,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italiciz$ text indicat$ by und]scores4 #ab-c_/d repres5ts :ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s4 ,,cornell ,,nature-,,/udy ,,leaflets ,,be+ ,a ,,selection1 ,,) ,,revision1 ,,f ,,! ,,tea*]s' ,,leaflets1 ,,home ,,nature-,,/udy ,,lessons1 ,,junior ,,naturali/ ,,mon?lies ,,& ,,o!r ,,publications ,,f ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,cornell ,,univ]sity1 ,,i?aca1 ,n4,y41 #ahif-aijd ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york--,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,nature-,,/udy ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #a ,illu/ration ,,albany ,j4 ,b4 ,,lyon ,,company1 ,,pr9t]s #aijd ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,,college ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,cornell ,,univ]sity1 ,,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hon4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,wiet+1 ,commission] ( ,agriculture1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y43 ,,sir4--,i submit h]e) z a "p ( ! ,annual ,report ( #aijc a numb] ( ! nature-/udy publications = repr9t+4 ,mo/ ( ^! publications are out ( pr9t & ! call = !m /ill cont9ues4 ,^! publications h practically all aris5 "u y\r sup]vision1 & "u ! director%ip ( ,pr(essor ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts4 ,nature-/udy "w %\ld beg9 9 ! prim>y grades4 ,x is a fundam5tal educational process1 because x beg9s ) ! concrete & simple1 develops ! p[] ( obs]vation1 relates ! *ild to its environm5t1 develops sympa?y = ! common & ! ne>-at-h&4 ,by ! "t ! *ild has arriv$ at ! fif? or six? grade he %\ld be well prep>$ = specific "w 9 ! mod]n environm5tal geography1 9 ! indu/ries1 or 9 o!r exact] common-life subjects4 ,nature-/udy is a necess>y f\ndation = ! be/ "w 9 biology1 physiography & agriculture4 ,s9ce x is cont5t "w1 x is also equally important z a prep>ation 9 all expression "w1 z 9 ,engli%1 numb] & read+4 ,9 mo/ pres5t-day rural s*ools x may well cont9ue ?r\gh ! eigh? grade2 &1 if well taught1 x may ev5 take ! place v pr(itably ( "s ( ! sci5ce ( "s ( ! high] s*ools4 ,its p>ticul> sph]e1 h[ev]1 9 a well-develop$ s*ool1 is bel[ ! six? grade1 possibly bel[ ! fif?4 ,b ev5 if ! t]m nature-/udy ceases at ! fif? or six? grade1 ! nature-/udy me?od w p]si/ ?r\gh\t ! s*ool c\rse1--! me?od ( deal+ fir/-h& & 9 _! natural sett+ ) objects1 ph5om5a & affairs1 & ( proce$+ f ! simple & undissect$ to ! complex & remote4 ,! read] %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! ,college ( ,agriculture has no organic connection ) ! public s*ool sy/em ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 & t its nature-/udy "w is a propag&a4 ,f fir/ to la/ ! ,college has be5 =tunate 9 hav+ ! sympa?y1 aid1 & approval ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction1 & n[ ( ! new ,education ,dep>tm5t4 ,! "t is n[ ne> at h& :5 nature-/udy w be adequately recogniz$ 9 ! s*ool sy/em ( ! ,/ate1 & !n ! nature-/udy "w ( ! ,college ( ,agriculture may take new =m4 ,9 ^! repr9t$ leaflets ! read] w f9d _m me?ods ( pres5tation ( a great v>iety ( subject-matt]4 ,a wide range has purposely be5 includ$1 9 ! hope t any int]e/$ tea*] may f9d at lea/ "o or two leaflets t w be sugge/ive 9 8 own "w4 ,our own ideas z to :at is a valuable leaflet h *ang$ greatly s9ce ! "w 0 begun2 & x is to be expect$ t !y w cont9ue to *ange ) ! progress ( ! "w & ! developm5t ( ! s*ools4 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ review if we 7 to summ>ize our own exp]i5ces ) our own "w4 ,! leaflet t is mo/ prais$ by ! critics may be ! lea/ useful 9 practice4 ,! greate/ dang] is t ( mak+ ! "w too complete1 too rigid & too =midable4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,director ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,tea*]s' ,,leaflets4 ,leaflet4 ,page4 ,! ,s*oolh\se #i ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,i4 ,:at is ,nature-,/udy8 #aa ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,ii4 ,! ,nature-,/udy ,movem5t #ba ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,iii4 ,an ,appeal to ! ,tea*]s ( ,new ,york ,/ate #ca ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,iv4 ,:at ,is ,agricultural ,education8 #de ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,v4 ,sugge/ions = ,nature ,/udy ,"w #ee ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,vi4 ,a ,summ] ,%[] #ha ,ralph ,s4 ,t>r4 ,,vii4 ,a ,sn[ ,/orm #ic ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,viii4 ,a ,h&ful ( ,soil3 ,:at ,x ,is #ii ,ralph ,s4 ,t>r4 ,,ix4 ,a ,h&ful ( ,soil3 ,:at ,x ,does #aae ,l4 ,a4 ,cl9ton4 ,x4 ,! ,brook #abe ,j4 ,o4 ,m>t94 ,introduction by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xi4 ,insect ,life ( a ,brook #ace ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,,xii4 ,life 9 an ,aqu>ium #ada ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,,xiii4 ,a ,/udy ( ,fi%es #aeg ,h4 ,d4 ,re$4 ,,xiv4 ,! ,op5+ ( a ,cocoon #afg ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,,xv4 ,a ,talk ab\t ,spid]s #aga ,john ,h5ry ,com/ock4 ,,xvi4 ,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,toad #ahe ,simon ,h5ry ,gage4 ,,xvii4 ,life 9 a ,t]r>ium #bjg ,alice ,i4 ,k5t4 ,,xviii4 ,directions = ,collect+ & ,pres]v+ ,insects #bac ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xix4 ,"s ,t5t-,mak]s #bbg ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xx4 ,mosquitoes #bcg ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,,xxi4 ,! ,ways ( ! ,ant #bdc ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xxii4 ,! ,birds & ,i #bec ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxiii4 ,! ,e>ly ,birds #bfa ,l\is ,agassiz ,fu]tes4 ,,xxiv4 ,! ,woodpeck]s #bfi ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xxv4 ,! ,*ickadee #bgi ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xxvi4 ,! ,:ite-,brea/$ ,nu?at* #bhc ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xxvii4 ,ab\t ,cr[s #bhg ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,,xxviii4 ,h[ a ,squa% ,plant ,gets ,out ( ! ,se$ #bia ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxix4 ,h[ ! ,trees ,look 9 ,w9t] #big ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxx4 ,"o ,way ( ,draw+ ,trees 9 ,_! ,w9t] ,aspects #cjg ,*>les ,w4 ,furlong4 ,,xxxi4 ,f\r ,apple ,twigs #cag ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxxii4 ,! ,bur/ ( ,spr+ #cbg ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxxiii4 ,ev]gre5s & ,h[ ,!y ,%$ ,_! ,leaves #ccc ,h4 ,p4 ,g\ld4 ,,xxxiv4 ,! ,clov]s & ,_! ,k9 #cdi ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xxxv4 ,h[ ,plants ,live ,toge!r #cfa ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxxvi4 ,plant+ a ,plant #cfg ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxxvii4 ,cutt+s & ,cutt+s #cfi ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxxviii4 ,a ,*ildr5's ,g>d5 #cgi ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,xxxix4 ,a ,hill ( ,potatoes #che ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts4 ,,xl4 ,! ,hepatica #cia ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xli4 ,jack-9-!-,pulpit #cie ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xlii4 ,indian ,corn #cig ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xliii4 ,! ,rip5$ ,corn #dja ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xliv4 ,! ,uses ( ,food ,/or$ 9 ,se$s #dji ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xlv4 ,! ,life ,hi/ory ( a ,beet #dae ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,,xlvi4 ,prun+ #dag ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,,xlvii4 ,/udy ( a ,tree #dbc ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xlviii4 ,! ,maple 9 ,febru>y #dca ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,xlix4 ,! ,r$ ,squirrel or ,*ick>ee #dce ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,l4 ,improvem5t ( ,s*ool ,gr\nds #dcg ,john ,w4 ,sp5c]4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,leaflets4 ,! ,*ild's ,realm #dea ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,li4 ,a ,sn[ ,/orm #dec ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lii4 ,a ,plant at ,s*ool #dee ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,liii4 ,an ,apple ,twig & an ,apple #dfg ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,liv4 ,twigs 9 ,late ,w9t] #dgc ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lv4 ,prun+ #dge ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lvi4 ,! ,hepatica #dgg ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lvii4 ,jack-9-!-,pulpit #dgi ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lviii4 ,d&elion #dha ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey & ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,lix4 ,maple ,trees 9 ,autumn #dhc ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lx4 ,a ,corn ,/alk #dhe ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxi4 ,9 ! ,corn ,fields #dhg ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxii4 ,! ,alfalfa ,plant #dhi ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey & ,john ,w4 ,sp5c]4 ,,lxiii4 ,! ,r$ ,squirrel #die ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxiv4 ,rob9 #dii ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,,lxv4 ,cr[s #eja ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxvi4 ,a ,fri5dly ,little ,*ickadee #ejc ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxvii4 ,! ,family ( ,woodpeck]s #eje ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxviii4 ,des]t$ ,birds' ,ne/s #eae ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxix4 ,! ,p\ltry ,y>d3 ,"s ,?anksgiv+ ,lessons #eag ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey & ,james ,e4 ,rice4 ,,lxx4 ,little ,h]mit ,bro!r #ebi ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,,lxxi4 ,a ,home = ,fri5dly ,little ,neighbors #ecg ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxxii4 ,mo?s & ,butt]flies #ede ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxxiii4 ,! ,pap] ,mak]s #eea ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxxiv4 ,"s ,c>p5t] ,ants & ,_! ,k9 #eee ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey4 ,,lxxv4 ,a ,g>d5 ,all ,y\r ,own #eei ,john ,w4 ,sp5c]4 ,,lxxvi4 ,! ,g>d5s & ! ,s*ool ,gr\nds #efi ,john ,w4 ,sp5c]4 ,,lxxvii4 ,some?+ = ,"y ,f>m]s #egc ,john ,w4 ,sp5c]4 ,,lxxviii4 ,bulbs #egg ,john ,w4 ,sp5c]4 ,,lxxix4 ,a ,talk ,ab\t ,bulbs by ! ,g>d5] #eha ,c4 ,e4 ,hunn4 ,,lxxx4 ,horses #ehi ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey & ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,tea*]s' ,,leaflets4 ,,publications ,,design$ ,,to ,,aid ,,! ,,tea*] ,,) ,,subject-,,matt]1 ,,to ,,indicate ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view1 ,,& ,,to ,,sugge/ ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,pres5tation4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,h\se4 ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts1 ! s*ool mu/ become a social & intellectual c5tre4 ,x mu/ /& 9 close relation%ip ) ! life & activities ( its community4 ,x mu/ n be an in/itution ap>t1 exotic to ! common-day lives2 x mu/ tea* ! common ?+s & put ! pupil into sympa!tic t\* ) 8 own environm5t4 ,!n e s*ool h\se w h a voice1 & w say3 ,i tea* ,! e>? & soil ,to !m t toil1 ,! hill & f5 ,to common m5 ,t live "r "h2 ,! plants t gr[1 ,! w9ds t bl[1 ,! /reams t run ,9 ra9 & sun ,?r\gh\t ! ye>2 ,& !n ,i lead1 ,?ro' wood & mead1 ,?ro' mold & sod1 ,out unto ,god ,) love & *e]4 ,i tea*6 ,,leaflet ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,nature-,,/udy8#a ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #a ,p>agraphs adapt$ f ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #f1 ,may #a1 #ahig1 & f subsequ5t publications4 ,illu/ration ,nature-/udy1 z a process1 is see+ ! ?+s t "o looks at1 & ! draw+ ( prop] conclusions f :at "o sees4 ,its purpose is to educate ! *ild 9 t]ms ( 8 environm5t1 to ! end t 8 life may be full] & ri*]4 ,nature-/udy is n ! /udy ( a sci5ce1 z ( botany1 entomology1 geology1 & ! l4 ,t is1 x takes ! ?+s at h& & endeavors to und]/& !m1 )\t ref]5ce prim>ily to ! sy/ematic ord] or relation%ips ( ! objects4 ,x is in=mal1 z are ! objects :i* "o sees4 ,x is entirely divorc$ f m]e def9itions1 or f =mal explanations 9 books4 ,x is !re=e supremely natural4 ,x tra9s ! eye & ! m9d to see & to compreh5d ! common ?+s ( life2 & ! result is n directly ! acquir+ ( sci5ce b ! e/abli%+ ( a liv+ sympa?y ) ev]y?+ t is4 ,! prop] objects ( nature-/udy are ! ?+s t "o (t5e/ meets4 ,/ones1 fl[]s1 twigs1 birds1 insects1 are good & common subjects4 ,! *ild1 or ev5 ! high s*ool pupil1 is fir/ int]e/$ 9 ?+s t d n ne$ to be analyz$ or *ang$ into unusual =ms or problems4 ,!re=e1 problems ( *emi/ry & ( physics are = ! mo/ "p unsuit$ to e>ly lessons 9 nature-/udy4 ,mov+ ?+s1 z birds1 insects & mammals1 int]e/ *ildr5 mo/ & !re=e seem to be ! prop] objects = nature-/udy2 b x is (t5 difficult to secure su* specim5s :5 want$1 especially 9 lib]al quantity1 & /ill m difficult to see ! objects 9 p]fectly natural conditions4 ,plants are m easily _h1 & are !re=e usually m practicable = ! purpose1 al?\gh animals & m9]als %\ld by no means be exclud$4 ,if ! objects to be /udi$ are in=mal1 ! me?ods ( tea*+ %\ld be ! same4 ,if nature-/udy 7 made a /at$ "p ( a rigid curriculum1 its purpose might be defeat$4 ,"o difficulty ) our pres5t s*ool me?ods is ! necess>y =mality ( ! c\rses & ! h\rs4 ,tasks are set1 & tasks are always h>d4 ,! be/ way to tea* nature-/udy is1 ) no h>d & fa/ c\rse laid out1 to br+ 9 "s object t may be at h& & to set ! pupils to look+ at x4 ,! pupils d ! "w1--!y see ! ?+ & expla9 its /ructure & its mean+4 ,! ex]cise %\ld n be long1 n to exce$ fifte5 m9utes p]haps1 &1 above all ?+s1 ! pupil %\ld nev] look ^u x z a recitation1 nor z a means ( prep>+ = exam9ation4 ,x may come z a re/ ex]cise1 :5ev] ! pupils become li/less4 ,t5 m9utes a day1 = "o t]m1 ( a %ort1 %>p1 & spicy obs]vation lesson on plants1 = example1 is wor? m ?an a :ole text-book ( botany4 ,! tea*] %\ld /udi\sly avoid def9itions1 & ! sett+ ( patt]ns4 ,! old idea ( ! model fl[] is a p]nici\s "o1 because x does n exi/ 9 nature4 ,! model fl[]1 ! complete leaf1 & ! l1 are inf]5ces1 & pupils %\ld always beg9 ) ?+s & ph5om5a1 & n ) ab/ract ideas4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ideas %\ld be sugge/$ by ! ?+s1 & n ! ?+s by ! ideas4 ,"h is a draw+ ( a model fl[]1 ! old me?od says2 g & f9d ! ne>e/ approa* to x4 ,g & f9d me a fl[]1 is ! true me?od1 & let u see :at x is4 ,e *ild1 & e gr[n p]son too1 = t matt]1 is int]e/$ 9 nature-/udy1 = x is ! natural way ( acquir+ k4 ,! only difficulty lies 9 ! tea*+1 = v few tea*]s h _h exp]i5ce 9 ?is in=mal me?od ( draw+ out ! obs]v+ & reason+ p[]s ( ! pupil )\t ! use ( text-books4 ,! tea*] mu/ fir/ ( all feel 9 natural objects ! liv+ int]e/ :i* x is desir$ ! pupils %all acquire4 ,if ! en?usiasm is n cat*+1 bett] let su* tea*+ alone4 ,prim>ily1 nature-/udy1 z ! writ] conceives x1 is n k4 ,he w\ld avoid ! leaflet t gives no?+ b in=mation4 ,nature-/udy is n me?od4 ,( necessity ea* tea*] w develop a me?od2 b ?is me?od is ! ne$ ( ! tea*]1 n ( ! subject4 ,nature-/udy is n to be taught = ! purpose ( mak+ ! y\? a speciali/ or a sci5ti/4 ,n[ & !n a pupil w desire to pursue a sci5ce = ! sake ( ! sci5ce1 & he %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,b e pupil may be taught to be int]e/$ 9 plants & birds & insects & runn+ brooks1 & !reby 8 life w be ! /rong]4 ,! crop ( sci5ti/s w take c>e ( itself4 ,x is said t nature-/udy tea*+ is n ?or\gh & !re=e is undesirable4 ,mu* t is good 9 tea*+ has be5 sacrific$ = :at we call ?or\ghness1--:i* 9 _m cases means only a p]functory drill 9 m]e facts4 ,"o _c tea* a pupil to be really int]e/$ 9 any natural object or ph5om5on until ! pupil sees accurately & reasons correctly4 ,accuracy is a prime requisite 9 any good nature-/udy tea*+1 = accuracy is tru? & x develops p[]4 ,x is bett] t a pupil see tw5ty ?+s accurately1 & see !m himself1 ?an t he be conf9$ to "o ?+ s long t he dete/s x4 ,diff]5t subjects dem& diff]5t me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! me?od ( ma!matics _c be appli$ to d&elions & polliwogs4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 nature-/udy is actually to see ! ?+ or ! ph5om5on4 ,x is positive1 direct1 discrim9at+1 accurate obs]vation4 ,! second ess5tial is to und]/& :y ! ?+ is s1 or :at x means4 ,! ?ird ess5tial is ! desire to "k m1 & ?is comes ( itself & !reby is unlike mu* o!r ef=t ( ! s*oolroom4 ,! f9al result %\ld be ! developm5t ( a ke5 p]sonal int]e/ 9 e natural object & ph5om5on4 ,real nature-/udy _c pass away4 ,we are *ildr5 ( nature1 & we h nev] appreciat$ ! fact s mu* z we d n[4 ,b ! m closely we come into t\* ) nature1 ! less d we proclaim ! fact abroad4 ,we may he> less ab\t x1 b t w be because we are liv+ ne>] to x & h ceas$ to feel ! necessity ( adv]tis+ x4 ,mu* t is call$ nature-/udy is only dilut$ & sug>-coat$ sci5ce4 ,?is w pass4 ,"s ( x is m]e s5tim5talism4 ,?is also w pass4 ,) ! *anges1 ! t]m nature-/udy may fall into disuse2 b ! "n matt]s little s long z we hold to ! ess5ce4 ,all new ?+s mu/ be unduly emphasiz$1 else !y _c ga9 a foo?old 9 competition ) ?+s t are e/abli%$4 ,= a day1 "s new movem5t is ann\nc$ 9 ! daily pap]s1 & !n1 because we d n see ! head l9es1 we ?9k t ! movem5t is dead2 b usually :5 ?+s are h]ald$ !y h only j appe>$4 ,s long z ! sun %9es & ! fields are gre51 we %all ne$ to g to nature = our inspiration & our respite2 & our ne$ is ! great] ) e increas+ complexity ( our lives4 ,all ?is means t ! tea*] w ne$ helps4 ,he w ne$ to in=m himself be=e he attempts to in=m ! pupil4 ,x is n necess>y t he become a sci5ti/ 9 ord] to d ?is4 ,he goes z f> z he kn[s1 & !n says to ! pupil t he _c answ] ! que/ions t he _c4 ,?is at once raises him 9 ! e/imation ( ! pupil1 = ! pupil is conv9c$ ( 8 tru?fulness1 & is made to feel--b h[ seldom is ! s5sation6--t k is n ! peculi> prop]ty ( ! tea*] b is ! "r ( any "o :o seeks x4 ,nature-/udy sets ! pupil to inve/igat+ = himself4 ,! tea*] nev] ne$s to apologize = nature4 ,he is tea*+ m]ely because he is an old] & m exp]i5c$ pupil ?an 8 pupil is4 ,?is is ! _s ( ! tea*] 9 ! univ]sities to-day4 ,! be/ tea*] is ! "o ^: pupils ! f>!/ outrun him4 ,9 ord] to help ! tea*] 9 ! rural s*ools ( ,new ,york1 we h conceiv$ ( a s]ies ( leaflets expla9+ h[ ! common objects c be made int]e/+ to *ildr54 ,:il/ ^! are int5d$ = ! tea*]1 !re is no h>m 9 giv+ !m to ! pupil2 b ! leaflets %\ld nev] be us$ z texts f :i* to make recitations4 ,n[ & !n1 take ! *ildr5 = a ramble 9 ! woods or fields1 or g to ! brook or lake4 ,call _! att5tion to ! int]e/+ ?+s t y meet--:e!r y y\rself und]/& !m or n--9 ord] to tea* !m to see & to f9d "s po9t ( sympa?y2 = e "o ( !m w "s day ne$ ! solace & ! re/ :i* ?is nature-love c give !m4 ,x is n ! m]e in=mation t is valuable2 t may be _h by ask+ someone wis] ?an !y1 b ! inquir+ & sympa!tic _s is "o's own4 ,! pupils w f9d _! regul> lessons easi] to acquire = ?is respite ( t5 m9utes ) a leaf or an insect1 & ! s*ool-go+ w come to be less p]functory4 ,if y mu/ tea* draw+1 set ! picture 9 a leaflet be=e ! pupils = /udy1 & !n sub/itute ! object4 ,if y mu/ tea* composition1 let ! pupils write on :at !y h se54 ,aft] a "t1 give t5 m9utes n[ & !n to ask+ ! *ildr5 :at !y saw on _! way to s*ool4 ,n[1 :y is ! ,college ( ,agriculture at ,cornell ,univ]sity int]e/+ itself 9 ?is "w8 ,x is try+ to help ! f>m]1 & x beg9s ) ! mo/ tea*able po9t--! *ild4 ,! di/rict s*ool _c tea* te*nical pr(essional agriculture any m ?an x c tea* law or eng9e]+ or any o!r pr(ession or trade1 b x c int]e/ ! *ild 9 nature & 9 rural problems1 & !reby jo9 8 sympa?ies to ! c\ntry at ! same "t t 8 m9d is tra9$ to effici5t ?9k+4 ,! *ild w tea* ! p>5t4 ,! com+ g5]ation w see ! result4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( humanity & c\ntry1 we ask = help4 ,h[ to make ! rural s*ool m effici5t is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems be=e our educators1 b ! problem is l>g] ?an m]e c\rses ( /udy4 ,social & economic que/ions are at ! bottom ( ! difficulty1 & ^! que/ions may be beyond ! rea* ( ! educator4 ,a correspond5t wrote u ! o!r day t an old tea*] 9 a rural s*ool1 :o 0 receiv+ #bj a mon?1 0 und]bid #ej c5ts by "o ( no exp]i5ce1 & ! y\ng] tea*] 0 engag$ = #ai4ej1 ?us sav+ ! di/rict = ! ?ree mon?s' t]m ! sum ( #a4ej4 ,?is is an extreme case1 b x illu/rates "o ( ! rural s*ool problems4 ,"o ( ! difficulties ) ! rural di/rict s*ool is ! fact t ! tea*]s t5d to move to ! villages & cities1 :]e !re is opportunity to associate ) o!r tea*]s1 :]e !re are libr>ies1 & :]e ! wages are sometimes bett]4 ,?is movem5t is likely to leave ! di/rict s*ool 9 ! h&s ( y\ng] tea*]s1 & *anges are v frequ5t4 ,to all ?is !re are _m exceptions4 ,_m tea*]s appreciate ! advantages ( liv+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re !y f9d comp5sations = ! lack ( association4 ,!y may reside at home4 ,"s ( ! be/ "w 9 our nature-/udy movem5t has come f ! rural s*ools4 ,we %all make a special ef=t to rea* ! c\ntry s*ools4 ,yet x is a fact t new movem5ts usually take root 9 ! city s*ools & gradually spread to ! small] places4 ,?is is n ! fault ( ! c\ntry tea*]2 x comes l>gely f ! fact t 8 "t is occupi$ by s _m v>i\s duties & t ! rural s*ools d n h ! advantage ( ! p]sonal sup]vision :i* ! city s*ools h4 ,retrospect & ,prospect aft] five ye>s' "w4#b #b ,f ,bull4 #bjf1 ,six? ,report ( ,ext5sion ,"w1 #aijb4 ,to create a l>g] public s5tim5t 9 favor ( agriculture1 to increase ! f>m]'s respect = 8 own bus9ess1--^! are ! controll+ purposes 9 ! g5]al movem5t t we are c>ry+ =w>d "u ! title ( nature-/udy4 ,x is n by tea*+ agriculture directly t ?is movem5t c be />t$4 ,! common s*ools 9 ,new ,york w n tea* agriculture to any ext5t = ! pres5t1 & ! movem5t1 if x is to ar\se a public s5tim5t1 mu/ rea* beyond ! actual f>m]s !mselves4 ,! agricultural /atus is mu* m ?an an affair ( m]e f>m+4 ,! fir/ und]tak+1 z we conceive ! problem1 is to awak5 an int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ) :i* ! f>m] lives & has to d1 = a man is happy only :5 he is 9 sympa?y ) 8 environm5t4 ,to tea* obs]vation ( common ?+s1 !re=e1 has be5 ! fundam5tal purpose4 ,a "n = ! movem5t 0 necess>y4 ,we did n wi% to inv5t a new "n or phrase1 z x w\ld require too mu* ef=t 9 explanation4 ,!re=e1 we *ose ! curr5t & significant phrase nature-/udy1 :i*1 :ile x cov]s _m me?ods & practices1 /&s ev]y:]e = ! op5+ ( ! m9d directly to ! common ph5om5a ( nature4 ,we h n tri$ to develop a sy/em ( nature-/udy nor to make a contribution to ! p$agogics ( ! subject4 ,we h m]ely endeavor$1 z be/ we c\ld1 to rea* a c]ta9 specific result1--! enl>g+ ( ! agricultural horizon4 ,we h _h no p$agogical !ories1 or1 if we h1 !y h be5 modifi$ or upset by ! actual conditions t h pres5t$ !mselves4 ,nei!r d we cont5d t our own me?ods & means h always be5 ! be/4 ,we are le>n+4 ,yet we are sure t ! g5]al results ju/ify all ! ef=t4 ,!oretical p$agogical ideals c be appli$ by ! good tea*] :o comes into p]sonal relations ) ! *ildr51 & !y are almo/ c]ta9 to "w out well4 ,^! ideals _c always be appli$1 h[ev]1 ) p]sons :o are to be rea*$ by means ( correspond5ce & 9 a great v>iety ( conditions1 & p>ticul>ly :5 _m ( ! subjects lie outside ! cu/om>y "w ( ! s*ools4 ,likewise1 ! subjects select$ = our nature-/udy "w mu/ be gov]n$ by conditions & n :olly by ideals4 ,we are sometimes ask$ :y we d n take up topics m di/9ctly agricultural or economic4 ,! answ] is t we take subjects t tea*]s w use4 ,we w\ld l1 = example1 to give m att5tion to insect subjects1 b x is difficult to induce tea*]s to "w ) !m4 ,if di/9ctly agricultural topics alone 7 us$1 ! movem5t w\ld h v little foll[+ & influ5ce4 ,moreov]1 x is n our purpose to tea* te*nical agriculture 9 ! common s*ools1 b to inculcate ! habit ( obs]v+1 to sugge/ "w t has di/9ct application to ! conditions 9 :i* ! *ild lives1 to inspire en?usiasm = c\ntry life1 to aid 9 home-mak+1 & to enc\rage a g5]al movem5t t[>ds ! soil4 ,^! matt]s _c be =c$4 ,9 e ef=t by e memb] ( ! ext5sion /aff1 ! bett]m5t ( agricultural conditions has be5 ! guid+ impulse1 h[ev] remote f t purpose x may h seem$ to ! casual obs]v]4 ,we h f\nd by long exp]i5ce t x is unwise to give too mu* cond5s$ subject-matt]4 ,! individual tea*] c give subject-matt] 9 detail because p]sonal k & en?usiasm c be appli$4 ,b 9 g5]al correspond5ce & propag&i/ "w ?is _c be done4 ,) ! ,junior ,naturali/1 = example1 ! fir/ impulse is to inspire en?usiasm = "s bit ( "w :i* we hope to take up4 ,?is en?usiasm is inspir$ l>gely by ! organization ( clubs & by ! p]sonal correspond5ce t is conduct$ betwe5 ! ,bureau & ^! clubs & _! memb]s4 ,x is ! desire1 h[ev]1 to foll[ up ?is g5]al movem5t ) in/ruction 9 def9ite subject-matt] ) ! tea*]4 ,!re=e1 a c\rse 9 ,home ,nature-/udy 0 =mally e/abli%$ "u ! g5]al direction ( ,mrs4 ,m>y ,rog]s ,mill]4 ,x 0 design$ to c>ry on ! exp]im5t = "o ye>1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r su* a c\rse w\ld be productive ( good results & to discov] ! be/ means ( prosecut+ x4 ,^! exp]im5tal results 7 v gratify+4 ,ne>ly #b1jjj ,new ,york tea*]s are n[ regul>ly enroll$ 9 ! ,c\rse1 ! l>g] "p ( :om are outside ! metropolitan & di/9ctly urban conditions4 ,e ef=t is made to rea* ! rural tea*]4 ,9 ord] t ! "w may rea* ! *ildr51 x mu/ be greatly popul>iz$ & ! *ildr5 mu/ be met on _! own gr\nd4 ,! complete or ideal leaflet may h little influ5ce4 ,= example1 ,i prep>$ a leaflet on ,a ,*ildr5's ,g>d5 :i* sev]al p 7 k9d en\gh to praise4 ,h[ev]1 v little direct result 0 secur$ f ! use ( ?is leaflet until ,uncle ,john began to popul>ize x & to make appeals to tea*]s & *ildr5 by means ( p]sonal talks1 lett]s & circul>s4 ,s f> z possible1 8 appeal to *ildr5 0 made 9 _! own phrase4 ,! movem5t = ! *ildr5's g>d5 has n[ tak5 def9ite %ape1 & ! result is t m ?an #bf1jjj *ildr5 9 ,new ,york ,/ate are rais+ plants dur+ ! pres5t ye>4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ?is k9d may be tak5 f ! ef=t to improve ! rural s*ool gr\nds4 ,i wrote a bullet9 on ,! ,improvem5t ( ,rural ,s*ool ,gr\nds1 b ! tangible results 7 v few4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! "w ( ,uncle ,john ) ! tea*]s & ! *ildr51 a di/9ct movem5t has begun = ! clean+ & improv+ ( ! s*ool gr\nds ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is movem5t is yet 9 its infancy1 b sev]al hundr$ s*ools are n[ 9 process ( r5ovation1 l>gely ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! *ildr54 ,! idea ( organiz+ *ildr5 into clubs = ! /udy ( plants & animals1 & o!r outdoor subjects1 orig9at$1 s f> z our "w is conc]n$1 ) ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,sp5c] himself an actual1 practical f>m]4 ,8 "* z ,uncle ,john has done mu* to supply ! p]sonality t ord9>ily is lack+ 9 correspond5ce "w1 & !re has be5 develop$ among/ ! *ildr5 an am\nt ( int]e/ & en?usiasm :i* is surpris+ to ^? :o h n wat*$ its progress4 ,! problems connect$ ) ! rural s*ools are probably ! mo/ difficult que/ions to solve 9 ! :ole field ( education4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 t ! solution _c beg9 directly ) ! rural s*ools !mselves4 ,x mu/ beg9 9 educational c5tres & gradually spread to ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,we are mak+ con/ant ef=ts to rea* ! actual rural s*ools & expect to utilize fully e means )9 our p[]1 b x is "w t is att5d$ ) _m inh]5t difficulties4 ,we sometimes feel t ! agricultural /atus c be rea*$ bett] ?r\gh ! hamlet1 village1 & "s ( ! city s*ools ?an by means ( ! little r$ s*ool h\se on ! corn]4 ,by appeals to ! s*ool commission]s 9 ! rural di/ricts1 by "w ?r\gh tea*]s' in/itutes1 ?r\gh f>m]s' clubs1 granges & o!r means we believe t we are rea*+ f>!r & f>!r into ! v agricultural regions4 ,x is difficult to get consid]ation = purely agricultural subjects 9 ! rural s*ools !mselves4 ,(t5 ! s*ool does n h facilities = tea*+ su* subjects1 (t5 ! tea*]s are employ$ only = a few mon?s1 & !re is frequ5tly a s5tim5t aga9/ innovation4 ,x has be5 said t "o reason :y agricultural subjects are taught less 9 ! rural s*ools ( ,am]ica ?an 9 ^? ( "s p>ts ( ,europe1 is because ( ! few male tea*]s & ! abs5ce ( s*ool g>d5s4 ,we h met ) ! greate/ enc\ragem5t & help f v _m ( ! tea*]s 9 ! rural s*ools4 ,(t5 "u disadvantages & disc\ragem5ts !y are c>ry+ =w>d _! "p ( ! educational "w ) great consecration & effici5cy4 ,9 all ! educational "w we h be5 =tunate to h ! sympa?y & co-op]ation ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,we d n expect t all tea*]s nor ev5 a majority w take up nature-/udy "w4 ,x is n desirable t !y %\ld4 ,we are gratifi$1 h[ev]1 at ! l>ge numb] :o are c>ry+ x =w>d4 ,?is ,cornell nature-/udy movem5t is "o small "p ( a g5]al awak5+ 9 educational circles1 a movem5t :i* looks t[>ds br++ ! *ild into actual contact & sympa?y ) ! ?+s ) :i* he has to d4 ,?is "w is tak+ on _m phases4 ,"o aspect ( x is its relation to ! tea*+ ( agriculture & to ! love ( c\ntry life4 ,?is aspect is yet 9 its e>ly exp]im5tal /age4 ,! "t w come :5 in/itutions 9 e ,/ate w c>ry on "w along ?is l9e4 ,x w be sev]al ye>s yet be=e ?is type ( "w w h rea*$ :at may be consid]$ an e/abli%$ condition1 or be=e ev5 a satisfactory body ( exp]i5ce %all h be5 atta9$4 ,out ( ! v>i$ & sometimes conflict+ me?ods & aims t are n[ be=e ! public1 !re w develop 9 "t an in/itution-movem5t ( ext5sion agricultural tea*+4 ,! lit]ature issu$ by ! ,bureau ( ,nature-,/udy is ( two g5]al types3 t :i* is design$ to be ( m or less p]man5t value to ! tea*] & ! s*ool2 & t :i* is ( tempor>y use1 mo/ly 9 ! "* ( supplem5ts & circul>s design$ to meet pres5t conditions or to rally ! tea*]s or ! ,junior ,naturali/s4 ,! lit]ature ( ! =m] type is n[ republi%$ & is to be suppli$ gratis to tea*]s 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,! fir/ publication ( ! ,bureau ( ,nature-,/udy 0 a s]ies ( tea*]s' leaflets4 ,?is s]ies ran to tw5ty-two numb]s4 ,x 0 discont9u$ 9 ,may1 #aija1 because x 0 ?\ght t suffici5t mat]ial _h !n be5 pr9t$ to supply tea*]s ) subjects = a ye>'s "w4 ,x 0 nev] int5d$ to publi% ^! leaflets indef9itely4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 "s p]sons h suppos$ t because ^! tea*]s' leaflets 7 discont9u$ we 7 less5+ our ef=ts 9 ! nature-/udy "w4 ,! fact is t lat] ye>s h se5 an int5sification ( ! ef=t & also a /rong conviction on ! "p ( all ^? conc]n$ t ! "w has p]man5t educative value4 ,we nev] believ$ s fully 9 ! effici5cy ( ?is k9d ( ef=t z at ! pres5t "t4 ,,leaflet ,,ii4 ,,! ,,nature-,,/udy ,,movem5t4#c ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #c ,repr9t$ f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,association1 #aijc4 ,pap] read 9 g5]al session at ,bo/on1 ,july1 #aijc4 ,! nature-/udy movem5t is ! outgr[? ( an ef=t to put ! *ild into contact & sympa?y ) its own life4 ,x is /range t su* a movem5t is necess>y4 ,x w\ld seem to be natural & almo/ inevitable t ! education ( ! *ild %\ld place x 9 intimate relation ) ! objects & ev5ts ) :i* x lives4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t our tea*+ has be5 l>gely exotic to ! *ild2 t x has begun by tak+ ! *ild away f its natural environm5t2 t x has conc]n$ itself ) ! subject-matt] r ?an ) ! *ild4 ,?is is ! m>vel ( m>vels 9 education4 ,let me illu/rate by a ref]5ce to ! c\ntry s*ool4 ,if any man 7 to f9d himself 9 a c\ntry :olly devoid ( s*ools1 & 7 to be set ! task ( orig9at+ & organiz+ a s*ool sy/em1 he w\ld almo/ unconsci\sly introduce "s subjects t w\ld be relat$ to ! habits ( ! p & to ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,be+ fre$ f traditions1 he w\ld tea* some?+ ( ! plants & animals & fields & p4 ,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 :at d our rural s*ools tea*8 ,!y usually tea* ! ?+s t ! academies & ! colleges & ! univ]sities h taught--t old l9e ( subjects t is suppos$1 9 its high] phases1 to lead to le>n+4 ,! tea*+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool is a reflection ( old academic me?ods4 ,we really beg9 our sy/em at ! wrong end--) a popul>iz+ & simplify+ ( me?ods & subjects t are ! product ( ! s-call$ high] education4 ,we %\ld beg9 ) ! *ild4 ,! greate/ a*ievem5t ( mod]n education1 writes ,pr(essor ,payne1 is ! gradation & correlation ( s*ools1 :]eby ! ladd] ( le>n+ is let d[n f ! univ]sity to second>y s*ools1 & f ^! to ! s*ools ( ! p4 ,x is hi/orically true t ! common s*ools are ! products ( ! high] or special s*ools1 & ?is expla9s :y x is t s mu* ( ! common-s*ool "w is unadapt$ to ! *ild4 ,! k9d]g>t5 & "s ( ! manual-tra9+1 are successful revolts aga9/ all ?is4 ,x seems a pity t x 7 ev] necess>y t ! ladd] ( le>n+ be let d[n2 x %\ld be /ood on ! gr\nd4 ,! crux ( ! :ole subject lies 9 ! conception ( :at education is4 ,we all def9e x 9 !ory to be a draw+ out & a develop+ ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d2 b 9 practice we def9e x 9 ! t]ms ( ! means t we employ4 ,we h come to associate education ) c]ta9 def9ite subjects1 z if no o!r sets ( subjects c\ld be made ! means ( educat+ a m9d4 ,"o by "o1 new subjects h =c$ !mselves 9 z be+ prop] means = educat+4 ,all ! pr(essions1 natural sci5ce1 me*anic arts1 politics1 & la/ ( all agriculture1 h cont5d$ = a place 9 educational sy/ems & h e/abli%$ !mselves "u prote/4 ,n[1 any subject1 :5 put into p$agogic =m1 is capable ( be+ ! means ( educat+ a man4 ,! /udy ( ,greek is no m a prop] means ( education ?an ! /udy ( ,indian corn is4 ,! m9d may be develop$ by means ( ei!r "o4 ,classics & calculus are no m div9e ?an ma*9es & potatoes are4 ,we are mu* 9 ! habit ( speak+ ( c]ta9 subjects z lead+ to culture2 b ?is is really factiti\s1 = culture is ! product only ( effici5t tea*+1 :atev] ! subject-matt] may be4 ,s insi/5t h we be5 on ! employ+ ( culture /udies t we seem to h mi/ak5 ! means ( education = ! object or result ( education4 ,:at a man is1 is m important ?an :at he kn[s4 ,any?+ t appeals to a man's m9d is capable ( draw+ out & tra9+ t m9d2 & is !re any subject t does n appeal to "s man's m9d8 ,! subject may be ,sanskrit lit]ature1 hydraulics1 physics1 electricity1 or agriculture--all may be made ! means :]eby m5 & wom5 are educat$1 all may lead to :at we ought to "k z culture4 ,! p>ticul> subject ) :i* ! p]son deals is incid5tal1 = ,a man's a man = a' t & a' t4 ,is !re1 !n1 to be no *oice ( subjects8 ,!re c]ta9ly is4 ,x is ! end ( education to prep>e ! man or woman bett] to live4 ,! p]son mu/ live ) 8 surr\nd+s4 ,he mu/ live ) common ?+s4 ,! mo/ important means ) :i* to beg9 ! educational process1 !re=e1 are ^? subjects t are ne>e/ ! man4 ,educat+ by means ( ^! subjects puts ! *ild into fir/-h& relation ) 8 own life4 ,x exp&s ! *ild's spontane\s int]e/ 9 8 environm5t into a p]man5t & abid+ sympa?y & philosophy ( life4 ,i nev] knew an exclusive /ud5t ( classics or philosophy :o did n deplore 8 lack ( t\* ) 8 own _w4 ,^! common subjects are ! natural1 prim>y1 fundam5tal1 necess>y subjects4 ,only z ! *ild-m9d develops %\ld x be tak5 on long flights to extr9sic subjects1 di/ant l&s1 to ?+s f> beyond its own realm2 & yet1 does n our geography tea*+ /ill frequ5tly beg9 ) ! univ]se or ) ! sol> sy/em8 ,9 ! good "t com+1 geography w n beg9 ) a book at all1 z1 9 fact1 x does n n[ ) _m tea*]s4 ,x may end ) "o4 ,x w beg9 ) physical features 9 ! v neighborhood 9 :i* ! *ild lives--) brooks & lakes & hills & fields4 ,education %\ld beg9 always ) objects & ph5om5a4 ,we are liv+ 9 a text-book & museum age4 ,fir/ ( all1 we put our *ildr5 into books1 sometimes ev5 into books t tell ab\t ! v ?+s at ! *ild's door1 z if a book ab\t a ?+ 7 bett] ?an ! ?+ itself4 ,s accu/om$ are we to ! book-r\te t we reg>d any o!r r\te z unsy/ematic1 unme?odical1 disconnect$4 ,books are only second>y means ( education4 ,we h made ! mi/ake ( consid]+ !m prim>y4 ,?is mi/ake we are rapidly correct+4 ,z ! book is relegat$ to its prop] sph]e1 we %all f9d ourselves free to beg9 ) ! famili> end ( famili> ?+s4 ,n only are we to beg9 ) common objects & ev5ts1 b ) ! *ild's natural po9t ( contact ) !m4 ,/>t ) ! *ild's sympa?ies2 lead him on & out4 ,we are to develop ! *ild1 n ! subject4 ,! speciali/s may be tru/$ to develop ! subject-matt] & to give u new tru?4 ,! *ild is fir/ int]e/$ 9 ! :ole plant1 ! :ole bug1 ! :ole bird1 z a liv+1 groov+ object4 ,x is a mo/ significant fact t mo/ "y *ildr5 l plants1 b t mo/ y\?s dislike botany4 ,! fault lies nei!r 9 ! plants nor 9 ! y\?s4 ,a y\? may /udy cells until he hates ! plant t be>s ! cells4 ,he may acquire a te*nical tra9+ 9 cells1 b he may be divorc$ f objects ) :i* he mu/ live1 & 8 life becomes poor] r ?an ri*]4 ,i h no objection to m9ute dissection & analysis1 b we mu/ be v c>eful n to beg9 x too e>ly nor to pu% x too f>1 = we are n tra9+ speciali/s3 we are develop+ ! p[] t w enable ! pupil to get ! mo/ f 8 own life4 ,z soon z ! pupil beg9s to lose int]e/ 9 ! plant or ! animal itself1 /op6 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason = ! /udy ( ! common ?+s 9 v>iety3 x develops ! p[] to grasp ! problems ( ! day & to make ! man res\rceful4 ,a "y man :o has sp5t all 8 "t 9 ! s*oolroom is usually hopelessly helpless :5 he enc\nt]s a real circum/ance4 ,i see ?is rem>kably illu/rat$ 9 my own tea*+1 = ,i h "y m5 f ! city & f f>ms4 ,! f>m boy w turn 8 h& to tw5ty ?+s :]e ! city boy w turn 8 to "o4 ,! f>m boy has _h to meet problems & to solve !m = himself3 ?is is sometimes wor? m ?an 8 entire s*ool tra9+4 ,:y does ! f>m boy make 8 way :5 he goes to ! city8 ,x is no m]e incid5t to "o's life t he be able to ?9k 9 ! ?\ght ( 8 own "t4 ,ev5 ?\gh "o expect to devote himself :olly to a dead language1 9 s*ool he %\ld /udy en\gh natural sci5ce & en\gh te*nology to enable him to grasp liv+ problems4 ,i fe> t "s in/itutions are /ill turn+ out m5 ) m$ival types ( m9d4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i come aga9 to my !sis1--to ! /atem5t t ! end & purpose ( nature-/udy is to educate ! "y m9d by means ( ! subjects )9 its own sph]e1 by appeal+ to its own sympa!tic int]e/ 9 !m1 9 ord] t ! p]son's life may be sweet]1 deep]1 & m res\rceful4 ,nature-/udy w\ld n necess>ily drive any subject f ! curriculum2 lea/ ( all w\ld x depreciate ! value ( ! humanities2 b x w\ld re/ore to _! natural & prop] place ! subjects t are relat$ to ! man4 ,x w\ld beg9 ) ?+s )9 ! p]son's realm4 ,if we are to int]e/ *ildr5--or gr[n-ups1 ei!r1 = t matt]--we mu/ beg9 by tea*+ ! ?+s t t\* _! lives4 ,:]e !re is "o p]son t is int]e/$ 9 philology1 !re are hundr$s t are int]e/$ 9 eng9es & 9 :eat4 ,f ! educational po9t ( view1 nei!r ! eng9e nor ! :eat is ( mu* consequ5ce1 b ! m5 :o l ! eng9es & :o gr[ ! :eat are immeasurably important & mu/ be rea*$4 ,!re are five millions ( f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates on :i* *ick5s are rais$1 & also ?\s&s ( city & village lots :]e !y are gr[n4 ,i w\ld tea* *ick5s4 ,i w\ld rea* ,m5 by means ( ! ,old ,h54 ,h[ unrelat$ mu* ( our tea*+ is to ! daily life is well %[n by inquiries rec5tly made ( ! *ildr5 ( ,new ,j]sey by ,pr(essor ,e>l ,b>nes4 ,inquiries 7 made ( ! c\ntry s*ool *ildr5 9 two agricultural c\nties ( ! ,/ate z to :at vocation !y hop$ to foll[4 ,z ,i recall ! figures1 ( ! *ildr5 at sev5 ye>s ( age #bf p] c5t desir$ to foll[ "s occupation connect$ ) c\ntry life4 ,( ^? at f\rte5 ye>s1 only #b p] c5t desir$ su* occupation4 ,?is rem>kable fall+ (f ,pr(essor ,b>nes ascribes 9 "p to ! influ5ce ( ! tea*] 9 ! c\ntry s*ools1 :o is usually a t[n or city girl4 ,! tea*] measures ev]y?+ 9 t]ms ( ! city4 ,%e talks ( ! city4 ,%e returns to ! city at ! end ( ! week4 ,9 ! meantime1 all ! beauty & attractiv5ess & opportunity ( ! c\ntry may be unsugge/$4 ,unconsci\sly bo? to tea*] & pupil1 ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 are turn$ t[>d ! city4 ,!re results a con/ant migration to ! city1 br++ ab\t s]i\s social & economic problems2 b f ! educational po9t ( view ! s]i\s "p ( x is ! fact t ! s*ool tra9+ may unfit ! *ild to live 9 its normal & natural environm5t4 ,x is (t5 said t ! agricultural college tra9s ! y\? away f ! f>m2 ! fact is t ! mis*ief is done long be=e ! y\? ent]s college4 ,let me give ano!r illu/ration ( ! fact t dislike ( c\ntry life is br$ v e>ly 9 ! life ( ! *ild4 ,9 a c]ta9 rural s*ool 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 ( say =ty-five pupils1 ,i ask$ all ^? *ildr5 t liv$ on f>ms to raise _! h&s2 all h&s b "o w5t up4 ,i !n ask$ ^? :o want$ to live on ! f>m to raise _! h&s2 only t "o h& w5t up4 ,n[1 ^! *ildr5 7 too "y to feel ! appeal ( m bu%els ( potatoes or m p\nds ( wool1 yet !y _h ?us e>ly =m$ _! dislike ( ! f>m4 ,"s ( ?is dislike is probably only an ill-def9$ desire = a m]e *ange1 su* z "o f9ds 9 all occupations1 b ,i am conv9c$ t ! l>g] "p ( x 0 a g5u9e dissatisfaction ) f>m life4 ,^! *ildr5 felt t _! lot 0 less attractive ?an t ( o!r *ildr52 ,i conclud$ t a fl[] g>d5 & a pleasant y>d w\ld d m to cont5t !m ) liv+ on ! f>m ?an t5 m bu%els ( :eat to ! acre4 ,( c\rse1 x is ! great] & bett] yield t w enable ! f>m] to supply ^! am5ities2 b at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! increas$ yield itself does n ar\se a desire = !m4 ,i %\ld make f>m life int]e/+ be=e ,i make x pr(itable4 ,( c\rse1 nature-/udy is n propos$ m]ely z a means ( keep+ y\? 9 ! c\ntry2 ,i h giv5 ^! examples only to illu/rate ! fact t mu* ( our tea*+ is unrelat$ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! *ild lives--& ?is is p>ticul>ly true ( tea*+ 9 ! rural s*ools4 ,nature-/udy applies to city & c\ntry conditions alike1 acquir+ additional emphasis 9 ! c\ntry f ! fact t :at we call nature =ms ! great] "p ( ! environm5t !re4 ,b ! ne$ to connect ! *ild ) itself is fundam5tal to all effici5t tea*+4 ,to ! city *ild ! problems associat$ ) ! city are all-important2 b ev5 !n ,i %\ld give mu* att5tion to ! s-call$ nature subjects2 = ^! are clean1 inspir+1 univ]sal4 ,back to nature is an all-p]vad+ t5d5cy ( ! "t4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% %>ply betwe5 ! purposes ( nature-/udy & its me?ods4 ,its purposes are be/ express$ 9 ! "o ^w sympa?y4 ,by ?is ,i d n mean s5tim5talism or sup]ficiality or desultor9ess4 ,! acquir+ ( sympa?y ) ! ?+s & ev5ts among/ :i* "o lives is ! result ( a real educational process--a process z vital & logical & effici5t z t conc]n$ 9 educat+ ! old] pupil 9 t]ms ( fact & sci5ce4 ,nature-/udy is n natural hi/ory1 nor biology1 nor ev5 elem5t>y sci5ce4 ,x is an attitude1 a po9t ( view1 a means ( contact4 ,nature-/udy is n m]ely ! add+ ( "o m ?+ to a curriculum4 ,x is n co-ord9ate ) geography1 or read+1 or ari?metic4 ,nei!r is x a m]e accessory1 or a s5tim5t1 or an ent]ta9m5t1 or a tickl] ( ! s5ses4 ,x is n a /udy4 ,x is n ! addition ( m "w4 ,x has to d ) ! :ole po9t ( view ( elem5t>y education1 & !re=e is fundam5tal4 ,x is ! full expression ( p]sonality4 ,x is ! practical work+ out ( ! ext5sion idea t has become s mu* a "p ( our "t4 ,m ?an any o!r rec5t movem5t1 x w rea* ! masses & revive !m4 ,9 "t x w trans=m our ideals & !n trans=m our me?ods4 ,! result ( all ?is *ang+ po9t ( view ,i l to speak ( z a new ?+4 ,( c\rse1 !re is no education t is :olly new 9 k9d2 & x is equally true t education is always new1 else x is dead & mean+less4 ,b ?is det]m9ation to ca/ (f academic me?ods1 to put ourselves at ! *ild's po9t ( view1 to beg9 ) ! objects & ph5om5a t are ne> & de> to ! *ild1 is j n[ s m>k$1 & is sure to be s f>-rea*+ 9 its effects1 t ,i _c resi/ ! temptation to collect ^! v>i\s movem5ts1 = emphasis1 "u ! title ( ! new education4 ,nature-/udy is ano!r "n = ?is new education4 ,x is a revolt f ! too exclusive sci5ce-tea*+ & book-tea*+ po9t ( view1 a prote/ aga9/ tak+ ! *ild fir/ ( all out ( its own environm5t4 ,x is a product ( ! tea*+ ( *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! means & me?ods 9 nature-/udy are z v>i$ z ! p]sons :o tea* x4 ,mo/ ( ! criticism ( ! movem5t--ev5 among nature-/udy folk !mselves--has to d ) means & me?ods r ?an ) real ideals4 ,we are n[ 9 ! epo* :5 we %\ld ov]look m9or diff]5ces & all "w toge!r = ! good ( a common cause4 ,!re is no "o subject & no "o me?od t is be/4 ,:ile x is n my purpose to ent] into any discussion ( ! me?ods ( tea*+ nature-/udy1 ,i _c refra9 f call+ att5tion to :at ,i believe to be "s ( ! mo/ s]i\s dang]s1 7#a7 ,i w\ld fir/ m5tion ! dang] ( giv+ relatively too mu* att5tion to m]e subject-matt] or fact4 ,n[h]e %\ld ! acquir+ ( m]e in=mation be ! end ( an educational process1 & lea/ ( all 9 nature-/udy1 = ! v ess5ce ( nature-/udy is _s1 sympa?y1 en?usiasm1 attitude t[>d life4 ,^! results ! y\? ga9s naturally :5 he associates 9 a p]fectly free & natural way ) objects 9 ! wild4 ,sci5ce-tea*+ has fall5 %ort ( its goal 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools--& ev5 9 ! colleges & univ]sities--by insi/+ s mu* on ! subject-matt] t ! pupil is ov]look$4 ,9 /&+ s rigidly = ! lett]1 we h miss$ ! _s4 ,presid5t ,eliot has rec5tly call$ att5tion to ?is dang]3 ,college pr(essors h]et(ore h be5 apt to ?9k t k ( ! subject to be taught 0 ! suffici5t qualification ( a tea*]2 b all colleges h suff]$ immeasurable losses z a result ( ?is delusion4 7#b7 ,a second dang] is ! t5d5cy to make ! in/ruction too long & too labori\s4 ,z soon z ! *ild becomes we>y ( giv+ att5tion1 ! dang]-po9t is rea*$2 = !reaft] !re is loss 9 ! _s & en?usiasm1 h[ev] mu* may be ga9$ 9 dry subject-matt]4 ,i believe t ev5 9 high s*ools & colleges we make mi/akes by dem&+ too long-cont9u$ application to "o subject4 ,%ort1 %>p1 en?usia/ic ex]cises1 ) pi? & po9t1 ( five to t5 m9utes' duration1 are effici5t & suffici5t = mo/ purposes1 p>ticul>ly ) beg9n]s4 7#c7 ,a ?ird dang] is ! practice ( m]ely tell+ or expla9+4 ,set ! *ild to "w1 & let ! "w be )9 8 own realm4 ,poll51 li*5s1 capsules1 lymphatics1 integum5ts--^! are n )9 ! *ild's range2 !y smack ( ! museum & ! text-book4 ,yet x appe>s to be ! commone/ ?+ to put m]e *ildr5 at ! subject ( cross-f]tilization2 !y %\ld fir/ be put1 p]haps1 at fl[]s & insects4 ,i wi% t 9 e s*oolroom might be hung ! motto1 ,tea*+1 n tell+4 7#d7 ,a f\r? po9t ,i ought to m5tion is ! dang] ( cl++ too closely to ! book habit2 ?is ,i h already t\*$ on4 ,we are gradually gr[+ out ( ! book slav]y1 ev5 9 ari?metic & gramm> & hi/ory4 ,?is means a di/9ct advance 9 ! abilities ( ! tea*]4 ,( all subjects t %\ld n be taught by ! book1 nature-/udy is *ief4 ,its v ess5ce is fre$om f tradition & me?od4 ,i wi% t !re 7 m nature-/udy books2 b !y are mo/ useful z s\rces ( fact & inspiration1 n z class texts4 ,! good tea*] ( nature-/udy mu/ greatly modify ! old idea ( recitations4 ,i wi% to quote aga9 f ,presid5t ,eliot3 ,ari?metic is a v *eap subject to tea*2 s are spell+ & ! old-fa%ion$ geography4 ,z to tea*+ hi/ory 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way1 anybody c\ld d t :o c\ld he> a lesson recit$4 ,to tea* nature-/udies1 geometry1 lit]ature1 physiography1 & ! mod]n sort ( hi/ory requires well-in=m$ & skillful tea*]s1 & ^! co/ m ?an ! lesson-he>]s did4 7#e7 ,f9ally1 we mu/ come into contact ) ! actual ?+s1 n ) museums & collections4 ,museums are little bett] ?an books unless !y are reg>d$ z second>y means4 ,! museum has n[ become a laboratory4 ,! liv+ museum mu/ come m & m into vogue1--liv+ birds1 liv+ plants1 liv+ insects4 ,! ideal laboratory is ! out-(-doors itself2 b = practical s*ool purposes ?is mu/ be supplem5t$4 ,! mo/ workable liv+ laboratory ( any dim5sions is ! s*ool g>d54 ,! true s*ool g>d5 is a laboratory plat2 "t is com+ :5 su* a laboratory w be z mu* a "p ( a good s*ool equipm5t z blackbo>ds & *>ts & books n[ are4 ,x w be l an additional room to ! s*ool build+4 ,aside f ! real s*ool g>d51 e s*ool premises %\ld be embelli%$ & improv$ z a matt] ( neighborhood & civic pride2 = "o _c expect ! *ild to rise above ! conditions 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,all ^! dang]s _c be ov]come by any sy/em or me?od2 !y mu/ be solv$ "o by "o1 place by place1 ea* tea*] = himself4 ,:5ev] nature-/udy comes to be rigidly grad$ & dress$ & ord]$1 ! brea? ( life w be cru%$ f x4 ,x is significant t ev]y:]e m]e me?od is giv+ way to individualism4 ,9 "t1 ! me?ods ( tea*+ nature-/udy w cry/allize & consolidate ar\nd a few c5tral po9ts4 ,! movem5t itself is well "u way4 ,x w p]si/ because x is vital & fundam5tal4 ,x w add new value & significance to all ! accu/om$ "w ( ! s*ools2 = x is n revolution>y1 b evolution>y4 ,x /&s = naturalness1 res\rcefulness1 & = quick5$ int]e/ 9 ! common & ess5tial ?+s ( life4 ,we talk mu* ab\t ! ideals ( education2 b ! true philosophy ( life is to idealize ev]y?+ ) :i* we h to d4 ,,leaflet ,,iii4 ,,an ,,appeal ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,/ate4#d ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #d ,supplem5t to ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,m>*1 #aijd4 7,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #f47 ,illu/ration ,! k]nel ( mod]n educational developm5t is to relate ! s*ool-tra9+ to ! daily life4 ,mu* ( our education is n connect$ ) ! conditions 9 :i* ! pupils live & is extrane\s to ! lives t !y mu/ lead4 ,! free common s*ools are m rec5t 9 developm5t ?an univ]sities1 colleges & academies & !y are ev5 yet ess5tially academic & 9 _m ways undemocratic4 ,!y tea* l>gely out ( books & ( subjects t h little vital relation ) ?+s t are real to ! *ild4 ,! s*ool "w is likely to be exotic to ! pupil4 ,! *ild lives 9 "o _w1 & goes to s*ool 9 ano!r _w4 ,e subject has tea*+-p[] :5 put into p$agogic =m4 ,! ne>] ?is subject is to ! *ild1 ! great] is its tea*+ p[]1 o!r conditions be+ comp>able2 & ! m completely does x put him into t\* ) 8 environm5t & make him effici5t & happy !re94 ,9 "t1 all subjects 9 :i* m5 engage w be put 9 =m = tea*+ & be made ! means ( tra9+ ! m9d4 ,! old subjects w n be bani%$1 b r ext5d$2 b ! range ( subjects w be imm5sely increas$ because we mu/ rea* all p 9 t]ms ( _! daily exp]i5ce4 ,h[ all ^! subjects are to be h&l$ z s*ool ag5cies1 we _c yet =esee1 nor is x my purpose n[ to discuss ! "q2 b x is c]ta9 t ! common ?+s mu/ be taught4 ,& ! common subjects are z capable ( be+ made ! means ( develop+ ! imag9ation & ! high] ideals z are _m ( ! traditional subjects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,junior ,g>d5]s beg9n+ ! "w ( clean+ up a ,new ,york s*ool gr\nd4 ,great numb]s ( our p are 9 indu/rial & agricultural environm5ts4 ,by means ( ! indu/rial & agricultural trades !y mu/ live4 ,^! trades mu/ be made m effici5t2 & ! y\? mu/ be educat$ to see 9 !m m ?an a m]e livelihood4 ,^! indu/rial & agricultural subjects mu/ be put m & m into s*ools4 ,my own int]e/ lies at pres5t m ) ! agricultural subjects1 & ^! are ! occasion = ?is appeal4 ,! s-call$ indu/rial & comm]cial subjects h already be5 put into s*ools ) good effect3 ! agricultural subjects n[ mu/ come )9 ! s*ool horizon4 ,probably "o million & m ( ! p ( ,new ,york ,/ate live on f>ms4 ,?is is approximately "o 9 sev5 ( our entire population4 ,moreov]1 e p]son is int]e/$ 9 ! out-(-doors & 9 ! ?+s t gr[ !re94 ,! future agricultural effici5cy ( ,new ,york ,/ate w dep5d on ! s*ool tra9+ m ?an on any o!r s+le factor2 & on ! agricultural effici5cy ( ! ,/ate w dep5d1 to an important ext5t1 its economic supremacy4 ,new ,york is ! f\r? ,/ate 9 total agricultural weal?1 be+ exce$$ only by ,ill9ois1 ,i[a & ,ohio4 ,all ! c\ntry *ildr5 %\ld be rea*$ 9 t]ms ( ! c\ntry4 ,mo/ ( our s*ool books are made = ! city & t[n r ?an = ! c\ntry4 ,! problem ( ! developm5t ( ! rural s*ool is ! mo/ important s+le educational problem n[ be=e u2 & x is ess5tially an agricultural problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,junior ,g>d5]s at "w 9 a ,new ,york s*ool gr\nd4 ,! gr\nds are n[ ready = plant+4 ,! mail c>ri] n[ calls & ! pupils take ! mail home4 ,my appeal1 !re=e1 is to e tea*] 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 :e!r 9 c\ntry or city--= ! city tea*] makes public op9ion1 helps to set educational /&>ds1 & _m ( ! c\ntry *ildr5 g to s*ool 9 ! cities4 ,i d n wi% to press agriculture into ! s*ools z a m]e pr(essional subject1 b ,i w\ld tea*--along ) ! cu/om>y s*ool "w--! objects & ph5om5a & affairs ( ! c\ntry z well z ( ! city4 ,! s*ools lead away f ! c\ntry r ?an t[>ds x4 ,all ?is ,i d n reg>d z a fault ( ! s*ools1 b m]ely z a limitation due to ! fact t ! s*ools are /ill 9 process ( evolution4 ,x requires "t to adapt a means to an end1 & ! s*ools are n to be criticis$4 ,b we mu/ d our be/ to ha/5 ! evolution4 ,s*ools1 colleges & univ]sities h only begun to rea* ! p effectively3 ^! in/itutions mu/ ev5tually t\* e vital & homely problem1 = !y are to be ! controll+ factors 9 our civilization4 ,any subject t is wor?y a p]son's att5tion out ( s*ool is also wor?y 8 att5tion 9 s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,sug> beets & a f\rte5-ye>-old exp]im5t]4 7,supt4 ,k]n1 ,ill9ois47 ,i he>d a good /ory ! o!r day ( an occurr5ce ( _m ye>s ago illu/rat+ ! fact t s*ool tra9+ may be :olly exotic to ! pupil4 ,! /ory 0 told 9 ,ogd5sburg1 & ,heuvelton is ne> by4 ,! class 9 geography 0 on exhibition1 = !re 7 visitors4 ,! que/ions 7 answ]$ quickly3 ,h[ f> is x f ,rome to ,cor9?8 ,f ,rome to ,con/ant9ople8 ,f ,p>is to ,rome8 ,a visitor 0 ask$ :e!r he _h any que/ions to prop\nd4 ,he _h "o3 ,h[ f> is x f ,heuvelton to ,ogd5sburg8 ,no "o answ]$2 yet ! visitor said t none ( ! pupils w\ld be likely to g f ,rome to ,con/ant9ople1 b t e "o ( !m w\ld g f ,heuvelton to ,ogd5sburg4 ,n only mu/ ! s*ool tea* 9 t]ms ( its own environm5t1 b m & m x mu/ become ! intellectual & social c5t] ( ! neighborhood or di/rict4 ,e mod]n rural s*ool build+ %\ld be attractive en\gh to induce clubs ( _m k9ds to hold meet+s 9 x4 ,9 ! old lyceum days ! s*ool h\se 0 an important ga!r+ place4 ,^! days are mo/ly pa/1 b bett] days %\ld be com+3 ! s*ool %\ld connect at e po9t ) ! life ( ! community4 ,any ev5t1 h[ev] small1 t c5t]s ! att5tion ( ! p at ! s*ool h\se is a beg9n+ & is wor? :ile4 ,a ye> ago ! *ildr5 & tea*] 9 "o ( our di/rict s*ools began ! "w ( clean+ up ! premises4 ,! picture 7,fig4 #a7 %[s !m at "w4 ,lat]1 :5 ! gr\nds 7 r5ovat$ & ready = ! plant+1 boxes 7 plac$ = ! reception ( ! mail = ^? :o d n live on ! c>ri]'s r\te3 ?is is ! beg9n+ ( a c5t]+ ( att5tion at ! s*ool h\se4 ,i ?9k t ! boxes might h be5 m attractive & p]haps bett] plac$1 b ?is w come 9 "t3 a beg9n+ has be5 made4 ,:5 once ! p ( any community come to ?9k ( ! s*ool h\se z a meet+-place = old folks z well z = *ildr51 :at may we n expect ( ! rural s*ool8 ,we ne$ adult education z well z juv5ile education4 ,i h n[ no c\rse ( /udy to propose = agricultural or c\ntry-life subjects 9 ! s*ools1 b ,i w\ld l to "k h[ _m tea*]s 9 ! ,/ate desire to take up c]ta9 "w ( ?is nature z an exp]im5t4 ,! ,college ( ,agriculture w be glad to sugge/ ! k9d ( "w1 if ne$ be4 ,! we/]n /ates are und]tak+ ?is "w3 we mu/ n be beh9d4 ,x is endors$ by ,sup]9t5d5t ,sk9n]1 z w be se5 f ! lett] publi%$ at ! close ( ?is pamphlet4 ,to be effective & mean+ful1 ?is "w %\ld deal directly ) ! ?+s1--h&l+ ! ?+s1 /udy+ ! ?+s1 le>n+ f ! ?+s4 ,?is is nature-/udy4 ,to commit to memory some?+ ab\t ?+s is ( little consequ5ce4 ,we are too closely committ$ to books4 ,we are (t5 slaves to books4 ,books are only second>y or incid5tal means ( educat+1 p>ticul>ly 9 nature-/udy subjects4 ,we h kn[n ! book-way ( educat+ = s long a "t t _m ( u h come to accept x z a matt] ( c\rse & z ! only way4 ,a ,new ,york s*ool man rec5tly told me an incid5t t illu/rates ?is fact s+ul>ly well4 ,9 ! ,catt>augus ,indian ,res]vation he op5$ a s*ool 9 :i* at fir/ he employ$ only manual-tra9+ & nature-/udy "w4 ,soon "o ( ! *ildr5 left s*ool4 ,! tea*] s\ght ! "m & ask$ :y4 ,! "m repli$ t !re 0 no use 9 s5d+ ! *ild to s*ool because ! tea*] _h giv5 x no books to /udy4 ,s slavi%ly h we foll[$ ! book-r\te t ev5 ! ,indian accepts x z ! only road to s*ool+6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,prize corn & a t5-ye>-old exp]im5t] 9 "o ( ,supt4 ,k]n's di/ricts1 ,ill9ois4 ,,s*ool-,,g>d5s4 ,_m l9es ( "w might be sugge/$ = an occasional p]iod4 ,p]haps ! be/ "o = spr+ is a s*ool-g>d54 ,9 "t1 e good s*ool w h its g>d51 z x n[ has *>ts & blackbo>ds & books4 ,a s*ool-g>d5 is a laboratory-room add$ to ! s*ool h\se4 ,x may be five feet squ>e or t5 times t mu*4 ,! *ildr5 prep>e ! l&1--lessons 9 soils1 soil physics2 s[ ! se$1--lessons 9 plant+1 g]m9ation1 & ! l2 c>e = ! plants1--lessons 9 transplant+1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 natural enemies1 conditions t make = ! welf>e ( ! plants4 ,! old] pupils may be organiz$ into exp]im5t clubs1 z !y are be+ organiz$ 9 p>ts ( ,ill9ois 7see article on ,le>n+ by ,do+1 by ,supt4 ,o4 ,j4 ,k]n1 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,oct41 #aijc1 p4 #def74 ,we c help y 9 ?is s*ool-g>d5+ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,le>n+ by do+4 ,a new k9d ( s*ool "w 9 ,ill9ois1 "u ! direction ( ,supt4 ,k]n4 ,,o!r ,,"w4 ,if n s*ool-g>d5s1 take up o!r l9es ( "w1--/udy ! s*ool premises1 ! ne>by brook or field1 an apple tree1 or any o!r common object or ph5om5on4 ,if !re is any special agricultural indu/ry 9 ! neighborhood1 discuss x & set ! pupils at "w on x4 ,any ( ^! common-day subjects w int]e/ ! *ildr5 & bright5 up ! s*ool "w2 & ! pursuit ( !m w tea* ! *ildr5 ! all-important fact t s few ( u ev] le>n1--! fact t ! commone/ & homelie/ ?+s are wor?y ! be/ att5tion ( ! be/ m5 & wom54 ,,improv+ ,,! ,,s*ool ,,gr\nds4 ,j n[1 ! improv+ ( s*ool gr\nds is a press+ subject4 ,z a prelim9>y to ! actual improv+ ( ! gr\nds1 suppose t ! foll[+ problems 7 set be=e ! pupils3 #a4 ,ex]cises on ! ,gr\nds4 #a4 ,area4--,measure ! s*ool gr\nds1 to det]m9e ! l5g?s & wid?s4 ,draw an outl9e map %[+ ! %ape4 ,! old] pupils may compute ! squ>e surface area4 ,! di/ances may be comp>$1 = practice1 9 feet1 y>ds & rods4 7,ari?metic47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,us+ ! ,babcock milk te/ at ,pr(essor ,holli/]'s ,s*ool1 ,cor9?1 ,n4 ,y4 #b4 ,cont\r4--,is ! area level1 or r\gh1 or slop+8 ,det]m9e h[ great ! slope is by sight+ across a c>p5t]'s level4 ,9 :at direction does ! gr\nd slope8 ,is ! slope natural1 or 0 x made by grad+8 ,! old] pupils may draw a cross-section l9e1 to a scale1 to %[ :at ! slope is4 7,geography47 #c4 ,f5ces4--,:at p>ts ( ! area are f5c$8 ,:at k9d ( f5ce8 ,total l5g? ( f5ce8 ,give op9ion :e!r ?is f5ce is ne$$1 ) reasons4 ,is ! f5ce 9 good repair8 ,if n1 :at %\ld be done to rem$y x8 7,ari?metic1 language47 #d4 ,soil4--,:at is ! nature ( ! soil--clay1 s&1 gravel1 field loam8 ,0 subsoil spread on ! surface :5 ! gr\nds 7 grad$8 ,is ! soil poor or ri*1 & :y d y ?9k s8 ,is x /ony8 ,:at c be done to improve ! soil8 7,geography1 language47 #e4 ,gr\nd cov]4--,:at is on ! gr\nd--sod or we$s1 or is x b>e8 ,:at d y ?9k w\ld be ! be/ gr\nd cov]1 & :y8 7,geography1 language47 #f4 ,trees & bu%es4--,h[ _m trees & bu%es are !re on ! gr\nd8 ,7 !y plant$1 or did !y come up ( !mselves8 ,make a map %[+ :]e ! pr9cipal ones are4 ,"n all ! k9ds1 putt+ ! trees 9 "o li/ & ! bu%es 9 ano!r4 ,d any ( ! trees ne$ prun+1 & :y8 ,/ate :e!r any ( !m h be5 injur$ or are unheal?y4 7,geography1 language47 #g4 ,t5ants4--,:at animals live or h liv$ on ! s*ool premises8 ,:at birds' ne/s d y f9d 7^! may be f\nd 9 w9t]78 ,hornets' ne/s8 ,p]haps y c f9d cocoons or egg-masses ( insects 9 w9t]1 & ! active insects !mselves 9 spr+ & fall4 ,:at birds visit ! place8 ,d rabbits or mice or moles or frogs inhabit ! premises8 7,geography1 language47 #h4 ,natural features4--,describe any /rong natural features1 z rocks1 ponds1 /reams1 groves4 ,:at views d y get f ! s*ool gr\nds8 7,geography1 language47 #b4 ,ex]cises on ! ,s*ool ,/ructures4 #i4 ,build+s4--,h[ _m build+s are on ! gr\nds1 includ+ %$s1 etc48 ,give ! sizes 9 l5g?s & wid?s4 ,brick or wood8 ,color8 ,make a map or *>t %[+ ! position ( ^! /ructures1 be+ c>eful to h ! build+s prop]ly proportion$ ) ref]5ce to ! entire area4 7,language1 geography47 #aj4 ,repairs ne$$4--,describe :at condition ! /ructures are 94 ,tell :e!r repairs are ne$$ on f\ndations1 side walls1 ro(1 belfry1 *imney1 /eps1 doors1 w9d[s1 pa9t4 7,language47 #aa4 ,flag pole4--,:]e is y\r flag pole8 ,c\ld x be 9 a bett] place8 ,h[ tall is x above gr\nd8 ,h[ mu* 9 diamet] at ! base8 ,:at k9d ( wood8 ,pa9t$8 ,h[ deep 9 ! gr\nd8 ,:5 0 x put up8 ,:at repairs does x ne$8 7,language47 #c4 ,g5]al ,ex]cises4 #ab4 ,hi/ory4--,:5 0 ! l& set aside = a s*ool8 ,:5 0 ! s*ool h\se built8 ,:o built x8 7,hi/ory1 language47 #ac4 ,co/4--,try to f9d out :at ! l& co/4 ,:at ! build+ co/4 ,are !y wor? z mu* n[8 7,hi/ory1 language47 #ad4 ,gov]nm5t4--,det]m9e :at (fic]s h g5]al control ( ! s*ool4 ,h[ did !y come to be (fic]s8 ,h[ long d !y hold (fice8 ,:at are ! duties ( ea*8 ,det]m9e :e!r y\r s*ool receives any aid f ! ,/ate4 7,gov]nm5t47 #ae4 ,improvem5t4--,tell :at y ?9k %\ld be done to improve ! s*ool gr\nds & ! s*ool /ructures4 7,language47 #af4 ,photographs4--,! tea*] or "s pupil %\ld photograph ! s*ool premises1 & s5d ! picture to u4 ,we want at lea/ "o picture ( e rural s*ool h\se & gr\nds 9 ! ,/ate4 ,ev5 a v poor photograph is bett] ?an none4 ,exp]im5t ,g>d54--,e s*ool gr\nd %\ld h at lea/ "o small plat on :i* ! *ildr5 c gr[ "s plant t is useful 9 t community4 ,j n[ alfalfa is dem&+ mu* att5tion f f>m]s1 & x is c]ta9 soon to become a v important f>m crop 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,x is us$ = pa/urage & = hay4 ,:5 once e/abli%$1 x lives = ye>s4 ,x is alli$ to clov] & is a h&some plant = any s*ool gr\nds4 ,w n ! tea*] sugge/ to ! *ildr5 t !y make an alfalfa b$ along "o side ( ! s*ool gr\nds8 ,x w be attractive & w tea* _m lessons to pupils & p>5ts ev5 if x is only a few squ>e feet 9 size4 ,we want to put an alfalfa plat on e rural s*ool gr\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 ,we w supply ! se$ free4 ,alfalfa is easy to gr[ if only a few ess5tial pr9ciples are kept 9 m9d4 ,we w s5d full directions to any "o :o applies4 ,f ye> to ye> we w give nature-/udy lessons on ^! alfalfa plats4 ,we are anxi\s to />t "w ( ! above k9d4 ,x c be done at any "t ( ! ye>4 ,we are already 9 t\* ) m ?an #djj s*ool gr\nds1 b we want to rea* e rural s*ool gr\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 ,w n ! tea*] s5d to u ! be/ piece ( "w done by any pupil 9 any ( ! =ego+ sixte5 problems8 ,^! pap]s we w file1 z %[+ ! conditions ( ! premises ( ! p>ticul> s*ool4 ,!y w enable u to see ! progress t is be+ made f ye> to ye> 9 ! improvem5t ( y\r s*ool premises4 ,!y w also enable u bett] to give advice1 :5 call$ ^u to d s4 ,sometimes we c s5d to ! p>ticul> s*ool a man to give advice on ! spot4 ,s5d+ ! be/ reports to ! ,univ]sity w be a rew>d to ! mo/ dilig5t pupils4 ,s5d all reports to ,john ,w4 ,sp5c]1 ,nature-,/udy ,bureau1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,we desire to put 9 ! rural s*ool h\ses ( ! ,/ate "s good pictures ( c\ntry & f>m sc5es4 ,^! pictures w be arti/ic reproductions ( m]itori\s photographs1 & l>ge en\gh to hang on ! walls ( ! s*ool room4 ,) ea* picture w be s5t in/ructions = fram+ 9 ord] to make ! picture m attractive4 ,we %all *oose eight su* pictures = di/ribution ! pres5t s*ool ye>4 ,we w s5d "o ( ^! pictures free to any rural s*ool 9 ! ,/ate t takes up two ( ! problems giv5 above2 & all ( !m to s*ools t take up ! sixte5 problems4 ,we expect to publi% li/s ( all s*ools1 ) tea*]s' names1 t take up ?is "w 9 improv+ ! premises ( rural s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,junior ,naturali/s mak+ ready = plant+4 ,tompk9s ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,to "o :o is n tea*+ 9 ! public s*ools1 all ?is "w seems to be simple en\gh4 ,su* p]sons are likely to be impati5t t m rapid progress is n made 9 introduc+ agricultural & common-life subjects into ! s*ools4 ,b ! tea*] kn[s t all ?is "w requires pati5ce & skill4 ,x _c z yet be =c$ into ! s*ools & /ill reta9 spontaneity & vitality4 ,x mu/ come gradually1 & prove itself z x goes4 ,probably all public s*ool tea*]s are n[ agre$ t ! s*ools %\ld be put closely 9 l9e ) ! life ( _! v>i\s communities4 ,! que/ions n[ to be solv$ are *iefly ^? ( means & me?ods1 & ( ar\s+ ! s*ool con/itu5cies to ! new po9ts ( view4 ,a full & free discussion ( ! :ole subject is n[ ne$$4 ,! "t is h>dly yet ripe = v def9ite c\rses ( /udy 9 ^! new fields4 ,_m s*ools are already tea*+ ^! new subjects ) entire success3 ^! s*ools c s]ve ! cause by mak+ _! exp]i5ce public4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,! ,,subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,junior ,g>d5]s at "w 9 "o ( ! ,new ,york ,s*ools4 ,h[ev]1 ?is circul> is m]ely an appeal4 ,x is an inquiry = sugge/ions & co-op]ation4 ,i desire to "k :at c be accompli%$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,new ,york ,/ate 9 ! direction ( inspir+ & useful "w = *ildr5 t live 9 ! c\ntry or are int]e/$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i am sure t some?