,,ly( ,n4 ,,tol/o ,,xix ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,)9 ,,y ,,:at ,,is ,,art8 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\nt ,,tol/o ,,pl[+ ,,f ,,! ,,pa9t+ ,,by ,,rep9 ,,! ,,novels ,,& ,,o!r ,,works ,,( ,,ly( ,n4 ,,tol/o ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,)9 ,,y ,,:at ,,is ,,art8 ,illu/ration3 publi%] m>k ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aijb ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,?omas ,v4 ,,cr[ell ,,co4 ,,introduction ,! pres5t volume conta9s two contra/+ treatises4 ,! fir/ is religi\s1 & %[s 9 ,c\nt ,tol/o's e>ne/ & eloqu5t mann] ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s words :i* he takes = 8 text1--,! ,k+dom ( ,god is )9 y4 ,! outw>d =ms ( religion1 h[ev] helpful !y may be to "s s\ls1 are n ess5tial2 ! sup]/itions ) :i* ,fai? sometimes clo!s or masks h]self may or may n be uplift+2 b ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity is ! tru? conta9$ 9 ,*ri/'s words1 8 simple1 pla91 undogmatic comm&s & prohibitions4 ,"o ^w sums x all up1 & t ^w is ,love4 ,if ! _w %\ld take love = its guid+ />1 x is evid5t t all ! evils ( ! _w w\ld cease1--w>s1 crimes1 pov]ty1 ambitions2 ! mill5nium w\ld come6 ,c\nt ,tol/o %[s h[ t bless$ p]iod may beg9 9 e man4 ,! translation ( ?is beautiful & inspir+ book has be5 made by ,mrs4 ,al9e ,delano ( ,bo/on4 ,9 answ]+ ! "q1 ,:at is ,art8 ,c\nt ,tol/o analyzes & te/s ! v>i\s def9itions giv5 by o!r writ]s4 ,he %[s up ) m]ciless sev]ity :at he consid]s ! fallacy 9 ! popul> delusion t ! feti% ( ,art p>dons be/iality1 obsc5ity1 & :atev] conduces to /imulat+ ! passions4 ,! "w is /rongly controv]sial1 & attacks unsp>+ly _m ( ! popul> notions ( ! day1 z1 = in/ance1 t ,art is ! manife/ation ( "s my/]i\s idea ( ,god1 or ! expression ( man's emotions by ext]nal signs1 or ! production ( pleas+ objects4 ,he believes t art has a l(ti] function1 & he proce$s elaborately to argue 9 favor ( ?is univ]sal activity1 :i* %\ld be to effect a union among m5 s t !y may h ! same noble feel+s & progress toge!r t[>d univ]sal & individual well-be+4 ,art = art's sake is mean+less to him4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! mo/ orig9al & indep5d5t ( ! ,fr5* critics has rec5tly tak5 practically ! same gr\nd 9 a lecture1 9 :i* he ass]ts t x is ! critic's bus9ess to te/ art & lit]ature1 & t art has a mo/ intimate relation ) morality4 ,mu* ( ! book is racy & amus+2 mu* ( x is ab/ruse1 & requires close att5tion4 ,b :e!r "o foll[s ! au?or 9 8 individual op9ions or n1 x _c be d5i$ t ! g5]al tone ( ! treatise is helpful & uplift+1 & t x is bas$ on s\nd common s5se4 ,mr4 ,aylm] ,maude ( ,engl& is ! translator ( ?is "w1 & has _h ! b5efit ( ,c\nt ,tol/o's own sugge/ions 9 reg>d to c]ta9 po9ts4 ,z ! special preface expla9s1 ! translation accurately repres5ts ! au?or's views1 :ile ! edition publi%$ 9 ,russia 0 9 _m ways g>bl$ & di/ort$4 ,! translators ( bo? treatises h seiz$ ! opportunity ( c>efully revis+ _! "w4 ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,)9 ,,y ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,i ,doctr9e ( non-resi/ance to evil1 f ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 has be51 & /ill is1 pr(ess$ by ! m9ority ( m5 #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,op9ions ( believ]s & unbeliev]s 9 reg>d to non-resi/ance #cj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,misconception ( ,*ri/ianity by non-believ]s #dg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,misconception ( ,*ri/ianity by sci5ti/s #gi ,,*apt] ,v ,contradiction ( our life & ,*ri/ian consci\sness #ajj ,,*apt] ,,vi ,attitude ( m5 ( ! pres5t day t[>d w> #abb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,significance ( ! milit>y conscription #aeb ,,*apt] ,,viii ,c]ta9ty ( ! acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce by ! m5 ( our _w #aga ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian life-conception deliv]s m5 f ! mis]ies ( our pagan life #aid ,,*apt] ,x ,uselessness ( viol5ce = ! de/ruction ( evil--,! moral advance ( mank9d is accompli%$1 n only ?r\gh ! k ( tru?1 b also ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( public op9ion #bah ,,*apt] ,,xi ,*ri/ian public op9ion already arises 9 our society1 & w inevitably de/roy ! sy/em ( viol5ce ( our life--,:5 ?is w come ab\t #bdb ,,*apt] ,,xii ,conclusion3 ,rep5t1 = ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&6 #bed ,,:at ,,is ,,art8 ,,translator',s ,,preface #cci ,,au?or',s ,,preface #cda ,,*apt] ,i ,"t & labor sp5t on art--,lives /unt$ 9 its s]vice--,morality sacrific$ to & ang] ju/ifi$ by art--,! rehe>sal ( an op]a describ$ #cde ,,*apt] ,,ii ,does art comp5sate = s mu* evil8--,:at is art8--,confusion ( op9ions--,is x t :i* produces beauty8--,! ^w beauty 9 ,russian--,*aos 9 /hetics #cea ,,*apt] ,,iii ,summ>y ( v>i\s /hetic !ories & def9itions1 f ,baumg>t5 to to-day #cfj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,def9itions ( art f\nd$ on beauty--,ta/e n def9able--,a cle> def9ition ne$$ to enable u to recognize works ( art #cgf ,,*apt] ,v ,def9itions n f\nd$ on beauty--,tol/o's def9ition--,! ext5t & necessity ( art--,h[ p 9 ! pa/ h di/+ui%$ good f bad 9 art #chc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,h[ art = pleasure has come into e/eem--,religions indicate :at is consid]$ good & bad--,*ur* ,*ri/ianity--,! ,r5aissance--,skepticism ( ! upp] classes--,!y conf\nd beauty ) goodness #chi ,,*apt] ,,vii ,an /hetic !ory fram$ to suit ?is view ( life #cif ,,*apt] ,,viii ,:o h adopt$ x8--,real art ne$ful = all m5--,our art too exp5sive1 too un9telligible1 & too h>mful = ! masses--,! !ory ( ! elect 9 art #dja ,,*apt] ,,ix ,p]v]sion ( our art--,x has lo/ its natural subject-matt]--,has no fl[ ( fre% feel+--,transmits *iefly ?ree base emotions #djf ,,*apt] ,x ,loss ( compreh5sibility--,decad5t art--,rec5t ,fr5* art--,h we a "r to say x is bad & t :at we l is good art8--,! highe/ art has always be5 compreh5sible to normal p--,:at fails to infect normal p is n art #dab ,,*apt] ,,xi ,c\nt]feits ( art produc$ by3 ,borr[+2 ,imitat+2 ,/rik+2 ,int]e/+--,qualifications ne$ful = production ( real works ( art1 & ^? suffici5t = production ( c\nt]feits #dcf ,,*apt] ,,xii ,causes ( production ( c\nt]feits--,pr(essionalism-- ,criticism--,s*ools ( art #ddf ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,wagn]'s ,nibelung's ,r+ a type ( c\nt]feit art--,its success1 & ! reasons !re( #dee ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,tru?s fatal to preconceiv$ views are n readily recogniz$--,proportion ( works ( art to c\nt]feits--,p]v]sion ( ta/e & incapacity to recognize art--,examples #dfh ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,art1 ,,consid]$ ,,ap>t ,,f ,,its ,,subject-,,matt]--,! sign ( art3 ,infecti\sness-- ,incompreh5sible to ^? ^: ta/e is p]v]t$--,conditions ( infection3 ,individuality2 ,cle>ness2 ,s9c]ity #dgf ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,art1 ,,consid]$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,its ,,subject-,,matt]--,! bett] ! feel+ ! bett] ! art--,! cultur$ cr[d--,! religi\s p]ception ( our age--,! new ideals put fre% dem&s to art--,art unites--,religi\s art--,univ]sal art--,bo? cop]ate to "o result--,! new appraisem5t ( art--,bad art--,examples ( art--,h[ to te/ a "w claim+ to be art #dgi ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,results ( abs5ce ( true art--,results ( p]v]sion ( art3 ,labor & lives sp5t on :at is useless & h>mful--,! abnormal life ( ! ri*-- ,p]plexity ( *ildr5 & pla9 folk--,confusion ( "r & wrong--,nietzs*e & ,r$be>d-- ,sup]/ition1 ,patriotism1 & ,s5suality #dig ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,! purpose ( human life is ! bro!rly union ( man--,art mu/ be guid$ by ?is p]ception #ejg ,,*apt] ,,xix ,! art ( ! future n a possession ( a select m9ority1 b a means t[>d p]fection & unity #eaj ,,*apt] ,,xx ,! connection betwe5 sci5ce & art--,! m5daci\s sci5ces2 ! trivial sci5ces--,sci5ce %\ld deal ) ! great problems ( human life1 & s]ve z a basis = art #eag ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,i #ebh ,,app5dix ,,ii #ecj ,,app5dix ,,iii #ecg ,,app5dix ,,iv #edb ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,)9 ,,y ,,or1 ,,*ri/ianity ,,n ,,z ,a ,,my/ical ,,doctr9e1 ,,b ,,z ,a ,,new-,,life ,,conception ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,9 ?is book ,i h endeavor$ to %[ t our mod]n ,*ri/ianity has be5 tri$ & f\nd want+1 t ! arm$ camp ( ,europe is n ,*ri/ian1 b ,pagan1 z is latt]-day religion1 ( :i* ! pres5t /ate ( affairs is ! outcome4 ,! book conta9s ?ree pr9cipal ideas1--! fir/1 t ,*ri/ianity is n only ! wor%ip ( ,god & a doctr9e ( salvation1 b is1 above all ?+s1 a new conception ( life1 :i* is *ang+ ! :ole fabric ( human society2 ! second1 t f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity !re ent]$ into x two opposite curr5ts1--! "o e/abli%+ ! true & new conception ( life1 :i* x gave to humanity1 & ! o!r p]v]t+ ! true ,*ri/ian doctr9e & conv]t+ x into a ,pagan religion1 & t ?is contradiction has atta9$ 9 our days ! highe/ degree ( t5sion :i* n[ expresses itself 9 univ]sal armam5ts1 & on ! ,cont95t 9 g5]al conscription2 & ! ?ird1 t ?is contradiction1 :i* is mask$ by hypocrisy1 c only be solv$ by an ef=t ( s9c]ity on ! "p ( e individual endeavor+ to con=m ! acts ( 8 life1--indep5d5t ( :at are reg>d$ z ! exig5cies ( family1 society1 & ! ,/ate1--) ^? moral pr9ciples :i* he consid]s to be true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! above is an extract 7slightly adapt$7 f an article on ,c\nt ,tol/o :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,daily ,*ronicle ( #bf? ,decemb]1#ahic4 ,s5t by ,miss ,tatiana ,tol/o1 on behalf ( h] fa!r1 to ! publi%]s ( ?is edition ( 8 "w1 x is ins]t$ "h z a ,preface at ! sugge/ion ( ,c\nt ,tol/o4 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,is ,,)9 ,,y2 ,,or1 ,,*ri/ianity ,,n ,,z ,a ,,my/ical ,,doctr9e1 ,,b ,,z ,a ,,new ,,life-,,conception ,& ye %all "k ! tru?1 & ! tru? %all make y free4--,,john viii4 #cb4 ,& fe> n !m :i* kill ! body1 b are n able to kill ! s\l2 b r fe> him :i* is able to de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell4--,,mat!w x4 #bh4 ,ye are b\ght ) a price2 be n ye ! s]vants ( m54--,i ,,cor9?ians vii4 #bc4 ,,introductory ,9 #ahhd ,i wrote a book entitl$ ,my ,religion1 :]e9 ,i =mulat$ my cre$4 ,:ile affirm+ my fai? 9 ! doctr9e taught by ,*ri/1 ,i c\ld n refra9 f manife/+ at ! same "t ! reason :y ,i look ^u ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e commonly call$ ,*ri/ianity z errone\s1 & to me incr$ible4 ,among ! _m deviations ( ! latt] f ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ,i call$ att5tion to ! pr9cipal "o2 namely--! evasion ( ! comm&m5t t =bids man to resi/ evil by viol5ce1 z a /rik+ example ( ! p]v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ by ecclesia/ical int]pretation4 ,i knew b little1 no m ?an o!r m51 ( :at _h be5 taught or writt5 on ! subject ( non-resi/ance 9 =m] times4 ,i 0 famili> ) ! op9ions ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ,orig51 ,t]tullian1 & o!rs2 & ,i also knew ( ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 sects call$ ,m5nonites1 ,h]rnhut]s1 & ,quak]s1 all ( :i* =bid ,*ri/ians ! use ( arms1 & w n submit to conscription1 b ,i nev] knew ! argum5ts by :i* ^! sects s\ght to ma9ta9 _! views4 ,my book1 z ,i _h anticipat$1 0 prohibit$ by ! ,russian c5sors1 b p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( my reputation z a writ]1 p>tly because x excit$ curiosity1 x _h a circulation 9 manuscript1 & :ile1 on ! "o h&1 x call$ =? f ^? p]sons :o sympa?iz$ ) my ideas1 in=mation conc]n+ works writt5 on ! same subject1 on ! o!r1 x excit$ criticisms on ! op9ions !re9 ma9ta9$4 ,^! two results1 toge!r ) ! hi/orical ev5ts ( rec5t ye>s1 made _m ?+s cle> to me1 & l$ me to _m new d$uctions & conclusions :i* ,i n[ desire to set =?4 ,i %all speak 9 ! fir/ place ( ! in=mation ,i receiv$ 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ?is matt] ( non-resi/ance to evil2 & 9 ! second place1 ( ! argum5ts ^u ! subject (f]$ by religi\s critics1 t is1 by critics :o pr(ess ! religion ( ,*ri/1 z well z ^? ( secul> critics1 t is to say1 ( m5 :o make no su* pr(ession2 & f9ally1 ! conclusions :i* ,i drew f ! argum5ts ( bo? p>ties1 z well z f ! hi/orical ev5ts ( lat] ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,non-,,resi/ance ,,to ,,evil ,,f ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,has ,,be51 ,,& ,,/ill ,,is1 ,,pr(ess$ ,,by ,,! ,,m9ority ,,( ,,m5 ,conc]n+ ! book ,my ,religion--,in=mation call$ =? by ?is book--,lett]s ( ,quak]s--,pr(essions ( ,g>rison--,ad9 ,ball\1 8 works & ,cate*ism--,! ,net ( ,fai? ( ,hel*itsky--,relations ( m5 t[>d works t expla9 ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/--,! book ( ,dymond ,on ,w>--,ass]tion ( ,non-resi/ance by ,muss]--,relations ( gov]nm5t 9 #ahah t[>d ^? :o refuse to jo9 ! milit>y s]vice--,g5]al inimical attitude ( gov]nm5ts & lib]al m5 t[>d ^? :o refus$ to take "p 9 ! viol5ce ( gov]nm5ts & _! consci\s ef=t to conceal & ignore ^! demon/rations ( ,*ri/ian ,non-resi/ance4 ,among ! e>ly responses call$ =? by my book 7 lett]s f ,am]ican ,quak]s4 ,9 ^! lett]s1 :ile express+ _! sympa?y ) my ideas 9 reg>d to ! unlawfulness ( viol5ce & w> :]e ,*ri/ians are conc]n$1 ! ,quak]s made kn[n to me _m details 9 relation to _! sect1 :i* = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s has pr(ess$ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ 9 ! matt] ( non-resi/ance1 & :i* nev] has1 nor does x n[ use weapons = self-def5se4 ,toge!r ) ! lett]s1 ! ,quak]s s5t me _m ( _! pamphlets1 p]iodicals1 & books4 ,f ^! publications ,i le>n$ t already1 _m ye>s ago1 !y _h demon/rat$ ! ,*ri/ian's duty ( keep+ ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce1 & ! error ( ! *ur* :i* c\nt5ances w>s & executions4 ,hav+ %[n by a succession ( argum5ts & texts t w>--! slaught] & mutilation ( m5--is inconsi/5t ) a religion f\nd$ on peace & good-w to m51 ! ,quak]s g on to ass]t t no?+ is s conducive to ! defamation ( ,*ri/'s tru? 9 ! eyes ( ! hea!n1 or s successful 9 arre/+ ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! _w1 z ! refusal to obey ?is comm&m5t1 made by m5 :o call !mselves ,*ri/ians1 & by ! sanction ?us giv5 to w> & viol5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 :i* has ent]$ into ! consci\sness ( m51 n by =ce or by ! sword1 z !y say1 b by non-resi/ance to evil1 by humility1 meekness1 & ! love ( peace1 c only be propagat$ among m5 by ! example ( peace1 love1 & concord giv5 by its foll[]s4 ,a ,*ri/ian1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! ,"l1 %\ld be guid$ 9 8 relations t[>d m5 only by ! love ( peace1 & !re=e !re %\ld be no au?ority hav+ p[] to compel a ,*ri/ian to act 9 a mann] contr>y to ,god's law1 & contr>y to 8 *ief duty t[>d 8 fell[-m54 ,! requirem5ts ( ! civil law1 !y say1 may oblige m51 :o1 to w9 "s worldly advantages1 seek to conciliate t :i* is irreconcilable1 to violate ! law ( ,god2 b = a ,*ri/ian1 :o firmly believes t 8 salvation dep5ds ^u foll[+ ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 ?is law c h no mean+4 ,my acqua9tance ) ! activity ( ! ,quak]s & ) _! publications1 ) ,fox1 ,pa9e1 & p>ticul>ly ) a "w publi%$ by ,dymond 9 #ahbg1 prov$ to me n only t m5 h long s9ce recogniz$ ! impossibility ( h>moniz+ ,*ri/ianity & w>1 b t ?is incompatibility has be5 prov$ s cle>ly & irrefragably1 t "o c only wond] h[ x is possible = ?is incongru\s union ( ,*ri/ianity ) viol5ce--a doctr9e :i* is /ill taught by ! *ur*--to rema9 9 =ce4 ,besides ! in=mation obta9$ f ! ,quak]s1 ,i also receiv$ f ,am]ica ab\t ! same "t advices on ! subject f ano!r & hi!rto unkn[n s\rce4 ,! son ( ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 ! fam\s anti-slav]y *ampion1 wrote to me t1 hav+ read my book1 :]e9 he _h f\nd ideas simil> to ^? express$ by 8 fa!r 9 #ahch1 & tak+ x = grant$ t ,i %\ld be int]e/$ to "k t fact1 he s5t me a book writt5 by ,mr4 ,g>rison "s fifty ye>s ago1 entitl$ ,non-resi/ance4 ,?is av[al ( pr9ciple took place "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3--,9 #ahch1 on ! occasion ( a meet+ ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,peace1 ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 :ile discuss+ means = ! suppression ( w>1 arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! e/abli%m5t ( univ]sal peace c h no solid f\ndation save 9 ! lit]al ob$i5ce to ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance by viol5ce 7,mat!w v4 #ci71 z und]/ood by ! ,quak]s1 ) :om ,g>rison 0 on fri5dly t]ms4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 he wrote1 (f]+ to ! ,society ! foll[+ proclamation1 :i* at t "t1 9 #ahch1 0 sign$ by _m ( its memb]s3-- ,decl>ation ( ,s5tim5ts adopt$ by ! ,peace ,conv5tion1 held 9 ,bo/on1 ,septemb] #ah1 #ai1 & #bj1 #ahch3-- ,assembl$ 9 ,conv5tion1 f v>i\s sections ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 = ! promotion ( ,peace on e>? & ,good-w among m51 ,we1 ! und]sign$1 reg>d x z due to ourselves1 to ! cause :i* we love1 to ! c\ntry 9 :i* we live1 & to ! _w1 to publi% a ,decl>ation1 expressive ( ! pr9ciples we *]i%1 ! purposes we aim to accompli%1 & ! measures we %all adopt to c>ry =w>d ! "w ( peaceful1 univ]sal re=mation4 ,we _c ackn[l$ge allegiance to any human gov]nm5t2 nei!r c we oppose any su* gov]nm5t by a resort to physical =ce4 ,we recognize b "o ,k+ & ,lawgiv]1 "o ,judge & ,rul] ( mank9d4 ,we are b\nd by ! laws ( a ,k+dom :i* is n ( ?is _w2 ! subjects ( :i* are =bidd5 to fight2 9 :i* ,m]cy & ,tru? are met toge!r1 & ,righte\sness & ,peace h kiss$ ea* o!r2 :i* has no /ate l9es1 no national p>titions1 no geographical b\nd>ies2 9 :i* !re is no di/9ction ( rank or division ( ca/e1 or inequality ( sex2 ! (fic]s ( :i* are ,peace1 its exactors ,righte\sness1 its walls ,salvation1 & its gates ,praise2 & :i* is de/9$ to break 9 pieces & consume all o!r k+doms4 ,our c\ntry is ! _w1 our c\ntrym5 are all mank9d4 ,we love ! l& ( our nativity only z we love all o!r l&s4 ,! int]e/s1 rights1 lib]ties ( ,am]ican citiz5s are no m de> to u ?an are ^? ( ! :ole human race4 ,h5ce1 we c all[ no appeal to patriotism to rev5ge any national insult or injury2 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,peace1 "u ^: /a9less bann] we rally1 came n to de/roy1 b to save1 ev5 ! wor/ ( enemies4 ,he has left u an example1 t we %\ld foll[ ,8 /eps4 ,god comm5de? 8 love t[>d u1 9 t :ile we 7 yet s9n]s1 ,*ri/ di$ = u4 ,we conceive t if a nation has no "r to def5d itself aga9/ =eign enemies1 or to puni% its invad]s1 no individual possesses t "r 9 8 own case4 ,! unit _c be ( great] importance ?an ! aggregate4 ,if "o man may take life1 to obta9 or def5d 8 rights1 ! same lic5se mu/ necess>ily be grant$ to communities1 /ates1 & nations4 ,if he may use a dagg] or a pi/ol1 !y may employ cannon1 bomb%ells1 l& & naval =ces4 ,! means ( self-pres]vation mu/ be 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( int]e/s at /ake1 & ! numb] ( lives expos$ to de/ruction4 ,b if a rapaci\s & blood?ir/y soldi]y1 ?rong+ ^! %ores f abroad1 ) int5t to commit rap9e & de/roy life1 may n be resi/$ by ! p or magi/racy1 !n ought no resi/ance to be (f]$ to dome/ic tr\bles ( ! public peace or ( private security4 ,no obligation c re/ ^u ,am]icans to reg>d =eign]s z m sacr$ 9 _! p]sons ?an !mselves1 or to give !m a monopoly ( wrong-do+ ) impunity4 ,! dogma1 t all ! gov]nm5ts ( ! _w are approv+ly orda9$ ( ,god1 & t ! p[]s t be 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,russia1 9 ,turkey1 are 9 accordance ) ,8 w1 is n less absurd ?an impi\s4 ,x makes ! imp>tial ,au?or ( human fre$om & equality unequal & tyrannical4 ,x _c be affirm$ t ! p[]s t be1 9 any nation1 are actuat$ by ! _s or guid$ by ! example ( ,*ri/1 9 ! treatm5t ( enemies2 !re=e1 !y _c be agreeable to ! w ( ,god2 & !re=e _! ov]?r[1 by a spiritual reg5]ation ( _! subjects1 is inevitable4 ,we regi/] our te/imony n only aga9/ all w>s1 :e!r (f5sive or def5sive1 b all prep>ations = w>2 aga9/ e naval %ip1 e ars5al1 e =tification2 aga9/ ! militia sy/em & a /&+ army2 aga9/ all milit>y *iefta9s & soldi]s2 aga9/ all monum5ts commemorative ( victory ov] a fall5 foe1 all trophies won 9 battle1 all celebrations 9 honor ( milit>y or naval exploits2 aga9/ all appropriations = ! def5se ( a nation by =ce & army1 on ! "p ( any legislative body2 aga9/ e edict ( gov]nm5t requir+ ( its subjects milit>y s]vice4 ,h5ce we deem x unlawful to be> arms1 or to hold a milit>y (fice4 ,z e human gov]nm5t is upheld by physical /r5g?1 & its laws are en=c$ virtually at ! po9t ( ! bayonet1 we _c hold any (fice :i* imposes ^u its incumb5t ! obligation to compel m5 to d "r1 on pa9 ( imprisonm5t or dea?4 ,we !re=e volunt>ily exclude ourselves f e legislative & judicial body1 & repudiate all human politics1 worldly honors1 & /ations ( au?ority4 ,if we _c occupy a seat 9 ! legislature or on ! b5*1 nei!r c we elect o!rs to act z our sub/itutes 9 any su* capacity4 ,x foll[s t we _c sue any man at law1 to compel him by =ce to re/ore any?+ :i* he may h wrongfully tak5 f u or o!rs2 b if he has seiz$ our coat1 we %all surr5d] up our cloak1 r ?an subject him to puni%m5t4 ,we believe t ! p5al code ( ! old cov5ant1 ',an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?1' has be5 abrogat$ by ,jesus ,*ri/2 & t "u ! new cov5ant1 ! =giv5ess in/ead ( ! puni%m5t ( enemies has be5 enjo9$ ^u all ,8 disciples1 9 all cases :atsoev]4 ,to extort money f enemies1 or set !m ^u a pillory1 or ca/ !m into prison1 or hang !m ^u gall[s1 is obvi\sly n to =give1 b to take retribution4 ',v5geance is m9e1 ,i w repay1 sai? ! ,"l4' ,! hi/ory ( mank9d is cr[d$ ) evid5ces prov+ t physical co]cion is n adapt$ to moral reg5]ation2 t ! s9ful disposition ( m5 c be subdu$ only by love2 t evil c be ext]m9at$ f ! e>? only by goodness2 t x is n safe to rely ^u an arm ( fle%1 ^u man ^: brea? is 9 8 no/rils1 to pres]ve u f h>m2 t !re is great security 9 be+ g5tle1 h>mless1 long-suff]+1 & abundant 9 m]cy2 t x is only ! meek :o %all inh]it ! e>?1 = ! viol5t :o resort to ! sword are de/9$ to p]i% ) ! sword4 ,h5ce1 z a measure ( s\nd policy--( safety to prop]ty1 life1 & lib]ty--( public quietude & private enjoym5t--z well z on ! gr\nd ( allegiance to ,him :o is ,k+ ( k+s & ,"l ( lords1 we cordially adopt ! non-resi/ance pr9ciple2 be+ confid5t t x provides = all possible consequ5ces1 w insure all ?+s ne$ful to u1 is arm$ ) omnipot5t p[]1 & mu/ ultimately triumph ov] e assail+ =ce4 ,we advocate no jacob9ical doctr9e4 ,! _s ( jacob9ism is ! _s ( retaliation1 viol5ce1 & murd]4 ,x nei!r fe>s ,god nor reg>ds man4 ,we w\ld be fill$ ) ! _s ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,if we abide by our pr9ciples1 x is impossible = u to be disord]ly1 or plot treason1 or p>ticipate 9 any evil "w2 we %all submit to e ord9ance ( man1 = ! ,"l's sake2 obey all ! requirem5ts ( gov]nm5t1 except su* z we deem contr>y to ! comm&s ( ! gospel2 & 9 no case resi/ ! op]ation ( law1 except by meekly submitt+ to ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce4 ,b :ile we %all adh]e to ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance & passive submission1 we purpose1 9 a moral & spiritual s5se1 to speak & act boldly 9 ! cause ( ,god2 to assail iniquity 9 high places & 9 l[ places2 to apply our pr9ciples to all exi/+ civil1 political1 legal1 & ecclesia/ical in/itutions2 & to ha/5 ! "t :5 ! k+doms ( ?is _w w h become ! k+doms ( our ,"l & ( ,8 ,*ri/1 & ,he %all reign =ev]4 ,x appe>s to u a self-evid5t tru?1 t1 :atev] ! gospel is design$ to de/roy at any p]iod ( ! _w1 be+ contr>y to x1 ought n[ to be ab&on$4 ,if1 !n1 ! "t is pr$ict$ :5 swords %all be beat5 into pl[%>es1 & spe>s into prun+-hooks1 & m5 %all n le>n ! art ( w> any m1 x foll[s t all :o manufacture1 sell1 or wield ^? deadly weapons d ?us array !mselves aga9/ ! peaceful dom9ion ( ! ,son ( ,god on e>?4 ,hav+ ?us briefly /at$ our pr9ciples & purposes1 we proce$ to specify ! measures we propose to adopt 9 c>ry+ our object into effect4 ,we expect to prevail ?r\gh ! fooli%ness ( prea*+1--/riv+ to comm5d ourselves unto e man's consci5ce1 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,f ! press we %all promulgate our s5tim5ts z widely z practicable4 ,we %all endeavor to secure ! cop]ation ( all p]sons1 ( :atev] "n or sect4 ,! triumphant progress ( ! cause ( ,temp]ance & ( ,abolition 9 our l&1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( b5evol5t & volunt>y associations1 enc\rages u to comb9e our own means & ef=ts = ! promotion ( a /ill great] cause4 ,h5ce1 we %all employ lectur]s1 circulate tracts & publications1 =m societies1 & petition our /ate & national gov]nm5ts1 9 relation to ! subject ( ,univ]sal ,peace4 ,x w be our lead+ object to devise ways & means = effect+ a radical *ange 9 ! views1 feel+s1 & practices ( society1 respect+ ! s9fulness ( w> & ! treatm5t ( enemies4 ,9 ent]+ ^u ! great "w be=e u1 we are n unm9dful t1 9 its prosecution1 we may be call$ to te/ our s9c]ity ev5 z 9 a fi]y ordeal4 ,x may subject u to insult1 outrage1 suff]+1 yea1 ev5 dea? itself4 ,we anticipate no small am\nt ( misconception1 misrepres5tation1 calumny4 ,tumults may arise aga9/ u4 ,! ungodly & viol5t1 ! pr\d & ph>isaical1 ! ambiti\s & tyrannical1 pr9cipalities & p[]s1 & spiritual wick$ness 9 high places1 may contrive to cru% u4 ,s !y treat$ ! ,messiah1 ^: example we are humbly /riv+ to imitate4 ,if we suff] ) ,him we "k t we %all reign ) ,him4 ,we %all n be afraid ( _! t]ror1 nei!r be tr\bl$4 ,our confid5ce is 9 ! ,"l ,almighty1 n 9 man4 ,hav+ )drawn f human protection1 :at c su/a9 u b t fai? :i* ov]comes ! _w8 ,we %all n ?9k x /range conc]n+ ! fi]y trial :i* is to try u1 z ?\gh "s /range ?+ _h happ5$ unto u2 b rejoice1 inasmu* z we are p>tak]s ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s4 ,:]e=e1 we commit ! keep+ ( our s\ls to ,god1 9 well-do+1 z unto a fai?ful ,creator4 ,= e "o t =sakes h\se1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or fa!r1 or "m1 or wife1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = ,*ri/'s sake1 %all receive a hundr$fold1 & %all inh]it ev]la/+ life4 ,firmly rely+ ^u ! c]ta9 & univ]sal triumph ( ! s5tim5ts conta9$ 9 ?is decl>ation1 h[ev] =midable may be ! opposition array$ aga9/ !m--9 solemn te/imony ( our fai? 9 _! div9e orig9--we h]eby affix our signatures to x1 comm5d+ x to ! reason & consci5ce ( mank9d1 giv+ ourselves no anxiety z to :at may befall u1 & resolv+ 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l ,god calmly & meekly to abide ! issue4 ,lat] on1 ,g>rison f\nd$ a ,non-resi/ance ,society & />t$ a p]iodical entitl$ ,! ,non-resi/ant1 :]e9 ! full significance & consequ5ces ( ! doctr9e 7 pla9ly set =?1 z has be5 /at$ 9 ! proclamation4 ,i ga9$1 subsequ5tly1 fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ! fate ( ?is society & ! p]iodical f a biography ( ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 writt5 by 8 sons4 ,nei!r ! p]iodical nor ! society enjoy$ a long life4 ,! majority ( ,g>rison's associates 9 ! "w ( lib]at+ ! slaves1 appreh5sive le/ ! too radical views express$ 9 ! ,! ,non-resi/ant might ali5ate m5 f ! practical bus9ess ( ! abolition ( slav]y1 r5\nc$ ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance z express$ 9 ! decl>ation1 & bo? p]iodical & society pass$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,"o w\ld suppose t ?is decl>ation ( ,g>rison1 =mulat+1 z x did1 an important pr(ession ( fai? 9 t]ms bo? en]getic & eloqu5t1 w\ld h made a deep] impression on m51 & h become a subject = univ]sal consid]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 n only is x unkn[n 9 ,europe1 b ev5 among ^? ,am]icans :o honor ! memory ( ,g>rison !re are b few :o are famili> ) ?is4 ,a simil> fate befell ano!r ,am]ican *ampion ( ! same doctr9e1 ,ad9 ,ball\1 :o di$ rec5tly1 & :o = fifty ye>s _h prea*$ 9 favor ( non-resi/ance to evil4 ,h[ little is kn[n 9 reg>d to ! "q ( non-resi/ance may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! y\ng] ,g>rison 7:o has writt5 an excell5t biography ( 8 fa!r 9 f\r l>ge volumes71 9 answ] to my inquiry :e!r any society = ! def5se ( ! pr9ciples ( non-resi/ance 0 yet alive & possess$ adh]5ts1 wrote me t1 s f> z he knew1 ! society _h dissolv$ & its memb]s 7 no long] int]e/$1 :ile at ?is v "t ,ad9 ,ball\1 :o _h %>$ ,g>rison's labors1 & :o _h devot$ fifty ye>s ( 8 life to ! tea*+ ( ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance1 bo? by p5 & by tongue1 0 /ill liv+ 9 ,hop$ale1 ,massa*usetts4 ,aft]w>d ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,wilson1 a disciple & co-work] ( ,ball\1 & subsequ5tly ,i ent]$ into correspond5ce ) ,ball\ himself4 ,i wrote to him1 & he s5t me 8 works1 f "o ( :i* ,i made ! foll[+ extract3--,jesus ,*ri/ is my ,"l & ,ma/]1 says ,ball\ 9 "o ( 8 articles1 writt5 to %[ ! inconsi/5cy ( ,*ri/ians :o believe 9 ! "r ( def5sive & (f5sive w>f>e4 ,i h cov5ant$ to =sake all & foll[ ,him1 ?r\gh good & evil report1 until dea?4 ,b ,i am nev]!less a ,democratic ,republican citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 implicitly sworn to be> true allegiance to my c\ntry1 & to support its ,con/itution1 if ne$ be1 ) my life4 ,jesus ,*ri/ requires me to d unto o!rs z ,i w\ld t o!rs %\ld d unto me4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates requires me to d unto tw5ty-sev5 hundr$ ?\s& slaves 7!y _h slaves !n2 n[ !y c\ld easily be replac$ by workm57 ! v contr>y ( :at ,i w\ld h !m d unto me--viz41 assi/ to keep 9 a griev\s bondage4444 ,b ,i am q easy4 ,i vote on4 ,i help gov]n on4 ,i am will+ to hold any (fice ,i may be elect$ to "u ! ,con/itution4 ,& ,i am /ill a ,*ri/ian4 ,i pr(ess on4 ,i f9d difficulty 9 keep+ cov5ant bo? ) ,*ri/ & ! ,con/itution4 ,jesus ,*ri/ =bids me to resi/ evil-do]s by tak+ 'eye = eye1 too? = too?1 blood & life = life4' ,my gov]nm5t requires ! v rev]se1 & dep5ds1 = its own self-pres]vation1 on ! halt]1 ! musket1 & ! sword1 seasonably employ$ aga9/ its dome/ic & =eign enemies4 ,9 ! ma9t5ance & use ( ?is exp5sive life-de/roy+ app>atus we c exemplify ! virtues ( =giv+ our injuries1 lov+ our enemies1 bless+ !m t curse u1 & do+ good to ^? t hate u4 ,= ?is reason we h regul> ,*ri/ian *apla9s to pray = u & call d[n ! smiles ( ,god on our holy murd]s4 ,i see x all 7t is1 ! contradiction betwe5 pr(ession & life71 & yet ,i insi/ t ,i am z good a ,*ri/ian z ev]4 ,i fell[%ip all2 ,i vote on2 ,i help gov]n on2 ,i pr(ess on2 & ,i glory 9 be+ at once a devot$ ,*ri/ian & a no less devot$ adh]5t to ! exi/+ gov]nm5t4 ,i w n give 9 to ^? mis]able non-resi/ant notions4 ,i w n ?r[ away my political influ5ce1 & leave unpr9cipl$ m5 to c>ry on gov]nm5t alone4 ,! ,con/itution says--',congress %all h p[] to decl>e w>1 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1' & ,i agree to ?is1 ,i indorse x4 ,i swe> to help c>ry x ?r\gh4 ,i vote = m5 to hold (fice :o are sworn to support all ?is4 ,:at1 !n1 am ,i less a ,*ri/ian8 ,is n w> a ,*ri/ian s]vice8 ,is x n p]fectly ,*ri/ian to murd] hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( fell[ human be+s2 to ravi% def5seless females1 sack & burn cities1 & enact all ! o!r cruelties ( w>8 ,out ^u ^! new-fangl$ scruples6 ,?is is ! v way to =give injuries1 & love our enemies6 ,if we only d x all 9 true love no?+ c be m ,*ri/ian ?an :olesale murd]6 ,9 ano!r pamphlet1 entitl$ ,h[ _m does x take8 he says--,"o man mu/ n kill4 ,if he does1 x is murd]2 two1 t51 "o hundr$ m51 act+ on _! responsibility1 mu/ n kill4 ,if !y d1 x is /ill murd]4 ,b a /ate or nation may kill z _m z !y please1 & x is no murd]4 ,x is j1 necess>y1 comm5dable1 & "r4 ,only get p en\gh to agree to x1 & ! but*]y ( myriads ( human be+s is p]fectly innoc5t4 ,b h[ _m does x take8 ,?is is ! "q4 ,j s ) !ft1 robb]y1 burgl>y1 & all o!r crimes4 ,man-/eal+ is a great crime 9 "o man1 or a v few m5 only4 ,b a :ole nation c commit x1 & ! act becomes n only innoc5t1 b highly honorable4 ,! foll[+ is1 9 sub/ance1 a cate*ism ( ,ball\1 compil$ = ! use ( 8 congregation3-- ,,! ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,non-,,resi/ance4#a #a ,f ! ,russian v]sion1 :i* ,c\nt ,tol/o calls a free translation made ) "s omissions4 ,aft] dilig5t se>* & inquiry ,i h be5 unable to f9d ?is cate*ism among ,ball\'s works4--,,tr4 ,q4 ,:5ce comes ! ^w non-resi/ance8 ,a4 ,f ! utt]ance3 ,b ,i say unto y1 ,t ye resi/ n evil4--,mat!w v4 #ci4 ,q4 ,:at does ?is ^w d5ote8 ,a4 ,x d5otes a l(ty ,*ri/ian virtue1 comm&$ by ,*ri/4 ,q4 ,are we to und]/& ! ^w non-resi/ance 9 its broad s5se1 t is1 z mean+ t "o %\ld (f] no resi/ance to evil :atsoev]8 ,a4 ,no2 x %\ld be und]/ood lit]ally z ,*ri/ taught x--t is1 n to return evil = evil4 ,evil %\ld be resi/$ by all lawful means1 b n by evil4 ,q4 ,f :at does x appe> t ,*ri/ gave t mean+ to non-resi/ance8 ,a4 ,f ! words :i* he us$ on t occasion4 ,he said3 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said1 ,an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?4 ,b ,i say unto y1 ,t ye resi/ n evil3 b :osoev] %all smite !e on ?y "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also4 ,& if any man w sue !e at ! law1 & take away ?y coat1 let him h ?y cloke also4 ,q4 ,:om did he mean by ! words3 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said8 ,a4 ,! patri>*s & ! prophets1 & t :i* !y spoke & :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ! ,jews g5]ally call ! ,law & ,prophets4 ,q4 ,to :at laws did ,*ri/ allude 9 ! words3 ,ye h he>d8 ,a4 ,to ^? 9 :i* ,noah1 ,moses1 & o!r prophets grant ! use ( p]sonal viol5ce aga9/ ^? :o commit x1 = ! purpose ( puni%+ & de/roy+ evil de$s4 ,q4 ,m5tion su* comm&m5ts4 ,a4 ,:oso %$de? man's blood1 by man %all 8 blood be %$4--,g5esis ix4 #f4 ,he t smite? a man1 s t he die1 %all be surely put to dea?4 ,& if any mis*ief foll[1 !n ?\ %alt give life = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe4--,exodus xxi4 #ab1 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 ,& he t kille? any man %all surely be put to dea?4 ,& if a man cause a blemi% 9 8 neighbor2 z he ha? done1 s %all x be done to him2 brea* = brea*1 eye = eye1 too? = too?4--,leviticus xxiv4 #ag1 #ai1 #bj4 ,& ! judges %all make dilig5t inquisition3 &1 behold1 if ! witness be a false witness1 & ha? te/ifi$ falsely aga9/ 8 bro!r2 !n %all ye d unto him1 z he _h ?\ght to h done unto 8 bro!r4 ,& ?9e eye %all n pity2 b life %all g = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot4--,deut]onomy xix4 #ah1 #ai1 #ba4 ,^! are ! injunctions ( :i* ,jesus speaks4 ,noah1 ,moses1 & ! prophets taught t he :o murd]s1 mutilates1 or tortures 8 neighbor doe? evil4 ,9 ord] to combat & de/roy ?is evil1 ! evil-do] mu/ be *a/is$ by dea?1 mutilation1 or "s p]sonal torture4 ,transgressions are to be av5g$ by transgressions1 murd] by murd]1 torture by torture1 evil by evil4 ,?us taught ,noah1 ,moses1 & ! prophets4 ,b ,*ri/ =bids all ?is4 ,! gospel says3 ,i say unto y1 resi/ ye n evil1 av5ge n "o transgression by ano!r1 b r be> a repetition ( ! (f5se f ! evil-do]4 ,t :i* has be5 all[$ is n[ =bidd54 ,hav+ und]/ood :at resi/ance we h be5 taught1 we "k exactly :at ,*ri/ meant by non-resi/ance4 ,q4 ,did ! tea*+ ( ! ,anci5ts admit ( resi/+ transgression by transgression8 ,a4 ,yes2 b ,*ri/ =bade x4 ,a ,*ri/ian has no "r 9 any case to take ! life (1 or to (f5d aga9/1 ! evil-do]4 ,q4 ,may he n kill or w\nd ano!r 9 self-def5se8 ,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,may he ent] a compla9t to ! magi/rates = ! purpose ( *a/is+ ! (f5d]8 ,a4 ,no4 ,= t :i* he does ?r\gh o!rs1 he practically does himself4 ,q4 ,may he fight 9 ! army aga9/ =eign or dome/ic enemies8 ,a4 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,he c take no "p 9 w>1 or 9 ! prep>ation !re=4 ,he _c make use ( weapons4 ,he _c resi/ "o transgression by ano!r1 :e!r he is alone or 9 company1 ei!r p]sonally or ?r\gh o!r ag5ts4 ,q4 ,may he volunt>ily select or drill soldi]s = ! gov]nm5t8 ,a4 ,he _c d ?is1 if he wi%es to be fai?ful to ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,q4 ,may he volunt>ily contribute money to assi/ a gov]nm5t :i* is support$ by milit>y p[]1 executions1 & viol5ce 9 g5]al8 ,a4 ,no2 unless ! money is to be us$ = "s special purpose1 ju/ifiable 9 itself1 :]e ! object & ! means employ$ are good4 ,q4 ,may he pay taxes to su* a gov]nm5t8 ,a4 ,no2 he %\ld n pay taxes on 8 own accord1 b he %\ld n resi/ ! levy+ ( a tax4 ,a tax impos$ by ! gov]nm5t is levi$ indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! citiz5s4 ,x may n be resi/$ )\t rec\rse to viol5ce1 & a ,*ri/ian %\ld n use viol5ce2 !re=e he mu/ deliv] 8 prop]ty to ! =c$ damage caus$ by au?orities4 ,q4 ,may a ,*ri/ian vote at elections & take "p 9 c\rts ( law or 9 ! gov]nm5t8 ,a4 ,no4 ,to take a "p 9 elections1 c\rts ( law1 or 9 ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t is ! same ?+ z a p>ticipation 9 ! viol5ce ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,q4 ,:at is ! *ief significance ( ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance8 ,a4 ,to %[ t x is possible to extirpate evil f "o's own he>t1 z well z f t ( "o's neighbor4 ,?is doctr9e =bids m5 to d t :i* p]petuates & multiplies evil 9 ?is _w4 ,he :o attacks ano!r1 & does him an injury1 excites a feel+ ( hatr$1 ! wor/ ( all evil4 ,to (f5d our neighbor because he has (f5d$ u1 ) o/5sible motive ( self-def5se1 means b to repeat ! evil act aga9/ him z well z aga9/ ourselves1--x means to beget1 or at lea/ to let loose1 or to enc\rage ! ,evil ,_s :om we wi% to expel4 ,satan _c be driv5 out by ,satan1 falsehood _c be purg$ by falsehood1 nor c evil be conqu]$ by evil4 ,true non-resi/ance is ! only real me?od ( resi/+ evil4 ,x cru%es ! s]p5t's head4 ,x de/roys & ext]m9ates all evil feel+4 ,q4 ,b admitt+ t ! idea ( ! doctr9e is correct1 is x practicable8 ,a4 ,z practicable z any virtue comm&$ by ! law ( ,god4 ,good de$s _c be p]=m$ "u all circum/ances )\t self-sacrifice1 privations1 suff]+1 &1 9 extreme cases1 )\t ! loss ( life itself4 ,b he :o prizes life m ?an ! fulfilm5t ( ,god's w is already dead to ! only true life4 ,su* a man1 9 try+ to save 8 life1 w lose x4 ,fur!rmore1 :]ev] non-resi/ance co/s ! sacrifice ( "o's life1 or ( "s ess5tial advantage ( life1 resi/ance co/s ?\s&s ( su* sacrifices4 ,non-resi/ance pres]ves2 resi/ance de/roys4 ,x is mu* saf] to act ju/ly ?an unju/ly2 to endure an (f5se r ?an resi/ x by viol5ce2 saf] ev5 9 reg>d to ! pres5t life4 ,if all m5 refus$ to resi/ evil1 ! _w w\ld be a happy "o4 ,q4 ,b if only a few 7 to act ?us1 :at w\ld become ( !m8 ,a4 ,ev5 if b "o man 7 to act ?us1 & ! o!rs %\ld agree to crucify him1 w\ld x n be m glori\s = him to die 9 ! glory ( non-resi/+ love1 pray+ = 8 enemies1 ?an live we>+ ! cr[n ( ,cs>1 bespr9kl$ ) ! blood ( ! murd]$8 ,b :e!r x be "o man or ?\s&s ( m5 :o are firmly det]m9$ n to resi/ evil by evil1 /ill1 :e!r 9 ! mid/ ( civiliz$ or unciviliz$ neighbors1 m5 :o d n rely on viol5ce are saf] ?an ^? :o d4 ,a robb]1 a murd]]1 a villa91 w be less likely to h>m !m if he f9ds !m (f]+ no arm$ resi/ance4 ,all !y t take ! sword %all p]i% ) ! sword1 & he :o seeks peace1 :o acts l a fri5d1 :o is in(f5sive1 :o =gives & =gets injuries1 g5]ally enjoys peace1 or if he dies1 he dies a bless$ dea?4 ,h5ce1 if all 7 to foll[ ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance1 !re w\ld manife/ly be nei!r (f5se nor evil-do+4 ,if ev5 ! majority 7 compos$ ( su* m5 !y w\ld e/abli% ! rule ( love & good-w ev5 t[>d ! (f5d]s1 by n resi/+ evil by evil nor us+ viol5ce4 ,ev5 if su* m5 =m$ a num]\s m9ority1 !y w\ld h su* an improv+ moral influ5ce ov] society t e sev]e puni%m5t w\ld be revok$1 & viol5ce & enmity w\ld be replac$ by peace & good-w4 ,if !y =m$ b a small m9ority1 !y w\ld r>ely exp]i5ce any?+ worse ?an ! contempt ( ! _w1 :ile ! _w1 )\t pres]v+ x or feel+ grateful !re=1 w\ld become bett] & wis] f its lat5t influ5ce4 ,& if1 9 ! mo/ extreme cases1 c]ta9 memb]s ( ! m9ority might be p]secut$ unto dea?1 ^! m51 ?us dy+ = ! tru?1 w\ld h left _! doctr9e already sanctifi$ by ! blood ( m>tyrdom4 ,peace be ) all ye :o seek peace2 & may ! all-conqu]+ love be ! imp]i%able inh]itance ( e s\l :o submits ( its own accord to ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,resi/ n evil by viol5ce4--,,ad9 ,,ball\4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= fifty ye>s ,ball\ wrote & publi%$ books *iefly on ! subject ( non-resi/ance4 ,9 ^! writ+s1 rem>kable = _! eloqu5ce & simplicity ( /yle1 ! "q is consid]$ 9 all its aspects4 ,he prov$ x to be ! duty ( e ,*ri/ian :o pr(esses to believe t ! ,bible is a revelation f ,god1 to obey ?is comm&m5t4 ,he enum]ates ! argum5ts aga9/ ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance1 drawn f ! ,old z well z ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! expulsion f ! ,temple1 among o!rs1 & answ]s ea* "o 9 turn4 ,sett+ ! ,bible aside1 he po9ts out ! practical good s5se on :i* ?is pr9ciple is f\nd$1 sums up ! argum5ts aga9/ x1 & refutes !m4 ,= in/ance1 9 "o *apt] ( 8 "w he treats ( non-resi/ance to evil 9 exceptional cases1 & affirms t grant+ ! tru? ( ! supposition t !re are cases to :i* ! rule ( non-resi/ance _c be appli$1 t w\ld prove t ! rule 9 g5]al is inconsi/5t4 ,cit+ su* exceptional cases1 he proves t ^! are ! v occasions :5 ! application ( ?is rule is bo? wise & necess>y4 ,! "q has be5 view$ f e side1 & no argum5t1 :e!r ( oppon5t or sympa?iz]1 has be5 neglect$ or left unansw]$4 ,i m5tion ?is 9 ord] to call att5tion to ! deep int]e/ :i* works ( ?is class ought to excite 9 m5 :o pr(ess ,*ri/ianity2 & x w\ld seem !re=e t ,ball\'s zeal %\ld h be5 recogniz$1 & ! ideas he express$ ei!r accept$ or disprov$4 ,b su* 0 n ! case4 ,! life-"w ( ,g>rison1 ! fa!r1 8 f\nd+ ! society ( ! ,non-resi/ant1 & 8 decl>ation1 conv9c$ me1 m ev5 ?an my int]c\rse ) ! ,quak]s1 t ! div]g5ce ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,/ate f ,*ri/'s law ( non-resi/ance by viol5ce has be5 long s9ce notic$ & po9t$ out1 & m5 h labor$ & /ill d labor to c\nt]act x4 ,?us ,ball\'s e>ne/ness has =tifi$ my op9ion4 ,b ! fate ( ,g>rison1 & p>ticul>ly t ( ,ball\1 almo/ unkn[n1 not)/&+ fifty ye>s ( active & p]si/5t "w 9 "o direction1 has confirm$ me 9 ! belief t !re exi/s a c]ta9 inexpress$ b fix$ det]m9ation to oppose all su* attempts by a wall ( sil5ce4 ,9 ,augu/ ( #ahij ,ball\ di$1 & 8 obitu>y appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,religio-,philosophical ,j\rnal ( ,augu/ #bc;d4 ,f ?is obitu>y we le>n t ,ball\ 0 ! spiritual lead] ( a community1 t he _h prea*$ f #hjjj to #ijjj s]mons1 m>ri$ #ajjj c\ples1 & writt5 #ejj articles1 b 9 reg>d to ! object ( 8 life's devotion n a ^w is said2 ! ^w non-resi/ance is nev] m5tion$4 ,all ! exhortations ( ! ,quak]s = #bjj ye>s1 all ! ef=ts ( ,g>rison1 ! fa!r1 ! f\ndation ( 8 society1 8 p]iodical1 & 8 decl>ations1 z well z ! life-"w ( ,ball\1 are ! same z if !y _h nev] exi/$4 ,ano!r /rik+ example ( ! obscurity into :i* a "w writt5 = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! pr9ciple ( non-resi/ance1 & to d5\nce ^? :o refuse to recognize ?is comm&m5t1 may fall1 is ! fate ( a book by ! ,cze* ,hel*itsky1 :i* has only rec5tly be5 discov]$1 & :i* up to ! pres5t "t has nev] be5 pr9t$4 ,%ortly aft] ! publication ( my book 9 ,g]man1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f a pr(essor ( ! ,prague ,univ]sity1 :o wrote to tell me ( a book :i* _h nev] be5 pr9t$1 a "w writt5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ! ,cze* ,hel*itsky1 & entitl$ ,! ,net ( ,fai?4 ,9 ?is "w1 writt5 f\r c5turies ago1 ,hel*itsky1 z ! pr(essor tells me1 has express$ exactly ! same op9ion 9 reg>d to true & false ,*ri/ianity t ,i did 9 my "w entitl$ ,my ,religion4 ,! pr(essor wrote t ! "w ( ,hel*itsky 0 to appe> 9 pr9t = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,cze* language 9 "o ( ! publications ( ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,z ,i 0 unable to obta9 ! book1 ,i endeavor$ to asc]ta9 all t 0 kn[n ( ,hel*itsky himself1 & ?is k ,i ga9$ f a ,g]man book s5t to me by ! same pr(essor 9 ,prague4 ,besides t ,i le>n$ some?+ f ,pip9's ,hi/ory ( ,cze* ,lit]ature4 ,pip9 says3-- ',! ,net ( ,fai?' is ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 :]e) man is to be rais$ f ! gloomy dep?s ( ! social sea ( iniquity4 ,true fai? is to believe ! words ( ,god2 b we are liv+ 9 times :5 m5 call ! true fai? h]esy2 h5ce x is ^u our own reason t we mu/ rely to discov] ! tru? if we possess x n4 ,d>kness has conceal$ x f m51 & !y no long] recognize ! true law ( ,*ri/4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! law1 ,hel*itsky cites ! orig9al social organization ( ,*ri/ian society1 :i* is consid]$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ( ! pres5t "t z rank h]esy4 ,?is primitive *ur* 0 8 own ideal ( a social ord] f\nd$ ^u equality1 lib]ty1 & frat]nity4 ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to ,hel*itsky1 /ill pres]ves ?is f\ndation1 & has b to return to its pure tea*+ to r5d] any o!r social ord]1 ^: exi/5ce requires ! au?ority ( pope or k+1 q sup]flu\s4 ,! law ( love w suffice = all4444 ,hi/orically1 ,hel*itsky assigns ! decad5ce ( ,*ri/ianity to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 :om ! ,pope ,silve/] receiv$ into ! ,*ur* 9 spite ( 8 pagan life & morals4 ,con/ant9e1 9 return1 rew>d$ ! ,pope by end[+ him ) ri*es & temporal p[]4 ,s9ce !n ^! two =ces h play$ into ea* o!r's h&s1 seek+ only outw>d glory4 ,doctors1 m5 ( le>n+1 & ! cl]gy1 c>+ only to ma9ta9 _! influ5ce ov] ! _w1 excit$ ! nations "o aga9/ ! o!r1 enc\rag+ ! crimes ( murd] & rap9e1 & ?us de/roy+ ,*ri/ianity1 bo? 9 fai? & practice4 ,hel*itsky totally d5ies ! "r ( man to wage w> or to exact ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,accord+ to him1 e soldi]1 ev5 if he be a 'knight1' is only a transgressor1 a crim9al1 & a murd]]4 ,all ?is1 ) ! addition ( "s biographical details & extracts f ! correspond5ce ( ,hel*itsky1 is relat$ 9 ! ,g]man book4 ,hav+ ?us become acqua9t$ ) ! ess5ce ( ,hel*itsky's tea*+s1 ,i wait$ ) /ill great] impati5ce ! appe>ance ( ,! ,net ( ,fai? 9 ! ,academy's p]iodical4 ,b "o1 two1 ?ree ye>s pass$1 & ! book 0 n =?com+4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahhh t ,i le>n$ t ! pr9t+ _h be5 susp5d$4 ,i obta9$ ! pro(-%eets ( :at _h be5 pr9t$1 & read !m4 ,9 _m respects x 0 a wond]ful book4 ,its cont5ts h be5 accurately summ>iz$ by ,pip94 ,hel*itsky's pr9cipal idea is t ,*ri/ianity1 9 league ) sov]eignty dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 & cont9u+ to develop "u ^! conditions1 became corrupt$1 & ceas$ to be ,*ri/ianity4 ,he call$ 8 book ,! ,net ( ,fai? because he _h *os5 = 8 motto t v]se f ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* speaks ( ! disciples z fi%]s ( m54 ,he c>ries on ! simile ?us3 ,?r\gh ,8 disciples1 ,*ri/ caught ! _w 9 ! net ( ,8 fai?1 b ! l>g] fi%es1 break+ ! net1 escap$2 !n o!rs foll[$ ?r\gh ^! same holes made by ! l>ge fi%es1 & ! net 0 left almo/ empty4 ,by ! big fi% he means ! popes1 emp]ors1 & sov]eigns :o1 )\t giv+ up _! au?ority1 accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 n 9 its reality1 b 9 its semblance4 ,hel*itsky tea*es ! same doctr9e t is n[ taught by ! non-resi/ant ,m5nonites & ,quak]s1 & 9 =m] times by ! ,bogomiles1 ! ,paulicians1 & o!r sects4 ,he tea*es t ,*ri/ianity1 requir+1 z x does f its foll[]s1 humility1 g5tl5ess1 a =giv+ _s1 ! turn+ ( ! o!r *eek :5 "o is /ruck1 & ! love ( "o's enemies1 is n compatible ) t viol5ce :i* is an ess5tial elem5t ( au?ority4 ,a ,*ri/ian1 accord+ to ,hel*itsky1 %\ld n only refuse to be a comm&] or a soldi]1 b he %\ld take no "p 9 gov]nm5t1 nei!r %\ld he become a tradesman1 nor ev5 a l&[n]4 ,he might be an artisan or a f>m]4 ,?is book is among ! few :i* h be5 sav$ f ! flame into :i* books d5\nc+ (ficial ,*ri/ianity 7 commonly ca/4 ,z all su* s-call$ h]etical works 7 usually burn$ ) _! au?ors1 v few ( ^? :i* d5\nce (ficial ,*ri/ianity h be5 pres]v$--& = ?is reason ! book ( :i* we speak has a special int]e/4 ,b ap>t f its int]e/1 conc]n+ :i* !re may be diff]5ces ( op9ion1 x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable results ( human ?\ght1 bo? on acc\nt ( its pr(undity & ! wond]ful p[] & beauty ( its language1 n to m5tion its antiquity4 ,& yet ?is book has rema9$ unpr9t$ = c5turies1 & cont9ues to be unkn[n except to a few speciali/s4 7,see ,note1 end ( ,*apt]47 ,"o w\ld ?9k t works l ^! ( ! ,quak]s1 ( ,g>rison1 ( ,ball\1 & ( ,hel*itsky1--:i* affirm & prove by ! au?ority ( ! ,bible t ! _w mis9t]prets ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1--w\ld ar\se an int]e/1 w\ld make a s5sation1 w\ld give rise to discussions betwe5 ! cl]gy & _! flocks4 ,"o might suppose t works :i* deal ) ! v ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e w\ld be review$1 & ei!r ackn[l$g$ to be j1 or else refut$ & condemn$4 ,n at all4 ,e "o ( ^! works suff]s ! same fate4 ,m5 ( widely diff]+ op9ions1 believ]s1 &1 :at is /ill m surpris+1 unbeliev+ lib]als1 z ?\gh by common cons5t1 pres]ve an ob/9ate sil5ce 9 reg>d to !m4 ,?us e attempt to expla9 ! true mean+ ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e goes = no?+4 ,& m a/oni%+ /ill is ! ignorance conc]n+ two works ^: exi/5ce 0 made kn[n to me aft] ! publication ( my own book4 ,"o is a "w by ,dymond1 ,on ,w>1 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,london 9 #ahbd1 & ! o!r by ,daniel ,muss]1 entitl$ ,non-resi/ance ,ass]t$1 0 writt5 9 #ahfd4 ,! ignorance 9 reg>d to ^! books is amaz+2 ! m s1 t ap>t f _! m]it1 bo? treat1 n s mu* ( ! !ory z ( its practical application to life2 ( ! relations ( ,*ri/ianity to milit>y s]vice1 :i* is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 view ( ! sy/em ( conscription4 ,x may be ask$1 p]haps1 :at action is befitt+ = a subject :o believes t w> is incompatible ) religion :5 8 gov]nm5t calls ^u him = milit>y s]vice8 ,"o w\ld take ?is to be a vital "q1 ^: answ]1 9 view ( our pres5t sy/em ( conscription1 becomes "o ( s]i\s importance4 ,all m51 or ! majority ( mank9d1 are ,*ri/ians1 & e male is requir$ to d milit>y duty4 ,h[ man1 9 8 ,*ri/ian "*1 is to meet ?is dem&1 ,dymond gives ! foll[+ reply3-- ,x is 8 duty1 mildly & temp]ately1 yet firmly1 to refuse to s]ve4 ,!re are "s p]sons :o1 )\t any det]m9ate process ( reason+1 appe> to conclude t responsibility = national measures atta*es solely to ^? :o direct !m2 t x is ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5ts to consid] :at is good = ! community1 & t1 9 ^! cases1 ! duty ( ! subject is m]g$ 9 ! w ( ! sov]eign4 ,consid]ations l ^! are1 ,i believe1 (t5 volunt>ily p]mitt$ to become opiates ( ! consci5ce4 ,i h no "p1 x is said1 9 ! c\ncils ( ! gov]nm5t1 & am n1 !re=e1 responsible = its crimes4 ,we are1 inde$1 n responsible = ! crimes ( our rul]s1 b we are responsible = our own2 & ! crimes ( our rul]s are our own1 if1 :il/ we believe !m to be crimes1 we promote !m by our cop]ation4444 ,^? :o suppose t ob$i5ce 9 all ?+s is requir$1 or t responsibility 9 political affairs is transf]r$ f ! subject to ! sov]eign1 r$uce !mselves to a great dilemma4 ,x is to say t we mu/ resign our conduct & our consci5ces to ! w ( o!rs1 & act wick$ly1 or well1 z _! good or evil may prepond]ate1 )\t m]it = virtue or responsibility = crime4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! same is express$ 9 a maxim to soldi]s1 :i* !y are requir$ to memorize4 ,dymond says t only a comm&] answ]s = ! consequ5ces ( 8 ord]4 ,b ?is is unju/4 ,a man _c remove ! responsibility = 8 actions f himself4 ,& ?is is evid5t f ! foll[+3 ,if y\r sup]ior ord]s y to kill y\r *ild1 y\r neighbor1 y\r fa!r1 or y\r "m1 w y obey8 ,if y w n1 !re is an end ( ! argum5t2 = if y may reject 8 au?ority 9 "o in/ance1 :]e is ! limit to rejection8 ,!re is no rational limit b t :i* is assign$ by ,*ri/ianity1 & t is bo? rational & practicable4444 ,we ?9k1 !n1 t x is ! bus9ess ( e man :o believes t w> is inconsi/5t ) our religion1 respectfully1 b /eadfa/ly1 to refuse to engage 9 x4 ,let su* z ^! rememb] t an honorable & an awful duty is laid ^u !m4 ,x is ^u _! fidelity1 s f> z human ag5cy is conc]n$1 t ! cause ( peace is susp5d$4 ,let !m1 !n1 be will+ to av[ _! op9ions & to def5d !m4 ,nei!r let !m be cont5t$ ) words1 if m ?an words1 if suff]+ also1 is requir$4 ,x is only by ! unyield+ fidelity ( virtue t corruption c be extirpat$4 ,if y believe t ,jesus ,*ri/ has prohibit$ slaught]1 let n ! op9ions or ! comm&s ( a _w induce y to jo9 9 x4 ,by ?is '/eady & det]m9ate pursuit ( virtue1' ! b5$iction :i* atta*es to ^? :o he> ! say+s ( ,god1 & d !m1 w re/ ^u y1 & ! "t w come :5 ev5 ! _w w honor y z contributors to ! "w ( human re=mation4 ,muss]'s "w1 entitl$ ,non-resi/ance ,ass]t$2 or1 ,k+dom ( ,*ri/ & ,k+dom ( ?is ,_w ,sep>at$1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfd4 ,?is book deals ) ! same "q1 draw+ its illu/rations f ! draft+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates citiz5s dur+ ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,9 sett+ =? ! reasons :y m5 %\ld h ! "r to decl9e milit>y s]vice1 8 argum5ts are no less applicable to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 8 ,introduction ! au?or says3 ,x is well kn[n t !re are great numb]s ( p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o pr(ess to be consci5ti\sly oppos$ to w>4 ,!y are mo/ly call$ non-resi/ants1 or def5seless ,*ri/ians1 & refuse to def5d _! c\ntry1 or take up arms at ! call ( ! gov]nm5t & g =? to battle aga9/ its enemies4 ,hi!rto ?is consci5ti\s scruple has be5 respect$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ^? claim+ x h be5 reliev$ or excus$ f ?is s]vice4 ,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t civil w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! public m9d has be5 unusually agitat$ on ?is subject4 ,x is n unreasonable t su* p]sons z feel x to be _! duty to g =? & endure ! h>d%ips ( camp life1 & imp]il heal?1 life1 & limb 9 def5se ( _! c\ntry & gov]nm5t1 %\ld feel "s jeal\sy ( ^? :o h1 ) !mselves1 long enjoy$ ! protection & b5efits ( ! gov]nm5t1 & yet1 9 ! h\r ( its ne$1 refuse to %>e ! burd5 ( its def5se & protection4 ,nei!r is x /range t su* a position %\ld be look$ ^u z mo/ unreasonable & mon/r\s1 & ^? :o hold x be reg>d$ ) "s suspicion4 ,_m able speak]s & writ]s1 says ! au?or1 h rais$ _! voices & p5s to refute ! idea ( non-resi/ance1 z bo? unreasonable & unscriptural4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at1 see+ t ^? :o pr(ess ! pr9ciple & d n possess x1 or correctly und]/& x1 act inconsi/5tly1 & !reby br+ ! pr(ession into disrepute & contempt4 ,h[ev] mu* misapplication or abuse ( a pr9ciple may prejudice ! m9ds ( ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) a subject1 x is yet no argum5t aga9/ its tru?4 ,! au?or at fir/ proves x to be ! duty ( ea* ,*ri/ian to obey ! rule ( non-resi/ance4 ,he says t ! rule is p]fectly explicit1 & t x has be5 giv5 by ,*ri/ to all ,*ri/ianity )\t any possibility ( be+ mis9t]pret$4 ,judge = y\rselves1 :e!r x is "r or wrong to obey man m ?an y d ! ,"l1 said bo? ,pet] & ,john2 & 9 exactly ! same way e man :o wi%es to be a ,*ri/ian %\ld reg>d ! requirem5t ( 8 nation to be a soldi]1 rememb]+ t ,*ri/ has told him1 ,d n resi/ evil4 ,?is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,muss]1 decides ! "q ( pr9ciple4 ,ano!r po9t1 z to ! "r ( decl9+ milit>y duty :ile "o enjoys ! advantages accru+ ?r\gh viol5ce1 ! au?or consid]s 9 detail1 & arrives at ! conclusion t %\ld a ,*ri/ian :o foll[s ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ refuse to g to ! w>1 he mu/ also decl9e to take any position "u ! gov]nm5t or any "p 9 ! elections1 nei!r mu/ he h rec\rse to any (fic] ( ! law = 8 own p]sonal advantage4 ,our au?or goes on to consid] ! relation betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & ! significance ( gov]nm5t = non-,*ri/ians2 argum5ts aga9/ ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance are enum]at$ & refut$4 ,! au?or closes 8 book ) ! foll[+ words3--,*ri/ians ne$ no gov]nm5ts3 = !y ought n to obey x 9 ^? matt]s :]e9 ,*ri/'s tea*+ is set at naught1 & /ill less %\ld !y take an active "p 9 x4 ,*ri/ has *os5 ,8 disciples out ( ! _w4 ,!y h no promise ( temporal good or happ9ess1 b ! contr>y4 ,_! promise is 9 ! _w to come4 ,! _s :i* !y possess r5d]s !m happy & cont5t$ 9 any sph]e ( life4 ,s long z ! _w tol]ates !m1 !y are cont5t$2 b if x w n let !m dwell 9 peace1 !y flee to ano!r city or place2 & s !y are true pilgrims & /rang]s on e>?1 hav+ no c]ta9 abid+ place4444 ,!y are well cont5t$ t ! dead may bury _! dead1 if !y are only p]mitt$ to foll[ ,*ri/4 ,)\t decid+ ^u ! m]its ( ?is def9ition ( a ,*ri/ian's duty 9 reg>d to w>1 :i* we f9d set d[n 9 ^! two works1 we _c fail to see ! urg5t ne$ = a decision 9 reg>d to ! "q itself4 ,!re are m5--hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,quak]s1 ,m5nonites1 our own ,duhobortzi1 ,molokani1 m5 :o belong to no sect :atsoev]--:o believe t viol5ce & !re=e milit>y s]vice is incompatible ) ,*ri/ianity2 e ye>1 = in/ance1 we see 9 ,russia a numb] ( m5 refus+ to obey ! conscription because ( _! religi\s op9ions4 ,& h[ does ! gov]nm5t deal ) !m8 ,does x release !m8 ,oh1 no6444 ,does x use =ce1 & 9 case ( disob$i5ce puni% !m8 ,n exactly4444 ,9 #ahah1 gov]nm5t manag$ ! affair 9 ?is wise4 ,! foll[+ is an extract1 h>dly kn[n to any "o 9 ,russia1 f a lett] ( ,muraviev-,k>sky1 :i* 0 prohibit$ by ! ,russian c5sor3-- ,,tiflis1 ,octob] #b;d1 #ahah4 ,?is morn+ ! comm&] ( ! =tress told me t five peasants belong+ to ! l&[n]s ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,tambov _h be5 rec5tly s5t into ! prov9ce ( ,grusia4 ,^! m5 7 int5d$ to s]ve z soldi]s1 b !y refus$ to obey4 ,!y 7 flogg$ sev]al times & made to run ! gantlet1 b !y 7 ready to give !mselves up to ! mo/ cruel tortures1 yea1 ev5 to dea? itself1 to escape milit>y s]vice4 ',let u g our way & h>m u n2 we d no h>m ourselves4 ,all m5 are equal4 ,! sov]eign is a man l "o ( u1 :y %\ld we pay him taxes1 & :]e=e %\ld we risk our lives to kill 9 battle ^? :o h nev] done u any h>m8 ,draw & qu>t] u1 if y w1 & we %all nev] *ange our m9ds2 we w nev] we> ! uni=m1 nor mess at ! soldi]'s table4 ,"s pity+ s\l may give u alms b f ! gov]nm5t we nei!r h _h nor w h any?+ :atsoev]4' ,su* are ! words ( ^! peasants1 :o assure u t !re are _m m5 9 ,russia l !mselves4 ,f\r times !y 7 br\ght be=e ! ,committee ( ,m9i/]s1 & x 0 f9ally decid$ t a report be made to ! ,cz>1 :o ord]$ !m to be s5t to ,grusia = discipl9e1 & desir$ ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief to =w>d a mon?ly report ( ! progress made 9 br++ ^! peasants to a prop] frame ( m9d4 ,! f9al result ( ?is discipl9e is n kn[n1 = ! matt] 0 kept a pr(\nd secret1 & ! episode may nev] h be5 made public4 ,?is 0 ! conduct ( ! gov]nm5t sev5ty-five ye>s ago 9 ! great] numb] ( cases1 always c>efully hid+ ! tru? f ! p2 & x pursues ! same policy at ! pres5t day1 except 9 reg>d to ! ,g]man ,m5nonites1 :o live 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,kh]son1 & :o 9 lieu ( milit>y duty s]ve a correspond+ t]m z =e/]s1--! ju/ice ( _! refusal to obey ! conscription be+ recogniz$4 ,b !y are ! sole exception2 all o!rs :o1 f religi\s scruples1 refuse to p]=m milit>y duty are treat$ 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,at fir/ ! gov]nm5t employs all ! me?ods ( co]cion n[ 9 use to discipl9e & conv]t ! rebels1 :ile at ! same "t ! mo/ pr(\nd secrecy envelops all ^! proce$+s4 ,i "k ( a process :i* 0 begun 9 #ahhd aga9/ a man :o _h decl9$ to s]ve1--a long-drawn-out trial :i* 0 gu>d$ by ! ,m9i/ry z a great secret4 ,! fir/ /ep is usually to s5d ! accus$ to ! prie/s1 &1 be x said to _! %ame1 !y always try to w9 ov] ! insubord9ate4 ,b z ! influ5ce ex]cis$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ is g5]ally unsuccessful1 ! del9qu5t is s5t f ! cl]gy to ! g5d>mes1 :o1 f9d+ 9 him no political (f5se1 s5d him back2 :]eupon he is despat*$ to ! sci5ti/s1 ! doctors1 & !nce into ! insane hospital4 ,:ile he is ?us s5t to & fro1 ! del9qu5t1 depriv$ ( 8 lib]ty l a condemn$ convict1 is made to endure e k9d ( indignity & suff]+4 ,f\r su* cases h come to my k4 ,! doctors g5]ally release ! man f ! insane hospital1 & !n e und]h&$ & crafty device is employ$ to delay ! accus$1 because 8 release might enc\rage o!rs to foll[ 8 example4 ,he is n all[$ to rema9 among ! soldi]s le/ !y discov] f him t conscription is n1 z !y are taught to believe1 9 accordance ) ! law ( ,god1 b oppos$ to x4 ,! mo/ satisfactory arrangem5t = a gov]nm5t w\ld be ei!r to execute ! del9qu5t1 or beat him ) rods until he di$1 z 0 done 9 =m] times4 ,b x is awkw>d to condemn a man to public execution because he is true to ! doctr9e :i* we all pr(ess to believe4 ,nor is x possible to take no notice ( a man :5 he refuses to obey4 ,s ! gov]nm5t ei!r tortures ! man 9 ord] to compel him to d5y ,*ri/1 or tries to rid itself ( him by "s means :i* w hide bo? ! man & ! crime f ! eyes ( ! _w1 r ?an resort to public execution4 ,all sorts ( cunn+ manuv]s & tricks are employ$ to torm5t ! man4 ,he is ei!r bani%$ to "s remote prov9ce1 or exasp]at$ to disob$i5ce & !n imprison$1 or s5t to ! re=m battalion1 :]e he may be subject$ to torture )\t publicity or re/riction2 or he is pron\nc$ insane & lock$ up 9 ! insane asylum4 ,= in/ance1 "o 0 exil$ to ,ta%k5t2 t is to say1 a pret5se 0 made ( transf]r+ him ?i!r4 ,ano!r 0 s5t to ,omsk1 a ?ird 0 c\rt-m>tial$ = disob$i5ce & imprison$1 & a f\r? 0 put into a h\se = ! insane4 ,! same ?+ is repeat$ on e side4 ,n only ! gov]nm5t1 b ! majority ( lib]al free-?9k]s1 z ?\gh by preconc]t$ agreem5t1 c>efully avoid allud+ to :at has be5 said1 writt51 or done 9 ?is matt] ( d5\nc+ ! inconsi/5cy ( viol5ce1 z embodi$ 9 its mo/ %ock+1 crude1 & /rik+ =m1 9 ! p]son ( a soldi]1--?is read9ess to commit murd]1--n only ) ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ) ! dictates ( m]e humanity1 :i* ! _w pr(esses to obey4 ,h5ce all ! in=mation t ,i h ga!r$ conc]n+ :at has be5 accompli%$1 & :at is /ill go+ on 9 ?is "w ( expla9+ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ & ! light 9 :i* x is reg>d$ by ! rul+ p[]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 has confirm$ me 9 ! conviction t a _s inimical to true ,*ri/ianity dwells 9 ^! au?orities1 exhibit$ *iefly by ! conspiracy ( sil5ce ) :i* !y en%r\d any manife/ation ( x4 ,,note ,! publication ( ?is book 7',! ,net ( ,fai?'7 0 end$ complet$ by ! ,academy 9 ! la/ mon?s ( ! pres5t ye> 7#ahic74--,note receiv$ by ! ,publi%] f ,c\nt ,tol/o :ile ?is "w 0 go+ to press4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,op9ions ,,( ,,believ]s ,,& ,,unbeliev]s ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,non-,,resi/ance ,! fate ( ! book1 ,my ,religion--,! evasive answ]s ( religi\s critics to ! que/ions prop\nd$ 9 t book--#a/ answ]1 ,viol5ce does n contradict ,*ri/ianity--#b;d answ]1 ,necessity ( viol5ce = ! purpose ( repress+ evil-do]s--#c;d answ]1 ,necessity ( viol5ce = ! def5se ( "o's neighbor--#d? answ]1 ,! violation ( ! comm&m5t ( ,non-resi/ance reg>d$ z a weakness--#e? answ]1 ,evasion ( ! answ] by a pret5se t ?is matt] has long s9ce be5 decid$--,! cloak ( *ur* au?ority1 antiquity1 ! hol9ess ( religi\s m51 expla9 = _m ! contradictions betwe5 viol5ce & ,*ri/ianity1 9 !ory z well z 9 life--,usual attitude ( ! cl]gy & au?orities 9 reg>d to ! pr(ession ( true ,*ri/ianity--,g5]al "* ( ,russian secul> writ]s--,=eign secul> critics--,incorrectness ( ! op9ions ( ! =m] & ! latt] caus$ by a failure to und]/& ! true mean+ ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,all ! criticisms ( ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 my own book h giv5 me a simil> impression ( a wi% to ignore ! subject4 ,z ,i _h anticipat$1 no soon] 0 ! book publi%$ ?an x 0 prohibit$1 & %\ld1 accord+ to law1 h be5 burn$4 ,b in/ead ( be+ consum$ by ! flames1 e copy 0 tak5 by ! gov]nm5t (ficials & circulat$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 bo? 9 manuscript & 9 ! li?ograph$ %eets1 z well z 9 translations :i* 7 publi%$ abroad4 ,x 0 n long be=e criticisms began to appe>1 n only f ! cl]gy1 b f ! secul> _w1 :i* ! gov]nm5t1 s f> f =bidd+1 took pa9s to enc\rage4 ,h5ce ! v refutation ( ! book1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* !y assum$ to be unkn[n1 0 made ! !me ( !ological controv]sy4 ,^! criticisms1 bo? =eign & dome/ic1 may be divid$ into two classes1 religi\s & secul>2 ! =m] by p]sons :o consid] !mselves believ]s1 & ! latt] by free-?9k]s4 ,i %all beg9 by consid]+ ! =m]4 ,9 my book ,i accuse ! cl]gy ( inculcat+ doctr9es contr>y to ! comm&m5ts ( ,*ri/1 pla9ly & cle>ly express$ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance to evil1 !reby depriv+ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ ( all its significance4 ,d ! m9i/]s ( ! gospel believe ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 includ+ ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance1 to be ( div9e orig98 ,hav+ felt !mselves oblig$ to review my book1 x w\ld seem z if !y mu/ fir/ ( all answ] ! pr9cipal *>ge1 & decl>e at once :e!r !y d or d n consid] ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance obligatory ^u a ,*ri/ian4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! usual reply1 c\*$ 9 words su* z1 ,?\gh "o _c d5y1 nei!r c "o affirm1 ! m s z1 etc41 let !m give a categorical answ] to my "q3 ,did ,*ri/ practically require 8 disciples to d t :i* he taught 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & !re=e may a ,*ri/ian appeal to a legal tribunal1 ei!r = def5se or prosecution1 & /ill rema9 a ,*ri/ian8 ,may he consi/5tly take a "p 9 a gov]nm5t :i* is ! in/rum5t ( viol5ce8 ,& t mo/ important "q1 :i*1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! g5]al conscription1 conc]ns u all3 ,may a ,*ri/ian rema9 a ,*ri/ian & /ill disobey ! direct comm& ( ,*ri/2 may he promise to conduct himself 9 a mann] directly oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 by ent]+ into milit>y s]vice & putt+ himself 9 tra9+ to be a murd]]8 ,! que/ions are put pla9ly & directly1 & w\ld seem to call = pla9 & direct answ]s4 ,b no2 my book has be5 receiv$ j z all previ\s d5unciations h be51 ^? d5unciations ( ! cl]gy :o h deviat$ f ! law ( ,*ri/1 ) :i* hi/ory ab\nds s9ce ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,_m words h be5 exp5d$ 9 not+ ! errors ( my int]pretation ( ?is or t passage ( ! ,scriptures1 ( h[ wrong ,i am 9 ref]r+ to ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,r$emption1 & ! ,immortality ( ! s\l1 b nev] a ^w ( t vital "q3 ,h[ are we to reconcile ^? lessons ( =giv5ess1 humility1 pati5ce1 & love t[>d all mank9d1 our neighbors z well z our enemies1 taught u by ! ,tea*]1 :i* dwell 9 ! he>t ( ea* ( u1 ) ! necessities caus$ by milit>y aggressions aga9/ our own c\ntrym5 z well z aga9/ =eign]s8 ,all t des]ves ! "n ( a response to ^! que/ions may be summ$ up "u five head+s4 ,i h endeavor$ to br+ toge!r 9 ?is book n only ! criticisms ^u my book1 b ev]y?+ t has ev] be5 writt5 on ?is subject4 ,! fir/ criticisms ) :i* ,i deal come mo/ly f m5 ( high position1 ei!r 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate1 :o feel q sure t no "o w v5ture to combat _! ass]tions2 %\ld any "o make ! attempt1 !y w\ld nev] he> ! argum5ts4 ,^! m51 intoxicat$ = ! mo/ "p by _! au?ority1 h =gott5 t !re is a ,*ri/ianity 9 ^: "n !y hold _! places4 ,!y condemn z sect>ian all t :i* is truly ,*ri/-l 9 ,*ri/ianity1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 e text 9 bo? ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts :i* c be wre/$ f its mean+ s z to ju/ify an anti-,*ri/ian or pagan s5tim5t--^u ^! !y e/abli% ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ord] to confirm _! /atem5t t ,*ri/ianity is n oppos$ to viol5ce1 ^! m5 g5]ally quote1 ) ! greate/ assurance1 equivocal passages f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 int]pret+ !m 9 ! mo/ anti-,*ri/ian _s--! dea? ( ,ananias & ,sapphira1 ! execution ( ,simon ! ,sorc]]1 etc4 ,all ( ,*ri/'s words t c possibly be mis9t]pret$ are quot$ 9 v9dication ( cruelty--! expulsion f ! ,temple1 ! words 444 x %all be m tol]able 9 t day = ,sodom ?an = t city 7,luke x4 #ab71 & o!r passages4 ,accord+ to ^! m51 a ,*ri/ian is n at all oblig$ to be guid$ by ! _s ( humility1 =giv5ess1 & love ( 8 enemies4 ,x is useless to try to refute su* a doctr9e1 because m5 :o affirm x refute !mselves1 or r !y turn away f ,*ri/ ,himself1 to inv5t an ideal & a =m ( religion all _! own1 =getful ( ,him 9 ^: "n bo? ! ,*ur* & ! (fices !y hold exi/4 ,if m5 b knew t ! ,*ur* prea*es an un=giv+1 murd]-lov+1 & bellig]5t ,*ri/1 !y w\ld n believe 9 t ,*ur*1 & its doctr9es w\ld be def5d$ by none4 ,! second me?od1 some:at m awkw>d1 consi/s 9 affirm+ t ?\gh ,*ri/ did1 9 po9t ( fact1 tea* u to turn ! o!r *eek1 & to %>e our cloak1 & t ^! are inde$ l(ty moral laws1 /ill 444 ! _w ab\nds 9 evil-do]s1 & if ^! wret*es are n subdu$ by =ce1 ! righte\s w p]i% & ! _w w be de/roy$4 ,i met ) ?is argum5t = ! fir/ "t 9 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 & h call$ att5tion to its unfairness 9 my book entitl$ ,my ,religion4 ,?is argum5t is gr\ndless1 because if we all[ ourselves to look ^u our fell[-m5 z evil-do]s1 outca/s 7,raka71 we sap ! v f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :i* tea*es u t we1 ! *ildr5 ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 are bro!rs1 & equal "o to ! o!r4 ,9 ! second place1 if ! same ,fa!r _h p]mitt$ u to use viol5ce t[>d wrong-do]s1 z !re is no infallible rule = di/+ui%+ ! good f ! evil1 e individual or e community might class its neighbors "u ! head ( evil-do]s1 :i* is practically ! case at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 if x 7 possible to di/+ui% ! righte\s f ! unrighte\s1 ev5 !n x w\ld n be exp$i5t 9 a ,*ri/ian community to put to dea?1 to cripple1 or to imprison ! evil-do]s1 z 9 su* a community !re w\ld be no "o to execute ^! s5t5ces1 s9ce e man 9 8 quality ( ,*ri/ian is =bidd5 to d viol5ce to a malefactor4 ,! ?ird mode ( reply1 m +5i\s ?an ! prec$+ ones1 consi/s 9 affirm+ t :ile to obey ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance is e ,*ri/ian's duty1 :5 ! injury is a p]sonal "o1 x ceases to be obligatory :5 h>m is done to "o's neighbor1 & t 9 su* an em]g5cy a ,*ri/ian is b\nd to break ! comm&m5t & use =ce aga9/ ! evil-do]4 ,?is ass]tion is purely arbitr>y1 & "o f9ds no ju/ification = x ?r\gh\t ! :ole body ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,su* an int]pretation is n only a n>r[ "o1 b actually am\nts to a direct negation4 ,if e man has ! "r to employ viol5ce :5ev] 8 neighbor is ?reat5$ ) dang]1 !n ! "q becomes r$uc$ to ?is3 ,h[ may "o def9e :at is call$ dang] to "o's neighbor8 ,if1 h[ev]1 my private judgm5t is to be arbit] 9 ?is matt]1 !n any viol5ce :i* ,i might commit on any occasion :atev] c\ld be excus$ by ! decl>ation t my neighbor 0 9 dang]4 ,magicians h be5 burn$1 ari/ocrats & ,girondi/s put to dea?1 because ! m5 9 p[] consid]$ !m dang]\s4 ,if ?is important condition1 :i* de/roys ! significance ( ! comm&m5t1 ev] ent]$ into ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/1 x w\ld h be5 =mulat$ some:]e4 ,n only is no su* exception to ! comm&m5t to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,tea*]'s life & lessons1 b !re is on ! o!r h& a w>n+ aga9/ an int]pretation s false & mislead+4 ,! error & ! impracticability ( su* a def9ition is vividly illu/rat$ 9 ! ,bible /ory ( ,caiaphas1 :o made use ( ?is v same int]pretation4 ,he admitt$ t x 0 n well to put to dea? ! innoc5t ,jesus1 b at ! same "t he p]ceiv$ ! exi/5ce ( a dang]1 n = himself1 b = all ! p1 & !re=e decl>$ x bett] = "o man to die1 r ?an t a :ole nation %\ld p]i%4 ,& we h a /ill m explicit pro( ( ! fallacy ( ?is int]pretation 9 ! words address$ to ,pet]1 :5 he tri$ to rev5ge by viol5ce ! attack ^u ,jesus 7,mat!w xxvi4 #ea74 ,pet] 0 def5d+ n himself1 b 8 belov$ & div9e ,ma/]1 & ,*ri/ di/9ctly =bade him1 say+1 ,= all !y t take ! sword %all p]i% ) ! sword 7,mat!w xxvi4 #eb74 ,"o c nev] ju/ify an act ( viol5ce aga9/ "o's fell[-man by claim+ to h done x 9 def5se ( ano!r :o 0 endur+ "s wrong1 because 9 committ+ an act ( viol5ce1 x is impossible to comp>e ! "o wrong ) ! o!r1 & to say :i* is ! great]1 t :i* "o is ab\t to commit1 or ! wrong done aga9/ "o's neighbor4 ,we release society f ! pres5ce ( a crim9al by putt+ him to dea?1 b we _c possibly "k t ! =m] might n h s *ang$ by ! morr[ z to r5d] ! execution a useless cruelty4 ,we imprison ano!r1 we believe him a dang]\s man2 b no lat] ?an next day ?is v man may h ceas$ to be dang]\s1 & 8 imprisonm5t has become unnecess>y4 ,i see a robb]1 a man kn[n to me1 pursu+ a girl2 ,i hold a gun 9 my h&2 ,i w\nd or p]haps kill ! robb]1 & save ! girl4 ,! fact t ,i h ei!r w\nd$ or kill$ ! robb] rema9s1 b ,i "k n :at might h happ5$ _h ,i n done s4 ,& :at a va/ am\nt ( h>m mu/ & does accrue f ! assurance t a man feels ( 8 "r to provide aga9/ a possible calamity4 ,n9ety-n9e p>ts ( ! _w's iniquity1 f ! ,inquisition to ! bomb-?r[+ ( ! pres5t day1 & ! execution ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( political crim9als1 s call$1 result f ?is v assurance4 ,! f\r? & /ill m +5i\s reply to ?is "q ( ! ,*ri/ian's responsibility 9 reg>d to ! comm&m5t ( ,*ri/ conc]n+ non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce1 consi/s 9 ass]t+ t ?is comm&m5t is n d5i$1 b ackn[l$g$1 l all ! o!rs2 x is only ! special significance attribut$ to x by sect>ians t is d5i$4 ,our critics decl>e t ! views ( ,g>rison1 ,ball\1 & ,dymond1 z well z ^? pr(ess$ by ! ,quak]s1 ! ,%ak]s1 ! ,m5nonites1 ! ,moravians1 ! ,wald5ses1 ,albig5ses1 ,bogomiles1 & ,paulicians1 are ^? ( bigot$ sect>ians4 ,?is comm&m5t1 !y say1 has ! importance1 no m & no less1 ( all ! o!rs2 & "o :o ?r\gh weakness has transgress$ aga9/ any ( ! comm&m5ts1 :e!r t ( non-resi/ance or ano!r1 does n = t cause cease to be a ,*ri/ian1 provid$ 8 cre$ be true4 ,?is is a v cunn+ & p]suasive subt]fuge1 especially = ^? :o are will+ to be deceiv$1 r$uc+ ! direct negation ( ! comm&m5t to its accid5tal infraction4 ,"o has1 h[ev]1 b to comp>e ! attitude ( ! cl]gy t[>d ?is or any ( ! o!r comm&m5ts :i* !y d ackn[l$ge1 to be conv9c$ t x is q diff]5t f _! attitude t[>d ?is "o4 ,! comm&m5t aga9/ =nication !y ackn[l$ge )\t res]vation1 & 9 no case w !y ev] admit t ?is s9 is n an evil4 ,!re are no circum/ances m5tion$ by ! cl]gy :5 ! comm&m5t aga9/ =nication may be brok51 & !y always insi/ t ! occasions = ?is s9 mu/ be avoid$4 ,b 9 reg>d to non-resi/ance x is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,e cl]gyman believes t !re are circum/ances :]e9 ?is comm&m5t may be held 9 abeyance1 & !y prea* accord+ly4 ,s f> f tea*+ _! p>i%ion]s to avoid ! temptations to ?is s91 *ief among :i* is ! oa? ( allegiance1 !y take ! oa? !mselves4 ,cl]gym5 h nev] be5 kn[n to advocate ! break+ ( any o!r comm&m5t2 b 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance1 !y di/9ctly tea* t ?is prohibition mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally1 t s f> f always obey+ ?is comm&m5t1 "o %\ld on occasion foll[ ! opposite c\rse--t is1 "o %\ld sit 9 judgm5t1 %\ld g to w>1 & %\ld execute crim9als4 ,?us 9 mo/ ( ! cases :]e non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce is 9 "q1 ! prea*]s w be f\nd to advocate disob$i5ce4 ,ob$i5ce to ?is comm&m5t1 !y say1 is difficult1 & c only be practicable 9 a /ate ( society ^: memb]s are p]fect4 ,b h[ is x to become less difficult1 :5 its infraction is n only condon$1 b directly enc\rag$1 :5 legal tribunals1 prisons1 ! implem5ts ( w>f>e1 ! cannon & muskets1 armies & battles1 receive ! bless+ ( ! ,*ur*8 ,!re=e ?is reply is n true4 ,evid5tly ! /atem5t t ?is comm&m5t is ackn[l$g$ by ! cl]gy to be ( equal validity ) ! o!r comm&m5ts _c be true4 ,cl]gym5 d n really ackn[l$ge x1 yet1 unwill+ to admit ?is fact1 !y try by evasion to conceal _! non-ackn[l$gm5t4 ,su* is ! f\r? me?od ( answ]+4 ,! fif?1 m +5i\s ?an its pr$ecessor1 is ! popul> "o ( all4 ,x consi/s 9 quietly evad+ reply1 pret5d+ t ! "q 0 solv$ ages ago1 9 a cog5t & satisfactory mann]1 & t x w\ld be a wa/e ( words to reop5 ! subject4 ,?is me?od is employ$ by all ! m cultur$ au?ors1 :o1 if !y made answ] at all1 w\ld feel !mselves b\nd to be logical4 ,realiz+ t ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 t doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ( :i* we make a v]bal pr(ession1 & ! s*eme ( our daily lives1 is n to be solv$ by words1 & t ! m x is talk$ ! m gl>+ ?is inconsi/5cy becomes1 !y evade x ) m or less circumspection1 pret5d+ t ! "q ( union betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! law ( viol5ce has ei!r be5 already solv$1 or else t x _c be solv$ at all4#b #b ,i "k ( b "o criticism1 or r essay1 = x c h>dly be t]m$ criticism1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 :i* treats ( ! same subject1 hav+ my book 9 view4 ,x is a pamphlet by ,trotzky1 call$ ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7pr9t$ 9 ,kazan74 ,evid5tly ! au?or ackn[l$ges ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fullness ( its mean+4 ,he decl>es t ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance to evil means :at x says1 & ! same ) ! comm&m5t z to tak+ an oa?4 ,he does n d5y1 z o!rs h done1 ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 b un=tunately nei!r does he draw ^? inevitable conclusions :i* mu/ result f a conception su* z 8 own ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e4 ,if "o is n to resi/ evil by viol5ce1 nor to take an oa?1 x is b natural to ask3 ,!n :at is ! duty ( a soldi]8 ,& :at is to be done ab\t tak+ ! oa? ( allegiance8 ,b to ^! que/ions ! au?or makes no reply1 & surely a reply %\ld h be5 giv54 ,if he _h none to make1 x w\ld h be5 bett] to h said no?+ at all4 ,mo/ ( my cl]ical critics h made use ( ?is me?od4 ,i might quote scores ( criticisms ( ?is class1 :]e9 ev]y?+ is discuss$ except ! vital pr9ciple ( ! book4 ,z a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ^! criticisms ,i w quote f an article by t well-kn[n & s*ol>ly ,engli%man1 ! writ] & prea*]1 ,canon ,f>r>1 :o1 l s _m o!r le>n$ !ologians1 is an exp]t 9 ! art ( sil5tly ignor+ & evad+ a /atem5t4 ,! article appe>$ 9 an ,am]ican magaz9e1 ,! ,=um1 = ,octob]1 #ahhh4 ,aft] briefly b consci5ti\sly sett+ =? ! subject-matt] ( my book1 ,f>r> says3--,aft] repeat$ se>* ! c5tral pr9ciple ( all ,*ri/'s tea*+ seem$ to him ,tol/o to be1 ',resi/ n evil' or 'him t is evil4' ,he came to ! conclusion t a co>se deceit _h be5 palm$ ^u ! _w :5 ^! words 7 held by civil society to be compatible ) w>1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 capital puni%m5t1 divorce1 oa?s1 national prejudice1 & inde$ ) mo/ ( ! in/itutions ( civil & social life4 ,he n[ believes t ! ,k+dom ( ,god w\ld come if all m5 kept ^! five comm&m5ts1 :i* he holds to be ! pi? ( all ,*ri/'s tea*+--viz43 #a4 ,live 9 peace ) all m54 #b4 ,be pure4 #c4 ,take no oa?s4 #d4 ,nev] resi/ evil4 #e4 ,r5\nce national di/9ctions4444 ,mo/ ( ! ,bible does n seem to him to reflect ! _s ( ,*ri/ at all1 ?\gh x has be5 br\ght into artificial & unw>rantable connection ) x4 ,h5ce he rejects ! *ief doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*3 t ( ! ,atonem5t by blood1 t ( ! ,tr9ity1 t ( ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ^u ! ,apo/les & ! transmission to ! prie/hood by lay+ on ( h&s1 t ( ! ne$ ( ! sev5 sacram5ts = salvation4 ,he sets aside ! au?ority ( ,paul1 ( c\ncils1 ( fa!rs1 popes1 or patri>*s1 & believes himself to be ! imm$iate disciple ( ,*ri/ alone4444 ,b we are compell$ to ask1 ,is ?is int]pretation ( ,*ri/ a true "o8 ,are all m5 b\nd1 or is any man b\nd1 to act z ?is great writ] has done8 ,"o might naturally expect t ?is vital "q1 :i* alone c\ld induce a man to write a diss]tation on ! book1 w\ld be answ]$ ei!r by admitt+ t my int]pretation ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is correct & %\ld be accept$1 or decl>+ t x is errone\s1 prov+ 8 po9t1 & (f]+ a m correct int]pretation ( ! words :i* ,i h miscon/ru$4 ,b no2 ,f>r> m]ely expresses 8 belief t ?\gh actuat$ by ! noble/ s9c]ity1 ,c\nt ,tol/o has be5 misl$ by p>tial & "o-sid$ int]pretations ( ! mean+ ( ! gospel & ! m9d & w ( ,*ri/4 ,9 :at ?is error consi/s he does n expla91 b says3 ,to ent] into ! pro( ( ?is is impossible 9 ?is article1 = ,i h already exce$$ ! space at my comm&4 ,& concludes ) equanimity3 ,mean:ile ! read] :o feels tr\bl$ le/ x %\ld be 8 duty also to =sake all ! conditions ( 8 life1 & to take up ! position & "w ( a common labor]1 may re/ = ! pres5t on ! pr9ciple1 ',securus judicat orbis t]r>um4' ,) few & r>e exceptions ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1 f ! days ( ! ,apo/les d[n to our own1 has come to ! firm conclusion t x 0 ! object ( ,*ri/ to lay d[n great et]nal pr9ciples1 b n to di/urb ! bases & revolutionize ! in/itutions z well z all inevitable conditions4 ,7 x my object to prove h[ unt5able is ! doctr9e ( communism1 bas$ by ,c\nt ,tol/o ^u ! div9e p>adoxes1 :i* c be int]pret$ on only hi/orical pr9ciples 9 accordance ) ! :ole me?od ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 x w\ld require an ampl] canvas ?an ,i h "h at my disposal4 ,:at a pity t he has no space6 ,&1 wond]ful to relate1 no "o = fifte5 c5turies ev] _h ! space to prove t ! ,*ri/ :om we pr(ess said "o ?+ & meant ano!r4 ,& ( c\rse !y c\ld prove x if !y w\ld6 ,b x is n wor? :ile to prove :at ev]ybody kn[s to be true4 ,x is en\gh to say3 ,securus judicat orbis t]r>um4 ,! criticisms ( all educat$ believ]s are v mu* alike1 because realiz+ z !y mu/ ! dang] ( _! position1 !y feel t _! only safegu>d lies 9 ! hope t by %elt]+ !mselves beh9d ! au?ority & hol9ess ( ! ,*ur*1 !y may succe$ 9 intimidat+ _! read]s1 or div]t+ !m f any idea ( read+ ! ,bible = !mselves or us+ _! own reason to solve ?is "q4 ,& ?is is a me?od t succe$s4 ,to :om w\ld x ev] occur1 inde$1 t all ^! assurances1 repeat$ ) s mu* solemnity1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 by ar*deacons1 bi%ops1 & ar*bi%ops1 synods & popes1 are a base falsehood1 a calumny aga9/ ! "* ( ,*ri/1 utt]$ = ! purpose ( assur+ to !mselves ! money !y require to lead a life ( ease at ! exp5se ( o!rs1--a falsehood & a calumny s palpable1 p>ticul>ly n[1 t ! only *ance ( p]petuat+ ?is falsehood lies 9 hold+ ! p 9 awe by _! arrogance & audacity8 ,! v same ?+ has be5 go+ on ( late ye>s 9 ! ,bureau ( milit>y conscription4 ,a numb] ( ag$ (ficials1 decorat$ & self-important1 are at a table1 a full-l5g!d portrait ( ! ,emp]or ) ! mirror ( ju/ice be=e !m1 &1 :ile leisurely *att+ ) ea* o!r1 !y write1 call out ! names1 & give _! ord]s4 ,"h also1 ) a cross ^u 8 brea/1 8 hair bl[+ ov] 8 /ole1 a g5ial & v5]able-look+ prie/ dress$ 9 a silk robe sits be=e a pulpit on :i* is plac$ a gold5 cross & a ,bible ) gilt clasps4 ,ivan ,petrov is call$4 ,an untidy1 poorly clad y\?1 ) a fright5$ expression1 twit*+ muscles1 & gleam+ eyes t h a w&]+ look1 /eps =w>d1 & 9 a hesitat+1 brok5 voice almo/ :isp]s3 ,i 444 accord+ to law 444 z a ,*ri/ian 444 ,i 444 ,i _c4444 ,:at is he mutt]+8 asks ! *airman1 impati5tly1 squ9t+ & mak+ an ef=t to he>1 z he raises 8 head f ! book4 ,speak l\d]6 exclaims ! colonel ) ! glitt]+ %\ld]-/raps4 ,z a ,*ri/ian 444 ,i 444 ,i4444 ,& at la/ x becomes pla9 t ! y\? refuses to ent] ! milit>y s]vice because he is a ,*ri/ian4 ,don't talk nons5se6 ,measure him6 ,doctor1 be k9d en\gh to look at ! measure4 ,w he d8 ,he w d4 ,holy ,fa!r1 let him take ! oa?4 ,n only is !re no uneas9ess on ! "p ( ! (fic]s1 b no "o pays ! lea/ att5tion to ! mutt]+ ( ?is fright5$1 pitiable y\?4 ,!y always mutt]1 & we are 9 a hurry2 we h /ill s _m m to receive4 ,! recruit tries to speak aga94 ,?is is aga9/ ! law ( ,*ri/6 ,move on6 move on6 ,we "k :at is lawful & :at is n6 ,move on6 ,fa!r1 make him und]/&6 ,next6 ,vassili ,nikit96 ,!n ! trembl+ y\? is l$ away4 ,n[ :i* ( all ^! m51 ! soldi]s1 ,vassili ,nikit91 ! new man on ! li/1 or any o!r witness ( ! sc5e1--:i* ( ^! w\ld ev] dream t ! un9telligible1 brok5 utt]ances ( ! y\?1 sil5c$ =?) by ! magi/rates1 embodi$ ! real tru?1 :ile ! l\d1 arrogant spee*es ( ! (ficials1 ( ! prie/1 utt]$ ) au?ority1 7 actually false8 ,! same impression is made n only by ,f>r>'s essay1 b by all ^? gr&iloqu5t s]mons1 reviews1 & o!r publications :i* spr+ into exi/5ce on e side :]ev] tru? is f\nd combat+ ! arrogance ( falsehood4 ,at once ^! orators & writ]s1 subtle or bomba/ic1 beg9 by dwell+ ^u po9ts closely alli$ to ! vital "q1 :ile pres]v+ an artful sil5ce on ! "q itself4 ,& ?is is ! fif? & mo/ efficaci\s me?od ( acc\nt+ = ! inconsi/5t attitude ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 :ile pr(ess+ ,*ri/1 ) its own life d5ies1 & tea*es o!rs to d5y1 ?is doctr9e 9 ! practice ( daily life4 ,!y :o employ ! fir/ me?od ( ju/ification by boldly & di/9ctly affirm+ t ,*ri/ sanction$ viol5ce1 mean+ w>s & murd]s1 put !mselves beyond ! pale ( ,*ri/'s tea*+2 :ile !y :o def5d !mselves accord+ to ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? me?ods soon become entangl$1 & are easily convict$ ( falsehood2 b ! fif? class1 !y :o condesc5d n to reason1 use _! dignity = a scre51 & insi/ t all ^! que/ions 7 settl$ ages ago1 & ne$ no reconsid]ation2 !y1 app>5tly invuln]able1 w ma9ta9 an undisput$ au?ority1 & m5 w repose "u ! hypnotic sugge/ion ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 nor seek to ?r[ (f ! yoke4 ,su* 7 ! views ( ! cl]gy1 ( ! pr(essors ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 reg>d to my book1 nor c\ld any?+ diff]5t h be5 expect$3 !y are 9 bonds to _! inconsi/5t position1 believ]s 9 ! div9ity ( ! ,tea*]1 & yet discr$it+ ,8 pla9e/ words1--an inconsi/5cy :i* !y are b\nd to reconcile 9 "s way4 ,h5ce x is n to be suppos$ t !y w\ld give unbias$ op9ions 9 reg>d to ! ess5tial "q ( t *ange :i* mu/ take place 9 ! life ( "o :o makes a practical application ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ to ! exi/+ ord]4 ,f secul> critics & free-?9k]s1 :o ackn[l$ge no obligation to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 & :o might be expect$ to judge !m )\t prejudice1 ,i _h prep>$ myself = criticisms su* z ^!4 ,i ?\ght t ! ,lib]als w\ld look ^u ,*ri/ n only z ! f\nd] ( a religion involv+ p]sonal salvation 7z und]/ood by ! ecclesia/ics & _! foll[]s71 b1 to use _! own expression1 z ^u a re=m] :o te>s d[n ! old f\ndations to make way = new ones1 & ^: re=mation is n ev5 yet complete4 ,to set =? t conception ( ,*ri/ & 8 doctr9e has be5 ! object ( my book4 ,b to my surprise n "o out ( ! _m criticisms1 ,russian or =eign1 t h appe>$1 has accept$ my view1 or ev5 discuss$ x f my /&po9t1 :i* is1 t ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ is a philosophical1 moral1 & social doctr9e4 7,i use ! phraseology ( ! sci5ti/s47 ,! ,russian secul> critics1 conceiv+ ! sum & sub/ance ( my book to be a plea 9 favor ( resi/ance to evil1 & tak+ x = grant$ 7probably = ! sake ( argum5t7 t ! doctr9e =bade any /ruggle :atsoev] aga9/ ! wrong1 made a virul5t1 & = sev]al ye>s1 mo/ successful attack ^u ?is doctr9e1 prov+ t ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ mu/ be false1 s9ce x =bids any ef=t to ov]come evil4 ,_! refutations ( ?is s-call$ false doctr9e _h all ! m *ance ( success1 because ! c5sor%ip _h prohibit$1 n only ! book itself1 b also all articles 9 its def5se1 & consequ5tly !y knew be=eh& t _! argum5ts c\ld n be assail$4 ,x is wor?y ( note t "h 9 ,russia1 :]e n a ^w aga9/ ! ,holy ,scriptures is all[$ by ! c5sor1 = sev]al ye>s 9 succession ! di/9ct & unmi/akable comm&m5t ( ,*ri/ 7,mat!w v4 #ci7 0 criticiz$1 di/ort$1 condemn$1 & mock$ at 9 all ! lead+ p]iodicals4 ,! ,russian secul> critics1 app>5tly ignorant ( all t _h be5 said & done 9 reg>d to non-resi/ance to evil1 seem$ to ?9k t ,i _h inv5t$ ! pr9ciple myself1 & attack$ x z if x 7 my idea1 fir/ di/ort+ & !n refut+ x ) great ardor1 br++ =w>d "t-worn argum5ts t _h be5 analyz$ & refut$ ov] & ov] aga91 %[+ t ! oppress$ & d[ntrodd5 %\ld be def5d$ by viol5ce1 & decl>+ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ conc]n+ non-resi/ance to be immoral4 ,all ! significance t ! ,russian critics saw 9 ,*ri/'s prea*+ 01 t x seem$ expressly int5d$ to hamp] !m 9 _! /ruggles aga9/ :at !y believe to be an evil 9 ! pres5t day4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! pr9ciple ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce 0 attack$ f two opposite camps2 ! ,cons]vatives1 because ?is pr9ciple int]f]$ ) !m 9 _! ef=ts to suppress s$ition1 & z oppos$ to all p]secution1 z well z to ! puni%m5t ( dea?2 ! ,revolutioni/s1 because ?is pr9ciple =bade !m to resi/ ! oppression ( ! ,cons]vatives1 or to attempt _! ov]?r[4 ,! ,cons]vatives 7 indignant t ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce %\ld ?w>t an en]getic suppression ( revolution>y elem5ts1 :i* might imp]il ! welf>e ( a nation2 ! ,revolutioni/s 9 ! l mann] 7 indignant because ?is same doctr9e av]t$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,cons]vatives1 :o1 9 _! op9ion1 imp]il ! welf>e ( ! p4 ,x is a circum/ance wor?y ( notice t ! ,revolutioni/s %\ld attack ! pr9ciple ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce2 = ( all ! doctr9es dread$ by despotism1 & dang]\s to its exi/5ce1 ?is is ! *ief "o4 ,s9ce ! creation ( ! _w ! opposite pr9ciple ( resi/ance by viol5ce has be5 ! corn]-/one ( e despotic in/itution1 f ! ,inquisition to ! =tress ( ,s*lsselburg4 ,moreov]1 ! ,russian critics decl>$ t ! progress ( civilization itself w\ld be *eck$ 7 ?is comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance appli$ to ev]yday life1 by :i* !y mean ! civilization ( ,europe1 :i* is1 accord+ to !m1 ! model = all mank9d4 ,su* 0 ! sub/ance ( ,russian criticism4 ,=eign critics />t f ! same premises1 b _! d$uctions diff] some:at f ^? ( ! ,russian critics2 n only are !y less capti\s & m cultivat$1 b _! modes ( analysis are n ! same4 ,9 discuss+ my book1 & m p>ticul>ly ! gospel doctr9e z x is express$ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! =eign critics affirm$ t ! latt] c\ld n really be call$ ,*ri/ian doctr9e 7!y believe t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is embodi$ 9 ,ca?olicism or ,prote/antism71 & t ! precepts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt are only a s]ies ( ! delightful b unpractical visions ( ! *>mant docteur1 z ,r5an says1 suit$ to ! artless1 half-civiliz$ ,galileans :o liv$ #ahjj ye>s ago1 or to ! ,russian & semi-b>b>\s peasants1 to ,sutaev & ,bond>ev1 & to ! ,russian my/ic ,tol/o1 b :i* are by no means adapt$ to ! l(ty plane ( ,european culture4 ,! =eign secul> critics1 9 a c\rte\s way1 9 ord] n to w\nd my feel+s1 h endeavor$ to %[ t my belief t mank9d may be guid$ by s simple a doctr9e z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt arises p>tly f my limit$ k ( hi/ory & ignorance ( ! _m va9 attempts to c>ry out 9 daily life ! pr9ciples ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* hi/ory tells u h always prov$ an utt] failure1 & p>tly f my misconception ( ! significance ( our mod]n civilization1 ) its ,krupp guns1 its smokeless p[d]1 its ,african colonization1 its ,home ,rule1 its p>liam5ts1 j\rnalism1 /rikes1 & con/itutions1 n to m5tion ! ,eiffel ,t[]1--on :i* ! entire population ( ,europe is at pres5t repos+4 ,?us wrote ,vog1 ?us wrote ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ! ,am]ican writ] ,talmage1 :o is also a popul> prea*]1 ! free-?9k] ,+]soll1 & o!rs4 ,! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ is no long] practicable1 because x does n suit our indu/rial times1 ,+]soll +5u\sly rem>ks1 & !reby he no d\bt gives utt]ance to ! views :i* ?is cultur$ g5]ation holds 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,! doctr9e has no aff9ity ) ! indu/rialism ( ! pres5t age1 z ?\gh indu/rialism 7 a sacr$ in/itution :i* c suff] no *ange4 ,a drunk>d might ?us reply to "o :o calls ^u him to be sob]1 t a man 9 liquor f9ds su* advice absurd4 ,! argum5ts ( all secul> writ]s1 ,russian z well z =eign1 h[ev] v>i$ 9 =m or expression1 are sub/antially alike2 !y all agree 9 misappreh5d+ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ) its outcome ( non-resi/ance1 & 9 affirm+ t x is n exp$i5t because x implies a ne$ ( a *ange ( life4 ,! doctr9e ( life is inexp$i5t1 because if we liv$ up to x our lives c\ld n g on z !y h done hi!rto2 9 o!r words1 if we 7 to beg9 to live l righte\s m51 z ,*ri/ bids u1 we mu/ ab&on ! wick$ ways to :i* we h gr[n accu/om$4 ,s f> f discuss+ ! "q ( non-resi/ance ( evil by viol5ce1 ! v m5tion ( ! fact t ! precepts ( ,*ri/ include su* a comm& is consid]$ z suffici5t pro( ( ! inexp$i5cy ( ! :ole doctr9e4 ,& yet x w\ld seem necess>y to (f] "s solution ( ?is "q1 z x lies at ! root ( all t mo/ int]e/s u4 ,! "q is h[ to settle ^! diff]5ces among m51 :5 ! v action t is consid]$ evil by "o man is consid]$ good by ano!r4 ,x is no answ] to say t ,i ?9k an action evil al?\gh my adv]s>y may consid] x a good "o4 ,!re are b two ways ( solv+ ! difficulty4 ,"o is to f9d a positive & indisputable /&>d ( evil1 & ! o!r is to obey ! comm&1 resi/ n evil by viol5ce4 ,m5 h tri$ to a*ieve ! =m] f ! e>lie/ hi/orical ages1 & we all "k ) :at unsuccessful results4 ,! second solution--t is1 ! non-resi/ance ( :at we mu/ consid] evil until we h f\nd a univ]sal /&>d3 t solution has be5 sugge/$ by ,*ri/ himself4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! solution sugge/$ by ,*ri/ 0 ! wrong "o1 & a bett] "o might be sub/itut$ aft] ! /&>d _h be5 f\nd :i* is to def9e evil once & = all4 ,"o might n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a "q1 z is ! case ) ! b>b>\s races1 b no "o c be p]mitt$ to pret5d1 l ! le>n$ critics ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 t no su* "q does exi/1 or t ! recognition ( ! "r ( c]ta9 individuals or gr\ps ( individuals1 & /ill less ( "o's own "r1 to def9e evil1 & to resi/ x by viol5ce1 decides ! "q1 because we all "k t su* a recognition does n decide x at all1 = !re are always p]sons :o w refuse to admit t su* a pr]ogative c exi/4 ,& yet ?is v ackn[l$gm5t1 t any?+ t seems evil to u is evil1 or else an utt] misconception ( ! "q1 af=ds a basis = ! conclusions ( secul> critics conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/2 h5ce n only ! utt]ances ( ! cl]ical1 b also ^? ( ! secul> critics 9 reg>d to my book1 h made x evid5t to me t mo/ m5 totally fail to compreh5d ei!r ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 or ! que/ions :i* x is int5d$ to decide4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,misconception ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,by ,,non-,,believ]s ,! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :i* is cle> = ! m9ority1 has become un9telligible = ! majority ( m5--,! cause ( x is ! false conception ( ,*ri/ianity & ! misguid$ assurance ( believ]s1 z well z ( unbeliev]s1 t !y appreh5d x--,! appreh5sion ( ,*ri/ianity = believ]s is conceal$ by ! ,*ur*--,! appreh5sion ( ,*ri/ianity--,its ess5ce & its unlik5ess to ! pagan doctr9es--,misund]/ood at fir/1 x has gr[n cle> to ^? :o embrace x ow+ to its correspond5ce ) ! tru?--,contemporane\sly ) x arose ! ass]tion t ! true mean+ ( ! doctr9e 0 und]/ood1 & _h be5 confirm$ by miracul\s transmission--,! ,c\ncil ( ,disciples accord+ to ! ,acts--,au?oritative & miracul\s ass]tion ( ! true conception ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e has f\nd its logical conclusion 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,cr$o & ! ,*ur*--,! ,*ur* c\ld n h be5 e/abli%$ by ,*ri/--,def9ition ( ,*ur*es accord+ to ! ,cate*ism--,!re are v>i\s ,*ur*es1 ev] antagoni/ic to "o ano!r--,:]e is h]esy8--,! "w ( ,mr4 ,arnold conc]n+ h]esies--,h]esies are ! sign ( activity 9 ! ,*ur*es--,*ur*es always divide mank9d1 & are ev] inimical to ,*ri/ianity--,9 :at ! activity ( ! ,russian ,*ur* consi/s--,mat!w xxiv4 #bc--,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or ! ,cr$o--,! ,or?odox ,*ur* conceals f ! p ! true mean+ ( ,*ri/ianity--,! same is done by o!r ,*ur*es--,all ! contempor>y ext]nal conditions are su* t !y de/roy ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 & !re=e ,*ur*es use all _! ef=ts to def5d x4 ,! k :i* ,i obta9$ aft] ! publication ( my book 9 reg>d to ! views :i* ! m9ority ( mank9d h held1 & /ill hold1 conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ 9 its simplicity & real significance1 z well z ! criticisms ( cl]ical & secul> writ]s1 :o d5y ! possibility ( appreh5d+ x 9 its actual mean+1 h conv9c$ me t :ile ! m9ority has n only always possess$ a true conception ( ?is doctr9e1 & t ?is conception has gr[n /eadily m & m cle>1 = ! majority1 on ! o!r h&1 its s5se has become m & m vague1 rea*+ at la/ su* a degree ( obscurity t m5 fail to und]/& ! simple/ comm&s express$ 9 ! ,bible1 ev5 :5 c\*$ 9 ! pla9e/ possible language4 ,! inability t prevails at ! pres5t "t to compreh5d ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ 9 its true1 simple1 & actual mean+1 :5 its light has p5etrat$ into ! remote/ recesses ( ! human und]/&+1 :51 z ,*ri/ said1 !y proclaim f ! ro(s t :i* ,he :isp]$ 9 ! e>2 :5 ?is doctr9e p5etrates e phase ( human life1 dome/ic1 economical1 civil1 politic1 & int]national1--?is failure to appreh5d x w\ld be inexplicable1 if "o _h n discov]$ ! reasons = x4 ,"o ( ! reasons is1 t believ]s z well z unbeliev]s are p]fectly sure t !y long ago und]/ood ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ s completely1 unque/ionably1 & f9ally1 t x c h no o!r mean+ b ! "o :i* !y attribute to x4 ,t is because ! tradition ( ?is false conception has be5 h&$ d[n = ages1--& !re=e its misconception4 ,! mo/ p[]ful /ream ( wat] _c add "o s+le drop to a vessel t is already full4 ,"o might succe$ 9 expla9+ to ! dulle/ ( m5 ! mo/ difficult ( problems1 if he _h no previ\s conception 9 reg>d to !m2 b x is impossible to expla9 to ! clev]e/ man ev5 ! simple/ matt]s1 if he is p]fectly sure t he kn[s ev]y?+ ab\t x4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e appe>s to m5 ( ! pres5t times to be a doctr9e ( t k9d1 kn[n = ages1 & nev] to be que/ion$ 9 its mo/ trivial details1 & :i* is susceptible ( no o!r int]pretation4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,*ri/ianity is conceiv$ by ^? :o pr(ess ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* z a sup]natural1 miracul\s revelation ( all t is express$ 9 ! ,cr$o2 :ile unbeliev]s look ^u x z an affair ( ! pa/1 a manife/ation ( ! dem& ( humanity = a belief 9 ! sup]natural1 z an hi/orical fact1 :i* has f\nd its fulle/ expression 9 ,ca?olicism1 ,or?odoxy1 & ,prote/antism1 & :i* has = u no vital mean+4 ,= ! believ]s ! real significance ( ! doctr9e is conceal$ by ! ,*ur*2 = ! unbeliev]s x is hidd5 by sci5ce4 ,let u beg9 by consid]+ ! =m]4 ,eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 ! pagan _w ( ,rome1 !re appe>$ a /range & novel doctr9e1 unlike any ( its pr$ecessors1 :i* 0 ascrib$ to ! man ,*ri/4 ,x 0 a doctr9e :olly new 9 =m z well z 9 sub/ance1 bo? = ! ,hebrew _w1 f ^: mid/ x _h sprung1 z well z = ! ,roman _w1 9 ^: mid/ x 0 prea*$ & promulgat$4 ,among ! accurately def9$ religi\s precepts ( ! ,jews1 :]e1 accord+ to ,isaiah1 !re 0 precept ^u precept1 & among ! highly p]fect$ ,roman legislative assemblies1 !re appe>$ a doctr9e t n only repudiat$ all deities1 all fe> ( !m1 all augury & all fai? 9 x1 b also d5i$ ! necessity = any human in/itutions :atsoev]4 ,in/ead ( ! precepts & cre$s ( =m] times1 ?is doctr9e pres5t$ only an image ( int]ior p]fection1 tru?1 & love 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 & ! atta9m5t ( ?is int]ior p]fection possible = m51 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ( ! outw>d p]fection =etold by ! prophets3 ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 :5 all enmity %all cease1 :5 e man w he> ! ^w ( ! ,"l & be unit$ ) ano!r 9 bro!rly love1 & :5 ! lion & ! lamb %all lie d[n toge!r4 ,in/ead ( ?reats ( puni%m5t = ! non-obs]vance ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! old laws1 religi\s no less ?an secul>1 in/ead ( tempt+ m5 by promise ( rew>ds to obs]ve ^! laws1 ?is doctr9e attract$ mank9d only by proclaim+ itself to be ! tru?4 ,if any man w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e1 :e!r x be ( ,god1 or :e!r ,i speak ( myself4--,john vii4 #ag4 ,:i* ( y conv9ce? me ( s98 ,& if ,i say ! tru?1 :y d ye n believe me8--,john viii4 #df4 ,b n[ ye seek to kill me1 a man t ha? told y ! tru?4444--,john viii4 #dj4 ,& ye %all "k ! tru?1 & ! tru? %all make y free4--,john viii4 #cb4 ,god mu/ be wor%ip$ 9 tru?4 ,all ! doctr9e w be made pla9 by ! ,_s ( ,tru?4 ,d z ,i comm& y1 & y w "k :e!r :at ,i say is ! tru?4 ,no evid5ce 0 br\ght to prove ! doctr9e1 except ! tru? & its h>mony !re)4 ,! :ole sub/ance consi/$ 9 le>n+ ! tru? & 9 foll[+ its guidance1 draw+ ne>] & ne>] to x 9 ! affairs ( ev]yday life4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 !re is no mode ( action t c ju/ify a man or make him righte\s2 z reg>ds int]ior p]fection we h only ! image ( tru?1 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 to w9 our he>ts1 & outw>d p]fection is express$ by a realization ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,9 ord] to fulfil ! doctr9e x ne$s b to take ,*ri/ = our model1 & to advance 9 ! direction ( int]ior p]fection by ! road :i* has be5 po9t$ out to u1 z well z 9 t ( ext]ior p]fection1 :i* is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,! degree ( human happ9ess1 :e!r x be m or less1 dep5ds1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 n on ! degree ( p]fection at :i* x arrives1 b on ! comp>ative rate ( progress t[>d t p]fection4 ,! advance t[>d p]fection ( ,zac*u ! publican1 ( ! adult]ess1 ( ! ?ief on ! cross1 is1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 bett] ?an ! /agnation ( ! righte\s ,ph>isee4 ,! %eph]d rejoices m ov] ! "o %eep :i* 0 lo/ & is f\nd ?an ov] ! n9ety & n9e :i* are 9 ! fold4 ,! prodigal return$1 ! piece ( money :i* 0 lo/ & is f\nd1 is m preci\s unto ,god ?an t :i* 0 nev] lo/4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 ea* /ate is b a /ep on ! road t[>d ! unatta9able int]ior & ext]ior p]fection1 & !re=e x has no significance 9 itself4 ,! progress ( ?is movem5t t[>d p]fection is its m]it2 ! lea/ cessation ( ?is movem5t means ! cessation ( good works4 ,let n ?y left h& "k :at ?y "r h& doe?1 & ,no man1 hav+ put 8 h& to ! pl[1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,rejoice n t ! spirits are subject unto y2 b r rejoice1 because y\r names are writt5 9 heav54 ,be ye !re=e p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 is p]fect4 ,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & 8 righte\sness4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! doctr9e lies 9 a cont9ual progress t[>d ! atta9m5t ( a high] tru?1 & 9 ! gr[+ realization ( t tru? )9 "o's self1 by means ( an ev] increas+ love2 z well z 9 a m & m ke5 realization ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! _w ar\nd u4 ,x is evid5t t ! doctr9e t appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,hebrew & pagan _w c\ld n be accept$ by ! majority ( m51 :o liv$ a life s totally unlike ! "o prescrib$ by ?is new doctr9e2 & ev5 ^? :o did accept x c\ld n compreh5d its full mean+1 because ( its contradiction ( all =m] ideas4 ,x is only ?r\gh a s]ies ( misappreh5sions1 errors1 "o-sid$ explanations1 correct$ & supplem5t$ by g5]ations ( m51 t ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e has become m & m pla94 ,! ,*ri/ian _w-conception & t ( ! ,hebrew & pagan peoples mutually act$ & react$ ^u ea* o!r1 & ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple be+ ! m vital1 x p5etrat$ deep] & deep] into ! ,hebrew & pagan pr9ciples t _h outliv$ _! usefulness1 & became m cle>ly def9$1 free+ itself f ! spuri\s admixtures impos$ ^u x4 ,m5 und]/ood its mean+ bett] & bett]1 & realiz$ x m & m unmi/akably 9 life4 ,! old] ! _w grew1 ! m lucid became its appreh5sion ( ,*ri/ianity1 z mu/ always be ! case ) any doctr9e relat+ to human life4 ,successive g5]ations rectifi$ ! mi/akes ( ! prec$+ ones & approa*$ ne>] & ne>] to ! appreh5sion ( its true mean+4 ,?us x 0 f ! v beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& x 0 !n t c]ta9 m5 came to ! front :o affirm$ t ! only true int]pretation 0 ! "o :i* !y !mselves proclaim$1 adduc+ ! miracles z a pro( !re(4 ,?is 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( its misappreh5sion 9 ! fir/ place1 & ( its complete p]v]sion 9 ! second4 ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ 0 suppos$ to be transmitt$ to mank9d n l any o!r tru?1 b 9 a peculi>1 sup]natural mann]2 h5ce !y propose to prove its au?ority1 n because x satisfies ! dem&s ( reason & ( human nature 9 g5]al1 b because ( ! miracul\s "* ( its transmission1 :i* is suppos$ to be an incontrov]tible pro( ( ! validity ( its conception4 ,?is idea sprang f a misconception1 & ! result 0 t x became impossible to und]/& x4 ,x orig9at$ at ! v beg9n+1 :5 ! doctr9e 0 s imp]fectly und]/ood & (t5 s errone\sly con/ru$2 z1 = example1 9 ! ,gospels & ! ,acts4 ,! less m5 und]/ood x1 ! m my/]i\s x appe>$1 & ! great] ne$ 0 !re = visible pro( ( its au!nticity4 ,! rule = do+ unto o!rs z y w\ld wi% !m to d unto y1 call$ = no miracul\s pro(1 nei!r did x require fai?1 because ! proposition is conv9c+ 9 itself1 bo? to reason & to human nature4 ,b ! proposition t ,*ri/ 0 ,god ne$$ miracul\s te/imony4 ,! m my/ical grew ! appreh5sion ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 ! m ! miracul\s elem5t ent]$ into x2 & ! m miracul\s x became1 ! f>!r x 0 f its orig9al mean+2 & ! m complicat$1 my/ical1 & remote f its orig9al mean+ x came to be1 ! m necess>y x 0 to decl>e its infallibility1 & ! less intelligible x became4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity "o c\ld see f ! ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 & ! ,epi/les h[ ! misappreh5sion ( ! doctr9e call$ =? ! necessity ( pro(s--miracul\s & beyond human intellig5ce4 ,x dat$ f ! "t m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts1 :5 ! disciples w5t up to ,j]usalem to consult ) ! eld]s 9 reg>d to ! "q t _h aris5 z to :e!r ! uncircumcis$ & ^? :o ab/a9$ n f ! meat (f]$ to idols %\ld be baptiz$4 ,! v mann] ( ask+ ! "q %[$ t ^? :o discuss$ x misconceiv$ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 :o reject$ all ext]nal rites1 su* z ! wa%+ ( ! feet1 purification1 fa/s1 & ! ,sabba?4 ,x is said di/9ctly3 ,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? a man2 b ^? ?+s :i* proce$ out ( ! m\? come =? f ! he>t2 & !y defile ! man4 ,& !re=e ! "q 9 reg>d to ! baptism ( ^? n circumcis$ c\ld only arise among m5 :o1 lov+ _! ,tea*] & ) ! intuitive p]ception ( ! gr&eur ( 8 doctr9e1 c\ld n z yet compreh5d its exact mean+4 ,& s x 04 ,& 9 proportion z ! memb]s ( ! assembly fail$ to compreh5d ! doctr9e1 did !y /& 9 ne$ ( an outw>d affirmation ( _! incomplete conception4 ,& 9 ord] to decide ! "q1 ^: v proposal proves ! misconception ( ! doctr9e1 x 0 t 9 ?is assembly = ! fir/ "t1 accord+ to ! description giv5 9 ! ,acts1 7 utt]$ ^? awful words1 productive ( s mu* h>m1 by :i* ! tru? ( c]ta9 propositions has be5 = ! fir/ "t confirm$3 ,= x seem$ good to ! ,holy ,gho/1 & to u2 t is to say1 x 0 a decl>ation t ! tru? ( :at !y said 0 witness$ by a miracul\s p>ticipation ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 t is--( ,god4 ,b ! ass]tion t ! ,holy ,gho/--t is to say1 ,god--_h spok5 ?r\gh ! apo/les1 9 its turn requir$ pro(4 ,& !re=e x became necess>y to decl>e t on ! fiftie? day ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 ! %ape ( fi]y tongues1 desc5d$ on ^? :o _h made ?is ass]tion4 ,9 ! description ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ prec$es ! c\ncil1 b ! ,acts 7 writt5 mu* lat] ?an ei!r4 ,b ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ mu/ also be prov$1 ?\gh x w\ld be difficult to say :y a fi]y tongue hov]+ ov] a man's head %\ld be a pro( ( ! tru? ( :at he says any m ?an ! miracles1 ! cures1 ! resurrections1 ! m>tyrdoms1 & all ! re/ ( ^? p]suasive miracles ) :i* ! ,acts are fill$1 & :i* s]ve r to repel ?an to conv9ce "o ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,! results ( ^! me?ods 7 su* t ! m pa9s !y took to confirm _! /atem5ts1 accumulat+ /ories ( miracles1 ! m ! doctr9e itself deviat$ f its orig9al mean+1 & ! less intelligible x became4 ,?us x 0 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ?us x cont9u$ to increase1 until 9 its own "t x has rea*$ its logical consummation 9 ! dogma ( transub/antiation1 ! infallibility ( ! ,pope1 ! bi%ops1 & ,scriptures1 :i* is some?+ utt]ly incompreh5sible & nons5sical1 requir+ a bl9d fai?1 n 9 ,god or ,*ri/1 nor ev5 9 ! doctr9e1 b a fai? ei!r 9 "o p]son1 z 9 ,ca?olicism1 or 9 _m p]sons1 z 9 ,or?odoxy1 or 9 a book1 z 9 ,prote/antism4 ,! m widely spread ,*ri/ianity became1 & ! l>g] ! numb] ( un9/ruct$ m5 x receiv$1 ! less x 0 und]/ood1 ! m ! infallibility ( its conceptions 0 insi/$ ^u1 & ! m sl5d] grew ! possibility ( und]/&+ its true mean+4 ,already1 ab\t ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 ! entire conception ( ! doctr9e am\nt$ to ! rsum =mulat$ by ! temporal p[]1--! outcome ( discussions t took place 9 ! c\ncil1--to ! ,cr$o1 9 :i* x is said3 ,i believe 9 ?is & t1 etc41 & at ! end1 9 ! "o holy1 ,apo/olic & cum5ical ,*ur*1 t is1 9 ! infallibility ( ! p]sons :o con/itute x2 s t x all am\nt$ to ?is1 t a man believ$ n 9 ,god1 nor 9 ,*ri/1 z !y reveal$ !mselves to him1 b 9 t :i* 0 believ$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! ,*ur* is holy1 & 0 f\nd$ by ,*ri/4 ,god c\ld n all[ m5 to int]pret ,8 doctr9e z !y *ose1 & !re=e ,he e/abli%$ ! ,*ur*4 ,all ^! propositions are s unju/ & unf\nd$1 t "o is actually a%am$ to refute !m4 ,9 no place1 & 9 no mann] :atsoev]1 save 9 ! ass]tion ( ! ,*ur*1 is x se5 t ei!r ,god or ,*ri/ c ev] h f\nd$ any?+ l ! ,*ur* 9 its ecclesia/ical s5se4 ,!re is a di/9ct & evid5t w>n+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 z an outside au?ority1 9 ! passage :i* bids ! disciples ( ,*ri/ call no man fa!r or ma/]4 ,b n[h]e is !re a ^w 9 reg>d to ! e/abli%m5t ( :at ! ecclesia/ics call ! ,*ur*4 ,! ^w *ur* is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t twice1 once 9 speak+ ( ! assembly :i* is to decide a dispute2 ! second "t 9 connection ) ! obscure words 9 reg>d to ! rock1 ,pet]1 & ! gates ( hell4 ,f ^! two ref]5ces1 :]e ! ^w is us$ only 9 ! s5se ( an assembly1 m5 h d]iv$ ! in/itution :i* we recognize at pres5t "u ! same ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ,*ri/ c\ld by no means h f\nd$ a *ur*1 t is1 :at we und]/& by t ^w at ! pres5t "t1 because no?+ l our ,*ur*1 z we "k x 9 ^! days1 ) ! sacram5ts1 ! hi]>*y1 & above all ! e/abli%m5t ( infallibility1 0 to be f\nd ei!r 9 ! words ( ,*ri/1 or 9 ! ideas ( ! m5 ( ^? times4 ,because m5 h call$ some?+ :i* has be5 e/abli%$ s9ce1 by ! same ^w t ,*ri/ us$ 9 reg>d to ano!r ?+1 by no means gives !m a "r to ass]t t ,*ri/ f\nd$ only "o true ,*ur*4 ,moreov]1 if ,*ri/ _h x 9 8 m9d to e/abli% a *ur* :i* 0 to be ! depository ( ! :ole doctr9e & fai?1 ,he w\ld surely h express$ ?is s pla9ly & cle>ly1 & w\ld h giv51 ap>t f all /ories ( miracles :i* are repeat$ ) e v>iety ( sup]/ition1 su* signs z w\ld leave no d\bt z to its au!nticity2 yet ?is 0 n ! case1 & n[1 z always1 "o f9ds diff]5t in/itutions1 ea* "o call+ itself ! only true ,*ur*4 ,! ,ca?olic cate*ism says3 ,l',eglise e/ la socit des fidles tablie p> ,n4-,s4 ,jsus-,*ri/1 rp&ue sur t\te la t]re et s\mise l'autorit de pa/eurs lgitimes1 pr9cipalem5t notre ,s4-,p4 le pape1--mean+ by pa/eurs lgitimes1#c a human in/itution made up ( a numb] ( m5 b\nd toge!r by a c]ta9 organization ( :i* ! ,pope is ! head4 #c ,! ,*ur* is ! society ( ! fai?ful1 e/abli%$ by our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 subject to ! au?ority ( its lawful pa/ors & our holy fa!r ! ,pope4 ,! ,or?odox cate*ism says3 ,our ,*ur* is a society e/abli%$ on e>? by ,jesus ,*ri/1 unit$ by ! div9e doctr9e & ! sacram5ts "u ! gov]nm5t & direction ( a hi]>*y e/abli%$ by ! ,"l1--^? words1 e/abli%$ by ! ,"l1 signify+ a ,greek hi]>*y1 compos$ ( c]ta9 m5 :o are orda9$ to fill c]ta9 places4 ,! ,lu!ran cate*ism says3 ,our ,*ur* is a holy ,*ri/ian society ( believ]s "u ,*ri/1 our ,ma/]1 9 :i* ! ,holy ,gho/1 by means ( ! ,bible & ! sacram5ts1 (f]s1 communicates1 & disp5ses ! div9e salvation1--mean+ by t1 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is 9 error1 & has fall5 away f grace1 & t ! g5u9e tradition has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,prote/antism4 ,= ,ca?olics ! div9e ,*ur* is id5tifi$ ) ! ,pope & ! ,roman hi]>*y4 ,= ! ,or?odox x is id5tifi$ ) ! in/itution ( ! ,ea/]n & ,russian hi]>*y4#d ,= ,lu!rans ! div9e ,*ur* signifies a congregation ( m5 :o ackn[l$ge ! ,bible & ! ,lu!ran cate*ism4 #d ,! def9ition ( ,homiakov1 :i* _h a c]ta9 success among ! ,russians1 does n help ! case1 if "o believes ) him t ! ,or?odox is ! only true ,*ur*4 ,homiakov ass]ts t a *ur* is a society ( m5 7)\t di/9ction betwe5 ! ecclesia/ics & ! laity7 unit$ by love1 & to :om ! tru? is reveal$ 7,let u love "o ano!r1 t we may unanim\sly pr(ess1 etc471 & t su* a *ur* is1 9 ! fir/ place1 "o t pr(esses ! ,nic5e cre$1 &1 secondly1 "o :i*1 aft] ! division ( ! *ur*es1 refus$ to recognize ! au?ority ( ! ,pope & ! new dogmas4 ,) su* a def9ition z ?is1 ! difficulty ( id5tify+ a *ur* :i* is unit$ by love ) a *ur* pr(ess+ ! ,nic5e cre$1 & ! accuracy ( ,photius1 z ,homiakov w\ld h x1 is /ill great]4 ,h5ce ! /atem5t ( ,homiakov t ?is *ur* unit$ by love1 & !re=e holy1 is ! same z t ( ! ,greek hi]>*y1 is /ill m arbitr>y ?an ! ass]tions ( ! ,ca?olics & ! old ,greek ,or?odox believ]s4 ,if we admit ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur* accord+ to ! idea ( ,homiakov1 t is1 z a society ( m5 unit$ by love & tru?1 !n all t any man c say 9 reg>d to x1 is t x w\ld be mo/ desirable to be a memb] ( t society1--if su* an "o exi/s1--t is1 to live 9 ! _s ( love & tru?2 b !re are no outw>d manife/ations by :i* "o c\ld ei!r ackn[l$ge "o's self1 or recognize o!rs z memb]s ( ?is holy society1 or exclude "o's self f x1 = !re is no outw>d in/itution to be f\nd :i* corresponds to t idea4 ,:5 ^? :o belong to any "o ( ! exi/+ *ur*es speak ( ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y g5]ally use ! ^w *ur* 9 ! s+ul>1 z ?\gh !re _h nev] be5 b "o *ur*4 ,?is is q unfair4 ,! ,*ur*1 :i* z an in/itution decl>es itself to be ! depository ( infallible tru?1 did n arise until !re 7 already two4 ,:ile ! fai?ful /ill agre$ among !mselves1 ! congregation 0 unit$1 & !re 0 no occasion = call+ itself a *ur*4 ,x 0 only :5 x sep>at$ into two ho/ile p>ties t ea* p>ty felt oblig$ to ass]t its possession ( ! tru? by claim+ infallibility4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! controv]sies betwe5 ! two p>ties1 :ile ea* "o claim$ infallibility = itself & decl>$ its oppon5t h]etical1 arose ! idea ( ! "o *ur*4 ,we "k t !re 0 a *ur* 9 ! ye> #ea1 :i* grant$ ! admission ( ! uncircumcis$1 & we "k x only because !re 0 ano!r1 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 :i* d5i$ _! "r to memb]%ip4 ,if at ! pres5t "t !re is a ,ca?olic ,*ur* :i* ass]ts its infallibility1 x is because !re are o!r *ur*es1 namely1 ! ,greek ,or?odox & ! ,lu!ran1 ea* "o ass]t+ its own infallibility1 & ?us dis[n+ all o!r *ur*es4 ,h5ce ! idea ( "o *ur* is b ! product ( ! imag9ation1 conta9+ n a %ad[ ( reality4 ,x is an hi/orical fact t !re h exi/$1 & /ill cont9ue to exi/1 num]\s bodies1 ea* "o ( :om ma9ta9s itself to be ! true ,*ur* e/abli%$ by ,*ri/1 decl>+ at ! same "t t all ! o!rs :o call !mselves *ur*es are h]etical & s*ismatic4 ,! cate*isms ( ^? *ur*es :i* possess ! greate/ numb] ( communicants1 ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,or?odox1 & ! ,lu!ran1 express ?is 9 ! pla9e/ language4 ,! ,ca?olic cate*ism says3 ,quels sont ceux qui sont hors de l',eglise8 ,les infidles1 hrtiques1 et s*ismatiques4#e ,by s*ismatics x means ! s-call$ ,or?odox1 & by h]etics ! ,lu!rans2 s t1 accord+ to ! ,ca?olic cate*ism1 ! ,*ur* is compos$ only ( ,ca?olics4 #e ,:o are ^? outside ! ,*ur*8 ,! infidels1 h]etics1 & s*ismatics4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,or?odox cate*ism x says3 ,! "n ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ means only ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 :i* has rema9$ 9 p]fect union ) ! univ]sal ,*ur*4 ,z to ! ,roman ,*ur* & ! ,prote/ant cre$s 7!y are n ev5 call$ a *ur*71 !y _c belong to ! "o true ,*ur*1 = !y h sep>at$ !mselves f x4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition ! ,ca?olics & ! ,prote/ants are outside ( ! ,*ur*1 & only ! ,or?odox are 9 x4 ,! ,lu!ran cate*ism says3 ,die wahre ,kir*e wird d>e9 erkannt1 das 9 ihr das ,wort ,gottes laut] und re9 ohne ,m5s*5zusetzung gelehrt und die ,sacram5t5 treu na* ,*ri/ ,e9setzung gew>tet w]d54#f #f ,!reby may be ! true ,*ur* kn[n t 9 x ! ^w ( ,god is taught pla9ly & cle>ly1 )\t human additions1 & t sacram5ts are adm9i/]$ fai?fully accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 ^? :o h add$ any?+ :atsoev] to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ! apo/les1 z ! ,ca?olic & ,greek ,*ur*es h done1 are outside ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,lu!rans alone are 9 x4 ,! ,ca?olics ass]t t ! ,holy ,gho/ dwells p]petually ) _! hi]>*y2 ! ,or?odox ass]t t ! same ,holy ,gho/ resides also ) !m2 ! ,arians claim t ! ,holy ,gho/ manife/s itself to !m 7& !y h ! same "r to ass]t ?is z h ! prevail+ religions ( ! pres5t day72 all ! d5om9ations ( ,prote/ants--,lu!rans1 ,re=m$ ,presbyt]ians1 ,me?odi/s1 ,sw$5borgians1 & ,mormons--ass]t t ! ,holy ,gho/ manife/s itself only ) !m4 ,if ! ,ca?olics ass]t t ! ,holy ,gho/ dur+ ! sep>ation ( ! ,arian & ,greek ,*ur*es )drew f ! sep>at+ *ur*es & rema9$ 9 ! "o true ,*ur*1 !n ! ,prote/ants ( any d5om9ation :atsoev] may ass]t ) z mu* "r t dur+ ! sep>ation ( _! ,*ur* f ! ,ca?olic1 ! ,holy ,gho/ left ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ent]$ into _! own4 ,& ?is is exactly :at !y d say4 ,e *ur* pr(esses to d]ive its cre$ by an unbrok5 tradition f ,*ri/ & ! apo/les4 ,& c]ta9ly e ,*ri/ian cre$ d]iv$ f ,*ri/ mu/ h rea*$ ! pres5t g5]ation ?r\gh tradition ( "s sort4 ,b ?is is no pro( t any "o ( ^! traditions embodies infallible tru?1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,e bran* proce$s f ! root )\t int]ruption2 b ! fact t ea* "o comes f "o root1 by no means proves x to be ! only bran*4 ,& s x is 9 reg>d to ! *ur*es4 ,! pro(s :i* ea* *ur* (f]s ( its apo/olic succession1 & ! miracles :i* are to prove its au!nticity1 are ! same 9 e case2 consequ5tly !re is b "o exact def9ition ( :at is call$ a *ur* 7n ! imag9>y *ur* :i* we may desire1 b ! actual *ur* :i* has really exi/$74 ,! ,*ur* is a body ( m5 :i* lays claim to ! exclusive possession ( ! tru?4 ,all ^! v>i\s societies :i* 7 aft]w>d trans=m$ by ,/ate au?ority into p[]ful organizations h really be5 ! *ief ob/acles to ! diffusion ( true ,*ri/ianity4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise3 = ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ f ^? ( e>li] times is t ! m5 :o accept$ x /rove to und]/& & to fulfil x m & m p]fectly2 :]eas ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* affirm$ t x 0 already ?or\ghly und]/ood & also fulfill$4 ,h[ev] /range ?is may seem to u1 re>$ z we h be5 9 ! false doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 z if x 7 a ,*ri/ian in/itution1 & taught to despise h]esy1 x is nev]!less 9 t :i* m5 call h]esy t true progress1 t is1 true ,*ri/ianity1 0 manife/$1 & x only ceas$ to be su* :5 ^! h]esies 7 *eck$1 & x 01 s to speak1 /amp$ ) ! immutable impr9t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:at1 !n1 is h]esy8 ,read all ! !ological works :i* treat ( h]esies1 ( t subject :i* above all o!rs calls = an exact def9ition1 = e !ologian speaks ( ! true doctr9e 9 ! mid/ ( ! false ones by :i* x is surr\nd$1 & n[h]e w y f9d ev5 ! %ad[ ( a def9ition ( h]esy4 ,z an in/ance ( ! complete abs5ce ( ! def9ition ( :at is und]/ood by ! ^w h]esy1 we w quote ! op9ion ( a le>n$ ,*ri/ian hi/orian1 ,e4 de ,press5s 9 ,hi/oire du ,dogme1 ) its epigraph1 ,ubi ,*ri/us1 ibi ,ecclesia 7,p>is1 #ahfi74 ,?is is :at he says 9 8 preface 7p4 #d73-- ,i "k t !y dispute our "r to qualify ?us 7t is1 to pron\nce !m h]etical7 ! t5d5cies :i* 7 s actively resi/$ by ! e>ly ,fa!rs4 ,! v "n ( h]esy seems an attack ^u lib]ty ( consci5ce & ?\ght4 ,we _c %>e ^! scruples1 = !y w\ld simply deprive ,*ri/ianity ( any individual "*4 ,& hav+ said t aft] ,con/ant9e ! ,*ur* did 9 fact abuse its au?ority to describe ! diss5t]s z h]etics & to p]secute !m1 he says1 9 speak+ ( ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity3 ,! ,*ur* is a free association2 !re is an advantage to be ga9$ 9 sep>at+ f x4 ,! controv]sy aga9/ error is bas$ on feel+s & ideas2 no uni=m body ( dogma has z yet be5 adopt$2 diff]5ces ( second>y importance appe> 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ) p]fect fre$om2 !ology is n limit$ by unalt]able =mulas4 ,if amid ^! v>y+ op9ions a common gr\ndwork ( fai? is disc]n$1 h we n ! "r to see 9 ?is1 n a def9ite sy/em devis$ & =mulat$ by ! repres5tatives ( a s*ool1 b fai? itself 9 its mo/ un]r+ in/9ct & spontane\s manife/ation8 ,if ?is v unanimity :i* is reveal$ 9 ! ess5tial matt]s ( fai? is f\nd to be antagoni/ic to c]ta9 t5d5cies1 h we n ! "r to inf] t ^! t5d5cies disagre$ ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,w n ?is supposition become a c]ta9ty if we recognize 9 ! doctr9e reject$ by ! ,*ur* ! *>act]i/ic features ( "o ( ! religions ( ! pa/8 ,if we admit t gno/icism or ebionitism are legitimate =ms ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 we mu/ boldly decl>e t ,*ri/ian ?\ght does n exi/1 nor does x possess any specific *>act]i/ic by :i* x may be recogniz$4 ,we %\ld de/roy x ev5 :ile pret5d+ to enl>ge its limits4 ,9 ! "t ( ,plato no "o w\ld h d>$ to advocate a doctr9e :i* w\ld leave no room = ! !ory ( ideas1 & he w\ld h be5 subject$ to ! well-des]v$ ridicule ( ,greece1 if he attempt$ to make ( ,epicurus or ( ,z5o a disciple ( ! ,academy4 ,let u !n admit t if !re exi/s a religion or a doctr9e call$ ,*ri/ianity1 x may h its h]esies4 ,! writ]'s argum5t am\nts to ?is1 t e op9ion :i* does n accord ) ! code ( dogmas t we h pr(ess$ at any giv5 "t1 is a h]esy4 ,at a c]ta9 "t & 9 a c]ta9 place m5 make a c]ta9 pr(ession1 b ?is pr(ession c nev] be a fix$ crit]ion ( ! tru?4 ,all is summ$ up 9 ! ,ubi ,*ri/us1 ibi ,ecclesia1 & ,*ri/ is :]ev] we are4 ,e s-call$ h]esy :i* claims t :at x pr(esses is ! actual tru?1 may likewise f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* a consi/5t explanation ( ! fai? x pr(esses1 & apply all ! argum5ts to its own use4 ,press5s simply calls 8 own cre$ ,*ri/ian tru?1 precisely z e h]etical sect has done4 ,! prim>y def9ition ( ! ^w h]esy 7! ^w means a "p7 is ! "n giv5 by a society ( m5 to any op9ion contradict+ any "p ( ! doctr9e pr(ess$ by ! society4 ,a m specific mean+ is an expression ( an op9ion :i* d5ies ! tru? ( ! cre$1 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by ! temporal p[]4 ,!re is a rem>kable1 al?