,by ,,rudolf ,,euck5 ,s5ior ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a ,! ,tru? ( ,religion ,! ,life ( ! ,_s ,religion & ,life ,e?ics & ,mod]n ,?\ght 99 99 99 99 99 ,e?ics & ,mod]n ,?\ght ,a ,!ory ( ,_! ,relations ,! ,deem ,lectures ,deliv]$ 9 #aiac at ,new ,york ,univ]sity ,by ,rudolf ,euck5 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity ( ,j5a ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ,manuscript by ,m>g>et von ,seydewitz ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #aiac ,,copyright1 #aiac ,,by ,,rudolf ,,euck5 ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,,preface ,^! lectures1 deliv]$ at ,new ,york ,univ]sity f ,febru>y #bj? till ,m>* #a1 #aiac1 appeal less to /ud5ts & philosoph]s ?an to ! cultur$ public at l>ge4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( express+ my s9c]e gratitude to ! ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 & especially to ,*ancellor ,elm] ,e4 ,br[n1 = all ! k9dness & int]e/ %[n to me dur+ my /ay 9 ,new ,york4 ,,rudolf ,,euck54 ,,j5a1 ,june1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,problem ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,pr9ciple #bc ,,iii4 ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,pr9ciple #dc ,,iv4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,pr9ciple #fc ,v4 ,,morality ,,& ,,religion #hg ,,vi4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/atus ,,( ,,morality #ajg ,i ,,! ,,e?ical ,,problem ,,9 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t ,9 =m] times1 no?+ seem$ m plausible & m c]ta9 ?an morality4 ,x 0 a t[] ( /r5g?1 :]e m5 s\ght refuge 9 ! mid/ ( all ! d\bts & conflicts ( life4 ,?is 0 especially ! case dur+ ! ,age ( ,enlight5m5t4 ,m5 7 beg9n+ to believe less absolutely 9 ! religion h&$ d[n to !m1 b !y clung all ! m to morality4 ,metaphysical speculation & !oretical endeav\rs to reveal ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ?+s enc\nt]$ gr[+ opposition1 yet morality 0 welcom$ z some?+ sup]ior to all complications1 & valuable to all4 ,x 0 held to be ! pivot ( ,ar*im$es1 :i* gives /ability to ! :ole ( life4 ,9 our days morality has ceas$ to be a matt] ( su* unque/ionable c]ta9ty1 & has be5 drawn into ! wave ( dis9tegration :i* is pass+ ov] our m9ds4 ,=m]ly ! sci5tific def9ition & accurate conception ( morality 7 matt]s ( cont5tion2 b x is n[ ! fundam5tal idea ( morality t is que/ion$4 ,_m ( our contempor>ies are ( op9ion t ! revelations ( mod]n sci5ce & ! claims ( mod]n life h de/roy$ ! f\ndations ( morality & made x unt5able 9 ! old s5se4 ,morality 9 ! old s5se dem&s dissociation ( our aspirations f our own p]sonal int]e/1 & devotion to some?+ t is e/eem$ high]2 :5ev] an action t appe>s good is se5 to proce$ f selfi% motives1 x c no long] claim any moral value4 ,!re is a widespread t5d5cy 9 mod]n life1 to "q ! possibility ( su* deta*m5t f ! ,ego1 & to ackn[l$ge ! co]cion ex]cis$ ov] man by 8 in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,emancipation f ?is re/ra9t is n ev5 consid]$ desirable1 = con/ant /rife & competition seem necess>y to life & progress1 & a s(t5+ ( ?is /rife w\ld inevitably r$uce ! en]gy ( life4 ,morality fur!r dem&s indep5d5ce & spontaneity ( action4 ,an action p]=m$ "u ! pressure ( ext]nal co]cion or me*anical habit1 loses imm$iately its moral "*4 ,n[ su* indep5d5ce & spontaneity are n possible ap>t f "s k9d ( free *oice1 yet ?is w\ld contradict ! law ( causality1 :i* 9 ! pres5t age is g5]ally consid]$ to rule ! :ole ( reality4 ,9 man's s\l1 ! supremacy ( ?is law ( causality is /r5g!n$ by our gr[+ insight into ! p[] ( h]$ity & ( social environm5t4 ,yet morality 9 ! old s5se /&s & falls ) man's p[] ( spontane\s & indep5d5t decision4 ,x is difficult also = morality to reta9 9 mod]n life ! position & e/imation x =m]ly enjoy$4 ,x us$ to be inve/$ ) unique significance1 & plac$ high above all o!r manife/ations ( ! inn] life4 ,?is conviction f\nd its /ronge/ expression at times ( great hi/orical import4 ,we all rememb] ! words ( ,jesus3 ,:at %all x pr(it a man1 if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w1 & lose 8 own s\l8 ,! same conviction is express$ 9 philosophical language by ! greate/ antique philosoph] & ! greate/ mod]n philosoph]3 ,plato & ,kant4 ,plato says3 ,all ! gold on ! e>? & "u ! e>? is less preci\s ?an virtue4 ,kant says3 ,if righte\sness %\ld p]i%1 x w\ld n be wor? :ile = m5 to inhabit ! e>?4 ,b ?is conviction ( ! absolute supremacy ( ! moral task requires an inn] gradation ( life1 = :i* mod]n conditions (f] no scope4 ,= mod]n life subord9ates all aspiration & endeav\r to ! aim ( enhanc+ ! process ( life4 ,e action is valu$ z a means to ?is end2 & morality c\ld only hold its own z an in/rum5t ( human welf>e4 ,b su* degradation ( morality w\ld mean annihilation ( morality4 ,! pres5t "t is n entirely dom9at$ by su* a movem5t aga9/ morality1 only a few curr5ts ( ?\ght are s absolute 9 _! negation ( e?ical claims4 ,b ^! curr5ts c\ld nev] h atta9$ ! /r5g? & expansion !y und\bt$ly exhibit1 if 9 our day morality 7 m securely e/abli%$ & m di/9ctly =mulat$4 ,x is ! want ( union 9 moral ideals 7nev] be=e s /rongly m>k$7 :i* gives add$ p[] to ! enemies ( morality4 ,!re are to-day no less ?an f\r k9ds ( morality1 (t5 cross+ & oppos+ ea* o!r1 :i* claim m5's allegiance4 ,^! are3 ,religi\s ,morality1 ,! ,morality ( ,reason or ( imman5t idealism1 ,! ,morality ( ,"w1 ,social ,morality4 ,religi\s ,morality & ! ,morality ( ,reason h come d[n to u f pa/ ages1 & gr[ out ( an inn] _w ( ?\ght4 ,! ,morality ( ,"w & ,social ,morality are specific results ( ! pres5t "t1 gr[+ out ( "w 9 a visible _w ( realities4 ,! two old] =ms ( morality =m an anti!sis to ! two new] =ms1 z w h]eaft] be se54 ,! mo/ effectual k9d ( morality is /ill ! religi\s "o--= u1 ! morality associat$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 ! religion ( e?ical r$emption4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is f\nd$ on a holy w sup]ior to ! _w1 exalts moral action f> above arbitr>y human *oice & human aim4 ,x completely sev]s moral action f all natural incl9ation1 dissociates x f all ext]nal p]=mance1 & gives x a purely spiritual "*4 ,x supplies a mo/ p[]ful impulse to action1 by connect+ man's de/9y ) 8 attitude to 8 moral obligations4 ,! awak5+ & ennobl+ p[] inh]5t 9 ,*ri/ianity 0 n conf9$ to individuals1 b 0 embodi$ 9 a l>ge section ( ! human race1 creat+ a spiritual atmosph]e :i* /ill acts p[]fully on individual s\ls1 ev5 if !y !mselves are n consci\s ( x4 ,religi\s morality /ill cont9ues to influ5ce u 9 ?is way4 ,all o!r k9ds ( morality c\ld n be z effectual z !y are1 7 !y n con/antly supplem5t$ & deep5$ by religi\s morality4 ,& yet we _c ignore ! fact t 9 our day ! supremacy ( religi\s morality is (t5 conte/$4 ,! _w ( religion no long] encompasses man z a matt] ( c\rse1 & ?is also weak5s its moral influ5ce4 ,at ! same "t _m objections are rais$ aga9/ ! nature & dem&s ( religi\s morality4 ,ow+ to ! clos] connection betwe5 man's endeav\r & 8 environm5t & to ! acc5tuation ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ?is k9d ( morality appe>s too mild1 too s(t1 too subjective1 & !re is (t5 a desire = a /]n] & m virile k9d4 ,religi\s e?ics d n seem to h suffici5t latitude to trans=m ! :ole ( life4 ,we c !re=e und]/& ! widespread desire = some?+ :i* c suffici5tly supplem5t religi\s e?ics4 ,at all p]iods ( high] civilisation1 religi\s morality has be5 supplem5t$ & complet$ by ! morality ( reason1 :i* 0 develop$ above all by ! philosoph]s1 f ! ,/oics d[n to ,kant & ,fi*te4 ,"h morality does n proce$ f a sup]ior & div9e w1 b f man's own reasonable nature4 ,?is nature seems to dem& recognition ( a univ]sal law1 & volunt>y submission to x2 only !n does man br+ 8 own be+ to p]fection4 ,! morality aris+ h]efrom is /rong & manly2 x incites man to a pr\d indep5d5ce ( _s1 & exalts him f> above ev]yday life4 ,to ?is morality ( reason we owe ! sci5tific developm5t ( ! moral _w ( ?\ght1 & ! di/9ct =mulation ( conceptions l ,duty & ,consci5ce4 ,by means ( su* conceptions1 ! morality ( reason also influ5ces our own "t1 )\t h[ev] tak+ ! lead1 z x did dur+ ! ,age ( ,enlight5m5t4 ,! idea ( reason z ! sure f\ndation ( our spiritual life is no long] univ]sally accept$1 & has little influ5ce on ! man ( to-day4 ,he is too fully consci\s ( 8 subord9ation to ! _w ( s5se1 ( :i* he is a memb]1 to be able to enfran*ise himself completely f x1 & to ass]t 8 own sup]ior p[]4 ,! rationali/ic conception ( life reckons ) /rong1 self-c5tr$ p]sonalities1 :o1 z we "k1 d n ab\nd 9 our "t4 ,morality c\ld n be 9 close t\* ) ! movem5ts & problems ( ! pres5t day1 if--ei!r z religi\s or z rational morality--x 7 insep>able f belief 9 an invisible _w4 ,b ! late/ developm5t ( life supplies morality ) valuable motives d]iv$ f ! visible _w1 & ev5 creates new specific =ms ( morality4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! impulse comes f mod]n "w2 on ! o!r h&1 f mod]n society4 ,9 bo? cases1 we h =ces t 7 always at "w1 b t ga9 consid]able significance f ! conditions ( mod]n life4 ,all really e>ne/ "w is direct$ t[>ds "s object :i* x seeks to p5etrate2 x impels u to value ! object = its own sake1 & to treat x accord+ to its own requirem5ts4 ,man is ?us exalt$ above 8 own p]sonal op9ion & incl9ation4 ,only 9 mod]n times has "w rea*$ its full developm5t z a factor ( education & ( moral culture4 ,= "w has n[ become m & m indep5d5t ( sep>ate individuals2 x is becom+ a conc]n common to all mank9d1 & x =ms its own great complexes4 ,su* a complex is mod]n sci5ce4 ,x is no long] dep5d5t on individuals1 b has =m$ a fabric ( its own4 ,9 accordance ) ! developm5t x has atta9$1 sci5ce dictates to individuals ! *annels & me?ods ( _! "w1 pres5ts problems to be solv$1 & indicates ! means ( _! solution4 ,! individual works 9 va91 if he deta*es himself f ! movem5t ( ! :ole4 ,8 enrolm5t 9 ! movem5t ( ! :ole imp>ts to life a di/9ctly e?ical "*4 ,= ! individual mu/ subord9ate himself completely to ! dem&s ( ! :ole2 he mu/ repress ev]y?+ be>+ ^u 8 own w & desire2 he mu/ feel t 8 own ef=ts are "p ( ! great sum ( human endeav\r1 ! promotion ( :i* mu/ be 8 highe/ satisfaction4 ,s+le work]s come & g1 b ?r\gh ! "w ( g5]ations ! pr\d edifice ( sci5ce is ev] gr[+4 ,z ,bacon says3 ,multi p]transibunt et augebitur sci5tia4 7,_m w pass by1 & sci5ce w gr[47 ,:at applies to sci5ce is equally true ( ! o!r prov9ces ( life4 ,9 mod]n times1 mighty complexes are ev]y:]e spr++ up1 :i* encompass individuals ) _! sup]ior p[]4 ,we see ?is above all 9 te*nical & indu/rial "w1 b also 9 /ate organisation1 9 education ) its s*ools & s =?4 ,all ^! f9ally unite 9 ! compreh5sive conception ( civilisation & culture1--9 ! idea ( man's supremacy ov] ! _w by means ( 8 "w4 ,x is evid5t t a /rong moral =ce is "h eng5d]$4 ,)\t ?is e?ical factor1 )\t a con/ant enrolm5t & subord9ation1 mod]n civilisation c\ld nev] h rea*$ its pres5t developm5t4 ,yet we _c d5y t ?is morality ( "w has inn] limitations4 ,! te*nical side ( "w does inde$ repress & ev5 de/roy all individual w2 b x is an op5 "q 9 :at temp] ! "w is done1 :e!r f love to ! "w or f petty & selfi% motives4 ,x is q possible = a petty & n>r[ frame ( m9d to be accompani$ by ! greate/ te*nical skill4 ,fur!r "w spurs on t[>ds a*ievem5t1 & ! work] is judg$ by :at he a*ieves4 ,:at becomes ( 8 inn] life1 ( 8 :ole p]sonality1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,"h we are only p>ts ( a /ructure1 & are no?+ at all 9 ourselves4 ,?is mu/ become s m & m 9 proportion z "w is specialis$1 & vitalises an ev] small] "p ( ! individual's p[]s4 ,moreov] ! union ( m5 :i* 9 ?is direction takes place1 is only conf9$ to _! common "w4 ,h[ev] closely connect$ !y may be ?r\gh _! "w1 _! individual pr9ciples & convictions c be v diff]5t1 if n absolutely ho/ile4 ,x is1 9 our day1 above all1 ! social problem1 :i* divides m5 into ho/ile factions4 ,9 "o special direction--t ( "w--!re is an e?ical developm5t ( life2 b we _c base on x an inn] entity ( "r & humanity4 ,! morality ?us develop$ is cold & imp]sonal2 x lacks inn] w>m?1 & _c appeal to ! :ole p]sonality4 ,9 ?is respect1 social morality is inf9itely sup]ior to ! morality ( "w4 ,= social morality proce$s f ! imm$iate relation ( man to man4 ,"h also1 some?