+ ne$s to be done3 j :at is mo/ feasible & be/ ! tea*]s mu/ l>gely det]m9e4 ,z fur!r sugge/ions1 ,i app5d two lett]s f ,new ,york tea*]s3 ,f ,a4 ,m4 ,holli/]1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,cor9? ,public ,s*ools1 ,s>atoga ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,i am s5d+ y "u sep>ate cov] a picture ( my class at "w ) ! ,babcock te/ ma*9e 7,fig4 #f74 ,we h us$ ! ma*9e bo? z a means ( in/ruction 9 physics & *emi/ry & z a g5]al demon/ration be=e ! diff]5t classes 9 ! s*ool4 ,x beautifully illu/rates "s v important pr9ciples ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,! mo/ m>vell\s effect1 h[ev]1 has be5 %[n 9 ! quality ( ! milk sold 9 ! village4 ,milk 0 sold %[+ a te/ z l[ z #b4i p] c5t butt] fat4 ,almo/ z soon z ! fir/ te/+ 0 report$1 ! milk %[$ #c4h p] c5t butt] fat4 ,milk has be5 s5t to ! s*ool f a numb] ( dairym5 ) reque/ = a te/ on p>ticul> c[s t ! p>ties might base _! pur*ases ( c[s on ! results ( ! te/4 ,9 reg>d to ! g>d5+ ) "s ( our boys1 ,i w\ld say t bo? boys & p>5ts are mu* int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,we %all d\btless />t ab\t =ty g>d5s ( "o-t5? acre ea*4 ,! boys are to keep an exact acc\nt ( all exp5ses to /udy me?ods1 & to d all ! "w4 ,i am anticipat+ results 9 a numb] ( directions4 ,! boys w be giv5 some?+ to d & to int]e/ !mselves 91 :i* ( itself is an important ?+ = a village boy4 ,x w also develop a p[] ( obs]vation & +5uity4 ,we wi% to get all ! in=mation we c on potato1 tomato & squa% culture4 ,o!r ?+s w be sugge/$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,approval ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 7,publi%$ by p]mission47 ,= _m ye>s ,i h be5 mak+ e>ne/ ef=ts to induce tea*]s1 pupils & patrons to improve & beautify ! s*ool build+s & s*ool surr\nd+s ( our ,/ate4 ,"s progress has be5 made1 b mu* rema9s to be done4 ,i he>tily welcome ! cop]ation ( e ag5cy :i* c contribute to ?is result4 ,we mu/ int]e/ p>5ts & tea*]s 9 ?is "w1 b to obta9 ! be/ results ,i h always f\nd t we mu/ fir/ int]e/ ! *ildr54 ,once a _s ( en?usiasm is awak5$ 9 ! *ildr51 x is easy to keep !m int]e/$ & busy4 ,i h long appreciat$ ! e>ne/ assi/ance ( repres5tatives ( ,cornell ,univ]sity 9 ar\s+ ! int]e/ ( pupils1 & ,i he>tily comm5d ! plan outl9$ by ! ,college ( ,agriculture to make a /udy ( ! s*oolh\se & s*ool gr\nds a practical "p ( ! daily education ( ! *ild4 ,a *ild's surr\nd+s h mu* to d ) 8 education4 ,! result ( su* sy/ematic /udy z is sugge/$ mu/ surely be a /eadily increas+ det]m9ation to rem$y defects & correct any evil :i* may exi/4 ,:5 ! att5tion ( *ildr5 is direct$ to exi/+ conditions :i* br+ discom=t1 x w n be difficult to induce !m to devise ways & means to improve matt]s4 ,i %all wat* ! result ( y\r ef=ts ) deep int]e/1 & /& ready to cop]ate ) y 9 e way4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,*>les ,r4 ,,sk9n]1 ,,albany1 ,dec4 #ag1 #aijc4 ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,,leaflet ,,iv4 ,,:at ,,is ,,agricultural ,,education8#e ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #e ,cornell ,c\ntryman1 ,june1 #aijd4 ,agricultural education has made great progress )9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,me?ods are cry/alliz+ & at ! same "t ! field is enl>g+4 ,we once ?\ght ( agricultural education z :olly special or pr(essional1 b we n[ conceive ( x z an integral "p ( g5]al & fundam5tal educational policy4 ,z a college or univ]sity subject x is necess>ily te*nical & semi-pr(essional2 b college "w mu/ articulate ) ! common-s*ool "w1 z language & sci5ce n[ articulate ) ! s*ools4 ,t is1 agricultural subjects are n[ to be consid]$ z a "p ( prim>y & second>y s*ool "w1 lead+ naturally to special "w 9 ! same subjects = ^? :o desire te*nical tra9+4 ,9 ! s*ools ! subjects are to be treat$ non-pr(essionally1 z prim>y means ( educat+ ! *ild4 ,! reason = us+ ^! subjects z means ( educat+ lies 9 ! pr9ciple t ! *ild %\ld be educat$ 9 t]ms ( its own life r ?an :olly 9 subjects t are =eign to its horizon & exp]i5ce4 ,x is mo/ surpris+ t1 :ile ! !ory ( education is t ! p]son %all be tra9$ into effici5cy1 we nev]!less h employ$ subjects t h little relation to ! individual *ild's effectiv5ess4 ,n long s9ce my fa!r %[$ me a lett] t he receiv$ f a s*ool girl 9 #ahea4 ,x read z foll[s3 ,i seat myself expressly = ! purpose to f9i% ?is lett] :i* has be5 long begun4 ,i g to s*ool room to ,mr4 ,wells & /udy p>s+ m5tal ,philosophy gramm> & p5cil+4 ,?is s\nds z if x came f ,! ,complete ,lett]-,writ]4 ,?is p]son liv$ on a f>m4 ,%e lives on a f>m to ?is day4 ,h] p>5ts & gr&p>5ts liv$ on a f>m4 ,! family _h no expectation ( liv+ else:]e ?an on a f>m4 ,yet1 9 h] entire s*ool life1 ,i presume !re 0 n a s+le h\r devot$ to any subject directly connect$ ) ! f>m or ) ! c\ntry4 ,if h] /udies t\*$ life 9 any way t %e c\ld compreh5d1 x 0 probably 9 habits ( ?\ght ( ! city & ( ! academician r ?an 9 any?+ t appeal$ to h] z relat$ to ! life %e 0 to lead4 ,x is small wond] t ! f>m has be5 devoid ( ideals1 & t ! attraction has be5 to leave x4 ,! direction ( ! /ream det]m9es ! c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,! future c\rse ( education w develop _m means ( tra9+ ! *ild m9d4 ,h]et(ore ^! means h be5 few & ! result has be5 n>r[4 ,we %all see agricultural1 comm]cial1 social subjects put into p$agogic =m & be made ! ag5cies :]eby m9ds are drawn out4 ,^! w be at lea/ z effici5t z ! cu/om>y me?ods t we happ5 ?us f> to h employ$4 ,h[ mu* ( "o or h[ mu* ( ano!r is a detail t mu/ be left to ! future4 ,nor does x foll[ t ! old-"t subjects are to pass away4 ,!y w be an important "p ( ! sy/em1 b n ! :ole sy/em4 ,^! new subjects are n[ com+ into ! s*ools z rapidly1 p]haps1 z !y c be assimilat$4 ,x is a g5]al feel+ t our s*ools already are ov]cr[d$ ) subjects2 & ?is may be true4 ,! tr\ble is t :ile we are introduc+ new ideas z to subjects1 we are /ill hold+ to old ideas z to curriculums & c\rses ( /udy4 ,we w break up our s*ools into diff]5t k9ds2 we w employ m tea*]s2 we w n endeavor to tra9 all *ildr5 alike2 we w f9d t we may secure equal results f _m k9ds ( tra9+2 we w consid] ! effect on ! pupil to be ( mu* great] importance ?an ! develop+ ( ! p>ticul> subject t he pursues2 !re are _m m5 ( _m m9ds2 "s sy/em w be evolv$ :]eby individual capabilities w be develop$ to ! full2 ! means w be relat$ to ! pupil3 "o ( ! factors w be subjects mak+ up ! environm5t ( ! pupil t lives 9 ! c\ntry4 ,my plea1 !re=e1 is t agricultural & c\ntry life subjects become ! means ( educat+ "s ( ! pupils ( at lea/ "s ( ! s*ools4 ,to be sure1 we h already introduc$ natural sci5ce into _m ( ! s*ools1 b1 = ! mo/1 "p1 ?is has work$ d[n f ! college &1 necess>ily1 x usually /ops at ! high s*ool4 ,we ne$ some?+ mu* m vital = ! second>y s*ools ?an sci5ce z commonly taught4 ,! great nature-/udy movem5t is an expression1 z yet imp]fect1 ( ! feel+ t !re %\ld be "s liv+ connection betwe5 ! s*ool life & ! real life4 ,a college ( agriculture1 !re=e1 is z mu* int]e/$ 9 ! common s*ools z a college ( arts & sci5ces is4 ,x %\ld be a "p ( a sy/em1 h[ev] in=mal t sy/em may be1 n an e/abli%m5t isolat$ f o!r educational ag5cies4 ,b ev5 z a college x w rea* m p]sons ?an x has ev] rea*$ 9 ! pa/4 ,9 any self-su/a9+ commonweal? x is probable t "o-?ird ( ! p mu/ be intimately associat$ ) ! soil4 ,^! p ne$ to be z well-tra9$ z ^? :o foll[ ! me*anic trades or ! pr(essions4 ,x is imm5sely difficult to put ^! agricultural subjects into tea*able =m & to rea* ! agricultural p 9 a way t w mean mu* to !m1 because agriculture is a comp\nd ( _m wond]fully div]se trades 9 e conceivable k9d ( natural conditions4 ,nor c "o in/itution 9 ea* l>ge /ate or prov9ce hope ev5tually to rea* all ^! p1 any m ?an "o in/itution c rea* all ^? :o w\ld be/ be taught 9 t]ms ( books4 ,b !re mu/ be at lea/ "o in/itution t is well equipp$ = ! v highe/ k9d ( ef=t 9 ^! fields2 ,congress long ago recogniz$ ?is fact 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! l&-grant colleges1 & all p]sons :o are in=m$ on agricultural education also n[ recognize x4 ,! agricultural colleges h be5 h&icapp$ f ! fir/ = lack ( funds4 ,x is n[ com+ to be recogniz$ t ! highe/ k9d ( ef=t 9 ^! colleges _c be su/a9$ on a f>m t pays = itself nor by means t are copi$ f ! cu/om>y college "w 9 humanities & sci5ce4 ,if x is to be effici5t1 agricultural education ( a univ]sity grade is probably m exp5sive to equip & ma9ta9 ?an any o!r k9d ( education4 ,once x 0 ?\ght t ! agricultural college %\ld be :olly sep>ate f any classical in/itution4 ,! olde/ ( ! exi/+ ,am]ican agricultural colleges1 ! ,mi*igan in/itution1 is e/abli%$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,s are ! ,massa*usetts1 ,i[a & ,p5nsylvania colleges & a numb] ( o!rs4 ,x is natural t ?is %\ld h be5 ! feel+ 9 ! orig9al movem5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! colleges1 = ! movem5t 0 itself a prote/ & revolt f ! exi/+ education4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 has put agricultural subjects on an equal p$agogical plane ) o!r subjects1 & !re is no m reason :y ! agriculture %\ld be segregat$ by itself ?an t ! ar*itecture or law or f9e arts %\ld be4 ,! agricultural colleges connect$ ) univ]sities are n[ beg9n+ to gr[ rapidly4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! great developm5t ( ! agricultural colleges at ! univ]sities 9 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,nebraska1 ,miss\ri1 ,ohio1 & else:]e4 ,x 0 once ?\ght t ! agricultural /ud5t w\ld be look$ d[n ^u 9 a univ]sity or 9 a college ) o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,?is 0 once true4 ,x 0 true once1 also1 ( ! /ud5t 9 natural sci5ce & me*anic arts4 ,pione]s are always m>k$ m54 ,! only way to place agricultural /ud5ts on an equality ) o!r /ud5ts is to place !m on an equality4 ,^! rem>ks are made 9 no disp>agem5t ( ! sep>ate agricultural colleges1 b only to illu/rate ! "* ( ! gr[? ( agricultural education4 ,no d\bt ! sep>ate colleges blaz$ ! way4 ,!y /& = an idea t we w\ld n l to disp5se )4 ,e /ate & t]ritory has "o college f\nd$ on ! l& grant1 & 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates !re are two1 "o = ! :ites & "o = ! blacks2 9 ne>ly half ( ! /ates ^! colleges are sep>ate in/itutions4 ,b ! fact rema9s t ! college connect$ ) ! univ]sity is to h ! broad] field 9 ! future4 ,its v connection dignifies x & gives x p>ity4 ,x draws on _m res\rces t ! sep>ate college kn[s n (1 unless1 inde$1 ! sep>ate college develops ^! res\rces = itself4 ,! t5d5cy1 !re=e1 is = e ambiti\s sep>ate college to develop ! accessory res\rces1 9 ! way ( equipm5t 9 g5]al sci5ce1 lit]ature1 ! arts2 = agricultural education is con/antly com+ to be ( a high] grade4 ,! sep>ate agricultural & me*anical colleges are rapidly becom+ ess5tially indu/rial univ]sities1 giv+ g5]al tra9+ b ) ! emphasis on ! te*nical subjects4 ,x is /range h[ f> ?is pr9ciple ( education by isolation has be5 c>ri$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! agricultural colleges4 ,n only h ! colleges be5 sep>at$ f o!r educational ent]prises1 b 9 _m cases !y h be5 plant$ f> 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 p>tly on ! !ory t ! f>m boy1 ( all o!rs1 %\ld be remov$ f temptation & f ! allurem5ts ( o!r occupations4 ,x 0 ! e>ly !ory1 also1 t ! agricultural /ud5t mu/ be compell$ to d manual labor 9 ord] t he be put 9 sympa?y ) x & t 8 att5tion be isolat$ f t5d5cies t might div]t him f f>m+4 ,^! me?ods seem to h re/$ on ! g5]al !ory t if y w\ld make a man a f>m] y mu/ deprive him ( ev]y?+ b f>m+4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to try to e/imate h[ mu* ?is g5]al attitude on ! "p ( ! agricultural colleges 0 itself responsible = ! v inf]iority ( position t ! agricultural /ud5t 0 suppos$ to occupy4 ,?is attitude t5d$ to ma9ta9 a traditional class di/9ction or ev5 to create su* a di/9ction4 ,agricultural education mu/ be adapt$ to its ends2 b x mu/ also be able to /& alone 9 competition ) all o!r education )\t artificial props4 ,x is no long] necess>y t ! agricultural /ud5t we> bl9d]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f>m po9t ( view mu/ be kept con/antly be=e ! /ud5t1 z ! eng9e]+ po9t ( view is kept be=e ! /ud5t 9 a college ( civil eng9e]+2 b we are com+ to a new way ( accompli%+ ?is4 ,m]e tea*+ ( ! sci5ces t und]lie agricultural practice w n accompli% x2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 w drill 9 m]e f>m practice accompli% x4 ,x is n ! purpose ( an agricultural college to make m5 f>m]s1 b to educate f>m]s4 ,we are n to limit ! /ud5t's vision to any "o occupation1 b to make "o occupation m mean+ful & attractive ?an x has ev] be5 be=e4 ,f ! f>m]'s po9t ( view a lead+ difficulty ) ! college c\rse is t x sometimes t5ds to slack5 a man's bus9ess en]gy4 ,"o _c at ! same "t pursue college /udies & comm]cial bus9ess2 & yet f>m+ is a bus9ess4 ,9 a f\r ye>s' c\rse "s /ud5ts are likely to incur c]ta9 habits ( ease t are difficult to ov]come ^u _! return to ! f>m4 ,h[ mu* ?is is a fault ( ! c\rses ( in/ruction & h[ mu* a p]sonal equation ( ! /ud5t is always wor? consid]+4 ,b if ?is is a fault ( college "w x is g5]ic & n peculi> to colleges ( agriculture4 ,exp]i5ce has n[ %[n t a compulsory labor sy/em is no prev5tive ( ?is t5d5cy1 at lea/ n ) /ud5ts ( college & univ]sity age4 ,/ud5t labor is n[ a laboratory ef=t1 comp>able ) laboratory "w 9 m$ic9e or me*anic arts4 ,! mature /ud5t mu/ h "s o!r reason = labor+ ?an m]ely a rule t labor is requir$4 ,h[ev]1 x is yet l>gely an unsolv$ problem ) ! agricultural colleges z to j h[ ! /irr+ bus9ess side ( f>m+ c be suffici5tly correlat$ ) ! c\rses ( /udy to keep ! /ud5t 9 t\* & sympa?y ) affairs4 ,) ! pass+ ( compulsory /ud5t labor !re has no d\bt be5 a reaction 9 ! direction ( too little utilization ( ! college f>m 9 s*emes ( education2 b we %all n[ get back to ! f>m aga91 b ?is "t on a true educational basis4 ,no?+ is m significant ( ! developm5t ( ! agricultural colleges ?an ! rec5t splitt+ up ( ! pr(essor%ips4 ,f agricultural *emi/ry z a beg9n+1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 !re h issu$ a doz5 *airs1 fir/ "o subject & !n ano!r be+ sep>at$ z a tea*able & adm9i/rative entity4 ,ev5 ! ^w agriculture is n[ be+ dropp$ f ! pr(essor%ips1 = ?is is a t]m = a multitude ( ent]prises1 n = a concrete subject4 ,horticulture 0 "o ( ! fir/ protub]ances to be lopp$ (f2 & ev5 ?is mu/ v soon be divid$ into its compon5t p>ts1 = !re is little relation%ip betwe5 ! ef=t t gr[s apples & t gr[s or*ids or betwe5 ! m>ket g>d5 & l&scape g>d5+4 ,ev5 ! *air ( agronomy1 ! newe/ dep>tm5t ( ! colleges1 mu/ soon be sep>at$ into its units4 ,=ty ye>s ago me*anic arts 0 undivid$4 ,:o !n w\ld h prophesi$ su* pr(essor%ips z exp]im5tal eng9e]+1 electrical eng9e]+1 m>9e eng9e]+1 railroad eng9e]+1 naval ar*itecture1 ma*9e design8 ,! progress ( ! divid+ up ( ! me*anic arts & civil eng9e]+ m>ks ! rate ( our progress1 9 ! t]ms ( ! ,l& ,grant ,act1 to promote ! lib]al & practical education ( ! indu/rial classes 9 ! sev]al pursuits & pr(essions 9 life4 ,all trades1 classes & pr(essions are to be rea*$ ) a k9d ( education t is relat$ to _! "w4 ,"o by "o we are rea*+ p]sons 9 all walks & all places4 ,socially1 !re are c5turies ( prejudice aga9/ ! f>m]4 ,:5 education is f9ally all[$ to rea* him 9 su* a way z to be indisp5sable to him1 x w at la/ h become truly democratic4 ,9 ?is _s agriculture is divid$ into its tea*able units4 ,! li/s ( divisions ( ! tea*+ =ce or curriculum 9 ! l>g] agricultural colleges illu/rate ?is admirably4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 = example1 ! title ( pr(essors & in/ructors are associat$ ) su* divisions z ?remmatology1 agronomy1 pomology1 ol]iculture1 floriculture1 soil physics1 dairy husb&ry1 dairy manufacture1 horses1 beef cattle1 sw9e husb&ry1 f>m crops4 ,at ,cornell ! cord9ate dep>tm5ts ( in/ruction 9 ! ,college ( ,agriculture are classifi$ z agricultural *emi/ry1 economic entomology1 soils1 agronomy1 horticulture1 animal husb&ry ) its sub-dep>tm5t ( p\ltry husb&ry1 dairy indu/ry1 agricultural eng9e]+ & ar*itecture1 ! f>m home1 rural economy & sociology1 out-door art 7includ+ l&scape g>d5+71 nature-/udy = tea*]s1 besides miscellane\s c\rses--mak+ altoge!r ?irte5 divisions4 ,! c\rses n[ (f]$ 9 ! ,cornell ,college ( ,agriculture1 n includ+ ! w9t]-c\rses1 are #gf1 ( :i* #ga are to be giv5 9 ! next academic ye>4 ,ne>ly all ^! c\rses comprise a half-ye>'s "w4 ,:ile all ?is subdivid+ repres5ts progress !re are disadvantages att5d+ x1 because x t5ds to give a p>tial view ( ! subject4 ,! l>g] numb] ( f>m]s mu/ engage 9 g5]al mix$ husb&ry r ?an 9 specialties4 ,f>m+ is a philosophy1 n a m]e process4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! inevitable subdivid+ ( ! subjects is to =ce ! special view r ?an ! g5]al view1 z if1 9 m$ic9e1 /ud5ts 7 to become speciali/s r ?an g5]al practition]s4 ,! f>m-philosophy idea 0 repres5t$ by ! old] tea*]s ( agriculture4 ,( ^! m5 ,pr(essor ,rob]ts is a typical example1 & 8 "w 9 mak+ /ud5ts to be successful1 all-ar\nd f>m]s is n yet suffici5tly appreciat$4 ,mu* ( ?is f>m philosophy is n[ com+ into ! c\rses ( in/ruction "u ! titles ( rural economy1 rural economics1 rural sociology & ! l4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t ! "t may come :5 we w aga9 h pr(essors ( agriculture :o w cord9ate & syn!size ! "w ( ! agronomi/1 soil physici/1 *emi/1 dairyman & o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 ! divid+ has n yet work$ any h>m1 & p]haps my fe>s are ungr\nd$2 & x is c]ta9 t ) increas+ k & specialization ! c\rses ( in/ruction mu/ /ill fur!r divide4 ,ano!r mo/ significant developm5t 9 agricultural education is ! *ange 9 attitude t[>ds ! college f>m4 ,once x 0 ?\ght t ! college e/ate %\ld be run z a model f>m4 ,h[ev]1 a f>m t sets a patt]n to ! f>m] mu/ be conduct$ on a comm]cial basis2 yet x is manife/ t x is ! prov9ce ( a college to devote itself to education1 n prim>ily to bus9ess4 ,a f>m _c be a model = all ! k9ds ( f>m+ ( ! commonweal?2 & if x does n repres5t fairly completely ! agriculture ( ! /ate1 x misses its value z a patt]n4 ,at all ev5ts ! patt]n-f>m idea is practically giv5 up4 ,x is !n a "q :e!r ! f>m %all be us$ m]ely to illu/rate1--to display k9ds ( tools1 examples ( f5ces & fields1 bre$s ( /ock4 ,?is conception ( ! college f>m is comp>able ) ! old idea ( exp]im5ts 9 agricultural *emi/ry3 ! tea*] p]=m$ ! exp]im5ts = ! /ud5ts to see4 ,! prevail+ idea ( ! college f>m is n[ 7or at lea/1 ,i ?9k1 soon mu/ be7 t x %all be us$ z a true laboratory1 z ! /ud5t 9 *emi/ry n[ works fir/-h& ) 8 mat]ials in/ead alone ( receiv+ lectures & committ+ books4 ,is a /ud5t /udy+ cattle8 ,! h]ds are 8 = measurem5ts1 te/+ z to effici5cy1 /udy+ 9 respect to h]$ity1 _! response to fe$+1 _! adaptability to specific purposes1 & a hundr$ o!r problems4 ,cattle are z mu* laboratory mat]ial = ! agricultural /ud5t z rocks are = ! geological /ud5t or plants = ! botanical /ud5t4 ,te*nical books 7 once kept only 9 libr>ies2 n[ !y are kept also 9 laboratories & are laboratory equipm5t4 ,college museums 7 once only = display2 n[ !y are also = actual use by ! /ud5t4 ,b>ns are laboratories1 to be z mu* a "p ( ! equipm5t ( a college ( agriculture z %ops are ( me*anic arts4 ,!y %\ld be 9 close connection ) ! ma9 build+s1 n remov$ to "s remote "p ( ! premises4 ,mod]n ideas ( cleanl9ess & sanitation are b\nd to revolutionize ! con/ruction & c>e ( b>ns4 ,!re is no reason :y ^! build+s %\ld be (f5sive4 ,x 0 once ?\ght t dissect+ rooms & hospitals %\ld be remov$ f proximity to o!r build+s2 b we h n[ work$ ^! laboratories integrally into ! plans ( colleges4 ,"t has n[ come = a clos] assembl+ ( ! college b>ns ) ! college classrooms4 ,likewise ! entire f>m is no d\bt to be us$ 9 ! future z a laboratory1 at lea/ 9 ! in/itutions ( univ]sity grade--except su* "p z is us$ = pure inve/igation & rese>*4 ,:]e1 !n1 %all ! /ud5t g to see 8 model b>n8 ,to ^! f>ms !mselves2 "h a /ock f>m2 !re a fruit f>m2 else:]e a dairy f>m4 ,! %ops 9 ! colleges ( me*anic arts h long s9ce come to be true laboratories2 !y d n engage 9 railroad+ or manufactur+4 ,!y d n try to pay _! way2 if !y d pay _! way ?is fact is only an incid5tal or second>y consid]ation4 ,a college ( agriculture is a tea*+ in/itution3 x mu/ h equipm5t & laboratories4 ,x w be se5 t ! ^w agriculture has tak5 on a new & enl>g$ mean+4 ,! f>m] is n only a produc] ( commodities3 he is a citiz51 a memb] ( ! commonweal?1 & 8 effici5cy to society & ! /ate dep5ds on 8 :ole outlook4 ,also 8 p]sonal happ9ess dep5ds on 8 outlook4 ,he mu/ conc]n himself n alone ) te*nical f>m+1 b also ) all ! affairs t make up an agricultural community3 good roads1 organizations1 s*ools1 mail r\tes1 labor movem5ts1 rural ar*itecture1 sanitation1 ! /hetic aspect ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o w be /ruck ) ! new signification ( agriculture if he scan ! titles ( publications t issue f gov]nm5tal agricultural dep>tm5ts1 agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 agricultural nature-/udy bureaus1 agricultural colleges4 ,i _c close ?is sket* )\t call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! college ( agriculture has obligations to ! f>m]s ( its commonweal?4 ,! v fact t e college ( agriculture 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is support$ by public funds imposes ?is obligation4 ,moreov]1 ! colleges ( agriculture & me*anic arts /& = true democratic ef=t1 = !y h a def9ite con/itu5cy t !y are call$ ^u to aid4 ,x is desirable t z _m p]sons z possible %all assemble at ! college itself1 b ^? :o _c g to college /ill h ! "r to ask = help4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 agriculture1 9 :i* ! int]e/s are widely sep>at$ & incapable ( be+ comb9$ & syndicat$4 ,!reupon has aris5 ! great ext5sion movem5t t1 9 "o way or ano!r1 is n[ a "p ( ! "w ( e agricultural college4 ,education 0 once exclusive2 x is n[ 9 _s inclusive4 ,! ag5cies t h br\ght ab\t ?is *ange ( attitude are ^? associat$ ) s-call$ indu/rial education1 gr[+ *iefly out ( ! =ces set 9 motion by ! ,l& ,grant ,act ( #ahfb4 ,?is ,l& ,grant is ! ,magna ,*>ta ( education3 f x 9 ?is c\ntry we %all date our lib]ties4 ,,leaflet ,v4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,nature-,,/udy ,,"w4#f ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #f ,syllabus ( ,lectures3 ,nature-,/udy 7,animal & ,plant ,life71 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,com/ock4 ,illu/ration ,sugge/ions = nature-/udy mu/ necess>ily be m or less g5]al4 ,nature-/udy %\ld be a matt] ( obs]vation on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,! tea*]'s "p is to indicate po9ts = obs]vation & n to tell :at is to be se54 ,aft] ! *ild has obs]v$ all t x is possible = him to see1 ! rema9d] ( ! /ory may be told him or may be read4 ,! objects ( nature-/udy %\ld be always 9 ! tea*]'s m9d4 ,^! are1 prim>ily1 to cultivate ! *ild's p[] ( obs]vation & to put him 9 sympa?y ) out-(-door life4 ,hav+ ^! objects cle>ly 9 m9d1 ! tea*] w see t ! sp5d+ ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t ea* day giv+ lessons is n ! mo/ important "p ( ! "w4 ,a great am\nt ( nature-/udy may be done )\t sp5d+ a mom5t 9 a regul> lesson4 ,9 ! case ( all ! ?+s kept 9 ! s*oolroom--i4 e41 gr[+ plants1 insects 9 cages & aqu>ia1 tame birds & dome/ic animals--! *ildr5 w /udy ! problems = !mselves4 ,! privilege ( wat*+ ^! ?+s %\ld be made a rew>d ( m]it4 ,! use ( nature-/udy read]s %\ld be re/rict$4 ,! /ories 9 ^! %\ld n be read until aft] ! pupils h complet$ _! own obs]vations on ! subjects ( ! /ories4 ,/ories ab\t adv5tures ( animals & adv5tures ) animals may always be read ) safety1 z ^! d n1 /rictly speak+1 belong to nature-/udy4 ,!y belong r to lit]ature & may be us$ mo/ successfully to int]e/ ! *ild 9 nature4 ,blackbo>d draw+s & *>ts %\ld be us$ only to illu/rate objects too small = ! pupil to see ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! pupil mu/ also be made to und]/& t ! object drawn on ! bo>d is a real enl>gem5t ( ! object he has /udi$ ) 8 unaid$ eye4 ,! use ( a simple l5s (t5 contributes mu* int]e/ to ! "w ( obs]vation4 ,! comp\nd microscope may be us$ to %[ "s exceptionally int]e/+ po9t1 z ! comp\nd eyes ( insects1 ! scales on ! butt]fly's w+1 or ! viscid ?read ( ! spid]4 ,b ?is is by no means necess>y4 ,nature-/udy "w does n actually require ! use ( ei!r microscope or l5s1 al?\gh ! latt] is a desirable adjunct4 ,! great dang] t besets ! tea*] j beg9n+ nature-/udy is too mu* tea*+1 & too _m subjects4 ,9 my own "w ,i w\ld r a *ild sp5t "o t]m f9d+ out h[ "o spid] builds its orb web ?an t he %\ld /udy a doz5 diff]5t species ( spid]s4 ,if ! tea*] at ! end ( ! ye> has op5$ ! *ild's m9d & he>t 9 two or ?ree directions nature-w>d1 %e has done en\gh4 ,9 tea*+ ab\t animals1 tea* no m ( ! anatomy ?an is obvi\sly connect$ ) ! di/9ctive habits ( ea* "o2 i4 e41 ! h9d legs ( a gras%opp] are long s t x c jump1 & ! e>s ( a rabbit are long s t x c he> ! approa* ( its foes4 ,:ile x is desirable = ! tea*] to "k m ?an %e tea*es1 9 nature-/udy %e may well be a le>n] ) h] pupils s9ce !y are likely any day to read "s page ( nature's book nev] be=e read by human eyes4 ,?is attitude ( companion%ip 9 /udy+ ) h] pupils w h a great value 9 enabl+ h] to ma9ta9 happy & pleasant relations ) !m4 ,x has also great discipl9>y value4 ,reasons = & aga9/ grad$ c\rses 9 nature-/udy4 ,! "q :e!r !re %\ld be a grad$ c\rse 9 nature-/udy is decid$ly a qu]y ) two answ]s4 ,! reasons :y !re %\ld n be a grad$ c\rse1 are3 #a/4 ,! "w %\ld be spontane\s & %\ld be sugge/$ ea* day by ! mat]ial at h&4 ,"m ,nature foll[s no s*$ule4 ,%e refuses to produce a violet "o day1 an oriole ! next1 & a blue butt]fly on ! ?ird4 #b;d4 ,a grad$ c\rse means a h>d & fa/ c\rse :i* ea* tea*] mu/ foll[ :e!r or n h] ta/es & tra9+ co9cide ) x4 #c;d4 ,!re is no natural grad+ ( nature-/udy "w4 ,a subject suit$ = nature-/udy may be giv5 j z successfully 9 ! fir/ z 9 ! fif? grade4 ,!re is only "o reason :y a nature-/udy c\rse %\ld be grad$1 & t is s cog5t t x outweighs all ! reasons on ! o!r side3 ! tra9+ ( ! grade tea*] 9 nature-/udy is at pres5t s limit$ 9 subject-matt] t if ! c\rse 7 ungrad$ ! same "w w\ld be giv5 ov] & ov] 9 ! successive grades until ! pupils became utt]ly we>y ( x4 ,to _m a pupil 9 ! l[] grades to-day1 nature-/udy means ! spr\t+ ( beans & peas & no?+ m4 ,z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 we believe t aft] a nature-/udy subject is once /udi$ x %\ld be dropp$ entirely1 ! pupil %\ld n aga9 meet x 9 ! s*oolroom until he f9ds x 9 its respective sci5ce 9 ! high s*ool or college4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 we h be5 p]suad$ t a grad$ c\rse1 or at lea/ a consecutive c\rse1 is necess>y4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions ab\t grad+ ! c\rse are giv5 ) a hope ( be+ helpful1 & n because we believe t ! c\rses indicat$ are necess>ily ! be/ c\rses possible4 ,we h grad$ ea* subject s t a tea*] may foll[ h] own ta/es & incl9ations1 & may n be =c$ to tea* zoology :5 h] int]e/s are entirely ) botany1 or vice v]sa4 ,we h tri$ to give a di/9ctive tr5d to ! obs]vations = ea* ye>1 & h sugge/$ a l9e along :i* ! "w may be done4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! "t to /udy any liv+ ?+ is :5 y *ance to f9d x4 ,if y f9d an int]e/+ cat]pill> or cricket or bird1 /udy x1 :atev] y\r grade ( "w4 ,! probabilities are t x may be long be=e y *ance ^u ^! same species aga94 ,x has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( mo/ tea*]s t ! l[] grades are mu* m int]e/$ 9 nature-/udy ?an are ! high]4 ,especially are ! sev5? & eigh? grades difficult to int]e/4 ,!re=e1 we h made ?is "p ( ! c\rse economic 9 its be>+1 hop+ t ?is may appeal to ! gr[n-up feel+ ( pupils ( ^! grades4 ,,insects4 ,,fir/ ,,grade4 ,! fir/ ye> ( "w ) insects may well be re/rict$ to famili>iz+ ! pupils ) ! ?ree mo/ /rik+ phases 9 ! life ( insects ) complete metamorphosis1 i4 e41 ! l>v1 ! pup1 & ! w+$ insects4 ,mo?s & butt]flies are especially adapt$ = ?is "w ) ! small *ildr54 ,fall "w4--,9 ,septemb] !re are /ill _m cat]pill>s fe$+4 ,br+ !m 9 ! s*oolroom & fe$ !m 9 bre$+ cages4 ,= diff]5t =ms ( *eap bre$+ cages1 see ,insect ,life1 pp4 #cbf-ccj2 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #e 7,no4 ,,xix1 ?is volume72 ,lessons 9 ,nature-,/udy1 p4 #de4 ,dur+ ,octob] _m ( ! hairy cat]pill>s w be f\nd hurry+ along 9 que/ ( suitable w9t] qu>t]s4 ,^! %\ld be br\ght 9 & put 9 box cages hav+ s& or dirt 9 ! bottom4 ,!y are seek+ seclud$ corn]s 9 :i* to curl up & hide dur+ ! cold wea!r4 ,"s ( !m pass ! w9t] 9 _! cocoons1 & "s d n4 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #bci-bda2 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #cag-cbd2 ,mo?s & ,butt]flies1 7b71 pp4 #aia-aih4 ,br+ 9 z _m cocoons z possible4 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 aft] ! leaves h fall5 f ! trees1 is ! be/ "t 9 :i* to hunt = ! cocoons ( ,cecropia1 ,prome!a1 & ,cyn?ia4 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #aid-aif2 ,mo?s & ,butt]flies1 7b71 pp4 #aai-ahj4 ,tea* ! pupils ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cocoon & ! pupa4 ,! pupa is ! quiesc5t =m ( ! insect4 ,! cocoon is ! silk5 bag cov]+ x1 & is always made by ! cat]pill> be=e x *anges to a pupa4 ,if possible br+ 9 "s butt]fly l>v4 ,9 ,septemb] _m may be f\nd4 ,! cabbage butt]fly especially is always ) u4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bde4 ,also ! l>v ( ! black swall[-tail may be easily f\nd4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bdc2 ,ev]yday ,butt]flies1 p4 #acj2 ,mo?s & ,butt]flies1 7b71 p4 #ci4 ,%[ ! *ildr5 7d n tell !m7 t ! butt]fly cat]pill>s d n make cocoons1 b t ! nak$ pupa is susp5d$ by a silk button1 & 9 "s cases also by a silk ?read4 ,_m tea*]s compla9 t b few ( ! mo?s are able to get out ( ! cocoons4 ,! usual reason = ?is is t 9 ! heat$ atmosph]e ( ! s*oolroom ! cocoons become too dry4 ,to obviate ?is1 ! cocoons %\ld be dipp$ 9 wat] e week or two4 ,spr+ "w4--,dur+ ! spr+ t]m use ! apple-tree t5t-cat]pill>s4 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #e 7,no4 ,,xix1 ?is volume72 ,mo?s & ,butt]flies1 7b7 p4 #bja4 ,%[ ! f\r /ages ( ! insect3 egg1 cat]pill>1 pupa1 & mo?4 ,pay especial att5tion to ! way 9 :i* ! cat]pill>s gr[4 ,summ>y ( me?ods4--,?is :ole ye>'s "w may be done ) no regul> lessons1 & all ! "t requir$ w be ! c>e ( ! bre$+ cages & ! "t giv5 to hunt+ = ! cat]pill>s & cocoons4 ,! *ild's read+ may be select$ f ! _m /ories ( ! cat]pill>s1 mo?s & butt]flies4 ,yet be v c>eful to make ea* *ild und]/& t he himself is /udy+ out ! especial /ory ( ea* cat]pill> & cocoon 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,,second ,,grade4 ,! plan = ! second ye> is to cont9ue ! /udy ( ! life-hi/ories ( insects4 ,! pupil1 hav+ le>n$ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! mo?s & butt]flies1 %\ld le>n t all insects d n exp]i5ce su* m>vel\s *anges ( =m4 ,fall "w4--,arrange a bre$+ cage l figs4 #bhh1 #bhi1 ,insect ,life1 p4 #cbi1 plac+ fre% sod 9 ! fl[] pot & cov]+ ! lamp *imney ) a squ>e ( wire nett+4 ,pu% ! glass *imney d[n into ! e>? s z to all[ no crevices ?r\gh :i* ! insects may escape4 ,9 su* a cage1 place gras%opp]s & crickets ( all sizes1 & /udy _! gr[?4 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #cc-cg4 ,%[ ! pupils t ! "y gras%opp] looks l ! old "o except t ! w+s are %ort]2 ! same is true ( crickets4 ,keep ! sod damp s ! grass w n become dry2 & :5 x gets too old replace x ) o!r sod4 ,a good way to keep ^! insects alive & to keep ! *ildr5 int]e/$ 9 !m is to plant :eat & grass se$ 9 sev]al fl[] pots1 & !n to move ! glass *imney f pot to pot1 giv+ ! insects fre% pa/urage :5 ne$$4 ,z e>ly z possible />t "s aqu>ia4 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #aa 7,no4 ,,xii1 ?is volume72 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #ccj-ccb4 ,! mosquito is "o ( ! mo/ available insects = /udy 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #aca-acf2 ,lessons 9 ,nature-,/udy1 p4 #ab4 ,! nymphs ( dragon flies & damsel flies & _m o!rs may be /udi$ dur+ ! entire w9t]4 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #adj-adb2 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #aa 7,no4 ,,xii1 ?is volume72 ,outdoor ,/udies1 p4 #ed4 ,^? t h cannibali/ic habits %\ld be kept ap>t1 ea* "o 9 a sep>ate j>4 ,!y may be f$ by dropp+ into ! j> a bit ( raw beef/eak ti$ to ! end ( a /r+4 ,! purpose ( ! /r+ is t ! uneat5 meat may be )drawn be=e x decays4 ,x %\ld n be left 9 ! wat] m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! insects d n ne$ fe$+ m ?an twice a week4 ,spr+ "w4--,9 ! spr+ get new mat]ial = ! aqu>ia4 ,9 pools :]e !re are _m dead leaves look = ! caddice worms t build ! log cab9 cases1 = ^! may be kept 9 aqu>ia t h no runn+ wat]4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #adi4 ,:ile we advise ! introduction ( ! aqu>ia dur+ ! second ye>1 _! use %\ld be cont9u$ dur+ ! foll[+ f\r grades2 !re are always new ?+s to /udy 9 ponds & /reams1 & no?+ s fasc9ates a *ild z wat*+ ! movem5ts ( ^! little d5iz5s ( ! wat]4 ,summ>y ( me?ods4--,!re ne$ be no set lessons 9 ! "w ( ! second ye>1 unless ! tea*] 9 a few words1 n[ & !n1 *ooses to call att5tion to c]ta9 ?+s z ! occasion seems to dem&4 ,! object ( ! ye>'s "w is to tea* ! pupil ! life hi/ories ( insects :i* h no quiesc5t or pupa /age1 & ?is %\ld be accompli%$ by simple obs]vation ( specim5s br$ 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,,?ird ,,grade4 ,! g5]al subject ( ?is ye>'s "w may well be ! ,homes ( ,insects4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ topic1 & if well taught w inspire ! pupils to mu* individual obs]vation & collect+4 ,! que/ions to be ask$ conc]n+ insect homes are3 ,( :at mat]ial are !y made8 ,h[ are !y made8 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! home8 ,is x made by ! insect = itself to live 91 or is x made by ! "m = ! protection ( h] "y8 ,is x made z a protection = ! insects :ile !y are eat+1 or d !y g out to fe$ & come back only to re/ & sp5d ! night or day8 ,fall "w4--,leaf roll]s3 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bjf2 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 p4 #aai4 ,leaf m9]s3 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bjh2 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 p4 #bi4 ,galls3 ,insect ,life1 p4 #baj2 ,outdoor ,/udies1 pp4 #ah1 #ch-ci4 ,fall web worm3 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bjj4 ,scallop %ell mo?3 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bja4 ,ne/s ( silv] spott$ skipp]3 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bjc2 ,ev]yday ,butt]flies1 p4 #aij4 ,bag worms3 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bjd4 ,ant lions3 ,outdoor ,/udies1 p4 #ha4 ,c>p5t] bees3 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 p4 #ajh4 ,tig] beetle l>v3 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #bgj-bgb4 ,all k9ds ( cocoons are f\nd by ! *ildr54 ,ask conc]n+ ! cocoons3 ,:]e did y f9d !m8 ,7 !y 9 protect$ places8 ,:y8 ,( ^! ne/s !re are _m m ?an ^? m5tion$ above4 ,9 fact1 to "o :o sees :at he looks at1 e plant1 e tree1 e f5ce corn] & e foot along ! c\ntry pa? conta9s _m mo/ int]e/+ homes4 ,! leaf roll]s & leaf m9]s are ! mo/ common & mo/ easily f\nd ( all4 ,spr+ "w4--,! spr+ "w 9 ?is subject may be to /udy ! way 9 :i* caddice worms make _! h\ses2 take a caddice worm out ( its h\se & wat* x build ano!r4 ,?is is a new phase ( ! /udy ( caddice worms4 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 p4 #acc4 ,/udy ! homes ( beetles "u /icks & /ones1 & f9d ! homes ( ! engrav] beetles "u b>k4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #baf4 ,?is "w mu/ necess>ily be done by ! pupils out ( s*ool h\rs1 & _! discov]ies & specim5s ( homes %\ld be made topics = lessons = ! :ole s*ool4 ,dur+ ?is t]m beg9 a butt]fly cal5d>1 made on ! same plan z ! bird cal5d>4 ,a collection ( butt]flies might be />t$ = ! s*oolroom 9 connection ) ! cal5d>4 ,/udy ! specim5s caught & det]m9e :e!r !y hib]nat$ z adults or *rysalids4 ,if _! w+s are batt]$ & torn1 !y sp5t ! w9t] z adults4 ,if !y are bright 9 colors & _! w+s p]fect1 !y sp5t ! w9t] 9 ! *rysalis /ate4 ,h9ts = collect+ insects3 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #g 7,no4 ,,xviii1 ?is volume72 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #bhc-cad & pp4 #dh-di4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,butt]flies4 ,summ>y ( me?ods4--,! "w 9 ! ?ird grade1 z outl9$1 requires a lesson p]iod n[ & !n :5 s+le specim5s are br\ght 9 by individual pupils4 ,ea* pupil %\ld exam9e ! specim51 & aft] t ! lesson may be giv54 ,,f\r? ,,grade4 ,aft] hav+ /udi$ ,insect ,homes1 ! pupils w be ready to take up ! broad] subject1 ,h[ ,insects ,live4 ,! "w ( ?is ye> may be giv5 on ?is subject4 ,9 ord] to /udy ! life-hi/ories ( insects1 ! pupils %\ld "k "s ?+s ab\t insect anatomy4 ,if ! "w z indicat$ 9 ! previ\s grades has be5 foll[$1 ! pupils "k ! numb] ( legs1 w+s1 & comp\nd eyes mo/ insects h1 )\t ev] hav+ kill$ a specim5 or hav+ receiv$ a special lesson 9 insect anatomy4 ,n[ tea* ! *ildr5 h[ insects brea! & h[ !y eat4 ,%[ ! spiracles on ! body ( any cat]pill> :i* is n hairy2 !y may be se5 on ! abdom5 ( a gras%opp] or ( a butt]fly t has n too _m l>ge scales to cov] !m4 ,aft] !y h se5 ^! spiracles or brea?+ pores1 give a lesson1 illu/rat$ by *>t or blackbo>d1 %[+ t ^! holes lead to ! brea?+ tubes ( ! body4 ,manual = ! ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #gc-ge4 ,to %[ h[ insects eat1 all[ ! pupils to wat* ! foll[+ insects 9 ! bre$+ cages :ile fe$+3 a gras%opp]2 a leaf beetle 7potato beetle is a good example72 any cat]pill>2 an ant2 & a wasp4 ,%[ t all ^! h m\? p>ts made = bit+4 ,let ! pupils see an aphid suck+ ! juice ( a plant2 ?is may be done by br++ 9 a twig infe/$ by aphids4 ,let ! pupils see ! wat] bugs 9 ! aqu>ium eat4 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #abc-aca1 & pp4 #acg-adj4 ,let !m wat* a fly1 a honey bee1 &1 if possible1 a butt]fly or mo?1 eat4 ,all ^! h m\? p>ts made = suck+4 ,all ?is "w %\ld be orig9al inve/igation on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,aft] ! pupils f9d out h[ insects brea! & eat1 let !m see h[ ea* insect lives a life adapt$ to its own peculi> ne$s4 ,try to fe$ "s cabbage worms on clov] or grass4 ,!n try turnip or mu/>d leaves1 & wat* ! result4 ,*ange ! potato beetle l>v to "s o!r plant1 & wat* ! result4 ,let ! pupils fir/ f9d out h[ ! insects brea! 9 ! wat]4 ,ea* insect 9 ! aqu>ium tells a diff]5t /ory z to its way ( gett+ air4 ,! tea*] w f9d all ^! /ories indicat$ 9 ! *apt]s 9 ,insect ,life devot$ to pond & brook insects4 ,call especial att5tion to protective color+ ( insects4 ,%[ t :5 an insect resembles its surr\nd+s 9 color x is !reby enabl$ to escape its enemies2 or1 if ne$ be1 is enabl$ to creep ^u its prey unobs]v$4 ,note ! color ( ! gras%opp] 9 ! road2 color ( mead[ gras%opp]2 color ( ! cat]pill>s ( ! cabbage butt]fly 7gre5 & h>d to f9d74 ,notice ! %ape & color ( walk+ /icks2 color ( ! katydids4 ,note ! bright color ( ! l>v ( potato beetle4 ,:y8 7,!y are di/a/eful to birds1 & _! colors adv]tise ! fact47 ,/udy ! ,mon>* butt]fly & ! ,vic]oy4 ,ev]yday ,butt]flies1 p4 #ie & p4 #big2 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 p4 #ci4 ,br+ out /rongly 9 all ?is "w t ! insect 9 ord] to live mu/ h its special food plant & mu/ escape notice ( its enemies4 ,?is is ! prop] place to beg9 ! /udy ( ! valuable "w done by birds 9 de/roy+ insects4 ,9 addition to ?is g5]al "w1 /udy especially ! wasps4 ,solit>y ,wasps3 ,mud daub]s4 ,br+ 9 _! ne/s & exam9e !m4 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 p4 #if4 ,h[ are ! ne/s provision$1 & = :at purpose 7 !y made8 ,f9d1 if possible1 ne/s ( o!r solit>y wasps4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bah1 p4 #bfb1 p4 #bfd4 ,social ,wasps3 ,br+ 9 a des]t$ ne/ ( yell[-jackets4 ,( :at is x made8 ,h[8 ,:at =8 ,d ! wasps /ore honey8 ,d !y live z a colony dur+ ! w9t]8 ,all ^! que/ions may be answ]$ by a pupil :o kn[s ( a yell[-jackets' ne/ 9 ! fall & wat*es x dur+ ! w9t]4 ,= ! tea*] !re are discussions ( ^! insects 9 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #ffj-ffd4 ,wasps & _! ,ways4 ,cont9ue ! butt]fly collection & ! butt]fly cal5d>4 ,spr+ "w4--,9 ! spr+1 beg9 a collection ( mo?s = ! s*oolroom4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #ej4 ,cat]pill>s & ,mo?s4 ,9 ! spr+1 notice :5 ! fir/ h\se-flies appe>4 ,:at happ5s to ! h\se-fly 9 w9t]8 7,s5d = ,circul> ,no4 #ce1 second s]ies1 ,div4 ( ,entomology ( ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 = ! life-hi/ory ( ! h\se-fly47 ,expla9 t "o female de/roy$ e>ly 9 ! season means ?\s&s few] late 9 ! season4 ,enc\rage ! *ildr5 to br+ to ! s*oolroom all sorts ( flies & comp>e !m ) ! h\se-fly4 ,! object ( ?is is to tea* some?+ ( ! wond]ful v>iety ( =ms among small & inconspicu\s insects4 ,make a collection ( flies = ! s*oolroom4 ,= description ( flies1 see ,insect ,life1 pp4 #hc-hd4 ,a good plan = ! spr+ "w is to keep ! pupils int]e/$ 9 ! fir/ appe>ance1 aft] ! vicissitudes ( w9t]1 ( ea* insect :i* x is possible = !m to f9d4 ,note t insects d n appe> be=e _! food plants appe>4 ,summ>y ( objects & me?ods4--,! que/ions to be answ]$ dur+ ! :ole ye>'s "w are3 ,h[ d ! ,insects live1--on :at d !y fe$8 ,h[ d !y escape _! enemies8 ,:at happ5s to !m 9 w9t]8 ,h[ are ! new broods />t$ 9 ! spr+8 ,! "w is *iefly obs]vation1 b occasional lessons may be giv5 & /ories may be told to keep ! int]e/ 9 ! "w f flagg+4 ,,fif? ,,grade4 ,fall "w4--,/udy ! ,bees & ,ants4 ,fit up ants' ne/s4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bgh4 ,tea* ! :ole life-hi/ory by all[+ ! pupils to colonize ! ne/s4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #fcc-fci2 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bga4 ,make obs]vations ^u ! eggs1 pup1 work]s1 males1 females4 ,:at are ! w+$ =ms t appe> 9 sw>ms 9 ,june & ,july4 ,let ! pupils obs]ve ! relation ( ants to aphids4 ,?is may be done on almo/ any %rub or roadside plant4 ,home ,nature-,/udy ,lesson #aijd1 ,no4 #h4 ,! tea*] %\ld read ,sir ,john ,lubbock's ,ants1 ,bees & ,wasps4 ,_m /ories on ^! subjects may be told & read1 especially ^? conc]n+ ! habits ( exotic ants & ant w>s :i* ! *ildr5 are n likely to see2 also ( ! slave-mak+ ants4 ,^! slave-mak+ ants are q common 9 ,new ,york ,/ate2 _! ne/s may be f\nd "u /ones4 ,!y resemble ! br[n m\nd-build] ant2 ! slaves are black4 ,spr+ "w4--,9 ! spr+ "w 9 ?is grade1 /udy ! habits ( ! honey bee4 ,an obs]vation hive is desirable b n necess>y4 ,br+ 9 ! honeycomb fill$ ) honey4 ,if !re are api>i/s 9 y\r neighborhood1 !y w gladly give y specim5s ( brood 9 ! comb4 ,read ,! ,bee ,p & ! ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 p4 #fgc4 ,develop all ! facts ( ! wond]ful life 9 ! hive by lett+ ! pupils obs]ve !m z f> z possible4 ,!n give !m ! _m int]e/+ /ories3 ,/ory ( ! ,work]s4 ,/ory ( ! ,que54 ,/ory ( ! ,drone4 ,/ory ( ! ,bee ,l>va4 ,/ory ( ,honey ,mak+4 ,/ory ( ,wax & ,comb ,mak+4 ,/ory ( ! ,sw>m4 ,9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! honey bee1 /udy ! bumble bee4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #fgb-fgc2 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bef4 ,beg9 ) ! /udy ( ! big que5 t appe>s 9 ,may or ,june4 ,%[ t %e is ( great b5efit to u & mu/ n be h>m$ or fright5$4 ,let ! bumble bee's ne/ be a problem = summ] obs]vation1 & f9i% ! /udy 9 ! next grade 9 ! fall4 ,summ>y ( objects & me?ods4--,! "w ( ?is ye> %\ld h = its objects ! h>moni\s life ( social insects2 _! unselfi% "w = ea* o!r2 _! devotion to _! respective colonies2 _! ways ( build+ & ( def5d+ _! habitations4 ,! "w %\ld be bas$ ^u obs]vations made by ! pupils 9 & out ( ! s*oolroom4 ,_m lessons %\ld be giv51 mo/ly 9 ! =m ( /ories4 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 pp4 #ee-id4 ,,six? ,,grade4 ,fall "w4--,/udy ! spid]s4 ,lessons 9 ,nature-,/udy1 p4 #ajc2 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #bbc-bcb4 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,qu>t]ly1 f9al numb] 7,no4 ,,xv1 ?is volume74 ,9 ord] to /udy spid]s1 !y ne$ n be h&l$ ) b>e h&s4 ,:ile all spid]s are v5om\s to ! same ext5t1 p]haps1 t a mosquito or a bee is v5om\s1 !re is only "o species 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates 7& t is v r>e7 ! bite ( :i* ne$ be fe>$ by human be+s4 ,! use ( spid]s 9 nature-/udy does n h to d ) h&l+ liv+ specim5s1 b r ) ! habits ( ! diff]5t species & ! build+ ( ! webs4 ,9 cat*+ spid]s to br+ into ! s*oolroom1 use ! me?od indicat$ by ,pr(essor ,kellogg 9 ,nature-,/udy ,lessons4 ,capture ! specim5 by ! use ( a pill box3 take ! box 9 "o h& & ! cov] 9 ! o!r1 & cat* ! spid] by sudd5ly clos+ ! box ov] x4 ,! pupils %\ld be made to obs]ve ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 spid]s & insects2 i4 e41 spid]s h two regions ( ! body in/ead ( ?ree z 9 insects2 eight legs in/ead ( six1 simple eyes in/ead ( comp\nd4 ,comp>e spid]s ) daddy-long-legs4 ,if ! tea*] *ooses to kill a specim5 & %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! eyes & ! sp9n]ets "u ! microscope1 %e may d s4 ,?is is n necess>y1 al?\gh ,i h se5 x done successfully 9 ! six? grade4 ,diagrams & blackbo>d draw+s may be us$ in/ead ( ! microscope4 ,let ! pupils obs]ve ! uses ( silk by ! spid]3 #a4 ,sn>e = prey4 #b4 ,to enwrap prey :5 fir/ entangl$4 #c4 ,ne/s = eggs4 #d4 ,l9+ = habitations4 #e4 ,means ( locomotion4 ,introduce ! grass spid] into ! s*oolroom 9 glass j>s conta9+ grass sod1 & let ! pupils obs]ve x at "w4 ,enc\rage a /udy ( cobwebs4 ,capture ! own] ( an orb web1 & br+ x 9 a glass j> to ! s*oolroom4 ,try to give x its natural environm5t2 i4 e41 "s sort ( frame or bran* ( tree on :i* x may fa/5 its web4 ,! orb web3 #a4 ,h[ is x made8 #b4 ,( h[ _m k9ds ( silk8 #c4 ,! way ! spiral ?read is arrang$ z %[n by draw+s4 #d4 ,! position ( ! spid] on ! web4 #e4 ,! way ! spid] passes f "o side ( ! web to ! o!r4 #f4 ,! way x treats its prey :5 ! victim is once entangl$4 ,! eng9e]+ ability %[n 9 mak+ ?is web is "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s ?+s 9 all ! realm ( animal life4 ,^! obs]vations may well cov] two mon?s ( ?is t]m4 ,/udy ! balloon+ spid]s1 ! jump+ spid]s1 ! runn+ spid]s1 & ! crab spid]s4 ,/udy z _m egg-sacs ( spid]s z possible4 ,ano!r topic = /udy dur+ ! fall t]m is ! ,songs ( ,insects4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #bce4 ,br+ 9 ! katydids1 crickets1 & mead[ gras%opp]s1 place !m 9 cages conta9+ gre5 sod1 & obs]ve !m :ile !y are s++4 ,note t only ! males s+4 ,%[ ! e>s ( ! crickets1 katydids1 & mead[ gras%opp]s 9 ! elb[s ( _! front legs4 ,! e> ( ! gras%opp] is on ! side ( ! segm5t ( ! abdom5 next to ! ?orax4 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 pp4 #c-bg4 ,/udy sn[y tree cricket4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 p4 #aah4 ,if possible1 get a cicada z ^! insects cont9ue to s+ ?r\gh ! w>m days ( ,septemb]4 ,%[ ! cov] to ! drums on ! l[] side ( ! common cicada4 ,cornell ,nature-,/udy ,bullet91 ,no4 #a1 p4 #bd 7,no4 ,,vi1 ?is volume74 ,?is c be made a mo/ int]e/+ subject1 & pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to d obs]vation "w outside ( s*ool4 ,beg9 a g5]al collection = s*oolroom4 ,spr+ "w4--,cont9ue mak+ a g5]al collection = ! s*oolroom1 & specialize 9 ?is direction4 ,:5 an insect is br\ght 9 & add$ to ! collection1 if ! tea*] kn[s ! insect1 a lesson %\ld be giv5 on its life & habits4 ,?is connect+ ( ! life & habits ( ! insects ) ! collection ( dead specim5s is ( great] value f a nature-/udy po9t ( view ?an ! collection itself4 ,summ>y ( me?ods4--,:ile ?is ye>'s "w mu/ be bas$ on ! obs]vations ( ! pupils 9 ! s*oolroom & out-(-doors1 yet _m int]e/+ lessons may be giv5 by ! tea*]4 ,,sev5? ,,grade4 ,! /udy ( ?is entire ye> may be ! relation ( insects to fl[]s4 ,mo/ ( ! ref]5ces are giv5 9 ! ,plant-life "w = ?is grade4 ,! insect "w may be limit$ to3 ,:at insects visit fl[]s8 ,h[ d !y c>ry poll58 ,h[ does ea* k9d ( insect rea* ! nect>8 ,:i* insects are robb]s1 & :i* are true poll5 c>ri]s8 ,! use ( poll5 by insects4 ,outdoor ,/udies1 pp4 #g-ab4 ,take up ! /udy ( gold5 rod & its insect visitors1 i4 e41 let ! pupils wat* a bun* ( gold5 rod & note all ! insect visitors4 ,= directions conc]n+ ?is "w see ,outdoor ,/udies1 pp4 #bi-df4 ,9 ! same way take up ! /udy ( a/]s & ! late fl[]s1 & _! insect visitors4 ,describe ! visitor2 :at x does2 :at "p ( ! plant x visits4 ,summ>y ( objects & me?ods4--,! object ( ?is :ole ye>'s "w is to %[ ! beautiful int]-relation betwe5 insects & fl[]s4 ,! /udies mu/ necess>ily be made 9 ! field4 ,b _m delightful lessons may be giv5 on ! /ructure ( fl[]s1 t make ( greate/ use to ! fl[]s ! "w ( insect visitors4 ,,eigh? ,,grade4 ,! object ( ?is ye>'s "w is ! economic side ( insect-/udy4 ,_m pupils d n cont9ue ^! /udies to high s*ool or college4 ,yet if !y h homes ) g>d5s or trees 9 city or c\ntry1 !y mu/ le>n to cope ) ! _m insect enemies t fe$ ^u cultivat$ plants4 ,!y %\ld also le>n to discrim9ate betwe5 insect fri5ds & foes4 ,!y %\ld le>n ! be/ me?ods ( combat+ ! foes & pres]v+ ! fri5ds4 ,expla9 fir/ t 9 fight+ an insect enemy we mu/ "k h[ x eats4 ,if x ins]ts its beak 9 ! /em ( ! plant !re is no use try+ to kill x by putt+ poison on ! leaves4 ,,common ,,insect ,,foes4 ,to be /udi$ 9 ! s*oolroom3 ,fall "w4--,codl9-mo?4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #ahj4 ,%[ "w on an apple1 & give me?ods ( de/roy+ x4 ,plum curculio4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #ahb4 ,! pomace flies4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #ahd4 ,scale insects4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #afe-agd4 ,potato beetle4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 p4 #agf4 ,spr+ "w4--,tussock mo?s & cank] worms4 ,circul> ,no4 #i1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ( ,ent41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,circul>1 ,no4 #a4 ,cabbage worms4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,butt]flies4 ,currant worms4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #fac-fad4 ,plant lice or aphids4 ,insect ,life1 pp4 #agg-agh4 ,c>pet beetle4 ,circul> ,no4 #e1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 p4 #eci4 ,clo!s mo?4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #beg-beh2 ,circul> ,no4 #cf1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,t5t cat]pill>4 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #e 7,no4 ,,xix1 ?is volume74 ,a /udy ( spray+ %\ld be made4 ,insects & ,insecticides1 pp4 #ci-ef4 ,spray ,cal5d>1 di/ribut$ free by ! ,cornell ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,important ,insecticides4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #abg1 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,insect ,,fri5ds4 ,fall "w4--,lady bugs4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #agi4 ,aphis lions4 ,insect ,life1 p4 #agh2 ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$1 p4 #abe4 ,r$ clov] & ! bumble bee4 ,p>asitic insects4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects1 pp4 #fba-fcj4 ,spr+ "w4--,bees & or*>d 9 blossom4 ,summ>y ( me?ods4--,! obs]vations may be made 9 ! s*oolroom or out-(-doors4 ,!re %\ld be obs]vations ( exp]im5ts 9 spray+4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 mo/ localities by enc\rag+ ! pupils to visit or*>ds und]go+ ! op]ation ( spray+4 ,h[ev]1 by means ( syr+e or wat]+ pot1 ! infe/$ plants br\ght into ! s*oolroom may be spray$ & ! results not$4 ,lessons %\ld be giv5 on ! importance ( pres]v+ insect fri5ds :ile we are de/roy+ insect enemies4 ,,o!r ,,animals ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,nature-,,/udy4 ,! ,toad & ,frog4 ,! /udy ( ei!r ( ^! two species is delightful spr+ "w = any grade4 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #i 7,no4 ,,xvi1 ?is volume72 ,wild]ness ,ways1 p4 #be4 ,salam&]s or ,efts4 ,famili> ,life ( ! ,roadside4 ,fi%es4 ,obs]vations ^u goldfi% or m9n[s kept 9 an aqu>ium %\ld be made ! basis ( lessons ^u ! life ( fi%es4 ,/udy3 7#a7 ,! %ape ( ! body2 see h[ x is especially adapt$ to rapid movem5t ?r\gh ! wat]4 7#b7 ,! %ape & arrangem5t ( ! f9s1 & _! uses4 7#c7 ,h[ ! fi% propels itself ?r\gh ! wat]4 7#d7 ,h[ ! fi% brea!s4 7#e7 ,! %ape ( ! fi%'s m\?1 & h[ & :at x eats4 7#f7 ,exp]im5t to asc]ta9 ! ability ( ! fi% to see & he>4 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ba 7,nos4 ,,xiii & ,,xxxvi1 ?is volume74 ,enc\rage obs]vations ( habits ( diff]5t species ( fi% common 9 our ponds & /reams4 ,/udy _! eggs & ! places :]e !y are f\nd4 ,tea* ! *ildr5 ! reason = ! game laws1 & impress ^u !m a true respect = ^? laws4 ,food & ,game ,fi%es4 ,mice4 ,"s h\se mice 9 an improvis$ cage may be plac$ 9 ! s*oolroom1 & ! habits ( ! little creatures obs]v$4 ,give !m pap] to see h[ !y make _! ne/s4 ,note h[ & :at !y eat1 & h[ !y clean !mselves4 ,note %ape ( tee? & _! use4 ,if possible1 /udy ! wild mice4 ,squirrels & ,o!r ,fur ,be>]s1 p4 #aaa2 ,wild ,life1 p4 #aga4 ,squirrels & ,*ipmunks4 ,! "w on ^! animals mu/ be bas$ on out-(-door obs]vations4 ,try to get ! pupils to discov] = !mselves answ]s to ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,h[ & :]e d !y travel8 ,:at d !y eat8 ,:]e & h[ d !y c>ry _! food8 ,d !y /ore x = w9t]8 ,if s1 :]e8 ,:at d !y d 9 w9t]8 ,squirrels & ,o!r ,fur ,be>]s1 p4 #ae1 p4 #acd2 ,wild ,neighbors1 p4 #a4 ,rabbits4--,a dome/icat$ rabbit %\ld1 if possible1 be kept 9 ! s*ooly>d s t ! pupils may make _! own obs]vations ^u its habits4 ,let !m /udy3 ,h[ & :at x eats4 ,! %ape ( its tee?4 ,! =m & use ( ! e>s4 ,h[ does x travel8 ,:at sort ( tracks does x make1 & :y8 ,f ^! obs]vations lead ! pupils to ?9k ( ! life ( ! wild rabbit1 h[ x is adapt$ to escape f its enemies & to get its food4 ,ways ( ,wood ,folk1 p4 #da2 ,/ory ( ,raggylug4 ,gu9ea pigs4--,^! little animals are easily kept 9 ! s*oolroom1 &1 ?\gh n p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 _! habits1 !y prove attractive to ! small] *ildr5 & may be /udi$ 9 ! same way z ! o!r animals4 ,dome/ic animals4--,^! ne$ n be /udi$ 9 ! s*oolroom1 z ! pupils1 if !y h opportunity1 c make ! obs]vations at home4 ,/udies ( ! horse1 c[1 pig1 %eep1 & goat1 & also ! cat & dog may be made mo/ int]e/+4 ,su* que/ions z ^! may be ask$ conc]n+ ea*3 ,:at is ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! animal8 ,:at is its clo?+8 ,:at does x eat8 ,h[ are its tee? adapt$ to its food8 ,:at is its *ief use to man8 ,h[ does x travel1 sl[ or fa/8 ,h[ are its feet adapt$ to its way ( runn+ or walk+8 ,has x a language8 ,h[ _m emotions c x express by s\nd8 ,h[ _m c x express by action8 ,h[ does x fight1 & :at are its weapons8 ,:at sort ( life did its wild ance/ors live8 ,h[ did !y get _! food1 & h[ did !y escape f _! enemies8 ,summ>y ( me?ods ( nature-/udy ( animals4--,/udy only s mu* anatomy z is cle>ly adapt$ to ! animal's ways ( liv+4 ,obs]vations made by ! pupils %\ld be arrang$ into lessons by ei!r pupil or tea*]4 ,su* lessons make excell5t ,engli% !mes1 & !y may be adapt$ to any grade4 ,,birds4 ,beg9 ! /udy ( birds by ! c>eful /udy ( "s dome/icat$ species t may be obs]v$ closely & = a long p]iod4 ,! h5 is p]haps ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,/udy c>efully all ( ! adaptations ( h] anatomy to h] life necessities4 ,/udy %ape ( h] body2 ! fea!rs2 ! bill2 h] food2 h[ %e eats2 dr9ks2 ! %ape ( h] feet2 _! cov]+2 h[ %e sees2 he>s2 smells2 sleeps2 /udy ! life ( a *ick2 /udy ! language ( *ick1 h5 & cock2 embryology ( a *ick4 ,/udy a rob9 or "s bird t builds ne> h\ses4 ,note all its habits f ! "t x appe>s 9 spr+ until autumn4 ,bird h\ses & bird protection4 ,usefulness ( birds4 ,our ,native ,birds1 ,lange4 ,publications ( ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,summ>y ( me?ods4--,x is mu* m important t ! pupil "k ! habits ( "o species ?an t he %\ld "k by "n _m species4 ,!re=e enc\rage pati5t wat*+ & c>eful obs]vation conc]n+ ! ?+s :i* birds d4 ,su* obs]vations may be made into lessons by pupil or by tea*] = ! b5efit ( all ! pupils4 ,fir/ ,book ( ,birds1 & ,second ,book ( ,birds2 ,bird ,lore2 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,birds2 ,bird ,neighbors4 ,,plants4 ,,fir/ ,,grade4 ,fall t]m4--,let ! *ildr5 /udy ! diff]5t =ms & ! colors ( leaves4 ,by no means tea* ! botanical t]ms = all ! %apes ( leaves2 simply let ! *ildr5 ga!r & br+ 9 all ! diff]5t k9ds ( leaves !y c f9d4 ,let !m draw ! diff]5t =ms 9 _! blank books4 ,press leaves & m\nt !m4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to give ! *ild an idea ( ! great numb] ( leaf =ms & colors1 & to get him int]e/$ 9 obs]v+ !m4 ,ref]5ces3 ,botany1 ,bailey1 pp4 #ij-ajj2 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #gi-ij2 ,gray's ,h[ ,plants ,gr[1 *apt] on ,leaves & ,=ms ( ,leaves2 ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 pp4 #hi-ic4 ,w9t] & spr+ t]ms4--,let ! *ildr5 /udy vegetables4 ,! foll[+ que/ions %\ld be answ]$ conc]n+ a vegetable4 ,:at "p ( ! plant is x8 ,does x gr[ bel[ or above gr\nd8 ,:at sort ( leaf has x8 ,:at sort ( fl[]8 ,:at sort ( fruit or se$8 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #cec1 #cef1 #cfd2 ,fir/ ,/udies1 pp4 #ej1 #ea1 #agd2 ,botany1 ,bailey1 pp4 #ca-cg2 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #g 7,no4 ,,xxxix1 ?is volume74 ,,second ,,grade4 ,tea* ! use ( ! fl[]4 ,d ?is by br++ 9 all fl[]s possible1 & %[ t z ! fl[] fades ! fruit becomes evid5t4 ,let ! pupils obs]ve = !mselves ! fact t ! fl[] exi/s = ! sake ( ! fruit4 ,int]e/ ! pupils 9 all k9ds ( fruits & se$s4 ,?is is n ! place to tea* se$ disp]sion1 b simply ! =ms & colors ( fruits & se$s4 ,let ! pupils also obs]ve t insects c>ry poll5 f fl[] to fl[]4 ,d n give ! explanation ( ?is to *ildr5 ( ?is age1 b let !m see ! bees at "w4 ,= ?is "w see ,plant ,_w1 by ,mrs4 ,b]g51 pp4 #hj-ajg4 ,let ! pupils obs]ve ! foll[+ ?+s 9 plant physiology3 ,fl[]s sleep3 ,botany1 ,bailey1 p4 #ej2 ,lessons ) ,plants1 p4 #djb2 ,plants1 ,c\lt]1 pp4 #i1 #aj1 #dh2 ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 p4 #ih4 ,plants turn t[>d ! light3 ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 p4 #ajj2 ,botany1 ,bailey1 p4 #ej2 ,fir/ ,/udies1 p4 #acf4 ,effect ( fro/ on fl[]s & leaves4 ,w9t] & spr+ "w4--,se$ g]m9ation3 ,fir/ ,/udies1 pp4 #a-bd2 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #caf-cca2 ,botany1 ,bailey1 pp4 #afd-aga2 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #a 7,no4 ,,xxviii1 ?is volume72 ,plants1 p4 #cjg2 ,lessons 9 ,nature-,/udy1 p4 #bb4 ,let ! pupils obs]ve 9 ! field3 ,position ( leaves :5 fir/ op54 ,a ,read] 9 ,botany1 by ,newell1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #hd4 ,position ( leaves & fl[]s 9 ! ra94 ,fir/ ,/udies1 p4 #ace2 ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 pp4 #age-agf2 ,plants1 p4 #ea4 ,,?ird ,,grade4 ,fall "w4--,! fall "w ( ?is grade may be 7#a7 ,! way fl[]s make fruit1 i4 e41 ! way ! fruit is =m$ f ! fl[]4 7#b7 ,! disp]sion ( se$s4 ,fruits4 ,fir/ ,/udies1 pp4 #afh-aga2 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #bea-caj2 ,botany1 ,bailey1 pp4 #adg-aeg4 ,se$ disp]sion4 ,fir/ ,/udies1 p4 #agf2 ,plant ,_w1 pp4 #acc-aef2 ,little ,w&]]s1 by ,morley2 ,se$ ,disp]sal1 by ,beal2 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #b 7,no4 ,,viii1 ?is volume72 ,se$ ,travel]s1 by ,we$2 ,botany1 ,bailey1 p4 #aeh4 ,let ! pupils obs]ve3 ,h[ "s plants get up 9 ! _w4 ,fir/ ,/udies1 p4 #aej2 ,lessons ) ,plants1 p4 #cif2 ,botany1 ,bailey1 p4 #ajh4 ,spr+ "w4--,op5+ ( ! buds4 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #dh-fc2 ,fir/ ,/udies1 p4 #cc4 ,arrangem5t ( buds4 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #fc-fi4 ,expansion ( b>k4 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #fi-gb4 ,,f\r? ,,grade4 ,! object ( ?is ye>'s "w may be ! tea*+ ( ! value ( e>?1 air1 light1 & wat] ^u plants4 ,fall "w4--,exp]im5ts to %[ ^! to be c>ri$ on 9 s*oolroom4 ,exp]im5ts to %[ value ( e>? to plants3 7#a7 ,plant se$s 9 f]tile e>?2 poor e>?2 clean s& or sawdu/4 7#b7 ,plant se$s 9 sawdu/ & on cotton batt+ plac$ on wat] 9 a j>4 ,exp]im5ts to %[ use ( light to plants3 7#a7 ,s[ se$s 9 two boxes ( e>? prep>$ j alike4 ,place "o 9 ! w9d[1 "o 9 a d>k closet1 & note results4 7#b7 ,place h\se plants f gre5h\se 9 a w9d[1 & note *ange ( position ( leaves4 7#c7 ,! /ory ( ! sunfl[]4 ,exp]im5ts %[+ use ( wat] to plants3 7#a7 ,place a v mu* wilt$ cut plant 9 wat]1 & note result4 7#b7 ,place se$s 9 e>? :i* is dry1 & 9 e>? :i* is kept moi/4 7#c7 ,plant se$s on batt+ float+ on a tumbl] ( wat]1 & note results4 ,^! exp]im5ts %\ld ext5d ov] sev]al weeks4 ,w9t] & spr+ "w4--,beg9 ! /udy ( trees4 ,*oose "s tree 9 ! s*ooly>d1 if possible1 & make ?is ! basis ( ! "w4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e = ! /udy ( a maple tree3 ,beg9 obs]vations 9 ,janu>y4 ,make draw+s ( ! tree1 %[+ ! relations ( bran*es to trunk & g5]al outl9e4 ,note ! foll[+ details3 ,! color ( trunk & bran*es 9 ,janu>y1 & ! color 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*2 :5 ! buds beg9 to swell2 ! arrangem5t ( buds2 wat* closely to det]m9e :e!r a bud develops into a blossom or a leaf2 ! peculi>ities ( b>k on trunk & bran*es2 d ! leaves or ! blossoms appe> fir/2 ! %ape & color ( ! blossoms2 draw !m & /udy !m ?or\ghly2 ! color & position ( ! leaves :5 !y fir/ appe>2 draw ! diff]5t /ages ( ! unfold+ ( ! leaves2 keep a cal5d> ( all ! ye>'s hi/ory ( ! tree2 :5 9 full leaf make ano!r draw+ ( ! :ole tree2 /udy ! tree f bel[1 & if possible f above1 to %[ arrangem5t ( leaves 9 ref]5ce to light2 make draw+s ( ! fruit :5 x is =m$2 /udy h[ x travels2 :5 ! fir/ autumn t9ts appe>2 make color$ draw+s ( ! tree 9 its autumn foliage1 & note :5 leaves beg9 to fall & :5 ! bran*es are f9ally b>e2 note diff]5t =m ( maple 9 ! op5 & maple 9 ! =e/4 ,9 connection ) ! ye>'s hi/ory ( ! tree1 /udy ! tree f an economic po9t ( view4 ,make a special /udy ( sug>-mak+ 9 connection ) ! maple tree4 ,/udy maple wood4 ,to d ?is get a qu>t] section ( a piece ( maple log & /udy ! gra9 l5g?wise & 9 cross sections4 ,/udy all ! indu/ries possible 9 :i* maple is us$4 ,devote "o notebook to all ! "w on ! maple tree1 & at ! end summ>ize ! obs]vations4 ,= draw+ ( trees1 see ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ab 7,nos4 ,,xxix & ,,xxx1 ?is volume74 ,home ,nature-,/udy1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,nos4 #b1 #e4 ,,fif? ,,grade4 ,! "w dur+ ?is grade may be devot$ to plant physiology4 ,= ?is "w use ,fir/ ,/udies ( ,plant ,life1 ,atk9son4 ,! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ?is book are simple & excell5t2 !y give ! pupil def9ite k ( ! life processes ( plants1 & ! use to ! plant ( roots1 /ems1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit4 ,cont9ue /udies ( trees4 ,select "s o!r species ?an ! "o /udi$ dur+ ! la/ grade4 ,/udy x 9 ! same way4 ,note ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two4 ,two or ?ree contra/+ species may ?us be /udi$4 ,,six? ,,grade4 ,hav+ /udi$ 9 ! previ\s ye> ! uses ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant1 ! pupil w be fitt$ n[ to take up ! g5]al subject ( we$s4 ,take "s common =ms & let ! pupils obs]ve t !y gr[ :]e o!r plants d n gr[1 or t !y drive out o!r plants2 !n /udy ! special reasons :y ea* k9d ( we$ is able to d ^! ?