature ( ! av]age man c rea*4  ,b 
! av]age man has be5 taught ^! codes (  
morals 9 8 *ildhood1 & has gr[n up 9    
unque/ion+ respect = !m4  ,s :5 8 bas]  
nature prompts him to an act1 & 8 memory
 repeats ! moral lesson x has le>nt1 we 
h ! nature ( ! av]age man confront$ by !
 tea*+ ( ! sup]ior or m highly moral    
man4  ,& !re is naturally a conflict    
betwe5 ! desire to d evil1 & ! k ( :at  
?+s are good4 ,x is n easy = ,wat ,tyl]1
 ,corporal ,trim1 or ,sir ,john ,fal/aff
 to foll[ ! moral l9es laid d[n by su*  
m5 z ,buddha1 ,s5eca1 or ,socrates4 ,sir
 ,john kn[s ! value ( temp]ance2 b he   
has a pot5t love ( sack4 ,wat kn[s t x  
is good = a man to gov]n 8 temp]2 b he  
is a *ol]ic subject1 & hefty ) a hamm]4 
,!re 0 a lot ( human nature 9 !         
%ipwright1 :o be+ rem9d$ t ,/4 ,paul    
said a man 0 bett] s+le1 retort$ t ,/4  

,paul wasn't a ,nor? ,%ields man4       
,,our ,,possibilities  ,we "k v well t  
"s qualities may make ei!r = good or    
bad4 ,/r5g?1 ability1 c\rage1 emulation1
 may g to ! mak+ ( a great h]o1 or a    
great crim9al44  ,if a man's b5t1 or    
tea*+1 be good1 he w d bett]1 if x be   
evil he w d worse by reason ( 8 tal5ts1 
8 d>+1 or 8 resolution4  ,dirt has be5  
def9$ z matt] 9 ! wrong place3 badness  
might be (t5 def9$ z goodness misappli$4
 ,c\rage ill-direct$ is foolh>d9ess2    
caution 9 excess is c[>dice2 firmness   
ov]/ra9$ is ob/9acy4  ,_m ( our inh]it$ 
qualities are :at we call pot5tialities3
 !y are possibilities1 capabilities1    
/rong1 or pot5tial = good or evil4      
,love ( praise may drive a man to seek  
fame z a philan?ropi/1 a tyrant1 a      
discov]]1 or a tra9-robb]4  ,love (     
adv5ture & love ( fame _h z mu* to d ) !
 exploits ( ,gaude ,duval & ,morgan1 !  
buccane]1 z ) ^? ( ,drake or ,clive4    
,nelson 0 z ke5 = fame z ,buonap>te3 b !
 ,engli%man lov$ 8 c\ntry2 ! ,corsican  

himself4  ,d\btless ,torquemada _h z mu*
 religi\s zeal z ,/4 ,francis2 b ! "o   
brea!d curses1 ! o!r bless+s4           
,pugnacity is good :5 us$ aga9/ tyranny 
or wrong2 x is bad :5 us$ aga9/ lib]ty  
or "r4  ,m5 ( brilliant p>ts h fail$ =  
lack ( indu/ry or judgm5t4 ,m5 ( noble  
qualities h gone to ru9 because ( "s    
inborn weakness1 or bias t[>ds vice4    
,our m9ds are ( a m+l$ y>n1 good & ill  
toge!r4 ,_m ( life's mo/ tragic human   
failures h be5 sweet bells jangl$ out ( 
tune & h>%4 ,ophelia 0 n ! fir/ woman1  
nor ! la/ by _m millions1 to p]i% ?r\gh 
rea*+ = fl[]s t gr[ aslant ! brook4 ,if 
virtue is (t5 c[>dice1 frailty is (t5   
love2 & ! words ( ,la]tes to ! *urli%   
prie/ might frequ5tly be spok5 = "s poor
 ,bottom ,dog 9 reproa* ( ! unju/ c5sure
 ( a ,ph>isee3 a m9i/]+ angel %all my   
si/] be1 :5 ?\ lie/ h[l+4  ,we mu/      
rememb]1 !n1 t ! happ9ess or unhapp9ess 
( our nature dep5ds n s mu* ^u any      
special quality z ^u ! g5]al balance ( !
 :ole4  ,poor ,osc> ,wilde _h _m f9e    

qualities1 b 8 egotism1 8 vici\s ta9t1  
&1 p]haps1 8 un=tunate surr\nd+s1 drove 
him to %ipwreck1 ) all 8 gold5 tal5ts   
abo>d4 ,e day noble %ips run ^u ! rocks2
 e day brave p5nons g d[n 9 ! press ( ! 
battle1 & are trampl$ 9 ! blood & du/2 e
 day lackeys ride 9 triumph1 & pr9ces   
slave on ! galleys2 e day ! sweet buds g
 to ! sw9e-tr\gh1 & ! gay & fair "y     
*ildr5 to %ame or ! jail4  ,"s fall     
?r\gh lov+ too mu*1 o!rs ?r\gh lov+ n at
 all4 ,"s are %att]$ by a s+le fault1 l 
a ruby cup ) "o flaw 9 its radiant he>t4
 ,"s are twi/$ out ( all hope f bir?1 l 
"o ( ,om>'s pots1 :i* ! pott] m\ld$     
awry4 ,"s se$s ( innoc5t lilies1 or     
roses ( lovel9ess1 or passion fl[]s     
div9e1 are scatt]$ ^u ! rocks1 or bl[n  
by h>% w9ds out to sea4  ,d y "k ,?omas 
,c>lyle's burn+ words conc]n+ ^! tragic 
fates8  ,*ol]a doctors1 hir$ to dive    
into black d5s ( infection & despair1   
!y1 ru%+ ab\t all day1 f lane to lane1 )
 _! life 9 _! h&1 are f\nd to d _!      
function2 :i* is a mu* m rugg$ "o ?an   

,h[>d's4 ,o1 :at say we1 ,*ol]a         
,doctors8 ,ragg$ losels1 ga!r$ by beat (
 drum f ! ov]-cr[d$ /reets ( cities1 &  
drill$ a little1 & dress$ 9 r$1 d n !y  
/& fire 9 an unc5surable mann]2 &       
h&somely give _! life1 if ne$ful1 at !  
rate ( a %ill+ p] day8 ,human virtue1 if
 we w5t d[n to ! roots ( x1 is n s r>e4 
,! mat]ials ( human virtue are ev]y:]e  
abundant z ! light ( ! sun3 raw         
mat]ials--,o woe1 & loss1 & sc&al ?rice 
& ?ree-fold1 t !y s seldom are          
elaborat$1 & built into a result4 ,t !y 
lie yet unelaborat$ & /agnant 9 ! s\ls (
 widespread dre>y millions1 f]m5t+1     
fe/]+2 & issue at la/ z en]getic vice   
in/ead ( /rong practical virtue6 ,a     
,mrs4 ,mann+ dy+ game--alas1 is n t !   
foil$ pot5tiality ( a k9d ( h]o9e too8  
,n a h]oic ,judi?1 n a "m ( ,grac*i n[1 
b a hide\s murd]ess1 fit to be "m (     
hy5as6 ,to su* ext5t c pot5tialities be 
foil$4  ,let u be> 9 m9d1 !n1 t a man's 
p[]s1 l ! p[]s ( a /ate1 w "w = good or 
= evil1 z !y are ill or well gov]n$4  ,&

 ! gov]nm5t ( human p[]s & desires      
dep5ds p>tly ^u h]$ity1 & l>gely ^u     
environm5t1 ( :i* 9 its due place4  ,h[ 
,does ,h]$ity ,make ,g5ius8  ,i %all n  
we>y ! read] ) pro(s ( h]$ity4 ,x w\ld  
be a wa/e ( words to quote pages (      
,d>w91 ,sp5c]1 ,weissmann1 & ,galton = !
 sake ( prov+ ! obvi\s4 ,our own        
obs]vation & common s5se w conv9ce u t  
our traits & qualities ( body & m9d are 
inh]it$4  ,we "k t rabbits d n bre$     
kitt5s1 nor eagles geese1 nor apples    
oranges1 nor negroes :ites4 ,we "k t 9  
all cases :]e ! bre$ is pure ! desc5t is
 pure2 & we und]/& t :]e a black %eep is
 born into a :ite flock1 or a fair *ild 
is born ( d>k =e-p>5ts1 ! sport1 z x is 
call$1 is due to atavism1 or bre$+ back4
 ,some:]e1 ne> or f>1 ! bre$ has be5    
cross$4  ,b !re is "o "q t has caus$ a  
good deal ( d\bt & p]plexity1 &1 z !    
answ] to t "q is n obvi\s1 we w consid] 
x "h4  ,a sport is an individual        
dep>ture f a type4 ,a sport is a freak (
 nature4 ,a g5ius is a sport2 & ! "q we 

are to answ] "h is3  ,h[ does h]$ity    
acc\nt = g5ius8  ,to make ! matt] q     
cle>1 & to meet all d\bts1 we w split   
our "q into two3  #a4 ,h[ is x t g5ius  
does n always beget g5ius8  #b4 ,h[ is x
 m$iocrity does sometimes beget g5ius8  
,take ! fir/ "q4 ,h[ is x t g5ius does n
 always beget g5ius8 ,mr4 ,galton has   
dispos$ ( ! objection t clev] m5 d n h  
clev] sons by %[+ t clev] m5 (t5 d h    
clev] sons4  ,b ! fact rema9s t su* m5 z
 ,%akespe>e1 ,plato1 ,cs>1 & ,socrates  
nev] h *ildr5 z great z !mselves4  ,& x 
has be5 claim$ t ?is fact belies h]$ity4
  ,b to ^? :o "k ev5 a v little ab\t    
h]$ity x is q obvi\s t we ought n to    
expect ! son ( a v great g5ius to be    
equal to 8 fa!r4  ,su* a recurr5ce is   
r5d]$ almo/ impossible by ! law (       
v>iation4  ,a great man is a lucky      
product ( h]$ity & environm5t4 ,he is a 
=tunate1 & accid5tal1 bl5d+ ( sev]al    
qualities :i* make greatness possible4  
,b ! great man's son is n born ( ! same 
p>5ts z 8 fa!r4 ,8 blood is only half ( 

x drawn f ! families :i* produc$ 8      
fa!r's greatness2 ! o!r half is f ano!r 
family1 :i* may conta9 no elem5ts (     
greatness4  ,?us s f> f its be+ /range t
 g5ius does n beget g5ius1 we see t x   
w\ld be /range if g5ius did beget g5ius4
  ,! *ildr5 ( ,%akespe>e w\ld n be      
,%akespe>eans3 !y w\ld be half          
,%akespe>e & half ,ha?away2 & x is q    
possible t _! intellectual qualities    
might come *iefly f ! "m's side4  ,n[1  
if ,ann ,ha?away's family 7 n           
intellectually equal to ,%akespe>e's    
family1 h[ c\ld we expect ! *ildr5 ( ^? 
two to be equal to ! *ild ( ! sup]ior   
bre$8  ,we %\ld n expect a mixture ( w9e
 & wat] to be all w9e2 nor ! foal ( a   
blood horse & a half-br$ m>e to be a    
?or\ghbr$ horse4 ,s mu* = ! fir/ "q4 ,^?
 :o ask su* a "q h lo/ sight ( ! law (  
v>iation4  ,n[ = ! second "q4 ,h[ is x t
 m$iocrity bre$s g5ius8 ,! answ] to t is
 t m$iocrity does n bre$ g5ius4  ,let u 
take a case t is (t5 cit$3 ! case ( !   
great musician1 ,h&el4  ,george ,fr$]ick

 ,h&el 0 a musical g5ius2 & we are told 
t h]$ity does n acc\nt = 8 g5ius1 z no  
o!r memb] ( 8 family _h ev] display$ any
 special musical tal5t4 ,:5ce1 !n1 did  
,h&el get 8 musical g5ius8 ,:at are !   
qualities t g to ! mak+ ( a great       
compos]8  ,fir/1 an exquisite e>2 t     
implies great gifts ( "t & tune4        
,second1 a great imag9ation4 ,?ird1 an  
inf9ite capacity = tak+ pa9s4 ,f\r?1 a  
quick & s5sitive n]v\s sy/em4  ,n[1 a   
man might possess great indu/ry1 or     
ambition1 & s5sitive n]ves1 & n be an   
arti/ ( any k9d4  ,he might h a great   
imag9ation1 & lack ! indu/ry or !       
ambition to use x effectively4  ,he     
might h indu/ry1 ambition1 s5sitive     
n]ves1 & great imag9ation1 & yet )\t !  
musical e> he w\ld nev] be a musician4  
,& ! same may be said ( any "o or m ( 8 
ance/ors4  ,!re=e1 !re may h be5 among/ 
,h&el's =ep>5ts all ! qualities ne$$ = !
 mak+ ( a great musician )\t ^?         
qualities ev] happ5+ to be unit$ 9 "o   
p]son4  ,let u suppose a case4 ,a man ( 

en]gy & ambition1 b ) av]age imag9ation1
 & an av]age e>1 m>ries a woman ( ord9>y
 m9d4 ,_! son m>ries a woman ( /rong    
imag9ation4 ,! *ild ( ?is second1 union 
m>ries a woman ( ref9$ nature &         
consid]able imag9ation4 ,! son ( ?is    
union may be ambiti\s1 imag9ative1 &    
en]getic1 = he may inh]it all ^?        
qualities f 8 =ep>5ts4  ,!n ! only trait
 left to be acc\nt$ = is ! f9e musical  
e>4  ,n[ t gift = music may h come d[n  
to him f "s di/ant =ep>5t1 liv+ 9 an age
 :5 su* a quality _h no outlet4 ,or x   
may h come d[n to him f "s =ep>5t :o    
lack$ ambition or en]gy to use x 9 a    
/rik+ way4  ,x happ5s v (t5 t a son     
inh]its 8 f9e/ intellectual & emotional 
qualities f 8 "m4  ,& we "k t a tal5t ( 
any k9d is m likely to lie dormant 9 a  
woman ?an 9 a man4 ,= ! woman may sp5d  
all h] "t & att5tion ^u h] home1 h]     
husb&1 h] *ildr54  ,i knew a case 9 :i* 
two si/]s possess$ consid]able arti/ic  
tal5t ,yet1 s f> z anyone knew1 none (  
_! =ep>5ts _h %[n arti/ic ability4 ,b "o

 ( ! si/]s told me t h] "m _h a         
rem>kable gift = draw+1 :i* %e _h nev]  
us$1 except to amuse h] *ildr54  ,n[1 :5
 we come to look into ! case ( ,h&el1 we
 f9d t 8 fa!r's family nev] gave any    
sign ( musical tal5t ,b ( 8 "m's family1
 & ( ! families ( 8 gr&mo!r &           
great-gr&mo!r we "k little4  ,b ,h&el's 
fa!r 0 ambiti\s & en]getic1 & 8 "m is   
describ$ z foll[s3  ,! "m 0 ?irty-?ree  
ye>s old1 &1 we are told1 0 cle>-m9d$1 (
 /rong piety1 ) a great k ( ! ,bible444 
a capable manag]1 e>ne/1 & ( pleasant   
mann]s4  ,is !re any pro( t ,h&el's "m  
_h n a good musical e>8 ,none4 ,is !re  
any pro( t %e _h n1 ly+ dormant1 "s     
special gift = music1 inh]it$ f "s      
ance/or8 ,none4  ,9 t day1 & 9 t "p (   
,g]many1 music 0 set little /ore by1 &  
musicians 7 reg>d$ mu* z actors 7 9     
,engl&4 ,!re=e any great musical gift   
:i* happ5$ to be inh]it$ by a woman w\ld
 h small *ance ( be+ develop$ or us$4 ,&
 x is q possible t ,h&el may h inh]it$ 8
 e> f 8 "m's family4  ,aga91 ! musical  

tal5t may h be5 a quality t _h be5      
improv+ by m>riage = sev]al g5]ations4  
,or x may h be5 an accid5t1 due to "s   
physical process ab\t :i* we _c possibly
 h any direct k4  ,= in/ance1 j z "s    
special excell5ce ( "s special organ may
 be h&$ d[n1 s may "s special defect ,a 
*ild may inh]it ! defect1 or !          
excell5ce4 ,or he may inh]it a tal5t f  
bo? p>5ts1 & s may excel !m bo?4  ,a man
 may inh]it 8 g5ius piecemeal f a hundr$
 ance/ors1 "s ( !m dead = c5turies1 or  
he may owe 8 special brilliance to "s   
excitem5t1 or ev5 to "s d]angem5t ( !   
n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 fact1 to :at ,lombroso  
calls deg5]acy4 ,he may be l a riv]1 f$ 
by sev]al ance/ral /reams4 ,he may be ! 
desc5dant ( "s mute +lori\s ,milton4 ,b 
"o ?+ he is n--he is n a my/]y4 ,!re is 
no?+ 9 8 greatness m my/]i\s ?an !      
accumulation ( money 9 a bank1 or !     
agr&isem5t ( a riv] by its tribut>y     
/reams1 or ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a patt]n 
( unusual beauty 9 a kaleidoscope4  ,!re
 is no?+ 9 g5ius to belie h]$ity4 ,!re  

is no?+ 9 g5ius t _c be acc\nt$ = by    
h]$ity--if we rememb] ! laws ( v>iation1
 & ( atavism1 or bre$+ back4   ,,!      
,,born ,,crim9al  ,speak+ /rictly1 !re  
are no born crim9als2 b !re are "s      
un=tunate creatures born ) a nature     
prone to crime1 j z !re are o!rs born ) 
a nature prone to disease4  ,^! born    
crim9als1 reg>d$ by _! bett]-end[$ or   
lucki] bro!rs & si/]s z wick$1 are !    
victims ( atavism or ( deg5]acy4  ,!y   
are z mu* to be piti$1 & z little to be 
blam$1 z ^? born ) a liability to       
insanity or consumption4  ,atavism1 z we
 h se51 is a rev]sion to an old] & a l[]
 type1 a bre$+ back1 9 "s po9ts1 to !   
savage or ! brute4  ,deg5]acy is !      
inh]it$ result ( vice1 insanity1 or     
disease 9 ! p>5t ,lombroso describes    
deg5]acy z ! action ( h]$ity 9 ! *ildr5 
( ! inebriate1 ! syphilitic1 ! insane1 !
 consumptive1 etc42 or ( accid5tal      
causes1 su* z lesions ( ! head1 or !    
action ( m]cury1 :i* pr(\ndly *ange !   
tissues1 p]petuates neuroses or o!r     

diseases 9 ! pati5t1 &1 :i* is worse1   
aggravates !m 9 8 desc5dants4  ,! atavi/
 is a man born ) ! nature1 or "s ( !    
traits ( be/ial or savage ance/ors4 ,he 
is br$ back to ! type t 0 be=e morals4  
,he is born ) /rong animal traits1 ) few
 social qualities2 ) little or no moral 
bra94 ,he is a mod]n *ild1 born ) !     
passions1 or ! appetites1 or !          
intellig5ce1 ( an ape1 or a cave-man4   
,to expect him to rise to ! moral /&>d (
 to-day1 & to blame him if he fail1 is z
 unreasonable z x w\ld be to expect !   
same conduct f a gorilla1 or a pan!r4   
,if ! atavi/ is wick$1 ! %>k1 & ! wolf1 
& ! add] are wick$4  ,to say t !        
atavi/ic man has reason is no answ]2 he 
has n ! k9d ( reason t makes = peace &  
ord]4 ,8 mis=tune j lies 9 ! fact t he  
is br$ back to ! k9d ( reason :i*1      
among/ ! cave-m51 p]haps1 made a man a  
lead]1 or a h]o1 b among/ civilis$      
,we/]n p makes him a born crim9al4  ,i  
said be=e1 t to blame a ,spani>d = be+  
pr\d is to blame him = be+ born (       

,spani% p>5ts4 ,x is j z true to say t  
to blame a man = be+ a born crim9al is  
to blame him because "s ( 8 bas]        
ance/ors h accid5tally pass$ on to him !
 traits ( _! l[] natures4  ,inde$1 x is 
pla9ly absurd to blame a man = be+ born 
any?+1 s9ce he _h no h& nor "p 9 8 bir?4
  ,all we c d ) reg>d to ! born crim9al 
is to pity him = 8 unhappy inh]itance1 &
 try to make ! be/ ( him4 ,s f> we h    
nev] tri$ to make ! be/ ( him2 b h      
usually made almo/ ! wor/ ( him1 by     
meet+ 8 hate ) our hate1 8 ignorance )  
our ignorance1 8 f]ocity ) our f]ocity4 
,nature1 or ,god1 hav+ curs$ ! poor     
wret* ) a h]itage ( %ame1 we h come     
=w>d1 9 ! "n ( humanity & ju/ice1 to    
puni% & execrate him = 8 fatal mis*oice 
( ance/ors4 ,x is z ?\gh we %\ld flog a 
gorilla or a hyna = hav+ wick$ly refus$ 
to be born a ,canon ( ,/4 ,paul's1 or a 
,primitive ,me?odi/ ,sunday s*ool tea*]4
  ,b "s w suppose t ! born crim9al might
 be a sob]1 law-abid+1 & ,god-fe>+ man1 
if he w\ld try2 & !y d n und]/& t ! man 

) ! atavi/ic bra9 _c try4  ,he has n got
 ! k9d ( bra9 t c try to be :at we ?9k  
he ought to be4 ,we d n expect ! be> to 
try to be polite1 nor ! hog to try to be
 cleanly4 ,we "k !y _c try to be ei!r ( 
^? ?+s4 ,nei!r c ! atavi/ic man try to  
be some?+ = :i* 8 nature 0 n made4  ,:at
 is sauce = ! atavi/ is sauce = !       
deg5]ate4 ,he also is ! victim ( cruel  
fate4 ,he also inh]its mis=tune1 or     
%ame1 or disa/] f 8 fa!rs4 ,8 nature is 
n a ca/+ back to an anci5t type3 x is a 
nature poison$1 maim$1 p]v]t$1 or spoil$
 ?r\gh ! vices or ! diseases ( ^? :o    
br\ght him into ! _w4  ,! deg5]ate may  
inh]it f a diseas$ or drunk5 p>5t an    
imp]fect m9d or an imp]fect body4 ,he   
may be born ) a weak moral s5se1 or )   
weak lungs1 or ) an ill-balanc$ bra94   
,pron5ess to crime or pron5ess to       
disease may be born 9 him ?r\gh no fault
 ( 8 own4 ,! cause is ! same 9 bo?      
cases3 ! vice or disease ( a p>5t4  ,n[ 
x is c]ta9 t we d n blame1 b pity1 & t  
we d n puni% b help ! victim ^: deg5]acy

 takes ! =m ( disease4 ,b we d blame &  
we d puni% ! victim ^: deg5]acy takes ! 
=m ( immorality or crime4  ,9 nei!r case
 is ! deg5]acy ! fault ( ! deg5]ate3 9  
bo? cases x is h&$ d[n to him by 8 p>5t 
or p>5ts4 ,yet 9 ! "o case he gets our  
sympa?y1 & 9 ! o!r case our c5sure4     
,!re is nei!r ju/ice nor reason 9 su*   
treatm5t ( ^? :o h ! mis=tune to be     
born--9 ! true s5se ( ! words--( uns\nd 
m9d4  ,^? :o h made a sci5tific /udy (  
crime tell u t psy*ic atavism is !      
dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! born crim9al4    
,:at is psy*ic atavism8 ,x is a bre$+   
back1 or ca/+ back to a l[] type ( m9d4 
,?is atavi/ic m9d is inh]it$ by ! born  
crim9al j z c]ta9 muscles common to apes
 are inh]it$ by "s o!r m54  ,& we are   
told t ?is inh]it$ atavi/ic m9d is !    
dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! crim9al born4 ,9 
o!r words1 ^? m5 :om we h always blam$ &
 puni%$ z exceptionally wick$1 h inh]it$
 an atavi/ic1 or crim9al1 m9d f ance/ors
 :o di$ millions ( ye>s ago4 ,! mo/     
noticeable & /rik+ fact ab\t ! born     

crim9al is 8 un=tunate inh]itance ( t   
atavi/ic m9d4  ,& 9 ! pl5itude ( our    
wisdom & ! gl[ ( our righte\s wra?1 we  
hang a man1 or flog him1 or br& him1 or 
loa! him1 because a cruel fate has      
visit$ ^u him an affliction m pitiable  
?an bl9dness1 or lam5ess1 or p>alysis1  
or consumption4  ,9 cases ( psy*ic      
atavism ! actual =m ( ! bra91 or !      
skull1 is m or less l t ( ! old] & l[]  
type to :i* ! luckless atavi/ has be5   
ca/ back4 ,! skull ( ! born crim9al is !
 skull ( ! ape-man1 or ! cave-man4 ,x   
has a l[ & retreat+ =ehead1 a heavy &   
squ>e jaw1 & is l>ge beh9d1 :]e ! bas]  
animal p>ts ( ! bra9 are plac$4  ,n[1 to
 expect ! same morals & ! same          
intellig5ce f a man curs$ ) ! skull ( a 
gorilla1 or ! bra9 ( a wild hog1 z f !  
man ble/ ) ! skull & bra9 ( a ,socrates 
or a ,%akespe>e1 is l expect+ figs to   
gr[ ^u ?i/les1 or fi% to brea! )\t      
gills4  ,& to blame a man = ! %ape ( 8  
skull1 or ! balance ( 8 bra91 is z      
fooli% z to blame him because he has no 

eye = col\r or no e> = music1 or because
 8 hav+ 9 be>d is z a y\ng] bro!r's     
rev5ue4  ,speak+ on ?is subject 9 8     
excell5t book1 ,! ,diseases ( ,society1 
,dr4 ,lyd/on1 ,pr(essor ( ,crim9al      
,an?ropology1 :o is a well-kn[n au?ority
 9 ,am]ica1 says3  ,atavism1 or rev]sion
 ( type1 is a mo/ important phase ( !   
relation ( evolution>y law to crim9al & 
vice t5d5cies4444 ,rev]sion ( type may  
be psy*ic 7m5tal7 or physical or bo?4   
,:e!r associat$ ) obvi\s physical       
rev]sions or n1 psy*ic atavism is !     
dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! crim9al4 ,x is   
c]ta9ly ! pr9cipal ph5om5on involv$ 9 ! 
/udy ( ! crime "q1 because x con/itutes 
! dynamics ( crime4 ,! outcropp+ (      
ance/ral types ( m5tality is obs]v$ to  
und]lie _m ( ! manife/ations ( vice &   
crime4 ,^! ance/ral types or traits may 
rev]t f>!r back ev5 ?an ! savage        
prog5itors ( civilis$ man1 & approximate
 ^? ( ! l[] animals :o1 9 turn1 /& beh9d
 ! savage 9 ! l9e ( desc5t4444          
,lombroso assigns to atavism a position 

( pre-em95ce 9 ! etiology ( crime4 ,9   
effect he ?9ks t crime is a return to   
primitive & b>b>\s ance/ral conditions1 
! crim9al be+ practically a savage1 born
 lat] ?an 8 day4 ,obvi\sly ?is view fits
 v accurately ! s-call$ born crim9al1   
compris+ ab\t "o-t5? ( ! entire crim9al 
population4  ,b :at ( ! o!r victims (   
h]$ity3 ! crim9al1 or immoral deg5]ate8 
,let u take a few facts1 & see :at !y w 
tea* u4  ,dr4 ,lyd/on te/ifies z foll[s3
  ,rev4 ,o4 ,mc,culloch has trac$ ! life
 hi/ories ( sev5te5 hundr$ & fifty      
deg5]ate crim9al & paup] desc5dants ( "o
 ,b5 ,i%mael1 :o liv$ 9 ,k5tucky 9      
#agij4  ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,/ock]1 ( ,b]l91  
trac$ eight hundr$ & ?irty-f\r          
desc5dants ( two si/]s1 :o liv$ 9 #ahbe4
 ,among !m 7 sev5ty-six :o _h s]v$ "o   
hundr$ & sixte5 ye>s 9 prison1 "o hundr$
 & sixty-f\r pro/itutes1 "o hundr$ & six
 illegitimate *ildr51 sev5te5 pimps1 "o 
hundr$ & =ty-two begg>s1 & sixty-f\r    
paup]s4  ,x has be5 e/imat$ by ,si*>t1  
,director ( ,prisons 9 ,wurtemburg1 t   

ov] tw5ty-five p] c5t1 ( ! ,g]man prison
 population comes f a deg5]ate ance/ry4 
,v]gilis claims ?irty-two p] c5t1 =     
,italian crim9als4  ,n[1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! 
un=tunate *ildr5 ( drunk51 diseas$1     
crim9al1 vici\s1 & insane p>5ts may1 & 9
 v _m cases w1 ei!r become crim9al or   
immoral1 or1 becom+ imbecile or diseas$1
 w bre$ o!r deg5]ate *ildr5 :o w become 
crim9al or immoral1 let u consid] !     
foll[+ pla9 facts tak5 f a ,london daily
 pap] ( ! pres5t ye> 7#aije74  ,x is    
e/imat$ t !re are #ej1jjj epileptic     
*ildr5 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & t "o *ild 9 
e #ajj ( ! population is feeble-m9d$4   
,9 ! la/ few ye>s special s*ools h be5  
op5$ = ^! *ildr51 & !y are tra9$ until  
!y are sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,at t age !y  
are turn$ out into ! _w4 ,a few are able
 to look aft] !mselves4 ,! majority     
drift into imbecility & vice1 & flood ! 
workh\ses & prisons4  ,at a meet+ 9 !   
,guildhall1 ,london1 call$ to discuss ! 
means ( deal+ ) imbeciles & epileptics1 
a spee* 0 made by ,dr4 ,potts1 (        

,birm+ham1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a cond5s$  
report1 cut by me f ! ,daily ,express3  
,t]rible facts ) reg>d to feeble-m9d$ & 
defective wom5 7 giv5 by ,dr4 ,potts4   
,he paid a visit to a girls' night      
%elt]1 & inve/igat$ ! fir/ twelve cases 
he f\nd !re4 ,"h is _! record3  #a4     
,consumptive1 bo? p>5ts di$ ( ! disease4
  #b4 ,neurotic drunk>d1 ) a family :o  
_h suff]$ f ,/4 ,vitus' dance4  #c4     
,normal4  #d4 ,deaf & m5tally defective4
  #e4 ,neurotic & m5tally defective4    
#f4 ,no cong5ital defect1 b heal? ru9$  
by dr9k4  #g & #h4 ,feeble "*4  #i4     
,suff]+ f p]si/5t bad memory4  #aj4     
,twice imprison$ = !ft2 daught] ( drunk5
 loaf]4  #aa4 ,normal4  #ab4 ,m5tally   
defective & suff]+ f he>t disease4 ,?us1
 out ( twelve only two 7 normal         
individuals4 ,yet ! t5 7 free to g z !y 
lik$1 & to br+ up defective *ildr54  ,x 
is well kn[n1 said ,dr4 ,potts1 t a l>ge
 numb] ( ! inmates ( p5it5ti>ies are    
feeble-m9d$ wom54  ,we see1 !n1 t a     
great _m poor imbeciles are regul>ly s5t

 to prison z crim9als4 ,on t po9t all[  
me to put 9 ! evid5ce ( ,sir ,rob]t     
,&]son1 late ( ,scotl& ,y>d4 ,speak+ ( !
 feeble-m9d$1 ,sir ,rob]t said 7,i quote
 aga9 f ! ,london ,press73  ,my         
delib]ate1 conviction is t our pres5t   
prison me?ods & prison discipl9e are    
absolutely brutal to ^! poor p]sons4 ,p 
say ! law ( ,moses is brutal1 b x is n s
 brutal z ! pres5t crim9al sy/em (      
,engl&4  ,no "o :o has n be5 beh9d !    
sc5es c und]/& 9 any measure ! mis]y &  
cruelty ( x4 ,x is sev5 days' h>d lab\r1
 a mon?'s h>d lab\r1 "t aft] "t = ^!    
poor creatures1 :o ought to be dealt ) l
 *ildr54 ,9 prison !y sp5d _! mis]able  
lives4 ,out ( gaol !y add to ! numb] (  
_! own species1 & commit (f5ces :i* s5d 
!m back once m4  ,our magi/rates simply 
s5d !m = ano!r mon? or six mon?s4 ,b x  
is n ! magi/rates' fault4 ,x is ! fault 
( ! law4 ,& ?is goes on 9 :at promises  
to be ! mo/ intellectually conceit$ age 
s9ce ,god made man ^u e>?4 ,surely we   
might h "s pity = ^! poor creatures6 ,if

 we h no pity = !m we %\ld h reg>d = !  
public4  ,t is ! te/imony ( ! late head 
( ! ,crim9al ,inve/igation ,dep>tm5t3 an
 ,assi/ant ,commission] ( ,police1 &    
,b>ri/] at ,law4  ,let u n[ return to   
,dr4 ,potts1 ( ,birm+ham1 = a mom5t4 ,9 
! spee* above quot$ ,dr4 ,potts gave !  
causes ( m5tal defects--:i* are ! causes
 t lead ^! poor creatures to immorality 
& to crime1 z foll[s3  #a4 ,defective   
nutrition 9 e>ly ye>s ( life4  #b4      
,h]$it>y t5d5cy to consumption4  #c4    
,desc5t f insane or crim9al /ock4  #d4  
,*ronic alcoholism ( "o or bo? p>5ts4   
,we h "h1 add$ by ,dr4 ,potts1 ano!r    
cause ( deg5]acy3 t is1 defective       
nutrition 9 e>ly life4 ,9 pla9 words1   
improp] fe$+1 or semi-/>vation4  ,lat]1 
:5 we come to deal ) environm5t1 ,i %all
 %[ t !re are _m o!r causes ( deg5]ation
 & ( crime4 ,b "h ,i only po9t out t    
atavism & deg5]ation acc\nt = f ?irty to
 =ty p] c5t1 ( ! crim9als ( ! pres5t    
day4 ,t atavism & deg5]ation are =c$ ^u 
! unborn *ild by h]$ity2 t !re=e ^! =ty 

p] c5t1 ( our crim9als are un=tunate    
victims ( fate1 & are no m blamewor?y   
nor wick$ ?an ! victims ( a railway     
accid5t1 or an e>?quake1 or an epidemic 
( *ol]a or smallpox4  ,!y %\ld1 z ,i    
claim$ be=e1 be piti$1 & n blam$2 !y    
%\ld be help$1 n puni%$4  ,unhappy1     
unble/ atavi/ic man1 t 9 lieu ( love has
 only lu/1 9 lieu ( wisdom only cunn+1 9
 lieu ( p[] viol5ce2 & ) a :ole _w to   
walk 91 z 9 a g>d5 fair1 lies wall[+    
hide\sly 9 ! f\l dungeon ( 8 own        
unlight5$ s\l4  ,unhappy crim9al born1  
mo/ pitiful dreadful ( develop$         
creatures2 loneli] & m accurs$ ?an b&$  
wolf or solit>y tig]3 a waif1 a spoil1 a
 p>iah born out ( 8 due "t3  ,a scribe's
 "w writ awry & blurr$1  ,spoil$ music1 
) no p]fect ^w1 a wret*$1 horrible      
,i%mael ) 8 h& aga9/ ! h& ( e man1 & e  
man's h& implacably aga9/ 84  ,on him1 x
 w\ld appe>1 has fall5 ! doom ( !       
prophet1 & in/ead ( sweet spices !re is 
rott5ness1 in/ead ( a girdle a rope3    
br&+ in/ead ( beauty4  ,9 ! b>r5 g>d5 ( 

8 m9d no fl[]s w bl[1 8 trees w be> no  
fruit ,all human pleasure is to him a   
,circe cup2 he f9ds no pa?os 9 !        
*ildr5's laught]1 no beauty 9 !         
dawn-%9e2 no glory 9 ! con/ellations4   
,:at are we to d = ?is wret*$ desp]ate  
bro!r :o w n love u ?\gh we :ip him )   
:ips ( wire1 :o w n make fri5ds ( u ?\gh
 we spurn & spit ^u him2 :o1 ?\gh we    
prea* to him1 _c und]/&2 :o1 ?\gh we    
tea* him1 _c le>n2 :o1 ?\gh we hang him 
high z1 ,haman1 w die game1 curs+ u ) 8 
/rangl$ brea?1 mock+ u ) 8 bl9d$ eyes2 &
 9 spite ( all our intellect &          
righte\sness go+ back f u unbett]$ &    
untam$ into ! abyss ( et]nity & !       
laboratory ( evolution1 :5ce he & we 7  
drawn3 go+ back f u a savage /ill1 & 9 8
 angry he>t & baffl$ m9d hold+ our      
half-fl$g$ k & gre5 morality 9 d]ision4 
,well1 he is dead2 8 /iff neck brok51 & 
8 body wrapp$ 9 a w9d+ %eet ( lime4  ,& 
we8 ,we rema9 ! sup]ior p]sons we are4  
,we are civilis$1 & holy4 ,we puni%     
weakness ) bl[s1 & mis=tune ) *a9s4 ,we 

tea* sweet reasonabl5ess ) !            
cat-o'-n9e-tails--/eep$ 9 br9e4 ,we     
exemplify g5tl5ess & m]cy ) ! gibbet & !
 axe4 ,we br& ! bl9d1 & torture !       
imbecile1 & execrate ! mis]able1 & damn 
! diseas$1 & revile ! fall52 we set our 
righte\s heel ^u ! creep+ ?+1 & ?ank our
 anomal\s & hypo!tical ,god ( ,love &   
,ju/ice t we are n z ^? o!rs--our       
atavi/ic bro!r & 8 deg5]ate *ildr54  ,& 
our atavi/ic bro!r1 ! crim9al born6 ,he 
does n und]/& u1 he does n admire u1 he 
_c love u4 ,we fail1 9 "s inexplicable  
way1 to *>m ! deaf add]1 *>m we nev] s  
wisely4  ,b "s day1 p]haps1 :5 ! sup]ior
 p]son has a*iev$ humility1 ev5 !       
outlaw$ ,bottom ,dog may come by "s     
crumbs ( sympa?y1 "s drops ( ! milk (   
human k9dness1 &--!n8     ,,*apt]       
,,six--,,environm5t  ,,:at is           
environm5t8  ,:5 we speak ( a man's     
environm5t we mean 8 surr\nd+s1 8       
exp]i5ces2 all t he sees1 he>s1 feels1 &
 le>ns f ! in/ant t ! lamp ( life is    
k9dl$ to ! in/ant :5 ! light goes out4  

,by environm5t we mean ev]y?+ t develops
 or modifies ! *ild or ! man = good or =
 ill4  ,we mean 8 "m's milk2 ! home1 & !
 /ate ( life into :i* he 0 born4 ,we    
mean ! nurse :o suckles him1 ! *ildr5 he
 plays )1 ! s*ool he le>ns 91 ! air he  
brea!s1 ! wat] he dr9ks1 ! food he eats4
 ,we mean ! games he plays1 ! "w he     
does1 ! sights he sees1 ! s\nds he he>s4
 ,we mean ! girls he loves1 ! woman he  
m>ries1 ! *ildr5 he re>s1 ! wages he    
e>ns4 ,we mean ! sickness t tries him1 !
 griefs t se> him1 ! fri5ds :o aid & !  
enemies :o w\nd him4 ,we mean all 8     
hopes & fe>s1 8 victories & defeats2 8  
fai?s & 8 disillusionm5ts4 ,we mean all 
! h>m he does1 & all ! help he gives2   
all ! ideals t beckon him1 all !        
temptations t lure him2 all 8 weep+s &  
laught]1 8 kiss+s & curs+s1 8 lucky hits
 & unlucky blund]s3 ev]y?+ he does &    
suff]s "u ! sun4  ,i g into all ?is     
detail because we mu/ rememb] t ev]y?+ t
 happ5s to a man1 ev]y?+ t influ5ces    
him1 is a "p ( 8 environm5t4  ,x is a   

common mi/ake to ?9k ( environm5t 9 a   
n>r[ s5se1 z ?\gh environm5t impli$ no m
 ?an pov]ty or ri*es4 ,ev]y?+ outside   
our sk9 belongs to our environm5t4  ,let
 u ?9k ( x aga94 ,education is          
environm5t2 religion is environm5t2     
bus9ess & politics are environm5t2 all !
 ideals1 conv5tions1 & prejudices ( race
 & class are environm5t2 lit]ature1     
sci5ce1 & ! ,press are environm5t2      
music1 hi/ory1 & sport are environm5t2  
beauty & ugl9ess are environm5t2 example
 & precept are environm5t2 w> & travel &
 comm]ce are environm5t2 sun%9e & ozone1
 hon\r & di%on\r1 failure & success1 are
 environm5t2 love is environm5t4  ,i    
/ress & multiply examples because ! p[] 
( environm5t is s trem5d\s t we c h>dly 
ov]-rate its importance4  ,a *ild is n  
born ) a consci5ce2 b ) ! rudim5ts ( a  
consci5ce3 ! mat]ials f :i* a consci5ce 
may or may n be develop$--by environm5t4
  ,a *ild is n born ) capacities1 b only
 ) pot5tialities1 or possibilities1 =   
good or evil1 :i* may or may n be       

develop$--by environm5t4  ,a *ild is    
born absolutely )\t k4 ,e atom ( k he   
gets mu/ be got f 8 environm5t4  ,e     
faculty ( body or ( m9d gr[s /rong] )   
use & weak] ) disuse4 ,?is is z true ( !
 reason & ! w z ( ! muscles4  ,! sailor 
has bett] sight ?an ! t[nsman1 because 8
 eyes get bett] ex]cise4 ,! bl9d h %>p] 
e>s ?an ours1 because !y dep5d m on _!  
he>+4  ,ex]cise ( ! m9d alt]s !         
arrangem5t ( ! grey matt] ( ! bra91 & s 
alt]s ! morals1 ! memory1 & ! reason+   
p[]s4  ,j z dumb-bells1 r[+1 or delv+   
develop ! muscles1 ?\ght1 /udy1 &       
conv]sation develop ! bra94  ,& ev]y?+ t
 *anges1 or develops1 muscle or bra9 is 
a "p ( our environm5t4  ,!re mu/ be     
b\nds to ! p[]s ( environm5t1 b no man  
has yet discov]$ ! limits1 & few h d>$  
to place !m wide en\gh4  ,b ! scope (   
environm5t is und\bt$ly s great1 z ,i   
%all try to prove1 t1 be ! h]$ity :at x 
may1 environm5t has p[] to save or damn4
  ,let u ?9k :at x means to be born q   
)\t k4 ,let u ?9k :at x means to owe all

 t we le>n to environm5t4  ,s x is4 ,7 x
 n = ! action ( environm5t1 = ! help (  
o!r m5 & wom51 we %\ld live & die z     
animals2 )\t morality1 )\t dec5cy1 )\t !
 use ( tools1 or arms1 or arts1 or      
lett]s4 ,we %\ld be savages1 or sup]ior 
k9ds ( apes4 ,t we are civilis$ &       
cultur$ m5 & wom5 we owe to !           
fell[-creatures :o gave into our infant 
h&s ! key to ! /or$-up k & exp]i5ce ( ! 
race4  ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,europe 
( to-day & ! ,europe ( ! old ,/one ,age 
is "o ( k3 t is1 ( environm5t  ,suppose 
t a *ild ( ,tw5tie?-,c5tury p>5ts c\ld  
be born into ! environm5t ( an e>li]    
c5tury4 ,w\ld he gr[ up ) ! ideas (     
to-day1 or ) ! ideas ( ^? :o taught &   
tra9$ him8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly he w\ld fall    
into /ep ) 8 environm5t3 he w\ld ?9k )  
^? ) :om he liv$1 & f :om he le>nt4     
,born into anci5t ,a!ns1 he w\ld look ^u
 slav]y z a q natural & prop] ?+ born   
into anci5t ,sc&9avia1 he w\ld gr[ up a 
,vik+1 w\ld wor%ip ,?or & ,od91 & w\ld  
adopt piracy z ! only pr(ession = a man 

( hon\r born into ! environm5t ( !      
,spani% prime1 he w\ld ?9k x a righte\s 
act to roa/ h]etics or to break ,lu!rans
 on ! :eel4 ,born into ! fanatical      
environm5t ( ,sixte5?-,c5tury ,france1  
he w\ld h no scruples aga9/ assi/+ 9 !  
holy massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's4  ,born
 a ,turk1 he w\ld believe ! ,koran1 &   
accept polygamy & slav]y4 ,born a ,r$   
,indian1 he w\ld scalp 8 sla9 or w\nd$  
enemies1 & torture 8 prison]s4 ,born    
among/ cannibals1 he w\ld dev\r 8 ag$   
relatives1 & 8 fad$ wives1 & mo/ ( !    
foes made captive to 8 b[ & spe>4       
,suppose a *ild ( mod]n ,engli% family  
c\ld be born into ! environm5t (        
,f\rte5?-,c5tury ,engl&6  ,he w\ld      
surely believe 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic      
religion1 9 a p]sonal devil1 & 9 a hell 
( ev]la/+ fire4  ,he w\ld believe t !   
sun goes r\nd ! _w1 & t any p]son :o    
?\ght o!rwise 0 a *ild ( ! devil1 &     
ought to be broil$ pi\sly & sl[ly at a  
fire ( gre5 faggots4  ,he w\ld accept   
slave-deal+1 wit*-burn+1 ! ,/> ,*amb]1 !

