,,z5 ,,buddhism    & ,its ,relation to  
,art      ,by    ,,ar?ur ,,waley        
,,london3    ,,luzac  ,,co41 #df1 ,great
 ,russell ,/reet1 ,w4,c4#a4    #aibb    
,,z5 ,,buddhism          ,,z5 ,,buddhism
    ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,art     
,books on ! ,f> ,ea/ (t5 m5tion a sect (
 ,buddhism call$ ,z54 ,!y  say t x 0 a  
8s*ool ( ab/ract m$itation0 & t x       
ex]cis$  a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u art &     
lit]ature2 b !y tell u v  little ab\t   
:at ,z5 actually 01 ab\t its relation to
 ord9>y  ,buddhism1 its hi/ory1 or !    
exact nature ( its influ5ce ^u !  arts4 
,! reason ( ?is is t v little ( ! native
 lit]ature :i*  deals ) ,z5 has yet be5 
translat$1 p]haps because x is writt5  9
 e>ly ,*9ese colloquial1 a language !   
/udy ( :i* has be5  almo/ :olly neglect$
 by ,europeans & also 7to judge by "s ( 
_! attempts to translate x7 by !        
,japanese !mselves4    ,! pres5t pap]   
makes no attempt at pr(undity1 b x is   
bas$ on  ! /udy ( orig9al texts &       
furni%es1 ,i hope1 "s in=mation n       

hi!rto accessible4           99       99
       99       99       99    ,be=e    
describ+ ! orig9s ( ,z5 itself ,i mu/   
give "s g5]al  acc\nt ( ,buddhism4 ,at !
 "t :5 x rea*$ ,*9a#a !re 7  two k9ds ( 
,buddhism1 call$ ! ,less] ,vehicle & !  
,great]4 ,!  =m]1 ,primitive ,buddhism1 
possess$ scriptures :i* 9 "p at  any    
rate 7 g5u9e2 t is to say1 !y record$   
words actually  us$ by ,%kyamuni4 ,!    
ord9>y adh]5t ( ?is religion did n  hope
 to become a ,buddha2 ,buddhas inde$ 7  
reg>d$ z extremely  r>e4 ,he only aspir$
 to become an ,arhat1 t is 8an ascetic  
ripe  = annihilation10 "o :o is ab\t to 
escape f ! :eel (  re9c>nation--^:      
pres5t inc>nation is an ante*amb] to    
,nirvna4  ,to su* aspirants ! ,buddha   
gives no assi/ance2 he is :at *ildr5  9 
_! games call 8home10 & 8 foll[]s mu/   
pant aft] him z  be/ !y c4    #a ,fir/  
c5tury ,a4,d4    ,^? :o f\nd ?is        
religion too com=tless inv5t$ ano!r1 :i*
  became kn[n z ,mahyna1 ! ,great]      
,vehicle4 ,putt+ _! doctr9es  into ! m\?

 ( ,%kyamuni1 !y fabricat$ ad hoc s]mons
 (  enorm\s l5g?1 prea*$ 7s !y ass]t$7  
by ! ,buddha himself 9  8 8second p]iod0
 to ^? :o 7 ripe to receive ! :ole tru?4
    ,! great feature ( ?is new ,buddhism
 0 ! int]v5tion ( !  m]ciful            
,bodhisattvas1 illum9ati :o1 ?\gh fit = 
,buddhahood1  volunt>ily r5\nc$ x 9 ord]
 to help mank9d4    ,! fir/ ,buddhi/    
books to rea* ,*9a emanat$ f ! ,less]   
,vehicle4 ,b ! ,great] ,vehicle or      
,bodhisattva-,buddhism soon  prevail$1 &
 by ! six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ov] two ?\s&   
works1 mo/ ( !m belong+ to ! ,great]    
,vehicle1 _h be5  translat$ into ,*9ese4
      ,,buddhi/ ,,sects4    ,!re 7      
already _m sects 9 ,*9a1 ! *ief ( :i* 73
        7#a7 ,! ,amidi/s4        ,?is 0 
! =m ( ,buddhism :i* appeal$ to !       
un$ucat$4      ,x taught t a ,buddha    
nam$ ,amida presides ov] ! ,we/]n       
,p>adise1 :]e he w receive ! s\ls ( ^? t
 wor%ip      him4 ,! conception ( ?is   
,p>adise closely resembles !            
,*ri/ian idea ( ,heav5 & may h be5 d]iv$

 f x4        7#b7 ,! ,t5dai ,sect1 f\nd$
 at ! end ( ! six? c5tury4      ,its    
tea*+ 0 bas$ on a scripture ( enorm\s   
l5g? call$      ! ,saddh>ma ,pund>ka    
,stra1 :i* is translat$ by ,k]n 9      !
 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 p]haps !  
broade/ & mo/      repres5tative sect4  
,x laid great /ress on ! e?ical side (  
,buddhism4    ,we n[ come to ,z54    ,9 
! ye> #ebj ,a4,d4 !re arriv$ at ,canton 
a mission>y f  ,s\!rn ,india4 ,8 "n 0   
,bodhidh>ma & he appe>s to h be5  !     
y\ng] son ( an ,indian ,pr9ce4    ,!    
reign+ ,emp]or ( ,*9a 0 a munific5t     
patron ( ,buddhism4 ,he  _h built       
mona/]ies1 giv5 alms1 di/ribut$         
scriptures1 def5d$  ! fai?4 ,he>+ t a   
,buddhi/ pr9ce _h arriv$ f ,india he    
summon$ him at once to 8 ,capital4 ,!   
foll[+ conv]sation took  place 9 !      
,palace at ,nank+3        ,emp]or3 ,y w 
be int]e/$ to he> t ,i h built _m       
mona/]ies1 di/ribut$ scriptures1 giv5   
alms1 & upheld !      ,fai?4 ,h ,i n    
inde$ acquir$ m]it8        ,bodhidh>ma3 

,none at all4        ,emp]or3 ,9 :at !n 
does true m]it consi/8                  
,bodhidh>ma3 ,9 ! oblit]ation ( ,matt]  
?r\gh ,absolute      ,k1 n by ext]nal   
acts4        ,emp]or3 ,:i* is ! ,div9e &
 ,primal ,aspect ( ,reality8            
,bodhidh>ma3 ,reality has no aspect t is
 div9e4        ,emp]or3 ,:at are y1 :o h
 come be=e my ,?rone8                   
,bodhidh>ma3 ,i d n "k4    ,! ,emp]or   
c\ld make no?+ ( him4 ,mona/icism1 a    
huge ve/$  int]e/1 decri$ him1 & aft] a 
%ort /ay 9 ,nank+ he />t$  nor?w>d1     
t[>ds ! ,capital ( ! ,wei ,t>t>s1 :o !n 
rul$ ov]  a l>ge "p ( ,*9a4 ,! ,wei     
,emp]or1 l 8 ,*9ese confrre1 0  also a  
great patron ( ,buddhism1 & he1 too1    
desir$ an int]view )  ! ,indian prie/4  
,b ,bodhidh>ma _h done ) ,emp]ors1 &    
settl$  9 a small c\ntry temple1 :]e he 
liv$ till 8 dea? n9e ye>s  lat]4 ,"s say
 t he tri$ to visit ! ,capital ( !      
,weis1 b 0  prev5t$ by ! intrigues ( !  
monks !re4    ,he left beh9d him a few  
%ort tractates1 ! sub/ance ( :i* is z   

foll[s3        ,!re is no su* p]son z   
,buddha4 ,buddha is simply a ,sanskrit  
^w mean+ 8initiate40 ,! ,absolute is    
imman5t 9 e man's      he>t4 ,?is       
8treasure ( ! he>t0 is ! only ,buddha t 
exi/s4      ,x is no use seek+ ,buddha  
outside y\r own nature4 ,pray]1         
scripture-read+1 fa/+1 ! obs]vance (    
mona/ic rules--all      are useless4 ,^?
 :o seek ,buddha d n f9d him4 ,y may "k 
by he>t all ! ,stras ( ! twelve         
divisions1 & yet be unable      to      
escape f ! ,:eel ( ,life & ,dea?4 ,"o ?+
 alone      avails--to discov] !        
unreality ( ! ,_w by contemplat+ !      
,absolute :i* is at ! root ( "o's own   
nature4    ,"s "o ask$ him3 8,:y may we 
n wor%ip ! ,buddhas &  ,bodhisattvas80  
,he answ]$3        8,ogres & hobgobl9s c
 at w assume ! outw>d =m (              
,bodhisattvas2 su* are h]etical & n ( ! 
true ,buddha4 ,!re      is no ,buddha b 
y\r own ?\ghts4 ,buddha is ! ,way4 ,!   
,way is      ,z54 ,?is ^w ,z5 _c be     
und]/ood ev5 ( ! wise4 ,z5 means        

