,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,the picture of a pointing finger1 known in typography as an index1 a manicule1 or a fist1 has been rendered in this text version as 4 ,subscripts have been rendered using braces1 so that the formula for sulphuric acid is shown as ,h#b,,so#d1 and the formula for water1 if it had appeared1 would have been shown as ,h#b,o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,scientific ,,american ,a ,,weekly ,,journal ,,of ,,practical ,,information1 ,,art1 ,,science1 ,,mechanics1 ,,chemistry1 ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,vol4 ,,xxxix4--,no4 #f ,,new ,,york1 ,,august #aj1 #ahgh #c4bj per ,annum4 ,,new ,,series4 ,,postage ,,prepaid4 ,,the ,,paris ,,exhibition4--,a ,,sketch ,,in ,,the ,,park4 ,our engraving1 which represents a portion of the park at the ,paris ,exhibition grounds1 needs little mention beyond that it is one of those delightful retreats so refreshing to the weary visitor1 who1 tired out with tramping about the buildings and grounds1 is only too pleased to refresh his eyes with some of that exquisite miniature water scenery which is scattered about the grounds4 ,we take our illustration from the ,london ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,improvements in ,silk ,worm ,breeding4 ,galignani states that a very curious discovery has just been made1 which1 if found as practicable in application as it seems to promise1 may create a very considerable change in the production of silk4 ,it is nothing more nor less than the possibility of obtaining two yields in the year of the raw material instead of one1 as at present4 ,the moth lays its eggs in ,may or ,june1 and these do not hatch before the spring of the following year4 ,but sometimes they are observed to hatch spontaneously ten or twelve days after they are laid4 ,it was such a circumstance as this coming to the attention of ,m4 ,ducloux1 ,professor of the ,faculty of ,sciences at ,lyons1 that led him to undertake a series of experiments on the subject1 by means of which he has found that this premature hatching can be produced at will4 ,the means for effecting the object are very simple--rubbing the eggs with a hair brush1 subjecting them to the action of electricity1 or more surely still by dipping them for half a minute in concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,m4 ,boll1 who has also turned his attention to the same subject1 states that the same effect is produced by hydrochloric1 nitric1 or even acetic and tartaric acid4 ,finally1 a submersion of a few seconds in water heated to #ej ,cent4 7#abb ,fah47 is equally efficacious4 ,however1 ,m4 ,ducloux states that the operation must be performed while the eggs are quite young1 the second or third day at the outside4 ,when this new hatching is accomplished the mulberry tree is in its full vigor1 and the weather so favorable that the rearing of the worm is liable to much less risk than during the early days of spring1 when the sudden atmospheric changes are very detrimental1 and frequently fatal to the growing caterpillars4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,natural ,history of the ,eel4 ,according to the reports of shad fishermen1 the chief enemy of the shad is the eel1 which not only follows that fish up the streams and devours the spawn1 but often attacks the shad after they are caught in the nets4 ,entering the shad at the gill openings the eels suck out the spawn and entrails1 and leave the fish perfectly clean4 ,the finest and fattest shad are the ones selected4 ,it is a curious circumstance that of a fish so well known as the eel so many of its life habits should be in dispute4 ,an animated discussion has been going on in ,germany quite recently with regard to the natural history of this fish1 and in a late number of a scientific journal the following points are set down as pretty well substantiated4 ,though a fresh water fish which passes the greater part of its life in rivers1 the eel spawns in the sea4 ,that it is viviparous is extremely improbable4 ,the eel found in the upper waters of rivers is almost always female4 ,at the age of four years it goes down to the sea to spawn and never returns to fresh water4 ,the spawning process is somehow dangerous to the eel1 thousands being found dead near the mouths of rivers1 with their ovaries empty4 ,the descent of the fish to the sea does not appear to take place at any definite period1 but is probably dependent on the season for spawning4 ,the male is always much smaller than the female1 and never exceeds half a yard in length4 ,the males never ascend to the head waters of rivers1 but keep continually in the sea or in the lower reaches of the river4 ,nothing is definitely known about the spawning season1 though it is probable that the eggs are deposited in the sea not far from the mouths of rivers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,paris ,,exhibition4--,a ,,sketch ,,in ,,the ,,park4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,scientific ,american4 ,in ,gothic script ,established #ahde4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,editors and ,proprietors4 ,,published ,,weekly ,,at ,,no4 #cg ,,ark ,,row1 ,,new ,,york4 ,o4 ,d4 ,,munn4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,beach4 ,,terms ,,for ,,the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,one copy1 one year1 postage included44444444444444444444444444#c4bj ,one copy1 six months1 postage included444444444444444444444444#a4fj ,clubs4--,one extra copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at #c4bj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,postage prepaid4 ,single copies of any desired number of the ,,supplement sent to one address on receipt of #aj cents4 ,remit by postal order4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row ,new ,york4 ,the ,scientific ,american ,supplement is a distinct paper from the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,the ,,supplement is issued weekly2 every number contains #af octavo pages1 with handsome cover1 uniform in size with ,,scientific ,,american4 ,terms of subscription for ,,supplement1 #e4jj a year1 postage paid1 to subscribers4 ,single copies #aj cents4 ,sold by all news dealers throughout the country4 ,combined ,rates4--,,the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement will be sent for one year1 postage free1 on receipt of seven dollars4 ,both papers to one address or different addresses1 as desired4 ,the safest way to remit is by draft1 postal order1 or registered letter4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,scientific ,american ,export ,edition4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is a large and splendid periodical1 issued once a month4 ,each number contains about one hundred large quarto pages1 profusely illustrated1 embracing3 7#a47 ,most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with its splendid engravings and valuable information2 7#b47 ,commercial1 trade1 and manufacturing announcements of leading houses4 ,terms for ,export ,edition1 #e4jj a year1 sent prepaid to any part of the world4 ,single copies #ej cents4 ,manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have large1 and handsomely displayed announcements published in this edition at a very moderate cost4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition has a large guaranteed circulation in all commercial places throughout the world4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 ,,vol4 ,,xxxix41 ,no4 #f4 ,,new ,,series4 ,thirty-third ,year4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,new ,,york1 ,,saturday1 ,,august #aj1 #ahgh4 ,contents4 7,illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk47 ,american goods1 excellence of #hi ,astronomical notes99 #ij ,astronomical observation99 #ia ,brass1 recipe for cleaning #d #ia ,cancer1 treatment of #he ,chloride of lime1 to neutralize #f #ia ,coal1 distillation of99 #he ,discoveries1 ,prof4 ,marsh's recent #ij ,drawings1 how to mount #ai #ia ,drawings1 printing copies of #i #ia ,edison telephone and ,hughes' microphone #hj ,education1 industrial #ij ,eel1 natural history of the #gi ,electro-magnet1 to construct #ab #ia ,england1 wages in #he ,engraving1 photographic #hb ,exhibition1 ,american ,institute #hd ,export edition1 ,scientific ,amer4 #hj ,fire1 chemicals to extinguish #bb #ia ,flour1 explosiveness of #hg ,gas1 saw tempering by natural #hg ,germany1 labor in #hi ,gold1 how to melt #ah #ia ,hair1 removing superfluous #a #ia ,hughes1 letter from ,prof4 #hj ,industrial enterprises1 new #hd ,ink to rule faint lines #g #ia ,inventions1 new #hf ,inventions1 new agricultural #hf ,inventions1 new engineering #hg ,inventions1 new mechanical #hi ,iron making1 progress of #hj ,journalism1 crooked #hh ,lathes1 attachment for99 #hf ,lemon verbena1 new use for #hi ,life1 minute forms of #he ,lime light1 how to make #ad #ia ,main joints1 street #hh ,mormons1 hint from the #hf ,n4 ,y4 ,capitol1 machinery for #hg ,paris ,ex41 ,japanese ,building99 #hg ,paris ,exhibition1 the park99 #gi ,patent law1 our #hd ,pens1 fountain #hj ,petroleum ,june review #ij ,petroleum oils as lubricators #hi ,petroleum1 short history of #he ,plants1 etc41 influence of light on #hi ,poisoning of a lake1 remarkable #ij ,production1 ill-balanced #hi ,production1 more perfect #hh ,puddling1 mechanical99 #hb ,quick work #hf ,rainfall1 decrease of ,n4 ,y4 #hf ,rhinoceros ,hornbill1 the99 #hg ,shad hatching1 successful #hh ,shellac1 to dissolve bleached #b #ia ,shoes1 dressing for ladies' #ba #ia ,silk worm breeding #gi ,substances1 how to rate #c #ia ,sun1 the99 #hj1 #ha ,teeth1 replanting1 etc4 #hd ,telephone1 science promoter #hj ,thermometer1 new deep sea99 #hc ,timber1 ribs on surface of #ag #ia ,valve1 new steam99 #hf ,velocipede feat1 extraordinary99 #hi ,wires1 copper finish to #bd #ia ,wood1 to make sound boards #aa #ia ,wool product of the world #hh #aej1jjj1jjj a year1 trying to save #ij ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #acf1 ,for the ,week ending ,august #aj1 #ahgh4 ,i4 ,,engineering ,,and ,,mechanics4--,the ,manufacture of ,wrought ,iron ,pipe4 ,bending the ,sheets4 ,welding the ,tube4 ,manufacture of ,gas ,pipe4 ,polishing and ,smoothing4 #d figures4 ,improved ,marine ,engine ,governor4 #a figure4--,improved ,screw ,steering ,apparatus4 #c figures4--,west's ,reversing ,gear4 #a figure4--,engineering in ,peru4 ,the ,oroya ,railroad over the summit of the ,andes4 ,a remarkable engineering feat4 ,the famous ,cerro de ,pasco ,silver ,mines4 ,extensive ,coal ,fields4 ,,ii4 ,,technology4--,coal ,ashes as a ,civilizer4 ,grading4 ,coal ,ashes as a ,fertilizer4--,utilization of the ,waste ,waters of ,fulling ,mills and ,woolen ,works4--,suggestions in ,decorative ,art4 ,marquetry ,ornaments from ,florence4 #c illustrations4 ,useful ,recipes4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,parkinson4 ,cream cake4 ,kisses4 ,apples a la ,tongue4 ,mead4 ,bread without yeast4 ,biscuit4 ,doughnuts4 ,glaire of ,eggs4 ,crumpets4 ,ratafia de ,framboises4 ,ratafia de ,cerises4 ,to color sugar sand4 ,raspberry and currant paste4 ,cheese cake4 ,cocoanut macaroons4 ,orange slices4 ,ice cream4 ,fruit juices4 ,lady fingers4 ,white bride cake4 ,scalloped clams4 ,iced souffle4 ,sugar for crystal work4 ,to restore the fragrance of oil of lemon4 ,family bread4 ,,iii4 ,,french ,,international ,,exposition ,,of #ahgh4--,tobacco at the ,exhibition4 ,manufacture of snuff4 ,the two processes of fermentation4 ,the grinding4 ,the packing of the snuff4 ,manufacture of chewing tobacco1 etc4 ,new ,cutting ,apparatus for ,reapers4 #a figure4--,the ,algerian ,court4 #a illustration4--,the ,french ,forest ,pavilion4 #a illustration4 ,,iv4 ,,chemistry ,,and ,,metallurgy4--,a ,reducing ,agent4--,climbing ,salts4--,chloride of ,lime4--,action of ,watery ,vapor4--,the ,active ,principles of ,ergot4--,cadaveric ,alkaloids4 ,outlines of ,chemistry4 ,by ,,henry ,m4 ,,mcintire4 ,v4 ,,architecture ,,and ,,building4--,a ,cottage ,costing #aej4 ,by ,s4 ,b4 ,,reed1 ,architect4 ,plans for cheap summer residence for family of four persons4 ,dimensions1 construction1 and estimate for all materials and labor1 with #f figures4--,buildings in ,glass4 ,improved method of constructing conservatories1 #b figures4--,buildings and ,earthquakes4 ,on structures in an earthquake country4 ,by ,,john ,,perry and ,w4 ,e4 ,,ayrton1 ,japan4 ,also a new ,seismometer for the measurement of earthquakes4 ,,vi4 ,,natural ,,history1 ,,geology1 ,,etc4--,colors of ,birds and ,insects4--,microscopy4 ,minute and low forms of life4 ,poisonous ,caterpillar4 ,sphrosia ,volvox4 ,an ,australian ,polyzoon4 ,a ,chinese ,tornado4 ,,vii4 ,,medicine ,,and ,,hygiene4--,nervous ,exhaustion4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,beard1 ,m4,d4 ,symptoms continued4 ,mental depression with timidity2 morbid fear of special kinds2 headaches2 disturbances of the nerves and organs of special sense2 localized peripheral numbness and hypersthesia2 general and local chills and flashes of heat2 local spasms of the muscles4 ,suggestions and treatment4 ,electricity4 ,application of cold2 kind of food2 exercise2 medicines4 ,the ,art of ,preserving the ,eyesight4 ,v4 ,from the ,french of ,arthur ,chevalier4 ,presbyopy1 or long sight4 ,symptoms4 ,causes4 ,artificial light4 ,franklin's spectacles4 ,spectacles for artists4 ,hygiene for long sight1 and rules4 ,myopy1 or short sight4 ,dilation of pupil1 and other symptoms of myopy4 ,glass not to be constantly used in myopy4 ,how to cure slight myopy4 ,choice of glasses4 ,colored glasses for short sight4 ,false or distant myopy1 and glasses to be used1 #e figures4 ,,viii4 ,,miscellaneous4--,the ,repair of the ,burned ,models after the ,patent ,office ,fire of #ahgg4 ,by ,,george ,,dudley ,,lawson4 ,an interesting description of the importance and difficulty of the work1 and the enterprise and care shown4 ,reconstructing complicated models from miscellaneous fragments4 ,verneuil1 ,winner of the ,ascot ,cup1 #a illustration4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,progress ,,of ,,iron ,,making4 ,the success of the ,dank's puddling furnace fired with pulverized coal seems to be no longer a matter of doubt in ,england4 ,it is stated that ,messrs4 ,hopkins1 ,gilkes ,co41 the well known iron makers of the ,north of ,england1 have succeeded in turning out from it from ,cleveland pig alone iron capable of bearing tests which ,staffordshire iron has not yet surpassed4 ,the ,english iron manufacturers in their struggle with us are wisely taking advantage of every improvement in their line to keep ahead of us1 and are likely to be successful unless our manufacturers arouse from their fancied security4 ,we are now underselling the ,english at home and abroad in many articles of manufacture1 because so much of our work is done by machinery1 and is consequently better and cheaper than can be produced by hand labor at the lowest living rate of wages2 but so soon as the ,english masters and workmen shall fully appreciate this fact1 the same machines run there with cheaper labor will deprive us of our present advantages4 ,already we notice several instances in which the workmen1 renouncing their prejudices1 have willingly consented to the substitution of machine for hand work1 and we doubt not that the success of these innovations1 conjoined with the pressure of the times1 will ere long create a complete revolution in the ideas of the ,british workmen1 so that instead of longer opposing they will demand the improved appliances and facilities for work1 converting them from rivals or opponents to allies4 ,such a radical change is not necessarily far in the future1 for the logic of it has long been working in the brains of both masters and men and may reasonably bear fruit at any time4 ,we fear that when this time arrives our makers of iron1 especially1 will wake up to the consciousness that they have not kept up with the advance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,telephone ,,as ,a ,,promoter ,,of ,,science4 ,every new thing1 whether it be in the realm of mind or matter1 has an influence on whatever existed before1 of a similar kind1 to modify1 develop1 and improve it1 or to doom it to oblivion4 ,whatever is new necessitates a better knowledge of the old1 so that the world gains not only by the acquirement of the new thing1 but also by a better understanding of things already known4 ,a discovery1 published1 sets a thousand minds at work1 and immediately there is a host of experimentalists who1 in their desire to make and try the new thing for themselves1 begin without a knowledge of the science or art to which the discovery pertains1 and inevitably fail4 ,after failure comes research1 which to be of value must be extended4 ,every investigator can recall the novelty that induced his first experiments1 and can recount his trials in his search for information4 ,among the inventions or discoveries that have induced extended experiment1 the telephone may1 without doubt1 be mentioned as the chief1 for no sooner was the first speaking telephone brought out than here and there all over the country it was imitated4 ,persons who never had the slightest knowledge of electrical science had a desire to see and test the telephone4 ,to do this first of all requires a degree of mechanical skill4 ,acoustics must be understood1 and a knowledge of the four branches of electrical science is requisite1 as the telephone involves galvanism1 magnetism1 electrical resistance1 induction1 and many of the nicer points which can be understood by investigation only1 and this not only in the direction indicated1 but in the allied branches of physics and also in chemistry4 ,familiarity with these things develops a scientific taste that will not be easily satisfied4 ,the characteristic avidity with which the ,american people seize upon a novelty has been wonderfully exemplified by the manner in which the telephone mania has spread4 ,in consequence of this science has received an impetus1 and now we have everywhere embryo electricians and experimentalists1 where before were only the unscientific4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,letter ,,from ,,professor ,,hughes4 ,we print in another column a letter received from ,mr4 ,d4 ,e4 ,hughes concerning the distinction he finds between his microphone and ,mr4 ,edison's carbon telephone4 ,mr4 ,hughes is very confident that the two inventions have nothing in common1 and that they bear no resemblance to each other in form1 material1 or principles4 ,we would not question ,mr4 ,hughes' sincerity in all this4 ,no doubt he honestly believes that the invention of ,mr4 ,edison represents no field of discovery1 and is restricted in its uses to telephony1 whilst the microphone demonstrates and represents the whole field of nature4 ,but the fact of his believing this is only another proof that he utterly fails to understand or appreciate the real scope and character of ,mr4 ,edison's work4 ,to those familiar not only with ,mr4 ,edison's telephone but with the long line of experimental investigation that had to be gone through with before he was able to control the excessive sensitiveness of the elements of his original discovery1 it is very clear that ,mr4 ,hughes has been working upon and over-estimating the importance of one phase1 and that a limited phase1 of ,mr4 ,edison's investigations4 ,we propose shortly to review at length the evidence of ,mr4 ,edison's priority in the invention or discovery of all that the microphone covers2 this purely as a question of scientific interest4 ,for the personal elements of the controversy between ,mr4 ,edison on the one side and ,messrs4 ,preece and ,hughes on the other we care nothing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,export ,,edition4 ,the inquiry for ,american manufactured products and machinery abroad seems to grow in volume and variety daily4 ,and though1 in comparison with our capacity to produce1 the foreign demand is yet small1 its possibilities are unlimited4 ,to increase the demand the immediate problem is to make known throughout the world in the most attractive fashion possible the wide range of articles which ,america is prepared to furnish1 and which other nations have use for4 ,as a medium for conveying such intelligence the monthly export edition of the ,,scientific ,,american is unequaled4 ,the table of contents of the second issue1 to be found in another column1 will give an idea of the wide range and permanent as well as timely interest of the matter it circulates4 ,it is a magazine of valuable information that will be preserved and repeatedly read4 ,the handsomely illustrated advertising pages supplement the text1 and make it at once the freshest1 fullest1 and most attractive periodical of the sort in the world4 ,an examination of the index of advertisers will show how widely its advantages for reaching foreign buyers have been appreciated by leading ,american houses4 ,in the advertising page ,,xxv4 appears a list of some eight hundred foreign commercial places in which the circulation of the paper is guaranteed1 as evidence that it reaches those for whom such publications are intended4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fountain ,,pens4 ,for several days we have had in use in our office examples of the ,mackinnon ,fountain ,pen1 and find it to be a very serviceable and effective instrument4 ,this is a handsome looking pen1 with a hollow handle1 in which a supply of ink is carried1 and the fluid flows from the point in the act of writing4 ,the necessity of an inkstand is thus avoided4 ,one of the difficulties heretofore with pens of this character has been to insure a free and certain delivery of the ink1 and also to bring the instrument within the compass and weight of an ordinary pen4 ,the inventor seems to have admirably succeeded in the example before us4 ,the ink flows with certainty1 and there is no scratching as with the ordinary pen2 it writes with facility on either smooth or rough paper2 writes even more smoothly than a lead pencil2 may be carried in the pocket2 is always ready for use2 there is no spilling or blotting of ink4 ,the construction is simple1 durable1 and the action effective4 ,one filling lasts a week or more1 according to the extent of use4 ,these are some of the qualities that our use of the pen so far has seemed to demonstrate2 and which made us think that whoever supplies himself with a ,mackinnon ,pen will possess a good thing4 ,the sole agency is at ,no4 #ba ,park ,row1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,sun4 ,,by ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley1 ,,allegheny ,,observatory1 ,,pa499 ,when1 with a powerful telescope1 we return to the study of the sun's surface1 we meet a formidable difficulty which our first simple means did not present4 ,this arises from the nearly constant tremors of our own atmosphere1 through which we have to look4 ,it is not that the tremor does not exist with the smaller instrument1 but now our higher magnifying power exaggerates it1 causes everything to appear unsteady and blurry1 however good the glass1 and makes the same kind of trouble for the eye which we should experience if we tried to read very fine print across the top of a hot stove1 whence columns of tremulous air were rising4 ,there is no remedy for this1 unless it is assiduous watching and infinite patience1 for in almost every day there will come one or more brief intervals1 lasting sometimes minutes1 sometimes only seconds1 during which the air seems momentarily tranquil4 ,we must be on the watch for hours1 to seize these favorable moments1 and1 piecing together what we have seen in them1 in the course of time we obtain such knowledge of the more curious features of the solar surface as we now possess4 ,the eye aches after gazing for a minute steadily at the full moon1 and the sun's light is from #cjj1jjj to #fjj1jjj times brighter than full moon light1 while its heat is in still greater proportion4 ,the object lens of such a telescope as the equatorial at ,allegheny is #ac inches in diameter1 and it is such light1 and such heat1 concentrated by it1 that we have to gaze on4 ,the best contrivance so far found for diminishing both1 and without which our present acquaintance with the real appearance and character of sunspots would not have been gained1 depends upon a curious property of light1 discovered by a ,french physicist1 ,malus1 in the beginning of this century4 ,let ,a 7,fig4 #aj7 be a piece of plane unsilvered glass1 receiving the solar rays and reflecting them to a second similar one1 ,b1 which itself reflects them again in the direction ,c4 ,of course1 since the glass is transparent1 most of the rays will pass through ,a1 and not be reflected4 ,of those which reach ,b again most will pass through1 so that not a hundredth part of the original beam reaches ,c4 ,this then1 is so far a gain2 but of itself of little use1 since1 such is the solar brilliancy1 that even this small fraction would1 to an eye at ,c1 appear blindingly bright4 ,now1 if we rotate ,b about the line joining it with ,a1 keeping always the same reflecting angle with it1 it might naturally be supposed that the light would merely be reflected in a new direction unchanged in quantity4 ,but according to the curious discovery of ,malus this is not what happens4 ,what does happen is that the second glass1 after being given a quarter turn 7though always kept at the same angle71 seems to lose its power of reflection almost altogether4 ,the light which comes from it now is diminished enormously1 and yet nothing is distorted or displaced2 everything is seen correctly if enough light remains to see it by at all1 and the ray is said to have been polarized by reflection4 ,it would be out of place to enter here on the cause of the phenomenon2 the fact is certain1 and is a very precious one1 for the astronomer can now diminish the sun's light till it is bearable by the weakest eye1 without any distortion of what he is looking at1 and without disturbing the natural tints by colored glasses4 ,in practice1 a third and sometimes a fourth reflector1 each of a wedge shaped1 optically plane piece of unsilvered glass1 are thus introduced1 and by a simple rotation of the last one the light is graded at pleasure1 so that with such an instrument1 called the polarizing eyepiece 7,fig4 ,a71 ,i have often watched the sun's magnified image for four or five hours together with no more distress to the eye than in reading a newspaper4 ,with this1 in favorable moments1 we see that the sun's surface away from the spots1 everywhere1 is made up of hundreds of thousands of small1 intensely brilliant bodies1 that seem to be floating in a gray medium1 which1 though itself no doubt very bright1 appears dark by comparison4 ,what these little things are is still uncertain2 whatever they are1 they are the immediate principal source of the sun's light and heat4 ,to get an idea of their size we must resort to some more delicate means of measurement than we used in the case of the watch4 ,the filar micrometer consists essentially of two excessively fine strands of cobwebs 7or1 rather1 of spider's cocoon71 called technically wires1 stretched parallel to each other and placed just at the focus of the telescope4 ,suppose one of them to be fixed and the second to be movable 7keeping always parallel to the first7 by means of a screw1 having perhaps one hundred threads to the inch1 and a large drum shaped head divided into one hundred equal parts1 so that moving this head by one division carries the second wire #a_/ajjjj part of an inch nearer to the first4 ,motions smaller than this can clearly be registered1 but it will be evident that everything here really depends upon the accuracy of the screw4 ,the guide screw of the best lathe is a coarse piece of work by comparison with micrometer screws as now constructed 7especially those for making the gratings to be described later71 for recent uses of them demand perhaps the most accurate workmanship of anything in mechanics--the maker of one which will pass some lately invented tests is entitled at any rate to call himself a workman4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa ,since the wires are stretched precisely in the focus1 where the principal image of the sun is formed1 and move in it1 they1 and the features of the surface1 form one picture1 as magnified by the eye lens1 so that they appear as if moving about on the sun itself4 ,we can first set them far enough apart1 for instance1 to take in the whole of a spot1 and then by bringing them together measure its apparent diameter1 in ten thousandths of an inch4 ,then1 measuring the diameter of the whole sun1 we have evidently the proportion that one bears to the other1 and hence the means of easily calculating the real size4 ,a powerful piece of clockwork1 attached to the equatorial1 keeps it slowly rotating on its axis1 at the same angular rate as that with which the sun moves in the sky1 so that any spot or other object there will seem to stay fixed with relation to the wires1 if we choose1 all day long4 ,the picture of wires1 spots1 and all1 may be projected on a screen if desired2 and ,fig4 #aa shows the field of view1 with the micrometer wires lying across a spot1 so seen on the #fth of ,march1 #ahgc4 ,part of a cambric needle with the end of a fine thread is represented also as being projected on the screen along with the wires to give a better idea of the delicacy of the latter4 ,now we may measure1 if we please1 the size of one of those bright objects1 which have just been spoken of as being countable by hundreds of thousands4 ,these little things are then seen to be really of considerable size1 measuring from one to three seconds of arc1 so that 7a second of arc here being over #djj miles7 the average surface of each individual of these myriads is found to be considerably larger than ,great ,britain4 ,near the edge of the disk1 under favorable circumstances1 they appear to rise up through the obscuring atmosphere1 which darkens the limb1 and gathered here and there in groups of hundreds1 to form the white cloudlike patches 7facul71 which may sometimes be seen even with a spy-glass--something in the sun brighter than the sun itself1 to employ the expression by which ,huyghens described them nearly two hundred years ago4 ,they are too minute and delicate objects to be rendered at all in our engraving2 but this is true also of much of the