by ,biodiv]sity ,h]itage ,libr>y47 ,e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,l4 ,y\mans ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans ,,vol4 ,,liv ,,novemb]1 #ahih1 ,,to ,,april1 #ahii ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahii ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,vol4 ,,liv4 ,,e/abli%$ ,,by ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,y\mans4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,decemb]1 #ahih4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,:eat-gr[+ ,capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,e4 ,,atk9son1 #ade ,,ii4 ,! ,racial ,geography ( ,europe4 ,! ,jews4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,william ,z4 ,,ripley4 7,illu/rat$471 #afc ,,iii4 ,! ,playgr\nds ( ,rural & ,suburban ,s*ools4 ,by ,i4 ,g4 ,,oakley1 #agf ,,iv4 ,up ! ,ske5a ,riv]4 ,by ,,george ,a4 ,,dorsey1 ,ph4 ,d4 7,illus471 #aha ,v4 ,light & ,vegetation4 ,by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,t4 ,,macd\gal1 #aic ,,vi4 ,! ,/one ,age 9 ,egypt4 ,by ,j4 ,,de ,,morgan1 #bjb ,,vii4 ,sup]/ition & ,crime4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,p4 ,,evans1 #bjf ,,viii4 ,a ,geological ,romance4 ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,udd54 7,illu/rat$471 #bbb ,,ix4 ,! ,season ( ! ,ye>4 ,by ,,grant ,,all51 #bcj ,x4 ,bra9 ,weights & ,intellectual ,capacity4 ,by ,,joseph ,,simms1 ,m4 ,d41 #bdc ,,xi4 ,speleology1 or ,cave ,exploration4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,m>tel1 #bee ,,xii4 ,sket* ( ,*>les ,h5ry ,hit*cock4 7,) ,portrait471 #bfj ,,xiii4 ,editor's ,table3 ,evolution & ,education4--,david ,ames ,wells4--,a ,borr[$ ,f\ndation1 #bfi ,,xiv4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature1 #bgd ,,xv4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 #bhb ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #gb ,,fif? ,,av5ue4 ,,s+le ,,numb]1 #ej ,,c5ts4 ,,ye>ly ,,subscription1 #e4jj4 ,,copyright1 #ahih1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,ent]$ at ! ,po/ ,(fice at ,new ,york1 & admitt$ = transmission ?r\gh ! mails at second-class rates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,h4 ,,hit*cock4 ,,appletons' ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,mon?ly4 ,,decemb]1 #ahih4 ,,! ,,:eat-,,gr[+ ,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,atk9son4 ,9 #ahhj x happ5$ to fall to me to make a =eca/ ( ! v great r$uction 9 ! price ( :eat 9 ,great ,brita91 :i* c\ld !n be pr$icat$ on ! less5+ co/ ( transportation f ,*icago to ! seabo>d1 !nce to ,briti% ports1 :i* 0 !n sure to be soon foll[$ by a l>ge r$uction 9 ! railway *>ges = br++ ! :eat to ,*icago f ! o!r ,we/]n c5t]s ( di/ribution4 ,i !n alleg$ t ! "t 0 n f> (f :51 ev5 if ! price ( :eat 9 ,m>k ,lane 7 r$uc$ f ! !n exi/+ rate ( fifty-two %ill+s p] qu>t] to ?irty-f\r %ill+s1 x w\ld /ill yield z full a return to ! ,we/]n f>m] z x _h yield$ 9 previ\s ye>s at fifty %ill+s & upw>d4 ,?is =eca/ attract$ great att5tion1 & has s9ce be5 made ! subject ( v mu* bitt] controv]sy1 especially s9ce ! fall 9 prices 0 mu* m rapid ?an ,i !n ?\ght x c\ld be1 & 0 c>ri$ to a mu* l[] po9t ?an any "o c\ld h !n anticipat$4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ?irty-f\r %ill+s 9 ,m>k ,lane is at ! rate ( "o doll> & ?ree c5ts p] bu%el ( sixty p\nds4 ,f "t to "t ,i h almo/ be5 =c$ to def5d ! position !n tak51 notably :5 ask$ to appe> be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,depression 9 ,agriculture at "o ( _! sessions1 :]e ,i 0 kept ^u ! /& = two full days 9 ! ef=t ( ! excell5t ,engli% f>m]s & l&[n]s to prove t ! ,am]ican f>m] _h be5 ru9$ by ! r$uction 9 ! price ( :eat1 :i* ! majority ( t commission attribut$ to ! demonetization ( silv]4 ,! :ole tone ( t inve/igation & ( a l>ge "p ( ! treatm5t ( ! :eat "q 9 ,great ,brita9 has be5 "o ( compla9t & ( alleg$ wrong to ,briti% agriculture because ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h succe$$ 9 supply+ ! masses ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ) *eap bread1 ) suffici5t pr(it to !mselves to keep up ! supply4 ,n[ comes :at may be call$ a cry ( al>m f a sci5ti/ ( highe/ repute le/ ,engl& may be depriv$ ev5 ( an adequate supply ( :eat1 & le/ ! price %\ld be =c$ to an exorbitant po9t4 ,?is view ( ! case 0 /at$ at great l5g? by ,sir ,william ,crookes :5 assum+ ! presid5cy ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at ! rec5t meet+ 9 ,bri/ol4 ,?is address is publi%$ 9 full 9 ! ,times ( ,septemb] #h?1 ! portion devot$ to ! :eat "q fill+ ?ree out ( six columns ( closely pr9t$ text2 ! o!r ?ree are devot$ to a complete review ( ! exi/+ conditions ( sci5ce4 ,i v5ture to give a few extracts :i* w convey to ! read] ! aspect ( ! :eat "q f ?is ess5tially ,briti% po9t ( view4 ,sir ,william ,crookes beg9s ) a sort ( apology1 :i* ! writ] c fully appreciate4 ,he says3 ,/ati/ics are r>ely attractive to a li/5+ audi5ce1 b !y are necess>y evils1 & ^? ( ?is ev5+ are unusually doleful4444 ,i am con/ra9$ to %[ t our :eat-produc+ soil is totally unequal to ! /ra9 put ^u x4 ,aft] we>y+ y ) a survey ( ! univ]sal de>? to be expect$1 ,i hope to po9t a way out ( ! colossal dilemma4 ,x is ! *emi/ :o mu/ come to ! rescue ( ! ?reat5$ communities4 ,x is ?r\gh ! laboratory t />vation may ultimately be turn$ into pl5ty4 ,"o ( ! s+ul> facts :i* becomes quickly app>5t to any "o :o deals ) ?is subject 9 ,great ,brita9 is ! inability ( ! ,engli% f>m] to ?9k ab\t agriculture except 9 t]ms ( :eat4 ,n[ we h an example ( our ,engli% sci5ti/ ( ! highe/ repute :o seems to ignore all o!r gra9 & to pr$ict future />vation on an expect$ defici5cy 9 ! supply ( :eat4 ,sir ,william ,crookes proce$s3 ,! consumption ( :eat p] head ( ! population 7unit consumption7 is ov] six bu%els p] annum2 &1 tak+ ! population at #dj1jjj1jjj1 we require no less ?an #bdj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat1 increas+ annually by #b1jjj1jjj bu%els to supply ! increase ( population4 ,( ! total am\nt ( :eat consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom we gr[ tw5ty-five & import sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ,he !n deals ) ! imp5d+ sc>city1 say+3 ,to arre/ ?is imp5d+ dang] x has be5 propos$ t an am\nt ( #fd1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat %\ld be pur*as$ by ! /ate & /or$ 9 national gran>ies1 n to be op5$ except to rem$y det]ioration ( gra91 or 9 view ( national disa/] r5d]+ />vation imm95t4 ,?is #fd1jjj1jjj bu%els w\ld add ano!r f\rte5 weeks' life to ! population4 ,aft] deal+ ) ! fact t :ile x might be possible = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom to supply itself ) its own :eat at an av]age ( tw5ty-n9e & a half bu%els to ! acre1 he goes on to say t ?is w\ld require ?irte5 ?\s& squ>e miles ( ,briti% t]ritory1 increas+ at ! rate ( "o hundr$ squ>e miles p] annum2 b he says x w\ld be cle>ly impossible to assign s l>ge a proportion ( ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom to a s+le crop )\t suff]+ 9 o!r matt]s1 add+3 ,9 any case1 ow+ to our cold1 damp climate & caprici\s wea!r1 ! :eat crop is haz>d\s1 & = ! pres5t our annual deficit ( #ahj1jjj1jjj bu%els mu/ be import$4 ,a p]man5tly high] price = :eat is1 ,i fe>1 a calamity t ere long mu/ be fac$4 ,i c imag9e ) :at a reli% ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,depression ( ,agriculture w\ld h receiv$ ?is prophecy ( a p]man5tly high] price = :eat4 ,sir ,william ,crookes goes on to say3 ,:eat is ! mo/ su/a9+ food gra9 ( ! great ,caucasian race1 :i* includes ! peoples ( ,europe1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,briti% ,am]ica1 ! :ite inhabitants ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralasia1 p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! :ite population ( ! ,european colonies4 ,he !n po9ts out h[ rapidly ! consum]s ( :eat h increas$1 yet fail+ to attribute ?is increase 9 "p to ! rapid r$uction 9 ! co/4 ,he says3 ,9 #ahga ! bread-eat]s ( ! _w numb]$ #cga1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahha1 #daf1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahia1 #dgb1fjj1jjj2 & at ! pres5t "t !y numb] #eaf1ejj1jjj4 ,! augm5tation ( ! _w's bread-eat+ population 9 a geometrical ratio is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! ye>ly aggregates gr[ progressively l>g]4444 ,to supply #eaf1ejj1jjj bread-eat]s1 if ea* bread-eat+ unit is to h 8 usual ration1 w require a total ( #b1cbd1jjj1jjj bu%els = se$ & food4 ,accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 ! total supplies f ! #ahig-'ih h>ve/ are #a1iba1jjj1jjj4 ,x w be obs]v$ t :ile ! ,engli% av]age consumption is said to be six bu%els1 ! av]age employ$ 9 ?is computation is f\r & a half bu%els p] head4 ,he !n rem>ks ^u ! l>ge h>ve/s = sev5 ye>s1 say+3 ,bread-eat]s h almo/ eat5 up ! res]ves ( :eat1 & ! #ahig h>ve/ be+ "u av]age1 ! conditions become s]i\s4444 ,x is cle> we are confront$ ) a colossal problem t mu/ tax ! wits ( ! wise/4 ,up to rec5t ye>s ! gr[? ( :eat has kept pace ) dem&s4 ,z :eat-eat]s increas$1 ! acreage "u :eat exp&$4 ,we =get t ! :eat-gr[+ area is ( /rictly limit$ ext5t1 & t a few million acres regul>ly absorb$ soon am\nt to a =midable numb]4 ,! pres5t position be+ s gloomy1 let u consid] future prospects4 ,he !n deals successively ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,russia1 ,canada1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,unit$ ,/ates he rem>ks3 ,practically !re rema9s no uncultivat$ prairie l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates suitable = :eat-gr[+4 ,! virg9 l& has be5 rapidly absorb$1 until at pres5t !re is no l& left = :eat )\t r$uc+ ! area = maize1 hay1 & o!r necess>y crops4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t )9 a g5]ation ! ev]-increas+ population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w consume all ! :eat gr[n )9 its bord]s1 & w be driv5 to import1 &1 l ourselves1 w scramble = a lion's %>e ( ! :eat crop ( ! _w4 ,x is difficult = a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o has giv5 any att5tion to ! pot5tial ( our l& to conceive ( su* views be+ held by an ,engli%man ( highe/ sci5tific intellig5ce4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,engl& la/ summ] ,i _h a long int]view ) ! editor ( "o ( ! pap]s ( wide/ influ5ce 9 all ,great ,brita94 ,i !n rem>k$ t !re 7 =ces 9 action 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t directions :i* w\ld pr(\ndly *ange all ! conditions ( ,briti% indu/ry1 & r5d] ! ,engli%-speak+ p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ! ,unit$ ,/ates m & m int]dep5d5t4 ,x is seldom t "o f9ds m ?an an occasional half a column 9 any great ,engli% pap] devot$ to ! subject ( our economic relations & to ! developm5t ei!r ( ! ,am]ican iron indu/ry1 ( its agriculture1 or ( ! cotton production & manufacture4 ,yet1 9 all ^! bran*es ( indu/ry1 pr(\nd *anges ( _w-wide importance1 & yet ( great] importance to ! p ( ,great ,brita91 are n[ 9 progress4 ,i may v5ture to say t ?is address ( ,sir ,william ,crookes m>ks ev5 a m pr(\nd ignorance ( ! =ces 9 action 9 ?is c\ntry ?an ev5 ,i _h ev] compreh5d$4 ,sir ,william ,crookes next submits ! foll[+ computation3 ,! rate ( consumption = se$ & food by ! :ole _w ( bread-eat]s 0 #d4ae bu%els p] unit p] annum = ! eight ye>s end+ #ahgh1 & at ! pres5t "t is #d4e bu%els4444 ,%\ld all ! :eat-gr[+ c\ntries add to _! area to ! utmo/ capacity1 on ! mo/ c>eful calculation ! yield w\ld give u only an addition ( "s #ajj1jjj1jjj acres1 supply+ at ! av]age _w yield ( #ab4g bu%els to ! acre1 #a1bgj1jjj1jjj bu%els1 j en\gh to supply ! increase ( population among bread-eat]s till ! ye> #aica4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re exi/s a deficit 9 ! :eat area ( ?irty-"o ?\s& squ>e miles4444 ,:5 provision %all h be5 made if possible to fe$ #bcj1jjj1jjj units likely to be add$ to ! bread-eat+ populations by #aica1 by ! complete occupancy ( ! arable areas ( ! temp]ate zone n[ p>tially occupi$1 :]e c be gr[n ! additional #ccj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat requir$ t5 ye>s lat] by a hungry _w8 ,if bread fails--n only u1 b all ! bread-eat]s ( ! _w--:at are we to d8 ,we are born :eat-eat]s4 ,o!r races1 va/ly sup]ior to u 9 numb]s1 b diff]+ widely 9 mat]ial & intellectual progress1 are eat]s ( ,indian corn1 rice1 millet1 & o!r gra9s2 b none ( ^! gra9s h ! food value1 ! conc5trat$ heal?-su/a9+ p[] ( :eat1 & x is on ?is acc\nt t ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( civiliz$ mank9d has set :eat ap>t z ! fit & prop] food = ! developm5t ( muscle & bra9s4 ,sir ,william !n proce$s to deal ) ! salvation by *emi/ry4 ,b be=e tak+ notes f t "p ( 8 address1 is x n s+ul> to rem>k ?is t5d5cy ( ! sci5ti/ z well z ( ! ,engli% f>m] to ?9k only 9 t]ms ( :eat1 :olly ignor+ o!r gra9s8 ,x may be int]e/+ to po9t out ! exact diff]5ce 9 ! nutri5ts4 ,:eat fl\r is analyz$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,wat] #aa4f ,prote9 #aa4a ,fats #a4a ,c>bohydrates #ge4f ,m9]al matt]s #j4f ---- ,total nutri5ts #hh4d ,pot5tial en]gy 9 "o p\nd #a1ffj calories4 ,corn or maize meal diff]s only z foll[s3 ,wat] #ad4e ,prote9 #i4a ,fats #c4h ,c>bohydrates #ga4j ,m9]al matt]s #a4f ---- ,total nutri5ts #he4e ,pot5tial en]gy 9 "o p\nd #a1fej calories4 ,oatmeal3 ,wat] #g4g ,prote9 #ae4a ,fats #g4a ,c>bohydrates #fh4a ,m9]al matt]s #b4j ---- ,total nutri5ts #ib4c ,pot5tial en]gy 9 "o p\nd #a1hde calories4 ,rye fl\r3 ,wat] #ac4a ,prote9 #f4g ,fats #j4h ,c>bohydrates #gh4g ,m9]al matt]s #j4g ---- ,total nutri5ts #hf4i ,pot5tial en]gy 9 "o p\nd #a1fbj calories4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 maize meal & :eat fl\r consi/s only 9 a slightly l>g] proportion ( fats & a slightly less proportion ( prote91 a matt] v easily balanc$ by giv+ consid]ation to ! o!r k9ds ( food :i* may be us$ by ! bread-eat]4 ,aga91 x is h>dly to be suppos$ t ! ,scot*m5 :o li/5$ to ,sir ,william ,crookes admitt$ 9 _! m9ds t :eat fl\r possess$ any great] pot5tial en]gy 9 ! developm5t ei!r ( muscle or ( m9d ?an ! oatmeal to :i* !y h be5 habituat$ = s _m g5]ations4 ,i d\bt if any ,new ,engl& ,yankee :o _h be5 br\ght up on ! diet ( corn 7maize7 bread & bak$ beans1 ! latt] supply+ ! prote9 elem5t 9 abundance1 w\ld admit any great] developm5t ( ! muscle or bra9 by exclusive dep5d5ce on :eat = ! bread ( life4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 my purpose to deal ) ! relative food values ( :eat & o!r gra9s2 x is simply to take up ?is extraord9>y delusion ( ,sir ,william ,crookes 9 respect to ! pot5tial ( ! :eat-produc+ area ( ?is c\ntry4 ,8 !ory is salvation by *emi/ry1 & he rightfully calls att5tion to ! necessity = obta9+ a *eap & abundant supply ( nitrog54 ,all ! o!r elem5ts = f]tiliz+ ! soil are relatively abundant at l[ co/1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,our enorm\s supply ( ! phosphates ( lime & pota% gives assurance on ?is matt]1 & our "o defici5cy1 or r ! "o elem5t h]et(ore ( high co/1 has be5 ! necess>y proportion ( nitrog5 requir$ to ma9ta9 an ev5 balance 9 ! soil4 ,i am surpris$ t ,sir ,william ,crookes %\ld attribute s little importance to ! rec5t discov]y ( ! influ5ce ( bact]ia1 :i* liv+ & dy+ 9 nodules atta*$ to ! /alks ( ! legum9\s plants dissociate ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e ! supply is unlimit$1 conv]t+ x to ! nutrition ( ! plant1 & !nce to ! r5ovation ( ! soil4 ,sir ,william deals only ) ! r5ovat+ qualities ( clov]1 hav+ app>5tly no compreh5sion ( ! exi/5ce ( ! c[-pea v9e1 ! soya bean1 ! alfalfa1 & _m o!r types ( legumes by :i* ! p>tially exhau/$ soil1 especially ( ! ,s\?1 is n[ be+ r5ovat$ ) great rapidity at a l[ co/4 ,sir ,william's hopes ( nitrog5 seem to be bas$ on "s me?od be+ f\nd to save ! sewage ( cities1 b ma9ly on ! conv]sion ( ! wat] p[] ( ,niag>a & o!r great falls to ! g5]ation ( electricity & !nce to ! dissociation ( ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! po9t to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion & inquiry is ?is alleg$ ne>ly complete tak+ up ( ! l& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates capable ( produc+ :eat 9 pay+ quantities4 ,! "q :i* ,sir ,william ,crookes puts is ?is3 ,he says !re is a deficit 9 ! :eat area ( ?irty-"o ?\s& squ>e miles :i* mu/ be conv]t$ to :eat-gr[+ 9 ord] to keep up ) ! increas+ dem& ( ! _w to prev5t :eat />vation 9 less ?an "o g5]ation4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pres5t necessities ( ! _w are comput$ by ,sir ,william ,crookes at #b1cbd1jjj1jjj bu%els1 ( :i* ?is c\ntry w supply #fjj1jjj1jjj to #gjj1jjj1jjj bu%els f an area ( l& devot$ to :eat ( #ga1jjj squ>e miles1 a fraction ov] two p] c5t ( ! area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 omitt+ ,alaska4 ,! problem may !n be /at$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,giv5 a dem& ( ! :eat-consum+ population ( ! _w = ?is :ole supply ( #b1cbd1jjj1jjj bu%els1 ?is c\ntry c\ld supply x at ! pres5t av]age p] acre by devot+ two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& squ>e miles to ?is crop1 or less ?an t5 p] c5t ( ! area1 omitt+ ,alaska4 ,we c\ld supply ! _w's pres5t dem&1 b ( c\rse su* computations are purely speculative4 ,i v5ture to say t if a contract c\ld be ent]$ into by ! bread-eat]s ( ! _w ) ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 giv+ !m an assurance ( a price equal to "o doll> a bu%el 9 ,london1 or a fraction "u ?irty-?ree %ill+s p] qu>t] ( eight bu%els ( sixty p\nds ea*1 :i* w\ld yield to ! ,am]ican f>m] f sixty to eighty c5ts p] bu%el on ! f>m1 ! l& n[ "u cultivation 9 :eat & n requir$ = any o!r crop or = pa/ure w\ld be op5$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* w\ld be devot$ to ?is s]vice ye> by ye> z fa/ z ! consumption call$ = x4 ,9 fact1 !re are n[ fully "o hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles ( l&1 #fd1jjj1jjj acres1 fully suitable to ! production ( :eat at fifte5 bu%els to ! acre1 practically unoccupi$ 9 any bran* ( agriculture1 :i* w\ld be devot$ to :eat on an assur$ price ( "o doll> a bu%el 9 ,m>k ,lane1 yield+ #ifj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,or1 to limit ! "q yet m3 ,sir ,william ,crookes /ates ! ne$s ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom at ! pres5t "t to be #bdj1jjj1jjj bu%els1 increas+ at a rate ( less ?an two p] c5t p] annum1 ( :i* tw5ty-five p] c5t is d]iv$ f h] own soil4 ,if ,john ,bull1 9 place ( build+ gran>ies1 c\ld (f] ?irty-?ree %ill+s a qu>t]1 or "o doll> a bu%el1 9 ,london z a p]man5t price = ! next ?irty ye>s1 w\ld n ,uncle ,sam accept ! (f]8 & if ,uncle ,sam %\ld !n ask = bids among ! ,/ates1 are !re n sev]al s+le ,/ates or ,t]ritories t w\ld take ! contract ea* = itself8 ,hav+ put t "q1 ,i n[ propose to submit an inquiry 9 due =m 9 ord] to su/a9 my own belief t we c supply ! :ole pres5t & ! increas+ dem& ( ,great ,brita9 = ! next ?irty ye>s ) six bu%els ( :eat p] head at a doll> a bu%el f l& situat$ :olly 9 ! ,indian ,t]ritory1 n yet op5 to private entry1 b :i* may soon be op5 :5 ! ,indian titles h all be5 pur*as$4 ,or1 aga91 ,i und]take to say t ! ,/ate ( ,texas c meet ?is :ole dem& )\t impair+ 9 ! slighte/ degree its pres5t products ( gra91 cotton1 wool1 & meats1 & )\t appropriat+ ! use ( m ?an a small fraction ( ! area ( t s+le ,/ate :i* has n yet be5 f5c$ 9 or subject$ to ! pl[ to ! production ( :eat4 ,p]haps x w\ld be bett] to put a m simple proposition 9 ord] to br+ out :at w\ld be p]fectly feasible4 ,let x be assum$ t ! ,briti% public %\ld really become s al>m$ z to be will+ to put up ! gran>ies :i* h be5 sugge/$ = /or+ f\rte5 weeks' consumption1 or #fd1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,t w\ld require a v l>ge capital :i* w\ld yield no income on :i* !re w\ld be a heavy loss ( int]e/ & a consid]able risk ( damage to ! :eat dur+ ! p]iod ( /orage4 ,9 place ( ?is a feasible plan w\ld be to put up ! capital :i* w\ld be requir$ = build+ ^! gran>ies1 inve/ x 9 consols1 & pl$ge x z collat]al security = ! fulfillm5t ( a contract runn+ = ?irty ye>s = ! annual pur*ase ( #aj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat p] mon?1 or say #abh1jjj1jjj bu%els a ye>1 or twice ! quantity propos$ to be /or$4 ,!re are sev]al l>ge deal]s 9 gra9 & provisions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o w\ld be ready to take ?is contract & to put up a suffici5t sum ( capital inve/$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates bonds to s]ve z security = prompt deliv]y4 ,an assur$ supply ( #abh1jjj1jjj bu%els 9 addition to ! ord9>y supply might allay ! fe> ( sc>city & high price ( bread4 ,x may "h be obs]v$ t ! l[ av]age crop p] acre ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 due to ! inclusion ( :eat gr[n on l& p>tially exhau/$ by cropp+ or n well adapt$ to ?is gra94 ,! all-:eat z well z ! all-cotton & all-tobacco me?ods ( ignorant f>m+ or cropp+ ye> aft] ye> are n[ v rapidly giv+ place to v>i$ crops c\pl$ ) an increase ( product p] acre4 ,no ag5cy has be5 ( su* s]vice 9 ?is matt] z ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 n[ e/abli%$ 9 almo/ e ,/ate "u ! sup]vision ( m5 ( ! highe/ capacity4 ,"u ?is sy/em :eat1 :i* requires a few days ( ma*9e "w 9 ! spr+ & autumn1 occupy+ v little "t ( ! f>m] himself1 is rapidly becom+ ! surplus or money crop ( f>ms o!rwise ma9ta9$ on ! alt]nate products4 ,"u su* cultivation an av]age crop ( tw5ty bu%els to ! acre w\ld be assur$1 9 _m sections mu* m4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight million bu%els at tw5ty bu%els p] acre w\ld require #f1djj1jjj acres1 or t5 ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,z an alt]nate ) o!r crops 9 a rotation ( f\r1 ?is w\ld call = only =ty ?\s& squ>e miles 9 v>i$ f>m+4 ,9 ord] to satisfy ! anxieties ( ,sir ,william ,crookes le/ l& %\ld be tak5 f o!r necess>y "w1 ?is area might be divid$ among sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 say five ?\s& squ>e miles among eight4 ,oklahoma 7#ch1gai squ>e miles7 0 op5$ to settlem5t only sev5 ye>s s9ce1 & has yet a great deal ( unoccupi$ l&4 ,x w ?is ye> raise #ac1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat f #hej squ>e miles devot$ to ! crop4 ,give ,oklahoma five ?\s& squ>e miles1 ! unoccupi$ ,indian ,t]ritory 7#cj1bgb squ>e miles7 w\ld take all ! re/ z soon z op52 b we may only assign five ?\s& squ>e miles to t area4 ,five ?\s& m might be assign$ to ! lime/one section ( ,virg9ia1 9 ! valley ( ! ,%5&oah & its tribut>ies2 five ?\s& ea* to ,k5tucky 7#dj1djj squ>e miles7 & ,t5nessee 7#db1jej squ>e miles71 :ile ! great :eat-gr[+ ,/ates--,kansas 7#hb1jhj squ>e miles71 ,nebraska 7#gg1eaj squ>e miles71 ,m9nesota 7#hc1cfe squ>e miles71 & ! two ,dakotas 7#adh1dde squ>e miles7--w\ld compete = ! contract ea* to op5 a little pat* ( five ?\s& squ>e miles1 n yet adjac5t to railways4 ,we %\ld ?us h exhau/$ ! area call$ = )\t reg>d to ! in/ant competition :i* w\ld come f ,cali=nia 7#aeh1cfj squ>e miles71 ,oregon 7#if1jcj squ>e miles71 & ,wa%+ton 7#fi1ahj squ>e miles71 & probably f ,p5nsylvania 7#de1bae squ>e miles7 & o!r ,ea/]n or ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,at a doll> p] bu%el 9 ,london no difficulty w\ld be f\nd 9 plac+ ?is contract ev5 )\t resort to ,texas 7#bfe1ghj squ>e miles71 :i* c\ld take ! :ole on b a small portion ( its area n yet "u ! pl[4 ,! only additional measure :i* w\ld !n be requir$ w\ld be "o :i* mu/ come 9 any ev5t--namely1 ! neutralization ( ! ports ( export & import ( food 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 & 9 su* o!r c\ntries z may *oose to jo91 toge!r ) ! neutralization ( a f]ry or sea way = ! transportation ( ! food1 :]e9 no ho/ile %ot %\ld be fir$ & no seizure ( private prop]ty p]mitt$ on ! "p ( any nation1 ! condition ( ?is und]/&+ be+ t if any o!r nation v5tur$ to "q or conte/ ?is d$ication ( a neutral way = ! conveyance ( food to ! purposes ( peace1 ! navies ( ,great ,brita9 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be unit$ to =ce its acceptance1 & to sweep f ! ocean ! fleet ( e /ate or nation :i* v5tur$ to conte/ ?is measure4 ,t w\ld be a suitable measure = beg9n+ to make a "r use ( navies--= ! protection ( comm]ce & = ! de/ruction ( e fleet or vessel :i* did n accept ! pr9ciple t private prop]ty n contrab& ( w> %\ld be exempt f seizure ^u ! high seas1 c\pl$ ) a decl>ation limit+ contrab& ( w> s t x may nev] be made to include cu/om>y articles ( comm]ce1 especially food1 n n[ contrab&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ego+ text 0 set 9 type & "o hundr$ advance pro( %eets 7 suppli$1 :i* h be5 s5t by ! writ] to ! ,secret>ies ( ,agriculture & ! *iefs ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations 9 all ! ,/ates to :i* we look = any consid]able product ( :eat4 ,! replies are s complete & s num]\s z to make x impossible to incorporate a full dige/ ( ! :ole case )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t article4 ,a supplem5t w be prep>$ = a lat] numb] ( ?is j\rnal1 9 :i* ?is in=mation w be tabulat$4 ,= ! pres5t purpose ,i may avail myself only ( a "p ( ! data :i* h be5 s5t to me4 #a4 ,! evid5ce suffices to prove t !re is n a ,/ate nam$ above :i* c\ld n set ap>t five ?\s& squ>e miles = ! cultivation ( :eat 9 a rotation ( f\r )\t tr5*+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ^u any o!r crop4 #b4 ,9 previ\s essays1 9 :i* ,i h dealt ) ! pot5tial ( ! agriculture ( ?is c\ntry1 ,i h v gu>d$ly comput$ b "o half our total area ( ?ree million squ>e miles 7omitt+ ,alaska7 z be+ arable l&1 suitable = ! pl[4 ,! returns n[ 9 my h&s w\ld r5d] x suitable to increase t area to two ?irds1 or two million squ>e miles subject to cultivation4 #c4 ,! area n[ "u ! pl[ = ! production ( our pr9cipal crops = ! ye> #ahig is giv5 9 ! table bel[4 ,if miscellane\s crops be add$ to ^! pr9cipal crops1 ! cultivat$ l& ( ?is c\ntry does n n[ exce$1 & 9 fact does n rea*1 tw5ty p] c5t ( ! arable l&1 :ile f ! cultivat$ portion a progressive increase 9 product may be expect$ "u ! impetus ( improv$ me?ods ( f>m+ on less5+ areas 9 ea* f>m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,acreage4 ,yield4 ,product4 ,price4 ,value4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] ,bu%els4 ,c5ts4 acre4 ,maize #hj1jie1jea #bc4h #a1ijb1ifg1icc #bf4c #eja1jgb1ieb ,:eat #ci1dfe1jff #ac4d #ecj1adi1afh #hj4h #dbh1edg1aba ,oats #be1gcj1cge #bg4b #fih1gfg1hji #ba4b #adg1igd1gai ,b>ley #b1gai1aaf #bd4e #ff1fhe1abg #cg4g #be1adb1aci ,rye #a1gjc1efa #af4a #bg1cfc1cbd #dd4g #ab1bci1fdg ,buck:eat #gag1hcf #bj4i #ad1iig1dea #db4a #f1cai1ahh ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,all gra9 #aej1dca1jje #c1bdj1icj1hab #a1aba1bie1gff ,hay #db1dbf1ggj #a4dc #fj1ffd1hgf #f4fb #dja1cij1gbh ,cotton #bc1bgc1bji #h1ecb1gje #f4gh #bia1haa1efd ------------ -------------- #baf1acj1ihd #a1had1dih1jeh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,maize #abe1aej squ>e miles2 ,:eat #fa1ffj ,oats #dj1bjj ,b>ley #d1bej ,rye #b1ffj ,buck:eat #a1abj ------- #bce1jdj ,hay #ff1bij ,cotton #cf1ebj ------- #ccg1hej ,! area "u :eat 9 #ahig 0 a fraction "u =ty million acres1 or a little less ?an sixty-two ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! high price secur$ = t crop has l$ to an increase 9 l& "u :eat 9 #ahih to a fraction "u sev5ty-"o ?\s& squ>e miles 7n9e ?\s& squ>e miles add$71 on :i* ! l>ge/ crop ev] kn[n has d\btless be5 rais$1 v>i\sly comput$ at ! pres5t "t f #fbj1jjj1jjj to #gjj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,! area n[ "u :eat is !re=e less ?an f\r p] c5t ( our arable l&4 ,9 ord] to develop our pot5tial 9 :eat x w be be/ to limit our pres5t consid]ation to ?ree ,/ates only--namely1 ,m9nesota1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota--f :i* we d]ive ! great] "p ( our spr+ :eat4 ,! area ( ^! ?ree ,/ates is two hundr$ & ?irty-two ?\s& squ>e miles1 disreg>d+ fractions4 ,! l& :i* is deem$ to be suitable = :eat gr[+ is e/imat$ by ! (ficials f :om ,i h d]iv$ reports at "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! crop ( #ahih is comput$ at #aij1jjj1jjj bu%els1 a quantity suffici5t to supply ,great ,brita9 ) all t %e ne$s 9 addition to h] dome/ic production4 ,x has be5 gr[n on an area ( less ?an tw5ty ?\s& squ>e miles1 or ^u "o eigh? "p ( ! l& ( ^! ?ree ,/ates only2 ! re/ ( ! :eat l& c be z surely & pr(itably devot$ to ! production ( :eat z t "p already "u t crop4 ,! fact may be recall$ t ! t]ritory :i* n[ con/itutes ! two ,/ates ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota began to be comput$ sep>ately f o!r ,/ates only 9 #ahhj1 :5 a little "u #c1jjj1jjj bu%els 7 cr$it$ to t t]ritory4 ,! m9imum product ( ^! two ,/ates ?is ye> w be #ajj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,"o ( ! au?orities ^u :om ,i re/$ = absolute in=mation is ,mr4 ,l4 ,g4 ,p[]s1 *ief ( ! ,bureau ( ,labor ( ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 9 ^: ,annual ,report = #ahif is ! mo/ exhau/ive /udy ( ! gra9 production ( ! ,mississippi ,valley t has ev] be5 made4 ,i !re=e d n hesitate to incorporate 9 ?is article 8 comm5ts ^u ! pro( %eets s5t to him3 ,! probable product ( :eat 9 a ,/ate l ,m9nesota1 at a fix$ price1 su* z ,mr4 ,atk9son m5tions1 c be e/imat$1 ev5 approximately1 only by tak+ acc\nt ( a numb] ( su* factors z ! pres5t actual & relative pr(it ( ! :eat f>m]1 & ! probable *anges t w be made 9 ! next few ye>s 9 ! co/ ( cultivat+ :eat & ( transport+ x to ,london4 ,a few ( ! lead+ well-kn[n facts relat+ to ^! subjects may ) pr(it be not$ 9 ?is connection1 & fir/ a few words ) ref]5ce to ! pr(its ( :eat rais+ 9 ,m9nesota4 ,:atev] may be true ( :eat rais+ 9 ,europe1 or 9 ! ,atlantic coa/ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 x c be positively ass]t$ t ! av]age pr(it ( ! ,m9nesota :eat gr[] has be5 /eadily ?\gh irregul>ly increas+ s9ce ! admission ( ?is ,/ate to ! ,union 9 #aheh4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! relative numb] & am\nt ( f>m-mortgage =eclosures 9 ! ,/ate1 z a :ole1 & 9 its sev]al sections at ! pres5t "t & 9 ! pa/4 ,prop]ly to use ^? =eclosures z a measure ( ! increas+ prosp]ity ( ! ,m9nesota :eat f>m]1 two facts %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,9 #ahhj1 & prior to t "t1 ! indu/ry ( :eat gr[+ 0 mo/ fully develop$ 9 ^? c\nties :i* n[ con/itute ! ,fir/ ,congressional ,di/rict4 ,! f>m]s ( ^? c\nties at t "t dep5d$ = _! income l>gely ^u _! :eat crops4 ,lat] !y h adopt$ a highly div]sifi$ sy/em ( agriculture 9 :i* :eat is only an incid5tal ca% crop4 ,! exclusive cultivation ( :eat n[ f9ds its seat 9 ! c\nties compos+ ! ,sev5? ,congressional ,di/rict4 ,! l&s ( ?is di/rict are situat$ ab\t two hundr$ miles on an av]age f>!r f ! m>kets ( ,europe ?an ^? ( ! ,fir/ ,di/rict4 ,not)/&+ ?is fact & all *anges 9 ! sell+ price ( :eat1 & all alli$ *anges affect+ ! :eat indu/ry ( ! ,/ate1 ! f>m-mortgage =eclosures 9 ! ,sev5? ,di/rict 9 ! five ye>s end+ ) ,decemb]1 #ahig1 7 relatively tw5ty p] c5t less ?an !y 7 9 ! ,fir/ ,di/rict 9 ! five ye>s #ahhj to #ahhd1 & 7 =ty p] c5t less ?an 9 ! five ye>s #ahfi to #ahgc4 ,to ! ext5t repres5t$ by ^! figures has ! av]age cultivation ( :eat z an exclusive crop become m pr(itable 9 ,m9nesota ?an x 0 tw5ty1 ?irty1 or =ty ye>s ago4 ,a mu* great] increase ( f>m prosp]ity has tak5 place 9 ^? c\nties :i* h adopt$ a div]sifi$ sy/em ( agriculture1 & made :eat an incid5tal ca% crop4 ,! gr[+ f>m prosp]ity 9 ,m9nesota above not$ f9ds its highe/ developm5t 9 ! pa/ five ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! sell+ price ( :eat 9 ,london has av]ag$ approximately "o doll> p] bu%el1 or ! am\nt call$ = by ! conditions /at$ by ,mr4 ,atk9son4 ,?is increas+ f>m prosp]ity 9 ,m9nesota1 :i* less5s ! mortgage =eclosures ( ! exclusive :eat gr[]s =ty p] c5t 9 ?irty ye>s1 has be5 ! ma9 factor 9 ! settlem5t ( ,m9nesota & ! two ,dakotas4 ,x has caus$ ! :eat gr[n 9 ! t]ritory ( ^! ?ree ,/ates to increase f #aj1jjj1jjj bu%els 9 #ahfg to #aij1jjj1jjj bu%els 9 #ahih4 ,) no add$ pr(it 9 ! bus9ess1 ! settlem5t ( ! vacant l&s ( ^! ,/ates & ^? ( ,montana & ( ! ,briti% ,nor?we/ w move on1 & tw5ty-five ye>s f n[ w f9d 9 ! t]ritory tribut>y to ,m9neapolis & ,dulu? n less ?an #djj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat rais$ annually4 ,ev5 !n b a fraction ( ! possible :eat l&s ( ! great ,nor?we/ w be "u ! pl[4 ,if a mat]ial increase %\ld take place 9 ! pres5t av]age pr(its ( ! ,nor?we/]n :eat gr[]1 ! imag9ation ( man c\ld h>dly picture ! /imulus to :eat culture t w\ld result4 ,) a fix$ price ( "o doll> p] bu%el 9 ,london1 call$ = by ,mr4 ,atk9son's conditions1 ! ,am]ican f>m]s c f9d increas$ pr(it 9 two possible s\rces3 decreas$ co/ ( transportation to ,london1 & less5+ co/ ( :eat production 9 ,m9nesota4 ,a detail$ analysis ( ! v>i\s *>ges t con/itute ! pres5t co/ ( transport+ :eat f ! ,r$ ,riv] ,valley ( ,m9nesota1 ! ,dakotas1 & ( ,manitoba to ,london gives reasonable assurance ( a r$uction 9 ! next few ye>s ( at lea/ five & possibly sev5 c5ts p] bu%el 9 su* co/4 ,"h is an almo/ c]ta9 addition1 9 ! next few ye>s1 ( f five to sev5 c5ts a bu%el to ! pr(it ( ,am]ican-gr[n :eat1 provid+ only its av]age sell+ price 9 ,london rema9s practically un*ang$4 ,a c>eful /udy ( f>m me?ods among ,m9nesota f>m]s discloses ?is fact3 ,"s :eat gr[]s1 ) ! be/ f>m ma*9]y1 & employ+ ! be/ me?ods ( agriculture1 make a pr(it 9 :eat rais+ ( f t5 to fifte5 c5ts a bu%el m ?an d _! less intellig5t & less progressive neighbors4 ,n[1 ! t5d5cy 9 ! ,/ate & ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?we/ is to br+1 by education & a g5]al ex*ange ( me?ods1 ! poor] f>m]s up to ! level ( ! be/4 ,?is *ange is rapidly tak+ place4 ,x w n require fifte5 ye>s to realize its consummation4 ,:5 ! me?ods & facilities ( ! av]age f>m] are br\ght up to ! level ( ! be/ ( ! pres5t "t1 ?is *ange1 ) ! *ange above not$ 9 transportation *>ges1 w add to ! av]age pr(it ( ,m9nesota f>m]s 9 gr[+ :eat a total ( n less ?an fifte5 & possibly ( ov] tw5ty c5ts a bu%el4 ,su* a *ange w\ld m ?an d\ble ! exi/+ net pr(it ( ! :eat gr[] 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,c\ld x be ma9ta9$ = a s]ies ( ye>s1 z is presuppos$ "u ,mr4 ,atk9son's supposition ( ,london prices1 x w\ld furni% su* an inc5tive to :eat gr[+ 9 ,m9nesota & ! surr\nd+ t]ritory z has z yet nev] be5 exp]i5c$4 ,a million families ( immigrants w\ld p\r into ! great ,nor?we/ )9 ! next tw5ty to tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,!y w\ld take up all ! exi/+ vacant l&s ( ,m9nesota & ! ,dakotas4 ,! l&s suitable = irrigation 9 ^! ,/ates & 9 ,montana w\ld be set to gr[+ :eat4 ,! wave ( humanity anxi\s to raise :eat = a doll> a bu%el 9 ,london w\ld sweep pa/ ! b\nd>ies ( ! f\r ,/ates m5tion$1 & c>ry ! cultivation ( t c]eal all ov] ,manitoba1 ,ass9iboia1 ,alb]ta1 & ,saskat*ewan4 ,9 ^! f\r ,briti% prov9ces & 9 ! f\r ,am]ican ,/ates1 doll> :eat 9 ,london w\ld 9 tw5ty ye>s op5 m acres ( good l& to :eat ?an are n[ subject to ! pl[ )9 _! bord]s4 ,ev5 !n ! beg9n+ only w\ld h be5 made to ! possibilities ( :eat culture 9 ! ,briti% ,nor?we/4 ,settlem5ts w\ld n h ext5d$ z f> nor? z ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 ,russia2 nei!r w\ld settl]s h tr5*$ ^u ! l&s ) a climate z sev]e z t ( ! ,russian metropolis4 ,! =ego+ is a brief /atem5t ( :at doll> :eat 9 ,london w\ld d = "o section ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 /imulat+ :eat cultivation4 ,if t /atem5t is bas$ ^u a true conception1 z ! writ] believes x is1 ( ! possibilities ( ! ,am]ican ,nor?we/1 x demon/rates h[ impossible x w be to ma9ta9 doll> :eat 9 ,london = any great l5g? ( "t 9 ! future4 ,x also %[s t ,mr4 ,atk9son is wrong 9 n ass]t+ a sure cont9uation ( t decl9e 9 :eat prices :i* he s fully pr$ict$ 9 #ahhj4 ,co/ ( ,%ipp+ ,:eat p] ,bu%el f ,moorhead1 an ,int]ior ,po9t 9 ,m9nesota1 to ,liv]pool4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,on ,may ,on ,july ,on ,augu/ ,on ,septemb] #bg1 #ahih4 #i1 #ahih4 #bj1 #ahih4 #ag1 #ahih4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 ,cts4 p] bu4 p] bu4 p] bu4 p] bu4 ,rate1 ,moorhead to ,dulu? #i4cj #i4cj #h4gj #h4gj ,dulu? elevator & inspection *>ges #j4hj #j4hj #j4hj #j4hj ,lake freight1 ,dulu? to ,buffalo #a4dj #a4be #a4be #a4ge ,elevator *>ges & commission at ,buffalo #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj ,canal freight1 ,buffalo to ,new ,york #c4jj #c4jj #b4ge #b4ej ,elevator *>ges1 etc41 9 ,new ,york #b4jj #b4jj #b4jj #b4jj ,ocean freight1 ,new ,york to ,liv]pool #h4jj #c4ej #d4ej #f4jj ---------------------------------------- -- ,totals #be4ej #bj4he #ba4jj #bb4ge ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,g5]al av]age1 #bb4ebe c5ts p] bu%el4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ,mr4 ,p[]s says ,i am wrong 9 n ass]t+ a sure cont9uation ( ! decl9e 9 ! price ( :eat :i* ,i pr$ict$ 9 #ahhj4 ,9 sett+ up "o doll> a bu%el 9 ,london z ! /&>d ( ?is inquiry1 ,i _h no ?\ght t our f>m]s c\ld be made happy = ! next ?irty ye>s by any hope ( secur+ s high a price4 ,9 my pr$ictions 9 #ahhj ,i said t ! "t 0 n !n f> (f :5 ! f>m]s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley w\ld secure z l>ge a remun]ation f _! :eat at ?irty-f\r %ill+s p] qu>t] 9 ,london z !y _h be5 ga9+ f a previ\s av]age ( fifty-two %ill+s4 ,i might !n h fix$ ! less5$ price at tw5ty-eight %ill+s1 & at ! pres5t "t ,i h a great] expectation ( a r$uction 9 ! price ( :eat 9 ,m>k ,lane to less ?an tw5ty-eight %ill+s a qu>t]1 or eighty-five c5ts a bu%el1 ?an ,i _h 9 #ahhj t x w\ld s soon rea* ?irty-f\r %ill+s4 ,i m]ely adopt$ a doll> a bu%el z an arbitr>y /&>d on :i* an abundant supply ( bread at l[ co/ w\ld be absolutely assur$ to ! p ( ,engl&4 ,9 fact1 z ,i /at$ be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,depression ( ,agriculture1 x is n probable t a r$uction 9 ! price ( :eat to =ty c5ts a bu%el on ,we/]n f>ms or sixty-five to sev5ty c5ts a bu%el 9 ,engl& w\ld /op ! gr[? ( ?is gra91 al?\gh x might *eck an increase4 ,:5 ! price w5t d[n to a v l[ po9t on ! la/ excessive crop x is probable t #ajj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat 7 f$ to sw9e & to cattle4 ,x prov$ to make bett] pork & beef ?an maize or ,indian corn1 &1 z ! price ( meat did n decl9e 9 any?+ l ! proportion to ! price ( :eat1 ! f>m]s :o ?us f$ _! excess secur$ a pr(it :i* ! sale ( ! crude gra9 might n h giv54 ,9 ?is comm5t ,mr4 ,p[]s deals ) ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( =eclosures 9 ,m9nesota4 ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! fact t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus inve/igation = :i* a million doll>s 0 appropriat$1 = ! purpose ( record+ f>m mortgages 9 #ahij1 disclos$ ! fact t 9 ! t5 great gra9-gr[+ ,/ates ( ! middle ,we/ two ?irds ( ! f>ms 7 !n free ( any mortgage ( any k9d1 & 7 well /ock$2 ! incumbrance on ! rema9+ ?ird be+ less ?an =ty p] c5t ( ! comput$ value ( ! mortgag$ f>ms4 ,s9ce t date sev]al ,/ate inve/igations h be5 made1 lead+ to ! conclusion t n exce$+ tw5ty p] c5t ( ! f>ms 9 ^! ,/ates are n[ "u any incumbrance ( any k9d4 ,9 ! m prosp]\s p>ts ( ,m9nesota & o!r :eat sections s9ce ! sub/itution ( intellig5t & v>i$ agriculture = ! s+le :eat crop1 =eclosures h almo/ ceas$1 su* z d occur be+ attribut$ to special causes2 :ile su* is ! abundance ( capital accumulat$ 9 ?is section t ! rates ( int]e/ on safe inve/m5ts1 :i* b a few ye>s s9ce 7 ne>ly d\ble ^? prevail+ 9 ! seabo>d comm]cial cities1 are n[ ab\t ev54 ,:5 c]ta9 causes lately produc$ a %ort /r+5cy 9 ! money m>kets ( ! ,ea/1 remittances 7 made f ^! ,we/]n cities = inve/m5t 9 ,ea/]n comm]cial pap]4 ,9 reg>d to :eat production at a fix$ price 9 ,london1 ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture & ,labor ( ,nor? ,dakota rem>ks3 ,:eat at "o doll> p] bu%el 9 ,london w\ld net ! ,nor? ,dakota f>m] on ! av]age ab\t sev5ty-five c5ts p] bu%el on ! railroad track4 ,at t price z a /&>d1 e f>m] 9 ! ,/ate w\ld utilize all ! l& he has1 & buy up m ( ! l& n[ ly+ idle & 9 ! h&s ( speculators4 ,x w\ld increase immigration s t ne>ly all ! vacant ,gov]nm5t l& w\ld be tak5 up4 ,we also h ov] "o million acres ( s*ool & ,/ate l&1 ( :i* at lea/ eighty p] c5t is suitable = rais+ :eat4 ,su* a price w\ld give ,nor? ,dakota a boom t nev] _h its equal4 ,a few words may be giv5 to ! report f ,texas4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture /ates t ! area ( arable l& ( fair quality1 includ+ pa/ure t might be put "u ! pl[ 9 ?is ,/ate1 is two hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles2 ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles suitable = :eat & o!r gra9s ly+ nor? ( p>allel #ca2 ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles ly+ s\? ( t l9e adapt$ to cotton1 sug>1 fruits1 & vegetables ( all k9ds4 ,an unexpect$ reply comes f ,idaho1 z yet insignificant 9 :eat production1 /at+ t ! pot5tial ( t ,/ate "u ! conditions nam$ might rea* #djj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,aga91 f ,arkansas1 to :i* ,/ate we h look$ m = excell5t cotton ?an = gra91 !re are fifte5 million acres ( good :eat l&2 :eat is fa/ becom+ a ca% crop1 displac+ cotton--! capacity ( a consid]able "p ( ! l& at ! beg9n+ be+ =ty bu%els to ! acre1 :i*1 be+ mu* bett] ?an five-c5t cotton1 is lead+ ! f>m]s to take advantage ( exi/+ prices4 ,"t has n suffic$ s9ce my que/ions 7 s5t out = replies to rea* me f ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,montana1 :]e ! pot5tial 9 :eat production is probably equal to t ( ,m9nesota1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota comb9$4 ,sir ,william ,crookes makes ref]5ce to ! future necessity ( provid+ f]tiliz]s1 a matt] to :i* ! close/ att5tion is n[ be+ giv5 by ! cultivation ( r5ovat+ crops4 ,b reg>d mu/ be giv5 to ! fact t we h ! mo/ complete & adequate supply ( phosphate ( lime & phosphate ( pota% 9 ! va/ deposits ( bone or m9]al phosphates ( ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 & ,florida1 :ile aga9 we may look to nitrate ( soda z a v inexp5sive s\rce ( nitrog51 ( :i* ! mo/ adequate supply c be assur$ at v l[ co/4 ,kn[n me?ods are also be+ appli$ to sav+ ! enorm\s wa/e ( nitrog5 f our coke ov5s & iron furnaces4 ,i almo/ feel x "r to apologize to ,sir ,william ,crookes = ! pres5tation ( ^! facts4 ,my function is t ( ! practical bus9ess man :o deals ) ^! economic problems :olly f t po9t ( view1 & n f ! high /&>d ( a complete ma/]y ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,z ,i h /at$1 ,i happ5 to h dealt ) ?is "q sev]al times at meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & 9 o!r ways 9 ,great ,brita9 z well z 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i deem x ( ! utmo/ importance at ! pres5t "t t ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,engli%-speak+ p %\ld be br\ght into view 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s mann]4 ,9 _! relative production & conditions ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! complem5t ( ea* o!r4 ,_! mutual relation or int]dep5d5ce is n[ be+ recogniz$1 & x c n be long be=e _m ( ! legal ob/ructions to mutual s]vice w be remov$4 ,! p ( ?is c\ntry are n[ pass+ ?r\gh a /age 9 _! economic education closely correspond+ to t ?r\gh :i* ,great ,brita9 pass$ betwe5 #ahdj & #ahef "u ! wise lead]%ip ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 ,ri*>d ,cobd51 & ,william ,e4 ,glad/one4 ,we move m quickly1 n only 9 acts b 9 ideas1 ?an we did fifty ye>s ago4 ,! revolution ( ideas :i* has foll[$ ! revolution ( in/itutions 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates has made ! p ( ?is c\ntry into "o homog5e\s nation4 ,a revolution ( ideas 9 reg>d to ! conditions ( int]national comm]ce w pres5tly br+ ! ,engli%-speak+ p ( ! _w into "o homog5e\s body gov]n$ by ! same common law1 ! same common pr9ciples ( action1 & ! same policy 9 ! collection ( rev5ue4 ,:5 ?us unit$1 !re c be no competition 9 ! comm]ce ( ! _w on ! "p ( ! cont95tal /ates ( ,europe "u _! pres5t burd5s--! blood tax ( /&+ armies & navies & ! money tax ( debts t c nev] be paid4 ,!re h be5 )9 a few mon?s two witnesses to ! gr[+ influ5ce & p[] ( ! ,engli%-speak+ p :5 unit$ = ! ma9t5ance ( comm]ce & = ! conduct ( ! works ( peace1 ord]1 & indu/ry3 "o is ! w>n+ ( ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,au/rian ,empire1 call+ ^u ! /ates ( middle ,europe to unite _! =ces 9 ord] to rema9 capable ( ma9ta9+ gov]nm5t by privilege & taxation by =ce ( arms2 ! o!r1 ! rec5t manife/o ( ! enlight5$ rul] ( ,russia1 call+ ^u ! /ates ( cont95tal ,europe to dis>m1 le/ !y %\ld h]eaft] be incapable ( competition ) ! ,engli%-speak+ p ( ! _w :5 !y become b\nd toge!r by a union ( mutual s]vice & by community ( int]e/ :i* )\t any =mal alliance w give to !m ! *ief control 9 r5d]+ s]vice by ! ex*ange ( product = product to all o!r /ates & nations1 to ! mutual b5efit ( all :o are ?us jo9$ 9 ! bonds ( peace4 ,on my visit to ,russia la/ ye>1 to meet ! lead+ economi/s & /ati/icians ( ,europe1 x 0 /at$ to me by well-in=m$ m5 t a plan _h be5 consid]$ by sev]al cont95tal /ates 9 ! ev5t ( w> to *ange ! pres5t int]national cu/om by mak+ food products contrab& ( w>1 ! purpose be+ to cripple ,engl&4 ,to su* desp]ate conditions h "s ( ! ,european /ates be5 br\ght "u ! burd5 ( ! policy ( blood & iron4 ,my comm5t ^u ?is insane proposal 0 t ,i hop$ x might become a matt] ( public discussion1 s9ce no?+ c\ld s surely & quickly br+ ab\t a comm]cial union ( ! ,engli%-speak+ p1 to ! end t1 ev5 if no o!r alliance 7 made1 _! navies might at any mom5t be comb9$ = ! protection ( _! comm]ce1 & = ! total cessation ( any int]f]5ce by w> vessels or private]s ) _! traffic4 ,! prime motive ( ?is article is to remove f ! m9ds ( our ,engli% fri5ds _m false impressions :i* ,i h con/antly met 9 my int]c\rse ev5 among m5 :o hold important positions1 ( :i* ! address ( ,sir ,william ,crookes is b an extreme expression1 & to br+ into common view a compreh5sion ( ! res\rces ( ?is c\ntry & ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! supply & consumption n only ( :eat1 b ( all ! o!r necess>ies ( life4 ,,! ,,racial ,,geography ,,( ,,europe4 ,a ,,sociological ,,/udy4 7,l[ell ,in/itute ,lectures1 #ahif47 ,,by ,,william ,z4 ,,ripley1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,assi/ant ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,sociology1 ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology2 ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,an?ropo-,,geography ,,at ,,columbia ,,univ]sity4 ,,supplem5t4--,,! ,,jews4#a ,social solid>ity1 ! cle>e/ expression ( :i* to-day is nationality1 is ! resultant ( a multitude ( factors4 ,=emo/ among ^! /& unity ( language1 a common h]itage ( tradition & belief1 & ! p]man5t occupation ( a def9ite t]ritory4 ,! fir/ two are l>gely psy*ological 9 ess5ce4 ,! ?ird1 a mat]ial circum/ance1 is necess>y r to insure ! /ability ( ! o!rs ?an = its own sake2 al?\gh1 z we "k1 atta*m5t to ! soil may 9 itself become a positive factor 9 patriotism4 ,two ,european peoples alone are !re :i*1 al?\gh l&less1 h succe$$1 not)/&+1 9 a ma9t5ance ( _! social consci\sness1 almo/ at ! level ( nationality4 ,bo? ,gypsies & ,jews are m5 )\t a c\ntry4 ,( ^!1 ! latt] (f] p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable example1 = ! ,gypsies h nev] disb&$ tribally4 ,!y /ill w&] ab\t ea/]n ,europe & ,asia ,m9or 9 organiz$ b&s1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! nomad peoples ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,jews1 on ! o!r h&1 h ma9ta9$ _! solid>ity 9 all p>ts ( ! e>?1 ev5 9 individual isolation "o f ano!r4 ,!y w&] n greg>i\sly 9 tribes1 (t5 n ev5 9 families4 ,_! se$ is scatt]$ l ! plant spores ( :i* ! botani/s tell u2 :i*1 driv5 by w9d or sea1 indep5d5tly travel ?