\gh little kn[n1 "w entitl$ ,unp>!yis*e ,kir*5 und ,ketz]-,hi/orie1 #agbi1 by ,gottfri$ ,arnold1 :i* treats ( ?is subject1 & po9ts out ! illegality1 ! p]v]sity1 ! lack ( s5se1 & ! cruelty ( employ+ ! ^w h]esy 9 ! s5se ( refutation4 ,?is book is an attempt to relate ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! =m ( a hi/ory ( h]esies4 ,9 8 introduction ! au?or asks a s]ies ( que/ions3 7#a7 ,( ^? :o make h]etics 7,von d55 ,ketz]ma*]n selb/72 7#b7 ,( ^? :o h become h]etics2 7#c7 ,( ! subjects ( h]esy2 7#d7 ,( ! ways ( mak+ h]etics2 & 7#e7 ,( ! aims & consequ5ces ( ! mak+ ( h]etics4 ,to ea* ( ^! po9ts he adds scores ( o!r que/ions1 giv+ ! answ]s f ! works ( well-kn[n !ologians1 b pr9cipally leav+ x to ! read] to draw 8 own d$uctions f ! cont5ts ( ! book4 ,z in/ances ( que/ions :i* are to a c]ta9 ext5t _! own answ]s ,i w quote ! foll[+3--,conc]n+ ! #d? "q1 ( ! me?ods = mak+ h]etics1 he asks 9 "o ( ! que/ions 7! #g?73 ,does n all hi/ory t5d to %[ u t ! greate/ mak]s ( h]etics1 ! adepts 9 ! art1 7 ^? v wiseacres f :om ! ,fa!r conceal$ 8 secrets--t is1 ! hypocrites1 ! ,ph>isees1 & ! ,scribes1 or utt]ly godless & evil-m9d$ m58 7,"q #bj-ba7 ,& 9 ! corrupt$ times ( ,*ri/ianity did n ! hypocrites & envi\s ones reject ! v m51 tal5t$ & especially indors$ by ! ,"l1 :o w\ld h be5 highly e/eem$ 9 p]iods ( pure ,*ri/ianity8 7#ba7 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld n ^? m5 :o dur+ ! decad5ce ( ,*ri/ianity rose above all o!rs1 & set !mselves up z tea*]s ( ! pure/ ,*ri/ianity1 w\ld n !y1 dur+ ! times ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/ & 8 disciples1 h be5 consid]$ z ! %ameful h]etics & anti-,*ri/ians8 ,among o!r ?+s1 :ile express+ ! idea t ! v]bal decl>ation ( ! ess5ce ( fai? :i* 0 requir$ by ! ,*ur*1 ! abjuration ( :i* 0 reg>d$ z a h]esy1 c\ld nev] cov] all ! ideas & beliefs ( ! fai?ful1 & t h5ce ! requirem5t t fai? %all be express$ by a c]ta9 =mula ( words is ! imm$iate cause ( h]esy1 he says 9 ! #ba/ "q3-- ,& suppos+ t holy acts & ?\ghts appe> to a man s high & s pr(\nd t he f9ds no adequate words :]e) to convey !m1 %\ld he be consid]$ a h]etic if he is unable to =mulate 8 conception8 7#cc7 ,& 0 n ?is ! reason :y !re 7 no h]esies 9 ! e>ly times ( ,*ri/ianity1 because ,*ri/ians judg$ ea* o!r1 n by _! words1 b by _! he>ts & by _! de$s1 enjoy+ a p]fect fre$om ( expression1 )\t ! fe> ( be+ call$ h]etic8 ,0 x n "o ( ! conv5i5t & easie/ me?ods ( ! ,*ur*1 he asks 9 ! #ca/ "q1 :5 ! ecclesia/ics wi%$ to rid !mselves ( any "o1 or ru9 8 reputation1 to excite suspicion 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e he held1 & by inve/+ him 9 ! g>m5t ( h]esy1 condemn & ca/ him out8 ,al?\gh x is true t among s-call$ h]etics s9s & errors h be5 committ$1 x is no less true1 z ! num]\s examples "h quot$ be> te/imony 7t is to say1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & ( h]esies71 t !re has nev] be5 a s9c]e & consci5ti\s man ( any importance ^: safety has n be5 endang]$ ?r\gh ! envy ( ! ecclesia/ics4 ,?is 0 ! int]pretation ( h]esy almo/ #bjj ye>s ago1 & ! same mean+ is atta*$ to x to-day1 & s long z ! idea ( ! ,*ur* %all exi/ x w nev] *ange4 ,:]e ! ,*ur* exi/s !re mu/ also exi/ ! idea ( h]esy4 ,! ,*ur* is a body ( m5 claim+ possession ( indisputable tru?4 ,a h]esy is ! op9ion ( m5 :o d n ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( ! ,*ur* to be indisputable4 ,h]esy is ! manife/ation ( a movem5t 9 ! ,*ur*2 x is an attempt to de/roy ! immutable ass]tion ( ! ,*ur*1 ! attempt ( a liv+ appreh5sion ( ! doctr9e4 ,ea* advance t has be5 made t[>d ! compreh5sion & ! practice ( ! doctr9e has be5 accompli%$ by h]etics3 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,augu/9e1 & ,lu!r1 ,huss1 ,savon>ola1 ,hel*itsky1 & o!rs 7 all h]etics4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,a disciple ( ,*ri/1 :o possesses an ev] gr[+ s5se ( ! doctr9e & ( its progressive fulfilm5t z x advances t[>d p]fection1 _c1 ei!r = himself or o!rs1 affirm1 simply because he is a disciple ( ,*ri/1 t he und]/&s & practises ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ to its fulle/ ext5t2 /ill less c\ld he affirm ?is 9 reg>d to any body ( m54 ,to :atsoev] /ate ( compreh5sion & p]fection he may h arriv$1 he mu/ always feel ! inadequacy bo? ( 8 conception & ( its application1 & mu/ ev] /rive = some?+ m satisfactory4 ,& !re=e to claim = "o's self1 or = any body ( m5 :atsoev]1 ! possession ( a complete appreh5sion & practice ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is 9 direct contradiction to ! _s ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e itself4 ,h[ev] /range ?is /atem5t may appe>1 e *ur*1 z a *ur*1 has always be51 & always mu/ be1 an in/itution n only =eign1 b absolutely ho/ile1 to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,x is n )\t reason t ,voltaire call$ x l'infme2 x is n )\t reason t all s-call$ ,*ri/ian sects believe ! ,*ur* to be ! ,sc>let ,woman prophesi$ by ! ,revelation2 x is n )\t reason t ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* is ! hi/ory ( cruelties & horrors4 ,*ur*es 9 !mselves are1 z "s p]sons believe1 in/itutions bas$ ^u a ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 f :i* !y h deviat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b consid]$ 9 ! light ( *ur*es1 ( bodies ( m5 claim+ infallibility1 !y are anti-,*ri/ian in/itutions4 ,betwe5 *ur*es 9 ! ecclesia/ical s5se & ,*ri/ianity1 n only is !re no?+ 9 common except ! "n1 b !y are two utt]ly contradictory & ho/ile elem5ts4 ,"o is pride1 viol5ce1 self-ass]tion1 in]tia1 & dea?4 ,! o!r is meekness1 rep5tance1 submission1 activity1 & life4 ,no man c s]ve ^! two ma/]s at ! same "t2 he mu/ *oose ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,! s]vants ( ! *ur*es ( e cre$1 especially 9 ^! mod]n times1 /rive to repres5t !mselves z ! p>tisans ( progress 9 ,*ri/ianity2 !y make concessions1 !y try to correct ! abuses t h crept into ! ,*ur*1 & prote/ t x is wrong to d5y ! pr9ciple ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* on acc\nt ( ^! abuses1 because x is only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,*ur* t unity c be obta9$1 & t ! ,*ur* is ! only m$iator betwe5 ,god & man4 ,all ?is is untrue4 ,s f> f fo/]+ ! _s ( unity1 ! *ur*es h ev] be5 ! fruitful s\rce ( human enmity1 ( hatr$1 w>s1 conflicts1 inquisitions1 ,eves ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & s on2 nei!r d ! *ur*es act z ! m$iators betwe5 ,god & man1--an (fice1 moreov]1 q unnecess>y1 & directly =bidd5 by ,*ri/ himself1 :o has reveal$ 8 doctr9e unto ea* individual2 x is b ! dead =mula1 & n ! liv+ ,god1 :i* ! *ur*es (f] to man1 & :i* s]ves r to increase ?an dim9i% ! di/ance betwe5 man & 8 ,creator4 ,! *ur*es1 :i* 7 f\nd$ ^u a misconception1 & :i* pres]ve ?is misconception by _! immutability1 mu/ ( necessity h>ass & p]secute any new conception1 because !y "k1 h[ev] !y may try to conceal x1 t e advance along ! road indicat$ by ,*ri/ is und]m9+ _! own exi/5ce4 ,:5ev] "o reads or li/5s to ! essays & s]mons 9 :i* ecclesia/ical writ]s ( mod]n times belong+ to ! v>i\s cre$s discuss ! ,*ri/ian tru?s & virtues1 :5 "o he>s & reads ^! artificial argum5ts1 ^! exhortations1 ^! pr(essions ( fai?1 elaborat$ ?r\gh c5turies1 t n[ & !n s\nd s9c]e1 "o is almo/ ready to d\bt if ! *ur*es c be inimical to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x _c be possible t m5 l ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,fnelon1 ,butl]1 & o!r ,*ri/ian prea*]s1 c\ld be inimical to x4 ,"o w\ld l to say1 ,! *ur*es may h gone a/ray f ,*ri/ianity1 may h committ$ errors1 b !y _c h be5 ho/ile to x4 ,b "o mu/ fir/ see ! fruit be=e he c "k ! tree1 z ,*ri/ has taught1 & "o sees t _! fruits 7 evil1 t ! result ( _! works has be5 ! di/ortion ( ,*ri/ianity2 & "o _c help conclud+ t1 h[ev] virtu\s ! m5 may h be51 ! cause ( ! *ur* 9 :i* ^! m5 s]v$ 0 n ,*ri/ian4 ,! goodness & virtue ( c]ta9 individuals :o s]v$ ! *ur*es 7 peculi> to !mselves1 & n to ! cause :i* !y s]v$4 ,all ^! excell5t m51 l ,francis ( ,assisi & ,francis de ,sales1 ,ti*on ,zadnsky1 ,?omas ,kempis1 & o!rs1 7 good m51 ev5 ?\gh !y s]v$ a cause ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity2 & !y w\ld h be5 /ill m *>itable & m exempl>y _h !y n yield$ ob$i5ce to false doctr9es4 ,b :y d we speak (1 or sit 9 judgm5t on1 ! pa/1 :i* may be falsely repres5t$1 & is1 9 any ev5t1 b little kn[n to u8 ,! *ur*es1 ) _! pr9ciples & _! works1 are n ( ! pa/2 we h !m ) u to-day1 & c judge !m by _! works & by _! influ5ce ov] m54 ,:at1 !n1 con/itutes _! p[]8 ,h[ d !y influ5ce m58 ,:at is _! "w 9 ! ,greek1 ! ,ca?olic1 & 9 all ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations8 & :at are ! consequ5ces ( su* "w8 ,! "w ( our ,russian s-call$ ,or?odox ,*ur* is visible to all4 ,x is a factor ( prim>y importance1 :i* c nei!r be conceal$ nor disput$4 ,9 :at mann] is ! activity ( ! ,russian ,*ur* display$1--t va/ in/itution :i* labors ) s mu* zeal1 t in/itution :i* numb]s among its s]vants half a million ( m51 & co/s ! p t5s ( millions8 ,! activity ( ! ,*ur* consi/s 9 =c+1 by e means 9 its p[]1 ^u ! "o hundr$ millions ( ,russian p1 ^? antiquat$1 "t-worn beliefs :i* h lo/ all significance1 & :i* 7 =m]ly pr(ess$ by =eign]s1 ) :om we _h no?+ 9 common1 beliefs 9 :i* ne>ly e man has lo/ 8 fai?1 ev5 9 "s cases ^? v m5 ^: duty x is to inculcate !m4 ,! endeavor to =ce ^u ! p ^? =mulas ( ! ,byzant9e cl]gy1 m>vel\s to !m & s5seless to u1 conc]n+ ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,virg91 ! sacram5ts1 grace1 & s =?1 embraces "o prov9ce ( ! activity ( ! ,russian ,*ur*2 ano!r function is ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to idolatry1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w3 ! v5]ation ( holy relics & holy images1 ! sacrifices (f]$ to !m 9 ! fai? t !y w he> & grant pray]s4 ,i w pass ov] 9 sil5ce :at is writt5 9 ! ecclesia/ical magaz9es by ! cl]gy :o possess a semblance ( le>n+ & lib]ality1 & w speak only ( :at is really done by ! cl]gy ?r\gh\t ! imm5se ext5t ( ,russia1 among its "o hundr$ millions ( inhabitants4 ,:at is x t is taught to ! p ) su* unremitt+ pa9s & endeavor1 & ) s mu* e>ne/ness8 ,:at is requir$ ( !m = ! sake ( ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian religion8 ,i w />t at ! beg9n+1 ) ! bir? ( ! *ild4 ,:5 a *ild is born1 we are taught t a pray] mu/ be read ov] ! "m & *ild1 9 ord] to purify !m1 = )\t t pray] ! "m rema9s unclean4 ,= t purpose1 & fac+ ! ikons ( ! sa9ts1 :om ! common p simply call gods1 ! prie/ takes ! infant 9 8 arms1 reads ! exhortation1 & by t means he is suppos$ to cleanse ! "m4 ,!n ! p>5ts are in/ruct$1 nay1 ev5 ord]$1 "u p5alty ( puni%m5t 9 ! ev5t ( non-compliance1 to *ri/5 ! *ild--t is1 to let ! prie/ imm]se x ?ree times 9 ! wat]1 :ile words un9telligible to all pres5t are read1 & /ill less intelligible c]emonies are p]=m$1 su* z ! application ( oil to diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 ! cutt+ ( ! hair1 ! bl[+ & spitt+ ( ! sponsors at ! imag9>y devil4 ,all ?is is necess>y to cleanse ! *ild1 & make a ,*ri/ian ( him4 ,!n ! p>5ts are told t ! *ild mu/ receive ! holy sacram5t--t is1 he is to swall[1 9 ! =m ( bread & w9e1 a p>ticle ( ! body ( ,*ri/1 by :i* means ! *ild w receive ! bless+ ( ,*ri/1 & s on4 ,!n !y are told t z ! *ild gr[s x mu/ be taught to pray1 :i* means t he is to /& 9 front ( bo>ds ^u :i* ! faces ( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 & ! sa9ts are pa9t$1 b[ 8 head & body1 :ile ) 8 "r h&1 8 f+]s be+ fold$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 he t\*es 8 =ehead1 8 %\ld]s1 & 8 /oma*1 & utt]s c]ta9 ,slavonic words1 ! commone/ ( :i*1 ^? :i* all *ildr5 le>n1 are ! foll[+3 ,"m ( ,god1 444 ,virg91 rejoice1 etc4 ,!n ! *ild is taught t he mu/ repeat ?is--t is1 t he mu/ make ! sign ( ! cross :5ev] he sees a *ur* or an ikon4 ,fur!rmore1 he is taught t on a holiday 7holidays are ei!r ! day on :i* ,*ri/ 0 born1 al?\gh no "o kn[s :5 t took place1 or ! day ( 8 circumcision1 or t on :i* ! ,virg9 di$1 or :5 ! cross or ! ikon 0 br\ght1 or :5 "s fanatic beheld a vision1 etc47 he %\ld array himself 9 8 be/ clo!s1 g to *ur*1 buy c&les1 & set !m up be=e ! ikons ( ! sa9ts1 give to ! prie/ memor&a be>+ ! names ( ! dead :o are to be pray$ =1 receive bread ) triangul> pieces cut out ( x1 pray repeat$ly = ! heal? & welf>e ( ! ,cz> & bi%ops1 z well z = himself & 8 own affairs1 & !n kiss ! cross & ! h& ( ! prie/4 ,?us is he taught to pray2 & besides ?is1 he is also taught t he mu/ p]=m 8 devotions once a ye>4 ,to p]=m "o's devotions means to g to *ur* & tell "o's s9s to ! prie/1 x be+ assum$ t ?is recital ( "o's s9s to a /rang] w h a purify+ effect on a man2 !n he is to swall[ a spoonful ( bread & w9e1 :i* w purify him /ill m4 ,moreov]1 m5 are told t if a man & woman desire to h _! sexual relation sanctifi$ !y mu/ come to *ur*1 put cr[ns ( metal ^u _! heads1 swall[ "s w9e1 walk ?ree times r\nd a table1 accompani$ by ! s\nd ( s++1 & ?is w make _! sexual relation holy & entirely diff]5t f any o!rs4 ,9 daily life ! obs]vation ( ! foll[+ rules is enjo9$3 to eat no meat nor dr9k no milk on c]ta9 days1 to say ,te ,deums & ,requiems on c]ta9 o!r days1 to invite ! prie/ to "o's h\se on holidays & pres5t him ) money2 to take f ! *ur* sev]al times a ye> bo>ds ^u :i* are pa9t$ ! images ( ! sa9ts1 & to c>ry !m on t[els ?r\gh fields & h\ses4 ,be=e dea? a man mu/ )\t fail receive a spoonful ( bread & w9e2 & if !re be "t to be ano9t$ ) oil1 t is /ill bett]1 = x insures 8 welf>e 9 ! future life4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 relatives are told t1 9 ord] to save 8 s\l1 x is well to place 9 8 h& a pr9t$ pray]2 x is also a good ?+ to read a c]ta9 book ov] ! dead1 & = 8 "n to be m5tion$ 9 *ur* at /at$ times4 ,?is is :at con/itutes e man's religi\s obligation4 ,b if any "o wi%es to take a special c>e ( 8 s\l1 ?is cre$ tea*es t ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess may be secur$ 9 ! next _w by bequea?+ money = *ur*es & mona/]ies1 !reby oblig+ ! sa9ts to pray = "o4 ,accord+ to ?is fai? x is also well to visit mona/]ies & kiss ! miracul\s ikons & ! relics4 ,^! are believ$ to imp>t a peculi> hol9ess1 /r5g?1 & grace2 & to be ne> ^! objects1 z "o mu/ be 9 kiss+ !m1 plac+ tap]s be=e !m1 crawl+ "u !m1 & repeat+ ,te ,deums be=e !m1 greatly promotes salvation4 ,& ?is is ! fai? call$ ,or?odox1 ?is is ! true fai?1 ! "o :i*1 "u ! g>b ( a ,*ri/ian religion1 has be5 en]getically taught to ! p = _m c5turies1 & is inculcat$ at ! pres5t "t m vigor\sly ?an ev]4 ,let x n be said t ! ,or?odox tea*]s look ^u all ?is z an anci5t =m ( fai? :i* x 0 n consid]$ wor? :ile to aboli%1 & t ! ess5ce ( ! doctr9e abides else:]e4 ,?is is n ! tru?4 ,?r\gh\t ,russia1 & lately ) increas$ en]gy1 ! entire ,russian cl]gy tea*es ?is fai?1 & ?is alone4 ,no?+ else is taught4 ,m5 may write ab\t o!r doctr9es & discuss !m 9 ! capitals1 b among ! hundr$ million inhabitants ?is1 & only ?is1 is taught4 ,! ecclesia/ics may discuss o!r doctr9es1 b only ?is is :at is taught4 ,all ?is--! wor%ip ( relics & %r9es--is includ$ 9 !ology & ! cate*ism2 ! p are c>efully in/ruct$ 9 all ?is1 !oretically & practically1 by e k9d ( solemnity1 spl5dor1 au?ority1 & viol5ce2 ! p are compell$ to believe 9 x all2 !y are hypnotiz$1 & ! fai? is jeal\sly gu>d$ aga9/ any attempt to deliv] !m f ^! fooli% sup]/itions4 ,z ,i said 9 my book1 ,i h dur+ ! c\rse ( _m ye>s _h frequ5t opportunities to rem>k ! ridicule & rude je/s t h be5 appli$ to ,*ri/'s words & doctr9e1 & ! ecclesia/ics n only fail$ to condemn x1 !y ev5 enc\rag$ ?is sc(f+2 b let a man v5ture to say "o disrespectful ^w ( ! ugly idol call$ ! ,iv]skaya1#g sacrilegi\sly c>ri$ ar\nd ,mosc[ by intoxicat$ m51 & a groan ( indignation w rise f ^! same ,or?odox ecclesia/ics4 ,9 fact1 x is only an ext]nal wor%ip 9 ! =m ( idolatry t is propagat$4 ,& let x n be said t ! "o does n exclude ! o!r1 t ,all !re=e :atsoev] !y bid y obs]ve1 t obs]ve & d2 b d n ye aft] _! works3 = !y say1 & d n 7,mat!w xxiii4 #c74 ,?is is said conc]n+ ! ,ph>isees1 :o fulfill$ all ! outw>d comm&s ( ! law1 & !re=e ! words1 :atsoev] !y bid y obs]ve1 t obs]ve & d1 ref] to acts ( b5evol5ce & *>ity2 :]eas ! words1 d n ye aft] _! works1 = !y say & d n1 ref] to _! obs]vances ( ! rites & _! indiff]5ce to works ( *>ity1 & directly contradicts ! cl]ical int]pretation ( ?is passage1 :i* expla9s x z a comm&m5t :i* has to d only ) ! rites4 ,an ext]nal wor%ip is h>dly compatible ) ! s]vice ( *>ity & tru?2 "o is apt to exclude ! o!r4 ,x 0 s ) ! ,ph>isees1 & ! same may be said ( our pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians4 #g ,! ikon ( ! ,virg9 :i* /&s 9 a *apel 9 ! he>t ( ,mosc[1 & :i* is ! object ( a special v5]ation to ! ,russians4--,,tr4 ,if a man is to be sav$ by r$emption1 ! sacram5ts1 & pray]1 good works are no long] ( any value to him4 ,x mu/ be ei!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! ,cr$o4 ,no man c believe 9 bo?1 & ! ecclesia/ics h *os5 ! latt]4 ,! ,cr$o is taught & recit$ z a pray] 9 ! *ur*es1 :ile ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is exclud$ ev5 f selections f ! ,bible :i* are read 9 *ur*es1 s t ! congregation nev] he> x1 except on ! days :5 ! entire ,bible is read4 ,x is inevitable2 ! m5 :o c believe t a cruel & unreasonable ,god _h condemn$ humanity to et]nal dea? & sacrific$ 8 own ,son1 & :o _h de/9$ a c]ta9 portion ( mank9d to ev]la/+ torture1 _c believe 9 a ,god ( love4 ,a man :o believes 9 ,god1 9 ! ,*ri/ :o is com+ 9 8 glory to judge & puni% ! dead & ! liv+1 _c believe 9 a ,*ri/ :o comm&s u to turn ! o!r *eek to ! (f5d]1 :o =bids u to sit 9 judgm5t1 & :o bids u to =give our enemies & to love !m4 ,a man :o believes 9 ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! hol9ess ( ,david1 :o on 8 dea?b$ ord]$ ! murd] ( an old man :o _h (f5d$ him1 & :om he c\ld n kill himself because he 0 b\nd by an oa? 7#a ,k+s ii4 #h1i71 & _m o!r horrors ( a simil> "*1 9 :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t ab\nds1 _c believe 9 ! moral law ( ,*ri/2 a man :o believes 9 ! doctr9e & s]mons ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e9 ! practice ( w> & ! p5alty ( dea? are reconcil$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 _c believe 9 ! bro!rhood ( humanity4 ,b1 above all1 a man :o believes 9 salvation ?r\gh fai?1 9 r$emption1 & 9 ! sacram5ts1 _c /rive ) all 8 might to live up to ! moral precepts ( ,*ri/4 ,a man :o has be5 taught by ! ,*ur* ! sacrilegi\s doctr9e t he is to be sav$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 m$ium1 & n by 8 own ef=ts1 w surely h rec\rse to t m$ium2 he w n tru/ to 8 own ef=ts1 on :i*1 he has be5 assur$1 x is s9ful to rely4 ,e ,*ur*1 ) its doctr9es ( r$emption & salvation1 & above all1 ! ,or?odox fai?1 ) its idolatry1 excludes ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/4 ,b x is said1 ,?is has always be5 ! fai? ( ! p1 & t !y w cont9ue to hold x is prov$ by ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,russian nation4 ,x w\ld be wrong to deprive !m ( _! traditions4 ,h]e9 lies ! fallacy4 ,! p1 x is true1 did once ^u a "t pr(ess some?+ l :at is at pres5t pr(ess$ by ! ,*ur*2 b besides ?is wor%ip ( images & relics1 ! p _h always a pr(\nd moral conception ( ,*ri/ianity nev] possess$ by ! ,*ur*1 & only met ) 9 h] noble/ repres5tatives2 b ! p1 9 ! bett] class1 & 9 spite ( ! ob/acles rais$ by ! ,/ate & ! ,*ur*1 h long s9ce ab&on$ ! crud] phase ( belief1 a fact t is prov$ by ! rationali/ic sects t are beg9n+ to spr+ up on e side1 sects t ,russia is fill$ ) at ! pres5t day1 & aga9/ :i* ! ecclesia/ics wage s hopeless a w>f>e4 ,! p are beg9n+ to recognize ! moral1 vital side ( ,*ri/ianity m & m pla9ly4 ,& n[ ! ,*ur* appe>s1 fail+ to give !m a moral support1 b =cibly tea*+ old-"t paganism1--! ,*ur*1 ) its immutable =mulas1 endeavor+ to ?ru/ m5 back into ! gloom f :i* !y are /ruggl+ s e>ne/ly to escape4 ,! ecclesia/ics say3 ,we are tea*+ no?+ new2 x is ! same fai? :i* ! p already hold1 only we tea* x 9 a m p]fect mann]4 ,x is l b9d+ a *ick5 & try+ to put x back into ! %ell f :i* x came4 ,i h (t5 be5 /ruck by ! spectacle1 :i* w\ld be simply absurd 7 n its results s t]rible1 ( m5 travel+1 s to speak1 9 a circle1 deceiv$ & deceiv+1 b :olly unable to escape f ! *>m$ circle4 ,! fir/ "q1 ! fir/ d\bt1 t ent]s ! head ( e ,russian :5 he beg9s to reason1 is a suspicion ( ! miracul\s ikons1 & pr9cipally ( ! relics3 is x true t !y are incorruptible1 & t !y p]=m miracles8 ,hundr$s & ?\s&s ( m5 ask ^! que/ions1 & are at a loss = an answ]1 especially s9ce bi%ops & metropolitans & o!r em95t p]sons kiss bo? ! relics & ! miracul\s images4 ,ask ! bi%ops & o!r p]sonages ( importance :y !y d ?is1 & !y w tell y t !y d x 9 ord] to impress ! masses1 & ! masses d x because ! bi%ops & o!r magnates d x4 ,! activity ( ! ,russian ,*ur*1 despite ! v5e] ( mod]nity & ! sci5tific & spiritual /&>ds :i* its memb]s h begun to e/abli% by _! essays1 _! religi\s reviews1 & _! s]mons1 consi/s n only 9 enc\rag+ ! p 9 a co>se & grotesque idolatry1 b 9 /r5g!n+ & promulgat+ sup]/ition & religi\s ignorance1 & 9 endeavor+ to de/roy ! vital conception ( ,*ri/ianity t exi/s 9 ! p side by side ) ?is idolatry4 ,i rememb] be+ once 9 a book-%op ( ! mona/]y ( ,opt9 ,des]t :ile an old peasant 0 select+ spiritual read+ = 8 educat$ gr&son4 ,! monk 0 (f]+ him a description ( relics1 ( holy days1 ( miracul\s ikons1 ! ,book ( ,psalms1 & ! l4 ,i ask$ ! old man if he _h a ,bible4 ,no1 he repli$4 ,give him a ,russian ,bible1 ,i said to ! monk4 ,we don't sell t to !m1 said ! monk4 ,?is1 9 %ort1 is ! activity ( our ,*ur*4 ,b ! ,european or ,am]ican read] may say1 ,t only happ5s 9 b>b>ic ,russia1 & ! rem>k w be correct1 b only s f> z x applies to ! gov]nm5t1 :i* supports ! ,*ur* to ma9ta9 9 our l& its /upefy+ & demoraliz+ influ5ce4 ,x is true t !re is n[h]e 9 ,europe a gov]nm5t s despotic1 or t is 9 m p]fect accord ) ! e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,!re=e 9 ,russia ! gov]nm5t au?orities play an important "p 9 demoraliz+ ! p2 b x is n true t ! ,russian ,*ur* diff]s f o!r *ur*es 9 respect to its influ5ce ov] ! p4 ,*ur*es are ev]y:]e alike1 & if ! ,ca?olic1 ,anglican1 & ,lu!ran h n at _! beck s submissive a gov]nm5t z ! ,russian1 we may be sure t !y w\ld n fail to take advantage ( x 7 x )9 _! rea*4 ,! ,*ur* z a *ur*1 :e!r x be ,ca?olic1 ,anglican1 ,lu!ran1 or ,presbyt]ian1 or any d5om9ation :atsoev]1 inasmu* z x is a *ur*1 _c help /riv+ aft] ! same object z ! ,russian ,*ur*--namely1 to conceal ! true mean+ ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 & to sub/itute a mean+ ( its own1 :i* imposes no obligations1 :i* excludes ! possibility ( und]/&+ ! true1 liv+ doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 & :i* above all ju/ifies ! exi/5ce ( a prie/hood liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! p4 ,d we n f9d ,ca?olicism ) its prohibition aga9/ read+ ! ,bible1 & ) its dem& = implicit ob$i5ce to ! cl]gy & ! infallible ,pope8 ,:]e9 does ,ca?olicism diff] 9 its prea*+ f ! ,russian ,*ur*8 ,! same ext]nal wor%ip1 ! same relics1 miracles1 & /atues1 miracle-p]=m+ ,madonnas & processions2 ! same vague & my/ical utt]ances conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity 9 books & s]mons1 & all 9 support ( ! grosse/ idolatry4 ,& is x n ! same 9 ! ,anglican or 9 ! ,lu!ran1 or 9 any o!r ,prote/ant d5om9ation ) an e/abli%$ =m ( *ur*8 ,! same dem&s t ! congregation %all ackn[l$ge a belief 9 dogmas :i* 7 def9$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & :i* h lo/ all mean+ = ! m5 ( our "t2 ! same call = idol wor%ip1 if n ( relics or ikons1 at lea/ ( ! ,sabba? & ! lett] ( ! ,bible2 ! same endeavor to conceal ! real requirem5t ( ,*ri/ianity & ! sub/itution ( ext]ior rites1 & cant1 z ! ,engli% s happily def9e ! t5d5cy :i* f9ds su* sway among !m4 ,?is activity is m noticeable 9 ,prote/antism1 because t cre$ has n ev5 ! excuse ( antiquity4 ,& is n ! same ?+ go+ on 9 ! pres5t ,revivalism1 a reg5]at$ ,calv9ism1 :i* has giv5 bir? to ! ,salvation ,army8 ,inasmu* z ! attitude ( all ecclesia/ical dogmas t[>d ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is v mu* ! same1 s are _! me?ods ( a simil> "*4 ,! attitude !y h tak5 obliges !m to make e ef=t to conceal ! doctr9e ( t ,*ri/ 9 ^: "n !y speak4 ,! disp>ity betwe5 ecclesia/ical cre$s & ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is s great t a special ef=t is requir$ to keep mank9d 9 ignorance4 ,inde$1 "o ne$s b to consid] ! position ( any adult1 ,i d n say educat$1 b "o :o has assimilat$ sup]ficially ! curr5t notions conc]n+ geology1 physics1 *emi/ry1 cosmography1 & hi/ory1 :5 = ! fir/ "t he actually reflects on ! fai? impress$ ^u him 9 8 *ildhood1 & ma9ta9$ by ! ,*ur*1 conc]n+ ! creation ( ! _w 9 six days1 ! appe>ance ( light be=e ! sun 0 creat$1 ! /ory ( ,noah's ark & ! animals pres]v$ 9 x1--conc]n+ ,jesus & 8 div9e orig9 z ! ,son ( ,god :o creat$ all ?+s be=e "t exi/$2 t ?is ,god came d[n to e>? because ( ,adam's s92 t he rose f ! dead1 asc5d$ into heav51 & sits on ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r2 t he w come 9 ! cl\ds to judge ! liv+ & ! dead1 etc4 ,all ^! ideas evolv$ by ! m5 ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* _h = !m a c]ta9 mean+1 h none :atev] = u4 ,! pres5t g5]ation may repeat ^! words1 b x c nev] believe 9 !m1 because ! /atem5ts t ,god dwells 9 heav51 t ! heav5s op5$ & a voice 0 he>d to utt] c]ta9 words1 t ,*ri/ arose f ! dead & asc5d$ into heav51 t he w come aga9 f "s place 9 ! cl\ds1 etc41 h no mean+ = u4 ,x 0 possible = a man :o believ$ t heav5 0 a sub/antial ar* ( limit$ dim5sions to believe or to disbelieve t ,god creat$ x1 t x op5$1 & t ,*ri/ asc5d$ ?i!r1--b = u !re is no s5se 9 su* ideas4 ,m5 ( our "t c only affirm t x is "o's duty to believe all ?is1--:i* !y d4 ,b !y _c really believe 9 :at has no mean+ 9 x = !m4 ,b if all ^! utt]ances are suppos$ to h an allegorical signification & are only int5d$ z similes1 !n we "k 9 ! fir/ place t all ! *ur*m5 w n agree to ?is--on ! contr>y1 ! majority insi/ on tak+ ! ,scriptures lit]ally2 & 9 ! second place1 t ^! int]pretations diff] greatly1 & are support$ by no reliable au?ority4 ,& ev5 if a man wi%$ to believe ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* z x is taught1 ! increase ( culture1 ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 & ! int]c\rse among ! memb]s ( diff]5t *ur*es1 =m a great] & m insurm\ntable ob/acle to belief4 ,n[adays a man has b to buy ! ,bible = ?reep5ce1 & to read ! simple1 indisputable words ( ,*ri/ to ! ,sam>itan woman1 t ! ,fa!r seeke? wor%ip]s nei!r 9 ,j]usalem nor 9 ?is or t m\nta91 b wor%ip]s 9 _s & tru?2 or ! words1 t a ,*ri/ian %\ld pray n l ! hea!n 9 ! temples1 nor at ! corn]s ( /reets1 b 9 ! secrecy ( 8 closet2 or1 t a disciple ( ,*ri/ may call no "o fa!r or "m1--"o has b to read ^! words to be indubitably conv9c$ t prie/s :o call !mselves tea*]s 9 opposition to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 & dispute among !mselves1 _c be au?orities1 & t t :i* !y tea* is n ,*ri/ian4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,if ! mod]n man 7 to g on believ+ 9 miracles & nev] read ! ,bible1 ! fell[%ip ) m5 ( o!r cre$s & pr(essions1 :i* is s mu* a matt] ( c\rse 9 ^! days1 w compel him to "q ! tru? ( 8 religion4 ,x 0 natural en\gh = a man :o _h nev] met a believ] 9 a cre$ diff]5t f 8 own1 to ?9k t 8 0 ! only fai?2 b an intellig5t man has b to enc\nt]--& t is an ev]yday occurr5ce--good & bad m5 ( all cre$s1 :o criticize ea* o!r's beliefs1 9 ord] to "q ! tru? ( 8 own religion4 ,n[1 only a man ei!r totally ignorant or indiff]5t to ! problems ( life z dealt ) by religion c rema9 9 ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:at %rewdness is ne$$1 & :at ef=ts mu/ ! *ur*es make1 9 ord] to g on1 9 ! face ( all ^! fai?-de/roy+ influ5ces1 build+ temples1 say+ masses1 prea*+1 in/ruct+1 conv]t+1 & above all receiv+ = ?is ! l>ge comp5sations :i* all ^? prie/s1 pa/ors1 /ew>ds1 sup]9t5d5ts1 abbots1 ar*deacons1 bi%ops1 & ar*bi%ops receive6 ,a special & sup]natural ef=t is call$ =1 & to ?is ! ,*ur* responds1 ex]t+ h]self m & m4 ,9 ,russia1 besides _m o!r measures1 !y employ a simple1 rude viol5ce1 by virtue ( ! p[] inve/$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,p :o %r9k f an outw>d obs]vance ( fai? & :o d n conceal ! fact are simply puni%$ or depriv$ ( _! civil rights2 & to ^? :o /rictly comply ) ! rites1 privileges & rew>ds are grant$4 ,s mu* = ! ,or?odoxy2 b e *ur*1 )\t exception1 makes ! mo/ ( ! means at its disposal1 & hypnotism is "o ( ! *ief ag5ts4 ,e art1 f ar*itecture to poetry1 is enli/$1 9 ord] to move & intoxicate ! human s\l4 ,?is hypnotic & mesm]iz+ influ5ce is m>k$ly display$ 9 ! activity ( ! ,salvation ,army1 :i* employs novel1 & to u abnormal1 me?ods1 su*1 = in/ance1 z drums1 horns1 s++1 bann]s1 uni=ms1 processions1 danc+1 outbur/s ( te>s1 & dramatic ge/ures4 ,/ill1 ^! me?ods are />tl+ simply because ( _! novelty4 ,is n ! famili> =m ( wor%ip 9 ca!drals1 ) _! peculi> illum9ation1 ! gold5 pomp1 ! c&les1 *oirs1 organs1 bells1 ve/m5ts1 ! weep+ prea*]s1 etc41 ( a simil> nature8 ,& yet1 h[ev] p[]ful may be ! influ5ce ( ?is hypnotism1 x is by no means ! *ief or mo/ h>mful =m :i* ! activity ( ! ,*ur* assumes4 ,its mo/ malign activity is t :i* is devot$ to deceiv+ ! *ildr5--^? little ones ( :om ,jesus has said1 ,woe be unto him :o tempts ! lea/ ( ^!4 ,f ! e>lie/ awak5+ ( a *ild's intellig5ce he is deceiv$ & =mally taught t :i* 8 tea*]s no long] believe !mselves1 & ?is goes on until ! delusion becomes f habit a "p ( 8 nature4 ,a *ild is sy/ematically deceiv$ conc]n+ ! mo/ important affair 9 life1 & :5 ?is deception has become s incorporat$ ) 8 be+ t x is difficult to uproot x1 !n ! _w ( sci5ce & reality is op5$ to him--a _w t is :olly at v>iance ) ! fai? :i* he has imbib$ f 8 tea*]s--& he is left to reconcile ^? contradictions z be/ he may4 ,giv5 ! problem ( h[ to muddle a man s t he w be unable to discrim9ate betwe5 two antagoni/ic conceptions t h be5 taught to him s9ce 8 *ildhood1 "o c\ld nev] h devis$ any?+ m effectual ?an ! education ( e "y man 9 our s-call$ ,*ri/ian society4 ,%ock+ z x is to contemplate ! "w ( ! *ur*es among m51 /ill1 if we consid] _! position1 we %all see t !y _c act o!rwise4 ,!y are face to face ) a dilemma3 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! ,nic5e cre$2 ! "o excludes ! o!r4 ,if a man s9c]ely believes ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,nic5e cre$ mu/ inevitably lose all its mean+ = him1 & ! same w\ld hold true z reg>ds ! ,*ur* & its repres5tatives2 b if a man accepts ! ,nic5e cre$1 t is to say1 ! ,*ur*1 or ^? :o call !mselves its repres5tatives1 !n he w f9d no use = ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,h5ce x is incumb5t on ! *ur*es to make e ef=t to obscure ! mean+ ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & to endeavor to draw ! p t[>d !m4 ,x is only due to _! int5se activity 9 t direction t ! influ5ce ( ! *ur*es has n decreas$4 ,let ! ,*ur* b pause 9 ?is ef=t to influ5ce ! masses by hypnotiz+ m5 & deceiv+ *ildr5 = ev] s %ort a "t1 & m5 w compreh5d ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 & ?is compreh5sion w d away ) *ur*es & _! influ5ce4 ,!re=e ! *ur*es cease n = "o mom5t _! compulsory activity ?r\gh ! hypnotism ( adults & ! deception ( *ildr54 ,& x is ?is activity ( ! *ur*es t gives p a false conception ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e1 & prev5ts ! majority ( m51 ! s-call$ believ]s1 f und]/&+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,misconception ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,by ,,sci5ti/s ,! relation ( sci5ti/s to religions 9 g5]al--,:at are religions1 & _! significance to human life--,?ree conceptions ( life--,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is ! expression ( ! div9e life-conception--,! misconception ( ,*ri/ianity by sci5ti/s :o /udy its outw>d manife/ations due to ! fact t !y consid] x f ! /&po9t ( ! social life-conception--,op9ion result+ !refrom1 t ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ is exagg]at$ & unpractical--,! expression ( ! life-conception ( ! gospel--,errone\s judgm5ts ( sci5ti/s conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity are bas$ ^u ! assurance t !y possess an infallible crit]ion ( k--,h5ce arise two misappreh5sions 9 reg>d to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e--,! fir/ misappreh5sion conc]n+ ! impracticability ( ! doctr9e arises f ! fact t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e pres5ts a conduct ( life diff]5t f t ( ! social life-conception--,*ri/ianity (f]s n a rule1 b an ideal--,*ri/ adds ! consci\sness ( a div9e p[] to t ( an animal p[]--,*ri/ianity seems to exclude ! possibility ( life only :5 ! indication ( ! ideal is tak5 = ! rule--,an ideal _c be belittl$--,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 life is movem5t--,! ideal & ! comm&m5ts--,! second misappreh5sion arises f ! attempt to replace ! love ( ,god & ,8 s]vice by ! love & s]vice ( humanity--,sci5ti/s believe t ,*ri/ianity & _! doctr9e conc]n+ ! s]vice ( humanity are id5tical--,! doctr9e ( love t[>d humanity has = its f\ndation ! social life-conception--,! love = humanity :i* spr+s logically f love = ! individual has no mean+1 because humanity is a fiction--,*ri/ian love spr++ f ! love ( ,god has = its object n only humanity b ! :ole _w--,*ri/ianity tea*es a life 9 accordance ) its div9e nature--,x indicates t ! ess5ce ( a man's s\l is love1 & t its good is obta9$ f its love ( ,god1 :om he feels to be )9 him ?r\gh love4 ,let u n[ turn our att5tion to ano!r fallaci\s conception ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is antagoni/ic to its actual pr9ciples1--! sci5tific conception4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! *ur*m5 is some?+ :i* !y h evolv$ = !mselves1 & :i* !y believe to be ! only true int]pretation ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,! sci5ti/s take ! pr(essions ( fai? ( ! v>i\s *ur*es = ,*ri/ianity1 & assum+ t ^! dogmas embody an exhau/ive def9ition ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 !y affirm t ,*ri/ianity has _h its day4 ,"o ne$s b to take into consid]ation ! important "p :i* all religions1 & especially ,*ri/ianity1 h play$ 9 ! life ( man1 & ! significance :i* sci5ce atta*es to !m1 to see at once h[ impossible x w\ld be to obta9 any j appreh5sion ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e ?r\gh ^! conceptions4 ,z ea* individual mu/ possess c]ta9 impressions 9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( 8 life1 &1 ?\gh (t5 unconsci\sly1 con=m 8 conduct !reunto1 s mank9d 9 ! aggregate1 or gr\ps ( m5 liv+ "u ! same conditions1 mu/ likewise possess a conception ( ! mean+ ( _! common life & its consequ5t activities4 ,z an individual pass+ f "o p]iod ( life to ano!r inevitably *anges 8 ideas1 ! po9t ( view ( a gr[n-up man diff]s f t ( a *ild1 s also mank9d 9 ! aggregate--! nation--inevitably1 & 9 con=mity ) its age1 *anges its views ( life & ! activity t spr+s !refrom4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 an individual & mank9d 9 g5]al lies 9 ! fact t :ile ! individual1 9 =m+ 8 conception ( ! significance & responsibilities ( t new p]iod ( life ^u :i* he is ab\t to ent]1 may avail himself ( ! advice ( 8 pr$ecessors :o h already pass$ t /age1 mank9d c h no su* advantage1 because x is advanc+ along an unbeat5 track & !re is no "o ( :om x c ask = ! clue to ! my/]y ( life1 or h[ x %all demean itself "u ^! unfamili> conditions to :i* no nation has ev] yet be5 subject$4 ,! m>ri$ man ) a family ( *ildr5 w n cont9ue to view life z he did :5 he 0 a *ild2 nei!r is x possible = mank9d1 ) ! _m *anges t h tak5 place1--! d5sity ( ! population1 ! con/ant int]c\rse ( nations1 ! p]fect$ means ( combat+ ! =ces ( nature1 & ! increase ( k g5]ally1--to view ! life ( ! pres5t day 9 ! light ( ! pa/2 h5ce x becomes necess>y to evolve a life-conception f :i* activities correspond+ ) a new sy/em :i* is to be e/abli%$ w naturally develop4 ,& ?is ne$ is suppli$ by t peculi> capacity ( ! race = produc+ m5 able to imp>t a new significance to human life1--a significance develop+ a diff]5t set ( activities4 ,! bir? ( ! life-conception1 :i* always takes place :5 mank9d ent]s ^u new conditions & its subsequ5t activities1 is :at we call religion4 ,!re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 religion is n1 z sci5ce reg>ds x1 a ph5om5on :i* =m]ly travel$ h& 9 h& ) ! developm5t ( mank9d1 & :i* has s9ce be5 left beh9d2 on ! contr>y1 x is a ph5om5on inh]5t to human exi/5ce itself1 & nev] m di/9ctly manife/$ ?an at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! second place1 religion def9es future r ?an pa/ activities2 !re=e x is evid5t t an inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! pa/ c by no means t\* ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,! long+ to typify ! =ces ( nature is no m ! ess5ce ( religion ?an is ! fe> ( ^? same =ces1 or ! ne$ ( ! miracul\s & its outw>d manife/ations1 z ! sci5ti/s suppose4 ,! ess5ce ( religion lies 9 ! p[] ( man to =ekn[ & to po9t out ! way 9 :i* mank9d mu/ walk4 ,x is a def9ition ( a new life :i* w give bir? to new activities4 ,?is faculty ( =ekn[l$ge conc]n+ ! de/9y ( humanity is m or less common1 no d\bt1 to all p2 /ill f "t to "t a man appe>s 9 :om ! faculty has rea*$ a high] developm5t1 & ^! m5 h ! p[] cle>ly & di/9ctly to =mulate t :i* is vaguely conceiv$ by all m51 ?us in/itut+ a new life-conception f :i* is to fl[ an unwont$ activity1 ^: results w endure = c5turies to come4 ,?us f> !re h be5 ?ree ( ^! life-conceptions2 two ( !m belong to a bygone era1 :ile ! ?ird is ( our own "t & is call$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is n t we h m]g$ ! v>i\s conceptions ( ! significance ( life into ?ree arbitr>y divisions1 b t !re really h be5 b ?ree di/9ct conceptions1 by :i* ! actions ( mank9d h be5 influ5c$1 & save ?r\gh ^! we h no means ( compreh5d+ life4 ,^! ?ree life-conceptions are--fir/ly1 ! individual or animal2 secondly1 ! social or pagan2 & ?irdly1 ! univ]sal or div9e4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ ( ^!1 a man's life is 8 p]sonality1 & t only1 & 8 life's object is to gratify 8 desires4 ,accord+ to ! second1 8 life is n limit$ to 8 own p]sonality2 x includes ! sum & cont9uity ( _m p]sonalities1--( ! family1 ( ! race1 & ( ! ,/ate1 & 8 life's object is to gratify ! w ( ! communities ( individuals4 ,& accord+ to ! ?ird1 8 life is conf9$ nei!r to 8 p]sonality nor to t ( ! aggregate ( individuals1 b f9ds its significance 9 ! et]nal s\rce ( all life1--9 ,god ,himself4 ,^! ?ree life-conceptions s]ve z ! basis = ! religions ( e age4 ,! savage sees life only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 own desires4 ,he c>es = no?+ b himself1 & = him ! highe/ good is ! full satisfaction ( 8 own passions4 ,! inc5tive ( 8 life is p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,8 religion consi/s ( attempts to propitiate ! gods 9 8 favor1 & ( ! wor%ip ( imag9>y deities1 :o exi/ only = _! own p]sonal ends4 ,a memb] ( ! pagan _w recognizes life z some?+ conc]n+ o!rs besides himself2 he sees x z conc]n+ an aggregate ( individuals1--! family1 ! race1 ! nation1 ! ,/ate1 & is ready to sacrifice himself = ! aggregate4 ,! inc5tive ( 8 life is glory4 ,8 religion consi/s 9 honor+ ! *iefs ( 8 race1 8 prog5itors1 8 ance/ors1 8 sov]eigns1 & 9 ! wor%ip ( ^? gods :o are ! exclusive patrons ( 8 family1 8 tribe1 8 race1 & 8 ,/ate4#h #h ,! unity ( ?is social & pagan life-conception is by no means de/roy$ by ! num]\s & v>i$ sy/ems :i* gr[ out ( x1 su* z ! exi/5ce ( ! family1 ( ! nation1 & ( ! ,/ate1 & ev5 ( t life ( humanity conceiv$ accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,positivi/s4 ,^! multif>i\s sy/ems ( life are bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal idea ( ! insignificance ( ! individual1 & ! assurance t ! mean+ ( life is to be s\ght & f\nd only 9 humanity1 tak5 9 its broade/ s5se4--,,au?or4 ,! man :o possesses ! div9e life-conception nei!r looks ^u life z c5t]$ 9 8 own p]sonality nor 9 t ( mank9d at l>ge1 :e!r family1 tribe1 race1 nation1 or ,/ate2 b r does he conceive ( x z tak+ its rise 9 ! et]nal life ( ,god1 & to fulfil ,8 w he is ready to sacrifice 8 p]sonal1 family1 & social well-be+4 ,love is ! impell+ motive ( 8 life1 & 8 religion is ! wor%ip1 9 de$ & 9 tru?1 ( ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1--( ,god ,himself4 ,hi/ory is b ! transcript ( ! gradual transition f ! animal life-conception ( ! individual to ! social1 & f ! social to ! div9e4 ,! hi/ory ( ! anci5ts = ?\s&s ( c5turies1 culm9at+ 9 t ( ,rome1 is ! hi/ory ( ! evolution f ! animal life-conception ( ! individual to t ( society & ! ,/ate4 ,f ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity & ! fall ( ,imp]ial ,rome we h ! hi/ory ( t *ange :i* is /ill go+ on f ! social to ! div9e life-conception4 ,! latt]1 toge!r ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e :i* is bas$ ^u x1 & by :i* our lives are %ap$1 & our activities1 bo? practical & sci5tific1 are quick5$1 is reg>d$ by ! pseudo-sci5ti/s1 :o judge x only by its outw>d signs1 z some?+ outliv$1 :i* has lo/ all mean+ = u4 ,accord+ to sci5ti/s ?is doctr9e is embodi$ 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,r$emption1 ! miracles1 ! ,*ur* & its sacram5ts1 etc41 & is only "o ( ! _m religions :i* h aris5 dur+ ! progress ( human hi/ory1 & n[1 hav+ play$ its "p & outliv$ its "t1 is vani%+ be=e ! dawn ( sci5ce & true enlight5m5t4 ,! grosse/ ( human errors spr+ 9 mo/ cases f ! fact t m5 :o /& on a l[ intellectual plane1 :5 !y enc\nt] ph5om5a ( a high] ord]1 in/ead ( try+ to rise to ! high] plane f :i* ^! ph5om5a may be fitly reg>d$1 & mak+ an ef=t to und]/& !m1 judge !m by _! own l[ /&>d1 & ! less !y "k ( :at !y speak1 ! m bold & det]m9$ are _! judgm5ts4 ,mo/ sci5ti/s1 :o treat ( ! moral doctr9e ( ,*ri/ f ! l[] /&po9t ( a social life-conception1 reg>d x z no?+ m ?an an amalgam )\t cohesion ( ! asceticism ( ,india ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics & ,neo-,platoni/s1 & ( vague anti-social dreams1 devoid ( all s]i\s mean+ 9 ^! latt] days2 !y simply see its outw>d manife/ation 9 ! =m ( dogmas 9 ,ca?olicism1 9 ,prote/antism1 & 9 its /ruggle ) ! p[]s ( ! _w4 ,int]pret+ ! design ( ,*ri/ianity f its outw>d aspects1 !y are l unto deaf m51 :o judge ( ! mean+ & excell5ce ( music by ! movem5ts ( ! musicians4 ,h5ce x is t all su* m51 f ,comte & ,/rauss to ,sp5c] & ,r5an1 n und]/&+ ! purport ( ,*ri/'s words1 kn[+ no?+ :atev] ( _! int5tion1 ignorant ( ! "q to :i* !y s]ve z an answ]1 & tak+ no pa9s to le>n x1--su* m51 if !y are inimical to ,*ri/ianity1 utt]ly d5y ! s5se ( ! doctr9e2 b if !y are l5i5tly incl9$1 !n1 f ! height ( _! sup]ior wisdom1 !y am5d x1 tak+ = grant$ t ,*ri/ w\ld h said :at !y ?9k ,he meant1 _h ,he kn[n h[ to express himself4 ,!y treat ,8 doctr9e j z m5 ( ov]we5+ self-conceit treat _! inf]iors1 correct+ !m 9 _! spee*3 ,y mean s & s4 ,& ! _s ( em5dation is always su* z to r$uce ! doctr9e ( ! high]1 ! div9e life-conception1 to t ( ! l[] & ! social conception4 ,x is usually admitt$ t ! moral tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity is good b exagg]at$2 t 9 ord] to make x p]fect1 its hyp]boles1 :i* are incompatible ) our pres5t mode ( life1 %\ld be disc>d$4 ,a doctr9e :i* requires s mu* t is impracticable is m hurtful ?an "o :i* dem&s ( m5 only :at is 9 proportion to _! /r5g?4 ,?us decl>e ! le>n$ int]pret]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?us unwitt+ly reit]at+ ! ass]tion ( ^? :o misund]/ood ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e long ye>s ago1 & crucifi$ ! ,ma/]4 ,! ,hebrew law1 ,an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?1 ! retributive ju/ice kn[n to mank9d ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 seems f> bett] suit$ to ! c\rt ( contempor>y sci5ti/s ?an ! law ( love :i* ,*ri/ prea*$ #ahjj ye>s ago1 & :i* 0 to replace ?is id5tical law ( ju/ice4 ,x w\ld seem t e action ( ^? m5 :o accept$ ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 9 its lit]al s5se1 & liv$ up to x1 all ! words & de$s ( s9c]e ,*ri/ians1 & all ! ag5cies :i*1 "u ! guise ( socialism & communism1 are n[ trans=m+ ! _w1 are m]ely exagg]ation1 n wor? discuss+4 ,nations :i* h liv$ "u ,*ri/ian influ5ces1 & :i* are n[ repres5t$ by _! advanc$ ?9k]s1 ! sci5ti/s1 h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is a matt] ( dogma2 t its practical tea*+ has be5 a mi/ake & an exagg]ation1 inimical to ! j requirem5ts ( morality t are 9 accord ) human nature1 & t ! v doctr9e :i* ,*ri/ repudiat$1 & = :i* he sub/itut$ a dogma ( 8 own1 is f> bett] suit$ to u4 ,! sci5ti/ consid]s ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce an exagg]ation1 & ev5 an act ( folly4 ,x w\ld be f> bett]1 9 8 op9ion1 to reject x1 nev] dream+ t x is n ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ :i* he is controv]t+1 b some?+ :i* he assumes to be ! doctr9e 9 "q4 ,he does n realize :5 he says t ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is an exagg]ation1 t he is l "o :o1 tea*+ ! !ory ( ! circle1 decl>es t ! equality ( ! radii is an exagg]ation4 ,x is j z if "o :o has no idea ( ! =m ( a circle 7 to affirm t ! law :i* requires t ea* po9t ( its circumf]5ce %all be equidi/ant f its c5t]1 is an exagg]ation4 ,z a sugge/ion to reject or modify ! proposition conc]n+ ! equality ( ! radii ( a circle signifies an ignorance 9 reg>d to ! circle itself1 s also does ! idea ( reject+ or modify+1 9 ! practical tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 ! comm&m5t ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce signify a misund]/&+ ( ! doctr9e4 ,& ^? :o ent]ta9 ^! views d n really compreh5d ! doctr9e4 ,!y d n und]/& t x is ! unfold+ ( a new conception ( life1 correspond+ to ! new phase ( exi/5ce ^u :i* ! _w ent]$ #ahjj ye>s ago1 & a def9ition ( ! new activity to :i* x gave bir?4 ,ei!r !y d n believe t ,*ri/ said :at ,he meant to say1 or t :at is f\nd 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & else:]e ,he said ei!r f ,8 en?usiasm or lack ( wisdom & simplicity ( "*4#i #i ,"h1 = example1 is a *>act]i/ic expression ( op9ion 9 ! ,am]ican p]iodical1 ,! ,ar5a1 = ,novemb]1 #ahij1 f an article entitl$ ,new ,basis ( ,*ur* ,life4 ,discuss+ ! significance ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & especially ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance to evil1 ! au?or1 hav+ no reason = obscur+ its mean+ z ! ecclesia/ics d1 says3-- ,dev\t common s5se mu/ gradually come to look ^u ,*ri/ z a philan?ropic tea*]1 :o1 l e en?usia/ :o ev] taught1 w5t to an ,utopian extreme 9 8 own philosophy4 ,e great agitation = ! bett]m5t ( ! _w has be5 l$ by m5 :o beheld _! own mission ) su* absorb+ int5sity t !y c\ld see little else4 ,x is no reproa* to ,*ri/ to say t he _h ! typical re=m]'s temp]am5t2 t 8 precepts _c be lit]ally accept$ z a complete philosophy ( life2 & t m5 are to analyze !m rev]5tly1 b1 at ! same "t1 9 ! _s ( ord9>y tru?-seek+ criticism1 etc4 ,*ri/ did 9 fact prea* absolute communism & an>*y2 b1 & s on4 ,*ri/ w\ld h be5 glad to h express$ ,himself 9 m fitt+ t]ms1 b ,he did n possess our critical faculty 9 ! use ( exact def9itions1 !re=e we w set ,him "r4 ,all ,he said conc]n+ meekness1 sacrifice1 pov]ty1 & ( tak+ no ?\ght = ! morr[1 7 b haphaz>d utt]ances1 because ( ,8 ignorance ( sci5tific phraseology4 ,matt4 vi4 #be-cd4--be4 ,!re=e ,i say unto y1 ,take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat1 or :at ye %all dr9k2 nor yet = y\r body1 :at ye %all put on4 ,is n ! life m ?an meat1 & ! body ?an raim5t8 #bf4 ,behold ! f[ls ( ! air3 = !y s[ n1 nei!r d !y reap1 nor ga!r into b>ns2 yet y\r heav5ly ,fa!r fe$e? !m4 ,are ye n mu* bett] ?an !y8 #bg4 ,:i* ( y by tak+ ?\ght c add "o cubit unto 8 /ature8 #bh4 ,& :y take ye ?\ght = raim5t8 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 h[ !y gr[2 !y toil n1 nei!r d !y sp93 #bi4 ,& yet ,i say unto y1 ,t ev5 ,solomon 9 all 8 glory 0 n array$ l "o ( ^!4 #cj4 ,:]e=e1 if ,god s clo! ! grass ( ! field1 :i* to-day is1 & to-morr[ is ca/ into ! ov51 %all he n mu* m clo! y1 ,o ye ( little fai?8 #ca4 ,!re=e take no ?\ght1 say+1 ,:at %all we eat8 or1 ,:at %all we dr9k8 or1 ,:]e)al %all we be clo!d8 #cb4 7,= aft] all ^! ?+s d ! ,g5tiles seek37 = y\r heav5ly ,fa!r kn[e? t ye h ne$ ( all ^! ?+s4 #cc4 ,b seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & 8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4 #cd4 ,take !re=e no ?\ght = ! morr[3 = ! morr[ %all take ?\ght = ! ?+s ( itself4 ,suffici5t unto ! day is ! evil !re(4 ,luke xii4 #cc-cd4--cc4 ,sell t ye h1 & give alms2 provide y\rselves bags :i* wax n old1 a treasure 9 ! heav5s t faile? n1 :]e no ?ief approa*e?1 nei!r mo? corrupte?4 #cd4 ,= :]e y\r treasure is1 !re w y\r he>t be also4 ,matt4 xix4 #ba4--;,g & sell t ?\ ha/1 & give to ! poor1 & ?\ %alt h treasure 9 heav53 & come & foll[ me4 ,m>k viii4 #cd4--,:osoev] w come aft] me1 let him d5y himself1 & take up 8 cross1 & foll[ me4 ,john iv4 #cd4--,my meat is to d ! w ( him t s5t me1 & to f9i% 8 "w4 ,luke xxii4 #db4--,n my w1 b ?9e1 be done4 ,n :at ,i wi%1 b :at ,?\ wi%e/1 & n z ,i wi%1 b z ,?\ wi%e/4 ,life consi/s 9 do+ n y\r own w1 b ! w ( ,god4 ,all ^! doctr9es are reg>d$ by m5 :o adh]e to ! l[] life-conception z expressions ( en?usia/ic exaltation1 ) no special ref]5ce to daily life4 ,& yet ^! doctr9es are no less ! natural outcome ( ! ,*ri/ian life-conception ?an is ! idea ( giv+ "o's labor = ! common good1 or ( sacrific+ "o's life to def5d "o's c\ntry1 ! outcome ( ! social life-conception4 ,z ! believ] 9 ! social life-conception says to ! savage3 ,r\se y\rself6 ,consid] :at y are do+6 ,! life t man lives = himself alone _c be ! true "o1 = life is fleet+ & full ( woe4 ,x is ! life ( ! community at l>ge1 ! race1 ! family1 ! ,/ate1 t endures3 !re=e a man mu/ sacrifice 8 p]sonality = ! life ( ! family & ! ,/ate2 ,*ri/ianity 9 l mann] says unto him :o believes 9 a social life-conception ( ! community3 ,rep5t1 1 t is1 ar\se y\rself1 consid] y\r ways1 else %all y p]i%4 ,"k y t ?is bodily1 animal life is born to-day & dies to-morr[2 no?+ c assure its p]man5ce1 no outw>d exp$i5ts1 no sy/em :atsoev] c give x /ability4 ,consid] y\r ways & le>n t ! life y live is n ! real life1 t nei!r family1 social1 nor ,/ate life w save y f p]dition4 ,an hone/ rational life is possible = man provid$ t he be1 n a p>ticipant ( ! life ( ! family or life ( ! ,/ate1 b a p>tak] ( ! s\rce ( all life--t ( ! ,fa!r ,himself2 !n 8 life is unit$ to ! life ( ! ,fa!r4 ,su* is beyond a d\bt ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian conception ( life1 cle>ly set =? 9 e maxim ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,"o may n %>e su* a conception ( life1 "o may d5y x1 or prove x to be inaccurate & fallaci\s2 b no man c possibly judge a doctr9e )\t hav+ fir/ made himself famili> ) ! life-conception :i* =ms its basis2 & /ill m impossible is x to judge a l(ty subject f a l[ /&po9t1 to pron\nce ^u ! belfry f a k ( ! f\ndation4 ,yet ?is is precisely :at is done by contempor>y sci5ti/s4 ,& ?is is because !y are labor+ "u an error simil> to t ( ! cl]gy1 9 believ+ t !y possess su* infallible me?ods ( /udy+ _! subject t1 if !y b br+ _! s-call$ sci5tific me?ods to be> ^u ! subject "u consid]ation1 !re c be no d\bt z to ! accuracy ( _! conclusion4 ,! possession ( a guide to k1 :i* !y believe to be infallible1 is really ! *ief ob/acle to ! compreh5sion ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e among unbeliev]s & s-call$ sci5ti/s1 by ^: op9ions ! great majority ( unbeliev]s1 ! s-call$ educat$ classes1 are guid$4 ,all ! errors ( ! sci5ti/s conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity1 & especially two /range misappreh5sions t avail m ?an any?+ else to bl9d m5 to its real signification1 arise !refrom4 ,"o ( ^! misappreh5sions is t ! doctr9e ( a ,*ri/ian life n be+ practical1 x rema9s optional ) ! individual :e!r he take x = 8 guide or no2 & if he *ooses to d s1 x may !n be modifi$ to suit ! exig5cies ( our social life4 ,! second misappreh5sion is t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( love ( ,god1 & !re=e ( ! s]vice due to ,him1 is a my/ical requirem5t1 nei!r cle>ly express$ nor (f]+ any well-def9$ object ( love3 consequ5tly ! m def9ite & intelligible doctr9e ( love ( man & ( ! s]vice ( humanity may be sub/itut$ = x4 ,! fir/ misappreh5sion :i* relates to ! impracticability ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e arises f ! fact t m5 :o believe 9 ! social life-conception1 n compreh5d+ ! rule obey$ by m5 :o hold ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & mi/ak+ ! ,*ri/ian /&>d ( p]fection = ! guid+ pr9ciple ( life1 believe & decl>e t x is impossible to foll[ ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 because implicit ob$i5ce to ?is doctr9e w\ld end by de/roy+ life4 ,if man 7 to fulfil ! precepts ( ,*ri/1 he w\ld de/roy 8 life2 & if all ! _w 7 to fulfil !m1 ! human race w\ld soon become ext9ct4 ,if y 7 to take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 nei!r ( :at ye %all eat or dr9k1 nor :at ye %all put on2 if "o may n resi/ evil by viol5ce or def5d "o's life1 nor ev5 give up "o's life = 8 fri5d2 if "o is to pres]ve absolute *a/ity1 mank9d c\ld n long exi/2 s !y believe & affirm4 ,& !y are "r1 if "o takes ! inc5tives to p]fection (f]$ by ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ z laws :i* ea* man mu/ obey1 j z1 = in/ance1 9 ! social ord] e man mu/ pay 8 taxes1 & "s mu/ s]ve 9 ! c\rts ( law1 & s on4 ,! misappreh5sion consi/s 9 ov]look+ ! fact t ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 & ! doctr9e =mulat$ by a l[] life-conception1 guide m5 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,! doctr9es ( ! social life-conception guide m5 9 fulfill+ ! requirem5ts ( ! law4 ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ guides m5 by manife/+ ! inf9ite p]fection ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 to :i* x is natural = e man to aspire1 :atev] may be 8 %ortcom+s4 ,! misconception ( ^? :o judge ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e by ! /&>d ( ! /ate or civil doctr9e is ?is1--t !y imag9e t ! p]fection ( :i* ,*ri/ speaks may be atta9$ 9 ?is life1 & ask !mselves j z !y w\ld ask conc]n+ "s law ( ! ,/ate1 :at w happ5 :5 all ?is %all be fulfill$8 ,?is hypo!sis is fallaci\s1 because ! p]fection indicat$ by ,*ri/ianity is inf9ite & c nev] be atta9$2 & ,*ri/ promulgates 8 doctr9e1 kn[+ t al?\gh absolute p]fection w nev] be atta9$1 yet ! aspiration t[>d x w ev] contribute to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 t ?is welf>e may by ?is means be ev]la/+ly increas$4 ,*ri/ is n tea*+ angels1 b m5 :o live & move 9 an animal life1 & ^: impulses are ( an animal nature4 ,& to ?is animal impulse ,*ri/1 s to speak1 adds ano!r =ce by communicat+ to man a s5se ( ! div9e p]fection1 guid+ ! curr5t ( life betwe5 ^! two =ces4 ,to take x = grant$ t human life is to foll[ ! direction indicat$ by ,*ri/ w\ld be l expect+ ! boatman1 :o1 cross+ a swift riv]1 /e]s almo/ directly aga9/ ! curr5t1 to float 9 t direction4 ,*ri/ recognizes ! fact t a p>allelogram has two sides1 & t a man's life is controll$ by two inde/ructible =ces3 8 animal nature & 8 consci\sness ( a filial relation%ip to ,god4 ,disreg>d+ ! factor ( ! animal life1 :i* nev] looses its hold1 & is beyond man's control1 ,*ri/ speaks ( ! div9e consci\sness1 urg+ man to its full] recognition1 its complete emancipation f all t fett]s x1 & to its utmo/ developm5t4 ,man's true life1 accord+ to ! precepts ( ,*ri/1 is only to be f\nd 9 ?is emancipation & 9 ! gr[? ( ! div9e consci\sness4 ,accord+ to ! old disp5sation1 a true life meant ! fulfilm5t ( ! precepts ( ! law2 b accord+ to ,*ri/1 x means ! close/ approa* to ! div9e p]fection :i* has be5 manife/$ to e man1 & :i* e man recognizes1--a clos] & clos] union ( 8 w to ! w ( ,god2 a union :i* e man is /riv+ to atta91 & :i* w\ld utt]ly de/roy ! life we n[ lead4 ,god's p]fection is ! asymptote ( human life1 t[>d :i* x is =ev] aspir+ & draw+ ne>]1 al?\gh x c only rea* its goal 9 ! inf9ite4 ,x is only :5 m5 mi/ake ! sugge/ion ( an ideal = a rule ( conduct t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e seems at odds ) life4 ,inde$1 ! rev]se is true1 = x is by ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 & t alone1 t a true life is r5d]$ possible4 ,x is a mi/ake to require too mu*1 m5 usually say1 :5 discuss+ ! dem&s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,"o ought n to be requir$ to take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 z ! ,bible tea*es1 b ( c\rse "o %\ld n be ov]-anxi\s2 "o _c give all t he possesses to ! poor1 /ill he %\ld be/[ a c]ta9 portion ( 8 goods 9 *>ity2 "o ought n to rema9 unm>ri$1 b let him avoid a dissolute life2 "o ne$ n r5\nce 8 wife & *ildr51 al?\gh "o mu/ n idolize !m4 ,^! argum5ts are equival5t to tell+ a man :o is cross+ a swift riv] & /e]+ 8 boat aga9/ ! curr5t1 t no "o c cross a riv] by /e]+ aga9/ ! curr5t1 b t he mu/ direct 8 boat 9 a /raight l9e t[>d ! po9t he wi%es to rea*4 ,! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ diff]s f =m] doctr9es 9 t x influ5ces m51 n by outw>d obs]vances1 b by ! int]ior consci\sness t div9e p]fection may be atta9$4 ,x is ?is illimitable & div9e p]fection t absorbs ! s\l ( man1 n re/rict$ laws ( ju/ice & philan?ropy4 ,x ne$s b ! aspiration t[>d ?is div9e p]fection to impel ! c\rse ( human life f ! animal to ! div9e1 s f> z may be humanly possible4 ,9 ord] to l& at any giv5 po9t "o mu/ /e] beyond x4 ,to l[] ! /&>d ( an ideal means n only to less5 ! *ances ( atta9+ p]fection1 b to de/roy ! ideal itself4 ,! ideal t influ5ces mank9d is n an +5i\s inv5tion2 x is some?+ t dwells 9 ! s\l ( ea* individual4 ,x is ?is ideal ( utt] & inf9ite p]fection t excites m5 & urges !m to action4 ,a possible degree ( p]fection w\ld h no appeal to ! s\ls ( m54 ,x is because ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ requires illimitable p]fection1 t is to say1 ! bl5d+ ( ! div9e ess5ce1 :i* is 9 ea* man's s\l1 ) ! w ( ,god1 ! union ( ! ,son ) ! ,fa!r1 t x has au?ority4 ,x is only ! emancipation ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o dwells ) ea* "o ( u1 f ! animal elem5t )9 u1 & ! draw+ ne> to ! ,fa!r1 t c1 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( ! ^w1 be call$ life4 ,! pres5ce ( ! animal elem5t 9 man is n en\gh ( itself to con/itute human life4 ,nei!r is a spiritual life1 :i* is guid$ only by ! w ( ,god1 a human life4 ,a true human life is compos$ ( an animal & ( a spiritual life unit$ to ! w ( ,god1 & ! ne>] ?is compon5t life approa*es to ! life ( ,god1 ! m x has life4 ,accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 life is a condition ( progress t[>d ! p]fection ( ,god2 h5ce no "o condition c be ei!r high] or l[] ?an ano!r1 because ea* is 9 itself a c]ta9 /age 9 human progress t[>d ! unatta9able p]fection1 & !re=e ( equal importance ) all ! o!rs4 ,any spiritual quick5+1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 is simply an accel]at$ movem5t t[>d p]fection4 ,!re=e ! impulse ( ,zac*u ! publican1 ( ! adult]ess1 & ! ?ief on ! cross1 %[ =? a high] ord] ( life ?an does ! passive righte\sness ( ! ,ph>isee4 ,?is doctr9e1 !re=e1 c nev] be en=c$ by obligatory laws4 ,! man :o1 f a l[] plane1 lives up to ! doctr9e he pr(esses1 ev] advanc+ t[>d p]fection1 leads a high] life ?an "o :o may p]haps /& on a sup]ior plane ( morality1 b :o is mak+ no progress t[>d p]fection4 ,?us ! /ray lamb is de>] to ! ,fa!r ?an ^? :i* are 9 ! fold2 ! prodigal return$1 ! co9 t 0 lo/ & is f\nd aga91 m highly priz$ ?an ^? t nev] 7 lo/4 ,s9ce ! fulfilm5t ( ?is doctr9e is an impulse f self t[>d ,god1 x is evid5t t !re c be no fix$ laws = its movem5t4 ,x may spr+ f any degree ( p]fection or ( imp]fection2 ! fulfilm5t ( rules & fulfilm5t ( ! doctr9e are by no means synonym\s2 !re c\ld be no rules or obligatory laws = its fulfilm5t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 social laws & ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is ! natural result ( ! radical dissimil>ity betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ & ^? e>li] doctr9es :i* _h _! s\rce 9 a social life-conception4 ,! latt] are = ! mo/ "p positive1 enjo9+ c]ta9 acts1 by ! p]=mance ( :i* m5 are to be ju/ifi$ & made righte\s1 :]eas ! ,*ri/ian precepts 7! precept ( love is n a comm&m5t 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b ! expression ( ! v ess5ce ( ! doctr9e71 ! five comm&m5ts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 are all negative1 only meant to %[ m5 :o h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( developm5t :at !y mu/ avoid4 ,^! comm&m5ts are1 s to speak1 mile-/ones on ! inf9ite road to p]fection1 t[>d :i* humanity is /ruggl+2 !y m>k ! degrees ( p]fection :i* x is possible = x to atta9 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( its developm5t4 ,9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ,*ri/ express$ ! et]nal ideal to :i* mank9d in/9ctively aspires1 %[+ at ! same "t ! po9t ( p]fection to :i* human nature 9 its pres5t /age may atta94 ,! ideal is to be> no malice1 excite no ill-w1 & to love all m54 ,! comm&m5t :i* =bids u to (f5d our neighbor is "o :i* a man :o is /riv+ to atta9 ?is ideal mu/ n d less ?an obey4 ,& ?is is ! fir/ comm&m5t4 ,! ideal is p]fect *a/ity 9 ?\ght1 no less ?an 9 de$2 & ! comm&m5t :i* enjo9s purity 9 m>ri$ life1 =bidd+ adult]y1 is "o :i* e man :o is /riv+ to atta9 ?is ideal mu/ n d less ?an obey4 ,& ?is is ! second comm&m5t4 ,! ideal is to take no ?\ght = ! morr[1 to live 9 ! pres5t1 & ! comm&m5t1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* is ! po9t b5ea? :i* we mu/ n fall1 is aga9/ tak+ oa? or mak+ promises = ! future4 ,su* is ! ?ird comm&m5t4 ,! ideal--to use no viol5ce :atsoev]--%[s u t we mu/ return good = evil1 endure injuries ) pati5ce1 & give up ! cloak to him :o has tak5 ! coat4 ,su* is ! f\r? comm&m5t4 ,! ideal is to love y\r enemies1 to d good to !m t despitefully use y4 ,9 ord] to keep ! _s ( ?is comm&m5t "o mu/ at lea/ refra9 f injur+ "o's enemies1 "o mu/ speak k9dly ( !m1 & treat all "o's fell[-creatures ) equal consid]ation4 ,su* is ! fif? comm&m5t4 ,all ^! comm&m5ts are rem9d]s ( t :i* we1 9 our /riv+ = p]fection1 mu/ & c avoid2 rem9d]s1 too1 t we mu/ labor n[ to acquire by degrees habits ( self-re/ra9t1 until su* habits become second nature4 ,b ^! comm&m5ts1 f> f exhau/+ ! doctr9e1 d n by any means cov] x4 ,!y are b /epp+-/ones on ! way to p]fection1 & mu/ necess>ily be foll[$ by high] & /ill high] ones1 z m5 pursue ! c\rse t[>d p]fection4 ,t is :y a ,*ri/ian doctr9e w\ld make high] dem&s ?an ^? embodi$ 9 ! comm&m5ts1 & n 9 ! lea/ decrease its dem&s1 z !y :o judge ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e f a social life-conception seem to ?9k4 ,?is is "o ( ! mi/akes ( ! sci5ti/s 9 reg>d to ! significance ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e4 ,& ! sub/itution ( ! love ( humanity = ! love & s]vice ( ,god is ano!r1 & x spr+s f ! same s\rce4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( lov+ & ( s]v+ ,god1 & 7z ! natural consequ5ce ( su* love & s]vice7 ( lov+ & s]v+ "o's neighbor1 !re seems to ! sci5tific m9d a c]ta9 my/icism1 some?+ at once confus$ & arbitr>y2 &1 believ+ t ! doctr9e ( love = humanity re/s on a firm] basis & is altoge!r m intelligible1 !y utt]ly reject ! requirem5t ( love & s]vice ( ,god4 ,! !ory ( a sci5ti/ is t a virtu\s life1 a life ) a purpose1 mu/ be useful to ! _w at l>ge2 & 9 a life ( ?is k9d !y discov] ! solution ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 to :i* !y r$uce ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,assum+ _! own doctr9e to be id5tical ) t ( ,*ri/ianity1 !y seek & believe t !y f9d 9 ! latt] an affirmation ( _! own views4 ,?is is a fallacy4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,positivi/s1 & ( all advocates ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man1 f\nd$ on ! utility ( su* a bro!rhood1 h no?+ 9 common1 & especially d !y diff] 9 t ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity has a solid & a cle>ly def9$ f\ndation 9 ! human s\l1 :]eas love ( humanity is b a !oretical conclusion rea*$ ?r\gh analogy4 ,! doctr9e ( ! love ( humanity has = its basis ! social life-conception4 ,! ess5ce ( ! social life-conception consi/s 9 replac+ ! s5se ( individual life by t ( ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,9 its fir/ /eps1 ?is is a simple & natural progression1 z f ! family to ! tribe2 f ! family to ! race is m difficult1 & requires special education1--:i* has arriv$ at its utmo/ limits :5 ! ,/ate has be5 rea*$4 ,x is natural = e man to love himself1 & he ne$s no inc5tive !reto2 to love 8 tribe1 :i* l5ds bo? support & protection2 to love 8 wife1 ! delight & com=t ( 8 daily life2 ! *ildr51 :o are 8 consolation & 8 future hope2 8 p>5ts1 :o gave him life & *]i%$ him1--all ?is1 al?\gh n s int5se z love ( self1 is natural & common to mank9d4 ,to love "o's race1 "o's p1 = _! own sake1 al?\gh n s in/9ctive1 is also common4 ,to love "o's ance/ors1 "o's k9sfolk1 ?r\gh pride1 is also natural & frequ5t2 & a man may feel love = 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 :o speak ! same language & pr(ess ! same fai? z himself1 al?\gh ! emotion is less /rong ?an love ( self or love ( family4 ,b love = a nation1 ,turkey1 = in/ance1 or ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,au/ria1 ,russia1 is almo/ impossible1 & not)/&+ ! tra9+ giv5 9 t direction1 x is only a fictiti\s semblance2 x has no real exi/5ce4 ,at ?is aggregate ceases man's p[] ( transfus+ 8 inn]mo/ consci\sness2 = su* a fiction he c feel no direct s5tim5t4 ,& yet ! ,positivi/s & all ! prea*]s ( ! sci5tific frat]nity1 n tak+ into consid]ation ! fact t ?is feel+ is weak5$ 9 proportion to ! expansion ( its object1 cont9ue to !orize on ! same l9es4 ,!y say3 ,if x 7 to ! advantage ( an individual to transfuse 8 consci\sness into ! family1 & !nce into ! nation & ! ,/ate1 x foll[s t x w be to 8 fur!r advantage to transfuse 8 consci\sness into ! univ]sal entity1 mank9d1 t all m5 may live = humanity1 z !y h liv$ = ! family & = ! ,/ate4 ,& !oretically !y are "r4 ,aft] hav+ transf]r$ ! consci\sness & love = ! individual to ! family1 & f ! family to ! race1 ! nation1 & ! ,/ate1 x w\ld be p]fectly logical = m51 9 ord] to escape ! /rife & disa/]s t result f ! division ( mank9d into nations & /ates1 to transf] _! love to humanity at l>ge4 ,?is w\ld appe> to be ! logical outcome1 & x has be5 (f]$ z a !ory by ^? :o =get t love is an innate s5tim5t1 :i* c nev] be inspir$ by prea*+2 t x mu/ h a real object1 & t ! entity :i* m5 call humanity is n a real object1 b a fiction4 ,a family1 a race1 ev5 a ,/ate1 are no inv5tions ( m52 ^! ?+s h =m$ !mselves l a hive ( bees1 or a colony ( ants1 & possess an actual exi/5ce4 ,! man :o loves 8 family1 aft] a human fa%ion1 kn[s :om he is lov+--,ann1 ,m>ia1 ,john1 or ,pet]4 ,! man :o loves 8 ance/ors1 & is pr\d ( !m1 kn[s t he loves ! ,guelphs1 = in/ance1 or ! ,ghibell9es2 ! man :o loves 8 c\ntry kn[s t he loves ,france f ! ,rh9e to ! ,pyr5ees1 t he loves its capital1 ,p>is1 & all its hi/ory4 ,b ! man :o loves humanity1 :at is x t he loves8 ,!re is a ,/ate1 !re is a p1 !re is ! ab/ract conception ( man4 ,b humanity z a concrete conception is impossible4 ,humanity8 ,:]e is its limit8 ,:]e does x end & :]e does x beg98 ,does x exclude ! savage1 ! idiot1 ! inebriate1 ! insane8 ,if "o 7 to draw a l9e ( dem>cation s z to exclude ! l[] repres5tatives ( ! human race1 :]e ought x to be drawn8 ,ought x to exclude ! ,negro1 z !y d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! ,h9doos1 z "s ,engli%m5 d1 or ! ,jews1 z does ano!r nation8 ,b if we include all humanity )\t exception1 :y %\ld we re/rict ourselves to m58 ,:y %\ld we exclude ! high] animals1 "s ( :om are sup]ior to ! l[e/ repres5tatives ( ! human race8 ,we d n "k humanity 9 ! concrete1 nor c we fix its limits4 ,humanity is a fiction1 & !re=e x _c be lov$4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be advantage\s if m5 c\ld love humanity z !y love ! family4 ,x w\ld be v useful1 z ! communi/s say1 to sub/itute a community ( int]e/s = individual competition1 or ! univ]sal = ! p]sonal2 9 a ^w1 to make ! :ole _w a mutual b5efit society1--only t !re are no motives to br+ ab\t su* a result4 ,! ,positivi/s1 communi/s1 & all ! expon5ts ( ! sci5tific frat]nity exhort u to ext5d ! love :i* m5 feel = !mselves1 _! families1 _! fell[-c\ntrym51 ov] humanity at l>ge1 =gett+ t ! love ( :i* !y speak is a p]sonal love1 :i* may be k9dl$ = ! family1 & ev5 ext5d to include "o's native c\ntry1 b :i* expires altoge!r :5 x is appeal$ to 9 behalf ( an artificial /ate1 su* z ,au/ria1 ,engl&1 or ,turkey2 & :5 claim$ = t my/ical object1 humanity 9 g5]al1 "o _c ev5 grasp ! idea4 ,a man loves himself1 8 physical p]sonality1 he loves 8 family1 he ev5 loves 8 c\ntry4 ,:y %\ld he n also love mank9d8 ,x w\ld seem su* a happy consummation6 ,& x s happ5s t ,*ri/ianity inculcates ! same precept4 ,^! are ! op9ions ( ! ,positivi/1 ! communi/1 & ! sociali/ frat]nities4 ,x w\ld inde$ be =tunate1 b x is impossible1 because love f\nd$ on a p]sonal & social life-conception c g no fur!r ?an ! love ( c\ntry4 ,! flaw 9 ! argum5t arises f ! fact t ! social life-conception1 ! basis ( family love & ( patriotism1 is itself an individual love1 & su* a love1 9 its transf]5ce f a p]son to a family1 a race1 a nation1 & a ,/ate1 gradually loses its effici5cy1 & 9 ! ,/ate has rea*$ its f9al limit1 & c g no fur!r4 ,! necessity = wid5+ ! sph]e ( love is n to be d5i$1 & yet x is ! v attempt to satisfy ?is requirem5t t de/roys its possibility1 & proves ! inadequacy ( p]sonal human love4 ,& "h x is t ! advocates ( ! ,positivi/1 communi/1 & sociali/ bro!rhood (f] z a prop to ! humanit>ianism t has prov$ its ineffici5cy1 a ,*ri/ian love1 n 9 its ess5ce1 b only 9 its results2 9 o!r words1 n ! love ( ,god1 b ! love ( man4 ,b !re c be no su* love2 x has no raison d'tre4 ,*ri/ian love comes only f a ,*ri/ian life-conception1 ^: sole manife/ation is ! love & s]vice ( ,god4 ,by a natural sequ5ce 9 ! ext5sion ( love f ! individual to ! family1 & !nce to ! race1 ! nation1 & ! ,/ate1 ! social life-conception has br\ght m5 n to ! consci\sness ( love = humanity1--:i* is illimitable--! unification ( e liv+ creature1--b to a condition :i* evokes no feel+ 9 man1 to a contradiction = :i* x provides no reconciliation4 ,x is only ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e :i*1 by l5d+ to human life a new significance1 is able to solve ! difficulty4 ,*ri/ianity pres5ts ! love ( self & ! love ( ! family1 z well z patriotism & ! love ( humanity1 b x is n to be re/rict$ to humanity alone2 x is to be giv5 to e liv+ creature2 x recognizes ! possibility ( an indef9ite expansion ( ! k+dom ( love1 b its object is n to be f\nd outside itself1 9 ! aggregate ( individuals1 nei!r 9 ! family1 nor 9 ! race1 nor 9 ! ,/ate1 nor 9 mank9d1 nor all ! wide _w1 b 9 itself1 9 its p]sonality1--a div9e p]sonality1 ^: ess5ce is ! v love :i* ne$$ a wid] sph]e4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e & ^? :i* prec$$ x may be ?us def9$4 ,! social doctr9e says3 ,curb ?y nature 7mean+ ! animal nature alone72 subject x to ! visible law ( ! family1 ( society1 & ( ! ,/ate4 ,*ri/ianity says3 ,live up to ?y nature 7mean+ ! div9e nature72 make x subject to no?+2 nei!r to ?9e own animal nature1 nor to t ( ano!r1 & !n ?\ %alt atta9 :at ?\ seeke/ by subject+ ?9e outw>d p]sonality to visible laws4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e re/ores to man 8 orig9al consci\sness ( self1 n ! animal self1 b ! godlike self1 ! sp>k ( div9ity1 z ! son ( ,god1 l unto ! ,fa!r1 b clo!d 9 a human =m4 ,?is consci\sness ( "o's self z a son ( ,god1 ^: ess5ce is love1 satisfies at once all ^? dem&s made by ! man :o pr(esses ! social life-conception = a broad] sph]e ( love4 ,aga91 9 ! social life-conception ! enl>gem5t ( ! doma9 ( love 0 a necessity = ! salvation ( ! individual2 x 0 atta*$ to c]ta9 objects1 to "o's self1 to "o's family1 to society1 & to humanity4 ,) ! ,*ri/ian _w-conception love is n a necessity1 nei!r is x atta*$ to any special object2 x is ! inh]5t quality ( a man's s\l2 he loves because he _c help lov+4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e tea*es to man t ! ess5ce ( 8 s\l is love2 t 8 well-be+ may be trac$1 n to ! fact t he loves ?is object or t "o1 b to ! fact t he loves ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s--,god1 :om he recognizes 9 himself ?r\gh love1 & w by ! love ( ,god love all m5 & all ?+s4 ,?is is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e & t ( ! ,positivi/s1 & all o!r non-,*ri/ian !ori/s ( a univ]sal bro!rhood4 ,su* are ! two *ief misappreh5sions 9 reg>d to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & f ^? mo/ ( ! false argum5ts on ! subject h orig9at$4 ,"o is1 t ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 l ! doctr9es :i* prec$$ x1 promulgates rules :i* m5 mu/ obey1 & t ^! rules are impracticable4 ,! o!r1 t ! :ole mean+ ( ,*ri/ianity is conta9$ 9 ! doctr9e ( a cop]ative union ( mank9d1 9 "o family1 to atta9 :i*1 leav+ aside ! "q ( love ( ,god1 "o %\ld obey only ! rule ( love ( "o's fell[-m54 ,f9ally1 ! mi/ake ( sci5ti/s1 9 suppos+ t ! doctr9e ( ! sup]natural conta9s ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 t its life-tea*+ is n practicable1 toge!r ) ! g5]al misappreh5sions t result f su* a misconception1 fur!r expla9s :y m5 ( our "t h s misund]/ood ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,contradiction ,,( ,,our ,,life ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,consci\sness ,m5 consid] t !y may accept ,*ri/ianity )\t *ang+ _! life--,! pagan life-conception no long] corresponds to ! pres5t age ( humanity1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian life-conception alone c satisfy--,! ,*ri/ian life-conception is /ill misund]/ood by m51 b our life itself necessitates its acceptance--,! requirem5ts ( a new life-conception always seem un9telligible1 my/ical1 & sup]natural--,su*1 = ! majority ( m51 seem ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian life-conception--,! acceptance ( a ,*ri/ian life-conception w inevitably be accompli%$ bo? ?r\gh spiritual & mat]ial ag5cies--,! fact t m51 consci\s ( a high] life-conception1 cont9ue to ent]ta9 ! l[] =ms ( life1 causes contradiction & suff]+1 :i* embitt] life & require its alt]ation--,contradictions ( our life--,! economical contradiction1 & ! suff]+ x causes to ! work+-m5 & to ! ri*--,! contradiction ( ,/ate1 & ! suff]+s t arise f ob$i5ce to ,/ate laws--,! int]national contradiction1 & its ackn[l$gm5t by contempor>y writ]s3 ,kom>vosky1 ,f]ri1 ,boo?1 ,passy1 ,lawson1 ,wilson1 ,b>tlett1 ,def\rny1 ,moneta--,! milit>y contradiction ! extreme4 ,_m causes h contribut$ t[>d ! misund]/&+ ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,"o ( ^! is t m5 assum$ to und]/& ! doctr9e1 :51 l ! fai?ful ( ! ,*ur*1 !y accept$ ! /atem5t t x _h be5 transmitt$ 9 a sup]natural mann]2 or1 l ! sci5ti/s1 aft] hav+ inve/igat$ c]ta9 ( its outw>d manife/ations4 ,ano!r reason may be f\nd 9 ! conviction t x is impracticable1 & t x may be replac$ by ! doctr9e ( love ( humanity4 ,b ! pr9cipal reason ( all su* misconceptions is t m5 look ^u ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ z "o t may be accept$ or reject$ )\t any special *ange 9 "o's life4 ,m51 atta*$ by habit to ! exi/+ ord]1 %r9k f attempt+ to *ange x1 h5ce !y agree to consid] ?is doctr9e z a mass ( revelations & laws t may be accept$ )\t mak+ any *ange 9 "o's life3 :]eas ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is n a doctr9e ( rules = man to obey1 b unfolds a new life-conception1 meant z a guide = m5 :o are n[ ent]+ ^u a new p]iod1 "o entirely diff]5t f ! pa/4 ,! life ( humanity cont9ues its c\rse & has its /ages1 l ! life ( an individual2 ea* age has its own life-conception1 :i* a man mu/ adopt :e!r he w or no4 ,^? :o d n adopt x consci\sly1 adopt x unconsci\sly4 ,! same *ange t takes place 9 ! views ( ! individual1 z life goes on1 occurs also 9 ! exi/5ce ( nations & ( humanity 9 g5]al4 ,if a fa!r 7 to conduct 8 affairs l a *ild1 8 life w\ld c]ta9ly become s unbe>able t he w\ld ca/ ab\t = a diff]5t plan ( life1 & w\ld eag]ly grasp at "o bett] suit$ to 8 ye>s4 ,& ! human race is at ! pres5t "t pass+ ?r\gh a simil> exp]i5ce1 9 its transition f a pagan to a ,*ri/ian life-conception4 ,a man ( ! society ( ! pres5t day f9ds t ! pagan life-conception is no long] suit$ to ! times1 h5ce he is induc$ to submit to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ^: tru?s1 h[ev] misund]/ood & falsely int]pret$ !y may be1 are yet famili> to 8 e>s1 & seem to (f] ! only practical solution ( ! contradictions t beset 8 pa?4 ,if ! dem&s ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e seem un9telligible1 peculi>1 & dang]\s to a man :o has hi!rto held ! social life-conception1 ! dem&s ( ! latt] seem$ none ! less s to a savage ( a previ\s age1 :o nei!r fully appreh5d$ !m1 nor 0 able to =esee _! consequ5ces4 ,! savage reason$ ?us3 ,x w\ld be folly = me to sacrifice my peace or my life to def5d an incompreh5sible1 intangible1 & unc]ta9 ideal1 family1 race1 c\ntry1 &1 above all1 x w\ld be dang]\s to deliv] myself into ! h&s ( an unkn[n p[]4 ,b !re came a "t 9 ! life ( ! savage :51 on ! "o h&1 he _h begun1 al?\gh vaguely1 to und]/& ! mean+ ( social life1 z well z t ( its *ief inc5tive1--social approval or condemnation3 glory1--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! suff]+s ( 8 p]sonal life _h become s sev]e t x 0 no long] possible = him to g on believ+ 9 ! tru? ( 8 =m] life-conception2 :]eupon he accept$ ! social & ,/ate doctr9e & submitt$ to its laws4 ,& he :o holds ! social life-conception is n[ und]go+ a simil> exp]i5ce4 ,x is madness--?us reasons ! man hold+ su* views--to sacrifice "o's int]e/s or ^? ( "o's family & ( "o's c\ntry1 9 ord] to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( a law t w\ld compel "o to r5\nce ! mo/ natural & praisewor?y feel+s t[>d "o's self1 "o's family1 & "o's c\ntry1 &1 above all1 ! gu>antee ( protection af=d$ by ! ,/ate4 ,b !re comes a "t :51 on ! "o h&1 a vague awak5+ consci\sness /irs ! s\l1 ! consci\sness ( ! high] law1 love ( ,god & "o's neighbor1 & ! suff]+s a man endures f ! contradictions ( life1 compel him to r5\nce ! social life-conception & to adopt ! new ,*ri/ian life-conception :i* is (f]$ him4 ,& ?is "t has n[ arriv$4 ,to u1 :o und]w5t ! transition f ! individual to ! social life-conception ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ?is transition appe>s to h be5 bo? natural & inevitable1 j z ! pres5t transition1 ?r\gh :i* we h be5 pass+ ^! la/ #ahjj ye>s1 seems arbitr>y1 unnatural1 & ov]:elm+4 ,b x seems s = ! simple reason t ! =m] *ange is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & has fix$ 9 u c]ta9 habits1 :]eas we are /ill practically accompli%+ ! pres5t transition1 & h to accompli% x consci\sly4 ,x 0 c5turies1 inde$ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 be=e ! social life-conception 0 adopt$ by all mank9d2 x pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s phases1 & we ourselves possess x ?r\gh h]$ity1 education1 & unconsci\s habit2 h5ce x seems natural to u4 ,b #ejjj ye>s ago x seem$ z /range & unnatural to m5 z ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 its true mean+ seems to !m n[4 ,! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man1 ! equality ( races1 ! abolition ( prop]ty1 ! anomal\s doctr9e ( non-resi/ance1 all ^! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion seem to u impossibilities4 ,b 9 old5 times1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 n only ! requirem5ts ( ! ,/ate1 b ev5 ^? ( ! family1 z1 = in/ance1 ! obligation ( p>5ts to fe$ _! *ildr51 ( *ildr5 to support _! ag$ p>5ts1 & t ( conjugal fidelity1 seem$ equally impossible4 ,& /ill m unreasonable seem$ ! dem&s ( ! ,/ate1 requir+ citiz5s to submit to e/abli%$ au?ority1 to pay taxes1 to p]=m milit>y duty 9 def5se ( _! c\ntry1 etc4 ,we f9d no difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ^! requirem5ts n[2 !y seem p]fectly simple & natural1 ) no?+ my/ical or al>m+ 9 _! aspect2 b five or ev5 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 su* dem&s seem$ intol]able4 ,?us ! social life-conception s]v$ z a f\ndation = religion1 = at ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ manife/$ to m5 x seem$ to !m to be utt]ly incompreh5sible1 my/ical1 & sup]natural4 ,n[ t we h pass$ t phase ( human life1 we c und]/& ! reasons = ! aggregation ( m5 into families1 communities1 & /ates4 ,b 9 ! e>ly ages ! dem& = ^! aggregations 0 made 9 ! "n ( ! sup]natural1 & its fulfilm5t assur$ by ! same au?ority4 ,! patri>*al religion deifi$ ! family1 ! race1 ! p4 ,/ate religions deifi$ ! sov]eigns & ! ,/ate4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! un$ucat$ masses1 ! ,russian peasants1 = in/ance1 :o call ! ,cz> a ,god ^u e>?1 obey ! laws f religi\s in/9ct1 n because _! reason c\nsels !m to d s1 nor because !y h ! lea/ idea ( a ,/ate4 ,& to ^? m5 ( our own times :o hold ! social life-conception1 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e seems to be a sup]natural religion1 :]eas 9 reality !re is no?+ my/ical or sup]natural ab\t x2 x is only a doctr9e conc]n+ human life1 correspond+ ) ! degree ( developm5t :i* man has atta9$1 & "o :i* he _c refuse to accept4 ,! "t w come1 & x is already ne> at h&1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian f\ndations ( life--equality1 bro!rly love1 community ( goods1 non-resi/ance ( evil by viol5ce--w seem z natural & simple z ! f\ndations ( family1 social1 & ,/ate life appe> to u at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re c be no retrogression = humanity4 ,m5 h outgr[n ! l[] life-conception ( ! family & ! ,/ate1 & mu/ press =w>d to embrace ! next high] conception1 z !y h already begun to d4 ,?is movem5t is accompli%$ 9 two ways3 consci\sly1 by moral causes2 unconsci\sly1 by mat]ial ones4 ,x r>ely happ5s t a man *anges 8 mode ( life at ! dictates ( reason2 h[ev] consci\s he may be ( ! new design & purpose reveal$ to him by 8 reason1 he goes on 9 ! old fa%ion until 8 life has become intol]ably inconsi/5t1 & !re=e di/ress+4 ,likewise1 ! l>g] portion ( mank9d1 aft] le>n+ ?r\gh its religi\s tea*]s a new conception ( life & its objects1 to :i* x has yet to adju/ itself1 w = a long "t pursue its wont$ c\rse1 & only make ! *ange 9 ! end because its =m] life has become impossible4 ,9 spite ( ! necessity = a *ange ( life1 ackn[l$g$ & proclaim$ by our religi\s guides & admitt$ by ! wise/ m51 9 spite ( ! religi\s respect ent]ta9$ = ^! guides1 ! majority ( m5 cont9ue to be influ5c$ 9 life1 n[ additionally complicat$1 by _! =m] views4 ,x is z if ! fa!r ( a family1 kn[+ well en\gh h[ to conduct himself prop]ly1 %\ld ?r\gh =ce ( habit or ?\ghtlessness cont9ue to live z if he 7 /ill a *ild4 ,at ?is v mom5t we are exp]i5c+ "o ( ^! transitions4 ,humanity has outgr[n its social1 its civic age1 & has ent]$ ^u a new epo*4 ,x kn[s ! doctr9e t mu/ und]lie ! f\ndations ( life 9 ?is new epo*2 b1 yield+ to in]tia1 x /ill cl+s to its =m] habits4 ,f ?is inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! !ory ( life & its practice foll[ a s]ies ( contradictions & suff]+s t embitt] man's life & compel him to make a *ange4 ,"o ne$s b to comp>e ! practice ( life ) its !ory to be horrifi$ at ! extraord9>y contradictions betwe5 ! conditions ( life & our inn] consci\sness4 ,man's :ole life is a cont9ual contradiction ( :at he kn[s to be 8 duty4 ,?is contradiction prevails 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 9 ! economical1 ! political1 & ! int]national4 ,z ?\gh 8 intellig5ce 7 =gott5 & 8 fai? tempor>ily eclips$1--= he mu/ h fai?1 else w\ld 8 life h no p]man5ce1--he acts 9 direct opposition to ! dictates ( 8 consci5ce & 8 common s5se4 ,9 our economical & int]national relations we are guid$ by ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( bygone ages1--pr9ciples q contradictory to our m5tal attitude & ! conditions ( our pres5t life4 ,x 0 "r = a man :o believ$ 9 ! div9e orig9 ( slav]y1 & 9 its necessity1 to live 9 ! relation ( a ma/] to 8 slaves4 ,b is su* a life possible 9 ^! days8 ,a man ( antiquity might believe himself ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ advantage ( 8 fell[-man1 oppress+ him = g5]ations1 m]ely because he believ$ 9 div]sity ( orig91 noble or base1 desc5t f ,ham or ,japhe?4 ,n only h ! greate/ philosoph]s ( anci5t times1 ! tea*]s ( mank9d1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ju/ifi$ ! exi/5ce ( slav]y & adduc$ pro(s ( its legality1 b no long] ?an ?ree c5turies ago ^? :o describ$ an ideal /ate ( society c\ld n picture x )\t slaves4 ,9 anci5t times1 & ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x 0 hone/ly ?\ght t m5 7 n born equal1 t ! m5 wor?y ( respect 7 only ,p]sians1 only ,greeks1 only ,romans1 or only ,fr5*m52 b no "o believes x n[4 ,& ! en?usia/ic advocates ( ! pr9ciples ( ari/ocracy & patriotism at ?is pres5t day _c believe 9 _! own /atem5ts4 ,we all "k1 & _c help kn[+1 ev5 if we _h nev] he>d x def9$ & nev] attempt$ to def9e x ourselves1 t we all possess an inh]5t conviction deep 9 our he>ts ( ! tru? ( t fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 t we are all *ildr5 ( "o ,fa!r1 yea1 e "o ( u1 :]esoev] we may live1 :atsoev] language we may speak2 t we are all bro!rs1 subject only to ! law ( love implant$ 9 our he>ts by our common ,fa!r4 ,:atev] may be ! habits ( ?\ght or ! degree ( education ( a man ( our "t1 :e!r he be an educat$ lib]al1 :atsoev] 8 %ade ( op9ion1 a philosoph]1 :atsoev] may be 8 sy/em1 a sci5ti/1 an economi/ ( any ( ! v>i\s s*ools1 an un$ucat$ adh]5t ( any religi\s fai?1--e man 9 ^! days kn[s t 9 ! matt] ( life & worldly goods all m5 h equal rights2 t no man is ei!r bett] or worse ?an 8 fell[-m51 b t all m5 are born free & equal4 ,e man has an in/9ctive assurance ( ?is fact1 & yet he sees 8 fell[-be+s divid$ into two classes1 ! "o 9 pov]ty & di/ress1 :i* labors & is oppress$1 ! o!r idle1 tyrannical1 luxuri\s2 & n only does he see all ?is1 b1 :e!r volunt>ily or o!rwise1 he falls 9 l9e ) "o or ! o!r ( ^! divisions1--a c\rse repugnant to 8 reason4 ,h5ce he mu/ suff] bo? f 8 s5se ( ! incongruity & 8 own %>e 9 x4 ,:e!r he be ma/] or slave1 a man 9 ^! days is =ev] haunt$ by ?is di/ress+ inconsi/5cy betwe5 8 ideal & ! actual fact1 nor c he fail to p]ceive ! suff]+ t spr+s !refrom4 ,! masses--t is to say1 ! majority ( mank9d1 :o suff] & toil1 _! lives dull & un9t]e/+1 nev] enliv5$ by a ray ( brightness1 endur+ numb]less privations--are ^? :o recognize mo/ cle>ly ! %>p contra/s betwe5 :at is & :at ought to be1 betwe5 ! pr(essions ( mank9d & _! actions4 ,!y "k t !y "w l slaves1 t !y are p]i%+ 9 want & 9 d>kness1 t !y may m9i/] to ! pleasures ( ! m9ority4 ,& x is ?is v consci\sness t enhances its bitt]ness2 inde$1 x con/itutes ! ess5ce ( _! suff]+4 ,a slave 9 old times knew t he 0 a slave by bir?1 :]eas ! work+-man ( our day1 :ile he feels himself to be a slave1 kn[s t he ought n to be "o1 & suff]s ! tortures ( ,tantalus f 8 unsatisfi$ ye>n+ = t :i* n only c\ld be grant$ him1 b :i* is really 8 due4 ,! suff]+s ( ! work+-classes t spr+ f ! contradictions ( _! fate are magnifi$ t5fold by ! envy & hatr$ :i* are ! natural fruits ( ! s5se ( ^! contradictions4 ,a work+-man 9 our p]iod1 ev5 ?\gh 8 "w may be less fatigu+ ?an ! labor ( ! anci5t slave1 & ev5 7 he to succe$ 9 obta9+ ! eight-h\r sy/em & twelve-&-sixp5ce a day1 /ill has ! wor/ ( x1 because he manufactures objects :i* he w nev] use or enjoy2--he is n work+ = himself2 he works 9 ord] to gratify ! luxuri\s & idle1 to increase ! weal? ( ! capitali/1 ! mill-own]1 or manufactur]4 ,he kn[s t all ?is goes on 9 a _w :]e m5 ackn[l$ge c]ta9 propositions su* z ! economic pr9ciple t labor is weal?1 t x is an act ( inju/ice to employ ano!r man's labor = "o's own b5efit1 t an illegal act is puni%able by law1 9 a _w1 moreov]1 :]e ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is pr(ess$1--t doctr9e :i* tea*es u t all m5 are bro!rs1 & t x is ! duty ( a man to s]ve 8 neighbor & to take no unfair advantage ( him4 ,he realizes all ?is1 & mu/ suff] ke5ly f ! %ock+ contradiction betwe5 ! _w z x %\ld be & ! _w z x is4 ,accord+ to :at ,i am told & :at ,i he> m5 pr(ess1 says a work+-man to himself1 ,i ought to be a free man equal to any o!r man1 & lov$2 ,i am a slave1 hat$ & despis$4 ,!n he 9 8 turn is fill$ ) hatr$1 & seeks to escape f 8 position1 to ov]?r[ ! enemy t oppresses him1 & to get ! upp] h& himself4 ,!y say3 ,x is wrong = a workman to wi% himself 9 ! place ( a capitali/1 or = a poor man to envy ! ri*4 ,b ?is is false4 ,if ?is 7 a _w :]e ,god _h orda9$ ma/]s & slaves1 ri* & poor1 x w\ld be wrong = ! work+-man or ! poor man to wi% himself 9 ! place ( ! ri*3 b ?is is n s2 he wi%es x 9 a _w :i* pr(esses ! doctr9e ( ! gospel1 ^: fir/ pr9ciple is embodi$ 9 ! relation ( ! son to ! ,fa!r1 & consequ5tly ( frat]nity & equality4 ,& h[ev] reluctant m5 may be to ackn[l$ge x1 !y _c d5y t "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( ,*ri/ian life is love1 express$1 n 9 words1 b 9 de$s4 ,! man ( education suff]s ev5 m f ^! inconsi/5cies4 ,if he has any fai? :atev] he believes1 p]haps1 9 frat]nity1--at lea/ 9 ! s5tim5t humanity2 & if n 9 ! s5tim5t humanity1 !n 9 ju/ice2 & if n 9 ju/ice1 !n surely 9 sci5ce2 & he _c help kn[+ all ! :ile t ! conditions ( 8 life are oppos$ to e pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity1 humanity1 ju/ice1 & sci5ce4 ,he kn[s t ! habits ( life 9 :i* he has be5 br$1 & ^: ab&onm5t w\ld cause him mu* discom=t1 c only be support$ by ! we>y & (t5 suicidal labor ( ! d[n-trodd5 work+-class--t is1 by ! op5 infraction ( ^? pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 humanity1 ju/ice1 & ev5 ( sci5ce 7political sci5ce71 9 :i* he pr(esses to believe4 ,he affirms 8 fai? 9 ! pr9ciples ( frat]nity1 humanity1 ju/ice1 & political sci5ce1 & yet ! oppression ( ! work+-class is an indisp5sable factor 9 8 daily life1 & he con/antly employs x to atta9 8 own ends 9 spite ( 8 pr9ciples2 & he n only lives 9 ?is mann]1 b he devotes all 8 en]gies to ma9ta9 a sy/em :i* is directly oppos$ to all 8 beliefs4 ,we are bro!rs3 b e morn+ my bro!r or my si/] p]=ms = me ! mo/ m5ial (fices4 ,we are bro!rs3 b ,i mu/ h my morn+ cig>1 my sug>1 my mirror1 or :at n1--objects ^: manufacture has (t5 co/ my bro!rs & si/]s _! heal?1 yet ,i d n = t reason =be> to use ^! ?+s2 on ! contr>y1 ,i ev5 dem& !m4 ,we are bro!rs3 & yet ,i support myself by work+ 9 "s bank1 comm]cial h\se1 or %op1 & am always try+ to raise ! price ( ! necessities ( life = my bro!rs & si/]s4 ,we are bro!rs3 ,i receive a sal>y = judg+1 convict+1 & puni%+ ! ?ief or ! pro/itute1 ^: exi/5ce is ! natural outcome ( my own sy/em ( life1 & ,i fully realize t ,i %\ld nei!r condemn nor puni%4 ,we are all bro!rs3 yet ,i make my liv+ by collect+ taxes f ! poor1 t ! ri* may live 9 luxury & idl5ess4 ,we are bro!rs3 & yet ,i receive a sal>y = prea*+ a pseudo-,*ri/ian doctr9e1 9 :i* ,i d n myself believe1 ?us h9d]+ m5 f discov]+ ! true "o2 ,i receive a sal>y z prie/ or bi%op = deceiv+ p 9 a matt] :i* is ( vital importance to !m4 ,we are bro!rs3 b ,i make my bro!r pay = all my s]vices1 :e!r ,i write books = him1 educate him1 or prescribe = him z a physician4 ,we are all bro!rs3 b ,i receive a sal>y = fitt+ myself to be a murd]]1 = le>n+ ! art ( w>1 or = manufactur+ arms & ammunition & build+ =tresses4 ,! :ole exi/5ce ( our upp] classes is utt]ly contradictory1 & ! m s5sitive a man's nature ! m pa9ful is ! incongruity4 ,a man ) a s5sitive consci5ce c enjoy no peace ( m9d 9 su* a life4 ,ev5 suppos+ t he succe$s 9 /ifl+ ! reproa*es ( 8 consci5ce1 he is /ill unable to conqu] 8 fe>s4 ,^? m5 & wom5 ( ! dom9ant classes :o h h>d5$ !mselves1 & h succe$$ 9 /ifl+ _! consci5ces1 mu/ /ill suff] ?r\gh _! fe> ( ! hatr$ !y inspire4 ,!y are q well aw>e ( its exi/5ce among ! labor+ classes2 !y "k t x c nev] die2 !y "k1 too1 t ! work+-m5 realize ! deceits practis$ ^u !m1 & ! abuses t !y endure2 t !y h />t$ organizations to ?r[ (f ! yoke1 & to take v5geance on _! oppressors4 ,! happ9ess ( ! upp] classes is poison$ by fe> ( ! imp5d+ calamity1 =e%ad[$ by ! unions1 ! /rikes1 & ,fir/ ( ,may demon/rations4 ,recogniz+ ! calamity t ?reat5s !m1 _! fe> turns to defiance & hatr$4 ,!y "k t if !y relax = "o mom5t 9 ?is conflict ) ! oppress$1 !y are lo/1 because _! slaves1 already embitt]$1 gr[ m & m s ) e day's oppression4 ,! oppressors1 ?\gh !y may see x1 _c cease to oppress4 ,!y realize t !y !mselves are doom$ f ! mom5t !y abate "o jot ( _! sev]ity4 ,s !y g on 9 _! c>e] ( oppression1 not)/&+ _! affectation ( int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ! work+-m51 ! eight-h\r sy/em1 ! laws re/rict+ ! labor ( wom5 & *ildr51 ! p5sions1 & ! rew>ds4 ,all ?is is m]e pret5se1 or at be/ ! natural anxiety ( ! ma/] to keep 8 slave 9 good condition2 b ! slave rema9s a slave all ! :ile1 & ! ma/]1 :o _c live )\t ! slave1 is less will+ ?an ev] to set him free4 ,! gov]n+ classes f9d !mselves 9 reg>d to ! work+-m5 v mu* 9 ! position ( "o :o has ov]?r[n 8 oppon5t1 & :o holds him d[n1 n s mu* because he does n *oose to let him escape1 b because he kn[s t %\ld he = "o mom5t lose 8 hold on him1 he w\ld lose 8 own life1 = ! vanqui%$ man is infuriat$1 & holds a knife 9 8 h&4 ,h5ce our weal?y classes1 :e!r _! consci5ces be t5d] or h>d5$1 _c enjoy ! advantages !y h wrung f ! poor1 z did ! anci5ts1 :o 7 conv9c$ ( ! ju/ice ( _! position4 ,all ! pleasures ( life are poison$ ei!r by remorse or fe>4 ,su* is ! economic inconsi/5cy4 ,/ill m /rik+ is t ( ! civil p[]4 ,a man is tra9$ fir/ ( all 9 habits ( ob$i5ce to /ate laws4 ,at ! pres5t "t e act ( our lives is "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,/ate1 & 9 accordance ) its dictates a man m>ries & is divorc$1 re>s 8 *ildr51 & 9 "s c\ntries accepts ! religion x prescribes4 ,:at is ?is law1 !n1 t det]m9es ! life ( mank9d8 ,d m5 believe 9 x8 ,d !y consid] x true8 ,n at all4 ,9 mo/ cases !y recognize its inju/ice1 !y despise x1 & yet !y obey x4 ,x 0 fit t ! anci5ts %\ld obey _! law4 ,x 0 *iefly religi\s1 & !y s9c]ely believ$ x to be ! only true law1 to :i* all m5 ow$ ob$i5ce4 ,is t ! case ) u8 ,we _c refuse to ackn[l$ge t ! law ( our ,/ate is n ! et]nal law1 b only "o ( ! _m laws ( _m /ates1 all equally imp]fect1 & frequ5tly :olly false & unju/1--a law t has be5 op5ly discuss$ 9 all its aspects by ! public press4 ,x 0 fit t ! ,hebrew %\ld obey 8 laws1 s9ce he nev] d\bt$ t ! f+] ( ,god ,himself _h trac$ !m2 or = ! ,roman1 :o believ$ t he receiv$ !m f ! nymph ,eg]ia2 or ev5 = ^? peoples :o believ$ t ! rul]s :o made ! laws 7 ano9t$ ( ,god1 or t legislative assemblies h bo? ! w & ! ability to devise laws z good z possible4 ,b we "k t laws are ! (fspr+ ( p>ty conflicts1 false deal+1 & ! gre$ ( ga91 t !y are n1 & c nev] be1 ! depository ( true ju/ice2 & !re=e x is impossible = p ( ! pres5t day to believe t ob$i5ce to civil or /ate laws c ev] satisfy ! rational dem&s ( human nature4 ,m5 h long s9ce realiz$ t !re is no s5se 9 obey+ a law ^: hone/y is m ?an d\btful1 & !re=e !y mu/ suff] :51 ?\gh privately d5y+ its pr]ogative1 !y /ill con=m to x4 ,:5 a man's :ole life is held 9 bondage by laws ^: inju/ice1 cruelty1 & artificiality he pla9ly disc]ns1 & yet is compell$ to obey ^! laws "u p5alty ( puni%m5t1 he mu/ suff]2 x _c be o!rwise4 ,we recognize ! disadvantages ( cu/om-h\ses & import duties1 b we are yet oblig$ to pay !m2 we see ! folly ( support+ ! c\rt & its num]\s (ficials1 we admit ! h>mful influ5ce ( *ur* prea*+1 & /ill we are compell$ to support bo?2 we also admit ! cruel & iniquit\s puni%m5ts inflict$ by ! c\rts1 & yet we play our "p 9 !m2 we ackn[l$ge t ! di/ribution ( l& is wrong & immoral1 b we h to submit to x2 & despite ! fact t we d5y ! necessity = armies or w>f>e1 we are made to be> ! heavy burd5 ( support+ armies & wag+ w>4 ,^! contradictions1 h[ev]1 are b trifl+ 9 comp>ison ) ! "o :i* confronts u 9 ! problem ( our int]national relations1 & :i* cries al\d = solution1 s9ce bo? human reason & human life are at /ake1 & ?is is ! antagonism betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian fai? & w>4 ,we1 ,*ri/ian nations1 ^: spiritual life is "o & ! same1 :o welcome ! bir? ( e :olesome & pr(itable ?\ght ) joy & pride1 f :atsoev] qu>t] ( ! globe x may spr+1 reg>dless ( race or cre$2 we1 :o love n only ! philan?ropi/s1 ! poets1 ! philosoph]s1 & ! sci5ti/s ( o!r l&s2 we1 :o take z mu* pride 9 ! h]oism ( a ,fa!r ,dami5 z if x 0 our own2 we1 :o love ! ,fr5*1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,am]icans1 & ! ,engli%1 n only e/eem+ _! qualities1 b ready to meet !m ) cordial fri5d%ip2 we1 :o n only w\ld be %ock$ to consid] w> ) !m 9 ! light ( an exploit1--:5 we picture to ourselves ! possibility t at "s future day a diff]5ce may arise betwe5 u t c only be reconcil$ by murd]1 & t any "o ( u may be call$ ^u to play 8 "p 9 an inevitable trag$y1--we %udd] at ! ?\ght4 ,x 0 well en\gh = a ,hebrew1 a ,greek1 or a ,roman to ma9ta9 ! indep5d5ce ( 8 c\ntry by murd]1 & ev5 to subdue o!r nations by ! same means1 because he firmly believ$ himself a memb] ( ! "o favor$ p belov$ by ,god1 & t all ! o!rs 7 ,phili/9es & b>b>ians4 ,also1 9 ! times ( ! ,middle ,ages m5 might well h held ^! op9ions1 & ev5 !y :o liv$ t[>d ! end ( ! la/ c5tury & at ! beg9n+ ( ?is4 ,b we1 :atev] provocation may be (f]$ u1 we _c possibly believe z !y did2 & ?is difficulty is s pa9ful = u 9 ^! times t x has become impossible to live )\t try+ to solve x4 ,we live 9 a "t replete ) contradictions1 writes ,c\nt ,kom>ovsky1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,int]national ,law1 9 8 le>n$ treatise4 ,ev]y:]e ! tone ( ! public press seems to indicate a g5]al desire = peace1 & %[s ! ne$ ( x = all nations4 ,& ! repres5tatives ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 _! private z well z 9 _! public capacity1 9 p>liam5t>y spee*es & diplomatic negotiations1 express !mselves 9 ! same temp]4 ,nev]!less1 ! gov]nm5ts increase ! milit>y =ce ye> aft] ye>1 impose new taxes1 negotiate loans1 & w leave z a legacy to future g5]ations ! responsibilities ( ! pres5t mi/ak5 policy4 ,h[ are ! ^w & ! de$ at v>iance6 ,by way ( ju/ification ! gov]nm5ts claim t all _! armam5ts & ! consequ5t outlay are simply def5sive 9 _! "*1 b to ! un9itiat$ ! "q naturally sugge/s itself3 ,:5ce is to come ! attack if all ! great p[]s are devot+ !mselves to a def5sive policy8 ,x c]ta9ly looks z if ea* "o ( !m liv$ 9 h\rly expectation ( attack f 8 neighbor1 & ! consequ5ce is a /rife betwe5 ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts to surpass ea* o!r 9 /r5g?4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ?is _s ( rivalry favors ! *ances ( w>3 ! nations1 no long] able to support ! increas$ armam5t1 w soon] or lat] pref] op5 w> to ! t5sion 9 :i* !y live & ! ru9 :i* m5aces !m1 s t ! slighte/ pretext w avail to k9dle 9 ,europe ! conflagration ( a g5]al w>4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t su* a crisis w heal ! political & economic ills "u :i* we groan4 ,! exp]i5ce ( late w>s %[s u t ea* "o s]v$ only to exac]bate ! animosity ( ! nations aga9/ ea* o!r1 to increase ! unbe>able burd5 ( milit>y despotism1 & has involv$ ! political & economic situation ( ,europe 9 a m melan*oly & pitiable plight ?an ev]4 ,contempor>y ,europe keeps "u arms n9e millions ( m51 says ,enrico ,f]ri1 & a res]ve =ce ( fifte5 millions1 at a co/ ( f\r milli>ds ( francs a ye>4 ,by increas+ its armam5t x p>alyzes m & m ! spr+s ( social & individual welf>e1 & may be comp>$ to a man :o1 9 ord] to obta9 weapons1 condemns himself to anmia1 !reby depriv+ himself ( ! /r5g? to use ! weapons he is accumulat+1 ^: weight w ev5tually ov]p[] him4 ,! same idea has be5 express$ by ,*>les ,boo?1 9 8 address deliv]$ 9 ,london1 ,july #bf1 #ahhg1 be=e ! ,association = ! ,re=m & ,codification ( ,national ,laws4 ,hav+ m5tion$ ! same numb]s1--ov] n9e millions 9 active s]vice & fifte5 millions 9 res]ve1 & ! enorm\s sums requir$ to support ^! armies & armam5ts1--he says1 9 sub/ance3 ,^! numb]s repres5t b a small "p ( ! actual exp5diture1 because outside ( ! exp5ses enum]at$ 9 ! budgets ( ! nations we mu/ take into consid]ation ! great losses to society f ! removal ( s _m able-bodi$ m51 lo/ to indu/ry 9 all its bran*es1 & moreov]1 ! int]e/ on ! enorm\s sums sp5t 9 milit>y prep>ations1 :i* yield no returns4 ,z might be expect$1 ! con/antly increas+ national debts are ! inevitable result ( ^! outlays 9 prep>ation = w>4 ,by f> ! great] proportion ( ! debt ( ,europe has be5 contract$ = munitions ( w>4 ,! sum total is f\r milli>ds ( p\nds1 or =ty milli>ds ( r\bles1 & ^! debts are increas+ e ye>4 ,kom>ovsky1 :om we lately quot$1 says else:]e3 ,we are liv+ 9 h>d times4 ,ev]y:]e we he> compla9ts ( ! /agnation ( comm]ce & indu/ry1 & ( ! wret*$ economical situation4 ,!y tell u ( ! h>d conditions ( life among ! labor+ classes & ! g5]al impov]i%m5t ( ! p4 ,b reg>dless ( ?is1 gov]nm5ts1 det]m9$ to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce1 g to ! utmo/ limits ( folly4 ,additional taxes are levi$ on e side1 & ! f9ancial oppression ( ! p kn[s no b\nds4 ,if we glance at ! budgets ( ,european /ates = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 we %all be /ruck ) _! con/antly increas+ figures4 ,h[ c we expla9 ?is abnormal condition t soon] or lat] ?reat5s to ov]:elm u ) inevitable bankruptcy8 ,mo/ assur$ly x is caus$ by ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ armies1 :i* absorbs "o-?ird1 or ev5 "o-half1 ( ! budget ( all ,european nations4 ,! sadde/ "p ( x1 h[ev]1 is t !re is no end to ?is increase ( budgets & consequ5t impov]i%m5t ( ! masses4 ,:at is socialism b a prote/ aga9/ ! abnormal situation 9 :i* ! majority ( mank9d ( our cont95t f9ds itself8 ,we are be+ ru9$1 says ,frdric ,passy1 9 a pap] read be=e ! la/ ,peace ,congress 9 ,london 7#ahij71 to enable u to take "p 9 ! s5seless w>s ( ! future1 or to pay ! int]e/ ( debts left u by ! crim9al & insane w>s & conte/s ( ! pa/4 ,we %all p]i% ) hung]1 to h success 9 murd]4 ,go+ on to speak ( ! op9ion ( ,france 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 he says3 ,we believe t n[1 a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! proclamation =mulat+ ! belief 9 ! rights ( m5 & citiz5s1 ! "t has come to decl>e ! rights ( nations & to repudiate once & = all "t ^? und]tak+s ( fraud & viol5ce1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( conque/s1 are actually crimes aga9/ humanity1 & :i*1 h[ev] mu* ! pride ( nations or ! ambition ( mon>*s may seek to ju/ify !m1 s]ve only to en]vate ! conqu]ors4 ,i am always v mu* surpris$ at ! way religion is c>ri$ on 9 ?is c\ntry1 says ,sir ,wilfr$ ,lawson be=e ! same ,congress4 ,y s5d a boy to ! ,sunday-s*ool1 & y tell him3 ',my de> boy1 y mu/ love y\r enemies2 if any boy /rikes y1 don't /rike him aga92 try to re=m him by lov+ him4' ,well1 ! boy goes to ! ,sunday-s*ool till he is f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s ( age1 & !n 8 fri5ds say1 ',put him 9 ! army4' ,:at has he to d 9 ! army8 ,:y1 n love 8 enemies1 b :5ev] he sees an enemy1 to run him ?r\gh ! body ) a bayonet is ! nature ( all religi\s tea*+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i d n ?9k t t is a v good way ( c>ry+ out ! precepts ( religion4 ,i ?9k if x is a good ?+ = ! boy to love 8 enemy1 x is a good ?+ = ! man to love 8 enemy4444 ,& lat]6 ,9 ,europe great ,*ri/ian nations keep among !m #bh1jjj1jjj ( arm$ m5 to settle qu>rels by kill+ "o ano!r1 in/ead ( by argu+4 ,?is is :at ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! _w are do+ at ?is mom5t4 ,x is a v exp5sive way also2 = 9 a publication :i* ,i saw--,i believe x 0 correct--x 0 made out t s9ce ! ye> #ahab ^! nations _h sp5t ! almo/ incr$ible am\nt ( #a1ejj1jjj1jjj ( money 9 prep>+ & settl+ _! qu>rels by kill+ "o ano!r4 ,n[ x seems to me t ) t /ate ( ?+s "o ( two positions mu/ be accept$1--ei!r t ,*ri/ianity is a failure1 or t ^? :o pr(ess to exp\nd ,*ri/ianity h fail$ 9 exp\nd+ x prop]ly4 ,s long z our m5-(-w> are n dis>m$ & our army n disb&$1 we h no "r to be call$ a ,*ri/ian nation1 said ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,wilson4 ,9 a conv]sation 9 reg>d to ! duty ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s 9 ! matt] ( prea*+ aga9/ w>1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,b>tlett rem>k$1 among o!r ?+s3-- ,if ,i und]/& ! ,scriptures1 ,i say t m5 are only play+ ) ,*ri/ianity :5 !y ignore ?is "q4444 ,i h liv$ a long life1 ,i h he>d _m s]mons1 & ,i c say )\t any exagg]ation t ,i nev] he>d univ]sal peace recomm5d$ f ! pulpit half a doz5 times 9 my life4444 ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago ,i happ5$ to /& 9 a draw+-room :]e !re 7 =ty or fifty p1 & ,i d>$ to make ! proposition t w> 0 incompatible ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y look$ ^u me z an arrant fanatic4 ,! idea t we c\ld get on )\t w> 0 reg>d$ z unmitigat$ weakness & folly4 ,a ,ca?olic prie/1 ! ,abb ,def\rny1 has spok5 9 a simil> _s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ comm&m5ts ( ! et]nal law1 engrav$ 9 e man's consci5ce1 says ! ,abb ,def\rny1 =bids a man to take 8 neighbor's life or %$ 8 blood 7)\t suffici5t cause1 be+ =c$ to x by /ress ( circum/ance74 ,?is is a comm&m5t m deeply engrav$ 9 ! human he>t ?an all ! o!rs4444 ,b z soon z x becomes a "q ( w>1 t is1 a "q ( ! :olesale %$d+ ( human blood1 m5 9 ^! days d n wait = a suffici5t cause4 ,^? :o are active 9 w> =get to ask !mselves if !re is any ju/ification = ! num]\s manslaught]s t take place1 :e!r !y are j or unju/1 legal or illegal1 innoc5t or crim9al1 or :e!r !y break ! pr9cipal law t =bids u to commit murd] 7)\t j cause74 ,_! consci5ce is sil5t4444 ,w> has ceas$ to be a matt] connect$ ) morality4 ,! soldi]1 amid all ! fatigues & dang]s he und]goes1 kn[s no joy b conque/1 no sorr[ b defeat4 ,don't tell me t !y s]ve ! c\ntry4 ,a great g5ius has long ago answ]$ ?is /atem5t 9 words t h s9ce become a prov]b3 ',take away ju/ice1 & :at is !n a nation b a great b& ( robb]s8 ,& is n a b& ( robb]s 9 itself a small /ate8 ,!y1 too1 h _! laws4 ,!y1 too1 fight = booty1 & ev5 honor4' ,! aim ( ?is organization 7x 0 a "q ( e/abli%+ int]national tribunals7 is to influ5ce ! ,european nations until !y cease to be nations ( ?ieves1 & _! armies b&s ( robb]s4 ,yes1 our armies are no?+ less ?an a rabble ( slaves belong+ to "o or two mon>*s & _! m9i/]s1 :o1 z we all "k1 rule !m tyrannically & )\t any responsibility o!r ?an nom9al1 z we "k4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( a slave t he is a tool 9 ! h&s ( 8 ma/]4 ,su* are ! soldi]s1 (fic]s1 & g5]als1 :o at ! beck ( _! sov]eign g =? to slay or to be sla94 ,!re is a milit>y slav]y1 & x is ! wor/ ( all slav]ies1 p>ticul>ly n[1 :5 by means ( conscription x =ges *a9s = ! necks ( all ! free & /rong m5 ( ! nation1 9 ord] to use !m z in/rum5ts ( murd]1 to make !m execution]s & but*]s ( human fle%1 s9ce t is ! sole reason :y !y are draft$ & drill$4444 ,two or ?ree pot5tates 9 _! cab9ets make treaties1 )\t protocols1 )\t publicity1 & !re=e )\t responsibility1 s5d+ m5 to ! slaught]4 ',prote/s aga9/ increas$ armam5ts began be=e our "t1' said ,signor ,e4 ,g4 ,moneta4 ,li/5 to ,montesquieu3 ',france' 7= ,france we might n[ sub/itute ,europe7 'is p]i%+ f an ov]gr[n army4 ,a new disease is spread+ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,x has affect$ k+s1 & obliges !m to ma9ta9 an incr$ible numb] ( troops4 ,x is l a ra%1 & !re=e contagi\s2 = no soon] does "o nation increase its troops ?an all ! o!rs foll[ suit4 ,no?+ c result f ?is condition ( affairs b g5]al calamity4 ',ea* gov]nm5t ma9ta9s z _m troops z x w\ld require if its p 7 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 & ?is /ate ( t5sion is call$ peace4 ,europe is 9 tru? ru9$4 ,if private individuals 7 r$uc$ to su* /raits z ^!1 ! ri*e/ man among !m w\ld be practically de/itute4 ,! weal? ( ! _w & its comm]ce are 9 our h&s1 & yet we are poor4' ,?is 0 writt5 almo/ #aej ye>s ago4 ,x seems l a picture ( ! pres5t4 ,"o ?+ alone has *ang$--! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! "t ( ,montesquieu x 0 said t ! reason = ! ma9t5ance ( l>ge armies might be f\nd 9 ! unlimit$ p[] ( k+s1 :o c>ri$ on w> 9 ! hope ( increas+ _! private prop]ty & _! glory4 ,!n x 0 said3 ',ah6 if ! p c\ld b *oose repres5tatives :o w\ld h a "r to refuse ! gov]nm5ts :5 !y call$ = soldi]s & money--!re w\ld be an end ( a milit>y policy4' ,n[1 almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,europe !re are repres5tative gov]nm5ts1 & /ill ! milit>y exp5diture 9 prep>ation = w> has increas$ 9 frightful proportion4 ,x looks z ?\gh ! folly ( ! rul]s _h pass$ into ! rul+ classes4 ,n[ !y no long] fight because "o k+ has be5 rude to ano!r k+'s mi/ress1 z 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 b by exagg]at+ ! importance ( national dignity & patriotism1--emotions :i* are natural & honorable 9 !mselves1--& excit+ ! public op9ion ( "o c\ntry aga9/ ! o!r1 until !y h arriv$ at su* a pit* ( s5sitiv5ess t x is en\gh to say1 = in/ance 7ev5 7 ! report to prove false71 "o c\ntry has refus$ to receive ! ambassador ( ano!r1 to precipitate ! mo/ frightful & disa/r\s w>4 ,europe ma9ta9s "u arms at ! pres5t "t m soldi]s ?an 7 9 ! field dur+ ! great w>s ( ,napoleon4 ,e citiz5 on our cont95t1 ) a few exceptions1 is =c$ to sp5d sev]al ye>s 9 ! b>racks4 ,=tresses1 ars5als1 m5-(-w> are built1 new fire>ms are inv5t$1 :i* 9 a %ort "t are replac$ by o!rs1 because sci5ce1 :i* %\ld always be devot$ to ! promotion ( human welf>e1 contributes1 x mu/ be regretfully ackn[l$g$1 to human de/ruction1 inv5t+ ev] new means ( kill+ great] numb]s ( m5 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,9 ^! /up5d\s prep>ations = slaught]1 & 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ^! va/ numb]s ( troops1 hundr$s ( millions are ye>ly exp5d$--sums t w\ld suffice to educate ! masses1 & to c>ry on ! mo/ important works ( public improvem5t1 !reby contribut+ t[>d a p]fect solution ( ! social problem4 ,!re=e1 not)/&+ all our sci5tific victories1 ,europe f9ds h]self 9 ?is respect n "o :it bett] (f ?an %e 0 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s times ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,e "o lam5ts a /ate ( ?+s :i* is nei!r w> nor peace1 & longs to be deliv]$ f x4 ,! heads ( gov]nm5ts emphatically affirm t !y desire peace1 & eag]ly emulate ea* o!r 9 _! pacific utt]ances1 b almo/ imm$iately !reaft] !y propose to ! legislative assemblies measures = increas+ ! armam5t1 ass]t+ t !y take ^! precautions = ! pres]vation ( peace4 ,b ?is is n ! sort ( peace we c>e =1 & ! nations are n deceiv$ by x4 ,true peace has = its f\ndation mutual confid5ce1 :]eas ^! appall+ armam5ts %[1 if n a decl>$ ho/ility1 at lea/ a secret di/ru/ among ! diff]5t nations4 ,:at %\ld we say ( a man :o1 wi%+ to %[ 8 fri5dly feel+s to 8 neighbor1 %\ld invite him to consid] a c]ta9 s*eme1 hold+ a load$ pi/ol :ile he unfolds x be=e him8 ,x is ?is mon/r\s contradiction betwe5 ! assurances ( peace & ! milit>y policy ( ! gov]nm5ts1 t good citiz5s wi% to put an end to1 at any co/4 ,"o is amaz$ to le>n t !re are #fj1jjj suicides report$ 9 ,europe1 n includ+ ,turkey & ,russia1 e ye>1 & ^! are all well-sub/antiat$ cases2 b x w\ld be f> m rem>kable if ! numb] 7 less4 ,any man 9 ^! times :o inve/igates ! antagonism betwe5 8 convictions & 8 actions1 f9ds himself 9 a desp]ate plight4 ,sett+ aside ! _m o!r contradictions betwe5 actual life & conviction :i* ab\nd 9 ! life ( a man ( ! pres5t day1 to view ! milit>y situation 9 ,europe 9 ! light ( its pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity is en\gh to make a man d\bt ! exi/5ce ( human reason1 & drive him to escape f a b>b>\s & insane _w by putt+ an end to 8 own life4 ,?is inconsi/5cy1 :i* is ! v qu9tess5ce ( all ! o!rs1 is s %ock+1 t "o c only g on liv+ & tak+ any "p 9 x1 by d9t ( try+ n to ?9k ab\t x1--to =get x all4 ,:at c x mean8 ,we are ,*ri/ians1 :o n only pr(ess to love "o ano!r1 b are actually lead+ "o common life2 our pulses beat 9 h>mony2 we meet ea* o!r 9 love & sympa?y1 d]iv+ support & c\nsel f our mutual int]c\rse4 ,7 x n = ?is sympa?y life w\ld h no mean+4 ,b at any mom5t "s dem5t$ rul] may utt] a few ra% words1 to :i* ano!r gives reply1 & lo6 ,i am ord]$ to m>* at ! risk ( my life1 to slay ^? :o h nev] injur$ me1 :om ,i really love4 ,& x is no remote cont+5cy1 b an inevitable climax = :i* we are all prep>+ ourselves4 ,fully to realize ?is is en\gh to drive "o to madness & to suicide1 & ?is is b too common an occurr5ce1 especially among soldi]s4 ,a mom5t's reflection %[s u :y ?is seems an inevitable conclusion4 ,x expla9s ! frightful int5sity ) :i* m5 plunge into all k9ds ( dissipation1--w9e1 tobacco1 c>ds1 newspap] read+1 travel1 all mann] ( %[s & pleasures4 ,!y pursue all ^! amusem5ts 9 deadly e>ne/1 z if !y 7 s]i\s avocations1 z inde$ !y are4 ,if m5 possess$ none ( ^! di/ractions1 half ( !m w\ld kill !mselves out ( h&1 = to live a life t is made up ( contradictions is simply unbe>able1 & su* is ! life t mo/ ( u lead at ! pres5t day4 ,we are liv+ 9 direct contradiction to our inmo/ convictions4 ,?is contradiction is evid5t bo? 9 economic & 9 political relations2 x is manife/$ mo/ unmi/akably 9 ! inconsi/5cy ( ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian law ( bro!rly love & milit>y conscription1 :i* obliges m5 to hold !mselves 9 read9ess to take ea* o!r's lives1--9 %ort1 e man to be at once a ,*ri/ian & a gladiator4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,attitude ,,( ,,m5 ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,t[>d ,,w> ,m5 d n endeavor to de/roy ! contradiction betwe5 life & consci\sness by a *ange ( life1 b educat$ m5 use all _! p[] to /ifle ! dem&s ( consci\sness & to ju/ify _! lives1 & ?us degrade society to a condition worse ?an pagan1 to a /ate ( primeval savag]y--,unc]ta9ty ( ! attitude ( our lead+ m5 t[>d w>1 univ]sal armam5t1 & g5]al milit>y conscription--,^? :o reg>d w> z an accid5tal political ph5om5on easily to be rem$i$ by ext]nal measures--,! ,peace ,congress--,article 9 ! ,revue des ,revues--,proposition ( ,maxime du ,camp--,significance ( ,c\rts ( ,arbitration & ,dis>mam5t--,relations ( gov]nm5ts to ^!1 & ! bus9ess !y pursue--,^? :o reg>d w> z a cruel inevitable ph5om5on--,maupassant--,rod--,^? :o reg>d x z indisp5sable1 ev5 useful--,camille ,d\cet1 ,cl>etie1 ,zola1 ,vog4 ,! contradictions ( life & ( consci\sness may be solv$ 9 two ways3 by *ange ( life1 or by *ange ( consci\sness2 & x w\ld seem z if !re c\ld be no hesitation 9 a *oice betwe5 ! two4 ,:5 a man ackn[l$ges a de$ to be evil he may refra9 f ! de$ itself1 b he c nev] cease to reg>d x z evil4 ,inde$1 ! :ole _w might cease f evil-do+1 & yet h no p[] to trans=m1 or ev5 to *eck = a season1 ! progress ( k 9 reg>d to t :i* is evil1 & :i* ought n to exi/4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! alt]native ( a *ange ( life to accord ) consci\sness might be settl$ )\t "q1 & t x w\ld !re=e seem unavoidable = ! ,*ri/ian _w ( ! pres5t day to ab&on ^? pagan =ms :i* x condemns1 & regulate its life by ! ,*ri/ian precepts :i* x ackn[l$ges4 ,su* w\ld be ! result 7 x n = ! pr9ciple ( in]tia 7a pr9ciple no less unalt]able 9 human life ?an 9 ! _w ( matt]71 :i* f9ds its expression 9 ! psy*ological law def9$ 9 ! gospel by ! words3 ,m5 lov$ d>kness r ?an light1 because _! de$s 7 evil 7,john iii4 #ai74 ,mo/ p]sons1 9 con=mity to ?is pr9ciple1 d n use _! reason 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! tru?1 b r to p]suade !mselves t !y possess x1 & t _! daily life1 :i* is pleasant = !m1 is 9 h>mony ) ! precepts ( tru?4 ,slav]y conflict$ ) all ! moral pr9ciples taught by ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & yet nei!r ( !m p]ceiv$ ?is1 because ! disav[al ( slav]y mu/ h de/roy$ t life by :i* !y liv$4 ,& ! same ?+ is repeat$ 9 our times4 ,! division ( mank9d into two classes1 ! exi/5ce ( political & milit>y inju/ice1 is oppos$ to all ^? moral pr9ciples :i* our society pr(esses1 & yet ! mo/ progressive & cultivat$ m5 ( ! age seem n to p]ceive ?is4 ,almo/ e educat$ man at ! pres5t day is /riv+ unconsci\sly to pres]ve ! old-"t conception ( society1 :i* ju/ifies 8 attitude1 & to conceal f o!rs & f himself its inconsi/5cies1 *ief among :i* is ! necessity ( adopt+ ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 :i* is subv]sive ( ! v /ructure ( our social exi/5ce4 ,x is ?is antiquat$ social sy/em1 9 :i* !y no long] believe1 because x is really a ?+ ( ! pa/1 t m5 are try+ to uphold4 ,contempor>y lit]ature1 philosophical1 political1 & arti/ic1--all contempor>y lit]ature af=ds a /rik+ pro( ( ! tru? ( my /atem5t4 ,:at weal? ( imag9ation1 :at =m & color1 :at erudition & art1 b :at a lack ( s]i\s purpose1 :at reluctance to face any exact ?\ght6 ,ambiguity ( expression1 indirect allusion1 witticisms1 vague reflection1 b no /raight=w>d or c&id deal+ ) ! subject !y treat (1 namely1 life4 ,inde$1 our writ]s treat ( obsc5ities & improprieties2 9 ! guise ( ref9$ p>adox !y convey sugge/ions :i* ?ru/ m5 back to primeval savag]y1 to ! l[e/ dregs1 n only ( pagan life1 b animal life1 :i* we outliv$ #ejjj ye>s ago4 ,deliv]+ !mselves f ! ,*ri/ian life-conception1 :i* = "s simply int]f]es ) ! accu/om$ curr5t ( _! lives1 :ile = o!rs x int]f]es ) c]ta9 advantages1 m5 mu/ ( necessity return to ! pagan life-conception & to ! doctr9es to :i* x gave rise4 ,n only are patriotism & ! rights ( ! ari/ocracy prea*$ at ! pres5t "t z !y us$ to be #bjjj ye>s ago1 b also ! co>se/ epicureanism & s5suality1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1--t ! tea*]s ( old believ$ 9 ! doctr9es !y taught1 :]eas ^? ( ! pres5t day nei!r d nor c possess any fai? 9 :at !y utt]1 because !re is no long] any s5se 9 x4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is %ift+ "u our feet1 we _c /& /ill1 we mu/ ei!r rec$e or advance4 ,x s\nds exagg]at$ to say t ! enlight5$ m5 ( our "t1 ! advanc$ ?9k]s1 are speci\sly degrad+ society1 plung+ x into a condition worse ?an pagan1--into a /ate ( primeval b>b>ism4 ,9 no o!r matt] has ?is t5d5cy ( ! lead+ m5 ( our "t be5 s pla9ly %[n z 9 _! attitude t[>d t ph5om5on 9 :i* at pres5t all ! inconsi/5cy ( social life is conc5trat$1--t[>d w>1 univ]sal armam5t1 & milit>y conscription4 ,! equivocal1 if n unscrupul\s1 attitude ( ! educat$ m5 ( our "t t[>d ?is "q is a /rik+ "o4 ,x may be /at$ f ?ree po9ts ( view4 ,"s reg>d ?is ph5om5on z an accid5tal /ate ( affairs1 :i* has sprung f ! peculi> political situation ( ,europe1 & believe x to be susceptible ( adju/m5t by diplomatic & int]national m$iation1 )\t injury to ! /ructure ( nations4 ,o!rs look ^u x z some?+ appall+ & cruel1 fatal yet unavoidable1--l disease or dea?4 ,/ill o!rs1 9 cold blood1 calmly pron\nce w> to be an indisp5sable1 salut>y1 & !re=e desirable ev5t4 ,m5 may diff] 9 _! views 9 reg>d to ?is matt]1 b all discuss x z some?+ ) :i* ! w ( ! individuals :o are to take "p 9 x has no?+ :atev] to d2 !re=e !y d n ev5 admit ! natural "q :i* pres5ts itself to mo/ m52 viz41 ,is x my duty to take "p 9 x8 ,9 ! op9ion ( ^! judges !re is no reason 9 su* a "q1 & e man1 :atev] may be 8 p]sonal prejudices 9 reg>d to w>1 mu/ submit 9 ?is matt] to ! dem&s ( ! rul+ p[]s4 ,! attitude ( ^? 9 ! fir/ category1 :o expect deliv]ance f w> by means ( diplomatic & int]national m$iation1 is well def9$ 9 ! results ( ! ,london ,peace ,congress1 & 9 an article1 toge!r ) lett]s conc]n+ w> f prom95t writ]s1 :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,revue des ,revues 7,no4 #h1 #ahia74 ,^! are ! results ( ! ,congress4 ,hav+ collect$ f all p>ts ( ! globe ! op9ions ( sci5ti/s1 bo? writt5 & oral1 ! ,congress1 op5+ ) a ,te ,deum 9 ! ca!dral1 & clos+ ) a d9n] & spee*es1 li/5$ = five days to num]\s addresses1 & arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,resolution ,i4 ,! ,congress affirms its belief t ! bro!rhood ( man involves z a necess>y consequ5ce a bro!rhood ( nations1 9 :i*1 ! true int]e/s ( all are ackn[l$g$ to be id5tical4 ,! ,congress is conv9c$ t ! true basis = an endur+ peace w be f\nd 9 ! application by nations ( ?is great pr9ciple 9 all _! relations "o to ano!r4 ,,ii4 ,! ,congress recognizes ! important influ5ce :i* ,*ri/ianity ex]cises ^u ! moral & political progress ( mank9d1 & e>ne/ly urges ^u m9i/]s ( ! gospel & o!r tea*]s ( religion & morality ! duty ( sett+ =? ^! pr9ciples ( ,peace & ,good-w1 :i* occupy su* a c5tral place 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ( philosoph]s & ( morali/s1 & x recomm5ds t ! ?ird ,sunday 9 ,decemb] 9 ea* ye> be set ap>t = t purpose4 ,,iii4 ,! ,congress expresses its op9ion t all tea*]s ( hi/ory %\ld call ! att5tion ( ! "y to ! grave evils inflict$ on mank9d 9 all ages by w>1 & to ! fact t su* w> has be5 wag$1 z a rule1 = mo/ inadequate causes4 ,,iv4 ,! ,congress prote/s aga9/ ! use ( milit>y drill 9 connection ) ! physical ex]cises ( s*ools1 & sugge/s ! =mation ( brigades = sav+ life r ?an any ( quasi-milit>y "*2 & x urges ! desirability ( impress+ on ! ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s1 :o =mulate ! que/ions = exam9ation1 ! propriety ( guid+ ! m9ds ( *ildr5 into ! pr9ciples ( ,peace4 ,v4 ,! ,congress holds t ! doctr9e ( ! univ]sal rights ( man requires t aborig9al & weak] races %all be gu>d$ f inju/ice & fraud :5 br\ght into contact ) civiliz$ peoples1 alike z to _! t]ritories1 _! lib]ties1 & _! prop]ty1 & t !y %all be %ield$ f ! vices :i* are s preval5t among ! s-call$ advanc$ races ( m54 ,x fur!r expresses its conviction t !re %\ld be conc]t ( action among ! nations = ! accompli%m5t ( ^! ends4 ,! ,congress desires to express its he>ty appreciation ( ! conclusions arriv$ at by ! late ,anti-,slav]y ,conf]5ce1 held 9 ,brussels1 = ! amelioration ( ! condition ( ! peoples ( ,africa4 ,,vi4 ,! ,congress believes t ! w>like prejudices & traditions :i* are /ill fo/]$ 9 ! v>i\s nationalities1 & ! misrepres5tations by lead]s ( public op9ion 9 legislative assemblies1 or ?r\gh ! press1 are n infrequ5tly indirect causes ( w>4 ,! ,congress is !re=e ( op9ion t ^! ends %\ld be c\nt]act$ by ! publication ( accurate /atem5ts & in=mation t w\ld t5d to ! removal ( misund]/&+ among/ nations1 & recomm5ds to ! ,int]-,p>liam5t>y ,committee ! importance ( consid]+ ! "q ( />t+ an int]national newspap]1 :i* %\ld h su* a purpose z "o ( its prim>y objects4 ,,vii4 ,! ,congress proposes to ! ,int]-,p>liam5t>y ,conf]5ce t ! utmo/ support %\ld be giv5 to e project = ! unification ( weights & measures1 ( co9age1 t>iffs1 po/al & telegraphic arrangem5ts1 means ( transport1 etc41 :i* w\ld assi/ 9 con/itut+ a comm]cial1 indu/rial1 & sci5tific union ( ! peoples4 ,,viii4 ,9 view ( ! va/ moral & social influ5ce ( woman1 ! ,congress urges ^u e woman ?r\gh\t ! _w to su/a91 z wife1 "m1 si/]1 or citiz51 ! ?+s t make = peace1 z o!rwise %e incurs grave responsibilities = ! cont9uance ( ! sy/ems ( w> & milit>ism1 :i* n only desolate b corrupt ! home-life ( ! nation4 ,to conc5trate & to practically apply ?is influ5ce1 ! ,congress recomm5ds t wom5 %\ld unite !mselves ) societies = ! promotion ( int]national peace4 ,,ix4 ,?is ,congress expresses ! hope t ! ,f9ancial ,re=m ,association & o!r simil> societies 9 ,europe & ,am]ica %\ld unite 9 convok+ at an e>ly date a conf]5ce to consid] ! be/ means ( e/abli%+ equitable comm]cial relations betwe5 ,/ates by ! r$uction ( import duties z a /ep t[>d ,free ,trade4 ,! ,congress feels t x c affirm t ! :ole ( ,europe desires ,peace1 & is impati5tly wait+ = ! mom5t :5 x %all see ! end ( ^? cru%+ armam5ts :i*1 "u ! plea ( def5se1 become 9 _! turn a dang]1 by keep+ alive mutual di/ru/1 & are1 at ! same "t1 ! cause ( ! g5]al economic di/urbance :i* /&s 9 ! way ( settl+ 9 a satisfactory mann] ! problems ( labor & pov]ty1 :i* %\ld take prec$5ce ( all o!rs4 ,x4 ,?is ,congress1 recogniz+ t a g5]al dis>mam5t w\ld be ! be/ gu>antee ( ,peace1 & w\ld lead to ! solution1 9 ! g5]al int]e/1 ( ^? que/ions :i* n[ mu/ divide ,/ates1 expresses ! wi% t a ,congress ( ,repres5tatives ( all ! ,/ates ( ,europe may be assembl$ z soon z possible to consid] ! means ( effect+ a gradual g5]al dis>mam5t1 :i* already seems feasible4 ,,xi4 ,?is ,congress1 consid]+ t ! timidity ( a s+le ,p[] or o!r cause might delay indef9itely ! convocation ( ! above-m5tion$ ,congress1 is ( ! op9ion t ! ,gov]nm5t :i* %\ld fir/ dismiss any consid]able numb] ( soldi]s w\ld conf] a signal b5efit on ,europe & mank9d1 because x w\ld oblige o!r ,gov]nm5ts1 urg$ on by public op9ion1 to foll[ its example1 & by ! moral =ce ( ?is accompli%$ fact w\ld h increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ ! conditions ( its national def5se4 ,,xii4 ,?is ,congress1 consid]+ ! "q ( dis>mam5t1 z well z ! ,peace "q g5]ally1 dep5ds ^u public op9ion1 recomm5ds ! ,peace ,societies "h repres5t$1 & all fri5ds ( ,peace1 to c>ry on an active propag&a among ! p1 especially at ! "t ( ,p>liam5t>y elections1 9 ord] t ! electors %\ld give _! votes to ^? c&idates :o h includ$ 9 _! programme ,peace1 ,dis>mam5t1 & ,arbitration4 ,,xiii4 ,?is ,congress congratulates ! fri5ds ( ,peace on ! resolution adopt$ by ! ,int]national ,am]ican ,conf]5ce 7) ! exception ( ! repres5tatives ( ,*ili & ,mexico7 at ,wa%+ton 9 ,april la/1 by :i* x 0 recomm5d$ t arbitration %\ld be obligatory 9 all controv]sies conc]n+ diplomatic & consul> privileges1 b\nd>ies1 t]ritories1 indemnities1 "r ( navigation1 & ! validity1 con/ruction1 & en=cem5t ( treaties1 & 9 all o!r causes1 :atev] _! orig91 nature1 or occasion1 except only ^? :i*1 9 ! judgm5t ( any ( ! nations involv$ 9 ! controv]sy1 may imp]il its indep5d5ce4 ,,xiv4 ,?is ,congress respectfully recomm5ds ?is resolution to ! /atesm5 ( ,europe1 & expresses ! ard5t desire t treaties 9 simil> t]ms be spe$ily ent]$ into betwe5 ! o!r nations ( ! _w4 ,,xv4 ,?is ,congress expresses its satisfaction at ! adoption by ! ,spani% ,s5ate1 on ,june #ah? la/1 ( a project ( law au?oriz+ ! ,gov]nm5t to negotiate g5]al or special treaties ( arbitration = ! settlem5t ( all disputes1 except ^? relat+ to ! indep5d5ce & int]nal gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ates affect$2 also at ! adoption ( resolutions to a l effect by ! ,norwegian ,/or?+ on ,m>* #f? la/1 & by ! ,italian ,*amb] on ,july #aa?4 ,,xvi4 ,t a committee ( five be appo9t$ to prep>e & address communications1 9 ! "n ( ! ,congress1 to ! pr9cipal religi\s1 political1 economical1 labor1 & peace organizations 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 reque/+ !m to s5d petitions to ! gov]nm5tal au?orities ( _! respective c\ntries1 pray+ t measures be tak5 = ! =mation ( suitable tribunals = ! adjudication ( int]national que/ions1 s z to avoid ! resort to w>4 ,,xvii4 ,see+ 7#a7 t ! object pursu$ by all ,peace ,societies is ! e/abli%m5t ( juridical ord] betwe5 nations3 7#b7 ,t neutralization by int]national treaties con/itutes a /ep t[>d ?is juridical /ate1 & less5s ! numb] ( di/ricts 9 :i* w> c be c>ri$ on3 ,?is ,congress recomm5ds a l>g] ext5sion ( ! rule ( neutralization1 & expresses ! wi%3-- 7#a7 ,t all treaties :i* at pres5t assure to c]ta9 ,/ates ! b5efit ( neutrality rema9 9 =ce1 or1 if necess>y1 be am5d$ 9 a mann] to r5d] ! neutrality m effective1 ei!r by ext5d+ neutralization to ! :ole ( ! ,/ate1 ( :i* a "p only may be neutraliz$1 or by ord]+ ! demolition ( =tresses1 :i* con/itute r a p]il ?an a gu>antee = neutrality4 7#b7 ,t new treaties1 provid$ t !y are 9 h>mony ) ! wi%es ( ! populations conc]n$1 be conclud$ = e/abli%+ ! neutralization ( o!r ,/ates4 ,,xviii4 ,! ,committee ,section proposes3-- 7#a7 ,t ! next ,congress be held imm$iately be=e or imm$iately aft] ! next session ( ! ,int]-,p>liam5t>y ,conf]5ce1 & at ! same places4 7#b7 ,t ! "q ( an int]national ,peace ,emblem be po/pon$ s9e die4 7#c7 ,! adoption ( ! foll[+ resolutions3-- 7a7 ,resolv$1 t we express our satisfaction at ! =mal & (ficial ov]tures ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 address$ to ! highe/ repres5tatives ( ea* *ur* organization 9 ,*ri/5dom1 invit+ ! same to unite ) itself 9 a g5]al conf]5ce1 ! object ( :i* %all be to promote ! sub/itution ( int]national arbitration = w>4 7b7 ,t ?is ,congress1 assembl$ 9 ,london f ! #ad? to ! #ai? ,july1 desires to express its pr(\nd rev]5ce = ! memory ( ,aurelio ,salfi1 ! great ,italian juri/1 a memb] ( ! ,committee ( ! ,int]national ,league ( ,peace & ,lib]ty4 7#d7 ,t ! memorial to ! v>i\s heads ( ! civiliz$ ,/ates adopt$ by ?is ,congress1 & sign$ by ! ,presid5t1 %\ld1 s f> z practicable1 be pres5t$ to ea* ,p[] by an influ5tial deputation4 7#e7 ,t ! ,organization ,committee be emp[]$ to make ! ne$ful v]bal em5dations 9 ! pap]s & resolutions pres5t$4 7#f7 ,t ! foll[+ resolutions be adopt$3-- 7a7 ,a resolution ( ?anks to ! ,presid5ts ( ! v>i\s sitt+s ( ! ,congress4 7b7 ,a resolution ( ?anks to ! *airman1 ! secret>y1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,bureau ( ?is ,congress4 7c7 ,a resolution ( ?anks to ! conv5]s & memb]s ( ! sectional committees4 7d7 ,a resolution ( ?anks to ,rev4 ,canon ,scott ,holl&1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,reuan ,?omas1 & ,rev4 ,j4 ,morgan ,gibbon1 = _! pulpit addresses be=e ! ,congress1 & t !y be reque/$ to furni% copies ( ! same = publication2 & also ,/am=d ,hall ,congregational ,*ur* = ! use ( ^? build+s = public s]vices4 7e7 ,a lett] ( ?anks to ,h] ,maje/y = p]mission to visit ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 7f7 ,& also a resolution ( ?anks to ! ,"l ,mayor & ,lady ,mayoress1 to ,mr4 ,passmore ,edw>ds1 & o!r fri5ds :o h ext5d$ _! hospitality to ! memb]s ( ! ,congress4 ,,xix4 ,?is ,congress places on record a he>tfelt expression ( gratitude to ,almighty ,god = ! rem>kable h>mony & concord :i* h *>act]iz$ ! meet+s ( ! ,assembly1 9 :i* s _m m5 & wom5 ( v>i$ nations1 cre$s1 tongues1 & races h ga!r$ 9 close/ cop]ation2 & 9 ! conclusion ( ! labors ( ?is ,congress1 x expresses its firm & un%ak5 belief 9 ! ultimate triumph ( ! cause ( ,peace1 & ( ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 advocat$ at ^! meet+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,congress is--fir/ly1 t x is necess>y to dissem9ate by all means among all m5 ! belief t w> is n advantage\s = mank9d1 & t peace is a great b5efit2 & secondly1 to influ5ce gov]nm5ts1 impress+ ^u !m ! advantages & necessity ( dis>mam5t4 ,to accompli% ! fir/ end1 ! ,congress advises tea*]s ( hi/ory1 wom51 & m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 to tea* p1 e ?ird ,sunday ( ,decemb]1 ! evils ( w> & ! b5efits ( peace2 to accompli% ! second1 ! ,congress addresses itself to gov]nm5ts1 sugge/+ to !m dis>mam5t & arbitration4 ,to prea* ! evils ( w> & ! b5efits ( peace6 ,b ! evils ( w> are s well kn[n to m51 t f ! e>lie/ ages ! mo/ welcome greet+ 0 always3 ,peace be unto y6 ,n only ,*ri/ians b all pagans 7 fully aw>e ( ! b5efits ( peace & ( ! evils ( w> ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 s t ! advice to ! m9i/]s ( ! gospel to prea* aga9/ ! evils ( w> & to advocate ! b5efits ( peace e ?ird ,sunday 9 ,decemb] is q sup]flu\s4 ,a real ,*ri/ian _c d o!rwise ?an prea* ?us1 con/antly1 z long z he lives4 ,b if !re are ^? :o are call$ ,*ri/ians1 or ,*ri/ian prea*]s1 :o d n d ?is1 !re mu/ be a cause = x1 & s long z ?is cause exi/s no advice w avail4 ,/ill less effective w be ! advice to gov]nm5ts to disb& armies & h rec\rse to ,int]national ,c\rts ( ,arbitration4 ,gov]nm5ts "k v well all ! difficulties & burd5s ( conscription & ( ma9ta9+ armies1 & if 9 ! face ( su* difficulties & burd5s !y /ill cont9ue to d s1 x is evid5t t !y h no means ( do+ o!rwise1 & ! advice ( a ,congress c\ld 9 no way br+ ab\t a *ange4 ,b sci5ti/s w n admit ?is1 & /ill hope to f9d "s comb9ation ( influ5ces by means ( :i* ^? gov]nm5ts :i* make w> may be induc$ to re/ra9 !mselves4 ,is x possible to avoid w>8 writes a sci5ti/ 9 ! ,revue des ,revues 7,no4 #h ( #ahia74 ,all agree 9 recogniz+ ! fact t if w> %\ld ev] break out 9 ,europe1 its consequ5ces w\ld be simil> to ^? ( ! great invasions4 ,x w\ld imp]il ! v exi/5ce ( nations2 x w\ld be bloody1 atroci\s1 desp]ate4 ,?is consid]ation1 & ! consid]ation ( ! t]rible nature ( ! eng9es ( de/ruction at ! comm& ( mod]n sci5ce1 ret>ds its decl>ation & tempor>ily ma9ta9s ! pres5t sy/em1--a sy/em :i* might be cont9u$ indef9itely1 if x 7 n = ! enorm\s exp5ses t burd5 ! ,european nations & ?reat5 to culm9ate 9 disa/]s fully equal to ^? occasion$ by w>4 ,impress$ ) ^! ?\ghts1 m5 ( all nationalities h s\ght = means to arre/1 or at lea/ to dim9i%1 ! %ock+ consequ5ces ( ! c>nage t ?reat5s u4 ,su* are ! que/ions :i* are to be debat$ by ! next ,congress ( ,univ]sal ,peace to be held 9 ,rome1 :i* h already be5 discuss$ 9 a rec5tly publi%$ pamphlet on ,dis>mam5t4 ,un=tunately1 x is q c]ta9 t ) ! pres5t organization ( ! great] numb] ( ! ,european /ates1 isolat$ "o f ! o!r & controll$ by diff]5t int]e/s1 ! absolute cessation ( w> is an illusion :i* x w\ld be folly to *]i%4 ,/ill1 ! adoption ( some:at wis] rules & regulations 9 reg>d to ^! int]national duels w\ld at lea/ t5d to limit _! horrors4 ,x is equally ,utopian to build "o's hope on projects ( dis>mam5t1 ^: execution1 ow+ to consid]ations ( a national "*1 :i* exi/ 9 ! m9ds ( all our read]s1 is practically impossible4 7,?is probably means t ,france _c dis>m until %e has retaliat$47 ,public op9ion is n prep>$ to accept !m1 &1 fur!rmore1 ! int]national relations make x impossible to adopt !m4 ,dis>mam5t dem&$ by "o nation ( ano!r1 "u conditions imp]il+ its security1 w\ld be equival5t to a decl>ation ( w>4 ,/ill1 we mu/ admit t an ex*ange ( op9ions betwe5 ! nations int]e/$ may to a c]ta9 ext5t aid 9 e/abli%+ an int]national und]/&+1 & also contribute to less5 ! milit>y exp5ses t n[ cru% ,european nations1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! solution ( social que/ions1 ! necessity ( ! solution ( :i* is realiz$ by ea* nation individually1 "u ! p5alty ( be+ confront$ by a civil w>1 due to ! ef=ts made to prev5t a =eign "o4 ,"o may at lea/ hope = a decrease ( ! enorm\s exp5ses necess>y = ! pres5t milit>y organization1 :i* is ma9ta9$ = ! purpose ( invad+ a =eign t]ritory 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or ( a decisive battle a week aft] ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,x ought n to be possible = "o nation to attack ano!r & take possession ( its t]ritory )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is practical s5tim5t 0 express$ by ,maxime du ,camp1 & is ! conclusion ( 8 /udy ( ! subject4 ,maxime du ,camp (f]s ! foll[+ propositions3-- #a/4 ,a ,diplomatic ,congress1 to assemble e ye>4 #b;d4 ,no w> to be decl>$ until two mon?s aft] ! incid5t :i* gave rise to x4 7,"h ! difficulty lies 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! incid5t t k9dl$ ! w>--t is1 e decl>ation ( w> is caus$ by sev]al circum/ances1 & x w\ld be necess>y to det]m9e f :i* "o ! two mon?s are to be reckon$47 #c;d4 ,no w> %all be decl>$ until ! vote ( ! p %all h be5 tak54 #d?4 ,ho/ilities mu/ n beg9 until a mon? aft] ! decl>ation ( w>4 ,no w> %all be decl>$ 444 etc4 ,b :o is to prev5t ho/ilities beg9n+8 ,:o w compel m5 to d ?is or t8 ,:o w compel gov]nm5ts to wait a c]ta9 /at$ "t8 ,o!r nations4 ,b all ! o!r nations are 9 ! v same position1 requir+ to be re/ra9$ & kept )9 b\nds1 9 o!r words1 co]c$4 ,& :o w co]ce !m8 ,& h[ is x to be done8 ,by public op9ion4 ,b if public op9ion has suffici5t influ5ce to =ce a nation to po/pone its action until a /at$ "t1 ?is public op9ion c prev5t x f wag+ w> at any "t4 ,b1 x is said1 !re might be a balance ( p[]1 :i* w\ld oblige nations to re/ra9 !mselves4 ,?is v exp]im5t has be5 & is /ill be+ tri$2 ?is 0 ! object ( ! ,holy ,alliance1 ! ,league ( ,peace1 etc4 ,b all w\ld agree to ?is1 x is said4 ,if all w\ld agree to ?is1 !n w>s w\ld cease1 & !re w\ld be no ne$ ( ,c\rts ( ,appeal or ( ,arbitration4 ,a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration w\ld take ! place ( w>4 ,disputes w\ld be decid$ by a ,bo>d ( ,arbitrators1 l t :i* pron\nc$ on ! ,alabama claims4 ,! ,pope has be5 reque/$ to decide ! "q conc]n+ ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s3 ,switz]l&1 ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 & ,holl& h decl>$ t !y pref] ! decision ( a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration to w>4 ,i believe ,monaco has express$ a simil> wi%4 ,x is a pity t ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,france h ?us f> %[n no sign ( imitat+ _! example4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ easily m5 c deceive !mselves :5 !y feel incl9$4 ,! gov]nm5ts w agree to all[ _! disputes to be decid$ by a ,bo>d ( ,arbitration & to dismiss _! armies4 ,! tr\ble betwe5 ,russia & ,pol&1 ,engl& & ,irel&1 ,au/ria & ! ,cze*s1 ,turkey & ! ,slavs1 ,france & ,g]many1 w be settl$ by mutual cons5t4 ,?is is v mu* l sugge/+ to m]*ants & bank]s t !y %all sell at co/ price1 & devote _! s]vices gratuit\sly to ! di/ribution ( prop]ty4 ,( c\rse ! ess5ce ( comm]ce & bank+ consi/s 9 buy+ *eap & sell+ de>1 & !re=e ! sugge/ion to sell at co/ price & ! consequ5t ov]?r[ ( money am\nts to a proposal ( self-de/ruction4 ,! same is true 9 reg>d to gov]nm5ts4 ,! sugge/ion to gov]nm5ts to desi/ f viol5ce1 & to adju/ all diff]5ces by arbitration1 w\ld be to recomm5d a suicidal policy1 & no gov]nm5t w\ld ev] agree to t4 ,le>n$ m5 f\nd societies 7!re are m ?an "o hundr$ ( !m71 !y assemble 9 ,congresses 7l ^? held 9 ,london & ,p>is & ! "o :i* is to be held 9 ,rome71 !y read essays1 hold banquets1 make spee*es1 edit j\rnals devot$ to ! subject1 & by all ^! means !y endeavor to prove t ! /ra9 ^u nations :o are oblig$ to support millions ( soldi]s has become s sev]e t some?+ mu/ be done ab\t x2 t ?is armam5t is oppos$ to ! "*1 ! aims1 & ! wi%es ( ! populations2 b !y seem to ?9k t if !y consume a good deal ( pap]1 & devote a good deal ( eloqu5ce to ! subject1 t !y may succe$ 9 conciliat+ oppos+ p>ties & conflict+ int]e/s1 & at la/ effect ! suppression ( w>4 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild ,i 0 told t if ,i wi%$ to cat* a bird ,i mu/ put salt on its tail4 ,i took a h&ful & w5t 9 pursuit ( ! birds1 b ,i saw at once t if ,i c\ld spr9kle salt on _! tails ,i c\ld cat* !m1 & t :at ,i _h be5 told 0 only a joke4 ,^? :o read essays & works on ,c\rts ( ,arbitration & ! dis>mam5t ( nations mu/ feel v mu* ! same4 ,if x 7 possible to spr9kle salt on a bird's tail x w\ld be tantam\nt to say+ t ! bird c\ld n fly1 & !re=e x w\ld be no ef=t to cat* x4 ,if a bird has w+s & does n wi% to be caught1 x w n all[ any salt to be put on its tail1 = x is ! nature ( a bird to fly4 ,likewise x is ! nature ( a gov]nm5t n to be rul$1 b to rule its subjects4 ,& a gov]nm5t rightly is nam$ su* only :5 x is able to rule its subjects1 & n be rul$ by !m4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is its con/ant aim1 & x w nev] volunt>ily resign its p[]4 ,& z x d]ives its p[] f ! army x w nev] give up ! army1 nor w x ev] r5\nce t = :i* ! army is design$1--w>4 ,! misappreh5sion spr+s f ! fact t ! le>n$ juri/s1 deceiv+ !mselves z well z o!rs1 depict 9 _! books an ideal ( gov]nm5t1--n z x really is1 an assembly ( m5 :o oppress _! fell[-citiz5s1 b 9 accordance ) ! sci5tific po/ulate1 z a body ( m5 :o act z ! repres5tatives ( ! re/ ( ! nation4 ,!y h gone on repeat+ ?is to o!rs s long t !y h end$ by believ+ x !mselves1 & !y really seem to ?9k t ju/ice is "o ( ! duties ( gov]nm5ts4 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 %[s u t gov]nm5ts1 z se5 f ! reign ( ,cs> to ^? ( ! two ,napoleons & ,pr9ce ,bism>ck1 are 9 _! v ess5ce a violation ( ju/ice2 a man or a body ( m5 hav+ at comm& an army ( tra9$ soldi]s1 delud$ creatures :o are ready = any viol5ce1 & ?r\gh ^: ag5cy !y gov]n ! ,/ate1 w h no ke5 s5se ( ! obligation ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e gov]nm5ts w nev] cons5t to dim9i% ! numb] ( ^? well-tra9$ & submissive s]vants1 :o con/itute _! p[] & influ5ce4 ,su* is ! attitude ( c]ta9 sci5ti/s t[>d t self-contradiction "u :i* ! _w groans1 & su* are _! exp$i5ts = its relief4 ,tell ^! sci5ti/s t ! "q deals only ) ! p]sonal relations ( ea* individual t[>d ! moral & religi\s "q1 & !n ask !m :at !y ?9k ( ! lawfulness or unlawfulness ( tak+ "p 9 ! g5]al conscription1 & _! sole reply w be a %rug ( ! %\ld]s2 !y w n ev5 deign to give a ?\ght to y\r "q4 ,_! way ( solv+ ! difficulty is to make spee*es1 write books1 *oose _! presid5ts1 vice-presid5ts1 & secret>ies2 assembl$ 9 a body1 to hold =? 9 "o city or ano!r4 ,!y ?9k t ! result ( _! ef=ts w be to induce gov]nm5ts to cease to recruit soldi]s1 on :om all _! p[] dep5ds2 !y expect t _! appeals w be he>d1 & t armies w be disb&$1 leav+ gov]nm5ts def5seless1 n only 9 ! pres5ce ( neighbors1 b ( _! subjects2 t !y1 l highwaym5 :o1 hav+ b\nd _! def5seless victims 9 ord] to rob !m1 no soon] he> ! outcries ( pa9 ?an !y loos5 ! rope t causes x1 & let _! prison]s g free4 ,& !re really are m5 :o believe 9 ?is1 :o sp5d _! "t 9 promot+ ,leagues ( ,peace1 9 deliv]+ addresses1 & 9 writ+ books2 & ( c\rse ! gov]nm5ts sympa?ize ) x all1 pret5d+ t !y approve ( x2 j z !y pret5d to support temp]ance1 :ile !y actually d]ive ! l>g] "p ( _! income f intemp]ance2 j z !y pret5d to ma9ta9 lib]ty ( ! con/itution1 :5 x is ! abs5ce ( lib]ty to :i* !y owe _! p[]2 j z !y pret5d to c>e = ! improvem5t ( ! labor+ classes1 :ile on oppression ( ! workman re/ ! v f\ndations ( ! ,/ate2 j z !y pret5d to uphold ,*ri/ianity1 :5 ,*ri/ianity is subv]sive ( e gov]nm5t4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ^! ends !y h long s9ce in/itut$ laws 9 reg>d to intemp]ance t c nev] avail to de/roy x2 educational projects t n only d n prev5t ! spread ( ignorance1 b d ev]y?+ to increase x2 decrees 9 ! "n ( lib]ty t are no re/ra9t ^u despotism2 measures = ! b5efit ( ! work+-man :i* w nev] lib]ate him f slav]y2 !y h e/abli%$ a ,*ri/ianity :i* s]ves to prop ! gov]nm5t r ?an de/roy x4 ,& n[ ano!r int]e/ is add$ to _! c>es1--! promotion ( peace4 ,gov]nm5ts1 or r ^? rul]s :o are go+ ab\t at pres5t ) _! m9i/]s ( /ate1 mak+ up _! m9ds on su* radical que/ions z1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! slaught] ( millions %all beg9 ?is ye> or next1--!y are q well assur$ t discussions on peace are n go+ to prev5t !m f s5d+ millions ( m5 to slaught] :5ev] !y see fit to d s4 ,!y l to he> ^! discussions1 !y enc\rage !m1 & ev5 take "p !mselves4 ,x does no h>m to ! gov]nm5t2 on ! contr>y1 x is useful1 by way ( div]t+ obs]vation f t radical "q3 ,:5 a man is draft$1 ought he or ought he n to fulfil 8 milit>y duty8 ,?anks to all ^! unions & congresses1 peace w pres5tly be e/abli%$2 mean:ile put on y\r uni=ms1 & be prep>$ to worry & h>ass ea* o!r = our b5efit1 say ! gov]nm5ts4 ,& ! sci5ti/s1 ! essayi/s1 & ! promot]s ( congresses take ! same view4 ,?is is "o way ( look+ at x1 & s advantage\s = ! ,/ate t all prud5t gov]nm5ts enc\rage x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! way ano!r class has ( reg>d+ x is m tragic4 ,!y decl>e t al?\gh x is ! fate ( humanity to be =ev] /riv+ aft] love & peace1 x is nev]!less abnormal & inconsi/5t4 ,^? :o affirm ?is are mo/ly ! s5sitive m5 ( g5ius1 :o see & realize all ! horror1 folly1 & cruelty ( w>1 b by "s /range turn ( m9d nev] look ab\t !m = any means ( escape1 b :o seem to take a morbid delight 9 realiz+ to ! utmo/ ! desp]ate condition ( mank9d4 ,! view ( ! fam\s ,fr5* writ]1 ,maupassant1 on ! subject ( w>1 af=ds a notewor?y example ( ?is k9d4 ,gaz+ f 8 ya*t ^u a drill & t>get-practice ( ,fr5* soldi]s1 ! foll[+ ?\ghts arise 9 8 m9d3-- ,i h b to ?9k ( ! ^w 'w>' & a p>alyz+ s5se ( horror creeps ov] me1 z ?\gh ,i 7 li/5+ to /ories ( wit*craft1 or tales ( ! ,inquisition1 or ( ?+s abom9able1 mon/r\s1 unnatural1 ( ages pa/4 ,:5 p talk ( cannibals we smile contemptu\sly ) a s5se ( sup]iority to su* savages4 ,b :o are ! savages1 ! true savages8 ,^? :o fight t !y may drive (f ! conqu]$1 or ^? :o fight = ! pure pleasure ( kill+8 ,^? %>p-%oot]s runn+ ov] yond] are de/9$ to be kill$ l a flock ( %eep :o are driv5 by ! but*] to ! slaught]-h\se4 ,^? m5 w fall on "s battlefield ) a sabre-cut 9 ! head1 or ) a ball ?r\gh ! he>t4 ,yet !y are "y m51 :o might h done useful "w4 ,_! fa!rs are old & poor2 _! mo!rs1 :o h idoliz$ !m = tw5ty ye>s z only mo!rs c idolize1 w le>n aft] six mon?s1 or p]haps a ye>1 t ! son1 ! baby1 ! gr[n-up *ild on :om s mu* love & pa9s 7 lavi%$1 :o 0 re>$ at su* an exp5se1 has be5 torn by a bullet1 trampl$ "u foot1 or cru%$ by a cavalry *>ge1 & f9ally flung l a dead dog into "s dit*4 ,:y mu/ h] boy1 h] beautiful1 h] only boy1 ! hope & pride ( h] life1 :y mu/ he be kill$8 ,%e kn[s n2 %e c b ask :y4 ,w>6444 ,! fight+6444 ,! murd]+6444 ,! slaught] ( m56444 ,& to-day1 ) all our wisdom1 civilization1 ) ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 ! degree ( philosophy to :i* ! human _s has atta9$1 we h s*ools :]e ! art ( murd]1 ( aim+ ) deadly accuracy & kill+ l>ge numb]s ( m5 at a di/ance1 is actually taught1 kill+ poor1 h>mless devils :o h families to support1 kill+ !m )\t ev5 ! pretext ( ! law4 ,x is /upefy+ t ! p d n rise up 9 arms aga9/ ! gov]nm5ts4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 mon>*ies & republics8 ,x is /upefy+ t society does n revolt z a unit at ! v s\nd ( ! ^w w>4 ,alas6 we %all nev] be free f oppression ( ! hateful1 hide\s cu/oms1 ! crim9al prejudices1 & ! f]oci\s impulses ( our b>b>\s ance/ors1 = we are bea/s2 & bea/s we %all rema91 mov$ by our in/9cts & susceptible ( no improvem5t4 ,any "o b ,victor ,hugo w\ld h be5 bani%$ :5 he utt]$ 8 sublime cry ( fre$om & tru?3-- ',to-day =ce is call$ viol5ce1 & ! nations condemn x2 !y inveigh aga9/ w>4 ,civilization1 li/5+ to ! appeal ( humanity1 und]takes ! case & prep>es ! accusation aga9/ ! victors & ! g5]als4 ,! nations beg9 to und]/& t ! magnitude ( a crime _c less5 its wick$ness2 t if x be crim9al to kill "o man1 ! kill+ ( numb]s _c be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ext5uation2 t if x be %ameful to /eal1 x _c be glori\s to lead an invad+ army4 ',let u proclaim ^! absolute tru?s1 let u di%onor ! "n ( w>6' ,b ! wra? & indignation ( ! poet are all 9 va91 cont9ues ,maupassant4 ,w> is m honor$ ?an ev]4 ,a clev] exp]t 9 ?is bus9ess1 a g5ius 9 ! art ( murd]1 ,von ,moltke1 once made to a peace-delegate ! foll[+ a/oni%+ reply3-- ',w> is sacr$2 x is a div9e in/itution2 x fo/]s e l(ty & noble s5tim5t 9 ! human he>t3 honor1 self-sacrifice1 virtue1 c\rage1 & saves m51 s to speak1 f settl+ into ! mo/ %ock+ mat]ialism4' ,assembl+ 9 h]ds by ! hundr$ ?\s&1 m>*+ night & day )\t re/1 ) no "t = ?\ght or = /udy1 nev] to read1 le>n+ no?+1 ( no use :atsoev] to any liv+ be+1 rott+ ) fil?1 sleep+ 9 ! mud1 liv+ l a wild bea/ 9 a p]5nial /ate ( /upidity1 plund]+ cities1 burn+ villages1 ru9+ :ole nations2 !n to enc\nt] ano!r m\nta9 ( human fle%1 ru% ^u x1 cause riv]s ( blood to fl[1 & /rew ! fields ) ! dead & ! dy+1 all /a9$ ) ! muddy & r$d5$ soil1 to h "o's limbs sev]$1 "o's bra9 scatt]$ z wanton wa/e1 & to p]i% 9 ! corn] ( a field :ile "o's ag$ p>5ts1 "o's wife & *ildr51 are dy+ ( hung] at home1--?is is :at x means to be sav$ f fall+ into ! grosse/ mat]ialism6 ,soldi]s are ! sc\rge ( ! _w4 ,we /ruggle aga9/ nature1 ignorance1 all k9ds ( ob/acles1 9 ! ef=t to make our wret*$ lives m endurable4 ,!re are m51 sci5ti/s & philan?ropi/s1 :o devote _! :ole lives to b5efit _! fell[-m51 seek+ to improve _! condition4 ,!y pursue _! ef=ts tirelessly1 add+ discov]y to discov]y1 exp&+ ! human intellig5ce1 enri*+ sci5ce1 op5+ new fields ( k1 day by day increas+ ! well-be+1 com=t1 & vigor ( _! c\ntry4 ,!n w> comes ^u ! sc5e1 & 9 six mon?s all ! results ( tw5ty ye>s ( pati5t labor & ( human g5ius are gone =ev]1 cru%$ by victori\s g5]als4 ,& ?is is :at !y mean :5 !y speak ( man's rescue f mat]ialism6 ,we h se5 w>4 ,we h se5 m5 madd5$2 return$ to ! condition ( ! brutes1 we h se5 !m kill 9 wanton sport1 out ( t]ror1 or = m]e bravado & %[4 ,:]e "r exi/s no long]1 & law is dead1 :]e all s5se ( ju/ice has be5 lo/1 we h se5 innoc5t m5 %ot d[n on ! highway1 because !y 7 timid & ?us excit$ suspicion4 ,we h se5 dogs *a9$ to _! ma/]s' doors kill$ by way ( t>get-practice1 we h se5 c[s ly+ 9 a field fir$ at by ! mitrailleuses1 j = ! fun ( %oot+ at some?+4 ,& ?is is :at !y call sav+ m5 f ! mo/ %ock+ mat]ialism6 ,to invade a c\ntry1 to kill ! man :o def5ds 8 home because he we>s a bl\se & does n we> a kepi1 to burn ! dwell+s ( />v+ wret*es1 to ru9 or plund] a man's h\sehold goods1 to dr9k ! w9e f\nd 9 ! cell>s1 to violate ! wom5 f\nd 9 ! /reets1 consume millions ( francs 9 p[d]1 & to leave mis]y & *ol]a 9 _! track4 ,?is is :at !y mean by sav+ m5 f ! mo/ %ock+ mat]ialism6 ,:at h milit>y m5 ev] done to prove t !y possess ! smalle/ degree ( intellig5ce8 ,no?+ :atev]4 ,:at h !y inv5t$8 ,! cannon & ! musket2 no?+ m4 ,has n ! inv5tor ( ! :eelb>r[1 by ! simple & practical contrivance ( a :eel & a c\ple ( bo>ds1 accompli%$ m ?an ! inv5tor ( mod]n =tification8 ,:at has ,greece bequea!d to ! _w8 ,its lit]ature & its m>bles4 ,0 %e great because %e conqu]$1 or because %e produc$8 ,0 x ! ,p]sian invasion t sav$ ,greece f succumb+ to ! mo/ %ock+ mat]ialism8 ,did ! invasions ( ! ,b>b>ians save & reg5]ate ,rome8 ,did ,napoleon ,i4 cont9ue ! great intellectual movem5t />t$ by ! philosoph]s at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury8 ,v well1 !n2 c x be a matt] ( surprise1 s9ce gov]nm5ts usurp ! rights ( life & dea? ov] ! p1 t ! p f "t to "t assume ! "r ( life & dea? ov] _! gov]nm5ts8 ,!y def5d !mselves1 & !y h ! "r4 ,no man has an inali5able "r to gov]n o!rs4 ,x is all[able only :5 x promotes ! welf>e ( ! gov]n$4 ,x is z mu* ! duty ( ^? :o gov]n to avoid w> z x is t ( a capta9 ( a %ip to avoid %ipwreck4 ,:5 a capta9 has lo/ 8 %ip he is indict$1 & if he is f\nd to h be5 c>eless or ev5 incompet5t1 he is convict$4 ,z soon z w> has be5 decl>$ :y %\ld n ! p sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! act ( ! gov]nm5t8 ,if !y c\ld once be made to und]/& ! p[] t w\ld be !irs1 if !y 7 ! judges ( ! rul]s :o lead !m on to slay _! fell[-m51 if !y refus$ to all[ !mselves to be ne$lessly slaught]$1 if !y 7 to turn _! weapons aga9/ ! v m5 :o h put !m into _! h&s--t day w\ld see ! la/ ( w>4444 ,b nev] w t day arrive4--,sur l',eau4 ,! au?or p]ceives ! full horror ( w>1 realizes t ! gov]nm5t is its au?or1 t gov]nm5t =ces m5 to g slay1 or be sla91 :5 !re is no ne$ = x2 he realizes t ! m5 :o make up ! armies might turn _! weapons aga9/ ! gov]nm5t & dem& a reckon+4 ,/ill ! au?or does n believe t ?is w ev] happ51 or t !re is any possible deliv]ance f ! exi/+ condition ( affairs4 ,he grants t ! result ( w> is %ock+1 b he believes x to be inevitable2 assum+ t ! nev] ceas+ requisition ( soldi]s on ! "p ( gov]nm5t is z inevitable z dea?1 !n w>s mu/ foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,^! are ! words ( a writ] ( tal5t1 end[$ ) a faculty ( vividly realiz+ 8 subject1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! poetic gift4 ,he %[s u all ! cruel contradictions betwe5 cre$ & de$2 b s9ce he fails to (f] a solution1 x is evid5t t he feels t su* a contradiction mu/ exi/1 & reg>ds x z a contribution to ! romantic trag$y ( life4 ,ano!r & an equally gift$ writ]1 ,ed\>d ,rod1 pa9ts ) colors /ill m vivid ! cruelty & folly ( ! pres5t situation1 b he1 l ,maupassant1 feels ! influ5ce ( ! dramatic elem5t1 & nei!r sugge/s a rem$y nor anticipates any *ange4 ,:y d we toil8 ,:y d we plan & hope to execute8 ,& h[ c "o ev5 love "o's neighbor 9 ^! tr\bl\s times1 :5 ! morr[ is no?+ b a m5ace8444 ,ev]y?+ t we h begun1 our rip5+ s*emes1 our plans = "w1 ! little good t we might accompli%1 w x n all be swept away by ! /orm t is ga!r+8444 ,ev]y:]e ! soil quakes b5ea? our feet1 & ?reat5+ cl\ds hang l[ on ! horizon4 ,ah6 if we _h no?+ m to fe> ?an ! bugbe> ( ! ,revolution6444 ,unable to conceive a society worse ?an our own1 ,i am m incl9$ to di/ru/ ?an to fe> ! "o t may replace x1 & if ,i %\ld suff] 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange1 ,i %\ld console myself ) ! reflection t ! execution]s ( ! pres5t 7 victims ( ! pa/1 & ! hope ( a *ange = ! bett] w\ld make me endure ! wor/4 ,b x is n ?is remote dang] :i* al>ms me4 ,i see ano!r close at h& & f> m cruel1 s9ce x is bo? unju/ifiable & irrational1 & no?+ good c come out ( x4 ,day by day ! *ances ( w> are weigh$1 & day by day !y become m pitiless4 ,! human m9d refuses to believe 9 ! cata/rophe :i* ev5 n[ looms up be=e u1 & :i* ! close ( ?is c5tury mu/ surely witness1 a cata/rophe :i* w put an end to all ! progress ( our age1 & yet we mu/ try to realize x4 ,sci5ce has devot$ all h] en]gy ^! tw5ty ye>s to ! inv5tion ( de/ructive weapons1 & soon a few cannon-balls w suffice to de/roy an army2#aj n ! few ?\s&s ( wret*$ m]c5>ies1 ^: life-blood has be5 b\ght & paid =1 b :ole nations are ab\t to ext]m9ate ea* o!r2 dur+ conscription _! "t is /ol5 f !m 9 ord] to /eal _! lives ) m c]ta9ty4 ,by way ( /imulat+ a ?ir/ = blood mutual animosities are excit$1 & g5tle1 k9d-he>t$ m5 all[ !mselves to be delud$1 & x w n be long be=e !y attack ea* o!r ) all ! f]ocity ( wild bea/s2 multitudes ( peace-lov+ citiz5s w obey a fooli% comm&1 ,god only kn[s on :at pretext1--"s /upid fronti] qu>rel1 p]haps1 or x may be "s colonial m]cantile int]e/4444 ,!y w g l a flock ( %eep to ! slaught]1 yet kn[+ :]e !y g1 consci\s t !y are leav+ _! wives & _! *ildr5 to suff] hung]2 anxi\s1 b unable to resi/ ! enticem5t ( ^? plausible & trea*]\s words t h be5 trumpet$ into _! e>s4 ,unresi/+ly !y g2 al?\gh !y =m a mass & a =ce1 !y fail to realize ! ext5t ( _! p[]1 & t if !y 7 all agre$ !y might e/abli% ! reign ( reason & frat]nity1 in/ead ( l5d+ !mselves to ! b>b>\s trick]ies ( diplomacy4 #aj ,! book 0 publi%$ a ye> ago1 & s9ce !n doz5s ( new weapons & smokeless p[d] h be5 inv5t$ = ! annihilation ( mank9d4--,,au?or4 ,s self-deceiv$ are !y t blood%$ takes on ! aspect ( duty1 & !y implore ! bless+ ( ,god ^u _! sangu9>y hopes4 ,z !y m>*1 !y trample und]foot ! h>ve/s :i* !y !mselves h plant$1 burn+ ! cities :i* !y h help$ to build1 ) songs1 %\ts ( en?usiasm1 & music4 ,& _! sons w raise a /atue to ^? :o h sla9 !m by ! mo/ approv$ me?ods4444 ,! fate ( a :ole g5]ation hangs on ! h\r :5 "s saturn9e politician %all make ! sign1 & ! nations w ru% ^u ea* o!r4 ,we "k t ! noble/ among u w be cut d[n1 & t our affairs w g to de/ruction4 ,we "k ?is1 we tremble 9 ang]1 yet are p[]less4 ,we h be5 caught 9 a sn>e ( bureaucracy & wa/e pap] f :i* we c only escape by measures too en]getic = u4 ,we belong to ! laws :i* we h made = our protection1 & :i* oppress u4 ,we are no?+ m ?an ! creatures ( t ant9omic ab/raction1 ! ,/ate1 :i* makes ( ea* individual a slave 9 ! "n ( all1 ea* individual ( :i* all1 tak5 sep>ately1 w\ld desire ! exact contr>y ( :at he w be made to d4 ,& if x 7 b ! sacrifice ( a s+le g5]ation6 ,b _m o!r int]e/s are involv$4 ,paid orators1 demagogues1 tak+ advantage ( ! passions ( ! masses & ( ! simple-m9d$ :o are dazzl$ by high-s\nd+ phrases1 h s embitt]$ national hatr$s t to-morr['s w> w decide ! fate ( a race3 "o ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! mod]n _w is ?reat5$2 ! vanqui%$ nation w morally disappe>2 x matt]s n :i* *ances to be ! victim1 a p[] w disappe> 7z ?\gh !re _h ev] be5 "o too _m = ! good74 ,a new ,europe w !n be e/abli%$ on a basis s unju/1 s brutal1 s blood/a9$1 t x _c fail to be worse ?an t ( to-day1--m iniquit\s1 m b>b>\s1 & m aggressive4444 ,?us a fe>ful depression hangs ov] u4 ,we are l m5 da%+ up & d[n a n>r[ passageway1 ) muskets po9t$ at u f all ! ro(s4 ,we "w l sailors execut+ _! la/ manuv] aft] ! %ip has begun to s9k4 ,our pleasures are ^? ( ! prison] to :om a *oice di% is (f]$ a qu>t] ( an h\r be=e 8 execution4 ,anxiety p>alyzes our ?\ght1 & ! utmo/ we c d is to wond]1 z we con ! vague utt]ances ( m9i/]s1 or con/rue ! mean+ ( ! words ( mon>*s1 or turn ov] ^? ascrib$ to ! diplomati/s1 retail$ at r&om by ! newspap]s1 nev] sure ( _! in=mation1 :e!r all ?is is to happ5 to-morr[ or ! day aft]1 :e!r x is ?is ye> or next t we are all to be kill$4 ,9 tru?1 "o might seek 9 va9 ?r\gh\t ! pages ( hi/ory = an epo* m unsettl$ or m pregnant ) anxiety4--,le ,s5s de la ,vie4 ,he %[s u t ! p[] is really 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o all[ !mselves to be de/roy$1 9 ! h&s ( sep>ate individuals :o compose ! mass2 t ! root ( all evil is ! ,/ate4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! contradiction betwe5 "o's fai? & "o's actual life _h rea*$ its utmo/ limit1 & t ! solution c\ld n be f> to seek4 ,b ! au?or is ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,all t he sees 9 ?is is ! trag$y ( human life1 & hav+ giv5 u a detail$ description ( ! horror ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 he p]ceives no reason :y human life %\ld n be sp5t 9 ! mid/ ( ?is horror4 ,su* are ! views ( ! second class ( writ]s1 :o consid] only ! fatali/ic & tragic side ( w>4 ,!re is /ill ano!r view1 & ?is is ! "o held by m5 :o h lo/ all consci5ce1 & are consequ5tly dead to common s5se & human feel+4 ,to ?is class belong ,moltke1 ^: op9ions are quot$ by ,maupassant1 & ne>ly all milit>y m5 :o h be5 taught to believe ?is cruel sup]/ition1 :o are support$ by x1 & :o naturally reg>d w> n only z an inevitable evil1 b z a necess>y & ev5 pr(itable occupation4 ,& !re are civilians too1 sci5ti/s1 m5 ( ref9em5t & education1 :o hold v mu* ! same views4 ,! fam\s academician ,d\cet1 9 reply to a qu]y ( ! editor ( ! ,revue des ,revues 9 reg>d to 8 op9ions on w>1 replies z foll[s 9 ! numb] conta9+ lett]s conc]n+ w>3#aa-- ,,de> ,,sir1--,:5 y ask ( ! lea/ bellig]5t ( all ! academicians if he is a p>tizan ( w>1 8 reply is already giv54 ,un=tunately y y\rself classify ! peaceful contemplations :i* inspire y\r fell[-c\ntrym5 at ! pres5t h\r z idle visions4 ,ev] s9ce ,i 0 born ,i h always he>d good m5 prote/+ aga9/ ?is %ock+ cu/om ( int]national c>nage4 ,all recognize ?is evil & lam5t x4 ,b :]e is its rem$y8 ,! ef=t to suppress duell+ has (t5 be5 made4 ,x seems to be s easy4 ,f> f x4 ,all t has be5 accompli%$ t[>d a*iev+ ?is noble purpose am\nts to no?+1 nor w x ev] am\nt to m4 ,aga9/ w> & duell+ ! congresses ( ! two hemisph]es vote 9 va94 ,sup]ior to all arbitrations1 conv5tions1 & legislations w ev] rema9 human honor1 :i* has always dem&$ ! duel1 & national int]e/s1 :i* h always call$ = w>4 ,nev]!less1 ,i wi% ) all my he>t t ! ,univ]sal ,peace ,congress may succe$ at la/ 9 its difficult & honorable task4--,accept ! assurance1 etc41 ,,camille ,,d\cet4 #aa ,la ,revue des ,revues1 ,la gu]re1 tat de la "q1 jug p> nos gr&s hommes contempora9s4--,,tr4 ,x am\nts to ?is1 t honor obliges m5 to fight1 t x is = ! int]e/ ( nations t !y %\ld attack & de/roy "o ano!r1 & t all endeavors to aboli% w> c b excite a smile4 ,jules ,cl>etie expresses himself 9 simil> t]ms3-- ,,de> ,,sir1--,a s5sible man c h b "o op9ion on ! "q ( w> & peace4 ,humanity 0 creat$ to live--to live = ! purpose ( p]fect+ its exi/5ce by peaceful labor4 ,! mutual relations ( cordiality :i* are promot$ & prea*$ by ! ,univ]sal ,congress ( ,peace may be b a dream p]haps1 yet c]ta9ly is ! mo/ delightful ( dreams4 ,! vision ( ! l& ( promise is ev] be=e ! eyes1 & ^u ! soil ( ! future ! h>ve/ w rip51 secure f ! pl[+ ( ! projectile1 or ! cru%+ ( cannon-:eels4 ,b1 alas6444 ,s9ce philosoph]s & philan?ropi/s are n ! rul]s ( mank9d1 x is fit t our soldi]s %\ld gu>d our fronti]s & our homes1 & _! weapons1 skilfully wield$1 are p]haps ! sure/ gu>antees ( ! peace we love s well4 ,peace is giv5 only to ! /rong & ! c\rage\s4--,accept ! assurances (1 etc41 ,,jules ,,cl>etie4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is is1 t !re is no h>m 9 talk+ ab\t :at no "o int5ds to d1 & :at ought n 9 any ev5t to be done4 ,:5 fight+ is 9 ord]1 !re is no alt]native b to fight4 mile ,zola1 ! mo/ popul> noveli/ 9 ,europe1 gives utt]ance to 8 views on ! subject ( w> 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,i look ^u w> z a fatal necessity :i* seems to u indisp5sable because ( its close connection ) human nature & all creation4 ,w\ld t x might be po/pon$ z long z possible6 ,nev]!less a "t w come :5 we %all be =c$ to fight4 ,at ?is mom5t ,i am reg>d+ ! subject f ! univ]sal /&po9t1 & am n h9t+ at our unfri5dly relations ) ,g]many1 :i* are b a trifl+ incid5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,i affirm t w> is useful & necess>y1 s9ce x is "o ( ! conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,! fight+ in/9ct is to be f\nd n only among ! diff]5t tribes & peoples1 b 9 dome/ic & private life z well4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief elem5ts ( progress1 & e advanc+ /ep tak5 by mank9d up to ! pres5t "t has be5 accompani$ by blood%$4 ,m5 h talk$1 & /ill d talk1 ( dis>mam5t2 & yet dis>mam5t is utt]ly impossible1 = ev5 ?\gh x 7 possible1 we %\ld be compell$ to r5\nce x4 ,x is only an arm$ nation t c be p[]ful & great4 ,i believe t a g5]al dis>mam5t w\ld be foll[$ by a moral degradation1 assum+ ! =m ( a widespread effem9acy :i* w\ld imp$e ! progress ( humanity4 ,w>like nations h always be5 vigor\s4 ,! milit>y art has contribut$ to ! developm5t ( o!r arts4 ,hi/ory %[s u ?is4 ,9 ,a!ns & ,rome1 = in/ance1 comm]ce1 indu/ry1 & lit]ature rea*$ _! highe/ developm5t :5 ^! cities rul$ ! _w by ! =ce ( arms4 ,& ne>] to our own "t we f\nd an example 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! w>s ( ! great k+1 s f> f imp$+ ! advance ( arts & sci5ces1 seem$ r to promote & to favor _! progress4 ,w> is useful6 ,b *ief among ! advocates ( ^! views1 & ! mo/ tal5t$ ( all ! writ]s ( ?is t5d5cy1 is ! academician ,vog1 :o1 9 an article on ! milit>y section ( ! ,exhibition ( #ahhi1 writes z foll[s3-- ,on ! ,esplanade des ,invalides1 ! c5t] ( exotic & colonial /ructures1 a build+ ( a m sev]e ord] /&s out f ! mid/ ( ! picturesque baza>2 ^! v>i\s fragm5ts ( our t]re/rial globe adjo9 ! palace ( w>4 ,a magnific5t !me & anti!sis = humanit>ian rhetoric :i* nev] loses a *ance to lam5t a juxtaposition ( ?is k9d1 & to utt] its '?is w kill t' ceci tu]a cela#ab2 t ! conf$]acy ( nations br\ght ab\t by sci5ce & labor w ov]p[] ! milit>y in/9ct4 ,let x *]i% ?is vision ( a gold5 age1 c>ess+ x ) fond hopes4 ,we h no objection2 b %\ld x ev] be realiz$1 x w\ld v soon become an age ( corruption4 ,hi/ory tea*es u t ! =m] has be5 accompli%$ by ! means ( ! latt]1 t blood is necess>y to ha/5 & to seal ! conf$]acy ( nations4 ,9 our own "t ! natural sci5ces h /r5g!n$ ! my/]i\s law :i* reveal$ itself to ,joseph de ,mai/re ?r\gh ! inspiration ( 8 g5ius & m$itation on primordial dogmas2 he saw h[ ! _w w\ld r$eem its h]$it>y fall by (f]+ a sacrifice4 ,sci5ce %[s u t ! _w is made bett] by /ruggle & viol5t selection2 ?is affirmation ( ! same law1 ) v>i$ utt]ance1 comes f two s\rces4 ,x is by no means a pleasant "o4 ,! laws ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 are n e/abli%$ = our pleasure1 b = our p]fection4 ,let u !n ent] ?is necess>y & indisp5sable palace ( w>1 & we %all h ! opportunity to obs]ve h[ our mo/ invet]ate in/9ct1 los+ no?+ ( its p[]1 is trans=m$ 9 its adaptation to ! v>i\s dem&s ( hi/orical mom5ts4 #ab ,words tak5 f ,victor ,hugo's ,notre ,dame1 :]e he says t pr9t+ w kill ar*itecture4--,,au?or4 ,?is idea1 namely1 t ! pro( ( ! necessity ( w> may be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,de ,mai/re & ( ,d>w91 two great ?9k]s1 z he calls !m1 pleases ,vog s mu* t he repeats x4 ,sir1 he writes to ! editor ( ! ,revue des ,revues1 y ask my op9ion 9 reg>d to ! possible success ( ! ,univ]sal ,peace ,congress4 ,i believe1 ) ,d>w91 t vehem5t /ruggle is ! law gov]n+ all be+1 & ,i believe1 ) ,joseph de ,mai/re1 t x is a div9e law1--two diff]5t modes ( *>act]iz+ ! same pr9ciple4 ,if1 contr>y to all expectations1 a c]ta9 fraction ( humanity--= example1 all ! civiliz$ ,we/--%\ld succe$ 9 arre/+ ! issue ( ?is law1 ! m primitive races w\ld execute x aga9/ u2 9 ^! races ! voice ( nature w\ld prevail ov] human intellect4 ,& !y w\ld succe$1 because ! c]ta9ty ( peace--,i d n say peace1 b ! absolute c]ta9ty ( peace--w\ld 9 less ?an half a c5tury produce a corruption & a decad5ce 9 m5 m de/ructive ?an ! wor/ ( w>s4 ,i believe t "o %\ld act 9 reg>d to w>--t crim9al law ( humanity--z 9 reg>d to all crim9al laws3 modify x1 or endeavor to make its execution z r>e z possible1 & use e means 9 our p[] to r5d] x sup]flu\s4 ,b exp]i5ce ( all hi/ory tea*es u t x _c be suppress$1 s long z !re %all be f\nd on e>? two m51 bread1 money1 & a woman betwe5 !m4 ,i %\ld be v glad if ! ,congress c\ld prove to me ! contr>y2 b ,i d\bt if x c disprove hi/ory1 & ! law ( ,god & ( nature4--,accept my assurance1 etc41 ,e4 ,m4 ,,de ,,vog4 ,?is may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,hi/ory & nature1 ,god & man1 %[ u t s long z !re are two m5 left on e>?1 & ! /akes are bread1 money1 & woman1 j s long !re w be w>4 ,t is1 t no am\nt ( civilization w ev] de/roy t abnormal concept ( life :i* makes x impossible = m5 to divide bread1 money 7( all absurdities71 & woman )\t a fight4 ,x is odd t p meet 9 congresses & hold =? z to ! be/ me?od ( cat*+ birds by putt+ salt on _! tails1 al?\gh !y mu/ "k t ?is c nev] be done6 ,x is a/oni%+ t m5 l ,rod1 ,maupassant1 & o!rs1 cle>ly realiz+ all ! horrors ( w>1 & all ! contradictions t ensue f m5 n do+ :at !y ought to d1 & :at x w\ld be to _! advantage to d1 :o bemoan ! trag$y ( life1 & yet fail to see t ?is tragic elem5t w\ld vani% z soon z m5 ceas$ to discuss a subject :i* %\ld n be discuss$1 & ceas$ to d t :i* is bo? pa9ful & repulsive = !m to d6 ,"o may wond] at !m2 b m5 :o1 l ,vog & o!rs1 believe 9 ! law ( evolution1 & look ^u w> z n only unavoidable1 b ev5 useful1 & !re=e desirable1--su* m5 are fairly %ock+1 horrible 9 _! moral ab]ration4 ,! =m] at lea/ decl>e t !y hate evil & love good1 b ! latt] believe !re is nei!r good nor evil4 ,all ?is discussion ( ! possibility ( e/abli%+ peace in/ead ( cont9ual w>f>e is b ! mis*iev\s s5tim5talism ( idle talk]s4 ,!re is a law ( evolution :i* seems to prove t ,i mu/ live & d wrong4 ,:at1 !n1 c ,i d8 ,i am an educat$ man1--,i am famili> ) ! doctr9e ( evolution2 h5ce x foll[s t ,i %all "w evil4 ,entrons au palais de la gu]re4 ,!re is a law ( evolution1 & !re=e !re c be no real evil2 & "o mu/ live "o's life & leave ! re/ to ! law ( evolution4 ,?is is ! la/ expression ( ref9$ civilization2 x is ) ?is idea t ! educat$ classes at ! pres5t day dead5 _! consci5ce4 ,! desire ( ^! classes to pres]ve _! favorite !ories & ! life t !y h built up on !m c g no fur!r4 ,!y lie1 & by _! speci\s argum5ts deceive !mselves z well z o!rs1 obscur+ & dead5+ _! intuitive p]ceptions4 ,r ?an adapt _! lives to _! consci\sness1 !y try by e means to befog & to sil5ce x4 ,b ! light %9es 9 ! d>kness1 & ev5 n[ x beg9s to dawn4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,milit>y ,,conscription ,g5]al milit>y conscription is n a political accid5t1 b ! extreme limit ( contradiction conta9$ 9 ! social life-conception--,rise ( p[] 9 society--,! basis ( p[] is p]sonal viol5ce--,! organization ( arm$ m51 an army1 is requir$ by p[] to enable x to accompli% viol5ce--,! rise ( p[] 9 society1 t is1 ( viol5ce1 de/roys by degrees ! social life-conception--,attitude ( p[] t[>d ! masses1 t is to say1 ! oppress$--,gov]nm5ts endeavor to make workm5 believe 9 ! necessity ( ,/ate viol5ce = _! pres]vation f ext]nal foes--,b ! army is ne$$ pr9cipally to def5d gov]nm5t f its own subjects1 ! oppress$ work+-m5--,address ( ,caprivi--,all ! privileges ( ! rul+ classes are assur$ by viol5ce--,increase ( armies leads to a g5]al milit>y conscription--,g5]al milit>y conscription de/roys all ! advantages ( social life :i* x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to gu>d--,g5]al milit>y conscription is ! extreme limit ( ob$i5ce1 z x dem&s 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate ! abnegation ( all t may be de> to man--,is ! ,/ate ne$$8--,! sacrifices :i* x requires f citiz5s ?r\gh ! g5]al milit>y conscription h no long] any basis--,h5ce x is m advantage\s = man to rebel aga9/ ! dem&s ( ! ,/ate ?an to submit to !m4 ,! ef=ts :i* ! educat$ m5 ( ! upp] classes are mak+ to sil5ce ! gr[+ consci\sness t ! pres5t sy/em ( life mu/ be *ang$1 are con/antly on ! increase1 :ile life itself1 cont9u+ to develop & to become m complex )\t *ang+ its direction1 z x increases ! incongruities & suff]+ ( human exi/5ce1 br+s m5 to ! extreme limit ( ?is contradiction4 ,an example ( ?is utt]mo/ limit is f\nd 9 ! g5]al milit>y conscription4 ,x is usually suppos$ t ?is conscription1 toge!r ) ! increas+ armam5ts & ! consequ5t increase ( ! taxes & national debts ( all c\ntries1 are ! accid5tal results ( a c]ta9 crisis 9 ,european affairs1 :i* might be obviat$ by c]ta9 political comb9ations1 )\t *ange ( ! int]ior life4 ,?is is utt]ly errone\s4 ,! g5]al conscription is no?+ b an int]nal contradiction :i* has crept into ! social life-conception1 & :i* has only become evid5t because x has arriv$ at its utmo/ limits at a p]iod :5 m5 h atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( mat]ial developm5t4 ,! social life-conception transf]s ! significance ( life f ! individual to mank9d 9 g5]al1 ?r\gh ! unbrok5 cont9uity ( ! family1 ! tribe1 & ! ,/ate4 ,accord+ to ! social life-conception x is suppos$ t z ! significance ( life is compris$ 9 ! sum total ( mank9d1 ea* individual w ( 8 own accord sacrifice 8 int]e/s to ^? ( ! :ole4 ,?is 9 fact has always be5 ! case ) c]ta9 aggregates1 l ! family or ! tribe4 ,9 consequ5ce ( cu/om1 transmitt$ by education & confirm$ by religi\s sugge/ion1 & )\t compulsion1 ! individual m]ges 8 int]e/s 9 ^? ( ! gr\p1 & sacrifices himself = ! b5efit ( ! :ole4 ,b ! m complex became societies1 ! l>g] !y grew1--conque/ especially contribut+ to unite m5 9 social organizations1--! m individuals w\ld be f\nd /riv+ to atta9 _! ends at ! exp5se ( _! fell[-m52 & ?us ! necessity = subjugation by p[]1 or1 9 o!r words1 by viol5ce1 became m & m frequ5t4 ,! advocates ( ! social life-conception usually attempt to comb9e ! idea ( au?ority1 o!rwise viol5ce1 ) t ( moral influ5ce2 b su* a union is utt]ly impossible4 ,! result ( moral influ5ce ^u man is to *ange 8 desires1 s t he will+ly complies ) :at is requir$ ( him4 ,a man :o yields to moral influ5ce takes pleasure 9 con=m+ 8 actions to its laws2 :]eas au?ority1 z ! ^w is commonly und]/ood1 is a means ( co]cion1 by :i* a man is =c$ to act 9 opposition to 8 wi%es4 ,a man :o submits to au?ority does n d z he pleases1 he yields to compulsion1 & 9 ord] to =ce a man to d some?+ = :i* he has an av]sion1 ! ?reat ( physical viol5ce1 or viol5ce itself1 mu/ be employ$3 he may be depriv$ ( 8 lib]ty1 flogg$1 mutilat$1 or he may be ?reat5$ ) ^! puni%m5ts4 ,& ?is is :at con/itutes p[] bo? 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! pres5t4 ,despite ! unremitt+ ef=ts ( rul]s to conceal ^! facts1 & to attribute a diff]5t significance to au?ority1 x simply means ! rope & *a9 :]e) a man is b\nd & dragg$1 ! la% :]e) he is flogg$1 ! knife or ax :]e) 8 limbs1 nose1 e>s1 & head are hew$ (f4 ,au?ority is ei!r ! m5ace or ! p]petration ( ^! acts4 ,?is 0 ! practice 9 ! times ( ,n]o & ,g5ghis ,khan1 & is /ill 9 =ce ev5 9 ! mo/ lib]al gov]nm5ts1 l ! republics ( ,france & ,am]ica4 ,if m5 submit to au?ority1 x is only because !y fe> t if !y 7 to resi/1 !y w\ld be subject$ to viol5ce4 ,all ! requisitions ( ! ,/ate1 su* z ! paym5t ( taxes & ! fulfilm5t ( public duties1 ! submission to p5alties 9 ! =m ( exile1 f9es1 etc41 to :i* m5 seem to yield volunt>ily1 are always en=c$ by ! physical ?reat or ! reality ( physical puni%m5t4 ,physical viol5ce is ! basis ( au?ority4 ,x is ! milit>y organization t makes x possible to inflict physical viol5ce1 t organization :]e9 ! entire arm$ =ce acts z "o man1 obey+ a s+le w4 ,?is assemblage ( arm$ m51 submitt+ to "o w1 =ms :at is call$ an army4 ,! army has ev] be5 & /ill is ! basis ( an au?ority1 ve/$ 9 ! comm&+ g5]als2 & ! mo/ engross+ int]e/ ( e sov]eign1 f ! ,roman ,cs>s to ! ,russian & ,g]man emp]ors1 has always be5 to protect & flatt] ! army1 = !y realize t :5 ! army is on _! side1 p[] is also 9 _! h&s4 ,x is ! drill+ & ! increase ( ! troops requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( au?ority :i* has br\ght into ! social life-conception an elem5t ( dissolution4 ,! aim ( au?ority1 & its consequ5t ju/ification1 is to re/ra9 ^? m5 :o are endeavor+1 by me?ods :i* are detrim5tal to ^? ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 to promote _! own int]e/s4 ,b :e!r au?ority has be5 acquir$ by =ce ( arms1 or by h]$it>y succession1 or by election1 m5 :o h ga9$ au?ority are 9 no way diff]5t f _! fell[-m52 !y are j l all o!rs1 n incl9$ to waive _! own int]e/s 9 favor ( ! _m1 b1 s9ce !y hold p[] 9 _! h&s1 are m likely to make ! int]e/s ( ! _m give way to _! own4 ,:atev] measures may h be5 devis$ by way ( re/ra9+ ^? 9 au?ority :o might seek _! own ends at ! exp5se ( ! public1 or to ve/ au?ority 9 ! h&s ( infallible m51 no satisfactory results h z yet be5 atta9$4 ,attribut+ div9e "r to k+s1 h]$it>y succession1 election2 congresses1 p>liam5ts1 & s5ates2--none ( ^! h ev] yet prov$ effectual4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t no exp$i5t has ev] succe$$ ei!r 9 committ+ au?ority into ! h&s ( infallible m51 or ( prev5t+ its abuses4 ,on ! contr>y1 we "k t m5 :o h ! au?ority1 be !y emp]ors1 m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 *iefs ( police1 or ev5 policem51 always are m liable1 because ( _! position1 to become immoral1--t is1 to put _! own private int]e/s be=e ^? ( ! public1--?an m5 :o d n possess su* an au?ority2 & ?is is inevitable4 ,! social life-conception c\ld be ju/ifi$ only :ile all m5 volunt>ily sacrific$ _! private int]e/s to ^? ( ! public 9 g5]al2 b no soon] did m5 appe> :o refus$ to sacrifice _! int]e/s1 ?an au?ority1 9 o!r words1 viol5ce1 0 requir$ to re/ra9 ^! m54 ,?us !re ent]$ into ! social life-conception1 & ! organization bas$ on x1 a pr9ciple conta9+ )9 itself ! g]ms ( dissolution1--! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 or ! tyranny ( ! few ov] ! _m4 ,9 ord] t ! au?ority held by c]ta9 m5 might fulfil its object1 :i* is to re/ra9 ^? :o are try+ to fur!r _! own int]e/s to ! detrim5t ( society 9 g5]al1 x w\ld be necess>y to h x 9 ! h&s ( infallible m51 z is suppos$ to be ! case 9 ,*9a1 or z x 0 believ$ to be 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & is ev5 at ! pres5t "t by ^? :o h fai? 9 consecration by unction4 ,x is only "u su* conditions t ! social organization c be ju/ifi$4 ,b z no su* conditions exi/1 &1 fur!rmore1 z m5 :o are 9 au?ority1 f ! v fact ( its possession1 mu/ ev] be f> f be+ sa9ts1 ! social organization t is bas$ ^u au?ority _c possibly h any ju/ification4 ,if !re ev] 0 a "t :5 a l[ /&>d ( morality1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( m5 t[>d viol5ce1 call$ = an au?ority possess+ ! p[] to re/rict ?is viol5ce1 an au?ority ^: exi/5ce may h be5 an advantage1--t is1 :5 ! viol5ce ( ! ,/ate 0 less ?an ! viol5ce ( individuals t[>d ea* o!r1--we _c help see+ n[ t ?is pr]ogative ( ! ,/ate1 :5 viol5ce no long] exi/s1 _c g on =ev]4 ,morals improv$ 9 proportion to ! gradual decrease ( individual viol5ce1 :ile ! pr]ogative ( au?ority lo/ gr\nd 9 measure z x became corrupt$ by ! possession ( unbridl$ p[]4 ,! entire hi/ory ( ! la/ #bjjj ye>s w h be5 told :5 we h describ$ ?is *ange 9 ! relations betwe5 ! moral developm5t ( man & ! demoralization ( gov]nm5ts4 ,9 its simple/ =m x runs ?us3 m5 liv$ toge!r 9 tribes1 9 families1 & 9 races1 & 7 at enmity "o ) ano!r2 !y employ$ viol5ce1 !y spread desolation1 !y murd]$ "o ano!r4 ,?us deva/ation 0 on a scale bo? great & small3 man f\ght ) man1 tribe ) tribe1 family ) family1 race ) race1 nation ) nation4 ,! l>g] & m p[]ful communities absorb$ ! weak] ones2 & ! great] & m vigor\s became ! aggregation ( m51 ! m seldom did "o he> ( acts ( viol5ce )9 ^! communities1 & ! m secure ! cont9uity ( _! exi/5ce appe>$4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( a tribe or a family unite toge!r to =m "o community1 !y are naturally less ho/ile to ea* o!r1 & ! tribes & families are n s likely to die out2 :ile among ! citiz5s ( a ,/ate subject$ to "o au?ority ! cont5tions seem ev5 less frequ5t1 & h5ce is ! life ( ! ,/ate on a basis /ill m assur$4 ,^! fusions into l>g] & l>g] aggregates took place1 n because m5 realiz$ t x w\ld be to _! advantage1 z is illu/rat$ by ! fable t tells ( ! fall+ ( ! ,v>egs 9 ,russia1 b are due r to natural gr[? on ! "o h&1 & /ruggle & conque/ on ! o!r4 ,:5 conque/ 0 a*iev$1 ! au?ority ( ! conqu]or put an end to int]nal /rife1 & ! social life-conception 0 ju/ifi$4 ,b ?is ju/ification is only tempor>y4 ,int]nal feuds cease only :5 ! pressure ( au?ority is br\ght to be> ) great] weight ^u individuals =m]ly inimical to "o ano!r4 ,! viol5ce ( ! int]nal /ruggle1 n annihilat$ by au?ority1 is ! (fspr+ ( au?ority itself4 ,au?ority is 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o1 l all ! re/1 are ev] ready to sacrifice ! common weal if _! own p]sonal int]e/s are at /ake2 ) ! sole diff]5ce t ^! m51 enc\nt]+ no resi/ance f ! oppress$1 are :olly subject to ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( au?ority itself4 ,!re=e x is t ! evil pr9ciple ( viol5ce relegat$ to au?ority is ev] increas+1 & ! evil becomes 9 "t worse ?an t :i* x is suppos$ to control3 :]eas1 9 ! individual memb]s ( society1 ! incl9ation to viol5ce is always dim9i%+1 & ! viol5ce ( au?ority becomes less & less necess>y4 ,z its p[] increases 9 measure ( its duration1 ,/ate au?ority1 ?\gh x may eradicate int]nal viol5ce1 introduces into life o!r & new =ms ( viol5ce1 always increas+ 9 int5sity4 ,& ?\gh ! viol5ce ( au?ority 9 ! ,/ate is less /rik+ ?an t ( individual memb]s ( society t[>d ea* o!r1 its pr9cipal manife/ation be+ n t ( /rife1 b ( oppression1 x exi/s none ! less1 & 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,x _c be o!rwise2 = n only does ! possession ( au?ority corrupt m51 b1 ei!r f design or unconsci\sly1 rul]s are always /riv+ to r$uce _! subjects to ! l[e/ degree ( weakness1--= ! m feeble ! subject1 ! less ! ef=t requir$ to subdue him4 ,!re=e viol5ce employ$ aga9/ ! oppress$ is pu%$ to its utmo/ limit1 j /opp+ %ort ( kill+ ! h5 t lays ! gold5 egg4 ,b if ! h5 has ceas$ to lay1 l ! ,am]ican ,indians1 ! ,fiji ,isl&]s1 or ! ,negroes1 !n x is kill$1 despite ! s9c]e prote/s ( ! philan?ropi/s aga9/ t mode ( proc$ure4 ,! mo/ conclusive pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 at ! pres5t "t1 is ! position ( ! work+-m51 :o are 9 tru? simply vanqui%$ m54 ,despite all ! pret5d$ ef=ts ( ! upp] classes to light5 _! position1 all ! work+-m5 ( ! _w are subject$ to an immutable iron rule1 :i* prescribes t !y %all h sc>cely en\gh to live ^u1 9 ord] t _! necessities may urge !m to unremitt+ toil1 ! fruits ( :i* are to be enjoy$ by _! ma/]s1 9 o!r words1 _! conqu]ors4 ,x has always be5 ! case t1 aft] ! long cont9uance & gr[? ( p[]1 ! advantages accru+ to ^? :o h submitt$ to x h fail$1 :ile ! disadvantages h multipli$4 ,?us x is & ?us x always has be51 "u :atsoev] =m ( gov]nm5t ! nation may h liv$2 only t :]e despotism prevails au?ority is conf9$ to a limit$ numb] ( oppressors1 & viol5ce takes on a rud] =m1 :ile 9 ! con/itutional mon>*ies1 & 9 ! republics ( ,france & ,am]ica1 au?ority is di/ribut$ among a great] numb] ( oppressors1 & its manife/ations are less rude2 b ! result1 9 :i* ! disadvantages ( dom9ion are great] ?an ! advantages1 & ! me?od--r$uction ( ! oppress$ to ! l[e/ possible degree ( abjection1 = ! b5efit ( ! oppressors1 rema9 ev] ! same4 ,su* has be5 ! position ( all ! oppress$1 b until lately !y h be5 unaw>e ( ! fact1 & = ! mo/ "p h innoc5tly believ$ t gov]nm5ts 7 in/itut$ = _! b5efit1 to pres]ve !m f de/ruction1 & t to p]mit ! idea t m5 might live )\t gov]nm5ts w\ld be a ?\ght sacrilegi\s beyond expression2 x w\ld be ! doctr9e ( an>*y1 ) all its att5dant horrors4 ,m5 believ$1 z 9 some?+ s ?or\ghly prov$ t x ne$$ no fur!r te/imony1 t z all nations _h hi!rto develop$ into ! ,/ate =m1 ?is 0 to rema9 ! indisp5sable condition = ! developm5t ( mank9d =ev]4 ,& s x has gone on = hundr$s1 nay1 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & ! gov]nm5ts1 t is to say1 _! repres5tatives1 h endeavor$1 & /ill g on endeavor+1 to pres]ve ?is delusion among ! p4 ,z x 0 dur+ ! "t ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 s x is n[4 ,al?\gh ! idea ( ! uselessness1 & ev5 ( ! detrim5t1 ( p[] ent]s m & m into ! consci\sness ( m51 x might endure =ev]1 if gov]nm5ts did n ?9k x necess>y to increase ! armies 9 ord] to support _! au?ority4 ,x is ! popul> belief t gov]nm5ts increase armies z a means ( def5se aga9/ o!r nations1 =gett+ t troops are pr9cipally ne$$ by gov]nm5ts to protect !m aga9/ _! own enslav$ subjects4 ,?is has always be5 necess>y1 & has gr[n m s ) ! spread ( education1 ! increase ( int]c\rse among diff]5t nationalities2 & at ! pres5t "t1 9 view ( ! communi/1 sociali/1 an>*i/1 & labor movem5ts1 x is a m urg5t necessity ?an ev]4 ,gov]nm5ts realize ?is fact1 & increase _! pr9cipal means ( def5se1--! discipl9$ army4#ac #ac ,t ! abuse ( au?ority exi/s 9 ,am]ica1 despite ! small numb] ( troops1 by no means refutes our argum5t2 on ! contr>y1 x s]ves r z a te/imony 9 its favor4 ,9 ,am]ica !re are few] troops ?an 9 o!r ,/ates1 & n[h]e d we f9d less oppression ( ! d[ntrodd5 classes1 & n[h]e h m5 come s ne> to ! abolition ( gov]nm5tal abuses1 & ev5 ( gov]nm5t itself4 ,h[ev]1 x is 9 ,am]ica t1 ow+ to ! gr[+ unity among ! work+-m51 voices h be5 he>d1 m & m frequ5tly ( late1 call+ = an increase ( troops1 & ?is :5 no =eign invasion ?reat5s ! ,/ates4 ,! rul+ classes are fully aw>e t an army ( #ej1jjj m5 is insuffici5t1 &1 hav+ lo/ confid5ce 9 ,p9k]ton's =ces1 !y believe t _! salvation c only be secur$ by ! increase ( ! army4 ,x 0 b rec5tly t 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 9 giv+ ! reason :y m money 0 ne$$ to increase ! pay ( ! subalt]n (fic]s1 ! ,g]man ,*ancellor answ]$ c&idly t tru/y subalt]n (fic]s are ne$$ 9 ord] to fight aga9/ socialism4 ,caprivi put into words :at e "o kn[s1 al?\gh x has be5 c>efully conceal$ f ! p4 ,! reason :y ! ,swiss & ,scotti% ,gu>ds 7 hir$ to protect ! popes & ! ,fr5* k+s1 & :y ! ,russian regim5ts are s c>efully %uffl$1 is 9 ord] t ^? :i* are po/$ 9 ! int]ior may be recruit$ by m5 f ! bord]s1 & ^? on ! bord]s by m5 f ! int]ior4 ,! mean+ ( ,caprivi's reply1 translat$ into simple1 ev]yday language1 means t money is ne$$1 n to repel a =eign enemy1 b to bribe ! subalt]n (fic]s to hold !mselves 9 read9ess to act aga9/ ! oppress$ work+-m54 ,caprivi incid5tally express$ :at e man kn[s--or if he does n "k x he feels x--namely1 t ! exi/+ sy/em ( life is su* z x is1 n because x is natural = x to be s1 or t ! p are cont5t to h x s1 b because viol5ce on ! "p ( gov]nm5ts1 ! army1 ) its brib$ subalt]n (fic]s1 its capta9s & g5]als1 su/a9s x4 ,if a work+-man has no l&1 if he is n all[$ to enjoy ! natural "r possess$ by e man1 to draw f ! soil ! means ( subsi/5ce = himself & 8 family1 x is n s because ! p oppose x1 b because ! "r to grant or to )hold ?is privilege f work+-m5 is giv5 to c]ta9 individuals--namely1 to ! l&$ proprietors4 ,& ?is unnatural ord] ( ?+s is ma9ta9$ by ! troops4 ,if ! enorm\s weal? e>n$ & sav$ by work+-m5 is n reg>d$ z common prop]ty1 b z some?+ to be enjoy$ by ! *os5 few2 if c]ta9 m5 are inve/$ ) ! p[] ( levy+ taxes on labor1 & ) ! "r ( us+ t money = :atsoev] purposes !y deem necess>y2 if ! /rikes ( ! work+-m5 are suppress$1 & ! tru/s ( ! capitali/s are enc\rag$2 if c]ta9 m5 are all[$ to *oose 9 ! matt] ( religi\s & civil education & ! in/ruction ( *ildr52 if to c]ta9 o!rs ! "r is giv5 to frame laws :i* all m5 mu/ obey1 & if !y are to enjoy ! control ( human life & prop]ty1--all ?is is n because ! p wi% x1 or because x has come ab\t 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 b because ! gov]nm5ts w h x s = _! own advantage & t ( ! rul+ classes2 & all ?is is accompli%$ by means ( physical viol5ce4 ,if e man is n yet aw>e ( ?is1 he w f9d x out :5ev] attempts are made to *ange ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,& !re=e all ! gov]nm5ts & ! rul+ classes /& 9 ne$ ( troops above all ?+s1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( life :i*1 f> f hav+ develop$ f ! ne$s ( ! p1 is (t5 detrim5tal to !m1 & is only advantage\s = ! gov]nm5t & ! rul+ classes4 ,e gov]nm5t requires troops to en=ce ob$i5ce1 t x may pr(it by ! labor ( its subjects4 ,b no gov]nm5t exi/s alone3 side by side ) x /&s ! gov]nm5t ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 :i* is also pr(it+ by ! en=c$ labor ( its subjects1 & ev] ready to p\nce ^u its neighbor & take possession ( ! goods :i* x has won f ! labor ( its own subjects4 ,h5ce x is t e gov]nm5t ne$s an army1 n only = home use1 b to gu>d its plund] f =eign depr$ations4 ,?us ea* gov]nm5t f9ds itself oblig$ to outdo its neighbor 9 ! increase ( its army1 &1 z ,montesquieu said "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 ! expansion ( armies is a v]itable contagion4 ,"o ,/ate makes additions to its army 9 ord] to ov]awe its own subjects2 its neighbor takes al>m1 & /raightway foll[s ! example4 ,armies h rea*$ ! millions :i* !y n[ numb] n only f ! fe> ( =eign invasion2 ! increase 0 fir/ caus$ by ! necessity = putt+ d[n all attempts at rebellion on ! "p ( ! subjects ( ! ,/ate4 ,! causes = ! expansion ( armies are contempor>y1 ! "o dep5d+ on ! o!r2 armies are ne$$ aga9/ int]nal attempts at revolt1 z well z = ext]nal def5se4 ,! "o dep5ds ^u ! o!r4 ,! despotism ( gov]nm5ts increases exactly 9 proportion to ! increase ( _! /r5g? & _! int]nal successes1 & _! =eign aggression ) ! increase ( int]nal despotism4 ,european gov]nm5ts try to outdo "o ano!r1 ev] increas+ _! armam5ts1 & compell$ at la/ to adopt ! exp$i5t ( a g5]al conscription z a means ( enroll+ ! greate/ numb] ( troops at ! smalle/ possible exp5se4 ,g]many 0 ! fir/ to :om ?is plan sugge/$ itself4 ,& no soon] 0 x done by "o nation ?an all ! o!rs 7 =c$ to d likewise4 ,?us all ! citiz5s took up arms to assi/ 9 uphold+ ! wrongs t 7 committ$ aga9/ !m2 9 fact1 !y became _! own oppressors4 ,g5]al milit>y conscription 0 ! inevitable & logical consummation at :i* x 0 b natural to arrive2 at ! same "t x is ! la/ expression ( ! innate contradiction ( ! social life-conception :i* sprang into exi/5ce :5 viol5ce 0 requir$ = its support4 ,g5]al milit>y conscription made ?is contradiction a conspicu\s fact4 ,inde$1 ! v significance ( ! social life-conception consi/s 9 ?is1--t a man1 realiz+ ! cruelty ( ! /ruggle ( individuals among !mselves1 & ! p]il t ! individual incurs1 seeks protection by transf]r+ 8 private int]e/s to a social community2 :]eas ! result ( ! sy/em ( conscription is t m51 aft] hav+ made e sacrifice to escape f ! cruel /ruggle & unc]ta9ties ( life1 are once m call$ ^u to und]go all ! dang]s !y _h hop$ to escape1 & moreov]1 ! community--! ,/ate = :i* ! individuals gave up _! previ\s advantages--is n[ expos$ to ! same risk ( de/ruction f :i* ! individual himself =m]ly suff]$4 ,gov]nm5ts %\ld h set m5 free f ! cruelty ( ! p]sonal /ruggle1 & giv5 !m confid5ce 9 ! inviolable /ructure ( ,/ate life2 b in/ead ( do+ ?is !y impose on individuals a repetition ( ! same dang]s1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! place ( /ruggle betwe5 individuals ( ! same gr\p1 x is a case ( /ruggle betwe5 gr\ps4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al milit>y conscription is l ! "w ( a man :o props a crumbl+ h\se4 ,! walls h settl$1 slop+ inw>d--he braces !m2 ! ceil+ beg9s to hang d[n--he supports t2 & :5 ! bo>ds betwe5 give way1 o!r braces are suppli$4 ,at la/ x rea*es ! po9t :51 al?\gh ! braces hold ! h\se toge!r1 !y actually make x un9habitable4 ,! same may be said ( ! g5]al conscription sy/em4 ,! g5]al milit>y conscription nullifies all ^? advantages ( social life :i* x is expect$ to protect4 ,! advantages ( social life are ^? gu>antees :i* x (f]s = ! protection ( prop]ty & labor1 z well z cop]ation = ! purposes ( mutual advantage2 ! g5]al milit>y conscription de/roys all ?is4 ,! taxes collect$ f ! p = purposes ( w> absorb ! great] "p ( ! productions ( _! labor1 :i* ! army ought to protect4 ,:5 m5 are tak5 f ! ord9>y avocations ( daily life1 labor is practically de/roy$4 ,:]e w> is ev] ?reat5+ to break =?1 x does n seem wor? :ile to improve social conditions4 ,if a man _h =m]ly be5 told t unless he submitt$ to ! civil au?ority he w\ld run ! risk ( be+ assault$ by wick$ m51 t he w\ld be 9 dang] f dome/ic z well z f =eign foes1 aga9/ :om he w\ld be =c$ to def5d himself1 t he might be murd]$1 & !re=e he w\ld f9d x = 8 advantage to suff] c]ta9 privations if by t means he succe$$ 9 escap+ all ^! p]ils1 he might h believ$ ?is1 especially z ! sacrifices requir$ by ! ,/ate promis$ him ! hope ( a peaceful exi/5ce )9 ! well-e/abli%$ community 9 ^: "n he _h made !m4 ,b n[1 :5 ^! sacrifices are n only multipli$1 b ! promis$ advantages are n realiz$1 x is q natural = m5 to ?9k t _! subjection to au?ority is utt]ly useless4 ,b ! fatal significance ( ! g5]al conscription1 z ! manife/ation ( t contradiction :i* dwells 9 ! social life-conception1 lies n 9 ?is4 ,:]ev] milit>y conscription exi/s1 e citiz5 :o becomes a soldi] likewise becomes a support] ( ! ,/ate sy/em1 & a p>ticipant 9 :atsoev] ! ,/ate may d1 at ! same "t t he does n ackn[l$ge its validity2 & ?is may be call$ its *ief manife/ation4 ,gov]nm5ts decl>e t armies are pr9cipally requir$ = ext]nal def5se2 b ?is is untrue4 ,!y are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ne$$ to ov]awe _! own subjects1 & e man :o yields to milit>y conscription becomes an involunt>y p>ticipator 9 all ! oppressive acts ( gov]nm5t t[>d its subjects4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] :at goes on 9 e ,/ate 9 ! "n ( ord] & ! welf>e ( ! community1 all ! :ile en=c$ by milit>y au?ority1 to be conv9c$ t e man :o fulfils milit>y duty becomes a p>ticipant 9 acts ( ! ,/ate ( :i* he _c approve4 ,e dyna/ic & political feud1 all ! executions result+ f su* feuds1 ! cru%+ ( rebellions1 ! use ( ! milit>y 9 disp]s+ mobs1 9 putt+ d[n /rikes1 all extortionate taxation1 ! inju/ice ( l& own]%ip & ! limitations ( fre$om ( labor1--all ?is is done1 if n directly by ! troops1 !n by ! police support$ by ! troops4 ,he :o p]=ms 8 milit>y duty becomes a p>ticipant 9 all ^! acts1 ab\t :i* he (t5 feels m ?an dubi\s1 & :i* are 9 mo/ cases directly oppos$ to 8 consci5ce4 ,m5 d n wi% to leave ! l& :i* !y h till$ = g5]ations2 !y d n wi% to disp]se on ! bidd+ ( ! gov]nm5t2 !y d n wi% to pay ! taxes :i* are extort$ f !m2 nei!r d !y will+ly submit to laws :i* !y h n help$ to make2 !y d n wi% to give up _! nationality4 ,& ,i1 if ,i am p]=m+ milit>y duty1 mu/ come =w>d & /rike ^! m5 d[n4 ,i _c take "p 9 su* proce$+s )\t ask+ myself if !y be "r4 ,& ought ,i to cop]ate 9 c>ry+ !m out8 ,g5]al milit>y conscription is ! la/ /ep 9 ! process ( co]cion requir$ by gov]nm5ts = ! support ( ! :ole /ructure2 = subjects x is ! extreme limit ( ob$i5ce4 ,x is ! key/one ( ! ar* t supports ! walls1 ! ab/raction ( :i* w\ld de/roy ! :ole fabric4 ,! "t has come :5 ! ev] gr[+ abuses ( gov]nm5ts1 & _! mutual conte/s1 h requir$ f all _! subjects n only mat]ial b moral sacrifices1 till ea* man pauses & asks himself1 ,c ,i make ^! sacrifices8 ,& = ^: sake am ,i to make !m8 ,^! sacrifices are dem&$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate ,i am ask$ to give up all t makes life de> to a man1--peace1 family1 safety1 & p]sonal dignity4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is ,/ate 9 ^: "n su* appall+ sacrifices are dem&$8 ,& ( :at use is x8 ,we are told t ! ,/ate is necess>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 because 7 x n = t no man w\ld be safe f viol5ce & ! attacks ( wick$ m52 9 ! second place1 )\t ! ,/ate we %\ld be l savages1 possess+ nei!r religion1 morals1 education1 in/ruction1 comm]ce1 means ( communication1 nor any o!r social in/itutions2 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 because )\t ! ,/ate we %\ld be subject to ! invasion ( ! neighbor+ nations4 ,7 x n = ! ,/ate1 we are told1 we %\ld be subject$ to viol5ce & to ! attacks ( evil m5 9 our own l&4 ,b :o are ^! evil m5 f ^: viol5ce & attacks ! gov]nm5t & ! army saves u8 ,if su* m5 exi/$ ?ree or f\r c5turies ago1 :5 m5 prid$ !mselves on _! milit>y skill & /r5g? ( arm1 :5 a man prov$ 8 valor by kill+ 8 fell[-m51 we f9d none su* at ! pres5t "t3 m5 ( our "t nei!r use nor c>ry weapons1 &1 believ+ 9 ! precepts ( humanity & pity = _! neighbors1 !y are z desir\s = peace & a quiet life z we are ourselves4 ,h5ce ?is extraord9>y class ( m>aud]s1 aga9/ :om ! ,/ate might def5d u1 no long] exi/s4 ,b if1 :5 !y speak ( ! m5 f ^: attacks ! gov]nm5t def5ds u1 we und]/& t !y mean ! crim9al classes1 9 t case we "k t !y are n extraord9>y be+s1 l bea/s ( prey among %eep1 b are m5 v mu* l ourselves1 :o are naturally j z reluctant to commit crimes z ^? aga9/ :om !y commit !m4 ,we "k n[ t ?reats & puni%m5ts are p[]less to decrease ! numb]s ( su* m51 b t _! numb]s may be decreas$ by *ange ( environm5t & by moral influ5ce4 ,h5ce ! !ory ( ! necessity ( ,/ate viol5ce 9 ord] to protect mank9d aga9/ evil-do]s1 if x _h any f\ndation ?ree or f\r c5turies ago1 has none :atev] at ! pres5t "t4 ,"o might say q ! rev]se n[adays1 = ! activity ( gov]nm5ts1 ) _! antiquat$ & m]ciless me?ods ( puni%m5t1 _! galleys1 prisons1 gall[s1 & guillot9es1 s f> bel[ ! g5]al plane ( morality1 t5ds r to l[] ! /&>d ( morals ?an to elevate x1 & !re=e r to increase ?an to less5 ! numb] ( crim9als4 ,x is said t )\t ! ,/ate !re w\ld be no in/itutions1 educational1 moral1 religi\s1 or int]national2 !re w\ld be no means ( communication4 ,7 x n = ! ,/ate1 we %\ld be )\t organizations necess>y to all ( u4 ,an argum5t l ?is c\ld only h _h a basis sev]al c5turies ago4 ,if !re ev] 0 a "t :5 m5 _h s little int]national communication1 & 7 s unus$ to int]c\rse or int]*ange ( ?\ght t !y c\ld n come to an agreem5t on matt]s ( g5]al int]e/--comm]cial1 indu/rial1 or economical--)\t ! assi/ance ( ! ,/ate1 su* is n ! case at pres5t4 ,! widely diffus$ means ( communication & transmission ( ?\ght h a*iev$ ?is result1--t :5 ! mod]n man desires to f\nd societies1 assemblies1 corporations1 congresses1 sci5tific1 economical1 or political in/itutions1 n only c he easily disp5se ) ! assi/ance ( gov]nm5ts1 b 9 ! majority ( cases gov]nm5ts are m ( a h9drance ?an a help 9 ! pursuit ( su* objects4 ,s9ce ! end ( ! la/ c5tury almo/ e progressive movem5t on ! "p ( mank9d has be5 n only disc\rag$1 b inv>iably hamp]$1 by gov]nm5ts4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! abolition ( corporal puni%m5t1 torture1 & slav]y2 ) ! e/abli%m5t ( fre$om ( ! press & lib]ty ( meet+4 ,fur!rmore1 ,/ate au?orities & gov]nm5ts n[adays n only d n cop]ate1 b !y directly h9d] ! activity by means ( :i* m5 "w out new =ms ( life4 ,! solution ( labor & l& que/ions1 ( political & religi\s problems1 is n only un5c\rag$1 b di/9ctly oppos$1 by ! gov]nm5t au?ority4 ,if !re 7 no ,/ate & gov]nm5t au?ority1 nations w\ld be subjugat$ by _! neighbors4 ,x is n wor? :ile to answ] ?is la/ argum5t4 ,x refutes itself4 ,we are told t ! gov]nm5t & its armies are necess>y = our def5se aga9/ ! neighbor+ ,/ates :i* might subject u4 ,b all ! gov]nm5ts say ?is ( "o ano!r2 & yet we "k t e ,european nation pr(esses ! same pr9ciples ( lib]ty & frat]nity1 & !re=e ne$s no def5se aga9/ its neighbor4 ,b if "o speaks ( def5se aga9/ b>b>ians1 !n "o p] c5t ( ! troops "u arms at ! pres5t "t w\ld suffice4 ,x is n only t ! increase ( arm$ =ce fails to protect u f dang] ( attack f our neighbors1 x actually provokes ! v attack :i* x deprecates4 ,h5ce no man :o reflects on ! significance ( ! ,/ate1 9 ^: "n he is requir$ to sacrifice 8 peace1 8 safety1 & 8 life1 c escape ! conviction t !re is no long] any reasonable gr\nd = su* sacrifices4 ,ev5 reg>d+ ! subject !oretically1 a man mu/ realize t ! sacrifices dem&$ by ! ,/ate are )\t suffici5t reason2 & :5 he consid]s ! matt] f a practical po9t ( view1 weigh+ all ! diff]5t conditions 9 :i* he has be5 plac$ by ! ,/ate1 e man mu/ see t s f> z he himself is conc]n$1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ,/ate & 8 own subjection to milit>y conscription is indubitably & 9 e case less advantage\s = him ?an if he refus$ to comply ) x4 ,if ! majority ( p pref] ob$i5ce to insubord9ation1 x is n because !y h giv5 ! subject dispassionate consid]ation1 weigh+ ! advantages & disadvantages1 b because !y are1 s to speak1 "u ! influ5ce ( hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,m5 submit to dem&s l ?is )\t us+ _! reason or mak+ ! lea/ ef=t ( ! w4 ,x requires indep5d5t reason+1 z well z ef=t1 to refuse submission1--ef=t :i* "s m5 are incapable ( mak+4 ,b suppos+ we exclude ! moral significance ( submission & non-submission1 & consid] only _! advantages1 !n non-submission w always prove m advantage\s ?an submission4 ,:oev] ,i may be1 :e!r ,i belong to ! well-to-d--! oppress+ class--or to ! oppress$ labor+ class1 9 ei!r case ! disadvantages ( non-submission are less num]\s ?an ! disadvantages ( submission1 & ! advantages ( non-submission great] ?an ^? ( submission4 ,if ,i belong to ! oppressive1 :i* is ! smalle/ class1 & refuse to submit to ! dem&s ( ! gov]nm5t1 ,i %all be tri$ z "o :o refuses to fulfil 8 obligations1--,i %all be tri$1 & 9 case my trial t]m9ates favorably1 ,i %all ei!r be decl>$ n guilty1 or ,i may be dealt ) z !y treat ! ,m5nonites 9 ,russia--t is1 be compell$ to s]ve my t]m ( milit>y s]vice by p]=m+ "s non-milit>y "w2 if1 on ! contr>y1 an unfavorable v]dict is r5d]$1 ,i %all be condemn$ to exile or imprisonm5t = two or ?ree ye>s 7,i am speak+ ( cases 9 ,russia72 or possibly my t]m ( imprisonm5t may be long]4 ,& ,i may ev5 be condemn$ to suff] ! p5alty ( dea?1 al?\gh t is n at all probable4 ,su* are ! disadvantages ( non-submission4 ,! disadvantages ( submission are z foll[s3--,if ,i am =tunate ,i %all n be s5t to murd] m51 nei!r %all ,i run ! risk myself ( be+ disabl$ or kill$2 !y w simply make a milit>y slave ( me4 ,i %all be array$ 9 ! g>m5ts ( a cl[n2 my sup]ior (fic]s1 f ! corporal to ! field-m>%al1 w ord] me ab\t4 ,at _! ^w ( comm& ,i %all be put ?r\gh a s]ies ( gymna/ic contortions1 & aft] be+ deta9$ f "o to five ye>s ,i %all be releas$1 b /ill oblig$ = t5 ye>s long] to hold myself 9 read9ess at any mom5t ,i may be summon$ to execute ! ord]s ^! p give me4 ,& if ,i am less =tunate ,i %all be s5t to ! w>s1 /ill 9 ! same condition ( slav]y1 & !re ,i %all be =c$ to slay fell[-m5 ( o!r c\ntries :o nev] did me any h>m4 ,or ,i may be s5t to a place :]e ,i may be mutilat$ or kill$2 p]haps f9d myself1 z at ,seva/opol1 s5t to c]ta9 dea?2 ^! ?+s happ5 9 e w>4 ,worse ?an all ?+s else1 ,i may be s5t to fight aga9/ my fell[-c\ntrym51 & compell$ to kill my own bre?r5 = "s matt] dyna/ic or gov]nm5tal1 & to me ( =eign int]e/4 ,su* are ! comp>ative disadvantages4 ,! comp>ative advantages ( submission & non-submission are z foll[s3--,= him :o has submitt$ ! advantages are ^!3 aft] he has subject$ himself to all ! degradations & committ$ all ! cruel de$s requir$ ( him1 he may1 provid$ he be n kill$1 receive "s sc>let or gold5 bauble to decorate 8 cl[n's attire2 or if he be especially favor$1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( j su* brutal m5 l himself may be put "u 8 comm&1 & he be call$ field-m>%al1 & receive l>ge sums ( money4 ,by refus+ to submit he w possess ! advantages ( pres]v+ 8 manly dignity1 ( w9n+ ! respect ( good m51 &1 above all1 he w enjoy ! assurance t he is do+ ,god's bus9ess1 & !re=e an unque/ionable b5efit to mank9d4 ,su* are ! advantages & disadvantages1 on ei!r side1 = ! oppressor1 a memb] ( ! weal?y class4 ,= a man ( ! work+-class--a poor man--! advantages & disadvantages are ab\t ! same1 if we include "o important addition to ! disadvantages4 ,! special disadvantage = a man ( ! work+-class :o has n refus$ to p]=m milit>y s]vice is t1 :5 he ent]s ! s]vice1 8 p>ticipation & 8 tacit cons5t g t[>d confirm+ ! oppression 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,b ! "q conc]n+ ! ,/ate1 :e!r its cont9u$ exi/5ce is a necessity1 or :e!r x w\ld be wis] to aboli% x1 _c be decid$ by discussion on its usefulness = ! m5 :o are requir$ to support x by tak+ "p 9 ! milit>y s]vice1 & /ill less by weigh+ ! comp>ative advantages & disadvantages ( submission or non-submission = ! individual himself4 ,x is decid$ irrevocably & )\t appeal by ! religi\s consci\sness1 by ! consci5ce ( ea* individual1 to :om no soon] does milit>y conscription become a "q ?an x is foll[$ by t ( ! necessity or non-necessity ( ! ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,c]ta9ty ,,( ,,! ,,acceptance ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,non-,,resi/ance ,,to ,,evil ,,by ,,viol5ce ,,by ,,! ,,m5 ,,( ,,our ,,_w ,*ri/ianity is n a legislation b a new life-conception2 h5ce x 0 n obligatory1 nor has x be5 accept$ by all m5 9 its full mean+1 b only by a few2 ! re/ h accept$ x 9 a corrupt$ =m--,moreov]1 ,*ri/ianity is a prophecy ( ! disappe>ance ( ! pagan life1 & !re=e ( ! necessity ( accept+ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e--,non-resi/ance ( evil by viol5ce is "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e :i* mu/ inevitably be accept$ by m5 at ! pres5t day--,two me?ods ( solv+ e /ruggle--,! fir/ me?od consi/s 9 believ+ ! g5]al def9itions ( evil to be b9d+ ^u all1 & to resi/ ?is evil by viol5ce--,! second1 ! ,*ri/ian me?od1 consi/s 9 n resi/+ evil by viol5ce--,al?\gh ! failure ( ! fir/ me?od 0 recogniz$ 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is /ill employ$2 b z humanity advanc$ x has become m evid5t t !re is n1 nor c !re be1 a g5]al def9ition ( evil--,n[ ?is has become evid5t to all1 & if ! viol5ce :i* is de/9$ to combat evil exi/s1 x is n because x is consid]$ necess>y1 b because m5 d n "k h[ to disp5se ) x--,! difficulty ( disp5s+ ) x is due to ! skilfulness & complexity ( political viol5ce--,?is viol5ce is support$ by f\r me?ods3 by ?reats1 bribes1 hypnotism1 & ! employm5t ( milit>y =ce--,deliv]ance f ,/ate viol5ce _c be accompli%$ by ov]?r[+ ! ,/ate--,?r\gh exp]i5ce ( ! mis]y ( pagan life m5 are compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ) its non-resi/ance to evil1--a doctr9e :i* !y h hi!rto ignor$--,to ?is same necessity ( ackn[l$g+ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e we are br\ght by ! consci\sness ( its tru?--,?is consci\sness is 9 utt] contradiction to our life1 & is especially evid5t 9 reg>d to g5]al milit>y conscription2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( habit & ! f\r me?ods ( ,/ate viol5ce1 m5 d n see ?is inconsi/5cy ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! duties ( a soldi]--,m5 d n see x ev5 :5 ! au?orities !mselves %[ !m pla9ly all ! immorality ( ! duties ( a soldi]--,! call ( ! g5]al conscription is ! extreme trial = e man1--! comm& to *oose betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( non-resi/ance or s]vile submission to ! exi/+ organization ( ! ,/ate--,m5 g5]ally submit to ! dem&s ( ! ,/ate organization1 r5\nc+ all t is sacr$1 z ?\gh !re 7 no o!r issue--,= m5 ( ! pagan life-conception1 inde$1 no o!r issue does exi/2 !y are compell$ to ackn[l$ge x1 reg>dless ( all ! dreadful calamities ( w>--,society compos$ ( su* m5 mu/ inevitably p]i%1 & no social *anges c save x--,! pagan life has rea*$ its la/ limits2 x works its own de/ruction4 ,x is frequ5tly said t if ,*ri/ianity be a tru?1 x w\ld h be5 accept$ by all m5 on its fir/ appe>ance1 & w\ld /raightway h *ang$ & improv$ ! lives ( m54 ,"o might z well say t if ! se$ is alive x mu/ in/antly spr\t & produce its fl[] or its fruit4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is n a law :i*1 be+ introduc$ by viol5ce1 c =?) *ange ! life ( mank9d4 ,*ri/ianity is a life-conception m l(ty & excell5t ?an ! anci5t2 & su* a new conception ( life _c be en=c$2 x mu/ be adopt$ volunt>ily1 & by two processes1 ! spiritual or int]ior process1 & ! exp]im5tal or ext]nal process4 ,"s m5 !re are--b ! small] proportion--:o in/antly1 & z ?\gh by prophetic intuition1 div9e ! tru?1 surr5d] !mselves to its influ5ce1 & live up to its precepts2 o!rs--& !y are ! majority--are br\ght to ! k ( ! tru?1 & ! necessity = its adoption1 by a long s]ies ( errors1 by exp]i5ce & suff]+4 ,x is to ?is necessity ( adopt+ ! doctr9e by ! ext]nal process ( exp]i5ce t ,*ri/5dom has at la/ arriv$4 ,n[ & !n "o wond]s :y ! mi/ak5 pres5tm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* ev5 at ! pres5t "t prev5ts m5 f accept+ x 9 its true significance1 c\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,& yet ! v errors1 hav+ br\ght m5 to _! pres5t position1 h be5 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x has become possible = ! majority to accept ,*ri/ianity 9 its true mean+4 ,if in/ead ( t corrupt$ =m ( ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 giv5 to ! p1 x _h be5 (f]$ to !m 9 its purity1 ! great] portion ( mank9d w\ld h refus$ x1 l ! ,asiatic peoples to :om x is yet unkn[n4 ,b hav+ once accept$ x 9 its corrupt$ =m1 ! nations embrac+ x 7 subject$ to its sl[ b sure influ5ce1 & by a long succession ( errors1 & ! suff]+ t ensu$ !refrom1 h n[ be5 br\ght to ! necessity ( adopt+ x 9 its true mean+4 ,! errone\s pres5tation ( ,*ri/ianity1 & its acceptance by ! majority ( mank9d1 ) all its errors1 0 !n a necessity1 j z ! se$1 if x is to spr\t1 mu/ = a "t be buri$ 9 ! soil4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is ! doctr9e ( tru? z well z ( prophecy4 ,eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e reveal$ to m5 ! true conduct ( life1 & at ! same "t =etold ! result ( disobey+ its injunctions & ( cont9u+ to pursue _! =m] c\rse1 guid$ only by ! precepts :i* 7 taught be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity2 & x also %[$ !m :at life may become if !y accept ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e & obey its dictates4 ,hav+ taught 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ^? precepts by :i* m5 %\ld ord] _! daily lives1 ,*ri/ said3 ,!re=e :osoev] he>e? ^! say+s ( m9e1 & doe? !m1 ,i w lik5 him unto a wise man1 :i* built 8 h\se ^u a rock3 & ! ra9 desc5d$1 & ! floods came1 & ! w9ds blew1 & beat ^u t h\se2 & x fell n3 = x 0 f\nd$ ^u a rock4 ,& e "o t he>e? ^! say+s ( m9e1 & doe? !m n1 %all be lik5$ unto a fooli% man1 :i* built 8 h\se ^u ! s&3 & ! ra9 desc5d$1 & ! floods came1 & ! w9ds blew1 & beat ^u t h\se2 & x fell3 & great 0 ! fall ( x 7,mat!w vii4 #bd-bg74 ,& ?us1 aft] eighte5 c5turies1 ! prophecy has be5 fulfill$4 ,z ! result ( ! ab&onm5t ( ,*ri/'s tea*+s1 hav+ disreg>d$ ! pr9ciple ( non-resi/ance to evil1 m5 h unwitt+ly fall5 into ! condition ( imm95t p]il =etold by ,*ri/ to ^? :o refus$ to foll[ ,8 precepts4 ,m5 (t5 ?9k t ! "q ( resi/ance or non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce is an artificial "q1 :i* may be evad$4 ,& yet ?is is ! "q t life pres5ts to mank9d 9 g5]al1 & to ea* ?9k+ man 9 p>ticul>1 & x is "o t mu/ be solv$4 ,9 social life1 ev] s9ce ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ prea*$1 ?is "q has be5 l ! d\bt t confronts ! travel] :5 he comes to a place :]e ! road :i* he has foll[$ divides1 & he kn[s n :i* bran* to *oose4 ,he mu/ pursue 8 way1 & he c no long] g on )\t paus+ to delib]ate1 because !re are n[ two roads f :i* to *oose1 :]eas be=e !re 0 b "o2 he mu/ make up 8 m9d :i* he w take4 ,9 l mann]1 s9ce ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ has be5 made kn[n to m51 !y c no long] say1 ,i w g on liv+ z ,i did be=e1 )\t decid+ ! "q ( resi/ance or non-resi/ance to evil by viol5ce4 ,"o mu/ decide at ! beg9n+ ( e fre% /ruggle :e!r "o ought or ought n to resi/ by viol5ce t :i* "o believes to be evil4 ,! "q ( resi/ance or non-resi/ance ( evil by viol5ce arose ) ! fir/ conte/ among m51 = e conte/ is simply ! resi/ance by viol5ce ( some?+ :i* ea* combatant believes to be an evil4 ,b be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/ m5 did n und]/& t resi/ance by viol5ce ( :atev] ! individual believ$ to be evil--only ! same action :i* seems evil to "o man may seem good to ano!r--is simply "o mode ( settl+ ! difficulty1 & t ! o!r me?od consi/s 9 n resi/+ evil by viol5ce4 ,be=e ! appe>ance ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ m5 believ$ t !re c\ld be b "o way ( decid+ ! conte/1 t ( resi/+ evil by viol5ce1 & act$ accord+ly1 :ile ea* combatant /rove to p]suade himself & o!rs t :at he reg>d$ z evil 0 9 fact ! actual & absolute evil4 ,= ?is purpose1 dat+ f ! olde/ times1 m5 began to inv5t c]ta9 def9itions ( evil :i* %\ld be obligatory = all1 & = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ def9itions :i* %\ld be ?us b9d+1 7 issu$1 ei!r c]ta9 laws suppos$ to h be5 receiv$ 9 a sup]natural mann]1 or comm&s ( individuals or ( bodies ( m5 to :om an infallible wisdom 0 ascrib$4 ,m5 us$ viol5ce aga9/ _! fell[-m5 & assur$ !mselves & o!rs t !y 7 b us+ su* viol5ce aga9/ an evil ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,?is 0 ! cu/om f ! mo/ anci5t times1 p>ticul>ly among m5 :o _h usurp$ au?ority1 & m5 h be5 long 9 see+ its baselessness4 ,b ! long] mank9d exi/$ ! m complex grew its mutual relations1 & ! m evid5t x became t to resi/ by viol5ce ev]y?+ t is consid]$ evil is unwise2 t ! /ruggle is n dim9i%$ !reby1 & t no human wisdom c ev] def9e an infallible /&>d ( evil4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire x _h already become evid5t to mo/ m5 t :atev] ,n]o or ,caligula call$ evil1 & s\ght to ov]come by viol5ce1 0 n necess>ily an evil = ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,ev5 !n m5 _h already begun to realize t ! human laws = :i* a div9e orig9 0 claim$ 7 really writt5 by m52 t m5 _c be infallible1 no matt] ) :at ext]nal au?ority !y may be inve/$2 & t fallible m5 w n become infallible because !y meet toge!r & call !mselves a ,s5ate1 or any o!r simil> "n4 ,ev5 !n ?is _h be5 p]ceiv$ & und]/ood by _m4 ,& x 0 !n t ,*ri/ prea*$ ,8 doctr9e1 :i* n only embodi$ ! pr9ciple ( non-resi/ance1 b :i* reveal$ a new conception ( life1 ( :i* ! application to social life w\ld lead to ! suppression ( /rife among m51 n by oblig+ "o class to yield to :atsoev] au?ority %all orda91 b by =bidd+ all m51 & especially ^? 9 p[]1 to employ viol5ce aga9/ o!rs4 ,! doctr9e 0 at t "t embrac$ by a v limit$ numb] ( disciples1 :ile ! majority ( m51 p>ticul>ly ^? :o 7 9 au?ority1 al?\gh !y nom9ally accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 cont9u$ to foll[ ! practice ( resi/+ by viol5ce :atev] !y reg>d$ z evil4 ,s x 0 dur+ ! times ( ! ,roman & ,byzant9e emp]ors1 & s x w5t on 9 lat] times4 ,! inconsi/5cy ( an au?oritative def9ition ( evil & its resi/ance by viol5ce1 already app>5t 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h gr[n /ill m evid5t at ! "t ( ! dissolution ( ! ,roman ,empire & its subdivision into num]\s indep5d5t /ates ho/ile to "o ano!r & torn by int]nal diss5sions4 ,b m5 7 n yet ready to accept ! law ( ,*ri/1 & ! =m] me?od ( def9+ an evil to be resi/$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( laws1 en=c$ by co]cion & b9d+ ^u all m51 cont9u$ to be employ$4 ,! arbit]1 ^: (fice x 0 to decide ^u ! nature ( ! evil to be resi/$ by viol5ce1 0 alt]nately ! ,emp]or1 ! ,pope1 ! elect$ body1 or ! nation at l>ge4 ,b bo? )9 & )\t ! ,/ate m5 7 always to be f\nd :o refus$ to hold !mselves b\nd1 ei!r by ^? laws :i* 7 suppos$ to be ! expression ( ! div9e w1 or by ! human laws :i* claim$ to manife/ ! w ( ! p2--m5 ^: views on ! subject ( evil 7 q at v>iance ) ^? ( ! exi/+ au?orities1 m5 :o resi/$ ! au?orities1 employ+ ! same me?ods ( viol5ce t _h be5 direct$ aga9/ !mselves4 ,m5 inve/$ ) religi\s au?ority w\ld condemn z evil a matt] :i* to m5 & in/itutions inve/$ ) a temporal au?ority comm5d$ itself z desirable1 & vice v]sa1 & m & m furi\s grew ! /ruggle4 ,& ! (t5] m5 _h rec\rse to viol5ce 9 settl+ ! difficulty1 ! m evid5t x became t x 0 ill *os51 because !re is n1 nor c !re ev] be1 a /&>d au?ority ( evil to :i* all mank9d w\ld agree4 ,?us matt]s w5t on = eighte5 c5turies1 & at la/ arriv$ at _! pres5t condition1 :i* is1 t no man c dispute ! fact t an infallible def9ition ( evil w nev] be made4 ,we h rea*$ ! po9t :5 m5 h ceas$ n only to believe 9 ! possibility ( f9d+ a univ]sal def9ition :i* all m5 w admit1 b !y h ev5 ceas$ to believe 9 ! necessity ( su* a def9ition4 ,we h rea*$ ! po9t :5 m5 9 au?ority no long] seek to prove t t :i* !y consid] evil is evil1 b c&idly ackn[l$ge t !y consid] t to be evil :i* does n please !m1 & ^? :o are subject to au?ority obey1 n because !y believe t ! def9itions ( evil made by au?ority are j1 b only because !y h no p[] to resi/4 ,! annexation ( ,nice to ,france1 ,lorra9e to ,g]many1 ! ,cze*s to ,au/ria1 ! p>tition ( ,pol&1 ! subjection ( ,irel& & ,india to ! ,engli% rule1 ! wag+ ( w> aga9/ ,*9a1 ! slaught] ( ,africans1 ! expulsion ( ! ,*9ese1 ! p]secution ( ! ,jews 9 ,russia1 or ! d]ivation ( pr(its by l&[n]s f l& :i* !y d n cultivate1 & by capitali/s f ! results ( labor p]=m$ by o!rs1--none ( all ?is is done because x is virtu\s1 or because x w b5efit mank9d & is ess5tially oppos$ to evil1 b because ^? :o hold au?ority w h x s4 ,! result at ! pres5t "t is ?is3 c]ta9 m5 use viol5ce1 no long] 9 ! "n ( resi/ance to evil1 b f caprice1 or because x is = _! advantage2 :ile c]ta9 o!r m5 submit to viol5ce1 n because !y believe1 l ^? ( =m] ages1 t viol5ce is us$ to def5d !m f evil1 b simply because !y _c escape x4 ,if a ,roman1 or a man ( ! ,middle ,ages1 or a ,russian1 su* a man z ,i c rememb] fifty ye>s ago1 believ$ implicitly t ! exi/+ viol5ce ( au?ority 0 ne$$ to save him f evil1--t taxes1 duties1 s]fdom1 prisons1 ! la%1 ! kn\t1 galleys1 executions1 milit>y conscription1 & w>s 7 unavoidable1--x w\ld be difficult to f9d a man at ! pres5t "t :o believes t all ! viol5ces committ$ saves a s+le man f evil2 on ! contr>y1 n "o c\ld be f\nd :o _h n a di/9ct assurance t mo/ ( ! violations to :i* he is subject$1 & 9 :i* he himself p>ticipates1 are 9 !mselves a great & unpr(itable calamity4 ,!re is h>dly a man to be f\nd at ! pres5t "t :o fails to realize all ! uselessness & absurdity ( collect+ taxes f ! labor+ classes = ! purpose ( enri*+ idle (ficials2 or ! folly ( puni%+ weak & immoral m5 by exile or imprisonm5t1 :]e1 support$ z !y are1 & liv+ 9 idl5ess1 !y become /ill weak] & m deprav$2 or1 aga91 ! unspeakable folly & cruelty ( ^? prep>ations = w>1 :i* c nei!r be expla9$ nor ju/ifi$1 & :i* ru9 & imp]il ! safety ( nations4 ,nev]!less ^! violations cont9ue1 & ! v m5 :o realize & ev5 suff] f _! uselessness1 absurdity1 & cruelty1 contribute to _! enc\ragem5t4 ,if fifty ye>s ago x 0 possible t ! weal?y man ( leisure & ! illit]ate labor] %\ld bo? believe t _! positions1 ! "o a cont9ual holiday1 ! o!r a life ( incessant labor1 7 orda9$ by ,god--9 ^! days1 n only ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ev5 9 ,russia1 ow+ to ! activity ( ! p1 ! gr[? ( education1 & ! art ( pr9t+1 x is h>dly possible to f9d a man1 ei!r ri* or poor1 :o 9 "o way or ano!r w\ld n "q ! ju/ice ( su* an ord] ( ?+s4 ,n only d ! ri* realize t ! possession ( weal? is 9 itself a fault1 = :i* !y /rive to atone by donations to sci5ce & art1 z =m]ly !y r$eem$ _! s9s by end[+ *ur*es2 b ev5 ! majority ( ! labor+ class n[ und]/& t ! exi/+ ord] is false1 & %\ld be alt]$1 if n aboli%$4 ,m5 :o pr(ess religion1 ( :om we h millions 9 ,russia1 ! s-call$ sect>ians1 ackn[l$ge1 because !y int]pret ! gospel doctr9e correctly1 t ?is ord] ( ?+s is false & %\ld be de/roy$4 ,! work+-m5 consid] x false because ( ! sociali/ic1 communi/ic1 or an>*ical !ories t h already f\nd way into _! ranks4 ,9 ^! days ! pr9ciple ( viol5ce is ma9ta9$1 n because x is consid]$ necess>y1 b simply because x has be5 s long 9 exi/5ce1 & is s ?or\ghly organiz$ by ^? :o pr(it by x--t is to say1 by ! gov]nm5ts & rul+ classes--t ^? :o are 9 _! p[] f9d x impossible to escape4 ,n[adays e gov]nm5t1 ! despotic z well z ! mo/ lib]al1 has become :at ,h]z5 has s clev]ly t]m$ a ,g5ghis ,khan ) a telegraphic equipm5t1 t is1 ) an organization ( viol5ce1 hav+ = basis no?+ less ?an ! mo/ brutal tyranny1 & conv]t+ all ! means inv5t$ by sci5ce = ! int]-communication & peaceful activities ( free & equal m5 to its own tyrann\s & oppressive ends4 ,! exi/+ gov]nm5ts & ! rul+ classes no long] c>e to pres5t ev5 ! semblance ( ju/ice1 b rely1 ?anks to sci5tific progress1 on an organization s +5i\s t x is able to inclose all m5 )9 a circle ( viol5ce ?r\gh :i* x is impossible to break4 ,?is circle is made up ( f\r exp$i5ts1 ea* connect$ ) & support+ ! o!r l ! r+s ( a *a94 ,! fir/ & ! olde/ exp$i5t is intimidation4 ,x consi/s 9 repres5t+ ! actual organization ( ! ,/ate1 :e!r x be t ( a lib]al republic or ( an arbitr>y despotism1 z some?+ sacr$ & immutable1 :i* !re=e puni%es by ! mo/ cruel p5alties any attempt at revolution4 ,?is exp$i5t has be5 put into practice rec5tly :]ev] a gov]nm5t exi/s3 9 ,russia aga9/ ! s-call$ nihili/s1 9 ,am]ica aga9/ ! an>*i/s1 9 ,france aga9/ ! imp]iali/s1 mon>*i/s1 communi/s1 & an>*i/s4 ,railroads1 telegraphs1 telephones1 photography1 ! improv$ me?od ( dispos+ ( crim9als by imprison+ !m 9 solit>y conf9em5t = ! rema9d] ( _! lives 9 cells1 :]e1 hidd5 f human view1 !y die =gott51 z well z num]\s o!r mod]n inv5tions ^u :i* gov]nm5ts h ! prior claim1 give !m su* p[]1 t if once ! au?ority fell into c]ta9 h&s1 & ! regul> & secret police1 adm9i/rative (ficials1 & all k9ds ( procureurs1 jail]s1 & execution]s labor$ zeal\sly to support x1 !re w\ld be no possibility :atsoev] ( ov]?r[+ ! gov]nm5t1 h[ev] cruel or s5seless x might be4 ,! second exp$i5t is brib]y4 ,?is consi/s 9 tak+ ! prop]ty ( ! labor+ classes by means ( taxation & di/ribut+ x among ! (ficials1 :o1 9 consid]ation ( ?is1 are b\nd to ma9ta9 & increase ! bondage ( ! p4 ,! brib$ (ficials1 f ! prime m9i/]s to ! l[e/ scribes1 =m "o unbrok5 *a9 ( individuals1 unit$ by a common int]e/1 support$ by ! labor ( ! p1 fulfill+ ! w ( ! gov]nm5t ) a submission proportionate to _! ga9s1 nev] hesitat+ to use any means 9 any dep>tm5t ( bus9ess to promote ! action ( t gov]nm5tal viol5ce on :i* _! well-be+ re/s4 ,! ?ird exp$i5t ,i c call by no o!r "n ?an hypnotism4 ,x consi/s 9 ret>d+ ! spiritual developm5t ( m51 &1 by means ( v>i\s sugge/ions1 influ5c+ !m to cl+ to ! !ory ( life :i* mank9d has already left beh9d1 & ^u :i* re/s ! f\ndation ( gov]nm5tal au?ority4 ,we h at ! pres5t "t a hypnotiz+ sy/em1 organiz$ 9 a mo/ complex mann]1 beg9n+ 9 *ildhood & cont9u$ until ! h\r ( dea?4 ,?is hypnotism beg9s dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( a man's life 9 a sy/em ( compulsory education4 ,*ildr5 receive 9 s*ool ! same ideas 9 reg>d to ! univ]se :i* _! ance/ors ent]ta9$1 & :i* are 9 direct contradiction to contempor>y k4 ,9 c\ntries :]e a ,/ate religion exi/s1 *ildr5 are taught ! s5seless & sacrilegi\s utt]ances ( *ur* cate*isms1 ) ! duty ( ob$i5ce to au?orities2 9 ! republics !y are taught ! absurd sup]/ition ( patriotism1 & ! same obligation ( ob$i5ce to ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 matur] ye>s ?is hypnotiz+ process is cont9u$ by ! enc\ragem5t ( religi\s & patriotic sup]/ition4 ,religi\s sup]/ition is enc\rag$ by ! erection ( *ur*es built f money collect$ f ! p1 by holidays1 processions1 pa9t+1 ar*itecture1 music1 by inc5se t /upefies ! bra91 &1 above all1 by ! ma9t5ance ( ! s-call$ cl]gy1 ^: duty consi/s 9 befogg+ ! m9ds ( m5 & keep+ !m 9 a cont9ual /ate ( imbecility1 :at ) ! solemnity ( _! s]vices1 _! s]mons1 _! int]v5tion ) ! private lives ( m5 9 "t ( m>riage1 bir?1 & dea?4 ,! patriotic sup]/ition is enc\rag$ by ! gov]nm5ts & ! rul+ classes by in/itut+ national fe/ivals1 spectacles1 & holidays1 by erect+ monum5ts ) money collect$ f ! p1 :i* w influ5ce m5 to believe 9 ! exclusive importance & greatness ( _! own ,/ate or c\ntry & its rul]s1 & enc\rage a feel+ ( ho/ility & ev5 ( hatr$ t[>d o!r nations4 ,fur!rmore1 autocratic gov]nm5ts directly =bid ! pr9t+ & circulation ( books & ! deliv]y ( spee*es t might enlight5 m52 & ^? tea*]s :o h ! p[] to r\se ! p f its torpor are ei!r bani%$ or imprison$4 ,& e gov]nm5t1 )\t exception1 conceals f ! masses all t w\ld t5d to set !m free1 & enc\rages all t w\ld demoralize !m1--all ^? writ+s1 = in/ance1 t t5d to confirm !m 9 ! crud5ess ( _! religi\s & patriotic sup]/ition2 all k9ds ( s5sual pleasures1 %[s1 circuses1 !at]s2 & all means = produc+ physical /upor1 especially ^?1 l tobacco or br&y1 :i* are among ! pr9cipal s\rces ( national income4 ,ev5 pro/itution is enc\rag$2 x is n only recogniz$1 b organiz$ by ! majority ( gov]nm5ts4 ,su* is ! ?ird exp$i5t4 ,! f\r? exp$i5t consi/s 9 ?is3 c]ta9 individuals are select$ f among ! mass ( enslav$ & /upefi$ be+s1 & ^!1 aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to a /ill m vigor\s process ( brutalization1 are made ! passive in/rum5ts ( ! cruelties & brutalities indisp5sable to ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is /ate ( brutality & imbecility is produc$ by tak+ m5 9 _! y\?1 be=e !y h yet _h "t to ga9 any cle> conception ( morality2 & !n1 hav+ remov$ !m f all ! natural conditions ( human life1 f home1 family1 bir?place1 & ! possibility ( intellig5t labor1 by %utt+ !m up toge!r 9 b>racks1 :]e1 dress$ 9 a peculi> uni=m1 to ! accompanim5t ( %\ts1 drums1 music1 & ! display ( glitt]+ gewgaws1 !y are daily =c$ to p]=m c]ta9 prescrib$ evolutions4 ,by ^! me?ods !y are r$uc$ to t hypnotic condition :5 !y cease to be m5 & become imbecile & docile ma*9es 9 ! h&s ( ! hypnotiz]4 ,^! physically /rong "y m5 ?us hypnotiz$ 7& at ! pres5t "t1 ) ! g5]al conscription sy/em1 all "y m5 answ] to ?is description71 suppli$ ) murd]\s weapons1 ev] ob$i5t to ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ready at its comm& to commit any viol5ce :atsoev]1 con/itute ! f\r? & ! pr9cipal means = subjugat+ m54 ,s ! circle ( viol5ce is complet$4 ,intimidation1 brib]y1 & hypnotism =ce m5 to become soldi]s2 soldi]s give p[] & make x possible to execute & to rob mank9d 7) ! aid ( brib$ (ficials71 z well z to hypnotize & to recruit m5 :o are 9 _! turn to become soldi]s4 ,! circle is complete1 & !re is no possibility ( escape f x4 ,if "s m5 believe t deliv]ance f viol5ce1 or ev5 a c]ta9 abatem5t ( its en]gy1 may be ! result ( its ov]?r[ by ! oppress$1 :o w !n replace x by a sy/em :i* w require no su* viol5ce & subjugation1 & if1 s believ+1 !y attempt to br+ ?is ab\t1 !y only deceive !mselves & o!rs4 ,s f> f improv+ ! position1 ^! attempts w only r5d] ?+s worse4 ,! activity ( su* m5 only /r5g!ns ! despotism ( gov]nm5ts by giv+ ! latt] a conv5i5t pretext = increas+ _! def5ses4 ,= ev5 :51 foll[+ a tra9 ( circum/ances highly demoraliz+ to ! gov]nm5t1--take ! case ( ,france 9 #ahgj1 = example1--a gov]nm5t is ov]?r[n by viol5ce & ! au?ority passes into o!r h&s1 ?is new au?ority is by no means likely to be less oppressive ?an ! =m]4 ,on ! contr>y1 oblig$ to def5d itself f its exasp]at$ & ov]?r[n enemies1 x w be ev5 m cruel & despotic ?an its pr$ecessor1 z has ev] be5 ! case 9 p]iods ( revolution4 ,if sociali/s & communi/s believe t ! possession ( individual capital is a p]nici\s influ5ce 9 society1 & an>*i/s reg>d gov]nm5t itself z an evil1 !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 mon>*i/s1 cons]vatives1 & capitali/s :o look ^u ! social & communal /ate z an evil ord] ( society1 no less ?an an>*y itself2 & all ^! p>ties h no?+ bett] to (f] by way ( reconcil+ mank9d ?an viol5ce4 ,?us1 :i*ev] p>ty ga9s ! upp] h&1 x w be =c$1 9 ord] to introduce & ma9ta9 its own sy/em1 n only to avail itself ( all =m] me?ods ( viol5ce1 b to inv5t new ones z well4 ,x simply means a *ange ( slav]y ) new victims & a new organization2 b ! viol5ce w rema91--nay1 increase1--because human hatr$1 int5sifi$ by ! /ruggle1 w devise new means = r$uc+ ! conqu]$ to subjection4 ,?is has always be5 ! result ( e revolution & viol5t ov]?r[ ( gov]nm5t4 ,ea* /ruggle s]ves b to increase ! p[] ( ^? 9 au?ority at ! "t to enslave _! fell[-m54 ,"o doma9 ( human activity1 & only "o1 has hi!rto escap$ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! gov]nm5ts--! doma9 ( ! family1 ! economical doma9 ( private life & dome/ic labor4 ,b n[ ev5 ?is doma91 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle ( sociali/s & communi/s1 is gradually pass+ into ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5ts1 s t labor & recreation1 ! dwell+s1 clo!s1 & food ( ! p w by degrees1 if ! desires ( ! re=m]s are accompli%$1 be det]m9$ & regulat$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! long exp]im5t ( ,*ri/ian life by nation aft] nation1 dur+ eighte5 c5turies1 has inevitably br\ght m5 to ! necessity ( decid+ :e!r ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ is to be accept$ or refus$1 & ( decid+1 too1 ! "q ( social life dep5d5t !reupon1--! resi/ance or non-resi/ance ( evil by viol5ce4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce1--t =m]ly m5 c\ld ei!r accept or reject ! decision giv5 by ,*ri/ianity1 :]eas n[ x has become imp]ative1 because x af=ds ! sole means ( deliv]ance f t condition ( slav]y 9 :i*1 z 9 a net1 m5 f9d !mselves entangl$4 ,nor is x alone ?is sad plight t br+s !m to ?is necessity4 ,p>allel ) ! negative pro( ( ! falsehood ( ! pagan ord] ( ?+s !re has be5 positive pro( ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,inde$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5 c5turies1 ! be/ m5 9 all ,*ri/5dom1 ?r\gh an inn] spiritual m$ium1 hav+ recogniz$ ! tru?s ( ! doctr9e1 h borne witness ( x1 reg>dless ( ?reats1 privations1 mis]ies1 & torture4 ,^! nobl] m51 by _! m>tyrdom1 h seal$ ! tru? ( ! doctr9e4 ,*ri/ianity p5etrat$ into human consci\sness1 n alone by ! me?od ( negative pro(1 t1 namely1 x _h become impossible to g on ) ! pagan life2 b by its simplify+ process1 by its explanation (1 & its deliv]ance f1 sup]/ition1 & by its consequ5t spread among all classes ( society4 ,eighte5 c5turies ( ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity h n pass$ 9 va9 = ^? :o accept$ x1 ev5 if x 7 b 9 outw>d =m4 ,^! eighte5 c5turies h made m5 realize all ! mis]ies ( ! pagan /ate1 ev5 ?\gh !y h cont9u$ to lead a pagan exi/5ce1 out ( h>mony ) an age ( humanity2 & at ! bottom ( _! he>ts !y believe n[ 7& h]e9 lies ! only reason = liv+ at all7 t salvation f su* an exi/5ce c be f\nd 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 its true s5se4 ,z to :5 & :]e ?is salvation is to be accompli%$1 op9ions diff]1 accord+ to ! intellectual developm5t ( m5 & ! prejudices among :i* !y live2 b e educat$ man recognizes t our salvation is to be f\nd 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,c]ta9 believ]s1 ^? :o consid] ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e div9e1 affirm t ?is salvation w be accompli%$ :5 all m5 believe 9 ,*ri/ & ! "t ( ! second adv5t approa*es2 o!rs1 :o also h fai? 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e1 believe t ?is salvation w come ?r\gh ! *ur*es1 :i*1 hav+ got all m5 )9 ! fold1 w implant 9 _! he>ts ^? ,*ri/ian virtues :i* w trans=m _! lives4 ,o!rs1 aga91 :o d n accept ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 believe t ! salvation ( m5 w be accompli%$ by means ( a sl[1 cont9u\s progress1 dur+ :i* ! gr\ndwork ( pagan life w be gradually replac$ by ! gr\ndwork ( lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity--t is1 by ! basis ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,/ill o!rs !re are :o prea* a new social organization1 & :o believe t ?is salvation w be br\ght ab\t :51 by means ( a viol5t revolution1 m5 are =c$ to a community ( goods1 to ! abolition ( gov]nm5ts1 to collective r ?an individual labor--t is1 by ! realization ( "o ( ! aspects ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us1 aft] "o fa%ion or ano!r1 all m5 ( our epo* n only r5\nce ! exi/+ ord] ( life z no long] suit$ to ! times1 b ackn[l$ge1 (t5 )\t realiz+ x1 & reg>d+ !mselves z enemies ( ,*ri/ianity1 t our salvation lies only 9 ! adaptation to life ( a :ole or a "p ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 its true s5se4 ,= ! majority ( m5 ,*ri/ianity1 z its ,tea*] has express$ x1 c\ld n be compreh5d$ at once1 b 0 to gr[1 l unto a huge tree1 f ! t9ie/ se$4 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l to a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 444 :i* inde$ is ! lea/ ( all se$s3 b :5 x is gr[n1 x is ! greate/ among h]bs1 & become? a tree4 ,& ?us x has gr[n & cont9ues to gr[1 if n 9 manife/ation1 !n 9 human consci\sness4 ,x is no long] res]v$ = ! m9ority ( m51 :o h always und]/ood ,*ri/ianity by its v]itable tru?2 b x is ackn[l$g$ by ! great majority1 :o1 if we are to judge by _! social life1 are f> remov$ f x4 ,look at ! private life ( individuals1 li/5 to _! e/imation ( human actions z !y pron\nce judgm5t on ea* o!r2 li/5 n only to public s]mons & orations1 b to ! precepts :i* p>5ts & tea*]s (f] to _! *>ges1 & y w see t1 h[ev] f> remov$ f ! practice ( ,*ri/ian tru?s may be ! political or social exi/5ce ( m5 :o are 9 bonds to viol5ce1 yet ,*ri/ian virtues are admir$ & exalt$ by all2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! anti-,*ri/ian vices are unhesitat+ly condemn$ z h>mful to all mank9d4 ,^? :o sacrifice _! lives 9 ! s]vice ( humanity are look$ ^u z ! bett] m52 :ile ^? :o take advantage ( ! mis=tune ( _! neighbors to fur!r _! own selfi% int]e/s are univ]sally condemn$4 ,!re may /ill be m5 :o1 ins5sible to ,*ri/ian ideals1 h set up = !mselves o!r ideals1 su* z p[]1 c\rage1 or weal?2 b ^! ideals are pass+ away2 !y are n accept$ by all1 nor by ! m5 ( ! bett] class4 ,inde$1 ! ,*ri/ian ideals are ! only ones :i* are recogniz$ z obligatory = all4 ,! position ( our ,*ri/ian _w1 look$ at f )\t1 ) its cruelty & slav]y1 is inde$ appall+4 ,b if we consid] x f ! /&po9t ( human consci\sness1 x pres5ts a v diff]5t aspect4 ,all ! evil ( our life seems to exi/ only because x always has exi/$ f all ages1 & ! m5 ^: actions are evil h _h nei!r ! "t nor ! exp]i5ce to ov]come _! evil habits1 al?\gh all are will+ to ab&on !m4 ,evil seems to exi/ by reason ( "s cause app>5tly indep5d5t ( ! consci\sness ( m54 ,/range & contradictory z x may seem1 mod]n m5 hate ! v ord] ( ?+s :i* !y !mselves support4 ,i believe x is ,max ,mll] :o describes ! a/oni%m5t ( an ,indian conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 :o1 hav+ appreh5d$ ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 came to ,europe & beheld ! life ( ,*ri/ians4 ,he c\ld n recov] f 8 a/oni%m5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! reality1 s diff]5t f ! /ate ( ?+s he _h expect$ to f9d among ,*ri/ian nations4 ,if we are n surpris$ at ! contradiction betwe5 our convictions & our actions1 x is only because ! influ5ces :i* obscure ?is contradiction act ^u u4 ,we h b to look at our life f ! /&po9t ( ! ,indian1 :o und]/ood ,*ri/ianity 9 its true significance1 )\t any concessions or adaptations1 & to behold ! b>b>\s cruelties ) :i* our life is fill$1 9 ord] to be horrifi$ at ! contradictions 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live1 )\t notic+ !m4 ,"o has b to rememb] ! prep>ations = w>1 ! c>tridge-boxes1 ! silv]-plat$ bullets1 ! torp$oes1 &--! ,r$ ,cross2 ! e/abli%m5t ( prisons = solit>y conf9em5t1 exp]im5ts ) electrocution1 &--! c>e = ! welf>e ( ! prison]s2 ! philan?ropic activity ( ! ri*1 &--_! daily life1 :i* br+s ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! poor1 :om !y seek to b5efit4 ,& ^! contradictions arise1 n1 z x might seem1 because m5 pret5d to be ,*ri/ians :ile !y are actually hea!ns1 b because !y lack some?+1 or because !re is "s p[] :i* prev5ts !m f be+ :at !y really desire to be1 & :at !y ev5 consci5ti\sly believe !mselves to be4 ,x is n t mod]n m5 m]ely pret5d to hate oppression1 ! inequality ( class di/9ctions1 & all k9ds ( cruelty1 :e!r practis$ aga9/ _! fell[-m5 or aga9/ animals4 ,!y are s9c]e 9 _! hatr$ ( ^! abuses2 b !y d n "k h[ to aboli% !m1 or !y lack ! c\rage to alt] _! own mode ( life1 :i* dep5ds ^u all ?is1 & :i* seems to !m s important4 ,ask1 inde$1 any individual if he consid]s x praisewor?y or ev5 honorable = a man to fill a position = :i* he receives a sal>y s high z to be out ( all proportion to ! am\nt ( 8 labor1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( collect+ f ! p1 (t5 f begg>s1 taxes :i* are to be devot$ to ! pur*ase ( cannon1 torp$oes1 & o!r in/rum5ts = murd]+ ! m5 ) :om we wi% to live 9 peace1 & :o wi% to live 9 peace ) u2 or1 to receive a sal>y = sp5d+ 8 life ei!r 9 p]fect+ ^! in/rum5ts ( murd]1 or 9 ! milit>y ex]cises by :i* m5 are tra9$ = slaught]8 ,ask :e!r x be praisewor?y or compatible ) ! dignity ( man1 or becom+ to a ,*ri/ian1 to und]take1 also = money1 to arre/ "s un=tunate man1 "s illit]ate drunk>d1 = "s petty !ft n to be comp>$ ) ! magnitude ( our own appropriation1 or = manslaught] n conduct$ by our advanc$ me?ods2 & = su* (f5ses to ?r[ p into prison1 or put !m to dea?8 ,ask :e!r x be laudable & becom+ 9 a man & a ,*ri/ian1 also = money1 to tea* ! p fooli% & injuri\s sup]/itions in/ead ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/8 ,:e!r1 aga91 x be laudable & wor?y ( a man to wr5* f 8 neighbor1 9 ord] to gratify 8 own caprice1 ! v necess>ies ( life1 z ! great l&[n]s d2 or to exact f 8 fell[-man an excessive & exhau/+ toil = ! purpose ( increas+ 8 own weal?1 z ! mill-own]s & manufactur]s d2 or to take advantage ( human necessities to build up colossal =tunes1 z ! m]*ants d8 ,e individual w\ld reply n1 especially if ! "q reg>d$ 8 neighbor4 ,& at ! same "t ! v man :o ackn[l$ges all ! ignom9y ( su* de$s1 :5 ! case is pres5t$ to him1 w (t51 ( 8 own accord1 & = no advantage ( a sal>y1 b mov$ by *ildi% vanity1 ! desire to possess a tr9ket ( enamel1 a decoration1 a /ripe1 volunt>ily ent] ! milit>y s]vice1 or become an exam9+ magi/rate1 a ju/ice ( ! peace1 a m9i/] ( /ate1 an uriadnik1 a bi%op1 accept+ an (fice ^: duties w oblige him to d ?+s1 ! %ame & ignom9y ( :i* he _c help realiz+4 ,_m ( ^! m5 w1 ,i am sure1 def5d !mselves on ! gr\nd ( ! lawfulness & necessity ( _! position2 !y w argue t ! au?orities are ( ,god1 t ! functions ( ,/ate are indisp5sable = ! good ( mank9d1 t ,*ri/ianity is n oppos$ to weal?1 t ! ri* y\? 0 bidd5 to give up 8 goods only if he wi%$ to be p]fect1 t ! pres5t di/ribution ( weal? & comm]ce is b5eficial to all m51 & t x is "r & lawful4 ,b h[ev] mu* !y may try to deceive !mselves & o!rs1 !y all "k t :at !y d is oppos$ to ! highe/ int]e/s ( life1 & at ! bottom ( _! he>ts1 :5 !y li/5 only to _! consci5ces1 !y are a%am$ & pa9$ to ?9k ( :at !y are do+1 especially :5 ! bas5ess ( _! de$s has be5 po9t$ out to !m4 ,a man 9 mod]n life1 :e!r he does or does n pr(ess to believe 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 mu/ "k t to be in/rum5tal ei!r z a cz>1 m9i/]1 gov]nor1 or policeman1 z 9 sell+ a poor family's la/ c[ to pay taxes to ! treasury1 ! money ( :i* is devot$ to ! pur*ase ( cannon or to pay ! sal>ies or p5sions ( idle & luxuri\s (ficials1 is to d m h>m ?an good2 or to be a p>ty to ! imprisonm5t ( ! fa!r ( a family1 = ^: demoralization we are ourselves responsible1 & to br+ 8 family to begg>y2 or to take "p 9 piratical & murd]\s w>f>e2 or to tea* absurd sup]/itions ( idol-wor%ip in/ead ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/2 or to imp\nd a /ray c[ belong+ to a man :o has no l&2 or to d$uct ! value ( an accid5tally injur$ article f ! wages ( a me*anic2 or to sell some?+ to a poor man = d\ble its value1 only because he is 9 dire necessity2--! m5 ( our mod]n life _c b "k t all su* de$s are wrong1 %ameful1 & t !y ought n to commit !m4 ,!y d all "k x4 ,!y "k t !y are do+ wrong1 & w\ld ab/a9 f x1 _h !y b ! /r5g? to oppose ^? =ces :i* bl9d !m to ! crim9ality ( _! actions :ile draw+ !m on to d wrong4 ,b !re is no?+ t demon/rates s vividly ! degree ( contradiction to :i* human life has atta9$ z ! sy/em t embodies bo? ! me?od & ! expression ( viol5ce1--! g5]al conscription sy/em4 ,x is only because a g5]al armam5t & milit>y conscription h come imp]ceptibly & by sl[ degrees1 & t gov]nm5ts employ = _! support all ! means ( intimidation at _! disposal1--brib]y1 bewild]m5t1 & viol5ce1--t we d n realize ! gl>+ contradiction betwe5 ?is /ate ( affairs & ^? ,*ri/ian feel+s & ideas ) :i* all mod]n m5 are p5etrat$4 ,?is contradiction has become s common t we fail to see ! %ock+ imbecility & immorality ( ! actions1 n only ( ^? m5 :o1 ( _! own accord1 *oose ! pr(ession ( murd] z some?+ honorable1 b ( ^? un=tunates :o cons5t to s]ve 9 ! army1 & ( ^? :o1 9 c\ntries :]e milit>y conscription has n yet be5 introduc$1 give ( _! own free w ! fruits ( _! labor to be us$ = ! paym5t ( m]c5>ies & = ! organization = murd]4 ,all ^! m5 are ei!r ,*ri/ians or m5 pr(ess+ humanit>ianism & lib]alism1 :o "k t !y p>ticipate 9 ! mo/ imbecile1 aimless1 & cruel murd]s2 yet /ill !y g on committ+ !m4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,9 ,g]many1 :]e ! sy/em ( g5]al milit>y conscription orig9at$1 ,caprivi has reveal$ some?+ t has always be5 c>efully hidd53 t ! m5 :o run ! risk ( be+ kill$ are n only =eign]s1 b are q z likely to be fell[-c\ntrym51--work+-m51--f :i* class mo/ ( ! soldi]s are obta9$4 ,nev]!less1 ?is admission nei!r op5$ m5's eyes nor %ock$ _! s5sibilities4 ,!y cont9ue j z !y did be=e1 to g l %eep1 & submit to any?+ t is dem&$ ( !m4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or has rec5tly expla9$ ) m9ute precision ! "* & vocation ( a soldi]1 hav+ di/+ui%$1 ?ank$1 & rew>d$ a private = kill+ a def5seless prison] :o attempt$ to escape4 ,9 ?ank+ & rew>d+ a man = an act :i* is look$ ^u ev5 by m5 ( ! l[e/ type ( morality z base & c[>dly1 ,wilhelm po9t$ out t ! pr9cipal duty ( a soldi]1 & "o mo/ highly priz$ by ! au?orities1 is t ( an execution]1--n l ! pr(essional execution]s :o put to dea? condemn$ prison]s only1 b an execution] ( ! innoc5t m5 :om 8 sup]iors ord] him to kill4 ,yet m4 ,9 #ahia ?is same ,wilhelm1 ! enfant t]rible ( ,/ate au?ority1 :o expresses :at o!r m5 only v5ture to ?9k1 9 a talk ) c]ta9 soldi]s1 utt]$ publicly ! foll[+ words1 :i* 7 repeat$ ! next day 9 ?\s&s ( pap]s3-- ,recruits6 ,y h giv5 me ! oa? ( allegiance be=e ! alt> & ! s]vant ( ! ,"l4 ,y are /ill too "y to compreh5d ! true mean+ ( :at has be5 said "h1 b fir/ ( all take c>e ev] to foll[ ! ord]s & in/ructions t are giv5 to y4 ,y h tak5 ! oa? ( allegiance to me2 ?is means1 *ildr5 ( my gu>ds1 t y are n[ my soldi]s1 t y h giv5 y\rselves up to me1 body & s\l4 ,b "o enemy exi/s = y--my enemy4 ,) ! pres5t sociali/ic intrigues x may happ5 t ,i %all comm& y to %oot y\r own relatives1 y\r bro!rs1 ev5 y\r p>5ts 7f :i* may ,god pres]ve u671 & !n y are 9 duty b\nd to obey my ord]s unhesitat+ly4 ,?is man expresses :at is kn[n1 b c>efully conceal$1 by all wise rul]s4 ,he says outright t ! m5 :o s]ve 9 ! army s]ve him& 8 advantage1 & %\ld be ready = t purpose to kill _! bro!rs & fa!rs4 ,r\ghly b di/9ctly he lays b>e all ! horror ( ! crime = :i* m5 :o become soldi]s prep>e !mselves1--all t abyss ( self-abasem5t into :i* !y fl+ !mselves :5 !y promise ob$i5ce4 ,l a bold hypnotiz]1 he te/s ! dep? ( ! slumb]2 he applies r$-hot iron to ! sleep]'s body2 x smokes & %rivels1 b ! sleep] does n awak54 ,poor1 sick1 mis]able man1 intoxicat$ ) p[]1 :o by ^! words insults all t is sacr$ to m5 ( mod]n civilization6 ,& we1 ,*ri/ians1 lib]als1 m5 ( culture1 s f> f feel+ indignant at ?is insult1 pass x ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,m5 are put to ! f9al te/ 9 its rude/ =m2 b !y h>dly obs]ve t a te/ is 9 "q1 t a *oice is put be=e !m4 ,x seems to !m z if !re 7 no *oice1 b only ! "o necessity ( slavi% submission4 ,x w\ld seem z if ^! insane words1 (f5sive to all t a civiliz$ human be+ holds sacr$1 ought to r\se indignation1--b no?+ ( ! k9d happ5s4 ,ye> aft] ye> e "y man 9 ,europe is subject$ to ! same te/1 & ) v few exceptions !y all =swe> :at is & %\ld be sacr$ to e man2 all manife/ a read9ess to kill _! bro!rs & ev5 _! fa!rs1 at ! ord] ( ! fir/ misguid$ man :o we>s a r$ & gold liv]y1 ask+ only :5 & :om !y are to be ord]$ to kill--= !y are ready to d x4 ,ev5 by savages c]ta9 objects are held sacr$1 = ^: sake !y are ready to suff] r ?an submit4 ,b :at is sacr$ = ! man ( ! mod]n _w8 ,he is told3 ,be my slave1 9 a bondage :]e y may h to murd] y\r own fa!r2 & he1 (t5times a man ( le>n+1 :o has /udi$ all ! sci5ces 9 ! univ]sity1 submissively (f]s 8 neck to ! halt]4 ,he is dress$ 9 a cl[n's g>m5ts1 ord]$ to leap1 to make contortions1 to salute1 to kill--& he submissively obeys2 & :5 at la/ all[$ to return to 8 =m] life1 he cont9ues to hold =? on ! dignity ( man1 fre$om1 equality1 & bro!rhood4 ,b :at is to be done8 we (t5 he> m5 ask 9 p]plexity4 ,if e man 7 to refuse1 x w\ld be a diff]5t matt]2 b1 z x is1 ,i %\ld suff] alone )\t b5efit+ any "o4 ,& !y are "r2 = a man :o holds ! social life-conception _c refuse4 ,life has no significance = him except z x conc]ns 8 p]sonal welf>e2 x is = 8 advantage to submit1 !re=e he does s4 ,to :atev] torture or injury he may be subject$ he w submit1 because he c d no?+ alone2 he lacks ! f\ndation :i* alone w\ld enable him to resi/ viol5ce1 & ^? :o are 9 au?ority ov] him w nev] give him ! *ance ( unit+ ) o!rs4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! inv5tion ( ! t]rible milit>y in/rum5ts ( murd] w put an end to w>1 & t w> w exhau/ itself4 ,?is is n true4 ,z x is possible to increase ! means = kill+ m51 s x is possible to increase ! means = subject+ ^? :o hold ! social life-conception4 ,let !m be ext]m9at$ by ?\s&s & millions1 let !m be torn to pieces1 m5 w /ill cont9ue l /upid cattle to g to ! slaught]1 "s because !y are driv5 ?i!r "u ! la%1 o!rs t !y may w9 ! decorations & ribbons :i* fill _! he>ts ) pride4 ,& x is ) mat]ial l ?is t ! public lead]s--cons]vatives1 lib]als1 sociali/s1 an>*i/s--discuss ! ways & means ( organiz+ an intellig5t & moral society1 ) m5 :o h be5 s ?or\ghly confus$ & bewild]$ t !y w promise to murd] _! own p>5ts4 ,:at k9d ( intellig5ce & morality c !re be 9 a society organiz$ f mat]ial l ?is8 ,j z x is impossible to build a h\se f b5t & rott5 timb]1 h[ev] manipulat$1 s also is x impossible ) su* mat]ials to organize an intellig5t & moral society4 ,!y c only be gov]n$ l a drove ( cattle1 by ! %\ts & la% ( ! h]dsman4 ,& s1 inde$1 !y are gov]n$4 ,aga91 :ile on ! "o h& we f9d m51 ,*ri/ians 9 "n1 pr(ess+ ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 equality1 & frat]nity1 on ! o!r h& we see ^! same m5 ready1 9 ! "n ( lib]ty1 to yield ! mo/ abject & slavi% ob$i5ce2 9 ! "n ( equality1 to approve ( ! mo/ rigid & s5seless subdivision ( m5 into classes2 & 9 ! "n ( frat]nity1 ready to slay _! own bro!rs4#ad #ad ,! fact t "s nations1 l ! ,engli% & ,am]ican1 h no g5]al conscription sy/em 7al?