#8= a man to behold 8 fundam5tal        
nature4'0#b    #b ,z5 7,sanskrit3 dhyna7
 means lit]ally 8contemplation40        
99       99       99       99       99  
,! highe/ tru?s _c be writt5 d[n or     
taught by spee*4 ,a      man :o _c write
 a ^w1 c yet contemplate 8 own he>t &   
become wise4 ,k ( #a1jjj ,stras &       
#aj1jjj ,%/ras _c      help him to      
realise ! ,absolute )9 him4    ,he 0    
ask$3 8,c a layman ) wife & *ildr51 "o  
giv5 ov] to  ! lu/s ( ! fle%1 a*ieve    
,buddhahood80 ,he answ]$3               
8,provid$ he contemplate 8 own          
inn]-nature1 he w a*ieve                
,buddhahood4 ,x does n matt] ab\t 8     
lu/s4 ,ev5 a but*] c      a*ieve        
,buddhahood1 if he se>*es 9 8 own he>t40
    8,:at10 cri$ 8 li/5]s1 8a but*]1 :o 
lives by tak+ life1 &  he a*ieve        
,buddhahood80 ,! ma/] repli$3        8,x
 is n a "q ( ! man's trade4 ,if he has  
le>nt to "k      8 own nature he w be   
sav$4        8,i h come f ,india only to
 tea* y t ,buddha is ,?\ght4      ,i c>e

 no?+ = mona/ic rules or ascetic        
practices4 ,z =      walk+ on wat] or   
?r\gh fire1 climb+ sword-:eels1 fa/+1   
sitt+ upright = h\rs )\t re/--all su*   
practices are      h]etical2 !y belong  
to ! ,_w ( ,be+4        8,?\ght1 ,?\ght1
 ,?\ght6 ,x is h>d to seek4 ,exp&+1 x   
cov]s ! :ole _w2 %r9k+1 x is too small  
to lodge a p94        8,i seek ! he>t2  
,i d n seek ,buddha4 ,= ,i h le>nt to "k
      t ! out] _w is empty & unt5ant$40 
,su* 0 ! tea*+ ( ,bodhidh>ma4 ,x 0      
,v$antic#c r ?an  ,buddhi/4 ,! t]ms     
8?\ght10 8,buddha10 etc41 us$ by        
,bodhidh>ma  correspond exactly to !    
brahman ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,my/ic          
contemplation or yoga _h be5 us$ by !   
,brahm9s & 0 n  unkn[n to ! e>ly        
,buddhi/s4 ,b ,bodhidh>ma 0 ! fir/ to   
insi/  ^u x z ! sole means ( salvation4 
#c ,dr4 ,mc,govern tells me t ,z5 w\ld  
seem to be m imm$iately  d]iv$ f !      
,nihili/ic ,s*ool ( ,ngrjuna 7#a/ c5tury
  ,a4,d474    ,yet ?\gh 8 :ole tea*+    
turn$ on ?is 8m$itation0 or 8,z510  he  

left beh9d him no exact directions = !  
practice ( x4 ,hav+  %[n ! end1 he left 
x to ea* individual to f9d 8 own means4 
,rules1 dogmas & def9itions 7 precisely 
:at he set out to de/roy4    ,less ?an a
 hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea? ano!r ,indian1 
,buddhapriya1  came to ,*9a & !re def9$ 
) exactitude & blunt mat]iality  ! v>i\s
 =ms ( m$itation4    ,! transition f !  
spirituality ( ,bodhidh>ma to !         
grossness (  8 foll[] is1 h[ev]1 typical
 ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,! poetry (  ,*ri/  
turns into ! !ology ( ,paul2 ! hovel (  
,sa9t ,francis into  ! mansion ( ,bro!r 
,elias4      ,,buddhapriya4    ,he fir/ 
describes ! diff]5t attitudes 9 :i* ,z5 
may be  practis$1 ) an exact acc\nt ( ! 
correct position = h&s1  feet1 head1    
etc4 ,! normal attitude ( m$itation1    
cross-legg$1 )  upright back & h&s lock$
 ov] ! knees is famili> to e "o4    ,z5 
c\ld also be practis$ :ile walk+ &1 9   
cases ( sickness1  :ile ly+ d[n4        
,buddhapriya's in/ructions are 9 ! =m ( 
"q & answ]4        ,"q4--,h[ does ! ,z5 

practis$ by h]etics & by !      o!r     
s*ools ( ,buddhism diff] f our ,z58     
,answ]4--,! ,z5 ( ! h]etics is n        
imp]sonal4 ,! ,z5 (      ! ,less]       
,vehicle is mat]ial4 ,! ,z5 ( ! ,great] 
,vehicle      only ab/racts man &       
ph5om5a4        ,"q4--,h[ ought "o to   
set ab\t practis+ ,z58                  
,answ]4--,fir/ put f> away f y all ang] 
& malice1 &      fill y\r he>t ) k9dness
 & compassion4        ,"q4--,c ! beg9n] 
at once proce$ to ! contemplation      (
 non-,be+8        ,answ]4--,by no means6
 ,he mu/ by /ratagems gradually ent] 94 
,i h nev] yet se5 "o :o /raightway      
a*iev$ ! vision (      non-,reality4 ,if
 = example he 7 m$itat+ 9 ?is room he   
mu/ fir/ bani% f 8 m9d e "p ( ! _w      
except !      city ( ,*'ang-an4 ,next e 
build+ 9 ! city except ?is      mona/]y4
 ,next1 e room 9 ! mona/]y except ?is   
cell1      e object b himself1 e "p (   
himself except ! end (      8 nose4     
,f9ally ! end ( 8 nose hangs 9 space l a
 drop (      dew & on ?is nose-end he   

conc5trates 8 m9d4        ,?is is only a
 prelim9>y ex]cise4 ,!re are o!rs ( !   
same      k9d4 ,= example--p]suade      
y\rself t y\r navel is a m9ute          
rivulet runn+ ?r\gh ! s&s4 ,:5 ?is      
conception is firmly      a*iev$1 y w   
see a bright light & ultimately1 ! body 
gr[+ transp>5t1 y w behold ! work+ ( y\r
 b[els4        ,or aga91 reg>d y\r head 
z ! top ( a holl[ pipe :i* runs         
/raight d[n ?r\gh y\r body into ! e>?4  
,m$itate ^u !      top ( y\r head1 t is 
to say1 ^u ! m\? ( ! dra9-pipe1      &  
!n gradually asc5d 9 y\r ?\ghts to a    
height ( f\r      in*es above ! head1 & 
conc5trate firmly on ?is conception4    
,y w ?us easily pass into !             
contemplation ( non-,be+1      hav+     
p]=m$ ! transition f elem5t>y to        
complete ,z5 z      com=tably z a       
workman climbs ! rungs ( a ladd]4       
,"q4--,are !re any signs :]eby ,i may "k
 t ,i h      atta9$ to ,samdhi8#d       
,answ]4--,to be sure !re are4 ,sometimes
 y w feel a      s5sation z ( bugs or   

ants creep+ ov] y\r sk92 or aga91 x     
w appe> to y t a cl\d or mass ( :ite    
cotton-wool is      ris+ imm$iately     
beh9d y\r back4 ,9 nei!r case mu/ y be  
discompos$ or put out y\r h&4 ,sometimes
 x w seem z ?\gh      oil 7 dripp+ d[n f
 y\r head & face2 sometimes a light     
w %9e f out ( ! gr\nd y are sitt+ ^u4   
,^! are all prelim9>y signs4            
,sometimes :5 y h be5 sitt+ = a long    
:ile & y\r      back is a*+1 y w sudd5ly
 he> a s\nd ( rapp+ ) !      f+]s or a  
noise z ( "s "o bump+ aga9/ ! door4 ,d n
      be disquiet$4 ,^! are ! ,good     
,spirits ( ,heav51 come to w>n      y   
aga9/ sleep4        ,aga91 x may happ5 t
 y h an agreeable s5se ( lightness      
& float+2 ?is is a good sign4 ,bew>e1   
h[ev]1 ( a pa9ful      s5se ( lightness2
 = ?is may m]ely indicate flatul5ce4    
,pat*es ( heat on ! body are a sign (   
,fi]y ,samdhi4 ,a light      fill+ !    
:ole room is a premonitory sign ( ,z52  
to smell      /range fragrances n kn[n  
on e>? is a sign ( :ole & utt]          