+s4 ,botany1 ,bailey1 pp4 #bad-bbb2 ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 pp4 #aif-bje4 ,dur+ ! autumn ano!r subject = /udy 9 ?is grade is ,mu%rooms4 ,lead ! pupils to see h[ ^! fl[]less plants produce se$1 & let !m br+ 9 z _m =ms z possible4 ,d n try to tea* :i* mu%rooms are poison\s4 ,lessons ) ,plants1 p4 #cdg2 ,mu%rooms1 by ,atk9son4 ,w9t] "w4--,ev]gre5 trees4 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ac 7,no4 ,,xxxiii1 ?is volume74 ,spr+ "w4--,! spr+ "w may well be ! mak+ ( a cal5d> = trees & plants4 ,keep a record ea* day ( ! leafage ( plants1 ! appe>ance ( we$s1 & ! appe>ance ( blossoms ( fruit trees & all common fl[]s4 ,record :i* appe> fir/1 leaves or blossoms4 ,?is "w w be good prep>ation = ! /udy ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* comes 9 ! next grade4 ,,sev5? ,,grade4 ,! "w = ?is ye>1 bo? fall & spr+1 may be ! /udy ( ! cross f]tilization ( fl[]s4 ,*oose a few ( ! common fl[]s1 & let ! pupils /udy ! means by :i* poll5 is c>ri$ f fl[] to fl[]4 ,9 /udy+ any fl[] f]tiliz$ by insects always ask3 ,:]e is ! nect>y8 ,:]e 9 relation to ! nect>y are ! /igma & ! an!rs8 ,:at pa? mu/ ! insect foll[ 9 ord] to get ! nect>8 ,d ! fl[]s attract insects by color8 ,by fragrance8 ,:at insects d y f9d visit+ ! fl[]s /udi$8 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #bbd-bde2 ,plants1 ,c\lt]1 pp4 #aji-acg2 ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 pp4 #ahb-aif2 ,read]s 9 ,botany1 ,newell1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #hf2 ,plant ,_w1 ,b]g51 pp4 #eg-abg2 ,t5 ,new ,engl& ,blossoms1 ,we$4 ,! cross f]tilization ( fl[]s is only "o adaptation = succe$+ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,/udy z _m o!r ways ( insur+ ! cont9uance ( a plant z is possible4 ,botany1 ,bailey1 pp4 #aig-bag2 ,lessons ) ,plants1 pp4 #ae-bj2 ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 pp4 #aii-bab4 ,/udy plant communities4 ,botany1 ,bailey1 pp4 #bai-bbg2 ,plant ,relations1 pp4 #adf1 #afb1 #afh2 ,plant ,/ructures1 p4 #cac2 ,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ai 7,no4 ,,xxxv1 ?is volume74 ,,eigh? ,,grade4 ,x seems to be ! exp]i5ce ( mo/ tea*]s t pupils ( ! sev5? & eigh? grades are ) difficulty kept int]e/$ 9 nature-/udy4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t ! me?ods suit$ to e>li] grades are n suit$ to ^!4 ,pupils ( ?is age1 n[ feel+ gr[n up1 are attract$ only by m mature "w4 ,!y may be int]e/$ 9 "s ( ! foll[+ subjects3 ,horticulture & ,g>d5+4--,cornell ,tea*]s' ,leaflets4 ,g>d5-,mak+2 ,! ,prun+-,book2 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,fruit-,gr[+2 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,vegetable-,g>d5+1 all by ,bailey4 ,plant ,culture1 by ,g(f4 ,=e/ry4--,relations ( =e/s to pres]vation ( ra9-fall & /reams4 ,pres]vation ( ,=e/s4 ,use ( ,=e/s4 ,re=e/+ wa/e l&s1 etc4 ,a ,prim] ( ,=e/ry by ,p9*ot1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ,agriculture4 ,a ,fir/ ,book ( ,=e/ry1 ,ro?4 ,f]ns4--,/udy & make collections ( all ! f]ns ( ! locality4 ,make draw+s ( ea* f]n & its fruit+ organs1 & press & m\nt ! specim5s ) full acc\nts ( habits & locality ( ! plant4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,f]ns1 ,mrs4 ,p>sons2 ,gray's ,botany2 ,our ,f]ns1 ,clute4 ,,bibliography4#g #g ,?is li/ comprises "s ( ! books t h be5 helpful to me4 ,x is n int5d$ to be complete4 ,good new books are con/antly appe>+4 ,! tea*] %\ld endeavor to keep up ) ! new books4 ,,insects4 ,e ,day ,butt]flies4 ,s4 ,h4 ,scudd]4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #b4jj4 ,insect ,life4 ,j4 ,h4 ,com/ock4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4be4 ,lessons 9 ,nature-,/udy4 ,j5k9s ,kellogg4 ,w4 ,b4 ,h>rison1 #a4jj4 ,manual = ,/udy ( ,insects4 ,j4 ,h4 ,com/ock4 ,com/ock ,pub4 ,co4 #c4ge4 ,mo?s & ,butt]flies4 7a7 ,julia ,p4 ,ball>d4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #a4ej4 ,mo?s & ,butt]flies4 7b7 ,m>y ,c4 ,dick]son4 ,g9n ,co4 #b4ej4 ,/ories ( ,insect ,life4 ,we$ ,murtfeldt4 ,g9n ,co4 #ce c5ts4 ,outdoor ,/udies4 ,james ,b4 ,ne$ham4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4 #dj c5ts4 ,bee ,p4 ,m>g>et ,w4 ,morley4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg4 #a4be4 ,! ,butt]fly ,book4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl&4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 #c4jj4 ,cat]pill>s & ,_! ,mo?s4 ,eliot & ,s\le4 ,! ,c5tury ,co4 #b4jj4 ,wasps & ,_! ,ways4 ,m>g>et ,w4 ,morley4 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co4 #a4ej4 ,! ,ways ( ! ,six-,foot$4 ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,g9n ,co4 #dj c5ts4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,butt]flies4 ,j4 ,h4 & ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #b4be4 ,,animals ,,o!r ,,?an ,,insects4 ,animal ,life4 ,jordan ,kellogg4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4be4 ,famili> ,fi%4 ,eug5e ,mc,carthy4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4ej4 ,/ory ( ! ,fi%es4 ,james ,n4 ,baskett4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #fe c5ts4 ,famili> ,life ( ! ,roadside4 ,s*uyl] ,ma!ws4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4ge4 ,squirrels & ,o!r ,fur ,be>]s4 ,john ,burr\ghs4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #a4jj4 ,wild ,life 9 ,or*>d & ,field4 ,h>p] ,bros4 ,wild ,neighbors4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 ,erne/ ,+]soll4 #a4ej ea*4 ,k9dr$ ( ! ,wild4 ,rob]ts4 ,l4 ,c4 ,page4 #b4jj4 ,wild ,life ,ne> ,home4 ,dallas ,lore ,%>p4 ,! ,c5tury ,co4 #b4jj4 ,f\r ,foot$ ,am]icans4 ,wright4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 #a4ej4 ,am]ican ,animals4 ,/one ,cram4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 #d4jj4 ,food & ,game ,fi%es4 ,jordan ,ev]mann4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 #d4jj4 ,v>i\s books t deal ) animals f ! /ory or n>rative po9t ( view w be f\nd to be int]e/+ & helpful4 ,!y are (t5 useful 9 ar\s+ an int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,!re are _m good animal books n m5tion$ 9 ! above li/4 ,birds4 ,bird ,homes4 ,a4 ,r4 ,dugmore4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 #b4jj4 ,bird ,life 7) color$ plates74 ,frank ,m4 ,*apman4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #e4jj4 ,bird ,neighbors4 ,neltje ,blan*an4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 #b4jj4 ,birds ( ,village & ,field4 ,flor5ce ,m]riam4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #b4jj4 ,fir/ ,book ( ,birds4 ,olive ,?orne ,mill]4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #a4jj4 ,second ,book ( ,birds4 ,olive ,?orne ,mill]4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #a4jj4 ,our ,native ,birds4 ,d4 ,lange4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 #a4jj4 ,/ory ( ! ,birds4 ,james ,n4 ,baskett4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #fe c5ts4 ,h[ to ,attract ! ,birds4 ,neltje ,blan*an4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 #a4ce4 ,! ,bird ,book4 ,eck/orm4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #hj c5ts4 ,! ,relations ( ,birds to ,man4 ,we$ ,de>born4 ,lipp9cott4 #b4ej4 ,! ,woodpeck]s4 ,f4 ,h4 ,eck/orm4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #a4jj4 ,bird ,lore4 ,a magaz9e4 ,! ,macmillans4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #a4jj4 ,,plant ,,life4 ,botany2 an ,elem5t>y ,text = ,s*ools4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 #a4jj4 ,corn ,plants4 ,f4 ,l4 ,s>g5t4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,elem5ts ( ,botany4 ,j4 ,y4 ,b]g54 ,g9n ,co4 #a4aj4 ,famili> ,fl[]s ( ,field & ,g>d54 ,s4 ,ma!ws4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4ge4 ,fir/ ,/udies 9 ,plant ,life4 ,george ,f4 ,atk9son4 ,g9n ,co4 #gj c5ts4 ,fl[]s & ,_! ,fri5ds4 ,m>g>et ,w4 ,morley4 ,g9n ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,fl[]s ( ,field1 ,hill & ,swamp4 ,c4 ,creevey4 ,h>p] ,bros4 #b4ej4 ,glimpses at ! ,plant ,_w4 ,fanny ,d4 ,b]g54 ,g9n ,co4 #ce c5ts4 ,a ,guide to ! ,wild ,fl[]s4 ,alice ,l\nsb]ry4 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes ,co4 #b4ej4 ,h[ ,plants ,gr[4 ,asa ,gray4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4 #hj c5ts4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,f]ns4 ,mrs4 ,frances ,!odore ,p>sons4 ,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #a4ej4 ,our ,f]ns 9 ,_! ,haunts4 ,clute4 ,/okes ,co4 #b4jj4 ,h[ to ,"k ! ,wild ,fl[]s4 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,/>r ,dana4 ,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #b4jj4 ,lessons ,) ,plants4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 #a4aj4 ,little ,w&]]s4 ,m>g>et ,w4 ,morley4 ,g9n ,co4 #ce c5ts4 ,mu%rooms4 ,george ,f4 ,atk9son4 ,&rus ,*ur*1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 #c4jj4 ,plants2 a text-book ( botany4 ,j4 ,m4 ,c\lt]4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #b4jj4 ,plants & ,_! ,*ildr54 ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,/>r ,dana4 ,am]ican ,book ,co4 #fe c5ts4 ,read] 9 ,botany4 ,j4 ,h4 ,newell4 #b vols4 ,g9n ,co4 #gj c5ts4 ,se$ ,disp]sal4 ,w4 ,j4 ,beal4 ,g9n ,co4 #dj c5ts4 ,t5 ,new ,engl& ,blossoms4 ,cl>5ce ,m4 ,we$4 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 #a4be4 ,) ! ,wild ,fl[]s1 #a4jj2 ,field1 ,=e/ & ,wayside ,fl[]s1 #a4ej4 ,maud ,go+4 ,bak]1 ,taylor ,co4 ,fl[]s & ,_! ,insect ,visitors4 ,gibson4 ,newson ,co4 #a4jj4 ,,trees4 ,a ,guide to ! ,trees4 ,alice ,l\nsb]ry4 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes ,co4 #b4ej4 ,famili> ,trees & ,_! ,leaves4 ,s4 ,ma!ws4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4ge4 ,our ,native ,trees4 ,our ,native ,%rubs4 ,h>riet ,keel]4 ,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #b4jj ea*4 ,a ,prim] ( ,=e/ry4 ,p9*ot4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agri4 ,gett+ ,acqua9t$ ) ! ,trees4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,farland4 ,outlook ,co4 #a4ge4 ,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,=e/ry4 ,ro?4 ,g9n ,co4 #a4jj4 ,among ,gre5 ,trees4 ,julia ,e4 ,rog]s4 ,mum=d4 #c4jj4 ,trees1 ,%rubs & ,v9es4 ,p>khur/4 ,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #a4ej4 ,practical ,=e/ry4 ,john ,gif=d4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #a4bj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,nature-,/udy ,idea4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co4 #a4jj4 ,sci5ce ,sket*es4 ,david ,/>r ,jordan4 ,mc,clurg ,co4 #a4ej4 ,poetry ( ! ,seasons4 ,m>y ,i4 ,lovejoy4 ,silv]1 ,burdette ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,nature 9 ,v]se4 ,m>y ,i4 ,lovejoy4 ,silv]1 ,burdette ,co4 #fj c5ts4 ,nature ,pictures by ,am]ican ,poets4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 #a4be4 ,arbor ,day ,manual4 ,*>les ,sk9n]4 ,b>de5 ,co4 #b4ej4 ,songs ( ,nature4 ,john ,burr\ghs4 ,mc,clure1 ,phillips ,co4 #a4ej4 ,among ,fl[]s & ,trees4 ,wait ,leon>d4 ,lee ,%eph]d4 #b4jj4 ,,leaflet ,,vi4 ,a ,,summ] ,,%[]4#h ,,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,t>r4 #h ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ad3 ,cornell ,nature-,/udy ,bullet91 ,june1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration ,a ,ra9/orm comes1 ! walks are wet1 ! roads are muddy4 ,!n ! sun breaks ?r\gh ! cl\ds & soon ! walks are no long] damp & ! mud ( ! road is dri$4 ,:]e did ! wat] come f & :]e has x gone8 ,let u answ] ^! que/ions4 ,a kettle on ! /ove is =gott5 & soon a crack+ is he>d2 ! h\sewife jumps to h] feet = ! kettle is dry4 ,! kettle 0 fill$ ) wat]1 b x has all boil$ away2 & :]e has x gone8 ,surely into ! air ( ! room1 = x c be se5 issu+ z /eam & !n disappe>+ f view1 z if by magic4 ,! heat ( ! fire has *ang$ ! liquid wat] to a gas z invisible z ! air itself4 ,?is gas is wat] vapor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a glass ( cold wat] on :i* vapor has cond5s$ 9 drops4 ,d y wi% to prove t ! wat] vapor is !re1 al?\gh unse58 ,!n1 if ! day is cool1 wat* ! w9d[ & notice ! drops ( wat] collect ^u x4 ,or1 if ! day is w>m1 br+ an ice-cold glass or pit*] into ! room & see ! drops collect ^u x 7,fig4 #i74 ,p sometimes say1 :5 drops ( wat] collect on a glass ( cold wat]1 t ! glass is sweat+2 b see :e!r ! same ?+ w n happ5 ) a cold glass t does n conta9 wat]4 ,^! two simple obs]vations tea* u two v important facts3 7#a7 ,t heat w *ange liquid wat] to an invisible vapor1 or gas1 :i* w float ab\t 9 ! air ( a room2 & 7#b7 t cold w cause "s ( ! vapor to *ange back to liquid wat]4 ,let u obs]ve a little fur!r4 ,! clo!s ^u ! l9e on wa% day are hung out wet & br\ght 9 dry4 ,if ! sun is %9+ !y probably dry quickly2 b w !y n dry ev5 if ! sun is n %9+8 ,!y w1 inde$2 s "h is ano!r fact to add to our o!r two1 namely 7#c7 t ! production ( vapor f wat] w proce$ ev5 :5 ! wat] is n heat$4 ,?is *ange ( wat] to vapor is call$ evaporation4 ,! wat] evaporates f ! clo!s2 x also evaporates f ! walks aft] a ra91 f ! mud ( ! road1 f ! brooks1 creeks & riv]s1 & f ponds1 lakes1 & ! great ocean itself4 ,inde$1 :]ev] wat] is expos$ to ! air "s evaporation is tak+ place4 ,yet heat aids evaporation1 z y c prove by tak+ ?ree di%es ( ! same k9d & p\r+ ! same am\nt ( wat] into ea*1 !n plac+ "o on ! /ove1 a second 9 ! sun1 & a ?ird 9 a cool1 %ady place1 z a cell>1 & wat*+ to see :i* is ! la/ to become dry4 ,ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! e>?'s surface is cov]$ by wat]1 s t ! air is receiv+ vapor all ! "t4 ,9 fact1 e m9ute ?\s&s ( b>rels ( wat]-vapor are ris+ into ! atmosph]e f ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,! air is con/antly mov+ ab\t1 =m+ w9ds1 & ?is load ( vapor is1 !re=e1 drift$ ab\t by ! w9ds1 s t ! air y are brea?+ may h 9 x vapor t came f ! ocean hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,y d n see ! vapor1 y are p]haps n ev5 aw>e t x is !re2 yet 9 a room #aj feet high & #bj feet squ>e !re is (t5 en\gh vapor1 if x c\ld all be *ang$ back to wat] to fill a two-qu>t measure4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( vapor f "t to "t4 ,"s days ! air is q free f x1 & !n clo!s w dry rapidly4 ,on o!r days ! air is damp & humid2 !n p say x is muggy1 or t ! humidity is high4 ,on ^! muggy days 9 summ] ! air is oppressive because !re is s mu* vapor 9 x4 ,ne> ! sea1 :]e !re is s mu* wat] to evaporate1 ! air is commonly m humid or moi/ ?an 9 ! int]ior1 away f ! sea1 :]e !re is less wat] to evaporate4 ,we h se5 t !re is "s vapor 9 all air1 & t !re is m at "s times ?an at o!rs4 ,we h also se5 h[ x has come into ! air1 & t cold w cause x to cond5se to liquid wat] on cold w9d[ panes & on wat] glasses4 ,!re are o!r ways 9 :i* ! vapor may be *ang$ to liquid4 ,aft] a summ] day1 ev5 :5 !re has be5 no ra91 soon aft] ! sun s9ks beh9d ! we/]n horizon ! grass becomes s damp t "o's feet are wet 9 walk+ ?r\gh x4 ,! dew is fall+4 ,dur+ ! daytime ! grass is w>m$ by ! sun2 b :5 ! sun is gone x gr[s cool]1 mu* z a /ove becomes cool :5 ! fire is out4 ,?is cool grass *ills ! air ne> x & *anges "s ( ! vapor to liquid1 :i* collects 9 drops on ! grass1 z ! vapor cond5ses on ! outside ( a glass ( ice wat]4 ,9 ! opposite season ( ! ye>1 on a cold w9t]'s day1 :5 y /ep out ( a w>m h\se into ! *illy air1 a ?9 cl\d1 or fog1 =ms z y expel ! air f y\r lungs1 & y say t y c see y\r brea?4 ,:at y really see are ! little drops ( wat] =m$ z ! vapor-lad5 brea? is *ill$ on pass+ f ! w>m body to ! cold air4 ,! vapor is cond5s$ to =m a t9y mi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a wrea? ( fog settl$ 9 a valley ) ! hilltops ris+ above x4 ,d\btless y h se5 a wrea? ( fog settl+ 9 a valley at night2 or 9 ! morn+ y may h look$ out ^u a fog t has ga!r$ !re dur+ ! night 7,fig4 #aj74 ,if y\r home happ5s to be ^u a hillside1 p]haps y h be5 able to look d[n ^u ! fog ne/l$ !re l a cl\d on ! l&1 :i* x really is4 ,su* a fog is caus$ 9 v ne>ly ! same way z ! t9y fog made by brea?+4 ,! damp air 9 ! valley has be5 *ill$ until ! vapor has cond5s$ to =m t9y mi/ or fog p>ticles4 ,)\t d\bt y c tell :y ?is fog disappe>s :5 ! sun rises & ! w>m rays fall ^u x4 ,on ! ocean !re are great fogs1 cov]+ ! sea = hundr$s ( miles2 !y make sail+ dang]\s1 because ! sailors _c see ?r\gh ! mi/1 s t two vessels may run toge!r1 or a %ip may be driv5 ^u ! coa/ be=e ! capta9 kn[s x4 ,once m1 ?is is m]ely cond5s$ vapor caus$ by *ill+ air t has become lad5 ) vapor4 ,?is *ill+ is (t5 caus$ :5 w>m1 damp w9ds bl[ ov] ! cold p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,?is leads ! way to an und]/&+ ( a ra9 /orm2 b fir/ we mu/ le>n some?+ ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! air ne> ! gr\nd :]e we live is commonly w>m] ?an t above ! gr\nd :]e ! cl\ds are4 ,p :o h gone up 9 balloons tell u s2 & n[ sci5tific m5 :o are /udy+ ?is "q are 9 ! habit ( s5d+ up great kites1 c>ry+ !rmomet]s & o!r in/rum5ts1 9 ord] to f9d out ab\t ! air f> above ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fog cl\ds among ! valleys 9 ! m\nta9s1 only ! m\nta9 peaks project+ above !m4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to s5d up a kite or a balloon to prove ?is4 ,if y\r home is among m\nta9s1 or ev5 among high hills1 y c prove x = y\rself2 = (t51 9 ! late autumn1 :5 x ra9s on ! l[] gr\nd1 x sn[s ^u ! m\nta9 tops1 s t :5 ! cl\ds h cle>$ away ! surface ( ! upl&s is rob$ 9 :ite 7,fig4 #ab74 ,9 ! spr+time1 or 9 ! w9t] dur+ a ?aw1 p liv+ among ^! highl&s (t5 />t out 9 sleighs on a j\rney to a t[n1 :i* is 9 ! valley1 & be=e !y rea* ! valley _! horses are oblig$ to drag ! sleigh ov] b>e gr\nd4 ,x is s mu* w>m] on ! l[] gr\nd t ! sn[ melts away mu* m quickly ?an x does among ! hills4 ,! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature is1 on ! av]age1 ab\t "o degree = e ?ree hundr$ feet1 s t a hill top ris+ twelve hundr$ feet above a valley w\ld h an av]age temp]ature ab\t f\r degrees l[] ?an ! valley4 ,n[ "s m\nta9s1 ev5 9 ,new ,york1 rise ?\s&s ( feet above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,!y rise high into ! regions ( cold air1 s t !y are (t5 cov]$ ) sn[ long be=e any sn[ has fall5 on ! l[l&s2 & ! sn[ rema9s ^u !m long aft] x has disappe>$ f ! l[] c\ntry 7,fig4 #ab74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a m\nta9 :it5$ by sn[ on ! top1 :ile !re is no sn[ at ! base4 ,"s m\nta9s are s l(ty t x nev] ra9s ^u !m1 b sn[s in/ead2 & !y are nev] free f sn[1 ev5 9 mid-summ]4 ,if "o climbs to ! top ( su* peaks he f9ds x always v cold !re4 ,:ile he is %iv]+ f ! cold he c look d[n ^u ! gre5 fields :]e ! birds are s++1 ! fl[]s blossom+ & ! m51 work+ 9 ! fields1 are compla9+ ( ! heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a m\nta9 peak sn[ capp$1 & cov]$ on ! v cre/ by a cl\d4 ,"o :o wat*es su* a m\nta9 z ?is1 or 9 fact any m\nta9 peak1 w notice t x is frequ5tly wrapp$ 9 cl\ds 7,fig4 #ac74 ,damp w9ds bl[+ aga9/ ! cold m\nta9s are *ill$ & ! vapor is cond5s$4 ,if "o climbs ?r\gh su* a cl\d1 z ?\s&s ( p h done :5 climb+ m\nta9s1 he (t5 seems to pass ?r\gh no?+ b a fog1 = really _m cl\ds are only fogs high 9 ! air4 7,fig4 #ad74 ,b v (t5 ra9 falls f ^! cl\ds t cl+ to ! m\nta9 sides4 ,! reason = ?is is easy to und]/&4 ,z ! air comes aga9/ ! cold m\nta9s s mu* vapor is cond5s$ t "s ( ! t9y fog p>ticles gr[ l>g] & l>g] until !y become mi/ p>ticles1 :i* are too heavy to float 9 ! air4 ,!y !n beg9 to settle2 & z "o p>ticle /rikes aga9/ ano!r1 ! two unite1 & ?is cont9ues until p]haps a doz5 h jo9$ toge!r s z to =m a good-siz$ drop1 :i* is s heavy t x is oblig$ to fall to ! gr\nd z ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,cl\ds cl++ to ! m\nta9 sides4 ,if "o 7 climb+ ^! m\nta9s he w\ld f9d himself1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 ei!r 9 a fog or a mi/4 ,let u n[ look at our summ] /orms4 ,^! d n =m ab\t m\nta9 peaks2 yet :at has be5 said ab\t ! m\nta9s w help u to und]/& su* %[]s4 ,x is a hot summ] day4 ,! air is muggy & oppressive1 s t ! lea/ ex]tion causes a p]spiration1 & ev5 9 ! %ade "o is uncom=tably hot4 ,soon great banks ( cl\ds appe> 7,fig4 #ae71--! ?und] heads1--& p say a ?und] %[] is com+1 s t we w soon h relief f ?is oppressive heat4 ,! cl\ds draw ne>1 lightn+ is se5 & ?und] he>d1 & f ! black base ( ! cl\d1 torr5ts ( wat] fall ^u ! e>?4 ,if we c\ld h wat*$ ?is cl\d f ! beg9n+1 & foll[$ x on its c\rse1 we w\ld h se5 "s facts t w\ld help expla9 x4 ,simil> cl\ds p]haps began to =m ov] y\r head 9 ! e>ly aft]noon & drift$ away t[>d ! ea/1 develop+ into ?und] /orms _m miles to ! ea/ ( y4 ,on su* a day z ?is1 ! air ne> ! gr\nd is s damp t x gives up vapor easily1 z y c prove by all[+ a glass ( ice wat] to /& on a table & wat*+ ! drops ( wat] ga!r !re1 caus+ ! glass to sweat 7,fig4 #i74 ,! sun beats d[n ^u ! heat$ gr\nd & ! surface becomes l a furnace1 s t ! air ne> ! gr\nd is w>m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a ?und] head1 or cumulus cl\d4 ,air t is w>m is light] ?an cool air1 &1 be+ light]1 w rise1 = ! heavy cool air w settle & pu% x up1 z a *ip ( wood w rise 9 a pail ( wat]1 because x is light] ?an ! wat] :i* pu%es x to ! top4 ,?is is :y ! w>m air rises f a furnace1 or a /ove1 or a lamp4 ,x is ! reason :y ! hot air rises ?r\gh a h\se *imney2 und\bt$ly y c f9d o!r illu/rations1 z v5tilation1 & c f9d abundant opportunity to prove t w>m air w rise4 ,! w>m1 moi/ air ne> ! gr\nd becomes s light t ! heavy air above settles d[n & pu%es x up1 s t an upris+ curr5t ( air is =m$ above ! heat$ gr\nd1 mu* z an upris+ curr5t ( hot air rises ?r\gh ! *imney :5 ! /ove is light$4 ,ris+ ?\s&s ( feet into ! sky ! w>m air rea*es su* a height1 & f9ally comes to a place s cool1 t "s ( ! vapor mu/ be cond5s$1 =m+ fog p>ticles1 :i* 9 turn =m a cl\d4 ,on su* a day1 if y w wat* a cl\d1 y w notice t its base is flat 7,fig4 #ae72 & ?is flat base m>ks ! height above gr\nd :]e ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e is l[ en\gh to *ange ! vapor to fog p>ticles4 ,( c\rse ! air /ill rises some:at above ?is base & cont9ues to get cool]1 & to h m & m vapor cond5s$4 ,?is makes a pile ( cl\ds re/+ on a level base1 b ) r\nd$ tops 7,fig4 #ae74 ,sometimes ! base ( ^! summ] cl\ds1 call$ cumulus cl\ds1 is a mile above ! gr\nd & _! tops fully a mile high] ?an ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,photograph ( a lightn+ fla%4 ,j z on ! m\nta9 side1 :]e ! drops gr[ l>g] until !y mu/ fall1 s "h1 fog p>ticles gr[ to drops ( su* a size t !y are too heavy to float4 ,?is gr[? is (t5 aid$ by ! viol5t curr5ts ( air1 :i* sometimes tumble & toss ! cl\ds ab\t s t y c see ! commotion f ! gr\nd4 ,^! curr5ts bl[ "o p>ticle aga9/ ano!r1 =m+ a s+le drop f ! collision ( two2 !n /ill o!rs are add$ until ! ra9 drop is s heavy t x mu/ fall4 ,b sometimes ! air curr5ts are s rapid t ! drops are c>ri$ on up1 high] & high]1 not)/&+ ! fact t !y are heavy4 ,!n !y may be c>ri$ s high1 & into air s cold1 t !y are froz51 =m+ hail4 ,^! hail/ones _c s9k to ! gr\nd until !y are ?r[n out ( ! viol5t curr5ts1 :5 !y fall to ! gr\nd1 (t5 ne> ! edge ( ! /orm4 ,"s hail/ones are ( great size2 y w f9d x int]e/+ to exam9e !m4 ,if y d ?is1 notice ! r+s ( cle> & cl\d$ ice t are (t5 to be se54 ,^! are caus$ :5 ! hail1 aft] =m+1 settles to a place :]e x melts a little1 !n is lift$ aga9 by ano!r curr5t1 gr[+ l>g] by ! addition ( m vapor4 ,?is cont9ues until f9ally ! ice ball s9ks to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is ?und] & lightn+ 9 su* /orms4 ,few ?+s 9 nature are gr&] ?an ^!1 & ^? :o w wat* ! lightn+ fla% w see _m beautiful & int]e/+ sights 7,fig4 #af74 ,sometimes ! fla% goes f cl\d to cl\d1 aga9 f ! cl\d to ! gr\nd4 ,no "o kn[s exactly :y ! lightn+ comes2 b we d "k t x is an electric sp>k1 some?+ l t :i* "o c (t5 see pass f ! trolley to ! wire ( an electric c> l9e4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce is t ! sp>k 9 a ?und] /orm is a p[]ful lightn+ bolt t passes ov] a space ( ?\s&s ( feet & (t5 does great damage :]e x /rikes4 ,! ?und] is a s\nd :i* may be comp>$ to ! crack he>d :5 a sp>k passes f ! trolley1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! noise is v mu* l\d]4 ,! crack ( ! lightn+ e*oes & rev]b]ates among ! cl\ds1 (t5 *ang+ to a great rumble2 b ?is rumbl+ is ma9ly caus$ by ! e*o1 ! s\nd f ! lightn+ be+ a l\d crack or cra% l t :i* we sometimes he> :5 ! lightn+ /rikes ne> by4 ,"s ( ! vapor ( ! air1 on cond5s+1 ga!rs on solid objects l grass1 or glass2 b "s1 z fog1 floats ab\t 9 ! air4 ,really ?is1 too1 is (t5 ga!r$ ar\nd solid objects4 ,float+ ab\t 9 ! air are innum]able bits ( du/ :i* y c see danc+ ab\t 9 ! sunlight :5 a sunbeam ent]s a d>k room4 ,"s ( ^! du/ p>ticles are actual du/ f ! road1 b mu* ( x is some?+ else1 z ! poll5 ( plants1 microbes1 & ! solid bits produc$ by ! burn+ ( wood or coal4 ,ea* bit s]ves z a t9y nucleus on :i* ! vapor cond5ses2 & s ! v du/ 9 ! air aids 9 ! =mation ( ra9 by giv+ some?+ solid ar\nd :i* ! liquid c ga!r4 ,! great am\nt ( du/ 9 ! air ne> ! great city ( ,london is believ$ to be "o ( ! causes = ! frequ5t fogs ( t city4 ,t !re is du/ 9 ! air1 & t ! ra9 removes x1 is (t5 prov$ :5 a dull hazy air is *ang$ to a cle>1 bright air by a summ] %[]4 ,wat* to f9d in/ances ( ?is4 ,inde$1 aft] su* a hazy day1 :5 ! ra9 drops fir/ beg9 to fall1 if y w let a few drops fall ^u a %eet ( clean :ite pap]1 & !n dry x1 y w f9d ! pap] discolor$ by ! du/ t ! ra9 br\ght ) x4 ,s ! ra9 purifies ! air by remov+ f x ! solids t are float+ 9 x4 ,^! are only a few ( ! ?+s ( int]e/ t y c see = y\rself by /udy+ ! air4 ,wat* ! sky2 x is full ( int]e/4 ,see :at y c obs]ve = y\rself4 ,wat* especially ! cl\ds1 = !y are n only int]e/+ b beautiful 7,fig4 #ag74 ,_! =ms are (t5 graceful1 & !y *ange ) su* rapidity t y c notice x z y wat* !m4 ,ev5 9 ! daytime ! colors & %ad[s are beautiful2 b at sunrise & at sunset ! cl\ds are (t5 *ang$ to gorge\s banks ( color4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a sky fleck$ ) cl\ds high 9 ! air4 ,wat* ! cl\ds & y w be repaid2 look especially = ! great piles ( cl\ds 9 ! ea/ dur+ ! summ] :5 ! sun is sett+ 7,fig4 #ah74 ,^? l(ty banks1 t+$ ) silv] & gold1 & ris+ l m\nta9s ?\s&s ( feet into ! air1 are really made ( bits ( fog & mi/4 ,among !m vapor is /ill *ang+ to wat] & ra9 drops are =m+1 :ile viol5t curr5ts are :irl+ ! drops ab\t1 & p]haps lift+ !m to su* a height t !y are be+ froz5 into hail/ones4 ,f> (f to ! ea/1 b5ea? t cl\d1 ra9 is fall+ 9 torr5ts1 lightn+ is fla%+ & ?und] cra%+1 ?\gh y _c he> x because x is s f> away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! cl\d banks ( a ?und] /orm on ! horizon4 ,y see ! /orm m]ely z a brightly light$ & beautifully color$ cl\d mass 9 ! sky2 b ! p ov] :om x is hang+ f9d x a ?reat5+ black cl\d1 ! s\rce ( a furi\s w9d1 a heavy ra91 & ! awe-inspir+ lightn+4 ,to !m x may n be beautiful1 ?\gh gr& 9 ! extreme2 & s1 too1 :5 ! summ] ?und] %[] visits y 9 ! e>ly ev5+1 y may "k t p to ! we/ ( y are probably look+ at its side & top & admir+ its beauty ( =m & color4 ,! /orm passes on1 /ill to ! ea/w>d1 & f9ally ! cl\d mass entirely disappe>s b5ea? ! ea/]n horizon2 b if y wat*1 y w see signs t x is /ill !re1 ?\gh out ( sight2 = 9 ! d>kness ( ! night y c see ! ea/]n horizon light$ by little fla%es1 ! s\rce ( :i* _c be se54 ,y call x heat lightn+1 b x is really ! la/ signal t we c see ( ! vani%+ ?und] /orm1 s f> away t ! s\nd ( ! cra%+ ?und] _c be he>d4 ,y wat* ! my/]i\s fla%es2 !y gr[ dimm] & dimm] & f9ally y see !m no m4 ,our summ] %[] is gone4 ,x has done :at ?\s&s ( o!rs h done be=e1 & :at ?\s&s ( o!rs w d 9 ! future4 ,x has />t$1 mov$ (f1 & f9ally disappe>$ f sight2 & z x has gone x has told u a /ory4 ,y c read a "p ( ?is /ory if y w2 & 9 read+ x w f9d mu* t int]e/s4 ,,leaflet ,,vii4 ,a ,,sn[ ,,/orm4#i ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 ,! sn[ _h begun 9 ! gloam+1 ,& busily all ! night ,_h be5 heap+ field & highway ,) a sil5ce deep & :ite4 ,e p9e & fir & hemlock ,wore erm9e too de> = an e>l1 ,& ! poore/ twig on ! elm-tree ,0 ridg$ in* deep ) pe>l4 ,f %$s new-ro($ ) ,c>r>a ,came ,*anticle]'s muffl$ cr[ ,! /iff rails 7 s(t5$ to swan's-d[n ,& /ill flutt]$ d[n ! sn[4 --,l[ell4 #i ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,decemb]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,! /orm :i* ,l[ell describes s delightfully is ! fir/ s(t1 g5tle sn[ fall t comes 9 ,novemb] or e>ly ,decemb]4 ,! sil5ce deep & :ite settles l a b5$iction ov] ! br[n1 unev5 l&scape1 & makes ( x a sc5e ( en*antm5t4 ,v diff]5t f ?is is ! /orm t comes :5 ! w9t] cold is mo/ sev]e & w9t] w9ds mo/ t]rific4 ,!n ! skies are z :ite z ! fields1 ) nev] a sign ( blue2 if ! sun appe>s at all1 x %9es cold in/ead ( w>m1 & seems b a vague :ite spot beh9d ! veil ( upw>d1 d[nw>d :irl+ sn[flakes2 ! wild w9d takes ! sn[ du/ 9 eddies across ! fields & piles x at ! f5ces 9 great drift bill[s ) ov]hang+ cre/s4 ,on su* a day ! sn[ is s cold & dry1 ! cl\ds s l[ & oppressive1 ! b>e trees s br[n & bleak1 t we %iv] ev5 ?\gh we gaze on ! dre>y sc5e f ! w9d[ ( a w>m & com=table room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,sn[ cry/als enl>g$4 ,b ano!r *ange is sure to come4 ,"s ,febru>y day ! w9d w ve] sudd5ly to ! s\? & brea! w>m ?aw+ brea?s ov] ! :ite froz5 _w4 ,!n w ! =e/s appe> 9 robes ( vivid blue-purple aga9/ ! %9+ hills2 & 9 ! morn+s ! s(t blue ( ! horizon w %ade upw>d into rose-color & /ill upw>d into yell[ & b]yl gre52 ^! hues are nev] se5 on ! =e/ or 9 ! sky except :5 ! sn[ cov]s ! e>? to ! horizon l9e4 ,! eye t loves color c\ld ill af=d to lose f ! _w ! purples & blues :i* br+ contra/ into ! w9t] l&scape4 ,! sn[ /orm to our limit$ und]/&+1 beg9s ) a miracle--! miracle ( cry/allization4 ,:y %\ld wat] freez+ freely 9 ! air be a "p ( geometry1 ! six rays ( ! sn[ cry/al gr[+ at an angle "o to ano!r1 ( sixty degrees8 ,or z if to prove geometry div9e beyond cavil1 sometimes ! rays include angles ( twice sixty degrees4 ,!n :y %\ld ! decorations ( ! rays assume ?\s&s ( intricate1 beautiful =ms1 ea* ray ( a flake ornam5t$ exactly l its five si/]s8 ,& :y %\ld ! sn[flake =m$ 9 ! high] cl\ds ( ! upp] air be tabul> 9 %ape b /ill1 9 cross section1 %[ t x is built on ! plan ( six radii8 ,look at x z we w1 ! =mation ( a cry/al is a beautiful my/]y & is z unfa?omable z is ! my/]y ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,sn[ cry/als enl>g$4 ,i am indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,all51 ,section ,director = ,new ,york ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 = sugge/ions 9 mak+ out ! foll[+ que/ions4 ,! beautiful pictures ( sn[ cry/als illu/rat+ ?is lesson 7 made f photographs tak5 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,b5tley ( ,j]i*o1 ,vt4 ,x is our desire to int]e/ all tea*]s 9 ! natural hi/ory ( a sn[ /orm1 to ! end t !y may love ! c\ntry bett] & be cont5t to live !re94 ,a !rmomet] hung 9 a %elt]$1 op5 place away f ! w>m? ( ! h\se is a necess>y prelim9>y to ! prop] obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( a sn[ /orm4 ,d>k wool5 clo? is ! be/ m$ium on :i* to cat* & obs]ve sn[ cry/als4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,) a sil5ce deep & :ite4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,a ,,sn[ ,,/orm4 #a4 ,:at causes sn[8 #b4 ,at :at temp]ature d sn[ cry/als =m8 #c4 ,h[ d ! cl\ds appe> be=e a sn[ /orm8 #d4 ,:at is ! temp]ature ( ! air be=e ! /orm8 #e4 ,:at is ! direction ( ! w9d be=e ! /orm8 #f4 ,does ! /orm come f ! same direction z ! w9d8 #g4 ,:at are ! conditions ( ! w9d & temp]ature :5 ! sn[ cry/als are mo/ p]fect 9 =m8 #h4 ,:at are ^! conditions :5 ! sn[ cry/als are matt$ toge!r 9 great flakes8 #i4 ,:at are ^! conditions :5 ! sn[ cry/als appe> %>p & ne$le-l8 #aj4 ,are ! sn[ cry/als ( ! same /orm simil> 9 /ructure & decoration8 #aa4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 /ructure betwe5 a sn[flake & a hail /one8 #ab4 ,:at is sleet8 #ac4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ho> fro/ & sn[8 #ad4 ,does ! temp]ature rise or fall dur+ a sn[ /orm8 #ae4 ,is x cold] or w>m] aft] a sn[ /orm has pass$ ?an x 0 be=e x began8 #af4 ,:at are ! conditions ( wea!r :i* cause a blizz>d8 #ag4 ,:y does a cov]+ ( sn[ prev5t ! gr\nd f freez+ s sev]ely z x w\ld if b>e8 #ah4 ,:y is sn[ a bad conductor ( heat8 #ai4 ,pack sn[ 9 a qu>t cup until x is full & let x melt2 !n tell h[ full ! cup is ( wat]4 ,:at d y inf] f ?is8 #bj4 ,h y ev] obs]v$ ! grass to be gre5 b5ea? sn[ drifts8 ,tell :y4 #ba4 ,does sn[ evaporate z well z melt8 #bb4 ,h[ does sn[ b5efit ! f>m] & ! fruit gr[]8 #bc4 ,d ! sn[ /orms 9 y\r locality come f "o g5]al direction all w9t]8 ,,leaflet ,,viii4 ,a ,,h&ful ,,( ,,soil3 ,,:at ,,x ,,is4#aj ,,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,t>r4 #aj ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #b3 ,leaflet #ae4 ,illu/ration ,w9d drifts a se$ f ! p>5t plant until x settles to ! gr\nd1 p]haps 9 a field or by ! roadside1 or ev5 9 ! s*ooly>d4 ,!re x rema9s ?r\gh ! long w9t]2 b ) ! return ( spr+1 enc\rag$ by ! w>m sunlight1 ! se$ awak5s f its dormant condition1 breaks op5 ! se$-cov] & s5ds leaves into ! air & roots into ! gr\nd4 ,no "o plant$ ! se$2 yet ! plant has made its way 9 ! _w & x ?rives until x has giv5 to o!r se$s ! same opportunity to />t 9 life4 ,_h ! se$ fall5 ^u a bo>d or a /one x might h s5t out leaves & roots2 b x c\ld nev] h develop$ into a plant1 = some?+ necess>y w\ld h be5 lack+4 ,:at is !re 9 ! soil t is s necess>y to ! success ( plant life8 ,h[ has x come to be !re8 ,:at is ?is soil t ! plants ne$ s mu*8 ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions :i* we w try to answ]4 ,"o readily sees t ! soil furni%es a place 9 :i* ! plants may fix !mselves1--an an*orage1 z x 74 ,x is also easy to see t f ! soil ! plants obta9 a supply ( wat]2 &1 moreov]1 t ?is wat] is v necess>y1 = ! vegetation 9 a moi/ c\ntry suff]s greatly 9 "t ( dr\ght1 & few plants are able to gr[ 9 a des]t region because !re is s little wat]4 ,y c make a des]t 9 ! s*oolroom & contra/ x ) moi/ soil by plant+ se$s 9 two di%es ( soil1 wat]+ "o1 b furni%+ no wat] to ! o!r4 ,t wat] is necess>y to plants is also prov$ by ! plant itself4 ,! sap & ! moi/ure :i* may be press$ out ( a grass /em or an apple are pr9cipally wat] tak5 f ! soil by ! roots4 ,b !re is m ?an wat]1 = ! juice ( an apple is sweet or s\r1 :ile ! sap & juice ( o!r plants may be sweet or bitt]4 ,!re are sub/ances dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,x is ^! dissolv$ sub/ances t ! plants ne$ = _! gr[?1 & !y f9d !m ready = use 9 ! soil4 ,!re is a plant-food :i* ! roots seek & f9d1 s t e plant :i* s5ds roots into ! soil takes some?+ f x to build up ! plant tissue4 ,! %>p edges ( "s s$ges1 :i* w cut ! h& l a dull knife1 & ! wood a%es left :5 a wood fire is burn$1 repres5t 9 "p ?is plant-food obta9$ f ! soil4 ,let u take a h&ful ( soil f ! field1 ! s*ooly>d1 or ! /reet & exam9e x4 ,we f9d x to be dirt t soils ! h&s2 & :5 we try to bru% (f ! dirt1 we notice a gritty feel+ t is q disagreeable4 ,?is is due to ! bits ( m9]al 9 ! soil2 & t ^! are h>d1 (t5 h>d] ?an a p91 may (t5 be prov$ by rubb+ soil aga9/ a piece ( glass1 :i* ! h>d bits w (t5 scrat*1 :ile a p9 w n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,a b\ld]-/rewn soil ( glacial orig9 ) "o ( ! l>ge erratics on ! "r simil> to ^? :i* e>ly attract$ att5tion to ! drift4 ,see page #aje4 ,/udy ?is soil ) ! eye & y may n see ! t9y bits1 ?\gh 9 s&y soils "o may easily notice t !re are bits ( m9]al4 ,ev5 f9e loamy & clay soils1 :5 exam9$ ) a pocket l5s or a microscope1 w be f\nd to be compos$ ( t9y fragm5ts ( m9]al4 ,x is evid5t t 9 "s way m9]al has be5 p[d]$ up to =m ! soil2 & s9ce ! m9]als come f rocks1 x is ! rocks t h be5 gr\nd up4 ,t p[d]$ rock w make j su* a sub/ance z soil may be prov$ by p\nd+ a pebble to bits1 or by collect+ "s ( ! rock du/ t is made :5 a hole is drill$ 9 a rock4 ,mu* ! same sub/ance is gr\nd f a gr9d/one :5 a knife is %>p5$ on x1 mak+ ! wat] muddy l t 9 a mud hole4 ,x w be an int]e/+ exp]im5t to r$uce a pebble to p[d] & plant se$s 9 x to see :e!r !y w gr[ z well z 9 soil2 b 9 prep>+ x try to avoid us+ a s&/one pebble1 because s&y soils are nev] v f]tile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,a glacial soil1 conta9+ num]\s transport$ pebbles & b\ld]s1 re/+ on ! b$ rock4 ,n only is soil made up ( bits ( p[d]$ rock1 b x ev]y:]e re/s ^u rock 7,fig4 #be74 ,"s consid] soil to be only ! surface lay]s 9 :i* plants gr[2 b really ?is is1 9 mo/ places1 ess5tially ! same z ! lay]s bel[1 d[n ev5 to ! v rock1 s t we might call x all soil2 ?\gh1 s9ce a special "n1 regoli? 7mean+ /one blanket71 has be5 propos$ = all ! s(t1 soil-l rock-cov]1 we may speak ( x z regoli? & res]ve ! ^w soil = ! surface lay]s only4 ,9 "s places !re is no soil on ! b>e rocks2 else:]e ! soil-cov] is a foot or two 9 dep?2 b !re are places :]e ! regoli? is sev]al hundr$ feet deep4 ,9 su* places1 ev5 ! wells d n rea* ! b$ rock2 nor d ! /reams cut d[n to x2 b ev5 !re1 if "o %\ld dig deep en\gh1 he w\ld rea* ! solid rock b5ea?4 ,h[ has ! h>d rock be5 *ang$ to loose soil8 ,"o ( ! ways1 ( :i* !re are sev]al1 may be easily /udi$ :5ev] a rock has be5 expos$ to ! air4 ,let u g to a /one wall or among ! pebbles 9 a field1 = in/ance1 &1 *ipp+ (f ! surface1 notice h[ diff]5t ! inside is f ! outside4 ,! out] cru/ is ru/$ & possibly q s(t1 :ile ! int]ior is h>d] & fre%]4 ,_m excell5t examples ( ?is may be f\nd 9 any /ony field or /one wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! b$ ( a /ream at l[ wat]1 reveal+ ! r\nd$ pebbles t h be5 worn & smoo!d by be+ roll$ ab\t1 ?us gr9d+ (f t9y bits :i* lat] are built into ! flood-pla9s4 ,z h>d iron ru/s & crumbles to p[d] :5 expos$ to ! wea!r2 s w ! m9]als & ! rocks decay & fall to bits2 b rocks require a v mu* great] "t = ?is ?an does iron4 ,x happ5s t ! soil ( ,new ,york has n be5 produc$ by ! decay ( rock2 &1 !re=e1 al?\gh ! soils 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w h be5 =m$ 9 ?is way1 we w n delay long] 9 /udy+ ?is subject n[1 nor 9 consid]+ ! exact way 9 :i* rocks are enabl$ to crumble4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* rocks may be p[d]$ may be se5 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,new ,york4 ,! ra9s wa% soil f ! hillsides caus+ ! /reams to become muddy4 ,9 ! /reams !re are also _m pebbles1 possibly ! l>g] fragm5ts t h fall5 into ! /ream aft] hav+ be5 brok5 f ! l$ges4 ,! curr5t c>ries ^! all along d[n ! /ream1 &1 z !y g1 "o piece /rik+ aga9/ ano!r1 or be+ dragg$ ov] ! rocks 9 ! /ream b$1 ! pebbles are gr\nd d[n & smoo!d 7,fig4 #bc71 :i* means1 ( c\rse1 t m mud is suppli$ to ! /ream1 z mud is furni%$ f a gr9d/one :5 a knife or scy! is be+ %>p5$ on x4 ,on ! pebbly bea*es ( ! sea or lake%ore mu* ! same ?+ may be se52 & "h also ! con/ant gr9d+ ( ! rocks we>s (f ! edges until ! pebbles become smoo? & r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,ne> view ( a cut 9 glacial soil1 gulli$ by ! ra9s1 & ) num]\s transport$ pebbles emb$d$ 9 ! rock fl\r4 ,suppli$ ) bits ( rock f ! soil1 or f ! gr9d+ up ( pebbles & rocks along its c\rse1 ! /ream c>ries its load onw>d1 p]haps to a lake1 :i* x comm5ces to fill1 =m+ a broad delta ( level & f]tile l&1 ne> :]e ! /ream ent]s ! lake4 ,or1 possibly1 ! /ream ent]s ! sea & builds a delta !re1 z ! ,mississippi riv] has done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,a scrat*$ lime/one pebble tak5 f a glacial soil4 ,b mu* ( ! mud does n rea* ! sea4 ,! greate/ supply comes :5 ! /reams are s flood$ by heavy ra9s or melt+ sn[s t ! riv] *annel is no long] able to hold ! wat]1 :i* !n rises above ! banks1 ov]fl[+ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,!n1 s9ce its curr5t is *eck$ :]e x is s %all[1 ! wat] drops "s ( its load ( rock bits on ! flood-pla91 mu* z ! muddy wat] 9 a gutt] drops s& or mud on ! sidewalk :51 9 "t ( heavy ra9s1 x ov]fl[s ! walk4 ,_m ( ! mo/ f]tile l&s ( ! _w are flood-pla9s ( ?is k9d1 :]e s$im5t1 ga!r$ by ! /reams f>!r up _! c\rses1 is dropp$ ^u ! flood-pla9s1 enri*+ !m by new lay]s ( f]tile soil4 ,"o does n ne$ to g to ! ,nile1 ! ,yell[1 or ! ,mississippi = illu/rations ( ?is2 !y ab\nd on e h&1 & _m ?\s&s ( illu/rations1 great & small1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,d\btless y c f9d "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! groov$ b$ rock scrat*$ by ! movem5t ( ! ice %eet ov] x4 ,!re are o!r ways 9 :i* soils may be =m$2 b only "o m w be consid]$1 & t is ! way 9 :i* mo/ ( ! soils ( ,new ,york h be5 made4 ,to /udy ?is let u g to a cut 9 ! e>?1 su* z a well or a /ream bank 7,figs4 #bb & #bd74 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ! soil num]\s pebbles & b\ld]s w d\btless be f\nd2 & if ^! are comp>$ ) ! b$ rock ( ! c\ntry1 :i* und]lies ! soil 7,fig4 #bb71 "s ( !m w be f\nd to be q diff]5t f x4 ,= in/ance1 :]e ! b$ rock is %ale or lime/one1 "s ( ! pebbles w no d\bt be granite1 s&/one1 etc4 ,if y c\ld explore f> en\gh1 y w\ld f9d j su* rocks to ! nor? ( y1 p]haps "o or two hundr$ miles away 9 ,canada2 or1 if y\r home is s\? ( ! ,adirondacks1 y might trace ! pebbles to ^? m\nta9s4 ,on "s ( ^! pebbles1 especially ! s(t] ones1 su* z lime/one1 y w f9d scrat*es1 z if !y _h be5 gr\nd =cibly toge!r 7,fig4 #be74 ,look+ n[ at ! b$ rock 9 "s place f :i* ! soil has be5 rec5tly remov$1 y w f9d x also scrat*$ & groov$ 7,fig4 #bf72 & if y take ! direction ( ^! scrat*es ) ! compass1 y w f9d t !y ext5d 9 a g5]al nor? & s\? direction1 po9t+1 9 fact1 9 ! same direction f :i* ! pebbles h come4 ,all ov] nor!a/]n ,nor? ,am]ica & nor?we/]n ,europe ! soil is ( ! same nature z t j describ$4 ,9 our own c\ntry ?is k9d ( soil rea*es d[n z f> z ! edge ( ! %ad$ area 9 ! map 7,fig4 #bg71 & x w be notic$ t all ( ,new ,york is )9 t area except+ ! extreme s\?we/]n "p ne> ! s\!rn end ( ,*autauqua lake4 ,n only is ! soil peculi> )9 ?is di/rict1 b !re are _m small hills ( clay or s&1 or sometimes ( bo? toge!r 7,figs4 #cc & #cd74 ,!y rise 9 hummocky =m & (t5 h deep pits or kettle-%ap$ bas9s betwe51 sometimes1 :5 ! soil is clayey en\gh to hold wat]1 conta9+ t9y pools4 ,^! hills ext5d 9 some:at irregul> ranges /ret*+ across ! c\ntry f ! ea/ t[>d ! we/4 ,! position ( "s ( ^! ranges is indicat$ on ! map 7,fig4 #bg74 ,= a long "t p wond]$ h[ ?is soil ) its =eign pebbles & b\ld]s1 altoge!r call$ drift1 came to be plac$ :]e x is2 !y 7 especially puzzl$ to tell h[ ! l>ge b\ld]s1 call$ erratics 7,fig4 #ba71 %\ld h be5 c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t !y came f ! bur/+ ( planets1 f comets1 f ! explosion ( m\nta9s1 f floods1 & 9 o!r ways equally unlikely2 b ,l\is ,agassiz1 /udy+ ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps & ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t1 0 impress$ by ! resemblance betwe5 ! drift & ! mat]ials c>ri$ by liv+ glaci]s4 ,agassiz1 !re=e1 propos$ ! hypo!sis t glaci]s _h c>ri$ ! drift & left x :]e we n[ f9d x2 b = _m ye>s 8 glacial hypo!sis met ) a great deal ( opposition because x seem$ impossible t ! climate c\ld h *ang$ s greatly z to cov] :at is n[ a temp]ate l& ) a great %eet ( ice4 ,inde$1 ev5 n[1 al?\gh all :o h especially /udi$ ! subject are conv9c$1 _m p h n accept$ ,agassiz's explanation1 j z ye>s ago1 long aft] x 0 prov$ t ! e>? rotat$ ea* day1 _m p /ill believ$ t x 0 ! sun1 n ! e>?1 t 0 mov+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,map %[+ ! ext5t ( ! ice %eet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,position ( "s ( ! mora9es indicat$ by ! heavily %ad$ l9es4 7,aft] ,*amb]la947 ,! glacial explanation is z c]ta9 z t ! e>? rotates4 ,= "s reason1 :i* we d n "k1 ! climate *ang$ & all[$ ice to cov] temp]ate l&s1 z be=e t "t ! climate _h *ang$ s z to all[ plants l ^? n[ gr[+ z f> s\? z ,virg9ia to live 9 ,gre5l&1 n[ ice cov]$4 ,:5 ! ice ( ! glaci] melt$ away x left _m signs ( its pres5ce2 & :5 ! temp]ate latitude plants grew 9 ,gre5l& !y left se$s1 leaves & tree trunks :i* h be5 imb$d$ 9 ! rocks z fossils4 ,"o may n[ pick ! leaves ( temp]ate climate trees f ! rocks b5ea? a great icecap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,a view ov] ! great ice plateau ( ,gre5l&1 ) a m\nta9 peak project+ above x4 ,to "o :o /udies !m1 ! signs left by ! glaci] are z cle> pro( z ! leaves & se$s4 ,f ^! signs we "k t ! climate has *ang$ sl[ly1 b we h n yet le>n$ :y x *ang$4 ,!re are n[ two places on ! e>? :]e va/ glaci]s1 or ice %eets1 cov] imm5se areas ( l&1 "o 9 ! ,ant>ctic1 a region v little kn[n1 ! o!r 9 ,gre5l&1 :]e !re is an ice %eet cov]+ l& hav+ an area m ?an t5 times t ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,let u /udy ?is region to see :at is be+ done !re1 9 ord] to comp>e x ) :at has be5 done 9 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! edge ( a "p ( ! great ,gre5l& ice %eet 7on ! left7 re/+ on ! l&1 ov] :i* are /rewn _m b\ld]s br\ght by ! ice & left !re :5 x melt$4 ,9 ! int]ior is a va/ plateau ( ice1 9 places ov] #aj1jjj feet high1 a great icy des]t 7,fig4 #bh71 :]e absolutely no life ( any k9d1 ei!r animal or plant1 c exi/1 & :]e x nev] ra9s1 b :]e ! /orms br+ sn[ ev5 9 ! middle ( summ]4 ,su* mu/ h be5 ! condition 9 nor!a/]n ,am]ica dur+ ! glacial p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,a scrat*$ pebble tak5 f ! ice ( ! ,gre5l& glaci]4 ,?is va/ ice %eet is sl[ly mov+ outw>d 9 all directions f ! elevat$ c5t]1 mu* z a pile ( wax may be made to fl[ outw>d by plac+ a heavy weight ^u ! middle4 ,mov+ t[>d ! nor?1 ea/1 s\? & we/1 ?is glaci] mu/ ( c\rse come to an end some:]e4 ,9 places1 usually at ! heads ( bays1 ! end is 9 ! sea1 z ! end ( our glaci] mu/ h be5 (f ! %ores ( ,new ,engl&4 ,f ^! sea-ends1 iceb]gs con/antly break (f2 ^! float+ away t[>d ! s\?1 (t5 rea*1 be=e !y melt1 z f> z ! pa? foll[$ by ! /eam]s f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,europe4 ,betwe5 ! bays :]e ! glaci] ends 9 ! sea1 ! ice front re/s on ! l& 7,fig4 #bi71 z x did ov] ! great] "p ( ,new ,york & ! /ates fur!r we/4 ,!re x melts 9 ! summ]1 supply+ /reams ) wat] & fill+ _m small ponds & lakes4 ,! front /&s !re ye> aft] ye>1 sometimes mov+ a little ahead1 aga9 melt+ fur!r back s z to reveal ! rocks on :i* x =m]ly re/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,a "p ( ! edge ( ! ,gre5l& glaci]1 ) clean :ite ice above1 & d>k discolor$ b&s bel[ :]e lad5 ) rock fragm5ts4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a b\ld]-/rewn mora9e4 ,! b$ rock "h is f\nd to be poli%$1 scrat*$ & groov$ j l ! b$-rock 9 ,new ,york2 & ! scrat*es ext5d 9 ! direction f :i* ! ice moves4 ,re/+ on ! rock are b\ld]s & pebbles 7,fig4 #bb71 sometimes on ! b>e rock1 sometimes imb$d$ 9 a clay z !y are 9 ! drift4 ,z we f\nd :5 /udy+ ! soil 9 our own region1 s "h ! pebbles are (t5 scrat*$1 & _m ( !m are q diff]5t f ! rock on :i* !y re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,hummocky surface ( ! b\ld]-/rewn mora9e ( ,gre5l&4 ,go+ ne>] to ! ice we f9d ! l[] "p load$ ) pebbles1 b\ld]s & bits ( clay v l ^? on ! rocks ne> by4 ,fig4 #cj %[s "o ( ^!1 scrat*$ & groov$1 :i* ,i once dug f ! ice ( ?is v glaci]4 ,! bottom ( ! ice is l a huge s&pap]1 be+ dragg$ ov] ! b$ rock ) trem5d\s =ce4 ,x c>ries a load ( rock fragm5ts1 & z x moves secures m by gr9d+ or pry+ !m f ! rocks b5ea?4 ,^! all travel on t[>d ! edge ( ! ice1 be+ con/antly gr\nd f9] & f9] z :eat is gr\nd :5 x goes ?r\gh ! mill4 ,inde$ ! resemblance is s close t ! clay produc$ by ?is gr9d+ action is (t5 call$ rock fl\r4 ,dragg$ to ! front ( ! ice1 ! rock bits1 great & small1 roll out z ! ice melts1 "s1 especially ! f9e/1 be+ c>ri$ away 9 ! wat]1 :i* is always muddy ) ! rock fl\r x c>ries2 b mu* rema9s ne> ! edge ( ! ice1 =m+ a mora9e 7,figs4 #ca & #cb74 ,?is mora9e1 dump$ at ! edge ( ! glaci]1 v closely resembles ! hummocky hills ( ,new ,york 7,figs4 #cc & #cd71 m5tion$ above1 :i* are really mora9es =m$ at ! ice-edge dur+ ! glacial p]iod4 ,:ile _! =m is q alike1 ! ,new ,york mora9es are g5]ally less pebbly ?an ! ,gre5l& mora9es1 because ! ,gre5l& glaci] c>ries less rock fl\r ?an did ! glaci] :i* cov]$ ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,a view ov] ! hummocky surface ( a "p ( ! mora9e ( ! great ,am]ican ice %eet 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york4 ,9 ! ,gre5l& glaci]1 z y c see 9 ,fig4 #ca1 !re is mu* dirt & rock2 9 ! glaci] ( ! glacial p]iod !re 0 ev5 m4 ,:5 x melt$ away ! ice disappe>$ z wat]1 b ! rock fragm5ts ( c\rse fell d[n ^u ! rock b5ea? & =m$ soil4 ,if ov] a c]ta9 region1 z = in/ance ov] y\r home1 ! ice c>ri$ a great load ( drift1 :5 ?is gradually settl$ d[n1 z ! ice melt$1 x =m$ a deep lay] ( soil2 b if ! glaci] _h only a small load a %all[ soil 0 left4 ,aga91 if ! ice front rema9$ = a long "t ne> a c]ta9 place1 z ne> y\r home1 x kept br++ & dump+ rock fragm5ts to =m mora9es1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld cont9ue to gr[ high] s long z ! ice dump$ ! rock fragm5ts1 mu* z a s& pile w cont9ue to gr[ high] s long z fre% loads are br\ght & dump$4 ,!re are o!r causes = diff]5ces 9 ! glacial soils1 b mo/ ( !m _c be consid]$ "h4 ,"o ( !m is s important1 h[ev]1 t x mu/ be m5tion$4 ,) ! melt+ ( s mu* ice1 va/ floods ( wat] 7 caus$1 & ^! came f ! ice1 p]haps 9 places :]e !re are n[ no /reams1 or at be/ only small ones4 ,^! rapid curr5ts c>ri$ (f mu* ( ! rock fl\r & left ! co>s] & heavi] s&1 gravel1 or pebbles1 ! latt] (t5 well r\nd$1 ) ! scrat*es remov$ by ! long-cont9u$ roll+ ab\t 9 ! glacial /ream b$4 ,"o (t5 f9ds su* b$s ( s& or gravel 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 tell+ n only ( ice :]e x is n[ abs5t1 b ( wat] curr5ts :]e is n[ dry l&4 ,! rock fl\r 0 9 "s cases c>ri$ to ! sea1 else:]e to lakes1 or 9 /ill o!r places deposit$ 9 ! flood-pla9s ( ! glaci]-f$ riv]s4 ,n[ "s ( ?is rock fl\r is dug out to make into bricks4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! soils ( ,new ,york 7 br\ght by a glaci]1 & to po9t out t !re are _m diff]5ces 9 ?ickness z well z 9 k9d & condition ( ! soil4 ,! agriculture ( ! ,/ate is greatly influ5c$ by ^! diff]5ces4 ,9 "s cases "o "p ( a f>m has a deep1 ri* soil1 ano!r "p a b>r51 s&y1 pebbly or b\ld]-cov]$ soil 7,fig4 #ba71 :ile 9 /ill ano!r "p ! b$ rock may be s ne> ! surface t x does n pay to cle> ! =e/ f x4 ,moreov]1 "s f>ms are 9 hummocky mora9es1 :ile o!rs1 ne> by1 are on level pla9s 7,fig4 #cd71 :]e a broad glacial /ream built up a flood-pla9 9 a place :]e n[ ! /ream is s small t x nev] rises high en\gh to ov]fl[ ! pla94 ,!re are ev5 o!r diff]5ces ?an ^!1 & "o :o is famili> ) a region is (t5 puzzl$ to expla9 !m2 b !y are all due to ! glaci] or to ! wat] furni%$ by its melt+1 & a c>eful /udy by a /ud5t ( ! subject ( ,glacial ,geology w s]ve to expla9 !m4 ,ea* place has _h peculi> conditions & x w\ld be necess>y to /udy ea* place mu* m c>efully ?an has be5 done "h 9 ord] to expla9 all ! diff]5ces4 ,n only is agriculture influ5c$ greatly by ! diff]5ces 9 ! soil f place to place1 b also by ! v fact t !y are glacial soils4 ,be+ made up ( p>tly gr\nd-up rock fragm5ts ! soils are (t5 /ony & difficult to till4 ,unlike ! soil ( rock decay1 ! p>ticles ( :i* ! glacial soil is made h be5 d]iv$ by me*anical gr9d+1 n by *emical decay & dis9tegration4 ,!re has be5 less lea*+ out ( ! soluble comp\nds :i* make plant foods4 ,^! are /or$ up 9 ! rock fragm5ts ready = use :5 decay causes ! prop] *anges to produce ! soluble comp\nds :i* plants require4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,hummocky mora9e hills 9 ! backgr\nd & a level gravel pla9--an anci5t glacial-/ream flood-pla9--9 =egr\nd4 ,sl[ly ! glacial soils are decay+1 &1 z !y d s1 are furni%+ plant-food to ! wat] :i* ! roots gre$ily draw 94 ,s ! glacial soil is n a m]e /ore h\se ( plant-food1 b a manufactory ( x z well1 & glacial soils are !re=e /rong & la/ = a long "t4 ,t decay is go+ on1 especially ne> ! surface1 may (t5 be se5 9 a cut 9 ! soil1 :]e ! natural blue color ( ! drift is se5 bel[1 :ile ne> ! surface ! soil is ru/$ yell[ by ! decay ( c]ta9 m9]als :i* conta9 iron4 ,few mat]ials on ! e>? are m important ?an ! soil2 x acts z ! int]m$i>y betwe5 man & ! e>?4 ,! rocks h "s sub/ances lock$ up 9 !m :i* animals ne$2 by decay1 or by be+ gr\nd up1 ! rocks crumble s t plants may s5d roots into !m & extract ! sub/ances ne$$ by animals4 ,gift$ ) ?is wond]ful p[] ! plants gr[ & furni% food to animals1 "s ( :i* is plant-food obta9$ f ! rocks2 & s ! animals ( ! l&1 & man himself1 secure a l>ge "p ( _! food f ! rocks4 ,x is !n wor? ! :ile to /op = a mom5t & ?9k & /udy ab\t ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s ( ! _m wond]ful adju/m5ts ( ,nature1 b s common t mo/ p]sons live & die )\t ev5 giv+ x m ?an a pass+ ?\ght4 ,,leaflet ,,ix4 ,a ,,h&ful ,,( ,,soil3 ,,:at ,,x ,,does4#aa ,,by ,l4 ,a4 ,,cl9ton4 #aa ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #b3 ,leaflet #ae1 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration ,! m "o /udies ! soil1 ! m c]ta9ly x w be f\nd t ! e>? has lock$ up 9 h] bosom _m secrets1 & t ^! secrets w n be giv5 up = ! m]e ask+4 ,z my/]i\s z ! soil may appe> at diff]5t times1 x always is gov]n$ by c]ta9 laws4 ,^! pr9ciples once und]/ood1 ! soil becomes an op5 book f :i* "o may read quickly & accurately4 ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,! soil has c]ta9 (fices to p]=m = :i* x is admirably fitt$4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! (fices are3 #a4 ,to hold plants 9 place2 #b4 ,to s]ve z a s\rce ( plant-food2 #c4 ,to act z a res]voir = moi/ure2 #d4 ,to s]ve z a /oreh\se = appli$ plant-food or f]tiliz]4 ,"s soils are capable ( p]=m+ all ^! (fices1 :ile o!rs are fitt$ = only a "p ( !m4 ,?us a soil :i* is pure s& & almo/ entirely defici5t 9 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( plant-food1 may s]ve1 if locat$ ne> a l>ge city1 m]ely to hold ! plants 9 position :ile ! skillful g>d5] fe$s ! plants ) specially prep>$ f]tiliz]s1 & supplies ! moi/ure by irrigation4 ,e>ly 9 ! /udy ( soils an excursion1 if possible1 %\ld be made into ! woods4 ,great trees w be se5 & "u ! trees w be f\nd v>i\s %rubs & possibly we$s & grass4 ,x w be notic$ t ! soil is well occupi$ ) gr[+ plants4 ,! surface w be f\nd cov]$ ) a lay] sev]al in*es ?ick ( leaves & twigs4 ,b5ea? ?is cov]+ ! soil is d>k1 moi/1 full ( organic matt]1 loose1 easily spad$ except z roots or /ones may int]f]e1 & has e appe>ance ( be+ f]tile4 ,,soil ,,conditions ,,z ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,_m ,,fields4 ,aft] exam9+ ! conditions 9 ! =e/1 a /udy %\ld be made ( ! soil 9 "s cultivat$ field4 ,x w be f\nd t 9 ! field ! soil has lo/ _m ( ! m>k$ *>act]i/ics notic$ 9 ! woodl&4 ,9 walk+ ov] ! field1 ! soil w be f\nd to be h>d & compact4 ,! surface may be cov]$ ) gr[+ plants1 = if ! se$s :i* h be5 put into ! soil by ! f>m] h n g]m9at$ & ! plants made gr[?1 nature has quickly come to ! rescue & fill$ ! soil ) o!r plants :i* we commonly call we$s4 ,x is nature's plan to keep ! soil cov]$ ) gr[+ plants1 & f nature we %\ld le>n a lesson4 ,! field soil1 in/ead ( be+ moi/1 is dry2 in/ead ( be+ loose & friable1 x is h>d & compact1 & x appe>s 9 texture entirely diff]5t f ! woodl& soil4 ,! cause ( ! diff]5ce is n h>d to discov]4 ,9 ! woods1 nature = ye>s has be5 build+ up ! soil4 ,! leaves f ! trees fall to ! gr\nd & =m a cov]+ :i* prev5ts wa%+ or erosion1 & ^! leaves decay & add to ! humus1 or vegetable m\ld1 ( ! soil4 ,roots are con/antly decay+ & furni% *annels ?r\gh ! soil & p]mit ! circulation ( air & wat]4 ,9 ! field1 nature's lesson has be5 disreg>d$ & too (t5 ! :ole aim seems to be to remove ev]y?+ f ! soil & to make no returns4 ,consequ5tly ! organic matt]1 or humus1 has be5 us$ up2 ! tramp+ ( ! horses' feet has clos$ ! natural dra9age canals2 aft] ! crop is remov$1 ! soil is left nak$ dur+ ! w9t] & ! heavy ra9s wa% & erode ! surface1 & remove "s ( ! be/ plant-food4 ,aft] a few ye>s ( su* treatm5t1 ! f>m] wond]s :y ! soil w n produce z lib]ally z x did =m]ly4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #a4--,! fact t !re is humus1 or vegetable m\ld1 9 c]ta9 soils c be %[n by burn+4 ,weigh a potful ( h>d soil & a potful ( l[l& soil1 or muck1 aft] ea* has be5 ?or\ghly dri$4 ,!n put ! pots on ! coals 9 a coal /ove4 ,aft] ! soil is ?or\ghly burn$1 weigh aga94 ,"s ( ! diff]5ce 9 weight may be due to loss ( moi/ure1 b if ! samples 7 well dri$ 9 ! beg9n+1 mo/ ( ! loss w be due to ! burn+ ( ! humus4 ,,conditions ,,:i* ,,affect ,,f]tility4 ,!re are c]ta9 conditions :i* affect soil f]tility & ( ^! ! mo/ important are3 ,texture2 ,moi/ure-cont5t2 ,plant-food2 ,temp]ature4 ,,texture ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,f]tility4 ,by texture is meant ! physical condition ( ! soil4 ,^u good texture1 m ?an ^u any o!r "o ?+1 dep5ds ! productivity ( ! soil4 ,:5 ! texture is "r ! soil is f9e1 loose1 & friable2 ! roots are able to pu% ?r\gh x & ! fe$+ area is enl>g$4 ,ea* individual p>ticle is free to give up a portion ( its plant-food1 or its film ( moi/ure4 ,! conditions :i* are f\nd 9 ! woods' soil are almo/ ideal4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #b4--,! importance ( good texture may be well %[n 9 ! class room4 ,pots %\ld be fill$ ) a soil :i* is lumpy & cloddy1 & o!r pots ) ! same k9d ( mat]ial aft] x has be5 made f9e & mell[4 ,aft] se$s are plant$ 9 ! diff]5t pots1 a c>eful /udy %\ld be made ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = g]m9ation & ( ! heal? & vigor ( ! plants4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #c4--,! great] "p ( our f>m+ l&s d n pres5t ideal conditions z reg>ds texture4 ,clay soils are especially likely to be 9 bad condition4 ,if samples ( ! v>i\s soils c be collect$1 z s&1 loam1 clay1 etc41 x may be cle>ly %[n h[ diff]5t soils respond to ! same k9d ( treatm5t4 ,) a common g>d5 tr[el1 ! soils %\ld be /irr$ & work$ :ile wet1 & !n put away to dry4 ,aft] dry+1 ! conditions pres5t$ by ! soils %\ld be not$1 also ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! soils to become dry4 ,:]eas ! s& & ! loam w rema9 9 fairly good condition :5 dry1 ! clay w h become puddl$1 i4 e41 ! p>ticles w h run toge!r & made a h>d1 compact mass4 ,?us x is f\nd 9 practice t clay soils mu/ be h&l$ ) f> m c>e & intellig5ce ?an is requir$ = ! s& & loams1 if ! texture is to be kept p]fect4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #d4--;,if1 9 ! exp]im5t above sugge/$1 ! clay soil is mix$ ) leaf-m\ld1 or humus soil1 f ! woods1 x w be f\nd to act v diff]5tly4 ,! vegetable matt] ?us mix$ ) ! m9]al matt] prev5ts ! runn+ toge!r ( ! p>ticles ( clay4 ,two pr9ciples1 bo? important z relat+ to soil texture1 n[ h be5 illu/rat$4 ,soils mu/ n be work$ :5 !y are s wet t _! p>ticles w coh]e1 & organic matt]1 or humus1 mu/ be kept mix$ ) ! m9]al matt] ( ! soil4 ,9 practical f>m op]ations1 if ! soil c be made into a mud ball x is said to be too wet to "w4 ,! requir$ am\nt ( humus is reta9$ 9 ! soil by occasionally pl[+ "u "s gre5 crop1 z clov]1 or by apply+ b>n manures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! glass ( wat] at ! "r has receiv$ lime & ! clay has be5 flocculat$2 ! o!r 0 n treat$4 ,clay soils are also frequ5tly treat$ ) lime to cause !m to rema9 9 good condition & be m easily till$4 ,lime causes ! f9e p>ticles to flocculate1 or to become granul>1 i4 e41 sev]al p>ticles unite to =m a l>g] p>ticle1 & ^! comb9ations are m /able & d n s readily puddle1 or run toge!r4 ,a mud-puddle 9 clay soil w rema9 murky until ! wat] has evaporat$ entirely4 ,let a little wat]-slak$ lime be mix$ ) ! muddy wat]1 & ! p>ticles ( clay w be flocculat$ & w settle to ! bottom2 ?us ! wat] w become cle>4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #e4--;,into two glasses ( wat] put "s f9e clay soil2 ?or\ghly /ir ! mixture 7,fig4 #ce74 ,into "o glass ?us prep>$ put a spoonful ( wat]-slak$ lime2 /ir ?or\ghly1 !n all[ bo? glasses to rema9 quiet t ! soil may settle4 ,notice 9 :i* glass ! wat] fir/ becomes cle>1 & note ! appe>ance ( ! s$im5t 9 ea*4 ,,! ,,moi/ure ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,9 ,leaflet ,,vi has be5 giv5 ! hi/ory ( a ?und] %[]4 ,we are n told mu* ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! wat] aft] x rea*es ! e>?4 ,if we g out imm$iately aft] a heavy %[]1 we f9d little /reams runn+ alongside ! road4 ,^! little /reams unite to make l>g] ones1 until f9ally ! creeks & riv]s are swoll51 &1 if ! ra9 0 heavy en\gh1 ! /reams may ov]fl[ _! banks4 ,9 all ^! /reams1 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/1 ! wat] is muddy4 ,:]e did ?is mud come f8 ,x 0 wa%$ l>gely f ! cultivat$ fields1 & ! f9e/ & be/ soil is c]ta9 to be ! fir/ to />t on its voyage to ! valleys or to ! sea4 ,if ! f>m] _h only le>n$ bett] ! lesson f nature & kept 8 fields cov]$ ) plants1 a l>ge "p ( ! loss might h be5 prev5t$4 ,a ra9 gauge %\ld be kept 9 e s*ool y>d1 s t e %[] c be measur$4 ,x c !n be easily det]m9$ by ! pupils h[ _m tons ( ra9 fall ^u ! s*ool gr\nds1 or h[ mu* falls ^u an acre ( l&4 ,x w be a matt] ( surprise t ! am\nt is s great4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 a4 ,soil too dry4 b4 ,soil 9 good condition4 c4 ,soil too wet4 ,n all ! wat] :i* falls dur+ a summ] %[] is c>ri$ (f by surface dra9age1 s9ce a consid]able "p s9ks into ! soil4 ,z x passes d[n1 ea* soil gra9 takes up a portion & surr\nds itself ) a little film ( wat]1 mu* z does a m>ble :5 dipp$ into wat]4 ,if ! ra9 cont9ues long en\gh1 ! soil w become saturat$ & ! wat] :i* _c be reta9$1 w1 "u ! influ5ce ( gravity1 s9k d[n to ! l[] lay]s ( soil until x f9ally rea*es ! level ( ! free wat]4 ,f ?is free wat]1 at v>y+ dep?s 9 ! soil1 wells & spr+s are suppli$4 ,if ! soil 7 to rema9 long saturat$1 se$s w\ld n g]m9ate1 & mo/ cultivat$ plants w\ld n gr[ because all ! air passages ( ! soil w\ld be fill$ ) wat] 7,fig4 #cf74 ,! wat] :i* s9ks d[n deep into ! soil & helps to supply our wells is call$ free wat]4 ,t "p :i* is held z a film by ! soil p>ticles 7z on a m>ble7 is call$ capill>y wat]4 ,aft] ! ra9 is ov] & ! sun %9es1 a "p ( ! moi/ure :i* is held by ! p>ticles ne> ! surface is lo/ by evaporation4 ,! moi/ure :i* is bel[ t5ds to rise to re/ore ! equilibrium2 ?us !re is creat$ a curr5t t[>d ! surface1 & f9ally into ! air2 ! moi/ure :i* ?us escapes aids 9 =m+ ! next ?und] /orm4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #f4--;,humus enables ! soil to take up & hold l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 two samples ( soil %\ld be obta9$1 "o a humus1 or alluvial1 soil1 ri* 9 organic matt]1 & ! o!r a s&y soil4 ,put ! two samples :]e !y w become ?or\ghly air dry4 ,procure1 say five p\nds ea* ( ! dry soils1 & put ea* into a glass tube ov] "o end ( :i* !re is ti$ a piece ( musl91 or f9e wire gauze4 ,f a graduat$ glass p\r wat] sl[ly ^u ea* sample until ! wat] beg9s to dra9 f ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,9 ?is way x c be %[n :i* soil has ! great] p[] ( hold+ moi/ure4 ,bo? samples %\ld !n be set away to dry4 ,by weigh+ ! samples ea* day1 x c be det]m9$ :i* soil has ! great] p[] ( reta9+ moi/ure4 ,?is exp]im5t may be conduct$ n only ) s& & humus1 b ) clay1 loam1 gravel1 & all o!r k9ds ( soil4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #g4--;,a f9ely pulv]iz$ soil w hold m film-moi/ure ?an a cloddy soil4 ,to illu/rate ! importance ( texture z relat$ to moi/ure1 soil %\ld be secur$ :i* is cloddy1 or lumpy4 ,"o tube %\ld be fill$1 z h]et(ore describ$ 7,exp4 ,no4 #f71 ) ! lumpy soil1 & ! o!r tube ) ! f9e soil :i* results f pulv]iz+ ! lumps1 equal weights ( soil be+ us$ 9 ea* case4 ,f a graduat$ glass p\r wat] ^u ea* sample until ! dra9age beg9s f ! bottom4 ,notice :i* soil possesses great] p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure4 ,put ! samples away to dry1 & by c>eful weigh+1 ea* day1 x c be det]m9$ :i* soil dries out m readily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,foot-pr9ts on ! s&s ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,a cross section ?r\gh "o ( ! foot-pr9ts4 ,! prud5t f>m] w take measures to prev5t ! escape ( ?is moi/ure into ! air4 ,all ! film-moi/ure 7on ! soil p>ticles7 ne$s to be c>efully cons]v$ or sav$1 = ! plants w ne$ v l>ge am\nts ( moi/ure be=e !y mature1 & !y c draw _! supply only f ?is film-moi/ure4 ,we c aga9 apply ! lesson le>n$ 9 ! woods4 ,! soil !re is always moi/2 ! leaves =m a cov]1 or blanket1 :i* prev5ts ! evaporation ( moi/ure4 ,und]nea? an old plank or bo>d1 ! soil w be f\nd moi/4 ,if we c break ! connection betwe5 ! soil & ! air1 we c *eck ! escape ( moi/ure4 ,a lay] ( /raw ov] ! soil w s]ve to prev5t ! loss ( moi/ure2 yet a :ole field _c be ?us cov]$4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! surface soil1 if kept loose1 say ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! top soil c be made to act z a blanket or cov]+ = ! soil und]nea?4 ,al?\gh ?is top lay] may become z dry z du/1 yet x prev5ts ! escape1 by evaporation1 ( moi/ure f bel[4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t if tracks are made across a fre%ly cultivat$ field1 ! soil :]e ! tracks are w become d>k] 7,fig4 #cg74 ,?is d>k] appe>ance ( ! soil 9 ! foot-m>ks is due to ! moi/ure :i* is !re ris+ to ! surface4 ,! implem5t ( tillage makes ! soil loose1 break+ ! capill>y connection betwe5 ! l[] lay]s ( soil & ! surface2 ?us ! upw>d passage ( ! wat] is *eck$4 ,:]e ! foot-pr9t is1 ! soil has be5 aga9 press$ d[n at ! surface1 ! p>ticles h be5 cr[d$ clos] toge!r1 & capill>ity is re/or$ to ! surface s t ! moi/ure is free to escape 7,fig4 #ch74 ,9 c>+ = fl[]-b$s1 or ev5 9 gr[+ plants 9 a pot 9 ! s*ool-room1 x is important t ! surface ( ! soil be kept loose & mell[4 ,f> bett] 9 a fl[] g>d5 is a g>d5 rake ?an a wat]+ pot4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #h4--,to %[ ! importance ( ! surface mul*1 fill sev]al pots ) a s&y loam soil1 putt+ ! same weight ( soil into ea* pot4 ,9 "o pot1 pack ! soil firmly2 9 ano!r pot1 pack ! soil firmly & !n make ! surface loose4 ,^! pots ( soil may !n be put away to dry2 by daily weigh+ ea* x c be readily det]m9$ :at effects ! v>i\s me?ods ( treatm5t h ^u ! moi/ure-hold+ p[] ( soils4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #i4--,! above exp]im5t may be v>i$ by cov]+ ! soil 9 "s ( ! pots ) leaves1 or /raw1 or pap]1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! add$ weight ( ! =eign matt] is prop]ly acc\nt$ =4 ,,soil ,,temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! moss-gr[n lawn or grass plot4 ,if a k]nel ( corn be plac$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 e>ly spr+ be=e ! soil has become w>m1 ! se$ w n g]m9ate4 ,abundance ( moi/ure & oxyg5 may be pres5t1 b ! ?ird requisite = g]m9ation1 prop] temp]ature1 is lack+4 ,! soil is v sl[ to become w>m 9 ! spr+1 & ?is is due to ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] :i* mu/ be evaporat$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] & spr+1 ! ra9 & melt+ sn[ h saturat$ ! soil4 ,! "u-dra9age is defici5t s !re is no way = ! escape ( ! surplus wat] except by evaporation1 & evaporation is a cool+ process4 ,a well-dra9$ soil is ?us w>m] ?an a poorly-dra9$ "o4 ,! atmosph]e is mu* quick] to respond to *anges 9 temp]ature ?an is ! soil4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! air becomes w>m :ile ! soil cont9ues cold1 & ! ra9s :i* fall dur+ ?is "t are w>m$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! w>m air4 ,!n 9 s9k+ ?r\gh ! soil ! ra9-wat] p>ts ) "s ( its heat :i* makes ! soil w>m]4 ,dur+ mid-summ] ! soil becomes v w>m1 & x is n affect$ by cool nights1 z is ! atmosph]e4 ,consequ5tly z a summ] ra9 may be sev]al degrees cool] ?an ! soil1 ! wat] 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! soil takes up "s ( ! heat2 ?us ! soil conditions are made m favorable = plant gr[?4 ,!re=e1 soil temp]ature is regulat$ some:at by ! ra9fall4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #aj4--,! color ( a soil also affects its temp]ature1 a d>k soil be+ w>m] ?an a light color$ soil4 ,by hav+ !rmomet]s z a "p ( ! s*ool room equipm5t1 int]e/+ exp]im5ts may be conduct$ 9 det]m9+ ! effect ( color & moi/ure ^u ! temp]ature ( soils4 ,,air ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,al?