 :ipp+-po/1 ! pillory1 & ! =c+ ( evid5ce
 by torture1 z com=tably z we n[ accept 
! cat-o'-n9e-tails1 ! sil5t sy/em1 & !  
gall[s4  ,he w\ld look ^u education1    
sanitation1 & sci5ce z black magic &    
defiance ( ,god4  ,he w\ld nev] h le>nt 
f ,cop]nicus1 ,newton1 ,h>vey1 ,bacon1  
,sp5c]1 ,d>w91 ,edison1 or ,pa/eur4  ,he
 w\ld be ignorant ( ,%akespe>e1         
,cromwell1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 !       
,emancipation ( ,slaves1 ! ,factory     
,acts1 & ! ,h\sehold ,fran*ise4  ,he    
w\ld nev] h he>d ( electricity1 /eam1   
*eap books1 ! free ,press1 ! ,s*ool     
,bo>d1 ! ,fabian ,society4  ,he w\ld    
nev] h he>d ( ! ,au/ralian ,colonies1 ( 
! ,indian ,empire1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  
,am]ica1 nor ( ,buonap>te1 ,george      
,wa%+ton1 ,nelson1 ,que5 ,elizabe?1     
,abraham ,l9coln1 nor ,flor5ce          
,night+ale4  ,n "o ( ^! great m51 n "o (
 ^! great ?+s w\ld =m a "p ( 8          
environm5t4  ,nor may we lightly claim t
 he1 himself1 w\ld be ( a m highly      
develop$ type1 t 8 prop5sities w\ld be m

 humane1 8 nature m ref9$4  ,= we mu/ n 
ov]look su* examples z ,alfr$ ! ,great1 
,joan ( ,arc1 ,*auc]1 ,mallory1 & ,sir  
,?omas ,m4  ,we mu/ n =get t ! ref9$    
,john ,wesley believ$ 9 wit*-burn+1 t ! 
ref9$ ,j]emy ,taylor ?\ght all !        
millions born 9 hea!n d>kness w\ld be   
doom$ to et]nal torm5t4  ,nor mu/ we    
=get t _m educat$1 cultur$1 & well-mean+
 ,europeans & ,am]icans to-day believe t
 unbaptis$ babies1 & free-?9k]s1 &      
unrep5tant ,*ri/ians w lie %riek+ =ev] 9
 a lake ( fire & brim/one4  ,we mu/ n   
=get t x is n[1 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury1 t 
,i1 an ,engli%man1 am writ+ ?is book to 
plead t m5 & wom51 our bro!rs & si/]s1  
%\ld n be hat$1 degrad$1 :ipp$1         
imprison$1 hang$1 & ev]la/+ly damn$ =   
be+ m ignorant & less =tunate ?an o!rs1 
_! fell[s4  ,tak5 /raight f ! cradle &  
br\ght up by brutes1 a *ild w\ld be     
sc>cely human4 ,tak5 /raight f ! cradle 
& br\ght up among/ savages1 ! *ild mu/  
be a savage4  ,tak5 /raight f ! cradle &
 br\ght up among/ ?ieves1 ! *ild mu/ be 

a ?ief4  ,e *ild is born de/itute ( k1 &
 e *ild is born ) prop5sities t may make
 = evil or = good4  ,& ! m5 & wom5      
among/ :om ! *ild is born & re>$ are !  
sole s\rce f :i* he c get k4  ,& ! m5 & 
wom5 among/ :om ! *ild is born & re>$   
are ! sole means by :i* 8 prop5sities   
may be re/ra9$ f evil & develop$ = good4
  ,! *ild's "*1 !n1 8 developm5t = good 
or evil1 dep5ds ^u 8 treatm5t by 8      
fell[-creatures4  ,8 prop5sities dep5d  
^u 8 ance/ors4  ,t is to say1 a *ild mu/
 inevitably gr[ up & become t :i* 8     
ance/ors & 8 fell[-creatures make him4  
,t is to say1 t a man is a creature (   
h]$ity & environm5t4 ,he is :at he is   
made by a c]ta9 k9d ( environm5t act+ ^u
 a c]ta9 k9d ( h]$ity4  ,he does n *oose
 8 ance/ors3 he does n *oose 8          
environm5t4 ,h[1 !n1 c he be blam$ if 8 
ance/ors give to him a bad h]$ity1 or if
 8 fell[-creatures give to him a bad    
environm5t8  ,%\ld we blame a bramble = 
yield+ no /rawb]ries1 or a privet bu% = 
be>+ no *rysan!mums8  ,%\ld we blame a  

rose tree = runn+ wild 9 a jungle1 or = 
langui%+ 9 ! %ad[ ( great elms8  ,!re   
are no figs on ?i/les1 because ! h]$ity 
( ! ?i/le does n bre$ figs4  ,& ! lily  
p9es1 & be>s leaves only1 9 d>kness & a 
ho/ile soil1 because ! conditions are   
aga9/ x4  ,! bre$ ( ! rose or ! fig is  
its h]$ity3 ! soil & ! sun%9e1 or !     
d>kness & ! cold1 & ! g>d5]'s c>e or    
neglect1 are its environm5t4  ,let any  
"o :o "u-rates ! p[] ( environm5t       
ex]cise 8 imag9ation = a m9ute4         
,suppose he _h nev] le>nt to read6      
,suppose he _h nev] le>nt to talk6      
,suppose he _h nev] le>nt to speak !    
tru?1 to control 8 temp]1 to keep 8 ^w1 
to be c\rte\s to wom51 to value life6   
,n[1 he _h no?+ ( ?is :5 he 0 born4 ,he 
br\ght no k ( any k9d into ! _w ) him4  
,he _h to be taught to read1 to speak1  
to be hone/1 to be c\rte\s2 & ! tea*+ 0 
"p ( 8 environm5t4  ,& suppose none _h  
c>$ to tea* him good4 ,suppose1 in/ead1 
he _h be5 taught to lie & to /eal1 to   
hate & to fight1 to gamble & to swe>6   

,:at mann] ( man w\ld he h be58  ,he    
w\ld h be5 t :i* 8 environm5t _h made   
him4  ,& w\ld he h be5 to blame8 ,w\ld x
 h be5 8 fault t he 0 born among/       
?ieves8 ,w\ld x h be5 8 fault t he _h   
nev] he>d good c\nsel1 b _h be5 drill$ &
 tra9$ to evil8  ,b ! objector may say t
 z he got old] & knew bett] he c\ld m5d 
8 ways4  ,& x is really necess>y1 /range
 z x may seem1 to po9t out t he nev]    
c\ld "k bett]1 unless "s p]son taught   
him bett]4 ,& ! tea*+ him to "k bett]   
w\ld be a *ange 9 8 environm5t3 x w\ld  
be a "p ( 8 environm5t1 = :i* he himself
 w\ld des]ve no cr$it4  ,! po9t is t1   
s9ce he is born de/itute ( k1 he nev]   
c\ld "k good unless taught good by "s   
o!r p]son4 ,& t ?is o!r p]son w\ld be   
outside himself1 & "p ( 8 environm5t4   
,n[1 h[ c\ld ! ignorant *ild be blam$ if
 "s p[] outside himself tea*es him evil1
 or h[ c he be prais$ if "s p[] outside 
himself tea*es him good8  ,b he w\ld h a
 consci5ce8 ,he w\ld be born ) !        
rudim5ts ( a consci5ce4 ,b :at 8        

consci5ce %\ld become1 :at ?+s x w\ld   
hold z wrong1 w\ld dep5d :olly ^u !     
tea*+ he got f ^? :o =m$ "p ( 8         
environm5t4  ,9 a cannibal environm5t he
 w\ld h a cannibal consci5ce2 9 a       
,ca?olic environm5t a ,ca?olic          
consci5ce2 9 a piratical environm5t a   
pirate's consci5ce4 ,b ( t m 9 its due  
place4 ,let u n[ exam9e "s ( ! effects (
 environm5t4   ,,morals ,,& ,,disease   
,! bra9 is ! m9d4 ,:5 ! bra9 is diseas$ 
! m9d is diseas$4 ,:5 ! bra9 is sick !  
m9d is sick4  ,b ! bra9 is "p ( ! body4 
,we see1 he>1 smell1 feel1 & ta/e ) !   
bra94 ,! n]ves ( ! toes & f+]s are      
connect$ ) ! bra92 !y are l twigs on a  
tree1 ( :i* ! bra9 is ! root4 ,! same   
blood :i* circulates ?r\gh ! he>t &     
limbs circulates ?r\gh ! bra94  ,x is   
only a figure ( spee* to speak ( ! m9d &
 ! body z di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,! m9d & !  
body are "o4  ,a w\nd 9 any "p ( !      
body--a burn1 a /ab1 a la%--is felt 9 ! 
bra94 ,:5 ! body suff]s f illness or    
fatigue1 ! bra9 suff]s also4 ,:5 a limb 

is p>alys$1 ! real p>alysis is 9 a "p ( 
! bra94 ,:5 ! bra9 is p>alys$ ! man c   
nei!r move nor speak1 nor ?9k nor feel4 
,:5 ! he>t is weak ! bra9 does n get    
en\gh blood1 & ! m9d is languid1 or     
syncope sets 9 ana ! man dies4  ,we d n 
ne$ a prophet nor a doctor to tell u t  
sickness affects ! m9d4 ,we "k t        
dyspepsia1 g\t1 or sluggi% liv] makes u 
peevi%1 /upid1 jeal\s1 suspici\s1 &     
despond5t4  ,we "k t illness or we>9ess 
turns a sweet temp] s\r1 makes a pati5t 
man impati5t1 a grateful man ungrateful4
 ,we "k h[ try+ are ! caprices & :ims ( 
an invalid1 & we commonly say ( su*1 he 
_c help x3 he is n himself to-day4  ,b  
we d n "k1 z doctors "k1 h[ se>*+ & h[  
t]rible are ! effects ( "s diseases on !
 bra94 ,dr4 ,lyd/on1 9 ,! ,diseases (   
,society1 says3  ,! old adage1 m5s sana 
9 corpore sano1 is too (t5 =gott54      
,especially is x ignor$ by ! legislator 
& p5ologi/4 ,a normal psy*ic balance & a
 bra9 f$ ) blood t is insuffici5t 9     
quantity or vici\s 9 quality are        

physiologic incompatibles4 ,! ne>] we   
get to ! m>r[ ( crim9ality1 ! m closely 
x approximates pa?ology4  ,t is to say t
 ! s\nd m9d dep5ds l>gely on ! s\nd     
body2 t a bra9 f$ ) diseas$ blood1 or ) 
too little blood1 _c "w heal?ily & well2
 & t ! m we "k ( crime ! clos] d we f9d 
its relation to disease4  ,i quote aga9 
f ,dr4 ,lyd/on3  ,despite ! scant &     
conflict+ te/imony ( c]ebrologi/s )     
ref]5ce to ! bra9 defects ( crim9als1   
!re is s mu* cl9ical evid5ce ( !        
ab]ration ( morals & conduct f bra9     
disease or injury t we are ju/ifi$ 9    
believ+ t bra9 defects ( "s k9d affect+ 
! m5tal & moral faculties is ! fons     
origo ( crim9ality4 ,?is defect1 z      
already se51 may be cong5ital or        
acquir$1 & may consi/ ( a lack (        
developm5t due to vici\s environm5t &   
faulty education1 m5tal & physical4  ,! 
f\nta9 f :i* crime arises1 says ?is     
au?ority1 is "s =m ( disease1 or defect 
( ! bra94 ,& su* disease or defect may  
be inh]it$1 or may be caus$ by bad      

environm5t3 by improp] tea*+1 food1 &   
ex]cise4 ,to feel ! full =ce ( ?is      
/atem5t we mu/ be> 9 m9d t *ildr5 are n 
born ) intellect & consci5ce1 b only )  
capacities = _! developm5t4  ,!re=e1 if 
! capacities = intellect & morals are n 
develop$1 we _c expect to f9d !         
intellect & morals4  ,9 o!r words1 we h 
no "r to hope nor to expect t ! neglect$
 *ild w gr[ up into ! good & clev] man4 
,nei!r is x reasonable to hope = a cure 
by pump+ moral lessons into a bra9 9 :i*
 no moral s5se has be5 develop$4  ,t    
epilepsy has a bad effect on morals1 & t
 epileptics are (t5 untru?ful1 trea*]\s1
 & dang]\s is z well kn[n z t epilepsy  
is a =m ( deg5]acy1 & is (t5 caus$ by   
improp] fe$+ & neglect 9 *ildhood4      
,hy/]ia also affects ! moral n]ves ( !  
bra94 ,dr4 ,lyd/on says3  ,hy/]ical wom5
 (t5 br+ accusations ( crime aga9/ o!rs4
 ,! victim is g5]ally a man1 & ! alleg$ 
crime1 assault4 ,physicians recognise   
?is z "o ( ! dang]s to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 
_! "w4 ,hy/]ical wom5 9 ! prim>y /age ( 

anae/hesia1 sometimes imag9e !mselves ! 
victims ( assault4 ,9 "o well-kn[n case 
! woman accus$ a d5ti/ ( assault :ile he
 0 adm9i/]+ nitr\s oxide to h]4 ,h]     
husb& 0 9 ! room dur+ ! imag9>y assault4
  ,dr4 ,lyd/on tells u t ,fles* exam9$ !
 bra9s ( fifty crim9als1 & f\nd         
imp]fections 9 all4  ,9 tw5ty-eight he  
f\nd1 9 diff]5t cases1 m5+eal disease1  
su* z adhesions1 pa*y-m5+itis1 int]na   
hmorrhagica1 tub]cul> m5+itis1          
leptom5+itis1 edema ( ! pia mat]1 &     
hmorrhagic sp9al m5+itis2 also a!roma ( 
! bisill>y art]ies1 cortical atrophy1 & 
c]ebral haemorrhage4 ,9 mo/ cases !     
pa?ologic conditions 7 n associat$ ) !  
psy*oses t are usually f\nd "u su*      
circum/ances4  ,h[ _m m5 h be5 hang$ or 
s5t to prison :o ought to h be5 s5t to  
lunatic asylums8 ,accord+ to ,dr4       
,lyd/on1 v _m4 ,z be>+ ^u t po9t ,i     
quote two passages f ,! ,diseases (     
,society1 :i* give "o furi\sly to ?9k4  
,! fir/ is f page #agb3  ,cases ( moral 
turpitude1 mania furiosa1 & o!r m5tal   

di/urbances are met ) 9 :i* ! pati5t is 
h>%ly treat$1 because ( suppos$ moral   
p]v]s5ess1 & only ! autopsy has %[n h[  
undes]v$ly ! pati5t has be5 condemn$4   
,:5 a tum\r or o!r disease ( ! bra9 is  
f\nd 9 a puni%$ crim9al1 ! case is mo/  
pa!tic4  ,! o!r passage is f page #bba1 
& is z foll[s3  ,if ! =ego+ premises be 
correct1 vice & crime w be "o day %[n m 
def9itely ?an ev] to be a matt] to be   
dealt ) by m$ical sci5ce r ?an by law4  
,! =ego+ premises "h allud$ to conc]n ! 
increase 9 vice & crime ?r\gh           
autotoxemia1 or unconsci\s self-poison+1
 due to ov]-/ra9 & o!r evil conditions (
 life4  ,z to ?is self-poison+1 a few   
words may be said4 ,x is kn[n t birds :o
 die ( fright are poison\s4 ,t is       
because ! viol5ce ( ! emotion1 by "s    
*emical action1 evolves poison4  ,x is  
also kn[n t :5 ! human sy/em is out (   
ord] x secretes poison4 ,?is poison     
affects ! bra91 & excites ! bas]        
passions1 or injures ! moral s5se4      
,self-poison+ may be due to ! pres5ce ( 

poison\s matt] 9 ! sy/em1 or to !       
ov]-/ra91 or ov]-excitem5t1 ( bus9ess1  
or tr\ble4  ,we all "k ! effects (      
viol5t ang]1 ( viol5t grief1 or viol5t  
love1 or viol5t emotion ( any k9d ^u !  
heal?4 ,we "k also ! effect ( worry1 & !
 effects ( fatigue & ( improp] food4    
,"o ( ^! effects is self-poison+1 & "o (
 ! results ( self-poison+ is bra9       
sickness1 result+ (t5 9 vice or 9 crime4
  ,we f9d1 !n1 t disease may be caus$ by
 neglect 9 *ildhood1 by />vation or     
improp] food1 by ov]-"w1 by t]ror1 by   
excitem5t1 & by worry1 among/ a ?\s& o!r
 causes4  ,& we f9d t disease affects ! 
bra91 & v (t5 leads to vice1 to crime1  
to di%one/y1 falsehood1 & impurity4  ,& 
disease is "o "p ( our environm5t4  ,a  
w\nd or a %ock may h a wond]ful effect  
on ! m9d4 ,a man may slip & /rike 8 head
 on a /one1 & may get up an idiot ,a    
gun%ot w\nd 9 ! neck1 a sword-cut on !  
head1 may cause madness1 or may cause an
 injury ( ! bra9 :i* w q *ange ! injur$ 
man's moral nature4  ,z to ! effects (  

su* accid5ts on ! m9d !re are _m int]e/+
 p>ticul>s 9 ,lombroso's book1 ,! ,man (
 ,g5ius1 f :i* ,i am tempt$ to quote "s 
l9es3  ,x has frequ5tly happ5$ t        
injuries to ! head1 & acute diseases1 ^?
 frequ5t causes ( insanity1 h *ang$ a v 
ord9>y individual into a man ( g5ius4444
 ,gratry1 a m$iocre s+]1 became a great 
ma/] aft] a beam _h fractur$ 8 skull4   
,mabillon1 almo/ an idiot f *ildhood1   
fell d[n a /one /aircase at ! age (     
tw5ty-six1 & s badly injur$ 8 skull t x 
_h to be trepann$2 f t "t he display$ ! 
*>act]i/ics ( g5ius4444 ,wall5/e9 0     
look$ ^u z a fool until "o day he fell  
out ( a w9d[1 & h5ce=w>d began to %[    
rem>kable ability4  ,lombroso also gives
 _m examples & pro(s ( ! influ5ce (     
wea!r & climate on ! m9d2 b = ^! ,i h no
 room4  ,n[1 disease1 & wea!r1 &        
climate1 & injuries are all p>ts (      
environm5t4  ,food  ,we h se5 t "o cause
 ( insanity & disease1 & ( immorality & 
crime1 is deg5]ation4 ,& we h se5 t "o  
cause ( deg5]ation is insuffici5t or    

improp] food4  ,*ildr5 :o are half />v$ 
suff] 9 body & 9 m9d3 !re=e !y suff] 9  
intellig5ce & 9 morals4  ,says ,dr4     
,hall1 ( ,le$s3  ,x matt]s b little :e!r
 a *ild be born & br$ 9 a palace or a   
cottage--( pure p$igree or mongrel--if  
he does n receive a prop] supply (      
bone-mak+ food he w n make a good bony  
framework1 :i* is ! fir/ ess5tial ( true
 physical well-be+4  ,among/ ! poor x is
 a common ?+ = *ildr5 to want food3 n to
 h en\gh food4 ,?is is n ! fault ( !    
*ildr51 b is due to ! pov]ty ( _! p>5ts4
  ,b x is common also among/ ! poor =   
*ildr5 to be f$ ^u improp] food4 ,q "y  
infants1 babies1 inde$1 are (t5 f$ ^u   
salt fi%1 rancid bacon1 impure milk4    
,cases are too num]\s 9 :i* babies are  
giv5 be]1 g91 co>se & badly cook$ meat1 
inf]ior bread1 & tea4  ,?is is n ! fault
 ( ! *ildr51 b is due to ! ignorance (  
_! p>5ts4  ,! results ( su* fe$+1 & (   
su* />vation1 are weakness1 poorness (  
blood1 deafness1 sore eyes1 defective   
intellig5ce1 rickets1 epilepsy1         

convulsions1 consumption2 deg5]ation &  
dea?4  ,pr(essor ,cunn+ham says3  ,"o   
po9t :i* is e/abli%$ beyond all "q is ! 
rem>kable influ5ce :i* environm5t &     
nurture ex]cise ^u ! developm5t & gr[? (
 ! *ild1 z well z ^u ! /&>d ( physical  
excell5ce atta9$ by ! adult ,accord+ to 
! /ati/ics suppli$ to ! ,briti%         
,association ,committee1 *ildr5 v>y to !
 ext5t ( #e 94 9 /ature1 & adults to !  
ext5t ( #c #a_/b 94 9 /ature1 accord+ z 
! circum/ances "u :i* !y are re>$ are   
fav\rable or o!rwise4  ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4     
,collie1 ,m4,d41 speak+ ( ! m5tally     
defective *ildr5 9 ! ,london ,bo>d      
,s*ools1 says3  ,9 a l>ge numb] (       
in/ances1 aft] ! c>eful individual      
att5tion & mid-day d9n] ( ! special     
s*ools1 !y are return$1 aft] f six to   
eighte5 mon?s1 to ! elem5t>y s*ool ) a  
new lease ( m5tal vig\r4 ,^! *ildr5 are 
functionally m5tally defective4 ,_!     
bra9s are />v$1 & naturally fail to     
react to ! ord9>y me?ods ( elem5t>y     
tea*+4 ,9 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! cases x

 is ! result ( semi-/>vation4  ,!       
headma/] ( a l>ge s*ool 9 ,london said  
to a ,press repres5tative3  ,n #e p]    
c5t1 ( my #djj boys "k ! ta/e (         
porridge4 ,new bread1 & m>g>9e at       
f\rp5ce p] p\nd1 ) a scrap ( fri$ fi% & 
potatoes at irregul> int]vals1 is       
responsible = _! p9*$1 unheal?y         
appe>ance & _! /unt$ gr[?4  ,dr4        
,lyd/on1 9 ,! ,diseases ( ,society1     
says3  ,! quantity1 quality1 &          
assimilation ( food pabulum is ! keynote
 ( /ability ( tissue-build+4 ,) ! s\rce 
( ! ar*itect's own en]gy sapp$ by       
innutrition1 & ! mat]ials br\ght to 8 h&
 made p]nici\s or defective 9 quality or
 insuffici5t 9 quantity1 /ructural      
deg5]acy mu/ ne$s result4 ,! importance 
( ?is z reg>ds ! bra9 is obvi\s4 ,x be>s
 directly ^u ! "q ( ! relation (        
malnutrition to social pa?ology4  ,s mu*
 has be5 writt5 & said ( late ab\t !    
evil effects ( />vation & improp] food  
^u ! heal? & m9ds ( *ildr51 & s mu* &   
su* /rong evid5ce has be5 put =w>d z to 

! s]i\sness & ! preval5ce ( ! evil1 t ,i
 ne$ n g m fully into ! matt] "h4       
,millions ( *ildr5 are ru9$ 9 body &    
m9d1 millions ( deg5]ates are made by   
bad fe$+ or "u-fe$+4  ,& ! good & ! bad 
fe$+ are bo? "p ( our environm5t4       
,pov]ty1 ,labor1 & ,ov]cr[d+  ,z ! heal?
 affects ! bra91 & ! bra9 ! morals1 all 
heal?y & unheal?y influ5ces h a moral   
be>+4  ,bad air1 bad wat]1 bad dra9age1 
bad v5tilation1 damp & d>k /reets &     
h\ses1 dirt9ess & ov]-cr[d+1 all tell   
aga9/ ! heal?1 aga9/ ! heal? ( *ildr5   
mo/ s]i\sly1 & all help on ! deadly     
progress ( deg5]ation4  ,greyness &     
monotony ( life1 unclean1 unsightly1 &  
sordid surr\nd+s1 t$i\s & s\lless toil1 
all t5d to blunt ! s5ses1 to cl\d ! m9d1
 & to oppress ! _s4  ,millions ( ! work+
 poor1 :o live 9 great & noisy cities1  
^: neighb\rhoods are va/1 huddl$ masses 
( sunless /reets & airless c\rts1 ^:    
lives are divid$ betwe5 joyless lab\r & 
joyless leisure2 ! conditions ( ^:      
com=tless & cr[d$ homes are su* z make  

cleanl9ess & dec5cy & self-respect well 
nigh impossible3 millions ( m51 wom51 & 
*ildr5 are "h />v$ 9 s\l z well z 9     
body4  ,^! p1 ?r\gh\t _! anxi\s &       
labori\s lives1 sleep 9 ! ov]cr[d$      
cottages & t5em5ts1 ride 9 ! ov]cr[d$ & 
inconv5i5t ?ird-class c>riages1 sit 9 ! 
cr[d$ & /ifl+ gall]ies at ! !atre1 are  
regal$ ) crude/ melodrama1 ! co>se/     
hum\r1 ! mo/ vapid music4 ,:5 !y read !y
 h ! ,yell[ ,press & ! lit]ature (      
crime4 ,:5 !y get to ! seaside !y sp5d  
_! brief & r>e holiday 9 ! r[die/ (     
wat]+-places4  ,!y h no ta/e = any?+    
high]8 ,true4 ,!y h nev] be5 taught to  
"k ! highe/4 ,& _! ignorance1 & _!      
slums1 & _! cl[ni% pleasures1 are "p (  
_! environm5t ,we ne$ n ask :e!r su*    
environm5t makes = culture1 = joy1 =    
heal?4  ,!y h no ref9em5t 9 _! lives1 ^!
 poor work+ millions4 ,!y h no fl[]s1 no
 trees1 no fields1 no /reams2 no books1 
no art1 no heal?y games4  ,worse ?an t1 
p]haps1 !y are paid nei!r hon\r nor     
respect3 !y are )\t pride & ambition2 !y

 h no ideals1 no hope4  ,! environm5t t 
d5ies to human be+s all pride & hon\r & 
hope1 all art & nature & beauty1 does n 
make = heal?1 nor = morality4  ,!       
/raitness ( means1 ! unc]ta9ty (        
employm5t1 ! loom+ %ad[ ( hung] & !     
workh\se1 s5d "s to suicide & "s to     
crime1 b leave ! impress ( _! dread$ &  
evil pres5ce ^u ! he>ts & m9ds ( ne>ly  
all4  ,we mu/ rememb] t ^! poor         
creatures human4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m &
 u is m a diff]5ce ( environm5t ?an (   
h]$ity4 ,! hung] = pleasure1 = excitem5t
 & romance1 is z /rong 9 _! s\l z 9     
ours4 ,l ourselves1 !y _c live by bread 
alone4 ,excitem5t1 pleasure ( "s k9d1 !y
 mu/ h1 w h4 ,! hog is cont5t$ to snore 
9 8 /y1 ! cat is happy ) food & a place 
be=e ! fire2 b ! human be+ ne$s food = !
 s\l z well z = ! body4 ,& !re is ample 
environm5t to fe$ ! hung] ( ! ignorant &
 ! poor = excitem5t3 ! environm5t (     
bett+1 & vice1 & adult]at$ dr9k4  ,9 !  
poor di/ricts ! dr9k+ d5s are plant$    
?ickly4 ,!re is money to be made4 ,& !y 

are blatant & fr[sy places1 & ! dr9k is 
rubbi%--or poison4  ,i h se5 mu* ( !    
poor4 ,i c\ld tell /range1 pa!tic       
hi/ories ( ! slums1 ! m9es1 ! factories3
 ( ! workh\ses & ! workh\se s*ool1 & !  
police-c\rts :]e ! poor are unfairly    
tri$ & unju/ly puni%$4  ,let me dip back
 into "s ( my pa/ "w1 & %[ a few        
pictures4 ,"h is a r\gh sket* ( ! wom5 9
 ! ,ea/ ,end slums3   ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,!    
,,metropolis ,,( ,,! ,,_w  ,h y any     
rev]5ce = womanhood8 ,are y m58 ,if y   
come "h & look ^u ^! wom51 y %all feel a
 burn+ scorn = ! blazon$ lies ( ,engli% 
*ivalry & ,engli% piety & ,engli% ,art4 
,drudg+ "h 9 ^! vile /ews day aft] day1 
night aft] night2 always ) ! wolf on !  
poor door/ep gna%+ 8 fangs = ! cl++     
brood2 always ) ! black future1 l an    
om9\s cl\d ca/+ its *ill %ad[ on _!     
anxi\s he>ts2 always ) ! mean walls     
hemm+ !m 91 & ! mean tasks we>+ !m d[n1 
& ! mean life p>alys+ _! s\ls2 (t5 )    
brutal husb&s to coax & wait ^u & fe>2  
(t5 ) loaf+ blackgu>ds--our poor        

bro!rs--liv+ on _! e>n+s2 ) "w sc>ce1 ) 
wages l[1 9 vile surr\nd+s1 & ) fa9t    
hopes ev] n>r[+1 ^! ,london wom5 face ! 
unrel5t+1 nev]-ceas+ tide ( +lori\s w>4 
,if y g !re & look ^u ^! wom51 y w feel 
sudd5ly /rick5 old4 ,look at _! mean &  
meagre dress1 look at _! w>p$ figures1  
_! furr[$ br[s1 _! dim eyes4 ,9 h[ _m   
cases are ! poor features batt]$1 & !   
poor sk9s bruis$8 ,:at culture h ^! wom5
 ev] kn[n2 :at tea*+ h !y _h2 :at graces
 ( life h come to !m2 :at d[ry ( love1 (
 joy1 ( fair imag9ation8 ,z ,i w5t      
among/ !m ?r\gh ! mud & ra91 z ,i wat*$ 
!m ply+ _! ne$les on slop-g>m5ts1 slav+ 
at ! wa%-tub1 gossip+ or b&y+ f\l je/s 9
 _! balcony cages1 dr9k+ at ! b>s ) !   
m5--! ?\ght t rose up mo/ di/9ctly 9 my 
m9d 01 ',:at w\ld ^! poor creatures d   
)\t ! g98'  ,! g9--t helli% liquor :i*  
blurs ! hide\s picture ( life1 :i* /ills
 ! gnaw+ pa91 :i* /ays ! cru%+ h& (     
despair1 & blunts ! gr9d+ tee? ( angui% 
:5 ! *ild lies dead ( ! rickets1 or !   
'/icks' are sold = ! r5t1 or ! sweat]   

has no m "w to give1 or ! husb& has     
beat5 & kick$ ! we>y fle% black & blue6 
,:at w\ld !y d1 ^! wom51 7 x n = !      
,devil's usury ( peace--! g98  ,my      
companion took me to a bridge across a  
k9d ( dock1 & told me x 0 kn[n !reab\ts 
z ',! ,bridge ( ,sighs4' ,!re is a      
con/able !re on fix$-po9t duty4 ,:y8 ,to
 prev5t ! wom5 f committ+ suicide4 ,!   
suicides 7 s num]\s1 he said1 t special 
precautions _h to be tak54 ,& s9ce !    
con/able has be5 set !re1 s eag] are !  
wom5 to quit ?is be/ ( all possible     
worlds t !y h be5 kn[n to come !re at   
night ) a c\ple ( wom5 fri5ds1 & to leap
 into ! deep1 /ill wat] :ile ^? fri5ds  
engag$ ! con/able 9 conv]sation4  ,d y  
und]/& x8 ,! woman has be5 wrong$ until 
%e c endure no m2 %e has sunk till %e c 
/ruggle no long]2 %e has be5 beat5 &    
degrad$ until %e loa!s h] life--ev5 g9  
has ceas$ to buy a respite2 or %e is too
 poor to pay = g91 & %e drags h] brok5  
s\l & worn-out body to ! ,bridge (      
,sighs1 & h] fri5ds come d[n to help h] 

to escape f ! mis]y :i* is too great =  
fle% & blood to be>4 ,x is a pretty     
picture1 is x n8 ,:ile our sweet ladies 
are sigh+ 9 ! ,we/ ,end !atre ov] !     
imag9>y sorr[s ( a ,manon ,lescaut or   
repeat+ at *ur*1 ) g5teel res]ve1 !     
pray] = 'all weak wom5 & "y *ildr5'--"h 
to ! ,bridge ( ,sighs comes ! batt]$    
drudge1 to seek = dea? z = a hidd5      
treasure1 & rejoice exce$+ly because %e 
has f\nd a grave4  ,_m ( ^! poor wom51  
p]haps mo/1 are mo!rs4 ,:at k9d (       
environm5t1 :at l& ( /am9a c !y give _! 
*ildr58  ,take c>e ( ! wom51 & ! nation 
w take c>e ( itself4 ,"h is ano!r sket* 
f ! life1 tak5 9 ! *a9 & nail-mak+      
di/ricts ( ,/af=d%ire4   ,,britons      
,,nev]1 ,,nev]1 ,,%all  ,9 ! *a9 %ops ( 
! ,black ,c\ntry ! :ite man's burd5     
presses sore4 ,x presses ^u ! wom5 & !  
*ildr5 ) cru%+ weight4 ,x racks & %att]s
 & ruptures ! /ronge/ m52 x b[s & twi/s 
& disfigures ! comelie/ wom51 & x makes 
( ! little *ildr5 su* premature ru9s t  
"o c h>dly look ^u !m )\t te>s or ?9k ( 

!m )\t ang] & indignation4  ,at ,cradley
 ,i saw a :ite-hair$ old woman c>ry+    
half a hundr$weight ( *a9 to ! fogg]'s  
r\nd h] %\ld]s2 at ,cradley ,i saw wom5 
mak+ *a9 ) babies suck+ at _! brea/s2 at
 ,cradley ,i spoke to a m>ri$ c\ple :o  
_h work$ #abj h\rs 9 "o week & _h e>n$  
#ahs4 ,by _! unit$ lab\r2 at ,cradley ,i
 saw heavy-*a9 /rik]s :o 7 worn-out old 
m5 at ?irty-five2 at ,cradley ,i f\nd   
wom5 on /rike = a price :i* w\ld enable 
!m to e>n twop5ce an h\r by d9t ( lab\r 
:i* is to "w :at ! ,battle ( ,ink]man 0 
to a ,bank ,holiday review4 ,at ,cradley
 ! m5 & ! wom5 are lit]ally be+ work$ to
 dea? = a liv+ t no g5tleman w\ld (f] 8 
dogs4  ,!nce to ! dome/ic work%ops4 ,old
 wom51 "y girls1 wives & mo!rs work+ z  
if = de> life4 ,little *ildr51 unkempt &
 woebegone1 cr\*+ among/ ! c9d]s4 ,no "t
 = nurs+ or h\sewif]y 9 ! *a9 trade4 ,^!
 wom5 e>n$ f #fs4 to #is4 a week4 ,"s ( 
!m are1 ,i see1 9 an advanc$ /ate (     
pregnancy4  ,& :at pleasures h ^! p3 :at
 culture & beauty 9 _! lives8 ,?is3  ,7 

!y ev] s anxi\s to 'improve _! m9ds1'   
:at leisure h !y1 :at opportunity8 ,_!  
lives are all swelt] & sleep4 ,_! t[n a 
squalid1 hide\s place1 ill-light$ &     
unpav$--! pa?s & roads heel-deep 9 mire4
 ,_! h\ses are n homes--!y h nei!r com=t
 nor beauty1 b are m]e %elt]s &         
sleep+-p5s4  ,9 all ! place !re is no   
news-room nor free libr>y1 nor ev5 a    
conc]t-hall or gymnasium4 ,!re is no    
cricket-gr\nd1 no assembly-room1 no     
public ba?1 no public p>k1 nor public   
g>d54 ,?r\gh\t all t sordid1 dolor\s    
region ,i saw n s mu* z "o tree1 or     
fl[]-b$1 or f\nta94 ,no?+ bright or fair
 on :i* to re/ ! eye4  ,b !re are       
public-h\ses4 ,& 9 sev]al ( !m ,i ta/$ !
 liquor1 & spill$ x on ! floor4  ,( h[  
_m t[ns & villages 9 ,europe & ,am]ica  
might ! same be said8  ,( h[ _m wom5 are
 ^! t]rible descriptions true8  ,9 !    
evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission  
on ,canal ,lab\r1 x 0 /at$ 9 evid5ce t  
m5 & wom5 (t5 work$ = sev5 days & nights
 on ! canals1 & 9 ! w9t]4  ,"s ( !      

witnesses decl>$ t ! "w 0 unfit = wom51 
t x 0 degrad+4 ,! ,royal ,commission]s  
c\ld n und]/& ! ^w degrad+1 & ask$ h[ x 
c\ld degrade a woman to /e] a boat4 ,"h 
is "o reply giv5 by an angry witness3   
,d y ?9k x womanly "w to pu% ) a        
tw5ty-foot pole a boat lad5 ) #cj tons (
 coal8 ,if y saw a "m ( a family climb+ 
a f\r-foot wall1 y'd ?9k x 0 no "w =    
wom54 ,i h se5 a woman knock$ into !    
lock ) a *ild at h] brea/ by a sudd5 bl[
 ( ! till]4 ,i h se5 my own si/]-9-law  
climb ! lock-gates at "o end to g & %ut 
!m at ! o!r4  ,_m ( ! cab9s on ! n>r[   
boats are ab\t sev5 feet by five4 ,9 su*
 cab9s sleep ! capta9 & 8 family2 9 "o  
case a man & 8 wife1 a girl ( t51 a     
c\ple ( y\ng] *ildr51 & two boys (      
f\rte5 & sixte5 ye>s ( age4  ,^? are a  
few glimpses ( ! environm5t ( ! wom5 & !
 *ildr5 ( ! poor4  ,i _c quit ! subject 
)\t aga9 tell+ an exp]i5ce :i* hurt me l
 a w\nd4 ,x 0 9 a workh\se s*ool3 a     
s*ool :]e ma/] & matron did ! be/ !y    
c\ld d = ! *ildr5 s un=tunately plac$4  

,love ,hung]  ,z we cross$ a bridge f "o
 build+ to ano!r ! ma/] said some?+ ab\t
 a fi%-pond1 add+1 ',we d n cat* fi% "h1
 b we cat* a good _m mice4'  ',h y _m   
mice8' ,i ask$4  ',yes1' said he1 ) a   
peculi> smile2 '!re is h>dly "o ( our   
big boys b has a live m\se 9 8 pocket4' 
',a live m\se8 ,:at =8'  ',well1' said !
 ma/]1 'human nature is human nature1 & 
! little fell[s want some?+ to love4 ,"s
 "t ago ! inspector caution$ a boy ab\t 
putt+ 8 h& 9 8 pocket1 & ord]$ him to be
 /ill4 ,! boy repeat$ ! action1 & z ,i  
guess$ :at 0 ! cause1 ,i call$ him out4 
,he _h a live m\se 9 8 tr\s]s pocket1 & 
0 afraid ( its climb+ out & %[+ itself 9
 s*ool4 ,he took x out on 8 h& ,x 0 q   
tame4'  ,b /ill m t\*+ 0 a curi\s       
demon/ration ( ! infants z we cross$ _! 
playgr\nd4 ,releas$ f ! re/ra9t ( p>ade 
discipl9e1 ^! little creatures1 girls & 
boys betwe5 ?ree & sev5 ye>s ( age1 came
 cr[d+ r\nd u4 ,!y took hold ( our h&s1 
sev]al ( !m tak+ ea* h&2 !y /rok$ our   
clo!s1 & embrac$ our legs4 ,sev]al ( !m 

seem$ fasc9at$ by my gold wat*-gu>d 7x  
is r l\d71 & want$ to kiss x4 ,i gave "o
 ! wat* to play )--my own *ildr5 h (t5  
us$ x r\ghly--& 8 little eyes dilat$ )  
admiration4 ,!y foll[$ u "r up to !     
b>ri]1 & %ook h&s ) u4  ',t1' said !    
ma/]1 'is a peculi>ity ( all workh\se   
*ildr54 ,!y w t\* y4 ,!y w h&le & kiss  
any glitt]+ ?+ y h ab\t y4 ,x is because
 y are f ! outside _w4'  ,:at an        
environm5t4 ,x set me ?9k+ ( ! /ories ,i
 _h read ab\t savages cr[d+ r\nd :ite m5
 :o h l&$ on _! %ores4  ,f ! outside _w4
 ,some?+ to love4 ,9 ,engl&--:]e "s five
 millions a ye> are sp5t on hunt+--su*  
environm5t is =c$ ^u an innoc5t &       
def5celess *ild4  ,"o wond]s z to !     
hooligan4 & ! tramp1 & ! h>lot1 & ! sot2
 h[ 7 !y br\ght up1 & _h !y any?+ to    
love8   ,,education  ,!re are _m :o     
"u-rate ! p[] ( environm5t ,b !re are   
few :o d5y ! value ( education4 ,&      
education is environm5t4 ,all education1
 good or bad1 9 ! home or ! s*ool1 is   
environm5t4  ,& we all "k1 ?\gh "s ( u  