,ab/raction4        ,su* & _m m are !   
signs ( ,z54 ,! practicant mu/ n        
he$ !m2 = if by !m he be enc\rag$ or    
dismay$1 all 8      "w w be undone4     
,"q4--,c ,z5 be practis$ 9 a ,buddha    
,%r9e8        ,answ]4--,no1 inde$6 ,z5  
%\ld be practis$ 9 a quiet room or      
"u a tree or among tombs or sitt+ on !  
dewy e>?4        ,"q4--,c ,z5 be        
practis$ by _m sitt+ toge!r8            
,answ]4--,to be sure x may2 b ea* mu/   
face 8 neighb\r's      back4 ,!y mu/ n  
sit face to face4 ,:5 !re are _m sitt+  
toge!r at night1 a lamp or c&le may be  
lit2 b :5 !re are      few toge!r1 x    
ought n to be us$4        ,"q4--,ne$ ,i 
we> mona/ic ve/m5ts at my m$itations8   
,answ]4--,ve/m5ts8 ,:y1 y ne$ we> no    
clo!s at all1 if s      be y are alone4 
#d ,conc5tration4      ,,lat]           
,,developm5t ,,( ,,z54    ,z5 0 at fir/ 
a purely p]sonal discipl9e1 non-mona/ic1
  non-e?ical1 n dem&+ ! acceptance ( any
 ,scripture or any  tradition4 ,9 mod]n 
,japan x has to "s ext5t rega9$ ?is  "*4

 ,9 ,*9a ! habit ( quot+ writt5 au?ority
 0  too /rong to be easily disc>d$4 ,!  
,z5 ma/]s soon began to  answ] difficult
 que/ions by quot+ f ! ,buddhi/         
,scriptures4  ,conv5i5ce dictat$ t      
practicants ( ,z5 %\ld live 9           
communities  & mona/icism 0 soon        
e/abli%$ 9 _! sect1 z 9 e o!r  sect (   
,buddhism4 ,que/ions ( conduct arose1 & 
,z5 0 squ>$  ) ! contempor>y e?ical     
outlook2 ?\gh 9 m$ieval ,japanese       
lit]ature wick$ & cynical p]sons are    
g5]ally depict$ z adepts  ( ,z54        
,bodhidh>ma d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ,good &    
,evil2 b x 0 po9t$  out by lat]         
apologi/s t ! ,z5 adept1 hav+ view$ !   
,absolute1  is conv9c$ ( ! unreality &  
futility ( ^? pleasures &  possessions  
:i* are ! inc5tive to s94 ,! ,z5        
practicant1 ?\gh  he makes no moral     
ef=t1 nev]!less is c]ta9 n to s91       
because  he is c]ta9 n to be tempt$4    
,f9ally1 ,z5 =g$ itself a tradition4    
,probably dur+ ! elev5?  c5tury a       
,scripture#e 0 fabricat$ :i* rec\nts h[ 

once :5  ,buddha 0 prea*+1 he pluck$ a  
fl[] & smil$4 ,only ! disciple  ,k%yapa 
und]/ood ! significance ( ?is act4      
,betwe5 him & !  ,buddha !re pass$ a    
wordless communication ( ,absolute      
,tru?s4 ,?is  communication 0 sil5tly   
pass$ on by ,k%yapa to 8 disciple1 &  s 
ultimately to ,bodhidh>ma1 :o br\ght x  
to ,*9a4    #e ,dai ,bont5 ,monbutsu    
,ketsugi ,ky4    ,! me?od ( tea*+ by    
symbolic acts 7su* z ! pluck+ ( a  fl[]7
 0 ext5sively us$ by ! ,z5 ma/]s4 ,=    
example1 :5  a disciple ask$ ,enkwan a  
"q ab\t ! nature ( ,buddha1 he  answ]$1 
8,br+ me a clean b[l40 ,:5 ! prie/      
br\ght ! b[l1  ! ma/] said1 8,n[ put x  
back :]e y f\nd x40 ,he signifi$  t !   
prie/'s que/ion+s mu/ return to _! prop]
 place1  ! que/ion]'s he>t1 f :i* alone 
spiritual k c be  obta9$4    ,! object (
 ! ,z5 tea*]s1 z ( "s ecc5tric          
s*oolma/]s  :om ,i h kn[n1 seems at fir/
 sight to h be5 m]ely to puzzle  &      
surprise _! pupils to ! highe/ possible 
degree4 ,a peculi>  8brusqu]ie0 0       

develop$ 9 ,z5 mona/]ies4 ,! lit]ature (
 !  sect consi/s *iefly 9 an endless    
s]ies ( anecdotes record+  ! m9ute/     
happ5+s 9 ! lives ( fam\s ,z5 monks & _!
  7app>5tly7 mo/ trivial say+s4 ,b beh9d
 ^! trifl+ acts  & say+s a deep mean+   
lay hid4 ,! int]pretation ( su*  tea*+  
dep5ds on a complete k ( ! symbolism    
us$4 ,i  am n incl9$ to agree ) ^?      
/ud5ts ( ,z5 :o ass]t t  its writt5     
tea*+ are :olly devoid ( intellectual   
cont5t or s  completely esot]ic z n to  
admit ( explanation 9 words4 ,l o!r     
,buddhi/ philosoph]s ! ,z5 ma/]s 7      
*iefly conc]n$ ) !  attempt to def9e !  
relation betwe5 ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 betwe5  !
 subjective & objective aspects ( life4 
,! idealism ( ,z5 does n mean t !       
ph5om5al _w has no  importance4 ,to ^?  
:o h n rea*$ complete self-realisation  
! urg5cies ( t _w rema9 p>am\nt & are ! 
only  /epp+-/ones ^u :i* he c climb     
high]4    ,on ! day ( 8 arrival at !    
mona/]y a novice pres5t$ himself  be=e !
 abbot1 begg+ to be all[$ to beg9 8     

spiritual  ex]cises )\t fur!r delay4 8,h
 y _h supp]80 ask$ !  abbot4 8,yes40    
8,!n g & wa% y\r plate40      ,,! ,,z5  
,,ma/]s4    ,let u beg9 ) ,en1 a ma/] ( 
! sev5? c5tury4 ,he lo/ 8  p>5ts :5 he 0
 "y & e>n$ 8 liv+ by ga!r+ firewood4    
,"o day :5 he 0 9 ! m>ket-place he he>d 
"s "o read+ !  ,diamond ,stra4#f ,he    
ask$ :]e su* books 7 to be _h & 0  told 
8,f ,ma/] ,kn9 on ! ,yell[ ,plum-blossom
 ,hill40 ,accord+ly  he w5t to ,kn9's   
,mona/]y 9 ,anhui & pres5t$ himself be=e
 !  ,ma/]4 8,:]e d y come f80 8,f !     
,s\?40 8,bah6 ,9 ! ,s\?  !y h n ,buddha 
9 _! s\ls40 8,nor? & ,s\?10 repli$ ,en1 
8are human di/9ctions t ,buddha kn[s    
no?+ (40    #f ,translat$ by ,w4        
,gemmell1 #aiab4 ,its use by ,kn9 %[s t 
,z5 did  n long avoid ! use (           
scriptures4    ,kn9 accept$ him z a     
lay-bro!r & put him to p\nd rice 9 !    
bak]y4    ,kn9 0 gr[+ old & wi%$ to     
*oose 8 successor4 ,he !re=e  in/itut$ a
 poetical competition 9 :i* ea* monk 0  
to epitomise  9 a quatra9 ! ess5ce (    