\gh t "p ( ! plant :i* we c see is entirely surr\nd$ by air1 x is also necess>y t ! soil be 9 su* a condition t x c be p5etrat$ by ! air4 ,inde$1 gr[? _c beg9 9 a soil f :i* ! air is exclud$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! clov] roots p5etrate ! soil deeply4 ,exp]im5t ,no4 #aa4--,to prove ?is1 put clay soil 9 a pot & plant se$s2 !n wet ! surface ( ! soil & puddle or pack ! clay :ile wet & wat* = ! se$s to g]m9ate & gr[4 ,at ! same "t put se$s 9 ano!r pot fill$ ) loose1 mell[1 moi/ soil4 ,frequ5tly1 aft] ! f>m] has s[n 8 gra91 !re comes a heavy1 beat+ ra91 & ! surface ( ! soil becomes s pack$ t ! air is exclud$ & ! se$s _c g]m9ate4 ,if plants are gr[n 9 pots & ! wat] is suppli$ at ! top1 ! soil may become s h>d & compact z to exclude ! air & ! plants w make a sickly gr[?4 ,! surface soil mu/ be kept loose s t ! air c p5etrate x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,aft] ! clov] dies ! soil is 9 bett] condition = its hav+ liv$4 ,on _m lawns x may be notic$ t ! grass is n ?riv+4 ,x has a sickly appe>ance1 & ev5 ! application ( f]tiliz] does n seem to rem$y ! conditions4 ,p]haps ! gr\nd has become s h>d t ! air _c p5etrate & ! grass is be+ smo!r$4 ,if ! surface ( ! soil c be loos5$ ) a g>d5 rake1 & clov] se$ s[n1 mu* good may be accompli%$4 ,! clov] is a tap-root$ plant1 s5d+ its ma9 root deep into ! soil4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! plant1 ! root decays1 & ! nitrog5 :i* is /or$ 9 x c be us$ z food by ! o!r plants4 ,mo/ useful ( all1 h[ev]1 9 su* cases1 ! decay ( ! tap-root ( ! clov] makes a passage deep into ! soil & ?us all[s ! air to ent]4 ,consult ,figs4 #ci-da4 ,,leaflet ,x4 ,,! ,,brook4#ab ,,by ,j4 ,o4 ,,m>t94 ,,introduction ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #ab ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #e3 ,leaflet #ah4 ,june1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,a brook is ! be/ ( subjects = nature-/udy4 ,x is ne> & de> to e *ild4 ,x is a _w 9 itself4 ,x is an epitome ( ! nature 9 :i* we live4 ,9 m9iature1 x illu/rates ! =ces :i* h %ap$ mu* ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,day by day & c5tury by c5tury1 x c>ries its burd5 ( e>?-wa/e :i* x lays d[n 9 ! quiet places4 ,always beg9n+ & nev] ceas+1 x does its "w z sl[ly & z quietly z ! drift+ ( ! ye>s4 ,x is a sc5e ( life & activity4 ,x reflects ! sky4 ,x is kiss$ by ! sun4 ,x is c>ess$ by ! w9ds4 ,! m9n[s play 9 ! pools4 ,! s(t we$s gr[ 9 ! %all[s4 ,! grass & ! d&elions lie on its sunny banks4 ,! moss & f]n are %elt]$ 9 ! nooks4 ,x comes "o kn[s n :5ce2 x fl[s "o kn[s n :i!r4 ,x awak5s ! desire ( exploration4 ,x is a realm ( my/]ies4 ,x typifies ! flood ( life4 ,x goes on =ev]4 ,9 _m ways c ! brook be made an adjunct ( ! s*ool-room4 ,"o tea*] or "o grade may /udy its physiography2 ano!r its birds2 ano!r may plat x4 ,or "o tea*] & "o grade may devote a mon? or a t]m to "o phase ( x4 ,?us ! brook may be made ! c5t] ( a life-!me4 ,l4 ,h4 ,b4 ,i4 ,a ,,brook ,,& ,,its ,,"w4 ,on a ra9y day mo/ ( u are driv5 indoors & ?us we miss "s ( nature's mo/ in/ructive lessons1 = 9 sun%9e or ra9 ! great "m toils on1 do+ "s ( h] h>de/ labor :5 h] face is ov]ca/ ) cl\ds4 ,let u f9d our wat]pro(s1 raise our umbrellas1 bid defiance to ! patt]+ ra91 & g =? to le>n "s ( ! lessons ( a ra9y day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,! brook may be made ! c5t] ( a life-!me4 ,along ! roadside1 ! /eady1 d[n-p\r+ ra9 collects into pools & rills1 or s9ks out ( sight 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! t9y /reams se>* out ! easie/ grade & run d[n ! road1 digg+ little gullies z !y g4 ,soon ^! rills meet &1 jo9+ _! muddy curr5ts1 fl[ on ) great] spe$ d[n ! hillside until !y rea* ! bottom ( ! valley & g to swell ! brook :i* fl[s on1 ?r\gh sun%9e or ra94 ,! wat] :i* s9ks into ! gr\nd passes out ( sight = a "t1 b its j\rney is also d[nw>d t[>d ! brook1 ?\gh ! soil1 act+ z a great sponge1 holds x back & makes x take a sl[] pace ?an ! ru%+ surface wat]4 ,?is sl[]-mov+ und]gr\nd wat] p]colates ?r\gh ! soil until x comes to a lay] ( rock1 clay1 or o!r imp]vi\s sub/ance1 along ! slope ( :i* x fl[s until x is turn$ aga9 to ! surface 9 ! =m ( a spr+4 ,p]haps ?is spr+ is "o ( ^? cle>1 cold pools1 ) ! wat] bubbl+ up ?r\gh its s&y bottom1 f :i* we love to dr9k on a hot summ]'s day2 or1 aga91 x is a swampy spot on ! hillside :]e ! cat-tails gr[4 ,9 :atev] =m x issues f ! gr\nd1 a t9y rill c>ries away its ov]fl[1 & ?is soon] or lat] jo9s ! brook4 ,! brook1 we see1 is simply ! collect$ ra9fall f ! hillsides1 fl[+ away to jo9 ! riv]4 ,x gr[s l>g] z o!r brooks jo9 x1 & becomes a creek & f9ally a riv]4 ,b :]e is ! divid+ l9e betwe5 brook1 creek1 & riv]8 ,s gradually does ! brook increase 9 volume t x w\ld be difficult to draw any divid+ l9e betwe5 x & ! l>g] /reams4 ,& s ) ! rills t =m$ ! brook3 ea* is a "p ( ! riv]1 & ! names rill1 brook1 creek1 & riv] are m]ely relative t]ms4 ,brooks are b riv]s on a small scale2 & if we /udy ! "w t a brook is do+1 we %all f9d x engag$ 9 cutt+ d[n or build+ up1 j z ! riv] does1 al?\gh1 ow+ to ! small] size ( ! brook1 we c see mo/ ( ^! op]ations 9 a %ort di/ance4 ,let u take our way ?r\gh ! wet grass & dripp+ trees to ! brookside & see :at "w x is do+4 ,! c\ntless ra9-born rills are p\r+ _! muddy wat] into ! brook & to-day its volume is mu* great] ?an :5 x is f$1 z x is 9 fair wea!r1 by ! sl[]-mov+ und]gr\nd wat] ( ! spr+s4 ,x ro>s along ) its wat]s no long] cle> b full ( clay & s& 7mud z we call x74 ,if we %\ld dip up a glassful ( ?is muddy wat]1 we %\ld f9d t :5 x _h settl$ !re rema9$ on ! bottom ( ! glass a ?9 deposit ( s$im5t4 ,! am\nt ( ?is s$im5t is small1 no d\bt1 = a s+le glassful1 b :5 we ?9k ( ! great quantity ( wat] con/antly fl[+ by1 we c see t consid]able s$im5t is go+ along ) x4 ,b ?is s$im5t 9 susp5sion is n all ! load t ! brook is mov+4 ,if y w roll up y\r sleeve1 plunge y\r h& to ! bottom ( ! brook & hold x !re quietly1 y w feel ! co>s] gravel & small /ones roll+ along ! bottom4 ,all ?is load ( s& & gravel comes1 z we h se51 f ! valley sides1 ! banks ( ! brook1 & f its b$4 ,x is mov+ d[nw>d away f its orig9al re/+ place2 & :at is ! result8 ,= ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( ye>s1 our brook may h be5 c>ry+ (f its ye>ly load ( s$im5t2 & ?\gh ea* day's labor is small1 yet ! add$ toil ( c5turies has be5 great4 ,! result ( ?is labor we c see 9 ! great tr\gh or valley ?r\gh :i* ! brook fl[s4 ,t5nyson speaks ( ! ceaseless toil ( ! brook 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,i *att]1 *att]1 z ,i fl[ ,to jo9 ! brimm+ riv]1 ,= m5 may come & m5 may g1 ,b ,i g on =ev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,a brook cutt+ "u its bank & caus+ a l&slide4 ,we h se5 h[ ! rills & torr5ts br+ into ! brook _! loads ( s&1 clay1 & gravel2 n[ let u walk along ! bank & see :at ! brook is do+ to increase ?is load4 ,j "h !re is a sudd5 turn 9 ! *annel & s %>p is ! curve t ! ru%+ /ream is n able to keep 9 mid-*annel1 b ?r[s itself furi\sly aga9/ ! out] bank ( ! curve1 eat+ into ! clay ( :i* x is compos$1 until ! bank is und]m9$1 all[+ a mass ( clay to slide d[n into ! /ream b$1 :]e x is eat5 up & c>ri$ away by ! ru%+ wat] 7,fig4 #dc74 ,f>!r on1 ! brook da%es d[n a /eep1 rocky incl9e1 & if we li/5 & wat* we may he> ! ?ud ( b\ld]s hurl$ along1 or ev5 see a pebble b\nd out ( ! muddy foam+ wat]4 ,^! mov+ pebbles /rike aga9/ ea* o!r & gr9d along ! bottom1 we>+ out !mselves z well z ! l>ge unmovable b\ld]s ( ! rocky b$ ( ! brook4 ,?us ! l>g] /ones are gr\nd d[n1 r\nd$ at fir/ b 9 "t r$uc$ to s&1 add+ 9 ?is way to ! mov+ burd5 ( ! brook4 ,by ?is sl[ process ( cutt+ & gr9d+1 ! deep rock gorges ( ,new ,york /ate1 l ^? at ,watk9s1 ,i?aca1 ,au ,sable ,*asm1 & ev5 ! mighty gorge ( ,niag>a1 h be5 made4 ,! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado1 ov] a mile 9 dep?1 is "o ( ! greate/ examples ( /ream cutt+ to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,a pile ( brook debris deposit$ by ! *eck+ ( ! curr5t4 ,n[ ! brook leads u into a dripp+ woodl&1 & j ahead we c he> ! ro> ( a little wat]fall1 = at ?is po9t ! cutt+ /ream fl[s ^u ! b$ rock ) its alt]nat+ b&s ( h>d & s(t rock ?r\gh :i* ! busy brook is cutt+ a m9iature gorge4 ,"h is a h>d lay] :i* ! /ream has und]m9$ until x /&s out z a %elf1 ov] :i* ! wat] leaps & falls 9 "o mass ) a drop ( ne>ly t5 feet4 ,wat* h[ ! wat] bel[ boils & eddies2 ?9k ) :at =ce x is hamm]+ its /one-cutt+ tools ^u ! rocky floor4 ,surely "h is a place :]e ! brook is cutt+ fa/4 ,notice t swirl+ eddy :]e ! wat] is :irl+ ab\t ) ! spe$ ( a sp9n+ top2 let u rememb] ?is eddy & :5 ! wat] is l[] we w try to see :at is happ5+ at its bottom4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! woods our brook em]ges into a broad mead[2 let u foll[ x & see :at becomes ( its load1 :e!r x is c>ri$ onw>d1 or :e!r ! tir$ brook lays x d[n occasionally to re/4 ,out ( ! woods1 ! brook da%es d[n a /eep incl9e until ! foam+ tide comes to re/ 9 a deep pool4 ,:at becomes ( ! l>ge pebbles :i* h be5 swept d[n8 ,d !y g on or d !y /op8 ,if y g to ! outlet ( ! pool y w see t ! wat] is com+ out ) no?+ 9 its grasp b ! f9e clay & s&1 ! gravel & pebbles hav+ be5 dropp$ by ! less rapid curr5t ( ! pool4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! brook's lessons1 = any?+ t t5ds to *eck ! curr5t makes x drop "s ( ! s$im5t t x c>ries 7,fig4 #dd74 ,yond] is an old tree /ump ) its crook$ roots caught fa/ on ! bottom2 ! mid-/ream curr5t ru%es aga9/ x only to be ?r[n back 9 a boil+ eddy1 & ! wat]s split 9 twa9 & fl[ by on ei!r side ) _! curr5t some:at *eck$4 ,9 ! re> ( ! /ump is a region ( quiet wat] :]e ! brook is build+ up a pile ( gravel4 ,f>!r on1 ! banks ( ! brook are l[ & "h ! wat]s no long] rema9 9 ! *annel1 b ov]fl[ ! l[ l&1 spread+ out on ei!r side 9 a broad %eet4 ,! increas$ friction ( ?is l>g] area r$uces ! curr5t1 & aga9 we see ! brook lay+ d[n "s ( its load4 ,! s& & gravel deposit$ "h is spread out 9 a flat pla9 call$ a flood pla91 because x is built up :5 ! /ream is 9 flood4 ,x is on ! l>ge flood pla9s ( riv]s t _m ( our ri*e/ f>m l&s occur4 ,^! receive1 ea* spr+ :5 ! /ream is 9 flood1 a fre% coat+ ( soil mix$ ) fragm5ts ( vegetable matt]1 & ?us gr[ deep] & ri*] ye> by ye>4 ,! flood pla9s ( ! ,mississippi & ( ! ,nile are notable examples ( ?is important =m ( /ream deposit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,a delta built by a t9y rill fl[+ f a /eep clay bank4 ,& n[ let u make "o m ra9y-day obs]vation be=e go+ back to our w>m1 dry homes4 ,j ahead on ! o!r side ( t clump ( ald]s & will[s lies ! pond into :i* ! brook fl[s & :]e its curr5t is s *eck$ t x gives up almo/ all its burd5 ( s$im5t4 ,close to ! %ore x has dropp$ its heavie/ fragm5ts1 :ile ! s& & clay h be5 c>ri$ f>!r out1 ea* to be dropp$ 9 its turn1 c>efully assort$ z to size & weight4 ,"h y c see t ! /ream has p>tly fill$ ?is end ( ! pond1 & x is n[ s5d+ its divid$ curr5t out ov] ! deposit :i* x has made 9 a s]ies ( bran*+ rivulets4 ,?is deposit is call$ a delta 7,fig4 #de71 & deltas are ano!r important =m ( /ream deposits4 ,9 ! lakes & ponds1 deltas may gr[ outw>d until ! lake is fill$1 :5 ! /ream w me&] across ! level pla9 )\t mu* curr5t & h5ce )\t mu* cutt+ p[] 7,fig4 #df74 ,9 ! sea1 great deltas are be+ =m$ 9 "s places1 l ^? at ! m\?s ( ! ,mississippi1 ! ,nile1 & ! ,ganges4 ,l>ge areas ( dry l& h ?us be5 built4 ,deltas1 l flood pla9s1 af=d ri* f>m+ l&s :5 !y are built high en\gh to rema9 above ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,a brook fl[+ across a pond :i* has be5 fill$4 ,"h let u end our /udy ( ! brook = to-day1 & wait until ! ra9 ceases & ! wat] runs cle> aga92 !n we c see ! bottom & c also le>n by contra/ h[ mu* m "w ! brook has be5 do+ to-day ?an x does :5 ! volume ( wat] is less4 ,on ! road home1 h[ev]1 we c notice h[ ! tempor>y /reams1 z well z ! ev]fl[+ brook1 h be5 cutt+ & deposit+4 ,see :]e ?is t9y rill has run d[n t /eep clay bank until its curr5t 0 *eck$ at ! foot4 ,notice h[ x has spread out its s$im5t 9 a fan-%ap$ deposit4 ,?is =m ( deposit is sometimes made by l>g] /reams1 especially 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry ) pla9s at ! foot ( ! slopes4 ,!y are call$ alluvial fans or cone deltas 7,fig4 #dg71 b !y are n z important z flood pla9s & deltas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,a brook build+ a delta into a lake4 ,=m]ly ! brook fl[$ /raight ahead1 b its own delta has caus$ x to *ange its direction4 ,! fir/ dry1 sunny morn+ t comes we visit ! brook aga94 ,x no long] ro>s1 b its cle> wat]s n[ s+ a pleasant melody z !y ripple along ! /ony b$4 ,we c see at a glance t comp>atively little "w is go+ on to-day1 & yet if we look closely1 we %all see glitt]+ p>ticles ( s& mov+ along ! bottom4 ,! cle> wat]1 h[ev]1 all[s u to /udy ! bottom :i* be=e 0 hidd5 by ! load ( mud4 ,fir/ we see ! r\nd$ b\ld]s & pebbles ( all sizes :i* mu/ h be5 roll$ ab\t = a long "t to make !m s smoo?4 ,"s ( !m are s v h>d t we _c ev5 scrat* !m ) our knives2 o!rs are s(t & easily brok54 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( roll+ toge!r /ones ( su* v>y+ h>dness8 ,we mu/ ?9k ( ^! /ones z ! tools ) :i* ! brook cuts & gr9ds1 = wat] )\t s$im5t c d little m ?an slightly to dissolve ! rock4 ,let u g at once to ! little wat]fall1 = we %all be curi\s to see :at lies at ! bottom ( ! :irl+ eddy t drew our att5tion ye/]day4 ,z we look d[n into ! sunlit pool we see t ! eddy is gone1 = ! volume ( wat] is n great en\gh to cause x to revolve1 b !re 9 ! rock on ! bottom is a deep bas9-l hole4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is hole we %all see a numb] ( well-r\nd$ /ones1 ) p]haps "s s& & gravel4 ,^! /ones are ! tools :i*1 :irl$ ab\t by ! eddy+ wat]1 h cut ! bas9-l holes4 ,holes ( ?is sort are common 9 rocky /ream b$s1 especially 9 ! neighborhood ( falls or 9 places :]e falls h once be52 !y are call$ pot-holes & repres5t ano!r =m ( /ream cutt+ 7,fig4 #dh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,a pot-hole cut 9 ! rock ( a /ream's b$4 ,next let u visit ! flood pla9s :i* we saw =m+ :5 ! wat] 0 high4 ,n[ we %all f9d ! brook fl[+ 9 its *annel ) ! flood pla9 deposits left high & dry4 ,if we dig d[n into ! flood pla91 we %all see t x is made up ( successive lay]s v>y+ 9 ?ickness & 9 ! size ( ! fragm5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! lay]s repres5ts a p]iod ( high wat] & ! size ( ! fragm5ts 9 ! lay] tells u some?+ ( ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 & !re=e ( ! int5sity ( ! flood4 ,"s lay]s are ?ick] ?an o!rs1 %[+ a long] p]iod ( flood1 or p]haps sev]al floods 9 :i* !re 0 little v>iation4 ,?is /ratification1 z x is call$1 is "o ( ! peculi>ities ( wat] deposits & x is due to ! assort+ p[] ( curr5ts :i* v>y 9 =ce4 ,if we 7 to cut into ! delta we %\ld f9d ! same ?+ to be true1--a regul> succession ( lay]s1 ?\gh sometimes confus$ by *anges 9 direction ( fl[4 ,to-day we %all notice some?+ :i* escap$ our att5tion :5 x 0 held by ! ru%+ torr5t--! valley bottom is mu* wid] ?an ! b$ ( ! /ream2 if we keep our eyes op5 we %all see ! explanation ( ?is 9 ! ab&on$ *annels1 :]e1 ow+ to "s tempor>y ob/ructions1 ! /ream has be5 turn$ f side to side ( ! valley1 n[ cutt+ on "o bank & n[ on ! o!r4 ,9 ?is turn+ f side to side ! cutt+ area ( ! /ream is increas$1 & x goes on wid5+ its valley z well z cutt+ x d[nw>d4 ,& n[ we h le>n$ "s ( ! mo/ important ways 9 :i* ! busy brook is toil+2 b !re are o!r po9ts :i* we might h se51 & 9 "s brooks !re are special features to be not$4 ,h[ev]1 we h le>n$ t ! brook is no idl]1 t its ma9 "w is to conduct to ! ocean ! ra9 t falls ^u ! e>?'s surface1 & t 9 do+ ?is x is we>+ d[n ! hills1 c>ry+ !m away only to build up 9 o!r places4 ,! *e]ful song ( ! brook takes on a new mean+ z we lie 9 ! %ade & wat* x hurry by4 ,x is n ! song ( idl5ess nor ( pleasure1 b l ! song ) :i* a *e]ful & tireless work] seeks to make its task light]4 ,,leaflet ,,xi4 ,,insect ,,life ,,( ,a ,,brook4#ac ,,by ,,m>y ,,rog]s ,,mill]4 #ac ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #e3 ,leaflet #ah1 ,june1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,:at wad]1 be he boy or wat]-f[l1 has n wat*$ ! wat]-insects8 ,h[ !y d>t hi!r & ?i!r1 "s skimm+ ! surface1 o!rs /urdily r[+ ab\t 9 ! cle> %all[s6 ,! sunlight fa/5s1 = an in/ant1 _! grotesque reflections on ! smoo? bottom1 !n away--! %ad[ is lo/1 except = ! picture x left 9 ! memory ( ! onlook]4 ,! spla%+1 da%+ wad]1 ) 8 %\t & 8 all-di/urb+ /ick1 /&s b a poor *ance ( mak+ intimate acqua9tances among wat]-folk4 ,y\r true brook-lov] is a quiet individual except :5 occasion dem&s action4 ,! lad :o1 f ! vantage gr\nd ( a fall5 log or ov]hang+ bank1 looks d[n on ! h\sekeep+ affairs ( 8 t9y neighbors has ! "r _s4 ,inde$1 ,i d\bt :e!r ^! little folk are aw>e ( 8 pres5ce or curiosity4 ,"t 0 :5 ! enjoym5t ( brook-life 0 limit$ to boys4 ,:ite aprons1 da9ty slipp]s & fe> ( be+ call$ ,tom-boy re/ra9$ ! natural impulses ( ! little wom54 ,happily t day is pa/1 & x no long] looks que] = girls to live 9 ! op5 air & sun%9e1 free to *ase butt]flies & hunt wat]-bugs ) _! bro!rs4 ,my brooks ab\nd 9 swift eddies1 p]fect :irlpools 9 m9iature1 & wat]-falls ( assort$ sizes4 ,!y h also _! quiet rea*es1 :]e :irligig beetles p]=m _! m>vel\s gyrations1 & bright-ey$ polliwogs twirl _! tails 9 e>ly ,may4 ,on ! banks are f]ns & mosses2 sometimes will[s & ald]s =m a fr++ bord]4 ,! he>t-leav$ will[s along _m brooksides are f\nd to be> at ! tips ( _m ( _! bran*es1 knob-l bodies :i* look l p9e cones4 7,fig4 #di47 ,n[ ev]ybody kn[s t will[s be> _! se$s 9 catk9s4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld s _m brookside will[s ?ru/ ^! cones 9 our faces8 ,on cutt+ "o ( ! cones op51 we le>n ! secret4 ,a t9y colorless grub rolls helplessly out ( a cell 9 ! v c5tre ( ! cone4 ,x is ! "y ( a small gnat1 sc>cely l>g] ?an a mosquito1 & kn[n z a gall gnat4 ,! cone-%ap$ body on ! will[ bran* is call$ a p9e-cone will[-gall4 ,! little gray gnat comes out 9 ! spr+4 ,any "o c collect ! galls f ! will[s & keep !m 9 "s k9d ( cage 9 ! h\se until ! gnats come =?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,knob-l bodies resembl+ p9e cones4 ,! p9e-cone gall is an enl>g$ & de=m$ bud4 ,! twig might h develop$ into a bran* b = ! pres5ce ( ! little l>va4 ,! scales ( ! cone are ! p>ts :i* "u m favorable conditions w\ld h be5 leaves4 ,! brook-lov] _c af=d to miss ! p9e-cone will[-galls4 ,w&]+ along ! brookside 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]1 "o is surpris$ to f9d s _m insect visitors d>t+ ab\t 9 ! air4 ,!re are dragon-flies ( _m %apes1 sizes & colors2 da9ty damsel-flies p]* airily on re$s1 _! gleam+ w+s a-flutt] 9 ! sun%9e2 sometimes a n]v\s mud-wasp alights = a mom5t1 & !n up & away4 ,! dragon-flies seem int5t on com+ z ne> to ! wat] z possible )\t wett+ _! w+s4 ,!y pay no he$ to o!r visitors1 yet h[ easily !y escape ! net ( ! w\ld be collector6 ,let !m alone4 ,_! bus9ess is important if we w\ld h a new g5]ation ( dragon-flies to delight ! eye next ye>4 ,! eggs ( ^! creatures are left 9 ! wat] & ! "y ones are aquatic4 ,if y w\ld "k m ( !m1 dip d[n into ! /ream 9 "s sluggi% bay4 ,dip deep & trail ! net among ! wat] plants4 ,besides dragon-fly nymphs !re w be caddice-worm cases l t9y cob-h\ses1 wat]-boatm51 back-swimm]s1 & giant wat]-bugs4#ad ,^! are insects *>act]i/ic ( /ill or sluggi% wat]1 & are f\nd 9 spr+ & summ]4 #ad ,^! & o!r =ms f\nd 9 /ill or sl[ fl[+ wat] are describ$ & pictur$ 9 ,leaflet ,no4 ,,xii1 ,life 9 an ,aqu>ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,wat]-/rid]s h long1 ?9 legs4 ,! insects :i* skip lightly ov] ! surface ( ! wat] :]e ! curr5t is n too /rong1 are wat]-/rid]s4 7,fig4 #ej47 ,"s are %ort & /\t1 o!rs sl5d]-bodi$2 b all h long ?9 legs4 ,_! color is ne>ly black4 ,z !y scurry ab\t 9 ! sun%9e ! delight$ wat*] w sometimes cat* a glimpse ( _! reflections on ! bottom4 ,six oval bits ( %ad[1 outl9$ by rims ( light2 !re is no?+ else l x6 ,be sure y see x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,! dobson makes no pret5sions to beauty4 7,natural size74 ,let u leave ! quiet1 re/ful pools & ! sluggi% bays1 & foll[ ! hurry+ wat] to ! rapids4 ,e /one *anges ! c\rse ( ! curr5t & ! babble makes glad ! he>t ( ! wayf>]4 ,let u leave no /one unturn$1 until we h r\t$ f 8 favorite haunt t g5ius ( ! rapids1 ! dobson4 7,fig4 #ea47 ,^! creatures be> o!r common names4 ,!y are priz$ by fi%]m5 9 ! black bass season4 ,dirty br[n 9 color & frankly ugly 9 appe>ance & disposition1 ^! l>v1 = su* !y are1 h little to fe> f ! casual visitor at ! wat]'s edge4 ,:5 a /one is lift$1 ! dobsons b5ea? x all[ !mselves to be hurri$ along = "s di/ance by ! curr5t4 ,! dang] ov]1 !y cat* hold & await _! prey f>!r d[n /ream4 ,9 spite ( _! vici\s look+ jaws ^! insects are n v5om\s4 ,at ! v wor/ !y c\ld d no m ?an p9* ! f+] ( ! unw>y explor]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,may-fly nymph4 7,?ree times natural size74 ,:5 ! dobson is full gr[n1 x is call$ a hellgrammite fly or horn$ corydalis4 ,x has lo/ none ( its ugl9ess1 ?\gh x has ga9$ two pairs ( ?91 br[ni%-gray w+s1 & flies ab\t 9 ! ev5+4 ,x has be5 kn[n to create "s con/]nation by fly+ 9 at an op5 w9d[4 ,x is h>mless & %ort-liv$ 9 ! adult /age4 ,upturn$ /ones are likely to br+ to view o!r /rang]s4 ,ly+ close aga9/ ^! wet /ony surfaces "o usually f9ds "y ,may-flies4 7,fig4 #eb4ae7 ,^!1 l ! "y dragon-flies1 are call$ nymphs4 #ae ,figures #eb1 #ec & #ed are adapt$ f ,dr4 ,r4 ,leuck>t's ,zoological ,*>ts4 ,:5 !y are ready to leave ! wat] !y make _! way to ! %ore1 &1 cl++ to "s conv5i5t tree trunk or build+1 !y %$ _! nymph sk9s4 ,i h se5 trees & build+s on ! banks ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] lit]ally cov]$ ) ^! ca/ sk9s4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ 9 ,june & ,july "o may wat* ! molt+ process1 ! unfold+ ( ! gauzy w+s1 & ! un%ea?+ ( ! long filam5ts4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,d n believe t ,may-flies are h>mful4 ,!y are sometimes too num]\s = com=t at summ] resorts :]e myriads ( !m sw>m ab\t ! lights2 b /ories ( _! /++ & bit+ are entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,!y are %ort-liv$ 9 ! adult /age4 ,! "n ( ! family to :i* !y belong1 ,ephem]id1 sugge/s _! ephem]al exi/5ce4 ,x is ( ^! t poets h sung4 ,/one-fly nymphs1 also1 cl+ closely to ! flat /ones4 ,! ca/ sk9s ( ^! are frequ5tly f\nd on ! banks ( /reams4 ,!y resemble ! ,may-fly nymphs b c be id5tifi$ by a comp>ison ) ^! illu/rations4 7,fig4 #ed47 ,sometimes on ! v br9k ( a cat>act "o w see :at appe> l pat*es ( loose black moss4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ^! are ! l>v ( black-flies1 relat$ to ! t]rible black-fly ( ! nor? woods4 ,! black-fly l>v c live only 9 ! swifte/ wat]4 ,!re !y pass ?r\gh _! trans=mations & succe$ 9 em]g+ into _! arial /age1 9 spite ( ! ru%+ curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! ,may-fly %$s its nymph sk94 7,twice natural size47 ,all ^! ?+s & _m m are se5 by ^? :o frequ5t ! wat] brooks4 ,obs]v]s _c tell all !y see1 = "s ?+s are too deep = words4 ,!y c & d say to "o & all1 ,come1 let u visit ! brook toge!r4 ,! wat] & all t dwell 9 x & r\nd ab\t1 invite u & make u welcome4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,/one-fly1 %[+ "o pair ( w+s4 ,! l[] figure is a nymph4 7,twice natural size47 ,,leaflet ,,xii4 ,,life ,,9 ,,an ,,aqu>ium4#af ,,by ,,m>y ,,rog]s ,,mill]4 #af ,tea*]s' ,leaflet ,no4 #aa4 ,may1 #ahih4 ,illu/ration ,!re is no m fasc9at+ adjunct to nature-/udy ?an a well-kept aqu>ium4 ,x is a nev]-end+ s\rce ( enjoym5t1 int]e/ & in/ruction to /ud5ts ( any age4 ,*ildr5 9 ! k9d]g>t5 or at home w wat* ) delight ! lively occupants1 :i* cut all sorts ( que] cap]s = _! amusem5t1 & old] p may read "s ( nature's *oice/ secrets ?r\gh ! glassy sides ( ! little wat] _w4 ,to _m1 ! ^w aqu>ium sugge/s a vision ( an elaborately con/ruct$ glass box1 ornam5t$ ) impossible rock-"w & /range wat] plants1 or a globe 9 :i* disc\rag$ & sickly-look+ gold-fi% appe> & disappe>1 & take /range1 uncanny %apes z !y d>t hi!r & ?i!r4 ,su* =ms ( aqu>ia h _! place 9 ! _w1 b !y are n suit$ to ! ne$s ( an ord9>y s*ool-room4 ,e s*ool may h "s sort ( an aqu>ium if ! tea*] & pupils are will+ to give x "s daily ?\ght & c>e4 ,)\t su* att5tion a f9e aqu>ium may become an unsightly & disagreeable object1 its inhabitants unheal?y & its beauty & usefulness lo/4 ,! great fundam5tal pr9ciple und]ly+ success 9 mak+ & ma9ta9+ an aqu>ium is ?is3 imitate nature4 ,we all "k h[ mu* easi] x is to =mulate a pr9ciple1 & ev5 to write a book ab\t x1 ?an to put x into practice4 ,mo/ ( u h n _h ! "t & opportunity = ! close obs]vation ( nature necess>y to int]pret h] me?ods & to imitate h]4 ,x is to ^? tea*]s :o are anxi\s to le>n :at nature has to tea* & :o wi% to lead _! pupils to a high] & wid] conception ( life1 t ^! sugge/ions are (f]$4 ,f\r ?+s are important 9 mak+ & keep+ an aqu>ium3 #a4 ,! equilibrium betwe5 plant & animal life mu/ be secur$ & ma9ta9$4 ,x is probable t an aqu>ium 9 an elem5t>y s*ool is ma9ly us$ = ! /udy ( animal life2 b animals d n ?rive 9 wat] :]e no plants are gr[+4 ,nature keeps plants & animals 9 ! same pond & we mu/ foll[ h] lead4 ,! plants h ?ree valuable functions 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,fir/1 !y supply food = ! h]bivor\s creatures4 ,second1 !y give (f a quantity ( oxyg5 :i* is necess>y to ! life ( ! animals4 ,?ird1 !y take up f ! wat] ! h>mful c>bonic acid gas :i* passes f ! bodies ( ! animals4 ,j h[ ! plants d ?is is ano!r /ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,a museum-j> aqu>ium4 7,m animal life w\ld make a bett] equilibrium47 #b4 ,! aqu>ium mu/ be v5tilat$4 ,its top %\ld be broad & op54 ,e little fi%1 snail & insect wants air1 j z e boy & girl wants x4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( air is mix$ ) ! wat]1 & ! creatures mu/ brea! t or come to ! surface = _! supply4 ,h[ does ,"m ,nature manage ! v5tilation ( h] aqu>ia1--! ponds & /reams8 ,! plants furni% "p ( ! air1 z we h said4 ,! op5 pond1 ^: surface is ruffl$ by e pass+ breeze1 is con/antly be+ provid$ ) fre% air4 ,a tadpole or a fi% c no m live 9 a long-neck$ bottle ?an a boy c live 9 a *imney4 #c4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be kept betwe5 #dj & #ej ,fahr4 ,bo? nature & exp]i5ce tea* u ?is4 ,a %ady corn] is a bett] place = ! aqu>ium ?an a sunny w9d[ on a w>m day4 #d4 ,x is well to *oose su* animals = ! aqu>ium z are adapt$ to life 9 /ill wat]4 ,unless "o has an arrangem5t ( wat] pipes to supply a con/ant fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! aqu>ium1 x is bett] n to try to keep creatures t we f9d 9 swift /reams4 ,practical exp]i5ce %[s t !re are c]ta9 dang]s to gu>d aga9/1--dang]s :i* may result 9 ! unnecess>y suff]+ ( ! innoc5t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s results come f ov]/ock+4 ,x is bett] to h too few plants or animals ?an too _m ( ei!r4 ,a great deal ( light1 especially bright sunlight1 is n good = ! aqu>ium4 ,a pond t is n %ad$ soon becomes gre5 ) a ?ick gr[? ( slime or alg4 ,?is does n look well 9 an aqu>ium & is likely to take up s mu* ( ! plant-food t ! o!r plants are />v$ out4 ,! plants 9 ! s*ool-room w9d[ may provide %ade = ! aqu>ium1 j z ! trees & %rubs on its banks %ade ! pond4 ,if we f9d gre5 slime =m+ on ! light side ( our m9iature pond1 we %\ld put x 9 a d>k] place1 %ade x heavily s t ! light comes 9 f ! top only1 & put 9 a few m snails4 ,^! w make quick "w ( ! gre5 slime1 s9ce !y are fond ( x1 if we are n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,a rectangul> glass aqu>ium4 ,"s ( ! mo/ innoc5t-look+ wat] nymphs may be conceal+ habits t we c h>dly approve4 ,!re are "s :i* fe$ on _! small] & weak] neighbors1 & ev5 on ! memb]s ( _! own families4 ,we "k t su* ?+s g on 9 nature1 b if we wi% to h a happy family we mu/ keep ! cannibals by !mselves4 ,aft] an aqu>ium has be5 fill$ ) wat] & ! inhabitants well e/abli%$1 x is n necess>y to *ange ! wat]1 except 9 case ( accid5t4 ,! wat] t is lo/ by evaporation has to be replac$4 ,x %\ld be p\r$ 9 g5tly 9 ord] n to di/urb ! wat] & de/roy its cle>ness4 ,if a piece ( rubb] tub+ is available1 a practical use ( ! siphon c be %[n & ! aqu>ium repl5i%$ at ! same "t4 ,x is a good plan to use ra9 wat]1 or cle> wat] f a pond1 = ?is purpose4 ,a piece ( ?9 bo>d or a pane ( glass may be us$ z a cov] to keep ! du/ out ( ! aqu>ium4 ,?is ne$ n fit tightly or be left on all ! "t4 ,a wire nett+ or a cov] ( ?9 cotton net w\ld keep ! fly+ insects f escap+1 & x might be ti$ on p]man5tly4 ,du/ may be skimm$ (f ! top ( ! wat] or may be remov$ by lay+ pieces ( blott+ pap] on ! surface = a mom5t4 ,if any ( ! inhabitants d n take k9dly to ! life 9 ! aqu>ium1 !y c be tak5 out & kept 9 a j> by !mselves--a sort ( fre% air & cold wat] cure4 ,if any *ance to die !y ought to be remov$ be=e !y make ! wat] unfit = ! o!rs4 ,bits ( *>coal 9 ! wat] are helpful if a deodoriz] or dis9fectant is ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,a home-made aqu>ium4 ,exp]i5ce1 ! de> b ?or\gh tea*]1 is ( m value to e "o ( u ?an _m rules & precepts4 ,no?+ c rob u ( ! pleasure t comes ( f9d+ ?+s out = ourselves4 ,mu* ( ! fun z well z mu* ( ! success 9 life comes f ov]com+ its difficulties4 ,"o mu/ h a l>ge /ore ( pati5ce & c\rage & hopefulness to und]take ! c>e ( an aqu>ium4 ,aft] x is once made x is less tr\ble to take c>e ( ?an a can>y or a pet rabbit4 ,b mo/ ?+s t are wor? do+ require pati5ce1 c\rage & hopefulness1 & if we c add to our /ore ( any ( ^! by our /udy ( life 9 an aqu>ium we are s mu* ! bett] = x4 ,two k9ds ( aqu>ia w be f\nd useful 9 any s*ool4 ,p]man5t ones--^? :i* are expect$ to cont9ue ?r\gh a season or ?r\gh a :ole ye> if ! s*ool-room is w>m en\gh to prev5t freez+2 & tempor>y ones--^? :i* are = lesson h\rs or = ! /udy ( special =ms4 ,if "s "o phase 9 ! life ( any aquatic animal is to be /udi$ dur+ a %ort p]iod1 x is well to h special tempor>y aqu>ia4 ,also1 :5 a talk on "s ( ! occupants ( ! l>g] aqu>ium is to be giv51 specim5s may be plac$ 9 small vessels = ! "t be+ & return$ lat]4 ,= su* purposes glass tumbl]s c be us$1 or small fruit j>s1 f+] b[ls1 brok5 goblets set 9 blocks ( wood1 ord9>y :ite b[ls or di%es1 tubs1 pails or tanks = l>ge fi%es1--9 fact any wide-m\!d vessel :i* is easy to get4 ,special sugge/ions w be made 9 connection ) ! /udy ( "s ( ! wat] insects & o!rs4 ,a p]man5t aqu>ium ne$ n be an exp5sive affair4 ,! rectangul> ones are be/ if l>ge fi%es are to be kept1 yet !y are n ess5tial4 ,"h1 aga91 x is easi] to write directions = ! con/ruction ( a p]fect aqu>ium ?an x is = ! mo/ pati5t tea*]1 ) ! help ( ! boys :o are h&y ) tools1 to put toge!r a box ( wood & glass t w n spr+ a leak "s day & spoil ev]y?+4 ,b failures d n disc\rage u2 !y make u only m det]m9$4 ,if a rectangul> wat]-tight box is out ( ! "q1 :at is ! next be/ ?+8 ,"o ( ! busie/ laboratories 9 ,new ,york ,/ate has plants & animals liv+ 9 j>s ( all %apes & sizes1--fruit j>s1 glass butt] j>s1 c&y j>s1 batt]y j>s1 museum j>s1 & o!rs ( l nature4 ,!re are rectangul> & r\nd aqu>ia ( v>i\s sizes kept by all firms :o deal 9 laboratory supplies1 & if "s money is to be sp5t1 "o ( ^! is a good inve/m5t4 ,fig4 #ef %[s "o ( ^! rectangul> ones1 & ,fig4 #eg %[s a r\nd "o ( small size :i* is useful & does n co/ mu*4 ,a ,,good ,,s*ool ,,aqu>ium4 ,a *eap1 sub/antial aqu>ium = g5]al use may be made ( glass & angle or valley t94 ,pieces ( glass are always h&y & ! t9 c be _h at any t9-%op4 ,! t9smi? w "k j h[ to cut1 angle & sold] x4 ,! foll[+ directions = mak+ an aqu>ium ( ?is k9d are suppli$ u by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,f4 ,hodge ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,he has made & us$ !m = ye>s ) great satisfaction 9 ! univ]sity laboratory & 9 grad$ s*ools4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #eh1 #ei7 %[s v>i\s sizes4 ,a good all-r\nd size has ^! dim5sions3 #ab in*es high1 #ae in*es long & #h in*es wide4 ,"o may use spoil$ photographic plates = small desk aqu>ia1 9 :i* to wat* ! developm5t ( wiggl]s1 dragon-fly nymphs or o!r wat] insects4 ,lids ( wire scre5 are %[n on "s ( ! aqu>ia 9 ! picture 7#a1 #b & #c74 ,to make ! frame4--,if ! aqu>ium is to be #aj x #h x #e in*es1 we %all ne$ two pieces ( glass = sides #aj x #e in*es1 two = ends #h x #aj1 & "o = bottom #h x #e2 & two /rips ( t9 #c_/d in* wide1 #bh in*es long1 & f\r /rips #aj-c_/h in*es long4 ,^! %\ld be angl$ by ! t9n]1 & out ( !m we %all make ! frame4 ,! #bh-;in* /rips %\ld be cut ) t9n]'s snips half way 9 two at #aj-c_/h1 #e-c_/h1 #aj-c_/h & #e-c_/h in*es1 cutt+ (f ! end at ! la/ m>k4 ,?is keeps ! top & ! bottom ( ! frame ea* 9 "o piece4 ,next we b5d !m into %ape4 ,:5 ! corn]s are well squ>$ !y %\ld be sold]$4 ,! f\r #aj-c_/h pieces make ! v]tical corn]s & we w sold] !m 9 place4 ,an easy way to be sure t ea* angle is squ>e is to hold x 9 a me*anic's squ>e :ile sold]+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #eh1 #ei4 ,p]man5t aqu>ium made ( t9 & glass4 ,to set ! glass4--,lay ! aqu>ium cem5t 7see recipe7 on ev5ly all ar\nd ! bottom ( ! frame & press ! bottom glass into place4 ,put 9 ! sides & ends 9 ! same way4 ,next c>efully put a few v limb] twigs into ! aqu>ium to hold ! glass aga9/ ! frame till ! cem5t takes hold4 ,cut (f ! extra cem5t ) a knife & smoo? x nicely4 ,cov] ! frame ) asphaltum v>ni% or black lacqu]4 ,9 a week x w be ready to use4 ,d\ble ?ick glass mu/ be us$ = l>ge aqu>ia4 ,cem5t4--,%un all res9\s cem5ts t require to be put on hot4 ,! foll[+ is a recipe = cem5t us$ 9 successful angle t9 aqu>ia1 = bo? salt & fre% wat]3 #aj p>ts1 by measure1 f9e1 dry1 :ite s&1 #aj p>ts pla/] ( ,p>is1 #aj p>ts li?>ge1 #a "p p[d]$ res94 ,/ir well toge!r &1 z want$1 mix to consi/5cy ( /iff putty ) pure boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,! =mula giv5 by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission is recomm5d$3 #h p>ts putty1 #a "p r$ lead1 #a "p li?>ge4 ,mix1 :5 want$1 to consi/5cy ( /iff putty1 ) raw l9se$ oil4 ,aft] read+ all ^! directions & gett+ ! idea ( an aqu>ium1 "o %\ld ?9k ! :ole matt] out = himself & make x j z he wants x4 ,directions are useful z sugge/ions only4 ,! %all[ =m is bett] = rais+ toads1 frogs & insect l>v2 ! deep] aqu>ia %[ wat] plants & fi%es to bett] advantage4 ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,! ,,aqu>ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,eel-grass4 ,x is n[ "t to beg9 to ?9k ab\t :at %all be kept 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,at ! bottom a lay] ( s&1 ! clean] ! bett]1 two or ?ree in*es deep w be ne$$4 ,a few /ones1 n too l>ge1 may be dropp$ 9 on top ( ?is fir/ lay]1 to make x m natural4 ,! wat] plants come next & w ?rive be/ if plant$ securely 9 ! s&4 ,! mo/ difficult ?+ is to get ! wat] 9 )\t /irr+ ?+s up4 ,a good way is to p\r ! wat] 9 a sl[ /ream aga9/ ! inside ( ! aqu>ium4 ,! be/ way is to use a rubb] tube siphon1 b ev5 !n ! wat] ought n to fl[ f a v great height4 ,if ! aqu>ium is l>ge1 x _h bett] be put 9 its p]man5t place be=e fill+4 ,! aqu>ium w soon be ready = snails1 polliwogs1 & :at ev] else we may wi% to put into x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days ! plants w be giv+ up oxyg5 & ask+ = c>bon dioxid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,duck-we$4 ,plants t ?rive & are useful 9 aqu>ia4--,_m ( ! common m>% or pond plants are suitable4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ a few ( ^!4 ,no?+ c be pretti] ?an "s ( ^! s(t1 delicate plants 9 ! wat]4 ,! eel-grass1 or tape grass 7,fig4 #fj71 is an int]e/+ /udy 9 itself1 especially at blossom+ "t :5 ! spiral /ems1 be>+ fl[]s1 appe>4 ,any :o are especially int]e/$ 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ?is plant may read 9 ref]5ce books a great deal ab\t :at o!r obs]v]s h le>n$ f ! plant conc]n+ its me?ods ( gr[? & developm5t4 ,! be/ t we le>n w be :at ! plant itself tells u day by day4 ,"s ( ! be/ ref]5ce books on bo? plant & animal life are f\nd 9 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,libr>y & c be obta9$ by tea*]s ?r\gh ! s*ool commission]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,wat] plants4 ,e boy & girl :o likes to ta/e ! fre%1 pepp]y plants :i* !y f9d gr[+ 9 cold spr+s1 kn[s wat]cress4 ,if ! aqu>ium is n too deep1 ?is plant w gr[ above ! surface & furni% a re/+ place = "s snail :i*1 tir$ p]haps by its con/ant activity1 enjoys a few m9utes 9 ! op5 air4 ,duck-we$ or duck's-meat 7,fig4 #fa7 gr[s on ! surface1 dangl+ its long ?read-l roots 9 ! wat]4 ,a little ( x is en\gh4 ,too mu* w\ld keep u f look+ d[n ^u our little fri5ds 9 ! wat]4 ,! p>rot's fea!r 7,fig4 #fb1 ,a7 is an ornam5tal wat] plant t c be obta9$ f a flori/2 a plant t looks v l x gr[s 9 our ponds4 ,x is call$ wat]-milfoil4 ,! wat] purslane1 ,b1 or ! common /oneworts1 ,nitella & ,*>a1 ,d1 ,e1 ! wat]we$1 ,f1 & ! horn-wort1 ,c1 appe> graceful & pretty 9 ! wat]4 ,if y d n f9d any ( ^!1 y are sure to f9d o!rs gr[+ 9 ! ponds 9 y\r neighborhood :i* w answ] ! purpose j z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,snail4 ,animals t may be kept 9 aqu>ia4--,! snail4 ,! common pond snail ) ! spiral %ell1 ei!r flat or conical1 c be f\nd cl++ to ! /ems ( ! cat-tails or flags & to float+ rubbi% 9 ponds or swamps4 ,if ^! are pick$ (f c>efully & tak5 home 9 a pail ( wat] !y w be valuable inhabitants = ! aqu>ium4 ,!y are vegetable fe$]s & unless !re is "s gre5 slime 9 ! wat]1 cabbage or lettuce leaves may be put :]e ! snails c get !m4 ,! eggs ( ! snail are excell5t food = fi%es1 & if a few c\ld be secur$ = special /udy1 _! =m1 habits & developm5t may be made delightful obs]vation & draw+ lessons4 ,snails c be kept out ( ! wat] = "s "t on moi/ e>?4 ,l& snails & slugs %\ld be kept on wet s& & f$ ) lettuce & cabbage leaves4 ,! common slug ( ! g>d5 is (t5 injuri\s to vegetation4 ,x may always be track$ by ! trail ( slime x leaves beh9d x4 ,g>d5]s (t5 protect plants f ^? creatures by spr9kl+ wood-a%es ab\t !m4 ,m9n[s4 ,e boy kn[s :]e to f9d ^! spry little fell[s4 ,!y c be collect$ ) a dipp] or net & w ?rive 9 an aqu>ium if f$ ) e>? worms or flies or o!r insects4 ,if kept 9 small qu>t]s :]e food is sc>ce1 !y w soon dispat* ! o!r occupants ( ! j>4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 eat bits ( fre% meat4 ,if ! aqu>ium is l>ge en\gh1 x w\ld h>dly be complete )\t m9n[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,snail ) conical %ell4 ,cat fi%4--,x w n be practicable to keep a cat fi% 9 ! p]man5t aqu>ium4 ,if "o is to be /udi$ x c be obta9$ at any fi% m>ket or by angl+1 ! latt] a sl[ me?od1 b "o :i* w appeal to e boy 9 ! class4 ,! cat fi% %\ld be kept 9 a tub1 tank1 or l>ge pan ( wat]1 & if n want$ = laboratory "w1 !y might be fri$ = lun*1 z cat fi% are v good eat+4 ,gold fi% are a special delight if kept 9 l>ge aqu>ia4 ,^! may (t5 be obta9$ f deal]s 9 ! l>g] cities4 ,^? :o wi% o!r fi% = /udy %\ld be able to get in=mation f ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,fi% ,culturi/1 conc]n+ ! species t are suit$ to life 9 /ill wat]1 & h[ to get & take c>e ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,frog spawn4 ,! clam4--,if empty clam %ells are pl5ty on ! bank ( "s /ream aft] a fre%et1 a supply ( clams may be obta9$ by rak+ ! mud or s& at ! bottom ( ! /ream4 ,!y c be kept 9 a %all[ pan1 & if ! wat] is w>mi% & !y are left undi/urb$ = a "t1 !y w move ab\t4 ,if kept 9 a j> ( damp s& !y w probably bury !mselves4 ,!y fe$ on microscopic plants & might n ?rive 9 ! p]man5t aqu>ium4 ,crawfi% or crayfi%4--,^! c be collect$ ) nets f "u /ones 9 creeks or ponds4 ,!y c live v com=tably out ( ! wat] "p ( ! "t4 ,!re is small *ance = ! unsuspect+ snail or wat] insect :i* comes )9 rea* ( ! hungry jaws ( ! crawfi%1 & ! tempor>y aqu>ium is ! safe/ place = him4 ,_m :o live ne> ! ocean c obta9 & keep 9 sea wat] ! lob/]1 a c\s9 ( ! crawfi%1 & w f9d t ! habits ( ei!r w af=d mu* amusem5t z well z in/ruction4 ,! s*ool boy g5]ally kn[s ! crawfi% z a crab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,a useful net = g5]al collect+4 ,! frog4--,! /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! common frog is accompani$ ) little or no difficulty4 ,to be sure !re are "s species :i* require two or ?ree ye>s to complete _! gr[? & *anges1 f ! egg to ! adult1 yet mo/ ( ! *anges c be se5 9 "o ye>4 ,frogs are n at all %y 9 ! spr+1 proclaim+ _! :]eab\ts 9 no unc]ta9 tones f e pond 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! frog spawn c be f\nd cl++ to plants or rubbi% 9 masses v>y+ 9 size f a clu/] ( two or ?ree eggs to great lumps z l>ge z ! two fi/s4 ,! spawn is a transp>5t jelly 9 :i* ! eggs are imb$d$4 ,ea* egg is d>k color$1 sph]ical 9 %ape1 & ab\t z l>ge z a small pea4 ,! eggs ( ! small spott$ salam&] are f\nd 9 simil> masses ( jelly & look v mu* l ! frog's eggs4 ,if a small quantity ( ?is jelly-l mass be secur$ by means ( a collect+ net or by wad+ 9 = x1 x may be kept 9 a flat :ite di% ) j en\gh clean1 cool wat] to cov] x1 until ! "y tadpoles h hat*$4 ,z !y gr[ l>g] a few may be transf]r$ to a p]man5t aqu>ium prep>$ especially = !m 9 a di% ) slop+ sides1 & _! *anges wat*$ f week to week ?r\gh ! season4 ,! gr[+ polliwog fe$s on vegetable diet2 :at does ! full gr[n frog eat8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! pr$ace\s div+-beetle4 ,insects t c be kept 9 aqu>ia4--,insects are to _m ! mo/ satisfactory creatures t c be keep 9 aqu>ia4 ,!y are pl5tiful1 easy to get1 ea* "o ( ! _m k9ds seems to h habits peculi> to itself1 & ea* m curi\s & int]e/+ ?an ! la/4 ,"s insects sp5d _! entire life 9 ! wat]2 o!rs are aquatic dur+ "o /age ( _! exi/5ce only4 ,^? describ$ "h are a few ( ! common ones 9 ponds & sluggi% /reams1 ( ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york4 ,if ^! _c be f\nd1 o!rs j z int]e/+ may be kept in/ead4 ,"o c h>dly make a s+le dip ) a net )\t br++ out ( _! hid+ places _m ( ^! little p4 ,! pr$ace\s div+-beetle 7,fig4 #fg7 is well nam$4 ,he is a div] by pr(ession & is a skill$ "o4 ,! "y ( ?is beetle are kn[n z wat]-tig]s 7,fig4 #fh71 & _! habits ju/ify ! "n4 ,_! food consi/s ( ! "y ( o!r insects2 9 fact x is bett] to keep !m by !mselves unless we wi% to h ! aqu>ium depopulat$4 ,:5 ! tig] has rea*$ 8 full size1 8 =m *anges & he re/s = a "t z a pupa2 !n comes =? z a h>d1 %9y beetle l ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a wat]-tig]4 ,! wat]-scav5g] beetle 7,fig4 #fi71 s call$ because ( its appetite = decay$ matt]1 is common 9 _m ponds4 ,x has1 l ! div+ beetle1 a h>d1 %9y back1 ) a /raight l9e d[n ! middle1 b ! two c be di/+ui%$ :5 se5 toge!r4 ,! "y ( ?is beetle look & act some?+ l ! wat]-tig]s1 b h n su* great ugly jaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,a wat]-scav5g] beetle4 ,!re are ?ree o!r swimm]s ev5 m delightful to wat* ?an ^? already m5tion$4 ,! wat]-boatm5 7,fig4 #gj71 ) _! /urdy o>-l legs & bus9ess-l way ( us+ !m1 are droll little fell[s4 ,!y are n s l>ge z ! back-swimm]s4 ,fig4 #ga %[s a back-swimm] j 9 ! act ( pull+ a /roke4 ,^! creatures swim ) _! boat-%ap$ backs d[n & _! six legs up4 ,we mu/ be c>eful h[ we h&le ! back-swimm]s1 = ea* "o ( !m c>ries a %>p bill & may give u a ?ru/ ) x :i* w\ld be pa9ful1 p]haps poison\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,wat]-boatman4 ,! wat]-scorpion 7,fig4 #gb7 is a que] creature liv+ 9 a neighborly way ) ! boatm5 & back-swimm]s1 ?\gh n s easy to f9d4 ,d n ?r[ away any dirty little twig :i* y f9d 9 ! net aft] a dip among wat] plants ne> ! bottom ( a /ream or pond4 ,x may beg9 to squirm & reveal ! fact t x is no twig b a sl5d]-legg$ insect ) a sp9dle-%ap$ body4 ,we may h&le x )\t dang]1 z x is h>mless4 ,?is is a wat]-scorpion1 & 8 way ( cat*+ 8 prey & gett+ 8 air supply w be int]e/+ to wat*4 ,he is n %y & w answ] que/ions ab\t himself promptly & *e]fully4 ,fig4 #gb w give an idea ( ! size & appe>ance ( ?is insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,a back-swimm]4 ,no wat] insect except ! big scav5g] beetle c beg9 to comp>e 9 size ) ! giant wat]-bug 7,fig4 #gc74 ,we may ?9k at fir/ t he is a beetle1 yet ! way he crosses 8 w+s on 8 back proves him a true bug4 ,9 quiet ponds ^! giants are common en\gh1 b ! boy or girl :o bags a full-gr[n "o at ! fir/ dip ( ! net may be consid]$ lucky4 ,! boatm51 back-swimm]s & giants all h o>s1 yet are n entirely dep5d5t on !m4 ,!y h /rong w+s1 too1 & if _! old home gets too ?ickly settl$1 & ! o!r insects on :i* !y fe$ are sc>ce1 !y fly away to o!r places4 ,! giant wat]-bug (t5 migrates at night1 & is attract$ to any bright light he sees 9 8 j\rney4 ,?is habit has giv5 him ! popul> "n ( electric-light bug4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,wat]-scorpion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,giant wat]-bug4 ,among ! insects :i* sp5d b "p ( _! life 9 ! wat]1 we %all f9d _m surprises4 ,x made u feel que] :5 we le>n$ t ! re/less b innoc5t-look+ wiggl] ( ! ra9-wat] b>rel 0 really ! "y ( ! too famili> mosquito4 ,! adult mosquito leaves its eggs 9 t9y boat-%ap$ masses on ! surface ( /agnant wat]1 :]e food w be abundant = ! "y :i* soon appe>4 ,"s "t is sp5t by ! wiggl]s 9 eat+ & gr[+ be=e !y curl up into pup4 ,insects are r>ely active 9 ! pupa /age4 ,! mosquito is "o ( ! v few exceptions4 ,f ^! lively pup ! full-gr[n mosquitoes em]ge4 ,fig4 #gd %[s a small glass tumbl] 9 :i* are se5 ! ?ree aquatic /ages ( ! mosquito's life & an adult j leav+ ! pupa sk94 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to wat* ! entire developm5t ( ! mosquito1 & ! *anges mu/ be se5 to be fully enjoy$ & appreciat$4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to note ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! mosquitoes t come out ( ! small aqu>ia4 ,a supply ( wiggl]s may be kept 9 ! p]man5t aqu>ium :]e !y s]ve z food = ! o!r insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,tempor>y aqu>ium1 conta9+ eggs1 l>v & pup ( mosquito4 ,e *ild kn[s ! dragon-fly or d>n+-ne$le1 & none b ! brave/ ( !m d>e v5ture ne> "o )\t cov]+ e>s or eyes or m\?1 = fe> ( be+ sew$4 ,_m & wide-spread are ! sup]/itions conc]n+ ?is insect1 & x is (t5 difficult to br+ *ildr5 to believe t ?is creature1 besides be+ a ?+ ( beauty1 is n only h>mless b actually b5eficial4 ,if !y knew h[ _m mosquitos ! d>n+-ne$le eats 9 a day !y w\ld welcome in/ead ( fe>+ ! gay creature4 ,! "y ( ! dragon-fly live a grovel+ exi/5ce1 z diff]5t z c be f t ( _! sun-lov+ p>5ts4 ,_! food consi/s ( mosquito l>v1 wat]-fleas & ! l1 & _! me?od ( cat*+ _! prey is z novel z x is effective4 ,pupils & tea*] c get pl5ty ( good heal?y ent]ta9m5t out ( ! behavior ( ^! awkw>d & voraci\s little mask-we>]s4 ,! fir/ dip ( ! net usually br+s up a supply ( dragon-fly nymphs & ( _! m sl5d] c\s9s1 ! damsel-fly nymphs4 ,! latt] h exp&$ plate-l app5dages at ! h9d end ( ! body :i* di/+ui% !m f ! dragon-fly nymphs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! life hi/ory ( a dragon-fly z se5 9 an aqu>ium4 ,! trans=mation ( "o ( ^! "y insects into an adult is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ obs]vation lessons t c be imag9$ = a w>m spr+ morn+4 ,if a dragon-fly nymph %\ld signify its int5tion ( *ang+ its =m 9 my s*ool-room1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly susp5d all ord9>y "w & att5d to him alone4 ,ea* *ild %\ld see if possible ?is wond]ful transfiguration4 ,float+ 9 ! wat] ( a pond or /ream "o may f9d a little bundle ( grass or we$ /ems1 ) p]haps a t9y pebble cl++ to ! mass4 ,close exam9ation w prove ?is to be ! h\se-boat ( "o ( our insect neighbors1 ! caddice-worm4 ,contra/+ /rangely ) ! untidy ext]ior is ! neat int]ior1 ) its l9+ ( delicate silk1 s smoo? t ! s(t-bodi$ creature :i* lives inside is safe f injury4 ,! commone/ ( ! _m =ms ( h\ses f\nd "h are ^? illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #gf & #gg4 ,^! w f9d all !y wi% to eat 9 a well-/ock$ aqu>ium4 ,:5 full gr[n !y w leave ! wat] z w+$ creatures1 l ,fig4 #gh1 & return to its dep?s no m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,case ( caddice-worm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,ano!r caddice-worm case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,caddice-fly4 ,!re is surely no lack ( mat]ial furni%$ by ,"m ,nature = ! /udy ( aquatic life4 ,e "o :o really believes 9 its usefulness c h an aqu>ium1 & w feel well repaid = ! "t & ef=t requir$ :5 ! r5ew$ int]e/ 9 nature is witness$ :i* ?is close contact ) liv+ be+s br+s to e /ud5t4 ,let u take hold ) a w1 ov]come ! difficulties 9 ! way1 & tea*] & pupils become /ud5ts toge!r4 ,,leaflet ,,xiii4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,fi%es4#ag ,,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,re$4 #ag ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #h3 ,leaflet #ba4 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,! fir/ =ms ( animal life :i* attract ! "y naturali/'s att5tion are d\btless ! birds4 ,^! are mo/ int]e/+ to him because ( _! beautiful colors1 _! sweet songs1 & ! grace ) :i* !y fly4 ,b :o has wat*$ ! fi%es 9 a brook or an aqu>ium & is n able to grant !m a place1 9 beauty1 grace & delicate coloration1 equal to ! birds8 ,to be sure1 fi%es _c s+1 yet !re are s _m o!r int]e/+ facts 9 connection ) _! habits & life-hi/ories t x fully makes up = _! lack ( voice4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,fi%4 ,:ile obs]v+ a liv+ fi% & admir+ its beauty1 x w probably occur to "s ( u t a fi% consi/s only ( a head & tail4 ,yet ?is is n all4 ,betwe5 ! head & tail is a "p t we may call ! trunk4 ,x conta9s ! dige/ive & o!r organs4 ,!re is no indication ( a neck 9 a fi%4 ,any su* con/riction w\ld de/roy ! regul> outl9e ( ! animal's body & ?us ret>d ! spe$ ) :i* x moves ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,b head1 trunk & tail are n all4 ,!re are atta*$ to ! out] side ( ! fi%'s body c]ta9 app5dages t are call$ f9s4 ,be=e discuss+ "s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( fi%es & _! habits1 x w be necess>y to le>n some?+ ab\t f9s1 = ! f9s ( all fi%es are n alike4 ,:5 a fi% moves ?r\gh ! wat]1 x b5ds its tail fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r4 ,?is undulatory movem5t1 z x is call$1 pu%es ! fi%'s body ahead4 ,"o c obs]ve ! movem5ts easily ^u a specim5 kept alive 9 an aqu>ium j>4 ,at ! extreme end ( ! tail !re is a broad1 not*$ f9 :i* aids ! tail 9 propell+ & /e]+ ! body4 ,we w call ?is ! tail or caudal f9 7,fig4 #gi ,b74 ,9 mo/ ( our common fi%es !re are sev5 f9s--six )\t ! caudal4 ,! fir/ ( ^! six is a l>ge f9 situat$ ne> ! middle ( ! back4 ,?is is ! back or dorsal f9 7,fig4 #gi ,a74 ,sometimes we may f9d a fi% t has two dorsal f9s4 ,9 ?is case ! "o ne>e/ ! head is call$ fir/ dorsal & ! next "o beh9d x ! second dorsal4 ,ne> ! head1 9 a position correspond+ to our arms1 is a pair ( f9s :i* are call$ ! arm or pectoral f9s 7,fig4 #gi ,e74 ,f>!r back t[>ds ! tail1 on ! "u side ( ! fi%1 is ano!r pair1 correspond+ 9 position to ! h9d legs ( a quadrup$4 ,?is pair is call$ ! leg or pelvic f9s 7,fig4 #gi ,d74 ,j beh9d ! pelvic f9s is a s+le f91 situat$ on ! middle l9e ( ! body4 ,?is is ! anal f9 7,fig4 #gi ,c74 ,! pectoral & pelvic f9s are call$ pair$ f9s because !y are 9 pairs4 ,! o!rs :i* are n 9 pairs are call$ m$ian f9s1 because !y are situat$ on ! middle l9e ( ! body4 ,! pair$ f9s s]ve z delicate balanc]s to keep ! body "r side up & to regulate spe$4 ,!y are also us$ to propel ! body backw>ds4 ,aft] nam+ ! diff]5t f9s ( ! fi% 9 ! s*oolroom aqu>ium1 x w be int]e/+ to obs]ve ! uses ( ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,diagram ( a fi% to %[3 ,a1 dorsal f92 ,b1 caudal f92 ,c1 anal f92 ,d1 pelvic f9s2 ,e1 pectoral f9s2 ,l1 lat]al l9e4 ,on ! side ( ! body1 ext5d+ f ! head to ! caudal f91 is1 9 mo/ fi%es1 a l9e made up ( a s]ies ( small tubes :i* op5 ^u ! surface4 ,?is is call$ ! lat]al l9e1 & acts 9 ! capacity ( a s5se organ 7,fig4 #gi ,l74 ,is ! lat]al l9e /raight or curv$8 ,does x curve upw>ds or d[nw>ds8 ,does ! curvature diff] 9 diff]5t k9ds ( fi%es8 ,d all ! fi%es y f9d possess a lat]al l9e8 ,is ! lat]al l9e complete 9 all fi%es1 i4 e41 does x ext5d f ! head to ! caudal f9 )\t a s+le break8 ,,:]e ,,fi%es ,,sp5d ,,! ,,w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 #a1 ,%9]2 #b1 ,b>r$ ,killifi%2 #c1 ,black-nos$ ,dace2 #d1 ,creek ,*ub2 #e1 ,"y ( ,l>ge-m\!d ,black ,bass2 #f1 ,v>y+-too!d ,m9n[4 ,z w9t] approa*es & ! leaves fall & ! gr\nd becomes froz51 ! birds leave u & g f>!r s\? into w>m] climates :]e food is m abundant4 ,we are all famili> ) ?is habit ( ! birds1 b h[ _m ( u "k or h ev5 wond]$ :at ! fi%es h be5 do+ ?r\gh ! cold w9t] mon?s :ile ! /reams & ponds h be5 cov]$ ) ice8 ,be=e ! w>m? ( spr+ comes to raise ! temp]ature ( ! /reams1 let u g to "s famili> place 9 a brook :]e1 dur+ ! summ]1 are to be f\nd scores ( m9n[s4 ,none are to be f\nd n[4 ,! brook %[s no signs ( ev] hav+ conta9$ any liv+ creatures4 ,suppose we g f>!r up or d[n ! /ream until we f9d a protect$ pool ! bottom ( :i* is cov]$ ) s$im5t & wat]-soak$ leaves4 ,) our net we w dip up "s ( ! leaves & s$im5t1 be+ sure t we dip f ! v bottom4 ,on look+ ov] ?is mass ( muddy mat]ial we may f9d a fi% two or ?ree in*es long1 ) v f9e scales1 a black back1 a silv]y belly & a blacki% or br[n b& on ! side ( ! body ext5d+ f ! tip ( ! nose to ! tail4 ,?is is ! ,black-nos$ ,dace 7,fig4 #hj74 ,if specim5s ( ?is fi% are caught v e>ly 9 ! spr+1 "o w be able to wat* "s int]e/+ color *anges4 ,z ! spawn+ "t approa*es1 ! d>k b& on ! sides & ! f9s *ange to a bright crimson4 ,sometimes ! :ole body may be ( ?is gaudy color4 ,dur+ ! summ] ! lat]al b& becomes orange4 ,z ! season goes1 ! bright colors gradually fade until f9ally1 9 ! fall & w9t]1 ! little black-nose is aga9 clo!d 9 8 m mode/ attire4 ,a great _m ( ! fi%es1 & especially ! l>g] ones1 seek "s deep pond or pool 9 ! /ream at ! approa* ( w9t]1 & rema9 ne> ! bottom4 ,if ! pond or /ream is s deep t !y d n become *ill$ !y w rema9 active1 swimm+ ab\t & tak+ food all w9t]4 ,b :5 ! /ream is v %all[ & ! fi%es feel ! cold1 !y settle d[n to ! bottom1 mov+ ab\t v little & tak+ little or no food4 ,! c>p collect 9 small numb]s & pass ! w9t] 9 excavations t !y make 9 ! muddy bottom4 ,if ! dbris ?r[n up by ! wat] across ! m>%y end ( a lake be rak$ ov] dur+ ! w9t]1 "o w probably f9d "s ( ! small] catfi%es sp5d+ ! season 9 a semi-dormant /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! ,common ,catfi% or ,bullhead4 ,"s int]e/+ exp]im5ts may be tri$ ) ! fi%es 9 ! aqu>ium j>4 ,keep !m = a few days :]e x is cold & !n br+ !m into a w>m] room & note ! diff]5ce 9 _! activity4 ,,! ,,common ,,catfi% ,,or ,,bullhead4 ,?is sleepy old fell[ diff]s 9 _m respects f mo/ ( our common fi%es4 ,he has no scales4 ,ab\t ! m\? are eight long :isk]-l app5dages1 call$ b>bels 7,fig4 #ha74 ,p]haps he is call$ catfi% because he has :isk]s ab\t 8 m\? l a cat4 ,any "o :o has ev] tak5 a catfi% f ! hook probably kn[s t c>e is ne$$ 9 ord] n to receive a pa9ful prick f ! %>p sp9es 9 8 pectoral & dorsal f9s4 ,!re is no?+ ari/ocratic ab\t ! catfi%4 ,9 w>m pools & /reams :]e ! wat] is sluggi% & ! muddy bottom is cov]$ ) we$s1 he may be f\nd mov+ lazily ab\t 9 se>* ( food4 ,8 ta/e is n delicate4 ,animal sub/ance1 :e!r liv+ or dead1 satisfies him4 ,:5 9 se>* ( food he makes good use ( 8 b>bels1 especially ^? at ! corn]s ( 8 m\?1 :i* he uses z feel]s4 ,! catfi% w live long] out ( wat] ?an mo/ ( our o!r food fi%es4 ,!y w live & ?rive 9 wat] :i* is f> too impure = pumpk9 se$s or bass4 ,!y spawn late 9 ! spr+4 ,! "m fi% c>es = h] "y mu* z a h5 c>es = h] *ick5s4 ,:5 !y are old en\gh to take c>e ( !mselves1 %e weans !m4 ,,! ,,common ,,sunfi% ,,or ,,pumpk9 ,,se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,! common ,sunfi% or ,pumpk9 ,se$4 ,"s ev5+ j at sunset visit a quiet pool 9 a ne>by /ream4 ,drop 9 y\r hook bait$ ) an angle worm & pres5tly ! danc+ cork %[s t y h a bite4 ,on pull+ up y f9d t y really h a fi%4 ,x is a beautiful creature1 too--?9 flat body %ap$ some?+ l ! se$ ( a pumpk94 ,8 back is an olive gre5 delicately %ad$ ) blue4 ,8 sides are spott$ ) orange1 :ile 8 belly is a bright yell[4 ,8 *eeks are orange-color /reak$ ) wavy l9es ( blue4 ,j beh9d 8 eye on 8 e>-flap is a bright sc>let spot4 ,?is is ! common ,sunfi% or ,pumpk9 ,se$ 7,fig4 #hb74 ,he is a v beautiful1 ari/ocratic little fell[1 look+ l a brilliant co9 fre% f ! m9t4 ,keep him alive 9 an aqu>ium j> ) a %9]4 ,comp>e ! two fi%es1 z to ! size & %ape ( _! bodies & f9s4 ,fe$ !m diff]5t k9ds ( food1 su* z worms1 insects & crack]s1 & try to discov] :i* !y l be/ & h[ !y eat4 ,! sunfi%es pref] quiet wat]s4 ,!y lay _! eggs 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,! male selects a spot ne> ! banks ( ! /ream or pond :]e ! wat] is v %all[4 ,"h he cle>s a circul> area ab\t a foot 9 diamet]4 ,aft] mak+ a slight excavation 9 ! gravel or s&1 ! ne/ is complet$4 ,! eggs are !n deposit$ by ! female 9 ! bas9-l excavation4 ,he wat*es 8 ne/ & eggs ) great dilig5ce1 driv+ away o!r fi%es t *ance to come ne>4 ,,! ,,black ,,basses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,adult ,small-m\!d ,black ,bass4 ,! black basses are n usually f\nd 9 small /reams :]e x is mo/ pleasant = tea*]s & pupils to fi%4 ,!y are fi%es t seek ! riv]s & lakes4 ,!re are two k9ds ( black bass1 ! ,l>ge-m\!d & ! ,small-m\!d4 ,z ! "n indicates1 ! two may be di/+ui%$ by ! size ( ! m\?4 ,9 ! l>ge-m\!d black bass ! upp] jaw ext5ds to a po9t beh9d ! eye1 :ile 9 ! small-m\!d species x ext5ds to a po9t j bel[ ! middle ( ! eye 7,fig4 #hc74 ,bo? k9ds ( black bass may be f\nd 9 ! same body ( wat]4 ,! "* ( ! bottoms ov] :i* !y are f\nd1 h[ev]1 diff]s4 ,! small-m\!d pref]s ! /ony b>s or %oals4 ,! l>ge-m\!d1 on ! contr>y1 selects a muddy bottom gr[n ov] ) re$s4 ,!y fe$ ^u crayfi% 7crabs71 m9n[s1 frogs1 worms1 tadpoles & insects4 ,our black basses are v que] p>5ts4 ,!y prep>e a ne/ 9 :i* ! eggs are deposit$4 ,bo? male & female are v c\rage\s 9 ! def5se ( _! eggs & "y4 ,z soon z ! "y fi%es are able to take c>e ( !mselves ! p>5t fi%es leave !m1 & aft] t "t may ev5 fe$ ^u _! own *ildr54 ,,! ,,/ickleback4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,a ,/ickleback4 ,! /icklebacks are que] little fell[s inde$ 7,fig4 #hd74 ,! sl5d] body1 extremely n>r[ tail1 & ! %>p1 free sp9es 9 front ( ! dorsal f91 give !m at once ! appe>ance ( be+ bo? active & pugnaci\s little creatures4 ,! /icklebacks are detrim5tal to ! increase ( o!r fi%es s9ce !y gre$ily de/roy ! spawn & "y ( all fi%es t come )9 _! rea*4 ,!y build ne/s ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a hole 9 ! top4 ,aft] ! eggs are laid ! male def5ds ! ne/ ) great brav]y4 ,! little five-sp9$ brook /ickleback 9 ! ,cayuga ,lake bas91 ,n4 ,y41 is mo/ commonly f\nd 9 /agnant pools1 %ad$ by trees1 :]e ! wat] is fill$ ) decay+ vegetable matt]1--! s-call$ gre5 frog-spawn 7spirogyra71 & duck we$4 ,if y supply ! /icklebacks ) pl5ty ( f9e vegetable mat]ial1 y may induce !m to built a ne/ 9 ! aqu>ium j>1 b !y mu/ be caught & plac$ 9 ! j> e>ly 9 ! season be=e !y spawn4 ,,! ,,johnny ,,d>t]s4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 e swift /ream :i* has a b$ ( gravel & flat /ones ought to conta9 "s "o ( ! ,johnny d>t]s1 = !re are a great _m diff]5t k9ds 7,fig4 #he74 ,!y are little creatures1 delight+ 9 cle> wat] & swift curr5ts :]e !y d>t ab\t1 hid+ "u /ones & leaves1 or re/+ on ! bottom ) _! heads up-/ream4 ,! body ( a d>t] is compact & sp9dle-%ap$1 gradually tap]+ f ! %ort head to a n>r[ tail4 ,! eyes are situat$ ne>ly on top ( ! head4 ,! color ( ! d>t]s v>ies greatly ) ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,"s are v pla91 ! light gr\nd color be+ brok5 only by a few br[n m>k+s4 ,o!rs are gorge\s 9 _! color+s1 x seem+ z if !y _h attempt$ to reproduce ! ra9b[ on _! sides4 ,su* k9ds are inde$ v attractive & are rank$ ) ! mo/ beautifully color$ ( all our common fi%es4 ,:5 a d>t] swims1 he appe>s bird-l1 = he flies ?r\gh ! wat] mu* z a bird flies ?r\gh ! air4 ,he does n use 8 tail alone 9 swimm+1 z ! catfi%1 ! sunfi%1 ! /ickleback1 & mo/ ( ! o!r fi%es d1 b flies ) 8 pectoral f9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,a ,johnny ,d>t]4 ,y surely mu/ h a ,johnny d>t] 9 y\r aqu>ium j>4 ,! ,johnnies are true ,am]ican fi%es4 ,?\gh small1 !y face ! /rong curr5ts & eke out a liv+ :]e _! l>g] c\s91 ! yell[ p]*1 w\ld p]i%4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ facts :i* may be le>n$ f ! ,johnny d>t]s :5 kept alive 9 an aqu>ium4 ,:5 n actually mov+ 9 ! wat]1 d ! ,johnnies re/ on ! bottom ( ! j> or rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! middle app>5tly re/+ on no?+1 z ! o!r aqu>ium fi%es d8 ,:5 a fi% rema9s /ill 9 ! middle ( ! j> he does s because he has a well-develop$ air-bladd] to help buoy him up1 & :5 a fi% dies x is ! air-bladd] :i* causes him to turn ov] & rise to ! top4 ,n[ if ! ,johnnies always re/ on ! bottom ( ! j> :5 n swimm+ & if "o happ5s to die & does n rise to ! top we may "k t1 if he has an air-bladd] at all1 x is only a ve/igial "o4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ also to f9d out = ourselves :e!r a ,johnny d>t] c really climb trees 7,i mean by trees1 ( c\rse1 ! wat] plants 9 ! aqu>ium j>71 or if he c p]* ^u ! bran*es l a bird4 ,,! ,,m9n[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,a conv5i5t =m ( aqu>ium j> suppli$ ) wat] plants4 ,! bottom is cov]$ ) clean s& & flat /ones4 ,all ! small fi%es ( ! brooks are call$ m9n[s1 or m (t5 m9nies1 by ! boy fi%]man4 ,! boy believes t !y gr[ into l>g] fi%es4 ,?is is n true4 ,! m9n[s are a di/9ct gr\p ( fi%es &1 = ! mo/ "p1 small ones4 ,!y d n gr[ to be bass or pike or sunfi%es or any?+ else b m9n[s4 ,"s ( ! m9n[s1 h[ev]1 are comp>atively l>ge4 ,two ( ^! are ! ,creek ,*ub 7,fig4 #hj71 & ! ,%9] 7,fig4 #hj74 ,! *ub is ! k+ ( ! small brooks1 be+ (t5 ! l>ge/ & mo/ voraci\s fi% f\nd 9 su* /reams4 ,8 common diet probably consi/s ( insects & worms1 b if v hungry he does n object to eat+ a small] fi%4 ,dur+ ! spawn+ season1 :i* is spr+time1 ! male *ub has %>p1 horny tub]cles or sp9es develop$ ^u ! sn\t4 ,we are able to recognize ! creek *ub by means ( a black spot at ! front ( ! base ( ! dorsal f94 ,! %9] or r$-f9 has mu* l>g] scales ?an ! *ub4 ,! back is elevat$ 9 front ( ! dorsal f91 giv+ him ! appe>ance ( a hump-back4 ,8 sides are a /eel-blue ) silv]y reflections4 ,:ile ! %9] is n ! l>ge/1 x is almo/ ev]y:]e "o ( ! mo/ abundant brook fi%es4 ,9 spr+ ! l[] f9s ( ! male become r$di%4 ,l ! *ub1 he has small horny tub]cles develop$ on ! sn\t4 ,,r&om ,,notes4 ,did y ev] see a fi% yawn8 ,wat* a %9] 9 y\r aqu>ium4 ,sometimes y may see him op5 8 m\? widely z ?\gh he 0 v sleepy4 ,aga9 y may f9d him re/+ on ! bottom ( ! j> tak+ a nap4 ,fi%es _c close _! eyes :5 !y sleep = !y h no eyelids4 ,a conv5i5t way to collect fi%es = ! s*oolroom aqu>ium is to use a dip net4 ,! ord9>y insect net w d1 b x is bett] to replace ! *eese-clo? bag by a d\ble ?ickness ( mosquito-b>1 ?us enabl+ "o to move ! net ?r\gh ! wat] m rapidly4 ,by dipp+ 9 ! deep pools1 among grasses & "u ! banks ) su* a net "o c soon obta9 fi%es en\gh to /ock an aqu>ium 7,fig4 #hf74 ,! aqu>ium j> %\ld nev] be plac$ 9 ! sun4 ,x is bett] to h only ?ree or f\r fi%es 9 an aqu>ium at "o "t4 ,"s flat /ones on ! bottom ( ! j> w af=d !m conv5i5t hid+ places4 ,= fur!r notes on aqu>ia1 consult ,leaflet ,no4 ,,xii4 ,illu/ration ,,leaflet ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,op5+ ,,( ,a ,,cocoon4#ah ,,by ,,m>y ,,rog]s ,,mill]4 #ah ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #d3 ,leaflet #ag4 ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,among ! commone/ treasures br\ght into ! s*ools by *ildr5 9 ! fall or w9t] are ! cocoons ( our giant silk-worms4 ,if "o has a place to put !m :]e ! air is n too w>m or dry1 no special c>e w be necess>y to keep !m ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,out-door conditions mu/ be imitat$ z ne>ly z possible4 ,if e>ly 9 ! fall "o is =tunate en\gh to meet "o ( ^! giants out = a walk1 x is ! simple/ ?