+ old & famili> acquires a new =m & /rong] influ5ce4 ,x 0 an old conviction t man c\ld only develop 9 connection ) 8 fell[-m51 t[>ds :om 8 activity 0 ma9ly direct$4 ,b :at has re-ca/ ! idea ( society 9 a new m\ld1 is ! mod]n doctr9e t m5 are n unit$ by _! common relation to an invisible _w--rul$ ei!r by a ,div9e ,be+ or by an all-p]vad+ ,reason--b by _! actual liv+ toge!r 9 ! realm ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is mod]n doctr9e po9ts out t individuals n only meet dur+ ! c\rse ( _! life1 b t !y are int]dep5d5t f ! v beg9n+1--t union & life ) o!rs is a fundam5tal necessity = e human be+4 ,9 develop+ ?is idea1 mod]n sociology %[s1 by means ( innum]able /ati/ics1 h[ ! nature & welf>e ( ! individual dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! :ole4 ,x tries to prove t all progress--ev5 = ! individual--is insep>able f ! amelioration ( ! community at l>ge2 su* amelioration !re=e becomes ! ma9 object ( endeav\r4 ,mod]n sociology at ! same "t advocates ! idea ( a common responsibility1 a solid>ity ( all human life & action4 ,/rong motives are ?us (f]$ to ! individual to direct 8 activity1 beyond 8 own p]sonal int]e/1 t[>ds ! welf>e ( all1 & to f9d 9 "w = ! welf>e ( o!rs--9 altrui/ic action--! highe/ value ( life4 ,! social e?ics ?us develop$ are fur!r enhanc$ by ! gr[+ conviction t ! traditional =m ( life 9 ! community is capable--nay ne$ful--( fundam5tal *anges4 ,=m]ly ! /ructure ( society 0 above all ari/ocratic 9 "*4 ,! conduct ( life 0 9 ! h&s ( a small m9ority4 ,!y alone acquir$ full developm5t ( all _! p[]s & full possession ( e>?ly goods1 :i* ! re/ c\ld only enjoy 9 "p & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! fav\r$ few4 ,?is division ( mank9d appe>$ to be too firmly e/abli%$ by ! div9e w or by a my/]i\s de/9y = human endeav\r to try & alt] x4 ,! mod]n man1 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 p[]1 by no means consid]s ^! ?+s incapable ( *ange4 ,= him1 x is a sublime task to suppress su* di/9ctions1 & to let all t be>s human features 7,fi*te7 p>ticipate 9 ! "w & enjoym5t ( life4 ,we c "h discuss nei!r ! possibility ( solv+ ?is problem 9 all its be>+s1 nor ! complications result+ !refrom4 ,b we _c d5y ! /rong e?ical /imulus ( su* a movem5t4 ,x has result$ 9 an eag] desire to /r5g!n ! weak1 to raise aspir+ spirits1 to oppose inju/ice1 to eradicate suff]+ z f> z possible1 & to increase ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,9 all ?is1 !re is mu* w>m? & vig\r1 a /rong feel+ ( responsibility1 & recognition ( ! rights ( o!rs4 ,no o!r e?ical =ce s /rongly influ5ces ! m5 ( to-day1 z ! social idea2 we see ?is 9 legislation1 9 education1 9 e relation ( man to man4 ,?is idea c\nt]acts egoism1 & produces su* a weal? ( humane action1 z 0 h>dly ev] witness$ at any p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b ev5 "h1 9 spite ( s mu* t is admirable1 inn] limitations are evid5t4 ,life & morality are conc5trat$ on activity = o!rs4 ,b ?is activity is m = man's ext]nal welf>e ?an = t ( 8 s\l1--m = ! conditions ( life ?an = life itself4 ,inn] problems f9d too (t5 only a second>y consid]ation & ! p]sonality z a :ole is apt to be neglect$4 ,?is morality ( social activity believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( goodwill & its gr[? by means ( ext]nal activity1 & takes human virtue = grant$4 ,b x has no?+ to (f] t c\ld allay ! inn] conflicts1 or c\ld ov]come ! d>k1 wild1 & passionate elem5t 9 man's s\l4 ,nor does ?is k9d ( morality suffici5tly realise :at complications & passions are insep>able f life 9 ! community3 ! /rife = p[] & supremacy1 ! vanity & unreality :i* arise & rapidly spread among its memb]s4 ,social morality %[s a v optimi/ic conception ( man1 :i* is (t5 contradict$ by exp]i5ce4 ,h[ev] great !re=e ! m]its ( social morality may be 9 "o special direction1 x takes up ! problem too sup]ficially1 & (f]s no firm f\ndation = morality1 :i* x presupposes r ?an creates4 ,morality to-day ?us appe>s to be accompani$ by mu* confusion & _m complications4 ,!re is no lack ( sep>ate developm5ts1 b ^! cross & oppose ea* o!r4 ,:at "o k9d ( morality takes to be its *ief s\rce ( /r5g?1 appe>s to ano!r to be m]e weakness4 ,! inn] & spiritual "* ( ! old] =ms is condemn$ by ! y\ng] =ms z a subjective illusion1 :ile ! unremitt+ activity ( ! latt] seem to _! oppon5ts to be an exclusive conc5tration on ext]nal "w4 ,life z a :ole has become unc]ta9 to u 9 its deepe/ aspects2 & we are no long] satisfi$ ) ! moral impulses com+ f ! life ar\nd u4 ,we hesitate betwe5 absolutely diff]5t k9ds ( morality1 :i* c only fully develop _! individual *>act]i/ics by injur+ "o ano!r2 ?is mu/ inevitably weak5 ! influ5ce ( morality on ! :ole ( life4 ,at ! same "t1 movem5ts ho/ile to morality enc\nt] less opposition1 & ga9 gr\nd 9 spite ( _! inh]5t sup]ficiality4 ,morality1 once an und\bt$ possession ( mank9d1 has ?us come to be a difficult problem2 in/ead ( rul+ ov] man f ! height ( its sup]iority1 x seems n[ to dep5d on 8 op9ion & *oice4 ,! condition ( ?+s result+ h]efrom is becom+ m & m un5durable4 ,if morality is weak5$1 !n life is robb$ ( a /rong impulse1 an ennobl+ p[]1 & a dom9ant aim2 x is 9 dang] ( inn] insignificance & dis9tegration4 ,! salt ( life is !n lack+1 :i* alone c keep x fre% & heal?y1 & ) all its out] brilliancy1 x is ?reat5$ ) inn] decay4 ,if we are to resi/ ?is dang] ) all our might1 !n sci5ce mu/ help to ov]come ! unc]ta9ty & want ( conc5tration s *>act]i/ic ( our "t1 & to ga9 full recognition ( morality z a :ole4 ,to d ?is1 x is above all necess>y to f9d "s po9t ( view :5ce we c successfully combat ?is dis9tegration4 ,we %all !re=e h to consid] fir/ ( all h[ su* a po9t ( view may be atta9$4 ,,ii ,,! ,,e?ical ,,pr9ciple ,! intricate situation ( to-day necess>ily incites u to reflection4 ,we mu/ consid] our life z a :ole2 we mu/ ask ourselves :e!r human exi/5ce comprises v>i\s k9ds & gradations ( life1 & :e!r a task ?us arises :i* embraces all man's endeav\r4 ,!re c be no d\bt t human life is n conf9$ to "o s+le plane1--t all v>iety ( endeav\r does n easily unite to =m a def9ite entity1 b t het]og5e\s elem5ts meet & m+le 9 man4 ,man at fir/ appe>s to be "p ( nature1 ( ! _w ( s5se1 subject to its laws & impulses4 ,dim & unreasonable in/9cts p]vade man's s\l ) compell+ =ce4 ,our conceptions gr[ out ( s5se impressions1 & =m at fir/ ! purely me*anical concat5ation :i* we t]m association1 :ile all our ef=ts are direct$ t[>ds individual self-pres]vation4 ,9 all ?is1 man is entirely )9 ! limitations ( nature4 ,yet ?\gh ?is natural life at fir/ pr$om9ates1 x does n repres5t ! :ole ( our life4 ,we become aw>e ( new features1 :i* we *>act]ise z spiritual4 ,we see h[ man gr[s indep5d5t ( 8 environm5t1 & /rives to subdue x f )\t & )94 ,by ?\ght he frees himself f ! %ackles ( 8 environm5t1 & ass]ts himself aga9/ ! :ole _w2 at ! same "t he is driv5 back to ! _w1 & feels impell$ to fa?om x & to make x 8 own by p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,8 actions d n always rema9 a m]e "p ( nature's concat5ations4 ,he c deta* himself f all cohesion4 ,9 unbridl$ egoism he c subord9ate e ev5t & action to 8 own well-be+2 or he c absorb into himself all t at fir/ exi/$ beside him & ap>t f him1 & t (t5 appe>$ ho/ile1 & c ?us manife/ b\ndless love & sympa?y4 ,8 natural in/9ct ( self-pres]vation w !n appe> too small & insignificant2 he c ev5 come to feel its n>r[ re/rictions z intol]able4 ,if we pass f ! individual to ! :ole ( mank9d1 we see 9 civilisation & culture a new =m ( life oppos$ to m]e nature4 ,= man is no long] sway$ & rul$ by :at assails him f )\t1 b he confronts x ) new aims & ideals4 ,he judges & weighs2 he approves & rejects2 he =ms new complexes1 l ^? ( /ate organisation & ( sci5ce4 ,9 all ?is1 man is ! repres5tative ( a new & specific k9d ( life2 he manife/s an indep5d5ce unkn[n to nature4 ,?is new life diff]s f nature & f :at may be atta9$ on ! basis ( nature1 n only 9 s+le *>act]i/ics1 b 9 all its manife/ations & ev5 9 its fundam5tal ess5ce4 ,nature =ms a tissue ( sep>ate elem5ts1 :i* come into reciprocal action b lack all inn] cohesion4 ,great complexes are ?us =m$1 b no comb9ation am\nts to real cohesion3 !re is no inn] :ole1 & no life proce$+ f su* an inn] entity4 ,all life gr[s out ( contact ) ! environm5t2 !re=e intellectual p>ticipation is indissolubly b\nd to ! _w ( s5se4 ,9 ?is life ( nature1 ! intellect c create no conceptions indep5d5t ( s5se impressions1 & action _c free itself f ! p[] ( natural impulse4 ,all inn] values c "h be no?+ m ?an an accessory & rem9isc5ce ( :at rea*es u f )\t4 ,we see some?+ ess5tially diff]5t1 :]ev] spiritual life develops4 ,"h life is n decompos$ into a multitude ( sep>ate p>ticles1 b inn] cohesions are =m$1 :i* embrace & dom9ate all a*ievem5t ( individual be+s4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 human ?\ght aspires t[>ds ,tru?4 ,e individual has 8 own sum ( conceptions & 8 own special associations2 b he does n possess a tru? ( 8 own4 ,all se>* = tru? is bas$ on ! conviction t some?+ mu/ be acquir$ :i* is common to all m51 & :i* embraces & gov]ns !m all4 ,aspiration ?us ext5ds f> beyond sep>ate individuals4 ,we h "h n a disconnect$ mass ( ass]tion & dogma2 all is ga!r$ into a well ord]$ cohesion1 & all sep>ate ef=ts result 9 progression to ! :ole4 ,e k9d ( intellectual endeav\r pres5ts a simil> situation4 ,?us ! ,good & ! ,beautiful are n values conf9$ to s+le individuals2 e man /riv+ aft] !m1 only contributes t[>ds ! sum ( common endeav\r1 & :at he w9s = himself is at ! same "t a ga9 = all4 ,aspiration is n conf9$ to a limit$ numb] ( sep>ate results1 b ! manife/ation ( a great :ole is s\ght =3 a compreh5sive realm ( ! good & ! beautiful4 ,once ! m9d is ?us conc5trat$ on ! :ole1 great] spiritual indep5d5ce inevitably ensues4 ,= x is necess>y to rise above ! s5se impression & con/antly to ass]t ! autonomy ( ! s\l1 if aspiration f ! :ole & to ! :ole is to be successfully develop$4 ,f be+ a m]e accessory1 ! s\l n[ becomes 9 all respects a s\rce ( indep5d5t life4 ,9 sci5ce ideas ga9 a significance ( _! own1 ap>t f ! impressions ( s5se2 !y develop _! own laws1 & react ) trans=m+ p[] on :at !y h absorb$1 z we see 9 ! case ( ma!matics4 ,our own m9d supplies ! =ms 9 :i* we %ape our _w4 ,feel+ also frees itself f s5se impressions4 ,s5se enjoym5t no long] suffices = man's happ9ess4 ,8 relation to o!r human be+s does n rema9 conf9$ to ext]nal contact2 pity & love c embrace ! :ole ( mank9d1 z is prov$ by ! great religions4 ,we c no long] d\bt man's capacity ( aspir+ to values f> beyond ext]nal possessions2 & 8 inn] life1 ! developm5t ( 8 own individual p]sonality may become a matt] ( p>am\nt importance to him4 ,b ?is inn] life1 ) all its di/9ct manife/ations1 c cope successfully ) ! out] _w & its =cible inroads1 only by develop+ an inn] realm :i* x ext5ds to an indep5d5t _w ( its own4 ,?is does 9 reality take place4 ,:at 0 at fir/ beside u & ap>t f u1 c be transf]r$ to ! s\l )\t m]g+ into x4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal values1 :i* at fir/ seem$ to dis9tegrate life1 c be ov]come1 if spiritual endeav\r absorbs ! object & br+s x into reciprocal action ) spiritual =ces4 ,:]e spiritual developm5t is at its highe/1 life does n fluctuate betwe5 ! subjective & objective1 b unites bo? 9 itself1 br+s !m into reciprocal action1 & develops "o by means ( ! o!r4 ,su* a triumph ov] anti!ses is to be se5 mo/ cle>ly 9 ! prov9ce ( art4 ,art is n m]ely capable ( copy+ ext]nal objects z exactly z possible1 or ( r5d]+ ) ! greate/ possible tru? ! feel+ ( ! individual3 really great art mu/ embrace bo? factors & bl5d !m to a p]fect unity4 ,?is is h[ a real "w ( art is creat$1 :i* !n gives to life an inn] expansion & a new reality4 ,z 9 art1 s also 9 ! o!r prov9ces human life4 ,9 ! mutual relation ( man to man1 ! spiritual phase by no means does away ) all di/9ctions1 b x exalts u above !m1 & embraces !m all f a high] po9t ( view4 ,individuals are n to be m]g$ 9 a hazy & col\rless :ole1 b 9 ris+ t[>ds a high] life an inn] communion becomes possible1 )9 :i* ev5 :at is ali5 becomes to a c]ta9 ext5t our own4 ,?is enables m5 to und]/& ea* o!r1 to put !mselves 9 ! place ( "o ano!r1 to f9d !mselves 9 o!rs4 ,man acquires 9 su* communion a va/] self1 :i* is n dep5d5t on "o t9y atom1 b has a :ole _w ( its own4 ,if sci5tific rese>* is n to deg5]ate into b>r5 scepticism1 x mu/ also ov]come ! anti!sis ( ! subjective & ! objective4 ,to d ?is1 x assimilates ext]nal objects by means ( ?\ght1 & /rives to embrace at ! same "t bo? ! inn] man & ! out] _w1 develop+ "o by means ( ! o!r4 ,we obs]ve ev]y:]e ?is t5d5cy to subject ev]y?+ to ! op]ation ( spiritual =ces--to create & develop an inn] _w4 ,"h all problems are conf9$ to life itself1 :i* is no long] conc]n$ ) extrane\s matt]s1 b ) itself alone4 ,9 ?is inn] _w1 life develops 9 its own way2 x f9ds its aims & ideals 9 itself1 9 its own p]fection1 9 its complete triumph ov] ! anti!ses x embraces4 ,h[ are we to int]pret ?is new life & its orig98 ,x _c h proce$$ f t nature inf]ior to man1 f :i* x diff]s ev5 9 its mo/ elem5t>y fundam5tal =ms4 ,x _c be a creation ( man alone1 9 :om--z exp]i5ce proves--x is f> too weak1 too mu* alloy$ ) l[] & s5sual elem5ts1 = a new gradation ( life to orig9ate 9 him4 ,no?