,transcrib]'s ,note ,italiciz$ text is display$ z ,text & bold text z ,text4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s are display$ z #d-e_/h4 ,"s ,,utf-#h *>act]s 7 conv]t$ to pla9 ,,ascii4 ,to view !m1 see ! ,,html or ,,utf-#h v]sion4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior4 ,john ,b>ton ,payne1 ,secret>y ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey ,george ,otis ,smi?1 ,director ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,reports ,,( ,,! ,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey ,,) ,,brief ,,descriptions ,,( ,,processes ,,( ,,reproduction ,,by ,,john ,l4 ,,ridgway ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aibj ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,reports ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey ,,by ,,john ,l4 ,,ridgway ,,cont5ts4 ,"p ,i4 ,prep>ation by ,au?ors4 ,page4 ,introduction #g ,purpose & value ( illu/rations #h ,selection & approval ( illu/rations #h ,submittal ( illu/rations #aj ,k9ds ( illu/rations #aj ,sizes ( illu/rations #aa ,subdivisions ( plates & figures #ab ,prep>ation ( copy by au?ors #ab ,"* ( orig9al mat]ial #ab ,prelim9>y prep>ation ( maps #ac ,mat]ial available = base maps #ad ,basic features ( maps #ag ,/&>d scales #ah ,ori5tation ( maps #ah ,projection #ah ,explanation #ai ,titles ( maps & o!r illu/rations #ai ,symbols us$ on maps #bj ,g5]al features #bj ,lett] symbols #bj ,oil & gas symbols #ba ,symbols = use on maps %[+ features ( gr\nd wat] #ba ,black-l9e conv5tions #bc ,mat]ials us$ 9 prep>+ maps #bc ,pap] #bc ,bri/ol bo>d #bd ,trac+ l95 #bd ,inks #be ,draw+ p5s #be ,p5cils #be ,rubb] eras]s & clean]s #be ,color$ p5cils & crayons #bf ,wat] colors #bf ,japanese transp>5t wat] colors #bf ,color+ geologic maps #bg ,diagrams #bh ,ess5tial features #bh ,plans ( m9e work+s #bi ,sections #bi ,li?ologic symbols #cb ,use ( photographs z illu/rations #cb ,ess5tial features #cb ,copyright$ photographs #cc ,s\rces ( photographs #cd ,l5d+ orig9al photographs & draw+s #cd ,unpubli%$ photographs #cd ,specim5s #cd ,g5]al requirem5ts #cd ,borr[$ & fragile specim5s #ce ,transmittal ( paleontologic specim5s #ce ,mak+ up plates #cf ,reuse ( illu/rations #cg ,approval ( f9i%$ illu/rations #ch ,revision ( illu/rations #ch ,submittal ( pro(s #ch ,pro(-read+ illu/rations #ci ,g5]al consid]ations #ci ,"p ,,ii4 ,prep>ation by ,draftsm54 ,g5]al directions #da ,in/rum5ts #db ,classification ( mat]ial #db ,prep>ation ( maps #dc ,projection #dc ,details ( base maps #de ,transf]r+ or copy+ #df ,trac+ #df ,celluloid transf]r+ #dg ,sket*+ by reticulation #dg ,! %ad[less draft+ table #dg ,topographic features #dh ,relief #dh ,hydrography #ea ,cultural features #eb ,lett]+ #ec ,g5]al directions #ec ,lett]+ by type #ed ,abbreviations #ee ,names ( railroads #eg ,make-up ( maps #eg ,=ms = c]ta9 features #eg ,bord] #eg ,title #eh ,explanation #eh ,graphic scales = maps #ei ,symbols #fa ,areal patt]ns = black & :ite maps #fa ,/&>d colors = geologic maps #fc ,r$uction or enl>gem5t ( maps #fc ,diagrams #fd ,sections #fd ,plans & cross sections ( m9es #fe ,draw+s ( specim5s ( rocks & fossils #ff ,me?ods us$ #ff ,bru% & p5cil draw+s #ff ,p5 draw+s #fg ,ret\*+ photographs ( specim5s #fh ,l&scape draw+s f poor photographs #fh ,p5 draw+s made ov] photographs #fh ,bru% draw+s f poor photographs #fi ,outdoor sket*es #fi ,draw+s ( cry/als #gj ,ret\*+ photographs #gj ,"p ,,iii4 ,processes ( ,reproduc+ ,illu/rations4 ,me?ods employ$ #gb ,photo5grav+ #gb ,g5]al features #gb ,z9c et*+ #gc ,copp] et*+ 9 relief #ge ,half-tone engrav+ #ge ,?ree-color half-tone process #gh ,wax engrav+ 7! c]otype process7 #hj ,wood engrav+ #ha ,photogelat9 processes #hb ,li?ography #hc ,orig9al process #hc ,photoli?ography #hf ,(fset pr9t+ #hg ,*romoli?ography #hg ,engrav+ on /one & on copp] #hi ,app5dix4 ,l5g? ( degrees ( latitude & longitude #ia ,metric sy/em & equival5ts #ib ,geologic eras1 p]iods1 sy/ems1 epo*s1 & s]ies #ib ,*emical elem5ts & symbols #ic ,greek alphabet #ic ,roman num]als #ic ,ma!matical signs #id ,names ( rocks #id ,,illu/rations4 ,page4 ,plate ,i4 ,me?ods ( ins]t+ plates & figures #aj ,,ii4 ,symbols us$ on geologic maps1 economic maps1 & m9e plans #bj ,,iii4 ,li?ologic symbols us$ 9 /ructure & column> sections to repres5t diff]5t k9ds ( rock #cb ,,iv4 ,symbols us$ on base maps #eb ,v4 ,r$uction %eet us$ 9 lett]+ illu/rations #ed ,,vi4 ,half-tone pr9ts %[+ effects produc$ by ! use ( six /&>d scre5s #ef ,,vii4 ,details ( ! make-up ( a geologic map #eh ,,viii4 ,patt]ns us$ to %[ di/9ctions betwe5 areas on black & :ite maps #fj ,,ix4 ,diagrams & curves #fd ,figure #a4 ,diagrams %[+ pr9cipal1 guide1 & auxili>y m]idians1 /&>d & special p>allels & correction l9es1 & sy/em ( numb]+ t[n%ips1 ranges1 & sections #af #b4 ,conv5tional l9es us$ 9 prep>+ plans & diagrams ( m9e work+s to di/+ui% diff]5t levels #bi #c4 ,section & p]spective view %[+ relations ( surface features to ! diff]5t k9ds ( rocks & ! /ructure ( ! b$s #cj #d4 ,sections ( coal b$s #ca #e4 ,diagram illu/rat+ me?od ( project+ a map #dd #f4 ,me?ods ( express+ relief by cont\r l9es1 by ha*ures1 by %ad+ on /ipple bo>d1 & by a bru% draw+ #di #g4 ,designs = b> scales #fj #h4 ,me?od ( mak+ a b> scale = a map ( unkn[n scale #fj #i4 ,map be>+ six areal l9e patt]ns #fb #aj4 ,diagram %[+ me?od ( m>k+ maps = r$uction or enl>gem5t 7= record7 #fd #aa4 ,/ructure section %[+ me?od ( det]m9+ ! succession ( folds #fe ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,= ,,reports ,,( ,,! ,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey4 ,by ,john ,l4 ,ridgway4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,prep>ation ,,by ,,au?ors4 ,,introduction4 ,!re has be5 an obvi\s ne$ 9 ! ,geological ,survey ( a pap] devot$ :olly to illu/rations4 ,no complete pap] on ! "*1 use1 & mode ( prep>ation ( illu/rations has be5 publi%$ by ! ,survey1 ?\gh brief sugge/ions conc]n+ c]ta9 features ( _! use h be5 pr9t$ 9 connection ) o!r sugge/ions p]ta9+ to publications4 ,! pres5t pap] includes matt] :i* x is hop$ w be ( s]vice to au?ors 9 _! "w ( mak+ up orig9al drafts ( illu/rations & to draftsm5 :o are us+ ^! orig9als 9 prep>+ m f9i%$ draw+s1 b x is n a te*nical treatise on draft+4 ,! effectiv5ess ( illu/rations does n dep5d entirely on good draw+s nor on good reproduction2 x may be due 9 l>ge "p to ! inh]5t "* ( ! r\gh mat]ial submitt$4 ,if ?is mat]ial is effective or /rik+ ! f9i%$ illu/rations1 if well made1 w be equally effective & /rik+4 ,ea* /ep 9 ! mak+ ( an illu/ration--fir/ ! prep>ation ( ! au?or's orig9al or r\gh draft1 next ! f9al draw+1 & la/ ! reproduction--is closely relat$ to ! o!rs1 & ea* is dep5d5t on ! o!rs = good results4 ,if ! mat]ial has be5 well h&l$ at all ?ree /eps ! result+ illu/ration %\ld be above criticism2 if x has be5 poorly h&l$ at any "o ( ! ?ree ! effectiv5ess ( ! illu/ration is ei!r impair$ or ru9$4 ,a consid]ation ( processes ( reproduction is ess5tial 9 ! prep>ation ( all illu/rations1 & ! influ5ce or effect ( ! process to be select$ on ! me?ods ( prep>+ a draw+ has seem$ to w>rant ! pres5tation ( brief descriptions ( ! processes usually employ$ by ! ,geological ,survey4 ,^! descriptions include /atem5ts z to ! k9d ( copy t is suitable = ea* process1 ! result produc$ by ea*1 & ! relative co/ ( ! processes4 ,,purpose ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,an illu/ration 9 a report ( ! ,geological ,survey is n m]ely a picture hav+ a remote be>+ on ! subject matt] ( ! report2 x mu/ repres5t or expla9 some?+ discuss$ or m5tion$ 9 ord] to become an illu/ration 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! illu/rations us$ 9 ! ,survey's reports are n employ$ = embelli%m5t2 ! m pictorial k9ds may be 9 "s measure decorative1 b decoration is di/9ctly n _! prim>y purpose4 ,! illu/rations us$ 9 popul> lit]ature are design$ to meet a public dem& = ornam5t or attractiv5ess4 ,^? us$ 9 sci5tific publications %\ld be made pla9 & direct1 )\t attempt to ornam5t or beautify4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( sci5ce illu/rations made by ! reproduction ( photographs or ( explanatory diagrams or maps are int5d$ simply to furni% great] illum9ation1 & if ! illu/rations display photographic reality mo/ /atem5ts or conclusions ?us illum9at$ seem less op5 to dispute4 ,a photograph may ?us s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( explanation & corroboration4 ,! graphic expression ( data & ( details 9 a ,survey report is int5d$ to aid ! read] 9 compreh5d+ ! report1 & ?is is ! prime advantage ( its use1 b x also enables ! writ] to omit f 8 text num]\s descriptive details4 ,x w\ld g5]ally be difficult )\t illu/rations to pres5t a cle> picture ( ! geology ( a region 9 its exact relations1 & especially to describe adequately ! =m & ! details ( ! /ructure ( _m fossils4 ,! tasks ( bo? ! writ] & ! read] ( reports on geology & k9dr$ subjects are ?us greatly facilitat$ by geologic maps1 sections1 paleontologic draw+s1 & illu/rations ( o!r k9ds4 ,! responsibility = good & effective illu/rations re/s l>gely ^u ! au?or1 :o %\ld select & plan 8 illu/rations ) a view to _! utility 9 aid+ ! read] to und]/& 8 report4 ,,selection ,,& ,,approval ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,!re is no rule limit+ ! numb] ( illu/rations t may be us$ 9 a publication ( ! ,geological ,survey1 b 9 select+ illu/rations = a report an au?or may easily fall into ! error ( ov]-illu/ration4 ,! numb] ( diagrammatic draw+s or ( draw+s t express ! au?or's d$uctions is r>ely 9 excess ( ! ne$s ( a pap]1 b ! numb] ( photographs submitt$ is (t5 excessive4 ,! numb] ( pages 9 a manuscript may be a factor 9 det]m9+ ! prop] numb] ( illu/rations1 b z ! ne$ ( illu/rations v>ies greatly f pap] to pap] ?is factor alone is n decisive4 ,! t5d5cy to ov]illu/rate l$ ! ,director to issue ! foll[+ ord]#a gov]n+ ! approval ( illu/rations3 ,footnote #a3 ,f ,survey ,ord] #fc1 ,oct4 #bj1 #aiae4 ,! prim>y responsibility = ! selection ( illu/rative mat]ial %all re/ ^u ! au?or & ! *ief ( ! bran* transmitt+ ! report3 ,no "o kn[s ! subject matt] ( ! report bett] ?an its au?or1 ?\gh a sympa!tic critic is usually ne$$ to correct ! p]sonal equation t may express itself ,9 an excessive numb] ( illu/rations or ! use ( photographs into :i* no "o b ! field man himself c read :at he wi%es to illu/rate4 ,! approval by ! *ief ( bran* ( ! illu/rations select$ by ! au?or w be tak5 z v\*+ = ^? illu/rations z ess5tial & adequate1 & ! sci5tific value ( ! illu/rations w n be subject to review 9 ! section ( illu/rations4 ,! *ief ( ! section ( illu/rations %all decide ! te*nical que/ions relat+ to ! prep>ation ( ^! illu/rations = reproduction & may recomm5d ! rejection ( any t d n promise effective or economical reproduction4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( su* que/ions1 especially any relat+ to maps1 ! coop]ation ( ! editor ( geologic maps & *ief engrav] w be expect$4 ,! judgm5t ( an au?or z to ! illu/rative value ( a photograph is likely to be bias$ by 8 k ( ! features t are actually includ$ 9 ! view repres5t$1 n all ( :i* may be %[n cle>ly 9 ! photograph2 8 k ( all ! features enables him to see m 9 8 picture ?an 8 read]s w be able to recognize )\t detail$ description4 ,photographs 9 :i* special or significant features are obscur$ by foliage or lo/ 9 hazy di/ance d n make acceptable illu/rations1 & ! use ( a picture t requires mu* description to make x illu/rate rev]ses1 9 a measure1 ! relations ( text & illu/rations4 ,a photograph is n necess>ily good = reproduction simply because x %[s "s p>ticul> feature to be illu/rat$2 ! quality ( ! pr9t x w af=d :5 reproduc$ f an engrav$ plate %\ld also be consid]$4 ,"s loss ( detail by reproduction mu/ be expect$1 & !re=e only ! cle>e/ & mo/ effective pr9ts obta9able %\ld be submitt$4 ,if an au?or has difficulty 9 mak+ 8 prelim9>y or orig9al draw+s he may reque/ t a draftsman be detail$ to aid him4 ,! reque/ %\ld be made to ! ,director ?r\gh ! *ief ( bran* & prop]ly approv$4 ,! "w w !n be done 9 ! section ( illu/rations z advance prep>ation1 b f9i%$ draw+s %\ld n be ?us prep>$ unless ! conditions are unusual4 ,! adm9i/rative geologi/ reviews all illu/rations submitt$ & repres5ts ! ,director 9 matt]s relat+ to illu/rations4 ,,submittal ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,all mat]ial int5d$ = illu/rations1 except paleontologic specim5s1 %\ld be submitt$ ) ! manuscript ( ! pap] to be illu/rat$ b 9 a sep>ate package m>k$ ,illu/rations to accompany a pap] on ---- by ----4 ,! package %\ld conta9 a c>bon copy ( ! li/ ( illu/rations t accompanies ! manuscript or1 if ! titles to be pr9t$ on or ) ! illu/rations include full] descriptions ?an are giv5 9 t li/1 a c>bon copy ( ! li/ giv+ complete titles & descriptions1 ! orig9al ( :i* %\ld also accompany ! manuscript4 ,9 ! li/ ea* plate & figure %\ld be sep>ately numb]$ consecutively 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x %\ld appe> 9 ! report1 & a figure opposite ea* title %\ld %[ ! numb] ( ! manuscript page on :i* ! illu/ration is fir/ m5tion$ or mo/ fully discuss$4 ,roman num]als %\ld be us$ = ! plates & arabic num]als = ! figures4 ,ea* draw+ or photograph %\ld be>1 9 addition to ! numb] & title1 any sugge/ions conc]n+ prep>ation1 r$uction1 & me?od ( reproduction :i* ! au?or may consid] especially desirable4 ,! li/ %\ld be head$ ,illu/rations4 ,specim5s o!r ?an fossils t are to be illu/rat$ mu/ be submitt$ directly to ! section ( illu/rations1 b ! au?or may fir/ obta9 photographic pr9ts ( !m 9 ord] to make up 8 plates4 ,! specim5s %\ld be c>efully pack$ & any t are fragile %\ld be s m>k$4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,! illu/rations 9 reports ( ! ,geological ,survey may be classifi$ into five m or less di/9ct gr\ps--7#a7 maps1 7#b7 diagrams 7includ+ graphs1 sections1 plans1 figures ( app>atus1 & /]eograms71 7#c7 outdoor photographs1 7#d7 photographs & draw+s ( specim5s1 & 7#e7 sket*es4 ,^! may be fur!r divid$ into two l>ge gr\ps1 :i* may be call$ p]man5t & ephem]al4 ,! p]man5t gr\p includes illu/rations t d n lose value ?r\gh lapse ( "t or by natural alt]ation1 su* z detail$ geologic maps1 well-prep>$ /ructure sections1 views ( specim5s1 & good photographs or draw+s ( natural ph5om5a2 ! ephem]al gr\p includes maps %[+ progress1 key maps1 diagrams %[+ ye>ly production1 & _m o!rs t %\ld be prep>$ 9 su* a way z to m9imize co/ ( prep>ation & reproduction4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,i ,,me?ods ,,( ,,ins]t+ ,,plates ,,& ,,figures4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 plates2 #d1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 figures2 #aa1 pocket4 ,! illu/rations w be f9ally divid$ into plates & figures :5 !y are fully prep>$1 b if an au?or desires to det]m9e ! classification 9 advance ( transmittal he %\ld submit 8 mat]ial to ! section ( illu/rations1 :]e me?ods1 processes1 & r$uctions w be decid$ = ea*4 ,9 det]m9+ :i* %all be plates & :i* %all be figures1 size & me?od ( reproduction are ! only factors to be consid]$2 !re are no o!r real diff]5ces4 ,illu/rations t require sep>ate or special pr9t+1 su* z ^? reproduc$ by ,li?ography & by ! photogravure1 photogelat91 & ?ree-color processes1 mu/ be pr9t$ sep>ately f ! text z plates & ins]t$ 9 ! report at ! prop] places2 ^? t are reproduc$ by relief processes1 su* z z9c & copp] et*+ & wax engrav+1 if n too l>ge1 c be pr9t$ ) ! text z figures4 ,if an illu/ration to be reproduc$ by a relief process is m>k$ = r$uction to a size n exce$+ t ( ! page ( ! text1 x c be call$ a figure & be pr9t$ ) ! text4 ,half tones1 ?\gh et*$ 9 relief1 are r>ely made text figures 9 ,survey reports1 because to give satisfactory impressions !y mu/ be pr9t$ on ! be/ quality ( coat$ pap]1 :i* is n us$ = ! text4 ,by us+ ! co>s] scre5s %[n 9 ,plate ,,vi 7p4 #ef71 h[ev]1 a half-tone cut may be made t c be us$ 9 ! text if x is small] ?an ! page4 ,,sizes ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,! regul> book publications ( ! ,geological ,survey are issu$ 9 ?ree sizes--7#a7 octavo 7annual reports ( ! ,director1 /ati/ical reports on m9]al res\rces1 bullet9s1 & wat]-supply pap]s72 7#b7 qu>to 7pr(essional pap]s & monographs72 7#c7 folio 7geologic folios74 ,! foll[+ table gives ! measure ( ! text ( ea* size & ! measure ( ! trimm$ page1 9 in*es3 ,size ( text4 ,size ( page4 ,octavo #d-c_/h by #g-ae_/af #e-g_/h by #i-a_/h ,qu>to #f-a_/af by #i-a_/h #i-a_/d by #aa-e_/h ,folio #ac-ac_/af by #ag-g_/h #ah-a_/b by #ba-c_/d ,mo/ pr(essional pap]s are pr9t$ 9 two columns ( type1 ea* #c in*es wide1 & folios are pr9t$ 9 ?ree columns1 ea* #d-c_/h in*es wide4 ,a text figure 9 "o ( ^! publications c be made to fit "o or m columns1 & x may run ! full l5g? ( ! text page4 ,! limits ( ! dim5sions ( plates & figures1 9 in*es1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,if = any reason a plate c n be r$uc$ to ! dim5sions ( a page x c be fold$ once or m2 & if x is l>ge & unwieldy x may be plac$ 9 a pocket on ! inside ( ! back cov]4 7,see ,pl4 ,i47 ,s+le-page ,plate ) plate4 "o side fold4 ,text figure4 ,octavo #d-c_/h by #g-a_/b #g-a_/b by #h-a_/b #d-c_/h by #g-a_/b ,qu>to #f by #i #i-a_/b by #ad-c_/d #c or #f by #h-a_/b ,folio #ae by #ag-a_/b 444444444444 #d-c_/h or #ac-ac_/af by #ag-g_/h ,= an octavo report a s+le-page plate ) side title %\ld be #d in*es or less 9 wid?1 & a plate ) bottom title %\ld be #g in*es or less 9 dep?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! actual dep? & wid? ( a s+le-page plate 9 a page ( any size mu/ dep5d on ! numb] ( l9es 9 its title1 ! inclusion ( :i* %\ld n ext5d ! matt] mu*1 if any1 beyond ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! table4 ,a diff]5ce ( #a in* or less 9 ! wid? ( a fold+ plate may det]m9e :e!r x mu/ be fold$ once or twice1 s t by consult+ ?is table an au?or may save exp5se 9 b9d+ & promote ! read]'s conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ ! plate4 ,a text figure 7includ+ ! title7 c n ext5d beyond ! text measure b may be ( any size or %ape )9 t measure1 z %[n on ,plate ,i1 figures #d1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,,subdivisions ,,( ,,plates ,,& ,,figures4 ,if a plate consi/s ( two or m p>ts or photographs ea* "p %\ld be m>k$ ) an italic capital lett]--,a1 ,b1 etc4--:i* %\ld be plac$ directly "u ea*4 ,if x is made up ( _m p>ts1 9 ! =m ( plates t accompany reports on paleontology1 ea* "p %\ld be simil>ly m>k$ ) an arable num]al--#a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,if a text figure is subdivid$ into two or m p>ts1 ea* "p %\ld be m>k$ ) a roman capital--,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc42 & if details ( a "p are to be describ$ ea* detail %\ld be m>k$ by an italic l[]-case lett]--a1 #f1 c1 etc4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,copy ,,by ,,au?ors4 ,,"* ,,( ,,orig9al ,,mat]ial4 ,9 ! ,geological ,survey1 z else:]e1 ! orig9als--t is1 ! orig9al mat]ial submitt$ by au?ors = ! illu/ration ( _! reports--diff] greatly 9 "* & 9 degree ( cle>ness4 ,"s are c>efully prep>$2 o!rs are r\gh1 obscure 9 "p1 & defective 9 detail4 ,draw+s made f poor orig9als progress sl[ly1 because ! draftsman sp5ds mu* "t 9 int]pret+ unc]ta9 features or 9 conf]5ce ) ! au?or conc]n+ details4 ,an orig9al %\ld be p]fectly cle> 9 detail & mean+1 s t ! draftsman c foll[ x )\t d\bt4 ,x %\ld n consi/ ( p>ts t mu/ be br\ght toge!r to make a new draw+1 because ! result ( ! comb9ation ( ! p>ts w be unc]ta9 at ! outset & may n prove satisfactory4 ,ea* orig9al illu/ration %\ld be prep>$ ) ! idea t ! draftsman :o w make ! f9i%$ draw+ w be unfamili> ) ! subject & w ne$ def9ite in/ructions2 all data %\ld be plott$ & ea* figure or plate %\ld be completely made up be=e x is submitt$4 ,m or less r\ghly prep>$ orig9als are expect$1 b !y %\ld %[ no unc]ta9ty 9 details4 ,obscure features may be cle>$ up by inclos+ ! features 9 p5cil$ loops connect$ by a l9e ) notes writt5 on ! m>g91 su* z omit ?is l9e1 turn at an angle ( #cj f true nor?1 add1 cut out4 ,,prelim9>y ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,maps4 ,! base map t g5]ally accompanies a report may be an orig9al field %eet or x may h be5 compil$ f v>i\s s\rces by an au?or & made to incorporate ! results ( 8 field "w4 ,x %\ld n be a collection ( maps ( diff]5t scales & /&>ds to be work$ into a new map4 ,! s\rce ( ! data %[n on e orig9al base map %\ld be indicat$ on ! map1 :e!r x is to be us$ z an illu/ration or z a record ( field "w4 ,?is in=mation is requir$ z a p]man5t record = %[+ ! reliability ( ! map1 = use 9 comp>+ data1 & = giv+ full cr$it to ^? :o are responsible = ! data4 ,an au?or %\ld see t ?is requirem5t is obs]v$ 9 ord] t prop] cr$it may be giv5 & %\ld especially see t all coop]ative agreem5ts & organizations are prop]ly m5tion$4 ,an orig9al map %\ld pref]ably be complete 9 itself4 ,x %\ld n consi/ ( sev]al p>ts or %eets unless ! data to be repres5t$ are unusually complex4 ,all elaborate or te*nical f9i% ( bord] l9es1 lett]+1 or l features %\ld be left to ! draftsman or ! engrav]4 ,base maps t involve ! compilation ( new data %\ld be prep>$ by ei!r ! topographic bran* or ! division ( ,alaskan m9]al res\rces4 ,if a base map already publi%$ is to be reus$ x %\ld be submitt$ to ! *ief topographic eng9e] or to ! *ief ( ! division ( ,alaskan m9]al res\rces = approval4 ,?is proc$ure w insure a s+le /&>d ( geographic accuracy 9 maps appe>+ 9 ,survey publications4 ,a geologi/ :o requires a base map t includes new topographic data %\ld address a reque/ = its prep>ation to ! *ief geologi/1 :o1 ?r\gh ! ,director1 w ref] ! reque/ to ! topographic bran*4 ,! reque/ mu/ be accompani$ by a full /atem5t reg>d+ ! propos$ report & ! "t :5 x is likely to be submitt$4 ,! prep>ation ( su* base maps by draftsm5 9 ! division ( geology1 ! l&-classification bo>d1 ! wat]-res\rces bran*1 or ! section ( illu/rations has be5 discont9u$ except = ! m9or adaptations provid$ = above4 ,if a report requires ! prep>ation ( a base map t includes no new topographic data su* a map mu/ be compil$ f o!r au!ntic maps by ! division or bran* 9 :i* ! report orig9ates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 no draftsm5 are available 9 t division or bran*1 an arrangem5t c be made ) any o!r bran*--z ! topographic or publication bran*--t may h draftsm5 available1 ) ! und]/&+ t ! co/ ( ! "w %all be reimburs$ to ! bran* do+ ! "w by ! bran* ord]+ x4 ,= indicat+ geologic & o!r data1 h[ev]1 an au?or may make use ( an au!ntic base map already publi%$1 & aft] x is r$uc$ or enl>g$ to appropriate scale by photography su* a map may suffice = transmittal ) a manuscript4 ,,mat]ial ,,available ,,= ,,base ,,maps4 ,! maps already publi%$ by ! ,geological ,survey#b & o!r ,gov]nm5t bureaus %\ld always be consult$ :5 a new base is to be compil$4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes mo/ ( ! maps available3 #a4 ,! ,survey's regul> topographic atlas %eets1 publi%$ on ?ree scales--#ae-m9ute %eets1 scale1 #a3fb1ejj2 #cj-m9ute %eets1 scale1 #a3abe1jjj2 #fj-m9ute %eets1 scale1 #a3bej1jjj--;approximately #a mile1 #b miles1 & #d miles to #a in*1 respectively--& its special maps1#b "s ( :i* are publi%$ on o!r scales4 ,all ^! maps c be us$ z bases = detail$ geologic maps1 = compil+ maps on small] scales1 & = revis+ o!r maps4 #b4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates "p ( ! int]national map ( ! _w1 n[ be+ publi%$ on ! scale ( #a3a1jjj1jjj 7approximately #af miles to #a in*74 ,ea* %eet ( ?is map repres5ts an area measur+ #f ( longitude & #d ( latitude4 ,! publi%$ %eets ( ?is map may be us$ z bases = g5]al maps4 ,! %eets are drawn on ! scale ( #a3ejj1jjj1 & photoli?ographs on ?is scale are available = use z bases = geologic or o!r maps4 ,! adaptability ( ! #a3a1jjj1jjj scale map to use z a base = g5]al geologic maps is %[n 9 ! geologic maps ( ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,mi*igan & ( ,indiana 9 ,monograph #ec 7,pls4 ,,iv & ,,vii71 ! map ( ,florida 9 ,bullet9 #fj 7,pl4 ,i71 & ! map ( ,v]mont 9 ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #dbd 7,pl4 ,i74 #c4 ,! ,survey's two-%eet wall map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #di by #gf in*es1 scale #a3b1ejj1jjj 7approximately #dj miles to #a in*74 ,p>ts ( ?is map c be us$ z bases = g5]al geologic or o!r maps & z copy = index & o!r small diagrammatic maps4 ,?is map is publi%$ bo? ) & )\t cont\rs4 #d4 ,l& ,(fice maps & t[n%ip plats4 ,^! maps are n[ be+ publi%$ on a scale ( #ab miles to #a in*2 !y are also photo-li?ograph$ on "o-half t scale1 or #bd miles to #a in*4 ,! t[n%ip plats are pr9t$ on a scale ( "o-half mile to #a in*4 ,! maps are especially useful 9 compil+ maps 9 :i* l& l9es 7t[n%ips & sections7 are ess5tial1 & ! t[n%ip plats af=d valuable detail & are useful 9 field "w & 9 revis+ o!r maps4 ,t[n%ip & section l9es %\ld appe> on all l&-classification maps publi%$ by ! ,survey4 ,on maps on a scale less ?an #a3bej1jjj only ! t[n%ips %\ld be %[n2 on maps on scales great] ?an #a3bej1jjj ! sections %\ld be %[n2 on maps on a scale ( #a3bej1jjj ! sections %\ld be %[n1 unless _! repres5tation w mat]ially impair ! legibility ( ! map1 9 :i* case only ! t[n%ips %\ld be %[n4 7,see fig4 #a47 #e4 ,po/-r\te maps1 cov]+ s+le ,/ates or gr\ps ( adjac5t ,/ates1 publi%$ on %eets ( diff]5t sizes & on scales det]m9$ ma9ly by ! size ( ! ,/ate4 ,! map ( ,texas is publi%$ on a scale ( #ab miles to #a in*1 t ( ,virg9ia on a scale ( #g miles to #a in*1 & t ( ,we/ ,virg9ia on a scale ( #f miles to #a in*4 ,bo? ! ,l& ,(fice & ! po/-r\te maps are useful = ref]5ce 9 compil+ maps on small] scales4 ,po/-r\te maps are especially useful = comp>+ & v]ify+ ! location ( cities1 t[ns1 & railroads4 #f4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey *>ts1 publi%$ on scales t are gov]n$ by ! area repres5t$ & ! am\nt ( detail to be %[n4 ,^! maps %\ld always be us$ 9 compil+ & correct+ coa/ l9es4 #g4 ,maps & *>ts publi%$ by ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s ( ! ,army1 ! ,mississippi ,riv] ,commission1 ! surveys ( ! ,great ,lakes1 & ! b\nd>y surveys4 ,^! maps are especially useful if ! scale ( ! map to be compil$ requires consid]able detail4 #h4 ,! ,survey's ?ree small base maps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--7a7 a map #ah by #bh in*es1 scale #aaj miles to #a in*1 :i* is publi%$ bo? ) & )\t cont\rs1 or ) relief or hypsometric %ad+2 7b7 a map #aa by #af in*es1 scale #aij miles to #a in*2 7c7 a map #g-a_/b by #ab in*es1 scale #bfj miles to #a in*1 design$ = use z a two-page illu/ration 9 a bullet9 or a wat]-supply pap]4 #i4 ,! ,c5tury1 ,r& ,mc,nally ,co4's1 ,cram's1 ,/iel]'s1 ,! ,times1 ,john/on's ,royal1 & c\nty atlases4 #aj4 ,/ate & c\nty maps4 #aa4 ,railroad surveys1 :i* are useful 9 furni%+ data = elevations z well z = locations ( t[ns & /ations4 #ab4 ,! late/ national-=e/ maps & proclamations4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y t national =e/s1 bird res]vations1 & national monum5ts be %[n on a map 9 a report unless _! addition is specially reque/$ by ! au?or or by ! *ief ( ! bran* submitt+ ! report1 & !y %\ld n be %[n if !y w obscure o!r m important data4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,topographic maps & folios & geologic folios publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey 7late/ edition74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,diagrams %[+ pr9cipal1 guide1 & auxili>y m]idians1 /&>d & special p>allels & correction l9es1 & sy/em ( numb]+ t[n%ips1 ranges1 & sections4 ,! ,survey has publi%$ num]\s maps ( p>ts ( ,alaska1 z well z o!r maps1 :i* are available = use or reuse 9 its reports4 ,copies ( all base maps = :i* copp] plates h be5 engrav$ by ! ,survey c be obta9$ on requisition1 & _! use 9 a new report w save "t z well z ! co/ ( engrav+4 ,o!r maps w be f\nd 9 ! ,survey libr>y1 :]e ! late/ editions only %\ld be consult$4 ,,basic ,,features ,,( ,,maps4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t e map1 :atev] its scale1 is a r$uction f nature & consequ5tly mu/ be m or less g5]aliz$4#c ,! degree ( g5]alization 9 ! geologic & o!r detail to be %[n on a map usually involves a correspond+ degree ( g5]alization 9 its base4 ,absolutely true g5]alization means ! same degree ( omission ( detail = ea* k9d ( feature4 ,if a base map on a scale ( #a mile to #a in*1 prep>$ ) ! usual detail1 7 plac$ be=e a cam]a & r$uc$ to a scale ( #af miles to #a in*1 ! l9es repres5t+ ! small] tribut>ies ( /reams & ! small] wat] bodies1 z well z _m o!r features1 w\ld probably be s greatly r$uc$ 9 l5g? z to be illegible4 ,if f ?is r$uc$ photograph a new map 7 prep>$1 f :i* all features n pla9ly disc]nible 7 omitt$1 ! new map %\ld repres5t :at might be call$ true g5]alization4 ,?is degree ( g5]alization is1 h[ev]1 n practicable1 b uness5tial detail %\ld be sy/ematically omitt$4 ,! am\nt ( detail :i* a base map %\ld %[ is limit$ by its scale1 by ! "* ( ! c\ntry x repres5ts1 & by ! k9d ( data to be %[n4 ,coord9ate features ( a topographic map %\ld be %[n ) equal detail4 ,detail 9 culture may call = detail 9 dra9age1 ?