=get1 t good education makes u bett] & t
 bad education makes u worse4 ,& we all 
"k1 ?\gh "s ( u =get1 t we h to be      
educat$ by o!rs1 & t ^? o!rs are "p (   
our environm5t4 ,= ev5 9 ! case (       
self-education we mu/ le>n f books1 :i* 
7 writt5 by o!r m54  ,& if we take ! ^w 
education 9 its wide/ s5se1 z mean+ all 
t we le>n1 ! importance ( ?is "p ( our  
environm5t />es u 9 ! face4 ,= z we are 
born n ) morals1 nor k1 nor capacities1 
b only ) ! rudim5ts ( su*1 x is pla9 to 
e m9d t our goodness or badness1 our    
ignorance or k1 our helplessness or p[]1
 dep5ds to a v great ext5t ^u ! k9d (   
tea*+ we get4  ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l\t 
& ! man ( ref9em5t is g5]ally a diff]5ce
 ( education1 ( k1 & tra9+4  ,! root    
cause ( mo/ prejudice & malice1 ( mu*   
viol5ce1 folly1 & crime1 is ignorance4  
,!re w\ld be no despis$ & "u-paid poor1 
no slums1 no l&less peasants1 no s]fs1 7
 x n = ! ignorance ( ! masses1 & !      
classes4 ,! ri* impose ^u ! poor1 & !   
poor submit1 = ! "o reason3 !y d n      

und]/&4  ,if !y 7 taught bett] !y w\ld d
 bett]4 ,& ! bett] tea*+ w\ld           
be--improv$ environm5t4  ,x is n en\gh t
 p %\ld be educat$1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( !   
^w4 ,tea*+ may d h>m1 z surely z x may d
 good4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! ?+s t are       
taught4  ,mu* ( ! tea*+ 9 our ,bo>d     
,s*ools1 our ,public ,s*ools1 & our     
,univ]sities is bad4  ,if tea*+ is to be
 good environm5t1 ! tea*+ mu/ be good4  
,national or local ideals are "p ( our  
environm5t4 ,we are born into ^! ideals 
z we are born into our climate1 & few   
escape _! rule4  ,! ideals ( ,engl& are 
n good4 ,to succe$1 to make weal?1 to w9
 applause--^! are n high ideals4 ,to buy
 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell 9 ! de>e/2 to  
make ,engl& ! work%op ( ! _w2 to seize  
all ri* & unprotect$ l&s1 & =ce _!      
inhabitants into ! ,briti% ,empire--^!  
are n great ideals4  ,b su* national    
ideals are "p ( our environm5t1 & tell  
aga9/1 or =1 ! developm5t ( our noble/  
human qualities4  ,a gospel ( gre$1     
vanity1 & empire does n t5d to make a p 

mode/1 nor j1 nor k9dly4 ,inde$1 x is   
*iefly because ( _! gre$9ess = comm]ce &
 weal?1 & _! ambition = empire1 t !     
nations to-day are arm$ & jeal\s rivals4
 ,& x is *iefly because ( _! hung] =    
weal?1 & _! wor%ip ( va9 display & empty
 hon\rs1 t ! classes & ! masses are     
ho/ile & divid$4 ,ignorance aga93 !y d n
 und]/&4  ,! =ce ( environm5t1 &        
especially ! uses ( education1 are /amp$
 ^u our prov]bs1 are b$d$ deep 9        
univ]sal cu/om4 ,k is p[]1 ,z ! twig is 
b5t---- ,he :o t\*es pit* %all be       
defil$1 ,evil communications corrupt    
good mann]s4 ,& :at educat$ p>5t w\ld   
all[ 8 *ildr5 to gr[ up 9 ignorance1 or 
w\ld expose !m to ! evil influ5ces (    
impure lit]ature or bad companions4  ,e 
*ur* & *apel1 e s*ool & college1 e book 
t tea*es1 e moral lesson1 e *ap]on &    
tutor1 is an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! p[] (      
environm5t to wreck or save our "y4  ,9 
practice we all fe> or prize ! influ5ces
 ( environm5t--^u ourselves1 & ^u ^? we 
love4  ,x is :5 we h to deal ) ! ,bottom

 ,dog t we ignore ! facts :i* plead s   
/rongly 9 8 def5ce4   ,,p]sonal         
,,influ5ces  ,( home influ5ces x is     
h>dly necess>y to speak4 ,! bless+ ( a  
wise & good "m2 ! disa/] ( an ignorant1 
vici\s1 or neglectful "m call = no      
rem9d]4 ,! influ5ce ( husb&s & wives ^u 
ea* o!r2 ! trans=mation wr\ght by a     
=tunate or un=tunate love passion 9 !   
life ( a woman or a man are equally     
obvi\s & well und]/ood4 ,s ) fri5d%ip3  
mo/ m5 h kn[n at lea/ "o fri5d ^:       
c\nsel1 conv]sation1 or example has     
affect$ ! entire curr5t ( _!            
?\ghts--p]haps has *ang$ ! direction (  
_! life4 ,^! in/ances be+ not$1 x rema9s
 = u only to rememb] t ! influ5ce ( a   
wife1 a lov]1 a "m1 or a fri5d may be z 
p[]ful = evil z = good4  ,b !re are o!r 
p]sonal influ5ces z pot5t1 b n s g5]ally
 nor s wisely recognis$4 ,su* are !     
influ5ces ( good or bad books1 & ( great
 lead]s & tea*]s--good & bad4  ,:at     
trem5d\s p[]s ov] ! lives & ?\ghts (    
millions 7 wield$ by su* tea*]s z       

,confucius1 ,buddha1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 
,ari/otle1 & ,jesus ,*ri/4  ,h[ va/ a   
diff]5ce 0 wr\ght among/ ! masses (     
humanity by ,caes>1 ,mahomet1 ,alex&]1  
,oliv] ,cromwell4  ,:o c e/imate !      
importance to ! _w ( ,cop]nicus1        
,galileo2 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 ,bacon1 ,d>w92 
( ,r\sseau1 ,wycliffe1 ,tyndall1 ,m>x1  
,hom]1 ,h>vey1 ,watt1 ,caxton1 &        
,/eph5son8  ,:i* ( u c assess 8 debt to 
su* m5 z ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 ,%elley1   
,dick5s1 & ,c>lyle8  ,!n consid] our    
acc\nt ) ! sci5ti/s1 prie/s1 & lawgiv]s 
( ,babylon & ,egypt4 ,recall ! b5efits  
conf]r$ ^u u by ! m5 :o inv5t$ writt5   
language2 ! :eel1 ! file1 ! pl\gh4 ,?9k 
( all ! labori\s & gradual build+ up ( !
 arts1 ! e?ics1 ! sci5ces ( ! _w4 ,!    
mak+ ( ar*itecture1 ma!matics1          
sculpture1 pa9t+1 agriculture1 work+ 9  
wood or metals2 ! evolution ( lit]ature 
& music1 ! inv5tion & improvem5t ( ! _m 
dec5cies1 c\rtesies1 & utilities ( life2
 f ! fir/ we>+ ( lo9 clo?s1 ! fa%ion+ ( 
fl9t axes1 to ! /eel p51 ! use (        

*lor(orm1 & ! cu/om ( rais+ "o's hat to 
a lady4  ,all ! arts & crafts2 ! e?ics1 
sci5ces1 & laws2 ! tools1 arms1 gramm>s2
 ! lit]atures1 dramas1 & newspap]s2 !   
conv5i5ces & luxuries1 ! morals & !     
le>n+--all t goes to ! mak+ ( mod]n     
civilization we owe to ! g5ius1 !       
indu/ry1 & ! humanity ( c\ntless m5 &   
wom5 :om we h nev] se54  ,into all !    
weal? ( k & fre$om1 ( wisdom & virtue !y
 creat$ & bequea!d1 we are born1 z we   
are born to ! light & ! air4 ,b = !     
lab\rs & ! sacrifices ( ! work]s1       
fight]s1 & ?9k]s ( ! pa/ we 7 %orn ( all
 our pride & p[]1 & r$uc$ bel[ ! social1
 intellectual1 & moral level ( !        
,au/ralian ,bu%m54  ,& yet1 to see !    
airs & graces ( _m educat$ & sup]ior    
p]sons1 "o might suppose t !y inv5t$ &  
discov]$ & develop$ all ! k & wisdom1   
all ! virtues & ! graces by :i* !y      
b5efit1 ( _! own act & ?\ght4 ,"o w\ld  
suppose1 to behold ! scorn ( ^! sup]ior 
p]sons = _! m rude & ignorant &         
un=tunate bro!rs & si/]s1 t !y _h       

design$ & tailor$ all ! moral &         
intellectual f9]y 9 :i* !y are array$4  
,:]eas all _! plumes are borr[$ plumes2 
all !y "k !y h be5 taught by o!r m52 all
 !y h has be5 made by o!r m52 & !y h    
become t :i* !y are ?r\gh ! g5]osity & !
 t5d]ness ( o!r m5 & wom54  ,! ri* "y   
s*ol> fre% f ,h>v>d or ,cambridge is    
bless$ly end[$ ) heal?1 & /r5g? &       
gramm>1 & ma!matics1 a spr9kle ( dead   
languages1 & m or less graceful mann]s4 
,he despises ! l\t at ! pl\gh or ! co/] 
at ! b>r[ because ( _! lack ( ! b5efits 
giv5 to him z a dole4 ,he =gets t !     
,univ]sity 0 !re c5turies be=e he 0     
born1 t ,euclid1 ,l9dley ,murray1 ,dr4  
,johnson1 ,cic]o1 ,plato1 & a million   
o!r abl] m5 ?an himself1 =g$ e l9k ( !  
*a9 ( culture ) :i* 8 pr\d "y neck is   
adorn$4 ,he =gets t x is to o!rs1 & n to
 himself1 t he owes all t makes him !   
man ( :om he is s va94 ,he =gets t !    
co/] at ! b>r[ & ! h9d at ! pl\gh diff] 
f him *iefly by ! accid5t ( bir?1 & t _h
 !y be5 nurs$ & taught & tra9$ l himself

 !y w\ld h be5 z h&some1 z active1 z    
clev]1 z cultur$1 & v probably z        
conceit$ & unju/ z he4  ,= all ! mighty 
dead1 & ! noble works !y h bequea!d u1 &
 all ! fai?ful liv+1 & all ! t5d]       
s]vices !y r5d] u & ! %ield+ love !y be>
 u1 are p>ts ( our environm5t4  ,& = !  
bless+s ^! good m5 & g5tle wom51 ) _!   
gold5 h]itage1 h wr\ght 9 u1 we are no m
 responsible & no m praisewor?y ?an we  
are = ! fl[]s ( ! field1 or !           
con/ellations 9 ! sky1 or ! w>m? ( !    
b5efic5t sun t %9es alike ^u ! s9n] & ! 
sa9t4  ,& s9ce we are b debtors to !    
dead1 b />vel+s deck$ out by *>ity 9 !  
brav]ies made by o!r h&s1 & s9ce we are 
des]v+ ( no praise = our gr&eur & our   
virtues1 h[ %all we lift up our         
va+lori\s & fooli% faces to despise &   
contemn our less =tunate bro!rs & si/]s1
 :o h be5 made evil1 ev5 z we h be5 made
 good1 :o h be5 left unc\? & ignorant1  
ev5 z we h be5 poli%$ & in/ruct$8  ,b = 
! grace ( ,god1 said ! t9k] ( ,el/[--b =
 ! graces ( environm5t1 say we--!re1 9 !

 hangman's c>t1 9 ! felon's jacket1 9 ! 
dunce's cap1 9 ! begg>'s rags1 9 !      
degradation ( ! drunk>d or ! mis]y ( !  
deg5]ate we$ ( ! slums--g ,we4          
,,*apt] ,,sev5--,,h[ ,,h]$ity ,,&       
,,environm5t ,,"w  ,,!re are _m :o h "s 
und]/&+ ( h]$ity & ( environm5t :5 tak5 
sep>ately :o fail to realise _! effects 
^u ea* o!r4  ,! common cause ( ! /umbl+ 
is easy to remove4  ,x is (t5 said t two
 m5 are diff]5tly affect$ by ! same     
environm5t1 or :at seems to be ! same   
environm5t1 & t !re=e !re mu/ be "s p[] 
9 m5 to ov]come _! environm5t4  ,i h    
dealt ) ?is argum5t already1 %[+ t !    
conte/ betwe5 a man & 8 environm5t is   
really a conte/ betwe5 h]$ity &         
environm5t1 & may be comp>$ to ! ef=t ( 
a man to swim aga9/ a /ream4  ,a giv5   
environm5t w affect two diff]5t m5      
diff]5tly because _! h]$ity is diff]5t4 
,b rememb]+ t we are born )\t any k1 & t
 we are born n ) intellect nor          
consci5ce1 b only ) ! rudim5ts ( su*1 x 
mu/ be insi/$ t ! h]$it>y p[] to resi/  

environm5t is v limit$4 ,s mu* s t we   
may am5d our figure ( ! swimm] & !      
/ream1 & say t no man1 h[soev] /rong &  
brave1 c\ld swim aga9/ a /ream unless he
 _h le>nt to swim4  ,& ! le>n+ to swim  
is environm5t1 & works aga9/ ! contr>y  
environm5t1 typifi$ by ! /ream4  ,let u 
take ! case ( two *ildr54 ,"o has bad & 
"o good h]$ity4 ,"o is a heal?y baby1   
born ( moral /ock4 ,! o!r is a deg5]ate1
 born ( immoral /ock4 ,we w call !      
heal?y baby ,dick1 & ! deg5]ate baby    
,h>ry4  ,!y are tak5 at bir? into an    
environm5t ( !ft1 drunk5ness1 & vice4   
,!y are taught to lie1 to /eal1 & to    
dr9k4 ,!y nev] he> any good1 nev] see a 
good example4  ,h>ry1 ! deg5]ate1 w take
 to evil z a duck to wat]4 ,( t1 ,i ?9k1
 !re is no "q4 ,b :at ( ,dick1 ! heal?y 
baby8  ,dick is born )\t k4 ,he is also 
born ) undevelop$ prop5sities4 ,he w    
le>n evil4 ,8 prop5sities w be tra9$ to 
evil4 ,h[ is he to ov]come 8 environm5t 
& become good8 ,he _c4 ,:at w happ5 9   
,dick's case is t he w become a diff]5t 

k9d ( crim9al--a /rong] & clev]] crim9al
 ?an ,h>ry4  ,b1 ,i he> "s "o say1 we "k
 t *ildr51 born ( ?ieves & sots1 & re>$ 
9 bad surr\nd+s1 h turn$ out hone/ &    
sob] m54 ,& ! inf]5ce is t !y rose      
sup]ior to _! environm5t4  ,b t inf]5ce 
is errone\s4 ,! fact is t ^! *ildr5 7   
sav$ by "s good environm5t1 act+ aga9/ !
 bad4  ,= !re is h>dly su* a ?+ z an    
environm5t t is all bad4 ,9 ! case (    
,dick & ,h>ry we suppos$ an environm5t  
conta9+ no good4 ,b t 0 = ! sake (      
illu/ration4  ,= ! environm5t to be all 
bad1 ! *ild mu/ be prev5t$ f ev] see+ a 
good de$1 or read+ a good book1 or meet+
 a good man1 woman1 or *ild4  ,n[1 we c 
imag9e no t[n1 nor slum1 9 :i* a *ild   
%\ld nev] he> nor see any?+ good4 ,he is
 almo/ c]ta9 at "s "t or o!r to enc\nt] 
good influ5ces4  ,& ^! good influ5ces w 
affect a heal?y *ild m /rongly ?an !y w 
affect a deg5]ate1 j z ! evil influ5ces 
w affect him less fatally ?an !y w      
affect a deg5]ate4 ,because ! poor      
deg5]ate is born ) a bias t[>ds disease 

or crime4  ,two *ildr5 may be born ( !  
same p>5ts1 re>$ 9 ! same hovel1 9 !    
same slum1 taught ! same evil lesson4 ,b
 !y w meet diff]5t companions1 & w h    
diff]5t exp]i5ces4  ,"o may meet a good 
boy1 or girl1 or man1 or woman1 & may be
 influ5c$ = good4 ,! o!r may *ance ^u ! 
v wor/ company4  ,let u suppose t two   
*ildr5 are born 9 a ,hoxton slum1 & t "o
 ( !m falls "u ! influ5ce ( a ,fag91 & !
 o!r has ! good =tune to meet su* a     
manly & s5sible p>son z our fri5d       
,c>tmel6 ,w\ld n ! effects be v diff]5t8
 ,yet at fir/ sight ! environm5t ( ! two
 boys w\ld seem to be precisely alike4  
,& we %all always f9d t ! man :o rises  
above 8 environm5t has really be5 help$ 
by good environm5t to ov]come ! bad     
environm5t ,he has le>nt "s good4 ,& t  
le>n+ is "p ( 8 environm5t ,he mu/ h be5
 taught "s good if he kn[s any1 = he 0  
born de/itute ( k4  ,a good "m1 a wise  
fri5d1 a pure girl1 an hone/ tea*]1 a   
noble book1 may save a *ild f ! bad "p (
 8 environm5t4  ,x w\ld appe> at fir/   

sight t two boys taught 9 ! same s*ool1 
by ! same tea*]1 w\ld h ! same s*ool    
environm5t4 ,b at a second ?\ght we f9d 
t ne$ n be ! case4  ,we "k :at "o bad   
boy c d 9 a class or 9 a room4 ,we may  
"k1 !n1 t ! boys :o %>e a class or a    
room ) a bad boy h a worse environm5t   
?an ! boys :o escape 8 evil influ5ces4  
,x is a mi/ake to ?9k ( h]$ity z all    
good1 or all bad4 ,x is mix$4 ,we       
inh]it1 all ( u1 good & bad qualities4  
,x is a mi/ake to ?9k ( environm5t z all
 good or all bad4 ,x is mix$4 ,!re are  
always good & bad influ5ces ar\nd e "o (
 u4  ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t any two m5 
ev] did or c h exactly ! same           
environm5t4  ,x is z impossible = !     
environm5t ( any two m5 to be id5tical1 
z = _! h]$ity to be id5tical4 ,z !re are
 no two m5 exactly alike1 s !re are no  
two m5 ^: exp]i5ces are exactly alike4  
,good & bad environm5t "w aga9/ ea* o!r4
 ,all k9ds ( environm5t "w ) or aga9/   
h]$ity4 ,diff]5t h]$ities make diff]5t  
natures2 diff]5t natures are diff]5tly  

affect$ by simil> environm5ts4 ,b !     
*ild1 be+ born )\t k & ) rudim5t>y      
faculties1 is1 :atev] 8 h]$ity1 almo/   
:olly at ! m]cy ( 8 environm5t4  ,i hope
 ,i h made t cle>4  ,"o man is afflict$ 
) col\r-bl9dness1 ano!r ) kleptomania4  
,! kleptomaniac may be ! mo/ tr\blesome 
to ! community2 b is he m wick$ ?an !   
o!rs8  ,:y does an apple tree nev] be>  
bananas8 ,because x _c  ,:y does a ,fr5*
 peasant nev] speak ,engli%8 ,because he
 has nev] be5 taught4  ,:y is an ,engli%
 lab\r] defici5t 9 ! mann]s ( polite    
society8 ,because he has nev] mov$ 9    
polite society4  ,:y does n ,jones !    
eng9e] write poetry8 ,:y does n ,smi? ( 
! ,/ock ,ex*ange pa9t pictures8 ,:y does
 n ,rob9son ! musical compos] inv5t a   
fly+ ma*9e8  ,because !y h n ! gifts nor
 ! skill4  ,:y does ,j>man play ! viol9 
s evilly8 ,he has no e>1 & has be5 badly
 taught4 ,:y does ,dulcett play ! viol9 
s well8 ,he has a good e>1 & has be5    
taught prop]ly4  ,w\ld prop] tea*+ h    
made a ,j>man a prop] play]8 ,x w\ld h  

made him a less villa9\s play] ?an he   
has become4 ,b tea* him nev] s wisely1  
,j>man w n play z ,dulcett plays4 ,he   
has n ! gift4  ,is x ,j>man's fault t he
 has no gift8 ,x is n4 ,he did n make 8 
own e>4 ,:5ce did he d]ive t defect (   
e>8 ,f "s ance/or1 ne> or remote4  ,is  
,dulcett's f9e musical e> due to any    
m]it ( ,dulcett's8 ,no4 ,he did n make 8
 own e>2 he d]iv$ x f "s ance/or1 ne> or
 remote4  ,"h are f\r bro!rs ,br[n4     
,john ,br[n is a drunk>d4 ,?omas1       
,william1 & ,/eph5 ,br[n d n dr9k4 ,does
 ,john des]ve c5sure1 & d 8 bro!rs      
des]ve praise8 ,let u see4  ,:y is ,john
 a drunk>d8 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 a drunk>d1 & he
 0 s5t z a boy to "w 9 a %op :]e ! m5   
drank4 ,!n h[ is x 8 bro!rs d n dr9k8   
,?omas _h ! same h]$it>y incl9ation to  
dr9k1 & he d]iv$ x f ! same s\rce4 ,b he
 work$ 9 an (fice :]e all ! cl]ks 7     
/eady1 & :5 on "o or two occasions he   
indulg$ 9 liquor1 a wise fri5d w>n$ him1
 & ) a h>d /ruggle he escap$ f ! dang]4 
,william1 al?\gh ! same blood runs 9 8  

ve9s1 has escap$ ! h]$it>y ta9t ,to use 
! colloquial p>lance1 he does n take    
aft] 8 gr&fa!r4 ,he nev] felt incl9$ to 
take liquor1 & al?\gh he work$ ) m5 :o  
drank1 he rema9$ /eady )\t an ef=t4     
,/eph5 also 0 free f ! h]$it>y ta9t4 ,he
 mix$ ) m5 :o drank1 & he gradually =m$ 
! habit1 :i* gradually =m$ ! ta/e =     
dr9k4 ,b he m>ri$ a good woman j 9 "t1 &
 %e sav$ him4 ,?us3  ,john is a drunk>d 
f h]$ity & environm5t  ,?omas 0 a       
drunk>d f h]$ity1 & 0 sav$ by           
environm5t4  ,william 0 always /eady f  
h]$ity & environm5t4  ,/eph5 0 /eady f  
h]$ity1 almo/ became a drunk>d f        
environm5t1 & 0 f9ally sav$ by new      
environm5t4  ,john ow$ 8 ru9 to 8       
gr&fa!r & 8 %opmates4  ,?omas ow$ 8     
safety to 8 %opmates1 :o rescu$ him f ! 
ta9t ( 8 gr&fa!r's evil legacy4         
,william ow$ 8 safety to 8 blood4       
,/eph51 aft] be+ endang]$ by 8          
companions1 0 sav$ by 8 wife4  ,assum+  
all o!r conditions to be equal1 & all   
o!r traits ( "* simil>1 h[ are we to    

blame "o or praise ano!r ( ^! f\r       
bro!rs8 ,ea* is :at desc5t & surr\nd+s h
 made him4  ,an apple tree _c be>       
bananas4 ,a rose tree _c be> lilies4 ,a 
rose tree 9 good soil be>s well2 a rose 
tree 9 bad soil be>s poorly4 ,9 times ( 
dr\ght ! crops p]i% = lack ( wat]4 ,9   
ra9y wea!r ! hay rots in/ead ( dry+4    
,let u n[ consid] "s ( ! argum5ts       
actually us$ 9 d5y+ ! p[] ( environm5t4 
,"s little "t ago ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,j4       
,campbell1 ( ! ,london ,city ,temple1   
prea*$ a s]mon on environm5t4 ,f a      
report ( t s]mon ,i take ! foll[+       
passage3  ,8 argum5t 0 t x 0 all nons5se
 to say t environm5t made ! man4 ,! man 
:o _h any manhood 9 him c\ld rise above 
& beyond 8 environm5t1 j z ,bunyan so>$ 
above 8 t9 kettles4  ,?is is an example 
( ! confusion ( m9d into :i* educat$ m5 
fall :5 !y deal ) ?is simple subject4   
,mr4 ,campbell's fir/ mi/ake is ! mi/ake
 ( sep>at+ h]$ity f environm5t4 ,(      
c\rse1 x is nons5se to say t environm5t 
makes ! man4 ,b :o did say any?+ s      

silly8  ,h]$ity makes ! man1 &          
environm5t modifies him4 ,hav+ made t   
cle>1 let u consid] ,mr4 ,campbell's    
second s5t5ce3  ,! man :o _h any manhood
 9 him c\ld rise above & beyond 8       
environm5t1 j z ,bunyan so>$ above 8 t9 
kettles4  ,mr4 ,campbell says3 ,! man :o
 has any manhood 9 him4 ,b suppose he   
has n any manhood 9 him6 ,suppose he is 
a poor human we$ born ( we$s4 ,c he be> 
:eat or roses8 ,& if he only be>s       
prickles or poison1 :o is to blame8 ,n !
 man1 surely1 = he did n *oose 8 p>5ts  
nor 8 nature4 ,%all we blame a mongrel  
born ( curs ( l[ degree' because he is n
 a bulldog8  ,a man c only realise !    
nature t he has1 & c only realise t 9   
accordance ) environm5t4  ,b ?is same   
s5t5ce %[s t ,mr4 ,campbell does n      
und]/& :at we mean :5 we use ! ^w       
environm5t4  ,= he tells u t a man c    
rise above & beyond 8 environm5t4  ,n[1 
a man's environm5t is compos$ ( e       
ext]nal influ5ce :i* affects him 9 any  
way1 f ! mom5t ( 8 bir? to ! mom5t ( 8  

dea?4  ,!re=e a man _c rise above &     
beyond 8 environm5t until he ceases to  
exi/4  ,mr4 ,campbell cites ,john       
,bunyan z a man :o rose above 8         
environm5t4 ,! fact be+ t ,bunyan's good
 environm5t sav$ him f 8 bad environm5t4
  ,f ! preface to my edition ( ,!       
,pilgrim's ,progress ,i quote ! foll[+  
sugge/ive words3  ,h[ 0 x1 "o naturally 
asks1 t a man ( little education c\ld   
produce two c5turies ago a ma/]piece :i*
 is /ill read :]ev] ! ,engli% language  
is spok51 & has be5 translat$ into e    
,european tongue8 ,x is n suffici5t to  
answ] t ! au?or ( ! "w 0 a g5ius3 x is  
necess>y to %[ :at ! conditions 7 :i*   
enabl$ 8 g5ius to develop itself1 l$ him
 to f9d ! =m ( expression :i* be/ suit$ 
its "*1 & secur$ = :at if produc$       
imm$iate popul>ity & la/+ fame4  ,bunyan
 0 a poor boy ( v little education4 ,b  
he 0 born ) a great imag9ation1 a       
s5sitive nature1 & ke5 p[]s (           
assimilation4 ,he 01 9 %ort1 a born     
lit]>y g5ius4  ,9 8 y\? he got among/   

bad companions1 & l$ a lewd & wick$ sort
 ( life4  ,h[1 !n1 came he to re=m 8    
life1 & to write 8 wond]ful book8 ,to   
li/5 to ,mr4 ,campbell1 "o w\ld suppose 
t ! t9k]'s boy rose aga9/ 8 environm5t1 
& )\t any help = good f t environm5t4 ,b
 did he8  ,we f9d he s]v$ = "s ye>s 9   
,cromwell's army4 ,w\ld ! fi]ce religi\s
 atmosph]e ( ,cromwellian camps h no    
effect ^u 8 s5sitive & imag9ative       
nature8  ,we f9d t he & 8 wife read     
toge!r two religi\s books3 ,! ,pla9     
,man's ,pa?way to ,heav5 & ,bi%op       
,bayley's ,practice ( ,piety4 ,w\ld su* 
books1 s read1 make no impression ^u 8  
impressionable m9d8  ,we f9d t he 0     
drawn to g to *ur*4 ,t he 0 ov]-run ) ! 
_s ( sup]/ition4 ,w\ld t affect him     
naught8  ,we f9d t 8 neighb\rs at la/   
took him to a v godly man1 a new &      
religi\s man1 & did mu* m>vel to see su*
 a great & fam\s alt]ation 9 my life &  
mann]s4  ,beyond ?is we ne$ n g4 ,!     
religi\s soldi]s ( ,cromwell1 ! pi\s    
books & ! pi\s wife1 ! _s ( sup]/ition1 

& ! godly man1 7 all p>ts ( ,john       
,bunyan's environm5t1 &1 act+ ^u !      
peculi> nature giv5 to him by h]$ity1 ^!
 & o!r facts ( 8 environm5t lift$ him   
up1 made him :at we "k1 & enabl$ him to 
write 8 glori\s book4 ,in/ead ( a man :o
 rose above 8 environm5t we h 9 ,bunyan 
a man :o 0 l$ by "o k9d ( environm5t to 
gamble & dr9k & blaspheme1 & by ano!r   
k9d ( environm5t 0 made into a fanatical
 religi\s en?usia/4  ,john ,bunyan 0    
,john ,bunyan :5 he play$ tipcat1 & us$ 
pr(ane language on ! ,sabba?4 ,up to t  
"t ! manhood t 0 9 him _h n sav$ ,john  
,bunyan4  ,if1 z ,mr4 ,campbell sugge/s1
 x is ! inh]5t manhood t saves a man1 h[
 0 x t ,bunyan's manhood1 up to a c]ta9 
po9t 9 8 life1 fail$ to raise him above 
8 environm5t4  ,&1 :5 ! *ange came1 :at 
0 x t br\ght t *ange ab\t8 ,bunyan _h   
only ! same manhood3 ! same manhood :i* 
_h already be5 defeat$ by ! environm5t4 
,h[ 0 x t same manhood n[ s]v$ to raise 
him above ! environm5t8  ,john ,bunyan 0
 ! same ,john ,bunyan2 x 0 ! environm5t 

t *ang$4 ,x 0 ! pi\s ,ironsides1 ! pi\s 
wife1 ! godly man1 ! atmosph]e (        
sup]/ition1 t made ,john ,bunyan !      
pr(ane t9k] into ,john ,bunyan ! man (  
religion4  ,bad environm5t got ,john    
,bunyan d[n3 !re is no d\bt ( t4 ,good  
environm5t lift$ him up4 ,! manhood 0 ! 
same at bo? p]iods4 ,x 0 ! environm5t t 
*ang$4  ,if ev] !re 0 an example ( ! p[]
 ( environm5t to save or s9k a man1 t   
example is ,john ,bunyan1 t9k] & poet4  
,ano!r in/ance ( misund]/&+ is af=d$ by 
,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton1 :o1 9 an article 
9 ! ,daily ,news1 argues aga9/ ! p[] (  
h]$ity & environm5t1 z foll[s3  ,!      
well-br$ man--lit]ally speak+1 t is !   
man ) a h]$ity & environm5t mu* above ! 
normal--c put =? all ! c>d9al s9s l     
sc>let fl[]s 9 summ]4 ,he has l&s t meet
 ! horizon1 b he /eals l a />v+ man4 ,he
 has _h armies ( comrades 9 great       
colleges1 yet he sn>ls l a hun*back     
hiss$ 9 ! /reet ,he has treasuries (    
gold t he _c rememb]2 yet he goads poor 
m5 = _! r5t l a ?readb>e l&lady 9 !     

,h>r[ ,road4 ,he is only meant to be    
polite 9 public1 & he _c ev5 be t4 ,!   
:ole sy/em ( 8 c\ntry & con/itution only
 asks "o ?+ ( him1 t he %\ld n be an    
unpres5table bea/--& he (t5 is4 ,t is a 
type ( ari/ocrat t does f "t to "t recur
 to rem9d u ( :at is ! real answ] to !  
argum5t = ari/ocracy f\nd$ on h]$ity &  
environm5t4 ,! real answ] to x is 9 two 
words--,orig9al ,s94  ,_h ,mr4 ,*e/]ton 
und]/ood ! subject ^u :i* he wrote !    
above picturesque b fallaci\s p>agraph1 
he nev] w\ld h s5t x to ! ,press4 ,b he 
is always fall+ into blund]s ab\t h]$ity
 & environm5t because he has nev] le>nt 
:at h]$ity & environm5t are4  ,he seems 
to ?9k t ! ,we/ ,end means good         
environm5t1 & t ! ,ea/ ,end means bad   
environm5t4 ,he seems to ?9k t noble    
blood means good h]$ity1 & t simple     
blood means bad h]$ity4  ,& he calls    
atavism orig9al s94  ,let u n[ consid] !
 r melodramatic nobleman ,mr4 ,*e/]ton  
has portray$ = u4  ,he does n tell u mu*
 ab\t ! nobleman's environm5t4 ,he has  

l&s & weal?1 & has be5 to college4      
,does x t5d to ! moral elevation ( a man
 to be l ! ,*\gh 9 ,%akespe>e1 spaci\s 9
 ! possession ( dirt8 ,are ! wise m5 (  
all ages agre$ t ! possession ( great   
weal? is a good environm5t8 ,or d !y n r
 tea* t luxury & weal? are dang]\s to _!
 possessor8  ,9 s f> z ?is noble 0 a v  
weal?y man1 ,i %\ld say t 8 environm5t 0
 n good1 b bad4  ,!re rema9s ! college4 
,n[1 m5 may le>n good at colleges1 & !y 
may le>n bad4 ,is n t s8 ,b let u give  
,mr4 ,*e/]ton ! cr$it & score ! college 
d[n z good environm5t4  ,!re rema9s     
unacc\nt$ =--:at8 ,all ! life &         
exp]i5ces ( a ri* "y man4  ,:at 7 8     
p>5ts l8 ,did 8 "m nurse him1 or neglect
 him8 ,did 8 fa!r wat* ov] him1 or let  
him run wild8 ,7 8 companions all m5 &  
wom5 ( virtue & good s5se8 ,did he read 
no bad books8 ,did he make no dang]\s   
fri5d%ips8 ,did he ev] d any "w8 ,0 he  
ev] taught t !re art nobl] ways ( life  
?an %oot+ dumb animals1 s$uc+ va9 or    
helpless girls1 debau*+ at ba*elors'    

p>ties1 play+ at bridge1 read+ ,fr5*    
novels1 & runn+ loose 9 ! gild$ hells ( 
,europe & ,am]ica8  ,because1 until we h
 ^! & a few ?\s& o!r que/ions answ]$1 we
 _c accept ,mr4 ,*e/]ton's assurance t  
?is wick$ nobleman _h a good environm5t4
  ,!n1 z to t "q ( orig9al s94 ,is ,mr4 
,*e/]ton 9 a position to in=m u t 8 bold
 bad pe] is n a deg5]ate8 ,is ,mr4      
,*e/]ton sure t he has n inh]it$ a      
deg5]ate nature f diseas$ or vici\s     
ance/ors8  ,no insanity 9 ! family8 ,no 
g\t8 ,no consumption8 ,no drunk5ness8   
,no diseases contract$ ?r\gh immorality 
or vice8 ,all 8 family = a hundr$       
g5]ations back c]tifi$ z hav+ unit$ !   
mann]s ( a m>quis & ! morals ( a        
,me?odi/8  ,q sure ! noble 0 n a        
deg5]ate8 ,q sure t 8 failure 0 n due to
 bad environm5t in/ead ( to bad h]$ity8 
,!n ,i %\ld advise ,mr4 ,*e/]ton to /udy
 ,d>w91 ,galton1 ,lombroso1 ,weissmann1 
& ,dr4 ,lyd/on1 & he w f9d t a man (    
good desc5t may ca/ back1 or bre$ back1 
to ! ape or hog1 may be born an atavi/2 

& may be incapable ( be+ a g5tleman = ! 
simple reason t he is a wild bea/4  ,9  
:i* connection ,i may rem>k t 9 ,!      
,diseases ( ,society ,dr4 ,lyd/on       
m5tions t ,b5$ikt's exp]im5ts ^u crim9al
 skulls %[$ t ! skull ( ! born crim9al  
7atavi/7 approximates t ( ! c>nivora4 ,t
 is to say1 a man may be curs$ ) a skull
 resembl+ t ( a tig]4  ,is x any wond] t
 su* m51 to repeat ,mr4 ,*e/]ton's      
poetical simile1 put =? s9s l sc>let    
fl[]s 9 summ]8  ,i am grateful to ,mr4  
,campbell & to ,mr4 ,*e/]ton = _!       
argum5ts3 !y s]ve ! useful purpose (    
exemplify+ ! confusion ( ?\ght ^u ?is   
subject :i* exi/s 9 qu>t]s :]e we %\ld  
lea/ expect to f9d x4  ,z x is ( ! utmo/
 importance t we %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& ! 
relations to ea* o!r ( h]$ity &         
environm5t1 ?is be+ a subject ^u :i* !re
 is mu* /umbl+1 we %all d well to make q
 sure ( our gr\nd be=e we g a /ep f>!r4 
,x is errone\s to speak ( a /ruggle     
betwe5 a man & 8 environm5t1 or ( a man 
ris+ above 8 environm5t4  ,:at we call a

 man is a product ( h]$ity & environm5t4
  ,! man is l>gely :at environm5t has   
already made him4  ,at ! in/ant ( bir? a
 *ild may be reg>d$ z :olly a product ( 
h]$ity4 ,b 8 fir/ brea? is environm5t4  
,! fir/ t\* ( ! nurse's h&s is          
environm5t4 ,! fir/ wa%+1 ! swaddl+     
clo!s1 ! b9d]1 & ! fir/ drop ( "m's milk
 are p>ts ( 8 environm5t4  ,& f ! fir/  
mom5t ( 8 bir? until ! "t ( 8 manhood1  
he is be+ cont9ually m\ld$ & affect$ by 
environm5t4  ,all 8 k1 all 8 beliefs1   
all 8 op9ions are giv5 to him by        
environm5t4  ,& n[1 ) ?is 9 our m9d1 we 
c see ! absurdity ( ,mr4 ,campbell's    
talk ab\t ,john ,bunyan4  ,be=e 8       
conv]sion ,bunyan 0 already a creature (
 h]$ity & environm5t4 ,! v consci5ce ( !
 man1 :i* 8 wife1 & ! godly man1 &      
,cromwell's soldi]s1 & ! prea*+s 9 !    
*ur* he frequ5t$1 7 to awak51 _h be5    
creat$ by environm5t4  ,= a *ild is born
 )\t consci5ce3 ) only ! rudim5ts ( a   
consci5ce1 to be develop$ or de/roy$--by
 environm5t4  ,n[ let u reconsid] !     

example ( our swimm] & ! /ream4 ,!      
swimm] is some?+ m ?an a m]e h]$ity4 ,he
 is a man1 & he has le>nt to swim4      
,!re=e 9 8 battle ) ! /ream ( environm5t
 he is us+ h]$ity & environm5t ,=       
environm5t taught him to swim4  ,let u  
take ano!r simile4 ,a man is r[+ a boat 
across a bay4 ,! tide1 ! curr5ts1 & !   
w9d may be reg>d$ z environm5ts4 ,all ^!
 environm5ts may be ) him1 or aga9/ him4
 ,or ! tide may be aga9/ him1 & ! w9d 9 
8 fav\r1 & ! curr5ts dang]\s if n       
avoid$4  ,b ! man is l>gely :at         
environm5ts h made him4 ,8 k ( r[+ came 
f environm5t1 8 k ( ! bay is environm5t1
 8 k ( ! run & position ( ! dang]\s     
curr5ts is environm5t1 ! boat & ! o>s   
belong to 8 environm5t4  ,& ) all !     
useful & fav\rable environm5ts1 plus 8  
h]$it>y qualities1 he fights ! adv]se   
environm5ts ( ! w9d1 & ! tide1 & !      
curr5ts4  ,n[1 let u suppose ! sea to be
 r\gh1 & ! tide & w9d /rong1 & aga9/ !  
o>sman4 ,& !n let u imag9e ! cases ( two
 m51 "o ( :om 0 an exp]t sailor1 9 a    

good boat1 well f\nd1 & "o a l&sman1 :o 
c\ld n r[1 :o did n "k ! bay1 :o did n  
und]/& w9d & tide1 :o 0 ignorant ( !    
curr5ts1 :o _h bad o>s & a leaky boat4  
,x is evid5t t ! sailor w\ld h a *ance (
 gett+ safely across ! bay1 & t ! l&sman
 w\ld be 9 grave p]il ( be+ capsiz$1 or 
c>ri$ out to sea4  ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 
! sailor & ! l&sman w\ld be entirely a  
diff]5ce ( environm5t4  ,b suppose1     
f>!r1 t ! sailor 0 ( heal?y desc5t1 t he
 01 by h]$ity1 /rong1 & brave1 &        
intellig5t2 & suppose t ! l&sman 0 a    
deg5]ate3 weak1 n]v\s1 fa9!>t$1 & /upid2
 !n ! diff]5ce w\ld be "o ( h]$ity &    
environm5t4  ,& if ! l&sman 7 dr[n$ & ! 
sailor came safely to %ore1 %\ld we     
curse & revile ! "o1 & applaud & rew>d !
 o!r4 ,or %\ld we take ! sailor's       
success z a matt] ( c\rse1 & give our   
pity to ! l&sman8  ,well3 9 su* a crazy 
boat1 ) su* useless o>s1 ) su* a fa9t   
he>t1 a lack ( k & skill1 & su* a feeble
 m9d1 does ! ,bottom ,dog put out1 to   
wre/le ) ! w9ds & /orms1 & escape !     