+ !re=e rema9s b to recognise 9 ?is inw>d t5d5cy a movem5t ( ! univ]se--a movem5t 9 :i* man is privileg$ to p>ticipate1 b :i* he c\ld nev] eng5d] f out ( 8 own nature4 ,! recognition ( su* a movem5t completely *anges ! aspect ( reality4 ,! univ]se n[ seems to embrace two planes1 & to be ris+--at lea/ z f> z humanity is conc]n$--f "o plane to ! o!r4 ,a new light is ca/ on reality1 :i* ceases to be a collection ( sep>ate & non-cohesive elem5ts1 & becomes capable ( compreh5sive op]ation & ( self-conc5tration4 ,we realise t :at at fir/ appe>$ to be ! :ole ( reality 0 only its out] aspect1 :i* is supplem5t$ by ! new dep? reveal$ to u4 ,x is only ! developm5t ( ^! dep?s t gives life its real significance2 values come into exi/5ce :i* lie beyond ! natural in/9ct ( self-pres]vation--su* values z ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful4 ,let u n[ see h[ ?is ord] ( ?+s /rikes & influ5ces man4 ,! new phase ( life at fir/ appe>s--9 man--only 9 a few individual op]ations1 :ile 8 life & aspiration are /ill ma9ly det]m9$ by nature & natural self-pres]vation4 ,a c]ta9 spirituality does inde$ appe> :]ev] !re is human life1 yet only z some?+ subord9ate1 z an accessory to ano!r k9d ( life1 b )\t ! autonomy necess>y to a compreh5sive & self-c5tr$ :ole1 :i* c\ld develop its own specific "*4 ,if man is to p>ticipate 9 ! movem5t ( ! univ]se & br+ ! spiritual into full op]ation 9 himself1 ?is autonomy ( ! spiritual life is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,x c only develop :]e a movem5t rea*es man f ! univ]se1 embraces him1 & det]m9es 8 fur!r c\rse4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 man mu/ recognise & seize ?is impulse1 ?us tak+ possession ( ?is new life4 ,we h se5 t :at us$ to be consid]$ ( second>y importance1 is n[ ( p>am\nt value4 ,?is requires a rev]sion ( ! orig9al ord] ( ?+s1 a readju/m5t ( ! values ( life4 ,we h n to realise any new a*ievem5t )9 a giv5 sph]e ( activity1 or to fur!r develop exi/+ conditions2 we h to acquire an ess5tially new life4 ,! requirem5ts ?us =mulat$ lead to a sy/em ( e?ics4 ,its fundam5tal doctr9e is man's p[] to rise by free action to ! high] plane ( cosmic life1 & to develop x ) all ! /r5g? ( 8 s\l4 ,we h %[n t ! new object ( our endeav\r is n some?+ unfamili> t sudd5ly invades our consci\sness4 ,= x is ! work+ )9 u ( "s spiritual =ce1 t exalts u above ! animal _w to ! /atus ( human be+s4 ,b ! spiritual life und]goes an ess5tial *ange1 z soon z x acquires autonomy )9 u4 ,z long z x 0 held to be ( second>y importance1 x 0 *iefly appreciat$ z a means t[>ds human ends3 spiritual =ces 7 to give u m p[] ov] ext]nal realities1 & full] enjoym5t ( life1 b we did n p5etrate into ! life ( ! _s & !re f9d a new _w4 ,if we d ?is 9 accordance ) ! trans=mation ( life we h be5 consid]+1 great results w soon appe>4 ,9 sci5ce & art1 z well z 9 law & morality1 our ef=ts w be accompani$ by su* /r5g?1 devotion1 & gladness z we nev] be=e exp]i5c$4 ,we %all op]ate ) ! laws & p[]s inh]5t 9 ! ?+s !mselves2 we %all become indiff]5t to out] pr(it & success1 & %all f9d full satisfaction 9 ! manife/ation ( g5u9e spiritual life1 9 spite ( ! trials & difficulties x may (f]4 ,if ! spiritual life c ?us gr[ t[>ds p]fection1 undi/urb$ by human aims1 x w manife/ all its values 9 ri* & pure abundance2 x w reveal a new _w1 & w op5 up a new dep? ( reality4 ,we ?us take possession ( a _w :i* exalts u f> above all petty human consid]ations1 yet :i* is n ali5 & unfamili> to u1 b is ess5tially our own life & be+4 ,) autonomy1 ! spiritual life also ga9s m unity4 ,z at fir/ manife/$ 9 human life1 x is divid$ into a v>iety ( sep>ate bran*es--su* z art1 sci5ce1 law1 te*nical k--:i* lack all inn] cohesion & mutual und]/&+4 ,if ! autonomy ( ! spiritual life reveals a new phase ( reality1 x mu/ also =m a compreh5sive :ole1 ( :i* all ! sep>ate prov9ces are b ! v>i\s manife/ations4 ,!y !mselves n[ appe> 9 a new light1 & e prov9ce mu/ det]m9e its position & significance 9 ! :ole1 & mu/ submit to ! op]ation ( ! =ces proce$+ f ! :ole4 ,?is w give m dep? & m s\l to ! activity 9 ea* sep>ate prov9ce1 :ile all w seek to come into clos] t\* & to supplem5t "o ano!r4 ,all ?is implies a great task = man4 ,he is an imp]fect & unf9i%$ be+1 full ( contradictions4 ,he has to seek & a*ieve g5u9e life2 he mu/ p5etrate f ! sph]e ( effects to t ( _! causes2 he mu/ recognise ! great cosmic movem5t z a p]sonal conc]n ( 8 own1 & mu/ ?us give mean+ & value to 8 life & aspiration4 ,we h "h a matt] ( va/ import4 ,n only mu/ ! new _w be recognis$ & tak5 possession ( by ! individual1 b a new ord] ( ?+s1 valid = all humanity1 mu/ be creat$ & triumphantly ass]t$ aga9/ an entirely diff]5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,in/ead ( ! m]e juxtaposition :i* ! _w ( s5se at fir/ pres5ts to u1 we mu/ e/abli% inn] cohesion 9 society & hi/ory4 ,! ef=ts ( all humanity mu/ supplem5t ! visible _w1 to :i* we rema9 b\nd1 by an invisible "o1 & mu/ make ( ?is invisible _w ! *ief seat ( human life4 ,:ile "t is =ev] fl[+ onw>d1 p]man5t tru?s & values ( life mu/ be f\nd1 :i* c su/a9 f )9 all aspiration & endeav\r4 ,we human be+s mu/ realise a high] life )9 giv5 natural conditions2 & to d ?is1 we h fir/ to create & e/abli% a new ord] ( ?+s )9 our own sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,?is trans=ms our life into a nev] end+ task1 b also imp>ts to x an incomp>able greatness4 ,:ile ?us /riv+ =w>d1 ! individual mu/ fir/ ( all subm]ge himself 9 ! new _w z a :ole1 until he f9ds !re 8 true life1 8 real & high] self4 ,a complete negation ( ! little ,ego & emancipation f x are requisite4 ,?is does n mean t ! individual is to disappe> & be absorb$ by ! inf9ite4 ,! inf9ite becomes a liv+ pres5t at ?is special po9t1 & ! individual mu/ take possession ( x & ass]t x4 ,he mu/ also promote ! =w>d movem5t ( life1 & mu/ enri* reality by ! culture ( a spiritual individuality1 v diff]5t f ! "o nature has giv5 him4 ,?is spiritual individuality c only develop on ! basis ( ! spiritual life1 f :i* x takes its aims & /&>ds2 & x mu/ always be 9 h>mony ) ! movem5t ( ! :ole4 ,x is evid5t t all ^! factors h laid ! f\ndations = a sy/em ( e?ics4 ,z we h se51 life z a :ole *all5ges man to a great *ange1 to a decision1 an action1 b also to unremitt+ "w = ! e/abli%m5t ( a new ord] ( ?+s4 ,t :i* gives u human be+s our pre-em95ce & con/itutes our inn]mo/ ess5ce is n to be ga9$ )\t our own ef=ts1 & p]vades our life z a cont9u\s task4 ,we may call ! morality aris+ !nce ! ,e?ics ( ! ,spiritual ,life1 = ! c5tre ( life & its rul+ motive lie 9 man's relation to a sup]ior spiritual life1 :i* is at ! root ( 8 own be+ & yet has to be acquir$ by 8 own action & ef=t4 ,morality repres5ts ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ?is great *ange4 ,morality grasps ! "q z a :ole4 ,morality elucidates ! fact t all ! v>iety ( "w is dom9at$ by /rife = a spiritual self1 a /rife :i* c only be successful if ! orig9al situation is rev]s$4 ,we mu/ n[ try to det]m9e m closely :at =m ^! e?ics are to take1 & :e!r !y are able to ov]come ! objections :i* confront e k9d ( morality4 ,,iii ,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,pr9ciple ,be=e we proce$ fur!r 9 ! direction indicat$1 we mu/ see :e!r our own convictions are capable ( ov]com+ ! opposition & imp$im5ts to morality1 pres5t$ by widespread curr5ts ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,7 we unable to ov]come !m1 !n all fur!r advance w\ld be /amp$ by inn] unc]ta9ty4 ,! fir/ objection 01 t all human action mu/ t5d to ! pres]vation & advancem5t ( ! p]=m]1 s t action ap>t f self-int]e/1 z requir$ by morality1 is impossible4 ,we are told t man _c be inspir$ & mov$ to action by any aim outside 8 own p]sonality1 & t ev5 :]e ?is appe>s to be ! case1 clos] exam9ation reveals "s hidd5 motive ( self-int]e/4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza & is n[ a widespread conviction4 ,!re is und\bt$ly "s tru? 9 ! fundam5tal idea1 b x is by no means c]ta9 t ?is tru? is rightly appli$4 ,x is true t all endeav\r mu/ />t f ! life & be+ ( a man & reflect back on him4 ,some?+ absolutely ali5 w\ld necess>ily leave u cold & indiff]5t2 by 8 action man mu/ 9 "s way gr[ & ga9 & ass]t 8 own inn] self4 ,b we mu/ ask ourselves :e!r ! natural ,ego1 to :i* ! oppon5t ( morality b9ds all human action1 repres5ts ! :ole ( man's life1 & :e!r all endeav\r is oblig$ to s]ve ! int]e/s ( natural self-pres]vation4 ,if a man recognises any k9d ( spiritual activity 9 its specific work+1 he w reject su* limitation2 & ! m he sees 9 ! spiritual life a new & indep5d5t phase ( reality1 ! m decisively w he decl>e t a real self is n conta9$ 9 ! natural ,ego1 b mu/ fir/ be acquir$ by means ( ! spiritual life4 ,9 spite ( all ! subjective =ce & passion display$ 9 ! self-pres]vation ( ! natural ,ego1 ?is ,ego & its life are )\t inn] significance3 x plans & acts1 )\t be+ absorb$ & illum9at$ by an inn] =ce2 x rema9s ali5 & d5se4 ,on ! spiritual plane1 on ! o!r h&1 man acquires an individuality1 & is able to embrace a :ole ( reality1 into ! life ( :i* he subm]ges himself2 & 9 develop+ ?is life1 he is able to f9d full satisfaction & joy4 ,! spiritual life does inde$ dem& repression1 subjection1 & ev5 sacrifice ( ! little ,ego2 yet ! exp]i5ce ( humanity cle>ly proves t life !reby suff]s nei!r degradation nor dis9tegration1 b r1 t x is ?us /r5g!n$ & reg5]at$4 ,life is c]ta9ly n weak5$ or ext+ui%$ 9 ! ef=ts to ga9 tru? & beauty1 9 ! activity ( ! s*ol> & ! arti/1 9 social & philan?ropic "w4 ,by enfran*isem5t f ! little ,ego1 life has ga9$ 9 expansion & /r5g?4 ,man is consci\s ( f9d+ 8 real self & ( develop+ 8 inn]mo/ be+ 9 su* "w1 n ( promot+ ends outside himself4 ,all deep] religions & sy/ems ( philosophy h 9 common ?is requirem5t t man %\ld give up 8 little ,ego1 & !y promise t f ?is r5unciation a new life %all be born1 :i* is ( inf9itely great] mean+ & value ?an ! old life4 ,! movem5t t[>ds spirituality is n a m]e negation1 b leads to an ass]tion f\nd$ on ! basis ( negation4 ,once man has f\nd ! "r plane ( life1 & has acquir$ a new individuality1 ! gulf betwe5 man & ! univ]se is bridg$ ov]4 ,man c !n come into inn] relation ) reality1 & c take possession ( ! inf9ite4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,goe!'s l9es3 ,und s lang du dies ni*t ha/1 ,dieses ,/irb und ,w]de6 ,bi/ du nur e9 trb] ,ga/ ,auf d] dunkl5 ,erde4 7,till ?\ he>e/ ! behe/ ,say+3 ,dea? is ,bir?6 ,?\ art b a dre>y gue/ ,on ! gloomy e>?47 ,if ?is is ! case1 !n all spiritual "w contributes to ! developm5t ( a new1 real self2 !n no blame c be atta*$ to morality = advocat+ ! absolute necessity ( ?is *ange1 & = recognis+1 9 all ramifications ( "w1 ! "o great task ( develop+ a new human individuality4 ,morality w n !reby weak5 & suppress ! impulse ( life1 b w direct x into ! "r *annel & ennoble x4 ,by treat+ man's task z a h>moni\s :ole--:i* at ! same "t =ms "p ( ! "o great entity--x w act z a /imulus on all ! sep>ate prov9ces ( life4 ,! gravity ( ?is e?ical task is height5$ by ! fact1 t we mu/ pass ?r\gh a negative /age 9 ord] to rea* "o ( positive affirmation1 & t all action :i* d5ies or obscures su* negation1 rema9s "o-sid$ & imp]fect4 ,closely alli$ to ?is fir/ objection to morality is ! second3 ! ass]tion ( ! ,det]m9i/s t human action is b "p ( an immutable concat5ation1 & t ! decision ( ! mom5t arises1 ) inevitable necessity1 f :at is & :at has be54 ,?is is an old ass]tion1 rea*+ back to ! latt] days ( antiquity4 ,x has frequ5tly ar\s$ m5 to passion 9 ! doma9 ( religion4 ,x p]meates mod]n philosophy1 & has f\nd classical expression 9 ! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza4 ,9 our day1 x is (t5 confirm$ by a m c>eful /udy ( ! univ]se4 ,fav\rable to ,det]m9ism is also our mod]n insight into su* =ces z h]$ity & social environm5t1 & our great] k ( psy*ology4 ,ev]y:]e ! s+le atom appe>s z ! result ( "s cohesion1 ( :i* x at ! same "t =ms "p4 ,clos] obs]vation only acc5tuates su* dep5d5ce2 we c no long] consid] a sep>ate atom or mom5t z some?+ absolutely self-c5tr$1 nor c we int]pret any action z really tak+ place sudd5ly4 ,!re exi/s1 )\t d\bt1 m cohesion & m subord9ation ?an 0 =m]ly believ$1 or is (t5 accept$ ev5 n[4 ,h[ev] legitimate ^! consid]ations may be1 x does n foll[ t !y exhau/ all ! possibilities (f]$ by reality4 ,if we decl>e t man is completely absorb$ 9 su* concat5ation1 we mu/ assume :at is by no means unassailable3 t man is simply "p ( a giv5 ord] ( ?