,z54 ,! fav\rite c&idate 0 !  w>d5 ,%9%1
 :o s5t 9 ! foll[+ v]ses3        ,! body
 is ! trunk ( ! ,bodhi-tree2      ,! m9d
 is ! bright mirror's /&2      ,scrub   
y\r mirror cont9ually1      ,le/ ! du/  
eclipse its brightness4    ,en1 z a     
lay-bro!r1 0 n qualifi$ to compete4 ,"s 
"o told him  ( ,%9%'s quatra94 8,m9e    
w\ld be v diff]5t10 he exclaim$1  &     
p]suad$ "o ( ! boys employ$ 9 ! bak]y to
 g /eal?ily  by night & inscribe !      
foll[+ poem on ! mona/]y-wall3        ,k
 is n a tree2      ,! ,mirror has no /&2
      ,s9ce no?+ exi/s1      ,h[ c\ld   
du/ rise & cov] x8    ,! au?or%ip ( !   
poem 0 discov]$ & ! abbot ,kn9 visit$   
,en 9 ! bak]y4 8,is y\r rice :ite or    
no80 he ask$4 8,:ite80  answ]$ ,en2 8x  
has n yet be5 sift$40 ,!reupon ! abbot  
/ruck ?ree times on ! rice-mort> ) 8    
/aff & dep>t$4  ,en und]/ood 8 mean+4 ,t
 night at ! ?ird wat* he came to  ,kn9's
 cell & 0 inve/$ ) ! abbot's mantle1    
!reby becom+  ! ,six? ,patri>* ( ! ,z5  
,*ur*4 ,he di$ 9 #gab ,a4,d41  )\t hav+ 

le>n$ h[ to read or write4              
,,fa%ionable ,,z54    ,! w>d5 ,%9% _h   
lo/ ! ,patri>*ate & ) x ! spiritual     
head%ip ( ,z54 ,b z a comp5sation ,fate 
_h 9 /ore = him  worldly triumphs ( !   
mo/ dazzl+ k9d4 ,leav+ ! rural mona/]y  
( ,kn91 he ent]$ ! ,temple ( ! ,jade    
f\nta9 9 ! great  city ( ,k+*au4 ,8 fame
 soon spread ov] c5tral ,*9a4 ,he 0 a   
man ( 8huge /ature1 bu%y eyebr[s &      
%apely e>s40 ,! ,empress  ,wu ,h\1 :o _h
 usurp$ ! ?rone ( ,*9a1 notori\sly      
cultivat$  ! society ( h&some prie/s4   
,ab\t #fhd ,a4,d4 %e summon$  him to !  
,capital4 ,in/ead ( comm&+ 8 pres5ce at 
,c\rt %e  came 9 a litt] to 8 lodg+s &  
actually knelt d[n be=e him4  ,!        
fri5d%ip ( ?is murd]\s & fi5di%ly cruel 
woman procur$  = him temporal dignities 
:i* 9 ! eyes ( ! _w completely  out%one 
! ru/ic piety ( ! ,six? ,patri>*4 ,%9%  
at !  ,capital became z x 7 ! ,temporal 
,fa!r ( ,z51 :ile ,en at 8  c\ntry      
mona/]y rema9$ its spiritual pope4 ,!   
successors ( ,en  became kn[n z ! ,fa!rs

 ( ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool2 :ile ! c\rtly  &    
social ,z5 ( ,%9% is call$ ,z5 ( !      
,nor?4    ,0 x 9 s9c]e goodwill or ) !  
desire to discr$it 8 rival  t ,%9%      
invit$ ,en to jo9 him at ! ,capital8 ,9 
any case ,en  _h ! good s5se to refuse4 
8,i am a man ( l[ /ature & humble       
appe>ance10 he repli$2 8,i fe> t ! m5 ( 
! ,nor? w\ld  despise me & my           
doctr9es0--?us h9t+ 7) j t t\* (  malice
 :i* s (t5 spices ! unworldly7 t ,%9%'s 
pre-em95ce  9 ! ,nor? 0 due to outw>d r 
?an to spiritual graces4    ,%9% di$ 9  
#gjf1 outliv+ 8 augu/ patroness by a    
ye>4 ,to  p]petuate 8 "n a palace 0     
turn$ into a memorial mona/]y2 !        
,emp]or's bro!r wrote 8 epitaph2 8      
obsequies 7 celebrat$ )  /up5d\s pomp4  
,8 successor1 ,fujaku1 at fir/ rema9$ at
 ! ,k+*au mona/]y  :]e he _h be5 ,%9%'s 
pupil4 ,b 9 #gbd ! irresolute ,emp]or   
,m+-huang1 :o _h proscrib$ ,buddhism t5 
ye>s be=e1 summon$  ,fujaku to !        
,imp]ial ,city4 ,"h pr9ces & gr&ees vi$ 
) "o  ano!r 9 do+ him hon\r4 8,! secret 

( 8 success10 says !  hi/orian1#g 80 t  
he seldom spoke & g5]ally look$ cross4  
,h5ce 8 r>e words & occasional smiles   
acquir$ 9 ! eyes ( 8  admir]s an unm]it$
 value40 ,he di$ at ! age ( #hi4 ,on !  
day (  8 int]m5t ! great /reets (       
,*'ang-an 7 empty4 ,! :ole city  _h jo9$
 9 ! fun]al procession4 ,! ,gov]nor (   
,honan 7"o (  ! greate/ function>ies 9 !
 ,/ate71 toge!r ) 8 wife &  *ildr51 all 
( !m clad 9 mona/ic ve/m5ts1 foll[$ !   
bi]1  m+l+ ) ! promiscu\s cr[d ( 8      
admir]s & disciples4    #g ,old ,t'ang  
,hi/ory1 #aia4    ,religion 0 at t "t   
fa%ionable 9 ! high society ( ,*'ang-an1
  z x is to-day 9 ! great ,ca?olic      
capitals ( ,muni*1 ,vi5na or  ,seville4 
,:5 ,i read ( ,fujaku's burial ano!r    
sc5e at once sprang  into my m9d1 !     
fun]al ( a great ,bav>ian dignit>y1 :]e 
,i saw  ! noblem5 ( ,muni* walk hood$ & 
b>efoot ?r\gh ! /reets4    ,i %all n    
ref] aga9 to ! ,nor!rn ,s*ool ( ,z54 ,"o
 wond]s  :e!r ! f\nd]s ( religions are  
=c$ by fate to wat* !  po/hum\s         

developm5t ( _! cre$s4 ,if s1 !irs mu/  
be ! v  blacke/ pit ( ,hell4    ,let u  
return to ! ,s\!rn ,s*ool1 always reg>d$
 z ! true  repository ( ,z5 tradition4  
,,baku4    baku liv$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9?
 c5tury1 & 0 ?us a  contempor>y ( ! poet
 ,po ,*-i4 ,he enjoy$ ! patronage ( a   
di/+ui%$ /atesman ! ,*ancellor ,hai ,ky1
 ( :om ! ,emp]or  said1 8,?is is inde$ a
 true ,confucian40 ,x is to ! ,*ancellor
 t  we owe ! record ( baku's            
conv]sations1 :i* he wrote d[n day by   
day4 ,i w make a few extracts f ?is     
di>y3        ,hai ,ky4--,en c\ld n read 
or write4 ,h[ came x t he      succe$$  
to ! ,patri>*ate ( ,kn98 ,! w>d5 ,%9% 0 
9 control ( #ejj monks1 gave lectures1 &
 c\ld disc\rse ^u      ?irty-two diff]5t
 ,stras & ,%/ras4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly v        
/range t he 0 n made ,patri>*4          
baku 7reply+74--,%9%'s conception (     
,?\ght 0 too      mat]ial4 ,8 pro(s &   
practices 7 too positive4    8,! ma/]   
told me t :5 he 0 /udy+ ) ,enkwan1 !    
,emp]or  ,tai ,*ung came dress$ z a     

monk4 ,! ma/] happ5$ to be 9 !  *apel   
pro/rat+ himself be=e an image (        
,buddha4 ,! ,emp]or1 :o  ?\ght he _h    
le>nt ! lesson ( ,z5 idealism1 said to  
him3 #8,!re  is no?+ to be got f        
,buddha1 no?+ f ! ,*ur*1 no?+ f  ,man2 =
 no?+ exi/s4 ,:at d y mean by pray+ at  
y\r age8'    8baku answ]$ him3 #8,i seek
 no?+ ( ,buddha1 ! ,*ur*1 or (  ,man4 ,i
 am 9 ! habit ( pray+4' ,! ,emp]or said3
 #8,:at d y d  x =8' baku lo/ pati5ce & 
/ruck him ) 8 fi/4 #8,y rude  fell[1'   
cri$ ! ,emp]or4 #8,s9ce no?+ exi/s1 :at 
diff]5ce  does x make to y :e!r ,i am   
rude or polite8' & baku /ruck him  aga94
 ,! ,emp]or retreat$ ha/ily40    ,9 8   
old age baku visit$ 8 native village &  
/ay$ a ye> 9  8 "m's h\se1 )\t reveal+ 8
 id5tity4 ,aft] he _h set  out aga9 = 8 
mona/]y1 8 "m sudd5ly realis$ t he 0  h]
 son & w5t 9 pursuit ( him4 ,%e rea*$ ! 
%ore ( a c]ta9  riv]1 only to see him   
disemb>k+ on ! o!r side4 ,!reupon %e    
lo/ h] reason & flung h]self into !     
wat]4    baku ?rew a light$ tor* aft] h]