\s&s ( miles be=e /rik+ root or becom+ fecund4 ,true1 ! ,jews bun* :]ev] possible4 ,?is is (t5 a necessity impos$ = self-pres]vation2 b 9 _! en=c$ migrations _! associations mu/ *ange kaleidoscopically f place to place4 ,n all has be5 said ev5 yet ( ! unique a*ievem5t ( ?is l&less p4 ,t ! ,jews h pres]v$ _! individuality despite all mutations ( environm5t goes )\t say+4 ,!y h done m4 ,!y h accompli%$ ?is )\t absolute unity ( language4 ,=c$ ( necessity to adopt ! spee* ( _! imm$iate neighbors1 !y h only :]e congregat$ 9 suffici5t numb]s be5 able ei!r to pres]ve or to evolve a di/9ctive spee*4 ,9 ,spa9 & ! ,balkan /ates !y make use ( ,spani%2 9 ,russia & ,pol& !y speak a corrupt ,g]man2 & 9 ! int]ior ( ,morocco1 ,arabic4 ,nev]!less1 despite ^! disc\ragem5ts ( e k9d1 !y /ill con/itute a di/9ctive social unit :]ev] !y *ance to be4 ,?is social individuality ( ! ,jews is ( a peculi> sort4 ,b]eft ( l+ui/ic & geographical support1 x c\ld n be political4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury1 says ,anatole ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 is ! age ( nationality2 mean+ obvi\sly t]ritorial nationality1 ! product ( contiguity1 n bir?4 ,to ?is1 he says1 ! ,jew is indiff]5t1 typify+ /ill ! ,ori5tal tribal idea4 ,z a result he is out ( h>mony ) 8 environm5t4 ,an elem5t ( dislike ( a political nature on ! "p ( ! ,*ri/ian is add$ to ! irreconcilability ( religi\s belief4 ,x has ev] be5 ! ,aryan v]sus ! ,semite 9 religion ?r\gh\t all hi/ory1 z ,r5an has obs]v$2 & to-day x has also become ! p v]sus ! nation1 z well z ! ,jew v]sus ! ,*ri/ian4 ,grant$ t ?is political dissonance is l>gely ! fault ( ! ,g5tile1 its exi/5ce mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 nev]!less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ( ,,jews4 ,h[ has ?is rem>kable result be5 a*iev$8 ,h[1 b]eft ( two out ( ?ree ( ! ess5tials ( nationality1 has ! ,jew be5 enabl$ to p]petuate 8 social consci\sness8 ,is ! sup]ior =ce ( religion1 p]haps abnormally develop$1 alone able to acc\nt = x all8 ,is x a case ( comp5satory developm5t1 analog\s 9 ! body to a loss ( eyesight rem$i$ ?r\gh great] delicacy ( f+] t\*8 ,or is !re "s hidd51 "s unsuspect$ factor1 :i* has contribut$ to ?is result8 ,we h else:]e %[n t a f\r? elem5t ( social solid>ity is sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 f\nd1 9 a community ( physical desc5t4 ,t1 9 o!r words1 to ! cem5t+ bonds ( spee*1 tradition1 belief1 & contiguity1 is add$ ! elem5t ( physical bro!rhood--t is to say1 ( race4 ,c x be t h]e9 is a p>tial explanation ( ! social individuality ( ! ,jewi% p8 ,x is a "q = ! sci5ti/ alone4 ,race1 z we con/antly ma9ta91 despite ! abuses ( ! ^w1 really is to be measur$ only by physical *>act]i/ics4 ,! task be=e u is to apply ! crit]ia ( an?ropological sci5ce1 !re=e1 to ! problems ( ,jewi% d]ivation & desc5t4 ,only incid5tally & z matt]s ( contributory int]e/ %all we consid] ! views ( ! l+ui/s1 ! ar*ologi/s1 & ! /ud5ts ( religi\s traditions4 ,our te/imony is d]iv$ f facts ( %ape ( head1 color ( hair & eye1 ( /ature1 & ! l4 ,^! alone are ! data indicative ( racial desc5t4 ,to ^! ! geograph] may add ! probabilities d]iv$ f pres5t di/ribution 9 ,europe4 ,no m d we ne$ to settle ! prim>y racial facts4 ,fur!r speculations conc]n+ matt]s r ?an m5 belong to ! hi/orian & ! philologi/4 ,! numb] & geographical di/ribution ( ! *os5 p ( ,israel is ( great significance 9 its be>+ ^u ! "q ( _! orig94#b ,:ile1 ow+ to _! fluid ubiquit\sness1 x is exce$+ly difficult to enum]ate !m exactly1 probability indicates t !re are to-day1 ! _w ov]1 betwe5 eight & n9e million ,jews4 ,( ^!1 six or sev5 million are inhabitants ( ,europe1 ! rema9d] be+ sp>sely scatt]$ ov] ! :ole e>?1 f "o end to ! o!r4 ,_! di/ribution 9 ,europe1 z our map opposite %[s1 is exce$+ly unev54 ,fully "o half ( ^! desc5dants ( ,jacob reside 9 ,russia1 !re be+ f\r or five million ,jews 9 t c\ntry alone4 ,au/ria-,hung>y /&s next 9 ord]1 ) two million odd s\ls4 ,aft] ^! two !re is a wide gap4 ,no o!r ,european c\ntry is comp>able ) !m except x be ,g]many & ,r\mania ) _! six or sev5 hundr$ ?\s& ea*4 ,! ,briti% ,isles conta9 relatively few1 possibly "o hundr$ ?\s&1 ^! be+ pr9cipally 9 ,london4 ,!y are v r>e 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&--only a ?\s& or fifte5 hundr$ apiece4 ,holl& conta9s also ab\t a hundr$ ?\s&1 half ( !m 9 ! celebrat$ ,ghetto at ,am/]dam4 ,!n foll[ ,france ) eighty ?\s& m or less1 & ,italy ) p]haps two ?irds z _m4 ,f ,sc&9avia !y h always be5 rigidly exclud$1 f ,sw$5 till ! beg9n+ & f ,norway until ne>ly ! middle ( ?is c5tury4 ,spa91 al?\gh we he> mu* ( ! ,spani% ,jew1 conta9s practically no indig5\s ,israelites4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re 7 once ab\t a million !re settl$1 b ! p]secutions ( ! fifte5? c5tury drove !m =? all ov] ,europe1 l>gely to ! ,balkan /ates & ,africa4 ,!re are a good _m along ^! ,m$it]ranean %ores ( ,africa1 pr9cipally 9 ,morocco & ,tripoli4 ,! numb] decreases z we approa* ,egypt & ,pale/9e1 ! anci5t c5t] ( ,jewi% disp]sion4 ,z to ,am]ica1 x is e/imat$1 al?\gh we "k no?+ c]ta9ly1 t !re are ab\t a half million ,jews scatt]$ ?r\gh our cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,new ,york city1 accord+ to ! la/ c5sus1 conta9$ ab\t eighty ?\s& ,poles & ,russians1 mo/ ( :om1 x may be assum$1 7 ,jews4 ,b !y h come s9ce 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s1 ) ! great exodus f ,russia1 at ! rate ( scores ( ?\s&s annually4 ,a rec5t writ] places _! pres5t numb] 9 ,new ,york city at a qu>t] ( a million4 ,! ,briti% prov9ces1 on ! o!r h&1 d n seem to (f] great attractions2 z late z #ahgj1 = example1 ! c5sus 9 ,nova ,scotia c\ld n discov] a solit>y ,jew4 ,a m sugge/ive index ( ! problems ( ,jewi% di/ribution1 h[ev]1 is (f]$ 9 ! ratio ( ! numb] ( ,jews to ! entire population4 ,?is is directly illu/rat$ by our map4 ,to be sure1 ?is repres5ts ! situation tw5ty ye>s ago1 b no great *ange 9 relativity is to be suspect$ s9ce t "t4 ,ev5 ! :olesale exodus f ,russia ( rec5t ye>s has n yet drawn (f any l>ge proportion ( its va/ body ( population4 ,inspection ( our map %[s t ! relative frequ5cy ( ,jews increases 9 proportion to ! progressive d>k5+ ( ! t9ts4 ,?is br+s out ) />tl+ cle>ness ! reason = ! rec5t anti-,semitic upris+s 9 bo? ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,a specific c5t] ( gravity ( ! ,jewi% p1 z ,l]oy-,beaulieu puts x1 is at once indicat$ 9 we/]n ,russia4 ,! highe/ proportion1 fifte5 p] c5t1 m or less1 appe>s1 moreov]1 to be entirely re/rict$ to ! ,poli% prov9ces1 ) ! sole exception ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,grodno4 ,ab\t ?is core lies a second zone1 includ+ ! o!r we/ ,russian gov]nm5ts1 z well z ! prov9ce ( ,galicia 9 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire4 ,g]many1 z x appe>s1 is %>ply divid$ f its ea/]n neighbors1 all along ! political fronti]4 ,n ev5 its =m] ,poli% t]ritory1 ,pos51 is to-day relatively ?ickly settl$ ) ,jews4 ,ho/ile legislation x is1 beyond a d\bt1 :i* s rigidly holds back ! ,jew f immigration along ?is l9e4 ,anti-,semitismus is n1 !re=e1 to-day to any great ext5t an upris+ aga9/ an exi/+ evil2 r does x appe> to be a prote/ aga9/ a future possibility4 ,g]many %udd]s at ! d>k & ?reat5+ cl\d ( population ( ! mo/ ignorant & wret*$ description :i* ov]hangs h] ea/]n fronti]4 ,b]l9 mu/ n1 !y say1 be all[$ to become a new ,j]usalem = ! horde ( ,russian exiles4 ,t also is our ,am]ican problem4 ,?is great ,poli% swamp ( mis]able human be+s1 t]rific 9 its proportions1 ?reat5s to dra9 itself (f into our c\ntry z well1 unless we re/rict its +ress4 ,z along ! ,g]man fronti]1 s also t[>d ! ea/1 x is curi\s to note h[ rapidly ! p]c5tage ( ,jews decreases z we pass ov] into ,great ,russia4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,novgorod1 & ,mosc[ h no great] ,jewi% cont+5t ( population ?an has ,france or ,italy2 _! ,jewi% problem is f> less difficult ?an t ( our own c\ntry is b\nd to be 9 ! future4 ,?is cle>ly def9$ ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,jud5?um is also ! product ( prohibitive legislation4 ,! ,jews are by law conf9$ )9 c]ta9 prov9ces4 ,a rigid law ( settlem5t1 int5d$ to circumscribe _! area ( d5sity closely1 yields only to ! p]suasion ( brib]y4 ,n ,russia1 !n1 b s\?we/]n ,russia alone1 is deeply conc]n$ ov] ! actual pres5ce ( ?is ali5 population4 ,& x is ! ,jewi% elem5t 9 ?is small section ( ! c\ntry :i* con/itutes su* an indu/rial & social m5ace to ! neighbor+ empires ( ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry ! ,jews seem to be increas+ 9 numb]s almo/ f\r times z rapidly z ! native population4 ,! m ela/ic b\nd>ies ( ,jewi% d5sity on ! s\!a/1 on ! o!r h&1 are indicative ( ! legislative tol]ance :i* ! ,israelites !re enjoy4 ,:]ev] ! b>s are l[]$1 !re does ?is migratory human elem5t at once exp&4 ,! peculi> problems ( ,jewi% di/ribution are only half realiz$ until x is und]/ood t1 always & ev]y:]e1 ! ,israelites con/itute pre-em95tly ! t[n populations4#c ,!y are n widely dissem9at$ among ! agricultural di/ricts1 b congregate 9 ! comm]cial c5t]s4 ,x is an unalt]able *>act]i/ic ( ?is peculi> p4 ,! ,jew betrays an inh]5t dislike = h>d manual or outdoor labor1 z = physical ex]cise or ex]tion 9 any =m4 ,he pref]s to live by bra91 n brawn4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu seems to consid] ?is z an acquir$ *>act]i/ic due to m$ival prohibition ( l& own]%ip or to conf9em5t )9 ! ,ghetto4 ,to u x appe>s to be too con/ant a trait ! _w ov] to ju/ify su* a hypo!sis4 ,fully to appreciate1 !re=e1 :at ! ,jewi% "q is 9 ,poli% ,russia1 we mu/ always be> ?is fact 9 m9d4 ,! result is t 9 _m p>ts ( ,pol& ! ,jews =m an actual majority ( ! population 9 ! t[ns4 ,?is is ! dang] = ,g]many also4 ,?us x is ,b]l91 n ,prussia at l>ge1 :i* is ?reat5$ ) an ov]load ( ,jews f ! c\ntry on ! ea/4 ,?is aggregation 9 urban c5t]s becomes ! m m>k$ z ! relative frequ5cy = ! :ole c\ntry less5s4 ,?us 9 ,saxony1 :i*1 be+ indu/rial1 is n a favorite ,jewi% c5t]1 f\r fif?s ( all ! ,jewi% resid5ts are f\nd 9 ,dresd5 & ,leipsic alone4#d ,?is is probably also ! reason = ! less5$ frequ5cy ( ,jews all ?r\gh ! ,alp9e highl&s1 especially 9 ! ,tyrol4 ,^! di/ricts are s ess5tially agricultural t few foo?olds = ! ,jew are to be f\nd4 ,a small second>y c5t] ( ,jewi% aggregation appe>s ^u our map to be manife/$ ab\t ,frank=t4 ,x has a peculi> significance4 ,! ,hebrew settl]s 9 ! ,rh5i% cities date f ! ?ird c5tury at lea/1 hav+ come !re ov] ! e>ly trade r\tes f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,g]many be+ divid$ politically1 & ,russia int]dict+ !m f #aaaj1 a specific c5t] 0 e/abli%$1 especially 9 ,franconia1 ,frank=t be+ ! focus ( attraction4 ,!n came ! fe>ful p]secutions all ov] ,europe1 att5dant ^u ! religi\s f]vor ( ! ,crusades4 ,! ,poli% k+s1 desir+ to enc\rage ! gr[? ( _! city populations1 (f]$ ! rights ( citiz5%ip to all :o w\ld come1 & an exodus 9 mass took place4 ,!y seem to h be5 welcom$1 till ! proportions ( ! movem5t became s great z to excite al>m4 ,its results appe> ^u our map4 ,?us we "k t _m ( ! ,jews ( ,pol& came to ,russia z a tr\blesome legacy on ! division ( t k+dom4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury b ?ree ,g]man cities rema9$ op5 to !m--namely1 ,frank=t1 ,worms1 & ,fur?4#e ,yet x 0 obvi\sly impossible to uproot !m entirely4 ,to _! p]si/5ce 9 ?is "p ( ,g]many is probably due ! small second>y c5t] ( ,jewi% di/ribution1 :i* we h m5tion$1 indicat$ by ! d>k] t9t ab\t ,frank=t1 & includ+ ,alsace-,lorra9e4 ,"h is a relative frequ5cy1 n ev5 exce$$ by ,pos51 al?\gh we g5]ally conceive ( ?is =m] ,poli% prov9ce z especially saturat$ ) ,jews4 ,x is ! only ve/ige rema9+ to indicate :at 0 at "o "t ! ma9 focus ( ,jewi% population 9 ,europe4 ,x af=ds u a /rik+ example ( :at legislation may accompli% e?nically1 :5 supplem5t$1 or r aggravat$1 by religi\s & economic motives4 ,does x accord ) geographical probability to d]ive our l>ge d>k area ( pres5t ,jewi% aggregation entirely f ! small second>y "o ab\t ,frank=t1 :i*1 z we h j said1 is ! relic ( a m$ival c5t] ( gravity8 ,! "q is a crucial "o = ! alleg$ purity ( ! ,russian ,jew2 = ! long] 8 migrations ov] ! face ( ! map1 ! great] 8 *ance ( e?nic int]mixture4 ,a moot po9t among ,jewi% s*ol>s is1 z to ! ext5t ( ?is exodus f ,g]many into ,pol&4 ,b]%adski has done mu* to %[ its real proportions 9 hi/ory4 ,talko-,hryncewicz#f & ,weiss5b]g1#g among an?ropologi/s1 seem to be incl9$ to d]ive ?is great body ( ,poli% ,jews f ,pale/9e by way ( ! ,rhone-,rh9e-,frank=t r\te4 ,!y are1 no d\bt1 p>tially 9 ! "r2 b ! m]e geograph] w\ld r be incl9$ to side ) ,jacques4#h ,he d\bts :e!r entirely artificial causes1 ev5 m$ival p]secutions1 w\ld be q compet5t = s l>ge a contract4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s tru? 9 ,h>kavy's !ory1 s ably *ampion$ by ,ik( 7#ahhd71 t a goodly proportion ( ^! ,jews came into ,pol& by a direct r\te f ! ,ea/4 ,mo/ ,jewi% s*ol>s _h plac$ _! fir/ appe>ance 9 s\!rn & ea/]n ,russia1 com+ ar\nd ! ,black ,sea1 z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury4 ,ik(1 h[ev]1 f9ds !m 9 ! ,caucasus & ,arm5ia "o or two c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,!n he foll[s !m ar\nd1 rea*+ ,ru!nia 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 arriv+ 9 ,pol& f ! twelf? to ! f\rte5?4 ,! only difficulty ) ?is !ory is1 ( c\rse1 t x leaves ! language ( ! ,poli% ,jews out ( consid]ation4 ,?is is1 9 bo? ,pol& & ,galicia1 a corrupt$ =m ( ,g]man1 :i* 9 itself w\ld seem to indicate a we/]n orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! probabilities1 judg+ f our graphic repres5tation1 w\ld c]ta9ly emphasize ! !ory ( a m g5]al ea/]n immigration directly f ,pale/9e nor? ( ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas4 ,! only rema9+ mode ( acc\nt+ = ! l>ge c5t] ( gravity 9 ,russia is to trace x to widespread conv]sions1 z ! hi/oric "o ( ! ,khoz>s4 ,:i*ev] "o ( ^! !ories be correct--& !re is probability ( an equal division ( tru? among !m all--en\gh has be5 said to lead u geographically to suspect ! alleg$ purity ( desc5t ( ! ,a%k5azim ,jew4 ,let u apply ! te/s ( physical an?ropology4 ,,/ature4--,a not$ writ]1 speak+ ( ! sons ( ,judah1 obs]ves3 ,x is ! ,ghetto :i* has produc$ ! ,jew & ! ,jewi% race2 ! ,jew is a creation ( ! ,european middle ages2 he is ! artificial product ( ho/ile legislation4 ,?is /atem5t is fully au!nticat$ by a peculi>ity ( ! ,israelites :i* is ev]y:]e noticeable4 ,! ,european ,jews are all und]siz$2 n only ?is1 !y are m (t5 absolutely /unt$4 ,9 ,london !y are ab\t ?ree in*es %ort] ?an ! av]age = ! city4 ,:e!r !y 7 always s1 z 9 ! days :5 ! ,book ( ,numb]s 7xiii1 #cc7 describ$ !m z gras%opp]s 9 _! own sight1 z comp>$ ) ! ,amorites1 sons ( ,anak1 we leave an op5 "q4 ,we are c]ta91 h[ev]1 z to ! mod]n ,jew4 ,he betrays a m>k$ con/ancy 9 ,europe at ! bodily height ( ab\t five feet f\r in*es 7#a4fc metre7 = adult m54 ,?is1 accord+ to ! data af=d$ by measurem5ts ( our recruits dur+ ! civil w>1 is ab\t ! av]age ( ,am]ican y\? betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & sixte51 :o h /ill ?ree1 almo/ f\r1 in*es m to gr[4 ,9 ,bosnia1 = example1 :]e ! natives range at ab\t ! ,am]ican level--t is to say1 among ! v talle/ 9 ! _w 7#a4gb metre7--! ,jews are ne>ly ?ree in*es & a half %ort] on ! av]age4#i ,if we turn to nor!rn ,italy1 :]e ,lombroso has rec5tly inve/igat$ ! matt]1 we app>5tly f9d ! ,jew some:at bett] favor$ by comp>ison4 ,he is 9 ,tur9 less ?an an in* inf]ior to 8 ,italian neighbors4 ,b :y8 ,n because tall] ?an 9 ! case ( ,bosnia1 = 8 /ature 9 bo? places is ! same4 ,! diff]5ce decreases1 n because ! ,jew 9 ,pi$mont is tall]1 b solely because ! nor? ,italians are only ( mod]ate height4 ,s x goes all ov] ,au/ria & ,russia3 ! dim9utiv5ess is pla9ly app>5t4#aj ,!re is 9 all ,europe only a s+le exception to ! rule we h cit$4 ,anut*9 f9ds !m 9 ,odessa & ,riga slightly to exce$ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ord] to emphasize ?is po9t x w repay u to consid] ! adopt$ fa!rl& ( ! ,jews a bit m 9 detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ature ,,pol&4 ,our map h]e) %[s a g5]al av]age ( /ature = ,pol& by di/ricts4 ,?is unhappy c\ntry appe>s to be populat$ by ! %orte/ human be+s nor? ( ! ,alps2 x is almo/ ! mo/ /unt$ 9 all ,europe4 ,! great majority ( ! di/ricts1 z our map %[s1 are *>act]iz$ by a population ^: adult m5 sc>cely av]age five feet f\r in*es 7#a4fb metre7 9 height4 ,?is is m ?an half a head %ort] ?an ! type ( ! ,briti% ,isles or nor!rn ,g]many4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,is x entirely ! fault ( ! native ,poles8 ,we "k t ! nor!rn ,slavs are all m]ely m$iocre 9 /ature4 ,b ?is depression is too s]i\s to be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way2 & fur!r analysis %[s t ! defect is l>gely due to ! pres5ce ( ! va/ horde ( ,jews1 ^: physical peculi>ity drags d[n ! av]age = ! entire population4#aa ,?is has be5 prov$ directly4 ,p]haps ! deepe/ pit 9 ?is great mis]y spot1 z we h t]m$ su* areas ( dw>f$ population else:]e1 is 9 ! capital city ( ,w>saw1 :]e ,elk9d f\nd ! av]age /ature ( two hundr$ male ,jews to be less ?an five feet ?ree in*es & a half 7#a4fa metre74#ab ,! wom5 7 only f\r feet elev5 in*es tall on ! av]age4 ,comp>e ! little s]ies ( maps giv5 on pages #agb & #agc if fur!r pro( ( ?is national peculi>ity be ne$$4 ,two ( ^!1 x w be obs]v$1 give ! av]age height ( ,jews & ,poles respectively1 divid+ ! city into di/ricts4 ,! social /atus ( ^! di/ricts is %[n ^u our ?ird map4 ,comp>ison ( ^! ?ree br+s out a v int]e/+ sociological fact1 to :i* we h already call$ att5tion 9 our e>li] pap]s4#ac ,! /ature ( m5 dep5ds 9 a goodly measure ^u _! environm5t4 ,9 ! w>ds ( ! city :]e prosp]ity resides1 ! mat]ial well-be+ t5ds to produce a /ature di/9ctly above t ( ! slums4 ,9 bo? cases1 ,poles & ,jews are %orte/ 9 ! poor] sections ( ! city1 d>k t9t$ on ! maps4 ,! correspond5ce is n exact1 = ! numb] ( obs]vations is relatively small2 b x indicates beyond a d\bt a t5d5cy commonly noticeable 9 great cities4 ,b to return to our direct comp>ison ( ,poles & ,jews2 ! defici5cy ( ! latt]1 z a p1 is p]fectly app>5t4 ,! mo/ highly favor$ ,jewi% population socially1 9 ! :ole city ( ,w>saw 9 fact1 c n produce an av]age /ature equal to t ( ! v poore/ ,poles2 & ?is1 too1 9 ! mo/ mis]able section ( ! capital city ( "o ( ! mo/ /unt$ c\ntries 9 ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,av]age ,,/ature ( ,,poles1 ,,w>saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,av]age ,,/ature ( ,,jews1 ,,w>saw4 ,we may assume x z prov$1 !re=e1 t ! ,jew is to-day a v defective type 9 /ature4 ,he seems to be susceptible to favorable influ5ces1 h[ev]2 = 9 ,london1 ! ,we/ ,end prosp]\s ,jews almo/ equal ! ,engli% 9 height1 :ile !y at ! same "t surpass _! ,ea/ ,end bre?r5 by m ?an ?ree in*es4#ad ,9 ,russia also !y become tall] z a class :]ev] ! life conditions become less rigor\sly oppressive4 ,!y are tall] 9 ! f]tile ,ukra9e ?an 9 /]ile ,li?uania2 !y sometimes boa/ ( a few relatively tall m54#ae ,^! facts all g to %[ t ! ,jew is %ort1 n by h]$ity1 b by =ce ( circum/ances2 & t :]e he is giv5 an ev5 *ance1 he spe$ily recov]s a "p at lea/ ( ! gr\nd lo/ dur+ _m ages ( social p]secution4 ,jacobs m5tions an int]e/+ fact 9 ?is connection ab\t 8 upp]-class ,engli% ,jews4 ,close analysis ( ! data seems to %[ t1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 _! physical developm5t has be5 /ret*$ ne>ly to ! upp] limit2 = ev5 9 individual cases ! ,we/ ,end ,jews ( ,london manife/ an inability to surpass ! height ( five feet n9e in*es4 ,s _m h be5 bless$ by prosp]ity t ! av]age has ne>ly rea*$ t ( ! ,engli%2 b x is a mean /ature ( :i* ! v tall =m no compon5t "p4 ,?us p]haps does ! influ5ce ( h]$ity ob/ruct ! tempor>y action ( environm5t4 ,:e!r ?is %ort /ature ( ! ,jew is a case ( an acquir$ *>act]i/ic :i* has become h]$it>y1 we are cont5t to leave an op5 "q4 ,all we c say is1 t ! mod]n ,semites 9 ,arabia & ,africa are all ( goodly size1 f> above ! ,jewi% av]age4#af ,?is w\ld t5d to make u ?9k t ! h>% exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ h subtract$ sev]al cubits f ! /ature ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,9 self-def5se x mu/ be said t ! ,*ri/ian is n entirely to blame = ! physical disability4 ,x is l>gely to be ascrib$ to ! cu/om ( e>ly m>riages among !m4 ,?is has probably be5 an effici5t cause ( _! pres5t deg5]acy 9 ,russia1 :]e ,ts*ub9sky describes its al>m+ preval5ce4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu says t x is n at all uncommon to f9d ! comb9$ age ( husb& & wife1 or ev5 ( fa!r & "m1 to be "u ?irty ye>s4 ,! ,%ad*an1 or m>riage brok]1 has und\bt$ly be5 an enemy to ! ,jewi% p )9 _! own l9es4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e !y are1 on ! o!r h&1 on ! up grade socially1 !re are indications t ?is age ( m>riage is be+ po/pon$1 p]haps ev5 unduly4#ag ,illu/ration3 ,,social ,,/atus ,,w>saw4 ,a second indication 9 ! case ( ! ,jew ( uncommonly h>d usage 9 ! pa/ rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,^! p are1 an?ropologically z well z prov]bially1 n>r[-*e/$ & defici5t 9 lung capacity4 ,normally ! *e/ gir? ( a well-develop$ man ought to equal or exce$ "o half 8 /ature1 yet 9 ! case ( ! ,jews z a class ?is is almo/ nev] ! case4 ,maj] & ,kop]nicki#ah fir/ e/abli%$ ?is 9 ! case ( ! ,galician ,jews4 ,/i$a#ai gives additional te/imony to ! same effect4 ,jacobs#bj %[s ! ,engli% ,jews di/9ctly inf]ior to ,*ri/ians 9 lung capacity1 :i* is g5]ally an indication ( vitality4 ,9 ,bosnia1 ,glck#ba aga9 ref]s to x z *>act]i/ic4 ,grant$1 ) ,weiss5b]g1#bb t x is an acquir$ *>act]i/ic1 ! effect ( long-cont9u$ subjection to unfavorable sanit>y & social environm5t1 x has none ! less become a h]$it>y trait2 = n ev5 ! p]haps relatively rec5t prosp]ity ( ,jacobs's ,we/ ,end ,jews has suffic$ to br+ !m up to ! level ( _! ,engli% bre?r5 9 capacity ( ! lungs4 ,at ?is po9t a surpris+ fact confronts u4 ,despite ! appe>ances ( physical deg5]acy :i* we h not$1 ! ,jew betrays an absolutely unprec$5t$ t5acity ( life4 ,x f> exce$s1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ( any o!r kn[n p4#bc ,?is we may illu/rate by ! foll[+ example3 ,suppose two gr\ps ( "o hundr$ infants ea*1 "o ,jewi%1 "o ( av]age ,am]ican p>5tage 7,massa*usetts71 to be born on ! same day4 ,9 spite ( all ! disp>ity ( social conditions 9 favor ( ! latt]1 ! *ances1 det]m9$ by /ati/ical means1 are t "o half ( ! ,am]icans w die )9 =ty-sev5 ye>s2 :ile ! fir/ half ( ! ,jews w n succumb to disease or accid5t be=e ! expiration ( sev5ty-"o ye>s4 ,! dea? rate is really b little ov] half t ( ! av]age ,am]ican population4 ,?is holds good 9 infancy z 9 middle age4 ,lombroso has put x 9 ano!r way4 ,( "o ?\s& ,jews born1 two hundr$ & sev5te5 die be=e ! age ( sev5 ye>s2 :ile f\r hundr$ & fifty-?ree ,*ri/ians--m ?an twice z _m--are likely to die )9 ! same p]iod4 ,?is rem>kable t5acity ( life is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ table f a mo/ sugge/ive article by ,h(fmann4#bd ,we c n =be> f reproduc+ x 9 ?is place4 ,dea? ,rates p] #a1jjj ,population 9 ! ,sev5?1 ,t5?1 & ,?irte5? ,w>ds ( ,new ,york ,city1 #ahij1 by ,place ( ,bir?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates ,russia & ,,ages4 ,total4 7includes ,irel&4,g]many4 ,pol& color$74 7mo/ly ,jews74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total #bf4be #de4ah #cf4jd #bb4ad #af4ga ,"u #ae ye>s #da4bh #fb4be #dj4ga #cj4ch #cb4ca #ae to #be ye>s #g4ee #i4dc #ae4ae #g4ad #b4ec #be to #fe ye>s #ba4fd #be4ib #ci4ea #ba4bj #g4ii #fe & "u #ajd4gb #aje4if #abj4ib #hh4ea #hd4ea ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,f ?is table x appe>s1 despite ! extreme pov]ty ( ! ,russian & ,poli% ,jews 9 ! mo/ d5sely cr[d$ portions ( ,new ,york2 despite ! unsanit>y t5em5ts1 ! ov]cr[d+1 ! long h\rs 9 sweat %ops2 t nev]!less1 a viability is manife/$ :i* is simply unprec$5t$4 ,tailor+ is "o ( ! mo/ deadly occupations kn[n2 ! ,jews ( ,new ,york are pr9cipally engag$ 9 ?is employm5t2 & yet !y contrive to live ne>ly twice z long on ! av]age z _! neighbors1 ev5 ^? engag$ 9 ! outdoor occupations4 ,is ?is t5acity ( life despite e possible antagoni/ic influ5ce1 an e?nic trait2 or is x a result ( peculi> cu/oms & habits ( life8 ,!re is mu* :i* po9ts to ! latt] conclusion z ! correct "o4 ,= example1 analysis ( ! causes ( mortality %[s an abnormally small proportion ( dea?s f consumption & pneumonia1 ! dread diseases :i*1 z we "k1 are responsible = ! l>ge/ proportion ( dea?s 9 our ,am]ican population4 ,?is immunity c be/ be ascrib$ to ! excell5t sy/em ( meat inspection prescrib$ by ! ,mosaic laws4 ,x is c]ta9ly n a result ( physical developm5t1 z we h j se54 ,h(fmann cites au?ority %[+ t 9 ,london (t5 z mu* z a ?ird ( ! meats (f]$ = sale are reject$ z unfit = consumption by ,jews4 ,is n ?is a cog5t argum5t 9 favor ( a m rigid en=cem5t ( our laws provid+ = ! food inspection ( ! poor8 ,a second cause conducive to longevity is ! sobriety ( ! ,jew1 & 8 dis9cl9ation t[>d excessive indulg5ce 9 alcoholic liquors4 ,drunk5ness among ,jews is v r>e4 ,temp]ate habits1 a frugal diet1 ) a v mod]ate use ( spirits1 r5d] ! proportion ( ,bright's disease & affections ( ! liv] comp>atively v small4 ,9 ! infecti\s diseases1 on ! o!r h&1 diph!ria & ! fev]s1 no su* immunity is betray$4 ,! long-curr5t op9ion t ! ,jews 7 immune f *ol]a & ! o!r pe/il5ces ( ! middle ages is n to-day accept$4 ,a ?ird notable reason = ?is l[ dea? rate is also1 z ,h(fmann obs]ves1 ! nature ( ! employm5t cu/om>y among ,jews1 :i* r5d]s ! proportion ( dea?s f accid5tal causes exce$+ly small4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be said t ^! p are prone to n]v\s & m5tal disord]s2 insanity1 9 fact1 is fe>fully preval5t among !m4 ,lombroso ass]ts x to be f\r times z frequ5t among ,italian ,jews z among ,*ri/ians4 ,?is may possibly be a result ( close inbre$+ 9 a c\ntry l ,italy1 :]e ! ,jewi% communities are small4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 seem to lead to suicide1 = ?is is extraord9>ily r>e among ,jews1 ei!r f c[>dice1 z ,lombroso sugge/s2 or m probably = ! reason cit$ by ,morselli--namely1 ! great] =ce ( religion & o!r /eady+ moral factors4 ,to be cont9u$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is article ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,jacobs1 ( ,london1 ^: works 9 ?is l9e are accept$ z an au?ority4 ,9 its illu/ration ,i h d]iv$ invaluable assi/ance f ,dr4 ,s4 ,weiss5b]g1 ( ,elizabe?grad1 ,russia1 & ,dr4 ,l4 ,b]?olon1 ( ,tunis4 ,bo? ^! g5tlem5 h loan$ me a l>ge numb] ( orig9al photographs ( types f _! respective c\ntries4 ,dr4 ,b]?olon has also tak5 sev]al especially = use 9 ?is way4 ,! m g5]al works ^u :i* we h reli$ are3 ,r4 ,&ree1 ,zur ,volkskunde d] ,jud51 ,bielefeld1 #ahha2 ,a4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 ,les ,juifs et l'antismitisme1 ,p>is1 #c;e d4 #ahic2 & ,c4 ,lombroso1 ,gli ,antisemitismo1 ,tor9o1 #ahid4 ,= all o!r au?orities to :om ref]5ce is made by "n & ye>1 consult our compreh5sive ,bibliography ( ! ,an?ropology & ,e?nology ( ,europe1 9 a =?com+ ,special ,bullet9 ( ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y4 ,9 its index "u ,jews & ,semites w be f\nd an exhau/ive li/ ( au?orities giv5 *ronologically4 #b ,&ree1 #ahha1 pp4 #aid et seq41 ) tables app5d$2 ,jacobs1 #ahhf a1 p4 #bd2 & q rec5tly ,a4 ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 #ahic1 *apt] i1 are be/ on ?is4 ,ts*ub9sky1 #ahgg1 gives mu* detail at fir/ h& on we/]n ,russia4 ,9 ! ,sev5te5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,anglo-,jewi% ,association1 ,london1 #ahhh1 is a conv5i5t c5sus1 toge!r ) a map ( di/ribution = ,europe4 ,on ,am]ica1 no (ficial data ( any k9d exi/4 ,! c5suses h nev] attempt$ an enum]ation ( ! ,jews4 ,s*imm]'s results f ! c5sus ( #ahhj 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y are giv5 9 ,/ati/is*e ,monatss*rift1 vii1 p4 #dhi et seq4 #c ,?is is cle>ly %[n by ,s*imm] 9 ,/ati/is*e ,monatss*rift1 vii1 pp4 #dhi et seq4 #d ,see also map 9 ,kettl]1 #ahhj4 #e ,j4 ,c4 ,maj] 7#ahfb7 ascribes ! %ortness ( /ature 9 ,fur? to ?is ,jewi% influ5ce4 #f #ahib4 #g #ahie1 p4 #egg4 #h #ahia4 #i ,glck1 #ahif2 & ,weisba*1 #ahgg & #ahie a4 #aj ,maj] & ,kop]nicki1 #ahgg1 p4 #cf1 = ,ru!nia2 ,/i$a1 #ahhc1 p4 #gj2 ,anut*91 #ahhi1 p4 #aad1 etc4 #aa ,zakrezewski1 #ahia1 p4 #ch4 ,9 ! ,octob] ,mon?ly our /ature map ( all ,russia br+s out ! contra/ v /rongly4 #ab ,c5tralblatt fr ,an?ropologie1 iii1 p4 #ff4 ,uke1 cit$ by ,&ree1 #ahha1 p4 #cb1 agrees4 #ac ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 li1 p4 #bj et seq4 7,may1 #ahig71 & vol4 lii1 p4 #fjb 7,m>*1 #ahih74 #ad ,jacobs1 #ahhi1 p4 #ha4 #ae ,talko-,hryncewicz1 #ahib1 pp4 #g & #eh4 #af ,collignon1 #ahhg a1 pp4 #baa & #cbf2 & ,b]?olon1 #ahib1 p4 #da4 #ag ,jacobs1 #ahia1 p4 #ej1 %[s x to be less common 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,dr4 ,bill+s f9ds ! m>riage rate to be only #g4d p] #a1jjj--;ab\t "o ?ird t ( ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates4 #ah #ahgg1 p4 #ei4 #ai #ahhc1 p4 #ga4 #bj #ahhi1 p4 #hd4 #ba #ahif1 p4 #eia4 #bb #ahie1 p4 #cgd4 #bc ,on ,jewi% demography1 consult ! special app5dix 9 ,lombroso1 #ahgd2 ,&ree1 #ahha1 p4 #gj2 ,jacobs1 #ahia1 p4 #di4 ,dr4 ,bill+s1 9 ,elev5? ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus1 #ahij1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ai1 gives data = our c\ntry4 ,on pa?ology1 see ,bus*an1 #ahie4 #bd ,! ,jew z a ,life ,risk4 ,! ,spectator 7an actu>ial j\rnal7 #ahie1 pp4 #bbb-bbd1 & #bcc1 #bcd4 ,lagneau1 #ahfa1 p4 #daa1 speaks ( a viability 9 ,alg]ia ev5 l[] ?an t ( ! natives4 ,,! ,,playgr\nds ,,( ,,rural ,,& ,,suburban ,,s*ools4 ,,by ,,isabella ,g4 ,,oakley4 ,:ile ! (fic]s & fri5ds ( education 9 l>ge cities are ex]t+ !mselves to provide op5-air playgr\nds = ! s*ools1 ! villages & small] t[ns all ov] ! ,ea/ are rev]s+ ! case4 ,except 9 ! small di/rict s*ools1 ! *ildr5's playgr\nd has almo/ ceas$ to exi/4 ,?is is an evil :i* has crept 9 ) ! t5d5cy to c5tralize ! s*ools4 ,:5 9 any place ! s*ools beg9 to ov]fl[1 a movem5t to put up a l>g] build+ takes place1 accompani$ by an ef=t to create a high-s*ool dep>tm5t2 n s mu* ! ne$ ( ! community z ! ambiti\s dream ( "s pr9cipal :o w\ld be sup]9t5d5t1 or "s sort ( c5tral sun to a gr\p ( satellites4 ,?is dream is too easily realiz$1 because x flatt]s ! p4 ,!n !re rises a prepo/]\s /ructure ( /one & brick2 a h\se ( _m gables1 out ( keep+ ) ev]y?+1 ei!r public or private1 9 ! place2 a temple ( vanity4 ,n[ is rung ! knell ( ! s*ool playgr\nd1 = ! new high s*ool1 al?\gh x w h\se all ! *ildr5 f five to fifte51 mu/ ne$s be surr\nd$ by a f9e lawn1 /udd$ ) %rubb]y1 & ?read$ by blue/one roads4 ,! janitor has to employ an assi/ant to keep ! gr\nds 9 ord]4 ,a %ut-91 p5it5ti>ylike place has be5 evolv$ by ! ar*itect & s*ool committee1 gratify+ to _! pride & a deep wrong to ! *ildr54 ,!re are _m wrongs ab\t x2 ! "o insi/$ ^u "h is ! aboli%+ ( ! recess1 t "t-honor$ joy ( ! ,am]ican s*oolboy & s*oolgirl4 ,! *e]ful s\nds ( play no m re-e*o2 ! little ones m>* 9 lock /ep f ! doors to ! v curb ( ?is immaculate ornate inclosure4 ,if1 on ?is beautiful lawn1 any impulsive y\ng/] is caught runn+1 or p]=m+ an in/9ctive hopscot* or leapfrog1 he is sure to be se5 by a wat*+ & p[]ful janitor & report$4 ,leapfrog & pr(anity1 9 ! true ,draconian _s1 are alike visit$ ) ! extreme p5alty ( a visit to ! pr9cipal's (fice4 ,h[ev]1 9 default ( a playgr\nd1 ! new s*oolh\se provides a gymnasium = physical culture4 ,i speak n[ ( a p>ticul> s*ool1 ! pride ( a simple village1 & a type ( _m4 ,?is gymnasium is a co/ly room fill$ ) elaborate app>atus1 mo/ ( :i* is suit$ only to ! high-s*ool pupils1 & nev] t\*$ by ! majority1 :o leave s*ool at twelve or ?irte52 _! physical ex]cises h be5 *iefly provid$ = by a box ( dumb-bells & w&s4 ,9 _m s*ools ! gymnasium is a cav]n\s & ugly basem5t1 a place full ( %ad[s ca/ by ! gloomy ar*es on :i* ! build+ re/s1 ) walls ( brick & floors ( asphalt4 ,little troops ( sil5t1 pale *ildr5 arrive & dep>t all day = _! physical culture1 a dre>y repetition ( sil5t dumb-bell ex]cises4 ,!re is no spee* nor language among !m1 no s\nd is he>d b ! j+le ( ! piano & ! %>p tones ( ! monitor's c\nt+4 ,i h nev] he>d ! *ildr5 c\nt al\d or accompany ! cali/h5ics by s++ except 9 a private s*ool4 ,:at an alt]native = a free recess6 ,no p5it5ti>y drill c\ld be m p]functory1 spiritless1 dead4 ,x mu/ be said ( ! public s*ools t ! ?+ !y mo/ seem to dread is ! s\nd ( a *ild's voice4 ,! rude1 untra9$ intonations1 ! slov5ly spee*1 ! sl\*+ attitude rema9 rude1 slov5ly1 & sl\*+1 = all ! s*ool attempts to d = _! improvem5t is inf9itely little4 ,ev5 ! bless$ relief ( %ak+ ! arm & h& to attract ! tea*]'s att5tion has be5 r$uc$ 9 "s s*ools to lift+ two f+]s4 ,! pupils g5]ally hate _! cali/h5ics1 or1 9 ! new phrase1 physical culture ex]cises4 ,& !y w\ld hate j z s9c]ely regulat$ games sup]9t5d$ by "s impossible ma/] ( sports4 ,:at !y want is spontaneity 9 play4 ,public money is wa/$ 9 provid+ ^! abhorr5t alt]natives4 ,poor little ,c>?usians z "y z six & sev5 ye>s are kept 9 _! rooms1 & pr9cipally 9 _! seats1 above two h\rs at ea* session1 & (t5 aft] t to atone = "s del9qu5cy1 mo/ likely = speak+4 ,9 _m s*ools !y d n leave ! room = any k9d ( ex]cise4 ,if !y 7 capable ( dem&+ _! rights !y w\ld call = bo? ! abolition ( ! s*ool lawn & cali/h5ic basem5t1 & ! re/oration ( _! playgr\nd & recess4 ,f ! cruelty ( ?is repression nature f9ds a little way out2 ! *ildr5 require ( ! neighbors :at !y h be5 depriv$ ( by ! s*ool committee4 ,all ar\nd ! prec9cts ( ! temple ( le>n+ ! trodd5 bord]s ( ! sidewalk1 *urn$ to mire 9 w9t] & trampl$ to rock 9 summ]1 speak ( ! victory ( ! boys4 ,!re are t[ns1 p]haps1 :]e !y all g /raight home1 b 9 our t[n1 !y ga!r f\r times a day 9 knots ( tw5ties & fifties = "s k9d ( fun4 ,! pati5t neighbors g on remov+ coats & d9n] pails f ! pickets1 cle>+ away pap]s & missiles f _! inclosures1 yet ,i discov] t ev5 !y w\ld vote to keep ! s*ool lawn2 x improves ! t[n4 ,v true4 ,b +5uity c\ld well contrive "s way ( unit+ ! playgr\nd & ! s*ool p>k4 ,spaces ( grass to re/ ! eye & decorate ! squ>e c\ld be int]sp]s$ ) inclosures ( asphalt1 furni%$ ) a few p>allel b>s & sw+s1 )\t sacrifice ( appe>ances4 ,(t5 ! s*ool prop]ty is s l>ge t x c\ld include half a doz5 su* special playgr\nds4 ,we h b to beg9 x to f9d "s feasible plan4 ,if ! palatial s*ool & its p>k is reaction aga9/ ! ragg$ begg> ( ,:itti]'s lovely poem1 sunn+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! blackb]ry v9es ( ,h>dscrabble ,hill1 x is a reaction t has gone too f> to suit a g5]ation :i* loves to read ,hosea ,bigel[3 ,s ! old s*ool'u is a place ,i *oose ,a=e all o!rs1 ef ,i want to muse2 ,i set d[n :]e ,i us$ to set1 an' git ,my boyhood back1 an' bett] ?+s ) x-- ,fai?1 ,hope1 an' sun?9'1 ef x isn't ,*]rity1 ,x's want o' guile1 an' !t's ez gret a r>ity4 ,if x may be repli$1 t is n ! g5]ation = :om s*oolh\ses are n[ built1 x is "o :i* may int]pret ! wants ( its *ildr5 by j su* recollections4 ,ano!r evil has gr[n out ( ! c5tralization ( ! s*ools4 ,! small] s*oolh\ses =m]ly /ood )9 conv5i5t rea*1 & by ab&on+ !m we h =c$ _m little *ildr5 to walk f>!r ?an !y are able to walk4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( /reet c>s & sidewalks ?is becomes a great h>d%ip 9 extreme wea!r4 ,9 "o village 9 ,new ,york1 out ( an enrollm5t ( f\rte5 hundr$1 !re 0 "o mon? la/ ye> an av]age att5dance ( f\r hundr$4 ,! new s*ool build+1 :i* _h co/ sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s1 0 m ?an two miles f "s "p ( ! di/rict1 & !re 7 no sidewalks2 nei!r 7 !re pav$ /reets or /reet lamps4 ,9 su* circum/ances a numb] ( *ildr5 are unable to get home to ! noon meal1 usually d9n]1 & mo/ important4 ,:]e d !y eat _! lun*eon8 ,9 _! seats1 wat*$ by tea*]s1 :o are compell$ unwill+ly to take turns at ?is duty1 & :o h also to eat a cold1 unpalatable lun* 9 bad air = a week at a "t4 ,aft] lun* !re is an h\r to be dispos$ ( by ! *ildr51 b !re is no place to play 9 except ! basem5t or ! /reets ( ! neighborhood4 ,! tea*]s frequ5tly read !m a /ory1 t !y may /ret* _! m9ds a little if n _! bodies4 ,x is a pa9ful sight--few m pa9ful to me--to see a cr[d ( "y *ildr5 hav+ _! recreation 9 "o ( ^! basem5ts4 ,runn+ & l\d talk+ are =bidd52 a police ( tea*]s arm$ ) symbols ( au?ority & puni%m5t keep ! re/less little prison]s )9 b\nds4 ,ano!r objection to ! c5tral s*ool is ! ra9y-day half-session4 ,?\gh ! daily in/ruction may be manag$ s t ! pupils d n miss any?+1 x is /ill a fact t ! majority ( p>5ts expect ! s*ool to take *>ge ( _! *ildr51 & are (t5 mu* dissatisfi$ to h !m ?r[n back ^u _! own h&s on ra9y days4 ,h[ has x come ab\t t ! playgr\nd & s*ool recess h be5 s g5]ally giv5 up8 ,is x altoge!r on acc\nt ( appe>ances8 ,tea*]s plead t ! *ildr5 ought to be pres]v$ f association ) objectionable playmates4 ,?is may d = ! t\*-me-n1 only *ild1 b 9 ,am]ican society x is nev] a /rong plea4 ,t small fraction :i* seeks to educate its *ildr5 z a class c d s 9 a few s*ools limit$ to *ur*1 plutocracy1 ,quak]ism1 or "s su* n>r[ basis4 ,b ! s*ools ( a free ,/ate are1 above ev]y?+1 f\nd$ on ! ess5tial equality ( individuals 9 ! ,/ate1 & ! possibility ( e "o to rise to a successful & honorable manhood4 ,if !re is "o conviction above ano!r /r5g!n$ by exp]i5ce1 x is t1 9 _! *oice ( companions & susceptibility to influ5ce1 *ildr5 are gov]n$ by _! innate qualities1 & ^! qualities are fix$ by h]$ity & home influ5ces long be=e ! s*ool age4 ,9 s l>ge a community z a public s*ool !re is companion%ip = all1 = x c]ta9ly repres5ts ! t[n itself4 ,let no "o be afraid ( ! democratic in/9cts ( *ildhood4 ,i believe ! playgr\nd is aboli%$ because x int]f]es ) t deadly ord] & craze = sup]vision :i* is s\ght = z ! prime condition bo? inside & outside ! s*ools4 ,ord] ( a :olesome sort is n inconsi/5t ) ! free recess ( a big s*ool4 ,i wat*$ 9 ,los ,angeles a great s*ool z x 0 m>%al$ out to play & back aga9 at ! s\nd ( a drum4 ,aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r ( unre/ra9$ sport1 sev]al hundr$s 7 ga!r$ 9 l9es at ! tap ( ! drum1 fac+ ! *e]ful s*oolh\se 9 ! mild bright sun1 _! faces radiat+ cont5tm5t & good w :ile !y /raight5$ up at ! m]e h9t ( ! tea*]s on duty4 ,9 ,san ,francisco ,i once f\nd a c]ta9 prim>y s*ool keep+ doll's day1 :5 e girl br\ght h] doll to s*ool & exhibit$ h] at recess4 ,! s*ool y>d 0 a b>r5 inclosure )9 a high bo>d f5ce1 b a joyful place to t "y company4 ,to :at purpose are tea*]s urg$ to /udy psy*ology8 ,! *ildr5 9 _! seats are empti$ ( ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to _! s\ls4 ,n to /udy1 because ! tea*] w expla9 ev]y?+1 & to behave j well en\gh to get safe out ( s*ool1 is ! simple code :i* cov]s ! conduct ( av]age *ildr54 ,to ext5d ?is code to ideas ( social duty--! highe/--is n possible :ile !y d n =m a society4 ,cultivation ( fri5d%ip is j z mu* out ( ! case2 awak5+ ( ideals1 an impossibility4 ,b ?r[n toge!r half an h\r or m ea* day1 ! dead ma*9]y t pulls ! bells & adds ! m>ks )9 ! s*ool walls gives way to life2 & "h a man :o sympa?izes ) *ildhood has all ! opportunity he ne$s1 & probably mu* m ?an he c use1 9 provid+ = t life :]e a code ( reciprocity & honor mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,x is n z ! magi/rate he w successfully rule1 b z ! sympa!tic g5]al 9 ! field1 ^: v "n is a talisman & an inspiration to e man4 ,9 ! s*ool y>d1 ! bully1 :o comes to ! front 9 ab\t e t5? *ild1 ne$s to be repress$2 ! f\l m\? mu/ be cleans$2 aga9/ ^! prevail+ evils ! playgr\nd has a protection ! /reet c n possess4 ,! boy's _w is a peculi> _w1 c]ta9ly1 mak+ laws = itself z rigor\s & ab\t z b>b>\s z ^? ( a gang ( pirates2 b x is ?r\gh 8 esprit du corps he c be uplift$ & educat$2 ! individual may be a selfi% animal2 z "o ( a body he is capable ( h]oism & devotion to a noble idea4 ,he c be a fri5d2 ! playgr\nd is ! field = ! natural gr[? ( fri5d%ips1 & y\? ! g5]\s "t ( _! bir?4 ,i recall ano!r sc5e 9 a s*oolroom 9 a ,we/]n city long ago4 ,a g5tle girl1 magnetic1 deep-he>t$1 l>ge-ey$1 sat aft] s*ool at h] table 9 te>s4 ,on a seat 9 front ( h] plat=m 7 piles ( slates :i* %e _h be5 correct+1 = %e in/ruct$ all day a succession ( ari?metic classes com+ to h] f ! diff]5t grades4 ,at ! same "t %e 0 9 *>ge1 = all p>ticul> purposes ( _! ord] & conduct1 ( ab\t =ty boys 9 _! e>ly te5s4 ,h] te>s 7 9 consequ5ce ( a qu>rel at recess betwe5 two ( h] boys4 ,!y _h settl$ _! qu>rel by a fight2 n unlikely x 0 a :olesome fight1 = !y 7 n boys ( ! mean sort1 & 7 fri5ds4 ,x is an affair ( long ago1 b ( a "t :51 9 a l>ge city1 a tea*] %$ h] influ5ce ^u ! s*ool playgr\nd1 & took acc\nt ( its moral /&>ds1 its fri5d%ips & brea*es ( fri5d%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh :ite m51 if !y take due precautions1 may live & d c]ta9 k9ds ( "w 9 tropical ,africa1 x w nev] be possible1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,keltie concludes f ! results ( pa/ exp]i5ce & /udy1 to colonize t "p ( ! _w ) p f ! temp]ate zone4 ,ev5 9 su* favorable situations z ,blantyre1 a l(ty region s\? ( ,lake ,nyassa1 *ildr5 c n be re>$ beyond a c]ta9 age1 b mu/ be s5t home to ,engl&2 o!rwise !y w deg5]ate physically & morally4 ,a plan has be5 propos$ ( br++ ,europeans d[n into ! tropical regions by degrees1 & acclimatiz+ !m by successive g5]ations to m & m torrid conditions till !y are f9ally settl$ 9 ! he>t ( ! cont95t4 ,b ! exp]im5t w\ld be a v long "o1 if tri$2 & ! ultimate result w\ld probably be a race depriv$ ( all ^? *>act]i/ics :i* h made ,europe :at x is4 ,,up ,,! ,,ske5a ,,riv] ,,to ,,! ,,home ,,( ,,! ,,tsim%ians4#be ,,by ,,george ,a4 ,,dorsey1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,field ,,columbian ,,museum1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,mon?ly ,i describ$ "s ( ! incid5ts ( a visit to ! ,haida & ,tl+it villages ab\t ,dixon's ,entrance2 n[ ,i am to speak ( ! ,tsim%ian villages on ! ,ske5a ,riv]4 ,! ,tsim%ian ,indians are "o ( ! five great /ocks :i* make up ! aborig9al population ( ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia & s\!rn ,alaska4 ,!y are %ut 9 by ! ,tl+its on ! nor? & by ! ,kwakiutls on ! s\?1 :ile on ! head wat]s ( ! ,nass & ,ske5a ,riv]s !y come 9 contact ) ! great ,t9neh or ,a?abascan /ock4 ,! ,tsim%ians are probably ! mo/ progressive ( all ! coa/ ,indians1 & are "o ( a few /ocks on ! ,am]ican cont95t :i* are hold+ _! own 9 po9t ( numb]s4 ,desir+ to visit ^? villages :i* are lea/ contam9at$ by mod]n influ5ce1 we asc5d$ ! ,ske5a ,riv] to ! village ( ,kitanmak% or ,hazelton4 ,! ,ske5a is ! hi/oric riv] ( ,briti% ,columbia2 its "n signifies ! ,wat] ( ,t]rors4 ,ne>ly e rock1 e b5d1 e caon is ! sc5e ( "s my?ical tale4 ,! sc5e ( ! bir? ( ! ,tsim%ian nation lies 9 its valley2 ! rock is /ill rev]$ ^u :i* re/$ ! ,tsim%ian ark aft] ! flood1 & ! ,dum-lak-an1 ! new home & place ( disp]sal1 is /ill a ,mecca to :i* pilgrimages are made4 ,9 ! mod]n developm5t ( ! ,om5ica & ,c>iboo gold fields ! ,ske5a has be5 ! highway to ! sea4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s canoes h be5 paddl$ up & d[n its wat]s2 x has be5 ! highway = int]tribal trade f "t immemorial1 & :5 ! ,hudson ,bay ,company's po/ 0 e/abli%$ at ,hazelton1 & m]*&ise began to p\r into ! upp] c\ntry 9 a /eady /ream1 ! ,tsim%ians ) _! canoes enjoy$ = a long "t a monopoly ( ! c>ry+ trade4 ,gradually1 z !y le>n$ ! ways & me?ods ( ! :ite man1 ! price p] ton ( freight f ! coa/ to ,hazelton began /eadily to rise1 until 9 #ahia ! t>iff ( sixty doll>s a ton 0 decl>$ ru9\s by ! company1 & !y decid$ to build _! own /eam] ) :i* to c>ry _! freight up ! riv]4 ,port ,ess+ton is ! *ief port ( ! m\? ( ! ,ske5a1 & 9 ,ess+ton we f\nd ourselves on ! tw5ty-?ird day ( ,july4 ,! ,cal$onia 0 up ! riv] on h] ?ird trip1 b 0 expect$ back any h\r1 b s delightfully unc]ta9 is ! riv] voyage t1 z we 7 in=m$1 !re 0 no tell+ :5 %e w\ld be d[n--9 fact1 %e might be caught above ! caon & w\ldn't be d[n = weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,on ,,! ,,upp] ,,ske5a ,,riv]2 ,,peak ,,( ,,! ,,five ,,virg9s ,,m\nta94 ,! t[n ( ,ess+ton dates back to #ahce1 :5 ! ,hudson ,bay ,company e/abli%$ a po/ !re4 ,its only rival = preem95ce on ! coa/ is ,port ,simpson4 ,! t[n 9 summ] is completely giv5 ov] to fi%+1 ! salmon cann]y ( ,cunn+ham ,son be+ "o ( ! l>ge/ on ! coa/1 & ! riv] = tw5ty miles is dott$ ) cann]ies4 ,9 "o day1 :ile we 7 9 ,ess+ton1 ! cat* ( salmon on ! riv] 0 n9ety-two ?\s& fi%4 ,9 addition to ! cann]y ! t[n boa/s ( a good hotel & a ,salvation ,army4 ,an ,indian ,salvation ,army is wor? go+ miles to see1 = ! ,indian is a natural-born salvationi/2 ! army p]mits him to make all ! noise he *ooses1 s+ z l\dly z he pleases1 &1 be/ ( all1 he is entitl$ to make a spee* e "t x comes 8 turn4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 ab\t f\r o'clock1 on ! day aft] our arrival1 a long1 %rill bla/ ( ! :i/le ar\s$ ! entire t[n1 = ! ,cal$onia 0 9 sight4 ,d[n we w5t to ! :>f1 & ! entire t[n foll[$4 ,:at a motley cr[d y w f9d on "o ( ^! ,briti% ,columbia :>ves6 ,:at color+1 :at a ,babel ( tongues--,tl+its f ,alaska1 ,haidas f ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 ,tsim%ians f ! ,ske5a1 ,kwakiutls f ,vanc\v]1 ,*9am51 ,japanese1 ,greeks1 ,sc&9avians1 ,engli%m51 & ,yankees2 m51 wom51 *ildr51 dogs1 & f two to six woolly be> cubs4 ,! ,cal$onia is ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,company2 %e is n a common c>ri]1 & does n enc\rage ei!r pass5g]s or freight1 z ! t>iff rates prove4 ,!re is a fev]i% ha/e & hu/le ab\t ! movem5ts ( ! /eam] :i* are fairly contagi\s4 ,%e makes h] fir/ trip e>ly 9 ! spr+1 z soon z ! ice has left ! riv]s1 on ! ,/ick5e2 !n x is a wild1 eag] ambition ( ! company to h h] make f\r trips up ! ,ske5a be=e ! riv] closes up 9 ! fall4 ,we _h z pass5g]s two prospectors f ,spokane1 a m9+ exp]t f ,victoria1 a native evangeli/ f ,ess+ton1 & ab\t fifty ,indians1 mo/ly wom5 & *ildr51 ea* "o ) a v>i$ assortm5t ( boxes1 bales1 bundles1 & dogs2 ! crew numb]$ tw5ty1 & we _h ab\t "o hundr$ tons ( freight on bo>d4 ,f ,ess+ton to ,hazelton is "o hundr$ & fifty-two miles1 a panorama ( un5d+ & unbrok5 beauty2 nev] monoton\s1 always int]e/+1 x pres5ts a riv] voyage :i* is probably n equal$1 c]ta9ly n excell$1 by any o!r riv] voyage ( ! same l5g? on ! ,am]ican cont95t or 9 ! _w4 ,we began ! voyage on ,sunday morn+1 we ti$ up 9 front ( ,hazelton on ,saturday night4 ,to rec\nt 9 detail ! haps & mi%aps ( ea* day's progress w\ld take m "t ?an ,i c comm&4 ,9 "o day we made =ty-eight miles1 on ano!r day we made "o hundr$ y>ds1 on ano!r day we didn't make a foot4 ,) pl5ty ( wat] "u h] keel ! ,cal$onia c\ld run tw5ty miles an h\r2 %e c\ld cut h] way ?r\gh a s& b> at ! rate ( a y>d or s an h\r2 & at ei!r rate ( progress %e burn$ ea* h\r f "o & a half to two cords ( wood4 ,= ! fir/ t5 miles ! sc5]y does n diff] mat]ially f t :i* we are accu/om$ to 9 ! inl& sea f ,victoria to ,alaska4 ,!n we ent] fre% wat] & = ! next =ty miles /eam ?r\gh "o long m\nta9 gorge1 = "h ! riv] has cut completely ?r\gh ! ,cascade ,range4 ,! m\nta9s beg9 at ! wat]'s edge & rise almo/ p]p5dicul>ly to heights ( f ?ree to f\r ?