+s1 ( a natural me*anism1 ( a network ( causality4 ,7 he 9 reality no m ?an ?is1 !re w\ld be no possibility ( 8 own decision1 no fre$om ( action1 & consequ5tly no morality4 ,?is w\ld de/roy1 n morality alone1 b mu* t its oppon5ts c\ld n well give up4 ,if our life 7 m]ely "p ( a natural me*anism1 x w\ld necess>ily cease to be our own life2 x w\ld be only a process realis$ 9 u )\t our co-op]ation1 & our attitude to x w\ld resemble our attitude to our bodily functions4 ,x is difficult to see h[ we c\ld !n be made responsible by society1 or h[ we c\ld ourselves feel any responsibility1--h[ su* conceptions z ^? ( good & evil c\ld come into exi/5ce & engross our att5tion4 ,nei!r w\ld !re be any real pres5t1 = if !re is no dem& = decision1 & no room = orig9al action1 all action w\ld1 ) inevitable necessity1 gr[ out ( ! pa/1 l a fl[] out ( its bud1 )\t our co-op]ation4 ,we might be able to endure su* det]m9ation ( our life = all "t1 if ! v>i\s movem5ts c\ld easily meet & m+le 9 our s\l1 )\t any complications4 ,b if our life conta9s great problems1 grave conflicts1 v>i\s & (t5 oppos$ planes1 !n we human be+s1 did we submit passively & unresi/+ly1 w\ld be *a9$ l ,prome!us to a pitiless rock4 ,det]m9ism1 if foll[$ to its logical conclusion1 is no?+ less ?an inn] annihilation ( life4 ,su* recognition necess>ily br+s u to ! "q :e!r ! hypo!sis held by ! ,det]m9i/s is unassailable4 ,d we really app]ta9 absolutely to a giv5 & di/9ctly limit$ exi/5ce8 ,f ! po9t ( view ( a new plane ( reality manife/$ by ! spiritual life1 our reply mu/ be a decid$ negative4 ,z we h se51 ?is new phase does n embrace u f ! beg9n+1 b mu/ be grasp$1 appropriat$1 & develop$ by u2 our own decision & action are "h indisp5sable4 ,our life mu/ inde$ reckon ) c]ta9 giv5 factors2 we mu/ recognise ! p[]ful influ5ce ( h]$ity & environm5t4 ,our individuality is det]m9$ = u by nature2 we _c 9 all ?+s rem\ld ourselves z we w\ld wi% to d2 we are on all sides encompass$ by fate4 ,b man is n entirely at ! m]cy ( ?is fate4 ,! spiritual life :i* c gr[ up 9 him gives him a new1 spontane\s s\rce ( life2 he c orig9ate some?+ new1 some?+ entirely 8 own1 & c oppose 8 own action to fate4 ,our life ?us becomes a /ruggle betwe5 fre$om & fate2 & to ?is /ruggle x *iefly owes its expansion & greatness4 ,! idea ( developm5t is !re=e n applicable to ! progression ( human life4 ,!re is no inevitable sequ5ce on a well e/abli%$ basis & 9 "o def9ite direction2 lat] results are n simply det]m9$ by :at has gone be=e2 "o ?+ does n foll[ ano!r naturally & easily1 b v>i\s elem5ts meet & cla%4 ,"t aft] "t1 we are 9 dang] ( los+ :at we seem$ to h won2 ov] & ov] aga91 we mu/ climb to ! summit ( life4 ,b ?is /ruggle con/antly calls =? new p[]s4 ,we see t !re is mu* m 9 u ?an appe>$ at fir/ sight1 or ?an we ourselves 7 wont to believe4 ,great %ocks & /rong emotions (t5 produce new convictions or set free new =ces )9 u4 ,x is1 above all1 suff]+ :i* r\ses & reg5]ates1 :i* tea*es u to see & cultivate ! deepe/ t is 9 u4 ,:at hi!rto seem$ to con/itute our :ole be+1 n[ proves to be b a s+le /ratum1 :i* x is q possible to transc5d4 ,! real man is only a "p1 a section ( ! possible man4 ,! possibilities dormant 9 u are an integral "p ( our be+2 & ^! possibilities enable u to atta9 some?+ high] & great]4 ,on ?is p[] ( inn] gr[? re/s ! confid5ce ( ^? :o1 :ile recognis+ ! evils ( ?is life1 fight bravely & hopefully on ! side ( progress4 ,! /atesman wi%+ to raise 8 p f )91 builds on su* a capacity = inn] gr[?1 & believes 9 ! realisation ( new possibilities2 s does ! educator 9 8 ef=ts to cultivate & ennoble m5's s\ls4 ,art & religion are ev] at "w1 9 ord] to discov] new possibilities & br+ !m home to man4 ,7 x n = su* new possibilities & ! reg5]ative p[] ( man1 8 life c\ld reta9 no?+ ( its y\?ful vig\r1 & w\ld lapse into /agnation & s5ility4 ,! same w\ld apply to human civilisation3 x w\ld drift away f simplicity & tru?1 & w\ld become m & m artificial4 ,x is 9 our own p[] to ma9ta9 our vitality1 & to oppose increas+ inn] /r5g? to all ali5 & ho/ile =ces4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t we %all always be victori\s2 x is "o ( ! trag$ies ( life t a man's s\l is fill$ ) long+ = some?+ bett]1 yet is held captive by circum/ance1 & is f9ally driv5 back to t f :i* he w\ld fa9 escape4 ,& yet x is ?is /ruggle :i* gives to life its vitality & its greatness2 & :]ev] !re is religi\s conviction1 !re also dwells ! hope t :at c\ld n ga9 full victory 9 our life1 w n be lo/ be=e ,god4 ,to quote ,br[n+3 ,:at ,i aspir$ to be1 ,& 0 n1 com=ts me4444 ,all in/9cts immature1 ,all purposes unsure4444 ,all ,i c\ld nev] be1 ,all1 m5 ignor$ 9 me3 ,?is1 ,i 0 wor? to ,god4#a ,if all ?is helps to prove ! autonomy ( man & 8 indep5d5t p[] ( decision1 x does n mean ! dissociation ( man f all inn] cohesion4 ,?is fre$om only becomes possible by ! revelation )9 him ( a new _w4 ,!re c\ld be no spontaneity ( action 9 s+le cases1 if a _w ( indep5d5t & spontane\s life did n exi/ & embrace u f )94 ,?us ! individual app]ta9s to ! :ole1 ev5 9 ! ex]cise ( fre$om4 ,t ( :i* he is capable by himself alone1 is only 8 ability to br+ 8 own w into accordance ) high] laws4 ,all deep ?9k]s h se51 9 ! grasp ( ! ess5ce ( life & ! developm5t ( its possibilities by means ( ?is individual capacity1 n an a*ievem5t ( man alone1 b ! manife/ation ( a high] p[]1 a gift ( grace4 ,life did n seem to !m to be s divid$ betwe5 grace & fre$om1 t "o ( ^! factors c\ld only be enri*$ by :at 0 tak5 f ! o!r2 !y consid]$ bo? to be s indissolubly unit$1 t fre$om & ! p[] ( inn] gr[? appe>$ to !m to be ! highe/ sign ( grace4 ,! mo/ en]getic natures1 if possess$ ( any spirituality1 h g5]ally felt !mselves to be in/rum5ts ( a high] p[] & compell$ by an inn] necessity4 ,?is feel+ gave !m ! /r5g? & self-confid5ce indisp5sable = _! "w4 ,9 ! case ( a*ievem5t = ! visible _w1 ?is high] p[] 0 mo/ly look$ ^u z a d>k fate1 :i* protects man z long z x ne$s him1 & ab&ons him z soon z he ceases to be useful4 ,b 9 ! case ( inn] *ange & reg5]ation1 ?is fate 0 sup]s$$ by a p[] ( love & m]cy1 :i* su/a9s man ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ dang]s4 ,9 religion especially1 ! consci\sness ( complete dep5d5ce on a sup]ior p[] has n l$ to a susp5sion or re/riction ( activity4 ,?is is cle>ly prov$ by su* m5 z ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ,calv94 ,!y 7 n ! s\lless vessels ( a tru? committ$ to !m2 !y grasp$1 by _! own recognition & decision1 :at seem$ to !m to be ! tru?4 ,yet 9 _! own consci\sness1 a*ievem5t 0 ( small value comp>$ to :at !y rev]$ z a gift ( grace4 ,quid habemus quod non accepimus8 7,/4 ,augu/9e74 ,:at h we t we h n receiv$8 ,hi!rto we h be5 conc]n$ ) refut+ widespread objections to ! possibility ( morality4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! viol5t opposition aga9/ ! appreciation :i* morality dem&s--& mu/ dem&4 ,x seems impossible = morality to be unque/ionably sup]ior to ev]y?+ else 9 life1 & to dem& absolute ob$i5ce to its requirem5ts1 s9ce x does n fill ! :ole ( life1 b mu/ %>e m5's allegiance ) o!r obligations1 & mu/ seek "s compromise ) !m4 ,?is objection c\ld only be valid1 if our :ole life 7 a homog5e\s /ructure1--if "o s+le aim dom9at$ all activity1 & a*ievem5t 9 ?is direction c\ld alone det]m9e ! value ( our action4 ,b ! case is v diff]5t4 ,ev5 ! "o fact t two planes unite 9 our life makes x impossible to apply ! same /&>d to all ! v>iety we enc\nt]4 ,! v>i\s values det]m9$ by ^! two planes are too diff]5t to be comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,h[ c\ld we judge s5su\s enjoym5t & out] success 9 ! same way z we judge values l tru? & hon\r8 ,fur!r1 morality is n conc]n$ m]ely ) s+le values app]ta9+ to ! high] plane1 b ) ! recognition & appropriation ( ?is high] plane itself3 x is a movem5t f a :ole & to a :ole4 ,once ! conviction obta9s t ! spiritual phase ( life is some?+ entirely diff]5t to nature1 ! acquisition ( x becomes ! *ief problem ( life1 & ! claim ( morality--:i* upholds ! pr9ciple ( su* acquisition--c ass]t its supremacy ov] all o!r claims4 ,:]ev] ?is 0 conte/$1 ! new _w reveal$ by ! spiritual life 0 n fully recognis$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory %[s t no arti/ic or intellectual a*ievem5t c\ld prev5t a rapid abatem5t & det]ioration ( ! spiritual life1 if ! e?ical task 0 n fully recognis$4 ,morality is l religion3 nei!r c take a second>y or ev5 a co-ord9ate place2 !y mu/ be valu$ m ?an ev]y?+ else 9 life1 or else !y w inevitably come to mean less4 ,we h n[ se5 t ! d\bts assail+ morality g5]ally proce$ f a p>ticul> conception ( ! univ]se & ( man's position 9 x4 ,?is m or less naturali/ic conception1 9 spite ( all x claims to be1 by no means exhau/s ! res\rces ( human life4 ,z soon z we recognise ! limitations ( ?is conception ( life & free ourselves f its tyranny1 we are able to ackn[l$ge fully ! claims ( morality4 ,nay1 m3 ^! claims mu/ !n appeal to u z be+ bo? legitimate & imp]ative2 & :at might at fir/ appe> to be un9telligible1 w become absolutely cle> & c]ta94 ,,footnote3 #a ,f ,rabbi ,b5 ,ezra4 ,,iv ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,e?ical ,,pr9ciple ,hav+ remov$ ! ob/ructions :i* oppose ! developm5t ( morality1 we c n[ inquire into ! special *>act]i/ics ( ! morality bas$ on ! spiritual life4 ,s9ce morality recognises ! pr9ciple ( ! spiritual life1 :i* x absorbs into its own volition & be+1 !re=e ! nature ( ! spiritual life w also det]m9e ! nature ( morality itself4 ,we h already se5 t ! life ( ! _s con/itutes a new _w z comp>$ to ! life :i* orig9ally encompasses u 9 nature & society1 & :i*1 ?\gh x conta9s c]ta9 processes ( a spiritual "*1 is yet ma9ly & fundam5tally b\nd to ! s5ses4 ,! spiritual elem5t is "h dis9tegrat$ into sep>ate manife/ations1 & is nev] free f ! alloy ( s5se4 ,9 ! new life1 ! spiritual ga9s autonomy1 becomes a compreh5sive :ole1 & is able to cultivate its own individuality4 ,x reveals a plane ( life ess5tially sup]ior to t ( nature4 ,on man devolves ! great task ( atta9+ & develop+ ?is plane1 on :i* life fir/ acquires self-conc5tration & inn] significance1 & becomes real1 g5u9e life4 ,let u see h[ ?is affects morality4 ,x is n conf9$ to individual prov9ces ( life1 b ext5ds ov] its :ole expansion & into e ramification1 dem&+ a *ange & an uplift+4 ,?is refutes a conception ( morality :i* limits x to ! relation ( man to man1 & makes x synonym\s ) altruism4 ,morality und\bt$ly has mu* to d 9 relation to our fell[-m52 b does x n also f9d great tasks 9 ! culture ( ! s\l1--9 spiritual "w = ! _w1 z express$ 9 sci5ce & art8 ,! qu9tess5ce ( ! ,/oical tea*+ 0 ! developm5t ( p]sonality1 ! proclamation ( man's inn] autonomy & sup]iority to ! _w ar\nd him4 ,we c h>dly refuse to ackn[l$ge ! moral "* ( ?is tea*+1 z also ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*+1 :i* f\nd expression 9 m5 l ,augu/9e1 :o br\ght all moral action into imm$iate connection ) ,god1 & d]iv$ x f love to ,him4 ,let u n[ turn to sci5ce & art4 ,we see h[1 9 spite ( all inn] & out] difficulties1 a man l ,kant devotes himself 9 unremitt+ activity to ! lifelong task ( f9d+ pure & adequate expression = ! p]ception ( tru? /ruggl+ into consci\sness )9 him4 ,we see h[1 9 ! same _s1 an arti/ scorns all ext]nal advantage1 & /rives only aft] a pure cultivation & ass]tion ( ! creative p[] )9 8 s\l4 ,mu/ n su* fidelity to oneself & to "o's own "w /rike u z be+ 9 ! highe/ degree moral8 ,! e?ical obligation consequ5tly ext5ds to all ramifications ( life4 ,ev]y:]e we mu/ take possession ( ! spiritual life = its own sake1 transpose ourselves into its inn] movem5t1 & exalt x above all conc]ns ( ! individual or ev5 ( mank9d4 ,!re=e we mu/ n seek ! highe/ aim ( our actions 9 ! welf>e ( society1 ( ! community to :i* we belong4 ,! welf>e ( society is a conception capable ( v diff]5t int]pretations4 ,x may mean ! m]e subjective well-be+ ( p liv+ toge!r4 ,9 t case1 a new plane ( life is n atta9$2 a social utilit>ianism develops1 :i* de/roys all inn] values1 & ! sole aim ( life is to provide ! means ( life4 ,b ! condition ( society c also be our *ief aim because ! new plane1 ) its ess5tially new values1 is be/ atta9$ ?r\gh life 9 ! community4 ,!n we d n place ourselves m]ely 9 ! s]vice ( humanity1 b we lab\r = ! developm5t ( a spiritual _w )9 ! life ( man4 ,!n humanity z a :ole is uplift$1 & ackn[l$ges a great task1 :ile social utilit>ianism limits life to ! human sph]e1 & takes f x all possibility ( inn] uplift+4 ,utilit>ianism is ! mo/ dang]\s oppon5t ( spiritual productive p[]1 = x degrades to a means :at %\ld be valu$ = its own sake & z ! highe/ aim4 ,utilit>ianism does n *ange its "* by becom+ social utilit>ianism4 ,inn] progress ( life is only possible if ! spiritual values1 z ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful1 are /riv5 aft] & appreciat$ = _! own sake1 & n z a means = promot+ human welf>e1--if creative production is n actuat$ by any consid]ation ( results1 b is an inn] necessity ( a man's own s\l4 ,we h se5 t ! atta9m5t ( autonomy 9 ! spiritual life implies a rev]sion ( ! orig9al ord] ( ?+s1 & t ! :ole ( life is ?us se5 9 a new light4 ,x foll[s t no real morality c be eng5d]$ m]ely by develop+ exi/+ conditions1 or height5+ natural =ces4 ,:]ev] ?is 0 attempt$1 clos] inve/igation w always %[ ! pres5ce ( bo? ! l[] & ! high] phase1 & ! consequ5t weak5+ ( morality4 ,"h ,*ri/ianity has a*iev$ some?