\gh "o he>s already voices 9 its favor71 b a sy/em ( recruit+ & hir+ soldi]s1 n[ise alt]s ! case z reg>ds ! slav]y ( ! citiz5s "u ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! =m] sy/em e man mu/ g himself to kill or be kill$2 9 ! latt]1 he mu/ give ! proce$s ( 8 labor to employ & drill murd]]s4 ,! contradiction ( ! moral consci\sness1 & h5ce ! mis]y ( life1 has rea*$ its utmo/ limit1 beyond :i* x c g no fur!r4 ,life1 bas$ on pr9ciples ( viol5ce1 has culm9at$ 9 ! negation ( ! basis on :i* x 0 f\nd$4 ,! organization1 on pr9ciples ( viol5ce1 ( a society ^: object 0 to insure ! happ9ess ( ! individual & ! family1 & ! social welf>e ( humanity1 has br\ght m5 to su* a pass t ^! b5efits are practically annull$4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! prophecy 9 reg>d to ^? m5 & _! desc5dants :o adopt$ ?is doctr9e has be5 fulfill$1 & n[ _! desc5dants are =c$ to realize ! ju/ice ( its second "p4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,acceptance ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,life-,,conception ,,deliv]s ,,m5 ,,f ,,! ,,mis]ies ,,( ,,our ,,pagan ,,life ,! ext]nal life ( ,*ri/ian nations rema9s pagan1 b !y are already p5etrat$ by ! ,*ri/ian life-conception--,! issue f ?is contradiction is 9 ! acceptance ( ! ,*ri/ian life-conception--,9 x alone is e man free1 & x alone frees him f all human au?ority--,?is deliv]ance is br\ght ab\t1 n by a *ange ( ext]nal conditions1 b only by a *ange 9 ! conception ( "o's life--,! ,*ri/ian life-conception dem&s ! r5unciation ( viol5ce1 &1 9 deliv]+ ! man :o accepts x1 x frees ! _w f all ext]nal au?ority--,! issue f ! pres5t app>5tly hopeless position consi/s 9 e man accept+ ! ,*ri/ian life-conception & liv+ accord+ly--,b m5 consid] ?is me?od too sl[1 & see _! salvation 9 *ange ( ! mat]ial conditions ( life made ) ! aid ( ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate--,?is me?od w h no issue1 because m5 !mselves cause ! evil f :i* !y suff]--,?is is especially evid5t 9 reg>d to ! submissive acceptance ( milit>y duty1 = x is m advantage\s = a man to refuse ?an accept--,human fre$om w be br\ght ab\t only ?r\gh ! lib]ation ( ea* individual man1 & already !re are signs ( ?is lib]ation1 :i* ?reat5s to de/roy ,/ate organization--,! repudiation ( ! un-,*ri/ian dem&s ( gov]nm5ts und]m9es _! au?ority & makes m5 free--,!re=e in/ances ( su* refusals are fe>$ by gov]nm5ts m ?an conspiracies or viol5ce--,in/ances1 9 ,russia1 ( refusals to take ! oa? ( allegiance1 to pay taxes1 to accept passports or positions 9 ! police1 to take "p 9 c\rts ( law1 or to be draft$ z soldi]s--,simil> in/ances 9 o!r c\ntries--,gov]nm5ts "k n h[ to dispose ( m5 :o refuse to obey _! requirem5ts because ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e--,^! m5 de/roy )\t a /ruggle ! f\ndations ( gov]nm5ts f ! inside--,to puni% !m w\ld mean = gov]nm5ts to d5y ,*ri/ianity !mselves1 & to contribute to ! diffusion ( t consci\sness f :i* su* refusals spr+--,h5ce ! position ( gov]nm5ts is a desp]ate "o1 & m5 :o prea* ! uselessness ( p]sonal deliv]ance only arre/ ! de/ruction ( ! exi/+ sy/em ( gov]nm5t f\nd$ on viol5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! pres5t day are 9 a position no less cruel ?an t ( pagan times4 ,9 _m respects1 especially 9 ! matt] ( oppression1 _! position has gr[n worse4 ,a contra/ l t ( mod]n & anci5t times may be se5 9 ! vegetation ( ! la/ days ( autumn z comp>$ ) t ( ! e>ly days ( spr+4 ,9 ! autumn ! outw>d decay & dea? correspond to ! int]ior process1 :i* is ! susp5sion ( life2 9 ! spr+ ! app>5t lifelessness is 9 direct contradiction to ! real vitality )91 & ! approa*+ transition to new =ms ( life4 ,& ?us x is z reg>ds ! app>5t resemblance betwe5 pagan life & t ( ! pres5t day4 ,x exi/s only 9 appe>ance4 ,! inn] lives ( m5 9 ! times ( paganism 7 q unlike ^? ( ! m5 ( our days4 ,9 ! =m] ! ext]nal aspect ( cruelty & slav]y correspond$ ) ! inn] consci\sness ( m51 a con=mity :i* only increas$ z "t w5t on2 9 ! latt] ! ext]nal condition ( cruelty & slav]y is 9 utt] contradiction to ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness ( m51 a contradiction :i* gr[s m & m /rik+ e ye>4 ,! mis]y & suff]+ result+ !refrom seem s useless4 ,x is l prolong$ suff]+ 9 *ild-labor4 ,ev]y?+ is ready = ! com+ life1 & yet no life appe>s4 ,app>5tly ! situation is )\t deliv]ance4 ,x w\ld inde$ be s 7 x n t to m51 & !re=e to ! _w1 !re has be5 v\*saf$ ! capacity = a l(ti] conception ( life1 :i* has ! p[] to set free1 & at once1 f all fett]s1 h[ev] firmly rivet$4 ,& ?is is ! ,*ri/ian life-conception pres5t$ to m5 #ahjj ye>s ago4 ,a man has b to assimilate ?is life-conception & he w be set free1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 f ! fett]s t n[ re/ra9 him1 & feel free z a bird :o spreads 8 w+s & flies ov] ! wall t has kept him a prison]4 ,!y talk ( sett+ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* free f ! ,/ate1 ( grant+ fre$om to or )hold+ x f ,*ri/ians4 ,su* ?\ghts & expressions are /rangely mislead+4 ,lib]ty c nei!r be grant$ to nor )held f a ,*ri/ian or ,*ri/ians4 ,b if !re is a "q ( grant+ or )hold+ lib]ty1 !n evid5tly x is n ! true ,*ri/ians :o are meant1 b only m5 :o call !mselves by t "n4 ,a ,*ri/ian _c help be+ free1 because 9 ! pursuit & atta9m5t ( 8 object no "o c ei!r h9d] or ret>d him4 ,a man has b to und]/& 8 life z ,*ri/ianity tea*es him to und]/& x2 t is1 he mu/ realize t x does n belong to himself1 nor to 8 family1 nor to ! ,/ate1 b to ,him :o s5t him into ! _w2 he mu/ !re=e "k t x is 8 duty to live1 n 9 accordance ) ! law ( 8 own p]sonality1 nor ( t ( 8 family or ,/ate1 b to fulfil ! inf9ite law ( ,him :o gave him life1 9 ord] to feel himself s entirely free f all human au?ority t he w cease to reg>d x z a possible ob/acle4 ,a man ne$s b to realize t ! object ( 8 life is ! fulfilm5t ( ,god's law2 !n ! prem95ce ( t law1 claim+ z x does 8 entire allegiance1 w ( necessity invalidate ! au?ority & re/rictions ( all human laws4 ,! ,*ri/ian :o contemplates t law ( love implant$ 9 e human s\l1 & quick5$ by ,*ri/1 ! only guide = all mank9d1 is set free f human au?ority4 ,a ,*ri/ian may suff] f ext]nal viol5ce1 may be depriv$ ( 8 p]sonal fre$om1 may be a slave to 8 passions1--! man :o commits s9 is ! slave ( ! s91--b he _c be controll$ or co]c$ by ?reats into committ+ an act contr>y to 8 consci\sness4 ,he _c be =c$ to ?is1 because ! privations & suff]+s t are s p[]ful an influ5ce ov] m5 :o hold ! social life-conception h no influ5ce :atev] ov] him4 ,! privations & suff]+s t de/roy ! mat]ial welf>e :i* is ! object ( ! social life-conception produce no effect ^u ! welf>e ( ! ,*ri/ian's life1 :i* re/s on ! consci\sness t he is do+ ,god's w--nay1 !y may ev5 s]ve to promote t welf>e :5 !y are visit$ ^u him = fulfill+ t w4 ,a ,*ri/ian1 !re=e1 :o submits to ! inn]1 ! div9e law1 is n only unable to execute ! bidd+s ( ! outw>d law :5 !y are at v>iance ) 8 consci\sness ( ,god's law ( love1 z 9 ! case ( ! dem&s made ^u him by ! gov]nm5t2 b he _c ackn[l$ge ! obligation ( obey+ any individual :omsoev]1 _c ackn[l$ge himself to be :at is call$ a subject4 ,= a ,*ri/ian to promise to subject himself to any gov]nm5t :atsoev]--a subjection :i* may be consid]$ ! f\ndation ( ,/ate life--is a direct negation ( ,*ri/ianity2 s9ce an individual :o promises be=eh& to obey implicitly e law t m5 may enact1 by t promise utt]s an emphatic d5ial ( ,*ri/ianity1 ^: v ess5ce is ob$i5ce 9 all cont+5cies to ! law :i* he feels to be )9 him--! law ( love4 ,) ! pagan life-conception x 0 possible to promise to obey ! w ( temporal au?orities )\t violat+ ! laws ( ,god1 :i* 7 suppos$ to consi/ 9 c>ry+ out su* cu/oms z circumcision1 ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 ! utt]ance ( pray] at c]ta9 p]iods1 ab/95ce f c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 etc4 ,! "o did n contradict ! o!r4 ,b ,*ri/ianity diff]s f paganism inasmu* z its requirem5ts are n ( an ext]nal or negative "*2 on ! contr>y1 !y are su* z rev]se man's =m] relations t[>d 8 fell[-m51 & may call = acts on 8 "p :i* c\ld n be anticipat$1 & consequ5tly are n def9$4 ,h5ce x is t a ,*ri/ian c nei!r promise to obey nor to disobey ! w ( ano!r1 ignorant z he mu/ be ( ! nature ( its requirem5ts2 n only mu/ he refuse to obey human laws1 b he _c promise to d or ab/a9 f do+ any?+ def9ite at any giv5 "t1 because he c nev] tell at :at h\r or 9 :at mann] ! ,*ri/ian law ( love1 on :i* 8 life-conception is bas$1 w dem& 8 cop]ation4 ,a ,*ri/ian1 promis+ 9 advance to obey unconditionally ! laws ( m51 admits by t promise t ! inn] law ( ,god does n con/itute = him ! sole law ( 8 life4 ,:5 a ,*ri/ian promises to obey ! comm&s or laws ( m51 he is l a craftsman :o1 hav+ hir$ himself out to "o ma/]1 promises at ! same "t to execute ! ord]s ( o!r p]sons4 ,no man c s]ve two ma/]s4 ,a ,*ri/ian is fre$ f human au?ority by ackn[l$g+ ! supremacy ( "o au?ority alone1 t ( ,god1 ^: law1 reveal$ to him ?r\gh ,*ri/1 he recognizes )9 himself1 & obeys1--t & no o!r4 ,& ?is deliv]ance is accompli%$ nei!r by means ( a /ruggle1 nor by ! de/ruction ( previ\s cu/oms ( life1 b only ?r\gh a *ange 9 8 life-conception4 ,! deliv]ance proce$s1 9 ! fir/ place1 f ! ,*ri/ian's ackn[l$gm5t ( ! law ( love1 z reveal$ to him by 8 ,tea*]1 :i* suffices to det]m9e ! relations ( m51 & accord+ to :i* e act ( viol5ce seems sup]flu\s & unlawful4 ,secondly1 because ^? privations & mis]ies1 or ! anticipations ( su*1 :i* influ5ce a man :o holds ! social life-conception & r$uces him to ob$i5ce1 seem to him no m ?an ! inevitable consequ5ces ( exi/5ce1 :i* he w\ld nev] dream ( oppos+ by viol5ce1 b be>s pati5tly1 z he w\ld be> disease1 hung]1 or any o!r mis]y2 :i*1 inde$1 h no possible influ5ce ov] 8 actions4 ,! ,*ri/ian's only guide mu/ be ! div9e indwell+ elem5t1 subject nei!r to re/riction nor to control4 ,a ,*ri/ian lives 9 accordance ) ! words spok5 by ! ,ma/]3 ,he %all n /rive1 nor cry2 nei!r %all any man he> 8 voice 9 ! /reets4 ,a bruis$ re$ %all he n break1 & smok+ flax %all he n qu5*1 till he s5d =? judgm5t unto victory4#ae #ae ,mat!w xii4 #ai1 #bj4 ,a ,*ri/ian ent]s into no dispute ) 8 neighbor1 he nei!r attacks nor uses viol5ce2 on ! contr>y1 he suff]s viol5ce himself )\t resi/ance1 & by 8 v attitude t[>d evil n only sets himself free1 b helps to free ! _w at l>ge f all outw>d au?ority4 ,& ye %all "k ! tru?1 & ! tru? %all make y free4#af ,if !re 7 any d\bt ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity !re c\ld be no m indubitable pro( ( its au!nticity ?an ! complete fre$om1 recogniz+ no fett]s1 :i* a man feels z soon z he assimilates ! ,*ri/ian life-conception4 #af ,john viii4 #cb4 ,human be+s 9 _! pres5t condition may be lik5$ to bees 9 ! act ( sw>m+1 z we see !m cl++ 9 a mass to a s+le b\gh4 ,_! position is a tempor>y "o1 & mu/ inevitably be *ang$4 ,!y mu/ rise & f9d !mselves a new abode4 ,e bee kn[s ?is1 & is eag] to %ift its own position1 z well z t ( ! o!rs1 b n "o ( !m w d s until ! :ole sw>m rises4 ,! sw>m _c rise1 because "o bee cl+s to ! o!r & prev5ts x f sep>at+ itself f ! sw>m1 & s !y all cont9ue to hang4 ,x might seem z if !re 7 no deliv]ance f ?is position1 precisely z x seems to m5 ( ! _w :o h become entangl$ 9 ! social net4 ,inde$1 !re w\ld be no outlet = ! bees if ea* "o 7 n a liv+ creature possess$ ( a pair ( w+s4 ,nei!r w\ld !re be any issue = m5 if ea* "o 7 n a liv+ individual1 be+ gift$ ) a capacity = assimilat+ ! ,*ri/ian life-conception4 ,if among ^! bees :o are able to fly n "o c\ld be f\nd will+ to />t1 ! sw>m w\ld nev] *ange its position4 ,& x is ! same among m54 ,if ! man :o has assimilat$ ! ,*ri/ian life-conception waits = o!rs be=e he proce$s to live 9 accordance ) x1 mank9d w nev] *ange its attitude4 ,& z all t is ne$$ to *ange a solid mass ( bees into a fly+ sw>m is = "o bee to spread its w+s & fly away1 :5 ! second1 ! ?ird1 ! t5?1 & ! hundr$? w foll[ suit2 s all t is ne$$ to break ?r\gh ! magic circle ( social life1 deliv]ance f :i* seems s hopeless1 is1 t "o man %\ld view life f a ,*ri/ian /&po9t & beg9 to frame 8 own life accord+ly1 :]eupon o!rs w foll[ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,b m5 ?9k t ! deliv]ance ( mank9d by ?is me?od is too sl[ a process1 & t a simultane\s deliv]ance might be effect$ by "s o!r me?od4 ,j z if bees1 :5 ! sw>m 0 ready to rise1 7 to decide t x w\ld be too long a process if !y wait$ = ea* bee to spread its w+s & rise sep>ately1 & t "s means mu/ be devis$ :]eby ! sw>m may rise all at once1 :5ev] x pleases4 ,b t is impossible4 ,n until ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & hundr$? bee has unfold$ its w+s & fl[n away c ! sw>m take flight & f9d = itself a new home4 ,n until ea* individual man adopts ! ,*ri/ian life-conception1 & beg9s to live 9 con=mity ) its precepts1 w ! contradictions ( human life be solv$1 & new =ms ( life become e/abli%$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ev5ts ( our "t is ! propag&a ( slav]y :i* is spread among ! masses1 n only by ! gov]nm5t1 to :om x is ( use1 b by ^? expon5ts ( sociali/ic !ories :o consid] !mselves ! *ampions ( fre$om4 ,^! m5 prea* t ! amelioration 9 ! conditions ( life1 ! reconciliation betwe5 actuality & consci\sness1 w n be br\ght ab\t by ! p]sonal ef=ts ( individual m51 b t x w evolve itself out ( a c]ta9 =c$ reorganization ( society by "s unkn[n influ5ce4 ,_! !ory is t m5 %\ld n proce$ ( _! own accord to ! place :]e !y wi% to g1 b t !y %\ld h a plat=m built "u _! feet1 ^u :i* !y may be c>ri$ to ! spot !y desire to rea*4 ,h5ce !y mu/ n move z f> z _! /r5g? w p]mit1 b all _! ef=ts mu/ be direct$ t[>d build+ ?is imag9>y plat=m )\t /irr+ f _! position4 ,!re is a !ory 9 economics prea*$ 9 ^! days ( :i* ! ess5tial pr9ciple is ?is3 ! worse ! condition ( affairs1 ! bett] ! prospect2 ! great] ! accumulation ( capital & oppression ( ! work+-man result+ !refrom1 ! ne>] ! day ( deliv]ance2 & !re=e any ef=t on ! "p ( ! individual to free himself f ! oppression ( capital is useless4 ,9 reg>d to ! gov]nm5t x is decl>$ t ! great] its au?ority1 :i*1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 %\ld include ! doma9 ( private life1 hi!rto un9vad$1 ! bett] x w be1 & h5ce "o %\ld solicit ! int]f]5ce ( gov]nm5ts ) private life4 ,9 reg>d to int]national politics1 x is decl>$ t ! increase ( armies & modes ( ext]m9ation w lead to ! necessity ( a g5]al dis>mam5t ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( congresses1 arbitration1 etc4 ,& ! mo/ surpris+ "p ( all is t human le?>gy is s pr(\nd t m5 cr$it ^! !ories1 al?\gh ! :ole /ructure ( life1 & e /age 9 human progress1 demon/rate _! fallacy4 ,m5 suff] f oppression1 & by way ( deliv]ance c]ta9 exp$i5ts are sugge/$ = ! improvem5t ( _! condition1 ^! means ( relief to be adm9i/]$ by au?ority1 to :i* !y cont9ue to submit4 ,?is w naturally t5d to augm5t au?ority & to increase ! consequ5t oppression ( gov]nm5t4 ,( all ! errors ( humanity !re is none t s ret>ds its progress z ?is4 ,m5 w d any?+ 9 ! _w to a*ieve _! purpose save ! "o simple de$1 :i* x is e man's duty to p]=m4 ,m5 w inv5t ! mo/ +5i\s devices = *ang+ ! position :i* is burd5some to !m1 b nev] dream ( ! simple rem$y ( ab/a9+ f ! acts :i* cause x4 ,i 0 told ( an incid5t :i* happ5$ to an intrepid /anovoy1 :o1 on arriv+ 9 a village :]e ! peasants _h revolt$1 & :i!r troops _h be5 s5t1 und]took1 l ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas ,i41 to quell ! di/urbance by 8 p]sonal influ5ce4 ,he ord]$ sev]al loads ( rods to be br\ght1 & hav+ ga!r$ all ! peasants into ! b>n1 he ent]$ himself1 %ut himself 9 ) !m1 & s t]rifi$ !m by 8 %\ts & ?reats t 9 compliance ) 8 comm&s !y began to flog ea* o!r4 ,& s !y w5t on flogg+ "o ano!r until "s fool revolt$1 &1 %\t+ to 8 comrades1 bade !m leave (f4 ,x 0 n until !n t ! flogg+ ceas$1 & ! /anovoy escap$ f ! b>n4 ,x is ?is v advice ( ! fool t m5 :o believe 9 ! necessity ( civil gov]nm5t seem unable to foll[4 ,!y are unable to /op puni%+ !mselves1 & sett+ an absurd example = o!rs to imitate4 ,su* is ! consummation ( m]ely human wisdom4 ,is x possible1 inde$1 to imag9e a m /rik+ imitation ( ^? m5 flogg+ "o ano!r ?an ! meekness ) :i* ! m5 ( ^! days fulfil ^? social duties t lead !m into bondage1 especially ! milit>y conscription8 ,x is cle> t m5 enslave !mselves2 !y suff] f ?is slav]y1 & yet !y believe x inevitable2 !y also believe t x w n affect ! ultimate emancipation ( mank9d1 :i* !y decl>e ! f9al outcome1 9 spite ( ! fact t slav]y is ev] increas+4 ,! man ( mod]n times1 :oev] he may be 7,i d n mean a true ,*ri/ian71 educat$ or ignorant1 a believ] or an unbeliev]1 ri* or poor1 m>ri$ or s+le1 does 8 "w1 takes 8 pleasures1 & dreads all re/rictions & privations1 all enmity & suff]+4 ,?us he is liv+1 peaceably4 ,sudd5ly m5 come to him & say3 ,fir/1 promise on y\r oa? t y w obey u l a slave 9 all t we comm&2 believe t :atev] we tell y is unque/ionably true1 & submit to all t we %all call laws4 ,or1 secondly1 give u a %>e 9 ! product ( y\r labor1 t we may use x to keep y 9 bondage1 & prev5t y f revolt+ aga9/ our comm&s4 ,or1 ?irdly1 *oose1 or be *os5 among1 ! s-call$ (ficials ( ! gov]nm5t1 kn[+ t ! gov]nm5t w g on q reg>dless ( ! fooli% spee*es :i* y1 or o!rs l y1 may utt]2 t x w be c>ri$ on 9 accordance ) our wi%es & ! wi%es ( ^? :o control ! army4 ,or1 f\r?ly1 come to ! law-c\rts1 & take "p 9 all ! s5seless cruelties :i* we commit aga9/ m51 :o are err+ & deprav$ m51 & :o h become s ?r\gh our fault1--9 ! =m ( imprisonm5t1 exile1 solit>y conf9em5t1 & execution4 ,or1 la/ly1 al?\gh y may be on ! mo/ fri5dly t]ms ) m5 :o belong to o!r nations1 y mu/ be ready at a mom5t's notice1 :5ev] ! comm& is issu$1 to look ^u su* ( !m z we %all indicate z y\r enemies1 & ei!r p]sonally or by sub/itute contribute to ! ru91 robb]y1 & murd] ( ^! m51 ( old m51 wom51 & *ildr5--ev51 if we require x1 ( y\r fell[-c\ntrym5 & y\r p>5ts4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t 9 ^! days !re c\ld be b "o reply f any man 9 8 s5ses4 ,:y mu/ ,i d all ?is8 ,:y mu/ ,i promise to obey all ! ord]s ( ,salisbury to-day1 ^? ( ,glad/one to-morr[2 ,b\lang] to-day1 & to-morr[ ! ord]s ( an assembly compos$ ( m5 l ,b\lang]2 ,pet] ,,iii4 to-day1 ,ca?>9e to-morr[1 & ! next day ,pugat*ov2 to-day ! insane ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 to-morr[ ! ,emp]or ,william8 ,:y %\ld ,i promise ?is to m5 :om ,i "k to be wick$ or fooli%1 or m5 :om ,i "k no?+ at all ab\t8 ,:y %\ld ,i1 9 ! =m ( taxes1 h& ov] to !m ! fruits ( my labor1 kn[+ t ?is money w be us$ to bribe (ficials1 to support prisons1 *ur*es1 & armies1 to pay = ! execution ( evil acts de/9$ = my oppression8 ,9 o!r words1 :y %\ld ,i apply ! rod to my own back8 ,:y %\ld ,i g on wa/+ my "t1 av]t+ my eyes1 help+ to give a semblance ( legality to ! acts ( wrong-do]s1 play a "p 9 elections1 & pret5d to p>ticipate 9 ! gov]nm5t1 :5 ,i "k p]fectly well t ! c\ntry is rul$ by ^? :o control ! army8 ,:y %\ld ,i g into ! c\rts & be a p>ty to ! infliction ( tortures & executions ^u my err+ fell[-be+s1 kn[+1 if ,i am a ,*ri/ian1 t ! law ( love has be5 sub/itut$ = ! law ( v5geance1 & if ,i am an educat$ man1 t puni%m5t1 s f> f re=m+ its victims1 s]ves only to demoralize !m8 ,:y %\ld ,i1 9 p]son or 9 sub/itute1 g & kill & despoil1 & expose myself to ! dang]s ( w>1 simply because ! key ( ! temple ( ,j]usalem happ5s to be 9 ! keep+ ( "o bi%op r ?an 9 t ( ano!r2 because ,bulg>ia is to be rul$ by "o ,g]man pr9ce in/ead ( ano!r2 or because ! privileges ( ! seal fi%]y are res]v$ = ! ,engli% to ! exclusion ( ! ,am]ican m]*ants4 ,:y %\ld ,i reg>d z my enemies ! inhabitants ( a neighbor+ c\ntry1 ) :om up to ! pres5t day ,i h liv$1 & /ill wi% to live1 9 peace & amity1--:y %\ld ,i g myself1 or pay = soldi]s1 to murd] & ru9 !m8 ,&1 above all1 :y %\ld ,i contribute1 :e!r 9 p]son or by pay+ = milit>y s]vice1 to ! enslavem5t & de/ruction ( my bro!rs & p>5ts8 ,:y %\ld ,i sc\rge myself8 ,all ?is is ( no use to me2 on ! contr>y1 x does me h>m4 ,x is altoge!r degrad+1 immoral1 mean1 & contemptible4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ,i d all ?is8 ,if ,i am told t ,i %all be made to suff] 9 any ev5t1 ,i reply t 9 ! fir/ place1 !re c be no possible suff]+ great] ?an t :i* w\ld befall me 7 ,i to execute y\r comm&s4 ,& 9 ! second place1 x is p]fectly evid5t to me t if we refuse to sc\rge ourselves1 no "o else w d x = u4 ,gov]nm5ts are b sov]eigns1 /atesm51 (ficials1 :o c no m =ce me aga9/ my w1 ?an ! /anovoy c\ld =ce ! peasants2 ,i %\ld be br\ght be=e ! c\rt1 or ?r[n into prison1 or execut$1 n by ! sov]eign1 or ! high (ficials1 b by m5 9 ! same position z myself2 & z x w\ld be equally injuri\s & disagreeable = !m to be sc\rg$ z = me1 ,i %\ld probably op5 _! eyes1 & !y w\ld n only refra9 f injur+ me1 b w\ld d\btless foll[ my example4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1 ?\gh ,i 7 made to suff] = ?is1 x w\ld /ill be bett] = me to be exil$ or imprison$1 do+ battle 9 ! cause ( common s5se & tru?1 :i* mu/ ev5tually triumph1 if n to-day1 !n to-morr[1 or be=e _m days1 ?an to suff] 9 ! cause ( folly & evil4 ,x w\ld r be to my advantage to risk be+ exil$1 imprison$1 or ev5 execut$1 ?an rema91 ?r\gh my own fault1 a life-long slave ( evil m51 to be ru9$ by an invad+ enemy1 or mutilat$ l an idiot1 or kill$ :ile def5d+ a cannon1 a useless t]ritory1 or a s5seless piece ( clo? call$ a flag4 ,i h no incl9ation to sc\rge myself1 x w\ld be ( no use4 ,y may d x y\rselves if y *oose--,i refuse4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh n only ! religi\s & moral elem5t 9 human nature1 b ord9>y common s5se & wise c\nsel1 w\ld influ5ce e man ( ! pres5t day ?us to make reply1 & to suit ! action to ! ^w4 ,b no4 ,m5 :o hold ! social life-conception consid] su* a c\rse n only useless1 b ev5 prejudicial to ! object 9 view1--! deliv]ance ( mank9d f slav]y4 ,!y advise u to g on1 l ! peasants1 puni%+ "o ano!r1 com=t+ ourselves ) ! reflection t our *att] 9 p>liam5ts & assemblies1 our trade unions1 our ,fir/ ( ,may demon/rations1 our conspiracies & cov]t ?reats to ! gov]nm5ts t sc\rge u1 mu/ result 9 our f9al deliv]ance1 ev5 ?\gh we g on /r5g!n+ our fett]s4 ,no?+ s hamp]s human lib]ty z ?is wond]ful delusion4 ,in/ead ( mak+ individual ef=ts to a*ieve fre$om1 e man = himself devot+ all 8 en]gies to t object1 ?r\gh ! atta9m5t ( a new life-conception1 m5 are look+ = a univ]sal s*eme ( deliv]ance1 & are 9 ! mean:ile s9k+ deep] & deep] into slav]y4 ,x is z if a man 7 to decl>e t 9 ord] to obta9 heat "o mu/ m]ely place e lump ( coal 9 a c]ta9 position1 nev] m9d+ :e!r x k9dl$ or n4 ,& yet t ! lib]ation ( mank9d c only be accompli%$ by means ( ! deliv]ance ( ! individual gr[s m & m evid5t4 ,! lib]ation ( individuals f ! dom9ion ( ! ,/ate1 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ri/ian life-conception1 :i* 0 =m]ly an exceptional occurr5ce & "o t attract$ b little att5tion1 has atta9$ 9 ^! days a m5ac+ significance = ! au?ority ( ,/ate4 ,if 9 ! days ( anci5t ,rome x happ5$ t a ,*ri/ian1 pr(ess+ 8 fai?1 refus$ to take a "p 9 sacrifices1 or 9 ! wor%ip ( ! emp]ors or ! gods1 or 9 ! ,middle ,ages refus$ to wor%ip ikons or to ackn[l$ge ! temporal au?ority ( ! ,pope1 su* refusals 7 ! exception2 a man might be oblig$ to confess to 8 fai?1 b he might p]haps live all 8 life )\t be+ =c$ to d s4 ,b n[ all m51 )\t exception1 are subject$ to trial ( fai?4 ,e man ( mod]n times is oblig$1 ei!r to p>ticipate 9 ! cruelties ( pagan life1 or to repudiate !m4 ,& secondly1 9 ^? days any refusal to b[ be=e ! gods1 ! ikons1 or ! ,pope 0 ( no consequ5ce to ! ,/ate4 ,:e!r ^? :o b[$ be=e ! gods1 ! ikons1 or ! ,pope 7 _m or few1 ! ,/ate lo/ none ( its p[]4 ,:]eas at ! pres5t "t e refusal to execute ! un-,*ri/ian dem&s ( ! gov]nm5t und]m9es ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate1 because ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate re/s on ! fulfilm5t ( ^! anti-,*ri/ian requirem5ts4 ,temporal au?ority1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 itself1 has be5 =c$ by ! conditions ( life to dem& f its subjects c]ta9 actions :i* x is impossible = m5 :o pr(ess true ,*ri/ianity to p]=m4 ,!re=e at ! pres5t "t e man :o pr(esses x helps to und]m9e ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 & w ev5tually pave ! way = ! lib]ation ( mank9d4 ,( :at app>5t importance are su* acts z ! refusal ( a score or two ( fools1 z !y are call$1--m5 :o decl9e to take ! oa? ( allegiance1 to pay taxes1 or to take "p 9 c\rts ( law1 or to s]ve 9 ! army8 ,su* m5 are tri$ & condemn$1 & life rema9s un*ang$4 ,^! occurr5ces may seem unimportant1 & yet ^! are precisely ! factors t und]m9e ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t m ?an any o!rs1 & ?us prep>e ! way = ! lib]ation ( mank9d4 ,^! are ! bees :o are ! fir/ to sep>ate !mselves f ! sw>m1 &1 /ill hov]+ ne>1 !y wait = ! :ole sw>m to rise & foll[ !m4 ,! gov]nm5ts are aw>e ( ?is1 & look ^u su* occurr5ces ) m appreh5sion ?an ^u all ! sociali/s1 an>*i/s1 & communi/s1 ) _! conspiracies & _! dynamite bombs4 ,a new rgime is inaugurat$4 ,ea* subject1 accord+ to cu/om1 is requir$ to take ! oa? ( allegiance to ! new gov]nm5t4 ,a proclamation is issu$1 & all are bidd5 to assemble 9 ! ca!dral to take ! oa?4 ,sudd5ly "o man 9 ,p]m1 ano!r 9 ,tula1 a ?ird 9 ,mosc[1 a f\r? 9 ,kaluga1 refuse to take ! oa? & 7)\t preconc]t$ action7 ju/ify _! refusal by ! same argum5t1--t ! ,*ri/ian law =bids ! oa?2 b1 ev5 7 ! oa? n =bidd51 !y c\ld n1 accord+ to ! _s ( ?is law1 promise to p]=m su* evil de$s z ! oa? requires1--su* z report+ ^? antagoni/ic to ! int]e/s ( ! gov]nm5t1 def5d+ t gov]nm5t by arm$ =ce1 or attack+ its enemies4 ,!y are summon$ to appe> be=e ! /anovoys1 spravniks1 prie/s1 gov]nors2 !y are reason$ )1 coax$1 ?reat5$1 & puni%$2 yet !y adh]e to _! det]m9ation1 & refuse to take ! oa?4 ,!y are ask$1 ,is x true t y nev] took ! oa?8 ,x is4 ,& :at 0 done to y8 ,no?+4 ,e subject is requir$ to pay 8 taxes1 & ! taxes are paid4 ,b "o man 9 ,*>kov1 ano!r 9 ,iv]1 & a ?ird 9 ,sam>a1 refuse to comply1 &1 z by "o accord1 ea* man alleges ! same reason4 ,"o ( !m says t he w pay aft] he has le>n$ ! object = :i* 8 money is to be us$4 ,if x is to be us$ = *>ity1 he w give ( 8 own free w1 & ev5 m ?an is dem&$ ( him4 ,b if x is to be appli$ to evil purposes1 he w give no?+ ( 8 own free w1 because1 accord+ to ! law ( ,*ri/1 :i* he obeys1 he c take no "p 9 do+ evil4 ,& ! o!rs :o refuse to pay taxes1 except on compulsion1 express ! same idea1 p]haps 9 o!r words4 ,^? :o h prop]ty are =c$ to pay1 & ^? :o h none are simply let alone4 ,!n y h n paid y\r tax8 ,no4 ,& :at 0 done to y8 ,no?+4 ,! passport sy/em is in/itut$4 ,e man :o leaves 8 home mu/ apply = "o1 & pay a tax = x4 ,sudd5ly1 9 diff]5t places1 are to be f\nd ^? :o decl>e t passports %\ld n be us$1 t a man %\ld n ackn[l$ge 8 dep5d5ce ^u ! ,/ate1 :i* is support$ by viol5ce2 & ^! m5 take no passports1 consequ5tly !y pay no tax = !m4 ,& aga91 !re are no means ( co]c+ !m to comply ) ! dem&4 ,!y are imprison$1 b :5 aft] a "t !y f9d !mselves at lib]ty aga91 !y g on liv+ )\t passports4 ,e peasant is expect$ to p]=m police duty z sotsky or dessiatsky1#ag etc42 b "s peasant 9 ,*>kov refuses to fulfil ?is duty1 because1 z he says 9 explanation ( 8 refusal1 ! law ( ,*ri/1 :i* he pr(esses1 =bids him to arre/1 imprison1 or transport 8 fell[-m54 ,ano!r peasant 9 ,iv] or 9 ,tambov makes ! same /atem5t4 ,! peasants are ?reat5$1 beat51 & imprison$1 b !y adh]e to _! resolution1 & refuse to p]=m actions contr>y to _! religi\s belief4 ,& !y cease to be elect$ sotsky1 & are gradually left 9 peace4 #ag ,petty rural police4--,,tr4 ,x is ! duty ( e citiz5 to s]ve on ! jury4 ,all at once m5 ( widely diff]5t classes1--c>riage-mak]s1 pr(essors1 m]*ants1 peasants1 nobles1--z if mov$ by a s+le impulse1 refuse to fulfil ?is duty1 n = reasons valid 9 ! eyes ( ! law1 b because ! tribunal itself is1 9 _! op9ion1 illegal & un-,*ri/ian1 & ought n to exi/4 ,^! m5 are f9$1 & false reasons are ascrib$ = _! refusal1 ! true ones mean:ile rema9+ hidd5 f ! public4 ,! same treatm5t is employ$ 9 reg>d to ^? :o1 = simil> reasons1 refuse to appe> z witnesses 9 c\rts ( law4 ,^!1 too1 are f9ally left undi/urb$4 ,e man at ! age ( tw5ty-"o mu/ draw lots4 ,sudd5ly !re is f\nd a man 9 ,mosc[1 ano!r 9 ,iv]1 ano!r 9 ,*>kov1 & /ill ano!r 9 ,kiev1 :o1 z x 7 by agreem5t1 g to ! dep>tm5t & decl>e t !y w nei!r take ! oa? ( allegiance nor s]ve 9 ! army1 because !y are ,*ri/ians4 ,"h are ! details ( an affair :i* 0 among ! e>li] cases1--( late ^! refusals h begun to multiply1--a case ) :i* ,i am myself famili>1#ah :i* is b "o example among _m4 #ah ,! details ( ?is case are au!ntic4 ,9 ! ,city ,hall ( ,mosc[ a "y man ( av]age education gives 8 reasons = refus+ to comply4 ,8 words are n he$$1 & he is bidd5 to repeat ! words ( ! oa? ) ! o!r m54 ,he /ill p]si/s 9 8 refusal1 & quotes a c]ta9 passage 9 ! ,bible t =bids m5 to take an oa?4 ,no att5tion is paid to 8 argum5ts1 & aga9 he is ord]$ to take ! oa?1 :i* he decl9es to d4 ,:]eupon x is tak5 = grant$ t he is a sect>ian1 & !re=e misund]/&s ,*ri/ianity2 9 o!r words1 t he diff]s f ! prie/s paid by ! ,/ate4 ,he is !n s5t "u gu>d to ! prie/s t !y may conv9ce him1 :i* !y endeavor to d2 b ! argum5ts utt]$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 by :i* !y /rive to p]suade him to d5y ,*ri/1 evid5tly h no effect on ! "y man4 ,s !y decl>e him incorrigible1 & s5d him back to ! army4 ,/ill he op5ly refuses to take ! oa? & to fulfil 8 milit>y duties4 ,x is a case n anticipat$ by ! law4 ,a refusal to comply ) ! dem&s ( ! gov]nm5t _c be ov]look$1 nei!r c ?is case be call$ "o ( ord9>y insubord9ation4 ,aft] conf]r+1 ! milit>y au?orities decide t1 9 ord] to rid !mselves ( ?is objectionable y\?1 ! bett] way w be to consid] him z a rebel & =w>d him "u milit>y escort to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,secret ,police4 ,! police (ficials & ! g5d>mes "q ! "y man1 b 8 replies w n s]ve to classify 8 (f5se "u ! head+ ( any crime t comes )9 _! jurisdiction2 !y _c ei!r accuse him ( revolution>y motives1 or ( conspiracy1 because he decl>es t he has no desire to de/roy any?+ :atsoev]2 on ! contr>y1 he opposes all viol5ce4 ,he says t he has no?+ to conceal2 he desires only an opportunity = say+ & do+ all ?+s 9 ! mo/ op5 mann]4 ,& z x result$ ) ! cl]gy1 s also ) ! g5d>mes1 :o1 ?\gh r>ely emb>rass$ z to h[ to put ! law 9 op]ation1 c f9d no pretext = an accusation aga9/ ! "y man1 & s5d him back to ! ranks4 ,once m !re is a conf]5ce1 & 8 sup]iors decide t1 al?\gh he has n tak5 ! oa? ( allegiance1 he is to be reg>d$ z a soldi]4 ,he is put into uni=m1 8 "n is ent]$ on ! li/s1 & he is s5t "u convoy to 8 po/4 ,"h 8 imm$iate sup]iors once m ord] him to p]=m 8 milit>y duty1 & /ill he refuses to obey1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! o!r soldi]s he /ates 8 reasons1 say+ t1 z a ,*ri/ian1 he _c ( 8 own free w prep>e himself to commit murd]1 :i* 0 =bidd5 ev5 by ! law ( ,moses4 ,all ?is takes place 9 a prov9cial city4 ,! occurr5ce excites ! int]e/ & ! sympa?y1 n only ( outsid]s1 b ev5 ( ! (fic]s1 & !re=e !re is hesitation ab\t employ+ ! usual puni%m5t = contumacy4 ,h[ev]1 = ! sake ( appe>ances1 he is ?r[n into jail1 & a reque/ is s5t to ! high] milit>y au?orities = fur!r in/ructions 9 ! case4 ,f an (ficial /&po9t ?is refusal to take "p 9 a milit>y organization1 9 :i* ! ,cz> himself s]ves1 & :i* is bless$ by ! ,*ur*1 mu/ be reg>d$ z insanity1 & !re=e ! message is receiv$ f ,/4 ,pet]sburg t ! "y man is probably insane1 & t be=e any viol5t measures are us$ aga9/ him he mu/ be s5t to ! insane hospital4 ,?i!r he is s5t 9 ! hope t he w rema9 !re1 z happ5$ "s t5 ye>s ago 9 ! case ( a "y man f ,iv]1 :o also refus$ to s]ve1 & :o 0 tortur$ 9 ! hospital until at la/ he 0 subdu$4 ,b 9 ! pres5t in/ance ev5 ?is measure fails to relieve ! milit>y au?orities f ?is tr\blesome "y man4 ,! doctors exam9e him1 become int]e/$ 9 him1 &1 discov]+ no symptoms ( insanity1 !y return him to 8 po/4 ,he is receiv$1 & pret5d+ t 8 refusal & its causes are =gott51 he is once m invit$ to jo9 ! drill1 & aga9 he refuses1 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r soldi]s1 /at+ 8 reasons = 8 refusal4 ,! affair attracts m & m notice f soldi]s z well z f civilians4 ,aga9 ! "q is ref]r$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & !nce comes ! ord] to transf] ! "y man to ! fronti]1 :]e ! troops are 9 active s]vice1 & :]e1 if he refuses to obey ord]s1 he may be %ot )\t excit+ att5tion1 z !re are b few ,russians & ,*ri/ians 9 t f>-away t]ritory1 ! majority be+ =eign]s & ,mohamm$ans4 ,?is is done4 ,! "y man is ord]$ to jo9 ! ,trans-,caspian troops1 & ) o!r crim9als he is deliv]$ into ! h&s ( comm&]s not$ = _! sev]ity & det]m9ation4 ,mean:ile1 dur+ all ^! transportations f place to place1 ! "y man has suff]$ f h>% treatm5t1 f cold1 hung]1 & fil?1 & 8 life has be5 made mis]able4 ,yet all ^! trials d n weak5 8 resolution4 ,9 ! ,trans-,caspian prov9ce1 :]e he is once m ord]$ to s]ve z a s5try "u arms1 he refuses to obey4 ,he cons5ts to /& :]e he is s5t1 beside ! hayricks1 b decl9es to take a weapon 9 8 h&1 decl>+ t on no acc\nt w he use viol5ce aga9/ any "o :omsoev]4 ,all ?is occurs 9 ! pres5ce ( ! soldi]s4 ,su* contumacy _c g unpuni%$2 consequ5tly he is c\rt-m>tial$ = an infr+em5t ( milit>y discipl9e1 convict$1 & s5t5c$ to two ye>s' conf9em5t 9 a milit>y prison4 ,& once aga91 ) ! crim9als1 he is s5t by tape to ! ,caucasus & !n ?r[n into prison1 8 fate be+ left to ! discretion>y p[] ( ! jail]4 ,!re he is tortur$ = a ye> & a half1 b /ill 8 resolution to avoid ! use ( weapons rema9s un*ang$1 & he cont9ues to expla9 to e "o :om he meets ! reasons = 8 refusal4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! second ye>1 be=e 8 t]m has really expir$1 he is set at lib]ty2 & al?\gh n 9 accordance ) ! law1 !y are s anxi\s to rid !mselves ( him1 t 8 imprisonm5t is accept$ z an equival5t ( fur!r active s]vice4 ,& 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,russia o!rs are f\nd :o1 z if by a conc]t$ plan1 imitate 8 example1 & 9 e case ! action ( ! gov]nm5t is undecid$1 vacillat+1 & und]h&$4 ,"s ( ^! m5 are conf9$ 9 ! insane hospitals1 "s are appo9t$ milit>y cl]ks & s5t to s]ve 9 ,sib]ia1 "s are made =e/]s1 o!rs are ?r[n into prison1 o!rs are f9$4 ,at ! pres5t "t sev]al ( ^! m5 are imprison$1 n = _! sub/antial (f5se1 d5y+ ! legality ( ! acts ( ! gov]nm5t1 b = disobey+ ! p>ticul> ord]s ( _! sup]iors4 ,= in/ance1 an (fic] ( ! res]ve rec5tly fail$ to give in=mation ( ! place ( 8 resid5ce1 & decl9$ to s]ve fur!r 9 ! army2 he 0 f9$ ?irty r\bles = disobey+ ! ord]s ( ! au?orities1--& ?is he decl9$ to pay1 except "u compulsion4 ,sev]al peasants & soldi]s :o refus$ to take "p 9 a drill & to use weapons 7 put "u arre/ = disob$i5ce & cont5tion4 ,su* in/ances ( a refusal to comply ) ! dem&s ( ! ,/ate :5 oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity1 especially refusals to p]=m milit>y s]vice1 occur n only 9 ,russia1 b ev]y:]e4 ,i "k t 9 ,s]via1 m5 f ! s-call$ sect ( ,naz>5es /eadily refuse to ent] ! army1 & ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t has = sev]al ye>s made futile attempts to conv]t !m by means ( imprisonm5t4 ,9 #ahhe !re 7 #acj refusals ( ?is k9d4 ,i "k t 9 ,switz]l&1 9 #ahij1 !re 7 m5 9 conf9em5t 9 ! ca/le ( ,*illon = refus+ to p]=m milit>y duty ^: det]m9ation 0 n to be influ5c$ by puni%m5t4 ,su* refusals h occurr$ 9 ,sw$52 ! m5 !re also 7 imprison$1 & ! gov]nm5t c>efully conceal$ ! affairs f ! p4 ,simil> in/ances occurr$ 9 ,prussia4 ,i "k ( "o subalt]n (fic] 9 ! gu>ds :o1 9 #ahia1 9 ,b]l91 ann\nc$ to 8 sup]iors t he1 z a ,*ri/ian1 c\ld n cont9ue 8 milit>y s]vice1 & 9 spite ( all remon/rances & ?reats he adh]$ to 8 resolution4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france a community ( m5 call$ ! ,h9s*i/ has rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ 7my in=mation is d]iv$ f ! ,peace ,h]ald ( ,july1 #ahia71 :o1 z pr(ess+ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 refuse to p]=m milit>y duty4 ,at fir/ !y 7 told (f to s]ve 9 hospitals1 b n[1 ) ! increase ( ! sect1 !y are puni%$ = insubord9ation1 :ile !y /ill refuse to be> arms4 ,sociali/s1 communi/s1 & an>*i/s1 ) _! bombs & _! revolutions1 are f> less dang]\s to gov]nm5ts ?an ^! m51 :o f diff]5t places proclaim _! refusals1 all bas$ ^u ! same doctr9e1 famili> to all4 ,e gov]nm5t kn[s h[ to def5d itself f revolutioni/s2 x holds ! means 9 its own h&s1 & !re=e does n fe> ^! ext]nal foes4 ,b :at c a gov]nm5t d to protect itself f m5 :o declaim aga9/ all au?ority z useless1 sup]flu\s1 & injuri\s1 (f]+1 h[ev]1 no opposition to au?ority1 m]ely reject+ its (fices1 disp5s+ ) its s]vices1 & !re=e refus+ to p>ticipate 9 x8 ,! revolutioni/s say3 ,/ate organization is bad1 ei!r = "o reason or = ano!r2 x %\ld be de/roy$1 & replac$ by su* & su* a sy/em4 ,b a ,*ri/ian says3 ,i "k no?+ ( ,/ate organization1 :e!r x be good or bad1 & x is = ?is v reason t ,i d n wi% to support x4 ,& ,i _c und]take submission1 because su* submission is contr>y to my consci5ce4 ,all ! in/itutions ( ! ,/ate are oppos$ to ! consci5ce ( a ,*ri/ian3 ! oa? ( allegiance1 taxation1 c\rts ( law1 armies2 :ile ! :ole au?ority ( gov]nm5t is dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,revolution>y foes /ruggle aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 b ,*ri/ianity ent]s n into ?is conte/2 int]nally1 x de/roys ! pr9ciples on :i* gov]nm5t is bas$4 ,) ! ,russian p1 9 ^: mid/1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! "t ( ,pet] ,i41 ! prote/ ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! ,/ate has nev] ceas$2 9 ! mid/ ( ?is p1 :]e ! conditions ( life are su* t :ole communes emigrate to ,turkey1 ,*9a1 & un9habit$ portions ( ! globe1 :o1 s f> f ne$+ ! gov]nm5t1 always consid] x an unnecess>y burd51 & only endure x z a calamity1 :e!r x be ,russian1 ,*9ese1 or ,turki%1--! cases ( isolat$ individuals :o1 f ,*ri/ian motives1 h lib]at$ !mselves f ! control ( gov]nm5t h gr[n m & m frequ5t 9 ^! latt] days4 ,su* manife/ations are p>ticul>ly dread$ by ! gov]nm5t at ! pres5t "t1 because ! m5 :o prote/ (t5 belong n to ! s-call$ l[]1 ! un$ucat$ classes1 b are m5 ( av]age & ev5 sup]ior education1 & because ^! m5 expla9 _! refusals1 n by "s my/ical belief peculi> to ! individual1 z 9 old5 times1 nor d !y complicate !m ) sup]/ition & fanaticism1 l ! sects ( ! ,self-burn]s or ,bieguni1 b assign z ! reason = _! refusals ! simple/1 mo/ obvi\s ( tru?s1 pat5t to & admitt$ by all ! _w4 ,?us m5 refuse to pay taxes ( _! own free w1 because ! money is us$ to promote viol5ce2 9 o!r words1 to pay ! wages ( ! violators 9 ! army1 = build+ prisons & =tresses1 or = manufactur+ cannon1--9 all ( :i*1 z ,*ri/ians1 !y consid] x wrong & immoral to take a "p4 ,!y refuse to take ! oa? ( allegiance1 = 7 !y to promise to obey ! au?orities1--t is1 m5 :o use viol5ce1--!y mu/ contradict ! s5se ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,!y refuse to swe> 9 c\rt1 because an oa? is di/9ctly =bidd5 by ! gospel4 ,!y decl9e police duties1 because 9 t (fice !y w\ld be compell$ to use viol5ce aga9/ _! bre?r5 & to di/ress !m1 & a ,*ri/ian _c d ?is4 ,!y refuse to take "p 9 c\rts ( law1 because !y look ^u e tribunal z a vehicle = ! law ( v5geance1 & !re=e incompatible ) ! ,*ri/ian law ( =giv5ess & love4 ,!y decl9e to h any?+ to d ) milit>y prep>ations1 or to ent] ! ranks ( ! army1 because !y nei!r c nor w be execution]s1 nor prep>e !mselves = su* an (fice4 ,& ! reasons alleg$ = ^! refusals are ( su* a nature t1 h[ev] arbitr>y ! gov]nm5ts may be1 !y _c puni% op5ly ^? :o refuse4 ,7 ! gov]nm5ts to puni% m5 = su* refusals1 !y w\ld be =c$ to abjure =ev] bo? ju/ice & virtue1 ^? pr9ciples by :i*1 z !y assure u1 all _! au?ority is support$4 ,:at are gov]nm5ts to d ) ^! m58 ,( c\rse !y h ! p[] to execute1 to imprison1 & to condemn to transportation & p5al s]vitude all enemies :o attempt to ov]?r[ !m by viol5ce2 !y c obta9 by brib]y half ! m5 !y ne$1 & h at _! comm& millions ( arm$ soldi]s1 :o are ready to put to dea? all ! enemies ( au?ority4 ,b :at c be done ) m5 :o wi% nei!r to de/roy nor to e/abli% any?+1 ^: sole desire is to avoid 9 _! own private lives any act t may be oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian law1 & :o consequ5tly refuse to p]=m duties :i* are reg>d$ by ! gov]nm5t z ! mo/ natural & obligatory ( all8 ,if !y 7 revolutioni/s1 prea*+ viol5ce & practis+ x1 x w\ld be an easy matt] to oppose !m4 ,"s might be brib$1 "s deceiv$1 o!rs intimidat$1 & ^? :o c\ld nei!r be b\ght1 deceiv$1 nor intimidat$ w\ld be manife/ly crim9als1 enemies ( society :o1 z su*1 c\ld be execut$ or beat5 to dea?2 & ! p w\ld approve ! acts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,if !y 7 fanatics belong+ to "s p>ticul> sect1 "o might1 9 view ( ! sup]/itions inh]5t 9 _! doctr9e1 refute at ! same "t :at tru? _! argum5ts conta9$4 ,b :at is to be done ) m5 :o nei!r prea* rebellion nor any special dogmas1 :o wi% to live 9 peace ) all mank9d1 :o refuse to take ! oa? ( allegiance or to pay taxes1 or to take "p 9 tribunals1 to p]=m milit>y s]vice1 & ! v>i\s duties ( a simil> nature1 on :i* ! :ole organization ( ! ,/ate is f\nd$8 ,:at is to be done ) !m8 ,!y _c be brib$4 ,! v risk !y are will+ to take %[s _! integrity4 ,nei!r c !y be deceiv$ :5 ^! ?+s are repres5t$ z ! comm&s ( ,god1 because _! refusal is bas$ on ! indubitable law ( ,god1 by :i* ! v m5 :o are try+ to co]ce !m to disobey ?is law pr(ess to hold !mselves b\nd4 ,x is va9 to hope to intimidate !m by ?reats1 because ! v suff]+ & privations :i* !y endure = righte\sness' sake s]ve b to /r5g!n _! devotion to _! fai?1 ^: law di/9ctly comm&s !m fir/ ( all to obey ,god1 to fe> n !m t kill ! body1 b to fe> ^? :o c kill bo? body & s\l4 ,nei!r c !y be execut$ or imprison$ = life4 ,_! pa/ lives1 _! ?\ghts & actions1 _! fri5ds1 speak = !m2 e "o kn[s !m to be g5tle1 k9dly1 & h>mless m51 & x is impossible to repres5t !m 9 ! light ( crim9als ^: suppression is ne$$ = ! salvation ( society4 ,moreov]1 ! execution ( m5 ackn[l$g$ by all to be virtu\s w\ld ar\se def5d]s :o w\ld endeavor to expla9 ! causes = _! disob$i5ce4 ,& :5 all m5 are made to recognize ! reasons :y ^! ,*ri/ians refuse to obey ! dem&s ( ! ,/ate1 !y _c fail to ackn[l$ge ! same obligation1 & to admit t all m5 %\ld long s9ce h refus$ ob$i5ce4 ,confront$ ) ^! insubord9ations1 gov]nm5ts f9d !mselves 9 a desp]ate plight4 ,!y realize t ! prophecies ( ,*ri/ianity are ab\t to be fulfill$1 t x is loos5+ ! fett]s ( !m t are 9 bonds & sett+ m5 free2 !y realize t su* fre$om w inevitably de/roy ^? :o h held mank9d 9 bondage4 ,gov]nm5ts realize ?is2 !y "k t _! h\rs are c\nt$1 t !y are helpless to resi/4 ,all t !y are able to d is to ret>d ! h\r ( dissolution4 ,& ?is !y try to d2 b _! position is /ill a desp]ate "o4 ,x is l ! pr$icam5t ( a conqu]or :o wi%es to pres]ve ! t[n set on fire by ! inhabitants4 ,no soon] does he put ! fire out 9 "o place ?an two o!r fires break out2 :5 he sep>ates ! burn+ portion f ! ma9 body ( a l>ge build+ ! flames bur/ out at bo? extremities4 ,^! outbreaks are n1 z yet1 ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 b ! sp>k has be5 k9dl$1 & ! fire w burn /eadily until all is consum$4 ,! position ( gov]nm5ts 9 ! pres5ce ( m5 :o pr(ess ,*ri/ianity is s prec>i\s t v little is ne$$ to %ake to pieces _! p[]1 built up ?r\gh s _m c5turies1 & app>5tly s solid 9 /ructure4 ,& x is n[ t ! sociologi/ comes =w>d1 prea*+ t x is useless1 & ev5 hurtful & immoral1 = ! individual to emancipate himself alone4 ,let u suppose t m5 h be5 work+ = a long "t to div]t ! c\rse ( a riv]2 !y h at la/ succe$$ 9 digg+ a canal1 & all t rema9s n[ is to make an op5+ & let ! wat] fl[ ?r\gh x into ! canal2 suppose n[ c]ta9 o!r m5 arrive ^u ! sc5e & sugge/ t1 in/ead ( lett+ ! wat] fl[ into ! canal1 x w\ld be mu* bett] to erect ov] ! riv] "s =m ( ma*9]y1 by means ( :i* ! wat] w\ld be p\r$ f "o side to ! o!r4 ,b ?+s h gone too f>4 ,gov]nm5ts are aw>e ( _! weakness & helplessness1 & m5 ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? are awak5+ f _! torpor1 beg9n+ already to realize _! p[]4 ,i am come to s5d fire on ! e>?1 said ,*ri/4 ,& ?is is ! fire t beg9s to burn4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,uselessness ,,( ,,viol5ce ,,= ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,evil4 ,,! ,,moral ,,advance ,,( ,,mank9d ,,is ,,accompli%$1 ,,n ,,only ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,k ,,( ,,tru?1 ,,b ,,also ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,public ,,op9ion ,*ri/ianity de/roys ! ,/ate--,:i* is m necess>y1 ,*ri/ianity or ! ,/ate8--,!re are m5 :o def5d ! necessity ( ! ,/ate1 & o!rs :o1 on ! same gr\nds1 d5y ?is necessity--,nei!r c be prov$ by ab/ract reason+--,! "q decides ! "* ( a man's consci\sness1 :i* ei!r all[s or =bids him to p>ticipate 9 ! organization ( ! ,/ate--,realization ( ! uselessness & immorality ( tak+ "p 9 ! organization ( ! ,/ate1 :i* is contradictory to ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 decides ?is "q = ea* "o1 reg>dless ( ! de/9y ( ! ,/ate--,argum5t ( ! def5d]s ( ! ,/ate1 z a =m ( social life indisp5sable = ! def5se ( ! good f ! wick$1 until all nations1 & all memb]s ( ea* nation1 %all h become ,*ri/ians--,! m wick$ are always ^? 9 p[]--,hi/ory is b a recital ( ! usurpation ( p[] by ! bad ov] ! good--,! ackn[l$gm5t by au?ority ( ! necessity ( /ruggle ) evil by viol5ce is equival5t to self-de/ruction--,! annihilation ( viol5ce is n only possible1 b is go+ on be=e our eyes--,h[ev]1 x is n de/roy$ by ,/ate viol5ce1 b ?r\gh ^? m5 :o1 obta9+ p[] by viol5ce1 & recogniz+ its vanity & futility1 b5efit by exp]i5ce & become incapable ( us+ viol5ce--,?is is ! process ?r\gh :i* individual m51 z well z :ole nations1 h pass$--,x is 9 t way t ,*ri/ianity p5etrates into ! consci\sness ( m51 & n only is ?is accompli%$ despite ! viol5ce us$ by au?ority1 b ?r\gh its ag5cy1 & !re=e ! abolition ( au?ority is n only )\t dang]1 b x goes on cont9ually z life itself--,objection ( ! def5d]s ( ! ,/ate sy/em t ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity is improbable--,diffusion ( ,*ri/ian tru? int]dict+ viol5ce accompli%$ n only sl[ly & gradually1 by ! int]nal me?od1 by individual recognition ( ! tru?1 by prophetic intuition1 by ! realiz+ ( ! empt9ess ( p[] & ab&onm5t ( x by individual m51 b accompli%$ also by ! ext]nal me?od1 by :i* l>ge numb]s ( m51 inf]ior 9 intellectual developm5t1 at once1 9 view ( _! confid5ce 9 ! o!rs1 adopt ! new tru?--,! diffusion ( tru? at a c]ta9 /age creates a public op9ion1 :i* compels ! majority ( m5 :o h previ\sly oppos$ x to recognize ! new tru? at once--,!re=e a univ]sal r5unciation ( viol5ce may v soon come to pass2 namely1 :5 a ,*ri/ian public op9ion %all be e/abli%$--,! conviction ( ! necessity ( viol5ce prev5ts ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian public op9ion--,viol5ce compels m5 to discr$it ! moral =ce :i* c alone exalt !m--,nei!r nations nor individual m5 h be5 conqu]$ by viol5ce1 b by public op9ion1 :i* no viol5ce c resi/--,x is possible to conqu] savage m5 & nations only by ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ian public op9ion among !m1 :]eas ! ,*ri/ian nations1 9 ord] to conqu] !m1 d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to de/roy ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,*ri/ian public op9ion--,^! unsuccessful exp]im5ts _c be cit$ z a pro( ( ! impossibility ( conqu]+ m5 by ,*ri/ianity--,viol5ce :i* corrupts public op9ion only prev5ts ! social organization f becom+ :at x %\ld be1 & ) ! abolition ( viol5ce ,*ri/ian public op9ion w be e/abli%$--,:atev] may take place :5 viol5ce has be5 aboli%$1 ! unkn[n future c be no worse ?an ! pres5t1 & !re=e "o ne$ n fe> x--,to p5etrate to ! unkn[n & move t[>d x is ! ess5ce ( life4 ,*ri/ianity1 fai?fully int]pret$1 saps ! f\ndations ( ! civil law1 & ?is 0 always und]/ood f ! v outset4 ,x 0 = ?is t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$2 & until m5 felt ! necessity = ju/ify+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 !y always accept$ t int]pretation4 ,! clev]ly con/ruct$ !ories int5d$ to reconcile ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity ) t ( ! ,/ate date back to ! "t :5 rul]s ( nations adopt$ a nom9al ext]nal ,*ri/ianity4 ,b 9 ^! times x is impossible = a s9c]e & e>ne/ man n to p]ceive ! incompatibility ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( love1 meekness ( _s1 & =giv5ess ( injuries1 ) ! despotism1 ! viol5ce1 & ! w>s ( ! ,/ate4 ,! pr(ession ( true ,*ri/ianity n only =bids ! recognition ( ! ,/ate1 b /rikes at its v f\ndations4 ,b if x be true t ,*ri/ianity is incompatible ) ! ,/ate1 "o naturally asks :i* is ! bett] adapt$ to promote ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 ! sy/em prescrib$ by ! ,/ate1 or ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,!re are ^? :o affirm t ! ,/ate organization is ! m indisp5sable2 !y decl>e t its ov]?r[ w\ld *eck all human progress1 t no developm5t is possible save ?r\gh ! *annels ( civil gov]nm5t1 & t all ^? evils :i* we f9d prevail+ among nations :o live "u ,/ate laws are n ! result ( ! organization1 :i* p]mits progress & ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ degree ( civilization4 ,!y :o hold ^! views quote1 9 support ( _! position1 c]ta9 hi/orical1 philosophical1 & ev5 religi\s argum5ts1 :i* seem to !m irrefutable4 ,b !re are o!rs :o ent]ta9 views diametrically oppos$ to ^!4 ,= in/ance1 !y say t ! fact ( ! _w hav+ exi/$ at "o "t )\t a gov]nm5t1 might be tak5 to prove ! ,/ate to be only a tempor>y condition2 t ! "t 0 sure to come :5 m5 w\ld require a *ange1 :i* "t _h n[ arriv$4 ,to support _! !ory1 ^! m5 9 turn adduce hi/orical1 philosophical1 & religi\s argum5ts :i* seem to !m irrefutable4 ,volumes may be & h be5 writt5 9 def5se ( ! =m] position1 & ( late ye>s a great deal has be5 writt51 & ably writt5 too1 f ! opposite /&po9t4 ,x c nei!r be prov$ on ! "o h&1 z ! p>tizans ( ! ,/ate claim1 t its de/ruction w\ld be foll[$ by a g5]al upheaval1 by robb]ies & murd]s1 & by ! nullification ( all social laws1 & ! return ( man to a condition ( b>b>ism2 nor on ! o!r1 z ! enemies ( ! ,/ate affirm1 t man has gr[n s virtu\s & well dispos$ t1 pref]r+ peace to enmity1 he w no long] rob & murd] 8 neighbor2 t he is q able1 )\t ,/ate assi/ance1 to e/abli% a community1 & conduct 8 own affairs2 & t ! ,/ate itself1 :ile assum+ an air ( protection1 is really ex]t+ a demoraliz+ influ5ce4 ,x is impossible to prove ei!r "o or ! o!r by ab/ract argum5ts4 ,& naturally nei!r po9t c be prov$ by exp]i5ce1 z x is a "q fir/ ( all ( gett+ ! requisite exp]i5ce4 ,:e!r or n ! "t has arriv$ = aboli%+ ! ,/ate is a "q :i* c\ld n be answ]$ 7 x n t we possess o!r means t w assi/ u to settle x beyond dispute4 ,x ne$s no "o to tell ! "y birds :5 x is "t to bur/ ! %ell2 !y "k v well :5 !re is no long] room = !m 9 ! eggs1 & beg9 ( _! own accord to break ! %ell & leave x beh9d4 ,s x is ) ?is "q ( a *ange 9 human affairs4 ,has ! "t come = m5 to ca/ aside ! cu/oms ( ! ,/ate & e/abli% a new ord]8 ,:5 a man's inn] consci\sness has s develop$ t he feels himself hamp]$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! ,/ate1 & c no long] submit to ! re/ra9t1 realiz+ at ! same "t t he has ceas$ to ne$ its protect+ c>e1 ! "q :e!r or no m5 h matur$ suffici5tly to enable !m to disp5se ) ! ,/ate is dispos$ ( )\t ref]5ce to =m] argum5ts4 ,a man :o has outgr[n ! ,/ate c no m be co]c$ into submission to its laws ?an c ! fl$gl+ be made to rent] its %ell4 ,! ,/ate may h be5 necess>y at "o "t1 & = aught t ,i "k x may ev5 n[ s]ve ! purposes y m5tion1 says ! man :o holds ! ,*ri/ian life-conception4 ,i c only say t ,i h no ne$ ( x1 nor c ,i con=m to its requirem5ts4 ,y mu/ decide = y\rself :e!r x be advantage\s or no4 ,i %all n attempt to g5]alize on ! subject ) ! expectation ( prov+ my po9t4 ,i only recognize :at ,i ne$ & :at ,i don't ne$2 :at ,i c1 & :at ,i _c d4 ,i "k1 z f> z ,i am myself conc]n$1 t ,i d n ne$ to sep>ate f ! m5 ( o!r nations1 & !re=e ,i c nei!r recognize an exclusive affiliation to ?is or t "o1 nor ackn[l$ge myself ! subject ( any "o gov]nm5t4 ,i ne$ none ( ! in/itutions e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate1 & !re=e ,i am n will+ to surr5d] ! fruits ( my labor 9 ! =m ( taxes to support in/itutions :i* ,i believe to be n only unnecess>y b positively injuri\s4 ,i "k t ,i ne$ nei!r magi/rates1 nor tribunals f\nd$ on & support$ by viol5ce1 & !re=e ,i c h no?+ to d ) !m2 ,i "k t ,i feel no incl9ation to attack o!r nations & put _! citiz5s to dea?1 nei!r d ,i wi% to def5d myself aga9/ !m by =ce ( arms1 & !re=e ,i c take no "p 9 w>s nor 9 prep>ations = w>s4 ,d\btless !re are m5 :o believe t all ^! ?+s are an indisp5sable "p ( human life1--,i _c argue ) !m1--b ,i "k t = me !y h no mean+1 & t ,i w h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,& ?is is n a matt] ( p]sonal selection1 b because ,i mu/ obey ! comm&s ( ,him :o has s5t me into ! _w1 & has giv5 me an unmi/akable law by :i* ,i am to be guid$ ?r\gh life4 ,:atev] argum5ts may be advanc$ to prove t h>m & probably disa/] w accrue f aboli%+ ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate1 ! man :o has already outgr[n ! ,/ate ideal _c possibly be b\nd by x4 ,& :atev] argum5ts may be adduc$ to prove its necessity1 he c nev] return to x4 ,he is l ! "y bird :o c nev] return to its outgr[n %ell4 ,b grant+ ?is to be true1 say ! p>tizans ( ! exi/+ ord]1 we _c disp5se ) ! supremacy ( ! ,/ate until all m5 are ,*ri/ians1 because ev5 among ^? :o claim ! title !re are _m :o are v f> f be+ ,*ri/ians--evil-do]s1 :o seek _! own gratification at ! exp5se ( _! fell[-m51 & if ! gov]nm5ts 7 ov]?r[n1 s f> f improv+ ! condition ( ! p1 x w\ld greatly add to _! mis]ies4 ,! subv]sion ( ! ,/ate w\ld be a mis=tune1 n only :]e ! m9ority are true ,*ri/ians1 b ev5 suppos+ ! :ole p to be s2 :ile ! neighbor+ nations are /ill non-,*ri/ian1 ^! latt] w\ld make _! lives a m>tyrdom by rap9e & murd] & all mann] ( viol5ce4 ,x w\ld s]ve only to provide ! vici\s & unpr9cipl$ ) an opportunity to oppress ! innoc5t4 ,!re=e ! ,/ate %\ld n be aboli%$ until all ! wick$ h ceas$ f tr\bl+1 :i* w n happ5 j at pres5t4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] mu* c]ta9 individual ,*ri/ians may wi% to escape f ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate1 ! great] good ( ! great] numb] dem&s its pres]vation4 ,s say ! def5d]s ( ! ,/ate pr9ciple4 ,if x 7 n1 !y say1 = ,/ate au?ority !re w\ld be no protection aga9/ ! malice & inju/ice ( ! oppressor2 t au?ority alone makes x possible to re/ra9 ! wick$4 ,b 9 utt]+ ^! s5tim5ts ! p>tizans ( ! exi/+ ord] take x = grant$ t !y h prov$ ! tru? ( :at !y ass]t4 ,:5 !y decl>e t ! evil-do]s w\ld ride r\gh%od ov] ! def5seless & ! innoc5t 7 x n = ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate1 !y imply t ! gov]n+ p[] is ve/$ at ! pres5t "t 9 a body ( virtu\s m51 :o control all ! wrong-do]s4 ,b ?is is a proposition :i* mu/ be prov$4 ,x c\ld only be a correct /atem5t if we happ5$ to resemble ! inhabitants ( ,*9a1 :]e x is popul>ly believ$1 al?\gh ! belief is n ju/ifi$ by fact1 t ! good are always 9 au?ority1 because %\ld x become kn[n t ! rul]s are no bett] ?an ^? ov] :om !y rule1 x is ! duty ( ! citiz5s to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t4 ,b al?\gh ?is is suppos$ to be "o ( ! cu/oms ( ,*9a1 x is n1 nor w\ld x be possible = x to be s1 s9ce1 9 ord] to ov]?r[ a crim9al gov]nm5t1 "o ne$s ! p[] z well z ! "r4 ,ev5 9 ,*9a ?is is a m]e supposition1 & 9 our own ,*ri/ian l& we h nev] s mu* z dream$ ( x4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$1 !re is no reason to believe t p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ! virtu\s & high-m9d$1 r ?an 9 ^? ( m5 :o took x by viol5ce & h held x = !mselves & _! desc5dants4 ,= surely x w\ld be impossible = a high-m9d$ man to usurp au?ority by viol5ce & to cont9ue to hold x4 ,9 ord] to ga9 possession ( p[]1 & to reta9 x1 "o mu/ h a love = x1 & ! love ( p[] is incompatible ) goodness2 x accords ) ! opposite qualities ( pride1 duplicity1 & cruelty4 ,bo? ! orig9 & ! ma9t5ance ( p[] dep5d ^u ! exaltation ( ! individual1 & ! degradation ( ! p by means ( hypocrisy & fraud1 by prisons1 =tresses1 & murd]s4 ,if ,/ate au?ority 7 to be aboli%$1 !n w\ld ! m wick$ p dom9ate ov] ! less wick$1 say ! uphold]s ( ,/ate organization4 ,b if ! ,egyptians conqu]$ ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,p]sians ! ,egyptians1 & ! ,mac$onians ! ,p]sians1 & ! ,romans ! ,greeks1 & ! b>b>ians ! ,romans1 is x really possible t ! conqu]ors are always bett] ?an ! conqu]$8 ,& s ) political *anges 9 ! ,/ate2 is ! p[] always transf]r$ to ! bett] m58 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xvi4 0 depos$1 & control pass$ into ! h&s ( ,robespi]re1 & :51 lat]1 he 0 9 turn succe$$ by ,napoleon1 0 x ! bett] or ! worse man :o held ! p[]8 ,aga91 7 !y ( ,v]sailles or ! communi/s ! bett] m58 ,*>les ! ,fir/ or ,cromwell8 ,:5 ,pet] ,,iii4 reign$1 or1 aft] 8 murd]1 :5 ,ca?>9e rul$ ov] "o "p ( ,russia1 & ,pugat*ov ov] ! o!r--:o !n 0 good & :o 0 wick$8 ,all ^? 9 au?ority affirm t _! (fice is requir$ 9 ord] t ! unpr9cipl$ may be h9d]$ f oppress+ ! innoc5t1 imply+ !reby t !y !mselves1 be+ virtu\s1 are protect+ o!r virtu\s m5 f ! malice ( ! evil-do]4 ,to possess p[] & to d viol5ce are synonym\s t]ms2 to d viol5ce means do+ some?+ to :i* ! victim ( viol5ce objects1 & :i* ! aggressor w\ld res5t 7 x direct$ aga9/ himself4 ,!re=e ! possession ( p[] really means do+ unto o!rs :at we %\ld n l if x 7 done to ourselves1--t is1 h>m4 ,ob$i5ce signifies t a man holds pati5ce to be bett] ?an viol5ce1 & to *oose pati5ce r ?an viol5ce means to be good1 or1 at lea/1 n s wick$ z ^? :o d unto o!rs :at !y w\ld n wi% to h done to !mselves4 ,!re=e all ! probabilities are t ^? 9 au?ority 7 9 pa/ times1 z !y are 9 pres5t1 worse m5 ?an ^? !y rul$ ov]4 ,d\btless !re are wick$ m5 among ^? :o submit to au?ority1 b x is impossible t ! bett] m5 %\ld rule ov] ! worse4 ,?is might be ?\ght 9 pagan times1 :5 ! def9ition ( goodness 0 inaccurate2 b ) ! cle> & exact conception ( ! qualities ( good & evil pres5t$ by ,*ri/ianity be=e u we _c imag9e x4 ,if 9 ! pagan _w !y :o 7 m or less good1 & !y :o 7 m or less bad1 might n be easily di/+ui%$1 ! *>act]i/ics ( goodness & wick$ness h be5 s cle>ly def9$ by ! ,*ri/ian conception t x is impossible to mi/ake !m4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ! good are ^? :o submit & are long-suff]+1 :o d n resi/ evil by viol5ce1 :o =give injuries1 & love _! enemies2 ! wick$ are ! va+lori\s1 :o tyrannize1 :o are arrogant & viol5t ) o!rs4 ,!re=e1 if we are guid$ by ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 we %all h no difficulty 9 decid+ :]e to seek ! good & ! wick$ among rul]s & subjects4 ,x is ev5 absurd to speak ( ,*ri/ians z sov]eigns or rul]s4 ,! non-,*ri/ians--t is1 ^? to :om life is b a matt] ( temporal welf>e--mu/ always rule ov] ! ,*ri/ians1 = :om life means self-d5ial & disreg>d ( temporal ?+s4 ,& ?us x has always be51 & x has be5 manife/$ m & m pla9ly z ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e has become m cle>ly def9$ & widespread4 ,! f>!r true ,*ri/ianity ext5d$1 ! firm] ! hold x ga9$ on ! consci\sness ( m51 ! less possible x became = ,*ri/ians to belong to ! dom9ant class1 & ! easi] = non-,*ri/ians to ga9 ! asc5dancy4 ,to aboli% ! supremacy ( ! ,/ate be=e all m5 h become true ,*ri/ians w\ld only af=d ! wick$ a *ance to tyrannize ov] ! good & maltreat !m ) impunity1 say ! uphold]s ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,x has always be5 ! same f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w until ?is pres5t "t1 & x always w be4 ,! wick$ always rule ov] ! good & d viol5ce to !m4 ,ca9 did viol5ce to ,abel1 ! a/ute ,jacob betray$ ! tru/+ ,esau1 & 0 himself deceiv$ by ,laban2 ,caiaphas & ,pilate sat 9 judgm5t on ,*ri/2 ! ,roman emp]ors rul$ ov] ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & o!r high-m9d$ ,romans ( ^? times2 ,ivan ,,iv4 ) 8 ,oprit*niks1 ! tipsy syphilitic ,pet] ) 8 cl[ns1 ! pro/itute ,ca?>9e ) h] lov]s1 rul$ ov] ! indu/ri\s1 ,god-fe>+ ,russian p ( ^? times1 & trampl$ ^u !m4 ,william rules ! ,g]mans1 ,/ambulov ! ,bulg>ians1 & ! ,russian (ficials rule ov] ! ,russian p2 ! ,g]mans rul$ ov] ! ,italians1 & n[ !y rule ov] ! ,hung>ians & ! ,slavs4 ,! ,turks rul$ ov] ! ,greeks & n[ rule ov] ! ,slavs1 ! ,engli% ov] ! ,h9doos1 ! ,mongolians ov] ! ,*9ese4 ,s we see t :e!r ! tyranny ( ! ,/ate is or is n to be aboli%$1 ! position ( ! innoc5t1 :o are oppress$ by ! tyrants1 w n be mat]ially affect$ !reby4 ,m5 are n to be fright5$ by be+ told t ! wick$ w oppress ! good1 because t is ! natural c\rse1 & w nev] *ange4 ,! :ole ( pagan hi/ory is a m]e n>rative ( ev5ts :]e9 ! wick$ h got ! upp] h&1 &1 once 9 p[]1 by craft & cruelty h kept _! hold ^u m51 ann\nc+ !mselves mean:ile z ! gu>dians ( ju/ice & ! def5d]s ( ! innoc5t aga9/ ! oppressor4 ,all revolutions are b ! result ( ! appropriation ( p[] by ! wick$ & _! rule ov] ! good4 ,:5 ! rul]s say t if _! p[] 7 to be de/roy$ ! evil-do]s w\ld tyrannize ov] ! innoc5t1 :at !y really mean is t ! tyrants 9 p[] are reluctant to yield to ^? o!r tyrants :o w\ld fa9 wre/ f !m _! au?ority4 ,:5 !y prote/ t ?is au?ority ( !irs1 :i* is actually viol5ce1 is necess>y to def5d ! p aga9/ ! possible tyranny ( o!rs1#ai !y are simply d5\nc+ !mselves4 ,! reason :y viol5ce is dang]\s is t1 :5ev] x is employ$1 all ! argum5ts :i* ! p]petrators advanc$ 9 _! own def5se may be us$ aga9/ !m ) ev5 great] =ce4 ,!y talk ( ! viol5ce done 9 ! pa/1 & m frequ5tly ( future & imag9>y viol5ce1 :ile !y !mselves are ! real (f5d]s4 ,y say t m5 committ$ robb]y & murd] 9 =m] times1 & pr(ess anxiety le/ all m5 be robb$ or murd]$ unless protect$ by y\r au?ority4 ,?is may or may n be true1 b ! fact t y all[ ?\s&s ( m5 to p]i% 9 prisons by en=c$ labor1 9 =tresses1 & 9 exile1 t y\r milit>y requisitions ru9 millions ( families & imp]il1 morally & physically1 millions ( m51 ?is is n a supposititi\s b an actual viol5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to y\r own reason+1 %\ld be resi/$ by viol5ce4 ,& !re=e1 by y\r own admission1 ! wick$ ones1 aga9/ :om "o %\ld use viol5ce1 are y\rselves4 ,?us %\ld ! oppress$ reply to _! oppressors4 ,& su* are ! language1 ! ?\ghts1 & ! actions ( non-,*ri/ians4 ,:]ev] ! oppress$ are m wick$ ?an ! oppressor1 !y attack & ov]?r[ !m :5ev] !y are able2 or else--& ?is is m frequ5tly ! case--!y ent] ! ranks ( ! oppressors & take "p 9 _! tyranny4 #ai ,su* decl>ations on ! "p ( ,russian au?orities1 :o are not$ = _! oppression ( =eign nationalities1--! ,poles1 ! ,g]mans ( ! ,baltic prov9ces1 & ! ,jews1--/rike "o z bo? amus+ & artless4 ,! ,russian gov]nm5t1 :i* has oppress$ its own subjects = c5turies1 & :i* has nev] protect$ ! ,malo-,russians 9 ,pol&1 ! ,lati%i 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces1 nor ! ,russian peasants1 ( :om all sorts ( p h tak5 advantage = hundr$s ( ye>s1 sudd5ly becomes a *ampion ( ! oppress$1 ( ! v same p :om x /ill cont9ues to oppress4 ,?us ! dang]s ( :i* ! def5d]s ( ,/ate rights make a bugbe>--t if au?ority 7 ov]?r[n ! wick$ w\ld prevail ov] ! good--pot5tially exi/ at all times4 ,! de/ruction ( ,/ate viol5ce1 9 fact1 nev] c1 = ?is v reason1 lead to any real increase ( viol5ce on ! "p ( ! wick$ ov] ! good4 ,if ,/ate viol5ce disappe>$1 x is n unlikely t o!r acts ( viol5ce w\ld be committ$2 b ! sum ( viol5ce c nev] be increas$ simply because ! p[] passes f ! h&s ( "o into ^? ( ano!r4 ,/ate viol5ce c nev] be aboli%$ until all ! wick$ disappe>1 say ! advocates ( ! exi/+ ord]1 by :i* !y imply t !re mu/ always be viol5ce1 because !re w always be wick$ p4 ,?is c\ld only prove true1 suppos+ ! oppressors to be really b5efic5t1 & suppos+ ! true deliv]ance ( mank9d f evil mu/ be accompli%$ by viol5ce4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 viol5ce c\ld nev] cease4 ,b z1 on ! contr>y1 viol5ce nev] really ov]comes evil1 & s9ce !re is ano!r way altoge!r to ov]come x1 ! ass]tion t viol5ce w nev] cease is untrue4 ,viol5ce is dim9i%+1 & cle>ly t5d+ to disappe>2 ?\gh n1 z is claim$ by ! def5d]s ( ! exi/+ ord]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! amelioration ( ^? :o live "u an oppressive gov]nm5t 7_! condition really gets worse71 b because ! consci\sness ( mank9d is becom+ m cle>4 ,h5ce ev5 ! wick$ m5 :o are 9 p[] are gr[+ less & less wick$1 & w at la/ become s good t !y w be incapable ( committ+ de$s ( viol5ce4 ,! reason :y humanity m>*es =w>d is n because ! inf]ior m51 hav+ ga9$ possession ( p[]1 re=m _! subjects by arbitr>y me?ods1 z is claim$ bo? by ,cons]vatives & ,revolutioni/s1 b is due above all to ! fact t mank9d 9 g5]al is /eadily1 & ) an ev] increas+ appreciation1 adopt+ ! ,*ri/ian life-conception4 ,!re is a ph5om5on obs]vable 9 human life 9 a mann] analog\s to t ( boil+4 ,^? :o pr(ess ! social life-conception are always ambiti\s to rule1 & /ruggle to atta9 p[]4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ! mo/ gross & cruel1 ! lea/ ,*ri/ian elem5ts ( society1 bubble up1 z x 71 & rise1 by reason ( _! viol5ce1 into ! rul+ or upp] classes ( society4 ,b !n is fulfill$ :at ,*ri/ prophesi$3 ,woe unto y t are ri*6 ,woe unto y t are full6 ,woe unto y1 :5 all m5 %all speak well ( y6 7,luke vi4 #bd-bf74 ,! m5 :o h atta9$ p[]1 & glory1 & ri*es1 & :o h realiz$ all _! *]i%$ aims1 live to discov] t all is vanity1 & gladly return to _! =m] e/ate4 ,*>les ,v41 ,ivan ! ,t]rible1 ,alex&] ,i41 hav+ realiz$ ! evils ( p[] & its futility1 r5\nc$ x because !y recogniz$ x z a calamity1 hav+ lo/ all pleasure 9 ! de$s ( viol5ce :i* !y =m]ly enjoy$4 ,b x is n alone k+s l ,*>les ,v4 & ,alex&] ,i4 :o arrive at ?is disgu/ ( p[]1 b e man :o has atta9$ ! object ( 8 ambition4 ,n only ! /atesman1 ! g5]al1 ! millionaire1 ! m]*ant1 b e (ficial :o has ga9$ ! position = :i* he has long$ ?is half score ( ye>s1 e well-to-d peasant :o has sav$ "o or two hundr$ r\bles1 f9ds at la/ ! same disillusion4 ,n only individuals1 b entire nations1 mank9d z a :ole1 h pass$ ?r\gh ?is exp]i5ce4 ,! attractions ( p[] & all x br+s--ri*es1 honors1 luxury--seem to m5 really wor? /ruggl+ = only until !y are won2 = no soon] does a man hold !m )9 8 grasp ?an !y manife/ _! own empt9ess & gradually lose _! *>m1 l cl\ds1 lovely & picturesque 9 outl9e se5 f af>1 b no soon] is "o envelop$ 9 !m ?an all _! beauty vani%es4 ,m5 :o h obta9$ ri*es & p[]1 ^? :o h /ruggl$ = !m1 b m p>ticul>ly ^? :o h inh]it$ !m1 cease to be gre$y = p[] or cruel 9 its acquisition4 ,hav+ le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 sometimes 9 "o g5]ation1 sometimes 9 sev]al1 h[ utt]ly wor?less are ! fruits ( viol5ce1 m5 ab&on ^? vices acquir$ by ! passion = ri*es & p[]1 & gr[+ m humane1 !y lose _! positions1 be+ cr[d$ out by o!rs :o are less ,*ri/ian & m wick$2 :]eupon !y fall back into a /ratum1 :i*1 ?\gh l[] 9 ! social scale1 is high] 9 t ( morality1 ?us increas+ ! mean level ( ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,b /raightway1 ! worse1 ! r\gh]1 & less ,*ri/ian elem5ts rise to ! surface1 & be+ subject to ! same exp]i5ce z _! pr$ecessors1 aft] "o or two g5]ations ^! m51 too1 recognize ! holl[ness ( viol5t ambitions1 &1 be+ p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 fall back into ! ranks ( ! oppress$4 ,^! are 9 turn replac$ by new oppressors1 less despotic ?an ! =m]1 b r\gh] ?an ^? :om !y oppress4 ,s t al?\gh ! au?ority is to all outw>d seem+ un*ang$1 yet ! numb] ( ^? :o h be5 driv5 by ! exig5cies ( life to adopt ! ,*ri/ian life-conception increases ) e *ange ( rul]s4 ,!y may be m h>%1 m cruel1 & less ,*ri/ian ?an _! subjects2 b always m5 less & less viol5t replace _! pr$ecessors 9 au?ority4 ,viol5ce *ooses its in/rum5ts f among ! wor/ elem5ts ( society2 m5 :o gradually become leav5$1 &1 s(t5$ & *ang$ = ! bett]1 are return$ into society4 ,su* is ! process by means ( :i* ,*ri/ianity takes full] possession ( m5 day by day4 ,*ri/ianity ent]s into ! consci\sness ( m5 9 spite ( ! viol5ce ( p[]1 & ev5 ow+ to t viol5ce4 ,! argum5t ( ! def5d]s ( ! ,/ate1 t if p[] 7 aboli%$ ! wick$ w\ld tyrannize ov] ! good1 n only fails to prove t ! dom9ation ( ! wick$ is a new ?+ to be dread$1--z x exi/s already1--b proves1 on ! contr>y1 t ! tyranny ( ! ,/ate1 :i* all[s ! wick$ to gov]n ! good1 is itself ! real evil :i* we ought to eradicate1 & :i* is con/antly decreas+ by ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,b if ,/ate viol5ce is n to cease until ! rul]s h become s f> ,*ri/ianiz$ t !y w r5\nce x ( _! own accord & no o!rs w be f\nd to take _! places1--if ^! ?+s are com+ to pass1 say ! def5d]s ( ! exi/+ ord]1 :5 is x to happ58 ,if #ahjj ye>s h pass$1 & /ill s _m long to rule1 x is :olly improbable t we %all soon behold ?is *ange1 if x ev] takes place at all4 ,ev5 ?\gh !re may be at pres5t1 z !re always h be51 c]ta9 individuals :o w\ld n rule if !y c\ld1 :o d n *oose to b5efit !mselves 9 t way1 /ill ! numb] ( ^? :o d pref] to rule r ?an to be rul$ is s great t x is difficult to imag9e a "t :5 ! numb] w be exhau/$4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ! conv]sion ( all m51 to induce ea* "o to ex*ange ! pagan = ! ,*ri/ian life-conception1 volunt>ily resign+ ri*es & p[]1 !re be+ none left to pr(it by ^!1 x w\ld be necess>y t n only all ! rude1 half-b>b>\s p1 unfitt$ ei!r to accept ,*ri/ianity or foll[ its precepts1 :o are always to be f\nd 9 e ,*ri/ian community1 %\ld become ,*ri/ians1 b t all savage & non-,*ri/ian nations1 :i* are /ill num]\s1 %\ld also become ,*ri/ian4 ,!re=e 7 "o to admit t ! ,*ri/ianiz+ process may at "s future "t embrace all humanity1 we mu/ /ill take into consid]ation ! degree ( progress t has be5 made 9 #ahjj ye>s1 & realize t ?is c only happ5 aft] _m c5turies4 ,h5ce we ne$ n = ! pres5t tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! ov]?r[ ( au?ority2 all we h to d is to look to x t x is 9 ! be/ h&s4 ,?us reply ! p>tizans ( ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,& ?is reason+ w\ld be p]fectly consi/5t1 provid$ t ! transition ( m5 f "o life-conception to ano!r 7 only to be effect$ by ! process ( individual conv]sion2 t is to say1 t ea* man1 ?r\gh 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce1 %\ld realize ! vanity ( p[]1 & appreh5d ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,?is process is con/antly go+ on1 & 9 t way1 "o by "o1 m5 are conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,b m5 d n become conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity m]ely 9 ?is way2 !re is an ext]ior influ5ce br\ght to be> :i* accel]ates ! process4 ,! progression ( mank9d f "o sy/em ( life to ano!r is accompli%$ n only gradually1 z ! s& glides ?r\gh ! h\r-glass1 gra9 by gra91 until all has run out1 b r z wat] :i* ent]s an imm]s$ vessel1 at fir/ sl[ly1 at "o side1 !n1 borne d[n by its weight1 sudd5ly plunges1 & at once fills completely4 ,& ?is is :at happ5s 9 human communities dur+ a *ange 9 _! life-conception1 :i* is equival5t to ! *ange f "o organization to ano!r4 ,x is only at fir/ t m5 by degrees1 "o by "o1 accept ! new tru? & obey its dictates2 b aft] x has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t dissem9at$1 x is accept$1 n ?r\gh intuition1 & n by degrees1 b g5]ally & at once1 & almo/ involunt>ily4 ,& !re=e ! argum5t ( ! advocates ( ! pres5t sy/em1 t b a m9ority h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! la/ #ahjj ye>s1 & t ano!r #ahjj ye>s mu/ pass away be=e ! re/ ( mank9d w accept x1 is errone\s4 ,= "o mu/ take into consid]ation ano!r mode1 9 addition to ! intuitive ( assimilat+ new tru?1 & ( mak+ ! transition f "o mode ( life to ano!r4 ,?is o!r mode is ?is3 m5 assimilate a tru? n alone because !y may h come to realize x ?r\gh prophetic insight or ?r\gh individual exp]i5ce1 b ! tru? hav+ be5 spread abroad1 ^? :o dwell on a l[] plane ( intellig5ce accept x at once1 because ( _! confid5ce 9 ^? :o h receiv$ x & incorporat$ x 9 _! lives4 ,e new tru? t *anges ! mann] ( life & causes humanity to move onw>d is at fir/ accept$ by a v limit$ numb]1 :o grasp x by k ( x4 ,! re/ ( mank9d1 accept+ on fai? ! =m] tru? ^u :i* ! exi/+ sy/em has be5 f\nd$1 is always oppos$ to ! spread ( ! new tru?4 ,b z1 9 ! fir/ place1 mank9d is n /ation>y1 b is ev] progress+1 gr[+ m & m famili> ) tru? & approa*+ ne>] to x 9 ev]yday life3 & secondly1 z all m5 progress accord+ to _! opportunities1 age1 education1 nationality1 beg9n+ ) ^? :o are m1 & end+ ) ^? :o are less1 capable ( receiv+ new tru?--! m5 ne>e/ ^? :o h p]ceiv$ ! tru? intuitively pass1 "o by "o1 & ) gradually dim9i%+ int]vals1 ov] to ! side ( ! new tru?4 ,s1 z ! numb] ( m5 :o ackn[l$ge x increases1 ! tru? itself becomes m cle>ly manife/$4 ,! feel+ ( confid5ce 9 ! new tru? increases 9 proportion to ! numb]s :o h accept$ x4 ,=1 ow+ to ! gr[+ intelligibility ( ! tru? itself1 x becomes easi] = m5 to grasp x1 especially = ^? l[] intellectually1 until f9ally ! great] numb] readily adopt x1 & help to f\nd a new rgime4 ,! m5 :o g ov] to ! new tru?1 once x has ga9$ a c]ta9 hold1 g ov] en masse1 ( "o accord1 mu* z balla/ is rapidly put into a %ip to ma9ta9 its equilibrium4 ,if n balla/$1 ! vessel w\ld n be suffici5tly imm]s$1 & w\ld *ange its position e mom5t4 ,?is balla/1 :i* at fir/ may seem sup]flu\s & a h9drance to ! progress ( ! %ip1 is indisp5sable to its equipoise & motion4 ,?us x is ) ! masses :51 "u ! influ5ce ( "s new idea t has won social approval1 !y ab&on "o sy/em to adopt ano!r1 n s+ly1 b 9 a body4 ,x is ! in]tia ( ?is mass :i* imp$es ! rapid & frequ5t transition f "o sy/em ( life1 n ratifi$ by wisdom1 to ano!r2 & :i* = a long "t arre/s ! progress ( e tru? de/9$ to become a "p ( human consci\sness4 ,x is errone\s1 !n1 to argue t because only a small p]c5tage ( ! human race has 9 ^! eighte5 c5turies adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 t _m1 _m times eighte5 c5turies mu/ elapse be=e ! :ole _w w accept x1--a p]iod ( "t s remote t we :o are n[ liv+ c h no int]e/ 9 x4 ,x is unfair1 because ^? m5 :o /& on a l[] plane ( developm5t1 :om ! p>tizans ( ! exi/+ ord] repres5t z h9drances to ! realization ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( life1 are ^? m5 :o always g ov] 9 a body to a tru? accept$ by ^? above !m4 ,& !re=e t *ange 9 ! life ( mank9d1 :5 ! p[]ful w give up _! p[] )\t f9d+ any to assume x 9 _! /ead1 w come to pass :5 ! ,*ri/ian life-conception1 r5d]$ famili>1 conqu]s1 n m]ely m5 "o by "o1 b masses at a "t4 ,b ev5 if x 7 true1 ! advocates ( ! exi/+ ord] may say1 t public op9ion has ! p[] to conv]t ! in]t non-,*ri/ian mass ( m51 z well z ! corrupt & gross :o are to be f\nd 9 e ,*ri/ian community1 h[ %all we "k t a ,*ri/ian mode ( life is born1 & t ,/ate viol5ce w be r5d]$ useless8 ,aft] r5\nc+ ! despotism by :i* ! exi/+ ord] has be5 ma9ta9$1 9 ord] to tru/ to ! vague & indef9ite =ce ( public op9ion1 we risk p]mitt+ ^? savages1 ^? exi/+ among u1 z well z ^? outside1 to commit robb]y1 murd]1 & o!r outrages ^u ,*ri/ians4 ,if ev5 ) ! help ( au?ority we h a h>d /ruggle aga9/ ! anti-,*ri/ian elem5ts ev] ready to ov]p[] u1 & de/roy all ! progress made by civilization1 h[ !n c\ld public op9ion prove an effici5t sub/itute = ! use ( =ce1 & avail = our protection8 ,to rely ^u public op9ion alone w\ld be z foolh>dy z to let loose all ! wild bea/s ( a m5ag]ie1 because !y seem in(f5sive :5 9 _! cages & held 9 awe by r$-hot irons4 ,^? m5 entru/$ ) au?ority1 or born to rule ov] o!rs by ! div9e w ( ,god1 h no "r to imp]il all ! results ( civilization1 simply to make an exp]im5t1 & le>n :e!r public op9ion c or _c be sub/itut$ = ! safegu>d ( au?ority4 ,alphonse ,k>r1 a ,fr5* writ]1 =gott5 to-day1 once said1 9 try+ to prove ! impossibility ( aboli%+ ! dea? p5alty3 ,que ,messieurs les assass9s comm5c5t p> n\s donn] l'exemple4 ,& ,i h (t5 he>d ?is witticism quot$ by p]sons :o really believ$ !y 7 us+ a conv9c+ & intellectual argum5t aga9/ ! suppression ( ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,nev]!less1 !re c\ld be no bett] argum5t aga9/ ! viol5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,let ! assass9s beg9 by %[+ u an example1 say ! def5d]s ( gov]nm5t au?ority4 ,! assass9s say ! same1 b ) m ju/ice4 ,!y say3 ,let ^? :o h set !mselves up z tea*]s & guides %[ u an example by ! suppression ( legal assass9ation1 & we w imitate x4 ,& ?is !y say1 n by way ( a je/1 b 9 all s]i\sness1 = su* is 9 reality ! situation4 ,we _c cease to use viol5ce :ile we are surr\nd$ by ^? :o commit viol5ce4 ,!re is no m insup]able b>ri] at ! pres5t "t to ! progress ( humanity1 & to ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em t %all be 9 h>mony ) its pres5t conception ( life1 ?an ?is errone\s argum5t4 ,^? hold+ positions ( au?ority are fully conv9c$ t m5 are to be influ5c$ & controll$ by =ce alone1 & !re=e to pres]ve ! exi/+ sy/em !y d n hesitate to employ x4 ,& yet ?is v sy/em is support$1 n by viol5ce1 b by public op9ion1 ! action ( :i* is compromis$ by viol5ce4 ,! action ( viol5ce actually weak5s & de/roys t :i* x wi%es to support4 ,at be/1 viol5ce1 if n employ$ z a vehicle = ! ambition ( ^? 9 high places1 condemns 9 ! inflexible =m a law :i* public op9ion has mo/ probably long ago repudiat$ & condemn$2 b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t :ile public op9ion rejects & condemns all acts t are oppos$ to ! moral law1 ! law support$ by =ce repudiates & condemns only a c]ta9 limit$ numb] ( acts1 seem+ ?us to ju/ify all acts ( a l ord] :i* h n be5 includ$ 9 its =mula4 ,f ! "t ( ,moses public op9ion has reg>d$ covet\sness1 lu/1 & cruelty z crimes1 & condemn$ !m z su*4 ,x condemns & repudiates e =m t covet\sness may assume1 n only ! acquisition ( ano!r man's prop]ty by viol5ce1 fraud1 or cunn+1 b ! cruel abuse ( weal? z well4 ,x condemns all k9ds ( lu/1 let x be impudicity ) a mi/ress1 a slave1 a divorc$ wife1 or ) "o's wife2 x condemns all cruelty1--bl[s1 bad usage1 murd]1--all cruelty1 n only t[>d human be+s1 b t[>d animals4 ,:]eas1 ! law1 bas$ ^u viol5ce1 attacks only c]ta9 =ms ( covet\sness1 su* z !ft & fraud1 & c]ta9 =ms ( lu/ & cruelty1 su* z conjugal infidelity1 assault1 & murd]2 & ?us x seems to condone ^? manife/ations ( covet\sness1 lu/1 & cruelty :i* d n fall )9 its n>r[ limits4 ,b viol5ce n only demoralizes public op9ion1 x excites 9 ! m9ds ( m5 a p]nici\s conviction t !y move onw>d1 n ?r\gh ! impulsion ( a spiritual p[]1 :i* w\ld help !m to compreh5d & realize ! tru? by br++ !m ne>] to t moral =ce :i* is ! s\rce ( e progressive movem5t ( mank9d1--b1 by means ( viol5ce1--by ! v factor t n only imp$es our progress t[>d tru?1 b )draws u f x4 ,?is is a fatal error1 inasmu* z x inspires 9 man a contempt = ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 life1--spiritual activity1--& leads him to transf] all 8 /r5g? & en]gy to ! practice ( ext]nal viol5ce4 ,x is z ?\gh m5 w\ld try to put a locomotive 9 motion by turn+ its :eels ) _! h&s1 n kn[+ t ! expansion ( /eam 0 ! real motive-p[]1 & t ! action ( ! :eels 0 b ! effect1 & n ! cause4 ,if by _! h&s & _! lev]s !y move ! :eels1 x is b ! semblance ( motion1 &1 if any?+1 injures ! :eels & makes !m useless4 ,! same mi/ake is made by ^? :o expect to move ! _w by viol5ce4 ,m5 affirm t ! ,*ri/ian life _c be e/abli%$ save by viol5ce1 because !re are /ill unciviliz$ nations outside ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 9 ,africa & ,asia 7"s reg>d ev5 ! ,*9ese z a m5ace ( our civilization71 & because1 accord+ to ! new !ory ( h]$ity1 !re exi/ 9 society cong5ital crim9als1 savage & irr$eemably vici\s4 ,b ! savages :om we f9d 9 our own community1 z well z ^? beyond its pale1 ) :om we ?reat5 ourselves & o!rs1 h nev] yield$ to viol5ce1 & are n yield+ to x n[4 ,"o p nev] conqu]$ ano!r by viol5ce alone4 ,if ! victors /ood on a l[] plane ( civilization ?an ! conqu]$1 !y always adopt$ ! habits & cu/oms ( ! latt]1 nev] attempt+ to =ce _! own me?ods ( life ^u !m4 ,x is by ! influ5ce ( public op9ion1 n by viol5ce1 t nations are r$uc$ to submission4 ,:5 a p h accept$ a new religion1 h become ,*ri/ians1 or turn$ ,mohamm$ans1 x has come to pass1 n because x 0 made obligatory by ^? 9 p[] 7viol5ce (t5 produc$ q ! opposite result71 b because !y 7 influ5c$ by public op9ion4 ,nations con/ra9$ by viol5ce to accept ! religion ( ! conqu]or h nev] really done s4 ,! same may be said 9 reg>d to ! savage elem5ts f\nd 9 all communities3 nei!r sev]ity nor clem5cy 9 ! matt] ( puni%m5ts1 nor modifications 9 ! prison sy/em1 nor augm5t+ ( ! police =ce1 h ei!r dim9i%$ or increas$ ! aggregate ( crimes1 :i* w only decrease ?r\gh an evolution 9 our mann] ( life4 ,no sev]ities h ev] succe$$ 9 suppress+ ! v5detta1 or ! cu/om ( duel+ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries4 ,h[ev] _m ( 8 fell[s may be put to dea? = ?iev+1 ! ,t*]kess cont9ues to /eal out ( va+lory4 ,no girl w m>ry a ,t*]kess :o has n prov$ 8 d>+ by /eal+ a horse1 or at lea/ a %eep4 ,:5 m5 no long] fight duels1 & ! ,t*]kess cease to /eal1 x w n be f fe> ( puni%m5t 7! dang] ( capital puni%m5t adds to ! pre/ige ( d>+71 b because public mann]s w h und]gone a *ange4 ,! same may be said ( all o!r crimes4 ,viol5ce c nev] suppress t :i* is c\nt5anc$ by g5]al cu/om4 ,if public op9ion w\ld b fr[n ^u viol5ce1 x w\ld de/roy all its p[]4 ,:at w\ld happ5 if viol5ce 7 n employ$ aga9/ ho/ile nations & ! crim9al elem5t 9 society we d n "k4 ,b t ! use ( viol5ce subdues nei!r we d "k ?r\gh long exp]i5ce4 ,& h[ c we expect to subdue by viol5ce nations ^: education1 traditions1 & ev5 religi\s tra9+ all t5d to glorify resi/5ce to ! conqu]or1 & love ( lib]ty z ! l(tie/ ( virtues8 ,& h[ is x possible to extirpate crime by viol5ce 9 ! mid/ ( communities :]e ! same act1 reg>d$ by ! gov]nm5t z crim9al1 is trans=m$ into an h]oic exploit by public op9ion8 ,nations & races may be de/roy$ by viol5ce--x has be5 done4 ,!y _c be subdu$4 ,! p[] transc5d+ all o!rs :i* has influ5c$ individuals & nations s9ce "t began1 t p[] :i* is ! conv]g5ce ( ! invisible1 intangible1 spiritual =ces ( all humanity1 is public op9ion4 ,viol5ce s]ves b to en]vate ?is influ5ce1 dis9tegrat+ x1 & sub/itut+ = x "o n only useless1 b p]nici\s to ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,9 ord] to w9 ov] all ^? outside ! ,*ri/ian fold1 all ! ,zulus1 ! ,man*urians1 ! ,*9ese1 :om _m consid] unciviliz$1 & ! unciviliz$ among ourselves1 !re is only "o way4 ,?is is by ! diffusion ( a ,*ri/ian mode ( ?\ght1 :i* is only to be accompli%$ by a ,*ri/ian life1 ,*ri/ian de$s1 a ,*ri/ian example4 ,b in/ead ( employ+ ?is "o way ( w9n+ ^? :o h rema9$ outside ! fold ( ,*ri/ianity1 m5 ( our epo* h done j ! opposite4 ,9 ord] to conv]t unciviliz$ nations :o d u no h>m1 :om we h no motive = oppress+1 we ought1 above all1 to leave !m 9 peace1 & act ^u !m only by our %[+ !m an example ( ! ,*ri/ian virtues ( pati5ce1 meekness1 temp]ance1 purity1 & bro!rly love4 ,in/ead ( ?is we beg9 by seiz+ _! t]ritory1 & e/abli%+ among !m new m>ts = our comm]ce1 ) ! sole view ( fur!r+ our own int]e/s--we1 9 fact1 rob !m2 we sell !m w9e1 tobacco1 & opium1 & !reby demoralize !m2 we e/abli% our own cu/oms among !m1 we tea* !m viol5ce & all its lessons2 we tea* !m ! animal law ( /rife1 t l[e/ dep? ( human degradation1 & d all t we c to conceal ! ,*ri/ian virtues we possess4 ,!n1 hav+ s5t !m a score ( mission>ies1 :o gabble an absurd cl]ical j>gon1 we quote ! results ( our attempt to conv]t ! hea!n z an indubitable pro( t ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity are n adaptable to ev]yday life4 ,& z = ^? :om we call crim9als1 :o live 9 our mid/1 all t has j be5 said applies equally to !m4 ,!re is only "o way to conv]t !m1 & t is by means ( a public op9ion f\nd$ on true ,*ri/ianity1 accompani$ by ! example ( a s9c]e ,*ri/ian life4 ,& by way ( prea*+ ?is ,*ri/ian gospel & confirm+ x by ,*ri/ian example1 we imprison1 we execute1 guillot9e1 hang2 we enc\rage ! masses 9 idolatr\s religions calculat$ to /ultify !m2 ! gov]nm5t au?orizes ! sale ( bra9-de/roy+ poisons--w9e1 tobacco1 opium2 pro/itution is legaliz$2 we be/[ l& ^u ^? :o ne$ x n2 surr\nd$ by mis]y1 we display 9 our ent]ta9m5ts an unbridl$ extravagance2 we r5d] impossible 9 su* ways any semblance ( a ,*ri/ian life1 & d our be/ to de/roy ,*ri/ian ideas already e/abli%$2 & !n1 aft] do+ all we c to demoralize m51 we take & conf9e !m l wild bea/s 9 places f :i* !y _c escape1 & :]e !y w become m brutal ?an ev]2 or we murd] ! m5 we h demoraliz$1 & !n use !m z an example to illu/rate & prove our argum5t t p are only to be controll$ by viol5ce4 ,ev5 s does ! ignorant physician act1 :o1 hav+ plac$ 8 pati5t 9 ! mo/ unsanit>y conditions1 or hav+ adm9i/]$ to him poison\s drugs1 aft]w>d cont5ds t 8 pati5t has succumb$ to ! disease1 :5 _h he be5 left to himself he w\ld h recov]$ long ago4 ,viol5ce1 :i* m5 reg>d z an in/rum5t = ! support ( ,*ri/ian life1 on ! contr>y1 prev5ts ! social sy/em f rea*+ its full & p]fect developm5t4 ,! social sy/em is su* z x is1 n because ( viol5ce1 b 9 spite ( x4 ,!re=e ! def5d]s ( ! exi/+ social sy/em are self-deceiv$ :5 !y say t1 s9ce viol5ce b>ely holds ! evil & un-,*ri/ian elem5ts ( society 9 awe1 its subv]sion1 & ! sub/itution ( ! moral influ5ce ( public op9ion1 w\ld leave u helpless 9 face ( !m4 ,!y are wrong1 because viol5ce does n protect mank9d2 b x deprives m5 ( ! only possible *ance ( an effectual def5se by ! e/abli%m5t & propagation ( ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( life4 ,b h[ c "o disc>d ! visible & tangible protection ( ! policeman ) 8 baton1 & tru/ to invisible1 intangible public op9ion8 ,&1 moreov]1 is n its v exi/5ce problematical8 ,we are all famili> ) ! actual /ate ( ?+s2 :e!r x be good or bad we "k its faults1 & are accu/om$ to !m2 we "k h[ to conduct ourselves1 h[ to act 9 ! pres5t conditions2 b :at w happ5 :5 we r5\nce ! pres5t organization1 & confide ourselves to some?+ invisible1 intangible1 & utt]ly unfamili>8 ,m5 dread ! unc]ta9ty into :i* !y w\ld plunge if !y 7 to r5\nce ! famili> ord] ( ?+s4 ,c]ta9ly 7 our situation an assur$ & /able "o1 x w\ld be well to dread ! unc]ta9ties ( *ange4 ,b s f> f enjoy+ an assur$ position1 we "k t we are on ! v]ge ( a cata/rophe4 ,if we are to give way to fe>1 !n let x be be=e some?+ t is really fe>ful1 & n be=e some?+ t we imag9e may be s4 ,9 fe>+ to make an ef=t to escape f conditions t are fatal to u1 only because ! future is obscure & unkn[n1 we are l ! pass5g]s ( a s9k+ %ip :o cr[d into ! cab9 & refuse to leave x1 because !y h n ! c\rage to ent] ! boat t w\ld c>ry !m to ! %ore2 or l %eep :o1 9 fe> ( ! fire t has brok5 out 9 ! f>my>d1 huddle toge!r 9 a corn] & w n g out ?r\gh ! op5 gate4 ,h[ c we1 :o /& on ! ?re%old ( a %ock+ & deva/at+ social w>1 be=e :i*1 z ^? :o are prep>+ = x tell u1 ! horrors ( #agic w pale1 talk s]i\sly ab\t ! dang] ?reat5$ by ! natives ( ,dahomey1 ! ,zulus1 & o!rs :o live f> away1 & :o h no int5tion ( attack+ u2 or ab\t ! few ?\s&s ( malefactors1 ?ieves1 & murd]]s--m5 :om we h help$ to demoralize1 & ^: numb]s are n decreas$ by all our c\rts1 prisons1 & executions8 ,moreov]1 ?is anxiety le/ ! visible protection ( ! police be ov]?r[n1 is *iefly conf9$ to ! inhabitants ( cities--t is1 to ^? :o live "u abnormal & artificial conditions4 ,^? :o live normally 9 ! mid/ ( nature1 deal+ ) its =ces1 require no su* protection2 !y realize h[ little avails viol5ce to protect u f ! real dang] t surr\nds u4 ,!re is some?+ morbid 9 ?is fe>1 :i* arises *iefly f ! false conditions 9 :i* mo/ ( u h gr[n up & cont9ue to live4 ,a doctor to ! insane relat$ h[1 "o day 9 summ]1 :5 he 0 ab\t to leave ! asylum1 ! pati5ts accompani$ him z f> z ! gate t l$ into ! /reet4 ,come ) me into t[n6 he propos$ to !m4 ,! pati5ts agre$1 & a little b& foll[$ him4 ,b ! f>!r !y w5t ?r\gh ! /reets :]e !y met _! sane fell[-m5 mov+ freely to & fro1 ! m timid !y grew1 & press$ m closely ar\nd ! doctor4 ,at la/ !y begg$ to be tak5 back to ! asylum1 to _! old b accu/om$ mode ( insane life1 to _! keep]s & _! r\gh ways1 to /rait jackets & solit>y conf9em5t4 ,& ?us x is ) ^? :om ,*ri/ianity is wait+ to set free1 to :om x (f]s ! untrammel$ rational life ( ! future1 ! com+ c5tury2 !y huddle toge!r & cl+ to _! insane cu/oms1 to _! factories1 c\rts1 & prisons1 _! execution]s1 & _! w>f>e4 ,!y ask3 ,:at security w !re be = u :5 ! exi/+ ord] has be5 swept away8 ,:at k9d ( laws are to take ! place ( ^? "u :i* we are n[ liv+8 ,n until we "k exactly h[ our life is to be ord]$ w we take a s+le /ep t[>d mak+ a *ange4 ,x is z if a discov]] 7 to insi/ ^u a detail$ description ( ! region he is ab\t to explore4 ,if ! individual man1 :ile pass+ f "o p]iod ( 8 life to ano!r1 c\ld read ! future & "k j :at 8 :ole life 7 to be1 he w\ld h no reason = liv+4 ,& s x is ) ! c>e] ( humanity4 ,if1 ^u ent]+ a new p]iod1 a program detail+ ! incid5ts ( its future exi/5ce 7 possible1 humanity w\ld /agnate4 ,we _c "k ! conditions ( ! new ord] ( ?+s1 because we h to "w !m out = ourselves4 ,! mean+ ( life is to se>* out t :i* is hidd51 & !n to con=m our activity to our new k4 ,?is is ! life ( ! individual z x is ! life ( humanity4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,*ri/ian ,,public ,,op9ion ,,already ,,arises ,,9 ,,our ,,society1 ,,& ,,w ,,inevitably ,,de/roy ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,viol5ce ,,( ,,our ,,life4 ,,:5 ,,?is ,,w ,,come ,,ab\t ,! condition & organization ( our society is %ock+2 x is upheld by public op9ion1 b c be aboli%$ by x--,m5's views 9 reg>d to viol5ce h already *ang$2 ! numb] ( m5 ready to s]ve ! gov]nm5ts decreases1 & function>ies ( gov]nm5t !mselves beg9 to be a%am$ ( _! position1 to ! po9t ( (t5 n fulfill+ _! duties--,^! facts1 signs ( ! bir? ( a public op9ion1 :i*1 9 becom+ m & m g5]al1 w lead f9ally to ! impossibility ( f9d+ m5 will+ to s]ve gov]nm5ts--,x becomes m & m cle> t su* positions are no long] ne$$--,m5 beg9 to realize ! uselessness ( all ! in/itutions ( viol5ce2 & if ?is is realiz$ by a few m51 x w lat] be und]/ood by all--,! "t :5 ! deliv]ance w be accompli%$ is unkn[n1 b x dep5ds on m5 !mselves2 x dep5ds on h[ mu* ea* man is will+ to live by ! light t is )9 him4 ,! position ( ! ,*ri/ian nations1 ) _! prisons1 _! gall[s1 _! factories1 _! accumulations ( capital1 taxes1 *ur*es1 tav]ns1 & public bro!ls1 _! increas+ armam5ts1 & _! millions ( besott$ m51 ready1 l dogs1 to spr+ at a ^w f ! ma/]1 w\ld be %ock+ inde$ if x 7 ! result ( viol5ce2 b su* a /ate ( ?+s is1 be=e all1 ! result ( public op9ion2 & :at has be5 e/abli%$ by public op9ion n only may be1 b w be1 ov]?r[n by x4 ,millions & millions ( money1 t5s ( millions ( discipl9$ soldi]s1 m>vel\s weapons ( de/ruction1 an inf9itely p]fect$ organization1 legions ( m5 *>g$ to delude & hypnotize ! p1--?is is all "u ! control ( m5 :o believe t ?is organization is advantage\s = !m1 :o "k t )\t x !y w\ld disappe>1 & :o !re=e devote all _! en]gy to its ma9t5ance4 ,:at an indomitable array ( p[] x seems6 ,& yet we h b to realize :i!r we are fatally t5d+1 = m5 to become z mu* a%am$ ( acts ( viol5ce1 & to pr(it by !m1 z !y are a%am$ n[ ( di%one/y1 !ft1 begg>y1 c[>dice2 & ! :ole complicat$ & app>5tly omnipot5t sy/em w die at once )\t any /ruggle4 ,to accompli% ?is trans=mation x is n necess>y t any new ideas %\ld f9d _! way into ! human consci\sness1 b only t ! mi/ :i* n[ veils ! true significance ( viol5ce %\ld lift1 9 ord] t ! gr[+ ,*ri/ian public op9ion & me?ods may conqu] ! me?ods ( ! pagan _w4 ,& ?is is gradually com+ to pass4 ,we d n obs]ve x1 z we d n obs]ve ! movem5t ( ?+s :5 we are turn+1 & ev]y?+ ar\nd u is turn+ z well4 ,x is true t ! social organization seems = ! mo/ "p z mu* "u ! influ5ce ( viol5ce z x seem$ a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & 9 respect ( armam5ts & w> seems ev5 m2 b ! ,*ri/ian view ( life is already hav+ its effect4 ,! )]$ tree1 to all appe>ance1 /&s z firmly z ev]2 x seems ev5 firm]1 because x has gr[n h>d]1 b x is already rott5 at ! he>t & prep>+ to fall4 ,x is ! same ) ! pres5t mode ( life bas$ ^u viol5ce4 ,! outw>d position ( man appe>s ! same4 ,!re are ! same oppressors1 ! same oppress$1 b ! feel+ ( bo? classes 9 reg>d to _! respective positions has und]gone a *ange4 ,! oppressors1 t is1 ^? :o take "p 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & ^? :o are b5efit$ by oppression1 ! weal?y classes1 d n con/itute1 z =m]ly1 ! lite ( society1 nor does _! condition sugge/ t ideal ( human prosp]ity & greatness to :i* =m]ly all ! oppress$ aspir$4 ,n[1 x (t5 happ5s t ! oppressors r5\nce ( _! own accord ! advantages ( _! position1 *oos+ ! position ( ! oppress$1 & endeavor1 by ! simplicity ( _! mode ( life1 to resemble !m4 ,n to speak ( ^? (fices & positions g5]ally consid]$ contemptible1 su* z t ( ! spy1 ! detective1 ! usur]1 or ! keep] ( a tav]n1 a great _m ( ! positions held by ! oppressors1 & =m]ly consid]$ honorable1 su* z ^? ( police (fic]s1 c\rti]s1 judges1 adm9i/rative function>ies1 ecclesia/ical or milit>y1 ma/]s on a l>ge scale1 & bank]s1 are n only consid]$ little enviable1 b are already avoid$ by e/imable m54 ,already !re are m5 :o *oose to r5\nce su* once envi$ positions1 pref]r+ o!rs :i*1 al?\gh less advantage\s1 are n associat$ ) viol5ce4 ,x is n m]ely su* z ^! :o r5\nce _! privileges2 m5 influ5c$1 n by religi\s motives1 z 0 ! case 9 =m] ages1 b by gr[+ public op9ion1 refuse to accept =tunes fall5 to !m by inh]itance1 because !y believe t a man ought to possess only ! fruits ( 8 own labor4 ,high-m9d$ y\?s1 n z yet deprav$ by life1 :5 ab\t to *oose a c>e]1 pref] ! pr(essions ( doctors1 eng9e]s1 tea*]s1 arti/s1 writ]s1 or ev5 ( f>m]s1 :o live by _! daily toil1 to ! positions ( judges1 adm9i/rators1 prie/s1 soldi]s 9 ! pay ( gov]nm5t2 !y decl9e ev5 ! position ( liv+ on _! income4 ,mo/ ( ! monum5ts at ! pres5t day are no long] erect$ 9 honor ( /atesm5 or g5]als1 /ill less ( m5 ( weal?1 b to sci5ti/s1 arti/s1 & inv5tors1 to m5 :o n only _h no?+ 9 common ) gov]nm5t or au?ority1 b :o frequ5tly oppos$ x4 ,x is to _! memory t ! arts are ?us consecrat$4 ,! class ( m5 :o w gov]n1 & ( ri* m51 t5ds e day to gr[ less num]\s1 & s f> z intellect1 education1 & especially morality1 are conc]n$1 ri* m5 & m5 9 p[] are n ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( society1 z 0 ! case 9 old5 times4 ,9 ,russia & ,turkey1 z 9 ,france & ,am]ica1 not)/&+ ! frequ5t *anges ( (ficials1 ! great] numb] are (t5 covet\s & v5al1 & s little to be comm5d$ f ! po9t ( view ( morality t !y d n satisfy ev5 ! elem5t>y exig5cies ( hone/y dem&$ 9 gov]nm5t po/s4 ,?us "o he>s (t5 ! +5u\s compla9ts ( ^? 9 gov]nm5t t ! be/ m5 among u1 /rangely en\gh z x seems to !m1 are always f\nd among ^? oppos$ to !m4 ,x is z if "o compla9$ t x is n ! nice1 good p :o become hangm54 ,ri* m5 ( ! pres5t day1 z a g5]al ?+1 are m]e vulg> amass]s ( weal?1 = ! mo/ "p hav+ b little c>e beyond t ( increas+ _! capital1 & t mo/ (t5 by impure means2 or are ! deg5]ate inh]itors1 :o1 f> f play+ an important "p 9 society1 (t5 incur g5]al contempt4 ,_m positions h lo/ _! anci5t importance4 ,k+s & emp]ors n[ h>dly direct at all2 !y seldom effect int]nal *anges or modify ext]nal policy1 leav+ ! decision ( su* que/ions to ! dep>tm5ts ( ,/ate1 or to public op9ion4 ,_! function is r$uc$ to be+ ! repres5tatives ( /ate unity & p[]4 ,b ev5 ?is duty !y beg9 to neglect4 ,mo/ ( !m n only fail to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 _! =m] unapproa*able maje/y1 b !y gr[ m & m democratic1 !y pref] ev5 to be b\rgeois2 !y lay d[n ?us _! la/ di/9ction1 de/roy+ precisely :at !y are expect$ to ma9ta94 ,! same may be said ( ! army4 ,! high (fic]s1 in/ead ( enc\rag+ ! r\ghness & cruelty ( ! soldi]s1 :i* befit _! occupation1 promote ! diffusion ( education among !m1 prea* humanity1 (t5 sympa?ize ) ! sociali/ic ideas ( ! masses1 & d5y ! utility ( w>4 ,9 ! late conspiracies aga9/ ! ,russian gov]nm5t _m ( ^? conc]n$ 7 milit>y m54 ,x (t5 happ5s1 z x did rec5tly1 t ! troops1 :5 call$ ^u to e/abli% ord]1 refuse to fire on ! p4 ,! b>rack code ( ideas is frankly deprecat$ by milit>y m5 !mselves1 :o (t5 en\gh make x ! subject ( d]ision4 ,! same may be said ( judges & lawy]s4 ,judges1 ^: duty x is to judge & condemn crim9als1 conduct _! trials 9 su* a fa%ion z to prove !m innoc5t2 ?us ! ,russian gov]nm5t1 :5 x desires ! condemnation ( ^? x wi%es to puni%1 nev] confides !m to ! ord9>y tribunals2 x tries !m by c\rt-m>tial1 :i* is b a p>ody ( ju/ice4 ,! same may be said ( lawy]s1 :o (t5 refuse to accuse1 &1 twi/+ r\nd ! law1 def5d ^? !y %\ld accuse4 ,le>n$ juri/s1 ^: duty x is to ju/ify ! viol5ce ( au?ority1 d5y m & m frequ5tly ! "r ( puni%m5t1 & 9 its place introduce !ories ( irresponsibility1 (t5 prescrib+1 n puni%m5t1 b m$ical treatm5t = s-call$ crim9als4 ,jail]s & turnkeys 9 convict prisons (t5 become ! protectors ( ^? x is a "p ( _! bus9ess to torture4 ,policem5 & detectives are con/antly sav+ ^? !y ought to arre/4 ,ecclesia/ics prea* tol]ance2 !y (t5 d5y ! "r ( viol5ce1 & ! m educat$ among !m attempt 9 _! s]mons to avoid ! deception :i* con/itutes all ! mean+ ( _! position1 & :i* !y are expect$ to prea*4 ,execution]s refuse to p]=m _! duty2 ! result is t (t5 9 ,russia dea?-w>rants _c be c>ri$ out = lack ( execution]s1 =1 not)/&+ all ! advantages ( ! position1 ! c&idates1 :o are *os5 f convicts1 dim9i% 9 numb] e ye>4 ,gov]nors1 commission]s1 & tax-collectors1 pity+ ! p1 (t5 try to f9d pretexts = remitt+ ! taxes4 ,ri* m5 no long] d>e to use _! weal? = !mselves alone1 b sacrifice a "p ( x to social *>ities4 ,l&[n]s e/abli% hospitals & s*ools on _! e/ates1 & "s ev5 r5\nce _! e/ates & be/[ !m on ! cultivators ( ! soil1 or e/abli% agricultural colonies ^u !m4 ,manufactur]s & mill-own]s f\nd s*ools1 hospitals1 & sav+s-banks1 in/itute p5sions1 & build h\ses = ! workm52 "s />t associations ( :i* ! pr(its are equally divid$ among all4 ,capitali/s exp5d a portion ( _! weal? on educational1 arti/ic1 & philan?ropic in/itutions = ! public b5efit4 ,_m m5 :o are unwill+ to "p ) _! ri*es dur+ _! lifetime bequea? !m to public in/itutions4 ,^! facts might be deem$ ! result ( *ance 7 x n t !y all orig9ate f "o s\rce1 z1 :5 c]ta9 trees beg9 to bud 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 we might believe x accid5tal1 only we "k ! cause2 & t if on "s trees ! buds beg9 to swell1 we "k t ! same ?+ w happ5 to all ( !m4 ,ev5 s is x 9 reg>d to ,*ri/ian public op9ion & its manife/ations4 ,if ?is public op9ion already influ5ces "s ( ! m s5sitive m51 & makes ea* "o 9 8 own sph]e decl9e ! advantages obta9$ by viol5ce or its use1 x w cont9ue to influ5ce m5 m & m1 until x br+s ab\t a *ange 9 _! mode ( life & reconciles x ) t ,*ri/ian consci\sness already possess$ by ! mo/ advanc$4 ,& if !re are already rul]s :o d n v5ture on any und]tak+ on _! own responsibility1 & :o try to be l ord9>y m5 r ?an mon>*s1 :o decl>e !mselves ready to give up _! pr]ogatives & become ! fir/ citiz5s ( _! c\ntry1 & soldi]s :o1 realiz+ all ! s9 & evil ( w>1 d n wi% to kill ei!r =eign]s or _! fell[-c\ntrym51 judges & lawy]s :o d n wi% to accuse & condemn crim9als1 prie/s :o evade prea*+ lies1 tax-ga!r]s :o endeavor to fulfil z g5tly z possible :at !y are call$ ^u to d1 & ri* m5 :o give up _! weal?1 !n surely x w ultimately come to pass t o!r rul]s1 soldi]s1 prie/s1 & ri* m5 w foll[ _! example4 ,& :5 !re are no m m5 ready to occupy positions support$ by viol5ce1 ! positions !mselves w cease to exi/4 ,b ?is is n ! only way by :i* public op9ion leads t[>d ! abolition ( ! exi/+ sy/em1 & ! sub/itution ( a new "o4 ,z ! positions support$ by viol5ce become by degrees less & less attractive1 & !re are few] & few] applicants to fill !m1 _! uselessness becomes m & m app>5t4 ,we h to-day ! same rul]s & gov]nm5ts1 ! same armies1 c\rts ( law1 tax-ga!r]s1 prie/s1 weal?y l&[n]s1 manufactur]s1 & capitali/s z =m]ly1 b _! relative positions are *ang$4 ,! same rul]s g ab\t to _! v>i\s int]views1 !y h ! same meet+s1 hunts1 fe/ivities1 balls1 & uni=ms2 ! same diplomati/s h ! same conv]sations ab\t alliances & armies2 ! same p>liam5ts1 9 :i* ,ea/]n & ,african que/ions are discuss$1 & que/ions 9 reg>d to alliances1 ruptures1 ,home ,rule1 ! eight-h\r day4 ,*anges ( m9i/ry take place j z ( old1 accompani$ by ! same spee*es & incid5ts4 ,b to ^? :o "k h[ an article 9 a newspap] *anges p]haps ! position ( affairs m ?an doz5s ( royal int]views & p>liam5t>y sessions1 x becomes m & m evid5t t x is n ^! meet+s1 int]views1 & p>liam5t>y discussions t control affairs1 b some?+ indep5d5t ( all ?is1 some?+ :i* has no local habitation4 ,! same g5]als1 (fic]s1 soldi]s1 cannon1 =tresses1 p>ades1 & evolutions4 ,b "o ye> elapses1 t51 tw5ty ye>s elapse1 & !re is no w>4 ,& troops are less & less to be reli$ on to suppress insurrection1 & x becomes m & m evid5t t g5]als1 (fic]s1 & soldi]s are only figure-heads 9 triumphal processions1 ! play?+ ( a sov]eign1 a sort ( unwieldy & exp5sive corps-de-ballet4 ,! same lawy]s & judges1 & ! same sessions1 b x becomes m & m evid5t t z civil c\rts make decisions 9 a great v>iety ( causes )\t anxiety ab\t purely legal ju/ice1 & t crim9al c\rts are useless1 because ! puni%m5t does n produce ! desir$ result1 !re=e ^! in/itutions h no o!r object ?an ! ma9t5ance ( m5 incapable ( do+ o!r ?+s m useful4 ,! same prie/s1 bi%ops1 *ur*es1 & synods1 b x becomes m & m evid5t to all t ^! m5 !mselves h long s9ce ceas$ to believe :at !y prea*1 & are !re=e unable to p]suade any "o ( ! necessity ( believ+ :at !y no long] believe !mselves4 ,! same tax-ga!r]s1 b m & m incapable ( extort+ money f ! p by =ce1 & x becomes m & m evid5t t1 )\t su* collectors1 x w\ld be possible to obta9 by volunt>y contribution all t is requir$ = social ne$s4 ,! same ri* m51 & yet x becomes m & m evid5t t !y c be useful only :5 !y cease to be p]sonal adm9i/rators ( _! possessions1 & surr5d] to society _! weal? 9 :ole or "p4 ,:5 ?is becomes z pla9 to all m5 z x n[ is to a few1 ! "q w naturally arise3 ,:y %\ld we fe$ & support all ^? emp]ors1 k+s1 presid5ts1 memb]s ( dep>tm5ts1 & m9i/]s1 if all _! int]views & conv]sations am\nt to no?+8 ,w\ld x n be bett]1 z "s wit express$ x1 to set up an india-rubb] que58 ,& ( :at use to u are armies1 ) _! g5]als1 _! musicians1 _! horses1 & drums8 ,( :at use are !y :5 !re is no w>1 :5 no "o wi%es to conqu] anybody else8 ,& ev5 if !re 7 a w>1 o!r nations w\ld prev5t u f reap+ its advantages2 :ile ^u _! compatriots ! troops w\ld refuse to fire4 ,& :at is ! use ( judges & attorneys ^: decisions 9 civil cases are n accord+ to ! law1 & :o1 9 crim9al ones1 are aw>e t puni%m5ts are ( no avail8 ,& ( :at use are tax-ga!r]s :o are reluctant to collect ! taxes1 :5 all t is ne$$ c\ld be contribut$ )\t _! assi/ance8 ,& :]e is ! use ( a cl]gy :i* has long ceas$ to believe :at x prea*es8 ,& ( :at use is capital 9 ! h&s ( private individuals :5 x c be b5eficial only :5 x becomes public prop]ty8 ,hav+ once ask$ all ^! que/ions1 m5 _c b arrive at ! conclusion t in/itutions :i* h lo/ _! usefulness %\ld no long] be support$4 ,& fur!rmore1 m5 :o !mselves occupy positions ( privilege come to see ! necessity ( ab&on+ !m4 ,"o day1 9 ,mosc[1 ,i 0 pres5t at a religi\s discussion :i* is usually held dur+ ,/4 ,?omas's week1 ne> ! *ur* 9 ! ,okhotny ,ryad4 ,a gr\p ( p]haps tw5ty m5 _h ga!r$ on ! pavem5t1 & a s]i\s discussion conc]n+ religion 0 9 progress4 ,mean:ile1 9 ! nobles' club ne> at h&1 a conc]t 0 tak+ place1 & a police-(fic]1 hav+ notic$ ! gr\p ( p ga!r$ ne> ! *ur*1 s5t a m\nt$ policeman to ord] !m to disp]se1--n t ! police-(fic] c>$ 9 ! lea/ :e!r ! gr\p /ay$ :]e x 0 or disp]s$4 ,! tw5ty m5 :o _h ga!r$ inconv5i5c$ no "o1 b ! (fic] _h be5 on duty all ! morn+ & felt oblig$ to d some?+4 ,! "y policeman1 a sm>t-look+ fell[1 ) 8 "r arm akimbo & a clank+ sword1 rode up to u1 call+ out 9 an imp]ative tone3 ,disp]se1 y fell[s6 ,:at bus9ess h y to ga!r !re8 ,e "o turn$ to look at him1 :ile "o ( ! speak]s1 a mode/-look+ man 9 a peasant's coat1 repli$ calmly & pleasantly3 ,we are talk+ ab\t bus9ess1 & !re is no reason :y we %\ld disp]se2 x might be bett] = y1 my "y fri5d1 if y 7 to jump (f f y\r horse & to li/5 to u4 ,v likely x w\ld d y good2 & turn+ away he cont9u$ ! conv]sation4 ,! policeman turn$ 8 horse )\t a ^w & rode away4 ,su* sc5es z ?is mu/ be ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 c\ntries :]e viol5ce is employ$4 ,! (fic] 0 bor$2 he _h no?+ to d1 & ! poor fell[ 0 plac$ 9 a position :]e he felt 9 duty b\nd to give ord]s4 ,he 0 depriv$ ( a rational human exi/5ce2 he c\ld d no?+ b look on & give ord]s1 give ord]s & look on1 al?\gh bo? 7 works ( sup]]ogation4 ,x w n be long be=e all ^? un=tunate rul]s1 m9i/]s1 memb]s ( p>liam5ts1 gov]nors1 g5]als1 (fic]s1 bi%ops1 prie/s1 & ev5 ri* m51 w f9d !mselves--inde$ !y h already done s--9 precisely ! same position4 ,_! sole occupation consi/s 9 issu+ ord]s2 !y s5d out _! subord9ates1 l ! (fic] :o s5t ! policeman to int]f]e ) ! p2 & z ! p ) :om !y int]f]e ask n to be int]f]$ )1 ?is seems to _! (ficial intellig5ce only to prove t !y are v necess>y4 ,b ! "t w surely come :5 x w be p]fectly evid5t to e "o t !y are n only useless1 b an actual imp$im5t1 & ^? ^: c\rse !y ob/ruct w say g5tly & pleasantly1 l ! man 9 ! peasant's coat3 ,we beg t y w let u alone4 ,!n ! subord9ates z well z _! in/ructors w f9d !mselves compell$ to take ! good advice t is (f]$ !m1 cease to prance ab\t among m5 ) _! arms akimbo1 & hav+ disc>d$ _! glitt]+ liv]y1 li/5 to :at is said among m51 & unite ) !m to help to promote ! s]i\s "w ( ! _w4 ,soon] or lat] ! "t w surely come :5 all ! pres5t in/itutions support$ by viol5ce w cease to be2 _! too evid5t uselessness1 absurdity1 & ev5 unseeml9ess1 w f9ally de/roy !m4 ,!re mu/ come a "t :5 ! same ?+ t happ5$ to ! k+ 9 ,&]s5's fairy tale1 ,! ,k+'s ,new ,clo!s1 w happ5 to m5 occupy+ positions creat$ by viol5ce4 ,! tale tells ( a k+ :o c>$ enorm\sly = new clo!s1 & to :om "o day came two tailors :o agre$ to make him a suit wov5 f a wond]ful /uff4 ,! k+ engag$ !m & !y set to "w1 say+ t ! /uff possess$ ! rem>kable quality ( becom+ invisible to any "o unfit = ! (fice he holds4 ,! c\rti]s came to inspect ! "w ( ! tailors1 b c\ld see no?+1 because ^! m5 7 draw+ _! ne$les ?r\gh empty space4 ,h[ev]1 rememb]+ ! consequ5ces1 !y all pret5d$ to see ! clo? & to be v mu* pleas$ ) x4 ,ev5 ! k+ himself prais$ x4 ,! h\r appo9t$ = ! procession :5 he 0 to walk we>+ 8 new g>m5t arriv$4 ,! k+ took (f 8 clo!s & put on ! new ones--t is1 he rema9$ nak$ all ! :ile1 & ?us he w5t 9 procession4 ,b rememb]+ ! consequ5ces1 no "o _h ! c\rage to say t he 0 n dress$1 until a little *ild1 cat*+ sight ( ! nak$ k+1 innoc5tly exclaim$1 ,b he has no?+ on6 ,:]eupon all ! o!rs :o _h kn[n ?is be=e1 b _h n ackn[l$g$ x1 c\ld no long] conceal ! fact4 ,?us w x be ) ^? :o1 ?r\gh in]tia1 cont9ue to fill (fices t h long ceas$ to be ( any consequ5ce1 until "s *ance obs]v]1 :o happ5s n to be engag$1 z ! ,russian prov]b has x1 9 wa%+ "o h& ) ! o!r1 w +5u\sly exclaim1 ,x is a long "t s9ce ^! m5 7 good = any?+6 ,! position ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ) its =tresses1 cannon1 dynamite1 guns1 torp$oes1 prisons1 gall[s1 *ur*es1 factories1 cu/om-h\ses1 & palaces is mon/r\s4 ,b nei!r =tresses nor cannon nor guns by !mselves c make w>1 nor c ! prisons lock _! gates1 nor ! gall[s hang1 nor ! *ur*es !mselves lead m5 a/ray1 nor ! cu/om-h\ses claim _! dues1 nor palaces & factories build & support !mselves2 all ^! op]ations are p]=m$ by m54 ,& :5 m5 und]/& t !y ne$ n make !m1 !n ^! ?+s w cease to be4 ,& already m5 are beg9n+ to und]/& ?is4 ,if n yet und]/ood by all1 x is already und]/ood by ^? :om ! re/ ( ! _w ev5tually foll[s4 ,& x is impossible to cease to und]/& :at once has be5 und]/ood1 & ! masses n only c1 b inevitably mu/1 foll[ :]e ^? :o h und]/ood h already l$ ! way4 ,h5ce ! prophecy3 t a "t w come :5 all m5 w he>k5 unto ! ^w ( ,god1 w =get ! arts ( w>1 w melt _! swords into pl[%>es & _! lances into reap+-hooks2--:i*1 be+ translat$1 means :5 all ! prisons1 ! =tresses1 ! b>racks1 ! palaces1 & ! *ur*es w rema9 empty1 ! gall[s & ! cannon w be useless4 ,?is is no long] a m]e ,utopia1 b a new & def9ite sy/em ( life1 t[>d :i* mank9d is progress+ ) ev] increas+ rapidity4 ,b :5 w x come8 ,eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago ,*ri/1 9 answ] to ?is "q1 repli$ t ! end ( ! pres5t _w--t is1 ( ! pagan sy/em--w\ld come :5 ! mis]ies ( man _h increas$ to _! utmo/ limit2 & :51 at ! same "t1 ! good news ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5--t is1 ( ! possibility ( a new sy/em1 "o n f\nd$ ^u viol5ce--%\ld be proclaim$ ?r\gh\t ! e>?4#bj #bj ,matt4 xxiv4 #c-bh4 ,b ( t day & h\r kn[e? no man1 no1 n ! angels ( heav51 b my ,fa!r only1#ba said ,*ri/4 ,wat* !re=e3 = ye "k n :at h\r y\r ,"l do? come4 #ba ,matt4 xxiv4 #cf4 ,:5 w ! h\r arrive8 ,*ri/ said t we _c "k4 ,& = t v reason we %\ld hold ourselves 9 read9ess to meet x1 z ! goodman %\ld wat* 8 h\se aga9/ ?ieves1 or l ! virg9s :o await ) _! lamps ! com+ ( ! bridegroom2 &1 moreov]1 we %\ld "w ) all our might to ha/5 ! com+ ( t h\r1 z ! s]vants %\ld use ! tal5ts !y h receiv$ t !y may increase4#bb #bb ,matt4 xxiv4 #dc2 xxv4 #a--ac1 #ad-cj4 ,& !re c be no o!r answ]4 ,! day & ! h\r ( ! adv5t ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god m5 _c "k1 s9ce ! com+ ( t h\r dep5ds only on m5 !mselves4 ,! reply is l t ( ! wise man :o1 :5 ! travel] ask$ him h[ f> he 0 f ! city1 answ]$1 ,g on6 ,h[ c we "k if x is /ill f> to ! goal t[>d :i* humanity is aim+1 :5 we d n "k h[ x w move t[>d x2 t x dep5ds on humanity :e!r x moves /eadily onw>d or pauses1 :e!r x accel]ates or ret>ds its pace4 ,all t we c "k is :at we :o =m humanity %\ld or %\ld n d 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ?is ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,& t we all "k2 = ea* "o has b to beg9 to d 8 duty1 ea* "o has b to live accord+ to ! light t is )9 him1 to br+ ab\t ! imm$iate adv5t ( ! promis$ ,k+dom ( ,god1 = :i* ! he>t ( e man ye>ns4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,conclusion ,,rep5t1 ,,= ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,heav5 ,,is ,,at ,,h&6 #a ,enc\nt] ) a tra9 c>ry+ soldi]s to e/abli% ord] among fam9e-/rick5 peasants--,! cause ( ! disord]--,h[ ! m&ates ( ! high] au?orities are c>ri$ out 9 case ( peasants' resi/ance--,! affair at ,orel z an example ( viol5ce & murd] committ$ = ! purpose ( ass]t+ ! rights ( ! ri*--,all ! advantages ( ! ri* are f\nd$ on l acts ( viol5ce4 #b ,! ,tula tra9 & ! behavior ( ! p]sons compos+ x--,h[ m5 c behave z ^! d--,! reasons are nei!r ignorance1 nor cruelty1 nor c[>dice1 nor lack ( compreh5sion or ( moral s5se--,!y d ^! ?+s because !y ?9k !m necess>y to ma9ta9 ! exi/+ sy/em1 to support :i* !y believe to be e man's duty--,on :at ! belief ( ! necessity & immutability ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s is f\nd$--,= ! upp] classes x is bas$ on ! advantages x af=ds !m--,b :at compels m5 ( ! l[] classes to believe 9 ! immutability ( ?is sy/em1 :5 !y d]ive no advantage f x1 & ma9ta9 x ) acts contr>y to _! consci5ce8--,! reason lies 9 ! deceit practis$ by ! upp] classes ^u ! l[] 9 reg>d to ! necessity ( ! exi/+ ord]1 & ! legitimacy ( acts ( viol5ce = its ma9t5ance--,g5]al deception--,special deception--,! conscription4 #c ,h[ m5 reconcile ! legitimacy ( murd] ) ! precepts ( morality1 & h[ !y admit ! exi/5ce 9 _! mid/ ( a milit>y organization = purposes ( viol5ce :i* incessantly ?reat5s ! safety ( society--,admitt$ only by ! p[]s = :om ! pres5t organization is advantage\s--,viol5ce sanction$ by ! high] au?orities & c>ri$ out by ! l[]1 not)/&+ ! k ( its immorality1 because1 ow+ to ! organization ( ! ,/ate1 ! moral responsibility is divid$ among a l>ge numb] ( p>ticipants1 ea* ( :om consid]s "s o!r ?an himself responsible--,moreov]1 ! loss ( consci\sness ( moral responsibility is also due to a mi/ak5 op9ion z to ! inequality ( m51 ! consequ5t abuse ( p[] by ! au?orities1 & s]vility ( ! l[] classes--,! condition ( m5 :o commit acts contr>y to _! consci5ce is l ! condition ( a hypnotiz$ p]son act+ "u ! influ5ce ( sugge/ion--,9 :at does submission to ! sugge/ion ( ! ,/ate diff] f submission to m5 ( a high] ord] ( consci\sness or to public op9ion8--,! pres5t sy/em1 :i* is ! outcome ( anci5t public op9ion1 & :i* is already 9 contradiction to ! mod]n1 is ma9ta9$ only ?r\gh torpor ( consci5ce1 induc$ by auto-sugge/ion among ! upp] classes1 & by ! hypnotization ( ! l[]--,! consci5ce or intellig5t consci\sness ( ^! m5 may awak51 & !re are in/ances :5 x does awak52 !re=e x _c be said t any "o ( !m w1 or w n1 d :at he sets out to d--,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! degree ( compreh5sion ( ! illegitimacy ( ! acts ( viol5ce1 & ?is consci\sness 9 m5 may ei!r awak5 spontane\sly or be r\s$ by ^? already awak5$4 #d ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( conviction ( ea* individual man 9 reg>d to ,*ri/ian tru?--,b ! advanc$ m5 ( ! pres5t day consid] x unnecess>y to expla9 & pr(ess ,*ri/ian tru?1 reg>d+ x suffici5t = ! improvem5t ( human life to *ange its outw>d conditions )9 ! limits all[$ by p[]--,^u ?is sci5tific !ory ( hypocrisy1 :i* has tak5 ! place ( ! hypocrisy ( religion1 m5 ( ! weal?y classes base ! ju/ification ( _! position--,9 consequ5ce ( ?is hypocrisy1 ma9ta9$ by viol5ce & falsehood1 !y c pret5d be=e ea* o!r to be ,*ri/ians1 & re/ cont5t--,! same hypocrisy all[s m5 :o prea* ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e to take "p 9 a rgime ( viol5ce--,no ext]nal improvem5ts ( life c make x less mis]able2 its mis]ies are caus$ by disunion2 disunion spr+s f foll[+ falsehood in/ead ( tru?--,union is possible only 9 tru?--,hypocrisy =bids su* a union1 = :ile rema9+ hypocrites1 m5 conceal f !mselves & o!rs ! tru? !y "k--,hypocrisy *anges into evil ev]y?+ de/9$ to ameliorate life--,x p]v]ts ! conception ( "r & wrong1 & !re=e is a b> to ! p]fection ( m5--,ackn[l$g$ malefactors & crim9als d less h>m ?an ^? :o live by legaliz$ viol5ce cloak$ by hypocrisy--,all recognize ! iniquity ( our life1 & w\ld long s9ce h modifi$ x1 if x 7 n cov]$ by ! cloak ( hypocrisy--,b x seems z if we _h rea*$ ! limits ( hypocrisy1 & h b to make an ef=t ( consci\sness 9 ord] to awak5--l ! man :o has nightm>e--to a diff]5t reality4 #e ,c man make ?is ef=t8--,accord+ to ! exi/+ hypocritical !ory1 man is n free to *ange 8 life--,he is n free 9 8 acts1 b is always free to ackn[l$ge or disreg>d c]ta9 tru?s already kn[n to him--,! recognition ( tru? is ! cause ( action--,! cause ( ! app>5t insolvability ( ! "q ( man's fre$om--,x lies only 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! tru? reveal$ unto him--,no o!r fre$om exi/s--,! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! tru? gives fre$om1 & po9ts ! way 9 :i* a man1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 mu/ walk--,! recognition ( tru? & ( true fre$om all[s man to become a p>ticipant ( ! "w ( ,god1 to be n ! slave b a creator ( life--,m5 h b to =ego ! attempt to improve ! ext]nal conditions ( life1 & direct all _! en]gies t[>d ! recognition & pr(ession ( ! tru? t is kn[n to !m1 & ! pres5t pa9ful sy/em ( life w vani% =?)1 & t portion ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god :i* is accessible to m5 w\ld be e/abli%$--,"o has only to cease ly+ & %amm+ to accompli% ?is--,b :at awaits u 9 ! future8--,:at w happ5 to mank9d :5 !y beg9 to obey ! dictates ( _! consci5ce1 & h[ w !y exi/ )\t ! cu/om>y conditions ( civilization8--,no?+ truly good & b5eficial c p]i% because ( ! realization ( ! tru?1 b w only increase 9 /r5g? :5 fre$ f ! admixture ( falsehood & hypocrisy4 #f ,our sy/em ( life has rea*$ ! limit ( mis]y1 & _c be ameliorat$ by any pagan reorganization--,all our life1 ) its pagan in/itutions1 is devoid ( mean+--,are we obey+ ! w ( ,god 9 ma9ta9+ our pres5t privileges & obligations8--,we are 9 ?is position1 n because su* is ! law ( ! univ]se1 t x is inevitable1 b because we wi% x1 because x is advantage\s = "s ( u--,all our consci\sness contradicts ?is1 & our deliv]ance consi/s 9 ackn[l$g+ ! ,*ri/ian tru?1 n to d to "o's neighbor t :i* "o w\ld n h done to "o's self--,z our obligations 9 reg>d to ourselves %\ld be subord9ate to our obligations to o!rs1 s 9 l mann] our obligations to o!rs %\ld be subord9ate to our obligations to ,god--,deliv]ance f our position consi/s1 if n 9 giv+ up our position & its rights at once1 at lea/ 9 ackn[l$g+ our guilt1 & nei!r ly+ nor try+ to ju/ify ourselves--,! true significance ( our life consi/s 9 kn[+ & pr(ess+ ! tru?1 :]eas our approval (1 & our activity 91 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate takes all mean+ f life--,god dem&s t we s]ve ,him1 t is1 t we seek to e/abli% ! greate/ degree ( union among all human be+s1 :i* union is possible only 9 tru?4 ,i 0 j putt+ ! f9i%+ t\*es to ?is two ye>s' "w :51 on ! #i? day ( ,septemb]1#bc ,i _h occasion to g by rail to visit di/ricts 9 ! gov]nm5ts ( ,tula & ,ryazan1 :]e c]ta9 peasants 7 suff]+ f la/ ye>'s fam9e1 & o!rs 7 endur+ /ill great] suff]+ f ! same causes ?is ye>4#bd ,at "o ( ! /ations ! tra9 9 :i* ,i 0 a pass5g] met ! express1 :i* c>ri$ ! ,gov]nor & troops suppli$ ) rods & load$ rifles = tortur+ & murd]+ ! fam9e-/rick5 peasants4 #bc #ahib4--,tr4 #bd #ahic4 ,al?\gh corporal puni%m5t 0 legally aboli%$ 9 ,russia ?irty ye>s ago1 ! cu/om ( flogg+ z a means ( mak+ ! decisions ( au?ority respect$ has be5 reviv$1 & has ( late be5 frequ5tly employ$4 ,i _h he>d ( x1 _h read 9 ! pap]s ( ! frightful tortures ( :i* ! ,gov]nor ( ,nijni-,novgorod1 ,b>anov1 has gone s f> z to boa/1 & ( ! tortures t h be5 inflict$ 9 ,t*]nigov1 ,tambov1 ,s>atov1 ,a/rakhan1 & ,orel1 b ,i _h nev] yet witness$1 z ,i did n[1 h[ ^! ?+s 7 actually done4 ,& ,i myself saw well-mean+ ,russians1 p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ,*ri/1 b arm$ ) muskets & c>ry+ rods1 on _! way to murd] & torture _! />v+ bro!rs4 ,! pretext 0 z foll[s3-- ,on ! e/ate ( a ri* l&[n]1 ^u a piece ( gr\nd held by him 9 common ) ! peasants1 a =e/ _h be5 all[$ to gr[4 7,:5 ,i say t ! =e/ grew1 ,i mean t ! peasants _h n only plant$ x1 b _h cont9u$ to take c>e ( x47 ,!y _h always _h ! use ( x1 & !re=e look$ ^u x z _! own1 or at lea/ z common prop]ty2 b ! l&[n]1 confiscat+ x entirely to himself1 began to cut d[n ! trees4 ,! peasants lodg$ a compla9t4 ,! judge ( ! l[] c\rt pron\nc$ an illegal decision 7,i call x illegal on ! au?ority ( ! ,procureur#be & ! ,gov]nor1 :o surely ought to und]/& ! case7 9 favor ( ! l&[n]4 ,! high] c\rts1 z well z ! ,s5ate1 al?\gh !y c\ld see t ! case _h be5 unfairly tri$1 confirm$ ! decision1 & ! wood 0 aw>d$ to ! l&[n]1 :o cont9u$ to fell ! trees4 ,b ! peasants1 believ+ x impossible t su* an inju/ice c\ld be p]petrat$ by ! high] magi/rates1 refus$ to submit to ! decision1 & drove away ! workm5 s5t to cut d[n ! trees1 say+ t ! =e/ belong$ to !m1 & t !y w\ld appeal to ! ,cz> himself be=e !y w\ld all[ x to be t\*$4 #be ,attorney-,g5]al4 ,! case 0 report$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 f :5ce ! ,gov]nor receiv$ ! ord] to en=ce ! decision ( ! c\rts1 & 9 ord] to execute ! comm&1 ask$ = troops4 ,h5ce ^! soldi]s :o1 arm$ ) bayonets & provid$ ) c>tridges & rods expressly prep>$ = ! occasion & /or$ 9 "o ( ! vans1 7 on _! way to en=ce ! decision ( ! high] au?orities4 ,! execution ( an ord] f ! rul+ p[]s c be accompli%$ ei!r by ?reats ( torture & dea?1 or by ! en=cem5t ( ^? ?reats1 accord+ to ! degree ( resi/ance on ! "p ( ! p4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 ,russia 7x is practically ! same 9 o!r l&s :]e /ate au?ority & ! rights ( own]%ip exi/71 ! peasants (f] to resi/1 ! result is z foll[s3 ,! sup]ior (fic] makes a spee* & ord]s !m to obey4 ,! excit$ cr[d1 accu/om$ to be dup$ by ^? 9 high places1 und]/&s n a ^w t ! repres5tative ( au?ority is say+ 9 8 (ficial1 conv5tional language1 & is by no means pacifi$4 ,:]eupon ! comm&+ (fic] decl>es t unless !y submit & disp]se1 he w be =c$ to h rec\rse to arms4 ,if ! cr[d /ill refuses to yield & does n disp]se1 he ord]s 8 m5 to load ! muskets & to fire ov] _! heads1 & !n1 if ! peasants /ill /& _! gr\nd1 he ord]s ! soldi]s to aim at ! cr[ds2 !y fire1 & m5 fall w\nd$ & kill$ 9 ! /reet4 ,! cr[d is disp]s$1 ! soldi]s1 c>ry+ out ! ord]s ( _! comm&]s1 hav+ laid h&s ^u ^? :om !y suppose to be ! *ief in/igators1 & arre/$ !m4 ,! dy+1 /a9$ ) blood1 ! w\nd$1 mutilat$1 & dead1 among :om are (t5 wom5 & *ildr51 are pick$ up4 ,! dead are buri$1 ! w\nd$ s5t to ! hospitals4 ,^? :o are suppos$ to be ! r+lead]s are tak5 to ! city & c\rt-m>tial$1 & if prov$ t !y h us$ viol5ce1 !y are summ>ily hung4 ,?is has happ5$ 9 ,russia repeat$ly1 & simil> sc5es mu/ take place :]ev] ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t is bas$ ^u viol5ce4 ,su* is ! c\rse adopt$ 9 cases ( revolt4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! peasants submit1 ! sc5e t ensues is entirely orig9al & peculi>ly ,russian4 ,! ,gov]nor1 on 8 arrival at ! place1 ei!r qu>t]s ! soldi]s 9 ! diff]5t h\ses ( ! village1 :]e _! ma9t5ance ru9s ! peasants1 or1 satisfi$ by ?reat5+ ! p1 he graci\sly p>dons !m & dep>ts4 ,or1 z m frequ5tly happ5s1 he addresses ! multitude1 upbraids x = disob$i5ce1 & ann\nces t ! r+lead]s mu/ be puni%$2 he seizes a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 consid]$ z su*1 & )\t any =m ( trial causes !m to be beat5 ) rods 9 8 pres5ce4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* an affair is conduct$1 ,i w describe an in/ance ( ! k9d :i* happ5$ 9 ,orel1 :i* 0 approv$ by ! high] au?orities4 ,l ! l&[n] 9 ,tula1 ! l&$ proprietor at ,orel *ose to take possession ( ! peasants' prop]ty1 & "h1 too1 z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 ! peasants resi/$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! l&[n]1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! peasants1 wi%$ to dam up1 = ! b5efit ( 8 mill1 a fl[ ( wat] :i* suppli$ ! mead[s4 ,! peasants resi/$ ?is4 ,! l&lord lodg$ a compla9t ) ! rural commiss>y1 :o illegally 7z 0 aft]w>d admitt$ by ! c\rt7 decid$ ! case 9 favor ( ! l&[n]1 giv+ him leave to div]t ! wat]4 ,! l&[n] s5t workm5 to close ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ! wat] desc5d$4 ,! peasants1 excit$ at ?is unfair judgm5t1 s5t _! wom5 to prev5t ! l&[n]'s m5 f damm+ ! *annel4 ,! wom5 proce$$ to ! dam1 upset ! c>ts1 & drove ! workm5 away4 ,! l&[n] ent]$ a compla9t aga9/ !m = committ+ a lawless act4 ,! rural commiss>y gave ! ord] to arre/ & lock up 9 ! village jail "o woman out ( e family1--an ord] r difficult to execute1 s9ce ea* family includ$ sev]al wom52 & z x 0 impossible to tell :i* ( !m to arre/1 ! police c\ld n fulfil ! ord]4 ,! l&[n] compla9$ to ! ,gov]nor ( ! laxity ( ! police4 ,! ,gov]nor1 )\t /opp+ to consid] ! case1 gave /rict ord]s to ! ,ispravnik to c>ry out at once ! ord]s ( ! rural commiss>y4 ,9 ob$i5ce to 8 sup]ior ! ,ispravnik arriv$ 9 ! village1 & ) t contempt = ! individual peculi> to ,russian au?orities1 ord]$ ! police to seize ! fir/ wom5 !y c\ld4 ,disputes & resi/ance arose4 ,! ,ispravnik1 pay+ no att5tion to ?is1 p]si/$ 9 8 ord] t ! police %\ld take "o woman1 innoc5t or guilty1 f e h\sehold1 & put h] "u arre/4 ,! peasants def5d$ _! wives & mo!rs2 !y refus$ to give !m up1 & resi/$ ! police & ! ,ispravnik4 ,?us ano!r & a great] (f5se 0 committ$1--resi/ance to au?ority1--:i* 0 at once report$ 9 t[n4 ,!n ! ,gov]nor1 j z ,i saw ! ,gov]nor ( ,tula1 ) a battalion ( soldi]s suppli$ ) rods & muskets1 back$ by all due accessories ( telegraph & telephone1 accompani$ by a le>n$ physician :o 0 to sup]9t5d ! flogg+ f a m$ical /&po9t1 />t$ on an express tra9 = ! spot1 l ! mod]n ,g5ghis ,khan pr$ict$ by ,h]z54 ,9 ! ,volo/noye ,pravl5ie#bf 7 ! soldi]s1 a deta*m5t ( police ) _! revolv]s susp5d$ on r$ cords1 ! pr9cipal peasants ( ! neighborhood1 & ! m5 accus$4 ,ar\nd !m _h collect$ a cr[d ( p]haps a ?