\gh relief may be greatly g5]aliz$ or entirely omitt$2 detail 9 relief may l-wise call = detail 9 dra9age1 ?\gh culture may be m g5]aliz$4 ,footnote #c3 ,gannett1 ,h5ry1 ,a manual ( topographic me?ods3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,mon4 #bb1 p4 #ajg1 #ahic4 ,if ! ?ree fundam5tal features ( a topographic map--! culture1 ! dra9age1 & ! relief--are to be engrav$ or photo-li?ograph$ sep>ately & pr9t$ 9 colors1 ! be/ results c be obta9$ by draw+ ea* feature 9 a sep>ate color on "o %eet unless ! "w is co>se & great precision 9 regi/] is n ne$$4 ,! culture %\ld be drawn 9 black wat]pro( ink1 ! dra9age 9 ,prussian blue1 & ! relief 9 burnt si5na2 b c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! colors us$ w photograph well4 ,to insure a good photograph x is usually necess>y to add a little black to ! blue & br[n4 7,see ,inks1 p4 #be47 ,! photograph] w !n make ?ree negatives & w opaque or pa9t out all b "o ( ! ?ree features on ea* negative4 ,! co/ is some:at great] ?an t ( reproduc+ ?ree sep>ate draw+s1 b ! result gives m accurate regi/] ?an if ! draw+s 7 made on sep>ate %eets1 :i* are likely to *ange 9 size be=e !y are reproduc$4 ,,/&>d ,,scales4 ,! /&>d scales ( ! maps us$ 9 ! publications ( ! ,geological ,survey are fractions or multiples ( #a3a1jjj1jjj 7see p4 #ad71 except = a map t is r$uc$ expressly to fit "o or two pages ( a report or t is r$uc$ horizontally or v]tically to fit ! text z a small diagrammatic or index map4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t a map :i* may be s]viceable = use 9 compil+ a new map1 except z to scale1 c be r$uc$ or enl>g$ to ! scale ( ! new draw+ by photography1 by a pantograph1 or by o!r means4 7,see p4 #dg47 ,maps compil$ by an au?or %\ld be prep>$ on a scale ( at lea/ #a-a_/b times & pref]ably twice ! size ( ! scale us$ on ! publi%$ map4 ,maps trac$ on l95 %\ld be no less ?an twice ! size ( publication4 ,n only is ! quality ( ! reproduction improv$ by consid]able r$uction1 b ! l>g] scale ( ! draw+ facilitates ! plott+ ( details4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t a l9e> r$uction ( "o-half produces a map only "o-f\r? ! area ( ! orig9al1 & r$uction s great may prev5t ! addition ( data1 su* z an ext5d$ note 9 small lett]s apply+ to a small area on ! face ( a map1 :i* w\ld n be legible :5 r$uc$4 ,,ori5tation ,,( ,,maps4 ,a map t be>s no arr[ indicat+ nor? is suppos$ to be ori5t$ nor? & s\?1 & its title %\ld read f we/ to ea/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! area mapp$ has a g5]al tr5d 9 "o direction1 z nor?we/ to s\!a/1 & its squ>+ up by a nor?-s\? l9e w\ld leave too mu* blank pap]1 ?is g5]al rule is n foll[$4 ,! bord] l9es on su* a map %\ld con=m to ! g5]al tr5d ( ! area mapp$1 an arr[ %\ld %[ nor?1 & ! title & scale %\ld be plac$ horizontally1 b ! projection numb]s & t[n names %\ld foll[ ! direction ( ! p>allels ( latitude4 7,see ,pis4 ,x & ,,xii1 ,bull4 #fbh2 & ,pis4 ,,vi1 ,,xv1 & ,,xvi1 ,mon4 #eb47 ,,projection4#d ,footnote #d3 ,see also pp4 #dc-de1 :]e ! me?od ( project+ a map is m fully expla9$4 ,! polyconic projection has be5 adopt$ by ! ,geological ,survey = its topographic atlas %eets & mu/ be consi/5tly us$ = its o!r maps4 ,if a new map is to be compil$ an accurate projection %\ld fir/ be con/ruct$1 & no plott+ %\ld be done on x until ! projection has be5 *eck$ & f\nd to be correct4 ,a projection %\ld be *eck$ or prov$ by "s "o o!r ?an ! p]son :o prep>$ x4 ,next ! dra9age & ! wat] areas %\ld be outl9$2 !n ! cultural features %\ld be add$2 & f9ally ! relief1 :e!r express$ by cont\r l9es1 ha*ures1 or %ad+4#e ,footnote #e3 ,see pp4 #di-dh = me?ods ( trac+ & transf]r+4 ,,explanation4 ,"u ! head+ ,explanation %\ld be plac$ all matt] ne$$ to describe fully ! details ( an illu/ration1 :e!r map1 diagram1 or section1 s t if ! illu/ration became deta*$ x w\ld be a complete self-explanatory unit4 ,! explanation ( a map may be plac$ inside ! bord] l9es if !re is ample room = x1 or x may be plac$ outside4 ,! /&>d arrangem5t = an outside explanation = geologic maps is %[n1 9 ! geologic folios1 :i* %\ld be foll[$ 9 g5]al =m4 ,if !re is space )9 ! bord] l9es ! explanation may be appropriately arrang$ !re91 ei!r 9 a v]tical column or horizontally1 accord+ to ! size & %ape ( ! space available4 ,if ! sequ5ce ( =mation is %[n by horizontal arrangem5t ! y\ng] =mations are plac$ at ! left & ! old] at ! "r4 ,if x is %[n by a v]tical arrangem5t ! y\nge/ =mation is plac$ at ! top4 ,ea* orig9al map submitt$ by an au?or %\ld h at lea/ #d-a_/b in*es ( blank m>g9 on ! "r & at ! bottom 9 :i* to place ! explanation1 scale1 title1 & o!r matt]1 b ! au?or %\ld make no attempt to elaborate ^! features nor %\ld he employ a draftsman to lett] !m c>efully4 ,pla9ly writt5 ord9>y script is quits suffici5t = orig9al maps2 ! f9al lett]+1 :i* may consi/ entirely ( impressions f type1 w be add$ aft] submittal ( a report4 ,,titles ,,( ,,maps ,,& ,,o!r ,,illu/rations4 ,! titles ( maps %\ld be suppli$ by au?ors b are subject to revision 9 ord] to make !m agree ) e/abli%$ =ms4 ,!y %\ld be writt5 9 ord9>y script1 n c>efully lett]$4 ,!y %\ld /ate concisely ! k9d ( map1 ! area %[n1 ! special features repres5t$1 & ! c\nty1 ,/ate1 or ,t]ritory 9 :i* ! area is locat$4 7,see p4 #eh47 ,titles are reproduc$ directly only on li?ographs1 ?ree-color pr9ts1 photogelat9 plates1 & o!r illu/rations t are pr9t$ by contractors1 n by ! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice4 ,! titles ( illu/rations t are reproduc$ by relief processes1 su* z z9c et*+1 half tone1 & wax engrav+1 are pr9t$ at ! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice f type1 & pro(s are submitt$ to ! au?ors = exam9ation4 ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,on ,,maps4 ,,g5]al ,,features4 ,m ?an #bjj symbols h be5 us$ on maps to express #be diff]5t k9ds ( data1 a fact indicat+ at once a notable lack ( uni=mity & a ne$ ( /&>dization4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to provide a *>act]i/ic symbol t c be us$ uni=mly = ea* k9d ( feature1 & !re=e ! same symbol may be us$ on diff]5t maps to express diff]5t ?+s4 ,! symbols %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii are ^? mo/ us$ on geologic maps4 ,! symbols = dip & /rike1 fault l9es1 m9e %afts1 prospects1 & sev]al o!rs are g5]ally well kn[n1 b on "s maps x may be necess>y to modify a /&>d symbol to express additional di/9ctions4 ,! symbols %[n1 h[ev]1 w cov] all ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( miscellane\s mapp+4 ,?\gh ! plate %[s m ?an "o symbol = "s features ! symbol mo/ commonly us$ is giv5 fir/ & %\ld be pref]r$4 ,! c5t] ( ea* symbol %\ld m>k ! location ( ! feature symboliz$4 ,symbols are n always platt$ ) suffici5t c>e4 ,on small-scale maps !y are difficult to locate & unless great c>e is tak5 9 platt+ !m !y are likely to be sev]al miles out ( place4 ,all symbols %\ld be locat$ precisely :]e !y belong4 ,! symbol %[+ dip & /rike %\ld be accurately platt$ by means ( a protractor1 s t ! /rike w be %[n graphically1 )\t a numb] & a degree m>k1 & n ne$ replatt+ by a draftsman or engrav]4 ,! dip1 h[ev]1 %\ld be indicat$ by a numb] & a degree m>k4 ,,lett] ,,symbols4 ,! lett] symbols us$ on mo/ geologic maps to indicate ! ages & names ( ! =mations repres5t$ consi/ ( two or m lett]s--an initial capital lett] = ! "n ( ! sy/em & "o or m l[]-case lett]s = ! "n ( ! =mation or ( ! mat]ial1 z ,qt 7,quat]n>y--l[] t]race deposits72 ,cpv 7,c>bonif]\s--,pottsville =mation72 ,c,ok 7,cambrian-,ordovician--,knox dolomite71 etc4 ,! /&>d usage = ?is feature is %[n 9 ! geologic folios b is subject to modification 9 o!r publications4 ,9 prep>+ an orig9al geologic map a lett] symbol1 su* z has be5 j describ$1 or a numb] %\ld be put 9 ! prop] place 9 ! explanation1 & ! same symbol or numb] %\ld be repeat$ at "o or m places on ! map )9 ! areas to :i* x ref]s4 ,ea* area t is indicat$ by a color %\ld be m>k$ ) ! prop] symbol 9 ord] to make its id5tification sure1 = light colors especially are likely to fade & mix$ colors c n be discrim9at$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,ii ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,on ,,geologic ,,maps1 ,,economic ,,maps ,,& ,,m9e ,,plans ,,oil ,,& ,,gas ,,symbols4 ,a complete set ( symbols = maps %[+ oil & gas is giv5 on ,plate ,,ii4 ,ref]r+ to ^! symbols ! *ief geologi/1 9 a memor&um to ! ,director1 writes3 ,! symbols us$ by ! ,survey 9 its oil & gas maps h n be5 9 accord ) ^? us$ by ! oil companies1 nor h !y be5 :olly logical4 ,x appe>s t ?\gh !y 7 submitt$ = recomm5dation !y nev] h be5 =mally approv$4 ,h]e) ,i submit a code prep>$ by ! geologi/s ( ! oil & gas section4 ,!y con=m l>gely to comm]cial use & embrace its be/ features z well z ! be/ & mo/ logical features ( our previ\s usage1 ! dep>tures f :i* are1 aft] all1 ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,! symbols "h submitt$ see ,,pi4 ,,ii ) recomm5dation = approval are f\nd$ on a build+-up sy/em1 s t ! hi/ory & ! results ( drill+ at any location c be record$ by slight additions to symbol & )\t erasure4 ,?us maps may be revis$ )\t scrat*+4 ,9 draw+ ^! symbols ! draftsman %\ld make ! rays ( ! gas well di/9ct & 9 add+ ! v]tical b> or l9e %[+ t a hole is dry or ab&on$ %\ld make x long en\gh to be di/9ct4 ,x w\ld be pref]able to draw ?is b> obliquely1 b an oblique position w\ld co9cide ) "s ( ! patt]ns on c]ta9 maps1 & x %\ld !re=e be plac$ v]tically4 ,! v]tical l9e indicates ! failure or ab&onm5t ( ! well1 ! symbol = :i* ,is ?us scrat*$ (f or cancel$ by ! l9e drawn ?r\gh x4 ,! symbols agree s f> ) comm]cial usage t oil m5 w h little ne$ to consult ! explanation4 ,,symbols ,,= ,,use ,,on ,,maps ,,%[+ ,,features ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,wat]4 ,! symbols us$ on maps relat+ to gr\nd wat] repres5t ! features nam$ bel[1 ea* ( :i* has be5 %[n 9 publications already issu$4 ,area ( absorption or outcrop4 ,area t dis*>ges gr\nd wat]4 ,dep? to wat] table4 ,quality ( gr\nd wat]4 ,cont\rs ( wat] table4 ,area irrigat$ ) gr\nd wat]4 ,fluctuation ( wat] table4 ,nonfl[+ well4 ,dep? to wat]-be>+ =mation4 ,fl[+ well4 ,/ructure cont\rs ( wat]-be>+ ,unsuccessful or dry well1 =mation4 ,well ) pump+ plant4 ,area ( artesian fl[4 ,spr+4 ,head ( artesian wat]4 ,! lack ( uni=mity 9 ! symbols commonly employ$ to repres5t ^! features is due to diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( color on ! maps & diff]5ces 9 ! scale4 ,/&>d colors = ! l>g] features1 su* z ^? = areas ( artesian fl[1 areas ( absorption1 & curves %[+ dep?s to wat] table or to wat]-be>+ =mations1 c n be fix$1 because ( consid]ations ( economy 9 pr9t+4 ,= example1 if light gre5 is ! /&>d color to be us$ = del9eat+ areas irrigat$ by gr\nd wat] & no gre5 is us$ on o!r p>ts ( ! map its use w\ld repres5t an additional or special pr9t+1 :]eas a t9t ( blue1 br[n1 or purple1 if any ( ^! colors is us$ = o!r features on ! map1 might be us$ also = ?is feature )\t additional pr9t+4 ,!re=e ! g5]al use ( any p>ticul> color = a wat] feature seems to be impracticable2 b ?is fact %\ld n preclude ! adoption ( color /&>ds = use subject to ! requirem5ts ( economy 9 publication4 ,! ord9>y symbols = wells are ! op5 circle & ! solid circle1 or dot4 ,only 9 ! second>y or specific well symbols does !re appe> to be lack ( uni=mity1 ! *oice ( second>y symbols be+ gov]n$ ei!r by p]sonal pref]5ce or by ! requirem5ts = specific di/9ction4 ,all symbols %\ld1 if possible1 sugge/ ! ?+s !y repres5t4 ,wells are circul> & h5ce ! op5 circle is mo/ us$ & mo/ appropriate = nonfl[+ wells4 ,to indicate a fl[+ well ! circle is made solid1 d5ot+ t ! well is full ( wat]4 ,= an unsuccessful well ! mo/ sugge/ive symbol w\ld be an op5 circle ) a l9e drawn ?r\gh x to d5ote cancellation4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t if wat] features1 includ+ wells1 are to be pr9t$ 9 blue1 unsuccessful wells1 or dry holes1 be pr9t$ 9 black4 ,a l>ge circle drawn ar\nd ! symbol = a fl[+ or nonfl[+ well w appropriately d5ote a pump+ plant at ! well4 ,! accept$ symbol = a spr+ is a dot ) a wav$ tail repres5t+ ! direction ( fl[1 if kn[n4 ,?is symbol c n be modifi$ )\t de/roy+ its prime *>act]i/ics1 b x may be accompani$ by a lett] indicat+ ! k9d ( spr+4 ,an op5 circle ) a tail might be us$ on l>ge-scale maps1 b x w\ld be out ( scale on o!r maps1 :]eas ! black or blue dot & tail w fit maps ( any scale4 ,! foll[+ colors & symbols c mo/ appropriately be us$ to repres5t gr\nd-wat] features4 ,! well & spr+ symbols c be v>i$ by add+ lett]s if !y are necess>y to express o!r data ?an ^? indicat$ 9 ! li/ bel[4 ,g5]al gr\nd-wat] features4 ,area ( absorption or outcrop3 ,flat color us$ on ! map to %[ ! geologic sy/em 9 :i* ! absorb+ =mation occurs4 ,areas %[+ dep?s to wat] table3 ,%ades ( purple & gray2 if possible ! %ades %[+ ! areas ( lea/ dep? %\ld be d>ke/ & ! %ades %\ld grade f ^? to light] t9ts4 ,cont\rs ( wat] table1 or cont\rs on wat]-be>+ =mations3 ,gray or purple curves or l9es4 ,areas ( artesian fl[3 ,blue flat t9t1 or f9e rul+ 9 blue4 ,dep? to wat]-be>+ =mations3 ,gradation ( a s+le color or ( two relat$ colors f d>k = %all[ dep?s to light = great] dep?s4 ,nonfl[+ artesian areas 7pump$ wells73 ,gre5 flat t9t1 or f9e rul+ 9 gre54 ,dep? to wat]-be>+ =mations %[n by gradation ( t9t if possible f d>k = %all[ dep?s to light = great] dep?s4 ,head ( artesian wat]3 ,blue curves or l9es4 ,areas t dis*>ge gr\nd wat]3 ,blue flat t9t1 or f9e rul+ 9 blue4 ,areas irrigat$ ) gr\nd wat]3 ,gre5 flat t9t1 or f9e rul+ 9 gre54 ,illu/ration ,well1 "* n indicat$4 ,illu/ration ,well1 nonfl[+4 ,illu/ration ,well1 fl[+4 ,illu/ration ,well1 unsuccessful or dry4 ,illu/ration ,well1 nonfl[+1 ) pump+ plant ,illu/ration ,well1 fl[+1 ) pump+ plant4 ,illu/ration ,spr+s4 ,illu/ration ,spr+1 !rmal4 ,illu/ration ,spr+1 m9]al4 ,! /&>d color s*eme %\ld be us$ if no conditions preclude its use1 b if o!r colors c be us$ ) great] economy )\t sacrific+ cle>ness ! use ( ! /&>d colors %\ld be waiv$4 ,,black-,,l9e ,,conv5tions4 ,a complete set ( ! black-l9e patt]ns us$ to di/+ui% areas on a map is giv5 9 ,plate ,,viii 7p4 #fj71 & _! application to a f9i%$ draw+ is %[n 9 figure #i 7p4 #fb74 ,^! patt]ns1 h[ev]1 %\ld pref]ably n be us$ by ! au?or 9 8 prelim9>y "w on an illu/ration4 ,= ?is purpose wat] colors or color$ crayons are pref]able1 & ! di/9ctions betwe5 areas may be emphasiz$ by lett] symbols4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,prep>+ ,,maps4 ,,pap]4 ,= l>ge & important maps :i* may at "s "t be ext5d$ to cov] a great] area or :i* may be made to fit maps already prep>$ or publi%$ ! pap] us$ %\ld be m\nt$ on musl9 to r$uce to a m9imum ! %r9k+ or /ret*+ caus$ by atmosph]ic *anges4 ,pure :ite pap] produces a bett] negative ?an a cream or yell[i% pap] & w reta9 its color long]1 b all pap]s become m yell[ ) age & exposure to light4 ,! foll[+ br&s ( pap] are us$ 9 ! ,survey 9 ! prep>ation ( maps3 ,normal ,k4 ,e41 unm\nt$4 ,has an excell5t surface & comes 9 flat %eets1 #ai by #bd1 #bb by #cj1 & #bg by #dj in*es4 ,p>agon ,k4 ,e41 m\nt$ on musl94 ,9 #aj-y>d rolls #gb in*es wide4 ,us$ 9 ! ,survey = l>ge (fice draw+s & maps ( l>ge scale4 ,anvil ,k4 ,e41 m\nt$ on musl94 ,9 #aj-y>d rolls #db1 #fb1 & #gb in*es wide4 ,us$ 9 ! ,survey = l>ge draw+s4 ,:atman's hot press$1 unm\nt$ or m\nt$ on musl94 ,9 %eets rang+ 9 size f #ac by #ag to #ca by #ec in*es4 ,an excell5t pap] = maps4 ,! musl9-back$ pap] is recomm5d$ = use 9 prep>+ l>ge detail$ maps & base maps t are to be reta9$ z p]man5t records4 ,! musl9 provides a durable & flexible back+ t p]mits ! map to be roll$1 & pap] ?us m\nt$ is p>ticul>ly s]viceable = a map :i* may be subject$ to consid]able revision & to :i* mu/ be add$ f9ally a title1 explanation1 & o!r m>g9al matt]4 ,ross's relief h&-/ipple draw+ pap]4 ,a /iff enamel$ or *alk-coat$ pap] ^: surface has be5 compress$ into m9ute po9ts t /& 9 slight relief s t a %ade made on x ) p5cil or crayon is brok5 up into dots & c be reproduc$ by photo-engrav+4 ,= use 9 mak+ %ad$ draw+s1 draw+s %[+ relief by light & %ade1 etc4 ,simil> pap] is prep>$ = p>allel-l9e & o!r patt]n effects4 ,9 %eets rang+ 9 size f #aa by #ad to #bb by #bh in*es4 7,see p4 #ea = me?od ( us+47 ,pr(ile & cross-section pap]4 ,9 %eets ( conv5i5t sizes or 9 rolls4 ,be>s l9es pr9t$ 9 blue1 gre51 r$1 or orange1 9 _m k9ds ( rul+s1 :i* may be select$ by ref]5ce to catalogues4 ,pr(ile & cross-section pap] pr9t$ 9 orange is recomm5d$ = prelim9>y draw+s2 blue is recomm5d$ = draw+s t are made 9 p5cil & submitt$ = ink+ 94 ,,bri/ol ,,bo>d4 ,= ! small] maps1 su* z key maps & maps less ?an #ah by #bd in*es1 & = small draw+s made = direct reproduction1 ,reynolds's bri/ol bo>d is recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( its pure-:ite color & its h>dness1 :i* p]mits erasures to be made )\t affect+ r$raw+ ov] ! correct$ area4 ,x is obta9$ 9 #b-ply1 #c-ply1 & #d-ply %eets4 ,! #b-ply & #c-ply are especially useful 9 mak+ delicate bru% & p5cil draw+s & p5 & ink draw+s4 ,! sizes us$ 9 ! ,survey are #af-a_/b by #bj-c_/d1 #ah-a_/d by #bb-c_/h1 & #ba-a_/b by #bh-c_/d in*es4 ,,trac+ ,,l954 ,trac+ clo? or l95 is especially useful = l>ge "w t w require consid]able r$uction4 7,see p4 #ah47 ,its advantages are t a trac+ t has be5 c>efully made on x ov] any k9d ( copy = direct reproduction by a photo-engrav+ process c be us$ = mak+ a pap] negative = contact pr9t+ or blue pr9t+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is susceptible to atmosph]ic *anges t affect scale1 & ! l9es trac$ on x are n reproduc$ z %>ply z ^? made on pap]4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 rolls #cj to #ed in*es wide4 ,erasures %\ld be made on trac+ l95 ) a h>d rubb] eras]1 n ) a s& rubb] or a /eel eras]4 ,,inks4 ,! be/ draw+ inks are 9 liquid =m1 ready = use4 ,!y %\ld be wat]pro( & equal to ! grade kn[n z ,higg9s's wat]pro( ink4 ,:5 a suitable wat]pro( blue ink c n be obta9$1 a good blue = features ( dra9age c be made by dissolv+ a half pan ( ,w9sor ,newton's prussian blue 9 wat]4 ,no good wat]pro( burnt si5na ink seems to be obta9able1 b a good sub/itute c be made by dissolv+ ,w9sor ,newton's wat] color ( t "n4 ,ink l9es %\ld be drawn 9 full /r5g? ( color--l9es t %\ld be black mu/ n appe> grayi%1 = example--& p5s %\ld be kept clean4 ,! same p5 %\ld n be us$ = apply+ two inks1 z ! mixture ?us produc$ is likely to ?ick5 or coagulate on ! p54 ,a little black %\ld be add$ to color$ inks t are us$ 9 mak+ draw+s to be reproduc$ 9 colors 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! l9es = photographic reproduction4 ,,draw+ ,,p5s4 ,! p5s made by ,keuffel ,ess]1 especially _! ,no4 #cbjb1 & ,gillott's ,nos4 #bia1 #bij1 #agj1 & #cjc give complete satisfaction4 ,! ,gillott numb]s are giv5 9 ! ord] ( f95ess ( ! po9ts4 ,no4 #bia be+ ! f9e/4 ,! be/ clean] = a draw+ p5 is a piece ( *amois sk94 ,,p5cils4 ,p5cils us$ = draw+ %\ld h leads ( a quality equal to ^? ( ! ,koh-i-noor br&1 9 :i* ! grades ( h>dness are indicat$ by #c;,b1 #b;,b1 ,b1 ,,hb1 ,f1 ,h1 #b;,h1 #c;,h1 #d;,h1 #e;,h1 #f;,h1 #g;,h1 #h;,h1 & #i;,h2 ! s(te/ grade is #c;,b & ! h>de/ #i;,h4 ,! grades mo/ g5]ally us$ are ,b1 ,,hb1 ,f1 #d;,h1 & #f;,h4 ,,rubb] ,,eras]s ,,& ,,clean]s4 ,two k9ds ( rubb] eras]s are usually employ$ 9 mak+ erasures on draw+s--a h>d1 d5se rubb] l ! ,ruby1 & a s(t1 pliable rubb] l ! ,v5us or ,h 7,h>dtmu?74 ,! s(t rubb] is also useful = clean+ l>ge surfaces4 ,art gum is also recomm5d$ = ?is purpose & has ! advantage ( n di/urb+ ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,,color$ ,,p5cils ,,& ,,crayons4 ,color$ p5cils & crayons are useful only = color+ prelim9>y maps4 ,!y are n recomm5d$ = use on maps t are to be kept = ref]5ce or to be submitt$ = reproduction1 because ! colors rub (f1 b !y c be us$ on photographic pr9ts ( base maps or on transp>5t ov]%eets1 = :i* ! unglaz$ side ( trac+ clo? is well suit$4 ,:5 !y are s us$ regi/] m>ks %\ld be add$ at num]\s po9ts on ! map & ! ov]%eet1 includ+ ! f\r com]s1 ! color b\nd>ies %\ld be drawn or trac$1 & f9ally ! colors %\ld be add$4 ,two or m colors %\ld n be us$ on any "o area to modify a tone1 b ea* area %\ld be color$ ) a sep>ate crayon4 ,patt]ns or designs %\ld n be us$ except to /r5g!n contra/s1 & = t purpose a patt]n may be drawn ) a black p5cil ov] a color4 ,,wat] ,,colors4 ,by dilution to half /r5g? "s ( ! /&>d wat] colors w yield a t9t or hue t w contra/ ) o!r t9ts or hues produc$ 9 ! same way quits z well z undilut$ or full colors w contra/ ) "o ano!r4 ,! colors nam$ bel[1 except *rome-yell[ & em]ald-gre51 are among ^? t :5 dilut$ w af=d satisfactory contra/s among !mselves & ) _! full colors & are recomm5d$ = use 9 color+ orig9al maps4 ,mauve4 ,hook]'s gre5 ,no4 #b4 ,crimson lake4 ,em]ald-gre54 ,orange-v]milion4 ,payne's gray4 ,burnt si5na4 ,lampblack4 ,cadmium-yell[4 ,sepia4 ,*rome-yell[4 ,c]ulean blue4 ,olive-gre54 ,o!r pigm5ts spread bett] ?an c]ulean blue & em]ald-gre51 b ! exceptional purity ( color ( ^! two seems to w>rant _! use4 ,,japanese ,,transp>5t ,,wat] ,,colors4 ,japanese transp>5t wat] colors1 s call$1 are us$ by "s geologi/s4 ,!y spread ev5ly & are conv5i5t = field use1 b !y c n be wa%$ out l o!r wat] colors1 s t :5 !y are once appli$ to an area & a *ange ( color becomes necess>y !y mu/ be blea*$ out4 ,a good blea* is sodium hypo*lorite1 :i* %\ld be appli$ ) a bru% until ! color disappe>s1 & ! area dri$ ) a blott] be=e recolor+4 ,light t9ts ( ^! colors are believ$ to be some:at fugitive if expos$ to /rong light4 ,,color+ ,,geologic ,,maps4 ,! colors us$ on mo/ orig9al maps are n pleas+1 a fact t is ( no p>ticul> importance1 b--& ?is is ( importance--!y (t5 fail to give cle> di/9ctions2 ! sep>ate areas c n always be id5tifi$ or di/+ui%$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,aga91 "s colors are fugitive1 & :5 laid on 9 light t9ts !y disappe> entirely or become unc]ta94 ,mu* ( ! difficulty 9 id5tify+ & discrim9at+ colors on an au?or's orig9al maps is due to ! promiscu\s mix+ ( colors4 ,_m p]sons c n mat* or discrim9ate mix$ or brok5 colors4 ,h5ce if ! supply ( a color produc$ by mix+ becomes exhau/$ & ! attempt is made to duplicate x by a second mixture ! two w probably fail to mat*4 ,x is !re=e sugge/$ t colors 9 full /r5g? & colors dilut$ to half /r5g? be us$ in/ead ( mixtures ( two or m pigm5ts1 s t "o color 9 two /r5g?s or tones c be employ$ to indicate areas t are to be di/+ui%$4 ,! colors li/$ on page #bf w give #bd satisfactory di/9ctions & w ?us supply all dem&s = map color+4 ,to insure satisfactory contra/s betwe5 color$ areas on a map1 unlike colors %\ld be plac$ next to ea* o!r--t is1 colors %\ld be plac$ toge!r t are widely sep>at$ 9 ! spectrum1 su* z yell[ & mauve1 r$ & gre51 blue & orange1 burnt si5na & olive-gre52 n su* z r$ & orange1 blue & purple1 orange & yell[1 sepia & burnt si5na4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( wat] & color pigm5t to be us$ = "o =mation area on a map %\ld be /irr$ 9 a sauc] until ! desir$ t9t is produc$ be=e x is appli$4 ,to ma9ta9 ! same tone prop]ly ! color %\ld be well /irr$ e "t ! bru% is fill$2 if x is n /irr$ ! bru% w on ! next dipp+ take up a light] t9t1 because mo/ pigm5ts1 especially ^? d]iv$ f m9]als1 t5d to precipitate4 ,:5 ! colors are appli$ ! map %\ld pref]ably be plac$ 9 a slightly incl9$ position1 & ! color+ %\ld be />t$ at ! upp] b\nd>ies ( an area to be color$1 ! well-fill$ bru% be+ pull$ t[>d ! pa9t] & ,work$ rapidly back & =? horizontally1 ! edges ( ! fre% color be+ kept wet4 ,if ! edges are all[$ to dry1 a h>d l9e & a sme>$ or unev5 effect w be produc$4 ,a /rong color %\ld g5]ally be us$ = small areas unless ! map %[s also l>ge areas t mu/ h ! same color2 light] hues %\ld be us$ = l>ge areas4 ,bright colors are be/ suit$ = areas ( igne\s rocks1 dikes1 & ve9s1 & ^! may be r$uc$ 9 /r5g? = ! l>g] areas4 ,! ,survey's color s*eme 7see p4 #fc7 ne$ n be appli$ at ?is /age ( prep>ation1 except 9 ! mo/ g5]al way4 ,appropriate f9al colors c be be/ select$ :5 ! new map is made ready = engrav+4 ,9 ! au?or's orig9al maps adequate color di/9ctions betwe5 areas are m important ?an ! use ( /&>d geologic colors4 ,patt]ns %\ld n be rul$ 9 "o color on an orig9al map to indicate di/9ctions betwe5 diff]5t =mations ( ! same age or p]iod1 because su* patt]ns are difficult to produce by h& ) prop] uni=mity except by engrav+4 ,x is ( vital importance t an orig9al base map %\ld be free f colors & f te*nical symbols 9 ord] t x may