detail to be seen at times in the spots themselves4 ,the wood cuts make no pretense to do more than give an outline of the more prominent features1 of which we are now about to speak4 ,the wonderful beauty of some of their details must be taken on trust1 from the writer's imperfect description of what no pencil has ever yet rendered and what the photograph has not yet seized4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 ,a4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bearing this in mind1 let us now suppose that while using the polarizing eyepiece on the part of the spot distinguished by the little circle1 we have one of those rare opportunities when we can1 by the temporary steadiness of our tremulous atmosphere1 use the higher powers of the telescope and magnify the little circle till it appears as in ,fig4 #ab4 ,we have now nearly the same view as if we were brought close to the surface of the sun1 and suspended over this part of the spot4 ,all the faint outer shade1 seen in the smaller views 7the penumbra7 is seen to be made up of long white filaments1 twisted into curious ropelike forms1 while the central part is like a great flame1 ending in fiery spires4 ,over these hang what look like clouds1 such as we sometimes see in our highest sky1 but more transparent than the finest lace vail would be1 and having not the fleecy look of our clouds1 but the appearance of being filled with almost infinitely delicate threads of light4 ,perhaps the best idea of what is so hard to describe1 because so unlike anything on earth1 is got by supposing ourselves to look through successive vails of white lace1 filled with flower-like patterns1 at some great body of white flame beyond1 while between the spires of the flame and separating it from the border are depths of shade passing into blackness4 ,with all this1 there is something crystalline about the appearance1 which it is hard to render an idea of--frost-figures on a window pane may help us as an image1 though imperfect4 ,in fact the intense whiteness of everything is oddly suggestive of something very cold1 rather than very hot1 as we know it really4 ,i have had much the same impression when looking into the open mouth of a puddling furnace at the lumps of pure white iron1 swimming half-melted in the grayer fluid about them4 ,here1 however1 the temperature leaves nothing solid1 nothing liquid even2 the iron and other metals of which we know these spot-forms do in part at least consist are turned into vapor by the inconceivable heat1 and everything we are looking at consists probably of clouds of such vapor2 for it is fluctuating and changing from one form into another while we look on4 ,forms as evanescent almost as those of sunset clouds1 and far more beautiful in everything but color1 are shifting before us1 and here and there we see1 or think we see1 in the sweep of their curves beyond1 evidences of mighty whirlwinds 7greater by far than the largest terrestrial cyclone7 at work4 ,while we are looking1 and trying to make the most of every moment1 our atmosphere grows tremulous again1 the shapes get confused1 there is nothing left distinct but such coarser features as our engraving shows1 and the wonderful sight is over4 ,when we consider that this little portion of the spot we have been looking at is larger than the ,north and ,south ,american continents together1 and that we could yet see its parts change from minute to minute1 it must be evident that the actual motion must have been rapid almost beyond conception--a speed of from #bj to #ej miles a second being commonly observed and sometimes exceeded4 7,a cannon ball moves less than of a mile per second47 ,i have seen a portion of the photosphere1 or bright general surface of the sun1 drawn into a spot1 much as any floating thing would be drawn into a whirlpool1 and then1 though it occupied by measurement over #c1jjj1jjj miles in area1 completely break up and change so as to be unrecognizable in less than twenty minutes4 ,when we come to discuss the subject of the sun's heat1 we shall find that the temperature of a blast furnace or of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe is low compared with that which obtains all over such a vast region1 and remembering this1 it is evident that its disappearance is a cataclysm of which the most tremendous volcanic outburst here gives no conception4 ,we cannot1 by any terrestrial comparison1 describe it1 for we have no comparison for it in human experience4 ,if we try to picture such an effect on the earth1 we may say in another's words that these solar whirlwinds are such as1 coming down upon us from the north1 would in thirty seconds after they had crossed the ,st4 ,lawrence be in the ,gulf of ,mexico1 carrying with them the whole surface of the continent in a mass1 not simply of ruin1 but of glowing vapor1 in which the vapors arising from the dissolution of the materials composing the cities of ,boston1 ,new ,york1 and ,chicago would be mixed in a single indistinguishable cloud4 ,these vast cavities then in the sun we call spots are not solid things1 and not properly to be compared even to masses of slag or scoria swimming on a molten surface4 ,they are rather rents in that bright cloud surface of the sun which we call the photosphere1 and through which we look down to lower regions4 ,their shape may be very rudely likened to a funnel with sides at first slowly sloping 7the penumbra71 and then suddenly going down into the central darkness 7the umbra74 ,this central darkness has itself gradations of shade1 and cloud forms may be seen there obscurely glowing with a reddish tinge far down its depths1 but we never see to any solid bottom1 and the hypothesis of a habitable sun far within the hot surface1 suggested by ,sir ,william ,herschel1 is now utterly abandoned4 ,we are able now to explain in part that mysterious feature in the sun's rotation before insisted on1 for if the sun be not a solid or a liquid1 but a mass of glowing vapor1 it is evidently possible that one part of it may turn faster than another4 ,why it so turns1 we repeat1 no one knows1 but the fact that it does is now seen to bear the strongest testimony to the probable gaseous form of the sun throughout its mass--at any rate1 to the gaseous or vaporous nature of everything we see4 ,we must not forget1 however1 that under such enormous temperature and pressure as prevail there the conditions may be--in fact1 must be--very different from any familiar to us here1 so that when we speak of clouds1 and use like expressions1 we are to be understood as implying rather an analogy than an exact resemblance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab ,we must expect1 with the great advances photography has lately made1 to know more of this part of our subject 7which we may call solar meteorology7 at the next spot maximum than ever before1 and by that time it may be hoped that some of the wonderful forms described above so imperfectly will have been caught for us by the camera4 99 ,for parts #a and #b see ,,scientific ,,american for ,july #bj and ,july #bg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in the notice in our issue for ,july #bg of a new screw cutting lathe made by ,messrs4 ,goodnow ,wightman1 the address should have been #agf ,washington street instead of #abh1 and the diameter of the tail spindle1 which was given as #e_/af1 should have been #ae_/af inch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,olympia 7,wyoming ,territory7 ,standard announces that a company has been formed there to bring ice from a glacier4 ,the deposit covers a number of acres1 is seventy or eighty feet deep1 and is supposed to contain a hundred thousand or more tons1 some of which may have been there as many years4 ,the ice can be cut and sold at one and one half cents a pound1 and by the ship load at five dollars a ton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mechanical ,,puddling ,,in ,,sweden4 ,the accompanying engravings1 which we take from ,iron1 give plan and section of the puddling apparatus invented by ,mr4 ,oestlund1 as used at the ,finspong ,ironworks4 ,the gas generator1 ,a1 is of the common ,swedish type1 as used for charcoal4 ,the tube1 k1 conducts the gases into the refining pot1 a4 ,this pot has a lining of refinery slag1 which is melted1 as the apparatus revolves1 to get it to adhere to the sides4 ,the revolution of the pot1 a1 on its axis1 d1 is effected by the action of the beveled wheels1 b and b'1 and the pulley1 c1 which takes from an iron chain the power given off by a turbine4 ,the spindle1 d1 is supported in the bearings1 e and e'1 c carrying a pair of trunnions which form the axis of oscillation1 and allow the apparatus to rise or fall1 the whole of this mechanism being supported on the plummer blocks1 f f4 ,one of the trunnions1 e''1 is prolonged so as to form the axis of the beveled wheel1 b1 and the pulley1 c1 the latter sliding along the trunnion so as to put b in or out of gear4 ,the bush1 e is tied by means of the stay1 g' to the upper end of the toothed segment1 g1 the lower extremity of which is connected with the second bush at the end of the spindle4 ,by means of the pinion1 h1 revolving on standards1 i i1 and the segmental rack1 g1 the pot can be raised or lowered without interfering with the action of the beveled wheels4 ,illustration3 ,,apparatus ,,for ,,mechanical ,,puddling4 ,the gas from the generator is brought to the mouth of the pot by the tubes1 k and m4 ,the air necessary for the combustion of the gas is brought in by a tube1 l1 branching from the air main1 l''4 ,the air tube1 l1 passes into the gas tube and is continued concentrically within the latter4 ,the gas and air tubes both have joints at m' and m''4 ,by means of the bar1 n1 which has a counterpoise to keep the moving parts in position1 the tubes can be brought from or toward the mouth of the pot1 so as to make it free of access to the workman4 ,with a key fitting on the stem1 n'1 the tubes can be turned in m'1 so as to give the currents of gas and air a more or less oblique direction4 ,to screen the workmen from the heat of the pot a disk of iron1 o1 lined with fire clay on the side next the pot1 is fitted to the end of the tubes4 ,illustration3 ,,apparatus ,,for ,,mechanical ,,puddling4 ,before running the metal into the pot1 the latter must be heated1 to such a degree that the slag lining is pasty or semi-fluid at its surface4 ,generally an hour and a half will be spent in heating with gas to this point4 ,there should be sufficient live coal in the pot when the gas is first let in to keep up its combustion2 should it be extinguished by excess of air or gas1 it must be relit4 ,as soon as the pot begins to get red hot the full heat can be put on4 ,the gas generator is tended in the usual way with the ordinary precautions4 ,to keep ashes and dust out of the gas tube1 lumps of charcoal are heaped up to the height of the top of the flue4 ,the wind pressure for the generator was #cc to #da millimeters of mercury1 that of the wind for the combustion of the gas 7at ,finspong the blast is not heated7 being only #af millimeters4 ,the pressure of the gas in the tube near the pot was #f4b millimeters of mercury4 ,the method of working1 viewed chemically1 does not sensibly differ from puddling2 although giving as good1 perhaps better1 results at a much less cost4 ,there are three principal periods in the operation3 #a4 ,the period before boiling4 #b4 ,the boiling itself4 #c4 ,the end of the boiling1 and the formation of balls4 ,when cast metal is poured into the pot a shovelful or two of refinery slag is added4 ,the temperature of the bath is thus brought down2 it thickens and boils1 the pot revolving at the rate of #cj or #dj revolutions a minute4 ,the metal is worked with a rabble1 either to cool it or to get the slag to incorporate with it1 as is done in puddling4 ,note must be taken of the temperature of the melted metal and that of the pot1 at the moment of charging1 the heat during working being regulated accordingly by increasing or diminishing the inflow of air and gas4 ,when circumstances are favorable1 boiling begins five minutes after the metal is run into the pot1 and it lasts about ten minutes4 ,boiling having begun1 the batch swells1 the iron forms1 granulates1 and seems to cling to the rabble and the sides of the pot4 ,the rotation of the pot is continued1 as well as the working1 to separate out parts which are not yet refined2 but no more cold cinder is put in4 ,while boiling goes on the temperature is regulated so that the pig does not cling to the side of the pot during a complete revolution1 but so that the particles next the side fall back into the bath when the side comes uppermost in the revolution4 ,the heat is raised a little when the iron can be felt by the rabble to be completely refined1 when shining lumps make their appearance in the bath1 and the iron begins to cling to the walls4 ,at the moment1 therefore1 that the temperature is brought to its highest point1 and the iron begins to agglutinate1 the rotation of the pot should be stopped1 and either immediately1 or after the delay of a couple of minutes1 it is removed4 ,if the iron does not ball well1 it is not completely refined1 and the pot may be started again4 ,if the iron is firm enough already1 the isolated particles are exposed to the hottest flame possible1 the blast being carried to its maximum4 ,the refining is thus completely finished1 and all the particles are agglomerated4 ,the mobility of the gas tube at m'' is of advantage in this operation4 ,it is sometimes useful to start the pot again to round up the puddled ball1 but it is best if this has been formed with the rabble4 ,the iron from a charge of #ge kilos4 of pig may be divided with advantage into a couple of balls2 a third may be made of the iron separated from the walls of the pot4 ,to get out the balls the pot is lowered1 and the workmen use tongs1 pointed rabble1 and hooked bar4 ,if things have gone well the balls ought to come out soft at a welding heat1 filled with cinder like puddled balls1 but a little more resisting and solid under the hammer4 ,they are forged into bars1 and these are at once passed to the rolls4 ,if nothing hinders the balling and shingling1 these operations will not consume more than fifteen minutes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,photographic ,engraving4 ,scamoni's process is as follows3 ,the original drawings are carefully touched up1 so that the whites are as pure and the blacks as intense as possible1 and then the negative is taken in the ordinary way1 the plate being backed in the camera with damp red blotting paper1 to prevent reflection from the camera or back of the plate4 ,the negative is developed in the ordinary manner1 intensified by mercuric chloride1 and varnished4 ,a positive picture is taken in the camera1 the negative being carefully screened from any light coming between it and the lens4 ,this is intensified by pyrogallic acid1 and afterward washed with a pure water to which a little ammonia has been added4 ,it is then immersed in mercuric chloride for half an hour1 and again intensified with pyrogallic acid4 ,this is repeated several times4 ,when the intensity of the lines is considerable1 the plate is well washed1 treated with potassium iodide1 and finally with ammonia1 the image successively appearing yellow1 green1 brown1 and then violet brown4 ,the plate is then thoroughly drained1 and the image is treated successively with a solution of platinic chloride1 auric chloride1 ferrous sulphate1 and finally by pyrogallic acid1 which has the property of solidifying the metallic deposits4 ,the metallic relief thus obtained is dried over a spirit lamp1 and covered with an excessively thin varnish4 ,this varnish1 which is evidently a special preparation1 retains sufficient tackiness to hold powdered graphite on its surface 7the bronze powder now used may be employed instead71 which is dusted on in the usual manner4 ,after giving the plate a border of wax1 it is placed in an electrotyping bath1 and a perfect facsimile in intaglio is obtained1 from which prints may be taken in a printing press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,deep ,,sea ,,thermometer4 ,perhaps some of our readers may have seen a description of a form of thermometer devised by ,,mm4 ,negretti and ,zambra for the purpose of ascertaining the temperature of the ocean at great depths4 ,this consisted of a tube bent into the shape of a siphon1 which when it had reached the desired depth was made1 by means of an ingenious arrangement1 to pour all the mercury found above a certain point near the reservoir into the second arm of the siphon4 ,this second arm1 which1 like the other1 was a capillary tube1 carried a scale of divisions on which might be read the temperature of the depths to which the instrument had been lowered4 ,this thermometer gave all the results that might have been expected4 ,the ship ,challenger during its polar expedition had on board a certain number of these instruments4 ,the report of ,capt4 ,g4 ,s4 ,nares made to the ,english ,admiralty describes all the benefits that we may hope to reap from a serious study of the temperature of the ocean at different depths1 and not the least of these are those that pertain to the fishery interest4 ,notwithstanding the good results given by this instrument1 its inventors have endeavored to render it still more practical and more within the reach of all by diminishing the cost of construction1 and increasing its compactness4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,,new ,,thermometer ,,for ,,obtaining ,,the ,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,ocean ,,at ,,great ,,depths4 ,fig4 #a represents the thermometer isolated from its case4 ,it is an ordinary thermometer furnished at ,a with a little device that ,m4 ,negretti has already made use of in the construction of his larger instrument1 and which allows the liquid to run from the reservoir into the capillary tube when the temperature rises1 without letting it flow back when it lowers1 if moreover the precaution has been taken to incline the tube slightly1 reservoir upward4 ,at ,b there is a bulge in the tube in which a certain quantity of mercury may lodge2 this bulge is placed in such a way that the mercury resulting from the dilatation of the reservoir may come to it and continue its ascension in the capillary tube when the reservoir is down 7the thermometer being vertical71 but cannot get out when the reservoir is upward4 ,we should add that these thermometers are constructed so as to give the variations of temperature within determined limits4 ,the small reservoir1 ,b1 is indispensable to the well working of the apparatus2 for in seeking the temperature at a certain depth the instrument may1 on being drawn up1 pass through warmer strata1 and it is necessary1 therefore1 to provide the reservoir with a means of diffusing the small quantity of mercury resulting from this excess of temperature4 ,the tube has also a small bulge at its upper extremity at ,c4 ,the thermometer is placed in a small wooden case having a double bottom throughout its length4 ,in this double bottom are placed a certain number of lead balls that can run from one end of the case to the other1 and of sufficient weight to render the instrument buoyant in sea water4 ,to use the apparatus1 one end of a cord is passed through a hole in the case under the reservoir of the thermometer1 and the other end is tied to the sounding line at a certain distance from the lead 7,fig4 #b74 ,while the line is descending the thermometer will remain reservoir downward 7,fig4 #b72 but when it is again drawn up the thermometer case will take the position indicated in ,fig4 #c1 and the column of mercury breaking at ,a will fall into the capillary tube1 the divisions of which1 as will be seen at ,fig4 #a1 are reversed4 ,as to the thermometer itself1 it is important to protect it against the pressure which becomes so considerable at great depths2 to do this the reservoir is surrounded by an envelope of thick glass about three quarters full of mercury4 ,the mercury serves to transmit the temperature to the reservoir1 and should the exterior envelope yield to the effects of pressure1 the reservoir proper would not be affected1 the mercury not exactly filling the annular part which surrounds it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,inventions4 ,george ,e4 ,palmer1 of ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa1 has patented an improved ,ironing ,board1 on which the garments may be held in stretched state while being smoothed with the irons1 and readily adjusted thereon to any required degree of tension by a simple attachment4 ,william ,b4 ,rutherford and ,joel ,t4 ,hawkins1 of ,rockdale1 ,texas1 have patented an improved ,bale ,tie1 which is formed of the plate provided with a longitudinal groove and cross ribs or loops1 and having projections or keys to adapt it to receive and hold the notched ends of the bale band4 ,an improvement in ,composition ,pavements has been patented by ,john ,c4 ,russell1 of ,kensington1 ,eng4 ,this invention relates to the treatment of peat and spent tan for the manufacture of an improved product or material suitable for paving roads and other places and for roofing1 etc4 ,the most important steps in making the composition consist in drying bruised or finely ground peat or spent tan1 heating the same in vacuo to degree of #aej ,fah41 and adding sulphur and gas tar1 gas pitch1 and stearine pitch in the proportions specified1 then kneading the mixture while heated and adding carbonate of lime and furnace slag4 ,louis ,blanck1 of ,new ,york city1 has patented an improved ,safety ,brake or attachment for locomotives and railroad cars1 by which the entire train1 either by a collision with another train or by contact with any obstruction1 is first raised from the rails1 and then moved in backward direction for the distance of a few feet1 so that all danger of accident is avoided1 and no other sensation than that of a slight rocking motion exerted4 ,the attachment is constructed so as to admit of being worked by the engineer from the cab or the locomotive1 or1 if desired1 from any car of the train4 ,an improved ,evaporating ,pan had been patented by ,andrew ,d4 ,martin1 of ,abbeville1 ,la4 ,this invention consists in a tapering sheet metal tank having transverse partitions and longitudinal tapering flues that extend through all of the partitions and terminate at the ends of the tank4 ,lloyd ,arnold1 of ,galveston1 ,texas1 has patented an improved ,bale ,tie1 which is formed of a block of iron1 with a space or opening running longitudinally through its breadth from one end nearly to the other1 and having the alternate edges of the two plates thus formed notched1 the notch of the lower plate being square and of a width equal to or a little greater than the bale band1 and the notch of the upper plate being narrower at its bottom than the bale band1 and with its sides inclined and beveled to an edge1 to adapt it to receive and hold the bale band4 ,an improved ,tie for ,letter ,packages has been patented by ,john ,mersellis1 of ,knowersville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the object of this invention is to provide a tie by means of which letter packages may be quickly and securely fastened or tied4 ,it consists in a plate apertured to receive one end of the string and also to receive the hook upon which the tie is hung when not in use1 and having a button and clasp spring for engaging the string in the process of tying4 ,fred ,p4 ,hammond1 of ,aurora1 ,ill41 has patented an improved ,inking ,pad1 which consists in a novel arrangement of layers of cloth or felt1 chamois skin1 oiled silk1 and printing roller composition1 which enables a clean impression of the stamp to be made4 ,the pad retains the desired rounded surface and proper degree of softness1 and is easily manipulated when necessary to replenish the supply of ink4 ,william ,j4 ,clark and ,thomas ,w4 ,roberts1 of ,coffeeville1 ,miss41 have patented an improved ,trap for ,catching ,fish in streams1 which will allow the fish to be conveniently taken out without taking up the trap4 ,john ,w4 ,cooper1 of ,salem1 ,ind41 is the inventor of an improved ,alcohol ,lamp for soldering and similar purposes2 and it consists in a reservoir pivoted in a supporting frame1 and provided with two wick tubes1 and an extinguisher secured to a spring support1 and capable of closing the larger wick tube when it is in a vertical position4 ,it has an independent extinguisher for the smaller wick tube1 and is provided with a novel device for projecting the wick from the larger tube as it is moved out of a vertical position4 ,benjamin ,slater1 of ,attica1 ,n4 ,y41 has invented a simple and effective device for ,renovating ,feathers by the combined action of steam and hot air4 ,it consists of a cylindrical receptacle1 partly surrounded by a steam jacket1 and having a hot air box1 a perforated bottom1 a cover or damper for the same1 and an aperture in the top1 to which is fitted a perforated cover and a close cover4 ,an improved ,blind ,fastening has been patented by ,george ,runton and ,john ,runton1 of ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j4 ,this fastening is so constructed as to fasten the blind or shutter automatically when swung open1 and in such a way as to prevent all rattling or shaking of the blind or shutter from the action of the wind4 ,david ,r4 ,nichols1 of ,alexandria ,bay1 ,n4 ,y41 has patented an improved ,animal ,trap1 which is so constructed as to set itself after each animal has been caught1 and leave no trace of the trapped animal to frighten away those that may come afterward4 ,william ,a4 ,doherty1 of ,fall ,river1 ,mass41 has patented an improved ,loom ,shuttle ,attachment1 by which the weaving of bad cloth is prevented1 and in case any false shed is made by any irregularities in the warp1 and that part of the shed carried lower than usual1 the attachment is released and thrown over the spindle point1 so as to render it impossible to draw out the filling from the shuttle1 and thus break it and stop the loom4 ,jonas ,bowman1 of ,somerset1 ,o41 has patented an improved ,vehicle ,spring1 which permits of dispensing with side bars1 thus taking less space to turn on1 and by which the tilting and pitching motion usual with springs as heretofore constructed is avoided4 ,hiram ,unger1 of ,germantown1 ,o41 is the inventor of an improved ,gate ,latch1 which is so constructed that the gate cannot be opened accidentally by being lifted or by rebounding of the catch or latch4 ,madison ,calhoun1 of ,ocate1 ,ter4 of ,new ,mex41 has patented an improved ,hame ,fastening1 which is not liable to become accidentally unfastened1 and is easily and quickly fastened and unfastened1 even with cold or gloved hands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,downer well at ,corry1 ,pa41 is now down over #a1cjj feet1 and an oil bearing sand has been struck of about five feet thickness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,communications41 in ,gothic script4 ,our ,patent ,law4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,while ,i cannot handle this subject with any master talent1 nor afford to devote the time which should be given to so important a subject before expressing an opinion1 yet ,i can less afford to keep quiet and allow shrewd avarice to manipulate or titled ignorance to legislate my property out of existence4 ,property6 ,there is no property in patents1 ,i often hear said4 ,and how about the invention covered by a patent8 ,is that property8 ,a large majority of people may say no1 and deny the justice of a patent law4 ,on the contrary1 ,i1 as an inventor1 think an invention is genuine property1 and as such should be under the same protection in common law as all other property1 instead of requiring a special law by which the people magnanimously grant me the privilege for a short time of using what was never theirs1 what they never knew of until ,i brought it into existence4 ,but what is real property1 and by what title is it held8 ,mother earth1 from which we sprung1 by which we exist1 and to which we return1 is1 without question1 real estate4 ,how is it obtained2 how held8 ,history answers1 ,by conquest1 by subjugation4 ,but these words1 conquest and subjugation1 have a more significant meaning than the spoiling of one people by another2 they are the actual price of possession4 ,he who1 toiling1 subjugates the soil1 is undoubted owner of its production1 by virtue of the highest blessing on record--,by the sweat of thy brow shalt thou obtain bread4 ,and this principle is so far acknowledged that the laborer holds a lien on the product of his labor1 even though the property belongs to another4 ,mr4 ,a has an unpromising piece of land on which he would like to raise corn4 ,he analyzes the soil1 experiments upon it chemically1 reads up on the properties and components of corn1 the effects of fertilizers and acids upon the soil1 and makes himself a fool and laughing-stock generally among his neighbors because he steps out of the beaten track by which they have succeeded in making the ground barren4 ,he does not have much success the first year1 and is sympathizingly consoled with ,i told you so4 ,but he perseveres and wins the reputation of being visionary and as stubborn as a mule4 ,in the meantime he becomes more familiar with his subject1 sees more clearly the requirements of the case1 finds he must post himself more thoroughly in certain branches of science in order to conduct his experiments1 wrestles with this obstacle and that1 and finally discovers a fertilizer based on some natural law of rotation1 and produces a crop of corn never before equaled4 ,now his neighbors come out with this very intelligent question1 ,how did you happen to think of it8 ,and they further very condescendingly remark1 ,that is a rousing crop2 ,i guess ,i'll try the same thing myself4 ,how did you say you mixed the stuff8 ,this man is the true conqueror4 ,he has endured privation and scorn1 fought obstacles1 and in subduing them has eliminated a new principle in agriculture that is an engine of power to all generations4 ,shall his crops be his only reward8 ,shall they who laughed him to scorn step into his reward without sharing the labor that produced it8 ,this is a simile for thousands of inventions1 only that the inventor is seldom situated to plant the corn on his