\s& feet4 ,_! l[] limits are cov]$ ) d5se gre5 =e/s1 :i* seem to gr[ out ( ! solid rock4 ,! summits are smoo? & gli/5+1 & (t5 cov]$ ) sn[ & ice4 ,"h & !re we c trace "s t9y rivulet issu+ f an ice b$ high up among ! cl\ds1 & e portion ( its c\rse c be trac$ d[n ! /eep m\nta9 wall until x gives "o f9al & headlong plunge into ! riv]4 ,at times ^! /reams1 tak+ _! rise 9 "s ext5sive glaci]1 are ( consid]able magnitude1 & fairly ro> z !y leap & hurl !mselves d[nw>d f _! dizzy height4 ,& "h we le>n$ a curi\s fact ab\t ! riv]3 9 summ] x falls :5 x ra9s1 & rises :5 ! sun %9es1 s rapidly d ! p5t-up sn[s ( w9t] disappe> & ru% d[n ! m\nta9 sides "u ! heat ( ! spr+ sun4 ,until noon ( ! second day we _h be5 mak+ good "t1 b n[ ! fun began1 = we _h left deep wat] & _h arriv$ at ! fir/ flight ( ! eight-hundr$-foot /airway :i* ! ,cal$onia _h to climb ere ,hazelton c\ld be rea*$4 ,! riv] _h be5 gradually wid5+ z "o isl& aft] ano!r _h be5 pass$1 until n[ x 0 ne>ly half a mile wide & fl[$ ?r\gh f\r *annels4 ,! capta9 attempt$ "o *annel1 b we c\ldn't ga9 an in*1 & 9 drift+ back aga9 d[n ! rapids ! curr5t c>ri$ ! boat aga9/ ! rocks &1 ) a cra% & a lur*1 b m9us "s woodwork1 %e 0 9 ! /ream aga94 ,!n two o!r *annels 7 tri$1 b )\t avail1 al?\gh ! :eel 0 ?r[+ wat] & gravel ov] ! pilot h\se4 ,! f\r? *annel 0 next tri$1 b ! curr5t 0 too /rong4 ,!n we l9$ h] out1 & ?is novel me?od ( gett+ a huge /eamboat up a /ream soon became only too commonplace4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is ?is3 ,! boat is =c$ aga9/ a s& b> & all[$ to re/ :ile m5 g =w>d 9 a skiff ) a long f\r-in* cable1 :i* is made fa/ to a tree on ! bank or to a dead man1 a long sp> buri$ deep 9 ! e>? ( a s& b> & heap$ ov] ) b[ld]s4 ,:5 all is ready1 ! boat is atta*$ to ! cap/an & ! :eel beg9s to revolve4 ,x is t$i\s "w & (t5 provok+1 z :5 ! cable p>ts1 or ! dead man gives up 8 hold1 & ! :ole "w mu/ be done ov] aga94 ,! boat quiv]s f /em to /]n1 & ! :eel1 ) all possible /eam on1 is simply "o revolv+ ball ( wat]4 ,we fairly hold our brea? z we li/5 to ! dull vibration ( ! boat1 ! rumbl+ ( ! cap/an1 & ! grat+ s\nd ( ! keel ( ! /eam] z %e is be+ dragg$ ?r\gh ! rapids ov] ! b>2 b above all c be he>d ! voice ( ,capta9 ,bons] z he %\ts to 8 ,indian pilot1 ,g 'head cap/an1 ,/op /eamboat1 ,/op cap/an1 ,g 'head /eamboat1 ,g 'head cap/an6 ,9 f\r h\rs we h made ab\t fifty y>ds1 b we are 9 op5 wat] aga9 & ! boat settles d[n to its regul> *ug1 *ug1 *ug4 ,eighty miles f ,ess+ton ! ,ske5a 9 its flight to ! sea makes its fir/ plunge into ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 & its entrance is indescribably gr&4 ,no p5 or bru% c d ju/ice to ! beauties ( ! ,kitselas ,caon4 ,at its m\? we are 9 a broad1 deep bas91 z if ! riv] _h felt depress$ z x pass$ ?r\gh ! qu>t]-mile n>r[ gorge & _h "h spread itself out to brea! & re/ be=e x />t$ anew its d[nw>d j\rney to ! sea4 ,x 0 late 9 ! aft]noon1 & ! we/]n sun ?rew long %ad[s ( ! l(ty sky-cr[n$ p]p5dicul> walls ( ! left-h& side ( ! caon ov] aga9/ ! rocky islets & ragg$1 rock-b\nd ea/]n %ore4 ,once we h ent]$1 !re is no falt]+2 l9+ x out is impossible "h1 & on & on ! boat labors & climbs1 twi/+ & turn+ ?r\gh ! n>r[1 tortu\s *annel4 ,a quick eye & a /eady n]ve mu/ comm& ! :eel n[1 = a turn too mu* or too little w\ld be fatal4 ,"o in/9ctively feels t ! ,wat] ( ,t]rors is ! prop] "n = ?is riv]1 & ) t feel+ comes ! o!r--t x 0 nev] int5d$ = navigation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ske5a ,,riv] ,,salmon ,,cann]y4 ,aft] f\r days' gr9d+ ov] s& b>s & p\nd+ aga9/ rocks we tie up = repairs4 ,"o ( ! boil]s _h sprung a leak :i* c\ld be neglect$ no long]4 ,! delay ( ?irty-six h\rs 0 n )\t comp5sation1 = ! c\ntry ab\t 0 op51 & prov$ a relief aft] ! long ride ?r\gh ! high-wall$ riv] f ! sea to ! caon4 ,! banks 7 l[ or mod]ately high & ( gravel or s& bluffs1 & we c\ld look (f ov] a l&scape brok5 "h & !re by solit>y peaks or clu/]$ m\nta9s1 _! summits always cov]$ ) ice & sn[4 ,to ! f> ea/ 7 ! pure :ite peaks ( ! ,five ,virg9s1 _! summits gli/5+ "u ! bright sun4 ,ev5 ! "* ( ! vegetation _h *ang$1 & ! d5se =e/s ( somb] firs1 spruces1 & c$>s ( ! l[] riv] _h giv5 way to great cottonwoods & und]bru% ( hazel & ald]4 ,9 ! aft]noon we climb$ a bluff ne> ! riv]1 f :i* we c\ld look (f ov] a c\ntry t 0 wild & extremely picturesque4 ,to "o side ( u c\ld be se5 a great m\nta91 its summit cov]$ by a mighty glaci] ^: blue-:ite ice gleam$ & gli/5$ 9 ! sun4 ,& !re 0 no mi/ak+ ! p[] ( ! sun t day2 its w>m rays be+ especially welcome aft] "s weeks ( ! cold1 depress+ gloom & fog ( ! coa/4 ,we 7 n[ really 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,tsim%ians1 & e few h\rs we drew up 9 front ( "s quiet1 peaceful village1 its almo/ des]t$ cottages gu>d$ by ! totem poles ( =m] days4 ,9 succession we pass ,meamsk9e%t1 ,kitwangah1 & ,kitzegukla1 ) n[ & !n a small salmon-fi%+ /ation4 ,! villages prov$ disappo9t+ bo? 9 _! smallness & mod]nness1 & none ( !m seem$ wor?y ( any ext5d$ visit4 ,f "t to "t we pass$ great black pat*es 9 ! =e/1 ! result ( ext5sive fires1 sure signs t ! ra9y coa/ 0 f> away4 ,on ,friday night we ti$ up to ! bank )9 five miles ( our de/9ation1 b we _h yet to pass ,mac9to%'s ,b>4 ,t 0 accompli%$ on ! foll[+ day1 aft] elev5 h\rs' h>d "w1 & by five o'clock we _h rea*$ ,! ,=ks1 or ! junction ( ! ,ske5a & ,bulkley ,riv]s4 ,our c\rse 0 to ! left1 up ! ,ske5a = half a mile1 & 9 a few mom5ts m we ti$ up 9 front ( ! /ockad$ po/ ( ! ,hudson ,bay ,company2 we _h rea*$ ,hazelton4 ,! region ab\t u 0 ,dum-lak-an1 :at w be a good place1 ! home ( ! ,tsim%ians4 ,be=e #ahgj ! t[n 0 f>!r d[n ! riv]1 on ! flat at ! junction ( ! ,bulkley & ,ske5a ,riv]s4 ,x has _h additions to its population f ,kis-pi-ye\x1 & f villages d[n ! riv]4 ,!re are also to be numb]$ among ! inhabitants ! ,indian ag5t1 ,mr4 ,lor+1 ! ,hudson ,bay repres5tative1 ,mr4 ,s>g5t1 & 8 assi/ants1 & ,mr4 ,fields1 ! mission>y4 ,! ,indian population numb]s ab\t two hundr$ & sev5ty-five4 ,! t[n occupies a l[1 unev5 pla91 :i*1 beg9n+ at ! wat]'s edge1 ext5ds back = a qu>t] ( a mile1 :]e x is hemm$ 9 by a high bluff on ! face ( ! second riv] t]race4 ,!re are b few ( ! old h\ses left & /ill few] totem poles1 & !y are )\t p>ticul> int]e/4 ,mo/ prom95t 9 ! village is ! w>like /ockade ( ! company's po/1 ) its two ba/ions at opposite corn]s1 & ! blockh\se 9 ! c5t] ( ! inclosure1 b n[ hidd5 by ! /ore :i* /&s 9 front ( x4 ,! /ockade 0 put up 9 #ahia1 :5 an ,indian upris+ 0 fe>$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! riv]4 ,:]ev] y f9d a trad+ po/ & a mission>y y c n hope to f9d p :o reta9 mu* ( _! native life or :o are ( great value to an?ropology4 ,b /ill ,hazelton 0 suffici5tly primitive to be ( int]e/ 9 _m respects4 ,9 matt]s ( dress ! ,indians are almo/ on a foot+ ) ! :ites1 b !y /ill make a curi\s g>m5t = w9t]'s use :i* is worn by ne>ly all ( ! int]ior tribes4 ,?is is a blanket made out ( long1 n>r[ /rips ( rabbit hide1 & is w>m1 heavy1 & extremely durable4 ,we 7 =tunate en\gh to f9d a woman :o 0 engag$ 9 mak+ "o ( ^! curi\s g>m5ts on a mo/ rude & primitive loom4 ,o!r g>m5ts are /ill occasionally made ( ,indian hemp1 :i* gr[s wild & 9 abundance4 ,?is is beat5 & p\nd$ & !n spun into f9e ?read1 & wov5 into ! desir$ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tsim%ian ,,%aman',s ,,c]emonial ,,b[ ,,& ,,arr[4 ,9 =m] days ! ,indians us$ l>ge quantities ( ! wool ( ! m\nta9 %eep 9 mak+ ! beautiful *ilcat blankets t =m$ an important "p ( ! *ief's co/ume1 b n[ ! ,indians buy mo/ ( _! wool4 ,its *ief uses are = sa%es & belts1 :i* are /ill worn & made aft] ! fa%ion ( =m] days4 ,( o!r g>m5ts ( daily use1 except moccas9s1 !re is no?+ rema9+4 ,!re are a few remnants ( c]emonial co/umes /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & by a bit ( good =tune we 7 enabl$ to secure ! complete p>aph]nalia ( a %aman1 or ,indian doctor1 :o _h only rec5tly r5\nc$ 8 native practices & jo9$ ,mr4 ,fields's b& ( ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! outfit ?us acquir$ 7 rattles1 *>ms1 blankets1 masks1 & headdresses ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,f ano!r individual we secur$ ! complete co/ume ( a memb] ( ! frat]nity1 or secret society1 ( ,dog ,eat]s4 ,! ,tsim%ians h f\r su* societies1 & ! ,dog ,eat]s /& ?ird 9 rank1 be+ surpass$ only by ! ,man ,eat]s or ,cannibal ,society4 ,! *ief object ( ?is outfit1 ap>t f ! :ite & r$ c$> b>k r+s1 0 a long club1 "o side ( :i* 0 ornam5t$ by a fr+e ( r$ c$> tassels4 ,( int]e/ also 0 ! curi\s cap made ( plait$ b&s ( r$ c$> b>k1 & s ornam5t$ z to repres5t ! head ( ! owl4 ,ano!r object secur$ f a %aman 0 a peculi> b[ & arr[4 ,^! 7 purely c]emonials1 & 7 only us$ 9 ! dances ( ! secret societies4 ,by an +5i\s device ! po9t ( ! arr[ c\ld be op5$ out1 & 9 ?is position repres5t$ ! op5 jaws ( a s]p5t4 ,on ! b[ 7 two f9s1 t c\ld be l[]$ or rais$ at w by means ( cords1 :i* repres5t$ ! f9-back :ale4 ,! b[ itself is ( light s(t wood1 & is b5t by means ( a /r+ pass+ ar\nd ! op]ator's body1 ! two ends ( ! b[ be+ fa/5$ to ! body ( ! b[ by lea!r h+es4 ,9 all ! c]emonies1 bo? religi\s & civil1 an important "p ( ! co/ume is ! mask4 ,^! are g5]ally ( wood1 & portray all mann] ( real & fanciful p]sonages4 ,"s ( !m are wond]s ( +5uity1 be+ s con/ruct$ t ! eyes1 m\?1 & (t5 ! e>s c be mov$ at ! w ( ! we>]4 ,"s ( !m are ev5 d\ble1 & s arrang$ t by draw+ op5 ! out] mask1 an inn] "o ( an entirely diff]5t "* c be reveal$4 ,"o ( ! r>e/ masks :i* 0 ev] br\ght out ( ! ,tsim%ian c\ntry is "o 9 ! possession ( ! museum1 :i* 0 acquir$ "s "t ago4 ,x is ( bone & f9ely c>v$1 :ile ! tee? & tusks are ^? ( animals4 ,hazelton is ( mu* int]e/ to ! obs]v] ( ! human c\nt5ance1 =1 :ile ! resid5ts ( ! t[n are ,tsim%ians1 !re is a village ne> by on ! ,bulkley ,riv]1 ! p ( :i* belong to ! great ,t9neh or ,a?abascan /ock1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,arctic ,circle on ! nor? to ! ,t]ritories ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico on ! s\?1 :]e x is repres5t$ by ! ,apa*es4 ,9 "s respects ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,tsim%ians & ,t9nehs1 or ,h[gelgaits1 z ?is bran* is call$1 are q m>k$1 & ^! diff]5ces /& out 9 great] relief because m or less ( ! population ( ,h[gelgait sp5d a "p ( _! "t 9 ,hazelton1 & s "o sees repres5tatives ( ! two /ocks 9 close contact4 ,! ,tsim%ians1 l ! ,haidas1 are great canoe p1 & are r %ort-legg$1 ) great developm5t ( ! *e/ & %\ld]s4 ,l ! ,haidas1 also1 !y h /rong1 long arms1 :i* bespeak famili>ity ) ! paddle4 ,! ,h[gelgaits1 on ! o!r h&1 are a pure m\nta9e] p1 & are tall1 robu/1 & f9ely proportion$4 ,_! hair is black1 co>se1 & abundant4 ,! eyebr[s are ?ick & rem>kably wide at ! out] side4 ,?is same peculi>ity may be obs]v$ 9 ! masks ( ?is tribe4 ,! be>d is sp>se1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! hair is g5]ally pull$ out z x appe>s1 p>ticul>ly on ! *eeks1 :ile ! mu/a*e & ! *9 tuft are all[$ to gr[4 ,among ! ,tsim%ians ! face is wide & ! *eek bones are prom95t4 ,! nose is n>r[1 ) a depress$ root4 ,nei!r ! ,tsim%ians nor ,t9neh practice artificial de=mation ( ! head4 ,) ! ,t9neh1 or m exactly ! ,h[gelgaits1 ! =ehead is broad & less rec$+ ?an is usual ) ! ,am]ican aborig9es4 ,! face is full & broad & ! *eek bones prom95t1 b ! nose1 unlike t ( ! ,tsim%ians1 is well =m$ & g5]ally aquil9e1 al?\gh occasionally x is ?ick & flatti%4 ,_! lips are also ?ick & ! *9 is m prom95t ?an is usual among ! ,tsim%ians4 ,! eyes are l>ge & ( a deep black color2 ! jaws are g5]ally v heavy & massive4 ,( traces ( ! anci5t preval5t fa%ion 9 de=mity we saw v little4 ,"o old woman /ill reta9$ ! labret1 b x 0 only a %ad[ ( ! =m] labrets 9 size4 ,al?\gh ! long1 f9ely poli%$ bone ornam5t :i* ! m5 =m]ly wore 9 a hole ?r\gh ! septum ( ! nose has entirely disappe>$1 we saw a few old m5 9 :om ! pi]c$ septum 0 /ill pla9ly visible4 ,) ! ,h[gelgaits x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om to load d[n ! e>s ) highly poli%$ bits ( abalone %ells1 :i* 7 susp5d$ by means ( brass r+s ins]t$ into holes "o above ! o!r on ! out] m>g9 ( ! e>1 ext5d+ f ! lobe ar\nd ! entire helix4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,! ,,tsim%ian ,,cemet]y ,,at ,,hazelton1 ,b4 ,c4 ,hazelton's ,city ( ! ,dead /&s on a high bluff ov]look+ ! t[n & valley1 & comm&s a view (f ov] ! brok5 =e/-clad c\ntry :i* is z beautiful z well c\ld be4 ,a trail w9ds along ! face ( ! bluff until ! cre/ ( ! plateau is rea*$1 :]e x divides into a "r & left pa? lead+ ?r\gh ! ma9 /reet ( ! sil5t city4 ,! sight is /rangely odd & picturesque4 ,ov] ea* grave has be5 erect$ a neat little frame h\se1 (t5 ( consid]able dim5sions4 ,all are pa9t$ ) bright colors1 & ! effect is decid$ly mix$4 ,9 "o ( ! h\ses1 :i* 0 sub/antially built & neatly c>pet$1 ,i saw ?r\gh a glass w9d[ two *airs1 a wa%/& ) full assortm5t ( toilet articles1 & an umbrella1 :ile at ! re> ( ! h\se /ood a table on :i* 0 spread a neat clo?1 & on ! table 0 a lamp4 ,on ! floor 0 a new pair ( %oes4 ,ov] ! table hung a l>ge crayon portrait ( ! dep>t$ occupant ( ! grave b5ea?4 ,9 ano!r h\se ,i saw *e/s ( clo?+1 & susp5d$ f a cord 7 g>m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ a complete co/ume ( ! frat]nity ( ! ,dog ,eat]s4 ,^! five-feet-deep graves cov]$ by little h\ses are n ! usual mann] ( burial ) ! ,tsim%ians1 = until )9 a v few ye>s ! dead 7 cremat$ ,ev5 to-day 9 ! neighbor+ village ( ,kispiye\x ! dead are buri$ 9 %all[ graves j 9 front ( ! h\se4 ,( ! _m *>m+ spots ab\t ,hazelton :i* are well wor?y ( a visit1 we _h "t = only "o--a horseback ride to ! ,h[gelgait ,caon4 ,! ride 0 mo/ enjoyable 9 e respect4 ,! road leads f ! t[n up ov] ! plateau ?r\gh ! bury+ gr\nd1 & !n on ?r\gh a p>tly cle>$ =e/ ( cottonwoods & maples4 ,!n we plunge into a two-mile-long lane1 ! trail sc>cely wide en\gh to admit ( ! pass+ ( a horse1 ?r\gh a d5se grove ( hazel bu%es1 lad5 to _! tips ) unripe nuts /ill protect$ by _! gre5 fuzzy envelopes2 & n[ we knew :5ce came ! "n ,hazelton4 ,sudd5ly ! grove t]m9ates1 & aft] dism\nt+ & walk+ =w>d a few /eps we came to ! face ( ! caon4 ,:at a sight6 ,on ! opposite cliff1 b on a high] level1 /&s ! old des]t$ village ( ,h[gelgait1 ) its great empty h\ses & skeleton totem poles4 ,at our feet1 d[n a %e] precipice almo/ a ?\s& feet bel[1 ! ,bulkley ,riv]1 set on edge1 ru%es & ro>s & foams ?r\gh ! rocky gorge to jo9 ! ,ske5a a mile away4 ,j by ! m\? ( ! caon1 at ! edge ( ! great :irlpool1 & on a gravelly bea*1 /&s ! pres5t t[n ( ,h[gelgait4 ,he>+ %\ts1 we look$ clos]1 & f> d[n we saw m5 mov+ ab\t1 _! =ms dw>f$ to almo/ spid]like dim5sions4 ,!y 7 build+ a sw++ bridge ov] ! riv]1 & ! timb]s already 9 place look$ l ! me%es ( a spid]'s web4 ,look+ up ! caon1 we c\ld see f ! opposite wall ne> ! wat]'s edge1 & f> bel[ u1 a rude scaffold+ susp5d$ by b>k ropes ov] ! riv]1 & f ?is ,indians 7 l[]+ _! nets & draw+ up salmon4 ,"o man aft] ano!r w\ld leave = 8 home1 8 back b5d+ "u ! weight ( _m fi%1 8 place to be tak5 by ano!r1 :o beg9s ca/+ 8 nets4 ,& s ^! rude scaffold+s "h & all along ! riv]s are occupi$ by busy fi%]m5 ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 = salmon is *ief ( ! w9t]'s food supply ( ^! p4 ,9 "o h\se we saw ov] a ?\s& salmon hung up to dry = use dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,we left ! caon = ! ride back to ,hazelton ) ke5 regret1 = no m fasc9at+ spot did we f9d on our entire j\rney ?an "r "h4 ,on ! way we enc\nt]$ a woman ( ! ,c>ri] tribe ( ! ,t9nehs f ,fraz]'s ,lake1 :o 0 return+ f ,hazelton lad5 ) provisions & *eap calicoes4 ,we _h sc>cely ent]$ ,hazelton :5 ! t9kl+ ( ! bell ( ! lead horse ann\nc$ ! arrival ( ! pack tra94 ,second only 9 importance to ! arrival ( ! ,cal$onia to ! p ( ,hazelton is ! arrival ( ! pack tra91 = x br+s ! news ( ! f> int]ior4 ,b ( mu* great] importance & value is ! c>go ( furs :i* are br\ght out on e trip 9 ex*ange = supplies :i* are tak5 94 ,on t day !re 7 fifty-sev5 mules1 ea* lad5 ) two bales ( furs weigh+ two hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 & includ+ beav]1 m9k1 ott]1 sable1 & be>1 all de/9$ = ! ,hudson ,bay ,company's h\se 9 ,london1 !re to be auction$ (f 9 lots to ! highe/ bidd]1 & !n to be di/ribut$ to all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hagivilgait ,,ca,,on1 ,,) ,,indian ,,fi% ,,weirs ,,at ,,bottom4 ,)9 less ?an an h\r's "t ! preci\s furs 7 abo>d1 & we bade f>ewell to ,hazelton4 ,! ,cal$onia drops back1 is sl[ly turn$ ar\nd by ! curr5t1 & ) its /eady *ug1 *ug1 we began our j\rney d[n ! riv]1 ! p[] ( ! boat aid$ by ! swiftly fl[+ wat] c>ry+ u along at a rapid rate4 ,if ! sl[1 labor$ up j\rney 0 a revelation ) its worries & anxieties1 :at c be said ( ! d[n j\rney ) its kaleidoscopic panorama ( s& b>s1 ,indian villages1 f>-away sn[y m\nta9s1 d5se =e/s ( mighty cottonwoods1 l(ty heights :i* t[] above u clad to _! v summits ) et]nal gre51 m\nta9 /reams1 & innum]able wat]falls & cascades6 ,& :at %all "o say ( t memorable ride ?r\gh ! caon1 ! :eel rev]s$ & ?r[+ wat] ov] ! pilot h\se1 ! boat rock+ & sway+ to & fro6 ,be=e we 7 fairly aw>e ( ! fact we 7 out into t great1 deep1 sil5t bas9 aga9 & (f on ! home /ret*4 ,ap>t f tak+ on wood & /opp+ at "o or two ,indian villages1 a delay ( a few h\rs 0 made to p]mit "s m9+ eng9e]s to exam9e a m9e4 ,!y _h j come up f ! coa/ & br\ght ) !m news ( ! gold excitem5t 9 ! ,yukon ,valley1 & n[ = ! fir/ "t we he>d t magic ^w ,klondike1 :i* 0 soon to electrify ! _w & put ! gold fields ( ,cali=nia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,au/ralia to %ame4 ,at n9e o'clock we 7 9 ,ess+ton once m4 ,klondike1 ,klondike6 on e side4 ,! :ole c\ntry seem$ to h gone daft4 ,"o /eam] aft] ano!r w5t rac+ by ! m\? ( ! ,ske5a on ! way to ,dyea & ! ,skagway ,trail4 ,b our =tunes lay 9 ! o!r direction1 & t night we 7 abo>d ! ,isl&]1 b\nd = ,victoria & ! s\?4 ,,footnote3 #be ,f a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,novemb] #ac1 #ahig4 ,,light ,,& ,,vegetation4 ,,by ,d4 ,t4 ,,macd\gal1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,*>ge ,,( ,,plant ,,physiology1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,m9nesota4 ,light is ! mo/ important ( all ! ext]nal ag5cies :i* influ5ce ! vegetal organism1 & ! sun's rays h be5 ! mo/ pot5t =ce 9 %ap+ ! developm5t ( exi/5t plant =ms4 ,! sunbeam /&s 9 a manifold relation to ! plant4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 light is ! univ]sal s\rce ( en]gy1 by ! aid ( :i* ! *lorophyll app>atus 9 gre5 leaves builds up complex food sub/ances f simple comp\nds obta9$ f ! soil & air1 a process necess>y = ! nutrition ( ! entire liv+ _w4 ,"s obscure organisms1 su* z ! nitrosomonas1 soil bact]ia1 are able to accompli% ! con/ruction ( complex sub/ances1 by means ( en]gy d]iv$ f o!r *emical comp\nds1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 =m$ orig9ally by gre5 plants4 ,^! food-build+ processes are designat$ z photosyn!sis1 *emosyn!sis1 electrosyn!sis1 !rmosyn!sis1 etc41 accord+ to ! s\rce ( en]gy us$4 ,by photosyn!sis1 c>bon dioxide f ! air & wat] f ! cell are comb9$ 9 ! gre5 cells ( leaves1 =m+ sug> & possibly o!r sub/ances4 ,dur+ ?is process an am\nt ( oxyg5 approximately equal to t ( ! c>bon dioxide tak5 up is exhal$4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to note ! relation ( ! liv+ _w to ! atmosph]e4 ,eight hundr$ to n9e hundr$ grammes ( c>bon dioxide are produc$ 9 ! respiration ( a s+le p]son = a day1 & ! entire product ( ! human race = ?is p]iod is twelve hundr$ million kilogrammes4 ,9 addition1 l>ge quantities ( ! gas result f ! combu/ion ( ! f\r hundr$ & sixty millions ( kilogrammes ( coal & wood burn$ ye>ly4 ,! l[] animals1 fungi1 & gre5 plants !mselves contribute an am\nt :i* mu/ br+ ! total to twice ! imm5se sum nam$ above4 ,! atmosph]e conta9s ?ree or f\r hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t ( c>bon dioxide1 or an am\nt ( ab\t two to ?ree ?\s& billions ( kilogrammes4 ,no especial v>iation 9 ?is proportion has be5 detect$ s9ce obs]vations ^u ?is po9t 7 fir/ made4 ,! fact t no increase takes place is p>tly due to ! absorption ( ! gas by plants1 & its replacem5t by oxyg51 & also to c]ta9 geological processes 9 con/ant op]ation4 ,absorption takes place at ! rate ( ab\t two & a half grammes = e squ>e metre ( leaf surface p] h\r1 or ab\t tw5ty-five to ?irty grammes daily1 s9ce ! process goes on only 9 daylight4 ,x is to be se5 t a s+le human be+ exhales z mu* c>bon dioxide z may be remov$ f ! air by ?irty or =ty squ>e metres ( leaf surface4 ,accord+ to ,eb]may]1 a hect>e 7#b4dg acres7 ( =e/ w\ld use elev5 ?\s& kilogrammes ( c>bon dioxide ye>ly1 & ! am\nt us$ by plants is g5]ally mu* 9 excess ( t furni%$ by ! activity ( ! inhabitants ( any giv5 area4 ,plants ?rive & %[ increas+ vigor z ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! air rises until two hundr$ times ! pres5t proportion is rea*$4 ,an increase ( ! gas 9 ! atmosph]e w\ld !re=e be p>tly correct$ by ! absorption & by ! /rong] vegetation induc$4 ,no?+ %ort ( a compreh5sive cataclysm c\ld "w su* di/urbance to ! composition ( ! air z to endang] ! well-be+ ( ! animal inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,! activity ( a squ>e metre ( leaf surface results 9 ! =mation ( "o & a half to two grammes ( solid sub/ance p] h\r 9 sunlight4 ,a vigor\s sunfl[] ) "o hundr$ & =ty-five leaves con/ruct$ ?irty-six grammes ( solid matt] 9 a day1 & a squa% ) "o hundr$ & sixte5 leaves "o hundr$ & sixte5 grammes 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! am\nts =m$ by su* trees z ! bee*1 maple1 oak1 popl>1 elm1 & horse-*e/nut1 ) leaf surfaces aggregat+ ?ree hundr$ to "o ?\s& squ>e metres1 mu/ be correspond+ly l>ge4 ,a comp>ison ( plants gr[n 9 /rong sunlight1 diffuse light1 & d>kness w reveal _m diff]5ces 9 /ature & int]nal /ructure4 ,^! diff]5ces are = ! mo/ "p due to ! =mative & tonic effect ( light4 ,o!rwise express$1 ! influ5ce ( v>iations ( light ^u plants causes adaptive reactions1 & di/urbances ( ! nutritive processes & gr[?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! facts ! reaction ( any giv5 organ to *anges 9 ! int5sity ( ! illum9ation w dep5d ^u its specific functions & relation to ! rema9d] ( ! organism4 ,! /ems =m$ by se$l+s & awak5+ und]gr\nd organs are usually surr\nd$ by plants or o!r objects :i* cut (f m or less sunlight4 ,! develop+ %oot c n spread its leaves to ! light advantage\sly until x has out/ripp$ or gr[n beyond ! objects int]v5+ betwe5 x & ! light4 ,?is necessity is "o ( ! mo/ important conditions 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,to meet x1 a v great majority ( se$-=m+ plants h acquir$ ! p[] ( accel]at$ elongation ( ! /ems :5 depriv$ ( _! normal am\nt ( light4 ,v /rik+ examples ( ?is reaction are (f]$ by ! awak5+ corms ( ! ,jack-9-!-pulpit 7,arisma triphyllum74 ,! corms usually lie at a di/ance ( five or six c5timetres bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 & :5 ! gr[? ( ! l>ge bud beg9s 9 ! spr+ ! heavy %ea?+ scales elongate & pi]ce ! soil1 op5+ :5 ! surface is rea*$ at ! di/ance ( a few c5timetres4 ,if ! corm %\ld h be5 buri$ deep] 9 ! sub/ratum by floods or drifts ( leaves1 ! gr[? ( ! bud scales w cont9ue until ! light is rea*$1 ?\gh x may be a di/ance ( tw5ty c5timetres4 ,su* gr[? may be se5 if ! corms are gr[n 9 a deep lay] ( sphagnum moss1 or 9 a d>k room4 ,aft] ! /ems em]ge f ! drawn buds !y %[ a simil> att5uation1 atta9+ a l5g? ( twice ! normal4 ,! excessive elongation ( /ems is accompani$ by v>iations 9 ! /ructure & cont5ts ( ! tissues4 ,! cells are g5]ally long]1 :ile ! walls are ?9n]4 ,9 consequ5ce1 organs gr[n 9 d>kness are v weak & easily b5t or brok54 ,gr[? 9 d>kness is att5d$ by ! non-=mation ( *lorophyll4 ,?is is replac$ by etiol91 giv+ ! plant a pale1 waxy1 yell[ appe>ance4 ,! adaptive elongation is n %[n by all species1 h[ev]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t /ems ( beet1 hop1 dioscorea1 & a few o!rs %[ no adaptations to dim9i%$ light4 ,! adaptive modification ( /ems elongat+ 9 d>kness is develop$ f ! ret>d+ influ5ce ex]cis$ by light ^u gr[?4 ,?us x is a well-kn[n fact t ! action ( c]ta9 portions ( ! sun's rays actually imp$es or *ecks ! increase 9 volume kn[n z gr[?1 ?\gh x does n influ5ce actual division ( ! cells to any great ext5t4 ,:5 ?is ret>d+ action is elim9at$ excessive elongation ensues4 ,! behavior ( leaves 9 illum9ations bel[ ! normal dep5ds ^u ! relation ( ^! organs to ! /orage /ructures ( ! plant z well z ^u o!r factors1 & _m types are dep5d5t ^u _! own activity = pla/ic mat]ial necess>y = gr[?4 ,x is to be said 9 g5]al t leaves ( dicotyl$on\s plants are incapable ( full developm5t 9 d>kness1 ?\gh to ?is rule !re are _m exceptions4 ,?us ! leaves ( ! beet develop normally1 or ne>ly s1 9 d>kness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 leaves ( monocotyl$on\s plants atta9 normal size 9 d>kness1 especially ^? ) /raight or curv$ p>allel v5ation4 ,"s1 z ! iris1 swamp m>igold1 & onion1 atta9 a great] l5g? 9 d>kness ?an 9 light4 ,"h1 z 9 /ems1 cell division is n modifi$1 b ! gr[? ( ! individual cell is increas$4 ,! gr[? ( leaves 9 d>kness may be easily obs]v$ if ! und]gr\nd p]5nial /ems ( common m&rake are plac$ 9 a d>k *amb] be=e ! gr[? ( ! leaf buds has begun4 ,! leaves are peltate1 & 9 ! bud are fold$ ab\t ! end ( ! petiole aft] ! mann] ( an umbrella4 ,usually ?is umbrella exp&s z soon z x has pu%$ upw>d & become free f ! soil1 atta9+ a diamet] ( tw5ty-five to =ty c5timetres :5 outspread4 ,9 d>kness1 h[ev]1 x refuses to unfold1 ! lam9 are pale yell[ & reta9 ! crumpl$ =m ( ! bud1 & z ! petiole %[s an exagg]at$ elongation ! organ takes on ! appe>ance ( a v small p>asol on a v long h&le4 ,! imp]fect developm5t ( leaves & ! rapid decay ( arial organs depriv$ ( sunlight leads to ! conclusion t ! action ( light is necess>y to ! heal? & normal activity ( ^! organs1 & ! light !re=e ex]cises a tonic influ5ce ^u vegetation4 ,_m species ( plants are s pla/ic & capable ( su* ready response to v>iations 9 ext]nal conditions t !y und]go di/9ct morphological *anges 9 response to v>iations 9 ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,! common potato is an example ( ?is fact4 ,! edible tub]s are simply ?ick5$ /ems1 & ! plant has ! habit ( /or+ />* 9 any /ems n act$ ^u by ! light4 ,! bran*es aris+ f ! base ( ! ma9 /em are g5]ally und]nea? ! surface ( ! soil1 & af=d ! prop] conditions = tub] =mation4 ,sug> is con/ruct$ 9 ! leaves1 c>ri$ d[n ! l5g? ( ! /em1 & deposit$ 9 ! und]gr\nd bran*es z />*4 ,space is made = ! accumulat+ /ore by ! multiplication ( ! ?9-wall$ cells ( ! pi?4 ,if any ( ! upp] bran*es %\ld become %ad$1 !y become at once ! focus ( conv]g+ /reams ( sug>1 & simil> enl>gem5t ensues1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( tub]s4 ,su* /ructures are occasionally obs]v$ 9 plants gr[n ?ickly toge!r4 ,v*t+1 by a numb] ( mo/ +5i\s exp]im5ts1 has succe$$ 9 produc+ tub]s on any bran* ( a potato plant by simply inclos+ ! bran* 9 a small d>k *amb]4 ,z ! result ( "o exp]im5t ! entire ma9 /em spr++ f a spr\t+ tub] 0 conv]t$ into a new tub] ne>ly z l>ge z ! fir/4 ,! entire plant at ! close ( ! exp]im5t _h ! =m ( a dumb-bell1 ) ! old tub] z "o ball & ! new tub] z ! o!r4 ,! same writ] has describ$ important results obta9$ f a /udy ( ! action ( light ^u ! /ems ( cactus1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( flatt5$ int]nodes4 ,:5 ! gr[+ tips ( su* plants 7 all[$ to develop 9 a d>k *amb] ! new int]nodes gr[n 7 cyl9drical 9 =m4 ,su* behavior sugge/s t ^! plants 7 orig9ally furni%$ ) cyl9drical /ems & foli> leaves4 ,! leaves at "s "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! plant 7 f\nd unsuitable1 & gradually atrophi$1 :ile ! /ems 7 flatt5$ & ext5d$ to take up _! functions4 ,"s v /rik+ adaptations ( =m ( organs to ! int5sity ( ! light h be5 analyz$ by ,goebel4 ,! common h>ebell 7,campanula rotundifolia7 has an upright /em tw5ty to sixty c5timetres 9 height4 ,! upp] "p ( ! /em be>s sessile lanceolate leaves1 decreas+ 9 size f ! base to ! summit4 ,! fir/ leaves =m$ by ! /em on its em]g5ce f ! soil are entirely diff]5t 9 con/ruction1 %[+ a he>t-%ap$ lam9a ) a di/9ct petiole4 ,^! leaves are =m$ at ! actual surface ( ! soil1 are g5]ally m or less %ad$ or cov]$ by fall5 leaves1 & 9 fact are n kn[n or se5 by _m collectors or obs]v]s ( ! plant4 ,goebel f\nd t simil> leaves might be =m$ on any "p ( ! plant if x 7 %ad$ f ! full gl>e ( ! sun's rays4 ,! cordate leaves at ! base ( ! /em 7 always produc$1 h[ev]1 no matt] to :at int5sity ( illum9ation t "p ( ! plant 0 subject$4 ,x is !re=e safe to conclude t ! cordate leaves are inh]it$ =ms1 & t ! lanceolate organs are adaptations to light :i* may be %[n by any individual ( ! species4 ,9 g5]al x is to be said t ! leaves ( sun-lov+ species h a ?ick epid]mis1 entirely free f *lorophyll1 ) /omata on ! l[] side only1 a firm consi/5ce due to ! =mation ( woody tissues1 & are (t5 provid$ ) a coat+ ( hairs4 ,! leaves ( %ade-lov+ plants1 on ! o!r h&1 h a ?9-wall$ epid]mis (t5 conta9+ *lorophyll1 /omata on bo? sides1 & are n s pl5tifully provid$ ) hairs z ^? 9 expos$ situations4 ,! v>iations 9 ext]nal =m describ$ above are due to ! int5sity ( ! illum9ation4 ,at ! same "t ! /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! cells dep5d on ! direction f :i* ! light rays come4 ,?us1 an organ receiv+ light f "o side only w exhibit a /ructure diff]5t f an organ ( ! same k9d receiv+ direct rays f two or m sides4 ,light1 !n1 is a cause ( dorsiv5trality--t is1 ( ! fact t ! upp] & l[] sides ( organs are n alike 9 /ructure4 ,! leaf af=ds a spl5did example ( dorsiv5trality z a result ( ! exposure ( "o side only to direct light4 ,! upp] side ( a horizontal leaf1 su* z ! oak1 bee*1 or maple1 conta9s "o or two lay]s ( cyl9drical cells ) _! long axes p]p5dicul> to ! surface4 ,9 v]tical leaves1 su* z ! iris1 ^! palisade cells1 z !y are t]m$1 are n s well def9$1 & 9 all leaves gr[n 9 d>kness ?is tissue is v mu* r$uc$4 ,if a "y leaf n yet unfold$ f ! bud is fa/5$ 9 su* a position t ! "u side is upp]mo/1 palisade cells w be =m$ on ! side expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,! influ5ce ( light ^u ! sporophylls1 or reproductive organs ( ! se$-=m+ plants1 is q z well def9$ z ^u ! vegetative organs4 ,9 g5]al x is to be said t /am5s & pi/ils may rea* functional maturity 9 d>kness or diffuse light1 & if poll9ation is provid$ =1 se$ & fruit =mation may ensue4 ,! dim9ution ( light has ! effect ( trans=m+ infloresc5ces into leafy %oots 9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]4 ,! m common reaction consi/s ( alt]ations 9 ! size1 =m1 & color ( ! p]ian?1 & great] *anges are induc$ 9 ! petals ?an 9 ! sepals4 ,! corolla %[s great] decrease 9 size 9 ,mel&ryum & ,sil5e1 9 diffuse light1 ?\gh ! relative =m is ma9ta9$4 ,! writ] has obta9$ mo/ /rik+ results f gr[+ fl[]s ( ,salvia 7sage7 9 a d>k *amb]1 inclos+ ! infloresc5ce only4 ,9 ! normal fl[] ! irregul> sc>let corolla atta9s ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! calyx1 & two /am5s extrude f "u ! upp] lip4 ,:5 gr[n 9 d>kness1 ! corolla ) ! adh]5t /am5s measure ab\t ?ree millimetres 9 l5g?1 or "o twelf? ! normal1 & are sc>cely m ?an half ! size ( ! calyx1 :i* is b two ?irds ! size ( simil> organs gr[n 9 ! light4 ,! color is entirely lack+ f ! corolla1 & is f\nd only along ! ve9s ( ! calyx4 ,9 o!r in/ances 9 :i* ! corolla is compos$ ( sep>ate memb]s1 an unequal reaction is exhibit$4 ,! corolla ( na/urtium 7,tropolum majus7 consi/s ( five approximately equal petals4 ,fl[]s ( ?is species gr[n 9 d>kness %[ "o ( ne>ly normal /ature1 two ( r$uc$ size1 :ile ! rema9+ two take ! =m ( club-%ap$ bracts4 ,! dim9i%$ size ( ! p]ian? ( clei/ogam\s fl[]s ( su* types z ! violet is due directly to ! action ( dim9i%$ light ^u ! hidd5 or inclos$ fl[]4 ,! influ5ce ( light ^u ! /ructure1 reproductive processes1 & di/ribution ( ! l[] =ms br+s ab\t ! mo/ widely div]g5t reactions1 :i* c n be describ$ "h4 ,! di/ribution & color ( m>9e alg dep5d ^u ! dep? ( ! wat] & ! consequ5t int5sity ( ! light4 ,?is gives rise to di/9ct zones ( aquatic vegetation4 ,?us 9 "o s]ies ( surveys ! littoral zone1 ! bea* area cov]$ at high wat] & expos$ at l[ wat]1 0 f\nd to furni% prop] conditions = gre51 br[n1 & r$ alg4 ,! sublittoral zone1 ext5d+ to a dep? ( =ty metres1 is furni%$ ) r$ alg1 increas+ 9 numb] ) ! dep?1 & ! br[n alg disappe>2 :ile ! elittoral zone1 f =ty to "o hundr$ & t5 metres1 is inhabit$ by r$ alg alone4 ,! numb] ( species ( vegetal organisms bel[ ?is dep? is extremely small4 ,an alga 7,halosphria viridis7 has be5 br\ght up f dep?s ( "o ?\s& to two ?\s& metres4 ,a v great numb] ( bact]ia are unfavorably affect$ by light1 & f9d prop] conditions at "s dep? 9 ! soil or wat]4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is fact t ! wat] ( froz5 /reams becomes m ?ickly inhabit$ by c]ta9 organisms ?an 9 ! summ] "t1 & exposure to sunlight is adopt$ z a hygi5ic measure 9 free+ clo?+ & h\sehold effects f infection4 ,bact]ia occur abundantly 9 sea wat] at dep?s ( two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ metres1 & q a numb] ( species are to be f\nd at eight hundr$ to elev5 hundr$ metres4 ,! di/ribution ( fungi foll[s ! g5]al habit ( bact]ia 9 t !y ?rive be/ 9 d>kness4 ,x is to be notic$ 9 ?is connection t light is also a det]m9+ factor 9 ! di/ribution ( ! high] l& plants4 ,?us ! am\nt ( light receiv$ 9 pol> latitudes is q insuffici5t = ! ne$s ( _m species1 entirely irrespective ( temp]ature4 ,! ret>d+ influ5ce ( light ^u gr[? is ev5 m m>k$ 9 ! l[] =ms ?an 9 ! high]4 ,su* action is ! result ( ! dis9tegrat+ effect ( ! blue-violet rays ^u f]m5ts & nitrog5\s pla/ic sub/ances4 ,! great] massiv5ess ( ! bodies ( ! high] plants enables !m to c>ry on ! *emical activities 9 :i* ^! sub/ances are conc]n$ 9 ! int]ior1 :]e ! int5se rays may n p5etrate4 ,! att5uat$ & undiff]5tiat$ fungi mu/ seek ! %ade1 to escape ! dang]s ( /rong light1 aga9/ :i* !y h no %ield4 ,! reproductive processes are p>ticul>ly s5sitive to illum9ation4 ,! =mation ( zospores by gre5 felt 7,vau*]ia7 may occur only 9 d>kness1 at night1 or 9 diffuse light1 & ^! examples might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,_m features ( ! g]m9ation ( spores & ! gr[? ( protonem or pro?allia among ! mosses1 liv]worts1 & f]ns are det]m9$ by light4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ reactions ( plants to light are to be se5 9 locomotor & ori5tation movem5ts4 ,locomotor movem5ts are *iefly conf9$ to l[] =ms1 & are mo/ noticeable 9 ! sw>m spores1 or zospores ( ! alg1 ?\gh exhibit$ by sp]matozoids z well4 ,zospores may be se5 collect$ aga9/ ! side ( ! vessel receiv+ direct sunlight1 :ile ! opposite side ( ! vessel w be free f !m4 ,! *lorophyll bodies ( gre5 cells arrange !mselves simil>ly4 ,! latt] bodies may move away f ! expos$ side ( ! cell if ! light exce$s a c]ta9 int5sity4 ,! typical plant may n move its body t[>d or away f ! s\rce ( light1 b x may secure ! same end by dispositions ( its surfaces to v>y ! angle at :i* ! rays are receiv$4 ,?is =m ( irritability is "o ( ! mo/ highly develop$ prop]ties ( ! plant4 ,wiesn] has f\nd t a se$l+ ( ! vet* is s5sitive to an am\nt ( light repres5t$ by "o t5-million? ( a unit repres5t$ by a ,roscoe-,buns5 flame4 ,! s5sitiv5ess to light may take "o ( ?ree =ms3 ,! organ may place its axis p>allel & po9t+ t[>d ! s\rce ( ! rays1 z 9 /ems1 :5 x is said to be proheliotropic2 ! axis ( ! organ may assume a position p]p5dicul> to ! rays1 :i* is designat$ z diaheliotropism2 or x may place its axis p>allel to ! rays & po9t+ away f ! light1 :5 x is said to be apheliotropic4 ,upright /ems are proheliotropic1 horizontal leaves & creep+ /ems are diaheliotropic1 & roots & su* /ems z ^? ( ivy are apheliotropic4 ,sunlight v>ies f z]o to ! full blaze ( ! noonday sun1 & assumes its greate/ int5sity 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,! int5sity 9 latitudes #dj to #de nor? w\ld be repres5t$ by #a4e units1 & at ! equator by #a4f units4 ,ne> ! equator ! int5sity is s great t an ord9>y leaf may n receive ! full =ce ( ! noonday sun )\t damage4 ,! injury w\ld n result f ! lum9\s rays1 b f ! temp]atures1 #dj to #ej ,c41 aris+ f ! conv]sion ( light into heat4 ,z an adaptation to ?is condition ne>ly all leaves h ei!r a p5d5t or a v]tical position1 or ! p[] ( assum+ ?is position by motor or impassive wilt+ movem5ts4 ,among ! plants ( ! temp]ate zone ! s-call$ compass plants are examples ( simil> adaptations4 ,! compass plants include1 among o!rs1 ! wild lettuce 7,lactuca sc>iola7 & ros9 we$ 7,silphium lac9iatum74 ,^! plants place ! leaves 9 a v]tical position ) ! tips po9t+ nor? & s\? 9 su* mann] t ! direct rays ( ! morn+ & ev5+ sun only may /rike ! surfaces at "r angles1 :ile ! edges are pres5t$ to ! fi]ce rays at noonday4 ,t ?is arrangem5t is an adaptation aga9/ ! int5se light is evid5t :5 x is se5 t specim5s gr[+ 9 %ad$ locations or 9 diffuse light place ! leaves 9 ! typical horizontal position4 ,to meet ! functional conditions1 bo? sides ( ! compass leaves are almo/ equally provid$ ) palisade cells = food =mation & /omata = transpiration4 ,! e/imation ( ! light /rik+ a compass leaf %[s t x receives approximately ! same am\nt ( light z a horizontal leaf dur+ ! c\rse ( a day1 b ! two maxima ( int5sity1 morn+ & ev5+1 are mu* bel[ t ( ! noon ( horizontal leaves4 ,! influ5ce ( light ^u plants may be briefly summ$ z foll[s3 ,light is necess>y = ! =mation ( food sub/ances by gre5 plants1 & x is an important factor 9 di/ribution 9 l& & m>9e =ms4 ,gr[? & reproduction are g5]ally ret>d$ by ! action ( ! blue-violet rays4 ,light is fatal to c]ta9 bact]ia & o!r l[ =ms ( vegetable life4 ,_m plants h ! p[] ( accel]at$ gr[? ( /ems 9 dim9i%$ light z an adaptation = lift+ ! leaves above %ad+ objects4 ,! gr[? ( _m leaves & ( ! p]ian? ( fl[]s is h9d]$ 9 dim9i%$ light4 ,! outw>d =m ( _m organs1 p>ticul>ly leaves1 is dep5d5t ^u ! int5sity ( ! light receiv$4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( bilat]al or dorsiv5tral organs is l>gely det]m9$ by ! direction ( ! rays4 ,plants h ! p[] ( movem5t to adju/ _! surfaces to a prop] angle ) imp++ light rays1 z a protective adaptation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mat*es :i* d n conta9 any phosphorus & :i* take fire by friction on any surface--a mat* t has be5 long s\ght--h be5 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,ros5?al & ,dr4 ,s4 ,j4 von ,kornocki4 ,x is repres5t$ t !y c be manufactur$ z *eaply z ord9>y mat*es4 ,,! ,,/one ,,age ,,9 ,,egypt4 ,,by ,j4 ,,de ,,morgan4 ,! inve/igation ( ! orig9 ( man 9 ,egypt is a v complex problem1 belong+ z mu* to geology z to ar*ology4 ,! e>lie/ evid5ces we h ( human indu/ry1 9 fact1 g back to s remote a p]iod t !y %\ld be reg>d$ r z fossils ?an z ar*ological docum5ts4 ,!y are v co>sely work$ fl9ts1 :i* are f\nd ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd among ! pebbles ( ! ,quat]n>y or ,plei/oc5e epo*1 & simil> to ^? :i* occur abundantly 9 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ,asia2 b ! /udy & collection ( !m h be5 pursu$ ) less me?od ?an 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! m rec5t monum5ts1 s mu* m conspicu\s & m easily accessible1 h attract$ mo/ att5tion1 :ile ^! h be5 left 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,no region 9 ! _w pres5ts a cle>] & m di/9ct individual "* ?an ,egypt4 ,ea* village is a special _w1 ea* valley a univ]se t has develop$ its own life2 & man has felt ! special local impressions2 & ev5 9 mod]n times1 :ile all ! ,egyptian villages pres5t a simil> aspect1 & al?\gh ! fellah appe>s to be ! same sort ( a man ev]y:]e1 ea* locality has its special individual *>act]i/ics4 ,"o :o kn[s h[ to obs]ve m5 & ?+s critically w f9d consid]able diff]5ces4 ,^! dissimil>ities are z old z ,egypt itself4 ,!y h always exi/$1 & are z mu* m int5se z ! communications betwe5 di/rict & di/rict 7 =m]ly m difficult4 ,!y are due to physical conditions special to ea* village1 to ! prevail+ w9ds1 ! =m & "* ( ! m\nta9s1 ! ext5t ( cultivable l&s1 & ! supply ( wat]4 ,a /udy ( ! detail ( ! c\ntry is a v important prelim9>y to ! exam9ation ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,e village & e nome _h =m]ly its special div9ity & its p>ticul> usages4 ,are we sure t ! gods & cu/oms 7 n impos$ by local conditions8 ,at ,ombos two ho/ile gods 7 ador$ 9 ! same temple4 ,may we n see 9 ?is fact a recollection ( ! ho/ility :i* has always prevail$ betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! two banks ( ! riv]1 & /ill cont9ues8 ,previ\s1 h[ev]1 to inve/igat+ ^! details :i* h be5 s influ5tial on ,egyptian civilization1 we ought to dispel ! d>kness :i* hides f u ! e>lie/ traces ( man 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 & exam9e h[ man liv$ 9 8 beg9n+1 to /udy ! geology ( ! c\ntry & its condition :5 x issu$ f ! seas4 ,z "o ( ! results ( ?is /udy we f9d t paloli?ic man1 kn[n to u only ?r\gh ! r\gh-cut fl9ts we f9d 9 ! alluvions1 made 8 fir/ appe>ance4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ( excavation came t ( fill+ up ) silt1 :i* /ill cont9ues4 ,new evid5ces ( man appe> 9 8 burial places & ! ru9s ( 8 villages1 ! kit*5 midd5s :i* he has left 9 8 habitations ( unburn$ brick & 9 8 camps4 ,?is "t he is m civiliz$2 he *ips 8 fl9ts ) a skill t is n surpass$ 9 ,european neoli?ic implem5ts2 he makes vessels ( /one & clay1 cov]s !m ) rude pa9t+s1 sculptures animal =ms ( s*i/1 & we>s necklaces ( ! %ells & ! /ones ( ! c\ntry4 ,!n comes a =eign p to take possession ( ,egypt1 br++ k ( metals1 writ+1 hi]oglyphics1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 new indu/ries & arts t h no?+ 9 common ) ! arts ( ! p x has ov]come4 ,! anci5t ,ph>aonic empire beg9s1 or p]haps ! reign ( ! div9e dyna/ies4 ,! m5 ) /one implem5ts are ! aborig9es2 ! o!rs are ! conqu]+ civiliz$ ,egyptians4 ,no?+ c be m int]e/+ ?an a comp>ison ( ! arts ( ! aborig9es & ^? ( ! ,egyptians ( ! e>li] dyna/ies4 ,ne>ly all _! *>act]i/ics are diff]5t1 & x is impossible to reg>d !m z ( common orig94 ,yet "s ( ! native =ms p]si/$ till ! la/ days ( ! empire ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,^! aborig9es belong$ to a race t is n[ ext9ct1 !y hav+ be5 absorb$ into ! mass ( ! ,egyptians & ,nubians among :om !y liv$1 & f ?is mixture ! fellah ( anci5t times is d]iv$4 ,! orig9 ( ! conqu]+ race--( ! ,egyptians z we "k !m--has n be5 precisely det]m9$4 ,! weight ( evid5ce1 s f> z x has be5 obta9$1 & ! balance ( op9ion1 are 9 favor ( an ,asiatic orig9 & ( prim>y relation%ip ) ! ,%emites ( ,*aldea4 ,9 ,egypt m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry x is necess>y to proce$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s circumspection 9 ! exam9ation ( remote antiquities4 ,! relics ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ( human life h be5 pil$ "o ^u ano!r & (t5 int]mix$4 ,! que/ions !y raise c n be answ]$ 9 ! cab9et or by ! /udy ( texts2 b ! inquiry mu/ be prosecut$ on ! gr\nd1 by comp>ison ( ! deposits :]e !y are f\nd & 9 ! deposits f :i* !y are recov]$4 ,f my fir/ arrival 9 ,egypt1 9 #ahib1 my att5tion has be5 greatly occupi$ ) ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! relics ( ! /one age t h be5 f\nd f "t to "t 9 t c\ntry4 ,i h ga!r$ up ! scatt]$ docum5ts1 explor$ a l>ge numb] ( sites1 & h b\ght su* fl9t implem5ts z ,i h f\nd on sale4 ,i h gradually be5 l$ to believe t :ile "s ( ^! cut /ones may possibly belong to ! hi/orical epo*1 we %all h to attribute a mu* m remote antiquity to ! mo/ ( !m1 & t evid5ces ( a neoli?ic age 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile are m abundant ?an has g5]ally be5 suppos$4 ,9 _m m9ds ! hi/orical antiquity ( ,egypt1 ! almo/ fabul\s ages to :i* its civilization asc5ds1 seem to *all5ge ! hi/ory ( o!r c\ntries1 & ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs1 reject+ all *ronological comp>ison1 to h appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w z a s+le example ( a l& :i* savage life _h nev] trodd54 ,yet :at are ! c5turies s9ce ,m5es rul$ ov] ! reclaim$ valleys1 ! few ?\s& ye>s ( :i* we c calculate ! duration1 by ! side ( ! incalculable lapse ( "t s9ce man1 /ruggl+ ) ! glaci]s & ! prehi/oric bea/s1 began 8 conque/ ( ! e>?8 ,! antiquity ( ,egypt1 ! eight ?\s& ye>s 7if x be z _m7 s9ce ! fir/ ,ph>aoh1 are only z an atom 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! ages4 ,we c ass]t "s vague k ( ^! pre-,ph>aonic inhabitants1 = two hat*ets ( ! ,*ellean patt]n 7 f\nd "s "t ago 9 ! des]t1 "o at ,esnet1 ! o!r ne> ! pyramids ( ,gizeh2 & we c n[ affirm 9 ! mo/ positive mann] t ,quat]n>y man liv$ 9 ! c\ntry :i* is n[ ,egypt1 & 0 !n only prep>+ to be4 ,f\r paloli?ic /ations h be5 m rec5tly discov]$--at ,!bes1 ,tukh1 ,abydos1 & ,das*ur4 ,jo9 ^! sites to ! o!r two :]e isolat$ pieces 7 f\nd1 & we h ! geography ( :at we "k at pres5t ( ,*ellean man 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,d\btless cont9u\s rese>*es w\ld result 9 simil> discov]ies at o!r po9ts1 = ,i h met ^! relics :]ev] ,i h be5 able to make a %ort soj\rn4 ,! ,*ellean implem5ts are f\nd 9 ! gravels ( ! diluvium on ! pebbly surface4 ,!y h be5 di/urb$ & probably scatt]$1 b "s places yield !m m num]\sly ?an o!rs--po9ts possibly correspond+ to ! anci5t work%ops4 ,i h f\nd a consid]able numb] ( specim5s at ,deir-el-,m$9et2 ,m4 ,d>essy1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,antiquities1 f\nd a p]fectly *>act]i/ic ,*ellean hamm] /one 9 ! ,yalley ( ! ,que5s at ,gurneh1 z p]fectly work$ z ! be/ specim5s f\nd at ,*elles1 ,/4 ,a*eul1 & ,m\l9-,quignon4 ,! f9ds are n v num]\s at ,tukh1 b "o may 9 a few h\rs make a collection !re ( hat*ets 7or hamm] /ones71 scrap]s1 po9ts1 simple blades1 & a l>ge numb] ( /ones be>+ indisputable m>ks ( hav+ be5 work$1 b n pres5t+ precise =ms4 ,! deposit at ,abydos is 9 ! bottom ( a circle beh9d ! ru9s surr\nd+ ! ,ph>aonic necropolis4 ,! specim5s seem suffici5t to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,quat]n>y man 9 ,egypt1 :ile ! se>* = !m has h>dly yet begun4 ,9 view ( !m x is extremely improbable t man did n also exi/ !re dur+ ! long p]iod t int]v5$ betwe5 ?is primitive age & t ( ! e>lie/ ,egyptians :o _h metals4 ,he did exi/ !re !n1 & ! evid5ces ( x are f\nd 9 neoli?ic rema9s betwe5 ,cairo & ,!bes1 a di/ance ( ab\t eight hundr$ kilometres along ! valley ( ! ,nile1 9 ! ,fayum1 & 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,among ^! are ! rem>kable tombs at ,abydos :i* h be5 explor$ by ,m4 ,e4 ,aml9eau1 & ( :i* he has publi%$ descriptions4 ,!y belong to a category :i* ,i h *>act]iz$ z tombs ( transition & z signaliz+ ! passage f ! use ( poli%$ /one to t ( metals4 ,_! ar*aic "* c n be disput$1 & _! royal orig9 is probably c]ta94 ,!y may belong to aborig9al k+s or to ! e>lie/ dyna/ies4 ,!y reveal a k ( brass & ( ! use ( gold = ornam5t4 ,at ! necropolis ( ,el-',amrah1 a few miles s\? ( ,abydos1 are "s ar*aic tombs1 all ( ! same model1 compos$ ( an oval tr5* f five to six & a half feet deep4 ,! body is laid on ! left side1 & ! legs are d\bl$ up till ! knees are ev5 ) ! /]num2 ! =e>ms are drawn out 9 front & ! h&s plac$ "o ^u ! o!r be=e ! face1 :ile ! head is slightly b5t =w>d4 ,ar\nd ! skeleton are vases1 & l>ge1 rudely made urns1 (t5 fill$ ) a%es or ! bones ( animals1 & ne>] to !m are pa9t$ or r$ vessels ) black or br[n edges1 vessels r\ghly %ap$ out ( /one1 & figur9es 9 s*i/ repres5t+ fi%es or quadrup$s1 cut fl9ts1 alaba/] clubs1 & necklaces & bracelets ( %ells4 ,bronze is r>e1 & f\nd always 9 %ape ( small implem5ts4 ,bo? purely neoli?ic tombs & burials ( ! transition p]iod to metals occur at ,el-',amrah4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! burials is ! position ( ! corpse1 totally unlike any?