be kept clean = photograph+ & pres]v$ = possible future use4 ,su* a map %\ld pref]ably be photograph$ 9 ord] to obta9 pr9ts on :i* to add ! colors & symbols2 ! use ( an ov]%eet = ?is purpose is n ne>ly s satisfactory4 ,:5 photograph$ a base map %\ld be r$uc$ to publication scale 9 ord] to save ! additional co/ ( a l>g] negative1 & ?is r$uc$ map may be made up = publication by ! addition ( colors & symbols1 title1 explanation1 etc42 b ! li?ograph] w also ne$ ! orig9al base map f :i* to make 8 reproduction4 ,,diagrams4 ,,ess5tial ,,features4 ,! t]m diagrams1 z us$ "h1 includes su* illu/rations z m9e plans1 pr(iles1 sections1 /]eograms1 & maps t are m diagrammatic ?an c>tographic4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 ! orig9al draw+s = simple diagrams is cle>ness ( copy4 ,simplicity ( subject does n w>rant ha/y prep>ation1 = an orig9al sket* t has be5 c>elessly drawn & is inaccurate or inconsi/5t 9 detail may lead to s]i\s errors4 ,rul$ pap] pr9t$ especially = platt+ pr(iles & cross sections %\ld be us$4 ,curves or graphs made by an au?or ) p5cil on blue-l9$ section pap] may be ink$ by m skillful draftsm54 ,an au?or's p5cil sket*es are usually satisfactory if !y indicate pla9ly ! facts to be repres5t$1 b !y %\ld be prep>$ ) "s c>e z to detail4 ,tables & l matt] are n g5]ally satisfactory mat]ial f :i* to prep>e draw+s4 ,9 draw+s = diagrams t are to be pr9t$ 9 ! text z figures ! use ( l>ge1 solid black b>s or ( conspicu\s areas ( solid black is objectionable1 because ! black is likely to pr9t gray & to appe> unev5 9 tone4 ,rul$ t9ts or cross l9+ give bett] effects4 ,/]eograms %\ld be prep>$ by an au?or ) especial c>e1 = !y repres5t facts only z ! au?or sees !m1 & ! au?or's view mu/ be imp>t$ to ! draftsman graphically4 ,! ?ird dim5sion--! relief--9 su* draw+s is n easily express$ & %\ld be br\ght out cle>ly 9 ! au?or's r\gh sket*es4 ,= illu/rations ( app>atus photographs are pref]r$1 b if r\gh sket*es are submitt$ !y %\ld %[ n only correct relations b all dim5sions4 ,,plans ,,( ,,m9e ,,work+s4 ,blue pr9ts obta9$ f m9+ companies are acceptable = plans ( m9es or und]gr\nd work+s1 b all unnecess>y or irrelevant details on su* plans mu/ be cancel$ & all ess5tial features reta9$1 & e ess5tial feature1 especially any add$ data1 mu/ be cle>ly int]pretable4 ,_m su* blue pr9ts are s l>ge & unwieldy t !y mu/ be greatly r$uc$ by photography be=e !y c be r$rawn4 ,if ! l9es are too weak to photograph1 a trac+ ( ! ess5tial p>ts c be made & r$uc$ to ab\t twice publication size4 ,! %ad[less draft+ table1 describ$ on pages #dg-dh1 is well adapt$ to ! "w ( mak+ su* trac+s4 ,blue pr9ts c also be pantograph$ to any conv5i5t size if ! details are n too m9ute or complex4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,conv5tional l9es us$ 9 prep>+ plans & diagrams ( m9e work+s to di/+ui% diff]5t levels4 ,! levels 9 plans ( und]gr\nd work+s c be diff]5tiat$ 9 f9i%$ draw+s by a sy/em ( conv5tional outl9es 9 black1 z %[n 9 figure #b1 by conv5tional patt]ns or symbols )9 pla9 outl9es1 or by colors4 ,su* plans %\ld n be pr9t$ 9 colors unless ! maze ( work+s is s complex t l9es %[+ ! diff]5t levels w\ld become confus$ or obscure if pr9t$ 9 black4 ,,sections4 ,! /&>d =ms ( geologic sections are %[n 9 ! geologic folios4 ,/ructure sections %\ld be prep>$ ) great c>e z to detail b )\t attempt at ref9em5t ( l9es & lett]+4 ,! au?or's draw+ ( a section along a l9e or zone t is n def9itely indicat$ by a l9e on an accompany+ map %\ld be s prep>$ t x may be copi$ exactly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! draftsman1 9 reproduc+ a section t repres5ts ! /ructure along a giv5 l9e or zone1 may be able to make ! outcrops co9cide ) ! topography & ! =mation b\nd>ies %[n on ! map1 b ! /ructure1 or ! int]pretation ( x to be giv51 %\ld be c>efully work$ out by ! au?or4 ,all ess5tial facts relat+ to b$d+1 fold+1 fault+1 crosscutt+ dikes & ve9s1 or o!r significant details %\ld be indicat$ ) precision4 ,no attempt ne$ be made to draw firm1 /eady l9es s long z ! ess5tial facts are cle>ly express$4 ,all sections %\ld be drawn to scale1 & bo? ! v]tical & ! horizontal scale %\ld be giv5 on ! draw+4 ,^! scales %\ld be uni=m if possible1 or at lea/ ! v]tical exagg]ation %\ld be m9imiz$4 ,too great v]tical exagg]ation creates di/ortion & is grossly mislead+4 ,sections %\ld be drawn to scale on rul$ pap] prep>$ = ! use ( au?ors4 ,su* pap] may be obta9$ on requisition4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,section & p]spective view %[+ relations ( surface features to ! diff]5t k9ds ( rock & ! /ructure ( ! b$s4 ,a k9d ( cross section :i* is n (t5 us$ b :i* gives a m pictorial & cle>] conception ( und]gr\nd relations ?an o!r k9ds is made by add+ a sket* ( ! topography above ! section4 ,?is sket* %\ld be a p]spective view1 9 :i* ! prom95t features %[n hypo!tically 9 ! section bel[ x w be reflect$ 9 ! topography4 ,su* a sket* might %[1 = example1 n only monocl9al slopes1 hogbacks due to /eeply upturn$ b$s1 t]races1 esc>pm5ts1 & l features1 b volcanic necks or o!r extrud$ masses 9 _! true relations to ! und]gr\nd geology ( ! c\ntry4 7,see fig1 #c47 ,9 submitt+ ! draft ( su* an illu/ration ! au?or %\ld1 if possible1 submit also a sket* or photographs ( ! adjac5t c\ntry & indicate on ! section ! po9t ( view by notes su* z ,sket* ,a made at ?is po9t1 ,see photograph ,b4 ,! sket* w be m useful if x is prep>$ on a scale consi/5t ) ! details ( ! section4 ,x may be made ) a p5cil & %\ld %[ z well z possible ! relations ( ! features 9 ! l&scape to ^? 9 ! section4 ,"s good examples ( illu/rations ( ?is type c be f\nd 9 ,p[ell's ,exploration ( ! ,colorado ,riv]1 pages #ahb-aic4 ,"o simpl] figure ( ! same k9d is giv5 on ! cov] ( ! geologic folios4 ,9 prep>+ orig9al draw+s repres5t+ column> sections1 or sections 9 wells or rav9es1 ! au?or %\ld indicate all well-def9$ or important local features ( /ructure1 su* z cross-b$d+1 ore bodies1 or l5ses4 ,if !re are no unusual features or details1 ! subdivisions ne$ be id5tifi$ only by names ( mat]ials1 su* z ?9-b$d$ lime/one1 or slates ) "s coal1 ! coal b$s be+ %[n4 ,! sections %\ld1 h[ev]1 be s plott$ & subdivid$ by ! au?or t ea* section or gr\p ( sections w be complete 9 its crude =m4 ,! compilation ( v>i\s p>ts into "o unit & ! con/ruction ( column> sections by ref]5ce to tables alone is an ess5tial "p ( ! au?or's orig9al prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,sections ( coal b$s4 ,! ,figure %[s ! publications size & ! arrangem5t at ! sections4 ,ea* section %\ld be drawn ?ree-t5?s or f\r-t5?s ( an in* wide & r$uc$ "o-half4 ,?icknesses c be indicat$ by numb]s1 z %[n on sections #a & #aj1 or by b> scale4 ,sections design$ to %[ ! relative ?ickness ( b$s ( coal1 arrang$ 9 gr\ps = publication ei!r z plates or figures1 %\ld be drawn 9 columns ?ree or f\r t5?s ( an in* wide & r$uc$ "o-half1 z %[n 9 figure #d4 ,^! sections1 :e!r correlat$ or n1 %\ld be drawn to "s def9ite v]tical scale & %\ld %[ ! ?ickness ( ! coal b$s1 pref]ably by numb]s indicat+ feet & in*es1 ! o!r mat]ial be+ symboliz$ & ! symbols expla9$ graphically1 z %[n 9 figure #d4 ,! v]tical scale %\ld always be /at$ = ! use ( ! draftsman4 ,a b> scale may be us$ in/ead ( figures %[+ ! dim5sions ( ! individual b$s4 ,,li?ologic ,,symbols4 ,! symbols us$ to indicate ! v>i\s k9ds ( rocks illu/rat$ 9 sections & diagrams are %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,! units or elem5ts ( ^! symbols may be spac$ m op5ly 9 g5]aliz$ diagrammatic sections ?an 9 sections t %[ great detail4 ,symbols %\ld be us$ consi/5tly ?r\gh\t a report1 & 9 ord] to make !m consi/5t a set %[+ ! symbol to be us$ = ea* k9d ( rock to be indicat$ %\ld be prep>$ be=e ! orig9al draw+s are made4 ,"s inconsi/5cies may be unavoidable on acc\nt ( ! small size ( "s areas %[n & ! contra/ ne$$ betwe5 o!rs2 b ! deviations f ! set ( symbols adopt$ %\ld be m9imiz$4 ,,use ,,( ,,photographs ,,z ,,illu/rations4 ,,ess5tial ,,features4 ,! f\ndation ( a good photographic pr9t is a good negative1 & ! be/ pr9ts = reproduction z illu/rations are ^? made f negatives 9 :i* ! illum9ation is ev5ly di/ribut$ & ! details are %>p--su* negatives z are obta9able only by ! use ( small /ops & correct focus+4 ,a good pr9t %\ld n pres5t too %>p contra/s betwe5 its d>k & its light p>ts2 if x does1 ! pr9t$ reproduction w %[ a loss ( detail 9 bo?4 ,suffici5cy ( detail dep5ds l>gely on focus1 /opp+ d[n1 & tim+2 brilliancy is ! direct result ( ample illum9ation by sun or artificial light1 )\t :i* a photograph w be dull or flat & g5]ally unsatisfactory = reproduction4 ,bad wea!r may prev5t good field exposures1 yet ev5 9 bad wea!r acceptable negatives may be obta9$ by judici\s focus+1 /opp+ d[n1 & tim+4 ,if a negative is ov]expos$ x may be full ( detail1 b flat & too ?9 to pr9t well4 ,if und]expos$ x w %[ no details 9 its light] p>ts & ! %ad[s w be black2 & a black %ad[ is no?+ less ?an a blemi%4 ,"s detail %\ld appe> 9 all %ad[s & 9 ! middle tones1 & "s %\ld appe> 9 ! high lights2 & a pr9t 9 :i* ^! are ev5ly develop$ & 9 :i* ! illum9ation is di/ribut$ uni=mly is te*nically p]fect4 ,un=tunately n all field photographs are good1 s an au?or mu/ select f 8 collection ^? :i* w make ! be/ half tones4 ,9 mak+ ?is selection he %\ld ( c\rse consid]1 fir/1 ! sci5tific value ( ! photograph1 & next1 its pictorial or arti/ic quality1 :i*1 ?\gh ( second>y importance1 %\ld nev]!less be kept 9 m9d4 ,a feature wor?y ( illu/ration des]ves good pictorial expression2 if x is ( sup]ior sci5tific int]e/ x %\ld n be repres5t$ by an inf]ior photograph4 ,=tunately1 a good1 accurate draw+ may be made f a poor photograph1 & a photographic view t has only m9or defects c be successfully ret\*$4 ,photographs t ne$ mu* ret\*+ %\ld g5]ally be l>g] ?an publication size1 = ! effects ( ret\*+--bru% m>ks1 etc4--w be s(t5$ by r$uction4 ,photographs t ne$ only slight ret\*+ ne$ n be l>g] ?an publication size4 ,a photograph c r>ely be satisfactorily enl>g$ 9 reproduction unless x is %>p 9 detail & requires no ret\*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,li?ologic ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,9 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,column> ,,sections ,,to ,,repres5t ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,rock ,unm\nt$ pr9ts are always pref]able = use 9 mak+ illu/rations4 ,a gr\p t is to =m a s+le plate %\ld be plac$ 9 an envelope be>+ ! numb] ( ! plate & its title1 & ea* pr9t ( ! gr\p %\ld be> a correspond+ numb]1 writt5 9 p5cil on its back4 ,! envelope w protect ! pr9ts & keep !m toge!r1 & ! numb]s w id5tify !m4 ,r$ ink %\ld n be us$ to m>k photographs1 z x is likely to p5etrate ! coat+ or ev5 ! fib] ( ! pap]1 s t x c n be eras$4 ,if a pr9t is ( d\btful quality two copies ( x %\ld be submitt$--"o glaz$1 ! o!r hav+ a dead f9i% or mat surface1 :i* is g5]ally pref]able if ! pr9t mu/ be consid]ably ret\*$4 ,! be/ pr9ts = use z illu/rations are ^? made on regul> or special semimat velox & glossy haloid pap]s4 ,! au?or %\ld indicate pr9ts t may be gr\p$ toge!r accord+ to _! relation geographically or by subject4 ,g5]ally two half tones w be comb9$ on a page1 & ! li/ ( illu/rations %\ld be prep>$ accord+ly4 ,) slight trimm+ & r$uction1 ?ree photographs measur+ #c-a_/d by #e-a_/b in*es may be made up "o above ! o!r to =m a full-page octavo plate4 ,f\r photographs 9 :i* ! long] dim5sions repres5t v]tical di/ances may sometimes be us$ if !y are plac$ sidewise on ! page1 ) side titles4 ,"s photographs may be r$uc$ to ! wid? ( a page by trimm+ in/ead ( by photographic r$uction1 :i* may involve loss ( detail4 ,! au?or %\ld cle>ly indicate ! ext5t ( su* trimm+ z !y may be> )\t loss ( ess5tial details4 ,! trimm+ is be/ done dur+ ! f9al prep>ation4 ,a l9e %\ld n be drawn across a photograph to m>k su* trimm+1 b ! position ( ! l9e or l9es %\ld be indicat$ ei!r on tempor>y m\nts1 on ! backs ( ! pr9ts1 or by a /atem5t1 su* z ,"o in* may be cut (f on "r1 "o-f\r? in* on left1 & "o-half in* at bottom4 ,,copyright$ ,,photographs4 ,section #dife 7*4 #c1 title #fj7 ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes1 am5d$ by act ( ,m>* #b1 #ahie 7,/at4 ,l41 vol4 #bh1 p4 #ife71 provides t no copyright$ photograph may be us$ )\t ! cons5t ( ! proprietor ( ! copyright 9 writ+ sign$ 9 ! pres5ce ( two witnesses4 ,a p5alty ( #a is impos$ = e %eet on :i* su* a photograph is reproduc$ )\t cons5ts1 ei!r pr9t+1 pr9t$1 copi$1 publi%$1 import$1 or expos$ = sale4 ,an au?or %\ld !re=e obta9 ! writt5 cons5t ( ! own] ( a copyright$ photograph to use x1 & ! lett] giv+ ?is cons5t %\ld be submitt$ ) ! illu/ration4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,photographs4 ,e photograph submitt$ ) a manuscript %\ld be> a memor&um giv+ ! "n ( ! photograph] or ! own] ( ! negative4 ,if ! negative is 9 ! ,survey's collection t fact %\ld be /at$1 z ,neg4 ,kei? #cah4 ,! ,survey receives _m reque/s = copies ( photographs t h be5 reproduc$ z illu/rations 9 its publications1 & replies to ^! reque/s w be facilitat$ if ! ,survey's numb] or ! s\rce ( ea* photograph pres5t$ = use z an illu/ration is /at$ z above on ! photograph4 ,,l5d+ ,,orig9al ,,photographs ,,& ,,draw+s4 ,a photograph t has be5 us$ 9 mak+ a half-tone cut = a ,survey report c n be l5t1 b if ! negative is on file a pr9t c be furni%$ at co/2 & a ,survey draw+ t is well pres]v$ c be photograph$ & a pr9t furni%$1 also at co/4 ,reque/s = su* pr9ts %\ld be address$ to ! ,director4 ,,unpubli%$ ,,photographs4 ,! ,survey c n issue a copy ( an unpubli%$ photograph except ^u ! writt5 approval or requisition ( ! p]son "u ^: "n ! negative is fil$4 ,?is requirem5t does n apply to a pr9t ne$$ = (ficial use1 nor to a pr9t made f an old negative res]v$ "u ! "n ( any pres5t memb] ( ! ,survey or f a negative t has be5 releas$ by ! p]son "u ^: "n x is fil$4 ,au?ors us+ ,survey photographs 9 un(ficial publications are reque/$ to ackn[l$ge ! s\rce ( ! photograph by add+ to ! pr9t$ title su* a /atem5t z ,photograph by ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey 7,david ,:its74 ,,specim5s4 ,,g5]al ,,requirem5ts4 ,specim5s o!r ?an fossils t are to be illu/rat$ 9 a report %\ld be photograph$ be=e !y are submitt$1 b ! requisition = ! photographs %\ld be initial$ by ! *ief illu/rator1 :o w indicate ! k9ds ( pr9ts ne$$4 ,duplicate photographs ( ! specim5s %\ld be made up into tempor>y plates by ! au?or & submitt$ ) 8 o!r illu/rations1 ! specim5s be+ reta9$ subject to call1 if ne$$1 :5 ! illu/rations are f9ally prep>$4 ,%\ld a color$ illu/ration ( a specim5 be ne$$1 h[ev]1 ! specim5 mu/ be submitt$ ) ! report1 & a diff]5t k9d ( pr9t1 pref]ably "o made on plat9um or o!r special pap]1 w be obta9$ by ! section ( illu/rations4 ,,borr[$ ,,& ,,fragile ,,specim5s4 ,9 submitt+ specim5s to be illu/rat$ an au?or %\ld call att5tion to ^? t h be5 borr[$ & to ^? t are fragile4 ,borr[$ specim5s w receive fir/ att5tion1 s t !y may be return$ promptly4 ,,transmittal ,,( ,,paleontologic ,,specim5s4 ,all reque/s = paleontologic illu/rations %\ld be address$ to ! ,director4 ,! lett] ( transmittal %\ld /ate ! title ( ! pap]1 ! =m ( publication desir$ 7bullet91 pr(essional pap]1 or monograph71 & ! /atus ( ! manuscript1 :e!r complet$ or 9 prep>ation4 ,if ! pap] is unf9i%$ an e/imate ( ! numb] ( illu/rations requir$ %\ld be giv51 & ! special reasons = prompt prep>ation %\ld be fully /at$4 ,a lett] transmitt+ a second or ?ird lot ( fossils %\ld ref] to ! prec$+ lot or lots if all ! fossils are to be us$ 9 illu/rat+ ! same pap]4 ,fossils t are to be drawn %\ld be s5t directly to ! section ( illu/rations1 b ^? t are to be photograph$ & require unusual pos+ or t are extremely delicate & valuable may be s5t directly to ! photographic laboratory to avoid repeat$ h&l+4 ,ea* specim5 or1 if x is v small1 ea* box or bottle conta9+ a specim5 %\ld be numb]$1 & ea* lot %\ld be accompani$ by a li/ giv+ _! names & numb]s4 ,full in/ructions z to size ( reproduction1 toge!r ) sket*es %[+ ! po9t ( view pref]r$ & any special features to be display$ %\ld also be submitt$4 ,all specim5s t %[ /rong colors & all gr\ps ( specim5s t are n uni=m 9 color w be coat$ by hold+ !m 9 ! vapor ( ammonium *loride unless directions to ! contr>y are giv5 by ! au?or ( ! pap]4 ,z x may n be desirable to apply ?is process to s(t or fragile specim5s or to specim5s t h be5 borr[$ an au?or %\ld indicate any specim5s t may n be s treat$4 ,specim5s ^: color aids 9 reveal+ detail are n s coat$4 ,if any features ( a specim5 are unusual t fact %\ld be /at$ s t ! photograph] & ! ret\*] may p]=m _! "w accord+ to ! requirem5ts4 ,,mak+ ,,up ,,plates4 ,two or m illu/rations may be comb9$ to =m "o plate 9 ord] to p]mit easy & close comp>ison z well z = economy1 = if a p>ticul> illu/ration is too small to make a full plate & is n suitable = enl>gem5t o!r illu/rations t are closely relat$ to x may be put on ! same plate4 ,! size ( ! pr9t$ page z giv5 9 ! table on page #aa w det]m9e ! size ( ! plate4 ,9 mak+ up plates compos$ ( a numb] ( figures ! au?or %\ld endeavor to gr\p relat$ figures toge!r & at ! same "t to obs]ve prop] reg>d = arti/ic effect1 b z figures v>y 9 size & %ape a gr\p+ accord+ to relations may n be possible 9 "s plates4 ,if relat$ figures c n be kept toge!r ! l>g] & d>k] figures %\ld be plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! plate & ! small] & light] above4 ,if a plate consi/s ( "o l>ge figure & sev]al small] ones ! l>ge figure %\ld be plac$ bel[ & ! small] figures above4 ,a numb] designat+ a figure %\ld be plac$ imm$iately bel[ ! figure1 & a s]ies ( su* numb]s %\ld pref]ably beg9 ) #a 9 ! upp] left corn] & cont9ue consecutively across & d[n ?r\gh ! plate4 ,?is arrangem5t is n always possible1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( v>iations 9 ! size ( figures4 ,z draw+s ( fossils or o!r specim5s are prep>$ sep>ately & gr\p$ into plates1 & z mo/ paleontologi/s make up _! own plates1 ea* 9 8 own way1 !re is naturally great dissimil>ity 9 me?ods & 9 results4 ,ord9>y :ite or light-gray c>dbo>d %\ld be us$1 & ! figures t are to make up a plate %\ld be arrang$ z /at$ above b n securely pa/$ until ! gr\p+ is satisfactory4 ,9 trimm+ ea* draw+ or photograph ! au?or %\ld be c>eful to leave room at its l[] edge = ! numb]4 ,small draw+s or photographs1 su* z paleontologi/s use1 :5 pa/$ on bri/ol bo>d or o!r bo>d fac$ ) t\gh pap] are difficult or impossible to remove )\t injury if !y h to be rem\nt$2 figures pa/$ on ord9>y :ite or gray c>dbo>d c be remov$ )\t difficulty4 ,ea* plate %\ld be made up 9 a size to fit ! volume or 9 its correct proportion to a page 9 ! volume 9 :i* x is to be us$ 7see table on p4 #aa71 & ea* figure %\ld be prop]ly ori5t$--t is1 all v]tical l9es1 or ! v]tical axis ( ea* specim51 %\ld be p>allel ) ! sides ( ! plate4 ,:5 ! figures are be+ m\nt$ c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! mucilage or pa/e does n exude "u pressure & cov] any "p ( ! draw+ or photograph4 ,! same att5tion %\ld be giv5 to pa/+ on numb]s4 ,inatt5tion to ^! details may produce results t w affect ! reproduction ( ! plates4 ,ord9>y mucilage may be us$ = m\nt+ draw+s & photographs1 b photo pa/e gives good results & is p]haps clean] to h&le4 ,dry-m\nt+ tissue is well adapt$ to m\nt+ s+le illu/rations b n gr\ps ( figures4 ,liquid rubb] is sometimes us$1 b x is n suitable = m\nt+ small figures1 su* z draw+s & photographs ( fossils4 ,x c be us$ satisfactorily = m\nt+ tempor>y plates & = m\nt+ photographs 9 albums & on l>ge c>ds = /udy or exhibition2 b x has n prov$ to be a p]man5t adhesive4 ,its special m]it is t x does n cause ei!r ! photograph or ! m\nt+ %eet to w>p4 ,x is appli$ by spread+ x ev5ly ov] ! back ( ! photograph ) ! f+]s4 ,! sup]flu\s rubb] c easily be remov$ f ! h&s & f ! c>ds or %eets :5 x is dry4 ,any?+ m\nt$ ) liquid rubb] c be easily remov$4 ,if a plate is to be made up ( a small numb] ( figures t require diff]5t r$uctions1 ! au?or1 in/ead ( m\nt+ or pa/+ ! sep>ate figures on "o c>d 9 ! mann] already indicat$1 may draw a rectangle ( ! size ( ! pr9t$ plate & sket* )9 x ! sev]al figures 9 _! respective sizes & positions4 ,^! dummy plates or lay\ts %\ld be numb]$ z plates1 & !y may be> captions & titles4 ,! photographs or draw+s repres5t$ by ! sket*es %\ld !n be numb]$ to id5tify !m ) ! sket*es on ! dummy plate1 & ^? t p]ta9 to ea* plate %\ld be inclos$ 9 an envelope atta*$ to ! dummy plate4 ,a plate made up 9 ?is mann] w meet e requirem5t ( ! photo-engrav] or li?ograph]4 ,if a paleontologi/ s desires1 8 plates c be p]man5tly made up aft] he has transmitt$ 8 mat]ial1 b he %\ld always submit a t5tative arrangem5t4 ,,reuse ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,if an au?or desires to use 9 modifi$ =m an illu/ration already publi%$1 :e!r by ! ,geological ,survey or by an outside publi%]1 he %\ld furni% a pr9t or trac+ ( ! illu/ration %[+ ! *anges desir$4 ,if ! illu/ration is n to be modifi$ he ne$ only give ! title ( ! volume 9 :i* x 0 us$1 ) ! numb] ( ! page1 figure1 or plate1 & he ne$ n make a sket* ( ! illu/ration or furni% a dummy2 b its title %\ld be quot$ & prop] ref]5ce %\ld be giv5 9 ! li/ ( illu/rations4 ,due cr$it %\ld be giv5 to ! au?or or publi%]4 ,! orig9al cuts ( illu/rations w be kept = "o ye> aft] ! report = :i* !y 7 made has be5 publi%$1 & au?ors ( lat] reports may & %\ld reuse1 :5ev] practicable1 any su* cut t w s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,9 ! au?or's li/ ( illu/rations su* a cut %\ld be ref]r$ to by its numb] z plate or figure & ! volume 9 :i* x 0 fir/ us$4 ,an electrotype ( any cut on h& w be furni%$ = use 9 publications o!r ?an ^? ( ! ,geological ,survey at ! co/ ( mak+1 :i* is #c-a_/b to #e-a_/b c5ts a squ>e in* ( pr9t+ surface4 ,! m9imum *>ge = a s+le electrotype ranges f #df to #fj c5ts4 ,,approval ,,( ,,f9i%$ ,,illu/rations4 ,aft] ! draw+s = a report h be5 prep>$ !y w be submitt$ to ! au?or or to ! *ief ( 8 bran* or division = exam9ation4 ,! f9i%$ draw+s w be accompani$ by ! orig9als1 ) :i* ! au?or %\ld c>efully & ?or\ghly comp>e !m4 ,aft] mak+ a ?or\gh comp>ison he %\ld m>k lightly ) a p5cil1 on ! f9i%$ draw+s1 all necess>y corrections1 or indicate 8 approval subject to su* corrections & additions z may be requir$4 ,he %\ld v]ify all type matt] & o!r lett]+ & assure himself t no mi/akes h be5 made 9 gr\p+ ! photographs into plates1 especially su* z h be5 regr\p$ s9ce !y left 8 h&s4 ,! au?or's li/ ( illu/rations w be submitt$ ) ! new draw+s = ?is purpose4 ,,revision ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,all illu/rations receive editorial revision be=e !y are s5t to ! engrav]s4 ,aft] !y are drawn !y are exam9$ ) ref]5ce to _! sci5tific features & _! accuracy1 & !n 9 turn ) ref]5ce to ! correctness ( geologic names & geographic names & to errors 9 /atem5t & 9 spell+4 ,ea* illu/ration ?us1 be=e x is complet$1 receives critical exam9ation by p]sons qualifi$ 9 p>ticul> k9ds ( "w to detect errors or omissions4 ,,submittal ,,( ,,pro(s4 ,! fir/ pro(s ( all illu/rations are submitt$ to an au?or :5 he is )9 rea*1 b if he is 9 ! field & ! transmittal ( ! pro(s to him is likely to cause too mu* delay !y are submitt$ to ! *ief ( ! bran* or division 9 :i* ! report 0 prep>$4 ,second pro(s ( ! m complicat$ illu/rations1 p>ticul>ly geologic maps1 may be submitt$4 ,an au?or's exam9ation %\ld be conf9$ pr9cipally to ! revision ( ! sci5tific features ( 8 illu/rations1 b sugge/ions z to g5]al effectiv5ess are always acceptable4 ,! process to be us$ 9 engrav+ ea* illu/ration is /amp$ 9 its l[] left corn]4 ,9 exam9+ pro(s an au?or %\ld note ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,*anges c n be made 9 z9c et*+s except by elim9at+ p>ts1 cutt+ away defects1 & connect+ l9es4 ,if additions are requir$ re5grav+ is g5]ally necess>y1 & re5grav+ %\ld pref]ably be avoid$4 #b4 ,*anges c be made 9 half-tone plates only by re-et*+ c]ta9 p>ts to make !m light] & by burni%+ c]ta9 p>ts to make !m d>k]4 ,if ! pro( %[s a g5]al loss ( detail ! fault may lie ei!r 9 ! prov+ ( ! cut or 9 ! reproduction4 ,if x is 9 ! reproduction x c n be rem$i$ )\t re5grav+4 ,a slight loss ( detail may be expect$ 9 all half tones1 especially 9 ^? t are small] ?an ! copy submitt$4 #c4 ,m9or *anges c be made 9 photoli?ographs & *romoli?ographs1 b *anges c n be made twice 9 "o place )\t dang] ( affect+ ! pr9t+4 ,x is cu/om>y to approve all li?ographic pro(s subject to ! corrections indicat$1 ! pr9t$ edition be+ exam9$ & comp>$1 b if ! *anges are num]\s & radical second pro(s may be requir$4 ,second comb9$ pro(s ( *romoli?ographs are v exp5sive4 7,see p4 #hi47 ,,pro( ,,read+ ,,illu/rations4 ,an au?or %\ld exam9e ! pro(s ( 8 illu/rations closely & %\ld comp>e !m c>efully ) ! orig9al draw+s4 ,a m]e cursory exam9ation may fail to detect errors t h n be5 caught by ! regul> pro( read]4 ,e correction desir$ %\ld be cle>ly indicat$ ) p5 & ink 9 ! body ( ! pro( & inclos$ 9 a loop f :i* a l9e %\ld be c>ri$ to a m>g9al note or comm5t1 b if ! "t available is %ort a p5cil may be us$4 ,9 correct+ type matt] or lett]+ 7su* z t 9 a geologic leg5d or explanation7 ! ord9>y pro( read]'s m>ks %\ld be us$4 ,! au?or or ! p]son exam9+ ! pro(s %\ld initial ea* "o at ! place indicat$ by a rubb] /amp4 ,pro(s %\ld be held only long en\gh to exam9e !m prop]ly & to comp>e !m ) ! orig9al illu/rations1 = a "t limit is fix$ 9 ea* contract = engrav+1 & if ! au?or holds pro(s beyond a reasonable "t he causes a delay 9 ! fulfillm5t ( ! contract4 ,z ! illu/rations = _m reports conta9 important data t w be discuss$ 9 ! text1 pro(s ( illu/rations c n be suppli$ to any applicant )\t cons5t f ! ,director's (fice4 ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations4 ,! foll[+ requirem5ts are ess5tial to obta9 good orig9al illu/rations3 #a4 ,! mat]ial select$ %\ld be p]t95t & expressive2 x %\ld h ! qualities ess5tial to good illu/rations4 #b4 ,! "* ( ! report & ! size ( ! illu/rations %\ld be kept cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,if ! report is prelim9>y or ephem]al ! illu/rations %\ld be simple & inexp5sive4 ,if ! report repres5ts ! sum ( k on ! subject treat$ or ! la/ ^w on "s p>ticul> area ! illu/rations may be m elaborate4 ,! "* ( a report g5]ally det]m9es ! =m ( publication1 :i*1 9 turn1 det]m9es ! size ( ! pages & ! size ( ! plates & figures4 ,e sket* made %\ld be l>g] ?an publication size--pref]ably twice publication size--:e!r x is a simple diagram or a base map4 #c4 ,! k9d ( reproduction t is app>5tly ne$$ %\ld be fully consid]$1 = x %\ld h "s relation to ! k9d ( report4 ,! illu/rations = %ort-liv$ reports are reproduc$ by ! *eap] processes4 ,^? = hurri$ reports are reproduc$ by processes t c be work$ quickly1 b no process %\ld be consid]$ t w n give a cle> reproduction ( ess5tial details4 #d4 ,cle>ness ( prep>ation ( orig9al matt] is inv>iably ess5tial4 ,an au?or %\ld n expect ! draftsm5 or ! editors to supply miss+ l9ks4 ,ea* orig9al %\ld be complete & %\ld be s made t x c be und]/ood & foll[$ )\t "q4 ,*anges made 9 ! f9i%$ draw+s or on pro( %eets are exp5sive & delay publication4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,prep>ation ,,by ,,draftsm54 ,,g5]al ,,directions4 ,! "w ( prep>+ illu/rations su* z are us$ 9 ! reports ( ! ,geological ,survey is ess5tially t ( mak+ f9i%$ draw+s f m or less crude & imp]fect mat]ial furni%$ by au?ors to illu/rate c]ta9 features or ph5om5a discuss$ 9 _! manuscripts4 ,ea* f9i%$ draw+ mu/ be s prep>$ t x c be reproduc$ 9 multiple by "o ( sev]al processes ( engrav+4 ,! au?or's sket*es & o!r mat]ial are commonly call$ orig9als2 ! f9i%$ illu/rations are kn[n by ! engrav]s z copy4 ,?