own land and reap the harvest4 ,then which of you will say that he has not a just lien on every man's crop raised by his process for a per cent of the gains thereby8 ,there is a bill before ,congress favoring a periodical taxation of patents under the pretext of removing useless patents from the path of later inventors4 ,let me show you how one inventor looks at that4 ,my neighbor has a vacant lot on which he is unable to build2 but joined to mine it would increase the value of my property vastly4 ,now can't you legislate that old heap of rubbish into my possession somehow8 ,of course he is waiting for the rise of property around him to sell his lot well2 but can't you make that appear unnatural1 and that he is a dog in the manger8 ,it is also said that sharpers get control of old patents and lay an embargo on legitimate business4 ,i reply1 first1 no one could be damaged by the owner of a patent unless he infringed that owner's right2 second1 if he does infringe1 it shows that said patent is valuable1 otherwise he need not infringe2 and if valuable why should not he pay for it8 ,mr4 ,b1 in the employ of ,mr4 ,c1 watches the machine he uses1 and spends his leisure hours in working out an improvement1 which he patents and offers to ,c for sale2 but as the invention is useless except as attached to ,c's machine1 he thinks ,b can't help himself1 and adopts the improvement without paying for it4 ,when a few years have built up a great industry1 and ,c is rich from his spoils1 ,b steps in with a few friends at his back1 incorporated especially to make ,c shell out4 ,of course this is bad and ought to be legislated against4 ,if it were not valuable ,c need not use it4 ,it is not becoming to the ,congress of a great nation to spend its time in legislating worthless patents out of existence4 ,all such will die a natural death4 ,and if there is sufficient worth in any patent to claim your consideration1 the inventor is entitled to its price1 whether he waits four years or fifteen for his pay4 ,i speak of myself1 not as an individual1 but as representing in this letter a class1 without whose achievements ,america1 in her proud length and breadth1 could not to-day have been4 ,for the last half of my past life1 over twenty years1 ,i have been an inventor4 ,schooled in adversity1 accustomed to disappointment1 sometimes successful1 enjoying no luxuries but the conquest of obstacles1 and often forced to simple pursuits to keep the pot boiling1 yet ,i expect to spend the rest of my life inventing1 feeling strong in the school of experience1 and hoping for such prosperity as will enable me to work out some of the larger problems in view4 ,if those in power would really aid the inventor1 let them increase his facilities for information4 ,circulate the ,patent ,office ,gazette at one dollar a year1 a nominal subscription to insure bona fide readers1 and pay the balance out of the ,patent ,office surplus now accumulated4 ,this both to educate and to save inventors from going over old ground1 bringing more talent up to the standard of to-day4 ,lessen rather than increase ,patent ,office fees4 ,enable the ,commissioner to give the strictest possible examination on every application for a patent1 that when issued it shall bear a bona fide value1 by retaining the most competent examiners at a salary adequate to keep them4 ,reduce the cumbrous machinery of patent litigation to about this text1 in two headings3 ,first1 ,is plaintiff the first inventor8 ,allow one month to find that out4 ,if not disproved in that time1 allow it4 ,second1 ,does defendant infringe8 ,allow one month to decide that4 ,if not proven1 discharge the case1 with cost to plaintiff4 ,if proved1 cost and damage to be settled by defendant in thirty days4 ,the ability of wealthy corporations to absorb with impunity the product of all talent within their reach1 and put off the day of reckoning until plaintiff is swallowed in cost1 is the greatest present discouragement to inventors4 ,our patent law is now better than any amendment yet proposed will leave it4 ,if you must tinker over it1 remember all laws are for protection of the weak4 ,the bulldog does not need law to take the bone from the spaniel4 ,just in proportion as you damage the patent law1 you destroy the accomplishments and purpose of my life4 ,therefore ,i have spoken2 so could a thousand more4 ,w4 ,x4 ,,stevens4 ,east ,brookfield1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,edison ,carbon ,telephone and ,hughes' ,microphone4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,mr4 ,edison finds a resemblance between his carbon telephone and my microphone4 ,i can find none whatever2 the microphone in its numerous forms that ,i have already made1 and varied by many others since1 is simply the embodiment of a discovery ,i have made1 in which ,i consider the microphone as the first step to new and perhaps more wonderful applications4 ,i have proved that all bodies1 solid1 liquid1 and gaseous1 are in a state of molecular agitation when under the influence of sonorous vibrations2 no matter if it is a piece of board1 walls of a house1 street1 fields or woods1 sea or air1 all are in this constant state of vibration1 which simply becomes more evident as the sonorous vibrations are more powerful4 ,this ,i have proved by the discovery that when two or more electrical conducting bodies are placed in contact under very slight constant pressure1 resting on any body whatever1 they will of themselves transform a constant electrical current into an undulatory current1 representing in its exact form the vibrations of the matter on which it reposes2 it requires no complicated arrangement and no special material1 and to most experimenters the three simple iron nails that ,i have described form the best and most sensitive microphone4 ,but these contact points would soon oxidize1 so naturally ,i prefer some conducting material which will not oxidize4 ,mr4 ,edison's carbon telephone represents the principle of the varying pressure of a diaphragm or its equivalent on a button of carbon varying the amount of electricity in accordance with this change of pressure2 it represents no field of discovery1 and its uses are restricted to telephony4 ,the three nails ,i have spoken of will not only do all1 and that far better than ,edison's carbon telephone in telephony1 but has the power of taking up sounds inaudible to human ears1 and rendering them audible1 in fact a true microphone2 besides it has the merit of demonstrating the molecular action which is constantly occurring in all matter under the influence of sonorous vibrations4 ,here we have certainly no resemblance in form1 materials1 or principles to ,mr4 ,edison's telephone4 ,the carbon telephone represents a special material in a special way to a special purpose4 ,the microphone demonstrates and represents the whole field of nature2 the whole world of matter is suitable to act upon1 and the whole of the electrical conducting materials are suitable to its demonstrations4 ,the one represents a patentable improvement2 the other a discovery too great and of too wide bearing for any one to be justified in holding it by patent1 and claiming as his own that which belongs to the world's domain4 ,london1 ,july #b1 #ahgh4 ,d4 ,e4 ,,hughes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,industrial ,enterprises4 ,the increasing wealth of a nation1 as well as the profitable and steady employment of its capital and people1 depends upon a continual increase of the producing power4 ,whenever there are latent resources undeveloped or opportunities for establishing the first foundation of an industry1 leading as it will to the originating of hundreds of auxiliary ones1 an unusual effort should be made to bring it into existence4 ,if in the power of individuals to accomplish1 so much the better2 if needing an association with ,state or national influence1 then this association should be formed4 ,it is incumbent upon individuals that they possess a sufficient pride in the prosperity of the country to give every possible attention and assistance to a careful practical demonstration of the feasibility of all the new industrial enterprises which may be presented with reasonable assurance of final success4 ,not in a great expenditure of money3 influence is better than money1 and a potential interest in a new enterprise is often better than capital4 ,the industrial resources of the ,united ,states are by no means worked to their full capacity4 ,the people by no means make all they consume4 ,the finer articles of use1 and requiring much labor and often the highest skill1 are imported from foreign nations4 ,a premium of #aj1jjj offered for an improved method in any known present process of production or manufacture would be almost sure to be called for4 ,while ,america exports #age1jjj1jjj worth of raw cotton annually to be worked up by other people1 is it not possible to so increase the manufacture in ,america as to keep the greater part of that raw material and to export the cloth instead8 ,is it not practicable to establish great numbers more of sugar estates in the same tropical climate8 ,is it not practicable to lay the foundation of half a dozen beet sugar mills in the country8 ,to begin the weaving of linen goods1 and to teach our farmers that they may produce all the flax fiber as fast as required8 ,to start a ramie industry in a small way and teach the process to those who will engage in it8 ,will not our silk men put a velvet industry into operation as a germ from which a future industry may grow8 ,and we might name a hundred other lesser enterprises which have hardly name in this country1 but every one of which is needed and will add to the wealth of the people4 99 99 99 99 99 ,replanting and ,transplanting ,teeth4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,thomas1 of ,detroit1 in the current number of the ,dental ,cosmos1 states that this operation of replanting has become so common with him1 and the results so uniformly satisfactory1 that he does not hesitate to perform it on any tooth in the mouth1 if the case demands it2 and he finds the cases that demand it1 and the number that he operates upon1 continually multiplying4 ,he makes it a point to examine the end of the roots of nearly all his cases of abscessed teeth2 and a record of more than #aej cases1 with but one loss 7and that in the mouth of a man so timid that he utterly refused to bear the pain which nearly always follows for a few minutes1 therefore necessitating re-extraction71 convinces him that the operation is not only practical1 but decidedly beneficial to both patient and operator4 ,for one sitting is all that he has ever really found necessary to the full and complete restoration of the case4 ,in the present article1 however1 ,dr4 ,thomas states that it is his object not so much to speak of replanting as of transplanting1 which he has reason to believe is just as practical1 so far as the mere re-attachment is concerned1 as is replanting4 ,he details1 in illustration1 a case in which he successfully performed the operation2 inserting in the mouth of a gentleman1 who had lost a right superior cuspidate1 a solid and healthy tooth that he had removed from a lady's mouth four weeks previously4 ,he opened into canal and pulp chamber of the tooth1 from the apex of the root only2 cut the end off one eighth of an inch 7it being that much too long71 reduced the size somewhat in the center of the root 7it being a trifle larger than the root extracted71 filled and placed it in position4 ,he states that the occlusion1 shape1 and color were perfect1 so much so that several dentists who saw the case were not able to distinguish the transplanted tooth from the others4 ,the two features in the case that he calls particular attention to are3 first1 that although the tooth had been in his office four weeks1 there is to-day no perceptible change in color2 and second1 that the re-attachment is as perfect as though it had been transplanted or replanted the same day of extraction4 ,the operation was performed about three months ago4 ,dr4 ,thomas knows of but two obstacles in the way of the perfect practicability of transplanting3 first1 the difficulty of obtaining the proper teeth at the proper time2 and second1 the possibility of inoculation4 ,the latter is the more formidable of the two1 and1 to escape the ills that might follow1 the greatest caution is necessary4 ,the first difficulty is more easily gotten over1 for it is not necessary that the tooth transplanted should correspond exactly in shape and size to the one extracted2 if it is too large1 it may be carefully reduced2 or if too small1 new osseous deposit will supply the deficiency4 ,neither is it necessary1 as we have seen1 that the transplanted tooth should be a freshly extracted one4 ,as a demonstration of what modern dental surgery is capable of performing ,dr4 ,thomas' statements are very interesting2 it is doubtful1 however1 whether popular prejudice will allow this practice of transplanting to become of much use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,american ,institute ,exhibition4 ,for forty-seven years the ,american ,institute of ,new ,york has opened its doors and invited ,american inventors and manufacturers to exhibit their productions2 and again this year it renews its invitation to all4 ,to such as wish to reach the capitalist and consumer1 they must admit that ,new ,york is the place4 ,for details apply to the ,general ,superintendent by mail or otherwise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on the #bb;d of ,june1 cloud bursts occurred in the mountains northeast of ,san ,buenaventura1 ,cal41 causing the ,ventura river to pour down such a volume of muddy water that the ocean was discolored for a distance of six miles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,distillation ,,of ,,coal4 ,bituminous coal1 of which there are several varieties1 is the best suited for the production of coal gas4 ,the ,newcastle coal is principally used in the manufacture of ,london gas4 ,scotch parrot coal produces a superior gas1 but the coke produced is of inferior quality4 ,boghead coal is also used for gas making--in fact1 every kind of coal1 except anthracite1 may be used for this purpose4 ,the bituminous shale produces a very good gas1 and it is used partly to supply the place of cannel or parrot coal4 ,as carbon and hydrogen1 principally with oxygen1 are the elements from which gas is formed1 most substances containing these elements can be partially converted into gas4 ,and gas has been made from grease or kitchen waste1 oil peat1 rosin1 and wood1 besides coal4 ,a ton of ,newcastle or caking coal yields about #i1jjj cubic feet of gas1 ,scotch coal about #aa1jjj1 ,english cannel about #aj1jjj1 and shale about #g1jjj1 with illuminating powers in the ratio of about #ac1 #be1 #bb1 and #cf respectively4 ,the coal is put in retorts1 r1 commonly made of fire clay and often of cast iron4 ,these retorts are from #f feet to #i feet long1 and from #a foot to #a foot #h inches in breadth4 ,they are made like the letter ,d1 elliptical1 cylindrical1 or bean shaped4 ,they are built into an arched oven1 and heated by furnaces1 f1 beneath4 ,one1 three1 five1 seven1 or more are built in the same oven4 ,the mouthpieces are of cast iron1 and project outward from the oven1 so as to allow ascension pipes1 a p1 to be fixed1 to convey the gas generated from the coal to the hydraulic main1 h m4 ,after the coal has been introduced into the retorts1 their mouths are closed with lids luted round the edges with clay1 and kept tight by a screw4 ,the retorts are kept at a bright red heat4 ,if the temperature be too low1 less gas and more tar are produced1 less residue being left2 while1 should the temperature be too high1 the product is more volatile1 more residue remaining4 ,and should the gas remain for any length of time in contact with the highly heated retort1 it is partially decomposed1 carbon being deposited1 thereby lessening the illuminating power1 and choking up the retort1 and more carbon disulphide is produced at a high temperature4 ,the object is to maintain a medium temperature1 in order to obtain a better gas having the greatest illuminating power4 ,in about four or five hours the coal in the retort will have given off all its gas4 ,the mouth of the retort is opened1 and the coke is raked out into large iron vessels1 and extinguished by water4 ,a fresh charge is immediately introduced by means of a long scoop in the cherry-red retort1 and the door luted to4 ,the ascension pipes1 which convey the gas from the retorts1 pass straight up for a few feet1 then turn round1 forming an arch1 then pass downward into the hydraulic main1 beneath the level of the liquid contained in it1 and bubble up through the liquid into the upper portion of the main4 ,on commencing the main is half filled with water1 but after working some time1 this water is displaced by the fluid products of distillation4 ,in this way1 the opening into each retort is closed1 so that a charge can be withdrawn and replaced without interfering with the action of the other retorts and pipes4 ,the liquid tar1 ammoniacal water1 and gas pass from the end1 e1 of the hydraulic main1 down through the pipe1 ,p1 and the liquid falls down into the tar well1 ,t ,w1 while the crude gas goes on into the chest1 ,c1 partially filled with the liquid1 so that the plates1 p p1 from the top dip into it to within a few inches of the bottom4 ,these dip plates are placed in the chest1 so as to separate the openings into each pair of condensing pipes1 c c1 so that the gas passing into the chest finds no exit except up c#a1 and down c#b2 and there being no dip plate between c#b and c#c it passes up c#c1 and down c#d1 and as there is no dip plate to prevent its progress1 it passes up c#e1 and down c#f1 into the lime or iron purifiers1 ,l ,i4 ,the condensers are kept cool by exposure to the atmosphere1 and are often cooled by a stream of water from a tank above4 ,the gas cools quickly1 and liquids passing along with the gas in a state of vapor are condensed and fall into the chest1 and pass by an overflow pipe into the tar well4 ,the purifier is a cast iron vessel1 ,l ,i1 containing a number of perforated shelves1 s#a s#a s#a1 on which slaked lime1 to the depth of about #d inches1 or much greater thickness of iron oxide and sawdust1 is placed4 ,the gas passes up through the shelves1 s s s1 and down through the shelves1 s#a s#a s#a1 through the pipe1 ,g1 into the gas holder1 and from thence through the pipe1 ,m1 to the main pipe4 ,the lime abstracts carbonic anhydride1 sulphureted hydrogen1 cyanogen1 naphthalin1 and a portion of the ammonia1 but not carbon disulphide1 which latter may be absorbed by passing the gas through a solution of sodic hydrate and plumbic oxide1 mixed with sawdust4 ,gas containing ,,cs#b1 on burning1 produces ,h#b,,so#d1 which injures books and furniture in rooms4 ,however1 the quantity of ,,cs#b in gas is generally so minute as to be practically uninjurious4 ,by a proper regulation of the temperature during distillation1 the quantity produced is infinitesimal4 ,when the lime is saturated it is removed1 and fresh supplied2 but the iron1 after use1 can be reconverted into oxide by exposure to the atmosphere1 and used repeatedly4 ,when iron is used a separate lime purifier is necessary to remove carbonic anhydride4 ,the last traces of ammonia are removed before passing to the gas holder1 by passing the gas through dilute sulphuric acid1 or up through the interior of a tower having perforated shelves covered with coke in small pieces1 through which a constant supply of fresh water percolates4 ,this washing removes some of the more condensable hydrocarbons1 and lessens the illuminating power of the gas4 ,before the gas passes from the condensers into the purifiers1 it passes through a kind of pump1 termed an exhauster1 driven by steam power4 ,this action relieves the retorts from the pressure of the gas passing through the hydraulic main1 etc4 ,it diminishes the deposit of graphite in the retorts1 and lessens leakage in them1 should there be any flaws4 ,it also has the beneficial effect of producing a gas of a higher illuminating power1 since the relief of pressure in the retorts produces a more favorable condition of combustion4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,distillation ,,of ,,coal4 ,the following are some of the bodies produced in the manufacture of gas1 namely1 acetylene1 g1 the carbonate1 s1 chloride1 s1 cyanide1 s1 sulphide1 s1 and sulphate1 s1 of ammonium2 aniline1 t1 anthracene1 s1 benzine1 l1 carbonic oxide1 g1 carbonic anhydride1 g1 carbonic disulphide1 l1 chrysene1 s1 cumene1 l1 cymene1 l1 ethylene1 g1 hydrogen1 g1 leucoline1 l1 methyl-hydride1 g1 naphthaline1 s1 nitrogen1 g1 paraffine1 s1 phenylic alcohol1 l1 picoline1 l1 propene1 g1 quartene1 g1 sulphureted hydrogen1 g1 toluene1 l1 water1 l1 xylene1 l1 etc4 ,the most of the above solid and liquid substances1 with the letters s and l written after1 are removed by cooling the gas in the condensers1 and the gaseous substances marked g1 that are injurious in the consumption of the gas1 are removed by purification4 ,the impurities in the gas may consist of ammonic carbonate and sulphide1 carbonic anhydride and disulphide1 nitrogen1 oxygen1 sulphureted hydrogen1 and water in the form of vapor2 and acetylene1 ethylene1 and the vapors of the acetylene1 ethylene1 and phenylene series of hydrocarbons are the illuminating ingredients diluted with carbonic oxide1 hydrogen1 and methyl-hydride4 ,the approximate percentage composition of coal gas is3 ,h1 #de4f2 ,me1 #cd4h2 ,,co1 #f4e2 ,c#b;,h#d1 #d2 ,,co#b1 #c4f2 ,n1 #b4d2 ,c#d;,h#h1 #b4c2 ,,sh#b1 #j4c1 etc4--,hugh ,clements in ,english ,mechanic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,short ,history of ,petroleum4 ,the ,lumberman's ,gazette gives the following short history of petroleum3 ,the production of petroleum as an article of trade dates from the #bhth of ,august1 #ahei1 when ,colonel ,drake1 in a well #fi feet deep1 struck oil1 and coined a phrase that will last as long as the ,english language4 ,from that beginning it has increased to an annual production of #ad1ejj1jjj barrels of crude oil4 ,the first export was in #ahfa1 of #bg1jjj barrels1 valued at #a1jjj1jjj1 and the export of petroleum in the year #ahgg was1 in round numbers1 #fb1jjj1jjj4 ,the annual product of petroleum to-day--crude and refined--is greater in value than the entire production of iron1 and is more than double that of the anthracite coal of the ,state of ,pennsylvania1 and exceeds the gold and silver product of the whole country4 ,as an article of export it is fourth1 and contests closely for the third rank4 ,our leading exports are relatively as follows3 ,cotton annually from #age1jjj1jjj to #bbg1jjj1jjj2 flour from #fi1jjj1jjj to #acj1jjj1jjj2 pork and its products 7bacon1 ham and lard7 from #eg1jjj1jjj to #hb1jjj1jjj2 and petroleum from #dh1jjj1jjj to #fb1jjj1jjj4 ,the total export of petroleum from #ahfa to and including #ahgg 7#af years7 has been #ddb1fih1ifh1 custom house valuation4 ,from the best sources of information there are at this time #aj1jjj oil wells1 producing and drilling1 which1 at a cost of #e1jjj per well1 would make an investment of #ej1jjj1jjj in this branch of the business4 ,tankage now existing of a capacity of #f1jjj1jjj barrels cost #b1jjj1jjj1 and #g1jjj1jjj has been invested in about #b1jjj miles of pipe lines connected with the wells4 ,the entire investment for the existing oil production1 including purchase money of territory1 is something over #ajj1jjj1jjj1 which amount cannot be lessened much1 if any1 for as wells cease to produce new ones have been constantly drilled to take their place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,minute ,forms of ,life4 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dallinger lately delivered a lecture at the ,royal ,institution1 descriptive of the recent researches of ,dr4 ,drysdale and himself4 ,the object of the lecture was mainly to explain the method of research which had been employed4 ,the first essays of the opticians to produce high powers were1 as might be expected1 feeble4 ,these powers amplified1 but did not analyze2 hence it began to be questioned whether one could see more really with a high power than with a moderate one4 ,and this was true at the time4 ,but it is not so now4 ,the optician has risen to the emergency1 and provided us with powers of great magnifying capacity which carry an equivalent capacity for analysis4 ,they open up structure in a wonderful way when rightly used4 ,the lecturer began by projecting upon the screen the magnified image of a wasp's sting--an object about the #a-bjth of an inch in natural size--and beside it was placed a piece of the point of a cambric sewing needle of the same length1 magnified to the same extent4 ,the details of the sting were very delicate and refined1 but the minute needle point became riven and torn and blunt under the powerful analysis of the lens1 showing what the lecturer meant by magnifying power2 not mere enlargement1 but the bringing out of details infinitely beyond us save through the well made lens4 ,this was further illustrated by means of the delicate structure of the ,radiolaria1 and still further by means of a rarely delicate valve of the diatom known as ,n4 rhomboides4 ,with a magnification of #fjj diameters no structure of any kind was visible2 but by gradually using #a1bjj1 #a1hjj1 and #b1djj diameters1 it was made manifest how the ultimate structure of this organic atom displayed itself4 ,but this power of analysis was carried still further by means of the minutest known organic form1 ,bacterium termo4 ,the lecturer had1 in connection with ,dr4 ,drysdale1 discovered that the movements of this marvelously minute living thing were effected by means of a pair of fine fibers or flagella4 ,these were so delicate as to be invisible to everything but the most powerful and specially constructed lenses and the most delicate retinas4 ,but since this discovery1 ,dr4 ,koch1 of ,germany1 had actually photographed the flagella of much larger bacteria1 such as ,bacillus subtilis1 and expressed his conviction that the whole group was flagellate4 ,mr4 ,dallinger determined then to try to measure the diameter of this minute flagellum of ,b4 termo that the real power of magnification in our present lenses might be tested4 ,this was a most difficult task1 but #bjj measurements were made with four different lenses1 and the results were for the mean of the first #ej measurements #jjjjjjdhibjh2 for the second1 #jjjjjjdhhfgc2 for the third1 #jjjjjjdhhjbd2 for the fourth1 #jjjjjjdhhbjj1 giving a mean value for the whole1 expressed in vulgar fractions1 of the #a_/bjdgjj of an inch as the diameter of the flagellum of ,b4 termo4 ,with such power of analysis it was manifest that immense results might be expected from a good use of the highest powers4 ,the proper method of using them was next dwelt on1 and then the apparatus was described1 by means of which a drop of fluid containing any organism that was being studied might be prevented from evaporating while under the scrutiny of the most powerful lenses1 and for an indefinite length of time4 ,the importance of studying such organisms in this way--by continuous observation--was then plainly shown1 some of the peculiar inferences of ,dr4 ,bastian1 as to the transmutation of bacteria into monads1 and monads into amoeb1 etc41 being explained by discontinuity of observation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wages in ,england4 ,consul ,general ,badeau reports that during the past five years wages have increased gradually about #aj per cent1 while the cost of living has increased about #be per cent4 ,clothing is about #cj per cent higher1 while fuel has not risen in price4 ,agricultural laborers get from #b to #c per week1 including beer2 building laborers and gardeners from #d4dj to #e4aj per week2 bricklayers1 carpenters1 masons1 and engineers from #f4hj to #aa per week2 cabinetmakers1 printers1 and jewelers from #h to #ab4cj per week1 although the best marble masons and jewelers receive #ad4ge4 ,bootmakers and tailors get from #d4hf to #g4fe per week1 and bakers from #d4fe to #g4be1 with partial board4 ,women servants are paid from #gj to #bdj per annum4 ,railway porters and laborers on public works get from #d4de to #ab per week4 ,rents have risen some #cj per cent1 and are1 for artisans in ,london1 from #a4bj to #b4dj per week for one or two rooms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,treatment of ,cancer by ,pressure4 ,m4 ,bouchut has recently introduced to the notice of the members of the ,acadmie des ,sciences a cuirasse of vulcanized caoutchouc1 which he has used with success for the treatment of cancerous and other tumors of the breast4 ,in this country there has been much division of opinion upon the utility of pressure in the treatment of cancer1 some surgeons regarding it as harmful1 or but rarely useful1 others attributing to it great retardation of the rapidity of growth of the tumor1 or even cure4 ,the surgeons of ,middlesex ,hospital studied it systematically some years ago1 and gave an unfavorable report4 ,the theory of the plan is certainly good3 a neoplasia1 like a healthy tissue1 is dependent upon its blood supply for vitality and growth1 and complete anmia causes the death of a tumor1 as it does of a patch of brain substance4 ,it will be remembered that ,mr4 ,haward last year related at the ,clinical ,society a case in point4 ,he ligatured the left lingual artery for a recurrent epithelioma of the tongue2 the tumor sloughed away1 and a fortnight before the patient's death from blood poisoning the tongue was quite healed4 ,in just the same way ischmia will impair the vitality and so lessen the growth of a tumor4 ,the difficulty is rather in the practical application of this theory4 ,the knowledge that we now possess of the mode of growth of cancers gives us at least one important indication4 ,if we have to deal with a neoplasia that grows at the periphery by gradual infiltration of the surrounding tissues1 it is plain that1 for pressure to be useful1 it must be applied around the tumor rather than over it1 where1 by compressing and obstructing the capillaries1 it would cause overfullness of those at the circumference4 ,it is the periphery of a cancer that is its active part1 and we must1 therefore1 produce ischmia around