+ 9 ! _w to capture him & wat* him sp9 8 m>vel\s w9t] blanket4 ,two memb]s ( ?is family ( giant insects are q common 9 ?is /ate1 ! l>ge/ ! ,cecropia1 call$ sometimes ! ,emp]or1 & ! ,prome!a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,cocoon ( ! ,cecropia mo?4 ,x sometimes hangs f a twig ( a fruit tree4 ,! ,cecropia mo? (t5 measures five or six in*es across--a v]itable giant4 ,its ma9 color is du/y br[n1 ) spots & b&s ( c9namon br[n & :ite4 ,on ea* w+ is a :ite cresc5t bord]$ ) r$ & outl9$ ) a black l9e4 ,! body is heavy & cov]$ ) ?ick1 r$di%-br[n hairs1 cross$ ne> ! end ) black & :ite l9es4 ,on its small head are two l>ge fea!ry feel]s or ant5n4 ,! ,cecropia mo? em]ges f ! cocoon1 full gr[n1 9 e>ly summ]1 :5 out ( doors4 ,^? kept 9 ! h\se (t5 come out z e>ly z ,m>*4 ,! eggs are deposit$ by ! adults ^u apple1 pe>1 *]ry1 maple & o!r %ade & fruit trees4 ,pr(essor ,com/ock says t ! sp9y cat]pill>s :i* hat* f ! eggs 9 ab\t two weeks1 are kn[n to fe$ ^u ! leaves ( "s fifty species ( plants4 ,"o c\ld !re=e h>dly make a mi/ake 9 (f]+ refre%m5t to ^! creatures1 s9ce !y are any?+ b epicures4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill>1 hav+ sp5t ! summ] eat+ & gr[+1 ) n[ & !n a *ange ( clo!s1 is (t5 ?ree in*es long & an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is a dull blui% gre5 9 color4 ,on its back are two r[s ( w>t-l protub]ances 7tub]cles71 "s yell[1 "s r$1 "s blue4 ,z !re is no?+ else 9 nature :i* is j l x1 "o ne$ h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! ,cecropia 9 its diff]5t phases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,end ( cocoon ( ,cecropia1 inside view1 %[+ :]e ! mo? gets out4 ,! cocoon :i* ?is giant silk-worm weaves is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,x may be f\nd on a twig ( "s tree 9 ! doory>d1 b sometimes on a f5ce-po/ or equally unexpect$ place4 ,inside ! cocoon ! br[n pupa1 alive b helpless1 waits = spr+4 ,aft] ! mo? comes out x is int]e/+ to exam9e ! /ructure ( ! cocoon1 & to discov] h[ ! mo? manag$ to free itself )\t de/roy+ ! silk5 blanket 7,fig4 #hh74 ,sw++ loosely f la/ summ]'s twigs 9 lilac bu%es1 & on su* trees z wild *]ry & a%1 "o (t5 f9ds ! sl5d] cocoons ( ! ,prome!a mo? 7,fig4 #hi74 ,we _c help admir+ ! skill & c>e display$ by ! sp9n] ( ?is tidy w9t] ov]coat4 ,! giant silk-worm :i* spun x *ose a leaf z a f\ndation4 ,he took c>e to secure himself aga9/ ! dang] ( fall+ by fa/5+ ! leaf to ! twig :i* bore x by means ( %9+ /r&s ( silk4 ,x is easy to te/ ! /r5g? ( ?is fa/5+ by attempt+ to pull x loose f ! twig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,cocoon ( ,prome!a mo? fa/5$ to a twig ) silk4 ,! mo?s :i* come f ^! cocoons d n always look alike1 yet !y are all bro!rs & si/]s4 ,! bro!rs are almo/ black1 :ile ! w+s ( ! si/]s are light r$di% br[n1 ) a light gray wavy l9e cross+ ! middle ( bo? w+s4 ,! m>g9s ( ! w+s are clay-color$4 ,on ea* w+ is a d>k velvety spot4 ,! adults em]ge 9 spr+ & are mo/ (t5 se5 9 ! late aft]noon4 ,_! flight is m spirit$ ?an t ( ! ,cecropia1 :i* moves v s$ately1 z becomes a giant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,cocoon ( ,prome!a1 cut op5 l5g?wise to %[ ! valve-l device at upp] end ?r\gh :i* ! adult mo? pu%es its way out4 ,! cat]pill>s ( ?is species1 ! "y ,prome!as1 fe$ dur+ ! summ] on leaves ( wild *]ry1 a% & o!r trees4 ,!y gr[ to be ab\t two in*es long1 & are di/+ui%$ f o!rs by _! pale blui% gre5 color & yell[ legs4 ,!y also h r[s ( w>t-l elevations on _! backs1 "s black & %9+1 f\r ( a bright r$ & "o l>ge & yell[ ne> ! h9dmo/ end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! life ( ^! giant insects is divid$ into f\r di/9ct /ages3 ! egg1 deposit$ by ! adult mo? usually on or ne> ! food plant2 ! l>va1 or cat]pill> /age1 :5 mo/ ( ! eat+ & all ! gr[+ is done2 ! pupa1 pass$ inside ! cocoon wov5 by ! l>va2 & ! adult1 a w+$ mo?4 ,! life-cycle or g5]ation is "o ye>1 ! w9t] be+ pass$ 9 ! pupa /age4 ,! insect lives b a %ort "t 9 ! adult /age & ! egg /age is b two or ?ree weeks4 ,mo/ ( ! summ] is devot$ to ! cat]pill> phase ( its life4 ,^! creatures are entirely h>mless4 ,!y seldom appe> 9 numb]s suffici5t to make !m ( economic importance4 ,,leaflet ,,xv4 ,a ,,talk ,,ab\t ,,spid]s4#ai ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,com/ock4 #ai ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #i3 ,leaflet #bb4 ,may1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,( all our little neighbors ( ! fields !re are none t are m univ]sally %unn$ & fe>$ ?an spid]s1 & few t des]ve x less4 ,!re is a wide-spread belief t spid]s are dang]\s1 t !y are liable to bite1 & t _! bites are v v5om\s4 ,n[ ?is may be true ( c]ta9 l>ge species t live 9 hot c\ntries2 b ! spid]s ( ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates are practically h>mless4 ,x is true1 spid]s bite & inject v5om suffici5t to kill a fly into ! w\nd made by _! jaws4 ,b !y are exce$+ly %y creatures1 fe>+ man m ?an !y are to be fe>$4 ,if an obs]v] w refra9 f pick+ up a spid] !re is n ! slighte/ dang] ( be+ bitt5 by "o2 & except+ a s+le uncommon species no spid] is kn[n 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry ^: bite w\ld s]i\sly affect a human be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 spid]s d mu* to keep 9 *eck v>i\s insect pe/s1 & h5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z our fri5ds4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f a diff]5t po9t ( view t we wi% to look ^u !m at ?is "t4 ,x is z illu/rations ( rem>kable developm5t ( in/9ctive p[]s1 & ( wond]ful correlation ( /ructure & habit1 t we w\ld h ! read] /udy ^! creatures4 ,! tea*] ( nature-/udy c f9d no m available or m f]tile field f :i* to take subjects = int]e/+ *ildr5 9 ! _w ab\t u4 ,let u !n put aside our fe>s & g into ! fields & see :e!r we c le>n some?+ ( ! ways ( ^! sp9n]s4 ,,! ,,funnel-,,web ,,weav]s4 ,(t5 on summ] morn+s ! grass ( ! roadsides & fields is se5 to be c>pet$ ) little %eets ( gli/5+ silk1 ! webs ( ! grass-spid]4 ,none 7 obs]v$ ! day be=e2 & we wond] at ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ?is ho/ ( weav]s4 ,lat] 9 ! day ! webs h vani%$6 ,h ! weav]s roll$ !m up & c>ri$ !m (f8 ,we rememb] t !re 0 an especially f9e "o ne> ! end ( ! v]&a /eps2 we exam9e ! place c>efully & f9d t x is /ill !re1 b n s conspicu\s z x 04 ,! w>m sun has dissipat$ ! dew :i* r5d]$ visible to our dull eyes ! tape/ry ( ! fields4 ,n[ t our eyes are op5$ we c f9d ! webs ev]y:]e & are impress$ ) a suspicion t p]haps ord9>ily we see v little ( :at is ar\nd u4 ,we exam9e "o ( ! webs c>efully & f9d t x is a closely wov5 %eet made ( ?reads runn+ 9 all directions2 t x is atta*$ to spe>s ( grass1 & support$ by num]\s guy l9es1 & t f "o side a funnel-l tube ext5ds d[nw>ds4 ,if1 :ile we are wat*+1 an insect alights on ! %eet1 !re d>ts f ! tunnel1 :]e %e 0 conceal$1 ! own] ( ! web1 a d>k-color$ spid]2 & ! insect mu/ be agile if x escapes4 ,if y attempt to cat* ! spid] x retreats to its tunnel2 & :5 y exam9e ! tunnel ! spid] is n !re4 ,y f9d t ! tube is op5 bel[1 t !re is a back door by :i* ! spid] c escape :5 h>d press$4 ,we call ^? spid]s t makes webs ( ?is k9d ,! ,funnel-web ,weav]s4 ,!y are long-legg$1 br[n spid]s1 :i* run on ! upp] surface ( _! webs2 ^! are usually made on grass1 b sometimes !y are f\nd 9 ! angles ( build+s1 & 9 q high places4 ,,! ,,cobweb ,,weav]s4 ,! webs t we mo/ (t5 f9d 9 ! corn]s ( rooms are ( a diff]5t k9d & are made by ! memb]s ( a family kn[n z ,! ,cobweb ,weav]s4 ,9 ^! webs !re is n su* a def9ite %eet ( silk z 9 ^? ( ! funnel-web weav]s1 b in/ead a %apeless maze ( ?reads ext5d+ 9 all directions4 ,_m ( ! cobweb weav]s1 h[ev]1 make _! webs 9 ! fields on bu%es1 & weave 9 !m a flat or curv$ %eet1 "u :i* ! spid] hangs back d[nw>d4 ,! funnel-web weav]s run "r side up2 ! cobweb weav]s hang inv]t$4 ,"s ( ! cobweb weav]s d n rema9 9 _! webs1 b h a ne/ 9 a neighbor+ crack or corn]1 f :i* !y ru% to seize _! prey1 & sometimes !re is a funnel-%ap$ tube lead+ to _! ne/4 ,b ^! spid]s diff] f ! true funnel-web weav]s 9 runn+ back d[nw>ds on ! l[] side ( _! webs4 ,,! ,,orb ,,weav]s4 ,! spid] webs t mo/ (t5 excite admiration are ^? 9 :i* ! support+ ?reads radiate f a c5t] l ! spokes ( a :eel1 & be> a spiral ?read4 ,su* webs are kn[n z orb-webs2 & ! family ( spid]s t make !m1 ,! ,orb ,weav]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,ne>ly complet$ orb-web4 ,few if any ( ! /ructures built by l[] animals are m wond]ful ?an ^! webs2 b !y are s common t !y are (t5 consid]$ h>dly wor?y ( notice4 ,if !y occurr$ only 9 "s remote corn] ( ! e>?1 e "o w\ld read ( !m ) int]e/4 ,! webs or nets ( ! diff]5t species ( orb weav]s diff] 9 ! details ( _! /ructure2 b ! g5]al plan is q simil>4 ,!re is fir/ a framework ( support+ l9es4 ,! out] "p ( ?is framework is irregul>1 dep5d+ ^u ! position ( ! objects to :i* ! net is atta*$2 b ! c5tral "p is v regul>1 & consi/s ( a numb] ( l9es radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! net 7,fig4 #ia74 ,all ( ^! support+ l9es are dry & inela/ic4 ,t\* !m ) y\r p5cil & y f9d t !y nei!r /ret* nor adh]e to x4 ,^u ^! radiat+ l9es !re is fa/5$ 9 a v regul> mann] a ?read :i* is /icky & ela/ic4 ,?is w adh]e to y\r p5cil1 & w /ret* sev]al times its normal l5g? be=e break+4 ,usually ?is /icky ?read is fa/5$ to ! radiat+ l9es s z to =m a spiral2 b a few species make nets 9 :i* x is loop$ back & =?4 ,& ev5 9 ! nets :]e ! great] "p ( ! ?read is 9 a spiral !re are 9 mo/ cases a few loops ne> ! l[] m>g9 7,fig4 #ia74 ,exam9e ! next orb-web y f9d & see :e!r x is true 9 t case4 ,_m ( ! orb weav]s /r5g!n _! nets by sp9n+ a zigzag ribbon across ! c5t]4 ,?is ribbon is made by spread+ ap>t ! sp9n]ets1 ! organs f :i* ! silk is spun1 & :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,ord9>ily ! tips ( ! sp9n]ets are held close toge!r s t !y =m a s+le ?read1 b by spread+ !m ap>t _m ?reads c be spun at once1 ?us =m+ a ribbon4 ,"s orb weav]s are n cont5t ) mak+ a simple zigzag b& across ! c5t] ( ! net1 b weave an elaborate bit ( lace 9 ?is position4 ,fig4 #ib is f a photograph ( ! c5t] ( ! net ( "o ( ^! spid]s1 :i* 0 f\nd ne> ,i?aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,lace-l hub ( an orb-web4 ,9 /udy+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( orb-webs "o %\ld pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! c5t] ( ! web2 = ?is "p diff]s greatly 9 ! webs ( ! diff]5t species4 ,!re is usually a hub compos$ entirely ( dry & inela/ic silk wov5 9 an irregul> mann]2 outside ( ?is !re are sev]al turns ( a spiral ?read :i* is also dry2 ?is con/itutes ! not*$ zone1 a "n sugge/$ by ! fact t ! spiral l9e is atta*$ = a %ort space to ea* radius x crosses1 ?us giv+ ! l9e a not*$ c\rse4 ,9 _m cases x is "h1 on ! hub & ! not*$ zone1 t ! spid] waits = its prey2 & x is obvi\s t /icky silk 9 ?is place w\ld be objectionable4 ,betwe5 ! not*$ zone & ! spiral zone1 ! "p furni%$ ) ! /icky spiral ?read1 !re is a cle> space1 ! free zone1 cross$ only by ! radii4 ,?is gives ! spid] an opportunity to pass f "o side ( ! web to ! o!r )\t go+ ar\nd ! entire web4 ,"s orb weav]s d n wait ^u ! hub b h a retreat ne> "o edge ( ! net1 9 :i* !y hang back d[nw>ds4 ,:ile re/+ 9 ^! retreats !y keep hold ( "s ( ! l9es lead+ f ! net1 s t !y c in/antly detect any j> caus$ by an entrapp$ insect4 ,:5 an insect 9 its flight t\*es "o ( ! turns ( ! /icky l9e ! l9e adh]es to x1 b x /ret*es s z to all[ ! insect to become entangl$ 9 o!r turns ( ! l9e4 ,if x 7 n = ?is ela/icity ( ! /icky l9e1 mo/ insects c\ld readily te> !mselves away be=e ! spid] _h "t to rea* !m4 ,9 runn+ ov] its net ! spid] /eps ^u ! radii1 c>efully avoid+ ! /icky l9e2 o!rwise x w\ld de/roy its own net4 ,! rapidity ) :i* a spid] c cross its net )\t t\*+ ! /icky l9e is rem>kable4 ,9 mak+ its web an orb weav] fir/ sp9s a numb] ( l9es ext5d+ irregul>ly 9 v>i\s directions ab\t ! place :]e its orb is to be2 ?is is ! out] support+ framework4 ,(t5 ! fir/ l9e spun is a bridge betwe5 two q di/ant po9ts1 z ! bran*es ( two sep>ate bu%es4 ,h[ did ! spid] cross ! gulf8 ,x has no w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,ne>ly complet$ orb-web4 ,! bridge build+ c be easily se5 on a w>m summ] ev5+1 ! "t at :i* ! spid]s are mo/ active repair+ _! old nets & build+ new ones4 ,! spid] lifts ! h9d end ( its body & sp9s =? a ?read2 ?is is c>ri$ (f by ! w9d1 until1 f9ally /rik+ "s object1 x becomes fa/ to x4 ,! spid] !n pulls 9 ! slack l9e1 l a sailor1 & :5 ! l9e is taut fa/5s x to ! object on :i* x is /&+1 & ! bridge is =m$4 ,aft] mak+ ! outw>d framework1 ! radiat+ l9es are =m$4 ,a l9e is /ret*$ across ! space s z to pass ?r\gh ! po9t :i* is to be ! c5t] ( ! orb4 ,9 do+ ?is ! spid] may />t on "o side1 & be =c$ to walk 9 a v r\ndab\t way on ! out] framework to ! opposite side4 ,x c>efully holds ! new l9e up beh9d x z x goes along1 s t x %all n become entangl$ ) ! l9es on :i* x walks2 "o or bo? h9d feet s]ve z h&s 9 ^! sp9n+ op]ations2 =1 z ! spid] has eight feet1 x c sp>e "o or two = o!r purposes ?an locomotion4 ,:5 ! desir$ po9t is rea*$ ! slack is pull$ 9 & ! l9e fa/5$4 ,! spid] !n goes to ! po9t :]e ! c5t] ( ! orb is to be1 &1 fa/5+ ano!r l9e1 x walks back to ! out] framework1 & atta*es ?is l9e an in* or two f ! fir/4 ,9 ?is way all ( ! radiat+ l9es are drawn4 ,! next /ep is to /ay ^! radii by a spiral l9e1 :i* is begun ne> ! c5t]1 & atta*$ to ea* radius z x crosses x4 ,! turns ( ?is spiral are z f> ap>t z ! spid] c conv5i5tly rea*4 ,all ( ! ?reads spun up to ?is /age 9 ! con/ruction ( ! web are dry & inela/ic4 ,! spid] n[ proce$s to /ret* ^u ?is framework a /icky & ela/ic l9e1 :i* is ! mo/ important "p ( ! web1 ! o!r l9es be+ m]ely a framework to support x4 ,9 sp9n+ ! /icky l9e1 ! spid] beg9s at ! out] edge ( ! orb1 & pass+ ar\nd x1 fa/5s ?is l9e to ea* radius z x goes4 ,?us a second spiral is made4 ,! turns ( ?is spiral are plac$ q close toge!r1 & ! fir/ spiral1 :i* is m]ely a tempor>y support1 is de/roy$ z ! second spiral progresses4 ,fig4 #ic repres5ts a web 9 :i* ! second spiral is made ov] ! out] half ( ! radii4 ,9 ?is figure1 aa repres5ts ! tempor>y /ayl9e2 bb1 ! /icky spiral2 & cc1 ! fragm5ts ( ! fir/ spiral hang+ f ! radii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,wasp1 ) head1 ?orax & abdom5 sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,spid]1 %[+ division ( ! body into cephalo?orax & abdom54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,l[] side ( cephalo?orax ( a spid]2 md1 m&ible2 mx1 maxilla2 p1 palpus2 l1 l[] lip2 s1 /]num4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,spid]4 ,spid]s diff] mu* 9 appe>ance f ! true insects4 ,9 ! insects ! body is compos$ ( ?ree regions3 ! head2 ! ?orax1 to :i* ! legs are atta*$2 & ! abdom5 or h9d "p ( ! body 7,fig4 #id74 ,9 ! spid]s ! head & ?orax are gr[n toge!r1 =m+ a region :i* is kn[n z ! cephalo?orax2 to ?is ! abdom5 is jo9$ by a %ort1 n>r[ /alk 7,fig4 #ie74 ,spid]s diff] also f insects 9 ! numb] ( _! legs1 spid]s hav+ eight legs & insects only six4 ,spid]s h two pairs ( jaws1 :i*1 except 9 ! ,t>antula family1 move sidewise l ! jaws ( insects4 ,! fir/ pair ( jaws are call$ ! m&ibles4 ,ea* m&ible consi/s ( two segm5ts1 a /rong basal "o & a claw-%ap$ t]m9al "o1 at ! tip ( :i* ! poison gl& op5s 7,fig4 #if74 ,! second pair ( jaws is kn[n z ! maxill4 ,^! jaws are situat$ j beh9d ! m&ibles1 "o on ea* side ( ! m\?4 ,ea* maxilla be>s a l>ge feel] or palpus4 ,^! palpi v>y greatly 9 =m2 frequ5tly1 especially 9 females1 !y resemble legs2 h5ce _m spid]s appe> to h five pairs ( legs4 ,9 ! male spid]s ! la/ segm5t ( ! palpus is m or less enl>g$1 end+ 9 a complicat$1 knob-l /ructure 7,fig4 #ig74 ,x is ?us easy to det]m9e ! sex ( a spid] by m]ely exam9+ ! palpi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,maxilla & palpus ( male h\se-spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,head ( spid]1 %[+ eyes & m&ibles4 ,! great] numb] ( spid]s h f\r pairs ( eyes 7,fig4 #ih71 b !re may be only "o1 two1 or ?ree pairs2 & c]ta9 cave spid]s are bl9d4 ,! eyes appe> l little gems set 9 ! front ( ! cephalo?orax4 ,!y are mo/ prom95t 9 ! jump+ spid]s1 :i* /alk _! prey on plants1 logs1 f5ces1 & ! sides ( build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,sp9n]ets ( a spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,a gr\p ( sp9n+ tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,viscid silk f an orb-web4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,sp9n]ets & cribellum ( a curl$-?read weav]4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( spid]s is _! sp9n+ organs4 ,! silk is secret$ 9 gl&s )9 ! abdom51 & :ile 9 ! body x is a fluid4 ,x passes out ?r\gh ! sp9n]ets1 :i* are situat$ ne> ! h9d end ( ! abdom54 ,!re are two or ?ree pairs ( sp9n]ets4 ,^! are m or less f+]-l 9 =m1 & sometimes jo9t$ 7,fig4 #ii74 ,^u ! end ( ea* sp9n]et !re are _m small tubes1 ! sp9n+ tubes 7,fig4 #ajj71 f :i* ! silk is spun4 ,"s spid]s h z _m z "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ ( ^! sp9n+ tubes on ea* sp9n]et4 ,ord9>ily ! tips ( ! sp9n]ets are br\ght close toge!r1 s t all ( ! m9ute ?reads t em]ge f ! num]\s sp9n+ tubes unite to =m a s+le ?read4 ,h5ce ?is t9y ?read1 :i* is s delicate t we c see x only :5 ! light falls on x 9 a favorable way1 is compos$ ( hundr$s ( ?reads4 ,x is n l a rope1 compos$ ( sep>ate /r&s2 = all ! m9ute ?reads fuse toge!r into a s+le ?read4 ,! *ange 9 ! silk f a fluid to a solid cord1 /rong en\gh to support ! weight ( ! spid]1 mu/ take place quickly aft] ! silk comes 9 contact ) ! air on leav+ ! sp9n+ tubes2 ! m9ute size ( ! ?reads com+ f ! sp9n+ tubes d\btless facilitates ?is *ange4 ,sometimes a spid] w spread its sp9n]ets ap>t1 & ?us sp9 a broad ribbon-l b&4 ,we h se5 a spid] seize a l>ge gras%opp] :i* 0 entangl$ 9 its web1 & roll+ x ov] two or ?ree times1 completely envelop x 9 a %eet ( silk spun f its spread-ap>t sp9n]ets4 ,we h already describ$ b&s spun by orb weav]s across ! hub ( ! net 9 ?is way4 ,x is suppos$ t ! two k9ds ( silk spun by ! orb weav]s are spun f diff]5t sp9n]ets1 & t ! viscid silk comes f ! front pair4 ,:5 ?is silk is fir/ spun1 ! viscid matt] =ms a cont9u\s lay] ( liquid on ! outside ( x4 ,b v soon ?is lay] breaks up into bead-l masses--9 a way simil> to t 9 :i* ! moi/ure on a clo!s l9e on a foggy day collects into drops 7,fig4 #aja74 ,!re are two families ( spid]s t h sp9n+ organs diff]+ f ^? ( all o!r spid]s4 ,!y h 9 front ( ! usual sp9n]ets an additional organ1 :i* is nam$ ! cribellum 7,fig4 #ajb1 c74 ,?is be>s sp9n+ tubes l ! o!r sp9n]ets1 b ^! tubes are mu* f9]4 ,^! spid]s h also on ! next-to-!-la/ segm5t ( ! h9d legs "o or two r[s ( curv$ sp9es2 ?is organ is ! calami/rum 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,by means ( ! calami/rum ^! spid]s comb f ! cribellum a b& ( loose ?reads :i* =m a "p ( _! webs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,la/ two segm5ts ( h9d leg ( spid]1 %[+ calami/rum4 ,,! ,,curl$-,,?read ,,weav]s4 ,! spid]s possess+ a cribellum & a calami/rum repres5t two families1 "o ( :i* makes irregul> webs2 ! o!r1 ^? :i* are ( def9ite =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,web ( a curl$-?read weav]4 ,an irregul> web ( a curl$-?read weav] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 f a photograph4 ,9 ?is web ! framework is ( ord9>y silk2 & ^u ?is framework is plac$ a b& ( curl$ or tangl$ ?reads 7,fig4 #aje74 ,an insect alight+ on a net ( ?is k9d is likely to get its feet caught 9 ! tangl$ silk1 & to be held fa/ till ! spid] c p\nce ^u x4 ,nets ( ?is k9d are f\nd on bu%es & on ! sides ( build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,fragm5t ( a curl$-?read weav]'s web1 enl>g$4 ,!re are two q di/9ct types ( regul> webs made by spid]s possess+ a cribellum & a calami/rum4 ,"o is a r\nd web :i* resembles at fir/ sight ^? ( ! orb weav]s2 b x diff]s f ! ord9>y orb-web 9 t ! spiral ?read is made ( curl$ or hackl$ silk4 ,^! webs are ne>ly horizontal1 & are usually made betwe5 /ones or 9 l[ bu%es2 !y are n common4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,web ( ! triangle spid]4 ,! o!r type is repres5t$ by ! web ( ! triangle spid]4 ,?is web is mo/ (t5 f\nd /ret*$ betwe5 ! twigs ( a dead bran* ( p9e or hemlock4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s l a fragm5t ( an orb-web 7,fig4 #ajf72 b a little /udy w %[ t x is complete4 ,! accompany+ figure1 by ,dr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,wild]1 :o fir/ describ$ ! habits ( ?is spid] 7,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 #ahge7 illu/rates ! =m ( ! web4 ,x consi/s ( f\r pla9 l9es correspond+ to ! radiat+ l9es ( an orb-web1 & a s]ies ( cross l9es1 :i* are spun by ! cribellum & calami/rum4 ,ea* cross l9e is compos$ ( two l9es1 ab\t #a_/ejj ( an in* ap>t4 ,^! d\ble l9es take ! place ( ! curl$ ?reads wov5 by o!r memb]s ( ! family to :i* ! triangle spid] belongs4 ,f ! po9t :]e ! radiat+ l9es meet1 a /rong l9e ext5ds to "o ( ! support+ twigs4 ,ne> ?is twig ! spid] re/s1 pull+ ! web tight s t !re is "s loose l9e betwe5 its legs1 z %[n 9 ! enl>g$ figure4 ,:5 an insect becomes entangl$ 9 "o ( ! cross l9es1 ! spid] sudd5ly lets g ! loose l9e s t ! :ole web spr+s =w>d1 & ! insect is entangl$ 9 o!r cross l9es4 ,! spid] !n draws ! web tight & snaps x aga94 ,?is may be repeat$ sev]al times be=e ! spid] goes out ^u ! web aft] its prey4 ,! triangle spid] is a t9y fell[1 & s closely resembles ! color ( ! dead bran* ne> :i* x re/s t x is v difficult to f9d2 its web is m easily se51 ?\gh x usually requires c>eful se>*+ to discov] x4 ,,! ,,mo!rhood ,,( ,,spid]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,egg-sac ( a spid]4 ,z a rule "y spid]s are =c$ to %ift = !mselves1 & a v h>d "t !y h2 b ( ?is we h n space to write4 ,) spid]s1 ! "m's c>e is devot$ *iefly to furni%+ protection to h] helpless eggs4 ,^! are plac$ 9 silk5 sacs1 :i* are (t5 v elaborate 9 con/ruction & protect$ ) great c>e4 ,! mo/ common egg-sacs are ^? f\nd 9 ! fields atta*$ to /ones & pieces ( wood 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,!y are disk-%ap$ objects1 silv]y 9 color1 & ab\t ! size ( an old-fa%ion$ ?ree-c5t piece4 ,! egg-sacs ( ! cobweb weav]s c be f\nd susp5d$ 9 _! webs2 & ^? ( ! orb weav]s1 9 v>i\s situations4 ,fig4 #ajh repres5ts ! l>ge egg-sac ( "o ( ! orb weav]s4 ,?is is made 9 ! autumn1 & conta9s at t season a l>ge numb] ( eggs--five hundr$ or m4 ,^! eggs hat* e>ly 9 ! w9t]2 b no spid]s em]ge f ! egg-sac until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,if egg-sacs ( ?is k9d be op5$ at diff]5t times dur+ ! w9t]1 ! spid]s w be f\nd to increase 9 size b dim9i% 9 numb]s z ! season advances4 ,9 fact1 a /range trag$y goes on )9 ^! egg-sacs3 ! /rong] spid]s calmly dev\r _! weak] bro!rs1 & 9 ! spr+ ^? t survive em]ge suffici5tly n\ri%$ to fight _! battles 9 ! outside _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,egg-sac ( an orb weav]4 ,! females ( ! ,runn+ ,spid]s n only make a c>efully con/ruct$ egg-sac1 b also c>e = ! "y spid]s = a "t4 ,! runn+ spid]s are ! l>ge d>k-color$1 hairy spid]s1 (t5 f\nd "u /ones & rubbi%2 !y are s-call$ because !y capture _! prey by runn+4 ,! females ( mo/ ( ! species 7^? ( ! g5us ,lycosa7 drag aft] !m _! egg-sac1 :i* is atta*$ to ! sp9n]ets 7,fig4 #aji72 & :5 ! "y hat*1 !y climb on _! "m's back1 & are c>ri$ ab\t = a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,lycosa & egg-sac4 ,"o ( ! runn+ spid]s 7,dolom$es7 c>ries h] egg-sac ) h] m&ibles until ! "y are ready to em]ge4 ,at ?is "t ! "m fa/5s ! egg-sac 9 a bu%1 & sp9s irregul> ?reads ab\t x1 among :i* ! "y spid]s rema9 = a "t 7,fig4 #aaj74 ,9 ! specim5 figur$1 ! egg-sac 0 conceal$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! web4 ,,! ,,balloon+ ,,spid]s4 ,9 w>m autumn days1 innum]able ?reads c be se5 /ream+ f f5ces1 bu%es1 & ! tips ( /alks ( grass1 or float+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,^! are made by ! ,balloon+ ,spid]s1 :i* are able to travel long di/ances1 hundr$s ( miles1 ?r\gh ! air by means ( ^! silk5 ?reads4 ,! balloon+ spid] climbs to "s elevat$ po9t1 & !n1 /&+ on ! tips ( its feet1 lifts its body z high z x c1 & sp9s out a ?read ( silk4 ,?is ?read is c>ri$ up & away by a curr5t ( air4 ,:5 ! ?read is long en\gh ! =ce ( ! air curr5t on x is suffici5t to be> ! spid] up4 ,x !n lets g its hold ) its feet & sails away4 ,t ^! spid]s travel long di/ances 9 ?is mann] has be5 %[n by ! fact t !y h be5 se5 float+ ?r\gh ! air at sea f> f l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,nurs]y ( ,dolom$es4 ,,leaflet ,,xvi4 ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,toad4#bj ,,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,gage4#ba #bj ,tea*]s' ,leaflet1 ,no4 #i1 ,may1 #ahig4 #ba ,x 0 ! desire ( ! au?or to tell ! /ory ( ?is leaflet 9 pictures z well z 9 words1 & he wi%es to express 8 appreciation ( ! en?usiasm & ability ) :i* ! illu/rations 7 execut$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,furlong4 ,9 ?is edition are add$ half-tone reproductions ( photographs to br+ out m completely ! life /ory4 ,on acc\nt ( its economic importance1 & because ! m>vel\s *anges pass$ ?r\gh 9 gr[+ f an egg to a toad are s rapid t !y may all be se5 dur+ a s+le spr+ t]m ( s*ool1 ! common or w>ty toad has be5 select$ z ! subject ( a leaflet 9 nature-/udy4 ,toads are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ,new ,york1 & ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ! _w2 x is easy1 !re=e1 to get abundant mat]ial = /udy4 ,?is animal is su* a good fri5d to ! f>m]1 ! g>d5]1 ! fruit-gr[]1 ! flori/ & ! /ock-rais] t e man & woman1 e boy & girl1 ought to "k some?+ ab\t x4 ,fur!rmore1 x is hop$ & s9c]ely believ$ t ! feel+ ( repugnance & dislike1 & ! consequ5t cruelty to toads1 w disappe> :5 tea*]s & *ildr5 le>n some?+ ab\t _! wond]ful *anges 9 =m1 /ructure & habits1 & h[ h>mless & helpful !y are4 ,!n1 :o t kn[s ( ! *ances1 ! dang]s & /ruggles 9 ! life ( ! toad1 c help a feel+ ( sympa?y2 = aft] all1 h[ l our human life x is4 ,:]e sympa?y is1 cruelty is impossible1 & "o comes to feel ! _s ( ^! beautiful l9es f ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9]3 ,he praye? be/ :o love? be/ ,all ?+s bo? great & small2 ,= ! de> ,god :o love? u ,he made & love? all4 ,x 0 ,william ,h>vey1 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 :o fir/ cle>ly /at$ ! fact t e animal comes f an egg4 ,?is is z true ( a toad z ( a *ick54 ,! toad lives on ! l& & (t5 a long way f any pond or /ream1 b ! fir/ "p ( its life is sp5t 9 ! wat]2 & s x is 9 ! wat] t ! eggs mu/ be look$ =4 ,to f9d ! eggs "o %\ld visit ! natural or artificial ponds s common along /reams4 ,ponds f spr+s or ev5 artificial res]voirs or ! bas9s ar\nd f\nta9s1 also may conta9 ! eggs4 ,! "t = f9d+ ! eggs dep5ds on ! season4 ,! toad obs]ves ! season1 n ! almanac4 ,9 ord9>y ye>s1 ! be/ "t is f ! middle ( ,april to ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,"o is (t5 guid$ to ! "r place by notic+ ! direction f :i* ! song or call ( ! toad comes4 ,! call ( ! toad is m or less l t ( ! tree toads4 ,9 g5]al x s\nds l :i/l+1 & at ! same "t pron\nc+ deep 9 ! ?roat1 bu-rr-r-r-r-4 ,if "o wat*es a toad :ile x makes its call1 "o c soon le>n to di/+ui% ! s\nd f o!rs some:at simil>4 ,x w be f\nd t diff]5t toads h slightly diff]5t voices1 & ! same "o c v>y ! tone consid]ably1 s t x is n s easy aft] all to di/+ui% ! _m batra*ian solos & *oruses on a spr+ or summ] ev5+4 ,x w be notic$ t ! toad does n op5 its m\? :5 x s+s1 b1 in/ead1 ! resonator or vocal sac "u its m\? & ?roat is greatly exp&$4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful to di/+ui% ! expansion ( ! m\? 9 brea?+ f ! expansion ( ! vocal sac4 ,see ! left h& toad 9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #aaa7 = ! vocal sac1 & ! toad 9 hib]nation 7,fig4 #aba7 = ! expansion ( ! m\? 9 brea?+4 ,x is only ! males t possess ! vocal sac1 s t ! toad *orus is compos$ solely ( male voices4 ,! eggs are laid 9 long /r+s or ropes :i* are ne>ly always tangl$ & w\nd r\nd ! wat] plants or /icks on ! bottom ( ! pond4 ,if ! pond is l>ge & deep1 ! eggs are laid ne> ! %ore :]e ! wat] is %all[4 ,if ! eggs h be5 fre%ly laid 9 cle> wat] ! egg ropes w look l glass tubes conta9+ a /r+ ( jet black beads4 ,aft] a ra9 ! eggs are obscur$ by ! f9e mud t settles on ! transp>5t jelly surr\nd+ !m1 b ! jelly is mu* m evid5t ?an 9 ! fre%ly laid egg /r+s4 ,secure en\gh ( ! egg /r+ to include #ej or #ajj eggs & place x 9 a glass fruit di% or a bas9 ) clean wat] f ! pond :]e ! eggs 7 f\nd4 ,let ! *ildr5 look at ! eggs v c>efully & note ! color & ! exact %ape4 ,let !m see :e!r ! color is ! same on all sides4 ,if ! eggs are newly laid !y w be ne>ly p]fect sph]es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,! toad 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t f ! egg to ! adult ,frogs1 salam&]s & tree toads lay _! eggs 9 ! same places & at ab\t ! same "t z ! toad we are to /udy4 ,only ! toad lays its eggs 9 /r+s1 s "o c be sure he has ! "r k9d4 ,! o!rs lay _! eggs 9 bun*es or s+ly on ! plants1 s !y nev] ne$ be mi/ak5 = ! ones s\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,j hat*$ toad tadpoles climb+ up :]e ! wat] is bett] a]at$4 ,! eggs :i* are tak5 to ! s*ool h\se = /udy %\ld be kept 9 a light place2 an ea/1 s\? or we/ w9d[ is be/4 ,x requires only a %ort "t = ! eggs to hat*4 ,9 w>m wea!r two to f\r days are usually suffici5t1 b 9 ! cool days ( ,april x may require t5 days4 ,z ! *anges are s v rapid1 ! eggs ought to be c>efully look$ at two or ?ree times a day to make sure t all ! pr9cipal *anges are se54 ,if a pocket l5s or a read+ glass is to be _h x w add to ! int]e/1 z m ( ! details c be obs]v$4 ,b good %>p eyes are suffici5t if no l5s is available4 ,hat*+4--,wat* & see h[ long x is be=e ! develop+ embryos comm5ce to move4 ,note _! *ange 9 =m4 ,z !y elongate !y move m vigor\sly till on ! second or ?ird day !y wriggle out ( ! jelly surr\nd+ !m4 ,?is is hat*+1 & !y are n[ free 9 ! wat] & c swim ab\t4 ,x is curi\s to see !m hang !mselves up on ! old egg /r+ or on ! edge ( ! di% 7,fig4 #aab74 ,!y d ?is by means ( a peculi> v-%ap$ organ on _! heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,old] toad tadpoles ) _! heads up4 ,h[ diff]5t ! little creatures are1 :i* h j hat*$1 f ! gr[n up toad :i* laid ! eggs6 ,! diff]5ce is ab\t z great z t betwe5 a cat]pill> & a butt]fly4 ,tadpoles1 polliwogs4--,we call ! "y ( ! frog1 ! toad & ! tree toad1 tadpoles or polliwogs4 ,! toad tadpoles are black4 ,z !y increase 9 size !y may become greyi%4 ,^? rais$ 9 ! h\se are usually d>k] ?an ^? gr[+ 9 nature4 ,! tadpoles w live = "s "t 9 cle> wat] ) app>5tly no?+ to eat4 ,?is is because 9 ea* egg is "s food1 j z !re is a l>ge supply ( food )9 ! egg %ell to give ! *ick5 a good />t 9 life4 ,b :5 ! food t ! "m suppli$ 9 ! egg is us$ up1 ! little tadpoles w\ld die if !y c\ld n f9d "s food = !mselves4 ,!y mu/ gr[ a great deal be=e !y c turn into toads2 & j l *ildr5 & o!r "y animals1 to gr[ !y mu/ h pl5ty ( food4 ,fe$+ ! tadpoles4--,to fe$ ! tadpoles x is necess>y to imitate nature z closely z possible4 ,to d ?is1 a visit to ! pond :]e ! eggs 7 f\nd w give ! clue4 ,_m plants are pres5t1 & ! bottom w be se5 to slope gradually f ! %ore4 ,! food ( ! tadpole is ! m9ute plant life on ! /ones1 ! surface ( ! mud1 or on ! outside ( ! l>g] plants4 ,"o mu/ n attempt to raise too _m tadpoles 9 ! artificial pond 9 ! laboratory or s*ool-room or !re w n be en\gh food1 & all w be half />v$1 or "s w get ! food & ! re/ w />ve to dea?4 ,:ile !re may be ?\s&s ( tadpoles 9 ! natural pond1 x w be readily se5 t1 comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( wat] pres5t1 !re are really r few4 ,probably _m m 7 hat*$ 9 ! s*ool-h\se ?an c be rais$ 9 ! artificial pond4 ,return ! ones n put 9 ! artificial pond to ! natural pond4 ,x w\ld be too bad to ?r[ !m out on ! gr\nd to die4 ,comp>+ ! gr[? ( ! tadpoles4--,ev5 :5 "o does 8 be/ x is h>d to make an artificial pond s good z ! natural "o = ! tadpoles1 & ! tea*] w f9d x v int]e/+ & /imulat+ to comp>e ! gr[? & *ange 9 ! tadpoles at ! s*ool-h\se ) ^? 9 ! natural pond4 ,z gr[? dep5ds on ! supply ( food & ! suitability ( ! environm5t1 x is easy to judge h[ ne>ly ! artificial pond equals ! natural pond = rais+ tadpoles4 ,x w be wor? :ile to take a tadpole f ! natural pond occasionally & put x 9 ) ^? at ! s*ool-h\se1 s t ! diff]5ces may be m /rik+ly %[n4 ,!re is "s dang] 9 mak+ a mi/ake "h1 h[ev]1 = !re may be ?ree or f\r k9ds ( tadpoles 9 ! natural pond4 ,^? ( ! toad are almo/ jet black :5 "y1 :ile ! o!rs are m or less br[ni%4 ,if "o selects only ! v black ones !y w probably be toad tadpoles4 ,e week or (t5]1 "s wat] plants1 & p]haps a small /one cov]$ ) ! gr[? ( microscopic plants1 & "s wat]1 %\ld be tak5 f ! pond to ! artificial pond4 ,! wat] w supply ! place ( t :i* has evaporat$1 & ! wat] plants w c>ry a new supply ( food4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! artificial pond 9 ! s*ool-room does n rema9 cle>1 x %\ld be c>efully dipp$ out & fre% cle> wat] add$4 ,x is bett] to get ! wat] f ! pond :]e ! eggs 7 laid1 al?\gh any cle> wat] w answ]2 b d n use di/ill$ wat]4 ,! gr[? & *anges 9 =m %\ld be look$ = e day4 ,!n x is v int]e/+ to see :at ! tadpoles d1 h[ !y eat1 & any signs ( brea?+4 ,all ! *anges f an egg to a little toad 7,fig4 #aaa71 are pass$ ?r\gh 9 "o or two mon?s1 s t by ! fir/ ( ,june ! tadpoles w be f\nd to h made great progress4 ,! progress w be n only 9 size1 b 9 =m & action4 ,"o ( ^! actions %\ld be wat*$ ) especial c>e1 = x means a great deal4 ,at fir/ ! little tadpoles rema9 "u wat] all ! "t1 & d n seem to "k or c>e t !re is a great _w above ! wat]4 ,b z !y gr[ l>g] & l>g]1 !y ru% up to ! surface once 9 a:ile & !n dive d[n aga91 z if _! lives dep5d$ on x4 ,! old] !y gr[ ! (t5] d !y come to ! surface4 ,?is is ev5 m m>k$ 9 ! l>ge tadpole ( ! bullfrog4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,probably mo/ ( ! pupils c guess correctly2 b x took sci5tific m5 a long "t to f9d out j :y ?is 0 done4 ,! real reason is t ! tadpole is gett+ ready to brea! ! free air above ! wat] :5 x turns into a toad & lives on ! l&4 ,at fir/ ! little tadpoles brea! ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 j z a fi% does4 ,?is makes x pla9 :y an artificial pond %\ld h a broad surface expos$ to ! air4 ,if "o %\ld use a n>r[ & deep vessel1 l a fruit j>1 only a small am\nt ( air c\ld be tak5 up by ! wat] & ! tadpoles w\ld be half suffocat$4 ,z ! tadpoles gr[ old] !y g (t5] to ! surface to get ! air directly f ! limitless supply above ! wat]1 z !y w h to d :5 !y live :olly 9 ! air4 ,disappe>ance ( ! tail4--,f ! fir/ to ! middle ( ,june ! tadpoles %\ld be wat*$ ) especial c>e1 = wond]ful ?+s are happ5+4 ,bo? ! =e & h9d legs w appe>1 if !y h n already4 ,! head w *ange 9 =m & s w ! body2 ! color w become mu* light]1 &1 b = ! tail1 ! tadpole w beg9 to look some?+ l its "m4 ,if y keep an especially %>p look\t1 d y ?9k y w see ! tail drop (f8 ,no1 toad nature is too economical = t4 ,! tail w n drop (f1 b x w be se5 to get %ort] & %ort] e day2 x is n dropp+ (f1 b is be+ c>ri$ into ! tadpole4 ,! tail is p]fect at e /age2 x simply disappe>s4 ,h[ does ?is happ58 ,?is is ano!r ?+ t x took sci5tific m5 a long "t to f9d out4 ,x is n[ kn[n t !re are two great me?ods = remov+ p>ts ( ! body no long] ne$$4 ,9 ! fir/ me?od ! liv+ p>ticles 9 ! body :i* are able to w&] all ar\nd1 z if !y 7 inspectors to see t ev]y?+ is 9 ord]1 may g to ! "p to be remov$ & take x up piece by piece4 ,^! liv+ p>ticles are kn[n z :ite blood corpuscles1 w&]+ cells1 phagocytes1 leucocytes & sev]al o!r names4 ,9 ! o!r me?od1 ! blood & ! lymph go+ to ! "p to be remov$ dissolve x p>ticle by p>ticle4 ,app>5tly ! toad tadpole's tail is dissolv$ by ! blood & lymph r ?an be+ eat5 up by ! phagocytes1 al?\gh ! phagocytes d a "p ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,trans=m+ tadpole ( ! gre5 tree toad to %[ ! rapidity ( tail absorption4 7,*ange 9 #bd h\rs4 ,natural size47 ,,hvla--,natural size4 ,*ange 9 #bd h\rs2 #bh mm4 ( tail absorb$ 9 #bd h\rs2 #a-a_/f mm4 p] h\r4 ,common toad %ort5s ! tail ab\t #a_/e mm4 p] h\r4 ,n[1 :5 ! tadpole is ready to disp5se ) its tail1 ! blood & lymph & ! phagocytes take x up p>ticle by p>ticle & c>ry x back into ! body :]e x c be us$ j z any o!r good food w\ld be4 ,?is tak+ 9 ( ! tail is done s c>efully t ! sk9 epi!lium or epid]mis is nev] brok51 b cov]s up ! outside p]fectly all ! "t4 ,is n ?is a bett] way to get rid ( a tail ?an to cut x (f8 ,if y look at ! picture ( ! disappe>ance ( ! tail 9 ! toad tadpole 7,fig4 #aae7 & 9 ! tree-toad tadpole 7,fig4 #aad71 y w get an idea h[ rapidly ?is takes place4 ,x is easi] to see ! actual %ort5+ if ! tadpoles are put 9 a :ite di% ( cle> wat] )\t any wat] plants4 ,! tadpoles d n eat any?+ :ile !y are *ang+ to toads1 s !y w n ne$ to be f$4 ,beg9n+ ( ! life on ! l&4--,n[1 :5 ! legs are gr[n out1 & ! tail is gett+ %ort]1 ! little tadpole likes to put its nose out ( ! wat] into ! air2 & sometimes x crawls half way out4 ,:5 ! tail gets q %ort1 (t5 a m]e /ub1 x w crawl out entirely & /ay = "s "t 9 ! air4 ,x n[ looks really l a toad except t x is ne>ly smoo? in/ead ( be+ w>ty1 & is only ab\t z l>ge z ! end ( a *ild's little f+] 7,fig4 #aae74 ,f9ally1 ! "t comes :5 ! tadpole1 n[ trans=m$ into a toad1 mu/ leave ! wat] = ! l&4 ,:at que] feel+s ! little toad mu/ h :5 ! s(t1 smoo? bottom ( ! pond & ! pretty plants1 & ! wat] t support$ x s nicely are all to be left beh9d = ! h>d1 r\gh1 dry l&6 ,b ! little toad mu/ take ! /ep4 ,x is no long] a tadpole1 or half tadpole & half toad4 ,x _c aga9 dive into ! cool1 s(t wat] :5 ! air & ! sun%9e dry & scor* x4 ,z c\ntless g5]ations ( little toads h done be=e1 x pu%es boldly out ov] ! l& & away f ! wat]4 ,if "o visits ! natural pond at ab\t ?is season 7la/ half ( ,june1 fir/ ( ,july71 he is likely to see _m ( ! little fell[s hopp+ away f ! wat]4 ,& s vigor\sly d !y hop along t 9 a few days !y may be z f> z a mile f ! pond :]e !y 7 hat*$4 ,aft] a w>m %[] !y are p>ticul>ly active1 & are !n mo/ commonly se54 ,_m ?9k !y ra9$ d[n4 ,!y 7 n se5 be=e ! ra91 s !y mu/ h ra9$ d[n4 ,is t good reason+8 ,! little toad is c>eful & dur+ ! hot & sunny "p ( ! day /ays 9 ! %ade ( ! grass or leaves or 9 "s o!r moi/ & %ady place4 ,if x /aid out 9 ! sun too long x w\ld be liable to dry up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,toad developm5t 9 a s+le season 7#aijc74 #a-ah4 ,*anges & gr[?1 ,april to ,novemb]4 #a-ac4 ,developm5t 9 #be to #fj days4 #ae-ah4 ,diff]5t sizes1 ,octob] #ba1 #aijc4 #i1 #ad4 ,diff]5t sizes1 ,july #cj1 #aijc4 #aj1 #aa4 ,! same tadpole1--#aa1 #dg h\rs old] ?an #aj4 #ab1 #ac4 ,! same tadpole1--#ac1 #dg h\rs old] ?an #ab4 ,,food ,,on ,,! ,,l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,toad cat*+ a w+$ insect1 & illu/rat+ h[ ! tongue is ext5d$ & br\ght 9 contact ) ! insect4 ,sev]al o!r creatures t ! toad might eat are %[n 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! picture4 ,9 ! wat] ! tadpole eats vegetable matt]2 b :5 x becomes a toad & gets on ! l& x w t\* no?+ b animal food1 & t mu/ be s fre% t x is alive & mov+4 ,?is food consi/s ( e creep+1 crawl+ or fly+ ?+ t is small en\gh to be swall[$4 ,:ile x w n t\* a piece ( fre% meat ly+ on ! gr\nd1 woe to mov+ snail1 insect or worm t comes )9 its rea*6 ,x is by ! de/ruction ( insects & worms t ! toad helps m5 s greatly4 ,! insects & worms eat ! gra91 ! fruits & ! fl[]s4 ,!y bite & /+ ! animals & give m5 no end ( tr\ble4 ,! toad is n p>tial1 b takes any live ?+ t gets ne> x1 :e!r x is cat]pill>1 fly1 spid]1 c5tip$e or ?\s&-legg$ worm2 & x does n /op ev5 !re1 b w gobble up a hornet or a yell[ jacket )\t ! lea/ hesitation4 ,x is a/oni%+ to see ! c]ta9ty ) :i* a toad c cat* ^! fly+ or crawl+ ?+s4 ,! way ! toad does ?is may be obs]v$ by wat*+ "o out ( doors "s summ] ev5+ or aft] a %[]2 b x is m satisfactory to h a ne>] view4 ,put a l>ge toad into a box1 or bett]1 into a glass di% ) "s moi/ s& on ! bottom4 ,9 a little :ile1 if "o is g5tle1 ! toad w become tame1 & !n if flies & o!r insects are caught ) a sweep net & put into ! di% & ! top cov]$ ) mosquito nett+ "o c wat* ! process ( capture4 ,x is v quickly accompli%$1 & "o mu/ look %>ply4 ,z %[n 9 ! little picture 7,fig4 #aaf71 ! toad's tongue is fa/5$ at ! front "p ( its m\?1 n back 9 ! ?roat z ) m51 dogs1 cats & mo/ animals4 ,x is s nicely arrang$ t x c be ext5d$ = q a di/ance4 ,on x is a /icky secretion1 & :51 quick z a fla%1 ! tongue is ?r[n out or ext5d$1 if x t\*es ! insect1 ! insect is caught z if by /icky fly pap]1 & is tak5 into ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,toad mak+ a meal ( an angle worm4 ,?9k h[ _m insects & worms a toad c\ld de/roy 9 a s+le summ]4 ,practically e insect & worm de/roy$ adds to ! produce ( ! g>d5 & ! f>m1 or takes away "o cause ( discom=t to m5 & animals4 ,"o obs]v] reports t a s+le toad dispos$ ( tw5ty-f\r cat]pill>s 9 t5 m9utes1 & ano!r ate ?irty-five cel]y worms )9 ?ree h\rs4 ,he e/imates t a good-siz$ toad w de/roy ne>ly #aj1jjj insects & worms 9 a s+le summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,two newts fea/+ on tadpoles4 ,,enemies--,,! ,,%ad[ ,,side ,,( ,,life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,9 dang] f a cr[4 ,s f> no?+ has be5 said ab\t ! tr\bles & dang]s ( ! toad's life4 ,fig4 #aaa is meant to %[ ! ma9 phases 9 ! life-hi/ory4 ,if "o looks at x p]haps he may wond] :at becomes ( all ! tadpoles t fir/ hat*1 z only two toads are %[n at ! top4 ,is n ?is some?+ l ! o!r life-hi/ories8 ,h[ _m little rob9s or *ick5s die & nev] become full-gr[n birds6 ,well1 ! dang]s to ! toad beg9 at once4 ,suppose ! eggs are laid 9 a pond t dries up be=e ! little toads c get ready to live on ! l&2 9 t case !y all die4 ,! "m toads sometimes d make ! mi/ake ( lay+ ! eggs 9 ponds t dry up 9 a little :ile4 ,y w n let ! artificial pond at ! s*ool-h\se dry up1 w y8 ,!n sometimes !re is an especially dry summ]1 & only ^? t trans=m v e>ly f tadpoles to toads are sav$4 ,9 ! little picture 7,fig4 #aah7 is %[n ano!r s\rce ( dang] & cause = ! dim9ution 9 numb]s4 ,! newts & salam&]s f9d "y tadpoles v good eat+ & !y make way ) hundr$s ( !m4 ,"s die f :at are call$ natural causes1 t is1 diseases1 or possibly !y eat some?+ t does n agree ) !m4 ,s t :ile !re 7 multitudes ( eggs 7#a1jjj or m f ea* toad71 & ( j hat*$ tadpoles1 ! numb] has become sadly less5$ by ! "t ! brood is ready to leave ! wat]4 ,!n :5 !y set foot on l&1 _! dang]s are n pass$4 ,!y may be p>*$ by summ]'s heat or cru%$ "u ! feet ( m5 or cattle4 ,birds & snakes l !m = food4 ,figs4 #aai & #abj %[ "s ( ^! dang]s4 ,is x a wond]1 !n1 t ( all ! multitudes ( tadpoles s few gr[ up to be l>ge toads8 ,we h s few help]s to keep ! noxi\s insects 9 *eck1 x is n believ$ t any boy or girl :o kn[s ?is wond]ful /ory ( a toad's life w jo9 ! cr[s1 ! snakes & ! salam&]s 9 worry+ or de/roy+ _! good fri5ds4 ,,m\lt+ ,,& ,,hib]nation4 ,!re are two v int]e/+ ?+s t happ5 9 ! life ( _m ( ! l[] animals2 !y happ5 to ! toad also4 ,^! are m\lt+1 or *ange ( sk91 & hib]nation1 or w9t] sleep4 ,e boy & girl ought to "k ab\t ^!1 & !n1 if on ! look\t1 "s or all ( ! ?+s w be se54 ,m\lt+4--,probably ev]ybody :o lives 9 ! c\ntry has se5 a snake's sk9 )\t any snake 9 x4 ,x is (t5 v p]fect4 ,:5 ! outside sk9 or cuticle ( a snake or a toad gets old & dry or too tight = x1 a new cov]+ gr[s und]nea?1 & ! old "o is %$4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ p]=mance1 b ! toad usually %$s x 9 a retir$ place1 s ! process is n (t5 se54 ,^? :o h se5 x say t a long crack or te> appe>s along ! back & 9 front4 ,! toad keeps mov+ & wriggl+ to loos5 ! old cuticle4 ,?is peels ! cuticle (f ! sides4 ,n[1 to get x (f ! legs & feet1 ! toad puts its leg "u its arm1 or front leg1 & 9 t way pulls (f ! old sk9 z if x 7 a /ock+4 ,b :5 ! front legs are to be /ripp$ ! m\? is us$ z is sometimes done by p 9 pull+ (f _! gloves4 ,d y ?9k x uses its tee? = ?is purpose8 ,y might look 9 a toad's m\? sometime1 & !n y w\ld "k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,snakes frequ5tly swall[ toads h9d legs =emo/1 z %[n 9 ! picture4 ,?is is especially true ( ! g>t] snake1 :i* is a great enemy ( ! toad4 ,x is said t :5 ! sk9 is f9ally pull$ (f ! toad swall[s x4 ,?is is true 9 "s cases2 at lea/ x is wor? :ile keep+ wat* =4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! toad sometimes swall[s ! ca/ sk92 x is also c]ta9 t 9 "s cases ! ca/ sk9 is n swall[$4 ,aft] a toad has %$ 8 old sk91 he looks a great deal bright] & clean] ?an be=e1 z if he _h j got a new suit ( clo!s4 ,if y see "o ) a p>ticul>ly bright sk91 y w n[ "k :at x means4 ,hib]nation4--,! toad is a cold-blood$ animal4 ,?is means t ! temp]ature ( its blood is ne>ly l t ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,m51 horses1 c[s1 dogs1 are said to be w>m-blood$1 = _! blood is w>m & ( ab\t ! "s temp]ature :e!r ! surr\nd+ air is cold or hot4 ,:5 ! air is too cool1 ! toad becomes /upid & inactive4 ,9 ,septemb] or ,octob] a few toads may be se5 on w>m days or ev5+s1 b ! numb] se5 becomes small] & small]2 & f9ally1 z ! cold ,novemb] wea!r comes on1 none are se54 ,:]e are !y8 ,! toad seems to "k t w9t] is com+1 t ! insects & worms w disappe>1 s t no food c be f\nd4 ,x mu/ g into a k9d ( dea?-l sleep1 9 :i* x h>dly moves or brea!s4 ,?is w9t] sleep or hib]nation mu/ be pass$ 9 "s safe & protect$ place4 ,if ! toad 7 to freeze & ?aw ) e *ange 9 ! wea!r x w\ld n wake up 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,toad 9 ! w9t] sleep4 7,natural size74 ,! wond]ful =esight :i* in/9ct gives x1 makes ! toad select "s comp>atively s(t e>? 9 a protect$ place :]e x c bury itself4 ,! e>? *os5 is moi/1 b n wet4 ,if x 7 dry ! toad w\ld dry up be=e spr+4 ,x is n uncommon = f>m]s & g>d5]s to pl\gh !m up late 9 ! fall or e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,also 9 digg+ cell>s at ab\t ^! times !y are f\nd occasionally4 ,9 bury+ itself ! toad digs ) its h9d legs & body1 & pu%es itself backw>d into ! hole ) ! front legs4 ,! e>? caves 9 z ! animal backs into ! gr\nd1 s t no sign is left on ! outside4 ,once 9 f> en\gh to escape ! freez+ & ?aw+ ( w9t]1 ! toad moves ar\nd till !re is a little *amb] slightly l>g] ?an its body2 !n x draws its legs up close1 %uts its eyes1 puts its head d[n betwe5 or on its h&s1 & goes to sleep & sleeps = five mon?s or m4 ,:5 ! w>m days ( spr+ come x wakes up1 crawls out ( b$ & beg9s to take int]e/ 9 life aga94 ,x looks ar\nd = insects & worms1 & acts z if x _h _h only a com=table nap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! same toad awake 9 ! spr+4 7,natural size74 ,! little toad t y saw hat* f an egg into a tadpole & !n turn to a toad1 w\ld hib]nate = two or ?ree w9t]s1 & by t "t x w\ld be q a l>ge toad4 ,aft] x _h gr[n up & _h awak5$ f its w9t] sleep "s spr+1 x w\ld h a /rong impulse to get back to ! pond :]e x began life z an egg ye>s be=e4 ,once !re x w\ld lay a great numb] ( eggs1 p]haps z _m z a ?\s& or two1 = a new g5]ation ( toads4 ,& ?is w\ld complete its life cycle4 ,:ile ! toad completes its life cycle :5 x returns to ! wat] & lays eggs = a new g5]ation1 x may live _m ye>s aft]w>d & lay eggs _m times1 p]haps e ye>4 ,_m insects1 "s fi% & o!r animals1 die aft] lay+ _! eggs4 ,= su* animals ! completion ( ! life cycle ends ! life-hi/ory also4 ,b unless ! toad meets ) "s accid5t x goes back to its l& home aft] lay+ ! eggs1 & may live 9 ! same g>d5 or doory>d = _m ye>s1 z _m z eight ye>s1 & p]haps long]4 7,see ,bullet9 ,no4 #df1 ,hat* ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college1 ,amh]/1 ,mass47 ,,errone\s ,,notions ,,ab\t ,,! ,,toad4 ,if "o reads 9 old books & li/5s to ! fairy tales & o!r /ories common ev]y:]e1 he w he> _m wond]ful ?+s ab\t ! toad1 b mo/ ( ! ?+s are :olly untrue4 ,"o ( ! errone\s notions is t ! toad is deadly poison4 ,ano!r is t x is possess$ ( m>vel\s heal+ virtues1 & /ill ano!r1 t hidd5 away 9 ! heads ( "s ( ! olde/ ones are ! priceless toad-/ones1 jewels ( ine/imable value4 ,giv+ w>ts4--,probably e boy & girl liv+ 9 ! c\ntry has he>d t if "o takes a toad 9 8 h&s1 or if a toad t\*es him any:]e he w cat* ! w>ts4 ,?is is n s at all1 z has be5 prov$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,if a toad is h&l$ g5tly & pett$ a little x soon le>ns n to be afraid1 & seems to enjoy ! k9dness & att5tion4 ,if a toad is hurt or r\ghly h&l$ a :iti%1 acrid sub/ance is p\r$ out ( ! l>ge/ w>ts4 ,?is might sm>t a little if x got into ! m\?1 z dogs f9d out :5 !y try bit+ a toad4 ,x _c be v bad1 h[ev]1 or ! hawks1 owls1 cr[s & snakes t eat ! toad w\ld give up ! practice4 ,! toad is really "o ( ! mo/ h>mless creatures 9 ! _w1 & has nev] be5 kn[n to hurt a man or a *ild4 ,a boy might possibly h "s w>ts on 8 h&s aft] h&l+ a toad2 s might he aft] h&l+ a jack-knife or look+ at a /eam eng9e2 b ! toad does n give ! w>ts any m ?an ! knife or ! eng9e4 ,c[s giv+ bloody milk4--,x is a common belief 9 ! c\ntry t if "o kills a toad 8 c[s w give bloody milk4 ,c[s w give bloody milk if ! udd] is injur$ 9 any way1 :e!r a toad is kill$ or n4 ,!re is no connection :atev] betwe5 ! bloody milk & a kill$ toad4 ,liv+ )\t air & food4--,occasionally "o reads or he>s a /ory ab\t a toad f\nd 9 a cavity 9 a solid rock4 ,:5 ! rock is brok5 op5 x is said t ! toad wakes up & hops ar\nd z if x _h be5 asleep only half an h\r4 ,j ?9k = a mom5t :at x w\ld mean to f9d a live toad )9 a cavity 9 a solid rock4 ,x mu/ h be5 !re = ?\s&s1 if n = millions ( ye>s1 )\t food or air4 ,! toad does n l a long fa/1 b c /& x = a ye> or s )\t food if x is 9 a moi/ place & suppli$ ) air4 ,x regul>ly sleeps f\r or five mon?s e w9t]1 b nev] 9 a place devoid ( air4 ,if ! air 7 cut (f ! toad w\ld soon die4 ,"s c>eful exp]im5ts 7 made by ,fr5* sci5tific m51 & ! /ories told ab\t toads liv+ indef9itely )\t air or food 7 utt]ly disprov$4 ,x is n difficult to see t "o work+ 9 a qu>ry might hone/ly ?9k t he _h f\nd a toad 9 a rock4 ,toads are n v uncommon 9 qu>ries4 ,if a /one 7 brok5 op5 & a cavity f\nd 9 x1 & !n a toad 7 se5 hopp+ away1 "o might jump at ! conclusion t ! toad came out ( ! cavity 9 ! rock4 ,is n ?is some?+ l ! belief t ! little toads ra9 d[n f ! cl\ds because !y are mo/ commonly se5 aft] a %[]8 ,,surveys ,,& ,,maps4 ,9 consid]+ ! sugge/ions made 9 ?is leaflet1 we ?\ght ( ! hundr$s ( s*ools ?r\gh\t ! /ate & wond]$ :e!r !re might n be "s difficulty 9 f9d+ ! ponds :]e ! toads lay _! eggs1 & 9 f9d+ "s ( ! ?+s describ$ 9 ! o!r leaflets4 ,! tea*]s & /ud5ts 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity f\nd ?is difficulty 9 #ahfh :5 ! ,univ]sity op5$4 ,! great ,l\is ,agassiz came to ! ,univ]sity at ! beg9n+ to give a c\rse ( lectures on natural hi/ory4 ,! inspiration ( 8 pres5ce & advice1 & ( ^? lectures1 la/s to ?is day4 ,agassiz1 & ! ,univ]sity tea*]s1 :o _h _m ( !m be5 8 pupils1 saw at once t ! region ar\nd ,i?aca mu/ be full ( int]e/+ ?+s2 b !y did n "k exactly :]e to f9d !m4 ,agassiz himself made "s explorations1 & ! pr(essors & /ud5ts took hold ( ! "w ) ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,!y explor$ ! beautiful lake1 ! /reams1 hills1 valleys1 gorges1 ponds & m>%es4 ,c>eful notes 7 kept ( ! exact locality :]e e int]e/+ ?+ 0 f\nd & simple maps 7 made to aid 9 f9d+ ! places aga94 ,f9ally1 aft] sev]al ye>s1 k en\gh 0 ga9$ to con/ruct an accurate map = ! use ( all4 ,a "p ( ?is map1 %[+ only ! mo/ important features1 is put into ?is leaflet to s]ve z a guide 7,fig4 #abc74 ,x w be se5 t ! ,univ]sity is made ! />t+ po9t4 ,) a few h9ts x is believ$ t e s*ool c make a good beg9n+ ?is ye> on a natural hi/ory survey ( ! region ne> its s*ool-h\se1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( a map to g ) ! survey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,simple map %[+ ! position ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ! city ( ,i?aca1 ,cayuga ,lake1 & ! roads & /reams & ponds ne> ! ,univ]sity4 ,f ,w4 ,r4 ,dudley's map 9 ,! ,cayuga ,flora4 ,scale1 #a c5timet] to ! kilomet]4 ,u4 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,u4 ,l4 ,univ]sity ,lake 9 ,fall ,creek4 ,r4 ,res]voir suppli$ f ,univ]sity ,lake1 & supply+ ! campus4 ,e4 ,p4 ,ea/ ,pond :]e ! eggs ( ! toad1 tree toad1 frogs & salam&]s are f\nd4 ,f4 ,p4 ,=e/ ,home ,pond4 ,a v favorable place = eggs1 tadpoles1 etc4 ,inlet4 ,! inlet ( ! lake4 ,! lampreys are abundant ne> ,flem+'s mead[4 ,prep>ation ( ! map4--,x is well to h ! map ( good size4 ,a half %eet ( bri/ol bo>d w answ]1 b a :ole %eet is bett]4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ?+ to decide is ! scale to :i* ! map is to be drawn4 ,x is bett] to h ! scale l>ge4 ,twelve in*es to ! mile w\ld be conv5i5t4 ,divide ! map into squ>es1 mak+ ! l9es q heavy4 ,if s l>ge a scale 7 us$ x w\ld be advantage\s = locat+ places to h ! l>ge squ>es divid$ into squ>e in*es1 b mu* light] l9es %\ld be us$ s t !re w be no confusion ) ! l9es repres5t+ ! miles4 ,locat+ objects on ! map4--,! corn] ( ! s*ool-h\se conta9+ ! corn] /one %\ld be tak5 z ! />t+ po9t4 ,if !re is no corn] /one1 select ! mo/ conv5i5t corn]4 ,put ! s*ool-h\se on ! map any:]e y wi%2 probably ! c5t] ( ! map w\ld be ! be/ place4 ,9 ! sample map ! ,univ]sity is n 9 ! c5t]1 z x 0 desir$ to %[ m ( ! c\ntry to ! s\? & we/ ?an to ! nor? & ea/4 ,! map %\ld ( c\rse be made l o!r maps1 s x w be necess>y to "k ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass be=e locat+ any?+ on x4 ,p]haps ! s*ool-h\se has be5 plac$ fac+ exactly nor? & s\? or ea/ & we/1 t is1 arrang$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass2 if s1 x w be ! be/ guide4 ,if y are n sure1 det]m9e ) a compass4 ,) x ! po9ts c be det]m9$ v accurately4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! po9ts ( compass1 comm5ce to locate objects 9 ! l&scape on ! map z foll[s3 ,get _! direction f ! />t+ po9t at ! corn] ( ! s*ool-h\se1 !n measure ! di/ance accurately by runn+ a bicycle on :i* is a cyclomet]1 /raight betwe5 ! />t+ po9t & ! object4 ,! cyclomet] w record ! di/ance accurately & x c be read (f easily4 ,if no bicycle ) a cyclomet] is available1 "o c use a long measur+ /ick1 a tape measure or ev5 a measur$ /r+2 b ! bicycle & cyclomet] are m conv5i5t & accurate1 especially :5 ! di/ances are consid]able4 ,suppose ! di/ance is f\nd to be "o-six? ( a mile due we/4 ,x %\ld be locat$ two in*es we/ ( ! corn] tak5 z ! />t+ po9t4 ,if ! direction 7 s\?-we/1 !n ! two in*es w\ld be measur$ on ! map 9 t direction & locat$ accord+ly4 ,proce$ 9 ?is way = locat+ any pond or m>%1 =e/ or gl54 ,n[1 :5 ! places are locat$ on ! map1 y c see h[ easy x w\ld be = any "o to f9d ! places !mselves4 ,:ile ! exact position %\ld be det]m9$ if possible & locat$1 "o does n (t5 take a bee-l9e 9 visit+ !m1 b goes 9 roads1 (t5 a long di/ance ar\nd4 ,9 locat+ ! objects on ! map1 e ef=t %\ld be made to get !m accurately plac$1 & ?is c be done mo/ easily by kn[+ ! di/ances 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x is hop$ t e s*ool 9 ! /ate w beg9 ?is ye> mak+ a natural hi/ory survey & a map ( ! region ar\nd its s*ool-h\se4 ,! map w %[ b few locations1 p]haps1 b x c be add$ to f ye> to ye>1 j z ! ,univ]sity map has be5 add$ to2 & f9ally ea* s*ool w h a map & notes %[+ exactly :]e ! toads lay _! eggs1 :]e fi% & birds are2 & :]e ! newts & salam&]s1 ! diff]5t trees & fl[]s1 rocks & fossils may be f\nd4 ,if ! dates are kept accurately = ! diff]5t ye>s1 "o c also see h[ mu* v>iation !re is4 ,inde$1 su* nature-/udy w give a sure f\ndation = appreciat+ & compreh5d+ ! l>g] que/ions 9 natural sci5ce1 & x w make an almo/ p]fect prep>ation = tak+ "p 9 or = appreciat+ ! great surveys ( a /ate or a c\ntry4 ,x is believ$ t if accurate in=mation 7 collect$ & c>eful maps made by ! diff]5t s*ools1 ! ,empire ,/ate c\ld soon h a natural hi/ory survey & map bett] ?an any n[ 9 exi/5ce 9 any /ate or c\ntry4 ,to ! ,tea*]3 ,x is ! firm belief ( ^? :o advocate nature-/udy t x is n only valuable 9 itself1 b t x w help to give enjoym5t 9 o!r /udies & mean+ to !m4 ,e pupil :o foll[s out ! "w ( ?is leaflet w see ! ne$ ( a map ( ! region ar\nd ! s*ool-h\se4 ,?is w help 9 ! appreciation ( map "w g5]ally4 ,s _m ( ! beautiful & inspir+ ?+s 9 lit]ature are conc]n+ "s phase ( nature1 t nature-/udy mu/ increase ! appreciation ( ! lit]ature2 & ! noble ?\ghts 9 ! lit]ature w help ! pupils to look = & appreciate ! f9] ?+s 9 nature4 ,x is sugge/$ t z _m ( ! foll[+ selections z possible be read 9 connection ) ! leaflet3 ,! ,fiftie? ,bir?day ( ,agassiz1 by ,longfell[4 ,! ,pray] ( ,agassiz1 by ,:itti]4 ,pr(essor ,wild]1 :o 0 pres5t1 assures ! au?or t ?is describes an actual occurr5ce4 ,?is ,sil5t ,pray] is also m5tion$ 9 an inspir+ p>agraph by ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,union1 #ahgc4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,bryant's ,?anatopsis1 ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9]1 ,burns' ,on ,sc>+ ,"s ,wat] ,f[l 9 ,lo*-,turit1 & ,to a ,m\se4 ,c[p]s ,! ,task1 a selection f book vi41 beg9n+ ) l9e #efj4 ,?is gives a v j view ( ! rights ( ! l[] animals4 ,9 connection ) ! disappe>ance ( ! tail1 read ,l[ell's ,fe/9a ,l5te1 9 ! ,bigl[ ,pap]s4 ,= old] pupils1 ,%akespe>e's picture ( ! sev5 ages 9 ! human life cycle might be read4 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc5e ,,ii1 ne> ! end1 comm5c+1 ,all ! _w's a /age1 etc4 ,kipl+'s ,jungle ,books1 & ! works ( ,erne/ ,?ompson-,seton & ,william ,j4 ,long w help "o to see h[ ! _w might look f ! /&po9t ( ! animals4 ,"o ( ! mo/ satisfactory books to use 9 connection ) nature-/udy is ,animal ,life1 by ,presid5t ,david ,/>r ,jordan & ,pr(essor ,kellogg4 ,?is gives ! facts t e tea*] ought to "k 9 connection ) ! processes ( reproduction4 ,att5tion is also call$ to ,a4 ,h4 ,kirkl&'s ,bullet9 ,no4 #df ( ! ,hat* ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ! ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college1 & to ! ,nature-,/udy ,leaflet on ! ,toad1 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,hodge1 ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,f egg back to toad4 ,,leaflet ,,xvii4 ,,life ,,9 ,a ,,t]r>ium4#bb ,,by ,,alice ,i4 ,,k5t4 ,& ,nature1 ! old nurse1 took ,! *ild ^u h] knee1 ,say+3 ,"h is a /ory-book ,?y ,fa!r has writt5 = !e4 --,longfell[ to ,agassiz4 #bb ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly ,no4 #h3 ,leaflet #ba1 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,life 9 ! t]r>ium4 ,=tunate are ! *ildr5 & ! tea*]s :o are s plac$ t ,nature's /ory book is close at h&4 ,b city *ildr5 & _! tea*]s ne$ n despair1 = ,nature1 ! old nurse1 is lov+ & b\ntiful & w rewrite1 9 liv+ *>act]s1 _m a page f ! wondr\s book1 = ^? :o c>e to read4 ,"o su* a page may be a t]r>ium--a conf9$ plot ( e>? on :i* ?+s may live & gr[ 7f t]ra1 e>?1 z aqu>ium is f aqua1 wat]74 ,)9 its n>r[ conf9es1 ! :ole drama ( ! beautiful life ( _m a t9y creature may be rewritt54 ,"h is a fragm5t ( ! drama1 z writt5 9 "o t]r>ium4 ,?is t]r>ium 0 made f an old b]ry crate 7,figs4 #abe1 #abf74 ,:5 ! *ildr5 saw x fir/1 la/ fall1 ?is is :at x look$ l3 a l>ge rectangul> box1 grass-gre5 9 color1 ?irty-n9e in*es long1 eighte5 in*es wide1 & fifte5 in*es high4 ,! long sides 7 ( glass1 ! %ort sides & top ( gre5 wire nett+4 ,! top c\ld be remov$ l ! lid ( a box4 ,x /ood ^u a p$e/al-table provid$ ) ca/ors4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! t]r>ium 7 ?ree in*es ( ri* soil1 cov]$ ) ! delicate gre5 ( spr\t+ grass-se$4 ,9 "o corn] 0 a mossy nook1 & 9 ano!r a mass ( ?i/les & clov]4 ,at "o end1 a small cabbage 0 plant$ & at ! o!r lay sev]al sprays ( glossy p9-oak4 ,susp5d$ f ! top1 0 a l>ge spray ( purple ?i/les4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,butt]fly-"t 9 ! t]r>ium _w4 ,among ! ?i/les 9 ! corn]1 t5 p5dants ( vivid gre51 bright ) gold5 po9ts1 c\ld be se54 ,!y 7 ! *rysalids ( ! mon>*1 or milkwe$1 butt]fly4 ,among ! cabbage leaves1 7 _m ( ! pale gre5 eggs & sev]al ( ! cat]pill>s ( ! cabbage butt]fly4 ,among ! sprays ( oak 9 ! corn]1 sev]al oak cat]pill>s 7 fe$+4 ,be=e _m days _h pass$1 ! drama ( life began4 ,"o by "o1 ! *rysalids ( ! milkwe$ butt]fly pal$ 9 color &1 becom+ transp>5t1 %[$ ?r\gh _! :it5$ walls ! orange-color$ w+s ( ! develop+ butt]flies )94 ,!y !n bur/1 free+ _! gorge\s t5ants4 ,?is happ5$ until !re 7 sev5 butt]flies 9 ! t]r>ium4 ,z two ( ^! prov$ discont5t$ ) _! new home1 !y 7 set free4 ,! five o!rs sp5t ! little r\nd ( _! arial life seem+ly happy & satisfi$4 ,!y liv$ f ?ree to six weeks & %[$ "s individuality 9 _! ta/es & habits4 ,sometimes !y *ose ! mossy corn] = _! re/+ place4 ,on o!r occasions !y pref]r$ ! nett+ at ! ends & top ( ! t]r>ium4 ,9 fact1 ! nett+ at ! ends ( ! t]r>ium 0 a s\rce ( pleasure to ^! butt]flies1 z x s]v$ z a secure re/+ place & an agreeable & conv5i5t pa?way to ! top4 ,"o ( !m sp5t ne>ly all its life on ! ?i/les susp5d$ f ! top4 ,^! ?i/les 7 kept fre% a long "t by plac+ _! /ems 9 a l>ge sponge :i* 0 frequ5tly dr5*$ ) wat]4 ,! butt]flies %[$ "s individuality 9 _! eat+ also4 ,?i/le1 clov]1 gold5-rod1 na/urtiums1 & honey-suckle 7 (f]$ to !m4 ,! ?i/le & ! gold5-rod 7 mo/ frequ5tly visit$1 & next to ^! ! na/urtiums 7 mo/ favor$4 ,ano!r fact not$ 0 t mo/ ( ! butt]flies cont9u$ to visit ! fl[] fir/ *os54 ,:51 h[ev]1 a ?ick syrup ( sug> & wat] 0 (f]$ to !m1 ! fl[]s 7 mu* neglect$1 only "o butt]fly p]si/+ 9 fl[]-visit+4 ,gold5-rod 0 its *oice4 ,if ! syrup 0 fre%-made e morn+ & 0 plac$ 9 a conv5i5t spot1 ! butt]flies nev] fail$ to sip x4 ,!y g5]ally slept cl++ to ! wire-nett+ at ! ends or top ( ! t]r>ium4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! cabbage began to attract ! wat*ful eyes ( ! wond]+ *ildr54 ,z x _h indu/ri\sly s5t out _m t9y roots1 x prov$ a safe & satisfactory home = its hidd5 occupants4 ,soon1 "o by "o1 ! cat]pill>s began to appe> at ! edges ( ! upp]mo/ leaves4 ,!y began small t\rs 9 ! vic9age ( ! cabbage1 &1 f9ally1 z ) ! butt]flies1 ! end wire nett+s prov$ to be an easy pa?way to ! top ( ! t]r>ium4 ,"h sev]al f\nd good re/+ places1 & sl[ly *ang$ to *rysalids4 ,"o day a cabbage butt]fly oblig+ly flew 9 at ! op5 w9d[4 ,x 0 caught & plac$ 9 ! t]r>ium4 ,x1 too1 prov$ to be v fond ( sug> syrup4 ,"o morn+ ! syrup 0 accid5tally spill$ on ! wood5 ridge at ! bottom ( ! t]r>ium outside ( ! nett+4 ,! butt]fly 0 s hungry t x c\ld n wait = food m conv5i5tly plac$2 s x /ret*$ its tongue out1 full l5g?1 ?r\gh ! nett+1 & 9 t way obta9$ x4 ,! *ildr5 7 surpris$ to f9d its tongue some:at long] ?an its body4 ,at ?is "t1 ! cabbage 0 remov$ s t ! eggs & ! rema9+ "y cat]pill>s c\ld be obs]v$4 ,! protect+ color+ ( ! eggs & cat]pill>s 0 fir/ notic$4 ,"o little boy at fir/ ann\nc$ t ! cat]pill>s 7 gre5 because !y 7 n ripe1 a good example surely ( ! dang] ( reason+ f analogy6 ,v soon ! inhabitants ( ?is t]r>ium _w began to increase4 ,a fa!r & two "m gras%opp]s & a "y "o1 ) 8 armor on1 came to live !re2 also a woolly be>1 sev]al o!r species ( cat]pill>s1 sev]al species ( beetles1 a big horse-fly1 "s lady-bugs1 & a cicada4 ,ab\t ?is "t too1 "s v unwelcome immigrants appe>$4 ,^! 7 ! i*neumon flies4 ,s num]\s did !y become 9 a v %ort "t1 t !y ?reat5$ desolation to ?is prosp]\s community4 ,nature's me?ods 7 !n scrut9iz$ & ! s]vices ( two tree-toads 7 s\ght4 ,_! response 0 imm$iate & cordial4 ,soon n an i*neumon fly c\ld be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,h& ov] h&4 ,! gras%opp]s 7 p>tial to cel]y1 ov]-ripe bananas1 & moi/ure4 ,?ree days aft] !y became inhabitants ( ?is m9iature _w1 ! "m gras%opp] dug a hole 9 ! gr\nd & laid eggs4 ,! obs]v+ *ildr5 !n _h be=e !m liv+ illu/rations ( ! ?ree /ages ( gras%opp] life4 ,! tree-toads 7 bo? amus+ & accommodat+4 ,!y1 too1 lik$ ! wire nett+ at ! ends ( ! t]r>ium1 & delight$ ! *ildr5 by climb+ up foot ov] foot1 or h& ov] h&1 l odd f\r-h&$ sailor boys 7,fig4 #abg47 ,?is br\ght into pla9 view ! t9y suck]s on _! feet4 ,aft] ! i*neumon flies _h disappe>$1 a new difficulty arose4 ,! gr\nd became m\ldy1 & ! grass di$ d[n4 ,! t]r>ium 0 !n plac$ by an op5 w9d[ & left !re sev]al h\rs = a numb] ( days until x 0 ?or\ghly dri$ out4 ,!n bird-se$ 0 plant$ & ! gr\nd 0 wat]$ !reaft] ) a small plant syr+e4 ,?is gave suffici5t1 b n excessive moi/ure1 & x 0 "o ( ! pleasures ( ! *ildr5 to imitate a ra9y day 9 ! t]r>ium _w4 ,& x 0 a pleas+ exp]i5ce1 = !re 7 spla%es ( wat] on ! glass sides & _m %9+ drops on ! nett+ & v]dure1 :i* soon grew sev]al in*es tall2 !re 0 ! same delightful odor ( ri* fre% e>? t "o enjoys dur+ summ] ra9s1 & ! sun%9e t\*$ ) brilliancy ! gay fall fl[]s & ! gorge\s outspread w+s ( ! butt]flies4 ,at ?is "t ! t]r>ium _h an annex 9 ! %ape ( a wood5 box1 a foot squ>e1 ) a gauze top4 ,"h liv$ two "m spid]s ) _! egg-balls c>efully hung on ! cobweb beams ( _! homes4 ,"o day a beautiful yell[ silk egg-ball 0 f\nd out ( doors1 & :5 x 0 c>efully op5$ to %[ ! eggs ) :i* x 0 fill$1 ! gratify+ discov]y 0 made t ^! eggs 7 hat*+4 ,!y 7 v t9y & v num]\s4 ,!y 7 inclos$ 9 a silk5 p\* & 7 ! exact color ( its l9+4 ,:5 re/+ ! little spid]s seem$ to hold _! legs "u ! body1 & !y 7 s small & s l ! egg 9 g5]al appe>ance t if !y _h n run ab\t :5 di/urb$ !y w\ld nev] h be5 discov]$4 ,z soon z ! egg ball 0 op5$ !y exploit$ _! "o tal5t1 = !y ran out on ! f+]s ( ! p]son :o held ! ball & !n susp5d$ !mselves by almo/ invisible ?reads f all p>ts ( ! f+]s4 ,:5 !y 7 to be return$ to ! egg-ball !y 7 g5tly pu%$ up4 ,!y !n oblig+ly ran back into _! silk5 home1 :i* 0 c>efully clos$ z be=e4 ,^! little ones 7 kept a week or t5 days & 7 !n all[$ to escape & e/abli% homes = !mselves4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! spid] 0 ?us se51 al?