 & recit$ ! foll[+ v]ses3        ,may ! 
wide riv] dry at its s\rce1 to its v b$ 
,if "h ! crime ( matricide has be5 done2
      ,:5 "o son becomes a prie/1 ! :ole
 family is born aga9 9 ,heav52      ,if 
t is a lie1 all t ,buddha promis$ is a  
lie4    ,h5ce=w>d ! ?r[+ ( a light$ tor*
 into ! bi] became "p  ( ! ,z5 fun]al   
c]emony2 x 0 accompani$ by ! recit+ ( ! 
above v]ses4 ,probably =mula1 ritual1 & 
/ory alike belong to a  p]iod mu* m     
anci5t ?an ,buddhism4    ,9 ! sev5te5?  
c5tury a ,*9ese prie/ nam$ ,+5#h c>ri$ !
  tea*+ ( baku to ,japan1 :]e x n[      
possesses ne>ly #gjj temples4    #h     
#aeib-afgc ,a4,d4      ,,baso4    ,baso 
0 a ma/] ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,"o day he 0   
sitt+ ) 8  feet across ! g>d5-pa?4 ,a   
monk came along ) a :eel-b>r[4  8,tuck 9
 y\r feet10 said ! monk4 8,:at has be5  
ext5d$ _c be  retract$10 answ]$ ,baso4  
8,:at has be5 />t$ _c be /opp$10  cri$ !
 monk & pu%$ ! b>r[ ov] ,baso's feet4 ,!
 ma/]  hobbl$ to ! mona/]y & seiz+ an   
axe call$ out 8,h any ( y  se5 ! rascal 

:o hurt my feet80 ,! monk :o _h pu%$ !  
b>r[  !n came out & /ood 8) cran$ head40
 ,! ma/] laid d[n 8  axe4    ,to und]/& 
?is /ory we mu/ realise t ! :eel-b>r[ is
 "h  a symbol ( ! ,:eel ( ,life & ,dea?1
 :i*1 ?\gh e spoke (  x is illusion1 _c 
be disreg>d$ till we h de/roy$ ! la/    
se$ ( ph5om5al p]ception 9 u4           
,,r9zai4    baku1 z we h se51 taught    
wisdom ) 8 fi/s4 ,:5 ! novice  ,r9zai   
came to him & ask$ him :at 0 !          
fundam5tal idea (  ,buddhism1 baku hit  
him ?ree times ) 8 /ick4 ,r9zai fl$ &   
pres5tly met ! monk ,daigu4             
,daigu3 ,:]e d y come f8        ,r9zai3 
,f baku4        ,daigu3 ,& :at /anza did
 he lecture ^u8        ,r9zai3 ,i ask$  
him ?rice :at 0 ! fundam5tal doctr9e (  
,buddhism & ea* "t he hit me ) 8 /ick4  
,please tell me if      ,i did some?+ ,i
 ought n to h done8        ,daigu3 ,y g 
to baku & torture him by y\r que/ions1 &
      !n ask if y h done wrong6    ,at t
 mom5t ,r9zai _h a ,great ,enlight5m5t4 
,r9zai sub/itut$ h[l+ = baku's manual   

viol5ce4 ,he %\t$  mean+less syllables  
at 8 disciples2 ro>$ l a lion or bell[$ 
l a bull4 ,?is 8h[l+0 became a regul> "p
 ( ,z5 practice1  & may be comp>$ to !  
yell+ ( ! ,am]ican ,%ak]s4 ,^u 8  dea?b$
 ,r9zai summon$ 8 disciples r\nd him &  
ask$ :i* (  !m felt capable ( c>ry+ on 8
 "w4 ,san% volunte]$ to  d s4 8,h[ w y  
tell p :at 0 ,r9zai's tea*+80 ask$      
,r9zai4 ,san% ?rew out 8 *e/ & ro>$ 9 a 
mann] :i* he  ?\ght w\ld gratify ! ma/]4
 ,b ,r9zai groan$ & cri$ out1 8,to  ?9k 
t su* a bl9d donkey %\ld und]take to h& 
on my tea*+60    ,x 0 9 ! twelf? &      
?irte5? c5turies t ,z5 mo/ completely   
p]meat$ ,*9ese ?\ght4 ,^u ! invasion ( !
 ,mongols#i _m ,z5  monks f ,ea/]n ,*9a 
took refuge 9 ,japan2 ! same ?+ happ5$  
dur+ ! ,man*u invasion 9 ! sev5te5?     
c5tury4 ,b by t "t  ,z5 _h a s]i\s      
philosophic rival4    #i ,on ! attitude 
( ! ,mongol rul]s to ,z51 see an article
 by  ,pr(4 ,kuni%ita1 ,tygakuh1 xi41 #d1
 #hg4    ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury !          
philosoph] ,wang ,yang-m+ began to      

propagate a doctr9e :i*1 9 all b names1 
/rongly resembl$ !  philosophic side (  
,z54 ,he taught t 9 ea* "o ( u is a     
8high]  nature10 some?+ :i*1 borr[+ a   
phrase f ,m5cius1 he call$  8,good ,k40 
,( ?is inn] nature he speaks 9 exactly !
 same  t]ms z ! ,z5 tea*]s spoke ( _!   
8,buddha imman5t 9 man's  he>t40 ,he ev5
 uses ! same k9d ( dogg]el-v]se z a     
m$ium (  tea*+4    ,rigid ,confuciani/s1
 :o w\ld n h li/5$ to any doctr9e (     
pr(ess$ly ,buddhi/ orig91 7 able ?r\gh  
,wang ,yang-m+'s tact to  accept !      
philosophy ( ,z5 )\t feel+ t !y 7       
betray+  ! ,confucian tradition4 ,!     
foll[]s ( ,yang-m+ are to-day v  num]\s 
bo? 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,!y cultivate      
introspection1 b n  ! complete          
self-hypnosis ( ,z54    ,9 ,*9a1 :]e ,z5
 is almo/ =gott51 ! foll[]s ( ?is lat]  
doctr9e are n ev5 aw>e ( its d]ivation4 
,,z5 ,,& ,,art4    ,i said at ! beg9n+ (
 ?is pap] t ,z5 is (t5 m5tion$  by      
writ]s on ,f> ,ea/]n ,art4 ,! connection
 betwe5 ,z5 & art  is important1 n only 

because ( ! inspiration :i* ,z5 gave  to
 ! arti/1 b also because ?r\gh ,z5 0    
obta9$ a bett]  und]/&+ ( ! psy*ological
 conditions "u :i* art is  produc$ ?an  
has prevail$ 9 any o!r civilisation4    
,art 0 reg>d$ z a k9d ( ,z51 z a delv+  
d[n into ! ,buddha  t ea* ( u unkn[+ly  
c>ries )9 him1 z ,b5jam9 c>ri$          
,joseph's cup 9 8 sack4 ,?r\gh ,z5 we   
annihilate ,"t & see !  ,univ]se n split
 up into myriad fragm5ts1 b 9 its primal
 unity4  ,unless1 says ! ,z5 /hetician1 
! arti/'s "w is imbu$ )  ?is vision ( ! 
subjective1 non-ph5om5al aspect ( life1 
8  productions w be m]e toys4    ,i d n 
mean to sugge/ t ,*9ese arti/s f\nd 9   
,z5 a %ort  cut to ! production (       
beauty4 ,z5 aims at ! annihilation (    
consci\sness1 :]eas art is produc$ by an
 int]action ( consci\s  & unconsci\s    
faculties4 ,h[ f> su* an int]action c be
 promot$  by ! psy*ic discipl9e ( ,z5 no
 layman c judge2 moreov] !  :ole "q ( ! 
arti/'s psy*ology is controv]sial &     
obscure4    ,p]haps x is n ev5 v        