dang]\s curr5ts ( life4  ,& h[ c we     
expect ! badly br$1 badly tra9$1 badly  
taught deg5]ate to succe$ l ! well-br$1 
well-tra9$1 & well-taught h]o8  ,:at    
,mr4 ,campbell calls ,john ,bunyan's    
manhood--! manhood t rais$ him above 8  
environm5t--0 l>gely compos$ (          
environm5t4  ,!re nev] yet has be5 a h]o
 ^: h]oism 0 n 9 a great measure due to 
8 environm5t4 ,let any "o :o d\bts ?is  
look back to our sugge/ions ( ! fate ( a
 *ild born into evil environm5ts4  ,e   
man is l>gely :at environm5t has made   
him4 ,no man c be indep5d5t (           
environm5t3 b = environm5t he c\ld nev] 
live to be a man at all4  ,& n[ let u   
consid] "s ( ! good & evil ?+s          
environm5t may d4     ,,*apt]           
,,eight--,,good ,,& ,,bad ,,surr\nd+s   
,,!re are _m :o always ?9k ( environm5t 
z some?+ bad4  ,we he> a good deal ab\t 
m5 :o rise above _! environm5t2 b we    
seldom he> ( m5 :o are uplift$ by _!    
environm5t4  ,yet1 z ,i h %[n1 no man   
rises above bad environm5t unless he is 

help$ by good environm5t4  ,^? :o dread 
! p[] ( environm5t _c h giv5 mu* ?\ght  
to ! subject4  ,in/ead ( be+ a m5ace to 
! human race1 ! p[] ( environm5t is !   
s\rce ( our brighte/ hope4  ,environm5t 
has %ap$ evolution1 & has rais$ man     
above ! bea/s4 ,environm5t has creat$   
morality & consci5ce4  ,environm5t1 fe>$
 z a p[] = evil1 is also a p[] = good4  
,if bad tea*+1 & evil surr\nd+s make bad
 m52 !n good tea*+1 & good surr\nd+s w  
make good m54  ,if bad food1 bad air1   
ignorance1 & vice1 degrade mank9d2 !n   
good food1 good air1 k1 & temp]ance w   
uplift mank9d4  ,if m5 & wom5 are l>gely
 t :i* environm5t makes !m1 !n1 by      
improv+ ! environm5t we c improve m5 &  
wom54  ,& "h ,i come into t\* ) a c]ta9 
s*ool ( dismal sci5ti/s :o w\ld h u     
believe t x is useless to improve       
environm5t1 because m5 are :at h]$ity   
makes !m1 & because we _c control       
h]$ity4  ,let u dispose ( ^! pessimi/s  
be=e we g any f>!r4 ,happily1 ! cases 9 
:i* h]$ity is /rong] ?an environm5t are 

few4  ,environm5t _c make a model citiz5
 ( ! born crim9al1 or atavi/4 ,b good   
environm5t w make ! wor/ man bett] ?an  
he w\ld be "u bad environm5t4           
,environm5t _c make a g5ius4 ,no am\nt (
 fe$+1 tra9+1 & tea*+ w make an av]age  
man into a ,%akespe>e1 or a ,plato4 ,b  
good environm5t w d m = ! dulle/ ( m5   
?an bad environm5t w d4  ,environm5t _c 
prev5t atavism4 ,x may happ5 t ! be/ (  
/ock w bre$ back to a l[] type4 ,x may  
happ5 t a crim9al or an incapable w crop
 out sudd5ly 9 a l9e ( good & intellig5t
 m5 & wom54 ,b good environm5t w aboli% 
deg5]acy1 z c]ta9ly z bad environm5t w  
cause x4  ,= ! occasional g5ius we ne$  
feel no conc]n4 ,he w come :5 h]$ity    
produces him2 & he is welcome4 ,& = !   
atavi/1 or born crim9al1 we may be      
?ankful t he is comp>atively r>e1 & may 
cont5t ourselves ) do+ ! be/ we c ) him1
 9 future1 in/ead ( ! wor/1 z h]et(ore4 
,i am assum+ t ! wor/ type ( born       
crim9al is q hopeless2 b ,i am n sure ( 
t4 ,we c tame wild bea/s1 & :y n wild   

m58  ,b ! dismal sci5ti/s w tell u t ev5
 good environm5t _c improve ! race1     
because acquir$ *>act]i/ics _c be       
transmitt$3 :i* is to say t k _c be h&$ 
d[n h]$it>ily f fa!r to son1 & t1 !re=e1
 all t ! be/ environm5t c d is to beg9  
at ! beg9n+ ) ea* g5]ation1 to tea* &   
tra9 !m4  ,i d5y t1 & w give my reasons4
 ,b suppose we admit x4 ,:at foll[s8    
,is x n bett] to tea* & to tra9 ea*     
g5]ation well1 ?an to tea* & tra9 !m    
ill8  ,if m5tal & physical culture _c be
 h&$ d[n2 if ! *ildr5 ( ! educat$ & !   
well-develop$ mu/ be born un$ucat$ &    
undevelop$1 is x n bett] to h a g5]ation
 ( /rong & cultur$ m5 & wom5 ?an a      
g5]ation ( deg5]ate we$s8 ,because we   
_c1 by education1 raise a bre$ (        
,wa%+tons & ,d>w9s1 & ,miltons &        
,nelsons1 are we to cont5t ourselves ) a
 population ( hooligans & boors8  ,if   
environm5t _c p]man5tly improve ! bre$1 
is t any reason = mak+ ! wor/1 in/ead ( 
! be/1 ( ! bre$ we n[ possess8  ,& n[1 z
 to t "q ( improv+ ! bre$1 ,i claim t   

environm5t w\ld improve ! bre$1 & w\ld  
improve x z x has improv$ x 9 ! pa/1 by 
natural selection4  ,h[ d cattle-bre$]s 
improve _! /ock8 ,by bre$+ f ! be/      
animals1 & n f ! wor/4  ,m5 ( weak or   
base moral natures1 & m5 ( weak m9ds &  
bodies w1 ,i believe1 g5]ally reproduce 
_! faults 9 _! desc5dants4 ,b1 to m>ry1 
!y mu/ f9d wives4  ,i said a little way 
back1 take c>e ( y\r wom51 & ! race w   
take c>e ( itself4  ,good environm5t    
w\ld take c>e ( ! wom54 ,! wom5 be+     
prop]ly nurs$1 f$1 taught1 & hon\r$1    
w\ld select p>tn]s :o w\ld n %ock !m    
morally1 nor disgu/ !m physically4      
,virtu\s1 ref9$1 & intellig5t wom5 d n1 
9 g5]al--!re are exceptions--love & m>ry
 m5 ( weak m9ds1 nor m5 ( diseas$       
bodies1 nor m5 ( l[ moral type4  ,!re=e1
 giv5 prop] environm5t1 ! born crim9al &
 ! m5tal weakl+ w\ld n be able to f9d   
wives4 ,b t is n ! only way 9 :i* good  
environm5t w\ld affect ! bre$4 ,ne>ly   
all deg5]ation is caus$ by bad          
environm5t1 & good environm5t w\ld /op  

deg5]ation1 & by t means w\ld improve ! 
m5tal1 moral1 & physical av]age4  ,x has
 be5 sugge/$1 by "s ( ! mo/ dismal      
sci5ti/s1 t to prev5t ! spread (        
deg5]ation we %\ld prev5t deg5]ates f   
m>ry+4 ,b ,i ?9k a s\nd] me?od w\ld be  
to /op ! production ( deg5]ates1 by     
aboli%+ ! environm5t t produces !m4  ,z 
to ! atavi/1 or born crim9al1 ,i w\ld   
po9t out t "o ( ! laws ( h]$ity is !    
t5d5cy to rev]t to ! normal4 ,t is to   
say1 g5ius & atavism d n p]si/4 ,9 a few
 g5]ations ! atavi/ & ! g5ius h br$ back
 to ! av]age level4  ,t1 z ,i h po9t$   
out1 is due to ! mixture ( blood by     
m>riage4  ,?anks to ?is law1 ev5 ! born 
crim9al _c (t5 reappe>4 ,an example ( ! 
work+ ( ?is law is af=d$ by ! desc5dants
 ( ! ,au/ralian convicts1 :o h turn$ out
 excell5t m5 & wom54  ,i ?9k1 !n1 t we  
ne$ n be s]i\sly tr\bl$ by ! gloomy     
=ebod+s ( our pessimi/s4 ,) bad         
environm5t human nature has no *ance3 ) 
good environm5t human nature w take c>e 
( itself4  ,& n[ let u look at "s ( !   

facts 9 pro( ( ! magical results (      
improv$ environm5t4  ,i h be=e me a     
newspap] report ( an int]view ) ,mr4    
,george ,jackson1 secret>y ( !          
,middlemore ,*ildr5's ,emigration       
,homes4 ,?is society 0 f\nd$ "s ?irty   
ye>s ago1 & has s9ce s5t out to ,canada 
m ?an ?ree ?\s& *ildr5 f ! slums4  ,!   
*ildr5 came f ! wor/ ( slums1 & f ! wor/
 ( homes4 ,!y are spok5 ( by ! report] z
 be+ rescu$ f homes :]e !y are 9 daily  
contact ) gr9d+ pov]ty & mis]y1 9 an    
atmosph]e ( moral & physical f\lness1 ) 
p>5ts :o are drunk51 crim9al1 & inhuman4
 ,& ( ^! ?ree ?\s& waifs n two 9 a      
hundr$ turn$ out badly4  ,to give an    
idea ( ! work+ ( a *ang$ environm5t 9 ! 
case ( ^! *ildr51 ,i w quote f ! report 
( ! ,birm+ham ,daily ,po/3  ,mr4        
,jackson's view ranges ov] "s ?ree ?\s& 
*ildr5 ( bo? sexes rescu$ f ! v l[e/    
haunts ( mis]y & vice1 pick$ up =lorn & 
des]t$ f ! gutt]s ( ,birm+ham1 snat*$ f 
! evil influ5ce ( p>5ts :o _h c>ri$     
active cruelty or passive neglect to su*

 t]rible l5g?s t ! retributive h& (     
human law _h at la/ fall5 ^u !m1 f p>5ts
 :o w\ld h delib]ately =c$ _! (fspr+ to 
m5dicancy1 to ?iev]y1 or to pro/itution4
 ,^! ?ree ?\s& worse ?an de/itute little
 ones1 ^! infants cry+ 9 ! night1 & ) no
 language b a cry4 :o _h />t$ _! sad    
lives on ! v ?re%old ( t d>k door ov]   
:i* is writt51 ,all hope ab&on1 7 rescu$
 by k9dly h&s & c>ri$ into ! sun%9e4 ,= 
a "t !y 7 f$1 & clo!d1 & s*ool$1 taught 
t !re 0 some?+ m 9 life ?an squalor &   
selfi%ness & vice1 & !n !y 7 tak5 ?\s&s 
( miles away f ^? f\l slums 9 :i* _!    
eyes _h fir/ op5$ to ! murky light1 _!  
t5d] s5sibilities fir/ awak5$ to ! bitt]
 lesson ( human pa9 & mis]y4 ,!y 7 tak5 
to :]e ,god's fre%1 free air sweeps     
across leagues ( virg9 =e/ & prairie1 to
 :]e exi/5ce is vigor\s1 x may be1 b    
heal?y1 & pure1 & invigorat+1 to :]e    
conditions are su* z to develop /rong1  
self-reliant manhood1 in/ead ( debas$ & 
neurotic crim9ality4 ,x 0 9 ! complete &
 sweep+ "* ( ! *ange t lay ! wisdom ( ! 

s*eme4 ,on ! lone backwood f>m/ead (    
,canada ! slum *ild _h no opportunity1  
ev5 _h he wi%$1 ( once m com+ )9 ! range
 ( vici\s influ5ces su* z he _h left4   
,!re 0 no temptation to _m ( ! vices )  
:i* cruel circum/ances _h made him s    
t]ribly famili>4 ,h]$ity ( evil 0 *eat$ 
( its *ances1 & :atev] t5d5cies to good 
rema9$ 7 fo/]$ & giv5 full scope =      
developm5t4 ,fur!r1 ! degrad$ relatives 
7 no long] able to act ! "p ( a mill/one
 ar\nd ! *ild's neck1 to fett] 8 e      
aspiration to a bett] life1 to drag him 
d[n or keep him d[n to _! own d>k       
/ate4444 ,hundr$s ^u hundr$s ( prosp]\s 
f>m]s 9 ,canada at ?is day c look back  
to ! dim pa/1 :5 !y sold mat*es or      
pap]s1 or pick$ up z be/ !y c\ld1 9 !   
/reets ( ,birm+ham1 a few /ray copp]s to
 take home to _! dissolute p>5ts2 to !  
"t :51 ) empty /oma*s & ) ! ra9 & sn[   
beat+ ?r\gh ragg$ g>m5ts onto _! little 
p9*$ bodies1 !y cri$ ?r\gh ! rig\rs (   
w9t] nights on a %elt]$ door/ep r ?an   
face ! bl[s & curses :i* await$ !m 9 !  

only place :i* !y c\ld call home4 ,!y 7 
born to pov]ty & crime z ! sp>ks fly    
upw>d1 & !y h liv$ to ?ank ,god = t     
k9dly ag5cy :i* rescu$ !m f _!          
inh]itance ( mis]y4  ,( ^! ?ree ?\s&    
*ildr5 two ?\s& n9e hundr$ & =ty 7      
sav$--by a *ange ( environm5t4 ,_h !    
environm5t be5 left un*ang$ probably n  
#b p] c5t1 w\ld h escap$ ru94 ,z _!     
p>5ts 71 s w\ld !y h be54 ,_h _! p>5ts  
be5 rescu$ 9 _! y\? only #b p]c5t ( !m  
w\ld h fail$4  ,! exp]i5ce ( ,dr4       
,bamado & 8 fri5ds ) ! *ildr5 tak5 f !  
slums 0 v simil>4 ,! p]c5tage ( failures
 0 small1 & ! ,london pap]s1 9 _!       
obitu>ies ( ! good doctor1 speak        
en?usia/ically ( ! value ( 8 "w1 & say t
 ?\s&s ( *ildr5 rescu$ by him & 8 ag5ts 
are n[ /eady & prosp]\s citiz5s beyond !
 seas4 ,s9ce ,dr4 ,bamado took up ! "w  
ov] fifty-five ?\s& *ildr5 h be5        
sav$--by *ang$ environm5t4  ,f an       
article by ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,su!rs 9 !      
,cl>ion ( ,augu/1 #aijd1 ,i quote !     
foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,george ,junior       

,republic1 an ,am]ican in/itution1 f\nd$
 by ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,george1 9 #ahif4 
,! ,junior ,republic is a collection (  
#ajj hooligans1 juv5ile crim9als1 &     
un=tunate boys & girls :o live "u a     
con/itution bas$ on t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
 ,! gov]nm5t is gov]nm5t ( ! citiz5s1 = 
! citiz5s1 & by ! citiz5s4 ,*ildr5 ( all
 ages are admitt$1 b ! rights (         
citiz5%ip are n grant$ to ^? "u #ab1 &  
at #ba ! juniors are draft$ into ! great
 republic outside4 ,s*ool+ is compulsory
 up to ! age ( #af1 aft] :i* ! citiz5   
has ! *oice ( _m trades1 9 ! ,junior    
,republic1 includ+ f>m+1 c>p5t]+1 pr9t+1
 dairy+1 or he may be a cook1 wait]1    
/ore keep]1 or (fice boy4 ,! girls may g
 9 = dressmak+1 cook+1 & laundry "w4    
,^! boys & girls1 recruit$ f ! slums & !
 crim9al =c+ b$s ( ! great cities1 gov]n
 !mselves4 ,!y make _! own laws1 appo9t 
_! own (ficials1 run _! own gaol1 & are 
practically z free z ! citiz5s ( ! big  
republic ( :i* !y become full-fl$g$     
memb]s :5 gr[n up4  ,mr4 ,george ass]ts 

t he has nev] kn[n !m :5 adm9i/]+ ! law1
 to give an unju/ or fooli% decision4   
,rememb] !y 7 hooligans1 crim9als1 &    
wa/rels4  ,x ought n to be necess>y to  
argue t *ildr5 well br\ght up w turn out
 bett] ?an *ildr5 ill br\ght up4 ,we all
 "k t su* mu/ be ! case3 we all see e   
day ( our lives t1 su* is ! case3 we all
 "k ! p[] ( environm5t = good z well z =
 evil4 ,b facts are /ubborn ?+s1 & !    
above are /ubborn facts4  ,i h hi!rto   
dealt almo/ :olly ) ! environm5t ( !    
poor1 b x is ne$ful also to say some?+ z
 to ! environm5t ( ! ri*1 z ,mr4        
,*e/]ton's mi/akes h %[n4  ,! *ief evils
 ( ! environm5t ( ! ri* are weal?1      
luxury1 idl5ess1 & false ideals4  ,x is 
n heal?y = "y p to be br\ght up to d    
no?+ b sp5d money & hunt = excitem5t4 ,x
 is n good = "y or old to h unlimit$    
weal? & leisure4 ,x is n good = m51 nor 
wom51 nor *ildr51 to be flatt]$ & fawn$ 
^u4 ,flunkeyism & slav]y degrade &      
debase ! ma/] z well z ! s]vant3 ! snob 
"l1 z well z ! snob lackey4  ,we h      

hundr$s ( religions 9 ! _w2 b h[ _m     
tea*]s ( true morality8 ,true morality  
condemns all =ms ( selfi%ness1 all acts 
t are hurtful to our neighb\rs1 to !    
commonweal?1 to ! race4 ,9 ! light (    
true morality1 a ri* l&[n]1 or a        
millionaire money-l5d]1 is a great]     
crim9al ?an a burgl> or a foot-pad2 & a 
politician or a j\rnali/ :o utt]s base  
words is worse ?an a co9] :o utt]s base 
co94  ,?is be+ s1 all ! ri* are br$ &   
re>$ 9 an immoral atmosph]e4  ,b !      
atmosph]e is pollut$ 9 o!r ways4 ,!     
*ildr5 ( ! ri* are p]v]t$ ) false       
ideals4 ,!y are taught to reg>d !mselves
 z sup]ior to ! work]s1 :o keep !m4 ,!y 
are taught t x is sport to murd]        
helpless & h>mless birds & bea/s &      
fi%es4 ,!y are taught to toady to ^?    
above1 & to expect toadyism f ^? bel[   
!m4 ,!y are giv5 tacitly to und]/& t x  
is _! lordly "r to comm&1 & t x is !    
duty ( ! masses to obey4 ,!y are all[$  
to believe t to be born spaci\s 9 !     
possession ( dirt1 or free to wall[ 9   

une>n$ money1 is hon\rable1 & t to be   
poor & l&less is a pro( ( inf]iority4   
,!y are puff$ up ) false ideas ( value1 
& suppose t to possess an opul5ce (     
pride & a begg>ly smatt]+ ( useless &   
(t5 hurtful k1 is m cr$itable ?an to be 
capable ( mak+ hone/ pots & pans1 &     
boots & tr\s]s2 ( lay+ level pavem5ts1 &
 cutt+ invaluable dra9s4 ,!y h _!       
unfurni%$ m9ds lumb]$ ) immoral ideas ( 
empire1 ( conque/1 ( titles1 ( />s &    
g>t]s4 ,!y are ! spoilt *ildr5 ( ,vanity
 ,fair1 & v _m ( !m are ! lam5table     
failures :i* _! environm5t w\ld lead u  
to expect4  ,no man is educat$ :o has   
nev] le>nt to d any k9d ( useful "w2 no 
man lives 9 a good environm5t :o has n  
be5 taught to ?9k ( ! welf>e ( 8 fell[  
creatures be=e 8 own1 no life is s\nd1  
nor sweet1 nor moral1 :i* is n bas$ on  
useful s]vice4 ,!re=e ! environm5t ( !  
ri* is g5]ally evil & n good4  ,^! are n
 ! reckless utt]ances ( any angry       
demagogue4 ,e ^w ,i h writt5 ab\t !     
evils ( idl5ess1 ( luxury1 ( arrogance1 

( va9-glory & self-love1 is endors$ by !
 tea*+s ( ! wise/ & ! be/ m5 ( all ages2
 e ^w is support$ by ! records ( hi/ory1
 by ! kn[n facts ( contempor>y life2 e  
^w is 9 accord ) ! new & ! old morality4
  ,x is a matt] ( common k t !          
environm5t ( ! ri* puts =? s9s l sc>let 
fl[]s 9 summ]4     ,,*apt] ,,n9e--,,!   
,,orig9 ,,( ,,consci5ce  ,,! religi\s   
m9d loves my/]ies4 ,consci5ce has always
 be5 set d[n z a my/]y by religi\s p4 ,x
 has be5 call$ ! /ill small voice1 & we 
h be5 taught t x is a sup]natural k9d ( 
s5se by :i* man is guid$ 9 8 k ( good & 
evil4  ,n[1 ,i claim t consci5ce is no m
 sup]natural ?an is ! s5se ( smell1 & no
 m my/]i\s ?an ! /oma*4  ,if consci5ce 7
 :at religi\s p ?9k x is--a k9d (       
heav5ly voice :isp]+ to u :at ?+s are "r
 & wrong--we %\ld expect to f9d its     
tea*+s con/ant4 ,x w\ld n *ide "o man1 &
 approve ano!r1 = ! same act4 ,x w\ld n 
w>n m5 t an act 0 wrong 9 "o age1 &     
assure !m 9 ano!r age t ! same act 0 "r4
 ,x w\ld n h "o rule ( morality = !     

guidance ( an ,engli%man1 & ano!r rule (
 morality = ! guidance ( a ,turk4 ,x    
w\ld n *ange its moral code z ! man x is
 suppos$ to guide *anges 8 beliefs ?r\gh
 education & exp]i5ce4 ,x w\ld n give   
su* widely diff]5t m5 ( ! same age &    
nation4  ,if consci5ce 7 really a       
sup]natural guide to "r conduct x w\ld  
always & ev]y:]e tell man :at is        
et]nally "r or et]nally wrong4  ,b      
consci5ce is *angeable & unc]ta94 ,x is 
a magnetic ne$le t po9ts ,nor? at "o "t 
& ,s\? at ano!r "t2 t po9ts ,ea/ on "o  
%ip & ,we/ on ano!r %ip2 t po9ts all    
r\nd ! compass = all k9ds ( travell]s on
 life's ocean2 t has no relation to !   
ev]la/+ tru?s at all4  ,sceptics h po9t$
 out t consci5ce is geographical2 t x   
gives diff]5t v]dicts 9 diff]5t         
c\ntries1 on ! same evid5ce4  ,b ,i %all
 %[ t consci5ce is3  #a4 ,geographical3 
t x is n ! same 9 "o c\ntry z 9 ano!r4  
#b4 ,hi/orical3 t x is n ! same 9 "o age
 z 9 ano!r4  #c4 ,p]sonal3 t x is n !   
same 9 "o p]son z 9 ano!r4  #d4         

,*angeable3 x alt]s ) its own]'s m9d4   
,& t1 !re=e1 consci5ce is n a true &    
c]ta9 guide to "r1 & _c be ! voice (    
,god4  ,fir/1 z to geographical1 or     
local1 consci5ce4 ,! ,engli% consci5ce  
looks ) horror or disgu/ ^u polygamy1   
*ild murd]1 cannibalism1 & ! blood feud4
  ,! ,turki% consci5ce all[s _m wives2 !
 ,r$sk9 consci5ce all[s ! scalp+ (      
enemies2 ! ,afghan consci5ce applauds ! 
dutiful son :o murd]s ! nephew ( 8      
fa!r's enemy2 ! cannibal consci5ce is   
sil5t at a fea/ ( cold mission>y2 !     
,*9ese consci5ce goes bl&ly to ! kill+ (
 girl babies2 ! ,r& consci5ce sees no   
evil 9 ! flogg+ ( ,kaffirs & ,*9ese2 !  
ari/ocratic consci5ce is n a%am$ ( tak+ 
! bread f />v+ peasants & _! *ildr52 !  
capitali/ consci5ce p]mits ! mak+ (     
=tunes out ( sweat$ lab\r4  ,n[1        
cannibalism1 murd]1 *eat+1 tyranny1 !   
flogg+ ( slaves1 & ! torture ( enemies  
are all immoral & evil ?+s4 ,!y _c be   
good ?+s 9 ! ,ea/ & bad ?+s 9 ! ,we/4 ,b
 consci5ce--! my/]i\s & wond]ful /ill   

small voice--blames man 9 "o "p ( ! _w &
 praises him 9 ano!r = committ+ ^? acts4
  ,consci5ce is local3 x tells "o tale 9
 ,johannesburg or ,pek91 & q a diff]5t  
tale 9 ,am/]dam or ,p>is4  ,& to f9d out
 :i* tale is ! true "o we h to use our  
reason4  ,z to hi/orical consci5ce4 ,:at
 m5 ?\ght good a few c5turies ago !y n[ 
?9k bad4  ,take only a few examples4 ,m5
 once saw no wrong 9 slav]y1 9 trial by 
wag] ( battle1 9 wit*-burn+1 9 ! torture
 ( prison]s to extract evid5ce1 9 !     
:ipp+ ( lunatics1 9 ! use ( *ild-lab\r 9
 m9es & factories1 9 duell+1 be>-bait+1 
prize-fight+1 & heavy dr9k+4  ,n v long 
ago m5 w\ld te> out a man's tongue =    
blasphemy1 w\ld hang a woman = /eal+ a  
turnip1 w\ld burn a bi%op alive = h]esy1
 w\ld nail an au?or to ! pillory by 8 e>
 = criticis+ a duke1 w\ld sell wom5 &   
*ildr5 felons into slav]y2 & consci5ce  
w\ld nev] :isp] a prote/4   ,,! ,,orig9 
,,( ,,consci5ce  ,n[1 x 0 wrong to burn 
h]etics1 & pillory re=m]s1 & "w babies  
to dea? 9 ! mill & ! m9e 9 ^? days1 or x

 is "r to d ! same ?+s n[4  ,b consci5ce
 n[ condemns z wrong ! same acts :i* x  
once approv$ z "r2 x n[ approves z "r   
:at x once condemn$ z wrong4            
,consci5ce1 !n1 diff]s 9 diff]5t ages4  
,consci5ce tells two q diff]5t tales at 
two diff]5t times4  ,& if we want to f9d
 out :i* tale is ! true "o we h to use  
our reason4  ,z to p]sonal consci5ce4   
,we all "k t "o man's consci5ce diff]s f
 ano!r4 ,we all "k t 9 any ,engli% t[n  
on any day !re are z _m v>ieties (      
consci5ce z !re are v>ieties ( h&s1 &   
eyes1 & feet1 & noses4  ,!re are !      
,noncon=mi/ consci5ce1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic
 consci5ce1 ! ,rationali/ consci5ce1 !  
,ari/ocratic consci5ce1 ! ,plebeian     
consci5ce1 ! ,milit>y consci5ce1 !      
,comm]cial consci5ce1 ! ,tory consci5ce1
 & ! ,sociali/ consci5ce4  ,"o man's    
consci5ce =bids him to swe>1 to eat     
meat1 to dr9k w9e1 to read a newspap] on
 ,sunday1 to g to a ball or a !atre1 to 
make a bet1 to play at c>ds or football1
 to /ay away f *ur*4  ,ano!r man's      

consci5ce p]mits him all ^? indulg5ces1 
b compels him to pay trade union wages1 
to speak c\rte\sly to s]vants & poor    
p]sons1 to be g5]\s to begg>s1 & k9d to 
dumb animals4  ,a v /rik+ example ( ?is 
p]sonal diff]5ce 9 ! rul+ ( consci5ce is
 af=d$ by ! q rec5t contra/ betwe5 !    
s5tim5ts ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,am]icans on
 ! "q ( negro slav]y4  ,ano!r equally   
/rik+ example is ! diff]5ce to-day      
betwe5 ! rul+s ( ! consci5ces (         
,sociali/s & sweat]s4  ,my own          
consci5ce1 = in/ance1 nev] *ides me =   
,sabba? break+ nor = neglect ( ,god2 b x
 w\ld n all[ me to gr[ ri* on ! r5t (   
slum h\ses1 nor on ! e>n+s ( half-/>v$  
*ildr51 nor on ! sale ( pruri5t novels1 
or adult]at$ be]1 or siz$ calico4  ,n[1 
x is ei!r "r or wrong to d all ^! ?+s4  
,x _c be "r = "o man to dance & wrong = 
ano!r to dance2 x _c be "r = "o man to  
bet1 & wrong = ano!r man to bet2 x _c be
 "r = "o man to draw r5ts = slum h\ses1 
& wrong = ano!r man to draw r5ts = slum 
h\ses4  ,b consci5ce tells "s m5 t x is 

"r to d ^! ?+s1 & tells o!r m5 x is     
wrong to d ! same ?+s4  ,consci5ce is n 
! same ?+ to "o man t x is to ano!r man4
 ,x praises ,br[n & blames ,jones = do+ 
! same ?+4 ,x tells diff]5t tales to    
diff]5t m54  ,an :5 we want to "k :i* is
 ! true tale we h to use our reason4  ,z
 to *angeable consci5ce4 ,we all "k v   
well t consci5ce does n keep to "o rule 
( "r & wrong ev5 ) "o man2 b t x *anges 
its rule :5ev] ! man *anges 8 belief    
?r\gh tea*+ or exp]i5ce4  ,i ne$ n give 
_m examples ( ^! *anges4 ,e read] c     
supply !m = himself4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy my  
consci5ce pa9$ me sev]ely if ,i /ay$    
away f ,sunday s*ool or neglect$ to say 
my pray]s4 ,b x does n *ide me n[ = n   
go+ to *ur*1 nor = n read+ ! ,bible1 nor
 = n pray+4 ,:y has consci5ce ?us *ang$ 
its tone ) me8 ,simply because ,i h     
*ang$ my op9ions4  ,b ^? ?+s c\ld n h   
be5 wrong !n if !y are "r n[4 ,consci5ce
 has *ang$4 ,consci5ce *anges z ! m9d   
*anges4 ,x tells "o tale 9 our y\?1 &   
ano!r 9 our prime1 & p]haps yet ano!r 9 

our decay4  ,& if we want to "k :i* tale
 is ! true tale we mu/ use our reason4  
,& n[ we f9d t consci5ce is diff]5t 9   
diff]5t nations1 9 diff]5t cities1 9    
diff]5t classes1 9 diff]5t p]sons1 9    
diff]5t ages1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 9 
diff]5t moods4  ,&1 :5 we come to ?9k   
ab\t x1 we f9d t consci5ce nev] tells u 
any?+ we d n "k4 ,x is a voice :i*      
always tells u :at we d "k3 :at we      
believe4 ,x does n tea* u :at acts are  
"r & :at acts are wrong4 ,x rem9ds ( :at
 we h be5 taught ab\t "r or wrong4  ,x  
is n a div9e voice1 = x (t5 leads u     
wrong4 ,x is n a div9e voice1 = x is no 
wis] & no bett] ?an ourselves4  ,:at is 
x8 ,:at is consci5ce8 ,consci5ce is     
*iefly habit3 x is *iefly memory3 b x is
 p>tly1 p]haps1 inh]it$ in/9ct4         
,consci5ce is habit4 ,we all "k t x is  
easi] to d a ?+ :i* we h (t5 done be=e  
?an to d a ?+ we h nev] done be=e4  ,we 
all "k t :at we call practice improves  
an organ or p[] ( our body or our m9d4  
,z ! prov]bs put x3 ,use is second      

nature4 ,practice makes p]fect4  ,mo/ ( 
u "k t an organ develops ) use & decays 
) disuse4  ,if y wi% to develop y\r     
muscles y mu/ use !m4 ,if y wi% to      
improve y\r memory or to %>p5 y\r wits y
 mu/ use !m4  ,:5 a man is fir/ taught  
to use a rifle he f9ds to 8 surprise t  
he _c pull ! trigg] j exactly :5 he     
wants x4 ,b 9 "t he does t q )\t ?\ght  
or ef=t4 ,! muscles ( 8 f+] h be5       
educat$ to act ) 8 eye4  ,"s m51 :5 !y  
fir/ beg9 to %oot1 %r9k f ! rifle4 ,!y  
fe> ! recoil or ! sudd5 explosion1 & !  
muscles ( _! %\ld] fl9*4 ,if a man gives
 way to t habit x gr[s ^u him1 & he c   
nev] %oot /raight4 ,! muscles h le>nt to
 fl9*2 & !y fl9*4  ,"o man falls into ! 
habit ( swe>+4 ,! habit gr[s ^u him4 ,! 
words come ev] m readily to 8 tongue1 & 
he swe>s m & m4  ,n[1 let u suppose a   
boy has be5 taught t x is wrong to swe>4
 ,9 8 memory lies ! lesson4 ,x has be5  
repeat$ until x has gr[n /rong4 ,:5 he  
he>s swe>+ x %ocks him4 ,b ! m he he>s x
 ! less x %ocks him4 ,! words gr[ m     

famili> to 8 e>1 j z ! s\nd ( a wat]fall
 or ( ma*9]y gr[s famili> to ! e>4  ,!n 
suppose he swe>s4 ,t is a v unusual act 
= him4 ,& 8 old lesson t to swe> is     
wrong is /ill firm & ready4 ,x is n 8   
habit to swe>3 x is 8 habit to %r9k f   
swe>+4  ,s if he swe>s1 8 memory1 :i*   
has be5 educat$ to res5t all swe>+1 br+s
 up at once to 8 notice ! lessons (     
ye>s4  ,! same k9d ( ?+ is se5 on !     
cricket field4 ,a batsman is play+      
/eadily4 ,he has be5 tra9$ to play      
cauti\sly aga9/ good b[l+4 ,b he has a  
fav\rite /roke4 ,! b[l] kn[s x ,he s5ds 
a ball v aptly call$ a tic] to entice ! 
batsman to hit1 9 ! hopes ( a cat*4 ,!  
desire to make t pet cut or (f-drive is 
/rong2 b ! habit ( caution is /rong]2 he
 lets ! ball g by4 ,or ! habit is n z   
/rong z ! desire1 & he cuts ! ball2 &1  
ev5 z he wat*es x fla% safely ?r\gh !   
field = ! b\nd>y1 he feels t he ran a   
fooli% risk1 & mu/ n repeat x4  ,:at is 
x tells him he did wrong8 ,x is 8       
memory3 8 memory1 :i* has be5 educat$ to

 *eck 8 ra%ness4 ,9 fact1 x is 8        
cricket]'s consci5ce t w>ns him4  ,s ) !
 y\? :o swe>s4 ,no soon] has ! ^w pass$ 
8 lips ?an 8 educat$ memory1 :i* has be5
 tra9$ to *eck swe>+1 br+s up ! lesson1 
& confronts him ) x4  ,b let him swe>   
aga9 & aga91 & 9 "t ! moral lessons 9 8 
memory w be ov]laid by ! famili> s\nd ( 
curses2 ! habit ( fl9*+ f an oa? w gr[  
weak1 & ! habit ( us+ oa?s w gr[ /rong4 
,x is really :at happ5s ) ! rifleman :o 
gives way to ! recoil & =ms a habit (   
fl9*+1 or ) ! cricket] :o all[s 8 desire
 to score to ov]come 8 habit ( caution4 
,! old habit fades f disuse2 ! new habit
 gr[s /rong f use4 ,! rifleman becomes a
 hopelessly bad %ot2 ! batsman deg5]ates
 into a slogg]3 ! "y man swe>s e "t he  
speaks1 & 8 consci5ce loses all p[] to  
*eck him4  ,take ! case ( ! lett] h4 ,! 
"y ,lo*9v> :o comes out ( ! ,we/ s\nds 8
 ait*es prop]ly & easily--j z prop]ly & 
z easily z a f5c] makes 8 p>ries1 z a   
piani/ /rikes ! "r notes1 z ,c4 ,b4 ,fry
 plays a /raight bat4 ,x is a matt] (   

tea*+ & ( use1 & has become a habit4 ,f 
8 e>lie/ ef=ts at spee* he has he>d ! h 
s\nd$1 has be5 *eck$ if he fail$ to s\nd
 x1 has correct$ himself if he made a   
slip4  ,b ! "y ,lo*9v> :o comes out ( ! 
,ea/ drops 8 aspirates all ov] ! place  
)\t a blu% or a pang4 ,he has nev] be5  
taught to s\nd ! h4 ,he has n practis$  
x4 ,he has =m$ ! habit ( n s\nd+ x1 & x 
w\ld take him ye>s ( pa9ful ef=t to     
*ange ! habit4  ,n[ :at happ5s 9 ! case 
( a lett] h is :at happ5s 9 ! case ( !  
rifle1 ( ! tic+ ball1 ( ! swe>+4 ,"o    
man's memory is educat$ to rem9d him n  
to swe>1 n to slog1 n to fl9*1 n to drop
 ! h4 ,! o!r man's memory is n s tra9$4 
,& ?is tra9$ memory we call consci5ce4  
,x is purely habit3 & x is :olly        
me*anical4  ,!re is a good /ory ( a gang
 ( moonlight]s :o _h %ot a l&lord1 & 7  
aft]w>ds sitt+ d[n to supp]4 ,"o man 0 j
 rais+ a piece ( meat to 8 lips :5 !    
clock /ruck twelve4 ,in/antly he dropp$ 
! meat4 ,be jab]s6 he said1 'tis        
,friday6  ,t 0 ! habit ( ab/a9+ f meat  

on a ,friday4 ,x _h be5 drill$ into 8   
memory1 & x act$ me*anically4           
,consci5ce1 !n1 is l>gely a matt] (     
habit3 x dep5ds a great deal on :at we  
are taught4 ,b x is n :olly a matt] (   
habit1 nor does x dep5d :olly on our    
tea*+4  ,we all "k t two bro!rs1 born ( 
! same p>5ts1 br\ght up 9 ! same home1  
educat$ at ! same s*ool1 taught ! same  
moral lessons1 may be q diff]5t 9 !     
matt] ( consci5ce4 ,"o w %r9k f giv+    
pa91 ! o!r w be cruel2 "o w be q        
tru?ful1 ! o!r w tell lies4  ,& s to g  
back to our rifleman & our cricket]4 ,e 
novice does n fl9* f ! recoil1 e batsman
 is n prud5t4 ,no4 ,because m5 are      
diff]5t by nature4  ,"s boys are easy to
 tra92 "s are n4 ,"s are naturally      
ob$i5t2 "s are n4 ,"s are naturally     
cruel2 "s are naturally m]ciful4  ,!    
consci5ce ( a boy dep5ds ^u :at he is by
 nature & :at he is taught4  ,if !      
emotion ( ang] is naturally /rong 9 a   
boy x w ne$ a bett]-drill$ memory to    
*eck 8 ang] ?an if ! emotion ( ang] 7   

weak4  ,i d n mean x w ne$ m tea*+ to   
curb 8 w1 b x w ne$ m tea*+ to build up 
8 conviction t ang] is wrong1 because ! 
motion resi/s ! tea*+4  ,b 9 ! case ( a 
boy g5tle & m]ciful by nature x ne$s no 
tea*+ to prev5t him f tortur+ frogs1 & v
 little to make him "k t to torture     
frogs is wrong4  ,x is a common mi/ake 9
 morals to say t a man is to blame = an 
act because he knew x 0 wrong4 ,he may h
 be5 told t x 0 wrong4 ,b until he feels
 t x is wrong1 & believes t x is wrong1 
x is n true to say t he kn[s x is wrong2
 = he may only "k t "s o!r p]son says x 
is wrong1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4  ,=    
in/ance1 x might be said 9 ?is way t ,i 
am wick$ = li/5+ to ,bee?ov5 on !       
,sabba?1 because ,i "k t x is wrong4 ,b 
,i d n "k t is wrong4 ,i d n believe t x
 is wrong4 ,i only "k t "s p say x is   
wrong4  ,s ,i claim t consci5ce is :at a
 man's nature & tea*+ make x3 t x is a  
habit ( memory1 & no m my/]i\s ?an !    
habit ( smok+1 or dropp+ ! aspirate1 or 
eat+ peas ) a knife4  ,let u n[ look at 

"s ( ! sci5tific evid5ce4   ,,sci5ce ,,&
 ,,consci5ce  ,i w quote fir/ f ,d>w91  
,desc5t ( ,man1 ,*apt] #d3  ,! foll[+   
proposition seems to me 9 a high degree 
probable1 namely1 t any animal :atev]1  
end[$ ) well-m>k$ social in/9cts1 !     
p>5tal & filial affections be+ "h       
includ$1 w\ld inevitably acquire a moral
 s5se or consci5ce z soon z its         
intellectual p[]s _h become z well1 or  
ne>ly z well1 develop$ z 9 man4444      
,secondly1 z soon z ! m5tal faculties _h
 become highly develop$1 images ( all   
pa/ actions & motives w\ld be           
incessantly pass+ ?r\gh ! bra9 ( ea*    
individual2 & t feel+ ( dissatisfaction1
 or ev5 mis]y1 :i* inv>iably results1 z 
we %all h]eaft] see1 f any unsatisfi$   
in/9ct w\ld arise z (t5 z x 0 p]ceiv$ t 
! endur+ & always pres5t social in/9ct1 
_h yield$ to "s o!r in/9ct1 at ! "t     
/rong]1 b nei!r endur+ 9 its nature nor 
leav+ beh9d x a v vivid impression4  ,n[
 let u see :at ,d>w9 means4 ,! social   
in/9cts include human sympa?y & ! desire

 = ! company ( our fell[s2 love (       
approbation1 :i* is ! desire to be lov$1
 or to be ?\ght well (1 by our fell[s2 &
 gratitude1 :i* is ! love we pay back = 
! love :i* is giv5 u3  ,^! social       
in/9cts are sometimes s /rong1 ev5 9    
animals1 z to ov]come ! p[]ful mat]nal  
in/9ct2 s t migratory birds1 z ,d>w9    
%[s1 & z we all "k :o h read our ,gilb]t
 ,:ite1 w g ) ! flock & leave _! new    
broods def5celess & unprovid$ =4  ,!    
social in/9cts1 !n1 are v /rong1 & !y   
lead u to con=m to social rule or       
s5tim5t4  ,b n[ ,d>w9 tells u t 9 ! case
 ( man images ( all pa/ actions &       
motives w\ld be incessantly pass+ ?r\gh 
! bra94 ,^! images are m5tal pictures1 &
 !y are pr9t$ on ^? bra9 cells :i* make 
:at we call memory4 ,n[1 ,d>w9 tells u t
 ^! memory pictures w\ld cause u pa9 z  
(t5 z !y rem9d$ u t we _h brok5 ! social
 rule or outrag$ ! social s5tim5t 9 ord]
 to indulge "s in/9ct ( a selfi% k9d4   
,& ,d>w9 makes x cle> to u t su* a      
selfi% desire may be /rong be=e x is    

gratifi$1 & may yet leave an impression 
( pleasure aft] x is gratifi$ :i* is    
weak inde$ 9 pres5ce ( ! deep-root$     
social memories4  ,let u take a few     
examples4 ,! desire = a pleasure may be 
/rong en\gh to drive u to enjoy x1 & yet
 ! pleasure may seem to u n wor? ! co/  
or tr\ble aft] ! desire has be5 sat$4   
,:5 we are hungry ! desire = food is    
int5se4  ,aft] we h eat5 we are no long]
 hungry4 ,b we gr[ hungry aga91 & !n !  
desire = food is z int5se z ev]4  ,dick 
,swivell] goes to a ba*elor p>ty1 & !   
desire = ! convivial glass is /rong )9  
him4 ,he dr9ks too mu*1 & ! next morn+  
calls himself a fool = dr9k+4 ,he is    
a%am$ ( 8 excess1 & he has ! heada*e1 & 
! temptation is n[ abs5t4 ,b :5 he is   
well aga91 & at ano!r p>ty1 ! old desire
 comes back ) ! old p[]4 ,s ,dick once m
 indulges too freely 9 ! rosy1 & has    
ano!r sick head 9 consequ5ce4 ,& !n !   
social in/9cts rise up & reproa* him1 & 
! sat$ appetite1 be+ weak1 appe>s to him
 contemptible4  ,! social in/9ct is     

con/ant3 ! selfi% desire is int]mitt5t4 
,! passion is l a tide :i* leaps ! moral
 wall & !n falls back to l[ wat]4 ,!    
wall rema9s3 x may be sulli$ or %ak51 b 
x is /ill a moral wall1 & only a long   
succession ( su* tides c break x d[n4   
,:5 passion has brok5 d[n ! moral wall !
 man is at ! m]cy ( 8 passions4 ,!y     
flood ! dwell+ ( 8 s\l aga9 & aga9 until
 he is a ru94  ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 expla9s    
,d>w9's idea ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! social
 & selfi% in/9cts4  ,9 ,adam ,b$e       
,george ,eliot blames ! s$uc] ( ,hettie 
,sorrel = do+ a t]rible wrong = ! sake (
 a brief selfi% indulg5ce4 ,b t *>ge is 
unfair4 ,x implies t ! de$ 0 plann$ &   
done 9 cold blood4 ,b ! fact 0 t bo?    
,hettie & ,ar?ur 7 c>ri$ away by a ru% (
 passion4 ,! great tide ( desire1 a     
desire made t]ribly /rong by ,nature1 _h
 ov]leapt ! walls ( morality & prud5ce4 
,ang] has be5 call$ a brief madness4 ,! 
same k9d ( ?+ might be said ( all !     
passions4 ,x is z easy to be virtu\s    
aft] ! temptation z to be wise aft] !   