\s&4 #bf ,h\se ( ! rural communal gov]nm5t4 ,driv+ up to ! h\se ( ! ,volo/noye ,pravl5ie1 ! ,gov]nor alight$ f 8 c>riage & deliv]$ an address1 :i* _h be5 prep>$ 9 advance1 aft] :i* he inquir$ = ! crim9als1 & ord]$ a b5* to be br\ght4 ,no "o und]/ood :at he meant until ! policeman1 :o always accompani$ ! ,gov]nor & made all ! arrangem5ts = ! puni%m5ts :i* _h already be5 en=c$ sev]al times 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,orel1 expla9$ t ! b5* 0 to be us$ = flogg+4 ,?is b5* & ! rods t _h be5 br\ght by ! p>ty 7 bo? produc$4 ,! execution]s _h be5 previ\sly select$ f c]ta9 horse-?ieves tak5 f ! same village1 ! milit>y hav+ refus$ to d ! bus9ess4 ,:5 all 0 ready ! ,gov]nor bade ! fir/ ( ! twelve m5 :o 7 po9t$ out to him by ! l&[n] z ! r+lead]s to /ep =w>d4 ,x s happ5$ t he 0 ! fa!r ( a family1 a man =ty-five ye>s ( age1 respect$ 9 ! community1 ^: rights he _h manfully def5d$4 ,he 0 l$ to ! b5*1 /ripp$1 & ord]$ to lie d[n4 ,he w\ld h begg$ = m]cy1 b realiz+ h[ little x w\ld avail1 he made ! sign ( ! cross & /ret*$ himself out on ! b5*4 ,two policem5 held him d[n1 & ! le>n$ doctor /ood by1 ready 9 case ( ne$ to give 8 sci5tific assi/ance4 ,! execution]s hav+ spat ^u _! h&s1 swung ! rods1 & ! flogg+ began4 ,! b5*1 x seem$1 0 too n>r[1 & x 0 f\nd difficult to keep ! wri?+ victim1 ^: muscles twit*$ convulsively1 f fall+ (f4 ,!n ! ,gov]nor ord]$ to be br\ght ano!r b5*1 to :i* a plank 0 adju/$ 9 su* a way z to support x4 ,! soldi]s1 ev] ready ) _! cont9ual salutes & responses ( ,yes1 y\r ,excell5cy1 swiftly & ob$i5tly execut$ ! ord]s1 :ile 9 ! meantime ! half-nak$1 pale1 & suff]+ man1 trembl+1 ) contract$ br[s & d[nca/ eyes1 /ood by wait+4 ,:5 ! b5* 0 readju/$1 he 0 aga9 /ret*$ out ^u x1 & ! horse-/eal]s r5ew$ _! bl[s4 ,8 back1 8 legs1 & ev5 8 sides 7 cov]$ ) ble$+ w\nds1 & e bl[ 0 foll[$ by ! muffl$ groan :i* he c\ld no long] repress4 ,9 ! cr[d t /ood by "o c\ld he> ! sobs ( ! wife & "m1 ! *ildr51 & ! k9sfolk ( ! man1 z well z ( all :o _h be5 call$ to witness ! puni%m5t4 ,! wret*$ ,gov]nor1 intoxicat$ ) p[]1 :o _h no d\bt conv9c$ himself ( ! necessity = ?is p]=mance1 c\nt$ ! /rokes on 8 f+]s1 :ile he smok$ cig>ette aft] cig>ette1 = ! light+ ( :i* sev]al oblig+ p]sons ha/5$ to (f] him a burn+ mat*4 ,aft] fifty bl[s _h be5 giv51 ! peasant lay motionless1 )\t utt]+ a s\nd1 & ! doctor1 :o _h be5 educat$ 9 a gov]nm5t s*ool t he might devote 8 sci5tific k to ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry & 8 sov]eign1 approa*$ ! tortur$ man1 felt 8 pulse1 li/5$ to ! beat+ ( 8 he>t1 & report$ to ! repres5tative ( au?ority t ! victim _h become unconsci\s1 & decl>$ t1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 x might prove dang]\s to prolong ! puni%m5t4 ,b ! un=tunate ,gov]nor1 utt]ly intoxicat$ by ! sight ( blood1 ord]$ ! flogg+ to g on until sev5ty /rokes _h be5 giv51 ! numb] :i* he = "s reason deem$ necess>y4 ,aft] ! sev5tie? bl[ ! ,gov]nor said3-- ,t w d6 ,n[ br+ on ! next "o6 ,!y rais$ ! mutilat$ & unconsci\s man1 ) 8 swoll5 back1 & c>ri$ him away1 & ! next 0 br\ght =w>d4 ,! sobs & groans ( ! cr[d increas$1 b ! tortures 7 cont9u$4 ,s x w5t on until ea* ( ! twelve m5 _h receiv$ sev5ty /rokes4 ,!y begg$ = m]cy1 !y groan$ & scream$4 ,! sobs & moans ( ! wom5 grew l\d] & m he>tr5d+1 & ! faces ( ! m5 ( ! cr[d m gloomy4 ,b !re /ood ! troops1 & ! torture did n cease until x _h seem$ suffici5t to ! un=tunate1 half-intoxicat$1 err+ man call$ ! ,gov]nor4 ,n only did ! magi/rates1 ! (fic]s1 & ! soldi]s sanction ?is act by _! pres5ce1 b !y took "p 9 x1 prev5t+ ! cr[d f int]f]+ ) ! ord] ( its execution4 ,:5 ,i ask$ "o ( ! *ief (ficials :y ^! tortures 7 inflict$ aft] ! m5 _h already submitt$1 he repli$1 ) ! significant air ( a man :o und]/&s all ! f9e po9ts ( political wisdom1 t x 0 done because x _h be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce t if ! peasants are n puni%$ !y w soon beg9 aga9 to oppose ! decrees ( au?ority1 & t ! puni%m5t ( a few /r5g!ns =ev] ! p[] ( au?ority4 ,& n[ ,i saw ! ,gov]nor ( ,tula1 ) 8 cl]ks1 (fic]s1 & soldi]s1 on 8 way to p]=m a simil> act4 ,once m by murd] or torture ! s5t5ce ( ! high] au?orities 0 to be c>ri$ out1--a s5t5ce ^: object 0 to enable a "y l&[n]1 ! possessor ( a ye>ly income ( #ajj1jjj r\bles1 to receive #cjjj m = a tract ( wood ( :i* he _h basely defraud$ a :ole community ( ne$y & />v+ peasants1 ! price ( :i* he w\ld squ&] 9 a few weeks 9 ! re/aurants ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,mosc[1 & ,p>is4 ,su* 0 ! err& ( ! m5 ,i met4 ,x w\ld seem z if !re mu/ be "s purpose 9 ?is enc\nt]1 :51 aft] two ye>s ( incessant contemplation1 ( cont9u\s ?\ght 9 "o direction1 fate %\ld1 = ! fir/ "t 9 my life1 br+ me face to face ) ?is ph5om5on1 a liv+ illu/ration ( ! !ory ,i h s long *]i%$2 namely1 t ! entire organization ( our life re/s1 n on any pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 z m5 :o occupy & enjoy advantage\s positions "u ! exi/+ sy/em l to imag9e1 b on ! rude/ & mo/ b>efac$ viol5ce1 on ! murd] & torture ( human be+s4 ,^? :o possess l>ge e/ates & l>ge capital1 or :o receive high sal>ies collect$ f ! ne$y work+-classes1 f ! p :o (t5 lack ! necess>ies ( life2 m]*ants1 cl]ks1 doctors1 lawy]s1 arti/s1 sci5ti/s1 writ]s1 coa*m51 cooks1 & valets1 :o e>n _! liv+ 9 ! s]vice ( ri* m51--fondly believe t ! privileges :i* !y enjoy are n ! outcome ( viol5ce1 b ! natural result ( a volunt>y int]*ange ( s]vices2 t ^! privileges are by no means ! result ( ! outrages & flogg+s endur$ by _! fell[-m51 su* z took place la/ summ]1 9 ,russia1 9 ,orel & else:]e1 z ! l took place 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!y pref] to believe t ! privileges !y enjoy are ! spontane\s result ( a mutual agreem5t among m52 t viol5ce is only ! natural result ( c]ta9 univ]sal & sup]ior laws1 judicial1 political1 or economic4 ,!y try n to see t ! privileges !y possess are only held by !m 9 consequ5ce ( "s circum/ance1 n unlike t :i* compell$ ! peasants1 :o _h t5d$ ! gr[+ =e/ & greatly ne$$ x1 to surr5d] x to ! ri* l&[n]1 :o _h tak5 no pa9s to pres]ve x1 & :o did n require x = 8 own use2 m5 :o w ei!r be flogg$ or murd]$ if !y refuse to surr5d] x4 ,n[1 if x is an und5iable fact t ! mill 9 ,orel 0 made to yield an increas$ income to ! proprietor1 & t ! =e/ rais$ by ! peasants 0 giv5 to ! l&[n] only because ( ! flogg+ & ! executions ei!r ?reat5$ or actually suff]$1 !n x mu/ be equally evid5t t all ! o!r exclusive rights ( ! ri*1 :i* deprive ! poor ( ! b>e necess>ies ( life1 re/ on ! same basis4 ,if ! peasants :o ne$ l& 9 ord] to support _! families may n cultivate ! l& ar\nd !m1 & if l& suffici5t to fe$ a ?\s& families is 9 ! h&s ( "o man1 a ,russian1 an ,engli%man1 an ,au/rian1 a ri* l&[n] ( :atev] nationality2 & if ! m]*ant :o buys gra9 f ! ne$y gr[] keeps x 9 8 w>eh\ses 9 ! mid/ ( a de/itute & fami%+ population1 or sells x = ?ree times its value to ^? ( :om he b\ght x at ! l[e/ price1--x evid5tly spr+s f ! same cause4 ,& if1 beyond a c]ta9 l9e call$ ! fronti]1 "o man is n all[$ to pur*ase c]ta9 goods )\t pay+ duties to o!r m5 :o h no?+ to d ) _! production1 & if a man is oblig$ to "p ) 8 la/ c[ 9 ord] to pay taxes :i* are di/ribut$ by ! gov]nm5t among its (ficials1 or us$ = ! support ( soldi]s :o may kill ! taxpay]s1 x w\ld seem evid5t t all ?is is n ! result ( c]ta9 ab/ract rights1 b ( incid5ts l ^? :i* may ev5 n[ be go+ on 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,tula1 :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r occur p]iodically all ! _w ov]1 :]ev] /ate organization exi/s1 & :]ev] !re are ri* & poor4 ,ow+ to ! fact t outrage & murd] d n accompany all social relations f\nd$ on viol5ce1 ^? :o possess ! exclusive privileges ( ! gov]n+ classes assure !mselves & o!rs t ! advantages :i* !y enjoy are n ! result ( viol5ce & blood%$1 b d]iv$ f c]ta9 vague & ab/ract rights4 ,/ill x ought to be evid5t t if ^? m51 :o realize ! inju/ice ( x all 7z is ! case ) ! work+-classes at ! pres5t day71 cont9ue to surr5d] ! great] "p ( _! e>n+s to ! capitali/ & ! l&[n]1 & if !y pay taxes1 kn[+ t su* taxes are n put to a good use1 !y d ?is1 n because !y ackn[l$ge ! ju/ice ( c]ta9 ab/ract rights1 ^: mean+ is unkn[n to !m1 b only because !y "k t !y w be :ipp$ & put to dea? if !y refuse to comply4 ,if x is n always necess>y to imprison m51 to flog !m1 or to put !m to dea? :5 ! l&[n] collects 8 r5ts1 if ! ne$y peasant pays a treble price to ! m]*ant :o deceives him1 or ! me*anic accepts wages absurdly small 9 comp>ison ) ! income ( 8 ma/]1 or ! poor man p>ts ) 8 la/ r\ble = duties & taxes1 x is because he rememb]s t m5 h be5 flogg$ & put to dea? = try+ to avoid compliance ) :at 0 dem&$ ( !m4 ,l a cag$ tig]1 :o does n t\* ! meat t lies be=e 8 eyes1 & :o :5 he is ord]$ to leap ov] a /ick obeys at once1 n because he likes x1 b because he has n =gott5 pa/ hung] or ! r$-hot iron :i* he felt e "t he refus$ to obey2 s x is ) m51 :o1 :5 !y submit to a law :i* is n = _! advantage1 to a law :i* is disa/r\s to _! int]e/s1 or to "o :i* !y firmly believe to be unju/1 d s because !y rememb] :at !y w h to suff] if !y refuse to comply4 ,^? :o b5efit by privileges born ( viol5ce long s9ce p]petrat$1 (t5 =get1 & are v glad to =get1 h[ su* privileges 7 obta9$4 ,& yet "o has b to recall ! annals ( hi/ory1--n ! hi/ory ( ! exploits ( k+s1 b g5u9e hi/ory1--! hi/ory ( ! oppression ( ! majority by ! m9ority1 9 ord] to ackn[l$ge t ! sc\rge1 ! prison1 & ! gall[s h be5 ! orig9al & only s\rces :5ce all ! advantages ( ! ri* ov] ! poor h sprung4 ,"o has b to rememb] ! p]si/5t & undy+ passion = ga9 among m51 ! ma9spr+ ( human action 9 ^! days1 to become conv9c$ t ! advantages ( ! ri* ov] ! poor c be ma9ta9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,at r>e int]vals1 oppression1 flogg+1 imprisonm5t1 executions1 ! direct object ( :i* is n to promote ! welf>e ( ! ri*1 may possibly occur1 b we c positively decl>e t 9 our community1 :]e = e man :o lives at ease !re are t5 ov]work$1 hungry1 & (t5 cruelly suff]+ families ( work+-m51 all ! privileges ( ! ri*1 all _! luxury1 all _! sup]fluities1 are acquir$ & ma9ta9$ only by tortures1 imprisonm5ts1 & executions4 ,! tra9 t ,i met on ! #i? day ( ,septemb] c>ry+ soldi]s1 muskets1 ammunition1 & rods to ! fam9e-/rick5 peasants1 9 ord] t ! weal?y l&[n] might possess 9 peace ! tract ( wood he _h wre/$ f ! peasants1 a necessity ( life to !m1 to him a m]e sup]fluity1 af=ds a vivid pro( ( ! degree to :i* m5 h unconsci\sly acquir$ ! habit ( committ+ acts :olly at v>iance ) _! convictions & _! consci5ce4 ,! express consi/$ ( "o fir/-class c>riage = ! ,gov]nor1 (ficials1 & (fic]s1 & sev]al vans cr[d$ ) soldi]s4 ,! jaunty "y fell[s 9 _! fre% new uni=ms 7 cr[d$ toge!r1 ei!r /&+1 or sitt+ ) _! legs dangl+ outside ! wide op5 slid+ doors ( ! vans4 ,"s 7 smok+1 laugh+1 & je/+1 "s crack+ se$s & spitt+ out ! %ells4 ,a few :o jump$ d[n ^u ! plat=m to get a dr9k ( wat] f ! tub1 meet+ "s ( ! (fic]s1 slack5$ _! pace & made t s5seless ge/ure ( lift+ "o h& to ! =ehead2 !n1 ) s]i\s faces1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 do+ some?+ n only s5sible b actually important1 !y pass$ by1 wat*+ ! (fic]s z !y w5t4 ,soon !y broke into a run1 evid5tly 9 high spirits1 /amp+ on ! planks ( ! plat=m z !y ran1 & *att+1 z is b natural = good-natur$1 heal?y "y fell[s :o are mak+ a j\rney toge!r4 ,^! m51 :o 7 on _! way to murd] />v+ fa!rs & gr&fa!rs1 seem$ z unconc]n$ z ?\gh !y 7 (f on ! pleasante/1 or at lea/ ! mo/ ev]yday1 bus9ess 9 ! _w4 ,! gaily dress$ (fic]s & (ficials :o 7 scatt]$ ab\t on ! plat=m & 9 ! fir/-class wait+-room produc$ ! same impression4 ,at a table lad5 ) bottles sat ! ,gov]nor1 ! comm&] ( ! exp$ition1 attir$ 9 8 semi-milit>y uni=m1 eat+ 8 lun*eon & quietly discuss+ ! wea!r ) "s fri5ds he _h met1 z ?\gh ! bus9ess t call$ him hi!r 0 s simple a matt] t x c\ld nei!r ruffle 8 equanimity nor dim9i% 8 int]e/ 9 ! *ange ( ! wea!r4 ,at "s di/ance1 b ta/+ no food1 sat ! *ief ( ! police ) a m\rnful c\nt5ance1 seem+ly oppress$ ) ! tiresome =malities4 ,(fic]s 9 gaudy1 gold-embroid]$ uni=ms mov$ to & fro1 talk+ l\dly2 "o gr\p 0 seat$ at a table j f9i%+ a bottle ( w9e2 an (fic] at ! b> :o _h eat5 a cake bru%$ away ! crumbs t _h fall5 on 8 uni=m1 & ) a self-suffici5t air flung a co9 ^u ! c\nt]2 "s walk$ non*alantly up & d[n 9 front ( our tra9 look+ at ! faces ( ! wom54 ,all ^! m5 on _! way to commit murd]1 or to torture ! />v$ & def5seless peasants1 by ^: toil !y 7 support$1 look$ z if engag$ ^u "s important bus9ess :i* !y 7 really pr\d to execute4 ,:at did x mean8 ,^! m51 :o 7 )9 half an h\r's ride ( ! spot :]e1 9 ord] to procure = a ri* man an extra #cjjj r\bles1 ( :i* he _h no ne$ :atev]1 :i* he 0 unju/ly confiscat+ f a community ( fami%$ peasants1 might be oblig$ to p]=m ! mo/ %ock+ de$s t ! imag9ation c conceive1--to murd] & torture1 z !y did 9 ,orel1 innoc5t m51 _! bro!rs4 ,^! m5 7 n[ calmly approa*+ ! "t & place :5 ^! horrors 7 to beg94 ,s9ce ! prep>ations _h be5 made1 x c\ld n v well be claim$ t all ^! m51 (fic]s & privates1 did n "k :at 0 be=e !m1 & :at !y 7 expect$ to d4 ,! ,gov]nor _h giv5 ord]s = ! rods1 ! (ficials _h pur*as$ ! bir* twigs1 b>ga9$ = !m1 & not$ ! pur*ase 9 _! acc\nts4 ,9 ! milit>y dep>tm5t ord]s _h be5 giv5 & receiv$ conc]n+ ball c>tridges4 ,!y all knew t !y 7 on _! way to torture & possibly to put to dea? _! bro!rs exhau/$ by fam9e1 & t p]haps 9 an h\r !y might beg9 ! "w4 ,to say1 z !y !mselves w\ld say1 t !y are act+ f pr9ciple1 f a conviction t ! /ate sy/em mu/ be ma9ta9$1 is untrue4 ,^? m51 9 ! fir/ place1 h r>ely1 if ev]1 be/[$ a s+le ?\ght ^u political sci5ce2 & 9 ! second place1 because !y c\ld nev] be conv9c$ t ! bus9ess on :i* !y are engag$ s]ves to support r ?an de/roy ! ,/ate2 & f9ally1 because1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! majority ( ^! m51 if n all ( !m1 w\ld n only be unwill+ to sacrifice _! peace & com=t to ma9ta9 ! ,/ate1 b w\ld nev] miss ! opportunity to promote _! own int]e/s at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1--!re=e x is n = ! sake ( s vague a pr9ciple z t ( ma9ta9+ ! ,/ate t !y d ?is4 ,:at1 !n1 does all ?is mean8 ,i "k ^! m54 ,i may n "k !m z individuals1 x is true1 yet ,i "k _! dispositions1 _! pa/ lives1 _! modes ( ?\ght4 ,!y h _h mo!rs1 "s h wives & *ildr54 ,actually1 !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 k9dly1 g5tle1 t5d]-he>t$ m51 :o abhor any k9d ( cruelty1 to say no?+ ( kill+ or tortur+2 moreov]1 e "o ( !m pr(esses ,*ri/ianity1 & consid]s viol5ce p]petrat$ aga9/ ! def5seless a contemptible & %ameful act4 ,ea* tak5 individually1 9 ev]yday life1 is n only incapable1 = ! sake ( p]sonal advantage1 ( do+ "o-hundr$? "p ( :at 0 done by ! ,gov]nor at ,orel1 b any "o ( !m w\ld consid] himself insult$ if x 7 sugge/$ t he c\ld be capable ( do+ any?+ l x 9 private life4 ,& yet !y are )9 a half-h\r's ride ( ! spot :]e !y w inevitably f9d !mselves compell$ to d su* de$s4 ,:at c x mean1 !n8 ,x is n only ! m5 on ?is tra9 :o are ready to commit murd] & viol5ce1 b ^? o!rs ) :om ! affair orig9at$1 ! l&[n]1 ! /ew>d1 ! judge1 ^? 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg :o issue ord]s1--! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 ! ,cz>1 also wor?y m5 & pr(essors ( ,*ri/ianity1--h[ c !y1 kn[+ ! consequ5ces1 conceive su* a s*eme1 & direct its execution8 ,h[ c !y1 ev51 :o take no active "p 9 x1--! spectators1 ^: indignation w\ld be ar\s$ by acc\nts ( private viol5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x be b ! ill-usage ( a horse1--h[ c !y all[ ?is %ock+ bus9ess to g on )\t ris+ 9 wra? to resi/ x1 cry+ al\d1 ,no1 we w n all[ y to flog or to kill />v+ m5 because !y refuse to surr5d] _! la/ prop]ty villa9\sly attempt$ to be wre/$ f !m6 ,& n only are m5 f\nd will+ to d ^! de$s1 b mo/ ( !m1 ev5 ! *ief in/igators1 l ! /ew>d1 ! l&[n]1 ! judge1 & ^? :o take "p 9 orig9at+ prosecution & puni%m5t1 ! ,gov]nor1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 ! ,cz>1 rema9 p]fectly calm1 & %[ no sign ( remorse ov] su* ?+s4 ,& !y :o are ab\t to execute ?is crime are equally calm4 ,ev5 ! spectators1 :o1 x w\ld seem1 h no p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 look ^u ^! m5 :o are ab\t to take "p 9 ?is da/>dly bus9ess ) sympa?y r ?an ) av]sion or condemnation4 ,9 ! same comp>tm5t ) me sat a m]*ant :o dealt 9 timb]1 a peasant by bir?1 :o 9 l\d & decid$ tones express$ 8 approval ( ! outrage :i* ! peasants 7 ab\t to suff]4 ,! gov]nm5t mu/ be obey$2 t's :at x's =4 ,if we pepp] !m well1 !y w nev] rebel aga94 ,x's no m ?an !y des]ve6 he said4 ,:at did x all mean8 ,x c\ld n be said t all ^! m51 ! in/igators1 ! p>ticipants1 ! accomplices 9 ?is bus9ess1 7 rascals1 :o1 9 defiance ( consci5ce1 realiz+ ! utt] abom9ation ( ! act1 71 ei!r f m]c5>y motives or f fe> ( puni%m5t1 det]m9$ to commit x4 ,any man ( !m w\ld1 giv5 ! requisite circum/ances1 /& up = 8 convictions4 ,n "o ( ^? (ficials w\ld /eal a purse1 or read ano!r man's lett]1 or endure an insult )\t dem&+ satisfaction f ! (f5d]4 ,n "o ( ^? (fic]s w\ld *eat at c>ds1 or neglect to pay a gambl+ debt1 or betray a companion1 or flee f ! battlefield1 or ab&on a flag4 ,n "o ( ^? soldi]s w\ld d>e to reject ! sacram5t1 or ev5 ta/e meat on ,good ,friday4 ,ea* ( ^! m5 w\ld *oose to endure any k9d ( privation1 suff]+1 or dang]1 r ?an cons5t to d a de$ :i* he consid]$ wrong4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t !y are able to resi/ :atev] is contr>y to _! convictions4 ,/ill less true w\ld x be to pron\nce ^! m5 brutes1 to :om su* de$s are cong5ial r ?an repulsive4 ,"o ne$s b to talk ) !m to become conv9c$ t all1--l&[n]1 judge1 m9i/]1 gov]nor1 ,cz>1 (fic]s1 & soldi]s1--at ! bottom ( _! he>ts n only disapprove ( su* de$s1 b :5 a s5se ( _! true significance is borne 9 ^u !m1 really suff] at be+ =c$ to take "p 9 ^! sc5es4 ,!y c only try n to ?9k ( !m4 ,"o ne$s b to speak to ^? :o are actors 9 ?is bus9ess1 beg9n+ ) ! l&[n] & end+ ) ! l[e/ policeman or soldi]1 to discov] t at ! bottom ( _! he>ts !y all ackn[l$ge ! wick$ness ( ! de$1 & "k t x w\ld be bett] to ab/a9 f x2 & ?is k makes !m suff]4 ,a lady ( lib]al views 9 our tra91 see+ ! ,gov]nor & ! (fic]s 9 ! fir/-class wait+-room1 & le>n+ ! object ( _! j\rney1 began to talk 9 an o/5sibly l\d tone1 9 ord] t !y might he> :at %e said1 condemn+ ! pres5t laws & cry+ %ame ^u ! m5 :o took "p 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,?is made ev]ybody feel uncom=table4 ,! m5 knew n :]e to look1 yet no "o v5tur$ to argue ! po9t4 ,! pass5g]s pret5d$ t rem>ks s s5seless des]v$ no reply1 b x 0 evid5t by ! expression ( _! faces & _! w&]+ eyes t !y felt a%am$4 ,i notic$ ! same 9 reg>d to ! soldi]s4 ,!y knew well en\gh t !y 7 go+ ab\t an evil bus9ess1 & !y pref]r$ n to ?9k ( :at 0 be=e !m4 ,:5 ! timb] m]*ant1 ins9c]ely1 9 my op9ion1 & simply by way ( %[+ 8 sup]ior k1 began to speak ( ! necessity ( ^! measures1 ! soldi]s :o he>d him turn$ away fr[n+1 & pret5d$ n to li/5 to him4 ,! l&[n]1 8 /ew>d1 ! m9i/]1 ! ,cz>1 all :o are p>ties to ?is bus9ess1 ^? :o 7 travel+ by ?is tra91 ev5 ^? :o1 tak+ no "p 9 ! affair1 7 b look]s-on1 all really "k x to be wick$4 ,:y1 !n1 d !y d ^! ?+s1 :y d !y repeat !m1 :y d !y p]mit !m to be8 ,ask ! l&[n] :o />t$ ! affair2 ! judge :o r5d]$ a decision legal 9 =m1 b absolutely unju/2 & ^? :o1 l ! soldi]s & ! peasants1 w1 ) _! own h&s1 execute ?is "w ( beat+ & murd]+ _! bro!rs1--all ( !m1 in/igators1 adm9i/rators1 & execution]s1 w make ess5tially ! same reply4 ,! (ficials w say t ! pres5t sy/em requires to be support$ 9 ?is mann]1 & x is = ?is reason t !y d ^! ?+s1 because ! good ( ! c\ntry1 ! welf>e ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 ( social life & civilization1 dem& x4 ,! soldi]s1 m5 ( ! l[] classes1 :o are =c$ to execute ?is viol5ce ) _! own h&s1 w answ] t ! high] au?orities1 :o are suppos$ to "k _! bus9ess1 h comm&$ x1 & t x is = !m to obey4 ,x nev] occurs to !m to "q ! capacity ( ^? :o repres5t ! high] au?orities4 ,if ! possibility ( error is ev] admitt$1 x is only 9 ! case ( "s subord9ate au?ority2 ! high] p[] :5ce all ?+s emanate is suppos$ to be absolutely infallible4 ,?us1 :ile attribut+ _! actions to v>i\s motives1 bo? pr9cipals & subord9ates agree t ! exi/+ ord] is ! "o be/ suit$ to ! pres5t "t1 & t x is ! sacr$ duty ( e man to ma9ta9 x4 ,?is assurance ( ! necessity & immutability ( ! exi/+ ord] is cont9ually advanc$ by all p>ticipators 9 viol5ce committ$ by ! ,/ate1 & t1 z ! exi/+ ord] nev] c be *ang$1 ! refusal ( a s+le individual to p]=m ! duties impos$ on him w make no diff]5ce z f> z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple is conc]n$1 & w only result 9 ! sub/itution ( ano!r :o may be m cruel & d m h>m4 ,?is belief t ! exi/+ ord] is immutable1 & t x is ! sacr$ duty ( e man to l5d x support1 enc\rages e man ( good moral "* to take "p1 ) a consci5ce m or less cle>1 9 su* affairs z t :i* occurr$ 9 ,orel1 & ! "o 9 :i* ^? 9 ! tra9 = ,tula 7 go+ to take "p4 ,on :at1 !n1 is ?is belief f\nd$8 ,x is b natural t x %\ld seem pleasant & desirable to a l&[n] to believe t ! exi/+ ord] is indisp5sable & immutable1 because x secures to him ! income f 8 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( dessiat9s by :i* 8 idle & luxuri\s exi/5ce is ma9ta9$4 ,x is also natural t ! judge %\ld will+ly admit ! necessity ( a sy/em ?r\gh :i* he receives fifty times m ?an ! mo/ h>d-work+ labor+ man4 ,& ! same may be said 9 reg>d to ! o!r high] function>ies4 ,x is only :ile ! pres5t sy/em endures t he1 z gov]nor1 procureur1 s5ator1 or memb] ( ! c\ncil1 c receive 8 sal>y ( sev]al ?\s&s1 )\t :i* he & 8 family w\ld c]ta9ly p]i%2 = outside ! place :i* he fills1 m or less well accord+ to 8 abilities & dilig5ce1 he c\ld comm& only a fraction ( :at he receives4 ,! m9i/]s1 ! head ( ! ,/ate1 & e p]son 9 high au?ority are all alike 9 ?is1 save t ! high] _! rank1 ! m exclusive _! position1 ! m important x becomes t !y %\ld believe no ord] possible1 except t :i* n[ exi/s2 = 7 x ov]?r[n1 n only w\ld !y f9d x impossible to ga9 simil> positions1 b !y w\ld fall l[] 9 ! scale ?an o!r m54 ,! man :o volunt>ily hires himself out z a policeman = t5 r\bles a mon?1 a sum :i* he c\ld easily e>n 9 any o!r position1 has b little int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! exi/+ sy/em1 & !re=e may or may n believe 9 its immutability4 ,b ! k+ or emp]or1 :o receives 8 millions1 :o kn[s t ar\nd him !re are ?\s&s ( m5 envi\s to take 8 place1 :o kn[s t f no o!r qu>t] c\ld he draw su* an income or receive su* homage1 t1 if ov]?r[n1 he might be judg$ = abuse ( p[]1--!re is nei!r k+ nor emp]or :o c help believ+ 9 ! immutability & sanctity ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,! high] ! position 9 :i* a man is plac$1 ! m un/able x is2 & ! m p]il\s & frightful ! possible d[nfall1 ! m firmly w he believe 9 ! immutability ( ! exi/+ ord]2 & he is able to d wick$ & cruel de$s ) a p]fectly peaceful consci5ce1 because he p]suades himself t !y are done1 n = 8 own b5efit1 b = ! support ( ! exi/+ ord]4 ,& s x is ) e individual 9 au?ority1 f obscure policem5 to ! man :o occupies ! mo/ exalt$ rank1--! positions !y occupy be+ m advantage\s ?an ^? :i* !y might be capable ( fill+ if ! pres5t sy/em did n exi/4 ,all ^! m5 believe m or less 9 its immutability1 because x is advantage\s to !m4 ,b :at influ5ces ! peasants1 ! soldi]s1 :o /& on ! l[e/ rung ( ! ladd] & :o d]ive no advantage f ! exi/+ sy/em1 :o are 9 ! mo/ enslav$ & degrad$ condition2 :at induces !m to believe t ! exi/+ ord]1 :i* s]ves to keep !m 9 ?is inf]ior position1 is ! be/1 & "o :i* %\ld be ma9ta9$2 & :y are !y will+1 9 ord] to promote ?is end1 to violate _! consci5ces by committ+ wick$ de$s8 ,:at urges !m to ! false conclusion t ! exi/+ ord] is immutable & ought !re=e to be ma9ta9$1 :5 ! fact is t its immutability is due only to _! own ef=t to ma9ta9 x8 ,:y d ^? m51 tak5 f ! pl[1 :om we see masqu]ad+ 9 ugly1 objectionable uni=ms1 ) blue coll>s & gold buttons1 g ab\t arm$ ) muskets & sab]s to kill _! fami%+ fa!rs & bro!rs8 ,!y d]ive no advantage f _! pres5t position2 !y w\ld be no los]s 7 !y depriv$ ( x1 s9ce x is worse ?an ! "o f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,^? 9 au?ority belong+ to ! high] classes1 ! l&[n]s & m]*ants1 ! judges1 s5ators1 gov]nors1 m9i/]s1 & k+s1 ! (ficials 9 g5]al1 p>ticipate 9 su* actions & ma9ta9 ! pres5t sy/em1 because su* a sy/em is = _! int]e/4 ,(t5 en\gh !y are k9d-he>t$ & g5tle m54 ,!y play no p]sonal "p 9 ^! acts2 all !y d is to in/itute inquiries1 pron\nce judgm5ts1 & issue comm&s4 ,^? 9 au?ority d n !mselves execute ! de$s :i* !y h devis$ & ord]$4 ,!y b r>ely see 9 :at mann] ^! dreadful de$s are execut$4 ,b ! un=tunate memb]s ( ! l[] classes1 :o receive no b5efit f ! exi/+ sy/em1 :o1 on ! o!r h&1 f9d !mselves greatly despis$ because ( ! duties :i* !y p]=m 9 ord] t a sy/em :i* is oppos$ to _! own int]e/s may be ma9ta9$1--!y :o te> m5 f ! bosom ( _! families to s5d !m to ! galleys1 :o b9d & imprison !m1 :o /& on gu>d ov] !m1 :o %oot !m1 :y d !y d ?is8 ,:at is x t compels ^! m5 to believe t ! exi/+ ord] is immutable1 & t x is _! duty to ma9ta9 x8 ,viol5ce exi/s only because !re are ^? :o ) _! own h&s maltreat1 b9d1 imprison1 & murd]4 ,if !re 7 no policem51 or soldi]s1 or arm$ m5 ( any sort ready :5 bidd5 to use viol5ce & to put m5 to dea?1 n "o ( ^? :o sign dea?-w>rants1 or s5t5ce = imprisonm5t = life or h>d labor 9 ! galleys1 w\ld ev] h suffici5t c\rage himself to hang1 imprison1 or torture "o ?\s&? "p ( ^? :om n[1 sitt+ 9 _! /udies1 ^! m5 calmly ord] to be hung or tortur$1 because !y d n see x done1 !y d n d x !mselves4 ,_! s]vants d x = !m 9 "s f>-away corn]4 ,all ^! de$s ( inju/ice & cruelty h become an integral "p ( ! exi/+ sy/em ( life1 only because !re are m5 ev] ready to execute !m4 ,if !re 7 no su* m51 ! multitude ( human be+s :o are n[ ! victims ( viol5ce w\ld be sp>$1 & fur!rmore1 ! magi/rates w\ld nev] d>e to issue1 nor ev5 dream ( issu+1 ^? comm&s :i* !y n[ s5d =? ) su* assurance4 ,if !re 7 no m5 to obey ! w ( o!rs & to execute comm&s to torture & murd]1 no "o w\ld ev] d>e to def5d ! decl>ation s confid5tly made by l&[n]s & m5 ( leisure2 namely1 t ! l& ly+ on all sides ( ! un=tunate peasants1 :o are p]i%+ = ! want ( x1 is ! prop]ty ( ! man :o does n till x1 & t res]ves ( gra91 fraudul5tly obta9$1 are to be held intact amid/ a fam9e-/rick5 & dy+ population1 because ! m]*ant mu/ h 8 pr(it4 ,if !re 7 no m5 ready at ! bidd+ ( ! au?orities to torture & murd]1 ! l&[n] w\ld nev] dream ( seiz+ a =e/ :i* _h be5 t5d$ by ! peasants2 nor w\ld (ficials consid] !mselves entitl$ to sal>ies paid to !m f money wrung f ! fami%$ p :om !y oppress1 or :i* !y d]ive = ! prosecution1 imprisonm5t1 & exile ( m5 :o d5\nce falsehood & prea* ! tru?4 ,all ?is is done because ^? 9 au?ority well "k t !y h always at h& submissive ag5ts ready to obey _! comm&s to outrage & to murd]4 ,x is to ?is cr[d ( submissive slaves1 ready to obey all ord]s1 t we owe ! de$s ( ! :ole s]ies ( tyrants1 f ,napoleon to ! obscure capta9 :o bids 8 m5 fire ^u ! p4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( policem5 & soldi]s 7especially ! latt]1 s9ce ! =m] c act only :5 support$ by milit>y =ce7 t ^! de$s ( viol5ce are committ$4 ,:at1 !n1 has induc$ ^? :o are by no means b5efit$ by do+ ) _! h&s ^! dreadful de$s1--:at is x t has l$ ^! k9dly m5 into an error s gross t !y actually believe t ! pres5t sy/em1 :i* is s di/ress+1 s baleful1 s fatal1 is ! "o be/ suit$ to ! times8 ,:o has l$ !m into ?is extraord9>y ab]ration8 ,!y c nev] h p]suad$ !mselves t a c\rse :i* is n only pa9ful & oppos$ to _! int]e/s1 b :i* is fatal to _! class1 :i* =ms n9e-t5?s ( ! entire population1 "o :i*1 too1 is oppos$ to _! consci5ce1 is "r4 ,:at reason c y give = kill+ m51 :5 ,god's comm&m5t says1 ',?\ %alt n kill'8 is a "q ,i h (t5 put to diff]5t soldi]s4 ,& x always emb>rass$ !m to h a "q put :i* recall$ :at !y w\ld r n rememb]4 ,!y knew t ! div9e law =bade murd]1--?\ %alt n kill1--& !y _h always kn[n ( ?is compulsory milit>y duty1 b _h nev] ?\ght ( "o z contradictory to ! o!r4 ,! hesitat+ replies to my "q 7 usually to ! effect t ! act ( kill+ a man 9 w> & ! execution ( crim9als by ord] ( ! gov]nm5t 7 n includ$ 9 ! g5]al prohibition aga9/ murd]4 ,b :5 ,i rejo9$ t no su* limitation exi/$ 9 ! law ( ,god1 & cit$ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( bro!rhood1 ! =giv5ess ( injuries1 ! injunction to love "o's neighbor1 all ( :i* precepts are q contr>y to murd]1 ! m5 ( ! l[] class w\ld usually agree ) me & ask1 ,h[ !n c x be t ! gov]nm5t 7:i* !y believe _c err7 s5ds troops to w> & ord]s ! execution ( crim9als8 ,:5 ,i repli$ t ?is 0 a mi/ake on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 my int]locutors became /ill m uncom=table1 & ei!r dropp$ ! conv]sation or %[$ annoyance4 ,probably !re is a law = x4 ,i %\ld ?9k ! bi%ops "k m ?an y d1 a ,russian soldi] once said to me4 ,& he evid5tly felt reliev$1 confid5t t 8 sup]iors _h f\nd a law1 "o t _h au?oriz$ 8 ance/ors & _! successors1 millions ( m5 l himself1 to s]ve ! ,/ate1 & t ! "q ,i _h ask$ is 9 ! nature ( a conundrum4 ,e man 9 ,*ri/5dom has und\bt$ly be5 taught by tradition1 by revelation1 & by ! voice ( consci5ce1 :i* c nev] be ga9said1 t murd] is "o ( ! mo/ he9\s crimes m5 c commit2 x is ?us affirm$ 9 ! gospel1 & !y "k t ?is s9 ( murd] is n alt]$ by conditions--t is to say1 if x is s9ful to kill "o man1 x is s9ful to kill ano!r4 ,any man kn[s t1 if murd] be a s91 x is n *ang$ by ! "* or position ( ! man aga9/ :om x is committ$1 :i* is ! case also ) adult]y1 !ft1 & all o!r s9s1 & yet m5 are accu/om$ f *ildhood to see murd]1 n only ackn[l$g$1 b bless$ by ^? :om !y are taught to reg>d z _! spiritual directors appo9t$ by ,*ri/1 & to "k t _! temporal lead]s1 ) calm assurance1 c\nt5ance ! cu/om ( murd]1 & summon all m51 9 ! "n ( ! law & ev5 ! "n ( ,god1 to its p>ticipation4 ,m5 p]ceive ! exi/5ce ( an inconsi/5cy1 b f9d+ !mselves unable to disc]n its cause1 !y naturally attribute ! idea to _! own ignorance4 ,! obvi\sness & crudity ( ! contradiction confirms !m 9 ?is belief4 ,!y _c imag9e t _! sup]iors & tea*]s1 ev5 ! sci5ti/s1 c\ld advocate ) s mu* assurance two pr9ciples s utt]ly at v>iance z ! comm& to foll[ ! law ( ,*ri/1 & ! requirem5t to commit murd]4 ,no pure-m9d$1 innoc5t *ild1 no y\?1 c\ld imag9e t m5 :o /& s high 9 8 e/eem1 :om he looks ^u ) su* rev]5ce1 c\ld = any purpose deceive him s unscrupul\sly4 ,& yet x is ?is v deception :i* is con/antly practis$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to all work+-m51 :o h p]sonally no "t to analyze moral & religi\s problems1 x is taught f *ildhood1 by example & precept1 t tortures & murd]s are compatible ) ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 c]ta9 cases !y %\ld n only be p]mitt$1 b mu/ be employ$2 9 ! second place1 to c]ta9 among !m1 engag$ 9 ! army ei!r ?r\gh conscription or volunt>ily1 x is convey$ t ! accompli%m5t ) _! own h&s ( torture or homicide is n only _! sacr$ duty1 b a glori\s exploit1 m]it+ praise & recomp5se4 ,?is univ]sal deception is propagat$ by all cate*isms or _! sub/itutes1 ^? books :i* at ! pres5t "t tea*]s are compell$ to use 9 ! in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,x is taught t viol5ce1--outrage1 imprisonm5t1 execution1--! murd] t takes place 9 civil or 9 =eign w>1 has = its object ! ma9t5ance & security ( ! political organization1--:e!r ?is be an absolute or a con/itutional mon>*y1 consulate1 republic1 or commune1--t x is p]fectly legitimate1 & t x is 9 contradiction nei!r to morality nor ,*ri/ianity4 ,& m5 are s firmly conv9c$ ( ?is t !y gr[ up1 live1 & die 9 ! belief1 nev] = a mom5t d\bt+ x4 ,s mu* = ?is univ]sal deception4 ,& n[ = ano!r1 :i* is special1 & practis$ ^u soldi]s & police1 ! in/rum5ts by ^: ag5cy outrages & murd]s1 necess>y = ! support & ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ ord]1 are accompli%$4 ,! milit>y rules & regulations ( e c\ntry are practically ! same z ^? =mulat$ 9 ! ,russian milit>y code4 #hg4 ,to fulfil exactly1 & )\t comm5t1 ! ord]s ( ! sup]ior (fic]s1 means--to execute ord]s ) precision1 )\t consid]+ :e!r !y are good or bad1 or :e!r _! execution be possible4 ,only ! sup]ior is responsible = ! consequ5ces ( 8 ord]4 #hh4 ,! only occasion on :i* ! inf]ior %\ld n obey ! ord] ( 8 sup]ior is :5 he sees pla9ly t 9 obey+ x 444 7,"h "o naturally ?9ks x w surely g on to say :5 he pla9ly sees t 9 fulfill+ ! ord] ( 8 sup]ior he violates ! law ( ,god4 ,n at all2 x goes on to say37 sees pla9ly t he violates ! oa? ( allegiance & duty to 8 sov]eign4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! code t a man1 9 becom+ a soldi]1 c & mu/ execute all ! ord]s1 )\t exception1 :i* he receives f 8 sup]ior2 ord]s :i*1 = a soldi]1 are = ! mo/ "p connect$ ) murd]4 ,he may violate e law1 human & div9e1 z long z he does n violate 8 oa? ( allegiance to him :o1 at a giv5 "t1 happ5s to be 9 p[]4 ,?us x /&s 9 ! ,russian milit>y code1 & ?is is ! sub/ance ( ! milit>y codes ( o!r nations4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,! f\ndations ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate re/ ^u ! delusion by means ( :i* m5 are set free f _! obligations to ,god & to _! own consci5ces1 & b\nd to obey ! w ( a casual sup]ior4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! appall+ conviction t prevails among ! l[] classes1 t ! exi/+ sy/em1 s ru9\s to !m1 is necess>y & ju/ifiable1 & t x mu/ be ma9ta9$ by outrage & murd]4 ,?is is inevitable4 ,9 ord] to =ce ! l[]1 ! m num]\s classes to act z _! own oppressors & torm5tors1 to commit de$s contr>y to _! consci5ces1 x is necess>y to deceive !m4 ,& ?is is done4 ,n long s9ce ,i saw aga9 put into practice ?is %ameful deception1 & aga9 wond]$ to see x effect$ )\t opposition & s audaci\sly4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 on my way ?r\gh ,tula1 ,i saw at ! gates ( ! ,zemskaya ,uprava ! famili> d5se cr[d ( m5 & wom51 f :i* issu$ ! s\nds ( drunk5 voices1 bl5d$ ) ! he>tr5d+ sobs ( ! wives & mo!rs4 ,! milit>y conscription 0 9 progress4 ,z usual1 ,i c\ld n pass by )\t paus+2 ! sight attracts me z by fasc9ation4 ,aga9 ,i m+l$ ) ! cr[d1 & /ood look+ on1 que/ion+1 & m>vel+ at ! facility ) :i* ?is mo/ t]rible ( all (f5ses is committ$ 9 broad daylight1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge city4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,novemb]1 9 e village 9 ,russia1 ) its population ( "o hundr$ millions1 ! />o/as1#bg accord+ to cu/om1 take ! m5 ^: names are ent]$ on ! rolls1 frequ5tly _! own sons1 & c>ry !m to t[n4 #bg ,eld]s4 ,on ! way ! m5 dr9k freely1 un*eck$ by ! eld] m52 !y realize t ent]+ ^u ?is insane bus9ess ( leav+ _! wives & mo!rs1 giv+ up ev]y?+ t is sacr$ to !m1 only to become ! s5seless tools ( murd]1 is too pa9ful if "o's s5ses are n /upefi$ ) w9e4 ,& ?us !y j\rney on1 c>\s+1 brawl+1 s++1 & fight+4 ,! night is sp5t 9 a tav]n1 & on ?is morn+1 hav+ drunk /ill m1 !y assemble be=e ! h\se ( ! ,uprava4 ,"s 9 new %eepsk9 coats1 ) knit muffl]s w\nd r\nd _! necks1 "s ) _! eyes swoll5 ) dr9k+1 "s noisy & boi/]\s1 by way ( /imulat+ _! c\rage1 o!rs sil5t & woebegone1 !y 7 ga!r$ ne> ! gates1 surr\nd$ by _! wives & mo!rs ) te>-/a9$ faces1 await+ _! turn 7,i happ5$ to be !re on ! day :5 ! recruits 7 receiv$1 t is to say1 ! day on :i* !y 7 exam9$71 :ile o!rs 7 cr[d+ ! entry ( ! (fice4 ,mean:ile !y are hurry+ on ! "w )94 ,a door op5s & ! gu>d calls = ,piotr ,sidorov4 ,piotr ,sidorov makes ! sign ( ! cross1 looks ar\nd ) a />tl$ gaze1 & op5+ a glass door1 he ent]s ! small room :]e ! recruits take (f _! clo!s4 ,! man be=e him1 8 fri5d1 :o has j be5 enroll$1 has b ?is mom5t /epp$ out ( ! (fice />k nak$1 & ) *att]+ tee? ha/5s to put on 8 clo!s4 ,piotr ,sidorov has he>d1 & c pla9ly see by ! look on 8 face1 t ! man has be5 enli/$4 ,he longs to "q him1 b he is ord]$ to undress z quickly z possible4 ,he pulls (f 8 %eepsk9 coat1 drops 8 wai/coat & 8 %irt1 & ) prom95t ribs1 trembl+ & reek+ ) ! odors ( liquor1 tobacco1 & sweat1 /eps b>efoot$ into ! (fice1 wond]+ :at he %all d ) 8 l>ge s9ewy h&s4 ,a portrait ( ! ,emp]or 9 uni=m1 ) a ribbon across 8 brea/1 9 a l>ge gold5 frame1 hangs 9 a conspicu\s place1 :ile a small ikon ( ,*ri/1 clad 9 a loose g>m5t1 ) ! cr[n ( ?orns on 8 head1 hangs 9 "o corn]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! room is a table cov]$ ) a gre5 clo? on :i* pap]s are ly+1 & on :i* /&s a small ?ree-corn]$ object surm\nt$ by an eagle & call$ ! mirror ( ju/ice4 ,ar\nd ! table ! (ficials sit tranquilly4 ,"o smokes1 ano!r turns ov] ! pap]s4 ,z soon z ,sidorov ent]s a gu>d comes up & measures him4 ,8 *9 is rais$ & 8 feet are adju/$4 ,!n a man :o is smok+ a cig>ette--! doctor--approa*es him1 & )\t glanc+ at 8 face1 b gaz+ 9 ano!r direction1 t\*es 8 body ) an expression ( disgu/1 measures him1 ord]s ! gu>d to op5 8 m\?1 tells him to brea!1 & !n proce$s to dictate to ano!r man :o takes d[n ! m9utes4 ,f9ally1 & /ill )\t ev5 "o glance at 8 face1 ! doctor says3 ,he w d6 ,! next6 & ) a we>i$ air he seats himself at ! table4 ,once m ! gu>d hu/les him ab\t1 bidd+ him to make ha/e4 ,someh[ or o!r he pulls on 8 %irt1 fumbl+ = ! sleeves1 ha/ily gets on 8 tr\s]s1 wraps 8 feet 9 ! rags he uses = /ock+s1 pulls on 8 boots1 hunts = 8 muffl] & cap1 tucks 8 %eepsk9 coat "u 8 arm1 & is escort$ to t "p ( ! hall :i* is f5c$ (f by a b5*1 :]e ! recruits :o h be5 admitt$ are plac$4 ,a "y c\ntryman l himself1 b f ano!r1 f>-away gov]nm5t1 :o is a soldi] already1 ) a musket to :i* a bayonet is atta*$1 gu>ds him1 ready to run him ?r\gh ! body if he %\ld attempt to escape4 ,mean:ile ! cr[d ( fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & wives1 hu/l$ by policem51 presses ar\nd ! gates1 try+ to f9d out :o has be5 tak5 & :o reject$4 ,a man :o has be5 reject$ comes out & tells !m t ,piotr has be5 admitt$2 !n is he>d ! cry ( ,piotr's "y wife1 = :om ?is ^w means a f\r or five ye>s' sep>ation1 & ! dissolute life su* z a soldi]'s wife 9 dome/ic s]vice is4 ,b "h comes a man ) fl[+ hair & dress$ diff]5tly f ! o!rs1 :o has j arriv$2 he desc5ds f 8 dros*ky & goes t[>d ! h\se ( ! ,zemskaya ,uprava1 :ile ! policem5 cle> a way = him ?r\gh ! cr[d4 ,! ,fa!r has arriv$ to swe> !m 94 ,& ?is ,fa!r1 :o has always be5 accu/om$ to believe himself a special & privileg$ s]vant ( ,*ri/1 & :o is usually q unconsci\s ( 8 false position1 ent]s ! room :]e ! recruits :o h be5 admitt$ are wait+ = him2 he puts on1 z a ve/m5t1 a sort ( brocade curta91 dis5gages f x 8 fl[+ hair1 op5s ! ,bible :]e9 an oa? is =bidd51 lifts ! cross1 t cross on :i* ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ = refus+ to d :at ?is p]son1 8 suppos$ s]vant1 comm&s m5 to d1 & all ^! def5seless & delud$ "y m5 repeat aft] him ! lie s famili> to 8 lips1 :i* he utt]s ) su* assurance4 ,he reads :ile !y repeat3 ,i promise & swe> to ! ,"l ,almighty1 ^u ,8 holy ,bible1 etc4 444 to def5d 7t is1 to murd] all ^? :om ,i %all be ord]$ to murd]7 & to d :atev] ^? m51 /rang]s to me1 :o reg>d me only z a necess>y tool to be us$ 9 p]petrat+ ! outrages by :i* !y oppress my bre?r5 & pres]ve _! own positions1 comm& me to d4 ,all ! recruits hav+ /upidly repeat$ ! words1 ! s-call$ ,fa!r dep>ts1 q sure t he has p]=m$ 8 duty 9 ! mo/ accurate & consci5ti\s mann]1 :ile ! "y m5 delud$ by him really believe t by ! absurd1 & to !m almo/ un9telligible1 words :i* !y h j utt]$1 !y are releas$ dur+ _! t]m ( s]vice f all obligations to _! fell[-m51 & are b\nd by new & m imp]ative ties to ! duties ( a soldi]4 ,& ?is is done publicly1 b n a man comes =w>d to say to ! deceiv$ & ! deceiv]s1 ,come to y\r s5ses & g y\r way2 ?is is all a base & trea*]\s lie2 x imp]ils n only y\r bodies1 b y\r s\ls4 ,no "o does ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 z if 9 d]ision1 aft] !y h all be5 enroll$ & are ab\t to dep>t1 ! colonel ent]s ! hall :]e ^! poor1 drunk51 & delud$ creatures are lock$ 91 & ) a solemn air1 calls out to !m 9 milit>y fa%ion3 ,good day1 m56 ,i congratulate y ^u ent]+ ! ,cz>'s s]vice4 ,& !y1 poor fell[s1 mumble 9 _! semi-drunk5 way1 a reply :i* has already be5 taught !m1 to ! effect t x fills _! he>ts ) joy4 ,! expectant cr[d ( fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & wives is /ill /&+ at ! gates4 ,wom51 ) te>-worn1 wide-op5 eyes1 wat* ! door4 ,sudd5ly x op5s & ! m5 come roll+ out1 assum+ an air ( bravado1 ! ,petruhas1 ,vanuhas1 & ,mak>s1 n[ enroll$1 try+ to avoid ! eyes ( _! relatives1 pret5d+ n to see !m4 ,at once break out ! sobs & cries ( ! wives & mo!rs4 ,"s ( ! m5 clasp !m 9 _! arms1 weep+1 "s put on a devil-may-c>e look1 o!rs make an attempt to console !m4 ,! wives1 ! mo!rs1 realiz+ t !y are n[ ab&on$1 )\t support1 = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 cry & wail bitt]ly4 ,! fa!rs say little2 !y only sigh & make a click+ s\nd ) _! tongues t indicates _! grief2 !y "k t !y are ab\t to lose t help :i* !y h re>$ & tra9$ _! sons to r5d]2 t :5 _! sons return !y w no long] be sob] & indu/ri\s labor]s1 b soldi]s1 wean$ f _! =m] life ( simplicity1 gr[n dissolute1 & va9 ( _! uni=ms4 ,n[ ! :ole cr[d has dep>t$1 driv+ d[n ! /reet 9 sleighs to ! tav]ns & inns1 & l\d] gr[s ! *orus ( m+l$ sobs1 songs1 & drunk5 cries1 ! moan+ & mutt]+ ( ! wives & mo!rs1 ! s\nds ( ! accordion1 ! noise ( alt]cations4 ,all repair to ! eat+-h\ses & tav]ns1 f ! traffic ( :i* "p ( ! rev5ue ( ! gov]nm5t is d]iv$1 & !re !y give !mselves up to dr9k1 /upefy+ _! s5ses s t !y c>e no?+ = ! inju/ice done to !m4 ,!n !y sp5d sev]al weeks at home1 dr9k+ ne>ly all ! "t4 ,:5 ! day arrives1 !y are driv5 l cattle to ! appo9t$ place1 :]e !y are drill$ 9 milit>y ex]cises by ^? :o a few ye>s ago1 l !mselves1 7 deceiv$ & brutaliz$4 ,dur+ ! in/ructions ! means employ$ are ly+1 bl[s1 & vodka4 ,& be=e ! ye> is ov] ! good1 k9dly1 & intellig5t fell[s w h become z brutal z _! tea*]s4 ,suppose y\r fa!r 7 arre/$ & attempt$ escape1 ,i once sugge/$ to a "y soldi]1 :at w\ld y d8 ,x w\ld be my duty to ?ru/ my bayonet ?r\gh 8 body1 he repli$1 9 ! peculi>1 mean+less monotone ( ! soldi]4 ,& if he ran ,i %\ld %oot1 he add$1 tak+ pride app>5tly 9 ?9k+ :at he %\ld d if 8 fa!r attempt$ to run4 ,:5 a good "y fell[ is r$uc$ to a condition l[] ?an t ( ! brute1 he is ready = ^? :o wi% to use him z an in/rum5t ( viol5ce4 ,he is ready4 ,! man is lo/1 & a new in/rum5t ( viol5ce has be5 creat$4 ,& all ?is goes on ?r\gh\t ,russia 9 ! autumn ( e ye>1 9 broad daylight1 9 ! he>t ( a great city1 witness$ by all ! inhabitants1 & ! /ratagem is s skilfully manag$1 t ?\gh m5 at ! bottom ( _! he>ts realize its infamy1 /ill !y h n ! p[] to ?r[ (f ! yoke4 ,aft] our eyes are once op5$1 & we view ?is frightful delusion 9 its true light1 x is a/oni%+ t prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity & morality1 tea*]s ( y\?1 or ev5 ^? k9dly & s5sible p>5ts :o are to be f\nd 9 e community1 c advocate any pr9ciples ( morality :atev] 9 ! mid/ ( a society :]e torture & murd] are op5ly recogniz$ z con/itut+ indisp5sable conditions 9 human life1--op5ly ackn[l$g$ by all *ur*es & gov]nm5ts1--:]e c]ta9 m5 among u mu/ be always ready to murd] _! bre?r51 & :]e any ( u may h to d ! same4 ,n to speak ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 h[ are *ildr51 h[ are y\?s1 h[ are any to be taught morality1 :ile ! pr9ciple t murd] is requir$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! g5]al welf>e is taught2 :5 m5 are made to believe t murd] is lawful1 t "s m51 & any ( u may be among !m1 mu/ kill & torture _! neighbors1 & commit e k9d ( crime at ! comm& ( ^? 9 au?ority8 ,if ?is pr9ciple is "r1 !n !re is n1 nor c !re be1 any doctr9e ( morality2 might is "r1 & !re is no o!r law4 ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* "s seek to ju/ify on ! hypo!sis ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 fact dom9ates society4 ,:at k9d ( moral doctr9e c t be :i* p]mits murd] = any object :atsoev]8 ,x is z impossible z a ma!matical problem :i* w\ld affirm t #b #c4 ,x may be admitt$ t #b #c looks l ma!matics1 b x is n ma!matics at all4 ,e code ( morals mu/ be f\nd$ fir/ ( all ^u ! ackn[l$gm5t t human life is to be held sacr$4 ,! doctr9e ( an eye = an eye1 a too? = a too?1 & a life = a life1 has be5 revok$ by ,*ri/ianity because t doctr9e 0 b ! ju/ification ( immorality1 a semblance ( ju/ice1 b )\t mean+4 ,life is a sub/ance :i* c nei!r be weigh$1 measur$1 nor comp>$2 h5ce ! tak+ ( "o life = ano!r has no s5se4 ,moreov]1 ! aim ( e social law is amelioration ( human life4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! de/ruction ( c]ta9 lives improve ! condition ( o!r lives8 ,! de/ruction ( life is n an act t t5ds to improve x2 x is suicide4 ,to de/roy human life1 & call x ju/ice1 may be lik5$ to ! act ( a man :o1 hav+ lo/ "o arm1 cuts (f ! o!r1 by way ( mak+ matt]s ev54 ,n to speak ( ! deceit ( pres5t+ ! mo/ %ock+ crimes 9 ! light ( a duty1 ( ! %ock+ abuse ( us+ ,*ri/'s "n & au?ority 9 ord] to confirm acts :i* he condemn$1 h[ c m51 look+ at ! matt] f ! /&po9t m]ely ( p]sonal safety1 suff] ! exi/5ce ( ! %ock+1 s5seless1 cruel1 & dang]\s =ce :i* e organiz$ gov]nm5t1 support$ by ! army1 repres5ts8 ,! mo/ viol5t & rapaci\s b& ( robb]s is less to be fe>$ ?an su* an organization4 ,ev5 ! au?ority ( ! lead] ( a b& ( robb]s is m or less limit$ by ! w ( ea* individual memb] ( ! b&1 :o1 reta9+ a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce1 has ! "r to oppose acts ) :i* he does n agree4 ,b ! au?ority ( m5 :o =m "p ( an organiz$ gov]nm5t1 ma9ta9$ by ! army ) its pres5t sy/em ( discipl9e1 is unlimit$4 ,:5 _! ma/]1 be he ,b\lang]1 ,pugat*ov1 or ,napoleon1 issues 8 comm&s1 !re is no crime too hide\s = ^? :o =m "p ( ! gov]nm5t & ! army to commit4 ,x mu/ (t5 occur to "o :o sees conscriptions1 drills1 & milit>y manuv]s tak+ place1 :o sees police go+ ab\t ) load$ revolv]s1 s5t9els arm$ ) bayonets1--to "o :o he>s f morn+ till night1 z ,i d 79 ! di/rict ( ,hamovniky1#bh :]e ,i live71 ! :irr+ balls & ! concussion z !y /rike ! t>get1--to ask :y ^! ?+s are tol]at$4 ,& :5 "o sees 9 ! same city1 :]e e attempt at viol5ce is at once suppress$1 :]e ev5 ! sale ( p[d] or m$ic9es is prohibit$1 :]e a doctor is n all[$ to practice )\t a diploma1 ?\s&s ( discipl9$ m51 controll$ by "o individual1 be+ tra9$ = murd]1 "o _c help ask+ h[ m5 :o h any reg>d = _! own safety c calmly endure su* a condition ( affairs1 & all[ x to cont9ue8 ,leav+ aside ! "q ( ! immorality & p]nici\s influ5ce ( x1 :at c\ld be m dang]\s8 ,:at are !y ?9k+ (1--,i speak n n[ ( ,*ri/ians1 ,*ri/ian pa/ors1 philan?ropi/s1 or morali/s1 b simply ^? :o value _! lives1 _! safety1 _! welf>e8 ,grant+ t p[] is at pres5t 9 ! h&s ( a mod]ate rul]1 x may fall to-morr[ into ^? ( a ,biron1 an ,elizabe?1 a ,ca?>9e1 a ,pugat*ov1 a ,napoleon4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ! rul] be mod]ate to-day1 he may become a m]e savage to-morr[2 he may be succe$$ by an insane or half-insane heir1 l ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia or ! ,emp]or ,paul4 #bh ,9 ,mosc[4 ,x is n only ^? :o fill ! highe/ (fices1 b all ! less] au?orities scatt]$ ov] ! l&--! *iefs ( police1 ! comm&]s ( companies1 ev5 ! /anovoys#bi--may commit %ock+ crimes be=e !y c be dismiss$2 x is an ev]yday occurr5ce4 #bi ,*iefs ( rural police4 ,involunt>ily "o asks3 ,h[ c m5 all[ ^! ?+s to g on8 ,h[ c !y tol]ate !m ) any reg>d to _! own p]sonal safety8 ,x may be repli$ t "s m5 d oppose x4 7,^? :o are delud$ & live 9 subjection h no?+ ei!r to tol]ate or int]dict47 ,^? :o favor ! cont9uance ( ! pres5t sy/em are only ^? :o d]ive "s special advantage f x4 ,!y favor x1 & ev5 ) ! disadvantages ( hav+ an insane or tyrannical man at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t & ! army1 ! position is less disadvantage\s to !m ?an if ! pres5t organization 7 aboli%$4 ,:e!r 8 position be held "u a ,b\lang]1 a ,republic1 a ,pugat*ov1 or a ,ca?>9e1--! judge1 ! police commission]1 ! gov]nor1 ! (fic]1 w rema9 9 x4 ,b if ! sy/em :i* assures _! positions 7 ov]?r[n1 !y w\ld lose !m4 ,!re=e x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ^! m5 :e!r "o man or ano!r be at ! head ( ! organization ( viol5ce4 ,:at !y d fe> is its abolition2 s !y support x4 ,"o wond]s :y m5 ( indep5d5t means1 :o are n oblig$ to become soldi]s1 ! s-call$ lite ( society1 ent] milit>y s]vice 9 ,russia1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,au/ria1 & ev5 9 ,france1 & desire ! *ance ( kill+8 ,:y d p>5ts1 :y d moral m51 s5d _! *ildr5 to milit>y s*ools8 ,:y d mo!rs buy !m su* toys z helmets1 swords1 & muskets8 7,no *ild ( a peasant ev] plays at be+ a soldi]47 ,:y d k9dly m5 & wom51 :o c h no mann] ( int]e/ 9 w>1 g into ec/asies ov] ! exploits ( a man l ,skobelev8 ,:y d m5 :o are "u no obligation to d x1 & :o receive no pay = x1 l ,m>%als ( ,nobility 9 ,russia1 devote mon?s to ! s]vice :i* dem&s su* unremitt+ labor1 we>y+ to ! m9ds z well z to ! body1--! enli/m5t ( recruits8 ,:y d all emp]ors & k+s we> a milit>y dress1 :y d !y h drills & p>ades & milit>y rew>ds8 ,:y are monum5ts built to g5]als & conqu]ors8 ,:y d weal?y & indep5d5t m5 reg>d x z an honor to occupy ! position ( lackeys to k+s1 to flatt] !m & feign a belief 9 _! special sup]iority8 ,:y d m5 :o h long s9ce ceas$ to believe 9 ! m$ieval sup]/itions ( ! ,*ur* /ill con/antly & solemnly pret5d to d s1 & ?us support a sacrilegi\s & demoraliz+ in/itution8 ,:y is ! ignorance ( ! p s zeal\sly pres]v$1 n only by ! gov]nm5t1 b by m5 ( ! high] classes8 ,:y d !y s en]getically d5\nce e attempt to ov]?r[ popul> sup]/ition & to promote popul> education8 ,:y d hi/orians1 noveli/s1 & poets1 :o c d]ive no b5efit 9 ex*ange = _! flatt]y1 pa9t 9 su* gl[+ colors ! emp]ors1 k+s1 & g5]als ( bygone times8 ,:y d ! s-call$ sci5ti/s devote _! lives to =mulate !ories t viol5ce committ$ on ! p by p[] is legitimate viol5ce--is "r8 ,"o (t5 wond]s :y an arti/ or a woman ( ! _w1 nei!r ( :om1 x w\ld seem1 ord9>ily take mu* int]e/ 9 sociological or milit>y que/ions--:y %\ld !y condemn /rikes among workm51 or advocate w> ) su* p>tizan zeal8 ,b "o ceases to feel surprise :5 "o realizes t ! memb]s ( ! high] classes possess ! ke5e/ insight1 an intuitive p]ception1 z x 71 conc]n+ ^? conditions :i* are fri5dly & ^? :i* are ho/ile to ! organization ^u ^: exi/5ce _! privileges dep5d4 ,x is true t ! woman ( society does n delib]ately argue ?us3 ,7 !re no capitali/s1 or armies to def5d !m1 my husb& w\ld h no money1 & ,i %\ld h nei!r salon nor fa%ionable g[ns2 nor does ! arti/ tell himself1 9 s _m words1 t if 8 pictures are to be sold !re mu/ be capitali/s1 def5d$ by armies1 to buy !m2 yet in/9ct1 "h do+ duty = reason1 is _! sure/ guide4 ,?is in/9ct guides1 ) r>e exceptions1 all m5 :o support ^? political1 religi\s1 & economic in/itutions :i* are advantage\s to !mselves4 ,b is x possible t m5 :o belong to ! high] classes def5d ?is organization only because x is = _! own advantage8 ,!y surely _c fail to see t z an organization x is irrational1 incompatible ) ! pres5t consci\sness ( m51 ) public op9ion1 & t x is fraught ) dang]4 ,good1 intellig5t1 hone/ m5 :o belong to ! rul+ class _c b suff] f su* contradictions1 nor c !y close _! eyes to ! dang]s t m5ace !m4 ,& is x possible t ! millions ( m5 ( ! l[] classes c g on calmly committ+ de$s :i* are s manife/ly crim9al1 su* z are ! murd]s & tortures :i* !y commit1 simply f fe> ( puni%m5t8 ,surely ^! ?+s c\ld n exi/ 7 n ! falsehood & brutality ( _! actions hidd5 f all classes ( m5 by ! sy/em ( ! political organization4 ,:5 su* de$s are committ$1 !re are s _m in/igators1 p>ticipants1 & abettors t no s+le individual feels himself morally responsible4 ,assass9s compel all ! witnesses ( an assass9ation to /rike ! body ( ! victim1 ) ! int5tion ( divid+ ! responsibility among ! greate/ numb] possible4 ,& :5ev] ^? crimes by ! aid ( :i* ! /ate sy/em is ma9ta9$ are to be committ$1 ?is same ?+ is obs]v$4 ,! rul]s ( ,/ate always endeavor to involve ! greate/ possible numb] ( citiz5s 9 ! p>ticipation ( ! crimes :i* x is to _! int]e/ to h committ$4 ,9 ^! latt] days ?is is made especially evid5t by ! draw+ ( citiz5s on ! jury 9 c\rts ( law1 by draft+ !m into ! army z soldi]s1 & into ! communal or legislative adm9i/ration z electors or elect$4 ,z 9 a wick] basket all ! ends are s c>efully int]wov5 t !y _c be se51 s is x ) ! responsibility = crime4 ,individual responsibilities are s manipulat$ t no man p]ceives precisely :at he is incurr+4 ,9 old5 times tyrants 7 responsible = ! crimes :i* 7 committ$1 b 9 ! pres5t age ! mo/ frightful crimes are p]petrat$1 su* z w\ld h>dly h be5 possible 9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 & /ill no "o is held responsible4 ,"s dem& ! crime1 "s propose x1 "s det]m9e x1 "s confirm x1 "s ord] x1 "s execute x4 ,wom5 & old m5 are hung1 are flogg$ to dea?--ev5 q innoc5t p1 z 0 rec5tly ! case ) u 9 ,russia1 9 ! affair ( ! factory at ,uzova2 or1 z is done all ov] 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 9 ! /ruggle ) an>*i/s & o!r revolutioni/s1 hundr$s1 ?\s&s ( m5 are %ot1 are kill$2 or1 z happ5s 9 "t ( w>1 millions ( m5 are massacr$2 or1 z is happ5+ always1 ! s\ls ( m5 are de/roy$ by solit>y conf9em5t1 by ! debau*]y ( b>rack life--& no "o is responsible4 ,on ! l[] scale ( ! social ladd] are po/$ soldi]s arm$ ) muskets1 pi/ols1 swords2 !y g ab\t do+ viol5ce & kill+1 & ?r\gh _! do+ s =ce o!r m5 to become soldi]s l !mselves1 & yet !y nev] dream t ! responsibility re/s on _! %\ld]s2 !y %ift x on to _! sup]iors1 :o give ! ord]s4 ,! cz>s1 ! presid5ts1 ! m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 ! g5]al assemblies1 ord] tortures1 murd]s1 conscriptions1 & z !y enjoy ! absolute assurance t !y rule by ! grace ( ,god or by ! w ( ! society !y gov]n1 & t t society dem&s f !m :at !y ord]1 !y _c reg>d !mselves z responsible4 ,betwe5 ^! two classes we f9d a numb] ( int]m$i>ies1 :o take *>ge ( ! executions1 tortures1 conscriptions1 & !y1 too1 wa% _! h&s ( all responsibility1 alleg+ on ! "o h& ! ord]s ( _! sup]iors1 & on ! o!r t x is = su* z !mselves1 :o /& l[] on ! social ladd]1 to d ^! ?+s4 ,! p[] t dem&s & ! p[] t fulfils comm&s1 ! two extremes ( gov]nm5tal organization1 unite l ! two ends ( a *a91 ea* dep5d+ on & support+ ! o!r1 & all ! int]v5+ l9ks4 ,7 x n = ! conviction t !re are m5 :o assume ! :ole responsibility ( su* de$s1 no soldi] w\ld lift 8 h& to torture or murd] 8 fell[-man4 ,7 x n = ! conviction t ! nation dem&s x1 no k+1 emp]or1 presid5t1 or assembly w\ld v5ture to issue comm&s = murd] & torture4 ,7 x n t he believes t !re are m5 above him :o assume ! responsibility ( 8 actions1 & o!rs bel[ him ^: welf>e requires ?is treatm5t1 no man ( ! int]m$iate class w\ld ev] p]=m ! functions committ$ to him4 ,! organization ( ! ,/ate is su* t on :atev] position ( ! social ladd] a man may /&1 8 irresponsibility rema9s intact4 ,! high] he /&s1 ! m liable he is to feel ! pressure br\ght to be> on him f bel[1 urg+ him to issue comm&s1 & ! less likely he w be to be influ5c$ by ord]s f above1 & vice v]sa4 ,b x is n en\gh t all m5 b\nd by ! organization ( ! ,/ate transf] _! responsibility f "o to ! o!r1--! peasant1 = in/ance1 :o becomes a soldi] to ! m]*ant :o has become an (fic]2 ! (fic] to ! noble :o occupies ! position ( gov]nor2 ! gov]nor to ! m9i/] ( ,/ate2 ! m9i/] to ! sov]eign2 & ! sov]eign :o 9 8 turn %ifts ! responsibility ^u all1--(ficials1 nobles1 m]*ants1 peasants4 ,n only d m5 9 ?is way m]ely free !mselves f all s5se ( responsibility = _! actions1 b because1 z !y adapt !mselves to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( political organizations1 !y s con/antly1 p]si/5tly1 & /r5u\sly assure !mselves & o!rs t all m5 are n equal t !y beg9 to believe x s9c]ely !mselves4 ,?us we are assur$ t "s m5 are sup]ior & mu/ be especially honor$ & obey$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we are assur$ 9 e way t o!rs are inf]ior1 & !re=e b\nd to obey )\t murmur ! comm&s ( _! sup]iors4 ,x is to ?is inequality1--! exaltation ( "s ^u ! abasem5t ( o!rs1--t we may *iefly attribute ! incapacity :i* m5 display = disc]n+ ! folly ( ! exi/+ sy/em1 ) ! cruelty & deceptions committ$ by "s1 & suff]$ by o!rs4 ,!re are c]ta9 m5 :o h be5 made to believe t !y are possess$ ( a peculi> importance & greatness1 :o h become s intoxicat$ by _! imag9>y sup]iority t !y cease to realize _! responsibility = ! actions !y commit2 o!rs :o1 on ! contr>y1 h be5 told t !y are insignificant be+s1 & t x is _! duty to submit to ^? above !m1 &1 z ! natural result ( ?is cont9ual /ate ( degradation1 fall into a /range condition ( /upefi$ s]vility1 & 9 ?is /ate !y1 too1 lose all s5se ( responsibility = _! actions4 ,& z to ! int]m$iate class1 subs]vi5t to ^? above !m1 & yet to a c]ta9 ext5t reg>d+ !mselves z sup]iors1 !y are apt to be bo? s]vile & arrogant1 & !y also lose ! s5se ( responsibility4 ,"o ne$s b to glance at any (ficial ( high rank 9 ! act ( review+ ! troops4 ,accompani$ by 8 /aff1 m\nt$ on a magnific5tly cap>ison$ *>g]1 equipp$ 9 a brilliant uni=m1 display+ all 8 decorations1 he rides 9 front ( ! ranks1 :ile ! b& plays m>tial music & ! soldi]s pres5t arms1 /&+1 z !y d1 z ?\gh v]ily petrifi$ ) s]vility1--"o has b to see ?is to und]/& h[ 9 su* mom5ts1 "u su* conditions1 bo? g5]als & soldi]s might commit de$s :i* !y nev] w\ld h dream$ ( committ+4 ,b ! intoxication to :i* m5 succumb "u conditions l p>ades1 pageants1 religi\s c]emonies1 & coronations1 ?\gh acute1 is n endur+1 :ile !re is ano!r :i* is *ronic1 %>$ by all :o h any au?ority :atsoev]1 f ! ,cz> to ! policem5 on ! /reet1 %>$1 too1 by ! masses :o submit to au?ority 9 a /ate ( /upefi$ s]vility1 & :o by way ( ju/ify+ _! submission1 aft] ! usual mann] ( slaves1 ascribe ! greate/ importance & dignity to ^? :om !y obey4 ,x is ?is delusion 9 reg>d to human inequality & ! consequ5t intoxication ( p[] & /upefaction ( s]vility1 :i* makes x possible = ^? :o are associat$ 9 a /ate organization to commit crimes & suff] no remorse4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is intoxication1--!re is an intoxication ( s]vility z well z ( p[]1--m5 seem to o!rs1 no less ?an to !mselves1 n ! ord9>y human be+s :i* !y really are1 b specially privileg$ be+s1--nobles1 m]*ants1 gov]nors1 judges1 (fic]s1 k+s1 /atesm51 soldi]s1 hav+ no long] ord9>y human duties1 b only ! duties ( ! class to :i* !y belong4 ,?us ! l&$ proprietor :o prosecut$ ! peasants on acc\nt ( ! =e/ did s because he did n reg>d himself z an ord9>y man1 ) ! same rights z ! peasants1 8 neighbors1 b z a great l&[n] & a memb] ( ! nobility1 &1 z su*1 exalt$ by ! intoxication ( au?ority1 felt himself insult$ by ! opposition ( ! peasants4 ,& reg>dless ( ! consequ5ces1 he s5ds 9 8 petition to be re9/at$ 9 8 pret5d$ rights4 ,! judges :o r5d]$ an unfair decision 9 8 favor1 did s because !y fanci$ !mselves diff]5t f ord9>y m51 :o are guid$ only by tru?2 "u ! spell ( ! intoxication ( au?ority1 !y believ$ !mselves ! gu>dians ( a ju/ice :i* _c err2 & at ! same "t1 "u ! influ5ce ( s]vility1 !y consid]$ !mselves oblig$ to apply c]ta9 texts set =? 9 a c]ta9 book & call$ ! laws2 & all ! o!r p]sons :o took "p 9 ?is affair1 f ! repres5tatives ( high] au?ority d[n to ! la/ soldi] ready to fire ^u 8 bro!r1--!y all accept$ !mselves 9 _! conv5tionally accr$it$ *>act]s4 ,n "o ask$ himself if he %\ld take "p 9 an act :i* 8 consci5ce reprobat$1 b ea* accept$ himself z "o :o _h simply to fulfil a c]ta9 function2 let x be ! ,cz>1 ano9t$ ( ,god1 an exceptional be+ call$ to look aft] ! welf>e ( a hundr$ million m52 let x be ! noble2 ! prie/1 ! recipi5t ( grace ?r\gh ord9ation2 ! soldi]1 b\nd by oa? to fulfil comm&s )\t hesitation1--x is ! same ) all4 ,all _! activity1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 is /imulat$ by a l intoxicat+ influ5ce4 ,if !y _h n ! firm conviction t ! title ( k+1 /atesman1 gov]nor1 judge1 l&[n]1 m>%al ( nobility1 (fic]1 or soldi] is ( s]i\s import & necessity1 n "o ( !m c\ld contemplate )\t horror & disgu/ 8 own %>e 9 ! de$s done 9 ^! latt] days4 ,arbitr>y di/9ctions1 e/abli%$ hundr$s ( ye>s ago1 recogniz$ = hundr$s ( ye>s1 describ$ by special names & di/+ui%$ by special dress1 sanction$ by all k9ds ( solemnities calculat$ to influ5ce m5 ?r\gh _! emotions1 h be5 s ?or\ghly impress$ ^u ! human imag9ation t m5 h =gott5 ! common1 ev]yday aspects ( life2 !y look ^u !mselves & o!rs f a po9t ( view dep5d5t ^u outw>d conditions1 & reg>d _! own acts & ^? ( _! neighbors accord+ly4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 we see a man ( advanc$ ye>s1 a man p]fectly 9 possession ( 8 s5ses1 :o1 because he has be5 decorat$ ) "s bauble1 & is attir$ 9 a ridicul\s habit1 or because he is ! hold] ( c]ta9 keys1 or has receiv$ a bit ( blue ribbon fitt] = ! we> ( a coquetti% *ild1 :5 he is call$ g5]al1 *amb]la91 *evali] ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,&rew1 or "s su* absurdity1 becomes at once pr\d1 arrogant1 happy2 if1 on ! contr>y1 he fails to get ! gewgaw or ! nickname he expect$1 he becomes unhappy & ill1 really to ! po9t ( sickness4 ,or let u take a /ill m rem>kable case4 ,a man1 morally sane1 "y1 free1 & absolutely safe f want1 has no soon] receiv$ ! "n ( di/rict-attorney1 ( ,zemsky ,na*alnik1 ?an he p\nces ^u "s luckless wid[1 takes h] f h] small *ildr51 & ?r[s h] into jail1 all because ! poor woman has be5 secretly sell+ w9e1 & ?us depriv+ ! treasury ( #be r\bles' rev5ue4 ,?is man feels no remorse4 ,ano!r /ill m surpris+ case is t ( a man1 ord9>ily k9d & good1 :o1 because he we>s a uni=m or c>ries a m$al1 & is told t he is a keep] g>de-*amptre or cu/om-h\se (fic]1 consid]s himself ju/ifi$ 9 %oot+ m5 d[n1 & no "o ev] dreams ( blam+ him = x1 nor does he ?9k himself 9 ! wrong2 b if he fail$ to fire ^u 8 fell[-m5 he w\ld !n inde$ be culpable4 ,i say no?+ ( judges & jurym51 :o condemn m5 to dea?1 nor ( troops1 :o slaught] ?\s&s )\t a ve/ige ( remorse1 because !y are told t !y are n 9 ! position ( ord9>y m51 b are jurym51 judges1 g5]als1 soldi]s4 ,?is abnormal & surpris+ /ate ( affairs is =mulat$ 9 words l ^!3 ,z a man1 ,i sympa?ize ) him1 b z a keep]1 a judge1 a g5]al1 a cz>1 or a soldi]1 ,i mu/ torture or murd] him4 ,s x is 9 ?is pres5t case2 m5 are on ! way to slaught] & torm5t _! fam9e-/rick5 bre?r51 admitt+ all ! :ile t 9 ?is dispute betwe5 ! peasants & ! l&[n] ! =m] are 9 ! "r 7all ! sup]ior (ficials told me s74 ,!y "k t ! peasants are mis]able1 poor1 & hungry1 & t ! l&[n] is weal?y & "o :o inspires no sympa?y1 & yet ^! m5 are go+ to kill ! peasants 9 ord] t ?is l&[n] may ga9 #cjjj r\bles2 & all because !y reg>d !mselves at ! mom5t n z m51 b "o z a gov]nor1 ano!r z a g5]al ( g5d>m]ie1 ano!r z an (fic]1 or z soldi]s1 z ! case may be1 & b\nd n by ! et]nal laws ( ! human consci5ce1 b by ! accid5tal1 transitory dem&s ( _! positions4 ,h[ev] /range x may appe>1 ! only explanation ( ?is surpris+ ph5om5on is t m5 are l ^? "u hypnotic influ5ce1 :o1 z sugge/$ by ! hypnotiz]s1 imag9e !mselves 9 c]ta9 conditions4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 :5 x is sugge/$ to a hypnotiz$ pati5t t he is lame1 he proce$s to limp2 t he is bl9d1 he ceases to see2 t he is an animal1 & he beg9s to bite4 ,& ?is is ! /ate ( all ^? :o put _! social & political duties be=e1 & to ! detrim5t (1 _! duties z human be+s4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ?is condition is1 t m51 influ5c$ by ! ?\ght t has be5 sugge/$ to !m1 are unable to weigh _! own actions1 & simply obey ! sugge/ion t has be5 communicat$ to !m4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 artificially hypnotiz$ & ^? "u ! influ5ce ( gov]nm5tal sugge/ion consi/s 9 ?is1--t to ! =m] _! imag9$ environm5t is sugge/$ sudd5ly by "o p]son1 & ! sugge/ion op]ates only = a %ort "t2 :]eas to ! latt]1 _! imag9$ position has be5 ! result ( gradual sugge/ion1 go+ on1 n = ye>s1 b = g5]ations1 & proce$s n f a s+le individual1 b f _! entire circum/ances4 ,b1 x w be object$1 always1 9 all societies1 ! majority ( m51 all ! *ildr51 all ! wom51 absorb$ 9 ! duties & c>es ( mo!rhood1 all ! great mass ( work]s1 :o are completely absorb$ by _! labor1 all ^? ( weak m9d1 all ! enfeebl$1 ! _m :o h come "u ! subjection ( nicot9e1 alcohol1 opium1 or :at n1--all ^! are n 9 a position to ?9k = !mselves1 & consequ5tly !y submit to ^? :o /& on a high] intellectual level1 or !y simply act accord+ to dome/ic or social tradition1 or 9 accordance ) public op9ion1--& 9 _! act+ ?us !re is no?+ abnormal or contradictory4 ,inde$1 !re is no?+ unnatural 9 x1 & ! read9ess ) :i* ^? :o reason b little submit to ! guidance ( m5 :o /& on a high] plane ( consci\sness is a univ]sal ph5om5on1 & "o )\t :i* social life c\ld n be4 ,! m9ority submit to pr9ciples :i* !y h consid]$ = !mselves1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! accordance ( ^! pr9ciples ) _! reason2 ! re/ ( m51 ! majority1 submit to ! same pr9ciples1 n because ( p]sonal appreh5sion ( _! validity1 b because public op9ion dem&s x4 ,su* submission to public op9ion ( m5 :o c ?9k b little = !mselves has no?+ abnormal ab\t x s long z public op9ion ma9ta9s its unity4 ,b !re is a p]iod :5 ! high] =ms ( tru?1 hav+ be5 reveal$ to ! few1 are 9 process ( transmission to ! _m2 & :5 ! public op9ion :i* 0 bas$ on a l[] plane ( consci\sness has already begun to wav]1 to give place to ! new1 ready to be e/abli%$4 ,& n[ m5 beg9 to view _! own & o!r m5's actions 9 ! light ( _! new consci\sness1 :ile1 influ5c$ by in]tia & tradition1 !y /ill cont9ue to apply pr9ciples :i* 7 ! outcome ( ! once highe/ consci\sness1 b :i* are n[ di/9ctly oppos$ to x4 ,h5ce x is t m5 f9d !mselves 9 an abnormal position1 & t1 :ile realiz+ ! necessity ( con=m+ to ?is new public op9ion1 !y lack c\rage to ab&on con=mity to ! old "o4 ,?is is ! attitude :i* m51 n only ! m5 on ! tra91 b ! great] "p ( mank9d1 occupy t[>d ,*ri/ian tru?s4 ,! attitude ( ^? :o belong to ! upp] classes1 & :o h all ! advantages ( high position1 is ! same z t ( ! l[] classes :o obey implicitly e comm& t is giv5 to !m4 ,m5 ( ! rul+ classes1 :o h no reasonable explanation ( _! privileges1 & :o 9 ord] to reta9 !m are =c$ to repress all _! nobl] & m humane t5d5cies1 try to p]suade !mselves ( ! necessity ( _! sup]ior position2 :ile ! l[] classes1 /ultifi$ & oppress$ by labor1 are kept by ! high] classes 9 a /ate ( con/ant subjection4 ,?is is ! only possible explanation ( ! amaz+ ph5om5a :i* ,i witness$ on ! tra9 on ! #i? ( ,septemb]1 :5 m51 naturally k9dly & in(f5sive1 7 to be se5 go+ ) an easy consci5ce to commit ! mo/ cruel1 contemptible & idiotic ( crimes4 ,x _c be said t !y are devoid ( ! consci5ce :i* %\ld =bid !m to d ^! ?+s1 z 0 ! case ) ! m5 :o1 c5turies ago1 tortur$ _! fell[-m51 sc\rg$ !m to dea?1 & burn$ !m at ! /ake2--nay1 x does exi/ 9 !m1 b x is kept dormant2 auto-sugge/ion1 z ! psy*ologi/ calls x1 keeps x ?us among ! upp] classes1 :ile ! soldi]s1 ! execution]s1 are "u ! hypnotic influ5ce ( ! classes above !m4 ,consci5ce may slumb] = a "t1 b x is n dead1 & 9 spite ( sugge/ion & auto-sugge/ion1 x /ill :isp]s2 yet a little :ile & x w awak54 ,"o might comp>e ^! m5 to a p]son "u ! influ5ce ( hypnotism1 to :om x has be5 sugge/$ t he %all commit "s act contr>y to 8 conception ( "r & wrong1 z1 = example1 to murd] 8 "m or 8 *ild4 ,he feels himself s f> co]c$ by ! sugge/ion giv5 him t he _c refra92 & yet z ! appo9t$ "t & place draw ne>1 he seems to he> ! /ifl$ voice ( consci5ce reviv+1 & he beg9s to draw back1 he tries to awak5 himself4 ,& no "o c tell :e!r or n hypnotic sugge/ion w conqu] 9 ! end2 all dep5ds on ! relative /r5g? ( conflict+ influ5ces4 ,s x 0 ) ! soldi]s on t tra91 s x is ) all m5 ( our p]iod :o take "p 9 /ate viol5ce & pr(it by x4 ,!re 0 a "t :51 hav+ gone =? to d viol5ce & murd]1 to t]rify by an example1 m5 did n return until !y _h p]=m$ _! mission1 & !n !y suff]$ no d\bt or remorse2 b hav+ done _! fell[-m5 to dea?1 !y placidly return$ to ! bosom ( _! families1 c>ess$ _! *ildr51 & ) je/ & laught] gave !mselves up to all ! pure joys ( ! he>?4 ,! m5 :o 7 !n b5efit$ by viol5ce1 l&$ proprietors & m5 ( weal?1 believ$ _! own int]e/s to h a direct connection ) ^! cruelties4 ,x is diff]5t n[1 :5 m5 "k1 or at lea/ suspect1 ! real reason :y !y d ^! ?+s4 ,!y may close _! eyes & try to sil5ce _! consci5ces1 b nei!r ^? :o commit su* outrages1 nor ^? :o ord] !m1 c long] fail to disc]n ! significance ( _! acts4 ,x may be t !y d n fully appreciate x until !y are on ! po9t ( committ+ ! de$1 or 9 "s cases n until aft] ! de$ has be5 done4 ,^? soldi]s1 = in/ance1 :o adm9i/]$ ! tortures dur+ ! riot at ! ,yuzovo factory1 at ,nijni-,novgorod1 ,s>atov1 & ,orel1 did n fully appreh5d ! significance ( :at !y 7 do+ until x 0 all ov]2 & n[1 bo? !y :o gave ! ord]s1 & !y :o execut$ !m1 suff] agonies ( %ame 9 ! condemnation ( public op9ion & ( _! own consci5ce4 ,i h talk$ ) "s ( ! soldi]s ab\t x2 !y ei!r tri$ to *ange ! subject or spoke ( x ) horror & repugnance4 ,!re are in/ances ( m5 com+ to _! s5ses1 h[ev]1 j z !y are on ! po9t ( committ+ de$s ( ! k9d4 ,i "k ( a s]geant :o dur+ ! riots 0 beat5 by two peasants2 he report$ ! fact to ! comm&] ( 8 company1 b on ! foll[+ day1 :5 he saw ! tortures inflict$ ^u o!r peasants1 he p]suad$ 8 sup]ior (fic] to de/roy 8 report & to all[ ! peasants :o _h beat5 him to dep>t unpuni%$4 ,i "k ( a case :]e ! soldi]s appo9t$ to %oot a prison] refus$ to obey2 & ( o!r occasions :]e ! sup]ior (fic]s h refus$ to direct tortures & executions4 ,! m5 :o 7 9 ! tra9 on ! #i? ( ,septemb] />t$ ) ! int5tion ( tortur+ & murd]+ _! fell[-m51 b :e!r !y w\ld c>ry out _! int5tion "o c\ld n "k4 ,h[ev] ea* "o's %>e 9 ! responsibility ( ?is affair might be conceal$ f him1 h[ev] /rong ! hypnotic sugge/ion among ^? tak+ "p 9 x t !y did s1 n z m51 b z function>ies1 & s c\ld violate all human obligations1--9 spite ( ?is1--! ne>] !y approa*$ _! de/9ation1 ! m !y mu/ h hesitat$ ab\t x4 ,x is impossible t ! ,gov]nor %\ld n pause at ! mom5t ( giv+ ! decisive ord] to beg9 to murd] & torture4 ,he kn[s t ! conduct ( ! ,gov]nor at ,orel has excit$ ! indignation ( ! honorable m51 & he himself1 influ5c$ by public op9ion1 has repeat$ly express$ 8 own disapproval ( ! affair2 he kn[s t ! lawy] :o ought to h accompani$ him di/9ctly refus$ to d s1 d5\nc+ ! :ole affair z %ameful2 he kn[s t *anges are likely to take place 9 ! gov]nm5t at any mom5t1 ! result ( :i* w\ld be t ^? :o 7 9 favor ye/]day may be 9 disgrace to-morr[2 t if ! ,russian press rema9s sil5t1 ! =eign press may give an acc\nt ( ?is bus9ess t might cov] him ) opprobrium4 ,already he feels ! influ5ce ( ! new public op9ion :i* is to sup]s$e & de/roy ! old "o4 ,moreov]1 he has no assurance t 8 subord9ates may n at ! la/ mom5t refuse to obey him4 ,he hesitates2 x is impossible to div9e :at he w d4 ,! function>ies & (fic]s :o accompany him feel m or less z he does4 ,!y all "k at ! bottom ( _! he>ts t !y are engag$ 9 a %ameful bus9ess1 t _! %>e 9 x /a9s & degrades !m 9 ! eyes ( ^? p]sons ^: op9ion !y value4 ,!y "k t a man :o p>ticipates 9 de$s l ^! feels %ame 9 ! pres5ce ( ! woman he loves4 ,& l ! ,gov]nor1 !y1 too1 feel d\btful :e!r ! soldi]s w obey !m at ! la/ mom5t4 ,:at a contra/ to ! self-assurance ( _! be>+ on ! plat=m ( ! /ation6 ,n only d !y suff]1 b !y actually hesitate1 & x is p>tly to hide _! inw>d agitation t !y assume an air ( bravado4 ,& ?is agitation increases z !y draw ne>] to _! de/9ation4 ,&1 inde$1 ! entire body ( soldi]s1 al?\gh !y give no outw>d sign1 & seem utt]ly submissive1 are really 9 ! same /ate ( m9d4 ,!y are no long] l ! soldi]s ( =m] days1 :o gave up ! natural life ( labor1 & surr5d]$ !mselves to debau*]y1 rap9e1 & murd]1 z ! ,roman legions did1 or ! vet]ans ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 or ev5 ^? soldi]s ( m mod]n times1 ^: t]m ( s]vice la/$ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,n[ !y are = ! mo/ "p m5 newly tak5 f _! families1 ) all ! memories ( ! :olesome1 rational life f :i* !y h be5 torn /ill fre% 9 _! m9ds4 ,^! "y m51 peasants = ! mo/ "p1 "k :at !y are go+ to d2 !y "k t ! l&-own]s g5]ally ill-treat ! peasants1 & t ?is probably is a case 9 po9t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! majority ( !m c read1 & ! books !y read are n always 9 favor ( ! s]vice2 "s ev5 demon/rate its immorality4 ,!y f9d comrades :o are indep5d5t ?9k]s1 volunte]s & "y (fic]s1 & ! se$ ( d\bt respect+ ! m]it & rectitude ( su* de$s z !y are ab\t to commit has already be5 s[n 9 _! m9ds4 ,true1 !y h all be5 subject$ to t +5i\s discipl9e1 ! "w ( c5turies1 :i* t5ds to kill ! _s ( indep5d5ce 9 e man1 & are s accu/om$ to automatic ob$i5ce t at ! words ( comm&1 ,fire along ! l9e6444 ,fire6 & s =?1 _! muskets are rais$ me*anically1 & !y p]=m ! cu/om>y movem5ts4 ,b n[1 ,fire6 means some?+ m ?an fir+ at a t>get2 x means ! murd] ( _! abus$1 d[ntrodd5 fa!rs & bro!rs1 :o are gr\p$ yond] 9 ! /reet ) _! wives & *ildr51 ge/iculat+ & cry+ out "o does n "k :at4 ,!re !y are3 "h a man ) ?9 be>d1 clad 9 a pat*$ kaftan1 ) ba/ %oes on 8 feet1 j l ! fa!r left beh9d 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kazan or ,ryazan2 !re ano!r1 ) gray be>d & b[$ %\ld]s1 lean+ on a /\t /aff1 j l ! gr&fa!r2 & "h a y\?1 ) big boots & r$ %irt1 j l himself a ye> ago1--! soldi] :o is ab\t to %oot him4 ,& !re is a woman1 ) h] ba/ %oes & petticoat1 l ! "m he left beh9d him4 ,& he mu/ fire ^u !m6 ,& ,god alone kn[s :at ea* soldi] w d at ! supreme mom5t4 ,! slighte/ sugge/ion t !y ought n to d x1 t !y mu/ n d x1--a s+le ^w or h9t1--w\ld be en\gh to make !m pause4 ,e "o ( ^! m5 at ! mom5t ( action w be l "o hypnotiz$1 to :om x has be5 sugge/$ to *op a log1 :o1 z he approa*es ! object :i* is told to him is a log1 sees z he raises ! ax t x is n a log at all1 b 8 own bro!r :o lies sleep+ !re4 ,he may accompli% ! act :i* has be5 sugge/$ to him1 or he may awake at ! mom5t ( committ+ x4 ,x is ! same ) ^! m54 ,if !y d n awak51 !n w a de$ be done z %ock+ z t committ$ 9 ,orel1 & ! reign ( (ficial hypnotism w !reby ga9 new p[]4 ,if !y awak51 !n n only w ! de$ rema9 undone1 b _m ( ^? :o he> ( _! refusal to d x w free !mselves f ! sugge/ion "u ^: influ5ce !y h hi!rto act$1 or at lea/ w ?9k ( ! possibility ( do+ s4 ,if only a few ( ^! m5 come to _! s5ses1 & refuse to d ! de$1 & fe>lessly express _! op9ion ( ! wick$ness ( su* de$s1 ev5 su* a few m5 might enable ! re/ to ?r[ (f ! sugge/ion "u ! influ5ce ( :i* !y act1 & su* evil de$s w\ld n be done4 ,& ano!r ?+3 if b a few ( ^? p]sons :o are simply spectators ( ! affair w\ld1 f _! k ( o!r affairs ( ! same k9d1 boldly express _! op9ion to ^? engag$ 9 x1 & po9t out to !m _! folly1 cruelty1 & crim9ality1 ev5 ?is w\ld n be )\t a salut>y influ5ce4 ,?is is precisely :at happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,tula4 ,p>tly because c]ta9 p]sons express$ reluctance to take a "p 9 ! affair2 because a lady pass5g] & o!rs %[$ _! indignation at a railway /ation2 because "o ( ! colonels ^: regim5t 0 summon$ to r$uce ! peasants to ob$i5ce decl>$ t soldi]s are n execution]s1--because ( ^! & o!r app>5tly trifl+ influ5ces ! affair took on a diff]5t aspect1 & ! troops1 on arriv+1 did n commit outrages1 b cont5t$ !mselves ) cutt+ d[n ! trees & s5d+ !m to ! l&[n]4 ,_h x n be5 t c]ta9 ( ^! m5 conceiv$ a di/9ct idea t !y 7 do+ wrong1 & _h n ! idea got abroad1 ! occurr5ces at ,orel w\ld h be5 repeat$4 ,_h ! feel+ be5 /rong]1 p]haps ! ,gov]nor & 8 troops w\ld n h gone s f> z ev5 to fell ! trees & deliv] !m to ! l&[n]4 ,_h x be5 m p[]ful /ill1 p]haps ! ,gov]nor w\ld n h d>$ ev5 to set out = ,tula2 its influ5ce might ev5 h gone s f> z to prev5t ! ,m9i/] f fram+1 & ! ,emp]or f confirm+1 su* decrees4 ,all dep5ds1 z we come !re=e to see1 ^u ! degree ( consci\sness t m5 possess ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,h5ce1 let all m5 to-day :o wi% to promote ! welf>e ( mank9d direct _! ef=ts t[>d ! developm5t ( ?is consci\sness ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,b1 /range to say1 ^? m5 :o n[adays talk mo/ ( ! amelioration ( human life1 & :o are ! ackn[l$g$ lead]s ( public op9ion1 decl>e ?is to be precisely ! wrong ?+ to d1 & t !re are m effectual exp$i5ts = improv+ human exi/5ce4 ,!y insi/ t any improvem5t 9 ! conditions ( human life mu/ be accompli%$1 n ?r\gh individual moral ef=t1 nor ?r\gh ! propagation ( tru?1 b ?r\gh progressive modifications 9 ! g5]al mat]ial conditions ( life4 ,!re=e1 !y say1 individual ef=t %\ld be devot$ to ! gradual re=m ( ! ev]yday conditions ( life2 & see+ t any individual pr(ession ( ! tru? :i* may happ5 to be incompatible ) ! exi/+ ord] is h>mful1 because x provokes1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 an opposition :i* prev5ts ! individual f cont9u+ ef=ts :i* may be ( utility to society4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 all *anges 9 ! life ( mank9d proce$ f ! same causes t control ! lives ( ! brute creation4 ,& all ! religi\s tea*]s1 l ,moses & ! ,prophets1 ,confucius1 ,lao ,tze1 ,buddha1 & ,*ri/1 prea*$ _! doctr9es1 & _! foll[]s adopt$ !m1 n because !y div9$ & lov$ ! tru?1 b because ! political1 social1 &1 above all1 ! economical conditions ( ! nations 9 ^: mid/ ^! doctr9es f\nd expression 7 favorable to _! exposition & developm5t4 ,!re=e ! pr9cipal activity ( a man :o wi%es to s]ve ! _w & to improve ! condition ( 8 k9d %\ld be direct$1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 n to tea*+ & pr(ession ( ! tru?1 b to ! improvem5t ( ! outw>d1 political1 social1 &1 above all1 economic conditions ( life4 ,! *ange 9 ^! conditions may be accompli%$ by s]v+ ! gov]nm5t & introduc+ lib]al & progressive pr9ciples1 by contribut+ to ! developm5t ( comm]ce1 by propagat+ sociali/ic pr9ciples1 b1 above all1 by promot+ ! diffusion ( sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 x is a matt] ( no consequ5ce :e!r "o pr(ess ! reveal$ tru? or n2 !re is no obligation to live 9 accordance ) its precepts1 or to refra9 f actions oppos$ to !m1--z1 = in/ance1 to s]ve ! gov]nm5t1 ?\gh "o consid]s its p[] detrim5tal2 to pr(it by ! organization ( capital1 ?\gh "o disapproves ( x2 to subscribe to c]ta9 =ms ( religion1 ?\gh "o consid]s !m sup]/itions4 ,practise 9 ! c\rts ( law1 ?\gh "o believes !m to be corrupt2 or ent] ! army1 or take ! oa? ( allegiance1 or inde$ lie1 or d any?+ t is conv5i5t4 ,^! ?+s are trivial2 = x is a matt] ( vital importance1 in/ead ( *all5g+ ! prevail+ cu/oms ( ! day1 to con=m to !m1 ?\gh !y be contr>y to "o's convictions1 satisfi$ mean:ile to try & lib]alize ! exi/+ in/itutions1 by enc\rag+ comm]ce1 propagat+ sociali/ic doctr9es1 & g5]ally promot+ soi-disant sci5ce & civilization4 ,accord+ to ?is conv5i5t !ory1 x is possible = a man to rema9 a l&[n]1 a m]*ant1 a manufactur]1 a judge1 a function>y paid by ! gov]nm5t1 a soldi]1 an (fic]1 & at ! same "t to be humanit>ian1 sociali/1 & revolution>y4 ,hypocrisy1 =m]ly gr[+ only out ( su* religi\s doctr9es z t ( orig9al s91 r$emption1 ! ,*ur*1 has 9 ^! latt] days1 by means ( ! new !ory1 ga9$ = itself a sci5tific basis1 & ^? ^: intellectual habit ( m9d r5d]s ! hypocrisy ( ! ,*ur* un5durable1 are yet deceiv$ by ?is new hypocrisy ) ! ca*et ( sci5ce4 ,if 9 old times a man :o pr(ess$ ! doctr9es taught by ! ,*ur* c\ld ) a cle> consci5ce take "p 9 any political crime1 & b5efit by s do+1 provid$ he compli$ ) ! ext]nal =ms ( 8 fai?1 m5 ( ! pres5t day1 :o d5y ,*ri/ianity1 & view ! conduct ( life f a secul> & sci5tific /&po9t1 are e :it z sure ( _! own innoc5ce1 ev5 ( _! l(ty morality1 :5 !y p>ticipate 9 & b5efit by ! evil-do+s ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is n alone 9 ,russia1 b 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,am]ica z well1 t we f9d ! weal?y l&$ proprietor1 :o1 9 return = hav+ all[$ ! m5 :o live on 8 e/ate & :o supply him ) ! products ( ! soil1 extorts f ^! m51 :o are (t5 pov]ty-/rick51 all t he possibly c4 ,:5ev] ^! oppress$ labor]s make an attempt to ga9 some?+ = !mselves f ! l&s :i* ! ri* man calls 8 own1 )\t fir/ ask+ 8 cons5t1 troops are call$ out1 :o torture & put to dea? ^? :o h be5 bold en\gh to take su* lib]ties4 ,by me?ods l ?is are claims to ! own]%ip ( l& made good4 ,"o w\ld h>dly imag9e t a man :o liv$ 9 su* a wick$ & selfi% mann] c\ld call himself a ,*ri/ian1 or ev5 lib]al4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t if a man c>$ to seem ,*ri/ian or lib]al1 he w\ld at lea/ cease to plund] & to torm5t 8 fell[-m5 ) ! aid ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 ord] to v9dicate 8 claims to ! own]%ip ( l&4 ,& su* w\ld be ! case 7 x n = ! metaphysical hypocrisy :i* tea*es t f a religi\s /&po9t x is immat]ial :e!r "o owns l& or n1 & t1 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 = a s+le individual to give up 8 l& w\ld be a useless sacrifice1 )\t any effect on ! well-be+ ( mank9d1 ! amelioration ( :i* c only be br\ght ab\t by a progressive modification ( outw>d conditions4 ,mean:ile1 y\r mod]n l&[n] w1 )\t ! lea/ hesitation or d\bt1 organize an agricultural exhibition1 or a temp]ance society1 or1 ?r\gh 8 wife & daught]s1 di/ribute w>m und]clo?+ & s\p to ?ree old wom52 & he w hold =? be=e ! dome/ic circle1 or 9 society1 or z a memb] ( committees1 or 9 ! public press1 ^u ! gospel ( love = mank9d 9 g5]al & ! agricultural class 9 p>ticul>1 t class :i* he nev] ceases to torm5t & oppress4 ,& ^? :o occupy a simil> position w believe 9 him & s+ 8 praises1 & take c\nsel toge!r ^u ! be/ me?ods ( improv+ ! condition ( ^? v labor+ classes !y sp5d _! lives 9 exploit+2 & = ?is purpose !y sugge/ e possible exp$i5t1 save t :i* w\ld effect x1--namely1 to desi/ f robb+ ! poor ( ! l& necess>y = _! subsi/5ce4 7,a /rik+ example ( ?is hypocrisy 0 pres5t$ by ! ,russian l&[n]s dur+ ! /ruggle ) ! fam9e ( la/ ye>1#cj a fam9e ( :i* !y 7 !mselves ! cause1 & by :i* !y pr(it$1 n only by sell+ bread at ! highe/ price1 b ev5 by dispos+ ( ! dri$ potato-plants = five r\bles a dessiat91 to be us$ z fuel by ! freez+ peasants47 #cj #ahib4 ,! bus9ess ( ! m]*ant1 aga9 7z is ! case ) bus9ess ( any k9d71 is bas$ ^u a s]ies ( frauds2 he takes advantage ( ! necessities ( m5 by buy+ 8 m]*&ise bel[1 & sell+ x above1 its value4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t a man1 ! ma9spr+ ( ^: activity is :at he himself 9 8 own language calls %rewdness1 ought to feel a%am$ ( ?is1 & nev] dream ( call+ himself ,*ri/ian or lib]al :ile he cont9ues a m]*ant4 ,b1 accord+ to ! new metaphysic ( hypocrisy1 he may pass = a virtu\s man & /ill pursue 8 evil c>e]2 ! religi\s man has b to believe1 ! lib]al man b to cop]ate1 9 ! re=m ( ext]nal conditions to promote ! g5]al progress ( comm]ce2 ! re/ does n signify4 ,s ?is m]*ant 7:o1 besides1 (t5 sells bad commodities1 adult]ates1 & uses false weights & measures1 or deals exclusively 9 commodities t imp]il human life1 su* z alcohol or opium7 frankly consid]s himself1 & is consid]$ by o!rs1--always provid$ he only does n *eat 8 colleagues 9 bus9ess & knav]y1 8 fell[-tradesm51--a model ( consci5ti\sness & hone/y4 ,& if he sp5d "o p] c5t ( 8 /ol5 money on "s public in/itution1 hospital1 museum1 or s*ool1 m5 call him ! b5efactor ( ! p on ^: exploitation all 8 welf>e dep5ds2 & if he gives b ! lea/ "p ( ?is money to ! ,*ur* or to ! poor1 !n is he deem$ an exempl>y ,*ri/ian inde$4 ,take aga9 ! factory-own]1 ^: entire income is d]iv$ f r$uc+ ! pay ( 8 workm5 to its l[e/ t]ms1 & ^: :ole bus9ess is c>ri$ on by =c$ & unnatural labor1 endang]+ ! heal? ( g5]ations ( m54 ,"o w\ld suppose t if ?is man pr(ess$ ,*ri/ian or lib]al pr9ciples he w\ld cease to sacrifice human lives to 8 int]e/s4 ,b1 accord+ to ! exi/+ !ory1 he enc\rages indu/ry1 & x w\ld be a positive injury to society if he 7 to ab&on 8 op]ations1 ev5 suppos+ he 7 will+ to d s4 ,&1 too1 ?is man1 ! cruel slave-driv] ( ?\s&s ( human be+s1 hav+ built = ^? injur$ 9 8 s]vice m9ute h\ses1 ) g>d5s six feet 9 ext5t1 or e/abli%$ a fund1 or a home = ! ag$1 or a hospital1 is p]fectly satisfi$ t he has m ?an aton$ = ! moral & physical jeop>dy into :i* he has plung$ s _m lives2 & he cont9ues to live calmly1 pr\d ( 8 "w4 ,we f9d t ! function>y1 civil1 milit>y1 or ecclesia/ical1 :o p]=ms 8 duties to gratify 8 selfi%ness or ambition1 or1 z is m usually ! case1 = ! sake ( ! /ip5d1 collect$ 9 ! %ape ( taxes f an exhau/$ & crippl$ p1--if1 by a r>e exception1 he does n directly /eal f ! public treasury1--consid]s himself1 & is consid]$ by 8 equals1 a mo/ useful & virtu\s memb] ( society4 ,!re are judges & o!r legal function>ies :o "k t _! decisions h condemn$ hundr$s & ?\s&s ( un=tunate m5 to be torn f _! families & ?r[n into prison4 ,!re ^! hapless be+s are lock$ up 9 solit>y conf9em5t1 or s5t to ! galleys1 :]e !y g desp]ate & put an end to !mselves by />v+ !mselves to dea?1 by swall[+ glass1 or by "s su* means4 ,& :o kn[s :at ! mo!rs1 wives1 & *ildr5 ( ^! m5 suff] by ! sep>ation & imprisonm5t1 & ! disgrace ( x1--:o h va9ly begg$ = p>don = _! sons1 husb&s1 bro!rs1 or t _! lot may be a little alleviat$4 ,b ! judge or o!r legal function>y is s prim$ ) ! curr5t hypocrisy t he himself1 8 colleagues1 8 wife1 & 8 fri5ds are all q sure1 despite :at he does1 t he is a good & s5sible man4 ,accord+ to ! curr5t philosophy ( hypocrisy1 su* a man p]=ms a duty ( great importance to ! public4 ,& ?is man1 :o has injur$ hundr$s or ?\s&s ( human be+s1 :o owe x to him t !y h lo/ _! belief 9 goodness & _! fai? 9 ,god1 goes to *ur* ) a b5evol5t smile1 li/5s to ! ,bible1 makes lib]al spee*es1 c>esses 8 *ildr51 be/[s moral lessons ^u !m1 = _! edification1 & gr[s s5tim5tal ov] imag9>y suff]+4 ,n only ^! m51 _! wives & *ildr51 b ! entire community ar\nd !m1 all ! tea*]s1 actors1 cooks1 jockeys1 live by prey+ ^u ! life-blood ( ! work+-p1 :i* 9 "o way or ano!r !y absorb l lee*es4 ,e "o ( _! days ( pleasure co/s ?\s&s ( days 9 ! lives ( ! work]s4 ,!y see ! suff]+ & privation ( ^! workm51 ( _! wives & *ildr51 ( _! ag$ & feeble4 ,!y "k :at puni%m5ts are visit$ ^u ^? :o attempt to resi/ ! organiz$ sy/em ( pillage1 b s f> f ab&on+ or conceal+ _! luxuri\s habits1 !y flaunt !m 9 ! faces ( ^? :om !y oppress & by :om !y are hat$4 ,all ! :ile !y assure !mselves & o!rs t !y h ! welf>e ( ! work+-man greatly at he>t4 ,on ,sundays1 clad 9 ri* g>m5ts1 !y drive 9 _! c>riages to *ur*es :]e ! mock]y ( ,*ri/ianity is prea*$1 & li/5 !re to ! words ( m5 :o h le>n$ _! falsehoods by he>t4 ,"s ( ^! m5 we> /oles1 "s we> :ite cravats2 !y all prea* ! doctr9e ( love = "o's neighbor1 a doctr9e beli$ by _! daily lives4 ,& !y h all gr[n s accu/om$ to play+ ?is "p t !y really believe !mselves to be :at !y pret5d4 ,?is univ]sal hypocrisy1 :i* has become to e class ( society at ! pres5t day l ! air x brea!s1 is s famili> t m5 are no long] exasp]at$ by x4 ,x is v fitt+ t hypocrisy %\ld signify act+ or play+ ( a "p4 ,x has become s mu* a matt] ( c\rse t x no long] excites surprise :5 ! repres5tatives ( ,*ri/ pron\nce a bless+ ov] murd]]s z !y /& 9 rank hold+ _! guns 9 ! position :i* signifies1 9 milit>y p>lance1 = pray]s1 or :5 ! prie/s & pa/ors ( v>i\s ,*ri/ian sects accompany ! execution] to ! scaffold1 &1 by l5d+ ! sanction ( _! pres5ce to murd]1 make m5 believe x compatible ) ,*ri/ianity4 7,"o m9i/] 0 pres5t :5 exp]im5ts 9 electrocution took place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates47 ,at ! ,int]national ,prison ,exposition rec5tly held 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :]e in/rum5ts ( torture1 su* z *a9s1 & models ( prison-cells = solit>y conf9em5t1--means ( torture worse ?an ! kn\t or ! rod1--7 on exhibition1 sympa!tic ladies & g5tlem5 w5t to see !m1 & seem$ greatly ent]ta9$4 ,no "o m>vels to f9d lib]al sci5ce insi/+ ^u ! equality1 frat]nity1 & lib]ty ( m5 on ! "o h&1 :ile on ! o!r x is /riv+ to prove ! necessity ( armies1 executions1 cu/om-h\ses1 ( c5sor%ip ( ! press1 ( legaliz$ pro/itution1 ( ! expulsion ( =eign labor1 ( ! prohibition ( emigration1 & ( ! necessity & ju/ice ( colonization e/abli%$ by ! pillage & ext]m9ation ( :ole races ( s-call$ savages1 etc4 ,!y talk ( :at w happ5 :5 all m5 %all pr(ess :at !y call ,*ri/ianity 7by :i* !y mean ! diff]5t conflict+ cre$s72 :5 e "o w be f$ & clo!d2 :5 m5 w communicate ) "o ano!r all ov] ! _w by telegraph & telephones1 & w travel 9 balloons2 :5 all work+-m5 w accept ! doctr9e ( socialism2 :5 ! trade unions w embrace _m millions ( m5 & possess millions ( money2 :5 all m5 w be educat$1 w read ! pap]s1 & be famili> ) all ! sci5ces4 ,b :at good w ?is d if aft] all ^! improvem5ts m5 are /ill false to ! tru?8 ,! mis]ies ( m5 are caus$ by disunion1 & disunion arises f ! fact t m5 foll[ n tru?1 b falsehood1 ( :i* !re is no end4 ,tru? is ! only bond by :i* m5 may be unit$2 & ! m s9c]ely m5 /rive aft] ! tru? ! ne>] !y approa* to true unity4 ,b h[ are m5 to be unit$ 9 ! tru?1 or ev5 approa* x1 if !y n only fail to proclaim ! tru? :i* !y possess1 b actually ?9k x useless to d s1 & pret5d to believe 9 some?+ :i* !y "k to be a lie8 ,9 reality no improvem5t 9 ! condition ( mank9d is possible :ile m5 cont9ue to hide ! tru? f !mselves1 nor until !y ackn[l$ge t _! unity1 & consequ5tly _! welf>e1 c be promot$ only by ! _s ( tru?2 until !y admit t to pr(ess1 & to act 9 ob$i5ce to ! tru? z x has be5 reveal$ to !m1 is m important ?an all ?+s else4 ,let all ! mat]ial progress ev] dreamt ( by religi\s & sci5tific m5 be made2 let all m5 accept ,*ri/ianity1 & let all ! improvem5ts sugge/$ by ! ,bellamys & ,ri*ets1 ) e possible addition & correction1 be c>ri$ out2 & yet if ! hypocrisy ( to-day /ill fl\ri%es1 if m5 d n make kn[n ! tru? t is )9 !m1 b g on pret5d+ to believe :at !y "k to be untrue1 %[+ respect :]e !y no long] feel x1 _! condition w nev] improve2 on ! contr>y1 x w become worse4 ,! m m5 are rais$ above want1 ! m telegraphs1 telephones1 books1 newspap]s1 & reviews !y possess1 ! m num]\s w be ! *annels = ! diffusion ( falsehood & hypocrisy1 & ! m at v>iance & mis]able w m5 become1--& x is ev5 s at ! pres5t "t4 ,let all ^? mat]ial *anges take place1 & /ill ! position ( humanity w 9 no way be improv$ by !m2 b let e man1 s f> z he is able1 beg9 at once & live up to 8 highe/ ideal ( ! tru? or1 at ! lea/1 cease to def5d a lie1 !n inde$ %\ld we see ev5 9 ?is ye> ( #ahic su* an advance 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tru? ^u e>?1 & 9 ! deliv]ance ( mank9d1 z c\ld h>dly be hop$ = 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,x 0 n )\t reason t ! only h>% & d5unciatory words t ,*ri/ utt]$ 7 address$ to hypocrites4 ,x is nei!r !ft1 nor robb]y1 nor murd]1 nor =nication1 nor fraud1 b falsehood1 t p>ticul> hypocritical falsehood1 :i* de/roys 9 m5's consci5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 :i* corrupts !m & takes f !m ! possibility ( avoid+ evil & ( seek+ good1 :i* deprives !m ( t :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( a true human life1--x is ?is :i* b>s ! way to all improvem5t4 ,^? m5 :o d evil1 kn[+ n ! tru?1 inspire 9 ! behold] compassion = _! victims & repugnance = !mselves1 b !y only injure ! few :om !y mole/4 ,:]eas ^? m5 :o1 kn[+ ! good1 yet pursue ! evil1 we>+ all ! :ile ! mantle ( hypocrisy1 commit a wrong1 n only aga9/ !mselves & _! victims1 b also aga9/ ?\s&s ( o!r m5 :o are deceiv$ by ! falsehood "u :i* !y conceal ! wrong4 ,?ieves1 robb]s1 murd]]s1 rogues1 :o commit acts :i* !y !mselves1 z well z o!r m51 "k to be evil1 s]ve z a w>n+ to %[ m5 :at is evil1 & make !m hate x4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o /eal1 rob1 torture1 & murd]1 ju/ify+ !mselves by pret5d$ religi\s1 sci5tific1 or o!r motives1 l ! l&[n]s1 m]*ants1 factory-own]s1 & gov]nm5t s]vants ( ! pres5t "t1 by provok+ imitation1 injure n only _! victims1 b ?\s&s & millions ( m5 :o are corrupt$ by _! influ5ce1 & :o become s bl9d$ t !y _c di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil4 ,"o =tune acquir$ by trad+ 9 ! necess>ies ( life or 9 articles t t5d to demoralize m51 or by speculations 9 ! /ock ex*ange1 or by ! acquisition ( *eap l&s :i* subsequ5tly rise 9 value by reason ( ! increas+ ne$s ( ! p1 or by ! e/abli%m5t ( factories t endang] human heal? & human lives1 or by r5d]+ civil or milit>y s]vice to ! ,/ate1 or by any occupation t t5ds to ! demoralization ( mank9d1--a =tune acquir$ 9 any ( ^! ways1 n only p]mitt$1 b approv$ by ! lead]s ( society1 :51 fur!rmore1 x is support$ by a %[ ( *>ity1 surely demoralizes m5 m ?an millions ( !fts1 frauds1 or robb]ies1--s9s committ$ aga9/ ! laws ( ! l& & subject to judicial prosecution4 ,a s+le en=cem5t ( capital puni%m5t1 orda9$ by m5 ( education & weal?1 sanction$ by ! approval ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy1 & decl>$ to be an act ( ju/ice ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 t5ds f> m to degrade & brutalize mank9d ?an hundr$s & ?\s&s ( murd]s committ$ 9 passion by ! ignorant4 ,a m demoraliz+ sc5e ?an ! execution sugge/$ by ,jukovsky1 calculat$ z x is to excite a feel+ ( religi\s exaltation1 x w\ld be difficult to conceive4#ca #ca ,see vol4 iv4 ( ! works ( ,jukovsky 7a ,russian poet74 ,a w>1 ev5 ( ! %orte/ duration1--) all its cu/om>y consequ5ces1 ! de/ruction ( h>ve/s1 ! !fts1 ! un*eck$ debau*]y & murd]s1 ) ! usual explanations ( its necessity & ju/ice1 ) ! accompany+ glorification & praise be/[$ ^u milit>y exploits1 ^u patriotism1 devotion to ! flag1 ) ! assumption ( t5d]ness & c>e = ! w\nd$1--w d m 9 "o ye> to demoralize m5 ?an ?\s&s ( robb]ies1 arsons1 & murd]s committ$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies by individual m5 c>ri$ away by passion4 ,! exi/5ce ( "o h\sehold1 "o n ev5 extravagant beyond ! ord9>y limits1 e/eem+ itself virtu\s & innoc5t1 :i* yet consumes ! production ( en\gh to support ?\s&s ( ! m5 :o live ne> 9 pov]ty & di/ress1 has a m degrad+ influ5ce on mank9d ?an innum]able orgies ( gross %opkeep]s1 (fic]s1 or workm5 :o are addict$ to dr9k & debau*]y1 & :o sma% mirrors & crock]y by way ( amusem5t4 ,"o solemn procession1 "o religi\s s]vice1 or "o s]mon f ! pulpit1 embody+ a falsehood :i* ! prea*] himself does n believe1 does inf9itely m h>m ?an ?\s&s ( frauds1 adult]ations ( food1 etc4 ,m5 talk ( ! hypocrisy ( ! ,ph>isees2 b ! hypocrisy ( our contempor>ies f> surpasses ! comp>atively h>mless sanctimoni\sness ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,!y at lea/ _h an outw>d religi\s law1 ^: fulfilm5t may p]haps h prev5t$ !m f disc]n+ _! duty t[>d _! neighbors2 inde$1 ^? duties _h n !n be5 di/9ctly def9$4 ,to-day !re is no su* law4 7,i d n consid] su* gross & /upid m5 z ev5 n[ believe t sacram5ts or absolution ( ! ,pope c free !m f s9s47 ,on ! contr>y1 ! law ( ! gospel1 :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r we all pr(ess1 makes our duties p]fectly pla94 ,inde$1 ^? precepts :i* 7 b vaguely indicat$ by c]ta9 ( ! prophets h s9ce be5 s cle>ly =mulat$1 h gr[n to be su* truisms1 t ! v s*ool-boys & hack writ]s repeat !m4 ,!re=e m5 ( our times _c feign ignorance conc]n+ !m4 ,^? m5 :o enjoy ! advantages ( ! exi/+ sy/em1 & :o are always prote/+ love = _! neighbor1 )\t suspicion t _! own lives are an injury to _! neighbors1 are l ! robb] :o1 caught ) an uplift$ knife1 8 victim cry+ desp]ately = help1 prote/s t he did n "k t he 0 do+ any?+ unpleasant to ! man :om he 0 9 ! act ( robb+ & ab\t to murd]4 ,s9ce ! d5ial ( ?is robb] & murd]] w\ld be ( no avail1 8 act be+ pat5t to all obs]v]s1 x w\ld seem equally futile = our fell[-citiz5s1 :o live by ! suff]+s ( ! oppress$1 to assure !mselves & o!rs t !y desire ! welf>e ( ^? :om !y nev] cease to rob1 & t !y _h n realiz$ ! nature ( ! me?ods by :i* _! prosp]ity _h be5 atta9$4 ,we c no long] p]suade ourselves t we d n "k ( ! "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 9 ,russia alone :o h be5 %ut up 9 galleys or 9 prisons = ! purpose ( secur+ to u our prop]ty & our peace2 & t we d n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? c\rts ( law at :i* we preside1 to :i* we br+ our accusations1 :i* s5t5ce ^? m51 :o h attack$ our prop]ty or our lives1 to ! galleys1 to imprisonm5t1 or to exile1 :]e human be+s1 no worse ?an !y :o h pron\nc$ judgm5t ^u !m1 become degrad$ & lo/2 nor t we d n "k t ev]y?+ t we possess has be5 won & is pres]v$ at ! exp5se ( murd] & viol5ce4 ,we _c %ut our eyes & pret5d t we d n see ! policeman1 :o1 arm$ ) a revolv]1 paces be=e our w9d[1 protect+ u :ile we are eat+ our excell5t d9n]1 or :5 we are at ! !at] see+ a new play2 nor d n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! soldi]s :o w appe> arm$ ) guns & c>tridges :5ev] our prop]ty is m5ac$4 ,we "k p]fectly well t if we f9i% our d9n]1 see ! new play to its end1 enjoy a m]ry-mak+ at ,*ri/mas1 take a walk1 g to a ball1 a race1 or a hunt1 we owe x to ! policeman's revolv] or ! ball 9 ! soldi]'s musket1 :i* w pi]ce ! hungry belly ( ! dis9h]it$ man :o1 ) wat]+ m\?1 peeps r\nd ! corn] at our pleasures1 & :o might int]rupt !m if ! policeman or ! soldi]s 9 ! b>racks 7 n ready to appe> at our fir/ call4 ,h5ce1 z ! man :o is caught 9 ! act ( robb]y 9 broad daylight _c d5y t he ?reat5$ 8 victim ) a knife = ! purpose ( /eal+ 8 purse1 x might be suppos$ t we c\ld no long] repres5t to ourselves & to o!rs t ! soldi]s & policem5 :om we see ar\nd u are "h1 n = ! purpose ( protect+ u1 b to repulse =eign enemies1 to assure public ord]1 to adorn by _! pres5ce public rejoic+s & c]emonies4 ,we _c pret5d we d n "k t m5 are n fond ( />v+ to dea?4 ,we "k t !y d n l to die ( hung]1 be+ depriv$ ( ! "r to e>n _! liv+ f ! soil ^u :i* !y live1 t !y are n anxi\s to "w t5 to f\rte5 h\rs a day und]gr\nd1 /&+ 9 wat]1 or 9 ov]-heat$ rooms1 twelve or f\rte5 h\rs a day1 or at night1 manufactur+ articles :i* contribute to our pleasures4 ,x w\ld seem impossible to d5y :at is s evid5t1 & yet x is :at we d d5y4 ,x _c be d5i$ t !re are p ( ! weal?y class1 & ,i am glad to say t ,i meet !m m & m frequ5tly1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! y\ng] g5]ation & among wom51 :o1 on be+ rem9d$ by :at means & at :at a price _! pleasures are obta9$1 in/antly admit ! tru? ( x1 & ) b[$ heads exclaim3 ,ah1 d n tell u ( x6 ,if x is z y say1 "o _c live6 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are "s :o are will+ to admit _! s91 ?\gh !y "k n h[ to escape f x1 /ill1 ! majority ( m5 n[adays h become s confirm$ 9 hypocrisy t !y boldly d5y facts t are pat5t to e "o :o has eyes4 ,x is all nons5se1 !y say4 ,no "o =ces ! p to "w = ! l&[n]s or 9 ! factories4 ,x is a matt] ( mutual accommodation4 ,l>ge prop]ties & capital are indisp5sable1 because !y enable m5 to organize companies & provide "w = ! labor+ classes1 & ! "w 9 mills & factories is by no means s dreadful z y repres5t x4 ,:5 real abuses are f\nd to exi/1 ! gov]nm5t & society 9 g5]al take measures to aboli% !m & to r5d] ! labor ( ! work+-m5 easi] & m agreeable4 ,! work+-classes are us$ to physical labor1 & are n z yet capable ( do+ any?+ else4 ,! pov]ty ( ! p is caus$ nei!r by ! l&[n]s nor by ! tyranny ( ! capitali/s2 x spr+s f o!r causes1--f ignorance1 disord]1 & intemp]ance4 ,we1 ! gov]n+ classes1 :o c\nt]act ?is /ate ( pov]ty by wise adm9i/ration2 & we1 ! capitali/s1 :o c\nt]act x by ! multiplication ( useful inv5tions2 & we1 ! lib]als1 :o contribute our %>e by in/itut+ trade unions & by diffus+ education1--^! are ! me?ods by :i* we promote ! welf>e ( ! p1 )\t mak+ any radical *ange 9 our position4 ,we d n wi% all to be poor l ! poor2 we wi% all to be ri* l ! ri*4 ,z to tortur+ & kill+ m5 = ! purpose ( mak+ !m "w = ! ri*1 t is all sophi/ry2 ! troops are s5t out to quell di/urbances :5 m51 n appreciat+ _! advantages1 rebel & di/urb ! peace ess5tial = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,x is equally necess>y to re/ra9 malefactors1 = :om prisons1 gall[s1 & ! l are e/abli%$4 ,we are anxi\s en\gh to aboli% !m z f> z possible ourselves1 & are work+ = t purpose4 ,hypocrisy1 :i* n[adays is support$ by two me?ods1 ! quasi-religi\s & ! quasi-sci5tific1 has atta9$ su* proportions1 t if we did n live 9 its atmosph]e cont9ually1 x w\ld be impossible to believe t humanity c\ld s9k to su* dep?s ( self-deception4 ,m5 h rea*$ s surpris+ a /ate1 _! he>ts h become s h>d5$1 t !y look & d n see2 li/51 & d n he> or und]/&4 ,= a long "t !y h be5 liv+ a life t is contr>y to _! consci5ce4 ,7 x n = ! aid ( hypocrisy !y w\ld be unable s to live1 = su* a life1 s oppos$ to consci5ce1 c only cont9ue because x is veil$ by hypocrisy4 ,& ! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! practice & ! consci5ce ( m51 ! m ela/ic becomes hypocrisy4 ,yet ev5 hypocrisy has its limits1 & ,i believe t we h rea*$ !m4 ,e man ( ! pres5t day1 ) ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness t has involunt>ily become 81 may be lik5$ to a sleep] :o dreams t he is do+ :at ev5 9 8 dream he kn[s he ought n to d4 ,9 ! dep?s ( 8 dream-consci\sness he realizes 8 conduct1 & yet seems unable to *ange 8 c\rse1 & to cease do+ t :i* he is aw>e he %\ld n d4 ,!n1 9 ! progress ( 8 dream1 8 /ate ( m9d becom+ less & less endurable1 he beg9s to d\bt ! reality ( :at has seem$ s real1 & makes a consci\s ef=t to break ! spell t holds him4 ,! av]age man ( our ,*ri/ian _w is 9 exactly ! same /rait4 ,he feels t ev]y?+ go+ on ar\nd him is absurd1 s5seless1 & impossible2 t ! situation is becom+ m & m pa9ful1 t x has inde$ rea*$ ! crisis4 ,x is impossible t we ( ! pres5t age1 end[$ ) ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce t has become a "p ( our v fle% & blood z x 71 :o live ) a full consci\sness ( ! dignity ( man & ! equality ( all m51 :o feel our ne$ = peaceable relations ) ea* o!r & = ! unity ( all nations1 %\ld g on liv+ 9 su* a way4 ,x is impossible t all our pleasures1 all our satisfactions1 %\ld be pur*as$ by ! suff]+s & ! lives ( our bre?r52 impossible t we %\ld be ready at a mom5t's notice to ru% ^u ea* o!r l wild bea/s1 "o nation aga9/ ano!r1 & rel5tlessly de/roy ! lives & labor ( m51 only because "o fooli% diplomati/ or rul] says or writes some?+ fooli% to ano!r4 ,x is impossible2 & yet all m5 ( our "t see t ?is is :at does happ5 e day1 & all wait = ! cata/rophe1 :ile ! situation gr[s m & m /ra9$ & pa9ful4 ,& z a man 9 8 sleep d\bts ! reality ( 8 dream & longs to awak5 & return to real life1 s ! av]age man ( our day _c1 9 ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 believe ! t]rible situation 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 & :i* is gr[+ worse & worse1 to be ! reality4 ,he longs to atta9 to a high] reality1 ! consci\sness ( :i* is already )9 him4 ,& l ?is sleep]1 :o has b to make ! consci\s ef=t to ask himself :e!r x be a dream1 9 ord] to trans=m its seem+ hopelessness into a joy\s awak5+1 our av]age man has b to make a consci\s ef=t & ask himself1 ,is n all ?is an illusion8 9 ord] to feel himself =?) l ! awak5$ sleep]1 transport$ f an hypocritical & horrible dream-_w into a liv+1 peaceful1 & joy\s real "o4 ,& = ?is he has no ne$ ( any h]oic a*ievem5t2 he has only to make ! ef=t prompt$ by 8 moral consci\sness4 ,b is man able to make ?is ef=t8 ,accord+ to ! exi/+ !ory1 "o indisp5sable f ! po9t ( view ( hypocrisy1 man is n free & may n *ange 8 life4 ,a man _c *ange 8 life1 because he is n a free ag5t4 ,he is n a free ag5t1 because 8 acts are ! result ( prec$+ causes4 ,& :atev] he may d1 c]ta9 x is t prec$+ causes always det]m9e t a man mu/ act 9 "o way r ?an 9 ano!r2 !re=e a man is n free to *ange 8 life1--?us argue ! def5d]s ( ! metaphysic ( hypocrisy4 ,& !y w\ld be p]fectly "r if man 7 an unconsci\s & /ation>y be+1 incapable ( appreh5d+ ! tru?1 & unable to advance to a high] /ate by means ( x4 ,b man is a consci\s be+1 able to gr[ m & m 9 ! k ( tru?4 ,!re=e if he be n free 9 8 acts1 ! causes ( ^! acts1 :i* consi/ 9 ! recognition simply ( su* & su* tru?1 are yet )9 8 ma/]y4 ,s t if a man is n free to d c]ta9 acts1 he is yet free to "w t[>d ! suppression ( ! moral causes :i* prev5t _! p]=mance4 ,he may be lik5$ to ! eng9e] ( a locomotive1 :o1 ?\gh n at lib]ty to *ange ! pa/ or pres5t motion ( 8 eng9e1 is yet free to det]m9e its future progress4 ,no matt] :at an intellig5t man may d1 he adopts a c]ta9 c\rse ( action only because he ackn[l$ges to himself t at ! mom5t t c\rse alone is ! "r "o2 or because he has =m]ly recogniz$ x z su*1 & n[ cont9ues to act z he does ?r\gh =ce ( habit1 or ?r\gh m5tal in]tia4 ,:e!r a man eats or ab/a9s f food1 :e!r he works or re/s1 :e!r he avoids dang] or seeks x1 he acts z he does because he consid]s x to be reasonable at ! "t1 or because previ\sly he saw t ! tru? consi/$ 9 act+ 9 t way & n 9 ano!r4 ,! admission or ! d5ial ( a c]ta9 tru? dep5ds n on outw>d causes1 b on c]ta9 conditions t man f9ds )9 himself4 ,?us frequ5tly1 ) all ! outw>d &1 z x may seem1 favorable conditions = recogniz+ ! tru?1 "o may reject x1 :ile ano!r may receive x "u ! mo/ unfavorable conditions1 & )\t app>5t motives4 ,z x is said 9 ! gospel3 ,no man c come to me1 except ! ,fa!r :i* ha? s5t me draw him2--t is to say1 ! recognition ( tru?1 :i* is ! cause ( all ! manife/ations ( a man's life1 does n dep5d on outw>d conditions1 b on c]ta9 inh]5t qualities :i* escape recognition4 ,!re=e a man :o is n free 9 8 acts /ill feels himself free 9 reg>d to ! cause ( 8 acts2 t is1 9 reg>d to ! recognition or non-recognition ( tru?4 ,?us a man :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( passion1 has committ$ a de$ contr>y to ! tru? he kn[s1 /ill rema9s free 9 recogniz+ or d5y+ ! tru?2 9 o!r words1 d5y+ ! tru?1 he may consid] 8 act necess>y & ju/ify himself 9 committ+ x1 or1 accept+ ! tru?1 he may ackn[l$ge 8 de$ to be evil & himself guilty4 ,?us a gambl] or a drunk>d1 :o has succumb$ to 8 passion1 is free to ackn[l$ge gambl+ or drunk5ness ei!r z evils1 or z amusem5ts )\t consequ5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 if he _c get rid ( 8 passion at once1 he becomes free f x gradually1 accord+ to ! dep? ( 8 conviction ( its evil4 ,9 ! second in/ance1 8 passion gr[s & gradually deprives him ( all *ance ( deliv]ance4 ,s1 too1 ) a man :o1 unable to endure ! scor*+ flames = ! rescue ( 8 fri5d1 himself escapes f a burn+ h\se1 :ile he recognizes ! tru? t a man %\ld save ! life ( 8 fell[-man at ! p]il ( 8 own1 is yet free to look ^u 8 act z evil1 & !re=e to condemn himself = x2 or1 d5y+ ?is tru?1 to judge 8 act to be bo? natural & necess>y1 & s ju/ify himself 9 8 own op9ion4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 8 recognition ( ! tru?1 ev5 ?\gh he has n act$ 9 accordance ) x1 helps him to prep>e = a s]ies ( self-sacrific+ actions t w inevitably foll[ su* recognition4 ,9 ! second in/ance1 he prep>es = a s]ies ( actions j z selfi%4 ,i d n say t a man is always free to recognize or n to recognize e tru?4 ,c]ta9 tru?s !re are1 long s9ce recogniz$ by m51 & transmitt$ by tradition1 education1 & m]e =ce ( habit until !y h become second nature2 & !re are o!r tru?s :i* m5 p]ceive z b dimly & af>4 ,a man is n free n to recognize ! fir/ ( ^!2 he is n free to recognize ! second4 ,b !re is a ?ird category ( tru?s1 :i* h n z yet become unque/ion$ motors ( 8 activity1 b h reveal$ !mselves to man s unmi/akably t he is unable to disreg>d !m2 he mu/ inevitably consid] !m1 & ei!r accept or reject !m4 ,x is by 8 relation to ^! tru?s t a man's fre$om is manife/$4 ,ea* man 9 8 p]ception ( tru? is l a wayf>] :o walks by ! aid ( a lant]n ^: light he ca/s be=e him3 he does n see :at z yet has n be5 reveal$ by its beams1 he does n see ! pa? he has left beh9d1 m]g$ aga9 9 ! d>kness2 b at any giv5 po9t he sees t :i* ! lant]n reveals1 & he is always at lib]ty to *oose "o side ( ! road or ! o!r4 ,!re exi/ = ea* man c]ta9 conceal$ tru?s1 z yet unreveal$ to 8 m5tal vision2 c]ta9 o!rs1 :i* he has exp]i5c$1 assimilat$1 & =gott52 & yet o!rs1 t rise up be=e him dem&+ imm$iate recognition f 8 reason4 ,& x is 9 ! recognition or ! disreg>d ( ^! tru?s t :at we call fre$om becomes evid5t4 ,all ! app>5t difficulty ( ! "q ( man's lib]ty comes f ! fact t ^? :o seek to solve x repres5t man z /ation>y 9 ! pres5ce ( ! tru?4 ,und\bt$ly he is n free if we look ^u him z a /ation>y be+2 if we =get t ! life ( all humanity is an et]nal procession f d>kness to light1 f ! l[] conception ( tru? to a high] "o1 f tru? m+l$ ) error to pur] tru?4 ,a man w\ld n be free if he 7 ignorant ( all tru?2 nei!r w\ld he be free1 nor ev5 h any conception ( lib]ty1 if ! tru? 7 sudd5ly reveal$ to him 9 its entire purity & )\t any admixture ( error4 ,b man is n a /ation>y be+4 ,& z he advances 9 life1 e individual discov]s an ev] increas+ proportion ( tru?1 & ?us becomes less liable to error4 ,! relations ( man to tru? are ?reefold4 ,"s tru?s are s famili> to him t !y h become ! unconsci\s spr+s ( action2 o!rs h only be5 dimly reveal$ to him2 aga9 o!rs1 ?\gh /ill unfamili>1 are reveal$ to him s pla9ly t !y =ce !mselves ^u 8 att5tion1 & inevitably1 9 "o way or ano!r1 he is oblig$ to consid] !m4 ,he _c ignore !m1 b mu/ ei!r recognize or repudiate !m4 ,& x is 9 ! recognition or 9 ! disreg>d ( ^! tru?s t man's free ag5cy is manife/$4 ,a man's fre$om does n consi/ 9 a faculty ( act+ indep5d5tly ( 8 environm5t & ! v>i\s influ5ces x br+s to be> ^u 8 life1 b 9 8 p[] to become1 ?r\gh recogniz+ & pr(ess+ ! tru? t has be5 reveal$ to him1 a free & will+ labor] at ! et]nal & inf9ite "w p]=m$ by ,god & 8 univ]se2 or1 9 %utt+ 8 eyes to tru?1 to become a slave & be =c$ aga9/ 8 w into a way 9 :i* he is loa? to g4 ,n only does tru? po9t out ! direction a man's life %\ld take1 b x op5s ! only road he c take4 ,h5ce1 all m5 w inv>iably1 free or n1 foll[ ! road ( tru?2--"s will+ly1 do+ ! "w !y h set !mselves to d2 o!rs involunt>ily1 by submitt+ 9 spite ( !mselves to ! law ( life4 ,x is 9 ! p[] ( *oice t a man's fre$om lies4 ,fre$om1 9 limits s n>r[ z ^!1 appe>s to m5 s insignificant t !y fail to p]ceive x4 ,! believ]s 9 causation pref] to ov]look x2 ! believ]s 9 unlimit$ free w1 keep+ 9 view _! own ideal1 disda9 a fre$om to !m s insignificant4 ,fre$om1 conf9$ betwe5 ! limits ( entire ignorance ( ! tru?1 or ( ! k ( only a "p ( x1 does n seem to !m to be fre$om1 ! m s t :e!r a man is or is n will+ to recognize ! tru? reveal$ unto him1 he w inevitably be =c$ to obey x 9 life4 ,a horse h>ness$ to a load 9 company ) o!r horses is n free to rema9 9 "o place4 ,if he does n pull ! load1 ! load w /rike him & =ce him to move 9 ! direction x is go+1 ?us compell+ him to advance4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ?is limitation ( fre$om1 ! horse is /ill free to pull ! load ( 8 own accord1 or be pu%$ =w>d by x4 ,! same reason+ c be appli$ to human fre$om4 ,be ?is fre$om great or small z comp>$ ) ! *im]ical fre$om = :i* we sigh1 x is ! only true fre$om1 & ?r\gh x alone is to be f\nd all ! happ9ess accessible to man4 ,& n only does ?is fre$om promote ! happ9ess ( m51 b x is ! only means ?r\gh :i* ! "w ( ! _w c be accompli%$4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 a man :o limits 8 obs]vation ( life to ! sph]e 9 :i* !re is no fre$om--to ! sph]e ( effects--t is1 ( acts--does n live a true life4 ,he only lives a true life :o has transf]r$ 8 life into ! sph]e 9 :i* fre$om lies1--into ! doma9 ( fir/ causes1--t is to say1 by ! recognition & practice ( ! tru? reveal$ to him4 ,! man :o consecrates 8 life to s5sual acts is ev] p]=m+ acts t dep5d on tempor>y causes beyond 8 control4 ,( himself he does no?+2 x only seems to him t he is act+ indep5d5tly1 :]eas 9 reality all t he imag9es he is do+ by himself is done ?r\gh him by a sup]ior =ce2 he is n ! creator ( life1 b its slave4 ,b ! man :o devotes 8 life to ! ackn[l$gm5t & practice ( ! tru? reveal$ to him unites himself ) ! s\rce ( univ]sal life1 & accompli%es1 n p]sonal1 individual acts1 t dep5d on ! conditions ( "t & space1 b acts t h no causes1 b are 9 !mselves causes ( all else1 & h an endless & unlimit$ significance4 ,because ( _! sett+ aside ! ess5ce ( true life1 :i* consi/s 9 ! recognition & practice ( ! tru?1 & direct+ _! ef=ts t[>d ! improvem5t ( ! ext]nal conditions ( life1 m5 ( ! pagan life-conception may be lik5$ to pass5g]s on a /eam]1 :o %\ld1 9 _! anxiety to rea* _! de/9ation1 ext+ui% ! eng9e-fires1 & in/ead ( mak+ use ( /eam & screw1 try dur+ a /orm to r[ ) o>s :i* _c rea* ! wat]4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is atta9$ by ef=t1 & x is only ^? :o make ! ef=t t d atta9 x4 ,x is ?is ef=t1 :i* consi/s 9 sacrific+ outw>d conditions = ! sake ( ! tru?1 by :i* ! ,k+dom ( ,god is atta9$1--an ef=t :i* c & ought to be made n[1 9 our own epo*4 ,m5 h b to und]/& ?is3 t !y mu/ cease to c>e = mat]ial & ext]nal matt]s1 9 :i* !y are n free2 let !m apply "o hundr$? "p ( ! en]gy n[ us$ by !m 9 outw>d conc]ns to ^? 9 :i* !y are free1--to ! recognition & pr(ession ( ! tru? t confronts !m1 to ! deliv]ance ( !mselves & o!rs f ! falsehood & hypocrisy :i* conceal ! tru?1--& !n ! false sy/em ( life :i* n[ torm5ts u1 :i* ?reat5s u ) /ill great] suff]+1 w be de/roy$ at once )\t /ruggle4 ,!n ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 at lea/ 9 t fir/ /age = :i* m5 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( _! consci\sness are already prep>$1 w be e/abli%$4 ,z "o %ake is suffici5t to precipitate into cry/als a liquid saturat$ ) salt1 s at ! pres5t "t x may be t only ! lea/ ef=t is ne$$ 9 ord] t ! tru?1 already reveal$ to u1 %\ld spread among hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 millions ( m51 & a public op9ion become e/abli%$ 9 con=mity ) ! exi/+ consci\sness1 & ! entire social organization become trans=m$4 ,x dep5ds ^u u to make ?is ef=t4 ,if only ea* ( u w\ld try to und]/& & recognize ! ,*ri/ian tru?1 :i* 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms surr\nds u on all sides1 plead+ to be admitt$ into our he>ts2 if we w\ld cease to lie & pret5d t we d n see ?is tru?1 or t we are anxi\s to fulfil x1 except+ 9 ! "o ?+ t x really dem&s2 if we w\ld only recognize ?is tru? :i* calls u1 & w\ld fe>lessly pr(ess x1--we %\ld f9d =?) t hundr$s1 ?\s&s1 & millions ( m5 are 9 ! same position z ourselves1 fe>+ l ourselves to /& alone 9 its recognition1 & wait+ only to he> its av[al f o!rs4 ,if m5 w\ld only cease to be hypocrites !y w\ld p]ceive at once t ?is cruel organization ( society1 :i* alone hamp]s !m & yet appe>s to !m l some?+ immutable1 necess>y1 & sacr$1 e/abli%$ by ,god1 is already wav]+1 & is ma9ta9$ only by ! hypocrisy & ! falsehood ( ourselves & our fell[-m54 ,b if x be true t x dep5ds only on ourselves to *ange ! exi/+ ord] ( life1 h we ! "r to d x )\t kn[+ :at we %all put 9 its place8 ,:at w become ( ! _w if ! pres5t sy/em be de/roy$8 ,:at is !re beyond ! walls ( ! _w we leave beh9d u8 ,fe> seizes u1--empt9ess1 space1 fre$om4444--h[ is "o to g on1 n kn[+ :i!r8 ,h[ is "o to lose1 )\t ! hope ( ga98444 ,_h ,columbus reason$ ?us he nev] w\ld h weigh$ an*or4 ,x 0 madness to attempt to cross an unkn[n ocean1 to set sail = a c\ntry ^: v exi/5ce 0 d\btful4 ,b he discov]$ a new _w ?r\gh ?is madness4 ,to be sure1 if p _h only to move f "o furni%$ h\se into ano!r & a m commodi\s "o1 x w\ld be an easy matt]1 b ! tr\ble lies 9 !re be+ no "o to prep>e ! new ap>tm5ts4 ,! future looks m unc]ta9 /ill ?an ! ocean1--x promises no?+1--x w only be :at m5 & circum/ances make x4 ,if y are cont5t ) ! old _w1 try to pres]ve x2 x is sick1 & w n live long4 ,b if y c no long] live 9 ! et]nal conflict betwe5 y\r convictions & life1 ?9k+ "o way & act+ ano!r1 take x ^u y\rselves to leave ! %elt] ( ! blan*$ & ru9\s ar*es ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i am aw>e t ?is is n an easy matt]4 ,x is h>d to "p ) all "o has be5 accu/om$ to f bir?4 ,m5 are ready = great sacrifices1 b n ^? :i* ! new life dem&s ( !m4 ,are !y ready to sacrifice _! pres5t civilization1 _! mode ( life1 _! religion1 _! conv5tional morality8 ,are !y ready to be depriv$ ( all ! results ( su* prolong$ ef=ts1 ! results we h boa/$ ( = ?ree c5turies1 ( all ! conv5i5ces & attractions ( our exi/5ce1 to give ! pref]5ce to wild y\? r ?an to civiliz$ s5ility1 to pull d[n ! palace built by our fa!rs simply = ! pleasure ( lay+ ! f\ndation ( a new h\se1 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 w n be complet$ till long aft] our "t4#cb ,?us wrote1 almo/ half a c5tury ago1 a ,russian au?or1 :o1 ) p5etrat+ vision1 cle>ly disc]n$ ev5 at t "t :at is recogniz$ by e man to-day :o reflects a little1--! impossibility ( cont9u+ life on ! =m] basis1 & ! necessity ( e/abli%+ "s new mode ( exi/5ce4 #cb ,h]z51 vol4 v41 p4 #ee4 ,x is pla9 f ! simple/ & mo/ ord9>y po9t ( view t x is folly to rema9 "u a ro( t ?reat5s to fall1 & t "o mu/ leave x4 ,inde$1 x is difficult to imag9e a m mis]able situation ?an t ( ! pres5t ,*ri/ian _w1 ) its nations array$ 9 arms "o aga9/ ! o!r1 ) its ev] increas+ taxes = ! purpose ( support+ its gr[+ armam5ts1 ) ! burn+ hatr$ ( ! work+-classes = ! ri*1 ) w> susp5d$ above all l ! sword ( ,damocles ready to fall1 z x may1 at any mom5t4 ,x is d\btful :e!r any revolution c\ld be m disa/r\s ?an ! pres5t social ord]1 or r disord]1 ) its p]petual victims ( ov]work1 mis]y1 drunk5ness1 dissipation1 ) all ! horrors ( imp5d+ w> t 9 "o ye> w sacrifice m lives ?an all ! revolutions ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,:at w become ( mank9d if ea* "o fulfils t :i* ,god dem&s ?r\gh ! consci5ce t is 9 him4 ,%all ,i be safe if1 "u ! ord]s ( my ma/]1 ,i accompli% 9 8 great work%op ! tasks he has set me1 al?\gh1 ignorant ( 8 f9al plans1 ,i may ?9k x /range8 ,nor is x alone ! "q ( ! future t tr\bles m5 :5 !y hesitate to d ! ma/]'s bidd+4 ,!y are conc]n$ ab\t ! "q z to h[ !y are to live )\t ! famili> conditions :i* we call sci5ce1 art1 civilization1 culture4 ,we feel individually all ! burd5 ( our pres5t way ( liv+2 we see t 7 ?is ord] ( ?+s to cont9ue1 x w\ld inevitably ru9 u2 & yet we are anxi\s to h ^! conditions cont9ue1 to h our sci5ce1 our art1 our civilization1 & culture rema9 un*ang$4 ,x is z ?\gh a man :o dwells 9 an old h\se1 suff]+ f cold & discom=t1 :o is moreov] aw>e t its walls may tumble at any mom5t1 %\ld cons5t to ! remodel+ ( x1 only on condition t he may be all[$ to rema9 !re1 a condition t is equival5t to a refusal to h 8 dwell+ rebuilt4 ,:at1 if ,i %\ld leave my h\se1 he says1 ,i %\ld be tempor>ily depriv$ ( its com=ts2 ! new h\se may n be built aft] all1 or x may be con/ruct$ on a new plan1 :i* w lack ! conv5i5ces to :i* ,i h be5 accu/om$6 ,b if ! mat]ials & ! workm5 are ready1 x is probable t ! new h\se w be built1 & 9 a bett] mann] ?an ! old "o2 :ile x is n only probable b c]ta9 t ! old h\se w soon fall into ru9s1 cru%+ ^? :o rema9 )9 its walls4 ,9 ord] t ! old1 ev]yday conditions ( life may disappe> & make room = new & bett] ones1 we mu/ surely leave beh9d ! old conditions1 :i* are at l5g? become fatal & impossible1 & issue =? to meet ! future4 ,b sci5ce1 art1 civilization1 & culture w cease to be6 ,b if all ^! are only div]se manife/ations ( tru?1 ! imp5d+ *ange is to be accompli%$ = ! sake ( a fur!r advance t[>d tru? & its realization4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! manife/ations ( tru? disappe>1 9 consequ5ce ( fur!r realization ( tru?8 ,! manife/ations ( tru? w be diff]5t1 bett]1 l(ti]1 ! error t has be5 9 !m w p]i%1 :ile ! v]ity t is 9 !m w rema9 & fl\ri% ) r5ew$ vigor4 ,return to y\rselves1 sons ( m51 & h fai? 9 ! gospel1 & 9 its doctr9e ( et]nal happ9ess6 ,if y he$ n ?is w>n+1 y %all all p]i% l ! m5 sla9 by ,pilate1 l ^? ^u :om ! t[] ( ,siloam fell2 l millions ( o!r m51 :o slew & 7 sla91 :o execut$ & suff]$ execution1 :o tortur$ & 7 tortur$2 z p]i%$ ! man :o s fooli%ly fill$ 8 gran>ies1 c\nt+ on a long life1 on ! v night :5 8 s\l 0 requir$ ( him4 ,return1 sons ( m51 & believe 9 ! words :i* ,*ri/ utt]$ #ahjj ye>s ago1 words :i* ,he repeats to-day ) great] =ce1 w>n+ u t ! evil day ,he =etold is at h&1 & t our life has rea*$ its la/ desc5t ( folly & wick$ness4 ,n[1 aft] s _m c5turies ( futile ef=t to protect ourselves by ! me?ods ( ! pagan sy/em ( viol5ce1 x %\ld be evid5t to e man t all su* ef=t1 f> f insur+ our safety1 t5ds only to add a new elem5t ( dang] bo? to individual & social exi/5ce4 ,no matt] by :at names we may be call$1 nor :at g>m5ts we may we>1 nor 9 ! pres5ce ( :at prie/ we may be ano9t$1 nor h[ _m millions our subjects may numb]1 nor h[ _m gu>ds may be po/$ on our j\rney1 nor h[ _m policem5 may protect our prop]ty1 nor h[ _m s-call$ crim9als1 revolutioni/s1 or an>*i/s we may execute2 no matt] :at exploits we may p]=m1 nor :at /ates we may e/abli%1 nor :at =tresses & t[]s we may erect1 f ! ,t[] ( ,babel to ! ,eiffel ,t[]1--we h be=e u two ev] pres5t & unavoidable conditions1 t deprive our mode ( life ( all significance3 7#a7 dea?1 t may ov]take ea* ( u at any mom5t1 & 7#b7 ! transitory nature ( all our und]tak+s1 t disappe>1 leav+ no trace beh9d !m4 ,no matt] :at we may d1 f\nd k+doms1 build palaces & monum5ts1 write poems & songs1--all is b fleet+ & leaves no trace beh9d4 ,!re=e no matt] h[ mu* we may attempt to conceal ?is f ourselves1 we _c fail to p]ceive t ! true significance ( our life lies nei!r 9 our individual1 physical exi/5ce1 subject$ to unavoidable suff]+ & dea?1 nor 9 any in/itution or social organization4 ,:oev] y are1 y :o read ^! l9es1 reflect ^u y\r position & y\r duties1 n ^u ! position ( l&[n]1 m]*ant1 judge1 emp]or1 presid5t1 m9i/]1 prie/1 or soldi]1 :i* y may assume b = a "t1 n ^u ! imag9>y duties :i* ^! positions impose ^u y1 b ^u y\r actual & et]nal position z a be+1 :o1 aft] a :ole et]nity ( non-exi/5ce1 is call$ by ! w ( ,"s ,"o f unconsci\sness into life1 & :o may at any mom5t return :5ce he came by ! same w4 ,consid] y\r duties6 ,n y\r imag9>y duties ( l&[n] 9 reg>d to y\r e/ate1 nor ( m]*ant to y\r capital1 nor ( emp]or1 m9i/]1 or gov]nor to ! ,/ate1 b ( y\r real duties1 ( a be+ call$ =? into life & end[$ ) love & reason4 ,d t :i* ,he :o has s5t y into ?is _w1 & to :om y w %ortly return1 dem&s ( y4 ,are y do+ :at he requires8 ,are y do+ "r :51 z l&[n] or manufactur]1 y take ! products ( ! labor ( ! poor1 & e/abli% y\r life on ?is spoliation2 or :51 z gov]nor or judge1 y d viol5ce 9 condemn+ m5 to dea?2 or :51 z soldi]1 y prep>e = w>1 = fight+1 robb]y1 & murd]1--are y do+ "r8 ,y say t ! _w is z y f9d x1 t x is inevitable t x %\ld be z x is1 t :at y d y are compell$ to d4 ,b c x be t1 hav+ s /rongly root$ an av]sion to ! suff]+ ( m51 to viol5ce1 to murd]2 hav+ su* a ne$ ( lov+ y\r fell[-m51 & ( be+ lov$ by !m2 see+ cle>ly1 too1 t ! greate/ good possible to m5 comes f ackn[l$g+ human bro!rhood1 f "o s]v+ ano!r3 c x be t y\r he>t tells y all ?is1 t y are taught x by y\r reason1 t sci5ce repeats x to y1 & yet reg>dless ( x1 on ! /r5g? ( "s my/]i\s & complicat$ argum5t1 y are =c$ to contradict x all 9 y\r daily conduct8 ,is x possible t1 be+ a l&[n] or a capitali/1 y %\ld e/abli% y\r life on ! oppression ( ! p2 t1 be+ an emp]or or a presid5t1 y %\ld comm& armies1 & be a lead] ( murd]]s2 t1 be+ a function>y ( ,/ate1 y %\ld take f ! poor _! h>d-e>n$ money = y\r own b5efit1 or = ! b5efit ( ! ri*2 t1 be+ a judge or juror1 y %\ld condemn err+ m5 to torture & dea?1 because ! tru? has n be5 reveal$ to !m2 or1 above all1 is x possible t y1 a y\?1 %\ld ent] ! army1 do+ t ^u :i* all ! evil ( ! _w is f\nd$1 t1 r5\nc+ y\r own w1 all y\r human sympa?y1 y %\ld engage at ! w ( o!rs to murd] ^? :om !y bid y murd]8 ,x is impossible6 ,if y are told t all ?is is ess5tial = ! support ( ! exi/+ sy/em ( life2 t ?is sy/em1 ) its paup]ism1 fam9e1 prisons1 executions1 armies1 w>s1 is necess>y = society1 & t if x 7 to be aboli%$ worse evils w\ld foll[1 y are told s only by ^? :o b5efit by ?is sy/em2 :ile ^? :o suff] f x1--& _! numb]s are t5 times great]1--all ?9k & say ! opposite4 ,& at ! bottom ( y\r he>t y "k t ?is is false1--t ! exi/+ sy/em has _h its day1 & mu/ inevitably be remodel$ on new f\ndations2 & t !re is no ne$ :atsoev] to support x by ! sacrifice ( human life4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! exi/+ sy/em is necess>y1 h[ is x t y %\ld h to support x by trampl+ ^u all f9] feel+s8 ,b :o has made y a gu>dian ( ?is crumbl+ /ructure8 ,nei!r has ! ,/ate1 nor society1 nor has any "o reque/$ y individually to support x by occupy+ y\r position ( l&[n]1 m]*ant1 emp]or1 prie/1 or soldi]1 & y are well aw>e t y h accept$ & are hold+ x1 n = purposes ( self-d5ial1 = ! good ( y\r fell[-m51 b = y\r own selfi% int]e/2 = y\r gre$ ( ga91 va+lory1 ambition1 ?r\gh y\r indol5ce or y\r c[>dice4 ,if y d n desire ?is position y %\ld n p]si/ 9 do+ :at is cruel1 false1 & contemptible 9 ord] to reta9 x4 ,if y w\ld once refra9 f ^! ?