,,ma*9]y',s ,,ref]5ce ,,s]ies ,,ea* ,,numb] ,,is ,,"o ,,unit ,,9 ,a ,,complete ,,libr>y ,,( ,,ma*9e ,,design ,,& ,,%op ,,practice ,,revis$ ,,& ,,republi%$ ,,f ,,ma*9]y ,,numb] #ba ,,measur+ ,,tools ,,?ird ,,edition ,,cont5ts ,hi/ory & ,developm5t ( ,/&>d ,measurem5ts ,calip]s1 ,divid]s1 & ,surface ,gages ,micromet] ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts ,miscellane\s ,measur+ ,tools & ,gages ,copyright1 #aiaj1 ,! ,indu/rial ,press1 ,publi%]s ( ,,ma*9]y4 #di-ee ,lafayette ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,/&>d ,,measurem5ts#a ,:ile e me*anic makes use ( ! /&>ds ( l5g? e day1 & uses tools graduat$ accord+ to accept$ /&>ds :5 p]=m+ ev5 ! smalle/ op]ation 9 ! %op1 !re are comp>atively few :o "k ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! /&>d measurem5ts ( l5g?1 or are famili> ) ! me?ods employ$ 9 transf]r+ ! measurem5ts f ! ref]5ce /&>d to ! work+ /&>ds4 ,we %all !re=e "h give a %ort review ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( /&>d measurem5ts ( l5g?1 z ab/ract$ f a pap] read by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,viall be=e ! ,provid5ce ,association ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,orig9 ( ,/&>d ,measurem5ts ,by exam9+ ! ru9s ( ! anci5ts x has be5 f\nd t !y _h /&>d measurem5ts1 n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are n[ to consid] !m1 b ! ru9s %[ t ! build+s 7 con/ruct$ accord+ to "s regul> unit4 ,9 _m1 if n all cases1 ! unit seems to be "s "p ( ! human body4 ,! foot1 x is ?\ght1 fir/ appe>$ 9 ,greece1 & ! /&>d 0 traditionally said to h be5 receiv$ f ! foot ( ,h]cules1 & a lat] tradition has x t ,*>lemagne e/abli%$ ! measurem5t ( 8 own foot z ! /&>d = 8 c\ntry4 ,/&>ds ,previ\s to #ahjj ,9 ,engl&1 prior to ! conque/1 ! y>d measur$1 accord+ to lat] inve/igations1 #ci4f in*es1 b x 0 r$uc$ by ,h5ry ,i 9 #aaja1 to comp>e ) ! measurem5t ( 8 own arm4 ,9 #acbd1 "u ,edw>d ,,ii1 x 0 enact$ t ! in* %all h l5g? ( ?ree b>ley corns1 r\nd & dry1 laid end to end2 twelve in*es %all make "o foot1 & ?ree feet "o y>d4 ,:ile ?is /&>d = measurem5t 0 ! accept$ "o1 sci5ti/s 7 at "w on a plan to e/abli% a /&>d = l5g? t c\ld be recov]$ if lo/1 & ,huyg5s1 a not$ philosoph] & sci5ti/ ( 8 day1 sugge/$ t ! p5dulum1 :i* beats accord+ to its l5g?1 %\ld be us$ to e/abli% ! units ( measurem5t4 ,9 #ageh ,p>liam5t appo9t$ a commission to inve/igate & comp>e ! v>i\s /&>ds ) t furni%$ by ! ,royal ,society4 ,! commission caus$ a copy ( ?is /&>d to be made1 m>k$ x ,/&>d ,y>d1 #ageh1 & laid x be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,9 #agdb1 memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,engl& & ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ce ( ,p>is agre$ to ex*ange /&>ds1 & two b>s #db in*es long1 ) ?ree feet m>k$ (f ^u !m1 7 s5t to ,p>is1 & "o ( ^! 0 return$ lat] ) ,toise m>k$ ^u x4 ,9 #agfj a y>d b> 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,bird1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ z a /&>d1 z we %all see lat]4 ,9 #aggd ! ,royal ,society (f]$ a rew>d ( a hundr$ gu9eas = a me?od t w\ld obta9 an inv>iable /&>d1 & ,halton propos$ a p5dulum ) a mov+ weight ^u x1 s t by c\nt+ ! beats :5 ! weight 0 9 "o position & aga9 :5 9 ano!r1 & !n measur+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! two positions1 a di/ance c\ld be def9$ t c\ld at any "t be duplicat$4 ,! ,society paid #cj gu9eas = ! sugge/ion1 & lat] ! "w 0 tak5 up by ,j4 ,:itehur/ ) ! result t ! di/ance betwe5 ! positions ( ! weight :5 vibrat+ #db & #hd times a m9ute 0 #ei4hiceh in*es4 ,! me?od 0 n fur!r develop$4 ,h[ ! ,l5g? ( ! ,met] 0 ,e/abli%$ ,9 #agij1 ,talleyr&1 !n ,bi%op ( ,autun1 sugge/$ to ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly t ! k+ %\ld endeavor to h ! k+ ( ,engl& reque/ 8 p>liam5t to appo9t a commission to "w 9 unison ) "o to be appo9t$ 9 ,france1 ! same to be compos$ ( memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society & ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 respectively1 to det]m9e ! l5g? ( a p5dulum beat+ seconds ( "t4 ,engl& did n respond to ! invitation1 & ! ,fr5* commission appo9t$ consid]$ fir/ ( all :e!r ! p5dulum beat+ seconds ( "t1 ! quadrant ( ! m]idian1 or ! quadrant ( ! equator %\ld be det]m9$ z a s\rce ( ! /&>d4 ,x 0 decid$ t ! quadrant ( ! m]idian %\ld be adopt$ & t #j4jjjjjja ( x %\ld be ! /&>d4 ,! arc ( ab\t n9e & "o-half degrees1 ext5d+ f ,dunkirk on ! ,engli% ,*annel to ,b>celona on ! ,m$it]ranean & pass+ ?r\gh ,p>is1 %\ld be ! "o to be measur$4 ,! actual "w ( measur+ 0 done by ,me*a9 & ,delambre accord+ to ! plans laid d[n by ! commission4 ,me*a9 0 to measure ab\t #be p] c5t ( ! arc1 ! s\!rn portion ( x1 & ,delambre ! rema9d]2 ! reason = ?is unequal division 0 t ! nor!rn division _h be5 survey$ previ\sly1 & ! t]ritory 0 well-kn[n1 :]eas ! s\!rn "p 0 an unkn[n c\ntry1 z f> z ! measurem5t ( x w5t1 & x 0 expect$ t _m sev]e difficulties w\ld h to be surm\nt$4 ,! ,revolution 0 9 progress1 & x 0 soon f\nd t ! p]ils att5d+ ! measurem5t ( ! nor!rn "p 7 great] ?an ^? att5d+ ! s\!rn "p ( ! t]ritory4 ,! p look$ askance at all ?+s t !y did n und]/&1 & ,delambre ) 8 in/rum5ts 0 look$ ^u z "o s5t to fur!r en?rall !m4 ,he 0 set ^u by ! p at v>i\s times & al?\gh ! au?orities endeavor$ to protect him1 x 0 only by 8 own brav]y & tact t he 0 able to d 8 "w & save 8 life4 ,! ,committee ( ,safety ord]$ t ,me*a9 & ,delambre close _! "w 9 #agie1 & x 0 "s "t aft]w>d be=e x 0 resum$4 ,hav+ complet$ ! field "w1 ! results ( _! labors 7 laid be=e a commission compos$ ( memb]s ( ! ,national ,in/itute & le>n$ m5 f o!r nations1 :o _h accept$ ! invitation t _h be5 ext5d$ to !m1 & aft] c>efully review+ & calculat+ ! "w1 ! l5g? ( ! m]idian 0 det]m9$1 & f x 0 e/abli%$ ! met] z we n[ h x4 ,a plat9um b> 0 made accord+ to ! figures giv51 & ?is furni%es ! prototype ( ! met] ( ! pres5t "t4 ,not)/&+ all ( ! c>e tak5 9 e/abli%+ ! met]1 f "w done by ,g54 ,s*ub]t1 ( ,russia1 & ,capt4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,engl&1 x has be5 %[n t x is n #j4jjjjjja ( ! quadrant pass+ ?r\gh ,p>is1 b ( ! "o pass+ ?r\gh ,new ,york4 ,! ,/&>d ,y>d 9 ,engl&--,its ,loss & ,re/oration ,:e!r incit$ by ! "w ( ! ,fr5* or n1 we d n "k1 b 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury ! ,engli% began to d m "w ^u ! e/abli%m5t ( a /&>d1 & 9 #ahaf a commission 0 appo9t$ by ! cr[n to exam9e & report ^u ! /&>d ( l5g?4 ,capt4 ,kat] made a long s]ies ( c>eful obs]vations det]m9+ ! second p5dulum to be #ci4achf in*es :5 r$uc$ to ! level ( ! sea4 ,?is measurem5t 0 made on a scale made by ,tr\ghton--:o1 by ! way1 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! use ( ! microscope 9 mak+ measurem5ts--"u ! direction ( & = ,sir ,geo4 ,s*uckburgh4 ,9 #ahbb1 hav+ made ?ree reports1 aft] _m te/s1 x 0 recomm5d$ t ! /&>d prep>$ by ,bird 9 #agfj1 m>k$ ,/&>d ,y>d1 #agfj1 be adopt$ z ! /&>d = ,great ,brita94 ,! act ( ,june1 #ahbd1 aft] decl>+ t ?is measure %\ld be adopt$ z ! /&>d1 reads 9 ,sec4 ,,iii43 ,& :]eas x is exp$i5t t ! ,/&>d ,y>d1 if lo/1 de/roy$1 defac$ or o!rwise injur$ %\ld be re/or$ to ! same l5g? by ref]5ce to "s inv>iable natural ,/&>d2 & :]eas x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ! ,commission]s appo9t$ by ,8 ,maje/y to inquire into ! ,subjects ( ,weights & ,measures1 t ! ,y>d1 h]eby decl>$ to be ! ,imp]ial ,/&>d ,y>d1 :5 comp>$ ) a ,p5dulum vibrat+ ,seconds ( ,mean ,"t 9 ! latitude ( ,london1 9 a ,vacuum at ! ,level ( ! ,sea1 is 9 ! proportion ( ,?irty-six ,in*es to ,?irty-n9e ,in*es & "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-?ree t5 ?\s&? p>ts ( an ,in*2 ,be x enact$ & decl>$1 t if at any ,"t h]eaft] ! said ,imp]ial ,/&>d ,y>d %all be lo/1 or %all be 9 any mann] de/roy$1 defac$ or o!rwise injur$1 x %all & may be re/or$ by mak+ a new ,/&>d ,y>d be>+ ! same proportion to su* ,p5dulum1 z a=esaid1 z ! said ,imp]ial ,/&>d ,y>d be>s to su* ,p5dulum4 ,x 0 n long aft] ?is act _h be5 pass$1 if inde$ n be=e1 t x became kn[n t ! p5dulum me?od 0 an incorrect "o1 z x 0 f\nd t errors _h occurr$ 9 r$uc+ ! l5g? obta9$ to t at ! sea level1 & despite ! great pa9s t _h be5 tak51 x is d\btful if ! me?od 0 n faulty 9 "s ( its o!r details4 ,:5 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 burn$ 9 #ahcd1 an opportunity 0 (f]$ to try ! me?od ^u :i* s mu* "t & c>e _h be5 sp5t4 ,a commission 0 appo9t$ & to ,sir ,francis ,baily 0 assign$ ! task ( re/or+ ! /&>d4 ,he did n live to complete ! task1 dy+ 9 #ahdd4 ,he succe$$ 9 det]m9+ ! composition ( ! metal t 0 be/ adapt$ to be us$1 :i* metal is n[ kn[n z ,baily's metal4 ,rev4 ,r4 ,%eep%anks con/ruct$ a work+ model z a /&>d & comp>$ x ) two ,s*uckburg's scales1 ! y>d ( ! ,royal ,society1 & two iron b>s t _h be5 us$ 9 ! ordnance dep>tm5t4 ,hav+ det]m9$ to 8 own satisfaction & t ( 8 associates ! value ( ! y>d1 he prep>$ ! /&>d imp]ial y>d1 kn[n z ,bronze ,no4 #a1 a bronze b> #ch #a #a in*1 ) two gold plugs dropp$ into holes s t ! surface ( ! plugs passes ?r\gh ! c5t] plane ( ! b>4 ,^u ^! plugs are ?ree transv]se l9es & two longitud9al l9es1 ! y>d be+ ! di/ance f ! middle transv]se l9e--! portion ly+ betwe5 ! two longitud9al ones--( "o plug1 to ! correspond+ l9e on ! o!r plug4 ,=ty copies 7 made1 b two ( ^! be+ correct at #fb degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ^! two1 toge!r ) ! orig9al & "o o!r1 are kept 9 ,engl& z ! /&>ds = ref]5ce4 ,9 #ahee ! /&>d z made by ,rev4 ,%eep%anks 0 legaliz$4 ,attempts to ,fix a ,/&>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,! ,con/itution emp[]s ,congress to fix ! /&>ds ( weights & measures1 b up to #ahff no legal /&>d l5g? _h be5 adopt$4 ,9 8 fir/ message to ,congress ,wa%+ton said3 ,a uni=mity 9 ! weights & measures ( ! c\ntry is among ! important objects submitt$ to y by ! ,con/itution1 & if x c be d]iv$ f a /&>d at once inv>iable & univ]sal1 x mu/ be no less honorable to ! public c\ncil ?an conducive to ! public conv5i5ce4 ,9 ,july1 #agij1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 s5t a report to ,congress conta9+ two plans1 bo? bas$ on ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 9 ?is case ! p5dulum to be a pla9 b>1 ! "o plan to use ! sy/em !n exi/+1 ref]r+ x to ! p5dulum z ! basis1 & ! o!r to take ! p5dulum & subdivide x1 "o-?ird ( ! p5dulum to be call$ a foot4 ,! :ole l5g? 0 t ( "o beat+ seconds ( "t4 ,he made a table to read z foll[s3 #aj ,po9ts make a ,l9e4 #aj ,l9es make a ,foot4 #aj ,feet make a ,decad4 #aj ,decads make a ,rood4 #aj ,roods make a ,furlong4 #aj ,furlongs make a ,mile4 ,congress did n adopt 8 sy/em1 & z ,engl& 0 !n work+ on ! problem1 x 0 decid$ to await ! results ( its labors4 ,9 #ahaf1 ,madison1 9 8 inaugural address1 br\ght ! matt] ( /&>ds to ! att5tion ( ,congress1 & a committee ( ! ,h\se made a report recomm5d+ ! fir/ plan ( ,jeff]son1 b ! report 0 n act$ ^u4 ,9 #ahba1 ,j4 ,q4 ,adams1 !n ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 made a long & exhau/ive report 9 :i* he favor$ ! metric sy/em1 b /ill advis$ ,congress to wait1 & ,congress--wait$4 ,:at ! ,/&>ds are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,! /&>d ( l5g? :i* _h g5]ally be5 accept$ z ! /&>d1 0 a brass scale #hb in*es long1 prep>$ by ,tr\ghton = ! ,coa/ ,survey ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! y>d us$ 0 ! #cf in*es betwe5 ! #bg? & #fc;d in* ( ! scale4 ,9 #ahef1 h[ev] ,bronze ,no4 #aa 0 pres5t$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,?is is a duplicate ( ! ,no4 #a ,bronze m5tion$ be=e1 :i* is ! legaliz$ /&>d y>d 9 ,engl&4 ,x is /&>d l5g? at #fa4gi degrees ,f41 & is ! accept$ /&>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a b> ( ,l[ ,moor iron1 ,no4 #eg1 0 s5t at ! same "t1 & ?is is correct 9 l5g? at #fb4eh degrees ,f4 ,! expansion ( ,bronze ,no4 #aa is #j4jjjcdb in*1 & t ( ! iron b> is #j4jjjbba in* = ea* degree ,fahr5heit4 ,:ile ! y>d is ! commonly accept$ /&>d 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is n ! legal /&>d4 ,9 #ahff ,congress pass$ a law mak+ legal ! met]1 ! fir/ & only measure ( l5g? t has be5 legaliz$ by our gov]nm5t4 ,copies ( ! met] & kilogram1 tak5 f ! orig9al plat9um b> at ,p>is1 ref]r$ to be=e1 7 receiv$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,presid5t & memb]s ( ! ,cab9et1 on ,jan4 #b1 #ahij1 & 7 deposit$ ) ! ,coa/ ,survey4 ,by =mal ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,april #e1 #ahic1 ^! 7 d5om9at$ ! ,fundam5tal ,/&>ds4 ,! ,int]national ,bureau ( ,weights & ,measures ,aft] ! orig9al met] 0 e/abli%$1 x 0 f\nd t copies made by v>i\s c\ntries diff]$ to a great] or less ext5t f ! orig9al1 & believ+ t a copy c\ld be made f :i* o!r copies c\ld be m readily made ?an f ! end piece met]1 & t bett] provision c\ld be made = ! pres]vation ( ! /&>d1 ,france call$ a conv5tion ( repres5tatives f v>i\s ,/ates us+ ! sy/em1 to consid] ! matt]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates repres5tatives1 or commission]s1 7 ,messrs4 ,h5ry & ,hildeg>d1 :o met ) ! g5]al commission 9 #ahgj4 ,! commission]s at once set at "w to solve ! problem pres5t$ to !m1 b ! ,franco-,prussian w> put an end to _! delib]ations4 ,! delib]ations 7 resum$ lat]1 & ,may #bj1 #ahge1 repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s c\ntries sign$ a treaty provid+ = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance1 at ! common exp5se ( ! contract+ nations1 ( a sci5tific & p]man5t int]national bureau ( weights & measures1 ! location ( :i* %\ld be ,p>is1 to be conduct$ by a g5]al conf]5ce = weights & measures1 to be compos$ ( ! delegates ( all ! contract+ gov]nm5ts4 ,?is bureau is emp[]$ to con/ruct & pres]ve ! int]national /&>ds1 to di/ribute copies ( ! same to ! sev]al c\ntries1 & also to discuss & initiate measures necess>y = ! det]m9ation ( ! metric sy/em4 ,! commission adopt$ a =m = ! /&>d z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! l9es repres5t+ ! l5g? ( ! met] are drawn on ! plane ,a1 :i* is ! neutral plane1 & w n *ange 9 l5g? %\ld ! b> deflect4 ,! b> is made ( #ij p] c5t plat9um & #aj p] c5t iridium1 ab\t #bej kilograms hav+ be5 melt$ :5 prep>ations 7 made = ! fir/ /&>d1 s t all ( ! copies made f ?is ca/ repres5t ! same coeffici5t ( expansion & are subject to ! same *anges z ! orig9al4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t pres5t$ to ! bureau ! pavilion ,breteuil1 opposite ! ,p>k ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 :i* 0 accept$ & put into ord] & is n[ ! repository ( ! orig9als ( ! met] & ! kilogram4 ,! exp5se att5d+ ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ! bureau 0 ab\t #aj1jjj to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & s9ce !n its %>e ( ! annual exp5se has be5 ab\t #ijj4 ,! /&>ds 9 ! possession ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 receiv$ ?r\gh ! int]national bureau4 ,! ,comm]cial ,value ( a ,/&>d ,hav+ at ! disposal ( ! nation a /&>d ( l5g?1 ! "q arises1 ,:at c be made ( x comm]cially1 & h[ d we "k :5 we h a copy ( ! /&>d8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,=m ( ,b> ,adopt$ = ,int]national ,/&>ds ( ,l5g? ,9 #ahic1 ! ,br[n ,%>pe ,mfg4 ,co4 decid$ to make a new /&>d to replace ! "o !y _h at t date4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,beale 0 detail$ to d ?is "w4 ,he prep>$ /eel b>s ab\t #dj in*es long by #a in* squ>e1 & aft] plan+ !m1 !y 7 all[$ to re/ = sev]al mon?s4 ,at ! ends ( ^! b>s he ins]t$ two gold plugs1 ! c5t]s ( :i* 7 ab\t #cf in*es ap>t1 & a little beyond ^! two o!rs ab\t "o met] ap>t4 ,a b> 0 plac$ 9 position ^u a heavy b$4 ,?is 0 s arrang$ t a tool c>ri] c\ld be pass$ ov] ! b>4 ,! tool c>ri] consi/$ ( a light framework1 hold+ ! m>k+ tool4 ,"o feature ( ! m>k+ 0 t ! po9t ( ! m>k+ tool 0 curv$ & _h an angle1 s t if dropp$ x made an impression 9 ! =m ( an ellipse4 ,9 graduations1 ord9>ily1 ! l9e1 :5 highly magnifi$1 is apt to pres5t at its ends an impression less def9ite ?an 9 ! c5t]1 by reason ( ! =m ( ! objective4 ,! l9e made ) ! tool m5tion$ is %ort1 & t portion ( ! l9e is read :i* passes1 app>5tly1 ?r\gh ! /raight l9e 9 ! eye-glass ( ! microscope4 ,9 ord] to make ^! l9es z def9ite z possible1 ! po9t 0 lapp$ to a bright surface4 ,aft] be+ plac$ 9 position1 ! microscope1 :i* c\ld be plac$ on ! front ( ! tool c>ri]1 0 set to comp>e ) ! graduation on ! /&>d b> f :i* ! new b> 0 to be prep>$4 ,aft] su* a sett+ ! read+s 7 made by ?ree p]sons1 & by turn+ ! lev] ! m>k+ tool 0 dropp$1 mak+ a v f9e l9e1 s f9e inde$1 t :5 ! au?orities 9 ,wa%+ton began ! exam9ation ( ! b> lat] on !y decl>$ t no l9e _h be5 made ^u ^! /uds4 ,aft] mak+ ! fir/ l9e1 ! c>riage 0 mov$ along to comp>e ) ! o!r l9e on ! /&>d1 & aft] ! correction _h be5 made by ! use ( ! micromet] 9 ! microscope1 ! m>k+ tool 0 aga9 dropp$1 giv+ ! second l9e1 :i* 0 int5d$ to m>k ! limit ( "o y>d ov]-all4 ,! same op]ation 0 repeat$ 9 ! m>k+ ( ! met]4 ,! :ole ( ?is "w 0 done1 ( c\rse1 ) ! greate/ c>e1 &1 :ile ! !oretical portion ( x appe>s v simple 9 detail1 x requir$ a great deal ( "t & pati5ce be=e ! la/ l9e _h be5 made4 ,! b> ?us m>k$ 0 tak5 to ,wa%+ton1 & 9 ,mr4 ,beale's pres5ce 0 comp>$ by ! att5dants ) ,bronze ,no4 #aa & lat] ) ,l[ ,moor b>1 ,no4 #eg4 ,9 comp>+ ?is /&>d1 a me?od 0 employ$ v simil> to t us$ 9 m>k+ x4 ,! b>1 prop]ly support$1 0 plac$ ^u a box t re/$ ^u rolls1 & on ?is same box 0 plac$ ! gov]nm5t /&>d ) :i* ! ,br[n ,%>pe /&>d 0 to be comp>$4 ,! /&>d 0 plac$ 9 position "u ! microscope1 & aft] be+ prop]ly set to ! /&>d1 ! b> to be measur$ 0 plac$ "u ! microscope1 & by ! micromet] screw ( ! microscope ! v>iation 0 measur$4 ,?ree comp>isons 7 made by ea* ( ! att5dants on ea* end be=e det]m9+ ! read+ ( ! microscope1 & aft] su* comp>isons & _m repetitions ( x1 ! value ( ! /&>d ,no4 #b 0 f\nd to be #cf4jjjfa in*es = ! y>d1 & #a4jjjjadg met] = ! met]4 ,aft] ?is "w _h be5 done1 ,mr4 ,beale prep>$ a second /&>d :i* he call$ ,no4 #c1 & aft] exam9+1 z %[n above1 ! error 0 f\nd to be #j4jjjjb in* = ! y>d1 & #j4jjjjje met] = ! met]4 ,obs]v+ ^! v>iations z comp>$ ) ! /&>ds orig9ally made1 we f9d !y are v close1 & x is d\btful if _m repeat$ trials w\ld furni% m accurate "w1 :5 we rememb] t out ( =ty orig9al /&>ds made1 b two are correct at #fb degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,aft] e/abli%+ a y>d1 ! problem ( obta9+ an in* comes next1 & ?is 0 made by subdivid+ ! y>d into two equal p>ts1 ^! into ?ree1 & ! ?ree fur!r subdivid$ into six p>ts4 ,x %\ld be p>ticul>ly not$ t no m5tion has be5 made ( a /&>d in*1 z !re is none1 ! /&>d y>d only exi/+1 ! subdivision ( :i* falls ^u ^? und]tak+ /&>d "w4 ,!re is a rem>kable agreem5t betwe5 at lea/ ?ree lead+ gage mak]s ( ?is c\ntry & abroad1 & ea* came to ! result by its own me?od ( subdivid+ ! /&>d y>d4 ,k9ds ( ,measurem5ts & ,measur+ ,tools ,! measurem5ts 9 ! %op may1 9 g5]al1 be divid$ into measurem5ts ( l5g? & measurem5ts ( angles4 ,! l5g? measurem5ts 9 turn may be divid$ into l9e measurem5ts & end measurem5ts1 ! =m] be+ made by plac+ a rule or simil> in/rum5t aga9/ ! object be+ measur$1 & comp>+ its l5g? ) ! graduations on ! measur+ in/rum5ts2 ! latt] are made by comp>+ ! object be+ measur$ ) ! measur+ in/rum5t1 by br++ ! object measur$ into actual contact ) ! measur+ surfaces ( ! in/rum5t4 ,examples ( l9e measurem5ts are ! ord9>y measurem5ts made ) ! ma*9i/'s rule1 & examples ( end measurem5t are ^? made by ! micromet]1 measur+ ma*9es1 & snap gages4 ,angul> measurem5ts c also be divid$ into two classes2 ^? measur$ directly by graduations on ! in/rum5t1 & ^? measur$ by comp>ison ) a giv5 angle ( ! in/rum5t4 ,measur+ in/rum5ts may also be divid$ into two classes1 accord+ to :e!r !y actually are us$ = measur+1 or :e!r !y are pr9cipally us$ = comp>+ objects ) "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to ?is classification all k9ds ( rules & protractors belong to ! fir/ class1 :]eas all gages belong to ! second class4 ,! ord9>y in/rum5ts = l5g? measurem5ts1 ! regul> ma*9i/s' rule1 ! calip] squ>e1 & ! ord9>y micromet] calip]1 are too well kn[n to require any additional explanation4 ,! same is true ( ! regul> bevel protractor = measur+ angles4 ,we %all !re=e 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s deal pr9cipally ) special measur+ tools1 & ) su* me?ods 9 ! use ( tools :i* are likely to sugge/ improvem5ts1 or o!rwise be valuable to ! us] & mak] ( measur+ tools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,calip]s1 ,,divid]s1 ,,& ,,surface ,,gages ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all deal ) ! simpl] =ms ( tools us$ = measur+1 su* z ord9>y calip]s1 & _! use2 surface gages2 special atta*m5ts = scales & squ>es1 facilitat+ accurate measur+2 & v]ni] & beam calip]s4 ,! descriptions ( ! tools & me?ods ref]r$ to h appe>$ 9 ,,ma*9]y f "t to "t4 ,! names ( ! p]sons :o orig9ally contribut$ ^! descriptions h be5 /at$ 9 notes at ! foot ( ! pages1 toge!r ) ! mon? & ye> :5 _! contribution appe>$4 ,sett+ ,inside ,calip]s ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #b & #c - ,fig4 #d - ,sett+ ,inside ,calip]s ,x is cu/om>y ) mo/ ma*9i/s1 :5 sett+ inside calip]s to a scale1 to place "o end ( ! scale squ>ely aga9/ ! face ( "s true surface1 & !n1 plac+ "o leg ( ! calip] aga9/ ! same surface1 to set ! o!r leg to ! requir$ measurem5t on ! scale4 ,= ?is purpose ! faceplate ( ! la! is frequ5tly us$ on acc\nt ( its be+ close at h& = ! la!man4 ,! sides ( ! jaws ( a vise or almo/ any?+ locat$ :]e ! light is suffici5t to read ! m>k+s on ! scale are frequ5tly us$4 ,! disadvantages ( ?is me?od are1 fir/1 t a r\gh or untrue object is (t5 *os51 p>ticul>ly if x happ5s to be 9 a bett] light ?an a smoo? & true "o1 &1 second1 t x is v h>d to hold ! scale squ>ely aga9/ an object4 ,x is easy en\gh to hold x squ>ely crosswise1 b x is n s easy a matt] to keep x squ>e edgewise4 ,z c be readily se51 ?is makes q a diff]5ce ) ! read+ ( ! calip]s1 p>ticul>ly if ! scale is a ?ick "o4 ,figs4 #b & #c %[ ?is effect exagg]at$4 ,b is ! block aga9/ :i* ! scale abuts4 ,! dott$ l9e indicates :]e ! calip] leg %\ld re/1 b _c d s1 unless ! scale is held p]fectly squ>e ) ! block4 ,fig4 #d %[s a me?od ( sett+ ! calip]s by us+ a small squ>e to abut ! scale & to af=d a surface aga9/ :i* to place ! leg ( ! calip]4 ,! scale1 ly+ flat on ! blade ( ! squ>e1 is always sure to be squ>e edgewise1 & is easily held squ>ely aga9/ ! /ock ( ! squ>e z %[n4 ,?is me?od has also ! advantage ( be+ portable1 & c be tak5 to ! w9d[ or to any place :]e ! light is satisfactory4 ,:5 us+ a long scale1 ! free end may be held aga9/ ! body to assi/ 9 hold+ x 9 place4#b ,%\ld] ,calip]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,%\ld] ,calip]s ,9 ,fig4 #e are %[n a pair ( calip]s :i* are v h&y 9 measur+ "w f %\ld] to %\ld] or f a %\ld] to ! end ( ! piece ( "w4 ,= ?is purpose !y are mu* h&i]1 & m accurate1 ?an ! ord9>y h]maphrodites4 ,! legs are b5t at ,,aa s z to lie flat & ?us br+ ! po9t ( ! long leg directly beh9d ! %ort "o :i* ne/s into x1 z at ,b1 s t ! calip]s may be us$ = %ort measurem5ts z well z = long ones4 ,d\ble-jo9t$ ,calip]s to ,fold 9 ,tool ,box ,9 ,fig4 #f are illu/rat$ a pair ( l>ge calip]s t c be fold$ up & put 9 a ma*9i/'s ord9>y size tool *e/4 ,! usual l>ge calip] suppli$ by ! av]age ma*9e %op is s cumb]some & heavy t ?is "o 0 design$ to fill its place4 ,x c be c>ri$ 9 ! *e/ :5 ! usual /yle ( l>ge calip] _c4 ,x is a v light & compact tool4 ,x is a #bf-;in* calip]1 & w calip] up to #cd in*es diamet]4 ,! top sections are made 9 f\r pieces1 & ! po9t ends fit betwe5 ! top half l ! blade ( a knife1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,ea* side ( ! upp] or top section is made ( saw /eel #a_/af in* ?ick1 & ! l[] "p or po9t ( /eel #a_/h in* ?ick4 ,! d\ble section makes ! tool v /iff & light4 ,! po9t section has a tongue ,a1 ext5d+ betwe5 ! d\ble section1 :i* is engag$ by a slid+ /ud & ?umb nut4 ,! /ud is a nice slid+ fit 9 ! slot1 & ! ?umb nut clamps x firmly 9 place :5 9 use4 ,b1 9 ! figure1 %[s ! con/ruction ( ! ?umb nut4 ,c is a %eet copp] l9] put betwe5 ! wa%]s at ,a4 ,! dott$ l9es 9 ! engrav+ %[ ! po9ts fold$ back to close up4 ,! l>ge jo9t wa%]s are #a in* diamet]1 & a #e_/h-;in* p9 ) a #c_/h-;in* hexagon head screw tight5s x up4 ,! =w>d jo9ts are ! same /yle1 b small]4 ,! ma9 jo9t has two #a-;in* brass di/ance pieces or wa%]s betwe5 ! two ma9 wa%]s4 ,! top section is #ab in*es betwe5 c5t]s1 & ! po9t sections #ae in*es f c5t] to po9t4 ,clos$ up1 ! calip]s measure #af in*es ov]-all4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,l>ge ,d\ble-jo9t$ ,calip]s ,k9ks 9 ,inside ,calip]+ ,close measurem5ts may be made by fil+ two not*es 9 ea* leg ( an inside calip] s z to leave a r\nd$ projection betwe51 z %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #g4 ,!n1 ) an outside calip]1 ,d1 ! sett+ ( ! inside calip]1 ,b1 is tak5 f ! r\nd$ po9ts4 ,! inside calip] c be reset v accurately aft] removal by ?is me?od4 ,a /ill bett] way is to h two %ort p9s1 ,,cc' set 9 ! sides ( ! inside calip] legs1 b ?is is n readily done z a make%ift4 ,to measure ! inside diamet] ( a bore hav+ a %\ld] l ! piece ,h1 ! inside calip] ,f may also be set z usual & !n a l9e m>k$ ) a %>p scrib] on "o leg1 by draw+ x along ! side ,g4 ,!n ! legs are clos$ to remove ! calip]1 & are reset to ! scrib$ l9e4 ,( c\rse1 ?is me?od is n z accurate z ! previ\s "o1 & c be us$ only = approximate measurem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,me?ods ( ,inside ,calip]+ ,to get ! ?ickness ( a wall beyond a %\ld]1 z at ,k1 ,fig4 #g1 set ! calip] s t ! legs w pass ov] ! %\ld] freely1 & ) a scale measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! outside leg & ! outside ( ! piece4 ,!n remove ! calip] & measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! calip] po9ts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two di/ances w be ! ?ickness ,m4 ,inside ,calip]s = ,close ,spaces ,9 ,fig4 #h are %[n a pair ( inside calip]s :i* are b5t s z to be well adapt$ = calip]+ di/ances difficult ( access1 su* z ! keyway 9 a %aft & hub :i* does n ext5d beyond ! hub1 z indicat$4 ,) ! ord9>y inside calip]s1 hav+ /raight legs1 & :i* are commonly us$ = inside "w1 x is g5]ally impossible to get ! exact size1 z ! end :i* is held 9 ! h& comes 9 contact ) ! %aft be=e bo? po9ts come into ! same v]tical plane4 ,! engrav+ pla9ly %[s h[ calip]s = ?is purpose are made1 & h[ us$4 ,any me*anic c easily b5d a common pair to ab\t ! %ape %[n to accommodate ?is class ( "w4#c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,inside ,calip]s = ,close ,spaces ,surface ,gage ) ,two ,po9t]s ,figs4 #i & #aj %[ a special surface gage1 & illu/rate an orig9al idea :i* has be5 f\nd to be a great sav] ( "t & ( mill+ cutt]s4 ,x c also be us$ on ! plan] or %ap]4 ,by its use ! op]ator c raise ! mill+ ma*9e table to ! "r height )\t te/+ ! cut two or ?ree times1 & elim9ate ! dang] ( tak+ a cut t is liable to break ! cutt]4 ,?is tool is especially valuable on ca/+s1 z rais+ ! table & all[+ ! cutt] to revolve 9 ! gritty surface :ile f9d+ ! l[e/ spot is v disa/r\s to ! cutt+ edges4 ,illu/ration3 #aj ,to use ?is surface gage1 ! po9t] m>k$ ,c 9 ,fig4 #i is set to ! l[e/ spot 9 ! ca/+1 & !n ! po9t] ,b is set f x ) p]haps #a_/cb in* betwe5 ! po9ts = a cut suffici5t to clean up ! surface4 ,po9t] ,c is !n fold$ up z %[n at ,c' 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & ! table is rais$ until ! po9t] ,b w j t\* ! "u side ( ! cutt] z %[n at ,b' 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ?is way ! table is quickly adju/$ to a cut t w clean ! ca/+ or o!r piece be+ ma*9$1 & ) no cutt+ or try+ :atev]4#d ,to ,adju/ ! ,ne$le ( a ,surface ,gage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,me?od ( ,adju/+ ! ,ne$le ( a ,surface ,gage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,scale ,atta*m5t = ! ,squ>e ,fig4 #aa illu/rates a me?od ( adju/+ ! ne$le ( a surface gage4 ,to set ! gage #c in*es f ! table1 get some:]e )9 in* ( ! m>k on ! squ>e4 ,) ! ?umb & =ef+] on hook ,a1 turn ! ne$le till x rea*es ! po9t desir$4 ,by turn+ ! ne$le1 x w travel 9 a circul> pa?1 on acc\nt ( ! b5d ne> ! po9t1 & ?us rea* ! desir$ sett+4 ,scale ,atta*m5t = ! ,squ>e ,fig4 #ab %[s a device = atta*+ a scale to a squ>e4 ,?is comb9ation makes a v conv5i5t tool to use :5 sett+ up "w = keyseat+1 z is illu/rat$ 9 ! engrav+1 9 :i* ,s is ! %aft to be spl9$ & ,c ! mill+ cutt]4 ,x is also a v h&y tool = tru+ up "w on ! bor+ mill or la!4 ,at ! upp] left-h& corn]1 is %[n ! con/ruction ( ! p>ts1 :i* are made ( dim5sions to suit ! size ( ! scale & ! squ>e4 ,= ! comb9ation to be successful1 x is ess5tial t ! blade ( ! squ>e is ! same ?ickness z ! scale4#e ,atta*m5t = ,ma*9i/'s ,scale ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,conv5i5t ,atta*m5t = ,ma*9i/'s ,scale ,fig4 #ac %[s a v conv5i5t appliance4 ,x w be f\nd v useful 9 ! ma*9e %op = sett+ inside calip]s to any desir$ size4 ,! gage is clamp$ ov] ! rule :]ev] desir$1 & "o leg ( ! calip]s set aga9/ ! gage1 ! o!r leg be+ br\ght flu% ) ! end ( ! scale4#f ,sett+ ,divid]s ,accurately ,to set divid]s accurately1 take a #a-;in* micromet] & cut a l9e entirely ar\nd ! ?imble z at ,a1 ,fig4 #ad1 & !n1 ) ! in/rum5t set at z]o1 make a pun* m>k ,b exactly "o in* f ! l9e on ! ?imble4 ,if less ?an "o in* is want$1 op5 out ! micromet] & set ! divid]s to ! dot & l9e s z to give "o in* m ?an ! di/ance want$4 ,n[ ) ! divid]s make two m>ks across a l9e1 z at a & b1 ,fig4 #ad1 & !n set ! divid]s to "o in* & m>k ano!r l9e z at c4 ,! di/ance f c to b is ! am\nt desir$1 & ! divid]s c be set to x4 ,great c>e mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ex]cis$1 if accurate results are requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,me?od ( ,sett+ ,divid]s ,accurately ,comb9ation ,calip] & ,divid] ,! comb9ation calip] & divid] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae is "o t is n manufactur$ by any ( ! v>i\s tool companies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! h&ie/ tools t c be 9 a ma*9i/'s kit1 z x l5ds itself to s _m v>i$ uses1 & (t5 is capable ( be+ us$ :]e only a special tool c be employ$4 ,! illu/ration sugge/s its usefulness4 ,! tool c be us$ z an outside calip]1 z an inside calip]1 & z a divid]4 ,! common =m ( ?is tool has g5]ally only "o toe on ! calip] legs1 b ! d\ble toes save ! rev]sal ( ! po9ts :5 *ang+ f outside to inside "w4 ,! divid] po9ts may be set at an angle1 :i* p]mits ( /epp+ (f readily ar\nd ! outside ( a %aft at angul> di/ances1 :]e ! ord9>y divid]s are useless4 ,a numb] ( o!r uses c\ld be m5tion$1 b any intellig5t me*anic c readily sugge/ !m = himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,comb9ation ,calip] & ,divid] ,atta*m5t = ,v]ni] ,calip]s ,:ile v]ni] & slide calip]s are v h&y %op tools1 _! usefulness is mu* m limit$ ?an x ought to be = su* exp5sive in/rum5ts4 ,9 ord] to increase ! usefulness ( ^! tools1 ! atta*m5ts %[n 9 ,fig4 #af may be made4 ,9 ! upp] left-h& "p ( ! engrav+ ! details ( a useful addition to ! calip] are %[n4 ,a is made ( ma*9e /eel1 :ile ! tongue ,b is ( tool /eel1 h>d5$ & gr\nd & lapp$ to a ?ickness ( #j4aej in*1 ! top & bottom be+ absolutely p>allel4 ,?is tongue is secur$ to ,a by ! two rivets ,,cc4 ,! ?umb-screw ,d is us$ = fa/5+ ! atta*m5t to ! slid+ jaw ( ! v]ni] or slide calip]4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! engrav+ is %[n ! base1 :i* is ( ma*9e /eel1 ) ! slot ,f mill$ = ! reception ( ! fix$ jaw ( ! calip]4 ,! set-screws ,,ggg are put 9 at a slight angle s t ! calip] w be held firmly & squ>ely 9 ?is base4 ,9 ! figure to ! left ^! pieces are %[n 9 ! position = =m+ a height gage1 = :i* purpose ! atta*m5t is mo/ commonly us$4 ,z a te/ ( ! accuracy ( its con/ruction :5 ! atta*m5t is plac$ 9 ?is position1 ! tongue ,b %\ld make a p]fect jo9t ) ! fix$ jaw ( ! calip]1 & ! v]ni] %\ld give a read+ ( exactly #j4aej4 ,:5 x is desirable t ! tongue ,b %\ld ov]hang1 ! base ,e is pu%$ back ev5 ) ! /ation>y jaw1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+ to ! "r4 ,9 ?is position x is us$ = lay+ out & te/+ bu%+s 9 jigs1 etc4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! tool 9 use = ?is purpose1 ,k be+ ! jig to be te/$4 ,all measurem5ts are f ! c5t] l9e ^u :i* ! bu%+ ,no4 #a is plac$4 ,tak+ ?is z a />t+ po9t we f9d ! calip] to read #a in*4 ,bu%+ ,no4 #b1 :i* is und]go+ ! te/1 %\ld be #e_/h in* f ?is c5t] l9e4 ,x has a -in* hole1 & we !re=e ins]t a plug ( ?is diamet]4 ,n[ adju/ ! tongue ( ! calip] to ! bottom ( ?is plug 7z %[n 9 ! engrav+7 & ! v]ni] %\ld read #a4fbe m9us "o-half ! diamet] ( ! plug1 or #a4ejj1 & any v>iation f ?is w %[ ! error ( ! jig4 ,9 ?is case ! top surface ( ,b 0 us$ & no all[ance _h to be made = its ?ickness4 ,9 case ! bottom surface is us$1 #j4aej mu/ be d$uct$ f ! read+ ( ! calip]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,atta*m5t = ,v]ni] ,calip]s ,x is v easy to make a mi/ake 9 sett+ a bu%+1 & su* a mi/ake is equally h>d to detect unless "s su* means ( measur+ z ?is is at h&4 ,x (t5 happ5s t jigs & fixtures are put into use conta9+ su* errors1 & ! tr\ble is n discov]$ until _m doll>s' wor? ( "w has be5 f9i%$ & f\nd wor?less4 ,! illu/ration %[s b "o ( ! _m uses to :i* ?is atta*m5t may be appli$4 ,! figures giv5 on ! details are correct = mak+ an atta*m5t to be us$ ^u ! ,br[n ,%>pe v]ni] calip]1 b = o!r calip]s !y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h to be alt]$ to suit4#g ,improv$ ,micromet] ,beam ,calip] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,improv$ ,micromet] ,beam ,calip] ,9 a beam calip] hav+ a slid+ micromet] jaw ) or )\t a sep>ate clamp+ slide1 x is necess>y to h ! beam divid$ into unit spaces1 at :i* ! jaw or slide may be accurately fix$1 ! micromet] screw !n be+ us$ to cov] ! di/ance betwe5 ! divisions2 b x is difficult to con/ruct a beam calip] ( ?is type ) holes = a tap] sett+ p91 at exactly equal di/ances ap>t2 consequ5tly a plan t is g5]ally foll[$ 9 mak+ su* tools is to provide z _m holes ?r\gh ! slide & beam z !re are in* divisions1 ea* hole be+ drill$ & ream$ ?r\gh bo? ! slide & beam at once4 ,if x 7 attempt$ to drill ! holes ?r\gh ! beam at exactly "o in* ap>t1 hav+ only "o hole 9 ! clamp+ head & us+ x z a jig = ! purpose1 x w\ld be f\nd v difficult1 if n impossible1 to get ! holes all ( "o size & exactly "o in* ap>t4 ,! design ( ! micromet] beam calip] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 :i* has be5 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,spald+1 ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 is su*1 h[ev]1 t x is n necess>y to drill m ?an "o hole ?r\gh ! clamp+ slide4 ,! beam ,f is groov$ longitud9ally1 & 9 ! groove are fitt$ h>d5$ /eel adju/+ blocks 9 :i* a tap] hole ,d is accurately f9i%$4 ,betwe5 ! blocks are fill+ pieces ,g1 :i* are braz$ or o!rwise fa/5$ 9 ! groove4 ,holes are drill$1 tapp$1 & c\nt]sunk betwe5 ! blocks & ! fill+ pieces ,g1 9 :i* are fitt$ tap] head screws ,,ee#a4 ,! con/ruction is ?us obvi\sly su* t ! blocks may be %ift$ longitud9ally by loos5+ "o screw & tight5+ ! o!r4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! calip]1 ! holes ?r\gh ! beam are drill$ z accurately z possible1 "o in* ap>t1 & c5t]$ 9 ! longitud9al groove1 b are made l>g] ?an ! holes 9 ! blocks1 s z to provide = slight adju/m5t4 ,l>ge ,beam ,calip] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,l>ge ,beam ,calip] ,fig4 #ah %[s a l>ge beam calip] design$ = ma*9i/s & patt]nmak]s4 ,x consi/s ( a beam ,,mn & ! legs ,r & ,s1 made ( *]ry wood to ! dim5sions indicat$4 ,! legs are secur$ 9 position on ! beam by means ( ! ?umb screws ,a1 :i* jam aga9/ ! gibs ,c at ! po9ts ( ! screws4 ,! gibs h holes c\nt]sunk = ! screws to ent]1 to hold !m approximately 9 place1 & ! nuts ,b are ( brass1 fitt$ into ! fill+ pieces ,p t keep !m f turn+4 ,! fill+ pieces are rivet$ to ! legs by means ( *]ry d[els ,d4 ,"o leg ,s is provid$ ) a f9e adju/m5t consi/+ ( flexible /eel spr+ ,h1 end+ 9 a po9t :i* is adju/$ by ! ?umb screw ,e4 ,?is screw is lock$ 9 adju/m5t by ! *eck nut ,g be>+ aga9/ ! brass nut ,f1 :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! leg z %[n4#h 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,micromet] ,,measur+ ,,in/rum5ts ,( all measur+ in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! %op int5d$ = accurate measurem5ts1 ^? work+ on ! pr9ciple ( ! ord9>y micromet] calip]s are ! mo/ common4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all describe & illu/rate a numb] ( diff]5t designs ( ^! tools1 int5d$ to be us$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,! in/rum5ts %[n 9 ,figs4 #ai to #bc 7 built1 9 leisure h\rs1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,monrad1 ( ,ea/ ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,micromet] = ,snap ,gages ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,micromet] = ,snap ,gages ,fig4 #ai %[s a =m ( micromet] t has prov$ v h&y = measur+ snap gages1 & ?icknesses1 & c also be us$ z a small height gage to measure ! di/ance f a %\ld] to ! base1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,9 measur+ snap gages or ?icknesses1 ! outside & inside ( ! measur+ disks are us$1 respectively4 ,?is in/rum5t may also come 9 v h&y :5 sett+ tools on ! plan] or %ap]4 ,z w be se5 9 ! engrav+1 !re are two sets ( graduations on ! sleeve ,a1 ?us enabl+ ! op]ator to tell at a glance :at measurem5t is obta9$ f ! outside or ! inside ( ! measur+ disks4 ,ea* ( ! disks is #j4ajj in* ?ick1 s t ! range ( ! micromet] is #j4hjj & #a4jjj in* = ! outside & inside1 respectively4 ,! details ( ! in/rum5t are z foll[s3 ,! sleeve ,a is compos$ ( ! inside measur+ disk1 ! graduat$ sleeve1 & ! micromet] nut comb9$4 ,on ! disk are two projections ,,kk1 :i* are knurl$1 ?us provid+ a grip :5 op]at+ ! tool4 ,! sleeve is ?read$ on ! inside ( "o end1 :i* acts z a micromet] nut1 & ! outside ( ?is same end is ?read$ to receive ! adju/+ nut ,d4 ,! sleeve has two slots1 ea* plac$ #ij degrees f ! graduations1 & ^! provide = comp5sation = we>4 ,! disk "p is h>d5$ by heat+ 9 a lead ba?1 & is f9i%$ by gr9d+ & lapp+4 ,! b>rel ,b is ! same z a regul> micromet] b>rel1 & is graduat$ ) #be divisions4 ,sp9dle ,e consi/s ( ! outside disk & ! micromet] screw1 & ! b>rel ,b fits on its end1 :i* is tapp$ out to receive ! spe$] ,c1 :i* s]ves to hold ! b>rel 9 position4 ,! ?read is in*1 #dj pit*1 & ! disk & un?read$ p>ts are h>d5$1 gr\nd & lapp$4 ,to adju/ ?is1 in/rum5t1 loos5 ! spe$] ,c & turn ! b>rel until ! prop] adju/m5t is obta9$4 ,!n lock ! b>rel by tight5+ ! spe$] aga94#i ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,micromet] 9 ,fig4 #ai us$ z ,height ,gage ,micromet] ,calip] ,squ>e ,fig4 #ba %[s an assembl$ view & ! details ( a micromet] calip] squ>e :i*1 if accurately made1 is equal & (t5 pref]able to ! v]ni] calip] n[ s g5]ally us$4 ,"o ( its advantages ov] ! v]ni] is t :5 ! measurem5t is tak51 x c be readily disc]n$ )\t /ra9+ ! eyes1 & ?is in/rum5t is z easy to manipulate z ! regul> micromet]4 ,9 ! details1 "p ,a1 :i* is ! ma9 body ( ! in/rum5t1 is made ( tool /eel1 ! =w>d or jaw end be+ solid ) ! body4 ,?is end is h>d5$1 & ! jaw gr\nd & lapp$4 ,! body is bor$ out & two flats mill$ on ! outside1 :i* light5 x up & make x neat 9 appe>ance4 ,! jaw end is c\nt]bor$ out ) a #de-;degree c\nt]bore to =m a be>+ = ! =w>d end ( ! micromet] screw4 ,a slot1 #a_/h in* 9 wid?1 ext5ds f ! fix$ jaw to ! o!r end1 & 9 ?is slides ! movable jaw ,c4 ,!re are #dd divisions along ! side ( ?is slot1 ea* division be+ #j4jej in* ap>t1 giv+ ! tool a range ( #b4jjj in*es = outside & #b4bjj in*es = inside measurem5ts4 ,! screw ,b is ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ?is tool1 its con/ruction requir+ great accuracy4 ,its diamet] is #c_/h in* & x is cut ) #bj ?reads p] in*4 ,on its =w>d end fits ! cone ,f1 :i* is h>d5$ & gr\nd1 ! r\nd "p act+ z ! =w>d be>+ ( ! screw & fitt+ 9 ! #de-;degree c\nt]bor$ hole 9 ! body ,a4 ,on its o!r end fits ! graduat$ b>rel ,d & also ! spe$] ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,micromet] ,calip] ,squ>e ,! b>rel is graduat$ 9 fifty divisions1 ea* division equal+ #j4jja in*4 ,on ! inside ( ! b>rel is a #de-;degree be>+ :i* rides on ! cone ,m1 ! cone be+ held /ation>y on ! end ( ! body4 ,?us x w be se5 t bo? front & back ends ( ! micromet] screw are c>ri$ 9 cone be>+s1 :i* give a v small po9t ( contact1 !reby caus+ b little friction & prev5t+ any dang] ( gumm+ up s z to run h>d4 ,! slid+ jaw ,c is made ( tool /eel1 h>d5$1 gr\nd & lapp$1 & comb9$ ) x is ! micromet] nut :i* is drawn to a spr+ temp]4 ,?is nut is split & adju/$ by two screws to comp5sate = we>4 ,on ?is jaw are ! two z]o m>ks t tell at a glance ! outside or inside measurem5ts tak54 ,! screw & wa%]1 m>k$ ,h & ,i1 g onto ! end ( ! micromet] screw & take up ! end play4 ,to make a neat appe>ance1 ! cap ,e is plac$ 9 ! =w>d c\nt]bor$ hole1 be+ held 9 place by a tight fit4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! tool is accompli%$ by loos5+ ! spe$] ,g & turn+ ! b>rel on ! screw2 :5 ! adju/m5t is made1 ! spe$] is aga9 tight5$ d[n & ! b>rel lock$4#aj ,micromet] ,dep? ,gage ,! dep? gage1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 has a -in* movem5t ( ! rod1 & may be us$ ) rods ( any desir$ l5g?4 ,^! h small #de-;degree-on-a-side grooves cut into !m at int]vals ( in*4 ,a small spiral spr+1 m>k$ ,i1 gives ! rod a con/ant d[nw>d pressure1 s t1 :5 tak+ a measurem5t1 ! base ( ! tool is plac$ on ! piece ( "w1 & ! rod always f9ds ! bottom ( ! hole2 !n1 by tight5+ ! knurl$ screw ,f ! rod is clamp$ 9 position & ! tool may be pick$ up & its measurem5t read f ! dial4 ,! graduations on ?is in/rum5t are simil> to ^? ( ! v]ni] calip]1 only !y are mu* pla9]1 z a half-in* movem5t ( ! rod turns ! dial "o complete revolution4 ,! figures on ! dial d5ote t5?s ( an in*1 & ^? on ! body ( ! tool ?\s&?s2 ea* graduation on ! dial is !re=e equal to #j4jaj1 s t to %[ ! dep? ( a hole to be #j4cgc ! dial w\ld be revolv$ ar\nd s t ! sev5? division beyond ! #c m>k w\ld be ne> to #j1 & !n by look+ f ! #j m>k t[>d ! left1 ! ?ird graduation on ! body & "o on ! dial w\ld be 9 l9e1 ?us d5ot+ #j4cgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,micromet] ,dep? ,gage ,! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ?is tool is ! ?read$ screw ,b1 :i* acts z a rack1 & ! worm-:eel1 solid ) ! dial ,c4 ,! upp] end ( ! screw =ms a split *uck :i* grips ! measur+ rods1 :ile ! "p m>k$ ,r is flatt$ (f1 & aga9/ ?is portion be>s a ?read$ sleeve ,g1 :i* acts z a key to keep ! screw 9 position4 ,?is sleeve is ?read$1 bo? inside & outside1 & screws into ! body ( ! tool1 :ile ! b9d+ screw ,f fits into x & b9ds aga9/ a small piece ( copp]1 m>k$ ,h1 :i* 9 turn holds ! screw 9 position4 ,! ?read on ,b is #j4bde in* 9 diamet] & is cut ) #dj ?reads p] in*4 ,! worm-:eel :i* me%es into ?is screw is solid ) ! dial1 z %[n at ,c4 ,x is #j4ah in* 9 diamet]1 & requires great accuracy 9 cutt+2 x is n hobb$1 b ! tee?1 ( :i* !re are tw5ty1 are mill$ ) a circul> cutt] ( ! same diamet] z ! screw ,b plus #j4jjb in*4 ,! little /uds1 m>k$ ,,ee1 on ! dial & on ! body ,k1 hold ! coil$ spr+ 9 position4 ,v great accuracy mu/ be atta9$ :5 locat+ ! holes 9 ,k t are to receive ! screw & dial ,b & ,c4 ,! screw m>k$ ,j fits into ! dial1 :]e x s]ves z a be>+ & also holds ! dial 9 position4 ,! knurl$ cap ,d tight5s ! split *uck 9 ord] to hold ! measur+ rod firmly4#aa ,indicator = ,accuracy ( ,lead-screws ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,indicator = ,accuracy ( ,lead-screws ,all ( ! tools t h be5 describ$ require an accurately cut screw1 &1 z v few la!s are capable ( produc+ ?is1 x may be well to illu/rate an indicator = te/+ ! accuracy ( ! lead-screw1 & to expla9 ! me?od by :i* x is us$4 ,?is in/rum5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 :]e x is appli$ to a te/ screw ,k4 ,x consi/s ( a body ,a on "o end ( :i* is a projection ,l s]v+ z ! upp] be>+ = ! pivot$ lev] ,d4 ,?is lev] sw+s ab\t a small /eel pivot :i* c be adju/$ by ! screw ,e4 ,! re> end ( ! lev] is =k$1 & betwe5 ! prongs is pass$ a ?read mak+ a d\ble turn ab\t ! pivot ,f t c>ries ! po9t] ,j4 ,any movem5t ( ?is lev] w1 !re=e1 cause ?is po9t] to revolve ab\t ! dial ,c4 ,?is dial has #bj divisions1 ea* indicat+ "o-half ?\s&? ( an in* movem5t ( ! front end ( ! lev]1 s t a total revolution ( ! po9t] ab\t ! dial w\ld indicate a movem5t ( ! front end ( ! lev] ( #j4jbj in*4 ,! screws ,i s]ve to hold ! dial 9 place on ! body ( ! indicator1 :ile ! spr+ ,m keeps ! po9t] normally at ! z]o m>k4 ,! indicator is held 9 ! toolpo/ by ! arm ,g1 :i* c be set at any angle & firmly clamp$ by ! screw ,h4 ,to use ! indicator1 remove ! screw f a micromet] :i* is kn[n to be accurate1 &1 ) ! aid ( a brass bu%+1 *uck x 9 ! la! s t ! ?read end w project4 ,n[ ge> ! la! to cut #dj ?reads p] in* & apply ! indicator4 ,:5 ! la! is />t$1 ! po9t ( ! indicator foll[s along 9 ! ?read ( ! micromet] screw1 & any v>iation 9 ! lead w be not$ by a movem5t ( ! po9t] ov] ! dial4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 no movem5t takes place1 x is an indication t ! pit* ( ! lead-screw is correct4#ab ,micromet] ,atta*m5t = ,read+ ,t5-?\s&?s ( an ,in* ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,micromet] ) ,atta*m5t = ,read+ ,t5-?\s&?s ( an ,in* ,fig4 #bd %[s an atta*m5t = micromet]s design$ & made = read+s 9 t5?s ( ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,) v little fitt+ x is int]*angeable = #a-1 #b-1 or #c-;in* ,b4 ,s4 micromet]s4 ,! idea is simple1 z c be se5 by ! illu/ration4 ,! diamet] ( ! ?imble is increas$ #c to #a by a disk :i* is graduat$ ) #bej l9es in/ead ( #be1 mak+ ea* l9e repres5t #j4jjja in* in/ead ( #j4jja in*4 ,a piece ( /eel is !n turn$ up & bor$ & cut away s z to =m ! index blade & a %ell to clasp ! micromet] frame1 ! :ole ?+ be+ made 9 "o piece4 ,! ?imble disk be+ j a good wr++ fit1 x c be easily adju/$ #j to #j4 ,! atta*m5t c be remov$ :5 f9e measur+ is n requir$4#ac ,special ,micromet] = ,l>ge ,dim5sions ,fig4 #be %[s a #f-;in* micromet] calip] design$ = measur+ f #j to #f in*es by half-?\s&?s4 ,! slid+ micromet] head travels on a cyl9d] b>rel ?r\gh :i* a hole is accurately bor$ to suit ?ree plugs1 "o1 two1 & ?ree in*es long1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,^! plugs s]ve to locate ! travel+ head at fix$ di/ances "o in* ap>t4 ,! micromet] screw itself has a travel ( "o in*1 l any /&>d micromet]4 ,a locknut is us$ to hold ! screw 9 any desir$ position4 ,a ?umb screw at ! end ( ! b>rel be>s aga9/ ! end plug1 & z]o m>ks are provid$ to br+ ! screw aga9/ ! plug ) ! same degree ( pressure at ea* sett+4 ,:5 ! head is clamp$ by means ( ! lock+ nut1 x is z rigid z ?\gh x 7 solid ) ! b>rel1 & ! faces ( ! measur+ po9ts are ?us always p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,special ,micromet] = ,l>ge ,dim5sions ,comb9ation ,micromet] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,comb9$ ,"o- & ,two-in* ,micromet] ,a comb9$ "o- & two-in* micromet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,"o side records measurem5ts up to "o in*1 & ! o!r side up to two in*es4 ,a s+le knurl$ sleeve or nut s]ves to move ! d\ble-end$ measur+ piece "o way or ! o!r z desir$1 ?is piece hav+ a travel ( "o in*4 ,! sp9dle is non-rotat+1 s t ! faces ( ! screw & anvil are always p>allel4 ,a lock+ device holds ! screw 9 any position4 ,?is tool is conv5i5t = use bo? 9 measur+ & z a gage1 s9ce x c be conv5i5tly held by ! f+] r+ appe>+ at ! back4 ,micromet] ,/op = ! ,la! ,mo/ micromet] la! /ops are limit$ 9 _! use to "w :]e only a /ation>y height is requir$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 necess>y to use ! /op at diff]5t heights1 to accommodate diff]5t la!s2 !n aga91 we wi% to use x on ! "r-h& side z well z ! left4 ,! =m ( hold] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg c be us$ ei!r "r or left1 & = v>i\s heights1 &1 by simply tak+ out ! screw ,a1 ! micromet] may be remov$ & us$ 9 any o!r =m ( hold] desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,micromet] ,/op = ! ,la! ,bo? an assembl$ view & details ( ! hold] are %[n 9 ! engrav+1 s t x c be easily con/ruct$ by any "o desir+ to d s4 ,! micromet] & b>rel may be procur$ f any ( ! manufactur]s ( measur+ in/rum5ts4 ,! swivel ,c is bor$ out s t ! axis ( ! micromet] screw w be p>allel to ! body ( ! hold] :5 x is 9 place4 ,! swivel is made ( tool /eel & is fa/5$ to ! hold] by ! screw ,a4 ,x is h>d5$ & lapp$ to a true be>+ surface on ! sides & bottom1 & s adju/$ t x w turn to ei!r side & rema9 9 ! desir$ position )\t mov+ ! screw4 ,! hold] ,b is mill$ ?r\gh its entire l5g? ) a #ij-;degree cutt] s t x w fit along ! ways ( ! la!1 & ! bottom is lapp$ to a true surface4 ,= a neat appe>ance1 ! tool %\ld be color h>d5$4 ,on top ! hold] is spott$ or c\nt]sunk ) a drill to =m a recess = ! ,c-clamp4 ,a knurl$ r+ ,d is driv5 onto ! micromet] sleeve s t x c be turn$ ar\nd to br+ ! graduations upp]mo/ :5 ! position ( ! b>rel is *ang$4#ad ,micromet] ,surface & ,height ,gage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,micromet] ,surface & ,height ,gage ,fig4 #bh %[s a =m ( surface gage t has prov$ v h&y1 & :i* c be us$ also z a height gage = measur+ di/ances f %\ld]s to ! base4 ,if accurately made x is equal1 & (t5 pref]able1 to ! v]ni] or slide calip] n[ s g5]ally us$ ) an atta*m5t to ! slid+ jaw4 ,"o ( its advantages ov] ! v]ni] is ! read9ess ) :i* ! graduations are disc]n$1 & x is z easy to manipulate z ! ord9>y micromet]4 ,! "p ,b1 :i* =ms ! ma9 body ( ! in/rum5t1 is made ( tool /eel1 & "o end is fitt$ into ! base :]e x is held 9 position by ! screw ,d4 ,! rema9d] is mill$ to a ?ickness ( #a_/h in* & has graduations ( #j4jbe in* = a di/ance ( ?ree in*es4 ,! screw ,a is ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! tool1 & its con/ruction requires great accuracy4 ,its diamet] is in*1 & x is cut ) #bj ?reads p] in*4 ,9 ! upp] end ( ! screw is driv5 ! ball ,h = ! sake ( giv+ a neat appe>ance4 ,! top ( ! ?read is turn$ (f #j4jaj in* to all[ ! scrib] ,f to slide freely on ! screw4 ,! b>rel ,i is us$ = rais+ & l[]+ ! slide1 b in/ead ( hav+ ! graduations plac$ directly ^u x1 !y are made ^u ! sleeve ,c1 :i* fits ov] a %\ld] on ! b>rel4 ,?is all[s m easy means ( adju/m5t ?an w\ld be possible 7 ! graduations plac$ on ! b>rel itself4 ,! sleeve is graduat$ ) fifty divisions ea* equal+ a movem5t ( ! scrib] ( #j4jja in*4 ,?is sleeve may be turn$ by means ( a small spann] wr5* s z to br+ ! z]o l9e into correct position to comp5sate = we>4 ,a knurl$ lock+ nut is also provid$ = hold+ ! scrib] 9 any fix$ position4 ,! scrib] itself is h>d5$ & lapp$ to a f9i%$ surface1 ! tail end be+ slott$ & provid$ ) two screws to comp5sate = we>4 ,on ! scrib] is plac$ ! z]o m>k :i* %[s at a glance ! measurem5t t is be+ tak54 ,! block ,k is ?ree in*es 9 height1 & by us+ ?is block & plac+ ! gage on its top1 ! range ( ! gage is increas$ to six in*es4 ,! screw ,e is us$ = fa/5+ ! gage to ! top ( ! block4 ,! c5t] ( ! block is drill$ out & slots cut ?r\gh ! sides 9 ord] to make x light & neat 9 appe>ance4#ae ,micromet] ( f ,"o- to ,five-in* ,capacity ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,micromet] ( f ,"o- to ,five-in* ,capacity ,fig4 #bi %[s a v simple & light five-in* micromet] t c be quickly set to exact position f "o to five in*es4 ,! r\nd beam is graduat$ by a s]ies ( angul> grooves1 #a in* ap>t1 :i* are ( su* a =m & dep? t ! clamp+ f+]s at ! end ( "p ,a spr+ 91 all[+ "o in* adju/m5t ( ! beam to be quickly & positively made4 ,! sleeve ,k is ( tool /eel1 be+ c\nt]bor$ f ! =w>d end = all b "o-half in* ( its l5g?4 ,= ?is half in* x is ?read$ on ! inside & acts z a micromet] nut4 ,! outside ( ! same end is ?read$ to receive ! adju/+ nut ,f1 & two slots are cut 9 ! sleeve1 at #ij degrees ) ! graduations4 ,^! slots1 by a movem5t ( ! nut ,f1 provide a means = comp5sat+ = we>4 ,! bu%+ ,e is h>d5$ & lapp$1 & fitt$ tightly 9 ! =w>d c\nt]bore ( ?is sleeve1 :]e x acts z a guide = ! front end ( ! micromet] screw4 ,! b>rel ,j is ! same z t ( a regul> micromet]1 & is graduat$ 9 #j4jbe in* divisions4 ,! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! tool is ! ?read$ screw ,i1 ov] ! end ( :i* fits ! b>rel ,j4 ,! end is tapp$ out to receive ! spe$] ,h1 :i* s]ves to hold ! b>rel 9 position4 ,! ?read is #e_/af in* 9 diamet]1 ) #dj ?reads p] in*1 :ile ! un?read$ "p is h>d5$1 gr\nd & lapp$4 ,to adju/ ! in/rum5t1 loos5 ! spe$] ,h & turn ! b>rel until ! prop] adju/m5t is obta9$2 lock ! b>rel by aga9 tight5+ ! spe$]4 ,! beam ,c has a -in* hole drill$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? 9 ord] to make x light4 ,small #ij-;degree grooves are cut into x at int]vals ( #a in*1 & a #a_/h-;in* slot is mill$ ?r\gh "o side to )9 #a in* ( ! =w>d end4 ,! back end ( "p ,a =ms a spr+-temp]$ split *uck1 :i* grips ! beam & holds ,a 9 position1 :ile ! ext]ior is ?read$ to receive ! knurl$ cap ,b by :i* ! *uck is tight5$ firmly to ! beam4 ,f ! front end1 t[>d ! split *uck1 ! body is c\nt]bor$ #e_/h in* & ! bu%+ ,d driv5 9 tight4 ,?is bu%+ has a key ,g fitt$ into x1 :i* slides 9 ! slot ( ! beam & prev5ts ! arm f turn+4 ,! project+ arm is bor$ & tapp$ to receive ! sleeve ,k4 ,?is gage mu/ be c>efully & accurately made to be ( value4#af ,inside ,micromet] = ,sett+ ,calip]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,me?od ( ,sett+ ,calip]s f ,inside ,micromet]s ,fig4 #cj %[s an application ( inside micromet]s :i* is v h&y4 ,! hole = ! scrib] 9 ! scrib] clamp ( a surface gage is ream$ out to fit ! rods us$ ) inside micromet]s4 ,?is =ms a conv5i5t hold] = ! micromet] :5 us$ = sett+ outside calip]s to x4 ,! calip]s c be set easily & accurately at ! same "t1 & :]e extreme accuracy is n necess>y ?is arrangem5t is m h&y ?an t ( us+ l>ge-siz$ micromet]s4 ,) c>e & practice an accuracy ( )9 "o-qu>t] ( #j4jja in* is obta9able 9 ?is way4 ,mi/akes1 9 fact1 are m easily gu>d$ aga9/ ?an is ! case :5 us+ ! micromet]s directly4 ,micromet] ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,useful & ,h&y ,micromet] ,frame ,fig4 #ca %[s a micromet] frame us$ "s ye>s ago at ! ,we/+h\se works4 ,! frame is an alum9um ca/+1 & ! anvil is simply a tool-/eel p91 :i* fits well 9 ! hole into :i* x is ins]t$1 & c be clamp$ any:]e )9 ! limits ( its l5g?4 ,! micromet] end ( ! frame is suppli$ ) an inside micromet] head4 ,! tool is adju/$ to a gage1 ei!r to a /&>d p9 gage1 or to an inside micromet] gage4 ,! capacities ( ?ree ( ^! micromet]s 9 a set may be f ab\t #c to #g in*es1 #f to #aa in*es1 & #aj to #ae in*es4 ,:5 ! head is turn$ outw>d1 z %[n 9 ! l[] view 9 ! cut1 ! tool is v h&y ar\nd a horizontal bor+ ma*9e :]e a p9 gage _c be us$ )\t remov+ ! bor+ b>4 ,micromet] ,/op = ! ,la! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,micromet] ,/op = ! ,la! ,! simple micromet] /op %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb is us$ on ! eng9e la! = obta9+ accurate movem5ts ( ! la! c>riage4 ,x consi/s ( a micromet] head1 :i* c be pur*as$ f any micromet] manufactur]1 & a ma*9e /eel body :i* is bor$ to fit ! micromet] head4 ,?is tool is clamp$ on ! front way ( ! la! b$1 & :5 ! jaw ( ! micromet] is aga9/ ! la! c>riage1 x c easily be adju/$ to a ?\s&? ( an in*4 ,( c\rse1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to bump ! c>riage aga9/ ! micromet]4#ag ,use ( ,micromet] = ,int]nal ,?read ,cutt+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,me?od ( us+ ,micromet] = ,int]nal ,?read ,cutt+ ,fig4 #cc illu/rates a means ( det]m9+ ! size ( int]nally ?read$ "w4 ,! "w %[n is int5d$ = a la! *uck4 ,! outside diamet] ( ! hub on ! "w is turn$ to ! same size z ! hubs on small faceplates :i* are furni%$ ) all new la!s4 ,! ?read$ size is !n tak5 & transf]r$ ) a micromet]1 ov] ! anvil ( :i* is fitt$ a #fj-;degree po9t z %[n enl>g$ at ,a4 ,9 connection ) a graduat$ cross-fe$ screw ?is greatly facilitates ! "w ov] ! usual cut-&-try me?od4#ah ,inside ,micromet] ,! inside micromet] %[n 9 sections 9 ,figs4 #cd & #ce is adapt$ to measur+1 by use ( ext5sion rods1 f #b in*es up to any size ( hole1 & has "o in* adju/m5t ( ! measur+ screw4 ,illu/ration3 #ce ,ref]r+ to ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 ! measur+ screw ,s is secur$ to ! ?imble ,b ) ! screw ,d1 ! head ( :i* is h>d5$ & =ms ! anvil4 ,by loos5+ ?is screw ,d1 ! ?imble c be rotat$ to comp5sate = we>4 ,! we> ( ! measur+ screw & nut is tak5 up by screw+ ! bu%+ ,a into ! frame ) ! wr5* %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,?is bu%+ is split 9 ?ree sections = ab\t two-?irds ( its l5g? on ! ?read$ end4 ,! ?ree small lugs on ! wr5* fit into ^! slots4 ,! h&le end ( ! wr5* is a screw driv] :i* is us$ = manipulat+ ! set screw ,c4 ,! bu%+ is made an easy fit 9 ! frame on its pla9 end & tap]$1 z %[n1 on its outside ?read$ "p4 ,?is ?read be+ ! same pit* z ! measur+ screw1 adju/m5t = we> does n affect ! read+ ( ! micromet]4 ,?is mann] ( adju/m5t br+s ! nut squ>ely d[n on ! measur+ screw = its :ole l5g?1 pres5t+ ! same am\nt ( we>+ surface aft] adju/m5t z :5 new4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,h&le = ,inside ,micromet] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,wr5* us$ ) ,inside ,micromet] ,! po9t ,f1 :i* is h>d5$ on its out] end1 screws into ! frame1 & is secur$ by ! tap]-head$ screw ,o1 :i* screws into & exp&s ! split & ?read$ end ( ! po9t ,f4 ,! h&le1 ,fig4 #cf1 clamps ov] ! knurl$ "p ( ! frame = use 9 small1 deep holes4 ,! rods1 six 9 numb]1 runn+ f #a to #f in*es inclusive1 are made by screw+ a sleeve onto a rod ) a h>d5$ po9t & lock+ x ) a tap]-head$ screw on its ?read$ & split end1 ! same z 9 ! po9t ,f4 ,! ext5sion pieces1 ,fig4 #ch1 are adju/able1 on _! socket$ ends1 9 ! same way1 & run 9 l5g?s ( #f1 #ab1 #ah in*es1 etc4#ai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,adju/able ,ext5sion ,pieces = ,inside ,micromet] ,direct ,fractional-read+ ,micromet] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,direct ,fractional-read+ ,micromet] ,! direct fractional-read+ micromet] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci is ! result ( talks ) _m me*anics 9 :i* all agre$ t su* a feature add$ to a micromet] w\ld1 by mak+ x bo? a fractional & decimal gage1 m ?an d\ble its practical value4 ,:ile approximate read+s 9 #fd?s1 etc41 may be obta9$ by ! graduations on ! b>rel ,b z on an ord9>y in* scale1 ! exact read+s ( #fd?1 etc41 may be obta9$ only by ref]5ce to graduations on ! movable ?imble ,a4 ,!re are b eight places on ,a :i* co9cide ) ! long graduation l9e on ,b :5 any #fd?1 #cb;d1 #af?1 or #h? is be+ measur$1 & ea* ( ^! eight places is m>k$ ) a l9e1 & ! #fd?1 #cb;d1 #af?1 or #h? = :i* t l9e %\ld be us$ is m>k$ !reon4 7,see a & b1 ,fig4 #dj47 ,! l9e a w\ld be us$ = #c_/cb1 #g_/cb1 #aa_/cb1 etc41 & ! l9e b = #a_/fd1 #i_/fd1 #ag_/fd1 etc4 ,n[ suppose we wi% to accurately measure #ae_/cb in*4 ,we fir/ r\ghly read x (f ! in* scale on sleeve ,b by turn+ out ?imble ,a4 ,hav+ secur$ x closely by draw+ edge ( ,a ov] t graduation1 we f9d t ! l9e a 7,fig4 #dj7 on ! movable ?imble v ne>ly or exactly co9cides ) ! long graduation l9e on ,b4 ,:5 ^! l9es co9cide1 we h ! exact measurem5t ( #ae_/cb in* )\t ref]5ce to h[ _m ?