,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al "w h be5 transcrib$ z text1 bold face texts z text4 ,small caps texts h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,u repres5ts a ,u-%ape r ?an ! lett] ,u4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all *>act]s & symbols may display z int5d$4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! n$ ( ?is text4 ,,al*emy3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,p>acelsus ,frontispiece ,,al*emy3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,be+ ,a ,,brief ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,al*emi/ic ,,doctr9es1 ,,& ,,_! ,,relations1 ,,to ,,my/icism ,,on ,,! ,,"o ,,h&1 ,,& ,,to ,,rec5t ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,on ,,! ,,o!r ,,h&2 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,"s ,,p>ticul>s ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,lives ,,& ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,not$ ,,al*emi/s ,,by ,h4 ,,/anley ,,r$grove1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,on ,,! ,,calculation ,,( ,,!rmo-,,*emical ,,con/ants10 8,,matt]1 ,,_s ,,& ,,! ,,cosmos10 ,,etc4 ,,) #af ,,full-,,page ,,illu/rations ,,second ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,london ,,william ,,rid] ,,son1 ,,ltd4 #h ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,e4,c4 #d #aibb ,fir/ publi%$ #aiaa ,second ,edition #aibb ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,x is exce$+ly gratify+ to me t a second edition ( ?is book %\ld be call$ =4 ,b /ill m welcome is ! *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! educat$ _w t[>ds ! old-"t al*emi/s & _! !ories :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,! !ory ( ! orig9 ( ,al*emy put =w>d 9 ,*apt] ,i has l$ to consid]able discussion2 b :il/ ?is !ory has met ) g5]al acceptance1 "s ( its e>li] critics took x z imply+ f> m ?an is actually ! case4 ,z a result ( fur!r rese>* my conviction ( its tru? has become m fully confirm$1 & 9 my rec5t "w entitl$ ,bygone ,beliefs 7,rid]1 #aibj71 "u ! title ( 8,! ,que/ ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one10 ,i h f\nd x possible to adduce fur!r evid5ce 9 ?is connection4 ,at ! same "t1 :il/ ,i became increas+ly conv9c$ t ! ma9 al*emi/ic hypo!ses 7 drawn f ! doma9 ( my/ical !ology & appli$ to physics & *emi/ry by way ( analogy1 x also became evid5t to me t ! crude physiology ( bygone ages & remnants ( ! old phallic fai? =m$ a fur!r & subsidi>y s\rce ( al*emi/ic !ory4 ,i h b>ely1 if at all1 t\*$ on ?is matt] 9 ! pres5t "w2 ! read] :o is int]e/$ w f9d x dealt ) 9 "s detail 9 8,! ,phallic ,elem5t 9 ,al*emical ,doctr9e0 9 my ,bygone ,beliefs4 ,9 view ( rec5t rese>* 9 ! doma9 ( ,radioactivity & ! consequ5t advance 9 k t has result$ s9ce ?is book 0 fir/ publi%$1 ,i h c>efully consid]$ ! advisability ( rewrit+ ! :ole ( ! la/ *apt]1 b came to ! conclusion t ! "t = ?is 0 n yet ripe1 & t1 ap>t f a few m9or em5dations1 ! *apt] _h bett] rema9 v mu* z x orig9ally /ood4 ,my reason = ?is c\rse 0 t1 :il/ consid]ably m is kn[n to-day1 ?an 0 ! case 9 #aiaa1 conc]n+ ! v complex transmutations und]gone spontane\sly by ! radioactive elem5ts--k help+ fur!r to elucidate ! problem ( ! con/itution ( ! s-call$ 8elem5ts0 ( ! *emi/--! problem really cognate to my subject1 namely t ( effect+ a transmutation ( "o elem5t into ano!r at w1 rema9s 9 almo/ ! same /ate ( indet]m9at5ess z 9 #aiaa4 ,9 #aiac1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay#a ?\ght he _h obta9$ evid5ce = ! transmutation ( hydrog5 into helium by ! action ( ! electric dis*>ge1 & ,pr(essors ,collie & ,patt]son#b ?\ght !y _h obta9$ evid5ce ( ! transmutation ( hydrog5 into neon by simil> means4 ,b ^! obs]vations 7z well z ,sir ,william ,ramsay's e>li] transmutational exp]im5ts7 fail$ to be satisfactorily confirm$2#c & s9ce ! dea? ( ! latt]1 little1 if any?+1 appe>s to h be5 done to settle ! que/ions rais$ by 8 exp]im5ts4 ,ref]5ce mu/1 h[ev]1 be made to a v int]e/+ inve/igation by ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d on ! 8,collision ( -,p>ticles ) ,light ,atoms10#d f :i* x appe>s c]ta9 t :5 bomb>d$ ) ! swiftly-mov+ -p>ticles giv5 (f by radium-,c1 ! atoms ( nitrog5 may be dis9tegrat$1 "o ( ! products be+ hydrog54 ,! o!r product is possibly helium1#e ?\gh ?is has n be5 prov$4 ,9 view ( ,ru!r=d's results a fur!r repetition ( ,ramsay's exp]im5ts w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to be advisable4 #a ,see 8 8,! ,pres5ce ( ,helium 9 ! ,gas f ! ,int]ior ( an ,x-,ray ,bulb10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 ciii4 7#aiac71 pp4 #bfd et seq4 #b ,see _! 8,! ,pres5ce ( ,neon 9 ,hydrog5 aft] ! ,passage ( ! ,electric ,dis*>ge ?r\gh ! latt] at ,l[ ,pressures10 ibid41 pp4 #dai et seq42 & 8,! ,production ( ,neon & ,helium by ! ,electric ,dis*>ge10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,a1 vol4 xci4 7#aiae71 pp4 #cj et seq4 #c ,see especially ! report ( negative exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,g4 ,eg]ton1 publi%$ 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,a1 vol4 xci4 7#aiae71 pp4 #ahj et seq4 #d ,see ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,june1 #aiai1 #f? ,s]ies1 vol4 xxxvii4 pp4 #ecg-ehg4 #e ,or p]haps an isotope ( helium 7see bel[74 ,z conc]ns ! spontane\s transmutations und]gone by ! radioactive elem5ts1 ! facts appe> to indicate 7or1 at lea/1 c be br\ght into "s sort ( ord] by suppos+7 ! atom to consi/ ( a c5tral nucleus & an out] %ell1 z sugge/$ by ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d4 ,! nucleus may be comp>$ to ! sun ( a sol> sy/em4 ,x is excessively small1 b 9 x ! mass ( ! atom is almo/ entirely conc5trat$4 ,x is positively *>g$1 ! *>ge be+ neutralis$ by t ( ! free electrons :i* revolve l planets ab\t x1 & :i* by _! orbits acc\nt = ! volume ( ! atom4 ,! atomic weight ( ! elem5t dep5ds ^u ! c5tral sun2 b ! *emical prop]ties ( ! elem5t are det]m9$ by ! numb] ( electrons 9 ! %ell2 ?is numb] is ! same z t repres5t+ ! position ( ! elem5t 9 ! p]iodic sy/em4 ,radioactive *ange orig9ates 9 ! atomic nucleus4 ,! expulsion ( an -p>ticle !refrom decreases ! atomic weight by #d units1 necessitates 7s9ce ! -p>ticle c>ries two positive *>ges7 ! removal ( two electrons f ! %ell 9 ord] to ma9ta9 electrical neutrality1 & h5ce *anges ! *emical nature ( ! body1 transmut+ ! elem5t into "o occupy+ a position two places to ! left 9 ! p]iodic sy/em 7= example1 ! *ange ( radium into niton74 ,b radioactivity sometimes results 9 ! expulsion ( a -p>ticle f ! nucleus4 ,?is results 9 ! addition ( an electron to ! %ell1 & h5ce *anges ! *emical "* ( ! elem5t1 transmut+ x into "o occupy+ a position "o place to ! "r 9 ! p]iodic sy/em1 b )\t alt]+ its atomic weight4 ,consequ5tly1 ! expulsion ( "o - & two -p>ticles f ! nucleus1 :il/ decreas+ ! atomic weight ( ! elem5t by #d1 leaves ! numb] ( electrons 9 ! %ell1 & ?us ! *emical prop]ties ( ! elem5t1 unalt]$4 ,^! rem>kable conclusions are amply borne out by ! facts1 & ! discov]y ( elem5ts 7call$ 8isob>es07 hav+ ! same atomic weight b diff]5t *emical prop]ties1 & ( ^? 7call$ 8isotopes07 hav+ id5tical *emical *>act]s b diff]5t atomic weights1 mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ significant & important discov]ies ( rec5t ye>s4 ,"s fur!r ref]5ce to ?is !ory w be f\nd 9 #gg & #ha3 ! read] :o wi%es to foll[ ! matt] fur!r %\ld consult ! f\r? edition ( ,pr(essor ,fr$]ick ,soddy's ,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium 7#aibj71 & ! two *apt]s on ! subject 9 8 ,sci5ce & ,life 7#aibj71 "o ( :i* is a popul> exposition & ! o!r a m te*nical "o4 ,^! advances 9 k all po9t to ! possibility ( effect+ transmutations at w1 b s f> attempts to a*ieve ?is1 z ,i h already indicat$1 _c be reg>d$ z altoge!r satisfactory4 ,sev]al me?ods ( mak+ gold1 or r elem5ts *emically id5tical ) gold1 once ! me?od ( controll+ radioactive *ange is discov]$ 7z assur$ly x w be7 are sugge/$ by ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d's !ory ( ! nucle> atom4 ,?us1 ! expulsion ( two -p>ticles f bismu? or "o f ?allium w\ld yield ! requir$ result4 ,or lead c\ld be conv]t$ into m]cury by ! expulsion ( "o -p>ticle1 & ?is into ?allium by ! expulsion ( "o -p>ticle1 yield+ gold by ! fur!r expulsion ( an -p>ticle4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,soddy rem>ks 9 8 ,sci5ce & ,life j ref]r$ to1 8if man ev] a*ieves ?is fur!r control ov] ,nature1 x is q c]ta9 t ! la/ ?+ he w\ld want to d w\ld be to turn lead or m]cury into gold--= ! sake ( gold4 ,! en]gy t w\ld be lib]at$1 if ! control ( ^! sub-atomic processes 7 z possible z is ! control ( ord9>y *emical *anges1 su* z combu/ion1 w\ld f> exce$ 9 importance & value ! gold4 ,r x w\ld pay to transmute gold into silv] or "s base metal40 ,9 #aja ( ! book ,i sugge/ t ! "q ( ! effect on ! _w ( f9ance ( ! discov]y ( an inexp5sive me?od ( transmut+ base metal into gold on a l>ge scale is "o t %\ld appeal to a noveli/ specially gift$ ) imag9ation4 ,s9ce ! words 7 fir/ writt5 a "w has appe>$ 9 :i* some?+ approximat+ to :at 0 sugge/$ has be5 attempt$ & v admirably a*iev$4 ,my ref]5ce is to ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells's novel1 ,! ,_w ,set ,free1 publi%$ 9 #aiad4 ,9 conclusion ,i %\ld l to ?ank ! v _m review]s :o f\nd s _m good ?+s to say conc]n+ ! fir/ edition ( ?is book4 ,= k9d assi/ance 9 read+ ! pro(s ( ?is edition my be/ ?anks are due also & are h]eby t5d]$ to my wife1 & my good fri5d ,g]ald ,druce1 ,esq41 ,m4,sc4 ,h4 ,s4 ,r4 #aia1 ,,camd5 ,,road1 ,,london1 ,n4,w4 #a4 ,octob]1 #aiba4 ,,preface ,! numb] ( books 9 ! ,engli% language deal+ ) ! int]e/+ subject ( ,al*emy is n suffici5tly great to r5d] an apology necess>y = add+ !reto4 ,inde$1 at ! pres5t "t !re is an actual ne$ = a fur!r contribution on ?is subject4 ,! "t is gone :5 x 0 reg>d$ z p]fectly legitimate to po9t to ,al*emy z an in/ance ( ! ab]rations ( ! human m9d4 ,rec5t exp]im5tal rese>* has br\ght ab\t pr(\nd modifications 9 ! sci5tific notions reg>d+ ! *emical elem5ts1 &1 inde$1 9 ! sci5tific concept ( ! physical univ]se itself2 & a c]ta9 resemblance c be trac$ betwe5 ^! lat] views & ! !ories ( bygone ,al*emy4 ,! spontane\s *ange ( "o 8elem5t0 into ano!r has be5 witness$1 & ! rec5t "w ( ,sir ,william ,ramsay sugge/s ! possibility ( realis+ ! old al*emi/ic dream--! transmutation ( ! 8base0 metals into gold4 ,! basic idea p]meat+ all ! al*emi/ic !ories appe>s to h be5 ?is3 ,all ! metals 7&1 inde$1 all =ms ( matt]7 are "o 9 orig91 & are produc$ by an evolution>y process4 ,! ,s\l ( !m all is "o & ! same2 x is only ! ,s\l t is p]man5t2 ! body or outw>d =m1 i4e41 ! mode ( manife/ation ( ! ,s\l1 is transitory1 & "o =m may be transmut$ into ano!r4 ,! simil>ity1 inde$ x might be said1 ! id5tity1 betwe5 ?is view & ! mod]n e!ric !ory ( matt] is at once app>5t4 ,! old al*emi/s rea*$ ! above conclusion by a !oretical me?od1 & attempt$ to demon/rate ! validity ( _! !ory by means ( exp]im5t2 9 :i*1 x appe>s1 !y fail$4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 adopt+ ! rev]se process1 = a "t lo/ hold ( ! idea ( ! unity ( ! physical univ]se1 to ga9 x once aga9 by ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,x 0 9 ! elaboration ( ?is gr& fundam5tal idea t ,al*emy fail$4 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to contra/ ,al*emy ) ! *emical & physical sci5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,i w\ld say t1 :]eas ! latt] ab\nd$ 9 a weal? ( mu* accurate detail & mu* relative tru?1 x lack$ philosophical dep? & insight2 :il/ ,al*emy1 defici5t 9 su* accurate detail1 0 *>act]is$ by a great] degree ( philosophical dep? & insight2 = ! al*emi/s did grasp ! fundam5tal tru? ( ! ,cosmos1 al?\gh !y di/ort$ x & made x appe> grotesque4 ,! al*emi/s ca/ _! !ories 9 a m\ld entirely fanta/ic1 ev5 ridicul\s--!y drew unw>rantable analogies--& h5ce _! views _c be accept$ 9 ^! days ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,b if we _c approve ( _! !ories 9 toto1 we c nev]!less appreciate ! fundam5tal ideas at ! root ( !m4 ,& x is prim>ily ) ! object ( po9t+ out ?is simil>ity betwe5 ^! anci5t ideas reg>d+ ! physical univ]se & ! late/ products ( sci5tific ?\ght1 t ?is book has be5 writt54 ,x is a regrettable fact t ! majority ( works deal+ ) ! subject ( ,al*emy take a "o-sid$ po9t ( view4 ,! *emi/s g5]ally take a purely physical view ( ! subject1 & in/ead ( try+ to und]/& its my/ical language1 (t5 7,i d n say always7 pref] to label x nons5se & ! al*emi/ a fool4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! my/ics1 9 _m cases1 take a purely transc5d5tal view ( ! subject1 =gett+ ! fact t ! al*emi/s 71 = ! mo/ "p1 conc]n$ ) op]ations ( a physical nature4 ,= a prop] und]/&+ ( ,al*emy1 z ,i hope to make pla9 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w1 a syn!sis ( bo? po9ts ( view is ess5tial2 &1 s9ce ^! two aspects are s intimately & ess5tially connect$ ) "o ano!r1 ?is is necess>y ev5 :51 z 9 ! foll[+ "w1 "o is conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! physical1 r ?an ! purely my/ical1 aspect ( ! subject4 ,n[1 ! au?or ( ?is book may lay claim to be+ a humble /ud5t ( bo? ,*emi/ry & :at may be g5]alis$ "u ! t]ms ,my/icism & ,transc5d5talism2 & he hopes t ?is p]haps r unusual comb9ation ( /udies has enabl$ him to take a broad-m9d$ view ( ! !ories ( ! al*emi/s1 & to adopt a sympa!tic attitude t[>ds !m4 ,) reg>d to ! illu/rations1 ! au?or mu/ express 8 ?anks to ! au?orities ( ! ,briti% ,museum = p]mission to photograph engrav$ portraits & illu/rations f old works 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,collections1 & to ,g4 ,h4 ,gabb1 ,esq41 ,f4,c4,s41 = p]mission to photograph engrav$ portraits 9 8 possession4 ,! au?or's he>tie/ ?anks are also due to ,frank ,e4 ,we/on1 ,esq41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,c4,s41 & ,w4 ,g4 ,llewellyn1 ,esq41 = _! k9d help 9 read+ ! pro(s1 c4 ,h4 ,s4 ,r4 ,,! ,,polyte*nic1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,octob]1 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,al*emy #a #a4 ,! ,aim ( ,al*emy #a #b4 ,! ,transc5d5tal ,!ory ( ,al*emy #b #c4 ,failure ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,!ory #c #d4 ,! ,qualifications ( ! ,adept #d #e4 ,al*emi/ic ,language #e #f4 ,al*emi/s ( a ,my/ical ,type #g #g4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,al*emy #g #h4 ,op9ions ( o!r ,writ]s #h #i4 ,! ,basic ,idea ( ,al*emy #aj #aj4 ,! ,law ( ,analogy #ab #aa4 ,! ,dual ,nature ( ,al*emy #ac #ab4 8,body1 ,s\l & ,_s0 #ad #ac4 ,al*emy1 ,my/icism & ,mod]n ,sci5ce #ae ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,physical ,,al*emy #ag #ad4 ,suppos$ ,pro(s ( ,transmutation #ag #ae4 ,! ,al*emi/ic ,elem5ts #ah #af4 ,ari/otle's ,views reg>d+ ! ,elem5ts #ai #ag4 ,! ,sulphur-,m]cury ,!ory #bj #ah4 ,! ,sulphur-,m]cury-,salt ,!ory #bb #ai4 ,al*emi/ic ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples #bc #bj4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,metals #be #ba4 ,al*emy & ,a/rology #bf #bb4 ,al*emi/ic ,view ( ! ,nature ( ,gold #bg #bc4 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,/one #bi #bd4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one #cj #be4 ,! ,!ory ( ,developm5t #cb #bf4 ,! ,p[]s ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one #cd #bg4 ,! ,elixir ( ,life #ce #bh4 ,! ,practical ,me?ods ( ! ,al*emi/s #cf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,al*emi/s 7,a4 ,,be=e ,,p>acelsus7 #ci #bi4 ,h]mes ,trismegi/os #ci #cj4 ,! ,sm>agd9e ,table #dj #ca4 ,zosimus ( ,panopolis #db #cb4 ,geb] #db #cc4 ,o!r ,arabian ,al*emi/s #dd #cd4 ,alb]tus ,magnus #dd #ce4 ,?omas ,aqu9as #dd #cf4 ,rog] ,bacon #de #cg4 ,arnold de ,villanova #dg #ch4 ,raymond ,lully #dg #ci4 ,pet] ,bonus #di #dj4 ,nicolas ,flamel #ea #da4 8,basil ,val5t9e0 & ! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony4 #eb #db4 ,isaac ( ,holl& #ec #dc4 ,b]n>d ,trvisan #ed #dd4 ,sir ,george ,ripley #ee #de4 ,?omas ,norton #ef ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,al*emi/s 7,b4 ,,p>acelsus ,,& ,,aft]7 #eh #df4 ,p>acelsus #eh #dg4 ,views ( ,p>acelsus #fj #dh4 ,iatro-*emi/ry #fa #di4 ,! ,rosicrucian ,society #fb #ej4 ,?omas ,*>nock #fe #ea4 ,&reas ,libavius #ff #eb4 ,edw>d ,kelley & ,john ,dee #fg #ec4 ,h5ry ,khunra? #gj #ed4 ,alex&] ,se?on & ,mi*ael ,s5divogius #gj #ee4 ,mi*ael ,mai] #gb #ef4 ,jacob ,boehme #gd #eg4 ,j4 ,b4 van ,helmont & ,f4 ,m4 van ,helmont #ge #eh4 ,johann ,rudolf ,glaub] #gg #ei4 ,?omas ,vaughan 78,eug5ius ,philale!s07 #gg #fj4 8,eir5u ,philale!s0 & ,george ,/>key #gi ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,outcome ,,( ,,al*emy #ha #fa4 ,did ! ,al*emi/s a*ieve ! ,magnum ,opus8 #ha #fb4 ,! ,te/imony ( van ,helmont #hb #fc4 ,! ,te/imony ( ,helvetius #hc #fd4 ,helvetius obta9s ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one #he #fe4 ,helvetius p]=ms a ,transmutation #hg #ff4 ,helvetius's ,gold ,assay$ #hh #fg4 ,helvetius's ,gold ,fur!r ,te/$ #hh #fh4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,*emi/ry #hi #fi4 ,! ,deg5]acy ( ,al*emy #ij #gj4 8,c\nt ,caglio/ro0 #ia ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry #id #ga4 ,! ,bir? ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry #id #gb4 ,! ,phlogi/on ,!ory #id #gc4 ,boyle & ! ,def9ition ( an ,elem5t #if #gd4 ,! ,/oi*iometric ,laws #if #ge4 ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory #ii #gf4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,atomic ,weights ( ! ,elem5ts #ajb #gg4 ,pr\t's ,hypo!sis #ajb #gh4 ,! 8,p]iodic ,law0 #aje #gi4 ,! ,corpuscul> ,!ory ( ,matt] #aji #hj4 ,pro( t ! ,electrons are n ,matt] #aaj #ha4 ,! ,electronic ,!ory ( ,matt] #aab #hb4 ,! ,e!ric ,!ory ( ,matt] #aac #hc4 ,fur!r ,evid5ce ( ! ,complexity ( ! ,atoms #aad #hd4 ,views ( ,wald & ,o/wald #aae ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,mod]n ,,al*emy #aag #he4 8,mod]n ,al*emy0 #aag #hf4 ,x-,rays & ,becqu]el ,rays #aag #hg4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,radium #aah #hh4 ,*emical ,prop]ties ( ,radium #aai #hi4 ,! ,radioactivity ( ,radium #abj #ij4 ,! ,dis9tegration ( ! ,radium ,atom #abb #ia4 8,induc$ ,radioactivity0 #abc #ib4 ,prop]ties ( ,uranium & ,?orium #abc #ic4 ,! ,radium ,emanation #abd #id4 ,! ,production ( ,helium f ,emanation #abe #ie4 ,nature ( ?is ,*ange #abg #if4 ,is ?is ,*ange a true ,transmutation8 #abh #ig4 ,! ,production ( ,neon f ,emanation #acj #ih4 ,ramsay's ,exp]im5ts on ,copp] #acb #ii4 ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts on ,radium & ,copp] #acd #ajj4 ,ramsay's ,exp]im5ts on ,?orium & alli$ ,metals #acd #aja4 ,! ,possibility ( ,mak+ ,gold #acf #ajb4 ,! ,significance ( 8,allotropy0 #acf #ajc4 ,conclusion #adb ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,plate #a4 ,portrait ( ,p>acelsus ,frontispiece ,,to ,,face ,,page ,,plate #b4 ,symbolical ,illu/ration repres5t+ ! ,tr9ity ( ,body1 ,s\l & ,_s #ae ,,plate #c4 ,symbolical ,illu/rations repres5t+-- 7,a7 ,! ,f]tility ( ! ,e>? #bf 7,b7 ,! ,amalgamation ( ,m]cury & ,gold ,,plate #d4 ,symbolical ,illu/rations repres5t+-- 7,a7 ,! ,coction ( ,gold-,amalgam 9 a ,clos$ ,vessel #cc 7,b7 ,! ,transmutation ( ! ,metals ,,plate #e4 ,al*emi/ic ,app>atus-- 7,a7 7,b7 ,two =ms ( app>atus = sublimation #cg ,,plate #f4 ,al*emi/ic ,app>atus-- 7,a7 ,an ,a?anor #ch 7,b7 ,a ,pelican ,,plate #g4 ,portrait ( ,alb]tus ,magnus #dd ,,plate #h4 ,portraits (-- 7,a7 ,?omas ,aqu9as #eb 7,b7 ,nicolas ,flamel ,,plate #i4 ,portraits (-- 7,a7 ,edw>d ,kelley #fh 7,b7 ,john ,dee ,,plate #aj4 ,portrait ( ,mi*ael ,mai] #gb ,,plate #aa4 ,portrait ( ,jacob ,boehme #gd ,,plate #ab4 ,portraits ( ,j4 ,b4 & ,f4 ,m4 van ,helmont #gf ,,plate #ac4 ,portrait ( ,j4 ,f4 ,helvetius #hd ,,plate #ad4 ,portrait ( 8,caglio/ro0 #ib ,,plate #ae4 ,portrait ( ,rob]t ,boyle #id ,,plate #af4 ,portrait ( ,john ,dalton #ajj ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,p]iodic ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,elem5ts ,pages #ajf1 #ajg ,,al*emy3 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,al*emy ,! ,aim ( ,al*emy4 #a4 ,al*emy is g5]ally und]/ood to h be5 t art ^: end 0 ! transmutation ( ! s-call$ base metals into gold by means ( an ill-def9$ some?+ call$ ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one2 b ev5 f a purely physical /&po9t1 ?is is a some:at sup]ficial view4 ,al*emy 0 bo? a philosophy & an exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & ! transmutation ( ! metals 0 its end only 9 t ?is w\ld give ! f9al pro( ( ! al*emi/ic hypo!ses2 9 o!r words1 ,al*emy1 consid]$ f ! physical /&po9t1 0 ! attempt to demon/rate exp]im5tally on ! mat]ial plane ! validity ( a c]ta9 philosophical view ( ! ,cosmos4 ,we see ! g5u9e sci5tific _s 9 ! say+ ( "o ( ! al*emi/s3 8,w\ld to ,god 4 4 4 all m5 might become adepts 9 our ,art--= !n gold1 ! great idol ( mank9d1 w\ld lose its value1 & we %\ld prize x only = its sci5tific tea*+40#f ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 n _m al*emi/s came up to ?is ideal2 & = ! majority ( !m1 ,al*emy did mean m]ely ! possibility ( mak+ gold *eaply & ga9+ untold weal?4 #f 8,,eir5,,u ,,philale!s03 ,an ,op5 ,entrance to ! ,clos$ ,palace ( ! ,k+ 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 ,re/or$ & ,enl>g$1 edit$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #ahic1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agh74 ,! ,transc5d5tal ,!ory ( ,al*emy4 #b4 ,by "s my/ics1 h[ev]1 ! op9ion has be5 express$ t ,al*emy 0 n a physical art or sci5ce at all1 t 9 no s5se 0 its object ! manufacture ( mat]ial gold1 & t its processes 7 n c>ri$ out on ! physical plane4 ,accord+ to ?is transc5d5tal !ory1 ,al*emy 0 conc]n$ ) man's s\l1 its object 0 ! p]fection1 n ( mat]ial sub/ances1 b ( man 9 a spiritual s5se4 ,^? :o hold ?is view id5tify ,al*emy )1 or at lea/ reg>d x z a bran* (1 ,my/icism1 f :i* x is suppos$ to diff] m]ely by ! employm5t ( a special language2 & !y hold t ! writ+s ( ! al*emi/s mu/ n be und]/ood lit]ally z deal+ ) *emical op]ations1 ) furnaces1 retorts1 alembics1 pelicans & ! l1 ) salt1 sulphur1 m]cury1 gold & o!r mat]ial sub/ances1 b mu/ be und]/ood z gr& allegories deal+ ) spiritual tru?s4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! figure ( ! transmutation ( ! 8base0 metals into gold symbolis$ ! salvation ( man--! transmutation ( 8 s\l into spiritual gold--:i* 0 to be obta9$ by ! elim9ation ( evil & ! developm5t ( good by ! grace ( ,god2 & ! realisation ( :i* salvation or spiritual transmutation may be describ$ z ! ,new ,bir?1 or t condition ( be+ kn[n z union ) ! ,div9e4 ,x w\ld foll[1 ( c\rse1 if ?is !ory 7 true1 t ! g5u9e al*emi/s 7 pure my/ics1 & h5ce1 t ! developm5t ( *emical sci5ce 0 n due to _! lab\rs1 b to pseudo-al*emi/s :o s f> misund]/ood _! writ+s z to h int]pret$ !m 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,failure ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,!ory4 #c4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 has be5 effectively dispos$ ( by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,edw>d ,waite1 :o po9ts to ! lives ( ! al*emi/s !mselves 9 refutation ( x4 ,= _! lives indisputably prove t ! al*emi/s 7 occupi$ ) *emical op]ations on ! physical plane1 & t = :atev] motive1 !y toil$ to discov] a me?od = transmut+ ! common] metals into actual1 mat]ial gold4 ,z ,p>acelsus himself says ( ! true 8spagyric physicians10 :o 7 ! al*emi/s ( 8 p]iod3 8,^! d n give !mselves up to ease & idl5ess 4 4 4 ,b !y devote !mselves dilig5tly to _! lab\rs1 sweat+ :ole nights ov] fi]y furnaces4 ,^! d n kill ! "t ) empty talk1 b f9d _! delight 9 _! laboratory40#g ,! writ+s ( ! al*emi/s conta9 7mix$1 h[ev]1 ) mu* t f ! physical /&po9t appe>s m]ely fanta/ic7 accurate acc\nts ( _m *emical processes & discov]ies1 :i* _c be expla9$ away by any me?od ( transc5d5tal int]pretation4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t *emi/ry owes its orig9 to ! direct lab\rs ( ! al*emi/s !mselves1 & n to any :o misread _! writ+s4 #g ,,p>acelsus3 8,conc]n+ ! ,nature ( ,?+s0 7see ,! ,h]metic & ,al*emical ,writ+s ( ,p>acelsus1 edit$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #ahid1 vol4 i4 p4 #afg74 ,! ,qualifications ( ! ,adept4 #d4 ,at ! same "t1 x is q evid5t t !re is a consid]able elem5t ( ,my/icism 9 ! al*emi/ic doctr9es2 ?is has always be5 recognis$2 b1 z a g5]al rule1 ^? :o h approa*$ ! subject f ! sci5tific po9t ( view h consid]$ ?is my/ical elem5t z ( little or no importance4 ,h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 curi\s facts :i* are n satisfactorily expla9$ by a purely physical !ory ( ,al*emy1 &1 9 our op9ion1 ! recognition ( ! importance ( ?is my/ical elem5t & ( ! true relation :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,al*emy & ,my/icism is ess5tial = ! "r und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,we may notice1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! al*emi/s always speak ( _! ,art z a ,div9e ,gift1 ! highe/ secrets ( :i* are n to be le>nt f any books on ! subject2 & !y inv>iably tea* t ! "r m5tal attitude ) reg>d to ,god is ! fir/ /ep necess>y = ! a*ievem5t ( ! magnum opus4 ,z says "o al*emi/3 8,9 ! fir/ place1 let e dev\t & ,god-fe>+ *emi/ & /ud5t ( ?is ,art consid] t ?is arcanum %\ld be reg>d$1 n only z a truly great1 b z a mo/ holy ,art 7see+ t x typifies & %ad[s out ! highe/ heav5ly good74 ,!re=e1 if any man desire to rea* ?is great & unspeakable ,my/]y1 he mu/ rememb] t x is obta9$ n by ! might ( man1 b by ! grace ( ,god1 & t n our w or desire1 b only ! m]cy ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 c be/[ x ^u u4 ,= ?is reason y mu/ fir/ ( all cleanse y\r he>t1 lift x up to ,him alone1 & ask ( ,him ?is gift 9 true1 e>ne/1 & und\bt+ pray]4 ,he alone c give & be/[ x40#h ,& 8,basil ,val5t9e03 8,fir/1 !re %\ld be ! invocation ( ,god1 fl[+ f ! dep? ( a pure & s9c]e he>t1 & a consci5ce :i* %\ld be free f all ambition1 hypocrisy1 & vice1 z also f all cognate faults1 su* z arrogance1 boldness1 pride1 luxury1 worldly vanity1 oppression ( ! poor1 & simil> iniquities1 :i* %\ld all be root$ up out ( ! he>t--t :5 a man appe>s be=e ! ,?rone ( ,grace1 to rega9 ! heal? ( 8 body1 he may come ) a consci5ce we$$ ( all t>es1 & be *ang$ into a pure temple ( ,god cleans$ ( all t defiles40#i #h ,! ,sophic ,hydroli?2 or1 ,wat] ,/one ( ! ,wise 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #gd74 #i ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony 7,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite's translation1 p4 #ac74 ,see #da4 ,al*emi/ic ,language4 #e4 ,9 ! second place1 we mu/ notice ! nature ( al*emi/ic language4 ,z we h h9t$ above1 & z is at once app>5t on op5+ any al*emi/ic book1 ! language ( ,al*emy is v highly my/ical1 & !re is mu* t is p]fectly un9telligible 9 a physical s5se4 ,inde$1 ! al*emi/s habitually apologise = _! vagu5ess on ! plea t su* mighty secrets may n be made m fully manife/4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t 9 ! days ( ,al*emy's deg5]acy a good deal ( pseudo-my/ical nons5se 0 writt5 by ! _m impo/ors !n ab\nd+1 b ! my/ical /yle ( language is by no means conf9$ to ! lat] al*emi/ic writ+s4 ,x is also true t ! al*emi/s1 no d\bt1 desir$ to %ield _! secrets f vulg> & pr(ane eyes1 & h5ce w\ld necess>ily adopt a symbolic language4 ,b x is pa/ belief t ! language ( ! al*emi/ 0 due to "s arbitr>y plan2 :atev] x is to u1 x 0 v real to him4 ,moreov]1 ?is argum5t cuts bo? ways1 = ^?1 also1 :o take a transc5d5tal view ( ,al*emy reg>d its language z symbolical1 al?\gh aft] a diff]5t mann]4 ,x is also1 to say ! lea/1 curi\s1 z ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite po9ts out1 t ?is my/ical elem5t %\ld be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! e>li] al*emi/s1 ^: manuscripts 7 n writt5 = publication1 & !re=e ran no risk ( in=m+ ! vulg> ( ! preci\s secrets ( ,al*emy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! transc5d5tal me?od ( translation does (t5 succe$ 9 mak+ s5se out ( :at is o!rwise un9telligible 9 ! writ+s ( ! al*emi/s4 ,! above-m5tion$ writ] rem>ks on ?is po9t3 8,)\t 9 any way pret5d+ to ass]t t ?is hypo!sis r$uces ! lit]>y *aos ( ! philosoph]s into a regul> ord]1 x may be affirm$ t x mat]ially elucidates _! writ+s1 & t x is wond]ful h[ contradictions1 absurdities1 & difficulties seem to dissolve :]ev] x is appli$40#aj #aj ,,ar?ur ,,edw>d ,,waite3 ,! ,occult ,sci5ces 7#ahia71 p4 #ia4 ,! al*emi/s' love ( symbolism is also conspicu\sly display$ 9 ! curi\s designs ) :i* c]ta9 ( _! books are embelli%$4 ,we are n "h ref]r+ to ! illu/rations ( actual app>atus employ$ 9 c>ry+ out ! v>i\s op]ations ( physical ,al*emy1 :i* are n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 ! works ( ^? al*emi/s :o at ! same "t 7 practical *emi/s 7,glaub]1 = example71 b to pictures ^: mean+ pla9ly lies n ^u ! surface & ^: import is cle>ly symbolical1 :e!r _! symbolism has ref]5ce to physical or to spiritual processes4 ,examples ( su* symbolic illu/rations1 _m ( :i* are highly fanta/ic1 w be f\nd 9 plates #b1 #c1 & #d4 ,we %all ref] to !m aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t & foll[+ *apt]s4 ,al*emi/s ( a ,my/ical ,type4 #f4 ,we mu/ also notice t1 al?\gh !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t ! great majority ( al*emi/s 7 engag$ 9 problems & exp]im5ts ( a physical nature1 yet !re 7 a few m5 includ$ )9 ! al*emi/ic ranks :o 7 entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 conc]n$ ) problems ( a spiritual nature2 ,?omas ,vaughan1 = example1 & ,jacob ,boehme1 :o boldly employ$ ! language ( ,al*emy 9 ! elaboration ( 8 sy/em ( my/ical philosophy4 ,& p>ticul>ly mu/ we notice1 z ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite has also indicat$1 ! significant fact t ! ,we/]n al*emi/s make unanim\s appeal to ,h]mes ,trismegi/os z ! greate/ au?ority on ! art ( ,al*emy1 ^: alleg$ writ+s are ( an und\bt$ly my/ical "* 7see #bi74 ,x is cle>1 t 9 spite ( its app>5tly physical nature1 ,al*emy mu/ h be5 9 "s way closely connect$ ) ,my/icism4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,al*emy4 #g4 ,if we are ev] to und]/& ! mean+ ( ,al*emy aright we mu/ look at ! subject f ! al*emi/ic po9t ( view4 ,9 mod]n times !re has come ab\t a divorce betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce 9 m5's m9ds 7?