and not in the tumor4 ,in the application of the treatment this must be obtained by the careful adjustment of elastic pads or cotton wool1 and as the whole success of the plan depends upon the skill with which this is done1 too much attention cannot be given to it4 ,we cannot regard pressure as a substitute for removal of a cancer2 but in the frequent cases where this is impracticable it appears to be the best substitute at present open to the surgeon4 ,m4 ,bouchut's cuirasse would seem to be an improvement upon the spring pads and other appliances in use in this country4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,cutting ,,and ,,boring ,,attachment ,,for ,,lathes4 ,our engraving represents a useful little machine which is intended for attachment to lathes4 ,although it is exceedingly simple it is capable of performing a great variety of work4 ,the machine is used in two ways1 either by attachment to a rigid support1 as shown in ,fig4 #a1 or by suspending it by a belt1 so that it is capable of universal motion1 as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,the supporting frame1 ,a1 has three boxes for the spindle1 ,b1 and on the shaft at one side of the middle box there are planing knives1 ,c1 on the opposite side there is a balance wheel1 and a pulley for receiving the driving belt4 ,the spindle1 ,b1 extends beyond the ends of the frame1 ,a1 and has at each end a socket for receiving interchangeable cutting and boring tools4 ,one end of the spindle is externally threaded to receive a face plate1 to which may be attached a disk of wood for receiving sandpaper for smoothing and polishing wood or metal4 ,the frame1 ,a1 is held to its work by means of handles1 ,a'1 and the spindle is driven by a round belt that passes over a suspended pulley1 ,e1 and also over the pulley on the lathe mandrel4 ,the entire attachment is balanced by a weight1 ,f1 attached to a cord that passes over a fixed pulley1 ,f'1 to the pulley1 ,e1 to which it is secured by a swivel hook that permits of turning the belt in any direction4 ,the belt is guided by small pulleys1 ,h1 so that the device may be turned without running the belt from the pulley on the spindle4 ,guides1 ,g1 are attached to the frame1 ,a1 for guiding the material being operated upon by the planing knives4 ,the frame1 ,a1 may be supported by attachment to an arm1 ,i1 at the lower end of the screw-acted follower1 ,j1 which slides in a rigid support1 ,k4 ,the arm1 ,i1 has a notched disk which is engaged by a spring detent which holds the frame at any desired inclination4 ,among the kinds of work that may be done on this machine may be mentioned shaping and edging1 fluting and beading table legs1 balusters1 etc42 dovetailing1 boring1 carving1 paneling1 shaping or friezing mouldings1 scroll or fret work1 inlaying and engraving1 blind stile mortising and blind slat planing4 ,by changing the inclination of the spindle different varieties of mouldings may be produced by the same cutter4 ,the machine may be used as an emery grinder1 and it may also be used for drilling and shaping metals4 ,for further information address ,mathew ,rice1 ,augusta1 ,ga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,decrease of the ,new ,york ,rainfall4 ,in his report for #ahgf1 ,director ,draper1 of the ,new ,york ,meteorological ,observatory in ,central ,park1 showed that a careful examination of the records in his office proved that there had been1 in late years1 a change in the rainfall of ,new ,york and its vicinity1 affecting seriously its water supply4 ,the decrease had been steady since #ahfi1 previous to which there had been an increase4 ,in his report for #ahgg1 ,mr4 ,draper discusses the question whether the change continues1 or is likely to continue1 in the same direction1 and comes to the conclusion that the rainfall of ,new ,york will1 most probably1 continue to decrease by fluctuations for several years to come2 also1 that the variations are very nearly the same in the two portions of the year1 the division date being ,july #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,steam ,,valve4 ,the improved valve shown partly in section in the engraving is designed for removing the water of condensation from steam pipes1 so that dry steam may be furnished4 ,illustration3 ,,saunders' ,,steam ,,valve4 ,in the engraving1 the globe valve1 ,a1 is of the usual form1 except that the casing below the valve seat is enlarged1 forming a pocket1 ,b1 which communicates through an aperture at the bottom with a small valve1 ,c4 ,the steam1 in passing through the valve1 fills the pocket and there deposits any water that may have condensed from the steam in its passage through the steam pipe4 ,the increased depth of the lower portion of the valve prevents siphoning1 which takes place in valves of the ordinary form4 ,the valve1 ,c1 is kept slightly open to discharge the water at the moment it collects in the pocket2 the water is thus prevented from passing onward to the engine or other point of use4 ,illustration3 ,,cutting ,,and ,,boring ,,attachment ,,for ,,lathes4 ,this valve affords a ready means of supplying dry steam to sulphuric acid chambers4 ,we are informed that by its use a chamber in ordinary working order will produce acid #c to #e ,baum stronger than can be obtained with ordinary globe valves4 ,thirty steam pipes1 arranged at different points1 are found to deliver into a chamber in the space of five minutes from #d to #af ounces of condense water 7according to the circumstances of distance1 temperature of the air1 size of pipe1 etc474 ,these valves1 being placed close to the chamber separating all the condense water1 deliver with certainty uniformly dry steam1 without the inconvenience of ordinary steam traps or other expensive appliances4 ,this valve was patented through the ,scientific ,american ,patent ,agency1 ,may #ba1 #ahgh4 ,for further particulars address ,mr4 ,joseph ,saunders1 #ige ,third avenue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,hint from the ,mormons4 ,ex-,governor ,hendricks1 in a recent industrial address1 alluded to the highly prosperous condition of the ,mormons as existing previous to the influx of the ,gentiles into ,utah1 saying that to the fact that they produced all they consumed ,i attribute their wonderful prosperity4 ,this remark1 associated with the prosperity of other communities in different parts of the country1 would suggest the query of ,why the principle cannot be more largely applied to the whole nation8 ,certainly the resources of the whole country would indicate a much greater diversity of production1 and if there was the same regard for a uniform building up of our industrial system there would seem to be need of but little importation1 certainly of goods which can be readily made1 and which our people need the labor to produce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,agricultural ,inventions4 ,joseph ,george1 of ,springfield1 ,greene ,co41 ,mo41 has patented an improved form of ,cultivator or ,shovel ,plow1 designed to be convertible into either a single1 double1 or triple shovel plow as occasion may require4 ,it consists in two detachable clamping plates1 which hold the plow beams1 and their arrangement with respect to the said beams and the handles of the plow1 whereby a single bolt is made to secure the forward ends of the handles and clamp the plates to hold the plow beams in place4 ,russel ,o4 ,bean1 of ,macedonia1 ,miss41 is the inventor of an improved ,seed ,planter for planting cotton and other seeds1 and for distributing fertilizers4 ,the details of the construction of this planter cannot be explained without engravings4 ,rutus ,sarlls and ,alexander ,kelman1 of ,navasota1 ,texas1 have invented an improved combined ,planter1 ,cultivator1 and ,cotton ,chopper1 which may be readily adjusted for use in planting seed1 cultivating plants1 and chopping cotton to a stand1 and is effective and reliable in operation in either capacity4 ,william ,h4 ,akens1 of ,penn ,line1 ,pa41 is the inventor of an improved ,dropper1 for attachment to the finger bar of a reaper1 to receive the grain and deliver it in gavels at the side of the machine1 so as to be out of the way when making the next round4 ,it is so constructed that when attached to the finger bar of a mower it will convert it into a harvester4 ,james ,goodheart1 of ,matawan1 ,n4 ,j41 has devised an improved machine for ,distributing ,poison upon potato plants to destroy the potato bug4 ,it may also be used for sowing seeds4 ,william ,v4 ,mc,connell and ,charles ,m4 ,dickerson1 of ,crockett1 ,texas1 have invented an improved ,fruit ,picker1 having cup-shaped self-opening spring jaws attached to its handle1 and operated by a cord to close upon and clamp the fruit4 ,it also has a hollow extensible adjustable handle and a fruit receiver4 99 99 99 99 99 ,quick ,work4 ,two years ago a farmer-miller and his wife1 at ,carrolton1 ,mo41 furnished some invited guests with bread baked in eight and a quarter minutes from the time the wheat was standing in the field4 ,this year it was determined to make still better time4 ,accordingly elaborate preparations were made to reap1 thrash1 grind1 and bake the grain with the least possible loss of time4 ,in #a minute #ae seconds the wheat1 about a peck1 was cut and thrashed1 and put on the back of a swift horse to be carried to the mill1 #af rods away4 ,in #b minutes #ag seconds the flour was delivered to ,mrs4 ,lawton1 and in #cm4 #ees4 from the starting of the reaper the first griddle cake was done4 ,in #d minutes #cg seconds from the starting of the reaper1 a pan of biscuits was delivered to the assembled guests4 ,after that1 according to the ,carrolton ,democrat1 other pans of delicious one minute biscuits were baked more at leisure1 and eagerly devoured1 with the usual accompaniment of boiled ham and speech making4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,rhinoceros ,,hornbill4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,rhinoceros ,,hornbill4 ,there are many strange and wonderful forms among the feathered tribes2 but there are1 perhaps1 none which more astonish the beholder who sees them for the first time than the group of birds known by the name of hornbills4 ,they are all distinguished by a very large beak1 to which is added a singular helmet-like appendage1 equaling in size the beak itself in some species1 while in others it is so small as to attract but little notice4 ,on account of the enormous size of the beak and helmet1 the bird appears to be overweighted by the mass of horny substance which it has to carry1 but on closer investigation the whole structure is found to be singularly light and yet very strong1 the whole interior being composed of numerous honeycombed cells with very thin walls and wide spaces1 the walls being so arranged as to give very great strength when the bill is used for biting1 and with a very slight expenditure of material4 ,the greatest development of beak and helmet is found in the rhinoceros hornbill1 although there are many others which have these appendages of great size4 ,the beak varies greatly in proportion to the age of the individual1 the helmet being almost imperceptible when it is first hatched1 and the bill not very striking in dimensions4 ,the beak gains in size as the bird gains in strength4 ,in the adult the helmet and beak attain their full proportions4 ,it is said that a wrinkle is added every year to the number of the furrows found on the bill4 ,the object of the helmet is obscure1 but the probability is that it may aid the bird in producing the loud roaring cry for which it is so celebrated4 ,the hornbill is lively and active1 leaping from bough to bough with great lightness1 and appearing not to be in the least incommoded by its huge beak4 ,its flight is laborious1 and when in the air the bird has a habit of clattering its great mandibles together1 which together with the noise of the wings produces a weird sound4 ,the food of the hornbill seems to consist of both animal and vegetable matters4 ,we take our illustration from ,wood's ,natural ,history4 99 99 99 99 99 ,saw ,tempering by ,natural ,gas4 ,beaver ,falls1 ,pa41 contains several gas wells at an average depth of eleven hundred feet1 yielding about #ajj1jjj cubic feet of gas every twenty-four hours4 ,this gas has been introduced into a large saw tempering furnace at that place in the works of ,emerson1 ,smith ,co4 ,the furnace is #h feet wide by #ad feet long4 ,it is said to be a perfect success1 giving a uniform heat1 and there being no sulphur or impurity in the gas the steel is not deteriorated in the operation of heating4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,japanese ,,building ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,exhibition4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,japanese ,,building ,,at ,,the ,,paris ,,exhibition4 ,japan1 on the terrestrial globe1 lies furthest away in that direction beyond the ,far ,west of ,america1 and beyond the wide ,pacific4 ,the ,japanese structure has a simple and solid aspect1 resembling the portal of a half-fortified mansion1 with massive timber frames at the sides2 but it is adorned with two handsome porcelain fountains1 and each of these is designed to represent the stump of a tree supporting a shell into which the water is poured from a large flower4 ,before entering the porch a large map of ,japan and a plan of the city of ,tokio are seen displayed on the walls to right and left4--,illustrated ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,machinery for ,new ,york ,state ,capitol ,building4 ,the ,buckeye ,engine ,company of this city have been awarded the contract for a pair of condensing engines1 cylinders #ad inches diameter1 stroke #bh inches1 for the ,state ,capitol ,building at ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,the engines will be of the company's usual horizontal type with automatic cut off1 and will be elaborately finished4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,explosiveness of ,flour4 ,professors ,peck and ,peckham1 of the ,university of ,minnesota1 have been making an extensive series of experiments to determine the cause of the recent flour mill explosion at ,minneapolis4 ,the substances tested were coarse and fine bran1 material from stone grinding wheat2 wheat dust1 from wheat dust house2 middlings1 general mill dust1 dust from middlings machines1 dust from flour dust house 7from stones71 and flour4 ,when thrown in a body on a light1 all these substances put the light out4 ,blown by a bellows into the air surrounding a gas flame1 the following results were obtained3 ,coarse bran would not burn4 ,fine bran and flour dust burn quickly1 with considerable blaze4 ,middlings burn quicker1 but with less flame4 ,all the other substances burn very quickly1 very much like gunpowder4 ,in all these cases there was a space around the flash where the dust was not thick enough to ignite from particle to particle2 hence it remained in the air after the explosion4 ,flour dust1 flour middlings1 etc41 when mixed with air1 thick enough to ignite from particle to particle1 and separated so that each particle is surrounded by air1 will unite with the oxygen in the air1 producing a gas at high temperature1 which requires an additional space1 hence the bursting4 ,there is no gas which comes from flour or middlings that is an explosive2 it is the direct combination with the air that produces gas1 requiring additional space4 ,powerful electric sparks from the electric machine and from the ,leyden jar were passed through the air filled with dust of the different kinds1 but without an explosion in any case4 ,a platinum wire kept at a white heat by a galvanic battery would not produce an explosion4 ,the dust would collect upon it and char to black coals1 but would not blaze nor explode4 ,a piece of glowing charcoal1 kept hot by the bellows1 would not produce an explosion when surrounded by dust1 but when fanned into a blaze the explosion followed4 ,a common kerosene lantern1 when surrounded by dust of all degrees of density1 would not produce an explosion1 but when the dust was blown into the bottom1 through the globe and out of the top1 it would ignite4 ,to explode quickly the dust must be dry4 ,evidently when an explosion has been started in a volume of dusty air1 loose flour maybe blown into the air and made a source of danger4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,engineering ,inventions4 ,erskine ,h4 ,bronson1 of ,ottawa1 ,ontario1 ,canada1 has patented an improvement in ,automatic ,switches for ,railways1 which consists in an arrangement of sliding cams for moving the switch rails1 and in treadles to be operated by the pilot wheels of the locomotive1 and in intermediate mechanism for connecting the treadles with the switch operating cams1 the object being to provide a switch will be operated by the pilot wheels of the locomotive as it approaches the movable switch rails4 ,an improved ,refrigerator ,car has been patented by ,michael ,haughey1 of ,st ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,the object of this invention is to ventilate and cool railway cars used in the transportation of perishable articles4 ,this car has a novel ventilator and ice box and is provided with a new form of non-conducting walls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,crooked ,,journalism4 ,in the ,english scientific journal ,engineering1 of ,june #ba1 #ahgh1 appears a six column article on ,edison's ,carbon ,telephone1 illustrated with ten engravings from ,mr4 ,prescott's recent work on ,the ,speaking ,telephone1 ,talking ,phonograph1 and other novelties4 ,the descriptions of the cuts1 and the rest of the information given1 so far as correct1 obviously come from the same source4 ,so far as correct3 unhappily for the honor of scientific journalism1 the writer's desire is plainly not so much to do justice to truth as to exalt ,mr4 ,hughes at the expense of ,mr4 ,edison4 ,to this end he has studiously suppressed from ,mr4 ,prescott's description of the carbon telephone the points which establish ,mr4 ,edison's claim to the prior invention or discovery of everything involved in ,mr4 ,hughes' microphone1 while he has as studiously dwelt upon those same points as constituting the peculiar merits of ,mr4 ,hughes' work4 ,for example1 while he uses ,fig4 #ba of ,mr4 ,prescott's book1 he leaves out the very important little diagram numbered #bj4 ,it represents one form of the apparatus to which ,sir ,william ,thomson refers in the letter in which he says3 ,it is certain that at the meeting of the ,british ,association at ,plymouth last ,september1 a method of magnifying sound in an electric telephone was described as having been invented by ,mr4 ,edison1 which was identical in principle and in some details with that brought forward by ,mr4 ,hughes4 ,the figure looks altogether too much like one form of ,mr4 ,hughes' microphone to allow of its use in an article intended to establish the novelty of ,mr4 ,hughes' discovery4 ,the omissions from the text are quite as significant4 ,under the first cut used in ,engineering1 ,mr4 ,prescott says3 ,in the latest form of transmitter which ,mr4 ,edison has introduced the vibrating diaphragm is done away with altogether1 it having been found that much better results are obtained when a rigid plate of metal is substituted in its place4444 ,the inflexible plate1 of course1 merely serves1 in consequence of its comparatively large area1 to concentrate a considerable portion of the sonorous waves upon the small carbon disk or button2 a much greater degree of pressure for any given effort of the speaker is thus brought to bear on the disk than could be obtained if only its small surface alone were used4 ,the ,engineering writer coolly suppresses this important statement4 ,he does worse3 he puts in its place the false statement that the essential principle of ,mr4 ,edison's transmitter consists in causing a diaphragm1 vibrating under the influence of sonorous vibrations1 to vary the pressure upon1 and therefore the resistance of1 a piece of carbon1 and so on4 ,a little further on1 while repeating ,mr4 ,edison's account of the experiments which led to the abandonment of the vibrating diaphragm 7page #bbf of ,mr4 ,prescott's book71 the ,engineering writer drops out the following remark by ,mr4 ,edison3 ,i discovered that my principle1 unlike all other acoustical devices for the transmission of speech1 did not require any vibration of the diaphragm--that1 in fact1 the sound waves could be transformed into electrical pulsations without the movement of any intervening mechanism4 ,worse yet1 in the very face of ,mr4 ,edison's assertion to the contrary--an assertion which he could not by any possibility have overlooked--this most unscientific journalist says3 ,mr4 ,edison finds it necessary to insert a diaphragm in all forms of his apparatus1 that being the mechanical contrivance employed by which sonorous vibrations are converted into variations of mechanical pressure1 and by which variations in the conductivity of the carbon or other material is insured4444 ,on the other hand1 ,mr4 ,hughes employs no diaphragm at all1 the sonorous vibrations in his apparatus acting directly upon the conducting material or through whatever solid substance to which they may be attached4 ,in this way throughout the offending article1 the writer persistently robs ,edison to magnify ,hughes1 giving credit to ,mr4 ,hughes for exactly what he has suppressed from ,mr4 ,prescott's book4 ,to insist as he does1 that1 because ,mr4 ,edison covers his carbon button with a rigid iron plate1 in his very practical telephone1 therefore a vibrating diaphragm is an essential feature of ,mr4 ,edison's invention1 is a very shallow quibble in the face of ,mr4 ,edison's and ,mr4 ,prescott's statements that the carbon button acts precisely the same in the absence of such covering1 though not so strongly4 ,mr4 ,edison's laboratory records show a great variety of experiments in which the carbon was talked against without any intervening mechanism4 ,in a telephone for popular use1 however1 to be held in the hand1 turned upside down1 talked into1 exposed to dust and the weather1 it was obviously necessary to use some means for holding the carbon in place1 and to prevent its sensitiveness from being destroyed by dirt and the moisture of the breath when in use4 ,for this purpose a rigid iron partition seemed at once convenient and durable4 ,it is not in any sense a vibrating diaphragm4 ,with a persistence worthy of a better cause1 the ,engineering writer returns to the point he seems especially anxious to enforce4 ,toward the end of the article he says3 ,in every instrument described by ,mr4 ,edison the diaphragm is the ruling genie of the instrument4 ,professor ,hughes1 however1 has through his great discovery been enabled to show that variations of resistance can be imparted to an electrical current not only without a diaphragm1 but with very much better results when no such accessory is employed4 ,the animus of all this is only too apparent4 ,altogether the article is the most dishonest piece of writing we have ever seen in a scientific periodical2 and although the article appears in the editorial columns of ,engineering1 we prefer1 for the honor of scientific journalism1 to think that the management of that paper was not party to the rascally act4 ,it is more credible that a gross imposition has been practiced by some trusted member of the ,engineering staff1 or by some contributor whose position seemed to justify the acceptance of his utterances without any attempt at their verification4 ,it is well known here to whom1 in ,london1 at ,mr4 ,edison's request1 ,mr4 ,prescott sent proofs of the matter abused1 together with electros of the cuts used1 in ,engineering4 ,accordingly the burden of dishonor lies upon or between a prominent ,british official on the one hand1 and on the other a journal which cannot afford to leave the matter unexplained4 ,whoever is hurt1 we sincerely hope that the fair fame of scientific journalism for candor and honesty may come off unstained4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,more ,perfect ,production4 ,the highest skill in manufacture or in production of any kind is not yet the prevailing characteristic of ,american industry4 ,uniformity of production1 of whatever kind1 is of much greater importance than to attempt the manufacture of any grade for which the material or the tools1 the machinery or the knowledge of the workmen is not fitted4 ,the highest condition of product in any nation is to produce the finest or highest cost articles in the most perfect manner1 and to have material and machinery adopted1 and the skilled workmen1 so as to be able to so produce economically4 ,but until the master hand is satisfied of all the requisites for producing fine goods1 he should confine production to the best his facilities will make in the most perfect1 uniform manner4 ,samples of fine goods are shown all over the country every day1 and were consumers or merchants sure that the product would be the same1 there would be much less difficulty in introducing and more homemade goods used where now importations are depended upon4 ,the ,stevens crash mills import raw flax because it is to be had according to sample1 perfectly classified1 and saves the employment of skilled labor to assort and classify1 and of purchasing a great deal not wanted4 ,the manufacturers of edge tools and knives use imported steel because it is warranted and the warrant proves good1 while the uncertainty of ,american steel is such that a knife will often crack in tempering and cause the loss of labor worth ten times the difference in the price of the steel4 ,samples of alpacas and other dress goods are shown in our jobbing houses fully equal to any imported goods1 but the goods when received are quite often of various grades and imperfections of character4 ,the imperfect or second quality productions find sale1 but at a much lower price1 and are to be found at second rate places1 the imperfections slight and the goods perhaps generally quite as serviceable1 but not absolutely so1 and first class houses1 catering to those who pay highest prices1 cannot afford to have any other house carry better articles than they do4 ,the use of perfect appliances and the best material and the employment of the highest skill are not yet the first step and an absolute necessity1 as it should be1 in ,america4 ,the supply of such machinery1 material1 and labor can be had if those who propose to enter the production of first class articles will insist upon it1 and if such supplies are appreciated by the payment of their higher value4 ,the ,american standard of production is not the highest1 and it can be materially elevated1 and while1 as at present1 too many common articles are supplied1 the leading manufacturers should turn to producing finer1 the finest1 and in smaller quantities1 to take the place of many articles now imported1 and to supply the new market which such productions will always create in any country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,wool ,product of the ,world4 ,from an interesting article on the wool trade of the ,pacific coast1 published in a recent number of the ,san ,francisco ,journal of ,commerce1 we learn that the number of sheep in the world is now estimated at from four hundred and eighty-four to six hundred millions1 of which the ,united ,states has about #cf1jjj1jjj1 and ,great ,britain the same number4 ,from #ahja to #ahge the wool clip of ,great ,britain and ,ireland increased from #id1jjj1jjj to #cbe1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,that of ,france has increased almost as rapidly1 though the wool is finer1 as a rule1 and hence the superiority of ,french cloths4 ,australia produces nearly as much wool as the parent country--,great ,britain4 ,the ,united ,states product increased from very little at the beginning of the century to about #bjj1jjj1jjj pounds at the present time4 ,of this ,california has produced about one fourth1 and the ,pacific coast as a whole almost one third4 ,if the ratio of growth shown in the past prevails in the future1 the day is not far distant when the ,pacific coast will produce at least one half the wool produced in the ,united ,states1 as not only ,california and ,oregon1 but also ,washington1 ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,utah1 and ,new ,mexico are well adapted to its production4 ,the wool clip of ,australia is about #bhd1jjj1jjj pounds2 that of ,buenos ,ayres and the river ,plata1 #bbb1ejj1jjj pounds2 other countries not previously given1 #dfc1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,the total clip of the world last year was about #a1dig1ejj1jjj pounds1 worth #aej1jjj1jjj4 ,this when scoured would yield about #heb1jjj1jjj pounds of clean wool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,street ,main ,joints4 ,at the annual meeting of the ,new ,england ,association of ,gas ,engineers1 ,mr4 ,thomas1 of ,williamsburg1 made the following remarks on this subject3 ,in my early experience with the ,williamsburg ,gaslight ,company1 with which ,i became connected in the year #ahed1 ,i found pretty nearly all the street mains that were laid were connected with cement joints4 ,while there is no doubt in my own mind that a joint can be made perfectly tight with cement1 ,i much prefer the lead joint4 ,another thing to be taken into consideration to keep tight joints is that the mains should be laid a sufficient depth under the surface to protect them from the action of severe frosts4 ,a great many of the mains were not more than #ah inches or #b feet below the surface of the streets1 and at this depth in our climate it is a matter of impossibility to keep joints tight1 as the action of the frost in winter will displace the mains and cause the joints to leak4 ,from the bad manner in which our mains were laid1 and the cement joints leaking so much1 we could not afford to turn gas on during the day4 ,had we done so we should not have had any to supply the city at night1 and we were thus compelled to shut off the gas just as soon as there was any apology for daylight1 and keep it shut off as late as possible in the evening4 ,with the most careful working in this manner1 for a period of nine or twelve months1 our losses from leakage amounted to about #eb to #ee per cent of the gas manufactured4 ,a great part of this loss was caused by the cement