important t ! arti/ himself %\ld  h a   
s\nd /hetic2 b x is ( ! utmo/ importance
 to ! arti/  t ! public %\ld h "s notion
 ( ! conditions "u :i*  art c be        
produc$--%\ld h "s key to ! vag>ies ( a 
section  ( humanity :i* w 9 any case    
always be f\nd tr\blesome &  irritat+4  
,su* a key ,z5 suppli$1 & x is 9 !      
language ( ,z5 t1 aft]  ! twelf? c5tury1
 art is usually discuss$ 9 ,*9a &       
,japan4      ,,! ,,rokuts,,ji ,,s*ool4  
,"o in/itution1 ab\t :i* till rec5tly v 
little 0 kn[n1  seems to h be5 an       
important factor 9 ! propagation ( ,z5  
art  & ideas4 ,ab\t #abae ,a4,d4 a ,z5  
prie/ came f ! f>  s\?-we/ ( ,*9a to    
,hang*[1 ! ,capital1 & !re ref\nd$ a    
ru9$ mona/]y1 ! ,rokutsji1 :i* /ood on !
 %ores ( !  fam\s ,we/]n ,lake4 ,8 "n 0 
,mokkei4 ,he seems to h be5 !  fir/ to  
practise ! swift1 ec/atic type (        
mono*rome :i* is  associat$ ) ,z54 ,9   
hurri$ swirls ( ink he s\ght to record  
be=e !y fad$ visions & exaltations      
produc$ :e!r by !  fr5zy ( w9e1 ! /upor 

( tea1 or ! vacancy ( absorption4       
,sometimes 8 design is tangl$ & *aotic2 
sometimes z 9 8 fam\s  8,p]simmons10#aj 
passion has congeal$ into a /up5d\s     
calm4    #aj ,see ,kmmel1 ,die ,kun/    
,o/asi5s ,pl4 #aah4    ,( 8 fell[-work]s
 ! be/ kn[n is ,ras1 a pa9t] ( birds &  
fl[]s4 ,rykai1 once a fa%ionable pa9t]1 
left ! ,c\rt & )  8 pupil ,rikaku work$ 
9 ! mann] ( ,mokkei4    ,examples (     
,rykai's "w be=e & aft] 8 conv]sion are 
/ill  pres]v$ 9 ,japan4    ,f9ally1 ab\t
 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 a         
,japanese prie/  came to ,*9a &1 "u     
circum/ances :i* ,i %all describe 9 an  
app5dix1 confus+ly became ,mokkei ,,ii4 
,x may be t x 0 he :o  s5t back to 8 own
 c\ntry "s ( ! num]\s pictures sign$    
,mokkei :i* are n[ 9 ,japan4 ,:i* ( !m  
are by ,mokkei & :i* by  ,mokuan is a   
problem :i* rema9s to be solv$4    ,?is 
,z5 art did n fl\ri% long 9 ,*9a1 nor 9 
all probability d  _m specim5s ( x      
survive !re4 ,b 9 ,japan x 0 a pr9cipal 
s\rce ( inspiration to ! great pa9t]s ( 

! f\rte5? &  fifte5? c5turies4 ,ses%    
himself is ! direct desc5dant ( ,mokkei2
  z 9 a decad5t way are ,kan ma/]s su* z
 ,tsun5obu4    ,z5 pa9t+s are ( two     
k9ds4 7#a7 ,repres5tations ( animals1   
birds  & fl[]s1 9 :i* ! arti/ attempt$  
to id5tify himself ) !  object depict$1 
to ext]nise its inn] ,buddha4 ,^! 7     
a*iev$  n by /udy f ! life1 z ! e>ly    
,sung nature-pieces h be51  b by int5se 
& conc5trat$ visualisation ( ! subject  
to be  pa9t$4 ,?is m5tal picture 0      
rapidly transf]r$ to pap] be=e  ! spell 
( conc5tration 7samdhi7 0 brok54 7#b7   
,illu/rations (  episodes 9 ! lives ( ! 
great ,z5 tea*]s4 ,?is bran* ( ,z5  art 
0 ess5tially dramatic4 ,x s\ght to      
express ! *>act]s (  ! p]sons involv$1  
subtly to reveal ! gr&eur ( s\l t lay   
hidd5 beh9d app>5t unc\?ness or         
/upidity4 ,typical ( ?is k9d  ( pa9t+   
are ! pictures ( 8,tanka burn+ !        
,image40    ,"o night ,tanka1 a ,z5     
prie/1 /ay$ z a gue/ at an ord9>y       
,buddhi/ mona/]y4 ,!re 0 no firewood 9 8

 cell4 ,z ! night  0 cold he w5t into ! 
*apel1 seiz$ a wood5 /atue ( ,%kyamuni  
&1 *opp+ x up1 made himself a com=table 
fire4 ,to him !  idol ( ,buddha 0 a m]e 
block ( wood2 8 indignant ho/s took a   
diff]5t view4 ,! controv]sy is ! same z 
t :i* occupies !  c5tral place 9 ! ,n   
play ,sotoba ,koma*i4    ,!re is ano!r  
aspect ( ,z5 :i* _h an equally important
 effect on  art4 ,! ,buddha-nature is   
imman5t n 9 ,man only1 b 9 ev]y?+  t    
exi/s1 animate or inanimate4 ,/one1 riv]
 & tree are alike  p>ts ( ! great hidd5 
,unity4 ,?us ,man1 ?r\gh 8              
,buddha-nature  or univ]salis$          
consci\sness1 possesses an intimate     
means ( contact  ) ,nature4 ,! songs (  
birds1 ! noise ( wat]falls1 ! roll+  (  
?und]1 ! :isp]+ ( w9d 9 ! p9e-trees--all
 ^! are  utt]ances ( ! ,absolute4       
,h5ce ! connection ( ,z5 ) ! passionate 
love ( ,nature :i* is  s evid5t 9 ,f>   
,ea/]n poetry & art4    ,p]sonally ,i   
believe t ?is passion = ,nature work$ m 
fav\rably on lit]ature ?an on pa9t+4 ,! 

typical ,z5 picture1  da%$ (f 9 a mom5t 
( exaltation--p]haps a moonlit riv]     
express$  9 ?ree blurs & a              
fl\ri%--belongs r to ! art ( calligraphy
  ?an to t ( pa9t+4    ,9 8 m elaborate 
depictions ( nature ! ,z5 arti/ is l$ by
 8  love ( nature into t common pitfall 
( lov]s--s5tim5tality4 ,!  =ms ( ,nature
 t5d ) him to function n z =ms b z      
symbols4    ,some?+ resembl+ ! my/ic    
belief :i* ,z5 embraces is f\nd  9 _m   
c\ntries & "u _m names4 ,b ,z5 diff]s f 
o!r  religions ( ! same k9d 9 t x admits
 only "o means by  :i* ! p]ception (    
,tru? c be atta9$4 ,pray]1 fa/+1        
asceticism--all are dismiss$ z useless1 
giv+ place to "o s+le  res\rce1 ! me?od 
( self-hypnosis :i* ,i h "h describ$4   
,i h1 inde$1 omitt$ any m5tion ( an     
important adjunct ( ,z51  namely        
tea-dr9k+1 :i* 0 z con/ant a feature 9 !
 life ( ,z5  mona/]ies z x is "h 9 !    
rgime ( *>wom5 & girl-cl]ks4  ,i h n    
space to describe ! v>i\s tea-c]emonies4
 ,! t5d5cy  ( mona/]ies 0 to create 9 !m

 z 9 e "p ( daily life a  m & m         
elaborate ritual1 calculat$ to give "s  
patt]n to  days o!rwise devoid ( any    
incid5t4 ,we possess m9ute descriptions 
( e c]emony--! initiation ( novices1 !  
celebration ( bir?  & dea? anniv]s>ies (
 ! ,patri>*s1 ! proc$ure 9 cases (      
sickness1 madness1 disob$i5ce1          
disappe>ance or dea? ( monks2  !        
selection & inve/iture ( abbots2 !      
lectures1 liturgies &  sessions :i*     
con/itut$ ! curriculum ( ,z5 in/ruction4
    ,9 ,*9a decay set 9 aft] ! fifte5?  
c5tury4 ,! ,z5 mona/]ies  became almo/  
indi/+ui%able f ^? ( popul>1 idolatr\s  
,buddhism4 ,9 ,japan1 on ! o!r h&1 ,z5  
has rema9$ absolutely  di/9ct & is n[ ! 
fav\rite cre$ ( ! educat$ classes4 ,x   
has n hi!rto conduct$ any propag&a 9    
,europe1 :]eas ! ,amida  ,sect has s5t  
out bo? mission>ies & pamphlets4 ,b ,i  
believe t  ,z5 w\ld f9d _m conv]ts 9    
,engl&4 ,some?+ r ne> x we  already     
possess4 ,quak]ism1 l ,z51 is a         
non-dogmatic religion1  lay+ /ress on ! 