+ ( _w-wide hi/orical importance3 x cle>ly demon/rat$ ! gulf betwe5 all m]ely natural developm5t & real moral action2 x has also %[n u t some?+ ess5tially new appe>s 9 morality1 some?+ unatta9able by m]ely ennobl+ nature4 ,?is 0 n only ! case ) religion1 = ! deepe/ ?9k]s ( all times h se5 9 morality n a m]e int5sification1 b a complete trans=mation4 ,plato made real virtue dep5d5t on aspiration to ! _w ( ideas4 ,he di/+ui%$ ?is virtue f all t m5 call virtue1 ?\gh to him x 0 little m ?an physical ability4 ,kant advocat$ some?+ simil>1 by =bidd+ man to base action on incl9ation alone4 ,he ev5 w5t s f> z to make action aga9/ natural incl9ation a sign ( good pr9ciple4 ,! requirem5t ?us =mulat$ does n preclude fruitful moral g]ms & impulses 9 ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s2 b _! full developm5t is only possible :5 a di/9ct rev]sion has tak5 place1 & :5 an indep5d5t spiritual life purifies1 unites1 & exalts all beg9n+s4 ,^! alone c nev]1 by a sl[ process ( evolution1 raise life to ! plane ( g5u9e spirituality4 ,z we h se51 ! morality ( ! spiritual life rejects a m]ely natural orig94 ,b because x repres5ts some?+ ess5tially new1 its ma9 object _c consi/ 9 ! d5ial & suppression ( m]e nature4 ,?is 0 ! aim ( asceticism1 especially 9 its developm5t z a reaction aga9/ ! antique ov]-e/imation ( nature4 ,9 ! latt] days ( antiquity1 life 0 swamp$ & enfeebl$ by a ref9$ =m ( s5suality4 ,life c\ld only develop if ?is s5suality 0 resi/$ & full supremacy 0 advocat$ = ! spiritual4 ,we c und]/& t ^? engag$ 9 ?is /ruggle w5t s f> z to see ! highe/ morality 9 ! complete suppression ( s5sual life4 ,?is be>s witness to admirable p]sonal feel+2 & yet x 0 a dang]\s error1 = x div]t$ m5 f ! great task ( giv+ inn] significance to life1 & ( fill+ x ) /rong & heal?y love4 ,! /ricte/ asceticism c be unit$ to inn] holl[ness1 to spiritual pride1 & to want ( love4 ,an ascetic elem5t is insep>able f all morality1 b only an elem5t subject to high] aims4 ,we feel x to h be5 "o ( ! great m]its ( ! ,re=mation1 t x set aside ! m$ival appreciation ( asceticism4 ,if x is true t autonomy ( ! spiritual life results 9 progression t[>ds a new plane1 !n only su* =ms ( morality c satisfy u z fully ackn[l$ge su* progression & ! consequ5t affirmation ( life1--z e/abli% ! value ( man1 & /imulate him to /r5u\s ef=t4 ,all sy/ems :i* base morality on pity alone mu/ !re=e appe> inadequate4 ,pity does mu* to free man f n>r[ egoism1 & to inspire him ) sympa?y = o!rs1 ev5 = all mank9d2 b pity alone %[s only "o side ( life--only limitations & difficulties1 suff]+ & gloom4 ,x re/ricts man's outlook to ?is "o side ( life1 s t he c acquire nei!r glad c\rage nor any impulse t5d+ to ! uplift+ ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,pity reveals no new possibilities z love does x2 complete resignation "h =ms ! highe/ p9nacle ( ! philosophy ( life & n ! creat+ ( a new _w4 ,nei!r c a sy/em ( morality satisfy u :i* only draws up laws & regulations1--:i* indicates def9ite *annels ( action1 )\t vitalis+ action or giv+ x any progressive impulse4 ,?is might suffice if man only _h to take 8 place 9 a giv5 ord] ( ?+s4 ,b x is q inadequate if ! :ole s\l is to be ga9$ = a new plane1 & if a new ord] ( ?+s is to be built up )9 ! human sph]e4 ,!re is1 besides1 ! dang] ( int]pret+ morality above all z a n>r[+1 a police sy/em ( life1 & ( ?us =feit+ man's sympa?y4 ,we d n d5y t ! uplift+1 insep>able f spiritual life1 dem&s _m /ruggles & r5unciations4 ,we c only rise to an affirmative by means ( a decid$ negation--a negation r5d]$ necess>y by ! brutality ( m]e nature & ! pett9ess ( m]e man4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 morality at fir/ op]at$ *iefly ?r\gh prohibition3 x 0 necess>y to re/ra9 ! wild natural impulses & de/ructive passions ( man1 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = spiritual activity4 ,we h b to ?9k ( ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( prohibitive laws 9 ! old] legislation ( all nations4 ,b !re is a great di/9ction1 ev5 9 ?is primitive =m ( morality4 ,! l[] k9d may rema9 p]man5tly on ! grade ( negation1 :ile high] =ms w "w _! way ?r\gh ! negation to affirmation1 & w reta9 consci\sness ( ?is affirmation ev5 9 pres5ce ( negation4 ,morality mu/ consequ5tly be productive 9 "*1 n m]ely regulative4 ,productive morality w press =w>d1 n wait+ till man is br\ght face to face ) a new requirem5t or an opportunity ( action1 b tak+ ! initiative1 seek+ new po9ts ( attack1 br++ ev]y?+ into movem5t1 & promot+ ! gr[? ( ! spiritual life4 ,ev5 !n1 morality _c limit its task to ! ord]+ ( private life1 b mu/ ext5d its activity to g5]al conditions & human society4 ,life 9 ! community mu/ be exalt$1 & fitt$ to become ! repres5tative ( spiritual life4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief dem&s ( mod]n times1 t n only private life1 b ! :ole ( human society1 %\ld be subject to moral judgm5t & moral op]ation4 ,hegel condemn$ z paltr9ess ( fai?1 7,kle9krm]ei des ,glaub5s7 m5's belief 9 ! guidance ( _! p]sonal de/9y by div9e might & wisdom1 :ile at ! same "t !y believ$ ! fate ( mank9d1 z manife/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 to be gov]n$ by bl9d unreasonable *ance4 ,we mu/ also combat a paltr9ess ( morality :i* conc]ns itself ) ! private affairs ( individuals1 b %[s no int]e/ & recognises no obligation ) reg>d to :at conc]ns humanity at l>ge4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 man 0 consci\s ( 8 weakness ) reg>d to 8 environm5t1 ! mo/ hopeless situation c\ld be accept$ z ! w ( ,god or z a decree ( fate4 ,b ! mod]n man1 ) 8 consci\sness ( p[] & ( 8 obligations t[>ds ! community1 _c reject ! idea ( ! moral solid>ity ( all4 ,he mu/ !re=e conc]n himself ) ! g5]al conditions ( mank9d1 & mu/ display active int]e/ 9 ?is direction4 ,let u fur!r consid] :at has be5 a*iev$ by ! autonomy ( ! spiritual life4 ,we mu/ fir/ ( all return to ! new dep? ( life :i* we h already recognis$ z "o ( its mo/ important results4 ,?is means t we mu/ cultivate 9 ourselves a firm basis1 a cont9u\s activity :i* det]m9es1 vitalises1 & p]meates ea* individual action4 ,we mu/ develop a di/9ct nucleus1 an ess5tial "* :i* is n a m]e backgr\nd to our activity1 b an integral "p ( x4 ,?is be+ ! case1 morality _c be satisfi$ ) /imulat+ man to c]ta9 a*ievem5ts1 & sett+ free ! =ces )9 him2 x dem&s ( him a new life1 9 :i* he mu/ /rive to make ! deep5+ ( activity we h be5 consid]+1 an ess5tial "p ( all 8 action4 ,?is is ! ideal we try to realise 9 ! developm5t ( p]sonality & moral "*4 ,we want n m]ely to act b to be some?+1 to make some?+ out ( ourselves1 to put our own p]sonal self into our action1 & to s act t we ourselves !reby gr[ & advance4 ,only !n life is s conc5trat$ on itself & becomes self-consci\s & self-c5tr$--only !n c x ga9 significance2 x w o!rwise be empty & holl[ inw>dly1 9 spite ( unremitt+ activity4 ,?is is :at ju/ifies ! e/imation 9 :i* ! ideas ( p]sonality & "* are held4 ,:y inde$ %\ld we value x s highly1 7 x b an accumulation ( natural =ces & impulses1 & n ! repres5tative & />t+-po9t ( a new life8 ,n only 9 individuals mu/ su* a dep? ( be+1 su* a spiritual individuality be develop$2 b 9 e community1 9 e nation1 9 all mank9d4 ,ev]y:]e mu/ a spiritual "* be =m$1 & ?is spiritual "* mu/ inspire & p]meate all action4 ,only ?us c a spiritual atmosph]e be creat$1--c a really civilis$ nation be diff]5tiat$ f o!r nations2 only ?us1 & n by means ( out] victories & conque/s1 c any nation ga9 la/+ significance = all humanity4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ,greek culture is a possession =ev]4 ,9 all ?is1 x is evid5t t 9 /riv+ = morality1 we are n seek+ some?+ ali51 b r our own ess5tial be+4 ,yet ?is be+ does n already exi/ 9 u1 b has fir/ to be acquir$2 x lies n beh9d u1 b 9 front ( u2 we _c take = grant$ a firm basis & positive cont9uity1 :i* we see be=e u z high tasks & ideals4 ,f ! imp]fect & incomplete life we g5]ally lead1 we mu/ resolutely advance t[>ds real & g5u9e life4 ,:ile /riv+ aft] morality1 we are at ! same "t battl+ = our own spiritual self2 we _c b feel morality z a liv+ inn] pres5ce1 a s\rce ( /r5g? & ( joy\s impulse to action4 ,?us und]/ood1 morality ne$s no rew>d f )\t2 inde$1 x su/a9s grave injury1 if action is dom9at$ by ! ?\ght ( rew>d4 ,= !n ! autonomy & indep5d5ce :i* are above all aim$ at1 mu/ be giv5 up2 & we =ce "u an ali5 yoke t life :i* %\ld be bas$ on itself alone4 ,su* acc5tuation ( autonomy 9 life & morality1 might seem to exalt man unduly1 & to inspire him ) self-consci\s pride4 ,b we h already gu>d$ ourselves aga9/ su* misappreh5sion4 ,we h se5 t e und]tak+ possible to ! individual lies )9 a su/a9+ & impell+ movem5t ( ! :ole4 ,! recognition ( morality is !re=e n a matt] ( p]sonal option or caprice4 ,! life ( ! :ole op]ates 9 ! individual2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 8 decision influ5ces ! :ole ( reality 9 ! direction ( progress or retrogression4 ,9 ?is way ! conception ( duty arises1 9 :i* ! :ole ( life1 ! :ole ( ! cosmic movem5t =mulates a claim on u4 ,kant rightly po9t$ out t duty _c come to u f )\t1 b mu/ proce$ f our own be+4 ,?is c only be ! case if our be+ exp]i5ces an inn] gradation4 ,a spiritual _w speaks )9 u1 n z some?+ ali51 b 9 union ) our own inn]mo/ be+1 z ! dep? ( our own s\l4 ,! idea ( duty is necess>y 9 proportion to ! consci\sness & recognition ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 man z he is1 & ! inn] _w :i* corresponds to 8 inn]mo/ be+4 ,:]ev] ?is consci\sness gr[s dim1 !re morality spe$ily exp]i5ces an inn] weak5+4 ,duty is ! salt ( life4 ,:]e x is lack+1 life1 h[ev] brilliant ext]nally1 becomes inw>dly tame & insipid1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 duty c imp>t inn] greatness & dignity to :at appe>s small & insignificant4 ,b z we d n wi% ! pres5ce ( salt to be ev]y:]e p]ceptible1 s also ! idea ( duty mu/ n always =ce itself on our consci\sness1 b mu/ be a lat5t p[] 9 our s\l & life1 lift+ u above all t is arbitr>y & caprici\s4 ,we mu/ take duty up into our inn] be+1 & n place x !re z some?+ ali5 or ho/ile4 ,moral life c q well unite e>ne/ness & joy1 rev]5ce & love--e>ne/ness & rev]5ce t[>ds ! sup]ior maje/y ( a high] p[] op]ative to u1 joy & love aris+ f ! mighty pres5ce ( ?is high] p[] )9 u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us con/itut$1 morality c fully ackn[l$ge ! v>i\s moral impulses at "w 9 ! pres5t day2 x c1 at ! same "t1 oppose _! dis9tegration1 & help !m z f> z possible to promote ea* o!rs be/ int]e/s4 ,we h se5 h[1 9 our day1 invisible & visible impulses are 9 op]ation1 :i* easily come into mutual opposition4 ,! morality ( ! spiritual life c 9 su* cases ackn[l$ge bo? aspects1 ev5 if x _c value !m equally4 ,= ?is morality mu/ take up a position 9 an invisible _w1 s9ce ! progression f a visible to an invisible _w goes ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! spiritual life4 ,at ! same "t "w 9 ! visible _w is mo/ important = man1 if n indisp5sable4 ,he is driv5 to x n only by ! necessity ( natural self-pres]vation1 b also by ! real int]e/s ( ! invisible _w4 ,he does n f9d ?is invisible _w ready = him1 or wait+ to develop /eadily f )91 b he mu/ acquire & /r5g!n x by battl+ aga9/ ! visible _w & its resi/ance4 ,! spiritual movem5t is sure to become subjective & unc]ta91 z soon z x sev]s all connection ) ! visible _w1 9 relation to :i* our "w ga9s /r5g? & confid5ce4 ,love1 /r5g?1 & cont9uity are ?us acquir$1 :i* mu/ !n be trans=m$ into activity = our fell[-m54 ,?is applies bo? to individuals & to all mank9d4 ,su* valuation ( activity = ! visible _w does n mean t we con/itute life out ( ! visible & ! invisible z out ( two factors ( equal value1 = :]ev] spiritual life develops1 ! invisible is ( p>am\nt importance1 & ev]y?+ else mu/ be br\ght into relation ) x4 ,! visible is valuable only z a means = ! developm5t or manife/ation ( ! invisible4 ,b z su*1 x is ( consid]able value4 ,?us ! morality ( ! spiritual life is q able to recognise--& to b5efit by--! great civilis+ "w ( ! mod]n age & its untir+ social activity1 ev5 :ile insi/+ on _! assimilation by a va/] cohesion :i* is to vitalise !m4 ,we %all see1 lat] on1 t ! invisible _w _c hold its own aga9/ d\bts & ob/acles1 unless x is aid$ by religion4 ,b al?