\gh1 un=tunately1 our adult spid]s did n belong to ! same species z ! "y ones4 ,to return to ! t]r>ium3 ,x 0 n[ e>ly 9 ,novemb] & ea* day f\nd "o or m ( ! t]r>ium inhabitants miss+4 ,"o ( ! cat]pill>s disappe>$ & a cocoon made ( its own hair 0 f\nd 9 its place2 sev]al *rysalids 7 f\nd on ! top ( ! t]r>ium2 ! butt]flies & ! gras%opp]s1 "o by "o1 w5t into t sleep f :i* !re is no awak5+2 & a numb] ( ! o!r creatures disappe>$4 ,! *ildr5 f9ally conclud$ t ! latt] _h gone to sleep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! gras%opp]s & ! tree-toads 7 ! la/ to take _! re/1 b j be=e !y answ]$ ,"m ,nature's call to slumb]1 a l>ge g>d5 toad came to be> !m company4 ,he 0 a v int]e/+ toad = he bore signs ( hav+ liv$ ?r\gh :at mu/ h be5 almo/ a trag$y4 ,he _h lo/ ! l[] half ( "o front leg & _h ! sc> ( a long ga% on 8 ?roat4 ,^! disfigurem5ts seem$ n to cause him ! lea/ unhapp9ess1 = he _h a v bright wide-awake expression & 0 z plump & complac5t z a toad %\ld be4 ,! loss ( 8 leg caus$ him a little inconv5i5ce1 = he sometimes lo/ 8 balance :5 hopp+ & fell on 8 back4 ,he occasionally f\nd x difficult to "r himself at once1 b a few vigor\s kicks & jumps g5]ally plac$ him "r side up4 ,?ree days aft] he became a memb] ( ! t]r>ium community1 he1 too1 he>d ,"m ,nature's call to b$1 & p>tially buri$ himself4 ,ea* day he cov]$ himself m completely1 until f9ally only ! top ( 8 head & two sleepy eyes 7 to be se54 ,"o day1 ab\t a week aft]w>d1 he disappe>$ entirely4 ,he prov$ to be a v re/less sleep]1 & frequ5tly %[$ himself dur+ ! sunnie/ p>ts ( ne>ly e day all w9t]1 occasionally com+ entirely out ( 8 e>?y cov]+4 ,he s]v$ z a sort ( b>omet] all w9t]1 appe>+ 9 bright & disappe>+ 9 gloomy wea!r4 ,he nev]1 h[ev]1 left ! spot he _h *os5 = 8 b$4 ,w9t] is ! night ( ! ye>1 & ! little t]r>ium _w indoors exemplifies x z truly z ! great fields ( ,nature's doma9 out ( doors4 ,! soil is dry & h>d 9 ?is m9iature _w & ! v]dure has dri$ d[n to pale/ gre5 & br[n4 ,9 its e>?y b$1 ! cat]pill>s1 beetles1 & o!r creatures lie cosily asleep1 & ) ! masses ( t9y eggs1 await ! vivify+ t\* ( spr+4 ,,leaflet ,,xviii4 ,,directions ,,= ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,insects4#bc ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #bc ,tea*]s' ,leaflet ,no4 #g1 ,june1 #ahig4 ,illu/ration ,x is ! purpose ( ?is leaflet to give a few sugge/ions to aid ^? pupils ( ! second>y s*ools :o desire to make collections ( insects4 ,!re are sev]al good reasons :y *ildr5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to make collections ( fl[]s1 birds & insects2 & ! lea/ ( ^! reasons is ! possession ( su* a collection on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,mak+ a collection ( natural hi/ory specim5s %\ld only be ! means to an end1 i4 e41 tra9+ ! *ild to obs]ve4 ,:5 eyes are op5$ to ! wond]s ( nature1 e roadside1 brook & woodl& is fraught ) int]e/ :i* is undream$ ( by ^? :o are nature-bl9d4 ,x is sad to ?9k ( ! ho/s ( p :o g ?r\gh ?is beautiful _w hav+ eyes b see+ n1 hav+ e>s b he>+ n4 ,! eyes mu/ be unseal$ 9 y\?1 :5 ! m9d is al]t & receptive if ! man or woman is to f9d 9 lat] life t ,nature is n only a res\rce & recreation b an ev] fai?ful fri5d hold+ out com=t+ arms to ^? :o are we>y 9 s\l & body4 ,n only does ! /udy ( nature op5 ! *ild's eyes1 b x also tea*es him ! value ( accuracy4 ,! "y naturali/ soon und]/&s t an obs]vation is wor? no?+ unless x is tru?ful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nature-/udy cultivates ! imag9ation4 ,! wond]s 9 ! lives ( insects1 plants1 & birds are s illimitable t almo/ any?+ seems possible4 ,few inde$ are ! /udies :]e9 ! fire k9dl$ by imag9ative seem+ is gu>d$ & *eck$ by ! facts ( actual see+4 ,!re are a few po9ts 9 favor ( beg9n+ ) insects :5 ! *ild fir/ attempts mak+ a collection ( natural objects4 ,insects are to be f\nd ev]y:]e & are easily caught2 x requires no te*nical skill to pres]ve !m1 z is ! case ) birds2 !y reta9 _! natural =ms & colors bett] ?an d fl[]s4 ,to secure ! desir$ results = ! pupil :5 he is mak+ 8 collection ( insects1 ! tea*] %\ld take c>e t he makes 8 obs]vations incid5tally1 ?us subs]v+ ! true me?ods ( nature-/udy1 :i* is to tea* ! *ild :ile he rema9s unconsci\s ( ! fact t he is be+ taught4 ,! tea*]1 !re=e1 %\ld ask ! "y collector1 ,:]e did y cat* ?is butt]fly8 ,:]e did y f9d ?is beetle8 ,^u :at plant or fl[] did y f9d ?is bug8 ,did y he> ?is cricket *irp8 ,if s1 h[ did he d x8 etc41 etc42 ?us mak+ him tell orally or 9 a writt5 language lesson ! ?+s he has se5 :ile collect+4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! appe>ance & /ructure ( ! insects caught %\ld also be br\ght out by que/ions4 ,^! que/ions may be adapt$ to pupils ( any age1 & ! success ( ?is "p ( ! "w mu/ ev] dep5d ^u ! int]e/ & g5ius ( ! tea*]4 ,! objection is sometimes rais$ t collect+ & kill+ insects & birds incite ! *ild to cruelty & wanton de/ruction ( life4 ,?is seems good a priori reason+1 b exp]i5ce does n confirm x4 ,we h always f\nd t ^? :o collect & take an int]e/ 9 insect life are mu* m c>eful ab\t kill+ or hurt+ insects ?an are o!r p2 ! entomologi/ ( all m5 takes ! greate/ pa9s to avoid /epp+ ^u ! cat]pill> or cricket 9 8 pa?2 also ! "y orni?ologi/s :o h come "u our obs]vation %[ ! greate/ devotion to ! rights & int]e/s ( birds4 ,our exp]i5ce is t z soon z ! *ild beg9s to take an int]e/ 9 insects he beg9s to see matt]s f _! po9t ( view1 & ?is insures a prop] reg>d = _! "r to life4 ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 = ! tea*] to impress ^u ! pupil t he %\ld kill no insect t is n desir$ = 8 collection4 ,! articles necess>y = collect+ insects are few & inexp5sive4 ,"o net & "o kill+ bottle may d s]vice = a grade or an entire c\ntry s*ool1 ?us r$uc+ ! exp5se to a m9imum4 ,,insect ,,net4 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,mat]ials requir$4 #a4 ,a h&le ab\t ?ree feet long2 an old broom h&le w d4 #b4 ,a piece ( t9 ?ree in*es wide1 long en\gh to rea* ar\nd ! h&le4 #c4 ,a piece ( ,no4 #c galvaniz$ wire #c feet #f in*es long4 #d4 ,"o-six? ( a y>d ( heavy %eet+4 #e4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( a y>d ( *eese clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,insect net4 ,b5d ! wire into a r+ ab\t a foot 9 diamet] & b5d back ab\t #c in*es ( ea* end ( ! wire s !y may be ins]t$ into a hole drill$ into ! end ( ! h&le4 ,! piece ( t9 %\ld be fa/5$ ar\nd ! end ( ! h&le :]e ! wire is ins]t$ to hold x securely 9 place4 ,if practicable1 a t9smi? %\ld be call$ ^u to help 9 b5d+ ! wire & fa/5+ x to ! h&le4 ,aft] ?is is done1 take ! %eet+ & fold x ov] ! wire d\ble1 us+ only en\gh to fit ar\nd ! wire )\t ga!r+2 ! object ( ?is heavy clo? is to prev5t ! net f we>+ out quickly4 ,make ! *eese clo? into a bag ) r\nd$ bottom & j wide en\gh to fit ! fac+ ( %eet+1 to :i* x %\ld be sew$ securely1 & ! net is f9i%$4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,net4 ,to be successful1 ! net mu/ be swung swiftly4 ,insects h _m eyes & are v wide awake & h no desire to be caught2 !re=e1 ! collector mu/ be v active if he gets any?+4 ,"o me?od ( us+ ! net is call$ sweep+2 to d ?is take ! h&le ab\t a foot & a half above ! r+ & pass ! net quickly back & =? /rik+ x aga9/ ! grass 9 front ( y z y walk ?r\gh op5 fields2 ! net mu/ be turn$ at ea* /roke & kept 9 rapid motion or ! insects w escape4 ,aft] a "t ! net %\ld be exam9$ & ! insects put 9 ! kill+ bottle4 ,ano!r me?od ( us+ ! net is call$ beat+4 ,?is me?od is us$ 9 collect+ insects f bu%es1 & consi/s ( lift+ ! net1 m\? upw>d1 & /rik+ x %>ply aga9/ ! bran*es or leaves1 ?us j>r+ ! insects into x4 ,to use ! net 9 wat]1 sweep ! wat] plants z quickly z possible4 ,9 runn+ /reams1 ov]turn /ones1 hold+ ! net j bel[ !m ) ! m\? up /ream4 ,an old dipp] made into a sieve by p]=at+ ! bottom ) an awl is a good ut5sil = collect+ wat] insects4 ,,! ,,kill+ ,,bottle4 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,x is desirable to kill ! insects 9 a humane way1 s t !y w n suff] by ! process2 x is also desirable t !y %\ld n revive aft] !y are p9n$1 bo? = _! own sakes z well z = ! sake ( ! feel+s ( ! collector4 ,! be/ way to secure pa9less & sure dea? = ! insects is by ! means ( a cyanide bottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,kill+ bottle4 ,mat]ials ne$$ = a kill+ bottle4 #a4 ,a bottle ) a wide m\?2 a morph9e bottle or a small olive or pickle bottle w d4 ,ev5 a glass fruit-c hold+ a p9t w answ] v well1 al?\gh tak+ (f & putt+ on ! cov] consumes m "t ?an is desirable4 #b4 ,a cork t w fit ! bottle tightly & is long en\gh to h&le easily4 #c4 ,two c5ts' wor? ( cyanide ( potassium4 #d4 ,"o c5t's wor? ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,^! latt] mat]ials may be procur$ f any drug /ore4 ,place ! lump ( cyanide ( potassium 9 ! bottle & p\r 9 en\gh wat] to cov] x4 ,add imm$iately en\gh pla/] ( ,p>is to soak up all ! wat]2 leave ! bottle op5 9 a %ady place = an h\r & !n wipe ! dry pla/] ( ,p>is f its sides1 put 9 ! cork1 & x is ready = use4 ,! pla/] ( ,p>is =ms a por\s cem5t1 :i*1 :ile x holds ! cyanide fa/ 9 ! bottom1 also all[s ! fumes ( ! poison to escape & fill ! bottle4 ,x %\ld be labell$ poison1 = cyanide ( potassium is v poison\s4 ,if kept cork$ :5 n 9 use1 a kill+ bottle made l ?is w la/ a :ole season4 ,! fir/ rule 9 us+ ! kill+ bottle is ?is3 d n kill any m insects ?an y ne$ = y\r collection4 ,! second rule is3 d n brea! ! fumes ( ! bottle1 = !y smell badly & are n good = y4 ,:5 y uncork ! bottle to put an insect 9 x1 hold x away f y\r face & cork x up aga9 z quickly z possible4 ,"s insects may be caught f fl[]s1 etc41 directly into ! bottle by hold+ x uncork$ b5ea? !m = a mom5t2 ! fumes ( ! poison soon ov]come !m & !y drop into ! bottle4 ,9 tak+ insects f ! net1 hold ! bottle 9 ! "r h& & ! cork 9 ! left2 ins]t ! bottle into ! net & place ! m\? ( x ov] an insect crawl+ on ! inside ( ! net1 !n put ! cork on ! outside ( ! net into ! m\? ( ! bottle1 net & all1 = a mom5t until ! insect falls into ! bottom ( ! bottle2 !n remove ! cork & take ! re/ ( ! imprison$ insects 9 ! same way4 ,insects %\ld be left 9 ! bottle at lea/ an h\r1 & may be left 9 !re ov] night )\t injury to ! specim5s4 ,,insect ,,p9s4 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,insect p9s1 #a1 #c1 #e1 are ,g]man insect p9s4 #b is a /eel m\rn+ p94 ,aft] ! insects are caught !y %\ld be p9n$ s t !y may be arrang$ 9 ! collection 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,common p9s are n good = p9n+ insects2 !y are too ?ick & !y corrode v soon1 cov]+ ! specim5s ) v]digris4 ,regul> insect p9s are desirable z !y are v sl5d] & d n corrode s quickly4 ,^! may be obta9$ ( any deal] 9 entomological supplies at a co/ ( fifte5 c5ts p] hundr$4 ,ask = ! ,g]man insect p9s ,nos4 #a1 #c & #e4 ,if ^! p9s are too exp5sive y c use ! black /eel m\rn+ p9s4 ,^! come 9 %all[ boxes "o by two in*es squ>e & h r\nd glass heads & ! boxes are labell$ ,g]many2 ^! may be procur$ f any dry goods /ore4 ,h[ev]1 insects p9n$ ) any beside regul> insect p9s _c be sold or ex*ang$4 ,all insects except beetles %\ld be p9n$ ?r\gh t "p ( ! body j back ( ! head1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #acg1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada4 ,beetles %\ld be p9n$ ?r\gh ! "r w+-cov]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! p9 %\ld project above ! back ( ! insect4 ,v small insects may be gumm$ to a n>r[ /rip ( c>d bo>d & ! p9 put ?r\gh ! c>d bo>d4 ,,labell+ ,,specim5s4 ,specim5s %\ld be labell$ ) ! date ( capture & ! locality4 ,?us ! butt]fly1 ,fig4 #ada1 w\ld be labell$ ?us3 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,aug4 #ab1 #ahif4 ,! pap] on :i* ?is label is writt5 %\ld be slipp$ ^u ! p9 ) :i* ! butt]fly is p9n$ & plac$ j bel[ ! insect4 ,labels %\ld be z small z possible & be neatly cut4 ,,insect ,,boxes4 ,= ! beg9n] no?+ is m conv5i5t ?an an empty cig> box1 :i* may be obta9$ at any /ore :]e cig>s are sold4 7,fig4 #aca47 ,! bottom ( ! box %\ld be cov]$ ) "s s(t1 firm mat]ial into :i* p9s may be pu%$ )\t b5d+ !m4 ,!re are _m su* mat]ials4 ,%eet cork or press$ peat may be obta9$ ( deal]s 9 entomological supplies4 ,"s +5i\s boys use regul> bottle corks1 cut into cross sections ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,o!rs take ! pi? ( dri$ corn-/alks divid$ 9 half l5g?wise4 ,! *eape/ & mo/ easily procurable ( ! pur*asable mat]ials is cork l9oleum4 ,?is is = sale 9 mo/ c>pet /ores4 ,get ! quality t is ab\t #a_/d in* ?ick1 :i* co/s ab\t #a p] y>d2 put x into ! box cork-side up4 ,any ( ^! mat]ials c be fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! box ) glue or ) tacks4 ,9 all cases !y %\ld be cov]$ neatly ) :ite pap]1 = ! insects appe> bett] aga9/ a :ite backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,a conv5i5t box = ! use ( ! "y collector4 ,= p]man5t collections1 wood5 boxes ) glass tops are mu* saf]2 & z ! insects may be se5 ?r\gh ! glass ^! boxes are m practical = s*ool collections4 ,?is k9d ( a box is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acb4 ,its sides are #ah by #af in*es & its height is ?ree in*es outside measure4 ,! upp] edge ( ! sides ( ! bottom "p ( ! box is made ) a tongue :i* fits into a groove made 9 ! l[] edge ( ! sides ( ! cov]4 ,?is is done s t ! top & bottom p>ts ( ! box %all fit v closely toge!r 9 ord] t museum pe/s _c get 9 & de/roy ! specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,insect box made ( wood1 ) glass top4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,a cross-section ( ! side ( insect box ,fig4 #acb1 %[+ me?od ( con/ruction & giv+ measurem5ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #acc is a cross section ?r\gh "o side ( ! box1 %[+ h[ x %\ld be made & giv+ measurem5ts4 ,9 ! draw+ ! glass is fitt$ into a groove 9 ! inn] side ( ! cov]4 ,?is glass might be putti$ 9 l a w9d[ pane if x is f\nd difficult to make ! groove4 ,! corn]s ( ! box may be mitr$ & dove-tail$1 or mitr$ & nail$2 ! latt] is m easily done4 ,any c>p5t] or cab9et mak] c make ?is box4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to use only ?or\ghly season$ wood 9 its con/ruction2 o!rwise ! bottom w be sure to w>p & %r9k & leave cracks ?r\gh :i* ! museum pe/s w ent]4 ,! co/ ( su* a box w v>y f #j4ge to #a4 ,basswood %\ld be us$ = its con/ruction2 p9e is n at all suitable on acc\nt ( ! res9 9 x4 ,screw eyes may be put into ^! boxes & !y may be hung on ! walls ( ! s*oolroom l pictures4 ,,museum ,,pe/s4 ,^! are small beetles :i* f9d _! way ?r\gh ! n>r[e/ crevice into ! insect boxes & lay _! eggs on ! p9n$ insects4 ,! l>v :5 !y hat* "w )9 ! specim5s at fir/ b aft] a "t de/roy ! bodies entirely4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! little rascals may be detect$ by du/ on ! bottom ( ! box j bel[ ! infe/$ insect4 ,z soon z ?is du/ is obs]v$1 p\r into "o corn] ( ! box a tablespoonful ( c>bon bisulfide1 or b5z9e1 & close ! box quickly4 ,! tea*] or p>5t %\ld put ! sub/ances into ! boxes1 z ! fir/ is a poison & bo? are v inflammable4 ,z a me?od ( prev5t+ ! beetles f attack+ ! collection x is well to fa/5 a mo? ball into "o corn] ( ! box4 ,^! may be obta9$ at a drug /ore4 ,,spread+-,,bo>d4 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,butt]flies & mo?s look mu* bett] 9 a collection :5 _! w+s are ext5d$ at "r angles to ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,to arrange !m ?us we h to use :at is t]m$ a spread+-bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,a spread+-bo>d4 ,mat]ials ne$$ = a m$ium siz$ spread+-bo>d4 #a4 ,two /rips ( p9e or o!r s(t wood #ah in*es long1 #a-a_/b in*es wide & #a_/b in* ?ick4 #b4 ,"o /rip ( wood #ah in*es long1 #c-a_/d in*es wide & #a_/b in* ?ick4 #c4 ,two cleats #c-a_/d in*es wide1 #c_/d in* high & #a_/b in* ?ick2 & two cleats #a in* wide & z high & ?ick z ! o!rs4 #d4 ,a /rip ( cork or l9oleum #ag in*es long & a little less ?an an in* wide4 ,to con/ruct ! spread+-bo>d1 take ! two n>r[ /rips ( wood1 place !m "o-f\r? in* ap>t & on ! "u side fa/5 !m across ! ends ( ! long] cleats4 ,!n on ! same side z ! cleats tack ! piece ( cork or l9oleum ov] ! space betwe5 ! /rips ( bo>d1 & z ! cleats are "o-half in* wide ! l9oleum %\ld cov] all ! space left4 ,!n midway ! bo>ds fa/5 ! two small] cleats4 ,fig4 #ace %[s a cross-section ( ! spread+-bo>d j 9 front ( ^! two middle cleats4 ,n[ x is ready = ! bottom bo>d :i* w fit exactly if directions are foll[$1 & ?is completes x4 ,! space betwe5 ! two upp] bo>ds is wide en\gh to take 9 ! body ( ! mo? or butt]fly4 ,! cork or l9oleum bel[ ! space w hold firmly ! p9 on :i* ! butt]fly is impal$4 ,! cleats hold ! top & bottom bo>ds ap>t & s protect ! po9ts ( ! p9s4 ,spread+-bo>ds may be made mu* small] or mu* l>g] to suit mo?s ( diff]5t sizes2 ! space betwe5 ! top bo>ds mu/ always be l>ge en\gh to admit ! body ( ! insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,a cross-section ( spread+-bo>d 9 front ( ! cleat d 9 ,fig4 #acd4 ,to use ! spread+-bo>d3 ,ins]t ! p9 ) ! butt]fly on x into ! l9oleum j f> en\gh s t ! body ( ! insect w be 9 ! space betwe5 ! bo>ds up to ! w+s1 ,fig4 #ace4 ,place ! w+s out flat on ! bo>d & fa/5 !m !re ) n>r[ /rips ( pap] p9n$ across !m1 ,fig4 #acd1 a4 ,:ile held d[n by ^! /rips ( pap] arrange !m s t ! h9d m>g9s ( ! front w+s %all cov] ! front m>g9s ( ! h9d w+s & %all be 9 a l9e at "r angles to ! body2 !n p9 l>g] pieces ( pap] ov] ! re/ ( ! w+s1 ,fig4 #acd1 b4 ,sometimes is+lass is us$ in/ead ( pap] to hold ! w+s d[n1 ,fig4 #acd1 c4 ,! insects %\ld be left on ! spread+-bo>d at lea/ ?ree days2 & :5 ! bo>d has insects on x1 x %\ld be kept 9 a box :]e ! museum pe/s & mice _c get at x4 ,sometimes :5 ! mo?s are n spread soon aft] be+ kill$1 !y become s /iff t ! w+s _c be mov$ )\t break+ !m4 ,9 su* cases ! insects %\ld be put on pap] 9 a j> :i* has "s wet s& 9 ! bottom & :i* c be cov]$ tightly4 ,! air 9 su* a c is s moi/ t 9 two or ?ree days ! insect w become limb] & may be spread ) ease4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,collect ,,insects4 ,! bord] ( a piece ( woods :]e _m %rubs & we$s are gr[+ is an especially good place = collect+ _m k9ds ( insects4 ,any place :]e !re is a great v>iety ( plants & fl[]s w give a v>iety ( insects4 ,banks ( /reams & und]nea? /ones 9 ! fields are good places = collect+4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,collect ,,insects4 ,! be/ "t ( ! ye> is dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,! be/ "t ( day is 9 ! =5oon aft] eight o'clock1 & 9 ! twilight at ev5+4 ,at night _m mo?s may be caught by mak+ a pa/e ( sug> & wat] 7unref9$ sug> is be/7 & pa9t+ x ^u tree trunks ) a bru% aft] sunset4 ,! pa/e %\ld cov] a space two in*es wide & sev]al in*es long4 ,aft] d>k seek ^! places cauti\sly ) a lant]n & mo?s w be f\nd suck+ ! pa/e2 ^! may be caught ) ! kill+ bottle if y move c>efully s z n to fright5 !m2 !y d n seem to m9d ! light ( ! lant]n4 ,electric /reet-lights attract _m insects :i* may be caught 9 ! net4 ,a lamp set 9 an op5 w9d[ is also a v good lure on w>m nights 9 ! spr+ & summ]4 ,,arrang+ ,,! ,,insects ,,9 ,,boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 a1 ,cricket4 b1 ,gras%opp]4 ,aft] collect+ insects comes ! desire to arrange !m prop]ly1 putt+ toge!r 9 neat r[s ^? t resemble ea* o!r4 ,to classify insects correctly requires mu* /udy4 ,! scope ( ?is leaflet admits ( only a few sugge/ions ab\t ! mo/ common insects4 ,dragon ,flies4--,!re are _m k9ds ( ^!1 b !y all h f\r w+s1 f9ely nett$ & transp>5t1 ! h9d w+s be+ z l>ge or l>g] ?an ! front w+s4 ,^! are p]fectly h>mless insects4 ,gras%opp]s1 ,crickets & ,katydids4--,^! are kn[n to all1 ,fig4 #acf4 ,!re are two families ( gras%opp]s3 ^? ) long horns or ant5n & ^? ) %ort ant5n4 ,katydids1 crickets1 cockroa*es & walk+-/icks are ne> relatives to ! gras%opp]s4 ,bugs4--,^! insects h ! front pair ( w+s ?ick & heavy at ! base & ?9 & transp>5t at ! tips1 ,fig4 #acg1 b4 ,! squa%-bug1 ! *9*-bug1 & ! electric-light bug are examples ( ^!4 ,"s bugs h ! front w+s entirely ?9 & transp>5t & slop+ l a /eep ro( ov] ! back ( ! insect1 l ! cicada1 ,fig4 #acg1 a2 & ! ,br[nie bug1 ,fig4 #acg1 c1 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 a1 ,cicada4 b1 ,/9k-bug4 c1 ,leaf-hopp]4 d1 ,leaf-hopp]--front view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,beetles--%[+ ! p9 ?r\gh ! "r w+ cov]4 a1 ,snapp+ beetle4 b1 ,wood-bor+ beetle4 c1 ,wat] beetle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,flies--%[+ ! knobs j bel[ ! w+s4 ,note t flies h only two w+s4 a1 ,crane fly4 b1 ,pomace fly--enl>g$4 ,beetles4--,^! h h>d w+-cov]s :i* meet 9 a /raight l9e d[n ! back & h a pair ( ?9 w+s fold$ "u !m1 ,fig4 #ach4 ,! ,june bug or ,may beetle & ! potato beetle are good examples ( beetles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 a1 ,wasp4 b1 ,bee4 ,note ^! h f\r w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,! ,r$ ,admiral butt]fly4 ,note ! knobb$ ant5n4 ,flies4--,^! h only two w+s1 usually transp>5t4 ,beh9d ea* ( ^! w+s a %ort ?read ) a knob on x ext5ds out on ea* side ( ! body in/ead ( h9d w+s1 ,fig4 #aci4 ,h\se-flies1 horse-flies & mosquitoes are examples ( flies4 ,bees1 ,wasps & ,ants4--,bees1 wasps & ! w+$ =m ( ants h f\r transp>5t w+s1 ,fig4 #adj4 ,"s flies resemble bees & wasps1 b if exam9$ x w be f\nd t !y h only two w+s in/ead ( f\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,! ,cabbage butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,! ,bass-wood leaf-roll] mo?4 ,butt]flies & ,mo?s4--,butt]flies & mo?s may be told ap>t by ! foll[+ "*3 ,! ant5n or horns ( ! butt]flies are always ?readlike & knobb$ at ! tip1 ,figs4 #ada1 #adb1 :ile ! ant5n ( mo?s are 9 v>i\s %apes1 b nev] be> knobs at ! tips1 ,figs4 #adc1 #add1 #ade1 #adf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,! ,imp]ial mo?4 ,a common night-fly+ mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,an "u-w+ mo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,! ,luna mo?4 ,a common night-fly+ species4 ,,deal]s ,,9 ,,entomological ,,supplies4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! deal]s 9 entomological supplies t h adv]tisem5ts 9 ! curr5t ,am]ican entomological j\rnals3 ,a4 ,smi? ,sons1 #bfi ,pe>l ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,akhur/1 #gh ,a%l& ,place1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m4 ,abbott ,fraz>1 #ic ,sudbury ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,entomological ,society ( ,ont>io1 ,victoria ,hall1 ,london1 ,ont4 ,que5 ,co41 #ajaj ,*e/nut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,company1 #eae-edc ,n4 ,/4 ,paul ,/reet1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,leaflet ,,xix4 ,,"s ,,t5t-,,mak]s4#bd ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #bd ,tea*]s' ,leaflet ,no4 #e1 ,june1 #ahig4 ,x is un=tunate t !re is1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 a prevail+ dislike = ! small creatures call$ worms4 ,?is dislike is1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ! result ( wrong tra9+1 & is by no means a natural in/9ct4 ,z evid5ce ( ?is1 witness ! joy ) :i* ! small boy or ev5 ! small girl1 h&les bait :5 prep>+ to g fi%+2 al?\gh ( all common worms surely ! angle-worm is lea/ attractive f any po9t ( view4 ,a /ill m /rik+ example is ! h>dihood ) :i* "y fi%]m5 cat* ! dobson to use z a lure = bass--= ! dobson is n only v ugly 9 appe>ance b is also vici\s1 (t5 p9*+ sev]ely ! c>eless f+]s ( its captors4 ,?us ! dislike = insects be+ ! result ( ! po9t ( view1 x %\ld be ! fir/ duty ( ! tea*] to remove ?is repulsion4 ,9 ! lesson :i* foll[s !re is no occasion = tea*] or pupils to t\* ! insects unless !y *oose to d s2 b an attempt is made to ar\se an int]e/ 9 ! habits & ways ( insect life4 ,if we c succe$ 9 ar\s+ ! *ild's int]e/ 9 ! actions ( a cat]pill>1 he w soon =get 8 dislike = ! little bro!rs :i* live ^u foliage & :i* exp]i5ce miracul\s *anges ( =m dur+ _! %ort lives4 ,9 select+ ! ,apple-tree ,t5t ,cat]pill> = ?is lesson we h be5 guid$ by ! foll[+ facts3 ,fir/1 x is to be f\nd 9 e>ly spr+2 second1 its life-hi/ory f egg to cocoon is accompli%$ )9 ! limits ( ! spr+ t]m ( our s*ools2 ?ird1 x is common ev]y:]e2 f\r?1 x is an important insect f an economic po9t ( view1 & ! *ildr5 may be taught h[ to keep x out ( ! or*>ds1 ?us mak+ ! lesson ( practical use4 ,9 ?is lesson ! tea*] is enc\rag$ to use h] own me?ods & orig9ate new ones to make ! "w int]e/+4 ,! ,leaflet is meant = ! exclusive use ( ! tea*] & ! text %\ld n be %[n to ! pupils4 ,! pictures on page #bce are to be %[n to ! pupils at ! tea*]'s discretion4 ,:5 answ]s are h]e9 giv5 to ! que/ions ask$1 !y are meant to aid ! tea*] 9 draw+ out ! correct replies f ! *ildr54 ,,mat]ials ,,ne$$4 #a4 ,a pocket l5s or a tripod l5s is desirable1 b n a necessity4 ,^! l5ses may be b\ght f or ord]$ ?r\gh any jewel] or booksell]4 ,!y co/ f tw5ty-five c5ts to "o doll> ea*4 ,x is wor? :ile = any tea*] to possess "o ( ^! magnifi]s z a means ( int]e/+ h] pupils 9 _m ?+s4 #b4 ,a bottle1 a broad-bottom$ "o be+ pref]able s t x w n tip ov] easily4 ,?is bottle is to be fill$ ) wat] 9 :i* a small bran* ( ! apple tree may be plac$ to keep x fre%4 ,a common ink bottle w d to beg9 )4 ,fig4 #adg4 #c4 ,a wood5 or pa/ebo>d box1 twelve or f\rte5 in*es squ>e1--a soap box or hat box w d4 ,9 place ( a cov]1 nail or pa/e mosquito nett+ or *eese clo? ov] ! top2 remove ! bottom s t ! box may be plac$ ov] ! bottle & ! bran* ( apple 9 x4 ,?is is call$ a bre$+-cage1 & its use is to keep ! insects f /ray+ ab\t ! s*oolroom4 #d4 ,a twig be>+ ! egg-mass ( ! t5t cat]pill>4 ,^! are easily f\nd be=e ! leaves appe> on ! apple tree or ! wild *]ry tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,! bottle ) ! twigs be>+ ! egg-masses4 ,! t5t is be+ wov5 bel[4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,us+ ,,! ,,leaflet4 ,! tea*] %\ld give ! pupils a prelim9>y talk on t5ts4 ,speak ( ! t5ts us$ by ,indians1 by armies1 by circuses1 by camp]s1 & describe !m ea* 9 turn4 ,! tea*] %\ld use all ! facts at h] disposal1 & all h] +5uity to get ! *ildr5 int]e/$ 9 ?is subject4 ,sp5d a little "t = two or ?ree days 9 discuss+ t5ts1 & get ! pupils to tell orally or 9 essays all !y "k ab\t t5ts4 ,:5 suffici5t int]e/ is ?us ar\s$1 tell !m ?is3 ,! reason we h talk$ ab\t t5ts is t we are go+ to /udy "s little folks :o make t5ts & live 9 !m4 ,_! t5ts are n made ( b>k l ! ,indian's or ( canvas l ! soldi]'s1 b are made ( ! f9e/ silk1 :i* is spun & wov5 by ! t5t]s !mselves4 ,^! silk5 t5ts are n pit*$ ^u ! gr\nd & fa/5$ d[n by ropes & pegs1 = ^! folk1 l ! ,swiss ,family ,rob9son1 live 9 trees4 ,_m p live 9 "o ( ^! tree t5ts1 & !y are all bro!rs & si/]s4 ,n[1 j :]e ^! t5ts are made1 & h[ !y are made1 & :at sort ( little p make !m are ?+s :i* we %all f9d out if we wat* c>efully & pati5tly4 ,,lesson ,i4--,,! ,,eggs4 ,,fig4 #adi1 a4 ,! tea*]1 hav+ f\nd ! egg-mass1 %\ld %[ x to ! pupils & let !m1 dur+ play h\rs1 collect "s = !mselves4 ,say t !y are eggs1 b expla9 no fur!r4 ,get ! *ildr5 to exam9e ! egg-masses2 ask ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,on :at "p ( ! trees are ^! egg-masses f\nd8 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! egg-mass8 7,br+ out ! fact t !y look l a portion ( ! twig swoll5 or budd$47 ,:at is ! color ( ! egg-mass8 ,is !re mu* diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 ! egg-mass & ! bran*8 ,has ?is simil>ity 9 color any use8 7,develop ! idea t ! %ape & ! color ( ! egg-mass make x resemble ! twig s closely z to hide x f birds or any animal t w\ld be likely to eat ! eggs47 ,does ! egg-mass %9e8 ,:y does x %9e8 ,answ]4 ,because !re is a coat ( v>ni% ar\nd ! eggs4 ,:y 0 v>ni% put ar\nd ! eggs8 7,get ! answ] by ask+ :y v>ni% is put on wood4 ,v>ni% is put ar\nd ! eggs to pres]ve !m & to keep !m dry dur+ ! ra9s & sn[s ( autumn & w9t]47 ,if ! eggs are ne> ! hat*+ p]iod ! v>ni% w h scal$ (f1 reveal+ ! t9y :ite eggs2 if n1 let ! tea*] remove ! v>ni% ) a knife or p91 ?us expos+ ! eggs4 ,if ! tea*] has a l5s ! *ildr5 %\ld view ! eggs ?r\gh x4 ,exhibit ! picture ,fig4 #adi1 b1 :i* repres5ts ! eggs greatly enl>g$ %[+ ! net-"w ( cem5t :i* holds !m 9 place4 ,ask ! *ildr5 to comp>e ! %ape ( ^! eggs ) t ( bird's eggs1 & br+ out ! fact t ^! are ?imble-%ap$4 ,!n ask ! pupils to guess :at sort ( "m laid ^! eggs1 cem5t$ !m fa/ ) a network1 & !n cov]$ !m ) a coat ( wat]pro( v>ni%4 ,aft] suffici5t int]e/ is ar\s$ on ?is po9t1 expla9 to !m3 ,"o day la/ ,july a little mo? or mill] 0 flitt+ ab\t ! tree f :i* ^! twigs 7 tak54 ,if we c\ld h be5 !re & caught h] we %\ld h f\nd h] a pretty little creature ) f\r w+s cov]$ ) d[n & a s(t fuzzy body4 ,9 color %e 0 a pale rosy-br[n1 & _h two b&s ( pale yell[ across ea* front w+4 7,call att5tion to ! picture ( ! mo?1 ,fig4 #adi1 e4#be7 #be ,if a specim5 ( ! mo? c\ld be obta9$1 x w\ld be mu* m int]e/+ to ! *ildr5 ?an ! picture4 ,! tea*] c collect or bre$ ! mo?s 9 ,july to use ! next spr+ to illu/rate ! lesson4 ,?is is ! little "m :i* laid h] eggs 9 a r+ ar\nd ! twig & cov]$ !m ) a wat]pro( coat to keep !m safe & s\nd until ?is spr+1 :5 !y w hat*4 ,:at w come out ( ^! eggs :5 !y hat*8 ,! tea*] %\ld n answ] ?is "q1 b let ! pupils wat* ! eggs & discov] ! answ] = !mselves4 ,place ! twig ) ! egg-mass ^u x 9 ! bottle ( wat] 7,fig4 #adg74 ,x w be be/ if ?is twig is a "p ( a =k$ bran*1 s t ! cat]pill>s may make _! web ^u x 7,fig4 #adh74 ,z soon z ! eggs hat* ask ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:at sort ( "y ones hat* out ( ! eggs8 ,are !y l _! "m8 ,:at color are !y8 ,:y are _! heads s l>ge8 ,answ]4 ,s t !y c gnaw ! lid (f ! egg & ?us get out4 ,:y %\ld ! "y ones ( a pretty mo? be little black cat]pill>s8 7,leave ?is answ] = future inve/igation47 ,aft] ! cat]pill>s hat* x w be necess>y to br+ 9 ea* day fre% apple twigs ) buds & leaves on !m s z to fe$ ! little prison]s4 ,x is v desirable t !y be kept alive until !y h begun _! web & h molt$ at lea/ twice4 ,if !y %[ a disposition to w&] (f1 put ! bre$+ cage ov] ! bottle & bran* & s keep !m conf9$ ) _! food4 ,to supplem5t ! /udy ( ! imprison$ cat]pill>s1 /udy %\ld be made at ! same "t ( ! insects out ( doors & "u natural conditions4 ,if none appe> ^u an apple or wild *]ry tree ne> ! s*ool-h\se1 ! tea*] %\ld transf] a colony to su* a tree 7,fig4 #adh74 ,?is may be done by fa/5+ a twig ) an egg-mass ^u x to a bran* ( ! tree4 ,if too late to get ! unhat*$ eggs1 get a ne/ ) ! small worms 9 x & tie t to ! conv5i5t bran* in/ead4 ,?is /udy ( ! insects out ( doors is v necess>y 9 discov]+ _! normal habits4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 ,,! ,,cat]pill>s4 ,,fig4 #adi1 c4 ,if ! eggs hat* be=e ! leaves appe>1 ^u :at d ! cat]pill>s fe$8 ,h[ long is x aft] hat*+ be=e ! cat]pill>s comm5ce to make _! t5t8 ,:]e is ! t5t always =m$8 ,answ]4 ,9 ! =k ( ! bran*es4 ,:y is ?is s8 ,answ]4 ,! =k+ bran*es (f] a conv5i5t support ^u :i* to /ret* ! t5t3 & :51 z 9 ! case out ( doors1 ! t5t is spread 9 a =k ( ! l>g] limbs1 ^! limbs af=d two bran*+ roads = ! cat]pill>s to foll[ 9 se>*+ = food4 ,let ! pupils make draw+s ( ! t5t z soon z x is l>ge en\gh to be se5 well4 ,:at is ! color ( ! cat]pill>s :5 !y are a week old8 ,^u :at d !y fe$8 ,at :at "t ( day d !y fe$8 ,:5 on a tree1 h[ f> f _! t5t d !y g = food8 ,are ! pa?s ov] :i* ! cat]pill>s travel :5 se>*+ = food m>k$ 9 any way8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,a "y colony ( t5t-mak]s on a *]ry tree4 ,answ]4 ,?is cat]pill> sp9s a silk5 ?read :]ev] x goes & !re=e leaves a trail ( silk beh9d x4 ,( :at is ! t5t made8 ,comp>e ! t5t ) a spid]'s web & note ! diff]5ces4 ,:]e does ! silk come f1 ( :i* ! t5t is made8 ,answ]4 ,! silk gl&s ( ! cat]pill> are situat$ ne> ! m\?1 :ile ^? ( ! spid] are on ! re> end ( ! body4 ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,insects ,,gr[4 ,! cat]pill>s %$ _! sk9s ab\t five times4 ,! fir/ molt occurs ab\t ?ree days aft] !y hat*2 ! second molt ab\t f\r days lat]2 & ! ?ird molt ab\t six days aft] ! second4 ,aft] ea* molt1 ! color & m>k+s ( ! cat]pill>s are some:at *ang$4 ,dur+ "s ( ! molts ! pupils %\ld wat* a cat]pill> *ange 8 sk94 ,aft] ! class has se5 ?is op]ation ! tea*] may give ! foll[+ lesson3 ,:]e is y\r skeleton8 ,:at is x made (8 ,:at is x =8 ,br+ out ! fact t ! skeleton is a support = ! muscles & organs ( ! body4 ,:]e is an insect's skeleton8 ,get z _m answ]s to ?is "q z possible1 !n expla93 ,! insect's skeleton is on ! outside ( its body in/ead ( a sk91 & ! fle% & muscles are support$ by x on ! inside in/ead ( on ! outside l our own4 ,z ?is skeleton is h>d x _c /ret*2 z ! insect gr[s & gets too l>ge ! %ell bur/s op5 & ! insect walks out ( x4 ,n[ und]nea? ?is old h>d skeleton a new "o is =m$1 :i* is s(t & flexible at fir/1 & s /ret*es to accommodate ! gr[+ insect4 ,aft] a little "t ?is new skeleton also h>d5s & has to be %$ :5 x is too small to suit its own]4 ,notes %\ld be made by ! pupil ^u ! *ange ( color & m>k+s aft] ! diff]5t molts1 & ! process ( molt+ %\ld be describ$4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,,! ,,pupa4 ,,fig4 #adi1 d4 ,9 ord9>y seasons1 ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 ! cat]pill>s get _! gr[?4 ,if ^? 9 ! bre$+ cage h di$ or h n ?riv$1 br+ 9 a few full-gr[n cat]pill>s f ! or*>d & put !m on "s bran*es 9 ! bre$+ cage4 ,give !m fre% food ea* day z long z !y w eat2 also place "s /icks & *ips on ! bottom ( ! bre$+ cage = ! worms to sp9 up on4 ,!n h ! *ildr5 obs]ve ! foll[+ ?+s3 ,h[ d ! cat]pill>s beg9 _! cocoons8 ,:]e are ! cocoons made8 ,h[ are !y made8 ,draw a picture ( a cocoon4 ,ab\t a week aft] a cocoon is made1 op5 x c>efully ) a pair ( scissors s z n to hurt ! inmate1 & let ! pupil see ! *ange t has come ov] ! cat]pill>4 ,h ! pupils describe ! pupa4 ,let ! pupils make draw+s ( ! pupa4 ,! mo?s w h>dly em]ge f ! cocoons until aft] ! close ( ! s*ool t]m4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to ga!r ! cocoons f ! f5ces ar\nd ! or*>ds & f ! /icks & ! bran*es on ! gr\nd & to c>ry !m home4 ,! cocoons may be plac$ 9 pa/ebo>d boxes & kept until ! mo?s em]ge1 ab\t ! middle ( ,july4 ,,lesson ,v4 ,,de/roy+ ,,! ,,cat]pill>s4 ,aft] ! cat]pill>s are fully gr[n & all ! processes ( gr[? h be5 obs]v$ by ! pupils1 ! tea*] %\ld give a lesson ^u ! injury :i* !y d to trees & ! necessity ( keep+ ! or*>ds free f ^! pe/s4 ,?is lesson %\ld be giv5 gu>d$ly s z n to enc\rage ! *ildr5 to cruelty 9 kill+ insects4 ,! tea*] %\ld always try to inculcate 9 ! *ild rev]5ce = life1 t wond]ful =ce1 :i* we c s easily take f a creature b :i* we c nev] give back4 ,x is bett] to appeal to ! *ild's s5se ( ju/ice 9 giv+ ?is lesson4 ,! tea*] may v>y x to suit h] own ideas1 b 9 sub/ance x might be giv5 some:at z foll[s3 ,all life is sacr$2 ! smalle/ worm has z good a "r to live 9 ! sight ( ,god z y or any *ild has4 ,life %\ld nev] be tak5 except :5 necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 no "o has ! "r to int]f]e ) ! rights ( ano!r4 ,nei!r ! *ild nor ! worm has any "r to trespass ^u ! prop]ty ( any "o else4 ,let u see :e!r ^! cat]pill>s are trespass]s or n4 ,! f>m] works h>d to e>n ! money to buy ! l& ^u :i* ! or*>d is plant$2 he works h>d to e>n ! money ) :i* to buy ! "y trees2 he works h>d to set out ! trees & cultivate ! or*>d2 !re=e ! or*>d & ! fruit ( x are 8 prop]ty1 & he has a "r to drive away all ?ieves4 ,if m5 or *ildr5 /eal ! fruit1 he has a "r to appeal to ! law & h !m f9$ or imprison$4 ,if worms come & injure ! tree by eat+ up ! foliage1 he has a "r to keep !m out if he c4 ,! leaves are necess>y to ! tree1 = if !y are de/roy$ ! tree _c get ! air x ne$s to keep x vigor\s & enable x to mature its fruit4 ,we h se5 t ^! cat]pill>s de/roy ! leaves1 & ?us d great injury to ! apple crop4 ,we !re=e h a "r to de/roy ^! little robb]s1 z t is ! only way we c keep !m out ( our or*>ds4 ,h[ c ! cat]pill>s be de/roy$8 ,! egg-masses c be collect$ 9 w9t] & e>ly spr+ f "y or*>ds1 & burn$4 ,tie bits ( suet or fre% fat pork to ! bran*es ( ! trees & ?us induce *ickadees1 nu?at*es1 & woodpeck]s to visit ! or*>d 9 w9t]4 ,^! birds w de/roy eggs & cocoons ( ! t5t cat]pill>1 & ( o!r insect pe/s also4 ,9 l>ge1 old trees1 we mu/ wait until lat]4 ,ask ! pupils ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,at :at times did we f9d ! worms 9 _! t5ts8 ,answ]4 ,e>ly morn+2 late aft]noons2 & dur+ cold1 d>k days4 ,if we %\ld de/roy ! t5ts 9 ! middle ( a w>m1 sunny day1 :at w\ld happ58 ,answ]4 ,! cat]pill>s1 be+ out fe$+ on ! leaves1 w\ld n be hurt1 & z soon z !y came back w\ld make ano!r t5t4 ,if ! t5t is de/roy$ 9 ! e>ly morn+ or late aft]noon or on a cold1 d>k day1 :at w\ld happ58 ,answ]4 ,! cat]pill>s1 all be+ 9 ! t5t1 w\ld be de/roy$4 ,h[ may ! t5ts be de/roy$8 ,answ]4 ,by wip+ !m out ) a long pole on "o end ( :i* is w\nd a rag saturat$ ) k]os5e4 ,or by burn+ !m out ) a tor*4 ,is x be/ to de/roy ! cat]pill>s e>ly 9 ! season1 :ile !y are /ill small1 or to wait until !y are l>ge & are ab\t ready to pupate4 ,if ! trees 7 spray$ ) ,p>is gre5 9 ! e>ly spr+1 :at w\ld happ58 ,answ]4 ,! cat]pill>s w\ld be kill$ z soon z !y began to eat1 :5 !y 7 fir/ hat*$4 ,:5 ^! cat]pill>s fe$ on ! leaves ( wild *]ry !y are do+ no damage to an or*>d4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! t5ts appe> on wild *]ry trees h we any "r to de/roy !m8 ,answ]4 ,! wise & c>eful f>m] does n all[ wild *]ry trees to gr[ along 8 f5ces if !y w become bre$+ places = insect enemies :i* w next ye> attack 8 or*>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,! ,curi\s ,hi/ory ( a ,t5t ,cat]pill>4 a1 ,! masses ( eggs on ! twigs ( an apple tree4 b1 ,! eggs enl>g$4 c1 ,a full gr[n cat]pill>4 d1 ,cocoons4 e1 ,! mo?1 or adult insect4 ,,leaflet ,,xx4 ,,mosquitoes4#bf ,,by ,,m>y ,,rog]s ,,mill]4 ,nature-,/udy is le>n+ ^? ?+s 9 nature t are be/ wor? kn[+1 to ! end ( do+ ^? ?+s t make life mo/ wor? liv+4 --,,pr(essor ,,hodge 9 ,nature-,/udy & ,life4 #bf ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #bc1 ,may1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration ,spite ( all ! ef=ts ( sci5ti/s & nature-/ud5ts to popul>ize ! mosquito1 its reputation z a public nuisance is z well su/a9$ z ev]1 & x seems de/9$ to rema9 z unpopul> z 7 its ance/ors4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! creatures ab\nd & t !y are great annoyances to bo? man & animals1 z ,dr4 ,h[>d tells u 9 ,! ,insect ,book2 b he has laid a new & ev5 m deadly s9 at _! door 9 /at+1 z he does 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms1 t !y are active ag5ts 9 ! transf] ( disease4 ,!re seems to be no escape f ! att5tion ( ^! p]si/5t imps o' evil4 ,?\gh we travel to f> ,alaska or to icy ,gre5l& we _c be free4 ,s9ce we are doom$ to exi/5ce 9 ! same _w ) ! mosquito x behooves u to discov]1 if possible1 "s way to turn ! creature to acc\nt = our ent]ta9m5t or in/ruction4 ,=get = ! mom5t t y despise mosquitoes1 & let u /udy _! ways4 ,by mak+ its life hi/ory ! subject ( "s ( our lessons we may at lea/ le>n h[ ! mosquito lives & develops2 & lat] we c turn ?is k to practical acc\nt4 ,s9ce = _m g5]ations ^! creatures h made ! human race ! subject ( insi/5t /udy1 x is no m ?an fair t ! tables %\ld be turn$6 ,y are n good nature-/ud5ts until y h recogniz$ & ov]come y\r prejudices4 ,y read ! life hi/ory ( ! rabbit & y ?9k y hate its enemies4 ,y wat* a family ( foxes ) _! cunn+ ways1 & ! "m's c>e = h] "y & y _c help sympa?iz+ ) !m 9 _! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,e creature 9 its turn becomes int]e/+ to y :5 y f9d y\rself wond]+ ab\t h[ x makes its home1 re>s its "y1 & gets its food4 ,z y get ne>] to nature y w cease to feel any pride 9 ! fact t y hate snakes1 mosquitoes1 & all su* v>m9ts4 ,inde$ t hatr$1 born ( ignorance1 w h giv5 place to sympa?y & int]e/4 ,y h a new po9t ( view4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions ask$ ( ! return+ animals 9 e>ly spr+ is1 ,h[ h y sp5t ! w9t]8 ,! bluebird & ! rob9 %[ no signs ( we>9ess aft] _! long flight f ! ,s\?4 ,! woolly be> cat]pill>s look j z !y did 9 ,octob]4 ,! e>ly butt]flies are a trifle worn & %abby aft] _! hib]nation4 ,b :o has ?\ght to inquire :]e & h[ ! mosquito has sp5t ! cold season8 ,:o c>es1 "o may say1 s long z !y don't /ay ar\nd :]e we are z !y did la/ summ]8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,mosquito's w+4 ,suppose we make x our bus9ess f n[ on to c>e ab\t su* ?+s1 & to inquire into ! ways our plant & animal neighbors h ( liv+ & ( gett+ a liv+4 ,are y q sure t ! mosquitoes h n sp5t _! w9t] "u y\r protection8 ,if 9 ,april y _h _h occasion to frequ5t ei!r g>ret or cell> !re y might h f\nd !m4 ,by doz5s & scores !y 7 wait+ = ! return ( w>m wea!r to free !m4 ,_m ( !m w9t] n z eggs1 l>v1 or pup1 b z w+$ adults1 z mosquitoes4 ,?is r int]f]es ) ! preval5t notion t mosquitoes live b = a day4 ,w\ld t ?is 7 true1 & might t day be %ort6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,raft ( eggs1 greatly enl>g$4 ,,! ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,mosquito4 ,! life hi/ory ( a mosquito is 9 f\r *apt]s1 "s ( :i* are exce$+ly %ort1 o!rs long4 ,! l5g? ( ea* may be v>i$ by ! wea!r & ! season4 ,moi/ure & w>m? are p>ticul>ly advantage\s to ! rapid developm5t ( ^! creatures4 ,t5 days 9 hot wea!r may be suffici5t "t = ! gr[? ( a g5]ation ( !m1 f egg to adult4 ,!re are _m g5]ations 9 a ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,! l>va or wiggl]4 ,! l>v ( mosquitoes are aquatic4 ,!y live 9 /agnant wat] ev]y:]e1 9 ponds1 swamps1 dit*es1 puddles1 ra9-wat] b>rels1 & horse-tr\ghs4 ,9 e>ly spr+ ! female mosquito t has w9t]$ 9 y\r g>ret w probably g to ! ne>e/ ra9-wat] b>rel or wat]-tank4 ,%e f9ds h] way by in/9ct1 be=e ! sun is up4 ,:5 y g to repl5i% y\r pit*] y w f9d a little flat clu/] ( eggs l a t9y raft float+ on ! surface 7,fig4 #aea74 ,x is d>k-color$ & ! *ances are y w n see x unless x gets into y\r pit*]4 ,by two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon !re may be f two to f\r hundr$ lively little wiggl]s 9 ! wat]4 ,possibly !y w wait until ! foll[+ day4 ,!y all hat*$ f ! eggs ( "o mosquito4 ,!y hit* & twit* ab\t 9 ! wat]1 com+ (t5 to ! surface & hang+ !re = a mom5t 7,fig4 #aeb74 ,y call !m wiggl]s4 ,b did y ev] wond] :y !y wiggle1 :y !y come s (t5 to ! surface1 & :y !y ?ru/ up ! little tube :i* projects f ne> ! end ( ! body8 ,did y ev] ask :at !y f9d to eat 9 ! wat]1 & h[ !y eat x8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,! active pupa4 ,! l>val /age la/s ab\t t5 days 9 hot summ] wea!r1 b long] :5 ! days are cool4 ,!n comes a *ange 9 =m into ! pupa 7,fig4 #aec74 ,! creature is /ill active & aquatic1 ?\gh no food is tak54 ,x does n /ay long away f ! surface :ile 9 ?is /age4 ,f9ally1 aft] two or m days z a pupa1 ! full-gr[n mosquito em]ges & takes w+1 leav+ its pupa case float+ on ! top ( ! wat] l a =lorn little d]elict4 ,,enemies ,,( ,,! ,,mosquito4 ,besides man1 ! mosquito has _m natural enemies4 ,9 ! wat] especially !y fall easy victims to ! ?\s&-&-"o insect ogres4 ,! nymphs ( dragon-flies are especially fond ( wiggl]s1 & !re has be5 mu* said & writt5 ab\t rais+ dragon-flies z a safegu>d aga9/ mosquitoes4 ,mo/ ( ! pr$ace\s insects :i* live 9 /ill wat] fe$ on "y mosquitoes1 :ile ! adults (t5 fall prey to _! m swiftly fly+ insect neighbors4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,! ,,mosquito4 ,ov] & ar\nd ! tumbl] place a piece ( close-wov5 mosquito nett+ to conf9e ! adult insects4 ,a glass tumbl] two-?irds full ( ra9-wat]1 a little clu/] ( eggs1 or a half doz5 wiggl]s1 a ke5 obs]v]1 & y h a nature-/udy opportunity n to be surpass$ 9 ! f9e/ laboratory4 ,if y h already se5 a "p ( ! life hi/ory1 d n be satisfi$ until y h complet$ y\r *a9 ( obs]vations4 ,get ! eggs2 wat* ! hat*+1 ! molt+1 ! trans=mations4 ,see e /age4 ,le>n some?+ new e "t y look at ! wiggl] or ! mature mosquito4 ,x is n at all necess>y t y let ^! insects escape into ! s*ool-room & cause tr\ble4 ,^? :o wi% m m9ute description1 ) _m illu/rations ( mosquitoes ( diff]5t k9ds1 %\ld obta9 f ! ,division ( ,publications1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ! publi%$ results ( ,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d's /udies ( mosquitoes4 ,9 ?is pamphlet1 f :i* ! draw+s 9 ?is lesson are copi$1 ! subject ( ! transf] ( disease g]ms by mosquitoes is v ?or\ghly discuss$1 ) pictures :i* di/+ui% betwe5 ! common mosquito & ^? :i* transf] mal>ia & o!r diseases4 ,^? sci5ti/s :o _h to d ) ! nam+ ( ! _m species ( mosquitoes _h c]ta9ly a s5se ( humor4 ,"o w\ld ?9k !y nam$ ! creatures accord+ to ! mildness or malignity ( _! bite4 ,a few ( ! names are z foll[s3 ,culex excitans ,culex pung5s ,culex irritans ,culex /imulans ,culex p]turbans ,culex excrucians ,,! ,,crusade ,,aga9/ ,,mosquitoes4 ,,by ,m4 ,v4 ,,sl+]l&4 ,!re is n[ a _w-wide crusade aga9/ mosquitoes1 ext5d+ f ! wilds ( ,africa ?r\gh ! not$ mal>ial di/ricts ( ,italy to ,am]ica4 ,9 ,am]ica a ,national ,mosquito ,ext]m9ation ,society has be5 =m$4 ,?is ext5sive crusade is due to ! practical demon/ration t "s k9ds ( mosquitoes may transmit mal>ia1 yell[ fev] & probably o!r diseases ( human be+s4 ,all mosquitoes mu/ h wat] 9 :i* to develop1 & ! w>f>e aga9/ !m consi/s l>gely 9 de/roy+ _! wat]y bre$+ gr\nds4 ,?is is be+ done on a l>ge scale1 ei!r by dra9+ or by fill+ 9 m>%es1 pools1 & simil> places :i* (t5 sw>m ) ! wiggl]s4 ,l>ge areas ( su* mosquito-bre$+ wa/e l&s 9 ,new ,j]sey & on ,long ,isl& are ?us be+ reclaim$ & ! mosquito nuisance l>gely abat$4 ,aqu>ia1 ra9 b>rels1 tanks1 small ponds & simil> places c be kept free f ! wiggl]s by introduc+ small fi%1 z gold fi% or silv] fi%1 sunfi%1 killies1 roa*es or m9n[s4 ,an int]e/+ & in/ructive object lesson c\ld be giv5 by putt+ a few m9n[s f a ne>-by brook into ! s*ool aqu>ium or into a specially prep>$ glass di% well /ock$ ) ! wiggl]s4 ,"o c easily prev5t mosquitoes f bre$+ 9 ra9 b>rels or tanks by cov]+ !m ) mosquito nett+4 ,ano!r practicable & successful me?od is to p\r or spr9kle k]os5e oil e two or ?ree weeks 9 a ?9 film ov] ! surface ( cesspools1 ra9 b>rels1 tanks1 ponds or any o!r body ( sluggi% wat] :]e ! wiggl]s are f\nd4 ,?is oil film kills ! wiggl]s 7bo? l>v & pup7 by prev5t+ !m f gett+ to ! surface to brea!1 & x also prev5ts ! "m mosquito f lay+ h] eggs on ! wat]4 ,!re are pat5t prep>ations or oils :i* p5etrate all ?r\gh ! wat]1 kill+ ! wiggl]s b spoil+ ! wat] = g5]al use1 s t su* oils are usually appli$ only to infe/$ cesspools1 sew] bas9s1 or manure pits4 ,by a little conc]t$ ef=t ( local (ficials1 individuals1 or by ! s*ool *ildr5 9 apply+ :i*ev] ( ! above me?ods is mo/ practicable1 mu* int]e/+ & valuable "w c\ld be accompli%$ & ! pe/if]\s mosquito l>gely elim9at$ 9 _m localities4 ,,leaflet ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,ways ,,( ,,! ,,ant4#bg ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #bg ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #a4 ,octob]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,= _m ye>s ants h be5 recogniz$ z among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! little animals t p our fields4 ,h[ev]1 n until rec5tly h we begun to und]/&1 ev5 9 a small measure1 _! economic importance & ! "p !y play 9 ma9ta9+ ! balance 9 insect life4 ,!re=e1 we %all give a few /udies ( ants & _! ways1 & z a k ( _! habits is necess>y to beg9 )1 we w take up ! ant-ne/ fir/4 ,,an ,,ant-,,ne/4 ,two panes ( glass laid flat "o on ! o!r ) a space betwe5 ( "o-eigh? ( an in* or less1 ^! panes cov]$ ) a piece ( d>k pap] or wood to keep out ! light & !n plac$ on some?+ t w all[ !m to be surr\nd$ by wat]2 a bit ( blott+ pap] two in*es squ>e1 damp5$ & plac$ at "o end ( ! glass *amb]--^! are all ! mat]ials & ! art necess>y = ! con/ruction ( a p]fectly equipp$ ant-ne/4 ,once we wi%$ to make an ant-ne/ hurri$ly1 & ?is is ! way we did x3 we *ose an agate wa% bas9 7,fig4 #aed71 z ?is w\ld n ru/1 & fill$ x half-full ( wat]2 9 ?is we made an isl&1 by plac+ 9 x a ?ree-p9t agate bas9 turn$ bottom side up4 ,we took two disc>d$ negatives1 size #dx#e in*es1 & clean$ (f ! films2 !n we plac$ "o ( ! pieces ( glass on ! bas9-isl&1 took ! /umps ( f\r burnt mat*es & plac$ "o on ea* side ( ?is glass ne> its edge2 !n we plac$ ! o!r piece ( glass on top1 lett+ x re/ on ! mat*es to make a *amb] j high en\gh = ! ants to live 9 com=tably4 ,?is done1 we took ! cov] ( a cig>-box & cut x d[n to ! size ( ! negatives1 put a screw-eye 9 ! c5t] to lift x by & plac$ x on top ( ! upp] glass to make ! *amb] bel[ q d>k4 ,!n we took a tr[el & fruit-c & w5t aft] "s inhabitants = our isl&4 ,we w5t to an op5 pa/ure & turn$ ov] /ones until we f\nd b5ea? "o a heap ( yell[i% gra9-l pup & little transluc5t :iti% bodies1 :i* we knew 7 l>v1 all be+ c>$ = by sw>ms ( work]-ants4 ,"o ( u pu%$ ! tr[el b5ea?1 tak+ up dirt & all1 :ile ! o!r held ! c op51 into :i* ! tr[el 0 empti$4 ,we ha/5$ back & z g5tly z possible1 tak+ c>e to hurt none ( our little captives1 plac$ ! cont5ts ( ! c on ! top ( ! ne/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,an improvis$ ant-ne/4 ,z ! fir/ ?\ght ( an ant is nev] = its own safety1 b = ! safety ( its infant si/]s1 ! little work]s began to hunt = a safe & d>k place 9 :i* to /[ away _! *>ges4 ,9 runn+ ab\t !y soon discov]$ ! space betwe5 ! two pieces ( glass & 9 a few h\rs ! "y ones 7 mov$ into ! new qu>t]s4 ,!n we clean$ away ! e>? on top ( ! ne/1 & by lift+ ! cov] we 7 able to see all t 0 go+ on )94 ,! wat] 9 ! wa%-bas9 prev5t$ any ( our uneasy captives f escap+1 z ^! little p1 s clev] 9 mo/ ?+s1 h nev] yet ma/]$ ! art ( swimm+4 ,i h an ant-ne/ on my table z ,i write1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #aef4 ,in/ead ( mat*es to keep ! two pieces ( glass ap>t ,i h a n>r[ /rip ( canton flannel glu$ ar\nd ! edge ( ! glass floor except = two little doors at ! opposite corn]s2 !re is also a n>r[ /rip ( clo? p>tition+ ! *amb] into two rooms ) a door at "o end4 ,"o room ,i left empty & 9 ! o!r ,i plac$ a bit ( blott+ pap] :i* ,i keep damp by occasionally add+ a few drops ( wat]4 ,! ne/ is plac$ ^u a piece ( plank #ah in*es squ>e4 ,ar\nd ! plank ne> ! edge is a groove ab\t an in* deep made ) a *isel & kept full ( wat]1 s t my ants h a ca/le ) a moat4 ,x 0 necess>y to pa9t ?is bit ( plank ?or\ghly1 above & bel[1 to keep x f w>p+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,ant-ne/1 on a piece ( plank1 :i* has a moat ne> its edge to conf9e ! insects4 ,! ants 9 my ne/ ,i f\nd on a hillside b5ea? a /one2 !y are br[ni% ) yell[ legs & a little less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y 7 /upid at fir/ & w\ld n discov] ! *amb] prep>$ = !m1 b p]si/$ 9 hid+ _! "y "u bits ( e>? :i* 7 br\ght 9 ) !m4 ,s ,i made a scoop ( a %eet ( writ+ pap] & ) x plac$ a heap ( ! "y1 ) a few ( ! nurses1 9 ! empty *amb]1 !n put on ! glass ceil+ & cov] & left !m4 ,9 a few h\rs ! :ole colony _h mov$ into ?is *amb]1 b evid5tly x 0 n humid en\gh = ! heal? ( ! "y1 & by ! next morn+ ! pup & l>v & eggs 7 all 9 ! o!r *amb] arrang$ ar\nd ! edges ( ! blott+ pap]4 ,:at ,i h se5 ( int]e/ 9 ?is ne/ on my table w\ld fill a small volume1 if writt5 out 9 detail4 ,j n[ a work] approa*$ a pupa1 t appe>s ?r\gh ! l5s l a little bag ( meal ti$ at "o end ) a black /r+2 %e exam9$ x c>efully ) h] ant5n & conclud$ x ne$$ to be mov$1 &1 ?\gh x is z l>ge z %e1 pick$ x up 9 h] jaws & c>ri$ x to a position :i* %e reg>d$ z m favorable4 ,!n %e approa*$ a l>va :i* looks l a little crook-neck squa%1 inquir$ z to its ne$s ) h] ant5n & !n clean$ x ) h] tongue1 z a cat licks a kitt51 & f$ x4 ,h] next duty 0 to pick up a :ole bun* ( little :ite oblong eggs & scurry (f ) !m to get !m out ( ! light4 ,!n %e /opp$ to help ano!r work] to /raight5 out ! s(t legs & ant5n ( a pale1 new si/] t 0 j em]g+ f ! pupa sk94 ,by ! "t ,i _h se5 z mu* z ?is ,i felt x my duty to replace ! cov]1 z ! light greatly di/urbs ! little captives4 ,x is said t if a yell[ glass be us$ = ! upp] piece1 ! ants feel t !y are 9 d>kness1 & _! actions may be wat*$ con/antly )\t di/urb+ !m4 ,= a p]man5t ne/1 x is necess>y to secure a que51 :i* lays all ! eggs = ! colony4 ,%e may be recogniz$ by h] l>g] size & may sometimes be f\nd 9 a ne/ "u ! /ones4 ,h[ev]1 x is s difficult to obta9 a que5 t ,i m (t5 br+ 9 ! "y & ! work]s2 ! latt] w be cont5t z long z !y h ! babies to fe$ & br+ up2 :5 f9ally ?is is accompli%$1 ,i usually take my colony back to its ne/ 9 ! field1 :]e x is made mo/ welcome4 ,?is may seem s5tim5tal1 b aft] y h wat*$ ^! little p work+ s h>d & tak+ su* devot$ c>e ( _! baby si/]s & do+ s _m wise ?+s 9 _! home1 y w be lo? to let ! t9y creatures die ( disc\ragem5t because !y h no?+ else to d1 & y w be /ill m lo? to let !m loose to scatt]1 bewild]$ & helpless1 ov] a /range e>?4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h to be v c>eful & m>k ! ne/ to :i* !y belong1 = if ,i %\ld put !m ne> ano!r colony1 my poor captives w\ld soon die +lori\s dea?s4 ,food :i* we provide = ! ants 9 captivity %\ld be v>i$ & %\ld be put on ! isl&1 r ?an 9 ! ne/ z we may ?us be able to bett] clean away ! refuse4 ,crack]s or bread soak$ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 sponge cake1 b]ry-jam1 sug>1 bits ( raw meat1 yolks ( h>d boil$ eggs cru%$1 fre%ly kill$ insects or e>?-worms1 all may prove acceptable to our little fri5ds4 ,_! food may be s(t b %\ld n be 9 a fluid /ate4 ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,ants4 ,if y h n made an ant-ne/ & obs]v$ ! ant z indicat$1 make "s field obs]vations4 ,^! may be made ) ! nak$ eye1 or ) a tripod l5s4 ,su* a l5s co/s ab\t ?irty-five c5ts4 #a4 ,h y ev] se5 an ant-hill8 ,if s1 describe x4 #b4 ,d all ants build m\nd ne/s8 #c4 ,9 :at situations h y f\nd ant-ne/s8 #d4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( ants d y "k8 #e4 ,h y ev] se5 w+$ ants8 ,if s1 describe ! exp]i5ce4 #f4 ,:at is ! reason = a w+$ =m ( ants8 #g4 ,h y obs]v$ ants meet & conv]se ) ea* o!r8 ,if s1 h[ did !y d x8 #h4 ,h y se5 ! ants c>ry+ _! "y8 ,if s1 h[ d !y d x8 #i4 ,if y h made an ant-ne/1 tell :at y h se5 go+ on )9 x4 #aj4 ,tell any exp]i5ces y h _h ) ants1 t %[ _! c\rage1 en]gy or clev]ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,uncov]$ ant-ne/1 view$ f above1 look+ ?r\gh ! glass ceil+4 ,! :ite pieces ar\nd ! edges & at ! c5t] are /rips ( canton flannel1 =m+ walls & p>tition to ! ne/4 ,note ! doors at ! l[] left & upp] "r h& corn]s & at l[] end ( ! p>tition4 ,! piece ( blott+ pap] 9 ! *amb] at ! left *anc$ to h a picture ( an eagle ^u x4 ,! small :ite objects are pup1 assort$ 9 heaps4 ,,ants ,,& ,,_! ,,h]ds4#bh #bh ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #h1 ,may1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,rose infe/$ ) aphids or plant-lice4 ,v soon aft] ! gre5 leaves come1 "o may notice t ! ants seem to be greatly int]e/$ 9 gett+ to ! tops ( trees1 bu%es & v9es4 ,if "o wat*es = only a %ort "t1 he may see !m ha/5+ up & d[n ) t important ant-air :i* says pla9ly1 ,!re n[1 don't h9d] me1 ,i hav5't a mom5t to wa/e4 ,if we %\ld foll[ ) our eyes "o ( ^! hurri$ six-foot$ ,m>?as on h] way up a tree1 we w\ld f9d t h] bus9ess 0 t ( milk-maid4 ,h] c[s are !re pa/ur+ on ! leaves ov]head1 & %e ha/5s to !m coax+ = ! milk1 :i* is a cle> drop ( sweet honeydew4 ,= _m ye>s entomologi/s repeat$ ! /atem5t t ! honeydew secret$ by aphids or plant-lice = ! use ( ! ants came f ! two little tubes on ! back ( ! insect4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is mi/ake came ab\t2 ! tubes 7 !re1 & s 0 ! honeydew2 ! tubes sugge/$ a c['s udd]1 & z ! ants use ! honeydew ! natural inf]5ce 0 t x came f ! tubes4 ,?is int]e/+ error has be5 pr9t$ 9 s _m honorable books1 t x has become a classic4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! cat]pill>s ( our little1 blue butt]flies d h gl&s on ! abdom5 :i* secrete honeydew = ! use ( ! ants2 b ! honeydew ( ! plant-lice1 l honey itself1 is manufactur$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 & issues f x4 ,obs]vations h %[n t ea* individual plant-l\se may produce f five to sev5 drops ( honeydew 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if our c[s c\ld produce z mu* 9 proportion1 !n a good ,hol/e9 w\ld give some?+ l six ?\s& p\nds ( milk p] day1 & w\ld be a highly pr(itable animal to h 9 ! dairy4 ,al?\gh ! honeydew does n come f ! little tubes on ! back ( ! plant-l\se1 yet ^? tubes h _! uses4 ,i once obs]v$ a "y spid] approa*+ an aphid1 :i* 0 fac+ its enemy4 ,z ! spid] approa*$1 ! aphid lift$ its abdom51 & ?ru/ "o ( ^! tubes ov] directly 9 ! spid]'s face1 & on ?is tube !re sudd5ly appe>$ a little ball ( yell[ wax4 ,! :ole act 0 s l a pugili/ ?ru/+ 8 fi/ 9 8 enemy's face t ,i laugh$4 ,! spid] retreat$ & ! aphid let its abdom5 fall back 9 its natural position1 b ! little wax ball rema9$ = "s "t on ! tip ( ! tube4 ,a ,g]man sci5ti/1 ,mr4 ,busg51 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 discov]$ t a plant-l\se sme>$ ! eyes & jaws ( 8 enemy1 ! aphis-lion1 ) ?is wax :i* dri$ z soon z appli$4 ,9 action x 0 some?+ l ?r[+ a bas9 ( pa/e at ! head ( an attack+ p>ty4 ,mr4 ,busg5 discov]$ t ! aphis-lion ?us treat$ 0 oblig$ to /op & clean himself be=e he c\ld g on ) 8 hunt1 & meantime ! aphid walk$ (f 9 safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,a /able made by ants = plant-lice4 ,! honeydew is excret$ 9 su* quantities t (t5 ! pavem5t b5ea? trees may be se5 to be spatt]$ by ! drops ( ?is sweet ra94 ,x seems to be excret$ solely = attract+ ! ants4 ,9 return = ?is1 ! ants give c>e & protection to _! h]ds4 ,!y sometimes take !m into _! ne/s & c>e = !m4 ,9 "o case1 at lea/1 "o species ( ant builds = "o species ( aphid 7:i* lives ^u dogwood7 a little mud /able :i* protects ! aphids f all enemies4 ,?is /able is neatly plac$ at ! =k ( ! twigs & has a little circul> door by :i* ! ants may ent] 7,fig4 #aeh74 ,! lady-bug l>v & ! ant-lions bo? fe$ voraci\sly on ! aphids2 an ant w attack s+le-h&$ "o ( ^! depr$ators1 al?\gh x be mu* l>g] ?an h]self1 & w drive x away or p]i% 9 ! attempt4 ,"s s-call$ practical p say1 ,let u /udy only ^? ?+s 9 ,nature t affect our pocketbook1 & n wa/e our "t /udy+ irrelevant ?+s4 ,if ?is _s _h animat$ sci5ti/s f ! fir/1 _m ( ! mo/ important economic discov]ies w\ld nev] h be5 made4 ,?is relation ( ants to aphids is an example to ! po9t4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s has ! fact be5 kn[n t ants use ! aphids = _! c[s1 & ! practical m5 said1 ,?is is a v pretty /ory1 b :at we want is "s me?od ( kill+ ! aphids4 ,x rema9$ = ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ( ,ill9ois1 to %[ ! practical application ( ?is pretty /ory 9 ! life hi/ory ( ! corn-root plant-l\se1 :i* did great damage to ! corn crop ( ! ,we/4 ,^! plant-lice w9t] 9 ! gr\nd :]ev] !y *ance to be left by ! dy+ roots ( ! la/ ye>'s crop1 & ) _! s(t bodies c\ld nev] "w _! way 9 ! h>d e>? & to ! roots ( ! newly-plant$ corn 9 ! spr+4 ,pr(essor ,=bes discov]$ t ! ants 9 ^! infe/$ fields make m9es along ! pr9cipal roots ( ! new corn2 & t !y !n g out & collect ! plant-lice1 & place !m 9 ^! burr[s1 & !re wat* ov] !m & protect !m4 ,,obs]vation ,,lesson ,,on ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,ants ,,to ,,plant-,,lice4 ,a read+-glass or l5s may be us$ to advantage 9 mak+ ^! obs]vations4 ,f9d "s plant ne> at h& t is infe/$ by aphids 9 ord] to note f "t to "t ! relation ( ants to ^! little creatures4 ,"s aphids on ! petiole & leaves ( ! ,virg9ia ,creep] on our piazza once af=d$ me a conv5i5t field = daily obs]vation4 #a4 ,h[ does ! ant approa* ! aphid & ask = honeydew8 #b4 ,does %e wait long if !re is no response8 #c4 ,does ! ant /ep on ! aphids z %e runs ab\t among !m8 #d4 ,:at are ! colors ( ! aphids y h obs]v$8 #e4 ,on :at plants 7 !y fe$+8 #f4 ,:at sort ( m\? p>ts h ! aphids8 #g4 ,:at "p ( ! plant is _! food1 & h[ d !y get x8 #h4 ,:y does n ,p>is gre5 appli$ to ! leaves on :i* aphids are fe$+ kill !m8 #i4 ,h y se5 ! lady-bird l>v or ! ant-lions de/roy+ aphids8 ,expla94 #aj4 ,h y ev] se5 ! little wax balls on ! tubes ( ! plant-lice8 ,if s1 did y note :5 & :y !y 7 produc$8 #aa4 ,h y ev] se5 an ant attack+ ! enemies ( plant-lice8 ,describe4 #ab4 ,h[ d y ?9k ?is relation ( ants to aphids affects agriculture8 #ac4 ,/udy :at ! ants d = ! aphids :i* infe/ y\r rose bu%es4 ,d y inf] f ?is t x is well to ext]m9ate ! ant colonies 9 y\r fl[] g>d58 #ad4 ,d y "k h[ to cle> y\r plants ( plant-lice8 ,if s1 h[8 ,if n s5d to ,cornell or "s o!r exp]im5t /ation = a spray bullet94 ,,leaflet ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,birds ,,& ,i4#bi ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #bi ,tea*]s' ,leaflet ,no4 #aj1 ,may1 #ahih4 ,illu/ration ,! spr+time belongs to ! birds & me4 ,we own x4 ,we "k :5 ! ,mayfl[]s & ! butt]cups bloom4 ,we "k :5 ! fir/ frogs peep4 ,we wat* ! awak5+ ( ! woods4 ,we are wet by ! w>m ,april %[]s4 ,we g :]e we w1 & we are companions4 ,e tree & brook & blade ( grass is ours2 & our he>ts are full ( song4 ,!re are boys :o kill ! birds1 & girls :o want to cat* !m & put !m 9 cages2 & !re are o!rs :o /eal _! eggs4 ,! birds are n p>tn]s ) !m2 !y are only s]vants4 ,birds1 l p1 s+ = _! fri5ds1 n = _! ma/]s4 ,i am sure t "o _c ?9k mu* ( ! spr+time & ! fl[]s if 8 he>t is always set ^u kill+ or cat*+ some?+4 ,we are happy :5 we are free2 & s are ! birds4 ,! birds & ,i get acqua9t$ all ov] aga9 e spr+4 ,!y h se5 /range l&s 9 ! w9t]1 & all ! brooks & woods h be5 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,s we run & romp toge!r1 & f9d all ! nooks & crannies :i* we _h half =gott5 s9ce ,octob]4 ,! birds rememb] ! old places4 ,! wr5s pull ! /icks f ! old holl[ rail & seem to be wild ) joy to see ! place aga94 ,!y mu/ be ! same wr5s t 7 "h la/ ye> & ! ye> be=e1 = /rang]s c\ld n make s mu* fuss ov] an old rail4 ,! bluebirds & wr5s look into e crack & corn] = a place 9 :i* to build1 & ! rob9s & *ipp+-sp>r[s explore e tree 9 ! old or*>d4 ,if ! birds want to live ) u1 we %\ld enc\rage !m4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to let !m alone4 ,let !m be z free f dang] & fe> z y or ,i4 ,take ! hamm] (f ! old gun1 give pussy s mu* to eat t %e w n c>e to hunt = birds1 & keep away ! boys :o /eal eggs & :o c>ry sl+-%ots & ?r[ /ones4 ,plant trees & bu%es ab\t ! bord]s ( ! place1 & let "s ( !m1 at lea/1 gr[ into tangles2 !n1 ev5 9 ! back y>d1 ! w>y cat-bird may make its home4 ,= "s k9ds ( birds we c build h\ses4 ,"s ( ! _m =ms :i* c be us$ are %[n 9 ! pictures at ! end ( ?is ,leaflet4 ,any +5i\s boy c sugge/ a doz5 o!r patt]ns4 ,al?\gh birds may n appreciate ar*itecture1 x is well to make ! h\ses neat & ta/y by tak+ pa9s to h ! proportions correct4 ,! floor space 9 ea* comp>tm5t %\ld be n less ?an five by six in*es1 & six by six or six by eight may be bett]4 ,by cutt+ ! bo>ds 9 multiples ( ^! numb]s1 "o c easily make a h\se ) sev]al comp>tm5ts2 = !re are "s birds1 z m>t9s1 tree swall[s1 & pigeons t l to live 9 families or colonies4 ,! size ( ! doorway is important4 ,x %\ld be j l>ge en\gh to admit ! bird4 ,a l>g] op5+ n only looks bad1 b x exposes ! inhabitants to dang]s ( cats & o!r enemies4 ,birds :i* build 9 h\ses1 aside f doves & pigeons1 are bluebirds1 wr5s1 tree-swall[s1 m>t9s1 & sometimes ! *ickadees4 ,= ! wr5 & ! *ickadee ! op5+ %\ld be an in* augur hole1 & = ! o!rs x %\ld be ab\t "o-&-a-half in*es4 ,only "o op5+ %\ld be provid$ = ea* h\se or comp>tm5t4 ,a p]* or door-/ep %\ld be provid$ j bel[ ea* door4 ,x is "h t ! birds (t5 /op to arrange _! toilets2 & :5 ! mi/ress is busy ) dome/ic affairs indoors ! male-bird (t5 sits outside & ent]ta9s h] ) ! late/ neighborhood gossip4 ,^! h\ses %\ld be plac$ on poles or on build+s 9 some:at seclud$ places4 ,m>t9s & tree-swall[s l to build _! ne/s tw5ty-five feet or m above ! gr\nd1 b ! o!r birds usually pref] an elevation less ?an twelve feet4 ,newly made h\ses1 & p>ticul>ly newly pa9t$ ones1 d n (t5 attract ! birds4 ,b if ! birds & ,i are companions ,i mu/ "k !m m intimately4 ,m]ely build+ h\ses = !m is n en\gh4 ,i want to "k live & happy birds1 n dead ones4 ,we are n to "k !m1 !n1 by cat*+ !m1 or /uff+ !m1 or collect+ _! eggs4 ,p]sons :o make a bus9ess ( /udy+ birds may %oot birds n[ & !n1 & collect _! eggs4 ,b ^! p]sons are sci5ti/s & !y are gr[n-up p4 ,!y are try+ to add to ! sum ( human k1 :ile we want to "k birds j because we want to4 ,b ev5 sci5ti/s d n take specim5s recklessly4 ,!y d n rob ne/s4 ,!y d n kill brood+ birds4 ,!y d n make collections m]ely = ! sake ( mak+ !m2 & ev5 _! collections are less valuable ?an a k ( ! bird z x lives & flies & s+s4 ,boys & girls %\ld n make collections ( eggs1 = ^! collections are m]e curiosities1 z collections ( spools & m>bles are4 ,!y may af=d "s ent]ta9m5t1 to be sure1 b "o c f9d amusem5t 9 h>mless ways4 ,"s p]sons ?9k t ! secur+ ( collections makes "o a naturali/1 b x does n4 ,! naturali/ c>es m = ?