+ t is f\nd ( ! ,ph>aonic ages4 ,! ,egyptian f9ds ( /one implem5ts pres5t ! peculi>ity z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,europe1 t types are f\nd associat$ toge!r belong+ to :at w\ld be reg>d$ 9 o!r c\ntries z v diff]5t epo*s4 ,! "t may come :5 subdivisions c be made ( ! ,egyptian /one age1 b ! /udy has n yet be5 pursu$ f> en\gh to make ?is practicable at pres5t4 ,among ^! articles are hat*ets %[+ ! transitions1 examples ( :i* are want+ 9 ,europe1 f ! rude/ /one hamm] to ! poli%$ neoli?ic implem5t2 knives ( v>i\s %ape & "s ( h&some workman%ip2 scrap]s1 lance heads1 arr[heads1 saws1 p9s1 bodk9s1 maces1 beads1 bracelets1 & combs4 ,! l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts ) too!d blades f\nd at "s ( ! /ations may be reg>d$ z po9t+ to a v ext5sive cultivation ( c]eals at ! "t !y 7 9 use4 ,! deposits ( ,tukh1 ,z>radah1 ,khatt>ah1 ,abydos1 etc41 situat$ 9 regions suitable = gr[+ gra91 yield ?\s&s ( !m1 :ile !y are v r>e at ! fi%+ /ation ( ,dimeh4 ,t ! use ( sickles tipp$ ) fl9t v probably la/$ long aft] ! introduction ( metals seems to be prov$ by ! hi]oglyphics2 b v few evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( su* tools are f\nd aft] ! middle empire4 ,no traces ( articles relat$ to ! religion ( ! ,ph>aohs are f\nd 9 ! burial places ( ! aborig9es4 ,9 place ( ! /atuettes & fun]>y div9ities ( lat] times are f\nd rude figur9es ( animals cut 9 gre5 s*i/s4 ,!y repres5t fi%es1 tortoises ) eyes adorn$ ) h>d /one or nacre1 & num]\s signs ! orig9 ( :i* is unkn[n1 & 7 app>5tly reg>d$ z feti*es or div9ities4 ,articles ( pott]y are v num]\s1 v crude1 & ( a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ! p :o h left ^! relics 7 savages or b>b>ians4 ,hi/ory & ev5 ! pres5t age af=d in/ances ( _m peoples :o h obta9$ consid]able degrees ( civilization :ile backw>d 9 "s ( ! arts4 ,x is h>dly possible to a*ieve delicacy ( design & f9i% )\t ! use ( metals4 ,i believe ,i h %[n t an age ( /one once exi/$ 9 ,egypt1 & t x fur!rmore play$ an important "p1 ev5 9 ,ph>aonic civilization4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! ,au?or's ,re*]*es sur les ,orig9es de l',egypte4 ,,sup]/ition ,,& ,,crime4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,e4 ,p4 ,,evans4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahih1 an eld]ly woman came 9 great anxiety to a prie/ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ursula1 9 ,muni*1 ,bav>ia1 & compla9$ t ! devil haunt$ h] h\se at night & fright5$ h] by mak+ a great noise4 ,9 explanation ( ?is unseasonable & undesirable visit f ! l[] _w %e /at$ t a jo9t-/ock company _h be5 =m$ 9 ,b]l91 ) a bran* 9 ,muni*1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ hidd5 treasures1 & t 9 ord] to atta9 ?is object a human sacrifice mu/ be made to ! devil1 & t %e _h be5 select$ z ! victim4 ,a woman1 ^: husb& 0 a /ockhold] 9 ! a=esaid company1 _h k9dly communicat$ to h] ?is in=mation1 s t %e might be prep>$ & h "t to set h] h\se 9 ord]4 ,satan1 h[ev]1 grew impati5t ( ! promis$ sacrifice1 & began to look aft] h]4 ,! prie/ s5t "o ( 8 y\ng] assi/ants at ! alt> to read appropriate pray]s 9 ! haunt$ h\se1 & ?us exorcise ! evil _s4 ,we c h>dly suppose t 8 rev]5ce believ$ 9 ! reality ( ! report$ app>ition1 & yet he c\ld n ass]t its impossibility by call+ 9 "q ! exi/5ce ( ! devil or ! actuality ( diabolical ag5cies 9 human affairs )\t und]m9+ ! f\ndations ( ! ecclesia/ical sy/em1 ( :i* he 0 an ackn[l$g$ support]4 ,su* a decl>ation w\ld take away our hope1 z ! ,scot*man said ( ! d5ial ( a lit]al hell-fire & ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,x 0 = ! same reason t ! great body ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 f ,pope ,leo ,,xiii & ! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! *ur* d[n to ! humble/ c\ntry vic>1 s easily fell into ! sn>es laid by ,leo ,taxil & accept$ ! signature ( ! devil ,bitru z g5u9e1 & 8 revelations conc]n+ ! pact ( ! freemasons ) ,satan z au!ntic4 ,x is c]ta9ly some:at />tl+ to meet ) su* a case ( gross sup]/ition z ! above-m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! seats ( mod]n sci5ce & c5t]s ( ,european civilization4 ,9 rural di/ricts1 remote f ! influ5ces ( intellectual culture1 h[ev]1 in/ances ( ?is k9d are ( q frequ5t occurr5ce1 & (t5 result 9 ! commission ( crime4 ,human sacrifices to ,satan are /ill by no means uncommon 9 _m p>ts ( ,russia1 & are suppos$ to be effective 9 w>d+ (f fam9e & 9 /ay+ ! ravages ( pe/il5ce4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe ! belief 9 _! prophylactic virtue is rem>kably preval5t1 & w\ld be (t5 put into practice 7 x n = ! /rict] adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ! great] t]ror ( ! law4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahhi1 ! crim9al c\rt 9 ! gov]nm5tal prov9ce ( ,ar*angelsk1 9 nor!rn ,russia1 s5t5c$ a ,samoy$e1 ,jefr]n ,pyr]ka1 to fifte5 ye>s' imprisonm5t ) h>d labor = ! murd] ( a maid5 nam$ ,ssavaney4 ,8 sole def5se 0 t an unusually sev]e w9t] ) a heavy fall ( sn[ _h produc$ a fam9e foll[$ by scurvy1 ( :i* all 8 *ildr5 _h di$4 ,he !re=e made an image ( ! devil out ( wood1 sme>$ its lips ) fat1 & set x up on a hillock4 ,he !n attempt$ to lasso "o ( 8 companions1 ,&rey ,tab>ey1 & _h already ?r[n ! noose r\nd 8 neck1 :5 ! en]getic wife ( ! int5d$ victim int]v5$ & rescu$ h] husb&4 ,%ortly aft]w>d he succe$$ 9 /rangl+ ! girl & (f]+ h] z a sacrifice to 8 idol4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,novgorod1 kn[n z ! d>ke/ ,russia1 x is a g5]al cu/om among ! c\ntry p to sacrifice "s animal1 usually a black cat1 a black cock1 or a black dog1 by bury+ x alive1 9 ord] to *eck ! spread ( *ol]a4 ,9 ! village ( ,kam5ka1 a peasant1 ^: son _h di$ ( ?is disease1 int]r$ ) ! body eight live tomcats4 ,! immolation ( dumb animals1 h[ev]1 is deem$ less efficaci\s ?an t ( human be+s4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ! *ol]a 0 rag+ sev]ely1 a deputation ( peasants wait$ ^u _! p>son1 /at+ t !y _h det]m9$ to bury him alive 9 ord] to appease ! demon ( ! plague4 ,he escap$ ?is horrible dea? only by app>5tly acc$+ to _! wi%es & crav+ a few days' respite 9 ord] to prep>e = su* a solemn c]emony2 mean:ile he took ! measures necess>y to secure 8 safety & ?w>t$ ! purpose ( 8 lov+ p>i%ion]s4 ,9 ,okopovit*i1 a village ( ! same prov9ce1 ! peasants succe$$ 9 entic+ an ag$ woman1 ,lucia ,manjkov1 into ! cemet]y1 :]e !y ?ru/ h] alive into ! grave conta9+ ! bodies ( ^? :o _h di$ ( ! epidemic1 & quickly cov]$ h] up4 ,:5 br\ght to trial !y prov$ t !y _h act$ on ! advice ( a milit>y surgeon1 ,kosakovit*1 :o 0 !re=e reg>d$ z ! *ief culprit1 & s5t5c$ to be kn\t$ by ! hangman1 & !n to und]go twelve ye>s' p5al s]vitude 9 ,sib]ia4 ,we are indebt$ = ^! in/ances ( b>b>\s sup]/ition to ! rese>*es ( ,augu/us ,lw5/imm1 associate jurisconsult 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ju/ice at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :o has d]iv$ !m f ?or\ghly au!ntic & mo/ly (ficial s\rces4 ,he reports sev]al occurr5ces ( a simil> k9d dur+ ! epidemics ( *ol]a 9 #ahca1 #ahee1 & #ahgb4 ,inde$1 x is v difficult to aboli% su* pagan practices s long z ! cl]gy fo/] ! notion t animal sacrifices are expiatory & propitiatory 9 _! effects4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! prov9ce ( ,vologda x is /ill cu/om>y on ! day d$icat$ to ! prophet ,elias 7,july #bj? 9 ! ,greek cal5d>7 to (f] up bullocks1 he-goats1 or o!r quadrup$s )9 ! prec9cts ( ! *ur*4 ,! animal is driv5 into ! c\rty>d surr\nd+ ! sacr$ edifice & !re slaught]$2 ! fle% is boil$ 9 a l>ge kettle1 "o half ( x be+ kept by ! peasants :o provide ! sacrifice1 :ile ! o!r half is di/ribut$ among ! prie/s & sacri/ans4#bf ,! belief t ! walls ( dams1 bridges1 aqu$ucts1 & build+s are r5d]$ pret]naturally /rong by immur+ a liv+ human be+ )9 !m /ill prevails 9 _m c\ntries ( ,*ri/5dom1 & !re is h>dly an old ca/le 9 ,europe t has n a leg5d ( ?is sort connect$ ) x4 ,usually a *ild is suppos$ to be select$ = ?is purpose1 & ! rov+ b&s ( gypsies are popul>ly accus$ ( furni%+ ! infant victims4 ,! cu/om ( deposit+ gold co9s or o!r preci\s objects 9 ! f\ndation /ones ( important public edifices is d\btless a survival ( ! anci5t sup]/ition4#bg ,lw5/imm m5tions a curi\s sup]/ition ( pagan orig9 /ill practic$ 9 portions ( ,russia1 & kn[n z korovya sm]tj 7c[-dea?7 & opa*ivaniye 7pl[+ r\ndab\t74 ,if pe/il5ce or murra9 prevails 9 a village1 an old woman ( repute z a se]ess or =tune-tell] ent]s ! conf9es ( ! village at midnight & beats a pan4 ,!reupon all ! wom5 ( ! place assemble 9 ha/e1 arm$ ) div]s dome/ic ut5sils--fry+-pans1 pok]s1 tongs1 %ovels1 scy!s1 & cudgels4 ,aft] %utt+ ! cattle 9 _! /alls1 & w>n+ ! m5 n to leave _! h\ses1 a procession is =m$4 ,! se]ess takes (f h] dress & pron\nces a curse ^u ,dea?4 ,%e is !n hit*$ to a pl[1 toge!r ) a bevy ( virg9s & a mis%ap5 woman1 if su* a "o c be f\nd1 & a cont9u\s & clos$ furr[ is drawn r\nd ! village ?ree times4 ,:5 ! procession />ts1 ! image ( "s sa9t suitable to ! occasion1 t ( ,/4 ,blasius1 = example1 9 ! case ( murra91 is borne 9 front ( x2 ?is is foll[$ by ! se]ess1 clad only 9 a %ift1 ) di%evel$ hair & rid+ on a broom/ick2 aft] h] come wom5 & maid5s draw+ ! pl[1 & beh9d !m ! re/ ( ! cr[d1 %riek+ & mak+ a fe>ful d94 ,!y kill e animal !y meet1 & if a man is s un=tunate z to fall 9 ) !m he is m]cilessly beat51 & usually put to dea?4 ,9 ! eyes ( ^! rag+ wom5 he is n a human be+1 b ,dea? himself 9 ! =m ( a 7-wolf1 :o seeks to cross _! pa? & ?us break ! *>m & de/roy ! heal+ virtue ( ! furr[4 ,! c]emony v>ies 9 diff]5t places1 & g5]ally ends by bury+ alive a cat1 cock1 or dog4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! :ole population ( ! village1 bo? m5 & wom51 take "p 9 ! procession1 & are (t5 att5d$ by ! cl]gy ) sacr$ images & consecrat$ bann]s4 ,dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! pe/ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,podolia1 9 #agch1 ! inhabitants ( ! village ( ,gumm5ez1 :ile m>*+ 9 procession ?r\gh ! fields1 met ,mi*ael ,matkovskij1 a nobleman ( a neighbor+ village1 :o 0 look+ = 8 /ray horses4 ,! /range man1 w&]+ ab\t ) an eag] look & a bridle 9 8 h&1 0 reg>d$ z ! inc>nate pe/il5ce1 & 0 !re=e seiz$ & mo/ brutally beat5 & left ly+ half nak$ & half dead on ! gr\nd4 ,at l5g? he recov]$ 8 s5ses & succe$$ ) great difficulty 9 rea*+ 8 home4 ,no soon] 0 x kn[n t he 0 /ill alive ?an ! peasants ru%$ into 8 h\se1 dragg$ him to _! village1 subject$ him to t]rible tortures1 & f9ally burn$ him4 ,a curi\s feature ( ^! rem$ial rites is ! mixture ( paganism & ,*ri/ianity :i* *>act]izes !m2 & x is an unque/ionable ?\gh almo/ incr$ible fact t _! aton+ efficacy is (t5 q z firmly believ$ 9 by ! village prie/s ( ! ,russian ,*ur* z by ! mo/ ignorant memb]s ( _! flock4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahid "s ,russian peasants 9 ! di/rict ( ,kazan slew "o ( _! own numb] z a sacrifice to ! gods ( ! ,votiaks1 a ,f9ni% race dwell+ on ! ,volga1 ,viatka1 & ,kama ,riv]s4 ,ev5 or?odox ,*ri/ians ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 al?\gh reg>d+ ^! gods z devils1 fe> & seek to propitiate !m1 especially 9 times ( public di/ress4 ,/ill m widely diffus$ is ! practice ( infanticide z ! sequ5ce ( sup]/ition4 ,! belief t dw>fs or gnomes1 dwell+ 9 ! inn] p>ts ( ! e>?1 c>ry (f beautiful newborn babes & leave _! own de=m$ (fspr+ 9 _! /ead is n conf9$ to any "o p1 b is curr5t alike 9 ,g]manic1 ,celtic1 ,romanic1 & ,slavic c\ntries1 & causes a mis%ap5 *ild to be look$ ^u ) suspicion & subject$ to cruel tortures & ev5 kill$4 ,! suppos$ *angel+ is (t5 sev]ely beat5 ) junip] rods & ! sc\rg+ att5d$ ) incantations1 s z to compel ! wick$ fairies to reclaim _! de=m$ bantl+ & re/ore ! /ol5 *ild4 ,if ! ca/igation proves ineffective1 m summ>y measures are frequ5tly tak51 & ! supposititi\s suckl+ is ?r[n out ( ! w9d[ on a dunghill or imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,9 #ahgg1 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 an ,iri% immigrant & 8 wife burn$ _! *ild to dea? "u ! delusion t !y 7 ridd+ !mselves ( a *angel+4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are q common 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! victims are sometimes adults4#bh ,n long s9ce ,magoney1 an ,iri% peasant1 _h a sickly *ild1 :i* ! mo/ c>eful nurture fail$ to re/ore to heal? & /r5g?4 ,! p>5ts1 !re=e1 became conv9c$ t a *angel+ _h be5 impos$ ^u !m1 & :5 ! boy 0 f\r ye>s old !y resolv$ to h rec\rse to boil+ wat]1 9 :i* he 0 kept1 not)/&+ 8 %rieks & prote/ations t he 0 n an elf1 b _! own ,johnny ,magoney1 until dea? releas$ him f 8 torm5ts4 ,wilhelm ,mannh>dt1 ! celebrat$ writ] on folklore1 /ates t :51 9 #ahej1 he 0 9 ,lblau1 a village ( ,we/ ,prussia1 he saw a man brutally maltreat+ a boy on ! /reet4 ,on inquiry he f\nd t ! lad _h done no?+ wor?y ( blame1 b t 8 only fault 0 an exceptionally l>ge head4 ,?is cranial peculi>ity1 (f5sively conspicu\s 9 :at seems to h be5 a n>r[-head$ family1 0 reason en\gh = ! p>5ts to dis[n _! (fspr+1 & to treat him z ! c\nt]feit ( a *ild foi/$ 9 by ! fairies4 ,at ,had]sleb51 a consid]able m>ket t[n ( ,nor? ,silesia1 ! wife ( a f>m]1 9 #ahhc1 gave bir? to a puny infant1 :i* ! p>5ts at once assum$ to be a *angel+4 ,9 ord] to defeat ! evil designs ( ! elves & to compel ! re/oration ( _! own *ild1 !y held ! newborn ov] a b$ ( live coals on ! he>? until x 0 cov]$ ) bli/]s & di$ 9 int5se agony4 ,9 ,ea/ ,prussia1 ! ,mazurs1 a ,poli% race1 ^: only notable contribution to mod]n civilization & ! gayety ( nations is ! mazurka1 take precaution>y measures by plac+ a book 7usually ! ,bible1 al?\gh any book w d7 "u ! head ( ! newborn babe1 s z to prev5t ! devil f spirit+ x away & sub/itut+ = x "o ( 8 own helli% brood1 ?us unwitt+ly furni%+ a m>vel\s illu/ration ( ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! pr9t+ press & ! magic p[] ( lit]ature4 ,! ,e/onian inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,oesel 9 ,livonia refra9 f k9dl+ a fire 9 ! h\se :ile ! rite ( baptism is be+ celebrat$1 le/ ! light ( ! flames %\ld r5d] x easi] = ,satan surreptiti\sly to ex*ange an imp = ! infant4 ,aft] ! sacr$ c]emony has be5 p]=m$ !re is suppos$ to be no dang] ( su* a sub/itution4 ,"o ( ! mo/ incr$ible in/ances ( ?is extremely silly & surpris+ly p]si/5t sup]/ition occurr$ 9 #ahga at ,biskunizy1 a village ( ,prussian ,pos51 :]e a labor]1 nam$ ,bekk]1 _h by indu/ry & frugality gradually acquir$ a compet5ce & be5 able to buy a h\se ( 8 own1 9 :i* he l$ a happy dome/ic life ) 8 wife & five *ildr51 ( :om he 0 v fond4 ,aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( unbrok5 felicity ! wife's eld] si/]1 ,m>ianne ,*]nyak1 came f ,pol& to pay !m a visit4 ,?is woman 0 a crackbra9$ devotee1 :o sp5t half h] "t 9 go+ to mass & ! o!r half 9 backbit+ h] neighbors4 ,%e also claim$ t %e c\ld detect at once :e!r a p]son is 9 league ) ,satan1 & c\ld ca/ out devils4 ,! villag]s came to look ^u h] z a wit*1 & avoid$ all association ) h]1 especially z h] ab]rations manife/$ !mselves 9 exce$+ly malevol5t & mis*iev\s =ms4 ,un=tunately1 %e acquir$ complete asc5d5cy ov] h] y\ng] si/]1 :o accept$ h] absurd pret5sions z real4 ,on ,novemb] #ai1 #ahga1 ,m>ianne1 aft] return+ f confession1 w5t to b$1 b at midnight ,mrs4 ,bekk]1 :o slept ) h] y\nge/ *ild1 a boy ab\t a ye> old1 0 awak5$ by a fe>ful %riek & lit ! lamp4 ,!reupon ! si/] ru%$ into ! room1 cry+3 ,! demons h /ol5 y\r *ild & put a *angel+ 9 y\r b$3 beat him1 beat him1 if y wi% to h y\r *ild aga96 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is sugge/ion1 :i* seem$ to be almo/ hypnotic 9 its "*1 ! bewild]$ "m began to beat ! boy4 ,! aunt n[ seiz$ him & swung him to & fro1 z if %e w\ld fl+ him out ( ! w9d[1 at ! same "t call+ out to ,satan3 ,!re6 y h him2 take y\r brat6 ,%e !n gave him back to 8 "m ) ! words3 ,?r[ him to ! gr\nd1 drub him1 beat him to dea?2 o!rwise y w nev] recov] y\r *ild4 ,?is advice 0 foll[$1 & ! boy sev]ely /rapp$ ) a heavy girdle z he lay on ! floor4 ,mean:ile ,bekk]1 he>+ ! noise1 got up & at fir/ tri$ to int]v5e = ! protection ( 8 son1 b 0 easily conv9c$ by 8 wife t %e 0 do+ ! "r ?+1 & p]suad$ to aid h] 9 discomfit+ ! devil by beat+ ! boy ) a junip] /ick4 ,! process ( exorcism1 ?us r5ew$ ) increas$ vigor1 soon prov$ fatal4 ,at ?is juncture1 z ! son ( ! aunt1 a lad ( five ye>s1 ?rew himself d[n ) l\d lam5tations beside ! dead body ( 8 little c\s91 8 "m cri$ out3 ,beat him2 he is n my *ild6 ,:y %\ld we sp>e him8 ,we %all get o!r *ildr56 ,!reupon he1 too1 0 maltreat$ 9 ! same mann] until he expir$4 ,! aunt !n decl>$ t ! devil _h crept into ! /ovepipe1 & w5t to "w to demoli% ! /ove1 b1 :5 %e 0 prev5t$ f do+ s1 fl$ into ! g>d51 :]e %e 0 f\nd ! next morn+ by ! s*ool-tea*]4 ,by ?is "t ,bekk] & 8 wife seem to h come to _! s5ses1 & 7 sitt+ by ! corpses ( ! murd]$ *ildr51 weep+ & pray+1 z ! neighbors ent]$ ! h\se4 ,! trial1 :i* took place at ,o/rov 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgb1 l$ to ! introduction ( conflict+ exp]t te/imony conc]n+ ! m5tal s\ndness ( ! accus$1 & ! matt] 0 f9ally ref]r$ to a commission ( psy*iat]s 9 ,b]l91 :o decid$ t ,bekk] & 8 wife 7 n suff]+ f m5tal disease1 & !re=e n irresponsible1 b t ! aunt 0 subject to p]iodical insanity to su* a degree z n to be acc\ntable = h] actions4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! jurors rema9$ un9flu5c$ by ?is te/imony1 & pron\nc$ h] guilty ( ! crime laid to h] *>ge1 & 9 accordance ) ?is v]dict ! c\rt s5t5c$ h] to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t ) h>d labor4 ,! jurors ev5 w5t s f> z to decl>e t %e h]self did n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( elf *ildr5 or satanic *angel+s1 b made use ( ?is popul> sup]/ition = h] own selfi% purposes1 & t %e guilefully d5\nc$ h] own boy z an imp 9 ord] to get rid ( him4 ,9 ?is v]dict1 or r 9 ! consid]ations urg$ 9 support ( x1 x is easy to p]ceive ! effects ( /rong local prejudice aga9/ ! accus$1 :o _h ! reputation ( be+ a lazy1 malici\s1 & crafty p]son1 & 0 !re=e d5i$ ! ext5uation ( hone/ self-deception4 ,inde$1 9 su* cases x is always m or less difficult to det]m9e :]e s9c]e delusion ceases & consci\s sw9dl+ beg9s4 ,j at ?is po9t ! annals ( sup]/ition pres5t _m puzzl+ problems1 ! solution ( :i* is ( special int]e/ z well z ( great practical importance n only to ! psy*ologi/ & psy*iat]1 b also to ! legislator & jurisprud5t1 :o h to d ) ! enactm5t & adm9i/ration ( crim9al laws4 ,9 ! p5al codes ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations ! ag5cy ( sup]/ition z a factor 9 ! promotion ( crime is almo/ :olly ignor$1 &1 z ?is 0 n ! case 9 =m] times1 ! omission w\ld seem to assume t ! g5]al diffusion ( k 9 our enlight5$ age _h r5d]$ all su* specifications obsolete & sup]flu\s4 ,only 9 ! ,russian p5al code1 especially 9 ! sections ,ulo%5iye & ,u/av on felonies & frauds1 z cit$ by ,lw5/imm1 d we f9d a di/9ct recognition & designation ( v>i\s =ms ( sup]/ition z inc5tives to crime4 ,?us1 9 p>agraph #adfi ( ! fir/ ( ^! sections1 ! murd] ( mon/r\s bir?s or mis%ap5 suckl+s z *angel+s is expressly m5tion$1 & ! p5alty prescrib$2 & 9 o!r clauses ( ! code puni%m5ts are impos$ = ! desecration ( graves & mutilation ( corpses1 9 ord] to procure talismans or to prev5t ! dead f revisit+ ! e>? z vampires1 & = v>i\s (f5ses emanat+ f ! belief 9 sorc]y & diabolical possession4 ,! practice ( op5+ graves & mutilat+ dead bodies is q common1 & arises 9 g5]al f ! notion t p]sons :o die imp5it5t & )\t extreme unction1 includ+ suicides & victims to delirium trem5s1 apoplexy1 & o!r =ms ( sudd5 dea?1 z well z s*ismatics1 sorc]]s1 & wit*es1 come =? f _! graves & w&] ab\t z vampires1 suck+ ! blood ( individuals dur+ sleep & inflict+ mis]y ^u entire communities by produc+ dr\ght1 fam9e1 & pe/il5ce4 ,! means employ$ to prev5t ?is dang]\s metamorphosis1 or at lea/ to compel ! vampire to rema9 9 ! grave1 diff] 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ,russia ! deceas$ is buri$ ) 8 face d[nw>d1 & an a%5 /ake driv5 ?r\gh 8 back1 :ile 9 ,pol& & ,ea/ ,prussia ! corpse is wrapp$ up 9 a fi% net & cov]$ ) poppies1 ow+1 d\btless1 to ! soporific qualities ( ?is plant4 ,prev5tive measures ( ?is k9d are (t5 tak5 ) ! cons5t & co-op]ation ( ! cl]gy & local au?orities4 ,?us1 9 #ahdi1 at ,m>i5see1 ne> ,dantzig1 9 ,we/ ,prussia1 a peasant's wife came to ! ,ca?olic prie/ ( ! p>i% & compla9$ t an old woman nam$ ,welm1 rec5tly deceas$1 appe>$ 9 h] h\se & beat & o!rwise torm5t$ h] *ild4 ,! prie/ seems to h accept$ ! tru? ( h] /atem5t1 s9ce he ord]$ ! corpse to be dis9t]r$1 decapitat$1 reburi$ at a cross-road1 & cov]$ ) poppies4 ,9 #ahea1 dur+ ! preval5ce ( *ol]a 9 ,ukra9e1 9 ! gov]nm5tal prov9ce ( ,kiev1 ! peasants ( ,possady attribut$ ! epidemic to a deceas$ sacri/an & 8 wife1 :o 7 suppos$ to roam ab\t at night z vampires & kill p by suck+ _! blood4 ,9 ord] to /ay ! ravages ( ! sc\rge ! corpses ( ?is c\ple 7 exhum$1 _! heads cut (f & burn$1 & a%5 /akes driv5 ?r\gh _! backs into ! gr\nd4 ,9 #ahib a peasant woman 9 ! ,russian prov9ce ( ,kovno hang$ h]self 9 a wood ne> ! village ( ,som5i%ki4 ,! prie/ refus$ h] ,*ri/ian burial because %e _h committ$ suicide1 & 0 !re=e giv5 ov] to ! devil4 ,9 ord] t %e might re/ quietly 9 h] grave & n be *ang$ into a vampire1 h] sons sev]$ h] head f h] body & laid x at h] feet4 ,9 ?us refus+ to p]=m religi\s fun]al rites ! prie/ obey$ ! canons ( ! *ur* & also ! laws ( ! ,russian ,empire4 ,until q rec5tly a corn] ( unconsecrat$ gr\nd next to ! wall ( ! ,russian cemet]y 0 res]v$ z a sort ( c>rion pit = ! corpses ( self-murd]]s1 & x is expressly prescrib$ 9 ! ,svod ,sakonov#bi t !y %all be dragg$ to su* place ( infamy by ! knack]1 & !re cov]$ ) e>?4 ,?is treatm5t ( a felo-de-se by ! ecclesia/ical & civil au?orities directly fo/]s popul> sup]/ition by t5d+ to confirm ! notion t !re is some?+ uncanny1 eldrit*1 demoniacal1 & pret]naturally malignant inh]5t 9 8 mortal rema9s1 a notion /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ by a mo/ unju/ p>agraph 7#adgb7 9 ! ,russian code1 :i* decl>es ! la/ w & te/am5t ( a suicide to h no legal validity4 ,dr\ght1 too1 z well z pe/il5ce1 is ascrib$ to ! evil ag5cy ( vampires1 :i* milk ! cl\ds1 & h9d] ! fall+ ( ! dew4 ,9 #ahhg ! ,s\? ,russian prov9ce ( ,*]son began to suff] f dr\ght soon aft] a peasant _h hang$ himself 9 ! village ( ,ivanovka1 ! inhabitants ( :i*1 assum+ a causative connection betwe5 ! aridity & ! self-homicide1 p\r$ wat] on ! grave :ile utt]+ ! foll[+ words3 ,i spr9kle1 ,i p\r2 may ,god s5d a %[]1 br+ on a little ra9fall1 & relieve u f mis]y6 ,z ?is invocation fail$ to produce ! desir$ effect1 ! body 0 tak5 up & inhum$ aga9 9 a gorge outside ( ! village4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! corpse is dis9t]r$1 beat5 on ! head1 & dr5*$ ) wat] p\r$ ?r\gh a sieve2 9 o!rs x is burn$4 ,! records ( ! crim9al c\rts 9 ,we/ ,prussia dur+ ! la/ half c5tury conta9 num]\s in/ances ( ! violation ( graves f sup]/iti\s motives4 ,?us 9 ,m>*1 #ahif1 a peasant di$ 9 ! village ( ,p5kuhl2 soon aft]w>d 8 son 0 tak5 ill ( a l+]+ disease1 :i* ! rem$ies prescrib$ by ! c\ntry doctor fail$ to relieve4 ,x did n take long = ! wise wom5 ( ! village to conv9ce him t 8 fa!r 0 a n9e-kill]1 & w\ld soon draw aft] him into ! grave n9e ( 8 next ( k94 ,! sole means ( depriv+ him ( ?is fatal p[] w\ld be to dis9t] him & sev] 8 head f 8 body4 ,9 accordance ) ?is advice ! "y man dug up ! corpse by night & decapitat$ x ) a spade4 ,9 ?is case ! accus$1 if tri$ 9 c\rt1 might hone/ly decl>e t he act$ 9 self-def5se2 inde$1 he might plead 9 ju/ification ( 8 conduct t he !reby pres]v$ n only 8 own life1 b also ! lives ( eight ( 8 ne>e/ & de>e/ relations1 & t he %\ld be comm5d$ r ?an condemn$ = :at he _h done4 ,x is ! possibility & s9c]ity ( ?is plea t r5d] x s difficult to deal ) su* (f5ses judicially & ju/ly4 ,"h is ne$$ :at ,t5nyson calls ,! intuitive decision ( a bright ,& ?or\gh-edg$ intellect1 to "p ,error f crime4 ,q diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f a moral po9t ( view1 is ! op5+ ( graves 9 que/ ( m$icam5ts1 & especially ( talismans1 :i* are suppos$ to br+ good luck to ! possessor or to enable him to practice sorc]y & to commit crime ) impunity4 ,9 anci5t times1 & ev5 9 ! middle ages1 physicians sometimes prescrib$ p>ts ( ! human body z m$ic9e1 & 9 ,franconia1 ,nor? ,bav>ia1 a peasant n[ occasionally ent]s an apo!c>y's %op & asks = ,arm5snd]fett1 poor s9n]'s fat1 obta9$ f ! bodies ( execut$ malefactors & priz$ z a p[]ful specific4 ,! culprit 0 tri$ fir/ = murd] & !n = l>d1 & ?us made d\bly conducive to ! safety & sanitation ( ! community4 ,=m]ly _m p]sons w5t dilig5tly to public executions = ! purpose ( procur+ a piece ( ! crim9al z a heal+ salve1 b s9ce ! hangman or headsman has g5]ally ceas$ to p]=m 8 fe>ful functions 9 ! pres5ce ( a promiscu\s cr[d1 su* loa?some rem$ies = disease are s\ght 9 *ur*y>ds4 ,9 ,may1 #ahfe1 a ,poli% peasant 9 ,wyssokopiz1 ne> ,w>saw1 discov]$ t ! grave ( 8 rec5tly deceas$ wife _h be5 op5$ & ! corpse mutilat$4 ,in=mation 0 giv5 to ! police1 & a %eph]d's pipe1 f\nd 9 ! *ur*y>d1 l$ to ! detection ( ! culprit 9 ! p]son ( ! communal %eph]d1 a man tw5ty-six ye>s old1 :o on exam9ation confess$ t he1 ) ! aid ( two accomplices1 _h committ$ ! disgu/ful de$4 ,8 object1 he said1 0 to procure a too? & ! liv] ( a dead p]son4 ,he int5d$ to pulv]ize ! too? & aft] mix+ x ) snuff to give x to 8 bro!r-9-law 9 ord] to poison him4 ,on p]ceiv+1 h[ev]1 t ! body 0 t ( a woman1 he did n take ! too?1 because x w\ld h no p[] to kill a man2 b he cut out ! liv] = ! purpose ( bury+ x 9 a field :]e ! %eep 7 pa/ur$1 & ?us caus+ ! dea? ( ! entire flock 9 case he %\ld be sup]s$$ by ano!r %eph]d1 :i* he fe>$ might happ54 ,all ?ree 7 condemn$ to h>d labor 9 ,sib]ia4 ,x is a q preval5t notion t if any "p ( a corpse is conceal$ 9 a h\se1 ! inmates w h ! correspond+ bodily organs affect$ by disease & gradually p>alyz$4 ,a dra/ic example ( ?is sup]/ition occurr$ 9 ,may1 #ahge1 at ,s*wetz1 a prov9cial t[n ( ,we/ ,prussia1 :]e a woman nam$ ,alb]t9e ,mayevski became ! "m ( a male *ild1 :i* di$ soon aft] its bir?4 ,! fa!r1 to :om %e 0 betro!d1 refus$ to m>ry h]1 & to puni% him = ?is brea* ( promise %e dis9t]r$ ! body ( h] babe1 cut (f its "r h& at ! wri/ & ! g5itals1 & hid !m 9 ! *imney ( ! h\se ( h] fai?less lov]1 hop+ !reby to cause ! h&1 ) :i* he _h pl$g$ 8 v[1 to )] away1 & to r5d] him impot5t4 ,all ?is %e freely confess$ :5 br\ght to trial1 & 0 s5t5c$ to two mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,b su* relics ( ! tomb are us$1 on ! pr9ciple ( similia similibus1 n only = inflict+ injury1 b also = br++ luck4 ,?us memb]s ( ! light-f+]$ craft c>ry ) !m ! f+] ( a corpse 9 ord] to enhance _! skill1 success1 & safety 9 ?iev]y2 if ! f+] belong$ to an adroit ?ief or a condemn$ crim9al its talismanic virtue is all ! great]4 ,x is also believ$ t a purse 9 :i* a f+] jo9t is kept w conta9 an inexhau/ible supply ( money4 ,! f+] ( a murd]$ man is greatly priz$ by burgl>s because x is suppos$ to possess a magic p[] 9 op5+ locks4 ,! records ( crim9al c\rts prove t ^! absurd notions are g5]ally ent]ta9$ by common malefactors 9 ,ea/ ,prussia1 ,?ur+ia1 ,silesia1 ,bohemia1 & ,pol&4 ,a c&le made ( fat obta9$ f ! human body is v frequ5tly us$ by ?ieves on acc\nt ( its suppos$ soporific p[]1 s9ce ) su* a tap]1 kn[n 9 ,g]many z ,diebsli*t or ,s*lumm]li*t 7sloom-light 9 prov9cial ,engli%71 !y are confid5t ( be+ able to ?r[ all ! inmates ( ! h\se into a deep sleep1 & ?us rummage ! rooms at w & ) p]fect impunity4 ,! dang] ( detection is also =e/all$ by lay+ a dead man's h& on a w9d[ sill2 & 9 ord] to make assurance d\bly sure1 bo? pres]vatives are usually employ$4 ,h5ce ! prov]bial say+1 ,he sleeps z ?\gh a dead h& _h be5 c>ri$ r\nd him4 ,! desire to procure mat]ial = su* c&les (t5 leads to ! commission ( crime4 ,an ,au/rian juri/1 ,dr4 ,gross1 9 8 manual = inquisitorial judges 7,h&bu* fr ,unt]su*ungsri*t]71 & ! folklori/s ,mannh>dt & ,jaku%k91 give num]\s in/ances ( ?is k9d1 & !re is no d\bt t ! _m my/]i\s murd]s & gha/ly mutilations1 especially ( wom5 & *ildr51 s horrify+ to ! public & puzzl+ to ! police1 are due to ! same cause4 ,9 mo/ cases ! prosecut+ attorneys & judges are unable to discov] ! real motives ( su* bloody & brutal de$s because !y are ignorant ( ! popul> sup]/itions 9 :i* !y h _! orig91 &1 = lack ( any bett] explanation1 attribute !m to m]e bruti%ness1 wantonness1 homicidal mania1 & o!r vague & un9telligible impulses1 :]eas 9 reality !y spr+ f a supremely selfi% b exce$+ly def9ite purpose1 are p]petrat$ delib]ately1 & ) ! normal ex]cise ( ! m5tal faculties1 & c n be mitigat$ ev5 by ! ext5uat+ plea ( sudd5 passion4 ,crimes ( ?is sort are ( common occurr5ce n only 9 ! semi-b>b>\s prov9ces ( ,russia1 b also 9 ,au/ria & ,g]many1 ju/ly reckon$ among ! mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahfe1 ! h\se ( a man nam$ ,peck1 ne> ,elb+ 9 ,we/ ,prussia1 0 ent]$ dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! family by a burgl>1 ,gottfri$ ,dallian1 :o kill$ ! maid-s]vant1 ,ca?>9a ,z]nickel1 & ransack$ ! premises 9 se>* ( money & o!r objects ( value4 ,be=e c>ry+ (f 8 spoils he cut a l>ge piece ( fle% out ( ! body ( ! murd]$ girl 9 ord] to make c&les = 8 protection on future occasions ( ?is sort4 ,! talismanic light1 :i* he kept 9 a t9 tube1 did n prev5t him f be+ caught 9 ! act ( committ+ ano!r burgl>y ab\t six weeks lat]4 ,dur+ ! trial1 :i* result$ 9 8 condemnation to dea?1 he confess$ t he _h eat5 "s ( ! maid-s]vant's fle% 9 ord] to appease 8 consci5ce4 ,?is disgu/+ me?od ( alleviat+ ! compuncti\s visit+s ( ,nature w\ld seem to confirm ! sugge/ion ( a writ] 9 ! ,russkiya ,wj$omo/i 7,russian ,news1 #ahhh1 ,no4 #cei7 t ! ?ieves' c&le is a survival ( primitive cannibalism1 di/9ct traces ( :i* he also discov]s 9 a ,russian folk song :i* runs z foll[s3 ,i bake a cake out ( ! h&s & feet1 out ( ! silly head ,i =m a goblet1 out ( ! eyes ,i ca/ dr9k+ glasses1 out ( ! blood ,i brew an intoxicat+ be]1 & out ( ! fat ,i mold a c&le4 ,x is c]ta9ly v que] to f9d su* /uff con/itut+ ! !me ( popul> song )9 ! conf9es ( ,*ri/ian civilization at ! pres5t day1 a grewsome /uff m suitable z ! /aple ( ,o!llo's tales --( ! cannibals t ea* o!r eat1 ,! an?ropophagi1 & m5 ^: heads ,d gr[ b5ea? _! %\ld]s4 ,9 ! burgl>y j m5tion$ ! murd] & mutilation ( ! maid 7 incid5tal to ! robb]y1 & probably an aft]?\ght1 b !re are on record num]\s in/ances ( p]sons be+ waylaid & kill$ = ! sole purpose ( mak+ c&les out ( _! adipose tissue4 ,no long] ago ?an ,novemb] #ae1 #ahif1 two peasants 7 convict$ ( ?is crime 9 ,korotoyak1 a city on ! ,don 9 ,s\? ,russia4 ,_! victim 0 a boy twelve ye>s ( age1 :om !y /rangl$ & evisc]at$ 9 ord] to make c&les f ! fat ( ! caul & entrails4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s & t$i\s to cite additional examples ( ?is outrage\s (f5se aga9/ humanity & common s5se1 =1 l ! devils t ent]$ into ! ,gad>5e sw9e1 _! "n is ,legion4 ,a /ill m disgu/+ & dang]\s sup]/ition is ! notion t sup]natural p[]s are acquir$ by eat+ ! he>t ( an unborn babe ( ! male sex1 j z a savage imag9es t by eat+ ! he>t ( a brave foe he c become indu$ ) 8 valor4 ,! mod]n ,european cannibal believes t by eat+ n9e he>ts1 or p>ts ( !m1 he c make himself invisible & ev5 fly ?r\gh ! air4 ,he c ?us commit crime )\t detection1 & defy all ef=ts to arre/ or imprison him1 releas+ himself ) ease f fett]s1 & pass+ ?r\gh /one walls4 ,?is horrible practice has be5 kn[n = ages1 & is /ill by no means uncommon4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! notori\s m>%al ( ,france1 ,gilles de ,laval1 ,b>on ( ,rayz1 is said to h murd]$ 9 8 ca/le ne> ,nantes "o hundr$ & fifty wom5 9 ord] to get possession ( unborn babes4 ,he 0 !n suppos$ to h committ$ ^! atrocities f lewd motives1 & 0 also accus$ ( wor%ip+ ,satan4 ,a mix$ commission ( civilians & ecclesia/ics1 appo9t$ to exam9e into ! matt]1 f\nd him guilty & condemn$ him to be /rangl$ & burn$ on ,octob] #be1 #addj4 ,9 #adbi1 :5 he 0 ?irty-?ree ye>s ( age1 he _h f\ght ! ,engli% at ,orleans by ! side ( ,joan ( ,arc1 & x 0 probably ! desire to acquire sup]natural p[]s 9 emulation ( ! maid t l$ him to p]petrate a succession ( inhuman but*]ies ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s1 ! real object ( :i* seems to h be5 imp]fectly und]/ood by ! tribunal :i* s5t5c$ him to dea?4#cj ,lw5/imm cites sev]al in/ances ( ?is crime4 ,?us1 9 #aegg a man 0 put to ! rack 9 ,bamb]g1 ,nor? ,bav>ia1 = murd]+ & disemb[el+ ?ree pregnant wom54 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a b& ( robb]s1 ^: *ief 0 kn[n z ,k+ ,daniel1 creat$ int5se con/]nation among ! inhabitants ( ,ermel& 9 ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,= a long "t ^! freeboot]s rov$ & spoil$ ) impunity1 b 7 f9ally arre/$ & execut$4 ,!y confess$ t !y _h kill$ f\rte5 wom51 b1 z ! unborn infants prov$ to be female1 _! he>ts 7 devoid ( talismanic virtue4 ,inde$1 !y attribut$ _! capture to ?is un=tunate & un=seeable circum/ance1 & pos$ z p]sons wor?y ( commis]ation on acc\nt ( _! ill luck4 ,"o ( ! /range/ features ( ?is cruel & incr$ible sup]/ition is its p]si/5cy 9 an age ( sup]ior enlight5m5t4 ,dr4 ,gross records two cases ( comp>atively rec5t occurr5ce 9 ! v c5t]s ( mod]n civilization3 "o 9 #ahgi1 ne> ,hamburg1 :]e a woman1 great ) *ild1 0 kill$ & cut op5 by a ,sw$e nam$ ,&]s51 & ano!r ( l "* t5 ye>s lat] 9 ,simm]+1 ne> ,vi5na4 ,an ordeal v commonly practic$ 9 ! middle ages to det]m9e ! guilt or innoc5ce ( any "o accus$ ( !ft 0 to give him a piece ( consecrat$ *eese1 :i*1 if he 7 guilty1 x w\ld be impossible = him to swall[4 ,h5ce arose ! popul> phrase1 ,x /icks 9 8 ?roat4 ,?us ,macbe? says1 aft] he _h done ! de$3 ,b :]e=e c\ld n ,i pron\nce am58 ,i _h mo/ ne$ ( bless+1 & am5 ,/uck 9 my ?roat4 ,wuttke /ates t ?is cu/om /ill prevails 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,br&5burg1 :]e a p]son suspect$ ( l>c5y is made to swall[ a piece ( ,dut* *eese on :i* c]ta9 magical lett]s & signs are scrat*$4 ,8 failure to d s is reg>d$ z conclusive evid5ce ( 8 guilt4 ,v>i\s o!r means ( mak+ inque/ = ! detection ( crime are 9 vogue1 "s ( !m m]ely silly1 & o!rs m]cilessly savage4 ,?us a mirror is laid = ?ree successive nights 9 ! grave ( a dead man4 ,x is plac$ !re 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & tak5 out 9 ! "n ( ,satan4 ,x is believ$ t by look+ into su* a mirror ! p]son ( ! ?ief c be cle>ly se54 ,a bull belong+ to a peasant n f> f ,p]m1 on ! ,kama1 di$ sudd5ly4 ,! own] decl>$ t ! dea? ( ! animal 0 due to wit*craft1 & dem&$ t all ! wom5 ( ! village %\ld be made to creep ?r\gh a horse coll> 9 ord] to discov] ! hag :o _h wr\ght ! mis*ief4 ,?is plan 0 approv$ by 8 neighbors1 &1 al?\gh _! wives prote/$ aga9/ be+ subject$ to ! degrad+ & = corpul5t wom5 extremely difficult & ev5 dang]\s te/1 !y f9ally submitt$ to x r ?an rema9 "u ! suspicion ( practic+ ! black art4 ,?is p]=mance1 :i* is unque/ionably a relic ( ,uralian-,f9ni% paganism1 took place on ,m>* #af1 #ahif4 ,! foll[+ in/ance may s]ve z an example ( ! ru?less b>b>ity to :i* su* delusions (t5 lead3 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahgd1 a ,s\? ,russian peasant 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*]son miss$ "o hundr$ rubles & w5t to a weird woman 9 ord] to le>n :at _h become ( !m4 ,%e consult$ h] c>ds & decl>$ t ! money _h be5 /ol5 by a c]ta9 ,m>fa ,artynov4 ,! man 0 greatly a/oni%$ at ?is response1 because ! accus$ 0 a highly respect$ tea*] ( "y *ildr51 & _h ! reputation ( be+ ?or\ghly hone/4 ,nev]!less1 8 cr$ulity got ! bett] ( 8 common s5se1 & ) ! aid ( 8 neighbors he seiz$ ,m>fa & c>ri$ h] to ! *ur*y>d1 :]e he b\nd h] to a cross & began to torture h]1 beat+ h] ) a kn\t1 susp5d+ h] by h] h&s1 & twi/+ & te>+ h] neck & tongue ) a p9c]s4 ,to h] cries & entreaties h] torm5tors coolly repli$1 ,if y are really innoc5t1 :at we are do+ c cause y no pa96 ,_m ( ! p]sons :o (f] _! s]vices z clairvoyants & se]s to a cr$ul\s & confid+ public1 & ^: utt]ances are accept$ z oracles1 are pr(essional sw9dl]s4 ,?us a "y lady mov+ 9 ! high] circles ( society 9 ,vi5na _h a valuable set ( diamonds /ol54 ,by ! advice ( a tru/$ lackey %e consult$ a woman1 :o 0 reput$ to h ! p[] ( div9ation1 & :o in=m$ h]1 contr>y to ! /rong suspicions ( ! police1 t ! !ft _h be5 committ$1 n by any memb] ( ! h\sehold1 b by a /rang]4 ,! "y lady 0 s firmly p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t t1 al?\gh urg$ by ! c\rt to prosecute ! lackey1 %e refus$ to d s4 ,! evid5ce aga9/ him1 h[ev]1 0 s /rong t he 0 f9ally tri$ & condemn$4 ,! py?oness1 :o _h endeavor$ to exculpate him1 prov$ to be 8 aunt & accomplice4 ,a que] phase ( sup]/ition1 :i* 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 manife/s itself 9 ! v>i\s means ( avoid+ ! evil consequ5ces ( p]jury1 at lea/ s f> z to soo! ! pangs ( consci5ce & to av]t ! div9e ang]4 ,?is immunity is secur$ 9 "s prov9ces ( ,au/ria by c>ry+ on "o's p]son a bit ( consecrat$ waf]1 a piece ( bone f ! skeleton ( a *ild1 or ! eyes ( a hoopoe1 hold+ a ducat or sev5 small pebbles 9 ! m\?1 press+ ! left h& firmly aga9/ ! side1 crook+ ! second f+]1 or pull+ (f a button f ! tr\s]s :ile 9 ! act ( swe>+1 or spitt+ imm$iately aft] tak+ an oa?4 ,! ,russian prov9ce ( ,viatka is settl$ by a p ( ,f9ni% orig91 ! majority ( :om h be5 baptiz$ & call !mselves or?odox ,*ri/ians1 :ile ! rema9d] are /ill nom9ally z well z really hea!n4 ,:5 !y take an oa? x is adm9i/]$ by a pope or prie/1 & a ,russian juri/1 ,j4 ,w4 ,mje%t%an9ov1 describes ! me?od employ$ by !m to =swe> !mselves ) safety4 ,:5 call$ ^u to take an oa?1 ! witness raises ! "r h& ) ! index f+] ext5d$2 he !n lays ! left h& 9 ! palm ( ! "r h& ) ! index f+] po9t+ d[nw>d1 & by a crisscross comb9ation ( ! o!r f+]s1 :i* probably works z a *>m1 ! :ole body is conv]t$ into a conductor1 s t ! oa? ent]+ ?r\gh ! index f+] ( ! "r h& passes ?r\gh ! index f+] ( ! left h& into ! e>? l an electric curr5t4 ,! witness ?us feels himself dis*>g$ ( ! b9d+ influ5ce ( ! oa?1 & may give false te/imony )\t lay+ p]jury ^u 8 s\l4 ,! sup]/itions :i* enc\rage ignorant p to commit crime are h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & h 9 mo/ cases a purely local "*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *>ms & sorc]ies & o!r magical arts employ$ to produce ! same results diff] 9 diff]5t places1 & unless ! judges are famili> ) ^! v>i\s =ms ( sup]/ition !y w be unable to und]/& ! exact nature ( ! (f5ses ) :i* !y h to deal1 & _! ef=ts to detect & puni% violations ( ! law w be greatly hamp]$ & sometimes completely ?w>t$4 ,! subject "h discuss$ has n only a speculative int]e/ = e?nograph]s & /ud5ts ( folklore1 b also1 z already indicat$1 a practical importance = crim9al lawy]s & c\rts ( ju/ice 9 ! ,old ,_w & ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! tide ( immigration t has rec5tly set 9 f ! ea/ & s\? ( ,europe has br\ght to our %ores an imm5se numb] ( p]sons /rongly infect$ ) ! delusions :i* we h attempt$ to describe4 ,acts :i* w\ld seem at fir/ sight to h _! orig9 9 impulses ( cruelty & brutality are f\nd on clos] inve/igation to be due to crass ignorance & cr$ulity1 &1 al?\gh ! ultimate motives are usually utt]ly selfi%1 !re are r>e in/ances 9 :i* ! p]petrators ( su* de$s are ?or\ghly dis9t]e/$ & altrui/ic1 & d ! mo/ revolt+ ?+s1 n f gre$ ( ga91 b solely = ! public good4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d ! mo/ effective prev5tive ( wrongdo+ is n judicial puni%m5t b intellectual enlight5m5t4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,lw5/imm's /udies1 pr9t$ orig9ally 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,ju/ice 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 h be5 made accessible to a l>g] class ( read]s by be+ collect$ & translat$ into ,g]man 9 a volume entitl$ ,ab]glaube und ,/rafre*t 7,b]l93 ,rde1 #ahig71 ) an introduction by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,kohl]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 #bg ,z ! ,sib]ian ,railway approa*$ ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ! ,*9ese ,empire & surveys 7 made = its ext5sion ?r\gh ,man*uria to ! sea1 great excitem5t 0 produc$ 9 ,pek9 by ! rumor t ! ,russian m9i/] _h appli$ to ! ,empress ( ,*9a = two ?\s& *ildr5 to be buri$ 9 ! roadb$ "u ! rails 9 ord] to /r5g!n x4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 rebuild+ a l>ge bridge1 :i* _h be5 swept away sev]al times by inundations 9 ! ,y>k&1 eight *ildr51 pur*as$ f poor p at a high price1 7 immur$ alive 9 ! f\ndations4 ,z ! new bridge 0 firmly con/ruct$ out ( excell5t mat]ials1 x has hi!rto )/ood ! =ce ( ! /ronge/ floods1 a result :i* ! ,*9ese attribute1 n to ! solid masonry1 b to ! propitiation ( ! riv] god by an (f]+ ( infants4 #bh ,see ! case ( ,bridget ,cle>y1 report$ 9 ,appletons' ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,novemb]1 #ahie1 p4 #hf4 ,we may add t h] husb&1 ,mi*ael ,cle>y1 0 tri$ = murd] & s5t5c$ to tw5ty ye>s' p5al s]vitude4 #bi ,g5]al ,code1 vol4 xiii1 edition ( #ahib1 cit$ by ,lw5/imm4 #cj ,a full acc\nt ( ! trial is giv5 9 a ,lat9 manuscript pres]v$ 9 ! city ar*ives ( ,nantes4 ,a ,,geological ,,romance4 ,,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,udd54 ,a we/]n naturali/ once said t ! geology ( ,kansas 0 monoton\s4 ,9 "o s5se ?is rem>k is c]ta9ly ju/ifiable1 & ! same may be said ab\t ! geology ( "s ( ! o!r ,/ates on ! ,we/]n pla9s4 ,! ,am]ican cont95t is built on a compreh5sive plan1 & _m ( its =mations c be foll[$ = hundr$s ( miles )\t pres5t+ mu* v>iation 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 "s feature ( special int]e/ crops out f ! s]5e uni=mity1 & ! v nature ( its surr\nd+s !n makes x appe> all ! m /rik+4 ,m9or accid5ts 9 ! developm5t ( our ext5sive t]ranes sometimes /& out 9 bold relief1 z x 71 f ! monoton\s backgr\nd4 ,9 _! isolation f o!r details su* features occasionally display pa/ ev5ts ) unusual cle>ness4 ,su* is ! case ) a deposit ( volcanic a% :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 ! sup]ficial /rata on ! pla9s4#ca ,x lies scatt]$ 9 great quantities 9 a numb] ( localities 9 ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 ,s\? ,dakota1 & ,colorado1 hav+ be5 f\nd 9 no less ?an tw5ty c\nties 9 ! fir/-m5tion$ ,/ate4 ,x measures f two to f\rte5 feet 9 ?ickness 9 diff]5t localities1 & is mo/ly f\nd imb$d$ 9 yell[ m>l & clay1 & has a some:at /rik+ appe>ance 9 ! field1 due to its sn[y :it5ess & to ! %>pness ( ! plane :i* sep>ates x f ! und]ly+ d>k] mat]ials4 ,_m ye>s be=e its real nature 0 kn[n x _h be5 notic$ & describ$ by ,we/]n geologi/s4 ,pr(4 ,o4 ,t4 ,/4 ,john saw x _m ye>s ago 9 ,kansas1 :]e x appe>$ z an exce$+ly f9e1 pure :ite silice\s mat]ial1 =m+ a sep>ate lay] ( sev]al feet1 & set (f by a %>p l9e f ! buff clay-m>l bel[4 ,8 words describe its usual appe>ance 9 o!r places 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,/ratifi$ ,,volcanic ,,a% ,,ne> ,,meade1 ,,kansas4 7,f ! ,univ]sity ,geological ,survey ( ,kansas1 vol4 ii47 ,?is a% occurs 9 sev]al outcrops 9 ,mc,pherson ,c\nty 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,kansas1 :]e ! writ] _h an opportunity to /udy x some:at 9 detail a few ye>s ago4 ,"s ( ! features ( ! du/ at ?is place reveal ! conditions "u :i* x 0 =m$ ) consid]able di/9ctness1 & ! volcanic episode :i* produc$ x appe>s /rik+ly diff]5t f ! dull monotony ( ! ord9>y geological "w record$ 9 ! t]ranes ( ! pla9s4 ,x may be said to consi/ ( angul> flakes ( pumice1 av]ag+ "o sixte5? ( a millimetre 9 diamet]1 & hav+ a ?ickness ( ab\t "o ?ree-hundr$? ( a millimetre4 ,! mo/ common %ape ( ! flakes is t ( a triangle1 or r ( a sph]ical triangle1 s9ce ! flakes are apt to be concave on "o side & convex on ! o!r4 ,9 ! microscope !y sometimes appe> l spl9t]s ( t9y bubbles ( glass1 & ?is is really :at !y are 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,flakes ,,( ,,volcanic ,,a%4 ,magnifi$ ab\t #ajj diamet]s4 ,a1 flake ) a bran*+ rib2 ,b1 fragm5t ( a brok5 holl[ sph]e ( glass2 ,c1 fragm5t ) drawn-out tubul> vesicles2 ,d & ,e1 pla9 fragm5ts ( brok5 pumice bubbles4 7,f ,am]ican ,geologi/1 ,april1 #ahic47 ,! explosive eruptions :i* give rise to %[]s ( ?is k9d ( a%1 or du/1 are due to fusion & sup]heat+ ( subt]ranean masses ( rocks *>g$ ) m or less moi/ure4 ,a "p ( ?is moi/ure escapes 9 ! =m ( /eam at ! "t ( an eruption4 ,b ! viscidity ( ! eject$ mat]ial prev5ts mu* ( ! /eam f pass+ (f1 & su* ( ! lava z cools mo/ rapidly reta9s a c]ta9 quantity 9 solution1 z x 74 ,obsidian is a rock :i* has be5 made 9 ?is way4 ,x (t5 conta9s mu* ( ! orig9al wat]1 :i* w cause x to swell up into a /ony fro? :5 fus$4 ,?is volcanic du/ has ! same prop]ty4 ,if "o small p>ticle ( x be heat$ on a piece ( plat9um foil x is se5 to swell up into a comp\nd bubble ( glass 7,fig4 #c74 ,x is evid5t t ?is is due to ! expansive =ce ( ! heat$ includ$ moi/ure1 to :i* ! viscid half-molt5 glass readily yields4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption :i* produc$ ?is du/1 subt]ranean heat 0 appli$ to ! moi/ure-be>+ rock until ?is 0 sup]heat$ to su* an ext5t t ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ mat]ial 0 insuffici5t to hold ! wat] f exp&+ into /eam4 ,!n !re 0 a trem5d\s explosion1 & ! molt5 magma 0 ?r[n up ) su* a =ce t x 0 %att]$ into m9ute droplets1 9 ! same way z wat] does :5 x is ?r[n =cibly into ! air4 ,be+ ?us releas$ f pressure1 ! /eam inside ( ea* little p>ticle ( ! heat$ glass caus$ x to swell out into a t9y bubble4 ,z ?is kept on exp&+ x 0 cool$1 ! ?9 glass wall ( ! bubble congeal$1 & f9ally bur/ f ! pressure ( ! /eam )94 ,?is is ! reason :y ! little du/ p>ticles are ?91 mo/ly triangul>1 & (t5 slightly concave flakes ) %>p angles4 ,sometimes ! angles appe> r\nd$1 z if ! fragm5ts _h be5 viscid en\gh to creep a little aft] ! bubble bur/4 ,! /udy ( "o s+le little gra9 ( du/1 b>ely visible to ! nak$ eye1 ?us makes cle> ! nature ( a cata/rophe :i* mu/ h %ak5 a :ole m\nta91 & :i* left its traces ov] a qu>t] ( a cont95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,a ,,p>ticle ,,( ,,volcanic ,,a% ,,swell$ ,,up ,,by ,,fusion4 ,magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s4 ,t ! du/ 0 produc$ 9 ?is way is q evid5t f o!r circum/ances4 ,if a h&ful f ! du/ ( ?is place be ?r[n into wat] & g5tly /irr$1 x ne>ly all w settle aft] a :ile4 ,b "s r l>ge p>ticles rema9 float+ on ! surface4 ,if ^! are remov$ & exam9$ "u ! microscope1 !y are se5 to be holl[ sph]es 7,fig4 #b1 b74 ,^! are "s ( ! orig9al bubbles t nev] bur/1 ei!r because !y conta9$ too little /eam or else because ! /eam 0 cool$ be=e x _h "t to break ! walls op54 ,x is evid5t t n e droplet ( ! molt5 magma w\ld =m a s+le sph]e1 b t _m also w\ld swell up into a comp\nd fro?like mass ( pumice4 ,a few su* pieces may sometimes be obs]v$ 9 ! deposit at ?is place1 & t _m m 7 made & brok5 is evid5t f ! great numb] ( glass fragm5ts :i* h riblike edges on _! flat sides 7,fig4 #c1 a74 ,! nature ( ! =ce :i* caus$ ! eruption may ?us be und]/ood f ! /udy ( "o little gra9 ( ! du/1 b mu* m ext5d$ obs]vations are ne$$ 9 ord] to make out ! place :]e ! great convulsion took place4 ,x w1 p]haps1 nev] be kn[n :at p>ticul> volcanic v5t 0 ! s\rce ( ?is a%4 ,diff]5t deposits may h come f diff]5t places4 ,b x seems possible t x all came f ! same eruption4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! volcanic di/urbances occurr$ to ! we/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,no rec5t ext9ct volcanoes are f\nd 9 any o!r direction4 ,?is conclusion is corroborat$ by ! fact t ! du/ is f9] 9 ea/]n localities & co>s] ne>] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,9 a b$ ne> ,gold51 9 ,colorado1 sev5ty-?ree p] c5t1 by weight1 ( ! du/ consi/s ( p>ticles measur+ f "o f\r? to "o ?irty-second ( a millimetre1 :ile "s f ,orleans1 9 ,nebraska1 conta9s sev5ty-f\r p] c5t ( p>ticles measur+ f "o sixte5? to "o sixty-f\r? ( a millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,/ill f9] mat]ial comes f ! bluffs ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] ne> ,omaha4 ,evid5tly ! co>s] p>ticles w\ld settle fir/1 & if ! du/ is f9] t[>d ! ea/1 x mu/ be because ! w9d :i* br\ght x blew f ! we/4 ,mo/ likely ! eruption occurr$ some:]e 9 ,colorado or 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,x may be ask$ h[ x c be kn[n t ! du/ 0 c>ri$ ?is long di/ance by ! w9d4 ,may x n z well h be5 transport$ by wat]8 ,! answ] mu/ be1 9 ! fir/ place1 t %[]s ( ! same k9d ( mat]ial h be5 obs]v$ 9 connection ) volcanic outbur/s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"o su* %[] is kn[n to h /rewn ! same k9d ( du/ on ! sn[ 9 ,norway aft] a volcanic eruption 9 ,icel&1 & aft] ! great explosion on ,krakatoa1 9 #ahhc1 su* du/ 0 c>ri$ by ! w9d sev]al hundr$ miles1 & scatt]$ ov] ! ocean4 ,if ?is a% _h be5 transport$ by wat]1 x w\ld n be f\nd 9 su* a pure /ate1 b x w\ld be mix$ ) o!r s$im5ts4 ,!re w\ld1 no d\bt1 also be f\nd co>s] fragm5ts ( ! volcanic products4 ,on ! contr>y1 x appe>s uni=mly f9e4 ,no p>ticles h be5 f\nd :i* measure m ?an "o millimetre 9 diamet]1 & less ?an "o p] c5t ( its weight consi/s ( p>ticles exce$+ "o eigh? ( a millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,9 sev5 samples tak5 f diff]5t places ! proportions ( ! diff]5t sizes ( ! gra9s 7 ab\t z foll[s3 ,a ,diamet] ( gra9s 9 millimetres ,b ,p]c5tage ( weight ( ea* size ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a #a_/b-a_/da_/d-a_/ha_/h-a_/afa_/af-a_/cb a_/cb-a_/fda_/fd-a_/abha_/abh-a_/bef ,b #j4a #j4a #ai #cg #cb #i #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,flaky p>ticles ( ?is size are easily c>ri$ along by a mod]ate w9d4 ,9 "s places x appe>s z if ! du/ 7 re/+ on an old l& surface :]e no wat] c\ld h be5 /&+ :5 x fell4 ,!re is really no room = d\bt t x 0 c>ri$ sev]al hundr$ miles by ! w9d4 ,x mu/ h d>k5$ ! sky at ! "t1 & x mu/ h settl$ sl[ly & quietly ov] ! wide pla9s1 cov]+ ext5sive tracts ) a :ite1 sn[like mantle sev]al feet 9 ?ickness4 ,:at a desolate l&scape aft] su* a %[]6 ,:at a calamity = ! brute inhabitants ( ! l&6 ,"r "h 9 ,mc,pherson ,c\nty !re 0 ei!r a riv] or a lake at ! "t ( ! cata/rophe4 ,?is is pla9ly indicat$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 "o place ! du/ re/s on s& & clay1 ) imb$d$ %ells ( fre%-wat] clams4 ,x is assort$ 9 co>se & f9e lay]s l a wat] s$im5t4 ,l[]mo/ is a seam ( v co>se gra9s4 ,^! mu/ h settl$ promptly ?r\gh ! wat]1 :ile ! f9] mat]ial 0 delay$4 ,9 ano!r place x lies on high] gr\nd1 & "h m>ks ( s$ges & o!r vegetation are se5 ext5d+ up ab\t a foot into ! base ( ! deposit1 f an und]ly+ mucky clay4 ,bog manganese impregnates a ?9 lay] j above ! clay1 indicat+ a m>%y condition4 ,"h also ! mat]ial is some:at sort$1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,x is ripple-b$d$4 ,! wat] 0 evid5tly %all[1 if !re 0 any wat] at all4 ,a burr[ l t ( a crawfi% ext5d$ d[n into ! old clay bottom4 ,on a slab ( ! volcanic a% itself "s tracks appe>$ 7,fig4 #d74 ,^! 