\gh m rec5tly a unify+ t5d5cy has set 972 b x 0 o!rwise ) ! al*emi/s1 _! religion & _! sci5ce 7 closely unit$4 ,we h said t 8,al*emy 0 ! attempt to demon/rate exp]im5tally on ! mat]ial plane ! validity ( a c]ta9 philosophical view ( ! ,cosmos02 n[1 ?is 8philosophical view ( ! ,cosmos0 0 ,my/icism4 ,al*emy _h its orig9 9 ! attempt to apply1 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 ! pr9ciples ( ,my/icism to ! ?+s ( ! physical plane1 & 01 !re=e1 ( a dual nature1 on ! "o h& spiritual & religi\s1 on ! o!r1 physical & mat]ial4 ,z ! anonym\s au?or ( ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s 7#ahae7 rem>ks1 8,! univ]sal *emi/ry1 by :i* ! sci5ce ( al*emy op5s ! k ( all nature1 be+ f\nd$ on fir/ pr9ciples =ms analogy ) :atev] k is f\nd$ on ! same fir/ pr9ciples4 4 4 4 ,sa9t ,john describes ! r$emption1 or ! new creation ( ! fall5 s\l1 on ! same fir/ pr9ciples1 until ! consummation ( ! "w1 9 :i* ! ,div9e t9cture transmutes ! base metal ( ! s\l into a p]fection1 t w pass ! fire ( et]nity20#aa t is to say1 ,al*emy & ! my/ical reg5]ation ( man 79 ?is writ]'s op9ion7 are analog\s processes on diff]5t planes ( be+1 because !y are f\nd$ on ! same fir/ pr9ciples4 #aa ,f4 ,b43 ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s 7#ahae71 ,preface1 p4 #c4 ,op9ions ( o!r ,writ]s4 #h4 ,we %all "h quote ! op9ions ( two mod]n writ]s1 z to ! significance ( ,al*emy2 "o a my/ic1 ! o!r a man ( sci5ce4 ,says ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 8,if ! au?ors ( ! #8,sugge/ive ,inquiry' & ( #8,rem>ks on ,al*emy & ! ,al*emi/s' two books putt+ =w>d ! transc5d5tal !ory _h consid]$ ! lives ( ! symboli/s1 z well z ! nature ( ! symbols1 _! views w\ld h be5 v mu* modifi$2 !y w\ld h f\nd t ! true me?od ( ,h]metic int]pretation lies 9 a middle c\rse2 b ! errors :i* orig9at$ ) m]ely typographical inve/igations 7 int5sifi$ by a consid]ation ( ! great al*emical !orem1 :i*1 p> excell5ce1 is "o ( univ]sal developm5t1 :i* ackn[l$ges t e sub/ance conta9s undevelop$ res\rces & pot5tialities1 & c be br\ght outw>d & =w>d into p]fection4 ,!y ! g5]ality ( al*emi/s appli$ _! !ory only to ! developm5t ( metallic sub/ances f a l[] to a high] ord]1 b we see by _! writ+s t ! gr& hi]ophants ( ,ori5tal & ,we/]n al*emy alike 7 cont9ually haunt$ by brief & imp]fect glimpses ( glori\s possibilities = man1 if ! evolution ( 8 nature 7 accompli%$ along ! l9es ( _! !ory40#ab ,mr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,pattison ,muir1 ,m4,a41 says3 84 4 4 al*emy aim$ at giv+ exp]im5tal pro( ( a c]ta9 !ory ( ! :ole sy/em ( nature1 includ+ humanity4 ,! practical culm9ation ( ! al*emical que/ pres5t$ a ?reefold aspect2 ! al*emi/s s\ght ! /one ( wisdom1 = by ga9+ t !y ga9$ ! control ( weal?2 !y s\ght ! univ]sal panacea1 = t w\ld give !m ! p[] ( enjoy+ weal? & life2 !y s\ght ! s\l ( ! _w1 = !reby !y c\ld hold communion ) spiritual exi/5ces1 & enjoy ! fruition ( spiritual life4 ,! object ( _! se>* 0 to satisfy _! mat]ial ne$s1 _! intellectual capacities1 & _! spiritual ye>n+s4 ,! al*emi/s ( ! nobl] sort always made ! fir/ ( ^! objects subsidi>y to ! o!r two4 4 4 40#ac #ab ,,ar?ur ,,edw>d ,,waite3 ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s 7#ahhh71 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 ,z says ano!r writ] ( ! my/ical s*ool ( ?\ght3 8,if we look ^u ! subject ( ,al*ymy f ! po9t :i* af=ds ! wide/ view1 x may be said t ,al*ymy has two aspects3 ! simply mat]ial1 & ! religi\s4 ,! dogma t ,al*ymy 0 only a =m ( *emi/ry is unt5able by any "o :o has read ! works ( its *ief pr(essors4 ,! doctr9e t ,al*ymy 0 religion only1 & t its *emical ref]5ces 7 all bl9ds1 is equally unt5able 9 ! face ( hi/ory1 :i* %[s t _m ( its mo/ not$ pr(essors 7 m5 :o _h made important discov]ies 9 ! doma9 ( common *emi/ry1 & 7 9 no way notable z tea*]s ei!r ( e?ics or religion0 78,sap]e ,aude10 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,al*ymy1 ,spiritual & ,mat]ial 7#ahic71 pp4 #c & #d74 #ac ,m4 ,m4 ,,pattison ,,muir1 ,m4,a43 ,! ,/ory ( ,al*emy & ! ,beg9n+s ( ,*emi/ry 7#aijb71 pp4 #aje & #ajf4 ,! ,basic ,idea ( ,al*emy4 #i4 ,! fam\s axiom belov$ by e al*emi/--8,:at is above is z t :i* is bel[1 & :at is bel[ is z t :i* is above0--al?\gh ( que/ionable orig91 t]sely expresses ! basic idea ( ,al*emy4 ,! al*emi/s po/ulat$ & believ$ 9 a v real s5se 9 ! ess5tial unity ( ! ,cosmos4 ,h5ce1 !y held t !re is a correspond5ce or analogy exi/+ betwe5 ?+s spiritual & ?+s physical1 ! same laws op]at+ 9 ea* realm4 ,z writes ,s5divogius 84 4 4 ! ,sages h be5 taught ( ,god t ?is natural _w is only an image & mat]ial copy ( a heav5ly & spiritual patt]n2 t ! v exi/5ce ( ?is _w is bas$ ^u ! reality ( its cele/ial ar*etype2 & t ,god has creat$ x 9 imitation ( ! spiritual & invisible univ]se1 9 ord] t m5 might be ! bett] enabl$ to compreh5d ,8 heav5ly tea*+1 & ! wond]s ( ,8 absolute & ineffable p[] & wisdom4 ,?us ! ,sage sees heav5 reflect$ 9 ,nature z 9 a mirror2 & he pursues ?is ,art1 n = ! sake ( gold or silv]1 b = ! love ( ! k :i* x reveals2 he jeal\sly conceals x f ! s9n] & ! scornful1 le/ ! my/]ies ( heav5 %\ld be laid b>e to ! vulg> gaze40#ad #ad ,,mi*ael ,,s5divogius3 ,! ,new ,*emical ,light1 ,pt4 ,,ii41 ,conc]n+ ,sulphur 7,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ach74 ,! al*emi/s held t ! metals are "o 9 ess5ce1 & spr+ f ! same se$ 9 ! womb ( nature1 b are n all equally matur$ & p]fect1 gold be+ ! highe/ product ( ,nature's p[]s4 ,9 gold1 ! al*emi/ saw a picture ( ! reg5]ate man1 respl5d5t ) spiritual beauty1 ov]com+ all temptations & pro( aga9/ evil2 :il/ he reg>d$ lead--! base/ ( ! metals--z typical ( ! s9ful & unreg5]ate man1 /amp$ ) ! hide\sness ( s9 & easily ov]come by temptation & evil2 = :il/ gold )/ood ! action ( fire & all kn[n corrosive liquids 7save aqua regia alone71 lead 0 mo/ easily act$ ^u4 ,we are told t ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 :i* w\ld br+ ab\t ! desir$ gr& transmutation1 is ( a species ) gold itself & pur] ?an ! pure/2 und]/ood 9 ! my/ical s5se ?is means t ! reg5]ation ( man c be effect$ only by ,goodness itself--9 t]ms ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 by ! ,p[] ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 0 reg>d$ z symbolical ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & 9 ?is s5se we c und]/& ! o!rwise incr$ible p[]s attribut$ to x4 ,! ,law ( ,analogy4 #aj4 ,) ! !ories ( physical ,al*emy we %all deal at l5g? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 b en\gh has be5 said to indicate ! analogy exi/+1 accord+ to ! al*emi/ic view1 betwe5 ! problem ( ! p]fection ( ! metals1 i4e41 ! transmutation ( ! 8base0 metals into gold1 & ! p]fection or transfiguration ( spiritual man2 & x might also be add$1 betwe5 ^! problems & t ( ! p]fection ( man consid]$ physiologically4 ,to ! al*emi/ic philosoph] ^! ?ree problems 7 "o3 ! same problem on diff]5t planes ( be+2 & ! solution 0 likewise "o4 ,he :o held ! key to "o problem held ! key to all ?ree1 provid$ he und]/ood ! analogy betwe5 matt] & _s4 ,! po9t is n1 be x not$1 :e!r ^! problems are 9 reality "o & ! same2 ! ma9 doctr9e ( analogy1 :i* is1 inde$1 an ess5tial elem5t 9 all true my/ical philosophy1 w1 we suppose1 meet ) g5]al cons5t2 b x w be cont5d$ 7& rightly1 we ?9k7 t ! analogies drawn by ! al*emi/s are fanta/ic & by no means always correct1 ?\gh possibly !re may be m tru? 9 !m ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,! po9t is n t ^! analogies are correct1 b t !y 7 reg>d$ z su* by all true al*emi/s4 ,says ! au?or ( ,! ,sophic ,hydroli?3 84 4 4 ! practice ( ?is ,art enables u to und]/&1 n m]ely ! m>vels ( ,nature1 b ! nature ( ,god ,himself1 9 all its unspeakable glory4 ,x %ad[s =?1 9 a wond]ful mann] 4 4 4 all ! articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! reason :y man mu/ pass ?r\gh mu* tribulation & angui%1 & fall a prey to dea?1 be=e he c rise aga9 to a new life40#ae ,a consid]able portion ( ?is curi\s al*emi/ic "w is tak5 up 9 exp\nd+ ! analogy believ$ to exi/ betwe5 ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one & 8! ,/one :i* ! build]s reject$10 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 & ! writ] concludes3 8,?us 4 4 4 ,i h briefly & simply set =? to y ! p]fect analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 our e>?ly & *emical & ! true & heav5ly ,/one1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :]eby we may atta9 unto c]ta9 beatitude & p]fection1 n only 9 e>?ly b also 9 et]nal life40#af ,& likewise says ,pet] ,bonus3 8,i am firmly p]suad$ t any unbeliev] :o got truly to "k ?is ,art1 w\ld /raightway confess ! tru? ( our ,bless$ ,religion1 & believe 9 ! ,tr9ity & 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/40#ag #ae ,! ,sophic ,hydroli?2 or1 ,wat] ,/one ( ! ,wise 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #hh74 #af ,ibid4 p4 #aad4 #ag ,,pet] ,,bonus3 ,! ,new ,pe>l ( ,great ,price 7,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite's translation1 p4 #bge74 ,! ,dual ,nature ( ,al*emy4 #aa4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! al*emi/s 7 *iefly engag$ ) ! c>ry+ out ( ! al*emi/ic !ory on ! physical plane1 i4e41 ) ! attempt to transmute ! 8base0 metals into ! 8noble0 ones2 "s = ! love ( k1 b alas6 ! va/ majority = ! love ( m]e weal?4 ,b all :o 7 wor?y ( ! title ( 8al*emi/0 realis$ at times1 m or less dimly1 ! possibility ( ! application ( ! same me?ods to man & ! glori\s result ( ! transmutation ( man's s\l into spiritual gold4 ,!re 7 a few :o _h a cle>] vision ( ?is ideal1 ^? :o devot$ _! activities entirely1 or almo/ s1 to ! atta9m5t ( ?is highe/ goal ( al*emi/ic philosophy1 & conc]n$ !mselves little if at all ) ! analog\s problem on ! physical plane4 ,! !ory t ,al*emy orig9at$ 9 ! attempt to demon/rate ! applicability ( ! pr9ciples ( ,my/icism to ! ?+s ( ! physical realm br+s into h>mony ! physical & transc5d5tal !ories ( ,al*emy & ! v>i\s conflict+ facts advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ea*4 ,x expla9s ! exi/5ce ( ! above-m5tion$1 two v diff]5t types ( al*emi/s4 ,x expla9s ! appeal to ! works attribut$ to ,h]mes1 & ! pres5ce 9 ! writ+s ( ! al*emi/s ( mu* t is cle>ly my/ical4 ,& f9ally1 x is 9 agreem5t ) su* /atem5ts z we h quot$ above f ,! ,sophic ,hydroli? & else:]e1 & ! g5]al religi\s tone ( ! al*emi/ic writ+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,symbolical ,,illu/ration ,repres5t+ ! ,tr9ity ( ,body1 ,s\l & ,_s4 ,to face page #ae 8,body1 ,s\l & ,_s40 #ab4 ,9 accordance ) our prim>y object z /at$ 9 ! preface1 we %all conf9e our att5tion ma9ly to ! physical aspect ( ,al*emy2 b 9 ord] to und]/& its !ories1 x appe>s to u to be ess5tial to realise ! fact t ,al*emy 0 an attempt$ application ( ! pr9ciples ( ,my/icism to ! ?+s ( ! physical _w4 ,! suppos$ analogy betwe5 man & ! metals %$s light on :at o!rwise w\ld be v difficult to und]/&4 ,x helps to make pla9 :y ! al*emi/s attribut$ moral qualities to ! metals--"s are call$ 8imp]fect10 8base02 o!rs are said to be 8p]fect10 8noble40 ,& especially does x help to expla9 ! al*emi/ic notions reg>d+ ! nature ( ! metals4 ,! al*emi/s believ$ t ! metals 7 con/ruct$ aft] ! mann] ( man1 into ^: con/itution ?ree factors 7 reg>d$ z ent]+3 body1 s\l1 & _s4 ,z reg>ds man1 my/ical philosoph]s g5]ally use ^! t]ms z foll[s3 8body0 is ! outw>d manife/ation & =m2 8s\l0 is ! inw>d individual _s#ah2 & 8_s0 is ! univ]sal ,s\l 9 all m54 ,& likewise1 accord+ to ! al*emi/s1 9 ! metals1 !re is ! 8body0 or outw>d =m & prop]ties1 8metall9e s\l0 or _s1#ai & f9ally1 ! all-p]vad+ ess5ce ( all metals4 ,z writes ! au?or ( ! exce$+ly curi\s tract entitl$ ,! ,book ( ,lambspr+3 8,be w>n$ & und]/& truly t two fi%es are swimm+ 9 our sea10 illu/rat+ 8 rem>k by ! symbolical picture reproduc$ 9 plate #b1 & add+ 9 elucidation !re(1 8,! ,sea is ! ,body1 ! two ,fi%es are ,s\l & ,_s40#bj ,! al*emi/s1 h[ev]1 7 n always consi/5t 9 _! use ( ! t]m 8_s40 ,sometimes 7inde$ frequ5tly7 !y employ$ x to d5ote m]ely ! m volatile portions ( a *emical sub/ance2 at o!r times x _h a m int]ior significance4 #ah ,:i*1 9 virtue ( man's self-consci\sness1 is1 by ! grace ( ,god1 immortal4 #ai ,see ! "w ,( ,natural & ,sup]natural ,?+s1 attribut$ to 8,basil ,val5t9e10 = a description ( ! 8spirits0 ( ! metals 9 p>ticul>4 #bj ,! ,book ( ,lambspr+1 translat$ by ,ni*olas ,b>naud ,delph9as 7see ! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgg74 ,?is "w conta9s _m o!r fanta/ic al*emi/ic symbolical pictures1 among/ ! mo/ curi\s s]ies 9 al*emi/ic lit]ature4 ,al*emy1 ,my/icism & ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 #ac4 ,we notice ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! al*emi/ic !ory & ! views reg>d+ ! con/itution ( matt] :i* h dom9at$ ,*emi/ry s9ce ! "t ( ,dalton4 ,b at ! pres5t "t ,dalton's !ory ( ! *emical elem5ts is und]go+ a pr(\nd modification4 ,we d n imply t ,mod]n ,sci5ce is go+ back to any su* fanta/ic ideas z 7 held by ! al*emi/s1 b we are /ruck ) ! rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ?is al*emi/ic !ory ( a s\l ( all metals1 a "o primal elem5t1 & mod]n views reg>d+ ! e!r ( space4 ,9 its attempt to demon/rate ! applicability ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,my/icism to ! ?+s ( ! physical realm ,al*emy app>5tly fail$ & end$ its days 9 fraud4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ?is true aim ( al*emi/ic art--p>ticul>ly ! demon/ration ( ! validity ( ! !ory t all ! v>i\s =ms ( matt] are produc$ by an evolution>y process f "s "o primal elem5t or qu9tess5ce--is be+ realis$ by rec5t rese>*es 9 ! doma9 ( physical & *emical sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,physical ,,al*emy ,suppos$ ,pro(s ( ,transmutation4 #ad4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 review+ ! !ories ( ! al*emi/s1 t !re 7 a numb] ( ph5om5a kn[n at ! "t1 ! sup]ficial exam9ation ( :i* w\ld naturally eng5d] a belief t ! transmutation ( ! metals 0 a common occurr5ce4 ,= example1 ! deposition ( copp] on iron :5 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( a copp] salt 7e4g41 blue vitriol7 0 naturally conclud$ to be a transmutation ( iron into copp]1#ba al?\gh1 _h ! al*emi/s exam9$ ! residual liquid1 !y w\ld h f\nd t ! two metals _h m]ely ex*ang$ places2 & ! fact t :ite & yell[ alloys ( copp] ) ars5ic & o!r sub/ances c\ld be produc$1 po9t$ to ! possibility ( transmut+ copp] into silv] & gold4 ,x 0 also kn[n t if wat] 7& ?is is true ( di/ill$ wat] :i* does n conta9 solid matt] 9 solution7 0 boil$ = "s "t 9 a glass flask1 "s solid1 e>?y matt] 0 produc$2 & if wat] c\ld be transmut$ into e>?1 surely "o metal c\ld be conv]t$ into ano!r4#bb ,on acc\nt ( ^! & l ph5om5a ! al*emi/s reg>d$ ! transmutation ( ! metals z an exp]im5tally prov$ fact4 ,ev5 if !y are to be blam$ = _! sup]ficial obs]vation ( su* ph5om5a1 yet1 nev]!less1 _! lab\rs m>k$ a di/9ct advance ^u ! purely speculative & !oretical me?ods ( ! philosoph]s prec$+ !m4 ,:atev] _! faults1 ! al*emi/s 7 ! =]unn]s ( mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce4 #ba ,cf4 ,! ,gold5 ,tract conc]n+ ! ,/one ( ! ,philosoph]s 7,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #be74 #bb ,lavoisi] 7eighte5? c5tury7 prov$ ?is app>5t transmutation to be due to ! action ( ! wat] on ! glass vessel conta9+ x4 ,! ,al*emi/ic ,elem5ts4 #ae4 ,! al*emi/s reg>d$ ! metals z composite1 & grant+ ?is1 !n ! possibility ( transmutation is only a logical conclusion4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! !ory ( ! elem5ts held by !m we mu/ rid ourselves ( any idea t x be>s any close resemblance to ,dalton's !ory ( ! *emical elem5ts2 ?is is cle> f :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,n[1 x is a fact ( simple obs]vation t _m o!rwise diff]5t bodies manife/ "s prop]ty 9 common1 z1 = in/ance1 combu/ibility4 ,prop]ties su* z ^! 7 reg>d$ z be+ due to "s pr9ciple or elem5t common to all bodies exhibit+ su* prop]ties2 ?us1 combu/ibility 0 ?\ght to be due to "s elem5t>y pr9ciple ( combu/ion--! 8sulphur0 ( ! al*emi/s & ! 8phlogi/on0 ( a lat] p]iod4 ,?is is a view :i* priori appe>s to be n unlikely2 b x is n[ kn[n t1 al?\gh !re are relations exi/+ betwe5 ! prop]ties ( bodies & _! con/itu5t *emical elem5ts 7& also1 x %\ld be not$1 ! relative arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ^! elem5ts71 x is ! less obvi\s prop]ties :i* enable *emi/s to det]m9e ! con/itution ( bodies1 & ! connection is v f> f be+ ( ! simple nature imag9$ by ! al*emi/s4 ,ari/otle's ,views reg>d+ ! ,elem5ts4 #af4 ,= ! orig9 ( ! al*emi/ic !ory ( ! elem5ts x is necess>y to g back to ! philosoph]s prec$+ ! al*emi/s1 & x is n improbable t !y d]iv$ x f "s /ill old] s\rce4 ,x 0 taught by ,emp$ocles ( ,agrig5t 7#ddj ,b4,c4 circa71 :o consid]$ t !re 7 f\r elem5ts--e>?1 wat]1 air1 & fire4 ,ari/otle add$ a fif?1 8! e!r40 ,^! elem5ts 7 reg>d$1 n z diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 b r z diff]5t =ms ( ! "o orig9al matt]1 :]eby x manife/$ diff]5t prop]ties4 ,x 0 ?\ght t to ^! elem5ts 7 due ! f\r prim>y prop]ties ( dryness1 moi/ness1 w>m?1 & coldness1 ea* elem5t be+ suppos$ to give rise to two ( ^! prop]ties1 dryness & w>m? be+ ?\ght to be due to fire1 moi/ness & w>m? to air1 moi/ness & coldness to wat]1 & dryness & coldness to e>?4 ,?us1 moi/ & cold bodies 7liquids 9 g5]al7 7 said to possess ^! prop]ties 9 consequ5ce ( ! aque\s elem5t1 & 7 t]m$ 8wat]s10 c4 ,also1 s9ce ^! elem5ts 7 n reg>d$ z diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 transmutation 0 ?\ght to be possible1 "o be+ conv]tible into ano!r1 z 9 ! example giv5 above 7 #ad74 ,! ,sulphur-,m]cury ,!ory4 #ag4 ,com+ to ! al*emi/s1 we f9d ! view t ! metals are all compos$ ( two elem5t>y pr9ciples--sulphur & m]cury--9 diff]5t proportions & degrees ( purity1 well-nigh univ]sally accept$ 9 ! e>li] days ( ,al*emy4 ,by ^! t]ms 8sulphur0 & 8m]cury10 h[ev]1 mu/ n be und]/ood ! common bodies ord9>ily designat$ by ^! names2 l ! elem5ts ( ,ari/otle1 ! al*emi/ic pr9ciples 7 reg>d$ z prop]ties r ?an z sub/ances1 ?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ! al*emi/s 7 by no means always cle> on ?is po9t !mselves4 ,inde$1 x is n altoge!r easy to say exactly :at ! al*emi/s did mean by ^! t]ms1 & ! "q is complicat$ by ! fact t v frequ5tly !y make m5tion ( diff]5t sorts ( 8sulphur0 & 8m]cury40 ,probably1 h[ev]1 we %all n be f> wrong 9 say+ t 8sulphur0 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! pr9ciple ( combu/ion & also ( col\r1 & 0 said to be pres5t on acc\nt ( ! fact t mo/ metals are *ang$ into e>?y sub/ances by ! aid ( fire2 & to ! 8m]cury10 ! metallic pr9ciple p> excell5ce1 0 attribut$ su* prop]ties z fusibility1 malleability & lu/re1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! metals 9 g5]al4 ,! pseudo-,geb] 7see #cb7 says t 8,sulphur is a fatness ( ! ,e>?1 by temp]ate ,decoction 9 ! ,m9e ( ! ,e>? ?ick5$1 until x be h>dn$ & made dry40#bc ,he consid]$ an excess ( sulphur to be a cause ( imp]fection 9 ! metals1 & he writes t "o ( ! causes ( ! corruption ( ! metals by fire 8is ! ,inclusion ( a burn+ ,sulphuriety 9 ! pr(undity ( _! ,sub/ance1 dim9i%+ !m by ,inflamation1 & ext]m9at+ also into ,fume1 ) extream ,consumption1 :atsoev] ,arg5tvive 9 !m is ( good ,fixation40#bd ,he assum$1 fur!r1 t ! metals conta9$ an incombu/ible z well z a combu/ible sulphur1 ! latt] sulphur be+ app>5tly reg>d$ z an impurity4#be ,a lat] al*emi/ says t sulphur is 8mo/ easily recognis$ by ! vital _s 9 animals1 ! col\r 9 metals1 ! od\r 9 plants40#bf ,m]cury1 on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! pseudo-,geb]1 is ! cause ( p]fection 9 ! metals1 & end[s gold ) its lu/re4 ,ano!r al*emi/1 quot+ ,arnold de ,villanova1 writes3 8,quicksilv] is ! elem5t>y =m ( all ?+s fusible2 = all ?+s fusible1 :5 melt$1 are *ang$ into x1 & x m+les ) !m because x is ( ! same sub/ance ) !m4 ,su* bodies diff] f quicksilv] 9 _! composition only s f> z itself is or is n free f ! =eign matt] ( impure sulphur40#bg ,! obta9+ ( 8philosophical m]cury10 ! imag9>y virtues ( :i* ! al*emi/s nev] tir$ ( relat+1 0 g5]ally held to be ess5tial = ! atta9m5t ( ! magnum opus4 ,x 0 commonly ?\ght t x c\ld be prep>$ f ord9>y quicksilv] by purificatory processes1 :]eby ! impure sulphur suppos$ to be pres5t 9 ?is sort ( m]cury might be purg$ away4 #bc ,( ! ,sum ( ,p]fection 7see ,! ,works ( ,geb]1 translat$ by ,ri*>d ,russel1 #afgh1 pp4 #fi & #gj74 #bd ,( ! ,sum ( ,p]fection 7see ,! ,works ( ,geb]1 p4 #aef74 #be ,see ,! ,works ( ,geb]1 p4 #afj4 ,?is view 0 also held by o!r al*emi/s4 #bf ,! ,new ,*emical ,light1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,conc]n+ ,sulphur 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aea74 #bg ,see ,! ,gold5 ,tract conc]n+ ! ,/one ( ! ,philosoph]s 7,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #ag74 ,! sulphur-m]cury !ory ( ! metals 0 held by su* fam\s al*emi/s z ,rog] ,bacon1 ,arnold de ,villanova & ,raymond ,lully4 ,until rec5tly x 0 ?\ght to h orig9at$ to a great ext5t ) ! ,arabian al*emi/1 ,geb]2 b ! late ,pr(essor ,b]!lot %[$ t ! works ascrib$ to ,geb]1 9 :i* ! !ory is put =w>d1 are =g]ies ( a date by :i* x 0 already c5turies old 7see #cb74 ,occasionally1 ars5ic 0 reg>d$ z an elem5t>y pr9ciple 7?is view is to be f\nd1 = example1 9 ! "w ,( ! ,sum ( ,p]fection1 by ! pseudo-,geb]71 b ! idea 0 n g5]al4 ,! ,sulphur-,m]cury-,salt ,!ory4 #ah4 ,lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,al*emy1 ! m]cury-sulphur !ory 0 ext5d$ by ! addition ( a ?ird elem5t>y pr9ciple1 salt4 ,z 9 ! case ( philosophical sulphur & m]cury1 by ?is t]m 0 n meant common salt 7sodium *loride7 or any ( ^? sub/ances commonly kn[n z salts4 8,salt0 0 ! "n giv5 to a suppos$ basic pr9ciple 9 ! metals1 a pr9ciple ( fixity & solidification1 conf]r+ ! prop]ty ( resi/ance to fire4 ,9 ?is ext5d$ =m1 ! !ory is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,isaac ( ,holl& & 9 ^? attribut$ to 8,basil ,val5t9e10 :o 7see ! "w ,( ,natural & ,sup]natural ,?+s7 attempts to expla9 ! diff]5ces 9 ! prop]ties ( ! metals z ! result ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! proportion ( sulphur1 salt1 & m]cury !y conta94 ,?us1 copp]1 :i* is highly col\r$1 is said to conta9 mu* sulphur1 :il/ iron is suppos$ to conta9 an excess ( salt1 c4 ,! sulphur-m]cury-salt !ory 0 vigor\sly *ampion$ by ,p>acelsus1 & ! doctr9e ga9$ v g5]al acceptance among/ ! al*emi/s4 ,salt1 h[ev]1 seems g5]ally to h be5 consid]$ a less important pr9ciple ?an ei!r m]cury or sulphur4 ,! same g]m-idea und]ly+ ^! doctr9es is to be f\nd mu* lat] 9 ,/ahl's phlogi/ic !ory 7eighte5? c5tury71 :i* attempt$ to acc\nt = ! combu/ibility ( bodies by ! assumption t su* bodies all conta9 8phlogi/on0--! hypo!tical pr9ciple ( combu/ion 7see #gb7--?\gh ! concept ( 8phlogi/on0 approa*es m ne>ly to ! mod]n idea ( an elem5t ?an d ! al*emi/ic elem5ts or pr9ciples4 ,x 0 n until /ill lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry t x became q evid5t t ! m obvi\s prop]ties ( *emical sub/ances are n specially conf]r$ on !m 9 virtue ( c]ta9 elem5ts ent]+ into _! con/itution4 ,al*emi/ic ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples4 #ai4 ,! al*emi/s comb9$ ! above !ories ) ,ari/otle's !ory ( ! elem5ts4 ,! latt]1 namely1 e>?1 air1 fire & wat]1 7 reg>d$ z m int]ior1 m prim>y1 ?an ! pr9ciples1 ^: s\rce 0 said to be ^! same elem5ts4 ,z writes ,s5divogius 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ,! ,new ,*emical ,light3 8,! ?ree ,pr9ciples ( ?+s are produc$ out ( ! f\r elem5ts 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,nature1 ^: p[] is 9 h] ob$i5ce to ! ,w ( ,god1 orda9$ f ! v beg9n+1 t ! f\r elem5ts %\ld incessantly act on "o ano!r s1 9 ob$i5ce to h] behe/1 fire began to act on air1 & produc$ ,sulphur2 air act$ on wat]1 & produc$ ,m]cury2 wat]1 by its action on ! e>?1 produc$ ,salt4 ,e>?1 alone1 hav+ no?+ to act ^u1 did n produce any?+1 b became ! nurse1 or womb1 ( ^! ?ree ,pr9ciples4 ,we design$ly speak ( ?ree ,pr9ciples2 = ?\gh ! ,anci5ts m5tion only two1 x is cle> t !y omitt$ ! ?ird 7,salt7 n f ignorance1 b f a desire to lead ! un9itiat$ a/ray40#bh #bh ,! ,new ,*emical ,light1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,conc]n+ ,sulphur 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #adb-adc74 ,b5ea? & )9 all ^! cov]+s ( outw>d prop]ties1 taught ! al*emi/s1 is hidd5 ! secret ess5ce ( all mat]ial ?+s4 84 4 4 ! elem5ts & comp\nds10 writes "o al*emi/1 89 addition to crass matt]1 are compos$ ( a subtle sub/ance1 or intr9sic radical humidity1 diffus$ ?r\gh ! elem5tal p>ts1 simple & :olly incorruptible1 long pres]v+ ! ?+s !mselves 9 vig\r1 & call$ ! ,_s ( ! ,_w1 proce$+ f ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w1 ! "o c]ta9 life1 fill+ & fa?om+ all ?+s1 ga!r+ toge!r & connect+ all ?+s1 s t f ! ?ree g5]a ( creatures1 ,intellectual1 ,cele/ial1 & ,corruptible1 !re is =m$ ! ,"o ,ma*9e ( ! :ole _w40#bi ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out h[ ne>ly ?is approa*es mod]n views reg>d+ ! ,e!r ( ,space4 #bi ,,alex&] ,,von ,,su*t53 ,man1 ! be/ & mo/ p]fect ( ,god's creatures4 ,a m complete ,exposition ( ?is ,m$ical ,f\ndation = ! less ,exp]i5c$ ,/ud5t4 7,see ,,b5$ictus ,,figulus3 ,a ,gold5 & ,bless$ ,casket ( ,nature's ,m>vels1 translat$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #ahic1 pp4 #ga & #gb47 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,metals4 #bj4 ,! al*emi/s reg>d$ ! metals z gr[+ 9 ! womb ( ! e>?1 & a k ( ?is gr[? z be+ ( v great importance4 ,?omas ,norton 7:o1 h[ev]1 contr>y to ! g5]ality ( al*emi/s1 d5i$ t metals h se$ & t !y gr[ 9 ! s5se ( multiply7 says3-- 8,mettalls ( k9de gr[ l[e "u gr\nd1 ,= above er? ru/ 9 !m is f\nd2 ,soe above er? appe>e? corruption1 ,( mettalls1 & 9 long tyme de/ruction1 ,:]e( noe ,cause is f\nd 9 ?is ,case1 ,bu? t above ,er? !i be n 9 _! place ,contr>ie places to nature cause? /rife ,z ,fi%es out ( wat] los5 _! ,lyfe3 ,& ,man1 ) ,bea/s1 & ,birds live 9 ay]1 ,b ,/ones & ,m9]alls "u ,er? repai]40#cj #cj ,,?omas ,,norton3 ,ord9all ( ,al*emy 7see ,!atrum ,*emicum ,britannicum1 edit$ by ,elias ,a%mole1 #afeb1 p4 #ah74 ,norton "h expresses ! op9ion1 curr5t among ! al*emi/s1 t ea* & e ?+ has its own peculi> environm5t natural to x2 a view controv]t$ by ,rob]t ,boyle 7 #ga74 ,s firm 0 ! belief 9 ! gr[? ( metals1 t m9es 7 frequ5tly clos$ = a :ile 9 ord] t ! supply ( metal might be r5ew$4 ,! f]tility ( ,"m ,e>? =ms ! subject ( "o ( ! illu/rations 9 ,! ,twelve ,keys ( 8,basil ,val5t9e0 7see #da74 ,we reproduce x 9 plate #c1 fig4 ,a4 ,reg>d+ ?is subject1 ! au?or writes3 8,! quick5+ p[] ( ! e>? produces all ?+s t gr[ =? f x1 & he :o says t ! e>? has no life makes a /atem5t :i* is flatly contradict$ by ! mo/ ord9>y facts4 ,= :at is dead _c produce life & gr[?1 see+ t x is devoid ( ! quick5+ _s4 ,?is _s is ! life & s\l t dwell 9 ! e>?1 & are n\ri%$ by heav5ly & sid]eal influ5ces4 ,= all h]bs1 trees1 & roots1 & all metals & m9]als1 receive _! gr[? & nutrim5t f ! _s ( ! e>?1 :i* is ! _s ( life4 ,?is _s is itself f$ by ! />s1 & is !reby r5d]$ capable ( imp>t+ nutrim5t to all ?+s t gr[1 & ( nurs+ !m z a "m does h] *ild :ile x is yet 9 ! womb4 ,! m9]als are hidd5 9 ! womb ( ! e>?1 & n\ri%$ by h] ) ! _s :i* %e receives f above4 8,?us ! p[] ( gr[? t ,i speak ( is imp>t$ n by ! e>?1 b by ! life-giv+ _s t is 9 x4 ,if ! e>? 7 des]t$ by ?is _s1 x w\ld be dead1 & no long] able to af=d n\ri%m5t to any?+4 ,= its sulphur or ri*ness w\ld lack ! quick5+ _s )\t :i* !re c be nei!r life nor gr[?40#ca #ca 8,,basil ,,val5t9e03 ,! ,twelve ,keys 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ccc-ccd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,a4 ,,symbolical ,,illu/ration ,repres5t+ ! ,f]tility ( ! ,e>?4 ,b4 ,,symbolical ,,illu/ration ,repres5t+ ! ,amalgamation ( ,gold ) ,m]cury4 7,see page #cc47 ,to face page #bf ,al*emy & ,a/rology4 #ba4 ,! idea t ! gr[? ( ea* metal 0 "u ! influ5ce ( "o ( ! heav5ly bodies 7a !ory 9 h>mony ) ! al*emi/ic view ( ! unity ( ! ,cosmos71 0 v g5]ally held by ! al*emi/s2 & 9 consequ5ce !re(1 ! metals 7 (t5 ref]r$ to by ! names or a/rological symbols ( _! peculi> planets4 ,^! p>ticul>s are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,metals4 ,planets1 c4#cb ,symbols4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,gold ,sun ,silv] ,moon ,m]cury ,m]cury ,copp] ,v5us ,iron ,m>s ,t9 ,jupit] ,lead ,saturn ---------------------------------------- ------- ,moreov]1 x 0 ?