ev5t ,we c all be brave 9 ! abs5ce ( !  
enemy4 ,! result ( a /ruggle betwe5 !   
sea & a wall dep5ds ^u ! =ce ( ! tide & 
! /r5g? ( ! wall4 ,x behoves u all to   
see t moral walls are build$ /rong &    
kept 9 good repair4  ,let u g back to ! 
action ( ! memory 9 ! mak+ ( morals4    
,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,saleeby1 :o is do+ good "w
 9 ?is field1 gives u cle> light 9 8    
book1 ,! ,cycle ( ,life4 ,he says3      
,memory means a *ange impress$ m or less
 deeply on ! grey surface ( ! bra94  ,a 
*ange4 ,^? images :i* ,d>w9 tells u are 
cont9ually pass+ ?r\gh ! m9d h actually 
made a *ange 9 ! bra94 ,t is to say1 !y 
h made a *ange 9 ! m9d3 !y h made a     
*ange 9 ! p]sonality4  ,aft] %[+ h[ a   
s+] le>ns to produce a note prop]ly by  
practice until he is almo/ incapable (  
produc+ x improp]ly1 & until its prop]  
production has become me*anical1 ,dr4   
,saleeby says3  ,! effect ( practice1 z 
9 any o!r art1 me*anical1 m5tal1 or bo?1
 has be5 s to alt] ! con/itution ( !    
n]ve cells z to produce a new mode (    

action4  ,! n]ve cells h be5 re-arrang$1
 & ! habit ( ! p]son has be5 alt]$4 ,he 
is no long] q ! same p]son4 ,he n[ acts 
& ?9ks diff]5tly4  ,n[1 ^! *anges 9 !   
arrangem5t ( ! bra9 cells & fibres may  
be look$ ^u z ! build+ up ( ! moral     
wall4 ,& ! desires & av]sions are l !   
ris+ & fall+ tide4  ,& ! tide ( our     
desires is a tide ( nature4 ,because our
 desires & av]sions seem to "w by reflex
 action4 ,:at is reflex action8  ,reflex
 action1 z ,i use ! t]m "h1 is !        
me*anical action ( ! n]ves4 ,we d n gr[ 
hungry1 or ?ir/y1 or angry1 or          
compassionate on purpose3 we d n fall 9 
love on purpose4 ,! /oma*1 work+1 l !   
he>t & lungs1 by reflex action1 )\t our 
k or direction1 uses up ! food1 & our   
n]ves dem& m4 ,! desire = food1 = love1 
= rev5ge1 is due to reflex action4 ,!   
desire makes itself felt fir/ )\t our   
ask+1 & we h to refuse or to grant its  
reque/ aft] x is made4  ,we d n say3    
,behold1 !re is a pretty face3 ,i w be  
attract$ by x4 ,we _c help be+ attract$ 

by ! face t attracts u1 any m ?an we c  
help be+ hungry4 ,! face attracts u1 m  
or less1 & we decide to seek out its    
own]1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! attraction 
& ( ! reason = resi/+ ! attraction4 ,we 
see a diamond4 ,we d n say3 ,!re is a   
diamond4 ,i w n ?9k x beautiful4 ,we _c 
?9k x any?+ b beautiful2 b :e!r or n we 
%all buy x or /eal x dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? (
 our desire & ! /r5g? ( ! reasons aga9/ 
gratify+ t desire4  ,n[1 let u see h[ ^!
 conflict+ ideas act4 ,a man sees a     
beautiful woman1 & desires to see m (   
h]4 ,b he fe>s if he sees mu* ( h] he w 
fall 9 love ) h]4 ,& he is engag$ to    
m>ry ano!r woman4 ,:at goes on 9 8 m9d8 
,memory rem9ds him t he is engag$1 & t x
 w\ld be wrong to foll[ 8 desire4 ,& e  
"t ! temptation draws him to foll[ 8    
desire he calls up ! image ( ! o!r      
woman1 & he calls up ! images ( old     
lessons1 ( old ?\ghts1 ( old op9ions    
read & he>d by him4 ,& ! /rong] !       
temptation gr[s ! m e>ne/ly does he     
invoke ^! images4 ,n[1 :at does all ?is 

%[8 ,x %[s ! conte/ betwe5 ! reflex     
action ( desire1 back$ by ! memories (  
love's pleasures1 on ! "o "p2 &1 on !   
o!r "p1 ( ! moral feel+s ( memories (   
:at he has le>nt or ?\ght to be "r &    
wrong4 ,x is !n a battle betwe5 memory &
 desire4  ,a man is nev] tempt$ by a    
woman :o does n attract him4  ,he nev]  
/eals a ?+ he does n want4 ,he does n   
dr9k a liquor he does n l4 ,! desire mu/
 be !re be=e 8 w is put to ! te/4 ,& !  
desire is indep5d5t ( 8 w4  ,a *ild has 
no morals4 ,x has only desires4 ,if x   
likes sug> x w take sug>4 ,if x is angry
 x w /rike4 ,x is only :5 x is told t to
 /eal sug> or /rike its nurse is naughty
 t x beg9s to h a moral s5se4 ,& its    
moral s5se consi/s entirely ( :at x     
le>ns--t is to say1 its moral s5se is   
memory4 ,& its memory is a *ange 9 !    
arrangem5t ( ! cells ( ! grey matt] ( ! 
bra94 ,& ^! *anges make ! bra9 into a   
diff]5t k9d ( bra93 make ! *ild into a  
diff]5t k9d ( *ild4  ,n[1 ! *ild does n 
tea* itself ^! moral lessons4 ,x does n 

"k !m4 ,x has to be taught by ^? :o d   
"k4 ,& its moral s5se dep5ds ^u :at x is
 taught4 ,& its consci5ce dep5ds ^u :at 
x is taught4  ,&1 t be+ s1 is x n q     
evid5t t ! consci5ce is n ! voice (     
,god2 t ! consci5ce is n an innate k (  
"r & wrong born ) ! *ild2 b x is no?+ m 
nor less ?an ! action ( ! memory8  ,!   
:ole ( ?is subject is ably & exhau/ively
 treat$ by ,luys 9 ,! ,bra9 & ,its      
,functions1 b ,i h n room "h to g into x
 fully4 ,briefly put1 ! sci5tific       
explanation may be express$ ?us3 ,! bra9
 cells h p[] to receive & to repeat     
impressions4 ,:5 a new s5sory impulse   
arises x awak5s ^! impressions by means 
( ! fibres ( association4 ,x is z ?\gh !
 bra9 7 a phonographic record4 ,^u ?is  
record !re is pr9t$1 let u say1 "s moral
 lesson1 z ,look n ^u ! w9e :5 x is r$ 9
 ! cup4 ,on ! ^w w9e be+ he>d !         
association fibre :i* l9ks ! idea ( w9e 
to ! moral idea ( temp]ance sets !      
record 9 motion1 & memory recalls !     
caution1 ,look n ^u ! w9e 9 ! cup4 ,x is

 z if a record on :i* is pr9t$ a song by
 ,dan ,l5o 7 jo9$ up ) a batt]y :i*1 ^u 
he>+ ! ^w ,l5o1 w\ld />t ! record to    
repeat ! song4  ,i hope ,i h made t     
cle>4 ,i w n[ conclude by quot+ f ,dr4  
,saleeby a passage deal+ ) ! important  
subject ( association4 ,i take x f ,!   
,cycle ( ,life3  ,n]ve cells are        
significantly incapable ( division &    
reproduction4444 ,all ! exp]i5ce ( liv+ 
m]ely modifies1 ! /ate ( ! cells already
 pres5t4 ,! modification is memory4  ,b 
?\gh a n]ve-cell _c divide1 x c s5d =?  
new processes1 or n]ve-fibres f         
itself--:at we call a n]ve be+ simply a 
collection ( processes f a n]ve-cell4   
,?r\gh\t ! bra9 & sp9al cord we f9d     
great numb]s ( n]ve processes :i* simply
 run f "o set ( n]ve-cells to ano!r1    
in/ead ( runn+ to a s5se-organ1 or a    
muscle1 or a gl&4 ,su* fibres are call$ 
association fibres1 _! bus9ess be+ to   
associate diff]5t sets ( n]ve-cells4  ,x
 is conceivable t an exceptional        
developm5t ( su* fibres may acc\nt = !  

possession ( a good memory1 or1 at any  
rate1 = ! p[] easily to le>n su*        
co-ord9ations z are impli$ 9            
viol9-play+1 billi>ds1 cricket1 or      
baseball4 ,grant+ ! p[] ( n]ve-cells1   
ev5 :5 adult1 to =m new processes1 x    
might be suppos$ t ! ex]cise ( ?is p[]  
acc\nts = ! acquirem5t ( c]ta9 habits ( 
?\ght or action4  ,n[1 :e!r or n        
n]ve-cells h p[] to =m new association  
fibres late 9 life1 x is important to   
notice t ! association fibres :i* exi/  
at bir? or =m 9 *ildhood are ! means by 
:i* "o idea sugge/s ano!r2 & ! means by 
:i*1 z ,i said j n[1 ^u ! utt]ance ( !  
^w w9e all we h rememb]$ to h read or   
he>d ab\t w9e is repeat$ by ! memory    
record4  ,&1 j z a phonograph record c  
only repeat ! song or spee* t is pr9t$  
^u x1 s ! memory c only repeat :at x    
conta9s1 & x conta9s no?+ t has n be5   
pr9t$ !re ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses4  ,t  
is :y ! ^w m>riage c>ries ) x no moral  
revulsion aga9/ polygamy 9 ! m9d ( a    
,turk4 ,! bra9 ( a ,turk has no record  

on its grey matt] ( any moral tea*+     
aga9/ polygamy4 ,& ! /ill small voice   
does n make good ! abs5ce ( ! record1 & 
tell him t polygamy is wrong4 ,?is be+  
s1 :at becomes ( ! !ory t consci5ce is a
 my/]i\s ag5t ( ,god implant$ 9 ! m9d ( 
man to guide him to d "r & to %un wrong8
  ,a cannibal *ief 0 told by a mission>y
 t x 0 wick$ to h two wives4 ,he w5t    
away & ate "o wife4 ,! mission>y _h     
pr9t$ on 8 bra9 record ! lesson t to h  
two wives 0 wrong2 b !re 0 no record !re
 to tell him he mu/ n kill "o wife & eat
 h]4  ,:]e 0 ! /ill small voice1 ! div9e
 guide to "r conduct8     ,,*apt]       
,,t5--,,free ,,w  ,,! free w delusion   
has be5 a /umbl+ block 9 ! way ( human  
?\ght = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,let u try :e!r   
common s5se & common k _c remove x4     
,free w is a subject ( great importance 
to u 9 ?is case2 & x is "o we mu/ come  
to ) our eyes wide op5 & our wits wide  
awake2 n because x is v difficult1 b    
because x has be5 ti$ & twi/$ into a    
tangle ( ,gordian knots by tw5ty        

c5turies full ( wordy b unsuccessful    
philosoph]s1 ,! free w p>ty claim t man 
is responsible = 8 acts1 because 8 w is 
free to *oose betwe5 "r & wrong4  ,we   
reply t ! w is n free2 & t if x 7 free  
man c\ld n "k "r f wrong until he 0     
taught4  ,z to ! k ( good & evil ! free 
w p>ty w claim t consci5ce is an un]r+  
guide4 ,b ,i h already prov$ t consci5ce
 does n & _c tell u :at is "r & :at is  
wrong3 x only rem9ds u ( ! lessons we h 
le>nt z to "r & wrong4  ,! /ill small   
voice is n ! voice ( ,god3 x is ! voice 
( h]$ity & environm5t4  ,& n[ to !      
fre$om ( ! w4  ,:5 a man says 8 w is    
free1 he means t x is free ( all control
 or int]f]5ce3 t x c ov]-rule h]$ity &  
environm5t4  ,we reply t ! w is rul$ by 
h]$ity & environm5t4  ,! cause ( all !  
confusion on ?is subject may be %[n 9 a 
few words4  ,:5 ! free w p>ty say t man 
has a free w1 !y mean t he is free to   
act z he *ooses to act4  ,!re is no ne$ 
to d5y t4 ,b :at causes him to *oose8   
,t is ! pivot ^u :i* ! :ole discussion  

turns4  ,! free w p>ty seem to ?9k ( ! w
 z some?+ indep5d5t ( ! man1 z some?+   
outside him4 ,!y seem to ?9k t ! w      
decides )\t ! control ( ! man's reason4 
,if t 7 s1 x w\ld n prove ! man         
responsible4 ,! w w\ld be responsible1 &
 n ! man4 ,x w\ld be z fooli% to blame a
 man = ! act ( a free w1 z to blame a   
horse = ! action ( its rid]4  ,b ,i am  
go+ to prove to my read]s1 by appeals to
 _! common s5se & common k1 t ! w is n  
free2 & t x is rul$ by h]$ity &         
environm5t4  ,to beg9 )1 ! av]age man w 
be aga9/ me4 ,he kn[s t he *ooses betwe5
 two c\rses e h\r1 & (t5 e m9ute1 & he  
?9ks 8 *oice is free4 ,b t is a         
delusion3 8 *oice is n free4 ,he c      
*oose1 & does *oose4 ,b he c only *oose 
z 8 h]$ity & 8 environm5t cause him to  
*oose4 ,he nev] did *oose & nev] w *oose
 except z 8 h]$ity & 8 environm5t--8    
temp]am5t & 8 tra9+--cause him to *oose4
 ,& 8 h]$ity & 8 environm5t h fix$ 8    
*oice be=e he makes x4  ,! av]age man   
says ,i "k t ,i c act z ,i wi% to act4  

,b :at causes him to wi%8  ,! free w    
p>ty say1 ,we "k t a man c & does *oose 
betwe5 two acts4 ,b :at settles ! *oice8
  ,!re is a cause = e wi%1 a cause = e  
*oice2 & e cause ( e wi% & *oice arises 
f h]$ity1 or f environm5t4  ,= a man    
acts always f temp]am5t1 :i* is h]$ity1 
or f tra9+1 :i* is environm5t4  ,& 9    
cases :]e a man hesitates 9 8 *oice     
betwe5 two acts1 ! hesitation is due to 
a conflict betwe5 8 temp]am5t & 8 tra9+1
 or1 z "s w\ld express x1 betwe5 8      
desire & 8 consci5ce4  ,a man is        
practis+ at a t>get ) a gun1 :5 a rabbit
 crosses 8 l9e ( fire4 ,! man has 8 eye 
& 8 sights on ! rabbit1 & 8 f+] on !    
trigg]4 ,! man's w is free4 ,if he press
 ! trigg] ! rabbit w be kill$4  ,n[1 h[ 
does ! man decide :e!r or n he %all     
fire8 ,he decides by feel+1 & by reason4
  ,he w\ld l to fire1 j to make sure t  
he c\ld hit ! m>k4 ,he w\ld l to fire1  
because he w\ld l to h ! rabbit = supp]4
 ,he w\ld l to fire1 because !re is 9   
him ! old1 old hunt+ in/9ct1 to kill4   

,b ! rabbit does n belong to him4 ,he is
 n sure t he w n get into tr\ble if he  
kills x4 ,p]haps--if he is a v uncommon 
k9d ( man--he feels t x w\ld be cruel & 
c[>dly to %oot a helpless rabbit4       
,well4 ,! man's w is free4 ,he c fire if
 he likes3 he c let ! rabbit g if he    
likes4 ,h[ w he decide8 ,on :at does 8  
decision dep5d8  ,8 decision dep5ds ^u !
 relative /r5g? ( 8 desire to kill !    
rabbit1 & ( 8 scruples ab\t cruelty1 & !
 law4 ,n only t1 b1 if we knew ! man    
fairly well1 we c\ld guess h[ 8 free w  
w\ld act be=e x act$4 ,! av]age spoil+  
,briton w\ld kill ! rabbit4 ,b we "k t  
!re are m5 :o w\ld on no acc\nt %oot any
 h>mless wild creature4  ,broadly put1  
we may say t ! sportsman w\ld w to fire1
 & t ! humanit>ian w\ld n w to fire4    
,n[1 z bo? _! wills are free1 x mu/ be  
some?+ outside ! wills t makes !        
diff]5ce4  ,well4 ,! sportsman w kill1  
because he is a sportsman3 ! humanit>ian
 w n kill1 because he is a humanit>ian4 
,& :at makes "o man a sportsman & ano!r 

a humanit>ian8 ,h]$ity & environm5t3    
temp]am5t & tra9+4  ,"o man is m]ciful1 
ano!r cruel1 by nature2 or "o is        
?\ghtful & ! o!r ?\ghtless1 by nature4  
,t is a diff]5ce ( h]$ity4  ,"o may h   
be5 taught all 8 life t to kill wild ?+s
 is sport2 ! o!r may h be5 taught t x is
 inhuman & wrong3 t is a diff]5ce (     
environm5t4  ,n[1 ! man by nature cruel 
or ?\ghtless1 :o has be5 tra9$ to ?9k ( 
kill+ animals z sport1 becomes :at we   
call a sportsman1 because h]$ity &      
environm5t h made him a sportsman4  ,!  
o!r man's h]$ity & environm5t h made him
 a humanit>ian4  ,! sportsman kills !   
rabbit1 because he is a sportsman1 & he 
is a sportsman because h]$ity &         
environm5t h made him "o4  ,t is to say 
! free w is really controll$ by h]$ity &
 environm5t4  ,all[ me to give a case 9 
po9t4 ,a man :o _h nev] done any fi%+ 0 
tak5 out by a fi%]man4 ,he lik$ ! sport1
 & = "s mon?s foll[$ x eag]ly4 ,b "o day
 an accid5t br\ght home to 8 m9d !      
cruelty ( cat*+ fi% ) a hook1 & he      

in/antly laid d[n 8 rod1 & nev] fi%$    
aga94  ,be=e ! *ange he 0 always eag] to
 g fi%+ if invit$3 aft] ! *ange he c\ld 
n be p]suad$ to t\* a l9e4 ,8 w 0 free  
all ! :ile4 ,h[ 0 x t 8 w to fi% *ang$  
to 8 w n to fi%8 ,x 0 ! result (        
environm5t4 ,he _h le>nt t fi%+ 0 cruel4
 ,?is k controll$ 8 w4  ,b1 x may be    
ask$1 h[ d y acc\nt = a man do+ ! ?+ he 
does n wi% to d8  ,no man ev] did a ?+  
he did n wi% to d4 ,:5 !re are two wi%es
 ! /rong] rules4  ,let u suppose a case4
 ,a "y woman gets two lett]s by ! same  
po/2 "o is an invitation to g ) h] lov] 
to a conc]t1 ! o!r is a reque/ t %e w   
visit a sick *ild 9 ! slums4 ,! girl is 
v fond ( music1 & is r afraid ( ! slums4
 ,%e wi%es to g to ! conc]t1 & to be )  
h] lov]2 %e dreads ! f\l /reet & ! dirty
 home1 & %r9ks f ! risk ( measles or    
fev]4 ,b %e goes to ! sick *ild1 & %e   
=egoes ! conc]t4 ,:y8  ,because h] s5se 
( duty is /rong] ?an h] self-love4  ,n[1
 h] s5se ( duty is p>tly due to h]      
nature--t is1 to h] h]$ity--b x is      

*iefly due to environm5t4 ,l all ( u1   
?is girl 0 born )\t any k9d ( k1 & )    
only ! rudim5ts ( a consci5ce4 ,b %e has
 be5 well taught1 & ! tea*+ is "p ( h]  
environm5t4  ,we may say t ! girl is    
free to act z %e *ooses1 b %e does act z
 %e has be5 taught t %e ought to act4   
,?is tea*+1 :i* is "p ( h] environm5t1  
controls h] w4  ,we may say t a man is  
free to act z he *ooses4 ,he is free to 
act z he *ooses1 b he w *oose z h]$ity &
 environm5t cause him to *oose4 ,=      
h]$ity & environm5t h made him t :i* he 
is4  ,a man is said to be free to decide
 betwe5 two c\rses4 ,b really he is only
 free to decide 9 accordance ) 8        
temp]am5t & tra9+4  ,br[n is a ,memb] ( 
,p>liam5t4 ,he is giv5 to und]/& t by   
suppress+ 8 pr9ciples he may get a seat 
9 ! next ,cab9et4  ,br[n is v anxi\s to 
get into ! ,cab9et4 ,he is ambiti\s4 ,8 
wife is ambiti\s4 ,he wants to make a   
"n2 he wants to please 8 wife4 ,b he has
 be5 taught t to sacrifice "o's         
pr9ciples = a bribe is disgraceful4     

,n[1 8 ambition is "p ( 8 h]$ity2 ! ?+s 
he has be5 taught are "p ( 8 environm5t4
  ,! conflict 9 8 m9d is a conflict     
betwe5 ! old ,adam & ! new2 betwe5 !    
old] egotism & ! new] altruism4 ,x is a 
conflict betwe5 good h]$ity & bad       
h]$ity2 betwe5 h]$ity & environm5t2 & ! 
victory w be to ! /rong]4  ,if ,br[n is 
v ambiti\s1 & n v consci5ti\s1 he w take
 ! bribe4 ,if 8 consci5ce is /rong] ?an 
8 ambition1 he w refuse x4 ,b to say t  
he is free to *oose is a misuse ( t]ms3 
he is only free to decide z ! /rong] ( !
 two motives compels him to decide4 ,& !
 motives arise f h]$ity & environm5t4   
,macbe? 0 ambiti\s2 b he _h a consci5ce4
 ,he want$ ,duncan's cr[n2 b he %rank f 
treason & +ratitude4 ,ambition pull$ him
 "o way1 hon\r pull$ him ! o!r way4 ,!  
oppos+ =ces 7 s ev5ly balanc$ t he seem$
 unable to decide4 ,0 ,macbe? free to   
*oose8 ,to :at ext5t 0 he free8 ,he 0 s 
free t he c\ld arrive at no decision1 & 
x 0 ! influ5ce ( 8 wife t turn$ ! scale 
to crime4  ,0 ,lady ,macbe? free to     

*oose8 ,%e did n hesitate4 ,because h]  
ambition 0 s mu* /rong] ?an h] consci5ce
 t %e nev] 0 9 d\bt4 ,%e *ose z h]      
ov]-p[]+ ambition compell$ h] to *oose4 
,& mo/ ( u 9 our decisions resemble ei!r
 ,macbe? or 8 wife4 ,ei!r our nature is 
s mu* /rong] ?an our tra9+1 or our tra9+
 is s mu* /rong] ?an our nature1 t we   
decide = good or evil z promptly z a    
/ream decides to run d[n hill2 or our   
nature & our tra9+ are s ne>ly balanc$ t
 we c h>dly decide at all4  ,9 ,macbe?'s
 case ! conte/ is q cle> & easy to      
foll[4 ,he 0 ambiti\s1 & 8 environm5t _h
 taught him to reg>d ! cr[n z a glori\s 
& desirable possession4 ,b environm5t _h
 also taught him t murd]1 & treason1 &  
+ratitude 7 wick$ & disgraceful4  ,_h he
 nev] be5 taught ^! lessons1 or _h he   
be5 taught t gratitude 0 folly1 t hon\r 
0 weakness1 & murd] excusable :5 x l$ to
 p[]1 he w\ld n h hesitat$ at all4 ,x 0 
8 environm5t t hamp]$ 8 w4  ,we may say 
t ,well+ton 0 free to take a bribe4 ,b 8
 h]$ity & environm5t _h only left him   

free to refuse "o4 ,ev]yone :o knew !   
,iron ,duke knew h[ 8 free w w\ld act if
 a bribe 7 (f]$ him4  ,we may say t     
,nelson 0 free to run away f an enemy4  
,b we "k t ,nelson's nature & tra9+ _h  
left him free only to run aft] an enemy4
 ,all ! _w knew be=e ! ev5t h[ ,nelson's
 free w w\ld act :5 a ho/ile fleet hove 
into view4 ,h]$ity & environm5t _h      
settl$ ! action ( ,nelson's free w 9 t  
matt] be=e ! occasion to act arose4  ,we
 may say t ,nelson's w 0 free 9 ! case (
 ,lady ,hamilton4 ,b x seems only to h  
be5 free to d z ,lady ,hamilton wi%$4   
,:5 ,nelson met an enemy's fleet1 he    
made ha/e to give !m battle2 :5 he met  
,lady ,hamilton he /ruck 8 flag4 ,"s o!r
 man might h be5 free to avoid a battle2
 "s o!r man might h be5 free to resi/ ! 
fasc9ations ( a fri5d's wife4 ,horatio  
,nelson 0 only free to act z 8 nature & 
8 tra9+ compell$ him to act4 ,to ,nelson
 hon\r 0 de>] ?an life2 b ,lady         
,hamilton 0 de>] ?an hon\r4  ,nelson's  
action 9 ,lady ,hamilton's case 0 l>gely

 due to ! influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,to    
hesitate 9 w> 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z     
%ameful4 ,b1 9 ,nelson's environm5t1 a  
love intrigue 0 condon$ z an amiable    
human weakness4 ,h5ce ! failure (       
,nelson's w & consci5ce to resi/ !      
bl&i%m5ts ( ! h&some ,emma4  ,we may say
 t ,jack ,%epp>d & ,c>d9al ,mann+ 7 free
 to /eal1 or to refra9 f /eal+4 ,b we "k
 t ! h]$ity & environm5t ( ! ?ief _h    
made robb]y1 = him1 a pro( ( pr[ess1 & a
 "q ( ! value ( ! spoil2 & we "k t !    
,c>d9al w\ld n h /ol5 ! ,cr[n jewels if 
he c\ld2 t he did n want !m1 & w\ld n h 
tak5 !m if he _h want$ !m4  ,we say t a 
drunk>d & a lifelong ab/a9] are free to 
dr9k or to refuse a glass ( :isky4 ,b we
 "k t 9 bo? cases ! action ( ! free w is
 a =egone conclusion4  ,9 all cases !   
action ( ! w dep5ds ^u ! relative /r5g? 
( two or m motives4 ,! /rong] motive    
decides ! w2 j z ! heavi] weight decides
 ! balance ( a pair ( scales4  ,9       
,macbe?'s case ! balance seem$ almo/    
ev53 ,lady ,macbe?'s p]suasion br\ght   

d[n ! scale on ! wrong side4  ,if ! w 7 
free1 x w\ld be indep5d5t ( ! temp]am5t 
& tra9+1 & s w\ld act z freely 9 "o case
 z 9 ano!r4 ,s t x w\ld be z easy = !   
drunk>d z = ! lifelong ab/a9] to refuse 
to dr9k2 z easy = ! ?ief z = ! ,c>d9al  
to be hone/2 z easy = ,macbe? z = ,lady 
,macbe? to seal ! fate ( ,duncan4  ,b we
 all "k t x is h>d] = "o man ?an = ano!r
 to be sob]1 or hone/1 or virtu\s2 & we 
all "k t ! sobriety1 or hone/y1 or      
virtue ( any man dep5ds ^u 8 temp]am5t &
 tra9+2 t is to say1 ^u 8 h]$ity & 8    
environm5t4  ,h[1 !n1 c we believe t    
free w is outside & sup]ior to h]$ity & 
environm5t8  ,9 ! case ( ! slum *ildr5  
rescu$ by ,dr4 ,b>aado & o!rs we "k t _h
 !y be5 left 9 ! slums _! wills w\ld h  
will$ evil1 & we "k t :5 tak5 out ( !   
slums _! wills will$ good4  ,!re 0 no   
*ange 9 ! fre$om ( ! w2 ! w t is free 9 
,:ite*apel is free 9 ,manitoba4 ,!      
diff]5ce 0 ! environm5t4 ,9 ,canada z 9 
,london ! environm5t controll$ ! w4     
,:at6 ,_c a man be hone/ if he *oose8   

,yes1 if he *oose4 ,b t is only ano!r   
way ( say+ t he c be hone/ if 8 nature &
 8 tra9+ lead him to *oose hone/y4      
,:at6 ,_c ,i please myself :e!r ,i dr9k 
or refra9 f dr9k+8 ,yes4 ,b t is only to
 say y w n dr9k because x pleases y to  
be sob]4 ,b x pleases ano!r man to dr9k1
 because 8 desire = dr9k is /rong1 or   
because 8 self-respect is weak4  ,& y   
decide z y decide1 & he decides z he    
decides1 because y are y1 & he is he2 & 
h]$ity & environm5t made y bo? t :i* y  
are4  ,& ! sob] man may fall ^u evil    
days1 & may lose 8 self-respect1 or f9d 
! burd5 ( 8 tr\ble great] ?an he c be>1 
& may fly to dr9k = com=t1 or oblivion1 
& may become a drunk>d4 ,has x n be5 (t5
 s8  ,& ! drunk>d may1 by "s %ock1 or "s
 disa/]1 or "s passion1 or "s p]suasion1
 rega9 8 self-respect1 & may r5\nce     
dr9k1 & lead a sob] & useful life4 ,has 
x n be5 (t5 s8  ,& 9 bo? cases ! fre$om 
( ! w is unt\*$3 x is ! *ange 9 !       
environm5t t lifts ! fall5 up1 & beats !
 upright d[n4  ,we might say t a woman's

 w is free1 & t %e c\ld1 if %e wi%$1    
jump (f a bridge & dr[n h]self4 ,b %e _c
 wi%4 ,%e is happy1 & loves life1 &     
dreads ! cold & crawl+ riv]4 ,& yet1 by 
"s cruel turn ( =tune's :eel1 %e may    
become de/itute & mis]able2 s mis]able t
 %e hates life & longs = dea?1 & !n %e c
 jump into ! dreadful riv] & die4  ,h] w
 0 free at "o "t z at ano!r4 ,x is !    
environm5t t has wr\ght ! *ange4 ,once  
%e c\ld n wi% to die3 n[ %e _c wi% to   
live4  ,! apo/les ( free w believe t all
 m5's wills are free4  ,b a man c only w
 t :i* he is able to w4 ,& "o man is    
able to w t :i* ano!r man is unable to  
w4 ,to d5y ?is is to d5y ! commone/ &   
mo/ obvi\s facts ( life4  ,! w is z free
 9 "o nation & 9 "o class z 9 ano!r4 ,:o
 w\ld m will+ly return a bl[1 an ,iri%  
soldi]1 or an ,engli% ,quak]8 ,:o w\ld  
be readi] to /ab a rival1 an ,engli%    
curate1 or a ,spani% smuggl]8 ,!        
diff]5ce does n conc]n ! fre$om ( ! w3 x
 is a diff]5ce ( h]$ity & environm5t4   
,! wills ( a prie/ & a sailor are       

free--free to make love 9 e port1 & to  
swe> 9 e breeze4 ,! diff]5ce is "o (    
environm5t4  ,! free w p>ty look ^u a   
crim9al z a bad man1 :o c\ld be good if 
he wi%$3 b he _c wi%4  ,! free w p>ty   
say t if ,smi? wills to dr9k he is bad4 
,b we say t ,smi? dr9ks1 & to dr9k is   
bad2 b ,smi? dr9ks because he is ,smi?4 
,! free w p>ty say1 !n he 0 born bad4 ,b
 we say no3 he 0 born ,smi?4  ,we all "k
 t we c =etell ! action ( c]ta9 m5 9    
c]ta9 cases1 because we "k ! m54  ,we "k
 t "u ! same conditions ,jack ,%epp>d   
w\ld /eal & ,c>d9al ,mann+ w\ld n /eal4 
,we "k t "u ! same conditions ! sailor  
w\ld flirt ) ! waitress1 & ! prie/ w\ld 
n2 t ! drunk>d w\ld get drunk1 & !      
ab/a9] w\ld rema9 sob]4 ,we "k t        
,well+ton w\ld refuse a bribe1 t ,nelson
 w\ld n run away1 t ,buonap>te w\ld     
grasp at p[]1 t ,abraham ,l9coln w\ld be
 loyal to 8 c\ntry1 t ,torquemada w\ld n
 sp>e a h]etic4 ,:y8 ,if ! w is free1 h[
 c we be sure1 be=e a te/ arises1 h[ ! w
 mu/ act8  ,simply because we "k t      

h]$ity & environm5t h s =m$ & m\ld$ m5 &
 wom5 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! action (
 _! wills is c]ta94  ,h]$ity &          
environm5t hav+ made a man a ?ief1 he w 
/eal4 ,h]$ity & environm5t hav+ made a  
man hone/1 he w n /eal4  ,t is to say1  
h]$ity & environm5t h decid$ ! action ( 
! w1 be=e ! "t has come = ! w to act4   
,?is be+ s--& we all "k t x is s--:at   
becomes ( ! sov]eignty ( ! w8  ,let any 
man t believes t he c d z he likes ask  
himself :y he likes1 & he w see ! error 
( ! !ory ( free w1 & w und]/& :y ! w is 
! s]vant & n ! ma/] ( ! man3 = ! man is 
! product ( h]$ity & environm5t1 & ^!   
control ! w4  ,z we want to get ?is     
subject z cle> z we c1 let u take "o or 
two famili> examples ( ! action ( ! w4  
,jones & ,rob9son meet & h a glass (    
:isky4 ,jones asks ,rob9son to h ano!r4 
,rob9son says1 no ?ank y1 "o is en\gh4  
,jones says1 all "r3 h ano!r cig>ette4  
,rob9son takes ! cig>ette4 ,n[1 "h we h 
a case :]e a man refuses a second dr9k1 
b takes a second smoke4 ,is x because he

 w\ld l ano!r cig>ette1 b w\ld n l ano!r
 glass ( :isky8 ,no4 ,x is because he   
kn[s t x is saf] n to take ano!r glass (
 :isky4  ,h[ does he "k t :isky is      
dang]\s8 ,he has le>nt x--f 8           
environm5t4  ,b he c\ld h tak5 ano!r    
glass if he wi%$4  ,b he c\ld n wi% to  
take ano!r1 because !re 0 some?+ he wi%$
 m /rongly--to be safe4  ,& :y did he   
want to be safe8 ,because he _h le>nt--f
 8 environm5t--t x 0 unheal?y1          
unpr(itable1 & %ameful to get drunk4    
,because he _h le>nt--f 8 environm5t--t 
x is easi] to avoid =m+ a bad habit ?an 
to break a bad habit :5 =m$4 ,because he
 valu$ ! good op9ion ( 8 neighb\rs1 &   
also 8 position & prospects4  ,^! feel+s
 & ?is k rul$ 8 w1 & caus$ him to refuse
 ! second glass4  ,b !re 0 no s5se (    
dang]1 no well-le>n$ lesson ( risk to   
*eck 8 w to smoke ano!r cig>ette4       
,h]$ity & environm5t did n w>n him aga9/
 t4 ,s1 to please 8 fri5d1 & himself1 he
 accept$4  ,n[ suppose ,smi? asks       
,williams to h ano!r glass4 ,williams   

takes x1 takes sev]al1 f9ally goes      
home--z he (t5 goes home4 ,:y8  ,l>gely 
because dr9k+ is a habit ) him4 ,& n    
only does ! m9d in/9ctively repeat an   
action1 b1 9 ! case ( dr9k1 a physical  
crav+ is set up1 & ! bra9 is weak5$4  ,x
 is easi] to refuse ! fir/ glass ?an !  
second2 easi] to refuse ! second ?an !  
?ird2 & x is v mu* h>d] = a man to keep 
sob] :o has frequ5tly got drunk4  ,s1 :5
 poor ,williams has to make 8 *oice1 he 
has habit aga9/ him1 he has a physical  
crav+ aga9/ him1 & he has a weak5$ bra9 
to ?9k )4  ,b ,williams c\ld h refus$ ! 
fir/ glass4  ,no4 ,because 9 8 case !   
desire to dr9k1 or to please a fri5d1 0 
/rong] ?an 8 fe> ( ! dang]4 ,or he may n
 h be5 s consci\s ( ! dang] z ,rob9son  
04 ,he may n h be5 s well taught1 or he 
may n h be5 s s5sible1 or he may n h be5
 s cauti\s4 ,s t 8 h]$ity & environm5t1 
8 temp]am5t & tra9+1 l$ him to take !   
dr9k1 z surely z ,rob9son's h]$ity &    
environm5t l$ him to refuse x4  ,& n[1 x
 is my turn to ask a "q4 ,if ! w is     

free1 if consci5ce is a sure guide1 h[  
is x t ! free w & ! consci5ce ( ,rob9son
 caus$ him to keep sob]1 :ile ! free w &
 ! consci5ce ( ,williams caus$ him to   
get drunk8  ,rob9son's w 0 curb$ by     
c]ta9 feel+s :i* fail$ to curb ! w (    
,williams4 ,because 9 ! case ( ,williams
 ! feel+s 7 /rong] on ! o!r side4  ,x 0 
! nature & ! tra9+ ( ,rob9son :i* made  
him refuse ! second glass1 & x 0 !      
nature & ! tra9+ ( ,williams :i* made   
him dr9k ! second glass4   ,,:at ,,_h   
,,free ,,w ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,x8  ,we are   
told t e man has a free w1 & a          
consci5ce4  ,n[1 if ,williams _h be5    
,rob9son1 t is to say if 8 h]$ity & 8   
environm5t _h be5 exactly l ,rob9son's1 
he w\ld h done exactly z ,rob9son did4  
,x 0 because 8 h]$ity & environm5t 7 n !
 same t 8 act 0 n ! same4  ,bo? m5 _h   
free wills4 ,:at made "o d :at ! o!r    
refus$ to d8  ,h]$ity & environm5t4 ,to 
rev]se _! conduct we %\ld h to rev]se _!
 h]$ity & environm5t4  ,let u take ano!r
 famili> in/ance4 ,bill ,hicks is a     

loaf]4 ,he doesn't l "w4 ,he us$ to "w1 
b he 0 out on /rike = six mon?s1 & s9ce 
!n he has done no m "w ?an he c\ld help4
 ,:at has *ang$ ?is man's free w to "w  
into a free w to avoid "w8  ,hicks us$  
to "w4 ,he 0 a /eady "y fell[4 ,:y did  
he "w8 ,he did n "k4 ,he _h always      
work$4 ,he w5t to "w j z he ate 8 d9n]1 
or wa%$ 8 h&s4 ,b he did n ?9k mu*4 ,he 
liv$ *iefly by cu/om2 habit4 ,he did ?+s
 because he _h always done !m1 & because
 o!r m5 did !m4 ,he knew no o!r way4    
,he work$4 ,he work$ h>d3 = n9e h\rs a  
day4 ,he got tw5ty-five %ill+s a week4  
,he paid twelve %ill+s = lodg+ & bo>d1 &
 he sp5t ! re/1 z o!rs sp5t x1 on simil>
 boots & coats1 & a bett] suit1 & !     
usual am\nt ( be] & tobacco1 & ! usual  
music hall4  ,he ?\ght ^? ?+s 7         
necess>y1 or r he felt t !y 74  ,he did 
n love 8 "w4 ,!re 0 no int]e/ 9 x4 ,x 0 
h>d1 x 0 dirty1 !re 0 no cr$it to be got
 by do+ x4 ,x 0 j an affair ( habit--&  
wages4  ,!n he 0 half a ye> on /rike4   
,he _h less food1 & less be]1 & no music

 hall4 ,b he _h a v great deal less "w1 
& m lib]ty1 &--no boss4  ,m5 love       
lib]ty4 ,x is a love t is br$ 9 ! race4 
,!y d n love %ovell+ clay into a b>r[1 &
 pu%+ ! b>r[ up a plank4 ,!re is no?+ 9 
x t appeals to _! humanity3 & x is      
dirty1 & labori\s1 & x makes a man a    
prison] & a slave4  ,hicks f\nd t !     
diff]5ce betwe5 work+ & loaf+ 0 a       
diff]5ce ( food1 clo?+1 & be]1 on ! "o  
h&1 & on ! o!r h&1 ( unpleasant & h>d   
lab\r4  ,he f\nd he c\ld d ) mu* less   
be] & beef1 & t lib]ty 0 sweet4 ,he did 
n ?9k ?is out4 ,he seldom ?\ght3 he 0   
nev] tra9$ to ?9k4 ,b ! habit ( toil 0  
brok51 & ! habit ( fre$om 0 =m$4 ,also  
he _h f\nd out t he c\ld live )\t s mu* 
toil1 & live m pleasantly1 if m sp>ely4 
,:at _h *ang$ ! free w ( ,hicks f a w to
 "w to a w to loaf8 ,*ange ( exp]i5ce3  
*ange ( environm5t4  ,n[ ,hicks is z    
lazy1 z useless1 & z free z a duke4  ,b1
 someone asks1 :]e 0 8 pride2 :]e 0 8   
s5se ( duty2 :]e 0 8 manhood8 ,& x seems
 to me ^? que/ions ought to be put to ! 

duke4 ,b ,i %\ld say t ,bill ,hicks'    
pride & s5se ( duty 7 j ov]p[]$ by 8    
love ( lib]ty1 8 di/a/e = s\lless toil1 
& 8 =getfulness ( ! beautiful moral     
lesson t a man :o w n "w l a horse = a  
p\nd a week is a lazy bea/1 :il/ ! man  
:o does no?+--except h>m--= a hundr$    
?\s& a ye>1 is an hon\rable g5tleman1 ) 
a h]$it>y seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s4  ,9   
fact ,hicks _h f\nd 8 h]$ity too /rong =
 8 tra9+4 ,b :at _h free w to d ) x8  ,!
 duke has a free w4 ,does x ev] set him 
:eel+ clay up a plank8 ,no4 ,:y n8      
,because1 z 9 ! case ( ,hicks1 h]$ity & 
environm5t cause ! duke to love "s o!r4 
,b ! duke has no ne$ to "w4 ,t is h[    
,hicks feels4 ,b ,hicks c\ld "w if he   
lik$4 ,s c\ld ! duke4 ,b nei!r ( ^! m5 c
 l4 ,t is j :at is ! matt] ) !m bo?4    
,two boys "w at a h>d & disagreeable    
trade4 ,"o leaves x1 f9ds o!r "w1 gets  
on1 is prais$ = gett+ on4 ,! o!r /ays at
 ! trade all 8 life1 works h>d all 8    
life1 is poor all 8 life1 & is respect$ 
z an hone/ & humble work+ man2 t is to  

say1 he is reg>d$ by society z ,mr4     
,dorgan 0 reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,dooley--he is 
a f9e man1 & ,i despise him4  ,:at      
causes ^! two free wills to w s         
diff]5tly8 ,"o boy knew m ?an ! o!r boy4
 ,he knew bett]4 ,all k is environm5t4  
,bo? boys _h free wills4 ,x 0 9 k !y    
diff]$3 environm5t6  ,^? :o exalt ! p[] 
( ! w1 & belittle ! p[] ( environm5t1   
belie _! words by _! de$s4  ,= !y w\ld n
 s5d _! *ildr5 among/ bad companions or 
all[ !m to read bad books4 ,!y w\ld n   
say ! *ildr5 h free w & !re=e h p[] to  
take ! good & leave ! bad4  ,!y "k v    
well t evil environm5t has p[] to p]v]t 
! w1 & t good environm5t has p[] to     
direct x prop]ly4  ,!y "k t *ildr5 may  
be made good or bad by good or evil     
tra9+1 & t ! w foll[s ! tra9+4  ,t be+  
s1 !y mu/ also admit t ! *ildr5 ( o!r p 
may be made good or bad by tra9+4  ,& if
 a *ild gets bad tra9+1 h[ c free w save
 x8 ,or h[ c x be blam$ = be+ bad8 ,x   
nev] _h a *ance to be good4 ,t !y "k ?is
 is prov$ by _! c>efulness 9 provid+ _! 

own *ildr5 ) bett] environm5t4  ,z ,i h 
said be=e1 e *ur*1 e s*ool1 e moral     
lesson is a pro( t prea*]s & tea*]s tru/
 to good environm5t1 & n to free w1 to  
make *ildr5 good4  ,9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r 
matt]s1 actions speak l\d] ?an words4   
,t1 ,i hope1 dis5tangles ! _m knots into
 :i* ?\s&s ( le>n$ m5 h ti$ ! simple    
subject ( free w2 & disposes ( ! claim t
 man is responsible because 8 w is free4
 ,b !re is "o o!r cause ( error1 ak9 to 
! subject1 on :i* ,i %\ld l to say a few
 words4  ,we (t5 he> x said t a man is  
to blame = 8 conduct because he kn[s    
bett]4  ,x is true t m5 d wrong :5 !y "k
 bett]4 ,macbe? knew bett] :5 he murd]$ 
,duncan4 ,b x is true1 also1 t we (t5   
?9k a man kn[s bett]1 :5 he does n "k   
bett]4  ,= a man _c be said to "k a ?+  
until he believes x4  ,if ,i am told t !
 moon is made ( gre5 *eese1 x _c be said
 t ,i "k x to be made ( gre5 *eese4  ,_m
 morali/s seem to confuse ! words to "k 
) ! words to he>4  ,jones reads novels &
 plays op]a music on ,sunday4 ,!        