7 probably made by an individual ( ! same race 9 an ef=t to escape f ! awful fate ( be+ buri$ alive l ! inhabitants ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,tracks ,,9 ,,! ,,volcanic ,,du/1 ,,probably ,,made ,,by ,a ,,crawfi%4 ,r$uc$ to #b_/h diamet]4 ,! %[] mu/ h la/$ = a "t ( two or ?ree days4 ,i inf] ?is f ! nature ( ! w9d *anges1 :i* are indicat$ by ! ripples 9 ! du/4 ,^! /ill lie 9 p]fect pres]vation 7,fig4 #e71 & may be /udi$ by remov+1 in* by in*1 ! successive lay]s f above d[nw>d1 = x is evid5t t z ! direction ( ! w9d *ang$1 ! ripples 7 also turn$4 ,! deciph]+ ( ?is record mu/ be made backw>d4 ,! bottom lay]s 7 deposit$ fir/1 & ! excavation mu/ beg9 on top4 ,o!rwise ! record is z p]fect z if x _h be5 tak5 d[n by an in/rum5t :5 ! %[] occurr$4 ,x may be only local 9 its significance1 = x %[s ! direction ( ! w9d at ?is p>ticul> place alone4 ,! w9d may h be5 some:at deflect$ f ! g5]al direction by local topographic peculi>ities1 ?\gh ^! appe> to h be5 ( small importance4 ,9 any case1 ! old leg5d is q int]e/+ to read1 be+1 ,i believe1 ! only geological record ev] f\nd ( ! pass+ ( a cyclone ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,ripple ,,m>ks ,,9 ,,! ,,volcanic ,,du/4 ,r$uc$ to #a_/d diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,peculi> ,,elevations ,,caus$ ,,by ,a ,,curr5t ,,f ,,! ,,s\?we/ ,,to ,,! ,,nor!a/4 ,r$uc$ to #a_/b diamet]4 ,9 ! l[]mo/ foot ( ! deposit no ripple m>ks c be se54 ,b !re appe> "s m>ks ( s$ges & o!r vegetation1 & ^! are incl9$ to ! we/1 z if ! plants _h be5 b5t by an ea/ w9d4 ,j above ! height to :i* ! impr9ts ( ! vegetation ext5d1 ripple m>ks beg9 to appe>1 runn+ on a nor!a/-s\?we/ c\rse4 ,!y 7 made by a s\!a/ w9d1 = _! nor?we/ slopes are ! /eep]4 ,a little above ?is height "s peculi> small elevations appe> on "o ( ! b$d+ planes1 & slightly rais$ ridges run = a %ort di/ance to ! nor!a/ f ea* elevation1 vani%+ 9 ! same direction 7,fig4 #f74 ,a s\?we/]ly curr5t 0 unmi/akably ob/ruct$ by ! little elevations1 & left ! small trails ( du/ 9 _! lee4 ,six in*es high] up ! w9d comes m f ! s\?1 & = ! next foot ! ripples cont9ue to gradually turn /ill m 9 ! same direction s z to at la/ record a due s\? w9d4 ,at ?is po9t x sudd5ly *ang$ & set 9 squ>ely f ! we/1 = ! ripples are turn$ nor? & s\?1 ) ! /eep] slopes to ! ea/4 ,?is direction seems to h prevail$ z long z ! du/ kept on fall+4 ,x appe>s to me t ^! successive *anges are be/ expla9$ z att5dant ^u ! passage ( a cyclone1 or ( :at our daily wea!r maps call a l[ area4 ,go+ by f we/ to ea/1 on ! nor?1 x w\ld at fir/ cause an ea/ w9d4 ,?is w\ld !n gradually be turn$ to ! s\? & !n to ! we/4 ,"o su* rotation ( ! w9d g5]ally la/s a day or two4 ,! %[] mu/ !n h kept on at lea/ = ! same l5g? ( "t1 if n long] 7,fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,w9d ,,z ,,record$ ,,by ,,! ,,ripple ,,m>ks4 ,!re is reason to believe t ?is cata/rophe occurr$ 9 summ]4 ,no crayfi% w\ld be out mak+ tracks dur+ ! cold mon?s1 & ! fossil vegetation c\ld h>dly h left su* pla9 m>ks if x _h be5 buri$ by ! du/ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! m>ks are "s triangul> & ,y-%ap$ molds ( ! /ems & leaves ( s$ges4 ,silice\s skeletons ( *>a & filam5t\s alg 7 also f\nd ^u a close exam9ation 9 "s ( ^! molds4 ,x is really difficult to appreciate ! *ange su* a %[] mu/ h produc$ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! l&scape1 & ! effect x mu/ h _h on animal & plant life4 ,s f> away f ! volcanic s\rce1 ! w9d c n h laid d[n a lay] ( ?is du/ sev]al feet 9 ?ickness )\t scatt]+ x f> & wide all ar\nd4 ,x mu/ h cov]$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles4 ,j imag9e1 if y c1 a :ole ,/ate1 clad 9 ! v]dure ( summ]1 sudd5ly1 9 two or ?ree days1 cov]$ ov] by a blanket ( :ite volcanic a%6 ,_m species ( plants mu/ h f\nd x impossible to gr[ 9 su* a soil4 ,& :at disa/] x mu/ h caus$ 9 ! animal _w6 ,graz+ h]ds _h _! su/5ance buri$ f _! sight1 & c\ld save _! lives only by travel+ long di/ances 9 ?is loose du/4 ,_m a creature mu/ h _h its lungs or its gills clogg$ ) ! glassy flakes float+ 9 ! wat] & 9 ! air4 ,! sudd5 disappe>ance ( sev]al mammal species ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,quat]n>y age has be5 not$ by paleontologi/s4 ,does x seem unlikely t an ev5t l ?is1 especially if repeat$1 may h ha/5$ ! ext]m9ation ( "s species ( l& animals8 ,t _m individuals mu/ h p]i%$ !re c be no d\bt4 ,n v f> away f t outcrop ( ! du/ :i* ,i h describ$1 "o ( ! e>ly settl]s 9 ?is "p ( ! ,/ate once made a deep well t p5etrat$ ! a%4 ,above ! deposit1 & "s sixty feet bel[ ! surface ( ! prairie1 he f\nd :at he describ$ z an old bone y>d4 ,9 digg+ o!r wells 9 ?is vic9ity mammal bones h be5 tak5 up by ! settl]s f ab\t ! same horizon4 ,x is to be regrett$ t1 ) "o exception1 none ( ^! fossils h be5 pres]v$ = /udy1 = x is likely t !y 7 ! rema9s ( animals :i* 7 kill$ 9 ! du/ %[]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( fossils def9itely kn[n to be connect$ ) ! a%1 its exact age seems yet unc]ta94 ,9 ,mc,pherson ,c\nty x is und]laid by clay1 gravel1 & s&1 :i* conta9 rema9s ( ! horse1 ( a megalonyx1 & ( bivalve mollusks ( mod]n aspect4 ,9 ! bluffs ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] ne> ,omaha pockets ( a simil> a% re/ on glacial clay "u ! loess4 ,at ! latt] place x mu/ belong to ! ,plei/oc5e age1 & at ! =m] x c n be old] ?an ! late ,pleioc5e4 ,^! two deposits may n belong to ! same %[]1 b x appe>s1 at any rate1 t ! volcanic di/urbances :i* produc$ !m occurr$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e age4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! sl[ & ev5 t5or ( ! r\t9e ( geological hi/ory1 ! ev5t "h sket*$ appe>s s unique & s /rik+ t x may well be call$ a geological romance4 ,mod]n sci5ce has taught u t ! geological =ces are sl[ & l>gely uni=m 9 _! "w1 & t mo/ ( ! e>?'s features mu/ be expla9$ )\t tak+ rec\rse to !ories involv+ any viol5t revolutions or g5]al t]re/rial cataclysms4 ,:ile ! mak+ ( ?is du/ is n any real exception to ! law ( uni=mity1 we are "h rem9d$ t ,nature is q indep5d5t 9 h] ways1 & t ev5 9 h] sam5ess !re is room = consid]able div]sity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,william ,ogilvie1 ( ! ,topographical ,survey ( ,canada1 e/imates t !re are m ?an #c1bjj miles ( fair navigation 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 ( :i* ,canada owns ne>ly =ty-two p] c5t4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ! riv]1 ) its ,lewes bran*1 is t x dra9s ! ,p59sula ( ,alaska & ne>ly cuts x 9 two1 />t+ z x does less ?an f\rte5 miles1 z ! cr[ flies1 f ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 at ! extreme head ( ! ,lewes bran*1 :5ce x fl[s #b1ajj miles into ! same ocean1 or ,b]+ ,sea1 :i* is a "p ( x4 ,! dra9age bas9 ( ! riv] occupies ab\t #chh1jjj squ>e miles1 ( :i* ,canada owns #adi1jjj squ>e miles1 or ne>ly half1 b t half is claim$ to be ! mo/ important4 ,z = ! orig9 ( ! "n ,yukon1 ! ,indians along ! middle /ret*es ( ! riv] all speak ! same language1 & call ! riv] ! ,yukonah2 9 ,engli%1 ! great riv] or ! riv]4 ,! ,canadian ,indians 9 ! vic9ity ( ,=ty ,mile call x ,!tuh1 a "n ( :i* ,mr4 ,ogilvie c\ld n le>n ! mean+4 ,! correct ,indian "n ( ! ,klondike is ,tro&ik1 mean+ ,hamm] ,creek1 & ref]s to ! b>ri]s ! ,indians us$ to erect across ! m\? ( ! /ream to cat* salmon1 by hamm]+ /icks into ! gr\nd4 ,,footnote3 #ca ,dr4 ,samuel ,aughey1 ,physical ,geography ( ,nebraska1 #ahhj4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,e4 ,todd1 ,sci5ce1 ,april #bc1 #ahhf1 & ,janu>y #h1 #ahig4 ,e4 ,h4 ,b>b\r1 ,publication ,no4 ,v1 ,nebraska ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udd51 ,! ,am]ican ,geologi/1 ,june1 #ahia1 & ,april1 #ahic4 ,r4 ,d4 ,salisbury1 ,sci5ce1 ,decemb] #d1 #ahif4 ,g4 ,p4 ,m]ril1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 #ahhe4 ,,! ,,season ,,( ,,! ,,ye>4 ,,by ,,grant ,,all54 ,a ye> is1 r\ghly speak+1 ! p]iod :i* x takes ! e>? to p]=m "o complete revolution r\nd ! sun4 ,i say r\ghly speak+ ) due humility1 hav+ ! fe> ( ! exp]t ev] be=e my eyes1 because ,i "k t if ,i d n s+ small1 t inconv5i5t p]son1 ! a/ronomical critic1 w come d[n ^u me at once l a wolf on ! fold1 ) m9ute di/9ctions ab\t ! mean1 ! tropical1 & ! sid]eal ye>2 matt]s ( imm5se importance at ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 no d\bt1 b else:]e ( v little int]e/ inde$1 see+ t !y diff] f "o ano!r by s _m m9utes only4 ,let u leave ! a/ronom]s _! own problems4 ,! ye> ) :i* ,i am go+ to deal humbly "h is a mu* m commonplace1 ord9>y1 & compreh5sible ye>--! visible ye> ( vegetation1 ( plant & animal life1 ( ! f\r seasons2 ! ye> z r\ghly kn[n to *ildr5 & savages1 & to ! we$s1 ! fl[]s1 ! bees1 & ! squirrels4 ,x has (t5 /ruck me z curi\s t p took ?is complex concept ( ! ye> s mu* = grant$--inquir$ s little into its orig9 & discov]y4 ,yet x is by no means ev]y:]e obvi\s4 ,h[ did m5 fir/ come to notice1 9 ! tropics especially1 t !re 0 su* a ?+ z ! ye> at all8 ,h[ did !y fir/ obs]ve1 save 9 our froz5 nor?1 any fix$ sequ5ce or ord] 9 ! succession ( ,nature8 ,h[ did !y le>n1 ev5 "h1 t spr+ w\ld infallibly foll[ w9t]1 & summ] be succe$$ 9 due c\rse by autumn8 ,&1 to g a /ep f>!r back1 h[ did ! plants & animals1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w alike1 come orig9ally to discov] & adapt !mselves to all ^! ?+s8 ,h[ did ! bee "k t %e mu/ ga!r honey all ! day f e op5+ fl[]1 ! summ] ?r\gh1 9 ord] to use x up z bodily fuel 9 w9t]8 ,h[ did ! plants le>n :5 to blossom & produce se$8 ,9 "o ^w1 h[ did ! seasons come to be automatically recogniz$8 ,t !y are automatically recogniz$1 ev5 by plants1 q ap>t f ! /imulus ( heat or cold1 dr\ght or ra91 a s+le fact 7out ( _m l x7 w suffici5tly prove4 ,trees br\ght f ,au/ralia to ,engl&1 :]e ! seasons are rev]s$1 try = two or ?ree ye>s to put =? leaves & fl[]s 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]--! s\!rn spr+4 ,x takes !m sev]al autumns be=e !y le>n t ! ye> has be5 turn$ upside d[n--t ,june is n[ summ] & ,decemb] w9t]4 ,?is %[s t life moves 9 regul> cycles1 adapt$ to ! seasons1 b n directly dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,! rhy?m ( ! _w has set up an organic rhy?m :i* n[ spontane\sly & automatically foll[s x4 ,at fir/ sight1 to ! dwell] 9 ! temp]ate zone at ! pres5t day1 ! que/ions ,i h put above may seem ne$less1 n to say *ildi%4 ,b t is p]haps because we h all too mu* ! habit ( tak+ x = grant$ t :at is true "h & n[ has also be5 true ev]y:]e & always4 ,a fir/ visit to ! tropics (t5 en\gh rudely di/urbs ?is un9quir+ attitude ( m9d4 ,= 9 ! tropics1 & especially 9 ! equatorial region1 !re is no w9t] & no summ]1 no spr+ & no autumn4 ,! _w wags we>ily ?r\gh an un5d+ display ( monoton\s gre5]y4 ,z f> z temp]ature goes1 ! ye> is pretty mu* alike 9 all its mon?s4 ,yet n only d equatorial m5 recognize ! exi/5ce ( ! ye> z a natural epo* q z mu* z o!r m5--n only d equatorial savages celebrate annual fea/s1 c\nt ages by ye>s1 & p]=m c]ta9 rites 9 c]ta9 mon?s only--b also animal & vegetable nature recognizes ! ye>2 trees h _! mon? = blossom+ & fruit+1 birds _! mon? = assum+ ! plumage ( c\rt%ip1 = ne/+ & hat*+1 almo/ z m>k$ly z else:]e4 ,! recognition ( ! ye> bo? by man & by ,nature is n !re=e entirely dep5d5t ^u ! diff]5ce ( summ] & w9t]1 z su*4 ,we mu/ g deep]1 & ,i ?9k1 :5 we come to consid] geological "t1 mu* deep]1 if we wi% to und]/& ! true "* ( ye>l9ess--a ^w :i* ,i v5ture "h to co9 to express ?is mean+4 ,h y ev] q realiz$ :at ! tropical ye> is l8 ,suppose y are liv+ on or ne> ! equator1 !n 9 ,decemb] ! sun is s\? ( y & at its greate/ di/ance away2 y h1 s to speak1 a relative w9t]4 ,b 9 ,m>* ! sun is ov]head2 x is n[ full midsumm]4 ,by ! end ( ,june ! sun has gone nor?1 & is once m on a tropic2 y h a second w9t]2 n mu* ( a w9t]1 ,i admit1 b /ill1 a relative w9t]4 ,by ,septemb] he has return$ ov]head aga91 & y are endur+ a second summ]4 ,9 ,decemb] he has once m retreat$ to ! s\!rn tropic 7,capricorn71 & x is comp>ative w9t]4 ,?us ! equatorial ye> consi/s ( f\r di/9ct seasons1 9 two ( :i* ! sun /&s directly ov]head1 :ile 9 two he is at 8 nor!rn or s\!rn limit4 ,i may add t ! effect is always curi\s :51 z y face ! sun1 y see t he is mov+ 9 8 diurnal pa?1 n f left to "r 7! way ( ! sun1 z we say71 b f "r to left 7or widd]%9s74 ,y are nev] till !n aw>e h[ natural & inevitable has seem$ ! opposite direction3 :5 y f9d x rev]s$ ! effect is surpris+4 ,n[1 ! di/ance to :i* ! sun travels nor? or s\? ( y1 if y live on ! equator--,i use ord9>y t]ms in/ead ( a/ronomical ones = simplicity's sake--is s comp>atively small t )9 ! tropics !mselves y nev] notice mu* diff]5ce z to ! am\nt ( heat betwe5 "o p]iod ( ! ye> & ano!r4 ,9 equatorial c\ntries ! day & night temp]ature is mu* ! same all ! ye> r\nd3 if ! c\ntry be pla91 x is always hot2 if m\nta9\s1 l ! di/rict ab\t ,bogot1 x is a p]petual spr+2 "o day is always mu* ! same z ! "o t w5t be=e & ! "o t comes aft] x4 ,ev5 on ! actual tropics1 aga91 ! diff]5ce is too slight to make any m>k$ *ange 9 ! temp]ature2 p liv+ on ! nor!rn tropic 7,canc]71 = example1 h ! sun v]tical to !m on ,june #ba/1 & "s =ty-?ree degrees s\? ( !m on ,decemb] #ba/4 ,nev]!less1 ! sun is /ill z ne> !m & z p[]ful z he is at ,milan or ,v5ice 9 ! height ( summ]2 & ! consequ5ce is t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! !rmomet] )9 ! tropics & at sea level seldom desc5ds bel[ #ge or #hj1 ev5 at midnight 9 ! relative w9t]s4 ,= ! heat+ p[] ( ! sun dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! directness ( 8 rays1 & less5s ) _! obliquity2 9 ,v5ice & ,milan !y are /rong en\gh to make ! gr\nd v hot 9 ,july & ,augu/1 ?\gh x has be5 cool$ be=e by a nor!rn w9t]2 mu* m ?an 9 ,jamaica or ,madagasc>1 :i* h nev] be5 cool$1 does ! accumulat$ heat keep ev]y?+ w>m ev5 :5 ! sun is mo/ oblique--& he nev] rea*es ! same obliquity z 9 an ,engli% summ]4 ,! gr\nd is hot1 ! h\ses are hot1 wood & /one are hot1 & !y h all be5 hot f "t immemorial4 ,yet tropical & equatorial trees & plants h _! def9ite seasons to fl[] & fruit1 j ! same z else:]e4 ,?is seems surpris+ at fir/ :5 "o visits ! tropics4 ,y c n see :y ev]y?+ %\ld n fl[] & fruit ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,& yet1 at "o "t p9eapples are 91 at ano!r mangoes4 ,& ^! seasons diff] 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es2 :at is mango w9t] 9 ! "o be+ mango summ] 9 ! o!r4 ,i d n say ! seasons any:]e 9 ! tropics diff] m>k$ly2 /ill1 !y d diff]2 ! tropical ye> is divid$ into times & mon?s = agriculture j z mu* z any o!r4 ,?us !re are regul> dates 9 ea* hemisph]e = plant+1 t5d+1 & cutt+ ! sug> cane4 ,n[1 :at is ! reason ( ^! *anges 9 vegetation1 :5 temp]ature rema9s s con/ant8 ,:y d n trees & %rubs ( ea* k9d fl[] up & d[n ?r\gh\t ! ye> irregul>ly--n[ "o individual & n[ ano!r8 ,:y are !re seasons = ?+s at all 9 ! tropics8 ,! answ] is1 because ! same causes :i* produce summ] & w9t] 9 temp]ate climate produce o!r *anges ( o!r sorts 9 ! tropical region4 ,! temp]ature1 x is true1 rema9s ! same1 or approximately ! same2 b ! meteorological conditions v>y4 ,ev5 ) ourselves1 summ] is n only hott] b also dri] ?an w9t]2 w9t] is m>k$ by ra9 & sn[ z well z by l[]$ temp]ature4 ,9 ! tropics1 on ! o!r h&1 x is r ! summ] or summ]s t are wet1 = !re is a c]ta9 mov+ zone ( equatorial calms 9 :i* x practically keeps on ra9+ always4 ,b ?is zone is n fix$2 x flits ) ! sun4 ,:5 ! sun goes nor?w>d = ! nor!rn summ] ! ra9y zone goes ) him2 :5 he turns s\?w>d aga9 ! zone %ifts aft] him4 ,?us places on or ne> ! two tropics h "o ra9y season a ye>1 :ile places on ! equator h usually two4 ,! int]v5+ dry seasons are (t5 v dry & p>*$1 inde$2 & :]e ?is is m>k$ly ! case1 ! ra9y season acts j z spr+ does 9 ! nor?1 or z ! inundation does 9 ,egypt2 x is ! beg9n+ ( vegetation4 ,! plants t 7 dry & dormant dur+ ! arid mon?s wake up into fre% life2 ! bran*es put =? new leaves2 ! br[n se$s g]m9ate2 ! fl[]s appe>2 & 9 due "t ! fruit rip5s4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ^! cases dep5ds ^u ! recurr5ce ( ! ra9y season1 j z ev]y?+ 9 ,india dep5ds ^u ! bur/+ ( ! monsoons1 & ev]y?+ 9 ,egypt on ! ris+ ( ! ,nile4 ,i h se5 a dry pla9 9 ,jamaica b>e & br[n "o day1 & cov]$ six or eight in*es high ) fre% gre5 wav+ gu9ea-grass ! day b "o aft]4 ,! ra9s _h come mean:ile1 & ,nature _h awak$ ) m ?an spr+like awak5+4 ,9 ^? hot climates ev]y?+ gr[s by magic z soon z x gets ! ne$$ wat]4 ,inde$1 we may say t 9 half ! _w ! seasons1 organically speak+--,i mean1 ! seasons ( plant & animal life--dep5d ^u heat & cold1 summ] & w9t]1 sn[ or sun%9e2 b 9 ! o!r half !y dep5d almo/ entirely ^u dr\ght & ra9fall4 ,ev5 z ne> home & z f> nor? z ,alg]ia1 ! summ] is f> too dry & du/y = agriculture2 ! autumn ra9s set 9 ab\t ,octob] or ,novemb]2 !y are imm$iately foll[$ by ! pl[+2 & ! w9t] becomes = mo/ purposes ! practical summ]4 ,fruits & vegetables are at _! be/ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y2 ! fields are full ( fl[]s up to ,m>* or ,april2 9 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/ ! c\ntry is an arid & we>y des]t4 ,b ! seasons = dates are almo/ rev]s$2 !y rip5 9 autumn4 ,9 ,egypt aga91 :]e ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! inundation1 ! seasons are /ill m complicat$2 ! inundation beg9s to subside 9 ,octob]2 9 ,upp] ,egypt ! w9t] season :i* foll[s is f> ! mo/ important = agriculture1 & crops s[n z ! wat] subsides are reap$ f f\r to sev5 mon?s aft]4 ,b 9 ! ,delta1 rice1 cotton1 & indigo are s[n 9 ! spr+ 7,m>* or ,april7 & h>ve/$ 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]4 ,"h1 irrigation & temp]ature come 9 z di/urb+ elem5ts1 = ! ,delta feels some?+ ( ! cold ( w9t]4 ,i c\ld give _m o!r in/ances1 b ^! w suffice4 ,z a g5]al rule1 we may say t 9 ! temp]ate & frigid zones ! seasons = plants & animals are rul$ by heat & cold1 b t 9 tropical & ev5 9 subtropical climates1 ra9fall & dr\ght1 !mselves l>gely due to ! same circum/ances1 are ! rul+ factors4 ,aga91 ev]ybody kn[s t w9t] & summ]1 & ! o!r ph5om5a :i* simulate or accompany !m1 su* z wet & dry seasons1 dep5d ^u ! fact t ! e>?'s axis is n p]p5dicul> to ! plane 9 :i* ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 b slightly incl9$ to x4 ,n[1 a ye> 9 itself1 view$ z a measure ( "t1 is m]ely ! p]iod :i* x takes ! e>? to p]=m "o su* complete revolution4 ,dur+ "o half ( ea* su* revolution ! nor? pole is turn$ at a consid]able angle t[>d ! sun1 & dur+ ! o!r half1 ! s\? pole4 ,:5 ! nor? pole is s turn$ we call x summ] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 :5 ! s\? pole is be+ favor$1 & ! nor? is receiv+ less light & heat1 we call x w9t]4 ,let u suppose = a mom5t t ! e>? _h n got ?is twi/ or k9k 9 its axis2 t ! equator 0 always pres5t$ exactly t[>d ! sun2 :at !n w\ld happ58 ,obvi\sly1 !re w\ld be no *ange ( seasons4 ,! day & night w\ld h fix$ l5g?s :i* nev] v>i$2 climate w\ld 9 ea* place be uni=m &1 b>r+ accid5ts ( elevation or di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 ! climate ( ea* place w\ld also dep5d entirely ! :ole ye> r\nd on its di/ance f ! equator4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! temp]ature ( a di/rict w\ld be ! temp]ature x n[ possesses 9 ,m>* & ,septemb]1 only n q s cold z ,m>* nor s w>m z ,septemb]1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( accumulat$ heat f summ] or ( res]ves ( ice & sn[ f w9t]4 ,9 "o ^w1 "u su* conditions !re w\ld h be5 climates--m>k$ belts ( climate2 b !re w\ld n h be5 seasons4 ,seasons1 h[ev]1 dep5d 9 great "p1 z ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace has +5i\sly %[n1 on a great _m ?+s besides ?is m]e incl9ation ( "o end or ! o!r ( ! e>? t[>d ! sun 9 ,june & ,janu>y4 ,mu* mu/ be laid to ! c\nt ( accumulat$ /ores ( heat or cold2 & ?\gh accumulat$ cold is physically a misnom]1 /ill = all practical purposes we may apply ! words fairly en\gh to ! ice caps ( ! pole & ! glaci]s ( m\nta9 sy/ems4 ,& "h we come face to face ) ! v core ( our problem3 = ! odd "p ( x is t seasons 7at lea/ z we "k !m7 seem to be q a rec5t & exceptional ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet4 ,s f> z we c judge1 geologically speak+1 ! e>? dur+ all its e>li] life enjoy$1 ov] all its surface1 :at we %\ld n[ consid] tropical or subtropical conditions4 ,engl&--or r ! l& t occupi$ ! "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ :]e ,engl& n[ /&s--_h a vegetation ( huge tree f]ns & palms & cycads dur+ ! ,prim>y p]iod2 z late ev5 z ! middle ,t]ti>ies x _h a vegetation l t ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a or ,upp] ,india4 ,gre5l& itself1 9 q rec5t times1 fl\ri%$ l a gre5 bay tree1 & did n belie its odd mod]n "n4 ,! _w z a :ole enjoy$ p]petual summ]4 ,9 "o ^w1 except 9 some?+ l ! equatorial s5se1 !re 7 practically no seasons4 ,! sun w5t nor? & s\?1 no d\bt1 z n[1 b ! temp]ature1 ev5 9 ! relative w9t]1 seems to h rema9$ p]5nially mild & g5ial4 ,x is true1 occasional slight traces ( glacial epo*s1 e>li] ?an ! great & well-kn[n ,glacial epo*1 break "h & !re ! almo/ cont9u\s geological record ( palmy & balmy _w-wide summ]s2 yet1 tak+ ! geological monum5ts z a :ole1 !y %[ u few or no signs ( any?+ wor? call+ a s]i\s w9t] till q rec5t p]iods4 ,l>ge-leav$ ev]gre5s are /ill1 9 ! day-be=e-ye/]day ( geology1 ! ord] ( ! day2 magnolias & liquidamb>s1 c9namons & holly oaks1 v9es & rotang palms =m$ ! =e/s ev5 ( ,mioc5e ,brita94 ,! animals dur+ all ! ,t]ti>y p]iod 7 ( :at we n[ reg>d z tropical or subtropical types--lions1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotamuses1 monkeys1 or m antique races1 equally s\!rn 9 aspect4 ,!re c\ld h be5 little *ange ( w9t] & summ] dur+ ?is long w>m spell2 ! v>iations c h be5 sc>cely m ?an ^? ( dry & ra9y seasons4 ,! trees nev] lo/ _! leaves2 ! fruits & fl[]s nev] ceas$ to foll[ "o ano!r2 no int]ruption ( ! food supply drove insects to hib]nate 9 _! silk5 cocoons1 or squirrels & be>s to lay by /ores ( food or fat = ! cold & hungry w9t]4 ,nev]!less1 tak+ ! _w r\nd z x /&s1 we mu/ believe t ! di/9ction ( seasons grew up1 bo? = plants & animals1 & = man or 8 ance/ors1 dur+ ?is age ( relatively unm>k$ summ]s & w9t]s4 ,= ! tropics m ?an any:]e else pres]ve = u to-day ! g5]al features & aspect ( ?is e>li] "t2 !y h nev] _h ! cont9uity ( _! /ream ( life rudely int]rupt$ by ! enorm\s *anges ( ! ,glacial epo*4 ,yet1 ev5 9 ! tropics1 ?+s1 z we saw1 h seasons4 ,!re are annuals & p]5nials !re1 z else:]e4 ,ea* k9d has its mon? = spr\t+1 = fl[]+1 = fruit+1 = %$d+ its se$2 & m5 9 ! tropics1 "s ( !m long isolat$ 9 oceanic isl&s1 or 9 great insulat$ regions l ,au/ralia or ,new ,gu9ea1 f ! re/ ( _! k9d 9 ! temp]ate regions1 nev]!less "k & obs]ve ! ye>1 & p]=m all _! functions1 agricultural or religi\s1 by ye>ly cycles4 ,= example1 !re is among !m all an annual fea/ = ! dead1 & wid[s m\rn _! husb&s = "o ye> f _! burial4 ,obs]vation ( ! ye>1 !re=e1 bo? automatically by organisms at l>ge & consci\sly by man1 ant$ates & is indep5d5t ( obs]vation ( ! exi/5ce ( summ] or w9t]4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t man w\ld h not$ ! m]ely a/ronomical ye>--! ye> ( ! sun's position--at lea/ till a relatively late /age 9 culture1 if he _h n fir/ notic$ ! organic ye>--! regul> recurr5ce ( plant & animal seasons4 ,s _m yams--t is to say1 s _m yam h>ve/s--9 o!r words1 s _m ye>s1 is a common savage way ( reckon+ times & ages4 ,b !y call x yams1 n summ]s or w9t]s4 ,& :5 ,i say yams1 ,i give t m]ely z a s+le in/ance1 = else:]e ! se$time & h>ve/ are reckon$ indiff]5tly 9 maize or millet1 rice or b>ley1 accord+ to ! agriculture ( ! p>ticul> p4 ,ev5 hunt+ races "k t at c]ta9 times ( ye> c]ta9 foods ab\nd2 & ?is is true ( equatorial savages & equatorial plants or animals1 z well z ( o!rs4 ,moons are m obvi\s measures ( "t ?an suns1 9 ! tropics at lea/--probably ev]y:]e2 = ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon mean mu* to p :o live l>gely out ( doors2 & ! mon? is1 p]haps1 ! e>lie/ fix$ mode ( reckon+ "t beyond a day or two4 ,mo/ savages c\nt "t ma9ly by s _m moons4 ,b !y mu/ also h notic$ e>ly t aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( moons 7usually ab\t ?irte571 c]ta9 fruits or se$s 7 ripe aga92 especially mu/ !y h notic$ x :5 ?is recurr5ce co9cid$ ) ! return ( ! ra9y season1 or ( "s o!r annual meteorological ph5om5on1 l ! bur/+ ( ! monsoon or ! ,nile inundation4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ! tropics1 & be=e ! com+ on ( ! ,glacial epo*1 m5 or ! ance/ors ( m5 7"o c n draw precise l9es "h7 mu/ probably h obs]v$ a c]ta9 r\gh relation betwe5 ! mon?s & ! vegetative cycles2 aft] s _m moons1 ab\t say ?irte51 ! yam1 or ! mangoes1 or ! gra9s are ripe aga94 ,^! organic ye>s1 ,i take x1 mu/ h be5 notic$ be=e ! a/ronomical ones4 ,= x is n[ beg9n+ to be m & m believ$ t man is ( preglacial orig92 & ev5 if some?+ wor? call+ a man 7 n1 !n at lea/ man's pre-human ance/ors g back f> into ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,only lat] w\ld m5 beg9 to note t "s ?irte5 moons1 & ! recurr5ce ( a food /uff1 concurr$ ) a p>ticul> sol> season4 ,inde$1 if "o comes to ?9k ( x1 h[ mu* ev5 n[ d any ( u1 save ! mo/ sci5tific1 mean by ! ye>1 beyond ! visible *ange ( summ] & w9t]8 ,:at we are ?9k+ ( is ! leafless trees1 ! ice & sn[1 ! gre5 grass 9 spr+1 ! fl[]s & w>m days 9 summ]1 n ! ab/ract a/ronomical fact ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun1 or ! due succession ( ! signs ( ! zodiac4 ,x is t visible organic ye> t mu/ h c\nt$ mo/ ) man f ! fir/2 ?\gh no d\bt its mean+ & reality are mu* m vividly pres5t s9ce ! com+ on ( ! ,glacial epo*1 & ! m s 9 proportion z we live ne>] to ! nor? or s\? pole2 :ile at ! equator ! ye> is to ! la/ a mu* m inconspicu\s p]iod--a l>gely artificial mode ( reckon+4 ,/ill1 f ! v fir/1 !re 0 "o elem5t ( div]sity 9 ! ye> :i* mu/ h /ruck all m51 9 ! temp]ate & frigid zones at lea/1 p]haps ev5 9 a c]ta9 way 9 ! tropics4 ,i mean1 ! v>y+ l5g? ( ! day1 always p]ceptible 9 ! frigid & temp]ate zones2 = z soon z m5 9 ^! regions began to ?9k & to obs]ve at all1 !y mu/ h notic$ t ! days increas$ 9 _! summ] & less5$ 9 _! w9t]2 & !y mu/ h le>n$ to correlate ?is wax+ & wan+ ( ! day ) ! appe>ance or abundance ( c]ta9 fruits1 se$s1 birds1 fi%es1 game1 roots & o!r food /uffs4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t all ! _w ov] m5 d n[ celebrate ! sol/ices & ! equ9oxes z special fea/s2 & ! close simil>ity 9 mo/ su* celebrations leads "o to suspect t ! cu/om has be5 h&$ d[n f ! v remote "t :5 ! human family 0 /ill a s+le cont9u\s body4 ,9 ! tropics1 x is true1 ! days v>y s little t ?is diff]5ce 9 itself is n likely to h /ruck primval man4 ,b !re1 ano!r po9t w\ld come 9--! annual movem5t ( ! sun ov]head f s\? to nor? & vice v]sa2 & ?\gh ?is w\ld be less directly important to human life ?an 9 temp]ate regions1 x w\ld /ill be indirectly important4 ,x w\ld br+ ! ra9 ) x4 ,9 ,europe1 ( c\rse1 & 9 temp]ate ,am]ica1 we c see at once t ! return ( ! sun nor?w>d mu/ always h meant spr+1 ! increase ( food /uffs1 ! promise ( corn or maize1 ! sugge/ion ( h>ve/2 & we c !re=e und]/& :y ! midw9t] fea/1 :5 ! sun aft] 8 long j\rney s\? beg9s to move visibly nor? aga91 %\ld h be5 bo? 9 pagan & ,*ri/ian times ! great fe/ival ( rejoic+ = ! m5 ( ! nor? temp]ate region4 ,day by day !y saw ! sun rec$e & ! cold deep52 at la/1 "o ev5+1 he sets a little ne>]1 & !y "k t he has n des]t$ !m =ev]4 ,simil>ly1 ! promise made at ,yule beg9s to be realiz$ at t o!r great fea/ ( ! spr+ equ9ox1 :i* we /ill call 9 ,engl& by its anci5t hea!n title ( ,ea/]2 ! day by t "t has got ! bett] ( ! night1 & ! sun dances on ,ea/] ,sunday 9 commemoration ( 8 complet$ victory ov] ! comb9$ p[]s ( w9t] & d>kness4 ,9 ! tropics1 on ! o!r h&1 ! connection is less cle>2 b ev5 "h ! %ift+ ( ! sun's app>5t place is closely correlat$ ) ! %ift+ ( ! ra9 zone2 & !re=e x w\ld n be long 7aft] man 0 man7 be=e tropical savages began to p]ceive a con/ant relation betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! sun to nor? or s\?1 & ! occurr5ce ( ! f]tiliz+ ra9y season4 ,we mu/ rememb] t savages1 ) _! improvid5t habits1 are mu* m dep5d5t ^u ra9 ?an we are1 & t magical c]emonies = break+ up a dr\ght are among _! commone/ & mo/ univ]sally diffus$ sup]/itions4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 be=e ! com+ on ( ! ,glacial epo*1 we may be pretty sure t plants & animals on ! "o h& _h le>n$ organically & automatically to recognize ! exi/5ce ( ! ye> & to adapt !mselves to x2 & t m5 or ! prog5itors ( m5 on ! o!r h& _h also le>n$ to correlate ! recurr5t seasons ( food supply ) ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 ?\gh no?+ equival5t to w9t] & summ] z we "k !m to-day exi/$ z yet on any "p ( our planet4 ,i say advis$ly on any "p ( our planet1 because ev5 ne> ! pole itself rema9s ( a subtropical vegetation 9 ,t]ti>y times h be5 amply indicat$4 ,nev]!less1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w !n1 z 9 ! tropics n[1 we may ga!r t plants & animals ran ?r\gh annual cycles--t ! ye>1 z ,i h put x1 0 organically recogniz$4 ,trees _h _! "t to spr\t1 to bud1 to fl[]1 to fruit1 to se$1 to %$ _! leaves 79 ! ev]gre5 way72 birds _h _! "t to ne/ & hat* out _! "y2 insects _h _! fix$ p]iods = lay+1 = l>val life1 = assum+ ! *rysalis =m1 = becom+ w+$ beetles or bees or butt]flies4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! ye> is a t]re/rial reality1 n m]ely an a/ronomical fact1 9 ! tropics n[2 x 0 a t]re/rial reality ov] ! :ole planet 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,b x 0 h>dly m m>k$1 app>5tly1 into di/9ct seasons ?an x is m>k$ to-day 9 ! equatorial region4 ,ra9fall & dr\ght mu/ h _h m to d 9 det]m9+ ! annual cycles ?an w9t] & summ]4 ,f all ?is x mu/ result t ! conception ( ! ye> z an epo* at all 7save = advanc$ a/ronomy7 is almo/ or entirely due to t tilt ( ! e>?'s axis :i* causes ! seasons--dry or wet1 cold or hot4 ,)\t ! seasons1 9 "o =m or o!r1 we might h be5 ages long] 9 discov]+ ! fact t ! e>? mov$ r\nd ! sun1 & t "s ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days 7,i omit ^? important fractions7 7 ne$$ = its revolution4 ,c]ta9ly1 )\t ! seasons1 at lea/ to ! ext5t t !y occur 9 ! tropics1 plant & animal life c\ld h>dly h assum$ its fix$ annual cycles1 nor c\ld e>ly m5 h caught at ! idea ( ! ye> at all z a p]iod ( "t1 a unit ( measurem5t4 ,be=e ! ,glacial epo*1 9 p>ticul>1 ! discov]y ( ! ye>1 organically or consci\sly1 mu/ h be5 mu* m difficult ?an x is n[ 9 high latitudes4 ,x mu/ h be5 almo/ z difficult 9 :at are n[ ! temp]ate zones z x is to-day 9 ! tropics4 ,f> nor? or s\?1 ( c\rse1 ! l5g? ( ! day w\ld tell2 & )9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic ,circles ! long night w\ld =m an unmi/akable feature4 ,b if ! plane ( ! equator _h always f\nd itself v]tical to ! sun1 !re c\ld h be5 no recognition ( ! ye> at all1 ei!r organic or consci\s4 ,9 o!r words1 f ! po9t ( view ( organic life1 ! ye> does n mean ! revolution ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun3 x means ! app>5t nor?w>d & s\?w>d movem5t ( ! sun on ei!r side ( ! equator2 x means ! seasons1 :e!r recogniz$ z w9t] & summ]1 or z dry & wet p]iods4 ,t is really ! ye> z man kn[s x1 z plants & animals h always kn[n x4 ,) ! com+ on ( ! great cold spell1 h[ev]1 ! importance ( ! seasons 9 ! temp]ate & frigid zones1 p]haps also ev5 9 ! tropics1 became mu* m m>k$4 ,i w n g "h into ! sugge/$ reasons = t va/ revolution1 p]haps ! greate/ our planet has ev] suff]$4 ,mo/ physici/s n[ accept m or less ! !ory put =w>d ) great +5uity by ,mr4 ,croll1 :i* sets x d[n to a p]iod ( extreme ecc5tricity 9 ! e>?'s orbit2 b "s weight mu/ also be all[$1 z ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace has cle>ly %[n1 to ! local arrangem5t ( l& & wat] on ! globe at ! "t ( its orig91 z well z to ! occurr5ce ( m\nta9 ranges j !n at ! poles1 & to o!r purely t]re/rial causes4 ,nev] be=e1 9 all probability1 _h ! poles be5 occupi$ by great glaci]-clad m\nta9s4 ,x seems mo/ likely1 inde$1 t we are n[ practically at ! end ( ! ,glacial epo*1 & t if only we c\ld once get rid ( ! pol> ice caps1 :i* keep a /ock ( *ill9ess always laid on 7,i speak ! q compreh5sible language ( ev]yday life71 we might recur =?) to ! w>m & almo/ imp]ceptible w9t]s ( ! preglacial p]iod4 ,b1 z ?+s /&1 ! /ock ( ice at ! poles nev] gets melt$ away 9 ! exi/+ nor!rn or s\!rn summ]2 fre% ice accumulates on top ( ! old mass ) ea* w9t]2 prevail+ w9ds1 bl[+ ov] ?is ice1 *ill regions ly+ mu* f>!r t[>d ! tropics2 iceb]gs deta* !mselves & float (f1 ?us l[]+ ! temp]ature ( ! sea 9 ! middle zones2 arctic or ant>ctic curr5ts spread r\nd ! coa/s & absorb ! sol> heat 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,we h only to rememb] ! tr5*ant diff]5ce 9 ,engl& betwe5 a p>*+ cold ea/ w9d & a mild s\'we/] to realize :at an imm5se "p ^! pol> ice caps & froz5 highl&s play 9 ! production ( our exi/+ w9t]4 ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 ,himalayas1 ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 fur!r assi/ 9 ! same direction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 curr5ts 9 ! sea may cut ei!r way2 ! ,gulf ,/ream makes ,engl& w>m1 :ile ! arctic curr5t makes ,labrador1 mu* f>!r s\?1 practically un9habitable4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,glacial epo*1 !re=e1 x has be5 q easy = man 9 ! temp]ate & frigid zones to recognize ! ye> z a natural reality4 ,! annual cycles ( heat & cold are f> too m>k$ to be ov]look$ by anybody4 ,organically1 !y made !mselves felt at once by extraord9>y *anges induc$ 9 ! fauna & flora4 ,be=e ! /eady advance ( ! annual cold wave1 vegetation _h p]=ce to alt] its ways4 ,! l>ge-leav$ ev]gre5s w5t out altoge!r 9 frigid & high temp]ate regions2 decidu\s trees1 or ne$le-leav$ types l ! p9es & firs1 took ! place ( ! luxuriant ,mioc5e foliage 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,e autumn ! l>g] numb] ( trees & %rubs le>n$ to %$ _! leaves all toge!r2 e spr+ !y came out anew 9 fre% gre5 & 9 masses ( blossom4 ,simil>ly ) animals4 ,birds le>n$ to migrate1 or to accommodate !mselves to ! w9t]2 insects le>n$ to hib]nate 9 ! egg or ! cocoon2 pigs fatt5$ !mselves on ma/ aga9/ ! froz5 "t2 moles slept ov] w9t]2 squirrels ho>d$ nuts = a /ore to bridge ov] heavy fro/s2 frogs retir$ to ! w>m] mud 9 ! dep?s ( ponds2 add]s coil$ !mselves 9 holes & doz$ away ! cold season4 ,innum]able adaptations sprang up at once1 ^? species or individuals :i* fail$ to meet ! new conditions p]i%+ 9 ! /ruggle4 ,9 proportion z we rec$e f ! tropics1 ! m m>k$ d ! annual cycles ( life ?us induc$ become1 _m species practically ceas+ to exi/ z su* = sev]al mon?s ( ! ye>1 & be+ only pot5tially repres5t$ by eggs1 g]ms1 or se$s1 & sometimes by dormant pregnant females4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ! cause ( ! seasons z a :ole is ! obliquity ( ! e>?'s axis1 ) ! result+ incl9ation ( ei!r pole t[>d ! sun alt]nately1 we mu/ n =get t ! seasons & ! climate 9 ea* p>ticul> c\ntry dep5d 9 "p ^u _m m9or contributory causes4 ,x is n m]ely ne>ness to or di/ance f ! equator t c\nts2 we h to consid] also relative di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 elevation1 preval5t w9ds1 exposure1 cond5sation1 & _m o!r elem5ts ( a complex problem4 ,9 ,ecuador1 = example1 ^: v "n means ! equator1 ! pla9 is always 9 scor*+ summ]1 ! m\nta9s are always 9 p]petual spr+4 ,! monsoons1 aga91 produce 9 o!r c\ntries "s curi\s results3 !y dep5d !mselves on ! *ange ( relative temp]ature 9 sea & l& at diff]5t seasons2 & !y break ^u ! ,himalayas ) ?is odd & unexpect$ effect1 t ! sn[ l9e on ! s\!rn side ( t va/ range goes v f> d[n1 ow+ to ! imm5se ra9fall 7or r sn[fall7 & ! consequ5t spread ( sn[ fields & glaci]s2 :ile on ! nor!rn side x desc5ds b a v little way1 ow+ to ! extreme des]t dr\ght & ! great summ] heat ( ! c5tral ,asiatic table-l&4 ,we h ?us ! app>5t p>adox t millions ( ,tibetans occupy t[ns & cultivate f>ms to ! nor? at a height f ?ree to f\r ?\s& feet above ! sn[ l9e on ! s\!rn slope ( ! same m\nta9s4 ,look+ at ! matt] broadly1 !n1 & tak+ = grant$ ! n[ g5]ally accept$ mod]n view t ! great oceans & great cont95ts h be5 relatively fix$ 7?\gh liable to m9or fluctuations & v>iations ( outl9e7 ?r\gh\t all geological "t1 & t ! e>?'s cru/ has n %ift$ f pole to equator or vice v]sa1 we arrive at la/ at ! foll[+ probable conclusions3 ,!re h always be5 seasons m or less m>k$1 & ^! h be5 m or less organically answ]$ by correspond+ *anges or cycles ( *ange 9 plants & animals4 ,ra9 & dr\ght h 9 _m cases m to d ) su* *anges ?an v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! seasons1 aga91 are less m>k$ 9 ! tropics ?an 9 temp]ate & circumpol> climates4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ne> ! equator1 !y ex]t & h always ex]t$ c]ta9 organic influ5ces-h result$ 9 annual cycles 9 ! life ( species4 ,ev5 be=e ! com+ on ( ! ,glacial epo*1 ! seasons 7 probably some:at m m>k$ 9 ! temp]ate & pol> regions ?an 9 ! tropics1 ! long] day 9 summ] & ! great] directness ( impact ( ! rays mak+ ! summ] mon?s always w>m]4 ,b = v>i\s reasons1 among :i* we may presumably rank ! abs5ce 9 e>ly ages ( high l& at ! poles & ( an accumulat$ pol> ice cap1 toge!r ) ! exi/5ce ( w>m sea curr5ts f ! tropics to ! poles1 ! w9t]s ( preglacial ages seem to h be5 relatively mild1 p]haps 7if we may judge by ! types ( plant life7 mild] ?an ^? ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia 9 our own p]iod4 ,no cold w9ds ( importance seem !n to h bl[n ) blight+ effect f glaciat$ or sn[-clad di/ricts4 7,m>s 9 our own "t appe>s to enjoy w9t]s some:at ( ?is "*1 ?\gh a little cold]1 ) a tempor>y sn[ cap47 ,! seasons z we "k !m 9 temp]ate & arctic climates1 h[ev]1 seem to be l>gely ! result ( ! glacial epo*1 & its p]si/5t legacy ! arctic & ant>ctic ice caps4 ,if we c\ld once manage to get rid ( ^?1 x is possible t our planet might aga9 enjoy 9 all its zones ! mild & g5ial preglacial w9t]s4 ,^! are r\gh notes1 ,i "k2 m]e adumbrations ( a probable tru?3 b adequately to develop ! subject w\ld require a v big volume4 ,my object "h is simply to sugge/ t 9 _m inquiries1 bo? into human & animal or vegetable life1 we mu/ nev] take ! exi/5ce ( seasons z we "k !m = grant$1 except 9 v rec5t times4 ,! ye>1 = organic be+s1 means ess5tially ! seasons2 & ! seasons may mean & h meant _m sep>ate ?+s1 z "t & place v>y--heat & cold1 food & sc>city1 foliage & leaflessness1 dr\ght & wet2 long] or %ort] days1 ! midnight sun & ! w9t] d>kness2 hib]nation & wakefulness2 ! egg1 ! cocoon1 ! se$1 ! plant1 ! fl[]1 ! fruit2 dormancy or vitality4 ,accord+ z human life />t$ at ! poles or ! equator1 = in/ance1 x w\ld view 9 ! beg9n+ _m ?+s diff]5tly4 ,all ,i wi% to po9t out n[ is m]ely ?is1 t we mu/ be> su* possibilities ev] 9 m9d2 & t we mu/ nev] take x = grant$ 9 any problem1 human or biological1 t ! seasons 7 always j :at we "k !m1 or t ! ye> to any organic be+ meant any?+ m ?an ! seasonal cycle !n & !re preval5t4--,longman's ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! excavations ( ! anci5t cemet]y ( ,ant9oe1 ne> ,lyons1 ,france1 a p>ty dress ( ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,adrian1 v f9e silks1 jewels1 etc41 h be5 discov]$4 ,"o s>cophagus held ! rema9s ( a woman musician ) a rose *emise1 a cy?>a1 pe>ls1 ca/anets1 etc42 9 ano!r 0 a *ild's co/ume ) its little lac$ %oes1 its ve/ ornam5t$ ) fl[]s appliqus1 & its robe ( gauff]$ crape4 ,x appe>s t ! wom5 ( sixte5 hundr$ ye>s ago dy$ _! hair ) h5na1 & twi/$ ribbons r\nd _! heads4 ,no?+ *anges4 ,m4 ,a4 ,?ieull51 publi%+ ! results ( fifte5 ye>s' /udies among ! fl9t implem5ts ( ! ,fr5* b$s1 draws ! conclusions t ! elaborate paloli?ic fl9t axe & hamm] & ! typical neoli?ic implem5ts 7 luxuries us$ by ! m di/+ui%$ memb]s or = ! m important purposes ( ! fl9t-implem5t-us+ community1 :ile ! rud] implem5ts :i* are f\nd 9 enorm\s numb]s 7 ! objects ( g5]al & daily use ?r\gh\t all ! fl9t-us+ ages1 :e!r paloli?ic or neoli?ic4 ,,bra9 ,,weights ,,& ,,intellectual ,,capacity4 ,,by ,,joseph ,,simms1 ,m4 ,d4 ,hav+ be5 = ?irty ye>s a lectur] on man & 8 "* z ev9c$ by 8 =m1 features1 head1 & ge/ures1 & hav+ made obs]vations on ! subject 9 all p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 cont95tal ,europe & ,great ,brita91 & p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia1 ,i %\ld n be deem$ presumptu\s :5 ,i pres5t a few facts reg>d+ ! relations ( m9d & ! size & =ms ( heads & weights ( bra9s4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by _m p]sons v]s$ 9 ! bran*es relat+ to ! subject t m5 ) ! l>ge/ bra9s are n ^? ( mo/ tal5t1 p[]1 or intellect2 b _m su* h be5 only ord9>y or inf]ior m51 or ev5 idiots2 :ile "s m5 ( mo/ p[]ful & compreh5sive m9ds h _h unusually small bra9s4 ,esquirol's ass]tion t no size or =m ( head or bra9 is incid5t to idiocy or to sup]ior tal5t is borne out by my obs]vations4 ,aft] long & c>eful rese>* 9 ! great libr>ies & museums ( ! _w1 ,i h collect$ a table ( bra9 weights ( em95t m51 along ) :i* are ent]$1 9 my orig9al docum5t1 ! occupation ( ! subject1 age at ! "t ( det]m9ation1 & ! s\rce :5ce ! item is d]iv$4 ,^! c n be giv5 )9 ! limits ( ?is article1 & only ! briefe/ & mo/ g5]aliz$ summ>y ( ! ma9 features c be indicat$4 ,! l>ge/ weight ( bra9 9 ! :ole li/ is t ( ! ,russian noveli/ ,turg5ieff1 ^: bra9 weigh$1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 at sixty-five ye>s ( age1 #ga ounces4#cb ,x is a consid]able /ep f him to ! next 9 ord]1 ! ,engli% me*anician & au?or1 ,knight1 ^: bra9 weight at ! age ( fifty-eight 0 #fd ounces4 ,!n foll[ ! ,scotti% physician ,ab]crombie1 #fc ounces2 ,g5]al ,b4 ,f4 ,butl]1 #fb ounces2 & ! ,scotti% g5]al ,ab]cromby1 #fb ounces4 ,ano!r gr\p ( n9e1 includ+ weights f #eh4f ounces to #ed ounces1 includes ,jeffrey1 ,scotti% judge & au?or1 ,?ack]ay1 ,cuvi]1 ,george ,combe1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator ,a!rton1 ,spurzheim1 & ! ,scotti% physician ,simpson4 ,! next gr\p1 #ec4f to #ej1 is l>g]1 includ+ tw5ty-"o names1 among :i* are ,daniel ,web/]1 ,agassiz1 ,napoleon ,i1 ! ,scotti% div9e ,*alm]s1 ! ma!maticians ,de ,morgan & ,gauss1 ! an?ropologi/ ,broca1 & ! g5]als ,skoboleff & ,lam>que4 ,! la/ gr\p1 #di4i to #dj ounces1 conta9s tw5ty-five names1 includ+ ^? ( ! philosoph] ,hub]1 ,grote1 ,babbage1 ! an?ropologi/ ,b]tillon1 ,:ewell1#cc ,liebig1 ,gall1 ,gambetta1 & ,bi%op1 ! m9d read]4 ,only "o remove f ! foot ( ! li/ is ,gambetta1 a man ( indisputably high g5ius & ability1 ) a bra9 weigh+ only #dj4i ounces4#cd ,! table goes to illu/rate a g5]al rule :i* ,i discov]$ & publi%$ sev]al ye>s ago1 t l>g] bra9s app]ta9 to natives ( cold] climates4 ,dr4 ,john ,ab]crombie1 = in/ance1 0 born at ,ab]de51 ,scotl&1 on ! ,g]man ,sea1 & f>!r nor? ?an any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sir ,ralph ,ab]cromby 0 born 9 ! c\nty ( ,clackmannan1 ,scotl&1 :]e x is f> cold] ?an any "p ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,"l ,francis ,jeffrey fir/ saw light 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,g5]al ,butl] 0 born 9 ,de]field1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,ivan ,turg5ieff1 ) ! heavie/ bra9 ( all1 0 a native ( cold1 inhospitable ,russia4 ,dr4 ,franz ,joseph ,gall 7bra9 weight #db4b ounces7#ce 0 born 9 ,wrtemb]g1 9 s\!rn ,g]many1 pass$ mo/ ( 8 life 9 ,vi5na & ,p>is1 &1 be+ a /ud5t1 sp5t mu* ( 8 "t indoors4 ,gambetta 0 born at ,cahors1 ,france1 ( ,italian p>5ts4 ,?is climatological view ( ! size ( bra9s is confirm$ by a pap]1 ,crania1 ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :i* gives z ! av]age size1 9 cubic in*es1 ( ! cranial cavities ( v>i\s nationalities1 tak+ ! results ( _m measurem5ts3 ,lapps1 #ajb2 ,sw$es1 #ajj2 ,anglo-,saxons1 #if2 ,f9ns1 #ie2 ,anglo-,am]icans1 #id2 ,g]mans1 #ib2 ,celts1 #hh2 ,malays1 #hf2 ,*9ese1 #he2 ,tombs ( ,gizeh1 #hd2 embalm$ ,semitic1 #hb2 ,egyptians1 #hj2 ,fellah1 #gi2 ,b5galese1 #gh4 ,a table ( av]age bra9 weights ( v>i\s nationalities1 compil$ f ,top9>d's & ,man\vri]'s works & o!r /&>d an?ropological publications1 illu/rates ! same t5d5cy t[>d great] bra9 weights 9 cold] c\ntries4 ,"o ( its results is to %[ t ! cold] air ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates produces l>g] bra9s 9 ! negroes ?an ! w>m air ( ,africa4 ,! table fur!r %[s1 9 ! comp>isons ( ,h9dus & ,african negroes1 t ! bra9s are smalle/ 9 ! w>me/ c\ntries1 irrespective ( race or nation2 & t ! l>ge/ av]age atta9$ is 9 ,scotl&1 :]e x is nev] extremely w>m4 ,! measurem5t ( ! cranial cavity is a v unc]ta9 gauge ( ! size ( ! bra91 = ! c]ebro-sp9al fluid may occupy a l>ge %>e ( ! space4 ,weigh+ ! bra9 is )\t d\bt ! only sci5tifically c]ta9 me?od ( det]m9+ its size & mass4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable case 9 ! table ( great m5's bra9s is t ( ,gambetta1 :o 0 beh9d none ( 8 compe]s 9 ability1 & yet _h ! smalle/ bra9 ( all4 ,! fir/ table ( ! ,av]age ,weight ( ! ,human ,body & ,m9d1 compil$ f ,dr4 ,boyd's rese>*es among ! sane1 :i* 0 bas$ on m ?an two ?