\ght by "s al*emi/s t a due obs]vance ( a/rological conditions 0 necess>y = successfully c>ry+ out important al*emi/ic exp]im5ts4 #cb ,?is suppos$ connection betwe5 ! metals & planets also play$ an important "p 9 ,talismanic ,magic4 ,al*emi/ic ,view ( ! ,nature ( ,gold4 #bb4 ,! al*emi/s reg>d$ gold z ! mo/ p]fect metal1 silv] be+ consid]$ m p]fect ?an ! re/4 ,! reason ( ?is view is n difficult to und]/&3 gold is ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! metals1 & x reta9s its beauty )\t t>ni%+2 x resi/s ! action ( fire & mo/ corrosive liquids1 & is unaffect$ by sulphur2 x 0 reg>d$1 z we h po9t$ out above 7see #i71 z symbolical ( ! reg5]ate man4 ,silv]1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 inde$1 a beautiful metal :i* we>s well 9 a pure atmosph]e & resi/s ! action ( fire2 b x is attack$ by c]ta9 corrosives 7e4g41 aqua =tis or nitric acid7 & also by sulphur4 ,?r\gh all ! metals1 f ! "o se$1 ,nature1 accord+ to ! al*emi/s1 works cont9u\sly up to gold2 s t1 9 a s5se1 all o!r metals are gold 9 ! mak+2 _! exi/5ce m>ks ! /ay+ ( ,nature's p[]s2 z 8,eir5u ,philale!s0 says3 8,all metallic se$ is ! se$ ( gold2 = gold is ! int5tion ( ,nature 9 reg>d to all metals4 ,if ! base metals are n gold1 x is only ?r\gh "s accid5tal h9drance2 !y are all pot5tially gold40#cc ,or1 z ano!r al*emi/ puts x3 8,s9ce 4 4 4 ! sub/ance ( ! metals is "o1 & common to all1 & s9ce ?is sub/ance is 7ei!r at once1 or aft] lay+ aside 9 c\rse ( "t ! =eign & evil sulphur ( ! bas] metals by a process ( gradual dige/ion7 *ang$ by ! virtue ( its own indwell+ sulphur into ,,gold1 :i* is ! goal ( all ! metals1 & ! true int5tion ( ,nature--we are oblig$ to admit1 & freely confess t 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 z well z 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 ,nature seeks & dem&s a gradual atta9m5t ( p]fection1 & a gradual approximation to ! highe/ /&>d ( purity & excell5ce40#cd ,su* 0 ! al*emi/ic view ( ! g5]ation ( ! metals2 a !ory :i* is admitt$ly crude1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 conta9s ! g]m ( a great pr9ciple ( ! utmo/ importance1 namely1 ! idea t all ! v>y+ =ms ( matt] are evolv$ f "s "o primordial /uff--a pr9ciple ( :i* *emical sci5ce lo/ sight = a:ile1 = its validity 0 unrecognis$ by ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory 7at lea/1 z enunciat$ by him71 b :i* is be+ demon/rat$1 z we hope to %[ h]e9aft]1 by rec5t sci5tific rese>*4 ,! al*emi/ 0 c]ta9ly a fanta/ic evolutioni/1 b he 0 an evolutioni/1 &1 moreov]1 he did n make ! curi\s & p>adoxical mi/ake ( reg>d+ ! fact ( evolution z expla9+ away ! exi/5ce ( ,god--! al*emi/ recognis$ ! h& ( ! ,div9e 9 nature--&1 al?\gh1 9 ^! days ( mod]n sci5ce1 we _c accept 8 !ory ( ! gr[? ( metals1 we c1 nev]!less1 appreciate & accept ! fundam5tal g]m-idea und]ly+ x4 #cc 8,,eir5,,u ,,philale!s03 ,! ,metamorphosis ( ,metals 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bci74 #cd ,! ,gold5 ,tract ,conc]n+ ! ,/one ( ! ,philosoph]s 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #ai74 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 #bc4 ,! al*emi/ /rove to assi/ ,nature 9 h] gold-mak+1 or1 at lea/1 to c>ry out h] me?ods4 ,! pseudo-,geb] taught t ! imp]fect metals 7 to be p]fect$ or cur$ by ! application ( 8m$ic9es40 ,?ree =ms ( m$ic9es 7 di/+ui%$2 ! fir/ br+ ab\t m]ely a tempor>y *ange1 & ! *anges wr\ght by ! second class1 al?\gh p]man5t1 are n complete4 8,a ,m$ic9e ( ! ?ird ,ord]10 he writes1 8,i call e ,prep>ation1 :i*1 :5 x comes to ,bodies1 ) its projection1 takes away all ,corruption1 & p]fects !m ) ! ,diff]5ce ( all ,compleatm5t4 ,b ?is is "o only40#ce ,?is1 ! true m$ic9e t w\ld produce a real & p]man5t transmutation1 is ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 ! ,ma/]piece ( al*emi/ic art4 ,simil> views 7 held by all ! al*emi/s1 ?\gh "s ( !m taught t x 0 necess>y fir/ ( all to r$uce ! metals to _! fir/ sub/ance4 ,(t51 two =ms ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 7 di/+ui%$1 or p]haps we %\ld say1 two degrees ( p]fection 9 ! "o ,/one2 t = transmut+ ! 8imp]fect0 metals into silv] be+ said to be :ite1 ! /one or 8p[d] ( projection0 = gold be+ said to be ( a r$ col\r4 ,9 o!r acc\nts 7see ,*apt] ,v47 ! m$ic9e is describ$ z ( a pale brim/one hue4 #ce ,( ! ,sum ( ,p]fection 7see ,! ,works ( ,geb]1 translat$ by ,ri*>d ,russel1 #afgh1 p4 #aib74 ,mo/ ( ! al*emi/s :o claim$ k ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one or ! mat]ia prima necess>y = its prep>ation1 g5]ally kept its nature mo/ secret1 & spoke only 9 ! mo/ enigmatical & allegorical language1 ! majority ( _! recipes conta9+ words ( unkn[n mean+4 ,9 "s cases gold or silv]1 z ! case may be1 0 employ$ 9 prep>+ ! 8m$ic9e02 &1 aft] projection _h be5 made1 ?is 01 ( c\rse1 obta9$ aga9 9 ! metallic =m1 ! al*emi/ imag9+ t a transmutation _h be5 effect$4 ,9 ! case ( ! few o!r recipes t are intelligible1 ! mo/ t c\ld be obta9$ by foll[+ out _! in/ructions is a :ite or yell[ metallic alloy sup]ficially resembl+ silv] or gold4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 #bd4 ,! my/ical z di/+ui%$ f ! pseudo-practical descriptions ( ! ,/one & its prep>ation are by f> ! m int]e/+ ( ! two4 ,p>acelsus1 9 8 "w on ,! ,t9cture ( ! ,philosoph]s1 tells u t all t is necess>y = u to d is to mix & coagulate ! 8rose-col\r$ blood f ! ,lion0 & 8! glut5 f ! ,eagle10 by :i* he probably meant t we mu/ comb9e 8philosophical sulphur0 ) 8philosophical m]cury40 ,?is op9ion1 t ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one consi/s ( 8philosophical sulphur & m]cury0 comb9$ s z to con/itute a p]fect unity1 0 commonly held by ! al*emi/s1 & !y frequ5tly lik5$ ?is union to ! conjunction ( ! sexes 9 m>riage4 8,eir5u ,philale!s0 tells u t = ! prep>ation ( ! ,/one x is necess>y to extract ! se$ ( gold1 ?\gh ?is _c be accompli%$ by subject+ gold to corrosive liquids1 b only by a homog5e\s wat] 7or liquid7--! ,m]cury ( ! ,sages4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,revelation ( ,h]mes1 int]pret$ by ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 conc]n+ ! ,supreme ,secret ( ! ,_w1 ! ,m$ic9e1 :i* is "h1 z n infrequ5tly1 id5tifi$ ) ! al*emi/ic ess5ce ( all ?+s or ,s\l ( ! ,_w1 is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ sugge/ive language3 8,?is is ! ,_s ( ,tru?1 :i* ! _w _c compreh5d )\t ! int]position ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 or )\t ! in/ruction ( ^? :o "k x4 ,! same is ( a my/]i\s nature1 wondr\s /r5g?1 b\ndless p[]4 4 4 4 ,by ,avic5na ?is ,_s is nam$ ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w4 ,=1 z ! ,s\l moves all ! limbs ( ! ,body1 s also does ?is ,_s move all bodies4 ,& z ! ,s\l is 9 all ! limbs ( ! ,body1 s also is ?is ,_s 9 all elem5t>y creat$ ?+s4 ,x is s\ght by _m & f\nd by few4 ,x is beheld f af> & f\nd ne>2 = x exi/s 9 e ?+1 9 e place1 & at all times4 ,x has ! p[]s ( all creatures2 its action is f\nd 9 all elem5ts1 & ! qualities ( all ?+s are !re91 ev5 9 ! highe/ p]fection 4 4 4 x heals all dead & liv+ bodies )\t o!r m$ic9e1 4 4 4 conv]ts all metallic bodies into gold1 & !re is no?+ l unto x "u ,heav540#cf #cf ,see ,,b5$ictus ,,figulus3 ,a ,gold5 & ,bless$ ,casket ( ,nature's ,m>vels 7translat$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #ahic1 pp4 #cf1 #cg1 & #da74 ,! ,!ory ( ,developm5t4 #be4 ,f ! ascetic /&po9t 7& un=tunately1 mo/ my/ics h be5 some:at ov]fond ( ascetic ideas71 ! developm5t ( ! s\l is only fully possible ) ! mortification ( ! body2 & all true ,my/icism tea*es t if we w\ld rea* ! highe/ goal possible = man--union ) ! ,div9e--!re mu/ be a giv+ up ( our own individual wills1 an abasem5t ( ! s\l be=e ! ,_s4 ,& s ! al*emi/s taught t = ! a*ievem5t ( ! magnum opus on ! physical plane1 we mu/ /rip ! metals ( _! outw>d prop]ties 9 ord] to develop ! ess5ce )94 ,z says ,helvetius3 84 4 4 ! ess5ces ( metals are hidd5 9 _! outw>d bodies1 z ! k]nel is hidd5 9 ! nut4 ,e e>?ly body1 :e!r animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al1 is ! habitation & t]re/rial abode ( t cele/ial _s1 or influ5ce1 :i* is its pr9ciple ( life or gr[?4 ,! secret ( ,al*emy is ! de/ruction ( ! body1 :i* enables ! ,arti/ to get at1 & utilise = 8 own purposes1 ! liv+ s\l40#cg ,?is kill+ ( ! outw>d nature ( mat]ial ?+s 0 to be br\ght ab\t by ! processes ( putrefaction & decay2 h5ce ! reason :y su* processes figure s l>gely 9 al*emi/ic recipes = ! prep>ation ( ! 8,div9e ,magi/]y40 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! al*emi/s us$ ! t]ms 8putrefaction0 & 8decay0 r indiscrim9ately1 apply+ !m to *emical processes :i* are no long] reg>d$ z su*4 ,pictorial symbols ( dea? & decay repres5tative ( su* processes are to be f\nd 9 sev]al al*emi/ic books4 ,!re is a curi\s s]ies ( pictures 9 ,a ,=m & ,me?od ( ,p]fect+ ,base ,metals1 by ,janus ,lac9us1 ! ,calabrian 7a %ort tract prefix$ to ,! ,new ,pe>l ( ,great ,price by ,pet] ,bonus--see #ci71 ( :i* we %[ ?ree examples 9 plates #c & #d4 ,9 ! fir/ picture ( ! s]ies 7n %[n "h7 we ent] ! palace ( ! k+ 7gold7 & obs]ve him sitt+ cr[n$ ^u 8 ?rone1 surr\nd$ by 8 son 7m]cury7 & five s]vants 7silv]1 copp]1 t91 iron & lead74 ,9 ! next picture 7plate #c1 fig4 ,b71 ! son1 incit$ by ! s]vants1 kills 8 fa!r2 &1 9 ! ?ird1 he cat*es ! blood ( 8 murd]$ p>5t 9 8 robes2 :]eby we und]/& t an amalgam ( gold & m]cury is to be prep>$1 ! gold app>5tly disappe>+ or dy+1 :il/ ! m]cury is col\r$ !reby4 ,! next picture %[s u a grave be+ dug1 i4e41 a furnace is to be made ready4 ,9 ! fif? picture 9 ! s]ies1 ! son 8?\ght to ?r[ 8 fa!r into ! grave1 & to leave him !re2 b 4 4 4 bo? fell 9 toge!r02 & 9 ! six? picture 7plate #d1 fig4 ,a71 we see ! son be+ prev5t$ f escap+1 bo? son & fa!r be+ left 9 ! grave to decay4 ,"h we h in/ructions 9 symbolical =m to place ! amalgam 9 a seal$ vessel 9 ! furnace & to all[ x to rema9 !re until "s *ange is obs]v$4 ,s ! allegory proce$s4 ,ultimately ! fa!r is re/or$ to life1 ! symbol ( resurrection be+ 7z might be expect$7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 al*emi/ic lit]ature4 ,by ?is resurrection we und]/& t ! gold w f9ally be obta9$ 9 a pure =m4 ,inde$1 x is n[ ! 8great m$ic9e0 &1 9 ! la/ picture ( ! s]ies 7plate #d1 fig4 ,b71 ! k+'s son & 8 five s]vants are all made k+s 9 virtue ( its p[]s4 #cg ,j4 ,f4 ,,helvetius3 ,! ,gold5 ,calf1 *4 iv4 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bih74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,a4 ,,symbolical ,,illu/ration ,repres5t+ ! ,coction ( ,gold ,amalgam 9 a ,clos$ ,vessel4 ,b4 ,,symbolical ,,illu/ration ,repres5t+ ! ,transmutation ( ! ,metals4 ,to face page #cc ,! ,p[]s ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 #bf4 ,! al*emi/s believ$ t a mo/ m9ute proportion ( ! ,/one project$ ^u consid]able quantities ( heat$ m]cury1 molt5 lead1 or o!r 8base0 metal1 w\ld transmute practically ! :ole into silv] or gold4 ,?is claim ( ! al*emi/s1 t a mo/ m9ute quantity ( ! ,/one 0 suffici5t to transmute consid]able quantities ( 8base0 metal1 has be5 ! object ( mu* ridicule4 ,c]ta9ly1 "s ( ! claims ( ! al*emi/s 7und]/ood lit]ally7 are out ( all reason2 b on ! o!r h&1 ! disproportion betwe5 ! quantities ( ,/one & transmut$ metal _c be advanc$ z an priori objection to ! al*emi/s' claims1 inasmu* t a class ( *emical reactions 7call$ 8catalytic07 is kn[n1 9 :i* ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( "s appropriate =m ( matt]--! cataly/--br+s ab\t a *emical *ange 9 an indef9ite quantity ( "s o!r =m or =ms2 ?us1 = example1 cane-sug> 9 aque\s solution is conv]t$ into two o!r sug>s by ! action ( small quantities ( acid2 & sulphur-dioxide & oxyg51 :i* w n comb9e "u ord9>y conditions1 d s readily 9 ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( plat9iz$ asbe/os1 :i* is obta9$ unalt]$ aft] ! reaction is complet$ & may be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 7?is process is actually employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid or oil ( vitriol74 ,h[ev]1 :e!r any su* catalytic transmutation ( ! *emical 8elem5ts0 is possible is m]ely conjecture4 ,! ,elixir ( ,life4 #bg4 ,! ,elixir ( ,life1 :i* 0 g5]ally describ$ z a solution ( ! ,/one 9 spirits ( w9e1 or id5tifi$ ) ! ,/one itself1 c\ld be appli$1 s x 0 ?\ght1 "u c]ta9 conditions to ! al*emi/ himself1 ) an entirely analog\s result1 i4e41 x w\ld re/ore him to ! fl[] ( y\?4 ,! idea1 n infrequ5tly attribut$ to ! al*emi/s1 t ! ,elixir w\ld end[ "o ) a life ( endless duration on ! mat]ial plane is n 9 /rict accord ) al*emi/ic analogy4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! effect ( ! ,elixir is physiological p]fection1 :i*1 al?\gh ensur+ long life1 is n equival5t to endless life on ! mat]ial plane4 8,! ,philosoph]s' ,/one10 says ,p>acelsus1 8purges ! :ole body ( man1 & cleanses x f all impurities by ! introduction ( new & m y\?ful =ces :i* x jo9s to ! nature ( man40#ch ,& 9 ano!r "w expressive ( ! op9ions ( ! same al*emi/1 we read3 84 4 4 !re is no?+ :i* might deliv] ! mortal body f dea?2 b !re is ,"o ,?+ :i* may po/pone decay1 r5ew y\?1 & prolong %ort human life 4 4 40#ci ,9 ! !ory t a solution ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 7:i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 ?\ght to be ( a species ) gold7 con/itut$ ! ,elixir ,vit1 c be trac$1 p]haps1 ! idea t gold 9 a potable =m 0 a v]itable cure-all3 9 ! latt] days ( ,al*emy any yell[-col\r$ liquid 0 foi/$ ^u a cr$ul\s public z a m$ic9al prep>ation ( gold4 #ch ,,!ophra/us ,,p>acelsus3 ,! ,fif? ,book ( ! ,ar*idoxies 7see ,! ,h]metic & ,al*emical ,writ+s ( ,p>acelsus1 translat$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #ahid1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ci74 #ci ,! ,book ( ! ,revelation ( ,h]mes1 int]pret$ by ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 conc]n+ ! ,supreme ,secret ( ! ,_w4 7,see ,,b5$ictus ,,figulus3 ,a ,gold5 ,casket ( ,nature's ,m>vels1 translat$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #ahic1 pp4 #cc & #cd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,al*emi/ic ,,app>atus4 ,a & ,b4--,two =ms ( ,app>atus = ,sublimation4 ,to face page #cg ,! ,practical ,me?ods ( ! ,al*emi/s4 #bh4 ,we w conclude ?is *apt] ) "s few rem>ks reg>d+ ! practical me?ods ( ! al*emi/s4 ,9 _! exp]im5ts1 ! al*emi/s work$ ) v l>ge quantities ( mat]ial comp>$ ) :at is employ$ 9 *emical rese>*es at ! pres5t day4 ,!y _h great belief 9 ! efficacy ( "t to effect a desir$ *ange 9 _! sub/ances1 & !y 7 wont to repeat ! same op]ation 7su* z di/illation1 = example7 on ! same mat]ial ov] & ov] aga92 :i* demon/rat$ _! unwe>i$ pati5ce1 ev5 if x effect$ little t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( _! end4 ,!y paid mu* att5tion to any *anges ( col\r !y obs]v$ 9 _! exp]im5ts1 & _m descriptions ( suppos$ me?ods to a*ieve ! magnum opus conta9 detail$ directions z to ! v>i\s *anges ( col\r :i* mu/ be obta9$ 9 ! mat]ial op]at$ ^u if a successful issue to ! exp]im5t is desir$4#dj ,9 plates #e & #f we give illu/rations ( "s *>act]i/ic pieces ( app>atus employ$ by ! al*emi/s4 ,plate #e1 fig4 ,a1 & plate #f1 fig4 ,a1 are f a "w kn[n z ,al*emiae ,gebri 7#aede72 plate #e1 fig4 ,b1 is f ,glaub]'s "w on ,furnaces 7#afea72 & plate #f1 fig4 ,b1 is f a "w by ,dr4 ,john ,fr5* entitl$ ,! ,art ( ,di/illation 7#afea74 ,! fir/ figure %[s u a furnace & alembics4 ,! alembic prop] is a sort ( /ill-head :i* c be lut$ on to a flask or o!r vessel1 & 0 mu* us$ = di/illations4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 ! alembics are employ$ 9 conjunction ) app>atus = sublim+ difficultly volatile sub/ances4 ,plate #e1 fig4 ,b1 %[s ano!r app>atus = sublimation1 consi/+ ( a sort ( ov51 & ?ree deta*able upp] *amb]s1 g5]ally call$ aludels4 ,9 bo? =ms ( app>atus ! vap\rs are cool$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! vessel1 & ! sub/ance is deposit$ 9 ! solid =m1 be+ !reby purifi$ f less volatile impurities4 ,plate #f1 fig4 ,a1 %[s an a?anor 7or dige/+ furnace7 & a c\ple ( dige/+ vessels4 ,a vessel ( ?is sort 0 employ$ = heat+ bodies 9 a clos$ space1 ! top be+ seal$ up :5 ! sub/ances to be op]at$ ^u _h be5 put inside1 & ! vessel heat$ 9 a%es 9 an a?anor1 a uni=m temp]ature be+ ma9ta9$4 ,! pelican1 illu/rat$ 9 plate #f1 fig4 ,b1 0 us$ = a simil> purpose1 ! two arms be+ add$ 9 ! idea t ! vap\rs w\ld be circulat$ !reby4 #dj ,z writes ,espagnet 9 8 ,h]metic ,arcanum1 canons #fd & #fe3 8,! ,means or demon/rative signs are ,col\rs1 successively & ord]ly affect+ ! matt] & its affections & demon/rative passions1 :]e( !re are also ?ree special ones 7z critical7 to be not$2 to ^! "s add a ,f\r?4 ,! fir/ is black1 :i* is call$ ! ,cr['s head1 because ( its extreme blackness1 ^: crepusculum %ewe? ! beg9n+ ( ! action ( ! fire ( nature & solution1 & ! blacke/ midnight %ewe? ! p]fection ( liquefaction1 & confusion ( ! elem5ts4 ,!n ! gra9 putrefies & is corrupt$1 t x may be ! m apt = g5]ation4 ,! :ite col\r succe$e? ! black1 :]e9 is giv5 ! p]fection ( ! fir/ degree1 & ( ! ,:ite ,sulphur4 ,?is is call$ ! bless$ /one2 ?is ,e>? is :ite & foliat$1 :]e9 ,philosoph]s d s[ _! gold4 ,! ?ird is ,orange col\r1 :i* is produc$ 9 ! passage ( ! :ite to ! r$1 z ! middle1 & be+ mix$ ( bo? is z ! dawn ) 8 saffron hair1 a =]unn] ( ! ,sun4 ,! f\r? col\r is ,ruddy & ,sangu9e1 :i* is extract$ f ! :ite fire only4 ,n[ because :it5ess is easily alt]$ by any o!r col\r be=e day x quickly faile? ( its c&\r4 ,b ! deep r$ness ( ! ,sun p]fecte? ! "w ( ,sulphur1 :i* is call$ ! ,sp]m ( ! male1 ! fire ( ! ,/one1 ! ,k+'s ,cr[n1 & ! ,son ( ,sol1 :]e9 ! fir/ lab\r ( ! workman re/e?4 8,besides ^! decretory signs :i* firmly inh]e 9 ! matt]1 & %ew its ess5tial mutations1 almo/ inf9ite col\rs appe>1 & %ew !mselves 9 vap\rs1 z ! ,ra9b[ 9 ! cl\ds1 :i* quickly pass away & are expell$ by ^? t succe$1 m affect+ ! air ?an ! e>?3 ! op]ator mu/ h a g5tle c>e ( !m1 because !y are n p]man5t1 & proce$ n f ! intr9sic disposition ( ! matt]1 b f ! fire pa9t+ & fa%ion+ ev]y?+ aft] its pleasure1 or casually by heat 9 slight moi/ure0 7see ,collectanea ,h]metica1 edit$ by ,w4 ,wynn ,we/cott1 vol4 i41 #ahic1 pp4 #bh & #bi74 ,v probably ?is is n )\t a my/ical mean+ z well z a suppos$ application 9 ! prep>ation ( ! physical ,/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,al*emi/ic ,,app>atus4 ,a4--,an ,a?anor4 ,b4--,a ,pelican4 ,to face page #ch ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,al*emi/s#da 7,a4 ,,be=e ,,p>acelsus7 ,h]mes ,trismegi/os4 #bi4 ,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! *ief po9ts 9 ! !ory ( ,physical ,al*emy1 we mu/ turn our att5tion to ! lives & individual tea*+s ( ! al*emi/s !mselves4 ,! fir/ "n :i* is f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ,al*emy is t ( ,h]mes ,trismegi/os4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! high e/eem 9 :i* ! works ascrib$ to ?is p]sonage 7 held by ! al*emi/s 7 #f74 ,he has be5 reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ,al*emy2 8 "n has suppli$ a synonym = ! ,art--! ,h]metic ,art--& ev5 to-day we speak ( h]metically seal+ flasks & ! l4 ,b :o ,h]mes actually 01 or ev5 if !re 7 su* a p]sonage1 is a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! al*emi/s !mselves suppos$ him to h be5 an ,egyptian liv+ ab\t ! "t ( ,moses4 ,he is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z purely my?ical--a p]sonification ( ,?o?1 ! ,egyptian ,god ( le>n+2 b1 ( c\rse1 "s p]son or p]sons mu/ h writt5 ! works attribut$ to him1 & ! fir/ ( su* writ]s 7if1 z seems n unlikely1 !re 7 m ?an "o7 may be consid]$ to h a "r to ! "n4 ,( ^! works1 ! ,div9e ,pym&]1#db a my/ical-religi\s treatise1 is ! mo/ important4 ,! ,gold5 ,tractate1 also attribut$ to ,h]mes1 :i* is an exce$+ly obscure al*emi/ic "w1 is n[ reg>d$ z hav+ be5 writt5 at a comp>atively late date4 #da ,x is p]haps advisable to m5tion "h t ! lives ( ! al*emi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 are envelop$ 9 consid]able obscurity1 & _m po9ts 9 connection !re) are 9 dispute4 ,! au?orities we h foll[$ w be f\nd1 z a rule1 specifically m5tion$ 9 :at foll[s2 b we may "h ackn[l$ge our g5]al indebt$ness to ! foll[+ works1 ?\gh1 z ! read] w obs]ve1 _m o!rs h be5 consult$ z well3 ,?omas ,?omson's ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 ,mey]'s ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 ! anonym\s ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s 7#ahae71 ! works ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 & c]ta9 articles 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,?is mu/ n be tak5 to mean1 h[ev]1 t we h always foll[$ ! conclusions rea*$ 9 ^! works1 = s f> z ! old] ( !m are conc]n$1 rec5t rese>*es by v>i\s au?orities--to :om ref]5ce w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pages1 & to :om1 also1 we are indebt$--h %[n1 9 c]ta9 cases1 t su* are n t5able4 #db ,dr4 ,ev]>d's translation ( ?is "w =ms vol4 ii4 ( ! ,collectanea ,h]metica1 edit$ by ,w4 ,wynn ,we/cott1 ,m4,b41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 out ( pr9t4 ,! ,sm>agd9e ,table4 #cj4 ,9 a "w attribut$ to ,alb]tus ,magnus1 b :i* is probably spuri\s1 we are told t ,alex&] ! ,great f\nd ! tomb ( ,h]mes 9 a cave ne> ,hebron4 ,?is tomb conta9$ an em]ald table--8,! ,sm>agd9e ,table0--on :i* 7 inscrib$ ! foll[+ ?irte5 s5t5ces 9 ,phnician *>act]s3-- #a4 ,i speak n fictiti\s ?+s1 b :at is true & mo/ c]ta94 #b4 ,:at is bel[ is l t :i* is above1 & :at is above is l t :i* is bel[1 to accompli% ! miracles ( "o ?+4 #c4 ,& z all ?+s 7 produc$ by ! m$iation ( "o ,be+1 s all ?+s 7 produc$ f ?is "o ?+ by adaptation4 #d4 ,its fa!r is ! ,sun1 its "m ! ,moon2 ! w9d c>ries x 9 its belly1 its nurse is ! e>?4 #e4 ,x is ! cause ( all p]fection ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 #f4 ,its p[] is p]fect if x be *ang$ into e>?4 #g4 ,sep>ate ! e>? f ! fire1 ! subtle f ! gross1 act+ prud5tly & ) judgm5t4 #h4 ,asc5d ) ! greate/ sagacity f ! e>? to heav51 & !n aga9 desc5d to ! e>?1 & unite toge!r ! p[]s ( ?+s sup]ior & ?+s inf]ior4 ,?us y w obta9 ! glory ( ! :ole _w1 & all obscurity w fly f> away f y4 #i4 ,?is ?+ is ! =titude ( all =titude1 because x ov]comes all subtle ?+s1 & p5etrates e solid ?+4 #aj4 ,?us 7 all ?+s creat$4 #aa4 ,!nce proce$ wond]ful adaptations :i* are produc$ 9 ?is way4 #ab4 ,!re=e am ,i call$ ,h]mes ,trismegi/os1 possess+ ! ?ree p>ts ( ! philosophy ( ! :ole _w4 #ac4 ,t :i* ,i _h to say conc]n+ ! op]ation ( ! ,sun is complet$4 ,^! s5t5ces cle>ly tea* ! doctr9e ( ! al*emi/ic ess5ce or 8,"o ,?+10 :i* is ev]y:]e pres5t1 p5etrat+ ev5 solids 7?is we %\ld note is true ( ! e!r ( space71 & out ( :i* all ?+s ( ! physical _w are made by adaptation or modification4 ,! t]ms ,sun & ,moon 9 ! above passage probably /& = ,_s & ,matt] respectively1 n gold & silv]4 ,zosimus ( ,panopolis4 #ca4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! al*emi/s ( :om record rema9s 0 ,zosimus ( ,panopolis1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & 0 reg>d$ by ! lat] al*emi/s z a ma/] ( ! ,art4 ,he is said to h writt5 _m treatises deal+ ) ,al*emy1 b only fragm5ts rema94 ,( ^! fragm5ts1 ,pr(essor ,v5able says3 84 4 4 !y give u a good idea ( ! le>n+ ( ! man & ( 8 times4 ,!y conta9 descriptions ( app>atus1 ( furnaces1 /udies ( m9]als1 ( alloys1 ( glass mak+1 ( m9]al wat]s1 & mu* t is my/ical1 besides a good deal ref]r+ to ! transmutation ( metals40#dc ,zosimus is said to h be5 ! au?or ( ! say+1 8l begets l10 b :e!r all ! fragm5ts ascrib$ to him 7 really 8 "w is d\btful4 #dc ,f4 ,p4 ,,v5able1 ,ph4,d43 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry 7#ahif71 p4 #ac4 ,among o!r e>ly al*emi/s we may m5tion also ,africanus1 ! ,syrian2 ,synesius1 ,bi%op ( ,ptolemais1 & ! hi/orian1 ,olympiodorus ( ,!bes4 ,geb]4 #cb4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ! ,arabians conqu]$ ,egypt2 & /rangely en\gh1 ,al*emy fl\ri%$ "u !m to a rem>kable degree4 ,( all ! ,arabian al*emi/s1 ,geb] has be5 reg>d$ z ! greate/2 z ,pr(essor ,mey] says3 8,!re c be no dispute t ) ! "n ,geb] 0 propagat$ ! memory ( a p]sonality ) :i* ! *emical k ( ! "t 0 b\nd up40#dd ,geb] is suppos$ to h liv$ ab\t ! n9? c5tury1 b ( 8 life no?+ def9ite is kn[n4 ,a l>ge numb] ( works h be5 ascrib$ to him1 ( :i* ! majority are unkn[n1 b ! f\r ,lat9 ,,mss4 :i* h be5 pr9t$ "u ! titles ,summa ,p]fectionis ,mettalorum1 ,de ,inve/igatione ,p]fectionis ,metallorum1 ,de ,inv5tione ,v]itatis & ,de ,=nacibus ,con/ru5dis1 71 until a few ye>s ago1 reg>d$ z g5u9e4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ^! works1 ,geb] has rank$ high z a *emi/4 ,9 !m are describ$ ! prep>ation ( _m important *emical comp\nds2 ! mo/ ess5tial *emical op]ations1 su* z sublimation1 di/illation1 filtration1 cry/allisation 7or coagulation1 z ! al*emi/s call$ x71 c42 & also important *emical app>atus1 = example1 ! wat]-ba?1 improv$ furnaces1 c4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 %[n by ! late ,pr(essor ,b]!lot t ,summa ,p]fectionis ,mettalorum is a =g]y ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! o!r works =g]ies ( an ev5 lat] date4 ,moreov]1 ! orig9al ,arabic ,,mss4 ( ,geb] h be5 br\ght to light4 ,^! true writ+s ( ,geb] are v obscure2 !y give no w>rant = believ+ t ! fam\s sulphur-m]cury !ory 0 due to ?is al*emi/1 & !y prove him n to be ! exp]t *emi/ t he 0 suppos$ to h be54 ,! spuri\s writ+s m5tion$ above %[ t ! pseudo-,geb] 0 a man ( wide *emical k & exp]i5ce1 & play a n inconsid]able "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,al*emy4 #dd ,,ern/ ,,von ,,mey]3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry 7translat$ by ,dr4 ,mc,gowan1 #aijf71 p4 #ca4 ,o!r ,arabian ,al*emi/s4 #cc4 ,among o!r ,arabian al*emi/s ! mo/ celebrat$ 7 ,avic5na & ,rhasis1 :o are suppos$ to h liv$ "s "t aft] ,geb]2 & to :om1 p]haps1 ! sulphur-m]cury !ory may h be5 to "s ext5t due4 ,! tea*+s ( ! ,arabian al*emi/s gradually p5etrat$ into ! ,we/]n _w1 9 :i*1 dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 fl\ri%$ "s ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! al*emi/s1 ^: lives & tea*+s we mu/ n[ briefly consid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 by de ,bry ,,portrait ,,( ,,alb]tus ,,magnus4 ,to face page #dd ,alb]tus ,magnus 7#aaic-abhj74 #cd4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,alb]t ,groot or ,alb]t von ,boll/dt 7see plate #g71 0 born at ,lau+51 probably 9 #aaic4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,padua1 & 9 8 lat] ye>s he %[$ himself apt at acquir+ ! k ( 8 "t4 ,he /udi$ !ology1 philosophy & natural sci5ce1 & is *iefly celebrat$ z an ,ari/otelean philosoph]4 ,he ent]$ ! ,dom9ican ord]1 taught publicly at ,cologne1 ,p>is & else:]e1 & 0 made prov9cial ( ?is ord]4 ,lat] he _h ! bi%opric ( ,reg5sburg conf]r$ on him1 b he retir$ aft] a few ye>s to a ,dom9ican cloi/]1 :]e he devot$ himself to philosophy & sci5ce4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t &1 moreov]1 a man ( noble "*4 ,! au!nticity ( ! al*emi/ic works attribut$ to him has be5 que/ion$4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7#abbe-abgd74 #ce4 ,! celebrat$ ,dom9ican1 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7see plate #h71 0 probably a pupil ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 f :om x is ?\ght he imbib$ al*emi/ic le>n+4 ,x is v probable1 h[ev]1 t ! al*emi/ic works attribut$ to him are spuri\s4 ,! au?or ( ^! works manife/s a deeply religi\s tone1 &1 accord+ to ,?omson's ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 he 0 ! fir/ to employ ! t]m 8amalgam0 to designate an alloy ( m]cury ) "s o!r metal4#de #de ,,?omas ,,?omson3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 i4 7#ahcj71 p4 #cc4 ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad-abid74 #cf4 ,rog] ,bacon1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! m$ival al*emi/s1 0 born ne> ,il*e/] 9 ,som]set1 probably 9 #abad4 ,8 erudition1 consid]+ ! g5]al /ate ( ignorance prevail+ at ?is "t1 0 mo/ rem>kable4 ,pr(essor ,mey] says3 8,he is to be reg>d$ z ! intellectual orig9ator ( exp]im5tal rese>*1 if ! dep>ture 9 ?is direction is to be c\pl$ ) any "o "n--a direction :i*1 foll[$ m & m z "t w5t on1 gave to ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry its own peculi> /amp1 & ensur$ its /eady developm5t40#df ,rog] ,bacon /udi$ !ology & sci5ce at ,ox=d & at ,p>is2 & he jo9$ ! ,franciscan ord]1 at :at date1 h[ev]1 is unc]ta94 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 optics1 & c]ta9 discov]ies 9 ?is bran* ( physics h be5 attribut$ to him1 ?\gh probably errone\sly4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) gunp[d]1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 n employ$ 9 ,europe until _m ye>s lat]4#dg ,un=tunately1 he e>n$ ! undesirable reputation ( be+ 9 communication ) ! p[]s ( d>kness1 & z he did n hesitate to oppose _m ( ! op9ions curr5t at ! "t1 he suff]$ mu* p]secution4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 ! p[]s ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one to transmute l>ge quantities ( 8base0 metal into gold1 & also to ext5d ! life ( ! individual4 8,al*imy10 he says1 8is a ,sci5ce1 tea*+ h[ to trans=me any k9d ( mettall into ano!r3 & t by a prop] m$ic9e1 z x appe>e? by _m ,philosoph]s ,bookes4 ,al*imy !re=e is a sci5ce tea*+ h[ to make & comp\nd a c]ta9e m$ic9e1 :i* is call$ ,elixir1 ! :i* :5 x is ca/ ^u mettals or imp]fect bodies1 do? fully p]fect !m 9 ! v]ie projection40#dh ,he also believ$ 9 ,a/rology2 b1 nev]!less1 he 0 entirely oppos$ to _m ( ! magical & sup]/iti\s notions held at ! "t1 & 8 tract1 ,de ,secretis ,op]ibus ,artis et ,natur1 et de ,nullitate ,magi1 0 an endeav\r to prove t _m s-call$ 8miracles0 c\ld be br\ght ab\t simply by ! aid ( natural sci5ce4 ,rog] ,bacon 0 a firm support] ( ! ,sulphur-,m]cury !ory3 he says3 84 4 4 ! natural pr9ciples 9 ! mynes1 are ,arg5t-vive1 & ,sulphur4 ,all mettals & m9]als1 :]e( !re be sundrie & div]s k9ds1 are begott5 ( ^! two3 b ,i mu/ tel y1 t nature alwaies int5de? & /rive? to ! p]fection ( ,gold3 b _m accid5ts com+ betwe51 *ange ! metalls4 4 4 4 ,= accord+ to ! puritie & impuritie ( ! two a=esaide pr9ciples1 ,arg5t-vive & ,sulphur1 pure1 & impure mettals are +5dr$40#di ,he expresses surprise t any %\ld employ animal & vegetable sub/ances 9 _! attempts to prep>e ! ,/one1 a practice common to "s al*emi/s b w>mly criticis$ by o!rs4 ,he says3 8,no?+ may be m+l$ ) mettalls :i* ha? n be5e made or sprung f !m1 x rema9e? cleane in\gh1 t no /range ?+ :i* ha? n 8 orig9all f ^! two viz41 sulphur & m]cury1 is able to p]fect !m1 or to make a *aunge & new transmutation ( !m3 s t x is to be wond]$ at1 t any wise man %\ld set 8 m9d ^u liv+ creatures1 or vegetables :i* are f> (f1 :5 !re be m9]als to bee f\nd nigh en\gh3 nei!r may we 9 any wise ?9ke1 t any ( ! ,philosoph]s plac$ ! ,art 9 ! said remote ?