,puritan says ,jones kn[s bett]1 :5 he  
means t ,jones has be5 told t x is wrong
 to d ^? ?+s4  ,b ,jones does n "k t x  
is wrong4 ,he has he>d someone say t x  
is wrong1 b does n believe x4 ,!re=e x  
is n correct to say t he kn[s x4  ,&1   
aga91 z to t matt] ( belief4 ,"s        
morali/s hold t x is wick$ n to believe 
c]ta9 ?+s1 & t m5 :o d n believe ^? ?+s 
w be puni%$4  ,b a man _c believe a ?+  
he is told to believe3 he c only believe
 a ?+ :i* he c believe2 & he c only     
believe t :i* 8 own reason tells him is 
true4  ,x w\ld be no use ask+ ,sir ,rog]
 ,ball to believe t ! e>? is flat4 ,he  
c\ld n believe x4  ,x is no use ask+ an 
agno/ic to believe ! /ory ( ,jonah & !  
:ale4 ,he c\ld n believe x4 ,he might   
pret5d to believe x4 ,he might try to   
believe x4 ,b 8 reason w\ld n all[ him  
to believe x4  ,!re=e x is a mi/ake to  
say t a man kn[s bett]1 :5 ! fact is t  
he has be5 told bett] & _c believe :at  
he has be5 told4  ,t is a simple matt]1 
& looks q trivial2 b h[ mu* ill-w1 h[   

mu* intol]ance1 h[ mu* viol5ce1         
p]secution1 & murd] h be5 caus$ by !    
/range idea t a man is wick$ because 8  
reason _c believe t :i* to ano!r man's  
reason seems q true4  ,free w has no p[]
 ov] a man's belief4 ,a man _c believe  
by w1 b only by conviction4 ,a man _c be
 =c$ to believe4 ,y may ?reat5 him1 w\nd
 him1 beat him1 burn him2 & he may be   
fright5$1 or ang]$1 or pa9$2 b he _c    
believe1 nor c he be made to believe4   
,until he is conv9c$4  ,n[1 truism z x  
may seem1 ,i ?9k x necess>y to say "h t 
a man _c be conv9c$ by abuse1 nor by    
puni%m5t ,he c only be conv9c$ by       
reason4  ,yes4 ,if we wi% a man to      
believe a ?+1 we %all f9d a few words ( 
reason m p[]ful ?an a million curses1 or
 a million bayonets4 ,to burn a man     
alive = fail+ to believe t ! sun goes   
r\nd ! _w is n to conv9ce him4 ,! fire  
is se>*+1 b x does n seem to him to be  
relevant to ! issue4 ,he nev] d\bt$ t   
fire w\ld burn2 b p]*ance 8 dy+ eyes may
 see ! sun s9k+ d[n into ! we/1 z ! _w  

rolls on its axis4 ,he dies 9 8 belief4 
,& kn[s no bett]4     ,,*apt]           
,,elev5--,,self-,,control  ,,! subject (
 self-control is ano!r simple matt] :i* 
has be5 made difficult by slov5ly ?9k]s4
  ,:5 we say t ! w is n free1 & t m5 are
 made by h]$ity & environm5t1 we are met
 ) ! a/oni%+ objection t if su* 7 ! case
 !re c\ld be no su* ?+s z progress or   
morality4  ,:5 we ask :y1 we are told t 
if a man is ! creature ( h]$ity &       
environm5t x is no use 8 mak+ any ef=t3 
:at is to be1 w be4  ,b a man makes     
ef=ts because he wants some?+2 & :e!r he
 be a free ag5t1 or a creature ( h]$ity 
& environm5t1 he w cont9ue to want ?+s1 
& s he w cont9ue to make ef=ts to get   
!m4  ,b1 say ! believ]s 9 free w1 ! fact
 t he tries to get ?+s %[s t 8 w is     
free4  ,n at all4 ,! fact is t h]$ity & 
environm5t compel him to want ?+s1 &    
compel him to try = !m4  ,! e>? does n  
move ( its own free w2 b x moves4 ,! e>?
 is controll$ by two =ces3 "o is        
c5trifugal =ce1 ! o!r is ! =ce (        

gravity4 ,^? two =ces compel x to move1 
& to move 9 a c]ta9 pa?1 or orbit4  ,b a
 man does n move 9 a regul> pa? or      
orbit4 ,nei!r does ! e>?4 ,= e planet   
draws x m or less out ( its true c\rse4 
,& s x is ) man3 ea* influ5ce 9 8       
environm5t affects him 9 "s way4  ,9 e  
case ! =ce ( h]$ity compels u to move1 &
 ! =ce ( environm5t controls or *anges  
our movem5ts4  ,& z ?is is a subject (  
great importance1 & "o ^u :i* !re is mu*
 confusion ( ?\ght1 ,i %all ask my      
read]s to give me _! be/ att5tion1 s t  
we may make x ?or\ghly cle> & pla94  ,! 
control ( man by h]$ity & environm5t is 
n ! end ( all ef=t2 on ! contr>y1 x is !
 beg9n+ ( all ef=t4  ,we d n say t !    
control ( ! e>? by gravity & c5trifugal 
=ce is ! end ( its motion3 we "k t x is 
! cause ( its motion4  ,b1 we %all be   
told1 ! e>? _c resi/4 ,x is compell$ to 
act ,man is free4  ,man is n free4 ,man 
is compell$ to act4 ,directly a *ild is 
born x beg9s to act ,f t in/ant until ! 
end ( its life1 x cont9ues to act ,x mu/

 act ,x _c cease f action4 ,! =ce (     
h]$ity compels x to act4  ,& ! nature ( 
its actions is decid$3  #a4 ,by ! nature
 ( ! individual3 :i* is 8 h]$ity4  #b4  
,by 8 exp]i5ces & tra9+3 :i* are 8      
environm5t  ,!re=e to cease f all action
 is impossible4 ,!re=e x is nons5se to  
say t if we are creatures ( h]$ity &    
environm5t we %all cease to act4  ,b1 x 
may be said1 a man c cease f action3 he 
has p[] to kill himself4  ,well3 ! e>?  
has p[] to de/roy itself if x is caus$  
to de/roy itself4 ,& man _c de/roy      
himself unless he is caus$ to de/roy    
himself4  ,= ! nature ( a man--?r\gh    
h]$ity--is to love life4 ,no man de/roys
 himself )\t a cause4 ,he may g mad1 he 
may be 9 great grief1 he may be         
disappo9t$1 jeal\s1 angry4 ,b !re is    
always a cause :5 a man takes 8 own     
life4 ,&1 be ! cause :at x may1 x       
belongs to environm5t4 ,s t a man _c ev5
 take 8 own life until h]$ity &         
environm5t cause him to d x4  ,b !re is 
a second argum5t1 to ! effect t if we   

believe ourselves to be creatures (     
h]$ity & environm5t we %all cease to    
make any ef=t to be good1 or to be bett]
 ?an we are4  ,^? :o use su* an argum5t 
d n und]/& ! nature & p[] ( environm5t4 
,environm5t is p[]ful = good z well z = 
evil4  ,well4 ,we h se5 t x is          
impossible = u to cease to act4 ,n[ we  
are told t we %all cease to act well4   
,b our act+ well or ill dep5ds ^u !     
nature ( our h]$ity & environm5t4  ,if  
our h]$ity be good1 & if our environm5t 
be good1 we mu/ act well3 we _c help x4 
,if our h]$ity be bad1 & if our         
environm5t be bad1 we mu/ act ill3 we _c
 help x4  ,:at8 ,d y mean to say ,i _c  
be good if ,i try8  ,is x n evid5t t y  
mu/ h "s good 9 y if y wi% to try8 ,t   
good is put !re by h]$ity & environm5t4 
,b ev5 a bad man sometimes tries to be  
good4  ,t is slov5ly ?9k+4 ',a man :o is
 all bad has no desire = good4 ,any man 
:o has a desire = good is n all bad4    
,!re=e a man :o is bad nev] tries to be 
good1 & a man :o tries to be good is n  

bad4 ,:5 x is said t a bad man tries to 
be good ! idea is t a v imp]fect man    
tries to be r bett]4  ,& he tries to be 
r bett] because h]$ity or environm5t    
causes him to wi% to be r bett]4  ,be=e 
a man c wi% to be good he mu/ "k :at    
goodness is4 ,all m5 are born de/itute (
 k4 ,to "k :at goodness is he mu/ le>n4 
,all le>n+ is environm5t4  ,b :5 a man  
kn[s :at is good1 & wi%es to be good1 he
 w try to be good4 ,he _c help try+4 ,& 
he w try j z h>d1 & j z long z 8        
temp]am5t & tra9+ cause him to try2 & he
 w succe$ 9 be+ j z good z 8 temp]am5t &
 tra9+ cause him to be4 ,& 8 temp]am5t  
is h]$ity1 & 8 tra9+ is environm5t4  ,x 
does n foll[1 !n1 t because a man is t  
:i* h]$ity & environm5t make him1 he w  
be no?+1 = !y w make him some?+4 ,x does
 n foll[ t he w be bad1 = !y w make him 
good or bad1 z !y are good or bad4  ,!n1
 exclaims ! confus$ oppon5t1 ! man      
himself c\nts = no?+3 he is a m]e ma*9e4
  ,no4 ,he is n a m]e ma*9e3 he is a m]e
 man2 & he c\nts = j z mu* z 8 h]$ity & 

environm5t am\nt to1 = 8 h]$ity &       
environm5t are he4  ,b to tell a y\? t  
he is a creature ( h]$ity & environm5t  
w\ld disc\rage him4 ,n if he und]/ood   
:at 0 meant4 ,z we want to get ?is      
subject p]fectly cle> let u put a spee* 
9 two ways4  ,a y\? tells 8 fa!r t he   
w\ld l to be a pa9t]4 ,! fa!r's reply   
may be v>i$ z foll[s4 ,fir/1 let u      
suppose ! fa!r says3  ,y w be j z good a
 pa9t] z y\r h]$ity & environm5t all[1  
or compel y to be4  ,if y h any h]$it>y 
tal5t = ! art1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,b pa9t+  
requires some?+ m ?an tal5t3 x requires 
k1 & practice4 ,! m k & practice y get !
 bett] y w pa9t4 ,! less h]$it>y tal5t y
 possess1 ! m k & practice y w ne$4     
,!re=e1 if y want to be a good pa9t]1 y 
mu/ "w h>d4  ,! second spee* w\ld leave 
out ! ^w h]$it>y be=e ! ^w tal5t1 & w\ld
 beg91 ,y w be j z a good a pa9t] z y\r 
tal5t & indu/ry w make y4 ,o!rwise !    
spee*es w\ld n diff]4  ,b are we to     
suppose t ! fir/ spee* w\ld disc\rage a 
boy :o want$ to be a pa9t]8 ,n at all3  

if ! boy und]/ood :at h]$ity &          
environm5t mean4 ,x tells him t he c    
only be z good a pa9t] z 8 tal5t & 8    
indu/ry w make him4 ,b x does n tell him
 :at are ! limits ( 8 indu/ry & tal5t1 =
 nobody kn[s :at ! limits are4 ,t c only
 be settl$ by try+4  ,to "k t he _c get 
m out ( a gold reef ?an !re is 9 x1 does
 n disc\rage a m9]4 ,:at he wants is to 
get all !re is 9 x1 & until he wants no 
m1 or believes !re is no m1 he w keep on
 digg+4  ,x is s ) any human ef=t4 ,we  
all "k t we _c d m ?an we c1 :e!r we    
believe 9 free w or no4 ,b we d n "k h[ 
mu* we c d1 & nobody c tell u4 ,! only  
way is to try4 ,& we try j z h>d z our  
nature & our desire impel u to try1 & j 
z long z any desire or any hope rema9s4 
,n only t1 we commonly try :5 ! limit ( 
our atta9m5t is 9 sight4 ,= we try to   
get z ne> ! limit z we c4  ,= in/ance4  
,a "y man adopts lit]ature z 8 trade4   
,he kn[s t be=e he dips a p5 into a     
bottle t he w nev] rea* ! level (       
,%akespe>e & ,hom]4 ,b he tries to d z  

well z he c4 ,a m9] might be sure t 8   
reef w\ld n yield a million2 b he w\ld g
 on & get all he c\ld4  ,s x is 9 ! case
 ( a desire = virtue4 ,a man kn[s t he  
_c be bett] ?an 8 nature & 8 k all[ him 
to be4 ,he kn[s t he w nev] be z good z 
! be/4 ,b he wants to be good1 & he     
tries to be z good z he c4 ,! fact t a  
private soldi] is n likely to get a     
commission does n prev5t him f try+ to  
get a s]geant-major's /ripes4 ,! k t he 
is n likely to get tw5ty-"o bull's-eyes 
9 a mat* does n prev5t a rifleman f     
gett+ all ! bull's-eyes he c4  ,s ) our 
"y pa9t]4 ,all desire is h]$it>y4 ,all k
 is environm5t4 ,! boy wants to be a    
pa9t]1 & he kn[s t indu/ry & practice w 
help to make him a good pa9t]4 ,!re=e he
 tries4 ,he tries j z h>d z 8 desire 78 
h]$ity7 & ! enc\ragem5ts ( 8 ma/] & 8   
fri5ds 7environm5t7 cause him to try4   
,we d n say t x is no use try+ to be    
good1 no use try+ to be clev]4 ,on !    
contr>y1 we say t no man c be good or   
clev] unless he does try2 b t 8 desire  

to try1 8 p[] to try1 & 8 k ( ! value ( 
try+ are p>ts ( 8 h]$ity & environm5t ,a
 boy says1 ,i _c d ?is sum4 ,8 fri5d    
says1 ,try aga94 ,i _h to try six times2
 b ,i did x4 ,t enc\ragem5t is          
environm5t4  ,a man says1 ,i _c keep    
/eady4 ,i h tri$4 ,8 fri5d says1 ,yes1 y
 c4 ,try aga94 ,keep on try+4 ,try = y\r
 *ildr5's sake4 ,t spee* is environm5t4 
,we advise a weakly lad to try a c\rse (
 gymna/ics1 & enc\rage him to p]sev]e4  
,t is environm5t4  ,9 ano!r book ( m9e1 
,god & ,my ,neighb\r1 ,i said some?+ t 0
 p\nc$ ^u z inconsi/5t ) my belief4 ,"o 
pap] ask$ :at ,i w\ld give to cancel t  
fatal admission4 ,_m critics said 9 _!  
ha/e t ,i _h giv5 my case away4  ,b ,i  
am s f> f regrett+ t p>agraph t ,i w    
repeat x "h1 & w prove t x is n         
inconsi/5t ) my belief1 & t x does n    
give my case away4 ,! passage is z      
foll[s3  ,i believe t ,i am :at h]$ity &
 environm5t made me4 ,b ,i "k t ,i c    
make myself bett] or worse if ,i try4 ,i
 "k t because ,i h le>nt x1 & ! le>n+   

has be5 "p ( my environm5t4  ,:at is !re
 9 t p>agraph t is inconsi/5t ) my      
belief8  ,i "k--h[ d ,i "k any?+8 ,all k
 is f environm5t4 ,i "k 7?r\gh          
environm5t7 t ,i c d some?+ if ,i try4  
,:at causes me to try8 ,if ,i try to    
write bett]1 or to live bett]1 x is     
evid5t t ,i wi% to write bett]1 or to   
live bett]4 ,:at makes me wi%8 ,h]$ity &
 environm5t4  ,x may be inh]it$         
disposition to d ! ?+s call$ good4 ,x   
may be love ( approbation4 ,^? are p>ts 
( my h]$ity4  ,x may be t ,i wi% to d ! 
?+s call$ good because ,i h be5 taught t
 ,i ought to d !m4 ,t tea*+ w\ld be "p (
 my environm5t ,!re=e ! desire to be    
good1 or bett]1 & ! k t ,i c be good1 or
 bett]1 if ,i try1 arise f & belong to  
h]$ity & environm5t4  ,b to try4 ,does n
 t %[ free w8 ,i h j prov$ t ,i try     
because ,i wi% to succe$1 & t environm5t
 has taught me t ,i _c succe$ )\t try+4 
,b does n ! free w come 9 :5 ,i decide  
:e!r to d good or bad ?+s8 ,no4 ,= t has
 already be5 decid$ = me by h]$ity &    

environm5t1 :i* h made me wi% to d good 
?+s4  ,s !re is no?+ wrong ) t p>agraph4
 ,! fault 0 9 my critics1 :o _h fail$ to
 und]/& ! subject ^u :i* !y 7 try+ to   
argue4  ,a man c only try if h]$ity or  
environm5t causes him to want to try1 & 
he c only keep on try+ z long z h]$ity &
 environm5t cause him to keep on4  ,"o  
man is born ) m tal5t ?an ano!r4 ,& "o  
man is born ) m indu/ry1 or ) m         
ambition1 or ) m hope1 pati5ce1         
det]m9ation1 ?an ano!r4  ,& ! man :o is 
m ambiti\s1 or m pati5t1 or m hopeful1  
or m det]m9$1 w try h>d]1 & w try long] 
?an ! man :o is less ambiti\s1 or       
hopeful1 or det]m9$4  ,h]$ity settles t4
  ,b ! man :o has less ( ! qualities t  
make "o try1 may be spurr$ on by a      
tea*]1 a fri5d1 or a p[]ful motive1 & s 
may try h>d] & long] ?an ! /rong] man4  
,z1 = example1 a man :o has giv5 up try+
 to succe$ 9 "s ent]prise1 may fall 9   
love1 & !n ! add$ desire to m>ry ! woman
 he loves1 may cause him to try h>d] ?an
 ev]1 & may lead him to succe$4  ,b ^!  

?+s belong to 8 environm5t4  ,n only t1 
b !y are a pro( t environm5t c move a   
man :5 free w fails4 ,= ! man has a free
 w be=e he falls 9 love4 ,b he loses    
he>t1 & does n succe$ 9 8 ent]prise4 ,b 
love1 :i* is environm5t1 supplies a new 
desire1 & he does succe$4  ,:y does he  
succe$8 ,because he wants to m>ry1 & he 
_c m>ry until he succe$s4 ,?is desire to
 m>ry comes ( environm5t1 & x rules ! w1
 & compels ! w to w a fur!r ef=t4 ,is x 
n s8  ,al?\gh we say t man is ! creature
 ( h]$ity & environm5t1 we d n say t he 
has no self-control4 ,we only say t 8   
self-control comes f h]$ity &           
environm5t1 & is limit$ & controll$ by  
h]$ity & environm5t4  ,he c only d z he 
likes :5 h]$ity & environm5t cause him  
to l1 & he c only d z he likes1 s f> & s
 long z h]$ity & environm5t enable him  
to g on4  ,a man c be good if he tries1 
b n unless h]$ity & environm5t cause him
 to wi% to try4  ,b = h]$ity he c\ld n  
lift a f+]3 he w\ld n h a f+] to lift4  
,b = environm5t he c\ld n le>n to use a 

f+]4 ,he c\ld nev] "k good f bad4  ,we  
all "k t we c tra9 & curb ourselves1 t  
we c we$ out bad habits1 & cultivate    
good habits4 ,no "o has any d\bt ab\t t4
 ,! "q is :at causes u to d ! "o or !   
o!r4 ,! answ] is--h]$ity & environm5t4  
,we c develop our muscles1 our bra9s1   
our morals2 & we c develop !m enorm\sly4
  ,b be=e we c d ^! ?+s we mu/ want to d
 !m1 & we mu/ "k t we c d !m1 & h[ to d 
!m2 & all k1 & all desire comes f       
environm5t & h]$ity4  ,a y\? wi%es to be
 /rong4 ,:y8 ,say he has be5 read+ ,mr4 
,s&['s book4 ,he is told !re t by do+   
c]ta9 ex]cises e day he c v greatly     
increase 8 /r5g?4 ,?is sets him to "w at
 ! dumb-bells4 ,!re may be _m motives   
impell+ him4 ,"o gr\p =m a g5]al desire 
to be /rong3 t is h]$ity4 ,b ! spur t   
moves him is ,s&['s book1 & t spur1 & ! 
in=mation z to h[ to proce$1 are        
environm5t4  ,! y\? beg9s1 & = a few    
mon?s he does ! ex]cises e morn+4 ,b !y 
beg9 to get irksome4  ,he is tir$1 he   
has a slight cold1 he wants to read or  

write4 ,he neglects ! ex]cises4 ,!n he  
rememb]s t he _c get /rong unless he    
p]sev]es & does ! "w regul>ly1 & he goes
 on aga94 ,or he neglects 8 tra9+ =     
a:ile1 until he meets ano!r y\? :o has  
improv$ himself4 ,!n he goes back to !  
dumb-bells4  ,is n ?is1 to our own k1 ! 
k9d ( ?+ t happ5s to u all1 9 all k9ds (
 self-tra9+1 :e!r x be muscul>1 m5tal1  
or moral8  ,:at causes ! fluctuations8  
,let ! read] exam9e 8 own conduct1 & he 
w f9d a cont9ual %ift+ & conflict (     
motives4 ,& he w nev] f9d a motive t _c 
be trac$ to 8 temp]am5t or tra9+1 to 8  
h]$ity or environm5t4  ,a man wants to  
le>n ,fr5*1 or %or?&4 ,let him ask      
himself :y he wants to le>n1 & he w f9d 
! motive spr+s f temp]am5t or tra9+4 ,he
 beg9s to le>n4 ,he f9ds ! "w difficult 
& irksome4 ,he has to spur himself on by
 all k9ds ( exp$i5ts4 ,f9ally he le>ns1 
or he gives up try+ to le>n2 & he w f9d 
t 8 action has be5 settl$ by a conte/   
betwe5 8 desire to be able to write     
%or?&1 or to speak ,fr5*1 & 8 dislike to

 ! drudg]y ( le>n+2 or t 8 action has   
be5 settl$ by a conflict betwe5 8 desire
 to "k %or?&1 or ,fr5*1 & 8 desire to d 
some?+ else4 ,he does ! ?+ he mo/       
desires to d4 ,& all desire comes f     
h]$ity or f environm5t4  ,e memb] ( 8   
body1 e faculty1 e impulse is fix$ = him
 by h]$ity2 e k9d ( k1 e k9d (          
enc\ragem5t or disc\ragem5t comes (     
environm5t4  ,i hope we h made t q cle>1
 & n[ we may ask to :at x leads u4  ,&  
we %all f9d t x leads u to ! conclusion 
t ev]y?+ a man does is1 at ! in/ant :5  
he does x1 ! only ?+ he c d3 ! only ?+  
he c d1 !n4  ,:at6 d y mean to say-8    
,yes4 ,x is />tl+4 ,b let u keep our    
heads cool & our eyes wide op51 & we    
%all f9d t x is q true1 & t x is n      
difficult to und]/&4     ,,*apt]        
,,twelve--,,guilty ,,or ,,n ,,guilty8   
,,we are to ask :e!r x is true t ev]y?+ 
a man does is ! only ?+ he c\ld d1 at ! 
in/ant ( 8 do+ x4  ,?is is a v important
 "q1 because if ! answ] is yes1 all     
praise & all blame are undes]v$4   ,,all

 ,,praise ,,& ,,all ,,blame4  ,let u    
take "s revolt+ action z a te/4  ,a     
tramp has murd]$ a *ild on ! highway1   
has robb$ h] ( a few copp]s1 & has ?r[n 
h] body into a dit*4  ,d y mean to say t
 tramp c\ld n help do+ t8 ,d y mean to  
say he is n to blame8 ,d y mean to say  
he is n to be puni%$8  ,yes4 ,i say all 
^? ?+s2 & if all ^? ?+s are n true ?is  
book is n wor? ! pap] x is pr9t$ on4    
,prove x8 ,i h prov$ x4 ,b ,i h only    
in/anc$ v5ial acts1 & n[ we are         
confront$ ) murd]4 ,& ! horror ( murd]  
drives m5 almo/ to fr5zy1 s t !y cease  
to ?9k3 !y c only feel4  ,murd]4 ,yes1 a
 brutal murd]4 ,x comes ^u u ) a sick5+ 
%ock4 ,b ,i said 9 my fir/ *apt] t ,i   
propos$ to def5d ^? :om ,god & man      
condemn1 & to dem& ju/ice = ^? :om ,god 
& man h wrong$4 ,i h to plead = ! bottom
 dog3 ! l[e/1 ! mo/ dete/$1 ! wor/4  ,! 
tramp has committ$ a murd]4 ,man w\ld   
loa! him1 revile him1 hang him3 ,god    
w\ld ca/ him into out] d>kness4  ,n1    
cries ! pi\s ,*ri/ian1 if he rep5t4  ,i 

make a note ( ! rep5tance & pass on4  ,!
 tramp has committ$ a murd]4 ,x 0 a     
c[>dly & cruel murd]1 & ! motive 0      
robb]y4  ,b ,i h prov$ t all motives &  
all p[]s2 all k & capacity1 all acts &  
all words1 are caus$ by h]$ity &        
environm5t4  ,i h prov$ t a man c only  
be good or bad z h]$ity & environm5t    
cause him to be good or bad2 & ,i h     
prov$ ^! ?+s because ,i h to claim t all
 puni%m5ts & rew>ds1 all praise & blame1
 are undes]v$4  ,& n[1 let u try ?is    
mis]able tramp--our bro!r4   ,,guilty   
,,or ,,n ,,guilty8  ,! tramp has murd]$ 
a *ild = h] money4 ,:at is 8 def5ce8  ,i
 appe> = ! prison]1 & claim t he is n   
responsible = 8 act4  7,cries ( %ame6   
bo%6 lyn* him67  ,i w fir/ ( all rem9d !
 c\rt ( ! reasons ^u :i* ,i base my     
claim4  7,g5tleman 9 :ite tie rises &   
declaims vehem5tly aga9/ ! immorality ( 
! def5ce4 ,talks excit$ly ab\t ! flood  
gates ( an>*y1 & ! bulw>ks ( society1 & 
is ) difficulty p]suad$ to resume 8     
seat47  ,cl]ical environm5t does n make 

= tol]ation & sweet reasonabl5ess4 ,i   
proce$ to op5 my case4  ,e quality (    
body or m9d possess$ by a *ild at bir?  
has be5 h&$ d[n to ! *ild by its        
ance/ors4  ,! *ild c\ld n select its    
ance/ors2 c\ld n select its own         
qualities ( body & m9d4  ,!re=e ! *ild  
is n to blame = any evil quality ( body 
or m9d ) :i* x is born4  ,!re=e ?is     
tramp 0 n to blame if1 at ! mom5t (     
bir?1 8 nature 0 prone to viol5ce or to 
vice4  ,! prison] is a crim9al4 ,he is  
ei!r a crim9al born1 or a crim9al made4 
,if he is a born crim9al he is a victim 
( atavism1 & ought n to be blam$1 b     
piti$4 ,= x is n a fault1 b a mis=tune1 
to be born an atavi/4  ,_h a tig] kill$ 
! *ild1 we %\ld h to admit t su* is !   
tig]'s nature2 z x is ! nature ( a l>k  
to s+4  ,b1 if ! prison] is an atavi/ x 
is 8 nature to be furi\s & cruel4  ,we  
_c1 h[ev]1 be sure t a man is a born    
crim9al because he commits a murd]4 ,s  
great is ! p[] ( environm5t = evil1 z   
well z = good1 t p]haps ! mo/ innoc5t & 

humane man 9 ?is c\rt might1 by !       
influ5ce ( an evil environm5t1 h be5    
made capable ( an act z horrible4  ,if !
 prosecution adopt ! c\rse ,i expect !m 
to adopt1 & claim t ! un=tunate prison] 
knew bett]3 if !y succe$ 9 prov+ t !    
prison] 0 well-educat$1 c>efully br\ght 
up1 & nev] 9 all 8 life 0 once expos$ to
 any evil influ5ce1 !n ,i %all claim t  
su* evid5ce proves ! prison] to be      
atavi/1 & entitles him to a v]dict (    
uns\nd m9d4  ,because no man ^: :ole    
environm5t _h be5 good1 w\ld be capable 
( murd]+ a *ild = a few copp]s1 unless  
he 7 an atavi/ or insane4  ,on ! o!r h&1
 if x %\ld appe>1 9 ! c\rse ( evid5ce1 t
 ! prison] 0 born ( crim9al & ignorant  
p>5ts1 0 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e (     
viol5ce & crime1 0 s5t out1 untaught1 or
 evilly taught1 & undiscipl9$1 to       
scramble = a liv+2 if x %\ld be prov$ t 
he fell into bad company1 t he turn$    
?ief1 t he 0 s5t to prison & br&$ z a   
felon3 if x %\ld be prov$ t he has be5  
hunt$ by ! police1 flogg$ ) ! cat by    

w>d]s1 bulli$ by c\nsel1 d5\nc$ by      
magi/rates & judges2 if x %\ld be prov$ 
t he has be5 treat$ at e turn ( 8 wret*$
 c>e] z a wild bea/ or a p>iah2 if x    
%\ld be prov$ t he has be5 all[$ to     
deg5]ate into an ignorant1 a savage1 a  
be/ial & a drunk5 loaf]2 !n1 ,i %all    
plead t ?is mis]able man has be5 r$uc$  
to 8 pres5t morose1 cruel1 & immoral    
/ate by evil environm5t2 & ,i %all ask =
 a v]dict 9 8 fav\r4 7,cries ( ,mon/]6  
,hang him6 ,lyn* him67  ,x is said !    
prison] is an inhuman mon/]4 ,he has be5
 made a mon/] by a mon/r\s h]$ity2 or he
 has be5 made a mon/] by a mon/r\s      
environm5t4  ,no man ( s\nd h]$ity ev]  
becomes a mon/] save by ! action ( an   
evil environm5t4  ,say ! prison] is an  
atavi/2 a man br$ back to ! bea/s4 ,!n  
he is entitl$ to be judg$ by ! /&>d we  
apply to bea/s4  ,"s ( y w rememb]      
,poe's /ory ( ! murd] 9 ! ,rue ,morgue1 
9 :i* a t]rible murd] is done by an ape4
 ,9 su* a case our horror & our ang]    
w\ld probably cause u to %oot ! ape4 ,b 

t w\ld be ! upris+ )9 u ( our own       
atavi/ic & bruti% passions2 x w\ld n be 
! result ( our prompt+s ( our human     
reason4 ,reason might prompt u to kill !
 ape z a precaution aga9/ a repetition (
 viol5ce4 ,b ang] & hate are n          
reasonable1 n human3 all ang] & all hate
 are be/ial--l ! hate & ! ang] ( !      
tramp4 ,b if ! prison] is n an atavi/1  
or brute-man1 if he has be5 r$uc$ to 8  
pres5t moral /ate ( environm5t1 ask = "s
 measure ( comp5sation f ! society2     
unju/ laws1 & di%one/ social conditions1
 & immoral neglect are responsible = !  
fact t a bro!r man has be5 all[$1 or r  
compell$1 by society1 to gr[ up an      
ignorant & desp]ate savage4  ,be t z x  
may1 ! prison] is a creature ( h]$ity & 
environm5t2 &1 z he is bad1 ! h]$ity1 or
 ! environm5t1 or bo?1 mu/ be bad4 ,& ,i
 ask = a v]dict 9 ! prison]'s fav\r4  ,w
 any man on ! jury say me nay8 ,!       
prison] has defi$ ! law1 he has injur$  
society1 has outrag$ morality4 ,h law & 
morality n injur$ him8 ,has society n   

injur$ him8  ,he has committ$ a t]rible 
crime1 = :i* x is claim$ t he %\ld be   
puni%$4 ,:o %all be puni%$ = ! crimes ( 
! law & ( society aga9/ him8  ,!re is   
mu* prop] & natural sympa?y express$ by 
! prosecution ) ! p>5ts ( ! murd]$ *ild4
 ,is !re no sympa?y ) ?is unhappy victim
 ( atavism1 or ( society8 ,?is prison]  
has be5 br$ z a bea/1 or treat$ z a     
savage1 until he has become a savage & a
 bea/4  ,"h /&s a human be+1 poison$1   
batt]$1 & degrad$ beyond all human      
semblance4 ,"h /&s a bro!r man1 ^: s\l  
has be5 murd]$ by in*es1 has be5 murd]$ 
by ! society t n[ hales him "h to be    
d5\nc$1 & execrat$1 & hang$4  ,d ,i     
speak tru?1 or falsehood8 ,is logic     
true8 ,are facts true8 ,t :i* society   
has "h plant$ x has "h to reap4 ,n all !
 law1 ! piety1 & education 9 ! wide1    
wide e>? c make ?is ru9$ & degrad$      
prison] ! man he might h be54 ,n all !  
rep5tance we c feel1 n any comp5sation  
we c (f] c buy him back ! s\l we h      
de/roy$4 ,x is too late4  ,g5tlem5 ( !  

jury1 is x no?+ to y8 ,y are accessories
 to ! fact4 ,i appeal to y\r ju/ice1 to 
y\r pity--  7,a voice3 ,h[ mu* pity _h  
he = ! *ild87  ,none4 ,!re is no pity 9 
8 s\l4 ,ei!r 8 =efa!rs put none !re1 or 
society has de/roy$ x4  7,cries (       
mon/r\s6 immoral6 prepo/]\s6 %ame67  ,i 
he> cries ( mon/r\s & immoral4 ,b ,i d n
 he> any voice say false4 ,is !re a man 
9 c\rt c impea* my reason+1 or disprove 
my facts8 ,is !re a man 9 c\rt c d5y "o 
/atem5t ,i h made8 ,is !re a man 9 c\rt 
c break "o l9k ( ! /eel *a9 ( logic ,i h
 rivet$ ^u our metaphysicians1 our      
morali/s1 our k+s1 our judges1 & our    
gods8  ,y say my def5ce is unreasonable 
& immoral4 ,y dread ! effects ( ju/ice &
 ( reason ^u society4 ,y talk ( crime & 
cruelty1 ( law & ord]4 ,y want ! prison]
 puni%$4 ,y ask = ju/ice3 b y want      
rev5ge4 ,give me a fair he>+1 & ,i w    
speak ( ^! ?+s to y4  ,:5 y cry out t to
 d5y responsibility is immoral y are    
?9k+1 at ! back ( y\r heads1 t m5 c only
 be kept )9 ! law by fe>2 t wrong-do+ c 

only be repress$ by puni%m5t4  ,x is !  
old & cruel conv5tions ( society t hold 
y fa/ to ! error t blame & puni%m5t are 
righte\s & salut>y4 ,x is ignorance (   
human nature t betrays y into ! belief t
 m5 c be made hone/ & b5evol5t by       
cruelty & t]ror4  ,puni%m5t has nev] be5
 j1 has nev] be5 effectual4 ,puni%m5t   
has always fail$ ( its purpose3 ! great]
 its sev]ity1 ! m abject its failure4   
,m5 _c be made good & g5tle by means (  
viol5ce & wrong4 ,! real tam]s &        
purifi]s ( human he>ts are love & *>ity 
& reason4  ,y seem to ?9k x is a noble  
?+ to be angry ) a crim9al1 & to be     
angry ) me = def5d+ him4 ,b x is always 
ignoble to be angry4  ,"s ( y d5y ?is   
blood-/a9$ murd]] = y\r bro!r2 b        
directly y\r features are di/ort$ by    
passion1 directly y\r fury ov]comes y\r 
reason1 directly y beg9 to %riek = 8    
blood1 y\r close relation%ip to him     
appe>s4  ,reason1 pati5ce1 self-control1
 ^! are lack+ 9 ! savage crim9al3 ,i    
look ar\nd = !m 9 va9 among/ ! cr[d 9   

?is c\rt4  ,i said t ,i w\ld take note (
 :at our ,*ri/ian fri5d said ab\t       
rep5tance4 ,i w speak to t "q n[4 ,!re  
are few :o s (t5 =get ! t5ets ( _! own  
religion z ! cl]gy4 ,i h f\nd x s4  ,!  
cl]gy are always among/ ! fir/ to raise 
! cry ( immorality :5 "o speaks aga9/   
puni%m5t z unju/1 or useless4  ,yet !   
cl]gy prea* ! doctr9e ( rep5tance4 ,x is
 only a few weeks s9ce ! ,engli% pap]s  
pr9t$ a lett] f a murd]] "u s5t5ce (    
dea?1 9 :i* he spoke ( meet+ 8 relatives
 at ! feet ( ,jesus4  ,9 a week f ! date
 ( 8 lett] he expect$ to be 9 heav54 ,9 
a mon? f ! "t :5 he murd]$ 8 wife1 he   
expect$ to be ) ,jesus1 & to live 9     
happ9ess & glory = ev]4  ,t is :at !    
prison *apla9 _h taught him4 ,x is :at !
 cl]gy d tea*4 ,!y talk ( ! folly & !   
immorality ( aboli%+ prison & gall[s2 & 
!n !y (f] ! p]petrators ( ! mo/ inhuman 
& t]rible crimes a c]ta9ty ( ev]la/+    
bliss 9 a s9less heav54  ,if x is       
immoral & absurd to say t all crim9als  
are s9n$ aga9/ z well z s9n+2 if x is   

immoral & absurd to say t we ought n to 
hang a man1 nor to flog1 nor to imprison
 him1 :at k9d ( morality & wisdom lie 9 
(f]+ all crim9als an et]nity ( happ9ess 
& glory8  ,! cl]gy are t :i* _!         
environm5t has made !m4 ,:at k9d (      
reason+ c we expect f m5 :o h be5 taught
 t x is wick$ to ?9k8  ,be=e y are angry
 ) me = def5d+ ! prison] be sure t y are
 n conf\nd+ ! ideas ( ! crim9al & !     
crime4 ,i hate ! crime z mu* z any man  
"h2 b ,i d n hate ! crim9al4 ,i am n    
def5d+ evil2 ,i am def5d+ ! evil-do]4   
,be=e y plume y\rselves too mu* ^u y\r  
sup]ior morality & great] love ( ju/ice1
 all[ me to rem9d y t ,i am ask+ t ! _w 
%all be moral1 & n only ?is man3 ,i am  
dem&+ ju/ice = all m51 & n = a few4 ,b  
y--y ?9k y h act$ righte\sly & hon\rably
 :5 y h hang$ a murd]]2 b y h n a ?\ght 
= ! inhuman social conditions t make m5 
crim9als4 ,?is prison] is b a type3 a   
type ( ! legion victims ( a selfi% &    
c[>dly society4 ,e day1 9 e city1 9 e   
c\ntry1 innoc5t *ildr5 are be+ poison$ &

 p]v]t$ by millions4 ,:i* ( y has spok5 
a ^w or lift$ a h& to prev5t ?is        
:olesale wrong8 ,:at man ( y all1 :o are
 s fi]ce aga9/ crime1 s l\d 9 praise (  
morality1 has ev] tri$ 9 act or spee* to
 combat ! crime & ! immorality :i*      
society p]petuates3 ) y\r k & cons5t8 ,y
 :o are s anxi\s to puni% crime1 :at are
 y do+ to prev5t x8  ,:5 ,i ask = a     
v]dict 9 ! prison]'s fav\r y assume t ,i
 w\ld set him free1 assur+ him t he is  
an injur$ man & t fate compell$ him to !
 act ( murd]4  ,d y ?9k1 !n1 t ,i w\ld  
release a tig] among/ ! cr[d 9 a circus1
 or t ,i w\ld all[ a homicidal maniac to
 g at l>ge 9 ! /reets ( a city8  ,x w\ld
 be folly to give to ?is brutalis$ &    
ignorant tramp a message :i* h>dly a man
 9 ?is c\rt is suffici5tly educat$ &    
ref9$ to und]/&2 x w\ld be folly to set 
at lib]ty a besott$ savage3 x w\ld be   
unsafe4  ,b ,i say to y t ! prison] is a
 victim ( h]$ity & environm5t1 t he has 
be5 debas$ & wrong$ by society1 & t to  
puni% him is unju/4  7,a woman's voice3 

,! mon/]6 ,kill him47  ,madam1 !re is n 
a woman "h c be sure t any *ild %e be>s 
may n be driv5 by society to /& "s day 9
 ! dock4  ,b /ill4 ,y are n satisfi$4   
,"s ( y1 at any rate1 /ill fr[n & set   
y\r tee? h>d4 ,logic or no logic1 he has
 murd]$ a baby4  ,!re /&s my cl]ical    
fri5d1 ) knitt$ br[s1 & fire 9 8 eyes4  
,b t 8 call+ *ecks 8 fi]ce old ,saxon   
h]$ity ?is p>son w\ld e*o ! /]n spee* ( 
,c>lyle to ! crim9al3 ,sc\ndrel6 ,"k t  
we = ev] hate !e6  ,ah6 ,i ?\ght s4 ,!  
cl\d beg9s to cle> f ! face ( my cl]ical
 fri5d3 ! cr[d look hopeful4 ,grim old  
,?omas appeals to y4 ,! prison] is a    
sc\ndrel1 & y d hate him4 ,no?+ ,i h    
said1 s f>1 has %ak5 t feel+4 ,he is a  
sc\ndrel1 & y hate him4 ,:at is m1 y _c 
=give me = n hat+ him4 ,y _c believe t  
,i am a natural man4 ,i ought to hate   
him4 ,well1 my fri5ds1 h[ d we feel ab\t
 a %>k8 ,i ?9k y w f9d t m5 hate a %>k4 
,& ,i ?9k y w f9d t !y hate him m       
bitt]ly ?an !y hate a tig]4 ,& ,i ?9k y 
w f9d t !y believe !y hate ! %>k because

 he is cruel4 ,b t seems to me a mi/ake4
 ,! %>k is n s cruel z a cat2 x is n s  
cruel z a %rike2 x is no?+ l s cruel z a
 ,european lady4 ,= ?\gh ! %>k w dev\r  
any animals x c rea*1 x does n          
delib]ately torture !m4 ,n[ ! cat       
tortures ! m\se1 ! %rike impales flies  
or beetles ^u a ?orn1 & leaves !m to    
die1 & ! ,european lady eats lob/]1 :i* 
has1 to h] k1 be5 boil$1 alive4  ,b !   
%>k kills human be+s4 ,s d tig]s1 s d   
lions1 & s d m54  ,b ! %>k is horrible4 
,yes2 n[ we are gett+ ne>] ! real root (
 our hatr$4 ,! %>k is horrible4 ,& s is 
! murd]]4  ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5  
horror & hate4 ,! murd]] is horrible to 
me1 f> m horrible ?an ! %>k1 j z a mad  
man is m horrible ?an a mad dog2 j z a  
human corpse is m awful ?an ! c>case ( a
 de]4  ,! crim9al makes me %udd]1 he    
makes my fle% creep2 my :ole nature     
recoils f him4 ,b ,i d n hate him1 & ,i 
d n blame him4  ,:i* ( u does n admire &
 hon\r an innoc5t1 graceful1 & *>m+     
girl8 ,to all ( u1 m5 & wom51 h] pres5ce

 is m delightful ?an a g>d5 ( sweet     
fl[]s4  ,?9k ( "s su* amiable & g5tle   
creature4 ,!n imag9e t we meet h] t5    
ye>s h5ce1 & f9d h] a drunk5 h>lot1     
wall[+ 9 ! gutt]4 ,?9k ( h] !n s hide\s1
 fil?y1 & obsc5e2 ?9k ( h] debas$1      
indec5t1 trea*]\s2 ?9k ( h] incapable ( 
hone/y1 ( gratitude1 ( tru?2 ?9k ( h]   
sulli$ & brok5 & s vile t %e w\ld betray
 h] only fri5d = a glass ( g93 ?9k ( h] 
well1 & ask y\rselves h[ %\ld we feel   
t[>ds h]4  ,"s ( u w\ld blame h]3 "s ( u
 w\ld pity h]3 "s ( u w\ld try to       
befri5d h]3 b h>dly "o ( u c\ld endure  
h] t\*1 h] spee*1 h] gaze4 ,%e has      
become a horror 9 ! light ( ! day4  ,my 
cl]ical fri5d & ,i w\ld /& be=e h] sick 
& sorry & a%am$4 ,we %\ld be alike      
dismay$ & %ock$3 we %\ld be alike t\*$ &
 repell$4 ,b !re 9 t tragic mom5t w\ld  
appe> ! lik5ess & ! diff]5ce betwe5 u4  
,he w\ld n und]/&4  ,! un=tunate woman  
has be5 r5d]$ physically & morally      
loa?some to u4 ,s has ?is murd]]4 ,b t  
%\ld cause u to pity1 & n to hate !m2 x 