+s :i* y d cont9ually = ! purpose ( reta9+ x1 y w\ld lose x at once4 ,if y are a rul] or an (ficial1 make only an attempt to cease polite ly+1 cease to take "p 9 viol5ces & executions2 if y are a prie/1 desi/ f deceiv+2 if a soldi]1 cease kill+2 if a l&-own] or manufactur]1 cease def5d+ y\r prop]ty by rogu]y & viol5ce2 & =?) y w lose ! position :i*1 z y say1 is =c$ ^u y & seems to y burd5some4 ,x _c be t a man %\ld be plac$ aga9/ 8 w 9 a position contr>y to consci5ce4 ,if y are put 9 su* a position1 x is n because x is necess>y = "s "o to be !re1 b only because y are will+ to accept x4 ,& !re=e1 kn[+ t su* a position is directly oppos$ to ! m&ates ( y\r he>t1 y\r reason1 y\r fai?1 & ev5 to ! tea*+ ( t sci5ce y believe 91 y _c b pause to consid]1 if y wi% to keep x1 & especially if y try to ju/ify x1 if y are do+ :at y ought to d4 ,y might run ! risk if y _h b ! "t to see y\r mi/ake & correct x1 & if y ran ! risk = some?+ wor? hav+4 ,b :5 y "k = c]ta9 t y are liable to die at any mom5t1 )\t ! slighte/ possibility ei!r = y\rself or = ^? :om y h drawn 9 ) y ( rectify+ y\r mi/ake2 &1 moreov]1 s9ce y "k t no matt] :at ^? ab\t y may accompli% 9 ! mat]ial organization ( ! _w1 x w all v %ortly disappe> z c]ta9ly z y y\rself1 leav+ no trace beh9d1--x is surely obvi\s t y h no inducem5t to run ! risk ( mak+ a mi/ake s t]rible4 ,?is w\ld seem p]fectly pla9 & simple if we did n veil ) hypocrisy ! tru? t is indubitably reveal$ to u4 ,%>e :at y h ) o!rs2 d n amass ri*es2 be n va92 d n rob1 torture1 or murd] m52 d n to o!rs :at y w\ld n t o!rs %\ld d to y1--^! ?+s h be5 said n eighte5 hundr$ b five ?\s& ye>s ago1 & !re c be no d\bt ( ! tru? ( !m4 ,save = hypocrisy1 x w\ld be impossible1 ev5 if "o did n obey ^! rules1 n to ackn[l$ge t !y ought to be obey$1 & t ^? :o d n obey !m d wrong4 ,b y say t !re is /ill ! g5]al well-be+1 = ! sake ( :i* "o %\ld deviate f ^! rules4 ,x is all[able = ! g5]al well-be+ to kill1 torture1 & rob4 ,x is bett] t "o man %\ld p]i% ?an a :ole nation1 y say1 l ,caiaphas1 :5 y are sign+ dea?-w>rants2 or y load y\r gun to %oot y\r fell[-man1 :o is to p]i% = ! g5]al good2 or y imprison him or take away 8 goods4 ,y say t y d ^! cruel ?+s because y are a "p ( society1 ( ! ,/ate1 & mu/ s]ve y\r gov]nm5t & c>ry out its laws1 z l&[n]1 judge1 emp]or1 or soldi]4 ,b if y are a "p ( ! ,/ate & h duties 9 consequ5ce1 y are also a p>tak] ( ! inf9ite life ( ,god's univ]se1 & h high] duties 9 consequ5ce ( t4 ,z y\r duties to y\r family or to society are always subject to ! high] duties t dep5d ^u y\r citiz5%ip 9 ! ,/ate1 s y\r duties ( citiz5%ip are subject to ! duties aris+ f y\r relations to ! life ( ! univ]se1 f y\r son%ip to ,god4 ,& z x w\ld be unwise to cut d[n telegraph poles 9 ord] to furni% fuel = ! b5efit ( a family or a few p1 because ?is w\ld be break+ ! laws t protect ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate2 s x is equally unwise1 9 ord] to promote ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 to execute or murd] a man1 because ?is is break+ ! immutable laws :i* pres]ve ! welf>e ( ! _w4 ,! obligations ( citiz5%ip mu/ be subject to ! high] & et]nal obligations on y\r "p 9 ! ev]la/+ life ( ,god1 & mu/ n contradict !m4 ,z x 0 said eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago by ! disciples ( ,*ri/1 ,:e!r x be "r 9 ! sight ( ,god to he>k5 unto y m ?an unto ,god1 judge ye4#cc ,we ought to obey ,god r ?an m54#cd #cc ,acts iv4 #ai4 #cd ,acts v4 #bi4 ,y are told to believe t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 an ev] *ang+ sy/em1 e/abli%$ b ye/]day by a few m5 9 a corn] ( ! globe1 y %\ld commit viol5t de$s t are aga9/ ! fix$ & et]nal ord] e/abli%$ by ,god or reason4 ,c x be possible8 ,d n fail1 !n1 to reflect ^u y\r position ( l&-own]1 m]*ant1 judge1 emp]or1 presid5t1 m9i/]1 prie/1 or soldi]--associat$ ) viol5ce1 oppression1 deceit1 torture1 & murd]2 refuse to recognize ! lawfulness ( ^! crimes4 ,i d n mean t if y are a l&[n] y %\ld =?) give y\r l& to ! poor2 or if a capitali/1 y\r money or y\r factory to y\r workm52 or if a cz>1 a m9i/]1 a magi/rate1 a judge1 or a g5]al1 y %\ld =?) abdicate all y\r advantages2 or if a soldi]1 ^: occupation 9 its v nature is bas$ on viol5ce1 y %\ld at once refuse to cont9ue long] a soldi]1 despite all ! dang]s ( su* a refusal4 ,%\ld y d ?is1 x w inde$ be an h]oic act2 b x may happ5--& mo/ probably--t y w n be able to d x4 ,y h connections1 a family1 subord9ates1 *iefs2 y may be surr\nd$ by temptations s /rong t y _c ov]come !m2 b to ackn[l$ge ! tru? to be ! tru?1 & n to lie--t y are always able to d4 ,y c refra9 f affirm+ t y cont9ue to be a l&[n] or factory-own]1 a m]*ant1 an arti/1 an au?or1 because y are ?us useful to m52 f decl>+ t y are a gov]nor1 an attorney-g5]al1 a cz>1 n because x is agreeable or y are accu/om$ to be su*1 b = ! good ( m52 f say+ t y rema9 a soldi]1 n ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t1 b because y consid] ! army indisp5sable = ! protection ( m5's lives4 ,to keep f speak+ ?us falsely be=e y\rself & o!rs--?is y are always able to d1 & n only able1 b 9 duty b\nd to d1 because 9 ?is alone--9 free+ y\rself f falsehood & 9 work+ out ! tru?--lies ! highe/ duty ( y\r life4 ,& d b ?is & x w be suffici5t = ! situation to *ange at once ( itself4 ,"o only ?+ 9 :i* y are free & all-p[]ful has be5 giv5 y2 all o!rs are beyond y4 ,x is ?is1--to "k ! tru? & to pr(ess x4 ,& x is only because ( o!r mis]able & err+ m5 l y\rself t y h become a soldi]1 an emp]or1 a l&[n]1 a capitali/1 a prie/1 or a g5]al2 t y commit evil de$s s obvi\sly contr>y to ! dictates ( y\r he>t & reason2 t y torture1 rob1 & murd] m51 e/abli%+ y\r life on _! suff]+s2 & t1 above all1 in/ead ( p]=m+ y\r p>am\nt duty ( ackn[l$g+ & pr(ess+ ! tru? :i* is kn[n to y1 y pret5d n to "k x1 conceal+ x f y\rself & o!rs1 do+ ! v opposite ( :at y h be5 call$ to d4 ,& "u :at conditions are y do+ ?is8 ,be+ liable to die at any mom5t1 y sign a dea?-w>rant1 decl>e w> or take "p 9 x1 pass judgm5t1 torture & rob workm51 live 9 luxury surr\nd$ by mis]y1 & tea* weak & tru/+ m5 t all ?is is "r & = y is a matt] ( duty1 :ile all ! "t y are 9 dang] ( y\r life be+ de/roy$ by a bullet or a bacillus1 & y may be depriv$ =ev] ( ! p[] to rectify or c\nt]act ! evil y h done to o!rs & to y\rself2 hav+ wa/$ a life giv5 y b once 9 all et]nity1 hav+ left undone 9 x ! "o ?+ = :i* x 0 giv5 y4 ,no matt] h[ trite x may appe> to /ate x1 nor h[ we may hypocritically deceive ourselves1 no?+ c de/roy ! c]ta9ty ( ! simple & obvi\s tru? t ext]nal conditions c nev] r5d] safe ?is life ( ours1 s fraught ) unavoidable suff]+1 & end$ infallibly by dea?1 t human life c h no o!r mean+ ?an ! con/ant fulfilm5t ( t = :i* ! ,almighty ,p[] has s5t u "h1 & = :i* ,he has giv5 u "o sure guide 9 ?is life1 namely1 our consci\s reason4 ,?is ,p[] does n require f u :at is unreasonable & impossible1--! organization ( our temporal1 mat]ial life1 ! life ( society1 or ( ! ,/ate4 ,he dem&s ( u only :at is reasonable & possible1--to s]ve ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 :i* e/abli%es ! unity ( mank9d1 a unity possible only 9 ! tru?2 to recognize & pr(ess ! tru? reveal$ to u1 :i* x is always 9 our p[] to d4 ,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & 8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4#ce #ce ,matt4 vi4 #cc4 ,! only significance ( life consi/s 9 help+ to e/abli% ! ,k+dom ( ,god2 & ?is c be done only by means ( ! ackn[l$gm5t & pr(ession ( ! tru? by ea* "o ( u4 ,! k+dom ( ,god come? n ) obs]vation3 nei!r %all !y say1 ,lo "h6 or1 lo !re6 =1 behold ! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y4#cf #cf ,luke xvii4 #bj1 #ba4 ,,:at ,,is ,,art8 ,,translator',s ,,preface ,! fundam5tal ?\ght express$ 9 ?is book leads inevitably to conclusions s new1 s unexpect$1 & s contr>y to :at is usually ma9ta9$ 9 lit]>y & arti/ic circles1 t al?\gh x is cle>ly & emphatically express$ 7& ?is ,i hope has n be5 lo/ 9 translation71 mo/ read]s :o wi% to possess !mselves ( x w h to read ! "w c>efully1 & to dige/ x sl[ly4 ,especially ! introductory ,*apt]s ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 & ,v41 ne$ c>eful p]usal by any :o1 hav+ adopt$ "o or o!r ( ! curr5t !ories on beauty & art1 may f9d x difficult to ab&on a preconceiv$ view1 & to cle> _! m9ds = a fair appreciation ( :at is new to !m4 ,! fir/ f\r *apt]s raise ! problem1 & tell u briefly :at has be5 said by previ\s writ]s4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 gives 79 highly cond5s$ =m7 ! sub/ance ( ! tea*+ ( "s sixty philosoph]s on ?is subject1 & s9ce _m ( !m 7 extremely confus$1 ! *apt] _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be easy read+4 ,i %\ld l to rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ?\gh ,tol/o 9 ?is *apt] 7presumably = conv5i5ce ( v]ification7 ref]s *iefly to ! compilations ( ,s*asl]1 ,kralik1 & ,knight1 he has gone beh9d ^! au?orities to ! prim>y s\rces4 ,to give a s+le in/ance3 9 ! p>agraph on ,d>w91 ! foot-note ref]s u to ,knight1 b ! rem>k t ! orig9 ( ! art ( music may be trac$ back to ! call ( ! males to ! females 9 ! animal _w w be f\nd 9 ,d>w91 b w n be f\nd 9 ,knight4 ,9 ,*apt] ,v4 we come to ,tol/o's def9ition ( art1 :i* def9ition %\ld be kept well 9 m9d :ile read+ ! re/ ( ! book4 ,no d\bt mo/ ( ^? to :om x is an end 9 itself1 :o live by x1 or make x _! *ief occupation1 w read ?is book 7or leave x unread7 & g on 9 _! =m] way1 mu* z ,ph>aoh1 ( old1 h>d5$ 8 he>t1 & did n sympa?ize ) :at ,moses _h to say on ! labor "q4 ,b = ^? ( u :o h felt t art is too valuable a matt] to be lo/ out ( our lives1 & :o1 9 _! que/ = social ju/ice1 h met ! reproa* t !y 7 sacrific+ ! pleasures & advantages ( art1 ?is book is ( ine/imable value1 9 t x solves a p]plex$ "q ( f>-rea*+ importance to practical life4 ,to ?is class ( read]s nei!r ! ma/]ly elucidation ( ! =m] !ories conta9$ 9 ! op5+ *apt]s1 nor ! explanation ( h[ x has come ab\t t su* great importance is atta*$ to ! activity we call art 7,*apt]s ,,vi4 & ,,vii471 nor ! explanation & illu/rations ( ! p]v]sion t art has und]gone1 nor ev5 ! elucidation ( ! t]rible evils ?is p]v]sion is produc+ 7,,xvii471 w equal 9 significance ! rema9+ *apt]s ( ! book4 ,^! %[ u :at to look = 9 art1 h[ to di/+ui% x f c\nt]feits 7,,xv41 ,,xvi41 & ,,xviii471 treat ( ! true art ( ! future 7,,xix471 & expla9 h[ sci5ce & art are l9k$ toge!r 9 man's life1 are direct$ by 8 p]ception ( ! mean+ ( life1 & inevitably react on all he ?9ks & feels4 ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,?is book ( m9e1 ,:at is ,art8 appe>s n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 its true =m4 ,m ?an "o edition has already be5 issu$ 9 ,russia1 b 9 ea* case x has be5 s mutilat$ by ! ,c5sor1 t ,i reque/ all :o are int]e/$ 9 my views on art only to judge ( !m by ! "w 9 its pres5t %ape4 ,! causes :i* l$ to ! publication ( ! book--) my "n atta*$ to x--9 a mutilat$ =m 7 ! foll[+3 ,9 accordance ) a decision ,i arriv$ at long ago1--n to submit my writ+s to ! ,c5sor%ip 7:i* ,i consid] to be an immoral & irrational in/itution71 b to pr9t !m only 9 ! %ape 9 :i* !y 7 writt51--,i int5d$ n to attempt to pr9t ?is "w 9 ,russia4 ,h[ev]1 my good acqua9tance1 ,pr(essor ,grote1 editor ( a ,mosc[ psy*ological magaz9e1 hav+ he>d ( ! cont5ts ( my "w1 ask$ me to pr9t x 9 8 magaz9e1 & promis$ me t he w\ld get ! book ?r\gh ! ,c5sor's (fice unmutilat$ if ,i w\ld b agree to a few v unimportant alt]ations1 m]ely ton+ d[n c]ta9 expressions4 ,i 0 weak en\gh to agree to ?is1 & x has result$ 9 a book appe>+ "u my "n1 f :i* n only h "s ess5tial ?\ghts be5 exclud$1 b into :i* ! ?\ghts ( o!r m5--ev5 ?\ghts utt]ly oppos$ to my own convictions--h be5 introduc$4 ,! ?+ occurr$ 9 ?is way4 ,fir/1 ,grote s(t5$ my expressions1 & 9 "s cases weak5$ !m4 ,= in/ance1 he replac$ ! words3 always by sometimes1 all by "s1 ,*ur* religion by ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 ,"m ( ,god by ,madonna1 patriotism by pseudo-patriotism1 palaces by palatii1#cg etc41 & ,i did n consid] x necess>y to prote/4 ,b :5 ! book 0 already 9 type1 ! ,c5sor requir$ t :ole s5t5ces %\ld be alt]$1 & t in/ead ( :at ,i said ab\t ! evil ( l&$ prop]ty1 a rem>k %\ld be sub/itut$ on ! evils ( a l&less prolet>iate4#ch ,i agre$ to ?is also1 & to "s fur!r alt]ations4 ,x seem$ n wor? :ile to upset ! :ole affair = ! sake ( "o s5t5ce1 & :5 "o alt]ation _h be5 agre$ to x seem$ n wor? :ile to prote/ aga9/ a second & a ?ird4 ,s1 little by little1 expressions crept into ! book :i* alt]$ ! s5se & attribut$ ?+s to me t ,i c\ld n h wi%$ to say4 ,s t by ! "t ! book 0 pr9t$ x _h be5 depriv$ ( "s "p ( its integrity & s9c]ity4 ,b !re 0 consolation 9 ! ?\ght t ! book1 ev5 9 ?is =m1 if x conta9s some?+ t is good1 w\ld be ( use to ,russian read]s :om x w\ld o!rwise n h rea*$4 ,?+s1 h[ev]1 turn$ out o!rwise4 ,n\s comptions sans notre hte4 ,aft] ! legal t]m ( f\r days _h already elaps$1 ! book 0 seiz$1 &1 on in/ructions receiv$ f ,pet]sburg1 x 0 h&$ ov] to ! ,spiritual ,c5sor4 ,!n ,grote decl9$ all fur!r p>ticipation 9 ! affair1 & ! ,spiritual ,c5sor proce$$ to d :at he w\ld ) ! book4 ,! ,spiritual ,c5sor%ip is "o ( ! mo/ ignorant1 v5al1 /upid1 & despotic in/itutions 9 ,russia4 ,books :i* disagree 9 any way ) ! recogniz$ /ate religion ( ,russia1 if once x gets hold ( !m1 are almo/ always totally suppress$ & burnt2 :i* is :at happ5$ to all my religi\s works :5 attempts 7 made to pr9t !m 9 ,russia4 ,probably a simil> fate w\ld h ov]tak5 ?is "w also1 _h n ! editors ( ! magaz9e employ$ all means to save x4 ,! result ( _! ef=ts 0 t ! ,spiritual ,c5sor1 a prie/ :o probably und]/&s art & is int]e/$ 9 art z mu* z ,i und]/& or am int]e/$ 9 *ur* s]vices1 b :o gets a good sal>y = de/roy+ :atev] is likely to displease 8 sup]iors1 /ruck out all t seem$ to him to endang] 8 position1 & sub/itut$ 8 ?\ghts = m9e :]ev] he consid]$ x necess>y to d s4 ,= in/ance1 :]e ,i speak ( ,*ri/ go+ to ! ,cross = ! sake ( ! tru? ,he pr(ess$1 ! ,c5sor sub/itut$ a /atem5t t ,*ri/ di$ = mank9d1 i4e4 he attribut$ to me an ass]tion ( ! dogma ( ! ,r$emption1 :i* ,i consid] to be "o ( ! mo/ untrue & h>mful ( ,*ur* dogmas4 ,aft] correct+ ! book 9 ?is way1 ! ,spiritual ,c5sor all[$ x to be pr9t$4 #cg ,tol/o's rem>ks on ,*ur* religion 7 re-word$ s z to seem to relate only to ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & 8 disapproval ( luxuri\s life 0 made to apply1 n1 say1 to ,que5 ,victoria or ,ni*olas ,,ii41 b to ! ,cs>s or ! ,ph>aohs4--,,tr4 #ch ,! ,russian peasant is usually a memb] ( a village commune1 & has !re=e a "r to a %>e 9 ! l& belong+ to ! village4 ,tol/o disapproves ( ! ord] ( society :i* all[s less l& = ! support ( a village full ( p ?an is sometimes own$ by a s+le l&$ proprietor4 ,! ,c5sor w n all[ disapproval ( ?is /ate ( ?+s to be express$1 b is prep>$ to admit t ! laws & cu/oms1 say1 ( ,engl&--:]e a yet m extreme =m ( l&$ prop]ty exi/s1 & ! m5 :o actually labor on ! l& usually possess none ( x--des]ve criticism4--,,tr4 ,to prote/ 9 ,russia is impossible--no newspap] w\ld publi% su* a prote/2 & to )draw my book f ! magaz9e1 & place ! editor 9 an awkw>d position ) ! public1 0 also n possible4 ,s ! matt] has rema9$4 ,a book has appe>$ "u my "n conta9+ ?\ghts attribut$ to me :i* are n m9e4 ,i 0 p]suad$ to give my article to a ,russian magaz9e 9 ord] t my ?\ghts1 :i* may be useful1 %\ld become ! possession ( ,russian read]s2 & ! result has be5 t my "n is affix$ to a "w f :i* x might be assum$ t ,i q arbitr>ily ass]t ?+s contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion1 )\t adduc+ my reasons2 t ,i only consid] false patriotism bad1 b patriotism 9 g5]al a v good feel+2 t ,i m]ely d5y ! absurdities ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & disbelieve 9 ! ,madonna1 b t ,i believe 9 ! ,or?odox ,ea/]n fai? & 9 ! ,"m ( ,god2 t ,i consid] all ! writ+s collect$ 9 ! ,bible to be holy books1 & see ! *ief importance ( ,*ri/'s life 9 ! ,r$emption ( mank9d by ,8 dea?4 ,i h n>rat$ all ?is 9 su* detail because x /rik+ly illu/rates ! indubitable tru? t all compromise ) in/itutions ( :i* y\r consci5ce disapproves1--compromises :i* are usually made = ! sake ( ! g5]al good1--in/ead ( produc+ ! good y expect$1 inevitably lead y1 n only to ackn[l$ge ! in/itution y disapprove (1 b also to p>ticipate 9 ! evil t in/itution produces4 ,i am glad to be able by ?is /atem5t at lea/ to d some?+ to correct ! error into :i* ,i 0 l$ by my compromise4 ,i h also to m5tion t besides re9/at+ ! p>ts exclud$ by ! ,c5sor f ! ,russian editions1 o!r corrections & additions ( importance h be5 made 9 ?is edition4 #bi? ,m>*1 #ahih4 ,,:at ,,is ,,art8 ,,*apt] ,i ,take up any "o ( our ord9>y newspap]s1 & y w f9d a "p devot$ to ! !at] & music4 ,9 almo/ e numb] y w f9d a description ( "s art exhibition1 or ( "s p>ticul> picture1 & y w always f9d reviews ( new works ( art t h appe>$1 ( volumes ( poems1 ( %ort /ories1 or ( novels4 ,promptly1 & 9 detail1 z soon z x has occurr$1 an acc\nt is publi%$ ( h[ su* & su* an actress or actor play$ ?is or t rle 9 su* & su* a drama1 com$y1 or op]a2 & ( ! m]its ( ! p]=mance1 z well z ( ! cont5ts ( ! new drama1 com$y1 or op]a1 ) its defects & m]its4 ,) z mu* c>e & detail1 or ev5 m1 we are told h[ su* & su* an arti/ has sung a c]ta9 piece1 or has play$ x on ! piano or viol91 & :at 7 ! m]its & defects ( ! piece & ( ! p]=mance4 ,9 e l>ge t[n !re is sure to be at lea/ "o1 if n m ?an "o1 exhibition ( new pictures1 ! m]its & defects ( :i* are discuss$ 9 ! utmo/ detail by critics & connoisseurs4 ,new novels & poems1 9 sep>ate volumes or 9 ! magaz9es1 appe> almo/ e day1 & ! newspap]s consid] x _! duty to give _! read]s detail$ acc\nts ( ^! arti/ic productions4 ,= ! support ( art 9 ,russia 7:]e = ! education ( ! p only a hundr$? "p is sp5t ( :at w\ld be requir$ to give e "o ! opportunity ( in/ruction7 ! gov]nm5t grants millions ( r\bles 9 subsidies to academies1 cons]vatoires1 & !at]s4 ,9 ,france tw5ty million francs are assign$ = art1 & simil> grants are made 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,9 e l>ge t[n enorm\s build+s are erect$ = museums1 academies1 cons]vatoires1 dramatic s*ools1 & = p]=mances & conc]ts4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( workm5--c>p5t]s1 masons1 pa9t]s1 jo9]s1 pap]hang]s1 tailors1 hairdress]s1 jewel]s1 mold]s1 type-sett]s--sp5d _! :ole lives 9 h>d labor to satisfy ! dem&s ( art1 s t h>dly any o!r dep>tm5t ( human activity1 except ! milit>y1 consumes s mu* en]gy z ?is4 ,n only is enorm\s labor sp5t on ?is activity1 b 9 x1 z 9 w>1 ! v lives ( m5 are sacrific$4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p devote _! lives f *ildhood to le>n+ to twirl _! legs rapidly 7danc]s71 or to t\* notes & /r+s v rapidly 7musicians71 or to draw ) pa9t & repres5t :at !y see 7arti/s71 or to turn e phrase inside out & f9d a rhyme to e ^w4 ,& ^! p1 (t5 v k9d & clev]1 & capable ( all sorts ( useful labor1 gr[ savage ov] _! specializ$ & /upefy+ occupations1 & become "o-sid$ & self-complac5t speciali/s1 dull to all ! s]i\s ph5om5a ( life1 & skilful only at rapidly twi/+ _! legs1 _! tongues1 or _! f+]s4 ,b ev5 ?is /unt+ ( human life is n ! wor/4 ,i rememb] be+ once at ! rehe>sal ( "o ( ! mo/ ord9>y ( ! new op]as :i* are produc$ at all ! op]a h\ses ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,i arriv$ :5 ! fir/ act _h already comm5c$4 ,to rea* ! auditorium ,i _h to pass ?r\gh ! /age entrance4 ,by d>k entrances & passages1 ,i 0 l$ ?r\gh ! vaults ( an enorm\s build+1 pa/ imm5se ma*9es = *ang+ ! sc5]y & = illum9at+2 & !re 9 ! gloom & du/ ,i saw workm5 busily engag$4 ,"o ( ^! m51 pale1 hagg>d1 9 a dirty bl\se1 ) dirty1 "w-worn h&s & cramp$ f+]s1 evid5tly tir$ & out ( humor1 w5t pa/ me1 angrily scold+ ano!r man4 ,asc5d+ by a d>k /air1 ,i came out on ! bo>ds beh9d ! sc5es4 ,amid v>i\s poles & r+s & scatt]$ sc5]y1 decorations & curta9s1 /ood & mov$ doz5s1 if n hundr$s1 ( pa9t$ & dress$-up m51 9 co/umes fitt+ tight to _! ?ighs & calves1 & also wom51 z usual1 z ne>ly nude z might be4 ,^! 7 all s+]s1 or memb]s ( ! *orus1 or ballet-danc]s1 await+ _! turns4 ,my guide l$ me across ! /age &1 by means ( a bridge ( bo>ds across ! or*e/ra 79 :i* p]haps a hundr$ musicians ( all k9ds1 f kettl$rum to flute & h>p1 7 seat$71 to ! d>k pit-/alls4 ,on an elevation1 betwe5 two lamps ) reflectors1 & 9 an arm-*air plac$ be=e a music-/&1 sat ! director ( ! musical "p1 bton 9 h&1 manag+ ! or*e/ra & s+]s1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! production ( ! :ole op]a4 ,! p]=mance _h already comm5c$1 & on ! /age a procession ( ,indians :o _h br\ght home a bride 0 be+ pres5t$4 ,besides m5 & wom5 9 co/ume1 two o!r m5 9 ord9>y clo!s bu/l$ & ran ab\t on ! /age2 "o 0 ! director ( ! dramatic "p1 & ! o!r1 :o /epp$ ab\t 9 s(t %oes & ran f place to place ) unusual agility1 0 ! danc+-ma/]1 ^: sal>y p] mon? exce$$ :at t5 labor]s e>n 9 a ye>4 ,^! ?ree directors arrang$ ! s++1 ! or*e/ra1 & ! procession4 ,! procession1 z usual1 0 enact$ by c\ples1 ) t9foil halb]ds on _! %\ld]s4 ,!y all came f "o place1 & walk$ r\nd & r\nd aga91 & !n /opp$4 ,! procession took a long "t to arrange3 fir/ ! ,indians ) halb]ds came on too late2 !n too soon2 !n at ! "r "t1 b cr[d$ toge!r at ! exit2 !n !y did n cr[d1 b arrang$ !mselves badly at ! sides ( ! /age2 & ea* "t ! :ole p]=mance 0 /opp$ & recomm5c$ f ! beg9n+4 ,! procession 0 introduc$ by a recitative1 deliv]$ by a man dress$ up l "s v>iety ( ,turk1 :o1 op5+ 8 m\? 9 a curi\s way1 sang1 ,home ,i br+ ! bri-i-ide4 ,he s+s & waves 8 arm 7:i* is ( c\rse b>e7 f "u 8 mantle4 ,! procession comm5ces1 b "h ! ,fr5* horn1 9 ! accompanim5t ( ! recitative1 does some?+ wrong2 & ! director1 ) a %udd] z if "s cata/rophe _h occurr$1 raps ) 8 /ick on ! /&4 ,all is /opp$1 & ! director1 turn+ to ! or*e/ra1 attacks ! ,fr5* horn1 scold+ him 9 ! rude/ t]ms1 z cabm5 abuse ea* o!r1 = tak+ ! wrong note4 ,& aga9 ! :ole ?+ recomm5ces4 ,! ,indians ) _! halb]ds aga9 come on1 tread+ s(tly 9 _! extraord9>y boots2 aga9 ! s+] s+s1 ,home ,i br+ ! bri-i-ide4 ,b "h ! pairs get too close toge!r4 ,m raps ) ! /ick1 m scold+1 & a recomm5cem5t4 ,aga91 ,home ,i br+ ! bri-i-ide1 aga9 ! same ge/iculation ) ! b>e arm f "u ! mantle1 & aga9 ! c\ples1 tread+ s(tly ) halb]ds on _! %\ld]s1 "s ) sad & s]i\s faces1 "s talk+ & smil+1 arrange !mselves 9 a circle & beg9 to s+4 ,all seems to be go+ well1 b aga9 ! /ick raps1 & ! director1 9 a di/ress$ & angry voice1 beg9s to scold ! m5 & wom5 ( ! *orus4 ,x appe>s t :5 s++ !y _h omitt$ to raise _! h&s f "t to "t 9 sign ( animation4 ,are y all dead1 or :at8 ,c[s t y are6 ,are y corpses1 t y c't move8 ,aga9 !y recomm5ce1 ,home ,i br+ ! bri-i-ide1 & aga91 ) sorr[ful faces1 ! *orus-wom5 s+1 fir/ "o & !n ano!r ( !m rais+ _! h&s4 ,b two *orus-girls speak to ea* o!r1--aga9 a m vehem5t rapp+ ) ! /ick4 ,h y come "h to talk8 ,c't y gossip at home8 ,y !re 9 r$ bree*es1 come ne>]4 ,look t[>d me6 ,recomm5ce6 ,aga91 ,home ,i br+ ! bri-i-ide4 ,& s x goes on = "o1 two1 ?ree h\rs4 ,! :ole ( su* a rehe>sal la/s six h\rs on end4 ,raps ) ! /ick1 repetitions1 plac+s1 corrections ( ! s+]s1 ( ! or*e/ra1 ( ! procession1 ( ! danc]s1--all season$ ) angry scold+4 ,i he>d ! words1 asses1 fools1 idiots1 sw9e1 address$ to ! musicians & s+]s at lea/ =ty times 9 ! c\rse ( "o h\r4 ,& ! unhappy individual to :om ! abuse is address$1--flauti/1 horn-bl[]1 or s+]1--physically & m5tally demoraliz$1 does n reply1 & does :at is dem&$ ( him4 ,tw5ty times is repeat$ ! "o phrase1 ,home ,i br+ ! bri-i-ide1 & tw5ty times ! /rid+ ab\t 9 yell[ %oes ) a halb]d ov] ! %\ld]4 ,! conductor kn[s t ^! p are s demoraliz$ t !y are no long] fit = any?+ b to bl[ trumpets & walk ab\t ) halb]ds & 9 yell[ %oes1 & t !y are also accu/om$ to da9ty1 easy liv+1 s t !y w put up ) any?+ r ?an lose _! luxuri\s life4 ,he !re=e gives free v5t to 8 *urli%ness1 especially z he has se5 ! same ?+ done 9 ,p>is & ,vi5na1 & kn[s t ?is is ! way ! be/ conductors behave1 & t x is a musical tradition ( great arti/s to be s c>ri$ away by ! great bus9ess ( _! art t !y _c pause to consid] ! feel+s ( o!r arti/s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a m repulsive sight4 ,i h se5 "o workman abuse ano!r = n support+ ! weight pil$ ^u him :5 goods 7 be+ unload$1 or1 at hay-/ack+1 ! village eld] scold a peasant = n mak+ ! rick "r1 & ! man submitt$ 9 sil5ce4 ,&1 h[ev] unpleasant x 0 to witness ! sc5e1 ! unpleasantness 0 less5$ by ! consci\sness t ! bus9ess 9 h& 0 ne$ful & important1 & t ! fault = :i* ! head man scold$ ! labor] 0 "o :i* might spoil a ne$ful und]tak+4 ,b :at 0 be+ done "h8 ,= :at1 & = :om8 ,v likely ! conductor 0 tir$ out1 l ! workman ,i pass$ 9 ! vaults2 x 0 ev5 evid5t t he 02 b :o made him tire himself8 ,& = :at 0 he tir+ himself8 ,! op]a he 0 rehe>s+ 0 "o ( ! mo/ ord9>y ( op]as = p :o are accu/om$ to !m1 b also "o ( ! mo/ gigantic absurdities t c\ld possibly be devis$4 ,an ,indian k+ wants to m>ry2 !y br+ him a bride2 he disguises himself z a m9/rel2 ! bride falls 9 love ) ! m9/rel & is 9 despair1 b aft]w>ds discov]s t ! m9/rel is ! k+1 & e "o is highly delight$4 ,t !re nev] 71 or c\ld be1 su* ,indians1 & t !y 7 n only unlike ,indians1 b t :at !y 7 do+ 0 unlike any?+ on e>? except o!r op]as1 0 beyond all mann] ( d\bt2 t p d n conv]se 9 su* a way z recitative1 & d n place !mselves at fix$ di/ances1 9 a qu>tet1 wav+ _! arms to express _! emotions2 t n[h]e1 except 9 !at]s1 d p walk ab\t 9 su* a mann]1 9 pairs1 ) t9foil halb]ds & 9 slipp]s2 t no "o ev] gets angry 9 su* a way1 or is affect$ 9 su* a way1 or laughs 9 su* a way1 or cries 9 su* a way2 & t no "o on e>? c be mov$ by su* p]=mances2 all ?is is beyond ! possibility ( d\bt4 ,in/9ctively ! "q pres5ts itself3 ,= :om is ?is be+ done8 ,:om c x please8 ,if !re are1 occasionally1 good melodies 9 ! op]a1 to :i* x is pleasant to li/51 !y c\ld h be5 sung simply1 )\t ^! /upid co/umes & all ! processions & recitatives & h&-wav+s4 ,! ballet1 9 :i* half-nak$ wom5 make voluptu\s movem5ts1 twi/+ !mselves into v>i\s s5sual wrea?+s1 is simply a lewd p]=mance4 ,s "o is q at a loss z to :om ^! ?+s are done =4 ,! man ( culture is he>tily sick ( !m1 :ile to a real work+-man !y are utt]ly incompreh5sible4 ,if any "o c be pleas$ by ^! ?+s 7:i* is d\btful71 x c only be "s "y footman or deprav$ artisan1 :o has contract$ ! _s ( ! upp] classes b is n yet satiat$ ) _! amusem5ts1 & wi%es to %[ 8 bre$+4 ,& all ?is na/y folly is prep>$1 n simply1 nor ) k9dly m]rim5t1 b ) ang] & brutal cruelty4 ,x is said t x is all done = ! sake ( art1 & t art is a v important ?+4 ,b is x true t art is s important t su* sacrifices %\ld be made = its sake8 ,?is "q is especially urg5t1 because art1 = ! sake ( :i* ! labor ( millions1 ! lives ( m51 &1 above all1 love betwe5 man & man1 are be+ sacrific$1--?is v art is becom+ some?+ m & m vague & unc]ta9 to human p]ception4 ,criticism1 9 :i* ! lov]s ( art us$ to f9d support = _! op9ions1 has latt]ly become s self-contradictory1 t1 if we exclude f ! doma9 ( art all t to :i* ! critics ( v>i\s s*ools !mselves d5y ! title1 !re is sc>cely any art left4 ,! arti/s ( v>i\s sects1 l ! !ologians ( ! v>i\s sects1 mutually exclude & de/roy !mselves4 ,li/5 to ! arti/s ( ! s*ools ( our times1 & y w f9d1 9 all bran*es1 ea* set ( arti/s dis[n+ o!rs4 ,9 poetry ! old romantici/s d5y ! p>nassi5s & ! decad5ts2 ! p>nassi5s dis[n ! romantici/s & ! decad5ts2 ! decad5ts dis[n all _! pr$ecessors & ! symboli/s2 ! symboli/s dis[n all _! pr$ecessors & les mages2 & les mages dis[n all1 all _! pr$ecessors4 ,among noveli/s we h naturali/s1 psy*ologi/s1 & nature-i/s1 all reject+ ea* o!r4 ,& x is ! same 9 dramatic art1 9 pa9t+1 & 9 music4 ,s t art1 :i* dem&s su* trem5d\s labor-sacrifices f ! p1 :i* /unts human lives & transgresses aga9/ human love1 is n only n a ?+ cle>ly & firmly def9$1 b is und]/ood 9 su* contradictory ways by its own devotees t x is difficult to say :at is meant by art1 & especially :at is good1 useful art1--art = ! sake ( :i* we might condone su* sacrifices z are be+ (f]$ at its %r9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,= ! production ( e ballet1 circus1 op]a1 op]etta1 exhibition1 picture1 conc]t1 or pr9t$ book1 ! int5se & unwill+ labor ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( p is ne$$ at :at is (t5 h>mful & humiliat+ "w4 ,x 7 well if arti/s made all !y require = !mselves1 b1 z x is1 !y all ne$ ! help ( workm51 n only to produce art1 b also = _! own usually luxuri\s ma9t5ance4 ,&1 "o way or o!r1 !y get x2 ei!r ?r\gh paym5ts f ri* p1 or ?r\gh subsidies giv5 by gov]nm5t 79 ,russia1 = in/ance1 9 grants ( millions ( r\bles to !at]s1 cons]vatoires1 & academies74 ,?is money is collect$ f ! p1 "s ( :om h to sell _! only c[ to pay ! tax1 & :o nev] get ^? /hetic pleasures :i* art gives4 ,x 0 all v well = a ,greek or ,roman arti/1 or ev5 = a ,russian arti/ ( ! fir/ half ( our c5tury 7:5 !re 7 /ill slaves1 & x 0 consid]$ "r t !re %\ld be71 ) a quiet m9d to make p s]ve him & 8 art2 b 9 our day1 :5 9 all m5 !re is at lea/ "s dim p]ception ( ! equal rights ( all1 x is impossible to con/ra9 p to labor unwill+ly = art1 )\t fir/ decid+ ! "q :e!r x is true t art is s good & s important an affair z to r$eem ?is evil4 ,if n1 we h ! t]rible probability to consid]1 t :ile fe>ful sacrifices ( ! labor & lives ( m51 & ( morality itself1 are be+ made to art1 t same art may be n only useless b ev5 h>mful4 ,& !re=e x is necess>y = a society 9 :i* works ( art arise & are support$1 to f9d out :e!r all t pr(esses to be art is really art2 :e!r 7z is presuppos$ 9 our society7 all t :i* is art is good2 & :e!r x is important & wor? ^? sacrifices :i* x necessitates4 ,x is /ill m necess>y = e consci5ti\s arti/ to "k ?is1 t he may be sure t all he does has a valid mean+2 t x is n m]ely an infatuation ( ! small circle ( p among :om he lives :i* excites 9 him ! false assurance t he is do+ a good "w2 & t :at he takes f o!rs = ! support ( 8 (t5 v luxuri\s life1 w be comp5sat$ = by ^? productions at :i* he works4 ,& t is :y answ]s to ! above que/ions are especially important 9 our "t4 ,:at is ?is art1 :i* is consid]$ s important & necess>y = humanity t = its sake ^! sacrifices ( labor1 ( human life1 & ev5 ( goodness may be made8 ,:at is art8 ,:at a "q6 ,art is ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 & poetry 9 all its =ms1 usually replies ! ord9>y man1 ! art amateur1 or ev5 ! arti/ himself1 imag9+ ! matt] ab\t :i* he is talk+ to be p]fectly cle>1 & uni=mly und]/ood by ev]ybody4 ,b 9 ar*itecture1 "o inquires fur!r1 are !re n simple build+s :i* are n objects ( art1 & build+s ) arti/ic pret5sions :i* are unsuccessful & ugly & !re=e _c be consid]$ z works ( art8 ,:]e9 lies ! *>act]i/ic sign ( a "w ( art8 ,x is ! same 9 sculpture1 9 music1 & 9 poetry4 ,art1 9 all its =ms1 is b\nd$ on "o side by ! practically useful1 & on ! o!r by unsuccessful attempts at art4 ,h[ is art to be m>k$ (f f ea* ( ^!8 ,! ord9>y educat$ man ( our circle1 & ev5 ! arti/ :o has n occupi$ himself especially ) /hetics1 w n hesitate at ?is "q ei!r4 ,he ?9ks ! solution has be5 f\nd long ago1 & is well kn[n to e "o4 ,art is su* activity z produces beauty1 says su* a man4 ,if art consi/s 9 t1 !n is a ballet or an op]etta art8 y inquire4 ,yes1 says ! ord9>y man1 ?\gh ) "s hesitation1 a good ballet or a graceful op]etta is also art1 9 s f> z x manife/s beauty4 ,b )\t ev5 ask+ ! ord9>y man :at diff]5tiates ! good ballet & ! graceful op]etta f _! opposites 7a "q he w\ld h mu* difficulty 9 answ]+71 if y ask him :e!r ! activity ( co/umi]s & hairdress]s1 :o ornam5t ! figures & faces ( ! wom5 = ! ballet & ! op]etta1 is art2 or ! activity ( ,wor?1 ! dressmak]2 ( sc5t-mak]s & m5 cooks1--!n he w1 9 mo/ cases1 d5y t _! activity belongs to ! sph]e ( art4 ,b 9 ?is ! ord9>y man makes a mi/ake1 j because he is an ord9>y man & n a speciali/1 & because he has n occupi$ himself ) /hetic que/ions4 ,_h he look$ into ^! matt]s1 he w\ld h se5 9 ! great ,r5an's book1 ,m>c ,aurele1 a diss]tation %[+ t ! tailor's "w is art1 & t ^? :o d n see 9 ! adornm5t ( woman an affair ( ! highe/ art are v small-m9d$ & dull4 ,c'e/ le gr& art1 says ,r5an4 ,moreov]1 he w\ld h kn[n t 9 _m /hetic sy/ems--= in/ance1 9 ! /hetics ( ! le>n$ ,pr(essor ,kralik1 ,welts*nheit1 ,v]su* e9] allgeme95 /hetik1 von ,ri*>d ,kralik1 & 9 ,les ,problmes de l',e/htique ,contempora9e1 by ,guyau--! arts ( co/ume1 ( ta/e1 & ( t\* are includ$4 ,es ,folgt nun e9 ,fnfblatt von ,kn/51 die d] subjectiv5 ,s9nli*keit entkeim5 7,!re results !n a p5tafoliate ( arts1 gr[+ out ( ! subjective p]ceptions71 says ,kralik 7p4 #age74 ,sie s9d die /hetis*e ,beh&lung d] fnf ,s9ne4 7,!y are ! /hetic treatm5t ( ! five s5ses47 ,^! five arts are ! foll[+3-- ,die ,kun/ des ,ges*macks9ns--,! art ( ! s5se ( ta/e 7p4 #age74 ,die ,kun/ des ,g]u*s9ns--,! art ( ! s5se ( smell 7p4 #agg74 ,die ,kun/ des ,ta/s9ns--,! art ( ! s5se ( t\* 7p4 #ahj74 ,die ,kun/ des ,gehrs9ns--,! art ( ! s5se ( he>+ 7p4 #ahb74 ,die ,kun/ des ,gesi*ts9ns--,! art ( ! s5se ( sight 7p4 #ahd74 ,( ! fir/ ( ^!--die ,kun/ des ,ges*macks9ns--he says3 ,man hlt zw> gewhnli* nur zwei od] h*/5s drei ,s9ne fr wrdig1 d5 ,/(f kn/l]is*] ,beh&lung abzugeb51 ab] i* glaube nur mit b$+tem ,re*t4 ,i* w ke9 allzugrosses ,gewi*t d>auf leg51 dass d] geme9e ,spra*gebrau* man* &]e ,kn/e1 wie zum ,beispiel die ,ko*kun/ k5nt4#ci #ci ,only two1 or at mo/ ?ree1 s5ses are g5]ally held wor?y to supply matt] = arti/ic treatm5t1 b ,i ?9k ?is op9ion is only conditionally correct4 ,i w n lay too mu* /ress on ! fact t our common spee* recognizes _m o!r arts1 z1 = in/ance1 ! art ( cook]y4 ,& fur!r3 ,und es i/ do* gewiss e9e /hetis*e ,lei/ung1 w5n es d] ,ko*kun/ gel+t ans e9em ?i]is*5 ,kadav] e95 ,geg5/& des ,ges*macks 9 j$em ,s9ne zu ma*54 ,d] ,grundsatz d] ,kun/ des ,ges*macks9ns 7die weit] i/ als die sog5annte ,ko*kun/7 i/ also dies]3 ,es soll alles ,g5iessb>e als ,s9nbild e9] ,idee beh&elt w]d5 und 9 j$esmaligem ,e9klang zur auszudrck5d5 ,idee4#dj #dj ,& yet x is c]ta9ly an /hetic a*ievem5t :5 ! art ( cook+ succe$s 9 mak+ ( an animal's corpse an object 9 all respects ta/eful4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,art ( ,ta/e 7:i* goes beyond ! s-call$ ,art ( ,cook]y7 is !re=e ?is3 ,all t is eatable %\ld be treat$ z ! symbol ( "s ,idea1 & always 9 h>mony ) ! ,idea to be express$4 ,?is au?or1 l ,r5an1 ackn[l$ges a ,ko/mkun/ 7,art ( ,co/ume7 7p4 #bjj71 etc4 ,su* is also ! op9ion ( ! ,fr5* writ]1 ,guyau1 :o is highly e/eem$ by "s au?ors ( our day4 ,9 8 book1 ,les ,problmes de l',e/htique ,contempora9e1 he speaks s]i\sly ( t\*1 ta/e1 & smell z giv+1 or be+ capable ( giv+1 /hetic impressions3 ,si la c\leur manque au t\*]1 il n\s f\rnit en revan*e une notion que l'il seul ne peut n\s donn]1 et qui a une valeur e/htique considrable1 celle du d\x1 du soyeux1 du poli4 ,ce qui c>actrise la beaut du vel\rs1 c'e/ sa d\ceur au t\*] non mo9s que son brillant4 ,dans l'ide que n\s n\s faisons de la beaut d'une femme1 le vel\t de sa peau entre comme lm5t ess5tiel4 ,*acun de n\s probablem5t avec un peu d'att5tion se rappell]a des j\issances du gt1 qui ont t de vritables j\issances e/htiques4#da ,& he rec\nts h[ a glass ( milk drunk by him 9 ! m\nta9s gave him /hetic enjoym5t4 #da ,if ! s5se ( t\* lacks color1 x gives u1 on ! o!r h&1 a notion :i* ! eye alone _c af=d1 & "o ( consid]able /hetic value1 namely1 t ( s(tness1 silk9ess1 poli%4 ,! beauty ( velvet is *>act]iz$ n less by its s(tness to ! t\* ?an by its lu/]4 ,9 ! idea we =m ( a woman's beauty1 ! s(tness ( h] sk9 ent]s z an ess5tial elem5t4 ,ea* ( u1 probably1 ) a little att5tion1 c recall pleasures ( ta/e :i* h be5 real /hetic pleasures4 ,s x turns out t ! conception ( art1 z consi/+ 9 mak+ beauty manife/1 is n at all s simple z x seem$1 especially n[1 :5 9 ?is conception ( beauty are includ$ our s5sations ( t\* & ta/e & smell1 z !y are by ! late/ /hetic writ]s4 ,b ! ord9>y man ei!r does n "k1 or does n wi% to "k1 all ?is1 & is firmly conv9c$ t all que/ions ab\t art may be simply & cle>ly solv$ by ackn[l$g+ beauty to be ! subject-matt] ( art4 ,to him x seems cle> & compreh5sible t art consi/s 9 manife/+ beauty1 & t a ref]5ce to beauty w s]ve to expla9 all que/ions ab\t art4 ,b :at is ?is beauty :i* =ms ! subject-matt] ( art8 ,h[ is x def9$8 ,:at is x8 ,z is always ! case1 ! m cl\dy & confus$ ! conception convey$ by a ^w1 ) ! m aplomb & self-assurance d p use t ^w1 pret5d+ t :at is und]/ood by x is s simple & cle> t x is n wor? :ile ev5 to discuss :at x actually means4 ,?is is h[ matt]s ( or?odox religion are usually dealt )1 & ?is is h[ p n[ deal ) ! conception ( beauty4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t :at is meant by ! ^w beauty is kn[n & und]/ood by e "o4 ,& yet n only is ?is n kn[n1 b1 aft] :ole m\nta9s ( books h be5 writt5 on ! subject by ! mo/ le>n$ & pr(\nd ?9k]s dur+ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s 7ev] s9ce ,baumg>t5 f\nd$ /hetics 9 ! ye> #agej71 ! "q1 ,:at is beauty8 rema9s to ?is day q unsolv$1 & 9 ea* new "w on /hetics x is answ]$ 9 a new way4 ,"o ( ! la/ books ,i read on /hetics is a n ill-writt5 booklet by ,julius ,mi?alt]1 call$ ,rtsel des ,s*n5 7,! ,enigma ( ! ,beautiful74 ,& t title precisely expresses ! position ( ! "q1 ,:at is beauty8 ,aft] ?\s&s ( le>n$ m5 h discuss$ x dur+ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w beauty rema9s an enigma /ill4 ,! ,g]mans answ] ! "q 9 _! mann]1 ?\gh 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways4 ,! physiologi/-/heticians1 especially ! ,engli%m51 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,grant ,all51 & 8 s*ool1 answ] x1 ea* 9 8 own way2 ! ,fr5* eclectics1 & ! foll[]s ( ,guyau & ,ta9e1 also ea* 9 8 own way2 & all ^! p "k all ! prec$+ solutions giv5 by ,baumg>t51 & ,kant1 & ,s*ell+1 & ,s*ill]1 & ,fi*te1 & ,w9ckelmann1 & ,less+1 & ,hegel1 & ,s*op5hau]1 & ,h>tmann1 & ,s*asl]1 & ,c\s91 & ,lvque1 & o!rs4 ,:at is ?is /range conception beauty1 :i* seems s simple to ^? :o talk )\t ?9k+1 b 9 def9+ :i* all ! philosoph]s ( v>i\s t5d5cies & diff]5t nationalities c come to no agreem5t dur+ a c5tury & a half8 ,:at is ?is conception ( beauty1 on :i* ! dom9ant doctr9e ( art re/s8 ,9 ,russian1 by ! ^w krasota 7beauty7 we mean only t :i* pleases ! sight4 ,& ?\gh latt]ly p h begun to speak ( an ugly de$1 or ( beautiful music1 x is n good ,russian4 ,a ,russian ( ! common folk1 n kn[+ =eign languages1 w n und]/& y if y tell him t a man :o has giv5 8 la/ coat to ano!r1 or done any?+ simil>1 has act$ beautifully1 t a man :o has *eat$ ano!r has done an ugly action1 or t a song is beautiful4 ,9 ,russian a de$ may be k9d & good1 or unk9d & bad4 ,music may be pleasant & good1 or unpleasant & bad2 b !re c be no su* ?+ z beautiful or ugly music4 ,beautiful may relate to a man1 a horse1 a h\se1 a view1 or a movem5t4 ,( actions1 ?\ghts1 "*1 or music1 if !y please u1 we may say t !y are good1 or1 if !y d n please u1 t !y are n good4 ,b beautiful c be us$ only conc]n+ t :i* pleases ! sight4 ,s t ! ^w & conception good includes ! conception ( beautiful1 b ! rev]se is n ! case2 ! conception beauty does n include ! conception good4 ,if we say good ( an article :i* we value = its appe>ance1 we !reby say t ! article is beautiful2 b if we say x is beautiful1 x does n at all mean t ! article is a good "o4 ,su* is ! mean+ ascrib$ by ! ,russian language1 & !re=e by ! s5se ( ! p1 to ! words & conceptions good & beautiful4 ,9 all ! ,european languages1 i4e4 ! languages ( ^? nations among :om ! doctr9e has spread t beauty is ! ess5tial ?+ 9 art1 ! words beau1 s*n1 beautiful1 bello1 etc41 :ile keep+ _! mean+ ( beautiful 9 =m1 h come to also express goodness1 k9dness1 i4e4 h come to act z sub/itutes = ! ^w good4 ,s t x has become q natural 9 ^? languages to use su* expressions z belle ame1 s*ne ,g$ank51 ( beautiful de$4 ,^? languages no long] h a suitable ^w :]e) expressly to indicate beauty ( =m1 & h to use a comb9ation ( words su* z beau p> la =me1 beautiful to look at1 etc41 to convey t idea4 ,obs]vation ( ! div]g5t mean+s :i* ! words beauty & beautiful h 9 ,russian on ! "o h&1 & 9 ^? ,european languages n[ p]meat$ by ?is /hetic !ory on ! o!r h&1 %[s u t ! ^w beauty has1 among ! latt]1 acquir$ a special mean+1 namely1 t ( good4 ,:at is rem>kable1 moreov]1 is t s9ce we ,russians h begun m & m to adopt ! ,european view ( art1 ! same evolution has begun to %[ itself 9 our language also1 & "s p speak & write q confid5tly1 & )\t caus+ surprise1 ( beautiful music & ugly actions1 or ev5 ?\ghts2 :]eas =ty ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 "y1 ! expressions beautiful music & ugly actions 7 n only unusual1 b incompreh5sible4 ,evid5tly ?is new mean+ giv5 to beauty by ,european ?\ght beg9s to be assimilat$ by ,russian society4 ,& :at really is ?is mean+8 ,:at is ?is beauty z x is und]/ood by ! ,european peoples8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 ,i mu/ "h quote at lea/ a small selection ( ^? def9itions ( beauty mo/ g5]ally adopt$ 9 exi/+ /hetic sy/ems4 ,i especially beg ! read] n to be ov]come by dullness1 b to read ^! extracts ?r\gh1 or1 /ill bett]1 to read "s "o ( ! erudite /hetic au?ors4 ,n to m5tion ! volum9\s ,g]man /heticians1 a v good book = ?is purpose w\ld be ei!r ! ,g]man book by ,kralik1 ! ,engli% "w by ,knight1 or ! ,fr5* "o by ,lvque4 ,x is necess>y to read "o ( ! le>n$ /hetic writ]s 9 ord] to =m at fir/h& a conception ( ! v>iety 9 op9ion & ! frightful obscurity :i* reigns 9 ?is region ( speculation2 n1 9 ?is important matt]1 tru/+ to ano!r's report4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 is :at ! ,g]man /hetician ,s*asl] says 9 ! preface to 8 fam\s1 volum9\s1 & detail$ "w on /hetics3-- ,h>dly 9 any sph]e ( philosophic sci5ce c we f9d su* div]g5t me?ods ( inve/igation & exposition1 am\nt+ ev5 to self-contradiction1 z 9 ! sph]e ( /hetics4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h elegant phraseology )\t any sub/ance1 *>act]iz$ 9 great "p by mo/ "o-sid$ sup]ficiality2 & on ! o!r h&1 accompany+ und5iable pr(undity ( inve/igation & ri*ness ( subject-matt]1 we get a revolt+ awkw>dness ( philosophic t]m9ology1 infold+ ! simple/ ?\ghts 9 an app>el ( ab/ract sci5ce1 z ?\gh to r5d] !m wor?y to ent] ! consecrat$ palace ( ! sy/em2 & f9ally1 betwe5 ^! two me?ods ( inve/igation & exposition !re is a ?ird1 =m+1 z x 71 ! transition f "o to ! o!r1 a me?od consi/+ ( eclecticism1 n[ flaunt+ an elegant phraseology1 & n[ a p$antic erudition4444 ,a /yle ( exposition t falls into none ( ^! ?ree defects b x is truly concrete1 &1 hav+ important matt]1 expresses x 9 cle> & popul> philosophic language1 c n[h]e be f\nd less frequ5tly ?an 9 ! doma9 ( /hetics4#db #db ,m4 ,s*asl]1 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] /hetik1 #ahgb1 vol4 i41 p4 #ac4 ,x is only necess>y1 = in/ance1 to read ,s*asl]'s own book to conv9ce oneself ( ! ju/ice ( ?is obs]vation ( 84 ,on ! same subject ! ,fr5* writ] ,vron1 9 ! preface to 8 v good "w on /hetics1 says3 ,il n'y a pas de sci5ce1 qui ait t plus que l'e/htique livre aux rv]ies des mtaphysici5s4 ,depuis ,platon jusqu'aux doctr9es (ficielles de nos j\rs1 on a fait de l'art je ne sais quel amalgame de fantaisies qu9tess5cies1 et de my/res transc5dantaux qui tr\v5t leur expression suprme dans la conception absolue du ,beau idal1 prototype immuable et div9 des *oses relles 7,l',e/htique1 #ahgh1 p4 #e74dc #dc ,!re is no sci5ce :i*1 m ?an /hetics1 has be5 h&$ ov] to ! rev]ies ( ! metaphysicians4 ,f ,plato d[n to ! receiv$ doctr9es ( our day1 p h made ( art a /range amalgam ( qu9tess5tial fancies & transc5d5tal my/]ies1 :i* f9d _! supreme expression 9 ! conception ( an absolute ideal ,beauty1 immutable & div9e prototype ( actual ?+s4 ,if ! read] w only be at ! pa9s to p]use ! foll[+ extracts1 def9+ beauty1 tak5 f ! *ief writ]s on /hetics1 he may conv9ce himself t ?is c5sure is ?or\ghly des]v$4 ,i %all n quote ! def9itions ( beauty attribut$ to ! anci5ts1--,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 etc41 d[n to ,plot9us1--because1 9 reality1 ! anci5ts _h n t conception ( beauty sep>at$ f goodness :i* =ms ! basis & aim ( /hetics 9 our "t4 ,by ref]r+ ! judgm5ts ( ! anci5ts on beauty to our conception ( x1 z is usually done 9 /hetics1 we give ! words ( ! anci5ts a mean+ :i* is n !irs4#dd #dd ,see on ?is matt] ,b5>d's admirable book1 ,l',e/htique d',ari/ote1 also ,walt]'s ,ges*i*te d] /hetik 9 ,alt]tum4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,i beg9 ) ! f\nd] ( /hetics1 ,baumg>t5 7#agad-agfb74 ,accord+ to ,baumg>t51#de ! object ( logical k is ,tru?1 ! object ( /hetic 7i4e4 s5su\s7 k is ,beauty4 ,beauty is ! ,p]fect 7! ,absolute7 recogniz$ ?r\gh ! s5ses2 ,tru? is ! ,p]fect p]ceiv$ ?r\gh reason2 ,goodness is ! ,p]fect rea*$ by moral w4 #de ,s*asl]1 p4 #cfa4 ,beauty is def9$ by ,baumg>t5 z a correspond5ce1 i4e4 an ord] ( ! p>ts 9 _! mutual relations to ea* o!r & 9 _! relation to ! :ole4 ,! aim ( beauty itself is to please & excite a desire1 ,wohlgefall5 und ,erregung e9es ,v]lang5s4 7,a position precisely ! opposite ( ,kant's def9ition ( ! nature & sign ( beauty47 ,) ref]5ce to ! manife/ations ( beauty1 ,baumg>t5 consid]s t ! highe/ embodim5t ( beauty is se5 by u 9 nature1 & he !re=e ?9ks t ! highe/ aim ( art is to copy nature4 7,?is position also is directly contradict$ by ! conclusions ( ! late/ /heticians47 ,pass+ ov] ! unimportant foll[]s ( ,baumg>t51--,mai]1 ,es*5burg1 & ,eb]h>d1--:o only slightly modifi$ ! doctr9e ( _! tea*] by divid+ ! pleasant f ! beautiful1 ,i w quote ! def9itions giv5 by writ]s :o came imm$iately aft] ,baumg>t51 & def9$ beauty q 9 ano!r way4 ,^! writ]s 7 ,sulz]1 ,m5delssohn1 & ,moritz4 ,!y1 9 contradiction to ,baumg>t5's ma9 position1 recognize z ! aim ( art1 n beauty1 b goodness4 ,?us ,sulz] 7#agbj-aggg7 says t only t c be consid]$ beautiful :i* conta9s goodness4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 ! aim ( ! :ole life ( humanity is welf>e 9 social life4 ,?is is atta9$ by ! education ( ! moral feel+s1 to :i* end art %\ld be subs]vi5t4 ,beauty is t :i* evokes & educates ?is feel+4 ,beauty is und]/ood almo/ 9 ! same way by ,m5delssohn 7#agbi-aghf74 ,accord+ to him1 art is ! c>ry+ =w>d ( ! beautiful1 obscurely recogniz$ by feel+1 till x becomes ! true & good4 ,! aim ( art is moral p]fection4#df #df ,s*asl]1 p4 #cfi4 ,= ! /heticians ( ?is s*ool1 ! ideal ( beauty is a beautiful s\l 9 a beautiful body4 ,s t ^! /heticians completely wipe out ,baumg>t5's division ( ! ,p]fect 7! ,absolute71 into ! ?ree =ms ( ,tru?1 ,goodness1 & ,beauty2 & ,beauty is aga9 unit$ ) ! ,good & ! ,true4 ,b ?is conception is n only n ma9ta9$ by ! lat] /heticians1 b ! /hetic doctr9e ( ,w9ckelmann arises1 aga9 9 complete opposition4 ,?is divides ! mission ( art f ! aim ( goodness 9 ! %>pe/ & mo/ positive mann]1 makes ext]nal beauty ! aim ( art1 & ev5 limits x to visible beauty4 ,accord+ to ! celebrat$ "w ( ,w9ckelmann 7#agag-agfg71 ! law & aim ( all art is beauty only1 beauty q sep>at$ f & indep5d5t ( goodness4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( beauty3 7#a7 beauty ( =m1 7#b7 beauty ( idea1 express+ itself 9 ! position ( ! figure 79 pla/ic art71 7#c7 beauty ( expression1 atta9able only :5 ! two fir/ conditions are pres5t4 ,?is beauty ( expression is ! highe/ aim ( art1 & is atta9$ 9 antique art2 mod]n art %\ld !re=e aim at imitat+ anci5t art4#dg #dg ,s*asl]1 pp4 #chh-cij4 ,art is simil>ly und]/ood by ,less+1 ,h]d]1 & aft]w>ds by ,goe! & by all ! di/+ui%$ /heticians ( ,g]many till ,kant1 f ^: day1 aga91 a diff]5t conception ( art comm5ces4 ,native /hetic !ories arose dur+ ?is p]iod 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,holl&1 & !y1 ?\gh n tak5 f ! ,g]man1 7 equally cl\dy & contradictory4 ,& all ^! writ]s1 j l ! ,g]man /heticians1 f\nd$ _! !ories on a conception ( ! ,beautiful1 und]/&+ beauty 9 ! s5se ( a some?+ exi/+ absolutely1 & m or less int]m+l$ ) ,goodness or hav+ "o & ! same root4 ,9 ,engl&1 almo/ simultane\sly ) ,baumg>t51 ev5 a little e>li]1 ,%aftesbury1 ,hut*eson1 ,home1 ,burke1 ,hog>?1 & o!rs1 wrote on art4 ,accord+ to ,%aftesbury 7#afgj-agac71 ,t :i* is beautiful is h>moni\s & proportionable1 :at is h>moni\s & proportionable is true1 & :at is at once bo? beautiful & true is ( consequ5ce agreeable & good4#dh ,beauty1 he taught1 is recogniz$ by ! m9d only4 ,god is fundam5tal beauty2 beauty & goodness proce$ f ! same f\nt4 #dh ,knight1 ,philosophy ( ! ,beautiful1 i41 pp4 #afe1 #aff4 ,s t1 al?\gh ,%aftesbury reg>ds beauty z be+ some?+ sep>ate f goodness1 !y aga9 m]ge into some?+ insep>able4 ,accord+ to ,hut*eson 7#afid-agdg--;,inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue71 ! aim ( art is beauty1 ! ess5ce ( :i* consi/s 9 evok+ 9 u ! p]ception ( uni=mity amid v>iety4 ,9 ! recognition ( :at is art we are guid$ by an int]nal s5se4 ,?is int]nal s5se may be 9 contradiction to ! e?ical "o4 ,s t1 accord+ to ,hut*eson1 beauty does n always correspond ) goodness1 b sep>ates f x & is sometimes contr>y to x4#di #di ,s*asl]1 p4 #bhi4 ,knight1 pp4 #afh1 #afi4 ,accord+ to ,home1 ,"l ,kames 7#afif-aghb71 beauty is t :i* is pleasant4 ,!re=e beauty is def9$ by ta/e alone4 ,! /&>d ( true ta/e is t ! maximum ( ri*ness1 fullness1 /r5g?1 & v>iety ( impression %\ld be conta9$ 9 ! n>r[e/ limits4 ,t is ! ideal ( a p]fect "w ( art4 ,accord+ to ,burke 7#agbi-agig--,philosophical ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( our ,ideas ( ! ,sublime & ,beautiful71 ! sublime & beautiful1 :i* are ! aim ( art1 h _! orig9 9 ! prompt+s ( self-pres]vation & ( society4 ,^! feel+s1 exam9$ 9 _! s\rce1 are means = ! ma9t5ance ( ! race ?r\gh ! individual4 ,! fir/ 7self-pres]vation7 is atta9$ by n\ri%m5t1 def5se1 & w>2 ! second 7society7 by int]c\rse & propagation4 ,!re=e self-def5se1 & w>1 :i* is b\nd up ) x1 is ! s\rce ( ! sublime2 sociability1 & ! sex-in/9ct1 :i* is b\nd up ) x1 is ! s\rce ( beauty4#ej #ej ,r4 ,kralik1 ,welts*nheit1 ,v]su* e9] allgeme95 /hetik1 pp4 #cjd-cjf4 ,su* 7 ! *ief ,engli% def9itions ( art & beauty 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,dur+ t p]iod1 9 ,france1 ! writ]s on art 7 ,pre ,&r & ,batteux1 ) ,did]ot1 ,d',alemb]t1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ,voltaire1 foll[+ lat]4 ,accord+ to ,pre ,&r 7,essai sur le ,beau1 #agda71 !re are ?ree k9ds ( beauty1--div9e beauty1 natural beauty1 & artificial beauty4#ea #ea ,knight1 p4 #aja4 ,accord+ to ,batteux 7#agac-aghj71 art consi/s 9 imitat+ ! beauty ( nature1 its aim be+ enjoym5t4#eb ,su* is also ,did]ot's def9ition ( art4 #eb ,s*asl]1 p4 #caf4 ,! ,fr5* writ]s1 l ! ,engli%1 consid] t x is ta/e t decides :at is beautiful4 ,& ! laws ( ta/e are n only n laid d[n1 b x is grant$ t !y _c be settl$4 ,! same view 0 held by ,d',alemb]t & ,voltaire4#ec #ec ,knight1 pp4 #ajb-ajd4 ,accord+ to ! ,italian /hetician ( t p]iod1 ,pagano1 art consi/s 9 unit+ ! beauties disp]s$ 9 nature4 ,! capacity to p]ceive ^! beauties is ta/e1 ! capacity to br+ !m into "o :ole is arti/ic g5ius4 ,beauty comm+les ) goodness1 s t beauty is goodness made visible1 & goodness is inn] beauty4#ed #ed ,r4 ,kralik1 p4 #abd4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( o!r ,italians3 ,muratori 7#afgb-agej71--,riflessioni sopra il buon gu/o intorno le sci5ce e le arti1--& especially ,spaletti1#ee--,saggio sopra la bellezza 7#agfe71--;art am\nts to an egoti/ical s5sation1 f\nd$ 7z ) ,burke7 on ! desire = self-pres]vation & society4 #ee ,spaletti1 ,s*asl]1 p4 #cbh4 ,among ,dut* writ]s1 ,hem/]huis 7#agbj-agij71 :o _h an influ5ce on ! ,g]man /heticians & on ,goe!1 is rem>kable4 ,accord+ to him1 beauty is t :i* gives mo/ pleasure1 & t gives mo/ pleasure :i* gives u ! greate/ numb] ( ideas 9 ! %orte/ "t4 ,enjoym5t ( ! beautiful1 because x gives ! greate/ quantity ( p]ceptions 9 ! %orte/ "t1 is ! highe/ notion to :i* man c atta94#ef #ef ,s*asl]1 pp4 #cca-ccc4 ,su* 7 ! /hetic !ories outside ,g]many dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ,g]many1 aft] ,w9ckelmann1 !re aga9 arose a completely new /hetic !ory1 t ( ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd71 :i*1 m ?an all o!rs1 cle>s up :at ?is conception ( beauty1 & consequ5tly ( art1 really am\nts to4 ,! /hetic tea*+ ( ,kant is f\nd$ z foll[s3 ,man has a k ( nature outside him & ( himself 9 nature4 ,9 nature1 outside himself1 he seeks = tru?2 9 himself1 he seeks = goodness4 ,! fir/ is an affair ( pure reason1 ! o!r ( practical reason 7free w74 ,besides ^! two means ( p]ception1 !re is yet ! judg+ capacity 7,urteilskraft71 :i* =ms judgm5ts )\t reason+s & produces pleasure )\t desire 7,ur!il ohne ,begriff und ,v]gng5 ohne ,begehr574 ,?is capacity is ! basis ( /hetic feel+4 ,beauty1 accord+ to ,kant1 9 its subjective mean+ is t :i*1 9 g5]al & necess>ily1 )\t reason+s & )\t practical advantage1 pleases4 ,9 its objective mean+ x is ! =m ( a suitable object1 9 s f> z t object is p]ceiv$ )\t any conception ( its utility4#eg #eg ,s*asl]1 pp4 #ebe-ebh4 ,beauty is def9$ 9 ! same way by ! foll[]s ( ,kant1 among :om 0 ,s*ill] 7#agei-ahje74 ,accord+ to ,s*ill]1 :o wrote mu* on /hetics1 ! aim ( art is1 z ) ,kant1 beauty1 ! s\rce ( :i* is pleasure )\t practical advantage4 ,s t art may be call$ a game1 n 9 ! s5se ( an unimportant occupation1 b 9 ! s5se ( a manife/ation ( ! beauties ( life itself )\t o!r aim ?an t ( beauty4#eh #eh ,knight1 pp4 #fa-fc4 ,besides ,s*ill]1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,kant's foll[]s 9 ! sph]e ( /hetics 0 ,wilhelm ,humboldt1 :o1 ?\gh he add$ no?+ to ! def9ition ( beauty1 expla9$ v>i\s =ms ( x1--! drama1 music1 ! comic1 etc4#ei #ei ,s*asl]1 pp4 #gdj-gdc4 ,aft] ,kant1 besides ! second-rate philosoph]s1 ! writ]s on /hetics 7 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 & _! foll[]s4 ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad7 says t p]ception ( ! beautiful proce$s f ?is3 ! _w--i4e4 nature--has two sides3 x is ! sum ( our limitations1 & x is ! sum ( our free ideali/ic activity4 ,9 ! fir/ aspect ! _w is limit$1 9 ! second aspect x is free4 ,9 ! fir/ aspect e object is limit$1 di/ort$1 compress$1 conf9$--& we see de=mity2 9 ! second we p]ceive its inn] complet5ess1 vitality1 reg5]ation--& we see beauty4 ,s t ! de=mity or beauty ( an object1 accord+ to ,fi*te1 dep5ds on ! po9t ( view ( ! obs]v]4 ,beauty !re=e exi/s1 n 9 ! _w1 b 9 ! beautiful s\l 7s*n] ,gei/74 ,art is ! manife/ation ( ?is beautiful s\l1 & its aim is ! education1 n only ( ! m9d--t is ! bus9ess ( ! savant1 n only ( ! he>t--t is ! affair ( ! moral prea*]1 b ( ! :ole man4 ,& s ! *>act]i/ic ( beauty lies1 n 9 any?+ ext]nal1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( a beautiful s\l 9 ! arti/4#fj #fj ,s*asl]1 pp1 #gfi-gga4 ,foll[+ ,fi*te1 & 9 ! same direction1 ,fri$ri* ,s*legel & ,adam ,mll] also def9$ beauty4 ,accord+ to ,s*legel 7#aggb-ahbi71 beauty 9 art is und]/ood too incompletely1 "o-sid$ly1 & disconnect$ly4 ,beauty exi/s1 n only 9 art1 b also 9 nature & 9 love2 s t ! truly beautiful is express$ by ! union ( art1 nature1 & love4 ,!re=e1 z insep>ably "o ) /hetic art1 ,s*legel ackn[l$ges moral & philosophic art4#fa #fa ,s*asl]1 pp4 #ghf1 #ghg4 ,accord+ to ,adam ,mll] 7#aggi-ahbi71 !re are two k9ds ( beauty3 ! "o1 g5]al beauty1 :i* attracts p z ! sun attracts ! planet--?is is f\nd *iefly 9 antique art2 & ! o!r1 individual beauty1 :i* results f ! obs]v] himself becom+ a sun1 attract+ beauty--?is is ! beauty ( mod]n art4 ,a _w 9 :i* all contradictions are h>moniz$ is ! highe/ beauty4 ,e "w ( art is a reproduction ( ?is univ]sal h>mony4#fb ,! highe/ art is ! art ( life4#fc #fb ,kralik1 p4 #adh4 #fc ,kralik1 p4 #hbj4 ,next aft] ,fi*te & 8 foll[]s came a contempor>y ( 81 ! philosoph] ,s*ell+ 7#agge-ahed71 :o has _h a great influ5ce on ! /hetic conceptions ( our times4 ,accord+ to ,s*ell+'s philosophy1 art is ! production or result ( t conception ( ?+s by :i* ! subject becomes its own object1 or ! object its own subject4 ,beauty is ! p]ception ( ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite4 ,& ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( works ( art is unconsci\s inf9ity4 ,art is ! unit+ ( ! subjective ) ! objective1 ( nature ) reason1 ( ! unconsci\s ) ! consci\s1 & !re=e art is ! highe/ means ( k4 ,beauty is ! contemplation ( ?+s 9 !mselves z !y exi/ 9 ! prototype 7,9 d5 ,urbild]n74 ,x is n ! arti/ :o by 8 k or skill produces ! beautiful1 b ! idea ( beauty 9 him itself produces x4#fd #fd ,s*asl]1 pp4 #hbh1 #hbi1 #hcd-hda4 ,( ,s*ell+'s foll[]s ! mo/ noticeable 0 ,solg] 7#aghj-ahai--,vorlesung5 b] /hetik74 ,accord+ to him1 ! idea ( beauty is ! fundam5tal idea ( ev]y?+4 ,9 ! _w we see only di/ortions ( ! fundam5tal idea1 b art1 by imag9ation1 may lift itself to ! height ( ?is idea4 ,art is !re=e ak9 to creation4#fe #fe ,s*asl]1 p4 #hia4 ,accord+ to ano!r foll[] ( ,s*ell+1 ,krause 7#agha-ahcb71 true1 positive beauty is ! manife/ation ( ! ,idea 9 an individual =m2 art is ! actualization ( ! beauty exi/+ 9 ! sph]e ( man's free _s4 ,! highe/ /age ( art is ! art ( life1 :i* directs its activity t[>d ! adornm5t ( life s t x may be a beautiful abode = a beautiful man4#ff #ff ,s*asl]1 p4 #iag4 ,aft] ,s*ell+ & 8 foll[]s came ! new /hetic doctr9e ( ,hegel1 :i* is held to ?is day1 consci\sly by _m1 b by ! majority unconsci\sly4 ,?is tea*+ is n only no cle>] or bett] def9$ ?an ! prec$+ ones1 b is1 if possible1 ev5 m cl\dy & my/ical4 ,accord+ to ,hegel 7#aggj-ahca71 ,god manife/s himself 9 nature & 9 art 9 ! =m ( beauty4 ,god expresses himself 9 two ways3 9 ! object & 9 ! subject1 9 nature & 9 _s4 ,beauty is ! %9+ ( ! ,idea ?r\gh matt]4 ,only ! s\l1 & :at p]ta9s to x1 is truly beautiful2 & !re=e ! beauty ( nature is only ! reflection ( ! natural beauty ( ! _s--! beautiful has only a spiritual cont5t4 ,b ! spiritual mu/ appe> 9 s5su\s =m4 ,! s5su\s manife/ation ( _s is only appe>ance 7s*e971 & ?is appe>ance is ! only reality ( ! beautiful4 ,art is ?us ! production ( ?is appe>ance ( ! ,idea1 & is a means1 toge!r ) religion & philosophy1 ( br++ to consci\sness & ( express+ ! deepe/ problems ( humanity & ! highe/ tru?s ( ! _s4 ,tru? & beauty1 accord+ to ,hegel1 are "o & ! same ?+2 ! diff]5ce be+ only t tru? is ! ,idea itself z x exi/s 9 itself1 & is ?9kable4 ,! ,idea1 manife/$ ext]nally1 becomes to ! appreh5sion n only true b beautiful4 ,! beautiful is ! manife/ation ( ! ,idea4#fg #fg ,s*asl]1 pp4 #idf1 #ajhe1 #ihd1 #ihe1 #iij4 ,foll[+ ,hegel came 8 _m adh]5ts1 ,weisse1 ,arnold ,ruge1 ,ros5krantz1 ,!odor ,vis*]1 & o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,weisse 7#ahja-ahfg71 art is ! introduction 7,e9bildung7 ( ! absolute spiritual reality ( beauty into ext]nal1 dead1 indiff]5t matt]1 ! p]ception ( :i* latt]1 ap>t f ! beauty br\ght into x1 pres5ts ! negation ( all exi/5ce 9 itself 7,negation alles ,frsi*se9s74 ,9 ! idea ( tru?1 ,weisse expla9s1 lies a contradiction betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective sides ( k1 9 t an individual ,i disc]ns ! ,univ]sal4 ,?is contradiction c be remov$ by a conception t %\ld unite into "o ! univ]sal & ! individual1 :i* fall asund] 9 our conceptions ( tru?4 ,su* a conception w\ld be reconcil$ 7aufgehob57 tru?4 ,beauty is su* a reconcil$ tru?4#fh #fh ,s*asl]1 pp4 #iff1 #fee1 #ief4 ,accord+ to ,ruge 7#ahjb-ahhj71 a /rict foll[] ( ,hegel1 beauty is ! ,idea express+ itself4 ,! _s1 contemplat+ itself1 ei!r f9ds itself express$ completely1 & !n t full expression ( itself is beauty2 or incompletely1 & !n x feels ! ne$ to alt] ?is imp]fect expression ( itself1 & becomes creative art4#fi #fi ,s*asl]1 p4 #ajag4 ,accord+ to ,vis*] 7#ahjg-ahhg71 beauty is ! ,idea 9 ! =m ( a f9ite ph5om5on4 ,! ,idea itself is n indivisible1 b =ms a sy/em ( ideas1 :i* may be repres5t$ by asc5d+ & desc5d+ l9es4 ,! high] ! idea1 ! m beauty x conta9s2 b ev5 ! l[e/ conta9s beauty1 because x =ms an ess5tial l9k ( ! sy/em4 ,! highe/ =m ( ! ,idea is p]sonality1 & !re=e ! highe/ art is t :i* has = its subject-matt] ! highe/ p]sonality4#gj #gj ,s*asl]1 pp4 #ajfe1 #ajff4 ,su* 7 ! !ories ( ! ,g]man /heticians 9 ! ,hegelian direction1 b !y did n monopolize /hetic diss]tations4 ,9 ,g]many1 side by side & simultane\sly ) ! ,hegelian !ories1 !re appe>$ !ories ( beauty n only indep5d5t ( ,hegel's position 7t beauty is ! manife/ation ( ! ,idea71 b directly contr>y to ?is view1 d5y+ & ridicul+ x4 ,su* 0 ! l9e tak5 by ,h]b>t &1 m p>ticul>ly1 by ,s*op5hau]4 ,accord+ to ,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda71 !re is n1 & _c be1 any su* ?+ z beauty exi/+ 9 itself4 ,:at does exi/ is only our op9ion1 & x is necess>y to f9d ! base ( ?is op9ion 7/hetis*es ,elem5t>ur!il74 ,su* bases are connect$ ) our impressions4 ,!re are c]ta9 relations :i* we t]m beautiful2 & art consi/s 9 f9d+ ^! relations1 :i* are simultane\s 9 pa9t+1 ! pla/ic art1 & ar*itecture1 successive & simultane\s 9 music1 & purely successive 9 poetry4 ,9 contradiction to ! =m] /heticians1 ,h]b>t holds t objects are (t5 beautiful :i* express no?+ at all1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ra9b[1 :i* is beautiful = its l9es & colors1 & n = its my?ological connection ) ,iris or ,noah's ra9b[4#ga #ga ,s*asl]1 pp4 #ajig-aajj4 ,ano!r oppon5t ( ,hegel 0 ,s*op5hau]1 :o d5i$ ,hegel's :ole sy/em1 8 /hetics includ$4 ,accord+ to ,s*op5hau] 7#aghh-ahfj71 ,w objectivizes itself 9 ! _w on v>i\s planes2 & al?\gh ! high] ! plane on :i* x is objectiviz$ ! m beautiful x is1 yet ea* plane has its own beauty4 ,r5unciation ( "o's individuality & contemplation ( "o ( ^! planes ( manife/ation ( ,w gives u a p]ception ( beauty4 ,all m51 says ,s*op5hau]1 possess ! capacity to objectivize ! ,idea on diff]5t planes4 ,! g5ius ( ! arti/ has ?is capacity 9 a high] degree1 & !re=e makes a high] beauty manife/4#gb #gb ,s*asl]1 pp4 #aabd1 #aajg4 ,aft] ^! m em95t writ]s !re foll[$1 9 ,g]many1 less orig9al & less influ5tial ones1 su* z ,h>tmann1 ,kirkmann1 ,s*nasse1 &1 to "s ext5t1 ,helmholtz 7z an /hetician71 ,b]gmann1 ,jungmann1 & an innum]able ho/ ( o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,h>tmann 7#ahdb71 beauty lies1 n 9 ! ext]nal _w1 nor 9 ! ?+ 9 itself1 nei!r does x reside 9 ! s\l ( man1 b x lies 9 ! seem+ 7,s*e97 produc$ by ! arti/4 ,! ?+ 9 itself is n beautiful1 b is trans=m$ into beauty by ! arti/4#gc #gc ,knight1 pp4 #ha1 #hb4 ,accord+ to ,s*nasse 7#agih-ahge71 !re is no p]fect beauty 9 ! _w4 ,9 nature !re is only an approa* t[>d x4 ,art gives :at nature _c give4 ,9 ! en]gy ( ! free ego1 consci\s ( h>mony n f\nd 9 nature1 beauty is disclos$4#gd #gd ,knight1 p4 #hc4 ,kirkmann wrote on exp]im5tal /hetics4 ,all aspects ( hi/ory 9 8 sy/em are jo9$ by pure *ance4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,kirkmann 7#ahjb-ahhd71 !re are six realms ( hi/ory3 ,! realm ( ,k1 ( ,weal?1 ( ,morality1 ( ,fai?1 ( ,politics1 & ( ,beauty2 & activity 9 ! la/-nam$ realm is art4#ge #ge ,s*asl]1 p4 #aaba4 ,accord+ to ,helmholtz 7#ahba71 :o wrote on beauty z x relates to music1 beauty 9 musical productions is atta9$ only by foll[+ unalt]able laws4 ,^! laws are n kn[n to ! arti/2 s t beauty is manife/$ by ! arti/ unconsci\sly1 & _c be subject$ to analysis4#gf #gf ,knight1 pp4 #he1 #hf4 ,accord+ to ,b]gmann 7#ahdj7 7,ueb] das ,s*ne1 #ahhg71 to def9e beauty objectively is impossible4 ,beauty is only p]ceiv$ subjectively1 & !re=e ! problem ( /hetics is to def9e :at pleases :om4#gg #gg ,knight1 p4 #hh4 ,accord+ to ,jungmann 7d4 #ahhe71 fir/ly1 beauty is a supras5sible quality ( ?+s2 secondly1 beauty produces 9 u pleasure by m]ely be+ contemplat$2 &1 ?irdly1 beauty is ! f\ndation ( love4#gh #gh ,knight1 p4 #hh4 ,! /hetic !ories ( ! *ief repres5tatives ( ,france1 ,engl&1 & o!r nations 9 rec5t times h be5 ! foll[+3-- ,9 ,france1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! prom95t writ]s on /hetics 7 ,c\s91 ,j\ffroy1 ,pictet1 ,ravaisson1 ,lvque4 ,c\s9 7#agib-ahfg7 0 an eclectic1 & a foll[] ( ! ,g]man ideali/s4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory1 beauty always has a moral f\ndation4 ,he disputes ! doctr9e t art is imitation & t ! beautiful is :at pleases4 ,he affirms t beauty may be def9$ objectively1 & t x ess5tially consi/s 9 v>iety 9 unity4#gi #gi ,knight1 p4 #aab4 ,aft] ,c\s9 came ,j\ffroy 7#agif-ahdb71 :o 0 a pupil ( ,c\s9's & also a foll[] ( ! ,g]man /heticians4 ,accord+ to 8 def9ition1 beauty is ! expression ( ! invisible by ^? natural signs :i* manife/ x4 ,! visible _w is ! g>m5t by means ( :i* we see beauty4#hj #hj ,knight1 p4 #aaf4 ,! ,swiss writ] ,pictet repeat$ ,hegel & ,plato1 suppos+ beauty to exi/ 9 ! direct & free manife/ation ( ! div9e ,idea reveal+ itself 9 s5se =ms4#ha #ha ,knight1 pp4 #aah1 #aai4 ,lvque 0 a foll[] ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel4 ,he holds t beauty is some?+ invisible beh9d nature--a =ce or _s reveal+ itself 9 ord]$ en]gy4#hb #hb ,knight1 pp4 #abc1 #abd4 ,simil> vague op9ions ab\t ! nature ( beauty 7 express$ by ! ,fr5* metaphysician ,ravaisson1 :o consid]$ beauty to be ! ultimate aim & purpose ( ! _w4 ,la beaut la plus div9e et pr9cipalem5t la plus p>faite conti5t le secret du monde4#hc ,& aga91 ,le monde enti] e/ l'uvre d'une beaut absolue1 qui n'e/ la cause des *oses que p> l'am\r qu'elle met en elles4 #hc ,la ,philosophie en ,france1 p4 #bcb4 ,i purposely ab/a9 f translat+ ^! metaphysical expressions1 because1 h[ev] cl\dy ! ,g]mans may be1 ! ,fr5*1 once !y absorb ! !ories ( ! ,g]mans & take to imitat+ !m1 f> surpass !m 9 unit+ het]og5e\s conceptions into "o expression1 & putt+ =w>d "o mean+ or ano!r indiscrim9ately4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,r5\vi]1 :5 discuss+ beauty1 says1 ,ne craignons pas de dire qu'une vrit qui ne s]ait pas belle1 ne s]ait qu'un jeu logique de notre esprit et que la seule vrit solide et digne de ce nom c'e/ la beaut4#hd #hd ,du ,fondem5t de l',induction4 ,besides ! /hetic ideali/s :o wrote & /ill write "u ! influ5ce ( ,g]man philosophy1 ! foll[+ rec5t writ]s h also influ5c$ ! compreh5sion ( art & beauty 9 ,france3 ,ta9e1 ,guyau1 ,*]buliez1 ,co/]1 & ,vron4 ,accord+ to ,ta9e 7#ahbh-ahic71 beauty is ! manife/ation ( ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( any important idea m completely ?an x is express$ 9 reality4#he #he ,philosophie de l',art1 vol4 i41 #ahic1 p4 #dg4 ,guyau 7#ahed-ahhh7 taught t beauty is n some?+ ext]ior to ! object itself1--is n1 z x 71 a p>asitic gr[? on x1--b is itself ! v blossom+ =? ( t on :i* x appe>s4 ,art is ! expression ( reasonable & consci\s life1 evok+ 9 u bo? ! deepe/ consci\sness ( exi/5ce & ! highe/ feel+s & l(tie/ ?\ghts4 ,art lifts man f 8 p]sonal life into ! univ]sal life by means1 n only ( p>ticipation 9 ! same ideas & beliefs1 b also by means ( simil>ity 9 feel+4#hf #hf ,knight1 pp4 #aci-ada4 ,accord+ to ,*]buliez1 art is an activity1 7#a7 satisfy+ our innate love ( =ms 7app>5ces71 7#b7 end[+ ^! =ms ) ideas1 7#c7 af=d+ pleasure alike to our s5ses1 he>t1 & reason4 ,beauty is n inh]5t 9 objects1 b is an act ( our s\ls4 ,beauty is an illusion2 !re is no absolute beauty4 ,b :at we consid] *>act]i/ic & h>moni\s appe>s beautiful to u4 ,co/] held t ! ideas ( ! beautiful1 ! good1 & ! true are innate4 ,^! ideas illum9ate our m9ds & are id5tical ) ,god1 :o is ,goodness1 ,tru?1 & ,beauty4 ,! idea ( ,beauty includes unity ( ess5ce1 v>iety ( con/itutive elem5ts1 & ord]1 :i* br+s unity into ! v>i\s manife/ations ( life4#hg #hg ,knight1 p4 #acd4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess1 ,i w fur!r cite "s ( ! v late/ writ+s ^u art4 ,la ,psy*ologie du ,beau et de l',art1 p> ,m>io ,pilo 7#ahie71 says t beauty is a product ( our physical feel+s4 ,! aim ( art is pleasure1 b ?is pleasure 7= "s reason7 he consid]s to be necess>ily highly moral4 ,! ,essai sur l',art ,contempora91 p> ,fi]5s ,geva]t 7#ahig71 says t art re/s on its connection ) ! pa/1 & on ! religi\s ideal ( ! pres5t :i* ! arti/ holds :5 giv+ to 8 "w ! =m ( 8 individuality4 ,!n aga91 ,s> ,peladan's ,l',art ,ideali/e et ,my/ique 7#ahid71 says t beauty is "o ( ! manife/ations ( ,god4 ,il n'y a pas d'autre ,ralit que ,dieu1 il n'y a pas d'autre ,vrit que ,dieu1 il n'y a pas d'autre ,beaut que ,dieu 7p4 #cc74 ,?is book is v fanta/ic & v illit]ate1 b is *>act]i/ic 9 ! positions x takes up1 & noticeable on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 success x is hav+ ) ! y\ng] g5]ation 9 ,france4 ,all ! /hetics diffus$ 9 ,france up to ! pres5t "t are simil> 9 k9d1 b among !m ,vron's ,l',e/htique 7#ahgh7 =ms an exception1 be+ reasonable & cle>4 ,t "w1 ?\gh x does n give an exact def9ition ( art1 at lea/ rids /hetics ( ! cl\dy conception ( an absolute beauty4 ,accord+ to ,vron 7#ahbe-ahhi71 art is ! manife/ation ( emotion transmitt$ ext]nally by a comb9ation ( l9es1 =ms1 colors1 or by a succession ( movem5ts1 s\nds1 or words subject$ to c]ta9 rhy?ms4#hh #hh ,l',e/htique1 p4 #ajf4 ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! writ]s on /hetics def9e beauty m & m frequ5tly1 n by its own qualities1 b by ta/e2 & ! discussion ab\t beauty is sup]s$$ by a discussion on ta/e4 ,aft] ,reid 7#agjd-agif71 :o ackn[l$g$ beauty z be+ entirely dep5d5t on ! spectator1 ,alison1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,nature & ,pr9ciples ( ,ta/e 7#agij71 prov$ ! same ?+4 ,f ano!r side ?is 0 also ass]t$ by ,erasmus ,d>w9 7#agca-ahjb71 ! gr&fa!r ( ! celebrat$ ,*>les ,d>w94 ,he says t we consid] beautiful t :i* is connect$ 9 our conception ) :at we love4 ,ri*>d ,knight's "w1 ,an ,analytical ,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciples ( ,ta/e1 also t5ds 9 ! same direction4 ,mo/ ( ! ,engli% !ories ( /hetics are on ! same l9es4 ,! prom95t writ]s on /hetics 9 ,engl& dur+ ! pres5t c5tury h be5 ,*>les ,d>w9 7to "s ext5t71 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,grant ,all51 ,k]1 & ,knight4 ,accord+ to ,*>les ,d>w9 7#ahji-ahhb--;,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahga71 beauty is a feel+ natural n only to man1 b also to animals1 & consequ5tly to ! ance/ors ( man4 ,birds adorn _! ne/s & e/eem beauty 9 _! mates4 ,beauty has an influ5ce on m>riages4 ,beauty includes a v>iety ( div]se conceptions4 ,! orig9 ( ! art ( music is ! call ( ! males to ! females4#hi #hi ,knight1 p4 #bch4 ,accord+ to ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7b4 #ahbj71 ! orig9 ( art is play1 a ?\ght previ\sly express$ by ,s*ill]4 ,9 ! l[] animals all ! en]gy ( life is exp5d$ 9 life-ma9t5ance & race-ma9t5ance2 9 man1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s1 aft] ^! ne$s are satisfi$1 "s sup]flu\s /r5g?4 ,?is excess is us$ 9 play1 :i* passes ov] into art4 ,play is an imitation ( real activity2 s is art4 ,! s\rces ( /hetic pleasure are ?reefold3 7#a7 ,t :i* ex]cises ! faculties affect$ 9 ! mo/ complete ways1 ) ! fewe/ drawbacks f ex]cise1 7#b7 ! diff]5ce ( a /imulus 9 l>ge am\nt1 :i* awak5s a gl[ ( agreeable feel+1 7#c7 ! p>tial revival ( ! same1 ) special comb9ations4#ij #ij ,knight1 pp4 #bci1 #bdj4 ,9 ,todhunt]'s ,!ory ( ! ,beautiful 7#ahgb71 beauty is inf9ite lovel9ess1 :i* we appreh5d bo? by reason & by ! en?usiasm ( love4 ,! recognition ( beauty z be+ su* dep5ds on ta/e2 !re c be no crit]ion = x4 ,! only approa* to a def9ition is f\nd 9 culture4 7,:at culture is1 is n def9$47 ,intr9sically1 art--t :i* affects u ?r\gh l9es1 colors1 s\nds1 or words--is n ! product ( bl9d =ces1 b ( reasonable ones1 work+1 ) mutual helpfulness t[>d a reasonable aim4 ,beauty is ! reconciliation ( contradictions4#ia #ia ,knight1 pp4 #bdj-bdc4 ,grant ,all5 is a foll[] ( ,sp5c]1 & 9 8 ,physiological /hetics 7#ahgg7 he says t beauty has a physical orig94 /hetic pleasures come f ! contemplation ( ! beautiful1 b ! conception ( beauty is obta9$ by a physiological process4 ,! orig9 ( art is play2 :5 !re is a sup]fluity ( physical /r5g? man gives himself to play2 :5 !re is a sup]fluity ( receptive p[] man gives himself to art4 ,! beautiful is t :i* af=ds ! maximum ( /imulation ) ! m9imum ( wa/e4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! e/imation ( beauty proce$ f ta/e4 ,ta/e c be educat$4 ,we mu/ h fai? 9 ! judgm5ts ( ! f9e/-nurtur$ & mo/ discrim9ative m54 ,^! p =m ! ta/e ( ! next g5]ation4#ib #ib ,knight1 pp4 #bej-beb4 ,accord+ to ,k]'s ,essay on ! ,philosophy ( ,art 7#ahhc71 beauty enables u to make "p ( ! objective _w intelligible to ourselves )\t be+ tr\bl$ by ref]5ce to o!r p>ts ( x1 z is inevitable = sci5ce4 ,s t art de/roys ! opposition betwe5 ! "o & ! _m1 betwe5 ! law & its manife/ation1 betwe5 ! subject & its object1 by unit+ !m4 ,art is ! revelation & v9dication ( fre$om1 because x is free f ! d>kness & incompreh5sibility ( f9ite ?+s4#ic #ic ,knight1 pp4 #beh1 #bei4 ,accord+ to ,knight's ,philosophy ( ! ,beautiful1 ,"p ,,ii4 7#ahic71 beauty is 7z ) ,s*ell+7 ! union ( object & subject1 ! draw+ =? f nature ( t :i* is cognate to man1 & ! recognition 9 oneself ( t :i* is common to all nature4 ,! op9ions on beauty & on art "h m5tion$ are f> f exhau/+ :at has be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,& e day fre% writ]s on /hetics arise1 9 ^: disquisitions appe> ! same en*ant$ confusion & contradictor9ess 9 def9+ beauty4 ,"s1 by in]tia1 cont9ue ! my/ical /hetics ( ,baumg>t5 & ,hegel ) sundry v>iations2 o!rs transf] ! "q to ! region ( subjectivity1 & seek = ! f\ndation ( ! beautiful 9 que/ions ( ta/e2 o!rs--! /heticians ( ! v late/ =mation--seek ! orig9 ( beauty 9 ! laws ( physiology2 & f9ally1 o!rs aga9 inve/igate ! "q q indep5d5tly ( ! conception ( beauty4 ,?us ,sully1 9 8 ,s5sation & ,intuition3 ,/udies 9 ,psy*ology & /hetics 7#ahgd71 dismisses ! conception ( beauty altoge!r1 art1 by 8 def9ition1 be+ ! production ( "s p]man5t object or pass+ action fitt$ to supply active enjoym5t to ! produc]1 & a pleasurable impression to a numb] ( spectators or li/5]s1 q ap>t f any p]sonal advantage d]iv$ f x4#id #id ,knight1 p4 #bdc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,to :at d ^! def9itions ( beauty am\nt8 ,n reckon+ ! ?or\ghly inaccurate def9itions ( beauty :i* fail to cov] ! conception ( art1 & :i* suppose beauty to consi/ ei!r 9 utility1 or 9 adju/m5t to a purpose1 or 9 symmetry1 or 9 ord]1 or 9 proportion1 or 9 smoo?ness1 or 9 h>mony ( ! p>ts1 or 9 unity amid v>iety1 or 9 v>i\s comb9ations ( ^!--n reckon+ ^! unsatisfactory attempts at objective def9ition1 all ! /hetic def9itions ( beauty lead to two fundam5tal conceptions4 ,! fir/ is t beauty is some?+ hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce 7exi/+ 9 itself71 t x is "o ( ! manife/ations ( ! absolutely ,p]fect1 ( ! ,idea1 ( ! ,_s1 ( ,w1 or ( ,god2 ! o!r is t beauty is a k9d ( pleasure receiv$ by u1 n hav+ p]sonal advantage = its object4 ,! fir/ ( ^! def9itions 0 accept$ by ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 ,s*op5hau]1 & ! philosophiz+ ,fr5*m51 ,c\s91 ,j\ffroy1 ,ravaisson1 & o!rs1 n to enum]ate ! second-rate /hetic philosoph]s4 ,& ?is same objective-my/ical def9ition ( beauty is held by a majority ( ! educat$ p ( our day4 ,x is a conception v widely spread1 especially among ! eld] g5]ation4 ,! second view1 t beauty is a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure receiv$ by u1 n hav+ p]sonal advantage = its aim1 f9ds favor *iefly among ! ,engli% /hetic writ]s1 & is %>$ by ! o!r "p ( our society1 pr9cipally by ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,s !re are 7& x c\ld n be o!rwise7 only two def9itions ( beauty3 ! "o objective1 my/ical1 m]g+ ?is conception into t ( ! highe/ p]fection1 ,god--a fanta/ic def9ition1 f\nd$ on no?+2 ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 a v simple & intelligible subjective "o1 :i* consid]s beauty to be t :i* pleases 7,i d n add to ! ^w pleases ! words )\t ! aim ( advantage1 because pleases naturally presupposes ! abs5ce ( ! idea ( pr(it74 ,on ! "o h&1 beauty is view$ z some?+ my/ical & v elevat$1 b un=tunately at ! same "t v indef9ite1 & consequ5tly embrac+ philosophy1 religion1 & life itself 7z 9 ! !ories ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 & _! ,g]man & ,fr5* foll[]s72 or1 on ! o!r h& 7z necess>ily foll[s f ! def9ition ( ,kant & 8 adh]5ts71 beauty is simply a c]ta9 k9d ( dis9t]e/$ pleasure receiv$ by u4 ,& ?is conception ( beauty1 al?\gh x seems v cle> is1 un=tunately1 aga9 inexact2 = x wid5s out on ! o!r side1 i4e4 x includes ! pleasure d]iv$ f dr9k1 f food1 f t\*+ a delicate sk91 etc41 z is ackn[l$g$ by ,guyau1 ,kralik1 & o!rs4 ,x is true t1 foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! /hetic doctr9es on beauty1 we may notice t1 ?\gh at fir/ 79 ! times :5 ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( /hetics 7 be+ laid7 ! metaphysical def9ition ( beauty prevail$1 yet ! ne>] we get to our own times ! m does an exp]im5tal def9ition 7rec5tly assum+ a physiological =m7 come to ! front1 s t at la/ we ev5 meet ) su* /heticians z ,vron & ,sully1 :o try to escape entirely f ! conception ( beauty4 ,b su* /heticians h v little success1 & ) ! majority ( ! public1 z well z ( arti/s & ! le>n$1 a conception ( beauty is firmly held :i* agrees ) ! def9itions conta9$ 9 mo/ ( ! /hetic treatises1 i4e4 :i* reg>ds beauty ei!r z some?+ my/ical or metaphysical1 or z a special k9d ( enjoym5t4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is conception ( beauty1 s /ubbornly held to by p ( our circle & day z furni%+ a def9ition ( art8 ,9 ! subjective aspect1 we call beauty t :i* supplies u ) a p>ticul> k9d ( pleasure4 ,9 ! objective aspect1 we call beauty some?+ absolutely p]fect1 & we ackn[l$ge x to be s only because we receive1 f ! manife/ation ( ?is absolute p]fection1 a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure2 s t ?is objective def9ition is no?+ b ! subjective conception diff]5tly express$4 ,9 reality bo? conceptions ( beauty am\nt to "o & ! same ?+2 namely1 ! reception by u ( a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure2 i4e4 we call beauty t :i* pleases u )\t evok+ 9 u desire4 ,su* be+ ! position ( affairs1 x w\ld seem only natural t ! sci5ce ( art %\ld decl9e to cont5t itself ) a def9ition ( art bas$ on beauty 7i4e4 on t :i* pleases71 & seek a g5]al def9ition1 :i* %\ld apply to all arti/ic productions1 & by ref]5ce to :i* we might decide :e!r a c]ta9 article belong$ to ! realm ( art or n4 ,b no su* def9ition is suppli$1 z ! read] may see f ^? summ>ies ( ! /hetic !ories :i* ,i h giv51 & z he may discov] ev5 m cle>ly f ! orig9al /hetic works1 if he w be at ! pa9s to read !m4 ,all attempts to def9e absolute beauty 9 itself--:e!r z an imitation ( nature1 or z suitability to its object1 or z a correspond5ce ( p>ts1 or z symmetry1 or z h>mony1 or z unity 9 v>iety1 etc4--ei!r def9e no?+ at all1 or def9e only "s traits ( "s arti/ic productions1 & are f> f includ+ all t ev]ybody has always held1 & /ill holds1 to be art4 ,!re is no objective def9ition ( beauty4 ,! exi/+ def9itions 7bo? ! metaphysical & ! exp]im5tal7 am\nt only to "o & ! same subjective def9ition1 :i* 7/range z x seems to say s7 is1 t art is t :i* makes beauty manife/1 & beauty is t :i* pleases 7)\t excit+ desire74 ,_m /heticians h felt ! insuffici5cy & in/ability ( su* a def9ition1 &1 9 ord] to give x a firm basis1 h ask$ !mselves :y a ?+ pleases4 ,& !y h conv]t$ ! discussion on beauty into a "q conc]n+ ta/e1 z did ,hut*eson1 ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 & o!rs4 ,b all attempts to def9e :at ta/e is mu/ lead to no?+1 z ! read] may see bo? f ! hi/ory ( /hetics & exp]im5tally4 ,!re is & c be no explanation ( :y "o ?+ pleases "o man & displeases ano!r1 or vice v]sa4 ,s t ! :ole exi/+ sci5ce ( /hetics fails to d :at we might expect f x1 be+ a m5tal activity call+ itself a sci5ce2 namely1 x does n def9e ! qualities & laws ( art1 or ( ! beautiful 7if t be ! cont5t ( art71 or ! nature ( ta/e 7if ta/e decides ! "q ( art & its m]it71 & !n1 on ! basis ( su* def9itions1 ackn[l$ge z art ^? productions :i* correspond to ^! laws1 & reject ^? :i* d n come "u !m4 ,b ?is sci5ce ( /hetics consi/s 9 fir/ ackn[l$g+ a c]ta9 set ( productions to be art 7because !y please u71 & !n fram+ su* a !ory ( art t all ^? productions :i* please a c]ta9 circle ( p %\ld fit into x4 ,!re exi/s an art canon1 accord+ to :i* c]ta9 productions favor$ by our circle are ackn[l$g$ z be+ art1--,phidias1 ,sophocles1 ,hom]1 ,titian1 ,raphael1 ,ba*1 ,bee?ov51 ,dante1 ,%akespe>1 ,goe!1 & o!rs1--& ! /hetic laws mu/ be su* z to embrace all ^! productions4 ,9 /hetic lit]ature y w incessantly meet ) op9ions on ! m]it & importance ( art1 f\nd$ n on any c]ta9 laws by :i* ?is or t is held to be good or bad1 b m]ely on ! consid]ation :e!r ?is art tallies ) ! art canon we h drawn up4 ,! o!r day ,i 0 read+ a f> f ill-writt5 book by ,folgeldt4 ,discuss+ ! dem& = morality 9 works ( art1 ! au?or pla9ly says t we mu/ n dem& morality 9 art4 ,& 9 pro( ( ?is he advances ! fact t if we admit su* a dem&1 ,%akespe>'s ,romeo & ,juliet1 & ,goe!'s ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 w\ld n fit into ! def9ition ( good art2 b s9ce bo? ^! books are includ$ 9 our canon ( art1 he concludes t ! dem& is unju/4 ,& !re=e x is necess>y to f9d a def9ition ( art :i* %all fit ! works2 & in/ead ( a dem& = morality1 ,folgeldt po/ulates z ! basis ( art a dem& = ! important 7,b$eutungsvolles74 ,all ! exi/+ /hetic /&>ds are built on ?is plan4 ,in/ead ( giv+ a def9ition ( true art1 & !n decid+ :at is & :at is n good art by judg+ :e!r a "w con=ms or does n con=m to ! def9ition1 a c]ta9 class ( works1 :i* = "s reason please a c]ta9 circle ( p1 is accept$ z be+ art1 & a def9ition ( art is !n devis$ to cov] all ^! productions4 ,i rec5tly came ^u a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is me?od 9 a v good ,g]man "w1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 by ,mu!r4 ,describ+ ! pre-,raphaelites1 ! ,decad5ts & ! ,symboli/s 7:o are already includ$ 9 ! canon ( art71 he n only does n v5ture to blame _! t5d5cy1 b e>ne/ly endeavors to wid5 8 /&>d s t x may include !m all1 !y appe>+ to him to repres5t a legitimate reaction f ! excesses ( realism4 ,no matt] :at insanities appe> 9 art1 :5 once !y f9d acceptance among ! upp] classes ( our society1 a !ory is quickly inv5t$ to expla9 & sanction !m2 j z if !re _h nev] be5 p]iods 9 hi/ory :5 c]ta9 special circles ( p recogniz$ & approv$ false1 de=m$1 & ins5sate art :i* subsequ5tly left no trace & has be5 utt]ly =gott54 ,& to :at l5g?s ! insanity & de=mity ( art may g1 especially :51 z 9 our days1 x kn[s t x is consid]$ infallible1 may be se5 by :at is be+ done 9 ! art ( our circle to-day4 ,s t ! !ory ( art1 f\nd$ on beauty1 exp\nd$ by /hetics1 &1 9 dim outl9e1 pr(ess$ by ! public1 is no?+ b ! sett+ up z good ( t :i* has pleas$ & pleases u1 i4e4 pleases a c]ta9 class ( p4 ,9 ord] to def9e any human activity1 x is necess>y to und]/& its s5se & importance4 ,&1 9 ord] to d t1 x is prim>ily necess>y to exam9e t activity 9 itself1 9 its dep5d5ce on its causes1 & 9 connection ) its effects1 & n m]ely 9 relation to ! pleasure we c get f x4 ,if we say t ! aim ( any activity is m]ely our pleasure1 & def9e x solely by t pleasure1 our def9ition w evid5tly be a false "o4 ,b ?is is precisely :at has occurr$ 9 ! ef=ts to def9e art4 ,n[1 if we consid] ! food "q1 x w n occur to anyone to affirm t ! importance ( food consi/s 9 ! pleasure we receive :5 eat+ x4 ,e "o und]/&s t ! satisfaction ( our ta/e _c s]ve z a basis = our def9ition ( ! m]its ( food1 & t we h !re=e no "r to presuppose t ! d9n]s ) cay5ne pepp]1 ,limburg *eese1 alcohol1 etc41 to :i* we are accu/om$ & :i* please u1 =m ! v be/ human food4 ,& 9 ! same way1 beauty1 or t :i* pleases u1 c 9 no s5se s]ve z ! basis = ! def9ition ( art2 nor c a s]ies ( objects :i* af=d u pleasure s]ve z ! model ( :at art %\ld be4 ,to see ! aim & purpose ( art 9 ! pleasure we get f x1 is l assum+ 7z is done by p ( ! l[e/ moral developm5t1 e4g4 by savages7 t ! purpose & aim ( food is ! pleasure d]iv$ :5 consum+ x4 ,j z p :o conceive ! aim & purpose ( food to be pleasure _c recognize ! real mean+ ( eat+1 s p :o consid] ! aim ( art to be pleasure _c realize its true mean+ & purpose1 because !y attribute to an activity1 ! mean+ ( :i* lies 9 its connection ) o!r ph5om5a ( life1 ! false & exceptional aim ( pleasure4 ,p come to und]/& t ! mean+ ( eat+ lies 9 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body only :5 !y cease to consid] t ! object ( t activity is pleasure4 ,& x is ! same ) reg>d to art4 ,p w come to und]/& ! mean+ ( art only :5 !y cease to consid] t ! aim ( t activity is beauty1 i4e4 pleasure4 ,! ackn[l$gm5t ( beauty 7i4e4 ( a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure receiv$ f art7 z be+ ! aim ( art1 n only fails to assi/ u 9 f9d+ a def9ition ( :at art is1 b1 on ! contr>y1 by transf]r+ ! "q into a region q =eign to art 7into metaphysical1 psy*ological1 physiological1 & ev5 hi/orical discussions z to :y su* a production pleases "o p]son1 & su* ano!r displeases or pleases "s "o else71 x r5d]s su* def9ition impossible4 ,& s9ce discussions z to :y "o man likes pe>s & ano!r pref]s meat d n help t[>d f9d+ a def9ition ( :at is ess5tial 9 n\ri%m5t1 s ! solution ( que/ions ( ta/e 9 art 7to :i* ! discussions on art involunt>ily come71 n only does n help to make cle> :at ?is p>ticul> human activity :i* we call art really consi/s 91 b r5d]s su* elucidation q impossible1 until we rid ourselves ( a conception :i* ju/ifies e k9d ( art1 at ! co/ ( confus+ ! :ole matt]4 ,to ! "q1 ,:at is ?is art1 to :i* is (f]$ up ! labor ( millions1 ! v lives ( m51 & ev5 morality itself8 we h extract$ replies f ! exi/+ /hetics1 :i* all am\nt to ?is t ! aim ( art is beauty1 t beauty is recogniz$ by ! enjoym5t x gives1 & t arti/ic enjoym5t is a good & important ?+1 because x is enjoym5t4 ,9 a ^w1 t enjoym5t is good because x is enjoym5t4 ,?us1 :at is consid]$ ! def9ition ( art is no def9ition at all1 b only a %uffle to ju/ify exi/+ art4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] /range x may seem to say s1 9 spite ( ! m\nta9s ( books writt5 ab\t art1 no exact def9ition ( art has be5 con/ruct$4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t ! conception ( art has be5 bas$ on ! conception ( beauty4 ,,*apt] ,v ,:at is art1 if we put aside ! conception ( beauty1 :i* confuses ! :ole matt]8 ,! late/ & mo/ compreh5sible def9itions ( art1 ap>t f ! conception ( beauty1 are ! foll[+3 7#a a7 ,art is an activity aris+ ev5 9 ! animal k+dom1 & spr++ f sexual desire & ! prop5sity to play 7,s*ill]1 ,d>w91 ,sp5c]71 & 7#a b7 accompani$ by a pleasurable excitem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7,grant ,all574 ,?is is ! physiological-evolution>y def9ition4 7#b7 ,art is ! ext]nal manife/ation1 by means ( l9es1 colors1 movem5ts1 s\nds1 or words1 ( emotions felt by man 7,vron74 ,?is is ! exp]im5tal def9ition4 ,accord+ to ! v late/ def9ition 7,sully71 7#c7 ,art is ! production ( "s p]man5t object or pass+ action1 :i* is fitt$1 n only to supply an active enjoym5t to ! produc]1 b to convey a pleasurable impression to a numb] ( spectators or li/5]s1 q ap>t f any p]sonal advantage to be d]iv$ f x4 ,not)/&+ ! sup]iority ( ^! def9itions to ! metaphysical def9itions :i* dep5d$ on ! conception ( beauty1 !y are yet f> f exact4 7#a a7 ,! fir/1 ! physiological-evolution>y def9ition1 is inexact1 because1 in/ead ( speak+ ab\t ! arti/ic activity itself1 :i* is ! real matt] 9 h&1 x treats ( ! d]ivation ( art4 ,! modification ( x 7#a b71 bas$ on ! physiological effects on ! human organism1 is inexact1 because )9 ! limits ( su* def9ition _m o!r human activities c be includ$1 z has occurr$ 9 ! neo-/hetic !ories1 :i* reckon z art ! prep>ation ( h&some clo!s1 pleasant sc5ts1 & ev5 ( victuals4 ,! exp]im5tal def9ition 7#b71 :i* makes art consi/ 9 ! expression ( emotions1 is inexact1 because a man may express 8 emotions by means ( l9es1 colors1 s\nds1 or words1 & yet may n act on o!rs by su* expression2 & !n ! manife/ation ( 8 emotions is n art4 ,! ?ird def9ition 7t ( ,sully7 is inexact1 because 9 ! production ( objects or actions af=d+ pleasure to ! produc] & a pleasant emotion to ! spectators or he>]s ap>t f p]sonal advantage may be includ$ ! %[+ ( conjur+ tricks or gymna/ic ex]cises1 & o!r activities :i* are n art4 ,&1 fur!r1 _m ?+s1 ! production ( :i* does n af=d pleasure to ! produc]1 & ! s5sation receiv$ f :i* is unpleasant1 su* z gloomy1 he>tr5d+ sc5es 9 a poetic description or a play1 may nev]!less be und\bt$ works ( art4 ,! inaccuracy ( all ^! def9itions arises f ! fact t 9 !m all 7z also 9 ! metaphysical def9itions7 ! object consid]$ is ! pleasure art may give1 & n ! purpose x may s]ve 9 ! life ( man & ( humanity4 ,9 ord] correctly to def9e art1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to cease to consid] x z a means to pleasure1 & to consid] x z "o ( ! conditions ( human life4 ,view+ x 9 ?is way1 we _c fail to obs]ve t art is "o ( ! means ( int]c\rse betwe5 man & man4 ,e "w ( art causes ! receiv] to ent] into a c]ta9 k9d ( relation%ip bo? ) him :o produc$1 or is produc+1 ! art1 & ) all ^? :o1 simultane\sly1 previ\sly1 or subsequ5tly1 receive ! same arti/ic impression4 ,spee*1 transmitt+ ! ?\ghts & exp]i5ces ( m51 s]ves z a means ( union among !m1 & art acts 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is latt] means ( int]c\rse1 di/+ui%+ x f int]c\rse by means ( words1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t :]eas by words a man transmits 8 ?\ghts to ano!r1 by means ( art he transmits 8 feel+s4 ,! activity ( art is bas$ on ! fact t a man1 receiv+ ?r\gh 8 s5se ( he>+ or sight ano!r man's expression ( feel+1 is capable ( exp]i5c+ ! emotion :i* mov$ ! man :o express$ x4 ,to take ! simple/ example3 "o man laughs1 & ano!r1 :o he>s1 becomes m]ry2 or a man weeps1 & ano!r1 :o he>s1 feels sorr[4 ,a man is excit$ or irritat$1 & ano!r man1 see+ him1 comes to a simil> /ate ( m9d4 ,by 8 movem5ts1 or by ! s\nds ( 8 voice1 a man expresses c\rage & det]m9ation1 or sadness & calmness1 & ?is /ate ( m9d passes on to o!rs4 ,a man suff]s1 express+ 8 suff]+s by groans & spasms1 & ?is suff]+ transmits itself to o!r p2 a man expresses 8 feel+ ( admiration1 devotion1 fe>1 respect1 or love to c]ta9 objects1 p]sons1 or ph5om5a1 & o!rs are infect$ by ! same feel+s ( admiration1 devotion1 fe>1 respect1 or love to ! same objects1 p]sons1 & ph5om5a4 ,& x is on ?is capacity ( man to receive ano!r man's expression ( feel+1 & exp]i5ce ^? feel+s himself1 t ! activity ( art is bas$4 ,if a man infects ano!r or o!rs1 directly1 imm$iately1 by 8 appe>ance1 or by ! s\nds he gives v5t to at ! v "t he exp]i5ces ! feel+2 if he causes ano!r man to yawn :5 he himself _c help yawn+1 or to laugh or cry :5 he himself is oblig$ to laugh or cry1 or to suff] :5 he himself is suff]+--t does n am\nt to art4 ,art beg9s :5 "o p]son1 ) ! object ( jo9+ ano!r or o!rs to himself 9 "o & ! same feel+1 expresses t feel+ by c]ta9 ext]nal indications4 ,to take ! simple/ example3 a boy1 hav+ exp]i5c$1 let u say1 fe> on enc\nt]+ a wolf1 relates t enc\nt]2 &1 9 ord] to evoke 9 o!rs ! feel+ he has exp]i5c$1 describes himself1 8 condition be=e ! enc\nt]1 ! surr\nd+s1 ! wood1 8 own light-he>t$ness1 & !n ! wolf's appe>ance1 its movem5ts1 ! di/ance betwe5 himself & ! wolf1 etc4 ,all ?is1 if only ! boy1 :5 tell+ ! /ory1 aga9 exp]i5ces ! feel+s he _h liv$ ?r\gh & infects ! he>]s & compels !m to feel :at ! n>rator _h exp]i5c$1 is art4 ,if ev5 ! boy _h n se5 a wolf b _h frequ5tly be5 afraid ( "o1 & if1 wi%+ to evoke 9 o!rs ! fe> he _h felt1 he inv5t$ an enc\nt] ) a wolf1 & rec\nt$ x s z to make 8 he>]s %>e ! feel+s he exp]i5c$ :5 he fe>$ ! wolf1 t also w\ld be art4 ,& j 9 ! same way x is art if a man1 hav+ exp]i5c$ ei!r ! fe> ( suff]+ or ! attraction ( enjoym5t 7:e!r 9 reality or 9 imag9ation71 expresses ^! feel+s on canvas or 9 m>ble s t o!rs are infect$ by !m4 ,& x is also art if a man feels or imag9es to himself feel+s ( delight1 gladness1 sorr[1 despair1 c\rage1 or despond5cy1 & ! transition f "o to ano!r ( ^! feel+s1 & expresses ^! feel+s by s\nds1 s t ! he>]s are infect$ by !m1 & exp]i5ce !m z !y 7 exp]i5c$ by ! compos]4 ,! feel+s ) :i* ! arti/ infects o!rs may be mo/ v>i\s1--v /rong or v weak1 v important or v insignificant1 v bad or v good3 feel+s ( love = native l&1 self-devotion & submission to fate or to ,god express$ 9 a drama1 raptures ( lov]s describ$ 9 a novel1 feel+s ( voluptu\sness express$ 9 a picture1 c\rage express$ 9 a triumphal m>*1 m]rim5t evok$ by a dance1 humor evok$ by a funny /ory1 ! feel+ ( quietness transmitt$ by an ev5+ l&scape or by a lullaby1 or ! feel+ ( admiration evok$ by a beautiful arabesque--x is all art4 ,if only ! spectators or auditors are infect$ by ! feel+s :i* ! au?or has felt1 x is art4 ,to evoke 9 oneself a feel+ "o has once exp]i5c$1 & hav+ evok$ x 9 oneself1 !n1 by means ( movem5ts1 l9es1 colors1 s\nds1 or =ms express$ 9 words1 s to transmit t feel+ t o!rs may exp]i5ce ! same feel+--?is is ! activity ( art4 ,art is a human activity1 consi/+ 9 ?is1 t "o man consci\sly1 by means ( c]ta9 ext]nal signs1 h&s on to o!rs feel+s he has liv$ ?r\gh1 & t o!r p are infect$ by ^! feel+s1 & also exp]i5ce !m4 ,art is n1 z ! metaphysicians say1 ! manife/ation ( "s my/]i\s ,idea ( beauty1 or ,god2 x is n1 z ! /hetical physiologi/s say1 a game 9 :i* man lets (f 8 excess ( /or$-up en]gy2 x is n ! expression ( man's emotions by ext]nal signs2 x is n ! production ( pleas+ objects2 &1 above all1 x is n pleasure2 b x is a means ( union among m51 jo9+ !m toge!r 9 ! same feel+s1 & indisp5sable = ! life & progress t[>d well-be+ ( individuals & ( humanity4 ,z1 ?anks to man's capacity to express ?\ghts by words1 e man may "k all t has be5 done = him 9 ! realms ( ?\ght by all humanity be=e 8 day1 & c1 9 ! pres5t1 ?anks to ?is capacity to und]/& ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 become a %>] 9 _! activity1 & c himself h& on to 8 contempor>ies & desc5dants ! ?\ghts he has assimilat$ f o!rs1 z well z ^? :i* h aris5 )9 himself2 s1 ?anks to man's capacity to be infect$ ) ! feel+s ( o!rs by means ( art1 all t is be+ liv$ ?r\gh by 8 contempor>ies is accessible to him1 z well z ! feel+s exp]i5c$ by m5 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & he has also ! possibility ( transmitt+ 8 own feel+s to o!rs4 ,if p lack$ ?is capacity to receive ! ?\ghts conceiv$ by ! m5 :o prec$$ !m1 & to pass on to o!rs _! own ?\ghts1 m5 w\ld be l wild bea/s1 or l ,kasp> ,haus]4#ie #ie ,! f\ndl+ ( ,nuremb]g1 f\nd 9 ! m>ket-place ( t t[n on #bf? ,may1 #ahbh1 app>5tly "s sixte5 ye>s old4 ,he spoke little1 & 0 almo/ totally ignorant ev5 ( common objects4 ,he subsequ5tly expla9$ t he _h be5 br\ght up 9 conf9em5t und]gr\nd1 & visit$ by only "o man1 :om he saw b seldom4--,,tr4 ,& if m5 lack$ ?is o!r capacity ( be+ infect$ by art1 p might be almo/ m savage /ill1 &1 above all1 m sep>at$ f1 & m ho/ile to1 "o ano!r4 ,& !re=e ! activity ( art is a mo/ important "o1 z important z ! activity ( spee* itself1 & z g5]ally diffus$4 ,we are accu/om$ to und]/& art to be only :at we he> & see 9 !at]s1 conc]ts1 & exhibitions2 toge!r ) build+s1 /atues1 poems1 novels4444 ,b all ?is is b ! smalle/ "p ( ! art by :i* we communicate ) ea* o!r 9 life4 ,all human life is fill$ ) works ( art ( e k9d1--f cradle-song1 je/1 mimicry1 ! ornam5tation ( h\ses1 dress1 & ut5sils1 up to *ur* s]vices1 build+s1 monum5ts1 & triumphal processions4 ,x is all arti/ic activity4 ,s t by art1 9 ! limit$ s5se ( ! ^w1 we d n mean all human activity transmitt+ feel+s1 b only t "p :i* we = "s reason select f x & to :i* we atta* special importance4 ,?is special importance has always be5 giv5 by all m5 to t "p ( ?is activity :i* transmits feel+s fl[+ f _! religi\s p]ception1 & ?is small "p ( art !y h specifically call$ art1 atta*+ to x ! full mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,t 0 h[ m5 ( old--,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle--look$ on art4 ,?us did ! ,hebrew prophets & ! anci5t ,*ri/ians reg>d art2 ?us x 01 & /ill is1 und]/ood by ! ,mahomm$ans1 & ?us is x /ill und]/ood by religi\s folk among our own peasantry4 ,"s tea*]s ( mank9d--z ,plato 9 8 ,republic1 & p su* z ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 ! /rict ,mahomm$ans1 & ! ,buddhi/s--h gone s f> z to repudiate all art4 ,p view+ art 9 ?is way 79 contradiction to ! preval5t view ( to-day1 :i* reg>ds any art z good if only x af=ds pleasure7 consid]$1 & consid]1 t art 7z contra/$ ) spee*1 :i* ne$ n be li/5$ to7 is s highly dang]\s 9 its p[] to infect p aga9/ _! wills1 t mank9d w lose f> less by bani%+ all art ?an by tol]at+ ea* & e art4 ,evid5tly su* p 7 wrong 9 repudiat+ all art1 = !y d5i$ t :i* _c be d5i$1--"o ( ! indisp5sable means ( communication1 )\t :i* mank9d c\ld n exi/4 ,b n less wrong are ! p ( civiliz$ ,european society ( our class & day1 9 favor+ any art if x b s]ves beauty1 i4e4 gives p pleasure4 ,=m]ly1 p fe>$ le/ among ! works ( art !re might *ance to be "s caus+ corruption1 & !y prohibit$ art altoge!r4 ,n[1 !y only fe> le/ !y %\ld be depriv$ ( any enjoym5t art c af=d1 & patronize any art4 ,& ,i ?9k ! la/ error is mu* gross] ?an ! fir/1 & t its consequ5ces are f> m h>mful4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,b h[ c\ld x happ5 t t v art1 :i* 9 anci5t times 0 m]ely tol]at$ 7if tol]at$ at all71 %\ld h come1 9 our times1 to be inv>iably consid]$ a good ?+ if only x af=ds pleasure8 ,x has result$ f ! foll[+ causes4 ,! e/imation ( ! value ( art 7i4e4 ( ! feel+s x transmits7 dep5ds on m5's p]ception ( ! mean+ ( life2 dep5ds on :at !y consid] to be ! good & ! evil ( life4 ,& :at is good & :at is evil is def9$ by :at are t]m$ religions4 ,humanity unceas+ly moves =w>d f a l[]1 m p>tial1 & obscure und]/&+ ( life1 to "o m g5]al & m lucid4 ,& 9 ?is1 z 9 e movem5t1 !re are lead]s1--^? :o h und]/ood ! mean+ ( life m cle>ly ?an o!rs1--& ( ^! advanc$ m5 !re is always "o :o has1 9 8 words & by 8 life1 express$ ?is mean+ m cle>ly1 accessibly1 & /rongly ?an o!rs4 ,?is man's expression ( ! mean+ ( life1 toge!r ) ^? sup]/itions1 traditions1 & c]emonies :i* usually =m !mselves r\nd ! memory ( su* a man1 is :at is call$ a religion4 ,religions are ! expon5ts ( ! highe/ compreh5sion ( life accessible to ! be/ & =emo/ m5 at a giv5 "t 9 a giv5 society2 a compreh5sion t[>d :i*1 inevitably & irresi/ibly1 all ! re/ ( t society mu/ advance4 ,& !re=e only religions h always s]v$1 & /ill s]ve1 z bases = ! valuation ( human s5tim5ts4 ,if feel+s br+ m5 ne>] ! ideal _! religion indicates1 if !y are 9 h>mony ) x & d n contradict x1 !y are good2 if !y e/range m5 f x & oppose x1 !y are bad4 ,if ! religion places ! mean+ ( life 9 wor%ip+ "o ,god & fulfill+ :at is reg>d$ z ,8 w1 z 0 ! case among ! ,jews1 !n ! feel+s fl[+ f love to t ,god1 & to ,8 law1 successfully transmitt$ ?r\gh ! art ( poetry by ! prophets1 by ! psalms1 or by ! epic ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 is good1 high art4 ,all oppos+ t1 z1 = in/ance1 ! transmission ( feel+s ( devotion to /range gods1 or ( feel+s incompatible ) ! law ( ,god1 w\ld be consid]$ bad art4 ,or if1 z 0 ! case among ! ,greeks1 ! religion places ! mean+ ( life 9 e>?ly happ9ess1 9 beauty & 9 /r5g?1 !n art successfully transmitt+ ! joy & en]gy ( life w\ld be consid]$ good art1 b art :i* transmitt$ feel+s ( effem9acy or despond5cy w\ld be bad art4 ,if ! mean+ ( life is se5 9 ! well-be+ ( "o's nation1 or 9 honor+ "o's ance/ors & cont9u+ ! mode ( life l$ by !m1 z 0 ! case among ! ,romans & ! ,*9ese respectively1 !n art transmitt+ feel+s ( joy at sacrific+ "o's p]sonal well-be+ = ! common weal1 or at exalt+ "o's ance/ors & ma9ta9+ _! traditions1 w\ld be consid]$ good art1 b art express+ feel+s contr>y to ?is w\ld be reg>d$ z bad4 ,if ! mean+ ( life is se5 9 free+ oneself f ! yoke ( animalism1 z is ! case among ! ,buddhi/s1 !n art successfully transmitt+ feel+s t elevate ! s\l & humble ! fle% w be good art1 & all t transmits feel+s /r5g!n+ ! bodily passions w be bad art4 ,9 e age1 & 9 e human society1 !re exi/s a religi\s s5se1 common to t :ole society1 ( :at is good & :at is bad1 & x is ?is religi\s conception t decides ! value ( ! feel+s transmitt$ by art4 ,& !re=e1 among all nations1 art :i* transmitt$ feel+s consid]$ to be good by ?is g5]al religi\s s5se 0 recogniz$ z be+ good & 0 enc\rag$2 b art :i* transmitt$ feel+s consid]$ to be bad by ?is g5]al religi\s conception1 0 recogniz$ z be+ bad1 & 0 reject$4 ,all ! re/ ( ! imm5se field ( art by means ( :i* p communicate "o ) ano!r1 0 n e/eem$ at all1 & 0 only notic$ :5 x ran c\nt] to ! religi\s conception ( its age1 & !n m]ely to be repudiat$4 ,?us x 0 among all nations1--,greeks1 ,jews1 ,indians1 ,egyptians1 & ,*9ese1--& s x 0 :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ c5turies recogniz$ z productions ( good art only leg5ds1 lives ( sa9ts1 s]mons1 pray]s1 & hymn-s++1 evok+ love ( ,*ri/1 emotion at ,8 life1 desire to foll[ ,8 example1 r5unciation ( worldly life1 humility1 & ! love ( o!rs2 all productions transmitt+ feel+s ( p]sonal enjoym5t !y consid]$ to be bad1 & !re=e reject$3 = in/ance1 tol]at+ pla/ic repres5tations only :5 !y 7 symbolical1 !y reject$ all ! pagan sculptures4 ,?is 0 s among ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies1 :o accept$ ,*ri/'s tea*+1 if n q 9 its true =m1 at lea/ n 9 ! p]v]t$1 paganiz$ =m 9 :i* x 0 accept$ subsequ5tly4 ,b besides ?is ,*ri/ianity1 f ! "t ( ! :olesale conv]sion ( nations by ord] ( ! au?orities1 z 9 ! days ( ,con/ant9e1 ,*>lemagne1 & ,vladimir1 !re appe>$ ano!r1 a ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 ne>] to paganism ?an to ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,& ?is ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity1 9 accordance ) its own tea*+1 e/imat$ q o!rwise ! feel+s ( p & ! productions ( art :i* transmitt$ ^? feel+s4 ,?is ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity n only did n ackn[l$ge ! fundam5tal & ess5tial positions ( true ,*ri/ianity1--! imm$iate relation%ip ( ea* man to ! ,fa!r1 ! consequ5t bro!rhood & equality ( all m51 & ! sub/itution ( humility & love 9 place ( e k9d ( viol5ce1--b1 on ! contr>y1 hav+ set up a heav5ly hi]>*y simil> to ! pagan my?ology1 & hav+ introduc$ ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,virg91 ( angels1 ( apo/les1 ( sa9ts1 & ( m>tyrs1 & n only ( ^! div9ities !mselves1 b also ( _! images1 x made bl9d fai? 9 ! ,*ur* & its ord9ances ! ess5tial po9t ( its tea*+4 ,h[ev] =eign ?is tea*+ may h be5 to true ,*ri/ianity2 h[ev] degrad$1 n only 9 comp>ison ) true ,*ri/ianity1 b ev5 ) ! life-conception ( ,romans su* z ,julian & o!rs1--x 01 = all t1 to ! b>b>ians :o accept$ x1 a high] doctr9e ?an _! =m] adoration ( gods1 h]oes1 & good & bad spirits4 ,& !re=e ?is tea*+ 0 a religion to !m1 & on ! basis ( t religion ! art ( ! "t 0 assess$4 ,& art transmitt+ pi\s adoration ( ! ,virg91 ,jesus1 ! sa9ts & ! angels1 a bl9d fai? 9 & submission to ! ,*ur*1 fe> ( torm5ts & hope ( bless$ness 9 a life beyond ! grave1 0 consid]$ good2 all art oppos$ to ?is 0 consid]$ bad4 ,! tea*+ on ! basis ( :i* ?is art arose 0 a p]v]sion ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 b ! art :i* sprang up on ?is p]v]t$ tea*+ 0 nev]!less a true art1 because x correspond$ to ! religi\s view ( life held by ! p among :om x arose4 ,! arti/s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 vitaliz$ by ! same s\rce ( feel+--religion--z ! mass ( ! p1 & transmitt+1 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 poetry or drama1 ! feel+s & /ates ( m9d !y exp]i5c$1 7 true arti/s2 & _! activity1 f\nd$ on ! highe/ conceptions accessible to _! age & common to ! entire p1 ?\gh1 = our times a mean art1 01 nev]!less a true "o1 %>$ by ! :ole community4 ,& ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s until1 9 ! upp]1 ri*1 m educat$ classes ( ,european society1 d\bt arose z to ! tru? ( t und]/&+ ( life :i* 0 express$ by ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity4 ,:51 aft] ! ,crusades & ! maximum developm5t ( papal p[] & its abuses1 p ( ! ri* classes became acqua9t$ ) ! wisdom ( ! classics1 & saw1 on ! "o h&1 ! reasonable lucidity ( ! tea*+ ( ! anci5t sages1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! incompatibility ( ! ,*ur* doctr9e ) ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 !y lo/ all possibility ( cont9u+ to believe ! ,*ur* tea*+4 ,if1 9 ext]nals1 !y /ill kept to ! =ms ( ,*ur* tea*+1 !y c\ld no long] believe 9 x1 & held to x only by in]tia & = ! sake ( influ5c+ ! masses1 :o cont9u$ to believe bl9dly 9 ,*ur* doctr9e1 & :om ! upp] classes1 = _! own advantage1 consid]$ x necess>y to support 9 ^? beliefs4 ,s t a "t came :5 ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity ceas$ to be ! g5]al religi\s doctr9e ( all ,*ri/ian p2 "s--! masses--cont9u$ bl9dly to believe 9 x1 b ! upp] classes--^? 9 ^: h&s lay ! p[] & weal?1 & !re=e ! leisure to produce art & ! means to /imulate x--ceas$ to believe 9 t tea*+4 ,9 respect to religion1 ! upp] circles ( ! ,middle ,ages f\nd !mselves 9 ! same position 9 :i* ! educat$ ,romans 7 be=e ,*ri/ianity arose1 i4e4 !y no long] believ$ 9 ! religion ( ! masses1 b _h no beliefs to put 9 place ( ! worn-out ,*ur* doctr9e :i* = !m _h lo/ its mean+4 ,!re 0 only ?is diff]5ce3 t :]eas = ! ,romans1 :o lo/ fai? 9 _! emp]or-gods & h\sehold-gods1 x 0 impossible to extract any?+ fur!r f all ! complex my?ology !y _h borr[$ f all ! conqu]$ nations1 & x 0 consequ5tly necess>y to f9d a completely new conception ( life1 ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 !y d\bt$ ! tru? ( ! ,*ur* tea*+1 _h no ne$ to seek a fre% "o4 ,t ,*ri/ian tea*+ :i* !y pr(ess$ 9 a p]v]t$ =m z ,*ur* doctr9e _h mapp$ out ! pa? ( human progress s f> ahead t !y _h b to rid !mselves ( ^? p]v]sions :i* hid ! tea*+ ann\nc$ by ,*ri/1 & to adopt its real mean+--if n completely1 !n at lea/ 9 "s great] degree ?an t 9 :i* ! ,*ur* _h held x4 ,& ?is 0 p>tially done1 n only 9 ! re=mations ( ,wyclif1 ,huss1 ,lu!r1 & ,calv91 b by all t curr5t ( non-,*ur* ,*ri/ianity repres5t$ 9 e>li] times by ! ,paulicians1 ! ,bogomili1#if &1 aft]w>d1 by ! ,wald5ses & ! o!r non-,*ur* ,*ri/ians :o 7 call$ h]etics4 ,b ?is c\ld be1 & 01 done *iefly by poor p--:o did n rule4 ,a few ( ! ri* & /rong1 l ,francis ( ,assisi & o!rs1 accept$ ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 its full significance1 ev5 ?\gh x und]m9$ _! privileg$ positions4 ,b mo/ p ( ! upp] classes 7?\gh 9 ! dep? ( _! s\ls !y _h lo/ fai? 9 ! ,*ur* tea*+7 c\ld n or w\ld n act ?us1 because ! ess5ce ( t ,*ri/ian view ( life1 :i* /ood ready to be adopt$ :5 once !y reject$ ! ,*ur* fai?1 0 a tea*+ ( ! bro!rhood 7& !re=e ! equality7 ( man1 & ?is negativ$ ^? privileges on :i* !y liv$1 9 :i* !y _h gr[n up & be5 educat$1 & to :i* !y 7 accu/om$4 ,n1 9 ! dep? ( _! he>ts1 believ+ 9 ! ,*ur* tea*+1--:i* _h outliv$ its age & _h no long] any true mean+ = !m1--& n be+ /rong en\gh to accept true ,*ri/ianity1 m5 ( ^! ri*1 gov]n+ classes--popes1 k+s1 dukes1 & all ! great ones ( ! e>?--7 left )\t any religion1 ) b ! ext]nal =ms ( "o1 :i* !y support$ z be+ pr(itable & ev5 necess>y = !mselves1 s9ce ^! =ms scre5$ a tea*+ :i* ju/ifi$ ^? privileges :i* !y made use (4 ,9 reality1 ^! p believ$ 9 no?+1 j z ! ,romans ( ! fir/ c5turies ( our era believ$ 9 no?+4 ,b at ! same "t ^! 7 ! p :o _h ! p[] & ! weal?1 & ^! 7 ! p :o rew>d$ art & direct$ x4 #if ,ea/]n sects well kn[n 9 e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory1 :o reject$ ! ,*ur*'s r5d]+ ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 & 7 cruelly p]secut$4--,,tr4 ,&1 let x be notic$1 x 0 j among ^! p t !re grew up an art e/eem$1 n accord+ to its success 9 express+ m5's religi\s feel+s1 b 9 proportion to its beauty1--9 o!r words1 accord+ to ! enjoym5t x gave4 ,no long] able to believe 9 ! ,*ur* religion1 ^: falsehood !y _h detect$1 & incapable ( accept+ true ,*ri/ian tea*+1 :i* d5\nc$ _! :ole mann] ( life1 ^! ri* & p[]ful p1 /r&$ )\t any religi\s conception ( life1 involunt>ily return$ to t pagan view ( ?+s :i* places life's mean+ 9 p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,& !n took place among ! upp] classes :at is call$ ! ,r5aissance ( sci5ce & art1 & :i* 0 really n only a d5ial ( e religion1 b also an ass]tion t religion is unnecess>y4 ,! ,*ur* doctr9e is s coh]5t a sy/em t x _c be alt]$ or correct$ )\t de/roy+ x altoge!r4 ,z soon z d\bt arose ) reg>d to ! infallibility ( ! ,pope 7& ?is d\bt 0 !n 9 ! m9ds ( all educat$ p71 d\bt inevitably foll[$ z to ! tru? ( tradition4 ,b d\bt z to ! tru? ( tradition is fatal n only to pop]y & ,ca?olicism1 b also to ! :ole ,*ur* cre$1 ) all its dogmas3 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ! resurrection1 & ! ,tr9ity2 & x de/roys ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 s9ce !y 7 consid]$ to be inspir$ only because ! tradition ( ! ,*ur* decid$ x s4 ,s t ! majority ( ! highe/ classes ( t age1 ev5 ! popes & ! ecclesia/ics1 really believ$ 9 no?+ at all4 ,9 ! ,*ur* doctr9e ^! p did n believe1 = !y saw its insolv5cy2 b nei!r c\ld !y foll[ ,francis ( ,assisi1 ,kelt*itsky1#ig & mo/ ( ! h]etics1 9 ackn[l$g+ ! moral1 social tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 = t tea*+ und]m9$ _! social position4 ,& s ^! p rema9$ )\t any religi\s view ( life4 ,&1 hav+ none1 !y c\ld h no /&>d :]e) to e/imate :at 0 good & :at 0 bad art b t ( p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,&1 hav+ ackn[l$g$ _! crit]ion ( :at 0 good to be pleasure1 i4e4 beauty1 ^! p ( ! upp] classes ( ,european society w5t back 9 _! compreh5sion ( art to ! gross conception ( ! primitive ,greeks :i* ,plato _h already condemn$4 ,& con=mably to ?is und]/&+ ( life1 a !ory ( art 0 =mulat$4 #ig ,kelt*itsky1 a ,bohemian ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 ! au?or ( a rem>kable book1 ,! ,net ( ,fai?1 direct$ aga9/ ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ,tol/o's ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is ,)9 ,y4--,,tr4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,f ! "t t p ( ! upp] classes lo/ fai? 9 ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity1 beauty 7i4e4 ! pleasure receiv$ f art7 became _! /&>d ( good & bad art4 ,&1 9 accordance ) t view1 an /hetic !ory naturally sprang up among ^? upp] classes ju/ify+ su* a conception1--a !ory accord+ to :i* ! aim ( art is to exhibit beauty4 ,! p>tizans ( ?is /hetic !ory1 9 confirmation ( its tru?1 affirm$ t x 0 no inv5tion ( _! own1 b t x exi/$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & 0 recogniz$ ev5 by ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,b ?is ass]tion 0 q arbitr>y1 & has no f\ndation o!r ?an ! fact t among ! anci5t ,greeks1 9 consequ5ce ( ! l[ grade ( _! moral ideal 7z comp>$ ) ! ,*ri/ian71 _! conception ( ! good1 1 0 n yet %>ply divid$ f _! conception ( ! beautiful1 4 ,t highe/ p]fection ( goodness 7n only n id5tical ) beauty1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 contra/+ ) x7 :i* 0 disc]n$ by ! ,jews ev5 9 ! times ( ,isaiah1 & fully express$ by ,*ri/ianity1 0 q unkn[n to ! ,greeks4 ,!y suppos$ t ! beautiful mu/ necess>ily also be ! good4 ,x is true t _! =emo/ ?9k]s--,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle--felt t goodness may happ5 n to co9cide ) beauty4 ,socrates expressly subord9at$ beauty to goodness2 ,plato1 to unite ! two conceptions1 spoke ( spiritual beauty2 :ile ,ari/otle dem&$ f art t x %\ld h a moral influ5ce on p 74 ,b1 not)/&+ all ?is1 !y c\ld n q dismiss ! notion t beauty & goodness co9cide4 ,& consequ5tly1 9 ! language ( t p]iod1 a comp\nd ^w 7-1 beauty-goodness7 came into use to express t notion4 ,evid5tly ! ,greek sages began to draw ne> to t p]ception ( goodness :i* is express$ 9 ,buddhism & 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & !y got entangl$ 9 def9+ ! relation betwe5 goodness & beauty4 ,plato's reason+s ab\t beauty & goodness are full ( contradictions4 ,& x 0 j ?is confusion ( ideas t ^? ,europeans ( a lat] age1 :o _h lo/ all fai?1 tri$ to elevate into a law4 ,!y tri$ to prove t ?is union ( beauty & goodness is inh]5t 9 ! v ess5ce ( ?+s2 t beauty & goodness mu/ co9cide2 & t ! ^w & conception - 7:i* _h a mean+ = ,greeks1 b has none at all = ,*ri/ians7 repres5ts ! highe/ ideal ( humanity4 ,on ?is misund]/&+ ! new sci5ce ( /hetics 0 built up4 ,&1 to ju/ify its exi/5ce1 ! tea*+s ( ! anci5ts on art 7 s twi/$ z to make x appe> t ?is inv5t$ sci5ce ( /hetics _h exi/$ among ! ,greeks4 ,9 reality1 ! reason+ ( ! anci5ts on art 0 q unlike ours4 ,z ,b5>d1 9 8 book on ! /hetics ( ,ari/otle1 q ju/ly rem>ks1 ,p\r qui veut y reg>d] de prs1 la ?orie du beau et celle de l'art sont t\t fait sp>es dans ,ari/ote1 comme elles le sont dans ,platon et *ez t\s leurs successeurs 7,l',e/htique d',ari/ote et de ses ,successeurs1 ,p>is1 #ahhi1 p4 #bh74ih ,& inde$ ! reason+ ( ! anci5ts on art n only does n confirm our sci5ce ( /hetics1 b r contradicts its doctr9e ( beauty4 ,b nev]!less all ! /hetic guides1 f ,s*asl] to ,knight1 decl>e t ! sci5ce ( ! beautiful--/hetic sci5ce--0 comm5c$ by ! anci5ts1 by ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle2 & 0 cont9u$1 !y say1 p>tially by ! ,epicureans & ,/oics3 by ,s5eca & ,plut>*1 d[n to ,plot9us4 ,b x is suppos$ t ?is sci5ce1 by "s un=tunate accid5t1 sudd5ly vani%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & /ay$ away = ab\t #aejj ye>s1 & only aft] ^! #aejj ye>s _h pass$ did x revive 9 ,g]many1 #agej ,a4,d41 9 ,baumg>t5's doctr9e4 #ih ,any "o exam9+ closely may see t ! !ory ( beauty & t ( art are q sep>at$ 9 ,ari/otle z !y are 9 ,plato & 9 all _! successors4 ,aft] ,plot9us1 says ,s*asl]1 fifte5 c5turies pass$ away dur+ :i* !re 0 n ! slighte/ sci5tific int]e/ felt = ! _w ( beauty & art4 ,^! "o & a half ?\s& ye>s1 says he1 h be5 lo/ to /hetics1 & h contribut$ no?+ t[>d ! erection ( ! le>n$ edifice ( ?is sci5ce4#ii #ii ,die ,lcke von fnf ,jahrhund]t51 wel*e zwis*5 d5 ,kun/-philosophis*5 ,betra*tung5 des ,plato und ,ari/oteles und die des ,plot9s fllt1 kann zw> auffllig ers*e952 d5no* kann man eig5tli* ni*t sag51 dass 9 dies] ,zwis*5zeit b]haupt von /hetis*5 ,d+5 ni*t die ,r$e gewes52 od] dass g> e9 vllig] ,mangel an ,zusamm5hang zwis*5 d5 ,kun/-ans*auung5 des letztg5annt5 ,philosoph5 und d55 d] er/]5 exi/ire4 ,freili* wurde die von ,ari/oteles begrndete ,wiss5s*aft 9 ,ni*ts dadur* gefrd]t2 imm]h9 ab] zeigt si* 9 j5] ,zwis*5zeit no* e9 gewisses ,int]esse fr /hetis*e ,frag54 ,na* ,plot9 ab]1 die w5ig51 ihm 9 d] ,zeit nahe/eh5d5 ,philosoph51 wie ,long91 ,augu/91 u4 s4 f4 komm51 wie wir geseh51 kaum 9 ,betra*t und s*liess5 si* brig5s 9 ihr] ,ans*auungsweise an ihn an1--v]geh5 ni*t fnf1 sond]n fnfzehn ,jahrhund]te1 9 d55 von irg5d e9] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,int]esse fr die ,welt des ,s*n5 und d] ,kun/ ni*ts zu spr5 i/4 ,diese &]?albtaus5d ,jahre1 inn]halb d]5 d] ,weltgei/ dur* die mannigfa*/5 ,kmpfe h9dur* zu e9] vllig neu5 ,ge/altung des ,leb5s si* dur*>beitete1 s9d fr die ,ae/hetik1 h9si*tli* des weit]5 ,ausbaus dies] ,wiss5s*aft v]lor54--,,max ,,s*asl]4 ,9 reality no?+ ( ! k9d happ5$4 ,! sci5ce ( /hetics1 ! sci5ce ( ! beautiful1 nei!r did nor c\ld vani%1 because x nev] exi/$4 ,simply1 ! ,greeks 7j l ev]ybody else1 always & ev]y:]e7 consid]$ art 7l ev]y?+ else7 good only :5 x s]v$ goodness 7z !y und]/ood goodness71 & bad :5 x 0 9 opposition to t goodness4 ,& ! ,greeks !mselves 7 s little develop$ morally1 t goodness & beauty seem$ to !m to co9cide4 ,on t obsolete ,greek view ( life 0 erect$ ! sci5ce ( /hetics1 inv5t$ by m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & especially %ap$ & m\nt$ 9 ,baumg>t5's !ory4 ,! ,greeks 7z any "o may see :o w read ,b5>d's admirable book on ,ari/otle & 8 successors & ,walt]'s "w on ,plato7 nev] _h a sci5ce ( /hetics4 /hetic !ories arose ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago among ! weal?y classes ( ! ,*ri/ian ,european _w1 & arose simultane\sly among diff]5t nations1--,g]man1 ,italian1 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%4 ,! f\nd] & organiz] ( x1 :o gave x a sci5tific1 !oretic =m1 0 ,baumg>t54 ,) a *>act]i/ically ,g]man1 ext]nal exactitude1 p$antry1 & symmetry1 he devis$ & exp\nd$ ?is extraord9>y !ory4 ,&1 not)/&+ its obvi\s insolidity1 nobody else's !ory s pleas$ ! cultur$ cr[d1 or 0 accept$ s readily & ) su* an abs5ce ( criticism4 ,x s suit$ ! p ( ! upp] classes1 t to ?is day1 not)/&+ its entirely fanta/ic "* & ! arbitr>y nature ( its ass]tions1 x is repeat$ by le>n$ & unle>n$ z ?\gh x 7 some?+ indubitable & self-evid5t4 ,hab5t sua fata libelli pro capite lectoris1 & s1 or ev5 m s1 !ories hab5t sua fata accord+ to ! condition ( error 9 :i* t society is liv+1 among :om & = :om ! !ories are inv5t$4 ,if a !ory ju/ifies ! false position 9 :i* a c]ta9 "p ( a society is liv+1 !n1 h[ev] unf\nd$ or ev5 obvi\sly false ! !ory may be1 x is accept$1 & becomes an article ( fai? to t section ( society4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 0 ! celebrat$ & unf\nd$ !ory1 exp\nd$ by ,mal?us1 ( ! t5d5cy ( t population ( ! _w to increase 9 geometrical progression1 b ( ! means ( su/5ance to increase only 9 ari?metical progression1 & ( ! consequ5t ov]-population ( ! _w2 su*1 also1 0 ! !ory 7an outgr[? ( ! ,mal?usian7 ( selection & /ruggle = exi/5ce z ! basis ( human progress4 ,su*1 aga91 is ,m>x's !ory1 :i* reg>ds ! gradual de/ruction ( small private production by l>ge capitali/ic production1 n[ go+ on ar\nd u1 z an inevitable decree ( fate4 ,h[ev] unf\nd$ su* !ories are1 h[ev] contr>y to all t is kn[n & confess$ by humanity1 & h[ev] obvi\sly immoral !y may be1 !y are accept$ ) cr$ulity1 pass uncriticiz$1 & are prea*$1 p]*ance = c5turies1 until ! conditions are de/roy$ :i* !y s]v$ to ju/ify1 or until _! absurdity has become too evid5t4 ,to ?is class belongs ?is a/oni%+ !ory ( ! ,baumg>t5ian ,tr9ity1--,goodness1 ,beauty1 & ,tru?1--accord+ to :i* x appe>s t ! v be/ t c be done by ! art ( nations aft] #aijj ye>s ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 is to *oose z ! ideal ( _! life ! ideal t 0 held by a small1 semi-savage1 slave-hold+ p :o liv$ #bjjj ye>s ago1 :o imitat$ ! nude human body extremely well1 & erect$ build+s pleasant to look at4 ,all ^! incompatibilities pass completely unnotic$4 ,le>n$ p write long1 cl\dy treatises on beauty z a memb] ( ! /hetic tr9ity ( ,beauty1 ,tru?1 & ,goodness3 das ,s*ne1 das ,wahre1 das ,gute2 le ,beau1 le ,vrai1 le ,bon1 are repeat$1 ) capital lett]s1 by philosoph]s1 /heticians1 & arti/s1 by private individuals1 by noveli/s1 & by feuilletoni/es1 & !y all ?9k1 :5 pron\nc+ ^! sacrosanct words1 t !y speak ( some?+ q def9ite & solid--some?+ on :i* !y c base _! op9ions4 ,9 reality1 ^! words n only h no def9ite mean+1 b !y h9d] u 9 atta*+ any def9ite mean+ to exi/+ art2 !y are want$ only = ! purpose ( ju/ify+ ! false importance we attribute to an art t transmits e k9d ( feel+1 if only ^? feel+s af=d u pleasure4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,b if art is a human activity hav+ = its purpose ! transmission to o!rs ( ! highe/ & be/ feel+s to :i* m5 h ris51 h[ c\ld x be t humanity = a c]ta9 r consid]able p]iod ( its exi/5ce 7f ! "t p ceas$ to believe 9 ,*ur* doctr9e d[n to ! pres5t day7 %\ld exi/ )\t ?is important activity1 &1 in/ead ( x1 %\ld put up ) an insignificant arti/ic activity only af=d+ pleasure8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to correct ! curr5t error p make 9 attribut+ to our art ! significance ( true1 univ]sal art4 ,we are s accu/om$1 n only navely to consid] ! ,circassian family ! be/ /ock ( p1 b also ! ,anglo-,saxon race ! be/ race if we are ,engli%m5 or ,am]icans1 or ! ,teutonic if we are ,g]mans1 or ! ,gallo-,lat9 if we are ,fr5*1 or ! ,slavonic if we are ,russians1 t1 :5 speak+ ( our own art1 we feel fully conv9c$1 n only t our art is true art1 b ev5 t x is ! be/ & only true art4 ,b 9 reality our art is n only n ! only art 7z ! ,bible once 0 held to be ! only book71 b x is n ev5 ! art ( ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom--only ( a small section ( t "p ( humanity4 ,x 0 correct to speak ( a national ,jewi%1 ,grecian1 or ,egyptian art1 & "o may speak ( a n[-exi/+ ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 or ,indian art %>$ 9 by a :ole p4 ,su* art1 common to a :ole nation1 exi/$ 9 ,russia till ,pet] ! ,fir/'s "t1 & exi/$ 9 ! re/ ( ,europe until ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury2 b s9ce ! upp] classes ( ,european society1 hav+ lo/ fai? 9 ! ,*ur* tea*+1 did n accept real ,*ri/ianity b rema9$ )\t any fai?1 "o c no long] speak ( an art ( ! ,*ri/ian nations 9 ! s5se ( ! :ole ( art4 ,s9ce ! upp] classes ( ! ,*ri/ian nations lo/ fai? 9 ,*ur* ,*ri/ianity1 ! art ( ^? upp] classes has sep>at$ itself f ! art ( ! re/ ( ! p1 & !re h be5 two arts1--! art ( ! p & g5teel art4 ,& !re=e ! answ] to ! "q1 ,h[ x c\ld occur t humanity liv$ = a c]ta9 p]iod )\t real art1 replac+ x by art :i* s]v$ enjoym5t only8 is1 t n all humanity1 nor ev5 any consid]able portion ( x1 liv$ )\t real art1 b only ! highe/ classes ( ,european ,*ri/ian society1 & ev5 !y only = a comp>atively %ort "t1--f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,r5aissance d[n to our own day4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ?is abs5ce ( true art %[$ itself1 inevitably1 9 ! corruption ( t class :i* n\ri%$ itself on ! false art4 ,all ! confus$1 un9telligible !ories ( art1 all ! false & contradictory judgm5ts on art1 & p>ticul>ly ! self-confid5t /agnation ( our art 9 its false pa?1 all arise f ! ass]tion1 :i* has come into common use & is accept$ z an unque/ion$ tru?1 b is yet amaz+ly & palpably false1 ! ass]tion1 namely1 t ! art ( our upp] classes#ajj is ! :ole ( art1 ! true1 ! only1 ! univ]sal art4 ,& al?\gh ?is ass]tion 7:i* is precisely simil> to ! ass]tion made by religi\s p ( ! v>i\s ,*ur*es :o consid] t !irs is ! only true religion7 is q arbitr>y & obvi\sly unju/1 yet x is calmly repeat$ by all ! p ( our circle ) full fai? 9 its infallibility4 #ajj ,! contra/ made is betwe5 ! classes & ! masses2 betwe5 ^? :o d n & ^? :o d e>n _! bread by productive manual labor2 ! middle classes be+ tak5 z an (f%oot ( ! upp] classes4--,,tr4 ,! art we h is ! :ole ( art1 ! real1 ! only art1 & yet two-?irds ( ! human race 7all ! peoples ( ,asia & ,africa7 live & die kn[+ no?