\gh ! morality ( ! spiritual life mu/ seek to be 9 close t\* ) religion1 x mu/ d its be/ to c\nt]act ! dang]s aris+ f an exclusively religi\s sy/em ( e?ics4 ,religi\s morality 9 =m] times (t5 direct$ man's endeav\r too mu* t[>ds a _w ( fai? & hope beyond our _w1 & 0 incl9$ to neglect e>?ly matt]s z be+ ( second>y importance4 ,x (t5 transf]r$ to human affairs ! humility & pliability born ( its relation to ,god2 & x consequ5tly lack$ /r5g? & vig\r :5 deal+ ) ! evils ( human life4 ,^! p]ils c be c\nt]act$ by a morality ( ! spiritual life1 :i* sees ! op]ation ( ! ,div9e ,be+ above all 9 man1 ev5 :ile ackn[l$g+ its sup]iority to man4 ,su* morality w urge man to seek & appropriate et]nal values1 n only 9 a future /ate1 b 9 ?is our e>?ly life4 ,su* morality w tea* man n to accept ! unreasonable conditions z he f9ds !m1 b to /ruggle aga9/ !m ) all 8 might1 /riv+ to imp>t reality to ! reasonable & reason to reality4 ,! morality ( reason & imman5t idealism conta9s a virile /r5g? & educational p[] t ! morality ( ! spiritual life is b\nd to ackn[l$ge4 ,yet spiritual morality mu/ c\nt]act c]ta9 undesirable results frequ5tly br\ght ab\t by m]e rational morality1 :i* is prone to ov]rate intellect & ab/ract ideas1 to ov]value ! /r5g? ( ! individual1 & ?us to enc\rage undue pride & self-consci\sness4 ,?us great tasks are evid5t 9 all directions4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! spiritual life x is possible to take !m up hopefully1 & to c\nt]act anti!ses :i* w\ld o!rwise dis9tegrate human life4 ,9 all ^! tasks1 tak5 toge!r1 we see h[ life may be quick5$ & /r5g!n$ by ! e?ics ( ! spiritual life4 ,ev]y:]e x is necess>y to proce$ beyond a giv5 ord] ( ?+s1--to rise above m]ely human aims & conditions1--to develop ! consci\sness ( a m>vell\s dep? ( reality1 9 :i* man is privileg$ to p>ticipate4 ,we discov] a great cosmic movem5t1 & we see our own greatness 9 our co-op]ation 9 ?is movem5t1 by :i* we contribute some?+ to ! gr[? ( ! spiritual _w4 ,to speak ) ,leibnitz3 ,man is n a "p1 b an image ( ! div9e1 a pres5tation ( ! univ]se1 a d5iz5 ( ! ,city ( ,god4 ,v ,,morality ,,& ,,religion ,we h hi!rto conf9$ ourselves to ! inn] developm5t ( morality1 )\t consid]+ ! attitude ( ! _w ar\nd u & )9 u to ^? claims :i* morality1 f its v nature1 is b\nd to ass]t4 ,at all times1 ?is "q has pres5t$ grave complications1 :i* are magnifi$ r ?an dim9i%$ by ! philosophy ( ! spiritual life4 ,if morality is ! fir/ condition & an ess5tial factor ( all indep5d5t spiritual life1--if ?is spiritual life is ! c5tral po9t ( reality1 & dom9ates all its manife/ations3 !n we might expect to see1 ?r\gh\t ! visible _w1 ! triumph ( good1 ! repression ( evil1 & ! rule ( a moral ord] ( ?+s1 m\ld+ reality to its requirem5ts4 ,man's desire = su* an ord] ( ?+s does n rise f petty motives1 b f an imp]ative desire = ! unque/ion$ supremacy ( ! good3 :at is 9 itself ( su* absolute value1 mu/ be /rong en\gh to en=ce its dom9ion ov] reality1 o!rwise x might come to be consid]$ m]ely z a subjective illusion4 ,! _w1 z we see x1 does n come up to ?is requirem5t4 ,x ev9ces--z e imp>tial obs]v] mu/ ackn[l$ge--absolute indiff]5ce1 n only to ! weal & woe ( man1 b also to 8 moral conduct4 ,h[ (t51 9 ! de/9y ( nations z ( individuals1 does good succumb & evil triumph6 ,x may be t we (t5 judge too exclusively f ext]nal impressions1 & t !re is m ju/ice 9 ! _w ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,b ?is is no m ?an a possibility1 & we _c ass]t t x is 9 any way realis$4 ,mu* rema9s d>k1 & has n be5 expla9$ away1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts made by religion & philosophy dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,^! ef=ts h made ! d>kness less evid5t1 b h n br\ght light into x4 ,we c d5y nei!r ! indiff]5ce ( nature to our moral action1 nor ! incapacity ( man to en=ce1 9 8 own sph]e1 ! triumph & supremacy ( ! moral idea4 ,& ?is gulf betwe5 :at we mu/ dem& & :at we f9d 9 ! _w1 receives fur!r acc5tuation by ! recognition ( an indep5d5t spiritual life closely alli$ to morality4 ,= ! impot5ce ( morality n[ appe>s z ! impot5ce ( ! :ole spiritual life4 ,at ! same "t1 ! human sph]e seems to lose all its own special significance1 s9ce x _c en=ce univ]sal recognition ( ! p[] to :i* x owes its privileg$ position4 ,di/ress+ z is ?is contradiction betwe5 ! inn] requirem5t & ext]nal exp]i5ce1 x does n necess>ily lead to a weak5+ ( ! moral obligation4 ,?is is pla9ly %[n by religion1 m especially by e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 fully consci\s ( ! sorr[ & gloom ( human life2 !y realis$ ! unreasonabl5ess ( ! _w we live 91 q z fully z ! pessimi/s ( our day4 ,yet _! fai? & c\rage rema9$ un%ak54 ,! contradiction ( exp]i5ce only int5sifi$ _! inn] conviction1 & gave x an almo/ defiant sup]iority4 ,?is 0 only possible1 because ! possession ( a new life & ! c]ta9ty ( a new _w made x easy to be> all ! contradictions 9 ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,f _! c]ta9ty ( a new _w1 arose ! conviction t ! good c\ld only be impot5t 9 a c]ta9 phase & = a c]ta9 "t4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 s sure ( ! ultimate triumph ( good1 t !y f\nd /r5g? to p]sev]e 9 ! battle ( life4 ,! pres5t "t lacks ?is joy\s c]ta9ty ( a high] _w & a new life4 ,!re=e ! contradiction betwe5 ! c\rse ( ! _w & ! requirem5ts ( morality1 is felt 9 all its rig\r1 & d\bt is int5sifi$ by ! unsatisfactory moral condition ( human life1 by ! inn] weakness ( morality 9 our day4 ,s+le individuals are n )\t good int5tions1 b !y lack ! p[] ( a*ievem5t4 ,spiritual activity is g5]ally treat$ z ( second>y importance2 inf9itely great] value is atta*$ to ! natural self-pres]vation ( individuals & ( society4 ,life 9 ! community ought to give great] prom95ce to moral claims1 & be gov]n$ z f> z possible by moral law4 ,b on ! "o h& !re is n en\gh p[] ( volition1 & on ! o!r h& !re is1 "h also1 a wide gulf betwe5 volition & a*ievem5t4 ,social life also displays s mu* self-int]e/1 selfi%ness1 & passion1 s mu* unreality & hypocrisy1 t morality _c rea* any adequate developm5t4 ,! spiritual p[]s :i* %\ld raise man to a high] plane are mo/ly )drawn into ! s]vice ( ! l[] plane1 & life is ?us div]t$ into wrong *annels4 ,?is contradiction betwe5 human conditions & ! requirem5ts ( morality has be5 express$ 9 v>i\s ways by ! great ?9k]s4 ,plato lam5t$1 above all1 ! evanesc5ce & unreality ( ev]yday life2 ,augu/9e ! ov]we5+ conceit ( man2 ,kant ! ins9c]ity & inju/ice ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,b to "o & all1 ! moral condition ( mank9d appe>$ mo/ unsatisfactory4 ,all ^! contradictions1 ob/ructions1 & di/ortions are s deep-root$1 t we c h>dly expect any ess5tial progress to result f a gradual amelioration4 ,9 o!r directions--su* z sci5ce & te*nical k--humanity may make /eady progress2 b x is n s easy to prove t humanity w also exp]i5ce moral improvem5t4 ,! progress ( civilisation br+s ) x ! developm5t ( mu* t is good1 b also ( mu* t is evil1 = civilisation develops great p[]1 )\t provid+ = its moral guidance4 ,hi/ory %[s u h[ mank9d has always seem$ to alt]nate betwe5 p]iods ( moral gr[? & p]iods ( moral decay2 b x is d\btful :e!r1 on ! :ole1 mu* has be5 ga9$4 ,h[ (t5 h ! nations long$ to return to simpl] & m innoc5t beg9n+s6 ,all ^! impressions might seem to prove t morality has no p[] 9 ! life ( man4 ,a d\bt easily arises z to :e!r1 if morality is s p[]less1 we ought to ackn[l$ge x z ! guide ( our life1 or :e!r we %\ld n r expel x z a m]e illusion4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory %[s u unmi/akably t ! roots ( morality lie deep]1 & are n s easily remov$4 ,ev5 if morality is n ! rul+ p[]1 x is unque/ionably efficaci\s z man's lawgiv] & judge4 ,aga9 & aga91 ! nations may resi/ ! claims ( morality1 & ! conceptions ( morality itself may be widely div]g5t2 yet :]ev] human life develops1 moral judgm5t develops ) x4 ,c]ta9 actions are highly e/eem$1 o!rs are decid$ly condemn$4 ,some?+ op]ates 9 man :i* is n conf9$ to 8 own int]e/1 & :i* =ces him to judge 8 actions4 ,su* judgm5t mu/ inevitably influ5ce bo? ! action & ! spiritual condition ( man2 9 "o direction x promotes1 9 ano!r x represses4 ,hi/ory gives u an indirect pro( ( ! p[] ( morality ov] man4 ,!re are times 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d :5 ! moral idea1 ) its decree ( duty1 rec$es into ! backgr\nd1 & is ev5 sc(f$ at z an irksome in/rum5t ( control4 ,b su* times1 h[ev] brilliant on ! surface1 _c resi/ inn] decay & holl[ness1 till at la/ !y become un5durable4 ,!n1 if !re is a return to morality1 x is sup]ior to1 & triumphant ov] all o!r int]e/s4 ,x 0 moral e>ne/ness & moral /r5g? t 7 above all in/rum5tal 9 caus+ e>ly ,*ri/ianity to ov]come ! pagan _w t 01 9 all out] respects1 sup]ior & m p[]ful4 ,x 0 moral en]gy t gave ! ,re=mation its p[] to advance & conqu]1 :ile ! s(t & beautiful ,r5aissance p]i%$ because x lack$ morality4 ,look :]e we w1 we see t ! moral task1 if fully & cle>ly grasp$1 is /rong] ?an any?+ else4 ,x is !re=e impossible = mank9d to r5\nce morality4 ,b we h se5 t morality1 z a rule1 has little p[] ov] ext]nal life or man's s\l1 & is =c$ into a subord9ate position4 ,?is produces inn] discord 9 human life4 ,man acquires inn] ins9c]ity by n recognis+ & develop+ ! dep?s ( 8 own be+4 ,?is inn] contradiction c be fully appreciat$ by a sy/em ( philosophy :i* atta*es special importance to ! idea ( ! spiritual life4 ,= 9 ! light ( su* philosophy1 we see "o great contradiction p]vad+ ! :ole ( life3 ! spiritual activity--:i* ought to lead man to an indep5d5t inn] life1 ?us mak+ 8 exi/5ce "o ( joy\s creative "w--is us$ by av]age life z a m]e means & in/rum5t = human ends4 ,spiritual activity is ?us degrad$1 = ! good has mo/ly to give way to utilit>ian consid]ations4 ,?is is ! case1 :5 ! motive ( sci5tific rese>* is its utility1 & n a desire = tru?4 ,?is is ! case1 :5 art does n reveal a new _w to man by means ( g5u9e beauty1 b appeals only to 8 s5ses4 ,?is is ! case1 :5ev] ! subjective welf>e ( man--ei!r ( ! individual or ( society--is ! highe/ aim1--:5ev] man is n l$ to a high] life by spiritual activity1 b is only confirm$ by x 9 ! l[] life4 ,su* conflicts1 su* inn] discord1 su* /agnation ( life impel morality to seek close contact ) religion4 ,we see t man has 9 himself an ideal1 on :i* dep5ds all ! greatness & dignity ( 8 life2 b he _c rea* x unaid$4 ,some?+ /rives to ass]t itself )9 him1 )\t 8 be+ able to accompli% x4 ,he rema9s *a9$ to a l[] level1 above :i* 8 inn]mo/ s\l longs to rise4 ,d\bt & unc]ta9ty proce$ f ! fact t :at is ( ! v highe/ inn] value %\ld h s little p[] 9 ! _w & 9 ! sph]e ( human life4 ,= deep & e>ne/ natures z ,/4 ,augu/9e & z ,lu!r1 su* unc]ta9ty has (t5 become unbe>able2 f inn] conflicts 0 born ! sure & triumphant conviction ( a high] p[] 9 ! movem5t t[>ds morality1--a p[] :i* n only imposes moral obligations on man1 b :i*1 by ! revelation ( a new life1 gives him /r5g? to fulfil !m4 ,morality "h appe>s z some?+ inf9itely sup]ior to ! unc]ta9ty ( human conditions1 & completely indep5d5t ( man's attitude t[>ds x4 ,if morality does n atta9 ! p[] due to x 9 man's life1 ?is is n[ attribut$ to ! weakness1 n ( morality1 b ( man4 ,! maje/y ( morality is by no means prejudic$ by man's l9e ( conduct4 ,kant c\ld !re=e decl>e t x is mo/ repreh5sible to d]ive ei!r ! orig9 or any re/riction ( ! laws tell+ me :at ,i %\ld d1 f t :i* is done by o!rs4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( all deep religions1 especially ( ,*ri/ianity1 t a new life is creat$ 9 man by a revelation ( ! ,div9e by means ( a direct union ( ! s\l ) ,god4 ,?is new life is held to be sup]ior to ! complexity ( exi/+ conditions1 & is sure to triumph1 because x is f\nd$ 9 ,god4 ,a s\rce ( life is ?us op5$ up1 :i* imp>ts new activity to ! life hi!rto /agnant4 ,man rega9s c\rage & confid5ce1 because he feels himself su/a9$ by div9e /r5g? & love4 ,no contradiction 9 ! _w ( ext]nal realities is n[ able to weak5 man's inn] c]ta9ty4 ,a p[]ful impulse t[>ds "w & creative activity w be born ( ! gladness )9 him4 ,?is expla9s ! unque/ion+ confid5ce & joy\s en]gy manife/$ by all ! lead]s ( religi\s life2 ! consci\sness ( _! deliv]ance f dire di/ress fill$ !m ) unb\nd$ gratitude1 :i* s\ght expression 9 unremitt+ "w = _! fell[-m54 ,lu!r says3 ,f fai? fl[ love & joy 9 ! ,"l1 & f love a free & joy\s _s ( volunt>y s]vice ( our neighb\r1 q irrespective ( gratitude or +ratitude1 praise or blame1 ga9 or loss4 ,fur!r developm5t ( life by means ( religion is sure to /amp morality ) *>act]i/ic features4 ,! consci\sness ( deliv]ance by a high] p[] w ar\se n only gratitude1 b humility & *ildlike confid5ce4 ,if ev]y?+ man has is b a gift1 !n he w see1 9 8 highe/ a*ievem5t1 less 8 own "w ?an t ( ,god4 ,g5tl5ess & tol]ation w ga9 gr\nd2 arrogance & h>%ness w disappe>2 all decisive action w h an inn] r ?an an out] significance4 ,! value ( an action dep5ds on loyalty to pr9ciple1 & n on ! greatness ( :at is a*iev$4 ,?is is %[n by ,jesus 9 ! p>able ( ! tal5ts4 ,b ?is acc5tuation ( s(t] elem5ts & inn] values by no means p>alyses activity4 ,= ! new life mu/ be en]getically develop$ & bravely ass]t$ aga9/ an ali51 n to say a ho/ile1 _w4 ,man f9ds a great task1 fir/ ( all 9 8 own s\l1 b !n 9 ! :ole ( 8 life ) o!r m54 ,we may "h apply a pr9ciple ( ! ,re=mation1 :i* has ?us be5 express$3 ,! ^w ( ,god comes to *ange & r5ew ! _w1 :5ev] x comes4 ,!re is "o ?