\s& po/-mortem exam9ations1 gives #de4i ounces z ! av]age bra9 weight ( boys f sev5 to f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 & #dj4b ounces z t ( boys & #dj4a ounces ( girls f f\r to sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,& ?is little bra9 ( #dj4i ounces app]ta9$ to a man1 a l(ty1 comm&+1 m5tal figure1 /&+ out 9 bold relief f ! cr[d ( m$iocrities :i* he dw>fs & %ad[s1 ! embodim5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 :o /e]$ x ?r\gh "o ( its mo/ p]il\s crises1 ! =emo/ ,fr5*man ( 8 "t1 :o e/abli%$ 8 claim to be plac$ 9 ! v front rank ( ,european /atesm51 & ^: untimely dea? 0 spok5 ( z no?+ less ?an ! sudd5 ext9ction ( a p[]ful individual =ce1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful1 inde$1 ( su* =ces hi!rto op]at+ 9 ,europe4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! association ( l>ge bra9s ) small m9ds1 we h compil$ f v>i\s s\rces ( recogniz$ au?ority a li/ ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five p]sons ( ord9>y or weak m9ds1 idiots1 imbeciles1 & crim9als1 ^: bra9s 7 g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 subjects ( ! prec$+ notes4 ,( ^!1 ,ru/an1 an ignorant & unkn[n workman1 appe>s ) a bra9 weigh+ #gh4c ounces2#cf ! dw>f$ ,indian squaw :o foll[s him1 ( #gc4e ounces2#cg an illit]ate & weak-m9d$ man _h a bra9 ( #ga4c ounces2#ch & a cong5itally imbecile p]son cit$ by ,dr4 ,irel&1 ) "o ( #gj4e ounces4#ci ,ano!r imbecile cit$ by ,dr4 ,irel& _h a bra9 ( #fc4b ounces1 & ! bra9 ( an idiot ) a l>ge head1 eighte5 ye>s old1 :o _h an idiotic si/]1 weigh$ #fb4h ounces4 ,! bra9 ( ! idiot1 ,no4 #ef ( ! m5 9 ! table1 #ei4e ounces1 is exce$$ 9 size by ^? ( only five on ! li/ ( fam\s m51 :ile elev5 p]sons record$ z idiots1 imbeciles1 & *ildr5 _h bra9s heavi] ?an 84 ,an idiot boy ( f\rte5 ye>s1 v malici\s1 :o nev] spoke1 & :o ne>ly kill$ 8 si/] ) a pick1 _h a bra9 weight ( #eg4e ounces4 ,?irty m5 out ( ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five exam9$ 9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ,asylum gave bra9 weights ( #ee ounces & upw>d1 %[+ t su* weights are n s r>e z "s h suppos$4 ,9 ano!r asylum 9 ,engl& "o out ( e doz5 bra9s exam9$ %[$ a weight ( #ee ounces or m4 ,9 ,na*ri*t51 ( ,gtt+51 #ahfj1 pp4 #gj-ga1 ,dr4 ,rudolph ,wagn] gave a table ( ?irty-two p]sons ^: bra9s he exam9$1 among :om 7 five di/+ui%$ m52 b ! l>ge/ bra9 weight record$ 9 x1 #ee4i ounces1 has opposite to x ! leg5d1 ,idiotic gr[n man4 ,to ?is li/ we might h add$ a l>ge numb] ( p]sons ^: bra9s weigh$ less ?an #ec ounces4 ,yet ! bra9s ( ,daniel ,web/]1 ,agassiz1 ,napoleon ,i1 ,"l ,byron1 ,b>on ,dupuytr51 ,g5]al ,skoboleff1 & o!r fam\s m5 conc]n+ ^: l>ge bra9s mu* has be5 said1 weigh$ less ?an ?is2 & we might h app5d$ hundr$s ( bra9 weights ( idiots1 imbeciles1 & o!r insignificant p]sons1 f #ec ounces d[n to #di ounces--probably ab\t ! av]age weight 9 c5tral ,europe4 ,9 support ( our cont5tion is1 fur!r1 an obs]vation by ,dr4 ,rudolph ,wagn] 9 ,na*ri*t51 ,febru>y #bi1 #ahfj1 pp4 #ga1 #gb1 t v intellig5t m5 c]ta9ly d n diff] /rik+ly 9 bra9 weight f less gift$ m54 ,dr4 ,cl5d5n+ pres5ts 9 ! ,croonian ,lectures ! foll[+ entries ( bra9 weights ( male subjects ( diff]5t ages1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* is to %[ t ! male encephalon loses1 aft] x is gr[n1 m ?an an ounce e t5 ye>s3 #ae to #cj ye>s #ej4ge ounces4 #cj to #ej #di4ff #ej to #gj #dg4a #gj to #ajj #da4e ,a numb] ( o!r em95t anatomi/s h giv5 simil> evid5ce ( decrease 9 bra9 weight z intellectual p[] increases4 ,! ,pr(essor at ! ,breakfa/ ,table1 ! late ,dr4 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 a le>n$ man & exp]i5c$ physician & pr(essor ( anatomy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity = ?irty-five ye>s1 says3 ,! walls ( ! head are d\ble1 ) a great *amb] ( air betwe5 !m1 ov] ! smalle/ & mo/ cr[d$ organs4 ,c y tell me h[ mu* money !re is 9 a safe1 :i* also has ?ick walls1 by knead+ ! knobs ) y\r f+]s8 ,s1 :5 a man fumbles ab\t my =ehead1 & talks ab\t ! organs ( individuality1 size1 etc41 ,i tru/ him z mu* z ,i %\ld if he felt ov] ! outside ( my /rong box1 & told me t !re 0 a five-doll> or a t5-doll> bill "u ?is or t rivet4 ,p]haps !re is1 only he doesn't "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,we w add t1 ev5 if he kn[s ! inw>d dim5sions ( ! /rong box1 he c\ld n !nce det]m9e ! am\nt ( ca% deposit$ 9 x4 ,! int]nal size ( ,spurzheim's skull 0 9 cubic in*es exactly ! same z t ( ! skull ( ,joa*im1 an imbecile six feet n9e in*es 9 height1 ) a bra9 weight ( #fa4b ounces1 :]eas ,spurzheim's bra9 weigh$ only #ee ounces4 ,:oev] has exam9$ heads 9 ! dissect+ room ( a m$ical college kn[s t1 except 9 r>e cases ( disease1 ! bra9 does n fit ! skull1 b is surr\nd$ by ?ree membranes & a wat]y fluid2 & ?is liquid1 x has be5 asc]ta9$1 is g5]ally suffici5t to admit ( its p]=m+ c]ta9 movem5ts4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! bra9 moves 9 ! skull1 *ang+ its position1 accord+ to ! laws ( gravitation1 9 mu* ! same way z ! lungs1 he>t1 & liv] d 9 ! body4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ _m times to move1 z well z to pulsate1 :5 expos$ to view dur+ ! life ( ! individual4 ,x is subject to two regul> & con/ant motions--"o produc$ by ! art]ies1 ! o!r by respiration4 ,x has also a ?ird motion1 discov]$ & describ$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,luys1 :o /at$1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is1 t ! bra9 is subject to c]ta9 *anges ( position1 dep5d5t on ! attitude ( ! body4 ,?us1 if a man lies on 8 back or side1 or /&s on 8 head1 ! bra9 und]goes c]ta9 *anges ( position 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( gravity2 ! movem5ts take place sl[ly1 & ! bra9 is five or six m9utes 9 return+ to its previ\s position4 ,f ^! anatomical data ,m4 ,luys d$uc$ "s int]e/+ & practical conclusions1 by :i* he expla9$1 = example1 ! symptoms ( v]tigo :i* feeble p]sons exp]i5ce :5 sudd5ly ris+ f a horizontal position4 ,he sugge/$ :e!r ! pa9s ( m5+itis may n be due to an int]f]5ce ) ^! normal movem5ts1 & urges ! value ( giv+ ! bra9 ! *ange produc$ by a horizontal position at night4 ,! av]age cranial capacity is admitt$ to be #if cubic in*es 9 ,engl& & #id 9 ,new ,york2 & x is to ! unusual quantity ( fluid ( "s cases1 & to ! extraord9>y ?ickness ( ! skull 9 o!rs1 t we are to attribute ! frequ5t discrepancy betwe5 ! ext]nal dim5sions & ! size ( ! encephalon4 ,daniel ,web/]'s cranial capacity 0 #abb cubic in*es1 yet 8 bra9 ( #ec4e ounces 0 j :at ,george ,combe has laid d[n z ! av]age weight = an adult man4 ,wat] & lymph1 we are told1 fill$ ! skull4 ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's head1 almo/ free f hair1 measur$ #bd4hg in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & ! dim5sions 7 all ^? ( a v l>ge head1 suffici5t to conta9 f #fe to #gj ounces ( bra91 yet 8 bra9 weigh$ only #eb4ge ounces1 or little1 if at all1 above ! av]age 9 ! cold p>ts ( ! temp]ate zones4 ,de ,morgan 0 sixty-five ye>s ( age :5 he di$4 ,he 0 mu* emaciat$1 & ! bra9 0 di/9ctly %runk51 n fill+ ! int]ior cavity1 :]e its place 0 suppli$1 z is usual 9 su* cases1 by s]um or wat]4 ,!re is no kn[n me?od :]eby any man c det]m9e :e!r bra9 or wat] fills ! great] "p ( any liv+ skull4 ,a small orange may h a ?9 r9d1 & conta9 a good am\nt ( eatable sub/ance1 :ile a l>ge "o may h s ?ick a sk9 t ! fruit proves utt]ly disappo9t+4 ,ano!r pro( t ! skull is =m$ )\t reg>d to ! bra9 is ! foll[+3 ,! bony cab9et & its cont5ts are develop$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 indep5d5tly4 ,?is is v cle>ly demon/rat$ by a fact :i* 0 obs]v$ by ,gratiolet1 & is too frequ5tly =gott54 ,! subject is an infant 9 :om ! cranium pres5t$ ! normal con=mation4 ,! bra9 01 nev]!less1 almo/ entirely want+4#dj ,dr4 ,gall 0 a poor ari?metician1 & 8 biograph] says t e k9d ( num]ical calculation fatigu$ him4 ,he c\ld n g ?r\gh a process ( multiplication or division t 0 at all complicat$1 & knew no?+ ( geometry or ( ! problems ( ma!matics4#da ,george ,combe said ( himself3 ,ari?metic has always be5 to me a pr(\nd my/]y1 & to ma/] ! multiplication table an insurm\ntable task4444 ,?is faculty 9 me is1 9 fact1 idiotic4 ,aga9 he said3 ,:5 a boy1 ,i nev] c\ld le>n ari?metic4 ,at ! end ( five ye>s' tea*+ ,i c\ld n subtract1 divide1 or multiply any consid]able numb] ( figures ) accuracy & facility1 & c n n[ d s4444 ,at ! pres5t day ,i c n sum a column ( figures correctly4#db ,) ^! facts 9 view1 our wond] at f9d+ ! !ories ( ^! m5 at v>iance ) all exact calculation is consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,we propose to te/ "s ( _! !ories by ari?metical processes4 ,we f\nd t ! sixty fam\s m5 ent]$ 9 ! table ( au!nticat$ bra9 weights %[ an av]age ( #ea4c ounces4 ,we n[ take all ! idiots & imbeciles 9 ! table ( ,l>ge ,bra9s & ,small ,m9ds1 & f9d ! av]age #ei4d ounces2 s t ! matt] is left to /& ?us3 ,t5 idiots & five imbeciles av]age #ei4b ounces2 sixty fam\s m5 av]age #ea4ci ounces3 9 favor ( idiocy & imbecility1 #g4i ounces4 ,! heavie/ bra9 9 ! table ( small m9ds is t ( ,ru/an1 an ignorant & entirely unkn[n labor]4 ,he 0 a heal?y man1 & 8 bra91 :5 x 0 weigh$1 0 9 a heal?y condition4 ,its weight 0 record$ by ,dr4 ,c>l ,a4 ,rudolphi1 a ,sw$i% naturali/ & physiologi/ ( ,/ockholm1 :o became pr(essor ( anatomy & physiology at ,b]l9 9 #ahaj4 ,x rea*$ ! unexampl$ figure ( #gh4c ounces2 :ile ! bra9 ( ,turg5ieff1 ! heavie/ among fam\s m51 0 #ga ounces--%[+ a diff]5ce ( #g4c ounces 9 behalf ( ! inf]ior m9d4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ! foll[+ appe>$ 9 ,tit-,bits1 a weekly pap] publi%$ 9 ,london1 ,engl&1 ,m>* #ai1 #ahih3 ,x mu/ n be assum$1 h[ev]1 t intellect is 9 direct ratio to ! weight ( ! bra92 = :ile ! bra9s ( c]ta9 intellectual m51 su* z 444 ,dr4 ,ab]cromby1 weigh$ m ?an #fj ounces1 a c]ta9 ,/r& newspap]-boy1 :o 0 9 intellig5ce almo/ an idiot1 _h a bra9 :i* weigh$ no less ?an #hj ounces4 ,dr4 ,au/9 ,fl9t1 ( ,new ,york1 9 8 ,physiology1 gives ! av]age weight ( ! bra9s ( m5 z #ej4b ounces4 ,dr4 ,peacock1 ( ,great ,brita91 makes x #ej ounces #c dra*ms betwe5 tw5ty-five & fifty ye>s ( age4 ,dr4 ,?urman gives #di ounces z ! av]age ?r\gh\t ,europe1 :ile ,dr4 ,f4 ,ti$emann1 a fam\s naturali/ ( ,g]many1 reckons x at #ec4b ounces4#dc ,dr4 ,krause1 a le>n$ ,g]man1 places x /ill high]1 at #ee4d ounces4#dd ,n[1 if we /rike a balance betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ ( ^! e/imates1 ! mean w be #eb4b4 ,!n1 recall+ ! av]age ( our sixty fam\s m51 :i* we f\nd to be #ea4c ounces1 x is %[n to be n9e t5?s ( an ounce bel[ ! av]age ( ord9>y m54 ,our tables ( national av]age bra9 weights d n q agree1 because "s ( ! subjects _h be5 wa/$ by disease = _m mon?s be=e dea?1 :]eby ! bra9 0 dim9i%$ along ) o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,^? :o1 l ,dr4 ,boyd's subjects1 di$ 9 hospital1 %[$ too light an av]age = heal?y ,engli%m54 ,dr4 ,krause's subjects may h be5 heal?y m5 kill$ 9 battle1 & ^? ( ,ti$emann p]sons :o di$ sudd5ly4 ,execut$ crim9als %[ a fairly high av]age ( bra9 weight1 because !re has be5 9 _! case no dim9ution ?r\gh long-cont9u$ illness4#de ,we %\ld recollect t ,:ewell1 ! fam\s ,engli% philosoph] & head ma/] ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 0 9 good heal? :5 kill$ by a fall f 8 horse2 s 0 ,gambetta1 :5 8 life 0 end$ by a pi/ol %ot4 ,! bra91 h[ev]1 suff]s less f ! p[] ( disease ?an ! g5]al bodily =m4 ,"o mon? "u ! mo/ wa/+ sickness w\ld probably n dim9i% ! bra9 m ?an an ounce or two1 b a ye> or m w\ld make a consid]able diff]5ce4 ,tak+1 n[1 ! sixty heavie/ bra9s ( p]sons n not$ = intellectual greatness1 we f9d ! av]ages to be #fc4b ounces4 ,comp>+ ?is ) ! av]age ( sixty fam\s m51 #ea4c ounces1 we f9d a diff]5ce 9 favor ( imbeciles1 idiots1 crim9als1 & m5 ( ord9>y m9d ( #aa4i ounces4 ,george ,combe e/imat$ t ab\t #ec4e ounces 0 ! av]age weight ( ! adult bra94 ,?us ! av]age bra9 weight ( all ! em95t m5 :om we h br\ght into ! comp>ison1 #ea4c ounces1 is bel[ ,combe's e/imate ( t ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,aga91 ! t5 heavie/ bra9s ( our li/ ( fam\s m5 give an av]age weight ( #fa4a ounces1 :ile ! av]age giv5 by ! t5 heavie/ ( ! opposite class is #gj4d ounces1 or #i4c ounces great]4 ,:ile our li/ ( em95t m5 %[s only five ^: bra9s exce$$ #eh4f ounces 9 weight1 ^? ( sev5ty-six ( ! common ?rong--sev5 ( !m idiots or imbeciles--rise above t figure4 ,^! figures augur badly = ! doctr9e t w\ld atta* importance to heavy bra9s = giv+ =ce & dep? ( individual "*4 ,phr5ologi/s ass]t t ea* organ ( a m5tal faculty occupies a c]ta9 position p]ceptible on ! outside ( ! bra91 ) a def9ite area :i* !y h mapp$ out4 ,!y also hold t ea* ( ^! organs ext5ds to ! c5t] ( ! base ( ! bra91 tap]+ to x some:at l a cone1 hav+ its base turn$ t[>d ! out] _w4 ,!y make no acc\nt ( ! fissures1 ! int]v5+ sulci & anfractuosities t mu/ cut _m ( ^! suppos$ cones1 "s at "r & "s at oblique angles4 ,!n ! l>ge1 long cavities or v5tricles int]cept & w\ld h9d] _m ( !m f rea*+ ! c5tral1 basil> "p ( ! bra94 ,! anatomical /ructure ( ! bra9 ?us appe>s fatal to ?is !ory ( ! organs4 ,l>ge & complicat$ convolutions ( ! bra9 ) deep sulci h be5 reg>d$ by "s p]sons z insep>able f sup]ior p[]s ( m9d4 ,! supposition is errone\s & gr\ndless4 ,! rod5ts1 su* z beav]s1 squirrels1 rats1 mice1 etc41 h b little bra9 & no convolutions :atsoev]2#df yet ! beav] exhibits great =esight1 economy1 indu/ry1 & me*anical skill 9 build+ 8 dam1 erect+ 8 h\se1 & /or+ up b>k z food = ! w9t]4 ,moreov]1 ^! animals live 9 societies & labor 9 union by +5i\s me?ods = a common purpose1 ) nice judgm5t4 ,s great a v>iety ( labors1 says ,dr4 ,leuret1 is ne$$ = ! con/ructions c>ri$ on by ! beav]2 !y include s _m in/ances ( well-made *oice1 s _m accid5tal difficulties are surm\nt$ by ^! animals1 t x is impossible n to recognize 9 _! actions ! *>act]i/ics ( a r high intellig5ce4#dg ,! %eep has a mu* l>g] bra9 ?an ! beav]1 ) num]\s & complete convolutions1 yet x is "o ( ! mo/ /upid ( dome/ic animals4 ,aga91 ?\gh birds h convolutions 9 ! c]ebellum1 !y h none 9 ! c]ebrum1 & yet !y are m capable ( education ?an any liv+ be+s except ! human race4 ,! eagle is complete ma/] ( ! lamb2 ! magpie1 ! hawk1 ! rav51 & ! p>rot ) 8 talk+ p[]s1 are n excell$ 9 sagacity by ! dog1 ! horse1 or ! elephant1 not)/&+ ! latt] animals h bra9s ( sup]ior size & elaborate convolutions4 ,squirrels manife/ =esight & economy 9 /or+ nuts = ! w9t]'s use2 yet !y h no bra9 convolutions4 ,! cetacea1 especially :ales1 h mu* l>g] bra9s ?an m51 ) m num]\s & m complex convolutions & deep] sulci2 yet _! intellig5ce be>s no comp>ison ) t ( ! human race4 ,?ree em95t m5 are kn[n to h _h v small convolutions ( ! bra9--viz41 ,l\is ,assel9e1 ,dr4 ,ti$emann1 & ,b>on von ,liebig4 ,we h to add to ?is rem>kable li/ two1 n nam$1 b describ$ by ,dr4 ,wagn] z hav+ be5 v intellig5t1 :o yet possess$ v few convolutions 9 _! v small bra9s4#dh ,z ,wagn]'s book 0 pr9t$ be=e ,liebig di$1 he c\ld n h be5 "o ( ! two to :om ! au?or ref]r$4 ,idiots (t5 possess z l>ge bra9s z m5 di/+ui%$ = intellectual p[]1 & _! bra9s h z deep sulci1 & convolutions z f9e1 z l>ge1 & z complex4 ,our table ( ! common & weak-m9d$ conta9s a m5tion ( an idiot ^: bra9 weigh$ #ec ounces1 or exactly z mu* z ,napoleon's1 & _h f9e convolutions & a l>ge frontal lobe1 b :o c\ld nev] le>n to speak4 ,! elephant c>ries a f> l>g] bra9 ?an man1 f9ely =m$1 broad & high 9 front1 ) mu* m num]\s & complex convolutions & deep] anfractuosities1 & yet no intellig5t p]son w\ld = a mom5t claim t its m9d excels or ev5 equals t ( man4 ,x may be well "h to all[ "s em95t physiologi/s to give _! views on ?is subject4 ,! rese>*es ( anatomi/s h dispos$ ( e po9t advanc$ by ,gall4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,m4 ,camille ,d>e/e has plac$ beyond dispute ! fact t ! numb] & dep? ( ! convolutions be> no direct proportion to ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 :]eas !y d be> a direct proportion to ! size ( ! animal4444 ,x is notori\s t ! in/9ct ( propagation1 ! in/9ct ( de/ructiv5ess1 ! in/9ct ( con/ructiv5ess1 & o!r qualities are manife/$ by animals hav+ no bra9s1 no?+ b simple ganglia4#di ,dr4 ,ba/ian demon/rates ! convolutional !ory ?us3 ,9 animals ( ! same gr\p or ord]1 ! numb] & complexity ( ! convolutions increase ) ! size ( ! animal4444 ,!re c n1 !re=e1 be among animals ( ! same ord] any simple or def9ite relation betwe5 ! degree ( intellig5ce ( ! creature & ! numb] or disposition ( its c]ebral convolutions4#ej ,we h ! foll[+ te/imony 9 our favor f ,dr4 ,rudolph ,wagn]1 ( ,gtt+53 ,examples ( highly complicat$ convolutions ,i h nev] se51 ev5 among em95t m5 ^: bra9s ,i h exam9$4444 ,_m convolutions & great bra9 weight (t5 g toge!r4 ,high] intellig5ce appe>s 9 bo? k9ds ( bra9s1 :]e !re are _m or :]e !re are few convolutions4 ,x is n prov$ t special m5tal gifts g ) _m convolutions4#ea ,ano!r !ory ( m9d is bas$ on ! gray matt] ( ! bra91 ! am\nt ( :i* has be5 suppos$ to be proportionate to m5tal capacity4 ,z ?is gray matt]1 h[ev]1 av]ages only ab\t "o fif? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 x seems r a ?9 f\ndation = ! human intellect if ! condition is good t size is a measure ( p[]4 ,! late ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t] /at$ ! matt] ?us3 ,! cortical sub/ance or gray matt] ( ! hemisph]es ess5tially consi/s ( t vesicul> n]ve sub/ance :i*1 9 ! sp9al cord z 9 ! ganglionic masses g5]ally1 is f\nd to occupy ! int]ior4 ,! usual ?ickness is ab\t "o fif? ( an in*2 b consid]able v>iations pres5t !mselves 9 ?is respect1 z also 9 ! dep? ( ! convolutions4#eb ,daniel ,web/]'s bra9 _h gray sub/ance to ! dep? only ( "o sixte5? ( an in*4#ec ,x ?us appe>s t 8 bra9 _h a ?9n] lay] ( gray matt] ?an ! av]age ( common-m9d$ m5--"o among ! _m pro(s t facts are aga9/ all !ories t connect bra9 conditions ) intellectual p[]4 ,dr4 ,irel& ?us describes an idiot boy :o1 ?\gh ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 0 only ?ree feet eight in*es 9 height3 ,9 expression he 0 dull & inanimate1 ) an old face & a %ort1 squat figure4444 ,! convolutions 7 broad & simple1 b n %all[4 ,! gray matt] 0 z broad z usual4#ed ,! writ] has exam9$ _m bra9s ( p]sons morally or intellectually bel[ ! av]age--su* z murd]]s1 negroes1 & o!rs sunk 9 ignorance4 ,he has inv>iably f\nd ! lay] ( vesicul> or gray matt] to be ?ick] ?an t ( ,daniel ,web/]'s bra94 ,elephants1 porpoises1 :ales1 dolph9s1 & ! grampus all h ?is lay] ?ick] ?an ! mo/ intellectual m54 ,ano!r great objection to locat+ m9d 9 ! gray matt] ( ! bra9 is t ?is sub/ance is f\nd 9 ! int]ior "p ( ! sp9al cord1 & 9 all ! n]ve c5t]s ?r\gh\t ! body2 s t1 if m9d is situat$ 9 x1 x is n conf9$ to ! bra91 b dwells 9 ! sp9e also1 & is di/ribut$ all ?r\gh ! human frame4 ,/ill ano!r objection lies 9 ! fact t :]ev] ! gray matt] exi/s ne> ! surface ( ! bra91 x consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct lay]s1 sep>at$ by a :ite sub/ance1 & ! out]mo/ lay] is :ite1 n gray4#ee ,! septum lucidum consi/s ( gray matt]4 ,! corpus /riatum1 situat$ at ! base ( ! lat]al v5tricles1 ne>ly 9 ! c5t] ( ! bra91 0 f ?ree eigh?s to half an in* 9 diamet] 9 an ox :i* 0 dissect$ 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,?is is ab\t ! same am\nt z is f\nd 9 ! corpus /riatum ( ! human bra94 ,!re w\ld be lively times if x 7 possible = a m5tal faculty to occupy at once all ! localities :]e gray matt] is f\nd6 ,none ( ! suppositions ab\t c]ta9 qualities ( m9d inh]+ 9 p>ticul> portions ( ! bra9 h be5 prov$1 nor h !y /ood ! te/s ( sci5ce4 ,! !ories :i* h assum$ t ! cultivation ( ! intellect gives %ape & size to ! bra9 )9 & consequ5tly to ! skull )\t1 advocates ( :i* h n be5 want+1 h be5 disprov$ by ! collect$ facts4 ,!re is no pro(1 says ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,nott1 9 8 ,types ( ,mank9d1 ( ! !ory t ! cultivation ( ! m9d or ( "o set ( faculties c give expansion or increas$ size ( bra94 ,! ,teutonic races1 9 _! b>b>\s /ate1 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 possess$ bra9s z l>ge z n[1 & s ) o!r races4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,globe ,democrat ( ,novemb] #ac1 #ahhe1 gives an acc\nt ( "s excavations on ! ,m\nt ,ar>at f>m1 ea/ ( ,c>rollton1 ,ill9ois1 :]e ! bones ( ?irty-two ,indians or m\nd build]s 7 une>!d4 ,!y 7 n a dim9utive race1 z "s p h suppos$1 "s ( ! ?igh bones be+ sixte5 in*es long1 & "s ( ! skulls tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,a skull hav+ a circumf]5ce ( tw5ty-f\r in*es means a head t measur$ f tw5ty-five to tw5ty-six & a half 9 life1 :5 ! cranium 0 cov]$ ) sk9 & muscles4 ,! av]age head ( :ite m5 9 ,new ,york to-day is only tw5ty-two & a half in*es r\nd4 ,s ! culture ( ! :ite race = c5turies has n develop$ _! heads to ne> ! size ( ^? ( ! uncultur$ m\nd build]s :o inhabit$ ,am]ica _m c5turies ago4 ,our own op9ion is t cultivation by means ( a ?or\gh classical education1 :]e ! appetite is re/ra9$1 z usually occurs1 t5ds r to dim9i% ! size ( ! head1 by r$uc+ ! temporal muscles & ! adipose tissue "u ! scalp4 ,! ,engis skull is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t kn[n to exi/1 & belong$ to ! /one age1 or ab\t ! same "t z ! ,ne&]?al skull4 ,pr(essor ,huxley describes x z be+ well =m$1 & consid]ably l>g] ?an ! av]age ( ,european skulls to-day 9 ! wid? & height ( ! =ehead & 9 ! cubic capacity ( ! :ole4 ,quatrefages1 9 ,! ,human ,species1 p4 #cab1 says3 ,?is skull 7! ,engis or ,cro-,magnon71 s rem>kable = its f9e proportion1 is also rem>kable = its capacity4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,broca1 :o c\ld only "w "u precautions calculat$ to dim9i% ! am\nt1 x is equal to at lea/ #a1eij cubic c5timetres 7#if4ii cubic in*es74 ,i h already rem>k$ t ?is numb] is f> high] ?an ! mean tak5 f mod]n ,p>isians2 x is equally s 9 comp>ison ) o!r ,european nations4 ,^! facts all conspire to prove t ! cultivation ( ?\s&s ( ye>s has n increas$ ! size ( human skulls4 ,9 #ahhf1 we measur$ _m ( ! skulls une>!d at ,pompeii1 ! rema9s ( ,romans :o liv$ ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & we f\nd !m on ! av]age l>g] 9 e way1 b especially 9 ! =ehead1 ?an ! skulls ( ,romans ( ?is c5tury4 ,9 ! museums ( ,switz]l& we measur$ 9 #ahhg sev]al skulls ( ! anci5t lake dwell]s ( t c\ntry1 & f\nd !m l>g] 9 all respects1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! =ehead1 ?an ^? ( ! ,swiss p ( ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,! av]age circumf]5ce ( ! skulls we measur$ 9 ! catacombs ( ,p>is 0 tw5ty-"o in*es & a half1 :i* is ab\t an in* m ?an t ( ,p>isians :o h di$ )9 ! pa/ fifty ye>s4 ,! av]age int]nal capacity ( ! ,p]uvian skull is only sev5ty-?ree cubic in*es2 t ( ,toltec skulls1 sev5ty-sev5 in*es1 & t ( b>b>\s tribes1 eighty-two in*es2 s t ! extraord9>y anomaly is pres5t$ ( a l>g] bra9 be+ possess$ by ! b>b>\s tribes ?an by ! nations :o a*iev$ no mean degree ( civilization 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,p]u4 ,! av]age ,european skull is n9ety-?ree in*es 9 bulk4#ef ,! au?or 0 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,luci5 ,c>r1 ( ! ,e?nological ,museum ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 t ! capacity ( ! ,p]uvian skulls 0 ab\t "o hundr$ c5timetres small] ?an t ( ! skulls ( any o!r p liv+ 9 ,am]ica at ! same "t4 ,yet t small-head$ p 0 ! mo/ highly civiliz$ ( all4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,london1 ,engl&1 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahhc4 #cc ,:ewell also _h ! scalp & skull ?ick4 ,bra9 weigh$ #di ounces4 ,! ,lancet1 ,london1 ,engl&1 ,m>* #ag1 #ahff1 p4 #bhj4 #cd ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,london1 ,engl&1 ,may #ab1 #ahhc1 p4 #ebe4 #ce ,london ,m$ical ,gazette1 ,london1 ,engl&1 ,septemb] #ac1 #ahbh1 p4 #dgh4 #cf ,bra9 ,weight ( ,man4 ,by ,dr4 ,bis*(f4 ,bonn1 ,g]many1 #ahhj1 p4 #acg4 #cg ,au?ority = ?is weight is ! ,m$ical ,army ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ch ,?is bra9 is kept 9 & its weight is record$ on ! glass j> 9 ! ,pa?ological ,museum at ,muni*1 ,g]many4 #ci ,idiocy & ,imbecility4 ,by ,dr4 ,irel&4 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #ge4 #dj ,! ,human ,species4 ,by ,a4 ,de ,quatrefages4 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahhd1 p4 #chj4 #da ,dr4 ,gall's works1 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 vol4 i1 p4 #cf4 #db ,life ( ,george ,combe1 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cha4 #dc ,m$ical ,news & ,gazette1 ,london1 ,june #af1 #ahhh1 p4 #eba4 #dd ,morn+ ,h]ald1 ,sydney1 ,au/ralia1 ,febru>y #bc1 #ahhd4 #de ,elev5 ,*9am51 f\nd by ,dr4 ,c4 ,clapham to af=d an av]age ( #ej4d ounces1 _h be5 kill$ 9 a typhoon1 & 7 !re=e 9 no wise wa/$ by disease4 7,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,london1 ,engl&1 vol4 vii1 p4 #ij47 #df ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ,london1 #ahcd1 p4 #ddg4 #dg ,anatomie comp>ative du sy/me n]veux1 tome i1 #ahci1 p4 #ejf4 #dh ,ueb] die typis*5 ,v]s*i$5heit5 d] ,w9dung5 d] ,hemisphr5 und b] die ,lehre vom ,hirngewi*t1 ,gtt+51 #ahfj4 ,also see ,pa?ology & ,!rapeutics ( ,m5tal ,diseases1 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #bc4 #di ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,london1 #ahfg1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dcc4 #ej ,! ,bra9 z an ,organ ( ,m9d1 ,london1 #ahhj1 pp4 #bgf1 #bgg4 #ea ,na*ri*t51 ,gtt+51 ,febru>y #bi1 #ahfj1 p4 #ge4 #eb ,c>p5t]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,physiology1 ,london1 #ahha1 p4 #fei4 #ec ,ed9burgh ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 #ahec1 vol4 lxxix1 p4 #cfj4 #ed ,idiocy & ,imbecility1 ,london1 #ahgg1 pp4 #baf-bai4 #ee ,see ,! ,bra9 z an ,organ ( ,m9d1 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #dfe2 also1 ,! ,human ,bra91 ,london1 #ahdg1 pp4 #bhh1 #bhi4 #ef ,eclectic ,magaz9e1 ,decemb] #ad1 #ahfc1 p4 #dbh4 ,,speleology1 ,,or ,,cave ,,exploration4#eg ,,by ,m4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,m>tel4 ,! n v graceful ^w speleology 0 compos$ a few ye>s ago by ,m4 mile ,rivire out ( ,greek elem5ts1 z a translation ( ! ,g]man ,hhl5kunde1 to signify ! /udy ( caves4 ,! /udy claims a place among ! sci5ces1 & is1 ,i believe1 able to ju/ify its claim4 ,caves h be5 subjects ( int]e/ & curiosity 9 all times & c\ntries4 ,9 ! primitive ages1 :5 paloli?ic man 0 oblig$ to def5d himself aga9/ ! l>ge ,quat]n>y wild bea/s1 & did n yet "k h[ to con/ruct cab9s1 he liv$ 9 ! mo/ inaccessible caves1 or ^? easie/ to close1 :i* he c\ld f9d4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 man _h advanc$ 9 civilization to ! neoli?ic /age1 & _h some:at improv$ tools & arms1 hav+ le>n$ to build huts & villages1 caves became simply burial places4 ,9 ! hi/orical p]iods ( antiquity !y 7 trans=m$ into pagan sanctu>ies or tempor>y hid+ places 9 times ( revolt1 civil w>1 or invasion4 ,d[n to ! middle ages & ! r5asc5ce1 !y %>$ ?is function ) ab&on$ qu>ries4 ,?r\gh ^! *anges !y gradually became objects ( popul> fe> & absurd leg5d4 ,i h ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ,france f\nd leg5d>y & pr(\nd belief 9 "s mon/r\s basilisk or dragon 9 ! dep?s ( d>k cav]ns1 gu>d+ imm5se treasures2 & woe to ! ra% adv5tur] :o tri$ to /eal ^! ri*es6 ,9 %ort1 caves h suff]$ _! vicissitudes2 _! use z habitations seems to be inv]sely proportion$ to ! degree ( civilization4 ,! mis]able aborig9es ( ,au/ralia h n yet q ab&on$ !m2 & 9 ,france ! pres5t occupation ( ! grottoes ( ,ezy1 9 ! ,eure1 by "s outca/ families1 :o lead a sordid exi/5ce 9 !m1 indiff]5t to all social conv5tions1 has rec5tly be5 cit$ z an extremely curi\s an?ropological ph5om5on4 ,sci5ce1 too1 has laid its hold on caves only )9 a little m ?an a c5tury2 = x 0 n till #aggd t ,esp] recogniz$ t ! l>ge bones tak5 f ! cav]ns ne> ,baireu?1 9 ,bav>ia1 7 n ^? ( human giants1 b ( ext9ct animals1 & he call$ !m1 !y be+ petrifi$ by lime/one1 zoli?s1 or animal-/ones2 & x 0 8 rem>ks ^u !m t drew ,cuvi]'s att5tion to paleontology4 ,?ree sci5ces h ( late ye>s be5 advanc$ by ! explorations ( caves3 paleontology2 prehi/ory1 or rese>* among ! rema9s ( primitive m5 & _! indu/ries2 & zology1 or ! /udy ( liv+ be+s4 ,! animals ( cav]ns--cru/aceans1 insects1 batra*ians1 & fi%es--con/itute a special fauna1 :i* has be5 = fifty ye>s a subject ( /udy to naturali/s ( v>i\s nations1 & to ! anatomy ( :i* ,m4 ,arm& ,vir1 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,p>is1 has be5 giv+ special att5tion = five ye>s pa/4 ,!re are o!r sci5ces ! /udy ( :i* 9 connection ) caves1 :ile capable ( yield+ valuable fruits1 has be5 too long neglect$3 geology1 = _! orig9 & =mation2 m9]alogy1 = _! relations to metallic ve9s2 meteorology1 = !rmometrical & b>ometrical v>iations & ! =mation ( c>bonic acid2 t]re/rial physics1 = ! exp]im5ts on gravity t might be c>ri$ on 9 deep v]tical pits1 supplem5t+ ! obs]vations ( ,f\cault 9 ! ,pan!on at ,p>is1 & ,airy 9 ! ,engli% m9es2 hydrology1 :i* has h>dly yet p]ceiv$ t caves are pr$om9antly great laboratories ( spr+s2 agriculture1 :i* might trans=m !m into res]voirs = times ( dr\ght or /orage bas9s 9 case ( flood2 & public hygi5e1 :i* is j beg9n+ to discov] t !y may h>bor 9 _! fissures hi!rto unsuspect$ causes ( contam9ation ( ! wat] ( ! spr+s t issue f !m4 ,! numb] & importance ( ^! new problems t h aris5 f ! rec5t ext5sion ( und]gr\nd inve/igations seem fully to ju/ify ! specialization ( ! sci5ce ( caves--ano!r creation ( ! ,speleological ,society1 n[ f\r ye>s old4 ,?is special int]e/ 9 ! sci5ce ( caves began ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 :51 9 #ahhc1 ?ree memb]s ( ! ,au/ro-,g]man ,alp9e ,club--,h]r5 ,h>ske1 ,m>9its*1 & ,mll]--resum$ 9 ! lime/one plateaus ( ,i/ria & ,c>niola call$ ! ,k>/1 explorations :i* _h be5 actively & pr(itably c>ri$ on 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 f #ahej to #aheg1 by ,dr4 ,adolf ,s*midt1 ^: discov]ies 9 ! caves ( ,adelsb]g1 ,plan9a1 & ,/4 ,canzion won him a memb]%ip 9 ! ,vi5na ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,_! ef=ts & ^? ( ,h]r ,f4 ,kraus1 :o di$ la/ ye>1 _h ! result ( int]e/+ ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t 9 ! subject2 & s9ce #ahhf v>i\s eng9e]s h be5 commission$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture to make (ficial explorations & con/ruct economical works 9 ! caves & und]gr\nd riv]s ( ,i/ria1 ,c>niola1 & ,h]zegov9a4 ,cr$its are grant$ e ye> = ent]prises :i* prove to be m useful ?an w\ld at fir/ be ?\ght4 ,x 0 at ! same "t1 betwe5 #ahhc & #ahhe1 t ,i made my fir/ inve/igation 9 ! ,causses ( ,lozre1 ,aveyron1 & ! adjo9+ dep>tm5ts ( ,france1 ! results ( :i* 7 to reveal = ! fir/ "t to ! public1 & ev5 to geograph]s1 ! picturesque beauties1 !n unkn[n1 & n[ becom+ ! fa%ion1 ( ! gorges ( ! ,t>n1 ,j5ta1 & ,d\rbie1 ! rocks ( ,montpeli] le ,vieux1 etc4 ,9 my excursions ov] ! plateaus ( ! ,causses ,i frequ5tly met1 at ! level ( ! surface1 op51 d>k holes1 & m\?s ( v]tical wells--av5s--! dep?s ( :i* no "o _h ev] look$ into1 uns\ndable1 !y said1 :i* ! peasants naturally took to be real m\?s ( hell4 ,recollect+ :at ,i _h admir$ at ,adelsb]g & 9 v>i\s caves ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ,i guess$ ^! av5s might also be doorways to subt]ranean spl5dors & sci5tific treasures4 ,s ,i began 9 #ahhh ! me?odical exploration ( ! unexam9$ natural cavities ( my own l& fir/1 & !n ( o!r c\ntries ( ,europe2 & s9ce !n ,i h devot$ sev]al weeks e ye> to ?is "w4 ,^! pits are simply horizontal holes op5+ ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ( v diff]5t =ms & dim5sions4 ,h]dsm5 are v c>eful n to let _! cattle g too ne> !m1 = !y sometimes fall 94 ,! diamet] ( ^! pits v>ies f a few in*es to sev]al hundr$ y>ds1 & !y are sometimes m ?an six hundr$ feet deep4 ,x is n easy to g d[n into !m1 especially :5 !y are on high levels away f habitations & roads4 ,9 su* cases a consid]able app>atus ( ropes1 rope ladd]s1 telephone1 portable boat1 t5t1 etc41 has to be tak5 along4 ,! fir/ measurem5t ) ! s\nd+ l9e gives ! dep? only ( ! fir/ pit--& !re are (t5 sev]al succe$+ "o ano!r4 ,a rope ladd] long en\gh to rea* ! bottom is !n let d[n1 & ! man :o desc5ds has a rope ti$ ab\t him = additional security1 :i* is held by ! p above4 ,a great _m pits are n>r[] at ! top ?an l[] d[n1 =m+ some?+ l a rev]s$ speak+ trumpet1 s t ! explor] f9ds x v difficult to make himself he>d at ! top2 h5ce ,i h adopt$ ! practice ( tak+ a telephone along4 ,! int]ior %apes ( ! pits are v div]se4 ,! n>r[] ones are easie/ to g d[n1 because !y p]mit "o p>tly to support himself aga9/ _! walls4 ,! wid] ones leave him hang+ loose1 9 a position :i* he feels to be v prec>i\s4 ,:5 !re is a second or ?ird pit1 & we h n ladd]s en\gh1 we h to tru/ ourselves to a simple rope ) a bo>d fa/5$ at ! end ( x = a seat4 ,! g\ffre ( ,vigne ,close1 9 ,ard*e1 :i* is ab\t six hundr$ feet deep1 has five successive pits1 & its complete exploration requir$ ?ree days4 ,! bottom ( ! pit may be a simple cleft 9 ! rock1 or an imm5se ca!dral-l *amb]2 z at ,rabanel1 ne> ,ganges1 & ,hrault1 ! deepe/ abyss 9 ,france1 ! vault ( :i* exp&s into a gigantic nave1 five hundr$ feet high1 :i* is light$ by ! beam ( light t falls ?r\gh ! op5+1 pres5t+ a gr& & indescribable spectacle4 ,"s pits ( less dep?1 z ! ,t9 d\l de la ,vayssire1 9 ,aveyron1 & ! ,padirac well1 9 ,lot1 bo? lead+ to und]gr\nd riv]s1 enjoy a /ill m complete illum9ation4 ,consid]able talus banks close ! ends ( ^! broad pits1 & are g5]ally produc$ by ! cav+ 9 ( ! ro(s ( caves4 ,lively controv]sies & gross errors h prevail$ conc]n+ ! geological =mation ( abysses4 ,! abyss ( ,jean ,n\veau1 ,vaucluse1 among o!rs1 furni%es evid5ce aga9/ ! false hypo!sis t su* pits are z a rule ! results ( cave-ins1 :]eas pits ( t orig9 are r>e & exceptional4 ,^! pits are = ! mo/ "p fissures1 ! pr9cipal feature ( :i* is _! n>r[ness4 ,at ,jean ,n\veau ! greate/ bread? is n m ?an ab\t sixte5 feet4 ,x is ! deepe/ v]tical pit ( a s+le %aft )\t int]m$iate t]races t we "k (1 & is ab\t five hundr$ & ?irty feet f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to its floor4 ,! mass ( /one rubbi% at ! bottom prev5t$ our desc5d+ into a second pit4 ,pits compos$1 l ,vigne ,close1 ( sev]al successive wells1 de/roy ano!r hypo!sis--t ( ! =mation ( g\ffres by ! emissions f !rmal spr+s4 ,! greate/ dang] 9 desc5d+ ^! pits arises f ! %[]s ( /ones t sometimes come d[n ^u ! head ( ! explor]4 ,^! are (t5 />t$ by 8 fri5ds ! hunt]s1 or by _! dogs gambol+ ar\nd at w4 ,:ile "s ( ! cav]ns ,i h explor$ 7 /opp$ up by ob/acles ( "o k9d or ano!r t prev5t$ fur!r progress1 9 o!rs we f\nd consid]able riv]s runn+ a ne>ly free c\rse4 ,we r>ely f\nd pits =m$ by ! collapse ( ! ro(s ( ! cave 9 cases :]e ! di/ance f ! subt]ranean riv] :i* by its "w ( erosion provok$ ! cata/rophe to ! surface 0 m ?an "o hundr$ metres4 ,! pit ( ! ,mas ,raynal1 ,aveyron1 is "o hundr$ & six metres deep1 & abuts ^u a l>ge subt]ranean riv]1 :i* supplies ! ,sorgues ( ,sa9t-,affrique1 "o ( ! f9e/ spr+s ( ,france4 ,:5 we explor$ x1 9 #ahhi1 we c\ld n pass ! l[ *amb]s :i* occur 9 x because ! wat] 0 too high1 & we h n visit$ x s9ce4 ,its exploration 9 a dry season might reveal _m v int]e/+ *amb]s4 ,9 ! cave ( ,rabanel1 ! fir/ well1 :i* ends 9 a talus ( fall5 /ones1 furni%es an in/ance ( a v]tical fissure graft$1 if we may use ! ^w1 ^u an int]ior grotto t already exi/$4 ,a /ream runs ?r\gh ?is grotto :i* falls into a second well tw5ty-six metres1 & is !n lo/ 9 small] passages s ne>ly /opp$ up ) e>? t we 7 n able to foll[ x ?r\gh its c\rse ( ab\t a mile till x comes out at ! ,brissac spr+4 ,! cave ( ,trebiciano1 9 ,i/ria1 ne> ,trie/e1 ! deepe/ kn[n1 has a total dep? ( m ?an a ?\s& feet4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 entirely natural1 b is compos$ ( num]\s v]tical fissures :i* lead1 at ab\t eight hundr$ & fifty feet bel[ ! surface1 to a l>ge cav]n1 at ! bottom ( :i* fl[s ! subt]ranean riv] ,recca4 ,! fissures d n naturally communicate directly ) "o ano!r1 b ! eng9e] ,l9dn] 0 commission$ 9 #ahdj-'da by ! city ( ,trie/e to con/ruct = ! municipality a supply ( potable wat] f ! und]gr\nd /reams1 & aft] elev5 mon?s ( labor made artificial connections betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! *asm4 ,^! v]tical pits are =m$ by ! we>+ d[n1 f ! top1 by ! wat]s :i* become +ulf$ 9 !m4 ,?is mode ( _! =mation 0 demon/rat$ to me 9 #ahie1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,great ,brita9 "u a commission f ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,in/ruction4 ,i !n explor$ sev]al caves 9 :i* ! riv]s 7 /ill runn+1 & satisfi$ myself t ! pits 7 simply absorb+ wells4 ,su* wells are n effective n[ 9 s\!rn ,france & ,au/ria1 b 9 nor!rn ,europe1 :]e ra9 is m abundant1 !y are /ill op]ative4 ,i f\nd ! pla9e/ evid5ce ( ?is fact 9 ,york%ire1 at ! ,gap+ ,ghyll1 ,+lebor\gh1 :]e a riv] precipitates itself at "o leap "o hundr$ metres "u ! e>?4 ,engli% inve/igators & travel]s _h tri$ )\t success to desc5d into x 9 #ahde1 #ahgj1 & #ahid1 hav+ conqu]$ only ab\t "o hundr$ & n9ety-five feet ( its total dep? ( two hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e feet4 ,x took me tw5ty-five m9utes to g d[n ^u a rope ladd] :i* 0 susp5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! cascade4 ,=tunately1 ! pit _h ! daylight to ! v bottom--a wond]ful spectacle1 comp5sat+ me = all my tr\ble & ! long d\*e ba? :i* greet$ me at ! end ( ! desc5t1 :]e /ret*$ an imm5se ,roman nave ne>ly five hundr$ feet long1 eighty feet wide1 & n9ety feet high1 )\t any su/a9+ pill>4 ,f ! middle ( ! ro( ( ?is colossal cav]n fell ! cascade 9 a great nimbus ( vapor & light--a wond]ful fanta/ic sc5e1 su* z ,gu/ave ,dor or ,jules ,v]ne c\ld nev] h imag9$4 ,! mo/ pleasant feature ( ! :ole ( x1 h[ev]1 to me 0 ! ?\ght t ,i _h succe$$ :]e ! ,engli% _h fail$1 & on _! own gr\nd4 ,! p 7 nev]!less v pleasant to me1 & at my in/ance h cont9u$ ! exploration & made "s new discov]ies4--,translat$ = ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f ! ,revue ,sci5tifique4 ,,footnote3 #eg ,f an address be=e ! ,socit des ,amis des ,sci5ces4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,*>les ,,h5ry ,,hit*cock4 ,! "n ( ,pr(4 ,*>les ,h4 ,hit*cock is closely associat$ ) ! progress ( ,new ,engl& geology1 especially ) ! discov]y ( ! great t]m9al glacial mora9e1 &1 9 connection ) ! "n ( 8 fa!r1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 ) ! /udy ( ! fossil bird tracks ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] ,valley4 ,,*>les ,,h5ry ,,hit*cock 0 born 9 ,amh]/1 ,massa*usetts1 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahcf1 ! son ( ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 ! em95t geologi/1 :o 0 aft]w>d presid5t ( ,amh]/ ,college4 ,! family is ( ,engli% orig91 & 0 plant$ 9 ,am]ica by two bro!rs :o came ov] at ne>ly ! same "t & made homes = !mselves 9 ,new ,hav51 remov+ lat] to t[ns ne> by4 ,luke ,hit*cock1 ! ance/or ( ! subject ( ?is sket*1 came 9 #afie1 & f9ally settl$ at ,we!rsfield1 ,connecticut4 ,8 desc5dants 9 ! direct l9e liv$ at ,spr+field1 ,granville1 ,de]field1 & ,amh]/1 ,massa*usetts4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock is 9 ! sev5? g5]ation f ,luke1 & is equally remov$ f ,eld] ,john ,:ite1 8 mat]nal ance/or1 :o came to ,canton1 ,massa*usetts1 t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & remov$ !nce to ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,bo? l9es ( ance/ry 7 purely ,engli%1 & all ! prog5itors 7 m5 ( integrity1 reg>d$ 9 _! times z wor?y to fill (fices ( tru/ 9 *ur* & t[n4 ,two ( !m s]v$ 9 ! ,revolution>y army4 ,! fa!r ( ,pr(essor ,hit*cock 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ geologi/s & educators ( 8 "t1 & 8 s]vices1 especially z ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,massa*usetts1 h already be5 describ$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4#eh ,8 "m 0 ! daught] ( ,jacob ,:ite1 a well-to-d f>m] ( ,amh]/1 :o1 believ+ 9 ! education ( wom51 _h giv5 h] ! be/ opportunities = /udy available at ! "t4 ,%e c\ld read ! ,greek ,te/am5t & calculate eclipses1 & 0 a gift$ arti/ ) p5cil & bru%4 ,%e prep>$ ) h] own h&s _m ( ! num]\s illu/rations 9 h] husb&'s reports1 & also diagrams = ! lecture room4 ,%e took indefatigable pa9s ) ! education ( h] *ildr51 plac+ _! moral & religi\s welf>e fir/4 ,( ! eight *ildr5 ( ! family1 six ( :om rea*$ maturity1 ! surviv+ bro!r is pr(essor ( physical culture1 &1 = ! "t be+1 act+ presid5t at ,amh]/ ,college1 & "o ( ! two surviv+ si/]s1 ! wid[ ( ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,m4 ,t]ry1 has be5 = sev]al ye>s matron ( ! ,hubb>d ,cottage1 ,smi? ,college1 ,nor?ampton1 ,massa*usetts4 ,beg9n+ ) #ahce1 ! ye> be=e ,pr(essor ,hit*cock 0 born1 8 fa!r1 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 0 l>gely occupi$ ) ! /udy ( ! fossil bird tracks 9 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ( ! ,connecticut ,valley1 & ) ! discussions to :i* ! inve/igation gave rise1 ! /ory ( :i* has be5 told by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock himself 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly 7vol4 iii1 ,augu/1 #ahgc74 ,besides ! se>* = ! fossils & _! collection & comp>ison1 & ! exam9ation ( ! lit]ature t might ?r[ light on ! subject1 !re 7 /udies into ! prop] int]pretation ( ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 ! debate ) ,pr(4 ,moses ,/ew>t1 ( ,&ov]1 & ! gradual approa* ( ! ,am]ican cl]gy to g5]al acquiesc5ce 9 ! belief t geology is n at v>iance ) ,scripture4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock's *ildhood 0 l>gely sp5t "u ! influ5ce ( ^! /udies & discussions4 ,! boy seem$ to be full ( promise1 & because ( 8 obs]v+ ways & pron5ess to speculation 0 call$ ! "y philosoph]4 ,he us$ to br+ 8 "m ! v small fl[]s ( ,sp]gula rubra1 :i* are s obscure t old] eyes (t5 fail to notice !m4 ,he seem$ to be fond] ( 8 fa!r ?an ! o!r *ildr51 & 0 nev] s happy z ) him4 ,?r\gh ?is con/ant int]c\rse ,*>les became absorb$ 9 8 fa!r's pursuits1 & grew up into a k ( geology f ,nature & f v]bal explanations--a m satisfactory me?od ?an t ( le>n+ f books2 & he 0 associat$ ) 8 fa!r 9 all 8 geological "w f ! "t :5 he 0 fir/ old en\gh to be ( s]vice4 ,?us1 be=e #ahef he 0 acqua9t$1 f inspection1 ) ! t]races & reput$ bea*es & drift ph5om5a ( all we/]n ,massa*usetts2 he _h h&l$ e specim5 ( a foot m>k 9 ! ,appleton ,cab9et1 & by #ahfa 0 ! pr9cipal assi/ant on ! ,v]mont ,survey1 hav+ prep>$ = ! press ! great] "p ( ! matt] ( ! report4 ,he _h enjoy$ ! be/ educational advantages ( 8 day1 hav+ complet$ ! classical & prep>atory c\rses ( ,willi/on ,sem9>y1 & be5 graduat$ !nce 9 #aheb1 !n graduat$ f ,amh]/ ,college 9 #ahef1 a %ort "t be=e 8 tw5tie? bir?day4 ,among 8 e>ly classmates & college fri5ds 7 ,dr4 ,cyrus ,nor?rup1 presid5t ( ,m9nesota ,univ]sity2 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,ma!r1 pr(essor ( ,greek at ,amh]/ ,college2 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,goodw91 ( ,*icago2 & ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,w>d1 editor ( ,! ,indep5d5t4 ,aft] graduation he sp5t a ye> 9 special /udy ( ,hebrew & *emi/ry at ,yale ,college1 two ye>s at ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y1 & "o ye> 9 ,europe1 /udy+ 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es "u ,pr(essor ,huxley1 & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum inve/igat+ ! cru/acea & trilobites4 ,"h he enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,ow51 & _h ! guidance ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,woodw>d4 ,9 #aheg ,mr4 ,hit*cock 0 appo9t$ assi/ant geologi/ to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,v]mont4 ,he s]v$ ! full t]m ( ! survey1 & _h *>ge ( ! prep>ation ( ! report relat+ to ! /ratigraphical geology1 ! measurem5t & del9eation ( ! sections1 & ! compilation ( ! geological map4 ,9 #ahfa he receiv$ ! appo9tm5t ( ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,ma9e1 9 :i* s]vice he sp5t two summ]s 9 field "w1 prep>+ two reports ( progress1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 connection ) ! report ( ! secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,besides ! g5]al reconnoissance1 he discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( l>ge areas ( ,upp] ,silurian & ,devonian t]ranes4 ,he has embodi$ 8 views ( ! di/ribution ( ! =mations 9 8 g5]al map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,hav+ *os5 ! m9i/ry = 8 pr(ession1 ,mr4 ,hit*cock /udi$ !ology "u ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,p>k1 ( ,&ov]1 & ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,taylor1 ( ,new ,hav54 ,que/ions ( ! relations ( !ology & sci5ce 7 attract+ mu* att5tion1 & he treat$ ( !m 9 two pap]s 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 "o ( :i* 0 aft]w>d us$ = ! guidance ( !ological /ud5ts 9 sev]al sem9>ies4 ,z m opportunities 7 (f]$ = sci5tific "w1 ! m9i/ry 0 giv5 up4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ! doctr9e ( natural selection came to ! front = inve/igation1 & ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d 0 receiv+ increas$ att5tion4 ,mr4 ,hit*cock came home f ,europe 9 #ahfg conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( "s =m ( evolution1 ( a consid]able antiquity ( man1 & ( ! probability ( a plural orig9 ( ! human race4 ,f9d+ t "s ( 8 views on ^! subjects 7 n acceptable to 8 associates1 he ceas$ to make !m prom95t 9 8 class in/ructions1 & devot$ 8 att5tion to ! m te*nical details ( geology4 ,s9ce !n g5]al op9ion has advanc$ s f> on ^! subjects t ! views he held at t "t seem n[ really cons]vative4 ,9 #ahfh he 0 appo9t$ ,/ate ,geologi/ = ,new ,hamp%ire1 & sp5t t5 ye>s 9 ! survey ( t ,/ate4 ,! results ( 8 "w !re 7 publi%$ 9 ?ree l>ge qu>to volumes1 ) a folio atlas ( maps1 pr(iles1 & sections4 ,! rocks describ$ consi/ pr9cipally ( cry/all9e s*i/s & m>9e igne\s ejections4 ,! geology ( ,new ,hamp%ire is ( peculi> importance1 because ! situation ( ! ,/ate is su* t a correct k ( its rocks promotes ! und]/&+ ( _m obscure t]ranes 9 ! adjac5t regions ( ,ma9e1 ,quebec1 ,v]mont1 & ,massa*usetts4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock's report ( ! survey may ju/ly be /yl$ 8 *ief "w4 ,! "p be/ /udi$ relates to ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s & ! ,ammonoosuc m9+ di/rict4 ,connect$ ) ! survey 0 ! ma9t5ance ( a meteorological /ation ?r\gh\t ! ye> on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton4 ,daily /atem5ts ( ! wea!r conditions ( ?is /ation dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahgj-'ga 7 s5t by telegraph to ! pr9cipal newspap]s1 & call$ out mu* int]e/--be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,signal ,s]vice began its wea!r pr$ictions4 ,! catalogue ( ,pr(essor ,hit*cock's publications comprises m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty titles ( pap]s1 reports1 & books4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ ?or\gh /udy repres5t$ among !m 0 t ( ! fossil footm>ks4 ,! fir/ ( ! publi%$ pap]s on ?is subject relat$ to ! tracks ( animals 9 alluvial clay1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahee4 ,= sev]al ye>s aft] ?is he assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 arrang+ ! museum & compil+ tables = ! ,i*nology4 ,he made a complete catalogue descriptive ( ! m ?an tw5ty ?