\gh mo/ engrav]'s copy consi/s ( m or less elaborate draw+s t are to be reproduc$ 9 facsimile by direct processes )\t ! int]position ( h&work1 "s ( x consi/s ( m r\ghly prep>$ copy :i* is accurate 9 /atem5t b requires complete manual or indirect reproduction4 ,! direct processes 9 use are z9c et*+1 half-tone engrav+1 photoli?ography1 ?ree-color half tone1 photogravure1 & photogelat94 ,! manual or indirect processes are wax engrav+1 wood engrav+1 engrav+ on copp] & on /one1 pla9 li?ography1 & *romoli?ography4 ,^! processes are describ$ on pages #gb-ij4 ,"p ,i ( ?is pamphlet conta9s "s matt] t is p]t95t to f9al prep>ation & %\ld be consult$ by draftsm54 ,to prep>e a draw+ t w be 9 e way suitable = reproduction usually requires exp]i5ce ( a k9d n acquir$ 9 _m o!r k9ds ( draft+1 su* z prep>+ eng9e]s' or ar*itects' draw+s1 because ! draw+s !mselves or blue pr9ts made directly f !m are ! ?+s ! eng9e] or ! ar*itect desires4 ,draw+s prep>$ = reproduction are g5]ally made l>g] ?an publication size1 & x is !re=e necess>y to gage ea* l9e1 lett]1 or feature = a def9ite r$uction4 ,eng9e]s' & ar*itects' draw+s g5]ally d n require prep>ation = reproduction by any process1 b 9 prep>+ illu/rations = ! reports ( ! ,geological ,survey reproduction mu/ be fully consid]$ at e /ep1 & ea* draw+ mu/ be made accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( a c]ta9 select$ process & gag$ = a c]ta9 r$uction4 ,! draftsman %\ld !re=e "k h[ to plan ea* draw+ /ep by /ep = an engrav$ cut1 a li?ograph1 a text figure1 or a plate1 always ) a def9ite result 9 view4 ,he %\ld be famili> ) processes ( engrav+ & %\ld "k ! special requirem5ts ( ea* process1 & he %\ld be able to prep>e draw+s = any specifi$ r$uction 9 a way to insure good1 legible reproduction4 ,! geologic draftsman %\ld read & /udy su* textbooks ( geology z ^? ( ,dana & ,geikie & %\ld famili>ize himself ) /ructural geology1 ! geologic "t divisions1 & geologic nom5clature4 ,he %\ld be able to prep>e a simple1 effective illu/ration f complicat$ r\gh orig9als & to supply m9or miss+ ess5tial p>ts or features4 ,to p]=m 8 "w successfully he mu/ possess me*anical skill & "s arti/ic ta/e1 z well z good eyesight & great pati5ce4 ,,in/rum5ts4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( draftsm5's in/rum5ts is practically complete4 ,^? :i* are consid]$ indisp5sable are m>k$ by a/]isks2 ! o!rs may be us$ accord+ to individual pref]5ce4 ,! same k9d ( in/rum5t may be duplicat$ 9 diff]5t sizes accord+ to ! v>iation 9 ! dem&s ( ! "w4 ,air bru% & connections4 ,p5s1 ,payzant's1 #a set4 ,beam compass4 99,p5cils1 be/ quality1 grad$ ,b[ p51 drop spr+4 leads4 99,b[ p51 /eel spr+4 99,protractor4 ,b[ p5cil1 /eel spr+4 ,railroad curves1 pe>wood1 #a set4 99,bru%es1 r$ sable4 ,railroad p54 ,*9a sauc]s4 99,railroad p5cil4 99,color box4 ,read+ glass4 99,compass1 p5 & p5cil po9ts4 99,r$uc+ glass4 ,crayons1 assort$ colors4 99,rul+ p54 ,curve rule1 adju/able4 ,scale1 boxwood1 #ab in*es long1 99,divid]s1 pla94 ) divisions ( millimet]s 99,divid]s1 proportional4 & in*es4 ,divid]s1 /eel spr+4 ,scales1 boxwood1 triangul>4 ,draw+ bo>ds1 sev]al sizes4 ,section l9] 7p>allel rul+ ,eras]1 glass4 device74 99,eras]1 rubb]1 h>d4 ,/raight$ge1 /eel1 #bd in*es4 99,eras]1 rubb]1 s(t4 ,/raight$ge1 /eel1 #cf in*es1 99,eras]1 /eel4 ) divisions = hundr$?s ,eras+ %ield4 ( an in* & millimet]s4 99,fr5* curves1 xylonite4 99,/raight$ge1 wood1 #bd in*es4 ,microscope1 l[ p[] & ,swivel or curve p54 l5ses4 ,?umb tacks4 ,palette knife4 ,trac+ po9t1 /eel4 ,pantograph4 99,triangle1 #de4 ,p5s1 d\ble-po9t$4 99,triangle1 #fj4 99,p5s1 ,gillott's1 ,nos4 #agj1 99,t squ>e1 pe>wood1 xylonite edge4 #bij1 #bia4 99,tweez]s1 d5ti/'s4 ,p5s1 ,k4 ,e41 draw+4 ,no4 #cbjb4 ,,classification ,,( ,,mat]ial4 ,! draftsman h&l+ ! draw+s & o!r orig9al mat]ial submitt$ by ! au?or ( a report = its illu/ration %\ld fir/ gr\p !m1 z f> z possible1 into k9ds or classes1 9 ord] t he may decide h[ ea* illu/ration %\ld be prep>$ 7#a7 to express mo/ effectively ! au?or's purpose1 7#b7 to insure reasonable economy 9 prep>ation & 9 reproduction1 & 7#c7 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! processes ( reproduction select$4 ,all simil> illu/rations = "o publication %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! same g5]al /yle4 ,9 a s]ies ( geologic sections1 = example1 ! same li?ologic symbols %\ld be us$ ?r\gh\t = ! same k9ds ( rocks4 ,! titles1 explanations1 & captions ( ! maps %\ld also agree ) "o ano!r 9 g5]al /yle & 9 details ( workman%ip4 ,! draftsman %\ld det]m9e 9 advance ! r$uction = ea* draw+ or = ea* gr\p ( draw+s1 9 ord] t he may use ! same size ( lett]s or ! same k9ds ( type = ! lett]+ on a s]ies ( draw+s t require ! same r$uction4 ,! r$uction %\ld pref]ably be m>k$ 9 fractions 7z #a_/b (f1 #a_/d (f or r$uce #a_/b1 r$uce #a_/d71 & ! *oice ( ! same r$uction = a gr\p ( draw+s w n only insure great] uni=mity 9 ! draft+ & 9 ! reproduction b w p]mit ! draw+s to be reproduc$ m economically1 = ! engrav] c photograph !m 9 gr\ps in/ead ( ea* "o sep>ately4 ,! draftsman %\ld !re=e note & consid] 7#a7 ! special features %[n 9 ! au?or's orig9als2 7#b7 :e!r or n ^! features h be5 pla9ly indicat$ & :e!r ! orig9als are complete2 7#c7 ! size ( ! pr9t$ page ( ! volume 9 :i* ! illu/rations w appe> & ! r$uction requir$ = ea* draw+2 & 7#d7 ! process by :i* ea* draw+ %\ld be reproduc$4 ,if an orig9al is ( d\btful or unc]ta9 int]pretation or appe>s to be incomplete ! draftsman %\ld conf] ) ! au?or ( ! pap] if he is )9 rea* or %\ld br+ ! matt] to ! att5tion ( ! *ief ( ! bran*2 o!rwise he may wa/e mu* "t 9 mak+ ! draw+4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,maps4 ,,projection4 ,! base maps furni%$ by au?ors 7see pp4 #ac-ad7 are prep>$ 9 _m diff]5t ways & 9 diff]5t degrees ( ref9em5t & ( crudity1 b ! "w ( r$raw+ !m = reproduction involves well-e/abli%$ & g5]ally uni=m pr9ciples4 ,all maps except ^? ( v ext5sive areas %\ld be bas$ on a map projection :i* w %[ ) a m9imum ( di/ortion ! effect ( ! curvature ( ! e>?4 ,! polyconic projection 7see fig4 #e7 is us$ = mo/ ,gov]nm5t maps4 ,9 ?is projection ! c5tral m]idian is a /raight v]tical l9e1 & ea* p>allel ( latitude is develop$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,! ma!matical elem5ts ( map projection are giv5 9 tables publi%$ by ! ,geological ,survey#f & ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey4#g ,figure #e1 h[ev]1 illu/rates ! me*anical or con/ructional features ( ! polyconic projection & if us$ 9 connection ) ! publi%$ tables w probably be a suffici5t guide = project+ a map on any desir$ scale4 ,footnote #f3 ,gannett1 ,s4 ,s41 ,geographic tables & =mulas1 #d? ed43 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #fej1 #aiaf4 ,see also ,gannett1 ,h5ry1 ,manual ( topographic me?ods3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #cjg1 pp4 #he-hf1 #aijf4 ,footnote #g3 ,me?ods & results3 ,tables = ! projection ( maps & polyconic developm5t2 ,app5dix ,no4 #f1 ,report = #ahhd2 ,tables = a polyconic projection ( maps1 bas$ ^u ,cl>ke's ref]5ce sph]oid ( #ahhf2 #c;d ed41 #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,diagram illu/rat+ me?od ( project+ a map4 ,9 project+ a map fir/ select a conv5i5t measur+ scale = sett+ (f ! dim5sions giv5 9 ! tables1 or if no scale is at h& "o may be con/ruct$4 ,measur+ scales are made1 h[ev]1 be>+ divisions = miles & kilomet]s & f9] subdivisions ( #f to #ajj p>ts4 ,!y include ! ratios ( #a3ca1bej1 #a3ca1fhj1 #a3dh1jjj1 #a3fb1ejj1 #a3fc1cfj1 #a3abe1jjj1 #a3bej1jjj1 #a3ejj1jjj1 #a3a1jjj1jjj1 & o!rs4 ,on a map drawn on ! scale ( #a to #fc1cfj1 = example1 #a in* w\ld repres5t #a mile2 on a map drawn on ! scale ( #a to #a1jjj1jjj1 #a millimet] w\ld repres5t #a kilomet]1 & s on4 ,x w be se5 t ! use ( a scale t %[s 9 ratios1 su* z ^? j giv51 ! actual di/ance on ! gr\nd z comp>$ ) ! unit repres5t+ ! same di/ance on ! map w r$uce ! possibility ( error4 ,! me?od ( project+ a map1 illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #e71 is z foll[s3 ,fir/ draw a /raight v]tical l9e 7,a7 ?r\gh ! middle ( ! %eet to repres5t ! c5tral m]idian ( ! map & a l9e 7,b7 at ! l[] end ( ?is l9e exactly at "r angles to x to repres5t ! bottom ( ! map4 ,!n set (f on ! l9e %[+ ! c5tral m]idian ! di/ances betwe5 p>allels giv5 9 ,table #f on page #cf ( ,geographic tables & =mulas 7,bull4 #fej74 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! figures 9 ^! tables give ! di/ance1 9 met]s & /atute miles1 ( #a on a m]idian measur$ #cj' ea* way f a po9t :]e ! m]idian is int]sect$ by a p>allel4 ,! exact di/ances betwe5 p>allels z measur$ on ! gr\nd are giv5 9 ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey tables1 or !y may be comput$ f ,table #f ( ,geographic tables & =mulas by add+ ! sum ( ! figures giv5 = any two latitudes #a ap>t & divid+ by #b4 ,! di/ance betwe5 p>allels t are #b ap>t1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 may be comput$ f ,table #f ( ,geographic tables & =mulas1 z foll[s3 ,met]s4 ,met]s4 #a ( latitude on #cg? p>allel #ajj1ige4a _/ #b #ee1dhg4e #a ( latitude on #cf? p>allel #aaj1ief4b #a ( latitude on #ce? p>allel #aaj1icg4f _/ #b #ee1dfh4h --------- ,true di/ance f #ce to #cg latitude #bba1iab4e ,! di/ances giv5 9 ! diagram 7 obta9$ by add+ ! figures giv5 9 ! ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey tables1 :i* yield ! same results4 ,o!r tables 9 ,bullet9 #fej give ! true di/ances 9 in*es on maps ( c]ta9 /&>d scales4 ,?r\gh ! po9ts ?us obta9$ on ! c5tral m]idian draw l9es at "r angles to ! v]tical l9e4 ,along ^! horizontal l9es lay (f ! dim5sions 9 ! column head$ ,x1 ,table #f 7pp4 #ci-dg7 ( ,geographic tables & =mulas z requir$ = ea* individual map--9 ! diagram e alt]nate degree4 ,draw v]tical l9es at ^! po9ts & set (f ! di/ance ,y 9 ! same table 9 a simil> mann]1 & ! po9ts s f\nd w be ! po9ts ( int]section ( ! respective m]idians & p>allels4 ,figures are giv5 on ! diagram = ! ?irty-fif? p>allel only4 ,,details ,,( ,,base ,,maps4 ,anyone :o attempts to draw a base map mu/1 fir/ ( all1 "k h[ ea* feature or "p ( ! map %\ld be repres5t$4 ,mo/ ( ! conv5tional symbols = features %[n on base maps are well e/abli%$ & %\ld inv>iably be us$2 = in/ance1 a l9e compos$ ( alt]nate long & %ort da%es 7n da%es & dots7 repres5ts a c\nty b\nd>y1 & a l9e or two p>allel l9es across :i* %ort l9es are drawn at regul> int]vals repres5ts a railroad4 ,if he f9ds t two or m symbols h be5 widely us$ to repres5t ! same feature ! draftsman %\ld select ! "o t is be/ suit$ to ! map 9 h&4 ,! correct =ms ( ! conv5tional symbols or features to be us$ 9 prep>+ miscellane\s maps are %[n 9 ,plate ,,iv1 b ! size & weight ( ea* l9e or symbol mu/ dep5d on ! size & "* ( ! map4 ,,transf]r+ ,,( ,,copy+4 ,,trac+4 ,! olde/ me?od ( transf]r+ a map or p>ts ( a map or o!r draw+ to ano!r %eet is t ( copy+ x by means ( trac+ pap]4 ,?is me?od1 ?\gh /ill us$ = simple "w1 has giv5 way to quick] & m effective me?ods4 ,by "o ( ^! me?ods a piece ( ?91 fairly smoo? pap] 7n necess>ily transp>5t7 is coat$ ) graphite by rubb+ ov] x a s(t p5cil4 ,:5 ! graphite has be5 ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] x1 ?is %eet is laid ^u ! draw+ pap]1 coat$ side d[n1 ! map or o!r subject to be copi$ is laid ^u ! graphite-coat$ %eet1 & ! two out] %eets--! draw+ pap] & ! map--are securely fa/5$ toge!r4 ,by a /eel trac+ po9t or v h>d p5cil ! l9es & o!r details ( ! matt] to be copi$ are !n firmly & c>efully trac$ & ?us transf]r$ to ! clean draw+ pap] b5ea?4 ,= maps t %[ sev]al features 9 diff]5t colors %eets rubb$ ) blue1 orange1 br[n1 or gre5 p5cils may be us$1 "o aft] ano!r1 = trac+ ea* set ( ! features4 ,r$ %\ld n be us$1 z x is n easily eras$4 ,?is me?od insures di/9ctive l9es = ! sep>ate features & prev5ts ! confusion t might result f ! use ( "o color only4 ,exact regi/] ( ! features %[n 9 ! sev]al colors us$ may be insur$ by fa/5+ "o edge ( ! draw+ to be copi$ to ! draw+ pap] by mucilage or ?umb tacks4 ,! color$ %eets may !n be slipp$ 9 & out )\t alt]+ ! position ( ! l9es or symbols = "o set ( data ) relation to ^? = ! o!rs4 ,9 ! f9al prep>ation ( a base map to be engrav$ & pr9t$ 9 colors--= example1 black1 blue1 & br[n--trac+s ( ! ?ree colors appe>+ on ! orig9al base %\ld g5]ally be transf]r$1 z describ$ above1 to "o %eet ( pap] & ?us work$ up into a ?ree-color$ map4 ,x is usually unnecess>y & undesirable to draw ea* color on a sep>ate %eet4 ,! prep>ation ( sep>ate draw+s may facilitate reproduction1 b if !y are made on trac+ clo? ! usual unev5 %r9k+ or /ret*+ ( ! clo? may produce misregi/] 9 ! pr9t+2 !re=e x is saf] to make a s+le draw+1 s t ! photoli?ograph] c make ?ree negatives & sep>ate ! colors by pa9t+ out or opaqu+ ! colors n want$ on ea* negative4 ,a map drawn on a s+le %eet is also less bulky & c !re=e be m conv5i5tly h&l$ & comp>$ ) pro(4 ,if = any reason sep>ate trac+s = ! diff]5t colors to be us$ on a map are consid]$ desirable !y %\ld be made on l95 cut f "o roll & 9 ! same direction accord+ to ! w>p & wo(4 ,,celluloid ,,transf]r+4 ,9 ! celluloid me?od ( transf]r+ a map or p>ts ( a map to pap] ^u :i* a complete new map is to be drawn ! map or "p ( ! map to be copi$ is photograph$ to ! exact scale ( ! new draw+ & reproduc$ 9 graphite on ?9 %eets ( celluloid4 ,! celluloid %eet is !n laid face d[n 9 ! correct position on ! draw+ pap] & firmly rubb$ on ! back ) a /eel burni%]1 :i* makes a p]fect (fset ( ! map on ! pap]4 ,aft] ! p>ts desir$ are ink$ ov] ! re/ ( ! graphite pr9t is easily eras$ ) an ord9>y rubb]4 ,by us+ ?is me?od x is possible to get absolute scale & m satisfactory results ?an by trac+ ov] a photographic pr9t l9e = l9e or by us+ a pantograph4 ,requisitions = celluloid pr9ts are made on ! =m us$ = reque/+ photoli?ographic "w4 ,,sket*+ ,,by ,,reticulation4 ,if ! %eet be>+ ! design or matt] to be copi$ may be m>r$ )\t objection x is rul$ lightly into p5cil squ>es ( equal size4 ,correspond+ squ>es ( ! same size1 l>g]1 or small]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! new draw+1 are !n rul$ on ! draw+ pap]1 & ! "w is sket*$ squ>e by squ>e4 ,if ! orig9al %eet may n be m>r$ ! same result c be obta9$ by draw+ ! l9es on a transp>5t ov]%eet4 ,?is me?od is s]viceable = enl>g+ or r$uc+ simple "w t includes no great am\nt ( detail2 if great precision ( detail is requir$ ! orig9al %\ld be enl>g$ or r$uc$ by photography or by ! pantograph4 ,,! ,,%ad[less ,,draft+ ,,table4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful contrivances t has be5 made = trac+ a draw+ on ! same scale is call$ by its manufactur]s ! %ad[less draft+ table4 ,! ess5tial features ( ?is table are a wood5 box inclos+ /rong inc&esc5t lights & be>+ a gr\nd-glass top4 ,a draw+ plac$ on ! gr\nd glass c be s illum9at$ z to make its l9es conspicu\s & readily traceable ev5 ?r\gh relatively ?ick pap]4 ,! table is p>ticul>ly useful = trac+ %eets ^u1 :i* ! l9es are indi/9ct & w\ld n be disc]nible "u trac+ pap] ) reflect$ light4 ,x is also useful 9 prep>+ draw+s 9 :i* c]ta9 features mu/ regi/] p]fectly ov] ea* o!r4 ,9 fact any draw+ t does n require enl>g+ or r$uc+ c be trac$ ) great facility by ! use ( ?is draft+ table1 & x is p>ticul>ly useful = trac+ fa9t l9es on old & poorly pres]v$ pr9ts or draw+s4 ,su* a table has be5 in/all$ 9 ! section ( illu/rations1 :]e x c be us$ by au?ors & o!rs4 ,,topographic ,,features4 ,,relief4 ,! effect ( relief is express$ on a map by ?ree me?ods--by cont\rs1 by ha*ures1 & by %ad+4 7,see fig4 #f47 ,! fir/ me?od does n give pron\nc$ pictorial expression ( relief1 ?\gh x gives correct %ape & exact elevation2 ! o!rs are m[ pictorial1 b !y d n give exact elevation4 ,cont\rs4--,z cont\r$ maps are orig9ally prep>$ f actual surveys ! draftsman %\ld simply foll[ ! copy furni%$ by ! topograph] or su* orig9al matt] z may be giv5 to him = r$raw+4 ,if ! area mapp$ is l>ge & ! cont\rs are close toge!r ! orig9al may be transf]r$ by celluloid trac+ 7see p4 #dg71 or x may be transf]r$ by trac+ ) graphite-coat$ pap] 7see p4 #df74 ,aft] ! cont\r l9es h be5 transf]r$ !y %\ld be trac$ 9 ink1 9 l9es ( ev5 ?ickness1 except ^? t repres5t c]ta9 fix$ int]vals & are to be numb]$1 :i* %\ld be made slightly ?ick]4 7,see fig4 #f1 ,a47 ,9 draw+ ^! l9es "s draftsm5 use an ord9>y rul+ p51 o!rs ! swivel p52 b consid]able practice is requir$ 9 ! use ( ei!r be=e x c be controll$ to foll[ precisely ! p5cil$ l9es4 ,/ill o!r draftsm5 use ! ,%ep>d p5 or an ord9>y draw+ p54 ,! swivel p51 if exp]tly h&l$1 produces a firm & ev5 l9e4 ,italic numb]s %\ld be us$ to indicate ! elevation ( a cont\r & %\ld be plac$ 9 an op5+ 9 ! l9e1 nev] betwe5 l9es4 ,:]e ! l9es run close toge!r great c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y d n t\* unless ! int]spaces are s n>r[ t !y mu/ t\* & comb9e4 ,! l9es %\ld be firm & ev51 & if ! copy or orig9al map %[s t !y are uni=mly v close toge!r x %\ld be enl>g$ be=e ! trac+ is made 9 ord] to give m fre$om 9 draw+2 b if ! enl>g$ map is to be mu* r$uc$ c>e %\ld be tak5 to make ! l9es proportionate to ! r$uction4 ,a photo-engrav+ ( a map on :i* ! cont\r l9es are drawn v close toge!r is likely to be unsatisfactory because1 ?\gh ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es are r$uc$ 9 wid?1 ! l9es !mselves may %[ no correspond+ r$uction 9 ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,me?ods ( express+ relief3 7,a7 by cont\r l9es1 7,b7 by ha*ures1 7,c7 by %ad+ on /ipple bo>d1 & 7,d7 by a bru% draw+4 ,! f\r examples giv5 repres5t ! same area4 ,! draw+s 7 made twice ! size ( ! pr9t$ cuts4 ,c]ta9 cont\r l9es are commonly acc5tuat$ on a map1 g5]ally e f\r? or fif? l9e--t is1 = a #aj-;foot int]val e #ej-;foot l9e1 = a #bj-;foot int]val e #ajj-;foot l9e1 = a #be-;foot int]val e #ajj-;foot l9e1 = a #ej-;foot int]val e #bej-;foot l9e1 & = a #ajj-;foot int]val e #ejj-;foot l9e4 ,ha*ur+4--,! effect ( relief c be produc$ satisfactorily by ha*ur+ b only by a draftsman :o has _h consid]able well-direct$ practice 9 t k9d ( draw+4 ,9 a ha*ur$ map ! light %\ld seem to come f ! we/ or nor?we/--t is1 ! d>k] p>ts %\ld be on ! ea/ or s\!a/ side ( an elevation & ! light] p>ts on ! we/ or nor?we/ ,! highe/ elevation %\ld be repres5t$ by ! d>ke/ %ade on ! "r & by a correspond+ high light on ! left4 ,! ha*ur+ %\ld beg9 at ! cre/ ( a peak1 range1 or butte & be work$ d[nw>d t[>d ! g5tl] slopes1 ! l9es be+ drawn f>!r ap>t & made ?9n] until ! floor ( ! valley is rea*$ & ! effect ( %ad[ is lo/ by few] & light] l9es4 ,on a ha*ur$ map t is made f a cont\r$ map some:at def9ite diff]5ces ( elevation may be indicat$ by ! int]vals betwe5 ! /rokes1 & abrupt *anges 9 slope may be indicat$ by %ort] & heavi] l9es4 ,! /rokes %\ld be disjo9t$1 & !y %\ld tr5d at "r angles to ! upp] m>g9 ( a cliff & %\ld radiate f a peak4 ,figure #f1 ,b1 repres5ts satisfactory ha*ur+4 ,hill %ad+4--,relief is m easily express$ by %ad+ ?an by ha*ur+4 7,see fig4 #f1 ,c1 ,d47 ,! draftsman c be/ express x by ?is means aft] he has /udi$ cont\r$ maps or photographs ( ! region mapp$1 if !y are available1 9 ord] t he may obta9 an idea ( ! details ( its topography4 ,! special means us$ to produce hill %ad+ w dep5d on ! "* ( surface ( ! pap] on :i* ! draw+ is to be made1 ! size ( ! map1 ! am\nt ( detail & ref9em5t ( execution desir$1 & ! am\nt ( r$uction to be made 9 reproduc+ ! draw+4 ,= maps on :i* x is desir$ to %[ "s ref9em5t ( draw+ & detail1 a li?ographic or wax crayon c be us$ on pap] :i* has a gra9$ surface4 ,! draftsman mu/ express relief accord+ to ! in=mation he has at h&1 :e!r detail$ or g5]al1 & mu/ employ me?ods t accord ) ! purpose ( ! map & ! mode ( reproduction select$4 ,if a %ad$ relief map is to be prep>$ = direct reproduction by photoli?ography & ! %ad+ is to be pr9t$ 9 a sep>ate color ! base map %\ld be complet$ fir/ & a light photographic or blue pr9t obta9$ on :i* to add ! relief 9 black li?ographic crayon1 to insure p]fect fitt+ ( ! relief & ! base2 or ! relief c be prep>$ on an ov]%eet--a semitransp>5t :ite pap] ) suffici5t too? or gra9 to cut ! %ad+ up into m9ute dots4 ,! %ad[less draft+ table 7see p4 #dg7 is especially useful = ?is purpose4 ,on ?is ov]%eet regi/] m>ks %\ld be plac$ at ! f\r com]s & at sev]al o!r po9ts1 p>ticul>ly at ! int]section ( p>allels & m]idians4 ,= relief %ad+ on small black & :ite maps ,ross's h&-/ipple draw+ pap] may be us$4 7,see p4 #bd47 ,by rubb+ a black wax crayon or p5cil ov] ! surface ( ! pap] ! desir$ effect is produc$ 9 f9e dots or 9 /ipple1 :i* may be v>i$ 9 d5sity ( %ade at ! w ( ! draftsman4 7,see fig4 #f1 ,c47 ,high lights c be produc$ by scrap+ away ! *alky surface ( ! pap]4 ,a li?ographic or wax crayon is ! be/ m$ium to use on ?is /ipple pap]1 z on ! pap] ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 = ! %ad+ produc$ by x is n s easily sme>$ z t produc$ 9 pa/el or by a graphite p5cil4 ,! object ( us+ ei!r ! r\gh pap] or ,boss's /ipple pap] = draw+s t are to be reproduc$ by photo-engrav+ is to produce a %ad+ t is brok5 up into dots ( v>y+ sizes1 :i* is ess5tial 9 su* reproduction4 ,belief %ad+ = maps c also be made ) a bru% 9 flat wa%es ( ei!r india ink or lampblack4 ,su* %ad+ %\ld be made only ov] a blue pr9t or an impression ( "s k9d f ! map ^u :i* ! %ad+ or relief is to be ov]pr9t$4 ,if ! relief is express$ on ! au?or's orig9al by cont\rs ! g5]al %apes ( ! relief & ! dra9age l9es c be trac$ & transf]r$ lightly 9 blue l9es to =m a base on :i* to model ! %ad+ & at ! same "t to make ! %ad+ fit ! /reams4 ,su* a draw+ c be photograph$ ?r\gh a scre5 & reproduc$ by half tone 7see fig4 #f1 ,d7 or mezzot9t z a sep>ate plate made to ov]pr9t ! map 9 ano!r color4 ,,hydrography4 ,g5]al directions4--,! dra9age features ( a map %\ld be s drawn z to sugge/ ! natural c\rses ( ! /reams4 ,/reams %\ld n be drawn 9 /raight1 h>d l9es1 z su* l9es are decid$ly unnatural & produce a crude effect4 ,! c\rse ( a riv] may be /raight 9 g5]al1 b x is likely to be some:at s9u\s 9 detail4 ,if ! /reams %[n on a prelim9>y map are drawn 9 a clumsy or *>act]less fa%ion !y %\ld be r$rawn ) a freeh& effect or made slightly wavy1 9 ord] t !y may appe> m natural4 ,! gradual wid5+ ( /reams f s\rce to m\? %\ld also be %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,on small-scale maps1 :]e ! eye c at once see a /ream ?r\gh its full l5g?1 ?is almo/ imp]ceptible wid5+ c be express$ by a l9e ( almo/ uni=m weight except = ! /ret* ne> ! s\rce1 :]e x %\ld gr[ ?9n] & tap] (f4 ,on maps :i* are to be reproduc$ directly f draw+s 9 black & :ite & :i* are to %[ bo? cont\r l9es & dra9age ! l9es repres5t+ ! /reams & o!r wat] bodies %\ld g5]ally be drawn freeh& & slightly heavi] ?an ! cont\r l9es1 :i* %\ld be %>p] & m precise4 ,! names ( all /reams or o!r bodies ( wat] %\ld be 9 italic lett]s1 ^? ( ! l>g] /reams be+ lett]$ 9 capitals & ^? ( ! small] /reams 9 capitals & l[]-case lett]s4 7,see ,lett]+1 p4 #ec47 ,wat] l9+4--,! use ( wat] l9+ on black & :ite maps %\ld be limit$ to maps on :i* ! wat] areas are n readily di/+ui%able f ! l& areas4 ,9 r\gh draw+s t are to s]ve only z copy = engrav]s a flat color may be us$ = wat] areas & its conv]sion into wat] l9es specifi$4 ,9 base maps to be reproduc$ 9 ?ree colors a light-blue t9t may be us$ 9 lieu ( wat] l9+1 & x c be pr9t$ ei!r flat or 9 a f9e rul+ transf]r$ to ! /one t is to pr9t ! dra9age4 ,! engrav+ ( wat] l9es is exp5sive1 & ! flat blue color %\ld g5]ally be pref]r$4 ,wat] l9+ usually consi/s ( #cj to #de l9es on engrav$ or l>ge maps1 b on small maps & sket* maps ! numb] may be r$uc$ z desir$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! l9es are z ne>ly p>allel z !y c be made freeh& & ( ev5 weight or ?ickness4 ,! fir/ ?ree to six l9es outside ! coa/ l9e %\ld be some:at clos] toge!r ?an ^? f>!r out & %\ld con=m closely to ! coa/ l9e1 b ! spac+ betwe5 ! l9es %\ld increase & ! l9es %\ld become almo/ imp]ceptibly less con=mable to ! coa/ l9e z !y rea* _! out] limit1 ! la/ ?ree to six be+ made ) ! greate/ c>e & ref9em5t4 ,wat]-l9$ maps t are to be reproduc$ by photographic processes %\ld be drawn at lea/ twice publication size4 ,! r$uction w br+ ! l9es clos] toge!r1 & ! reproduction w %[ a m ref9$ effect ?an c\ld possibly be produc$ by ! mo/ skillful draw+4 ,good examples ( wat] l9+1 su* z are %[n on ! topographic atlas %eets ( ! ,survey1 %\ld be /udi$ by draftsm5 be=e !y und]take su* "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,iv ,,symbols ,,us$ ,,on ,,base ,,maps ,,cultural ,,features4 ,! cultural features repres5t$ on a map include ! works ( man--n only cities1 t[ns1 build+s1 bridges1 railroads1 & o!r roads1 b ,/ate1 c\nty1 & o!r b\nd>y l9es--9 %ort1 all t "p ( a ?ree-color base map :i* is %[n 9 black1 ! engrav$ plate = ! black be+ call$ ! culture plate4 ,! features nam$ 9 ! li/ bel[ are ! cultural features ref]r$ to4 7,see ,,pl ,,iv = correspond+ symbols47 ,aqu$uct ma9s4 ,aqu$uct tunnels4 ,b5* m>ks4 ,b\nd>y ,l9es4 ,b\nd>y monum5ts4 ,breakwat]s4 ,bridges4 ,build+s4 ,cable ,l9es4 ,camps4 ,canal locks4 ,canals4 ,cemet]ies4 ,*ur*es4 ,cities4 ,c\nty l9es4 ,dams4 ,di/rict l9es4 ,dit*es4 ,electric p[] l9es4 ,f5ces4 ,f]ries4 ,=ds4 ,gas wells4 ,h$ges4 ,hospitals4 ,jetties4 ,l&-grant l9es4 ,l&-section ,l9es4 ,levees4 ,ma9s4 ,m9]al monum5ts4 ,m9e tunnels4 ,m9es4 ,national =e/s4 ,national p>ks4 ,oil tanks4 ,oil wells4 ,op5 cuts4 ,p>k b\nd>ies4 ,pa?s4 ,pits4 ,po/ (fices4 ,prec9ct l9es4 ,prospects4 ,prov9ce l9es4 ,qu>ries4 ,qu>t]-section l9es4 ,railroads1 /eam or electric4 ,ran*es4 ,res]vation b\nd>ies4 ,res]voirs4 ,roads4 ,ru9s4 ,s*oolh\ses4 ,section com]s4 ,section ,l9es4 ,settlem5ts4 ,%afts4 ,/reets4 ,telegraph ,l9es4 ,t[ns4 ,t[n%ip com]s4 ,t[n%ips4 ,trails4 ,tramways4 ,triangulation /ations4 ,tunnels4 ,villages4 ,wat] ma9s4 ,wat] wells4 ,wat]works4 ,w9dmills4 ,,lett]+4 ,,g5]al ,,directions4 ,! cultural features are nam$ on maps by lett]s ( two di/9ct /yles--slant+ go?ic = public works & roman = habitations & civil divisions4 ,! size ( ! lett]s us$ %\ld indicate 9 a g5]al way ! relative importance ( ! feature or gr\p to :i* !y are appli$1 b on "s maps ! c\nty seats1 ,/ate capitals1 & l>ge cities may be di/+ui%$ by diff]5t symbols4 ,! names ( civil divisions are lett]$ 9 sizes dep5d+ on _! relative grade & ! size ( ! area or space 9 :i* ! names are to appe>4 ,! features %[n on a topographic map may be broadly sep>at$ into f\r gr\ps & are lett]$ z foll[s3 ,civil divisions 7c\ntries1 ,/ates1 c\nties1 t[n%ips1 l& grants1 res]vations1 cities1 t[ns1 villages1 settlem5ts1 s*ools1 lodges1 ran*es1 etc471 roman capitals or capitals & l[] case4 ,public works 7railroads1 tunnels1 roads1 canals1 f]ries1 bridges1 =ds1 dams1 ma9s1 m9es1 =ts1 trails1 etc471 slant+ go?ic capitals 7light7 or capitals & l[] case4 ,hydrographic features 7oceans1 seas1 gulfs1 bays1 lakes1 ponds1 riv]s1 creeks1 brooks1 spr+s1 wells1 falls1 rapids1 m>%es1 glaci]s1 etc471 italic capitals or capitals & l[] case4 ,hypsographic features 7m\nta9s1 ranges1 peaks1 plateaus1 cliffs1 buttes1 canyons1 valleys1 p59sulas1 isl&s1 capes1 etc471 upright go?ic capitals 7light7 or capitals & l[] case4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciples ( lett]+ h be5 describ$ 9 num]\s treatises & are well und]/ood by mo/ draftsm54 ,! correct =m ( ea* lett] may be le>n$ f su* treatises1 b spac+ & arrangem5t are be/ le>n$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,good lett]+ w n /rongly attract att5tion1 b ev5 slight imp]fections ( =m1 spac+1 slant1 & %ad+ w be quickly detect$ & criticiz$4 ,map lett]]s %\ld note t ! "n ( a place or ! numb] ( a symbol %\ld be put to ! "r ( ! symbol if possible & a little above or bel[ x--n to ! left & directly on a l9e ) x1 z ,tucsono1 #ago1 ,dallaso1 ,c>sono4 ,names indicat+ l>ge areas1 if writt5 f we/ to ea/1 %\ld curve ) ! p>allels1 & all names %\ld be s lett]$ t if !y %\ld fall !y w\ld fall on _! feet4 ,e "n %\ld be di/9ctly legible b n s conspicu\s z to subord9ate ! feature x designates4 ,l9es %\ld !re=e n be brok5 9 ord] to make ! lett]+ cle> except :]e !re is possible dang] t ! small] spaces may be fill$ up 9 pr9t+4 ,! lett]+ on a map %\ld always be s spac$ t x w prop]ly fit ! area x is int5d$ to designate4 ,9 names consi/+ ( two or m words ! lett]s %\ld n be closely spac$ if wide spaces are left betwe5 ! words4 ,9 numb]s1 except ^? us$ to indicate elevations on cont\r ,l9es or else:]e1 ?