+s1 except x 7 by way ( comp>ison40#ej ,! "o process necess>y = ! prep>ation ( ! ,/one1 he tells u1 is 8cont9uall concoction0 9 ! fire1 :i* is ! me?od t 8,god ha? giv5 to nature40#ea ,he di$ ab\t #abid4 #df ,,ern/ ,,von ,,mey]3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry 7translat$ by ,dr4 ,mc,gowan1 #aijf71 p4 #ce4 #dg ,see ,,rog] ,,bacon',s ,discov]y ( ,miracles1 *aps4 vi4 & xi4 #dh ,,rog] ,,bacon3 ,! ,mirror ( ,al*imy 7#aeig71 p4 #a4 #di ,ibid4 p4 #b4 #ej ,,rog] ,,bacon3 ,! ,mirror ( ,al*imy 7#aeig71 p4 #d4 #ea ,ibid4 p4 #i4 ,arnold de ,villanova 7#ab--8-acaj874 #cg4 ,! date & bir?place ( ,arnold de ,villanova1 or ,vill5euve1 are bo? unc]ta94 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,p>is1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury practis$ pr(essionally 9 ,b>celona4 ,to avoid p]secution at ! h&s ( ! ,inquisition1 he 0 oblig$ to leave ,spa91 & ultimately f\nd safety ) ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 ,sicily4 ,he 0 fam\s n only z an al*emi/1 b also z a skilful physician4 ,he di$ 7x is ?\ght 9 a %ipwreck7 ab\t #acaj-acac4 ,raymond ,lully 7#abce8-acae74 #ch4 ,raymond ,lully1 ! son ( a noble ,spani% family1 0 born at ,palma 79 ,majorca7 ab\t #abce4 ,he 0 a man ( some:at ecc5tric "*--9 8 y\? a man ( pleasure2 9 8 maturity1 a my/ic & ascetic4 ,8 c>e] 0 ( a rov+ & adv5tur\s "*4 ,we are told t1 9 8 y\ng] days1 al?\gh m>ri$1 he became viol5tly infatuat$ ) a lady ( ! "n ( ,ambrosia de ,ca/ello1 :o va9ly tri$ to dissuade him f 8 pr(ane passion4 ,h] ef=ts prov+ futile1 %e reque/$ ,lully to call ^u h]1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( h] husb&1 b>$ to 8 sight h] brea/1 :i* 0 almo/ eat5 away by a canc]4 ,?is sight--s ! /ory goes--br\ght ab\t ,lully's conv]sion4 ,he became actuat$ by ! idea ( conv]t+ to ,*ri/ianity ! hea!n 9 ,africa1 & engag$ ! s]vices ( an ,arabian :]eby he might le>n ! language4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 discov]+ 8 ma/]'s object1 attempt$ to assass9ate him1 & ,lully n>r[ly escap$ ) 8 life4 ,b 8 en?usiasm = mission>y "w nev] abat$--8 c5tral idea 0 ! reasonabl5ess & demon/rability ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e--& unhappily he 01 at la/1 /on$ to dea? by ! inhabitants ( ,bugiah 79 ,alg]ia7 9 #acae4eb #eb ,see ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s 7#ahae71 pp4 #ag et seq4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( al*emi/ic1 !ological & o!r treatises are attribut$ to ,lully1 _m ( :i* are und\bt$ly spuri\s2 & x is a difficult "q to decide exactly :i* are g5u9e4 ,he is suppos$ to h d]iv$ a k ( ,al*emy f ,rog] ,bacon & ,arnold de ,villanova4 ,x appe>s m probable1 h[ev]1 ei!r t ,lully ! al*emi/ 0 a p]sonage di/9ct f ! ,lully ^: life we h sket*$ above1 or t ! al*emi/ic writ+s attribut$ to him are =g]ies ( a simil> nature to ! works ( pseudo-,geb] 7 #cb74 ,( ^! al*emical writ+s we may "h m5tion ! ,clavicula4 ,?is he says is ! key to all 8 o!r books on ,al*emy1 9 :i* books ! :ole ,art is fully decl>$1 ?\gh s obscurely z n to be und]/&able )\t its aid4 ,9 ?is "w an alleg$ me?od = :at may be call$ ! multiplication ( ! 8noble0 metals r ?an transmutation is describ$ 9 cle> language2 b x %\ld be notic$ t ! /one employ$ is itself a comp\nd ei!r ( silv] or gold4 ,accord+ to ,lully1 ! secret ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one is ! extraction ( ! m]cury ( silv] or gold4 ,he writes3 8,metals _c be transmut$ 4 4 4 9 ! ,m9]als1 unless !y be r$uc$ into _! fir/ ,matt]4 4 4 4 ,!re=e ,i c\nsel y1 ,o my ,fri5ds1 t y d n "w b ab\t ,sol & ,luna1 r$uc+ !m into ! fir/ ,matt]1 our ,sulphur & ,arg5t vive3 !re=e1 ,son1 y are to use ?is v5]able ,matt]2 & ,i swe> unto y & promise1 t unless y take ! ,arg5t vive ( ^! two1 y g to ! ,practick z bl9d m5 )\t eyes or s5se4 4 4 40#ec #ec ,,raymond ,,lully3 ,clavicula1 or1 ,a ,little ,key 7see ,aurifont9a ,*ymica1 #afhj1 p4 #afg74 ,pet] ,bonus 7#ad? ,c5tury74 #ci4 ,9 #aedf1 a "w 0 publi%$ entitl$ ,mag>ita ,pretiosa1 :i* claim$ to be a 8fai?ful abridgem5t10 by 8,janus ,lac9us ,!rapus1 ! ,calabrian10 ( a ,,ms4 writt5 by ,pet] ,bonus 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,an abridg$ ,engli% translation ( ?is book by ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite 0 publi%$ 9 #ahid4 ,( ! life ( ,bonus1 :o is said to h be5 an inhabitant ( ,pola1 a seaport ( ,i/ria1 no?+ is kn[n2 b ! ,mag>ita ,pretiosa is an al*emi/ic "w ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! au?or comm5ces1 l pseudo-,geb] 9 8 ,sum ( ,p]fection1 by br++ =w>d a numb] ( v +5i\s argum5ts aga9/ ! validity ( ! ,art2 he !n proce$s ) argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,al*emy & puts =w>d answ]s 9 full to ! =m] objections2 fur!r difficulties1 c41 are !n dealt )4 ,9 all ?is1 comp>$ ) _m o!r al*emi/s1 ,bonus1 ?\gh some:at prolix1 is rem>kably lucid4 ,all metals1 he argues1 foll[+ ! views ( pseudo-,geb]1 consi/ ( m]cury & sulphur2 b :il/ ! m]cury is always "o & ! same1 diff]5t metals conta9 diff]5t sulphurs4 ,!re are also two diff]5t k9ds ( sulphurs--inw>d & outw>d4 ,sulphur is necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! m]cury1 b = ! f9al product1 gold1 to come =?1 x is necess>y t ! outw>d & impure sulphur be purg$ (f4 8,ea* metal10 says ,bonus1 8diff]s f all ! re/1 & has a c]ta9 p]fection & complet5ess ( its own2 b none1 except gold1 has rea*$ t highe/ degree ( p]fection ( :i* x is capable4 ,= all common metals !re is a transi5t & a p]fect /ate ( inw>d complet5ess1 & ?is p]fect /ate !y atta9 ei!r ?r\gh ! sl[ op]ation ( ,nature1 or ?r\gh ! sudd5 trans=matory p[] ( our ,/one4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 add t ! imp]fect metals =m "p ( ! great plan & design ( ,nature1 ?\gh !y are 9 c\rse ( trans=mation into gold4 ,= a l>ge numb] ( v useful & indisp5sable tools & ut5sils c\ld n be provid$ at all if !re 7 no copp]1 iron1 t91 or lead1 & if all metals 7 ei!r silv] or gold4 ,= ?is b5efic5t reason ,nature has furni%$ u ) ! metallic sub/ance 9 all its diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 f iron1 or ! l[e/1 to gold1 or ! highe/ /ate ( metallic p]fection4 ,nature is ev] /udy+ v>iety1 &1 = t reason1 in/ead ( cov]+ ! :ole face ( ! e>? ) wat]1 has evolv$ out ( t elem5t>y sub/ance a great div]sity ( =ms1 embrac+ ! :ole animal1 vegetable & m9]al _w4 ,x is1 9 l mann]1 = ! use ( m5 t ,nature has diff]5tiat$ ! metallic sub/ance into a great v>iety ( species & =ms40#ed ,accord+ to ?is int]e/+ al*emi/ic "w1 ! ,art ( ,al*emy consi/s1 n 9 r$uc+ ! imp]fect metals to _! fir/ sub/ance1 b 9 c>ry+ =w>d ,nature's "w1 develop+ ! imp]fect metals to p]fection & remov+ _! impure sulphur4 #ed ,,pet] ,,bonus3 ,! ,new ,pe>l ( ,great ,price 7,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite's translation1 pp4 #agf-agg74 ,nicolas ,flamel 7#accj-adah74 #dj4 ,nicolas ,flamel 7see plate #h7 0 born ab\t #accj1 probably 9 ,p>is4 ,8 p>5ts 7 poor1 & ,nicolas took up ! trade ( a scriv5]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ,flamel became a v weal?y man &1 at ! same "t1 x appe>s1 "o :o exhibit$ consid]able munific5ce4 ,?is increase 9 ,flamel's weal? has be5 attribut$ to suppos$ success 9 ! ,h]metic ,art4 ,we are told t a rem>kable book came into ! "y scriv5]'s possession1 :i*1 at fir/1 he 0 unable to und]/&1 until1 at la/1 he _h ! good =tune to meet an adept :o translat$ its my/]ies = him4 ,?is book reveal$ ! occult secrets ( ,al*emy1 & by its means ,nicolas 0 enabl$ to obta9 imm5se quantities ( gold4 ,?is /ory1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be ( a leg5d>y nature1 & x seems m likely t ,flamel's ri*es result$ f 8 bus9ess z a scriv5] & f moneyl5d+4 ,at any rate1 all ( ! al*emi/ic works attribut$ to ,flamel are ( m or less que/ionable orig94 ,"o ( ^!1 entitl$ ,a ,%ort ,tract1 or ,philosophical ,summ>y1 w be f\nd 9 ,! ,h]metic ,museum4 ,x is a v brief "w1 support+ ! sulphur-m]cury !ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,?omas ,,aqu9as4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,nicolas ,,flamel4 ,to face page #eb 8,basil ,val5t9e0 & 8,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony40 #da4 ,probably ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all al*emi/ic books is ! "w kn[n z ,triumph-,wag5 des ,antimonii4 ,a ,lat9 translation ) a comm5t>y by ,!odore ,k]ckr+ius 0 publi%$ 9 #afhe1 & an ,engli% translation ( ?is v]sion by ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite appe>$ 9 #ahic4 ,! au?or describes himself z 8,basil ,val5t9e1 a ,b5$ict9e monk40 ,9 8 8,practica10 ano!r al*emi/ic "w1 he says3 8,:5 ,i _h empti$ to ! dregs ! cup ( human suff]+1 ,i 0 l$ to consid] ! wret*$ness ( ?is _w1 & ! fe>ful consequ5ces ( our fir/ p>5ts' disob$i5ce 4 4 4 ,i made ha/e to )draw myself f ! evil _w1 to bid f>ewell to x1 & to devote myself to ! ,s]vice ( ,god40#ee ,he proce$s to relate t he ent]$ a mona/]y1 b f9d+ t he _h "s "t on 8 h&s aft] p]=m+ 8 daily "w & devotions1 & n wi%+ to pass ?is "t 9 idl5ess1 he took up ! /udy ( ,al*emy1 8! inve/igation ( ^? natural secrets by :i* ,god has %ad[$ out et]nal ?+s10 & at la/ 8 lab\rs 7 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( a ,/one mo/ pot5t 9 ! cur+ ( diseases4 ,9 ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony are accurately describ$ a l>ge numb] ( antimonial prep>ations1 & z ,basil 0 suppos$ to h writt5 ?is "w "s "t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ^! prep>ations 7 accord+ly conclud$ to h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 8 own discov]ies4 ,he def5ds ) ! utmo/ vig\r ! m$ic9al values ( antimony1 & criticises 9 t]ms f> f mild ! physicians ( 8 day4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is "w ,basil ,val5t9e has rank$ v high z an exp]im5tal *emi/2 b f q e>ly times its date & au?or%ip h be5 reg>d$ alike z d\btful2 & x appe>s f ! rese>*es ( ! late ,pr(essor ,s*orlemm] 8to be an und\bt$ =g]y dat+ f ab\t #afjj1 ! in=mation be+ cull$ f ! works ( o!r writ]s4 4 4 40#ef ,probably ! o!r works ascrib$ to ,basil ,val5t9e are ( a l nature4 ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony does1 h[ev]1 give an accurate acc\nt ( ! k ( antimony ( ?is "t1 & ! pseudo-,val5t9e %[s himself to h be5 a man ( consid]able exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ?is subject4 #ee 8,,basil ,,val5t9e03 ,! 8,practica0 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #cac74 #ef ,sir ,h4 ,e4 ,,roscoe1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,c4 ,,s*orlemm]1 ,f4,r4,s43 ,a ,treatise on ,*emi/ry1 vol4 i4 7#aije71 p4 #i4 ,isaac ( ,holl& 7#ae? ,c5tury74 #db4 ,isaac ( ,holl& & a c\ntryman ( ! same "n1 probably 8 son1 are said to h be5 ! fir/ ,dut* al*emi/s4 ,!y are suppos$ to h liv$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ( _! lives no?+ is kn[n4 ,isaac1 al?\gh n free f sup]/iti\s op9ions1 appe>s to h be5 a practical *emi/1 & 8 works1 :i* ab\nd 9 recipes1 7 held 9 great e/eem by ,p>acelsus & o!r al*emi/s4 ,he held t all ?+s 9 ?is _w are ( a dual nature1 p>tly good & p>tly bad4 84 4 4 ,all t ,god ha? creat$ good 9 ! upp] "p ( ! _w10 he writes1 8are p]fect & uncorruptible1 z ! heav53 b :atsoev] 9 ^! l[] p>ts1 :e!r x be 9 bea/s1 fi%es1 & all mann] ( s5sible creatures1 he>bs or plants1 x is indu$ ) a d\ble nature1 t is to say1 p]fect1 & unp]fect2 ! p]fect nature is call$ ! ,qu9tess5ce1 ! unp]fect ! ,feces or dreggs1 or ! v5em\s or combu/ible oile4 4 4 4 ,god ha? put a secret nature or influ5ce 9 e creature1 & 4 4 4 to e nature ( "o sort or k9d he ha? giv5 "o common influ5ce & v]tue1 :e!r x bee on ,physick or o!r secret works1 :i* p>tly are f\nd out by naturall workman%ip4 ,& yet m ?+s are unkn[n ?an are app>5t to our s5ses40#eg ,he gives directions = extract+ ! ,qu9tess5ce1 = :i* m>vell\s p[]s are claim$1 out ( sug> & o!r organic sub/ances2 & he appe>s to be ! e>lie/ kn[n writ] :o makes m5tion ( ! fam\s sulphur-m]cury-salt !ory4 #eg ,"o hundr$ & ,f\rte5 ,exp]im5ts & ,cures ( ! ,fam\s ,physitian ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 :]eunto is add$ 4 4 4 c]ta9 ,secrets ( ,isaac ,holl&us1 conc]n+ ! ,vegetall & ,animall ,"w 7#afeb71 p4 #ce4 ,b]n>d ,trvisan 7#adjf-adij74 #dc4 ,b]n>d ,trvisan1 a ,fr5* c\nt ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 squ&]$ enorm\s sums ( money 9 ! se>* = ! ,/one1 9 :i* ! :ole ( 8 life & en]gies 7 engag$4 ,he seems to h become ! dupe ( "o *>latan aft] ano!r1 b at la/1 at a ripe old age1 he says t 8 lab\rs 7 rew>d$1 & t he successfully p]=m$ ! magnum opus4 ,9 a %ort1 b r obscure "w1 he speaks ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,?is ,/one !n is comp\nd$ ( a ,body & ,_s1 or ( a volatile & fix$ ,sub/ance1 & t is !re=e done1 because no?+ 9 ! ,_w c be g5]at$ & br\ght to light )\t ^! two ,sub/ances1 to wit1 a ,male & ,female3 ,f :5ce x appe>e?1 t al?\gh ^! two ,sub/ances are n ( "o & ! same species1 yet "o ,/one do? !nce arise1 & al?\gh !y appe> & are said to be two ,sub/ances1 yet 9 tru? x is b "o1 to wit1 ,arg5t-vive40#eh ,he appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h add$ no?+ to our k ( *emical sci5ce4 #eh ,,b]n>d1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,tr,,visan3 ,a ,treatise ( ! ,philosoph]s ,/one1 #afhc 7see ,collectanea ,*ymica3 ,a ,collection ( ,t5 ,sev]al ,treatises 9 ,*emi/ry1 #afhd1 p4 #ia74 ,sir ,george ,ripley 7#ad--8-adij874 #dd4 ,sir ,george ,ripley1 an em95t al*emi/ic philosoph] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ent]$ ^u a mona/ic life :5 a y\?1 becom+ "o ( ! canons regul> ( ,bridl+ton4 ,aft] "s travels he return$ to ,engl& & obta9+ leave f ! ,pope to live 9 solitude1 he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ! ,h]metic ,art4 ,8 *ief "w is ,! ,comp\nd ( ,al*ymie 4 4 4 conte9+ twelve ,gates1 :i* 0 writt5 9 #adga4 ,9 ?is curi\s "w1 we le>n t !re are twelve processes necess>y = ! a*ievem5t ( ! magnum opus1 namely1 ,calc9ation1 ,solution1 ,sep>ation1 ,conjunction1 ,putrefaction1 ,congelation1 ,cibation1 ,sublimation1 ,f]m5tation1 ,exaltation1 ,multiplication1 & ,projection4 ,^! are lik5$ to ! twelve gates ( a ca/le :i* ! philosoph] mu/ ent]4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! twelf? gate1 ,ripley says3-- 8,n[ ?\ ha/ conqu]yd ! twelve ,gates1 ,& all ! ,ca/ell ?\ holdy/ at wyll1 ,keep ?y ,secretts 9 /ore unto ?y selve2 ,& ! commaundem5ts ( ,god looke ?\ fulfull3 ,9 fy] conte9ue ?y glas /yll1 ,& ,multeply ?y ,m$cyns ay m & m1 ,= wyse m5 done say /ore ys no sore40#ei #ei ,sir ,,george ,,ripley3 ,! ,comp\nd ( ,al*emy 7see ,!atrum ,*emicum ,britannicum1 edit$ by ,elias ,a%mole1 #afeb1 p4 #ahf74 ,at ! conclusion ( ! "w he tells u t 9 all t he wrote be=e he 0 mi/ak52 he says3-- 8,i made ,solucyons full _m a "o1 ,( ,spyrytts1 ,f]m5ts1 ,salts1 ,y]ne & ,/eele2 ,w5yng s to make ! ,phylosoph]s ,/one3 ,b fynally ,i lo/ e*e dele1 ,aft] my ,boks yet wr\ght ,i well2 ,:y* ev]more untrue ,i provyd1 ,t made me (t full sore agrevyd40#fj #fj ,ibid4 p4 #ahi4 ,ripley did mu* to popul>ise ! works ( ,raymond ,lully 9 ,engl&1 b does n appe> to h add$ to ! k ( practical *emi/ry4 ,8 ,bosom ,book1 :i* conta9s an alleg$ me?od = prep>+ ! ,/one1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,collectanea ,*emica 7#ahic74 ,?omas ,norton 7#ae? ,c5tury74 #de4 ,?omas ,norton1 ! au?or ( ! celebrat$ ,ord9all ( ,al*emy1 0 probably born %ortly be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,ord9all1 :i* is writt5 9 v]se 7& :i* w be f\nd 9 ,a%mole's ,!atrum ,*emicum ,britannicum71#fa is anonym\s1 b ! au?or's id5tity is reveal$ by a curi\s device4 ,! initial syllables ( ! proem & ( ! fir/ six *apt]s1 toge!r ) ! fir/ l9e ( ! sev5? *apt]1 give ! foll[+ c\plet3-- 8,tomais ,norton ( ,briseto1 ,a p>fet ,ma/] ye maie him call tr[e40 #fa ,a prose v]sion w be f\nd 9 ,! ,h]metic ,museum translat$ back into ,engli% f a ,lat9 translation by ,mai]4 ,samuel ,norton1 ! gr&son ( ,?omas1 :o 0 also an al*emi/1 says t ,?omas ,norton 0 a memb] ( ! privy *amb] ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,norton's di/9ctive views reg>d+ ! g5]ation ( ! metals we h already m5tion$ 7see #bj74 ,he taught t true k ( ! ,art ( ,al*emy c\ld only be obta9$ by ^w ( m\? f an adept1 & 9 8 ,ord9all he gives an acc\nt ( 8 own initiation4 ,he tells u t he 0 in/ruct$ by 8 ma/] 7probably ,sir ,george ,ripley7 & le>nt ! secrets ( ! ,art 9 =ty days1 at ! age ( tw5ty-eight4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h reap$ ! fruits ( ?is k4 ,twice1 he tells u1 did he prep>e ! ,elixir1 & twice 0 x /ol5 f him2 & he is said to h di$ 9 #adgg1 aft] ru9+ himself & 8 fri5ds by 8 unsuccessful exp]im5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,al*emi/s 7cont9u$7 7,b4 ,,p>acelsus ,,& ,,aft]7 ,p>acelsus 7#adic-aeda47 #df4 ,t erratic g5ius1 ,p>acelsus--or1 to give him 8 correct "n1 ,philip 787 ,aureole 787 ,!ophra/ ,bomba/ von ,hoh5heim--^: portrait =ms ! frontispiece to ! pres5t "w--0 born at ,e9si$eln 9 ,switz]l& 9 #adic4 ,he /udi$ ! al*emi/ic & m$ical arts "u 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a physician1 & cont9u$ 8 /udies lat] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle4 ,he also gave "s "t to ! /udy ( magic & ! occult sci5ces "u ! fam\s ,tri!mius ( ,spanheim4 ,p>acelsus1 h[ev]1 f\nd ! m]ely !oretical 8book le>n+0 ( ! univ]sity curriculum unsatisfactory & betook himself to ! m9es1 :]e he might /udy ! nature ( metals at fir/ h&4 ,he !n sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 travell+1 visit+ "s ( ! *ief c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,at la/ he return$ to ,basle1 ! *air ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce ( 8 old univ]sity be+ be/[$ ^u him4 ,! works ( ,isaac ( ,holl& _h inspir$ him ) ! desire to improve ^u ! m$ical sci5ce ( 8 day1 & 9 8 lectures 7:i* 71 contr>y to ! usual cu/om1 deliv]$ n 9 ,lat91 b 9 ! ,g]man language7 he d5\nc$ 9 viol5t t]ms ! tea*+s ( ,gal5 & ,avic5na1 :o 7 until !n ! accr$it$ au?orities on m$ical matt]s4 ,8 use ( ! ,g]man tongue1 8 co>s5ess 9 criticism & 8 int5se self-e/eem1 comb9$ ) ! fact t he did lay b>e _m ( ! m$ical follies & frauds ( 8 day1 br\ght him into v g5]al dislike ) ! re/ ( ! physicians1 & ! municipal au?orities sid+ ) ! aggriev$ apo!c>ies & physicians1 ^: me?ods ,p>acelsus _h expos$1 he fl$ f ,basle & resum$ 8 =m] rov+ life4 ,he 01 s we are told1 a man ( v intemp]ate habits1 be+ seldom sob] 7a /atem5t s]i\sly op5 to d\bt72 b on ! o!r h&1 he c]ta9ly accompli%$ a v l>ge numb] ( mo/ rem>kable cures1 &1 judg+ f 8 writ+s1 he 0 inspir$ by l(ty & noble ideals & a f]v5t belief 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,he di$ 9 #aeda4 ,p>acelsus comb9$ 9 himself su* opposite *>act]i/ics t x is a matt] ( difficulty to criticise him aright4 ,z says ,pr(essor ,f]guson3 8,x is mo/ difficult 4 4 4 to asc]ta9 :at 8 true "* really 01 to appreciate aright ?is man ( f]vid imag9ation1 ( p[]ful & p]si/5t conviction1 ( unbat$ hone/y & love ( tru?1 ( ke5 insight into ! errors 7z he ?\ght !m7 ( 8 "t1 ( a m]ciless w to lay b>e ^! errors & to re=m ! abuses to :i* !y gave rise1 :o 9 an in/ant (f5ds by 8 boa/+1 8 grossness1 8 want ( self-respect4 ,x is a problem h[ to reconcile 8 ignorance1 8 weakness1 8 sup]/ition1 8 crude notions1 8 errone\s obs]vations1 8 ridicul\s inf]5ces & !ories1 ) 8 grasp ( me?od1 8 l(ty views ( ! true scope ( m$ic9e1 8 lucid /atem5ts1 8 incisive & epigrammatic criticisms ( m5 & motives40#fb ,x is also a problem ( consid]able difficulty to det]m9e :i* ( ! _m books attribut$ to him are really 8 g5u9e works1 & consequ5tly :at 8 views on c]ta9 po9ts exactly 74 #fb ,,john ,,f]guson1 ,m4,a43 ,article 8,p>acelsus10 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? edition 7#ahhe71 vol4 xviii4 p4 #bcf4 ,views ( ,p>acelsus4 #dg4 ,p>acelsus 0 ! fir/ to recognise ! desirability ( inve/igat+ ! physical univ]se ) a motive o!r ?an al*emi/ic4 ,he taught t 8! object ( *emi/ry is n to make gold1 b to prep>e m$ic9es10 & f\nd$ ! s*ool ( ,iatro-*emi/ry or ,m$ical ,*emi/ry4 ,?is syn!sis ( *emi/ry ) m$ic9e 0 ( v great b5efit to ea* sci5ce2 new possibilities ( *emical inve/igation 7 op5$ up n[ t ! aim 0 n purely al*emi/ic4 ,p>acelsus's c5tral !ory 0 t ( ! analogy betwe5 man1 ! microcosm1 & ! _w or macrocosm4 ,he reg>d$ all ! actions t g on 9 ! human body z ( a *emical nature1 & he ?\ght t illness 0 ! result ( a disproportion 9 ! body betwe5 ! quantities ( ! ?ree great pr9ciples--sulphur1 m]cury1 & salt--:i* he reg>d$ z con/itut+ all ?+s2 = example1 he consid]$ an excess ( sulphur z ! cause ( fev]1 s9ce sulphur 0 ! fi]y pr9ciple1 c4 ,! basis ( ! iatro-*emical doctr9es1 namely1 t ! heal?y human body is a p>ticul> comb9ation ( *emical sub/ances3 illness ! result ( "s *ange 9 ?is comb9ation1 & h5ce curable only by *emical m$ic9es1 expresses a c]ta9 tru?1 & is und\bt$ly a great improvem5t ^u ! ideas ( ! anci5ts4 ,b 9 ! elaboration ( 8 m$ical doctr9es ,p>acelsus fell a prey to exagg]ation & ! fanta/ic1 & _m ( 8 !ories appe> to be highly ridicul\s4 ,?is extravagance is also v pron\nc$ 9 ! al*emi/ic works attribut$ to him2 = example1 ! belief 9 ! artificial creation ( m9ute liv+ creatures resembl+ m5 7call$ 8homunculi07--a belief ( ! utmo/ absurdity1 if we are to und]/& x lit]ally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 writ+s d conta9 mu* true tea*+ ( a my/ical nature2 8 doctr9e ( ! correspond5ce ( man ) ! univ]se consid]$ z a :ole1 = example1 c]ta9ly be+ radically true1 ?\gh fanta/ically /at$ & develop$ by ,p>acelsus himself4 ,iatro-,*emi/ry4 #dh4 ,betwe5 ! pupils ( ,p>acelsus & ! old] s*ool ( m$ic9e1 z might well be suppos$1 a battle royal 0 wag$ = a consid]able "t1 :i* ultimately conclud$1 if n ) a full v9dication ( ,p>acelsus's tea*+1 yet ) ! acceptance ( ! fundam5tal iatro-*emical doctr9es4 ,h5ce=w>d x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! *emi/s & ! al*emi/s--to di/+ui% ^? :o pursu$ *emical /udies ) ! object ( discov]+ & prep>+ useful m$ic9es1 & lat] ^? :o pursu$ su* /udies = _! own sake1 f ^? ^: object 0 ! transmutation ( ! 8base0 metals into gold1 :e!r f purely selfi% motives1 or ) ! desire to demon/rate on ! physical plane ! validity ( ! doctr9es ( ,my/icism4 ,h[ev]1 dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury or two we f9d1 v (t51 ! *emi/ & ! al*emi/ unit$ 9 "o & ! same p]son4 ,m5 su* z ,glaub] & ,boyle1 ^: names w ev] be rememb]$ by *emi/s1 did n d\bt ! possibility ( p]=m+ ! magnum opus4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt]1 h[ev]1 we %all conf9e our att5tion = ! mo/ "p to ^? m5 :o may be reg>d$1 = "o reason or ano!r1 p>ticul>ly z al*emi/s4 ,& ! al*emi/s ( ! p]iod we are n[ consid]+ pres5t a v great div]sity4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h m5 ( mu* *emical k & skill su* z ,libavius & van ,helmont1 on ! o!r h& we h ^? :o /& equally z high z expon5ts ( my/ic wisdom--m5 su* z ,jacob ,boehme &1 to a less ext5t1 ,?omas ,vaughan4 ,we h ^?1 :o1 al?\gh !y did n enri* ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry ) any new discov]ies1 71 nev]!less1 reg>d$ z ma/]s ( ! ,h]metic ,art2 &1 f9ally1 we h al*emi/s ( ! ,edw>d ,kelley & 8,caglio/ro0 type1 ^: ma9 object 0 _! own enri*m5t at _! neighb\rs' exp5se4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 proce$+ to an acc\nt ( ! lives & tea*+s ( ^! m51 !re is "o curi\s matt]--p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all hi/orical curiosities--t calls = "s brief consid]ation4 ,we ref] to ! 8f>-fam$0 ,rosicrucian ,society4 ,! ,rosicrucian ,society4 #di4 ,! exot]ic hi/ory ( ! ,rosicrucian ,society comm5ces ) ! ye> #afad4 ,9 t ye> !re 0 publi%$ at ,cassel 9 ,g]many a pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,frat]nity ( ! ,m]itori\s ,ord] ( ! ,rosy ,cross1 address$ to ! ,le>n$ 9 ,g5]al & ! ,gov]nors ( ,europe4 ,aft] a discussion ( ! mom5t\s "q ( ! g5]al re=mation ( ! _w1 :i* 0 to be accompli%$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a secret conf$]acy ( ! wise/ & mo/ philan?ropic m51 ! pamphlet proce$s to in=m its read]s t su* an association is 9 exi/5ce1 f\nd$ ov] "o hundr$ ye>s ago by ! fam\s ,c4,r4,c41 gr& initiate 9 ! my/]ies ( ,al*emy1 ^: hi/ory 7:i* is cle>ly ( a fabul\s or symbolical nature7 is giv54 ,! book concludes by invit+ ! wise m5 ( ! "t to jo9 ! ,frat]nity1 direct+ ^? :o wi%$ to d s to indicate _! desire by ! publication ( pr9t$ lett]s1 :i* %\ld come into ! h&s ( ! ,bro!rhood4 ,z might well be expect$1 ! pamphlet 0 ! cause ( consid]able int]e/ & excitem5t1 b al?\gh _m lett]s 7 pr9t$1 app>5tly none ( !m 7 v\*saf$ a reply4 ,! foll[+ ye> a fur!r pamphlet appe>$1 ,! ,confession ( ! ,rosicrucian ,frat]nity1 address$ to ! ,le>n$ 9 ,europe1 & 9 #afaf1 ,! ,*ymical ,nuptials ( ,*ri/ian ,ros5creutz4 ,?is latt] book is a rem>kable allegorical romance1 describ+ h[ an old man1 a lifelong /ud5t ( ! al*emi/ic ,art1 0 pres5t at ! accompli%m5t ( ! magnum opus 9 ! ye> #adei4 ,an enorm\s am\nt ( controv]sy took place2 x 0 pla9 to "s t ! ,society _h delud$ !m1 :il/ o!rs hotly ma9ta9$ its claims2 b aft] ab\t f\r ye>s _h pass$1 ! excitem5t _h subsid$1 & ! subject ceas$1 = ! "t be+1 to ar\se any p>ticul> int]e/4 ,"s writ]s1 ev5 9 rec5t times1 m gift$ = romance ?an = hi/orical rese>*1 h se5 9 ! ,rosicrucian ,society a secret conf$]acy ( imm5se antiquity & ( /up5d\s p[]s1 consi/+ ( ! great initiates ( all ages1 suppos$ to be 9 possession ( ! ar* secrets ( al*emi/ic art4 ,x is abundantly evid5t1 h[ev]1 t x 0 no?+ ( ! sort4 ,x is cle> f an exam9ation ( ! pamphlets already m5tion$ t !y are animat$ by ,lu!ran ideals2 & x is ( int]e/ to note t ,lu!r's seal conta9$ bo? ! cross & ! rose--:5ce ! t]m 8,rosicrucian40 ,! g5]ally accept$ !ory reg>ds ! pamphlets z a sort ( elaborate hoax p]petrat$ by ,val5t9e ,&re1 a "y & b5evol5t ,lu!ran div9e2 b m1 h[ev]1 ?an a m]e hoax4 ,z ! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,vaughan wrote3 84 4 4 ?is ,&re writes ! ,discov]y ( ! ,rosicrucian ,bro!rhood1 a jeu-d'esprit ) a s]i\s purpose1 j z an exp]im5t to see :e!r some?+ _c be done by comb9$ ef=t to rem$y ! defect & abuses--social1 educational1 & religi\s1 s lam5t$ by all good m54 ,he ?\ght !re 7 _m ,&res scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,europe--h[ p[]ful w\ld be _! unit$ sy/ematic action6 4 4 4 ,he hop$ t ! few nobl] m9ds :om he desir$ to organize w\ld see ?r\gh ! veil ( fiction 9 :i* he _h inve/$ 8 proposal2 t he might communicate p]sonally ) "s su*1 if !y %\ld appe>2 or t 8 book might lead !m to =m among !mselves a practical philan?ropic conf$]acy1 answ]+ to ! s]i\s purpose he _h embodi$ 9 8 fiction40#fc ,8 s*eme 0 a failure1 & on see+ its result1 ,&re1 n d>+ to reveal himself z ! au?or ( ! pamphlets1 did 8 be/ to put a /op to ! folly by writ+ sev]al works 9 criticism ( ! ,society & its claims4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 h[ev]1 ^: "w on ! subject %\ld be consult$ = fur!r in=mation1 rejects ?is !ory1 & sugge/s t ! ,rosicrucian ,society 0 probably id5tical ) ! ,militia ,crucif]a ,evangelica1 a secret society f\nd$ 9 ,nuremburg by ! ,lu!ran al*emi/ & my/ic1 ,simon ,/udion4#fd #fc ,,rob]t ,,alfr$ ,,vaughan1 ,b4,a43 ,h\rs ) ! ,my/ics 7#g? edition1 #ahie71 vol4 ii4 bk4 #h1 *ap4 ix4 p4 #acd4 #fd ,,ar?ur ,,edw>d ,,waite3 ,! ,real ,hi/ory ( ! ,rosicrucians1 7#ahhg74 ,?omas ,*>nock 7#aebd-aeha74 #ej4 ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to ! lives & tea*+s ( ! al*emi/s ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 treat+ !m1 z f> z possible1 9 *ronological ord]2 :5ce ! fir/ al*emi/ to come "u our notice is ,?omas ,*>nock4 ,?omas ,*>nock 0 born at ,fav]%am 7,k5t71 ei!r 9 ! ye> #aebd or 9 #aebf4 ,aft] "s travels ov] ,engl& he settl$ at ,ox=d1 c>ry+ on exp]im5ts 9 ,al*emy4 ,9 #aeeg he wrote 8 ,brevi>y ( ,philosophy4 ,?is "w is almo/ entirely autobiographical1 describ+ ,*>nock's al*emi/ic exp]i5ces4 ,he tells u t he 0 initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! ,h]metic ,art by a c]ta9 ,james ,s4 ( ,salisbury2 he also _h ano!r ma/]1 an old bl9d man1 :o on 8 dea?