+ on :i* a philosophy ( ! spiritual life mu/ emphatically insi/3 ?is return to religion mu/ n be conf9$ to ! individual1 b mu/ embrace all ! conditions ( human life4 ,only ?us c ! :ole ( man be won4 ,?is c only be done by creat+ a specific religi\s sph]e ( life1 a specific religi\s community4 ,_m ( u may wi% ! ,*ur* to be1 9 c]ta9 respects1 diff]5t to :at x is2 b t %\ld n make u ignore ! necessity ( a religi\s community4 ,x is indisp5sable1 if we are to e/abli% ! new life 9 ! human sph]e1 & br+ x )9 ! rea* ( ! individual2 x is indisp5sable1 if ! /ruggle is to be ma9ta9$ by great entities1 & is n to deg5]ate into small skirmi%es4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! /ate is engross$ by economic & o!r con/antly *ang+ problems ( ! day1 we ne$ a community :i* atta*es p>am\nt importance to ! inn] problems ( humanity & :i* directs our life t[>ds et]nal aims & values4 ,9 ?is union ) religion1 morality w be incl9$ to see m gloom ?an light 9 ! life ar\nd u4 ,= morality w !n judge by high] /&>ds1 & w emphasise ! insuffici5cy ( human a*ievem5t1 ! unsatisfactory "* ( ! pres5t situation4 ,b morality _c lead to despond5cy1 once x is emancipat$ f ! _w ( imm$iate environm5t1 & has ga9$ a new _w4 ,morality w !n see1 9 ! _w ( /rife & anti!sis1 only a special k9d ( reality1 & n ! :ole ( reality2 x w recognise 9 ?is _w only "o act ( a great drama1 & n ! :ole drama4 ,mu* t is d>k ?us rema9s unexpla9$4 ,to speak ) ,goe!1 we walk among my/]ies4 ,ev5 if we _c enlight5 :at is d>k1 ! new beg9n+s e/abli%$ 9 u w save u f becom+ c[$ & despond5t4 ,we are c]ta9 t great ?+s are be+ accompli%$ 9 u & ?r\gh u1--t a high] p[] is pres5t )9 u ?r\gh\t ! /ruggles ( our life4 ,at ! same "t1 we feel sure t our inn] r5ewal is n me*anical1 b requires our own decision & action1 ?us mak+ u co-op]ate 9 ! movem5t ( ! univ]se1 & giv+ to our activity a significance = ! :ole4 ,t mu/ & t c be suffici5t = u4 ,we c agree ) ,lu!r1 :5 he ?us *>act]ises human life3 ,x is n yet done & accompli%$1 b x is 9 work+ ord] & 9 full sw+2 x is n ! end1 b ! way4 ,all does n yet gl[ & %9e1 b all is be+ burni%$4 ,we "k t s close a connection betwe5 morality & religion is (t5 conte/$ n[adays4 ,b we believe t religi\s morality c only be attack$ by ^? :o h too l[ an e/imate ( morality or too high an e/imate ( ! actual condition ( humanity4 ,if morality is b a means ( tol]able ord] 9 ! social community ( life1 & is only look$ ^u z a controll+ =ce1 !n x c disp5se ) religion4 ,b ?is means a l[]+ ( ! moral requirem5t1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* br+s b little ga9 or pr(it4 ,x is possible1 on ! o!r h&1 to value morality m highly1 b to ov]-e/imate man1 z exp]i5ce %[s him to be4 ,he is look$ on z a good & noble be+1 easily won = ! highe/ aims4 ,7 ?is a true conception ( man1 !n morality c\ld atta9 its ends by its own /r5g? alone4 ,b we are cle>ly %[n t ?is is n ! case1 bo? by ! conviction ( all great religi\s & philosophical tea*]s1 & by ! g5]al impression ( human life4 ,at all times1 ! pessimi/s--& n ! optimi/s--7 held to h ! be/ k ( human nature4 ,we ne$ only consid] m closely ! del9eation ( human life left u by ! s-call$ optimi/ic philosoph]s 7l ,ari/otle & ,leibnitz71 9 ord] to see t ev5 !y f\nd 9 x mu* t 0 d>k & gloomy4 ,if we ma9ta9 a high conception ( ! moral task & an imp>tial conception ( ! actual condition ( human life1 !re rema9s b "o dilemma3 ei!r complete hopelessness & inn] collapse ( life1 or ! acquisition ( fur!r cohesions1 su* z t (f]$ by an alliance ) religion4 ,b religion mu/ !n mean m ?an a sum ( doctr9es & in/itutions4 ,x mu/ influ5ce ! :ole s\l4 ,x mu/ n only cl+ to ! pa/1 b mu/1 above all1 be a p[] 9 ! liv+ pres5t4 ,x mu/ n only be a s\rce ( com=t to individuals1 b mu/ raise ! :ole ( mank9d to a high] & pur] level4 ,9 all ^! aspects1 religion is bo? action & life1 n m]e ?9k+ ab\t ! _w1 or subjective emotion4 ,a connection ( morality ) religion ?us und]/ood1 c be only a s\rce ( pr(it--n ( loss--to morality1 :i* w ?us be /r5g!n$ 9 its be>+ on ext]nal reality1 & w exp]i5ce a great deep5+ ( its inn] life4 ,,vi ,,! ,,pres5t ,,/atus ,,( ,,morality ,we mu/ n[ consid]1 9 conclusion1 ! position ( ,morality 9 our day4 ,let u see :at pr(it & loss accrues to morality f ! pres5t1 & :at its prospects are = ! future4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! fact t great *anges are be+ effect$--*anges n only 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 b 9 ! :ole range ( life & "w4 ,^! *anges at fir/ result 9 manifold losses to morality4 ,! pill>s :i* us$ to support x began to tott]1 or gave way altoge!r2 new ones arose1 b are z yet too weak to (f] an adequate sub/itute = :at is lo/4 ,we _c !re=e look ^u ! pres5t /atus ( morality z a satisfactory "o4 ,! weak5+ ( religi\s conviction & practice is unfav\rable to morality4 ,imp]fect z ! influ5ce ( religion (t5 0 on mank9d at l>ge1 & excessive z 0 ! importance atta*$ to ! idea ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 m5 yet recognis$ a p[] sup]ior to all human action & all arbitr>y human decision4 ,?is p[] 0 to be an object ( rev]5ce2 & life 0 rais$ above ! c>e = purely mat]ial possessions4 ,x 0 also a ga9 = moral culture1 t religion e/abli%$ ! inn] solid>ity ( man1 & facilitat$ mutual und]/&+4 ,?us x is a loss = morality1 t religion no long] ma9ta9s its =m] rul+ position4 ,! g5]al condition ( our intellectual life is unfav\rable to morality1 inasmu* z ?is intellectual life lacks a uni=m aim :i* c\ld unite scatt]$ aspirations1 /r5g!n e s+le und]tak+1 & c\nt]act1 z a :ole1 ! int]e/s ( m]e individuals4 ,^! int]e/s at all times made !mselves felt1 & life 0 always 9 dang] ( be+ dom9at$ by petty human consid]ations4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]iod & p]iod dep5ds on :e!r or n ?is dang] is c\nt]act$ & man is rais$ above himself by "s high aim4 ,9 our day1 su* c\nt]action is lack+4 ,:]e h we an aim embrac+ ! :ole man1 :i* is common to u all & b9ds u toge!r to inn] communion8 ,e p>ty & faction prea*es "s ideal ( its own1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* w1 x believes1 unite m51 mak+ !m good & happy4 ,b ^! individual aims are v diff]5t 9 "*2 !y are a cause ( mutual h9drance1 & !y divide mank9d 9 t :i* %\ld be a means ( union4 ,ano!r disadvantage = inn] culture is ! rapid pace ( life1 z comp>$ to =m] times4 ,:ile we are ha/5+ f mom5t to mom5t1 we h nei!r repose nor leisure = ! culture ( our inn] man1 = ! developm5t ( a "*1 a p]sonality4 ,we are m & m 9 dang] ( be+ absorb$ by ! :irlpool ( life1 & robb$ ( all possibility ( self-consci\s action4 ,o!r p]ils also beset u4 ,9 our ?ir/ = a*ievem5t & success1 our moral judgm5t is (t5 repress$2 ! acc5tuation ( ! battle ( life c ev5 make u indiff]5t to ! moral quality ( ! ways & means employ$ by u4 ,all ?is necess>ily weak5s morality1 & makes x appe> unimportant & %ad[y4 ,to ^! dang]s aris+ f ! g5]al conduct ( life1 we mu/ add o!rs1 :i* orig9ate 9 ! mod]n developm5t ( "w 9 ! community4 ,9 =m] times1 ! conditions ( life 7 at once n>r[] & less subject to *ange4 ,social environm5t ex]cis$ a /rict] & m exclusive control ov] ! individual1 hold+ him )9 ! b\nds ( law & cu/om4 ,?is influ5ce 0 (t5 only an ext]nal "o2 correct behavi\r 0 frequ5tly mi/ak5 = moral integrity4 ,?is gave rise to mu* unreality & ph>isaical hypocrisy4 ,/ill1 a c]ta9 result 0 atta9$ 9 ! direction ( moral culture2 c]ta9 re/ra9ts 7 ackn[l$g$1 :i* _c1 )\t impunity1 be disp5s$ )4 ,re/ra9ts play an important "p 9 ! life ( ! s\l1 z well z 9 t ( ! body4 ,mod]n fre$om ( action makes ! individual dep5d on himself alone1 & we mu/ be v optimi/ic to believe him able to completely )/&1 unaid$1 all ! temptations ( life4 ,we _c omit "o *>act]i/ic mod]n developm5t3 ! *ange ( m5's mutual relation f a p]sonal to an imp]sonal "o4 ,we h b to ?9k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cordial community ( life e/abli%$ by ! old arts & crafts1 & ! cool1 almo/ ho/ile mann] 9 :i*1 9 our great lab\r complexes1 employ]s & employees n[adays associate4 ,!re is no long] ! slighte/ p]sonal relation or p]sonal sympa?y betwe5 !m4 ,if we survey all ^! losses1 ! balance ( ! day w h>dly appe> to be 9 fav\r ( morality4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! pres5t age has also suppli$ morality ) new & valuable impulses4 ,?is is above all ! case ) lab\r--! mod]n =m ( "w to :i* we h j allud$4 ,!re is a /rong moral elem5t 9 ! ev] increas+ =mation & organisation ( great lab\r complexes1 n only 9 ! factory1 b also 9 sci5ce1 /ate organisation1 education1 & s =?4 ,! individual is !reby oblig$ to "w 9 close union ) o!rs1 & 9 accordance ) objective requirem5ts4 ,he mu/ adapt 8 own activity to ! g5]al "* ( ! "w2 & yet he mu/ d 8 own "p consci5ti\sly1 s t ! mass ( sep>ate a*ievem5ts may bl5d h>moni\sly & ensure ! /eady progress ( ! :ole4 ,?is requires su* loyalty1 self-control1 & sacrifice ( p]sonal ta/e & op9ion1 t a /rong moral effect is und5iable4 ,9 ?is respect1 man n[ le>ns m implicit ob$i5ce ?an at any =m] p]iod4 ,ano!r moral elem5t 9 mod]n lab\r is ! conc5tration ( man's :ole /r5g? on 8 "w1 to ! exclusion ( all in]t repose4 ,if ! imp]sonal elem5t pr$om9ates 9 "w1 ! social side ( mod]n life (f]s1 on ! o!r h&1 m direct union & m reciprocal action betwe5 man & man4 ,?is 01 at fir/1 ma9ly !oretical4 ,x 0 po9t$ out h[ mu* "o man dep5ds on 8 fell[-m54 ,p realis$ t ! individual develops ) o!r individuals & z "p ( ! community1 ) :i* 8 aspirations are indissolubly connect$1 ev5 :5 he imag9es he is /rik+ out a pa? = himself4 ,b su* !ories c\ld only h s mu* influ5ce1 because !y 7 9 h>mony ) ! realities ( life4 ,mod]n life1 ) its te*nical developm5ts1 br\ght individuals into close t\* & creat$ new opportunities ( mutual int]c\rse1 unit+ m5 bo? 9 success & 9 failure4 ,?us grew up ! consci\sness ( human solid>ity1 ! recognition ( m5's int]dep5d5ce1 ! idea ( mutual obligation4 ,! result is a weal? ( humane activity1 :i* p5etrates into all ! ramifications ( life1 attack+ & seek+ to eradicate all =ms ( want & mis]y1 in/ead ( m]ely help+ to relieve individual cases4 ,we enc\nt] ! e>ne/ endeav\r to imp>t mat]ial & spiritual possessions1 z f> z possible1 to all m52 to help & /r5g!n ! less fav\r$ section ( humanity2 to fur!r ! int]e/s ( aspir+ spirits4 ,^! ef=ts are b v>i\s aspects ( "o great duty1 :i* we feel we _c ignore2 we c no long] look ^u !m z works ( m]cy1 :i* x is a virtue to p]=m4 ,?is is at ! root ( ! social idea4 ,& ?is social idea is1 9 our day1 ! greate/ bond ( union betwe5 human be+s2 n only does x /ir individuals1 b x also ex]cises a /rong influ5ce on law1 education1 & s =?4 ,9 ?is respect our "t has a "r to claim und\bt$ sup]iority ov] all =m] times4 ,^! moral a*ievem5ts ( ! pres5t1 valuable z !y are1 yet h _! inn] limitations4 ,ne>ly all movem5t "h proce$s outw>d1 & is direct$ t[>ds di/9ct s+le a*ievem5ts1 :ile ! culture & welf>e ( ! inn] man are mo/ly treat$ z ( second>y importance4 ,zeal = surface ends leads to ! neglect ( ! c5tral values ( life4 ,yet all out] a*ievem5t only means real ga9 = u1 if x promotes ! gr[? ( ! :ole man1 ( 8 s\l1 ( 8 p]sonality1 mak+ him nobl]1 great]1 & happi]4 ,if !re is no developm5t & /r5g!n+ ( ! c5tre ( life1 a*ievem5t on ! surface is apt to result 9 grave complications1 & all t is great 9 ! pres5t may !reby be driv5 into ! wrong *annels4 ,ano!r dang] gr[s out ( ! ev] increas+ t5d5cy to organise "w4 ,ow+ to ! necessity ( specialis+ & diff]5tiat+1 ! am\nt ( "w is re/rict$ :i* ! individual c compreh5d & ma/]4 ,he is tempt$ to conc5trate 8 int]e/ on 8 own little prov9ce1 to be indiff]5t to ev]y?+ outside x1 & to lose all consci\sness ( a lead+ idea & ( a great :ole4 ,he ?us falls a prey to ! n>r[ conceit ( ! speciali/1 & f9ally pu%es aside z wor?less accessories all matt]s ( g5]al int]e/1 all ! que/ions & sorr[s ( humanity at l>ge4 ,by fur!r+ a _s ( pity = human want & mis]y1 )\t giv+ to life an inn] value & a high] aim1 we are 9 dang] ( becom+ s5tim5tal & ( produc+ inn] languor 9 spite ( all out] activity4 ,we are (t5 m anxi\s to procure = man a com=table & pleasant life1 ?an to promote inn] gr[?2 & our c>e = ! weak1 :i* is q ju/ifi$1 leads u to take su* weak individuals z a crit]ion & to l[] life to _! level4 ,mod]n life (t5 lacks ! necess>y h>dness & vig\r2 9 our c>e = ! rights ( individuals1 we are incl9$ to neglect ! rights & requirem5ts ( ! :ole & also ( ! spiritual life4 ,s we are 9 dang] ( los+ t :i* accord+ to ,goe!1 ,no "o br+s ) him into ! _w1 yet :i* is all important if a man is to become a man 9 e respect3 rev]5ce4 ,if we review ! :ole & consid] ! balance ( moral pr(it & loss 9 our day1 ! result _c be a fav\rable "o4 ,no full sub/itute is (f]$ = :at is lo/4 ,we h ga9$ 9 bread?1 b we h lo/ 9 dep? & /r5g?4 ,above all1 morality is 9 dang] ( los+ its =m] rul+ position1 & ( hav+ a subord9ate "o assign$ to x4 ,x c !re=e no long] call =? rev]5ce1 or be treat$ z an indep5d5t aim & ideal4 ,we realise at once ! gravity ( ?is loss4 ,b ?is unfav\rable aspect only holds good1 if we consid] ! pres5t "t z some?