\s&s %\ld always be set (f by commas4 ,draftsm5 (t5 draw bad =ms = commas1 quotation m>ks1 apo/rophes1 & "q m>ks4 ,! foll[+ =ms are correct3 ,comma 1 2 quotation m>ks 2 apo/rophe ' 2 "q m>k 8 4 ,,lett]+ ,,by ,,type4 ,names & %ort notes pr9t$ f type on pap]1 to be cut out & pa/$ 9 prop] positions on maps or o!r draw+s1 n[ furni% a l>ge proportion ( ! lett]+ on ! ,survey's illu/rations4 ,! /rips are likely to become deta*$ by ! repeat$ h&l+ ( a draw+1 h[ev]1 unless !y are securely pa/$ on4 ,! be/ results c be obta9$ by hav+ ! type pr9t$ on a special br& ( noncurl+ gumm$ pap]1 f :i* ! lett]+ is cut 9 squ>es or /rips1 :i* are damp5$ & appli$ to ! prop] places on ! draw+4 ,9 h&l+ su* /rips a pair ( d5ti/'s tweez]s is useful4 ,:5 mucilage is appli$ to pr9t$ /rips ( ord9>y pap] ! moi/ure causes ! pap] to w>p or curl1 (t5 s mu* z to affect ! reproduction ( ! draw+4 ,?is pr9t$ lett]+ is g5]ally us$1 h[ev]1 only = head+s1 titles1 notes1 & o!r matt] t /&s alone2 x %\ld n be us$ = ! geographic names 9 ! body ( a map unless only a few names are to appe>1 = ! /rips ( pap] be>+ ! names may obscure p>ts ( ! map4 ,! reproduction ( ?is lett]+ by photo-engrav+ or photoli?ography gives results sup]ior to ^? obta9$ f h& lett]+ unless ea* lett] is made ) ! utmo/ c>e1 "w :i* is consid]$ a wa/e ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,v ,,r$uction ,,%eet ,,us$ ,,9 ,,lett]+ ,,illu/rations4 ,! l>ge/ size %[s ! lett]s unr$uc$2 ! o!r sizes %[ ! lett]s r$uc$ z indicat$ 9 ! m>g94 ,type is us$ also = pr9t+ lett]+ directly on a draw+ exactly 9 prop] position1 by a special type hold]1 some:at l a self-ink+ /amp4 ,mo/ ( ! /yles & sizes ( type n[ us$ on maps 9 ! ,survey's reports are %[n 9 ,plate ,v4 ,if a draw+ is to be r$uc$ "o-half ! smalle/ type us$ %\ld be ab\t #b millimet]s 9 height2 if x is to be r$uc$ "o-?ird ! smalle/ type us$ %\ld be ab\t #a4e millimet]s 9 height2 & s on4 ,no lett] ^: v]tical height aft] reproduction w\ld be less ?an ab\t #a millimet] %\ld be us$1 & ! l>g] lett]+ %\ld be> a prop] relation to ! small]4 ,%eets %[+ ! /yles ( type 9 use by ! ,survey1 9 full size & r$uc$ "o-f\r?1 "o-?ird1 two-fif?s1 "o-half1 ?ree-fif?s1 two-?irds1 & ?ree-f\r?s1 w be furni%$ on reque/4 ,if a draw+ is to be r$uc$ "o-half1 = example1 ! %eet t has be5 r$uc$ "o-half w %[ ! size ( ! lett]+ on ! pr9t$ plate1 s t ! draftsman1 by ref]r+ to ! %eet %[+ ! r$uction he desires1 c select type ( a size t w be legible4 ,plate ,v %[s a "p ( ?is r$uction %eet4 ,,abbreviations4 ,! foll[+ are ! correct =ms = abbreviations us$ on maps & o!r illu/rations3 ,a4 ,arroyo4 ,b4 ,m4 ,b5* m>k4 ,bdy4 ,b\nd>y4 ,br4 ,bran*1 bridge4 ,c4 ,cape4 ,c4 ,canal1 canyon4 ,cem4 ,cemet]y4 ,co4 ,c\nty4 ,cr4 ,creek4 ,e4 ,ea/4 ,el4 ,elevation4 ,e/4 ,e/u>y4 ,fk4 ,=k4 ,ft4 ,=t1 foot4 ,gl4 ,gul*1 glaci]4 ,hrb4 ,h>bor4 ,i4 ,isl&4 ,is4 ,isl&s4 ,jc4 ,junction4 ,l4 ,lake4 ,lat4 ,latitude4 ,ldg4 ,l&+4 ,l4 ,s4 ,s4 ,life-sav+ /ation4 ,l4 ,h4 ,ligh?\se4 ,long4 ,longitude4 ,m4 ,p4 ,milepo/4 ,m4 ,m4 ,m9]al monum5t4 ,mt4 ,m\nt4 ,mtn4 ,m\nta94 ,mts4 ,m\nta9s4 ,n4 ,nor?4 ,p54 ,p59sula4 ,pk4 ,peak4 ,p4 ,o4 ,po/ (fice4 ,pt4 ,po9t4 ,r4 ,range1 riv]4 ,res4 ,res]vation1 res]voir4 ,r4 ,h4 ,road h\se4 ,s4 ,s\?4 ,sd4 ,s\nd4 ,s4 ,h4 ,s*oolh\se4 ,/a4 ,/ation4 ,/r4 ,/ream4 ,t4 ,t[n%ip4 ,tel4 ,telegraph4 ,w4 ,we/4 ,words l m\nt1 riv]1 po9t %\ld n be abbreviat$ :]e !y =m a "p ( ! "n ( a city or t[n1 z ,rocky ,m\nt1 ,fall ,riv]1 ,we/ ,po9t4 ,nei!r ! ^w nor ! abbreviation = railroad or railway %\ld be plac$ on a map2 ! *>t]$ "n 7or initials ( ! "n7 & ! road symbol are suffici5t4 ,names ( ,/ates & ,t]ritories %\ld be abbreviat$1 :]e abbreviation is necess>y1 z foll[s3 ,ala4 ,ga4 ,m9n4 ,n4 ,j4 ,t5n4 ,ariz4 ,ill4 ,miss4 ,n4 ,mex4 ,tex4 ,ark4 ,ind4 ,mo4 ,n4 ,y4 ,va4 ,calif4 ,kans4 ,mont4 ,okla4 ,vt4 ,colo4 ,ky4 ,nebr4 ,oreg4 ,wa%4 ,conn4 ,la4 ,nev4 ,pa4 ,w4 ,va ,d4 ,c4 ,mass4 ,n4 ,c4 ,r4 ,i4 ,wis4 ,del4 ,md4 ,n4 ,dak4 ,s4 ,c4 ,wyo4 ,fla4 ,mi*4 ,n4 ,h4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,alaska1 ,guam1 ,hawaii1 ,idaho1 ,i[a1 ,ma9e1 ,ohio1 ,samoa1 & ,utah %\ld be writt5 9 full4 ,! abbreviations us$ on ! m>g9s ( maps = subdivisions ( l& %\ld be z foll[s 7note punctuation73 ,t4 #b ,n41 ,e4 #c ,w4 ,on l>ge-scale plats ! m>g9al lett]+ %\ld be z foll[s3 ,n4 #a_/b ,,ne4 #a_/d sec4 #a1 ,t4 #g ,n41 ,k #b ,w42 fractional secs4 #b & #ce1 ,tps4 #g & #h ,n41 ,r4 #b ,w42 ,,nw4 #a_/d sec4 #bj1 ,t1 #g ,n41 ,r4 #b ,w4 ,9 spell+ fractions use half & qu>t]1 n "o-half & "o-qu>t]4 ,! abbreviat$ =ms ( su* names z ,nor? ,=k & ,s\? ,=k %\ld be ,n4 ,=k & ,s4 ,=k1 n ,nor? ,fk4 & ,s\? ,fk4 ,additional abbreviations us$ on illu/rations are z foll[s3 ,n4 = nor?1 ,,ne4 = nor!a/1 ,,nne4 = nor?-nor!a/1 etc4 ,capitalize directions affix$ to /reet names1 z ,,nw41 ,,se4 7#ahjj ,f ,/4 ,,nw474 ,sec4 & secs4 = section & sections be=e a numb]4 ,capitalize only at ! beg9n+ ( a l9e or s5t5ce4 a4 m4 & p4 m4 = antem]idian & po/m]idian1 z #d4cj p4 m4 ,l[]-case unless 9 l9e ( caps4 9 names ( corporations or companies4 ,on ,survey miscellane\s maps & is spell$ out 9 railroad names4 ,b4 t4 u4 = ,briti% !rmal units4 bbl41 bbls4 = b>rel1 b>rels4 bu4 = bu%el or bu%els4 c4 c4 = cubic c5timet]4 cm4 = c5timet]4 cwt4 = hundr$weight4 dwt4 or pwt4 = p5nyweight oz4 = ounce or ounces4 etc4 7n c47 = et cet]a4 ft4 = foot or feet4 ,h4 m4 s4 = h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds4 7,use capital ,h47 94 = in* or in*es4 kw4 = kil[att or kil[atts4 s4 d4 = p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce4 p] c5t 7omitt+ p]iod7 = p] c5tum4 ,spell out p]c5tage4 s]4 = s]ies4 ,/4 = ,sa9t or /reet ,u4 ,s4 ,army = ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 z di/+ui%$ f ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 7,u4 ,s4 ,a474 yd41 yds4 = y>d1 y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,vi #age-,,l9e ,,scre5 #aej-,,l9e ,,scre5 #acc-,,l9e ,,scre5 #abj-,,l9e ,,scre5 #ajj-,,l9e ,,scre5 #fe-,,l9e ,,scre5 ,,half-,,tone ,,cuts ,,%[+ ,,effect ,,( ,,sev]al ,,/&>d ,,scre5s ,,9 ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,detail4 ,! names ( c]ta9 mon?s may 9 "s places be abbreviat$2 ^? ( o!rs %\ld inv>iably be spell$ out4 ,! foll[+ are ! correct =ms3 ,jan4 ,apr4 ,july ,oct4 ,feb4 ,may ,aug4 ,nov4 ,m>4 ,june ,sept ,dec4 ,! abbreviations = numb] & numb]s be=e figures are ,no4 & ,nos4 ,! o %\ld nev] be rais$1 z 9 ,no4 ,! abbreviation = ,mac is ,mc1 n ,mc4 ,all p]iods %\ld be omitt$ f abbreviations us$ 9 ! body ( a map unless _! omission w\ld cause misund]/&+4 ,!y are g5]ally unnecess>y1 & if us$ on "s maps !y are likely to be mi/ak5 = symbols repres5t+ c]ta9 features1 su* z h\ses or fl[+ wells1 if ei!r is %[n4 ,p]iods us$ on draw+s t are to be reproduc$ direct or photome*anically %\ld always be slightly exagg]at$4 ,,names ,,( ,,railroads4 ,! names ( railroads may be writt5 9 full or abbreviat$1 9 accordance ) ! k9d ( map & ! space available4 ,on a sket* map 9 black & :ite ! initial lett]s are g5]ally suffici5t4 ,on a m detail$ map1 if !re is room en\gh1 ! names may be spell$ out4 ,z already /at$1 nei!r ! words railroad & railway nor ! abbreviations ,r4 ,r4 & ,ry4 %\ld be us$ on a map4 ,,make-,,up ,,( ,,maps4 ,,=ms ,,= ,,c]ta9 ,,features4 ,! prop] =ms = c]ta9 features ( maps1 su* z ! bord]s1 titles1 explanations1 b> scales1 captions1 arr[s indicat+ true nor? & magnetic decl9ation1 s\rce1 & au?or%ip1 are %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,note p>ticul>ly ! /yle & position ( ! m>g9al matt]4 ,,bord]4 ,a f9i%$ map bord] is us$ or omitt$ accord+ to ! k9d ( map prep>$4 ,diagrammatic maps & maps on :i* no p>allels & m]idians appe> d n ne$ f9i%$ bord]s4 ,on a map t %[s complete areal geologic or o!r color+1 su* z a map 9 a ,survey geologic folio1 ! bord] l9es t5d to de/roy ! simple effect ( ! :ole map4 ,on a map t is n completely color$ & on all v l>ge maps bord]s are really necess>y4 ,if bord]s are us$1 h[ev]1 ! space betwe5 ! neat l9e & ! out] l9e ( ! bord] %\ld be only suffici5t to provide prop] space = ! numb]s %[+ latitude & longitude or t[n%ip & range4 ,a simple rule#h = det]m9+ ! wid? ( ?is space is z foll[s3 ,divide ! sum ( ! dim5sions ( ! map by #b & f9d ! squ>e root ( ! quoti5t1 :i* w repres5t ! wid? ( ! bord] 9 sixte5?s ( an in*4 ,example3 ,map is #bj by #cj in*es2 7#bj #cj7_/b #be2 squ>e root ( #be #e2 wid? ( bord] #e_/af in*4 ,footnote #h3 ,work$ out by ,m>t9 ,solem1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! numb]s %[+ latitude & longitude %\ld be 9 %ad$ arabic num]als & ^? %[+ t[n%ip & range 9 go?ic4 ,! symbols = degree1 m9ute1 & second %\ld n be cr[d$4 ,on a map t has no add$ bord] l9es ! numb]s %\ld be 9 hair-l9e go?ic4 ,,title4 ,! title ( a map %\ld be 9 roman lett]s & if plac$ at ! l[] m>g9 %\ld g5]ally be arrang$ 9 two l9es1 unless x is %ort4 ,if x =ms two or m l9es ! l9es %\ld be well balanc$4 ,! fir/ l9e %\ld describe ! position ( ! area2 ! second l9e %\ld /ate ! purpose ( ! map1 z ,,map ,,( ,,butte ,,& ,,vic9ity1 ,,montana ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,m9es ,,& ,,prospects4 ,a title plac$ inside ! bord] ( a map %\ld be arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( l9es1 g5]ally beg9n+ ) ,map ( or ,geologic map (4 & ! l9e %[+ ! dom9ant "p ( ! title %\ld be emphasiz$ by l>g] lett]+1 ?us3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,butte ,,montana ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,m9es ,,& ,,prospects4 ,! "n ( ! au?or or compil] ( a map or ( ! p]son supply+ ! geologic or o!r data %[n on x may be plac$ ei!r b5ea? ! title or 9 ! l[] "r corn]1 j bel[ ! bord] l9e1 & ! names ( ! topograph]s or ! s\rce ( ! base %\ld be /at$ 9 ! l[] left corn]1 j bel[ ! bord] l9e4 ,if ! title is plac$ inside ! bord] all notes giv+ cr$it = any "p or features ( ! map may be plac$ b5ea? ! title or scale4 7,see ,,pi4 ,,vii47 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,vii ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,make-,,up ,,( ,a ,,geologic ,,map ,,explanation4 ,! symbols1 patt]ns1 or colors us$ on a map %\ld be giv5 9 a s]ies ( rectangles or boxes1 accompani$ by explanatory t]ms 9 ! =m %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii1 head$ ,explanation4 ,if ! explanation is small a conv5i5t place = x on "s maps may be f\nd )9 ! neat l9es4 ,if no space is available !re1 or if x is s l>ge t !re is n room to place x !re )\t obscur+ o!r details1 x may be plac$ ei!r v]tically along ! "r m>g91 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii1 or horizontally "u ! title4 ,a geologic explanation %\ld pref]ably be arrang$ v]tically1 z 9 ,plate ,,vii1 s z to %[ ! relative age ( ! =mations by ! positions ( ! boxes4 ,?is explanation %\ld be c>efully work$ out 9 p5cil by ! draftsman & approv$ by ! committee on geologic names be=e x is drawn 9 ink1 9 ord] to save "t 9 mak+ corrections4 ,9 lett]+ ! explanation roman lett]s or type %\ld be us$ = ! titles "u ! boxes & italic ( small] size = ! subtitles or descriptive detail1 :i* %\ld be inclos$ 9 p>5!ses4 ,! names ( geologic p]iods & sy/ems %\ld be 9 go?ic capitals1 ! names ( s]ies or gr\ps %\ld be 9 italic l[] case1 & ! limit ( ea* p]iod1 sy/em1 or gr\p %\ld be indicat$ by braces4 ,! g5]al /yle & arrangem5t %[n 9 ! ,survey's geologic folios %\ld be foll[$1 & ?is & ! arrangem5t ( o!r matt] is %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to cr[d ! explanation1 & if corrections are necess>y !y %\ld be s made t ea* l9e ( ! matt] 9 :i* !y appe> w be prop]ly spac$4 ,! explanation = a map t is to be engrav$ or to be reproduc$ by li?ography ne$ only be sket*$ 9 to %[ g5]al /yle & arrangem5t4 ,! engrav] or ! li?ograph] w supply su* matt] 9 prop] =m accord+ to specifications4 ,= direct reproduction1 h[ev]1 z by photoli?ography or z9c et*+1 ! lett]+ mu/ ei!r be c>efully drawn ) p5 or pr9t$ f type on slips1 :i* are pa/$ on ! draw+4 ,,graphic ,,scales ,,= ,,maps4 ,a b> scale = miles or feet %\ld be giv5 on e map1 & if ! map is ( int]national int]e/ ! metric scale %\ld be giv5 j b5ea? ! scale ( miles or feet4 ,! accept$ designs = ^! scales are %[n 9 figure #g4 ,! scale %\ld be accompani$ by any necess>y /atem5t p]ta9+ to ! base map1 su* z ,cont\r int]val #bj feet1 ,datum is mean sea level4 ,! fractional scale 7#a_/bej1jjj1 = example7 %\ld be giv5 on all except ! m simple k9ds ( maps1 & ! date ( publication %\ld also appe> j bel[ ! scale or scales4 ,! s+le-l9e b> scale %\ld be us$ only on small or simple maps4 ,! l5g? ( ! b> scale mu/ dep5d on ! size ( ! map & ! space available4 ,^? %[n 9 figure #g 7 made ov] blue pr9ts f scales us$ by ! ,survey4 ,to make a b> scale = a map ( unkn[n scale t %[s only a s+le m]idian & p>allel1 or = a map on :i* no m]idians or p>allels are %[n1 fir/ asc]ta9 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts %[n on ! map by ref]5ce to o!r au!ntic maps4 ,if1 = example1 ! di/ance betwe5 two su* po9ts is #af4cae miles draw a horizontal l9e 7a 9 fig4 #h7 repres5t+ ?is di/ance on ! map1 & at its end1 at "r angles to x1 draw ano!r l9e 7b7 actually measur+ #af4cae units ( any conv5i5t d5om9ation4 ,draw a /raight l9e 7c7 diagonally betwe5 ! ends ( l9es a & b4 ,!n set (f on l9e b any conv5i5t numb] ( ! units select$1 say #e or #aj1 & project f ! po9ts set (f l9es exactly p>allel ) l9e c to l9e a4 ,! di/ance & ! numb] ( ! units ?us m>k$ on l9e a w indicate ! numb] ( miles cov]$ by t di/ance on ! map1 z %[n 9 figure #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,designs = b> scales4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,me?od ( mak+ a b> scale = a map ( unkn[n scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,viii ,,patt]ns ,,us$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,di/9ctions ,,betwe5 ,,areas ,,on ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,maps ,contra/s may be increas$ by v>y+ ! direction & spac+ ( ,l9es ,,symbols4 ,symbols %\ld be drawn ) z mu* c>e z lett]s1 ?\gh to a critic !y may n appe> s bad z poor lett]+ unless he f9ds !m gl>+ly l>ge or s small t he c discov] or id5tify !m only ) difficulty4 ,! size ( a symbol mu/ dep5d on its importance on ! map be>+ x4 ,on a map t %[s num]\s m9es1 = in/ance1 ! cross$ hamm]s or ! symbols = %afts %\ld be n only visible b conspicu\s4 ,! draftsman :o is to make su* a map mu/ "k be=eh& h[ mu* 8 draw+ w be r$uc$ 9 reproduction & mu/ make ! symbols 9 proportion to ! r$uction4 ,! symbols %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii 7p4 #bj7 %\ld be us$ 9 all ! ,survey's illu/rations :]e !y are appropriate4 ,,areal ,,patt]ns ,,= ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,maps4 ,! conv5tional patt]ns us$ on a map to di/+ui% sep>ate areas1 *iefly geologic1 are %[n 9 ,plate ,,viii4 ,! patt]ns %[n repres5t ! prop] comb9ations ( l9es1 dots1 & o!r =ms & %\ld be spac$ op5ly or closely accord+ to ! size ( ! area cov]$1 ! contra/ ne$$ betwe5 areas1 & ! g5]al cle>ness & effect desir$4 ,if a map is to %[ bo? small & l>ge areas d5se or closely spac$ patt]ns %\ld g5]ally be us$ = ! small] areas1 ev5 if !y may be requir$ = "s fairly l>ge areas repres5t+ ! same =mation or condition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 op5 patt]ns %\ld be us$ = l>ge areas4 ,aga91 x may be necess>y to make c]ta9 areas m conspicu\s ?an o!rs1 & ?is effect c be be/ produc$ by draw+ ! l9es clos] toge!r r ?an by mak+ !m heavi]1 unless ! area cov]$ is small or unless a closely spac$ simil> patt]n has be5 or w be us$ else:]e on ! map4 ,heavy-l9e patt]ns or b>s are n desirable4 ,! l9es =m+ a patt]n %\ld g5]ally be drawn at an angle ( #de to ! sides ( ! map2 !y %\ld be drawn v]tically or horizontally only 9 small areas or 9 areas n cross$ by m]idians or p>allels or by o!r l9es runn+ 9 ! same direction4 ,! l9es %\ld pref]ably run across ! long axis ( an area1 n p>allel to x1 & ! pr$om9at+ tr5d or g5]al direction ( ! areas ( "o geologic =mation on a map %\ld decide ! direction ( ! l9es = all areas ( t =mation on ! same map1 ev5 if ! rule mu/ be violat$ on "s ( ! m9or areas4 ,an ef=t %\ld always be made to produce a patt]n t is subord9ate 9 /r5g? to ! ma9 l9es ( ! base map on :i* x is drawn4 ,9 black & :ite maps1 z 9 color$ maps1 unlike patt]ns %\ld be plac$ next to ea* o!r4 ,if !y are s plac$ x may n be necess>y to rule ! l9es on two adjac5t areas 9 opposite directions to produce ne$$ di/9ctions4 ,a section l9] or o!r rul+ device %\ld be us$ 9 draw+ l9e patt]ns 9 ord] to produce uni=mly ev5 spac+4 ,! application ( six ( ^! conv5tional patt]ns to a base map is %[n 9 figure #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--,map be>+ six areal l9e patt]ns4 ,,/&>d ,,colors ,,= ,,geologic ,,maps4 ,! /&>d s]ies ( colors = sy/ems ( s$im5t>y rocks is %[n on ! maps 9 ! ,survey's geologic folios b is subject to modifications = use on maps 9 o!r ,survey reports4 ,ea* sy/em is repres5t$ by a diff]5t color1 & if !re are two or m =mations 9 "o sy/em !y are g5]ally di/+ui%$ by us+ diff]5t patt]ns compos$ ( /raight p>allel l9es 9 ! same color4 ,! patt]ns = suba]ial deposits 7*iefly ,quat]n>y7 are compos$ ( dots or circles1 or comb9ations ( bo?1 & may be pr9t$ 9 any color1 b ! color mo/ (t5 us$ is yell[ or o*race\s orange4 ,no specific colors are prescrib$ = igne\s rocks1 b if only a few areas are %[n r$ or p9k is pref]r$4 ,! colors us$ = igne\s rocks are g5]ally m brilliant & pur] ?an ^? us$ = s$im5t>y rocks4 ,= small areas !y are us$ solid2 = l>ge areas !y are r$uc$ 9 tone by ! use ( a suitable cross-l9e patt]n or reticle4 ,metamorphic rocks are repres5t$ by %ort da%es irregul>ly plac$4 ,^! da%es may be 9 black or 9 color ov] a gr\nd t9t or ov] an uncolor$ area1 or !y may be 9 :ite on a gr\nd t9t or patt]n4 ,! /&>d colors us$ = ! s$im5t>y s]ies cov]+ ! #ab sy/ems recogniz$ by ! ,geological ,survey are3 ,quat]n>y 7,q71 o*race\s orange2 ,t]ti>y 7,t71 yell[ o*] & isabella color2 ,cretace\s 7,k71 olive-gre5 or ra9ette-gre52 ,jurassic 7,j71 blue-gre5 or niag>a-gre52 ,triassic 7,,tr71 light peacock-blue or blui% gray-gre52 ,c>bonif]\s 7,c71 blue or columibia-blue2 ,devonian 7,d71 gray-purple or heliotrope-gray2 ,silurian 7,s71 purple or argyle-purple2 ,ordovician 7#j71 r$-purple or rocell9-purple2 ,cambrian 7-,c71 brick-r$ or etruscan r$2 ,algonkian 7,a71 t]ra cotta or onion-sk9 p9k2 ,ar*ean 7,,ar71 gray-br[n or drab4#i ,footnote #i3 ,names pr9t$ 9 italic are f ,color /&>ds & nom5clature1 by ,rob]t ,ridgway4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,enl>gem5t ,,( ,,maps4 ,! foll[+ is ! simple/ & mo/ accurate me?od ( m>k+ ! r$uction or enl>gem5t ( a map to a select$ scale3 ,measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! extreme m]idians along "o ( ! p>allels4 7,see fig4 #aj47 ,conv]t ?is di/ance into miles by multiply+ ! numb] ( degrees x cov]s 7say #c7 by ! numb] ( miles 9 a degree4 ,a degree on ! =ty-?ird p>allel1 = example1 is #ej4ffi miles1#aj :i* multipli$ by #c equals #aeb4jjg miles4 ,!n draw a l9e on ! m>g9 ( ! map1 outside ! bord]1 ! exact l5g? ( ! #c degrees1 & j bel[ ?is l9e draw ano!r l9e repres5t+ ! same numb] ( miles 7#aeb4jjg7 on ! scale to :i* ! map is to be r$uc$ or enl>g$4 ,!n m>k to r$uce or enl>ge ! upp] l9e to ! l[] l9e1 z %[n 9 figure #aj4 ,a long l9e w r$uce error & give great] accuracy ?an a %ort "o1 & !re=e z great a di/ance %\ld be set (f z possible4 ,! numb] ( miles repres5t$ by bo? l9es & ! fractional scale to :i* x is to be r$uc$ %\ld be /at$ on ! draw+1 = p]man5t record4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #fej1 p4 #cg4 #aiaf4 ,maps t w be> r$uction )\t affect+ ! cle>ness ( ! details !y %[ may be r$uc$ to fit ! book 9 :i* !y are to appe>1 reg>dless ( def9ite scale4 ,! r$uction = su* maps is be/ m>k$ 9 fractions1 z #a_/b (f1 #a_/c (f1 #b_/c (f4 ,if ! size ne$$ is n exactly repres5t$ by ^! fractions x %\ld be indicat$ 9 in*es1 z ,r$uce ?is l9e to #g-a_/b in*es1 or ,r$uce to #d-c_/h in*es 9 wid?4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,diagram %[+ me?od ( m>k+ maps = r$uction or enl>gem5t 7= record74 ,,diagrams4 ,9 prep>+ a diagram a draftsman %\ld endeavor to make its p>ts & relations p]fectly cle> to ! read]4 ,he %\ld /udy ! draw+ or mat]ial furni%$ by ! au?or until he fully und]/&s x & %\ld endeavor to reproduce x simply & legibly4 ,any lett]+ t may be ne$$ %\ld g5]ally be 9 pla9 upright or slant+ go?ic type 7see ,pl4 ,,ix71 or x may be 9 roman4 ,a diagram %\ld g5]ally be drawn on bri/ol bo>d or on blue-l9$ section pap] & %\ld be m>k$ = r$uction to ! m9imum size4 ,x %\ld be> no title1 z ! title w be set up 9 type by ! pr9t]4 ,,sections4 ,! sections us$ 9 geologic reports are ( two widely diff]5t k9ds4 ,"o %[s only ! broad] relations ( p>ts2 ! o!r %[s details ( /ructure z well z relations4 ,"o is diagrammatic2 ! o!r is m reali/ic & graphic4 ,! draftsman %\ld prep>e all sections /rictly accord+ to ! copy suppli$ by ! au?or b %\ld use prop] symbols & make a m f9i%$ draw+4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( sections1 mo/ ( !m geologic1 are describ$ on pages #bi-cj1 & ! conv5tions us$ to express li?ologic "* are %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,,viii ,,diagrams ,,& ,,curves4 ,detail$ draw+s ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh entirely conv5tional1 c be s prep>$ z to give a satisfactory expression ( nature4 ,! draftsman %\ld /udy well-prep>$ sections 9 ,geological ,survey reports & %\ld le>n ! details ( fold+ & fault+ f textbooks4 ,he %\ld fir/ asc]ta9 :e!r or n ! v]tical scale 9 ! orig9al section has be5 unduly exagg]at$1 & if s he %\ld conf] ) ! au?or ) a view to r$uc+ ! exagg]ation z mu* z possible4 ,he %\ld submit to ! au?or all que/ions z to d\btful po9ts1 z well z all sugge/ions = improvem5t 9 expression1 be=e he makes any *anges1 & he %\ld make corrections only on ! au?or's approval4 ,a seem+ inaccuracy 9 an au?or's draw+ may be a fai?ful repres5tation ( natural conditions4 ,= example1 a =mation t seems to be omitt$ by inadv]t5ce 9 draw+ may really p9* out at a po9t repres5t$ 9 ! section4 7,see a on fig4 #aa47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,/ructure section %[+ me?od ( det]m9+ ! secession ( folds4 ,p5cil$ l9es correspond+ to ^? %[n by dots 9 figure #aa %\ld be c>efully add$ 9 r$raw+ a r\ghly sket*$ section t %[s complex fold+4 ,an orig9al indef9ite sket* t %[s complicat$ /ructure af=ds opportunities = error 9 prep>+ ! new draw+1 & omissions may be detect$ by foll[+ ! =mations z !y w\ld be cont9u$ above & bel[ ! section1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! figure4 ,,plans ,,& ,,cross ,,sections ,,( ,,m9es4 ,plans ( m9es1 l diagrams1 %\ld n be elaborate1 & _! lett]+ %\ld be pla9 & legible1 yet x %\ld n be s conspicu\s z to obscure o!r details4 ,go?ic lett]s %\ld g5]ally be us$1 b "s plans require diff]5t /yles ( lett]+1 especially = geographic or o!r names t %\ld be coord9ate ) ^? on maps or o!r illu/rations 9 ! book4 ,unless !re are good reasons1 h[ev]1 = v>y+ ! /yles ( lett]+1 pla9 go?ic capitals1 or capitals & l[]-case lett]s1 ei!r upright or slant+1 %\ld be us$4 ,abbreviations = ! numb]s ( levels %\ld g5]ally be giv5 ?us3 #c;d level1 #f? level1 #bjj-;foot level1 etc41 or ! %ort] t]ms may be spell$ out1 z ?ird level1 six? level4 ,! same g5]al s*eme ( lett]+ %\ld be us$ on all plans & cross sections t are to appe> 9 "o publication or 9 "o s]ies ( simil> pap]s4 ,! r$uction ( su* draw+s to ! m9imum scale consi/5t ) cle>ness is always advisable4 ,,draw+s ,,( ,,specim5s ,,( ,,rocks ,,& ,,fossils4 ,,me?ods ,,us$4 ,draw+s ( specim5s or o!r objects 7 once made ) bru% & p5cil or ) p5 & ink1 by means ( measurem5ts tak5 ) divid]s or by view+ ! specim5 ?r\gh a cam]a lucida4 ,ea* ( ^! me?ods is /ill us$1 b by us+ ! cam]a lucida 9 sket*+3 ! outl9es & details m accurate proportions & relations c be produc$1 :e!r ! object is to be enl>g$ or r$uc$1 ?an by any o!r means except photography4 ,,bru% ,,& ,,p5cil ,,draw+s4 ,9 all draw+s or photographs ( specim5s1 except photomicrographs ( ?9 sections1 ! light %\ld appe> to come f ! upp] left qu>t]4 ,a disreg>d ( ! well-e/abli%$ rule t ! direction ( illum9ation %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t a s]ies ( draw+s w\ld cause confusion or unc]ta9ty 9 ! int]pretation ( ! relief %[n 9 !m4 ,reynolds's ?ree-ply & f\r-ply bri/ol bo>d af=ds a satisfactory surface = bru% & p5cil draw+s4 ,its surface is smoo? & h>d &1 be+ free f coat+ ( any k9d1 p]mits satisfactory erasures )\t great injury2 its color is pure :its2 & x is durable4 ,boss's relief h&-/ipple pap] is also well adapt$ to _m k9ds ( bru% draw+s z well z to its prim>y use = produc+ /ippl$ effects4 ,v delicate gradations ( color or light & %ade c be produc$ on its surface ) bru% & lampblack or ) india ink1 & high lights c be made by scrap+ (f ! *alky surface4 ,! draftsman :o is prep>+ bru% & p5cil draw+s %\ld h fir/ ( all a k ( ! pr9ciples ( light & %ade1 ( reflect$ light1 & 7= draw+ specim5s7 ( %ad[ p]spective4 ,he %\ld also h delicacy ( t\* & ability to see & int]pret =m & to reproduce ! s(t bl5d+ ( light & %ade %[n 9 a good photograph4 ,he %\ld be provid$ ) p5cils equal 9 quality to ! ,koh-i-noor ,b1 ,f1 #d;,h1 & #f;,h2 ! be/ quality ( r$ sable bru%es ( ! sizes ( ,w9sor ,newton's ,nos4 #c1 #d1 & #f2 ! be/ quality ( /ick india ink2 a cake or pan ( lampblack2 & a porcela9 sauc] or slab4 ,9 draw+s ( fossils & ( "s o!r specim5s a comb9ation ( p5cil & bru% "w produces satisfactory results & t5ds to increase spe$4 ,! gloss produc$ by p5cil+1 h[ev]1 is objectionable & %\ld be obviat$ by a prepond]ance ( bru% "w4 ,/ick ,india ink is ! be/ pigm5t to use 9 delicate wa% draw+s1 & lampblack is pref]able = l>ge "w on :i* ! s(t] tones ( ! %ad+ are n s important & = draw+s t are to be consid]ably r$uc$ :5 engrav$4 ,g\a*e 7an opaque mixture ( ,*9ese :ite & lampblack7 may also be us$1 b x is be/ suit$ = l>ge "w4 ,9 mak+ corrections on bru% draw+s ! p>ts to be correct$ %\ld be c>efully wa%$ out ) a small %ort-cropp$ bru% & wat] & /ill fur!r clean$ by us+ a rubb] eras] ov] an eras+ %ield or an op5+ cut 9 a piece ( celluloid4 ,erasures %\ld n be made on delicate "w ) a knife or a s& rubb]1 z ei!r w injure ! surface & affect reproduction4 ,9 measur+ a specim5 ) divid]s ! draftsman %\ld be c>eful n to injure ! specim5 or to puncture ! pap] on :i* he is prep>+ ! draw+4 ,,p5 ,,draw+s4 ,a draftsman :o is prep>+ draw+s ( specim5s ) p5 & ink %\ld h a good assortm5t ( p5s equal to ,gillott's ,nos4 #bia1 #bij1 & #agj1 liquid wat]pro( ink equal to t manufactur$ by ,higg9s1 good p5cils1 h>d & s(t rubb] erasures1 pla9 divid]s1 & ,reynolds's bri/ol bo>d4 ,a glass eras] is also useful4 ,good p5 draw+s ( specim5s are mu* m difficult to make ?an bru% draw+s4 ,!y c be prep>$ only by a draftsman :o has _h "s arti/ic tra9+ & exp]i5ce 9 p5 "w4 ,few draftsm5 c prep>e p5 draw+s t fai?fully repres5t bo? ! detail & ! texture ( specim5s2 ! %ad+ on _m su* draw+s confuses & de/roys bo? detail & texture4 ,! p5cil sket* ov] :i* a p5 draw+ ( a specim5 %\ld be made mu/ be prep>$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! sket* = a bru% draw+1 ?