joints leaking1 and also a part due to the fact that the mains were not at sufficient depth under the surface to protect them from the action of the frost4 ,as soon as we possibly could ,i went over the whole of our mains 7there was about #ag miles in all71 stripping them1 cutting out the cement1 and rejointing them with lead4 ,in one season we got the loss from leakage down to #bj per cent1 and this with the gas turned on during the #bd hours of the day4 ,one great objection to cement joints is the rigidity of them2 in cases where pipes have been disturbed by other excavations and settled1 ,i found in all cases that the mains were broken4 ,in a leading main from our old works1 with cement joints1 the main1 a #aj-;inch one1 was broken entirely off and fractured lengthwise besides1 by the upheaval of the ground from frost4 ,in some of the same mains that we had rejointed with lead the mains were drawn apart1 drawing the lead out1 but with very little loss of gas1 as the gasket being driven in tight prevented any great leakage4 ,in cases of this kind the lead was easily driven back1 and the joint made perfectly tight again4 ,i have never in our city put in any street mains that ,i have not used lead in the joints1 and in laying mains we always make them gas tight with the gasket used4 ,at the present time we have over #ij miles of street mains laid1 and outside of our loss from street lamps 7we get paid for three foot burners and they average about #c foot7 our loss from leakage will not exceed #f per cent4 ,we have suffered severe loss of gas from sewering in our city4 ,in some cases where there are railroad tracks in the streets1 the sewers have been run on both sides of the street1 alongside and parallel with our pipes2 these excavations are much deeper than our mains lie1 and the earth is always filled in loosely and left to settle4 ,in cases of this kind1 whole blocks of mains were dragged down1 the pipe broken1 and the joints partially pulled apart2 at the same time the leakage from the joints was not so great1 the gasket preventing the leakage4 ,in laying street mains1 what you want particularly to attend to1 and especially in the ,east here1 where you have colder weather than we have 7we have not seen much winter until we came on here71 is to get them down under the surface a sufficient depth to protect them from the frost4 ,with us the least depth is #b feet #i inches under the surface of the street1 and ,i am confident1 could our mains remain in the ground as we put them down1 our loss from leakage by them would be very small indeed4 ,while1 as ,i stated in the beginning1 ,i have no doubt that a cement joint can be made tight1 ,i can see no benefit in using cement for the purpose1 as ,i consider lead far superior in accommodating itself to any upheaval or settling of the earth where the mains are laid down4 99 99 99 99 99 ,successful ,shad ,hatching4 ,professor ,j4 ,w4 ,milner1 who has charge of the shad hatching operations under the direction of the ,united ,states ,fish ,commissioner1 ,professor ,baird1 is now engaged in the preparation of the report of the work for the season just completed4 ,speaking of the work on the ,atlantic seaboard1 and the distribution of young fish1 the report says that at the ,salmon ,creek ,station1 on ,albemarle ,sound1 they obtained #ab1gcj1jjj eggs1 and turned out #c1jjj1jjj young fish4 ,at the ,havre de ,grace ,station #ab1bcj1jjj eggs were obtained1 and #i1ege1jjj young fish were turned out4 ,about #f1jjj1jjj young shad have been distributed in the rivers emptying into the ,atlantic and ,gulf of ,mexico during the season4 ,the distribution of shad during the past season has been carried on on a much larger scale than in any previous year1 and with great success4 ,the restocking of the rivers of the ,atlantic is only the work of a few years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,use for ,lemon ,verbena4 ,the well known fragrant garden favorite1 the sweet-scented or lemon verbena 7,lippia citriodora71 seems to have other qualities to recommend it than those of the fragrance for which it is usually cultivated4 ,the author of a recent work1 entitled ,among the ,spanish ,people1 describes it as being systematically gathered in ,spain1 where it is regarded as a fine stomachic and cordial4 ,it is used either in the form of a cold decoction1 sweetened1 or five or six leaves are put into a teacup1 and hot tea poured upon them4 ,the author says that the flavor of the tea thus prepared is simply delicious1 and no one who has drunk his ,pekoe with it will ever again drink it without a sprig of lemon verbena4 ,and he further states that if this be used one need never suffer from flatulence1 never be made nervous or old-maidish1 never have cholera1 diarrhea1 or loss of appetite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,velocipede ,,feat ,,extraordinary4 ,two intrepid velocipedists1 ,m4 le ,baron ,emanuel de ,graffenried de ,burgenstein1 aged twenty years and six months1 and a member of the ,society of ,velocipede ,sport1 of ,paris1 has accomplished1 with ,m4 ,a4 ,laumaill d',angers1 the greatest distance that has been made with a velocipede in ,france4 ,leaving ,paris on ,march #af1 they returned on the #bdth of ,april1 after having traveled a distance of more than three thousand miles4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,velocipede ,,feat ,,extraordinary4 ,their route extended through a part of the west1 the middle1 and the south of ,france1 ,italy1 and southern ,switzerland4 ,they traveled through ,orlans1 ,tours1 ,poitiers1 ,angoulme1 ,bordeaux1 ,montauban1 ,toulouse1 ,montpellier1 ,marseilles1 ,toulon1 ,nice1 ,menton1 ,san-,remo1 ,genoa1 ,turin1 ,milan1 the ,simplon--where they barely escaped destruction by an avalanche--,vevay1 ,berne1 ,lausanne1 ,geneva1 ,dijon1 ,troy1 and ,provins4 ,the longest distance that they accomplished in a single day1 was between ,turin and ,milan1 a distance of #ij miles1 which they made in #i hours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,superior ,excellence of ,american ,goods4 ,the ,post1 of ,birmingham1 ,england1 remarks with regard to ,american competition1 that perhaps the most humiliating feature of the business for ,british manufacturers is the fact that their competitors are prevailing1 not through the cheapness1 but through the excellence of their goods4 ,time was when ,english workmanship ranked second to none1 and the names of our great manufacturing firms were a guarantee for the sterling quality of the goods they turned out2 but competitions1 trades unions1 piece work1 short hours1 and other incidents of the 'march of progress' have altered all that4 ,complaints1 received by hardware merchants from their customers abroad1 are not confined to the goods of second class firms4 ,manufacturers who have obtained a world-wide reputation for their products are frequently convicted of sending out scamped and unfinished work1 and they do not venture to deny the impeachment1 pleading only that the most vigilant must be sometimes at fault1 and that their men1 unfortunately1 are not to be depended upon4 ,in other cases it is the merchants or their customers who are to blame for the inferior quality of the articles by cutting prices so low as to preclude the possibility of honest work1 thinking1 probably1 that anything is good enough for a foreign or colonial market4 ,but whatever the cause1 the fact is now undeniable1 that a great deal of the manufactured produce shipped from this country of late years has been of a very low standard1 and that the ,american manufacturers have consequently had an easy task in beating it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,petroleum ,oils as ,lubricators4 ,oils from petroleum are now produced suitable for nearly every mechanical process for which animal oils have heretofore been used1 not excepting those intended for cylinder purposes4 ,a serious objection attaching to the animal oils is present in petroleum4 ,if1 through the exhaust steam1 some of the oil be carried into the boiler1 foaming or priming is the consequence1 but the same thing happening in the case of petroleum is rather a benefit than otherwise1 for it not only does not cause foaming1 but it prevents incrustation or adhesion of the scale or deposit1 and this aids in the preservation of the boiler1 and is perhaps the best preventive of the many everywhere suggested4 ,often1 in removing the cylinder head and the plate covering the valves of an engine1 we see evidences of corrosion or action on the surfaces1 differing entirely from ordinary wear1 and the engineer is generally at a loss how to account for it4 ,according to the general impression grease or animal oil is the preservative of the metal1 and is the last thing suspected of being the cause of its general disintegration4 ,the reason of this is that vegetable and animal oils consist of fatty acids1 such as stearic1 magaric1 oleic1 etc4 ,they are combined with glycerin as a base1 and1 under ordinary conditions1 are neutrals to metals generally1 and on being applied they keep them from rusting by shielding them from the action of air and moisture4 ,but in the course of time the influence of the air causes decomposition and oxidation1 the oils become rancid1 as it is called1 which is acid1 and they act on the metals4 ,what happens at the ordinary temperature slowly goes on rapidly in the steam cylinder1 where a new condition is reached4 ,the oils are subjected to the heat of high pressure steam1 which dissociates or frees these acids from their base1 and in this condition they attack the metal and hence destroy it4 ,this applies as well to vegetable as to oils of animal origin1 fish or sperm oil included4 ,petroleum and oils derived therefrom 7generally called mineral oils7 are entirely free from this objection4 ,petroleum contains no oxygen1 and hence it cannot form an acid1 and therefore cannot attack metal4 ,it is entirely neutral1 and so bland that it may be and is used medicinally as a dressing to wounds and badly abraded surfaces where cerates of ordinary dressing would give pain4--,coal ,trade ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,influence of ,light on ,plants and ,animals4 ,professor ,paul ,bert1 who has recently devoted a great deal of attention to the study of the influence of light on animals and plants1 denies that the leaves of the sensitive plant close on the approach of evening1 the same as if they had been touched by the hand4 ,on the contrary1 he finds that from #i in the evening1 after drooping1 they expand again and attain the maximum of rigidity at #b in the morning4 ,what is commonly called the sensitiveness of plants is but the external manifestations of the influences of light4 ,professor ,bert placed plants in lanterns of different colored glass2 those under the influence of green glass drooped in the course of a few days as completely as if placed in utter darkness1 proving that green rays are useless1 and equal to none at all4 ,in a few weeks all plants without exception thus treated died4 ,it has been proved by the experiments of ,zimiriareff that the reducing power of the green matter of plants is proportionate to the quantity of red rays absorbed1 and ,bert shows that green glass precisely intercepts these colored rays1 and that plants exist more or less healthily in blue and violet rays4 ,in the animal world phenomena of a directly opposite nature are found1 and of a more complex character4 ,here the light acts on the skin and the movements of the body1 either directly or through the visual organs4 ,m4 ,pouchet has shown the changes in color that certain animals undergo1 according to the medium in which they live4 ,for instance1 young turbots resting on white sand assume an ashy tint1 but when resting on a black bottom become brown2 when deprived of its eyes the fish exhibits no change of color in its skin2 the phenomenon1 therefore1 seems to be nervous or optical4 ,professor ,bert placed a piece of paper with a cut design on the back of a sleeping chameleon2 on bringing a lamp near the animal the skin gradually became brown1 and on removing the paper a well defined image of the pattern appeared4 ,in this case the light acted directly1 and without nervous intervention4 ,if1 however1 the eye of the chameleon be extracted1 the corresponding side of the animal becomes insensible to the influence of the light4 ,professor ,bert's conclusion1 therefore1 is that the circulation in the transparent layers of the skin must be affected by light4 ,according to ,dr4 ,bouchard a sunstroke is the effect of the direct action of light upon the skin1 produced by the blue and violet rays4 ,the heat producing rays have no part in such accidents1 as proved by the fact that workmen exposed to intense heats do not feel their fatal effect4 ,professor ,bert1 in a series of experiments on a variety of animals1 found that none avoided light1 but all rather sought it2 and the lowest forms1 like the highest1 absorbed the same rays4 ,as regards intensity of color1 however1 there was a difference1 some being more partial to one ray than another4 ,thus the microscopic daphne of the pond preferred yellow2 violet was less in request2 spiders seemed to enjoy blue rather than red rays--so resembling people suffering from color blindness4 ,no two persons are sensible to the same shades or tones1 while absorbing the same light2 and this would seem to indicate that the retina possesses a selective power4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,mechanical ,inventions4 ,an improved ,weighing ,scale has been patented by ,hosea ,willard1 of ,vergennes1 ,vt4 ,the object of this invention is to economize time in ascertaining the weight of an article by avoiding the necessity for shifting the poise on the scale beam4 ,it consists in providing a scale beam with a number of dishes suspended from different points on said beam1 and representing or corresponding with different weights1 so that the weight of an article may be ascertained by placing it in one or more of said dishes and observing which dish is depressed4 ,william ,john1 of ,rigdon1 ,ind41 has patented an improved ,tire ,setting and ,cooling ,apparatus1 by which the tire may be set by one person1 easily and quickly1 without burning the fellies1 and without straining the wheel by the unequal cooling of the tire4 ,joseph ,a4 ,mumford1 of ,avondale1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,canada1 has patented an improved machine for ,sawing and ,jointing ,shingles4 ,this machine cannot be properly described without engravings4 ,it has an ingenious feeding device1 and its flywheel carries the jointing knives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ill-balanced ,production4 ,the ,philadelphia ,record sensibly remarks that the popular complaint of over-production is a mistake4 ,though of a few things we make or mine too much1 our main trouble arises from not producing enough1 in variety if not in quantity4 ,the wants of mankind never can be satisfied4 ,every new means of supplying a want creates new wants4 ,they grow by what they feed on4 ,as long as humanity is so constituted1 over-production1 in a general and enlarged sense1 is impossible4 ,it is this impossible thing with which the reformers would deal who propose to work fewer hours each day1 or fewer hours in the week4 ,the trouble they deplore does not exist2 the remedy they propose defeats itself4 ,a man cannot get rid of his load by shifting it from his right hand to his left hand4 ,production will not be stopped by making men their own employers certain hours in the day or certain days in the week1 instead of allowing them to pursue their usual avocations4 ,the real trouble1 which the labor reformers seem incompetent to fathom1 is that there is not enough diversity in employments4 ,what is desired is more work in productive enterprises1 a more diffused industry1 and a closer commercial connection with those countries wherein we can make desirable exchanges both of our raw material and our manufactured products4 ,every miner that drops his pick and takes up a hoe1 every idle man that turns himself into an earner of wages1 every person that picks up some loose thread of employment1 every capitalist that takes advantage of stagnating industry and cheap material to build a house or beautify or improve a country seat1 or set on foot some new process of manufacture1 does something toward working out the problem which is puzzling the economists4 ,in good time the surplus iron and coal will be sold2 new populations will want new railroads2 recuperated capital will gather confidence and take hold of new enterprises1 and the whole nation will move forward again to more assured prosperity and to vaster undertakings4 99 99 99 99 99 ,labor in ,germany4 ,the consul at ,barmen reports that for agricultural labor the pay varies greatly1 according to the proximity to or remoteness from manufacturing centers2 and ranges from fifty-six cents a day in the neighborhood of ,barmen to thirty-one cents a day in the lower ,rhine valley1 and as low as eighteen cents in parts of ,silesia4 ,at ,barmen1 ,crefeld and ,dsseldorf1 carpenters1 coppersmiths1 plumbers1 machinists and wagonsmiths earn fifty-one to seventy-five cents daily2 saddlers and shoemakers forty-seven to fifty-two cents daily2 bakers and brewers1 with board and lodging1 from #a4db to #b4ad weekly1 and without board from sixty cents a day to #d4bh a week2 farm hands are paid from #ajg to #bae yearly1 with maintenance2 railroad laborers from fifty-six to eighty-three cents per day1 and as high as ninety-five cents daily for piece work on tunnels2 silk weavers can earn #b4ae to #b4he a week per loom2 factory women #b4ae1 and children #a a week4 ,business and wages are very low4 ,in good times wages are eighty per cent higher4 ,the cost of the necessaries of life has increased some fifty per cent in thirteen years1 although it is now but little higher than five years ago4 ,a man and wife with two or three children can live in two or three rooms in a poor and comfortless manner for #bge a year1 and to support such an establishment all the members have to work ten or twelve hours daily4 ,for a family of six persons the cost is about #g per week--an amount but few families can earn1 as the depression of trade and the reduction of time allow few to do a full week's work1 although wages are nominally a trifle higher than five years ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,petroleum ,june ,review4 ,,drilling ,,well ,,account4 ,the low price of oil and large accumulation of stock in the producing regions have had the effect to lessen operations in this department during the month of ,june4 ,the total number of drilling wells in all the districts1 at the close of the month1 was #bff1 which was #aaj less than in the preceding month4 ,rigs erected and being erected #bdc1 against #cji last month4 ,the number of drilling wells completed during the month was #bfi1 being #aea less than in ,may4 ,aggregate production of the new wells was #c1ghh barrels1 against #f1hea barrels in ,may4 ,the total number of dry holes developed in the month was #bb1 against #db in ,may4 ,the operators in the great northern field 7,bradford district7 have curtailed operations to an extent which will compare favorably with the operators in the other portions of the producing regions1 as will be seen by the following statement1 namely3 ,number of wells drilling at the close of the month1 #ahg1 against #bhd at the close of the previous month4 ,number of drilling wells completed in ,june1 #aic1 against #cdf in ,may4 ,number of rigs erected and being erected1 #aif1 against #bcd in ,may4 ,,production4 ,the daily average production for the month was #dj1ege barrels1 being a decrease of #bbg barrels4 ,the new wells completed in ,june failed to make good the falling off of the old ones1 by decreasing the daily average #bbg barrels4 ,bradford district shows a daily average production of #af1jjj barrels1 being an increase of #a1bhj barrels over last month4 ,the aggregate production in ,june of all the other districts combined1 with the aid of #gf new wells1 decreased the daily average #a1ejg barrels4 ,,shipments4 ,the shipments in ,june1 out of the producing regions1 were #agd1bbe barrels larger than in the preceding month4 ,the total shipments of crude1 and refined reduced to crude equivalent1 by railroad1 river and pipes to the following points1 were #a1ace1aai barrels3 ,new ,york took #eee1gid bbls4 ,pittsburg #aec1ahb ,cleveland #bci1chi ,philadelphia #gc1dbf ,boston #bi1bff ,baltimore #bf1fbc ,richmond #g1jjj ,ohio ,river refiners took #e1bjj ,other local points took #de1bci --------- ,total shipments #a1ace1aai ,included in the above shipments there were #adj1bii barrels of refined from ,titusville and ,oil ,city1 which is equal to #ahg1jfe barrels of crude4--,stowell's ,petroleum ,reporter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,remarkable ,poisoning of a ,lake4 ,a contributor to ,nature describes the remarkable poisoning of ,lake ,alexandrina--one of the bodies of water which form the estuary of the ,murray river1 ,australia4 ,this year the water of the river has been unusually warm and low1 and the inflow to the lakes very slight4 ,the consequence has been an excessive growth of a conferva which is indigenous to these lakes and confined to them4 ,this alga1 ,nodularia spumigera1 is very light and floats on the water1 except during breezes1 when it becomes diffused1 and being driven to the lee shores1 forms a thick scum like green oil paint4 ,this scum1 which is from two to six inches thick1 and of a pasty consistency1 being swallowed by cattle when drinking1 acts poisonously and rapidly causes death4 ,the symptoms of the poisoning are stupor and unconsciousness1 falling and remaining quiet 7as if asleep71 unless touched1 when convulsions are induced1 the head and neck being drawn back by a rigid spasm1 subsiding before death4 ,the poison causes the death of sheep in from one to six or eight hours2 of horses1 in from eight to twenty-four hours2 of dogs1 in from four to five hours2 and of pigs in three or four hours4 ,a post mortem shows the plant is rapidly absorbed into the circulation1 where it must act as a ferment1 and causes disorganization4 ,as the cattle will not touch the puddle where the plant scum has collected and become putrid1 all they take is quite fresh1 and the poisoning is therefore not due to drinking a putrescent fluid full of bacteria1 as was suggested4 ,when the scum collects and dries on the banks it forms a green crust4 ,when1 however1 it is left in wet pools it rapidly decomposes1 emitting a most horrible stench1 like putrid urine2 but previous to reaching this stage it gives out a smell like that of very rancid butter4 ,a blue pigment exudes from this decomposing matter1 having some remarkable properties4 ,it is remarkably fluorescent1 being red by reflected and blue by transmitted light2 it appears to be a product of the decomposition1 and allied to the coloring matter found in some lichens4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,astronomical ,,notes4 ,,by ,,berlin ,h4 ,,wright4 ,,penn ,,yan1 ,n4 ,y41 ,saturday1 ,august #aj1 #ahgh4 ,the following calculations are adapted to the latitude of ,new ,york city1 and are expressed in true or clock time1 being for the date given in the caption when not otherwise stated4 ,,planets4 ,h4,m4 ,h4,m4 ,mercury sets #h #jc eve4 ,saturn ,rises #h #hi eve4 ,venus rises #b #db mo4 ,saturn in meridian #b #eh mo4 ,jupiter in meridian #aj #eb eve4 ,neptune rises #aj #bg eve4 ,,first ,,magnitude ,,stars ,h4,m4 ,h4,m4 ,alpheratz rises #f #ed eve4 ,regulus sets #g #bi eve4 ,algol 7var47 rises #h #cd eve4 ,spica sets #i #bd eve4 #g stars 7,pleiades7 rise #aj #ec eve4 ,arcturus sets #j #jh mo4 ,aldebaran rises #j #ag mo4 ,antares sets #aa #bd eve4 ,capella rises #i #dj eve4 ,vega in meridian #i #ae eve4 ,rigel ,rises #b #bc mo4 ,altair in meridian #aj #bg eve4 ,betelgeuse rises #b #jh mo4 ,deneb in meridian #aa #ai eve4 ,sirius rises #d #bd mo4 ,fomalhaut rises #i #cd eve4 ,procyon rises #c #ei mo4 ,,remarks ,mercury is brightest this date1 and furthest from the sun ,august #ac4 ,venus will be at her descending node ,august #ag4 ,jupiter will be near the moon ,august #ag1 #d;h4 #bjm4 morning1 being the moon's apparent diameter north2 this will be an occultation south of the equator4 ,saturn will be near the moon ,august #af1 being about #g south4 ,there will be a partial eclipse of the moon ,august #af1 in the evening4 ,the moon will rise more or less eclipsed east of ,kansas1 west of which no eclipse will be visible4 ,middle4 ,end4 ,h4,m4 ,h4,m4 ,boston #g #bd eve4 #h #ej eve4 ,new ,york #g #ab eve4 #h #ch eve4 ,washington #g #jj eve4 #h #bf eve4 ,charleston #f #dh eve4 #h #ad eve4 ,chicago --------- #g #dd eve4 ,st4 ,louis --------- #g #cc eve4 ,new ,orleans --------- #g #cd eve4 ,the following shows the appearance of the moon when the eclipse is greatest--#ga digits1 or #jeif of the moon's diameter4 ,illustration ,the size of the eclipse will be the same for all places4 ,the time of middle and end for any other places may be obtained by applying the difference of longitude from ,washington1 converted into time1 to the ,washington time of middle and end1 adding if east of ,washington1 and subtracting if west4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,interesting ,astronomical ,observation4 ,to the ,editor of the ,scientific ,american3 ,while viewing the planet ,jupiter1 at about #e minutes past #aj o'clock ,p4,m41 a very strange sight presented itself to the observers1 who were looking for a transit of one of the satellites4 ,a very dark spot much larger than a satellite was seen on the eastern edge of the disk1 as shown in the above diagram4 ,it moved rapidly westward along the upper margin of the northern belt and passed off at #a o'clock #bd minutes ,a4,m4 7#abth74 ,from its first internal contact till its last external contact was just #c;h4 #aim41 ,pittsburg time4 ,it appeared to be a solid opaque body1 truly spherical1 very sharply defined1 and most intensely black4 ,the transit of the satellite occurred at #ae minutes after #aa o'clock1 and had no unusual appearance4 ,now what was that dark body8 ,we are constant observers of the heavenly bodies1 though not deeply versed in the science of astronomy1 and are anxious to know if any one can give us some light on the subject4 ,the telescopes used were a #b inch and #e inch achromatic1 magnifying #aed and #baf diameters1 but the #aed was chiefly used4 ,,joseph ,,wampler4 ,,james ,r4 ,,gemmill4 ,mc,keesport1 ,pa41 ,july #aa1 #ahgh4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,some of ,professor ,marsh's ,recent ,discoveries4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston1 the assistant of ,professor ,marsh1 has been giving to the ,omaha ,bee some interesting facts with regard to the great reptilian fossils recently discovered in ,wyoming and ,colorado4 ,the bones found represent reptiles of many sizes1 from that of a cat up to one sixty feet high4 ,the latter1 found at ,como1 ,wyoming1 belonged to the crocodile order2 but the remains give evidence that the animal stood up on its hind legs1 like a kangaroo4 ,another found in ,colorado is estimated by ,professor ,marsh to have been #ajj feet long4 ,a great many remains of the same general class1 but belonging to different species1 have been collected and sent ,east4 ,among them from three to four hundred specimens of the dinosaur1 and about a thousand pterodactyls1 have been shipped from ,colorado1 ,wyoming1 and ,kansas4 ,the wings of one of the latter were from thirty to forty feet from tip to tip4 ,seventeen different species of these flying dragons have been found in the chalk of western ,kansas4 ,there have also been found six species of toothed birds4 ,comparatively little has been done toward classifying the late finds1 the task is such an enormous one4 ,great importance is attached to them1 however1 since nothing of the kind had been found in ,america until a little over a year ago and great stress had been laid by certain geologists on their absence4 ,another remarkable feature of the discovery was that the fossils which had been reported as not existing in this country had hardly been brought to light in one locality before thousands of tons of them were simultaneously discovered in half a dozen different places4 99 99 99 99 99 ,trying to ,save a ,hundred and ,fifty ,million ,dollars a ,year4 ,professor ,riley1 recently appointed ,government ,entomologist and attached to the ,agricultural ,department1 reports that specimens of insects injurious to agriculture are constantly being sent to the department from all parts of the country1 with requests for information4 ,in every instance1 if a proper examination could be made1 an effectual remedy could be found1 and not less than #aej1jjj1jjj saved to the country annually4 ,recently a worm entirely new to science was sent to the department by an ,iowa farmer1 whose orchard of several thousand apple trees had been rendered unproductive for several years by the new depredator4 ,for the interests of ,western fruit growers this insect should immediately be investigated4 ,professor ,riley asserts that the #e1jjj recently voted by ,congress for the investigation of the cotton worm1 which has sometimes damaged the cotton crop of the ,south as much as #bj1jjj1jjj in a single fortnight1 might have been used to better advantage by the department2 the salary of the entomologist will use up all the money1 leaving next to nothing for experiments for the eradication of the pest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,industrial ,education4 ,all are agreed that some education is necessary2 but what8 ,the great proportion of those having the direction of our educational system and facilities in charge still cling to a system which was established long before the first mechanical operation came into existence4 ,before the present system of man's relation to man1 socially1 industrially1 politically1 or commercially1 was heard of1 and notwithstanding the revolutions and advancement in all other things1 there is a determined resistance to any attempt at revolution in what shall be considered education4 ,there is an effort to establish compulsory education2 but what is the child to be taught8 ,as if in league with the false theories of the rights of labor1 these efforts take the apprentices from the