+ complete & incapable ( fur!r developm5t4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we seek to grasp all t is /ruggl+ into life1 all ! requirem5ts ( our "t t yet await fulfilm5t3 !n ! situation is q diff]5t & f> m fav\rable4 ,:at ma9ly told aga9/ morality 0 ! preval5t ov]-e/imation ( ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! visible life :i* surr\nds u 9 nature & 9 human society4 ,! invisible realms ( religion & ! ideal h1 z we h se51 (t5 gr[n dim & %ad[y4 ,_m ( our contempor>ies d5y !m altoge!r1 & look to ! visible _w = full satisfaction ( all man's wants1 ev5 ( 8 spiritual & intellectual requirem5ts4 ,?is c\ld only appe> possible because1 9 reality1 ! invisible _w ( spiritual values cont9u$ to influ5ce ev5 ^? :o d5i$ x1 & because x supplem5t$ & complet$ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! visible _w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic ( our "t1 t ! old fusion is no long] possible1 & ! irreconcilable anti!sis betwe5 ^! two conceptions ( life /&s out 9 bold relief4 ,) increas+ zeal1 ! movem5t 9 fav\r ( ! visible _w--t is to say1 ,naturalism--tries to eradicate ev]y?+ app]ta9+ to ! invisible _w1 & to fa%ion ! :ole ( life 9 accordance ) its own pr9ciples4 ,naturalism tol]ates no rival1 & decl>es w> to ! dea? to ,idealism4 ,we n[ see ! tru? ( ,bacon's words3 ,v]itas potius em]git ex errore quam ex confusione 7,tru? c m easily em]ge f error ?an f confusion74 ,= if we accept naturalism z ! only valid conception ( life1 & develop x consi/5tly 9 all its be>+s1 we _c b see its incapacity to embrace ! :ole ( life4 ,! app>5t victory ( naturalism ?us conta9s ! g]m ( a defeat1 ! beg9n+ ( a great reaction4 ,:at becomes ( man & ( human life1 if ! visible _w means to him ! only =m ( reality8 ,he is !n b "p ( nature--d>k & s\lless nature4 ,! va/ expansion & range ( nature ov]:elms him ) ! consci\sness ( 8 own insignificance1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 nature is absolutely indiff]5t to 8 wi%es & aspirations4 ,:at he makes ( himself & 8 life has n ! v slighte/ significance = ?is _w ( nature4 ,all aspiration :i* transc5ds 8 natural in/9ct ( self-pres]vation mu/ appe> to be m]e folly4 ,su* ideals z p]sonality & "* are b held to be illusions4 ,if man turns away f ! out] _w & takes refuge 9 8 own sph]e1 9 ! social life among 8 fell[s1 naturalism !re %[s him a m]e juxtaposition1 b no inn] community :i* c\ld (f] new aims or develop new values4 ,:at rema9s is only a numb] ( individuals inhabit+ ! same little corn] ( ! univ]se4 ,ea* ( ^! individuals /rives to ga9 recognition ( 8 own m]its1 & to ass]t himself1 to ! detrim5t ( o!rs4 ,mu* sordidness & hypocrisy become rampant1 & x is impossible to c\nt]act !m )9 s n>r[ a range1 or to hope = ! gr[+ up ( a nobl] & pur] race ( m54 ,! individual rema9s b\nd to ! condition ( society1 :i* also det]m9es 8 own nature2 he appe>s to be b a product ( ! social environm5t4 ,hav+ no deep] s\rce ( life )9 himself1 h[ %\ld he be able to escape f ! trammels ( society1 to rise above x or oppose x8 ,society & environm5t ?us become ! de/9y ( man2 & !re is no scope = fre$om1 = initiative1 = indep5d5t action4 ,if we survey & appreciate all ?is ) unbiass$ m9ds1 ?is life mu/ appe> empty & mean+less & sc>cely wor? liv+4 ,at ! same "t1 we %all disc]n a developm5t ( mank9d f> transc5d+ ^! n>r[ limits1 z inde$ has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ?is our /udy ( morality4 ,! degradation ( life effect$ by naturalism might be endur$ 9 feeble & s5ile p]iods consci\s ( no great tasks1 b n 9 our "t1 :i* teems ) /up5d\s tasks x is e>ne/ly /riv+ to c>ry out4 ,^! great tasks & problems c only be grappl$ )1 if we are fully consci\s ( conc5trat$ en]gy & increas$ spiritual p[]4 ,mod]n life has develop$ 9 v>i\s & opposite directions4 ,its expansion is great] ?an its conc5tration1 & ?is ?reat5s x ) dis9tegration4 ,!re is an increas+ & imp]ative ne$ ( m unity & cohesion1 ( "s univ]sal & h>moni\s "* ( ! :ole4 ,h[ %\ld ?is be atta9$ )\t a vigor\s deep5+ ( life1 )\t ! developm5t ( invisible values8 ,we obs]ve1 9 our day1 ! enc\nt] ( an old] & a new] age1 ( a conception ( life hall[$ by ! traditions ( hi/ory1 & a new "o t is /ruggl+ into exi/5ce2 !re is a %>p conflict betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,we _c b admit 9 ! old an imp]i%able g]m ( tru?1 & 9 ! new1 an inali5able "r to impress & influ5ce u4 ,we mu/ prove & sift1 sep>ate & unite4 ,b h[ 7 any progress 9 ?is direction possible1 c\ld we n f9d a sup]ior po9t ( view1 su* z c be (f]$ only by a _w ( ?\ght1 n by ! visible life8 ,?is problem ga9s va/ly 9 significance by ext5d+ to ! social life ( all humanity4 ,we see "h a /ruggle betwe5 an old]1 m ari/ocratic =m ( society1 & a new]1 m democratic "o4 ,?is /ruggle eng5d]s viol5t passions1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ( economics4 ,we are "h plac$ be=e a grave "q3 %all we be able to imp>t ! b5efits ( civilisation to all m5 alike1 & ?us broad5 e individual s\l1 )\t injury to its inn] dep?s8 ,^! are problems :i* d n orig9ate 9 ourselves1 b :i* are =c$ ^u u by ! movem5t ( hi/ory4 ,_! v necessity bids u hope = progression1 9 spite ( all imp$im5ts4 ,! p[] :i* has impos$ ^! problems on u w enable u to solve !m4 ,b we %all also ne$ to put =? our utt]mo/ /r5g?1 & to quick5 all our lat5t spiritual =ces2 we mu/ grasp our life z a :ole1 mu/ ackn[l$ge its high aims ) all our he>t & s\l1 & mu/ f9d our real self 9 ^! ideals4 ,only ?us c we ga9 ! s5se ( inn] necessity :i* alone c lead u onw>d4 ,9 ?is mann]1 our aspiration becomes closely l9k$ to morality4 ,let u see :]e9 we h already recognis$ ! qu9tess5ce ( morality4 ,life & aspiration are deta*$ f ! little ,ego1 & take root 9 a spiritual _w 9 :i* we f9d our own ess5tial be+1 s t :ile work+ = ?is spiritual _w1 we are at ! same "t work+ = our own dep? & spiritual self-pres]vation4 ,su* a *ange & reaction1 su* id5tification ) ! movem5t ( ! spiritual life1 means only t our aspiration has ga9$ a moral "*4 ,?is moral "* br+s u1 at all po9ts1 into t\* ) our "t4 ,by means ( our own aspiration1 we c n[ grasp1 unite1 & deep5 all ! goodwill1 g5u9e feel+1 & untir+ activity ( our day1 :i* 0 hi!rto inadequate only because x lack$ inn] unity & quick5+ spiritual p[]4 ,we c ?us face ! future ) c\rage & confid5ce4 ,humanity has by no means exhau/$ its vital p[]2 x is full ( new possibilities :i* dem& realisation2 & !re=e we may expect an inn] progression ( life & a rejuv5ation ( morality4 ,:at is true ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 is especially true ( ,am]ica4 ,! multitude ( grave problems _c disc\rage a nation :i* feels 9 itself s mu* y\?ful vig\r1 t x w n submit to a d>k fate1 b is able & ready to m\ld its own fate1 & to aspire to yet great] heights ?an x has hi!rto atta9$4 ,b to a*ieve ?is1 moral =ce is z necess>y z un%ak5 confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( ! _s4 ,we believe 9 a bright future = ?is great c\ntry4 ,we believe also 9 ! developm5t 9 ,am]ica ( su* moral /r5g? z w successfully ov]come all conflicts & lead to spl5did results1 = ! b5efit n only ( ! ,am]ican nation1 b ( all mank9d4 ,,! ,,end ,,adv]tisem5ts ,works by ,dr4 ,rudolf ,euck5 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity ( ,j5a ,9 #aijh1 ,dr4 ,euck5 0 aw>d$ ! ,nobel ,prize = lit]ature4 ,8 books h be5 translat$ into _m languages & _! influ5ce is widespread4 ,?r\gh 8 su/a9$ & h]oic appeal to :at is mo/ spiritual 9 man1 ,euck5 has ennobl$ ! significance & ! mission ( philosophy4 ,he aims at develop+1 n a new category1 b a new culture1 & holds t x is ! privilege ( philosophy1 by p5etrat+ to :at is mo/ inw>d 9 human nature1 to br+ a religi\s inspiration to be> ^u ! problems ( ! _w ( human labor4 ,euck5's philosophy is a philosophy ( life4 ,x is a philosophy ( reality z well4 ,x treats ( ! s\rces ( man's /r5g?1 & ! mean+ & purpose ( 8 spiritual endeavor4 ,& c !re be any?+ m real ?an ! activity ( a life t has consci\sly realiz$ ! true s\rces ( its p[] & ! goal ( its ultimate aspirations8 ,new ,york ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,london ,works by ,dr4 ,rudolf ,euck5 ,9 ! ,cr[n ,!ological ,libr>y ,s]ies ,! ,life ( ! ,_s ,an ,introduction to ,philosophy ,translat$ by ,f4 ,l4 ,pogson1 ,m4,a4 #ab1 #a4ej net4 ,by mail1 #a4fe ,second ,edition4 ,) ,introductory ,note by ,au?or ,g]many has aga9 giv5 u a great con/ructive philosoph]1 ^: influ5ce has gone out ?r\gh all ! ?9k+ _w4444 ,no "o c read ^! p[]ful pages )\t und]/&+ t a /rong ?9k] has aris5 among u1 & )\t enl>gem5t & deep5+ ( 8 own ?\ght4--,congregationali/4 ,) ,b]gson ( ,france1 he is ! mo/ influ5tial p]sonal factor 9 arm+ contempor>y ?9k]s = ! fray aga9/ mat]ialism & irreligion4--,*ri/ian ,sci5ce ,monitor4 ,k & ,life #ab4 ,no "o is hav+ m influ5ce ^u ! spiritual life & religi\s ?\ght ( ,europe1 at ! pres5t "t1 ?an ,pr(4 ,rudolf ,euck54 ,8 books 444 are mak+ a deep impress ^u ?9k+ p4--,*ri/ian ,"w4 ,religion & ,life #af4 ,frontispiece4 #ej cts4 net4 ,by mail1 #fj cts4 ,! "w is able1 z may naturally be expect$ ( ,pr(4 ,euck54 ,b x is m4 ,! au?or is v mu* 9 e>ne/ & he is anxi\s = m5 to see ! great ne$ ( religion 9 _! lives4 ,9 ?is book we h ! be/ ( 8 m9d & he>t4 ,bo/on ,transcript4 ,! philosophy ( ,euck5 %>es ) t ( ,b]gson ! ke5e/ liv+ int]e/ ( ?\ghtful m5 ( all classes at ! pres5t day4444 ,euck5 has endeavor$ 9 ?is book to put 8 con/ructive sy/em into ! cle>e/ & mo/ elaborate =m4--,cont95t4 ,new ,york ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,london ,works by ,dr4 ,rudolf ,euck5 ,9 ! ,!ological ,translations ,s]ies ,! ,tru? ( ,religion ,translat$ by ,w4 ,tudor ,jones1 ,ph4,d4 ,second ,engli% ,edition4 ,translat$ f ! ,?ird & ,revis$ ,g]man ,edition ) a special ,preface by ! ,au?or #h4 #c4ej net4 ,by mail1 #c4ge ,:5 a book ( really orig9al ?\ght appe>s x con/itutes an epo* 9 lit]ature4 ,su* a new era is introduc$ by ?is "w4 ,! ideas ( ,pr(4 ,euck5 are />tl+1 & revolution>y 9 "s respects1 b are at ! same "t inspir+ & reassur+ to all ! ess5tial features ( ,*ri/ianity z ! true1 ! supreme & ! f9al religion4--,wat*man4 ,conte/ = ! ,spiritual ,life #h4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,euck51 we h ! philosoph] z prea*]4 ,he n only h&les life1 he w\ld spread1 enri*1 & =tify x1 & he is a great =ce = ! re/oration ( idealism 9 8 own l&4 ,he is a prea*] equipp$ ) philosophy & an inspir$ lectur] on ! spiritual life & its integration 9 ! ,:ole4--,! ,nation4 ,an ,int]pretation ( ,rudolf ,euck5's ,philosophy ,by ,w4 ,tudor ,jones1 ,ph4,d4 7,j5a7 #ab4 ,) ,portrait4 #a4ej net4 ,by mail1 #a4fe ,! ma9 aim ( ! volume is to pres5t ! ess5tials ( ,euck5's tea*+1 to %[ its g5esis & gr[?1 its connection ) ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy1 ,sociology1 ,hi/ory & ,religion4 ,! :ole volume is an attempt to pres5t ! nucleus ( ,euck5's tea*+1 & to %[ its fundam5tal importance 9 ! individual life1 ! society & ! religion ( ! future4 ,new ,york ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,london ,only ,au?oriz$ ,edition ,an ,introduction to ,metaphysics ,by ,h5ri ,b]gson ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute & ,pr(essor ( ! ,collge de ,france ,translat$ by ,t4 ,e4 ,hulme ,au?oriz$ ,edition1 ,revis$ by ! ,au?or1 ) ,additional ,mat]ial #ab4 #ge cts4 net4 ,by mail1 #he cts4 ,i c]tify t ! translation ( my volume ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 :i* has be5 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,hulme1 is ! only ,engli% v]sion to :i* ,i h giv5 my au?orization4 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,hulme 0 excell5tly well qualifi$ = 8 task by ! c>eful /udy t he has made ( ! :ole s]ies ( my writ+s4 ,i h exam9$ 8 translation ) c>e & am able to say t x r5d]s ) rem>kable accuracy ! ?\ght & ! conclusions pres5t$ 9 my volume4 ,,h5ri ,,b]gson4 ,?is volume =ms ! be/ introduction to ,m4 ,b]gson's philosophy4 ,9 x ! au?or expla9s ) a ?or\ghness n attempt$ 9 8 o!r books ! precise mean+ he wi%es to convey by ! ^w intuition4 ,a read+ ( ?is book is1 !re=e1 indisp5sable to a prop] und]/&+ ( ,b]gson's position4 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,hung>ian1 ,sw$i%1 & ,russian translations ( x h already appe>$1 te/ify+ to its intr9sic importance & indicat+ ! scope ( its appeal4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york ,london