+ ( ?is sole & supreme art4 ,& ev5 9 our ,*ri/ian society h>dly "o p] c5t ( ! p make use ( ?is art :i* we speak ( z be+ ! :ole ( art2 ! rema9+ n9ety-n9e p] c5t live & die1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 cru%$ by toil1 & nev] ta/+ ?is art1 :i*1 moreov]1 is ( su* a nature t1 if !y c\ld get x1 !y w\ld n und]/& any?+ ( x4 ,we1 accord+ to ! curr5t /hetic !ory1 ackn[l$ge art z "o ( ! highe/ manife/ations ( ! ,idea1 ,god1 ,beauty1 or z ! highe/ spiritual enjoym5t2 fur!rmore1 we hold t all p h equal rights1 if n to mat]ial1 at any rate to spiritual well-be+2 & yet n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( our ,european population live & die1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 cru%$ by toil1 mu* ( :i* toil is necess>y = ! production ( our art :i* !y nev] use1 & we1 nev]!less1 calmly ass]t t ! art :i* we produce is ! real1 true1 only art--all ( art6 ,to ! rem>k t if our art is ! true art e "o %\ld h ! b5efit ( x1 ! usual reply is t if n ev]ybody at pres5t makes use ( exi/+ art1 ! fault lies1 n 9 ! art1 b 9 ! false organization ( society2 t "o c imag9e to oneself1 9 ! future1 a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* physical labor w be p>tly sup]s$$ by ma*9]y1 p>tly light5$ by its j di/ribution1 & t labor = ! production ( art w be tak5 9 turns2 t !re is no ne$ = "s p always to sit bel[ ! /age mov+ ! decorations1 w9d+ up ! ma*9]y1 work+ at ! piano or ,fr5* horn1 & sett+ type & pr9t+ books1 b t ! p :o d all ?is "w might be engag$ only a few h\rs p] day1 & 9 _! leisure "t might enjoy all ! bless+s ( art4 ,t is :at ! def5d]s ( our exclusive art say4 ,b ,i ?9k !y d n !mselves believe x4 ,!y _c help kn[+ t f9e art c arise only on ! slav]y ( ! masses ( ! p1 & c cont9ue only z long z t slav]y la/s1 & !y _c help kn[+ t only "u conditions ( int5se labor = ! work]s1 c speciali/s--writ]s1 musicians1 danc]s1 & actors--arrive at t f9e degree ( p]fection to :i* !y d atta91 or produce _! ref9$ works ( art2 & only "u ! same conditions c !re be a f9e public to e/eem su* productions4 ,free ! slaves ( capital1 & x w be impossible to produce su* ref9$ art4 ,b ev5 7 we to admit ! inadmissible1 & say t means may be f\nd by :i* art 7t art :i* among u is consid]$ to be art7 may be accessible to ! :ole p1 ano!r consid]ation pres5ts itself %[+ t fa%ionable art _c be ! :ole ( art1 viz41 ! fact t x is completely un9telligible to ! p4 ,=m]ly m5 wrote poems 9 ,lat91 b n[ _! arti/ic productions are z un9telligible to ! common folk z if !y 7 writt5 9 ,sanscrit4 ,! usual reply to ?is is1 t if ! p d n n[ und]/& ?is art ( ours1 x only proves t !y are undevelop$1 & t ?is has be5 s at ea* fre% /ep =w>d made by art4 ,fir/ x 0 n und]/ood1 b aft]w>d p got accu/om$ to x4 ,x w be ! same ) our pres5t art2 x w be und]/ood :5 ev]ybody is z well educat$ z we are--! p ( ! upp] classes--:o produce ?is art1 say ! def5d]s ( our art4 ,b ?is ass]tion is evid5tly ev5 m unju/ ?an ! =m]2 = we "k t ! majority ( ! productions ( ! art ( ! upp] classes1 su* z v>i\s odes1 poems1 dramas1 cantatas1 pa/orals1 pictures1 etc41 :i* delight$ ! p ( ! upp] classes :5 !y 7 produc$1 nev] 7 aft]w>d ei!r und]/ood or valu$ by ! great masses ( mank9d1 b h rema9$1 :at !y 7 at fir/1 a m]e pa/ime = ri* p ( _! "t1 = :om alone !y ev] 7 ( any importance4 ,x is also (t5 urg$1 9 pro( ( ! ass]tion t ! p w "s day und]/& our art1 t "s productions ( s-call$ classical poetry1 music1 or pa9t+1 :i* =m]ly did n please ! masses1 d--n[ t !y h be5 (f]$ to !m f all sides--beg9 to please ^! same masses2 b ?is only %[s t ! cr[d1 especially ! half-spoilt t[n cr[d1 c easily 7its ta/e hav+ be5 p]v]t$7 be accu/om$ to any sort ( art4 ,moreov]1 ?is art is n produc$ by ^! masses1 nor ev5 *os5 by !m1 b is en]getically ?ru/ ^u !m 9 ^? public places 9 :i* art is accessible to ! p4 ,= ! great majority ( work+-p1 our art1 besides be+ inaccessible on acc\nt ( its co/l9ess1 is /range 9 its v nature1 transmitt+1 z x does1 ! feel+s ( p f> remov$ f ^? conditions ( labori\s life :i* are natural to ! great body ( humanity4 ,t :i* is enjoym5t to a man ( ! ri* classes is incompreh5sible1 z a pleasure1 to a work+-man1 & evokes 9 him1 ei!r no feel+ at all1 or only a feel+ q contr>y to t :i* x evokes 9 an idle & satiat$ man4 ,su* feel+s z =m ! *ief subjects ( pres5t-day art--say1 = in/ance1 honor1#aja patriotism1 & amor\sness--evoke 9 a work+-man only bewild]m5t & contempt1 or indignation4 ,s t ev5 if a possibility 7 giv5 to ! labor+ classes1 9 _! free "t1 to see1 to read1 & to he> all t =ms ! fl[] ( contempor>y art 7z is done to "s ext5t1 9 t[ns1 by means ( picture gall]ies1 popul> conc]ts1 & libr>ies71 ! work+-man 7to ! ext5t to :i* he is a labor]1 & has n begun to pass into ! ranks ( ^? p]v]t$ by idl5ess7 w\ld be able to make no?+ ( our f9e art1 & if he did und]/& x1 t :i* he und]/ood w\ld n elevate 8 s\l1 b w\ld c]ta9ly1 9 mo/ cases1 p]v]t x4 ,to ?\ghtful & s9c]e p !re c1 !re=e1 be no d\bt t ! art ( our upp] classes nev] c be ! art ( ! :ole p4 ,b if art is an important matt]1 a spiritual bless+1 ess5tial = all m5 7l religion1 z ! devotees ( art are fond ( say+71 !n x %\ld be accessible to e "o4 ,& if1 z 9 our day1 x is n accessible to all m51 !n "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r art is n ! vital matt] x is repres5t$ to be1 or t art :i* we call art is n ! real ?+4 #aja ,duel+ is /ill cu/om>y among ! high] circles 9 ,russia1 z 9 o!r cont95tal c\ntries4--,,tr4 ,! dilemma is inevitable1 & !re=e clev] & immoral p avoid x by d5y+ "o side ( x1 viz41 d5y+ t ! common p h a "r to art4 ,^! p simply & boldly speak out 7:at lies at ! he>t ( ! matt]71 & say t ! p>ticipators 9 & utiliz]s ( :at1 9 _! e/eem1 is highly beautiful art1 i4e4 art furni%+ ! greate/ enjoym5t1 c only be s*ne ,gei/]1 ! elect1 z ! romantici/s call$ !m1 ! ,ueb]m5s*51 z !y are call$ by ! foll[]s ( ,nietzs*e2 ! rema9+ vulg> h]d1 incapable ( exp]i5c+ ^! pleasures1 mu/ s]ve ! exalt$ pleasures ( ?is sup]ior bre$ ( p4 ,! p :o express ^! views at lea/ d n pret5d1 & d n try1 to comb9e ! incomb9able1 b frankly admit1 :at is ! case1 t our art is an art ( ! upp] classes only4 ,s ess5tially art has be51 & is1 und]/ood by e "o engag$ on x 9 our society4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! unbelief ( ! upp] classes ( ! ,european _w _h ?is effect--t in/ead ( an arti/ic activity aim+ at transmitt+ ! highe/ feel+s to :i* humanity has atta9$1--^? fl[+ f religi\s p]ception1--we h an activity :i* aims at af=d+ ! greate/ enjoym5t to a c]ta9 class ( society4 ,& ( all ! imm5se doma9 ( art1 t "p has be5 f5c$ (f1 & is alone call$ art1 :i* af=ds enjoym5t to ! p ( ?is p>ticul> circle4 ,ap>t f ! moral effects on ,european society ( su* a selection f ! :ole sph]e ( art ( :at did n des]ve su* a valuation1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( x z important art1 ?is p]v]sion ( art has weak5$ art itself1 & well-nigh de/roy$ x4 ,! fir/ great result 0 t art 0 depriv$ ( ! inf9ite1 v>i$1 & pr(\nd religi\s subject-matt] prop] to x4 ,! second result 0 t hav+ only a small circle ( p 9 view1 x lo/ its beauty ( =m & became affect$ & obscure2 & ! ?ird & *ief result 0 t x ceas$ to be ei!r natural or ev5 s9c]e1 & became ?or\ghly artificial & bra9-spun4 ,! fir/ result--! impov]i%m5t ( subject-matt]--foll[$ because only t is a true "w ( art :i* transmits fre% feel+s n be=e exp]i5c$ by man4 ,z ?\ght-product is only !n real ?\ght-product :5 x transmits new conceptions & ?\ghts1 & does n m]ely repeat :at 0 kn[n be=e1 s also an art-product is only !n a g5u9e art-product :5 x br+s a new feel+ 7h[ev] insignificant7 into ! curr5t ( human life4 ,?is expla9s :y *ildr5 & y\?s are s /rongly impress$ by ^? works ( art :i* fir/ transmit to !m feel+s !y _h n be=e exp]i5c$4 ,! same p[]ful impression is made on p by feel+s :i* are q new1 & h nev] be=e be5 express$ by man4 ,& x is ! s\rce f :i* su* feel+s fl[ ( :i* ! art ( ! upp] classes has depriv$ itself by e/imat+ feel+s1 n 9 con=mity ) religi\s p]ception1 b accord+ to ! degree ( enjoym5t !y af=d4 ,!re is no?+ old] & m hackney$ ?an enjoym5t1 & !re is no?+ fre%] ?an ! feel+s spr++ f ! religi\s consci\sness ( ea* age4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise3 man's enjoym5t has limits e/abli%$ by 8 nature1 b ! movem5t =w>d ( humanity1 t :i* is voic$ by religi\s p]ception1 has no limits4 ,at e =w>d /ep tak5 by humanity--& su* /eps are tak5 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] & great] elucidation ( religi\s p]ception--m5 exp]i5ce new & fre% feel+s4 ,& !re=e only on ! basis ( religi\s p]ception 7:i* %[s ! highe/ level ( life-compreh5sion rea*$ by ! m5 ( a c]ta9 p]iod7 c fre% emotion1 nev] be=e felt by man1 arise4 ,f ! religi\s p]ception ( ! anci5t ,greeks fl[$ ! really new1 important1 & endlessly v>i$ feel+s express$ by ,hom] & ! tragic writ]s4 ,x 0 ! same among ! ,jews1 :o atta9$ ! religi\s conception ( a s+le ,god1--f t p]ception fl[$ all ^? new & important emotions express$ by ! prophets4 ,x 0 ! same = ! poets ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :o if !y believ$ 9 a heav5ly hi]>*y1 believ$ also 9 ! ,ca?olic commune2 & x is ! same = a man ( to-day :o has grasp$ ! religi\s conception ( true ,*ri/ianity1--! bro!rhood ( man4 ,! v>iety ( fre% feel+s fl[+ f religi\s p]ception is endless1 & !y are all new2 = religi\s p]ception is no?+ else ?an ! fir/ indication ( t :i* is com+ into exi/5ce1 viz41 ! new relation ( man to ! _w ar\nd him4 ,b ! feel+s fl[+ f ! desire = enjoym5t are1 on ! contr>y1 n only limit$1 b 7 long ago exp]i5c$ & express$4 ,& !re=e ! lack ( belief ( ! upp] classes ( ,europe has left !m ) an art f$ on ! poore/ subject-matt]4 ,! impov]i%m5t ( ! subject-matt] ( upp]-class art 0 fur!r increas$ by ! fact t1 ceas+ to be religi\s1 x ceas$ also to be popul>1 & ?is aga9 dim9i%$ ! range ( feel+s :i* x transmitt$4 ,= ! range ( feel+s exp]i5c$ by ! p[]ful & ! ri*1 :o h no exp]i5ce ( labor = ! support ( life1 is f> poor]1 m limit$1 & m insignificant ?an ! range ( feel+s natural to work+-p4 ,p ( our circle1 /heticians1 usually ?9k & say j ! contr>y ( ?is4 ,i rememb] h[ ,gont*>eff1 ! au?or1 a v clev] & educat$ man1 b a ?or\gh t[nsman & an /hetician1 said to me t aft] ,t\rg5ieff's ,memoirs ( a ,sportsman !re 0 no?+ left to write ab\t 9 peasant life4 ,x 0 all us$ up4 ,! life ( work+-p seem$ to him s simple t ,t\rg5ieff's peasant /ories _h us$ up all !re 0 to describe4 ,! life ( our weal?y p1 ) _! love-affairs & dissatisfaction ) !mselves1 seem$ to him full ( inexhau/ible subject-matt]4 ,"o h]o kiss$ 8 lady on h] palm1 ano!r on h] elb[1 & a ?ird some:]e else4 ,"o man is discont5t$ ?r\gh idl5ess1 & ano!r because p don't love him4 ,& ,gont*>eff ?\ght t 9 ?is sph]e !re is no end ( v>iety4 ,& ?is op9ion--t ! life ( work+-p is poor 9 subject-matt]1 b t our life1 ! life ( ! idle1 is full ( int]e/--is %>$ by v _m p 9 our society4 ,! life ( a labor+ man1 ) its endlessly v>i$ =ms ( labor1 & ! dang]s connect$ ) ?is labor on sea & und]gr\nd2 8 migrations1 ! int]c\rse ) 8 employ]s1 ov]se]s1 & companions1 & ) m5 ( o!r religions & o!r nationalities2 8 /ruggles ) nature & ) wild bea/s1 ! associations ) dome/ic animals1 ! "w 9 ! =e/1 on ! /eppe1 9 ! field1 ! g>d51 ! or*>d2 8 int]c\rse ) wife & *ildr51 n only z ) p ne> & de> to him1 b z ) co-work]s & help]s 9 labor1 replac+ him 9 "t ( ne$2 8 conc]n 9 all economic que/ions1 n z matt]s ( display or discussion1 b z problems ( life = himself & 8 family2 8 pride 9 self-suppression & s]vice to o!rs1 8 pleasures ( refre%m5t2 & ) all ^! int]e/s p]meat$ by a religi\s attitude t[>d ^! occurr5ces--all ?is to u1 :o h n ^! int]e/s & possess no religi\s p]ception1 seems monoton\s 9 comp>ison ) ^? small enjoym5ts & insignificant c>es ( our life1--a life1 n ( labor nor ( production1 b ( consumption & de/ruction ( t :i* o!rs h produc$ = u4 ,we ?9k ! feel+s exp]i5c$ by p ( our day & our class are v important & v>i$2 b 9 reality almo/ all ! feel+s ( p ( our class am\nt to b ?ree v insignificant & simple feel+s1--! feel+ ( pride1 ! feel+ ( sexual desire1 & ! feel+ ( we>9ess ( life4 ,^! ?ree feel+s1 ) _! outgr[?s1 =m almo/ ! only subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! ri* classes4 ,at fir/1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! sep>ation ( ! exclusive art ( ! upp] classes f univ]sal art1 its *ief subject-matt] 0 ! feel+ ( pride4 ,x 0 s at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance & aft] x1 :5 ! *ief subject ( works ( art 0 ! laudation ( ! /rong1--popes1 k+s1 & dukes3 odes & madrigals 7 writt5 9 _! honor1 & !y 7 extoll$ 9 cantatas & hymns2 _! portraits 7 pa9t$1 & _! /atues c>v$1 9 v>i\s adulatory ways4 ,next1 ! elem5t ( sexual desire began m & m to ent] into art1 & 7) v few exceptions1 & 9 novels & dramas almo/ )\t exception7 x has n[ become an ess5tial feature ( e art-product ( ! ri* classes4 ,! ?ird feel+ transmitt$ by ! art ( ! ri*--t ( discont5t ) life--appe>$ yet lat] 9 mod]n art4 ,?is feel+1 :i*1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 0 express$ only by exceptional m53 by ,byron1 by ,leop>di1 & aft]w>d by ,he9e1 has latt]ly become fa%ionable1 & is express$ by mo/ ord9>y & empty p4 ,mo/ ju/ly does ! ,fr5* critic ,d\mic *>act]ize ! works ( ! new writ]s3 ,c'e/ la lassitude de vivre1 le mpris de l'poque prs5te1 le regret d'un autre temps ap]u trav]s l'illusion de l'art1 le gt du p>adoxe1 le beso9 de se s+ul>is]1 une aspiration de raff9s v]s la simplicit1 l'adoration enfant9e du m]veilleux1 la sduction maladive de la rv]ie1 l'branlem5t des n]fs1--surt\t l'appel exaspr de la s5sualit 7,les ,jeunes1 ,r5 ,d\mic74#ajb ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ( ^! ?ree feel+s x is s5suality1 ! l[e/ 7accessible n only to all m51 b ev5 to all animals71 :i* =ms ! *ief subject-matt] ( works ( art ( rec5t times4 #ajb ,x is ! we>9ess ( life1 contempt = ! pres5t epo*1 regret = ano!r age se5 ?r\gh ! illusion ( art1 a ta/e = p>adox1 a desire to be s+ul>1 a s5tim5tal aspiration aft] simplicity1 an infant9e adoration ( ! m>vel\s1 a sickly t5d5cy t[>d rev]ie1 a %att]$ condition ( n]ves1 &1 above all1 ! exasp]at$ dem& ( s5suality4 ,f ,boccaccio to ,m>cel ,prvo/1 all ! novels1 poems1 & v]ses inv>iably transmit ! feel+ ( sexual love 9 its diff]5t =ms4 ,adult]y is n only ! favorite1 b almo/ ! only !me ( all ! novels4 ,a p]=mance is n a p]=mance unless1 "u "s pret5se1 wom5 appe> ) nak$ bu/s & limbs4 ,songs & romances--all are expressions ( lu/1 idealiz$ 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,a majority ( ! pictures by ,fr5* arti/s repres5t female nak$ness 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,9 rec5t ,fr5* lit]ature !re is h>dly a page or a poem 9 :i* nak$ness is n describ$1 & 9 :i*1 relevantly or irrelevantly1 _! favorite ?\ght & ^w nu is n repeat$ a c\ple ( times4 ,!re is a c]ta9 writ]1 ,r5 de ,g\rmond1 :o gets pr9t$1 & is consid]$ tal5t$4 ,to get an idea ( ! new writ]s1 ,i read 8 novel1 ,les ,*evaux de ,diomde4 ,x is a consecutive & detail$ acc\nt ( ! sexual connections "s g5tleman _h ) v>i\s wom54 ,e page conta9s lu/-k9dl+ descriptions4 ,x is ! same 9 ,pi]re ,l\ s' book1 ,aphrodite1 :i* met ) success2 x is ! same 9 a book ,i lately *anc$ ^u1 ,huysmans' ,c]ta9s1 &1 ) b few exceptions1 x is ! same 9 all ! ,fr5* novels4 ,!y are all ! productions ( p suff]+ f erotic mania4 ,& ^! p are evid5tly conv9c$ t z _! :ole life1 9 consequ5ce ( _! diseas$ condition1 is conc5trat$ on amplify+ v>i\s sexual abom9ations1 !re=e ! life ( all ! _w is simil>ly conc5trat$4 ,& ^! p1 suff]+ f erotic mania1 are imitat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole arti/ic _w ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,?us 9 consequ5ce ( ! lack ( belief & ! exceptional mann] ( life ( ! weal?y classes1 ! art ( ^? classes became impov]i%$ 9 its subject-matt]1 & has sunk to ! transmission ( ! feel+s ( pride1 discont5t ) life1 &1 above all1 ( sexual desire4 ,,*apt] ,x ,9 consequ5ce ( _! unbelief1 ! art ( ! upp] classes became poor 9 subject-matt]4 ,b besides t1 becom+ cont9ually m & m exclusive1 x became at ! same "t cont9ually m & m involv$1 affect$1 & obscure4 ,:5 a univ]sal arti/ 7su* z 7 "s ( ! ,grecian arti/s or ! ,jewi% prophets7 compos$ 8 "w1 he naturally /rove to say :at he _h to say 9 su* a mann] t 8 production %\ld be intelligible to all m54 ,b :5 an arti/ compos$ = a small circle ( p plac$ 9 exceptional conditions1 or ev5 = a s+le individual & 8 c\rti]s1--= popes1 c>d9als1 k+s1 dukes1 que5s1 or = a k+'s mi/ress1--he naturally only aim$ at influ5c+ ^! p1 :o 7 well kn[n to him1 & liv$ 9 exceptional conditions famili> to him4 ,& ?is 0 an easi] task1 & ! arti/ 0 involunt>ily drawn to express himself by allusions compreh5sible only to ! initiat$1 & obscure to e "o else4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m c\ld be said 9 ?is way2 & secondly1 !re is 7= ! initiat$7 ev5 a c]ta9 *>m 9 ! cl\d9ess ( su* a mann] ( expression4 ,?is me?od1 :i* %[$ itself bo? 9 euphemism & 9 my?ological & hi/orical allusions1 came m & m into use1 until x has1 app>5tly1 at la/ rea*$ its utmo/ limits 9 ! s-call$ art ( ! ,decad5ts4 ,x has come1 f9ally1 to ?is3 t n only is haz9ess1 my/]i\sness1 obscurity1 & exclusiv5ess 7%utt+ out ! masses7 elevat$ to ! rank ( a m]it & a condition ( poetic art1 b ev5 incorrectness1 indef9it5ess1 & lack ( eloqu5ce are held 9 e/eem4 ,?ophile ,gauti]1 9 8 preface to ! celebrat$ ,fleurs du ,mal1 says t ,baudelaire1 z f> z possible1 bani%$ f poetry eloqu5ce1 passion1 & tru? too /rictly copi$ 7l'loqu5ce1 la passion1 et la vrit calque trop exactem5t74 ,& ,baudelaire n only express$ ?is1 b ma9ta9$ 8 !sis 9 8 v]ses1 & yet m /rik+ly 9 ! prose ( 8 ,petits ,pomes en ,prose1 ! mean+s ( :i* h to be guess$ l a rebus1 & rema9 = ! mo/ "p undiscov]$4 ,! poet ,v]la9e 7:o foll[$ next aft] ,baudelaire1 & 0 also e/eem$ great7 ev5 wrote an ,art ,potique1 9 :i* he advises ?is /yle ( composition3-- ,de la musique avant t\te *ose1 ,et p\r cela prfre l',impair ,plus vague et plus soluble dans l'air1 ,sans ri5 en lui qui pse ou qui pose4 ,il faut aussi que tu n'ailles po9t ,*oisir tes mots sans quelque mprise3 ,ri5 de plus *] que la *anson grise ,o l',indcis au ,prcis se jo9t4 ,& aga93-- ,de la musique encore et t\j\rs6 ,que ton v]s soit la *ose envole ,qu'on s5t qui fuit d'une me en alle ,v]s d'autres cieux d'autres am\rs4 ,que ton v]s soit la bonne av5ture ,ep>se au v5t crisp du mat91 ,qui va fleurant la m5! et le ?ym4444 ,et t\t le re/e e/ littrature4#ajc #ajc ,music1 music be=e all ?+s ,! ecc5tric /ill pref]1 ,vague 9 air1 & no?+ weighty1 ,soluble4 ,yet d n err1 ,*oos+ words2 /ill d x lightly1 ,d x too ) "s contempt2 ,de>e/ is ! song t's tipsy1 ,cle>ness1 dimness n exempt4 99 99 99 99 ,music always1 n[ & ev] ,be ?y v]se ! ?+ t flies ,f a s\l t's gone1 escap+1 ,gone to o!r loves & skies4 ,gone to o!r loves & regions1 ,foll[+ =tunes t allure1 ,m9t & ?yme & morn+ crispness4444 ,all ! re/'s m]e lit]ature4 ,aft] ^! two comes ,mall>m1 consid]$ ! mo/ important ( ! "y poets1 & he pla9ly says t ! *>m ( poetry lies 9 our hav+ to guess its mean+--t 9 poetry !re %\ld always be a puzzle3-- ,je p5se qu'il faut qu'il n'y ait qu'allusion1 says he4 ,la contemplation des objets1 l'image s'envolant des rv]ies suscites p> eux1 sont le *ant3 les ,p>nassi5s1 eux1 pr5n5t la *ose entirem5t et la montr5t2 p> l ils manqu5t de my/re2 ils retir5t aux esprits cette joie dlicieuse de croire qu'ils crent4 ,nomm] un objet1 c'e/ supprim] les trois qu>ts de la j\issance du pome1 qui e/ faite du bonheur de dev9] peu peu3 le suggr]1 voil le rve4 ,c'e/ le p> fait usage de ce my/re qui con/itue le symbole3 voqu] petit petit un objet p\r montr] un tat d'me1 ou1 inv]sem5t1 *oisir un objet et en dgag] un tat d'me1 p> une srie de d*iffrem5ts4 4444 ,si un tre d'une intellig5ce moy5ne1 et d'une prp>ation littraire insuffisante1 ouvre p> has>d un livre a9si fait et prt5d en j\ir1 il y a mal5t5du1 il faut remettre les *oses leur place4 ,il doit y avoir t\j\rs nigme en posie1 et c'e/ le b de la littrature1 il n'y en a pas d'autre1--d'voqu] les objets4--,enqute sur l'volution ,littraire1 ,jules ,huret1 pp4 #fj1 #fa4ajd #ajd ,i ?9k !re %\ld be no?+ b allusions4 ,! contemplation ( objects1 ! fly+ image ( rev]ies evok$ by !m1 are ! song4 ,! ,p>nassi5s /ate ! ?+ completely1 & %[ x1 & !reby lack my/]y2 !y deprive ! m9d ( t delici\s joy ( imag9+ t x creates4 ,to "n an object is to take ?ree-qu>t]s f ! enjoym5t ( ! poem1 :i* consi/s 9 ! happ9ess ( guess+ little by little3 to sugge/1 t is ! dream4 ,x is ! p]fect use ( ?is my/]y t con/itutes ! symbol3 little by little1 to evoke an object 9 ord] to %[ a /ate ( ! s\l2 or1 inv]sely1 to *oose an object1 & f x to dis5gage a /ate ( ! s\l by a s]ies ( deciph]+s4 4444 ,if a be+ ( m$iocre intellig5ce & insuffici5t lit]>y prep>ation *ance to op5 a book made 9 ?is way & pret5ds to enjoy x1 !re is a misund]/&+--?+s mu/ be return$ to _! places4 ,!re %\ld always be an enigma 9 poetry1 & ! aim ( lit]ature--x has no o!r--is to evoke objects4 ,?us is obscurity elevat$ into a dogma among ! new poets4 ,z ! ,fr5* critic ,d\mic 7:o has n yet accept$ ! dogma7 q correctly says3-- ,il s]ait temps aussi d'en f9ir avec cette fameuse '?orie de l'obscurite' que la n\velle cole a leve1 en effet1 la hauteur d'un dogme4--,les ,jeunes1 p> ,r5 ,d\mic4#aje #aje ,x 7 "t also to h done ) ?is fam\s !ory ( obscurity1 :i* ! new s*ool h practically rais$ to ! height ( a dogma4 ,b x is n ,fr5* writ]s only :o ?9k ?us4 ,! poets ( all o!r c\ntries ?9k & act 9 ! same way3 ,g]man1 & ,sc&9avian1 & ,italian1 & ,russian1 & ,engli%4 ,s also d ! arti/s ( ! new p]iod 9 all bran*es ( art3 9 pa9t+1 9 sculpture1 & 9 music4 ,rely+ on ,nietzs*e & ,wagn]1 ! arti/s ( ! new age conclude t x is unnecess>y = !m to be intelligible to ! vulg> cr[d2 x is en\gh = !m to evoke poetic emotion 9 ! f9e/ nurtur$1 to borr[ a phrase f an ,engli% /hetician4 ,9 ord] t :at ,i am say+ may n seem to be m]e ass]tion1 ,i w quote at lea/ a few examples f ! ,fr5* poets :o h l$ ?is movem5t4 ,! "n ( ^! poets is legion4 ,i h tak5 ,fr5* writ]s1 because !y1 m decid$ly ?an any o!rs1 indicate ! new direction ( art1 & are imitat$ by mo/ ,european writ]s4 ,besides ^? ^: names are already consid]$ fam\s1 su* z ,baudelaire & ,v]la9e1 "h are ! names ( a few ( !m3 ,jean ,morz1 ,*>les ,morice1 ,h5ri de ,rgni]1 ,*>les ,vigni]1 ,adri5 ,remacle1 ,r5 ,ghil1 ,maurice ,maet]l9ck1 ,g4 ,alb]t ,auri]1 ,rmy de ,g\rmont1 ,sa9t-,pol-,r\x-le-,magnifique1 ,georges ,rod5ba*1 le comte ,rob]t de ,montesqui\-,fez5sac4 ,^! are ,symboli/s & ,decad5ts4 ,next we h ! ,magi3 ,josph9 ,pladan1 ,paul ,adam1 ,jules ,bois1 ,m4 ,papus1 & o!rs4 ,besides ^!1 !re are yet "o hundr$ & =ty-"o o!rs1 :om ,d\mic m5tions 9 ! book ref]r$ to above4 ,"h are "s examples f ! "w ( ^? ( !m :o are consid]$ to be ! be/1 beg9n+ ) t mo/ celebrat$ man1 ackn[l$g$ to be a great arti/ wor?y ( a monum5t--,baudelaire4 ,?is is a poem f 8 celebrat$ ,fleurs du ,mal3-- ,no4 ,,xxiv ,je t'adore l'gal de la vote nocturne1 ,o vase de tri/esse1 gr&e taciturne1 ,et t'aime d'autant plus1 belle1 que tu me fuis1 ,et que tu me p>ais1 ornem5t de mes nuits1 ,plus ironiquem5t accumul] les lieues ,qui sp>5t mes bras des imm5sits bleues4 ,je m'avance l'attaque1 et je grimpe aux assauts1 ,comme aprs un cadavre un *ur de v]misseaux1 ,et je *ris1 bte implacable et cruelle1 ,jusqu' cette froideur p> o tu m'es plus belle6#ajf #ajf ,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,& ?is is ano!r by ! same writ]3-- ,no4 ,,xxxvi ,,duellum ,deux gu]ri]s ont c\ru l'un sur l'autre2 leurs armes ,ont clab\ss l'air de lueurs et de sang4 ,ces jeux1 ces cliquetis du f] sont les vac>mes ,d'une jeunesse en proie l'am\r vagissant4 ,les glaives sont briss6 comme notre jeunesse1 ,ma *re6 ,mais les d5ts1 les ongles acrs1 ,v5g5t bi5tt l'pe et la dague tratresse4 ,o fureur des curs mrs p> l'am\r ulcrs6 ,dans le rav9 hant des *ats-p>ds et des onces ,nos hros1 s'treignant m*amm5t1 ont r\l1 ,et leur peau fleurira l'aridit des ronces4 ,ce g\ffre1 c'e/ l'enf]1 de nos amis peupl6 ,r\lons-y sans remords1 amazone inhuma9e1 ,af9 d't]nis] l'ardeur de notre ha9e6#ajg #ajg ,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,to be exact1 ,i %\ld m5tion t ! collection conta9s v]ses less compreh5sible ?an ^!1 b n "o poem :i* is pla9 & c be und]/ood )\t a c]ta9 ef=t--an ef=t seldom rew>d$2 = ! feel+s :i* ! poet transmits are evil & v l[ ones4 ,& ^! feel+s are always1 & purposely1 express$ by him ) ecc5tricity & lack ( cle>ness4 ,?is prem$itat$ obscurity is especially noticeable 9 8 prose1 :]e ! au?or c\ld1 if he lik$1 speak pla9ly4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ piece f 8 ,petits ,pomes3-- ,l',,etrang] ,qui aimes-tu le mieux1 homme nigmatique1 dis8 ton pre1 ta mre1 ta sur1 ou ton frre8 ,je n'ai ni pre1 ni mre1 ni sur1 ni frre4 ,tes amis8 ,v\s v\s s]vez l d'une p>ole dont le s5s m'e/ re/ jusqu' ce j\r inconnu4 ,ta patrie8 ,j'ignore s\s quelle latitude elle e/ situe4 ,la beaut8 ,je l'aim]ais volonti]s1 desse et immortelle4 ,l'or8 ,je le hais comme v\s hassez ,dieu4 ,et qu'aimes-tu donc1 extraord9aire trang]8 ,j'aime les nuages 4444 les nuages qui pass5t 4444 l bas1 4444 les m]veilleux nuages6#ajh ,! piece call$ ,la ,s\pe et les ,nuages is probably int5d$ to express ! un9telligibility ( ! poet ev5 to h] :om he loves4 ,?is is ! piece 9 "q3-- ,ma petite folle bi5-aime me donnait dn]1 et p> la f5tre ouv]te de la salle mang] je contemplais les m\vantes ar*itectures que ,dieu fait avec les vapeurs1 les m]veilleuses con/ructions de l'impalpable4 ,et je me disais1 trav]s ma contemplation3 ,t\tes ces fantasmagories sont presque aussi belles que les yeux de ma belle bi5-aime1 la petite folle mon/rueuse aux yeux v]ts4 ,et t\t c\p je reu un viol5t c\p de po+ dans le dos1 et j'ent5dis une voix rauque et *>mante1 une voix hy/rique et comme enr\e p> l'eau-de-vie1 la voix de ma *re petite bi5-aime1 qui me disait1 ,allez-v\s bi5tt mang] votre s\pe1 s4444 b4444 de m>*& de nuages8#ajh #ajh ,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,h[ev] artificial ^! two pieces may be1 x is /ill possible1 ) "s ef=t1 to guess at :at ! au?or meant !m to express1 b "s ( ! pieces are absolutely incompreh5sible--at lea/ to me4 ,le ,galant ,tireur is a piece ,i 0 q unable to und]/&4 ,,le ,,galant ,,tireur ,comme la voiture trav]sait le bois1 il la fit arrt] dans le vois9age d'un tir1 disant qu'il lui s]ait agrable de tir] quelques balles p\r tu] le ,temps4 ,tu] ce mon/re-l1 n'e/-ce pas l'occupation la plus ord9aire et la plus lgitime de *acun8--,et il (frit galamm5t la ma9 sa *re1 dlicieuse et excrable femme1 cette my/rieuse femme laquelle il doit tant de plaisirs1 tant de d\leurs1 et peut-tre aussi une gr&e p>tie de son gnie4 ,plusieurs balles frappr5t lo9 du b propos1 l'une d'elles s'enfona mme dans le plafond2 et comme la *>mante crature riait follem5t1 se moquant de la maladresse de son p\x1 celui-ci se t\rna brusquem5t v]s elle1 et lui dit3 ,obs]vez cette p\pe1 l-bas1 droite1 qui porte le nez en l'air et qui a la m9e si hauta9e4 ,eh bi56 *] ange1 je me figure que c'e/ v\s4 ,et il f]ma les yeux et il l*a la dt5te4 ,la p\pe fut nettem5t dcapite4 ,alors s'incl9ant v]s sa *re1 sa dlicieuse1 son excrable femme1 son 9vitable et impitoyable ,muse1 et lui baisant respectueusem5t la ma91 il aj\ta3 ,ah6 mon *] ange1 combi5 je v\s rem]cie de mon adresse6#aji #aji ,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,! productions ( ano!r celebrity1 ,v]la9e1 are n less affect$ & un9telligible4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 is ! fir/ poem 9 ! section call$ ,ariettes ,oublis4 ,le v5t dans la pla9e ,susp5d son hale9e4--,,fav>t4 ,c'e/ l'extase lang\reuse1 ,c'e/ la fatigue am\reuse1 ,c'e/ t\s les frissons des bois ,p>mi l'tre9te des brises1 ,c'e/1 v]s les ramures grises1 ,le *ur des petites voix4 ,o le frle et frais murmure6 ,cela gaz\ille et susurre1 ,cela ressemble au cri d\x ,que l'h]be agite expire4444 ,tu dirais1 s\s l'eau qui vire1 ,le r\lis s\rd des caill\x4 ,cette me qui se lam5te ,en cette pla9te dormante ,c'e/ la ntre1 n'e/-ce pas8 ,la mi5ne1 dis1 et la ti5ne1 ,dont s'exhale l'humble anti5ne ,p> ce tide soir1 t\t bas8#aaj #aaj ,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,:at *ur des petites voix8 & :at cri d\x que l'h]be agite expire8 & :at x all means1 rema9s altoge!r un9telligible to me4 ,& "h is ano!r ,ariette3-- ,,viii ,dans l'int]m9able ,ennui de la pla9e1 ,la neige inc]ta9e ,luit comme du sable4 ,le ciel e/ de cuivre1 ,sans lueur aucune4 ,on croirait voir vivre ,et m\rir la lune4 ,comme des nues ,flott5t gris les *nes ,des =ts pro*a9es ,p>mi les bues4 ,le ciel e/ de cuivre1 ,sans lueur aucune4 ,on croirait voir vivre ,et m\rir la lune4 ,corneille p\ssive ,et v\s1 les l\ps maigres1 ,p> ces bises aigres ,quoi donc v\s arrive8 ,dans l'int]m9able ,ennui de la pla9e1 ,la neige inc]ta9e ,luit comme du sable4#aaa #aaa ,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,h[ does ! moon seem to live & die 9 a copp] heav58 ,& h[ c sn[ %9e l s&8 ,! :ole ?+ is n m]ely un9telligible1 b1 "u pret5se ( convey+ an impression1 x passes (f a /r+ ( incorrect comp>isons & words4 ,besides ^! artificial & obscure poems !re are o!rs :i* are intelligible1 b :i* make up = x by be+ altoge!r bad1 bo? 9 =m & 9 subject4 ,su* are all ! poems "u ! head+ ,la ,sagesse4 ,! *ief place 9 ^! v]ses is occupi$ by a v poor expression ( ! mo/ commonplace ,roman ,ca?olic & patriotic s5tim5ts4 ,= in/ance1 "o meets ) v]ses su* z ?is3-- ,je ne veux plus p5s] qu' ma mre ,m>ie1 ,sige de la sagesse et s\rce de p>dons1 ,mre de ,france aussi de qui n\s att5dons ,9branlablem5t l'honneur de la patrie4#aab #aab ,i d n wi% to ?9k any m1 except ab\t my "m ,m>y1 ,seat ( wisdom & s\rce ( p>don1 ,also ,"m ( ,france1 f :om we ,/eadfa/ly expect ! honor ( our c\ntry4 ,be=e cit+ examples f o!r poets1 ,i mu/ pause to note ! amaz+ celebrity ( ^! two v]sifi]s1 ,baudelaire & ,v]la9e1 :o are n[ accept$ z be+ great poets4 ,h[ ! ,fr5*1 :o _h ,*ni]1 ,musset1 ,lam>t9e1 &1 above all1 ,hugo1--& among :om q rec5tly fl\ri%$ ! s-call$ ,p>nassi5s3 ,leconte de ,lisle1 ,sully-,prudhomme1 etc41--c\ld attribute su* importance to ^! two v]sifi]s1 :o 7 f> f skilful 9 =m & mo/ contemptible & commonplace 9 subject-matt]1 is to me incompreh5sible4 ,! conception ( life ( "o ( !m1 ,baudelaire1 consi/$ 9 elevat+ gross egotism into a !ory1 & replac+ morality by a cl\dy conception ( beauty1 & especially artificial beauty4 ,baudelaire _h a pref]5ce1 :i* he express$1 = a woman's face pa9t$ r ?an %[+ its natural color1 & = metal trees & a !atrical imitation ( wat] r ?an real trees & real wat]4 ,! life-conception ( ! o!r1 ,v]la9e1 consi/$ 9 weak pr(ligacy1 confession ( 8 moral impot5ce1 &1 z an antidote to t impot5ce1 9 ! grosse/ ,roman ,ca?olic idolatry4 ,bo?1 moreov]1 7 q lack+ 9 navet1 s9c]ity1 & simplicity1 & bo? ov]fl[$ ) artificiality1 =c$ orig9ality & self-assurance4 ,s t 9 _! lea/ bad productions "o sees m ( ,m4 ,baudelaire or ,m4 ,v]la9e ?an ( :at !y 7 describ+4 ,b ^! two indiff]5t v]sifi]s =m a s*ool1 & lead hundr$s ( foll[]s aft] !m4 ,!re is only "o explanation ( ?is fact3 x is t ! art ( ! society 9 :i* ^! v]sifi]s liv$ is n a s]i\s1 important matt] ( life1 b is a m]e amusem5t4 ,& all amusem5ts gr[ we>isome by repetition4 ,&1 9 ord] to make we>isome amusem5t aga9 tol]able1 x is necess>y to f9d "s means to fre%5 x up4 ,:51 at c>ds1 ombre gr[s /ale1 :i/ is introduc$2 :5 :i/ gr[s /ale1 c>t is sub/itut$2 :5 c>t gr[s /ale1 "s o!r novelty is inv5t$1 & s on4 ,! sub/ance ( ! matt] rema9s ! same1 only its =m is *ang$4 ,& s x is ) ?is k9d ( art4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! upp] classes gr[+ cont9ually m & m limit$1 x has come at la/ to ?is1 t to ! arti/s ( ^! exclusive classes x seems z if ev]y?+ has already be5 said1 & t to f9d any?+ new to say is impossible4 ,& !re=e1 to fre%5 up ?is art1 !y look out = fre% =ms4 ,baudelaire & ,v]la9e inv5t su* a new =m1 furbi% x up1 moreov]1 ) hi!rto unus$ pornographic details1 &--! critics & ! public ( ! upp] classes hail !m z great writ]s4 ,?is is ! only explanation ( ! success1 n ( ,baudelaire & ,v]la9e only1 b ( all ! ,decad5ts4 ,= in/ance1 !re are poems by ,mall>m & ,maet]l9ck :i* h no mean+1 & yet = all t1 or p]haps on t v acc\nt1 are pr9t$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 n only 9 v>i\s publications1 b ev5 9 collections ( ! be/ works ( ! y\ng] poets4 ,?is1 = example1 is a sonnet by ,mall>m3-- ,a la nue accablante tu ,basse de basalte et de laves ,a mme les *os esclaves ,p> une trompe sans v]tu4 ,quel spulcral naufrage 7tu ,le soir1 cume1 mais y baves7 ,suprme une entre les paves ,abolit le mt dvtu4 ,ou cela que furibond faute ,de quelque p]dition haute ,t\t l'abme va9 ploy ,dans le si blanc *eveu qui trane ,av>em5t aura noy ,le flanc enfant d'une sirne4#aac 7,pan1 #ahie1 ,no4 #a47 #aac ,?is sonnet seems too un9telligible = translation4--,,tr4 ,?is poem is n exceptional 9 its incompreh5sibility4 ,i h read sev]al poems by ,mall>m1 & !y also _h no mean+ :atev]4 ,i give a sample ( 8 prose 9 ,app5dix ,i4 ,!re is a :ole volume ( ?is prose call$ ,divagations4 ,x is impossible to und]/& any ( x4 ,& t is evid5tly :at ! au?or int5d$4 ,& "h is a song by ,maet]l9ck1 ano!r celebrat$ au?or ( to-day3-- ,qu& il e/ sorti1 7,j'ent5dis la porte7 ,qu& il e/ sorti ,elle avait s\ri 4444 ,mais qu& il entra 7,j'ent5dis la lampe7 ,mais qu& il entra ,une autre tait l 4444 ,et j'ai vu la mort1 7,j'ent5dis son me7 ,et j'ai vu la mort ,qui l'att5d encore 4444 ,on e/ v5u dire1 7,mon enfant j'ai peur7 ,on e/ v5u dire ,qu'il allait p>tir 4444 ,ma lampe allume1 7,mon enfant j'ai peur7 ,ma lampe allume ,me suis appro*e 4444 ,a la premire porte1 7,mon enfant j'ai peur7 ,a la premire porte1 ,la flamme a trembl 4444 ,a la seconde porte1 7,mon enfant j'ai peur7 ,a la seconde porte1 ,la flamme a p>l 4444 ,a la troisime porte1 7,mon enfant j'ai peur7 ,a la troisime porte1 ,la lumire e/ morte 4444 ,et s'il rev5ait un j\r ,que faut-il lui dire8 ,dites-lui qu'on l'att5dit ,jusqu' s'en m\rir 4444 ,et s'il dem&e o v\s tes ,que faut-il rpondre8 ,donnez-lui mon anneau d'or ,sans ri5 lui rpondre 4444 ,et s'il m'int]roge alors ,sur la d]nire heure8 ,dites lui que j'ai s\ri ,de peur qu'il ne pleure 4444 ,et s'il m'int]roge encore ,sans me reconnatre8 ,p>lez-lui comme une sur1 ,il s\ffre peut-tre 4444 ,et s'il veut savoir p\rquoi ,la salle e/ ds]te8 ,montrez lui la lampe te9te ,et la porte ouv]te 4444#aad 7,pan1 #ahie1 ,no4 #b47 #aad ,= translation1 see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,:o w5t out8 ,:o came 98 ,:o is speak+8 ,:o di$8 ,i beg ! read] to be at ! pa9s ( read+ ?r\gh ! samples ,i cite 9 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ( ! celebrat$ & e/eem$ "y poets--,griff91 ,v]ha]51 ,morz1 & ,montesqui\4 ,x is important to d s 9 ord] to =m a cle> conception ( ! pres5t position ( art1 & n to suppose1 z _m d1 t ,decad5tism is an accid5tal & transitory ph5om5on4 ,to avoid ! reproa* ( hav+ select$ ! wor/ v]ses1 ,i h copi$ out ( ea* volume ! poem :i* happ5$ to /& on page #bh4 ,all ! o!r productions ( ^! poets are equally un9telligible1 or c only be und]/ood ) great difficulty1 & !n n fully4 ,all ! productions ( ^? hundr$s ( poets1 ( :om ,i h nam$ a few1 are ! same 9 k9d4 ,& among ! ,g]mans1 ,sw$es1 ,norwegians1 ,italians1 & u ,russians1 simil> v]ses are pr9t$4 ,& su* productions are pr9t$ & made up into book =m1 if n by ! million1 !n by ! hundr$ ?\s& 7"s ( ^! works sell 9 t5s ( ?\s&s74 ,= type-sett+1 pag+1 pr9t+1 & b9d+ ^! books1 millions & millions ( work+ days are sp5t--n less1 ,i ?9k1 ?an w5t to build ! great pyramid4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,! same is go+ on 9 all ! o!r arts3 millions & millions ( work+ days are be+ sp5t on ! production ( equally incompreh5sible works 9 pa9t+1 9 music1 & 9 ! drama4 ,pa9t+ n only does n lag beh9d poetry 9 ?is matt]1 b r out/rips x4 ,"h is an extract f ! di>y ( an amateur ( art1 writt5 :5 visit+ ! ,p>is exhibitions 9 #ahid3-- ,i 0 to-day at ?ree exhibitions3 ! ,symboli/s'1 ! ,impressioni/s'1 & ! ,neo-,impressioni/s'4 ,i look$ at ! pictures consci5ti\sly & c>efully1 b aga9 felt ! same /upefaction & ultimate indignation4 ,! fir/ exhibition1 t ( ,camille ,piss>ro1 0 comp>atively ! mo/ compreh5sible1 ?\gh ! pictures 7 out ( draw+1 _h no subject1 & ! color+s 7 mo/ improbable4 ,! draw+ 0 s indef9ite t y 7 sometimes unable to make out :i* way an arm or a head 0 turn$4 ,! subject 0 g5]ally 'effets'--,effet de br\ill>d1 ,effet du soir1 ,soleil c\*ant4 ,!re 7 "s pictures ) figures1 b )\t subjects4 ,9 ! color+1 bright blue & bright gre5 pr$om9at$4 ,& ea* picture _h its special color1 ) :i* ! :ole picture 01 z x 71 spla%$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ',a ,girl ,gu>d+ ,geese1' ! special color is v]t de gris1 & dots ( x 7 spla%$ ab\t ev]y:]e2 on ! face1 ! hair1 ! h&s1 & ! clo!s4 ,9 ! same gall]y--',dur& ,ruel'--7 o!r pictures by ,puvis de ,*avannes1 ,manet1 ,monet1 ,r5oir1 ,sisley--:o are all ,impressioni/s4 ,"o ( !m1 ^: "n ,i c\ld n make out1--x 0 some?+ l ,r$on1--_h pa9t$ a blue face 9 pr(ile4 ,on ! :ole face !re is only ?is blue tone1 ) :ite-(-lead4 ,piss>ro has a wat]-color all done 9 dots4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a c[1 entirely pa9t$ ) v>i\s-color$ dots4 ,! g5]al color _c be di/+ui%$1 h[ev] mu* "o /&s back f1 or draws ne> to1 ! picture4 ,f !re ,i w5t to see ! ,symboli/s4 ,i look$ at !m long )\t ask+ any "o = an explanation1 try+ to guess ! mean+2 b x is beyond human compreh5sion4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s to cat* my eye 0 a wood5 haut-relief1 wret*$ly execut$1 repres5t+ a woman 7nak$7 :o ) bo? h&s is squeez+ f h] two brea/s /reams ( blood4 ,! blood fl[s d[n1 becom+ lilac 9 color4 ,h] hair fir/ desc5ds1 & !n rises aga91 & turns into trees4 ,! figure is all color$ yell[1 & ! hair is br[n4 ,next--a picture3 a yell[ sea1 on :i* swims some?+ :i* is nei!r a %ip nor a he>t2 on ! horizon is a pr(ile ) a halo & yell[ hair1 :i* *anges into a sea1 9 :i* x is lo/4 ,"s ( ! pa9t]s lay on _! colors s ?ickly t ! effect is some?+ betwe5 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,a ?ird exhibit 0 ev5 less compreh5sible3 a man's pr(ile2 be=e him a flame & black /ripes--lee*es1 z ,i 0 aft]w>ds told4 ,at la/ ,i ask$ a g5tleman :o 0 !re :at x meant1 & he expla9$ to me t ! haut-relief 0 a symbol1 & t x repres5t$ ',la ,t]re4' ,! he>t swimm+ 9 a yell[ sea 0 ',illusion p]due1' & ! g5tleman ) ! lee*es ',le ,mal4' ,!re 7 also "s ,impressioni/ pictures3 elem5t>y pr(iles1 hold+ "s sort ( fl[]s 9 _! h&s3 9 monotone1 out ( draw+1 & ei!r q blurr$ or else m>k$ out ) wide black outl9es4 ,?is 0 9 #ahid2 ! same t5d5cy is n[ ev5 m /rongly def9$1 & we h ,bckl91 ,/uck1 ,kl+]1 ,sa%a ,s*neid]1 & o!rs4 ,! same ?+ is tak+ place 9 ! drama4 ,! play-writ]s give u an ar*itect :o1 = "s reason1 has n fulfill$ 8 =m] high int5tions1 & :o consequ5tly climbs on to ! ro( ( a h\se he has erect$1 & tumbles d[n head =emo/2 or an incompreh5sible old woman 7:o ext]m9ates rats71 & :o1 = an un9telligible reason1 takes a poetic *ild to ! sea1 & !re dr[ns him2 or "s bl9d m5 :o1 sitt+ on ! sea%ore1 = "s reason always repeat "o & ! same ?+2 or a bell ( "s k9d1 :i* flies into a lake1 & !re r+s4 ,& ! same is happ5+ 9 music--9 t art :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 %\ld be intelligible to ev]ybody4 ,an acqua9tance ( y\rs1 a musician ( repute1 sits d[n to ! piano & plays y :at he says is a new composition ( 8 own1 or ( "o ( ! new compos]s4 ,y he> ! /range1 l\d s\nds1 & admire ! gymna/ic ex]cises p]=m$ by 8 f+]s2 & y see t ! p]=m] wi%es to impress ^u y t ! s\nds he is produc+ express v>i\s poetic /riv+s ( ! s\l4 ,y see 8 int5tion1 b no feel+ :atev] is transmitt$ to y except we>9ess4 ,! execution la/s long1 or at lea/ x seems v long to y1 because y d n receive any cle> impression1 & involunt>ily y rememb] ! words ( ,alphonse ,k>r1 ,plus a va vite1 plus a dure longtemps4#aae ,& x occurs to y t p]haps x is all a my/ification2 p]haps ! p]=m] is try+ y--j ?r[+ 8 h&s & f+]s wildly ab\t ! keybo>d 9 ! hope t y w fall into ! trap & praise him1 & !n he w laugh & confess t he only want$ to see if he c\ld hoax y4 ,b :5 at la/ ! piece does f9i%1 & ! p]spir+ & agitat$ musician rises f ! piano evid5tly anticipat+ praise1 y see t x 0 all done 9 e>ne/4 #aae ,! quick] x goes ! long] x la/s4 ,! same ?+ takes place at all ! conc]ts1 ) pieces by ,liszt1 ,wagn]1 ,b]lioz1 ,brahms1 & 7newe/ ( all7 ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 & ! numb]less o!r compos]s ( ! new s*ool1 :o unceas+ly produce op]a aft] op]a1 symphony aft] symphony1 piece aft] piece4 ,! same is occurr+ 9 a doma9 9 :i* x seem$ h>d to be un9telligible1--9 ! sph]e ( novels & %ort /ories4 ,read ,l ,bas1 by ,huysmans1 or "s ( ,kipl+'s %ort /ories1 or ,l',annonciateur1 by ,villi]s de l',isle ,adam 9 8 ,contes ,cruels1 etc41 & y w f9d !m n only abscons 7to use a ^w adopt$ by ! new writ]s71 b absolutely un9telligible bo? 9 =m & 9 sub/ance4 ,su*1 aga91 is ! "w by ,e4 ,morel1 ,t]re ,promise1 n[ appe>+ 9 ! ,revue ,blan*e1 & su* are mo/ ( ! new novels4 ,! /yle is v high-fl[n1 ! feel+s seem to be mo/ elevat$1 b y c't make out :at is happ5+1 to :om x is happ5+1 & :]e x is happ5+4 ,& su* is ! bulk ( ! "y art ( our "t4 ,p :o grew up 9 ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury1 admir+ ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,musset1 ,hugo1 ,dick5s1 ,bee?ov51 ,*op91 ,raphael1 da ,v9ci1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,del>o*e1 be+ unable to make head or tail ( ?is new art1 simply attribute its productions to ta/eless insanity1 & wi% to ignore !m4 ,b su* an attitude t[>d ?is new art is q unju/ifiable1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 t art is spread+ m & m1 & has already conqu]$ = itself a firm position 9 society1 simil> to ! "o occupi$ by ! ,romantici/s 9 ! ?ird decade ( ?is c5tury2 &1 secondly & *iefly1 because1 if x is p]missible to judge 9 ?is way ( ! productions ( ! late/ =m ( art1 call$ by u ,decad5t art1 m]ely because we d n und]/& x1 !n rememb] !re are an enorm\s numb] ( p1--all ! labor]s1 & _m ( ! non-labor+ folk1--:o1 9 j ! same way1 d n compreh5d ^? productions ( art :i* we consid] admirable3 ! v]ses ( our favorite arti/s--,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 & ,hugo2 ! novels ( ,dick5s1 ! music ( ,bee?ov5 & ,*op91 ! pictures ( ,raphael1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 da ,v9ci1 etc4 ,if ,i h a "r to ?9k t great masses ( p d n und]/& & d n l :at ,i consid] und\bt$ly good because !y are n suffici5tly develop$1 !n ,i h no "r to d5y t p]haps ! reason :y ,i _c und]/& & _c l ! new productions ( art is m]ely t ,i am /ill insuffici5tly develop$ to und]/& !m4 ,if ,i h a "r to say t ,i1 & ! majority ( p :o are 9 sympa?y ) me1 d n und]/& ! productions ( ! new art1 simply because !re is no?+ 9 x to und]/&1 & because x is bad art1 !n1 ) j ! same "r1 ! /ill l>g] majority1 ! :ole labor+ mass1 :o d n und]/& :at ,i consid] admirable art1 c say t :at ,i reckon z good art is bad art1 & !re is no?+ 9 x to und]/&4 ,i once saw ! inju/ice ( su* condemnation ( ! new art ) especial cle>ness1 :51 9 my pres5ce1 a c]ta9 poet1 :o writes incompreh5sible v]ses1 ridicul$ incompreh5sible music ) gay self-assurance2 &1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 a c]ta9 musician1 :o composes incompreh5sible symphonies1 laugh$ at incompreh5sible poetry ) equal self-confid5ce4 ,i h no "r1 & no au?ority1 to condemn ! new art on ! gr\nd t ,i 7a man educat$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury7 d n und]/& x2 ,i c only say t x is incompreh5sible to me4 ,! only advantage ! art ,i ackn[l$ge has ov] ! ,decad5t art1 lies 9 ! fact t ! art ,i recognize is compreh5sible to a some:at l>g] numb] ( p ?an ! pres5t-day art4 ,! fact t ,i am accu/om$ to a c]ta9 exclusive art1 & c und]/& x1 b am unable to und]/& ano!r /ill m exclusive art1 does n give me a "r to conclude t my art is ! real true art1 & t ! o!r "o1 :i* ,i d n und]/&1 is an unreal1 a bad art4 ,i c only conclude t art1 becom+ ev] m & m exclusive1 has become m & m incompreh5sible to an ev] increas+ numb] ( p1 & t1 9 ?is its progress t[>d great] & great] incompreh5sibility 7on "o level ( :i* ,i am /&+1 ) ! art famili> to me71 x has rea*$ a po9t :]e x is und]/ood by a v small numb] ( ! elect1 & ! numb] ( ^! *os5 p is ev] becom+ small] & small]4 ,z soon z ev] ! art ( ! upp] classes sep>at$ itself f univ]sal art1 a conviction arose t art may be art & yet be incompreh5sible to ! masses4 ,& z soon z ?is position 0 admitt$1 x _h inevitably to be admitt$ also t art may be intelligible only to ! v smalle/ numb] ( ! elect1 &1 ev5tually1 to two1 or to "o1 ( our ne>e/ fri5ds1 or to oneself alone4 ,:i* is practically :at is be+ said by mod]n arti/s3 ,i create & und]/& myself1 & if any "o does n und]/& me1 s mu* ! worse = him4 ,! ass]tion t art may be good art1 & at ! same "t incompreh5sible to a great numb] ( p1 is extremely unju/1 & its consequ5ces are ru9\s to art itself2 b at ! same "t x is s common & has s eat5 into our conceptions1 t x is impossible suffici5tly to elucidate all ! absurdity ( x4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to he> x said ( reput$ works ( art1 t !y are v good b v difficult to und]/&4 ,we are q us$ to su* ass]tions1 & yet to say t a "w ( art is good1 b incompreh5sible to ! majority ( m51 is ! same z say+ ( "s k9d ( food t x is v good1 b t mo/ p c't eat x4 ,! majority ( m5 may n l rott5 *eese or putrefy+ gr\se--di%es e/eem$ by p ) p]v]t$ ta/es2 b bread & fruit are only good :5 !y please ! majority ( m54 ,& x is ! same ) art4 ,p]v]t$ art may n please ! majority ( m51 b good art always pleases e "o4 ,x is said t ! v be/ works ( art are su* t !y _c be und]/ood by ! mass1 b are accessible only to ! elect :o are prep>$ to und]/& ^! great works4 ,b if ! majority ( m5 d n und]/&1 ! k necess>y to enable !m to und]/& %\ld be taught & expla9$ to !m4 ,b x turns out t !re is no su* k1 t ! works _c be expla9$1 & t ^? :o say ! majority d n und]/& good works ( art1 /ill d n expla9 ^? works1 b only tell u t1 9 ord] to und]/& !m1 "o mu/ read1 & see1 & he> ^! same works ov] & ov] aga94 ,b ?is is n to expla91 x is only to habituate6 ,& p may habituate !mselves to any?+1 ev5 to ! v wor/ ?+s4 ,z p may habituate !mselves to bad food1 to spirits1 tobacco1 & opium1 j 9 ! same way !y may habituate !mselves to bad art--& t is exactly :at is be+ done4 ,moreov]1 x _c be said t ! majority ( p lack ! ta/e to e/eem ! highe/ works ( art4 ,! majority always h und]/ood1 & /ill und]/&1 :at we also recognize z be+ ! v be/ art3 ! epic ( ,g5esis1 ! gospel p>ables1 folk-leg5ds1 fairy-tales1 & folk-songs1 are und]/ood by all4 ,h[ c x be t ! majority has sudd5ly lo/ its capacity to und]/& :at is high 9 our art8 ,( a spee* x may be said t x is admirable1 b incompreh5sible to ^? :o d n "k ! language 9 :i* x is deliv]$4 ,a spee* deliv]$ 9 ,*9ese may be excell5t1 & may yet rema9 incompreh5sible to me if ,i d n "k ,*9ese2 b :at di/+ui%es a "w ( art f all o!r m5tal activity is j ! fact t its language is und]/ood by all1 & t x infects all )\t di/9ction4 ,! te>s & laught] ( a ,*9ese infect me j z ! laught] & te>s ( a ,russian2 & x is ! same ) pa9t+ & music & poetry1 :5 x is translat$ into a language ,i und]/&4 ,! songs ( a ,kirghiz or ( a ,japanese t\* me1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree ?an !y t\* a ,kirghiz or a ,japanese4 ,i am also t\*$ by ,japanese pa9t+1 ,indian ar*itecture1 & ,arabian /ories4 ,if ,i am b little t\*$ by a ,japanese song & a ,*9ese novel1 x is n t ,i d n und]/& ^! productions1 b t ,i "k & am accu/om$ to high] works ( art4 ,x is n because _! art is above me4 ,great works ( art are only great because !y are accessible & compreh5sible to e "o4 ,! /ory ( ,joseph1 translat$ into ! ,*9ese language1 t\*es a ,*9ese4 ,! /ory ( ,sakya ,muni t\*es u4 ,& !re are1 & mu/ be1 build+s1 pictures1 /atues1 & music ( simil> p[]4 ,s t1 if art fails to move m51 x _c be said t ?is is due to ! spectators' or he>]s' lack ( und]/&+2 b ! conclusion to be drawn may & %\ld be1 t su* art is ei!r bad art1 or is n art at all4 ,art is diff]5tiat$ f activity ( ! und]/&+1 :i* dem&s prep>ation & a c]ta9 sequ5ce ( k 7s t "o _c le>n trigonometry be=e kn[+ geometry71 by ! fact t x acts on p indep5d5tly ( _! /ate ( developm5t & education1 t ! *>m ( a picture1 s\nds1 or ( =ms1 infects any man :atev] 8 plane ( developm5t4 ,! bus9ess ( art lies j 9 ?is1--to make t und]/ood & felt :i*1 9 ! =m ( an argum5t1 might be incompreh5sible & inaccessible4 ,usually x seems to ! recipi5t ( a truly arti/ic impression t he knew ! ?+ be=e b _h be5 unable to express x4 ,& su* has always be5 ! nature ( good1 supreme art2 ! ,iliad1 ! ,odyssey1 ! /ories ( ,isaac1 ,jacob1 & ,joseph1 ! ,hebrew prophets1 ! psalms1 ! gospel p>ables1 ! /ory ( ,sakya ,muni1 & ! hymns ( ! ,v$as3 all transmit v elevat$ feel+s1 & are nev]!less q compreh5sible n[ to u1 educat$ or un$ucat$1 z !y 7 compreh5sible to ! m5 ( ^? times1 long ago1 :o 7 ev5 less educat$ ?an our labor]s4 ,p talk ab\t incompreh5sibility2 b if art is ! transmission ( feel+s fl[+ f man's religi\s p]ception1 h[ c a feel+ be incompreh5sible :i* is f\nd$ on religion1 i4e4 on man's relation to ,god8 ,su* art %\ld be1 & has actually always be51 compreh5sible to ev]ybody1 because e man's relation to ,god is "o & ! same4 ,& !re=e ! *ur*es & ! images 9 !m 7 always compreh5sible to e "o4 ,! h9drance to und]/&+ ! be/ & highe/ feel+s 7z is said 9 ! gospel7 does n at all lie 9 defici5cy ( developm5t or le>n+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 false developm5t & false le>n+4 ,a good & l(ty "w ( art may be incompreh5sible1 b n to simple1 unp]v]t$ peasant labor]s 7all t is highe/ is und]/ood by !m7--x may be1 & (t5 is1 un9telligible to erudite1 p]v]t$ p de/itute ( religion4 ,& ?is cont9ually occurs 9 our society1 9 :i* ! highe/ feel+s are simply n und]/ood4 ,= in/ance1 ,i "k p :o consid] !mselves mo/ ref9$1 & :o say t !y d n und]/& ! poetry ( love to "o's neighbor1 ( self-sacrifice1 or ( *a/ity4 ,s t good1 great1 univ]sal1 religi\s art may be incompreh5sible to a small circle ( spoilt p1 b c]ta9ly n to any l>ge numb] ( pla9 m54 ,art _c be incompreh5sible to ! great masses only because x is v good--z arti/s ( our day are fond ( tell+ u4 ,r we are b\nd to conclude t ?is art is un9telligible to ! great masses only because x is v bad art1 or ev5 is n art at all4 ,s t ! favorite argum5t 7navely accept$ by ! cultur$ cr[d71 t 9 ord] to feel art "o has fir/ to und]/& x 7:i* really only means habituate oneself to x71 is ! true/ indication t :at we are ask$ to und]/& by su* a me?od is ei!r v bad1 exclusive art1 or is n art at all4 ,p say t works ( art d n please ! p because !y are incapable ( und]/&+ !m4 ,b if ! aim ( works ( art is to infect p ) ! emotion ! arti/ has exp]i5c$1 h[ c "o talk ab\t n und]/&+8 ,a man ( ! p reads a book1 sees a picture1 he>s a play or a symphony1 & is t\*$ by no feel+4 ,he is told t ?is is because he _c und]/&4 ,p promise to let a man see a c]ta9 %[2 he ent]s & sees no?+4 ,he is told t ?is is because 8 sight is n prep>$ = ?is %[4 ,b ! man well kn[s t he sees q well1 & if he does n see :at p promis$ to %[ him1 he only concludes 7z is q j7 t ^? :o und]took to %[ him ! spectacle h n fulfill$ _! engagem5t4 ,& x is p]fectly j = a man :o does feel ! influ5ce ( "s works ( art to come to ?is conclusion conc]n+ arti/s :o d n1 by _! works1 evoke feel+ 9 him4 ,to say t ! reason a man is n t\*$ by my art is because he is /ill too /upid1 besides be+ v self-conceit$ & also rude1 is to rev]se ! rles1 & = ! sick to s5d ! hale to b$4 ,voltaire said t ,t\s les g5res sont bons1 hors le g5re ennuyeux2#aaf b ) ev5 m "r "o may say ( art t ,t\s les g5res sont bons1 hors celui qu'on ne compr5d pas1 or qui ne produit pas son effet1#aag = ( :at value is an article :i* fails to d t = :i* x 0 int5d$8 #aaf ,all /yles are good except ! we>isome /yle4 #aag ,all /yles are good except t :i* is n und]/ood1 or :i* fails to produce its effect4 ,m>k ?is above all3 if only x be admitt$ t art may be art & yet be un9telligible to any "o ( s\nd m9d1 !re is no reason :y any circle ( p]v]t$ p %\ld n compose works tickl+ _! own p]v]t$ feel+s & compreh5sible to no "o b !mselves1 & call x art1 z is actually be+ done by ! s-call$ ,decad5ts4 ,! direction art has tak5 may be comp>$ to plac+ on a l>ge circle o!r circles1 small] & small]1 until a cone is =m$1 ! apex ( :i* is no long] a circle at all4 ,t is :at has happ5$ to ! art ( our times4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,becom+ ev] poor] & poor] 9 subject-matt]1 & m & m un9telligible 9 =m1 ! art ( ! upp] classes1 9 its late/ productions1 has ev5 lo/ all ! *>act]i/ics ( art1 & has be5 replac$ by imitations ( art4 ,n only has upp]-class art1 9 consequ5ce ( its sep>ation f univ]sal art1 become poor 9 subject-matt]1 & bad 9 =m1 i4e4 ev] m & m un9telligible1 x has1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ceas$ ev5 to be art at all1 & has be5 replac$ by c\nt]feits4 ,?is has result$ f ! foll[+ causes3 ,univ]sal art arises only :5 "s "o ( ! p1 hav+ exp]i5c$ a /rong emotion1 feels ! necessity ( transmitt+ x to o!rs4 ,! art ( ! ri* classes1 on ! o!r h&1 arises n f ! arti/'s inn] impulse1 b *iefly because p ( ! upp] classes dem& amusem5t & pay well = x4 ,!y dem& f art ! transmission ( feel+s t please !m1 & ?is dem& arti/s try to meet4 ,b x is a v difficult task2 = p ( ! weal?y classes1 sp5d+ _! lives 9 idl5ess & luxury1 desire to be cont9ually div]t$ by art2 & art1 ev5 ! l[e/1 _c be produc$ at w1 b has to g5]ate spontane\sly 9 ! arti/'s inn] self4 ,& !re=e1 to satisfy ! dem&s ( p ( ! upp] classes1 arti/s h _h to devise me?ods ( produc+ imitations ( art4 ,& su* me?ods h be5 devis$4 ,^! me?ods are ^? ( 7#a7 borr[+1 7#b7 imitat+1 7#c7 /rik+ 7effects71 & 7#d7 int]e/+4 ,! fir/ me?od consi/s 9 borr[+ :ole subjects1 or m]ely sep>ate features1 f =m] works recogniz$ by e "o z be+ poetical1 & 9 s re-%ap+ !m1 ) sundry additions1 t !y %\ld h an appe>ance ( novelty4 ,su* works1 evok+ 9 p ( a c]ta9 class memories ( arti/ic feel+s =m]ly exp]i5c$1 produce an impression simil> to art1 &1 provid$ only t !y con=m to o!r ne$ful conditions1 !y pass = art among ^? :o seek = pleasure f art4 ,subjects borr[$ f previ\s works ( art are usually call$ poetical subjects4 ,objects & p ?us borr[$ are call$ poetical objects & p4 ,?us1 9 our circle1 all sorts ( leg5ds1 sagas1 & anci5t traditions are consid]$ poetical subjects4 ,among poetical p & objects we reckon maid5s1 w>riors1 %eph]ds1 h]mits1 angels1 devils ( all sorts1 moonlight1 ?und]1 m\nta9s1 ! sea1 precipices1 fl[]s1 long hair1 lions1 lambs1 doves1 & night+ales4 ,9 g5]al1 all ^? objects are consid]$ poetical :i* h be5 mo/ frequ5tly us$ by =m] arti/s 9 _! productions4 ,"s =ty ye>s ago a /upid b highly cultur$--ayant beauc\p d'acquis--lady 7s9ce deceas$7 ask$ me to li/5 to a novel writt5 by h]self4 ,x began ) a h]o9e :o1 9 a poetic :ite dress1 & ) poetically fl[+ hair1 0 read+ poetry ne> "s wat] 9 a poetic wood4 ,! sc5e 0 9 ,russia1 b sudd5ly f beh9d ! bu%es ! h]o appe>s1 we>+ a hat ) a fea!r la ,guillaume ,tell 7! book specially m5tion$ ?is7 & accompani$ by two poetical :ite dogs4 ,! au?oress deem$ all ?is highly poetical1 & x might h pass$ mu/] if only x _h n be5 necess>y = ! h]o to speak4 ,b z soon z ! g5tleman 9 ! hat la ,guillaume ,tell began to conv]se ) ! maid5 9 ! :ite dress1 x became obvi\s t ! au?oress _h no?+ to say1 b _h m]ely be5 mov$ by poetic memories ( o!r works1 & imag9$ t by r++ ! *anges on ^? memories %e c\ld produce an arti/ic impression4 ,b an arti/ic impression1 i4e4 infection1 is only receiv$ :5 an au?or has1 9 ! mann] peculi> to himself1 exp]i5c$ ! feel+ :i* he transmits1 & n :5 he passes on ano!r man's feel+ previ\sly transmitt$ to him4 ,su* poetry f poetry _c infect p1 x c only simulate a "w ( art1 & ev5 t only to p ( p]v]t$ /hetic ta/e4 ,! lady 9 "q be+ v /upid & devoid ( tal5t1 x 0 at once app>5t h[ ! case /ood2 b :5 su* borr[+ is resort$ to by p :o are erudite & tal5t$ & h cultivat$ ! te*nique ( _! art1 we get ^? borr[+s f ! ,greek1 ! antique1 ! ,*ri/ian or my?ological _w :i* h become s num]\s1 & :i*1 p>ticul>ly 9 our day1 cont9ue to increase & multiply1 & are accept$ by ! public z works ( art1 if only ! borr[+s are well m\nt$ by means ( ! te*nique ( ! p>ticul> art to :i* !y belong4 ,z a *>act]i/ic example ( su* c\nt]feits ( art 9 ! realm ( poetry1 take ,ro/&'s ,pr9cesse ,lo9ta9e1 9 :i* !re is n a sp>k ( art1 b :i* seems v poetical to _m p1 & probably also to its au?or4 ,! second me?od ( imp>t+ a semblance ( art is t :i* ,i h call$ imitat+4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is me?od consi/s 9 supply+ details accompany+ ! ?+ describ$ or depict$4 ,9 lit]>y art ?is me?od consi/s 9 describ+1 9 ! m9ute/ details1 ! ext]nal appe>ance1 ! faces1 ! clo!s1 ! ge/ures1 ! tones1 & ! habitations ( ! *>act]s repres5t$1 ) all ! occurr5ces met ) 9 life4 ,= in/ance1 9 novels & /ories1 :5 "o ( ! *>act]s speaks1 we are told 9 :at voice he spoke1 & :at he 0 do+ at ! "t4 ,& ! ?+s said are n giv5 s t !y %\ld h z mu* s5se z possible1 b1 z !y are 9 life1 disconnect$ly1 & ) int]ruptions & omissions4 ,9 dramatic art1 besides su* imitation ( real spee*1 ?is me?od consi/s 9 hav+ all ! accessories & all ! p j l ^? 9 real life4 ,9 pa9t+1 ?is me?od assimilates pa9t+ to photography1 & de/roys ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,&1 /range to say1 ?is me?od is us$ also 9 music3 music tries to imitate1 n only by its rhy?m b also by its v s\nds1 ! s\nds :i* 9 real life accompany ! ?+ x wi%es to repres5t4 ,! ?ird me?od is by action1 (t5 purely physical1 on ! out] s5ses4 ,"w ( ?is k9d is said to be /rik+1 effectful4 ,9 all arts ^! effects consi/ *iefly 9 contra/s2 9 br++ toge!r ! t]rible & ! t5d]1 ! beautiful & ! hide\s1 ! l\d & ! s(t1 d>kness & light1 ! mo/ ord9>y & ! mo/ extraord9>y4 ,9 v]bal art1 besides effects ( contra/1 !re are also effects consi/+ 9 ! description ( ?+s t h nev] be=e be5 describ$4 ,^! are usually pornographic details evok+ sexual desire1 or details ( suff]+ & dea? evok+ feel+s ( horror1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 describ+ a murd]1 to give a detail$ m$ical acc\nt ( ! lac]at$ tissues1 ( ! swell+s1 ( ! smell1 quantity1 & appe>ance ( ! blood4 ,x is ! same 9 pa9t+3 besides all k9ds ( o!r contra/s1 "o is com+ into vogue :i* consi/s 9 giv+ c>eful f9i% to "o object & be+ c>eless ab\t all ! re/4 ,! *ief & usual effects 9 pa9t+ are effects ( light & ! depiction ( ! horrible4 ,9 ! drama1 ! mo/ common effects1 besides contra/s1 are tempe/s1 ?und]1 moonlight1 sc5es at sea or by ! sea%ore1 *anges ( co/ume1 exposure ( ! female body1 madness1 murd]s1 & dea? g5]ally3 ! dy+ p]son exhibit+ 9 detail all ! phases ( agony4 ,9 music ! mo/ usual effects are a cresc5do1 pass+ f ! s(te/ & simple/ s\nds to ! l\de/ & mo/ complex cra% ( ! full or*e/ra2 a repetition ( ! same s\nds arpeggio 9 all ! octaves & on v>i\s in/rum5ts2 or t ! h>mony1 tone1 & rhy?m be n at all ^? naturally fl[+ f ! c\rse ( ! musical ?\ght1 b su* z /rike "o by _! unexpect$ness4 ,besides ^!1 ! commone/ effects 9 music are produc$ 9 a purely physical mann] by /r5g? ( s\nd1 especially 9 an or*e/ra4 ,su* are "s ( ! mo/ usual effects 9 ! v>i\s arts1 b !re yet rema9s "o common to !m all2 namely1 to convey by means ( "o art :at x w\ld be natural to convey by ano!r3 = in/ance1 to make music describe 7z is done by ! programme music ( ,wagn] & 8 foll[]s71 or to make pa9t+1 ! drama1 or poetry1 induce a frame ( m9d 7z is aim$ at by all ! ,decad5t art74 ,! f\r? me?od is t ( int]e/+ 7t is1 absorb+ ! m9d7 9 connection ) works ( art4 ,! int]e/ may lie 9 an intricate plot--a me?od till q rec5tly mu* employ$ 9 ,engli% novels & ,fr5* plays1 b n[ go+ out ( fa%ion & be+ replac$ by au!nticity1 i4e4 by detail$ description ( "s hi/orical p]iod or "s bran* ( contempor>y life4 ,= example1 9 a novel1 int]e/+ness may consi/ 9 a description ( ,egyptian or ,roman life1 ! life ( m9]s1 or t ( ! cl]ks 9 a l>ge %op4 ,! read] becomes int]e/$ & mi/akes ?is int]e/ = an arti/ic impression4 ,! int]e/ may also dep5d on ! v me?od ( expression2 a k9d ( int]e/ t has n[ come mu* into use4 ,bo? v]se & prose1 z well z pictures1 plays1 & music1 are con/ruct$ s t !y mu/ be guess$ l riddles1 & ?is process ( guess+ aga9 af=ds pleasure & gives a semblance ( ! feel+ receiv$ f art4 ,x is v (t5 said t a "w ( art is v good because x is poetic1 or reali/ic1 or /rik+1 or int]e/+2 :]eas n only c nei!r ! fir/1 nor ! second1 nor ! ?ird1 nor ! f\r? ( ^! attributes supply a /&>d ( excell5ce 9 art1 b !y h n ev5 any?+ 9 common ) art4 ,poetic--means borr[$4 ,all borr[+ m]ely recalls to ! read]1 spectator1 or li/5] "s dim recollection ( arti/ic impressions !y h receiv$ f previ\s works ( art1 & does n infect !m ) feel+ :i* ! arti/ has himself exp]i5c$4 ,a "w f\nd$ on some?+ borr[$1 l ,goe!'s ,fau/1 = in/ance1 may be v well execut$ & be full ( m9d & e beauty1 b because x lacks ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( a "w ( art--complet5ess1 on5ess1 ! insep>able unity ( =m & cont5ts express+ ! feel+ ! arti/ has exp]i5c$--x _c produce a really arti/ic impression4 ,9 avail+ himself ( ?is me?od1 ! arti/ only transmits ! feel+ receiv$ by him f a previ\s "w ( art2 !re=e e borr[+1 :e!r x be ( :ole subjects1 or ( v>i\s sc5es1 situations1 or descriptions1 is b a reflection ( art1 a simulation ( x1 b n art itself4 ,& !re=e1 to say t a c]ta9 production is good because x is poetic--i4e4 resembles a "w ( art--is l say+ ( a co9 t x is good because x resembles real money4 ,equally little c imitation1 realism1 s]ve1 z _m p ?9k1 z a measure ( ! quality ( art4 ,imitation _c be su* a measure2 = ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( art is ! infection ( o!rs ) ! feel+s ! arti/ has exp]i5c$1 & infection ) a feel+ is n only n id5tical ) description ( ! accessories ( :at is transmitt$1 b is usually h9d]$ by sup]flu\s details4 ,! att5tion ( ! receiv] ( ! arti/ic impression is div]t$ by all ^! well-obs]v$ details1 & !y h9d] ! transmission ( feel+ ev5 :5 x exi/s4 ,to value a "w ( art by ! degree ( its realism1 by ! accuracy ( ! details reproduc$1 is z /range z to judge ( ! nutritive quality ( food by its ext]nal appe>ance4 ,:5 we appraise a "w accord+ to its realism1 we only %[ t we are talk+1 n ( a "w ( art1 b ( its c\nt]feit4 ,nei!r does ! ?ird me?od ( imitat+ art--by ! use ( :at is /rik+ or effectual--co9cide ) real art any bett] ?an ! two =m] me?ods2 = 9 effectfulness--! effects ( novelty1 ( ! unexpect$1 ( contra/s1 ( ! horrible--!re is no transmission ( feel+1 b only an action on ! n]ves4 ,if an arti/ 7 to pa9t a bloody w\nd admirably1 ! sight ( ! w\nd w\ld /rike me1 b x w\ld n be art4 ,"o prolong$ note on a p[]ful organ w produce a /rik+ impression1 w (t5 ev5 cause te>s1 b !re is no music 9 x1 because no feel+ is transmitt$4 ,yet su* physiological effects are con/antly mi/ak5 = art by p ( our circle1 & ?is n only 9 music1 b also 9 poetry1 pa9t+1 & ! drama4 ,x is said t art has become ref9$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?anks to ! pursuit ( effectfulness1 x has become v co>se4 ,a new piece is br\ght out & accept$ all ov] ,europe1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ,hannele1 9 :i* play ! au?or wi%es to transmit to ! spectators pity = a p]secut$ girl4 ,to evoke ?is feel+ 9 ! audi5ce by means ( art1 ! au?or %\ld ei!r make "o ( ! *>act]s express ?is pity 9 su* a way z to infect e "o1 or he %\ld describe ! girl's feel+s correctly4 ,b he _c1 or w n1 d ?is1 & *ooses ano!r way1 m complicat$ 9 /age managem5t1 b easi] = ! au?or4 ,he makes ! girl die on ! /age2 &1 /ill fur!r to increase ! physiological effect on ! spectators1 he ext+ui%es ! lights 9 ! !at]1 leav+ ! audi5ce 9 ! d>k1 & to ! s\nd ( dismal music he %[s h[ ! girl is pursu$ & beat5 by h] drunk5 fa!r4 ,! girl %r9ks--screams--groans--& falls4 ,angels appe> & c>ry h] away4 ,& ! audi5ce1 exp]i5c+ "s excitem5t :ile ?is is go+ on1 are fully conv9c$ t ?is is true /hetic feel+4 ,b !re is no?+ /hetic 9 su* excitem5t2 = !re is no infect+ ( man by man1 b only a m+l$ feel+ ( pity = ano!r1 & ( self-congratulation t x is n ,i :o am suff]+3 x is l :at we feel at ! sight ( an execution1 or :at ! ,romans felt 9 _! circuses4 ,! sub/itution ( effectfulness = /hetic feel+ is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 musical art--t art :i* by its nature has an imm$iate physiological action on ! n]ves4 ,in/ead ( transmitt+ by means ( a melody ! feel+s he has exp]i5c$1 a compos] ( ! new s*ool accumulates & complicates s\nds1 & by n[ /r5g!n+1 n[ weak5+ !m1 he produces on ! audi5ce a physiological effect ( a k9d t c be measur$ by an app>atus inv5t$ = ! purpose4#aah ,& ! public mi/ake ?is physiological effect = ! effect ( art4 #aah ,an app>atus exi/s by means ( :i* a v s5sitive arr[1 9 dep5d5ce on ! t5sion ( a muscle ( ! arm1 w indicate ! physiological action ( music on ! n]ves & muscles4 ,z to ! f\r? me?od--t ( int]e/+--x also is frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) art4 ,"o (t5 he>s x said1 n only ( a poem1 a novel1 or a picture1 b ev5 ( a musical "w1 t x is int]e/+4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,to speak ( an int]e/+ "w ( art means ei!r t we receive f a "w ( art in=mation new to u1 or t ! "w is n fully intelligible1 & t little by little1 & ) ef=t1 we arrive at its mean+1 & exp]i5ce a c]ta9 pleasure 9 ?is process ( guess+ x4 ,9 nei!r case has ! int]e/ any?+ 9 common ) arti/ic impression4 ,art aims at infect+ p ) feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,b ! m5tal ef=t necess>y to enable ! spectator1 li/5]1 or read] to assimilate ! new in=mation conta9$ 9 ! "w1 or to guess ! puzzles prop\nd$1 by di/ract+ him1 h9d]s ! infection4 ,& !re=e ! int]e/+ness ( a "w1 n only has no?+ to d ) its excell5ce z a "w ( art1 b r h9d]s ?an assi/s arti/ic impression4 ,we may1 9 a "w ( art1 meet ) :at is poetic1 & reali/ic1 & /rik+1 & int]e/+1 b ^! ?+s _c replace ! ess5tial ( art1--feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,latt]ly1 9 upp]-class art1 mo/ ( ! objects giv5 out z be+ works ( art are ( ! k9d :i* only resemble art1 & are devoid ( its ess5tial quality1--feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,&1 = ! div]sion ( ! ri*1 su* objects are cont9ually be+ produc$ 9 enorm\s quantities by ! artisans ( art4 ,_m conditions mu/ be fulfill$ to enable a man to produce a real "w ( art4 ,x is necess>y t he %\ld /& on ! level ( ! highe/ life-conception ( 8 "t1 t he %\ld exp]i5ce feel+ & h ! desire & capacity to transmit x1 & t he %\ld1 moreov]1 h a tal5t = "s "o ( ! =ms ( art4 ,x is v seldom t all ^! conditions necess>y to ! production ( true art are comb9$4 ,b 9 ord]--aid$ by ! cu/om>y me?ods ( borr[+1 imitat+1 introduc+ effects1 & int]e/+--unceas+ly to produce c\nt]feits ( art :i* pass = art 9 our society & are well paid =1 x is only necess>y to h a tal5t = "s bran* ( art2 & ?is is v (t5 to be met )4 ,by tal5t ,i mean ability3 9 lit]>y art1 ! ability to express "o's ?\ghts & impressions easily & to notice & rememb] *>act]i/ic details2 9 ! depictive arts1 to di/+ui% & rememb] l9es1 =ms1 & colors2 9 music1 to di/+ui% ! int]vals1 & to rememb] & transmit ! sequ5ce ( s\nds4 ,& a man1 9 our times1 if only he possesses su* a tal5t & selects "s specialty1 may1 aft] le>n+ ! me?ods ( c\nt]feit+ us$ 9 8 bran* ( art1--if he has pati5ce & if 8 /hetic feel+ 7:i* w\ld r5d] su* productions revolt+ to him7 be atrophi$1--unceas+ly1 till ! end ( 8 life1 turn out works :i* w pass = art 9 our society4 ,to produce su* c\nt]feits1 def9ite rules or recipes exi/ 9 ea* bran* ( art4 ,s t ! tal5t$ man1 hav+ assimilat$ !m1 may produce su* works froid1 cold drawn1 )\t any feel+4 ,9 ord] to write poems a man ( lit]>y tal5t ne$s only ^! qualifications3 to acquire ! knack1 con=mably ) ! requirem5ts ( rhyme & rhy?m1 ( us+1 in/ead ( ! "o really suitable ^w1 t5 o!rs mean+ approximately ! same2 to le>n h[ to take any phrase :i*1 to be cle>1 has b "o natural ord] ( words1 & despite all possible dislocations /ill to reta9 "s s5se 9 x2 & la/ly1 to be able1 guid$ by ! words requir$ = ! rhymes1 to devise "s semblance ( ?\ghts1 feel+s1 or descriptions to suit ^! words4 ,hav+ acquir$ ^! qualifications1 he may unceas+ly produce poems--%ort or long1 religi\s1 amatory1 or patriotic1 accord+ to ! dem&4 ,if a man ( lit]>y tal5t wi%es to write a /ory or novel1 he ne$ only =m 8 /yle--i4e4 le>n h[ to describe all t he sees--& accu/om himself to rememb] or note d[n details4 ,:5 he has accu/om$ himself to ?is1 he c1 accord+ to 8 incl9ation or ! dem&1 unceas+ly produce novels or /ories--hi/orical1 naturali/ic1 social1 erotic1 psy*ological1 or ev5 religi\s1 = :i* latt] k9d a dem& & fa%ion beg9s to %[ itself4 ,he c take subjects f books or f ! ev5ts ( life1 & c copy ! *>act]s ( ! p 9 8 book f 8 acqua9tances4 ,& su* novels & /ories1 if only !y are deck$ out ) well-obs]v$ & c>efully not$ details1 pref]ably erotic ones1 w be consid]$ works ( art1 ev5 ?\gh !y may n conta9 a sp>k ( feel+ exp]i5c$4 ,to produce art 9 dramatic =m1 a tal5t$ man1 9 addition to all t is requir$ = novels & /ories1 mu/ also le>n to furni% 8 *>act]s ) z _m sm>t & witty s5t5ces z possible1 mu/ "k h[ to utilize !atrical effects1 & h[ to entw9e ! action ( 8 *>act]s s t !re %\ld n be any long conv]sations1 b z mu* bu/le & movem5t on ! /age z possible4 ,if ! writ] is able to d ?is1 he may produce dramatic works "o aft] ano!r )\t /opp+1 select+ 8 subjects f ! reports ( ! law c\rts1 or f ! late/ society topic1 su* z hypnotism1 h]$ity1 etc41 or f deep antiquity1 or ev5 f ! realms ( fancy4 ,9 ! sph]e ( pa9t+ & sculpture x is /ill easi] = ! tal5t$ man to produce imitations ( art4 ,he ne$ only le>n to draw1 pa9t1 & model--especially nak$ bodies4 ,?us equipp$ he c cont9ue to pa9t pictures1 or model /atues1 "o aft] ano!r1 *oos+ subjects accord+ to 8 b5t--my?ological1 or religi\s1 or fanta/ic1 or symbolical2 or he may depict :at is writt5 ab\t 9 ! pap]s--a coronation1 a /rike1 ! ,turko-,grecian w>1 fam9e sc5es2 or1 commone/ ( all1 he may j copy any?+ he ?9ks beautiful--f nak$ wom5 to copp] bas9s4 ,= ! production ( musical art ! tal5t$ man ne$s /ill less ( :at con/itutes ! ess5ce ( art1 i4e4 feel+ :]e) to infect o!rs3 b on ! o!r h&1 he requires m physical1 gymna/ic labor ?an = any o!r art1 unless x be danc+4 ,to produce works ( musical art1 he mu/ fir/ le>n to move 8 f+]s on "s in/rum5t z rapidly z ^? :o h rea*$ ! highe/ p]fection2 next1 he mu/ "k h[ 9 =m] times polyphonic music 0 writt51 mu/ /udy :at are call$ c\nt]po9t & fugue2 &1 fur!rmore1 he mu/ le>n or*e/ration1 i4e4 h[ to utilize ! effects ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,b once he has le>n$ all ?is1 ! compos] may unceas+ly produce "o "w aft] ano!r2 :e!r programme-music1 op]a1 or song 7devis+ s\nds m or less correspond+ to ! words71 or *amb] music1 i4e4 he may take ano!r man's !mes & "w !m up into def9ite =ms by means ( c\nt]po9t & fugue2 or1 :at is commone/ ( all1 he may compose fanta/ic music1 i4e4 he may take a conjunction ( s\nds :i* happ5s to come to h&1 & pile e sort ( complication & ornam5tation on to ?is *ance comb9ation4 ,?us1 9 all realms ( art1 c\nt]feits ( art are manufactur$ to a ready-made1 pre>rang$ recipe1 & ^! c\nt]feits ! public ( our upp] classes accept = real art4 ,& ?is sub/itution ( c\nt]feits = real works ( art 0 ! ?ird & mo/ important consequ5ce ( ! sep>ation ( ! art ( ! upp] classes f univ]sal art4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,9 our society ?ree conditions cop]ate to cause ! production ( objects ( c\nt]feit art4 ,!y are--7#a7 ! consid]able remun]ation ( arti/s = _! productions1 & ! pr(essionalization ( arti/s :i* ?is has produc$1 7#b7 art criticism1 & 7#c7 s*ools ( art4 ,:ile art 0 z yet undivid$1 & only religi\s art 0 valu$ & rew>d$ :ile indiscrim9ate art 0 left unrew>d$1 !re 7 no c\nt]feits ( art1 or1 if any exi/$1 be+ expos$ to ! criticism ( ! :ole p1 !y quickly disappe>$4 ,b z soon z t division occurr$1 & ! upp] classes acclaaim$ e k9d ( art z good if only x af=d$ !m pleasure1 & began to rew>d su* art m highly ?an any o!r social activity1 imm$iately a l>ge numb] ( p devot$ !mselves to ?is activity1 & art assum$ q a diff]5t "*1 & became a pr(ession4 ,& z soon z ?is occurr$1 ! *ief & mo/ preci\s quality ( art--its s9c]ity--0 at once greatly weak5$ & ev5tually q de/roy$4 ,! pr(essional arti/ lives by 8 art1 & has cont9ually to inv5t subjects = 8 works1 & does inv5t !m4 ,& x is obvi\s h[ great a diff]5ce mu/ exi/ betwe5 works ( art produc$ on ! "o h& by m5 su* z ! ,jewi% prophets1 ! au?ors ( ! ,psalms1 ,francis ( ,assisi1 ! au?ors ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ( folk-/ories1 leg5ds1 & folk-songs1 _m ( :om n only receiv$ no remun]ation = _! "w1 b did n ev5 atta* _! names to x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 works produc$ by c\rt poets1 dramati/s & musicians receiv+ honors & remun]ation2 & lat] on by pr(essional arti/s1 :o liv$ by ! trade1 receiv+ remun]ation f newspap] editors1 publi%]s1 impres>ios1 & 9 g5]al f ^? ag5ts :o come betwe5 ! arti/s & ! t[n public--! consum]s ( art4 ,pr(essionalism is ! fir/ condition ( ! diffusion ( false1 c\nt]feit art4 ,! second condition is ! gr[?1 9 rec5t times1 ( arti/ic criticism1 i4e4 ! valuation ( art1 n by ev]ybody1 &1 above all1 n by pla9 m51 b by erudite1 t is1 by p]v]t$ & at ! same "t self-confid5t individuals4 ,a fri5d ( m9e1 speak+ ( ! relation ( critics to arti/s1 half jok+ly def9$ x ?us3 ,critics are ! /upid :o discuss ! wise4 ,h[ev] p>tial1 inexact1 & rude ?is def9ition may be1 x is yet p>tly true1 & is incomp>ably ju/] ?an ! def9ition :i* consid]s critics to be m5 :o c expla9 works ( art4 ,critics expla96 ,:at d !y expla98 ,! arti/1 if a real arti/1 has by 8 "w transmitt$ to o!rs ! feel+ he exp]i5c$4 ,:at is !re1 !n1 to expla98 ,if a "w be good z art1 !n ! feel+ express$ by ! arti/--be x moral or immoral--transmits itself to o!r p4 ,if transmitt$ to o!rs1 !n !y feel x1 & all int]pretations are sup]flu\s4 ,if ! "w does n infect p1 no explanation c make x contagi\s4 ,an arti/'s "w _c be int]pret$4 ,_h x be5 possible to expla9 9 words :at he wi%$ to convey1 ! arti/ w\ld h express$ himself 9 words4 ,he express$ x by 8 art only because ! feel+ he exp]i5c$ c\ld n be o!rwise transmitt$4 ,! int]pretation ( works ( art by words only indicates t ! int]pret] is himself incapable ( feel+ ! infection ( art4 ,& ?is is actually ! case2 =1 h[ev] /range x may seem to say s1 critics h always be5 p less susceptible ?an o!r m5 to ! contagion ( art4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y are able writ]s1 educat$ & clev]1 b ) _! capacity ( be+ infect$ by art q p]v]t$ or atrophi$4 ,& !re=e _! writ+s h always l>gely contribut$1 & /ill contribute1 to ! p]v]sion ( ! ta/e ( t public :i* reads !m & tru/s !m4 ,arti/ic criticism did n exi/--c\ld n & _c exi/--9 societies :]e art is undivid$1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 x is apprais$ by ! religi\s und]/&+ ( life common to ! :ole p4 ,art criticism grew1 & c\ld gr[1 only on ! art ( ! upp] classes1 :o did n ackn[l$ge ! religi\s p]ception ( _! "t4 ,univ]sal art has a def9ite & indubitable int]nal crit]ion1--religi\s p]ception2 upp]-class art lacks ?is1 & !re=e ! appreciators ( t art are oblig$ to cl+ to "s ext]nal crit]ion4 ,& !y f9d x 9 ! judgm5ts ( ! f9e/-nurtur$1 z an ,engli% /hetician has phras$ x1 t is1 9 ! au?ority ( ! p :o are consid]$ educat$1 nor 9 ?is alone1 b also 9 a tradition ( su* au?orities4 ,?is tradition is extremely mislead+1 bo? because ! op9ions ( ! f9e/-nurtur$ are (t5 mi/ak51 & also because judgm5ts :i* 7 valid once cease to be s ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,b ! critics1 hav+ no basis = _! judgm5ts1 nev] cease to repeat _! traditions4 ,! classical trag$ians 7 once consid]$ good1 & !re=e criticism consid]s !m to be s /ill4 ,dante 0 e/eem$ a great poet1 ,raphael a great pa9t]1 ,ba* a great musician--& ! critics1 lack+ a /&>d by :i* to sep>ate good art f bad1 n only consid] ^! arti/s great1 b reg>d all _! productions z admirable & wor?y ( imitation4 ,no?+ has contribut$1 & /ill contributes1 s mu* to ! p]v]sion ( art z ^! au?orities set up by criticism4 ,a man produces a "w ( art1 l e true arti/ express+ 9 8 own peculi> mann] a feel+ he has exp]i5c$4 ,mo/ p are infect$ by ! arti/'s feel+2 & 8 "w becomes kn[n4 ,!n criticism1 discuss+ ! arti/1 says t ! "w is n bad1 b all ! same ! arti/ is n a ,dante1 nor a ,%akespe>1 nor a ,goe!1 nor a ,raphael1 nor :at ,bee?ov5 0 9 8 la/ p]iod4 ,& ! "y arti/ sets to "w to copy ^? :o are held up = 8 imitation1 & he produces n only feeble works1 b false works1--c\nt]feits ( art4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 our ,pu%k9 writes 8 %ort poems1 ,evg5iy ,oneg91 ,! ,gipsies1 & 8 /ories--works all v>y+ 9 quality1 b all true art4 ,b !n1 "u ! influ5ce ( false criticism extoll+ ,%akespe>1 he writes ,boris ,godun(f1 a cold1 bra9-spun "w1 & ?is production is laud$ by ! critics1 set up z a model1 & imitations ( x appe>3 ,m991 by ,o/rovsky1 & ,ts> ,boris1 by ,alexe ,tol/o1 & su* imitations ( imitations z cr[d all lit]atures ) insignificant productions4 ,! *ief h>m done by ! critics is ?is1--t !mselves lack+ ! capacity to be infect$ by art 7& t is ! *>act]i/ic ( all critics2 = did !y n lack ?is !y c\ld n attempt ! impossible--! int]pretation ( works ( art71 !y pay mo/ att5tion to1 & eulogize1 bra9-spun1 inv5t$ works1 & set ^! up z models wor?y ( imitation4 ,t is ! reason !y s confid5tly extol1 9 lit]ature1 ! ,greek trag$ians1 ,dante1 ,tasso1 ,milton1 ,%akespe>1 ,goe! 7almo/ all he wrote71 &1 among rec5t writ]s1 ,zola & ,ibs52 9 music1 ,bee?ov5's la/ p]iod1 & ,wagn]4 ,to ju/ify _! praise ( ^! bra9-spun1 inv5t$ works1 !y devise entire !ories 7( :i* ! fam\s !ory ( beauty is "o72 & n only dull b also tal5t$ p compose works 9 /rict def]5ce to ^! !ories2 & (t5 ev5 real arti/s1 do+ viol5ce to _! g5ius1 submit to !m4 ,e false "w extoll$ by ! critics s]ves z a door ?r\gh :i* ! hypocrites ( art at once cr[d 94 ,x is solely due to ! critics1 :o 9 our times /ill praise rude1 savage1 &1 = u1 (t5 mean+less works ( ! anci5t ,greeks3 ,sophocles1 ,euripides1 s*ylus1 & especially ,ari/ophanes2 or1 ( mod]n writ]s1 ,dante1 ,tasso1 ,milton1 ,%akespe>2 9 pa9t+1 all ( ,raphael1 all ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 includ+ 8 absurd ,la/ ,judgm5t2 9 music1 ! :ole ( ,ba*1 & ! :ole ( ,bee?ov51 includ+ 8 la/ p]iod1--?anks only to !m h ! ,ibs5s1 ,maet]l9cks1 ,v]la9es1 ,mall>ms1 ,puvis de ,*avannes1 ,kl+]s1 ,bckl9s1 ,/ucks1 ,s*neid]s2 9 music1 ! ,wagn]s1 ,liszts1 ,b]liozes1 ,brahmses1 & ,ri*>d ,/rausses1 etc41 & all t imm5se mass ( good-=-no?+ imitators ( ^! imitators1 become possible 9 our day4 ,z a good illu/ration ( ! h>mful influ5ce ( criticism1 take its relation to ,bee?ov54 ,among 8 innum]able ha/y productions writt5 to ord]1 !re are1 not)/&+ _! artificiality ( =m1 works ( true art4 ,b he gr[s deaf1 _c he>1 & beg9s to write inv5t$1 unf9i%$ works1 :i* are consequ5tly (t5 mean+less & musically un9telligible4 ,i "k t musicians c imag9e s\nds vividly en\gh1 & c almo/ he> :at !y read1 b imag9>y s\nds c nev] replace real ones1 & e compos] mu/ he> 8 production 9 ord] to p]fect x4 ,bee?ov51 h[ev]1 c\ld n he>1 c\ld n p]fect 8 "w1 & consequ5tly publi%$ productions :i* are arti/ic rav+s4 ,b criticism1 hav+ once ackn[l$g$ him to be a great compos]1 seizes on j ^! abnormal works ) special gu/o1 & se>*es = extraord9>y beauties 9 !m4 ,&1 to ju/ify its laudations 7p]v]t+ ! v mean+ ( musical art71 x attribut$ to music ! prop]ty ( describ+ :at x _c describe4 ,& imitators appe>--an innum]able ho/ ( imitators ( ^! abnormal attempts at arti/ic productions :i* ,bee?ov5 wrote :5 he 0 deaf4 ,!n ,wagn] appe>s1 :o at fir/ 9 critical articles praises j ,bee?ov5's la/ p]iod1 & connects ?is music ) ,s*op5hau]'s my/ical !ory t music is ! expression ( ,w--n ( sep>ate manife/ations ( w objectiviz$ on v>i\s planes1 b its v ess5ce--:i* is 9 itself z absurd z ?is music ( ,bee?ov54 ,& aft]w>d he composes music ( 8 own on ?is !ory1 9 conjunction ) ano!r /ill m errone\s sy/em ( ! union ( all ! arts4 ,aft] ,wagn] yet new imitators appe>1 div]g+ yet fur!r f art3 ,brahms1 ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 & o!rs4 ,su* are ! results ( criticism4 ,b ! ?ird condition ( ! p]v]sion ( art1 namely1 art s*ools1 is almo/ m h>mful /ill4 ,z soon z art became1 n art = ! :ole p1 b = a ri* class1 x became a pr(ession2 z soon z x became a pr(ession1 me?ods 7 devis$ to tea* x2 p :o *ose ?is pr(ession ( art began to le>n ^! me?ods1 & ?us pr(essional s*ools sprang up3 classes ( rhetoric or lit]ature 9 ! public s*ools1 academies = pa9t+1 cons]vatoires = music1 s*ools = dramatic art4 ,9 ^! s*ools art is taught6 ,b art is ! transmission to o!rs ( a special feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,h[ c ?is be taught 9 s*ools8 ,no s*ool c evoke feel+ 9 a man1 & /ill less c x tea* him h[ to manife/ x 9 ! "o p>ticul> mann] natural to him alone4 ,b ! ess5ce ( art lies 9 ^! ?+s4 ,! "o ?+ ^! s*ools c tea* is h[ to transmit feel+s exp]i5c$ by o!r arti/s 9 ! way ^? o!r arti/s transmitt$ !m4 ,& ?is is j :at ! pr(essional s*ools d tea*2 & su* in/ruction n only does n assi/ ! spread ( true art1 b1 on ! contr>y1 by diffus+ c\nt]feits ( art1 does m ?an any?+ else to deprive p ( ! capacity to und]/& true art4 ,9 lit]>y art p are taught h[1 )\t hav+ any?+ !y wi% to say1 to write a _m-pag$ composition on a !me ab\t :i* !y h nev] ?\ght1 &1 moreov]1 to write x s t x %\ld resemble ! "w ( an au?or admitt$ to be celebrat$4 ,?is is taught 9 s*ools4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! *ief tra9+ consi/s 9 le>n+ to draw & pa9t f copies & models1 ! nak$ body *iefly 7! v ?+ t is nev] se51 & :i* a man occupi$ ) real art h>dly ev] has to depict71 & to draw & pa9t z =m] ma/]s drew & pa9t$4 ,! composition ( pictures is taught by giv+ out !mes simil> to ^? :i* h be5 treat$ by =m] ackn[l$g$ celebrities4 ,s also 9 dramatic s*ools1 ! pupils are taught to recite monologues j z trag$ians1 consid]$ celebrat$1 declaim$ !m4 ,x is ! same 9 music4 ,! :ole !ory ( music is no?+ b a disconnect$ repetition ( ^? me?ods :i* ! ackn[l$g$ ma/]s ( composition made use (4 ,i h else:]e quot$ ! pr(\nd rem>k ( ! ,russian arti/ ,brul(f on art1 b ,i _c "h refra9 f repeat+ x1 because no?+ bett] illu/rates :at c & :at _c be taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,once :5 correct+ a pupil's /udy1 ,brul(f j t\*$ x 9 a few places1 & ! poor dead /udy imm$iately became animat$4 ,:y1 y only t\*$ x a wee bit1 & x is q ano!r ?+6 said "o ( ! pupils4 ,art beg9s :]e ! wee bit beg9s1 repli$ ,brul(f1 indicat+ by ^! words j :at is mo/ *>act]i/ic ( art4 ,! rem>k is true ( all ! arts1 b its ju/ice is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! p]=mance ( music4 ,t musical execution %\ld be arti/ic1 %\ld be art1 i4e4 %\ld infect1 ?ree *ief conditions mu/ be obs]v$1--!re are _m o!rs ne$$ = musical p]fection2 ! transition f "o s\nd to ano!r mu/ be int]rupt$ or cont9u\s2 ! s\nd mu/ increase or dim9i% /eadily2 x mu/ be bl5d$ ) "o & n ) ano!r s\nd2 ! s\nd mu/ h ?is or t timbre1 & mu* besides1--b take ! ?ree *ief conditions2 ! pit*1 ! "t1 & ! /r5g? ( ! s\nd4 ,musical execution is only !n art1 only !n infects1 :5 ! s\nd is nei!r high] nor l[] ?an x %\ld be1 t is1 :5 exactly ! inf9itely small c5t] ( ! requir$ note is tak52 :5 t note is cont9u$ exactly z long z is ne$$2 & :5 ! /r5g? ( ! s\nd is nei!r m nor less ?an is requir$4 ,! slighte/ deviation ( pit* 9 ei!r direction1 ! slighte/ increase or decrease 9 "t1 or ! slighte/ /r5g!n+ or weak5+ ( ! s\nd beyond :at is ne$$1 de/roys ! p]fection &1 consequ5tly1 ! infecti\sness ( ! "w4 ,s t ! feel+ ( infection by ! art ( music1 :i* seems s simple & s easily obta9$1 is a ?+ we receive only :5 ! p]=m] f9ds ^? inf9itely m9ute degrees :i* are necess>y to p]fection 9 music4 ,x is ! same 9 all arts3 a wee bit light]1 a wee bit d>k]1 a wee bit high]1 l[]1 to ! "r or ! left--9 pa9t+2 a wee bit weak] or /rong] 9 intonation1 or a wee bit soon] or lat]--9 dramatic art2 a wee bit omitt$1 ov]-emphasiz$1 or exagg]at$--9 poetry1 & !re is no contagion4 ,infection is only obta9$ :5 an arti/ f9ds ^? inf9itely m9ute degrees ( :i* a "w ( art consi/s1 & only to ! ext5t to :i* he f9ds !m4 ,& x is q impossible to tea* p by ext]nal means to f9d ^! m9ute degrees2 !y c only be f\nd :5 a man yields to 8 feel+4 ,no in/ruction c make a danc] cat* j ! tact ( ! music1 or a s+] or a fiddl] take exactly ! inf9itely m9ute c5t] ( 8 note1 or a sket*] draw ( all possible l9es ! only "r "o1 or a poet f9d ! only meet arrangem5t ( ! only suitable words4 ,all ?is is f\nd only by feel+4 ,& !re=e s*ools may tea* :at is necess>y 9 ord] to produce some?+ resembl+ art1 b n art itself4 ,! tea*+ ( ! s*ools /ops !re :]e ! wee bit beg9s--consequ5tly :]e art beg9s4 ,accu/om+ p to some?+ resembl+ art1 disaccu/oms !m to ! compreh5sion ( real art4 ,& t is h[ x comes ab\t t none are m dull to art ?an ^? :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! pr(essional s*ools & be5 mo/ successful 9 !m4 ,pr(essional s*ools produce an hypocrisy ( art precisely ak9 to t hypocrisy ( religion :i* is produc$ by !ological colleges = tra9+ prie/s1 pa/ors1 & religi\s tea*]s g5]ally4 ,z x is impossible 9 a s*ool to tra9 a man s z to make a religi\s tea*] ( him1 s x is impossible to tea* a man h[ to become an arti/4 ,art s*ools are ?us d\bly de/ructive ( art3 fir/1 9 t !y de/roy ! capacity to produce real art 9 ^? :o h ! mis=tune to ent] !m & g ?r\gh a sev5 or eight ye>s' c\rse2 secondly1 9 t !y g5]ate enorm\s quantities ( t c\nt]feit art :i* p]v]ts ! ta/e ( ! masses & ov]fl[s our _w4 ,9 ord] t born arti/s may "k ! me?ods ( ! v>i\s arts elaborat$ by =m] arti/s1 !re %\ld exi/ 9 all elem5t>y s*ools su* classes = draw+ & music 7s++7 t1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh !m1 e tal5t$ s*ol> may1 by us+ exi/+ models accessible to all1 be able to p]fect himself 9 8 art indep5d5tly4 ,^! ?ree conditions--! pr(essionalization ( arti/s1 art criticism1 & art s*ools--h _h ?is effect3 t mo/ p 9 our times are q unable ev5 to und]/& :at art is1 & accept z art ! grosse/ c\nt]feits ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,to :at an ext5t p ( our circle & "t h lo/ ! capacity to receive real art1 & h become accu/om$ to accept z art ?+s t h no?+ 9 common ) x1 is be/ se5 f ! works ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 :i* h latt]ly come to be m & m e/eem$1 n only by ! ,g]mans1 b also by ! ,fr5* & ! ,engli%1 z ! v highe/ art1 reveal+ new horizons to u4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,wagn]'s music1 z is kn[n1 consi/s 9 ?is1--t he consid]$ t music %\ld s]ve poetry1 express+ all ! %ades ( a poetical "w4 ,! union ( ! drama ) music1 devis$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,italy = ! revival ( :at !y imag9$ to h be5 ! anci5t ,greek drama ) music1 is an artificial =m :i* _h1 & has1 success only among ! upp] classes1 & t only :5 gift$ compos]s1 su* z ,moz>t1 ,web]1 ,ross9i1 & o!rs1 draw+ inspiration f a dramatic subject1 yield$ freely to ! inspiration & subord9at$ ! text to ! music1 s t 9 _! op]as ! important ?+ to ! audi5ce 0 m]ely ! music on a c]ta9 text1 & n ! text at all1 :i* latt]1 ev5 :5 x 0 utt]ly absurd1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,magic ,flute1 /ill did n prev5t ! music f produc+ an arti/ic impression4 ,wagn] wi%es to correct ! op]a by lett+ music submit to ! dem&s ( poetry & unite ) x4 ,b ea* art has its own def9ite realm1 :i* is n id5tical ) ! realm ( o!r arts1 b m]ely comes 9 contact ) !m2 & !re=e1 if ! manife/ation (1 ,i w n say sev]al1 b ev5 ( two arts--! dramatic & ! musical--be unit$ 9 "o complete production1 !n ! dem&s ( ! "o art w make x impossible to fulfil ! dem&s ( ! o!r1 z has always occurr$ 9 ! ord9>y op]as1 :]e ! dramatic art has submitt$ to1 or r yield$ place to1 ! musical4 ,wagn] wi%es t musical art %\ld submit to dramatic art1 & t bo? %\ld appe> 9 full /r5g?4 ,b ?is is impossible2 = e "w ( art1 if x be a true "o1 is an expression ( intimate feel+s ( ! arti/1 :i* are q exceptional1 & n l any?+ else4 ,su* is a musical production1 & su* is a dramatic "w1 if !y be true art4 ,& !re=e1 9 ord] t a production 9 ! "o bran* ( art %\ld co9cide ) a production 9 ! o!r bran*1 x is necess>y t ! impossible %\ld happ53 t two works f diff]5t realms ( art %\ld be absolutely exceptional1 unlike any?+ t exi/$ be=e1 & yet %\ld co9cide1 & be exactly alike4 ,& ?is _c be1 j z !re _c be two m51 or ev5 two leaves on a tree1 exactly alike4 ,/ill less c two works f diff]5t realms ( art1 ! musical & ! lit]>y1 be absolutely alike4 ,if !y co9cide1 !n ei!r "o is a "w ( art & ! o!r a c\nt]feit1 or bo? are c\nt]feits4 ,two live leaves _c be exactly alike1 b two artificial leaves may be4 ,& s x is ) works ( art4 ,!y c only co9cide completely :5 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is art1 b only cunn+ly devis$ semblances ( x4 ,if poetry & music may be jo9$1 z occurs 9 hymns1 songs1 & romances--7?\gh ev5 9 ^! ! music does n foll[ ! *anges ( ea* v]se ( ! text1 z ,wagn] wants to1 b ! song & ! music m]ely produce a co9cid5t effect on ! m9d7--?is occurs only because lyrical poetry & music h1 to "s ext5t1 "o & ! same aim3 to produce a m5tal condition & ! conditions produc$ by lyrical poetry & by music c1 m or less1 co9cide4 ,b ev5 9 ^! conjunctions ! c5t] ( gravity always lies 9 "o ( ! two productions1 s t x is "o ( !m t produces ! arti/ic impression :ile ! o!r rema9s unreg>d$4 ,& /ill less is x possible = su* union to exi/ betwe5 epic or dramatic poetry & music4 ,moreov]1 "o ( ! *ief conditions ( arti/ic creation is ! complete fre$om ( ! arti/ f e k9d ( preconceiv$ dem&4 ,& ! necessity ( adju/+ 8 musical "w to a "w f ano!r realm ( art is a preconceiv$ dem& ( su* a k9d z to de/roy all possibility ( creative p[]2 & !re=e works ( ?is k9d1 adju/$ to "o ano!r1 are1 & mu/ be1 z has always happ5$1 n works ( art1 b only imitations ( art1 l ! music ( a melodrama1 signatures to pictures1 illu/rations1 & librettos to op]as4 ,& su* are ,wagn]'s productions4 ,& a confirmation ( ?is is to be se5 9 ! fact t ,wagn]'s new music lacks ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( e true "w ( art2 namely1 su* entirety & complet5ess t ! smalle/ alt]ation 9 its =m w\ld di/urb ! mean+ ( ! :ole "w4 ,9 a true "w ( art--poem1 drama1 picture1 song1 or symphony--x is impossible to extract "o l9e1 "o sc5e1 "o figure1 or "o b> f its place & put x 9 ano!r1 )\t infr++ ! significance ( ! :ole "w2 j z x is impossible1 )\t infr++ ! life ( an organic be+1 to extract an organ f "o place & ins]t x 9 ano!r4 ,b 9 ! music ( ,wagn]'s la/ p]iod1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 p>ts ( little importance :i* h an indep5d5t musical mean+1 x is possible to make all k9ds ( transpositions1 putt+ :at 0 9 front beh9d1 & vice v]sa1 )\t alt]+ ! musical s5se4 ,& ! reason :y ^! transpositions d n alt] ! s5se ( ,wagn]'s music is because ! s5se lies 9 ! words & n 9 ! music4 ,! musical score ( ,wagn]'s lat] op]as is l :at ! result w\ld be %\ld "o ( ^? v]sifi]s--( :om !re are n[ _m1 ) tongues s brok5 t !y c write v]ses on any !me to any rhymes 9 any rhy?m1 :i* s\nd z if !y _h a mean+--conceive ! idea ( illu/rat+ by 8 v]ses "s symphony or sonata ( ,bee?ov51 or "s ballade ( ,*op91 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,to ! fir/ b>s1 ( "o "*1 he writes v]ses correspond+ 9 8 op9ion to ^? fir/ b>s4 ,next come "s b>s ( a diff]5t "*1 & he also writes v]ses correspond+ 9 8 op9ion to !m1 b ) no int]nal connection ) ! fir/ v]ses1 &1 moreov]1 )\t rhymes & )\t rhy?m4 ,su* a production1 )\t ! music1 w\ld be exactly p>allel 9 poetry to :at ,wagn]'s op]as are 9 music1 if he>d )\t ! words4 ,b ,wagn] is n only a musician1 he is also a poet1 or bo? toge!r2 & !re=e1 to judge ( ,wagn]1 "o mu/ "k 8 poetry also--t same poetry :i* ! music has to subs]ve4 ,! *ief poetical production ( ,wagn] is ,! ,nibelung's ,r+4 ,?is "w has atta9$ su* enorm\s importance 9 our "t1 & has su* influ5ce on all t n[ pr(esses to be art1 t x is necess>y = e "o to-day to h "s idea ( x4 ,i h c>efully read ?r\gh ! f\r booklets :i* conta9 ?is "w1 & h drawn up a brief summ>y ( x1 :i* ,i give 9 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,i w\ld /rongly advise ! read] 7if he has n p]us$ ! poem itself1 :i* w\ld be ! be/ ?+ to d7 at lea/ to read my acc\nt ( x1 s z to h an idea ( ?is extraord9>y "w4 ,x is a model "w ( c\nt]feit art1 s gross z to be ev5 ridicul\s4 ,b we are told t x is impossible to judge ( ,wagn]'s works )\t see+ !m on ! /age4 ,! ,second ,day ( ?is drama1 :i*1 z ,i 0 told1 is ! be/ "p ( ! :ole "w1 0 giv5 9 ,mosc[ la/ w9t]1 & ,i w5t to see ! p]=mance4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ ! enorm\s !at] 0 already fill$ f top to bottom4 ,!re 7 gr& dukes1 & ! fl[] ( ! ari/ocracy1 ( ! m]*ant class1 ( ! le>n$1 & ( ! middle-class (ficial public4 ,mo/ ( !m held ! libretto1 fa?om+ its mean+4 ,musicians--"s ( !m eld]ly1 gray-hair$ m5--foll[$ ! music1 score 9 h&4 ,evid5tly ! p]=mance ( ?is "w 0 an ev5t ( importance4 ,i 0 r late1 b ,i 0 told t ! %ort prelude1 ) :i* ! act beg9s1 0 ( little importance1 & t x did n matt] hav+ miss$ x4 ,:5 ,i arriv$1 an actor sat on ! /age amid decorations int5d$ to repres5t a cave1 & be=e some?+ :i* 0 meant to repres5t a smi?'s =ge4 ,he 0 dress$ 9 trico-tights1 ) a cloak ( sk9s1 wore a wig & an artificial be>d1 & ) :ite1 weak g5teel h&s 78 easy movem5ts1 & especially ! %ape ( 8 /oma* & 8 lack ( muscle reveal$ ! actor7 beat an impossible sword ) an unnatural hamm] 9 a way 9 :i* no "o ev] uses a hamm]2 & at ! same "t1 op5+ 8 m\? 9 a /range way1 he sang some?+ incompreh5sible4 ,! music ( v>i\s in/rum5ts accompani$ ! /range s\nds :i* he emitt$4 ,f ! libretto "o 0 able to ga!r t ! actor _h to repres5t a p[]ful gnome1 :o liv$ 9 ! cave1 & :o 0 =g+ a sword = ,siegfri$1 :om he _h re>$4 ,"o c\ld tell he 0 a gnome by ! fact t ! actor walk$ all ! "t b5d+ ! knees ( 8 trico-cov]$ legs4 ,?is gnome1 /ill op5+ 8 m\? 9 ! same /range way1 long cont9u$ to s+ or %\t4 ,! music mean:ile runs ov] some?+ /range1 l beg9n+s :i* are n cont9u$ & d n get f9i%$4 ,f ! libretto "o c\ld le>n t ! gnome is tell+ himself ab\t a r+ :i* a giant _h obta9$1 & :i* ! gnome wi%es to procure ?r\gh ,siegfri$'s aid1 :ile ,siegfri$ wants a good sword1 on ! =g+ ( :i* ! gnome is occupi$4 ,aft] ?is conv]sation or s++ to himself has gone on r a long "t1 o!r s\nds are he>d 9 ! or*e/ra1 also l some?+ beg9n+ & n f9i%+1 & ano!r actor appe>s1 ) a horn slung ov] 8 %\ld]1 & accompani$ by a man runn+ on all f\rs dress$ up z a be>1 :om he sets at ! smi?-gnome4 ,! latt] runs away )\t unb5d+ ! knees ( 8 trico-cov]$ legs4 ,?is actor ) ! horn repres5t$ ! h]o1 ,siegfri$4 ,! s\nds :i* 7 emitt$ 9 ! or*e/ra on ! entrance ( ?is actor 7 int5d$ to repres5t ,siegfri$'s "*1 & are call$ ,siegfri$'s leit-motiv4 ,& ^! s\nds are repeat$ ea* "t ,siegfri$ appe>s4 ,!re is "o fix$ comb9ation ( s\nds1 or leit-motiv1 = ea* "*1 & ?is leit-motiv is repeat$ e "t ! p]son :om x repres5ts appe>s2 & :5 any "o is m5tion$ ! motiv is he>d :i* relates to t p]son4 ,moreov]1 ea* article also has its own leit-motiv or *ord4 ,!re is a motiv ( ! r+1 a motiv ( ! helmet1 a motiv ( ! apple1 a motiv ( fire1 spe>1 sword1 wat]1 etc42 & z soon z ! r+1 helmet1 or apple is m5tion$1 ! motiv or *ord ( ! r+1 helmet1 or apple is he>d4 ,! actor ) ! horn op5s 8 m\? z unnaturally z ! gnome1 & long cont9ues 9 a *ant+ voice to %\t "s words1 & 9 a simil> *ant ,mime 7t is ! gnome's "n7 answ]s some?+ or o!r to him4 ,! mean+ ( ?is conv]sation c only be discov]$ f ! libretto2 & x is t ,siegfri$ 0 br\ght up by ! gnome1 & !re=e1 = "s reason1 hates him & always wi%es to kill him4 ,! gnome has =g$ a sword = ,siegfri$1 b ,siegfri$ is dissatisfi$ ) x4 ,f a t5-page conv]sation 7by ! libretto71 la/+ half an h\r & conduct$ ) ! same /range op5+s ( ! m\?1 & *ant+s1 x appe>s t ,siegfri$'s "m gave bir? to him 9 ! wood1 & t conc]n+ 8 fa!r all t is kn[n is t he _h a sword :i* 0 brok51 ! pieces ( :i* are 9 ,mime's possession1 & t ,siegfri$ does n "k fe> & wi%es to g out ( ! wood4 ,mime1 h[ev]1 does n want to let him g4 ,dur+ ! conv]sation ! music nev] omits1 at ! m5tion ( fa!r1 sword1 etc41 to s\nd ! motiv ( ^! p & ?+s4 ,aft] ^! conv]sations fre% s\nds are he>d--^? ( ! god ,wotan--& a w&]] appe>s4 ,?is w&]] is ! god ,wotan4 ,also dress$ up 9 a wig1 & also 9 tights1 ?is god ,wotan1 /&+ 9 a /upid pose ) a spe>1 ?9ks prop] to rec\nt :at ,mime mu/ h kn[n be=e1 b :at x is necess>y to tell ! audi5ce4 ,he does n tell x simply1 b 9 ! =m ( riddles :i* he ord]s himself to guess1 /ak+ 8 head 7"o does n "k :y7 t he w guess "r4 ,moreov]1 :5ev] ! w&]] /rikes 8 spe> on ! gr\nd1 fire comes out ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! or*e/ra ! s\nds ( spe> & ( fire are he>d4 ,! or*e/ra accompanies ! conv]sation1 & ! motiv ( ! p & ?+s spok5 ( are always artfully int]m+l$4 ,besides ?is ! music expresses feel+s 9 ! mo/ nave mann]3 ! t]rible by s\nds 9 ! bass1 ! frivol\s by rapid t\*es 9 ! treble1 etc4 ,! riddles h no mean+ except to tell ! audi5ce :at ! nibelungs are1 :at ! giants are1 :at ! gods are1 & :at has happ5$ be=e4 ,?is conv]sation also is *ant$ ) /rangely op5$ m\?s & cont9ues = eight libretto pages1 & correspond+ly long on ! /age4 ,aft] ?is ! w&]] dep>ts1 & ,siegfri$ returns & talks ) ,mime = ?irte5 pages m4 ,!re is n a s+le melody ! :ole ( ?is "t1 b m]ely int]tw9+s ( ! leit-motiv ( ! p & ?+s m5tion$4 ,! conv]sation tells t ,mime wi%es to tea* ,siegfri$ fe>1 & t ,siegfri$ does n "k :at fe> is4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ?is conv]sation1 ,siegfri$ seizes "o ( ! pieces ( :at is meant to repres5t ! brok5 sword1 saws x up1 puts x on :at is meant to repres5t ! =ge1 melts x1 & !n =ges x & s+s3 ,heiho6 heiho6 heiho6 ,ho6 ho6 ,aha6 oho6 aha6 ,heiaho6 heiaho6 heiaho6 ,ho6 ho6 ,hahei6 hoho6 hahei6 & ,act ,i4 f9i%es4 ,z f> z ! "q ,i _h come to ! !at] to decide 0 conc]n$1 my m9d 0 fully made up1 z surely z on ! "q ( ! m]its ( my lady acqua9tance's novel :5 %e read me ! sc5e betwe5 ! loose-hair$ maid5 9 ! :ite dress & ! h]o ) two :ite dogs & a hat ) a fea!r la ,guillaume ,tell4 ,f an au?or :o c\ld compose su* spuri\s sc5es1 outrag+ all /hetic feel+1 z ^? :i* ,i _h witness$1 !re 0 no?+ to be hop$2 x may safely be decid$ t all t su* an au?or c write w be bad1 because he evid5tly does n "k :at a true "w ( art is4 ,i wi%$ to leave1 b ! fri5ds ,i 0 ) ask$ me to rema91 decl>+ t "o c\ld n =m an op9ion by t "o act1 & t ! second w\ld be bett]4 ,s ,i /opp$ = ! second act4 ,act ,,ii41 night4 ,aft]w>d1 dawn4 ,9 g5]al1 ! :ole piece is cramm$ ) lights1 cl\ds1 moonlight1 d>kness1 magic fires1 ?und]1 etc4 ,! sc5e repres5ts a wood1 & 9 ! wood !re is a cave4 ,at ! entrance ( ! cave sits a ?ird actor 9 tights1 repres5t+ ano!r gnome4 ,x dawns4 ,ent] ! god ,wotan1 aga9 ) a spe>1 & aga9 9 ! guise ( a w&]]4 ,aga9 8 s\nds1 toge!r ) fre% s\nds ( ! deepe/ bass t c be produc$4 ,^! latt] indicate t ! dragon is speak+4 ,wotan awak5s ! dragon4 ,! same bass s\nds are repeat$1 gr[+ yet deep] & deep]4 ,fir/ ! dragon says1 ,i want to sleep1 b aft]w>d he crawls out ( ! cave4 ,! dragon is repres5t$ by two m52 x is dress$ 9 a gre51 scaly sk91 waves a tail at "o end1 :ile at ! o!r x op5s a k9d ( crocodile's jaw t is fa/5$ on1 & f :i* flames appe>4 ,! dragon 7:o is meant to be dreadful1 & may appe> s to five-ye>-old *ildr57 speaks "s words 9 a t]ribly bass voice4 ,?is is all s /upid1 s l :at is done 9 a boo? at a fair1 t x is surpris+ t p ov] sev5 ye>s ( age c witness x s]i\sly2 yet ?\s&s ( quasi-cultur$ p sit & att5tively he> & see x1 & are delight$4 ,siegfri$1 ) 8 horn1 reappe>s1 z does ,mime also4 ,9 ! or*e/ra ! s\nds d5ot+ !m are emitt$1 & !y talk ab\t :e!r ,siegfri$ does or does n "k :at fe> is4 ,mime goes away1 & a sc5e comm5ces :i* is int5d$ to be mo/ poetical4 ,siegfri$1 9 8 tights1 lies d[n 9 a w\ld-be beautiful pose1 & alt]nately keeps sil5t & talks to himself4 ,he pond]s1 li/5s to ! song ( birds1 & wi%es to imitate !m4 ,= ?is purpose he cuts a re$ ) 8 sword & makes a pipe4 ,! dawn gr[s bright] & bright]2 ! birds s+4 ,siegfri$ tries to imitate ! birds4 ,9 ! or*e/ra is he>d ! imitation ( birds1 alt]nat+ ) s\nds correspond+ to ! words he speaks4 ,b ,siegfri$ does n succe$ ) 8 pipe-play+1 s he plays on 8 horn in/ead4 ,?is sc5e is un5durable4 ,( music1 i4e4 ( art s]v+ z a means to transmit a /ate ( m9d exp]i5c$ by ! au?or1 !re is n ev5 a sugge/ion4 ,!re is some?+ t is absolutely un9telligible musically4 ,9 a musical s5se a hope is cont9ually exp]i5c$1 foll[$ by disappo9tm5t1 z if a musical ?\ght 7 comm5c$ only to be brok5 (f4 ,if !re are some?+ l musical comm5cem5ts1 ^! comm5cem5ts are s %ort1 s encumb]$ ) complications ( h>mony & or*e/ration & ) effects ( contra/1 are s obscure & unf9i%$1 & :at is happ5+ on ! /age mean:ile is s abom9ably false1 t x is difficult ev5 to p]ceive ^! musical snat*es1 let alone to be infect$ by !m4 ,above all1 f ! v beg9n+ to ! v end1 & 9 ea* note1 ! au?or's purpose is s audible & visible t "o sees & he>s nei!r ,siegfri$ nor ! birds1 b only a limit$1 self-op9ionat$ ,g]man1 ( bad ta/e & bad /yle1 :o has a mo/ false conception ( poetry1 & :o1 9 ! rude/ & mo/ primitive mann]1 wi%es to transmit to me ^! false & mi/ak5 conceptions ( 84 ,e "o kn[s ! feel+ ( di/ru/ & resi/ance :i* is always evok$ by an au?or's evid5t pr$et]m9ation4 ,a n>rator ne$ only say 9 advance1 ,prep>e to cry or to laugh1 & y are sure nei!r to cry nor to laugh4 ,b :5 y see t an au?or prescribes emotion at :at is n t\*+1 b only laughable or disgu/+1 & :5 y see1 moreov]1 t ! au?or is fully assur$ t he has captivat$ y1 a pa9fully torm5t+ feel+ results1 simil> to :at "o w\ld feel if an old1 de=m$ woman put on a ball-dress1 & smil+ly coquett$ be=e y1 confid5t ( y\r approbation4 ,?is impression 0 /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ar\nd me ,i saw a cr[d ( ?ree ?\s& p1 :o n only pati5tly witness$ all ?is absurd nons5se1 b ev5 consid]$ x _! duty to be delight$ ) x4 ,i someh[ manag$ to sit out ! next sc5e also1 9 :i* ! mon/] appe>s1 to ! accompanim5t ( 8 bass notes int]m+l$ ) ! motiv ( ,siegfri$2 b aft] ! fight ) ! mon/]1 & all ! ro>s1 fires1 & sword-wav+s1 ,i c\ld /& no m ( x1 & escap$ f ! !at] ) a feel+ ( repulsion :i*1 ev5 n[1 ,i _c =get4 ,li/5+ to ?is op]a1 ,i involunt>ily ?\ght ( a respect$1 wise1 educat$ c\ntry labor]1--"o1 = in/ance1 ( ^? wise & truly religi\s m5 :om ,i "k among ! peasants1--& ,i pictur$ to myself ! t]rible p]plexity su* a man w\ld be 9 7 he to witness :at ,i 0 see+ t ev5+4 ,:at w\ld he ?9k if he knew ( all ! labor sp5t on su* a p]=mance1 & saw t audi5ce1 ^? great ones ( ! e>?1--old1 bald-head$1 gray-be>d$ m51 :om he _h be5 accu/om$ to respect1--sit sil5t & att5tive1 li/5+ to & look+ at all ^! /upidities = five h\rs on end8 ,n to speak ( an adult labor]1 "o c h>dly imag9e ev5 a *ild ( ov] sev5 occupy+ himself ) su* a /upid1 incoh]5t fairy tale4 ,& yet an enorm\s audi5ce1 ! cream ( ! cultur$ upp] classes1 sits out five h\rs ( ?is insane p]=mance1 & goes away imag9+ t by pay+ tribute to ?is nons5se x has acquir$ a fre% "r to e/eem itself advanc$ & enlight5$4 ,i speak ( ! ,mosc[ public4 ,b :at is ! ,mosc[ public8 ,x is b a hundr$? "p ( t public :i*1 :ile consid]+ itself mo/ highly enlight5$1 e/eems x a m]it to h s lo/ ! capacity ( be+ infect$ by art1 t n only c x witness ?is /upid %am )\t be+ revolt$1 b c ev5 take delight 9 x4 ,9 ,bayreu?1 :]e ^! p]=mances 7 fir/ giv51 p :o consid] !mselves f9ely cultur$ assembl$ f ! ends ( ! e>?1 sp5t1 say "o hundr$ p\nds ea*1 to see ?is p]=mance1 & = f\r days runn+ !y w5t to see & he> ?is nons5sical rubbi%1 sitt+ x out = six h\rs ea* day4 ,b :y did p g1 & :y d !y /ill g to ^! p]=mances1 & :y d !y admire !m8 ,! "q naturally pres5ts itself3 ,h[ is ! success ( ,wagn]'s works to be expla9$8 ,t success ,i expla9 to myself 9 ?is way3 ?anks to 8 exceptional position 9 hav+ at 8 disposal ! res\rces ( a k+1 ,wagn] 0 able to comm& all ! me?ods = c\nt]feit+ art :i* h be5 develop$ by long usage1 &1 employ+ ^! me?ods ) great ability1 he produc$ a model "w ( c\nt]feit art4 ,! reason :y ,i h select$ 8 "w = my illu/ration is1 t 9 no o!r c\nt]feit ( art kn[n to me are all ! me?ods by :i* art is c\nt]feit$--namely1 borr[+s1 imitation1 effects1 & int]e/+ness--s ably & p[]fully unit$4 ,f ! subject1 borr[$ f antiquity1 to ! cl\ds & ! ris+s ( ! sun & moon1 ,wagn]1 9 ?is "w1 has made use ( all t is consid]$ poetical4 ,we h "h ! sleep+ beauty1 & nymphs1 & subt]ranean fires1 & gnomes1 & battles1 & swords1 & love1 & ince/1 & a mon/]1 & s++-birds--! :ole ars5al ( ! poetical is br\ght into action4 ,moreov]1 ev]y?+ is imitative2 ! decorations are imitat$1 & ! co/umes are imitat$4 ,all are j z1 accord+ to ! data suppli$ by ar*ology1 !y w\ld h be5 9 antiquity4 ,! v s\nds are imitative2 = ,wagn]1 :o 0 n de/itute ( musical tal5t1 inv5t$ j su* s\nds z imitate ! /rokes ( a hamm]1 ! hiss+ ( molt5 iron1 ! s++ ( birds1 etc4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ?is "w ev]y?+ is 9 ! highe/ degree /rik+ 9 its effects & 9 its peculi>ities3 its mon/]s1 its magic fires1 & its sc5es "u wat]2 ! d>kness 9 :i* ! audi5ce sit1 ! invisibility ( ! or*e/ra1 & ! hi!rto unemploy$ comb9ations ( h>mony4 ,& besides1 x is all int]e/+4 ,! int]e/ lies n only 9 ! "q :o w kill :om1 & :o w m>ry :om1 & :o is ^: son1 & :at w happ5 next8--! int]e/ lies also 9 ! relation ( ! music to ! text4 ,! roll+ waves ( ! ,rh9e--n[ h[ is t to be express$ 9 music8 ,an evil gnome appe>s--h[ is ! music to express an evil gnome8--& h[ is x to express ! s5suality ( ?is gnome8 ,h[ w brav]y1 fire1 or apples be express$ 9 music8 ,h[ are ! leit-motiv ( ! p speak+ to be int]wov5 ) ! leit-motiv ( ! p & objects ab\t :om !y speak8 ,besides1 ! music has a fur!r int]e/4 ,x div]ges f all =m]ly accept$ laws1 & mo/ unexpect$ & totally new modulations crop up 7z is n only possible1 b ev5 easy 9 music hav+ no inn] law ( its be+72 ! dissonances are new1 & are all[$ 9 a new way--& ?is1 too1 is int]e/+4 ,& x is ?is poeticality1 imitativ5ess1 effectfulness1 & int]e/+ness :i*1 ?anks to ! peculi>ities ( ,wagn]'s tal5t1 & to ! advantage\s position 9 :i* he 0 plac$1 are 9 ^! productions c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* ( p]fection1 t s act on ! spectator1 hypnotiz+ him z "o w\ld be hypnotiz$ :o %\ld li/5 = sev]al consecutive h\rs to ! rav+s ( a maniac pron\nc$ ) great oratorical p[]4 ,p say3 ,y _c judge )\t hav+ se5 ,wagn] p]=m$ at ,bayreu?3 9 ! d>k1 :]e ! or*e/ra is out ( sight conceal$ "u ! /age1 & :]e ! p]=mance is br\ght to ! highe/ p]fection4 ,& ?is j proves t we h "h no "q ( art1 b "o ( hypnotism4 ,x is j :at ! spirituali/s say4 ,to conv9ce y ( ! reality ( _! app>itions !y usually say1 ,y _c judge2 y mu/ try x1 be pres5t at sev]al sances1 i4e4 come & sit sil5t 9 ! d>k = h\rs toge!r 9 ! same room ) semi-sane p1 & repeat ?is "s t5 times ov]1 & y %all see all t we see4 ,yes1 naturally6 ,only place y\rself 9 su* conditions1 & y may see :at y w4 ,b ?is c be /ill m quickly atta9$ by gett+ drunk or smok+ opium4 ,x is ! same :5 li/5+ to an op]a ( ,wagn]'s4 ,sit 9 ! d>k = f\r days 9 company ) p :o are n q normal1 &1 ?r\gh ! auditory n]ves1 subject y\r bra9 to ! /ronge/ action ( ! s\nds be/ adapt$ to excite x1 & y w no d\bt be r$uc$ to an abnormal condition1 & be en*ant$ by absurdities4 ,b to atta9 ?is end y d n ev5 ne$ f\r days2 ! five h\rs dur+ :i* "o day is enact$1 z 9 ,mosc[1 are q en\gh4 ,nor are five h\rs ne$$2 ev5 "o h\r is en\gh = p :o h no cle> conception ( :at art %\ld be1 & :o h come to ! conclusion 9 advance t :at !y are go+ to see is excell5t1 & t indiff]5ce or dissatisfaction ) ?is "w w s]ve z a pro( ( _! inf]iority & lack ( culture4 ,i obs]v$ ! audi5ce pres5t at ?is repres5tation4 ,! p :o l$ ! :ole audi5ce & gave ! tone to x 7 ^? :o _h previ\sly be5 hypnotiz$1 & :o aga9 succumb$ to ! hypnotic influ5ce to :i* !y 7 accu/om$4 ,^! hypnotiz$ p1 be+ 9 an abnormal condition1 7 p]fectly enraptur$4 ,moreov]1 all ! art critics1 :o lack ! capacity to be infect$ by art & !re=e always especially prize works l ,wagn]'s op]a :]e x is all an affair ( ! intellect1 also1 ) mu* pr(undity1 express$ _! approval ( a "w af=d+ su* ample mat]ial = ratioc9ation4 ,& foll[+ ^! two gr\ps w5t t l>ge city cr[d 7indiff]5t to art1 ) _! capacity to be infect$ by x p]v]t$ & p>tly atrophi$71 head$ by ! pr9ces1 millionaires1 & art patrons1 :o1 l sorry h>ri]s1 keep close to ^? :o mo/ l\dly & decid$ly express _! op9ion4 ,oh1 yes1 c]ta9ly6 ,:at poetry6 ,m>vel\s6 ,especially ! birds6 ,yes1 yes6 ,i am q vanqui%$6 exclaim ^! p1 repeat+ 9 v>i\s tones :at !y h j he>d f m5 ^: op9ion appe>s to !m au?oritative4 ,if "s p d feel insult$ by ! absurdity & spuri\sness ( ! :ole ?+1 !y are timidly sil5t1 z sob] m5 are timid & sil5t :5 surr\nd$ by tipsy ones4 ,& ?us1 ?anks to ! ma/]ly skill ) :i* x c\nt]feits art :ile hav+ no?+ 9 common ) x1 a mean+less1 co>se1 spuri\s production f9ds acceptance all ov] ! _w1 co/s millions ( r\bles to produce1 & assi/s m & m to p]v]t ! ta/e ( p ( ! upp] classes & _! conception ( :at is art4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,i "k t mo/ m5--n only ^? consid]$ clev]1 b ev5 ^? :o are v clev]1 & capable ( und]/&+ mo/ difficult sci5tific1 ma!matical1 or philosophic problems--c v seldom disc]n ev5 ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s tru? if x be su* z to oblige !m to admit ! falsity ( conclusions !y h =m$1 p]haps ) mu* difficulty--conclusions ( :i* !y are pr\d1 :i* !y h taught to o!rs1 & on :i* !y h built _! lives4 ,& !re=e ,i h little hope t :at ,i adduce z to ! p]v]sion ( art & ta/e 9 our society w be accept$ or ev5 s]i\sly consid]$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i mu/ /ate fully ! inevitable conclusion to :i* my inve/igation into ! "q ( art has br\ght me4 ,?is inve/igation has br\ght me to ! conviction t almo/ all t our society consid]s to be art1 good art1 & ! :ole ( art1 f> f be+ real & good art1 & ! :ole ( art1 is n ev5 art at all1 b only a c\nt]feit ( x4 ,?is position1 ,i "k1 w seem v /range & p>adoxical2 b if we once ackn[l$ge art to be a human activity by means ( :i* "s p transmit _! feel+s to o!rs 7& n a s]vice ( ,beauty1 nor a manife/ation ( ! ,idea1 & s =?71 we %all inevitably h to admit ?is fur!r conclusion also4 ,if x is true t art is an activity by means ( :i* "o man1 hav+ exp]i5c$ a feel+1 int5tionally transmits x to o!rs1 !n we h inevitably to admit fur!r1 t ( all t among u is t]m$ ! art ( ! upp] classes--( all ^? novels1 /ories1 dramas1 com$ies1 pictures1 sculptures1 symphonies1 op]as1 op]ettas1 ballets1 etc41 :i* pr(ess to be works ( art--sc>cely "o 9 a hundr$ ?\s& proce$s f an emotion felt by its au?or1 all ! re/ be+ b manufactur$ c\nt]feits ( art1 9 :i* borr[+1 imitat+1 effects1 & int]e/+ness replace ! contagion ( feel+4 ,t ! proportion ( real productions ( art is to ! c\nt]feits z "o to "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s or ev5 m1 may be se5 by ! foll[+ calculation4 ,i h read some:]e t ! arti/ pa9t]s 9 ,p>is alone numb] #cj1jjj2 !re w probably be z _m 9 ,engl&1 z _m 9 ,g]many1 & z _m 9 ,russia1 ,italy1 & ! small] /ates comb9$4 ,s t 9 all !re w be 9 ,europe1 say1 #abj1jjj pa9t]s2 & !re are probably z _m musicians & z _m lit]>y arti/s4 ,if ^! #cfj1jjj individuals produce ?ree works a ye> ea* 7& _m ( !m produce t5 or m71 !n ea* ye> yields ov] a million s-call$ works ( art4 ,h[ _m1 !n1 mu/ h be5 produc$ 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 & h[ _m 9 ! :ole "t s9ce upp]-class art broke (f f ! art ( ! :ole p8 ,evid5tly millions4 ,yet :o ( all ! connoisseurs ( art has receiv$ impressions f all ^! pseudo works ( art8 ,n to m5tion all ! labor+ classes :o h no conception ( ^! productions1 ev5 p ( ! upp] classes _c "k "o 9 a ?\s& ( !m all1 & _c rememb] ^? !y h kn[n4 ,^! works all appe> "u ! guise ( art1 produce no impression on any "o 7except :5 !y s]ve z pa/imes = ! idle cr[d ( ri* p71 & vani% utt]ly4 ,9 reply to ?is x is usually said t )\t ?is enorm\s numb] ( unsuccessful attempts we %\ld n h ! real works ( art4 ,b su* reason+ is z ?\gh a bak]1 9 reply to a reproa* t 8 bread 0 bad1 7 to say t if x 7 n = ! hundr$s ( spoil$ loaves !re w\ld n be any well-bak$ ones4 ,x is true t :]e !re is gold !re is also mu* s&2 b t _c s]ve z a reason = talk+ a lot ( nons5se 9 ord] to say some?+ wise4 ,we are surr\nd$ by productions consid]$ arti/ic4 ,?\s&s ( v]ses1 ?\s&s ( poems1 ?\s&s ( novels1 ?\s&s ( dramas1 ?\s&s ( pictures1 ?\s&s ( musical pieces1 foll[ "o aft] ano!r4 ,all ! v]ses describe love1 or nature1 or ! au?or's /ate ( m9d1 & 9 all ( !m rhyme & rhy?m are obs]v$4 ,all ! dramas & com$ies are spl5didly m\nt$ & are p]=m$ by admirably tra9$ actors4 ,all ! novels are divid$ into *apt]s2 all ( !m describe love1 conta9 effective situations1 & correctly describe ! details ( life4 ,all ! symphonies conta9 allegro1 &ante1 s*]zo1 & f9ale2 all consi/ ( modulations & *ords1 & are play$ by highly tra9$ musicians4 ,all ! pictures1 9 gold frames1 sali5tly depict faces & sundry accessories4 ,b among ^! productions 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( art1 !re is 9 ea* bran* "o among hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 n only some:at bett] ?an ! re/1 b diff]+ f !m z a diamond diff]s f pa/e4 ,! "o is priceless1 ! o!rs n only h no value1 b are worse ?an valueless1 = !y deceive & p]v]t ta/e4 ,& yet1 ext]nally1 !y are1 to a man ( p]v]t$ or atrophi$ arti/ic p]ception1 precisely alike4 ,9 our society ! difficulty ( recogniz+ real works ( art is fur!r increas$ by ! fact t ! ext]nal quality ( ! "w 9 false productions is n only no worse1 b (t5 bett]1 ?an 9 real ones2 ! c\nt]feit is (t5 m effective ?an ! real1 & its subject m int]e/+4 ,h[ is "o to discrim9ate8 ,h[ is "o to f9d a production 9 no way di/+ui%$ 9 ext]nals f hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!rs int5tionally made to imitate x precisely8 ,= a c\ntry peasant ( unp]v]t$ ta/e ?is is z easy z x is = an animal ( unspoilt sc5t to foll[ ! trace he ne$s among a ?\s& o!rs 9 wood or =e/4 ,! animal un]r+ly f9ds :at he ne$s4 ,s also ! man1 if only 8 natural qualities h n be5 p]v]t$1 w1 )\t fail1 select f among ?\s&s ( objects ! real "w ( art he requires1--t infect+ him ) ! feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/4 ,b x is n s ) ^? ^: ta/e has be5 p]v]t$ by _! education & life4 ,! receptive feel+ = art ( ^! p is atrophi$1 & 9 valu+ arti/ic productions !y mu/ be guid$ by discussion & /udy1 :i* discussion & /udy completely confuse !m4 ,s t mo/ p 9 our society are q unable to di/+ui% a "w ( art f ! grosse/ c\nt]feit4 ,p sit = :ole h\rs 9 conc]t-rooms & !at]s li/5+ to ! new compos]s1 consid] x a duty to read ! novels ( ! fam\s mod]n noveli/s1 & to look at pictures repres5t+ ei!r some?+ incompreh5sible1 or j ! v ?+s !y see mu* bett] 9 real life2 &1 above all1 !y consid] x incumb5t on !m to be enraptur$ by all ?is1 imag9+ x all to be art1 :ile at ! same "t !y w pass real works ( art by1 n only )\t att5tion1 b ev5 ) contempt1 m]ely because1 9 _! circle1 ^! works are n includ$ 9 ! li/ ( works ( art4 ,a few days ago ,i 0 return+ home f a walk feel+ depress$1 z occurs sometimes4 ,on ne>+ ! h\se ,i he>d ! l\d s++ ( a l>ge *oir ( peasant wom54 ,!y 7 welcom+ my daught]1 celebrat+ h] return home aft] h] m>riage4 ,9 ?is s++1 ) its cries & clang+ ( scy!s1 su* a def9ite feel+ ( joy1 *e]fulness1 & en]gy 0 express$1 t1 )\t notic+ h[ x infect$ me1 ,i cont9u$ my way t[>d ! h\se 9 a bett] mood1 & rea*$ home smil+1 & q 9 good spirits4 ,t same ev5+1 a visitor1 an admirable musician1 fam$ = 8 execution ( classical music1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,bee?ov51 play$ u ,bee?ov5's sonata1 ,opus #aja4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o might o!rwise attribute my judgm5t ( t sonata ( ,bee?ov5 to non-compreh5sion ( x1 ,i %\ld m5tion t1 :atev] o!r p und]/& ( t sonata & ( o!r productions ( ,bee?ov5's lat] p]iod1 ,i1 be+ v susceptible to music1 equally und]/ood4 ,= a long "t ,i us$ to attune myself s z to delight 9 ^? %apeless improvisations :i* =m ! subject-matt] ( ! works ( ,bee?ov5's lat] p]iod1 b ,i _h only to consid] ! "q ( art s]i\sly1 & to comp>e ! impression ,i receiv$ f ,bee?ov5's lat] works ) ^? pleasant1 cle>1 & /rong musical impressions :i* are transmitt$1 = in/ance1 by ! melodies ( ,ba* 78 arias71 ,haydn1 ,moz>t1 ,*op91 7:5 8 melodies are n ov]load$ ) complications & ornam5tation71 & ( ,bee?ov5 himself 9 8 e>li] p]iod1 &1 above all1 ) ! impressions produc$ by folk-songs1--,italian1 ,norwegian1 or ,russian1--by ! ,hung>ian tz>das1 & o!r su* simple1 cle>1 & p[]ful music1 & ! obscure1 almo/ unheal?y excitem5t f ,bee?ov5's lat] pieces t ,i _h artificially evok$ 9 myself 0 imm$iately de/roy$4 ,on ! completion ( ! p]=mance 7?\gh x 0 noticeable t e "o _h become dull7 ^? pres5t1 9 ! accept$ mann]1 w>mly prais$ ,bee?ov5's pr(\nd production1 & did n =get to add t =m]ly !y _h n be5 able to und]/& t la/ p]iod ( 81 b t !y n[ saw t he 0 really !n at 8 v be/4 ,& :5 ,i v5tur$ to comp>e ! impression made on me by ! s++ ( ! peasant wom5--an impression :i* _h be5 %>$ by all :o he>d x--) ! effect ( ?is sonata1 ! admir]s ( ,bee?ov5 only smil$ contemptu\sly1 n consid]+ x necess>y to reply to su* /range rem>ks4 ,b1 = all t1 ! song ( ! peasant wom5 0 real art1 transmitt+ a def9ite & /rong feel+2 :ile ! #aja/ sonata ( ,bee?ov5 0 only an unsuccessful attempt at art1 conta9+ no def9ite feel+1 & !re=e n infecti\s4 ,= my "w on art ,i h ?is w9t] read dilig5tly1 ?\gh ) great ef=t1 ! celebrat$ novels & /ories1 prais$ by all ,europe1 writt5 by ,zola1 ,b\rget1 ,huysmans1 & ,kipl+4 ,at ! same "t ,i *anc$ on a /ory 9 a *ild's magaz9e1 & by a q unkn[n writ]1 :i* told ( ! ,ea/] prep>ations 9 a poor wid['s family4 ,! /ory tells h[ ! "m manag$ ) difficulty to obta9 "s :eat-fl\r1 :i* %e p\r$ on ! table ready to knead4 ,%e !n w5t out to procure "s yea/1 tell+ ! *ildr5 n to leave ! hut1 & to take c>e ( ! fl\r4 ,:5 ! "m _h gone1 "s o!r *ildr5 ran %\t+ ne> ! w9d[1 call+ ^? 9 ! hut to come to play4 ,! *ildr5 =got _! "m's w>n+1 ran into ! /reet1 & 7 soon engross$ 9 ! game4 ,! "m1 on h] return ) ! yea/1 f9ds a h5 on ! table ?r[+ ! la/ ( ! fl\r to h] *ick5s1 :o 7 busily pick+ x out ( ! du/ ( ! e>!n floor4 ,! "m1 9 despair1 scolds ! *ildr51 :o cry bitt]ly4 ,& ! "m beg9s to feel pity = !m--b ! :ite fl\r has all gone4 ,s to m5d matt]s %e decides to make ! ,ea/] cake ) sift$ rye-fl\r1 bru%+ x ov] ) :ite ( egg1 & surr\nd+ x ) eggs4 ,rye-bread :i* we bake is ak9 to any cake1 says ! "m1 us+ a rhym+ prov]b to console ! *ildr5 = n hav+ an ,ea/] cake made ) :ite fl\r4 ,& ! *ildr51 quickly pass+ f despair to rapture1 repeat ! prov]b & await ! ,ea/] cake m m]rily ev5 ?an be=e4 ,well6 ! read+ ( ! novels & /ories by ,zola1 ,b\rget1 ,huysmans1 ,kipl+1 & o!rs1 h&l+ ! mo/ h>r[+ subjects1 did n t\* me = "o mom5t1 & ,i 0 provok$ ) ! au?ors all ! :ile1 z "o is provok$ ) a man :o consid]s y s nave t he does n ev5 conceal ! trick by :i* he int5ds to take y 94 ,f ! fir/ l9es y see ! int5tion ) :i* ! book is writt51 & ! details all become sup]flu\s1 & "o feels dull4 ,above all1 "o kn[s t ! au?or _h no o!r feel+ all ! "t ?an a desire to write a /ory or a novel1 & s "o receives no arti/ic impression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i c\ld n te> myself away f ! unkn[n au?or's tale ( ! *ildr5 & ! *ick5s1 because ,i 0 at once infect$ by ! feel+ :i* ! au?or _h evid5tly exp]i5c$1 revok$ 9 himself1 & transmitt$4 ,vasnets(f is "o ( our ,russian pa9t]s4 ,he has pa9t$ ecclesia/ical pictures 9 ,kieff ,ca!dral1 & e "o praises him z ! f\nd] ( "s new1 elevat$ k9d ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,he work$ at ^? pictures = t5 ye>s1 0 paid t5s ( ?\s&s ( r\bles = !m1 & !y are all simply bad imitations ( imitations ( imitations1 de/itute ( any sp>k ( feel+4 ,& ?is same ,vasnets(f drew a picture = ,t\rg5ieff's /ory1 ,! ,quail 79 :i* x is told h[1 9 8 son's pres5ce1 a fa!r kill$ a quail & felt pity = x71 %[+ ! boy asleep ) p\t+ upp] lip1 & above him1 z a dream1 ! quail4 ,& ?is picture is a true "w ( art4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,academy ( #ahig two pictures 7 exhibit$ toge!r2 "o ( :i*1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,dolman1 0 ! temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,! sa9t is on 8 knees pray+4 ,beh9d him /&s a nak$ woman & animals ( "s k9d4 ,x is app>5t t ! nak$ woman pleas$ ! arti/ v mu*1 b t ,an?ony did n conc]n him at all2 & t1 s f> f ! temptation be+ t]rible to him 7! arti/7 x is highly agreeable4 ,& !re=e if !re be any art 9 ?is picture1 x is v na/y & false4 ,next 9 ! same book ( academy pictures comes a picture by ,langley1 %[+ a /ray begg>-boy1 :o has evid5tly be5 call$ 9 by a woman :o has tak5 pity on him4 ,! boy1 pitifully draw+ 8 b>e feet "u ! b5*1 is eat+2 ! woman is look+ on1 probably consid]+ :e!r he w n want "s m2 & a girl ( ab\t sev51 lean+ on h] arm1 is c>efully & s]i\sly look+ on1 n tak+ h] eyes f ! hungry boy1 & evid5tly und]/&+ = ! fir/ "t :at pov]ty is1 & :at inequality among p is1 & ask+ h]self :y %e has ev]y?+ provid$ = h] :ile ?is boy goes b>efoot & hungry8 ,%e feels sorry1 & yet pleas$4 ,& %e loves bo? ! boy & goodness4444 ,& "o feels t ! arti/ lov$ ?is girl1 & t %e too loves4 ,& ?is picture1 by an arti/ :o1 ,i ?9k1 is n v widely kn[n1 is an admirable & true "w ( art4 ,i rememb] see+ a p]=mance ( ,hamlet by ,rossi4 ,bo? ! trag$y itself & ! p]=m] :o took ! *ief "p are consid]$ by our critics to repres5t ! climax ( supreme dramatic art4 ,& yet1 bo? f ! subject-matt] ( ! drama & f ! p]=mance1 ,i exp]i5c$ all ! "t t peculi> suff]+ :i* is caus$ by false imitations ( works ( art4 ,& ,i lately read ( a !atrical p]=mance among ! savage tribe1 ! ,voguls4 ,a spectator describes ! play4 ,a big ,vogul & a little "o1 bo? dress$ 9 re9de] sk9s1 repres5t a re9de]-doe & its "y4 ,a ?ird ,vogul1 ) a b[1 repres5ts a huntsman on sn[-%oes1 & a f\r? imitates ) 8 voice a bird t w>ns ! re9de] ( _! dang]4 ,! play is t ! huntsman foll[s ! track t ! doe ) its "y "o has travel$4 ,! de] run (f ! sc5e1 & aga9 reappe>4 7,su* p]=mances take place 9 a small t5t-h\se47 ,! huntsman ga9s m & m on ! pursu$4 ,! little de] is tir$1 & presses aga9/ its "m4 ,! doe /ops to draw brea?4 ,! hunt] comes up ) !m & draws 8 b[4 ,b j !n ! bird s\nds its note1 w>n+ ! de] ( _! dang]4 ,!y escape4 ,aga9 !re is a *ase1 & aga9 ! hunt] ga9s on !m1 cat*es !m1 & lets fly 8 arr[4 ,! arr[ /rikes ! "y de]4 ,unable to run1 ! little "o presses aga9/ its "m4 ,! "m licks its w\nd4 ,! hunt] draws ano!r arr[4 ,! audi5ce1 z ! eye-witness describes !m1 are p>alyz$ ) susp5se2 deep groans & ev5 weep+ is he>d among !m4 ,&1 f ! m]e description1 ,i felt t ?is 0 a true "w ( art4 ,:at ,i am say+ w be consid]$ irrational p>adox1 at :i* "o c only be amaz$2 b = all t ,i mu/ say :at ,i ?9k2 namely1 t p ( our circle1 ( :om "s compose v]ses1 /ories1 novels1 op]as1 symphonies1 & sonatas1 pa9t all k9ds ( pictures & make /atues1 :ile o!rs he> & look at ^! ?