%\ld inspire u n to de/roy !m2 b to     
de/roy ! evil conditions t h br\ght !m1 
& millions z un=tunate z !y1 to ?is     
t]rible & %ameful pass4 ,! bitt]e/ wrong
 ( all is ! fact t ^! fell[-creatures ( 
ours h be5 degrad$ bel[ ! rea* ( our    
help & our affection4  ,look+ into my   
own he>t1 & recall+ my exp]i5ce ( m5 &  
wom51 ,i mu/ own t !re is n "o 9 a ?\s& 
( u :o might n h become a %ame & a      
horror to our fell[s _h our environm5t  
be5 z cruel & z h>d z ! environm5t ( ^! 
f :om we %r9k appall$4  ,& :5 ,i read ( 
a murd]1 :5 ,i see "s human wreck1 s    
repulsive & unsightly t my s\l is sick  
)9 me1 & my fle% %udd]s away f !        
contact1 ,i cru% ! ang] out ( my he>t1 &
 rememb] :at ,i am & might h be51 & t   
?is man1 ?is woman1 n[ s dreadful or s  
vile1 is a victim ( a /ate ( society :i*
 mo/ ( u believe 9 & uphold4  ,i _c hate
 ^! mis]ables1 b ,i _c love !m4 ,i c\ld 
n sleep 9 a dirty b$1 nor eat a rott5   
pea*1 nor li/5 to a piano out ( tune1   
nor dr9k aft] a lep] or a slut1 nor make

 a fri5d ( a sweat]1 nor %ake ! h& ( an 
assass91 nor sit at table ) a fil?y sot4
  ,b to drive our fell[-creatures into  
disgrace & crime beyond r$emption1 & !n 
to hate !m or to hang !m2 is t j8  ,to  
loa! & puni% ! victims ( society1 & nev]
 lift a h& aga9/ ! wrongs t are _! ru91 
is t reasonable8  ,i ask = a v]dict 9 ! 
prison]'s fav\r2 b ,i _c ask t he be set
 at lib]ty4 ,we c\ld n lib]ate a        
smallpox pati5t nor a lunatic4  ,al?\gh 
! prison] ought n to be puni%$1 x is    
imp]ative t he be re/ra9$4  ,be+ :at he 
is3 be+ :at society has made him1 he is 
n fit to be at l>ge4  ,we mu/ def5d     
ourselves aga9/ him4 ,we mu/ protect our
 *ildr5 f him1 ev5 al?\gh we h fail$ to 
protect o!r *ildr5 aga9/ society4  ,i   
ask ! jury = a v]dict 9 ! prison]'s     
fav\r4 ,i leave ! prison] to _! ju/ice &
 to _! reason4 ,t is my case4           
,,*apt] ,,?irte5--,,! ,,failure ,,(     
,,puni%m5t  ,,does x d a man any good to
 hang him8 ,does x d u any good to hang 
him8 ,is any human be+ 9 ! wide _w      

edifi$ or bett]$ :5 a man is hang$8 ,is 
x any use hang+ m58  ,t x is unju/ to   
hang a man we h se54 ,b is x any use8   
,!re is a c]ta9 s*ool ( morali/s :o are 
ang]$ & al>m$ by ! m]e sugge/ion t m5   
%\ld cease to blame & puni% ea* o!r4 ,!y
 prote/ t virtue w\ld die out & morality
 become a mock]y if we ceas$ to scold1 &
 :ip1 & execute ea* o!r4 ,!y seem to    
believe t inju/ice & f]ocity are ! be/  
exempl>s ( ju/ice & human k9dness4  ,dr4
 ,ak$1 m9i/] ( ,pembroke ,*apel1        
,liv]pool1 declaim+ aga9/ :at he call$  
?is prepo/]\s notion ( moral            
irresponsibility1 decl>$ t x is !       
doctr9e ( e c[>d1 ( e cur1 ( e ?ief :o  
ev] pilf]$ f 8 ma/]'s till1 ( e s$uc] & 
traitor ! _w has se54 ,i :isp] ! "n (   
,torquemada1 & pass on4  ,dr4 ,ak$1     
suppos+1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 t he :o
 has be5 a bad man1 said3  ,if1 9 ! m]cy
 ( ,god1 ! day comes :5 ,i see myself z 
,i am1 :5 !re is no m %uffl+1 :5 to     
myself ,myself is compell$1 ev5 to !    
tee? & =ehead ( my faults1 to give 9    

evid5ce--if su* a day comes1 no juggl+ )
 words1 no nons5se ab\t n kn[+ any bett]
 or be+ driv5 by education ^u           
organisation1 by environm5t act+ on     
h]$ity1 w s]ve to conceal f my s\l !    
hide\s view ( its own guilt4  ,& yet    
,dr4 ,ak$ is a m9i/] ( ! ,*ri/ian       
religion1 & a pr(ess$ foll[] ( ,*ri/1 :o
 said ( 8 murd]]s1 ,fa!r =give !m1 = !y 
"k n :at !y d4  ,i might imitate ,dr4   
,ak$1 & d5\nce ! idea t puni%m5t makes  
m5 virtu\s & docile z ! idea ( e tyrant1
 ( e religi\s p]secutor1 ( e wife-beat]1
 ( e m>t9et1 ( e bully & brute ! _w has 
ev] se54 ,b ,i pref] to look calmly &   
s5sibly at ! evid5ce4  ,t mighty moral  
rul]1 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii41 dur+ 8 reign   
did1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ,elizabe?an   
,engl&1 hang up sev5ty-two ?\s& ?ieves1 
rogues1 & vagabonds4  ,n[1 ,sir ,?omas  
,m1 :o 0 "o ( ! f9e/ m5 ,engl& ev] br$1 
& 0 ,"l ,high ,*ancellor "u ,h5ry       
,,viii41 has put x ^u record1 9 8 great 
& noble "w1 ,utopia1 t ^! sev]e         
puni%m5ts 7 n only unju/1 b ineffectual4

  ,i w quote f ,sir ,?omas3  ,"o day :5 
,i 0 d9+ ) him 7,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op       
,morton7 !re happ5$ to be at table "o ( 
! ,engli% lawy]s1 :o took occasion to   
run out 9 a high comm5dation ( ! sev]e  
execution ( ju/ice ^u ?ieves1 :o1 z he  
said3 7 !n hang$ s fa/1 t !re 7         
sometimes tw5ty on "o gibbet2 & ^u t he 
said he c\ld n wond] en\gh h[ x came to 
pass1 t s9ce s few escap$1 !re 7 yet s  
_m ?ieves left :o 7 /ill robb+ 9 all    
places4  ,^u ?is1 ,i1 :o took ! boldness
 to speak freely be=e ! ,c>d9al1 said   
!re 0 no reason to wond] at ! matt]1    
s9ce ?is way ( puni%+ ?ieves 0 nei!r j 9
 itself1 nor good = ! public2 = z !     
sev]ity 0 too great1 s ! rem$y 0 n      
effectual2 simple !ft n be+ s great a   
crime t x ought to co/ a man 8 life2 &  
no puni%m5t1 h[ sev]e soev]1 be+ able to
 re/ra9 ^? f robb+1 :o c f9d out no o!r 
way ( livelihood2 & 9 ?is1 said ,i1 n   
only y 9 ,engl&1 b a great "p ( ! _w1   
imitate "s ill ma/]s t are readi] to    
*a/ise _! s*ol>s ?an to tea* !m4 ,!re   

are dreadful puni%m5ts enact$ aga9/     
?ieves1 b x 7 mu* bett] to make su* good
 provisions by :i* e man might be put 9 
a me?od h[ to live1 & s be pres]v$ f !  
fatal necessity ( /eal+1 & dy+ = x4444  
,if y d n f9d a rem$y to ^! evils1 x is 
a va9 ?+ to boa/ ( y\r sev]ity ( puni%+ 
!ft2 :i*1 ?\gh x may h ! appe>ance (    
ju/ice1 yet 9 itself is nei!r j nor     
conv5i5t2 = if y suff] y\r p to be      
ill-educat$1 & _! mann]s to be corrupt$ 
f _! infancy1 & !n puni% !m = ^? crimes 
to :i* _! fir/ education dispos$ !m1 :at
 else is to be conclud$ f ?is1 b t y    
fir/ make ?ieves1 & !n puni% !m8  ,9    
confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ,h5ry !      
,eigh?'s ,"l ,*ancellor1 we h ! evid5ce 
( ,h>rison1 t aft] ^! #gb1jjj executions
 ( ,h5ry1 !re 7 m ?ieves ?an ev] 9 !    
next reign4  ,h>rison1 :o wrote 9 !     
reign ( ,elizabe?1 says ( ! rogues &    
vagabonds3 ! puni%m5t t is orda9$ = ?is 
k9d ( p is v %>p1 & yet x _c re/ra9 !m f
 _! gadd+4  ,9 t day any "o convict$1 on
 ! te/imony ( two hone/ & cr$ible       

witnesses1 ( be+ a rogue1 he is !n      
imm$iately adjudg$ to be griev\sly      
:ipp$1 & burn$ ?r\gh ! gri/le ( ! "r e>1
 ) a hot iron ( ! compass ( an in* ab\t4
 ,among/ ! rogues 7 includ$ actors1     
juggl]s1 f5c]s1 m9/rels1 & t9k]s6       
,h>rison toa/s t our laws aga9/ felons 7
 m humane ?an ^? ( ! ,cont95t4 ,let u   
consid] ! l5i5cy ( ,elizabe?'s day4 ,a  
woman :o poison$ h] husb& 0 burnt alive4
 ,o!r poison]s 7 boil$ alive1 or scald$ 
to dea? 9 see?+ wat] or lead4 ,h]etics &
 wit*es 7 burnt alive4 ,murd]]s 7 hang$ 
alive 9 *a9s4 ,h>rison adds3 ,we h use  
nei!r ( ! :eel nor ( ! b> z 9 o!r       
c\ntries2 b :5 wilful manslaught] is    
p]petrat$1 besides hang+1 ! (f5d] ha? 8 
"r h& commonly /rick5 (f1 be=e or ne> ! 
place :]e ! act 0 done1 aft] :i* he is  
l$ =? to ! place ( execution & !re put  
to dea? accord+ to ! law4  ,= treason m5
 7 hang$1 drawn1 & qu>t]$4  ,= felony1  
:i* 0 any?+ f highway robb]y to !ft ( a 
piece ( bread1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7     
hang$4 ,!re 7 ov] #bej (f5ces = :i* !   

p5alty 0 dea?4  ,= speak+ s$ition aga9/ 
a magi/rate ! (f5d] _h bo? 8 e>s cut (f4
  ,if a prison] refus$ to plead he 0    
press$ to dea? "u heavy weights4        
,h>rison says t !re is n "o ye> 9 :i*   
?ree or f\r hundr$ rogues are n eat5 up 
by ! gall[s4 ,& !n he goes on to rem>k t
 s _m are ! idle rogues1 t except "s    
bett] ord] be tak51 or ! laws already   
made be bett] execut$1 su* z dwell 9    
upl&i% t[ns & little villages %all live 
b 9 small safety or re/4  ,a hundr$ ye>s
 ago !re 7 ov] two hundr$ (f5ces = :i* !
 puni%m5t 0 dea?4 ,boys & girls 7 hang$ 
= !ft4 ,mr4 ,coll9son1 9 ,facts ab\t    
,flogg+s1 says t 9 #ahaf !re 7 at "o "t 
ov] fifty prison]s 9 ,engl& wait+ to be 
hang$1 & t "o ( !m 0 a *ild ( t5d] ye>s4
 ,mr4 ,coll9son says3  ,! ineffici5cy & 
brutality ( all ?is torture & blood%$   
became obvi\s to ! p1 ?r\gh ! propag&a (
 a few d>+ & enlight5$ re=m]s1 & x 0    
swept away4  ,b let u come ne>] home4   
,ab\t a doz5 ye>s ago ! late ,mr4       
,hopwood1 ,k4,c41 ,record] ( ,liv]pool1 

0 good en\gh to give me 8 op9ions on !  
subject ( h>% & l5i5t puni%m5t4 ,mr4    
,hopwood said3  ,i 0 fir/ conv9c$ ( !   
uselessness ( h>% s5t5ces by att5dance  
at two c\rts ( sessions ab\t ?irty-five 
ye>s ago4 ,! two c\rts 7 ^? ( ,man*e/] &
 ,sal=d--t[ns v simil> z to population &
 conditions ( life4 ,9 ,sal=d ! s5t5ces 
7 uni=mly l5i5t4 ,9 ,man*e/] !y 7       
uni=mly sev]e4 ,p said ,man*e/] w\ld be 
purg$ ( crime2 t all ! crim9als w\ld    
flock to ,sal=d4 ,x 0 n s4 ,! /ate ( ?+s
 cont9u$ = "s ye>s1 & caus$ no increase 
( crime 9 ! "o1 nor decrease ( crime 9 !
 o!r t[n4 ,h5ce x becomes evid5t t a    
great deal ( useless puni%m5t 0 inflict$
 9 ,man*e/]4 ,i 0 a "y b>ri/] at ! "t1 &
 ,i took ! lesson to he>t4  ,mr4        
,hopwood only claim$ a negative result4 
,he said3 ,i d n say ,i h r$uc$ crime1 b
 only t ,i h r$uc$ puni%m5t )\t increas+
 crime4 ,= in/ance1 ,i claim t dur+ my  
six ye>s at ?is c\rt ,i h sav$ ?ree ?\s&
 ye>s ( imprisonm5t4  ,:5 ,i rem>k$ t   
sav$ a great wa/e ( money1 he answ]$ t x

 0 a great sav+ ( humanity4 ,he claim$ t
 life & prop]ty 7 at lea/ z secure "u a 
clem5t judge z "u a cruel "o1 & t 8     
sy/em sav$ mu* suff]+ & %ame1 n only to 
! prison]s1 b also to ^? dep5d5t ^u !m4 
,he said t v (t5 8 treatm5t _h a good   
effect ^u ! prison]s3 ,d y "k1 (t5 !y   
are a%am$ to come back4  ,mr4 ,hopwood  
told me t at fir/ he met ) /rong        
opposition1 b t 8 example _h su* an     
effect t ! local magi/rates _h come to  
give six or t5 mon?s' imprisonm5t 9     
cases :]e =m]ly ! (f5d]s w\ld h got sev5
 ye>s4 ,ask$ :e!r 8 l5i5cy _h caus$     
crim9als to flock to ,liv]pool1 ,mr4    
,hopwood answ]$1 ,n at all2 & 8 d5ial 0 
back$ by ! /atem5t ( ! ,*ief ,con/able t
 crime 0 decreas+ to an appreciable     
ext5t4  ,mr4 ,hopwood told me he w\ld l 
to release "o-?ird ( ^? m5 !n 9 prison1 
&1 he add$1 ano!r ?ird ought nev] to h  
gone !re4 ,ask$ :at t meant1 he said t  
"o-?ird ( ! prison]s 7 innoc5t4 ,my own 
obs]vation1 9 ! police-c\rts aft]w>ds1  
conv9c$ me t he 0 q "r4 ,f9ally1 aft]   

%[+ me t ! boa/$ cure ( g>rott+ by ! cat
 0 a fiction1 !re nev] 0 a g>rott]      
flogg$1 ,mr4 ,hopwood ask$ me to g & see
 "s ( our prisons1 rem>k+1 gravely3  ,! 
prison sy/em is cruel & vile4 ,!        
prison]s are />v$1 tortur$1 & degrad$4  
,! sy/em %\ld be alt]$ at once4 ,x is   
inhumanly sev]e ^u ! guilty1 &1 9 my    
op9ion1 a good ?ird ( ^? 9 our gaols are
 n guilty4  ,dr4 ,james ,devon1 m$ical  
(fic] at ,glasg[ ,prison1 told ! ,royal 
,philosophical ,society 9 t city1 9     
#aijd1 t ) mild] me?ods ( repression we 
h n m1 b less1 crime3 & c]ta9ly mu* less
 brutality4  ,dr4 ,hamilton ,d4 ,wey1 ( 
,elmira ,re=matory1 ',elmira1 ,n4 ,y41  
says3  ,! "t w come :5 e punitive       
in/itution 9 ! _w w be de/roy$1 & be    
replac$ by hospitals1 s*ools1 work%ops1 
& re=matories4  ,dr4 ,lyd/on1 pr(essor (
 crim9al an?ropology1 writes z foll[s3  
,try to re=m y\r man1 try to purify &   
elevate 8 s\l1 & if he does n come to   
"t1 lock him up or hang him4 ,?is has   
be5 ! w>-cry ( ! av]age re=m] ?r\gh all 

! ages4 ,make a heal?y man ( y\r        
crim9al1 or prospective crim9al1 give   
him a s\nd1 well-develop$ bra9 to ?9k )1
 & ri*1 clean blood to fe$ x ^u1 & an   
opportunity to e>n an hone/ liv+--!n    
prea* to him if y l4 ,?is is !          
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! sci5tific       
crim9ologi/4 ,:i* is ! m rational8      
,havelock ,ellis says 9 8 "w on !       
crim9al1 ,flogg+ is objectionable1      
because x is ineffectual1 & because x   
brutalises & degrades ^? on :om x is    
inflict$1 ^? :o inflict x1 & ^? :o come 
)9 ! radius ( its influ5ce4  ,! ,record]
 ( ,liv]pool told me t millions 7 wa/$  
^u prisons :i* ought to be sp5t ^u      
detection4 ,make detection swift &      
c]ta91 said he1 & crime w cease4 ,no "o 
w /eal if he is sure he w be caught e   
"t4  ,?is is prov$ by ! ,rev5ue s]vice4 
,p5alties did n /op smuggl+2 b x has n[ 
become almo/ impossible to run a c>go3 !
 coa/ is s closely gu>d$4  ,dr4 ,lyd/on1
 9 ,! ,diseases ( ,society1 says3  ,!   
prospective crim9al once born1 :at does 

society d to prev5t 8 becom+ a crim9al8 
,practically no?+4444 ,:at is ! rem$y at
 pres5t 9 vogue8 ,society puni%es !     
vici\s *ild aft] a crim9al act has be5  
committ$1 & s5ds ! diseas$ "o to !      
hospital to be support$ by ! public1    
aft] he has become helpless4 ,ev5 9 ?is1
 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! *ild :o has        
committ$ 8 fir/ (f5ce is 9 mo/          
communities ?r[n by ! au?orities into   
contact ) old] & m h>d5$ crim9als--to h 
8 crim9al education complet$4 ,! same   
fate is met$ out to ! adult fir/ (f5d]4 
,we h millions = sect>ian univ]sities1  
millions = =eign missions1 b few doll>s 
= ! r$emption ( *ildr5 ( vici\s         
prop5sities or corrupt+ opportunities1  
:o are ! product ( our own vici\s social
 sy/em4 ,e p5al in/itution1 e exp5sive  
process ( crim9al law1 is a monum5t to !
 /upidity & wa/efulness ( society--&    
exp5diture ( money & en]gy to cure a    
disease t might be l>gely prev5t$1 & m  
logically treat$ :]e n prev5t$4         
,lombroso1 ! great ,italian crim9ologi/1

 said1 9 #aija3  ,!re are few :o und]/& 
t !re is any?+ else = u to d1 to protect
 ourselves f crime1 except to inflict   
puni%m5ts t are (t5 only new crimes1 & t
 are almo/ always ! s\rce ( new crimes4 
,,to ,,:at ,,does ,,all ,,?is ,,evid5ce 
,,t5d8  ,f ! day ( ,sir ,?omas ,m to !  
pres5t h\r1 x has be5 claim$ by wise &  
exp]i5c$ m5 t puni%m5t is n only unju/1 
b worse ?an useless4 ,& ! /ati/ics (    
crime h always support$ ! claim4  ,!re 0
 m crime 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 p5alties
 7 s sev]e1 ?an !re is to-day4 ,!re 7   
worse crimes4 ,!re 0 m brutality4  ,!   
abolition ( cruel puni%m5ts has dim9i%$ 
crime4 ,! abolition ( flogg+ 9 ! army & 
navy has n injur$ ei!r s]vice4 ,!       
improvem5t 9 s*ool discipl9e has n l[]$ 
! moral /&>d ( boys & girls4  ,b1 x may 
be urg$1 ! decrease 9 crime1 & !        
improvem5t 9 morals are n due only to ! 
increas$ l5i5cy ( puni%m5ts4 ,!y are due
 also to ! spread ( education1 & to !   
improv$ conditions ( life4  ,exactly4 ,t
 is my case4 ,decrease ( puni%m5t1 &    

increase ( education1 h dim9i%$ crime & 
improv$ morals4  ,puni% less1 & tea* m2 
blame less1 & enc\rage m2 hate less1 &  
love m2 & y w get n a l[]+1 b a rais+ ( 
! moral /&>d2 n an increase 9 crime1 b a
 decrease4 ,& ! improvem5t w be due to  
alt]ation = ! bett] (--environm5t4      
,*ance has plac$ me v (t5 9 positions ( 
au?ority4 ,i h be5 9 *>ge ( r\gh &      
reckless m53 soldi]s1 militiam51        
navvies1 work]s ( all sorts4 ,i h nev]  
f\nd x necess>y to be h>%1 nor to       
?reat51 nor to drive4 ,i h always f\nd t
 to respect m5 z m51 to treat !m fairly 
& quietly1 & to %[ a little k9dness n[ &
 aga91 has suffic$ to get ! be/ out (   
!m4  ,i h gone into ! mid/ ( a cr[d (   
,iri% soldi]s1 all drunk1 & all fight+ 9
 true ,donnybrook fa%ion1 & h got ord]  
)\t a h>d ^w1 )\t mak+ a s+le prison]4  
,directly !y recognis$ me !y calm$ d[n4 
,_h ,i be5 a s]geant dislik$ by !m !y   
w\ld h ?r[n me d[n/airs4  ,i h f\nd !   
wilde/ & ! l[e/ am5able to reason & to  
k9dness4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ruffians 9 !   

regim5t once spoke rudely to me 9 camp1 
& ev5 ?reat5$ me4 ,i 0 !n a             
lance-corporal1 & a m]e boy4 ,i sat d[n 
& talk$ to ! bruis] quietly = a few     
m9utes1 & f t day he w\ld h done any?+ =
 me4  ,!re 0 a blackgu>d 9 my company :o
 once ?reat5$ to murd] me4 ,a few mon?s 
lat] he 0 tak5 ill 9 ! night & ,i att5d$
 to him1 & probably sav$ 8 life4 ,he    
nev] =got x4 ,x 0 b a small k9dness1 &  
he 0 :at is g5]ally call$ a sc\ndrel1 b 
he %[$ 8 gratitude to me all ! re/ ( !  
"t ,i 0 9 ! army4  ,z a *ild ,i 0 br\ght
 up "u /rict discipl9e4 ,i felt t x 0 a 
wrong me?od4 ,i h spoilt my *ildr52 & !y
 are bett] ?an ,i ev] 04  ,p>5ts beat _!
 *ildr5 = _! own errors4 ,if a fa!r _c  
ga9 ! respect & ob$i5ce ( 8 *ildr51 x is
 because he is fooli%1 or viol5t1 or    
ignorant4 ,*ildr51 soldi]s1 & animals   
are alike 9 "o respect3 !y "k & respect 
/r5g? & reason4 ,! quiet manag]1 (fic]1 
s]geant1 p>5t1 :o kn[s 8 own m9d1 :o    
keeps 8 temp]1 :o is n afraid1 c always 
get discipl9e & ord]4 ,if ,i ?\ght any  

"o "u my control or c>e 0 afraid ( me1  
,i %\ld feel a%am$4 ,if a ma/] rules    
only by fe> ( puni%m5t he is n fit to   
rule at all4 ,:5 ^? ov] :om we happ5 to 
be plac$ 9 au?ority feel t we des]ve _! 
respect1 we get x ,if y want to "k :e!r 
a man is fit = comm&1 put him ) m5 :o   
are n b\nd to obey him4 ,put him ) 8    
equals1 :]e he has no p[] to puni% nor  
to h>m4 ,?us y w f9d ! real lead] ( m53 
! man :o leads ) 8 bra9s4  ,i knew a "y 
lieut5ant once1 a boy ( tw5ty4 ,he met a
 boy private 9 t[n1 & saw t he _h be5   
dr9k+4 ,_h he made a prison] ( ! boy1 ! 
private w\ld h got puni%$ = drunk5ness1 
& w\ld h got drunk aga94 ,b ! "y (fic]  
s5t = ! boy ! next day & said1 ,if ,i 7 
y1 ,?omas1 ,i w\ldn't dr9k4 ,x is a poor
 game1 & y\r p w\ld n l x ,t boy 0 cur$4
  ,t same (fic]1 if ! m5 7 un/eady on   
p>ade1 w\ld /& q /ill & look at !m4 ,he 
_h cle> blue eyes1 & 8 look 0 n /]n1 x 0
 calm & confid5t4 ,x br\ght ! :ole      
company to att5tion )\t a ^w4 ,! (fic] 0
 a man1 & ! m5 knew x1 & !y knew x      

because he knew x ,! boss :o beg9s to   
bully is n sure ( himself4 ,*ildr51     
soldi]s1 work]s1 & animals "k by in/9ct 
:5 ! boss is n sure ( himself4  ,^? :o  
put s mu* tru/ 9 blame & puni%m5t d n   
und]/& human nature4 ,i said 9 a previ\s
 *apt] t a man c\ld n believe a ?+      
unless 8 reason told him t x 0 true4 ,i 
n[ say t a man _c help believ+ a ?+ :5 8
 reason tells him x is true4 ,! secret (
 re=m is to make m5 und]/&4  ,! t]rors (
 capital puni%m5t1 ! t]rors ( ! cat1 ev5
 ! t]rors ( hell-fire fail to awe !     
crim9al4 ,t is because ! crim9al is     
/upid or ignorant1 & lacks imag9ation4  
,he he>s ( hell1 & ( dea?4 ,b he _c     
imag9e ei!r4 ,he seldom ?9ks4 ,he seldom
 looks beyond ! end ( 8 nose4           
,discipl9e is n pres]v$ 9 ! army by !   
dread ( ! cat1 nor ( ! cells4 ,x is kept
 by ! fact t ! wilde/ & mo/ reckless man
 kn[s t he mu/ obey1 t ! :ole physical &
 moral =ce ( ! army is unit$ to insi/ ^u
 ob$i5ce4  ,if he disobey an ord] he w  
be puni%$4 ,he does n c>e a snap ( 8    

f+]s = ! puni%m5t4 ,b he kn[s t aft] he 
has done 8 puni%m5t drill ! ord] w be   
repeat$1 & t he w be oblig$ to obey4 ,he
 kn[s t ! s5tim5t ( ! army is aga9/ him 
until he does obey4  ,i h se5 an (fic]  
get a battalion into a mess on p>ade1 & 
!n lose 8 temp] & bully ! m544 ,& ,i h  
se5 ano!r (fic] on ! same day drill ! m5
 & get !m to "w l a ma*9e4 ,! fir/ (fic]
 did n "k h[ to give ! ord]s4 ,! second 
knew 8 bus9ess1 0 sure t he did "k x1 & 
s let ! m5 feel t he knew x4  ,x is )   
p>5ts z ) ^? two (fic]s4 ,! "o :o kn[s 8
 duty1 & does x prop]ly1 nev] has any   
occasion to lose 8 temp]4  ,x is "t     
,solomon's rod foll[$ ! wit*es' broom4  
,x is "t ! cat1 & ! *a91 & ! cell1 & !  
convict's dress1 & ! oakum & ! skilly1 &
 ! gall[s foll[$ ! rack & ! ?umbscrew & 
! faggot & ! :eel4 ,x is "t ! lead]s ( !
 p 7 taught to lead4 ,x is "t ! educat$ 
& ! un$ucat$ 7 giv5 "s real education4  
,x is "t t tyranny1 cruelty1            
self-righte\sness1 sup]/ition1 & ! bad  
old conv5tions ( an ignorant pa/1 gave  

place to reason1 to sci5ce1 to manhood4 
,b1 ! p5al morali/ w dem&1 if y propose 
to aboli% blame & puni%m5t1 :at d y     
propose to put 9 _! place8  ,& ,i answ]1
 ,ju/ice1 k1 & reason--9 fact1 an       
improv$ environm5t4  ,! cause ( mo/ (   
our social & moral tr\bles is ignorance4
  ,by ignorance ,i d n mean illit]acy   
only3 !re are _m classical s*ol>s :o are
 really ignorant m54 ,no3 ,i mean       
ignorance ( human nature & ( ! ess5tials
 to a happy & :olesome human life4 ,x is
 ?is k9d ( ignorance :i* divides ! p    
into two classes3 ri* & poor--ma/]s &   
slaves4 ,x is ?is k9d ( ignorance :i*   
causes m5 to sacrifice heal?1 happ9ess1 
& virtue = ! sake ( vanity1 & idl5ess1 &
 weal?4 ,x is ! k9d ( ignorance :i*     
keeps twelve millions ( p 9 a ri* &     
f]tile c\ntry always on ! v]ge (        
de/itution4 ,x is ?is k9d ( ignorance   
:i* saddles mank9d ) ! co/ ( armies1 &  
fleets1 & prisons1 & police4 ,x is ?is  
k9d ( ignorance :i* bre$s millions (    
crim9als1 & educates !m 9 crime4 ,x is  

?is k9d ( ignorance :i* splits a great  
nation into ca/es1 & sects1 & makes !   
realisation ( ! glori\s ideal ( human   
bro!rhood impossible4 ,x is ?is k9d (   
ignorance :i* drives pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians  
to neglect ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,x is ?is  
k9d ( ignorance :i* makes possible !    
millionaire1 ! ari/ocrat1 ! sweat]1 !   
tramp1 ! ?ief1 ! deg5]ate1 & ! slave4 ,x
 is ?is k9d ( ignorance :i* keeps !     
*ildr5 hungry1 drives ! m5 to           
drunk5ness1 & ! wom5 to %ame4 ,x is ?is 
k9d ( ignorance :i* is answ]able = all  
evil environm5ts f :i* hate1 & gre$1 &  
pov]ty1 & immorality spr+1 l we$s f a   
rank & neglect$ soil4  ,we _c get rid ( 
?is mo/ deadly =m ( ignorance by means (
 blame & puni%m5t4 ,!re is only "o way  
to drive out ignorance1 & t is by       
spread+ k4  ,:at k8 ,k ( human nature & 
( ! ess5tials to a happy & :olesome     
life4  ,x is bad = m5 to be ri* & idle2 
x is bad = m5 to be ill-f$1 ill-clo!d1  
ill-h\s$1 ill-taught1 unhon\r$1 &       
unlov$4  ,:il/ life is a sordid         

scramble1 9 :i* ! prizes are p]nici\s   
weal?1 & luxury1 & idl5ess1 & 9 :i* !   
blanks are hung]1 ignorance1 vice1      
unhapp9ess1 ! prison1 & ! gall[s2       
immorality & crime mu/ fl\ri% z pe/il5ce
 fl\ri%es 9 a fil?y1 p5t1 & insanit>y   
city4 ,x is sad to see ! cu/odians ( !  
public morality bewail+ ! wick$ness (   
m51 & fo/]+ ! evil surr\nd+s f :i* evil 
spr+s4 ,x is z fooli% z to bewail !     
pres5ce ( mal>ial fev]1 to puni% !      
victims = spread+ ! disease1 & at ! same
 "t to refuse to dra9 ! m>% f :i* !     
mal>ia comes1 because x is ! prop]ty ( a
 gr& duke1 :o wi%es to %oot wildf[l !re4
  ,:at d ,i propose %\ld be done4 ,:y t1
 my fri5ds1 is ano!r /ory4 ,:at ,i      
propose at pres5t to d is to prove t    
crime & immorality are caus$3 to %[ :at 
! causes are2 & to po9t out t !         
recognis$ rem$ies are ineffectual4      
,:ile we h an idle ri*1 & a hungry &    
ignorant poor1 we _c get rid ( vice &   
crime4 ,to puni% ! crim9als we h made1  
is unju/ & useless2 to pray = deliv]ance

 f plague3 we mu/ look to ! dra9s--we   
mu/ improve ! environm5t4  ,no man %\ld 
be idle4 ,no man %\ld be ri*4 ,no man   
%\ld be ignorant1 no man de/itute4 ,e   
man %\ld h a *ance to e>n ! ess5tials to
 a :olesome1 happy1 temp]ate1 & useful  
life4 ,e *ild %\ld be n\ri%$1 & taught1 
& tra9$4  ,crime1 vice1 disease1 pov]ty1
 idl5ess3 all ^! are prev5table evils4  
,b we _c dra9 our m>%es1 because1 little
 z we he$ ! mis]y ( ! p1 ! ignorance &  
hung] ( ! *ildr51 ! despair ( ! m5 & !  
degradation ( ! wom51 we are m>vell\sly 
t5d] ( ,gr& ,ducal sport4  ,x is ,mammon
 we wor%ip1 n ,god2 x is prop]ty we     
prize1 n life2 x is vanity we love1 & n 
our fell[-creatures4 ,we are an         
ignorant1 atavi/ic p2 & our prie/s are  
wondr\s moral4     ,,*apt]              
,,f\rte5--,,"s ,,objections ,,answ]$    
,,! uphold]s ( ! doctr9e ( free w       
commonly fall into ! error ( consid]+   
h]$ity & environm5t ap>t f ea* o!r4     
,fa!r ,add]ley1 9 a lecture giv5 at     
,saltley1 told 8 he>]s t all our great  

sci5ti/s agree t p h ! p[] to ov]come _!
 h]$it>y t5d5cies4 ,p]haps3 b !y c only 
get t p[] f environm5t2 & if !          
environm5t is bad !y w n get t p[]4  ,b 
! mo/ surpris+ example ( ?is m5tal      
squ9t+ is af=d$ by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4      
,hall1 :o may be said to squ9t ) bo?    
eyes4 ,=1 9 a lecture giv5 at ,paisley1 
?is g5tleman fir/ %[s t we c ov]come our
 h]$ity1 & !n %[s t we c ov]come our    
environm5t ,& yet x nev] occurr$ to him 
t to prove ! fre$om ( ! w we mu/ be able
 to ov]come our h]$ity & environm5t     
toge!r4  ,mr4 ,hall's argum5t may be    
/at$ ?us3 ,by ! aid ( environm5t we c   
ov]come our h]$ity2 by ! aid ( h]$ity1  
or ( good environm5t we c ov]come bad   
environm5t2 !re=e we are sup]ior to     
h]$ity & environm5t4  ,x is l say+3 by  
means ( natural intellig5ce & a good    
tea*] ,i c become a good s*ol>2 by means
 ( natural intellig5ce & a good tea*] ,i
 c correct ! errors ( a bad tea*]4      
,!re=e ,i d n dep5d ^u intellig5ce nor  
tea*+ = my k4  ,b ,i h answ]$ ,messrs4  

,add]ley & ,hall 9 my *apt] on          
self-control4  ,an example ( a simil>   
error is af=d$ by a cl]gyman :o wrote to
 me f ,w>r+ton4 ,he said3  ,y c nev]    
hope to improve ! social environm5t     
until y p]suade m5 t !y c rise sup]ior  
to _! circum/ances4  ,! m5 are to be    
p]suad$ to rise4 ,& :at is t p]suasion1 
b a "p ( _! environm5t8 ,& if m5 are    
p]suad$ to try1 & succe$1 to :om is !   
victory due8 ,is x n due to ! p]suasion8
 ,( c\rse x is4 ,& ! p]suasion came f   
outside !mselves1 & is "p ( _!          
environm5t4  ,! same cl]gyman said1 ,if 
h]$ity & environm5t h made ! individuals
 ( :om society is made up1 h]$ity &     
environm5t h made society itself1 & ask$
 me h[ ,i c\ld logically accuse society 
( injur+ any "o4  ,a /range "q bas$ ^u a
 misund]/&+4 ,! crim9al injures society1
 society injures ! crim9al4  ,i accuse  
bo? ( injuri\s action4 ,i blame nei!r4  
,i say bo? are t :i* h]$ity & environm5t
 made !m4 ,i say nei!r c help x4 ,b ,i  
say t bo? c be taught to help x1 & t bo?

 %\ld be taught to help x4 ,is !re any?+
 illogical 9 t8  ,?is br+s me to ! ,rev4
 ,*>les ,m>son1 a v clev] & witty man1  
:o is hopelessly muddl$ ov] ! simple    
matt]4 ,9 ,! ,religi\s ,d\bts (         
,democracy1 ,mr4 ,m>son says3  ,n[1 z   
re=m />ts by a feel+ & conviction (     
blame1 & _c />t at all unless x c say3  
,?is is wrong4 ,x might be "r4 ,?is     
ought n to be & is1 & ne$ n be s1 if !  
answ] is3 ,b ?is 0 z ma!matically fix$  
at its bir? z ! pa? ( a planet 9 its    
orbit1 ! poor re=m$ c only say1 ,sorry  
,i spoke2 & if he speaks aga9 x w be to 
laugh at ! ,cl>ion = wa/+ ink 9 blam+   
orbits :i* are ma!matically fix$4       
,inde$1 if ,i 7 a burgl>1 ,i w\ld inve/ 
"p ( my swag 9 end[+ ,det]m9i/s to p\r  
argum5ts & ridicule ^u ,*ri/ian         
magi/rates & crim9al codes1 ) _! active 
& irritat+ blame4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ,i 7 ,"l 
,rackr5t1 ,i %\ld invite my anti-re=m   
fri5ds1 ! ,det]m9i/s1 to d9n]1 take !m  
to ! op]a1 & s5d !m r\nd to address !   
,sociali/s1 at my exp5se4  ,mr4         