-b$ in/ruct$ ,*>nock4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,?omas 0 doom$ to failure 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,on ! fir/ attempt 8 app>atus caught fire & 8 "w 0 de/roy$4 ,8 next exp]im5ts 7 ru9$ by ! neglig5ce ( a s]vant4 ,8 f9al mis=tune %all be describ$ 9 8 own words4 ,he _h />t$ ! "w = a ?ird "t1 & _h sp5t mu* money on 8 fire1 hop+ to be %ortly rew>d$4 4 4 4 8,!n a ,g5tleman t oughte me great mallice ,caus$ me to be pre/ to goe s]ve at ,callys3 ,:5 ,i saw !re 0 no o!r boote1 ,b t ,i mu/ goe spight ( my he>t roote2 ,9 my fury ,i tooke a ,hat*et 9 my h&1 ,& brake all my ,worke :]eas x did /&40#fe #fe ,,?omas ,,*>nock3 ,! ,brevi>y ( ,naturall ,philosophy 7see ,!atrum ,*emicum ,britannicum1 edit$ by ,a%mole1 #afeb1 p4 #bie47 ,?omas ,*>nock m>ri$ 9 #aefb a ,miss ,agnes ,nord54 ,he di$ 9 #aeha4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to say t 8 "n does n appe> 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry4 ,&reas ,libavius 7#aedj-afaf47 #ea4 ,&reas ,libavius 0 born at ,halle 9 ,g]many 9 #aedj1 :]e he /udi$ m$ic9e & practic$ = a %ort "t z a physician4 ,he accept$ ! fundam5tal iatro-*emical doctr9es1 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 criticis+ c]ta9 ( ! m extravagant views express$ by ,p>acelsus4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 ! transmutation ( ! metals1 b 8 own activities 7 *iefly direct$ to ! prep>ation ( new & bett] m$ic9es4 ,he enri*$ ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry by _m valuable discov]ies1 & t9 tetra-*loride1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ to prep>e1 is /ill kn[n by ! "n ( spiritus fumans ,libavii4 ,libavius 0 a man possess$ ( ke5 p[]s ( obs]vation2 & 8 "w on ,*emi/ry1 :i* conta9s a full acc\nt ( ! k ( ! sci5ce ( 8 "t1 may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ text-book ( ,*emi/ry4 ,x 0 held 9 high e/eem = a consid]able "t1 be+ repr9t$ on sev]al occasions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,edw>d ,,kelley4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,john ,,dee4 ,to face page #fh ,edw>d ,kelley 7#aeee-aeie7 & ,john ,dee 7#aebg-afjh47 #eb4 ,edw>d ,kelley or ,kelly 7see plate #i7 0 born at ,worce/] on ,augu/ #a1 #aeee4 ,8 life is s obscur$ by v>i\s traditions t x is v difficult to arrive at ! tru? conc]n+ x4 ,! late/1 & probably ! be/1 acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ,miss ,*>lotte ,fell ,smi?'s ,john ,dee 7#aiji74 ,edw>d ,kelley1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 0 br\ght up z an apo!c>y4#ff ,he is also said to h ent]$ ,ox=d ,univ]sity "u ! pseudonym ( ,talbot4#fg ,lat]1 he practis$ z a not>y 9 ,london4 ,he is said to h committ$ a =g]y1 = :i* he _h 8 e>s cropp$2 b ano!r acc\nt1 :i* supposes him to h avoid$ ?is p5alty by mak+ 8 escape to ,wales1 is n improbable4 ,o!r crimes ( :i* he is accus$ are co9+ & necromancy4 ,he 0 probably n guilty ( all ^! crimes1 b t he 0 und\bt$ly a *>latan & pr(ligate ! sequel w make pla94 ,we are told t ab\t ! "t ( 8 alleg$ escape to ,wales1 :il/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gla/onbury ,abbey1 he became possess$1 by a lucky *ance1 ( a manuscript by ,/4 ,dun/an sett+ =? ! gr& secrets ( ,al*emy1 toge!r ) "s ( ! two transmut+ t9ctures1 bo? :ite & r$1#fh :i* _h be5 discov]$ 9 a tomb ne> by4 ,8 fri5d%ip ) ,john ,dee1 or ,dr4 ,dee z he is g5]ally call$1 comm5c$ 9 #aehb4 ,n[1 ,john ,dee 7see plate #i7 0 und\bt$ly a ma!matician ( consid]able erudition4 ,he 0 also an a/rolog]1 & 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 exp]im5ts 9 8cry/al-gaz+10 = :i* purpose he employ$ a speculum ( poli%$ cannel-coal1 & by means ( :i* he believ$ t he _h communication ) ! inhabitants ( spiritual sph]es4 ,x appe>s t ,kelley1 :o probably did possess "s m$iumi/ic p[]s1 ! results ( :i* he augm5t$ by means ( fraud1 int]e/$ himself 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 & n only became ! doctor's 8scry]10 b also gull$ him into ! belief t he 0 9 ! possession ( ! ar*-secrets ( ,al*emy4 ,9 #aehc1 ,kelley & 8 le>n$ dupe left ,engl& toge!r ) _! wives & a ,poli% nobleman1 /ay+ fir/ly at ,cracovia & aft]w>ds at ,prague1 :]e x is n unlikely t ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 knight$ ,kelley4 ,z in/ances ( ! belief :i* ! doctor _h 9 ,kelley's p[]s z an al*emi/1 we may note t 9 8 ,private ,di>y "u ! date ,decemb] #ai1 #aehf1 ,dee records t ,kelley p]=m$ a transmutation = ! b5efit ( "o ,edw>d ,g>l& & 8 bro!r ,francis2#fi & "u ! date ,may #aj1 #aehh1 we f9d ! foll[+ record$3 8,e4,k4 did op5 ! great secret to me1 ,god be ?ank$60#gj ,t he 0 n always )\t d\bts z to ,kelley's hone/y1 h[ev]1 is evid5t f o!r entries 9 8 ,di>y4 ,9 #aehg occurr$ an ev5t :i* mu/ be record$ to ! p>tn]s' la/+ %ame4 ,to cap 8 =m] impositions1 ,kelley in=m$ ! doctor t by ! ord]s ( a _s :i* _h appe>$ to him 9 ! cry/al1 !y 7 to %>e 8_! two wives 9 common02 to :i* arrangem5t1 aft] "s fur!r p]suasion1 ,dee cons5t$4 ,kelley's pr(ligacy & viol5t temp]1 h[ev]1 _h already be5 ! cause ( "s disagreem5t betwe5 him & ! doctor1 & ?is incid5t lead+ to a fur!r qu>rel1 ! er/:ile fri5ds p>t$4 ,9 #aehi1 ! ,emp]or ,rudolph imprison$ ,kelley1 ! price ( 8 fre$om be+ ! transmutative secret1 or a sub/antial quantity ( gold1 at lea/1 prep>$ by its aid4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 releas$ 9 #aeic2 b di$ 9 #aeie2 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 z ! result ( an accid5t incurr$ :ile attempt+ to escape f a second imprisonm5t4 ,dee m]ely records t he receiv$ news to ! effect t ,kelley 80 slayne40 #ff ,see1 = example1 ,,william ,,lilly3 ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,life & ,times 7#agae1 repr9t$ 9 #ahbb1 p4 #bbg74 #fg ,see ,,an?ony ,,wood',s acc\nt ( ,kelley's life 9 ,a!n ,oxoni5ses 7#crd edition1 edit$ by ,philip ,bliss1 vol4 i4 col4 #fci47 #fh ,william ,lilly1 ! a/rolog]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,life & ,times 7#ahbb repr9t1 pp4 #bbe-bbf71 relates a diff]5t /ory reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,kelley is suppos$ to h obta9$ ! ,great ,m$ic9e1 b z x is told at ?ird h&1 x is ( little importance4 ,we d n suppose t !re c be mu* d\bt t ! tru? 0 t ,dee & o!rs 7 deceiv$ by "s skilful conjur+ tricks1 = :atev] else ,kelley may h be51 he c]ta9ly 0 a v +5i\s fell[4 #fi ,! ,private ,di>y ( ,dr4 ,john ,dee 7,! ,camd5 ,society1 #ahdb71 p4 #bb4 #gj ,! ,private ,di>y ( ,dr4 ,john ,dee 7,! ,camd5 ,society1 #ahdb71 p4 #bg4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 inc>c]ation t he wrote an al*emi/ic "w entitl$ ,! ,/one ( ! ,philosoph]s1 :i* consi/s l>gely ( quotations f old] al*emi/ic writ+s4 ,8 o!r works on ,al*emy 7 probably writt5 at an e>li] p]iod4#ga #ga ,an ,engli% translation ( ,kelley's al*emi/ic works 7 publi%$ "u ! editor%ip ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 9 #ahic4 ,h5ry ,khunra? 7#aefj-afje74 #ec4 ,h5ry ,khunra? 0 born 9 ,saxony 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ,p>acelsus1 & travell$ ab\t ,g]many1 practis+ z a physician4 8,?is ,g]man al*emi/10 says ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 84 4 4 is claim$ z a hi]ophant ( ! psy*ic side ( ! magnum opus1 & 4 4 4 0 und\bt$ly aw>e ( ! l>g] issues1 ( ,h]metic !orems02 he describes ,khunra?'s *ief "w1 ,amphi!atrum ,sapi5ti t]n1 c41 z 8purely my/ical & magical40#gb #gb ,a4 ,e4 ,,waite3 ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s 7#ahhh71 p4 #aei4 ,alex&] ,se?on 78-#afjd7 & ,mi*ael ,s5divogius 7#aeff8-afdf74 #ed4 ,! date & bir?place ( ,alex&] ,se?on1 a ,scotti% al*emi/1 d n appe> to h be5 record$1 b ,mi*ael ,s5divogius 0 probably born 9 ,moravia ab\t #aeff4 ,se?on1 we are told1 0 9 possession ( ! ar*-secrets ( ,al*emy4 ,he visit$ ,holl& 9 #afjb1 proce$$ aft] a "t to ,italy1 & pass$ ?r\gh ,basle to ,g]many2 mean:ile he is said to h p]=m$ _m transmutations4 ,ultimately arriv+ at ,dresd51 h[ev]1 he fell into ! clut*es ( ! "y ,elector1 ,*ri/ian ,,ii41 :o1 9 ord] to extort 8 secret1 ca/ him into prison1 & put him to ! torture1 b )\t avail4 ,n[1 x s happ5$ t ,s5divogius1 :o 0 9 que/ ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 0 /ay+ at ,dresd51 & he>+ ( ,se?on's imprisonm5t obta9$ p]mission to visit him4 ,s5divogius (f]$ to effect ,se?on's escape 9 return = assi/ance 9 8 al*emi/ic pursuits1 to :i* arrangem5t ! ,scotti% al*emi/ will+ly agre$4 ,aft] "s consid]able outlay ( money 9 brib]y1 ,s5divogius's plan ( escape 0 successfully c>ri$ out1 & ,se?on f\nd himself a free man2 b he refus$ to betray ! high secrets ( ,h]metic philosophy to 8 rescu]4 ,h[ev]1 be=e 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 he pres5t$ him ) an ounce ( ! transmutative p[d]4 ,s5divogius soon us$ up ?is p[d]1 we are told1 9 effect+ transmutations & cures1 &1 be+ fond ( exp5sive liv+1 he m>ri$ ,se?on's wid[1 9 ! hope t %e 0 9 ! possession ( ! transmutative secret4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 disappo9t$2 %e knew no?+ ( ! matt]1 b %e _h ! manuscript ( an al*emi/ic "w writt5 by h] late husb&4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,s5divogius pr9t$ at ,prague a book entitl$ ,! ,new ,*emical ,light "u ! "n ( 8,cosmopolita10 :i* is said to be ?is "w ( ,se?on's b :i* ,s5divogius claim$ = 8 own by ! ins]tion ( 8 "n on ! title-page1 9 ! =m ( an anagram4 ,! tract ,on ,sulphur :i* 0 pr9t$ at ! end ( lat] editions1 h[ev]1 is said to h be5 ! g5u9e "w ( ! ,moravian4 ,:il/ 8 p[d] la/$1 ,s5divogius travell$ ab\t1 p]=m+1 we are told1 _m transmutations4 ,he 0 twice imprison$ 9 ord] to extort ! secrets ( ,al*emy f him1 on "o occasion escap+1 & on ! o!r occasion obta9+ 8 release f ! ,emp]or ,rudolph4 ,aft]w>ds1 he appe>s to h deg5]at$ into an impo/or1 b ?is is said to h be5 a f9esse to hide 8 true "* z an al*emi/ic adept4 ,he di$ 9 #afdf4gc #gc ,see ,f4 ,b43 ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s 7#ahae71 pp4 #ff-fi4 ,! ,new ,*emical ,light 0 held 9 great e/eem by ! al*emi/s4 ,! fir/ "p treats at l5g? ( ! g5]ation ( ! metals & also ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 & claims to be bas$ on practical exp]i5ce4 ,! se$ ( ,nature1 we are told1 is "o1 b v>i\s products result on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t conditions ( developm5t4 ,an imag9>y conv]sation betwe5 ,m]cury1 an ,al*emi/ & ,nature :i* is app5d$1 is n )\t a t\* ( hum\r4 ,says ! ,al*emi/1 9 despair1 8,n[ ,i see t ,i "k no?+2 only ,i mu/ n say s4 ,= ,i %\ld lose ! good op9ion ( my neighb\rs1 & !y w\ld no long] entru/ me ) money = my exp]im5ts4 ,i mu/ !re=e g on say+ t ,i "k ev]y?+2 = !re are _m t expect me to d great ?+s = !m4 4 4 4 ,!re are _m c\ntries1 & _m gre$y p]sons :o w suff] !mselves to be gull$ by my promises ( m\nta9s ( gold4 ,?us day w foll[ day1 & 9 ! meantime ! ,k+ or ! donkey w die1 or ,i myself40#gd ,! second "p treats ( ! ,elem5ts & ,pr9ciples 7see #ag & #ai74 #gd ,! ,new ,*emical ,light1 ,"p ,i4 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 by ,j4 ,brunn ,,portrait ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,mai]4 ,to face page #gb ,mi*ael ,mai] 7#aefh-afbb74 #ee4 ,mi*ael ,mai] 7see plate #aj7 0 born at ,r5dsb]g 79 ,hol/e97 ab\t #aefh4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e assidu\sly1 becom+ a mo/ successful physician1 & he 0 ennobl$ by ,rudolf ,,ii4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 he took up ! subject ( ,al*emy1 & is said to h ru9$ 8 heal? & wa/$ 8 =tune 9 ! pursuit ( ! al*emi/ic ignis fatuus--! ,/one ( ! ,philosoph]s--travell+ ab\t ,g]many & else:]e 9 ord] to h conv]se ) ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z adepts 9 ! ,art4 ,he took a prom95t "p 9 ! fam\s ,rosicrucian controv]sy 7see #di71 def5d+ ! claims ( ! alleg$ society 9 sev]al tracts4 ,he is said1 on ! "o h&1 to h be5 admitt$ z a memb] ( ! frat]nity2 & on ! o!r h&1 to h himself f\nd$ a simil> in/itution4 ,a full acc\nt ( 8 views w be f\nd 9 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,crav5's ,c\nt ,mi*ael ,mai]3 ,life & ,writ+s 7#aiaj74 ,he 0 a v le>n$ man1 b 8 works are some:at obscure & ab\nd 9 fanciful allegories4 ,he read an al*emi/ic mean+ into ! anci5t fables conc]n+ ! ,egyptian & ,greek gods & h]oes4 ,l mo/ al*emi/s1 he held ! suppos$ virtues ( m]cury 9 high e/eem4 ,9 8 ,lusus ,s]ius3 or1 ,s]i\s ,passe-"t1 = example1 he supposes a ,p>liam5t ( ! v>i\s creatures ( ! _w to meet1 9 ord] t ,man might *oose ! noble/ ( !m z k+ ov] all ! re/4 ,! calf1 ! %eep1 ! goose1 ! oy/]1 ! bee1 ! silkworm1 flax & m]cury are ! *os5 repres5tatives1 ea* ( :i* disc\rses 9 turn4 ,x w be unnecess>y to /ate t ,m]cury w9s ! day4 ,?us does ,mai] eulogise x3 8,?\ art ! miracle1 spl5d\r & light ( ! _w4 ,?\ art ! glory1 ornam5t1 & support] ( ! ,e>?4 ,?\ art ! ,asyle1 ,an*or1 & tye ( ! ,univ]se4 ,next to ! m9de ( ,man1 ,god ,creat$ no?+ m ,noble1 m ,glori\s1 or m ,pr(itable40#ge ,8 ,subtle ,allegory conc]n+ ! ,secrets ( ,al*emy1 v useful to possess & pleasant to read1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,h]metic ,museum1 toge!r ) 8 ,gold5 ,tripod1 consi/+ ( translations ( 8,val5t9e's0 8,practica0 & ,twelve ,keys1 ,norton's ,ord9al & ,crem]'s spuri\s ,te/am5t4 #ge ,,mi*ael ,,mai]3 ,lusus ,s]ius3 or ,s]i\s ,passe-"t 7#afed71 p4 #ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aa4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,jacob ,,boehme4 ,to face page #gd ,jacob ,boehme 7#aege-afbd47 #ef4 ,jacob ,boehme1 or ,behm5 7see plate #aa71 0 born at ,alt ,seid5b]g1 a village ne> ,grlitz1 9 #aege4 ,8 p>5ts be+ poor1 ! education he receiv$ 0 ( a v rudim5t>y nature1 & :5 8 s*ool+ days 7 ov]1 ,jacob 0 appr5tic$ to a %oemak]4 ,8 religi\s nature caus$ him (t5 to admoni% 8 fell[-appr5tices1 :i* behavi\r ultimately caus$ him to be dismiss$4 ,he travell$ ab\t z a j\rneyman %oemak]1 return+1 h[ev]1 to ,grlitz 9 #aeid1 :]e he m>ri$ & settl$ 9 bus9ess4 ,he claims to h exp]i5c$ a wond]ful vision 9 #aeih1 & to h _h a simil> vision two ye>s lat]4 ,9 ^! visions1 ! fir/ ( :i* la/$ = sev]al days1 he believ$ t he saw into ! inmo/ secrets ( nature2 b :at at fir/ appe>$ dim & vague became cle> & coh]5t 9 a ?ird vision1 :i* he tells u 0 v\*saf$ to him 9 #afaj4 ,x 0 !n t he wrote 8 fir/ book1 ! ,aurora1 :i* he compos$ = himself only1 9 ord] t he %\ld n =get ! my/]ies disclos$ to him4 ,at a lat] p]iod he produc$ a l>ge numb] ( treatises ( a my/ical-religi\s nature1 hav+ sp5t ! int]v5+ ye>s 9 improv+ 8 e>ly education4 ,^! books ar\s$ ! ire ( ! n>r[-m9d$ ecclesia/ical au?orities ( ! t[n1 & ,jacob suff]$ consid]able p]secution 9 consequ5ce4 ,he visit$ ,dresd5 9 #afbd1 & 9 ! same ye> 0 !re tak5 ill ) a fev]4 ,return+ to ,grlitz1 he expir$ 9 a condition ( ec/asy4 ,jacob ,boehme 0 an al*emi/ ( a purely transc5d5tal ord]4 ,he _h1 x appe>s1 acquir$ "s k ( ,*emi/ry dur+ 8 appr5tice days1 & he employ$ ! language ( ,al*emy 9 ! elaboration ( 8 sy/em ( my/ical philosophy4 ,) ?is l(ty my/ical-religi\s sy/em we _c "h deal2 ,boehme is1 inde$1 (t5 acc\nt$ ! greate/ ( true ,*ri/ian my/ics2 b al?\gh consci\s ( 8 sup]iority ov] _m m9or lights1 we ?9k ?is title is due to ,emanuel ,sw$5borg4 ,! "q ( ! validity ( 8 visions is also "o :i* lies beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w2#gf we mu/ conf9e our att5tion to ,boehme z an al*emi/4 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 9 ,boehme's t]m9ology1 is ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ :i* mu/ 8t9cture0 ! individual s\l4 ,9 "o place he says1 8,! ,phylosoph]s ,/one is a v d>k dise/eem$ ,/one1 ( a ,gray col\r1 b !re9 lye? ! highe/ ,t9cture40#gg ,9 ! transc5d5tal s5se1 ?is is rem9isc5t ( ! words ( ,isaiah3 8,he ha? no =m nor comel9ess2 & :5 we see him1 !re is no beauty t we %\ld desire him4 4 4 4 ,he 0 despis$ & we e/eem$ him n10 c4#gh #gf ,= a g5]al discussion ( spiritual visions see ! pres5t writ]'s ,matt]1 ,_s & ! ,cosmos 7,rid]1 #aiaj71 ,*apt] ,,iv41 8,on ,matt] & ,_s40 ,und\bt$ly ,boehme's visions involv$ a valuable elem5t ( tru?1 b at ! same "t mu* t 0 purely relative & subjective4 #gg ,,jacob ,,boehme3 ,epi/les 7translat$ by ,j4 ,e41 #afdi71 ,ep4 iv4 #aaa1 p4 #fe4 #gh ,! ,book ( ! ,prophet ,isaiah1 *ap1 liii41 vv4 #b & #c1 ,r4,v4 ,j4 ,b4 van ,helmont 7#aegg-afdd7 & ,f4 ,m4 van ,helmont 7#afah-afii47 #eg4 ,john ,bapti/ van ,helmont 7see plate #ab7 0 born 9 ,brussels 9 #aegg4 ,he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( m$ic9e1 at fir/ foll[+ ,gal51 b aft]w>ds accept+ 9 "p ! tea*+s ( ,p>acelsus2 & he help$ to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! old m$ical doctr9es4 ,8 purely *emical rese>*es 7 also ( great value to ! sci5ce4 ,he 0 a man ( pr(\nd k1 ( a religi\s temp]am5t1 & he possess$ a m>k$ lik+ = ! my/ical4 ,he 0 inspir$ by ! writ+s ( ,?omas ,kempis to imitate ,*ri/ 9 all ?+s1 & he practis$ m$ic9e1 !re=e1 z a "w ( b5evol5ce1 ask+ no fee = 8 s]vices4 ,at ! same "t1 moreov]1 he 0 a firm believ] 9 ! p[]s ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 claim+ to h himself successfully p]=m$ ! transmutation ( ! metals on m ?an "o occasion1 ?\gh unacqua9t$ ) ! composition ( ! m$ic9e employ$ 7see #fb74 ,_m ( 8 !oretical views are highly fanta/ical4 ,he liv$ a life devot$ to sci5tific rese>*1 & di$ 9 #afdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,,portraits ,,( ,j4 ,b4 ,,& ,f4 ,m4 ,,van ,,helmont4 7,f ! ,frontispiece to ,j4 ,b4 van ,helmont's ,oriatrike74 ,to face page #gf ,van ,helmont reg>d$ wat] z ! prim>y elem5t out ( :i* all ?+s are produc$4 ,he d5i$ t fire 0 an elem5t or any?+ mat]ial at all1 & he did n accept ! sulphur-m]cury-salt !ory4 ,to him is due ! ^w 8gas0--be=e 8 "t v>i\s gases 7 look$ ^u z m]e v>ieties ( air--& he also made a di/9ction betwe5 gases 7:i* c\ld n be cond5s$7#gi & vap\rs 7:i* give liquids on cool+74 ,9 p>ticul> he inve/igat$ ! gas t is n[ kn[n z c>bon-dioxide 7c>bonic anhydride71 :i* he t]m$ gas sylve/re2 b he lack$ suitable app>atus = ! collection ( gases1 & h5ce 0 l$ 9 _m cases to errone\s conclusions4 #gi ,x has s9ce be5 discov]$ t all gases c be cond5s$1 giv5 a suffici5t degree ( cold & pressure4 ,francis ,m]curius van ,helmont 7see plate #ab71 ! son ( ,john ,bapti/1 born 9 #afah1 ga9$ ! reputation ( hav+ also a*iev$ ! magnum opus1 s9ce he appe>$ to live v luxuri\sly ^u a limit$ income4 ,he 0 a skill$ *emi/ & physician1 b held _m que] !ories1 metempsy*osis includ$4 ,johann ,rudolf ,glaub] 7#afjd-affh74 #eh4 ,johann ,rudolf ,glaub] 0 born at ,k>l/adt 9 #afjd4 ,( 8 life little is kn[n4 ,he appe>s to h travell$ ab\t ,g]many a good deal1 aft]w>ds visit+ ,am/]dam1 :]e he di$ 9 #affh4 ,he 0 ( a v patriotic nature1 & a mo/ ard5t inve/igator 9 ! realm ( ,*emi/ry4 ,he accept$ ! ma9 iatro-*emical doctr9es1 b gave mo/ ( 8 att5tion to appli$ ,*emi/ry4 ,he enri*$ ! sci5ce ) _m important discov]ies2 & cry/allis$ sodium sulphate is /ill call$ 8,glaub]'s ,salt40 ,glaub]1 himself1 attribut$ rem>kable m$ic9al p[]s to ?is comp\nd4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 ! claims ( ,al*emy1 & held _m fanta/ic ideas4 ,?omas ,vaughan 78,eug5ius ,philale!s07 7#afbb-afff47 #ei4 ,?omas ,vaughan1 :o wrote "u ! "n ( 8,eug5ius ,philale!s10 0 born at ,newton 9 ,brecknock%ire 9 #afbb4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,jesus ,college1 ,ox=d1 graduat+ z a ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 & be+ made a fell[ ( 8 college4 ,he appe>s also to h tak5 holy ord]s & to h _h ! liv+ ( ,/4 ,bridget's 7,brecknock%ire7 conf]r$ on him4#hj ,dur+ ! civil w>s he bore arms = ! k+1 b 8 allegiance to ! ,royali/ cause l$ to 8 be+ accus$ ( 8drunk5ness1 swe>+1 incont95cy & be>+ arms = ! ,k+02 & he appe>s to h be5 depriv$ ( 8 liv+4 ,he retir$ to ,ox=d & gave himself up to /udy & *emical rese>*4 ,he is to be reg>d$ z an al*emi/ ( ! transc5d5tal ord]4 ,8 views z to ! nature ( ! true ,philosoph]'s ,/one may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ quotation3 8,?is1 read]10 he says1 speak+ ( ! my/ical illum9ation1 8is ! ,*ri/ian ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 a ,/one s (t5 inculcat$ 9 ,scripture4 ,?is is ! ,rock 9 ! wild]nesse1 because 9 great obscurity1 & few !re are t "k ! "r way unto x4 ,?is is ! ,/one ( ,fire 9 ,ezekiel2 ?is is ! ,/one ) ,sev5 ,eyes ^u x 9 ,za*>ie1 & ?is is ! ,:ite ,/one ) ! ,new ,"n 9 ! ,revelation4 ,b 9 ! ,gospel1 :]e ,*ri/ himself speakes1 :o 0 born to discov] my/]ies & communicate ,heav5 to ,e>?1 x is m cle>ly describ$40#ha ,at ! same "t he appe>s to h c>ri$ out exp]im5ts 9 physical ,al*emy1 & is said to h met ) 8 dea? 9 #afff ?r\gh accid5tally inhal+ ! fumes ( "s m]cury ) :i* he 0 exp]im5t+4 #hj ,see ,,an?ony ,,wood3 ,a!n ,oxoni5ses1 edit$ by ,philip ,bliss1 vol4 iii4 7#ahag71 cols4 #gbb-gbf4 #ha ,,?omas ,,vaughan 78,eug5ius ,philale!s073 ,anima ,magica ,abscondita 7see ,! ,magical ,writ+s ( ,?omas ,vaughan1 edit$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 #ahhh1 p4 #ga74 ,?omas ,vaughan 0 an ard5t disciple ( ,cornelius ,agrippa1 ! sixte5?-c5tury !osophi/4 ,he held ! p]ipatetic philosophy 9 v slight e/eem4 ,he 0 a man devot$ to ,god1 ?\gh probably guilty ( "s y\?ful follies1 full ( love t[>ds 8 wife1 & ) an int5se desire = ! solution ( ! great problems ( ,nature4 ,among/ 8 *ief works1 :i* are by no means want+ 9 fla%es ( my/ic wisdom1 may be m5tion$ ,an?roposophia ,!omagica1 ,anima ,magica ,abscondita 7:i* 7 publi%$ toge!r71 & ,magia ,adamica2 or1 ! ,antiquitie ( ,magic4 ,) reg>d to 8 views z express$ 9 ! fir/ two ( ^! books1 a controv]sy ensu$ betwe5 ,vaughan & ,h5ry ,moore1 :i* 0 m>k$ by consid]able acrimony4 8,eir5u ,philale!s0 7#afbc8-87 & ,george ,/>key 78-#affe74 #fj4 ,! use ( ! pseudonym 8,philale!s0 has n be5 conf9$ to "o al*emi/4 ,! cosmopolitan adept :o wrote "u ! "n ( 8,eir5u ,philale!s10 has be5 confus$1 on ! "o h&1 ) ,?omas ,vaughan1 on ! o!r h& ) ,george ,/>key 78-#affe74 ,he has also be5 id5tifi$ ) ,dr4 ,rob]t ,*ild 7#afac-afed72 b 8 real id5tity rema9s %r\d$ 9 my/]y4#hb ,george ,/>key 7or ,/irk71 ! son ( ,george ,/irk1 m9i/] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ,b]muda1 graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #afdf & practis$ m$ic9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica f #afdg to #afej4 ,9 #afea he came to ,engl& & practis$ m$ic9e 9 ,london4 ,he di$ ( ! plague 9 #affe4 ,9 #afed-e he publi%$ ,! ,m>r[ ( ,al*emy1 by 8,eir5u ,philoponos ,philale!s10 :i* "s ?9k he _h /ol5 f 8 ,h]metic ,ma/]4 ,o!r works by 8,eir5u ,philale!s0 appe>$ aft] ,/>key's dea? & became imm5sely popul>4 ,! ,op5 ,entrance to ! ,clos$ ,palace ( ! ,k+ 7! mo/ fam\s ( ^!7 & ! ,?ree ,treatises ( ! same au?or w be f\nd 9 ,! ,h]metic ,museum4 ,"s ( 8 views h already be5 not$ 7see #a & #bb74 ,on c]ta9 po9ts he diff]$ f ! majority ( ! al*emi/s4 ,he d5i$ t fire 0 an elem5t1 &1 also1 t bodies are =m$ by mixture ( ! elem5ts4 ,accord+ to him !re is "o pr9ciple 9 ! metals1 namely1 m]cury1 :i* arises f ! aque\s elem5t1 & is t]m$ 8metalically diff]5tiat$ wat]1 i4e41 x is wat] pass$ into t /age ( developm5t1 9 :i* x c no long] produce any?+ b m9]al sub/ances40#hc ,philale!s's views z to 8metallic se$0 are also ( consid]able int]e/4 ,( ! se$ ( gold1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! se$1 also1 ( all o!r metals1 he says3 8,! se$ ( animals & vegetables is some?+ sep>ate1 & may be cut out1 or o!rwise sep>ately exhibit$2 b metallic se$ is diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! metal1 & conta9$ 9 all its smalle/ p>ts2 nei!r c x be disc]n$ f its body3 its extraction is !re=e a task :i* may well tax ! +5uity ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ philosoph]4 4 4 40#hd ,well might ?is h be5 said ( ! electron ( mod]n sci5tific !ory4 #hb ,see ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite's ,lives ( ,al*emy/ical ,philosoph]s1 art4 8,eir5u ,philale!s10 & ! ,biographical ,preface to 8 ,! ,works ( ,?omas ,vaughan 7#aiai72 also ! late ,pr(essor ,f]guson's 8#8,! ,m>r[ ( ,al*emy'10 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,! ,al*emical ,society1 vol4 iii4 7#aiae71 pp4 #ajf et seq41 & ,pr(essor ,g4 ,l4 ,kittr$ge's ,doctor ,rob]t ,*ild1 ,! ,remon/rant 7,camb41 ,mass41 #aiai74 ,! la/ m5tion$ writ] /rongly urges ! id5tification ( 8,eir5u ,philale!s0 ) ,george ,/>key4 #hc 8,,eir5,,u ,,philale!s03 ,! ,metamorphosis ( ,metals 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcf74 ,comp>e ) van ,helmont's views1 #eg4 #hd ,ibid41 p4 #bdj4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,outcome ,,( ,,al*emy ,did ! ,al*emi/s a*ieve ! 8,magnum ,opus08 #fa4 ,! al*emi/s 7 untir+ 9 _! se>* = ! ,/one ( ! ,philosoph]s1 & we may well ask :e!r !y ev] succe$$ 9 effect+ a real transmutation4 ,t _m app>5t transmutations occurr$1 ! obs]v]s be+ ei!r self-deceiv$ by a sup]ficial exam9ation--c]ta9 alloys resemble ! 8noble metals0--or delib]ately *eat$ by impo/ors1 is ( c\rse und\bt$4 ,b at ! same "t we mu/ n assume t1 because we "k n ! me?od n[1 real transmutations h nev] tak5 place4 ,mod]n rese>* indicates t x may be possible to transmute o!r metals1 su* z lead or bismu?1 into gold1 & consequ5tly we mu/ admit ! possibility t among/ ! _m exp]im5ts c>ri$ out1 a real transmutation 0 effect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! me?od :i* is sugge/$ by ! rec5t rese>*es 9 "q c\ld n h be5 kn[n to ! al*emi/s or accid5tally employ$ by !m2 &1 moreov]1 ! quantity ( gold :i* is hop$ =1 %\ld su* a me?od prove successful1 is f> bel[ ! smalle/ am\nt t w\ld h be5 detect$ 9 ! days ( ,al*emy4 ,b if !re be "o me?od :]eby ! metals may be transmut$1 !re may be o!r me?ods4 ,& x is n altoge!r an easy task to expla9 away ! te/imony ( em95t m5 su* z 7 van ,helmont & ,helvetius4 ,! ,te/imony ( van ,helmont4 #fb4 ,john ,bapti/ van ,helmont 7see #eg71 :o 0 celebrat$ alike = 8 skill z a physician & *emi/ & = 8 nobility ( "*1 te/ifi$ 9 m ?an "o place t he _h himself c>ri$ out ! transmutation ( m]cury into gold4 ,b1 z we h m5tion$ above1 ! composition ( ! ,/one employ$ on ^! occasions 0 unkn[n to him4 ,he says3 84 4 4 ,= truly1 ,i h div]s times se5 x ! ,/one ( ! ,philosoph]s1 & h&l$ x ) my h&s3 b x 0 ( col\r1 su* z is 9 ,saffron 9 its ,p[d]1 yet weighty1 & %9+ l unto p[d]$ ,glass3 ,!re 0 once giv5 unto me "o f\r? "p ( "o ,gra93 ,b ,i call a ,gra9 ! six hundr$? "p ( "o ,ounce3 ,?is qu>t] ( "o ,gra9 !re=e1 be+ r\l$ up 9 ,pap]1 ,i project$ ^u eight ,ounces ( ,quick-silv] made hot 9 a ,crucible2 & /raightway all ! ,quick-silv]1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( ,noise1 /ood /ill f fl[+1 & be+ congeal$1 setl$ l unto a yell[ ,lump3 b aft] p\r+ x out1 ! ,bell[s bl[+1 !re 7 f\nd eight ,ounces1 & a little less ?an elev5 ,gra9s eight ,ounces less elev5 ,gra9s ( ! pure/ ,gold3 ,!re=e "o only ,gra9 ( t ,p[d]1 _h trans*ang$ #aiahf #aiaef ,p>ts ( ,quick-silv]1 equal to itself1 into ! be/ ,gold40#he #he ,j4 ,b4 ,,van ,,helmont3 ,life ,et]nal 7see ,oriatrike1 translat$ by ,j4 ,c41 #affb2 or van ,helmont's ,workes1 translat$ by ,j4 ,c41 #affd1 :i* is m]ely ! =m] "w ) a new title-page & prelim9>y matt]1 pp4 #gea & #geb74 ,& aga93 8,i am con/ra9$ to believe t !re is ! ,/one :i* makes ,gold1 & :i* makes ,silv]2 because ,i h at di/9ct turns1 made projection ) my h&1 ( "o gra9 ( ! ,p[d]1 ^u "s ?\s& gra9s ( hot ,quick-silv]2 & ! buis9ess succe$$ 9 ! ,fire1 ev5 z ,books d promise2 a ,circle ( _m ,p /&+ by1 toge!r ) a tickl+ ,admiration ( u all4 4 4 4 ,he :o fir/ gave me ! ,gold-mak+ ,p[d]1 _h likewise also1 at lea/ z mu* ( x1 z might be suffici5t = *ang+ two hundr$ ?\s& ,p\nds ( ,gold3 4 4 4 ,= he gave me p]haps half a gra9 ( t ,p[d]1 & n9e ounces & ?ree qu>t]s ( ,quick-silv] 7 !reby trans*ang$3 ,b t ,gold1 a /range man a /rang]1 be+ a ,fri5d ( "o ev5+s acqua9tance1 gave me40#hf #hf ,j4 ,b4 ,,van ,,helmont3 ,! ,tree ( ,life 7see ,oriatrike or ,van ,helmont's ,workes1 p4 #hjg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,to face page #hd ,! ,te/imony ( ,helvetius4 #fc4 ,john ,fr$]ick ,helvetius 7see plate #ac71 an em95t doctor ( m$ic9e1 & physician to ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 publi%$ at ! ,hague 9 #affg ! foll[+ rem>kable acc\nt ( a transmutation he claim$ to h effect$4 ,c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ?is acc\nt & t ( van ,helmont 7e4g41 9 ea* case ! ,/one is describ$ z a glassy sub/ance ( a pale yell[ col\r7 are wor? notic+3 8,on ! #bg ,decemb]1 #afff1 9 ! =5oon1 !re came to my h\se a c]ta9 man1 :o 0 a complete /rang] to me1 b ( an hone/1 grave c\nt5ance1 & an au?oritative mi51 clo!d 9 a simple g>b l t ( a ,memnonite4 4 4 4 8,aft] we _h ex*ang$ salutations1 he ask$ me :e!r he might h "s conv]sation ) me4 ,he wi%$ to say some?+ to me ab\t ! ,pyrote*nic ,art1 z he _h read "o ( my tracts 7direct$ aga9/ ! sympa!tic ,p[d] ( ,dr4 ,digby71 9 :i* ,i h9t$ a suspicion :e!r ! ,gr& ,arcanum ( ! ,sages 0 n aft] all a gigantic hoax4 ,he1 !re=e1 took t opportunity ( ask+ me :e!r ,i c\ld n believe t su* a gr& my/]y might exi/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 by means ( :i* a physician c\ld re/ore any pati5t ^: vitals 7 n irrep>ably de/roy$4 ,i answ]$3 #8,su* a ,m$ic9e w\ld be a mo/ desirable acquisition = any physician2 nor c any man tell h[ _m secrets !re may be hidd5 9 ,nature2 yet1 ?\gh ,i h read mu* ab\t ! tru? ( ?is ,art1 x has nev] be5 my good =tune to meet ) a real ,ma/] ( ! ,al*emical ,sci5ce4' ,i also enquir$ :e!r he 0 a m$ical man4 4 4 4 ,9 reply1 he 4 4 4 describ$ himself z a brassf\nd]4 4 4 4 ,aft] "s fur!r conv]sation1 ! ,arti/ ,elias 7= x 0 he7 ?us address$ me3 #8,s9ce y h read s mu* 9 ! works ( ! ,al*emi/s ab\t ?is ,/one1 its sub/ance1 its col\r1 & its wond]ful effects1 may ,i be all[$ ! "q1 :e!r y h n y\rself prep>$ x8' ,on my answ]+ 8 "q 9 ! negative1 he took out ( 8 bag a cunn+ly-work$ ivory box1 9 :i* !re 7 ?ree l>ge pieces ( a sub/ance resembl+ glass1 or pale sulphur1 & in=m$ me t "h 0 en\gh ( ! ,t9cture = ! production ( #bj tons ( gold4 ,:5 ,i _h held ! preci\s treasure 9 my h& = a qu>t] ( an h\r 7dur+ :i* "t ,i li/5$ to a recital ( its wond]ful curative prop]ties71 ,i 0 compell$ to re/ore x to its own]1 :i* ,i c\ld n help do+ ) a c]ta9 degree ( reluctance4 ,aft] ?ank+ him = 8 k9dness 9 %ew+ x to me1 ,i !n ask$ h[ x 0 t 8 ,/one did n display t ruby col\r1 :i* ,i _h be5 taught to reg>d z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 ,he repli$ t ! col\r made no diff]5ce1 & t ! sub/ance 0 suffici5tly mature = all practical purposes4 ,my reque/ t he w\ld give me a piece ( 8 ,/one 7?\gh x 7 no l>g] ?an a cori&] se$71 he some:at brusquely refus$1 add+1 9 a mild] tone1 t he c\ld n give x me = all ! weal? ,i possess$1 & t n on acc\nt ( its great preci\sness1 b = "s o!r reason :i* x 0 n lawful = him to divulge2 4 4 4 ,helvetius obta9s ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 #fd4 8,:5 my /range visitor _h conclud$ 8 n>rative1 ,i bes\ght him to give me a pro( ( 8 ass]tion1 by p]=m+ ! transmutatory op]ation on "s metals 9 my pres5ce4 ,he answ]$ evasively1 t he c\ld n d s !n1 b t he w\ld return 9 ?ree weeks1 & t1 if he 0 !n at lib]ty to d s1 he w\ld %ew me some?+ t w\ld make me op5 my eyes4 ,he appe>$ punctually to ! promis$ day1 & invit$ me to take a walk ) him1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* we disc\rs$ pr(\ndly on ! secrets ( ,nature 9 fire1 ?\gh ,i notic$ t my companion 0 v *>y 9 imp>t+ in=mation ab\t ! ,gr& ,arcanum4 4 4 4 ,at la/ ,i ask$ him po9t-blank to %[ me ! transmutation ( metals4 ,i bes\ght him to come & d9e ) me1 & to sp5d ! night at my h\se2 ,i entreat$2 ,i expo/ulat$2 b 9 va94 ,he rema9$ firm4 ,i rem9d$ him ( 8 promise4 ,he retort$ t 8 promise _h be5 conditional ^u 8 be+ p]mitt$ to reveal ! secret to me4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ,i prevail$ ^u him to give me a piece ( 8 preci\s ,/one--a piece no l>g] ?an a gra9 ( rape se$4 ,he deliv]$ x to me z if x 7 ! mo/ pr9cely donation 9 ! _w4 ,^u my utt]+ a d\bt :e!r x w\ld be suffici5t to t+e m ?an f\r gra9s ( lead1 he eag]ly dem&$ x back4 ,i compli$1 9 ! hope t he w\ld ex*ange x = a l>g] piece2 in/ead ( :i* he divid$ x 9 two ) 8 ?umb1 ?rew away "o-half & gave me back ! o!r1 say+3 #8,ev5 n[ x is suffici5t = y4' ,!n ,i 0 /ill m heavily disappo9t$1 z ,i c\ld n believe t any?