\s&?s may be conta9$ 9 ! fraction4 ,?us all ?r\gh ! scale any fraction may be f\nd in/antly4 ,!re is no m5tal ari?metic1 use ( tables1 or memory "w 9 us+ ! tool4 ,! new graduations are indep5d5t ( ! old1 & may be us$ equally well ) or )\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,graduations on ! ,fractional-read+ ,micromet] ,micromet]s may also be graduat$ z 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! z]o l9e on ,a z a base l9e1 a po9t is tak5 "o-fif? ( a turn ar\nd ,a1 & ! graduat$ scale on ,b is plac$ to correspond1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+2 also1 in/ead ( mak+ l9es a1 b1 etc41 on ,a1 full l5g?1 !y are made ab\t half an in* long1 & ! num]ators are entirely omitt$ & ! d5om9ators plac$ at ! end in/ead ( "u ! l9e4 ,to ! ord9>y us] ( ! tool1 ?is is all t is necess>y = a p]fectly cle> read+ ( ! fractions4#bj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,ano!r ,me?od ( ,graduat+ = ,fractional ,read+ ,s5sitive ,atta*m5t = ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts ,no matt] h[ f9ely & accurately micromet]s & v]ni]s may be made1 dep5d5ce mu/ 9 all cases be plac$ on ! s5sitiv5ess ( a man's h& to obta9 ! exact dim5sions ( ! piece to be measur$4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ?is difficulty & elim9ate ! p]sonal equation 9 ! manufacture ( duplicate & int]*angeable p>ts1 ! s5sitive atta*m5t to ! micromet] %[n 9 ,fig4 #db may be us$1 & w be f\nd ( mu* value4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,s5sitive ,micromet] ,atta*m5t ,! auxili>y b>rel ,a is held to ! anvil ( ! micromet] by means ( a ?umb screw ,b4 ,at ! inside end ( ! b>rel is a second>y anvil ,c1 ! base ( :i* be>s aga9/ ! %ort arm ( ! indicat+ lev] ,d4 ,! action w be cle>ly se5 by ref]5ce to ! engrav+4 ,! micromet] is s set t :5 a gage1 ,g1 ( exact size1 is plac$ betwe5 ! measur+ po9ts1 ! long arm ( ! indicator /&s at ! #j m>k4 ,if ! pieces be+ calip]$ v>y 9 ! lea/ f ! /&>d size x w be readily not$ by ! movem5t ( ! po9t]4 ,h>d rubb] %apes turn$ f r\gh ca/+ (t5 v>y f #j4jjc to #j4jje in* aft] hav+ pass$ ! inspector's te/ ) an ord9>y micromet]4 ,) ?is atta*m5t ! inspector's help] c detect v m9ute v>iations f ! limit size4 ,any?+ )9 ! limits ( ! micromet] c be made to %[ to ! nak$ eye v>iations z small z a t5-?\s&? in*4#ba ,ano!r ,s5sitive ,micromet] ,atta*m5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,ano!r ,s5sitive ,micromet] ,atta*m5t ,:5 te/+ ! diamet]s ( pieces t are h&l$ 9 great quantities & are all suppos$ to be )9 c]ta9 close limits ( a /&>d dim5sion1 ! ord9>y micromet] pres5ts ! difficulty ( hav+ to be mov$ = ea* piece1 & small v>iations 9 diamet]s h to be c>efully read (f f ! graduations on ! b>rel4 ,n only does ?is take a comp>atively long "t1 b x also easily happ5s t ! diff]5ces f ! /&>d diamet] are n c>efully not$1 & pieces are liable to pass inspection t w\ld n pass if a conv5i5t arrangem5t = read+ (f ! diff]5ces 7 at h&4 ,fig4 #dc %[s a regul> ,br[n ,%>pe micromet] fitt$ ) a s5sitive arrangem5t = te/+ & inspect+ ! diamet]s ( pieces :i* mu/ be )9 c]ta9 close limits ( v>iation4 ,! addition to ! ord9>y micromet] is all at ! anvil end ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! anvil itself is loose & consi/s ( a plung] ,b1 held 9 place by a small p9 ,a4 ,! p9 has fre$om to move 9 a slot 9 ! micromet] body1 z %[n 9 ! enl>g$ view 9 ! cut4 ,a spr+ ,c holds ! plung] ,b up aga9/ ! "w to be measur$1 & a screw ,d is provid$ = obta9+ ! prop] t5sion 9 ! spr+4 ,! screw & ! spr+ are conta9$ 9 an ext5sion ,e screw$ & d[el$ to ! body ( ! micromet]4 ,a po9t] or indicator is provid$ :i* is pivot$ at ,f & has "o ext5sional arm re/+ aga9/ ! p9 ,a1 :i* is po9t$ 9 ord] to secure a l9e contact4 ,at ! end ( ! indicator a small scale is graduat$ ) ! z]o m>k 9 ! c5t]1 & z ! indicator sw+s to "o side or ! o!r ! v>iations 9 ! size ( ! piece measur$ are easily det]m9$4 ,a small spr+ ,g is provid$ = hold+ ! po9t] up aga9/ ! p9 ,a4 ,! case ,h simply s]ves ! purpose ( protect+ ! spr+ m5tion$4 ,z ! plung] ,b takes up m space ?an ! regul> anvil1 ! read+s ( ! micromet] _c be direct4 ,! plung] ,b c be made ( su* dim5sions1 h[ev]1 t #j4ajj in* d$uct$ f ! b>rel & ?imble read+ w give ! actual dim5sion4 ,su* a d$uction is easily done 9 all cases4 ,9 o!r words1 ! read+ ( ! micromet] %\ld be #j4ajj :5 ! face ( ! measur+ screw is 9 contact ) ! face ( ! plung]2 ! #j4ajj in* m>k is ?us ! z]o l9e ( ?is measur+ tool4 ,:5 desir+ to measure a numb] ( pieces1 a /&>d size piece or gage is plac$ betwe5 ! plung] ,b & ! face ,l ( ! micromet] screw1 & ! in/rum5t is adju/$ until ! indicator po9ts exactly to z]o on ! small scale provid$ on ! body ( ! micromet]4 ,aft] ?is ! micromet] is lock$1 & ! pieces to be measur$ are pu%$ "o aft] ano!r betwe5 ! face ,l & ! plung] ,b1 ! indications ( ! po9t] ,m be+ mean:ile obs]v$4 ,:5ev] ! po9t] %[s too great a diff]5ce1 ! piece1 ( c\rse1 does n pass inspection4 ,all deviations are easily detect$1 & any p]son ( ord9>y common s5se c be employ$ = inspect+ ! "w4 ,micromet] ,scale ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,micromet] ,m\nt$ on ,ma*9i/'s ,scale ,a micromet]1 m\nt$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd is v h&y4 ,! micromet] may be us$ 9 comb9ation ) a #d-1 #f-1 #i-1 or #ab-;in* scale4 ,x c be adju/$ on /&>d plugs1 or "o c make a set ( gages up to #ab in*es1 out ( #c_/af-;in* r\nd tool /eel wire1 & use ^! = sett+4 ,9 m\nt+ ! micromet]1 be=e cutt+ x ap>t1 mill ! %\ld]s %[n at ,a1 & 9 mill+ ! bottom pieces ,b1 use a piece ( ma*9e /eel long en\gh = bo?1 cutt+ ! piece 9 half aft] mill+ ! slots4 ,9 ?is way "o obta9s p]fect alignm5t4 ,9 a %op :]e a set ( l>ge micromet]s is n kept1 ?is arrangem5t is v useful4#bb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,miscellane\s ,,measur+ ,,tools ,,& ,,gages ,among ! miscellane\s measur+ tools & gages dealt ) 9 ?is *apt] are tools & gages = measur+ & comp>+ tap]s1 adju/able gages1 radius gages1 gages = gr9d+ drills1 s5sitive gages1 tools = gag+ tap] ?read$ holes1 cont\r gages1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 ^! are (f]$ m]ely z examples ( :at c be done 9 ! l9e ( measur+ tools = diff]5t purposes1 &1 :ile hav+ a di/9ct & direct value to ! me*anic1 !y also h a great indirect value1 because !y furni% sugge/ions = ! design+ & mak+ ( tools = simil> purposes4 ,tool = ,measur+ ,tap]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,tap] ,measur+ ,tool ,fig4 #de %[s a tool :i* has prov$ v useful4 ,x is a tool = measur+ tap]s on d[el p9s1 ream]s1 drill %anks1 or any?+ to be tap]$4 ,mo/ ma*9i/s "k t to f9d ! tap] ( a %ank !y mu/ use _! calip]s = "o end & reset !m = ! o!r end2 or else calip] two places1 say1 ?ree in*es ap>t1 & if1 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce %\ld be #a_/af in*1 !y mu/ multiply ?is diff]5ce by f\r to get ! tap] p] foot4 ,) ! tool above m5tion$1 all ?is tr\ble 9 calip]+ & figur+ is sav$4 ,simply place ! %ank or ream] to be measur$ betwe5 p9s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 & slide ,h & ,k toge!r4 ,!n ! tap] c be read at once on ! graduat$ scale at ,l4 ,! con/ruction ( ! tool w be readily und]/ood4 ,! body or base ,f has a cross piece support+ ! two p9s ,a & ,b4 ,on ?is slides piece ,k1 :i* has at its "r end ! graduat$ segm5t4 ,! screw ,g is fa/ to piece ,k1 & ^u x swivels ! po9t] ,e1 :i* c>ries ! two p9s ,c & ,d4 ,?us ^! two p9s c be br\ght into contact ) a tap]$ piece ( any diamet] )9 ! capacity ( ! tool1 & ! swivel screw ,g all[s ! p9s to adju/ !mselves to ! tap] ( ! "w & ! po9t] ,e to move to ! left or "r1 %[+ in/antly ! tap] p] foot4 ,z ! p9s ,a & ,b are #a in* ap>t1 :i* is #a_/h ( a foot1 & ! di/ance f ,g to ,l is #d in*es1 :i* is ?ree times long] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ! graduations %\ld be #c_/fd in* ap>t1 9 ord] to indicate ! tap] p] foot 9 eigh?s ( an in*4#bc ,tap] ,gage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,h&y ,tap] ,gage ,a h&y tap] gage is %[n 9 ,fig4 #df4 ,! blades ( ! gage are made ( tool /eel4 ,! edge ( ! blade ,a is ,v-%ap$1 & ! blade ,b has a ,v-groove to correspond4 ,! end ( ,b is (fset s z to make ! jo9t & all[ ! two blades to be 9 ! same plane4 ,a /rong screw & nut are provid$ to hold ! blades at any sett+4 ,! us] ( ?is gage looks "u ! edge ( ,a1 & is !reby enabl$ to tell :e!r ! tap] co9cides ) t set by ! gage1 & also :]e a tap] piece ne$s t\*+ up to make x true4#bd ,te/ ,gage = ,ma9ta9+ ,/&>d ,tap]s ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,te/ ,gage = ,ma9ta9+ ,/&>d ,tap]s ,9 /eam injector "w1 accurately gr\nd ream]s ( unusual tap]s are commonly requir$1 & ! gage %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg 0 design$ to ma9ta9 ! prevail+ /&>d4 ,x consi/s ( a graduat$ b>1 #a in* squ>e1 ) ! slot ,f runn+ its entire l5g?4 ,! /ation>y head ,a is secur$ 9 position flu% ) ! end ( ! b>1 & ! slid+ head ,b is fitt$ ) a tongue :i* guides x 9 ! slot4 ,?is head may be secur$ 9 any desir$ position by means ( a knurl$ ?umb nut4 ,! bu%+s ,d & ,d' are made ( tool /eel1 h>d5$ & gr\nd to a knife edge on ! inside flu% ) ! face4 ,all bu%+s are made int]*angeable z to outside diamet]4 ,! head ,b is fitt$ ) an indicat+ edge ,e :i* is set flu% ) ! knife edge ( ! bu%+4 ,! read+ indicates to #j4jaj in* ! di/ance ! bu%+s are f ea* o!r1 & ! diff]5ce 9 _! diamet] be+ kn[n1 x is easy to compute ! tap]4 ,) ?is gage x is possible to ma9ta9 ! /&>d tap]s p]fectly correct1 ea* ream] be+ m>k$ ) ! read+ z %[n by ! scale4#be ,inside & ,outside ,adju/able ,gages ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,adju/able ,gage = ,inside & ,outside ,measurem5ts ,fig4 #dh %[s an inside & an outside adju/able gage = accurate "w1 us$ 9 lay+ out drill jigs1 & 9 sett+ tools on la!s1 %ap]s1 plan]s1 & mill+ ma*9es4 ,! outside gage is %[n 9 ! side view & 9 ! sectional end view m>k$ ,y4 ,at ,x 9 ! same figure is a sectional end view %[+ h[ ! gage is con/ruct$ = inside "w4 ,! top & bottom edges are r\nd$1 s t ! diamet]s ( holes may be easily measur$4 ,! gage consi/s ( a /epp$ block ,b1 m\nt$ s z to slide ^u ! incl9$ edge ( ! block ,c4 ,!re are ,v-ways ^u ! upp] edge ( ! latt]1 & ! block ,b is split & arrang$ to clamp ov] ! ways by ! screw %[n at ,s4 ,all p>ts ( ! gage are h>d5$ & ! faces ( ! /eps m>k$ ,a1 are gr\nd & f9i%$ s t at any position ( ! slide !y are p>allel to ! base ( ! block ,c4 ,! l[] split portion ( ! block is spr+-temp]$ to prev5t break+ "u ! action ( ! screw1 & also to cause x to spr+ op5 :5 loos5$4 ,! gage has ! advantage t x c be quickly adju/$ to any size )9 its limits1 :i* does away ) us+ blocks4 ,9 plan+ a piece to a giv5 ?ickness1 ! gage may be set to t height ) great accuracy by means ( a micromet] calip]1 & !n ! plan] or %ap] tool adju/$ d[n to ! gage4 ,?is me?od does away ) ! cut-&-try process1 & w br+ ! f9i%+ cut )9 #j4jja in* ( ! requir$ size4 ,if ! piece be+ plan$1 or ! op5+ to be measur$1 is l>g] ?an ! extreme limit ( ! gage1 p>allels may be us$4 ,9 fitt+ bu%+s into bu%+ holes1 ! adju/able gage may be mov$ out to fit ! hole1 & !n1 :5 ! bu%+ is f9i%$ to ! diamet] giv5 by ! gage1 z det]m9$ by a micromet] calip]1 a driv+ fit is ensur$4#bf ,radius ,gage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,radius ,gage ,fig4 #di %[s a radius gage :i* has prov$ to be v h&y = all su* "w z r\nd+ corn]s or gr9d+ tools to a giv5 radius4 ,! blades are ( ?9 /eel1 & are fa/5$ toge!r at ! end by a rivet1 ?us =m+ a tool simil> to ! famili> screw pit* gage4 ,! "r-h& corn] ( ea* blade is r\nd$ (f to ! giv5 radius1 :ile ! left-h& corn] is cut away to ! same radius1 ?us provid+ an in/rum5t to be us$ = ei!r convex or concave surfaces4 ,! radius to :i* ea* blade is %ap$ is pla9ly /amp$ ^u ! side4#bg ,gage = ,gr9d+ ,drills ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,gage = ,gr9d+ ,drills ,fig4 #ej %[s a gage = use 9 gr9d+ drills1 :i* has be5 f\nd v h&y & accurate4 ,?is gage enables ei!r a l>ge or small drill to lie solidly 9 ! groove provid$ = x on top ( ! gage1 & ! lips c !n be te/$ = _! tru? 9 wid?1 or angle1 mu* easi] & quick] ?an ) ! gages 9 common use )\t ! groove4 ,!re is a l9e1 to set ! blade ,b by1 on ! /ock at an angle ( #ei degrees at ! top ( ! graduat$ blade1 & ! us] c easily make o!r l9es1 if ne$$ = special "w4 ,! blade is clamp$ 9 position by ! knurl$ nut ,n at ! back1 & c be ?us adju/$ to any angle4 ,! /ock ,a is cut away :]e ! blade is pivot$ on1 s t "o side ( ! blade comes directly 9 l9e ) ! middle ( ! groove4#bh ,tool = ,gag+ ,tap] ,?read$ ,holes ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,tool = ,gag+ ,tap] ,?read$ ,holes ,! tool %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea is us$ = gag+ tap] ?read$ holes 9 boil]s :5 fitt+ /uds4 ,x is a simple1 ?\gh v useful & economical tool1 & x w d\btless be appreciat$ by ^? hav+ mu* "w ( ?is k9d to d4 ,! hole 9 :i* ! /ud is to be fitt$ is calip]$ by fill+ ! ?reads ( ! plug ) *alk1 & !n screw+ ! plug 9 ! hole4 ,:5 ! plug is remov$ ! *alk w %[ exactly ! l>ge/ diamet] ( ! hole4#bi ,cont\r ,gage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,sett+ ,cont\r ,gage to ,turn$ ,sample ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,end ,view ( ,cont\r ,gage ,figs4 #eb1 #ec & #ed illu/rate a special tool :i* w be f\nd ( great value 9 c]ta9 classes ( "w4 ,! ne$ ( "s su* device becomes app>5t :5 patt]ns & core boxes are requir$ to be accurately *eck$ ) ! draw+s ( brass specialties1 9 p>ticul>4 ,! tool is appli$ to ! "w1 & ! wires press$ d[n onto ! cont\r by us+ ! side ( a lead p5cil4 ,( c\rse1 patt]ns p>t$ on ! c5t] c\ld h _! halves laid directly on ! draw+ )\t us+ ! cont\r gage1 b "s patt]ns are cor$ & insep>able4 ,su* a tool proves a rel5tless *eck ^u ! patt]nmak]1 :o1 by mak+ ! patt]ns l>g] ?an necess>y1 c cause a consid]able loss 9 a bus9ess :]e ?\s&s ( ca/s are made ye>ly f ! same patt]ns4 ,z a ready & univ]sal templet x is v useful4#cj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,te/+ ,core-box ) ,gage ,te/+ a ,lead-screw ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,micromet] = ,te/+ ,la! ,lead-screw ,a reliable way = te/+ ! pit* ( a lead-screw1 at any position ( its l5g?1 is to procure a micromet] screw & b>rel complete1 su* z c be pur*as$ f any ( ! manufactur]s ( accurate measur+ in/rum5ts1 & bore out a hold] s t ! axis ( ! micromet] screw w be p>allel to ! hold] :5 ! screw is 9 place1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,) ! la! ge>$ = any select$ pit*1 ! nut engag$ ) ! lead-screw1 & all backla% ( screw1 ge>s1 etc41 prop]ly tak5 up1 clamp ! micromet] hold] to ! la! b$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 s t ! body ( ! hold] is p>allel to ! c>riage4 ,adju/ ! micromet] to "o in* :5 ! po9t ( ! screw be>s aga9/ ! c>riage & ) a surface gage scribe a l9e on ! out] edge ( ! faceplate4 ,n[ rotate ! la! sp9dle any numb] ( full revolutions t are requir$ to cause ! c>riage to travel ov] ! portion ( ! lead-screw t is be+ te/$1 br++ ! l9e on ! faceplate to ! surface gage po9t4 ,if ! di/ance travel$ by ! c>riage is n great] ?an "o in*1 ! micromet] w indicate ! error directly4 ,= l5g?s ( c>riage travel great] ?an "o in*1 an end measur+ rod1 set to ! numb] ( ev5 in*es requir$1 c be us$ betwe5 ! micromet] po9t & la! c>riage4 ,! error 9 ! lead-screw is !n easily det]m9$ by ! adju/m5t t may be requir$ to make a contact = ! measur+ po9ts betwe5 ! c>riage & ! micromet] screw4 ,! pit* c be te/$ at z _m po9ts z are consid]$ necess>y by us+ end measur+ rods1 ( l5g?s select$1 set to good v]ni] calip]s4 ,! /yle ( hold] %[n c1 ) ! micromet] screw1 be us$ = num]\s o!r %op te/s1 & z ! screw is only held by friction caus$ by ! clamp+ screw1 x c easily be remov$ & plac$ 9 any =m ( hold] t is f\nd necess>y4#ca ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,te/+ a ,la! ,lead-screw ,simple ,tool = ,measur+ ,angles ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,special ,tool = ,measur+ ,angles ,fig4 #eg %[s a v simple1 b at ! same "t1 a v +5i\s tool = measur+ angles4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! tool is n int5d$ = measur+ angles1 b r = comp>+ angles ( ! same size4 ,! illu/ration %[s s pla9ly bo? ! con/ruction & ! application ( ! tool1 t an explanation w\ld seem sup]flu\s4 ,x w be notic$ t any angle conceivable c be obta9$ 9 an in/ant1 & ! tool c be clamp$ at ?is angle by means ( screws pass+ ?r\gh ! jo9ts betwe5 ! /raight & curv$ p>ts ( :i* ! tool consi/s4 ,l9e> measurem5ts c also be tak5 conv5i5tly1 "o ( ! /raight arms ( ! tool be+ graduat$4 ,z bo? ( ! arms :i* con/itute ! actual angle comp>ator are 9 ! same plane1 x is all ! easi] to make accurate comp>isons4 ,?is tool is ( ,g]man design1 & is manufactur$ by ,c>l ,mahr1 ,essl+5 a4 ,n4 ,bevel ,ge>-te/+ ,gage ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,s5sitive ,ge>-te/+ ,gage ,9 ,fig4 #eh is %[n a s5sitive gage = inspect+ small bevel ge>s4 ,! special case %[n to :i* ! gage is appli$ 9 ! engrav+ is a small brass mit] ge> f9i%$ on a screw ma*9e1 9 :i* case "s ( ! holes ?r\gh ! ge>s 7 n conc5tric ) ! bevel$ face ( ! ge>s1 caus+ ! ge>s to b9d :5 runn+ toge!r 9 pairs4 ,! gage %[n is q inexp5sive1 b x indicates ! slighte/ inaccuracy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,,ma*9]y1 ,octob]1 #ahig4 #b ,m4 ,h4 ,ball1 ,april1 #aijb4 #c ,m4 ,h4 ,ball1 ,febru>y1 #aija4 #d ,h>ry ,a%1 ,april1 #aijj4 #e ,m4 ,h4 ,ball1 ,m>*1 #aijc4 #f ,ezra ,f4 ,l&is1 ,may1 #aijb4 #g ,l4 ,s4 ,br[n1 ,m>*1 #aijc4 #h ,c4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ,octob]1 #aija4 #i ,jos4 ,m4 ,/abel1 ,may1 #aijc4 #aj ,jos4 ,m4 ,/abel1 ,may1 #aijc4 #aa ,jos4 ,m4 ,/abel1 ,may1 #aijc4 #ab ,jos4 ,m4 ,/abel1 ,may1 #aijc4 #ac ,p4 ,l4 ,l4 ,yorg5s51 ,febru>y1 #aijh4 #ad ,a4 ,l4 ,monrad1 ,decemb]1 #aijc4 #ae ,a4 ,l4 ,monrad1 ,decemb]1 #aijc4 #af ,a4 ,l4 ,monrad1 ,decemb]1 #aijc4 #ag ,j4 ,l4 ,m>%all1 ,febru>y1 #aijh4 #ah ,*>les ,%]man1 ,novemb]1 #aije4 #ai ,m4 ,h4 ,ball1 ,may1 #aijc4 #bj ,*as4 ,a4 ,kelley1 ,may1 #aijh4 #ba ,h4 ,j4 ,ba*mann1 ,decemb]1 #aijb4 #bb ,wm4 ,a9sc\gh1 ,may1 #aijh4 #bc ,john ,asp5leit]1 ,octob]1 #aijj4 #bd ,w4 ,w4 ,c[les1 ,june1 #aija4 #be ,i4 ,b4 ,niem&1 ,decemb]1 #aijd4 #bf ,geo4 ,m4 ,woodbury1 ,febru>y1 #aijb4 #bg ,a4 ,putnam1 ,july1 #aijc4 #bh ,m4 ,h4 ,ball1 ,octob]1 #aija4 #bi ,f4 ,rattek1 ,janu>y1 #aijh4 #cj ,h[>d ,d4 ,yod]1 ,decemb]1 #aijg4 #ca ,w4 ,cantelo1 ,july1 #aijc4