+s1 & aga9 o!rs appraise & criticize x all1 discuss1 condemn1 triumph1 & raise monum5ts to "o ano!r1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1--t all ^! p1 ) v few exceptions1 arti/s1 & public1 & critics1 h nev] 7except 9 *ildhood & e>lie/ y\?1 be=e he>+ any discussions on art7 exp]i5c$ t simple feel+ famili> to ! pla9e/ man & ev5 to a *ild1 t s5se ( infection ) ano!r's feel+1--compell+ u to joy 9 ano!r's gladness1 to sorr[ at ano!r's grief1 & to m+le s\ls ) ano!r1--:i* is ! v ess5ce ( art4 ,& !re=e ^! p n only _c di/+ui% true works ( art f c\nt]feits1 b cont9ually mi/ake = real art ! wor/ & mo/ artificial1 :ile !y d n ev5 p]ceive works ( real art1 because ! c\nt]feits are always m ornate1 :ile true art is mode/4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,art1 9 our society1 has be5 s p]v]t$ t n only has bad art come to be consid]$ good1 b ev5 ! v p]ception ( :at art really is has be5 lo/4 ,9 ord] to be able to speak ab\t ! art ( our society1 x is1 !re=e1 fir/ ( all necess>y to di/+ui% art f c\nt]feit art4 ,!re is "o indubitable indication di/+ui%+ real art f its c\nt]feit1 namely1 ! infecti\sness ( art4 ,if a man1 )\t ex]cis+ ef=t & )\t alt]+ 8 /&po9t1 on read+1 he>+1 or see+ ano!r man's "w1 exp]i5ces a m5tal condition :i* unites him ) t man & ) o!r p :o also p>take ( t "w ( art1 !n ! object evok+ t condition is a "w ( art4 ,& h[ev] poetical1 reali/ic1 effectful1 or int]e/+ a "w may be1 x is n a "w ( art if x does n evoke t feel+ 7q di/9ct f all o!r feel+s7 ( joy1 & ( spiritual union ) ano!r 7! au?or7 & ) o!rs 7^? :o are also infect$ by x74 ,x is true t ?is indication is an int]nal "o1 & t !re are p :o h =gott5 :at ! action ( real art is1 :o expect some?+ else f art 79 our society ! great majority are 9 ?is /ate71 & t !re=e su* p may mi/ake = ?is /hetic feel+ ! feel+ ( div]tisem5t & a c]ta9 excitem5t :i* !y receive f c\nt]feits ( art4 ,b ?\gh x is impossible to undeceive ^! p1 j z x is impossible to conv9ce a man suff]+ f ,daltonism t gre5 is n r$1 yet1 = all t1 ?is indication rema9s p]fectly def9ite to ^? ^: feel+ = art is nei!r p]v]t$ nor atrophi$1 & x cle>ly di/+ui%es ! feel+ produc$ by art f all o!r feel+s4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ?is feel+ is t ! receiv] ( a true arti/ic impression is s unit$ to ! arti/ t he feels z if ! "w 7 8 own & n "s "o else's1--z if :at x expresses 7 j :at he _h long be5 wi%+ to express4 ,a real "w ( art de/roys1 9 ! consci\sness ( ! receiv]1 ! sep>ation betwe5 himself & ! arti/2 nor t alone1 b also betwe5 himself & all ^: m9ds receive ?is "w ( art4 ,9 ?is free+ ( our p]sonality f its sep>ation & isolation1 9 ?is unit+ ( x ) o!rs1 lies ! *ief *>act]i/ic & ! great attractive =ce ( art4 ,if a man is infect$ by ! au?or's condition ( s\l1 if he feels ?is emotion & ?is union ) o!rs1 !n ! object :i* has effect$ ?is is art2 b if !re be no su* infection1 if !re be n ?is union ) ! au?or & ) o!rs :o are mov$ by ! same "w--!n x is n art4 ,& n only is infection a sure sign ( art1 b ! degree ( infecti\sness is also ! sole measure ( excell5ce 9 art4 ,! /rong] ! infection ! bett] is ! art2 z art1 speak+ n[ ap>t f its subject-matt]1 i4e4 n consid]+ ! quality ( ! feel+s x transmits4 ,& ! degree ( ! infecti\sness ( art dep5ds on ?ree conditions3-- 7#a7 ,on ! great] or less] individuality ( ! feel+ transmitt$2 7#b7 on ! great] or less] cle>ness ) :i* ! feel+ is transmitt$2 7#c7 on ! s9c]ity ( ! arti/1 i4e4 on ! great] or less] =ce ) :i* ! arti/ himself feels ! emotion he transmits4 ,! m individual ! feel+ transmitt$ ! m /rongly does x act on ! receiv]2 ! m individual ! /ate ( s\l into :i* he is transf]r$ ! m pleasure does ! receiv] obta91 & !re=e ! m readily & /rongly does he jo9 9 x4 ,! cle>ness ( expression assi/s infection1 because ! receiv]1 :o m+les 9 consci\sness ) ! au?or1 is ! bett] satisfi$ ! m cle>ly ! feel+ is transmitt$1 :i*1 z x seems to him1 he has long kn[n & felt1 & = :i* he has only n[ f\nd expression4 ,b mo/ ( all is ! degree ( infecti\sness ( art increas$ by ! degree ( s9c]ity 9 ! arti/4 ,z soon z ! spectator1 he>]1 or read] feels t ! arti/ is infect$ by 8 own production1 & writes1 s+s1 or plays = himself1 & n m]ely to act on o!rs1 ?is m5tal condition ( ! arti/ infects ! receiv]2 &1 contr>iwise1 z soon z ! spectator1 read]1 or he>] feels t ! au?or is n writ+1 s++1 or play+ = 8 own satisfaction1--does n himself feel :at he wi%es to express1--b is do+ x = him1 ! receiv]1 a resi/ance imm$iately spr+s up1 & ! mo/ individual & ! newe/ feel+s & ! clev]e/ te*nique n only fail to produce any infection1 b actually repel4 ,i h m5tion$ ?ree conditions ( contagi\sness 9 art1 b !y may be all summ$ up into "o1 ! la/1 s9c]ity1 i4e4 t ! arti/ %\ld be impell$ by an inn] ne$ to express 8 feel+4 ,t condition includes ! fir/2 = if ! arti/ is s9c]e he w express ! feel+ z he exp]i5c$ x4 ,& z ea* man is diff]5t f e "o else1 8 feel+ w be individual = e "o else2 & ! m individual x is1--! m ! arti/ has drawn x f ! dep?s ( 8 nature1--! m sympa!tic & s9c]e w x be4 ,& ?is same s9c]ity w impel ! arti/ to f9d a cle> expression ( ! feel+ :i* he wi%es to transmit4 ,!re=e ?is ?ird condition--s9c]ity--is ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree4 ,x is always compli$ ) 9 peasant art1 & ?is expla9s :y su* art always acts s p[]fully2 b x is a condition almo/ entirely abs5t f our upp]-class art1 :i* is cont9ually produc$ by arti/s actuat$ by p]sonal aims ( covet\sness or vanity4 ,su* are ! ?ree conditions :i* divide art f its c\nt]feits1 & :i* also decide ! quality ( e "w ( art ap>t f its subject-matt]4 ,! abs5ce ( any "o ( ^! conditions excludes a "w f ! category ( art & relegates x to t ( art's c\nt]feits4 ,if ! "w does n transmit ! arti/'s peculi>ity ( feel+1 & is !re=e n individual1 if x is un9telligibly express$1 or if x has n proce$$ f ! au?or's inn] ne$ = expression--x is n a "w ( art4 ,if all ^! conditions are pres5t1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree1 !n ! "w1 ev5 if a weak "o1 is yet a "w ( art4 ,! pres5ce 9 v>i\s degrees ( ^! ?ree conditions--individuality1 cle>ness1 & s9c]ity--decides ! m]it ( a "w ( art1 z art1 ap>t f subject-matt]4 ,all works ( art take rank ( m]it accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* !y fulfil ! fir/1 ! second1 & ! ?ird ( ^! conditions4 ,9 "o ! individuality ( ! feel+ transmitt$ may pr$om9ate2 9 ano!r1 cle>ness ( expression2 9 a ?ird1 s9c]ity2 :ile a f\r? may h s9c]ity & individuality1 b be defici5t 9 cle>ness2 a fif?1 individuality & cle>ness1 b less s9c]ity2 & s =?1 9 all possible degrees & comb9ations4 ,?us is art divid$ f n art1 & ?us is ! quality ( art1 z art1 decid$1 indep5d5tly ( its subject-matt]1 i4e4 ap>t f :e!r ! feel+s x transmits are good or bad4 ,b h[ are we to def9e good & bad art ) ref]5ce to its subject-matt]8 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,h[ 9 art are we to decide :at is good & :at is bad 9 subject-matt]8 ,art1 l spee*1 is a means ( communication1 & !re=e ( progress1 i4e4 ( ! movem5t ( humanity =w>d t[>d p]fection4 ,spee* r5d]s accessible to m5 ( ! late/ g5]ations all ! k discov]$ by ! exp]i5ce & reflection1 bo? ( prec$+ g5]ations & ( ! be/ & =emo/ m5 ( _! own times2 art r5d]s accessible to m5 ( ! late/ g5]ations all ! feel+s exp]i5c$ by _! pr$ecessors1 & ^? also :i* are be+ felt by _! be/ & =emo/ contempor>ies4 ,& z ! evolution ( k proce$s by tru] & m necess>y k dislodg+ & replac+ :at is mi/ak5 & unnecess>y1 s ! evolution ( feel+ proce$s ?r\gh art1--feel+s less k9d & less ne$ful = ! well-be+ ( mank9d are replac$ by o!rs k9d] & m ne$ful = t end4 ,t is ! purpose ( art4 ,&1 speak+ n[ ( its subject-matt]1 ! m art fulfils t purpose ! bett] ! art1 & ! less x fulfils x ! worse ! art4 ,& ! appraisem5t ( feel+s 7i4e4 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ^! or ^? feel+s z be+ m or less good1 m or less necess>y = ! well-be+ ( mank9d7 is made by ! religi\s p]ception ( ! age4 ,9 e p]iod ( hi/ory1 & 9 e human society1 !re exi/s an und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( life :i* repres5ts ! highe/ level to :i* m5 ( t society h atta9$1--an und]/&+ def9+ ! highe/ good at :i* t society aims4 ,& ?is und]/&+ is ! religi\s p]ception ( ! giv5 "t & society4 ,& ?is religi\s p]ception is always cle>ly express$ by "s advanc$ m51 & m or less vividly p]ceiv$ by all ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,su* a religi\s p]ception & its correspond+ expression exi/s always 9 e society4 ,if x appe>s to u t 9 our society !re is no religi\s p]ception1 ?is is n because !re really is none1 b only because we d n want to see x4 ,& we (t5 wi% n to see x because x exposes ! fact t our life is inconsi/5t ) t religi\s p]ception4 ,religi\s p]ception 9 a society is l ! direction ( a fl[+ riv]4 ,if ! riv] fl[s at all1 x mu/ h a direction4 ,if a society lives1 !re mu/ be a religi\s p]ception indicat+ ! direction 9 :i*1 m or less consci\sly1 all its memb]s t5d4 ,& s !re always has be51 & !re is1 a religi\s p]ception 9 e society4 ,& x is by ! /&>d ( ?is religi\s p]ception t ! feel+s transmitt$ by art h always be5 e/imat$4 ,only on ! basis ( ?is religi\s p]ception ( _! age h m5 always *os5 f ! endlessly v>i$ sph]es ( art t art :i* transmitt$ feel+s mak+ religi\s p]ception op]ative 9 actual life4 ,& su* art has always be5 highly valu$ & enc\rag$2 :ile art transmitt+ feel+s already outliv$1 fl[+ f ! antiquat$ religi\s p]ceptions ( a =m] age1 has always be5 condemn$ & despis$4 ,all ! re/ ( art1 transmitt+ ^? mo/ div]se feel+s by means ( :i* p commune toge!r1 0 n condemn$1 & 0 tol]at$1 if only x did n transmit feel+s contr>y to religi\s p]ception4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 among ! ,greeks1 art transmitt+ ! feel+ ( beauty1 /r5g?1 & c\rage 7,hesiod1 ,hom]1 ,phidias7 0 *os51 approv$1 & enc\rag$2 :ile art transmitt+ feel+s ( rude s5suality1 despond5cy1 & effem9acy 0 condemn$ & despis$4 ,among ! ,jews1 art transmitt+ feel+s ( devotion & submission to ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews & to ,8 w 7! epic ( ,g5esis1 ! prophets1 ! ,psalms7 0 *os5 & enc\rag$1 :ile art transmitt+ feel+s ( idolatry 7! gold5 calf7 0 condemn$ & despis$4 ,all ! re/ ( art--/ories1 songs1 dances1 ornam5tation ( h\ses1 ( ut5sils1 & ( clo!s--:i* 0 n contr>y to religi\s p]ception1 0 nei!r di/+ui%$ nor discuss$4 ,?us1 9 reg>d to its subject-matt]1 has art be5 apprais$ always & ev]y:]e1 & ?us x %\ld be apprais$2 = ?is attitude t[>d art proce$s f ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( human nature1 & ^? *>act]i/ics d n *ange4 ,i "k t accord+ to an op9ion curr5t 9 our times religion is a sup]/ition :i* humanity has outgr[n1 & t x is !re=e assum$ t no su* ?+ exi/s z a religi\s p]ception1 common to u all1 by :i* art1 9 our "t1 c be e/imat$4 ,i "k t ?is is ! op9ion curr5t 9 ! pseudo-cultur$ circles ( to-day4 ,p :o d n ackn[l$ge ,*ri/ianity 9 its true mean+ because x und]m9es all _! social privileges1 & :o1 !re=e1 inv5t all k9ds ( philosophic & /hetic !ories to hide f !mselves ! mean+lessness & wrongness ( _! lives1 _c ?9k o!rwise4 ,^! p int5tionally1 or sometimes un9t5tionally1 confus+ ! conception ( a religi\s cult ) ! conception ( religi\s p]ception1 ?9k t by d5y+ ! cult !y get rid ( religi\s p]ception4 ,b ev5 ! v attacks on religion1 & ! attempts to e/abli% a life-conception contr>y to ! religi\s p]ception ( our times1 mo/ cle>ly demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a religi\s p]ception condemn+ ! lives t are n 9 h>mony ) x4 ,if humanity progresses1 i4e4 moves =w>d1 !re mu/ inevitably be a guide to ! direction ( t movem5t4 ,& religions h always furni%$ t guide4 ,all hi/ory %[s t ! progress ( humanity is accompli%$ n o!rwise ?an "u ! guidance ( religion4 ,b if ! race _c progress )\t ! guidance ( religion1--& progress is always go+ on1 & consequ5tly also 9 our own times1--!n !re mu/ be a religion ( our times4 ,s t1 :e!r x pleases or displeases ! s-call$ cultur$ p ( to-day1 !y mu/ admit ! exi/5ce ( religion1--n ( a religi\s cult1 ,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant1 or ano!r1 b ( religi\s p]ception1--:i*1 ev5 9 our times1 is ! guide always pres5t :]e !re is any progress4 ,& if a religi\s p]ception exi/s among/ u1 !n our art %\ld be apprais$ on ! basis ( t religi\s p]ception2 &1 z has always & ev]y:]e be5 ! case1 art transmitt+ feel+s fl[+ f ! religi\s p]ception ( our "t %\ld be *os5 f all ! indiff]5t art1 %\ld be ackn[l$g$1 highly e/eem$1 & enc\rag$2 :ile art runn+ c\nt] to t p]ception %\ld be condemn$ & despis$1 & all ! rema9+ indiff]5t art %\ld nei!r be di/+ui%$ nor enc\rag$4 ,! religi\s p]ception ( our "t1 9 its wide/ & mo/ practical application1 is ! consci\sness t our well-be+1 bo? mat]ial & spiritual1 individual & collective1 temporal & et]nal1 lies 9 ! gr[? ( bro!rhood among all m5--9 _! lov+ h>mony ) "o ano!r4 ,?is p]ception is n only express$ by ,*ri/ & all ! be/ m5 ( pa/ ages1 x is n only repeat$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms & f mo/ div]se sides by ! be/ m5 ( our own times1 b x already s]ves z a clue to all ! complex labor ( humanity1 consi/+ z ?is labor does1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! de/ruction ( physical & moral ob/acles to ! union ( m51 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 e/abli%+ ! pr9ciples common to all m5 :i* c & %\ld unite !m into "o univ]sal bro!rhood4 ,& x is on ! basis ( ?is p]ception t we %\ld appraise all ! ph5om5a ( our life1 &1 among ! re/1 our art also2 *oos+ f all its realms :atev] transmits feel+s fl[+ f ?is religi\s p]ception1 highly priz+ & enc\rag+ su* art1 reject+ :atev] is contr>y to ?is p]ception1 & n attribut+ to ! re/ ( art an importance n prop]ly p]ta9+ to x4 ,! *ief mi/ake made by p ( ! upp] classes ( ! "t ( ! s-call$ ,r5aissance--a mi/ake :i* we /ill p]petuate--0 n t !y ceas$ to value & to atta* importance to religi\s art 7p ( t p]iod c\ld n atta* importance to x1 because1 l our own upp] classes1 !y c\ld n believe 9 :at ! majority consid]$ to be religion71 b _! mi/ake 0 t !y set up 9 place ( religi\s art1 :i* 0 lack+1 an insignificant art :i* aim$ only at giv+ pleasure1 i4e4 !y began to *oose1 to value1 & to enc\rage1 9 place ( religi\s art1 some?+ :i*1 9 any case1 did n des]ve su* e/eem & enc\ragem5t4 ,"o ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* said t ! great evil is1 n t m5 d n "k ,god1 b t !y h set up1 in/ead ( ,god1 t :i* is n ,god4 ,s also ) art4 ,! great mis=tune ( ! p ( ! upp] classes ( our "t is n s mu* t !y are )\t a religi\s art1 z t1 in/ead ( a supreme religi\s art1 *os5 f all ! re/ z be+ specially important & valuable1 !y h *os5 a mo/ insignificant &1 usually1 h>mful art1 :i* aims at pleas+ c]ta9 p1 & :i*1 !re=e1 if only by its exclusive nature1 /&s 9 contradiction to t ,*ri/ian pr9ciple ( univ]sal union :i* =ms ! religi\s p]ception ( our "t4 ,in/ead ( religi\s art1 an empty & (t5 vici\s art is set up1 & ?is hides f m5's notice ! ne$ ( t true religi\s art :i* %\ld be pres5t 9 life 9 ord] to improve x4 ,x is true t art :i* satisfies ! dem&s ( ! religi\s p]ception ( our "t is q unlike =m] art1 b1 not)/&+ ?is dissimil>ity1 to a man :o does n int5tionally hide ! tru? f himself1 x is v cle> & def9ite :at does =m ! religi\s art ( our age4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! highe/ religi\s p]ception unit$ only "s p 7:o1 ev5 if !y =m$ a l>ge society1 7 yet b "o society surr\nd$ by o!rs--,jews1 or ,a!nian or ,roman citiz5s71 ! feel+s transmitt$ by ! art ( t "t fl[$ f a desire = ! might1 greatness1 glory1 & prosp]ity ( t society1 & ! h]oes ( art might be p :o contribut$ to t prosp]ity by /r5g?1 by craft1 by fraud1 or by cruelty 7,ulysses1 ,jacob1 ,david1 ,samson1 ,h]cules1 & all ! h]oes74 ,b ! religi\s p]ception ( our times does n select any "o society ( m52 on ! contr>y1 x dem&s ! union ( all1--absolutely ( all p )\t exception1--& above e o!r virtue x sets bro!rly love to all m54 ,&1 !re=e1 ! feel+s transmitt$ by ! art ( our "t n only _c co9cide ) ! feel+s transmitt$ by =m] art1 b mu/ run c\nt] to !m4 ,*ri/ian1 truly ,*ri/ian1 art has be5 s long 9 e/abli%+ itself1 & has n yet e/abli%$ itself1 j because ! ,*ri/ian religi\s p]ception 0 n "o ( ^? small /eps by :i* humanity advances regul>ly1 b 0 an enorm\s revolution1 :i*1 if x has n already alt]$1 mu/ inevitably alt] ! entire life-conception ( mank9d1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! :ole int]nal organization ( _! life4 ,x is true t ! life ( humanity1 l t ( an individual1 moves regul>ly2 b 9 t regul> movem5t come1 z x 71 turn+-po9ts1 :i* %>ply divide ! prec$+ f ! subsequ5t life4 ,*ri/ianity 0 su* a turn+-po9t2 su*1 at lea/1 x mu/ appe> to u :o live by ! ,*ri/ian p]ception ( life4 ,*ri/ian p]ception gave ano!r1 a new1 direction to all human feel+s1 & !re=e completely alt]$ bo? ! cont5ts & ! significance ( art4 ,! ,greeks c\ld make use ( ,p]sian art & ! ,romans c\ld use ,greek art1 or1 simil>ly1 ! ,jews c\ld use ,egyptian art1--! fundam5tal ideals 7 "o & ! same4 ,n[ ! ideal 0 ! greatness & prosp]ity ( ! ,p]sians1 n[ ! greatness & prosp]ity ( ! ,greeks1 n[ t ( ! ,romans4 ,! same art 0 transf]r$ into o!r conditions1 & s]v$ new nations4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian ideal *ang$ & rev]s$ ev]y?+1 s t1 z ! gospel puts x1 ,t :i* 0 exalt$ among m5 has become an abom9ation 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,! ideal is no long] ! greatness ( ,ph>aoh or ( a ,roman emp]or1 n ! beauty ( a ,greek1 nor ! weal? ( ,phnicia1 b humility1 purity1 compassion1 love4 ,! h]o is no long] ,dives1 b ,laz>us ! begg>2 n ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 ! day ( h] beauty1 b 9 ! day ( h] rep5tance2 n ^? :o acquire weal?1 b ^? :o h ab&on$ x2 n ^? :o dwell 9 palaces1 b ^? :o dwell 9 catacombs & huts2 n ^? :o rule ov] o!rs1 b ^? :o ackn[l$ge no au?ority b ,god's4 ,& ! greate/ "w ( art is no long] a ca!dral ( victory#aai ) /atues ( conqu]ors1 b ! repres5tation ( a human s\l s trans=m$ by love t a man :o is torm5t$ & murd]$ yet pities & loves 8 p]secutors4 #aai ,!re is 9 ,mosc[ a magnific5t ,ca!dral ( our ,savi\r1 erect$ to commemorate ! defeat ( ! ,fr5* 9 ! w> ( #ahab4--,,tr4 ,& ! *ange is s great t m5 ( ! ,*ri/ian _w f9d x difficult to resi/ ! in]tia ( ! hea!n art to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$ all _! lives4 ,! subject-matt] ( ,*ri/ian religi\s art is s new to !m1 s unlike ! subject-matt] ( =m] art1 t x seems to !m z ?\gh ,*ri/ian art 7 a d5ial ( art1 & !y cl+ desp]ately to ! old art4 ,b ?is old art1 hav+ no long]1 9 our day1 any s\rce 9 religi\s p]ception1 has lo/ its mean+1 & we %all h to ab&on x :e!r we wi% to or n4 ,! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian p]ception consi/s 9 ! recognition by e man ( 8 son%ip to ,god1 & ( ! consequ5t union ( m5 ) ,god & ) "o ano!r1 z is said 9 ! gospel 7,john xvii4 #baabj74 ,!re=e ! subject-matt] ( ,*ri/ian art is su* feel+ z c unite m5 ) ,god & ) "o ano!r4 #abj ,t !y may be "o2 ev5 z ?\1 ,fa!r1 art 9 me1 & ,i 9 !e1 t !y also may be 9 u4 ,! expression unite m5 ) ,god & ) "o ano!r may seem obscure to p accu/om$ to ! misuse ( ^! words :i* is s cu/om>y1 b ! words h a p]fectly cle> mean+ nev]!less4 ,!y indicate t ! ,*ri/ian union ( man 79 contradiction to ! p>tial1 exclusive union ( only "s m57 is t :i* unites all )\t exception4 ,art1 all art1 has ?is *>act]i/ic1 t x unites p4 ,e art causes ^? to :om ! arti/'s feel+ is transmitt$ to unite 9 s\l ) ! arti/1 & also ) all :o receive ! same impression4 ,b non-,*ri/ian art1 :ile unit+ "s p toge!r1 makes t v union a cause ( sep>ation betwe5 ^! unit$ p & o!rs2 s t union ( ?is k9d is (t5 a s\rce1 n only ( division1 b ev5 ( enmity t[>d o!rs4 ,su* is all patriotic art1 ) its an!ms1 poems1 & monum5ts2 su* is all ,*ur* art1 i4e4 ! art ( c]ta9 cults1 ) _! images1 /atues1 processions1 & o!r local c]emonies4 ,su* art is belat$ & non-,*ri/ian art1 unit+ ! p ( "o cult only to sep>ate !m yet m %>ply f ! memb]s ( o!r cults1 & ev5 to place !m 9 relations ( ho/ility to ea* o!r4 ,*ri/ian art is only su* z t5ds to unite all )\t exception1 ei!r by evok+ 9 !m ! p]ception t ea* man & all m5 /& 9 l relation t[>d ,god & t[>d _! neighbor1 or by evok+ 9 !m id5tical feel+s1 :i* may ev5 be ! v simple/1 provid$ only t !y are n repugnant to ,*ri/ianity & are natural to e "o )\t exception4 ,good ,*ri/ian art ( our "t may be un9telligible to p because ( imp]fections 9 its =m1 or because m5 are inatt5tive to x1 b x mu/ be su* t all m5 c exp]i5ce ! feel+s x transmits4 ,x mu/ be ! art1 n ( "s "o gr\p ( p1 nor ( "o class1 nor ( "o nationality1 nor ( "o religi\s cult2 t is1 x mu/ n transmit feel+s :i* are accessible only to a man educat$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 or only to an ari/ocrat1 or a m]*ant1 or only to a ,russian1 or a native ( ,japan1 or a ,roman ,ca?olic1 or a ,buddhi/1 etc41 b x mu/ transmit feel+s accessible to e "o4 ,only art ( ?is k9d c be ackn[l$g$ 9 our "t to be good art1 wor?y ( be+ *os5 out f all ! re/ ( art & enc\rag$4 ,*ri/ian art1 i4e4 ! art ( our "t1 %\ld be ca?olic 9 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w1 i4e4 univ]sal1 & !re=e x %\ld unite all m54 ,& only two k9ds ( feel+ d unite all m53 fir/1 feel+s fl[+ f ! p]ception ( our son%ip to ,god & ( ! bro!rhood ( man2 & next1 ! simple feel+s ( common life1 accessible to e "o )\t exception--su* z ! feel+ ( m]rim5t1 ( pity1 ( *e]fulness1 ( tranquillity1 etc4 ,only ^! two k9ds ( feel+s c n[ supply mat]ial = art good 9 its subject-matt]4 ,& ! action ( ^! two k9ds ( art1 app>5tly s dissimil>1 is "o & ! same4 ,! feel+s fl[+ f p]ception ( our son%ip to ,god & ( ! bro!rhood ( man--su* z a feel+ ( sur5ess 9 tru?1 devotion to ! w ( ,god1 self-sacrifice1 respect = & love ( man--evok$ by ,*ri/ian religi\s p]ception2 & ! simple/ feel+s--su* z a s(t5$ or a m]ry mood caus$ by a song or an amus+ je/ intelligible to e "o1 or by a t\*+ /ory1 or a draw+1 or a little doll3 bo? alike produce "o & ! same effect1--! lov+ union ( man ) man4 ,sometimes p :o are toge!r are1 if n ho/ile to "o ano!r1 at lea/ e/rang$ 9 mood & feel+1 till p]*ance a /ory1 a p]=mance1 a picture1 or ev5 a build+1 b (t5e/ ( all1 music1 unites !m all z by an electric fla%1 &1 9 place ( _! =m] isolation or ev5 enmity1 !y are all consci\s ( union & mutual love4 ,ea* is glad t ano!r feels :at he feels2 glad ( ! communion e/abli%$1 n only betwe5 him & all pres5t1 b also ) all n[ liv+ :o w yet %>e ! same impression2 & m ?an t1 he feels ! my/]i\s gladness ( a communion :i*1 rea*+ beyond ! grave1 unites u ) all m5 ( ! pa/ :o h be5 mov$ by ! same feel+s1 & ) all m5 ( ! future :o w yet be t\*$ by !m4 ,& ?is effect is produc$ bo? by ! religi\s art :i* transmits feel+s ( love to ,god & "o's neighbor1 & by univ]sal art1 transmitt+ ! v simple/ feel+s common to all m54 ,! art ( our "t %\ld be apprais$ diff]5tly f =m] art *iefly 9 ?is1 t ! art ( our "t1 i4e4 ,*ri/ian art 7bas+ itself on a religi\s p]ception :i* dem&s ! union ( man71 excludes f ! doma9 ( art good 9 subject-matt] ev]y?+ transmitt+ exclusive feel+s1 :i* d n unite b divide m54 ,x relegates su* "w to ! category ( art bad 9 its subject-matt]1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x includes 9 ! category ( art good 9 subject-matt] a section n =m]ly admitt$ to des]ve to be *os5 out & respect$1 namely1 univ]sal art1 transmitt+ ev5 ! mo/ trifl+ & simple feel+s if only !y are accessible to all m5 )\t exception1 & !re=e unite !m4 ,su* art _c1 9 our "t1 b be e/eem$ good1 = x atta9s ! end :i* ! religi\s p]ception ( our "t1 i4e4 ,*ri/ianity1 sets be=e humanity4 ,*ri/ian art ei!r evokes 9 m5 ^? feel+s :i*1 ?r\gh love ( ,god & ( "o's neighbor1 draw !m to great] & ev] great] union1 & make !m ready = & capable ( su* union2 or evokes 9 !m ^? feel+s :i* %[ !m t !y are already unit$ 9 ! joys & sorr[s ( life4 ,& !re=e ! ,*ri/ian art ( our "t c be & is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 art transmitt+ feel+s fl[+ f a religi\s p]ception ( man's position 9 ! _w 9 relation to ,god & to 8 neighbor--religi\s art 9 ! limit$ mean+ ( ! t]m2 & 7#b7 art transmitt+ ! simple/ feel+s ( common life1 b su*1 always1 z are accessible to all m5 9 ! :ole _w--! art ( common life--! art ( a p--univ]sal art4 ,only ^! two k9ds ( art c be consid]$ good art 9 our "t4 ,! fir/1 religi\s art1--transmitt+ bo? positive feel+s ( love to ,god & "o's neighbor1 & negative feel+s ( indignation & horror at ! violation ( love1--manife/s itself *iefly 9 ! =m ( words1 & to "s ext5t also 9 pa9t+ & sculpture3 ! second k9d 7univ]sal art71 transmitt+ feel+s accessible to all1 manife/s itself 9 words1 9 pa9t+1 9 sculpture1 9 dances1 9 ar*itecture1 &1 mo/ ( all1 9 music4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to give mod]n examples ( ea* ( ^! k9ds ( art1 !n1 z examples ( ! highe/ art1 fl[+ f love ( ,god & man 7bo? ( ! high]1 positive1 & ( ! l[]1 negative k9d71 9 lit]ature ,i %\ld "n1 ,! ,robb]s1 by ,s*ill]2 ,victor ,hugo's ,les ,pauvres ,g5s & ,les ,misrables2 ! novels & /ories ( ,dick5s1--,! ,tale ( ,two ,cities1 ,! ,*ri/mas ,c>ol1 ,! ,*imes1 & o!rs2 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab92 ,do/oievsky's works--especially 8 ,memoirs f ! ,h\se ( ,dea?2 & ,adam ,b$e1 by ,george ,eliot4 ,9 mod]n pa9t+1 /range to say1 works ( ?is k9d1 directly transmitt+ ! ,*ri/ian feel+ ( love ( ,god & ( "o's neighbor1 are h>dly to be f\nd1 especially among ! works ( ! celebrat$ pa9t]s4 ,!re are pl5ty ( pictures treat+ ( ! gospel /ories2 !y1 h[ev]1 depict hi/orical ev5ts ) great weal? ( detail1 b d n1 & _c1 transmit religi\s feel+ n possess$ by _! pa9t]s4 ,!re are _m pictures treat+ ( ! p]sonal feel+s ( v>i\s p1 b ( pictures repres5t+ great de$s ( self-sacrifice & ( ,*ri/ian love !re are v few1 & :at !re are1 are pr9cipally by arti/s :o are n celebrat$1 & are1 = ! mo/ "p1 n pictures1 b m]ely sket*es4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! draw+ by ,kramskoy 7wor? _m ( 8 f9i%$ pictures71 %[+ a draw+-room ) a balcony1 pa/ :i* troops are m>*+ 9 triumph on _! return f ! w>4 ,on ! balcony /&s a wet-nurse hold+ a baby & a boy4 ,!y are admir+ ! procession ( ! troops1 b ! "m1 cov]+ h] face ) a h&k]*ief1 has fall5 back on ! s(a1 sobb+4 ,su* also is ! picture by ,walt] ,langley1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 & su* aga9 is a picture by ! ,fr5* arti/ ,morlon1 depict+ a lifeboat ha/5+1 9 a heavy /orm1 to ! relief ( a /eam] t is be+ wreck$4 ,approa*+ ^! 9 k9d are pictures :i* repres5t ! h>d-work+ peasant ) respect & love4 ,su* are ! pictures by ,millet1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 8 draw+1 ,! ,man ) ! ,hoe2 also pictures 9 ?is /yle by ,jules ,breton1 ,l',h]mitte1 ,defregg]1 & o!rs4 ,z examples ( pictures evok+ indignation & horror at ! violation ( love to ,god & man1 ,gay's picture1 ,judgm5t1 may s]ve1 & also ,leiz5-,may]'s1 ,sign+ ! ,dea? ,w>rant4 ,b !re are also v few ( ?is k9d4 ,anxiety ab\t ! te*nique & ! beauty ( ! picture = ! mo/ "p obscures ! feel+4 ,= in/ance1 ,grme's ,pollice ,v]so expresses1 n s mu* horror at :at is be+ p]petrat$ z attraction by ! beauty ( ! spectacle4#aba #aba ,9 ?is picture ! spectators 9 ! ,roman ,amphi!at] are turn+ d[n _! ?umbs to %[ t !y wi% ! vanqui%$ gladiator to be kill$4--,,tr4 ,to give examples1 f ! mod]n art ( our upp] classes1 ( art ( ! second k9d1 good univ]sal art or ev5 ( ! art ( a :ole p1 is yet m difficult1 especially 9 lit]>y art & music4 ,if !re are "s works :i* by _! inn] cont5ts might be assign$ to ?is class 7su* z ,don ,quixote1 ,molire's com$ies1 ,david ,copp]field & ,! ,pickwick ,pap]s by ,dick5s1 ,gogol's & ,pu%k9's tales1 & "s ?+s ( ,maupassant's71 ^! works are = ! mo/ "p--f ! exceptional nature ( ! feel+s !y transmit1 & ! sup]fluity ( special details ( "t & locality1 &1 above all1 on acc\nt ( ! pov]ty ( _! subject-matt] 9 comp>ison ) examples ( univ]sal anci5t art 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! /ory ( ,joseph7--compreh5sible only to p ( _! own circle4 ,t ,joseph's bre?r51 be+ jeal\s ( 8 fa!r's affection1 sell him to ! m]*ants2 t ,potiph>'s wife wi%es to tempt ! y\?2 t hav+ atta9$ ! highe/ /ation1 he takes pity on 8 bro!rs1 includ+ ,b5jam91 ! favorite1--^! & all ! re/ are feel+s accessible alike to a ,russian peasant1 a ,*9ese1 an ,african1 a *ild1 or an old man1 educat$ or un$ucat$2 & x is all writt5 ) su* re/ra9t1 is s free f any sup]flu\s detail1 t ! /ory may be told to any circle & w be equally compreh5sible & t\*+ to e "o4 ,b n su* are ! feel+s ( ,don ,quixote or ( ,molire's h]oes 7?\gh ,molire is p]haps ! mo/ univ]sal1 & !re=e ! mo/ excell5t1 arti/ ( mod]n times71 nor ( ,pickwick & 8 fri5ds4 ,^! feel+s are n common to all m51 b v exceptional2 & !re=e1 to make !m infecti\s1 ! au?ors h surr\nd$ !m ) abundant details ( "t & place4 ,& ?is abundance ( detail makes ! /ories difficult ( compreh5sion to all p n liv+ )9 rea* ( ! conditions describ$ by ! au?or4 ,! au?or ( ! novel ( ,joseph did n ne$ to describe 9 detail1 z w\ld be done n[adays1 ! blood-/a9$ coat ( ,joseph1 ! dwell+ & dress ( ,jacob1 ! pose & attire ( ,potiph>'s wife1 & h[1 adju/+ ! bracelet on h] left arm1 %e said1 ,come to me1 & s on1 because ! subject-matt] ( feel+s 9 ?is novel is s /rong t all details1 except ! mo/ ess5tial1--su* z t ,joseph w5t out into ano!r room to weep1--are sup]flu\s1 & w\ld only h9d] ! transmission ( feel+s4 ,& !re=e ?is novel is accessible to all m51 t\*es p ( all nations & classes1 "y & old1 & has la/$ to our times1 & w yet la/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s to come4 ,b /rip ! be/ novels ( our times ( _! details1 & :at w rema98 ,x is !re=e impossible 9 mod]n lit]ature to indicate works fully satisfy+ ! dem&s ( univ]sality4 ,su* works z exi/ are1 to a great ext5t1 spoilt by :at is usually call$ realism1 b w\ld be bett] t]m$ prov9cialism1 9 art4 ,9 music ! same occurs z 9 v]bal art1 & = simil> reasons4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! poorness ( ! feel+ !y conta91 ! melodies ( ! mod]n compos]s are amaz+ly empty & insignificant4 ,& to /r5g!n ! impression produc$ by ^! empty melodies1 ! new musicians pile complex modulations on to ea* trivial melody1 n only 9 _! own national mann]1 b also 9 ! way *>act]i/ic ( _! own exclusive circle & p>ticul> musical s*ool4 ,melody--e melody--is free1 & may be und]/ood ( all m52 b z soon z x is b\nd up ) a p>ticul> h>mony1 x ceases to be accessible except to p tra9$ to su* h>mony1 & x becomes /range1 n only to common m5 ( ano!r nationality1 b to all :o d n belong to ! circle ^: memb]s h accu/om$ !mselves to c]ta9 =ms ( h>monization4 ,s t music1 l poetry1 travels 9 a vici\s circle4 ,trivial & exclusive melodies1 9 ord] to make !m attractive1 are lad5 ) h>monic1 rhy?mic1 & or*e/ral complications1 & ?us become yet m exclusive2 &1 f> f be+ univ]sal1 are n ev5 national1 i4e4 !y are n compreh5sible to ! :ole p b only to "s p4 ,9 music1 besides m>*es & dances by v>i\s compos]s1 :i* satisfy ! dem&s ( univ]sal art1 "o c indicate v few works ( ?is class3 ,ba*'s fam\s viol9 aria1 ,*op9's nocturne 9 ,e-flat major1 & p]haps a doz5 bits 7n :ole pieces1 b p>ts7 select$ f ! works ( ,haydn1 ,moz>t1 ,s*ub]t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,*op94#abb #abb ,:ile (f]+ z examples ( art ^? t seem to me ! be/1 ,i atta* no special importance to my selection2 =1 besides be+ insuffici5tly in=m$ 9 all bran*es ( art1 ,i belong to ! class ( p ^: ta/e has1 by false tra9+1 be5 p]v]t$4 ,& !re=e my old1 inur$ habits may cause me to err1 & ,i may mi/ake = absolute m]it ! impression a "w produc$ on me 9 my y\?4 ,my only purpose 9 m5tion+ examples ( works ( ?is or t class is to make my mean+ cle>]1 & to %[ h[1 ) my pres5t views1 ,i und]/& excell5ce 9 art 9 relation to its subject-matt]4 ,i mu/1 moreov]1 m5tion t ,i consign my own arti/ic productions to ! category ( bad art1 except+ ! /ory ,god sees ! ,tru?1 :i* seeks a place 9 ! fir/ class1 & ,! ,prison] ( ! ,caucasus1 :i* belongs to ! second4 ,al?\gh 9 pa9t+ ! same ?+ is repeat$ z 9 poetry & music1--namely1 t 9 ord] to make !m m int]e/+1 works weak 9 conception are surr\nd$ by m9utely /udi$ accessories ( "t & place1 :i* give !m a tempor>y & local int]e/ b make !m less univ]sal1--/ill1 9 pa9t+1 m ?an 9 ! o!r sph]es ( art1 may be f\nd works satisfy+ ! dem&s ( univ]sal ,*ri/ian art2 t is to say1 !re are m works express+ feel+s 9 :i* all m5 may p>ticipate4 ,9 ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 all pictures & /atues 9 s-call$ g5re /yle1 depictions ( animals1 l&scapes & c>icatures ) subjects compreh5sible to e "o1 & also all k9ds ( ornam5ts1 are univ]sal 9 subject-matt]4 ,su* productions 9 pa9t+ & sculpture are v num]\s 7e4g4 *9a dolls71 b = ! mo/ "p su* objects 7= in/ance1 ornam5ts ( all k9ds7 are ei!r n consid]$ to be art or are consid]$ to be art ( a l[ quality4 ,9 reality all su* objects1 if only !y transmit a true feel+ exp]i5c$ by ! arti/ & compreh5sible to e "o 7h[ev] insignificant x may seem to u to be7 are works ( real good ,*ri/ian art4 ,i fe> x w "h be urg$ aga9/ me t hav+ d5i$ t ! conception ( beauty c supply a /&>d = works ( art1 ,i contradict myself by ackn[l$g+ ornam5ts to be works ( good art4 ,! reproa* is unju/1 = ! subject-matt] ( all k9ds ( ornam5tation consi/s n 9 ! beauty1 b 9 ! feel+ 7( admiration (1 & delight 91 ! comb9ation ( l9es & colors7 :i* ! arti/ has exp]i5c$ & ) :i* he infects ! spectator4 ,art rema9s :at x 0 & :at x mu/ be3 no?+ b ! infection by "o man ( ano!r1 or ( o!rs1 ) ! feel+s exp]i5c$ by ! infector4 ,among ^? feel+s is ! feel+ ( delight at :at pleases ! sight4 ,objects pleas+ ! sight may be su* z please a small or a l>ge numb] ( p1 or su* z please all m54 ,& ornam5ts = ! mo/ "p are ( ! latt] k9d4 ,a l&scape repres5t+ a v unusual view1 or a g5re picture ( a special subject1 may n please e "o1 b ornam5ts1 f ,yakutsk ornam5ts to ,greek ones1 are intelligible to e "o & evoke a simil> feel+ ( admiration 9 all1 & !re=e ?is despis$ k9d ( art %\ld1 9 ,*ri/ian society1 be e/eem$ f> above exceptional1 pret5ti\s pictures & sculptures4 ,s t !re are only two k9ds ( good ,*ri/ian art3 all ! re/ ( art n compris$ 9 ^! two divisions %\ld be ackn[l$g$ to be bad art1 des]v+ n to be enc\rag$1 b to be driv5 out1 d5i$1 & despis$1 z be+ art n unit+ b divid+ p4 ,su*1 9 lit]>y art1 are all novels & poems :i* transmit ,*ur* or patriotic feel+s1 & also exclusive feel+s p]ta9+ only to ! class ( ! idle ri*2 su* z ari/ocratic honor1 satiety1 sple51 pessimism1 & ref9$ & vici\s feel+s fl[+ f sex-love--q incompreh5sible to ! great majority ( mank9d4 ,9 pa9t+ we mu/ simil>ly place 9 ! class ( bad art all ! ,*ur*1 patriotic1 & exclusive pictures2 all ! pictures repres5t+ ! amusem5ts & allurem5ts ( a ri* & idle life2 all ! s-call$ symbolic pictures1 9 :i* ! v mean+ ( ! symbol is compreh5sible only to ! p ( a c]ta9 circle2 &1 above all1 pictures ) voluptu\s subjects--all t odi\s female nudity :i* fills all ! exhibitions & gall]ies4 ,& to ?is class belongs almo/ all ! *amb] & op]a music ( our times1--beg9n+ especially f ,bee?ov5 7,s*umann1 ,b]lioz1 ,liszt1 ,wagn]71 by its subject-matt] devot$ to ! expression ( feel+s accessible only to p :o h develop$ 9 !mselves an unheal?y1 n]v\s irritation evok$ by ?is exclusive1 artificial1 & complex music4 ,:at6 ! ',n9? ,symphony' n a good "w ( art6 ,i he> exclaim$ by indignant voices4 ,& ,i reply1 ,mo/ c]ta9ly x is n4 ,all t ,i h writt5 ,i h writt5 ) ! sole purpose ( f9d+ a cle> & reasonable crit]ion by :i* to judge ! m]its ( works ( art4 ,& ?is crit]ion1 co9cid+ ) ! indications ( pla9 & sane s5se1 indubitably %[s me t t symphony by ,bee?ov5 is n a good "w ( art4 ,( c\rse1 to p educat$ 9 ! adoration ( c]ta9 productions & ( _! au?ors1 to p ^: ta/e has be5 p]v]t$ j by be+ educat$ 9 su* adoration1 ! ackn[l$gm5t t su* a celebrat$ "w is bad is amaz+ & /range4 ,b h[ are we to escape ! indications ( reason & ( common s5se8 ,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony is consid]$ a great "w ( art4 ,to v]ify its claim to be su*1 ,i mu/ fir/ ask myself :e!r ?is "w transmits ! highe/ religi\s feel+8 ,i reply 9 ! negative1 = music 9 itself _c transmit ^? feel+s2 & !re=e ,i ask myself next1 ,s9ce ?is "w does n belong to ! highe/ k9d ( religi\s art1 has x ! o!r *>act]i/ic ( ! good art ( our "t1--! quality ( unit+ all m5 9 "o common feel+3 does x rank z ,*ri/ian univ]sal art8 ,& aga9 ,i h no option b to reply 9 ! negative2 = n only d ,i n see h[ ! feel+s transmitt$ by ?is "w c\ld unite p n specially tra9$ to submit !mselves to its complex hypnotism1 b ,i am unable to imag9e to myself a cr[d ( normal p :o c\ld und]/& any?+ ( ?is long1 confus$1 & artificial production1 except %ort snat*es :i* are lo/ 9 a sea ( :at is incompreh5sible4 ,& !re=e1 :e!r ,i l x or n1 ,i am compell$ to conclude t ?is "w belongs to ! rank ( bad art4 ,x is curi\s to note 9 ?is connection1 t atta*$ to ! end ( ?is v symphony is a poem ( ,s*ill]'s :i* 7?\gh some:at obscurely7 expresses ?is v ?\ght1 namely1 t feel+ 7,s*ill] speaks only ( ! feel+ ( gladness7 unites p & evokes love 9 !m4 ,b ?\gh ?is poem is sung at ! end ( ! symphony1 ! music does n accord ) ! ?\ght express$ 9 ! v]ses2 = ! music is exclusive & does n unite all m51 b unites only a few1 divid+ !m (f f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,& j 9 ?is same way1 9 all bran*es ( art1 _m & _m works consid]$ great by ! upp] classes ( our society w h to be judg$4 ,by ?is "o sure crit]ion we %all h to judge ! celebrat$ ,div9e ,com$y & ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 & a great "p ( ,%akespe>'s & ,goe!'s works1 & 9 pa9t+ e repres5tation ( miracles1 includ+ ,raphael's ,transfiguration1 etc4 ,:atev] ! "w may be & h[ev] x may h be5 extoll$1 we h fir/ to ask :e!r ?is "w is "o ( real art or a c\nt]feit4 ,hav+ ackn[l$g$1 on ! basis ( ! indication ( its infecti\sness ev5 to a small class ( p1 t a c]ta9 production belongs to ! realm ( art1 x is necess>y1 on ! basis ( ! indication ( its accessibility1 to decide ! next "q1 ,does ?is "w belong to ! category ( bad1 exclusive art1 oppos$ to religi\s p]ception1 or to ,*ri/ian art1 unit+ p8 ,& hav+ ackn[l$g$ an article to belong to real ,*ri/ian art1 we mu/ !n1 accord+ to :e!r x transmits ! feel+s fl[+ f love to ,god & man1 or m]ely ! simple feel+s unit+ all m51 assign x a place 9 ! ranks ( religi\s art or 9 ^? ( univ]sal art4 ,only on ! basis ( su* v]ification %all we f9d x possible to select f ! :ole mass ( :at1 9 our society1 claims to be art1 ^? works :i* =m real1 important1 necess>y spiritual food1 & to sep>ate !m f all ! h>mful & useless art1 & f ! c\nt]feits ( art :i* surr\nd u4 ,only on ! basis ( su* v]ification %all we be able to rid ourselves ( ! p]nici\s results ( h>mful art1 & to avail ourselves ( t b5efic5t action :i* is ! purpose ( true & good art1 & :i* is indisp5sable = ! spiritual life ( man & ( humanity4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,art is "o ( two organs ( human progress4 ,by words man int]*anges ?\ghts1 by ! =ms ( art he int]*anges feel+s1 & ?is ) all m51 n only ( ! pres5t "t1 b also ( ! pa/ & ! future4 ,x is natural to human be+s to employ bo? ^! organs ( int]communication1 & !re=e ! p]v]sion ( ei!r ( !m mu/ cause evil results to ! society 9 :i* x occurs4 ,& ^! results w be ( two k9ds3 fir/1 ! abs5ce1 9 t society1 ( ! "w :i* %\ld be p]=m$ by ! organ2 & secondly1 ! h>mful activity ( ! p]v]t$ organ4 ,& j ^! results h %[n !mselves 9 our society4 ,! organ ( art has be5 p]v]t$1 & !re=e ! upp] classes ( society h1 to a great ext5t1 be5 depriv$ ( ! "w t x %\ld h p]=m$4 ,! diffusion 9 our society ( enorm\s quantities (1 on ! "o h&1 ^? c\nt]feits ( art :i* only s]ve to amuse & corrupt p1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( works ( insignificant1 exclusive art1 mi/ak5 = ! highe/ art1 h p]v]t$ mo/ m5's capacity to be infect$ by true works ( art1 & h ?us depriv$ !m ( ! possibility ( exp]i5c+ ! highe/ feel+s to :i* mank9d has atta9$1 & :i* c only be transmitt$ f man to man by art4 ,all ! be/ t has be5 done 9 art by man rema9s /range to p :o lack ! capacity to be infect$ by art1 & is replac$ ei!r by spuri\s c\nt]feits ( art or by insignificant art1 :i* !y mi/ake = real art4 ,p ( our "t & ( our society are delight$ ) ,baudelaires1 ,v]la9es1 ,morases1 ,ibs5s1 & ,maet]l9cks 9 poetry2 ) ,monets1 ,manets1 ,puvis de ,*avannes1 ,burne-,joneses1 ,/ucks1 & ,bckl9s 9 pa9t+2 ) ,wagn]s1 ,liszts1 ,ri*>d ,/rausses1 9 music2 & !y are no long] capable ( compreh5d+ ei!r ! highe/ or ! simple/ art4 ,9 ! upp] classes1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is loss ( capacity to be infect$ by works ( art1 p gr[ up1 are educat$1 & live1 lack+ ! f]tiliz+1 improv+ influ5ce ( art1 & !re=e n only d n advance t[>d p]fection1 d n become k9d]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 possess+ highly develop$ ext]nal means ( civilization1 !y yet t5d to become cont9ually m savage1 m co>se1 & m cruel4 ,su* is ! result ( ! abs5ce f our society ( ! activity ( t ess5tial organ--art4 ,b ! consequ5ces ( ! p]v]t$ activity ( t organ are yet m h>mful4 ,& !y are num]\s4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce1 pla9 = all to see1 is ! enorm\s exp5diture ( ! labor ( work+ p on ?+s :i* are n only useless1 b :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are h>mful2 & m ?an t1 ! wa/e ( priceless human lives on ?is unnecess>y & h>mful bus9ess4 ,x is t]rible to consid] ) :at int5sity1 & amid :at privations1 millions ( p--:o lack "t & opportunity to att5d to :at !y & _! families urg5tly require--labor = #aj1 #ab1 or #ad h\rs on end1 & ev5 at night1 sett+ ! type = pseudo-arti/ic books :i* spread vice among mank9d1 or work+ = !at]s1 conc]ts1 exhibitions1 & picture-gall]ies1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 also s]ve vice2 b x is yet m t]rible to reflect t lively1 k9dly *ildr51 capable ( all t is good1 are devot$ f _! e>ly ye>s to su* tasks z ^!3 t = #f1 #h1 or #aj h\rs a day1 & = #aj or #ae ye>s1 "s ( !m %\ld play scales & ex]cises2 o!rs %\ld twi/ _! limbs1 walk on _! toes1 & lift _! legs above _! heads2 a ?ird set %\ld s+ solfeggios2 a f\r? set1 %[+ !mselves (f 9 all mann] ( ways1 %\ld pron\nce v]ses2 a fif? set %\ld draw f bu/s or f nude models & pa9t /udies2 a six? set %\ld write compositions accord+ to ! rules ( c]ta9 p]iods2 & t 9 ^! occupations1 unwor?y ( a human be+1 :i* are (t5 cont9u$ long aft] full maturity1 !y %\ld wa/e _! physical & m5tal /r5g? & lose all p]ception ( ! mean+ ( life4 ,x is (t5 said t x is horrible & pitiful to see little acrobats putt+ _! legs ov] _! necks1 b x is n less pitiful to see *ildr5 ( #aj giv+ conc]ts1 & x is /ill worse to see s*ool-boys ( #aj :o1 z a prep>ation = lit]>y "w1 h le>nt by he>t ! exceptions to ! ,lat9 gramm>4 ,^! p n only gr[ physically & m5tally de=m$1 b also morally de=m$1 & become incapable ( do+ any?+ really ne$$ by man4 ,occupy+ 9 society ! rle ( amus]s ( ! ri*1 !y lose _! s5se ( human dignity1 & develop 9 !mselves su* a passion = public applause t !y are always a prey to an inflat$ & unsatisfi$ vanity :i* gr[s 9 !m to diseas$ dim5sions1 & !y exp5d _! m5tal /r5g? 9 ef=ts to obta9 satisfaction = ?is passion4 ,& :at is mo/ tragic ( all is t ^! p1 :o = ! sake ( art are spoilt = life1 n only d n r5d] s]vice to ?is art1 b1 on ! contr>y1 inflict ! greate/ h>m on x4 ,!y are taught 9 academies1 s*ools1 & cons]vatoires h[ to c\nt]feit art1 & by le>n+ ?is !y s p]v]t !mselves t !y q lose ! capacity to produce works ( real art1 & become purveyors ( t c\nt]feit1 or trivial1 or deprav$ art :i* floods our society4 ,?is is ! fir/ obvi\s consequ5ce ( ! p]v]sion ( ! organ ( art4 ,! second consequ5ce is t ! productions ( amusem5t-art1 :i* are prep>$ 9 su* t]rific quantities by ! armies ( pr(essional arti/s1 enable ! ri* p ( our times to live ! lives !y d1 lives n only unnatural1 b 9 contradiction to ! humane pr9ciples ^! p !mselves pr(ess4 ,to live z d ! ri*1 idle p1 especially ! wom51 f> f nature & f animals1 9 artificial conditions1 ) muscles atrophi$ or misdevelop$ by gymna/ics1 & ) enfeebl$ vital en]gy1 w\ld be impossible 7 x n = :at is call$ art--= ?is occupation & amusem5t :i* hides f !m ! mean+lessness ( _! lives1 & saves !m f ! dullness t oppresses !m4 ,take f all ^! p ! !at]s1 conc]ts1 exhibitions1 piano-play+1 songs1 & novels ) :i* !y n[ fill _! "t1 9 full confid5ce t occupation ) ^! ?+s is a v ref9$1 /hetical1 & !re=e good occupation2 take f ! patrons ( art :o buy pictures1 assi/ musicians1 & are acqua9t$ ) writ]s1 _! rle ( protectors ( t important matt] art1 & !y w n be able to cont9ue su* a life1 b w all be eat5 up by ennui & sple51 & w become consci\s ( ! mean+lessness & wrongness ( _! pres5t mode ( life4 ,only occupation ) :at1 among !m1 is consid]$ art r5d]s x possible = !m to cont9ue to live on1 infr++ all natural conditions1 )\t p]ceiv+ ! empt9ess & cruelty ( _! lives4 ,& ?is support af=d$ to ! false mann] ( life pursu$ by ! ri* is ! second consequ5ce1 & a s]i\s "o1 ( ! p]v]sion ( art4 ,! ?ird consequ5ce ( ! p]v]sion ( art is ! p]plexity produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr5 & ( pla9 folk4 ,among p n p]v]t$ by ! false !ories ( our society1 among work]s & *ildr51 !re exi/s a v def9ite conception ( :at p may be respect$ & prais$ =4 ,9 ! m9ds ( peasants & *ildr5 ! gr\nd = praise or eulogy c only be ei!r physical /r5g?3 ,h]cules1 ! h]oes & conqu]ors2 or moral1 spiritual1 /r5g?3 ,sakya ,muni giv+ up a beautiful wife & a k+dom to save mank9d1 ,*ri/ go+ to ! cross = ! tru? he pr(ess$1 & all ! m>tyrs & ! sa9ts4 ,bo? are und]/ood by peasants & *ildr54 ,!y und]/& t physical /r5g? mu/ be respect$1 = x compels respect2 & ! moral /r5g? ( goodness an unp]v]t$ man _c fail to respect1 because all 8 spiritual be+ draws him t[>d x4 ,b ^! p1 *ildr51 & peasants1 sudd5ly p]ceive t besides ^? prais$1 respect$1 & rew>d$ = physical or moral /r5g?1 !re are o!rs :o are prais$1 extoll$1 & rew>d$ mu* m ?an ! h]oes ( /r5g? & virtue1 m]ely because !y s+ well1 compose v]ses1 or dance4 ,!y see t s+]s1 compos]s1 pa9t]s1 ballet-danc]s1 e>n millions ( r\bles & receive m honor ?an ! sa9ts d3 & peasants & *ildr5 are p]plex$4 ,:5 fifty ye>s _h elaps$ aft] ,pu%k9's dea?1 &1 simultane\sly1 ! *eap edition ( 8 works began to circulate among ! p & a monum5t 0 erect$ to him 9 ,mosc[1 ,i receiv$ m ?an a doz5 lett]s f diff]5t peasants ask+ :y ,pu%k9 0 rais$ to su* dignity4 ,& only ! o!r day a lit]ate#abc man f ,s>at(f call$ on me :o _h evid5tly gone out ( 8 m9d ov] ?is v "q4 ,he 0 on 8 way to ,mosc[ to expose ! cl]gy = hav+ tak5 "p 9 rais+ a monam5t to ,mr4 ,pu%k94 #abc ,9 ,russian x is cu/om>y to make a di/9ction betwe5 lit]ate & illit]ate p1 i4e4 betwe5 ^? :o c & ^? :o _c read4 ,lit]ate 9 ?is s5se does n imply t ! man w\ld speak or write correctly4--,,tr4 ,inde$1 "o ne$ only imag9e to oneself :at ! /ate ( m9d ( su* a man ( ! p mu/ be :5 he le>ns1 f su* rumors & newspap]s z rea* him1 t ! cl]gy1 ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials1 & all ! be/ p 9 ,russia are triumphantly unveil+ a /atue to a great man1 ! b5efactor1 ! pride ( ,russia--,pu%k91 ( :om till !n he _h nev] he>d4 ,f all sides he reads or he>s ab\t ?is1 & he naturally supposes t if su* honors are r5d]$ to any "o1 !n )\t d\bt he mu/ h done some?+ extraord9>y--ei!r "s feat ( /r5g? or ( goodness4 ,he tries to le>n :o ,pu%k9 01 & hav+ discov]$ t ,pu%k9 0 nei!r a h]o nor a g5]al1 b 0 a private p]son & a writ]1 he comes to ! conclusion t ,pu%k9 mu/ h be5 a holy man & a tea*] ( goodness1 & he ha/5s to read or to he> 8 life & works4 ,b :at mu/ be 8 p]plexity :5 he le>ns t ,pu%k9 0 a man ( m ?an easy morals1 :o 0 kill$ 9 a duel1 i4e4 :5 attempt+ to murd] ano!r man1 & t all 8 s]vice consi/$ 9 writ+ v]ses ab\t love1 :i* 7 (t5 v indec5t4 ,t a h]o1 or ,alex&] ! ,great1 or ,g5ghis ,khan1 or ,napoleon 7 great1 he und]/&s1 because any "o ( !m c\ld h cru%$ him & a ?\s& l him2 t ,buddha1 ,socrates1 & ,*ri/ 7 great he also und]/&s1 = he kn[s & feels t he & all m5 %\ld be su* z !y 72 b :y a man %\ld be great because he wrote v]ses ab\t ! love ( wom5 he _c make out4 ,a simil> p]plexity mu/ tr\ble ! bra9 ( a ,breton or ,norman peasant :o he>s t a monum5t1 une /atue 7z to ! ,madonna71 is be+ erect$ to ,baudelaire1 & reads1 or is told1 :at ! cont5ts ( 8 ,fleurs du ,mal are2 or1 m amaz+ /ill1 to ,v]la9e1 :5 he le>ns ! /ory ( t man's wret*$1 vici\s life1 & reads 8 v]ses4 ,& :at confusion x mu/ cause 9 ! bra9s ( peasants :5 !y le>n t "s ,patti or ,taglioni is paid #aj1jjj = a season1 or t a pa9t] gets z mu* = a picture1 or t au?ors ( novels describ+ love-sc5es h receiv$ ev5 m ?an t4 ,& x is ! same ) *ildr54 ,i rememb] h[ ,i pass$ ?r\gh ?is /age ( amazem5t & /upefaction1 & only reconcil$ myself to ?is exaltation ( arti/s to ! level ( h]oes & sa9ts by l[]+ 9 my own e/imation ! importance ( moral excell5ce1 & by attribut+ a false1 unnatural mean+ to works ( art4 ,& a simil> confusion mu/ occur 9 ! s\l ( ea* *ild & ea* man ( ! p :5 he le>ns ( ! /range honors & rew>ds t are lavi%$ on arti/s4 ,?is is ! ?ird consequ5ce ( ! false relation 9 :i* our society /&s t[>d art4 ,! f\r? consequ5ce is t p ( ! upp] classes1 m & m frequ5tly enc\nt]+ ! contradictions betwe5 beauty & goodness1 put ! ideal ( beauty fir/1 ?us free+ !mselves f ! dem&s ( morality4 ,^! p1 rev]s+ ! rles1 in/ead ( admitt+1 z is really ! case1 t ! art !y s]ve is an antiquat$ affair1 allege t morality is an antiquat$ affair1 :i* c h no importance = p situat$ on t high plane ( developm5t on :i* !y op9e t !y are situat$4 ,?is result ( ! false relation to art %[$ itself 9 our society long ago2 b rec5tly1 ) its prophet ,nietzs*e & 8 adh]5ts1 & ) ! decad5ts & c]ta9 ,engli% /hetes :o co9cide ) him1 x is be+ express$ ) especial impud5ce4 ,! decad5ts1 & /hetes ( ! type at "o "t repres5t$ by ,osc> ,wilde1 select z a !me = _! productions ! d5ial ( morality & ! laudation ( vice4 ,?is art has p>tly g5]at$1 & p>tly co9cides )1 a simil> philosophic !ory4 ,i rec5tly receiv$ f ,am]ica a book entitl$1 ,! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/3 ,philosophy ( ,p[]1 #ahif1 by ,ragn> ,r$be>d1 ,*icago4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is book1 z x is express$ 9 ! editor's preface1 is t to measure "r by ! false philosophy ( ! ,hebrew prophets & weepful ,messiahs is madness4 ,"r is n ! (fspr+ ( doctr9e1 b ( p[]4 ,all laws1 comm&m5ts1 or doctr9es z to n do+ to ano!r :at y d n wi% done to y1 h no inh]5t au?ority :atev]1 b receive x only f ! club1 ! gall[s1 & ! sword4 ,a man truly free is "u no obligation to obey any injunction1 human or div9e4 ,ob$i5ce is ! sign ( ! deg5]ate4 ,disob$i5ce is ! /amp ( ! h]o4 ,m5 %\ld n be b\nd by moral rules inv5t$ by _! foes4 ,! :ole _w is a slipp]y battlefield4 ,ideal ju/ice dem&s t ! vanqui%$ %\ld be exploit$1 emasculat$1 & scorn$4 ,! free & brave may seize ! _w4 ,&1 !re=e1 !re %\ld be et]nal w> = life1 = l&1 = love1 = wom51 = p[]1 & = gold4 7,some?+ simil> 0 said a few ye>s ago by ! celebrat$ & ref9$ academician1 ,vog47 ,! e>? & its treasures is booty = ! bold4 ,! au?or has evid5tly by himself1 indep5d5tly ( ,nietzs*e1 come to ! same conclusions :i* are pr(ess$ by ! new arti/s4 ,express$ 9 ! =m ( a doctr9e ^! positions />tle u4 ,9 reality !y are impli$ 9 ! ideal ( art s]v+ beauty4 ,! art ( our upp] classes has educat$ p 9 ?is ideal ( ! ov]-man1#abd--:i* is1 9 reality1 ! old ideal ( ,n]o1 ,/5ka ,raz91#abe ,g5ghis ,khan1 ,rob]t ,macaire1#abf or ,napoleon1 & all _! accomplices1 assi/ants1 & adulators--& x supports ?is ideal ) all its might4 ,foootnote #abd3 ,! ov]-man 7,ueb]m5s*71 9 ! ,nietzs*ean philosophy1 is t sup]ior type ( man :om ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is to evolve1 & :o w seek only 8 own p[] & pleasure1 w "k no?+ ( pity1 & w h ! "r1 because he w possess ! p[]1 to make ord9>y p s]ve him4--,,tr4 #abe ,/5ka ,raz9 0 by orig9 a common ,cossack4 ,8 bro!r 0 hung = a brea* ( milit>y discipl9e1 & to ?is ev5t ,/5ka ,raz9's hatr$ ( ! gov]n+ classes has be5 attribut$4 ,he =m$ a robb] b&1 & subsequ5tly head$ a =midable rebellion1 decl>+ himself 9 favor ( fre$om = ! s]fs1 religi\s tol]ation1 & ! abolition ( taxes4 ,l ! gov]nm5t he oppos$1 he reli$ on =ce1 &1 ?\gh he us$ x l>gely 9 def5se ( ! poor aga9/ ! ri*1 he /ill held to ,! good old rule1 ! simple plan1 ,t !y %\ld take :o h ! p[]1 ,& !y %\ld keep :o c4 ,l ,rob9 ,hood1 he is favorably treat$ 9 popul> leg5ds4--,,tr4 #abf ,rob]t ,macaire is a mod]n type ( adroit & audaci\s rascality4 ,he 0 ! h]o ( a popul> play produc$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahcd4--,,tr4 ,x is ?is supplant+ ( ! ideal ( :at is "r by ! ideal ( :at is beautiful1 i4e4 ( :at is pleasant1 t is ! f\r? consequ5ce1 & a t]rible "o1 ( ! p]v]sion ( art 9 our society4 ,x is fe>ful to ?9k ( :at w\ld befall humanity 7 su* art to spread among ! masses ( ! p4 ,& x already beg9s to spread4 ,f9ally1 ! fif? & *ief result is1 t ! art :i* fl\ri%es 9 ! upp] classes ( ,european society has a directly vitiat+ influ5ce1 infect+ p ) ! wor/ feel+s & ) ^? mo/ h>mful to humanity1--sup]/ition1 patriotism1 &1 above all1 s5suality4 ,look c>efully into ! causes ( ! ignorance ( ! masses1 & y may see t ! *ief cause does n at all lie 9 ! lack ( s*ools & libr>ies1 z we are accu/om$ to suppose1 b 9 ^? sup]/itions1 bo? ecclesia/ical & patriotic1 ) :i* ! p are saturat$1 & :i* are unceas+ly g5]at$ by all ! me?ods ( art4 ,*ur* sup]/itions are support$ & produc$ by ! poetry ( pray]s1 hymns1 pa9t+1 by ! sculpture ( images & ( /atues1 by s++1 by organs1 by music1 by ar*itecture1 & ev5 by dramatic art 9 religi\s c]emonies4 ,patriotic sup]/itions are support$ & produc$ by v]ses & /ories1 :i* are suppli$ ev5 9 s*ools1 by music1 by songs1 by triumphal processions1 by royal meet+s1 by m>tial pictures1 & by monum5ts4 ,7 x n = ?is cont9ual activity 9 all dep>tm5ts ( art1 p]petuat+ ! ecclesia/ical & patriotic intoxication & embitt]m5t ( ! p1 ! masses w\ld long ere ?is h atta9$ to true enlight5m5t4 ,b x is n only 9 ,*ur* matt]s & patriotic matt]s t art depraves2 x is art 9 our "t t s]ves z ! *ief cause ( ! p]v]sion ( p 9 ! mo/ important "q ( social life1--9 _! sexual relations4 ,we ne>ly all "k by our own exp]i5ce1 & ^? :o are fa!rs & mo!rs "k 9 ! case ( _! gr[n-up *ildr5 also1 :at fe>ful m5tal & physical suff]+1 :at useless wa/e ( /r5g?1 p suff] m]ely z a consequ5ce ( dissolut5ess 9 sexual desire4 ,s9ce ! _w began1 s9ce ! ,trojan w>1 :i* sprang f t same sexual dissolut5ess1 d[n to & includ+ ! suicides & murd]s ( lov]s describ$ 9 almo/ e newspap]1 a great proportion ( ! suff]+s ( ! human race h come f ?is s\rce4 ,& :at is art do+8 ,all art1 real & c\nt]feit1 ) v few exceptions1 is devot$ to describ+1 depict+1 & inflam+ sexual love 9 e %ape & =m4 ,:5 "o rememb]s all ^? novels & _! lu/-k9dl+ descriptions ( love1 f ! mo/ ref9$ to ! grosse/1 ) :i* ! lit]ature ( our society ov]fl[s2 if "o only rememb]s all ^? pictures & /atues repres5t+ wom5's nak$ bodies1 & all sorts ( abom9ations :i* are reproduc$ 9 illu/rations & adv]tisem5ts2 if "o only rememb]s all ! fil?y op]as & op]ettas1 songs1 & romances ) :i* our _w teems1 involunt>ily x seems z if exi/+ art _h b "o def9ite aim1--to dissem9ate vice z widely z possible4 ,su*1 ?\gh n all1 are ! mo/ direct consequ5ces ( t p]v]sion ( art :i* has occurr$ 9 our society4 ,s t :at 9 our society is call$ art n only does n conduce to ! progress ( mank9d1 b1 m ?an almo/ any?+ else1 h9d]s ! atta9m5t ( goodness 9 our lives4 ,& !re=e ! "q :i* involunt>ily pres5ts itself to e man free f arti/ic activity & !re=e n b\nd to exi/+ art by self-int]e/1 ! "q ask$ by me at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w3 ,is x j t to :at we call art1 to a some?+ belong+ to b a small section ( society1 %\ld be (f]$ up su* sacrifices ( human labor1 ( human lives1 & ( goodness z are n[ be+ (f]$ up8 receives ! natural reply3 ,no2 x is unju/1 & ^! ?+s %\ld n be6 ,s also replies s\nd s5se & unp]v]t$ moral feel+4 ,n only %\ld ^! ?+s n be1 n only %\ld no sacrifices be (f]$ up to :at among u is call$ art1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! ef=ts ( ^? :o wi% to live rightly %\ld be direct$ t[>d ! de/ruction ( ?is art1 = x is "o ( ! mo/ cruel ( ! evils t h>ass our section ( humanity4 ,s t1 7 ! "q put3 ,w\ld x be pref]able = our ,*ri/ian _w to be depriv$ ( all t is n[ e/eem$ to be art1 &1 toge!r ) ! false1 to lose all t is good 9 x8 ,i ?9k t e reasonable & moral man w\ld aga9 decide ! "q z ,plato decid$ x = 8 ,republic1 & z all ! ,*ur* ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an tea*]s ( mank9d decid$ x1 i4e4 w\ld say1 ,r let !re be no art at all ?an cont9ue ! deprav+ art1 or simulation ( art1 :i* n[ exi/s4 ,happily1 no "o has to face ?is "q1 & no "o ne$ adopt ei!r solution4 ,all t man c d1 & t we--! s-call$ educat$ p1 :o are s plac$ t we h ! possibility ( und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! ph5om5a ( our life--c & %\ld d1 is to und]/& ! error we are involv$ 91 & n h>d5 our he>ts 9 x1 b seek = a way ( escape4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,! cause ( ! lie into :i* ! art ( our society has fall5 0 t p ( ! upp] classes1 hav+ ceas$ to believe 9 ! ,*ur* tea*+ 7call$ ,*ri/ian71 did n resolve to accept true ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 its real & fundam5tal pr9ciples ( son%ip to ,god & bro!rhood to man1 b cont9u$ to live on )\t any belief1 endeavor+ to make up = ! abs5ce ( belief--"s by hypocrisy1 pret5d+ /ill to believe 9 ! nons5se ( ! ,*ur* cre$s2 o!rs by boldly ass]t+ _! disbelief2 o!rs by ref9$ agno/icism2 & o!rs1 aga91 by return+ to ! ,greek wor%ip ( beauty1 proclaim+ egotism to be "r1 & elevat+ x to ! rank ( a religi\s doctr9e4 ,! cause ( ! malady 0 ! non-acceptance ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ 9 its real1 i4e4 its full1 mean+4 ,& ! only cure = ! illness lies 9 ackn[l$g+ t tea*+ 9 its full mean+4 ,& su* ackn[l$gm5t 9 our "t is n only possible1 b inevitable4 ,already to-day a man1 /&+ on ! height ( ! k ( our age1 :e!r he be nom9ally a ,ca?olic or a ,prote/ant1 _c say t he really believes 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*3 9 ,god be+ a ,tr9ity1 9 ,*ri/ be+ ,god1 9 ! s*eme ( r$emption1 & s =?2 nor c he satisfy himself by proclaim+ 8 unbelief or skepticism1 nor by relaps+ into ! wor%ip ( beauty & egotism4 ,above all1 he c no long] say t we d n "k ! real mean+ ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,t mean+ has n only become accessible to all m5 ( our times1 b ! :ole life ( man to-day is p]meat$ by ! _s ( t tea*+1 &1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 is guid$ by x4 ,h[ev] diff]5tly 9 =m p belong+ to our ,*ri/ian _w may def9e ! de/9y ( man2 :e!r !y see x 9 human progress 9 :atev] s5se ( ! words1 9 ! union ( all m5 9 a sociali/ic realm1 or 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a commune2 :e!r !y look =w>d to ! union ( mank9d "u ! guidance ( "o univ]sal ,*ur*1 or to ! f$]ation ( ! _w1--h[ev] v>i\s 9 =m _! def9itions ( ! de/9ation ( human life may be1 all m5 9 our times already admit t ! highe/ well-be+ atta9able by m5 is to be rea*$ by _! union ) "o ano!r4 ,h[ev] p ( our upp] classes 7feel+ t _! asc5dancy c only be ma9ta9$ z long z !y sep>ate !mselves--! ri* & le>n$--f ! labor]s1 ! poor1 & ! unle>n$7 may seek to devise new conceptions ( life by :i* _! privileges may be p]petuat$1--n[ ! ideal ( return+ to antiquity1 n[ my/icism1 n[ ,hell5ism1 n[ ! cult ( ! sup]ior p]son 7ov]-man-ism71--!y h1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 to admit ! tru? :i* is elucidat+ itself f all sides1 volunt>ily & involunt>ily1 namely1 t our welf>e lies only 9 ! unification & ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,unconsci\sly ?is tru? is confirm$ by ! con/ruction ( means ( communication1--telegraphs1 telephones1 ! press1 & ! ev] increas+ atta9ability ( mat]ial well-be+ = e "o1--& consci\sly x is affirm$ by ! de/ruction ( sup]/itions :i* divide m51 by ! diffusion ( ! tru?s ( k1 & by ! expression ( ! ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( man 9 ! be/ works ( art ( our "t4 ,art is a spiritual organ ( human life :i* _c be de/roy$1 & !re=e1 not)/&+ all ! ef=ts made by p ( ! upp] classes to conceal ! religi\s ideal by :i* humanity lives1 t ideal is m & m cle>ly recogniz$ by man1 & ev5 9 our p]v]t$ society is m & m (t5 p>tially express$ by sci5ce & by art4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury works ( ! high] k9d ( religi\s art h appe>$ m & m frequ5tly1 bo? 9 lit]ature & 9 pa9t+1 p]meat$ by a truly ,*ri/ian _s1 z also works ( ! univ]sal art ( common life1 accessible to all4 ,s t ev5 art kn[s ! true ideal ( our times1 & t5ds t[>d x4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! be/ works ( art ( our times transmit religi\s feel+s urg+ t[>d ! union & ! bro!rhood ( man 7su* are ! works ( ,dick5s1 ,hugo1 ,do/oievsky2 & 9 pa9t+1 ( ,millet1 ,ba/i5 ,lepage1 ,jules ,breton1 ,l',h]mitte1 & o!rs72 on ! o!r h&1 !y /rive t[>d ! transmission1 n ( feel+s :i* are natural to p ( ! upp] classes only1 b ( su* feel+s z may unite e "o )\t exception4 ,!re are z yet few su* works1 b ! ne$ ( !m is already ackn[l$g$4 ,9 rec5t times we also meet m & m frequ5tly ) attempts at publications1 pictures1 conc]ts1 & !at]s = ! p4 ,all ?is is /ill v f> f accompli%+ :at %\ld be done1 b already ! direction 9 :i* good art in/9ctively presses =w>d to rega9 ! pa? natural to x c be disc]n$4 ,! religi\s p]ception ( our "t--:i* consi/s 9 ackn[l$g+ t ! aim ( life 7bo? collective & individual7 is ! union ( mank9d--is already s suffici5tly di/9ct t p h n[ only to reject ! false !ory ( beauty1 accord+ to :i* enjoym5t is consid]$ to be ! purpose ( art1 & religi\s p]ception w naturally take its place z ! guide ( ! art ( our "t4 ,& z soon z ! religi\s p]ception1 :i* already unconsci\sly directs ! life ( man1 is consci\sly ackn[l$g$1 !n imm$iately & naturally ! division ( art1 into art = ! l[] & art = ! upp] classes1 w disappe>4 ,!re w be "o common1 bro!rly1 univ]sal art2 & fir/1 t art w naturally be reject$ :i* transmits feel+s incompatible ) ! religi\s p]ception ( our "t1--feel+s :i* d n unite1 b divide m51--& !n t insignificant1 exclusive art w be reject$ to :i* an importance is n[ atta*$ to :i* x has no "r4 ,& z soon z ?is occurs1 art w imm$iately cease to be :at x has be5 9 rec5t times1--a means ( mak+ p co>s] & m vici\s2 & x w become1 :at x always us$ to be & %\ld be1 a means by :i* humanity progresses t[>d unity & bless$ness4 ,/range z ! comp>ison may s\nd1 :at has happ5$ to ! art ( our circle & "t is :at happ5s to a woman :o sells h] womanly attractiv5ess1 int5d$ = mat]nity1 = ! pleasure ( ^? :o desire su* pleasures4 ,! art ( our "t & ( our circle has become a pro/itute4 ,& ?is comp>ison holds good ev5 9 m9ute details4 ,l h] x is n limit$ to c]ta9 times1 l h] x is always adorn$1 l h] x is always salable1 & l h] x is entic+ & ru9\s4 ,a real "w ( art c only arise 9 ! s\l ( an arti/ occasionally z ! fruit ( ! life he has liv$1 j z a *ild is conceiv$ by its "m4 ,b c\nt]feit art is produc$ by artisans & h&icraftsm5 cont9ually1 if only consum]s c be f\nd4 ,real art1 l ! wife ( an affectionate husb&1 ne$s no ornam5ts4 ,b c\nt]feit art1 l a pro/itute1 mu/ always be deck$ out4 ,! cause ( ! production ( real art is ! arti/'s inn] ne$ to express a feel+ t has accumulat$1 j z = a "m ! cause ( sexual conception is love4 ,! cause ( c\nt]feit art1 z ( pro/itution1 is ga94 ,! consequ5ce ( true art is ! introduction ( a new feel+ into ! int]c\rse ( life1 z ! consequ5ce ( a wife's love is ! bir? ( a new man into life4 ,! consequ5ces ( c\nt]feit art are ! p]v]sion ( man1 pleasure :i* nev] satisfies1 & ! weak5+ ( man's spiritual /r5g?4 ,& ?is is :at p ( our day & ( our circle %\ld und]/&1 9 ord] to avoid ! fil?y torr5t ( deprav$ & pro/itut$ art ) :i* we are delug$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,p talk ( ! art ( ! future1 mean+ by art ( ! future "s especially ref9$1 new art1 :i*1 z !y imag9e1 w be develop$ out ( t exclusive art ( "o class :i* is n[ consid]$ ! highe/ art4 ,b no su* new art ( ! future c or w be f\nd4 ,our exclusive art1 t ( ! upp] classes ( ,*ri/5dom1 has f\nd its way into a bl9d alley4 ,! direction 9 :i* x has be5 go+ leads n[h]e4 ,hav+ once let g ( t :i* is mo/ ess5tial = art 7namely1 ! guidance giv5 by religi\s p]ception71 t art has become ev] m & m exclusive1 & !re=e ev] m & m p]v]t$1 until1 f9ally1 x has come to no?+4 ,! art ( ! future1 t :i* is really com+1 w n be a developm5t ( pres5t-day art1 b w arise on completely o!r & new f\ndations1 hav+ no?+ 9 common ) ^? by :i* our pres5t art ( ! upp] classes is guid$4 ,art ( ! future1 t is to say1 su* "p ( art z w be *os5 f among all ! art diffus$ among mank9d1 w consi/1 n 9 transmitt+ feel+s accessible only to memb]s ( ! ri* classes1 z is ! case to-day1 b 9 transmitt+ su* feel+s z embody ! highe/ religi\s p]ception ( our times4 ,only ^? productions w be consid]$ art :i* transmit feel+s draw+ m5 toge!r 9 bro!rly union1 or su* univ]sal feel+s z c unite all m54 ,only su* art w be *os51 tol]at$1 approv$1 & diffus$4 ,b art transmitt+ feel+s fl[+ f antiquat$1 worn-out religi\s tea*+1--,*ur* art1 patriotic art1 voluptu\s art1 transmitt+ feel+s ( sup]/iti\s fe>1 ( pride1 ( vanity1 ( ec/atic admiration ( national h]oes1--art excit+ exclusive love ( "o's own p1 or s5suality1 w be consid]$ bad1 h>mful art1 & w be c5sur$ & despis$ by public op9ion4 ,all ! re/ ( art1 transmitt+ feel+s accessible only to a section ( p1 w be consid]$ unimportant1 & w be nei!r blam$ nor prais$4 ,& ! appraisem5t ( art 9 g5]al w devolve1 n1 z is n[ ! case1 on a sep>ate class ( ri* p1 b on ! :ole p2 s t = a "w to be e/eem$ good1 & to be approv$ ( & diffus$1 x w h to satisfy ! dem&s1 n ( a few p liv+ 9 id5tical & (t5 unnatural conditions1 b x w h to satisfy ! dem&s ( all ^? great masses ( p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural conditions ( labori\s life4 ,& ! arti/s produc+ art w also n be1 z n[1 m]ely a few p select$ f a small section ( ! nation1 memb]s ( ! upp] classes or _! hang]s-on1 b w consi/ ( all ^? gift$ memb]s ( ! :ole p :o prove capable (1 & are incl9$ t[>d1 arti/ic activity4 ,arti/ic activity w !n be accessible to all m54 ,x w become accessible to ! :ole p1 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! art ( ! future1 n only w t complex te*nique1 :i* de=ms ! productions ( ! art ( to-day & requires s great an ef=t & exp5diture ( "t1 n be dem&$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! dem& w be = cle>ness1 simplicity1 & brevity--conditions ma/]$1 n by me*anical ex]cises1 b by ! education ( ta/e4 ,& secondly1 arti/ic activity w become accessible to all m5 ( ! p because1 in/ead ( ! pres5t pr(essional s*ools :i* only "s c ent]1 all w le>n music & depictive art 7s++ & draw+7 equally ) lett]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 & 9 su* a way t e man1 hav+ receiv$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( draw+ & music1 & feel+ a capacity =1 & a call to1 "o or o!r ( ! arts1 w be able to p]fect himself 9 x4 ,p ?9k t if !re are no special art s*ools ! te*nique ( art w det]iorate4 ,und\bt$ly1 if by te*nique we und]/& ^? complications ( art :i* are n[ consid]$ an excell5ce1 x w det]iorate2 b if by te*nique is und]/ood cle>ness1 beauty1 simplicity1 & compression 9 works ( art1 !n1 ev5 if ! elem5ts ( draw+ & music 7 n to be taught 9 ! national s*ools1 ! te*nique w n only n det]iorate1 b1 z is %[n by all peasant art1 w be a hundr$ times bett]4 ,x w be improv$1 because all ! arti/s ( g5ius n[ hidd5 among ! masses w become produc]s ( art & w give models ( excell5ce1 :i* 7z has always be5 ! case7 w be ! be/ s*ools ( te*nique = _! successors4 ,= e true arti/1 ev5 n[1 le>ns 8 te*nique1 *iefly1 n 9 ! s*ools1 b 9 life1 f ! examples ( ! great ma/]s2 !n--:5 ! produc]s ( art w be ! be/ arti/s ( ! :ole nation1 & !re w be m su* examples1 & !y w be m accessible--su* "p ( ! s*ool tra9+ z ! future arti/ w lose w be a hundr$fold comp5sat$ = by ! tra9+ he w receive f ! num]\s examples ( good art diffus$ 9 society4 ,su* w be "o diff]5ce betwe5 pres5t & future art4 ,ano!r diff]5ce w be t art w n be produc$ by pr(essional arti/s receiv+ paym5t = _! "w & engag$ on no?+ else besides _! art4 ,! art ( ! future w be produc$ by all ! memb]s ( ! community :o feel ! ne$ ( su* activity1 b !y w occupy !mselves ) art only :5 !y feel su* ne$4 ,9 our society p ?9k t an arti/ w "w bett]1 & produce m1 if he has a secur$ ma9t5ance4 ,& ?is op9ion w\ld s]ve once m to %[ cle>ly1 7 su* demon/ration /ill ne$$1 t :at among u is consid]$ art is n art1 b only its c\nt]feit4 ,x is q true t = ! production ( boots or loaves division ( labor is v advantage\s1 & t ! bootmak] or bak] :o ne$ n prep>e 8 own d9n] or fet* 8 own fuel w make m boots or loaves ?an if he _h to busy himself ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,b art is n a h&icraft2 x is ! transmission ( feel+ ! arti/ has exp]i5c$4 ,& s\nd feel+ c only be eng5d]$ 9 a man :5 he is liv+ on all its sides ! life natural & prop] to mank9d4 ,& !re=e security ( ma9t5ance is a condition mo/ h>mful to an arti/'s true productiv5ess1 s9ce x removes him f ! condition natural to all m51--t ( /ruggle ) nature = ! ma9t5ance ( bo? 8 own life & t ( o!rs1--& ?us deprives him ( opportunity & possibility to exp]i5ce ! mo/ important & natural feel+s ( man4 ,!re is no position m injuri\s to an arti/'s productiv5ess ?an t position ( complete security & luxury 9 :i* arti/s usually live 9 our society4 ,! arti/ ( ! future w live ! common life ( man1 e>n+ 8 subsi/5ce by "s k9d ( labor4 ,! fruits ( t highe/ spiritual /r5g? :i* passes ?r\gh him he w try to %>e ) ! greate/ possible numb] ( p1 = 9 su* transmission to o!rs ( ! feel+s t h aris5 9 him he w f9d 8 happ9ess & 8 rew>d4 ,! arti/ ( ! future w be unable to und]/& h[ an arti/1 ^: *ief delight is 9 ! wide diffusion ( 8 works1 c\ld give !m only 9 ex*ange = a c]ta9 paym5t4 ,until ! deal]s are driv5 out1 ! temple ( art w n be a temple4 ,b ! art ( ! future w drive !m out4 ,& !re=e ! subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! future1 z ,i imag9e x to myself1 w be totally unlike t ( to-day4 ,x w consi/1 n 9 ! expression ( exclusive feel+s3 pride1 sple51 satiety1 & all possible =ms ( voluptu\sness1 available & int]e/+ only to p :o1 by =ce1 h fre$ !mselves f ! labor natural to human be+s2 b x w consi/ 9 ! expression ( feel+s exp]i5c$ by a man liv+ ! life natural to all m5 & fl[+ f ! religi\s p]ception ( our times1 or ( su* feel+s z are op5 to all m5 )\t exception4 ,to p ( our circle :o d n "k & _c or w n und]/& ! feel+s :i* w =m ! subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! future1 su* subject-matt] appe>s v poor 9 comp>ison ) ^? subtleties ( exclusive art ) :i* !y are n[ occupi$4 ,:at is !re fre% to be said 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,*ri/ian feel+ ( love ( "o's fell[-man8 ,! feel+s common to e "o are s insignificant & monoton\s1 ?9k !y4 ,& yet1 9 our "t1 ! really fre% feel+s c only be religi\s1 ,*ri/ian feel+s1 & su* z are op51 accessible1 to all4 ,! feel+s fl[+ f ! religi\s p]ception ( our times1 ,*ri/ian feel+s1 are inf9itely new & v>i$1 only n 9 ! s5se "s p imag9e1--n t !y c be evok$ by ! depiction ( ,*ri/ & ( gospel episodes1 or by repeat+ 9 new =ms ! ,*ri/ian tru?s ( unity1 bro!rhood1 equality1 & love1--b 9 t all ! olde/1 commone/1 & mo/ hackney$ ph5om5a ( life evoke ! newe/1 mo/ unexpect$1 & t\*+ emotions z soon z a man reg>ds !m f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view4 ,:at c be old] ?an ! relations betwe5 m>ri$ c\ples1 ( p>5ts to *ildr51 ( *ildr5 to p>5ts2 ! relations ( m5 to _! fell[-c\ntrym5 & to =eign]s1 to an invasion1 to def5se1 to prop]ty1 to ! l&1 or to animals8 ,b z soon z a man reg>ds ^! matt]s f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 endlessly v>i$1 fre%1 complex1 & /rong emotions imm$iately arise4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 t realm ( subject-matt] = ! art ( ! future :i* relates to ! simple/ feel+s ( common life op5 to all w n be n>r[$1 b wid5$4 ,9 our =m] art only ! expression ( feel+s natural to p ( a c]ta9 exceptional position 0 consid]$ wor?y ( be+ transmitt$ by art1 & ev5 !n only on condition t ^! feel+s 7 transmitt$ 9 a mo/ ref9$ mann]1 incompreh5sible to ! majority ( m52 all ! imm5se realm ( folk-art1 & *ildr5's art--je/s1 prov]bs1 riddles1 songs1 dances1 *ildr5's games1 & mimicry--0 n e/eem$ a doma9 wor?y ( art4 ,! arti/ ( ! future w und]/& t to compose a fairy-tale1 a little song :i* w t\*1 a lullaby or a riddle :i* w ent]ta91 a je/ :i* w amuse1 or to draw a sket* :i* w delight doz5s ( g5]ations or millions ( *ildr5 & adults1 is incomp>ably m important & m fruitful ?an to compose a novel or a symphony1 or pa9t a picture :i* w div]t "s memb]s ( ! weal?y classes = a %ort "t1 & !n be =ev] =gott54 ,! region ( ?is art ( ! simple feel+s accessible to all is enorm\s1 & x is z yet almo/ unt\*$4 ,! art ( ! future1 !re=e1 w n be poor]1 b inf9itely ri*] 9 subject-matt]4 ,& ! =m ( ! art ( ! future w also n be inf]ior to ! pres5t =ms ( art1 b inf9itely sup]ior to !m4 ,sup]ior1 n 9 ! s5se ( hav+ a ref9$ & complex te*nique1 b 9 ! s5se ( ! capacity briefly1 simply1 & cle>ly to transmit1 )\t any sup]fluities1 ! feel+ :i* ! arti/ has exp]i5c$ & wi%es to transmit4 ,i rememb] once speak+ to a fam\s a/ronom] :o _h giv5 public lectures on ! spectrum analysis ( ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 & say+ x w\ld be a good ?+ if1 ) 8 k & ma/]ly deliv]y1 he w\ld give a lecture m]ely on ! =mation & movem5ts ( ! e>?1 = c]ta9ly !re 7 _m p at 8 lecture on ! spectrum analysis ( ! />s ( ! ,milky ,way1 especially among ! wom51 :o did n well "k :y night foll[s day & summ] foll[s w9t]4 ,! wise a/ronom] smil$ z he answ]$1 ,yes1 x w\ld be a good ?+1 b x w\ld be v difficult4 ,to lecture on ! spectrum analysis ( ! ,milky ,way is f> easi]4 ,& s x is 9 art4 ,to write a rhym$ poem deal+ ) ! times ( ,cleopatra1 or pa9t a picture ( ,n]o burn+ ,rome1 or compose a symphony 9 ! mann] ( ,brahms or ,ri*>d ,/rauss1 or an op]a l ,wagn]'s1 is f> easi] ?an to tell a simple /ory )\t any unnecess>y details1 yet s t x %\ld transmit ! feel+s ( ! n>rator1 or to draw a p5cil-sket* :i* %\ld t\* or amuse ! behold]1 or to compose f\r b>s ( cle> & simple melody1 )\t any accompanim5t1 :i* %\ld convey an impression & be rememb]$ by ^? :o he> x4 ,x is impossible = u1 ) our culture1 to return to a primitive /ate1 say ! arti/s ( our "t4 ,x is impossible = u n[ to write su* /ories z t ( ,joseph or ! ',odyssey1' to produce su* /atues z ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 or to compose su* music z ! folk-songs4 ,& inde$1 = ! arti/s ( our society & day1 x is impossible1 b n = ! future arti/1 :o w be free f all ! p]v]sion ( te*nical improvem5ts hid+ ! abs5ce ( subject-matt]1 & :o1 n be+ a pr(essional arti/ & receiv+ no paym5t = 8 activity1 w only produce art :5 he feels impell$ to d s by an irresi/ible inn] impulse4 ,! art ( ! future w ?us be completely di/9ct1 bo? 9 subject-matt] & 9 =m1 f :at is n[ call$ art4 ,! only subject-matt] ( ! art ( ! future w be ei!r feel+s draw+ m5 t[>d union1 or su* z already unite !m2 & ! =ms ( art w be su* z w be op5 to e "o4 ,& !re=e1 ! ideal ( excell5ce 9 ! future w n be ! exclusiv5ess ( feel+1 accessible only to "s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 its univ]sality4 ,& n bulk9ess1 obscurity1 & complexity ( =m1 z is n[ e/eem$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 brevity1 cle>ness1 & simplicity ( expression4 ,only :5 art has atta9$ to t1 w art nei!r div]t nor deprave m5 z x does n[1 call+ on !m to exp5d _! be/ /r5g? on x1 b be :at x %\ld be1--a vehicle :]e) to transmit religi\s1 ,*ri/ian p]ception f ! realm ( reason & intellect into t ( feel+1 & really draw+ p 9 actual life ne>] to t p]fection & unity indicat$ to !m by _! religi\s p]ception4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,conclusion ,i h accompli%$1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 ?is "w :i* has occupi$ me = fifte5 ye>s1 on a subject ne> to me--t ( art4 ,by say+ t ?is subject has occupi$ me = fifte5 ye>s1 ,i d n mean t ,i h be5 writ+ ?is book fifte5 ye>s1 b only t ,i began to write on art fifte5 ye>s ago1 ?9k+ t :5 once ,i und]took ! task ,i %\ld be able to accompli% x )\t a break4 ,x prov$1 h[ev]1 t my views on ! matt] !n 7 s f> f cle> t ,i c\ld n arrange !m 9 a way t satisfi$ me4 ,f t "t ,i h nev] ceas$ to ?9k on ! subject1 & ,i h recomm5c$ to write on x six or sev5 times2 b ea* "t1 aft] writ+ a consid]able "p ( x1 ,i h f\nd myself unable to br+ ! "w to a satisfactory conclusion1 & h _h to put x aside4 ,n[ ,i h f9i%$ x2 & h[ev] badly ,i may h p]=m$ ! task1 my hope is t my fundam5tal ?\ght z to ! false direction ! art ( our society has tak5 & is foll[+1 z to ! reasons ( ?is1 & z to ! real de/9ation ( art1 is correct1 & t !re=e my "w w n be )\t avail4 ,b t ?is %\ld come to pass1 & t art %\ld really ab&on its false pa? & take ! new direction1 x is necess>y t ano!r equally important human spiritual activity1--sci5ce1--9 intimate dep5d5ce on :i* art always re/s1 %\ld ab&on ! false pa? :i* x too1 l art1 is foll[+4 ,sci5ce & art are z closely b\nd toge!r z ! lungs & ! he>t1 s t if "o organ is vitiat$ ! o!r _c act rightly4 ,true sci5ce inve/igates & br+s to human p]ception su* tru?s & su* k z ! p ( a giv5 "t & society consid] mo/ important4 ,art transmits ^! tru?s f ! region ( p]ception to ! region ( emotion4 ,!re=e1 if ! pa? *os5 by sci5ce be false1 s also w be ! pa? tak5 by art4 ,sci5ce & art are l a c]ta9 k9d ( b>ge ) k$ge-an*ors :i* us$ to ply on our riv]s4 ,sci5ce1 l ! boats :i* took ! an*ors up-/ream & made !m secure1 gives direction to ! =w>d movem5t2 :ile art1 l ! w9dlass work$ on ! b>ge to draw x t[>d ! an*or1 causes ! actual progression4 ,& ?us a false activity ( sci5ce inevitably causes a correspond+ly false activity ( art4 ,z art 9 g5]al is ! transmission ( e k9d ( feel+1 b 9 ! limit$ s5se ( ! ^w we only call t art :i* transmits feel+s ackn[l$g$ by u to be important1 s also sci5ce 9 g5]al is ! transmission ( all possible k2 b 9 ! limit$ s5se ( ! ^w we call sci5ce t :i* transmits k ackn[l$g$ by u to be important4 ,& ! degree ( importance1 bo? ( ! feel+s transmitt$ by art & ( ! in=mation transmitt$ by sci5ce1 is decid$ by ! religi\s p]ception ( ! giv5 "t & society1 i4e4 by ! common und]/&+ ( ! purpose ( _! lives possess$ by ! p ( t "t or society4 ,t :i* mo/ ( all contributes to ! fulfilm5t ( t purpose w be /udi$ mo/2 t :i* contributes less w be /udi$ less2 t :i* does n contribute at all to ! fulfilm5t ( ! purpose ( human life w be entirely neglect$1 or1 if /udi$1 su* /udy w n be acc\nt$ sci5ce4 ,s x always has be51 & s x %\ld be n[2 = su* is ! nature ( human k & ( human life4 ,b ! sci5ce ( ! upp] classes ( our "t1 :i* n only does n ackn[l$ge any religion1 b consid]s e religion to be m]e sup]/ition1 c\ld n & _c make su* di/9ctions4 ,sci5ti/s ( our day affirm t !y /udy ev]y?+ imp>tially2 b z ev]y?+ is too mu* 7is 9 fact an inf9ite numb] ( objects71 & z x is impossible to /udy all alike1 ?is is only said 9 ! !ory1 :ile 9 practice n ev]y?+ is /udi$1 & /udy is appli$ f> f imp>tially1 only t be+ /udi$ :i*1 on ! "o h&1 is mo/ want$ by1 & on ! o!r h&1 is pleasante/ to1 ^? p :o occupy !mselves ) sci5ce4 ,& :at ! p1 belong+ to ! upp] classes1 :o are occupy+ !mselves ) sci5ce mo/ want is ! ma9t5ance ( ! sy/em "u :i* ^? classes reta9 _! privileges2 & :at is pleasante/ are su* ?+s z satisfy idle curiosity1 d n dem& great m5tal ef=ts1 & c be practically appli$4 ,& !re=e "o side ( sci5ce1 includ+ !ology & philosophy adapt$ to ! exi/+ ord]1 z also hi/ory & political economy ( ! same sort1 are *iefly occupi$ 9 prov+ t ! exi/+ ord] is ! v "o :i* ought to exi/2 t x has come into exi/5ce & cont9ues to exi/ by ! op]ation ( immutable laws n am5able to human w1 & t all ef=ts to *ange x are !re=e h>mful & wrong4 ,! o!r "p1 exp]im5tal sci5ce1--includ+ ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 physics1 botany1 & all ! natural sci5ces1--is exclusively occupi$ ) ?+s t h no direct relation to human life3 ) :at is curi\s1 & ) ?+s ( :i* practical application advantage\s to p ( ! upp] classes c be made4 ,& to ju/ify t selection ( objects ( /udy :i* 79 con=mity to _! own position7 ! m5 ( sci5ce ( our times h made1 !y h devis$ a !ory ( sci5ce = sci5ce's sake1 q simil> to ! !ory ( art = art's sake4 ,z by ! !ory ( art = art's sake x appe>s t occupation ) all ^? ?+s t please u--is art1 s1 by ! !ory ( sci5ce = sci5ce's sake1 ! /udy ( t :i* int]e/s u--is sci5ce4 ,s t "o side ( sci5ce1 in/ead ( /udy+ h[ p %\ld live 9 ord] to fulfil _! mission 9 life1 demon/rates ! righte\sness & immutability ( ! bad & false arrangem5ts ( life :i* exi/ ar\nd u2 :ile ! o!r "p1 exp]im5tal sci5ce1 occupies itself ) que/ions ( simple curiosity or ) te*nical improvem5ts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! divisions ( sci5ce is h>mful1 n only because x confuses p's p]ceptions & gives false decisions1 b also because x exi/s1 & occupies ! gr\nd :i* %\ld belong to true sci5ce4 ,x does ?is h>m1 t ea* man1 9 ord] to approa* ! /udy ( ! mo/ important que/ions ( life1 mu/ fir/ refute ^! erections ( lies :i* h dur+ ages be5 pil$ ar\nd ea* ( ! mo/ ess5tial que/ions ( human life1 & :i* are propp$ up by all ! /r5g? ( human +5uity4 ,! second division--! "o ( :i* mod]n sci5ce is s p>ticul>ly pr\d1 & :i* is consid]$ by _m p to be ! only real sci5ce--is h>mful 9 t x div]ts att5tion f ! really important subjects to insignificant subjects1 & is also directly h>mful 9 t1 "u ! evil sy/em ( society :i* ! fir/ division ( sci5ce ju/ifies & supports1 a great "p ( ! te*nical ga9s ( sci5ce are turn$1 n to ! advantage1 b to ! injury ( mank9d4 ,inde$1 x is only to ^? :o are devot+ _! lives to su* /udy t x seems z if all ! inv5tions :i* are made 9 ! sph]e ( natural sci5ce 7 v important & useful ?+s4 ,& to ^! p x seems s only :5 !y d n look ar\nd !m & d n see :at is really important4 ,!y only ne$ te> !mselves away f ! psy*ological microscope "u :i* !y exam9e ! objects ( _! /udy1 & look ab\t !m1 9 ord] to see h[ insignificant is all t has af=d$ !m su* nave pride1 all t k n only ( geometry ( n-dim5sions1 spectrum analysis ( ! ,milky ,way1 ! =m ( atoms1 dim5sions ( human skulls ( ! ,/one ,age1 & simil> trifles1 b ev5 our k ( micro-organisms1 ,x-rays1 etc41 9 comp>ison ) su* k z we h ?r[n aside & h&$ ov] to ! p]v]sions ( ! pr(essors ( !ology1 jurisprud5ce1 political economy1 f9ancial sci5ce1 etc4 ,we ne$ only look ar\nd u to p]ceive t ! activity prop] to real sci5ce is n ! /udy ( :atev] happ5s to int]e/ u1 b ! /udy ( h[ man's life %\ld be e/abli%$1--! /udy ( ^? que/ions ( religion1 morality1 & social life1 )\t ! solution ( :i* all our k ( nature w be h>mful or insignificant4 ,we are highly delight$ & v pr\d t our sci5ce r5d]s x possible to utilize ! en]gy ( a wat]fall & make x "w 9 factories1 or t we h pi]c$ tunnels ?r\gh m\nta9s1 & s =?4 ,b ! pity ( x is t we make ! =ce ( ! wat]fall labor1 n = ! b5efit ( ! workm51 b to enri* capitali/s :o produce articles ( luxury or weapons ( man-de/roy+ w>4 ,! same dynamite ) :i* we bla/ ! m\nta9s to pi]ce tunnels we use = w>s1 f :i* latt] we n only d n int5d to ab/a91 b :i* we consid] inevitable1 & = :i* we unceas+ly prep>e4 ,if we are n[ able to inoculate prev5tatively ) diph!ritic microbes1 to f9d a ne$le 9 a body by means ( ,x-rays1 to /raight5 a hun*$-back1 cure syphilis1 & p]=m wond]ful op]ations1 we %\ld n be pr\d ( ^! acquisitions ei!r 7ev5 7 !y all e/abli%$ beyond dispute7 if we fully und]/ood ! true purpose ( real sci5ce4 ,if b "o-t5? ( ! ef=ts n[ sp5t on objects ( pure curiosity or ( m]ely practical application 7 exp5d$ on real sci5ce organiz+ ! life ( man1 m ?an half ! p n[ sick w\ld n h ! illnesses f :i* a small m9ority ( !m n[ get cur$ 9 hospitals4 ,!re w\ld be no poor-blood$ & de=m$ *ildr5 gr[+ up 9 factories1 no dea?-rates1 z n[1 ( fifty p] c5t among *ildr51 no det]ioration ( :ole g5]ations1 no pro/itution1 no syphilis1 & no murd]+ ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s 9 w>s1 nor ^? horrors ( folly & ( mis]y :i* our pres5t sci5ce consid]s a necess>y condition ( human life4 ,we h s p]v]t$ ! conception ( sci5ce t x seems /range to m5 ( our day to allude to sci5ces :i* %\ld prev5t ! mortality ( *ildr51 pro/itution1 syphilis1 ! det]ioration ( :ole g5]ations1 & ! :olesale murd] ( m54 ,x seems to u t sci5ce is only !n real sci5ce :5 a man 9 a laboratory p\rs liquids f "o j> into ano!r1 or analyzes ! spectrum1 or cuts up frogs & porpoises1 or weaves 9 a specializ$1 sci5tific j>gon an obscure network ( conv5tional phrases--!ological1 philosophical1 hi/orical1 juridical1 or politico-economical--semi-intelligible to ! man himself1 & int5d$ to demon/rate t :at n[ is1 is :at %\ld be4 ,b sci5ce1 true sci5ce1--su* sci5ce z w\ld really des]ve ! respect :i* is n[ claim$ by ! foll[]s ( "o 7! lea/ important7 "p ( sci5ce1--is n at all su* z ?is3 real sci5ce lies 9 kn[+ :at we %\ld & :at we %\ld n believe1 9 kn[+ h[ ! associat$ life ( man %\ld & %\ld n be con/itut$2 h[ to treat sexual relations1 h[ to educate *ildr51 h[ to use ! l&1 h[ to cultivate x oneself )\t oppress+ o!r p1 h[ to treat =eign]s1 h[ to treat animals1 & mu* m t is important = ! life ( man4 ,su* has true sci5ce ev] be5 & su* x %\ld be4 ,& su* sci5ce is spr++ up 9 our times2 b1 on ! "o h&1 su* true sci5ce is d5i$ & refut$ by all ^? sci5tific p :o def5d ! exi/+ ord] ( society1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is consid]$ empty1 unnecess>y1 unsci5tific sci5ce by ^? :o are engross$ 9 exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,= in/ance1 books & s]mons appe>1 demon/rat+ ! antiquat$ness & absurdity ( ,*ur* dogmas1 z well z ! necessity ( e/abli%+ a reasonable religi\s p]ception suitable to our times1 & all ! !ology t is consid]$ to be real sci5ce is only engag$ 9 refut+ ^! works & 9 ex]cis+ human intellig5ce aga9 & aga9 to f9d support & ju/ification = sup]/itions long s9ce outliv$1 & :i* h n[ become q mean+less4 ,or a s]mon appe>s %[+ t l& %\ld n be an object ( private possession1 & t ! in/itution ( private prop]ty 9 l& is a *ief cause ( ! pov]ty ( ! masses4 ,app>5tly sci5ce1 real sci5ce1 %\ld welcome su* a s]mon & draw fur!r d$uctions f ?is position4 ,b ! sci5ce ( our times does no?+ ( ! k9d3 on ! contr>y1 political economy demon/rates ! opposite position2 namely1 t l&$ prop]ty1 l e o!r =m ( prop]ty1 mu/ be m & m conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a small numb] ( own]s4 ,aga91 9 ! same way1 "o w\ld suppose x to be ! bus9ess ( real sci5ce to demon/rate ! irrationality1 unpr(itabl5ess1 & immorality ( w> & ( executions2 or ! inhumanity & h>mfulness ( pro/itution2 or ! absurdity1 h>mfulness1 & immorality ( us+ n>cotics or ( eat+ animals2 or ! irrationality1 h>mfulness1 & antiquat$ness ( patriotism4 ,& su* works exi/1 b are all consid]$ unsci5tific2 :ile works to prove t all ^! ?+s ought to cont9ue1 & works int5d$ to satisfy an idle ?ir/ = k lack+ any relation to human life1 are consid]$ to be sci5tific4 ,! deviation ( ! sci5ce ( our "t f its true purpose is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ^? ideals :i* are put =w>d by "s sci5ti/s1 & are n d5i$1 b admitt$1 by ! majority ( sci5tific m54 ,^! ideals are express$ n only 9 /upid1 fa%ionable books1 describ+ ! _w z x w be 9 #ajjj or #cjjj ye>s' "t1 b also by sociologi/s :o consid] !mselves s]i\s m5 ( sci5ce4 ,^! ideals are t food1 in/ead ( be+ obta9$ f ! l& by agriculture1 w be prep>$ 9 laboratories by *emical means1 & t human labor w be almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ! utilization ( natural =ces4 ,man w n1 z n[1 eat an egg laid by a h5 he has kept1 or bread gr[n on 8 field1 or an apple f a tree he has re>$ & :i* has blossom$ & matur$ 9 8 sight2 b he w eat ta/y1 nutriti\s1 food :i* w be prep>$ 9 laboratories by ! conjo9t labor ( _m p 9 :i* he w take a small "p4 ,man w h>dly ne$ to labor1 s t all m5 w be able to yield to idl5ess z ! upp]1 rul+ classes n[ yield to x4 ,no?+ %[s m pla9ly ?an ^! ideals to :at a degree ! sci5ce ( our times has deviat$ f ! true pa?4 ,! great majority ( m5 9 our times lack good & suffici5t food 7z well z dwell+s & clo!s & all ! fir/ necess>ies ( life74 ,& ?is great majority ( m5 is compell$1 to ! injury ( its well-be+1 to labor cont9ually beyond its /r5g?4 ,bo? ^! evils c easily be remov$ by aboli%+ mutual /rife1 luxury1 & ! unrighte\s di/ribution ( weal?1 9 a ^w1 by ! abolition ( a false & h>mful ord] & ! e/abli%m5t ( a reasonable1 human mann] ( life4 ,b sci5ce consid]s ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s to be z immutable z ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 & !re=e assumes t ! purpose ( sci5ce is--n to elucidate ! fals5ess ( ?is ord] & to arrange a new1 reasonable way ( life--b1 "u ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 to fe$ ev]ybody & enable all to be z idle z ! rul+ classes1 :o live a deprav$ life1 n[ are4 ,&1 mean:ile1 x is =gott5 t n\ri%m5t ) corn1 vegetables1 & fruit rais$ f ! soil by "o's own labor is ! pleasante/1 heal?ie/1 easie/1 & mo/ natural n\ri%m5t1 & t ! "w ( us+ "o's muscles is z necess>y a condition ( life z is ! oxidation ( ! blood by brea?+4 ,to inv5t means :]eby p might1 :ile cont9u+ our false division ( prop]ty & labor1 be well n\ri%$ by means ( *emically prep>$ food1 & might make ! =ces ( nature "w = !m1 is l inv5t+ means to pump oxyg5 into ! lungs ( a man kept 9 a clos$ *amb]1 ! air ( :i* is bad1 :5 all t is ne$$ is to cease to conf9e ! man 9 ! clos$ *amb]4 ,9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms a laboratory = ! production ( food has be5 arrang$1 su* z c be surpass$ by no pr(essors1 & to enjoy ! fruits ( ?is laboratory1 & to p>ticipate 9 x1 man has only to yield to t ev] joyful impulse to labor1 )\t :i* man's life is a torm5t4 ,& lo & behold6 ! sci5ti/s ( our times1 in/ead ( employ+ all _! /r5g? to aboli% :atev] h9d]s man f utiliz+ ! good ?+s prep>$ = him1 ackn[l$ge ! conditions "u :i* man is depriv$ ( ^! bless+s to be unalt]able1 & in/ead ( arrang+ ! life ( man s t he might "w joyfully & be f$ f ! soil1 !y devise me?ods :i* w cause him to become an artificial abortion4 ,x is l n help+ a man out ( conf9em5t into ! fre% air1 b devis+ means1 in/ead1 to pump into him ! necess>y quantity ( oxyg5 & arrang+ s t he may live 9 a /ifl+ cell> in/ead ( liv+ at home4 ,su* false ideals c\ld n exi/ if sci5ce 7 n on a false pa?4 ,& yet ! feel+s transmitt$ by art gr[ up on ! bases suppli$ by sci5ce4 ,b :at feel+s c su* misdirect$ sci5ce evoke8 ,"o side ( ?is sci5ce evokes antiquat$ feel+s1 :i* humanity has us$ up1 & :i*1 9 our times1 are bad & exclusive4 ,! o!r side1 occupi$ ) ! /udy ( subjects unrelat$ to ! conduct ( human life1 by its v nature _c s]ve z a basis = art4 ,s t art 9 our times1 to be art1 mu/ ei!r op5 up its own road indep5d5tly ( sci5ce1 or mu/ take direction f ! unrecogniz$ sci5ce :i* is d5\nc$ by ! or?odox section ( sci5ce4 ,& ?is is :at art1 :5 x ev5 p>tially fulfils its mission1 is do+4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! "w ,i h tri$ to p]=m conc]n+ art w be p]=m$ also = sci5ce--t ! fals5ess ( ! !ory ( sci5ce = sci5ce's sake w be demon/rat$2 t ! necessity ( ackn[l$g+ ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 its true mean+ w be cle>ly %[n1 t on ! basis ( t tea*+ a reappraisem5t w be made ( ! k we possess1 & ( :i* we are s pr\d2 t ! second>9ess & insignificance ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & ! primacy & importance ( religi\s1 moral1 & social k w be e/abli%$2 & t su* k w n1 z n[1 be left to ! guidance ( ! upp] classes only1 b w =m a *ief int]e/ ( all free1 tru?-lov+ m51 su* z ^? :o1 n 9 agreem5t ) ! upp] classes1 b 9 _! despite1 h always =w>d$ ! real sci5ce ( life4 ,a/ronomical1 physical1 *emical1 & biological sci5ce1 z also te*nical & m$ical sci5ce1 w be /udi$ only 9 s f> z !y c help to free mank9d f religi\s1 juridical1 or social deceptions1 or c s]ve to promote ! well-be+ ( all m51 & n ( any s+le class4 ,only !n w sci5ce cease to be :at x is n[1--on ! "o h& a sy/em ( sophi/ries1 ne$$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ worn-out ord] ( society1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a %apeless mass ( miscellane\s k1 = ! mo/ "p good = little or no?+1--& become a %apely & organic :ole1 hav+ a def9ite & reasonable purpose compreh5sible to all m52 namely1 ! purpose ( br++ to ! consci\sness ( m5 ! tru?s t fl[ f ! religi\s p]ception ( our times4 ,& only !n w art1 :i* is always dep5d5t on sci5ce1 be :at x might & %\ld be1 an organ co-equally important ) sci5ce = ! life & progress ( mank9d4 ,art is n a pleasure1 a solace1 or an amusem5t2 art is a great matt]4 ,art is an organ ( human life1 transmitt+ man's reasonable p]ception into feel+4 ,9 our age ! common religi\s p]ception ( m5 is ! consci\sness ( ! bro!rhood ( man--we "k t ! well-be+ ( man lies 9 union ) 8 fell[-m54 ,true sci5ce %\ld indicate ! v>i\s me?ods ( apply+ ?is consci\sness to life4 ,art %\ld trans=m ?is p]ception into feel+4 ,! task ( art is enorm\s4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( real art1 aid$ by sci5ce guid$ by religion1 t peaceful cop]ation ( man :i* is n[ obta9$ by ext]nal means--by our law-c\rts1 police1 *>itable in/itutions1 factory inspection1 etc4--%\ld be obta9$ by man's free & joy\s activity4 ,art %\ld cause viol5ce to be set aside4 ,& x is only art t c accompli% ?is4 ,all t n[1 indep5d5tly ( ! fe> ( viol5ce & puni%m5t1 makes ! social life ( man possible 7& already n[ ?is is an enorm\s "p ( ! ord] ( our lives7--all ?is has be5 br\ght ab\t by art4 ,if by art x has be5 inculcat$ h[ p %\ld treat religi\s objects1 _! p>5ts1 _! *ildr51 _! wives1 _! relations1 /rang]s1 =eign]s2 h[ to conduct !mselves to _! eld]s1 _! sup]iors1 to ^? :o suff]1 to _! enemies1 & to animals2 & if ?is has be5 obey$ ?r\gh g5]ations by millions ( p1 n only un5=c$ by any viol5ce1 b s t ! =ce ( su* cu/oms c be %ak5 9 no way b by means ( art--!n1 by ! same art1 o!r cu/oms1 m 9 accord ) ! religi\s p]ception ( our "t1 may be evok$4 ,if art has be5 able to convey ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce = images1 = ! eu*>i/1 & = ! k+'s p]son2 ( %ame at betray+ a comrade1 devotion to a flag1 ! necessity ( rev5ge = an insult1 ! ne$ to sacrifice "o's labor = ! erection & adornm5t ( *ur*es1 ! duty ( def5d+ "o's honor or ! glory ( "o's native l&--!n t same art c also evoke rev]5ce = ! dignity ( e man & = ! life ( e animal2 c make m5 a%am$ ( luxury1 ( viol5ce1 ( rev5ge1 or ( us+ = _! pleasure t ( :i* o!rs are 9 ne$2 c compel p freely1 gladly1 & )\t notic+ x1 to sacrifice !mselves 9 ! s]vice ( man4 ,! task = art to accompli% is to make t feel+ ( bro!rhood & love ( "o's neighbor1 n[ atta9$ only by ! be/ memb]s ( society1 ! cu/om>y feel+ & ! in/9ct ( all m54 ,by evok+1 "u imag9>y conditions1 ! feel+ ( bro!rhood & love1 religi\s art w tra9 m5 to exp]i5ce ^? same feel+s "u simil> circum/ances 9 actual life2 x w lay 9 ! s\ls ( m5 ! rails along :i* ! actions ( ^? :om art ?us educates w naturally pass4 ,& univ]sal art1 by unit+ ! mo/ diff]5t p 9 "o common feel+1 by de/roy+ sep>ation1 w educate p to union1 w %[ !m1 n by reason1 b by life itself1 ! joy ( univ]sal union rea*+ beyond ! b\nds set by life4 ,! de/9y ( art 9 our "t is to transmit f ! realm ( reason to ! realm ( feel+ ! tru? t well-be+ = m5 consi/s 9 be+ unit$ toge!r1 & to set up1 9 place ( ! exi/+ reign ( =ce1 t k+dom ( ,god1 i4e4 ( love1 :i* we all recognize to be ! highe/ aim ( human life4 ,possibly1 9 ! future1 sci5ce may reveal to art yet new] & high] ideals1 :i* art may realize2 b1 9 our "t1 ! de/9y ( art is cle> & def9ite4 ,! task = ,*ri/ian art is to e/abli% bro!rly union among m54 ,,app5dix ,i ,?is is ! fir/ page ( ,mall>m's book1 ,divagations3-- ,,le ,,ph,,nom,,ne ,,futur ,un ciel ple1 sur le monde qui f9it de dcrpitude1 va peut-tre p>tir avec les nuages3 les lambeaux de la p\rpre ue des c\*ants dteign5t dans une rivire dormant l'horizon subm]g de rayons et d'eau4 ,les arbres s'ennui5t1 et1 s\s leur feuillage blan*i 7de la p\ssire du temps plutt que celle des *em9s7 monte la maison en toile de ,montreur de *oses ,passes3 ma9t rv]bre att5d le crpuscule et ravive les visages d'une malheureuse f\le1 va9cue p> la maladie immortelle et le p* des sicles1 d'hommes prs de leurs *tives complices ence9tes des fruits misrables avec lesquels prira la t]re4 ,dans le sil5ce inquiet de t\s les yeux suppliant l-bas le soleil qui1 s\s l'eau1 s'enfonce avec le dsespoir d'un cri1 voici le simple bonim5t3 ,nulle enseigne ne v\s rgale du spectacle intrieur1 c> il n'e/ pas ma9t5ant un pe9tre capable d'en donn] une ombre tri/e4 ,j'apporte1 vivante 7et prs]ve trav]s les ans p> la sci5ce s\v]a9e7 une ,femme d'autrefois4 ,quelque folie1 orig9elle et nave1 une extase d'or1 je ne sais quoi6 p> elle nomm sa *evelure1 se ploie avec la grce des t(fes aut\r d'un visage qu' claire la nudit sanglante de ses lvres4 ,a la place du vtem5t va91 elle a un corps2 et les yeux1 semblables aux pi]res r>es6 ne val5t pas ce reg>d qui sort de sa *air heureuse3 des se9s levs comme s'ils tai5t ple9s d'un lait t]nel1 la po9te v]s le ciel1 les jambes lisses qui g>d5t le sel de la m] premire4 ,se rappelant leurs pauvres p\ses1 *auves1 morbides et ple9es d'horreur1 les m>is se press5t3 elles aussi p> curiosit1 mlancoliques1 veul5t voir4 ,qu& t\s auront contempl la noble crature1 ve/ige de quelque poque dj maudite1 les uns indiffr5ts1 c> ils n'auront pas eu la =ce de compr5dre1 mais d'autres navrs et la paupire humide de l>mes rsignes1 se reg>d]ont2 t&is que les potes de ces temps1 s5tant se rallum] leur yeux te9ts1 s'a*em9]ont v]s leur lampe1 le c]veau ivre un in/ant d'une gloire confuse1 hants du ,ry?me et dans l'oubli d'exi/] une poque qui survit la beaut4 ,,! ,,future ,,ph5om5on--,,by ,,mall>m4 ,a pale sky1 above ! _w t is end+ ?r\gh decrepitude1 go+1 p]haps1 to pass away ) ! cl\ds3 %r$s ( worn-out purple ( ! sunsets wa% (f _! color 9 a riv] sleep+ on ! horizon1 subm]g$ ) rays & wat]4 ,! trees are we>y &1 b5ea? _! foliage1 :it5$ 7by ! du/ ( "t r ?an t ( ! roads71 rises ! canvas h\se ( ,%[man ( ?+s ,pa/4 ,_m a lamp awaits ! gloam+1 & bright5s ! faces ( a mis]able cr[d vanqui%$ by ! immortal illness & ! s9 ( ages1 ( m5 by ! sides ( _! puny accomplices pregnant ) ! mis]able fruit ) :i* ! _w w p]i%4 ,9 ! anxi\s sil5ce ( all ! eyes supplicat+ ! sun !re1 :i* s9ks "u ! wat] ) ! desp]ation ( a cry1 ?is is ! pla9 ann\ncem5t3 ,no sign-bo>d n[ regales y ) ! spectacle t is inside1 = !re is no pa9t] n[ capable ( giv+ ev5 a %ad[ ( x4 ,i br+ liv+ 7& pres]v$ by sov]eign sci5ce ?r\gh ! ye>s7 a ,woman ( o!r days4 ,"s k9d ( folly1 nave & orig9al1 an ec/asy ( gold1 ,i "k n :at1 by h] call$ h] hair1 cl+s ) ! grace ( "s mat]ial r\nd a face bright5$ by ! blood-r$ nudity ( h] lips4 ,9 place ( va9 clo?+1 %e has a body2 & h] eyes1 resembl+ preci\s /ones6 are n wor? t look1 :i* comes f h] happy fle%3 brea/s rais$ z if full ( et]nal milk1 ! po9ts t[>d ! sky2 ! smoo? legs1 t keep ! salt ( ! fir/ sea4 ,rememb]+ _! poor sp\ses1 bald1 morbid1 & full ( horrors1 ! husb&s press =w>d3 ! wom51 too1 f curiosity1 gloomily wi% to see4 ,:5 all %all h contemplat$ ! noble creature1 ve/ige ( "s epo* already damn$1 "s indiff]5tly1 = !y w n h _h /r5g? to und]/&1 b o!rs1 brok5-he>t$1 & ) eyelids wet ) te>s ( resignation1 w look at ea* o!r2 :ile ! poets ( ^? times1 feel+ _! dim eyes rek9dl$1 w make _! way t[>d _! lamp1 _! bra9 = an in/ant drunk ) confus$ glory1 haunt$ by ,rhy?m1 & =getful t !y exi/ at an epo* :i* has surviv$ beauty4 ,,app5dix ,,ii#abg #abg ,! translations 9 ,app5dices ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iv41 are by ,l\ise ,maude4 ,! aim ( ^! r5d]+s has be5 to keep z close to ! orig9als z ! obscurity ( mean+ all[$4 ,! s5se 7or abs5ce ( s5se7 has !re=e be5 m consid]$ ?an ! =m ( ! v]ses4 ,no4 #a ,! foll[+ v]ses are by ,viel-,griff91 f page #bh ( a volume ( 8 ,poems3-- ,,oiseau ,,bleu ,,c\leur ,,du ,,temps #a ,sait-tu l'oubli ,d'un va9 d\x rve1 ,oiseau moqueur ,de la =t8 ,le j\r plit1 ,la nuit se lve1 ,et dans mon cur ,l'ombre a pleur2 #b ,o *ante-moi ,ta folle gamme1 ,c> j'ai dormi ,ce j\r durant2 ,le l*e emoi ,o fut mon me ,sanglote ennui ,le j\r m\rant4444 #c ,sais-tu le *ant ,de sa p>ole ,et de sa voix1 ,toi qui r$is ,dans le c\*ant ,ton air frivole ,comme autrefois ,s\s les midis8 #d ,o *ante alors ,la mlodie ,de son am\r1 ,mon fol espoir1 ,p>mi les ors ,et l'inc5die ,du va9 d\x j\r ,qui meurt ce soir4 ,,francis ,,viel-,,griff94 ,,blue ,,bird #a ,can/ ?\ =get1 ,9 dreams s va91 ,oh1 mock+ bird ,( =e/ deep8 ,! day do? set1 ,night comes aga91 ,my he>t has he>d ,! %ad[s weep2 #b ,?y tones let fl[ ,9 madd5+ scale1 ,= ,i h slept ,! livelong day2 ,emotions l[ ,9 me n[ wail1 ,my s\l !y've kept3 ,light dies away4444 #c ,t music sweet1 ,ah1 d y "k ,h] voice & spee*8 ,y\r airs s light ,y :o repeat ,9 sunset's gl[1 ,z y sang1 ea*1 ,at noonday's height4 #d ,( my desire1 ,my hope s bold1 ,h] love--up1 s+1 ,s+1 'nea? ?is light1 ,?is flam+ fire1 ,& all ! gold ,! eve do? br+ ,ere comes ! night4 ,no4 #b ,& "h are "s v]ses by ! e/eem$ "y poet ,v]ha]51 :i* ,i also take f page #bh ( 8 ,works3-- ,,attirances ,lo9ta9em5t1 et si trangem5t p>eils1 ,de gr&s masques d'arg5t que la brume recule1 ,vagu5t1 au j\r tombant1 aut\r des vieux soleils4 ,les d\x lo9ta9es6--et comme1 au fond du crpuscule1 ,ils n\s fix5t le cur1 imm5sm5t le cur1 ,avec les yeux dfunts de leur visage d'me4 ,c'e/ t\j\rs du sil5ce1 mo9s1 dans la pleur ,du soir1 un jet de feu s\da91 un cri de flamme1 ,un d"p de lumire inatt5du v]s ,dieu4 ,on se laisse *>m] et tr\bl] de my/re1 ,et l'on dirait des morts qui tais5t un adieu ,trop my/ique1 p\r tre c\t p> la t]re6 ,sont-ils le s\v5ir matriel et clair ,des phbes *rti5s c\*s aux catacombes ,p>mi les lys8 ,sont-ils leur reg>d et leur *air8 ,ou seul1 ce qui survit de m]veilleux aux tombes ,de ceux qui sont p>tis1 v]s leurs rves1 un soir1 ,conqurir la folie l'assaut des nues8 ,lo9ta9em5t1 combi5 n\s les s5tons v\loir ,un peu d'am\r p\r leurs uvres de/itues1 ,p\r leur errance et leur tri/esse aux horizons4 ,t\j\rs6 aux horizons du cur et des p5ses1 ,alors que les vieux soirs clat5t en blasons ,s\da9s1 p\r les gloires noires et angoisses4 ,,mile ,,v]ha]51 ,pomes4 ,,attractions ,l>ge masks ( silv]1 by mi/s drawn away1 ,s /rangely alike1 yet s f> ap>t4 ,float r\nd ! old suns :5 faile? ! day4 ,!y transfix our he>t1 s imm5sely our he>t1 ,^? di/ances mild1 9 ! twilight deep1 ,look+ out ( dead faces ) _! _s eyes4 ,all ar\nd is n[ sil5ce1 except :5 !re leap ,9 ! pallor ( ev5+1 ) fi]y cries1 ,"s f\nta9s ( flame t ,god-w>d d fly4 ,my/]i\s tr\ble & *>ms u infold1 ,y might ?9k t ! dead spoke a sil5t good-by1 ,oh6 too my/ical f> on e>? to be told6 ,are !y ! memories1 mat]ial & bright1 ,( ! ,*ri/ian y\?s t 9 catacombs sleep ',mid ! lilies8 ,are !y _! fle% or _! sight8 ,or ! m>vel alone t survives1 9 ! deep1 ,( ^? t1 "o night1 return$ to _! dream ,( conqu]+ folly by assault+ ! skies8 ,= _! de/itute works--we feel x seems1 ,= a little love _! long+ cries ,f horizons f>--= _! err+s & pa94 ,9 horizons ev] ( he>t & ?\ght1 ,:ile ! ev5+s old 9 bright blaze wane ,sudd5ly1 = black glories angui% fraught4 ,no4 #c ,& ! foll[+ is a poem by ,morz1 evid5tly an admir] ( ,greek beauty4 ,x is f page #bh ( a volume ( 8 ,poems3-- ,,enone ,,au ,,clair ,,visage ,enone1 j'avais cru qu'en aimant ta beaut ,o l'me avec le corps tr\v5t leur unit1 ,j'allais1 m'aff]missant et le cur et l'esprit1 ,mont] jusqu' cela qui jamais ne prit1 ,n'ayant t cre1 qui n'e/ froideur ou feu1 ,qui n'e/ beau quelque "p et laid en autre lieu2 ,et me flattais encor' d'une belle h>monie ,que j'eusse compos du meilleur et du pire1 ,a9si que le *anteur qui *rit ,polimnie1 ,en accordant le grave avec l'aigu1 retire ,un son bi5 lev sur les n]fs de sa lyre4 ,mais mon c\rage1 hlas6 se pmant comme mort1 ,m'enseigna que le trait qui m'avait fait amant ,ne fut pas de cet arc que c\rbe sans ef=t ,la ,vnus qui naquit du mle seulem5t1 ,mais que j'avais s\ff]t cette ,vnus d]nire1 ,qui a le cur c\>d1 n d'une faible mre4 ,et p\rtant1 ce mauvais g>on1 *asseur habile1 ,qui *>ge son c>quois de sagette subtile1 ,qui sec\e en riant sa tor*e1 p\r un j\r1 ,qui ne pose jamais que sur de t5dres fleurs1 ,c'e/ sur un te9t *>mant qu'il essuie les pleurs1 ,et c'e/ encore un ,dieu1 ,enone1 cet ,am\r4 ,mais1 laisse1 les oiseaux du pr9temps sont p>tis1 ,et je vois les rayons du soleil amortis4 ,enone1 ma d\leur1 h>monieux visage1 ,sup]be humilit1 d\x honnte langage1 ,hi] me remirant dans cet tang glac ,qui au b\t du j>d9 se c\vre de feuillage1 ,sur ma face je vis que les j\rs ont pass4 ,,jean ,,mor,,z4 ,,enone ,enone1 9 lov+ ?y beauty1 ,i ?\ght1 ,:]e ! s\l & ! body to union are br\ght1 ,t m\nt+ by /eady+ my he>t & my m9d1 ,9 t :i* c't p]i%1 myself ,i %\ld f9d4 ,= x ne'er 0 creat$1 is n ugly & fair2 ,is n coldness 9 "o "p1 :ile on fire x is !re4 ,yes1 ,i flatt]$ myself t a h>mony f9e ,i'd succe$ to compose ( ! wor/ & ! be/1 ,l ! b>d :o adores ,polyhymnia div9e1 ,& m+l+ s\nds diff]5t f ! n]ves ( 8 lyre1 ,f ! grave & ! sm>t draws melodies high]4 ,b1 alas6 my c\rage1 s fa9t & nigh sp5t1 ,! d>t t has /ruck me proves )\t fail ,n to be f t b[ :i* is easily b5t ,by ! ,v5us t's born alone ( ! male4 ,no1 'twas t o!r ,v5us t caus$ me to sm>t1 ,born ( frail "m ) c[>dly he>t4 ,& yet t naughty lad1 t little hunt] bold1 ,:o laughs & %akes 8 fl[]y tor* j = a day1 ,:o nev] re/s b ^u t5d] fl[]s & gay1 ,on sweete/ sk9 :o dries ! te>s 8 eyes t fill1 ,yet oh1 ,enone m9e1 a ,god's t ,cupid /ill4 ,let x pass2 = ! birds ( ! ,spr+ are away1 ,& dy+ ,i see ! sun's l+]+ ray4 ,enone1 my sorr[1 oh1 h>moni\s face1 ,humility gr&1 words ( virtue & grace1 ,i look$ ye/]e'en 9 ! pond froz5 fa/1 ,/rewn ) leaves at ! end ( ! g>d5's fair space1 ,& ,i read 9 my face t ^? days are n[ pa/4 ,no4 #d ,& ?is is also f page #bh ( a ?ick book1 full ( simil> poems1 by ,m4 ,montesqui\4 ,,b]ceuse ,d',,ombre ,des =mes1 des =mes1 des =mes ,blan*e1 bleue1 et rose1 et d'or ,desc5dront du haut des ormes ,sur l'enfant qui se r5dort4 ,des =mes6 ,des plumes1 des plumes1 des plumes ,p\r compos] un d\x nid4 ,midi sonne3 les enclumes ,cess5t2 la rumeur f9it4444 ,des plumes6 ,des roses1 des roses1 des roses ,p\r embaum] son sommeil1 ,vos ptales sont moroses ,prs du s\rire v]meil4 ,o roses6 ,des ailes1 des ailes1 des ailes ,p\r b\rdonn] sont front1 ,abeilles et demoiselles1 ,des ry?mes qui b]c]ont4 ,des ailes6 ,des bran*es1 des bran*es1 des bran*es ,p\r tress] un pavillon1 ,p> o des cl>ts mo9s fran*es ,desc5dront sur l'oisillon4 ,des bran*es6 ,des songes1 des songes1 des songes ,dans ses p5s]s entr' ouv]ts ,glissez un peu de m5songes ,a voir le vie au trav]s ,des songes6 ,des fes1 des fes1 des fes ,p\r fil] leurs *eveaux ,des mirages1 de b\ffes ,dans t\s ces petits c]veaux4 ,des fes6 ,des anges1 des anges1 des anges ,p\r emport] dans l'!r ,les petits enfants tranges ,qui ne veul5t pas re/]4444 ,nos anges6 ,,comte ,,rob]t ,,de ,,montesqui\-,,fez5sac1 ,les ,hort5sias ,bleus4 ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,lullaby ,oh =ms1 oh =ms1 oh =ms ,:ite1 blue1 & gold1 & r$ ,desc5d+ f ! elm trees1 ,on sleep+ baby's head4 ,oh =ms6 ,oh fea!rs1 fea!rs1 fea!rs ,to make a cozy ne/4 ,twelve /rik+3 /ops ! clamor2 ,! anvils are at re/4444 ,oh fea!rs6 ,oh roses1 roses1 roses ,to sc5t 8 sleep a:ile1 ,pale are y\r fragrant petals ,beside 8 ruby smile4 ,oh roses6 ,oh w+s1 oh w+s1 oh w+s ,( bees & dragon-flies1 ,to hum ar\nd 8 =ehead1 ,& lull him ) y\r sighs4 ,oh w+s6 ,bran*es1 bran*es1 bran*es ,a %ady b[] to tw9e1 ,?r\gh :i*1 oh daylight1 fa9tly ,desc5d on birdie m9e4 ,bran*es6 ,oh dreams1 oh dreams1 oh dreams ,into 8 op5+ m9d1 ,let 9 a little falsehood ,) sights ( life beh9d4 ,dreams6 ,oh fairies1 fairies1 fairies ,to tw9e & twi/ _! ?reads ,) puffs ( phantom visions ,into ^! little heads4 ,fairies6 ,angels1 angels1 angels ,to ! e!r f> away1 ,^? *ildr5 /range to c>ry ,t "h don't wi% to /ay4444 ,our angels6 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,^! are ! cont5ts ( ,! ,nibelung's ,r+3-- ,! fir/ "p tells t ! nymphs1 ! daught]s ( ! ,rh9e1 = "s reason gu>d gold 9 ! ,rh9e1 & s+3 ,weia1 ,waga1 ,woge du ,welle1 ,walle zur ,wiege1 ,wagala-weia1 ,wallala1 ,weiala1 ,weia1 & s =?4 ,^! s++ nymphs are pursu$ by a gnome 7a nibelung7 :o desires to seize !m4 ,! gnome _c cat* any ( !m4 ,!n ! nymphs gu>d+ ! gold tell ! gnome j :at !y ought to keep secret1 namely1 t :oev] r5\nces love w be able to /eal ! gold !y are gu>d+4 ,& ! gnome r5\nces love1 & /eals ! gold4 ,?is ends ! fir/ sc5e4 ,9 ! second sc5e a god & a goddess lie 9 a field 9 sight ( a ca/le :i* giants h built = !m4 ,pres5tly !y wake up & are pleas$ ) ! ca/le1 & !y relate t 9 paym5t = ?is "w !y mu/ give ! goddess ,freia to ! giants4 ,! giants come = _! pay4 ,b ! god ,wotan objects to p>t+ ) ,freia4 ,! giants get angry4 ,! gods he> t ! gnome has /ol5 ! gold1 promise to confiscate x1 & to pay ! giants ) x4 ,b ! giants won't tru/ !m1 & seize ! goddess ,freia 9 pl$ge4 ,! ?ird sc5e takes place und]gr\nd4 ,! gnome ,alb]i*1 :o /ole ! gold1 = "s reason beats a gnome1 ,mime1 & takes f him a helmet :i* has ! p[] bo? ( mak+ p invisible & ( turn+ !m into o!r animals4 ,! gods1 ,wotan & o!rs1 appe> & qu>rel ) "o ano!r & ) ! gnomes1 & wi% to take ! gold1 b ,alb]i* won't give x up1 & 7l ev]ybody all ?r\gh ! piece7 behaves 9 a way to insure 8 own ru94 ,he puts on ! helmet1 & becomes fir/ a dragon & !n a toad4 ,! gods cat* ! toad1 take ! helmet (f x1 & c>ry ,alb]i* away ) !m4 ,sc5e ,,iv4 ,! gods br+ ,alb]i* to _! home1 & ord] him to comm& 8 gnomes to br+ !m all ! gold4 ,! gnomes br+ x4 ,alb]i* gives up ! gold1 b keeps a magic r+4 ,! gods take ! r+4 ,s ,alb]i* curses ! r+1 & says x is to br+ mis=tune on any "o :o has x4 ,! giants appe>2 !y br+ ! goddess ,freia1 & dem& h] ransom4 ,!y /ick up /aves ( ,freia's height1 & gold is p\r$ 9 betwe5 ^! /aves3 ?is is to be ! ransom4 ,!re is n en\gh gold1 s ! helmet is ?r[n 91 & !y also dem& ! r+4 ,wotan refuses to give x up1 b ! goddess ,erda appe>s & comm&s him to d s1 because x br+s mis=tune4 ,wotan gives x up4 ,freia is releas$4 ,! giants1 hav+ receiv$ ! r+1 fight1 & "o ( !m kills ! o!r4 ,?is ends ! ,prelude1 & we come to ! ,fir/ ,day4 ,! sc5e %[s a h\se 9 a tree4 ,siegmund runs 9 tir$1 & lies d[n4 ,siegl9da1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se 7& wife ( ,hund+71 gives him a drugg$ draught1 & !y fall 9 love ) ea* o!r4 ,siegl9da's husb& comes home1 le>ns t ,siegmund belongs to a ho/ile race1 & wi%es to fight him next day2 b ,siegl9da drugs h] husb&1 & comes to ,siegmund4 ,siegmund discov]s t ,siegl9da is 8 si/]1 & t 8 fa!r drove a sword into ! tree s t no "o c get x out4 ,siegmund pulls ! sword out1 & commits ince/ ) 8 si/]4 ,act ,,ii4 ,siegmund is to fight ) ,hund+4 ,! gods discuss ! "q to :om !y %all aw>d ! victory4 ,wotan1 approv+ ( ,siegmund's ince/ ) 8 si/]1 wi%es to sp>e him1 b1 "u pressure f 8 wife1 ,fricka1 he ord]s ! ,valkyrie ,brnnhilda to kill ,siegmund4 ,siegmund goes to fight2 ,siegl9da fa9ts4 ,brnnhilda appe>s & wi%es to slay ,siegmund4 ,siegmund wi%es to kill ,siegl9da also1 b ,brnnhilda does n all[ x2 s he fights ) ,hund+4 ,brnnhilda def5ds ,siegmund1 b ,wotan def5ds ,hund+4 ,siegmund's sword breaks1 & he is kill$4 ,siegl9da runs away4 ,act ,,iii4 ,! ,valkyries 7div9e ,amazons7 are on ! /age4 ,! ,valkyrie ,brnnhilda arrives on horseback1 br++ ,siegmund's body4 ,%e is fly+ f ,wotan1 :o is *as+ h] = h] disob$i5ce4 ,wotan cat*es h]1 & z a puni%m5t dismisses h] f h] po/ z a ,valkyrie4 ,he ca/s a spell on h]1 s t %e has to g to sleep & to cont9ue asleep until a man wakes h]4 ,:5 "s "o wakes h] %e w fall 9 love ) him4 ,wotan kisses h]2 %e falls asleep4 ,he lets (f fire1 :i* surr\nds h]4 ,we n[ come to ! ,second ,day4 ,! gnome ,mime =ges a sword 9 a wood4 ,siegfri$ appe>s4 ,he is a son born f ! ince/ ( bro!r ) si/] 7,siegmund ) ,siegl9da71 & has be5 br\ght up 9 ?is wood by ! gnome4 ,9 g5]al ! motives ( ! actions ( ev]ybody 9 ?is production are q un9telligible4 ,siegfri$ le>ns 8 own orig91 & t ! brok5 sword 0 8 fa!r's4 ,he ord]s ,mime to re=ge x1 & !n goes (f4 ,wotan comes 9 ! guise ( a w&]]1 & relates :at w happ53 t he :o has n le>nt to fe> w =ge ! sword1 & w defeat ev]ybody4 ,! gnome conjectures t ?is is ,siegfri$1 & wants to poison him4 ,siegfri$ returns1 =ges 8 fa!r's sword1 & runs (f1 %\t+1 ,heiho6 heiho6 heiho6 ,ho6 ho6 ,aha6 oho6 aha6 ,heiaho6 heiaho6 heiaho6 ,ho6 ho6 ,hahei6 hoho6 hahei6 ,& we get to ,act ,,ii4 ,alb]i* sits gu>d+ a giant1 :o1 9 =m ( a dragon1 gu>ds ! gold he has receiv$4 ,wotan appe>s1 & = "s unkn[n reason =etells t ,siegfri$ w come & kill ! dragon4 ,alb]i* wakes ! dragon1 & asks him = ! r+1 promis+ to def5d him f ,siegfri$4 ,! dragon won't give up ! r+4 ,exit ,alb]i*4 ,mime & ,siegfri$ appe>4 ,mime hopes ! dragon w tea* ,siegfri$ to fe>4 ,b ,siegfri$ does n fe>4 ,he drives ,mime away & kills ! dragon1 aft] :i* he puts 8 f+]1 sme>$ ) ! dragon's blood1 to 8 lips4 ,?is enables him to "k m5's secret ?\ghts1 z well z ! language ( birds4 ,! birds tell him :]e ! treasure & ! r+ are1 & also t ,mime wi%es to poison him4 ,mime returns1 & says out l\d t he wi%es to poison ,siegfri$4 ,?is is meant to signify t ,siegfri$1 hav+ ta/$ dragon's blood1 und]/&s p's secret ?\ghts4 ,siegfri$1 hav+ le>nt ,mime's int5tions1 kills him4 ,! birds tell ,siegfri$ :]e ,brnnhilda is1 & he goes to f9d h]4 ,act ,,iii4 ,wotan calls up ,erda4 ,erda prophesies to ,wotan1 & gives him advice4 ,siegfri$ appe>s1 qu>rels ) ,wotan1 & !y fight4 ,sudd5ly ,siegfri$'s sword breaks ,wotan's spe>1 :i* _h be5 m p[]ful ?an any?+ else4 ,siegfri$ goes into ! fire to ,brnnhilda3 kisses h]2 %e wakes up1 ab&ons h] div9ity1 & ?r[s h]self into ,siegfri$'s arms4 ,?ird ,day4 ,prelude4 ,?ree ,norns plait a gold5 rope1 & talk ab\t ! future4 ,!y g away4 ,siegfri$ & ,brnnhilda appe>4 ,siegfri$ takes leave ( h]1 gives h] ! r+1 & goes away4 ,act ,i4 ,by ! ,rh9e4 ,a k+ wants to get m>ri$1 & also to give 8 si/] 9 m>riage4 ,hag51 ! k+'s wick$ bro!r1 advises him to m>ry ,brnnhilda & to give 8 si/] to ,siegfri$4 ,siegfri$ appe>s2 !y give him a drugg$ draught1 :i* makes him =get all ! pa/ & fall 9 love ) ! k+'s si/]1 ,gutrune4 ,s he rides (f ) ,gun!r1 ! k+1 to get ,brnnhilda to be ! k+'s bride4 ,! sc5e *anges4 ,brnnhilda sits ) ! r+4 ,a ,valkyrie comes to h] & tells h] t ,wotan's spe> is brok51 & advises h] to give ! r+ to ! ,rh9e nymphs4 ,siegfri$ comes1 & by means ( ! magic helmet turns himself into ,gun!r1 dem&s ! r+ f ,brnnhilda1 seizes x1 & drags h] (f to sleep ) him4 ,act ,,ii4 ,by ! ,rh9e4 ,alb]i* & ,hag5 discuss h[ to get ! r+4 ,siegfri$ comes1 tells h[ he has obta9$ a bride = ,gun!r & sp5t ! night ) h]1 b put a sword betwe5 himself & h]4 ,brnnhilda rides up1 recognizes ! r+ on ,siegfri$'s h&1 & decl>es t x 0 he1 & n ,gun!r1 :o 0 ) h]4 ,hag5 /irs ev]ybody up aga9/ ,siegfri$1 & decides to kill him next day :5 hunt+4 ,act ,,iii4 ,aga9 ! nymphs 9 ! ,rh9e relate :at has happ5$4 ,siegfri$1 :o has lo/ 8 way1 appe>s4 ,! nymphs ask him = ! r+1 b he won't give x up4 ,hunt]s appe>4 ,siegfri$ tells ! /ory ( 8 life4 ,hag5 !n gives him a draught1 :i* causes 8 memory to return to him4 ,siegfri$ relates h[ he ar\s$ & obta9$ ,brnnhilda1 & e "o is a/oni%$4 ,hag5 /abs him 9 ! back1 & ! sc5e is *ang$4 ,gutrune meets ! corpse ( ,siegfri$4 ,gun!r & ,hag5 qu>rel ab\t ! r+1 & ,hag5 kills ,gun!r4 ,brnnhilda cries4 ,hag5 wi%es to take ! r+ f ,siegfri$'s h&1 b ! h& ( ! corpse raises itself ?reat5+ly4 ,brnnhilda takes ! r+ f ,siegfri$'s h&1 & :5 ,siegfri$'s corpse is c>ri$ to ! pyre1 %e gets on to a horse & leaps into ! fire4 ,! ,rh9e rises1 & ! waves rea* ! pyre4 ,9 ! riv] are ?ree nymphs4 ,hag5 ?r[s himself into ! fire to get ! r+1 b ! nymphs seize him & c>ry him (f4 ,"o ( !m holds ! r+2 & t is ! end ( ! matt]4 ,! impression obta9able f my recapitulation is1 ( c\rse1 incomplete4 ,b h[ev] incomplete x may be1 x is c]ta9ly inf9itely m favorable ?an ! impression :i* results f read+ ! f\r booklets 9 :i* ! "w is pr9t$4 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,translations ( ,fr5* poems & prose quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,baudelaire',s ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,evil ,no4 ,,xxiv ,i adore !e z mu* z ! vaults ( night1 ,o vase full ( grief1 taciturnity great1 ,& ,i love !e ! m because ( ?y flight4 ,x seeme?1 my night's beautifi]1 t y ,/ill heap up ^? leagues--yes6 ironically heap6 ,t divide f my arms ! imm5sity blue4 ,i advance to attack1 ,i climb to assault1 ,l a *oir ( "y worms at a corpse 9 ! vault2 ,?y coldness1 oh cruel1 implacable bea/6 ,yet height5s ?y beauty1 on :i* my eyes fea/6 ,,baudelaire',s ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,evil ,no4 ,,xxxvi ,,duellum ,two w>riors come runn+1 to fight !y beg91 ,) gleam+ & blood !y bespatt] ! air2 ,^! games1 & ?is clatt] ( arms1 is ! d9 ,( y\? t's a prey to ! surg+s ( love4 ,! rapi]s are brok56 & s is our y\?1 ,b ! dagg]'s av5g$1 de>6 & s is ! sword1 ,by ! nail t is /eel$ & ! h>d5$ too?4 ,oh1 ! fury ( he>ts ag$ & ulc]$ by love6 ,9 ! dit*1 :]e ! ounce & ! p>d h _! lair1 ,our h]oes h roll$ 9 an angry embrace2 ,_! sk9 blooms on brambles t ere:ile 7 b>e4 ,t rav9e is a fri5d-inhabit$ hell6 ,!n let u roll 91 oh woman inhuman1 ,to immortalize hatr$ t no?+ c quell6 ,,f ,,baudelaire',s ,,prose ,,"w ,,entitl$ ,,little ,,poems ,,! ,,/rang] ,:om do/ ?\ love be/8 say1 enigmatical man--?y fa!r1 ?y "m1 ?y bro!r1 or ?y si/]8 ,i h nei!r fa!r1 nor "m1 nor si/]1 nor bro!r4 ,?y fri5ds8 ,y !re use an expression ! mean+ ( :i* till n[ rema9s unkn[n to me4 ,?y c\ntry8 ,i ignore 9 :at latitude x is situat$4 ,beauty8 ,i w\ld gladly love h]1 goddess & immortal4 ,gold8 ,i hate x z y hate ,god4 ,!n :at d y love1 extraord9>y /rang]8 ,i love ! cl\ds 444 ! cl\ds t pass 444 !re 444 ! m>vel\s cl\ds6 ,,baudelaire',s ,,prose ,,poem ,,! ,,s\p ,,& ,,! ,,cl\ds ,my belov$ little silly 0 giv+ me my d9n]1 & ,i 0 contemplat+1 ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ ( ! d9+-room1 ^? mov+ ar*itectures :i* ,god makes out ( vapors1 ! m>vel\s con/ructions ( ! impalpable4 ,& ,i said to myself1 amid my contemplations1 ,all ^! phantasmagoria are almo/ z beautiful z ! eyes ( my beautiful belov$1 ! mon/r\s little silly ) ! gre5 eyes4 ,sudd5ly ,i felt ! viol5t bl[ ( a fi/ on my back1 & ,i he>d a h>%1 *>m+ voice1 an hy/]ical voice1 z x 7 ho>se ) br&y1 ! voice ( my de> little well-belov$1 say+1 ,are y go+ to eat y\r s\p soon1 y d---- b---- ( a deal] 9 cl\ds8 ,,baudelaire',s ,,prose ,,poem ,,! ,,gallant ,,m>ksman ,z ! c>riage 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! =e/1 he ord]$ x to be /opp$ ne> a %oot+-gall]y1 say+ t he wi%$ to %oot (f a few bullets to kill ,"t4 ,to kill ?is mon/]1 is x n ! mo/ ord9>y & ! mo/ legitimate occupation ( e "o8 ,& he gallantly (f]$ 8 arm to 8 de>1 delici\s1 & execrable wife--t my/]i\s woman to :om he ow$ s mu* pleasure1 s mu* pa91 & p]haps also a l>ge "p ( 8 g5ius4 ,sev]al bullets /ruck f> f ! int5d$ m>k--"o ev5 p5etrat$ ! ceil+2 & z ! *>m+ creature laugh$ madly1 mock+ h] husb&'s awkw>dness1 he turn$ abruptly t[>d h] & said1 ,look at t doll !re on ! "r ) ! haughty mi5 & h] nose 9 ! air2 well1 de> angel1 ,i imag9e to myself t x is y6 ,& he clos$ 8 eyes & pull$ ! trigg]4 ,! doll 0 neatly decapitat$4 ,!n1 b[+ t[>d 8 de> "o1 8 delightful1 execrable wife1 8 inevitable pitiless muse1 & kiss+ h] h& respectfully1 he add$1 ,ah6 my de> angel1 h[ ,i ?ank y = my skill6 ,,v]la9e',s ,,=gott5 ,,airs ,no4 ,i ,! w9d 9 ! pla9 ,susp5ds its brea?4--,,fav>t4 ',tis ec/asy langui%+1 ,amor\s fatigue1 ,( woods all ! %udd]+s ,embrac$ by ! breeze1 ',tis ! *oir ( small voices ,t[>d ! gray trees4 ,oh1 ! frail & fre% murmur+6 ,! twitt] & buzz1 ,! s(t cry resembl+ ,t's expir$ by ! grass4444 ,oh1 ! roll ( ! pebbles ',nea? wat]s t pass6 ,oh1 ?is s\l t is groan+ ,9 sleepy compla9t6 ,9 u is x moan+8 ,9 me & 9 y8 ,l[ an!m exhal+ ,:ile s(t falls ! dew4 ,,v]la9e',s ,,=gott5 ,,airs ,no4 ,,viii ,9 ! un5d+ ,dullness ( ?is l&1 ,unc]ta9 ! sn[ ,is gleam+ l s&4 ,no k9d ( brightness ,9 copp]-hu$ sky1 ,! moon y might see ,n[ live & n[ die4 ,gray float ! oak trees-- ,cl\dlike !y seem-- ,( neighbor+ =e/s1 ,! mi/s 9 betwe54 ,wolves hungry & lean1 ,& fami%+ cr[1 ,:at happ5s to y ,:5 acid w9ds bl[8 ,9 ! un5d+ ,dullness ( ?is l&1 ,unc]ta9 ! sn[ ,is gleam+ l s&4 ,,song ,,by ,,maet]l9ck ,:5 he w5t away1 7,!n ,i he>d ! door7 ,:5 he w5t away1 ,on h] lips a smile !re lay4444 ,back he came to h]1 7,!n ,i he>d ! lamp7 ,back he came to h]1 ,someone else 0 !re4444 ,x 0 dea? ,i met1 7,& ,i he>d h] s\l7 ,x 0 dea? ,i met1 ,= h] he's wait+ yet4444 ,someone came to say1 7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7 ,someone came to say ,t he w\ld g away4444 ,) my lamp alight1 7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7 ,) my lamp alight1 ,approa*$ ,i 9 affright4444 ,to "o door ,i came1 7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7 ,to "o door ,i came1 ,a %udd] %ook ! flame4444 ,at ! second door1 7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7 ,at ! second door ,=? words ( flame did p\r4444 ,to ! ?ird ,i came1 7,*ild1 ,i am afraid7 ,to ! ?ird ,i came1 ,!n di$ ! little flame4444 ,%\ld he "o day return ,!n :at %all we say8 ,wait+1 tell him1 "o ,& dy+ = him lay4444 ,if he asks = y1 ,say :at answ] !n8 ,give him my gold r+ ,& answ] n a ?+4444 ,%\ld he "q me ,conc]n+ ! la/ h\r8 ,say ,i smil$ = fe> ,t he %\ld %$ a te>4444 ,%\ld he "q m ,)\t kn[+ me8 ,l a si/] speak2 ,suff]+ he may be4444 ,%\ld he "q :y ,empty is ! hall8 ,%[ ! gap+ door1 ,! lamp alight no m4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ except 9 obvi\s cases ( typographical error4 ,miss+ page numb]s are page numb]s t 7 n %[n 9 ! orig9al text4 ,page #e3 ,! transcrib] has complet$ ! ^w meet+4 ,9 #ahch1 on ! occasion ( a meet- ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,peace 444 ,page #cgb3 ,footnote #hf1 ,knight1 pp4 #aci-ada4 ,! numb] ! transcrib] has r5d]$ z #aci is uncle>4