\s& individual impressions pres]v$ 9 ! ,appleton ,cab9et1 :i* 0 pr9t$1 ) descriptions ( a few new species ( footm>ks1 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! ,i*nology ( ,massa*usetts1 edit$ by him aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #ahfe4 ,al?\gh circum/ances h prev5t$ him f pay+ mu* att5tion to i*nology 9 lat] ye>s1 he has prep>$ sev]al pap]s on ! subject1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 0 "o on ! ,rec5t ,progress ( ,i*nology1 :i* 0 read be=e ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory ab\t twelve ye>s ago4 ,9 x ! i*nites 7 c>efully catalogu$ anew & classifi$ 9 ! light ( our k ( ! num]\s d9osaurs ( ! ,we/2 & ! results ( "s /udies ( ! slabs exhum$ at ,we!rsfield1 ,connecticut1 are well kn[n4 ,! li/ ( ! ,connecticut footm>ks 0 increas$ f "o hundr$ & n9ete5 9 ! ,i*nology to "o hundr$ & sev5ty2 & facts 7 cit$ to %[ t ! ,grallator1 ! ?ree-to$ animal mo/ alli$ to birds1 possess$ a caudal app5dage ( a reptilian nature4 ,! ,trias ( ,new ,j]sey _h be5 f\nd to illu/rate new features 9 ! ,otoz\m1 ^: tracks are (t5 orni?ic 9 aspect4 ,a comp>ison ( ! features ( ! ,triassic skeletons describ$ by ,m>% f ,connecticut 7,an*isaurus7 %[s t ! creatures 7 r alli$ to ! ,plesiornis ?an to ! ,anomoepus ( ! ,i*nology1 because ( ! great size ( ! =e feet4 ,notes ^u footm>ks h be5 ga!r$ also f illu/rations 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,kansas1 ,nevada1 & ,florida4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock has /udi$ ! ,quat]n>y or glacial deposits ) great success4 ,8 fir/ publication ^u ! t]races & alli$ ph5om5a ( ,v]mont appe>$ :ile ! old views ( a subm]g5ce1 ) iceb]gs1 prevail$1 to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,a /udy ( ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l& 9 #ahff satisfi$ him ( ! tru? ( ,agassiz's !ory2 & :5ev] ! opportunity came = re-exam9ation ( ! surface geology ( nor!rn ,new ,engl&1 ! facts 7 f\nd to require a diff]5t !oretical explanation4 ,he caus$ a ?or\gh exam9ation to be made ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] t]ranes by ,w>r5 ,upham 9 ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,survey1 & prov$ t all ! high m\nta9s ( ,v]mont1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,ma9e _h be5 glaciat$ by a s\!a/]ly movem5t4 ,! ice came f ! ,laur5tian highl&s1 pu%$ 9 a s\!rn direction d[n ! ,*ampla9-,hudson ,valley1 ) a s\!a/]ly fl[ ov] ,new ,engl& & s\?we/]ly ov] ! ,adirondacks2 ! la/ two c\rses hav+ be5 subord9ate to ! fir/4 ,at pres5t ! ,laur5tian hills are l[] ?an ! ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york m\nta9s ov]ridd5 by ! ice1 & probably ! same 0 ! case 9 ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! be/ explanation ( ^! pa?s is af=d$ by ! sugge/ion t a gigantic ice cap accumulat$ nor? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 t[]+ into ! cl\ds s mu* t its ov]fl[ naturally desc5d$ ov] ! ,:ite & ,adirondack ,m\nta9s4 ,t glaci]s %\ld accumulate t]m9al mora9es is axiomatic1 b no geologi/ be=e #ahfh _h v5tur$ to sugge/ :]e mora9es might be locat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 t ye> ,pr(essor ,hit*cock deliv]$ a lecture be=e ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york & ! ,long ,isl& ,hi/orical ,society 9 ,brooklyn1 9 :i* he affirm$ t ! drift deposits f ,prospect ,p>k along ! backbone ( ,long ,isl& = its entire l5g? con/itut$ ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! great cont95tal ice %eet4 ,?is decl>ation inaugurat$ a new era 9 ! /udy ( ! age ( ice4 ,! geologi/s 9 _! sev]al ,/ates f\nd ! t]m9al mora9es1 & ! v>i\s ph5om5a began to be classifi$ accord+ to new laws4 ,! se>* = mora9es has result$ 9 a re/atem5t ( ! incid5t ( ! age ( ice2 m ?an a doz5 successive t]m9al mora9es h be5 mapp$ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,montana1 :i* sugge/ to u ! exi/5ce ( sev]al glacial p]iods4 ,9 compil+ a catalogue ( obs]vations ( ! c\rse ( glacial /ri by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 x 0 f\nd t ,pr(essor ,hit*cock _h record$ = ,new ,engl& z _m z all o!r geologi/s _h obs]v$ = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,esk]s are ano!r int]e/+ class ( ph5om5a1 & 7 fir/ describ$ z horsebacks 9 ,ma9e1 ab\t sev5ty ( !m hav+ be5 describ$ 9 ! report ( #ahfa & #ahfb4 ,x 0 n till aft] ! description ( ! ,sw$i% s> t ! nature ( ^! l9es or ridges 0 und]/ood2 & n[ !y 7 f\nd 9 e prom95t valley 9 ,new ,engl&1 z att5dant ^u ! recession ( ! ice %eet4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock gave ! correct "n ( ^! ridges 9 8 ,elem5t>y ,geology1 #ahfj2 :ile = _m ye>s subsequ5tly !y 7 errone\sly call$ kames1 ev5 9 ! geology ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock gave ! "n ( ,*ampla9 to ! fossilif]\s clays associat$ ) ! till ( ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! t]m has come into g5]al use z connect$ ) ! melt+ ( ! ice 9 ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod4 ,because ( ! pres5ce ( boreal species1 & ( analogies ) simil> deposits 9 ,europe1 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock has ask$ ! "q :e!r !re may n h be5 a ,*ampla9 glacial epo* po/]ior to ^? nam$ f>!r 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,kansan1 ,i[an1 & ,ill9oisian epo*s4 ,^? :o explore ! geology ( nor!rn ,new ,engl& h to deal ) cry/all9e rocks ( v>i\s ages1 & ! op9ions ( our be/ geologi/s h n be5 9 agreem5t respect+ !m4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock 0 ! fir/ to make a geological map ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 & he also demon/rat$ ! anticl9al nature ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s ( ,v]mont4 ,8 tea*]s _h inculcat$ ! view t ^! em95ces belong$ to a syncl9al disposition1 c\pl+ ?is ) !oretical ass]tions z to _! age & metamorphism4 ,f9d+ _! ma9 pr9ciple to be errone\s1 he naturally disp>ag$ _! !ories1 ?\gh m rec5t /udies are elim9at+ _m ( ! s*i/s f ! ,ar*an4 ,all ! lat] explor]s 9 ! field--,canadians & memb]s ( ! ,geological ,survey--accept a pre-,cambrian anticl9al 9 ! he>t ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s4 ,! di/ribution ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire =mations 0 made out = ! mo/ "p be=e any assi/ance 0 d]iv$ f ! labors ( ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,hawes & o!r petrograph]s4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 at ! date ( ! f9al publication ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire maps1 ! doctr9e ( an igne\s orig9 ( ! cry/all9e s*i/ _h h>dly be5 h9t$ at4 ,:at seems elem5tal to ! mod]n petrograph] :o has acquir$ 8 te*nical education s9ce #ahij 0 unkn[n !n1 & ! classification giv5 9 ! report may n agree ) t n[ taught4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! div]se views ent]ta9$1 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock classifi$ ! rocks ( nor!rn ,new ,engl& accord+ to ?is pr9ciple3 rocks t are id5tical 9 petrographical composition are assum$ to h _h ! same orig91 & to be syn*ron\s4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock 0 almo/ ! fir/ ( ,am]ican geologi/s to employ ! petrograph] z a help to ! und]/&+ ( ! cry/all9es--z 0 evid5t by ! v valuable contributions to k 9 ,"p ,,iv ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,report z prep>$ by ,dr4 ,hawes4 ,a vex+ "q conc]n+ :at are n[ call$ ,cambrian t]ranes divid$ geologi/s = a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] #aheg1 & _h to be consid]$ 9 prep>+ ! geology ( ,v]mont 9 #ahfa4 ,?is 0 ! ,taconic controv]sy4 ,trilobites _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,v]mont1 :i* 7 misund]/ood by mo/ ( ! ,am]ican geologi/s foll[+ ,hall1 ,logan1 ,dana1 & o!rs4 ,9 giv+ ! species ! te*nical "n fir/ ( ,b>r&esi & !n ,ol5ellus1 ,pr(4 ,james ,hall ass]t$ its d]ivation f ! ,hudson ,riv] gr\p--rely+ ^u ! /ratigraphical det]m9ations ( ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan4 ,z soon z ,b>r&es's att5tion 0 call$ to ^! trilobites & ! att5dant publication1 he wrote 8 fam\s lett] to ,logan 9 #ahfj1 decl>+ t !re mu/ be a mi/ake some:]e4 ,t error 0 discov]$ 9 "t to be elim9at$ f ! ,v]mont report ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock _h *>ge ( ! field "w 9 ?is ,cambrian di/rict1 & 8 views ( ! arrangem5t ( ! =mations are 9 agreem5t ) ^? ( ! late/ work]s 9 ! field4 ,he appli$ ! t]m ( ,georgia to "o division ( ! t]rane 9 #ahfj2 & ! designation has be5 g5]ally adopt$ s9ce t "t4 ,jules ,m>c\ claim$ priority 9 ! sugge/ion ( ! application ( ! t]m1 b ^u ! publication ( ,pr(essor ,hit*cock's /atem5t on ! subject ! cr$it ( priority 0 aw>d$ to him by ,director ,walcott1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj ,pr(essor ,hit*cock 0 occupi$ l>gely z a m9+ geologi/ 9 ! e/imation ( m9]al deposits = m9+ companies1 ) 8 (fice 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ?is bus9ess he travel$ 9 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,quebec1 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 & ,alabama4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! /udy ( ! phosphate b$s l$ him to ! isl& ( ,r$onda 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,he fur!r visit$ ! phosphate b$s ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,florida1 ! gold fields ( ea/]n ,oregon1 ! ,*alc$ony ,p>k ( ,arizona1 ! ,gr& ,caon ( ! ,colorado1 & ! ,yosemite & ,yell[/one ,p>ks4 ,/udies made 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s & _! volcanoes 9 #ahhc & #ahhf result$ 9 ! contribution ( important obs]vations respect+ ^? regions4 ,at ! pres5t writ+ ,pr(essor ,hit*cock is sp5d+ a ye> ( fur!r obs]vations 9 ^? isl&s4 ,mr4 ,hit*cock 0 appo9t$1 9 #aheh1 lectur] 9 zology & curator ( ! cab9et 9 ,amh]/ ,college2 an (fice :i* he fill$ = sev5 ye>s1 retir+ aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 #ahff he 0 elect$ pr(essor ( geology 9 ,lafayette ,college1 :]e he gave %ort c\rses ( in/ruction to five successive classes4 ,9 #ahfh he 0 call$ to ! *air ( geology 9 ,d>tm\? ,college1 a position :i* he /ill occupies1 receiv+ a ye>'s leave ( abs5ce = #ahih-'ii 9 consid]ation ( ?irty ye>s ( s]vice4 ,he taught geology & zology z a provisional pr(essor at ,williams ,college 9 #ahha1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 9 ! ,virg9ia ,college ( ,agriculture & ! ,me*anic ,arts1 ,blacksbury4 ,he receiv$ ! degree ( ,m4 ,a4 9 c\rse at ,amh]/ 9 #ahei1 ! honor>y degree ( ,ph4 ,d4 f ,lafayette ,college 9 #ahgj1 & t ( ,,ll4 ,d4 f ,amh]/ ,college 9 #ahif4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock has be5 connect$ ) ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce s9ce #ahef1 & a ne>ly con/ant att5dant ^u its meet+s & p>ticipant 9 ! proce$+s4 ,he is a memb] ( local sci5tific societies 9 ,portl&1 ,me41 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & ,/4 ,l\is1 & also ( ! ,imp]ial ,geological ,in/itute ( ,vi5na4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t mov]s 9 ! inception & e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 & _h mu* to d ) ! organization ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,geologi/s1 & ) ! prep>ation ( special reports = ! sev]al meet+s betwe5 #ahgf & #ahij4 ,! h&some geological map ( small scale compil$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 prep>$ by him & publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s 7#ahhg71 to illu/rate ! nom5clature & color s*eme ( ! ,int]national ,congress4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock is be/ kn[n to _m by 8 geological maps4 ,! fir/ ef=ts at mapp+ ! geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 made indep5d5tly by ,edw>d ,hit*cock & ,jules ,m>c\ 9 #ahhc--! "w ( ,mr4 ,m>c\ ext5d+ only to ! pla9s4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s1 five or six ye>s lat]1 prep>$ a map = ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas4 ,9 #ahgb ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock & ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,blake compil$ a map = ! n9? c5sus ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & = ,r4 ,w4 ,raymond's report ^u ! m9]al res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,! success ( 8 small scale map l$ ,pr(essor ,hit*cock to und]take ! prep>ation ( a map on a scale ( tw5ty-five miles to ! in* = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,= ?is he consult$ e "w t _h be5 pr9t$ ^u ! geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & obta9$ ! privilege ( us+ _m unpubli%$ data collect$ by geologi/s ( ,/ates & ,t]ritories 9 :i* ! "w _h nev] be5 c>ri$ to actual completion4 ,! map prep>$ by ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice 0 us$ z ! basis = ! geological coloration1 & ! "w appe>$ 9 #ahha1 ( a size adapt$ to use 9 ! classroom4 ,its compil] has nev] se5 any criticism ( its accuracy4 ,! edition prep>$ = ! ,m9+ ,in/itute embodies all ! in=mation acquir$ = ! l>ge map1 ) su* additional facts z _h be5 le>n$ s9ce t map 0 publi%$4 ,pr(4 ,hit*cock's s]vices 7 call$ into requisition 9 ! compilation ( a simil> map = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 its annual report = #ahhf1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee2 9 fact1 ! two maps 7 pr9t$ f ! same plates1 b ,dr4 ,hit*cock's conta9$ c]ta9 features n f\nd 9 ! o!r "o--! result ( diff]5t int]pretations--& 0 m complete4 ,9 ! ,gov]nm5t edition a sy/em ( coloration devis$ by ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 :i* 0 aft]w>d ab&on$1 0 employ$4 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock contribut$ ext5sively to ! collection ( ,/ate geological maps 9 ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf1 :5 l>ge scale %eets ( ,new ,engl&1 & a l>ge copy ( ! ,hit*cock & ,blake map ( #ahgb1 7 exhibit$4 ,a m$al 0 aw>d$ = a %eet ( ?irte5 sections illu/rat+ ! /ratigraphy ( ,v]mont & ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! measurem5t ( sections 0 made = ! ,v]mont ,geological ,report "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,hit*cock 9 #ahfa4 ,twelve l9es ( exploration across ! entire ,/ate 7 det]m9$ ^u1 & specim5s 7 collect$ to illu/rate all ! v>ieties ( rock se5 ^u ea*4 ,! specim5s 7 arrang$ 9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,montpeli] 9 geographical ord]4 ,a simil> plan ( collection & arrangem5t 0 project$ = ! ,new ,hamp%ire survey1 b x 0 made to ext5d across ! two ,/ates1 f ,ma9e to ,new ,york4 ,besides ! two ,/ate reports1 lat] publications 7 issu$1 descriptive ( explorations & collections = ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york1 & ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,agricultural ,report = #ahhc4 ,! "w did n cease ) ^! publications1 = aft] ! transf] ( ! collection ( sections f ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,college ( ,agriculture & ! ,me*anic ,arts to ,d>tm\? ,college 9 #ahid1 additional explorations 7 made2 ! numb] ( sections 0 increas$ to eighte52 improv$ draw+s ( ! pr(iles1 color$ geologically1 7 prep>$ = ! cases 9 ! new ,butt]field ,museum2 & ! explanation ( ! details 0 fur!r facilitat$ by ! con/ruction ( a l>ge relief map on ! scale ( "o mile to ! in* horizontally1 twice z mu* v]tically1 & hav+ colors correspond+ to ^? on ! pr(iles betwe5 ! %elves4 ,ab\t five ?\s& specim5s h be5 ga!r$ to illu/rate ! pr(iles4 ,! ,d>tm\? ,college ,museum is fill$ ) specim5s accumulat$ by ! en]gy ( ,pr(essor ,hit*cock4 ,!y conc]n geology1 paleontology1 petrography1 economic botany1 & con*ology4 ,,footnote3 #eh ,vol4 xlvii1 ,septemb]1 #ahie4 ,editor's ,table4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,education4 ,our att5tion has be5 drawn to a lively discussion t has lately tak5 place 9 ! ,/4 ,paul pap]s ov] ! utt]ances1 on ! subject ( ! doctr9e ( evolution 9 its relation to education1 ( a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,smi?1 :o 0 appo9t$ n long s9ce sup]9t5d5t ( ! public s*ools ( t city4 ,:at seems cle> is t ,mr4 ,smi? is a v ignorant man1 ^: views 9 reg>d to education are ( an altoge!r retrograde "*4 ,h[ he came to be appo9t$ to 8 pres5t position is a "q :i* is be+ gravely pond]$ by _m ( ! citiz5s2 b probably ! explanation is n v f> to seek4 ,! disp5s]s ( patronage 9 ,/ate & municipal affairs are n always compet5t to make ! be/ nom9ations to (fices call+ = high qualifications2 & sometimes !y d n ev5 act up to _! own indiff]5t lights4 ,! man t has ! pull is v apt to be ! man t gets ! (fice1 & x is n (t5 t ! /ronge/ pull goes ) ! highe/ pr(essional fitness4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re ,mr4 ,smi? is1 & :at k9d ( a man he is may be judg$ f 8 utt]ances4 ,x is ?us t he ref]s to ,mr4 ,sp5c]3 ,!re is an old man 9 ,engl& :o = ye>s has sp5t all 8 "t & devot$ all 8 en]gies to ! attempt to create a sy/em :i* %all entirely ignore ! "n ( ! ,deity4 ,he w %ortly die1 & x %all n be rememb]$ t he ev] p]=m$ an act or said a ^w t bless$ or com=t$ or reliev$ 8 suff]+ fell[s4 ,to fur!r d>k5 ! picture1 he contra/s ,sp5c] ) ! late ,c>d9al ,newman1 :o wrote ! hymn ,lead1 k9dly light1 & :o1 we are told1 if he _h done no?+ m1 w\ld h be5 foll[$ by ! bless+s & ! pray]s ( ^? :om he _h com=t$ & sav$4 ,aga91 deal+ ) ! mod]n sci5tific view t1 9 ! developm5t ( ! human individual all antec$5t /ages ( human developm5t are1 9 a mann]1 pass$ ?r\gh1 he says3 ,let u disc>d ! primitive-man !ory4 ,y d n believe x4 ,r %all we n hold ) ,em]son t e *ild born into ! _w is a new ,messiah giv5 into ! arms ( fall5 humanity to lead !m back to p>adise8 ,x is no "p ( our purpose to def5d ,mr4 ,sp5c] aga9/ ! attacks ( s negligible an assailant z ,mr4 ,smi?1 ( ,m9nesota4 ,! words t ,mr4 ,sp5c] has spok5 = tru?1 = ju/ice1 = humanity1 = peace1 are 8 suffici5t comm5dation & v9dication--7 v9dication ne$$--9 ! eyes ( all :o h any compet5t k ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,if ^! words d n help to make ! _w bett] we %\ld feel little incl9$ to put our tru/ 9 ! mo/ skillfully con/ruct$ sacr$ lyric4 ,m5 d n always "k _! b5efactors2 & x is altoge!r possible1 nay probable1 t ?\s&s :o p]haps nev] he>d ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s "n h b5efit$ ?r\gh ! great] consid]ation ) :i* !y h be5 treat$ by o!rs1 ow+ to 8 tea*+4 ,x is q possible = m51 yes1 & wom5 too1 to s+ ,lead1 k9dly light ) great unction1 & yet to be ! ard5t abettors ( w>like s5tim5ts & w>like acts--to revel 9 a ru?less & immoral j+oism4 ,dryd5 0 n ref]r+ to ! adh]5ts ( any evolutioni/ philosophy :5 he wrote3 ,9 lu/s we wall[1 & ) pride we swell1 ,& injuries ) injuries repel2 ,prompt to rev5ge1 n d>+ to =give1 ,our lives untea* ! doctr9e we believe4 ,n d>+ to =give is good1 & ne>ly z true 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury z x 0 9 ! sev5te5?4 ,! "o ,engli% /atesman :o d>$ to =give a defeat inflict$ on ,engli% arms & to ackn[l$ge an error1 incurr$ by t s+le act a deep] hatr$ & contempt ?an he e>n$ by any?+ else1 or all else1 9 8 long & /orm-toss$ c>e]4 ,we ref] to ! action tak5 by ,glad/one aft] ! battle ( ,majuba ,hill4 ,& we are mu* mi/ak5 if ! majority ( ^? :o execrat$ him mo/ deeply = n cru%+ ! ,bo]s "u ,engl&'s ov]:elm+ =ce 7 n imm5se admir]s ( ! c>d9al's hymn4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t !y 7 n imm5se admir]s ( ,sp5c]1 & t ,sp5c] did n imm5sely admire !m4 ,sup]9t5d5t ,smi? has quot$ ,em]son1 b he does n occupy ! /&po9t t enables him to see ,em]son 9 true p]spective1 or to feel :at 8 philosophy lacks :5 confront$ ) ! new] k ( ! c5tury4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,*apman1 9 8 rec5t memorable book ( essays1 gives u a bett] view4 ,a critic 9 ! mod]n s5se1 ,mr4 ,*apman says1 he 7,em]son7 0 n4 ,he liv$ too e>ly & at too great a di/ance f ! =um ( ,european ?\ght to absorb ! ideas ( evolution1 & give place to !m 9 8 philosophy4444 ,we miss 9 ,em]son ! und]ly+ conception ( gr[?1 ( developm5t1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ?\ght ( our own day1 & :i*1 = in/ance1 is f\nd ev]y:]e lat5t 9 ,br[n+'s poetry4444 ,he is probably ! la/ great writ] to look at life f a /ation>y /&po9t4 ,t ! doctr9e ( evolution con/itutes to-day a mo/ important guid+ pr9ciple 9 education no compet5t educationi/ c\ld be f\nd to d5y4 ,x tea*es u to deal ) ! "y z 9 a v true s5se ! heirs ( all ! ages1 to make due all[ance 9 *ildhood = in/9cts & habits :i* p>take ( ! e>li] /ages ( human developm5t1 & to look =w>d ) confid5ce to lat] & high] manife/ations4 ,we h less fai? ?an our ance/ors _h 9 ! rod1 & m 9 ! gradual unfold+ ( ! p[]s & capacities ( ! m9d1 & !re) ! enl>gem5t & improvem5t ( ! moral nature4 ,we d n believe z our =efa!rs did 9 break+ *ildr5's wills2 nor d we view _! peccadilloes 9 ! lurid light ( a gloomy !ological cre$4 ,we recognize t v]acity1 9 ! s5se ( /rict accuracy ( spee*1 purg$ ( all imag9ative elem5ts1 is a virtue :i* n all adults are able to practice1 & :i* is n a natural product ( ! *ild m9d4 ,we c n accept ,em]son's doctr9e ( infant ,messiahs1 & yet we c recognize v fully ! mission ( ! *ild 9 ! home1 ! dem& x makes = t5d]ness1 = pati5ce1 = ?\ghtfulness on ! "p ( p>5ts1 ! hopes & fe>s & he>t-se>*+s t x calls into play1 ! aspirations t x promotes t[>d ! realization1 if = its sake only1 ( a high] life4 ,froebel grasp$ a l>ge measure ( tru? 9 reg>d to *ildr51 b too mu* ( s5tim5t1 9 our op9ion1 ent]$ into 8 treatm5t ( !m4 ,9 ! full light ( ! doctr9e ( evolution we take !m z !y are1 & help !m to "w out "u favorable conditions t developm5t ( :i* !y are capable4 ,we are n impos$ ^u by *ildi% imitations ( mature virtues1 & are r dispos$ to repress recogniz$ t5d5cies to precocity2 b we believe t ! g]ms ( good are s[n 9 e normal human be+1 & t1 unless kill$ by mo/ unwise treatm5t1 !y w fructify 9 due "t4 ,:at we may well consid] s]i\sly is :e!r our mod]n modes ( life enable u to d t ju/ice to *ildr5 :i* evolution>y tea*+ requires4 ,c true heal? ( body & m9d be conciliat$ ) social ambition or ) comm]cial ambition8 ,are we n hamp]$ at e turn by false s*emes ( education1 ! object ( :i* is to turn out c]ta9 conv5tional products8 ,h[ _m ( u c rise up 9 effective rebellion aga9/ ! v fa%ions t 9 our he>ts we mo/ condemn8 ,be=e !re c be any?+ l a p]fect education = ! "y !re mu/ be a mu* m fully develop$ s5se ( duty ?an we see z yet 9 ! old] g5]ation4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is putt+ ! key to a true sy/em into our h&s2 b to use t key aright requires c\rage & high purpose--qualities t are n ( ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,/ill1 x is matt] ( congratulation t ! tru? is n f> f u4 ,x is well e/abli%$ 9 our !ories1 & "o ( ^! days we may hope x w ga9 a wide & secure foot+ 9 our practice4 ,,david ,,ames ,,wells4 ,9 ! dea? ( ,david ,a4 ,wells1 :i* occurr$ at 8 home 9 ,norwi*1 ,connecticut1 on ! #e? ( ,novemb]1 #ahih1 ,am]ica has lo/ "o ( h] able/ & mo/ productive m5 ( lett]s & sci5ce a di/+ui%$ repres5tative4 ,out ( a life ( sev5ty ye>s x may fairly be said t ,mr4 ,wells gave fifty ( !m to intellectual pursuits1 :i* 7 ma9ly devot$ to ! advance ( sci5ce & its application to practical affairs4 ,aft] pass+ ! p]iod ( e>ly /udy1 & p>ticul>ly s9ce he became int]e/$ 9 economic que/ions1 mu* ( 8 "w 0 9 ! l9e ( orig9al inve/igation1 ! results ( :i* h f "t to "t be5 giv5 to ! public ei!r ?r\gh 8 books or 9 ! magaz9es4 ,ano!r & m conspicu\s feature ( 8 c>e]1 ! "o p]haps t made him be/ kn[n at home & fir/ gave him reputation abroad1 0 ! valuable s]vice t he r5d]$ ! c\ntry at l>ge 9 /raight5+ out ! f9ancial tangle ! ,gov]nm5t _h got itself into dur+ & aft] ! civil w>4 ,9 ?is und]tak+ 8 great /ore ( le>n+1 r>e practical sagacity1 & unwav]+ confid5ce 9 ! f9al result1 c>ri$ him ?r\gh to a brilliant success1 e>n+ = him 9 high qu>t]s ! mo/ flatt]+ te/imonials ( admiration & respect4 ,look$ at 9 ! light ( :at he actually a*iev$1 ,mr4 ,wells's prep>ation = 8 life "w seems to h be5 almo/ an ideal "o4 ,gift$ ) a /rong love ( ,nature & hav+ a decid$ly practical turn ( m9d1 he e>ly %[$ a fondness = ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,?is l$ him1 soon aft] graduat+ f ,williams ,college 9 #ahdg1 to ent] ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,"h he complet$ ! c\rse ) ! fir/ class t 0 graduat$ by t in/itution 9 #aheb4 ,:ile /udy+ 9 ! sci5tific s*ool "y ,wells became ! special pupil ( ,agassiz1 &1 z ! sequel %[s1 caught ! en?usiasm ) :i* t great ma/] 0 wont to inspire ! "y m5 :o 7 =tunate en\gh to come )9 ! range ( 8 influ5ce4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,mr4 ,wells1 9 association ) ,mr4 ,george ,bliss1 began ! compilation & publication ( ! ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1 :i* he cont9u$ = "s sixte5 ye>s4 ,t he 0 a clev] /ud5t ) q exceptional end[m5ts is se5 9 ! circum/ance t imm$iately aft] graduation he 0 appo9t$ assi/ant pr(essor 9 ! sci5tific s*ool & lectur] on physics & *emi/ry 9 ,groton ,academy1 ,massa*usetts4 ,he also1 betwe5 #aheg & #ahfc1 prep>$ a s]ies ( sci5tific s*ool books embrac+ ! subjects ( physics1 *emi/ry1 & geology1 & a volume on ! ,sci5ce ( ,common ,?+s1 all ( :i* atta9$ a wide circulation4 ,?us = a p]iod ( ne>ly fifte5 ye>s ,mr4 ,wells _h devot$ himself assidu\sly to ! cultivation ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,beg9n+ ) ! practical op]ations ( ! laboratory1 :]e ! value ( exp]im5t & obs]vation is made app>5t1 8 "w 0 cont9u$ 9 ! /r5g!n+ & develop+ exp]i5ces ( ! tea*]1 & !nce l$ up to t wid] k & t cle>ness ( exposition :i* a bright m9d w\ld acquire 9 ! prep>ation ( a numb] ( successful sci5tific class books4 ,x may be presum$ t by ?is "t he 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) sci5tific me?od 9 its applications to ! inve/igation & explanation ( physical ph5om5a4 ,) ! results ?is _h yield$ 9 build+ up ! great body ( v]ifi$ k compos+ ! sev]al sci5ces he mu/ also h be5 famili>4 ,m5tally al]t & ) %>p5$ p[]s ( obs]vation1 he 0 able to seize & classify ! facts be>+ ^u ! problem 9 h&1 & subject !m to sy/ematic processes ( sci5tific reason+4 ,su*1 9 brief1 0 ! tra9+ & su* ! equipm5t br\ght by ,mr4 ,wells to ! /udy ( economic que/ions :5 he fir/ began to write ^u !m 9 #ahfd4 ,a bett] prep>ation = ! "w to :i* he 0 to give ! next ?irty ye>s ( 8 life c sc>cely be imag9$4 ,:ile x is q true t 9 ent]+ ?is new field he 0 to enc\nt] a class ( facts & v>iety ( ph5om5a t 7 ( a v diff]5t ord] f ^? ) :i* he _h previ\sly be5 deal+1 _! app>5tly haphaz>d "* did n deceive him4 ,well v]s$ 9 ! practice ( trac+ effects to causes1 gift$ ) rem>kable p[]s ( insight1 & ?or\ghly believ+ t ! me?ods ( sci5ce w\ld prove z available 9 ! /udy ( economics z 9 o!r fields1 he began 8 inve/igations )\t misgiv+1 pati5tly accumulat$ & /udi$ ! facts1 & :5 conclusions 7 arriv$ at1 no matt] h[ contr>y !y might be to curr5t tea*+1 fe>lessly ann\nc$ & def5d$ !m4 ,?\gh half 8 life a firm believ] 9 ! doctr9e ( protection1 :5 ,mr4 ,wells w5t to ,europe = ! ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahfg to inve/igate ! subject ( t>iff taxation1 high & l[ t>iff c\ntries alike 7 visit$1 ) ! det]m9ation to leave no?+ undone t w\ld aid to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! "q4 ,all ! v>i$ aspects ( ! problem 7 c>efully /udi$ 9 connection ) ! pr9cipal indu/ries ( ! respective c\ntries1 &1 f9d+ reason 9 ! facts ?us obta9$ to revise 8 op9ions1 he came home a conv]t to free trade4 ,= an acc\nt ( :at he _h obs]v$ dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations1 & ( ! conclusions bas$ !reon1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! f\r? volume ( 8 reports z commission] ( int]nal rev5ue1 publi%$ 9 #ahfi4 ,8 book on ,rec5t ,economic ,*anges1 & ! pap]s on ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,taxation1 t h appe>$ 9 ?is magaz9e dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 are records ( equally pa9/ak+ rese>*4 ,moreov]1 !y are bo? excell5t examples ( :at a /rict adh]5ce to sci5tific me?od has done & may yet be expect$ to d t[>d cle>+ up ! knotty problems 9 economics t are n[ engag+ public att5tion4 ,unit$ ) 8 great le>n+1 & a r>e p[] ( g5]alization1 ,mr4 ,wells possess$ 9 full measure t intellectual hone/y :i* is ! indisp5sable *>act]i/ic ( ! true man ( sci5ce4 ,?is enabl$ him to foll[ )\t d\bt or hesitation :]ev] ! facts might lead2 & ) 8 cle> p]ception ( _! real import1 jo9$ to 8 habit ( indep5d5t ?\ght1 traits t are display$ ?r\gh\t all 8 m =mal writ+s1 !y are :at 9 our op9ion con/itute 8 title to di/9ction4 ,!y give to 8 tea*+s1 :i* h already done m ?an any o!r ag5cy t we "k t[>d plac+ ! subject ( political economy on a s\nd sci5tific basis1 a high & endur+ "*4 ,a ,,borr[$ ,,f\ndation4 ,! c5tral idea ( ,pr(essor ,gidd+s's ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 a "w t has ! honor ( be+ ! fir/ indep5d5t attempt 9 ,engli% to treat ( sociology z su*1 is t we mu/ po/ulate on ! "p ( human be+s :at he calls a consci\sness ( k9d4 ,critics ( 8 volume h naturally told him t ?is is ess5tially a philosophical idea1 f\nd 9 ,hegel & 9 ,briti% e?ical writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,we quote ! above f an article by ,pr(essor ,caldwell1 entitl$ ,philosophy & ! ,new] ,sociology1 9 ! ,octob] ,contempor>y4 ,we are n prep>$ to dispute ,pr(essor ,caldwell's /atem5t t ! idea ( ! consci\sness ( k9d may be f\nd 9 ! writ]s to :om he ref]s2 b x w\ld h be5 v mu* to ! po9t if he _h m5tion$ t x is to be f\nd mo/ cle>ly enunciat$ 9 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology4 ,9 an article contribut$ to ?is magaz9e 9 ,decemb]1 #ahif1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] took occasion to po9t out t :at ,pr(essor ,gidd+s seem$ to reg>d z an ap]u peculi> to himself _h be5 di/9ctly =mulat$ ye>s be=e 9 8 own writ+s4 ,9 pro( ( ?is he quot$ ! foll[+ passages3 ,sociality hav+ ?us comm5c$1 & survival ( ! fitte/ t5d+ ev] to ma9ta9 & increase x1 x w be fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! inh]it$ effects ( habit4 ,! p]ception ( k9dr$ be+s1 p]petually se51 he>d1 & smelt1 w come to =m a pr$om9ant "p ( consci\sness--s pr$om9ant t abs5ce ( x w inevitably cause discom=t4 ,among creatures l$ /ep by /ep into greg>i\sness1 !re w little by little be e/abli%$ a pleasure 9 be+ toge!r--a pleasure 9 ! consci\sness ( "o ano!r's pres5ce--a pleasure simpl] ?an1 & q di/9ct f1 ^? high] ones :i* x makes possible4 ,! fact is t !re is mu* m 9 ,sp5c] ?an mo/ rec5t writ]s h ev] explor$2 & ! new] sociologi/s w\ld d well1 be=e putt+ =w>d claims to orig9ality1 to make sure t !y h n be5 anticipat$ by ! vet]an philosoph]4 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature4 ,,special ,,books4 ,9 ,! ,play ( ,animals#ei we are (f]$ a book ^u an ess5tially new topic2 =1 al?\gh mu* has be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! habits & intellig5ce ( animals1 no special consid]ation has be5 giv5 to _! play or its psy*ic significance4 ,! survey ( ?is virg9 t]ritory seems to ! critical read] to h disclos$ su* limitless area to ,pr(essor ,groos t he fails to indicate its legitimate b\nd>ies4 ,he confesses himself ov]come by a s5se ( its va/ness1 /at+ t ! v]satility ne$$ = a ?or\gh inve/igation is s compreh5sive t x is unatta9able by an ord9>y mortal4 ,play1 he f9ds1 is n an aimless activity c>ri$ on = its own sake2 nei!r is x ! product ( surplus physical en]gy1 z ,mr4 ,sp5c] def9es x1 = 9 y\? !re is playfulness )\t ?is condition4 ,in/9cts useful 9 pres]v+ ! species appe> be=e !y are s]i\sly ne$$1 & are utiliz$ 9 play1 :i* s]ves z prep>ation = ! tasks ( life4 ,animals d n play because !y are "y1 b h a p]iod ( y\? 9 ord] to play4 ,! special ends accompli%$ by play are control ( ! body1 comm& ( ! means ( locomotion1 agility 9 pursuit ( prey & 9 escap+ dang]1 & pr[ess 9 fight+4 ,! games pursu$ 9 atta9+ ^! ends are classifi$ 9 n9e gr\ps1 beg9n+ ) ^? ( exp]im5tation & end+ ) ^? ref]r$ to curiosity4 ,!y include plays ( movem5t1 hunt+1 fight+1 love1 con/ruction1 nurs+1 & imitation4 ,= all ( ^! ,pr(essor ,groos f9ds b "o in/9ct ( play responsible1 supplem5t$ by ! in/9ct ( imitation4 ,he ent]s into an elaborate discussion ( in/9ct1 giv+ an outl9e ( ,weismann's !ory ( h]$ity & ! views ( v>i\s writ]s4 ,he adopts ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s def9ition ( in/9ct z a complex reflex act1 ref]r+ its orig9 to ! op]ation ( natural selection1 ackn[l$g+ ! process to be beyond our grasp4 ,9 seek+ to expla9 bird song & ! love play ( animals1 ! !ory ( sexual selection is n accept$ by him )\t qualification2 a modification ( ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple is sugge/$ 9 :i* ! female ex]ts an unconsci\s *oice4 ,! psy*ic *>act]i/ics ( play are ! pleasure foll[+ satisfaction ( in/9ct1 en]getic action & joy 9 ! acquirem5t ( p[]4 ,! animal at fir/ ma/]s its own bodily movem5ts1 !n seeks ! conque/ ( o!r animals & inanimate objects4 ,:5 a c]ta9 facility 9 play has be5 ga9$ a high] intellectual /age is ent]$ ^u1 t ( make-believe1 or play+ a "p4 ,?is /ate ( consci\s self-illusion is rea*$ by _m ( ! high] animals4 ,psy*ically1 x indicates a divid$ consci\sness1 & occupies a place betwe5 ! ord9>y /ate & ! abnormal ones ( hypnosis & hy/]ia4 ,to ?is condition ,pr(essor ,groos ascribes ! g5esis ( arti/ic production1 an hypo!sis t he has elaborat$ m fully 9 ,e9leitung 9 die ,ae/hetik4 ,! exp]im5tal plays ( animals1 divid$ into ^? ( c\rt%ip1 imitation1 & con/ruction1 correspond to ! pr9ciples ( self exhibition1 imitation1 & decoration1 :i* are claim$ to be ! motives ( human art4 ,! acquirem5t ( p[] ?r\gh play develops a feel+ ( fre$om1 & ?is ! arti/ likewise seeks to realize 9 ! _w ( ideals4 ,arti/s w n probably ackn[l$ge t life is e>ne/1 art is playful1 nor morali/s agree t man is only human :5 he plays1 = !re is no real fre$om 9 ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce1 yet bo? may f9d food = ?\ght 9 ,pr(essor ,groos's analysis ( play4 ,,footnote #ei ,! ,play ( ,animals4 ,by ,k>l ,groos4 ,translat$ by ,elizabe? ,l4 ,baldw94 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #cda4 ,price1 #a4ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! spasm ( unreason+ ho/ility to ,spa9 :i* has come ov] ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 succe$+ a p]iod ( effusive admiration1 ! public are apt to =get t t nation has done any?+ cr$itable = ! promotion ( civilization4 ,yet1 leav+ out o!r fields ( culture = ! pres5t1 x has produc$ two pa9t]s :o rank among ! great ma/]s1 besides num]\s second>y arti/s1 rivals ( any ( t grade 9 ! _w1 & a volum9\s lit]ature :i* ,george ,ticknor ?\ght x wor? :ile to make ! /udy ( 8 life1 & :i* inspir$ ! p5s ( ,irv+1 ,longfell[ & ,lockh>t4 ,"o ( ! works ( ?is lit]ature ranks among ! _w's greate/ classics1 & has be51 p]haps1 aft] ! ,bible & ,%akespe>e m univ]sally read ?an any o!r book2 & num]\s o!r works--*iefly romances--h furni%$ patt]ns or !mes = ! poets1 noveli/s1 & dramati/s ( o!r nations4 ,mr4 ,fitz ,maurice ,kelly's excell5t & conv5i5t ,hi/ory ( ,spani% ,lit]ature#fj !re=e comes 9 good "t to refre% our memories conc]n+ ^! facts4 ,"o does n h to g v f> 9 ! hi/ory to f9d t ( ! great ,lat9 writ]s ( ! age ( ! ,cs>s1 ! two ,s5ecas1 ,lucan ! poet ( ,ph>salia1 ,m>tial ! epigrammati/1 & ,qu9tilian ! rhetorician--/ill an au?ority--& _m m9or writ]s1 7 ,spani>ds z well z ,romans4 ,x also appe>s t ( :at ,gibbon decl>$ to h be5 ! happie/ epo* ( man's hi/ory--f ! dea? ( ,domitian to ! accession ( ,commodus1 sev5ty ( ! eighty ye>s1 if we take ! lib]ty1 z ,mr4 ,kelly does1 ( c\nt+ ,m>cus ,aurelius z a ,cordovan1 7 pass$ b5ea? ! scept] ( ! ,spani% ,cs>s4 ,prud5tius1 a di/+ui%$ ,lat9 ,*ri/ian writ] ( a succe$+ age1 0 also a ,spani>d4 ,al?\gh !re 7 ar*aic works ( trovadors be=e t "t1 traditionally pres]v$ by jugl>s1 ,spani% lit]ature prop] began 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,x ow$ mu* to ,fr5* & ,italian1 & 9 c\rse ( "t gave mu* back to !m4 ,among its e>lie/ signs 0 ! developm5t ( ! romance 7ballad71 :ile ,arab writ]s 7^: "w ,mr4 ,kelly consid]s ( d\btful value7 & ,jews1 :o are bett] spok5 (1 7 e>ly contributors to x4 ,! e>lie/ works ( importance 7 ! ,my/]y ( ! ,magian ,k+s1 "o ( ! fir/ plays 9 any mod]n language1 & ! great h]oic poem ( ! ,cid1 bo? anonym\s4 ,! fir/ ,ca/ilian poet ^: "n has rea*$ u 0 ,gonzalo de ,b]ceo1 #aaih to #abfd1 :o wrote mu*1 & 01 if n an inv5tor1 ! *ief ( a s*ool4 ,p]man5t =m 0 giv5 to ,spani% prose by ,k+ ,alfonso ! ,le>n$1 #abbf to #abhd1 :o1 l ,bacon1 took all k = 8 prov9ce1 & 9 e dep>tm5t %one pre-em95t4 ,he _h num]\s collaborators1 & 8 example 9 s _m fields 0 foll[$--among o!rs 79 "s ( !m7 by 8 son & successor1 ,san*o ,,iv4 ,! ,infanta1 ,juan ,manuel1 nephew ( ,alfonso1 9 "o ( ! /ories ( 8 ,conde ,lucanor--"o ( ! books ( ! _w--creat$ ! g]m ( ! ,tam+ ( ! ,%rew4 ,pass+ a num]\s li/ ( writ]s ( respectable m]it1 = ^: names ev5 we h n room1 we come to ! age ( ! ,ca?olic k+s & ,*>les ,v1 :5 = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lit]ature mo/ fl\ri%$ 9 ,spa94 ,among ! features ( ?is p]iod are ! ,amadis de ,gaul--! be/ 9 t k9d--:i* inspir$ ,c]vantes2 ,columbus1 :o1 ?\gh ( ,italian bir?1 0 probably ! true/ ,spani>d 9 all ! ,spa9s1 ! poet ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 & ,b]nal ,diaz & o!r hi/orians ^: names dot ,prescott's books4 ,pass+ a l>ge numb] ( writ]s ( m>k ^: works appe>$ 9 ?is age1 & /opp+ only to m5tion ,alonzo de ,ercilla y ,zuiga's ,araucana z ! fir/ lit]>y "w ( real m]it compos$ 9 ei!r ,am]ican cont95t1 we come to ! age ( ,c]vantes1 ^: /ory ( ,don ,quixote--! fri5dless p's fri5d1 z ,br[n+ /yles him--is n m di/+ui%$ = its satirical wit & humor ?an = its k9dly humanity2 & ,lope de ,vega1 t mo/ prolific ( all dramatic au?ors1 :o left no a*ievem5t unattempt$1 & di$ lam5t$ by a hundr$ & fifty-?ree ,spani% & fifty ,italian au?ors1 :o sang 8 praises4 ,among o!r ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ writ]s ( ?is & succe$+ p]iods are ,m>iana1 ! greate/ ( all ,spani% hi/orians2 ,gngora1 a fam\s poet 9 8 day2 ,quev$o2 ,tirse de ,mol9a1 ! creator ( ,don ,juan2 ,cald]on1 second z a dramati/ among ,spani>ds1 if second1 only to ,lope de ,vega1 & ,al>cn 8 compe]2 & ,velasquez1 great 9 art & n small 9 lett]s4 ,an int]regnum came 9 dur+ ! reign ( ,c>los ,,ii1 & ,fr5* influ5ce made itself felt4 ,! age ( ! ,b\rbons produc$ among o!rs ! ,b5$ict9e ,s>mi5to1 :o z a botani/ won ! admiration & fri5d%ip ( ,l9n4 ,! pres5t c5tury has be5 m>k$ by ! names ( _m au?ors ( m]it1 noveli/s kn[n to u 9 translations1 by an active movem5t ( hi/orical composition develop+ brilliant monographs1 & by a m>k$ advance ( s*ol>%ip & tol]ance1 l$ by ,m>cel9o ,m5ndez y ,pelayo2 ) a t5d5cy to produce a bre$ ( writ]s ( ! ,g]man type4 ,,footnote3 #fj ,a ,hi/ory ( ,spani% ,lit]ature4 ,by ,james ,fitz ,maurice-,kelly4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,lit]ature ( ! ,_w ,s]ies4 ,edit$ by ,edmund ,gosse47 ,pp4 #dcc4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,g5]al ,,notices4 ,! great importance ( ! problems ( =e/ry & all t p]ta9s to !m c n fail to be appreciat$ by any "o :o has se5 ! deva/ation wr\ght 9 _m sections ( ?is c\ntry by ! wood *opp]4 ,=e/ry is "o ( ! subjects :]e natural sci5ce c /ep 9 & guide ! way to economic success1 & :]e1 9 default ( sci5tific me?ods1 economically fatal results inevitably ensue4 ,! pres]vation ( =e/s has be5 an important problem 9 ,europe = _m ye>s1 b until q rec5tly x has receiv$ little att5tion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ! pione]s 9 ! field ( =e/ry 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ,frankl9 ,b4 ,h\gh1 ^: ,elem5ts ( ,=e/ry is /ill a us$ & useful manual4 ,among 8 _m s*emes = attract+ att5tion & /udy to ?is important subject 0 "o ( mak+ actual sections ( ! wood ( ,am]ican trees1 & arrang+ !m 9 a compact & attractive mann] = g5]al di/ribution4 ,?is idea he nev] c>ri$ out1 & x has rema9$ = 8 son1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,h\gh1 to f9ally c>ry out ! s*eme1 by publi%+ a complete s]ies ( su* sections1 c>efully prep>$ & compactly b\nd4#fa ,9 ,"p ,i ( ! s]ies !re are cutt+s repres5t+ tw5ty-five species ( ,am]ican trees4 ,! sections are suffici5tly ?9 to all[ ( _! /udy by transmitt$ light4 ,!re are ?ree cutt+s f ea* species1 transv]se1 radial1 & tang5tial to ! gra94 ,an accompany+ text gives a cond5s$ description ( ea* tree1 includ+ its physical prop]ties1 uses1 & habitat4 ,^! descriptions are prec$$ by a useful introduction to ! /udy ( g5]al botany1 describ+ ! me?ods ( di/+ui%+ & nam+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( plants & trees1 & giv+ an acc\nt ( _! /ructure & me?ods ( gr[?4 ,! actual wood sections1 q ap>t f _! sci5tific value1 are wor?y ( att5tion because ( _! great beauty4 ,!y are sub/antially m\nt$ on black c>dbo>d1 ea* c>d conta9+ ! ?ree sections ( a species1 & its common "n 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,spani%4 ,! ?9ness ( ! cutt+s makes x possible to use !m z transp>5cies1 ?us br++ out ! texture ( ! wood 9 a v effective way4 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,reid ,b>nes is impress$ ) ! fact t :ile laboratory "w has become ne>ly univ]sal 9 botany1 & laboratory manuals are num]\s1 !re is /ill a lack ( books giv+ an elem5t>y acc\nt ( ! =m & functions ( plants ( all gr\ps4 ,to supply ?is want he (f]s ,plant ,life#fb z an attempt to exhibit ! v>iety & progressive complexity ( ! vegetative body2 to discuss ! m important functions2 to expla9 ! unity ( plan 9 bo? ! /ructure & action ( ! reproductive organs2 & to give an outl9e ( ! m /rik+ ways 9 :i* plants adapt !mselves to ! _w ab\t !m4 ,he has made ! ef=t to treat ^! subjects s t1 h[ev] mu* ! /ud5t may /ill h to le>n1 he w h little to unle>n4 ,! book is n int5d$ to be memoriz$ & recit$1 b to be intelligible to pupils f ?irte5 to eighte5 ye>s ( age :o are engag$ 9 g5u9e laboratory /udy "u ! direction ( a live tea*] :o has /udi$ f> m botany ?an he is try+ to tea*4 ,x is adapt$ to use supplem5t>ily to any laboratory guide or to ! directions prep>$ by ! tea*]4 ,! directions are made fulle/ 9 relation to cryptogams & physiology1 because ^! fields are at pres5t mo/ unfamili> to tea*]s4 ,atta*+ great importance to ,electro-,dynamics1 :i* he ?9ks w 9 ! ne> future assume ! same relation to ! electric motor t ! sci5ce ( !rmo-dynamics already be>s to ! /eam eng9e1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,a%ley ,c>us-,wilson aims 9 ! book ( t "n#fc to apply ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce to ! direct-curr5t motor4 ,writ+ = electrical eng9e]s p>ticul>ly1 he takes = grant$ a c]ta9 acqua9tance ) ! use & design ( motors1 b avoids unexpla9$ te*nicalities z f> z possible4 ,he has n deem$ x necess>y to deal ) self-induction1 except 9 connection ) ! "q ( sp>k+4 ,! num]ical accuracy attempt$ has be5 limit$ to t atta9able ) an ord9>y t5-in* slide rule1 on :i* all ! examples h be5 work$ out4 ,importance is atta*$ to ! graphic me?od ( solution4 ,( ,dr4 ,frank ,ov]ton's ?ree books on ,appli$ ,physiology1#fd ! fir/ or prim>y grade foll[s a natural ord] ( treatm5t1 pres5t+ 9 ea* subject elem5t>y anatomical facts 9 a mann] t impresses function r ?an =m1 & f ! =m describ$ d]ives ! function4 ,! facts & pr9ciples are !n appli$ to ev]yday life4 ,! int]m$iate grade1 besides be+ an introduction to ! /udy ( anatomy & physiology1 is int5d$ to be a complete elem5t>y book 9 itself1 giv+ a cle> picture ( h[ ea* organ ( ! body p]=ms its "w4 ,! advanc$ grade book 0 sugge/$ by a s]ies ( popul> lectures 9 :i* ! au?or pres5t$ ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( physiology ab\t :i* a physician is consult$ daily4 ,8 explanations ( _m common facts 7 novel to 8 auditors1 & x 0 f\nd t ! s*ool books 7 sil5t ^u _m ( ^! po9ts1 especially ) reg>d to ! cells4 ,?r\gh\t ! s]ies ! fact t ! cells are ! units 9 :i* life exi/s & acts is emphasiz$4 ,! au?or has endeavor$ to include all ! useful po9ts ( ! old] text-books1 & to add su* new matt] z ! rec5t progress ( physiological & hygi5ic sci5ce dem&s4 ,avoid+ te*nical t]ms1 he has s\ght to express ! tru?s 9 simple language1 su* z he w\ld use 9 in/ruct+ a "m z to ! nature ( ! sickness ( h] *ild4 ,! subjects ( alcohol & o!r n>cotics are made prom95t 9 all ! books1 & are discuss$ fully 9 ! ?ird ( ! s]ies4 ,! relation ( respiration & oxidation to ! disappe>ance ( food1 to ! production ( wa/e matt]s1 & to ! developm5t ( heat & =ce1 is dwelt ^u4 ,simple & easy demon/rations1 _m ( !m new1 are provid$ at ! ends ( *apt]s4 ,a *apt] on ,repairs ( ,injuries1 or ! re/oration ( ! natural functions1 :5 impair$1 by ! body1 is new 9 a s*ool textbook4 ,9 ,yetta ,sgal1#fe a sl5d] ?read ( a /ory is us$ by ,mr4 ,roll9 z ! vehicle = a !ory ( type fusion or conv]g5ce :i* he ?9ks has n receiv$ suffici5t att5tion f social or sci5tific /ud5ts4 ,!re are a pair ( lov]s1 "o ( :om is discov]$ at a critical p]iod 9 ! c\rt%ip to h negro blood 9 8 ve9s1 & a philosoph] :o comes =w>d to satisfy ! p>ties 7:o h>dly ne$ x7 t ?is is no s]i\s matt]1 b is all accord+ to human evolution & ! de/9y ( ! race4 ,y mu/ be impress$1 he says1 by ! fact t !re are a great _m p "h & !re1 ( mix$ blood1 & t ! numb] is increas+2 444 x is well t n a few are inde$ truly admirable specim5s ( ! human race4 ,su* ph5om5a mu/ be int]pret$ 9 a way consi/5t ) man's nature3 if he is developm5tal2 if he %all atta9 a high] /atus ?r\gh /ruggle1 or ?r\gh means t are seem+ly1 or = ! "t1 degrad+2 if he is mov+ f ! simple to ! complex1 z to organization2 if univ]sal movem5t t5ds to unific exi/5ce--!n race int]*ange1 ) elim9ation ( peculi> *>act]i/ics1 has probably made its appe>ance z a phase ( inf9ite ord]1 & = ! b5efit ( future man4444 ,x is presumptu\s = ! wise/ to ass]t t ! man ( l[] type has no elem5t ( /r5g? peculi> to 8 race :i* ! mo/ advanc$ does n ne$ 9 8 pres5t organization4 ,x may be ne$$ ei!r = pres5t protection 9 ! way ( re-en=cem5t1 or z an elem5t ( /r5g? = fur!r advancem5t4 ,mr4 ,roll9 does n advocate type fusion or wi% to accel]ate ! movem5t1 b pres5ts x z a fact & factor 9 human evolution des]v+ m ext5sive & ?or\gh /udy ?an x has receiv$4 ,! increas+ att5tion :i* ( late ye>s has be5 giv5 to ! /udy ( comp>ative anatomy has f9ally result$ 9 :at promises to be a complete & detail$ acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( a subhuman mammal4#ff ,! au?or1 ,dr4 ,jayne1 believes t a c\rse 9 mammalian anatomy (f]s a valuable prelim9>y to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 & ?is is ! purpose = :i* ! book has be5 made4 ,?is is to a c]ta9 ext5t true1 especially :]e1 z 9 ! case ( ! cat1 !re is s close a simil>ity to ! /ructure ( ! human body4 ,b ! *ief sci5tific int]e/ & value ( su* a "w mu/ lie 9 its broad] philosophic aspects2 9 ! aid :i* x c n b give 9 cle>+ up "s ( ! _m moot$ po9ts ( evolutional biology1 & 9 ! /imulus :i* x w imp>t to ! /udy ( relation%ips among ! l[] animals4 ,! pres5t volume1 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies1 deals only ) ! skeleton ( ! cat1 ea* bone be+ fir/ /udi$ individually1 !n 9 its relations to o!r bones & to ! muscul> sy/em & ! skeleton z a :ole1 & f9ally 9 comp>ison ) ! correspond+ portion ( ! human skeleton4 ,!re are #faa extremely good illu/rations1 & ! pr9t+ ( ! volume is unusually clean & attractive4 ,among ! articles ( special value 9 rec5t numb]s ( ! 