+s z !y really are 9 _! own homes ?an = museum specim5s4 ,"o does n love ! birds :5 he /eals _! eggs & breaks up _! homes2 & he is depriv+ ! f>m] ( "o ( 8 be/ fri5ds1 = birds keep insects 9 *eck4 ,/uff$ birds d n s+ & empty eggs d n hat*4 ,!n let u g to ! fields & wat* ! birds4 ,sit d[n on ! s(t grass & try to make out :at ! rob9 is do+ on yond] f5ce or :y ! wr5 is bur/+ ) song 9 ! ?icket4 ,an op]a-glass or spy-glass w br+ !m close to y4 ,try to f9d out n only :at ! colors & %apes & sizes are1 b :at _! habits are4 ,:at does ! bird eat8 ,h[ mu* does x eat8 ,:]e is its ne/8 ,h[ _m eggs does x lay8 ,:at color are !y8 ,h[ long does ! "m bird sit8 ,does ! fa!r bird c>e = h] :5 %e is sitt+8 ,h[ long d ! "y birds rema9 9 ! ne/8 ,:o fe$s !m8 ,:at are !y f$8 ,is !re m ?an "o brood 9 a season8 ,:]e d ! birds g aft] bre$+8 ,d !y *ange _! plumage8 ,are ! "m birds & fa!r birds unlike 9 size or color8 ,h[ _m k9ds ( birds d y "k8 ,^! are "s ( ! ?+s t e boy or girl wants to "k2 & we c f9d out by wat*+ ! birds6 ,!re is no h>m 9 visit+ ! ne/s1 if "o does x 9 ! "r way4 ,i h visit$ hundr$s ( !m & h kept _m records ( ! numb] ( eggs & ! dates :5 !y 7 laid1 h[ long be=e !y hat*$1 & :5 ! birds flew away2 & ! birds took no (f5se at my inquisitiv5ess4 ,^! are "s ( ! cautions to be obs]v$3 ,wat* only ^? ne/s :i* c be se5 )\t climb+1 = if y h to climb ! tree ! birds w res5t x4 ,make ! visit :5 ! birds are abs5t1 if possible2 at lea/1 nev] sc>e ! bird f ! ne/4 ,d n t\* ! eggs or ! ne/4 ,make y\r visit v %ort4 ,make up y\r m9d j :at y want to see1 !n look 9 quickly & pass on4 ,d n g too (t52 once or twice a day w be suffici5t4 ,d n take ! o!r *ildr5 ) y1 = y are !n likely to /ay too long & to (f5d ! birds4 ,n[ let u see h[ intimately y c become acqua9t$ ) "s bird ?is summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ions = home-made bird h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,illu/ration3 ,improvis$ bird h\ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,illu/ration3 ,sugge/ions = home-made bird h\ses4 ,,leaflet ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,birds4#cj ,,by ,l4 ,a4 ,,fu]tes4 #cj ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #d3 ,leaflet #ag1 ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,aft] a long w9t]1 _m ( u are too impati5t = spr+ to wait = ! swell+ ( ! buds1 ! op5+ ( ! e>ly fl[]s1 & ! spr++ ( ! grass4 ,sev]al weeks lie betwe5 ! end ( w9t] & ! truly g5ial spr+ days1 & dur+ ?is int]val we look = some?+ to h]ald ! settl$ spr+ season4 ,& ! ?+ :i* gives u t = :i* we are unconsci\sly look+1 m ?an all o!r signs1 is ! arrival ( ! birds4 ,:o has n w>m$ to ! quav]+ call ( ! fir/ blue-bird1 or be5 sudd5ly ?rill$ "s e>ly spr+ day ) ! sunny notes ( ! song-sp>r[6 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is ,/ate1 notably 9 ! l[] ,hudson ,valley1 ! w9t] is sp5t by sev]al birds :i* else:]e we are accu/om$ to see only aft] ! w9t] has pass$4 ,among ^! are ! blue-bird1 rob91 song-sp>r[1 :ite-?roat$-sp>r[1 mead[-l>k1 & possibly ! purple-f9*4 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ate we mu/ wait until ! fir/ or second week 9 ,m>* be=e we c be sure ( see+ any ( !m4 ,x is a "q :i* ( ! e>li] birds w fir/ make its appe>ance1 z ^! e>ly migrants are mu* less regul> 9 _! movem5ts ?an ^? t come late 9 ,april & 9 ,may1 aft] ! wea!r has become settl$4 ,_m a rob9 & blue-bird arrives dur+ "s e>ly w>m spell1 to f9d himself sudd5ly surr\nd$ by fly+ sn[ & bl[n ab\t by cold w9ds4 ,b ^! & a few o!r h>dy ones seem able to /& su* rebuffs ) great equanimity1 & ! mom5t>y %9+ ( a fickle ,m>* sun w (t5 evoke "s p5t-up song-sp>r['s notes f ! %elt] ( a h$ge or ?icket4 ,rob9s1 blue-birds1 song-sp>r[s1 c[birds1 mead[-l>ks1 phoebes1 bronz$ grackles1 k+fi%]s1 & doves may be look$ ^u z ! vangu>ds ( ! ho/s ( migrat+ birds t come to u ea* ye>1 & ! fir/ f\r or five may be expect$ almo/ any "t aft] ! fir/ week 9 ,m>*4 ,if ! w9t] has be5 late1 ^! may n appe> until ! middle or ev5 ! latt] "p ( ! mon?1 9 :i* case "o is busy keep+ track ( ! arrivals1 z ! o!r birds h caught up !n1 & all come ne>ly at ! same "t4 ,x is unnecess>y to give detail$ descriptions ( rob9s1 bluebirds1 & song-sp>r[s1 z ne>ly ev]yone is famili> ) !m2 b "s ( ! o!r e>ly com]s may be m easily recogniz$ if "s field impressions ( !m be giv54 99 99 99 99 99 ,almo/ any w>m day 9 e>ly ,m>* we may he> a ?91 cle> tsssss 9 a high pip+ key1 & on look+ up see f "o to five black birds1 ab\t ! size ( orioles1 fly+ 9 a /range undulat+ mann]--"s up & "s d[n1 ) ! w+s held close to _! sides dur+ ! drop 9 _! flight4 ,!y are c[birds4 ,! flock may swirl into ! top ( a tree & sit close toge!r4 7,fig4 #agh47 ,if ?is happ5s )9 eye%ot1 /op & wat* !m = a mom5t4 ,"o or two ( ! males are almo/ c]ta9 to utt] ! ridicul\s song ( ! species1 :i*1 l t ( _! relatives1 ! grackles1 is accompani$ by ! mo/ grotesque ( actions4 ,! bird spreads its w+s to _! utmo/1 spreads & elevates ! tail1 /ret*es its neck upw>ds & =w>ds1 & !n1 quiv]+ & tott]+1 ne>ly falls =w>d (f ! p]*4 ,! only s\nd :i* accompanies ?is absurd action is a fa9t *uckl+ clk-sfs'k1 :i* is sc>cely to be he>d a hundr$ feet away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,c[birds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! c[birds we may expect ! arrival ( ! bronz$ grackles1 :i* resemble !m mu* 9 flight1 b are l>g] & come 9 f> l>g] flocks--sometimes t51 sometimes a hundr$ or m4 ,_! arrival is kn[n by ! vigor\s calls !y utt] :ile fly+1 a l\d bass jook4 ,:5 se5 squabbl+ 9 ! spruce trees or 9 ! b>e bran*es ( ! will[s fr++ ! /reams1 ! males are likely to be giv+ _! song4 ,x is sc>cely m ( a note ?an ! c[bird's1 a ru/y squeak1 & x is accompani$ by a contortion 9 ! same mann]4 ,x is n su* a pron\nc$ ef=t1 h[ev]1 & is (t5 only a slight %udd] & %rug ( ! %\ld]s4 ,!y fe$1 l c[birds1 mo/ly on ! gr\nd1 & walk ab\t mo/ s$ately 9 ! grass l small cr[s4 ,9 tall grass1 h[ev]1 !y waddle too mu* to be graceful4 ,:5 tak+ flight !y spread _! long po9t$ tails 9 a v peculi> & *>act]i/ic mann]--n out 9 a horizontal plane1 l mo/ birds1 b up at ! sides 9 ! %ape ( a g>d5]'s tr[el1 :i* gives !m an extraord9>y appe>ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! r$w+s beg9 to come into ! m>%es soon aft] ! grackles1 & are at t "t 9 full fea!r & song4 ,_! ri*1 delib]ate clonk-ka lrrrrrrr1 int]l>d$ ) ! cle> pip+ :i/les ( "s ( ! flock1 makes a conc]t ( bird-notes v de> to all :o are famili> ) x4 ,9 _! sc>let & black velvet dress ^! birds are impossible to mi/ake1 :e!r se5 *as+ ov] ! m>%es1 s++ f an elm-top1 or balanc+ ) spread tail ^u "s tall re$ /alk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a bird-note s (t5 & s ju/ly mi/ak5 = t ( ! phoebe t ! error c]ta9ly m]its correction4 ,! spr+ song ( ! *ick-a-dee 7:i* may be he>d on almo/ any w>m day all w9t]1 & is v easy to call =? by ev5 a poorly :i/l$ imitation7 is a cle>1 pure eeeeee or -- :i* really says ,phoebe mu* m pla9ly ?an ! true phoebe note1 ?is latt] be+ mu* l[] 9 tone1 & only to be he>d aft] ,m>* is well on1 & almo/ always 9 ! vic9ity ( runn+ /reams & brooklets2 :ile ! gay little *ick-a-dee :i/les at any "t or place t suits 8 v]satile fancy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,mead[ l>ks4 ,! mell[ flute notes ( ! mead[ l>ks 7,fig4 #agi7 float to u f ! middle ( "s l>ge1 op5 field1 & are among ! mo/ beautiful bits ( bird music we ev] he>4 ,!y are n to be repres5t$ by notes1 & c only be mo/ inadequately describ$4 ,!re is great v>iation 9 ! sequ5ce ( notes1 b all are beautifully cle> & r++1 & h a decid$ t+e ( :at w\ld be sadness if x 7 n s sweet4 ,! bird flies 9 a v *>act]i/ic mann]1 nev] rais+ ! w+s above ! plane ( ! back1 & :5 se5 bel[ ! horizon l9e always %[s ! :ite fea!rs 9 ! tail4 ,8 saffron brea/ & black brea/-m>k seldom %[ on ! liv+ birds1 & ! mottl$ br[n back is a wond]ful safegu>d aga9/ 8 _m ov]head enemies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two or m doves may be se5 w++ _! headlong flight ?r\gh ! air4 ,^! are among ! swifte/ ( birds1 & are g5]ally out ( eye%ot almo/ be=e y h se5 !m4 7,t is "o way ( kn[+ :at !y are47 ,9 flight1 !y look l small pigeons ) v long graduat$ tails1 & :51 9 "s old or*>d or op5 wood1 y see "o rise f ! gr\nd into a tree1 ! :ite lat]al fea!rs 9 ! tail make an easily recognizable m>k4 7,fig4 #ahj47 ,_! coo+ notes are well kn[n--a high-pit*$ ov]tone1 foll[$ by sev]al long bell-ton$ 7ooooo1--7ooooo1 notes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,m\rn+ doves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t ,april #a to #aj1 y may he> a scrat*+ 9 ! dead leaves among ! und]bru% 9 any ?ickly gr[n tangle1 & ^u cauti\sly com+ up y may discov] ! au?ors--n big gr\se z y may h suppos$1 b a flock ( f9e1 vigor\s fox-sp>r[s on _! way to _! nor!rn bre$+ gr\nds4 ,!y are bright bay fell[s1 ) boldly blot*$ br[n & :ite brea/s1 dilig5tly scatt]+ ! leaves = _! food ( se$s1 spid]s1 ants1 & v>i\s insects4 ,if y h be5 =tunate en\gh n to h be5 se5 y may he> _! song1 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ ( our sp>r[ songs1 readily recognizable z su*1 ?\gh n resembl+ any ( its fell[s--a cle>1 vigor\s c>ol1 (t5 end+ abruptly ) a r unmusical clip4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y h se5 y1 y w be treat$ to a %>p tseep6 & a re> view ( a flock ( rapidly retreat+ birds1 = !y are n sociable 7) u1 at lea/71 & g5]ally take a h9t to move on be=e y "k ( _! pres5ce4 ,!y d n /ay long ) u on _! migration1 & see+ !m "o day is no indication t y c f9d !m ! next4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh ! :ite-?roat$ sp>r[s sp5d ! w9t] 9 our s\!rn c\nties1 !y d n />t _! nor?w>d j\rney z e>ly z we might expect1 & x is n until ! fir/ "p ( ,april t we may be sure ( f9d+ !m4 ,i h "o li/1 inde$ t %[s _! fir/ appe>ance on ,may fir/6 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 places simil> to ^? :i* ! fox-sp>r[s *oose1 & are v simil> to !m 9 habits1 b ! boldly /rip$ head & gray brea/ are v di/9ctive m>ks4 ,almo/ all ( our native sp>r[s h a call note1 ! tsweep note1 :i* is h>d to di/+ui% 9 ! diff]5t species )\t mu* pati5t li/5+--& ,i d\bt if any p]son is infallible 9 ?is di/9ction4 ,! :ite-?roat has ?is note1 z well z ! song-sp>r[1 tree-sp>r[ 7a w9t]-bird71 fox-sp>r[1 :ite-cr[n1 *ippy1 field-sp>r[1 grass-f9*1 9 fact all our br[n-back$ sp>r[s4 ,b ! song ( ! :ite-?roat is 8 own1 & may be he>d frequ5tly dur+ 8 v leisurely j\rney ?r\gh our /ate4 ,8 ,canadian "n1 ,peabody bird is descriptive ( 8 notes1 -- 441 441 44 ,:5 a numb] get toge!r & :i/le1 z if !y 7 s++ a r\nd1 x makes a v sweet conc]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,:ite-?roat$ sp>r[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! =emo/ birds 9 ! spr+ movem5t is ! grass-f9* 7vesp]-sp>r[ or bay-w+$ bunt+74 ,x is to be f\nd 9 op5 fields & along roadside f5ces1 9 company ) mead[ l>ks1 & its sweet song may be he>d almo/ any w>m ev5+ aft] ! middle ( ,april4 ,unlike mo/ ( our birds1 ?is sp>r[ s+s at its be/ late 9 ! aft]noon & dur+ twilight1 :i* p]haps makes its song seem ! sweet]4 ,x is r a g5tle song1 ?\gh to be he>d at "s di/ance1 c>ry+ q z f> z t ( ! song-sp>r[4 ,al?\gh ! quality ( voice is some:at simil> 9 ^! two birds1 ! grass-f9* lacks ! m]ry ab&on t *>act]izes ! song-sp>r['s song1 b has in/ead a deep] *ord1 :i* is call$ by "s p sadness4 ,! bird may be easily recogniz$ 9 ! fields by ! :ite tail-fea!rs1 :i* always %[ 9 flight4 ,x is ab\t ! size & g5]al color ( ! song-sp>r[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! "t ! =ego+ birds are comp>atively common1 & ! maple buds are bur/+ & ! lilacs swell+1 ! gay purple f9* appe>s4 ,he is n purple at all1 b has a crimson head1 :i* fades on ! l[] brea/ ?r\gh rosy p9k into pure :ite4 ,he is fond ( spruces & l>*es1 fe$+ gre$ily on ! t5d] buds z well z on ! ants & scale insects t infe/ !m4 ,8 song is a f9e "o1 & 9 addition to ! *>m ( be+ p\r$ =? 9 full flight1 is s long & intricate t "o f9ds himself hold+ 8 brea? z ! bur/ ( melody cont9ues1 z if to help ! little fell[ cat* up ) 8 music4 99 99 99 99 99 ,along ! banks ( "s lake or /ream1 sitt+ idly on a telegraph pole or wire1 ris+ & settl+1 elevat+ & depress+ 8 long p>t$ top-knot1 a patri>*al old k+fi%] may be se5 sil5tly await+ ! gleam ( a %9] 9 ! wat] bel[ 7,fig4 #ahb74 ,or p]haps y may fir/ see him fly+ l a big woodpeck]1 scream+ 8 *att]+ cry high 9 ! air1 or scal+ close to ! wat] "u ! fr++ hemlock bran*es t ov]hang ! /ream4 ,8 l>ge size1 slate-blue back1 l\d notes1 & *>act]i/ic flight make him a h>d bird to mi/ake 9 any case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,k+fi%]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are _m o!r birds :i* pass u on _! way nor?1 b !y h]ald r ! summ] ?an ! break+ ( spr+4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( spr+ migrations is tak5 f ,mr4 ,*apman's ,h&book ( ! ,birds ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 0 compil$ = use ab\t ,new ,york ,city4 ,! dates ne>ly co9cide ) ^? ,i h f\nd ab\t ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate1 & are1 9 ! ma91 only a few days 9 advance ( ^? = ! nor!rn c\nties4 ,! latt] dates 9 ! column are ab\t :at may be tak5 = ! middle ti] ( c\nties4 ,x is ! e>ne/ hope ( ! writ] t ^! few v brief sket*es may be ( use to ^? int]e/$ 9 ent]+ ! delightful field ( ! /udy ( birds2 y\r exp]i5ce may & probably w be diff]5t f t :i* ,i h cit$1 :i* only goes to %[ t ev]yone mu/ really see = himself1 & n only t1 b by s do+ may make new obs]vations & get new ideas on practically all ( ev5 our be/ kn[n birds4 ,birds are n1 z a rule1 h>d to wat*1 & ! pati5ce x requires to sit /ill & be a /ump long en\gh = birds to cease notic+ y is soon & amply repaid by ! new insight into an unkn[n realm :i* is sure to foll[4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,birds ,,compris+ ,,! ,,spr+ ,,migration4 7,until ,april #bj--;,approximate47 7,tak5 f ,*apman's ,h&book ( ,birds ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica47 ,date ( arrival4 ,feb4 #ae-,m>4 #aj4 ,purple ,grackle4 ,ru/y ,grackle4 ,r$-w+$ ,blackbird4 ,rob94 ,bluebird4 ,m>4 #aj-bj ,woodcock4 ,phoebe4 ,mead[ ,l>k4 ,c[bird4 ,fox-sp>r[4 ,m>4 #bj-ca ,wilson's ,snipe4 ,k+fi%]4 ,m\rn+ ,dove4 ,swamp-sp>r[4 ,field-sp>r[4 ,april #a-aj ,great ,blue ,h]on4 ,purple ,f9*4 ,vesp]-sp>r[4 ,savanna-sp>r[4 ,*ipp+-sp>r[4 ,tree ,swall[4 ,myrtle ,w>bl]4 ,am]ican ,pipit4 ,h]mit ,?ru%4 ,april #aj-bj ,yell[-belli$ ,woodpeck]4 ,b>n ,swall[4 ,yell[ ,palm ,w>bl]4 ,p9e ,w>bl]4 ,l\isiana ,wat] ,?ru%4 ,ruby-cr[n$ ,k+let4 ,,leaflet ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,woodpeck]s4#ca ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ca ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #cj1 ,m>*1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,x is be/ to foll[ "s def9ite l9e ( bird /udy = an entire ye>4 ,all ( ! obs]vations t c\ld be made 9 a s+le mon? on any bird w\ld give b an inadequate idea ( its habits4 ,to "k ! life ( a bird1 "o mu/ /udy x mon? by mon? = at lea/ "o ye>4 ,! woodpeck]s seem a mo/ attractive gr\p = our /udy4 ,!y are n only v int]e/+1 b ( great importance to ! f>m]1 or*adi/ & =e/]4 ,!re are five common species 9 ,new ,york ,/ate t we all may le>n to "k1 & !n make obs]vations ( our own on _! habits4 ,^! species are ! d[ny1 ! hairy1 ! sapsuck]1 ! flick] & ! r$head4 ,! way to beg9 our obs]vations 9 w9t] is to tie a piece ( suet to ! bran* ( "s tree easily obs]v$ f our w9d[s4 ,su* a bird fea/ z ?is is on a bran* ( a *e/nut oak 9 front ( my (fice w9d[1 & ?\gh ,i nev] h "t to wat* m ?an mom5t>ily ! birds t come !re to eat1 yet ea* glance tells me some?+ ( _! ways1 & my own day's "w is mu* bright] & happi] !re=4 ,! d[ny 7,fig4 #ahc71 z he is univ]sally call$1 comes ) 8 mate e day & !y eat gre$ily ( ! suet2 :5 !y fir/ arrive !y are s absorb$ 9 work+ ?is food m9e t ,i sometimes /& directly b5ea? & wat* !m )\t fright5+ !m4 ,p]haps !y "k t ,i am ! fri5d :o invit$ !m to breakfa/4 ,anyway1 z soon z !y leave ! suet !y hunt indu/ri\sly ov] my tree1 f9d+ !re all ( ! hidd5 insects1 & ?us !y keep my oak clean & pay = _! breakfa/4 ,occasionally ! hairy woodpeck] comes1 a self-invit$ gue/ to ! suet banquet4 ,to ! untra9$ eye he looks v l an ov]-gr[n d[ny1 z he is by two or ?ree in*es ! long]2 b 8 out] tail fea!rs are entirely :ite1 :ile ! d[ny's are b>r$ ) black2 usually ! r$ cap ( ! hairy is divid$ by a black /ripe4 ,! hairy is said to be a %y bird1 b ,i h se5 him sev]al times ?is w9t] at a suet p>ty ne> dwell+s4 ,9 ,april !re is likely to appe> 9 any region ( ,new ,york ,/ate a bird :i* is (t5 mi/ak5 = ! d[ny or hairy1 al?\gh x is v diff]5t 9 bo? color+ & habits4 ,?is is ! sapsuck]1 ! only woodpeck] ( bad repute 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,h[ev]1 ,i am sure its de$s are n ne>ly s black z !y are pa9t$4 ,! male sapsuck] has a bright r$ cr[n & *9 & ?roat1 8 brea/ is yell[1 & he is also yell[i% on ! back2 :ile ! males ( ! d[ny & hairy are r$-capp$ & black & :ite ) no yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,d[ny woodpeck]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,sapsuck]4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,woodpeck]s ,,to ,,be ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,m>*4 #a4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance betwe5 ! male & female d[ny8 #b4 ,h[ does ! d[ny travel d[n a tree2 does x g head-fir/8 ,:at food h y se5 x eat8 #c4 ,h[ does ! d[ny use its tail 9 go+ up & d[n ! tree trunk8 #d4 ,h y approa*$ a woodpeck] closely en\gh to see h[ its toes are arrang$8 ,if s1 describe !m4 #e4 ,h[ does x manage its head to make its bl[s =ceful8 #f4 ,are y able to discrim9ate betwe5 ! hairy & ! d[ny :5 y see !m8 ,h[8 #g4 ,d y "k ! diff]5ce 9 ! notes ( ! hairy & d[ny8 ,expla94 ,,d[ny1 ,,sapsuck] ,,& ,,r$-,,head4#cb #cb ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #ca1 ,april1 #aijc4 ,?is morn+ ,i 0 awak5$ by ! beat+ ( a drum ov] 9 ! woods4 ,my e> 0 n yet suffici5tly tra9$ s t ,i knew :e!r my drumm] 0 ,mr4 ,d[ny or ,mr4 ,hairy1 yet ,i /rongly suspect$ ! =m]4 ,! tattoo ( ! ,sapsuck] 7:i* does n ne/ "h7 ,james ,:itcomb ,riley has aptly *>act]iz$ z ,we$+ out ! lonesom5ess4 ,?is is exactly :at ! drumm+ ( woodpeck]s 9 ! e>ly spr+ means4 ,! male selects "s dri$ limb ( h>d wood & !re beats out 8 well-kn[n signal :i* adv]tises f> & ne>1 ,want$1 a wife4 ,& aft] he w9s h] he keeps on drumm+ to *e] h]1 :ile %e is busy ) h] family c>es4 ,! woodpeck] has no voice = s++1 l ! rob9 or ?ru%1 & realiz+ 8 defici5cy1 he does n insi/ on s++ l ! peacock1 :e!r he c or no4 ,he *ooses r to devote 8 voice to t]se & bus9ess-l conv]sation1 & :5 he is musically incl9$ he turns drumm]4 ,he is r p>ticul> ab\t 8 in/rum5t1 &1 hav+ f\nd "o t pleases him 9 tone1 returns to x day aft] day4 ,9 case ! drumm+ ,i he>d ?is morn+ 0 an adv]tisem5t = a wife1 ,i am int]e/$ to "k :at has become ( ,mrs4 ,d[ny1 :o has be5 true to h] mate all w9t]4 ,does1 p]haps1 ! spr+time br+ divorce z well z m>riage8 ,mr4 ,burr\ghs tells ( a d[ny t 0 absolutely brutal 9 8 treatm5t ( 8 mate 9 w9t]1 n all[+ h] to live 9 8 neighborhood4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! d[ny & ! hairy woodpeck]s t h fea/$ ^u my suet ?is w9t] h inv>iably come 9 pairs1 & :ile only "o at a "t sits at meat1 & ! "l & ma/] is some:at bossy1 yet !y seem to get along z well z mo/ m>ri$ pairs4 ,! sapsuck] is a woodpeck] t has /ray$ f ! pa?s ( virtue2 he has fall5 into temptation by ! wayside1 & in/ead ( drill+ a hole = ! sake ( ! grub at ! end ( x he drills x = its own sake4 ,he is a tippl] & sap is 8 bev]age4 ,he is especially fond ( ! sap ( ! m\nta9 a%1 apple1 ?orn apple1 canoe bir*1 r$ maple1 r$ oak & :ite a%4 ,he drills 8 holes 9 beautiful r[s1 & sometimes girdles a limb or tree1 & = ?is he is pron\nc$ a rascal by m5 :o h !mselves ru?lessly cut f our l& millions ( trees t %\ld n[ be /&+4 ,h[ev]1 ! sapsuck] does n live solely on sap & ! s(t cambium lay] ( ! tree2 he also fe$s on insects :]ev] he f9ds !m4 ,:5 fe$+ _! "y1 sapsuck]s are true flycat*]s1 gett+ ! insects :ile on ! w+4 ,if y f9d a sapsuck] girdl+ a tree 9 y\r or*>d or a bir* on y\r lawn1 j protect ! trees ) a wire nett+1 & let ! sapsuck] cat* mosquitoes = y in/ead1 & rememb] t he belongs to a good family & is entitl$ to "s consid]ation1 ev5 if he has tak5 to dr9k4 ,! r$-head 7,fig4 #ahe7 is well nam$1 = 8 helmet & visor %[ a vivid1 gl[+ crimson t /irs ! s5sibilities ( ! color lov]4 ,he is readily di/+ui%$ f all o!r woodpeck]s because 8 entire head & ! bib "u 8 *9 are r$4 ,= ! re/1 he is a beautiful d>k metallic blue & :ite4 ,he is a mo/ adept drumm]1 & 8 roll is a long "o4 ,"o t ,i obs]v$ la/ spr+ select$ a dead limb at ! top ( an oak tree & !re he drumm$ m]rily e morn+4 ,he is an adaptable fell[ & has be5 kn[n to drum on t9 ro(s & lightn+ rods1 ?us brav+ ! dang]s ( civilization = ! sake ( bett] music4 ,?\gh he c rattle s well :5 he is musically incl9$1 he is n1 aft] all1 mu* ( a woodpeck]1 = he lives mo/ly on insects :i* he cat*es :ile !y are crawl+ or on ! w+1 & he also likes nuts4 ,he is especially fond ( bee* nuts1 &1 be+ a ?rifty fell[ z well z musical1 9 "t ( pl5ty he /ores up food aga9/ "t ( ne$4 ,he places 8 nuts 9 crevices & =ks ( bran*es1 9 holes 9 trees1 & o!r hid+ places4 ,lets u wat* him ?is spr+ & see :e!r we c discov] :at he eats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,! ,r$-head$ ,woodpeck]4 ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,woodpeck]s ,,to ,,be ,,answ]$ ,,9 ,,april ,,& ,,may4 #a4 ,h y obs]v$ any species ( woodpeck] drumm+8 #b4 ,h y be5 able to see ! drum8 ,if s1 describe x4 #c4 ,are y able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! tapp+ ( ! woodpeck] :5 se>*+ = food1 & 8 drumm+ :5 he is mak+ music8 #d4 ,if y h made any obs]vations on ! sapsuck]1 please give !m4 #e4 ,h y se5 ! sapsuck] at "w8 ,if s1 did ! holes girdle ! tree8 ,7 ! holes r\nd or squ>e8 #f4 ,h y se5 ! r$-head ?is spr+8 #g4 ,describe ! way ! woodpeck] uses its tail :5 climb+ a tree4 #h4 ,s5d = ,bullet9 ,no4 #g1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,orni?ology1 call$ ,food ( ,woodpeck]s4 ,read ?is ,bullet9 & answ] ^! que/ions3 ,does ! sapsuck] d m h>m ?an good8 ,:at special b5efit to u is ! r$-head8 ,:i* is ! mo/ useful ( our woodpeck]s8 ,,! ,,flick] ,,or ,,yell[ ,,hamm]4#cc #cc ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #cb1 ,may1 #aijc4 ,! fir/ "t ,i ev] saw a flick] ,i said1 ,:at a wond]ful mead[ l>k1 & :at is x do+ on t ant hill8 ,b ano!r glance reveal$ to me a r$ spot on ! back ( ! bird's neck1 & z soon z ,i 0 sure t ?is 0 n a bloody ga% ,i knew x belong$ to no mead[ l>k4 ,! gold5 br[n plumage dott$ ) black1 ! "u w+s ( lum9\s yell[1 ! :ite spot above ! tail1 ! a%5 gray back1 &1 above all1 ! ori5tal ornam5ts ( cresc5ts1--"o brilliant r$ across ! back ( ! neck1 "o black across ! brea/1--all conduce to make ! flick] "o ( our mo/ %[y & beautiful birds4 ,! flick] has _m names1 su* z gold5-w+$ woodpeck]1 yell[ hamm]1 highhole1 & y>up or wake-up1 & _m o!rs4 ,x e>n$ ! "n ( highhole because ( its way ( excavat+ its ne/ high up 9 trees1 usually betwe5 t5 & tw5ty-five feet f ! gr\nd4 ,x especially loves an old apple tree z a site = a ne/1 & mo/ ( our l>ge1 old or*>ds ( ,new ,york ,/ate may boa/ ( a pair ( ^! h&some birds dur+ ! ne/+ season ( ,may & ,june4 ,h[ev]1 ! flick] is n above r5t+ any h\se he f9ds vacant :i* 0 made by o!r birds la/ ye>4 ,! flick] e>n$ 8 "n ( y>up or wake-up f 8 spr+ song1 :i* is a rollick+ jolly wick-a-wick-a-wick4 ,z a bus9ess bird ! flick] %9es 9 ! r extraord9>y l9e ( eat+ ants4 ,x has a tongue equipp$ almo/ exactly l ! tongue ( ! animal call$ ! ant eat]1 & x (t5 may be se5 us+ x ) great effectiv5ess 9 cat*+ ! little communal labor]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,"y ,flick]s4 ,^? :o h obs]v$ ! flick] dur+ ! c\rt+ season decl>e him to be ! mo/ silly & va9 ( all ! bird woo]s4 ,mr4 ,baskett says1 ,:5 he wi%es to *>m 8 sweet-he>t he m\nts a v small twig ne> h]1 & lifts 8 w+s1 spreads 8 tail1 & beg9s to nod "r & left z he exhibits 8 mu/a*e to 8 *>m]1 & sets 8 jet locket fir/ on "o side ( ! twig & !n ! o!r4 ,he may ev5 g s f> z to turn 8 head half ar\nd to %[ h] ! pretty spot on 8 'back hair4' ,9 do+ all ?is he p]=ms ! mo/ ludicr\s antics1 & has ! sillie/ ( expressions ( face & voice z if 9 los+ 8 he>t1 z "s "o phrases x1 he _h lo/ 8 head also4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,woodpeck]s4 ,we h n[ /udi$ our five species ( woodpeck]s common 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 & ,i tru/ t y "k !m all by sight4 ,:5 y are tea*+ ! *ildr5 ab\t ! woodpeck]1 !re are _m int]e/+ /ories to tell ab\t ! way t 8 =m is adapt$ to 8 life4 ,"s ( ^! /ories are z foll[s3 ,fir/4 ,! woodpeck]'s bill1 :i* is a drill & *isel1 & h[ he uses x = gett+ at ! grub or ! bor] 9 ! wood1 & = mak+ ! hole = ! ne/1 & = drumm+ :5 he feels musical4 ,second4 ,! tongue1 :i* is a b>b$ spe>1 & has a wond]ful spr+ atta*m5t ( bones :i* all[s x to be ?ru/ f> out4 ,?is tongue is fitt$ 9 ea* case to get ! k9d ( food :i* su/a9s its own]4 ,?ird4 ,! feet h a special arrangem5t ( toes :i* all[s ! bird to cl+ t5aci\sly to a tree trunk4 ,/udy ! way ! f\r? toe1 :i* may be comp>$ to our little f+]1 has be5 mov$ ar\nd backw>d s t x acts z ano!r ?umb4 ,f\r?4 ,/udy h[ ! tail made ( /iff fea!rs is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to act z a brace1 help+ ! bird to climb a tree4 ,9 /udy+ all ^! ?+s ,i w\ld especially recomm5d y to a little book call$1 ,! ,woodpeck]s by ,fannie ,h>dy ,eck/rom1 publi%$ by ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co41 price #a4jj4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,flick]4 #a4 ,h y ev] se5 a flick]8 #b4 ,d y "k its song8 #c4 ,has ! flick] a /raight bill l ! d[ny's8 #d4 ,:at are ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! male & female flick]8 #e4 ,h y ev] se5 a flick] cat*+ ants8 ,describe4 #f4 ,d y ?9k ! flick] is a b5eficial bird8 ,if s1 :y8 #g4 ,h y ev] se5 a flick]'s ne/8 ,describe4 #h4 ,d y "k h[ ! flick] fe$s its "y8 ,expla94 #i4 ,describe ! diff]5ce 9 color betwe5 ! male & female ( ! 7a7 d[ny1 7b7 ! hairy1 7c7 ! r$head1 7d7 ! sapsuck]1 7e7 & ! flick]4 #aj4 ,h[ c y tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 a flick] & a mead[ l>k dur+ flight8 ,illu/ration3 ,d[ny's long tongue4 ,,leaflet ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,*ickadee4#cd #cd ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #c1 ,decemb]1 #aijc4 ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 ,he is ! h]o ( ! woods2 !re are c\rage & good nature en\gh 9 t compact little body1 :i* y may hide 9 y\r fi/1 to supply a :ole groveful ( ,may song/]s4 ,he has ! ,sp>tan virtue ( an eagle1 ! *e]fulness ( a ?ru%1 ! nimbl5ess ( ,cock ,sp>r[1 ! endurance ( ! seabirds cond5s$ into 8 t9y frame1 & !re h be5 add$ a p]tness & +5uity all 8 own4 ,8 curiosity is imm5se1 & 8 audacity equal to x2 ,i h ev5 _h "o alight ^u ! b>rel ( ! gun ov] my %\ld] z ,i sat quietly "u 8 tree4--,,erne/ ,,+]soll4 ,illu/ration ,h[ev] c>eless we may be ( our fri5ds :5 we are 9 ! mid/ ( ! luxuri\s life ( summ]1 ev5 ! mo/ c>eless among u give pleas$ att5tion to ! birds t bravely endure ) u ! rigors ( w9t]4 ,& :5 ?is w+$ companion ( w9t] proves to be ! mo/ fasc9at+ little ball ( fea!rs ev] creat$1 con/antly ov]fl[+ ) *e]ful song1 our pleas$ att5tion *anges to active delight4 ,?us x is t 9 all ! l&s ( sn[y w9t]s ! *ickadee is a lov$ comrade ( ! c\ntry wayf>]2 t happy song1 *ick-a-dee-dee-dee1 f9ds its way to ! dulle/ consci\sness & ! mo/ call\s he>t4 ,"o day 9 ,febru>y we 71 ) mu* enjoym5t1 wad+ ?r\gh a drift$ highway t skirt$ a =e/1 ! lea/ twig ( :i* bore a burd5 ( s(t sn[4 ,ov] all hung t sil5ce ( w9t] :i* is ! mo/ sil5t sil5ce t re/s ^u ! e>? any:]e outside ! des]t4 ,no breeze sway$ a creak+ bran* or %ook f x ! sn[ 9 s(t ?ud to ! :ite c>pet bel[4 ,ev5 ! song ( ! brook 0 smo!r$ b5ea? cov]lets ( ice & pill[s ( drift4 ,we /ood fa/1 aw$ by ! /illness1 :5 sudd5ly x 0 brok5 by ! ?rill+ notes ( ! *ickadees4 ,we c\ld h>dly cr$it our s5ses1 = x seem$ z if ! woods 0 a hopeless place = any liv+ creature t morn+4 ,b !re be=e our eyes 0 a flock ( ^! c\rage\s birds hunt+ = food on ! leew>d sides ( boles & bran*es left b>e & black 9 ! rec5t /orm4 ,_! t9y weights s5t ! sn[ 9 %[]s f ! t]m9al twigs1 :i* ph5om5on 0 greet$ ) triumphant song :ile ! *e]ful midgets hunt$ ! reliev$ bran*es topside & bottomside = any lurk+ tidbit4 ,z we wat*$ !m1 ,em]son's poem came to m9d3 ,pip$ a t9y voice ne> by1 ,gay & polite1 a *e]ful cry-- ,*ick-*ickade$ee6 saucy note ,out ( s\nd he>t & m]ry ?roat1 ,z if x said1 ',good-day1 good ,sir6 ,f9e aft]noon1 old pass5g]6 ,happy to meet y 9 ^! places ,:]e ,janu>y br+s few faces4' ,no wond] t ! great ,am]ican philosoph] 0 attract$ by ?is o!r ,am]ican philosoph] :o s+s :5 he is cold & hungry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,a *ickadee at ! entrance to its ne/4 ,besides its usual song ! *ickadee has a song t says phoebe mu* m di/9ctly ?an does ! song ( ! phoebe itself4 ,few p recognize ?is1 & (t5 9 ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>* x is ann\nc$ 9 ! local newspap]1 ,! phoebe-birds 7 he>d to-day ?\gh x may be weeks yet be=e ^! birds arrive4 ,! two songs may be easily di/+ui%$ by ev5 ! e> untra9$ to music4 ,9 ! phoebe song ( ! *ickadee1 ! la/ syllable is at lea/ "o note l[] ?an ! fir/ & has a fall+ inflection2 :ile ! la/ syllable ( ! phoebe bird's song is at lea/ a half note high] ?an ! fir/ & has a ris+ inflection4 ,n long s9ce ,i visit$ ! des]t$ ne/ ( a devot$ pair ( *ickadees4 ,x 0 cuddl$ d[n 9 ! bottom ( a hole t op5$ on ! v top ( a f5ce po/1 &1 "o w\ld imag9e1 mu/ h be5 wet m ?an once :ile inhabit$4 ,h[ev]1 a l>ge family 0 rais$ !re dur+ ! pa/ season & mu* enjoym5t 0 d]iv$ f wat*+ ! _m fubsy birdl+s t f\nd home & com=t 9 t unattractive retreat4 ,i look$ ^u !m ) special int]e/1 = ,i 0 sure !y w\ld visit ! suet on my trees ?is w9t] & ?us become fri5dly neighbors4 ,z soon z ! trees are b>e1 nail or tie bits ( suet to bran*es :i* may be obs]v$ f y\r w9d[s4 ,i "k ( no inve/m5t :i* pays su* enorm\s divid5ds bo? to pleasure & pocket z d suet re/aurants 9 or*>ds patroniz$ by *ickadees4 ,e *ild1 at home or s*ool1 w be attract$ by ?is exp]im5t4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,*ickadee4 #a4 ,describe ! colors ( ! *ickadee above2 bel[2 w+s2 tail2 ?roat & head4 #b4 ,describe ! diff]5ces 9 color+ betwe5 ! *ickadee & ! nu?at*4 #c4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! *ickadee's beak & = :at is x adapt$8 #d4 ,does x frequ5t ! trunks ( trees1 or ! twigs8 #e4 ,describe its actions :5 hunt+ = food on a twig4 #f4 ,:at is ! *ief food ( ! *ickadee8 #g4 ,:y is x ( special value to ! f>m]8 #h4 ,:at are ! diff]5ces 9 ! w9t] & summ] habits ( ! *ickadee8 #i4 ,d y "k ! phoebe note ( ! *ickadee8 #aj4 ,:]e d ^! birds build _! ne/s & ( :at mat]ial8 #aa4 ,:at are ! colors & m>k+s on ! eggs8 #ab4 ,:5 is ! ne/+ season8 ,,leaflet ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,:ite-,,brea/$ ,,nu?at*4#ce ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ce ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #d1 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,! busy nu?at* climbs 8 tree1 ,ar\nd ! great bole spirally1 ,peep+ into wr9kles gray1 ,"u ruffl$ li*5s gay1 ,lazily pip+ "o %>p note ,f 8 silv] maild ?roat4 --,,maurice ,,?ompson4 ,) m artless inquisitiv5ess ?an fe>1 ?is lively little acrobat /ops 8 hamm]+ or hat*+ at y\r approa*1 & /ret*+ himself out f ! tree until x w\ld seem he mu/ fall (f1 he pe]s d[n at y1 head d[nw>d1 /raight into y\r upturn$ op]a-glass4 ,if !re is too mu* sn[ on ! upp] side ( a bran* wat* h[ he runs along und]nea? x l a fly1 busily tapp+ ! b>k1 or adroitly break+ ! decay$ bits ) 8 bill1 z he /ret*es = ! spid]'s eggs1 l>v1 etc41 hidd5 !re2 yet someh[1 betwe5 m\?fuls1 manag+ to call out 8 *]ry quank6 quank6 hank6 hank6 --,,neltje ,,blan*an4 ,illu/ration ,a voice outside is call+ at me2 ,i _c describe x accurately1 b x is mak+ delightful woodsy rem>ks t make me long to ?r[ aside ! p5 & g out & w&] :]e ! sn[ is mak+ /ill s(t] ! c>pet ( dead leaves on ! =e/ floor4 ,x is n a musical note b x is mo/ entic+ & translates into s\nd ! picture ( b>e-bran*$ trees & ! feel+ ( en*antm5t t p]meates ! =e/ 9 w9t]4 ,neltje ,blan*an says ! voice reit]ates quank1 quank1 o!rs say x is nay1 nay--b no nasal s\nd ( ! human voice1 & no spell+ ( ! ,engli% language adequately repres5t ?is call ( ! :ite-brea/$ nu?at*4 ,on ! tree 9 front ( ! w9d[ ,i c see ! own] ( ?is sylvan voice4 ,he is a little bird blue-gray above ) black head & black & :ite ,v-trimm+s on ! back ( 8 suit & ) s(t1 :ite brea/4 ,he is flitt+ bli!ly f tree to tree enjoy+ ! sn[ /orm & com+ (t5 to ! suet fea/ :i* ,i h spread = him & = 8 little fea!r$ k94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,! nu?at*1 "o ( ! w9t] birds4 ,we h be5 hav+ excit+ times at ! suet banquet ?is morn+4 ,! build+ 9 :i* my (fice is1 /&s on a high knoll ne> ! =e/-cov]$ br9k ( a deep gorge4 ,?us my w9d[ is opposite ! tops ( ! trees4 ,"o ( our nature-/udy /aff1 a brave & gallant knight1 :o loves birds & kn[s t ,i love to wat* !m1 climb$ two ( ^! trees at imm95t risk ( break+ 8 neck 9 ord] to place ?is suet j opposite my w9d[4 ,! :ole *ickadee family & f\r nu?at*es1 & ,sir ,d[ny & ,madam ,hairy _h be5 revel+ 9 ! fea/ all ! morn+ :5 sudd5ly "o aft] ano!r ?ree cr[s appe>$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,my he>t sank z ,i saw !m ey+ ! suet ) int]e/4 ,ne>] & ne>] !y hopp$ f bran* to bran*4 ,i p\nd$ on ! w9d[ & call$ out1 ,g away 9 bo? ! cr[ & ! ,engli% language1 all 9 va94 ,"o cr[ brav] or hungri] ?an ! o!rs ) "o defiant eye on me flapp$ confid5tly d[n & s\ght to c>ry ! suet (f 9 8 beak2 to 8 surprise x 0 ti$ on4 ,t seem$ suspici\s & :5 we rais$ ! w9d[ & lean+ f> out expla9$ matt]s he lift$ sl[ly ) a je]+ caw t said pla9ly ,i'll call sometime :5 y are n at home & ) t he & 8 companions disappe>$ up ! gorge4 ,! invit$ gue/s at ! suet table 7 less di/urb$ ?an 0 ,i1 & ,i suppose x is r inconsi/5t to fe$ ! *ickadees & let ! rav5s g hungry4 ,b ?is suet w la/ ! little birds a mon? :ile x w\ld h>dly furni% a breakfa/ = ?ree cr[s2 & 9 philan?ropic ent]prises "o is oblig$ to draw ! l9e some:]e ev5 at ! co/ ( consi/5cy4 ,i w return to my nu?at*1 :o1 by ! way1 has j hamm]$ (f a piece ( suet & ?ru/ x into a crevice ( ! b>k on ! tree bole4 ,:y does he d t3 is x = conv5i5ce 9 eat+ or is x an attempt to /ore up "s ( 8 d9n] = future ne$8 ,anyway x is bad mann]s1 l c>ry+ (f fruit f table d' hote4 ,b he is polite en\gh 9 ano!r respect2 e "t aft] eat+ ! suet he wipes 8 beak on 8 bran* napk9 ) great assiduity1 fir/ "o side & !n ! o!r1 almo/ z if he 7 %>p5+ x4 ,! woodpeck]s are simil>ly fa/idi\s 9 clean+ suet (f _! beaks4 ,! l\d note ( ! nu?at*1 seem+ to be out ( proportion to ! size ( ! bird is1 by no means1 its only note4 ,ye/]day we obs]v$ a pair hunt+ ov] ! bran*es ( an elm ov] our heads1 & !y 7 talk+ to ea* o!r 9 sweet confid5tial syllables wit1 wit1 wit1 entirely diff]5t f ! l\d note t is meant = ! _w at l>ge4 ,! nu?at*es & *ickadees hunt toge!r all w9t]4 ,?is is no bus9ess p>tn]%ip1 b "o ( cong5iality bas$ ^u simil> ta/es4 ,?us x is t ! two birds are (t5 confus$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v noticeable "* t di/+ui%es !m at ! fir/ glance4 ,/range to say ! nu?at* has also be5 confus$ ) ! sapsuck] & has ga9$ unju/ obloquy !reby4 ,h[ any "o ) eyes c\ld confuse ^! two birds is a my/]y1 = !y resemble ea* o!r 9 no p>ticul> nor 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,:ile ! nu?at* f9ds mu* ( its food on trees1 yet ,mr4 ,torrey tells ( see+ "o awkw>dly turn+ ov] ! fall5 leaves = hidd5 cocoons & o!r ?+s q wor? 8 :ile2 & ,mr4 ,baskett tells ( hav+ seem !m cat* flies 9 ! air & becom+ q out ( brea? at ?is unusual ex]cise4 ,audubon made "s mo/ int]e/+ obs]vations on ! nu?at*4 ,he says !y may sleep hang+ head d[nw>d4 ,he also says ( _! ne/+ habits t bo? birds "w toge!r1 all ! "t congratulat+ ea* o!r 9 ! t5d]e/ mann]4 ,! male1 ev] conspicu\s on su* occasions1 works "s1 & c>ries (f ! sl5d] *ips *isel$ by ! female4 ,he /ruts ar\nd h]1 peeps into ! hole1 *]ups at int]vals1 or hov]s ab\t h] on ! w+4 ,:ile %e is sitt+ on h] eggs1 he seldom abs5ts himself _m mom5ts2 n[ ) a full bill he fe$s h]1 n[ returns to be assur$ t h] "t is pleasantly sp5t4 ,! r$-brea/$ nu?at* is sometimes associat$ ) its :ite-brea/$ c\s92 x is a small] bird & is ess5tially a nor!rn species4 ,! nu?at*es get _! "n f _! habit ( w$g+ nuts & acorns into b>k & !n hat*+ !m op54 ,f e /&po9t ! nu?at*es are mo/ desirable acqua9tances1 & we _c sp5d our "t to bett] advantage ?an 9 gett+ famili> ) _! int]e/+ habits4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,:ite-,,brea/$ ,,nu?at*4 #a4 ,describe f y\r own obs]vations ! colors ( ! nu?at* above & bel[4 #b4 7a7 ,:at is ! mo/ noticeable "* t di/+ui%es ! nu?at* f ! *ickadee8 7b7 ,does ! nu?at* usually frequ5t ! bole or ! twigs ( a tree8 7c7 ,is !re any diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! habits ( ! nu?at* & ! *ickadee8 #c4 ,does ! nu?at* alight ) its head d[n or up8 #d4 ,does x travel d[n or up8 ,does x always g 9 a spiral8 #e4 ,:at is its food8 #f4 ,does x op5 nuts = ! meat or ! grubs )98 #g4 ,does x use its tail z a brace 9 climb+ trees z does ! woodpeck]8 #h4 ,:]e does x build its ne/8 #i4 ,:at is ! color ( ! eggs8 #aj4 ,:y does x seem less common 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]8 #aa4 ,h[ does x use its feet :5 re/+ on a tree trunk8 #ab4 ,has x any special developm5t ( ! feet to help x 9 travel+ on tree trunks8 #ac4 ,d y "k ! note ( ! nu?at*8 ,describe4 #ad4 ,h[ w\ld y spell its note8 #ae4 ,h[ does ! nu?at* help ! f>m] & fruit gr[]8 ,,leaflet ,,xxvii4 ,,ab\t ,,cr[s4#cf ,,by ,,m>y ,,rog]s ,,mill]4 #cf ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #bg1 ,decemb]1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration ,?\s&s & ?\s&s ( cr[s fa/ asleep among/ ! bran*es ( a grove ( p9es6 ,! trees !mselves look d>k & sombre aga9/ ! sn[y hillside1 b :5 ! assemblage ( dusky birds has ga!r$ !re1 ! %ad[s ?ick5 & ! d>kness settles l a pall4 ,soon all is hu%$ & sil5t4 ,w\ld y n g miles to see su* a sight8 ,yet maybe y h liv$ = ye>s )9 easy walk+ di/ance ( a great cr[ dormitory )\t ev5 suspect+ its exi/5ce4 ,y may h wat*$ ! cr[s fly+ ov]head e morn+ & !n aga9 e aft]noon1 )\t notic+ t !y came f ! same direction ea* morn+ & return$ at nightfall4 ,?is 0 j my exp]i5ce until ,i began to c>e ab\t cr[s & _! ways4 ,n[ ,i "k t !re is a sleep+ roo/ a mile or s up "o ( our wood$ valleys & ! olde/ inhabitant tells me t he rememb]s see+ m'n a million cr[s up !re 9 w9t]s :5 he 0 a boy4 ,und\bt$ly g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( cr[s return to ^! sleep+ places2 c]ta9 localities h probably be5 s us$ = c5turies4 ,al?\gh we h cr[s "h all w9t] !y may n be ! same individuals t sp5t ! summ] "h4 ,! c5t] ( cr[ population 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates f ,novemb] till ,febru>y is ! neighborhood ( ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,!re ! food supply is m abundant ?an :]e ! gr\nd is sn[-cov]$ 9 w9t]1 & ?i!r ! cr[s migrate 9 innum]able armies4 ,dormitories f t5 to ?irty acres 9 ext5t & accommodat+ f t5 ?\s& to ?ree hundr$ ?\s& cr[s ea* h be5 f\nd 9 t region4 ,:y cr[s ga!r ?us 9 companies ei!r small or l>ge is und\bt$ly due to _! natural sociability4 ,! opportunities = exhibition ( conv]sational p[]s (f]$ by su* a cu/om seems to be greatly appreciat$ by e cr[4 ,su* a babel z !y raise :5 9 e>ly morn+ _! wat*man r\ses !m f sleep6 ,!y appe> to be revil+ him = 8 untimely int]ruption4 ,= sev]al m9utes ! woods fairly r+ ) _! l\d1 co>se %\ts4 ,!n1 z if resign$ to _! fate1 !y take flight t[>ds ! fe$+ gr\nds4 ,by sunset !y all congregate aga9 & aft] rec\nt+ _! adv5tures1 settle d[n e>ly to sleep4 ,9 op5 w9t]s cr[s f>e well en\gh4 ,se$s & b]ries are easy to get & consid]able gra9 may be f\nd 9 h>ve/$ fields4 ,b l b>ny>d f[ls1 cr[s are omnivor\s4 ,aft] ! gras%opp]s disappe>1 a supply ( animal food is h>d to get4 ,! silk5 egg-sacs ( spid]s are (t5 f\nd torn op5 & rifl$1 :ile suspici\sly ne> by are ! tracks ( cr[s4 ,und\bt$ly rabbits & field mice w\ld unite ) ! spid]s 9 decl>+ ! cr[ to be _! deadly enemy4 ,t cr[s eat corn is und5iable4 ,! f>m]s "k x to _! sorr[1 ! bird's *ampions reluctantly admit x1 ! cr[ himself goes op5ly into ! field1 bo? 9 w9t] & summ]1 ) no int5t to conceal 8 int5tions4 ,& yet ?is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ habit w be> inve/igation4 ,^u ! real or suppos$ injury done to spr\t+ corn & to roa/+-e>s1 ! f>m] & 8 sons base _! animosity t[>d cr[s & rejoice at ! :olesale or retail slaught] ( ^! birds4 ,c>efully prep>$ e/imates %[ conclusively t ! cr[ is ! f>m]'s fri5d4 ,only ?ree p] c5t ( ! total food ( ! cr[ consi/s ( corn 9 any =m1 :ile tw5ty-six p] c5t consi/s ( insects su* z gras%opp]s1 ,may beetles 7,june bugs1 ^: "y are ! :ite grubs71 cutworms & o!r injuri\s k9ds4 ,on su* evid5ce z ?is w\ld n an unprejudic$ jury acquit ! cr[8 ,! be/ way to e/abli% ! cr[ 9 ?is new & true relation%ip to ! f>m]1 is to int]e/ ! boys & girls 9 /udy+ cr[s & _! ways4 ,to make a fair judgm5t1 "o mu/ collect evid5ce4 ,m]e he>say is n always to be dep5d$ on4 ,ju/ice & tru? are wor? work+ =4 ,! case ( ! ,cr[ vs4 ! ,f>m]1 w give opportunity = ! practice ( bo? ( ^! virtues4 ,,w9t] ,,birds4#cg #cg ,quiz on ,lesson ,no4 #bg1 ,decemb]1 #aijb4 ,! w9t] is n s devoid ( life z we sometimes ?9k4 ,!re are mammals 9 ! woods & cov]ts1 fi%es 9 ! lakes & deep brooks1 birds 9 ! =e/ & ! op54 ,let u devote "o e>ly midw9t] lesson to ! birds4 ,h ! *ildr5 make p>ticul> obs]vations on ! ,engli% sp>r[4 ,o!r birds may be obs]v$1 z1 = example1 our old fri5d ! cr[4 ,all ^! birds t\* ! life ( ! f>m] & ! nature-lov]4 ,^? /ud5ts :o are s situat$ t a /udy ( cr[s is impossible may sub/itute ,engli% sp>r[s1 *ickadees1 woodpeck]s or any o!r w9t] birds4 ,a bullet9 entitl$ ,! ,common ,cr[ 0 issu$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #ahie4 ,/ud5ts 9 ?is c\rse c obta9 "o copy ea* by s5d+ t5 c5ts to ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,union ,build+1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,d n s5d /amps4 ,d cr[s w9t] 9 y\r vic9ity8 ,are y able to v]ify ! /atem5ts made 9 ! lesson conc]n+ ! flight 9 opposite directions 9 morn+ & ev5+8 ,give obs]vations made s9ce receiv+ ?is lesson4 ,is !re a cr[ dormitory 9 y\r vic9ity8 7,inquire ( old resid5ts & keep a close wat*47 ,wat* a cr[ on ! w+4 ,if he is fly+ l[1 try to c\nt ! big w+ fea!rs4 ,note "h any peculi>ities ( ?is bird's way ( fly+4 ,h[ does a cr[ hold on to a limb :5 asleep8 ,:at *>act]i/ics h cr[s & *ick5s 9 common8 ,h[ d !y diff]8 ,comp>e fea!rs1 bills & feet ( *ick5s & cr[s4 ,look = cr[ tracks 9 ! sn[4 ,:]e h y se5 !m8 ,c y always tell :i* way ! bird 0 go+8 ,h[8 ,sket* ! tracks on sep>ate %eet4 ,h[ long is ! longe/ toe1 includ+ ! claw8 ,:i* toe is ?is8 ,is ! track ev] long] ?an ! toe itself8 ,if s1 :y8 ,h y ev] se5 ! scrat*es 9 ! sn[ made by ! /iff w+ fea!rs :5 ! cr[ takes its flight f ! gr\nd8 ,c\nt ! scrat*es4 ,:at food h y se5 cr[s eat+8 ,wat* dur+ ! :ole mon? & m5tion any new items y c add to _! bill ( f>e4 ,h y ev] se5 cr['s ne/s8 ,:]e8 ,:58 ,describe ! ne/1 eggs & ne/l+s1 if y h se5 !m4 7,^! are ?+s to look = dur+ ! spr+ & summ]47 ,does ! plumage ( ! ye>l+ cr[ diff] f t ( ! old] birds8 ,d males & females diff] 9 color8 ,cr[s are said to possess rem>kably well develop$ bra9s4 ,:at evid5ce h y ( _! sagacity1 fe>lessness1 cunn+ or gre$8 ,:at o!r w9t] birds h y se5 ?is ye>8 ,give on sep>ate %eet an acc\nt ( a w9t] walk4 ,,leaflet ,,xxviii4 ,,h[ ,a ,,squa% ,,plant ,,gets ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,se$4#ch ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #ch ,tea*]'s ,leaflet ,no4 #a1 ,decemb]1 #ahif4 ,! fir/ ,cornell nature-/udy leaflet4 ,= a discussion ( ! title ( ?is leaflet & :at x signifies p$agogically1 consult ,! ,integum5t ,man1 9 ,! ,nature-,/udy ,idea4 7,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co47 ,illu/ration ,if "o 7 to plant se$s ( a ,hubb>d or ,bo/on ,m>r[ squa% 9 loose w>m e>? 9 a pan or box1 & 7 !n to leave ! p>cel = a week or t5 days1 he w\ld f9d1 ^u 8 return1 a colony ( plants l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,if he _h n plant$ ! se$s himself or _h n se5 su* plants be=e1 he w\ld n believe t ^! curi\s plants w\ld ev] gr[ into squa% v9es1 s diff]5t are !y f ! v9es :i* we "k 9 ! g>d54 ,?is1 itself1 is a mo/ curi\s fact1--?is wond]ful diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & ! lat] /ages ( ne>ly all plants1 & x is only because we "k x s well t we d n wond] at x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,squa% plant a week old4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1--z x did 9 a pan ( se$ :i* ,i s[$ a few days ago--t "o or two ( ! plants may look l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij4 ,"h ! se$ seems to h come up on top ( ! plant2 & "o is rem9d$ ( ! curi\s way 9 :i* beans come up on ! /alk ( ! "y plant4 ,if we 7 to /udy ! matt]1 h[ev]1--z we may d at a future "t--we %\ld f9d a great diff]5ce 9 ! ways 9 :i* ! squa%es & ! beans raise _! se$s out ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is n our purpose to comp>e ! squa% & ! bean at ?is "t1 b we are curi\s to "k :y "o ( ^! squa% plants br+s its se$ up out ( ! gr\nd :il/ all ! o!rs d n4 ,9 ord] to f9d out :y x is1 we mu/ ask ! plant1 & ?is ask+ is :at we call an exp]im5t4 ,we may fir/ pull up ! two plants4 ,! fir/ "o 7,fig4 #ahi7 w be se5 to h ! se$-coats /ill atta*$ to ! v l[e/ "p ( ! /alk bel[ ! soil1 b ! o!r plant has no se$ at t po9t4 ,we w n[ plant m se$s1 a doz5 or m ( !m1 s t we %all h en\gh to exam9e two or ?ree times a day = sev]al days4 ,a day or two aft] ! se$s are plant$1 we %all f9d a little po9t or root-l "p break+ out ( ! %>p end ( ! se$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aia4 ,a day lat] ?is root "p has gr[n to be z long z ! se$ itself 7,fig4 #aib71 & x has turn$ directly d[nw>ds into ! soil4 ,b !re is ano!r mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ?is g]m9at+ se$4 ,j :]e ! root is break+ out ( ! se$ 7%[n at a 9 ,fig4 #aib71 !re is a little peg or projection4 ,9 ,fig4 #aic1 ab\t a day lat]1 ! root has gr[n /ill long]1 & ?is peg seems to be =c+ ! se$ ap>t4 ,9 ,fig1 #aid1 h[ev]1 x w be se5 t ! se$ is really be+ =c$ ap>t by ! /em or /alk above ! peg = ?is /em is n[ gr[+ long]4 ,! l[] lobe ( ! se$ has atta*$ to ! peg 7se5 at a1 ,fig4 #aid71 & ! se$-leaves seem to be back+ out ( ! se$4 ,fig4 #aie %[s ! se$ a day lat]4 ,! root has n[ produc$ _m bran*es & has ?or\ghly e/abli%$ itself 9 ! soil4 ,! top is also gr[+ rapidly & is /ill back+ out ( ! se$1 & ! se$-coats are /ill firmly held by ! ob/9ate peg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,squa% plant :i* has br\ght ! se$-coats out ( ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,g]m9ation j beg9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,! root & peg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,?ird day ( root gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,! plant break+ out ( ! se$4 ,:il/ we h be5 see+ all ^! peculi> ?+s 9 ! se$s :i* we h dug up1 ! plantlets :i* we h n di/urb$ h be5 com+ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,if we 7 to see ! plant 9 ,fig4 #aie1 z x 0 com+ up1 x w\ld look l ,fig4 #aif4 ,x is tugg+ away 9 gett+ its head out ( ! bonnet :i* is pegg$ d[n und]nea? ! soil1 & x has got its back up 9 ! op]ation4 ,9 ,fig4 #aig x has escap$ f its trap & x is laugh+ & gr[+ 9 delight4 ,x mu/ n[ /raight5 itself up1 z x is do+ 9 ,fig4 #aig1 & x is soon /&+ pr\d & /raight1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,we n[ see t ! reason :y ! se$ came up on ! plant 9 ,fig4 #aij1 is t 9 "s way ! peg did n hold ! se$-coats d[n 7see ,fig4 #aie71 & ! exp&+ leaves1 be+ p9*$ toge!r mu/ get !mselves loose z be/ !y c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,! op]ation fur!r progress$4 ,!re is ano!r ?+ ab\t ?is int]e/+ squa% plant :i* we mu/ n fail to notice1 & ?is is ! fact t ^! fir/ two leaves ( ! plantlet came out ( ! se$ & did n gr[ out ( ! plant itself4 ,we mu/ notice1 too1 t ^! leaves are mu* small] :5 !y are fir/ drawn out ( ! se$-coat ?an !y are :5 ! plantlet has /raight5$ itself up4 ,t is1 ^! leaves increase v mu* 9 size aft] !y rea* ! light & air4 ,! roots ( ! plantlet are n[ e/abli%$ 9 ! soil & are tak+ 9 food :i* enables ! plant to gr[4 ,! next leaves :i* appe> w be v diff]5t f ^! fir/ or se$ leaves4 ,^! lat] ones are call$ ! true leaves4 ,!y gr[ "r out ( ! little plant itself4 ,fig4 #aii %[s ^! true leaves z !y appe> on a "y ,crookneck squa% plant1 & ! plant n[ beg9s to look mu* l a squa% v9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,! plant j com+ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,! plant lib]at$ f ! se$-coats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,! plant /raight5+ up4 ,we are n[ curi\s to "k h[ ! /em gr[s :5 x backs out ( ! se$s & pulls ! little se$-leaves ) x1 & h[ ! root gr[s d[nw>ds into ! soil4 ,n[ let u pull up ano!r se$ :5 x has s5t a s+le root ab\t two in*es deep into ! e>?4 ,we w wa% x v c>efully & lay x ^u a piece ( pap]4 ,!n we w lay a rul] alongside ( x1 & make an ink m>k "o-qu>t] ( an in* f ! tip1 & two or ?ree o!r m>ks at equal di/ances above 7,fig4 #bjj74ci ,we w n[ c>efully replant ! se$4 ,two days lat] we w dig x up1 :5 we %all mo/ likely f9d a condition some:at l t 9 ,fig4 #bja4 ,x w be se5 t ! m>ks ,e1 ,c1 ,b1 are practically ! same di/ance ap>t z be=e & !y are also ! same di/ance f ! peg ,,aa4 ,! po9t ( ! root is no long] at ,,dd1 h[ev]1 b has mov$ on to ,f4 ,! root1 !re=e1 has gr[n almo/ :olly 9 ! end "p4 #ci ,,note4--,common ink w n answ] = ?is purpose because x runs :5 ! root is wet2 indelible ink1 us$ = m>k+ l95 or = draw+1 %\ld be us$4 ,x %\ld also be said t ! root ( ! common pumpk9 & ( ! summ] bu% squa%es is too fibr\s & bran*y = ?is te/4 ,x %\ld be /at$ also t ! root does n gr[ at its v tip1 b *iefly 9 a n>r[ zone j back ( ! tip2 b ! det]m9ation ( ?is po9t is r too difficult = ! beg9n]1 &1 moreov]1 x is =eign to ! purpose ( ?is tract4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,! true leaves develop+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,m>k+ ! root4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,! root gr[s 9 ! end p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,! m>k+ ( ! /em1 & ! spread+ ap>t ( ! m>ks4 ,n[ let u make a simil> exp]im5t ) ! /em or /alk4 ,we w m>k a "y /em1 z at ,a 9 ,fig4 #bjb2 b ! next day we %all f9d t ^! m>ks are f>!r ap>t ?an :5 we made !m 7,b1 ,fig4 #bjb74 ,! m>ks h all rais$ !mselves above ! gr\nd z ! plant has gr[n4 ,! /em1 !re=e1 has gr[n betwe5 ! jo9ts r ?an f ! end4 ,! /em usually gr[s mo/ rapidly1 at any giv5 "t1 at ! upp] or y\ng] "p ( ! jo9t 7or int]node72 & ! jo9t soon rea*es ! limit ( its gr[? & becomes /ation>y1 :ile a new "o gr[s out above x4 ,illu/ration ,,leaflet ,,xxix4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,trees ,,look ,,9 ,,w9t]4#dj ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #dj ,tea*]'s ,leaflet ,no4 #ab1 ,janu>y1 #ahii4 ,sid5ote3 ,to ! tea*]4--,we want ! c\ntry *ild to h a clos] t\* ) nature 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,tea* him to see1 to "k1 & to c>e = ! trees :5 !y are leafless4 ,?is leaflet w sugge/ h[ y may int]e/ him4 ,y c also int5sify 8 int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & at ! same "t increase 8 k ( draw+1 by hav+ him make skeleton or outl9e draw+s ( ! trees ab\t ! s*oolh\se or ! home4 ,leaflet ,,xxx gives sugge/ions = draw+4 ,y c correlate ?is "w ) geography by giv+ ! di/ribution or range ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( trees4 ,indicate ! limit ( di/ribution nor?w>d1 s\?w>d1 ea/w>d1 we/w>d2 also ! regions 9 :i* ! species is mo/ abundant4 ,! common manuals ( botany w help y 9 ?is "w2 or y may consult ! _m excell5t special books on trees4 ,9 tea*+ nature-/udy1 rememb] t a great "p ( its value lies 9 ! en?usiasm & zeal ) :i* y h&le x4 ,try1 also1 to develop ! /hetic s5se ( ! pupil2 b d n tea* m]e s5tim5t4 ,illu/ration ,only ! gr[+ & op5 season is ?\ght to be attractive 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! w9t] is b>e & *e]less4 ,! trees are nak$4 ,! fl[]s are "u ! sn[4 ,! birds h fl[n4 ,! only bright & *e]y spot is ! w9t] fireside4 ,b ev5 !re ! f>m] has s mu* "t t he does n "k :at to d ) x4 ,only ^? :o h little "t1 appreciate its value4 ,b ! w9t] is n lifeless & *>mless4 ,x is only dormant4 ,! ext]nal _w fails to int]e/ u because we h n be5 tra9$ to see & "k x2 & also because ! rigor\s wea!r & ! sn[ prev5t u f go+ afield4 ,9 ! spr+1 summ]1 & fall1 ! h\rs are full to ov]fl[+ ) life & int]e/4 ,on e h& we are 9 contact ) nature4 ,if ! f>m]'s w9t] is to be m enjoyable ! f>m] mu/ h m po9ts ( contact ) ! w9t] _w4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ direct ( ^! po9ts ( sympa?y is an int]e/ 9 ! w9t] aspects ( trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,small-fruit$ ,%agb>k ,hickory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,pignut ,hickory4 ,?is & ,fig4 #bjc are f ,lessons ) ,plants4 a4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,tree-,,top4 ,9 ! summ] "t we di/+ui% ! k9ds ( trees *iefly by means ( ! %ape & ! foliage4 ,9 w9t] ! foliage is gone2 b ! %ape rema9s1 & ! framework ( ! tree is also conspicu\s4 ,trees are z di/9ct 9 w9t] z 9 summ]2 & 9 "s respects _! *>act]s are m app>5t & pron\nc$4 ,obs]ve ! outl9e ( a tree aga9/ ! dull w9t] sky4 ,x does n matt] :at k9d ( tree x is4 ,note its height1 %ape1 & size ( top1 h[ _m bran*es !re are1 h[ ! bran*es are arrang$ on ! ma9 trunk1 ! direction ( ! bran*es1 :e!r ! twigs are few or _m1 crook$ or /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,slipp]y ,elm4 ,! expression is /iff & h>d4 ,hav+ obs]v$ ^! po9ts 9 any tree1 comp>e "o k9d ( tree ) ano!r & note h[ !y diff] 9 ^! features4 ,comp>e an apple tree ) an elm1 an elm ) a maple1 a basswood ) a p9e1 a popl> ) a bee*1 a pe> tree ) a pea* tree4 ,hav+ made comp>isons betwe5 v dissimil> trees1 comp>e ^? :i* are mu* alike1 z ! diff]5t k9ds ( maples1 ( elms1 ( oaks1 ( popl>s4 ,z y\r p[]s ( obs]vation become tra9$1 comp>e ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! same k9d ( fruit trees1 if !re are good or*>ds 9 ! vic9ity4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( pe>s af=d excell5t contra/s4 ,contra/ ! ,b>tlett ) ! ,flemi% ,beauty1 ! ,kieff] ) ! ,seckel4 ,9 apples1 comp>e ! ,baldw9 ) ! ,spy1 ! ,k+ ) ! ,tw5ty ,ounce4 ,! sweet & s\r *]ries %[ m>k$ diff]5ces 9 me?od ( bran*+4 ,fruit m5 c tell _m v>ieties ap>t 9 w9t]4 ,h[8 ,two common hickories are %[n 9 ,figs4 #bjc & #bjd4 ,h[ d !y diff]8 ,d !y diff] 9 l5g? ( trunk8 ,g5]al me?od ( bran*+8 ,direction ( bran*es8 ,"* ( twig gr[?8 ,/raightness or crook$ness ( bran*es8 ,contra/ ! slipp]y elm 7,fig4 #bje7 & ! common or ,am]ican elm 7,fig4 #baa74 ,! =m] has a crot*y or =k$ gr[?1 & long1 /iff1 wide-spread+ bran*es4 ,! latt] is m vase-l 9 %ape4 ,! bran*es are will[y & graceful1 ) a t5d5cy to weep4 ,comp>e ! oaks4 ,! :ite & sc>let oaks h %ort trunks :5 !y gr[ 9 fields1 & ! ma9 bran*es are comp>atively few & make bold angles & curves4 ,! swamp :ite oak 7,fig4 #bjf71 h[ev]1 has a m cont9u\s trunk1 ) _m comp>atively small1 horizontal1 & tortu\s bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,swamp ,:ite ,oak4 ,) ,fig4 #bjf comp>e ! pepp]idge 7,fig4 #bjg74 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ unusual & int]e/+ ( all our native trees4 ,x gr[s 9 swales4 ,x has a v t\gh-gra9$ wood4 ,! autumn foliage is deep r$ & h&some4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! tree are ! cont9uation ( ! trunk to ne> ! summit1 & ! _m lat]al1 %ort1 deflect$1 tortu\s bran*es4 ,consid] ! /ructure ( ! sassafras 9 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,! great bran*es /& (f ne>ly at "r angles to ! trunk1 & are bu%y & twiggy at ! ends4 ,ea* l>ge bran* if cut (f at its base & /ood upright w\ld look l an indep5d5t tree1 s tree-l are its bran*es4 ,obs]ve h[ mu* m bu%y ! sassafras is ?an any ( ! o!r trees already figur$4 ,comp>e x 9 ! me?od ( bran*+ & ! twigg9ess ) ! slipp]y elm 7,fig4 #bje74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,pepp]idge or ,s\r ,gum4 ,! odde/ ( ,new ,york trees4 ,b !re is /ill great] bru%9ess 9 ! ?orn-apple 7,fig4 #bji74 ,9 twigg9ess ,figs4 #bjh & #bji are v unlike1 h[ev]4 ,pick out ! diff]5ces4 ,obs]ve ! v %ort & spur-l twigs 9 ! ?orn-apple2 also notice h[ soon ! trunk is lo/ 9 ! bran*es4 ,) all ! =ego+ pictures comp>e ! /eeple-l =m ( ! ,lomb>dy popl> 7,fig4 #baj74 ,! tree is frequ5t along roadsides & ab\t y>ds4 ,:at is its /ructure8 ,obs]ve x z x /&s aga9/ ! w9t] sky4 ,!re is no?+ else 9 our nor!rn l&scape s /raight & spire-l4 ,if y "k a bee* tree /&+ 9 a field1 contra/ x ) ! ,lomb>dy popl>4 ,^! two trees repres5t extremes ( v]tical & ( horizontal bran*+4 ,aside f ! g5]al /ructure ( ! tree-top1 ! pupil w become int]e/$ 9 ! w9t] color ( ! tree & 9 ! "* ( ! b>k4 ,h[ does ! b>k diff] betwe5 elms & maples1 oaks & *e/nuts1 bir*es & bee*es1 hickories & walnuts8 ,:y does ! b>k sep>ate 9 ridges or peel (f 9 /rips8 ,is x n associat$ ) ! increase 9 diamet] ( ! trunk8 ,! me?od ( break+ ( ! b>k is diff]5t & peculi> = ea* k9d ( tree4 ,look at ^! ?+s2 & ?9k ab\t !m4 ,,! ,,expression ,,( ,,! ,,tree4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 we ?9k ( trees mu* z we ?9k ( p]sons4 ,!y sugge/ ?\ghts & feel+s :i* are also attributes ( p4 ,a tree is weep+1 gay1 re/ful1 spirit$1 quiet1 sombre4 ,t is1 trees h expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,sassafras4 ,type ( a bu%y-topp$ tree4 ,! expression resides 9 ! obs]v]1 h[ev]1 n 9 ! tree4 ,!re=e1 ! m ! p]son is tra9$ to obs]ve & to reflect1 ! m s5sitive 8 m9d to ! ?+s ab\t him1 & ! m mean+ ! trees h4 ,no "o loves nature :o does n love trees4 ,we love !m = :at !y are1 :olly aside f _! uses 9 fruit-be>+ or %ade-giv+4 ,a k & love ( trees b9ds "o close to ! ext]nal _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,?orn-apple4 ,"o ( ! mo/ picturesque objects 9 ! w9t] l&scape4 ,h[ %all "o increase 8 love ( trees8 ,fir/1 by kn[+ !m4 ,he le>ns _! attributes & names4 ,kn[+ !m 9 w9t]1 z already sugge/$1 is "o ( ! ways ( becom+ acqua9t$4 ,second1 by endeavor+ to det]m9e :at ?\ght or feel+ !y *iefly express4 ,! slipp]y elm is /iff & h>d4 ,! ,am]ican elm is s(t & graceful4 ,! ,lomb>dy popl> is prim & precise4 ,! oak is rugg$1 /]n1 & bold4 ,! pepp]idge is deject$4 ,! long :ite bran*es ( a lean+ buttonwood /&+ aga9/ a di/ant =e/1 sugge/ "s spectre hurry+ away f ! haunts ( m54 ,trees :i* h v /rong expressions1 or :i* are mu* unlike o!rs1 are said to h "*4 ,!y are peculi>4 ,( su* trees are oaks1 pepp]idges1 ,lomb>dy popl>s1 button woods1 old apple trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,gr\p ( ,lomb>dy ,popl>s4 ,f ,bullet9 #fh4 ,a tree ) v /rong *>act]s is said to be picturesque4 ,t is1 x is su* an object z an arti/ delights to put into a picture4 ,trees :i* are v unsymmetrical1 or knotty1 gn>l$1 or crook$1 are usually picturesque4 ,( all common trees1 none is m picturesque ?an an old apple tree4 ,obs]ve its gn>l$ & crook$ bran*es1 & ! irregul> spaces 9 its top4 ,enc\rage ! pupil to ext5d 8 obs]vation to all ! trees ab\t him1 especially to su* z are common & famili>4 ,tea* him to obs]ve ! gr[?s ( bu%es & trees 9 ! f5ce-r[s :i* lie on 8 way to s*ool2 & to obs]ve c>efully & critically4 ,h[ d gooseb]ry bu%es diff] f currant bu%es1 & raspb]ries f blackb]ries8 ,obs]ve ! lilac bu% & ! sn[balls4 ,h[ is ! sn[ held on ! diff]5t k9ds ( ev]gre5s--z ! p9es1 spruces1 arbor-vit8 ,see h[ ! fruit-spurs on pe>s & plums /& out aga9/ ! sky4 7,consult ,leaflet ,no4 ,,xxxi1 ,f\r ,apple ,twigs47 ,are !re any bright colors ( bran* & twig to relieve ! b>5ess ( ! sn[8 ,d y see any w>m? ( color 9 ! swales :]e ! will[s & osi]s are8 ,d y see old plumes ( grass & we$s /&+ above ! sn[8 ,d !y br+ up any visions ( summ] & brooks & woods8 ,illu/ration ,,leaflet ,,xxx4 ,,"o ,,way ,,( ,,draw+ ,,trees ,,9 ,,_! ,,w9t] ,,aspect4#da ,,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,furlong4 #da ,tea*]'s ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ab1 ,janu>y1 #ahii4 ,! few sugge/ions :i* are set =? 9 ^! pages are bas$ ^u two assumptions3--fir/1 t ! tea*] has "s k ( ! mo/ sali5t pr9ciples ( elem5t>y p]spective2 & second1 t %e has a love = all ?+s beautiful4 ,x is feasible to deal "h n to any ext5t ) art 9 ei!r its ab/ract or its concrete =m1 b only ) draw+4 ,draw+1 9 its simple/ analysis1 is ! ability to record objects z !y appe> to ! normal eye4 ,art is m complicat$4 ,x includes _m elem5ts1 a few ( :i* are composition1 expression ( movem5t1 & action4 ,! v ?\ght1 feel+1 & ref9em5t ( ! arti/ mu/ be express$ 9 8 "w4 ,he mu/ tell n only :at he sees1 b also :at he feels4 ,he int]prets nature ?r\gh 8 own moods4 ,!re are no outl9es 9 nature4 ,! b\nd>ies1 %apes1 & "* ( v>i\s =ms are det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce ( _! color values1 & ! contra/s ( light & %ade4 ,yet an outl9e draw+ is ! simple/ means ( repres5t+ =m & proportion4 ,al?\gh inadequate 9 _m respects1 ?is some:at conv5tional r5d]+ is important to ! beg9n]1 = x is necess>y t ! *ild be taught to obs]ve =ms & proportions correctly2 & ^! impressions may be record$ mo/ simply & def9itely by outl9e draw+s4 ,mi*ael ,angelo emphasiz$ its importance 9 ^! words3 ,! sci5ce ( draw+ or ( outl9e is ! ess5ce ( pa9t+ & all ! f9e arts1 & ! root ( all ! sci5ces4 ,to a great ext5t1 "o may %[ 9 an outl9e draw+ ! "* & texture ( surfaces4 ,our ma9 object %\ld be to tra9 ! boys & girls to obs]ve 9 ord] to acquire a correctness ( p]ception1 = education among/ u consi/s too mu* 9 tell+1 n en\gh 9 tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,! ,am]ican ,elm1 "o ( ! mo/ typical ( vase-=m trees4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties is to impress ^u ! m9ds ( beg9n]s ! fact t !y mu/ ?9k :ile !y look & draw4 ,insi/ ^u ! pupil's look+ repeat$ly at ! object4 ,x is bett] to obs]ve = five m9utes & draw = "o1 ?an to obs]ve = "o & draw = five4 ,make ! draw+ lesson m int]e/+ by tell+ ! class some?+ ab\t ! object :i* !y are to draw1 involv+ 9 ! /ory facts t w impress ^u _! m9ds "s ( ! mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ics ( ! object4 ,enc\rage ! *ildr5 to discuss ! object1 draw+ out facts = _! own obs]vation4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( trees1 l c]ta9 races ( p1 h a g5]al simil>ity1 yet e s+le tree has an individuality ( its own4 ,apply a few ess5tial que/ions t w help to det]m9e at lea/ ! k9d ( tree x is1 ! race to :i* x belongs2 = fir/ we mu/ get its g5]al "*1 see+ its big proportions & %ape2 & lat] mu/ se>* = its individualities4 ,is x tall = its greate/ wid?8 ,h[ f> does ! trunk ext5d be=e divid+8 ,at :at height d ! l[e/ bran*es arise8 ,:at is _! g5]al direction8 ,d !y appe> to radiate f ! trunk8 ,h[ d !y appe> to radiate f ! trunk8 ,h[ d ! ma9 bran*es comp>e 9 size ) ! trunk8 ,are !y crook$ or /raight8 ,! mann] ( bran* gr[? mu/ be /udi$ c>efully4 ,we see 9 our elm 7,fig4 #baa7 t ! trunk divides at ab\t a f\r? ( its height into sev]al ma9 bran*es1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! pepp]idge 7,fig4 #bjg7 ! trunk ext5ds to ! v top ( ! tree1 ! bran*es be+ small 9 proportion to ! trunk1 n v>y+ mu* 9 size1 & tak+ an oblique d[nw>d direction4 ,notice ! weird expression ( ^! trees ) _! crook$ly b5t tops1 "o side ( ea* trunk be+ almo/ devoid ( bran*es4 ,! trunk ( ! sassafras 7,fig4 #bjh7 cont9ues ne>ly to ! top ( ?is tree1 :ile ! l>ge bran*es1 ?