shops1 force them away from where they would learn something1 and confine them inside a school house to learn--what8 ,certainly nothing of the materials1 or tools1 or pursuits by which they are to obtain their livelihood4 ,the child knows nothing of when or by whom the compass was discovered1 the printing press1 the use of powder1 electricity1 of steam1 or of any one of the thousand mechanical operations now controlling every department of life4 ,does any school boy know how many kingdoms there are in the natural world1 or whether an animal1 a vegetable and a mineral all belong to the same or to different ones8 ,will he know that from instinct the young of animals seeks its food and expands its lungs1 as by the same instinct the root of a seed sucks up its nourishment from the soil and sends its leaves up to breathe the air8 ,will he know anything of the nature or requirements of the soils or the plants that grow in them8 ,will this compulsory education teach the boy anything of the iron furnace1 the foundry or rolling mill1 or the uses or handling of any of their products8 ,will it teach him anything of woods and their value1 or for what and how they are useful to man8 ,will this knowledge1 for which the powers of the ,state are to be required to force him to know it--will it teach him anything of the nature or uses of metals1 of metal working1 or the business depending upon them8 ,will it teach him anything of gold or silver1 copper or brass8 ,anything of pottery1 of bone1 ivory1 celluloid1 etc48 ,will he learn anything of hides1 leather1 or the production of these necessary articles8 ,will he know whether the word textile applies to anything but a spider's web or the wing of a butterfly8 ,whether the ,united ,states make1 import1 or grow cotton1 wool1 silk1 flax1 and hemp8 ,will he know anything of commerce1 railroads1 telegraphs1 printing1 and the great number of clerk labors in the larger towns8 ,will he have learned a single thing which will assist him in his work of life8 ,will not every boy thus taken out of the shop and placed at the compulsory schooling find after he has mastered all it has to give him that he yet knows nothing2 that he must then commence where he was and serve his apprenticeship2 that instead of compulsory education his past years have been wasted in obtaining but a compulsory ignorance8 99 99 99 99 99 ,business and ,personal4 ,the ,charge for ,insertion under this head is ,one ,dollar a line for each insertion2 about eight words to a line4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ,lubricene4--,a ,lubricating ,material in the form of a ,grease4 ,one pound equal to two gallons of sperm oil4 ,r4 ,j4 ,chard1 ,new ,york4 ,assays of ,ores1 ,analyses of ,minerals1 ,waters1 ,commercial ,articles1 etc4 ,technical formul and processes4 ,laboratory1 #cc ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fuller ,stillman4 ,manufacturers of ,improved ,goods who desire to build up a lucrative foreign trade1 will do well to insert a well displayed advertisement in the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition4 ,this paper has a very large foreign circulation4 ,cutters1 shaped entirely by machinery1 for cutting teeth of ,gear ,wheels4 ,pratt ,whitney ,co41 ,manufacturers1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 #ah ft4 ,steam ,yacht1 #bej4 ,geo4 ,f4 ,shedd1 ,waltham1 ,mass4 ,electrical instruments of all kinds4 ,one ,electric ,bell1 ,battery1 ,push ,button1 and #ej feet ,wire for #d4jj4 ,send for catalogue4 ,h4 ,thau1 #abh ,fulton ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,wheels and ,pinions1 heavy and light1 remarkably strong and durable4 ,especially suited for sugar mills and similar work4 ,pittsburgh ,steel ,casting ,company1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,boilers ready for shipment1 new and #b;d hand4 ,for a good boiler1 send to ,hilles ,jones1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,best ,steam ,pipe ,boiler ,covering4 ,p4 ,carey1 ,dayton1 ,o4 ,foot ,lathes1 ,fret ,saws1 #f;c41 #ij pp4 ,e4 ,brown1 ,lowell1 ,ms4 ,sperm ,oil1 ,pure4 ,wm4 ,f4 ,nye1 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,power ,foot ,presses1 ,ferracute ,co41 ,bridgeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,kreider1 ,campbell ,co41 #ajcj ,germantown ,ave41 ,phila41 ,pa41 contractors for mills for all kinds of grinding4 ,punching ,presses1 ,drop ,hammers1 and ,dies for working ,metals1 etc4 ,the ,stiles ,parker ,press ,co41 ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,all kinds of ,saws will cut ,smooth and ,true by filing them with our ,new ,machine1 price #b4ej4 ,illustrated ,circular free4 ,e4 ,roth ,bro41 ,new ,oxford1 ,pa4 ,the ,best ,mill in the ,world1 for ,white ,lead1 ,dry1 ,paste1 or ,mixed ,paint1 ,printing ,ink1 ,chocolate1 ,paris ,white1 ,shoe ,blacking1 etc41 ,flour1 ,meal1 ,feed1 ,drugs1 ,cork1 etc4 ,charles ,boss1 ,jr41 ,williamsburgh1 ,n4,y4 ,a ,practical ,engineer and ,machinist1 #bd years' experience4 ,best of reference1 marine or stationary2 forge2 fit2 repair4 ,w4 ,barker1 #dcc #b;d ,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,hydraulic ,presses and ,jacks1 new and second hand4 ,lathes and ,machinery for ,polishing and ,buffing metals4 ,e4 ,lyon ,co41 #dgj ,grand ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,nickel ,plating4--,a white deposit guaranteed by using our material4 ,condit1 ,hanson ,van ,winkle1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,cheap but ,good4 ,the ,roberts ,engine1 see cut in this paper1 ,june #ast1 #ahgh4 ,also horizontal and vertical engines and boilers4 ,e4 ,e4 ,roberts1 #ajg ,liberty ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,cameron ,steam ,pump mounted in ,phosphor ,bronze is an indestructible machine4 ,see ad4 back page4 ,presses1 ,dies1 and ,tools for working ,sheet ,metals1 etc4 ,fruit and other ,can ,tools4 ,bliss ,williams1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,paris ,exposition1 #ahgh4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is published monthly1 about the #aeth of each month4 ,every number comprises most of the plates of the four preceding weekly numbers of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with other appropriate contents1 business announcements1 etc4 ,it forms a large and splendid periodical of nearly one hundred quarto pages1 each number illustrated with about one hundred engravings4 ,it is a complete record of ,american progress in the arts4 ,bound ,volumes of the ,scientific ,american4--,i will sell bound volumes #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #bh1 and #cb1 ,new ,series1 for #a each1 to be sent by express4 ,address ,john ,edwards1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ggc1 ,new ,york4 ,for ,solid ,wrought ,iron ,beams1 etc41 see advertisement4 ,address ,union ,iron ,mills1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 for lithograph1 etc4 ,pulverizing ,mills for all hard substance and grinding purposes4 ,walker ,bros4 ,co41 #bc;d and ,wood ,st41 ,phila4 #b;d hand ,planers1 #g' x #cj1 #cjj2 #f' x #bd1 #bbe2 #e' x #bd1 #bjj2 sc4 cutt4 b'k g'd ,lathe1 #i' x #bh1 #bjj2 ,a4 ,c4 ,stebbins1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hoadley1 ,consulting ,engineer and ,mechanical and ,scientific ,expert1 ,lawrence1 ,mass4 ,best ,wood ,cutting ,machinery1 of the latest improved kinds1 eminently superior1 manufactured by ,bentel1 ,margedant ,co41 ,hamilton1 ,ohio1 at lowest prices4 ,water ,wheels1 increased power4 ,o4 ,j4 ,bollinger1 ,york1 ,pa4 ,we make steel castings from to #aj1jjj lbs4 weight4 #c times as strong as cast iron4 #ab1jjj ,crank ,shafts of this steel now running and proved superior to wrought iron4 ,circulars and price list free4 ,address ,chester ,steel ,castings ,co41 ,evelina ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,diamond ,saws4 ,j4 ,dickinson1 #fd ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,machine ,cut ,brass ,gear ,wheels for ,models1 etc4 7new list74 ,models1 experimental work1 and machine work generally4 ,d4 ,gilbert ,son1 #bab ,chester ,st41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,holly ,system of ,water ,supply and ,fire ,protection for ,cities and ,villages4 ,see advertisement in ,scientific ,american of last week4 ,the only ,engine in the market attached to boiler having cold bearings4 ,f4 ,f4 ,a4 ,b4 ,landis1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,the ,turbine ,wheel made by ,risdon ,co41 ,mt4 ,holly1 ,n4 ,j41 gave the best results at ,centennial tests4 ,hand ,fire ,engines1 ,lift and ,force ,pumps for fire and all other purposes4 ,address ,rumsey ,co41 ,seneca ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,for ,shafts1 ,pulleys1 or ,hangers1 call and see stock kept at #gi ,liberty ,st4 ,wm4 ,sellers ,co4 ,wm4 ,sellers ,co41 ,phila41 have introduced a new ,injector1 worked by a single motion of a lever4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,books ,,and ,,publications4 ,,metals ,,and ,,their ,,chief ,,industrial ,,applications4 ,by ,charles ,r4 ,alder ,wright4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co4 #abmo2 pp4 #aia4 ,price #a4be4 ,in this neat little volume we have the substance of a course of lectures delivered at the ,royal ,institution of ,great ,britain in #ahgg1 with thirty or more engraved illustrations of various metallurgical operations4 ,the author discusses briefly1 yet with sufficient fullness for popular purposes1 the principal processes for reducing metals from their ores1 the natural sources of metals1 the metallurgy of the different metals1 the physical properties of metals1 and their thermic1 electric1 and chemical relations4 ,the style is simple and the matter well chosen4 ,,dosia4 ,a ,russian ,story4 ,translated from the ,french of ,henry ,greville1 by ,mary ,neal ,sherwood4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 ,price #a4ej4 ,this is the seventh of the ,cobweb ,series of choice fiction1 a bright1 wholesome but rather thin story1 as befits its associations4 ,novel readers will find it an amusing companion for a rainy day in the country1 or for beguiling the tedium of a summer journey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,notes ,queries 7#a7 ,h4 ,p4 says3 ,please inform me of some recipe for removing superfluous hair4 ,a4 ,make a strong solution of sulphuret of barium into a paste with powdered starch4 ,apply immediately after being mixed and allow to remain for ten or fifteen minutes4 ,see also p4 #ajg 7#h71 vol4 #ch1 and p4 #be1 current volume4 7#b7 ,m4 ,a4 ,c4 writes3 ,i would like to know how to dissolve bleached shellac1 to make it a cement for stone4 ,a4 ,dissolve it by digestion in #c or #d parts of strong alcohol1 or by the aid of its weight of borax in about #d volumes of boiling water4 7#c7 ,a4 ,k4 asks3 #a4 ,in rating substances as to hardness1 diamond being ,no4 #aj1 how do aluminum1 osmium1 iridium and steel as used in steel pens1 number1 also common and tempered glass8 ,a4 ,aluminum about #c1 iridosmine #f4e to #g1 steel #e4e to #f1 glass #e to #e4e4 #b4 ,can glass #a_/cb inch in thickness be ground to angles of #ae per cent or less1 and points as fine as pins1 without difficulty1 and how8 ,a4 ,no4 7#d7 ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 asks for a good recipe for cleaning and polishing dirty and tarnished brass4 ,a4 ,dip for a short time in strong hot aqueous solution of caustic alkali1 rinse in water1 dip for a few moments in nitric acid diluted with an equal volume of water1 rinse again1 and finish with whiting4 7#e7 ,c4 ,j4 ,h4 asks for the simplest way of producing a coating of the magnetic or black oxide of iron on iron plates #c feet x #f feet4 ,i think it is called the ,barff process4 ,a4 ,see pp4 #ajda ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 and #bcb1 vol4 #cf1 and #d1 vol4 #cg1 of the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,how can ,i make tissue paper impervious to air and water1 and yet strong enough to confine gas8 ,a4 ,you may pass the fabric through a solution of about #a part caoutchouc in #ce parts of carbonic disulphide1 exposing it then to the air until the solvent has evaporated4 7#f7 ,j4 ,h4 ,j4 asks how to use hyposulphite 787 of soda to neutralize chloride of lime in cotton and linen goods after bleaching the same4 ,a4 ,after washing from it the large excess of the hypochlorite1 the fabric is passed slowly through a solution containing about #aj per cent of the hyposulphite1 and then again thoroughly washed in clean water4 7#g7 ,columbus asks for a recipe for making ink to rule faint lines1 such as he is now writing on4 ,he wants it to rule unit columns in books4 ,a4 ,dissolve in a small quantity of warm water #bj parts of ,prussian blue by the aid of #c parts of potassium ferrocyanide1 and dilute the solution with thin gum water until the proper degree of color is obtained4 7#h7 ,a4 ,i4 ,b4 asks3 ,can ,i add anything to ,arnold's writing fluid which will cause it to give a good free copy in my letter book8 ,a4 ,try a little sugar4 7#i7 ,r4 ,c4 ask for information in regard to the process of printing copies of drawings made on transparent materials1 by using chemically prepared paper and exposing to the sunlight4 ,a4 ,it is based on the fact that an acid in the presence of potassium dichromate strikes a blackish-green color when brought in contact with aniline4 ,the paper is prepared by floating it on a bath of aqueous solution of potassium dichromate and a trace of phosphoric acid1 and then drying it in the dark4 ,aniline is dissolved in a little alcohol1 and the mixed vapors allowed to come into contact with the sensitive paper that has been exposed to strong sunlight beneath the drawing1 when the portions not changed by the sunlight assume the dark color mentioned4 ,all that is requisite is that the paper or cloth original should be fairly penetrable by the light4 ,a piece of paper sensitized as indicated1 a sheet of glass to place over the drawing1 and a box in which to place the exposed print to the aniline vapor are the only necessary plant4 7#aj7 ,p4 ,y4 ,p4 writes3 #a4 ,to find the number of acres in a farm of valley and hillside land1 is it by measuring the general contour of the land1 allowing its actual surface1 or by measuring and allowing only the imaginary face of the plane of it8 ,a4 ,the latter is the correct method4 #b4 ,can more grain1 say rye1 be raised on a farm of valley and hillside land1 as described above1 than on a farm having a flat surface1 the area of which is equal to the plane of the former1 all other things supposed to be equal8 ,a4 ,no4 7#aa7 ,inventor asks3 #a4 ,can you tell me of a book on sound boards8 ,a4 ,we do not know of a book especially devoted to the subject4 #b4 ,also the best kind of wood to make them out of8 ,a4 ,spruce4 7#ab7 ,f4 ,c4 ,a4 writes3 ,i wish to construct a bar electro-magnet to go in a cylinder #a inch in diameter and #a inch long4 #a4 ,what size ought the core to be8 ,what number of wire shall ,i use1 and what number of ,lclanch cells shall ,i use 7not to exceed twelve7 to obtain the greatest possible attractive power1 distance #a_/aj of an inch8 ,a4 ,make the core #c_/h inch1 wind it with ,no4 #bd silk covered wire4 ,use #f or #h cells4 #b4 ,in the same space1 could a horseshoe magnet be used1 with a gain of power over the bar magnet8 ,a4 ,a cylindrical magnet1 which is substantially the same as a horseshoe1 might be substituted with advantage for the bar magnet4 7#ac7 ,w4 ,c4 ,h4 writes3 ,in turning a tapering shaft in an engine lathe1 will the tool if raised above the centers of the lathe turn the taper true from end to end1 i4 e41 neither concave nor convex1 the taper to be made by sliding the tail center the required distance8 ,a4 ,the taper will be concave4 7#ad7 ,h4 ,e4 ,h4 asks how to make lime light4 ,a4 ,the lime light is made by directing the jet of an oxyhydrogen blowpipe against a cylinder of lime4 ,the blowpipe is contrived to take the proper proportion of oxygen and hydrogen gas1 and the lime is placed in the reducing focus of the jet4 7#ae7 ,l4 ,f4 asks3 #a4 ,how many ,daniell's or ,smee's cells would it require to produce the same effect as #ej ,bunsen cells8 ,a4 ,about #ajj4 #b4 ,is the diaphragm equally necessary in ,bunsen's1 ,smee's and ,daniell's cells1 or can it be omitted in any one of them easier than in the others1 and why so8 ,a4 ,the diaphragm or porous cell is required in ,daniell's and ,bunsen's batteries1 but is not used in ,smee's4 ,the porous cell is used only in two fluid batteries2 its object is to allow the current to pass1 but to prevent the mixture of the two liquids4 #c4 ,is the thickness of the zinc of any importance8 ,a4 ,only that the thicker zinc lasts longer4 #d4 ,which is the cheapest way to produce electric sparks and to charge a ,leyden jar1 and what will be the expense8 ,a4 ,by means of a frictional electrical machine4 ,the machines cost from #aj upward4 7#af7 ,r4 ,c4 ,k4 writes3 ,i am an engineer by trade2 have been at it #i years4 ,am out of a position at present and want to learn mechanical draughting4 ,how long would it take me to become a good draughtsman by taking a special course at some university8 ,and with my knowledge of engineering and draughting1 would my services be likely to be in fair demand8 ,a4 ,if you are familiar with mechanical operations1 you might become a good draughtsman by close application under a competent instructor for one or two years4 ,at present there are many excellent draughtsmen looking for positions4 7#ag7 ,g4 ,b4 ,m4 asks for the cause of the ribs or ridges on the surface of a piece of timber which has passed through a planing machine4 ,a4 ,they are frequently due to the intermittent motion of the feed4 7#ah7 ,a4 ,f4 writes3 ,having a small quantity of gold and gold plated things1 ,i would like to know the simplest way to melt it4 ,a4 ,put it in a small crucible with a little borax and melt in a common kitchen fire4 7#ai7 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 writes3 ,i have three drawings each #ba x #cj inches1 which ,i wish to mount upon cloth like a map1 placing them end to end so as to make one whole sheet #ij inches long4 ,the drawings are upon heavy ,whatman paper4 ,a4 ,you should stretch wet canvas or factory cloth upon a frame1 and while it is still damp apply paste to the backs of the drawings and lay them smoothly on the stretched cloth4 ,when the paste becomes thoroughly dry cut the cloth from the stretching frame and paste a tape binding around the edges4 7#bj7 ,p4 ,m4 asks3 ,what is the difference between the inner and outer rails of a #aj curve #ajj yards in length1 gauge #d feet #h inches8 ,a4 ,if this #ajj yards is measured on the center of the curve1 whose radius in ,r - #b-a_/c feet is ,r1 the length of the inner rail is --------- ,x #ajj1 and of the ,r ,r #b-a_/c outer tail --------- ,x #ajj4 ,r 7#ba7 ,w4 ,b4 ,k4 asks how to make a shoe dressing for ladies' shoes4 ,a4 ,soft water1 #a gallon2 extract of logwood1 #f ozs42 dissolve at a temperature of about #abj ,fah4 ,soft water1 #a gallon2 borax1 #f ozs42 shellac1 #a oz42 boil until dissolved4 ,potassium dichromate1 #c_/h oz42 hot water1 pint2 dissolve1 and add all together4 ,it is preferred to add #c ozs4 of strong aqua ammonia to the liquid before bottling4 7#bb7 ,j4 ,d4 asks3 ,what chemicals can be put into water to increase its efficiency in extinguishing fire8 ,a4 ,carbonic acid2 sodium carbonate4 7#bc7 ,h4 ,p4 writes3 ,please give me the advantages and disadvantages of substituting a galvanized iron tube #ah inches in diameter and #bj feet high for a wood tank1 #e feet wide and #f deep1 as a container of water in a dwelling house in the country4 ,would the narrower body of water keep fresh or sweet longer1 etc48 ,also the thickness of iron necessary to safety1 and the number of gallons of water this tube would hold4 ,a4 ,the advantages are in favor of the wooden tank2 zinc lined vessels 7galvanized7 are unsuitable for reservoirs for potable water4 ,see p4 #cfi1 vol4 #cf1 ,,scientific ,,american4 #j4c inch iron would be stout enough4 ,a pipe of the dimensions specified would contain about #cbg gallons when full4 7#bd7 ,f4 ,l4 ,m4 asks3 #a4 ,what is the process by which wire is given a copper finish8 ,a4 ,clean the wire by pickling it for a short time in very dilute sulphuric acid and scouring with sand if necessary4 ,then pass the clean wire through a strong bath of copper sulphate dissolved in water4 #b4 ,can wire be thus finished and also annealed8 ,if so1 how8 ,a4 ,the wire should be annealed first4 #c4 ,what other finish can be put on iron wire 7annealed71 and by what process8 ,a4 ,zinc--by passing the clean wire through molten zinc covered with sal ammoniac2 tin--by drawing the wire through a bath of molten tin covered with tallow4 ,,minerals1 ,,etc4--,specimens have been received from the following correspondents1 and examined1 with the results stated3 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,f4--,a fine quality of kaolin4--,f4 ,c4 ,h4--,the floury powder consists chiefly1 if not altogether1 of calcium carbonate4--,c4 ,l4 ,g4--,they are all silicious limestones4 ,we cannot judge fairly of their value for building purposes from the powders sent4--,d4 ,k4--,ferruginous earth or marl4--,a4 ,e4--,it is a partially decomposed feldspar4 ,the white powder is for the most part an impure1 silicious1 kaolin4--,e4 ,h4--,it consists chiefly of basic carbonate and hydrated oxide of lead--poisonous4--,j4 ,b4 ,v4--,it is a fair quality of pipe clay--impure silicate of alumina--probably worth about #b per ton in ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,communications ,,received4 ,the ,editor of the ,,scientific ,,american acknowledges with much pleasure the receipt of original papers and contributions on the following subjects3 ,religion4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,e4 ,cause of ,explosion in ,flouring ,mills4 ,by ,g4 ,m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,official4 ,,index ,,of ,,inventions ,,for ,,which ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states were ,granted in the ,week ,ending ,may #bh1 #ahgh1 ,,and ,,each ,,bearing ,,that ,,date4 ,those marked 7r7 are reissued patents4 ,a complete copy of any patent in the annexed list1 including both the specifications and drawings1 will be furnished from this office for one dollar4 ,in ordering1 please state the number and date of the patent desired and remit to ,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york city4 ,acid1 recovering waste sulphuric1 ,a4 ,penissat #bjd1bdd ,axle box slide1 car1 ,g4 ,williams #bjd1agh ,axle nut1 adjustable1 ,o4 ,b4 ,thompson #bjd1cii ,axles1 sand guard for carriage1 ,m4 ,c4 ,nay #bjd1afd ,baker and cooker1 steam1 ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,clure #bjd1cec ,bale tie1 ,l4 ,arnold #bjd1ahc ,bale tie1 ,wynkoop ,bloomingdale #bjd1dji ,barrel and box1 moth-proof1 ,m4 ,l4 ,thompson #bjd1bfc ,barrel for shipping bottled liquors1 ,s4 ,strauss #bjd1bei ,barrel washer1 ,h4 ,binder #bjd1bhh ,bed bottom1 ,t4 ,o4 ,howe #bjd1bbb ,bed bottom1 ,g4 ,s4 ,walker #bjd1dja ,bedstead1 wardrobe1 ,hand ,caulier #bjd1cba ,bedstead1 wardrobe1 ,e4 ,kiss #bjd1cdj ,bedstead1 invalid attachment for1 ,t4 ,t4 ,kendrick4 #bjd1bcb ,belting1 rubber1 ,c4 ,t4 ,petchell #bjd1cfh ,bending links1 machine for1 ,h4 ,e4 ,grant #bjd1caf ,boiler brooms1 operating1 ,a4 ,c4 ,cock #bjd1bjj ,boilers1 removing sediment from1 ,t4 ,c4 ,purves #bjd1bej ,boots and shoes1 making1 ,hurst ,miller #bjd1ccj ,bottle stopper1 ,h4 ,martin #bjd1cej ,bottle stopper fastener1 ,l4 ,kutscher #bjd1cda ,brake1 car1 ,j4 ,ramsey1 ,jr4 #bjd1cgb ,brake for railway carriages1 ,r4 ,d4 ,sanders #bjd1cgh ,brake for railway trains1 safety1 ,l4 ,blanck #bjd1ahf ,brake1 horse1 ,i4 ,spitz #bjd1beh ,brake pipes on cars1 coupling1 ,f4 ,a4 ,sheeley #bjd1chc ,brake shoe1 ,w4 ,mc,conway 7r7 #h1bee ,brick kiln1 ,e4 ,f4 ,andrews #bjd1ahb ,bridge eyes1 making1 ,a4 ,schneiderlochner #bjd1cha ,bridge1 self-adjusting1 ,b4 ,williams #bjd1djg ,buckle1 trace1 ,landon ,decker #bjd1cdb ,burial apparatus1 ,patterson ,wheeler #bjd1cff ,burial casket1 ,w4 ,hamilton #bjd1cbj ,can1 fish1 bait1 and oyster1 ,r4 ,roney #bjd1afh ,can1 refrigerating1 transportation1 ,w4 ,a4 ,moore #bjd1bci ,car coupling1 ,l4 ,gasser #bjd1cac ,car coupling1 ,c4 ,gifford #bjd1bab ,car coupling1 ,c4 ,a4 ,roberts #bjd1bea ,car1 sleeping1 ,a4 ,jaeger #bjd1bcj ,cars1 dust arrester for railway1 ,a4 ,clarke #bjd1acd ,carbureter1 gas and air1 ,dusenbury ,winn #bjd1dac ,carriage seats1 corner iron for1 ,w4 ,b4 ,c4 ,hershey #bjd1cbf ,carriages1 reversible handle for1 ,a4 ,shoeninger #bjd1che ,casting apparatus1 ,j4 ,duff #bjd1cjg ,castings1 moulding dovetails1 ,burdick ,easterly #bjd1abi ,celluloid1 etc41 core and tube former1 ,j4 ,w4 ,hyatt #bjd1bbg ,celluloid tubes and hollow articles1 ,j4 ,w4 ,hyatt #bjd1bbh ,celluloid bar or spring coater1 ,hyatt ,burroughs #bjd1bbi ,chair1 convertible1 ,m4 ,v4 ,lunger #bjd1cdf ,chair1 invalid1 ,e4 ,c4 ,jones #bjd1bca ,chair1 rocking1 ,l4 ,rausch #bjd1cgc ,chuck1 ,a4 ,saunders #bjd1bed ,churn1 ,barrett ,smith #bjd1abd ,churning apparatus1 ,a4 ,n4 ,myers #bjd1bda ,churning apparatus1 ,j4 ,a4 ,perry #bjd1bde ,clasp for ribbons on rolls1 ,h4 ,g4 ,c4 ,g4 ,hubert #bjd1bbd ,clevis1 double tree1 ,a4 ,rosier #bjd1beb ,clew line leader1 ,s4 ,r4 ,brooks #bjd1bij ,clock case1 ,g4 ,d4 ,b4 ,hills #bjd1cbh ,clock1 repeating1 ,h4 ,thompson #bjd1age ,clod crusher1 ,c4 ,r4 ,polen1 ,sr4 #bjd1bdg ,clothes drier1 ,w4 ,f4 ,wilson #bjd1agi ,clothes pounder1 ,o4 ,schindler #bjd1cgi ,cock1 stop1 ,g4 ,n4 ,munger #bjd1afb ,cooler1 beer1 ,h4 ,f4 ,schmidt #bjd1chj ,corkscrew1 ,a4 ,w4 ,sperry #bjd1chi ,corn sheller1 ,j4 ,w4 ,miller #bjd1afa ,corpse preserver1 ,miller ,schneider #bjd1bcg ,cotton roving can1 ,j4 ,hill #bjd1bbj ,cotton worm destroyer1 ,g4 ,yeager #bjd1daj ,cream1 apparatus for raising1 ,j4 ,w4 ,brady #bjd1abg ,cultivator1 ,j4 ,young #bjd1dab ,cultivator1 harrow1 ,e4 ,crane 7r7 #h1bfj1 #h1bfa ,cutter1 rotary1 ,mellor ,orum 7r7 #h1bfe ,cutting board1 ,f4 ,weed #bjd1agf ,desk1 school1 ,j4 ,edgar #bjd1bjg ,draught equalizer1 ,j4 ,branning #bjd1bhi ,drilling apparatus1 well1 ,j4 ,b4 ,g4 ,r4 ,elliote #bjd1adc ,drilling machine1 metal1 ,d4 ,w4 ,pond #bjd1bdh ,drills1 spring hoe for grain1 ,c4 ,e4 ,patric #bjd1cfe ,drying kiln1 ,e4 ,t4 ,gennert #bjd1baa ,engine cylinder1 steam1 ,g4 ,e4 ,banner #bjd1bhb ,engine standard and cylinder1 steam1 ,g4 ,e4 ,banner #bjd1bhc ,engine1 wind1 ,h4 ,n4 ,hill #bjd1bba ,engine1 wind1 ,longyear ,clark #bjd1cde ,envelope1 ,shade ,lockwood #bjd1bef ,escapement1 ,w4 ,a4 ,wales #bjd1djj ,excavator and plow1 ,w4 ,m4 ,smith #bjd1chg ,eyeglasses1 ,j4 ,f4 ,traub #bjd1bff ,fence1 hedge1 ,i4 ,o4 ,childs #bjd1aig ,fence1 iron1 ,f4 ,r4 ,martin #bjd1bcf ,fence post1 ,o4 ,allen #bjd1bge ,fence post1 ,h4 ,a4 ,pierce #bjd1bdf ,fence1 wire1 ,w4 ,h4 ,h4 ,frye #bjd1cab ,field roller1 ,t4 ,b4 ,rice1 ,jr4 #bjd1cgf ,file1 newspaper1 ,d4 ,h4 ,king #bjd1bcc ,fire alarm signal box1 ,r4 ,n4 ,tooker 7r7 #h1bfg ,firearm1 revolving1 ,b4 ,f4 ,joslyn #bjd1ccd1 #bjd1cce ,firearms1 extractor for1 ,b4 ,f4 ,joslyn #bjd1ccf1 #bjd1ccg ,fire escape1 ,i4 ,d4 ,cross #bjd1bii ,flour1 manufacturing1 ,r4 ,l4 ,downton #bjd1cjb ,fruit pitting and cutting machine1 ,c4 ,p4 ,bowen #bjd1ahi ,fruit pitting machine1 ,a4 ,t4 ,hatch #bjd1bag ,furnace1 brass melting1 ,j4 ,fletcher #bjd1cji ,furnace door1 ,p4 ,s4 ,kemon #bjd1cci ,furnace1 metallurgic1 ,h4 ,swindell #bjd1cib ,furnace1 ore roasting1 ,c4 ,stetefeldt 7r7 #h1bff ,game apparatus1 ,m4 ,entenmann #bjd1bjh ,game counter1 ,c4 ,b4 ,wessmann #bjd1djd ,gas1 making illuminating1 ,h4 ,w4 ,adams #bjd1aha ,gas burner1 ,w4 ,anderson #bjd1bgh ,gas burners1 attachment for1 ,w4 ,w4 ,batchelder #bjd1bhf ,gas meter1 ,a4 ,c4 ,blount #bjd1ahh ,gas1 scintillator for lighting1 ,w4 ,w4 ,batchelder #bjd1bhe ,glass from lava1 making1 ,f4 ,s4 ,shirley #bjd1chd ,globe holder1 ,bayles ,hunter #bjd1ahd ,grain binder1 ,g4 ,h4 ,howe #bjd1cbi ,grain decorticating apparatus1 ,a4 ,ames #bjd1bgg ,grain distributing machine1 ,fascher ,singer #bjd1cjh ,grinding machine1 ,s4 ,trethewey #bjd1cic ,gun1 spring air1 ,a4 ,pettengill #bjd1afg ,harness1 ,e4 ,r4 ,cahoone #bjd1aie ,harrow1 ,h4 ,f4 ,wasmund #bjd1bfh ,harrow1 rotary1 ,e4 ,e4 ,h4 ,mc,niel #bjd1ced ,harvester gearing1 ,j4 ,harris #bjd1adh ,hat and cap sweat1 ,j4 ,r4 ,terry1 ,jr4 #bjd1bfb ,head protector1 ,f4 ,p4 ,cummerford #bjd1bjd ,heaters1 draught pipe for1 ,m4 ,a4 ,shepard #bjd1agj ,hogs from rooting1 preventing1 ,j4 ,m4 ,stansifer #bjd1aga ,hoisting device1 tobacco1 ,c4 ,f4 ,johnson #bjd1ccb ,horse power1 ,bettis ,heath #bjd1ahe ,ice1 forming sheets of1 ,j4 ,gamgee #bjd1baj ,illuminating fluid1 testing1 ,s4 ,s4 ,mann #bjd1bce ,index tag for books1 ,e4 ,m4 ,capen #bjd1aif ,indicator for vessels1 roll and pitch1 ,r4 ,chandler #bjd1acc ,inkstand1 ,w4 ,p4 ,speller #bjd1chh ,iron for case hardening1 preparing1 ,s4 ,a4 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,m4 ,f4 ,lyons #bjd1cdg ,tin1 coating lead articles with1 ,j4 ,j4 ,l4 ,crooke #bjd1big ,tire setter1 ,j4 ,a4 ,miles #bjd1bch ,tire upsetter ,m4 ,w4 ,griffiths #bjd1cag ,toy pistol1 ,a4 ,f4 ,able #bjd1abc ,toy pistol1 ,h4 ,j4 ,p4 ,whipple #bjd1dje ,trace1 etc41 tug coupling1 ,hazlewood1 ,jr41 ,reagin #bjd1cbd ,track clearer1 ,a4 ,day #bjd1bje ,truck shifting apparatus1 car1 ,r4 ,h4 ,ramsey 7r7 #h1bei ,truss1 hernial1 ,banks ,merck #bjd1bha ,tubing1 manufacture of metal1 ,b4 ,c4 ,converse #bjd1acf ,valve gear for engines1 ,l4 ,c4 ,mason #bjd1cea ,vehicle running gear1 ,p4 ,letalle #bjd1cdc ,vehicle1 side bar1 ,j4 ,kauffman #bjd1aed ,vehicles1 spring seat for1 ,j4 ,t4 ,yerkes #bjd1daa ,velocipede1 ,h4 ,a4 ,reynolds 7r7 #h1beb ,ventilator1 ,s4 ,s4 ,thompson #bjd1bfd ,ventilator valve1 railway car1 ,e4 ,h4 ,winchell #bjd1bga ,warming1 etc41 buildings1 apparatus for1 ,l4 ,bennet #bjd1abf ,wash board1 ,f4 ,kueny #bjd1aef ,wash boiler1 ,a4 ,friedley #bjd1caa ,wash stands1 water closets1 cover for1 ,f4 ,grosjean #bjd1cah ,washing machine1 ,e4 ,s4 ,m4 ,ford #bjd1caj ,watch regulator1 ,g4 ,bichsel #bjd1bhg ,watch winding device1 ,b4 ,wormelle #bjd1bgd ,watches1 winding click for1 ,c4 ,t4 ,higginbotham #bjd1aej ,water meter1 piston1 ,t4 ,melling #bjd1ceg ,water wheel1 ,w4 ,s4 ,clay #bjd1bib ,weather strip1 ,d4 ,austin #bjd1abb ,whip socket and rein holder1 ,b4 ,j4 ,downing #bjd1adj ,wrench1 ,sievers ,winkler #bjd1chf ,wringer1 mop1 ,w4 ,haas #bjd1bae 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trade ,,marks4 ,baking powder1 ,carter ,brothers ,co4 #f1acf ,cigars1 ,foxen1 ,newman ,co4 #f1acb ,cigars1 ,j4 ,hirsch #f1adb ,cigars1 ,oliver ,robinson #f1aej ,cigars1 ,b4 ,f4 ,weyman #f1aed ,cigars1 ,j4 ,a4 ,frey #f1aef ,cigars1 ,j4 ,martinez #f1afa ,cigars1 cigarettes1 etc41 ,straiten ,storm #f1add ,cigars1 cigarettes1 etc41 ,e4 ,a4 ,smith #f1ade ,cigars1 cigarettes1 etc41 ,c4 ,swartz ,co4 #f1aeb ,cigars1 cigarettes1 etc41 ,i4 ,underdorfer #f1aeh ,cigarettes1 ,seidenberg ,co #f1ace ,cheese1 ,g4 ,s4 ,hart #f1acc ,copying paper and books1 ,w4 ,mann #f1aei ,cotton fabrics1 ,hamilton ,manufacturing ,company #f1ada ,cotton goods1 ,nashua ,manufacturing ,company #f1afb ,dry goods1 ,the ,eddystone ,manuf4 ,company #f1aeg ,illuminating oils1 ,wadsworth1 ,martinez ,longman #f1afc ,knitted undershirts1 etc41 ,dunham ,hosiery ,co4 #f1aee ,ladies' corsets1 ,c4 ,a4 ,griswold #f1aci ,lemonade compound1 ,abrams ,carroll #f1adg ,liquid paints1 ,g4 ,w4 ,pitkin ,co4 #f1aea ,overalls1 jumpers1 etc41 ,b4 ,greenebaum #f1ach ,perforated plasters1 ,holman ,liver ,pad ,company #f1adj ,pile ointment1 ,g4 ,w4 ,frazier #f1adi ,plug tobacco1 ,b4 ,f4 ,weyman #f1adh ,prepared skins for beer1 ,c4 ,maegerlein ,son #f1acd ,saleratus1 soda1 etc1 ,h4 ,a4 ,de ,land ,co4 #f1acg ,smoking1 etc41 tobacco1 ,marburg ,brothers #f1adc ,snuff1 ,b4 ,f4 ,weyman #f1adf1 #f1aec ,soap1 ,ecker ,co4 #f1afj ,weighing scales1 ,e4 ,t4 ,fairbanks ,co4 #f1aca 99 99 99 99 99 ,,designs4 ,buckle1 ,f4 ,crane #aj1gjd ,fancy cassimere1 ,f4 ,s4 ,bosworth #aj1fib to #aj1gjb ,handkerchief1 ,j4 ,grimshaw #aj1gjc 99 99 99 99 99 ,english ,patents ,issued to ,americans4 ,from ,june #bh to ,july #b1 inclusive4 ,bale tie4--,s4 ,h4 ,gilman1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,blast furnace4--,j4 ,f4 ,bennett1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,cigarette machine4--,v4 ,l',eplattinaire1 ,n4 ,y4 city4 ,furnace for steam boilers4--,o4 ,marland1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,grain binders4--,c4 ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,grain separators4--,barnard ,leas ,manufacturing ,co41 ,moline1 ,ill4 ,mortising chisel4--,a4 ,j4 ,buttler1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4,j4 ,paper making machinery4--,j4 ,h4 ,g4 ,hatch1 ,south ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,paper vessels or receptacles4--,r4 ,b4 ,crane1 ,n4 ,y4 city4 ,skates4--,p4 ,c4 ,franke1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,teeth cleaner4--,a4 ,p4 ,merrill1 ,n4 ,y4 city4 ,timber joining machine4--,w4 ,e4 ,brock4 ,n4 ,y4 city4 ,wearing apparel4--,israel ,crane1 ,n4 ,y4 city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,scientific ,american ,,export ,,edition4 ,,published ,,monthly4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is a large and ,,splendid ,,periodical1 issued once a month1 forming a complete and interesting ,monthly ,record of all ,progress in ,science and the ,useful ,arts throughout the ,world4 ,each number contains about ,,one ,,hundred ,,large ,,quarto ,,pages1 profusely illustrated1 embracing3 7#a47 ,most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with its ,,splendid ,,engravings ,,and ,,valuable ,,information4 7#b47 ,commercial1 ,trade1 and ,manufacturing announcements of leading houses4 ,terms for ,export ,edition1 #e4jj a year1 sent prepaid to any part of the world4 ,single copies1 #ej cents4 ,for sale at this office4 ,to be had at all ,news and ,book ,stores throughout the country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,now ,,ready4 ,,scientific ,,american for ,july1 #ahgh1 with ,eighty-one ,engravings4 ,,general ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,brewster's ,carriage ,manufactory1 ,new ,york4 ,one engraving4 ,the ,parlor or ,cabinet ,organs of ,mason ,hamlin4 ,the ,new ,wheeler ,wilson ,sewing ,machine4 ,howe's ,improved ,scales4 ,the ,chickering ,pianos4 ,the ,ingersoll ,rock ,drill4 ,photo-engraving4 ,the ,paper ,product of the ,united ,states4 ,electrical ,indicator for ,exhibiting the ,rotation of the ,earth4 ,two engravings4 ,the ,elevated ,railroad ,nuisance4 ,steam ,boilers4 ,progress of our ,western ,industries4 ,the ,decline of the ,whaling ,industry4 ,transmitting ,power by ,electricity4 ,native ,magnesium ,salts4 ,scientific ,american ,export ,edition for ,june4 ,the ,eothen ,arctic ,expedition4 ,patent ,matters in ,congress4 ,the ,turkish ,bath4 ,remarkable ,locomotive ,performances4 ,the ,united ,states ,building at the ,paris ,exposition4 ,recent ,ship ,designs4 ,figures which ,seem ,untruthful4 ,the ,hotchkiss ,ship's ,log4 ,starting ,new ,industries4 ,the ,telephone at ,sea4 ,horizontal ,condensing ,engine at the ,exposition4 ,one engraving4 ,deep ,boring4 ,whitening ,positives4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,a4 ,edison4 ,one engraving4 ,patteson's ,improved ,car ,coupling4 ,one engraving4 ,project for ,increasing the ,water ,power of ,pennsylvania4 ,a ,japanese ,built ,ironclad4 ,a ,great ,public ,nuisance4--,the ,steam ,street ,railways ,new ,york ,city4 ,what the ,south ,owes ,new ,england4 ,new ,mechanical ,inventions4 ,iridescent ,glass4 ,fast ,paper ,making4 ,effect of ,gas on ,cotton ,goods4 ,electrotypes of the ,brain4 ,astronomical ,notes for ,july4 ,with ,three figures1 giving the ,positions1 ,rising and ,setting of the ,planets4 ,sun ,spots4 ,removing ,spots from ,cloths4 ,american ,new ,process ,milling4 ,new ,agricultural ,inventions4 ,a ,defense of ,sludge ,acid4 ,shad ,hatching at ,havre de ,grace1 ,md4 ,improved ,wrench4 ,two engravings4 ,a ,drygoods ,palace ,car4 ,radial ,drilling ,machine4 ,one engraving4 ,improved ,self-oiling ,car ,wheel4 ,three engravings4 ,the ,whitehead ,torpedo4 ,one engraving4 ,a ,californian ,wheat ,farm4 ,edison's ,telephonic ,researches4 ,eleven figures4 ,new ,inventions4 ,new ,electric ,light4 ,quick ,freight ,time4 ,the ,adams ,gas ,process4 ,three engravings4 ,the ,invention of the ,microphone4 ,preparation of ,iron ,fuels4 ,millstones4 ,an ,hour with ,edison4 ,four engravings4 ,suspension ,bridge ,accident4 ,mill ,explosion ,science4 ,learn ,something4 ,unsuitable ,steam ,vessels4 ,one engraving4 ,our ,naval ,tubs4 ,leaves and their ,functions4 ,lever and ,cam ,valve4 ,two engravings4 ,an ,ingenious ,toy4 ,one engraving4 ,milk as a ,substitute for ,blood ,transfusion4 ,dr4 ,brown-,sequard4 ,odd ,uses of ,paraffin4 ,american ,institute ,exhibition4 ,solidification of ,petroleum4 ,a ,simple ,fire-escape4 ,mr4 ,edison on the ,microphone4 ,driving ,piles in ,sand4 ,is our ,globe ,hollow8 ,the ,best ,penwiper4 ,the ,etiology of ,asiatic ,cholera4--,a ,new ,theory4 ,diagnosis4 ,proposed ,process for the ,fixation of ,atmospheric ,nitrogen4 ,two figures4 ,hallucinations4 ,perils of ,base-ball ,playing4 ,music ,boxes4 ,electric ,light ,photography4 ,improved ,beehive4 ,three engravings4 ,a ,good ,act4 ,improved ,gas ,condenser4 ,two engravings4 ,american ,crop ,prospects4 ,the ,launch of the ,nipsic4 ,the ,swiss ,house at the ,french ,exposition4 ,one engraving4 ,the ,ingenuity of ,bees4 ,the ,st4 ,benoit ,twins4 ,one engraving4 ,improved ,method of ,milling4 ,a ,remarkable ,meteoric ,phenomenon4 ,drinking ,water4 ,where to ,observe the ,solar ,eclipse of ,july #bith4 ,explorations and ,surveys4 ,tests for ,good ,burning ,oil4 ,curious ,hedge ,figures4 ,one engraving4 ,food ,supply of ,paris4 ,the ,leona ,goat ,sucker4 ,one engraving4 ,oatmeal4 ,salt in ,beer4 ,dr4 ,morfit's ,method of ,preserving ,animal and ,vegetable ,food4 ,the ,ring of ,fire1 and the ,volcanic ,peaks of the ,west ,coast of the ,united ,states4 ,to ,imitate ,ground ,glass4 ,railroad ,birds4 ,improved ,variable ,automatic ,cut-off4 ,four engravings4 ,the ,uses of ,mechanism4 ,working ,gold ,ores4 ,the ,sun4 ,with nine engravings4 ,an excellent paper4 ,professor ,edison's ,new ,carbon ,rheostat4 ,two engravings4 ,the ,chase ,elemental ,governor4 ,two engravings4 ,chinese ,wine ,powder4 ,amber ,varnish4 ,the ,alkaloids of ,opium4 ,microscopy4 ,is the ,moon ,inhabited8 ,description of the ,recent ,most ,important ,mechanical ,inventions4 ,counterfeiting ,american ,goods4 ,the ,steam ,street ,railways of ,new ,york ,city4 ,improved ,piston ,rod ,stuffing ,box4 ,one engraving4 ,improved ,automatic ,fan4 ,one engraving4 ,wandering ,needles4 ,improved ,step ,box4 ,one engraving4 ,heat ,conductivity4 ,new ,volcano in ,peru4 ,wood ,carver of ,simla4 ,one engraving4 ,natural ,history ,notes4 ,belgium1 ,holland1 and ,england4 ,jointed ,artillery4 ,the ,armstrong #ajj-ton ,gun4 ,the ,phonograph4 ,scientific ,american ,boat ,drawings4 ,wire ,tramway ,worked by ,water ,wheels4 ,shell ,polishing4 ,floating ,batteries at ,kertch4 ,apparatus for ,administering ,medicine to ,horses4 ,one engraving4 ,apprentice ,shops for the ,boys4 ,a ,boat ,older than the ,ark4 ,three figures4 ,employment of ,ships against ,forts4 ,the ,otto ,bicycle4 ,one engraving4 ,a ,simple ,gas ,generator4 ,one engraving4 ,labor in ,scotland4 ,the ,cattle ,drives of #ahgh4 ,effects of ,emancipation4 ,a ,new ,trouble with ,french ,wines4 ,the ,new ,twin ,steamer ,calais-,douvres4 ,one engraving4 ,industrial ,drawing and ,art ,studies4 ,vulcanizing ,rubber4 ,strawberries and ,constipation4 ,professor ,langley's ,papers on the ,sun4 ,destruction vs4 ,construction of ,ironclads4 ,how ,raisins are ,prepared4 ,the ,sun4--,a ,total ,eclipse4 ,with six engravings4 ,the ,bishop of ,manchester on ,british ,trade ,depression4 ,a ,new ,insect ,pest4 ,death of a ,giant4 ,edison's ,phonomotor4 ,two engravings4 ,excavating ,scoop4 ,one engraving4 ,treatment of ,acute ,rheumatism4 ,how a ,horse ,trots4 ,danger of ,carbolic ,acid ,dressings4 ,welded ,union and ,rebel ,bullets4 ,one engraving4 ,indicator of a ,steamboat ,engine4 ,a ,remedy for the ,effects of the ,poison ,ivy4 ,thymol4 ,copper ,oysters4 ,the ,use of ,antimony in ,batteries4 ,photographs on ,silk4 ,how to ,use a ,file4 ,a valuable practical paper4 ,our ,iron ,industry4 ,two ,ways of ,looking at the ,same ,facts4 ,new ,screw-cutting ,lathe4 ,one engraving4 ,new ,cloth ,measuring ,apparatus4 ,one engraving4 ,moth ,remedies4 ,gampert's ,wood-sole ,shoe4 ,three engravings4 ,science and ,sentiment4 ,american ,coal in ,europe4 ,an ,active ,volcano in the ,moon4 ,tic-douloureux4 ,landing of ,cleopatra's ,needle4 ,one large engraving4 ,heat ,conductivity4 ,the ,total ,eclipse of the ,sun1 ,july #bi4 ,two figures4 ,new ,iron ,fence4 ,two engravings4 ,the ,adjutant4 ,one engraving4 ,a ,new ,disinfectant4 ,the ,curiosities of ,tobacco4 ,preserving ,fish by ,hydraulic ,pressure4 ,answers to ,correspondents1 embodying a large quantity of valuable information1 practical recipes1 and instructions in various arts4 ,single numbers of the ,scientific ,american ,export ,edition1 #ej cents4 ,to be had at this office1 and at all news stores4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publishers1 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,,new ,,york4 ,to ,advertisers3 ,manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have large and handsomely displayed announcements published in this edition at a very moderate cost4 ,the ,scientific ,american ,export ,edition has a large guaranteed circulation in all commercial places throughout the world4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,advertisements4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,inside ,page1 each insertion #ge cents a line4 ,back ,page1 each insertion #a4jj a line4 7,about eight words to a line47 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,send #cj ,,cents ,,by ,,mail ,,and ,,get ,illustration3 ,a ,,key ,,that ,,will ,,wind ,,any ,,watch ,,and ,,not ,,wear ,,out ,circulars free4 ,mention paper4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,birch ,,co41 #cc ,dey ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,,geological ,,antiquity ,,of ,flowers and ,insects4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,a plain1 comprehensive review of the subject1 bringing forward many instructive facts2 with six illustrations4 ,the invariable correlation between insects and flowers4 ,how they are fossilized4 ,fossil botany4 ,geological ,evidences of ,evolution4 ,correspondence in the succession of ,animal and ,vegetable life4 ,flowers necessary to ,insects1 and ,insects necessary to ,flowers4 ,insects and ,plants in the ,devonian1 the ,switzerland ,lias1 the ,english ,stonesfield ,slate1 the ,tertiary ,strata1 the ,coal ,measures1 a ,greenland1 and other formations4 ,a ,peculiar ,aspect of ,evolution4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #abj4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,,phonograph ,,and ,,its ,,future4 ,,by ,,thomas ,a4 ,,edison4 ,the instrument and its ,action4 ,durability1 ,duplication1 and ,postal ,transmission of ,phonograph ,plates4 ,the probable great utility of the ,phonograph in ,letter-writing1 ,business ,correspondence and ,dictation2 ,literature2 ,education2 ,law2 ,music2 ,oratory1 etc4 ,application to ,musical ,boxes1 ,toys1 and ,clocks4 ,telegraphy of the ,future2 the ,phonograph and ,telephone combined4 ,being a most interesting and valuable paper by the author and inventor of the ,phonograph himself4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,,no4 #abd4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,illustration3 ,scientific ,american4 ,in ,gothic script ,the ,most ,popular ,scientific ,paper in the ,world4 ,,thirty-,,third ,,year4 ,only #c4bj a ,year including ,postage4 ,weekly4 #eb ,numbers a ,year4 ,this widely circulated and splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly4 ,every number contains sixteen pages of useful information1 and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries1 representing ,engineering ,works1 ,steam ,machinery1 ,new ,inventions1 ,novelties in ,mechanics1 ,manufactures1 ,chemistry1 ,electricity1 ,telegraphy1 ,photography1 ,architecture1 ,agriculture1 ,horticulture1 ,natural ,history1 etc4 ,all ,classes of ,readers find in ,,the ,,scientific ,,american a popular resume of the best scientific information of the day2 and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form1 avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms4 ,to every intelligent mind1 this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading4 ,it is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates4 ,terms of ,subscription4--,one copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be sent for one year--#eb numbers--postage prepaid1 to any subscriber in the ,united ,states or ,canada1 on receipt of three dollars and twenty cents by the publishers2 six months1 #a4fj2 three months1 #a4jj4 ,clubs4--,one extra copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at #c4bj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,postage prepaid4 ,one copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american and one copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement will be sent for one year1 postage prepaid1 to any subscriber in the ,united ,states or ,canada1 on receipt of seven dollars by the publishers4 ,the safest way to remit is by ,postal ,order1 ,draft1 or ,express4 ,money carefully placed inside of envelopes1 securely sealed1 and correctly addressed1 seldom goes astray1 but is at the sender's risk4 ,address all letters and make all orders1 drafts1 etc41 payable to ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 ,to ,foreign ,subscribers4--,under the facilities of the ,postal ,union1 the ,,scientific ,,american is now sent by post direct from ,new ,york1 with regularity1 to subscribers in ,great ,britain1 ,india1 ,australia1 and all other ,british colonies2 to ,france1 ,austria1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 ,russia1 and all other ,european ,states2 ,japan1 ,brazil1 ,mexico1 and all ,states of ,central and ,south ,america4 ,terms1 when sent to foreign countries1 ,canada excepted1 #d1 gold1 for ,,scientific ,,american1 #a year2 #i1 gold1 for both ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement for #a year4 ,this includes postage1 which we pay4 ,remit by postal order or draft to order of ,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,waltham ,,watches4 ,improved in ,quality1 but no higher in price4 ,after this date1 we shall sell none but ,new ,model ,waltham ,watches1 particulars of which will be found in our ,new ,price ,list4 ,every one concedes that genuine ,,waltham watches are superior to all others1 and at present prices they are within the reach of all4 ,we continue to send single watches by mail or express to any part of the country1 no matter how remote1 without any risk to the purchaser4 ,price ,list sent free and postpaid4 ,address ,,howard ,,co41 ,no4 #bfd ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york4 ,all silver cases for the ,,new ,,model ,,watches are made of sterling silver1 and cases as well as movements are guaranteed by special certificate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,best ,,and ,,cheapest ,,foot ,,power ,,screw ,,cutting #he4 ,,engine ,,lathes ,,see ,,full ,,description ,,in ,,scientific ,,american ,,july #bg ,,send ,,for ,,illustrated ,,catalogue ,,goodnow ,,wightman #agf ,,washington ,,st4 ,,boston ,,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,the ,midsummer ,holiday ,scribner4 ,,another ,,royal ,,number4 ,charming ,writers--,new ,artists--,superb ,engraving4 ,the ,august number of this progressive magazine is the third ,midsummer ,holiday issue1 and the publisher is confident that in literary and artistic excellence it will be found fully equal to1 if not in advance of1 its predecessors1 which met with such distinguished favor from the press and the public4 ,it opens with a ,frontispiece1 ,a ,,new ,,portrait ,,of ,,bryant1 ,drawn in crayon1 from life1 by ,,wyatt ,,eaton1 and engraved by ,,cole1 with a sketch of the haunts and homes of ,bryant1 by ,,horatio ,n4 ,,powers1 with numerous wood-cuts4 ,among the other illustrated material is ,a ,,sea-,,port ,,on ,,the ,,pacific1 ,by ,,mary ,,hallock ,,foote4 ,the drawings are also by ,mrs4 ,foote1 and are engraved by ,marsh1 ,cole1 and others4 ,they have not been excelled in magazine literature for charm1 picturesqueness1 and fine engraving4 ,a paper of wide interest is ,,to ,,south ,,africa for ,,diamonds6 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,morton1 a narrative of personal experience in the mines1 with striking illustrations of this romantic and curious life4 ,there are also ,,two ,,charming ,,field ,,papers3 ,sharp ,eyes by ,,john ,,burroughs1 with illustrations by a new artist2 ,glimpses of ,new ,england ,farm ,life1 by ,r4 ,e4 ,,robinson1 a paper of rare picturesque interest4 ,there are illustrated poems by ,dr4 ,,holland and ,j4 ,t4 ,,trowbridge2 also1 poems by ,,stedman1 ,,bret ,,harte1 and others4 ,,the ,,illustrations are by ,wyatt ,eaton1 ,mary ,hallock ,foote1 ,vanderhoof1 ,waud1 ,frederick ,dielman1 ,r4 ,swain ,gifford1 ,jervis ,mc,entee1 ,henry ,farrer1 ,winslow ,homer1 ,j4 ,e4 ,kelly1 ,walter ,shirlaw1 ,l4 ,c4 ,tiffany1 ,thomas ,moran1 ,will ,h4 ,low1 ,mrs4 ,fanny ,eliot ,gifford1 and others4 ,the shorter stories are by ,,stockton and ,,henry ,,james1 ,jr4 ,,dr4 ,,eggleston',s ,,story of ,,western ,,life reaches its climax1 and will end in ,october4 ,a ,new ,novel1 ,,falconberg1 by ,,boyesen1 ,begins in this issue4 ,it is a story of immigrant life in ,america1 told by one of the most promising of the younger generation of novelists1 and will be read with interest abroad as well as at home4 ,the ,editorial ,departments include ,our ,commune1 ,the ,death of ,bryant1 ,greatness in ,art1 ,a ,rural ,art ,association1 ,recent ,improvements in ,telephony1 thoughtful and suggestive ,book ,reviews1 ,humorous ,sketches and ,verses by new hands1 c41 c4 ,the frontispiece is upon a peculiar tint of paper1 manufactured by ,warren expressly for ,eaton's portrait of ,bryant4 ,the printing is by ,de ,vinne1 from the press of ,francis ,hart ,co41 who take rank among the foremost printers of the world4 ,,edition #he1jjj4 ,price #ce cents ,sold by all ,news-dealers and ,book-sellers4 ,,scribner ,,co41 ,,new ,,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,baker ,rotary ,pressure ,blower4 ,illustration 7,,forced ,,blast47 ,warranted superior to any other4 ,,wilbraham ,,bros4 #bcah ,frankford ,ave4 ,,philadelphia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,outward ,,marks ,,of ,a ,,good ,,cow4 ,by ,capt4 ,,john ,c4 ,,morris1 ,pa4 ,carelessness in ,breeding4 ,how to ,select for ,breeding4 ,marks of the ,handsome ,cow4 ,care and ,training of the ,heifer4 ,infallible ,marks of ,good ,milkers4 ,distinguishing ,marks and ,characteristics of the ,bastard and the ,bogus ,cow1 etc4 ,contained1 with useful ,remarks on ,bee ,culture1 in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #ace4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,patents ,,at ,,auction4 ,regular ,monthly ,sales the first week of each month by ,george ,w4 ,keeler1 ,auctioneer1 at his salesrooms1 #ec and #ee ,liberty ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,for terms1 etc41 address ,the ,new ,york ,patent ,exchange1 #ec ,liberty ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,spare ,,the ,,croton ,,and ,,save ,,the ,,cost4 ,driven or ,tube ,wells furnished to large consumers of ,croton and ,ridgewood ,water4 ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 #dad ,water ,st41 ,n4 ,y41 who control the patent for ,green's ,american ,driven ,well ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,bibb',s ,celebrated ,original ,baltimore ,fire ,place ,heaters ,mantels and ,registers4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,bibb ,,son1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,best workmanship4 ,lowest prices guaranteed4 ,send for circulars4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,japanese ,,art ,,manufactures4 ,by ,christopher ,dresser1 ,ph4,d41 etc4 ,paper read before ,society of ,arts4 ,the ,japanese ,potter at ,work4 ,curious mode of ,making ,scarfs4 ,how the ,japanese ,print on ,cloth4 ,japanese ,process for ,silk ,ornamentation4 ,japanese ,weaving4 ,how ,fine ,japanese ,fans are made4 ,japanese ,method of ,making ,moulds for ,ornamental ,castings for ,vessels1 ,bronzes1 etc4 ,japanese ,lacquer ,manufacture4 ,curious ,method of ,decorating ,lacquer ,work4 ,the ,love and ,pursuit of the ,beautiful in ,japan4 ,a very entertaining1 instructive1 and comprehensive paper4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #aae4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,burnham',s ,,standard ,,turbine ,,water ,,wheel4 ,,warranted ,,best ,,and ,,cheapest4 ,n4 ,f4 ,,burnham1 ,,york1 ,,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,rupture ,relieved and cured1 without the injury trusses inflict1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,sherman's method of support and curative externally applied4 ,office1 #bea ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,his book1 with photographic likenesses of bad cases before and after cure1 mailed for #aj cents4 ,beware of imitators4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #be ,,new ,,year ,,cards1 with name1 #bj;c4 #be ,extra ,mixed1 #aj;c4 ,geo4 ,i4 ,reed ,co41 ,nassau1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,artificial ,,light4 ,we have just introduced this important facility1 which enables us to prosecute our work in cloudy weather1 and to push through hurried orders in the night4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,engraving ,moss' ,process4 ,photo ,engraving ,co4 #fg ,park ,place1 ,new ,york4 ,l4 ,,smith ,,hobart1 ,president4 ,,john ,c4 ,,moss1 ,superintendent4 ,,relief ,,plates ,for ,newspaper1 ,book1 and ,catalogue ,illustrations4 ,engraved in ,type-,metal1 by a new ,photo-,chemical ,method1 from all kinds of ,prints1 ,pen ,drawings1 ,original ,designs1 ,photographs1 etc41 much cheaper than wood cuts4 ,these plates have a perfectly smooth printing surface1 and the lines are as deep1 as even1 and as sharp as they could possibly be cut by hand4 ,we guarantee that they will print satisfactorily1 on wet or dry paper1 and on any press where type or wood cuts can be so printed4 ,electrotypes may be made from them in the usual way4 ,our plates are now used by the principal publishers and manufacturers in every ,state in the ,union4 ,send stamp for illustrated ,circular4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,state1 ,county and ,shop ,rights ,for ,sale4 ,the ,patent ,adjustable ,die ,co4 invite the attention of ,printers1 ,lithographers1 ,paper ,box ,makers1 ,leather1 ,cloth1 and ,metal ,workers1 and all who use dies of any description1 or who cut by laborious hand work patterns of any size or shape1 to their patent device for cutting any desired outline at a cost of a few cents1 and doing it with exactness1 cutting from one to three hundred at a single pressure4 ,among those who have purchased shop rights1 the following are referred to3 ,rand1 ,macnally ,co42 ,donnelly1 ,loyd ,co42 ,shoeber ,carqueville ,lithograph ,co42 ,wright ,leonard2 ,frank ,roehr2 ,gregory ,staiger2 ,western ,label ,man4 ,co42 ,s4 ,a4 ,grant ,co41 ,cincinnati4 ,,patent ,,adjustable ,,die ,,co41 ,no4 #if ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago1 ,il4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,barnes' ,,foot ,,power ,,machinery4 #ac ,different machines with which ,builders1 ,cabinet ,makers1 ,wagon ,makers1 and ,jobbers in miscellaneous work can compete as to ,,quality ,,and ,,price with steam power manufacturing2 also ,amateurs' supplies4 ,,machines ,,sent ,,on ,,trial4 ,say where you read this1 and send for catalogue and prices4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,john ,,barnes1 ,rockford1 ,winnebago ,co41 ,ill4 ,eastern ,agency for ,barnes' ,foot ,power ,machinery4 ,full line in stock at factory prices4 ,can be seen in operation at ,,chas4 ,e4 ,,little',s1 #ei ,fulton ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,cast ,steel ,pump ,log ,augers and ,reamers a specialty4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #bej4 ,,heald1 ,,sisco ,,co4',s ,,reliable #bj ,horse ,power1 ,stationary1 ,horizontal1 ,double-crank ,steam ,engine4 ,complete with ,judson ,governor1 ,boiler-feed ,pump1 ,water ,heater1 etc4 ,best and cheapest in the world1 and fully guaranteed4 ,,two ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,dollars4 ,send for circular to ,,heald1 ,,sisco ,,co41 ,baldwinsville1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,wood-,working ,machinery1 ,such as ,woodworth ,planing1 ,tonguing1 and ,grooving ,machines1 ,daniel's ,planers1 ,richardson's ,patent ,improved ,tenon ,machines1 ,mortising1 ,moulding1 and ,re-,saw ,machines1 and ,wood-,working ,machinery generally4 ,manufactured by ,,witherby1 ,,rugg ,,richardson1 #bf ,salisbury ,street1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 7,shop formerly occupied by ,r4 ,,ball ,,co47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,patent ,,mineral ,,wool4 ,entirely ,fireproof1 undecaying1 and the best non-conductor of heat1 cold1 or sound4 ,cheaper than hair-felt4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,elbers1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ddfa4 #bf ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,wrought ,,iron ,,beams ,,girders ,,the ,,union ,,iron ,,mills1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,manufacturers of improved wrought iron ,beams and ,girders 7patented74 ,the great fall which has taken place in the prices of ,iron1 and especially in ,beams used in the construction of ,,fire ,,proof ,,buildings1 induces us to call the special attention of ,engineers1 ,architects1 and ,builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting ,fire ,proof structures2 and by reference to pages #eb #ed of our ,book of ,sections--which will be sent on application to those contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings--,,the ,,cost ,,can ,,be ,,accurately ,,calculated1 the cost of ,insurance avoided1 and the serious losses and interruption to business caused by fire2 these and like considerations fully justify any additional first cost4 ,it is believed1 that1 were owners fully aware of the small difference which now exists between the use of ,wood and ,iron1 in many cases the latter would be adopted4 ,we shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the ,beams complete1 for any specific structure1 so that the difference in cost may at once be ascertained4 ,address ,,carnegie1 ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pond's ,tools1 ,engine ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 c4 ,send for ,catalogue4 ,,david ,w4 ,,pond1 ,successor to ,,lucius ,w4 ,,pond4 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #c ,,gold ,,plated ,,watches4 ,cheapest in the known world4 ,sample ,watch ,free to ,agents4 ,address1 ,a4 ,,coulter ,co41 ,chicago4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,eagle ,,foot ,,lathes1 ,illustration ,improvement in style4 ,reduction in prices ,april #bjth4 ,small ,engine ,lathes1 ,slide ,rests1 ,tools1 etc4 ,also ,scroll and ,circular ,saw ,attachments1 ,hand ,planers1 etc4 ,send for ,catalogue of outfits for ,amateurs or ,artisans4 ,,wm4 ,l4 ,,chase ,,co41 #ie #ig ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,the ,george ,place ,machinery ,agency ,machinery of ,every ,description4 #aba ,chambers and #ajc ,reade ,streets1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,civil and ,,mechanical ,,engineering ,at the ,rensselaer ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 ,next term begins ,sept4 #ab4 ,the ,annual ,register for #ahgh contains a list of the graduates for the past #eb years1 with their positions2 also1 course of study1 requirements for admission1 expenses1 etc4 ,address ,wm4 ,h4 ,young1 ,treas'r4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,,driven ,,well4 ,town and ,county privileges for making ,driven ,wells and selling ,licenses under the established ,american ,driven ,well ,patent1 leased by the year to responsible parties1 by ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 ,,new ,,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,now ,,ready4 ,the ,army of the ,republic3 ,,its ,,services ,,and ,,destiny4 ,,by ,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 ,an ,oration at the ,re-union of the ,army of the ,potomac1 at ,springfield1 ,mass41 ,june #eth1 comprising ,christian ,union ,extra ,no4 #ab4 ,price #aj ,cents4 ,,the ,,christian ,,union1 #bg ,park ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,wood ,,working ,,machinery4 ,,planing1 ,,matching1 ,,molding1 ,,mortising1 ,,tenoning1 ,,carving1 ,,machines4 ,,band ,,scroll ,,saws ,,universal ,,and ,,variety ,,wood ,,workers1 c4 c4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,fay ,,co4 ,,cincinnati1 ,o4,u4,s4,a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,shapers ,drills1 ,bolt and ,gear ,cutters1 ,milling ,machines4 ,special ,machinery4 ,e4 ,,gould ,,eberhardt1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a ,,block ,,plane1 ,,with ,,adjustment ,,for ,,setting ,,the ,,cutter4 ,illustration ,length1 #g inches2 #a inch ,cutter4 ,,price #a4jj4 ,sent by mail1 to any address1 postage prepaid1 on receipt of price4 ,price of the above ,plane without the adjustment1 #gj;c4 ,write for an ,illustrated ,descriptive ,circular and ,price ,list of our full line of ,defiance ,metallic ,planes to ,,bailey ,,wringing ,,machine ,,co41 #ii ,chambers ,street1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,read ,,this6 ,,read ,,this66 ,adjustable ,safety ,stilts4 ,a ,,novelty ,,for ,,the ,,boys4 ,a ,great ,chance to ,make ,money4 ,parties wishing to invest in a paying business can do so with a small capital by addressing ,,chas4 ,s4 ,,shute1 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,send ,stamp for ,illustrated ,circular4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,vinegar4 ,i teach by letter the new ,english ,quick-,vinegar-,process1 that is1 how vinegar is made in one day without drugs4 ,for particulars and terms1 address ,j4 ,h4 ,,lauterbach1 ,zanesville1 ,ohio4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,foundry and ,machine ,shop1 in live ,western town1 for sale cheap4 ,address ,box #bge1 ,winona1 ,minn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,wood ,,engraving ,at ,photo-,engraving ,process ,rates1 by ,t4 ,p4 ,,donaldson1 #cc ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,sheet ,,metal ,,works ,,for ,,sale4 ,the largest and best equipped establishment in the ,united ,states for the manufacture of ,sheet ,metal ,architectural and ,cornice ,works1 and ,ornamental ,stamped and ,spun ,zinc ,work4 ,located at an important station on the ,pittsburgh1 ,fort ,wayne and ,chicago ,railroad4 ,taxes and rents low4 ,the ornamental sheet metal work upon the ,main ,building for the ,centennial ,exposition was made at these shops4 ,the real estate1 tools1 and equipments cost some sixty thousand dollars4 ,will be sold at a very great sacrifice4 ,call on or address ,,lucien ,l4 ,,gilbert1 ,salem1 ,columbiana ,co41 ,ohio4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,,best ,,friction ,,clutch ,,in ,,the ,world for hoisting coal1 logs1 or freight4 ,it can be fitted direct on line shaft1 run at high speed1 and start without shock4 ,no end thrust on journals4 ,patent ,safety ,elevators at low prices4 ,d4 ,,frisbie ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 66,new and ,improved66 ,engraving ,process6666 ,perfect ,substitute for ,wood-,cuts4 ,photo-,plate ,company #fc ,duane ,st4 ,new ,york4 ,can be printed on an ordinary ,press4 ,,relief ,,plates in hard ,type ,metal ,,for ,newspaper ,book ,illustration4 ,send ,stamp for ,illustrated ,circular4 ,,much ,,cheaper ,,than ,,woodcuts4 ,,artistic ,,printing4 ,,fine ,,electrotyping4 ,state where you saw this4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration #d4 ,,telephones ,for ,business ,purposes1 ours excel all others in clearness and volume of tone4 ,illus4 circular and testimonials for #c cts4 ,address ,j4 ,r4 ,,holcomb1 ,mallet ,creek1 ,ohio4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,explosive ,,dust4 ,a ,,comprehensive description of the ,dangers from ,dust in various ,manufactures and the ,cause of many ,fires4 ,how combustible substances can explode4 ,spontaneous ,combustion of ,iron1 ,charcoal1 and ,lampblack in ,air4 ,flour ,dust and ,brewery ,dust ,explosions4 ,explosions of ,coal ,dust in ,mines4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #abe4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,can ,i ,obtain a ,patent8 ,this is the first inquiry that naturally occurs to every author or discoverer of a new idea or improvement4 ,the quickest and best way to obtain a satisfactory answer1 without expense1 is to write to us 7,munn ,co471 describing the invention1 with a small sketch4 ,all we need is to get the idea4 ,do not use pale ink4 ,be brief4 ,send stamps for postage4 ,we will immediately answer and inform you whether or not your improvement is probably patentable2 and if so1 give you the necessary instructions for further procedure4 ,our long experience enables us to decide quickly4 ,for this advice we make no charge4 ,all persons who desire to consult us in regard to obtaining patents are cordially invited to do so4 ,we shall be happy to see them in person at our office1 or to advise them by letter4 ,in all cases1 they may expect from us a careful consideration of their plans1 an honest opinion1 and a prompt reply4 ,what ,security ,have ,i that my communication to ,munn ,co4 will be faithfully guarded and remain confidential8 ,answer4-,you have none except our well-known integrity in this respect1 based upon a most extensive practice of thirty years' standing4 ,our clients are numbered by hundreds of thousands4 ,they are to be found in every town and city in the ,union4 ,please to make inquiry about us4 ,such a thing as the betrayal of a client's interests1 when committed to our professional care1 never has occurred1 and is not likely to occur4 ,all business and communications intrusted to us are kept secret and confidential4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers of the ,,scientific ,,american1 #cg ,park ,row ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,advertisements4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,inside ,page1 each insertion - - - #ge cents a line4 ,back ,page1 each insertion - - - #a4jj a line4 7,about eight words to a line47 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,telephones1 ,perfect working1 at reduced prices4 ,send for illustrated circular to ,,telephone ,,supply ,,co41 ,box #cbbd1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,h4,w4 ,,johns' ,,asbestos ,,trademark ,,liquid ,,paints1 ,,roofing1 ,,boiler ,,coverings1 ,steam ,packing1 ,sheathings1 ,fire ,proof ,coatings1 ,cements4 ,,send ,,for ,,samples1 ,,illustrated ,,pamphlet ,,and ,,price ,,list4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns ,m',f',g ,co41 #hg ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,mill ,stones and ,corn ,mills4 ,we make ,burr ,millstones1 ,portable ,mills1 ,smut ,machines1 ,packers1 ,mill ,picks1 ,water ,wheels1 ,pulleys1 and ,gearing1 specially adapted to ,flour ,mills4 ,send for catalogue4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,noye ,,son1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,warranted ,,the ,,best4 #a ,h4 ,p4 ,boiler ,engine1 #aej4 #b ,h4 ,p41 #age4 #c ,h4 ,p41 #bjj4 ,tested to #bjj lbs4 ,steam4 ,,lovegrove ,,co41 #aeb ,n4 #c;d ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,builders of ,engines and ,boilers1 #a to #ajj horse power4 ,send for circulars and prices1 and state size and style you want4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,established #ahdd4 ,,joseph ,c4 ,,todd1 ,,engineer and ,,machinist4 ,flax1 ,hemp1 ,jute1 ,rope1 ,oakum and ,bagging ,machinery1 ,steam ,engines1 ,boilers1 etc4 ,i also manufacture ,baxter's ,new ,portable ,engine of #ahgg4 ,can be seen in operation at my store4 ,a one horse-power1 portable engine1 complete1 #abe2 two horse-power1 #bbe2 two and a half horse-power1 #bej2 three horse-power1 #bge4 ,manufactured exclusively by ,j4 ,c4 ,,todd1 #aj ,barclay ,st41 ,new ,york1 or ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,cameron ,steam ,pumps ,for ,mines1 ,blast ,furnaces1 ,rolling ,mills1 ,oil ,refineries1 ,boiler ,feeders1 c4 ,for ,illustrated ,catalogue and ,reduced ,price ,list send to ,works1 ,foot ,east #bc;d ,st41 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,wire ,,rope ,address ,,john ,a4 ,,roebling',s ,,sons1 ,manufacturers1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 or #aag ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,wheels and ,rope for conveying power long distances4 ,send for circular4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #abjj ,salary4 ,salesmen wanted to sell our ,staple ,goods to dealers4 ,no peddling4 ,expenses paid4 ,permanent employment4 address ,s4 ,a4 ,,grant ,,co41 #b1 #d1 #f #h ,home ,st41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,working ,models ,and ,experimental ,machinery1 ,metal or ,wood1 made to order by ,j4 ,f4 ,,werner1 #fb ,centre ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,b4 ,w4 ,payne ,sons1 ,corning1 ,n4 ,y4 ,established in #ahdj4 ,illustration ,eureka ,safety ,power4 h4p4 cyl4 ht4 space4 wt4 price4 ---------------------------------------- --- #b #c-a_/hx#d #dh in4 #djx#be #ijj #aej ---------------------------------------- --- #d #dx#f #ef #dfx#cj #afjj #bej ---------------------------------------- --- #f #ex#g #gb #gbx#db #bgjj #djj ---------------------------------------- --- ,also1 ,,spark ,,arresting ,,portables1 and ,stationary ,engines for ,plantations4 ,send for ,circulars4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,patent ,wood-working ,machinery1 ,band ,saws ,scroll ,saws1 ,friezers1 etc4 ,cordesman1 ,egan ,co41 ,cincin'ti1 ,o4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,corliss ,,engines4 ,beam1 horizontal1 vertical1 condensing1 and non-condensing ,steam ,engines4 ,machine ,tools1 ,sugar ,machinery4 ,facilities for ,constructing ,heavy ,machinery4 ,send for ,circular4 ,,passaic ,,machine ,,works1 ,,watts1 ,,campbell ,,co41 ,proprietors1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,the ,,only ,genuine ,,geiser ,,self-,,regulating ,,grain ,,separator4 ,celebrated for its light and smooth movements1 also ,,separating and ,,cleaning all kinds of grain4 ,manufactured only by ,,the ,,geiser ,m',f',g ,,co41 ,waynesboro1 ,franklin ,co41 ,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,cigar ,,box ,,lumber1 ,manufactured by our new ,patented ,processes4 ,poplar #a;c4 ,mahogany #b;c4 ,spanish ,cedar ,veneers c4 ,spanish ,cedar1 #b;d quality #b;c4 #ast and #b;d quality #c;c4 #ast #c;c4 ,no charge for cartage4 ,terms cash4 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,read ,,co41 #ahf to #bjj ,lewis ,street1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,belt ,,pulley1 ,lightest1 strongest1 and best made4 ,secured to the ,shaft without ,keys1 ,set ,screws1 ,bolts or ,pins2 also1 ,adjustable ,dead ,pulleys and ,taper-,sleeve ,couplings4 ,send for catalogue4 ,address ,taper-,sleeve ,pulley ,works1 ,erie1 ,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,marvin',s ,,fire ,,burglar ,,safes ,,counter ,,platform ,,wagon ,,track ,,scales ,,marvin ,,safe ,,scale ,,co4 #bfe ,,broadway4 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,an assortment of ,,wood-,,working ,,machinery made by ,richards1 ,london ,kelley 7dissolved72 also1 a number of first-class ,,machine ,,tools 7nearly as good as new7 of ,philadelphia construction1 on hand and for sale4 ,for list or inspection of machines and estimates1 apply at the works of ,,john ,,richards ,,co41 #bb;d and ,wood ,sts41 ,philadelphia1 manufacturers of ,standard ,gauges and other ,implements4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,horses4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,pritchard1 ,r4 ,v4 ,s4 ,showing the ,proper ,construction of ,stables4 ,best ,floor4 ,lighting and ,ventilation4 ,hay-racks4 ,watering and ,feeding4 ,grooming and ,exercise4 ,cracked ,heels2 ,lice2 ,colic2 ,mud ,fever2 ,wind ,galls4 ,also1 in same number1 facts about improved ,cow ,stables4 ,how to keep ,cows clean and maintain ,pure ,air in ,stables4 ,increased ,cleanliness and ,convenience with ,less ,labor4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #abc4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,every ,man ,his ,own ,printer6 ,illustration3 ,the ,excelsior #c ,press ,prints labels1 cards etc4 7,self-inker #e7 #i ,larger sizes ,for business1 pleasure1 young or old ,catalogue of ,presses1 ,type1 ,etc41 for #b stamps4 ,,kelsey ,co4 ,meriden1 ,conn ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pyrometers1 ,for showing heat of ,ovens1 ,hot ,blast ,pipes ,boiler ,flues1 ,superheated ,steam1 ,oil ,stills1 c4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,bulkley1 ,sole ,manufacturer1 #adi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,ice ,,at #a4jj ,,per ,,ton4 ,the ,,pictet ,,artificial ,,ice ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,room #ea1 ,coal and ,iron ,exchange1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #cjhc1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,lap ,,welded ,,charcoal ,,iron ,boiler ,tubes1 ,steam ,pipe1 ,light and ,heavy ,forgings1 ,engines1 ,boilers1 ,cotton ,presses1 ,rolling ,mill and ,blast ,furnace ,work4 ,,reading ,,iron ,,works1 #bfa ,south ,fourth ,st41 ,phila4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,opera ,,glasses ,at ,reduced ,prices4 ,microscopes1 ,spectacles1 ,telescopes1 ,thermometers4 ,send for ,illustrated ,catalogue4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,beck1 #iba ,chestnut ,st41 ,philadelphia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,wood-,,working ,,machinery1 ,new and improved1 for special work4 ,boring ,machines1 ,turning ,lathes1 ,saw ,arbors1 ,saw ,benches1 ,scroll ,saws1 ,panel ,raisers1 and other ,wood ,tools4 ,we build the only patented ,panel ,raiser1 with vertical spindles1 all others being infringements on our patents of ,july #aa and ,october #ca1 #ahga4 ,,walker ,,bros41 #gc and #ge ,laurel ,st41 ,phila4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,alcoholism4 ,,an ,,interesting ,paper upon the ,relations of ,intemperance and ,life ,insurance4 ,the average ,risks and ,expectancy of ,life of the ,temperate and of the ,intemperate4 ,physiological action of ,alcohol2 stimulating the ,nervous ,system1 ,retarding the ,circulation4 ,alcohol ,oxidized in the ,system4 ,insomnia1 ,congestion of the ,lungs1 ,deterioration of ,structure1 ,calculus1 and ,liver ,diseases as results of ,liquor4 ,extended ,medical ,testimony4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #abe4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,telephones4 ,how made1 adjusted1 and operated by any person4 ,send stamp for full and interesting description1 with illustrations and instructions4 ,one pair first-class ,telephones complete1 except diaphragms1 sent to any address upon receipt of #e4 ,j4,h4 ,,bunnell1 ,electrician1 #aab ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,important ,,for ,,all ,,corporations ,,and ,,manf',g ,,concerns4--,buerk's ,watchman's ,time ,detector1 capable of accurately controlling the motion of a watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat4 ,send for circular4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,buerk1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #igi1 ,boston1 ,mass ,n4 ,b4--,the suit against ,imhaeuser ,co41 of ,new ,york1 was decided in my favor1 ,june #aj1 #ahgd4 ,a fine was assessed against them ,nov4 #aa1 #ahgf1 for selling contrary to the order of the court4 ,persons buying or using clocks infringing on my patent will be dealt with according to law4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,,hughes ,,telephone4 ,,six ,,figures4 ,sound converted into ,undulatory ,electrical ,currents by ,unhomogeneous ,conducting ,substances in ,circuit4 ,the ,simplest ,telephone and the most sensitive ,acoustical ,instrument yet constructed4 ,instrument for ,testing the ,effect of ,pressure on ,various ,substances4 ,astonishing ,experiments which may be performed by any person with a few nails1 pieces of sealing wax1 a glass tube containing powders1 and a few sticks of charcoal4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #abh4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,medal ,,premium ,,awarded ,,to ,,alcott',s ,,turbine ,,water ,,wheels ,,manufact',d ,,at ,,mount ,,holly ,n4 ,j4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,old ,,reliable4 ,,to ,,know ,,all about the ,best ,pump for ,paper ,makers1 ,tanners1 ,contractors1 and for irrigation1 send for illustrated pamphlet1 #gh pages4 ,,heald1 ,,sisco ,,co41 ,baldwinsville1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,books1 ,papers4 ,want ,agents4 ,send stamp4 ,l4 ,l4 ,,fairchild1 ,rolling ,prairie1 ,wis4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,it ,,pays to sell our ,rubber ,stamps and ,novelties4 ,terms free4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,harper ,,bro41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,dyspepsia4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,kunze4 ,symptoms4 ,appetite ,diminished4 ,stomach ,digestion much slower than ,normal4 ,constipation4 ,symptoms in ,children4 ,chronic ,cases4 ,dyspepsia as caused by too much ,food2 by ,indigestible ,food2 by ,general ,derangement2 by ,altered ,conditions of ,innervation4 ,treatment4 ,nourishment should be ,easily ,digestible2 taken ,little at a ,time2 and ,digested before more is taken4 ,necessity of ,few and ,plain ,dishes4 ,treatment when ,stomach is ,overloaded4 ,aiding ,gastric ,juice4 ,treatment in ,febrile ,diseases4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #abi4 ,price #aj cents1 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,shepard',s ,,celebrated #ej ,screw ,cutting ,foot ,lathe4 ,foot and ,power ,lathes1 ,drill ,presses1 ,scroll1 ,circular and ,band ,saws1 ,saw ,attachments1 ,chucks1 ,mandrills1 ,twist ,drills1 ,dogs1 ,calipers1 etc4 ,send for catalogue of outfits for amateurs or artisans4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,shepard ,,co41 #hh1 #ij #ib ,elm ,st41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,to ,,advertisers6 ,we will send free to all applicants who do any newspaper advertising1 the ,,third ,,edition of ,,ayer ,,son',s ,,manual ,,for ,,advertisers4 #afj #hvo4 pp4 ,more complete than any which have preceded it4 ,gives the names1 circulation1 and advertising rates of several thousand newspapers in the ,united ,states and ,canada1 and contains more information of value to an advertiser than can be found in any other publication4 ,all lists have been carefully revised1 and where practicable prices have been reduced4 ,the special offers are numerous and unusually advantageous4 ,be sure to send for it before spending any money in newspaper advertising4 ,address ,n4 ,w4 ,,ayer ,,son1 ,,advertising ,,agents1 ,times ,building1 ,philadelphia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,portland ,,cement1 ,,roman ,,keene',s4 ,for ,walks1 ,cisterns1 ,foundations1 ,stables1 ,cellars1 ,bridges1 ,reservoirs1 ,breweries1 etc4 ,remit #aj cents for ,practical ,treatise on ,cements4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,merchant ,,co41 #ec ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,north',s ,,universal ,,lathe ,,dog4 ,s4 ,g4 ,,north #cdg ,north #dth ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,machinists' ,,tools4 ,,new ,,and ,,improved ,,patterns4 ,send for new illustrated catalogue4 ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 c4 ,,new ,,haven ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,points ,,of ,a ,,good ,,horse4 ,,being the ,report of the ,committee appointed by the ,new ,england ,agricultural ,society to decide upon ,rules for ,guidance of ,judges of ,horses4 ,the ,points of ,excellence4 ,size1 ,color1 ,symmetry of ,body1 ,head and ,neck1 ,eye and ,ear1 ,feet and ,limbs1 fully described4 ,speed at the ,trot1 and in ,walking1 ,style and ,action1 etc41 with the percentage allowed for each quality4 ,the ,standard ,size and ,speed for ,matched ,carriage ,horses1 ,gents' ,driving ,horses1 ,family ,horses1 ,park or ,phton ,horses1 etc4 ,an excellent ,guide in selecting animals4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #ajc1 price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,,the ,,eagle ,,claw4 ,the best ,trap in the ,world for catching ,,fish1 ,,animals ,,game4 ,illustration ,one bait will catch ,twenty ,fish4 ,no4 #a1 for ordinary fishing1 small game1 c4 #ce;c4 ,no4 #b1 for large fish1 mink1 musk-rats1 c4 #ge;c4 ,sent by mail4 ,j4 ,,bride ,,co41 ,mfrs41 #big ,broadway1 ,new-,york4 ,send for ,catalogue of useful novelties and mention this paper4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,emery ,,and ,,corundum ,,wheels1 for ,grinding and ,surfacing ,metals and other materials4 ,by ,,arthur ,h4 ,,bateman1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,a paper read before the ,society of ,arts1 ,london4 ,files1 ,chisels1 ,grindstones1 ,composition of ,emery1 where found1 ,quality1 ,specific ,gravity1 and ,hardness1 ,manufacture of the wheels1 ,emery ,powder1 ,buffing1 ,polishing1 ,cutting ,power1 ,corundum4 ,the ,magnesian or ,union ,wheel1 the ,tanite1 the ,northampton1 the ,vulcanite1 the ,climax1 the ,vitrified1 a porous wheel with central water supply4 ,fifty uses enumerated to which the wheels are put1 for ,metals1 ,stone1 ,teeth1 ,millboard1 ,wood1 ,agate1 and ,brick4 ,how to mount a wheel4 ,how to hold the work1 and directions for various classes of work4 ,discussion and questions proposed and answered4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,,no4 #abe4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,,bigelow ,steam ,engine4 ,,both ,,portable ,,and ,,stationary4 ,the ,,cheapest ,,and ,,best in the market4 ,send for descriptive circular and price list4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,bigelow ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,diamonds and ,carbon ,shaped or ,crude1 furnished and set for ,boring ,rocks1 ,dressing ,mill ,burrs1 ,emery ,wheels1 ,grindstones1 ,hardened ,steel1 ,calender ,rollers1 and for ,sawing ,turning1 or ,working ,stone and other hard substances3 also ,glaziers' ,diamonds4 ,j4 ,,dickinson1 #fd ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,second-,,hand ,,engines1 ,portable and ,stationary1 at ,low ,prices4 ,,harris ,,iron ,,works1 ,,titusville1 ,,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,phonograph4 ,full ,instructions1 with ,eight ,working ,drawings1 ,half ,size4 ,construction easy and ,inexpensive4 ,these drawings are from an actual working ,phonograph2 they show the sizes1 forms1 and arrangement of all the parts4 ,the explanations are so plain and practical as to enable any intelligent person to construct and put a ,phonograph in successful operation in a very short time4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,,no4 #acc4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,schlenkers ,,automatic ,,revolving ,,bolt ,,cutter ,,diamond ,,self ,,clamp ,,paper ,,cutter ,,howard',s ,,safety ,,elevators ,,howard',s ,,parallel ,,vise ,,howard ,,iron ,,works ,,buffalo ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,perfect ,,newspaper ,,file ,the ,koch ,patent ,file1 for preserving newspapers1 magazines1 and pamphlets1 has been recently improved and price reduced4 ,subscribers to the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement can be supplied for the low price of #a4ej by mail1 or #a4be at the office of this paper4 ,heavy board sides2 inscription ,,scientific ,,american1 in gilt4 ,necessary for every one who wishes to preserve the paper4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers ,,scientific ,,american4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,the ,,tanite ,,co41 ,,stroudsburg1 ,,pa4 ,,emery ,,wheels ,,and ,,grinders4 ,,geo4 ,,place1 #aba ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york ,agent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,drilling ,,machines ,,and ,,air ,,compressors4 ,,manufactured ,,by ,,burleigh ,,rock ,,drill ,,co4 ,,send ,,for ,,pamphlet4 ,,fitchburg ,,mass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,steam ,,pumps4 ,,henry ,r4 ,,worthington1 #bci ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 #hc ,water ,st41 ,boston4 ,,the ,,worthington ,,duplex ,,pumping ,,engines ,,for ,,water ,,works--,compound1 ,condensing or ,non-,condensing4 ,used in over #ajj ,water-,works ,stations4 ,,steam ,,pumps--,duplex and ,single ,cylinder4 ,,water ,,meters4 ,,oil ,,meters4 ,prices largely ,reduced4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,watsons ,,non ,,changeable ,,gap ,,lathe ,,has ,,great ,,facilities ,,for ,,large ,,or ,,medium ,,size ,,work ,,james ,,watson ,,manr4 #afjh ,s4 ,,front ,,st4 ,,phila4 ,,pa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,hartford ,,steam ,,boiler ,inspection ,insurance ,,company4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,franklin ,v4 ,pres't4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,allen1 ,pres't4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,pierce1 ,sec'y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration ,patent ,portable ,chuck ,jaws4 ,improved ,solid ,emery ,wheels1 for grinding ,iron and ,brass ,castings1 ,tools1 etc4 ,manufactured by ,,am4 ,,twist ,,drill ,,co41 ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #g ,a ,,day to ,agents canvassing for the ,fireside ,visitor4 ,terms and ,outfit ,free4 ,address ,p4 ,o4 ,,vickery1 ,augusta1 ,maine4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,hand ,,saw ,,mill ,,saves ,,three ,,men',s labor4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,hills1 #gh ,chambers ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,best ,,damper ,,regulators ,,and ,,weighted ,,gauge ,,cocks4 ,,murrill ,,keizer1 #dd ,,holliday ,,st41 ,,baltimore4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,,patents ,,caveats1 ,,copyrights1 ,,trade ,,marks1 ,,etc4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co41 in connection with the publication of the ,,scientific ,,american1 continue to examine ,improvements1 and to act as ,solicitors of ,patents for ,inventors4 ,in this line of business they have had ,,over ,,thirty ,,years' ,,experience1 and now have unequaled facilities for the preparation of ,patent ,drawings1 ,specifications1 and the ,prosecution of ,applications for ,patents in the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,foreign ,countries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also attend to the preparation of ,caveats1 ,trade ,mark ,regulations1 ,copyrights for ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignments1 and ,reports on ,infringements of ,patents4 ,all business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness1 on very moderate terms4 ,we send free of charge1 on application1 a pamphlet containing further information about ,patents and how to procure them2 directions concerning ,trade ,marks1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,patents1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infringements1 ,assignments1 ,rejected ,cases1 ,hints on the ,sale of ,patents1 etc4 ,foreign ,patents4--,we also send1 free of charge1 a ,synopsis of ,foreign ,patent ,laws1 showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world4 ,american inventors should bear in mind that1 as a general rule1 any invention that is valuable to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in ,england and some other foreign countries4 ,five patents--embracing ,canadian1 ,english1 ,german1 ,french1 and ,belgian--will secure to an inventor the exclusive monopoly to his discovery among about ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,millions of the most intelligent people in the world4 ,the facilities of business and steam communication are such that patents can be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home4 ,the expense to apply for an ,english patent is #ge2 ,german1 #ajj2 ,french1 #ajj2 ,belgian1 #ajj2 ,canadian1 #ej4 ,copies of ,patents4--,persons desiring any patent issued from #ahcf to ,november #bf1 #ahfg1 can be supplied with official copies at reasonable cost1 the price depending upon the extent of drawings and length of specifications4 ,any patent issued since ,november #bg1 #ahfg1 at which time the ,patent ,office commenced printing the drawings and specifications1 may be had by remitting to this office #a4 ,a copy of the claims of any patent issued since #ahcf will be furnished for #a4 ,when ordering copies1 please to remit for the same as above1 and state name of patentee1 title of invention1 and date of patent4 ,a pamphlet1 containing full directions for obtaining ,united ,states patents sent free4 ,a handsomely bound ,reference ,book1 gilt edges1 contains #adj pages and many engravings and tables important to every patentee and mechanic1 and is a useful hand book of reference for everybody4 ,price #be cents1 mailed free4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers ,,scientific ,,american1 #cg ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,branch ,,office--,corner of ,f and #gth ,streets1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,the ,scientific ,american is printed with ,,chas4 ,,eneu ,,johnson ,,co4',s ,,ink4 ,tenth and ,lombard ,sts41 ,philadelphia1 and #ei ,gold ,st41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,obvious punctuation errors have been corrected4 ,spelling inconsistencies have been retained4 ,on page #hc1 the clause ,it has an independent extinguisher for the smaller wick tube had ndependent in the original4 ,on page #ia1 the ad reading ,the ,turbine ,wheel made by ,risdon ,co41 ,mt4 ,holly1 ,n4 ,j41 gave the best results at ,centennial tests4 had tets in the original4 ,on page #ib1 the patent named ,gas1 scintillator for lighting was numbered #bjd1bh in the original4 ,the final #e has been added because sorting the list reveals that the patent numbers form a consecutive series from #bjd1abb to #bjd1dac1 with the only one missing being #bjd1bhe4 ,on page #ib1 the patent named ,shoetip was guessed at2 the t is unclear in the original4 ,on page #id1 the phrase ,alcohol ,oxidized in the ,system4 had no terminating punctuation in the original4 ,on page #id1 the illustration containing the words ,diamonds and ,carbor1 the ,carbor may be an abbreviation for ,carborundum2 the image is unclear in the original4 ,on page #id1 in the advertisement for ,,watsons sic ,,non sic ,,changeable ,,gap ,,lathe1 the abbreviation ,,manr4 had the ,r as a superscript in the original4