+ c\ld be done ) s small a p>ticle ( ! ,m$ic9e4 ,he1 h[ev]1 bade me take two dra*ms1 or half an ounce ( lead1 or ev5 a little m1 & to melt x 9 ! crucible2 = ! ,m$ic9e w\ld c]ta9ly n t+e m ( ! base metal ?an x 0 suffici5t =4 ,i answ]$ t ,i c\ld n believe t s small a quantity ( ,t9cture c\ld trans=m s l>ge a mass ( lead4 ,b ,i _h to be satisfi$ ) :at he _h giv5 me1 & my *ief difficulty 0 ab\t ! application ( ! ,t9cture4 ,i confess$ t :5 ,i held 8 ivory box 9 my h&1 ,i _h manag$ to extract a few crumbs ( 8 ,/one1 b t !y _h *ang$ my lead1 n into gold1 b only into glass4 ,he laugh$1 & said t ,i 0 m exp]t at !ft ?an at ! application ( ! ,t9cture4 #8,y %\ld h protect$ y\r spoil ) 8yell[ wax10 !n x w\ld h be5 able to p5etrate ! lead & to transmute x into gold4' 4 4 4 ,helvetius p]=ms a ,transmutation4 #fe4 84 4 4 ,) 4 4 4 a promise to return at n9e o'clock ! next morn+1 he left me4 ,b at ! /at$ h\r on ! foll[+ day he did n make 8 appe>ance2 9 8 /ead1 h[ev]1 !re came1 a few h\rs lat]1 a /rang]1 :o told me t 8 fri5d ! ,arti/ 0 unavoidably deta9$1 b t he w\ld call at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! aft]noon came2 ,i wait$ = him till half-pa/ sev5 o'clock4 ,he did n appe>4 ,!reupon my wife came & tempt$ me to try ! transmutation myself4 ,i det]m9$1 h[ev]1 to wait till ! morr[1 & 9 ! meantime1 ord]$ my son to light ! fire1 z ,i 0 n[ almo/ sure t he 0 an impo/or4 ,on ! morr[1 h[ev]1 ,i ?\ght t ,i might at lea/ make an exp]im5t ) ! piece ( #8,t9cture' :i* ,i _h receiv$2 if x turn$ out a failure1 9 spite ( my foll[+ 8 directions closely1 ,i might !n be q c]ta9 t my visitor _h be5 a m]e pret5d] to a k ( ?is ,art4 ,s ,i ask$ my wife to put ! ,t9cture 9 wax1 & ,i myself1 9 ! meantime1 prep>$ six dra*ms ( lead2 ,i !n ca/ ! ,t9cture1 envelop$ z x 0 9 wax1 on ! lead2 z soon z x 0 melt$1 !re 0 a hiss+ s\nd & a slight eff]vesc5ce1 & aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r ,i f\nd t ! :ole mass ( lead _h be5 turn$ into ! f9e/ gold4 ,be=e ?is transmutation took place1 ! comp\nd became int5sely gre51 b z soon z ,i _h p\r$ x into ! melt+ pot x assum$ a hue l blood4 ,:5 x cool$1 x glitt]$ & %one l gold4 ,we imm$iately took x to ! goldsmi?1 :o at once decl>$ x to be ! f9e/ gold he _h ev] se51 & (f]$ to pay fifty flor9s an ounce = x4 ,helvetius's ,gold ,assay$4 #ff4 8,! rum\r1 ( c\rse1 spread at once l wildfire ?r\gh ! :ole city2 & 9 ! aft]noon1 ,i _h visits f _m illu/ri\s /ud5ts ( ?is ,art2 ,i also receiv$ a call f ! ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t & "s o!r g5tlem51 :o reque/$ me to place at _! disposal a small piece ( ! gold1 9 ord] t !y might subject x to ! usual te/s4 ,i cons5t$1 & we betook ourselves to ! h\se ( a c]ta9 silv]smi?1 nam$ ,bre*til1 :o submitt$ a small piece ( my gold to ! te/ call$ #8! f\r?'3 ?ree or f\r p>ts ( silv] are melt$ 9 ! crucible ) "o "p ( gold1 & !n beat5 out into ?9 plates1 ^u :i* "s /rong aqua =tis nitric acid is p\r$4 ,! usual result ( ?is exp]im5t is t ! silv] is dissolv$1 :ile ! gold s9ks to ! bottom 9 ! %ape ( a black p[d]1 & aft] ! aqua =tis has be5 p\r$ (f1 ! gold1 melt$ once aga9 9 ! crucible1 resumes its =m] %ape4 4 4 4 ,:5 we n[ p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t1 we ?\ght at fir/ t "o-half ( ! gold _h evaporat$2 b aft]w>ds we f\nd t ?is 0 n ! case1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 two scruples ( ! silv] _h und]gone a *ange into gold4 ,helvetius's ,gold ,fur!r ,te/$4 #fg4 8,!n we tri$ ano!r te/1 viz41 t :i* is p]=m$ by means ( a septuple ( ,antimony2 at fir/ x seem$ z if eight gra9s ( ! gold _h be5 lo/1 b aft]w>ds1 n only _h two scruples ( ! silv] be5 conv]t$ into gold1 b ! silv] itself 0 greatly improv$ bo? 9 quality & malleability4 ,?rice ,i p]=m$ ?is infallible te/1 discov]+ t e dra*m ( gold produc$ an increase ( a scruple ( gold1 b ! silv] is excell5t & extremely flexible4 ,?us ,i h unfold$ to y ! :ole /ory f beg9n+ to end4 ,! gold ,i /ill reta9 9 my possession1 b ,i _c tell y :at has become ( ! ,arti/ ,elias4 ,be=e he left me1 on ! la/ day ( our fri5dly int]c\rse1 he told me t he 0 on ! po9t ( und]tak+ a j\rney to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,may ! ,holy ,angels ( ,god wat* ov] him :]ev] he is1 & long pres]ve him z a s\rce ( bless+ to ,*ri/5dom6 ,?is is my e>ne/ pray] on 8 & our behalf40#hg #hg ,j4 ,f4 ,,helvetius3 ,! ,gold5 ,calf1 *4 iii4 7see ,! ,h]metic ,museum1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhc et seq474 ,te/imony su* z ?is w>ns u n to be too sure t a real transmutation has nev] tak5 place4 ,on ! :ole1 ) reg>d to ?is "q1 an agno/ic position appe>s to be ! m philosophical4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,*emi/ry4 #fh4 ,b ev5 if ! al*emi/s did n discov] ! ,gr& ,arcanum ( ,nature1 !y did discov] v _m sci5tifically important facts4 ,ev5 if !y did n prep>e ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 !y did prep>e a v l>ge numb] ( new & important *emical comp\nds4 ,_! lab\rs 7 ! se$s out ( :i* mod]n ,*emi/ry develop$1 & ?is highly important sci5ce is rightfully includ$ "u ! expression 8,! ,outcome ( ,al*emy40 ,z we h already po9t$ out 7 #dh71 x 0 ! iatro-*emi/s :o fir/ inve/igat$ *emical matt]s ) an object o!r ?an al*emi/ic1 _! especial end 9 view be+ ! prep>ation ( useful m$ic9es1 ?\gh ! m$ical-*emi/ & ! al*emi/ 7 v (t5 unit$ 9 ! "o p]son1 z 9 ! case ( ,p>acelsus himself & ! n less fam\s van ,helmont4 ,x 0 n until /ill lat] t ,*emi/ry 0 recognis$ z a di/9ct sci5ce sep>ate f m$ic9e4 ,! ,deg5]acy ( ,al*emy4 #fi4 ,9 ano!r direction ! ,outcome ( ,al*emy 0 ( a v di/ress+ nature4 ,al*emy 0 9 _m respects em95tly suitable z a cloak = fraud1 & ^? :o became 8al*emi/s0 ) ! sole object ( accumulat+ mu* weal? 9 a %ort space ( "t1 f9d+ t ! legitimate pursuit ( ! ,art did n enable !m to realise _! expectations 9 ?is direction1 avail$ !mselves ( ?is fact4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "s evid5ce t ! deg5]acy ( ,al*emy _h comm5c$ z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b ! atta9m5t ( ! magnum opus 0 reg>d$ z possible = "s ?ree or m c5turies4 ,! al*emi/ic promises ( heal?1 weal? & happ9ess & a pseudo-my/ical /yle ( language 7 effectively employ$ by ^! impo/ors4 ,"s m or less +5i\s tricks--su* z ! use ( holl[ /irr+-rods1 9 :i* ! gold 0 conceal$1 c4--conv9c$ a cr$ul\s public ( ! validity ( _! claims4 ,( ^! pseudo-al*emi/s we h already made ! acqua9tance ( ,edw>d ,kelley1 b *ief ( !m all is g5]ally acc\nt$ ! notori\s 8,c\nt ,caglio/ro40 ,t 8,caglio/ro0 is rightfully plac$ 9 ! category ( pseudo-al*emi/s is c]ta91 b x also appe>s equally c]ta9 t1 *>latan ?\gh he 01 po/]ity has n always done him t ju/ice :i* is due to all m51 h[ev] bad !y may be4 8,c\nt ,caglio/ro0 7--8-#agie74 #gj4 ,( ! bir? & e>ly life ( ! p]sonage call+ himself 8,c\nt ,caglio/ro0 no?+ is kn[n ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 ev5 8 true "n be+ envelop$ 9 my/]y4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 usual to id5tify him ) ! notori\s ,italian sw9dl]1 ,giuseppe ,balsamo1 :o1 born at ,pal]mo 9 #agdc 7or #agdh71 app>5tly disappe>$ f mortal k5 aft] "s ?irty ye>s1 ( :i* ! majority 7 sp5t 9 committ+ v>i\s crimes4 8,caglio/ro's0 late/ biograph]1#hh :o appe>s to h gone into ! matt] v ?or\ghly1 h[ev]1 ?r[s v grave d\bts on ! tru? ( ?is !ory4 #hh ,w4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,tr[bridge3 ,caglio/ro3 ,! ,spl5d\r & ,mis]y ( a ,ma/] ( ,magic 7#aiaj74 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge our indebt$ness = _m ( ! p>ticul>s :i* foll[ to ?is "w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 un=tunately m>r$ by a ridicul\s attempt to %[ a lik5ess betwe5 8,caglio/ro0 & ,sw$5borg1 = :i*1 by ! way1 ,mr4 ,tr[bridge has already be5 criticis$ by ! ,spectator4 ,x may ju/ly be said ( ,sw$5borg t he 0 scrupul\sly hone/ & s9c]e 9 8 beliefs z well z 9 8 actions2 &1 z a philosoph]1 x is only n[ be+ discov]$ h[ really great he 04 ,he did1 inde$1 claim to h conv]se ) spiritual be+s2 b ! results ( mod]n psy*ical rese>* h robb$ su* claims ( any inh]5t impossibility1 & 9 ,sw$5borg's case !re is v consid]able evid5ce = _! validity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,to face page #ib ,if ! e>li] "p ( 8,caglio/ro's0 life is unkn[n1 ! latt] "p is s ov]laid ) leg5ds & lies1 t x is almo/ impossible to get at ! tru? conc]n+ x4 ,9 #aggf ,caglio/ro & 8 wife 7 9 ,london1 :]e 8,caglio/ro0 became a ,freemason1 jo9+ a lodge connect$ ) 8,! ,ord] ( ,/rict ,obs]vance10 a secret society incorporat$ ) ,freemasonry1 & :i* 7on ! ,cont95t1 at lea/7 0 conc]n$ l>gely ) occult subjects4 8,caglio/ro10 h[ev]1 0 unsatisfi$ ) its rituals & devis$ a new sy/em :i* he call$ ,egyptian ,masonry4 ,egyptian ,masonry1 he taught1 0 to re=m ! :ole _w1 & he set out1 leav+ ,engl& = ! ,cont95t1 to conv]t ,masons & o!rs to 8 views4 ,we mu/ look = ! motive p[] ( 8 extraord9>y c>e] 9 vanity & a love ( my/]y-mong]+1 )\t any true k ( ! occult2 x is probable1 inde$1 t ultimately 8 unb\nd$ vanity triumph$ ov] 8 reason & t he actually believ$ 9 8 own pret5sions4 ,t he did possess hypnotic & clairvoyant p[]s is1 we ?9k1 at lea/ probable2 b x is none ! less c]ta9 t1 :5 su* fail$ him1 he _h no scruples aga9/ employ+ o!r means ( conv9c+ ! cr$ul\s ( ! validity ( 8 claims4 ,?is 0 ! case on 8 visit to ,russia1 :i* occurr$ n long aft]w>ds4 ,at ,/4 ,pet]sburg a y\?ful m$ium he 0 employ+1 to put ! matt] briefly1 8gave ! %[ away10 & at ,w>saw1 :]e he f\nd x necess>y to turn al*emi/1 he 0 detect$ 9 ! process ( introduc+ a piece ( gold 9 ! crucible conta9+ ! base metal he 0 ab\t to 8transmute40 ,at ,/rasburg1 :i* he rea*$ 9 #aghj1 h[ev]1 he 0 m successful4 ,"h he appe>$ z a miracul\s heal] ( all diseases1 ?\gh :e!r 8 cures are to be ascrib$ to "s simple b efficaci\s m$ic9e :i* he _h discov]$1 to hypnotism1 to ! p[] ( ! imag9ation on ! "p ( 8 pati5ts1 or to ! p[] ( imag9ation on ! "p ( ^? :o h record$ ! alleg$ cures1 is a "q into :i* we d n propose to ent]4 ,at ,/rasburg 8,caglio/ro0 came into contact ) ! ,c>d9al de ,rohan1 & a fa/ fri5d%ip sprang up betwe5 ! two1 :i*1 9 ! end1 prov$ 8,caglio/ro's0 ru94 ,! 8,c\nt0 next visit$ ,bordeaux & ,lyons1 successfully f\nd+ lodges ( ,egyptian ,masonry4 ,f ! latt] t[n he proce$$ to ,p>is1 :]e he rea*$ ! height ( 8 fame4 ,he became extraord9>ily ri*1 al?\gh he is said to h ask$1 & to h accept$1 no fee = 8 s]vices z a heal]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a sub/antial entrance-fee to ! my/]ies ( ,egyptian ,masonry1 :i*1 ) its al*emi/ic promises ( heal? & weal?1 prosp]$ exce$+ly4 ,at ! summit ( 8 c>e]1 h[ev]1 =tune =sook him4 ,z a fri5d ( de ,rohan1 he 0 arre/$ 9 connection ) ! ,diamond ,necklace affair1 on ! ^w ( ! infam\s ,c\ntess de ,lamotte2 al?\gh1 ( :atev] else he may h be5 guilty1 he 0 p]fectly innoc5t ( ?is *>ge4 ,aft] ly+ imprison$ 9 ! ,ba/ille = sev]al mon?s1 he 0 tri$ by ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5t1 pron\nc$ innoc5t1 & releas$4 ,imm$iately1 h[ev]1 ! k+ bani%$ him1 & he left ,p>is = ,london1 :]e he seems to h be5 p]si/5tly p]secut$ by ag5ts ( ! ,fr5* k+4 ,he return$ to ! ,cont95t1 ultimately rea*+ ,italy1 :]e he 0 arre/$ by ! ,inquisition & condemn$ to dea? on ! *>ge ( be+ a ,freemason 7a dire (f5ce 9 ! eyes ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*74 ,! s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 0 modifi$ to "o ( p]petual imprisonm5t1 & he 0 conf9$ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,san ,leo1 :]e he di$ 9 #agie1 aft] f\r ye>s ( imprisonm5t1 9 :at mann] is n kn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry ,! ,bir? ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry4 #ga4 ,*emi/ry z di/9ct f ,al*emy & ,iatro-*emi/ry comm5c$ ) ,rob]t ,boyle 7see plate #ae71 :o fir/ cle>ly recognis$ t its aim is nei!r ! transmutation ( ! metals nor ! prep>ation ( m$ic9es1 b ! obs]vation & g5]alisation ( a c]ta9 class ( ph5om5a2 :o d5i$ ! validity ( ! al*emi/ic view ( ! con/itution ( matt]1 & enunciat$ ! def9ition ( an elem5t :i* has s9ce reign$ supreme 9 ,*emi/ry2 & :o enri*$ ! sci5ce ) obs]vations ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,boyle1 h[ev]1 0 a man ^: ideas 7 9 advance ( 8 times1 & int]v5+ betwe5 ! iatro-*emical p]iod & ! ,age ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry prop] came ! p]iod ( ! ,phlogi/ic ,!ory--a !ory :i* _h a c]ta9 aff9ity ) ! ideas ( ! al*emi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,rob]t ,,boyle4 ,to face page #id ,! ,phlogi/on ,!ory4 #gb4 ,! phlogi/on !ory 0 ma9ly due to ,georg ,ern/ ,/ahl 7#affj-agcd74 ,be*] 7#afce-afhb7 _h attempt$ to revive ! once univ]sally accept$ sulphur-m]cury-salt !ory ( ! al*emi/s 9 a some:at modifi$ =m1 by ! assumption t all sub/ances consi/ ( ?ree e>?s--! combu/ible1 m]curial1 & vitre\s2 & h]e9 is to be f\nd ! g]m ( ,/ahl's phlogi/ic !ory4 ,accord+ to ,/ahl1 all combu/ible bodies 7includ+ ^? metals t *ange on heat+7 conta9 phlogi/on1 ! pr9ciple ( combu/ion1 :i* escapes 9 ! =m ( flame :5 su* sub/ances are burn$4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !re=e1 ! metals are comp\nds1 s9ce !y consi/ ( a metallic calx 7:at we n[ call ! 8oxide0 ( ! metal7 comb9$ ) phlogi/on2 &1 fur!r1 to obta9 ! metal f ! calx x is only necess>y to act ^u x ) "s sub/ance ri* 9 phlogi/on4 ,n[1 coal & *>coal are bo? almo/ completely combu/ible1 leav+ v little residue2 h5ce1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 !y mu/ consi/ v l>gely ( phlogi/on2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 metals c be obta9$ by heat+ _! calces ) ei!r ( ^! sub/ances4 ,_m o!r facts ( a l nature 7 explicable 9 t]ms ( ! phlogi/on !ory1 & x became exce$+ly popul>4 ,*emi/s at ?is "t did n pay mu* att5tion to ! balance2 x 0 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t metals increas$ 9 weight on calc9ation1 b ?is 0 8expla9$0 on ! assumption t phlogi/on possess$ negative weight4 ,anto9e ,lavoisi] 7#agdc-agid71 utilis+ ,prie/ley's discov]y ( oxyg5 7call$ 8dephlogi/icat$ air0 by its discov]]7 & /udy+ ! weight relations accompany+ combu/ion1 demon/rat$ ! non-validity ( ! phlogi/ic !ory#hi & prov$ combu/ion to be ! comb9ation ( ! sub/ance burnt ) a c]ta9 con/itu5t ( ! air1 ! oxyg54 ,by ?is "t ,al*emy 0 to all int5ts & purposes defunct1 ,bo]have 7#affh-agch7 0 ! la/ em95t *emi/ to give any support to its doctr9es1 & ! new *emi/ry ( ,lavoisi] gave x a f9al dea?-bl[4 ,we n[ ent] ^u ! ,age ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry1 b we %all deal 9 ?is *apt] ) ! hi/ory ( *emical !ory only s f> z is necess>y 9 pursuance ( our prim>y object1 & h5ce our acc\nt w be v f> f complete4 #hi ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t if by ! t]m 8phlogi/on0 we 7 to und]/& en]gy & n "s =m ( matt]1 mo/ ( ! /atem5ts ( ! phlogi/ics w\ld be true s f> z !y g4 ,boyle & ! ,def9ition ( an ,elem5t4 #gc4 ,rob]t ,boyle 7#afbf-afia7 _h def9$ an elem5t z a sub/ance :i* c\ld n be decompos$1 b :i* c\ld ent] into comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts giv+ comp\nds capable ( decomposition into ^! orig9al elem5ts4 ,h5ce1 ! metals 7 class$ among ! elem5ts1 s9ce !y _h defi$ all attempts to decompose !m4 ,n[1 x mu/ be not$ t ?is def9ition is ( a negative "*1 &1 al?\gh x is conv5i5t to t]m 8elem5ts0 all sub/ances :i* h s f> defi$ decomposition1 x is a matt] ( impossibility to decide :at sub/ances are true elem5ts ) absolute c]ta9ty2 & ! possibility1 h[ev] fa9t1 t gold & o!r metals are ( a comp\nd nature1 & h5ce ! possibility ( prep>+ gold f ! 8base0 metals or o!r sub/ances1 mu/ always rema94 ,?is unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! elem5ts appe>s to h g5]ally be5 recognis$ by ! new s*ool ( *emi/s1 b ?is hav+ be5 s1 x is ! m surpris+ t _! criticism ( al*emi/ic art 0 n less sev]e4 ,! ,/oi*iometric ,laws4 #gd4 ,) ! /udy ( ! relative weights 9 :i* sub/ances comb9e1 c]ta9 g5]alisations or 8natural laws0 ( supreme importance 7 discov]$4 ,^! /oi*iometric laws1 z !y are call$1 are z foll[s3-- #a4 8,! ,law ( ,con/ant ,proportion0--,! same *emical comp\nd always conta9s ! same elem5ts1 & !re is a con/ant ratio betwe5 ! weights ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts pres5t4 #b4 8,! ,law ( ,multiple ,proportions0--,if two sub/ances comb9e *emically 9 m ?an "o proportion1 ! weights ( ! "o :i* comb9e ) a giv5 weight ( ! o!r1 /& 9 a simple rational ratio to "o ano!r4 #c4 8,! ,law ( ,comb9+ ,weights0--,sub/ances comb9e ei!r 9 ! ratio ( _! comb9+ numb]s1 or 9 simple rational multiples or submultiples ( ^! numb]s4 7,! weights ( diff]5t sub/ances :i* comb9e ) a giv5 weight ( "s p>ticul> sub/ance1 :i* is tak5 z ! unit1 are call$ ! comb9+ numb]s ( su* sub/ances ) ref]5ce to ?is unit4 ,! usual unit n[ *os5 is #h grammes ( ,oxyg547#ij #ij ,9 ord] t ^! laws may hold good1 x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y t ! sub/ances are weigh$ "u precisely simil> conditions4 ,to /ate ^! laws 9 a m absolute =m1 we c replace ! t]m 8weight0 by 8mass10 or 9 pref]5ce1 8in]tia02 = ! in]tias ( bodies are proportional to _! weights1 provid+ t !y are weigh$ "u precisely simil> conditions4 ,= a discussion ( ! exact significance ( ^! t]ms 8mass0 & 8in]tia10 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! pres5t writ]'s ,matt]1 ,_s & ! ,cosmos 7,rid]1 #aiaj71 ,*apt] ,i41 8,on ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,inde/ructibility ( ,matt]40 ,z examples ( ^! laws we may take ! few foll[+ simple facts3-- #a4 ,pure wat] is f\nd always to consi/ ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 comb9$ 9 ! ratio ( #ajjh p>ts by weight ( ! latt] to #h p>ts by weight ( ! =m]2 & pure sulphur-dioxide1 to take ano!r example1 is f\nd always to consi/ ( sulphur & oxyg5 comb9$ 9 ! ratio ( #hjb p>ts by weight ( sulphur to #h p>ts by weight ( oxyg54 7,! ,law ( ,con/ant ,proportion47 #b4 ,ano!r comp\nd is kn[n consi/+ only ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 :i*1 h[ev]1 diff]s entirely 9 its prop]ties f wat]4 ,x is f\nd always to consi/ ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 comb9$ 9 ! ratio ( #ajjh p>ts by weight ( ! latt] to #af p>ts by weight ( ! =m]1 i4e41 9 x a def9ite weight ( hydrog5 is comb9$ ) an am\nt ( oxyg5 exactly twice t :i* is comb9$ ) ! same weight ( hydrog5 9 wat]4 ,no def9ite comp\nd has be5 discov]$ ) a con/itution int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two4 ,o!r comp\nds consi/+ only ( sulphur & oxyg5 are also kn[n4 ,"o ( ^! 7viz41 sulphur-trioxide1 or sulphuric anhydride7 is f\nd always to consi/ ( sulphur & oxyg5 comb9$ 9 ! ratio ( #ece p>ts by weight ( sulphur to #h p>ts by weight ( oxyg54 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! weights ( sulphur comb9$ ) a def9ite weight ( oxyg5 9 ! two comp\nds call$ respectively 8sulphur-dioxide0 & 8sulphur-trioxide10 are 9 ! proportion ( #hjb to #ece1 i4e41 #c 3 #b4 ,simil> simple ratios are obta9$ 9 ! case ( all ! o!r comp\nds4 7,! ,law ( ,multiple ,proportions47 #c4 ,f ! data giv5 9 7#a7 above we c fix ! comb9+ numb] ( hydrog5 z #ajjh1 t ( sulphur z #hjb4 ,n[1 comp\nds are kn[n conta9+ sulphur & hydrog51 &1 9 ea* case1 ! weight ( sulphur comb9$ ) #ajjh grammes ( hydrog5 is f\nd always to be ei!r #hjb grammes or "s multiple or submultiple ( ?is quantity4 ,?us1 9 ! simple/ comp\nd ( ?is sort1 conta9+ only hydrog5 & sulphur 7viz41 sulphurett$-hydrog5 or hydrog5 sulphide71 #ajjh grammes ( hydrog5 is f\nd always to be comb9$ ) #afjd grammes ( sulphur1 i4e41 exactly twice ! above quantity4 7,! ,law ( ,comb9+ ,weights47 ,b]?ollet 7#agdh-ahbb7 d5i$ ! tru? ( ! law ( con/ant proportion1 & a controv]sy ensu$ betwe5 ?is *emi/ & ,pr\/ 7#agee-ahbf71 :o und]took a rese>* to settle ! "q1 ! results ( :i* 7 9 entire agreem5t ) ! law1 & 7 reg>d$ z completely sub/antiat+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 by ,wor?+ton1 aft] ,all5 ,,portrait ,,( ,,john ,,dalton4 ,to face page #ajj ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory4 #ge4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,john ,dalton 7see plate #ae7 put =w>d 8 ,atomic ,!ory 9 explanation ( ^! facts4 ,?is !ory assumes 7#a7 t all matt] is made up ( small indivisible & inde/ructible p>ticles1 call$ 8atoms02 7#b7 t all atoms are n alike1 !re be+ z _m diff]5t sorts ( atoms z !re are elem5ts2 7#c7 t ! atoms con/itut+ any "o elem5t are exactly alike & are ( def9ite weight2 & 7#d7 t comp\nds are produc$ by ! comb9ation ( diff]5t atoms4 ,n[1 x is at once evid5t t if matt] be s con/itut$1 ! /oi*iometric laws mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,= ! smalle/ p>ticle ( any def9ite comp\nd 7n[ call$ a 8molecule07 mu/ consi/ ( a def9ite assemblage ( diff]5t atoms1 & ^! atoms are ( def9ite weight3 :5ce ! law ( con/ant proportion4 ,"o atom ( "o sub/ance may comb9e ) #a1 #b1 #c 4 4 4 atoms ( "s o!r sub/ance1 b x _c comb9e ) "s fractional "p ( an atom1 s9ce ! atoms are indivisible3 :5ce ! law ( multiple proportions4 ,& ^! laws hold+ good1 & ! atoms be+ ( def9ite weight1 ! law ( comb9+ weights necess>ily foll[s4 ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory gave a simple & intelligible explanation ( ^! rem>kable facts reg>d+ ! weights ( sub/ances ent]+ into *emical comb9ation1 &1 !re=e1 ga9$ univ]sal acceptance4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry c be disc]n$ a _s ( revolt aga9/ x z an explanation ( ! absolute con/itution ( matt]4 ,! t5d5cy ( sci5tific philosophy has always be5 t[>ds ,monism z oppos$ to ,dualism1 & "h 7 n m]ely two et]nals1 b sev]al doz52 ,dalton's !ory d5i$ ! unity ( ! ,cosmos1 x lack$ ! unify+ pr9ciple ( ! al*emi/s4 ,x is only 9 rec5t times t x has be5 recognis$ t a sci5tific hypo!sis may be v useful )\t be+ altoge!r true4 ,z to ! usefulness ( ,dalton's !ory !re c be no "q2 x has accompli%$ t :i* no o!r hypo!sis c\ld h done2 x r5d]$ ! concepts ( a *emical elem5t1 a *emical comp\nd & a *emical reaction def9ite2 & has1 9 a s5se1 l$ to ! majority ( ! discov]ies 9 ! doma9 ( ,*emi/ry t h be5 made s9ce its enunciation4 ,b z an expression ( absolute tru?1 ,dalton's !ory1 z is v g5]ally recognis$ n[adays1 fails to be satisfactory4 ,9 ! pa/1 h[ev]1 x has be5 ! philosoph]s ( ! mat]iali/ic s*ool ( ?\ght1 r ?an ! *emi/s qu *emi/s1 :o h insi/$ on ! absolute tru? ( ! ,atomic ,!ory2 ,kekul1 :o by develop+ ,frankl9's !ory ( atomicity or val5cy#ia made /ill m def9ite ! atomic view ( matt]1 himself express$ grave d\bts z to ! absolute tru? ( ,dalton's !ory2 b he reg>d$ x z *emically true1 & ?us voices :at appe>s to be ! op9ion ( ! majority ( *emi/s n[adays1 namely1 !re are su* ?+s z *emical atoms & *emical elem5ts1 incapable ( be+ decompos$ by purely *emical means1 b t su* are n absolute atoms or absolute elem5ts1 & consequ5tly n imp]vi\s to all =ms ( action4 ,b ( ?is m w be said lat]4 #ia ,! t]m 8val5cy0 is n altoge!r an easy "o to def9e2 we w1 h[ev]1 "h d our be/ to make pla9 its significance4 ,9 a def9ite *emical comp\nd we mu/ assume t ! atoms con/itut+ ea* molecule are 9 "s way b\nd toge!r 7?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 rigidly71 & we may speak ( 8bonds0 or 8l9ks ( aff9ity10 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to int]pret su* t]ms too lit]ally4 ,n[1 ! numb] ( 8aff9ity l9ks0 :i* "o atom c ex]t is n unlimit$2 inde$1 accord+ to ! val5cy !ory z fir/ =mulat$1 x is fix$ & con/ant4 ,x is ?is numb] :i* is call$ ! 8val5cy0 ( ! elem5t2 b x is n[ kn[n t ! 8val5cy0 9 mo/ cases c v>y betwe5 c]ta9 limits4 ,hydrog51 h[ev]1 appe>s to be inv>iably unival5t1 & is !re=e tak5 z ! unit ( val5cy4 ,?us1 ,c>bon is quadrival5t 9 ! me?ane-molecule1 :i* consi/s ( "o atom ( c>bon comb9$ ) f\r atoms ( hydrog52 & ,oxyg5 is dival5t 9 ! wat]-molecule1 :i* consi/s ( "o atom ( oxyg5 comb9$ ) two atoms ( hydrog54 ,h5ce1 we %\ld expect to f9d "o atom ( c>bon comb9+ ) two ( oxyg51 :i* is ! case 9 ! c>bon-dioxide--7c>bonic anhydride7--molecule4 ,= a developm5t ( ! !sis1 s f> z ! comp\nds ( c>bon are conc]n$1 t ea* specific 8aff9ity l9k0 corresponds 9 g5]al to a def9ite & con/ant am\nt ( en]gy1 :i* is evolv$ z heat on disruption ( ! bond1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! pres5t writ]'s monograph ,on ! ,calculation ( ,!rmo-,*emical ,con/ants 7,arnold1 #aiji74 ,! ph5om5a ( val5cy f9d _! explanation 9 mod]n views conc]n+ ! con/itution ( atoms 7see #ha74 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,atomic ,weights ( ! ,elem5ts4 #gf4 ,) ! acceptance ( ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory1 x became necess>y to det]m9e ! atomic weights ( ! v>i\s elem5ts1 i4e41 n ! absolute atomic weights1 b ! relative weights ( ! v>i\s atoms ) ref]5ce to "o ( !m z unit4#ib ,we _c 9 ?is place ent] ^u a discussion ( ! v>i\s difficulties1 bo? ( an exp]im5tal & !oretical nature1 :i* 7 involv$ 9 ?is problem1 save to rem>k t ! correct atomic weights c\ld be arriv$ at only ) ! acceptance ( ,avogadro's ,hypo!sis4 ,?is hypo!sis1 :i* is to ! effect t equal volumes ( diff]5t gases measur$ at ! same temp]ature & pressure conta9 an equal numb] ( gase\s molecules1 0 put =w>d 9 explanation ( a numb] ( facts connect$ ) ! physical behavi\r ( gases2 b its importance 0 = "s "t unrecognis$1 ow+ to ! fact t ! di/9ction betwe5 atoms & molecules 0 n yet cle>ly drawn4 ,a li/ ( ^? *emical sub/ances at pres5t recognis$ z 8elem5ts10 toge!r ) _! atomic weights1 w be f\nd on pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 #ib ,s9ce hydrog5 is ! lighte/ ( all kn[n sub/ances1 ! unit1 ,hydrog5 #a1 0 at "o "t usually employ$4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 se5 to be m conv5i5t to express ! atomic weights 9 t]ms ( ! weight ( ! oxyg5-atom1 & ! unit1 ,oxyg5 #af is n[ always employ$4 ,?is value = ! oxyg5-atom 0 *os5 s t ! approximate atomic weights w\ld 9 mo/ cases rema9 unalt]$ by ! *ange4 ,pr\t's ,hypo!sis4 #gg4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by a *emi/ ( ! "n ( ,pr\t1 t1 ! atomic weight ( hydrog5 be+ tak5 z ! unit1 ! atomic weights ( ne>ly all ! elem5ts approximat$ to :ole numb]s2 & 9 #ahae he sugge/$ z ! reason = ?is regul>ity1 t all ! elem5ts consi/ solely ( hydrog54 ,pr\t's ,hypo!sis receiv$ on ! :ole a v fav\rable reception2 x h>monis$ ,dalton's ,!ory ) ! gr& concept ( ! unity ( matt]--all matt] 0 hydrog5 9 ess5ce2 & ,?omas ,?omson und]took a rese>* to demon/rate its tru?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! em95t ,sw$i% *emi/1 ,b]zelius1 :o _h c>ri$ out _m atomic weight det]m9ations1 criticis$ bo? ,pr\t's ,hypo!sis & ,?omson's rese>* 7:i* latt]1 x is true1 0 wor?less7 9 mo/ sev]e t]ms2 = ! hypo!sis am\nt$ to ?is--t ! decimals 9 ! atomic weights obta9$ exp]im5tally by ,b]zelius1 aft] s mu* lab\r1 7 to be reg>d$ z s _m errors4 ,9 #ahdd1 ,m>ignac sugge/$ half ! hydrog5 atom z ! unit1 = ! elem5t *lor9e1 ) an atomic weight ( #cee1 w\ld n fit 9 ) ,pr\t's ,hypo!sis z orig9ally =mulat$2 & lat]1 ,dumas sugge/$ "o-qu>t]4 ,) ?is !oretical division ( ! hydrog5-atom1 ! hypo!sis lo/ its simplicity & *>m1 & 0 doom$ to d[nfall4 ,rec5t & mo/ accurate atomic weight det]m9ations %[ cle>ly t ! atomic weights are n exactly :ole numb]s1 b t1 nev]!less1 ! majority ( !m 7if express$ 9 t]ms ( ,o #af z ! unit7 d approximate v closely to su*4 ,! ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,/rutt has rec5tly calculat$ t ! probability ( ?is occurr+1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 ( ! common] elem5ts1 by m]e *ance is exce$+ly small 7ab\t #a 9 #a1jjj71ic & sev]al attempts to expla9 ?is rem>kable fact h be5 put =w>d4 ,mod]n sci5tific speculations conc]n+ ! con/itution ( atoms t5d t[>ds a modifi$ =m ( ,pr\t's hypo!sis1 or to ! view t ! atoms ( o!r elem5ts are1 9 a mann]1 polym]ides ( hydrog5 & helium atoms4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 x is possible1 accord+ to mod]n views1 = elem5ts ( diff]5t atomic weight to h id5tical *emical prop]ties1 s9ce ^! latt] dep5d only ^u ! numb] ( free electrons 9 ! atom & n at all ^u ! massive c5tral nucleus4 ,by a me?od some:at simil> to t us$ = det]m9+ ! mass ( ka?ode p>ticles 7see #gi71 b appli$ to positively *>g$ p>ticles1 ,sir ,joseph ,?omson & ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,a/on discov]$ t ! elem5t neon 0 a mixture ( two isotopic elem5ts 9 unequal proportions1 "o hav+ an atomic mass ( #bj1 ! o!r 7pres5t only to a slight ext5t7 hav+ an atomic mass ( #bb4 ,dr4 ,a/on has p]fect$ ?is me?od ( analys+ mixtures ( isotopes & det]m9+ _! atomic masses4#id ,! results are ( great int]e/4 ,! atomic weight ( hydrog51 #ajjh1 is confirm$4 ,! elem5ts helium1 c>bon1 nitrog51 oxyg51 fluor9e1 phosphorus1 sulphur1 ars5ic1 iod9e & sodium are f\nd to be simple bodies ) :ole-numb] atomic weights4 ,on ! o!r h&1 boron1 neon1 silicon1 *lor9e1 brom9e1 krypton1 x5on1 m]cury1 li?ium1 potassium & rubidium are f\nd to be mixtures4 ,:at is specially ( int]e/ is t ! indicat$ atomic mass ( ea* ( ! con/itu5ts is a :ole numb]4 ,?us *lor9e1 ^: atomic weight is #cedf1 is f\nd to be a mixture ( two *emically-id5tical elem5ts ^: atomic weights are #ce & #cg4 ,"s ( ! elem5ts1 e4g41 x5on1 are mixtures ( m ?an two isotopes4 #ic ,hon4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,/rutt3 8,on ! ,t5d5cy ( ! ,atomic ,weights to approximate to ,:ole ,numb]s10 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #f1 vol4 i4 7#aija71 pp4 #caa et seq4 #id ,f4 ,w4 ,,a/on3 8,mass-spectra & ,atomic ,weights10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 cix4 7#aiba71 pp4 #fgg et seq4 ,x is highly probable t :at is true ( ! elem5ts inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,a/on is true ( ! rema9d]4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! irregul>ities pres5t$ by ! atomic weights ( ! ord9>y elem5ts1 :i* h s mu* puzzl$ m5 ( sci5ce 9 ! pa/1 are due to ! fact t ^! elem5ts are1 9 _m cases1 mixtures4 ,z conc]ns hydrog51 x is only reasonable to suppose t ! close pack+ ( electrically *>g$ p>ticles %\ld give rise to a slight decrease 9 _! total mass1 s t ! atomic weights ( o!r elem5ts ref]r$ to ,h #a %\ld be slightly less ?an :ole numb]s1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 t ! atomic weight ( hydrog5 ref]r$ to ,o #af %\ld be slightly m ?an unity4 ,! 