doctr9e ( ,imman5ce4 ,b :]eas ! ,quak]s 
seek communion ) ! ,div9e ,sp>k 9       
corporate m$itation &  delib]ately      
exploit ! my/]i\s pot5cies (            
cr[d-psy*ology--!  ,z5 adept probes 9   
solitude 7or at lea/ )\t ref]5ce to 8   
neighb\r7 = ! ,buddha )9 him4    ,9     
cases :]e a ,quak] meet+ passes 9       
sil5ce1 ! memb]s hav+  m$itat$ quietly =
 a :ole h\r1 a v ne> approa* to a ,z5   
ga!r+ has be5 made4 ,b m (t5 ?an n !    
,holy ,_s1  *oos+ 8 m\?piece ) an app>5t
 lack ( discrim9ation1  quickly desc5ds 
^u "s memb] ( ! meet+4 ,! ineffable1    
:i* ,z5 wisely refus$ to express1 is !n 
dr[n$ 9 a torr5t (  p$e/rian oration4   
,"s1 !n1 may turn to ,z5 z a pur]       
,quak]ism4 ,o!rs w be  attract$ to x by 
! resemblance ( its doctr9es to !       
hypo!ses  ( rec5t psy*ology4 ,! ,buddha 
consci\sness ( ,z5 exactly  corresponds 
to ! ,univ]sal ,consci\sness :i*1       
accord+ to c]ta9  mod]n inve/igators1   
lies hid b5ea? ! p]sonal ,consci\sness4 
,su* conv]ts w probably use a k9d (     

appli$ ,z51 mu* z !  ,japanese h done2 t
 is to say1 !y w n seek to sp5d _!  days
 9 complete ,samdhi1 b w dive           
occasionally1 = re/ or  enc\ragem5t1    
into ! deep] recesses ( ! s\l4    ,x is 
n likely t !y w re/ cont5t ) !          
traditional  ,ea/]n me?ods (            
self-hypnosis4 ,if c]ta9 /ates (        
consci\sness  are inde$ m valuable ?an  
^? ) :i* we are famili> 9  ord9>y       
life--!n we mu/ seek !m unfl9*+ly by    
:atev] means  we c devise4 ,i c imag9e a
 k9d ( d5ti/'s *air fitt$ )  revolv+    
mirrors1 fla%+ lights1 sulphur\s haloes 
exp&+ &  contract+--9 %ort a me*anism t 
by ! pressure ( a s+le knob  %\ld :irl a
 du/man into ,nirvna4    ,:e!r su* /ates
 ( m9d are actually m valuable ?an our  
ord9>y consci\sness is difficult to     
det]m9e4 ,c]ta9ly no "o  has mu* "r to  
an op9ion :o has n exp]i5c$ !m4 ,b      
some?+ ak9 to ,samdhi--a sudd5 feel+ (  
contact ) a unity  m real ?an ! app>5t  
complexity ( ?+s--is probably n an      
uncommon exp]i5ce4 ,! a?lete1 ! creative

 arti/1 ! lov]1 !  philosoph]--all1 ,i  
fancy1 get a %>e ( x1 n :5 seek+ to     
escape f ! visible _w2 b r j :5 t _w 0  
seem+ to !m mo/ sublimely real4    ,to  
seek by contemplation ( ! navel or ( !  
tip ( ! nose a  repetition ( spiritual  
exp]i5ces su* z ^! seems to u inane2  & 
inde$ ! negative trance ( ,z5 is v      
diff]5t f !  positive ec/asies to :i* ,i
 h j ref]r$4 ,i say t x is  diff]5t2 b  
h[ d ,i "k8 8,z510 said ,bodhidh>ma1 8_c
 be  describ$ 9 words nor *ronicl$ 9    
books02 & ,i h no o!r  exp]i5ce ( ,z54  
,if ,i knew1 ,i might transmit to y my  
k1  b x w\ld h to be by a direct        
spiritual communication1 symbolis$  only
 by a smile1 a ge/ure1 or ! pluck+ ( a  
fl[]4    ,i ne$ n !re=e apologise = hav+
 giv5 a purely ext]nal &  hi/orical     
acc\nt ( ,z51 a cre$ ^: inn] my/]ies are
 admitt$ly  beyond ! scope ( words4     
,,app5dix ,i4      ,reproductions ( ,z5 
,pa9t+s 9 ,japanese art publications4   
7,!  ,kokka & ! o!r publications "h     
ref]r$ to may be se5 at !  ,art ,libr>y1

 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum2 & at !     
,pr9t ,room ( !  ,briti% ,museum47      
,,mokkei--,kokka4 #cg1 #aab1 #abb1 #agg1
 #ahe1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bia1    
#bic1 #cad4        ,,ras4--,%imbi       
,taikwan ,,xx4                          
,,mokuan4--7,mokkei ,,ii74--,kokka #bie1
 ,%imbi ,taikwan ,vol4 ,,ix4 7,nos4     
#ba & #bb 9 ! collection ( ,*9ese       
,pa9t+s at ! ,briti%      ,museum are   
probably by ,mokuan47                   
,,ry,,kai4--,kokka #dj1 #aad1 #ade1     
#aeb1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #bbi4                 
,,rikaku4--,kokka #bfi4                 
,,mujun4--7,an important ?irte5? c5tury 
,z5 writ]47 ,kokka #bdc4                
,,indra4--7,a ,hang*[ prie/1 presumably 
an ,indian2 fl\ri%$ c4      #abhj47     
,kokka #ce1 #aaj1 #bbc1 #caj4 ,%imbi    
,taikwan ,,ix4          ,,app5dix ,,ii4 
,,mokuan4    ,! ,nikk%#aa1 a di>y by !  
prie/ ,gid1 has ! foll[+ entry  "u ! ye>
 #acgh 7mon? & day unc]ta973            
,to-day ,donfu#ab came1 & we fell to    
talk+ ( ,mokuan4 ,x seems      t he 0   

once kn[n z ,ze-itsu4 ,b on becom+ a    
pupil ( !      prie/ ,k5zan#ac1 he *ang$
 8 "n to ,mokuan4 ,aft]w>ds he      w5t 
to ,*9a & ent]$ ! ,honkakuji#ad1 :]e he 
became !      disciple ( ,ry-an#ae & 0  
made libr>ian4 ,"h he publi%$ at      8 
own exp5se 7lit4 8sell+ 8 %oes07 !      
,second ,collection      ( ,say+s by    
,kor94        ,subsequ5tly he liv$ at ! 
,%t5ji at ,soo*[1 & 0 w>d5      !re "u  
,nanso#af1 dy+ soon aft]w>ds4        ,:5
 he fir/ came to ,*9a he sp5t "s "t at !
 ,jji      ,mona/]y at ,hang*[ & f !re  
visit$ ! ,rokutsji on      ! %ores ( !  
,we/]n ,lake4 ,?is mona/]y 0 inhabit$ by
      ! foll[]s ( ,mokkei4 ,! abbot     
greet$ ,mokuan ) a smile1      say+ to  
him3 8,la/ night ,i dreamt t our f\nd]  
,mokkei came      back aga94 ,y mu/ be 8
 re9c>nation02 & he gave to ,mokuan     
,mokkei's two seals1 :ite & r$4         
,h5ce=w>d he 0 kn[n z      ,mokkei !    
,second4    #aa ,see my ,n ,plays (     
,japan 7,all5  ,unw91 #aiba71 p4 #ai4 ,!
  passage "h translat$ is tak5 n f !    