7bimon?ly7 ,bullet9 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 "u ! editorial control ( ,commission] ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright & ,*ief ,cl]k ,o4 ,d4 ,weav]1 are ^? on ,bo>d+ ,h\ses & ,clubs = ,work+ ,wom51 by ,m>y ,s4 ,f]guson1 9 ! ,m>* numb]2 ,! ,alaskan ,gold ,fields & ! ,opportunities !y af=d = ,capital & ,labor1 by ,s4 ,c4 ,durham1 9 ! ,may numb]2 ,economic ,aspects ( ! ,liquor ,problem2 ,bro!rhood ,relief & ,insurance ( ,railway ,employees1 by ,e4 ,r4 ,johnson1 ,ph4 ,d42 & ,! ,nations ( ,antw]p1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,gore1 ,ph4 ,d41 9 ! ,july numb]4 ,summ>ies ( reports ( labor /ati/ics1 ( legislation & decisions ( c\rts affect+ labor1 & ( rec5t ,gov]nm5t contracts con/itute regul> dep>tm5ts ( ! bullet94 7,wa%+ton47 ,= delicate humor & ref9$ art ( expression few writ]s c excel ,jean ,paul ,fri$ri* ,ri*t]1 b ! s\rces ( 8 ri* fl[ ( humor are s deeply hidd5 & 8 expression is s v subtle t ! g5]ality ( ^? :o attempt to read 8 works fail to appreciate him or ev5 to und]/& him1 & give him up4 ,! pleasure ( appreciat+ him is1 h[ev]1 wor? ! pa9s ( le>n+ to d s4 ,^? :o are will+ to und]take ?is1 & :o read ,g]man1 may f9d help 9 ! ,selections f ! ,works ( ,jean ,paul ,fri$ri* ,ri*t]1 prep>$ by ,george ,/u>t ,coll9s1 & publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,! book is int5d$ = /ud5ts ( ,g]man :o h atta9$ a c]ta9 ma/]y ( ! language4 ,pa9s h be5 tak5 to avoid su* passages z might f _! m]e difficulty disc\rage ! read]1 & to *oose su* z w\ld be complete 9 !mselves4 ,! selections are made f ! %ort] writ+s ( ! au?or1 & ea* is int5d$ to be repres5tative ( "s feature ( 8 manifold g5ius & /yle4 ,a notice ( ! ,/5otypy1 or sy/em ( %or?& = ! typewrit]1 ( ,d4 ,a4 ,qu9n1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly 9 ,m>*1 #ahif4 ,x is really a sy/em ( phonography to be us$ ) ! typewrit] :5ev] x is practicable to employ t in/rum5t4 ,a second edition ( ,mr4 ,qu9n's manual & ex]cises = ! practice ( ! sy/em is publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,book ,ex*ange1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,a pap] on ,poli%$-,/one ,articles us$ by ! ,new ,york ,aborig9es be=e & dur+ ,european ,occupation1 publi%$ z a ,bullet9 ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 is complem5t>y to a previ\s bullet9 on articles ( *ipp$ /one4 ,bo? pap]s are by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,beau*amp1 & are illu/rat$ by figures f 8 l>ge collection ( orig9al draw+s1 made 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ,new ,york1 b mo/ly f ! c5tral portion4 ,:ile ! *ipp$ implem5ts are m num]\s & widespread ?an ^? treat$ ( 9 ! pres5t bullet91 ! latt] %[ great pati5ce & skill 9 _! high] =ms & ta/e 9 select+ mat]ials1 & !y give h9ts ( sup]/itions & c]emonies n yet ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,h5ry ,goldman has inv5t$1 9 ! ari?ma*9e1 :at he claims is a rapid & reliable comput+ ma*9e ( small dim5sions & l>ge capacity1 ) o!r advantages4 ,he n[ (f]s1 z a companion to x1 ,! ,ari?ma*9i/1 a book int5d$ to s]ve z a self-in/ructor 9 me*anical ari?metic4 ,x gives hi/orical & te*nical *apt]s on ! calculat+ ma*9es ( ! pa/1 describes ! pr9ciples controll+ ! con/ruction & op]ations1 & furni%es explanations conc]n+ ! au?or's own device4 7,publi%$ by ! ,(fice ,m5's ,record ,company1 ,*icago1 = "o doll>47 ,! ,bullet9 f ! ,laboratories ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #c1 conta9s two te*nical articles3 ,on ! ,act9>ia1 collect$ by ! ,bahama ,exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity1 9 #ahia1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,mc,murrich1 & ! ,bra*yura ( ! ,biological ,exp$ition to ! ,florida ,keys & ! ,bahamas 9 #ahic1 by ,m>y ,j4 ,ra?bun2 & a li/ ( ! coleopt]a ( ,s\!rn ,arizona1 by ,h4 ,f4 ,wickham4 ,mr4 ,wickham obs]ves t ! insects ( nor!rn ,arizona are widely diff]5t f ^? ( ! s\!rn "p1 a fact :i* he ascribes to diff]5ce ( altitude1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 vegetation4 ,! ,bullet9 is sold = fifty c5ts a copy4 ,two books 9 ,engli%--,elem5t>y ,engli% & ,elem5ts ( ,gramm> & ,composition--prep>$ by ,e4 ,oram ,lyte1 & publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,book ,company1 are int5d$ to include & cov] a complete grad$ c\rse 9 language lessons1 gramm>1 & composition = /udy 9 ! prim>y & gramm> grades ( s*ools4 ,! endeavor has be5 made to pres5t ! subject 9 su* a way t ! pupil %all become int]e/$ 9 ! /udy f ! fir/4 ,! fir/ book1 ,elem5t>y ,engli%1 is design$ to furni% mat]ial = prim>y language "w1 & to %[ h[ ?is mat]ial c be us$ to advantage1 embody+ & repres5t+ ! natural me?ods ( language tea*+4 ,! *ild is giv5 some?+ to d--easy & practical--at e po9t1 & is n tr\bl$ by =mal def9itions & rules to be committ$ to memory4 ,! second book is also bas$ on ! pr9ciple t ! be/ way to ga9 a work+ k ( ! ,engli% language is by ! work+ or laboratory me?od4 ,x is !re=e l>gely made up ( ex]cises1 & aims to tea* ?r\gh practice4 ,! subject is unfold$ f a psy*ological r ?an a logical po9t ( view4 ,:at is to be memoriz$ is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & n pres5t$ till ! pupil is ready = x4 ,! lessons 9 lit]ature & composition are design$ to help ! pupil to appreciate wor? & beauty ( lit]ature1 & lead him to flu5t & accurate expression4 ,! ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,in/itution ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala pres5ts a s]ies ( special pap]s ( mu* int]e/ to /ud5ts ( t sci5ce1 on /udies 9 geology1 l>gely ( ,sc&9avia1 b ( o!r c\ntries z well4 ,"p #b ( ,vol4 ,,iii1 n[ be=e u1 has su* pap]s on ,silurian ,coral ,reefs 9 ,go?l&1 by ,c>l ,wiman2 ! ,quat]n>y ,mammalia ( ,sw$51 by ,rutg] ,s]n&]2 ,"s ,ore ,deposits ( ! ,atacama ,des]t1 by ,otto ,nord5skiold2 ! ,/ructure ( "s ,go?l&i% ,graphites1 by ,c>l ,wiman2 ! ,int]glacial ,subm]g5ce ( ,great ,brita91 by ,h4 ,mun!2 ,me*anical ,di/urbances & ,*emical ,*anges 9 ! ,ribbon ,clays ( ,sw$51 by ,p4 ,j4 ,holmqui/2 ,"s ,m9]al ,*anges1 by ,a4 ,g4 ,hgborn2 & ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,/ud5ts' ,association ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 ,upsala4 ,! articles are 9 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 & 79 previ\s numb]s7 ,fr5*4 ,two ,spani%-,am]ican works ( v diff]5t "* h come to u f ,valp>aiso1 ,*ili4 ,"o is entitl$ ,lit]atura ,arcaica--,e/udios ,criticos1 or critical /udies ( old ,spani% lit]ature1 by ,edu>do de la ,b>ra1 ( ! ,royal ,spani% ,academy1 :i* 7 communicat$ to ! ,lat9-,am]ican ,sci5tific ,congress at ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,! au?or 0 invit$ to pres5t to ! congress ! fruits ( 8 ext5sive /udies on ! ,poem ( ! ,cid1 b aft]w>d modifi$ 8 plan & gave ^!1 ! results ( 8 m g5]al inve/igations ( ! romances ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 :i* ,spani% critics reg>d z ! mo/ anci5t !y h1 & o!r romances attribut$ to ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ) an article on ! ,cid4 ,?is "w is publi%$ by ,k4 ,newman1 ,valp>aiso4 ,! o!r book is a volume ( ,rrimas1 or rhymes1 by ,gu/abo ,adolfo ,bk]1 publi%$ by ,c>los ,cabezon1 at ,valp>aiso4 ,! ord9>y /ud5t might ?9k t ! ,spani% language is "o ( ^? lea/ 9 ne$ ( spell+ re=m1 b n s ! au?or & publi%] ( ^! poems1 :i* are pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ radically re=m$ spell+1 & ) !m comes a pamphlet sett+ =? ! "* & pr9ciples ( ,ortografia ,rrazional4 ,! report ( a /udy ( sev5ty-?ree ,iri% & ,iri%-,am]ican crim9als made at ! ,k+s ,c\nty ,p5it5ti>y1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,w9t]1 & publi%$ z ,notes on ,crim9al ,an?ropology & ,bio-,sociology1 conta9s num]\s obs]vations be>+ ^u ! effect ( h]$it>y influ5ces 9 crim9ality1 b h>dly suffici5t to ju/ify ! draw+ ( any g5]al conclusions4 ,! late ,mr4 ,lewis ,m4 ,ru!rfurd1 9 develop+ ! art ( a/ronomical photography1 naturally gave mu* att5tion to ! /> #fa ,cygni--:i* 0 ! fir/ to yield its p>allax1 & ?r\gh :i* ! possibility ( measur+ /ell> di/ances 0 %[n--& its neighbors4 ,a numb] ( ! plates ( ?is s]ies 7 p>tially /udi$ by ,miss ,ida ,c4 ,m>t9 m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 & ! /udy has n[ be5 c>ri$ out by ,h]man ,s4 ,davis1 z "p ( ! "w ( ,columbia ,univ]sity ,obs]vatory4 ,! results ( ,mr4 ,davis's labors are publi%$ by ! obs]vatory 9 ?ree pap]s3 ,catalogue ( ,sixty-five ,/>s ne> #fa ,cygni2 ,! ,p>allaxes ( #faa & #fab ,cygni2 & ,catalogue ( ,?irty-f\r ,/>s ne> ,bradley #cjgg2 "u a s+le cov]4 ,9 a small "w entitl$ ,a ,!ory ( ,life d$uc$ f ! ,evolution ,philosophy a few ?\ghts are record$ by ,sylvan ,drey relative to ! mann] 9 :i*1 f c5tral doctr9es id5tical ) ! tea*+s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 a sy/em ( religion1 an ideal society1 a !ory ( e?ics1 & a political cre$--! doctr9e ( social individualism--may be built up4 ,! religion is to recognize an inexplicable & inconceivable en]gy reveal+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 ( :i* ! highe/ !i/ic conception possible to human be+s1 free f ! supposition t x repres5ts a lik5ess1 is ! only "o t c be accept$4 ,absolute tru? is beyond ! grasp ( human be+s2 b = all practical purposes ! tea*+s ( ! evolution philosophy1 relative tru?s ?\gh !y may be1 may be reg>d$ z f9al & conclusive4 ,mr4 ,drey's pap] ( ?irty-f\r pages is publi%$ by ,williams ,norgate1 ,london4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,! ,am]ican ,woods4 ,exhibit$ by ,actual ,specim5s4 ,"p ,i1 repres5t+ ,tw5ty-five ,species4 ,by ,romeyn ,b4 ,h\gh3 ,l[ville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,au?or4 #fb ,plant ,life consid]$ ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,=m & ,function4 ,by ,*>les ,reid ,b>nes4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,pp4 #dbh4 ,price1 #a4ab4 #fc ,electro-,dynamics4 ,! ,direct-,curr5t ,motor4 ,by ,*>les ,a%ley ,c>us-,wilson4 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,pp4 #bih4 #fd ,appli$ ,physiology4 ,includ+ ! ,effects ( ,alcohol & ,n>cotics4 ,by ,frank ,ov]ton1 ,m4 ,d4 ,prim>y ,grade4 ,pp4 #abh4 ,int]m$iate ,grade4 ,pp4 #ahh4 ,advanc$ ,grade4 ,pp4 #dcb4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 #fe ,yetta ,sgal4 ,by ,horace ,j4 ,roll94 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,w4 ,dill+ham ,co4 ,pp4 #agd4 #ff ,! ,mammalian ,anatomy ( ! ,cat4 ,by ,horace ,jayne1 ,m4 ,d4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company4 ,illu/rat$4 ,pp4 #haf4 ,price1 #e4jj4 ,,publications ,,receiv$4 ,adams1 ,alex&]4 ,me*anical ,flight on ,beat+ ,w+s4 ,! ,solution ( ! ,problem4 ,pp4 #e4 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,bullet9s & ,reports4 ,new ,york3 ,no4 #adc4 ,a ,de/ructive ,beetle & a ,rem$y4 ,by ,p4 ,h4 ,hall & ,v4 ,h4 ,l[e2 ,no4 #add4 ,combat+ ,cabbage ,pe/s4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,hall & ,f4 ,a4 ,sirr9e4 ,pp4 #h4--,ohio3 ,newspap]1 ,no4 #ahf4 ,pea* ,yell[s & ,prev5tion ( ,smut 9 ,:eat4 ,pp4 #b2 ,no4 #bd4 ,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,f]tility4 ,pp4 #db4--,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 ,no4 #i4 ,cuckoos & ,%rikes 9 _! ,relation to ,agriculture4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,beal & ,sylve/] ,d4 ,judd4 ,pp4 #be2 ,no4 #aj4 ,life ,zones & ,crop ,zones ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam4 ,pp4 #gi2 ,no4 #aa4 ,! ,geographic ,di/ribution ( ,c]eals 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,plumb4 ,pp4 #bd2 ,division ( ,/ati/ics3 ,crop ,circul> = ,octob]1 #ahih4--,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois3 ,no4 #ea4 ,v>iations 9 ,milk & ,milk ,production4 ,summ>y4 ,pp4 #dj2 ,no4 #eb4 ,or*>d ,cultivation4 ,pp4 #bd2 ,no4 #ec4 ,ab/ract4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,corn ,k]nel4 ,pp4 #d4 ,all51 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis4 ,second edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,proteids & ,album9\s ,pr9ciples4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,blaki/on's ,son ,co4 ,pp4 #ehd4 #d4ej4 ,atk9son1 ,george ,francis4 ,elem5t>y ,botany4 ,new ,york3 ,h5ry ,holt ,co4 ,pp4 #ddd4 #a4be4 ,bullet9s1 ,proce$+s1 & ,reports4 ,am]ican ,*emical ,society3 ,directory4 ,pp4 #eea4--;,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago4 ,publication #bh3 ,ru9s ( ,x ,ki*mook1 ,yucatan4 ,by ,edw>d ,h4 ,?ompson4 ,pp4 #af1 ) #ah plates4--,lake ,mohonk ,conf]5ce on ,int]national ,arbitration3 ,report ( ! ,f\r? ,annual ,meet+1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #aaf4--,m>yl& ,geological ,survey3 ,report on ! ,survey ( ! ,b\nd>y ,l9e betwe5 ,alleghany & ,g>rett ,c\nties4 ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,bau]4 ,pp4 #dh1 ) #f plates4--,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces3 ,annals4 ,vol4 ,x4 ,pp4 #bib1 ) #e plates2 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,pp4 #afh1 ) #bj plates4--,p5nsylvania ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,tub]culosis3 ,report = ! ,ye> end+ ,april #ac1 #ahih4 ,pp4 #af4--,! ,philadelphia ,museums3 ,! ,philadelphia ,comm]cial ,museum4 ,pp4 #af4--,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,labor3 ,twelf? ,annual ,report1 #ahig4 ,economical ,aspects ( ! ,liquor ,problem4 ,pp4 #bge4--,univ]sity ( ,wiscons93 ,bullet9 ,no4 #be4 ,! ,action ( ,solutions on ! ,s5se ( ,ta/e4 ,by ,l\is ,kahl5b]g4 ,pp4 #hb4--,univ]sity ( ,*icago3 ,an?ropology4 ,,iii4 ,! ,mapa de ,cuauhtlantz9co or ,codice ,campos4 ,by ,fr$]ick ,/>r4 ,pp4 #ch1 ) plates4--,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois3 ,! ,new ,requirem5ts = ,admission4 ,by ,/eph5 ,a4 ,=bes4 ,pp4 #bb4 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4 ,sket* ( ! ,evolution ( our ,native ,fruits4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #dgb4 #b4 ,b$d>d1 ,frank ,e4 ,elem5t>y ,zology4 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,pp4 #bjh4 ,bru%1 ,george ,j41 & ,p5field1 ,samuel ,l4 ,manual ( ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy1 ) an ,introduction on ,bl[pipe ,analysis4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,fifte5? edition4 ,pp4 #cab4 ,bryant1 ,william ,m4 ,life1 ,dea?1 & ,immortality1 ) ,k9dr$ ,essays4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,bak] ,taylor ,company4 ,pp4 #dej4 #a4ge4 ,c>borundum manufactur$ "u ! ,a*eson ,pat5ts4 ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue4 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4 ,y43 ,! ,c>borundum ,company4 ,pp4 #fa4 ,c>negie1 ,!1 ,/eel ,company1 ,limit$1 ,pittsburg4 ,balli/ic ,te/s ( ,armor ,plate4 ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,bals+]4 ,plates & lett]press descriptions4 ,dana1 ,edw>d ,salisbury4 ,a ,text-,book ( ,m9]alogy1 ) an ,ext5d$ ,treatise on ,cry/allography & ,physical ,m9]alogy4 ,new ,york3 ,john ,wiley ,sons4 ,pp4 #eic4 #d4 ,d>w91 ,george ,h[>d4 ,! ,tides & ,k9dr$ ,ph5om5a 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 ,pp4 #cgh4 #b4 ,gidd+s1 ,frankl9 ,h5ry4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,sociology4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #cec4 #a4aj4 ,gu]b]4 ,h4 ,a4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,engli%4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #cef4 ,h\gh1 ,romeyn ,b4 ,! ,am]ican ,woods4 ,exhibit$ by ,actual ,specim5s & ) ,copi\s ,explanatory ,text4 ,"p ,i4 ,repres5t+ tw5ty-five species4 ,second edition4 ,l[ville1 ,n4 ,y43 ,! au?or4 ,pp4 #gh1 text4 ,james1 ,william4 ,human ,immortality4 ,two ,suppos$ ,objections to ! ,doctr9e4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 ,pp4 #gj4 #a4 ,kunz1 ,george ,f4 ,! ,fre%-,wat] ,pe>ls & ,pe>l fi%]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission4 ,pp4 #eb1 ) #bb plates4 ,le ,bon1 ,gu/ave4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,peoples4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #bcf4 #a4ej4 ,mill]1 ,adam4 ,! ,sun an ,electric ,light1 ,*icago4 ,pp4 #cb4 ,ne$ham1 ,james ,g4 ,outdoor ,/udies4 ,a ,read+ ,book ( ,nature ,/udy4 ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,pp4 #ij4 ,new?1 ,g4 ,s4 ,a ,manual ( ,*emical ,analysis1 ,qualitative & ,quantitative4 ,new ,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,pp4 #dfb4 #a4ge4 ,niph]1 ,francis ,e4 ,an ,introduction to ,graphical ,algebra4 ,new ,york3 ,h4 ,holt ,co4 ,pp4 #fa4 #fj c5ts4 ,repr9ts4 ,gif=d1 ,john4 ,=e/ry on ! ,p59sula ( ,ea/]n ,virg9ia4 ,pp4 #c2 ,=e/ry 9 ,relation to ,physical ,geography & ,eng9e]+4 ,pp4 #ai4--;,he/]1 ,c4 ,a4 ,an ,exp]im5tal ,/udy ( ! ,toxic ,prop]ties ( ,indol4 ,pp4 #bf1 ) tables4--,h(fmann1 ,fr$4 ,fragm5t>y ,notes f ! ,reports ( ,two ,e>ly ,naturali/s on ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,pp4 #ah4--;,johnson1 ,j4 ,b4 ,a ,high] ,indu/rial & ,comm]cial ,education z an ,ess5tial ,condition ( our ,future ,mat]ial ,prosp]ity4 7,an address47 ,pp4 #cc4--,ka91 ,samuel ,w41 & ,o!rs4 ,seismic & ,oceanic ,noises4 ,pp4 #f4--,may]1 ,h]mann4 ,b[s & ,arr[s 9 ,c5tral ,brazil4 ,pp4 #cf1 ) plates4--,pack>d1 ,alpheus ,s4 ,a ,half ,c5tury ( ,evolution1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,effect ( ,geological ,*anges on ,animal ,life4 7,presid5tial address to ,am]ican ,association47 ,pp4 #dh4--,rhees1 ,william ,j4 ,william ,b[] ,taylor4 ,pp4 #ab4--,se>cy1 ,j4 ,t41 ,m4 ,d4 ,h[ ,education fails4 ,pp4 #ha4--,%ufeldt1 ,r4 ,w41 ,m4 ,d4 ,on ! ,alt]nation ( ,sex 9 a ,brood ( ,"y ,sp>r[ ,hawks4 ,pp4 #d4--,/>r1 ,fr$]ick4 ,not*$ ,bones f ,mexico4 ,a ,%ell ,inscription f ,tula1 ,mexico4 ,pp4 #aj4--,woolman1 ,lewis4 ,report on ,artesian ,wells 9 ,new ,j]sey1 etc4 ,pp4 #hd4 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,! ,fi%es ( ,nor? & ,middle ,am]ica4 ,by ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan & ,b4 ,w4 ,ev]mann4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,pp4 #idb4--,! ,birds ( ! ,kurile ,isl&s4 ,by ,leonh>d ,/ejneg]4 ,pp4 #bh4--,on ! ,coleopt]\s ,insects ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s4 ,by ,m>t9 ,l4 ,l9ell4 ,pp4 #bj4--,on ,"s ,new ,p>asitic ,insects ( ! ,subfamily ,ency/94 ,by ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d4 ,pp4 #ah4--;,descriptions ( ! ,species ( ,cycadeoidea1 or ,fossil ,cycadean ,trunks1 ?us f> det]m9$ f ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ,rim ( ! ,black ,hills4 ,by ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d4 ,pp4 #cf4 ,sociali/1 ,!1 ,almanac & ,treasury ( ,facts4 ,new ,york3 ,sociali/ic ,co-op]ative ,publi%+ ,association4 ,prep>$ by ,luci5 ,sanal4 ,pp4 #bcb4 7,! ,p's ,libr>y4 ,qu>t]ly4 #fj c5ts a ye>47 ,?ompson1 ,erne/ ,seton4 ,wild ,animals ,i h kn[n1 & ,two ,hundr$ ,draw+s4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #cei4 #b4 ,todd1 ,mabel ,loomis4 ,corona & ,coronet4 ,be+ a ,n>rative ( ! ,amh]/ ,eclipse ,exp$ition to ,japan1 #ahif1 etc4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 ,pp #chc4 #b4ej4 ,tr[bridge1 ,john4 ,philip's ,exp]im5ts1 or ,physical ,sci5ce at ,home4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,pp4 #bbh4 #a4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #hh4 ,! ,cretace\s ,=am9if]a ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,by ,r4 ,m4 ,bagg1 ,jr4 ,pp4 #hi1 ) #f plates4--,no4 #hi4 ,"s ,lava ,fl[s f ! ,we/]n ,slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ,cali=nia4 ,pp4 #gd4--,no4 #adi4 ,bibliography & ,index ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,geology1 ,palontology1 ,petrology1 & ,m9]alogy = #ahih4 ,by ,f4 ,b4 ,weeks4 ,pp4 #aeb4--,monograph4 ,vol4 ,,xxx4 ,fossil ,m$us4 ,by ,*>les ,doolittle ,walcott4 ,pp4 #bja1 ) #dg plates4 ,univ]sali/ ,regi/]1 ,!1 = #ahih4 ,edit$ by ,ri*>d ,eddy1 ,d4 ,d4 ,bo/on3 ,univ]sali/ ,publi%+ ,h\se4 ,pp4 #abj4 #bj c5ts4 ,w>man1 ,cy4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,railroad4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 7,/ory ( ! ,we/ ,s]ies47 ,pp4 #bhj4 ,wat]loo1 ,/anley4 ,armag$don4 ,a ,tale ( ,love1 ,w>1 & ,inv5tion4 ,pp4 #bei4 ,:it+ ,pap] ,company1 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,! ,evolution ( ,pap]4 ,pp4 #bj4 ,*icago & ,new ,york3 ,r&1 ,mc,nally ,co4 ,wilson1 ,j4 ,self-,control1 or ,life )\t a ,ma/]4 ,new ,york3 ,lemcke ,b*n]4 ,worce/]1 ,dean ,c4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & _! ,p4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,pp4 #ebi4 #d4 ,wyck(f1 ,walt] ,a4 ,! ,work]s4 ,an ,exp]im5t 9 ,reality4 ,! ,we/4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 ,pp4 #cgh4 #a4ej4 ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,tree ,plant+ 9 ! ,arid ,regions4--,9 plant+ ! arid & sub>id regions ( ! c\ntry1 :]e no trees are gr[+ naturally1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,f]n[ says1 9 a review ( ! "w ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,=e/ry1 diff]5t me?ods ( cultivation f ^? giv5 9 ! humid p>ts are necess>y1 & ! plant mat]ial has to be select$ ) a view to a rigor\s climate *>act]iz$ by extreme ranges ( temp]ature v>y+ f -#dj to #abj ,f4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! plants = moi/ure mu/ be ( ! slighte/1 & !y mu/ be capable ( respond+ to ! dem&s ( evaporation4 ,at fir/1 :atev] trees w gr[ successfully f ! />t "u su* unt[>d conditions w\ld h to be *os51 no matt] :at _! qualities o!rwise might be4 ,! fir/ settl]s h asc]ta9$ by trials "s ( ! species t w succe$ "u su* conditions1 b un=tunately mo/ ( !m are ( b small economic value1 & "s ( !m are only %ort-liv$ "u ! conditions 9 :i* !y h to gr[4 ,a few ye>s ago ,mr4 ,f]n[ came to ! conclusion t ! conif]s1 especially ! p9es1 w\ld furni% m useful & o!rwise s]viceable mat]ial = ! arid regions4 ,besides _! sup]ior economical value1 !y require less moi/ure ?an mo/ ( ! decidu\s trees t h be5 plant$1 & !y w\ld1 if once e/abli%$1 p]si/ m readily ?r\gh seasons ( dr\ght & be long] liv$4 ,a small trial plantation on ! s& hills ( ,nebraska l5t c\nt5ance to ?is !ory4 ,x be+ va/ly m difficult to e/abli% ! "y plants 9 ! fir/ place ?an 9 ! case ( decidu\s trees1 mu* att5tion 0 giv5 to ! provision = protection ( ! se$l+s f sun & w9ds2 & !y 7 plant$ 9 mixture ) nurse trees t w\ld furni% n too mu* & yet en\gh %ade4 ,x c n be said t ! success 9 us+ ^! species has s f> be5 v enc\rag+2 nev]!less1 ! failure may be *>g$ r to our lack ( k & to causes t c be ov]come ?an to any inh]5t incapacity 9 ! species4 ,! exp]im5ts %\ld !re=e be cont9u$4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e's ,*air4--,9 an article 9 a rec5t issue ( ,ar*itecture & ,build+1 on ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,furniture1 by ,f4 ,t4 ,hodgson1 ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! *air ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e occurs3 ,p]haps ! be/-kn[n relic1 s f> z furniture is conc]n$ ( ?is e>ly p]iod1 is ! *air ( '! ,v5]able ,b$e1' :i* is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ve/ry ( ,jassova ,*ur*1 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,engl&4 ,?is *air is di/9ctively an ecclesia/ical "o--a ?rone1 9 fact1 ( "s dignity4 ,x is made ( oak & is f\r feet t5 in*es high4 ,!re are _m engrav+s ( x1 b ,i reproduce f "o ( ! be/4 ,! *air is n[ well on to twelve hundr$ ye>s old1 & if c>$ = z x ought to be is good = sev]al hundr$ ye>s m4 ,!re is a popul> tradition conc]n+ ?is *air t is wor?y ( notice4 ,x is said t to ?is anci5t relic all ! brides repair z soon z ! m>riage s]vice is ov]1 9 ord] t !y may seat !mselves 9 x4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! popul> belief1 w make !m joyful mo!rs ( *ildr52 & to omit ?is cu/om ! expectant mo!rs w\ld n consid] ! m>riage c]emony complete1 & 9 default !re( ( be+ en?ron$ 9 '! ,v5]able ,b$e's *air' b>r5ness & mis]y w\ld surely foll[4 ,l all o!r relics ( ! sort1 x is subject to attacks ( ! sacrilegi\s p5knives1 toge!r ) ! wanton depr$ations ( relic hunt]s1 & has be5 s %orn ( its fair proportions t v soon !re w be little ( x left b its att5uat$ =m if /rict] wat* is n kept ov] x4 ,! ,physics ( ,smell4--,! pr9cipal subject ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton's vice-presid5tial address on physics at ! ,briti% ,association 0 ! physics ( smell1 :i* 0 pres5t$ z a subject t _h be5 b little /udi$4 ,9 te/+ ! g5]ally accept$ idea t metals h smell1 bas$ on ! fact t a smell is p]ceiv$ ) mo/ ( ! comm]cial metals :5 h&l$1 ! au?or _h obs]v$ t :5 ^! metals 7 clean$ or made outw>dly pure ! smell disappe>$4 ,yet x is %[n t ^! metals acquire smells :5 !y are h&l$ or abrad$ by friction1 :i* are *>act]i/ic & s]ve to di/+ui% !m4 ,?is may be ascrib$ to *emical action1 b n all *emical action 9 :i* metals may take "p produces smell2 = :5 !y are rubb$ ) soda or ) sug> no smell b t ( soda or ( sug> is p]ceiv$2 nor is ! metallic smell obs]v$ :5 dilute nitric acid is rubb$ on c]ta9 metals1 ?\gh ! *emical action is v m>k$ ) "s4 ,b m]e brea?+ on c]ta9 metals1 ev5 :5 !y h be5 r5d]$ practically odorless by clean+1 produces a v di/9ct smell1 z also does t\*+ !m ) ! tongue4 ,^! smells h hi!rto be5 attribut$ to ! metals !mselves1 b ,pr(essor ,ayrton looks = _! s\rce 9 ! evolution ( hydrog51 :i* c>ries ) x impurities1 hydroc>bons1 especially p>aff91 & x is probable t no metallic p>ticles1 ev5 9 ! =m ( vapor1 rea* ! nose or ev5 leave ! metal4 ,:ile smells usually appe> to be diffus$ ) great velocity1 exp]im5ts prove t :5 ! space ?r\gh :i* !y h to pass is free f draughts _! progress is v sl[1 & x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! passage ( a smell is f> m due to ! actual motion ( ! air conta9+ x ?an to ! diffusion ( ! odorif]\s sub/ance ?r\gh ! air4 ,! p[] ( a smell to cl+ to a sub/ance does n appe> to dep5d on its int5sity or on ! ease ) :i* x travels ?r\gh a clos$ space4 ,exp]im5ts to det]m9e :e!r smells c\ld pass ?r\gh glass by transpiration ei!r reveal$ flaws 9 ! glass or end$ 9 ! break+ ( ! v ?9 bulbs & gave no answ]4 ,! ,cordill]a ,region ( ,canada4--,a l5g? ( ne>ly ?irte5 hundr$ miles ( ! great m\nta9\s or ,cordill]a region ( ! ,pacific coa/ is includ$ 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,canada4 ,mo/ ( ?is1 ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,dawson says1 9 a pap] on ! ,physical ,geography & ,geology ( ,canada1 is embrac$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,briti% ,columbia1 :]e x is ab\t f\r hundr$ miles wide betwe5 ! ,great ,pla9s & ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,to ! nor? x is includ$ 9 ! ,yukon di/rict ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory till x rea*es1 9 a less elevat$ & m widely spread =m1 ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean on "o side & on ! o!r passes across ! "o hundr$ & =ty-fir/ m]idian ( we/ longitude into ,alaska4 ,! orographic features ( ?is region are v complicat$ 9 detail4 ,no exi/+ map yet prop]ly repres5ts ev5 ! pr9cipal physical outl9es1 & ! impression ga9$ by ! travel] or explor] may well be "o ( confusion4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ! two dom9ant m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,coa/ ,range4 ,z a :ole1 ! area ( ! ,cordill]a 9 ,canada may be describ$ z =e/-clad1 b ! gr[? ( trees is m luxuriant on ! we/]n slopes ( ea* ( ! dom9ant m\nta9 ranges1 9 correspond5ce ) ! great] precipitation occurr+ on ^! slopes4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! coa/ region & on ! seaw>d side ( ! ,coa/ ,range1 :]e magnific5t & d5se =e/s ( conif]\s trees occupy almo/ ! :ole available surface4 ,! int]ior plateau1 h[ev]1 con/itutes ! s\!rn "p ( a notably dry belt1 & includes wide /ret*es ( op5 grass-cov]$ hills & valleys1 =m+ excell5t cattle ranges4 ,f>!r nor?1 along ! same belt1 simil> op5 c\ntry appe>s int]mitt5tly1 b ! =e/ invades ! great] "p ( ! region4 ,x is only t[>d ! arctic coa/1 9 relatively v high latitude1 t ! b>r5 arctic tundra c\ntry beg9s1 :i*1 sweep+ 9 wid] developm5t to ! we/w>d1 occupies mo/ ( ! int]ior ( ,alaska4 ,) c]ta9 exceptions ! f>m+ l& ( ,briti% ,columbia is conf9$ to ! valleys & tracts bel[ ?ree ?\s& feet1 by reason ( ! summ] fro/s occurr+ at great] heights4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a consid]able area ( su* l& 9 ! aggregate1 ) a soil g5]ally ( great f]tility4 ,9 ! s\!rn valleys ( ! int]ior irrigation is necess>y = ! gr[? ( crops4 ,! ,rabies ,bacillus4--,ev] s9ce ! discov]y ( ,pa/eur t an att5uat$ virus made f ! m$ulla or sp9al cord ( a dog affect$ by rabies 01 :5 adm9i/]$ 9 graduat$ doses1 a specific aga9/ ! disease1 bact]iologi/s h be5 eag]ly seek+ to isolate ! rabies bacillus4 ,a numb] ( obs]v]s1 among !m ,toll1 ,rivolta1 & ,san ,felice1 h succe$$ 9 /a9+ a bacillus :i* !y claim$ to be t ( rabies4 ,memno1 ( ,rome1 confirm$ ! obs]vations ( ! prec$+1 & prov$ ! virul5t "* ( ! micro-organism1 :i* he describ$ z a bla/omycete4 ,he has q rec5tly succe$$ 9 cultivat+ ! bacillus 9 artificial m$ia & produc+ typical rabies 9 dogs1 rod5ts1 & birds by inoculations4 ,he f\nd t ! bacillus grew bett] 9 fluid ?an 9 solid m$ia1 ! be/ be+ b\illon ) glucose slightly acidulat$ ) t>t>ic acid4 ,! gr[? did n become manife/ "u a week1 & 0 easily arre/$ by air infection4 ,x w\ld ?us seem t we h at la/ c]ta9ly e/abli%$ ! bact]ial orig9 ( rabies4 ,! ,/4 ,kildans4--,/4 ,kilda1 ! f>!/ out to sea ( all ! ,briti% ,isles1 is a r\nd$ m\nta9 ) /ack rocks & islets r\nd x1 rises twelve hundr$ & tw5ty feet 9 height1 & conta9s a settlem5t ( ab\t sev5ty-five m51 wom51 & *ildr5--almo/ ! only repres5tatives left on ! ,briti% ,isl&s ( man 9 ! hunt+ age4 ,on "o ( ! subsidi>y isl&s1 ,bor]ay1 is ga!r$ ! ma9 body ( ! sea birds = :i* ! isl& is fam\s2 & on a ?ird1 ,soa1 are ! dim9utive desc5dants ( ,vik+ %eep1 left by old sea rov]s4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,ke>ton1 :o has rec5tly visit$ ! isl&s = recreation among ! sea birds1 repres5ts t 9 ! little community ( its p ! ord9>y & extraord9>y op]ations ( life seem inv]t$4 ,sport is a s]i\s "w2 %eep h]d+ & %e>+ are an excit+ sport4 ,a ,/4 ,kildan qualifies = m>riage by prov+ 8 c\rage & skill z a f[l]1 by /&+ on a dizzy precipice call$ ,lov]'s ,/one1 & goes out bird sn>+ ) a s]i\s face4 ,:5 he wants a %eep = ! but*]1 he asks 8 fri5ds to a %eep hunt 9 ! isl& ( ,soa1 9 :i* dogs & m5 pursue ! animals f rock to rock4 ,an (f] made by a factor to supply ! p ) nets1 s t !y might cat* ! %eep ) m humanity & less wa/e ( life1 0 reject$ by !m4 ,!y pref]r$ ! old me?ods1 :i* suppli$ pl5ty ( dang] & excitem5t4 ,:ile ! %eep are hunt$1 ! c[s are ?or\ghly spoil$4 ,e day ! wom5 are se5 h>d at "w pick+ dock leaves & /or+ !m 9 baskets = ! c[s at milk+ "t1 = !y w n be milk$ unless !y are f$4 ,! %eep on ,soa ,isl& are pluck$ in/ead ( be+ %e>$1 at ! "t :5 ! wool w\ld naturally be %$1 & :at wool w n come (f 9 ?is way is cut (f ) a pocket knife4 ,:5 ! /eam] ) ,mr4 ,ke>ton rea*$ ! isl&1 no "o came d[n to meet x till ! :i/le _h be5 bl[n two or ?ree times4 ,x 0 n etiquette to ru% d[n l a p>cel ( savages1 b ! p retire to tidy !mselves1 & !n r[ out & call 9 prop] =m4 ,! ,isl& ( ,sakhal94--,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,h[>d1 an ,engli% visitor at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 pres5t$ be=e ,section ,e ( t body an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! great b little-kn[n isl& ( ,sakhal91 m g5]ally spell$ ,saghali5 9 our geographies4 ,mr4 ,h[>d1 h[ev]1 /rongly urg$ ! =m] spell+1 z mo/ correctly repres5t+ ! "n1 :i* is always pron\nc$ by ! ,russians 9 ?ree syllables1 ) ! acc5t on ! fir/4 ,x is n[ us$ z a p5al colony by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 & a m hopelessly remote & inaccessible spot = su* a purpose c h>dly be f\nd4 ,to x are s5t ! h>de/ cases among ! ,sib]ian prison]s2 & ,mr4 ,h[>d spoke ( becom+ accu/om$1 dur+ 8 /ay !re1 to meet+ sc>cely any human be+s b murd]]s1 except1 ( c\rse1 ! gu>ds & (ficials4 ,! isl& is extremely inaccessible2 !re is no comm]ce1 & nei!r inducem5t nor opportunity = vessels to t\* !re1 :ile mu* ( ! coa/ is ice-b\nd = a l>ge "p ( ! ye>4 ,mr4 ,h[>d1 :o 0 engag$ 9 "s sci5tific "w on ! isl& 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 is "o ( ! v few =eign]s :o h travel$ or resid$ !re at all4 ,he pr$icts = ,sakhal91 h[ev]1 a future ( consid]able importance ultimately1 ?\gh only aft] a long p]iod ( prelim9>y developm5t & exploitation z a p5al colony1 :i* /age has b lately be5 begun4 ,x has =e/ & m9+ res\rces--among ! latt]1 coal2 ! deposits are ne> ! surface1 b ?us f> h be5 v little exam9$4 ,he 0 unable to give any data z to _! geological age or actual ext5t2 b ! ,gov]nm5t w no d\bt soon make inve/igations4 ,! mo/ rem>kable possibilities1 h[ev]1 are 9 ! l9e ( fi%]ies1 ! coa/s sw>m+ ) fi% to an ext5t t is sc>cely cr$ible by "o :o has n se5 !m4 ,mr4 ,h[>d said jocosely t he w\ld h>dly d>e to relate :at he _h p]sonally witness$1 9 view ( ! usual reputation ( fi% /ories4 ,! climate is ( c\rse rigor\s1 "u ! influ5ce ( cold nor!rn curr5ts1 & m>k$ly 9 contra/ ) t ( ! same latitude on ! ,am]ican side ( ! ,pacific1 :]e ! ,japan curr5t c>ries its modify+ influ5ce z ! ,gulf ,/ream does to nor!rn ,europe4 ,"s agriculture1 h[ev]1 is possible dur+ ! %ort summ]1 & ! p5al coloni/s h made fair beg9n+s ( self-support4 ,he ref]r$ fur!r to a remnant ( native ,a9o population z v int]e/+ f ! fact t !y h pres]v$ _! peculi>ities ( life & mann]s1 & _! purity ( /ock1 mu* m completely ?r\gh _! isolation ?an ! ,a9os ( ! ,japanese ,isl&s1 :o h be5 modifi$ m or less by association ) ! latt] p4 ,te*nical & ,popul> ,names4--,9 a pap] criticis+ ! multiplication ( local names 9 geology1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,e4 ,keyes di/+ui%es betwe5 names devis$ ) a consci5ti\s desire to bett] ! condition ( a sci5ce by clo?+ ! new ideas ) simple words & ^? :i* are ! product ( a "n-mak+ mania4 ,! fir/ c n be too highly comm5d$1 nor ! second too deeply deplor$4 ,e progressive sci5ce mu/ disc>d ! names t h s]v$ _! purpose1 & mu/ be prep>$ to receive all ( ! new ones dem&$4 ,! sci5ces h ea* two phases1 = ea* ( :i* a t]m9ology is dem&$1 9 "o ( :i* ! names mu/ be te*nical & special1 e/abli%$ prim>ily = ! inve/igator1 & 9 ! o!r g5]al1 popul>1 simple1 & free f te*nical appe>ance2 b ! di/9ction is r>ely made4 ,^? :o object to ! preval5ce ( te*nical names 9 o!r sci5ces seldom reflect t !y h !m 9 _! own art4 ,yet if a man ( sci5ce %\ld desire to famili>ize himself ) ! artisan's "w1 he w\ld be1 aft] five m9utes' talk ) a ma*9i/ or electrician1 confront$ by s _m unfamili> t]ms--te*nical t]ms ( ev]yday use--t he w\ld at once cry out = great] simplicity ( language4 ,9 ! geological sci5ces ! te*nicalities play ! same "p !y d 9 ! arts & 9 bus9ess4 ,e new "n 9 geology1 h[ev]1 mu/ be prop]ly def9$ be=e x c be notic$1 & its subsequ5t c>e] w dep5d on its utility4 ,x may be said t no great] boon to ! work+ geologi/ has be5 devis$ ?an ! plan ( designat+ geographically geological units irrespective ( exact position or age4 ,s9ce its adoption a va/ mass ( valuable in=mation has be5 obta9$ t 0 previ\sly un?\ght (1 & is 9 a %ape to be always us$2 ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( geology h be5 mu* aid$1 & /ratigraphical geology has be5 greatly help$4 ,! ,orig9 ( a ,curi\s ,habit4--,! foll[+ p>agraphs are tak5 f a rec5t ,nature4 ,x is well kn[n t ! kea1 or m\nta9 p>rot ( ,new ,zeal&1 has acquir$ ! habit ( attack+ %eep1 & mak+ holes by means ( its %>p & p[]ful beak 9 ! backs ( ^! animals = ! purpose ( ab/ract+ ! kidney fat1 :i* appe>s to be e/eem$ z a luxuri\s diet4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is peculi> habit or in/9ct 0 develop$ by ! bird gett+ ! fat f ! sk9s ( %eep t _h be5 slaught]$1 b ?is solution is n v satisfactory1 z !re appe>s no?+ to connect ! fat on ! sk9s ( %eep ) ! live animals4 ,9 a note publi%$ 9 ! ,zologi/ 7,may #af?71 ,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,godfrey1 writ+ f ,melb\rne1 (f]s ! foll[+ solution ( ! my/]y1 :i* seem$ to him to be simple & satisfactory1 & m rational ?an ! %eepsk9 !ory3 ,9 ! hilly di/ricts ( ! middle isl& ( ,new ,zeal& !re is a great abundance ( a :ite moss1 or li*51 :i* exactly resembles a lump ( :ite wool1 at ! roots ( :i* are f\nd small :ite fatty sub/ances1 suppos$ by "s to be ! se$s ( ! plant1 & by o!rs to be a grub or maggot :i* infe/s x1 :i* is ! favorite food ( ! kea4 ,probably ! bird1 misl$ by ?is resemblance1 comm5c$ an exploration 9 %eep1 & ?is prov+ satisfactory1 orig9at$ ! new habit4 ,9 a note to ?is sugge/ion ! editor po9ts out t ,mr4 ,godfrey is 9 agreem5t ) ano!r obs]v]--,mr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,*apman--:o 9 describ+ ! hills ( ?is isl& says3 ,a v int]e/+ ra\lia1 or vegetable %eep1 0 v pl5tiful on /eep1 rocky places4444 ,x is said t ! keas te> !m up ) _! p[]ful beaks1 & t ^! birds le>n$ to eat mutton ?r\gh mi/ak+ dead %eep = masses ( ra\lia4 ,*anges 9 ,plant ,*>act]s4--,f exp]im5ts ^u ! cultural evolution ( ,cyclam5 latifolium1 ,w4 ,t4 ,?iselton ,dy] f9ds t1 :5 once specific /ability has be5 brok5 d[n 9 a plant1 morphological *anges ( great v>iety & magnitude c be br\ght ab\t 9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t4 ,x appe>s t ?\gh sudd5 v>iations d occur1 !y are1 z f> z we "k1 slight z long z self-f]tilization is adh]$ to4 ,! /rik+ results obta9$ by cultivators h be5 due to ! pati5t accumulation by selection ( gradual b cont9u\s v>iation 9 any desir$ direction4 ,! size :i* any v>iable organ c rea* does n appe> to be gov]n$ by any pr9ciple ( correlation4 ,l>ge fl[]s are n necess>ily accompani$ by l>ge leaves4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( a plant v>y+ freely "u artificial conditions seems to be atavi/ic--or to %$ adaptive modifications :i* h ceas$ to be useful1 & to rev]t to a m g5]aliz$ type1 or to reproduce *>act]s :i* are already pres5t 9 o!r memb]s ( ! same gr\p4 ,b ?is /atem5t mu/ be accept$ ) caution4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! cultivation ( ! ,cyclam5 is ! developm5t ( a plume or cre/ on ! inn] surface ( ea* corolla segm5t4 ,?is %[s t ! plant /ill possesses ! p[] to /rike out a new l9e & to develop *>act]s :i* w\ld ev5 be reg>d$ z hav+ specific value4 ,hang+ an ,elephant4--,"o ( ! elephants 9 ,b>num & ,bailey's %[1 hav+ repeat$ly %[n signs ( insubord9ation & bad temp]1 x 0 f9ally decid$ to kill him4 ,f a note 9 ,nature we get ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 execution3 ,aft] consid]able discussion x 0 decid$ to /rangle him4 ,a new ,manila rope 0 loosely w\nd ?ree times ar\nd 8 neck1 & 8 legs1 fully /ridd51 7 securely *a9$ ea* to a po/ firmly driv5 into ! gr\nd alongside ea* limb4 ,! animal 0 int5tionally n isolat$ f 8 fell[s1 z x 0 fe>$ t if plac$ by itself x w\ld become re/ive & ill-temp]$4 ,! rope surr\nd+ ! bea/'s neck _h "o end secur$ to ?ree /rong pill>s 9 ! gr\nd1 "s di/ance away & slightly 9 advance ( ! =e feet2 & ! o!r1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 a loop1 0 hook$ to a d\ble s]ies ( pulleys1 to ! tackle ( :i* n9ety m5 7 atta*$4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 ! slack 0 g5tly1 quietly1 & )\t any app>5t annoyance to ! elephant--:i* kept on eat+ hay--tak5 9 till ! coils r\nd its neck 7 j taut4 ,! ^w 0 !n giv51 ,walk away ) ! rope4 ,amid p]fect sil5ce ! n9ety m5 walk$ away1 )\t app>5tly any ef=t4 ,s noiselessly & easily did ev]y?+ "w t1 unless ) =ekn[l$ge ( :at 0 go+ to take place1 "o might h be5 pres5t )\t realiz+ :at ! m>* ( ^! m5 meant4 ,! elephant gave no sign ( discom=t ei!r by trunk or tail4 ,its fell[s /&+ close by look$ on 9 pa*yd]mat\s unconc]n1 & at ! end ( exactly ?irty seconds x sl[ly collaps$ & lay d[n z if ( its own accord4 ,!re 0 absolutely no /ruggle & no motion1 viol5t or o!rwise1 9 any "p ( ! body1 nor ! slighte/ indication ( pa94 ,9 a few seconds m !re 0 no response obta9$ by t\*+ ! eyeball4 ,at ! end ( ?irte5 m9utes aft] ! ord] to walk away ! eye _h become rigid & dim4 ,t no m humane1 pa9less1 & rapid me?od ( tak+ ! life ( a l>ge animal c\ld be devis$ 0 ! op9ion ( all ! exp]ts :o witness$ ! execution4 ,,m9or ,,p>agraphs4 ,c\nt ,glei*5 relates1 9 8 /ory ( ! mission to ,m5elek1 t besides ! ,m>ia ,!resa #aghj doll>s1 ! p ( ,abyss9ia1 = small *ange1 use a b> ( h>d cry/alliz$ salt1 ab\t t5 in*es long & two in*es & a half broad & ?ick1 slightly tap]$ t[>d ! end1 five ( :i* g to ! doll> at ! capital4 ,p are v p>ticul> ab\t ! /&>d ( f95ess ( ! curr5cy4 ,if x does n r+ l metal :5 flick$ ) ! f+] nail1 or if x is crack$ or *ipp$1 !y won't take x4 ,x is a tok5 ( affection also1 :5 fri5ds meet1 to give ea* o!r a lick ( _! respective amolis1 & 9 ?is way ! mat]ial value ( ! b> is also decreas$4 ,= /ill small] *ange c>tridges are us$1 ( :i* ?ree g to "o salt4 ,x does n matt] :at sort !y are4 ,"s %>p]s use _! c>tridges 9 ! ord9>y way1 & !n put 9 "s du/ & a dummy bullet to make up ! diff]5ce1 or else !y take out ! p[d] & put ! bullet 9 aga91 s t possibly 9 ! next action ! unhappy sell] w f9d t he has only miss-fires 9 8 belt2 b ?is is su* a common fraud t no "o takes any notice ( x1 & a bad c>tridge seems to s]ve z readily z a good "o4 ,a /udy ( problems 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,read+1 by ,j4 ,o4 ,quantz1 bore ^u ! que/ions ( ! factors :i* make a rapid read]1 ! relations ( rapidity to m5tal capacity & al]tness1 quickness ( visual p]ception1 & am\nt ( practice2 & :e!r ^? :o ga9 _! k pr9cipally ?r\gh ! eye or ?r\gh ! e> obta9 & reta9 mo/ f read+4 ,! au?or f9ds t colors are m easily p]ceiv$ ?an geometrical =ms1 isolat$ words ?an colors1 & words 9 con/ruction ?an disconnect$ words2 t p]sons ( visual type are slightly m rapid read]s ?an ^? ( ! auditory type2 t rapid read]s1 besides do+ _! "w 9 less "t1 d sup]ior "w1 reta9+ m ( ! sub/ance ( :at is read & he>d ?an d sl[ read]s4 ,lip movem5t is a s]i\s h9drance to spe$1 & consequ5tly to intellig5ce1 ( read+4 ,! disadvantage ext5ds to read+ al\d4 ,ap>t f ext]nal conditions1 su* z "t ( day1 physical fatigue1 etc41 "s ( ! influ5ces contribut+ to rapidity ( read+ are l>gely physiological1 z visual p]ception2 o!rs are ( m5tal end[m5t1 z al]tness ( m9d2 /ill o!rs are matt]s ( intellectual equipm5t r ?an intellectual ability1 z ext5t ( read+ & s*ol>ly atta9m5t4 ,mr4 ,m]ton ,l4 ,mill]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 says1 9 8 prelim9>y /udy ( ! ,pueblo ( ,taos1 ,new ,mexico1 t he 0 hamp]$ 9 8 rese>*es !re by a circum/ance t illu/rates v well c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! ,indian4 ,ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago repres5tatives ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7 at ,sia mak+ inve/igations1 & _h to ask _m que/ions4 ,"s "t aft] !y w5t away !re 0 mu* sickness 9 ! pueblo1 & _m p di$4 ,x occurr$ to ! ,sia p t ! pres5ce ( ^? :ite m51 ask+ s _m que/ions1 0 ! cause ( all _! tr\ble2 s !y s5t m5 to ! o!r pueblos to w>n !m aga9/ :ite m5 :o came to f9d out ab\t _! cu/oms & beliefs4 ,^! mess5g]s also came to ,taos1 & ! p rememb]$ _! w>n+ well4 ,if a ,taos ,indian is caught n[ tea*+ ! language or tell+ any ( ! traditions to a :ite man1 he is liable to a :ipp+ & a f9e4 ,?is1 ,mr4 ,mill] believes1 acc\nts = ! fact t he c\ld r>ely le>n any?+ f 8 fri5d :5 !y 7 at ! pueblo1 al?\gh :5 away 9 ! m\nta9s he became mu* m op5 & communicative4 ,,notes4 ,! cig>ette has f\nd fri5ds4 ,! ,tru? ab\t ,cig>ettes embodies ! sub/ance ( pap]s read & discuss$ at ! ,m$ico-legal ,society ( ,new ,york4 ,! gi/ ( ! pap]s is to ! effect t ! /ories ( h>m done by cig>ettes are fictions or gross exagg]ations2 t !y conta9 no opium1 ars5ic1 or o!r poisons1 b are ! be/ pure tobacco 7#a4jibf grammes ea*7 wrapp$ 9 pure pap] 7#j4jch gramme72 t !y nev] caus$ a case ( insanity2 & t !y are simply injuri\s 9 ! same way & to a correspond+ ext5t z o!r =ms ( tobacco4 ,^! /atem5ts are support$ by c]tificates ( physicians & by reviews ( special cases ( insanity *>g$ to cig>ettes1 %[+ t ! insanity _h matur$ indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,! av]age annual temp]ature at ,manila is giv5 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,r4 ,phillips1 9 a pap] on ! subject1 z #hj ,f4 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june are ! hotte/ mon?s1 ,may be+ ! hotte/ ( ! ?ree1 & ,decemb] & ,janu>y are ! coole/4 ,! highe/ !rmomet] read+ record$ is #ajj ,f4 9 ,may1 & ! l[e/ #gd 9 ,janu>y4 ,! av]age annual ra9fall is #ge4dc in*es1 m ?an #hj p] c5t ( :i* desc5ds 9 ! mon?s f ,june to ,octob]1 inclusive4 ,dep>tures f ! av]age ra9fall are sometimes excessive4 ,= example1 z mu* z #abj4ih in*es h fall5 9 "o ye>1 & z little z #ce4fe in*es 9 ano!r4 ,/ill m rem>kable 7 ! fall ( #fa4dc in*es 9 "o ,septemb]1 & t ( only two in*es 9 ano!r ,septemb]4 ,at ! obs]vatory ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 z we le>n f ! annual report1 a plann$ s]ies ( twelve measures ea* has be5 complet$ = eighty-f\r />s ( l>ge1 prop] motion1 ) a view to det]m9ations ( p>allax1 & x is expect$ %ortly to br+ ! numb] up to "o hundr$4 ,a s]ies ( measures on highly color$ r$ />s has be5 begun1 & is 9 progress = ! purpose ( te/+ ! possibility ( a sy/ematic error due to ! less] refrangibility ( _! light4 ,! photographic in/rum5t has be5 put into use at e suitable p]iod ( meteorological displays ( consequ5ce4 ,prep>ations are already mak+ = a m complete obs]vation ( ! ,leonid meteoric %[] expect$ 9 #ahii4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,=e/ry1 9 connection ) ,cornell ,univ]sity1 0 pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,f]n[1 at ! ,bo/on meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 z a logical sequ5ce to ! policy to :i* ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 0 committ$ 9 #ahhe by ! pur*ase ( m ?an a million acres ( =e/ l& 9 ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 to be gradually increas$ to ?ree million acres4 ,a demon/ration area ( ?irty ?\s& acres 9 ! ,adirondacks has s9ce be5 provid$ = x4 ,! c\rses lead+ to ! degree ( ,ba*elor 9 ,=e/ry occupy f\r ye>s1 ( :i* ! fir/ two are devot$ to ! /udies 9 :i* ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 geology1 botany1 entomology1 political economy1 etc41 figure z fundam5tal & supplem5t>y sci5ces1 9 addition to ! pr(essional c\rses2 besides :i* two c\rses ( a m or less popul> "* are contemplat$4 ,! discov]y is ann\nc$ 9 a prelim9>y communication by ,dr4 ,issuts*5ko1 ( ,russia1 ( a microbe pa?og5ic to rats4 ,an epidemic hav+ brok5 out among ! rats kept = exp]im5tal purposes 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,agricultural ,laboratory1 a bacillus 0 isolat$ f ! liv] & sple5 ( affect$ animals t prov$ excessively fatal to rats & mice4 ,exp]im5ts 9 mak+ ! organism useful z a liv+ rat poison h n yet1 h[ev]1 _h an enc\rag+ success4 ,new ,zeal& has j def9itely adopt$ a s*eme ( old-age p5sions4 ,9 future ! ,new ,zeal& work+man ( sixty-five ye>s ( age1 :o has liv$ a life ( hone/ toil1 w be assur$ an income ( "o p\nd a week4 ,! ,wilde prize ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces has be5 aw>d$ by t body to ,*>les ,a4 ,s*ott1 *ief ( ! ,computation ,division ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 = 8 "w on ,t]re/rial ,magnetism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s typographical errors 7 repair$4 ,ar*aic spell+s reta9$4 ,illu/rations 7 relocat$ to correspond to _! ref]5ces 9 ! text4 ,lat9-#a file3 ,p4#baa1 ,m>ianne ,*]nyak2 orig9al plac$ a macron ov] ! a 9 ,*]nyak4 ,lat9-#a file3 ,"u ,g5]al ,notices1 ,! ,p>allaxes ( #faa & #fab ,cygni2 indicates a sup]script ( ! numb] foll[+4