8,p]iodic ,law40 #gh4 ,a rem>kable prop]ty ( ! atomic weights 0 discov]$1 9 ! sixties1 indep5d5tly by ,lo?> ,mey] & ,m5deleff4 ,!y f\nd t ! elem5ts c\ld be arrang$ 9 r[s 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights s t simil> elem5ts w\ld be f\nd 9 ! same columns4 ,a mod]nis$ =m ( ! ,p]iodic ,table w be f\nd on pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,x w be notic$1 = example1 t ! 8alkali0 metals1 ,li?ium1 ,sodium1 ,rubidium & ,csium1 :i* resemble "o ano!r v closely1 fall 9 ,column #a2 ! 8alkal9e e>?0 metals occur toge!r 9 ,column #b2 ?\gh 9 ea* case ^! are accompani$ by c]ta9 elem5ts ) some:at diff]5t prop]ties4 ,mu* ! same holds good 9 ! case ( ! o!r columns ( ?is ,table2 !re is manife/$ a rem>kable regul>ity1 ) c]ta9 /ill m rem>kable div]g5ces 7see notes app5d$ to ,table on pp4 #ajf1 #ajg74 ,?is regul>ity exhibit$ by ! 8elem5ts0 is ( consid]able importance1 s9ce x %[s t1 9 g5]al1 ! prop]ties ( ! 8elem5ts0 are p]iodic functions ( _! atomic weights2 &1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r rem>kable prop]ties ( ! 8elem5ts10 di/+ui%es !m %>ply f ! 8comp\nds40 ,x may be conclud$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty1 !re=e1 t if ! 8elem5ts0 are 9 reality ( a comp\nd nature1 !y are all1 9 g5]al1 comp\nds ( a l nature di/9ct f t ( o!r comp\nds4 ,,! ,,p]iodic ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,elem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,hydro- ,hydro- g5a g5 ,h ,h #ajjh #ajjh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,helium ,li?ium,gluci- ,boron ,c>bon ,nitro- ,oxyg5 ,fluo- num g5 r9e ,he ,li ,gl ,b ,c ,n ,o ,f #djj #fid #ia #aji #abjje #adjjh #afjj #aij ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,neon ,sodium ,magne- ,alum9-,silicon,phos- ,sulphur,*lo- sium ium phorus r9e ,ne ,na ,mg ,al ,si ,p ,s ,cl #bjb #bcjj #bdcb #bga #bhc #cajd #cbjf #cedf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,argon ,potas- ,calcium,scan- ,tita- ,vana- ,*ro- ,manga- ,iron siumb dium nium dium mium nese ,fe #eehd;c ,a ,k ,ca ,sc ,ti ,v ,cr ,mn ,cobalt #cii #ciaj #djjg #dea #dha #eaj #ebj #edic ,co #ehig ,nickel ,ni #ehfh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,copp] ,z9c ,gallium,g]ma- ,ars5ic,sele- ,brom9e nium nium ,cu ,zn ,ga ,ge ,z ,se ,br #fceg #fecg #gja #gbe #gdif #gib #giib ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,krypton,rubi- ,/ron- ,yttrium,zirco- ,colum- ,molyb- 8 ,ru!- dium tium nium bium d5um nium ,kr ,rb ,sr ,y ,zr ,cb ,mo ,ru #hbib #hede #hgfc #hicc #ijf #ica #ifj #ajag ,rhodium ,rh #ajbi ,palla- dium ,pd #ajfg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,silv] ,cadmium,indium ,t9 ,antimo-,tellu- ,iod9e ny rium d ,ag ,cd ,9 ,sn ,sb ,te ,i 7or #ajghh #aabdj #aadh #aahg #abjb #abge ,j7 #abfib ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x5on ,csium ,b>ium ,lan?a-,c]ium 8 8 8 8 num e ,xe ,cs ,ba ,la ,ce #acjb #acbha #acgcg #acij #adjbe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 8 8 8 8 8 ,tanta- ,tung- 8 ,osmium lum /5 ,os ,ta ,w #aiji #ahae #ahdj ,iridium ,ir #aica ,plat9um ,pt #aieb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,gold ,m]cury,?al- ,lead ,bismu?,polo- 8 lium nium ,au ,hg ,tl ,pb ,bi 7#baj7 #aigb #bjjf #bjdj #bjgbj #bjhj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,emana- 8 ,radium ,acti- ,?orium,ekatan-,uranium 8 8 tion nium talum 7,niton7 ,ra 8 ,? 8 ,u #bbbj #bbfj #bcbae #bchb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,notes4 ,!re are sev]al some:at diff]5t =ms ( ?is ,p]iodic ,table4 ,?is is "o ( ! simple/1 b x lacks c]ta9 advantages ( "s ( ! m complicat$ =ms4 ,! atomic weights giv5 are ^? ( ! ,int]national ,atomic ,weights ,committee = #aibj-a4 ,!y are calculat$ on ! basis1 ,oxyg5 #af4 ,! numb] ( decimal places giv5 9 ea* case indicates ! degree ( accuracy ) :i* ea* atomic weight has be5 det]m9$4 ,! lett] or lett]s und]nea? ! "n ( ea* elem5t is ! symbol by :i* x is inv>iably designat$ by *emi/s4 ,! numb] above ea* column indicates ! val5cy :i* ! elem5ts ( ea* gr\p exhibit t[>ds oxyg54 ,_m ( ! elem5ts are exceptional 9 ?is respect4 a3 ,! exact position ( ,hydrog5 is 9 dispute4 b3 ,! positions ( ,argon & ,potassium h be5 inv]t$ 9 ord] t ^! elem5ts may fall 9 ! "r columns ) ! elem5ts !y resemble2 d3 s also h ! positions ( ,tellurium & ,iod9e4 c3 ,! :ole ( 8,gr\p #h0 =ms an exception to ! ,table4 e3 ,!re are a numb] ( ill-def9$ r>e e>? metals ) atomic weights ly+ betwe5 ^? ( ,c]ium & ,tantalum4 ,!y all appe> to resemble ! elem5ts ( 8,gr\p #c10 s t _! positions 9 ! ,table _c be decid$ ) accuracy4 ,x is n[ "s ye>s s9ce ! late ,sir ,william ,crookes attempt$ to expla9 ! p]iodicity ( ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts on ! !ory t !y h all be5 evolv$ by a conglom]at+ process f "s primal /uff--! protyle--consi/+ ( v small p>ticles4 ,he repres5t$ ! action ( ?is g5]ative cause by means ( a 8figure ( eight0 spiral1 along :i* ! elem5ts are plac$ at regul> int]vals1 s t simil> elem5ts come und]nea? "o ano!r1 z 9 ,m5deleff's table1 ?\gh ! gr\p+ diff]s 9 "s respects4 ,! slope ( ! curve is suppos$ to repres5t ! decl9e ( "s factor 7e4g41 temp]ature7 condition+ ! process1 :i* process is assum$ to be ( a recurr5t nature1 l ! sw+ ( a p5dulum4 ,aft] ! completion ( "o sw+ 7to keep to ! illu/ration ( a p5dulum7 :]eby "o s]ies ( elem5ts is produc$1 ow+ to ! decl9e ( ! above-m5tion$ factor1 ! same s]ies ( elem5ts is n aga9 ! result z w\ld o!rwise be ! case1 b a some:at diff]5t s]ies is produc$1 ea* memb] ( :i* resembles ! correspond+ memb] ( ! =m] s]ies4 ,?us1 if ! fir/ s]ies conta9s1 = example1 helium1 li?ium1 c>bon1 c41 ! second s]ies w conta9 in/ead1 argon1 potassium1 titanium1 c4 ,! :ole !ory1 ?\gh highly int]e/+1 is1 h[ev]1 by no means free f defects4 ,! ,corpuscul> ,!ory ( ,matt]4 #gi4 ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to ^? rec5t views ( ! con/itution ( matt] :i* orig9at$ to a great ext5t 9 ! inve/igations ( ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh gases at v l[ pressures4 ,x w be possible1 h[ev]1 on ! pres5t occasion1 to give only ! v briefe/ acc\nt ( ! subject2 b a full] treatm5t is r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! fact t ^! & alli$ inve/igations & ! !ories to :i* !y h giv5 rise h be5 fully treat$ 9 sev]al well-kn[n works1 by v>i\s au?orities on ! subject1 :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4#ie #ie ,we h f\nd ,pr(4 ,h>ry ,jones' ,! ,electrical ,nature ( ,matt] & ,radioactivity 7#aijf71 ,mr4 ,soddy's ,radioactivity 7#aijd71 & ,mr4 ,:e?am's ,! ,rec5t ,developm5t ( ,physical ,sci5ce 7#aiji7 p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,m5tion1 ( c\rse1 %\ld also be made ( ! /&>d works ( ,pr(4 ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson & ,pr(4 ,ru!r=d4 ,:5 an electrical dis*>ge is pass$ ?r\gh a high-vacuum tube1 invisible rays are emitt$ f ! ka?ode1 g5]ally ) ! production ( a gre5i%-yell[ fluoresc5ce :]e !y /rike ! glass walls ( ! tube4 ,^! rays are call$ 8ka?ode rays40 ,at "o "t !y 7 reg>d$ z waves 9 ! e!r1 b x 0 %[n by ,sir ,william ,crookes t !y consi/ ( small electrically *>g$ p>ticles1 mov+ ) a v high velocity4 ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson 0 able to det]m9e ! ratio ( ! *>ge c>ri$ by ^! p>ticles to _! mass or in]tia2 he f\nd t ?is ratio 0 con/ant :atev] gas 0 conta9$ 9 ! vacuum tube1 & mu* great] ?an ! correspond+ ratio = ! hydrog5 ion 7electrically *>g$ hydrog5 atom7 9 electrolysis4 ,by a skilful me?od1 bas$ on ! fact discov]$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,r4 ,wilson1 t *>g$ p>ticles c s]ve z nuclei = ! cond5sation ( wat]-vap\r1 he 0 fur!r able to det]m9e ! value ( ! electrical *>ge c>ri$ by ^! p>ticles1 :i* 0 f\nd to be con/ant also1 & equal to ! *>ge c>ri$ by unival5t ions1 e4g41 hydrog51 9 electrolysis4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t ! mass ( ^! ka?ode p>ticles mu/ be mu* small] ?an ! hydrog5 ion1 ! actual ratio be+ ab\t #a 3 #agjj4 ,! fir/ !ory put =w>d by ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson 9 explanation ( ^! facts1 0 t ^! ka?ode p>ticles 78corpuscles0 z he t]m$ !m7 7 electrically *>g$ portions ( matt]1 mu* small] ?an ! smalle/ atom2 & s9ce ! same sort ( corpuscle is obta9$ :atev] gas is conta9$ 9 ! vacuum tube1 x is reasonable to conclude t ! corpuscle is ! common unit ( all matt]4 ,pro( t ! ,electrons are n ,matt]4 #hj4 ,?is em95t physici/1 h[ev]1 _h %[n ma!matically t a *>g$ p>ticle mov+ ) a v high velocity 7approa*+ t ( light7 w\ld exhibit an appreciable increase 9 mass or in]tia due to ! *>ge1 ! magnitude ( su* in]tia dep5d+ on ! velocity ( ! p>ticle4 ,?is 0 exp]im5tally v]ifi$ by ,kaufmann1 :o det]m9$ ! velocities1 & ! ratios betwe5 ! electrical *>ge & ! in]tia1 ( v>i\s ka?ode p>ticles & simil> p>ticles :i* are emitt$ by comp\nds ( radium 7see #hi & #ij74 ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson calculat$ ^! values on ! assumption t ! in]tia ( su* p>ticles is entirely ( electrical orig91 & !reby obta9$ values 9 rem>kable agreem5t ) ! exp]im5tal4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason = suppos+ ! corpuscle to be matt] at all2 inde$1 if x 71 ! above agreem5t w\ld n be obta9$4 ,z ,pr(essor ,jones says3 8,s9ce we "k ?+s only by _! prop]ties1 & s9ce all ! prop]ties ( ! corpuscle are acc\nt$ = by ! electrical *>ge associat$ ) x1 :y assume t ! corpuscle conta9s any?+ b ! electrical *>ge8 ,x is obvi\s t !re is no reason = do+ s4 8,! corpuscle is1 !n1 no?+ b a disembodi$ electrical *>ge1 conta9+ no?+ mat]ial1 z we h be5 accu/om$ to use t t]m4 ,x is electricity1 & no?+ b electricity4 ,) ?is new conception a new t]m 0 introduc$1 &1 n[1 in/ead ( speak+ ( ! corpuscle we speak ( ! electron40#if ,apply+ ?is modification to ! above view ( ! con/itution ( matt]1 we h :at is call$ 8! electronic !ory10 namely1 t ! mat]ial atoms consi/ ( electrons1 or units ( electricity 9 rapid motion2 :i* am\nts to ?is--t matt] is simply an electrical ph5om5on4 #if ,h4 ,c4 ,,jones3 ,! ,electrical ,nature ( ,matt] & ,radioactivity 7#aijf71 p4 #ba4 ,! ,electronic ,!ory ( ,matt]4 #ha4 ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson has elaborat$ ?is !ory ( ! nature & con/itution ( matt]2 he has %[n :at sy/ems ( electrons w\ld be /able1 & has attempt$ to f9d !re9 ! significance ( ,m5deleff's g5]alisation & ! explanation ( val5cy4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re is a consid]able elem5t ( tru? 9 ! electronic !ory ( matt]2 ! "o *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( matt]1 i4e41 in]tia1 c be acc\nt$ = electrically4 ,! fundam5tal difficulty is t ! electrons are units ( negative electricity1 :]eas matt] is electrically neutral4 ,sev]al !ories h be5 put =w>d to surm\nt ?is difficulty4 ,c]ta9ly ! electron is a con/itu5t ( matt]2 b is x ! sole con/itu5t8 ,rec5t rese>* indicates t1 z already po9t$ out1 all atoms consi/ ( two di/9ct portions1 a massive c5tral nucleus1 ^: net *>ge is positive1 surr\nd$ by a numb] ( electrons1 j suffici5t to neutralize ?is *>ge4 ,! po9t ( greate/ int]e/ is t ! indicat$ numb] ( free electrons is exactly ! numb] :i* expresses ! position ( ! elem5t 9 ! ,p]iodic ,table1 reckon+ helium z #b1 li?ium z #c1 & s on2 & x w\ld seem t ! *emical prop]ties ( ! elem5ts are det]m9$ entirely by ^! electrons1 & are1 !re=e1 n1 /rictly speak+1 p]iodic functions ( _! atomic weights1 z 0 =m]ly ?\ght 7 #gh71 b ( _! atomic numb]s4 ,! exact nature ( ! nuclei ( ! v>i\s atoms has yet to be det]m9$3 9 ! case ( ! atoms heavi] ?an helium !y w\ld appe> to be made up ( ! nuclei ( hydrog5 & 7or7 helium atoms toge!r )--9 _m cases--electrons insuffici5t 9 numb] to neutralize ! positive *>ges associat$ ) ^!4 ,! ,e!ric ,!ory ( ,matt]4 #hb4 ,! analysis ( matt] has be5 c>ri$ a /ep fur!r4 ,a philosophical view ( ! ,cosmos involves ! assumption ( an absolutely cont9u\s & homog5e\s m$ium fill+ all space1 = an absolute vacuum is un?9kable1 & if x 7 suppos$ t ! /uff fill+ all space is ( an atomic /ructure1 ! "q arises1 ,:at occupies ! int]/ices betwe5 its atoms8 ,?is ubiquit\s m$ium is t]m$ by ! sci5ti/s ( to-day 8! ,e!r ( ,space40 ,moreov]1 su* a m$ium z ! ,e!r is dem&$ by ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! e!r ( space has ano!r & a /ill m important function ?an ! transmission ( light3 ! idea t matt] has its explanation !re9 has be5 develop$ by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 ,! evid5ce c]ta9ly po9ts to ! conclusion t matt] is "s sort ( s+ul>ity 9 ! e!r1 probably a /ress c5tre4 ,we h be5 too mu* accu/om$ to ?9k ( ! e!r z some?+ excessively light & q ! rev]se ( massive or d5se1 9 :i* x appe>s we h be5 wrong4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge calculates t ! d5sity ( ! e!r is f> great] ?an t ( ! mo/ d5se =ms ( matt]2 n t matt] is to be ?\ght ( z a r>efaction ( ! e!r1 = ! e!r )9 matt] is z d5se z t )\t4 ,:at we call matt]1 h[ev]1 is n a cont9u\s sub/ance2 x consi/s1 r1 ( a numb] ( widely sep>at$ p>ticles1 :5ce its comp>atively small d5sity comp>$ ) ! p]fectly cont9u\s e!r4 ,fur!r1 if !re is a difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ a p]fect fluid l ! e!r c give rise to a solid body possess$ ( su* prop]ties z rigidity1 imp5etrability & ela/icity1 we mu/ rememb] t all ^! prop]ties c be produc$ by means ( motion4 ,a jet ( wat] mov+ ) a suffici5t velocity behaves l a rigid & imp5etrable solid1 :il/ a revolv+ disc ( pap] exhibits ela/icity & c act z a circul> saw4#ig ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! anci5t doctr9e ( ! al*emi/ic ess5ce is fundam5tally true aft] all1 t out ( ! 8,"o ,?+0 all mat]ial ?+s h be5 produc$ by adaptation or modification2 &1 z we h already notic$ 7 #fj71 !re also appe>s to be "s resemblance betwe5 ! concept ( ! electron & t ( ! se$ ( gold1 :i* se$1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 0 reg>d$ by ! al*emi/s z ! common se$ ( all metals4 #ig ,see ,sir ,,oliv] ,,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s43 ,! ,e!r ( ,space 7#aiji74 ,fur!r ,evid5ce ( ! ,complexity ( ! ,atoms4 #hc4 ,!re are also c]ta9 o!r facts :i* appe> to dem& su* a modification ( ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory z is f\nd 9 ! ,electronic ,!ory4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! *emical elem5ts is t ea* "o gives a spectrum peculi> to itself4 ,! spectrum ( an elem5t mu/1 !re=e1 be due to its atoms1 :i* 9 "s way are able1 at a suffici5tly high temp]ature1 to act ^u ! e!r s z to produce vibrations ( def9ite & *>act]i/ic wave-l5g?4 ,n[1 9 _m cases ! numb] ( l9es ( def9ite wave-l5g? obs]v$ 9 su* a spectrum is consid]able1 = example1 hundr$s ( diff]5t l9es h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! arc-spectrum ( iron4 ,b x is incr$ible t an atom1 if x 7 a simple unit1 w\ld give rise to su* a numb] ( diff]5t & def9ite vibrations1 & ! only reasonable conclusion is t ! atoms mu/ be complex 9 /ructure4 ,we may "h m5tion t spectroscopic exam9ation ( v>i\s heav5ly bodies leads to ! conclusion t !re is "s process ( evolution at "w build+ up complex elem5ts f simpl] ones1 s9ce ! hotte/ nebul appe> to consi/ ( b a few simple elem5ts1 :il/ cool] bodies exhibit a great] complexity4 ,views ( ,wald & ,o/wald4 #hd4 ,su* modifications ( ! atomic !ory z ^? we h briefly discuss$ above1 al?\gh pr(\ndly modify+1 &1 inde$1 controv]t+ ! philosophical significance ( ,dalton's !ory z orig9ally =mulat$1 leave its *emical significance practically un*ang$4 ,! atoms c be reg>d$ no long] z ! et]nal1 indissoluble gods ( ,nature t !y 7 once suppos$ to be2 ?us1 ,mat]ialism is depriv$ ( :at 0 ?\ght to be its sci5tific basis4#ih ,b ! sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry is unaffect$ !reby2 ! atoms are n ! ultimate units out ( :i* mat]ial ?+s are built1 b ! atoms _c be decompos$ by purely *emical means2 ! 8elem5ts0 are n truly elem5tal1 b !y are *emical elem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ! atomic !ory has be5 subject$ to a f> m se>*+ criticism4 ,wald argues t sub/ances obey ! law ( def9ite proportions because ( ! way 9 :i* !y are prep>$2 *emi/s refuse1 he says1 to admit any sub/ance z a def9ite *emical comp\nd unless x does obey ?is law4 ,wald's op9ions h be5 support$ by ,pr(essor ,o/wald1 :o has attempt$ to d$uce ! o!r /oi*iometric laws on ^! gr\nds )\t assum+ any atomic hypo!sis#ii2 b ^! new ideas d n appe> to h ga9$ ! approval ( *emi/s 9 g5]al4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t *emi/s w give up )\t a /ruggle a m5tal tool ( su* great utility z ,dalton's !ory1 9 spite ( its defects1 has prov$ itself to be4 ,!re does seem1 h[ev]1 to be logic 9 ! argum5ts ( ,wald & ,o/wald1 b ! tr5d ( rec5t sci5tific !ory & rese>* does n appe> to be 9 ! direction ( ,wald's views4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t1 on ! "o h&1 ! atomic !ory is n necessitat$ by ! s-call$ 8/oi*iometric laws02 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a molecul> con/itution ( matt] seems to be dem&$ by ! ph5om5on kn[n z ! 8,br[nian ,movem5t10 i4e41 ! spontane\s1 irregul> & app>5tly p]petual movem5t ( microscopic portions ( solid matt] :5 imm]s$ 9 a liquid m$ium2 su* movem5t appe>+ to be explicable only z ! result ( ! motion ( ! molecules ( :i* ! liquid 9 "q is built up4#ajj #ih ,= a critical exam9ation ( ,mat]ialism1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! pres5t writ]'s ,matt]1 ,_s & ! ,cosmos 7,rid]1 #aiaj71 especially ,*apt]s ,i4 & ,,iv4 #ii ,w4 ,,o/wald3 8,f>aday ,lecture10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 lxxxv4 7#aijd71 pp4 #ejf et seq4 ,see also ,w4 ,,o/wald3 ,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,*emi/ry 7translat$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,morse1 #aiji71 especially ,*apt]s ,,vi41 ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 #ajj ,= an acc\nt ( ?is s+ul> ph5om5on1 see ,pr(4 ,,jean ,,p]r93 ,br[nian ,movem5t & ,molecul> ,reality 7translat$ f ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #hme ,sries1 ,septemb]1 #aiji1 by ,f4 ,soddy1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 #aiaj74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,mod]n ,,al*emy 8,mod]n ,al*emy40 #he4 ,correctly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z 8,mod]n ,al*emy02 n t ,my/icism is dead1 or t m5 no long] seek to apply ! pr9ciples ( ,my/icism to ph5om5a on ! physical plane1 b !y d s aft] ano!r mann] f t ( ! al*emi/s4 ,a new sci5ce1 h[ev]1 is born among/ u1 closely relat$ on ! "o h& to ,*emi/ry1 on ! o!r to ,physics1 b deal+ ) *anges m pr(\nd & reactions m deeply seat$ ?an are dealt ) by ei!r ( ^!2 a sci5ce z yet )\t a "n1 unless x be ! n altoge!r satisfactory "o ( 8,radioactivity40 ,x is ?is sci5ce1 or1 p]haps we %\ld say1 a c]ta9 aspect ( x1 to :i* we ref] 7x may be fanta/ically7 by ! expression 8,mod]n ,al*emy03 ! aptness ( ! title we hope to make pla9 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,x-rays & ,becqu]el rays4 #hf4 ,z is commonly kn[n1 :at are call$ ,x-rays are produc$ :5 an electric dis*>ge is pass$ ?r\gh a high-vacuum tube4 ,x has be5 %[n t ^! rays are a s]ies ( irregul> pulses 9 ! e!r1 :i* are set up :5 ! ka?ode p>ticles /rike ! walls ( ! glass vacuum tube1#aja & x 0 f\nd t m p[]ful effects c be produc$ by ins]t+ a disc ( plat9um 9 ! pa? ( ! ka?ode p>ticles4 ,x 0 ,m4 ,becqu]el :o fir/ discov]$ t !re are sub/ances :i* naturally emit radiations simil> to ,x-rays4 ,he f\nd t uranium comp\nds affect$ a photographic plate f :i* !y 7 c>efully scre5$1 & he also %[$ t ^! uranium radiations1 or 8,becqu]el rays10 resemble ,x-rays 9 o!r p>ticul>s4 ,x 0 already kn[n t c]ta9 sub/ances fluoresce 7emit light7 9 ! d>k aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to sunlight1 & x 0 ?\ght at fir/ t ! above ph5om5on exhibit$ by uranium salts 0 ( a l nature1 s9ce c]ta9 uranium salts are fluoresc5t2 b ,m4 ,becqu]el f\nd t uranium salts :i* _h nev] be5 expos$ to sunlight 7 /ill capable ( affect+ a photographic plate1 & t ?is rem>kable prop]ty 0 possess$ by all uranium salts1 :e!r fluoresc5t or n4 ,?is ph5om5on is kn[n z 8radioactivity10 & bodies :i* exhibit x are said to be 8radioactive40 ,s*midt f\nd t ?orium comp\nds possess a simil> prop]ty1 & ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d %[$ t ?orium comp\nds evolv$ also some?+ resembl+ a gas4 ,he call$ ?is an 8emanation40 #aja ,!y mu/ n be confus$ ) ! gre5i%-yell[ phosphoresc5ce :i* is also produc$3 ! ,x-rays are invisible4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,radium4 #hg4 ,mme4 ,curie#ajb det]m9$ ! radioactivity ( _m uranium & ?orium comp\nds1 & f\nd t !re 0 a proportion betwe5 ! radioactivity ( su* comp\nds & ! quantity ( uranium or ?orium 9 !m1 ) ! rem>kable exception ( c]ta9 natural ores1 :i* _h a radioactivity mu* 9 excess ( ! normal1 &1 inde$1 9 c]ta9 cases1 mu* great] ?an pure uranium4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ "s light on ?is matt]1 ,mme4 ,curie prep>$ "o ( ^! ores by a *emical process & f\nd t x possess$ a normal radioactivity4 ,! only logical conclusion to be drawn f ^! facts 0 t ! ores 9 "q mu/ conta9 "s unkn[n1 highly radioactive sub/ance1 & ! ,curies 7 able1 aft] v consid]able lab\r1 to extract f pit*bl5de 7! ore ) ! greate/ radioactivity7 m9ute quantities ( ! salts ( two new elem5ts--:i* !y nam$ 8,polonium0 & 8,radium0 respectively--bo? ( :i* 7 extremely radioactive4 #ajb ,see ,madame ,,sklod[ska ,,curie',s ,radio-active ,sub/ances 7#bnd ed41 #aijd74 ,m4 ,debi]ne has obta9$ a ?ird radioactive sub/ance f pit*bl5de1 :i* he has call$ 8,act9ium40 ,*emical ,prop]ties ( ,radium4 #hh4 ,radium is an elem5t resembl+ calcium1 /rontium1 & b>ium 9 *emical prop]ties2 its atomic weight 0 det]m9$ by ,mme4 ,curie1 & f\nd to be ab\t #bbe1 accord+ to h] fir/ exp]im5ts2 a r$et]m9ation gave a slightly high] value1 :i* has be5 confirm$ by a fur!r inve/igation c>ri$ out by ,sir ,t4 ,e4 ,?orpe4#ajc ,radium gives a *>act]i/ic spectrum1 & is int5sely radioactive4 ,x %\ld be not$ t up to ! middle ( ! ye> #aiaj ! elem5t radium itself _h n be5 prep>$2 9 all ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out radium salts 7 employ$ 7i4e41 c]ta9 comp\nds ( radium ) o!r elem5ts71 g5]ally radium *loride & radium bromide4 ,9 t ye>1 h[ev]1 ,mme4 ,curie1 9 conjunction ) ,m4 ,debi]ne1 obta9$ ! free metal4 ,x is describ$ z a :ite1 %9+ metal resembl+ ! o!r alkal9e e>? metals4 ,x reacts v viol5tly ) wat]1 *>s pap] ) :i* x is all[$ to come 9 contact1 & black5s 9 ! air1 probably ow+ to ! =mation ( a nitride4 ,x fuses at #gjj ,c41 & is m volatile ?an b>ium4#ajd #ajc ,see ,sir ,t4 ,e4 ,,?orpe3 8,on ! ,atomic ,weight ( ,radium0 7,bak]ian ,lecture = #aijg4 ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #bj1 #aijg71 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 vol4 lxxx4 pp4 #bih et seq42 repr9t$ 9 ,! ,*emical ,news1 vol4 xcvii4 pp4 #bbi et seq4 7,may #ae1 #aijh74 #ajd ,madame ,p4 ,,curie & ,m4 ,a4 ,,debi]ne3 8,sur le radium mtallique10 ,comptes ,r5dus hebdomadaires des ,sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 cli4 7#aiaj71 pp4 #ebc-ebe4 7,= an ,engli% translation ( ?is pap] see ,! ,*emical ,news1 vol4 cii4 p4 #age47 ,! ,radioactivity ( ,radium4 #hi4 ,radium salts give (f ?ree di/9ct sorts ( rays1 ref]r$ to by ! ,greek lett]s 1 1 4 ,! -rays h be5 %[n to consi/ ( electrically *>g$ 7positive7 p>ticles1 ) a mass approximately equal to t ( f\r hydrog5 atoms2 !y are slightly deviat$ by a magnetic field1 & d n possess great p5etrative p[]4 ,! -rays are simil> to ! ka?ode rays1 & consi/ ( 7negative7 electrons2 !y are /rongly deviat$ by a magnetic field1 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! -p>ticles are deviat$1 & possess m$ium p5etrative p[]1 pass+ = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh a ?9 %eet ( metal4 ,! -rays resemble ,x-rays2 !y possess great p5etrative p[]1 & are n deviat$ by a magnetic field4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! effect ( ! magnetic field on ^! rays1 & ! diff]5ce 9 _! p5etrative p[]1 l$ to _! detection & all[s ( _! sep>ate exam9ation4 ,radium salts emit also an emanation1 :i* t5ds to become occlud$ 9 ! solid salt1 b c be conv5i5tly lib]at$ by dissolv+ ! salt 9 wat]1 or by heat+ x4 ,! emanation exhibits ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( a gas1 x obeys ,boyle's ,law 7i4e41 its volume v>ies inv]sely ) its pressure71 & x c be cond5s$ to a liquid at l[ temp]atures2 its d5sity z det]m9$ by ! diffusion me?od is ab\t #ajj4 ,attempts to prep>e *emical comp\nds ( ! emanation h fail$1 & 9 ?is respect x resembles ! r>e gases ( ! atmosph]e--helium1 neon1 argon1 krypton1 & x5on--:5ce x is probable t its molecules are monatomic1 s t a d5sity ( #ajj w\ld give its atomic weight z #bjj4aje ,z c be se5 f ! table on pp4 #ajf1 #ajg1 an atomic weight ( ab\t #bbj corresponds to a position 9 ! column conta9+ ! r>e gases 9 ! p]iodic sy/em4 ,t ! emanation actually has an atomic weight ( ^! dim5sions 0 confirm$ by fur!r exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ! late ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,gray4#ajf ,^! *emi/s det]m9$ ! d5sity ( ! emanation by actually weigh+ m9ute quantities ( kn[n volume ( ! sub/ance1 seal$ up 9 small capill>y tubes1 a specially s5sitive balance be+ employ$4 ,values = ! d5sity v>y+ f #ajh to #aac1 correspond+ to values = ! atomic weight v>y+ f #baf to #bbg1 7 !reby obta9$4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 !re=e1 consid]$ t !re c\ld no long] be any d\bt t ! emanation 0 "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! gr\p ( *emically in]t gases4 ,he propos$ to call x ,niton1 &1 = reasons :i* we %all note lat]1 consid]$ t 9 all probability x _h an atomic weight ( ab\t #bbb4 #aje ,?is foll[s f ,avogadro's ,hypo!sis1 see #gf4 #ajf ,sir ,,william ,,ramsay & ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,gray3 8,la d5sit de l'manation du radium10 ,comptes ,r5dus hebdomadaires des ,sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 cvi4 7#aiaj71 pp4 #abf et seq4 ,! ,dis9tegration ( ! ,radium ,atom4 #ij4 ,radium salts possess ano!r v rem>kable prop]ty1 namely1 t ( cont9u\sly emitt+ light & heat4 ,x seem$1 at fir/1 t "h 0 a />tl+ contradiction to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 b ! :ole my/]y becomes comp>atively cle> 9 t]ms ( ! corpuscul> or ! electronic !ory ( matt]4 ,! radium-atom is a sy/em ( a l>ge numb] 7see #ha7 ( corpuscles or electrons1 & conta9s 9 virtue ( _! motion an enorm\s am\nt ( en]gy4 ,b x is kn[n f ,*emi/ry t atomic sy/ems 7i4e41 molecules7 :i* conta9 v mu* en]gy are un/able & liable to explode4 ,! same law holds good on ! m int]ior plane--! radium-atom is liable to1 & actually does1 explode4 ,& ! result8 ,en]gy is set free1 & manife/s itself p>tly z heat & light4 ,"s free electrons are %ot (f 7! -rays71 :i*1 /rik+ ! undecompos$ p>ticles ( salt1 give rise to pulses 9 ! e!r 7! -rays71#ajg j z ! ka?ode p>ticles give rise to ,x-rays :5 !y /rike ! walls ( ! vacuum tube or a plat9um disc plac$ 9 _! pa?4 ,! - & -rays d n1 h[ev]1 result imm$iately f ! explod+ radium-atoms1 ! initial products be+ ! emanation & "o -p>ticle f ea* radium-atom de/roy$4 #ajg ,?is view reg>d+ ! -rays is n1 h[ev]1 univ]sally accept$1 "s sci5ti/s reg>d+ !m z consi/+ ( a /ream ( p>ticles mov+ ) v high velocities4 8,induc$ ,radioactivity40 #ia4 ,radium salts h ! prop]ty ( caus+ surr\nd+ objects to become temporally radioactive4 ,?is 8induc$ radioactivity10 z x may be call$1 is f\nd to be due to ! emanation1 :i* is itself radioactive 7x emits -rays only71 & is decompos$ into m9ute traces ( solid radioactive deposits4 ,by exam9+ ! rate ( decay ( ! activity ( ! deposit1 x has be5 f\nd t x is und]go+ a s]ies ( sub-atomic *anges1 ! products be+ t]m$ ,radium ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c4 ,x has be5 prov$ t all ! - & -rays emitt$ by radium salts are really due to c]ta9 ( ^! second>y products4 ,radium ,f is ?\ght to be id5tical ) ,polonium 7 #hg74 ,ano!r product is also obta9$ by ^! decompositions1 ) :i* we %all deal lat] 7 #id74 ,prop]ties ( ,uranium & ,?orium4 #ib4 ,uranium & ?orium diff] 9 "o important respect f radium1 inasmu* z ! fir/ product ( ! decomposition ( ! uranium & ?orium atoms is 9 bo? cases solid4 ,sir ,william ,crookes#ajh 0 able to sep>ate f uranium salts by *emical means a small quantity ( an int5sely radioactive sub/ance1 :i* he call$ ,uranium ,x1 ! residual uranium hav+ lo/ mo/ ( its activity2 & ,m4 ,becqu]el1 on repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 f\nd t ! activity ( ! residual uranium 0 sl[ly rega9$1 :il/ t ( ! uranium ,x decay$4 ,?is is mo/ simply expla9$ by ! !ory t uranium fir/ *anges into uranium ,x4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t radium may be ! f9al product ( ! break+ up ( ! uranium-atom2 at any rate1 x is q c]ta9 t radium mu/ be evolv$ 9 "s way1 z o!rwise !re w\ld be none 9 exi/5ce--x w\ld all h decompos$4 ,?is sugge/ion has be5 exp]im5tally confirm$1 ! gr[? ( radium 9 l>ge quantities ( a solution ( purifi$ uranyl nitrate hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,uranium gives no emanation4 ,?orium probably gives at lea/ ?ree solid products--,meso-?orium1 ,radio-?orium1 & ,?orium ,x1 ! la/ ( :i* yields an emanation resembl+ t obta9$ f radium1 b n id5tical ) x4 #ajh ,sir ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s43 8,radio-activity ( ,uranium10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 vol4 lxvi4 7#aijj71 pp4 #dji et seq4 ,! ,radium ,emanation4 #ic4 ,we mu/ n[ m fully consid] ! radium emanation--a sub/ance ) m a/\nd+ prop]ties ?an ev5 ! radium comp\nds !mselves4 ,by di/ill+ (f ! emanation f "s radium bromide1 & measur+ ! quantities ( heat giv5 (f by ! emanation & ! radium salt respectively1 ,pr(essors ,ru!r=d & ,b>nes#aji prov$ t ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total am\nt ( heat giv5 out by a radium salt comes f ! m9ute quantity ( emanation t x conta9s4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy lib]at$ z heat dur+ ! decay ( ! emanation is enorm\s2 "o cubic c5timetre lib]ates ab\t f\r million times z mu* heat z is obta9$ by ! combu/ion ( an equal volume ( hydrog54 ,und\bt$ly ?is mu/ indicate "s pr(\nd *ange1 & "o may well ask1 ,:at is ! ultimate product ( ! decomposition ( ! emanation8 #aji ,e4 ,,ru!r=d1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,h4 ,t4 ,,b>nes1 ,d4,sc43 8,heat+ ,effect ( ! ,radium ,emanation10 ,philosophical ,magaz9e #f1 vol4 vii4 7#aijd71 pp4 #bjb et seq4 ,! ,production ( ,helium f ,radium4 #id4 ,x _h be5 obs]v$ already t ! radioactive m9]als on heat+ give (f ,helium--a gase\s elem5t1 *>act]is$ by a p>ticul> yell[ l9e 9 its spectrum--& x seem$ n unlikely t helium might be ! ultimate decomposition product ( ! emanation4 ,a rese>* to settle ?is po9t 0 und]tak5 by ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,mr4 ,soddy1#aaj & a prelim9>y exp]im5t hav+ confirm$ ! above speculation1 !y c>ri$ out fur!r v c>eful exp]im5ts4 8,! maximum am\nt ( ! emanation obta9$ f #ej milligrams ( radium bromide 0 convey$ by means ( oxyg5 into a ,u-tube cool$ 9 liquid air1 & ! latt] 0 !n extract$ by ! pump40 ,! spectrum 0 obs]v$2 x 80 app>5tly a new "o1 probably t ( ! emanation itself4 4 4 4 ,aft] /&+ f ,july #ag to #ba ! helium spectrum appe>$1 & ! *>act]i/ic l9es 7 obs]v$40 ,sir ,william ,ramsay p]=m$ a fur!r exp]im5t ) a simil> result1 9 :i* ! radium salt _h be5 fir/ ( all heat$ 9 a vacuum = "s "t1 prov+ t ! helium obta9$ c\ld n h be5 occlud$ 9 x2 ?