,blat*=d1 be+ anxi\s to fight aga9/ !   
doctr9e ( s91 builds a fatali/ ramp>t1  
looks ov] ! top1 & says3 ,c man s9 aga9/
 ,god8 ,8 actions are fix$4 ,we walk    
r\nd beh9d him & say3 ,c man s9 aga9/   
man8 ,c social sy/ems s9 aga9/ man8 ,& !
 v ramp>t ( fatalism he has erect$ h9d]s
 him f escap+ f a )]+ fire1 except by   
back+ into obscurantism &               
ultra-,toryism4  ,?is is ! same error1  
diff]5tly /at$4 ,if man _c be blam$1    
society _c be blam$3 !re=e ev]y?+ mu/   
rema9 z x is4 ,i (t5 wond] :]e ! cl]gy  
le>n _! logic4  ,m5 _c be blam$3 society
 _c be blam$4 ,b bo? c be alt]$3 by     
environm5t4 ,t is to say1 if h]$ity &   
environm5t h end[$ "s man ) reason & k &
 incl9ation = ! task1 t man may be able 
to improve society1 or ! individual1 by 
tea*+ "o or bo?4 ,& ! tea*+ w be        
environm5t4  ,we _c1 z ,mr4 ,m>son po9t$
 out 9 8 article1 blame environm5t2 b we
 c attribute evils to ! action (        
environm5t1 & we c *ange ! environm5t1  
always provid$ t h]$ity & environm5t h  

end[$ u ) ! ne$ful k & bra9s = !        
purpose4  ,let u look at ! facts4 ,!re  
is a v t]rible disease call$ diph!ria4  
,x is caus$ by a small fungoid bacillus1
 & x has kill$ myriads ( *ildr51 & caus$
 mu* suff]+ & grief4  ,d we blame !     
vegetable bacillus8 ,no4 ,we _c blame a 
bacillus4  ,s ,i say we _c blame        
diph!ria = kill+ *ildr54 ,no sane p]son 
ev] sugge/$ blame 9 su* a case4 ,b d we 
take any ! less tr\ble to fight aga9/   
diph!ria8  ,we d n blame a rat = eat+   
our *ick5s1 nor a boat = capsiz+ 9 a    
breeze1 nor a lunatic = sett+ fire to a 
h\se1 nor a %>k = eat+ a sailor4 ,b has 
any sane p]son ev] sugge/$ t we %\ld n  
try to keep rats out ( ! h5h\se1 nor to 
balla/ a faulty boat1 nor re/ra9 a      
madman f play+ ) fire1 nor to rescue a  
sailor f a %>k8  ,mr4 ,m>son asks       
ironically :e!r a social sy/em c be     
naughty1 :e!r a social sy/em may be     
prais$ logically1 blam$ logically1 &    
held responsible logically4  ,i reply t 
a social sy/em _c be logically blam$1   

any m ?an a %>k1 a disease1 a fool c be 
logically blam$4 ,b a social sy/em may  
be approv$ or disapprov$1 & may be alt]$
 & aboli%$4  ,we _c blame a man's       
environm5t1 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,b  
we may attribute a man's crime1 or %ame1
 or ru9 to 8 environm5t4  ,we d n blame 
prussic acid = be+ le?al2 b we d n all[ 
*emi/s to sell x 9 l>ge quantities to e 
casual /rang]4 ,:y8 ,because x is       
poison4  ,well1 ! influ5za bacillus is  
poison1 falsehood is poison1 vice is    
poison1 gre$ & vanity & cruelty are     
poison2 & x behooves u to de/roy ^?     
poisons1 & s to improve our social sy/em
 & ! environm5t ( our fell[-m54  ,we    
come n[ to ! idea t to tea* m5 t all    
blame is unju/ is to enc\rage !m to d   
wrong4 ,?is idea is express$1 )         
*>act]i/ic clums9ess & obscurity1 by    
,bi%op ,butl]1 9 t monum5t ( loose ?9k+ 
& foggy writ+1 ,! ,analogy ( ,religion4 
,:at ,butl] want$ to say1 & tri$ to say1
 9 m ?an #hjj words ( 8 irritat+ /yle1  
is simply t a *ild br\ght up to believe 

t praise & blame 7 unju/1 w\ld be a     
plague to all ab\t him1 & w\ld probably 
come to ! gall[s4 ,! read] w f9d x 9    
,*apt] ,,vi4 ( ,! ,analogy4  ,n[1 ,i q  
believe t if ! matt] _h to be expla9$ to
 a *ild by ,bi%op ,butl] ! effect w\ld  
be fatal1 because ! poor bi%op did n    
und]/& x himself1 & 0 n good at expla9+ 
?+s he did und]/&4 ,b ! *ild w\ld be 9  
no dang] if he 7 in/ruct$ by a man :o   
knew :at he 0 talk+ ab\t1 & 0 able to   
say :at he knew 9 pla9 words & cle>     
s5t5ces4 ,& ,i c say f my exp]i5ce (    
*ildr5 t ,i f9d !m readi] ( appreh5sion1
 & cle>] ?9k]s ?an ,i h f\nd mo/        
cl]gym54  ,z ,i h dealt ) ?is argum5t 9 
my *apt] on self-control ,i ne$ n g ov] 
! gr\nd aga94 ,b ,i may say t we %\ld   
tea* a *ild t "s ?+s are "r & "s are    
wrong1 & :y !y are "r & :y !y are wrong2
 & t he 0 n to blame o!rs because !y    
ei!r d n "k any bett]1 or are unable to 
d any bett]1 & we %\ld tea* him t "o    
le>ns to be good z "o le>ns to write or 
to swim1 & t ! h>d] "o tries ! bett] "o 

succe$s4 ,& we %\ld feel q sure t ! *ild
 w\ld be j z good z 8 h]$ity & our tra9+
 made him2 & z = 8 com+ to ! gall[s1 if 
all *ildr5 7 taught on our sy/em !re    
w\ld be no gall[s to come to1 & v few   
look+ = t sacr$ in/rum5t1 ! sight ( :i* 
conv9c$ ,gulliv] t he 0 once m 9 a      
,*ri/ian c\ntry4  ,is x necess>y = me to
 answ] ! *>ge ( presumption br\ght aga9/
 me by ,dr4 ,ak$8 ,dr4 ,ak$ says ,i am  
presumptu\s because ,i d5y ! belief (   
great & holy m5 ( pa/ ages4 ,he says t !
 agreem5t ( ,*eyne & ,p][ne 9 praise ( !
 fifty-fir/ ,psalm is typical ( ! _w's  
cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,& ?is ,psalm is !   
cry ( a brok5 he>t = deliv]ance f s94   
,dr4 ,ak$ goes on z foll[s3  ,to-day we 
are ask$ to believe t all ?is is a      
delusion4  ,we are told t man c\ld n &  
_c s9 aga9/ ,god4 ,we are invit$ to     
believe t ! m5 ( e age & nation ^: he>ts
 h bl$ 9 sorr[ ov] accompli%$ s91 :o h  
cri$ 9 angui% ( s\l = deliv]ance f !    
body ( ?is dea?1 ^: joy 9 ! realisation 
( div9e =giv5ess has fl[$ 9 /ra9s (     

immortal joy ov] c\ntless g5]ations1 7  
ignorant & fooli% p]sons1 inv5t+ _!     
suff]+s & imag9+ _! solace1 & ne$+ "s   
j\rnali/ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury to tea* !m t
 no man c\ld really s9 aga9/ ,god6 ,we  
are1 app>5tly1 expect$ to believe t !   
au?or ( ?is ,psalm & ! au?or ( ! second 
,isaiah1 t ,paul & ,augu/9e1 ! au?or (  
,?omas ,a',kempis1 & ,john ,bunyan1 knew
 no?+ ( psy*ology & no?+ ( div9ity1 t !y
 nev] und]/ood _! own exp]i5ce1 &1 ?\gh 
!y h int]pret$ humanity to unc\nt$      
millions ( ! *ildr5 ( m51 yet liv$ & di$
 9 crass ignorance ( ! work+s ( ! human 
he>t ,! proposition is n mode/4 ,t any  
man %\ld be f\nd1 h[ev] flippantly1 to  
advance x is m>vell\s4 ,t any human be+ 
%\ld be f\nd to accept x s]i\sly is     
incr$ible4  ,dr4 ,ak$'s argum5t am\nts  
to a claim t we %\ld believe 9 ,free ,w 
because mo/ m5 believe 9 x1 because _m  
good & great m5 h believ$ 9 x4  ,b _m   
millions ( m5 h believ$ 9 a mat]ial     
hell4 ,9 :i* ,dr4 ,ak$ does n believe4  
,_m good & great m5 h believ$ 9 a       

mat]ial hell1 & millions ( m5 7"s ( !m  
good & clev]7 /ill believe 9 a mat]ial  
hell4 ,& ,dr4 ,ak$ does n believe 9 x4  
,& :5 ! doctr9e ( hell-fire 0 fir/      
assail$1 :at did ! ,dr4 ,ak$s ( ! "t    
decl>e8 ,t )\t ! fe> ( hell m5 w\ld be  
wick$1 & w\ld d wrong 9 defiance ( ,god2
 & t ! !ory t !re 0 no hell ( fire 0    
incr$ible4 ,& :at is ?is *>ge ( audacity
 :i* ,dr4 ,ak$ br+s aga9/ me = d5y+ s98 
,x is j ! *>ge t 0 br\ght aga9/ ,*>les  
,d>w9 :5 he _h ! immode/y to decl>e t ! 
human species 0 evolv$ f l[] =ms4  ,h[ 0
 t !ory met by ! ,dr4 ,ak$s ( ! "t8     
,d>w9 0 ridicul$ & d5\nc$1 & ne>ly all !
 religi\s _w 0 agha/ at 8 folly & 8     
irrev]5ce1 & 8 presumption 9 advanc+ a  
!ory :i* 0 contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ,holy  
,writ4 ,b ,d>w9's !ory 0 true4  ,d>w9's 
!ory 0 true1 & ,i claim t ?is !ory is   
true4 ,is x any answ] to tell me t ,i am
 presumptu\s 9 oppos+ ! beliefs ( great 
m5 pa/ & pres5t8 ,d>w9 oppos$ ! g5]al   
belief1 & ,d>w9 0 "r & ! g5]al belief 0 
wrong4 ,is x any m reasonable to condemn

 ?is !ory = trav]s+ ! fifty-fir/ ,psalm 
?an x 0 to condemn ,evolution = trav]s+ 
! ,book ( ,g5esis8  ,are we nev] to     
deviate f ! beliefs ( our =efa!rs1 be ! 
evid5ce aga9/ ^? beliefs nev] s /rong8  
,h[1 !n1 %all k increase or progress be 
possible8  ,presumptu\s to d5y :at great
 m5 9 ! pa/ believ$8 ,!n ! _w is flat1 &
 ! sun goes r\nd ! _w1 & polygamy is "r1
 & ,saturday is ! ,sabba? day1 & all    
,jews1 ,mohamm$ans1 ,buddhi/s1          
,confucians1 & pagans w be damn$1 & !   
abolition ( wit*-burn+ 0 a mi/ake1 &    
,lu!r 0 presumptu\s = resi/+ ! au?ority 
( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & ,dr4 ,ak$ is       
presumptu\s = diff]+ f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4
 ,9 su* absurdities does ! cl]ical m9d  
entangle itself :5 x tries to ?9k4  ,mr4
 ,m>son says t if he 7 a burgl> he w\ld 
sp5d "s ( ! money he /ole 9 pay+        
lectur]s to tea* ! doctr9e t m5 ought n 
to be blam$ = _! actions4 ,b if all m5 7
 tra9$ ^u our pr9ciples !re w\ld n be   
any burgl>s4  ,h[ev]1 let u see :at ,mr4
 ,m>son means4 ,he means t if puni%m5t &

 blame 7 aboli%$ burgl>s & o!r wrongdo]s
 might g scot free1 & might rob1 or     
kill1 or *eat2 & no "o %\ld say !m nay4 
,b ,mr4 ,m>son is a cl]gyman1 & does n  
und]/&4  ,x is a /range notion ?is1 t if
 y d n blame a man y _c int]f]e ) him4  
,we d n blame a lunatic3 ev5 a ,*ri/ian 
does n blame a lunatic4 ,b we d n all[ a
 madman to g r\nd ) an axe & murd] p4   
,we d n hang a madman1 nor puni% him 9  
any way4 ,if a murd]] is prov$ to be mad
 he is p>don$ &--re/ra9$4  ,s1 al?\gh we
 might n blame a ?ief1 or a sweat]1 or a
 poison]1 x does n foll[ t we %\ld all[ 
him to g on /eal+1 or sweat+1 or murd]+4
  ,we propose to def5d society f !      
individual2 b we propose to d m ?an t3  
we propose to d :at ! ,*ri/ian does n   
attempt to d--we propose to def5d !     
individual f society4  ,! ,*ri/ian me?od
 ( deal+ ) ! burgl> is to neglect him 9 
8 *ildhood & 8 y\?1 to all[ him to      
become a burgl>1 f %e] lack (           
opportunity to become any?+ else1 & !n  
to lecture him & s5d him to prison4  ,b1

 my ,*ri/ian fri5ds1 h[ d y f9d y\r     
sy/em "w8 ,if y tell ,bill ,sykes he is 
a bad man1 t ! angels w n love him1 t ! 
fat successful sweat] or idl] w loa! &  
despise him1 & if y s5d ,bill to prison 
& h>d lab\r = a t]m ( ye>s1 w x always  
happ5 t ,william w rep5t & re=m1 &      
become a build+ society or a jo9t-/ock  
bank himself8  ,or d y f9d t poor ,bill 
h>d5s 8 he>t1 & hates y2 & t he comes   
out ( y\r %ameful prison1 & f y\r c[>dly
 & savage :ips & *a9s1 & burgles & dr9ks
 aga91 & le>ns to c>ry a revolv]8  ,if  
we want to get rid ( evil we mu/ remove 
! cause ( evil4 ,x is useless to puni% !
 victim4  ,x is ) moral evils z )       
physical evils4 ,:5 an epidemic ( fev]  
or smallpox comes ^u u we d n puni% !   
sick1 nor blame !m4 ,b we isolate !     
sick1 & we attack ! cause ( ! sickness1 
by att5d+ to matt]s ( hygi5e &          
sanitation4 ,t is h[ we ought to deal ) 
moral sickness4  ,m5 d n live badly     
because !y are wick$1 b because !y are  
ignorant4 ,! rem$y lies 9 ! /udy &      

adoption ( ! laws ( ! sci5ce ( human    
life4  ,if we are to h a moral p we mu/ 
fir/ ( all h a heal?y p4 ,if ! work+    
classes are to be made sob] & pure &    
wise1 ! o!r classes mu/ be made hone/1 &
 to be made hone/ !y mu/ be taught :at  
hone/y is4  ,b ! ,*ri/ian _c tea* :at   
hone/y is because he does n "k4 ,he _c  
attack ! causes ( vice & crime1 because 
he does n und]/& t vice & crime are     
caus$4 ,he has be5 taught t m5 d wrong  
because !y w n d "r1 & t !y c d "r if !y
 w4  ,! ,*ri/ian blames ! crim9al1 &    
puni%es him1 because ! ,*ri/ian believes
 t ! crim9al has a free w4  ,b we %\ld n
 blame nor puni% ! crim9al1 because we  
"k t he is a victim ( h]$ity &          
environm5t4 ,s we %\ld re/ra9 ! crim9al1
 & try to re=m him2 & we %\ld attack !  
environm5t :i* made him a crim9al1 & is 
/ill mak+ m crim9als1 & we %\ld try to  
alt] t environm5t1 & s prev5t ! mak+ ( m
 crim9als4  ,= ! h>d5$ crim9al1 re/ra9t 
may be necess>y4 ,x may be impossible to
 re=m him4 ,x may be too late4  ,b x is 

n too late to save millions ( innoc5t   
*ildr5 f a l disa/] & disgrace4 ,x is n 
too late to prev5t evil 9 ! future1 ?\gh
 we _c atone = ! evil wr\ght 9 ! pa/4   
,we "k1 & ! ,*ri/ian kn[s1 t :]e a      
murd]] de/roys "o life society de/roys  
?\s&s4 ,we "k t all ?r\gh our pursy     
civilisation1 9 all ! f9e cities ( our  
weal?1 our culture1 & our boa/ful piety1
 ! ru9 ( *ildr51 ! production ( mon/]s1 
! desecration ( human s\ls1 is go+      
/eadily & ru?lessly on4 ,we "k ?is1 & ! 
,*ri/ian kn[s ?is2 b we propose to      
prev5t x1 to /op x1 by /rik+ at ! root  
cause3 ! ,*ri/ian hopes to *eck x by    
lopp+ (f "h & !re "o ( ! fruits4  ,t is 
"o reason :y ,i claim t ,humanism is a  
bett] religion ?an ,*ri/ianity2 t is "o 
reason :y ,i claim t ,*ri/ianity is a   
failure4  ,:at is ! cause ( crime8 ,!   
,*ri/ian does n "k4 ,:at is ! cause (   
ignorance8 ,! ,*ri/ian does n "k4 ,:at  
is ! cause ( pov]ty8 ,! ,*ri/ian does n 
"k4  ,= ages ! ,*ri/ians tru/$ to       
religion to rid !m ( pe/il5ce4 ,sci5ce  

taught !m to prev5t pe/il5ce4 ,n[ !y    
tru/ to religion to rid ! _w ( vice &   
crime4 ,x is ! same old error4 ,sci5ce  
has %[n u ! causes ( vice & crime3      
sci5ce tea*es u t we mu/ attack !       
causes4  ,b ! _w is v ignorant 9 affairs
 ( moral sanitation2 & has an almo/     
religi\s v5]ation = ! sacr$ness ( ,gr&  
,ducal ducks4  ,z = ! *ildr5--:y d n _! 
p>5ts take c>e ( !m8 ,p]haps because !  
p>5ts 7 neglect$ by _! p>5ts4  ,& :i* is
 ! bett]1 to g back = a doz5 g5]ations  
blam+ p>5ts1 or to beg9 n[ & tea* & save
 ! *ildr58     ,,*apt] ,,fifte5--,,!    
,,def5ce ,,( ,,! ,,bottom ,,dog         
,,fri5ds1 ,i write to def5d ! ,bottom   
,dog4 ,x is a task to /agg] ! /\te/     
he>t4 ,) ne>ly all ! p[]1 le>n+1 & weal?
 ( ! _w aga9/ him2 ) all ! prec$5ts (   
human hi/ory aga9/ him2 ) law1 religion1
 cu/om1 & public s5tim5t aga9/ him1 !   
un=tunate victim's only hope is 9 !     
ju/ice ( 8 case4 ,i w\ld he _h a bett]  
advocate1 z ,i tru/ he "s day w4  ,!    
prosecution claim a monopoly ( le>n+1 & 

virtue1 & mode/y4 ,!y may be ju/ifi$ 9  
?is4 ,i d n grudge !m su* au?ority z _! 
%9+ m]its may l5d to a case s unju/1 s  
feeble1 & s cruel z !irs4  ,_m ( !      
g5tlem5 on ! o!r side are ,*ri/ian      
m9i/]s4 ,!y uphold blame & puni%m5t1 9  
direct defiance ( ! tea*+ & example (   
,jesus ,*ri/4  ,! f\nd] ( _! religion   
bade !m love _! enemies4 ,he taught !m t
 if "o /ole _! coat !y %\ld give him _! 
cloak also4 ,he prev5t$ ! puni%m5t ( !  
woman tak5 9 adult]y1 & call$ ^u him )\t
 s9 to ca/ ! fir/ /one4 ,he ask$ ,god to
 =give 8 murd]]s1 because !y knew n :at 
!y did4 ,9 n "o ( ^! cases did ,*ri/ say
 a ^w 9 fav\r ( puni%m5t nor ( blame4   
,*ri/ians pray to be =giv51 z !y =give2 
!y ask ,god to h m]cy ^u u mis]able     
s9n]s2 !y ask ,him to succ\r1 help1 &   
com=t all t are 9 dang]1 necessity1 &   
tribulation1 & to %[ ,8 pity ^u all     
prison]s & captives2 h[1 !n1 c ,*ri/ians
 advocate ! blame ( ! weak1 & ! puni%m5t
 ( ! p]secut$ & un=tunate8  ,i sugge/ t 
m5 :o d n und]/& _! own religion are n  

likely to und]/& a religion to :i* !y   
are oppos$4  ,z ,i am g5]ally kn[n z a  
poor man's advocate1 ,i ask y to rememb]
 t ,i am n n[ appe>+ = ! poor1 b = !    
wrong-do]4 ,!re are _m v poor :o d no   
s]i\s wrong2 !re are _m among/ ! ri*1 ! 
successful1 & ! respectable1 ^: lives   
are evil4  ,"o does n live half a c5tury
 )\t kn[+ "o's _w pretty well4 ,i "k !  
hon\rable & noble "l1 full ( g\t1       
va+lory1 & /eal?y vices2 ,i "k !        
fa%ionable div9e1 ) pride 9 8 he>t1 milk
 on 8 lips1 & cobwebs 9 8 bra92 ,i "k ! 
smug respectability1 ) l[ cunn+ "u 8    
silk hat1 & *ican]y button$ up 9 8      
irreproa*able frock coat2 ,i "k ! f9e   
lady1 beautiful z a poppy1 :o is haughty
 f %e] lack ( s5se2 ,i "k ! glib orator 
( mean acts & gold5 words2 ,i "k !      
elect$ p]son ( mu* dignity & little     
wit1' & ! woman ( mu* lovel9ess & little
 love4  ,i h to def5d m5 & wom5 ^: de$s 
revolt me1 ^: pres5ce disgu/s me4 ,i h  
to def5d !m aga9/ ! _w1 & aga9/ my own  
prejudices & av]sion4 ,= ,i also h a    

h]$ity & an environm5t1 & !re=e cro*ets1
 & passions1 & antipa?ies4 ,?\gh ,i c   
def5d all victims ( h]$ity & environm5t1
 ?\gh ,i c dem& ju/ice = ! wor/1 yet my 
nature loa!s ! bully & ! tyrant1 & /ill 
m does x loa! ! mean3 ! man ( ! ,judas  
_s1 :o b>t]s *ildr5's lives1 & wom5's   
s\ls1 & ! manhood ( cities1 = dirty     
pieces ( silv]4 ,su* a wret* is n to be 
hat$1 is n to be puni%$3 he is to be    
piti$ & ,i am to def5d him4 ,b :5 ,i ?9k
 ( him my s\l is sick4 ,i feel z if a   
worm _h crawl$ ov] me4 ,i _c help ?is4  
,i _c endure him4 ,i am n big en\gh3 ,i 
lack ! grace4 ,i pity him pr(\ndly2 b my
 pity is cold4 ,i pity ! devil-fi%1 & ! 
cong] eel2 b ,i c\ld n t\* !m4 ,!y are  
repulsive to me4  ,x is v difficult = u 
to sep>ate ! man f 8 acts4 ,x is v      
difficult = u to hate & to loa! ! acts1 
)\t hat+ & loa?+ ! man4 ,?is is ! old1  
old ,adam 9 u1 rebell+ aga9/ ! new      
altruism & ! new reason4 ,we are /ill a 
long way beh9d our ideals4  ,x is no "p 
( my plan to flatt] ! _w4 ,i "k y1 my   

bro!rs & si/]s1 too well = t4 ,!re is a 
/rong family resemblance betwe5 u4 ,y\r 
ance/ors1 also1 _h tails4 ,& !n1 l      
,?oreau1 ,i "k :at mean & sneak+ lives  
_m ( y lead4 ,! majority ( y1 inde$1 are
 /ill little bett] ?an b>b>ians4 ,! mass
 ( y wa/e y\r lives & />ve y\r s\ls = ! 
sake ( beads & scalps1 & fle% &         
firewat]4 ,y\r h]oes are1 too1 (t51 m]e 
pr[l+ appetites1 or solemn vanities1    
rav5\s = pudd+ & praise2 m]e tailor-made
 effigies1 to /ick />s ^u1 or fea!rs    
into2 m]e pa9t$ idols = ignorance to    
wor%ip2 embroid]$ s]5e-empt9ess =       
flunkeys to b[ d[n to3 k+s & ?+s ( %r$s 
& pat*es4  ,yes4 ,we are all pa9fully   
human1 & "u a rgime ( blame & puni%m5t  
may c\nt ourselves extremely lucky if we
 h nev] be5 f\nd out4  ,d n let u /& 9  
too great awe ( our ance/ors4 ,!y also  
traffick$ & junkett$ 9 ,vanity ,fair4 ,!
 prosecution lay /ress ^u ! univ]sal    
cu/om & exp]i5ce ( mank9d ,! _w has nev]
 ord]$ its life by rules ( wisdom &     
und]/&+4 ,x has paid m c\rt to ! ri* ?an

 to ! good1 & m he$ to ! noisy ?an to ! 
wise4 ,! _w has imprison$ z _m hone/ m5 
z rogues1 has sla9 m innoc5t ?an guilty1
 has decorat$ m crim9als ?an h]oes1 has 
believ$ a ?\s& times less tru? ?an lies4
 ,is x n s1 m5 & wom58 ,does n common   
exp]i5ce support ! *>ge8  ,let u1 !n1   
und]/& ea* o!r1 be=e we g any f>!r4 ,!  
glory ( manhood & womanhood is n to h   
some?+1 b to be some?+2 is n to get     
some?+1 b to give some?+2 is n to rule b
 to s]ve4  ,! greatness ( a nation does 
n lie 9 its weal? & p[]1 b 9 ! "* ( its 
m5 & wom54 ,) greatness 9 ! p all ! re/ 
w foll[1 z surely z :5 ! greatness ( ! p
 wanes ! re/ w be quickly lo/4 ,! hi/ory
 ( all great empires tells u ?is3 ,japan
 is j n[ repeat+ ! lesson4  ,:at is x   
mo/ m5 /rive =8 ,weal? & fame4 ,^! are  
prizes = little m51 n = big m54 ,!y are 
prizes t (t5 inflict untold mis]y 9 !   
w9n+1 & are ne>ly always a curse to !   
w9n]4 ,vice & crime are fo/]$ by luxury 
& idl5ess on ! "o h&1 & by ignorance &  
mis]y on ! o!r h&4 ,! poor are poor t ! 

ri* may be ri*2 & ! ri*es & ! pov]ty are
 a curse to bo?4  ,consid] all ! va9    
pride & b>b>ic pomp ( weal? & fa%ion1 & 
all ! mean envy ( ! weakly snobs :o     
rev]e !m1 & w\ld sell _! )]$ s\ls to    
possess !m4 ,is ?is decorative          
tomfool]y1 are ?is api% swagg] & blazon$
 snobb]y wor?y ( m5 & wom58  ,! p[d]$   
flunkeys1 ! g+]bread coa*es1 ! pantomime
 processions1 ! trump]y ord]s & fatu\s  
titles3 are !y any nobl] or m s5sible   
?an ! pa9t1 ! tom-toms1 & ! ,brummag5   
jewels ( d>ke/ ,africa8  ,& ! co/6 ,we  
are too prone to reckon co/ 9 ca%4 ,we  
are too prone to =get t ca% is b a      
symbol ( ?+s m preci\s4 ,we be> too     
tamely all ! b[+ & k[-t[+2 all ! fiddl+ 
& fif+1 all ! />r+ & g>t]+1 & be-fea!r+ 
& begemm+1 all ! gambl+ & rac+1 ! salut+
 & fanf>+1 ! m>*+ & c\nt]-m>*+1 all !   
rak+ 9 ( divid5ds1 & build+ up (        
mansions1 all ! sweat+ & rackr5t+1 all !
 he>tless vanity1 & bra9less luxury1 &  
gild$ vice3 we %\ld ?9k ( !m m /]nly did
 we c\nt up :at !y co/ 9 m5 & wom5 &    

*ildr51 :at !y co/ 9 brawn & bra91 &    
hon\r & love1 :at !y co/ 9 human        
s\ls--:at !y co/ 9 ,bottom ,dogs4       
,happ9ess _c be /ol52 nor won by *eat+1 
z ?\gh life 7 a game ( c>ds4 ,! man :o  
w\ld be happy mu/ f9d 8 duty1 & d x4 ,9 
no o!r way c man or woman f9d real      
happ9ess1 "u ! sun4 ,b ! _w1 s f> has q 
a diff]5t cre$4 ,& ! common exp]i5ce1 on
 :i* ! ,*ri/ians s mu* dep5d1 is n on ! 
side ( ! angels4 ,& t is :y ! ,bottom   
,dogs are s num]\s1 & :y s _m ( u lead  
su* mean & sneak+ lives4  ,desc5dants ( 
b>b>ians & bea/s1 we h n yet conqu]$ !  
gre$ & folly ( our be/ial & b>b>\s      
inh]itance4 ,our nature is an unwe$$    
g>d54 ,our h]$it>y soil is rank4 ,talk  
ab\t ! tr\ble ( br++ up *ildr53 :at is t
 to ! tr\ble ( educat+ "o's ance/ors8   
,o1 ! difficulty ,i h _h ) m9e4  ,my    
fri5ds3 y h read my /atem5t ( ! case = !
 ,bottom ,dog2 y h read ! argum5ts ,i h 
us$ 9 support ( t /atem5t3 y h read !   
evid5ce1 & y h read my answ]s to !      
argum5ts ( ! o!r side4  ,i claim to h   

prov$ t all human actions are rul$ by   
h]$ity & environm5t1 t man is n         
responsible = 8 h]$ity & environm5t1 & t
 !re=e all blame & all puni%m5t are     
unju/4  ,i claim to h prov$ t blame &   
puni%m5t1 besides be+ unju/ are         
ineffectual4  ,i claim t ! argum5ts :i* 
apply to h]$ity & environm5t apply also 
to ! s\l1 = s9ce man did n create ! s\l 
he _c be responsible = its acts4  ,i    
claim to h expla9$ ! s-call$ my/]ies (  
consci5ce1 & ( ! dual p]sonality1 & to h
 prov$ !m to be ! natural action (      
h]$ity & environm5t4  ,i claim to h     
prov$ t morality comes ?r\gh natural    
evolution1 & n by any k9d ( sup]-natural
 revelation4  ,i claim to h prov$ t !   
argum5t f univ]sal exp]i5ce is          
fallaci\s1 & to h %[n t univ]sal        
exp]i5ce has misl$ u 9 ! mann] ( human  
responsibility z 9 s _m o!r matt]s4  ,i 
claim to h prov$ t ! !ory "h advocat$ is
 bas$ ^u ju/ice & reason1 & is m moral &
 b5efici5t ?an ! ,*ri/ian religion1 "u  
:i* s mu* wrong1 & wa/e1 & mis]y cont9ue

 to exi/ un*eck$ & unrebuk$4  ,i claim  
to h prov$ t ! prosecution d n und]/& ! 
case1 & t _! argum5ts are = ! mo/ "p m]e
 misrepres5tations or misund]/&+s ( !   
issues & ! facts4  ,x rema9s = me n[ to 
say a few words z to ! wrongs suff]$ by 
my un=tunate cli5t2 & z to ! necessity =
 s alt]+ ! laws & cu/oms ( society z to 
prev5t ! p]petration ( all ?is cruelty &
 inju/ice2 ( all ?is wa/e ( human love1 
& human beauty1 & human p[]4  ,we are   
sometimes ask$ to ?9k imp]ially3 x w\ld 
be bett] to ?9k univ]sally4 ,illimitable
 z is ! univ]se1 x appe>s 9 all its p>ts
 to obey ! same laws4 ,its suns may be  
told by millions2 b matt] & =ce compose 
& rule !m all4 ,c>lyle spoke ( ! contra/
 betwe5 heav5 & ,vauxhall2 b ,vauxhall  
is 9 ! heav5s1 by virtue ( ! same law t 
!re holds ,canopus & ! ,pleiades4 ,we   
?9k ( ! dawn-/> z ( some?+ heav5ly pure1
 & ( ! e>? z grey 9 sorr[ & s92 b ! e>? 
is a />--a planet1 bright & beautiful z 
,v5us 9 a purple ev5+ sky4  ,we gaze )  
wond]+ awe at ! lovel9ess & my/]y ( !   

,galaxy1 t b5t beam ( glory ^: motes are
 suns1 t lum9\s pa? ( dreams ^: jewels  
are alive2 b we =get t ,:ite*apel1 &    
,oldham1 & ,*icago1 & ! ,black ,c\ntry1 
are 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,9 t awful ocean ( 
,space are _m isl&s2 b !y are all ak94  
,9 ! ro>+ loom ( "t4 h[soev] ! col\rs   
may *ange1 ! patt]n v>y1 ! piece is all 
"o piece2 x is knit toge!r1 ?read to    
?read4 ,all m5 are bro!rs4 ,f ! age     
beyond ! ,aryans ! ?reads are wov5 &    
jo9$ toge!r4 ,all ( u _h ance/ors )     
tails4 ,all ! myriads ( human creatures1
 s9ce ! fir/ ape /ood erect1 h be5 l    
leaves ^u "o tree1 n\ri%$ by ! same sap1
 f$ f ! same root1 w>m$ by ! same sun1  
wa%$ by ! same ra9s4 ,all our polities1 
philosophies1 & religions1 gr[ out ( ea*
 o!r4 ,we c nev] fully und]/& any "o (  
!m until we "k ! :ole4 ,comp>ative      
anatomy1 comp>ative philology1          
comp>ative my?ology1 all comp>ative     
sci5ces1 tell u ! same /ory ( gr[?1 (   
evolution1 ( k9%ip4 ,babylon & ,egypt1  
,india & ,p]sia1 ,greece & ,rome1 ,go?l&

 & ,sc&9avia1 ,brita9 & ,gaul2 ,osiris1 
,kri%na1 ,confucius1 ,brahma1 ,zoroa/]1 
,buddha1 ,*ri/1 ,mahomet3 all are p>ts (
 "o :ole1 all p>ts relat$ ea* to o!r4 ,!
 olde/ nations speak 9 our languages    
to-day1 ! olde/ savages survive 9 our   
bodies1 ! olde/ gods h "p 9 our religi\s
 =ms & c]emonies1 ! olde/ sup]/itions & 
faults & follies1 /ill obscure our m9ds 
& imp$e our action4 ,we _c ?ru/ ! dead  
aside & /& alone3 ! dead are "p ( u4 ,we
 _c take a man & isolate him1 & judge & 
und]/& him1 z ?\gh he 7 a new & special 
creation4 ,he is ( k9 to all ! liv+ & ! 
dead4 ,he /&s "o figure 9 ! great human 
pageant1 & _c be tak5 out ( ! picture3  
_c be cut out f ! backgr\nd--t backgr\nd
 ( a ?\s& ages1 & ( innum]able wom5 &   
m54 ,he belongs to ! great human family3
 he1 also1 is 9 ! ,milky ,way4  ,old    
families1 & noble families are made (   
p>*m5t or pap]3 !re is b "o real family 
( fle% & blood1 & t rea*es back to !    
clot ( jelly 9 ! sea1 & we all belong to
 x4  ,:5 ,i he> "s little ,brick ,lane  

,bro!r talk+ ab\t ! true fai?1 z taught 
9 a t9 *apel 9 ,upp] ,toot+1 ,i ?9k ( ! 
/>-read]s ( ! ,aryan hills1 ( ! dead    
gods1 & ! oblit]at$ beliefs ( anci5t    
conqu]ors1 long s9ce eat5 by worms1 & ( 
! %rivell$ corpse 9 ! museum :o has la9 
gr9n+ 9 8 s&hole = ?irty ?\s& ye>s1     
among/ 8 grave pots1 & gho/ *>ms1 & !   
uneat5 food = ! long j\rney to ! great  
beyond4 ,:5 ,i he> hon\rable memb]s     
prat+ 9 ! ,h\se ab\t ,imp]ial que/ions1 
,i ?9k ( ! fami%$ seam/ress1 ! unemploy$
 dock]1 ! girl ) ! phossy jaw1 :om !    
hon\rable g5tleman repres5ts4 ,:5 ,i    
read ( ! gorge\s /age-managem5t ( !     
royal pageants1 ,i rememb] ! graves ( ! 
,balaclava m51 9 ! ,man*e/] workh\se    
field1 :]e ! sods 7 spread out level ov]
 ! neglect$ dead4 ,:5 ,i see beautiful  
sculptures & pa9t+s ( ,greek womanhood1 
,i rememb] h[1 com+ out ( ! art gall]y  
:]e ,i _h be5 look+ at ! picture (      
,&roma*e1 ,i saw a :ite-hair$ old       
,engli%woman c>ry+ a great bag ( c9d]s  
on h] b5t old back4 ,:5 ,i he> ! angelic

 voices ( ! *oirs1 & see ! gold5 plate  
on ca!dral alt>s1 ,i ask myself que/ions
 ab\t t ,bridge ( ,sighs :]e ,london    
wom5 dr[n !mselves 9 _! despair1 & ab\t 
t *ild 9 ! workh\se s*ool :o tam$ a m\se
 because he mu/ h some?+ to love4 ,:5 a 
call[ prea*] babbles to 8 gr[n-up       
congregation ab\t s9 & human nature1 ,i 
rememb] ! m5 & wom5 ,i h kn[n3 !        
soldi]s1 ! navvies1 ! colli]s1 !        
doctors1 ! lawy]s1 ! au?ors1 ! arti/s2  
,i rememb] ! danc+-rooms 9 ! g>rison    
t[n1 & ! girls1 & h[ !y 7 womanly 9 _!  
degradation1 & sweet 9 spite ( _! %ame2 
& ,i wond]$ :at ! rev]5d g5tleman w\ld  
answ] !m if !y spoke to him z !y (t5    
spoke to me1 9 words t 7 /raight z      
blades1 & cut z deep4  ,& (t51 :5 ,i mix
 ) ! cr[ds 9 ! /reets1 or at ! !atre1 or
 9 public assemblies1 ,i feel t ,i am 9 
! pres5ce ( ! haunt$ pa/1 & ! :ole human
 /ory unfolds itself to my m9d3 !       
primeval savage ) 8 fell ( hair1 fight+ 
) o!r savages1 "u bran*+ elm1 />-pro(2 !
 ,e?iopian w>rior 9 8 battle *>iot2 !   

b5t slave1 toil+ on ! pyramid2 ! arm$   
knight errant1 =ay+1 & r$ress+ s5tim5tal
 wrongs2 ! fe>less ,vik+1 cross+ oceans 
9 8 op5 galley1 to discov] cont95ts2 !  
gladiator 9 ! ,roman ar5a2 ! ,greek     
,/oics1 disc\rs+ at ! f\nta92 ,drake    
s+e+ ! ,k+ ( ,spa9's be>d2 ,/4 ,francis 
prea*+ to ! birds2 ! ,buddha1 giv+ 8    
body to ! fami%$ tigress2 ! ,aryan at ! 
pl\gh1 ! ,pho5ician 9 8 b>k1 !          
,cali=nian seek+ gold1 ! :al] among/ !  
ice1 ! anci5t ,briton 9 8 woad--all !   
my/]i\s & fasc9at+ human drama ( love & 
hate1 ( hung] & ri*es1 & laught] & te>s1
 & songs & sobb+s1 & danc+ & drunk5ness1
 & m>riage & battle1 & h]oism & c[>dice1
 & murd] & robb]y1 & ! que/ ( ,god4  ,t 
wond]ful human my/]y-play1 h[ s(tly x   
t\*es u1 h[ deeply x moves u1 ) its hum 
( myriad voices1 its vision ( :ite arms1
 & fla%+ weapons1 & beckon+ f+]s1 & ask+
 looks1 & ! ripple ( its laught]1 l !   
music ( hidd5 /reams 9 leafy woods1 & ! 
lisp ( its unnumb]$ feet1 & ! weird     
rhy?m ( its w> songs1 & ! pa?os ( its   

joy-bells1 & ! pity ( its follies1 & its
 failures1 & its crimes--! pity2 ! pity 
( x1 ! pity ( x4  ,possess$1 !n by ?is  
dream+ habit1 ?is ,janus-l b5t ( m9d1 ,i
 _c ?9k ( ! ,bottom ,dog ap>t f ! :ole  
blood/a9$1 te>/a9$ trag$y ( man's       
inhumanity to man4 ,= ! ,bottom ,dog is 
a *ild ( all ! ages1 he plays 8 "p 9 a  
drama :]e( ! sc5e is laid 9 ! ,milky    
,way4 ,he recalls to u ! long wav]+ w>  
betwe5 d>kness & light1 ! life & dea?   
/ruggle ( ! brute to be a man1 ! pa9ful 
nev]-ceas+ ef=t ( man to und]/&4  ,we _c
 look back ov] t trampl$ & sangu9>y     
field ( hi/ory )\t a %udd]2 b we mu/    
look4 ,x rea*es back into ! imp5etrable 
mi/s ( "t1 x rea*es =w>d to our own     
?re%olds1 :i* /ill are wet ) blood &    
te>s1 & on e rood ( x1 9 gha/ly horror1 
are heap$ ! corpses ( ! m51 & wom51 &   
*ildr5 sla9 by ! righte\s1 9 ! "n (     
ju/ice1 & 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,?\gh ! gods   
p]i%$1 ?\gh ! vane ( ju/ice ve]$ until  
"r became wrong1 & wrong "r1 yet !      
crimes cont9u$1 ! horrible mi/akes 7    

repeat$2 ! holy1 & ! noble1 & cultivat$ 
/ill cri$ = _! bro!r's blood1 /ill      
trampl$ ! infants "u _! holy feet1 /ill 
=c$ ! maid5s & ! mo!rs to slav]y & %ame4
  ,m5 & wom51 is x n true8  ,f fe> (    
gho/s & devils1 & = ! glory ( ! gods (  
,india1 ( ,babylon1 ( ,egypt1 ( ,greece1
 ( ,rome1 ( ,france1 ( ,spa91 ( ,engl&1 
7 n millions tortur$1 & burnt1 & :ipp$1 
& hang$1 & crucifi$8  ,wit*craft1 &     
h]esy1 idolatry1 sacrifice1             
propitiation1 div9e v5geance2 :at seas (
 blood1 :at holocau/s ( crime1 :at      
long-drawn trag$ies ( agony & ,moody    
sweat d ^! names n recall8 ,& !y 7 all  
mi/akes6 ,!y 7 all nightm>es1 born (    
ignorance & sup]/ition6 ,we h awak5$ f  
^? nightm>es4 ,our gods no long] lu/    
aft] human blood4 ,we "k t h]esy is     
m]ely diff]5ce ( education1 t !re nev] 0
 a wit*2 we "k t all ^? millions wept & 
bl$ & di$ = no?+3 t !y 7 tortur$1       
enslav$1 degrad$ & murd]$1 by ! holy1   
?r\gh ignorance1 & fe>1 & sup]/ition4   
,if we turn f ! crimes & blund]s (      

prophets & ( prie/s to ! laws ( ,k+s &  
,p>liam5ts1 we f9d ! same ignorance1 !  
same f]ocity1 ! same futility4 ,i c\ld  
fill a bigg] book ?an m9e ) ! m]e       
catalogue ( ! puni%m5ts & ! in/rum5ts ( 
torture inv5t$ by tyrants1 & l&-grabb]s1
 & sup]ior p]sons = ! protection ( _!   
privileges1 & _! plund]1 & _! luxury &  
ease4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! :ip1 ! *a91 !   
rack1 ! gibbet1 & ! sword1 h be5 us$ to 
uphold ! laws made by robb]s1 & by      
idl]s1 & by ambiti\s lunatics41 to puni%
 ! crimes ( ! ignorant & ! weak4  ,m5 & 
wom51 is x n true8  ,& all ! agony &    
blood & %ame 7 ineffectual4 ,& always   
blame & puni%m5t br$ hate1 & savag]y1 & 
m crime4  ,b x is diff]5t to-day4  ,x is
 ! same to-day4 ,! laws to-day are      
def5ces ( ! fooli% ri* aga9/ ! ignorant 
& hungry poor4 ,! laws to-day1 l ! laws 
( ! pa/1 make m crim9als ?an !y puni%4  
,! laws keep ! p ignorant & poor1 & !   
ri* idle & vici\s4 ,! laws to-day1 z 9 !
 day ( ,isaiah1 enable ! ri* to add     
field to field1 until ! p h no room4 ,! 

laws to-day sacrifice a ?\s& innoc5t    
*ildr5 to pres]ve "o useful1 lazy1      
unhappy1 sup]ior p]son4 ,! laws to-day  
puni% z a crim9al ! *ild :o /eals a     
loaf1 or a pair ( boots1 & hon\r z a    
gr&ee ! man ^: gre$ & folly keep !      
work]s (f ! l&1 & treble ! r5ts 9 !     
fil?y & indec5t slums :]e age has no    
rev]5ce1 & toil no ease1 & :]e %ame has 
laid its h& ^u ! girl *ild's brea/4     
,:at 0 ! old d5unciation ( ^? :o cri$   
peace1 peace1 :5 !re is no peace1 & :at 
%all we say ( ^? prie/s & holy m5 :o cry
 morality1 morality1 :]e !re is no      
morality1 :]e usury & exploitation are  
hon\r$ arts3 :]e crime & vice are taught
 to ! *ildr5 z 9 a s*ool8  ,if y s[     
t>es1 c y reap :eat8 ,if y s[ hate c y  
reap love8 ,if y s[ wrong c y reap "r8  
,if y tea* & practise knav]y1 c y ask = 
purity & virtue8  ,! laws 7 made by     
ignorant & di%one/ m51 !y are adm9i/]$  
by m5 ignorant & selfi%2 !y are di%one/ 
laws2 good = nei!r ri* nor poor2 evil 9 
_! conception1 evil 9 _! en=cem5t1 evil 

9 _! results4  ,!re ne$ n be any su* ?+s
 z pov]ty & ignorance 9 ! _w4 ,! e>? is 
b\nte\s1 & yields en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 
= all4  ,m5 & wom53 ,i beg ( y to d all 
t is 9 y\r p[] to *ange ! unju/ laws1 & 
! un*>itable & unreasonable op9ions1 :i*
 make ! deadly environm5t t fo/]s vice &
 crime4  ,=1 besides t ! laws are unju/1
 t ! tea*+s ( our sup]ior p]sons are    
untrue1 t blame & puni%m5t mu/ fail z !y
 h always fail$1 !re is ! awful wa/e--! 
wa/e ( life1 & love1 ( beauty & p[] t ! 
pres5t cruel sy/em entails4  ,?9k ( !   
lovel9ess ( a good woman1 ! bless+ ( h]2
 ?9k ( ! sweetness & ! joy ( an innoc5t 
*ild1 ( ! value & nobility ( an hone/   
man4 ,picture to y\rself ! k9d ( woman y
 w\ld wi% y\r daught] to be1 ! k9d ( man
 y w\ld wi% y\r son to be4 ,!n rememb]  
:at good or bad environm5t c make ( !   
"y4  ,i tell y !re is h>dly a batt]$    
drab1 a brok5 paup]1 a h>d5$ ?ief1 a    
hopeless drunk>d1 a lurk+ tramp1 a      
hooligan1 b :o might h be5 an hone/ & a 
useful citiz5 "u fair conditions4  ,good

 wom53 if ev] y felt ! ?rill ( a de>    
*ild's f+]s on y\r ?roat or brea/1 ?9k  
:at millions ( su* *ildr5 9 our cities  
mu/ become4  ,good m53 if y hon\r       
womanhood1 if y love y\r daught]s & y\r 
wives1 ?9k ( ! wom5 & ! girls 9 !       
/reets1 9 ! fields1 9 ! factories1 & 9 !
 jails1 & !n look into y\r mirrors = a  
fri5d to save !m4  ,m5 & wom53 z !      
little *ildr5 are n[ ! ruffian & ! h>lot
 once 72 z ! ruffian & ! h>lot are n[   
millions ( helpless *ildr5 mu/ become   
unless y give !m sympa?y & aid4  ,x is  
no use look+ = help to heav53 we mu/    
look ^u ! e>?4 ,x is no use ask+ ,god to
 help u3 we mu/ help ourselves4  ,my    
fri5ds3 = ! sake ( good m51 :o are bett]
 ?an _! gods2 = ! sake ( good wom51 :o  
are ! pride & glory ( ! _w2 = ! sake ( !
 de> *ildr51 :o are sweet] to u ?an !   
sun%9e or ! fl[]s2 = ! sake ( ! g5]ation
 n yet spoil$ or lo/2 = ! sake ( !      
nations yet unborn2 9 ! names ( ju/ice1 
( reason & tru?1 ,i ask y = a v]dict (  
,n ,guilty4