curr5t1 two-*apt]  abridgem5t ( ,gid's  
,di>y1 b f ! ,koku*o%1 a miscellany by  
! #ae? c5tury prie/ ,zuikei1 :o quot$ _m
 passages f ! lo/  portion ( ! ,di>y4   
,see ,mr4 ,saga ,t%1 ,%9a ,gaku1 ,i41   
#a4    #ab #acad-achd4    #ac ,di$      
#acbc4 ,bo? he & ,donfu 7 ,japanese     
prie/s :o visit$  ,*9a4    #ad ,at      
,*ia-hs+ 9 ,*ehkiang4    #ae ,ent]$ ?is 
temple 9 #accd4    #af ,visit$ ,japan2 0
 at ! ,%t5ji f #acdb-acde4              
,,app5dix ,,iii4    ,reproductions (    
pa9t+s illu/rat+ ,z5 leg5d4             
,,bodhidh>ma4        7#a7 ,) tightly    
clos$ lips1 z he appe>$ be=e ! ,emp]or (
      ,*9a 9 #ebj4 ,ma/]pieces ( ,ses%1 
,pl4 #dg4        7#b7 ,cross+ ! ,yangtze
 on a re$4 ,p]haps ! be/ example may be 
se5 n 9 a reproduction1 b 9 ,no4 #bb ( !
 orig9al ,*9ese      ,pa9t+s at !       
,briti% ,museum4        7#c7 ,sitt+ ) 8 
face to ! wall4 ,he sat ?us 9 sil5ce =  
n9e ye>s 9 ! ,%r9 ,mona/]y on ,m\nt     
,sung4 ,kokka #ccc4      ,,eka4         
,second ,patri>* ( ! sect4 ,sev]$ 8 own 

arm & pres5t$      x to ,bodhidh>ma4 ,9 
spite ( 8 fanaticism 7or because ( x7   
! ,f\nd] did n at fir/ reg>d him )      
complete confid5ce      & recomm5d$ to  
him ! /udy ( ! ,langkvatra ,stra1      n
 consid]+ him ripe = complete1          
non-dogmatic ,z54 ,eka      wait+       
wai/-deep 9 ! sn[ = ! ,f\nd] to in/ruct 
him4      ,ma/]pieces ( ,ses%1 ,pl4 #de4
      ,,en4        ,six? ,patri>*4 ,see 
above1 p #ae4 ,kokka1 #bhi1 #big4       
,,tokusan1 di$ #hfe ,a4,d4        ,%imbi
 ,taikwan1 ,i1 #ac1 %[s him ) 8 fam\s   
,z5 /ick4 ,he      is also sometimes    
depict$ fail+ to answ] an old           
m>ket-woman's      riddle2 & te>+ up 8  
comm5t>y on ! ,diamond ,stra4           
,,tanka4        ,a pa9t+ by ,indra      
7,kokka #agc7 %[s him burn+ ! wood5     
/atue ( ,buddha at ! ,er9 ,temple4      
,,bibliography4      7#a7 ,,european4   
,! only writ] :o has made extracts f !  
works ( ,bodhidh>ma is  ,pre ,wieg]1 ^: 
rem>ks 79 8 ,hi/oire des ,croyances     
religieuses  en ,*9e1 pp4 #eag-ebh7 %[ a

 robu/ & likeable bigotry4    ,( ,z5    
lit]ature he says3 8,nombre d'9-folio   
remplis de rponses  incohr5tes1         
ins5ses4444 ,ce ne sont pas1 comme on   
l'a suppos1 des  allusions  des affaires
 intrieures1 qu'il faudrait connatre p\r
  p\voir compr5dre4 ,ce sont des        
exclamations *appes  des abrutis1       
mom5tanm5t tirs de leur coma40    ,= !  
tea-c]emony 9 ,japan see ,okakura's     
,book ( ,tea 7,f\lis1  #aiai74 ,!       
8milit>y0 ,z5 ( ,japan is well describ$ 
by ,nuk>iya ,kait5  9 8 ,! ,religion ( !
 ,samurai1 #aiac4      7#b7 ,,native4   
,mo/ ( ?is pap] is d]iv$ f ! section on 
,z5 7,s]ies ,,ii1 ,vol4  #ae1 seq47 9 ! 
8,supplem5t to ! ,collection ( ,buddhi/ 
,scriptures10  ,dai ,nihon ,zoku ,z ,ky4
    ,mu* ( ! in=mation ) reg>d to !     
,rokutsji ,s*ool is tak5  f ! article by
 ,mr4 ,saga to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 
,= !  ,rokutsji 78,temple ( ! ,six      
,p5etrations07 see ,hsi5 ,%un ,l9-an    
,*ih 78,topography ( ,hang*[1 #abfe-abge
 ,a4,d4071 *4 #gh1 f4 #i  recto4    ,i h

 also us$ ,yamada's ,z5% ,jit5          
7,diction>y ( ,z57 & !  ,hekiganroku1   
edit$ by ,sy51 #aibj4          ,,%ort   
,,index4      7,*9ese pronunciations    
giv5 9 brackets47      ,amida1 #h4      
,baso 7,ma ,tsu71 #bj4      ,bodhidh>ma 
7,ta-mo71 #h seq41 #bi4                 
,bodhisattvas1 #h4      ,buddhapriya    
7,*io-ai71 #aa4      ,dai ,bont5        
,monbutsu-ketsugi ,ky1 #ad4      ,daigu 
7,ta-y71 #bj4      ,diamond ,stra1 #ae4 
,dhyna1 see ,z54 ,also1 #aj4      ,eka  
7,hui-k'o71 #bi4      ,enkwan           
7,y5-kuan71 #ad4      ,en 7,hui-nng71   
#ae1 #bi4      ,fujaku 7,p'u-*i71 #ag4  
,haiky 7,p'ei ,hsiu71 #ah4              
,hokkeky1 see ,saddh>ma1 etc4           
,honkakuji 7,pn-*io-ss71 #bh4      ,joji
 7,*+-tz'u71 #bh4      ,k]n1 #h4        
,kn9 7,hung-jn71 #ae4      ,kor9        
7,ku-l971 #bh4      ,mahyna1 #g4        
,mokkei 7,mu-*'i71 #bb1 #bg4      ,mujun
 7,wu-*un71 #bg4      ,nanso 7,nan-*'u71
 #bh4      baku 7,huang ,po71 #ah4      
,okakura1 #cj4      ,ras 7,lo-*'uang71  

#bc1 #bg4      ,rikaku 7,li ,*'eh71 #bg4
      ,r9zai 7,l9-*i71 #bj4             
,rokutsji 7,liu-t'ung-ss71 #bb4         
,ry-an 7,liao-an71 #bh4      ,rykai     
7,liang ,k'ai71 #bc1 #bg4      ,saddh>ma
 ,pund>ka ,stra1 #h4      ,saga ,t4 #bh1
 #cj4      ,samdhi 7,san-mei71 #ab4     
,san% 7,san-%ng71 #ba4      ,%kyamuni1  
#g4      ,%9a ,gaku1 #bh1 #cj4      ,%9%
 7,%n-hsiu71 #af4      ,%t5ji           
7,*'ng-t'i5-ss71 #bh4      ,tanka       
7,tan-hsia71 #bc1 #bi4      ,t5dai      
7,t'i5-t'ai71 #h4      ,tokusan         
7,t-%an71 #bi4      ,wieg]1 #cj4        
,wu ,h\1 #ag4      ,z5 7,*'an71 #g1 etc4
             99       99       99       
99       99      ,transcrib]'s ,note    
,a duplicate title page has be5 remov$ f
 ! text4    ,ext]nise on p4 #bc is a    
v>iant =m ( ext]nalise1 & has be5  left 
z pr9t$4    ,! diacritics 9 ,saddh>ma   
,pund>ka ,stra on p4 #h  7 m>k$ 9 p5 on 
! pr9t$ copy1 & may n h be5 pr9t$4