\gh ! fact t ! helium spectrum did n imm$iately appe>1 9 itself proves ?is po9t4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay's results 7 confirm$ by fur!r c>eful exp]im5ts by ,sir ,james ,dew> & o!r *emi/s4 ,x 0 sugge/$1 !re=e1 t ! -p>ticle consi/s ( an electrically *>g$ helium-atom1 & n only is ?is view 9 agreem5t ) ! value ( ! mass ( ?is p>ticle z det]m9$ exp]im5tally1 b x has be5 completely demon/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d & ,mr4 ,royds4 ,^! *emi/s p]=m$ an exp]im5t 9 :i* ! emanation f ab\t "o-sev5? ( a gramme ( radium 0 enclos$ 9 a ?9-wall$ tube1 ?r\gh ! walls ( :i* ! -p>ticles c\ld pass1 b :i* 7 imp]vi\s to gases4 ,?is tube 0 surr\nd$ by an out] jacket1 :i* 0 evacuat$4 ,aft] a "t ! pres5ce ( helium 9 ! space betwe5 ! inn] tube & ! out] jacket 0 obs]v$ spectroscopically4#aaa ,n[1 ! emanation-atom results f ! radium-atom by ! expulsion ( "o -p>ticle2 & s9ce ?is latt] consi/s ( an electrically *>g$ helium-atom1 x foll[s t ! emanation mu/ h an atomic weight ( #bbf - #d1 i4e41 #bbb4 ,?is value is 9 agreem5t ) ,sir ,william ,ramsay's det]m9ation ( ! d5sity ( ! emanation4 ,we may repres5t ! degradation ( ! radium-atom1 !re=e1 by ! foll[+ s*eme3-- -p>ticle 7,helium-atom7 _/ #d ,radium-atom -p>ticle 7,helium-atom7 #bbf _/ #d ,emanation 7,niton-atom7 #bbb ,radium-,a1 c4 #aaj ,sir ,,william ,,ramsay & ,,fr$]ick ,,soddy3 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,radioactivity & ! ,production ( ,helium f ,radium10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 vol4 lxxii4 7#aijc71 pp4 #bjd et seq4 #aaa ,e4 ,,ru!r=d1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,t4 ,,royds1 ,m4,sc43 8,! ,nature ( ! -,p>ticle f ,radio-active ,sub/ances10 ,philosophical ,magaz9e #f1 vol4 xvii4 7#aiji71 pp4 #bha et seq4 ,nature ( ?is ,*ange4 #ie4 ,"h1 !n1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 we h ! und\bt$ =mation ( "o *emical elem5t f ano!r1 =1 leav+ out ( ! "q ! nature ( ! emanation1 !re c be no d\bt t radium is a *emical elem5t4 ,?is is a po9t :i* mu/ be insi/$ ^u1 = x has be5 sugge/$ t radium may be a comp\nd ( helium ) "s unkn[n elem5t2 or1 p]haps1 a comp\nd ( helium ) lead1 s9ce x has be5 %[n t lead is probably "o ( ! end products ( ! decomposition ( radium4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations1 h[ev]1 %[ ?is view to be altoge!r unt5able3 7i47 ,all attempts to prep>e comp\nds ( helium ) o!r elem5ts h fail$4 7ii47 ,radium possesses all ! prop]ties ( a *emical elem5t2 x has a *>act]i/ic spectrum1 & falls 9 t column 9 ! ,p]iodic ,table ) ^? elem5ts :i* x resembles z to its *emical prop]ties4 7iii47 ,! quantity ( heat lib]at$ on ! decomposition ( ! emanation is1 z we h already indicat$1 out ( all proportion to t obta9$ ev5 9 ! mo/ viol5t *emical reactions2 & 7iv47 "o v important fact has be5 obs]v$1 namely1 t ! rate ( decay ( ! emanation is unaffect$ by ev5 extreme *anges ( temp]ature1 :]eas *emical actions are always affect$ 9 rate by *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x w also be advisable1 p]haps1 to indicate "s ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 helium & ! emanation4 ,! latt] is a heavy gas1 cond5sable to a liquid by liquid air 7rec5tly x has be5 solidifi$#aab72 :]eas helium is ! lighte/ ( all kn[n gases ) ! exception ( hydrog5 & has be5 liquefi$ only by ! mo/ p]si/5t ef=t4#aac ,! emanation1 moreov]1 is radioactive1 giv+ (f -p>ticles1 :]eas helium does n possess ?is prop]ty4 #aab ,by ,ramsay4 ,see ,proce$+s ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 xxv4 7#aiji71 pp4 #hb & #hc4 #aac ,by ,pr(essor ,onnes4 ,see ,*emical ,news1 vol4 xcviii4 p4 #cg 7,july #bd1 #aijh74 ,is ?is ,*ange a true ,transmutation8 #if4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t 79 a s5se7 ?is *ange 7viz41 ( emanation into helium7 is n q :at has be5 meant by ! expression 8transmutation ( ! elem5ts02 = ! reason t x is a spontane\s *ange2 no ef=t ( ours c br+ x ab\t or cause x to cease4#aad ,b ! fact ( ! *ange does g to prove t ! *emical elem5ts are n ! discrete units ( matt] t !y 7 suppos$ to be4 ,& s9ce x appe>s t all matt] is radioactive1 al?\gh 7save 9 ^! exceptional cases7 9 a v slight degree1#aae we "h h evid5ce ( a process ( evolution at "w among ! *emical elem5ts4 ,! *emical elem5ts are n p]man5t2 !y are all und]go+ *ange2 & ! common elem5ts m]ely m>k ^? po9ts :]e ! rate ( ! evolution>y process is at its sl[e/4 7,see also #gh & #hc47 ,?us1 ! ess5tial tru? 9 ! old al*emi/ic doctr9e ( ! gr[? ( metals is v9dicat$1 = ! metals d gr[ 9 ! womb ( ,nature1 al?\gh ! process may be f> sl[] ?an appe>s to h be5 imag9$ by c]ta9 ( ! al*emi/s1#aaf & al?\gh gold may n be ! end product4 ,z writes ,pr(essor ,sir ,w4 ,tild53 84 4 4 ,x appe>s t mod]n ideas z to ! g5esis ( ! elem5ts1 & h5ce ( all matt]1 /& 9 /rong contra/ ) ^? :i* *iefly prevail$ among exp]im5tal philosoph]s f ! "t ( ,newton1 & seem to reflect 9 an alt]$ =m ! speculative views ( ! anci5ts40 84 4 4 ,x seems probable10 he adds1 8t ! *emical elem5ts1 & h5ce all mat]ial sub/ances ( :i* ! e>?1 ! sea1 ! air1 & ! ho/ ( heav5ly bodies are all compos$1 result$ f a *ange1 correspond+ to cond5sation1 9 some?+ ( :i* we h no direct & intimate k4 ,"s h imag9$ ?is primal ess5ce ( all ?+s to be id5tical ) ! e!r ( space4 ,z yet we "k no?+ ) c]ta9ty1 b x is ?\ght t by means ( ! spectroscope "s /ages ( ! op]ation may be se5 9 progress 9 ! nebul & />s4 4 4 40#aag ,we h next to consid] :e!r !re is any exp]im5tal evid5ce %[+ x to be possible 7us+ ! phraseology ( ! al*emi/s7 = man to assi/ 9 ,nature's "w4 #aad ,see ,pr(essor ,h4 ,c4 ,,jones3 ,! ,electrical ,nature ( ,matt] & ,radioactivity 7#aijf71 pp4 #abe-abf4 #aae ,x has be5 def9itely prov$1 = example1 t ! common elem5t potassium is radioactive1 ?\gh v feebly s 7x emits -rays74 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t _m common sub/ances emit corpuscles at high temp]atures4 #aaf ,says ,pet] ,bonus1 h[ev]1 84 4 4 we "k t ! g5]ation ( metals occupies ?\s&s ( ye>s 4 4 4 9 ,nature's work%op4 4 4 40 7see ,! ,new ,pe>l ( ,great ,price1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite's translation1 p4 #ee71 & c]ta9 o!rs ( ! al*emi/s express$ a simil> view4 #aag ,sir ,,william ,a4 ,,tild53 ,! ,elem5ts3 ,speculations z to _! ,nature & ,orig9 7#aiaj71 pp4 #ajh1 #aji1 #acc & #acd4 ,) reg>d to ,sir ,william ,tild5's rem>ks1 x is v int]e/+ to note t ,sw$5borg 7:o 0 born :5 ,newton 0 betwe5 =ty & fifty ye>s old7 n only diff]$ f t great philosoph] on ^? v po9ts on :i* mod]n sci5tific philosophy is at v>iance ) ,newton1 b1 z is n[ recognis$ by sci5tific m51 anticipat$ _m mod]n discov]ies & sci5tific !ories4 ,x w\ld be a mo/ int]e/+ task to set =? ! agreem5t exi/+ betwe5 ,sw$5borg's !ories & ! late/ products ( sci5tific ?\ght conc]n+ ! nature ( ! physical univ]se4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 w\ld lie )\t ! conf9es ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! ,production ( ,neon f ,emanation4 #ig4 ,z we h already indicat$ above 7 #ic71 ! radium emanation conta9s a va/ /ore ( pot5tial en]gy1 & x 0 ) ! idea ( utilis+ ?is en]gy = br++ ab\t *emical *anges t ,sir ,william ,ramsay#aah und]took a rese>* on ! *emical action ( ?is sub/ance--a rese>* ) ! mo/ surpris+ & ! mo/ int]e/+ results1 = ! en]gy conta9$ )9 ! radium emanation appe>$ to behave l a v]itable ,philosoph]'s ,/one4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out on di/ill$ wat]4 ,x _h already be5 obs]v$ t ! emanation decomposes wat] into its gase\s elem5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 & t ! latt] is always produc$ 9 excess4 ,^! results 7 confirm$ & ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 p]oxide 0 detect$1 expla9+ ! =mation ( an excess ( hydrog52 x 0 also %[n t ! emanation br+s ab\t ! rev]se *ange to "s ext5t1 caus+ oxyg5 & hydrog5 to unite ) ! production ( wat]1 until a position ( equilibrium is atta9$4 ,on exam9+ spectroscopically ! gas obta9$ by ! action ( ! emanation on wat]1 aft] ! removal ( ! ord9>y gases1 a mo/ surpris+ result 0 obs]v$--! gas %[$ a brilliant spectrum ( neon1 accompani$ ) "s fa9t helium l9es4 ,a m c>eful exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out lat] by ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,mr4 ,cam]on1 9 :i* a silica bulb 0 employ$ in/ead ( glass4 ,! spectrum ( ! residual gas aft] remov+ ord9>y gases 0 successfully photograph$1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! neon l9es id5tifi$2 helium 0 also pres5t4 ,! pres5ce ( neon c\ld n be expla9$1 9 ,ramsay's op9ion1 by leakage ( air into ! app>atus1 z ! p]c5tage ( neon 9 ! air is n suffici5tly high1 :]eas ?is sugge/ion might be put =w>d 9 ! case ( argon4 ,moreov]1 ! neon c\ld n h come f ! alum9ium ( ! electrodes 79 :i* x might be ?\ght to h be5 occlud$71 z ! sp>k+ tube _h be5 us$ & te/$ be=e ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! au?ors conclude3 8,we mu/ reg>d ! trans=mation ( emanation into neon1 9 pres5ce ( wat]1 z indisputably prov$1 &1 if a transmutation be def9$ z a trans=mation br\ght ab\t at w1 by *ange ( conditions1 !n ?is is ! fir/ case ( transmutation ( :i* conclusive evid5ce is put =w>d40#aai ,h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d & ,mr4 ,royds h be5 unable to confirm ?is result4 ,!y describe#abj attempts to obta9 neon by ! action ( emanation on wat]4 ,out ( five exp]im5ts no neon 0 obta9$1 save 9 "o case 9 :i* a small air leak 0 discov]$2 &1 s9ce ! au?ors f9d t v m9ute quantities ( ?is gas are suffici5t to give a cle>ly visible spectrum1 !y conclude t ,ramsay's positive results are due1 aft] all1 to leakage ( air into ! app>atus4 ,b if ?is is ! true explanation ( ,ramsay's results1 x is difficult to und]/& :y1 9 ! case ( ! exp]im5t ) a solution ( a copp] salt describ$ bel[1 ! pres5ce ( neon 0 n detect$1 =1 if due to leakage1 ! proportions ( ! r>e gases pres5t %\ld presumably h be5 ! same 9 all ! exp]im5ts4 ,fur!r rese>* seems necess>y conclusively to settle ! "q4 #aah ,sir ,,william ,,ramsay3 8,! ,*emical ,action ( ! ,radium ,emanation4 ,pt4 ,i41 ,action on ,di/ill$ ,wat]10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 xci4 7#aijg71 pp4 #ica et seq4 ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,cam]on & ,sir ,,william ,,ramsay1 ibid4 8,pt4 ,,ii41 ,on ,solutions conta9+ ,copp]1 & ,lead1 & on ,wat]10 ibid4 pp4 #aeic et seq4 8,pt4 ,,iii41 ,on ,wat] & ,c]ta9 ,gases10 ibid4 vol4 xciii4 7#aijh71 pp4 #iff et seq4 8,pt4 ,,iv41 ,on ,wat]10 ibid4 pp4 #iib et seq4 #aai ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 xciii4 7#aijh71 p4 #iig4 #abj ,e4 ,,ru!r=d1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,t4 ,,royds1 ,m4,sc43 8,! ,action ( ,radium ,emanation on ,wat]10 ,philosophical ,magaz9e #f1 vol4 xvi4 7#aijh71 pp4 #hab et seq4 ,ramsay's ,exp]im5ts on ,copp]4 #ih4 ,! fact t an excess ( hydrog5 0 produc$ :5 wat] 0 decompos$ by ! emanation sugge/$ to ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,mr4 ,cam]on t if a solution ( a metallic salt 0 employ$ 9 place ( pure wat]1 ! free metal might be obta9$4 ,^! 8mod]n al*emi/s10 !re=e1 proce$$ to inve/igate ! action ( radium emanation on solutions ( copp] & lead salts1 & aga9 app>5tly effect$ transmutations4 ,!y f\nd on remov+ ! copp] f a solution ( a copp]-salt :i* _h be5 subject$ to ! action ( ! emanation1 & spectroscopically exam9+ ! residue1 t a consid]able quantity ( sodium 0 pres5t1 toge!r ) traces ( li?ium2 & ! gas evolv$ 9 ! case ( a solution ( copp] nitrate conta9$1 along ) mu* nitric oxide & a little nitrog51 argon 7:i* 0 detect$ spectroscopically71 b no helium4 ,x c]ta9ly seem$ l a dual trans=mation ( copp] into li?ium & sodium1 & emanation into argon4 ,!y also obs]v$ t app>5tly c>bon-dioxide is cont9ually evolv$ f an acid solution ( ?orium nitrate 7see bel[1 #ajj74 ,x is wor? :ile notic+ t helium1 neon & argon occur 9 ! same column 9 ! ,p]iodic ,table ) emanation2 li?ium & sodium ) copp]1 & c>bon ) ?orium2 9 ea* case ! elem5ts produc$ be+ ( light] atomic weight ?an ^? decompos$4#aba ,! au?ors make ! foll[+ sugge/ions3 87#a7 ,t helium & ! -p>ticle are n id5tical2 7#b7 t helium results f ! #8degradation' ( ! l>ge molecule ( emanation by its bomb>dm5t ) -p>ticles2 7#c7 t ?is #8degradation1' :5 ! emanation is alone or mix$ ) oxyg5 & hydrog51 results 9 ! l[e/ memb] ( ! inactive s]ies1 namely1 helium2 7#d7 t if p>ticles ( great] mass ?an hydrog5 or oxyg5 are associat$ ) ! emanation1 namely1 liquid wat]1 !n ! #8degradation' ( ! emanation is less complete1 & neon is produc$2 7#e7 t :5 molecules ( /ill great] weight & complexity are pres5t1 z is ! case :5 ! emanation is dissolv$ 9 a solution ( copp] sulphate1 ! product ( #8degradation' ( ! emanation is argon4 ,we are incl9$ to believe too !y say t 7#f7 ! copp] also is involv$ 9 ?is process ( degradation1 & is r$uc$ to ! l[e/ t]m ( its s]ies1 namely1 li?ium2 & at ! same "t1 inasmu* z ! weight ( ! residue ( alkali1 produc$ :5 copp] nitrate is pres5t1 is d\ble t obta9$ f ! blank exp]im5t1 or f wat] alone1 ! supposition is n exclud$ t ! *ief product ( ! #8degradation' ( copp] is sodium40#abb #aba ,see pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 #abb ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 xci4 7#aijg71 pp4 #afje-afjf4 ,m rec5t exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 prov$ t ! -p>ticle does consi/ ( an electrically *>g$ helium-atom1 & ?is view 0 latt]ly accept$ by ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 s t ! above sugge/ions mu/ be modifi$ 9 accordance !re)4 7,see #id47 ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts on ,radium & ,copp]4 #ii4 ,a little lat] ,madame ,curie & ,mademoiselle ,gl$its*#abc repeat$ ,cam]on & ,ramsay's exp]im5ts on copp] salts1 us+1 h[ev]1 plat9um app>atus4 ,!y fail$ to detect li?ium aft] ! action ( ! emanation1 & ?9k t ,cam]on & ,ramsay's results may be due to ! glass vessels employ$4 ,dr4 ,p]man#abd has inve/igat$ ! direct action ( ! emanation on copp] & gold1 & has fail$ to detect any trace ( li?ium4 ,! transmutation ( copp] into li?ium1 !re=e1 mu/ be reg>d$ z unprov$1 b fur!r rese>* is necess>y be=e any conclusive /atem5ts c be made on ! subject4 #abc ,madame ,,curie & ,mademoiselle ,,gl$its*3 8,action de l'manation du radium sur les solutions des sels de cuivre10 ,comptes ,r5dus hebdomadaires des ,sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 cxlvii4 7#aijh71 pp4 #cde et seq4 7,= an ,engli% translation ( ?is pap]1 see ,! ,*emical ,news1 vol4 xcviii4 pp4 #aeg & #aeh47 #abd ,,edg> ,,philip ,,p]man3 8,! ,direct ,action ( ,radium on ,copp] & ,gold10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 xxiv4 7#aijh71 p4 #bad4 ,ramsay's ,exp]im5ts on ,?orium & alli$ ,metals4 #ajj4 ,9 8 presid5tial address to ! ,*emical ,society1 ,m>* #be1 #aiji1 aft] hav+ br\ght =w>d "s exce$+ly int]e/+ argum5ts = ! possibility ( transmutation1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay describ$ "s exp]im5ts :i* he _h c>ri$ out on ?orium & alli$ elem5ts4#abe ,x 0 f\nd1 z we h already /at$ 7 #ih71 t1 app>5tly1 c>bon-dioxide 0 cont9ually evolv$ f an acid solution ( ?orium nitrate1 precautions be+ tak5 t ! gas 0 n produc$ f ! grease on ! /op-cock employ$1 & x also appe>$ t c>bon-dioxide 0 produc$ by ! action ( radium emanation on ?orium nitrate4 ,! action ( radium emanation on comp\nds 7n conta9+ c>bon7 ( o!r memb]s ( ! c>bon gr\p1 namely1 silicon1 zirconium & lead1 0 !n inve/igat$2 9 ! cases ( zirconium nitrate & hydro-fluosilicic acid1 c>bon-dioxide 0 obta9$2 b 9 ! case ( lead *lorate ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide 0 q insignificant4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! p]*lorate ( bismu?1 a metal :i* belongs to ! nitrog5 gr\p ( elem5ts1 also yield$ c>bon-dioxide :5 act$ on by emanation4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay concludes 8 discussion ( ^! exp]im5ts z foll[s3 8,su* are ! facts4 ,no "o is bett] aw>e ?an ,i h[ insuffici5t ! pro( is4 ,_m o!r exp]im5ts mu/ be made be=e x c confid5tly be ass]t$ t c]ta9 elem5ts1 :5 expos$ to #8conc5trat$ en]gy1' und]go degradation into c>bon40 ,"s su* confirmatory exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out by ,sir ,william ,ramsay & ,mr4 ,francis ,l4 ,u%]1 & !y also describ$ an exp]im5t ) a comp\nd ( titanium4 ,_! results confirm ,sir ,william ,ramsay's =m] exp]im5ts4 ,c>bon-dioxide 0 obta9$ 9 appreciable quantities by ! action ( emanation on comp\nds ( silicon1 titanium1 zirconium & ?orium4 ,9 ! case ( lead1 ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide obta9$ 0 inappreciable4#abf #abe ,sir ,,william ,,ramsay3 8,elem5ts & ,electrons10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 vol4 xcv4 7#aiji71 pp4 #fbd et seq4 #abf ,= a brief acc\nt 9 ,engli% ( ^! lat] exp]im5ts see ,! ,*emical ,news1 vol4 c4 p4 #bji 7,octob] #bi1 #aiji74 ,! ,possibility ( ,mak+ ,gold4 #aja4 ,x does n seem unlikely t if x is possible to 8degrade0 elem5ts1 x may be possible to build !m up4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t x might be possible to obta91 9 ?is way1 gold f silv]1 s9ce ^! two elem5ts occur 9 ! same column 9 ! ,p]iodic ,table2 b ! sugge/ion /ill awaits exp]im5tal confirmation4 ,! "q arises1 ,:at w\ld be ! result if gold c\ld be *eaply produc$8 ,t gold is a metal admirably adapt$ = _m purposes1 = :i* its sc>city prev5ts its use1 mu/ be admitt$4 ,b ! f9ancial *aos :i* w\ld foll[ if x 7 to be *eaply obta9$ surpasses ! ord9>y imag9ation4 ,x is a !me t ought to appeal to a noveli/ ( exceptional imag9ative p[]4 ,h[ev]1 we ne$ n fe> ^! results1 = n only is radium extremely r>e1 f> de>] ?an gold1 & on acc\nt ( its in/ability w nev] be obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities1 b1 judg+ f ! above-describ$ exp]im5ts1 if1 inde$1 ! radium emanation is ! true ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 ! quantity ( gold t may be hop$ = by its aid is extremely small4 ,! ,significance ( 8,allotropy40 #ajb4 ,a v sugge/ive argum5t = ! transmutation ( ! metals 0 put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,m4 ,h[e1 ,,ll4,d41 9 a pap] entitl$ 8,allotropy or ,transmutation80 read be=e ! ,briti% ,association 7,section ,b71 ,%effield ,meet+1 #aiaj4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances are kn[n :i*1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 _! physical prop]ties v m>k$ly1 behave *emically z if !y 7 "o & ! same elem5t1 giv+ rise to ! same s]ies ( comp\nds4 ,su* sub/ances1 ( :i* we may m5tion diamond1 graphite & *>coal 7e4g41 lampblack7--all ( :i* are kn[n *emically z 8c>bon0--or1 to take ano!r example1 yell[ phosphorus 7a yell[1 waxy1 highly inflammable solid7 & r$ phosphorus 7a difficultly-inflammable1 d>k r$ sub/ance1 probably possess+ a m9utely cry/all9e /ructure71 are1 moreov]1 conv]tible "o into ! o!r4#abg ,x has be5 cu/om>y to ref] to su* sub/ances z diff]5t =ms or allotropic modifications ( ! same elem5t1 & n to reg>d !m z be+ diff]5t elem5ts4 ,z ,pr(essor ,h[e says1 8,if aft] def9+ #8elem5ts' z sub/ances hi!rto indivisible1 & diff]5t elem5ts z ^? :i* diff] 9 at lea/ "s "o prop]ty1 & aft] ass]t+ t ! elem5ts _c be transmut$ into ea* o!r1 we are confront$ ) ! *ange f diamond into lampblack1 & ) ! facts1 fir/1 t ea* is cle>ly indivisible hi!rto & h5ce an elem5t1 &1 second1 t !y diff] 9 e prop]ty1 we try to escape 9 a circle by say+ t !y are n diff]5t elem5ts because !y d *ange into ea* o!r4 ,9 %ort1 we limit ! "n #8elem5t' to indivisible sub/ances :i* _c be transmut$ into ea* o!r1 & we def9e ^? :i* d transmute z ipso facto "o elem5t1 & !n we say t ! elem5ts _c be transmut$4 ,is n ?is v l say+ t1 if y call a calf's tail a leg1 !n a calf has five legs8 ,& if x is j to reply t call+ a tail a leg does n make x a leg1 is x n equally j to reply t call+ two transmutable elem5ts "o elem5t does n make !m s8 #abg ,diamond is trans=m$ into graphite :5 heat$ by a p[]ful electric curr5t betwe5 c>bon poles1 & bo? diamond & graphite c be indirectly conv]t$ into *>coal4 ,! artificial production ( ! diamond1 h[ev]1 is a m difficult process2 b ! late ,pr(essor ,moissan succe$$ 9 effect+ x1 s f> z v small diamonds are conc]n$1 by dissolv+ *>coal 9 molt5 iron or silv] & all[+ x to cry/allise f ! solution "u high pressure4 ,graphite 0 also obta9$4 ,r$ phosphorus is produc$ f yell[ phosphorus by heat+ ! latt] 9 abs5ce ( air4 ,! temp]ature #bdj-bej ,c4 is ! mo/ suitable2 at high] temp]atures ! rev]se *ange sets 91 r$ phosphorus be+ conv]t$ into yell[ phosphorus4 8,is x philosophical to po9t to ! fact t two su* transmutable elem5ts yield b a s+le l9e ( d]ivatives z pro( t !y are "o elem5t8 ,is n ?is r pro( ( ! read9ess1 inde$ irresi/ibl5ess1 ( _! transmutation8 ,does n ?is simply mean t ! d]ivativeless elem5t1 :5ev] x ent]s into comb9ation1 inevitably transmutes into its mate :i* has d]ivatives80#abh #abh ,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,m4 ,,h[e1 ,,ll4,d43 8,allotropy or ,transmutation40 7,see ,! ,*emical ,news1 vol4 cii4 pp4 #aec & #aed1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aiaj47 ,accord+ to ! atomic !ory ! diff]5ces betwe5 :at are t]m$ 8allotropic modifications0 are g5]ally ascrib$ to diff]5ces 9 ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! atoms con/itut+ ! molecules ( su* 8modifications10 & n to any diff]5ces 9 ! atoms !mselves4 ,b we _c argue t two su* 8allotropic modifications0 or elem5ts :i* are transmutable into "o ano!r are "o & ! same elem5t1 because !y possess ! same atomic weight1 & diff]5t elem5ts are di/+ui%$ by diff]5t atomic weights2 = ! reason t1 9 ! det]m9ation ( atomic weights1 d]ivatives ( su* bodies are employ$2 h5ce1 ! value obta9$ is ! atomic weight ( ! elem5t :i* =ms d]ivatives1 f :i* t ( its d]ivativeless mate may diff] consid]ably = all we "k to ! contr>y1 if we d1 inde$1 reg>d ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts z hav+ any mean+ beyond express+ ! in]tia-ratios 9 :i* !y comb9e "o ) ano!r4 ,if we wi% to di/+ui% betwe5 two su* 8allotropic modifications0 ap>t f any !oretical views conc]n+ ! nature & con/itution ( matt]1 we c say t su* 8modifications0 are diff]5t because equal weights ( !m conta91 or are equival5t to1 diff]5t quantities ( en]gy1#abi s9ce ! *ange ( "o 8=m0 to ano!r takes place only ) ! evolution or absorption 7z ! case may be7 ( heat4#acj ,b1 accord+ to mod]n views reg>d+ ! nature ( matt]1 ?is is ! sole fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 two diff]5t elem5ts--su* are diff]5t because equal weights ( !m conta9 or are equival5t to diff]5t quantities ( en]gy4 ,! s-call$ 8allotropic modifications ( an elem5t10 !re=e1 are j z mu* diff]5t elem5ts z any o!r diff]5t elem5ts1 & ! *ange f "o 8modification0 to ano!r is a true transmutation ( ! elem5ts2 ! only di/9ction be+ t :at are call$ 8allotropic modifications ( ! same elem5t0 diff] only slightly 9 respect ( ! en]gy !y conta91 & h5ce are comp>atively easy to conv]t "o into ! o!r1 :]eas diff]5t elem5ts 7s call$7 diff] v greatly f "o ano!r 9 ?is respect1 :5ce x is to be conclud$ t ! transmutation ( "o su* elem5t into ano!r w only be atta9$ by ! utilisation ( en]gy 9 a v highly conc5trat$ =m1 su* z is evolv$ simultane\sly ) ! spontane\s decomposition ( ! radium emanation4 #abi ,= a def5ce ( ! view t *emical sub/ances may be reg>d$ z en]gy-complexes1 & t ?is view is equally z valid z ! old] notion ( a *emical sub/ance z an in]tia-complex1 i4e41 z some?+ made up entirely ( diff]5t units or atoms ea* *>act]is$ by ! possession ( a def9ite & con/ant weight at a fix$ po9t on ! e>?'s surface1 see an article by ! pres5t writ]1 entitl$ 8,! ,claims ( ,!rmo*emi/ry10 ,k & ,sci5tific ,news1 vol4 vii4 7,new ,s]ies71 pp4 #bbg et seq4 7,july1 #aiaj74 #acj ,9 "s cases ! heat *ange accompany+ ! trans=mation ( an elem5t into an 8allotropic modification0 c be measur$ directly4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 x is calculat$ z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities ( heat obta9$ :5 ! two 8=ms0 are conv]t$ into "o & ! same comp\nd4 ,conclusion4 #ajc4 ,we h %[n t mod]n sci5ce indicates ! ess5tial tru? ( al*emi/ic doctr9e1 & our task is end$4 ,writ+ 9 #aijd1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay said3 8,if ^! hypo!ses conc]n+ ! possibility ( caus+ ! atoms ( ord9>y elem5ts to absorb en]gy are j1 !n ! transmutations ( ! elem5ts no long] appe>s an idle dream4 ,! philosoph]'s /one w h be5 discov]$1 & x is n beyond ! b\nds ( possibility t x may lead to t o!r goal ( ! philosoph]s ( ! d>k ages--! elixir vit4 ,= ! action ( liv+ cells is also dep5d5t on ! nature & direction ( ! en]gy :i* !y conta92 & :o c say t x w be impossible to control _! action1 :5 ! means ( imp>t+ & controll+ en]gy %all h be5 inve/igat$80#aca ,:atev] may be ! f9al v]dict conc]n+ 8 own exp]im5ts1 ^? ( ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,preface to ! pres5t edition1 demon/rate ! fact ( transmutation2 & x is wor? notic+ h[ _m ( ! al*emi/s' obscure descriptions ( _! ,magi/]y well apply to t m>vell\s some?+ :i* we call ,en]gy1 ! true 8,fir/ ,matt]0 ( ! ,univ]se4 ,& ( ! o!r problem1 ! ,elixir ,vit1 :o kn[s8 #aca ,sir ,,william ,,ramsay3 8,radium & its ,products10 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e 7,decemb] #aijd71 vol4 xlix4 7,european ,edition71 p4 #eg4 ,,! ,,end4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$ ,,wok+ ,,& ,,london ,works by ,h4 ,,/anley ,,r$grove1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,on ,,! ,,calculation ,,( ,,!rmo-,,*emical ,,con/ants4 7,arnold1 #aiji1 #fs4 net47 ,,matt]1 ,,_s ,,& ,,! ,,cosmos3 ,"s ,sugge/ions t[>ds a bett] ,und]/&+ ( ! ,:5ce & ,:y ( _! ,exi/5ce4 7,rid]1 ,popul> ,edition1 #aiaf1 #as4 net47 ,a ,,ma!matical ,,!ory ,,( ,,_s4 ,be+ an ,attempt to employ c]ta9 ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,elucidation ( "s ,metaphysical ,problems4 7,rid]1 #aiab1 #bs4 #f;d4 net47 ,,exp]im5tal ,,m5suration4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,text-,book ( ,inductive ,geometry4 7,he9emann1 #aiab1 #bs4 #f;d4 net47 ,,! ,,magic ,,( ,,exp]i5ce4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,!ory ( ,k4 ,) an ,introduction by ,sir ,,william ,f4 ,,b>rett1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,d5t1 #aiaf4 ,out ( pr9t47 ,,bygone ,,beliefs4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,excursions 9 ! ,byways ( ,?\ght4 7,rid]1 #aibj1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net47 ,,purpose ,,& ,,transc5d5talism4 ,an ,exposition ( ,sw$5borg's ,philosophical ,doctr9e 9 ,relation to ,mod]n ,?\ght4 7,kegan ,paul1 #aibj1 #es4 net47 ,,rog] ,,bacon1 ! ,fa!r ( ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce1 & ,m$ival ,occultism4 7,rid]1 #aibj1 #as4 #f;d4 net47 ,,indu/rial ,,gases1 toge!r ) ! ,liquefaction ( ,gases4 ,by v>i\s au?ors1 includ+ ,h4 ,s4 ,,r$grove4 7,crosby ,lockwood1 ,second ,impression1 #aiah1 #is4 net47 ,,! ,,indictm5t ,,( ,,w>4 ,an ,an?ology4 ,compil$ by ,h4 ,s4 ,,r$grove & ,j4 ,h4 ,,r[bottom4 7,daniel1 #aiai1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net47 ,,joseph ,,glanvill1 & ,psy*ical ,rese>* 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,r$grove & ,i4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,r$grove4 7,rid]1 #aiba1 #bs4 net47 ,london3 ,,william ,,rid] ,,son1 ,ltd41 #h ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,e4,c4 #d ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! text ( ! orig9al "w has be5 reta9$1 includ+ inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 punctuation1 etc41 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,page #hb1 footnote #he3 ! orig9al "w _h a lett] miss+2 8or0 seems to fit be/ 7or van ,helmont's ,workes74 ,page #hd1 ,memnonite3 possibly error = ,m5nonite4 ,page #ic1 fulfull3 possibly error = fulfill4 ,*anges made to ! text3 ,footnotes & illu/rations h be5 mov$ outside text p>agraphs4 ,"s m9or obvi\s typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,page xvii3 #adb *ang$ to #adj 7,table ( ,cont5ts7 ,page #aj3 quesable *ang$ to que/ionable ,page #da3 ,trismegi/us *ang$ to ,trismegi/os z else:]e ,page #ff3 ,g5tlem5 *ang$ to ,g5tleman ,page #abj1 footnote #ajd3 ,sances l',acadmie *ang$ to ,sances de l',acadmie ,page #adj1 footnote #acj3 modication *ang$ to modification4