\gh ! outl9es ne$ n be s delicate4 ,?is sket* is g5]ally made on bri/ol bo>d4 ,! p5 "w %\ld beg9 ) ! outl9es & %\ld !n be c>ri$ to ! details1 & f9ally to ! %ad+1 :e!r 9 l9es or /ipple4 ,! texture ( a specim5 is ! be/ key to ! prop] %ad+4 ,if ! specim5 is decid$ly granul>1 /ippl+ is appropriate2 if x is smoo? or poli%$1 f9ely drawn p>allel l9es1 v>i$ 9 spac+ & "* accord+ to dep? ( %ade & texture1 are pref]able4 ,erasures c be made ) a h>d-rubb] eras]1 o!r p>ts be+ protect$ by a %ield1 or ) a v %>p knife or a glass eras]1 & ! p>ts eras$ c be resurfac$ ) an agate burni%]4 ,,ret\*+ ,,photographs ,,( ,,specim5s4 ,photographs ( specim5s1 p>ticul>ly fossils t h be5 coat$ to de/roy local color1 %\ld be pr9t$ on velox pap]1 9 a tone some:at light] ?an t ( ord9>y photographs4 ,! details & relief %\ld1 h[ev]1 be /rong en\gh to enable ! draftsman to see !m cle>ly1 s t by ret\*+ !m & /r5g!n+ ! %ad[s & high lights he c make !m suffici5tly /rong = reproduction4 ,?is he c d by a comb9ation ( p5cil & bru% "w1 ! p5cil be+ us$ sp>+ly because ! gloss produc$ by ! graphite is likely to affect reproduction4 ,a ,no4 #c ,w9sor ,newton's r$ sable bru% & lampblack are pref]able = ! great] "p ( ?is "w1 & a #d;,h & a #f;,h p5cil = ! f9e details & z a possible aid 9 produc+ ! f9] gradations ( %ad+4 ,! details %\ld be ret\*$ or /r5g!n$ "u a read+ glass to insure accuracy2 ! broad] effects c be be/ produc$ )\t ! aid ( a magnifi]4 ,erasures on photographs ( specim5s %\ld be made v c>efully ) a h>d rubb] t is free f s&1 & ! p>ts n to be di/urb$ %\ld be protect$ ) a %ield4 ,high lights may be add$ by c>efully scrap+ or rubb+ ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,,l&scape ,,draw+s ,,f ,,poor ,,photographs4 ,a poor photograph or "o t has become injur$ & c n be ret\*$ = direct reproduction c be utiliz$ by mak+ f x1 z describ$ bel[1 a p5 draw+ or a bru% or crayon draw+1 :i* w be almo/ photographically correct4 ,,p5 ,,draw+s ,,made ,,ov] ,,photographs4 ,a p5 & ink draw+ may be made ov] a blue pr9t or a bromide pr9t 7pref]ably a blue pr9t7 & ! photographic image !n blea*$ out4 ,! blue pr9t %\ld be l>g] ?an publication size & %\ld n be s d>k t ! draftsman c n see 8 l9es4 ,if ! negative is available a bromide enl>gem5t c be obta9$2 o!rwise ! picture %\ld be rephotograph$ 9 l>g] size1 pref]ably twice publication size4 ,! enl>gem5t w give ! draftsman great] fre$om 9 draw+ details & w make 8 "w appe> f9] & bett] 9 ! r$uc$ illu/ration4 ,if ! photographic pr9t is ( a subject requir+ ! use ( in/rum5ts x %\ld be securely fa/5$ to a draw+ bo>d1 squ>e ) ! bo>d1 s t any horizontal & v]tical l9es 9 x may be rul$ by ! use ( a ,t squ>e & triangle4 ,= specim5 or l&scape "w x ne$ n be fa/5$4 ,= blea*+ blue pr9ts a saturat$ solution ( oxalate ( potassium 7,k#b;,c#b,o#d ,h#b,o7 has be5 us$ ) good results4 ,= blea*+ bromide pr9ts cyanide ( potassium 7,,kcn7 to :i* a few drops or flakes ( iod9e h be5 add$ %\ld be us$4 ,nei!r k9d ( pr9t %\ld be blea*$ until ! draw+ has be5 completely f9i%$ 9 e detail1 because blea*+ loos5s ! fib]s ( ! pap]1 s t ! ink ( any add$ l9es is likely to spread4 ,! pr9t %\ld be plac$ 9 a h>d-rubb] pan1 ! blea*+ solution p\r$ on x1 & ! pan rock$ until ! image disappe>s4 ,! pr9t %\ld !n be c>efully remov$1 ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 runn+ wat]1 plac$ betwe5 clean :ite blott]s to dry1 & f9ally m\nt$ on c>dbo>d4 ,= tempor>y1 hurri$ "w on draw+s t are n to be reta9$ = future use ! blue pr9t may be m\nt$ fir/ & blea*$ by p\r+ ! blea*+ fluid ov] ! m\nt$ pr9t4 ,,bru% ,,draw+s ,,f ,,poor ,,photographs4 ,bru% draw+s may be made directly f photographs by work+ ov] an enl>g$ pr9t ) g\a*e1 or by mak+ a p5cil trac+ & sket* ( ! photograph & work+ x up ) lampblack or india ink4 ,! photograph %\ld be l>g] ?an publication size to p]mit great] fre$om & bread? 9 draw+ details4 ,! l>g] size w also af=d a m ref9$ & bett] engrav+ :5 r$uc$4 ,if lampblack or india ink is us$ & ! subject is small1 bri/ol bo>d is recomm5d$1 b if ! photograph is l>g] ?an1 say1 #h by #aj in*es1 ,:atman's hot-press$ d\ble elephant or simil> pap]1 laid d[n ) ?umb tacks1 w prove satisfactory4 ,if g\a*e is us$ ov] a pr9t a prelim9>y draw+ is ( c\rse unnecess>y1 b ! photograph %\ld be an unglaz$ pr9t ( a size t w require consid]able r$uction1 & ! f9i%$ draw+ %\ld be protect$ by an ov]%eet4 ,if lampblack or india ink & n g\a*e is us$ ! photograph %\ld be trac$ & a fairly complete p5cil sket* %\ld be made be=e ! bru% is us$4 ,plates ,i1 ,,iv1 ,a1 ,v1 ,b1 & ,,vii1 ,b1 ,monograph #cd1 7 made f g\a*e draw+s4 ,plates ,,iii1 ,a1 ,,vii1 ,a1 ,x1 ,,xi1 ,,xii1 ,,xiii1 ,,xx1 ,,xxviii1 & ,,xxx1 9 ! same publication1 7 made f lampblack or india-ink wa% draw+s4 ,! orig9als c be exam9$ at any "t4 ,,outdoor ,,sket*es4 ,! art ( sket*+ f nature is "o 9 :i* few b pr(essional arti/s excel4 ,n _m geologi/s are able to make sket*es f nature t are suitable = direct reproduction4 ,an arti/ic draftsman %\ld be able to r$raw ! geologi/'s sket*es1 h[ev]1 9 _! true p]spective & relations1 ) ! skill necess>y to make !m satisfactory illu/rations4 ,9 mo/ crude outdoor sket*es ! important features are usually %[n ) suffici5t cle>ness to foll[4 ,if !y are n ! draftsman %\ld asc]ta9 :at ^? features are & prep>e ! new draw+ 9 su* a way z to display !m prop]ly4 ,! new draw+ %\ld be made ) p5 & ink1 g5]ally = r$uction to a text figure1 :i* is ! mo/ appropriate =m = su* an illu/ration4 ,9 all sket*es ( ?is k9d ! l9es %\ld be drawn 9 su* a way z to produce natural effects & at ! same "t to make good pr9t+ plates4 ,good examples ( p5 & ink sket*es ( ?is class c be f\nd 9 ,monograph #cd1 already ref]r$ to1 & 9 ! ,sev5? ,annual ,report1 especially ,plates ,,xxviii & ,,xxxviii2 ,n9? ,annual ,report1 ,plates ,,xliii & ,,xliv2 ,t5? ,annual ,report1 ,plates ,,xiv & ,,xix & figure #eh2 ,elev5? ,annual ,report1 ,plates ,,xv1 ,,xxvii1 ,,xxxv1 ,,lii1 & ,,liv & figures #ah1 #cj1 #ca1 #fg1 #ih1 & #ii4 ,,draw+s ,,( ,,cry/als4 ,a cry/al %\ld g5]ally be drawn 9 outl9e ) /raight l9es4 ,! invisible re> side ( a cry/al1 if %[n1 %\ld be repres5t$ by da%$ l9es4 ,! out] b\nd>y l9e ( a cry/al %\ld be slightly heavi] ?an ! inside l9es1 :i* %\ld all be ( ! same weight4 ,/riations %\ld be %[n by /raight l9es2 brok5 or unev5 surfaces by irregul> l9es4 ,a tw9n+ l9e1 if an int]section edge1 %\ld be solid2 if n an int]section edge x %\ld be brok5 into da%es4 ,italic1 ,greek1 ,g]man1 & ,old ,engli% lett]s are us$ to m>k cry/al faces4 ,all faces ( a giv5 =m %\ld be m>k$ by ! same lett] b may be diff]5tiat$1 if necess>y1 by primes or num]als1 ?us3 m1 m'1 m''1 m'''1 m'v4 ,lead]s %\ld be %ort full l9es1 or1 if ^! are likely to be confus+1 !y %\ld be da%es4 ,numb]s may be us$ 9 place ( lett]s = specific purposes4 ,lett]s indicat+ tw9 faces are und]scor$2 a second tw9 is d\bly und]scor$ or ov]scor$1 ?us3 m1 m1 m4 ,tw9 units may be diff]5tiat$ by ! use ( roman num]als4 ,,ret\*+ ,,photographs4 ,an au?or1 ( c\rse1 selects 8 photographs to illu/rate "s special features2 he does n always consid] _! fitness = reproduction4 ,photographs t are blurr$ or out ( focus1 ^? 9 :i* ! %ad[s are too black or lack transp>5cy1 & ^? :i* h local defects1 su* z bad skies or spots1 mu/ be work$ ov] to make !m suitable = reproduction4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ^! defects & produce natural results ! draftsman do+ "w ( ?is sort %\ld be able to see & int]pret nature prop]ly & to supply natural effects 9 a mann] correspond+ ) ^? produc$ photographically4 ,he %\ld be suffici5tly exp]t ) ! bru% & p5cil & 9 h&l+ an air bru% to duplicate ! delicate & s(t tones 9 ! photograph1 & he %\ld "k h[ ! pigm5ts he uses w take :5 ! subject is reproduc$4 ,! ret\*] %\ld h access to an air bru% & %\ld provide himself ) a j> ( photo :ite or blanc d'arg5t & a color box conta9+ indian r$1 crimson lake1 yell[ o*]1 lampblack1 & ultram>9e--colors ) :i* he c duplicate ^? %[n 9 any photograph4 ,he %\ld also h ! be/ grade ( r$ sable bru%es1 rang+ 9 size f ,no4 #c to ,no4 #h1 a /ack ( porcela9 sauc]s1 & a j> ( oxgall4 ,by mix+ ! colors to mat* exactly ! %ades ( a photograph & us+ a r$ sable bru% he c /r5g!n details1 spot out flaws1 & remove imp]fections1 except ^? 9 skies or o!r l>ge1 flat areas1 = :i* he mu/ use an air bru%4 ,! air bru% has become a necess>y adjunct to a ret\*]'s outfit4 ,smoo?1 ev5 gradations ( flat tones c n be successfully appli$ to photographs )\t x1 & x is !re=e indisp5sable1 especially = ret\*+ skies & cov]+ o!r l>ge areas4 ,be=e ret\*+ a photograph ! draftsman %\ld mix 9 a sauc] a t9t t w mat* ! color ( ! "p t is to be ret\*$ & %\ld try ?is t9t & note its effect aft] x has dri$ & *ange x1 if necess>y1 until x mat*es ! color exactly4 ,if he is to ret\* a numb] ( photographs t h ! same local color he may ) advantage make up en\gh ( ! t9t = ! entire lot1 ?or\ghly mix+ x & see+ t x is n too ?94 ,9 mak+ ?is t9t he %\ld use only pigm5ts ( ! be/ grade1 & if he f9ds t ! ,*9ese or o!r :ite he is us+ does n photograph well1 or t x does n hold its color1 he %\ld disc>d x at once & use ano!r br&4 ,photographs t are to be ret\*$ %\ld be l>ge en\gh to p]mit suffici5t r$uction to s(t5 ! effects ( ret\*+4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate ! l9es ( junction betwe5 two or m photographs t are jo9$ toge!r to =m a panorama "s adju/m5t or fitt+ ( details by ret\*+ is g5]ally requir$ be=e ! gr\p is rephotograph$ to obta9 a new pr9t ( ! :ole on "o piece ( pap]4 ,z x is (t5 desirable to increase ! wid? ( su* an illu/ration ! photograph] %\ld be in/ruct$ to pr9t ! photograph on a /rip ( pap] t is wid] ?an ! negative1 s t1 if necess>y1 ! ret\*+ may be c>ri$ above or bel[ ! new pr9t to add dep? to ! illu/ration4 ,panoramas may also be drawn f photographs ) ei!r p5 or bru% 9 ! mann] describ$ on pages #fh-fi4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,processes ,,( ,,reproduc+ ,,illu/rations4 ,,me?ods ,,employ$4 ,! prelim9>y "w 9 produc+ illu/rations includes ! prep>ation1 f orig9als submitt$ by au?ors1 ( draw+s & o!r k9ds ( copy 9 su* a way t ! copy c be reproduc$ 9 multiple by pr9t+4 ,sev]al processes are us$ = prep>+ plates = pr9t+ illu/rations1 & ea* has its peculi> features ( excell5ce4 ,"o process may r5d] f9e details ) facility b may fail 9 uni=mity 9 l>ge editions2 ano!r may be *eap & effective on ! :ole b may n reproduce f9e details2 & /ill ano!r may give f9e color or tone effects b may be too exp5sive4 ,!re=e a k ( ! v>i$ uses & results & ( ! co/ ( ! sev]al processes ( reproduction &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! k9ds ( orig9als t are be/ suit$ = reproduction by any "o ( ! processes is ess5tial to effectiv5ess & economy 9 plann+1 prep>+1 & reproduc+ an illu/ration4 ,! foll[+ cond5s$ descriptions ( processes are int5d$ ma9ly to aid 9 det]m9+ ! k9d ( copy t is appropriate = ea* process & ! k9d & quality ( reproduction to be expect$1 s t only ! pr9cipal op]ations or /ages 9 ea* process are describ$4 ,wood engrav+1 :i* 0 us$ 9 mak+ pr9t+ plates = _m ( ! illu/rations 9 ! e>ly publications ( ! ,geological ,survey1 is describ$ "h only to comp>e t labori\s & indirect me?od ( engrav+ cuts ) ! m mod]n k9ds ( relief engrav+4 ,9 #ahib x gave way to photo-engrav+4 ,,photo-,,engrav+4 ,,g5]al ,,features ,! t]m photo-engrav+ is appli$ to processes by :i* a black & :ite l9e draw+1 photograph1 or l orig9al is reproduc$ 9 relief on a metal plate f :i* pr9ts may be made on an ord9>y pr9t+ press1 9 di/9ction f processes t pr9t f flat or relatively flat surfaces1 su* z ! li?ographic & photogelat9 processes4 ,! photo-engrav+ processes t are mo/ g5]ally us$ are ^? call$ z9c et*+ & half-tone engrav+4 ,^! processes dep5d on ! discov]y t gelat9 or simil> organic mat]ial1 if treat$ ) potassium or ammonium bi*romate & expos$ to ! action ( light1 is made insoluble 9 wat]4 ,if a metal plate coat$ ) bi*romatiz$ gelat9 or album5 is expos$ to light "u a negative ! p>ts act$ ^u by light become insoluble & ^? n act$ ^u rema9 un*ang$ & may be wa%$ away s z to expose ! metal1 :i* is !n et*$ ) acid 9 ord] to give relief to ! unexpos$ p>ts & make ( !m a pr9t+ surface4 ,,z9c ,,et*+4 ,z9c et*+ is adapt$ to ! direct reproduction ( a p5 & ink draw+ compos$ ( l9es1 dots1 or solid black areas4 ,on ! f9i%$ metal plate ^! l9es1 dots1 & solid areas =m ! pr9t+ surface1 & ! spaces betwe5 !m1 :i* h be5 et*$ away1 repres5t ! :ite or blank p>ts ( ! picture4 ,! process is *eap & is almo/ univ]sally us$ = reproduc+ small draw+s design$ = text illu/rations4 ,x is also well adapt$ to ! reproduction ( maps & diagrams measur+ 9 pr9t n m ?an ab\t #aj by #ad in*es4 ,"o ( ! *ief advantages ( ?is & ( all o!r direct 7photographic7 processes ( engrav+ is t !y reproduce a draw+ 9 facsimile1 :]eas ! p]sonal equation mu/ ent] into all engrav+s made by an indirect me?od--t is1 by h&--su* z wood engrav+1 wax engrav+1 & engrav+ on /one or copp]1 :i* make x necess>y to comp>e e detail ( ! pro( ) e detail ( ! draw+ be=e ! engrav+ c be approv$4 ,! p5 draw+ to be reproduc$1 :i* %\ld pref]ably be consid]ably l>g] ?an ! complet$ engrav+1 is fir/ photograph$ to ! prop] size or scale on an ord9>y negative film4 ,! film is !n /ripp$ f ! negative & rev]s$ 9 ord] t ! et*$ plate may pr9t ! design z 9 ! orig9al & t ! film may be gr\p$ ) o!r films on "o l>ge glass & all pr9t$ at ! same "t4 ,! negative 7:e!r a s+le film or sev]al7 is !n plac$ 9 a specially con/ruct$ pr9t+ frame 9 contact "u pressure ) a s5sitiz$ z9c plate & expos$ to light4 ,aft] ! z9c plate has be5 remov$ f ! pr9t+ frame 79 ! d>k room7 ! plate is roll$ ) pr9t]'s transf] ink1 :i* resi/s acid1 & plac$ 9 a %all[ tray conta9+ wat]1 9 :i* x is rock$ = sev]al m9utes1 & !n tak5 out & rubb$ g5tly ) cotton4 ,! p>ts ( ! coat+ ( ! plate t 7 act$ on by light h become insoluble & w !re=e be unaffect$ by ! wat]1 b ! p>ts ( ! coat+ n act$ on by light & !re=e n h>d5$ w be remov$ by ! wa%+1 :i* w expose ! metal & leave ! p>ts act$ on by light--! picture--9 black l9es1 dots1 etc4 ,! plate is !n du/$ ) topp+ p[d]1 a res9\s sub/ance :i* adh]es only to ! p>ts c>ry+ ! ink4 ,! plate is !n heat$ s t ! res9 & ! ink t rema9 fuse toge!r & =m1 :5 cool$1 a resi/ant surface :i* w n be affect$ by ! acid to be us$ lat] 9 et*+ ! unprotect$ p>ts ( ! plate4 ,! plate is n[ ready = a prelim9>y et*+ 9 a fluid consi/+ ( wat] & a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,x is plac$ 9 a tray1 rock$ g5tly = a %ort "t1 & !n remov$1 wa%$ well 9 runn+ wat]1 dra9$1 & dri$ ) g5tle heat4 ,dragon's blood1 a res9\s p[d] t resi/s ! action ( acid1 is next appli$ to ! plate1 9 ord] to protect ! sides ( ! l9es & ! dots f ! acid1 & ! plate is !n heat$ j suffici5tly to melt ! p[d] & units x ) ! ink4 ,a small quantity ( nitric acid is n[ add$ to ! et*+ ba?1 & ! plate is subject$ to its fir/ ?or\gh bit+ or et*+4 ,x is !n remov$ f ! ba?1 wa%$ "u a tap1 c>efully wip$ ) a damp rag1 & dri$ ) g5tle heat4 ,! plate is ?us treat$ ?ree or m times until x is et*$ deep en\gh to insure satisfactory pr9t+1 & x is !n ready = f9i%+1 :i* consi/s ( deep5+ ! l>g] op5 spaces betwe5 ! l9es ) a r\t+ ma*9e & ( cutt+ away ) h& grav]s l9es t are improp]ly connect$ or t are s close toge!r t !y w n pr9t sep>ately4 ,! r\t+ ma*9e is provid$ ) a cutt+ tool m\nt$ on a revolv+ sp9dle t projects d[nw>d into ! engrav$ plate1 :i* is securely fa/5$4 ,! movem5t ( ! arm t holds ! cutt] is univ]sal & c be controll$ ) great precision4 ,! plate is !n prov$ t is1 a pro( is tak5 f x on pap] & if ! pro( is satisfactory ! plate is nail$ to a block ( wood on :i* x w be type high 7#j4iah in*71 = pr9t+4 ,mo/ draw+s = z9c et*+ are made ) a p5 9 black ink & consi/ ( l9es1 dots1 or masses ( black1 b draw+s may also be prep>$ by us+ "s m$ium t w produce a f9e /ipple1 su* z a black crayon on r\gh pap] or ,ross's /ipple pap]4 7,see p4 #bd47 ,! draw+ %\ld be "o & "o-half to two or ?ree times z l>ge z ! pr9t$ illu/ration1 = x is impossible to obta9 a satisfactory reproduction ( a p5 & ink draw+ )\t "s r$uction4 ,if ! draw+ has n be5 r$uc$ ! l9es appe> heavi] 9 ! reproduction ?an 9 ! draw+1 & imp]fections ?us become m noticeable2 if x has be5 prop]ly r$uc$1 imp]fections are dim9i%$ & ! l9es & dots become ?9n] & f9] ?an ^? 9 ! draw+4 ,9 mak+ a draw+ t is to be r$uc$ ! draftsman c also space 8 l9es f>!r ap>t & "w out 8 details m easily4 ,an au?or %\ld c>efully exam9e & approve ! f9i%$ draw+s1 :i* c1 ( c\rse1 be greatly alt]$1 if necess>y1 be=e !y are engrav$2 b simil> corrections c n be made on pro( %eets ( z9c cuts1 :i* %\ld n be m>k$ = alt]ations except by elim9at+ p>ts4 ,m9or *anges c be made 9 su* a cut by an exp]t f9i%]1 b if ! cut is small x is g5]ally *eap] to correct ! draw+ & h a new cut made4 ,z9c et*+s co/ ab\t #aj to #be c5ts a squ>e in*1 ! co/ be+ v>i$ accord+ to a /&>d scale :i* is bas$ ^u ! asc]ta9$ co/ ( reproduction4 ,! m9imum *>ge = a s+le cut is #b4 ,,copp] ,,et*+ ,,9 ,,relief4 ,copp] et*+1 :i* produces a l9e cut 9 relief1 requires ! same k9d ( copy t is mo/ (t5 m>k$ = z9c et*+ & is us$ to obta9 deep] et*+ & a m p]man5t cut4 ,x is said to produce bett] pr9t+ plates ?an ^? et*$ on z9c & is us$ l>gely = reproduc+ script lett]+ & o!r f9e "w4 ,z copp] plates w hold up long] 9 pr9t+ ?an z9c1 a cut et*$ on copp] may n ne$ to be electrotyp$4 ,! *emical "p ( ! process is practically ! same z t employ$ = et*+ half-tone plates1 describ$ "u ! next head+4 ,! co/ ( et*+ on copp] is consid]ably great] ?an ! co/ ( et*+ on z9c4 ,?is process is n (t5 us$ 9 reproduc+ illu/rations = publications ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,,half-,,tone ,,engrav+4 ,! half-tone process is1 9 "n at lea/1 famili> to almo/ ev]yone :o has _h any connection ) ! mak+ ( books1 :e!r z au?or1 editor1 illu/rator1 or pr9t]4 ,! inv5tion ( a photome*anical process ( reproduc+ a l9e draw+ to make a metal plate t c\ld be pr9t$ along ) type on an ord9>y pr9t+ press naturally l$ to attempts to reproduce simil>ly a photograph4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! int]m$iate %ades betwe5 :ite & black 9 a photograph--! half tones--c be reproduc$ on an ord9>y pr9t+ press only by break+ !m up into dots or l9es t w =m a good pr9t+ surface & t by _! v>iation 9 size or d5sity w give = ea* %ade ! effect ( a uni=m tone4 ,9 ! half-tone process ?is effect is produc$ by photograph+ ! picture or object ?r\gh a scre54 ,! half-tone scre5 consi/s ( two plates ( glass1 on ea* ( :i* l9es runn+ g5]ally at an angle ( #de to ! sides ( ! plate h be5 engrav$1 cem5t$ toge!r s t ! l9es cross at "r angles4 ,! l9es1 :i* are m9ute grooves fill$ ) an opaque black pigm5t1 ?us appe> z a s]ies ( black cross$ l9es on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! scre5 is plac$ 9 ! cam]a 9 front ( ! negative4 ,scre5s are made t %[ f #fj l9es to an in* = ! co>s] newspap] illu/rations to #bej l9es or m to ! in* = f9e book "w4 ,! scre5s us$ = magaz9e illu/rations g5]ally %[ #abj to #aej l9es4 ,^? us$ = ,survey publications %[ #aej to #age l9es1 & = reproduc+ delicate draw+s & photographs ( fossils scre5s be>+ #bjj l9es to ! in* are sometimes specifi$2 b ^! f9] scre5s require ! use ( highly sup]-coat$ pap]s1 "s ( !m made ( *eap fib] & n kn[n to be p]man5t4 ,= a half tone t is to be pr9t$ 9 ! text a #ajj-l9e or a #abj-l9e scre5 is specifi$4 7,see ,pl4 ,,vi1 p4 #ef47 ,! me?od ( et*+ a half-tone plate does n diff] greatly f t us$ 9 z9c et*+1 & !re are sev]al k9ds ( half-tone plates1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m are et*$ on copp]1 n on z9c1 ^? et*$ on z9c be+ us$ pr9cipally = newspap] illu/rations4 ,! half-tone scre5 is us$ also 9 o!r processes to obta9 a negative4 ,:5 a half-tone negative hag be5 made ! film is /ripp$ f ! glass plate & rev]s$1 z 9 ! z9c-et*+ process1 ?\gh "s half-tone engrav]s use a mirror box or prism by :i* ! picture is s dispos$ on ! negative t x does n ne$ /ripp+ & rev]s+4 ,a p]fectly flat1 clean1 & highly poli%$ copp] plate1 g5]ally l>ge en\gh to accommodate sev]al su* films1 is !n coat$ ) a s5sitive film accord+ to "o ( sev]al =mulas1 all bas$ on ! fact t gelat9 or "s simil> body1 if s5sitiz$ ) c]ta9 *romic salts1 becomes h>d5$ & insoluble 9 wat] on exposure to light4 ,?is plate is !n plac$ 9 ! pr9t+ frame 9 contact1 "u pressure1 ) ! glass negative plate & is expos$ to light 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! copp] plate is !n remov$ f ! frame 9 ! d>k room & made ready = et*+4 ,= et*+ half-tone plates on copp] a saturat$ solution ( p]*loride ( iron is us$ in/ead ( ! solution ( nitric acid us$ = z9c et*+4 ,! "t ( et*+ ranges f ab\t #e to #ae m9utes1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,"o et*+ is g5]ally suffici5t1 b x may be necess>y to give ! plate ano!r bit+ if x has n be5 et*$ deep en\gh1 or to re-et* x 9 ord] to /r5g!n contra/s4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! sky 9 a half-tone plate %[s too d>k or is unev5 9 t9t x c be made light] or m ev5 by re-et*+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if c]ta9 features on a plate are too light !y c be d>k5$ by burni%+--rubb+ ! surface ) a highly poli%$ /eel burni%] "u j suffici5t pressure to flatt5 slightly ! f9e po9ts t =m ! pr9t+ surface ( ! plate4 ,:5 ! plate leaves ! h&s ( ! et*] x is turn$ ov] to ! f9i%]1 :o ) a grav] removes spots or any o!r imp]fections t may appe> on x4 ,sometimes a r\lette is us$ to light5 p>ts1 & o!r tools are us$ = special purposes4 ,aft] a plate t %[s two or m pictures has be5 et*$ & f9i%$ x is divid$ by saw+ !m ap>t4 ,ea* "o is !n put into a bevel+ ma*9e1 :]e its edges are trimm$ & ! usual bord] is made1 if x is desir$4 ,! sep>ate plates are !n ready to be prov$ & m\nt$ on blocks ( wood :i* make !m type high1 ready = pr9t+4 ,! half-tone process is us$ almo/ exclusively = reproduc+ photographs & wa% draw+s1 ?\gh x w produce a facsimile ( any k9d ( copy1 su* z impressions f type1 old manuscripts1 or typewrit+1 b a %ade compos$ ( m9ute black dots w appe> ov] ! entire pr9t & !re w be no absolutely :its areas unless !y are produc$ by r\t+ ! plate or cutt+ out ! high lights4 7,see p4 #gd47 ,! reproduction ( an ord9>y outdoor photograph requires v little h&work1 except = re-et*+1 burni%+1 & cutt+ ! bord]s4 ,9 ! reproduction ( copy t is made up ( sep>ate p>ts1 su* z gr\ps ( photographs ( specim5s t are to appe> on a :ite gr\nd1 ! half-tone t9t--or m prop]ly %ade--betwe5 & ar\nd ! sev]al figures mu/ be remov$ & numb]s mu/ be add$4 ,?is op]ation requires two negatives--"o half tone & "o l9e--& produces :at is call$ a comb9ation plate4 ,!re=e ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( mak+ a half-tone cut f a s+le photograph ( a l&scape & f a cut made f copy ( ! same size consi/+ ( a numb] ( small photographs or draw+s1 to :i* numb]s or lett]s are add$1 is consid]able 7ab\t #ej p] c5t great]7 & dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( additional "w involv$4 ,r\t+1 :5 ne$$1 mu/ be done ) extreme c>e le/ ! edges ( a figure be m>r$1 & ?is "w requires skill t c be ga9$ only by exp]i5ce4 ,copy = ! half-tone process %\ld be z ne>ly p]fect z possible4 ,only ! be/ photographs %\ld be select$4 ,pr9ts on semimat velox & glossy haloid pap]s are reg>d$ z ! be/ photographic copy = reproduction4 ,e "p ( ! photograph or draw+ %\ld be absolutely clean4 ,if any "p t %\ld be pure :ite becomes soil$ or /a9$ ! defects w be reproduc$4 ,if a photograph ne$s ret\*+ x %\ld be ret\*$ ) great c>e & j suffici5tly to correct defects & to br+ out or /r5g!n ! important details4 ,9 _m photographs ! skies may be muddy or unev5 9 tone1 & ?is defect c be correct$ by ! use ( an air bru%1 ! only m$ium t w produce an almo/ ev5 tone4 ,z already /at$1 half-tone plates c be improv$ by re-et*+ & tool+1 b tool+ t5ds to de/roy ! effects ( nature & produces an artificial appe>ance 9 ! pr9t4 ,"o :o is prep>+ wa% draw+s = reproduction by ! half-tone process %\ld rememb] t bru% m>ks & o!r inequalities ( tone w be reproduc$ ) z mu* fidelity z o!r details4 ,su* draw+s %\ld !re=e be made two or ?ree times l>g] ?an ! engrav$ cut 9 ord] to subdue all unnatural effects & to s(t5 ! g5]al tones4 ,l9e draw+s are n g5]ally suitable copy = ! half-tone process1 b x is occasionally desirable to use t process in/ead ( z9c et*+ = reproduc+ a l9e draw+ t has be5 inexp]tly prep>$ if ! co/ ( r$raw+ w\ld m ?an (fset ! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 z9c et*+ & ! m exp5sive half-tone process4 ,9 reproduc+ a p5 draw+ by half tone ! l9es become s(t5$ & repres5t ! details & %ad+ only2 b ! p5 draw+ may be fur!r develop$ by bru% "w4 ,examples ( ?is type ( reproduction are ,plates ,v1 ,a1 ,,vi1 ,a1 & ,,xv1 figure #aj1 & o!r illu/rations 9 ,survey ,monograph #cd4 ,vignett+1 :i* consi/s ( a skillful grad+ (f ( ! edges ( a picture1 z well z ext5sive tool+ or h& engrav+1 is (t5 employ$ = arti/ic effect b %\ld be specifi$ only = exceptional illu/rations4 ,! plates made = ! ,survey are ei!r squ>e trimm$ or ! gr\nd t9t is entirely omitt$ or r\t$ away2 !y are n usually tool$ or vignett$4 ,half-tone cuts et*$ on copp] co/ #bj to #fj c5ts a squ>e in*1 ! co/ be+ v>i$ accord+ to a /&>d scale bas$ on ! asc]ta9$ co/ ( reproduction4 ,^? t require a scre5 f9] ?an #aej l9es co/ #be p] c5t additional4 ,! m9imum *>ge = a s+le cut is #c4 ,half tones et*$ on z9c 7#ajj-l9e scre5 or co>s]7 co/ #be p] c5t less ?an ^? et*$ on copp]4 ,,?ree-,,color ,,half-,,tone ,,process4 ,! ?ree-color process is practically an adaptation ( ! half-tone process to color pr9t+ bas$ on ! !ory t all colors or hues 9 nature c be reproduc$ by comb9ations ( ?ree colors ( ! spectrum--r$1 blue1 & yell[4 ,! process diff]s f ! ord9>y half-tone process p>ticul>ly 9 ! use ( color filt]s 9 mak+ ! negatives & 9 ! "* ( scre5s & diaphragms us$4 ,?is process1 l all o!rs1 is work$ some:at diff]5tly 9 diff]5t e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 :at is call$ ! indirect me?od1 ! "o mo/ commonly us$1 twelve photographic op]ations are necess>y to produce "o illu/ration1 or ! ?ree plates or cuts f :i* "o illu/ration is to be reproduc$ by pr9t+4 ,^! twelve op]ations produce ?ree *romatic negatives1 ea* repres5t+ "o color2 ?ree transp>5cies or positives1 made f ! *romatic negatives2 ?ree half-tone negatives1 made f ! positives2 & f9ally ?ree contact pr9ts1 made on s5sitiz$ metal plates4 ,9 :at is call$ ! direct me?od ! half-tone scre5 is plac$ 9 front ( ! photographic plate s t x becomes also a half-tone negative f :i* a pr9t is made on a s5sitiz$ metal plate4 ,?us ! photographic op]ations 9 ! direct me?od are r$uc$ to six1 b ! int]f]5ce to ! passage ( light (f]$ by ! half-tone scre5 & by ! prism us$ to rev]se ! image on ! negative l5g!ns ! "t ( exposure4 ,un=tunately1 no pigm5ts h be5 f\nd t c reproduce 9 purity ! colors ( ! spectrum1 & to ?is fact is due ! failure ( ! process to reproduce exactly all ! colors1 t9ts1 & %ades ( an orig9al4 ,:5 a draw+ 9 black on :ite pap] is photograph$ only ! :ite pap] affects ! negative film4 ,! transp>5t p>ts ( ! develop$ negative ?us repres5t ! black1 & ! opaque p>ts1 :i* h be5 act$ ^u by light1 repres5t ! :its4 ,!oretically1 :5 a *romatic negative is made = ! yell[ plate a purple-violet filt] cuts out all ! yell[ & all[s ! r$ & blue rays to affect ! plate2 :5 a negative is made = ! blue plate an orange filt] simil>ly cuts out ! blue & all[s ! yell[ & r$ rays to affect ! plate2 & :5 a negative is made = ! r$ plate a gre5 filt] cuts out ! r$ & p]mits ! blue & yell[ rays to affect ! plate4 ,^! color filt]s1 :i* are usually made ( transp>5t /a9$ gelat91 are g5]ally plac$ 9 front ( ! l5s4 ,:5 pr9t+ plates l ^? us$ 9 ! half-tone process h be5 made f ! ?ree negatives & ! plates h be5 ink$ ) yell[1 blue1 & r$ ink1 respectively1 a comb9$ impression f !m w produce a close approximation ( ! subject photograph$4 ,! color$ inks (t5 us$ are light yell[1 peacock or prussian blue1 & bright1 transp>5t crimson4 ,! ord9>y half-tone scre51 :i* be>s l9es cut at an angle ( #de to ! sides ( ! plate1 is rectangul>1 b ! scre5s us$ = ?ree-color "w are made circul> 9 ord] t !y may be turn$ 9 ! cam]a to make ! l9es int]sect at o!r angles1 ! angles be+ v>i$ to avoid produc+ an undesirable patt]n or a moire effect4 ,turn+ ! scre5 also prev5ts ! exact co9cid5ce or sup]position ( ! r$1 blue1 & yell[ dots1 :i* w\ld produce black4 ,9 o!r respects ! scre5s d n diff] ess5tially f ^? us$ 9 ord9>y half-tone "w4 ,z special exp]i5ce is necess>y 9 pr9t+ ?ree-color plates ! engrav] g5]ally deliv]s ! pr9t$ illu/rations to ! pur*as] in/ead ( ! plates1 :i* he furni%es = o!r k9ds ( relief pr9t+4 ,! copy = ?is process may consi/ ( any?+ 9 color1 su* z specim5s1 objects1 pa9t+s1 or prop]ly color$ photographs4 ,! process does n usually reproduce all ! colors & t9ts ( an orig9al ) equal exactness & is n us$ by ! ,survey = "w t dem&s precise reproduction ( color1 b x is satisfactory = reproduc+ mo/ color$ draw+s1 color$ photographs ( specim5s1 or ! specim5s !mselves if !y %[ individual v>iations 9 color4 ,z ! process is entirely photome*anical x gives m sci5tific accuracy 9 detail ?an *romoli?ography1 9 :i* !re is mu* h& "w1 & x is mu* less exp5sive4 ,if ! colors %[n 9 pro(s are n satisfactory !y c be modifi$4 ,! f\r-color process1 9 :i* f\r color plates are us$1 gives a clos] approximation ( true color values ?an ! ?ree-color process1 & at a comp>atively small increase ( co/4 ,! additional color us$ is g5]ally a neutral gray or black4 ,,wax ,,engrav+ 7,,! ,,c]otype ,,process74 ,! wax or c]otype process does n require f9i%$ draw+s & is especially suitable = mak+ text illu/rations & small maps1 al?\gh x may be us$ also = l>ge "w4 ,= ?is process blue pr9ts1 p5cil sket*es1 old pr9ts1 or r\gh copy ( any k9d may be submitt$--t is1 x is n necess>y to furni% c>efully prep>$ draw+s 9 black ink1 z x w\ld be = photo-engrav+1 = ! wax engrav] w reproduce 9 prop] =m any illu/ration 9 :i* ! copy & ! in/ructions %[ :at is want$1 j z an exp]i5c$ draftsman w make a good draw+ f ! r\gh orig9al furni%$ by an au?or4 ,full & cle> in/ructions %\ld always be giv51 h[ev]1 z to ! size ( ! cut want$ & :at x is to %[4 ,9 ?is process a poli%$ copp] plate is coat$ ) a film consi/+ ( beeswax1 a :it5+ m$ium1 & o!r +r$i5ts1 & ! coat+1 :i* v>ies 9 ?ickness accord+ to ! nature ( ! copy1 is s5sitiz$ z 9 ! ord9>y photographic processes4 ,! map or o!r design to be engrav$ is fir/ photograph$ to publication size & a contact pr9t is made on ! wax coat+ f ! negative4 ,! l9es & o!r p>ts ( ! photograph$ image are !n trac$ or cut ?r\gh ! wax to ! copp] plate ) /eel tools & /raight5$ or p]fect$ by ! engrav]1 b ! lett]+ is set 9 pr9t]'s type1 :i* is press$ into ! wax until x also t\*es ! metal plate4 ,aft] ! "w ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! wax has be5 complet$ ! l>g] op5 spaces betwe5 ! l9es are built up by ! addition ( wax to give great] dep? to ! plate1 s t ! wax plate ?us built up corresponds to an electrotype mold4 ,! plate is !n du/$ ) p[d]$ graphite & susp5d$ 9 a solution conta9+ copp]1 :]e by electrolytic action a copp] %ell is =m$ ov] its surface4 ,:5 ?is %ell is suffici5tly ?ick x is remov$ f ! solution & re9=c$ on ! back ) metal1 & pro(s are tak5 f x4 ,if ! pro(s are satisfactory ! plate is block$ type-high4 ,wax-engrav$ plates may be us$ = pr9t+ color$ maps or diagrams1 9 :i* v>iations ( t9t are produc$ by v>i\s k9ds ( ma*9e rul+s4 ,! effect ( "s ( ! colors ?us produc$ is almo/ a flat t9t1 9 :i* a patt]n c be detect$ only by close scrut9y4 ,"s color "w is pr9t$ f a wax base plate 9 comb9ation ) half-tone color plates4 ,! price ( a wax engrav+ dep5ds entirely on ! size ( ! cut1 ! am\nt ( "w involv$1 & ! "* ( ! orig9al copy1 b x %\ld n exce$ v mu* ! co/ ( a c>efully prep>$ p5 draw+ plus ! co/ ( a z9c et*+ made f x4 ,cuts engrav$ by ! wax process1 l z9c & half-tone plates1 are deliv]$ to ! pur*as]4 ,if color$ "w is ord]$1 h[ev]1 ! pr9t$ %eets1 n ! cuts1 are deliv]$4 ,,wood ,,engrav+4 ,wood engrav+ 0 once ! univ]sal me?od ( produc+ cuts = illu/rations t 7 design$ to be pr9t$ on an ord9>y press4 ,x is said to be ! olde/ ( all me?ods ( engrav+ illu/rations4 ,! engrav+ is made on a block ( boxwood1 a v d5se1 h>d wood ( a light-yell[ color4 ,! block is cut type-high across ! gra91 & ! engrav+ surface is made p]fectly smoo? by nibb+ x ) pumice or o!r /one4 ,:5 a cut is to be l>g] ?an #c or #d in*es squ>e ! wood block is made up ( pieces securely dovetail$ or jo9$ toge!r to prev5t splitt+ & w>p+4 ,a woodcut is n us$ = pr9t+ b is electrotyp$ & ! electrotype is us$ 9 ! press4 ,orig9ally ! smoo!d surface ( ! wood block 0 coat$ ) prep>$ *alk or ,*9ese :its1 & on ?is coat+ a f9i%$ draw+ 0 made ) a bru% & p5cil by an illu/rator4 ,accord+ to m rec5t practice ! surface ( ! wood is cov]$ ) a s5sitiz$ coat+1 on :i* ! draw+ or design to be engrav$ is photograph$4 ,! engrav] !n1 ) v>i\s k9ds ( grav]s & o!r tools1 cuts out ! p>ts ( ! picture t are to be repres5t$ by :ite pap] & leaves ! l9es1 dots1 & black areas z a pr9t+ surface1 ?us translat+ ! %ades & t9ts ( ! picture into a sy/em ( l9es & dots :i* exactly duplicate1 9 effect1 ! details & tones ( ! orig9al design4 ,9 ord] to produce a l9e effect ( an area 9 :i* ! tone is int]m$iate betwe5 :its & black ! engrav] mu/ space 8 l9es s t "o-half ! area w rema9 z pr9t+ surface & ! o!r half z :ite spaces1 & he mu/ give "* & direction to 8 l9es1 s t1 if he is skillful1 he c reproduce n only ! delicate tones b ! texture & details ( ! orig9al picture4 ,_m wood engrav]s became not$ = _! arti/ic r5d]+ ( magaz9e illu/rations1 ( fam\s pa9t+s1 & ( o!r works ( art4 ,! ,survey began to ab&on ?is me?od ( engrav+ 9 #ahhd1 :5 ! ,six? ,annual ,report 0 9 press1 sub/itut+ = x ! *eap] photome*anical processes1 z9c et*+ & half-tone engrav+1 & entirely ab&on$ its use 9 #ahib4 ,_m good examples ( wood engrav+ may be f\nd 9 ! e>ly monographs & annual reports ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,monograph #b conta9s num]\s examples4 ,,photogelat9 ,,processes4 ,bi*romatiz$ gelat9 is us$ 9 sev]al photome*anical processes ( reproduc+ illu/rations1 b 9 ! photogelat9 processes ! gelat9 n only receives ! image by exposure to light ?r\gh a negative b becomes a pr9t+ surface on a plate f :i* pr9ts are made some:at z 9 li?ography4 ,! sev]al photogelat9 processes are mu* ! same z ! orig9al collotype process & are be/ kn[n by ! names collotype1 heliotype1 alb]type1 artotype1 & ! ,g]man "n li*tdruck4 ,9 work+ ^! processes a ?ick plate ( glass1 aft] c]ta9 prelim9>y treatm5t1 is coat$ ) s5sitiz$ gelat94 ,! plate is !n plac$ 9 a dry+ room or ov5 hav+ a temp]ature ( #abj ,f41 bak$ until x is ?or\ghly dry1 & all[$ to cool gradually4 ,! subject to be reproduc$ is !n photograph$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & unless a prism or mirror box has be5 us$ ! negative is /ripp$ & rev]s$ 9 ord] to make ! pr9t reproduce ! orig9al 9 prop] position4 ,f ! negative a contact pr9t is made on ! gelat9-coat$ plate1 ! p>ts or molecules ( gelat9 be+ h>d5$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( light t affects !m4 ,aft] ! contact pr9t has be5 made ! gelat9 plate is ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 9 ord] to dissolve & wa% out ! bi*romate & /op any fur!r action ( light on ! plate1 & is !n ?or\ghly dri$4 ,be=e pr9ts are made f ! gelat9-coat$ plate wat] is fl[$ on x & p5etrates diff]5t p>ts ( ! gelat9 accord+ to _! h>dness4 ,! d>ke/ p>ts ( ! picture w correspond to ! h>de/ & d5se/ p>ts ( ! gelat91 :i* w n absorb wat]2 ! light] p>ts w take up m wat]4 ,! surface wat] is !n remov$ ) a rubb] /raight edge & an absorb5t roll] & ! plate is ready = ink+4 ,! ink1 be+ greasy1 has no aff9ity = wat]1 & :5 x is roll$ ov] ! plate x adh]es only to ! dry p>ts ( ! gelat91 & 9 ! press is c>ri$ to ! pap] 9 all ! lights & %ades ( ! illu/ration4 ,! plate is kept moi/ 9 pr9t+4 ,! pap] us$ = pr9t+ f photogelat9 plates mu/ be free f *emicals t w affect ! gelat94 ,a ne>ly pure rag pap] is g5]ally us$4 ,! photogelat9 process is well adapt$ to ! reproduction ( paleontologic draw+s1 wa% draw+s1 photographs1 photomicrographs1 works ( art1 old manuscripts--9 fact1 any k9d ( subject 9 :i* ! reproduction ( delicate lights & %ades is ess5tial4 ,if prop]ly manipulat$ x has di/9ct advantages ov] ! half-tone process 9 t x c reproduce details & light & %ade )\t %[+ ! effect ( a scre5 & )\t ! use ( coat$ pap]4 ,excell5t reproductions by ! heliotype process are also made 9 color by fir/ pr9t+ ! design 9 a neutral tone & sup]pos+ appropriate transp>5t colors on ?is pr9t1 some:at z 9 *romoli?ography1 s t ! colors s(tly bl5d ) ! %ad$ gr\ndwork4 ,reproductions made by ! photogelat9 process are m exp5sive ?an ^? made by ! half-tone process1 = ! pr9ts are g5]ally made on bett] pap] & are pr9t$ ) great] c>e4 ,!y give no scre5 effect & are p]haps unrival$ by pr9ts obta9$ by any o!r process except photogravure1 9 :i* ! image is pr9t$ f a metal plate t has be5 s5sitiz$1 expos$ "u a rev]s$ negative1 & et*$4 ,*anges c n be made on photogelat9 plates except by mak+ ov] ! correct$ p>ts4 ,all ret\*+ mu/ be done on ! orig9als or on ! negatives made f !n4 ,,li?ography4 ,,orig9al ,,process4 ,! g5]al t]m li?ography is sometimes us$ to indicate n only ! orig9al process s nam$1 said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,s5efeld]1 b *romoli?ography1 photoli?ography1 & engrav+ on /one1 z well z engrav+ on copp] z a means ( supply+ matt] to be transf]r$ to & pr9t$ f a li?ographic /one4 ,s5efeld] discov]$ t lime/one w absorb ei!r grease or ,wat]1 & t nei!r "o w p5etrate a "p ( ! surface previ\sly affect$ by ! o!r4 ,he f\nd t if a design is drawn on lime/one ) a greasy crayon & ! /one aft]w>d prop]ly prep>$ ) a solution ( nitric acid & gum1 greasy ink w adh]e only to ! p>ts t are cov]$ ) ! crayon1 & t ! /one w give (f an impression ( ! design4 ,li?ographic /one is describ$ z a f9e1 compact1 homog5e\s lime/one1 :i* may be ei!r a pure c>bonate ( lime or dolomitic--t is1 x may conta9 magnesium4 ,al?\gh lime/one is "o ( ! mo/ common rocks1 lime/one ( a quality suitable = use 9 li?ography is f\nd at only a few localities4#aa ,!re are two g5]al classes ( li?ographic /one1 kn[n to ! trade z blue or h>d /one & yell[ or s(t /one4 ,! blue /one is adapt$ = engrav+ & to ! bett] grade ( f9e-l9e pr9t+2 ! yell[ /one is rat$ z some:at inf]ior4 ,footnote #aa3 ,kubel1 ,s4 ,j41 ,li?ographic /one3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,m9]al ,res\rces1 #aijj1 pp4 #hfi-hgc1 #aija4 ,9 ! orig9al process1 :i* may "h be t]m$ pla9 li?ography1 two me?ods are employ$ 9 putt+ on /one ! design to be reproduc$4 ,9 "o ! subject or picture to be reproduc$ is drawn on ! pr9t+ /one ei!r ) a li?ographic crayon or ) a p5 dipp$ 9 li?ographic ink or tus*e1 :i* is oily or fatty1 l ! crayon4 ,9 ! o!r me?od ! draw+ is made on transf] pap] & transf]r$ to ! /one4 ,9 draw+ on /one x is necess>y to rev]se ! design1 s t all lett]+ mu/ be drawn backw>d4 ,9 do+ ?is ! arti/ (t5 uses a mirror to aid him4 ,if ! draw+ is made on transf] pap] ! design & ! lett]+ are copi$ z 9 ! orig9al--n rev]s$4 ,be=e a draw+ is made on /one a /one ( ! quality suit$ to ! p>ticul> design 9 h& is select$4 ,! /one is !n gr\nd & poli%$1 & if ! draw+ is to be made ) crayon x is gra9$ accord+ to ! special requirem5ts ( ! subject4 ,if ! draw+ is to be made ) a p5 & is to consi/ ( l9e "w ! /one is poli%$4 ,! fir/ /ep is to obta9 on ! /one an outl9e or fa9t ( ! design4 ,!re are sev]al ways to d ?is4 ,by "o me?od a trac+ ( ! design is made1 a %eet ( ?9 pap] cov]$ ) r$ *alk is laid face d[nw>d on ! /one1 ! trac+ is laid face d[nw>d ov] x1 & ! design is aga9 trac$ 9 r$-*alk l9es on ! /one4 ,! me?od describ$ is simple1 b !re are o!rs t are m complicat$ & t are p>ticul>ly applicable to ! reproduction ( photographs & o!r illu/rations4 ,crayon "w is (t5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) p5 & ink1 /ipple1 & bru% "w4 ,?is me?od ( draw+ on /one is us$ also = prep>+ color /ones 9 ! process ( *romoli?ography1 9 :i* !re are _m add$ details ( manipulation4 ,aft] ! draw+ has be5 made on ! /one or transf]r$ to x ! /one is gumm$--t is1 x is cov]$ ) a solution ( gum arabic & nitric acid--& dri$4 ,! /one is !n damp5$ ) wat] & c>efully roll$ ) li?ographic ink1 :i* adh]es to ! p5 or crayon "w & is repell$ else:]e4 ,x is !n rubb$ ov] ) p[d]$ ros9 & talcum1 :i* adh]es to ! ink & fur!r protects ! draw+ f ! effects ( ! et*+ fluid1 :i* is next to be appli$ to ! /one4 ,?is fluid consi/s ( a #aj p] c5t solution ( gum arabic to :i* #b to #g p] c5t ( nitric acid has be5 add$1 ! degree ( acidity be+ v>i$ accord+ to ! subject & ! h>dness ( ! /one4 ,! fluid is appli$ ) a bru% or sponge & is left on ! /one j long en\gh to decompose slightly ! c>bonate ( lime on its surface &1 aft] wa%+1 to leave ! design or draw+ 9 v slight relief4 ,! /one is aga9 gumm$ & dri$1 & ! design is wa%$ out or br\ght out by remov+ ! surface gum ) a wet sponge & apply+ to ! /one a rag spr9kl$ ) turp5t9e & *>g$ ) pr9t+ ink4 ,^! op]ations wa% away ! tus*e & ! crayon t h be5 decompos$ by ! acid & expose ! design fa9tly 9 :ite at fir/1 b x gradually gr[s d>k] z x becomes *>g$ ) pr9t+ ink f ! rag4 ,! /one is next roll$ up or ink$4 ,! slightly moi/5$ surface repels ! ink & ! design takes x up1 s t :5 ! /one is run ?r\gh ! press ! design is c>ri$ to ! pap]4 ,li?ographic pr9ts f /ones prep>$ 9 ?is way are made on a flat-b$ press4 ,! /one is c>ri$ =w>d to pr9t & on its return is damp5$ & ink$1 an op]ation sl[] ?an t ( rot>y pr9t+4 ,corrections & *anges are made on ! /one by c>efully scrap+ or poli%+ away ! p>ts to be correct$ & mak+ ! *anges ) a crayon or p51 b ! design c n ord9>ily be correct$ twice 9 ! same place1 z ! scrap+ or poli%+ removes a "p ( ! surface ( ! /one & ?us less5s ! pressure at t place1 & ! impression !re may be imp]fect or may completely fail4 ,?is =m ( li?ography is seldom us$ = ,survey illu/rations b 0 =m]ly mu* us$ & is well adapt$ to ! reproduction ( draw+s ( fossils1 p>ticul>ly ( rema9s ( d9osaurs & o!r types ( l>ge ext9ct animals4 ,examples may be se5 9 ,monographs #h & #aj & 9 o!r e>ly reports ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,! draw+s = ^! illu/rations 7 made directly on /one4 ,a draw+ made on "o /one may be transf]r$ 9 duplicate or 9 any desir$ numb] to ano!r /one1 or to a prop]ly gra9$ %eet ( z9c & alum9um1 f :i* impressions may be pr9t$ on a li?ographic press4 ,bo? ^! metals are also us$ = li?ographic pr9t+ on rot>y presses1 ! z9c or alum9um plate be+ b5t & secur$ ar\nd a cyl9d] :i* rotates cont9u\sly 9 "o direction4 ,z "o impression is made at ea* revolution ( ! cyl9d] ! pr9t+ is rapid2 b ! be/ pr9t+ f a metal plate is inf]ior to ! be/ pr9t+ f a li?ographic /one4 ,,photoli?ography4 ,photoli?ography1 l o!r li?ographic processes1 has be5 improv$ greatly dur+ ! la/ few ye>s--n p>ticul>ly 9 results b 9 me?ods--by ! introduction ( metal plates1 ! rubb] blanket (fset1 ! ,b5 ,day films1 & _m me*anical & *emical devices1 s t a brief description ( x w n expla9 ! process except 9 a mo/ g5]al way4 ,z photoli?ography is a direct process & is relatively *eap x is ! "o mo/ us$ = reproduc+ l>ge maps & o!r l9e draw+s t h be5 c>efully prep>$4 ,z9c & alum9um plates are n[ mu* us$ 9 photoli?ography1 = a direct contact photographic pr9t c be made on !m1 !y c be pr9t$ flat or b5t = use on a rot>y press1 & !y c be /or$ = future use m economically ?an /ones4 ,!re are two some:at di/9ct me?ods ( produc+ photoli?ographs4 ,9 bo? ! ord9>y photographic me?ods are us$1 b x is (t5 necess>y to cut or trace p>ts ( ! negative 9 ord] to op5 up l9es & o!r features t are n %>p or well def9$1 s t ! negative w pr9t !m %>p & cle>4 ,if ! copy to be reproduc$ %[s ?ree colors1 ?ree negatives are made1 "o = ea* color1 & ! p>ts to be %[n by ea* are pres]v$ by opaqu+ or pa9t+ out all o!r p>ts4 ,by ! old] me?od ! negative ?us p]fect$ is plac$ 9 a pr9t+ frame 9 contact1 "u pressure1 ) s5sitiz$ transf] pap] & is expos$ to light4 ,! pr9t+ frame is !n c>ri$ to ! d>k room & ! pap] is remov$ f ! frame & its surface cov]$ ) transf] ink4 ,! pap] is !n laid face upw>d on wat] & soak$ = sev]al m9utes1 aft] :i* x is plac$ 9 ! same position ^u a slab ( /one or metal & ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat]4 ,?is wa%+ removes ! ink & ! s5sitive film f ! p>ts t 7 unaffect$ by ! action ( light 7! p>ts correspond+ to ! :ite pap] 9 ! design71 b ! ink /ill adh]es to ! l9es ( ! design 9 ! precise %>pness & cle>ness ( ! negative4 ,! design is n[ ready to be transf]r$ to ! pr9t+ /one or z9c plate4 ,! %eet is aga9 slightly damp5$ betwe5 moi/ blott]s & laid face d[nw>d 9 its correct position on a prep>$ /one or z9c plate1 :i* is !n pull$ ?r\gh a press "u heavy pressure4 ,! pap] is !n remov$ f ! /one or plate1 to :i* x has c>ri$ ! design4 ,f ?is po9t ! gumm+1 et*+1 & o!r op]ations are practically ! same z ^? us$ 9 ord9>y li?ography4 ,! bi*romate-gelat9 transf] process describ$ above has be5 replac$ 9 ! ,survey by a m satisfactory "o1 :i* insures absolute scale & reproduces ! f9e/ l9e draw+s p]fectly )\t ?ick5+ ! l9es or )\t di/ortion4 ,9 ?is process1 :i* is kn[n z ! planographic process1 a photographic negative ( ! copy is plac$ 9 a vacuum pr9t+ frame 9 contact ) a z9c or alum9um plate t has be5 s5sitiz$ ) a bi*romate-album5 solution & expos$ 9 front ( an arc lamp4 ,aft] prop] exposure ! plate is remov$ f ! frame1 ink$ ov]1 & plac$ "u wat]4 ,! p>ts n h>d5$ by ! action ( light 7! unexpos$ p>ts7 are !n rubb$ away ) cotton1 & ! plate is *emically et*$1 gumm$ ov]1 & dri$4 ,! plate is !n ready to be pr9t$ f 9 a li?ographic press4 ,if a l>ge map is to be reproduc$ x is photograph$ 9 p>ts1 & contact pr9ts are made on z9c plates4 ,f ^! plates transf]s are pull$ & ! p>ts are assembl$ & laid d[n 9 prop] position on a /one or an alum9um plate1 :i* is !n prep>$ = pr9t+4 ,a draw+ t is to be reproduc$ by photoli?ography %\ld be made on pure-:ite pap] 9 l9es1 dots1 or black masses ) black wat]pro( ink4 ,x %\ld be "o & "o-half to two or ?ree times ! size ( ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,photoli?ography is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! reproduction ( maps1 plans1 & o!r l>ge draw+s4 ,)9 c]ta9 limitations1 l9es may be *ang$ & details may be add$ aft] pro(s h be5 submitt$4 ,! process is ord9>ily us$ = reproduc+ illu/rations 9 "o color 7black71 b x is us$ also = pr9t+ 9 m ?an "o color1 g5]ally ov] a black outl9e base1 ea* color be+ pr9t$ f a sep>ate /one1 z 9 *romoli?ography4 ,,(fset ,,pr9t+4 ,9 ! (fset process ! design is (fset f a li?ographic plate or /one to a rubb] blanket on a cyl9d]1 f :i* x is pr9t$4 ,by ?us obta9+ an impression f an ela/ic surface ! f9e/ details c be pr9t$ on r\gh1 uncoat$ pap]1 :i* c n be us$ 9 o!r processes1 :i* c be fold$ )\t dang] ( break+1 & :i* is m durable ?an coat$ pap]4 ,plates ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,vii1 & ,,viii 9 ?is pamphlet 7 pr9t$ by ?is process4 ,,*romoli?ography4 ,! *romoli?ographic process1 by :i* illu/rations are pr9t$ 9 color f /one1 is us$ 9 ,survey publications pr9cipally = reproduc+ geologic maps1 b x is sometimes us$ = reproduc+ color$ draw+s ( specim5s4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( color pr9t+ f /ones4 ,"o produces a picture by sup]impos+ colors t comb9e & ov]lap )\t def9ite outl9es & ?us reproduce ! s(tly bl5d$ colors ( ! orig9al4 ,ano!r reproduces ! orig9al by pr9t+ colors )9 def9ite outl9es on a base :i* has be5 previ\sly pr9t$ 9 black4 ,! fir/ k9d is us$ by ! ,survey = reproduc+ color$ draw+s ( specim5s4 ,! second is foll[$ 9 reproduc+ geologic maps4 ,z ea* color mu/ be pr9t$ f a sep>ate /one & prop]ly fitt$ ) respect to ! o!rs a trac+ f ! orig9al is made ( ! precise outl9es ( ea* color2 or1 if ! design is to be r$uc$1 a trac+ is made ov] a prop]ly r$uc$ photographic pr9t4 ,?is trac+ c be made on specially prep>$ trac+ pap] or on a %eet ( transp>5t gelat9 or celluloid1 :i* is laid ov] ! copy & on :i* all ! outl9es & ov]laps ( ! v>i\s colors are scrat*$ ) a /eel po9t4 ,! scrat*es ?us made on ! celluloid are fill$ ) r$ *alk or l sub/ance1 & rubb$ 9 ) cotton1 & by rev]s+ ! %eet & rubb+ x ! *alk l9es are deposit$ on z _m /ones z are ne$$ to produce ! colors ( ! orig9al design1 ea* /one be>+ all ! outl9es ( ! design4 ,sometimes all ! outl9es are engrav$ on :at is call$ a key /one & an impression f x is laid d[n on ea* ( ! color /ones4 ,! p>ts on ea* /one t are to h "o color are !n ink$ 9 or engrav$1 & at ! same "t guide m>ks are indicat$1 s t 9 ! composite pr9t f ! /ones ea* color w fit its prop] place4 ,?is fitt+ is call$ regi/] & is an important "p ( pr9t+1 = ea* /one mu/ be adju/$ to a nicety :ile on ! press 9 ord] to make ea* impression fit ! o!rs exactly4 ,! process 0 orig9ally manipulat$ entirely by h&1 b photography has n[ replac$ mu* ( ! h&work & has giv5 rise to sev]al me?ods by :i* ! same k9ds ( subjects are reproduc$ 9 radically diff]5t ways4 ,t9ts are sometimes produc$ by ! half-tone & o!r scre5s & by ma*9e rul+1 & pr9t]'s type is us$ almo/ exclusively = titles & o!r matt] t 0 =m]ly engrav$ or drawn on ! /one4 ,9 reproduc+ a geologic map ! base may be engrav$ on /one or on copp] or x may be photo-li?ograph$4 ,by ei!r process ! map may be transf]r$ to ! pr9t+ /one4 ,! color /ones = geologic maps are prep>$ by h&1 b ! geologic patt]ns1 :i* are pr9t$ 9 colors1 are engrav$ sep>ately on plates1 f :i* impressions are pull$ :5 ne$$ & transf]r$ to _! prop] places on ! pr9t+ /ones 9 ! %apes requir$ accord+ to ! key design4 ,! light]1 m transp>5t colors are g5]ally pr9t$ fir/1 & (t5 twelve or m colors & _m di/9ctive patt]ns are us$ to produce a geologic map4 ,:5 pro(s ( su* a map are pull$ ea* /one mu/ be tak5 up & c>efully adju/$ on ! press1 s t ! "w ( prov+ maps t are pr9t$ f a consid]able numb] ( color /ones is labori\s & exp5sive4 ,x is !re=e cu/om>y to approve fir/ comb9$ pro(s conditionally--t is1 subject to ! corrections & *anges indicat$ on ! pro(s--& to hold ! li?ograph] responsible = any failure to make ! corrections4 ,?is process is ! mo/ exp5sive "o us$ = reproduc+ illu/rations4 ,*anges may be indicat$ on pro(s1 b *anges c n be made on a /one twice 9 ! same place )\t dang] ( affect+ ! pr9t+ or mak+ x necess>y to retransf] ! p>ts affect$4 ,all *anges are exp5sive because a slight modification at "o po9t may involve correspond+ *anges on a numb] ( /ones1 ea* ( :i* mu/ be tak5 up1 correct$1 & prov$ to insure ! exact co9cid5ce ( ! p>ts affect$4 ,x is (t5 less exp5sive to retransf] ! entire job ?an to make ext5sive *anges on ! orig9al /ones4 ,,engrav+ ,,on ,,/one ,,& ,,on ,,copp]4 ,engrav+ on /one is di/9ctly li?ographic1 b engrav+ on copp] is sometimes includ$ among li?ographic processes because ! "w produc$ by x is usually pr9t$ f /one & ?us becomes li?ographic4 ,9 o!r respects engrav+ on copp] is n a li?ographic process4 ,r\ghly prep>$ maps & any r\gh l9e copy t is accurate 9 /atem5t & cle> z to int5t are appropriate = bo? me?ods ( engrav+1 b draw+s t are exp]tly prep>$ are m suitable = reproduction by photoli?ography4 ,9 engrav+ on /one ! l9es ( a design are scrat*$ on ! black5$ surface ( a /one ) a /eel-po9t$ tool2 9 engrav+ on copp] ! l9es are cut ) a grav] on a %eet or plate ( copp]1 ! matt] to be engrav$ be+ fir/ %[n on ! plate by :at is call$ ! photo-trac+ process1 :i* 0 devis$ 9 ! ,geological ,survey4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no great or ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! pr9t$ results ( ! two processes1 b mo/ li?ograph]s employ only /one engrav]s4 ,a /one on :i* a design is to be engrav$ is gr\nd & poli%$ accord+ to ! k9d ( "w to be engrav$1 is coat$ ) a ?9 solution ( gum arable & all[$ to dry1 & is !n wa%$ until ! sup]ficial gum is remov$ :ile ! surface pores rema9 fill$4 ,z ! l9es made by ! engrav] mu/ be visible ! /one is black5$ ) a pigm5t compos$ ( lampblack & gum or is cov]$ ev5ly ) r$ *alk or ,v5etian r$4 ,x is !n ready to receive ! design to be engrav$4 ,if ! design is a map :i* is to %[ culture1 /reams1 & surface cont\rs1 & ea* ( ^! sets ( features is to be pr9t$ 9 a sep>ate color1 impressions ( ! "w to be engrav$ mu/ be plac$ on ?ree /ones4 ,"o me?od ( do+ ?is is to make a scrat* trac+ ( ! orig9al draw+ on a %eet ( transp>5t gelat9 or celluloid 9 ! mann] employ$ 9 *romoli?ography1 except t a dry pigm5t1 g5]ally *rome-yell[1 is us$ to fill ! scrat* l9es in/ead ( r$ *alk or ,v5etian r$4 ,f ?is trac+ a fa9t or impr9t ( all ! details ( ! ?ree sep>ate features ( ! map is made on ea* ( ! ?ree /ones1 & ! engrav] !n cuts on ea* /one only ! l9es & o!r features1 includ+ ample regi/] m>ks1 t are to be pr9t$ 9 "o color1 ! impr9t made f ! trac+ mak+ x possible to engrave ea* set ( features 9 its exact position relative to ! o!r two4 ,by ano!r me?od ! matt] to be engrav$ is photograph$ directly on ! /one4 ,! engrav+ is done ) a /eel ne$le ins]t$ 9 a small wood5 cyl9d]1 an in/rum5t resembl+ an ord9>y lead p5cil4 ,! size & %ape ( ! ne$les us$ are v>i$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! matt] to be engrav$4 ,) ?is in/rum5t ! l9es & lett]+ are lightly scrat*$ into ! /one ?r\gh ! d>k coat+ & %[ z light l9es4 ,! po9ts ( "s ( ! ne$les are f9e2 ^? ( o!rs are ,v-%ap$2 & "s h spoon-%ap$ po9ts1 = use 9 ?ick5+ l9es & %ad+ lett]s4 ,all features are engrav$ 9 rev]se4 ,aft] ! engrav+ is complet$ ! /ones are prep>$ = pr9t+ by wip+ (f all ! sup]ficial color & fill+ ! engrav$ l9es ) a greasy ink--g5]ally a ?9 pr9t+ ink--:i* is rubb$ into ! l9es ) a s(t rag4 ,impressions are !n pull$ on transf] pap] & transf]r$ to ?ree pr9t+ /ones = use 9 pr9t+ ! ?ree colors1 ! regi/] m>ks enabl+ ! pressman to fit ea* color exactly 9 its prop] place4 ,9 all li?ographic processes ! titles & o!r m>g9al lett]+ c be & usually are transf]r$ f type impressions to ! pr9t+ /ones4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y to lett] su* matt] c>efully on an orig9al draw+ t is made = li?ographic reproduction1 = appropriate faces ( type w give bett] pr9t$ results ?an h& lett]+4 ,corrections c n be made on a /one or copp] engrav+ z readily z on a draw+4 ,if a /one engrav] makes an error or if a *ange is requir$ aft] 8 engrav+ is f9i%$1 ! p>ts to be correct$ mu/ be scrap$ (f & a new gr\nd laid be=e ! correction c be made4 ,sometimes he w engrave ! p>ts correct$ on ano!r "p ( ! orig9al /one & transf] x to ! pr9t+ /one4 ,corrections are made on copp] plates by hamm]+ up ! plate f b5ea?1 poli%+ (f a new surface1 & re5grav+ ! "p to be correct$4 ,,app5dix4 ,! matt] giv5 9 ?is app5dix is mu* us$ 9 mak+ geologic maps & o!r illu/rations4 ,! ,greek alphabet & ! gr\ps ( signs pres5t$ are giv5 *iefly to %[ ! correct =mation ( ea* lett] & sign4 ,,miscellane\s ,,tables4 ,l5g? ( #a ( longitude measur$ along giv5 p>allels f ! ,equator to ! poles4 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey ,report = #ahhd1 ,app5dix #f4 ,p>allel ( ,/atute ,p>allel ( ,/atute ,p>allel ( ,/atute latitude4 miles4 latitude4 miles4 latitude4 miles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #j #fi4agb #ca #ei4cfe #fa #cc4fbc #a #fi4afb #cb #eh4gaf #fb #cb4efj #b #fi4acj #cc #eh4jga #fc #ca4dhh #c #fi4jgh #cd #fg4djg #fd #cj4djf #d #fi4jje #ce #ff4gbe #fe #bi4cae #e #fh4iaa #cf #ff4jbg #ff #bh4bae #f #fh4gie #cg #fe4caa #fg #bg4ajf #g #fh4ffj #ch #fd4fgi #fh #bf4ihh #h #fh4ejd #ci #fc4hbi #fi #bd4hfb #i #fh4cbf #dj #ec4jfc #gj #bc4gbi #aj #fh4abi #da #fb4bha #ga #bb4ehi #aa #fg4iaj #db #ea4dhc #gb #ba4dda #ab #fg4fgj #dc #fj4ffi #gc #bj4bhg #ac #fg4daj #dd #di4hdj #gd #ai4abg #ad #fg4aca #de #dh4iie #ge #ag4ifj #ae #ff4hcj #df #dh4acf #gf #af4ghh #af #ff4eaj #dg #dg4bfa #gg #ae4faa #ag #ff4afi #dh #df4cgb #gh #ad4dbh #ah #fe4hjh #di #de4dfi #gi #ac4bdb #ai #fe4dbg #ej #dd4feb #hj #ab4jea #bj #fe4jbf #ea #dc4fba #ha #aj4heg #ba #fd4fjf #eb #db4fgf #hb #i4fei #bb #fd4aff #ec #da4gai #hc #h4deh #bc #fc4gjf #ed #dj4gdi #hd #g4bef #bd #fc4bbh #ee #ci4gff #he #f4jdi #be #fb4gbi #ef #ch4gga #hf #d4hdb #bf #fb4bab #eg #cg4gfd #hg #c4fcb #bg #fa4fgf #eh #cf4gde #hh #b4dbb #bh #fa4abb #ei #ce4gaf #hi #a4baa #bi #fj4edh #fj #cd4fgd #ij 4#jjj #cj #ei4ief ,l5g? ( #a ( latitude measur$ along a m]idian at giv5 p>allels4 ,p>allel giv5 is 9 c5t] ( ! degree ^: l5g? is /at$4 ,p>allel ( ,/atute latitude4 miles4 ---------------------- #j #fh4gjd #aj #fh4gbe #bj #fh4ghf #cj #fh4hgi #dj #fh4iic #ej #fi4aae #fj #fi4bcj #gj #fi4cbd #hj #fi4chf #ij #fi4djg ,metric sy/em & equival5ts4 ,! units ( l9e> measure mo/ commonly us$ are millimet]s 7mm471 c5timet]s 7cm471 decimet]s 7dm471 met]s 7m471 & kilomet]s 7km471 #a m4 #aj dm42 #a dm4 #aj cm42 #a cm4 #aj mm42 #a km4 #a1jjj met]s #j4fbacg mile2 #a m4 #ci4cg in*es #c4bhjhcc feet4 ,met]s4 ,in*es4 ,met]s4 ,feet4 ,kilomet]s4 ,miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a #ci4cg #a #c4bhjfcc #a #j4fbacg #b #gh4gd #b #f4efaffg #b #a4bdbgd #c #aah4aa #c #i4hdbejj #c #a4hfdaa #d #aeg4dh #d #ac4abcccc #d #b4dhedh #e #aif4he #e #af4djdaff #e #c4ajfhe #f #bcf4bb #f #ai4fhejjj #f #c4gbhbb #g #bge4ei #g #bb4ifehcc #g #d4cdiei #h #cad4if #h #bf4bdffff #h #d4igjif #i #ced4cc #i #bi4ebgejj #i #e4eibcc ,in*es4 ,c5timet]s4 ,feet4 ,met]s4 ,miles4 ,kilomet]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a #b4ed #a #j4cjdhja #a #a4fjice #b #e4jh #b #j4fjifja #b #c4bahfi #c #g4fb #c #j4iaddjb #c #d4hbhjd #d #aj4af #d #a4baibjb #d #f4dcgci #e #ab4gj #e #a4ebdjjc #e #h4jdfgd #f #ae4bd #f #a4hbhhjd #f #i4fefjf #g #ag4gh #g #b4accfjd #g #aa4bfedc #h #bj4cb #h #b4dchdje #h #ab4hgdgh #i #bb4hf #i #b4gdcbje #i #ad4dhdab ,! v>a1 us$ 9 ,texas1 is equival5t to #cc-a_/c in*es & is comput$ z repres5t+ #b4gh feet4 ,geologic eras1 p]iods1 sy/ems1 epo*s1 & s]ies4 ,era4 ,p]iod or sy/em4 ,epo* or s]ies4 ,rec5t4 ,quat]n>y4 ,plei/oc5e 7replaces ,glacial74 ,c5ozoic4 ,plioc5e4 ,t]ti>y4 ,mioc5e4 ,oligoc5e4 ,eoc5e4 ,upp] 7,gulf may be us$ prov9cially74 ,cretace\s4 ,l[] 7,coman*e & ,%a/a may be us$ prov9cially74 ,upp]4 ,mesozoic4 ,jurassic4 ,middle4 ,l[]4 ,upp]4 ,triassic4 ,middle4 ,l[]4 ,p]mian4 ,p5nsylvanian 7replaces ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,c>bonif]\s74 ,mississippian 7replaces ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s74 ,upp]4 ,devonian4 ,middle4 ,l[]4 ,paleozoic4 ,silurian4 ,upp] 7,c9c9natian may be us$ prov9cially74 ,ordovician4 ,middle 7,mohawkian may be us$ prov9cially74 ,l[]4 ,s>atogan 7or ,upp] ,cambrian74 ,cambrian4 ,acadian 7or ,middle ,cambrian74 ,waucoban 7or ,l[] ,cambrian74 ,algonkian4 pre-,cambrian4 ,prot]ozoic4 ,ar*ean4 ,*emical elem5ts & symbols4 ,elem5t4 ,symbol4 ,elem5t4 ,symbol4 ,elem5t4 ,symbol4 ,alum9um ,al ,holmium ,ho ,rhodium ,rh ,antimony ,sb ,hydrog5 ,h ,rubidium ,rb ,argon ,al ,indium ,9 ,ru!nium ,ru ,ars5ic ,z ,iod9e ,i ,sam>ium ,sa ,b>ium ,ba ,iridium ,ir ,sc&ium ,sc ,bismu? ,bi ,iron ,fe ,sel5ium ,se ,boron ,b ,krypton ,kr ,silicon ,si ,brom9e ,br ,lan?anum ,la ,silv] ,ag ,cadmium ,cd ,lead ,pb ,sodium ,na ,cesium ,cs ,li?ium ,li ,/rontium ,sr ,calcium ,ca ,lutecium ,lu ,sulphur ,s ,c>bon ,c ,magnesium ,mg ,tantalum ,ta ,c]ium ,ce ,manganese ,mn ,tellurium ,te ,*lor9e ,cl ,m]cury ,hg ,t]bium ,tb ,*romium ,cr ,molybd5um ,mo ,?allium ,tl ,cobalt ,co ,neodymium ,nd ,?orium ,? ,columbium ,c ,neon ,ne ,?ulium ,tm ,copp] ,cu ,nickel ,ni ,t9 ,sn ,dysprosium ,dy ,niton ,nt ,titanium ,ti ,erbium ,er ,nitrog5 ,n ,tung/5 ,w ,europium ,eu ,osmium ,os ,uranium ,u ,fluor9e ,f ,oxyg5 ,o ,vanadium ,v ,gadol9ium ,gd ,palladium ,pd ,x5on ,xe ,gallium ,ga ,phosphorus ,p ,ytt]bium ,g]manium ,ge ,plat9um ,pt 7,neoytt]bium7 ,yb ,gluc9um ,gl ,potassium ,k ,yttrium ,y ,gold ,au ,praseodymium ,pr ,z9c ,zn ,helium ,he ,radium ,ra ,zirconium ,zr ,greek alphabet4 ,caps4 ,l[]-case4 ,greek "n4 ,engli% s\nd4 ,greek3 ,a ,greek3 a ,alpha4 ,a4 ,greek3 ,b ,greek3 b ,beta4 ,b4 ,greek3 ,g ,greek3 g ,gamma4 ,g4 ,greek3 ,d ,greek3 d ,delta4 ,d4 ,greek3 ,e ,greek3 e ,epsilon4 ,e %ort4 ,greek3 ,z ,greek3 z ,zeta4 ,z4 ,greek3 ,h ,greek3 h ,eta4 ,e long4 ,greek3 ,? ,greek3 ? ,!ta4 ,?4 ,greek3 ,i ,greek3 i ,iota4 ,i4 ,greek3 ,k ,greek3 k ,kappa4 ,k4 ,greek3 ,l ,greek3 l ,lambda4 ,l4 ,greek3 ,m ,greek3 m ,mu4 ,m4 ,greek3 ,n ,greek3 n ,nu4 ,n4 ,greek3 ,x ,greek3 x ,xi4 ,x4 ,greek3 ,o ,greek3 o ,omicron4 ,o %ort4 ,greek3 ,p ,greek3 p ,pi4 ,p4 ,greek3 ,r ,greek3 r ,rho4 ,r4 ,greek3 ,s ,greek3 s ,sigma4 ,s4 ,greek3 ,t ,greek3 t ,tau4 ,t4 ,greek3 ,u ,greek3 u ,upsilon4 ,u4 ,greek3 ,f ,greek3 f ,phi4 ,f4 ,greek3 ,* ,greek3 * ,*i4 ,*4 ,greek3 ,ps ,greek3 ps ,psi4 ,ps4 ,greek3 ,om ,greek3 om ,omega4 ,o long4 ,roman num]als4 ,i #a ,,ix #i ,,lxx #gj ,d #ejj ,,ii #b ,x #aj ,,lxxx #hj ,,dc #fjj ,,iii #c ,,xix #ai ,,xc #ij ,,dcc #gjj ,,iv #d ,,xx #bj ,c #ajj ,,dccc #hjj ,v #e ,,xxx #cj ,,cl #aej ,,cm #ijj ,,vi #f ,,xl #dj ,,cc #bjj ,m #ajjj ,,vii #g ,l #ej ,,ccc #cjj ,,md #aejj ,,viii #h ,,lx #fj ,,cd #djj ,,mcm #aijj ,ma!matical signs4 plus4 diff]5ce - m9us4 integration4 multipli$ by4 equival5ce4 divid$ by4 3 ratio4 equality4 geometrical proportion4 plus or m9us4 -3 diff]5ce1 excess4 squ>e4 !re=e4 rectangle4 because4 triangle4 inf9ity4 circle4 v>ies z4 angle4 radical4 "r angle4 degree4 or great] ?an4 ' m9ute4 or less ?an4 second4 p]p5dicul>4 ,,names ,,( ,,rocks4 ,! foll[+ li/ 0 prep>$ 9 ! geologic bran* = ! use ( geologic draftsm5 to enable !m to select appropriate symbols = rocks t may be ref]r$ to 9 prelim9>y draw+s by "n only4 ,= s$im5t>y rocks dots & circles1 p>allel l9es1 & brok5 or dott$ l9es are us$2 = metamorphic rocks %ort da%es arrang$ )\t def9ite patt]ns2 & = igne\s rocks patt]ns compos$ ( %ort da%es1 triangles1 rhombs1 crosses1 & cross l9es4 ,all ^! patt]ns are %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,s$im5t>y mat]ial4 ,includ+ residual1 detrital1 eolian1 glacial1 organic1 & *emically precipitat$ mat]ial4 ,agglom]ate4 ,iron/one 7also igne\s74 ,alaba/]4 ,itacolumite4 ,alluvium4 ,kame4 ,alum %ale4 ,kaol94 ,anhydrite4 ,lat]ite4 ,apron 7alluvial74 ,lignite4 ,argillite4 ,lime/one4 ,arkose4 ,limonite4 ,asphalt4 ,loess4 ,b5* gravel4 ,m>ble 7also metamorphic74 ,b5tonite4 ,m>l4 ,b\ld] clay4 ,metaxite4 ,brea4 ,mora9al deposit4 ,breccia4 ,mud/one4 ,br[n/one4 ,novaculite4 ,burr/one4 ,peat4 ,calc>5ite4 ,pelite4 ,calc s9t]4 ,phosphate rock4 ,cali*e4 ,phosphorite4 ,catl9ite4 ,ph?anite4 ,*alk4 ,psammites4 ,*]t4 ,psephites4 ,clay4 ,pudd+/one4 ,coal4 ,pyrocla/ic mat]ial4 ,conglom]ate4 ,qu>tzite 7also metamorphic74 ,coprolite4 ,r$dle4 ,coqu9a4 ,rock salt4 ,detritus4 ,rock /ream4 ,diatomace\s e>?4 ,rubble4 ,diluvium4 ,salt4 ,dolomite4 ,s&4 ,drift4 ,s&/one4 ,fan 7alluvial74 ,sel5ite4 ,fanglom]ate4 ,%ale4 ,flag/one4 ,silt4 ,fl9t4 ,slate 7also metamorphic74 ,free/one4 ,soil4 ,full]'s e>?4 ,/alactite4 ,geys]ite4 ,/alagmite4 ,gravel4 ,talc4 ,graywacke4 ,talus4 ,gre5s&4 ,till4 ,grit4 ,trav]t9e4 ,gumbo4 ,tripoli4 ,gypsum4 ,tufa 7*emically deposit$ lime74 ,h>dpan4 ,tuff 7igne\s fragm5ts74 ,hematite4 ,wacke4 ,infusorial e>?4 ,wa%4 ,metamorphic mat]ial4 ,ad9ole4 ,horn/one4 ,amphibolite4 ,itabirite4 ,&alusite s*i/ 7874 ,k9zigite4 ,apo 7rhyolite71 etc4 ,knot5s*ief]4 ,argillite4 ,knotty s*i/s4 ,aug5 gneiss 7also igne\s74 ,luxulianite 7igne\s874 ,biotite s*i/4 ,m>ble4 ,calc s*i/4 ,meta 7diabase71 etc4 ,catacla/ic4 ,mica s*i/4 ,*lorite s*i/ ,mylonite4 ,clay slate4 ,ophicalcite4 ,dam\rite s*i/4 ,ottrelite s*i/4 ,desmosite4 ,phyllite4 ,dynamometamorphic rock4 ,porcelanite4 ,eclogite4 ,protog5e4 ,epidosite4 ,pyros*i/s4 ,erlan4 ,qu>tz4 ,erlanfels4 ,qu>tzite4 ,eulysite4 ,qu>tz s*i/4 ,fibrolite s*i/ ,s*i/4 ,g>net rock4 ,s]icite s*i/1 etc4 ,g>net s*i/4 ,s]p5t9e4 ,gneiss4 ,slate4 ,granite gneiss4 ,soap/one4 ,graywacke 7874 ,sodalite4 ,gre5 s*i/s4 ,spilosite4 ,gre5/one 7also igne\s74 ,/eatite4 ,greis54 ,talc s*i/4 ,hallefl9ta4 ,topazfels4 ,hornbl5de s*i/ ,topaz rock4 ,hornfels4 ,zobt5ite4 ,igne\s mat]ial4 ,abs>okite4 ,dol]ite4 ,abyssal4 ,dunite4 ,adamellite4 ,durba*ite4 ,ad5diorite4 ,effusive rock4 ,ailsyte4 ,ek]ite4 k]ite4 ,elvan4 ,alaskite4 ,en/atite4 ,albitlte4 ,eruptive rock4 ,allivalite4 ,essexite4 ,allo*etite4 ,e/rellite4 ,alnlte4 ,eulysite4 ,alsba*ite4 ,extrusive rock4 ,ambonite4 ,f>risite4 ,amh]/ite4 ,felsite4 ,analcitite4 ,felsophyre4 ,&esite4 ,f]gusite4 ,anor?osite4 ,=tunite4 ,aphanitite4 ,f\r*ite4 ,aplite4 ,foyaite4 ,arkite4 ,gabbro4 ,atats*ite4 ,gauteite4 ,aug5 gneiss 7also metamorphic74 ,g>ewaite4 ,augitite4 ,glum>rite4 ,avezacite4 ,gladkaite4 ,banakite4 ,granite4 ,banatite4 ,granitite4 ,b&aite4 ,granitoid4 ,basalt4 ,granodiorite4 ,basanite4 ,granophyre4 ,be]ba*ite4 ,gre5/one 7also metamorphic74 ,bek9k9ite4 ,greis5 7874 ,bombs4 ,grorudite4 ,borolanite4 ,h>risite4 ,bo/onite4 ,h>zburgite4 ,camptonite4 ,haynophyre4 ,c>meloite4 ,hawaiite4 ,cascadite4 ,h$rumite4 ,*ib9ite4 ,heumite4 ,cim9ite4 ,holyokeite4 ,com5dite4 ,hornbl5dite4 ,complem5t>y rocks4 ,hypabyssal rock4 ,coppaelite4 ,hyp]ite4 ,cortl&ite4 ,hyp]/h5ite4 ,cromaltite4 ,ijolite4 ,cumb]l&ite4 ,intrusive rock4 ,cuselite4 ,irruptive 7,intrusive7 rock4 ,dacite4 ,is5ite4 ,dell5ite4 ,jacupirangite4 ,diabase4 ,jumillite4 ,diallagite4 ,kaiwekite4 ,dike rock4 ,k$abekite4 ,diorite4 ,k5tall5ite4 ,ditroite4 ,k5yite4 ,igne\s mat]ial4--,cont9u$4 ,k]atophyre4 ,p]lite4 ,k]santite4 ,phan]ite4 ,kimb]lite4 ,phonolite4 ,kobalaite4 ,pi]ite4 ,krablite4 ,pit*/one4 ,krag]ite4 ,plagiaplite4 ,kulaite4 ,plagiocla/ic4 ,kys*ytymite4 ,plumasite4 ,lamprophyre4 ,plutonic rock4 ,latite4 ,poll5ite4 ,laug5ite4 ,porphyry4 ,laurdalite4 ,pulaskite4 ,laurvikite4 ,pumice4 ,lava4 ,pyrox5ite4 ,le/iw>ite4 ,rhomb5porphyry4 ,leucite basalt4 ,rhyolite4 ,leucite tephrite4 ,rizzonite4 ,leucitite4 ,rockalite4 ,leucocratic4 ,santor9ite4 ,lh]zolite4 ,sanukite4 ,limb]gite4 ,saxonite4 ,l9doite4 ,scyelite4 ,lip>ite4 ,%a/aite4 ,lit*fieldite4 ,%onk9ite4 ,li?oidite4 ,%o%onite4 ,luciitss4 ,soda granite4 ,lujaurite4 ,slvsb]gite4 ,madrupite4 ,sommaite4 ,ma5aite4 ,spess>tite4 ,magma basalt4 ,sussexite4 ,mal*ite4 ,sy5ite4 ,malignite4 ,taimyrite4 ,mang]ite4 ,tawite4 ,m>iupolite4 ,tephrite4 ,melaphyre4 ,tes*5ite4 ,melilite basalt4 ,!ralite4 ,mesanite4 ,tilaite4 ,mica p]idotite4 ,t+uaite4 ,m9ette4 ,tjosite4 ,miss\rite4 ,tonalite4 ,mon*iquite4 ,tonsb]gite4 ,mondholdeite4 ,tordrillite4 ,monm\?ite4 ,toscanite 7874 ,monzonite4 ,tra*y-&esite4 ,muge>ite4 ,tra*yte4 ,naujaite4 ,trap4 ,nelsonite4 ,troctolite4 ,nephel9ite4 ,umptekite4 ,nevadite4 ,unakite4 ,nordm>kite4 ,ungaite4 ,norite4 ,urtite4 ,obsidian4 ,valbellite4 ,od9ite4 ,v5anzite4 ,orbite4 ,v]ite4 ,or5dite4 ,vitrophyre4 ,ornite4 ,vogesite4 ,or?ophyre4 ,volcanic rock4 ,ortl]ite4 ,volhynite4 ,oua*itite4 ,vuls9ite4 ,paisanite4 ,web/]ite4 ,pantell]ite4 ,wehrlite4 ,pegmatite4 ,w9dsorite4 ,p]idotite4 ,wyom+ite4 ,p]knite4 ,yamaskite4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abbreviations1 =ms (4 #ee-fg ,adhesive mat]ials1 *oice4 #cg ,alaska1 maps (1 reuse (4 #ag ,alb]type4 ,see ,photogelat9 processes4 ,app>atus1 photographs (1 pref]r$ to sket*es4 #bi ,approval ( f9i%$ draw+s1 features to be cov]$ by4 #ch ( illu/rations1 regulations gov]n+4 #hj ,areas1 patt]ns us$ to di/+ui%4 #bc patt]ns us$ to di/+ui%1 plate %[+4 #fb ,army1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s ( !1 maps publi%$ by4 #ae ,artotype4 ,see ,photogelat9 processes4 ,atlases1 publi%$1 use (4 #ae ,b4 ,base maps4 ,see ,maps1 base4 ,blea*+ photographic pr9ts1 me?od & solutions =4 #fi ,bord] = maps1 wid? & use (4 #eg-eh ,bri/ol bo>d1 k9d ,mid sizes us$4 #bd1ff ,bra% & p5cil draw+s1 mat]ials & me?ods us$ 9 mak+4 #ff-fg1 #fi ,bru%es1 k9ds & sizes us$4 #ff-fg1ga ,c4 ,celluloid transf]r+1 process (4 #dg requisitions =4 #dg ,c]otype process1 description & advantages (4 #hj-ha ,*anges 9 engrav+s1 possible k9ds (4 #ch-ci1 #ij ,*anges 9 orig9al mat]ial1 draftsman to consult au?or on4 #fe ,*emical elem5ts1 names & symbols (4 #ih ,*romoli?ography1 description (4 #hg-hj ,civil divisions1 lett]+ (4 #ec1 #ed ,coal b$s1 indication ( ?ickness (4 #ca ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey *>ts1 use (4 #ae ,collotype4 ,see ,photogelat9 processes4 ,color+ mat]ials1 use (4 #bf ,colors1 /&>d1 = geologic maps4 #fb-fc use (1 = gr\nd-wat] features4 #ba-bc on orig9al geologic maps4 #bg-bh ,commas1 =m (4 #ed use (1 9 numb]s4 #ed ,cont\rs1 draw+ (4 #dh-ej ,coop]ation1 m5tion (4 #ac ,copp]1 engrav+ on4 #hi1 #ij et*+ 9 relief on1 process & advantages (4 #ge ,copy+ me?ods (4 #df-dh ,corrections4 ,see ,*anges4 ,co/ ( photo-engrav+s4 #ge1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha ,c\nty maps1 use (4 #ae ,crayons1 wax1 use (4 #bf1 #ej1 #ea ,cr$it = data ( maps1 indication (4 #ac ,cry/als1 draw+s (1 mak+ & lett]+ (4 #gj ,cultural features1 lett]+ (4 #ec-ed li/ (4 #eb-ec ,curves1 date %[+4 #fd ,cuts4 ,see ,engrav+s4 ,d4 ,details ( a geologic map1 plate %[+4 #eh ,diagrams1 draw+ & lett]+ (4 #fd features (1 plate %[+4 #fd orig9al1 g5]al requirem5ts =4 #bh-bj ,director ( ! ,survey1 ord] by4 #i ,divisions ( plates & figures1 s]ial lett]s & numb]s =4 #ab ,draft+ table1 %ad[less1 description (4 #dg-dh %ad[less1 use (4 #bi1 #dh1 #ej ,draftsm51 detail (1 to aid au?or4 #i detail (1 to prep>e base maps4 #ac-ad exp]i5ce & read+ requir$ by4 #da-db g5]al treatm5t ( mat]ial by4 #db-dc ,dra9age features1 depiction (4 #ea-eb ,draw+ in/rum5ts1 li/ (4 #db ,draw+ mat]ials1 k9ds us$4 #bc-bf1 #ff-fg1 #fi1 #ga ,draw+s1 au?ors'1 draftsm5 may aid 9 mak+4 #i au?ors'1 editorial revision (4 #ch f9i%$1 g5]al requirem5ts =4 #da-db reque/s = photographs (4 #cd ,duplicates ( engrav+s1 *>ges =4 #ch ,e4 ,effectiv5ess ( illu/rations1 elem5ts t produce4 #g1 #cj ,electrotypes ( engrav+s1 *>ges =4 #ch ,elem5ts1 *emical1 names & symbols (4 #ic ,engrav+ on /one1 process (4 #hi-ij ,see also ,li?ography4 ,engrav+s1 *anges 94 #ch-ci orig9al1 "t ( keep+4 #cg ,eras]s1 injury to pap] by4 #fg k9ds us$4 #be1 #fg-fh ,erasures1 smoo?+ pap] aft]4 #fh ,explanations on maps1 arrangem5t & lett]+ (4 #ai1 #eh-ej ,f4 ,figures1 diff]5ces f plates4 #aj-aa divisions (1 s]ial lett]s =4 #ab me?ods ( ins]t+1 plate %[+4 #ab ,=mations1 geologic1 use ( lett] symbols =4 #bj-ba ,fossils4 ,see ,specim5s4 ,f\r-color process1 advantage (4 #hj ,g4 ,gas wells1 symbols =4 #ba ,g5]alization1 true1 mean+ (4 #ag ,geographic tables & =mulas 7,bull4 #fej71 use (4 #dd1 #de ,geologic p]iods ( "t1 names (4 #ib ,g\a*e1 use (4 #fg1 #fi ,great ,lakes surveys1 maps publi%$ by4 #ae ,greek lett]s1 =ms1 names1 & ,engli% s\nds (4 #ic ,gr\nd-wat] features1 symbols repres5t+4 #ba-bc ,h4 ,ha*ur+1 use (4 #ej ,half-tone engrav+1 prep>ation ( copy =4 #gg-gh process & advantages (4 #ge-gh ?ree-color process (4 #gh-hj ,half tones1 *anges 94 #ci pr9ts (1 %[+ effects produc$ by diff]5t scre5s4 #ef requirem5ts = pr9t+4 #aa ,heliotype4 ,see ,photogelat9 processes4 ,hill %ad+1 use (4 #fj-ea ,hydrographic features1 lett]+ (4 #ed repres5tation (4 #ea-eb ,hypsographic features1 lett]+ (4 #ed ,i4 ,illu/rations1 k9ds (4 #aj-aa ,inks1 k9ds us$4 #be1 #fg me?ods ( us+4 #be ,ins]t+ plates & figures1 me?ods (1 plate %[+4 #ab ,in/rum5ts1 draftsm5's1 li/ (4 #db ,j4 ,japanese transp>5t wat] colors1 use (4 #bf ,l4 ,l& ,(fice maps1 scales & detail (4 #ad-ae ,latitude1 l5g? ( #a (1 at int]vals ( #aj4 #ia ,l5d+ ( photographs & draw+s1 rules gov]n+4 #cd ,lett] symbols1 use (1 on geologic maps4 #bj-ba ,lett]+1 directions =4 #ec-ee = li?ograph+4 #ij = names ( /reams4 #eb1 #ed on diagrams4 #fd on draw+s ( cry/als4 #gj on orig9al maps4 #ai on plans & cross sections ( m9es4 #fe-ff r$uction %eet us$ 91 plate %[+4 #ed use ( type =4 #ed-ee ,light1 direction & gradation (4 #ff ,li?ographs1 pr9t+ & ins]tion (4 #aa ,li?ography1 orig9al process (4 #hc-he ,see also ,engrav+ on /one4 ,longitude1 l5g? ( #a (1 at latitudes #j to #ij4 #ia ,m4 ,map ( ! _w1 million?-scale1 use (1 = base maps4 #ad ,maps1 areal patt]ns =1 draw+ (4 #fa-fb b> scales =4 #ei-fj base1 conv5tional symbols us$ on4 #de-df includ+ new data1 h[ obta9$4 #ac-ad indication ( s\rces on4 #ac ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on small scales1 use (4 #ae publi%$ maps available =4 #ad-ag reuse (1 to be approv$4 #ac black & :its1 patt]ns us$ on1 plate %[+4 #fb bord]s =4 #eg-fh cultural features on4 #eb-ec enl>gem5t & r$uction (4 #ah explanations =4 #ai1 #eh-ei geologic1 details (1 plate %[+4 #eh pr9t+ (4 #hg-hi /&>d colors =4 #fb-fc hydrographic features on4 #fa-eb lett]+ on4 #ec-fe mat]ials us$ = draw+4 #bc-bh ori5tation (4 #ah orig9al1 m>g9 requir$ on4 #ai orig9al base1 am\nt ( detail on4 #ag mu/ be free f colors & symbols4 #bh prep>ation (4 #ac-ad1 #ag-ah orig9al geologic1 me?od ( color+4 #bg-bh projection =4 #ah-ai1 #dc-de r$uction or enl>gem5t (1 m>k+ =4 #fc-fd relief on4 #dh-ea /&>d scales =4 #ah symbols us$ on4 #bj-bc draw+ (4 #fa plates %[+4 #bj1 #df titles =4 #eh topographic1 scales (4 #ad-ae ,ma!matical signs1 =ms & names (4 #id ,measures1 l9e>1 metric equival5ts (4 #ib ,measur+ scales = map projection1 use (4 #dd ,m]idians us$ on public-l& maps1 diagram %[+4 #af ,metric measures1 ,engli% equival5ts (4 #ib ,million?-scale map1 use (4 #ad ,m9e plans1 conv5tional l9es =4 #bi features (4 #fe-ff symbols us$ on1 plate %[+4 #bj ,m9]als4 ,see ,rocks4 ,mississippi ,riv] ,commission1 maps publi%$ by #ae ,n4 ,names ( rocks4 #id-ig ,national =e/ maps & proclamations1 use (4 #ae ,o4 ,(fset process1 description (4 #hg ,oilwells1 symbols =4 #ba ,opaqu+1 mean+ (4 #ah1 #dg1 #hf ,ori5tation ( maps1 requirem5ts =4 #ah ,orig9al draw+s1 g5]al treatm5t (1 by draftsm54 #db-dc prep>ation (4 #ab-dj ,outdoor sket*es1 r$raw+ (4 #fi-gj ,p4 ,panoramas1 con/ruction (4 #ga ,pap]1 k9ds us$ = draw+s4 #bc-bd1 #fj1 #fa1 #ff1 #fi ,pa/es1 use (4 #cg ,patt]ns1 areal1 me?od ( draw+4 #fa-fb areal1 plate %[+4 #fb ,p5 draw+s1 mat]ials & me?ods us$ 9 mak+4 #fg-fh1 #fh-fi ,p5cils1 color$1 use (4 #bf draw+1 quality & grades (4 #be1 #ff ,p5s1 k9ds (1 us$ = draw+4 #be1 #dh1 #fg ,photo5grav+1 co/ (4 #ge1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha g5]al features (4 #gb-gc ,photo5grav+s1 pr9t+ & ins]tion (4 #aa ,photogelat9 processes1 description (4 #hb-hc ,photographs1 adaptation (4 #hc blea*+ (4 #fi c>e ne$$ 9 tak+ & h&l+4 #cb1 #cc1 #ci-dj copyright$1 cons5t = use (4 #cc-cd duplicate pr9ts (1 reque/s =4 #cd m\nt+ & numb]+ (4 #cc1 #cf-cg poor1 mat+ ( draw+s ov]4 #fh-fi prep>ation (1 = half-tone engrav+4 #gg-gh record ( s\rce (4 #cd selection (4 #cb-cc ret\*+ (4 #fh1 #gj-ga suitability (4 #i unpubli%$1 issue & use (4 #cd ,photoli?ographs1 *anges 94 #ci ,photoli?ography1 description (4 #hf-hg ,planographic process1 description (4 #hg ,plans ( m9es1 draw+ & lett]+ (4 #bi1 #fe-ff symbols us$ on1 plate %[+4 #bj ,plates1 diff]5ces f figures4 #aj-aa divisions (1 s]ial lett]s & numb]s =4 #ab gr\p+ small illu/rations on4 #cf-cg me?ods ( ins]t+1 plate %[+4 #ab ,political divisions1 lett]+ (4 #ec1 #ed ,po/-r\te maps1 scales & detail (4 #ae ,projection = maps1 prep>ation & *eck+ (4 #ah-ai1 #dc-de ,pro(s1 *anges 94 #gf correction (4 #ch-ci duplicate1 supply+ (4 #cj submittal (4 #ch ,public-l& maps1 m]idians1 p>allels1 & t[n%ip l9es us$ on1 diagram %[+4 #af ,public works1 lett]+ (4 #ec ,punctuation m>ks1 =ms (4 #ed ,purpose ( illu/rations 9 ,survey reports4 #h1 #dj ,r4 ,railroad surveys1 data = maps obta9able f4 #ae ,railroads1 names (1 on maps4 #eg ,r$uction ( maps1 m>k+ draw+s =4 #fc-fd means (4 #ah ,r$uction %eet = lett]+1 plate %[+4 #ed use (4 #ee ,relief1 me?ods ( express+4 #dh-ea ,reproduction ( illu/rations1 processes =4 #gb-ij relation (1 to ! draw+ suppli$4 #g1 #dj ,reticulation1 sket*+ by4 #dg ,ret\*+ ( photographs1 mat]ials & me?od us$ 94 #fh1 #gj-ga ,reuse ( illu/rations1 proc$ure =4 #cg-ch ,rocks1 igne\s1 names (4 #ie-ig metamorphic1 names (4 #ie s$im5t>y1 names (4 #id-ie symbols us$ to di/+ui%4 #cb ,see also ,specim5s4 ,roman num]als1 numb]s express$ by4 #ic ,rubb]1 liquid1 use (4 #cg ,s4 ,scales1 b>1 =ms (4 #ej-fj measur+ = projection ( maps4 #dd /&>d1 ( maps4 #ah ,scope ( ?is manual4 #g ,scre5s1 half-tone pr9ts %[+ effects produc$ by4 #ef ,selection ( illu/rations1 consid]ations gov]n+4 #h-i ,sections1 column>1 orig9al draw+s =4 #ca column>1 symbols us$ 91 plate %[+4 #cb /ructure1 comb9ation (1 ) views ( topography4 #cj-ca draw+ (4 #fd-fe orig9al draw+s =4 #bi-ca symbols us$ 91 plate %[+4 #cb v]tical exagg]ation (4 #cj ,%ad+1 k9ds us$4 #fg ,signs1 ma!matical1 =ms & names (4 #jd ,sises ( illu/rations4 #aa-ab1 #dj ,specim5s1 borr[$ & fragile1 c>e (4 #ce draw+s (1 me?ods ( mak+4 #fj-fh paleontologic1 transmittal (4 #ce photographs (1 h[ pr9t$4 #fh h[ us$4 #cd-he ,spr+s1 symbols =4 #bb1 #bc ,/ate maps1 use (4 #ae ,/ipple1 production (4 #ej1 #ea ,/one1 engrav+ on4 #hi-ij ,/reams1 draw+ (4 #ea-eb lett]+ names (4 #eb ,submittal ( illu/rations4 #aj ,symbols1 draw+ (4 #bj1 #fa = gr\nd-wat] features1 uni=mity ne$$ 94 #ba-bc = maps & m9e plans1 plates %[+4 #bj1 #df uni=m use (4 #bj1 #de-df = oil & gas wells1 features (4 #ba = /ructure & column> sections1 plate %[+4 #cb li?ologic1 use (4 #cb ,t4 ,?ree-color half-tones1 process ( mak+4 #gh-hj ,titles ( illu/rations1 arrangem5t & place (4 #eh pr9t+ (4 #ai-bj word+ & lett]+ (4 #ai ,tool+ on half-tones1 effects obta9$ by4 #gg1 #gh ,topographic atlas %eets1 scales (4 #ad ,trac+1 me?od (4 #df-dg use ( colors 94 #df-dg ,trac+ l951 use (4 #bd-be ,transf]r+1 celluloid1 process (4 #dg celluloid1 requisitions =4 #dg ,type1 lett]+ )4 #ed-ee /yles & sizes (4 #ee ,v4 ,value ( illu/rations 9 ,survey reports4 #h ,v>a1 l5g? (4 #ib ,vignett+1 effect obta9$ by4 #gh ,w4 ,wall map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 use (1 = basemaps4 #ad ,wat] colors1 use (4 #bf1 #fg1 #ga ,wat]l9+1 use (4 #eb ,wax engrav+1 process & advantages (4 #hj-ha ,wells1 symbols =4 #bb1 #bc ,wood engrav+1 process (4 #ha-hb ,z4 ,z9c et*+s1 *anges 94 #ch-ci draw+s =4 #gd ins]tion (4 #aa mak+ & advantages (4 #gc-ge ,illu/ration3 circle 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,p>agraphs split by illu/rations 7 rejo9$4 ,:]e ,greek *>act]s occurr$ 9 ! orig9al1 ,greek3 0 sub/itut$ = !m4 ,to see ^! *>act]s1 view ! ,,utf-#h or ,,html v]sion4