\gh unsymmetrical1 give x a well-balanc$ appe>ance4 ,aga9 9 our picture ( ! ?orn-apple 7,fig4 #bji71 we are at once impress$ ) its irregul> =m1 ! bran*es on ! left tak+ a m oblique direction ?an ^? ( ! o!r side1 ! trunk divid+ a little %ort ( half ! height ( ! tree4 ,= an example1 let our subject be an elm tree 7,fig4 #baa72 our draw+ to be r5d]$ 9 outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,block+-9 ! elm tree 7,fig4 #baa74 ,! fir/ "w :i* ! arti/ does :5 he draws ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,work+ 9 ! details ) %>p l9es4 ,! orig9al p5cil sket* is n foll[$ exactly4 ,mat]ial4--,almo/ any good draw+ pap]1 :ite or buff 9 color1 w answ] our purpose2 #ix#ab is a good size4 ,our p5cil %\ld be ( m$ium grade lead 7,f4 or ,,hb47 ( any /&>d make1 ,koh9oor pref]r$4 ,if procurable1 we %\ld h a light draw+ bo>d #agx#bb in*es 7"h is an opportunity = ! c>p5t]s7 to place ! pap] on1 o!rwise a v /iff piece ( c>dbo>d2 or a l>ge geography book might answ]4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to fa/5 our pap]1 :i* we _c d 9 us+ ! book4 ,= fa/5+ ! pap] use f\r ?umb tacks = ! corn]s4 ,a ,fab] or multiplex p5cil eras] is ne$$2 also a sponge eras] ) :i* to remove ! light l9es & clean ! draw+ be=e l9+ x 94 ,our position4--,our po9t ( view w dep5d ^u our subject1 b x is n well to be s ne> z to necessitate rais+ ! head 9 ord] to see ! top ( ! tree4 ,if we take long] ?an "o sitt+ = our draw+ 7:i* ,i d n ?9k advisable1 z we mu/ n *oose too complicat$ a subject71 we mu/ m>k our position 9 ord] to obta9 aga9 ! same po9t ( view4 ,position ( ! draw+-bo>d4--,our pap] mu/ be plac$ on ! bo>d ) its edges p>allel to ^? ( ! bo>d4 ,! draw+-bo>d %\ld be held p]p5dicul>1 or ne>ly s1 to ! direction 9 :i* x is se51 = if ! bo>d is tilt$ f> backw>d1 x w be =e-%ort5$ & our tree w probably h be5 drawn long] ?an x %\ld be4 ,h[ to look4--,! t5d5cy ( ! beg9n] is to see & draw too mu* 9 detail4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial t we look fir/ = ! l>ge %apes1 ! greate/ dim5sions2 next = ! small] ones2 la/ = detail4 ,x is n well = ! pupils to "w too close to _! draw+s4 ,!y %\ld occasionally sit well back 9 _! seats or get up & /& beh9d ! seats to obta9 ! g5]al effect ( _! draw+1 to see t ! big %apes are "r & t ! "* ( ! tree has n be5 lo/4 ,z an aid to plac+ our draw+ s z be/ to fill ! space x has to occupy1 we may use :at ! ,fr5* call a *]*e-motif1 ! ,engli%1 a f9d]4 ,?is is no?+ m ?an a small piece ( /iff pap] or c>dbo>d ab\t #ex#h in*es1 9 :i* is cut a small rectangul> op5+ ab\t #c_/dx#a in*2 ! size & proportion may v>y some:at4 ,we may look ?r\gh ?is op5+1 ! c>d act+ z a frame to our picture4 ,?is w help u to decide :e!r our subject w look bett] plac$ ! horizontal or ! v]tical way ( ! pap] & h[ mu* ( ! subject to include & :]e to place x 9 t space4 ,we may include m or less 9 ! f9d] by v>y+ its di/ance f ! eye4 ,n[1 ,i am sure we %\ld n place ourselves )9 a doz5 y>ds ( our tree if we wi%$ to get its g5]al effect2 !re=e1 we mu/ h pl5ty ( =egr\nd 9 our draw+4 ,we mu/ give ! eye a *ance to look1 all[+ pl5ty ( space betwe5 ! l[e/ po9t ( our draw+ & ! l[] edge ( our pap]4 ,z ! height ( tree we are to draw 7,fig4 #baa7 is great] ?an its greate/ wid?1 we f9d t x w fill ! space be/ if plac$ ! v]tical way ( ! pap]4 ,aft] indicat+ ! extreme height & wid? by f\r light m>ks1 be=e c>ry+ ! draw+ fur!r we mu/ te/ ^! proportions by comp>+ ! wid? ) ! height1 always te/+ ! %ort] dim5sion into ! long]1 viz43 ,to te/ ! draw+4--,close "o eye4 ,! p5cil may be us$ to te/ ! draw+ by hold+ x 9 front ( y at arm's l5g? 7z 9 ,fig4 #bad7 p]p5dicul> to ! direction 9 :i* ! object is se52 also revolv+ x 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! direction 9 :i* ! object is se51 9 ord] to comp>e "o dim5sion ) ano!r4 ,= example1 hold y\r p5cil horizontally at arm's l5g? s t its blunt end cov]s ! out]mo/ left-h& po9t ( ! elm4 ,slide y\r ?umb along ! p5cil till x cov]s ! extreme "r-h& po9t2 reta9 t measurem5t 7keep+ ! same position 9 y\r *air1 p5cil always at arm's l5g?72 revolve ! p5cil 9 ! same plane until x co9cides ) ! height ( ! elm1 at ! same "t l[]+ x s t ! end ( ! ?umb cov]s ! l[e/ po9t ( ! tree2 note c>efully ! po9t t ! blunt end cov]s2 raise ! p5cil s t ! end ( ! ?umb cov]s t po9t1 not+ aga9 :]e ! blunt end occurs & notice h[ _m times1 & h[ mu* ov]1 ! wid? goes into ! height4 ,9 our elm 7,fig4 #baa7 we f9d t ! wid? goes ab\t once & six-sev5?s into ! height1 or a little %ort ( twice4 ,if ! latt] /atem5t is pref]r$1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! proportion left ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,h[ to te/ ! draw+4 ,d n use ! scale side ( a rul] or m>ks on ! p5cil or object us$ 9 ord] to te/ ! proportions1 & nev] transf] measurem5ts f ! object us$ 9 te/+ to y\r pap]4 ,a scale or o!r me*anical means %\ld n be us$ 9 free-h& draw+4 ,! tea*] %\ld h a spool ( black ?read & %\ld give a piece ab\t #b feet #f in*es long to ea* pupil4 ,an eras]1 a knife1 or "s small article may be atta*$ to "o end ( ! ?read4 ,by hold+ ! weight$ ?read z a plumb-l9e 9 front ( u1 we h an absolutely v]tical l9e2 s by hav+ x int]sect a desir$ po9t ( our tree we may obta9 ! relative positions to ! "r & left ( o!r po9ts above & bel[ ?is int]sect$ po9t4 ,block+-94--,we may conceive ( ! g5]al %ape ( our elm by look+ at x ) half clos$ eyes4 ,x appe>s 9 silh\ette4 ,n[ imag9e l9es jo9+ its out]mo/ po9ts2 ?is w give ! g5]al mass or %ape ( our tree4 ,n[ if we repres5t ! out]mo/ po9ts conta9$ 9 ^! l9es by sket*+ lightly ^! block+-9 l9es1 z !y are call$1 we obta9 ! g5]al %ape ( ! elm 7,fig4 #bab74 ,we mu/ emphasize ! fact t ^! block+-9 l9es are to be sket*$ 9 lightly by hold+ ! p5cil ne> ! blunt end1 us+ a free-arm motion4 ,n[ be=e go+ f>!r we aga9 te/ ^! new po9ts to see if !y occupy _! correct positions 9 relation to ! height & wid?4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 transf] ! measurem5ts f ! p5cil to ! pap]4 ,?is te/ is only to obta9 ! proportion ( "o dim5sion to ano!r4 ,hav+ te/$ ^! small] dim5sions we may draw lightly ! ma9 bran*es4 ,aft] hav+ indicat$ _! g5]al direction & "* ( gr[?1 we may indicate "s ( ! small] bran*es & twigs 7,fig4 #bac74 ,all ?is "w %\ld be c>ri$ out )\t eras+2 all corrections %\ld be made by slightly d>k] l9es4 ,let u n[ %>p5 our p5cils to a good po9t & g ov] ! draw+ ) a f9e d>k l9e1 c>efully /udy+ ! "* & _s ( ! tree4 ,n[ erase ! light] & sup]flu\s l9es1 z ! d>k l9es rema9 di/9ct en\gh to indicate our draw+4 ,l9+-94--,we may n[ take our p5cil ne>] ! po9t & proce$ to l9e-9 ! draw+1 go+ ov] x ) a def9ite1 consi/5t l9e4 ,if desirable1 we may acc5t & br+ out c]ta9 p>ts ( ! tree m /rongly ?an o!rs by d>k] or %ade l9es & %ort1 /rong m>k+s call$ acc5ts4 ,^! are especially effective at ! junction & und]side ( bran*es1 & :]e "o wi%es to give ! object a ne>] appe>ance4 ,a s(t1 broad1 grey l9e may be obta9$ by us+ a s(t] p5cil 7,b7 & ! draw+ giv5 v>iety by break+ l9es "h & !re4 ,we %\ld be cauti\s 9 us+ !m1 h[ev]2 b lack ( space does n p]mit fur!r discussion ( ! subject ( acc5t$ outl9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,! outl9e draw+ complete1 & ! fir/ p5cil m>ks eras$4 ,all[ ! pupils to make %ort t5- or fifte5-m9ute "t sket*es ( trees4 ,9 ^! x is ! _s & g5]al effect ( ! tree t we mu/ /rive =4 ,above all1 we mu/ all[ our little draughtsm5 to give _! own int]pretation ( ! tree4 ,a helpful sugge/ion z to proportion1 etc41 w\ld be 9 place1 b we mu/ all[ _! individuality to h z mu* play z possible4 ,! sugge/ions giv5 on ^! pages are necess>y = ! beg9n]4 ,"s ( !m are h>d facts2 b x lies ) ! tea*] to develop ! /hetic & arti/ic qualities ly+ dormant 9 ! pupil1 ready to be m\ld$ & />t$ 9 ! "r direction4 ,if y h conf9$ ! pupils to ! flat copy1 break away f x2 all[ !m to create4 ,let !m see ! beautiful ?+s all ab\t !m4 ,!y w respond4 ,let !m draw f nature & /ill life4 ,tra9 !m to obs]ve4 ,! e>ly summ] days1 j be=e s*ool closes1 ) _! bright sunlight & /rong %ad[s1 make _m subjects int]e/+ z light-&-%ade draw+s4 ,fall1 ) its brilliant color+1 gives u a *ance to use ! color-box1 :ile ! e>ly w9t] twilights w br+ _m an int]e/+ silh\ette be=e our boys & girls1 & next day dur+ ! draw+ h\r ^! impressions may be c>ri$ out 9 p5 & ink4 ,! mo/ successful tea*] w be ! "o ( sympa!tic nature ^: love rea*es out to ! boys & girls1 z well z to all ?+s beautiful4 ,! mo/ successful tea*] w be ! "o :o endeavors to place ! *ildr5 :]e !y may view nature sympa!tically & 9 ! mo/ intimate relation%ip4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxi4 ,,f\r ,,apple ,,twigs4#db ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #db ,tea*]s' ,leaflet ,no4 #c1 ,m>*1 #ahig4 ,illu/ration ,z ,i walk$ ?r\gh an apple or*>d ! o!r day = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! long w9t] _h set 91 ,i 0 /ruck by ! _m diff]5t %apes & sizes ( ! limbs z ,i saw !m aga9/ ! blue-gray ( ! ,febru>y sky4 ,i cut f\r ( !m 9 pass+1 & z ,i walk$ back to ! h\se ,i wond]$ :y ! twigs 7 all s diff]5t2 & ,i f\nd myself guess+ :e!r !re w\ld be any apples next summ]4 ,i h _h pictures made ( ^! f\r little apple limbs4 ,let u look !m ov] & see :e!r !y h any /ory to tell ( h[ !y grew & :at !y h set out to d4 ,i4 ,"o ( ^! twigs 7,fig4 #baf7 0 tak5 f a /rong "y tree :i*1 ,i rememb]1 bore its fir/ good crop ( apples la/ ye>4 ,?is simple twig is pla9ly ( two ye>s' gr[?1 = ! r+ betwe5 ! old & new wood is se5 at ,b4 ,t is1 ! ma9 /em f ! base up to ,b grew 9 #ahie1 & ! "p f ,b to ! tip grew 9 #ahif4 ,b ! buds ^u ^! two p>ts look v unlike4 ,let u see :at ^! diff]5ces mean4 ,we mu/ n[ picture to ourselves h[ ?is %oot f ,b to #aj look$ la/ summ] :ile x 0 gr[+4 ,! %oot bore leaves4 ,:]e8 ,!re 0 "o j bel[ ea* bud2 or1 to be m exact1 "o bud develop$ j above ea* leaf4 ,^! buds did n put out leaves4 ,!y grew to _! pres5t size & !n /opp$4 ,! leaves fell4 ,:at are ^! buds ( ! tip %oot prep>+ to d 9 #ahig8 ,we c answ] ?is "q by go+ back j "o ye> & see+ :at ! buds on ! l[] 7or old]7 "p ( ! %oot did 9 #ahif4 ,on t "p 7bel[ ,b7 ! buds seem to h increas$ 9 size4 ,!re=e1 !y mu/ h gr[n l>g] la/ ye>4 ,!re 7 no leaves borne bel[ ^! buds 9 #ahif1 b a clu/] ( leaves came out ( ea* little bud 9 ! spr+4 ,z ^! leaves exp&$ & grew1 ! little bud grew on2 t is1 ea* bud grew into a t9y bran*1 & :5 fall came ea* ( ^! bran*es _h a bud on its end to cont9ue ! gr[? 9 ! ye> to come4 ,:at we took to be simple buds at #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 are1 !re=e1 little bran*es4 ,b ! /range/ "p ( ?is wond]ful little twig has n yet be5 se51--! bran*es are ( diff]5t sizes1 & ?ree ( !m 7#g1 #h1 #i7 h s f> out/ripp$ ! o!rs t !y seem to be ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 too1 t ! v l[]mo/ bud 7at #a7 nev] grew at all1 b rema9$ p]fectly dormant dur+ ! entire ye> #ahif4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ! dormant bud & ! smalle/ bran*es are on ! l[] "p ( ! %oot1 & ! ?ree /rong bran*es are at ! v tip ( ! la/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,if1 n[1 we picture ! twig z x look$ 9 ! fall ( #ahie1 we %all see t x consi/$ ( a s+le %oot1 t]m9at+ at ,b4 ,x _h a l>ge t]m9al bud 7l ^? at #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj71 & ?is bud pu%$ on into a bran* 9 #ahif1 :ile ?ree o!r buds ne> ! tip did ! same ?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--;,a two-ye>-old %oot f a "y apple tree4 ,half size4 ,:y did "s ( ^! bran*es gr[ to be l>g] ?an o!rs8 ,simply because !y 7 ^u ! /ronge/ "p ( ! %oot1 or t "p :]e ! greate/ gr[? naturally takes place1 "s "o w answ]4 ,b ?is really does n answ] ! "q1 = we want to "k :y ?is "p ( ! %oot is /ronge/4 ,probably ! real reason is t !re is m sunlight & m room on ?is outw>d or upw>d end4 ,9 #ahig1--;if ?is %oot _h be5 sp>$--ea* ( ^! f\r l>ge/ twigs 7#g1 #h1 #i1 #aj7 w\ld h done ! same ?+ z ! p>5t twig did 9 #ahif3 ea* w\ld h pu%$ on f its end1 & "o or two or ?ree o!r /rong bran*es w\ld probably h />t$ f ! /rong side-buds ne> ! tips1 ! v l[e/ buds w\ld1 no d\bt1 h rema9$ p]fectly inactive or dormant = lack ( opportunity1 & ! int]m$iate buds w\ld h made %ort bran*es l #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,9 o!r words1 ! tree always tries to gr[ onw>d f its tips1 & ^! tip %oots ev5tually become /rong bran*es1 unless "s ( !m die 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:at1 n[1 becomes ( ! little bran*es l[] d[n8 ,,ii4 ,f ano!r apple tree ,i took ! twig %[n 9 ,fig4 #bag4 ,we see at once t x is v unlike ! o!r "o4 ,x seems to be two ye>s old1 "o ye>'s gr[? ext5d+ f ! base up to #g1 & ! la/ ye>'s gr[? ext5d+ f #g to #h2 b we %all see ^u look+ clos] t ?is is n s4 ,! %ort bran*lets at #c1 #d1 #e1 #g are v diff]5t f ^? 9 ,fig4 #baf4 ,!y seem to be brok5 (f4 ,! fact is t ! brok5 ends %[ 7 apples 7 borne 9 #ahif4 ,! bran*lets t bore !m1 !re=e1 mu/ h gr[n 9 #ahie1 :ile ! ma9 bran*1 f #a to #g1 grew 9 #ahid4 ,x is pla91 f ! looks ( ! buds1 t ! %oot f #g to #h grew la/ ye>1 #ahif4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,a ?ree-ye>-old %oot & ! fruit-spurs4 ,half size4 ,/>t+ f ! base1 !n1 we h ! ma9 twig gr[+ 9 #ahid2 ! small side bran*es gr[+ 9 #ahie2 ^! little bran*es be>+ apples 9 #ahif2 & ! t]m9al %oot also gr[+ 9 #ahif4 ,:y 0 !re no t]m9al %oot gr[+ 9 #ahie8 ,simply because its tip develop$ a fruit-bud 7at #g7 & !re=e c\ld n s5d out a bran*2 = !re are two k9ds ( buds1--! small1 po9t$ leaf-bud & ! ?ick1 blunt fruit-bud4 ,if ! bran*lets #c1 #d1 #e1 #g are two ye>s old1 ! dormant buds--#a1 #b--mu/ be ( ! same age4 ,t is1 = two long ye>s ^! little buds h be5 wait+ 7if ,i may use ! expression7 = "s bug to eat (f ! buds & leaves above1 or "s accid5t to break ! %oot beyond !m1 s t !y might h a *ance to gr[2 b !y h wait$ 9 va94 ,we h n[ f\nd1 !re=e1 t ! little side %oots ^u apple twigs (t5 become fruit-bran*es or fruit-spurs1 :ile ! m ambiti\s bran*es above !m are mak+ a great display ( /em & leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--;,a fruit-spur :i* has borne six apples4 ,half size4 ,b w ^! fruit-spurs be> fruit aga9 9 #ahig8 ,no4 ,! be>+ ( an apple is h>d "w1 & ^! spurs did n h en\gh vitality left to make fruit-buds = ! next ye>2 b z !y mu/ p]petuate !mselves1 !y h s5t out small side buds :i* w be> a clu/] ( leaves & gr[ into ano!r little spur 9 #ahig1 & 9 t ye> ^! new spurs w make fruit-buds = be>+ 9 #ahih4 ,! side bud is pla9ly se5 on spur #e1 also on spur #d1 :il/ spur #g has s[n a se$1 s to speak1 9 ! bud at #f4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 :y ! tree be>s e o!r ye>4 ,,iii4 ,!re 0 "o tree 9 ! or*>d f :i* ! f>m] _h n pick$ 8 apples4 ,p]haps ! apples 7 n wor? pick+4 ,at any rate1 ! dri$ apples1 %rivel$ & br[n1 are /ill hang+ on ! twigs1 & ev5 ! birds d n seem to c>e = !m4 ,i broke (f "o ( ^! twigs 7,fig4 #bah74 ,let u see h[ _m apples ?is int]e/+ twig has borne4 ,we c tell by ! squ>e-cut sc>s4 ,an apple 0 once borne at #a1 ano!r at #b1 ano!r at #d1 ano!r at #e1 ano!r at #f1 & ano!r at #g1--;& at #g !re w be a sc> :5 ! apple falls4 ,six apples ?is mode/ %oot has borne6 ,& ,i wond] h[ _m ( !m got ripe1 or h[ _m 7 tak5 by ! worms1 or h[ _m 7 eat5 by ! little boys & girls on _! way to s*ool6 ,a peculi> ?+ happ5$ :5 ! fruit 0 gr[+ at #b4 ,two side buds />t$ out1 in/ead ( "o1 & bo? ( !m grew ! next ye>4 ,b "o ( ! little bran*lets fell sick & di$1 or a bug nipp$ (f its end1 or x />v$ to dea?2 & its memory is pres]v$ by ! little /ick /&+ up at #c4 ,! o!r bran*let ?riv$1 & ev5tually bore apples at #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g4 ,i h said t ^! fruit-spurs be> only e o!r ye>2 !n1 if ?is bran* has borne six apples consecutively1 x mu/ be twelve ye>s old4 ,! tru? is t x is ab\t tw5ty ye>s old1 = "s ye>s x fail$ to be>2 b ! age _c be trac$ out 9 ! picture1 al?\gh any little boy or girl ) bright eyes c\ld soon le>n to trace out ye>ly r+s on ! %oot itself4 ,,iv4 ,! la/ %oot t ,i got t day has a :ole volume ( hi/ory 9 x1 & ,i _c beg9 to tell its /ory unless ,i %\ld write a small book4 ,b we w trace out its bir?days & see h[ _m apples x has borne4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bai1 & because x is s long ,i h _h to break x into sev]al pieces to get x on ! page4 ,x beg9s at ,a1 & is cont9u$ at ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f4 ,let u c\nt ! ye>ly r+s & see h[ old ! :ole limb is4 ,^! r+s are at #bh1 #bf1 ,d1 #ab1 #a1--;five ( !m2 & z ! %oot grew "o ye> be=e x made any r+1 & ano!r ye> made no increase 9 l5g?--z we %all pres5tly see--! :ole bran* mu/ be sev5 ye>s old4 ,t is1 ! limb probably />t$ 9 #ahij4dc ,let u beg91 !n1 at ,a1 & foll[ x out4 #dc ,x is really impossible to tell :e!r ! %oot />t$ f ! limb ,a 9 #ahhi or #ahij1 )\t kn[+ ! age ( ,a2 = ! spur may h develop$ its blossom bud at ! end 9 ei!r ! fir/ or second ye> ( its life4 ,t is1 "y fruit-spurs sometimes make a blossom bud ! v ye> !y />t1 b !y (t5] /& /ill ! second ye> & delay ! blossom bud until t "t4 #ahij4 ,/>t$ z a spur f ! ma9 bran*1 ,a1 & grew to #a4 #ahia4 ,apple borne at #a4 ,?is apple did n mature1 h[ev]1 z we c readily see by ! smallness ( ! sc>4 ,9 ?is ye>1 two side buds develop$ to cont9ue ! spur ! next ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,a sev5-ye>-old apple twig & its curi\s hi/ory4 7,half size47 #ahib4 ,ceas$ to be a fruit-spur1 & made a /rong gr[? on to #ab4 ,= "s reason1 x _h a good *ance to gr[4 ,p]haps ! f>m] prun$ ! tree1 & !reby gave ! %oot an opportunity2 or p]haps he pl[$ & f]tiliz$ ! l&4 ,9 ! meantime1 "o ( ! side buds grew to #c1 & ! o!r to #g1 & ea* made a fruit-bud at its end4 #ahic4 ,%oot grew lu/ily1--on to ,d4 ,! fruit-bud at #c bore an apple1 :i* probably matur$1 z %[n by ! sc> #b4 ,two side buds 7 =m$ b5ea? ?is apple1 to cont9ue ! spur next ye>4 ,! fruit-bud at #g bloom$1 b ! apple fell e>ly1 z %[n by ! small sc>4 ,two side buds 7 =m$4 ,! buds ^u ! ma9 %oot--#a to #ab--;all rema9$ dormant4 #ahid4 ,%oot grew f ,d to beyond ,e4 ,side bud ( #b grew to #d1 & made a fruit-bud on its end2 ! o!r side bud grew on to #e1 & !re made a fruit-bud4 ,side bud ( #g grew on to #aj1 & ! o!r "o to #h1 ea* end+ 9 a fruit-bud4 ,buds on old %oot--#a to #ab--/ill rema9$ dormant4 ,"s ( ! buds on ! #ahic gr[?--#ab to ,d1--rema9$ dormant2 b "s ( !m made fruit-spurs1--#ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 #ahie4 ,%oot grew f beyond ,e to #bh4 ,fl[]s 7 borne at #d & #e2 b at #d ! fruit fell e>ly1 = ! five or six sc>s ( ! fl[]s c be se51 %[+ t no "o ( !m develop$ m /rongly ?an ! o!r2 t is1 none ( ! fl[]s set4 ,a fairly good fruit 0 probably borne at #e4 ,at ! base ( ea*1 a bud />t$ to cont9ue ! spur next ye>4 ,^u ! o!r spur1 fl[]s 7 borne bo? at #h & #aj4 ,at #aj none ( ! fl[]s set fruit1 b a side bud develop$4 ,at #h ! fruit p>tially matur$1 & a side bud 0 also develop$4 ,! buds ^u ! old /em f #a to #ab /ill rema9$ dormant4 ,"s ( ! spurs on ! #ahic gr[?--#ab to ,d--develop$ fruit-buds = be>+ 9 #ahif4 ,"s ( ! buds on ! #ahid gr[?--,d to beyond ,e--rema9$ dormant1 b o!rs develop$ into small fruit-spurs4 ,"o ( ^! buds1 ne> ! top ( ! #ahid gr[?1 ?rew out a long %oot1 />t+ f ,e2 & ! bud at #bf also endeavor$ to make a long bran*1 b fail$4 #ahif4 ,ma9 %oot grew f #bh to ! end4 ,! side bud bel[ #d 7:]e ! fruit 0 borne ! ye> be=e7 b>ely liv$1 n elongat+1 z se5 above #c4 ,?is bran* ( ! spur is becom+ weak & w nev] be> aga94 ,! side bud ( #e1 h[ev]1 made a fairly good spur & develop$ a fruit-bud at its end1 z se5 at #f4 ,! side bud ( #aj grew some:at1 mak+ ! v %ort spur #aa4 ,?is bran*let is also gett+ weak4 ,! bud ( #h1 h[ev]1 develop$ a /rong spur at #i4 ,bo? #aa & #i be> fruit-buds1 b t on #aa is probably too weak ev] to be> fruit aga94 ,9 fact1 ! entire spurs1 f #a to #f & #a to #i1 are too weak to be ( mu* acc\nt = fruit-be>+4 ,?is ye> sev]al ( ! spurs along ! #ahic gr[?--#ab to ,d--bore fl[]s4 ,fl[]s 7 borne f two buds on ! fir/ "o 7at #ac & #ad71 b none ( ! fl[]s set4 ,"o ( ! little apples t di$ la/ ,june /ill cl+s to ! spur at #ad4 ,a side bud 7#ae7 =m$ to cont9ue ! spur 9 #ahig4 ,fl[]s 7 borne at #af1 #bj1 #ba1 & #bc1 b no apples develop$4 ,^u #af & #bj ! fl[]s di$ soon aft] !y op5$1 z se5 by ! rema9s ( !m4 ,^u #bc1 "o ( ! fl[]s set an apple1 b ! apple soon di$4 ,! spurs #ag & #ah are s weak t !y h nev] made fruit-buds1 & !y are n[ ne>ly dead4 ,! spurs #ai & #bb h behav$ diff]5tly4 ,l ! o!rs1 !y grew 9 #ahid & w\ld h made t]m9al fruit-buds 9 #ahie1 & w\ld h borne fruit 9 #ahif2 b ! t]m9al buds 7 brok5 (f 9 ! fall or w9t] ( #ahid1 s t two side buds develop$ 9 #ahie1 & ea* ( ^! develop$ a fruit-bud at its end 9 #ahif 9 ! spur #ai1 b only "o ( !m develop$ su* a bud 9 #bb4 ,^u ^! spurs1 !re=e1 ! be>+ ye> has be5 *ang$4 ,^u ! gr[? ( #ahid--;,d to beyond ,e--only ?ree spurs h develop$1 nos4 #bd1 #be1 #bf4 ,^! />t$ out 9 #ahie1 & two ( !m--#be & #bf--;h made l>ge fat buds :i* are evid5tly fruit-buds4 ,! %oot at ,e grew on to ,,ee1 & all ! buds on its l[] two-ye>-old portion rema9$ dormant4 ,on ! #ahie gr[?--f beyond ,e to #bh--;all ! buds rema9$ dormant save "o1 & ?is "o--#bg--made only a v feeble attempt to gr[ into a spur4 ,! buds ^u ! #ahib gr[?--#a to #ab--;are /ill dormant & wait+ = an opportunity to gr[4 ,:at an ev5tful hi/ory ?is apple twig has _h6 ,& yet 9 all ! sev5 ye>s ( its life1 aft] hav+ made fifte5 ef=ts to be> fruit1 x has n produc$ a s+le good apple6 ,! fault1 !re=e1 does n lie 9 ! %oot4 ,x has done ! be/ x c\ld4 ,! tr\ble has be5 t ! f>m] ei!r did n give ! tree en\gh food to enable x to support ! fruit1 or did n prune ! tree s z to give ! twig light & room1 or all[$ apple-scab or "s o!r disease to kill ! "y apples z !y 7 =m+4 ,i am wond]+1 !re=e1 :e!r1 :5 trees fail to be>1 x is n q z (t5 ! fault ( ! f>m] z x is ( ! trees8 ,,leaflet ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,bur/ ,,( ,,spr+4#dd ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #dd ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly ,no4 #d1 ,leaflet #ag1 ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,spr+ is com+6 ,! buds w bur/ & ! birds w s+6 ,h[ d ! buds bur/8 ,wat* !m z ! spr+ op5s2 or1 if y are impati5t1 cut long twigs & place !m 9 bottles ( wat] 9 a liv+-room1 & ! buds w swell4 ,fir/1 notice :at ! w9t] buds are l1--t !y are sph]ical1 or oblong1 or conical bodies ly+ close to ! limb & tightly cov]$ ) scales4 ,notice t !re is a m>k or sc> b5ea? ! bud1 %[+ :]e a leaf 0 borne4 ,x is excell5t practice to collect w9t] twigs ( diff]5t k9ds ( trees & bu%es1 & to comp>e ! =m & color ( ! %oots1 & ! size1 %ape1 color1 & make-up ( ! buds4 ,lay ! twigs side by side on ! table & notice h[ "o diff]s f ! o!r4 ,:at "p ( ! twig grew la/ ye>8 ,notice ! r+ at ! base ( ! la/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,aft] all ! diff]5ces are not$1 put ! twigs 9 wat]1 z y w\ld a b\quet4 ,sometimes fl[]s & leaves w appe>4 ,if ! twigs are two or ?ree feet long1 ! buds are m likely to gr[1 = !n !re is suffici5t supply ( food 9 !m4 ,*ange ! wat] frequ5tly1 & cut (f ! l[] ends ( ! twigs s t a fre% surface w be expos$ to ! wat]4 ,x w be two to five weeks be=e ! buds op51 dep5d+ mo/ly on ! k9d ( plant4 ,m>k "o bud on a maple1 or apple1 or lilac1 or o!r plant1 by ty+ a /r+ ab\t ! twig4 ,look at x c>efully f day to day3 obs]ve h[ x op5s1 & :at comes out ( x4 ,! pupil %\ld "k t a w9t] twig has int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bud may be pea* or apricot4 ,soon ! bud beg9s to swell at its top4 ,! scales op54 ,a :ite l9+ appe>s4 ,?is l9+ soon protrudes 7,fig4 #bbj74 ,soon ! l9+ op5s4 ,we see t x is a fl[]4 ,or p]haps ! pea* bud s5ds out a gre5 %oot r ?an a fl[]4 ,!re mu/ be two k9ds ( pea* & apricot buds1--a fl[]-bud & a leaf-bud4 ,c y tell !m ap>t8 ,! fl[]-bud is ?ick] & r\nd]4 ,usually "o /&s on ei!r side ( a leaf-bud4 ,b ! leaf-bud may /& alone4 ,f9d "o3 any pea* tree or apricot tree w h leaf-buds1 b all may n h fl[]-buds4 ,z ! bud exp&s & ! fl[] or leaf appe>s1 notice t ! bud-scales fall away4 ,d ^! scales leave sc>s8 ,& d n ^! sc>s1 /&+ toge!r1 make ! r+ :i* m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! new gr[?8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,op5+ ( an apricot bud4 99 99 99 99 99 ,obs]ve a pe> bud4 ,notice t ! scales elongate z ! bud swells4 ,y c see ! :ite bases ( ! scales1 m>k+ ! new gr[? 7,fig4 #bba74 ,if x is a leaf-bud ! scales may become ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* long be=e !y fall4 ,b soon] or lat]1 !y are ca/1 & _! places are m>k$ by sc>s4 ,if x is a fl[]-bud1 notice t sev]al fl[]s come out ( x4 ,9 ! apricot & pea*1 !re is only "o fl[] 9 ea* bud4 ,ea* ( ^! little pe> fl[]s is clos$ up l a bud & elevates itself on a /alk be=e x op5s3 & ?is /alk becomes ! /em ( ! pe> fruit4 ,b ?is pe> fl[]-bud conta9s leaves z well z fl[]s4 ,fig4 #bbb %[s :at comes out ( a pe> bud4 ,?is1 !n1 is a mix$ fl[]-bud1--x conta9s bo? leaves & fl[]s4 ,! apricot & ! pea* be> true or simple fl[]-buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,op5+ ( a pe> bud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,:at came out ( a pe> bud4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wat* apple buds4 ,! scales d n elongate z 9 ! pe>1 b ! fl[]-buds are mix$4 ,fig4 #bbc %[s ! exp&+ clu/] f an apple fl[]-bud4 ,f\r fl[]s w op52 & !re are six leaves4 ,if ! buds are made to op5 9 ! h\se on sev]$ twigs1 ! leaves d n gr[ s l>ge be=e ! fl[]s exp&1 = ! twig does n conta9 suffici5t food4 ,fig4 #bbd is a photograph ( an apple twig :i* ,i _h 9 my w9d[ "o w9t]'s day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,op5+ ( an apple bud4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,apple fl[]s 9 midw9t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,exam9e a hickory twig4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #bbe7 %[s ! r+ m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( ! annual gr[?4 ,see ! l>ge leaf-sc>s4 ,notice t ! t]m9al bud is mu* ! l>ge/4 ,x is ! "o :i* w gr[4 ,! o!r buds w rema9 dormant unless !y are =c$ into gr[? by ! dea? ( ! t]m9al bud or by o!r unusual circum/ances4 ,notice t buds diff] 9 size on %oots ( all plants2 consid] t n all ! buds are to gr[3 !re is a /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! hickory bud exp&s1 "s ( ! scales fall away2 b "s ( ! inn] p>ts enl>ge into leaf-l bodies1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,9 "s hickories ^! bodies become two or ?ree in*es long be=e !y fall4 ,hickories op5 v late 9 ! season4 ,! ,norway maple1 commonly plant$ on lawns1 behaves 9 a simil> way4 ,obs]ve ! sug> maple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,%oot ( a hickory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,! op5+ ( a hickory bud4 ,a twig ( ! common elm is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,notice ! r+4 ,see ! two k9ds ( buds4 ,we suspect t ! ?ree l>g] ones are fl[]-buds4 ,) ! v fir/ w>m days--be=e ! rob9 has built h] ne/--^! ?ree buds w bur/2 soon ! r$-br[n tassels w hang on ! leafless twigs4 ,ea* tassel is a fl[]4 ,sev]al fl[]s come f ea* bud4 ,we see !m 9 ,fig4 #bbh2 & ! leaf-buds h elongat$ some:at4 ,wat* = ! fruits or se$s t bl[ ab\t ! walks s e>ly 9 spr+2 & note h[ ! leaves come out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,twig ( elm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,blossoms ( ! elm4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! fir/ brea? ( spr+1 ! pussy will[s come4 ,& :at are ! pussies8 ,!y are clu/]s ( fl[]s4 ,s snugly are ! little fl[]s wrapp$ 9 wool1 t ! pussies are silk5-s(t z !y beg9 to exp&4 ,fig4 #bbi is a will[ %oot4 ,f9d "o :5 ! buds fir/ beg9 to bur/4 ,notice ! big br[n-black scale t cov]s ! bud z a %ield & falls :5 ! pussy fir/ beg9s to appe>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ :at is a w9t] bud8 ,x is a m9iature %oot or fl[]1 re/+ = ! "t1 & snugly wrapp$ = ! long w9t]4 ,x 0 made la/ season4 ,x is ready to leap into gr[? ! mom5t ! w>m ra9 ( spr+ wak5s x4 ,a good h& l5s w %[ ! embryo bran*1 if a section is made ( ! bud4 ,?is bud is n only ready-=m$ b is ready-f$4 ,! w9t] %oots conta9 />*4 ,on a cut surface ( a dormant twig1 apply a drop ( t9cture ( iod9e2 note ! blui% color1 :i* is indicative ( />*4 ,?is />* is insoluble2 b ) ! fir/ awak5+ ( life1 x *anges into sug>1 :i* is soluble & is transf]r$ to ! gr[+ "p4 ,! bur/ ( spr+ is made possible by means ( ?is /or$ food4 ,notice ! azalea 9 ! flori/'s w9d[ 7,fig4 #bcj74 ,! l>ge fl[]-buds 7 =m$ ! ye> be=e1 & x is a %ort op]ation to =ce !m into bloom4 ,! fl[]s come 9 advance ( ! leaves2 !re=e ^! leaves c\ld n h made ! food requir$ = ! bloom4 ,! bloom+ ( ! apple twig 7,fig4 #bbd7 9 ! w9t] %[s t ! food is 9 ! twig & buds4 ,once ,i drew a bran* ( a tree into a room & fa/5$ x !re4 ,x made leaves & began to gr[ :ile ! tree to :i* x 0 atta*$ 0 p]fectly dormant 7,fig4 #bca74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,bloom ( azalea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,! op5+ ( a pussy will[4 ,n only are ! buds ready-=m$ & ready-f$1 b !y are cov]$4 ,snugly is ! t5d]1 gr[+ "p protect$4 ,pull away ! scales ( a w9t] bud "o by "o4 ,obs]ve h[ closely !y are plac$4 ,(t5 ! *9ks are fill$ ) a pack+ ( wool1 or are seal$ ) v>ni%4 ,dip ! bud 9 wat]3 !n see :e!r ! wat] p]meates ! cov]+4 ,! *ief value ( ! bud cov]+ is n to protect f freez+1 z commonly suppos$1 b to prev5t ! s(t gr[+ p>ts f dry+ out4 ,! plants are wait+ = spr+4 ,!y are ready4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,bran* ( a tree be>+ leaves inside a w9d[1 :5 ! tree itself is dormant4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxiii4 ,,ev]gre5s ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,%$ ,,_! ,,leaves4#de ,,by ,h4 ,p4 ,,g\ld4 #de ,tea*]'s ,leaflet ,no4 #ac1 ,febru>y1 #ahii4 ,sid5ote3 ,note to ! tea*]4--,?is leaflet has two p>ticul> objects3 to tea* h[ ev]gre5s %$ _! leaves1 & to enable y to di/+ui% a few ( ! ev]gre5s :i* are mo/ commonly met4 ,^! /udies 7& ^? sugge/$ 9 ,leaflet ,no4 ,,xxix7 %\ld be ! means ( add+ mu* *e] to ! w9t]4 ,enc\rage pupils to make collections ( cones1 to obs]ve :5 !y %$ _! se$s1 & h[ long 7h[ _m seasons7 !y rema9 atta*$ to ! bran*4 ,rememb] t m]e id5tification ( ! k9ds ( trees is n ! highe/ type ( nature-/udy4 ,cones are good subjects = free-h& draw+4 ,beg9n]s %\ld draw !m 9 outl9e1 omitt+ ! %ad+4 ,enc\rage pupils to draw s+le leaf-clu/]s ( ! diff]5t p9es1 caution+ !m to %[ ! "r numb] ( leaves 9 ea* case4 ,illu/ration ,cone-be>+ ev]gre5s are famili> to ev]yone2 yet ?is famili>ity is usually ) ! trees z entire objects4 ,we d n (t5 /op to analyze a tree 9 ord] to f9d out :at gives x its *>act]i/ic appe>ance or to see :at makes x look z x does4 ,we %all (t5 f9d1 if we /op to look1 t mu* ( ! "* ( a tree1--t is1 its g5]al appe>ance or ! way 9 :i* x impresses u1--is due to ! leaves & to _! arrangem5t on ! bran*es4 ,?is is true ( _m ( ! ev]gre5 trees4 ,:y are c]ta9 k9ds ( trees call$ ev]gre5 9 di/9ction f ^? :i* are said to be decidu\s8 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,"o k9d is always gre5 f ! pres5ce ( foliage1 :ile ! o!r %$s all ( its leaves e season4 ,! ev]gre5 trees1 l ! p9es & ! spruces & ! firs1 always appe> to be well cov]$ ) foliage2 h5ce x does n (t5 occur to u t ^! trees %$ _! leaves4 ,& yet p]haps we c recall happy h\rs :5 we us$ to play b5ea? "s l>ge p9e tree :]e ! gr\nd 0 c>pet$ ) p9e ne$les4 ,! fall+ ( ! leaves ( ! maple trees or ! oaks is a famili> sight1 b :o has se5 ! spruce leaves fall1 & :o c tell :5 ! p9e ne$les drop8 ,t ! ev]gre5 trees d %$ _! foliage1 z truly z ! maples & ! elms d1 we w n "q1 = we c see ! fall5 leaves "u any tree4 ,look up into ! top ( a spruce or p9e4 ,see t ! int]ior is b>e ( foliage4 ,! leaves are t[>ds ! ends ( ! bran*es1 :]e !y receive sunlight4 ,yet ! bran*es :i* are n[ 9 ! int]ior once bore leaves1 = we c see ! leaf-sc>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,%oot ( ! common :ite p9e1 "o-?ird natural size4 ,x w be int]e/+ to f9d out some?+ ab\t ! leaves ( our common ev]gre5s4 ,let u look at "s ( !m4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,p9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #bcb is %[n a :ite p9e bran*4 ,notice t ! leaves are borne 9 bun*es or clu/]s ( five4 ,ea* bun* ( leaves is produc$ 9 ! axil 7or angle7 ( a m9ute scale-l body1 b ?is scale c be/ be se5 & /udi$ on ! v "y gr[?4 ,x has be5 worn away or brok5 f ! old] gr[? by ! w9d & ! ra9 & ! o!r =ces ( nature4 ,ano!r /range fact %\ld be well obs]v$4 ,! leaves ( ! maples & o!r decidu\s trees are borne only on ! pres5t season's gr[?2 b ?is is n ! case 9 ! p9es1 & k9dr$ trees4 ,if we trace back ! gr[? ( ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s1 we may f9d t !re are z _m leaves on ! wood t is two ye>s old z !re are on ! la/ season's gr[?2 & 9 _m cases we c f9d leaves on ! "p ( ! bran* t is ?ree ye>s old4 ,?is means t ! p9e leaves or ne$les are two & sometimes ?ree ye>s old :5 !y fall4 ,! ,fig4 #bcb %[s ! fall+ ( ! leaves f ! diff]5t ye>s' gr[?4 ,! "p ( ! bran* betwe5 ! tip & ,a is ! la/ season's gr[?2 betwe5 ,a & ,b x is two ye>s old2 ! "p betwe5 ,b & ,c is ?ree ye>s old4 ,! "p t grew f\r seasons ago--beyond ,c--has no leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,cone ( :ite p9e4 ,x has %$ its se$s4 ,half natural size4 ,! diff]5t seasons' gr[? is indicat$ n by di/9ct r+s z 9 ! case ( decidu\s trees1 b by ! bran*+4 ,ea* :orl ( bran*es ab\t a limb repres5ts ! end ( a season's gr[?4 ,a "y p9e tree1 or ! y\ng] limbs ( an old tree1 %[s ?is "* v pla9ly4 ,d ! leaves ( ! p9es & ( ! o!r ev]gre5 trees fall at ! end ( ! gr[+ season1 z ! leaves ( mo/ ( ! decidu\s trees d8 ,or d !y gradually become lifeless & fall at any season1 f ! =ce ( ! w9d & o!r natural =ces8 ,tie a l>ge %eet ( clo? 9 ! top ( "s ev]gre5 tree1 9 su* a way z to =m a receptacle to cat* ! leaves4 ,d y cat* leaves 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ]8 ,d y f9d leaves on ! sn[8 ,z !re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( p9es1 we mu/ picture c>efully 9 our m9ds ! foliage ( ! :ite p9e1 = x is diff]5t f t ( any o!rs4 ,! leaves are s(t & v sl5d]1 & f ?ree to f\r in*es long4 ,! base ( ea* clu/] ( leaves is at fir/ surr\nd$ by a small %ea?4 ,a sc> is left :5 ! leaves drop & ^! sc>s c (t5 be se5 on p>ts ( ! bran*es t are eight or t5 ye>s old4 ,d ! leaves ( o!r k9ds ( trees make a sc> :5 !y fall8 ,! :ite p9e cones1 9 :i* ! se$s are borne1 are conspicu\s objects4 ,!y are five or six in*es long & slightly curv$4 ,x w be int]e/+ to f9d out :e!r ! se$s rip5 ! same ye> 9 :i* !y are =m$4 ,p]haps a cone /ill conta9+ se$s c be secur$4 ,c>efully te> x ap>t & see :]e ! se$s are atta*$4 ,r$ squirrels sometimes eat ! p9e se$s4 ,a :ite p9e cone1 :i* has %$ its se$s1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,%oot ( common pit* p9e4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,?is k9d ( p9e is f\nd widely scatt]$ 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 & we/w>d to ,m9nesota & ,i[a & along ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s z f> s\? z ,georgia2 also 9 "s p>ts ( ,canada4 ,x is a valuable lumb] tree4 ,,! ,,pit* ,,p9e4 ,?is k9d ( p9e is v diff]5t1 9 _m respects1 f ! :ite p9e4 ,let u f9d "s ( ! diff]5ces4 ,in/ead ( hav+ leaves 9 bun*es ( five1 x has !m 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 & ! base ( ea* clu/] is inclos$ by a scaly %ea? :i* does n fall away z 9 ! case ( ! :ite p9e2 nei!r does ! little scale-l body ^u ! bran*1 9 ! axil ( :i* ! leaf-clu/] is borne1 fall away1 b x may be f\nd j bel[ ! leaf1 & ev5 on bran*es t are sev]al ye>s old4 ,sometimes a %ea? is f\nd ) only two leaves4 ,we %all want to "k1 too1 h[ old ! leaves are :5 !y fall4 ,d !y rema9 on ! tree long] ?an ! :ite p9e leaves d8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,cone ( pit* p9e4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,aga91 in/ead ( be+ s(t & sl5d] z ! :ite p9e leaves are1 we %all f9d t ^! leaves are rigid & ?ick 9 comp>ison1 & /& out /raight f ! bran*es4 ,! %ape ( ! leaves is also di/9ct f t ( ! :ite p9e ne$les4 ,see :e!r y c f9d any o!r diff]5ces4 ,a pit* p9e bran* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,! "p betwe5 ! tip & ,a is ! pa/ season's gr[?4 ,obs]ve ! foliage on ! "p t is two ye>s old4 ,"p ( x has fall54 ,we (t5 f9d x on gr[? :i* is old] ?an ?is2 b 9 ?is specim5 !re are no leaves on ! ?ree-ye> wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,pit* p9e4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,! cone ( ! pit* p9e is v unlike t ( ! :ite p9e4 ,fig4 #bce gives a good idea ( "o t has %$ its se$s4 ,comp>e ?is ) ,fig4 #bcc2 or1 bett]1 exam9e ! two k9ds ( cones side by side4 ,! pit* p9e cones are sometimes borne 9 clu/]s ( two or m & !y p]si/1--t is1 rema9 on ! tree = sev]al ye>s aft] ! se$s h rip5$ & scatt]$4 ,notice h[ ! new cones are borne ) ref]5ce to la/ season's gr[?4 ,are !y atta*$ to ! tip ( a bran*let8 ,or are !y closely atta*$ to ! side ( a bran*8 ,figs4 #bcf & #bcg w help u answ] ?is "q4 ,! little cones 9 ,fig4 #bcg ne> ! tip ( ! twig1 are j beg9n+ to =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,pit* p9e1 %[+ "y cones4 ,half natural size4 ,! pit* p9e usually gr[s 9 s&y or rocky soil & is f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates along ! ,atlantic coa/ to ,virg9ia1 along ! m\nta9s to ,georgia1 we/w>d to ,we/]n ,new ,york1 ,ea/]n ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 & ,ea/]n ,t5nessee4 ,x has little value z timb]1 because x does n gr[ l>ge en\gh4 ,,scot* ,,& ,,au/rian ,,p9es4 ,9 ! same mann] o!r p9es may be /udi$4 ,fig4 #bch %[s a cone & a bit ( foliage ( ! ,scot* p9e1 & ,fig4 #bci ! ,au/rian p9e4 ,^! cones grew ! pa/ season & are n yet mature4 ,aft] !y rip5 & %$ ! se$s :i* !y conta91 !y w look some:at l ! cone 9 ,fig #bce4 ,! ,scot* p9e has %ort & blue-gre5 ne$les4 ,! ,au/rian p9e is co>s]1 & has long d>k-gre5 ne$les4 ,!re are b two leaves 9 a clu/] on ^! k9ds ( p9es & we %all f9d t ! %ea? :i* incloses ! base ( ! leaf-clu/] is m conspicu\s ?an 9 ei!r ! :ite or ! pit* p9e4 ,d ! leaves p]si/ 9 ! ,scot* & ,au/rian p9es long] ?an !y d 9 ! o!rs we h exam9$8 ,/udy ! cones ( ^! & o!r p9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,scot* p9e4 ,half natural size4 ,! ,scot* & ,au/rian p9es are n native to ?is c\ntry1 b are mu* gr[n = ornam5t4 ,!y c be f\nd 9 almo/ any p>k & 9 _m o!r places :]e ornam5tal trees are gr[n4 ,,! ,,norway ,,spruce4 ,! leaves ( spruce trees are borne v diff]5tly f ^? ( ! p9es4 ,in/ead ( be+ 9 clu/]s ( two or m1 !y are s+le & )\t a %ea? at ! base2 nei!r are !re scale-l bodies on ! bran*es :]e ! leaves are borne4 ,notice1 too1 t ! leaves h a v %ort /em or petiole4 ,! leaves ( ! ,norway spruce are ab\t "o in* long1 al?\gh ! l5g? v>ies m or less 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! tree & 9 diff]5t trees4 ,!y are r /iff & rigid & %>p-po9t$4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! leaves are f\r-sid$1 ?\gh indi/9ctly s4 ,x w be int]e/+ to /udy ! position :i* ! leaves take on ! bran*es4 ,a ha/y glance might give u ! impression t ! leaves are n produc$ on ! "u side ( ! bran*es2 b a m c>eful exam9ation w conv9ce u t !re are ne>ly z _m on ! "u side z on ! upp]4 ,! leaves are all po9t+ outw>d f ! bran* & z ne>ly upw>d z is possible4 ,9 o!r words1 ! leaves gr[ t[>d ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,au/rian p9e4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,we mu/ n =get to see h[ long ! leaves ( ! ,norway spruce p]si/ & to f9d out :5 ! leaf-sc>s disappe>4 ,we c f9d leaves t mu/ surely be six or sev5 ye>s old & sometimes we c f9d !m ev5 old] ?an ?is4 ,! leaf sc>s1 too1 rema9 a long "t4 ,! fall+ ( ! leaves is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,x %[s ! extremities ( a limb :i* is eight ye>s old4 ,! "p betwe5 ! tip & ,a is la/ season's gr[?2 betwe5 ,a & ,b x is two ye>s old2 & beyond ,b is a "p t grew ?ree seasons ago4 ,! section beyond ,c is six ye>s old2 f ,c to ,d is sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,! f\r ye>s' gr[? ( ?is limb n %[n 9 ! draw+ 0 z d5sely cov]$ ) foliage z is ! "p %[n 9 ! upp] figure2 b !re are n _m leaves betwe5 ,c & ,d 7sev5 ye>s old7 & none on ! eight-ye>-old wood 7except ^? on ! bran*lets1 & ^! are y\ng]74 ,! cone ( ! ,norway spruce is ne>ly z long z t ( ! :ite p9e1 b x is n s r\gh & co>se z ! :ite p9e cone is4 ,! cones are usually borne on ! tips ( small bran*lets1 al?\gh occasionally "o is borne 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #bda4 ,! cones usually fall ! fir/ w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,twig ( ! common ,norway spruce4 ,half natural size4 ,! ,norway spruce is n a native ( ?is c\ntry1 b l ! ,scot* & ,au/rian p9es1 x 0 introduc$ f ,europe & is gr[n v widely z an ornam5tal tree4 ,x is ! commone/ ev]gre5 9 y>ds & p>ks4 ,,! ,,black ,,spruce ,,& ,,its ,,k94 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( spruces :i* we f9d gr[+ 9 our =e/s & swamps1 & sometimes ^! are plant$ = ornam5t4 ,a sprig ( foliage & a cone ( "o ( ^!1--! black spruce1--is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,! foliage is n v unlike t ( ! ,norway spruce1 b ! cones are v small 9 comp>ison4 ,!y are ab\t "o in* long1 ?\gh !y v>y consid]ably 9 size4 ,be=e !y op5 !y are oval or plum-%ap$2 b :5 mature & ! scales ( ! cone h exp&$1 !y are ne>ly globul>4 ,!y are (t5 borne 9 clu/]s1 z well z s+ly1 & p]si/ = _m ye>s aft] ! se$s h fall54 ,! position ( ! cones w dep5d ^u _! age4 ,:5 "y !y po9t upw>d1 b !y gradually turn d[nw>d4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ! :ite spruce resembles ! black v closely4 ,! leaves ( ! :ite spruce h a :iti% or du/y look+ t+e ( color & :5 cru%$ or bruis$ give =? a peculi>1 disagreeable odor4 ,! cones v>y 9 l5g? f an in* to two in*es1 & 9 %ape are m cyl9drical or f+]-%ap$ ?an ! cone ( ! black spruce4 ,! foliage ( ! r$ spruce lacks ! :iti% t+e ( color ( ! :ite spruce & ! cones1 :i* are f "o in* to two in*es 9 l5g?1 are obovate 9 %ape--t is1 ! wide/ place is ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! cone1 & f ?is po9t x gradually tap]s to ! tip4 ,!y seldom p]si/ long] ?an ! second summ]4 ,! leaves ( all ^! diff]5t k9ds ( spruces v>y greatly 9 l5g?1 ?ickness1 & %>pness ( po9t1 accord+ to ! "p ( ! tree on :i* !y gr[1 & _! surr\nd+s4 ,! %$d+ ( ! leaves on ^! or o!r spruces c be det]m9$ z easily z 9 ! ,norway spruce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,cone ( ,norway spruce4 ,half size4 ,^! ?ree spruces l a cold climate & gr[ 9 _m sections ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada & f>!r s\? 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,!y are sometimes all f\nd gr[+ toge!r1 b ! black spruce likes be/ ! damp1 cold swamps1 :ile ! o!rs gr[ be/ on ! dri] & bett] dra9$ l&s4 ,! black spruce is commone/4 ,! r$ spruce is lea/ kn[n4 ,,! ,,balsam ,,fir4 ,?is is ano!r ev]gre5 tree :i* gr[s naturally 9 ! cold1 damp gr\nds ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! ea/]n /ates z f> s\? z ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! foliage is borne 9 mu* ! same mann] z t ( ! spruces2 yet !re are int]e/+ diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]s ( ^! two k9ds ( leaves4 ,p]haps ! mo/ noticeable diff]5ce is 9 ! %ape2 & ! color ( ! fir leaves w attract our att5tion because ! "u side is a silv]y color1 :ile ! upp] side is gre54 ,:at is ! nature ( ! tip ( ! leaf & h[ does x comp>e ) ! p9es & spruces 9 ?is respect8 ,does ! leaf h a /em or petiole or is x atta*$ directly to ! bran* )\t any /em8 ,h[ are ! leaves %$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--;,black spruce4 ,half natural size4 ,! cones are ab\t ?ree in*es long & pres5t a r delicate appe>ance4 ,x w be int]e/+ to det]m9e ! position ( ! cones1 t is1 ! direction 9 :i* !y po9t1 & to le>n :e!r x is ! same :5 !y are "y z x is aft] !y h matur$4 ,! grayi% color$ b>k ( ! trunk & limbs be>s _m bli/]s f :i* ,canada balsam is obta9$4 ,,! ,,hemlock4 ,a hemlock twig is an int]e/+ object4 ,x may h _m *>act]s 9 common ) ! spruce & fir2 yet ! impression :i* we get f x1 or f a l>ge hemlock tree1 is entirely di/9ct4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! leaves & ! gracefulness ( ! droop+ bran*lets are mo/ pleas+4 ,we are l$ to exam9e x m closely4 ,we notice t ! leaves appe> to be borne 9 two m or less regul> r[s1--"o on ea* side ( ! bran* or twig2 b 9 reality !y come f all sides ( ! bran*1 & x is ! position :i* ! leaves assume t gives ?is two-r[$ appe>ance4 ,! leaves h a %ort /alk or petiole1 & ?is /alk re/s along ! side ( ! bran*let 9 su* a direction t ! leaves are plac$ 9 s+le r[s on ei!r side ( ! bran*4 ,! petioles ( ! leaves are ne>ly p>allel ) ! bran* :ile ! leaves (t5 make a decid$ angle ) ! petiole4 ,?is fact c be/ be br\ght out by c>efully exam9+ a small twig4 ,:ile we are not+ ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves on ! bran*lets1 we %\ld also notice ! po9ts ( simil>ity & diff]5ce betwe5 ^! leaves & ^? ( ! spruces & firs4 ,we %all f9d t !re is m 9 common1 at lea/ s f> z %ape & color are conc]n$1 betwe5 ! hemlock & ! fir ?an betwe5 ! hemlock & ! spruce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,spray ( ! hemlock4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,! small1 delicate cones1 borne on ! tips ( ! bran*lets1 w also attract our att5tion 7,fig4 #bdc47 ,we may wond] at _! small size1 = !y are only ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & v delicate2 yet a second glance at ! tree w impress u ) ! numb] ( cones :i* ! tree be>s1 & we conclude t1 al?\gh ! cones may be small1 yet !re are s _m ( !m t !re w be no lack ( se$s4 ,x is m difficult to trace ! age ( a hemlock limb ?an ( _m o!r k9ds ( trees1 yet we c easily det]m9e t _m ( ! leaves are sev]al ye>s old :5 !y fall4 ,! b>k ( ! hemlock is us$ 9 tann+ hides = lea!r4 ,! tree is mu* us$ = lumb]4 ,:]e does x gr[8 ,,! ,,arbor-,,vit4 ,"o might almo/ wond]1 at fir/ sight1 if ! arbor-vit 7(t51 b wrongly1 call$ ! :ite c$>7 has any leaves at all4 ,x does possess !m1 h[ev]1 b !y are v diff]5t 9 size & %ape f any ( ! o!rs t we h exam9$4 ,!y are small scale-l bodies1 closely press$ toge!r along ! sides ( ! bran*lets1 9 f\r r[s4 ,leaves press$ to ! bran*es 9 ?is mann] are said to be appress$4 ,! leaves ( ! arbor-vit are s close toge!r t !y ov]lap "o ano!r4 ,! leaves are ( two di/9ct %apes1 sometimes kn[n z ! surface leaves & ! flank leaves4 ,! =m] are locat$ on :at appe>s to be ! flatt5$ surface ( ! bran*lets1 :ile ! latt] are on ! sides or edges4 ,see ,fig4 #bdd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,! ,arbor-vit4 ,ne>ly full size4 ,if we c>efully look at ! leaves1 we %all notice a rais$ spot ne> ! po9t or tip4 ,?is is said to be a res9 gl&4 ,?is gl& c be se5 m pla9ly on ! surface leaves t are two ye>s old4 ,mo/ ( ! leaves p]si/ = at lea/ two & sometimes ?ree ye>s2 b ev5 old] ones c be f\nd4 ,^! old] leaves1 h[ev]1 exi/ n z gre51 active leaves1 b m]ely z dri$ & lifeless scales4 ,^! lifeless leaves are probably deta*$ f ! bran*es by ! =ces ( nature4 ,! cones are ev5 small] ?an ! hemlock cones4 ,!y are borne 9 ! axils ( ! leaves 9 ! same mann] z ! bran*lets & are n conspicu\s unless "o is close to ! tree4 ,! arbor-vit is mu* plant$ = h$ges & scre5s1 z well z = o!r ornam5tal purposes4 ,!re are _m horticultural v>ieties4 ,! tree is abundant 9 a wild /ate 9 ,new ,york4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,k9ds ,,( ,,common ,,ev]gre5s4 ,! :ite p9e 7,p9us ,/robus74--,leaves 9 clu/]s ( five1 s(t & sl5d]2 cones five or six in*es long1 slightly curv$2 b>k smoo? except on ! trunks & l>g] limbs ( old trees1 :]e x is fissur$4 ,! pit* p9e 7,p9us rigida74--,leaves 9 clu/]s ( ?ree1 f ?ree to f\r in*es long1 r rigid2 cones two to ?ree in*es long1 (t5 9 clu/]s ( two or m b frequ5tly borne s+ly1 p]si/+ long aft] ! se$s h be5 %$2 b>k m or less r\gh on ! "y gr[? & deeply fissur$ on ! trunks ( old trees4 ,! ,scot* p9e 7,p9us sylve/ris74--,leaves usually 9 clu/]s ( two1 f two to f\r in*es long1 rigid1 ( a blui%-gre5 hue :5 se5 9 a l>ge mass on ! tree2 cones two to ?ree in*es long & ! scales tipp$ ) a beak or prickle4 ,! ,au/rian p9e 7,p9us ,au/riaca74--,leaves 9 clu/]s ( two1 five or six in*es long & some:at rigid1 d>k gre5 9 color1 & p]si/+ = f\r or five ye>s2 cones ab\t ?ree in*es long1 conical 9 %ape2 & scales n beak$ or po9t$ z 9 ! ,scot* p9e4 ,! ,norway spruce 7,picea excelsa74--,leaves borne s+ly1 ab\t "o in* long1 d>k gre51 f\r-sid$2 cones ab\t six in*es long1 & compos$ ( ?9 scales1 & usually borne on ! tips ( bran*lets4 ,! small bran*es mo/ly droop+4 ,! black spruce 7,picea nigra74--,9 g5]al appe>ance1 ?is is n v unlike ! ,norway spruce1 b ! small bran*es /& out m horizontally & ! cones are only "o or "o & "o-half in*es long1 recurv+ on %ort bran*es4 ,! cones p]si/ = sev]al ye>s aft] %$d+ ! se$4 ,! :ite spruce 7,picea alba74--,leaves ab\t "o in* long1 hav+ a glauc\s or :iti% t+e2 twigs /\t & rigid1 ( a pale gre5i%-:ite color2 cones f "o to two & "o-half in*es long1 m or less cyl9drical or f+]-%ap$1 & easily cru%$ :5 dry4 ,! r$ spruce 7,picea rubra74--,! foliage lacks ! :iti% t+e ( ! :ite spruce & is ( a d>k or d>k yell[i% color2 twigs /\t] ?an ^? ( ! black spruce & n s mu* incl9$ to droop2 cones ab\t "o in* long1 obovate1 & usually fall+ by ! second summ]4 ,! hemlock 7,tsuga ,canad5sis74--,leaves ab\t "o-half in* long1 flat ) r\nd$ po9t1 gre5 on ! upp] side1 :iti% b5ea?1 & borne on %ort appress$ petioles2 cones ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 oval or egg-%ap$1 & borne on ! ends ( small bran*lets & (t5 p]si/+ = "s "t4 ,! balsam fir 7,abies balsamea74--,leaves n>r[1 less ?an "o in* long1 borne s+ly1 v num]\s & /&+ out f ! bran*lets 9 mu* ! way ( ! spruce2 cones ab\t ?ree in*es long1 cyl9drical1 compos$ ( ?9 scales1 & /&+ upright on ! bran*es1 or recurv$2 b>k smoo?1 light gre5 ) :iti% t+e4 ,! arbor-vit 7,?uya occid5talis74--,leaves v small1 scale-l1 & ov]-lapp+ "o ano!r 9 f\r r[s1 adh]+ closely to ! bran*lets2 ! cones oblong & small1--a half-in* or less 9 l5g?1--& compos$ ( b few scales4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,clov]s ,,& ,,_! ,,k94#df ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 ,! p$igree ( honey does n conc]n ! bee1 ,a clov] any "t to him is ari/ocracy4 --,,emily ,,dick9son4 #df ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #h1 ,may1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration3 ,:ite clov]4 ,!re is a deep-seat$ prejudice t usefulness & beauty d n belong toge!r2--a prejudice bas$ obvi\sly on human selfi%ness1 = if a ?+ is useful to u we emphasize t quality s mu* t we =get to look = its beauty4 ,?us x is t ! clov] suff]s great inju/ice2 x has = c5turies be5 a mo/ valuable =age crop1 &1 !re=e1 we =get to note its beauty1 or to reg>d x z an object wor?y ( /hetic att5tion4 ,?is is a pitiful fact2 b x *eats u m ?an x does ! clov]1 = ! clov] blossoms n = u1 b = ! bees & butt]flies z well z = itself4 ,z ,i rememb] ! sc5es :i* h impress$ me mo/1 ,i f9d among !m ?ree 9 :i* clov] 0 ! special attraction4 ,"o 0 a well-cultivat$ ?rifty or*>d c>pet$ ) ! brilliant r$ ( ! crimson clov] 9 bloom4 ,"o 0 a great field ( alfalfa spread ne> ! %ore ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 :i* met our eyes z we came ?r\gh ! pass 9 ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s aft] days ( travel 9 du/-color$ l&s2 ! brilliant gre5 ( t alfalfa field 9 ! ev5+ sunlight refre%$ our eyes z ! draught ( cold wat] refre%es ! p>*$ ?roat ( ! travell] 9 a des]t4 ,& ano!r 0 a g5tly undulat+ field 9 our own ,/ate /ret*+ away l a sea to ! we/1 cov]$ ) ! purple foam ( ! r$ clov] 9 blossom2 & ! fragrance ( t field settl$ l a b5$iction ov] ! acres t m>g9$ x4 ,b we d n ne$ l&scapes to tea* u ! beauty ( clov]4 ,j "o clov] blossom /udi$ c>efully & look$ at ) cle>-see+ eyes1 reveals ea* fl[]et beautiful 9 color1 int]e/+ 9 =m1 & p]fect 9 its me*anism = secur+ poll9ation4 ,! clov] is especially r5[n$ = its p>tn]%ips ) memb]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,x readily =ms a p>tn]%ip ) man1 ?riftily gr[+ 9 8 pa/ures & mead[s1 :ile he di/ributes its se$4 ,= ages x has be5 a special p>tn] ( ! bees1 giv+ !m honey = c>ry+ its poll54 ,bel[ ! gr\nd x has =m$ a my/]i\s p>tn]%ip ) microbes1 & ! clov] seems to be gett+ ! be/ ( ! b>ga94 ,= _m ye>s clov] 0 reg>d$ z a crop helpful to ! soil1 & "o reason giv5 0 ! great l5g? ( ! roots4 ,?us ! roots ( r$ clov] (t5 rea* ! dep? ( sev]al feet1 ev5 9 heavy soil1 :i* !y ?us a]ate & dra91 especially :5 !y decay & leave *annels4 ,b ?is is only half ! /ory2 = a long "t p _h not$ t on clov] roots 7 little swoll5 places or nodules1 :i* 7 suppos$ to h come f "s disease or insect injury4 ,! sci5ti/s became int]e/$ 9 ! suppos$ disease1 & !y f9ally asc]ta9$ t ^! nodules are fill$ ) bact]ia1 :i* are ! und]gr\nd p>tn]s ( ! clov]s & o!r legumes4 ,^! bact]ia are able to fix ! free nitrog5 ( ! air1 & make x available = plant-food4 ,z nitrog5 is ! mo/ exp5sive ( ! f]tiliz]s1 any ag5cy :i* c extract x f ! free air = ! use ( plants is inde$ a valuable aid to ! f>m]4 ,?us x is t 9 ! mod]n agriculture1 clov] or "s o!r legume is put on ! l& once 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 ! regul> rotation ( crops1 & x br+s back to ! soil ! nitrog5 :i* o!r crops h exhau/$4 ,an int]e/+ fact ab\t ! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! root bact]ia & ! clov]-l plants is t ! plants d n fl\ri% )\t ?is p>tn]%ip1 & inve/igators h devis$ a me?od by :i* ^! bact]ia may be scatt]$ 9 ! soil on :i* "s k9ds ( clov] are to be plant$1 & ?us aid 9 gr[+ a crop4 ,?is me?od is to-day be+ us$ = ! introduction ( alfalfa "h 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,b ! use ( clov] z a f]tiliz] is n limit$ to its root factory = captur+ nitrog52 its leaves break d[n quickly & readily yield ! ri* food mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$1 s t ! f>m] :o pl[s "u 8 second-crop clov] in/ead ( h>ve/+ x1 adds greatly to ! f]tility ( 8 f>m4 ,! memb]s ( ?ree di/9ct g5]a are popul>ly call$ clov]s3 ,! ,true ,clov]s 7,trifolium71 ( :i* six or sev5 species are f\nd 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 & m ?an sixty species are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,m$ics 7,m$icago71 ( :i* f\r species are f\nd "h4 ,! ,melilots 7,melilotus71 or sweet clov]s1 ( :i* we h two species4 ,,! ,,true ,,clov]s4 7,trifolium47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,! common r$ clov]4 ,! ,r$ ,clov] 7,fig4 #bde74 7,trifolium prat5se4#dg7--,?is beautiful dwell] 9 our fields came to u f ,europe1 & x is also a native ( ,asia4 ,x is ! clov] mo/ widely cultivat$ 9 ,new ,york ,/ate = fodd]1 & is "o ( our mo/ important crops4 ,clov] hay (t5 be+ a /&>d ( excell5ce by :i* o!r hay is measur$4 ,! export ( clov] se$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates has sometimes rea*$ ! wor? ( two million doll>s p] ye>1 & ?is great indu/ry is suppos$ to be c>ri$ on ) ! aid ( t o!r p>tn] ( ! r$ clov]1 ! bumblebee4 ,bumblebees _h to be import$ into ,au/ralia be=e clov] se$ c\ld be produc$ !re4 ,! :ole "q ( ! relation ( ! bumblebee to ! poll9ation ( clov] no d\bt ne$s to be re-/udi$1 = rec5t obs]vations h l$ to ! conte/+ ( prevail+ op9ions4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! failure ( ! clov] se$ crop 9 "s places is due to ! de/ruction ( bumblebees2 :e!r ?is is true or n1 we are c]ta9 t bumblebees visit clov] blooms1 & ! tea*] c obs]ve = himself4 #dg ,pron\nc$ ,trifol' -ium prat5' -se1 ! second or specific "n ) ?ree syllables4 ,!re is a m p]5nial =m ( r$ clov]1 kn[n z v>iety p]5ne4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! common =m ( r$ clov] by its tall] gr[? & mo/ly less hairy h]bage1 & by ! fact t ! fl[]-head is usually some:at /alk$4 ,"s p]sons reg>d x z a hybrid ( r$ & zig-zag clov]4 ,zig-,zag ,clov]4 7,t4 m$ium47--,?is is ano!r species ( r$ clov]1 resembl+ ! "o j discuss$1 except t its fl[]-head rises on a long /alk above ! upp] leaves1 :ile ! r$ clov] has ! fl[]-head set close to ^! leaves4 ,! color ( ! blossom is d>k] ?an 9 r$ clov]1 & ! fl[]-head is loos]4 ,! /ems ( ! zig-zag clov] are likely to be b5t at angles & ?us x gets its "n4 ,x is a "q :e!r ?is species is really gr[n on f>ms4 ,x is probable t "s or all ( ! clov] t passes "u ?is "n is ,trifolium prat5se v>4 p]5ne4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! zig-zag clov] seems to be imp]fectly und]/ood by botani/s & o!rs4 ,crimson ,clov]--,sc>let ,clov] 7,fig4 #bdf74 7,t4 inc>natum47--,:ile ?is beautiful clov] gr[s z a we$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( our ,/ate1 x has only rec5tly begun to play an important "p 9 our horticulture4 ,x is an annual1 & its home is ! ,m$it]ranean region ( ,europe4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 loose1 s&y soils1 & 9 our ,/ate is *iefly us$ z a cov]-crop = or*>ds1 & to pl[ "u z a f]tiliz]4 ,x usually has bright1 crimson fl[]s1 arrang$ 9 a long1 po9t$ head1 & its brilliant gre5 fan-%ap$ leaves make x ! mo/ arti/ically decorative ( all our clov]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,crimson clov]4 ,buffalo ,clov] 7,fig4 #bdg74 7,t4 reflexum47--,?is is sometimes tak5 = a v>iety ( ! r$ clov]1 b only a glance is ne$$ to di/+ui% x4 ,:ile ! head is p]haps an in* 9 diamet] ! fl[]ets are n direct$ upw>d & set close z 9 ! r$ clov]1 b ea* fl[]et is on a little /alk1 & is b5t abruptly backw>d4 ,! fl[]s are n p9k4 ,! /&>d is r$1 :ile ! w+s & keel are ne>ly :ite4 ,! leaves are blunt at ! tip4 ,x gr[s 9 mead[s 9 we/]n ,new ,york & we/w>d4 ,?is species is native to ?is c\ntry4 ,alsike ,clov]4 7,t4 hybridum47--,?is is a p]5nial & gr[s 9 l[ mead[s & wa/e places f ,nova ,scotia to ,idaho4 ,x 0 introduc$ f ,europe4 ,x is especially valuable 9 wet mead[s1 :]e ! r$ clov] w\ld be dr[n$4 ,! blossoms ( ! alsike look l ^? ( ! :ite clov] except t !y are a little l>g] & are p9k2 b ! long bran*+ mo/ly upright /ems are v diff]5t 9 habit f ! creep+ /ems ( ! :ite clov]2 ! blossoms are v fragrant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,?ree clov]s1 respectively1 ,buffalo1 ,yell[1 & ,rabbit-foot clov]4 ,! ,:ite ,clov]4 7,t4 rep5s47--,?is beautiful little clov]1 ^: leaves make a rug = our feet 9 e possible place1 is well kn[n to u all4 ,x is ! clov] be/ belov$ by honey-bees1 & ! p]son :o does n "k ! di/9ct flavor ( :ite clov] honey has lo/ some?+ out ( life4 ,:ile 9 h>d soil ! :ite clov] la/s only two or ?ree ye>s1 on ri*1 moi/ l&s x is a true p]5nial4 ,:ile x 0 probably a native 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,am]ica1 yet x is truly cosmopolitan & may be f\nd 9 almo/ all regions ( ! temp]ate zones4 ,v likely ! common /ock ( x is an introduction f ,europe4 ,by _m ?is is consid]$ to be ! orig9al %amrock4 ,! ,yell[1 or ,hop ,clov] 7,fig4 #bdg74 7,t4 agr>ium47--,?is fri5dly little plant1 fill+ wa/e places ) brilliant gre5 leaves & small yell[ fl[]-heads1 is n consid]$ a clov] by ^? :o are n obs]vant4 ,b if ! fl[]ets 9 ! small1 d5se heads are exam9$1 !y w be se5 to resemble v closely ^? ( ! o!r clov]s4 ,! /ems are _m-bran*$ & (t5 gr[ a foot or m 9 height4 ,! fl[]s are num]\s1 & on fad+ turn br[n1 & resemble ! fruit ( a pigmy hop v9e1 :5ce ! "n4 ,its leaves are mu* m po9t$ ?an ^? ( ! m$ics1 ) :i* x might be confus$ because ( its yell[ fl[]s4 ,l[ ,hop ,clov]1 or ,hop ,trefoil4 7,t4 procumb5s47--,?is resembles ! above species1 except t x is small] & also m spread+1 & ! /ems & leaves are m d[ny4 ,! ,lea/ ,hop ,clov]4 7,t4 dubium47--,?is may be readily di/+ui%$ f ! above species by ! fact t its yell[ fl[]ets occur f ?ree to t5 9 a head4 ,?is is said by "s to be ! true %amrock1 al?\gh ! :ite clov] is also call$ ! %amrock4 ,! ,rabbit-,foot1 or ,/one ,clov] 7,fig4 #bdg74 7,t4 arv5se47--,?is is ano!r clov] n easily recogniz$ z su*4 ,x gr[s a foot or m 9 height & has erect bran*es4 ,! leaflets are n>r[ & all arise f ! same po9t4 ,! fl[]ets occur 9 long1 d5se heads4 ,! calyx is v silky1 & ! lobes are long] ?an ! :ite corollas1 ?us giv+ ! fl[]-head a s(t1 hairy look1 some?+ l ! e>ly /ages ( ! blossom ( ! pussy will[4 ,because ( its appe>ance x is (t5 call$ pussy clov]4 ,,! ,,m$ics4 7,m$icago47 ,alfalfa 7,fig4 #bdh74 7,m$icago sativa47--,?is is ! vet]an ( all ! clov]s1 = x has be5 "u cultivation = tw5ty c5turies4 ,x is a native ( ! valleys ( we/]n ,asia4 ,9 ,am]ica x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,mexico ) ! ,spani% invasion4 ,x 0 br\ght f ,*ile to ,cali=nia 9 #ahed1 :]e x has s9ce be5 ! mo/ important hay crop4 ,9 fact1 !re is no bett] hay ?an t made f alfalfa4 ,x 0 probably introduc$ into ! ,atlantic ,/ates f s\!rn ,europe1 & has gr[n z a we$ = _m ye>s 9 c]ta9 localities 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates2 only rec5tly has x be5 consid]$ a practicable crop = ?is climate1 al?\gh x 0 gr[n 9 ,jeff]son ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 9 #agia4 ,its special value is t x is a true p]5nial1 & may be cut ?ree times or m dur+ a season1 & :5 once e/abli%$ x )/&s hot1 dry wea!r4 ,x is ( m>vel\s value to ! semi-arid regions4 ,! alfalfa fl[] is blue or violet1 & gr[s 9 a loose raceme4 ,! plant gr[s tall & its /ems are _m bran*$4 ,?is & all ^! m$ics are introduc$ f ,europe4 ,black or ,hop ,m$ic4 7,m4 lupul9a47--,?is w\ld h>dly be call$ a clov] by ! novice4 ,! long /ems lie along ! gr\nd1 & ! t9y yell[ fl[]-heads d n mu* resemble ! clov] blossom4 ,x is a common we$ 9 wa/e places 9 our ,/ate4 ,x is p]5nial4 ,! ,too!d ,m$ic4 7,m4 d5ticulata47--,in/ead ( hav+ ! yell[ fl[]ets 9 a d5se head1 ?is species has !m 9 pairs or p]haps f\rs1 or sometimes m4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ z a we$1 & is also introduc$ z a pa/ure plant = e>ly graz+4 ,x is ( little value z hay4 ,! ,spott$ ,m$ic4 7,m4 ,arabica47--,?is v mu* resembles ! prec$+ species except t ! leaves are likely to h on !m conspicu\s d>k spots ne> ! c5t]4 ,l ! prec$+ species x is an annual & a we$1 & has also be5 introduc$ z a plant = e>ly graz+4 ,?is & ! too!d m$ic are kn[n to f>m]s "u ! "n ( bur-clov]4 ,! reason = ?is "n is f\nd 9 ! se$-pod1 :i* is twi/$ 9 a spiral & has an out] m>g9 ( curv$ prickles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,alfalfa1 foliage & fl[]s4 ,,! ,,melilots1 ,,or ,,sweet ,,clov]s4 7,melilotus47 ,9 driv+ or walk+ along ! c\ntry roads1 we may f9d ourselves sudd5ly imm]s$ 9 a wave ( delightful fragrance1 & if we look = ! s\rce we may f9d ?is fri5dly plant fl\ri%+ 9 ! mo/ =bidd+ ( soils4 ,gr[+ z a we$1 x br+s sweet p]fume to u1 & at ! same "t nitrog51 a]ation & dra9age to ! hopeless soil1 mak+ ri* ^? places :]e o!r we$s h n ! tem]ity to attempt to gr[4 ,:5 ! soil is g5]\s1 ! sweet clov] (t5 gr[s v tall1 sometimes z high z t5 feet4 ,x is a *e]ful1 adaptable & b5eficial plant1 & ,i nev] see x )\t giv+ x a welcome1 :i*1 ,i am sorry to say1 ,i _c always grant to o!r roadside wayf>]s4 ,! sweet clov]s are ,european4 ,! ,:ite ,sweet ,clov] 7,m4 alba7 is sometimes call$ ,bokh>a clov] & has :ite fl[]s 7,fig4 #bdi74 ,! ,yell[ ,sweet ,clov] 7,m4 (fic9alis7 has yell[ blossoms4 ,x has int]e/+ old ,engli% names1 su* z ,balsam ,fl[]s1 ,k+'s ,clov] & ,he>twort4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,:ite sweet clov]4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,clov]s4 ,two g5]al k9ds ( types ( /udies are to be made ( ! clov]s3 id5tification /udies1 :]eby y w come to "k ! k9ds ( clov]2 life hi/ory /udies1 :]eby y w come to "k "u :at conditions ! plants live & ?rive4 ,! latt] is ! m important1 b ! =m] usually prec$es x1 = "o is bett] able to discov] & discuss ! biological que/ions :5 he is acqua9t$ ) ! species4 ,! foll[+ que/ions w br+ out "s ( ! important biological aspects3 #a4 ,h[ _m ( ! true clov]s1 ! m$ics1 & ! sweet clov]s d y "k8 #b4 ,s5d me prop]ly labell$ press$ specim5s ( ! leaves & blossoms ( ! clov]s t y h be5 able to f9d4 #c4 ,dig a root ( r$ clov] & f9d ! nodules on x4 ,please describe !m4 #d4 ,:at me?ods does ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture employ to inoculate ! soil ) bact]ia s t alfalfa may gr[8 #e4 ,h[ d clov] roots protect ! l& f ! effects ( heavy ra9s8 #f4 ,h[ d ! clov] plants cons]ve ! moi/ure 9 ! soil8 #g4 ,h[ does ?is cons]vation ( moi/ure aid ! f>m] & or*>di/8 #h4 ,:at is a cov]-crop1 & :at are its uses8 #i4 ,:y d f>m]s s[ r$ clov] ) grass se$8 #aj4 ,h[ d ! habits ( ! /ems ( :ite clov] diff] f ^? ( o!r clov]s8 #aa4 ,:y is :ite clov] s desirable = lawns8 #ab4 ,comp>e ! fl[]et ( ! r$ clov] ) ! sweet pea blossom & describe ! resemblance4 #ac4 ,/udy a head ( :ite clov] f ! "t x op5s until x is br[n1 & tell :at *anges take place 9 x day by day4 #ad4 ,:at has happ5$ to ! fl[]ets t are b5t d[nw>d ar\nd ! /alk8 #ae4 ,wat* "o ( ^! fl[]ets deflect1 & describe ! process4 #af4 ,h[ _m fl[]ets d y f9d 9 a head ( r$ clov]8 ,( :ite clov]8 ,( alsike8 #ag4 ,:i* fl[]ets op5 fir/ 9 a head ( r$ clov]8 #ah4 ,describe a clov] se$4 ,describe a se$ ( alfalfa4 #ai4 ,:at insects d y f9d visit+ ! r$ clov] blossoms8 ,! :ite clov] blossoms8 ,,alfalfa1 ,,or ,,luc]ne4#dh #dh ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 ,octob]1 #aijd4 ,! alfalfa plant is j n[ com+ into great prom95ce 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,e tea*]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! rural s*ools1 w ne$ to "k ! plant & to h "s in=mation ab\t x4 ,:at alfalfa is4--,x is a clov]-l plant4 ,x is p]5nial4 ,x has violet-purple fl[]s4 ,! leaves h ?ree n>r[ leaflets4 ,x s5ds up _m /iff /ems1 #b to #c feet high4 ,! roots g /raight d[n to great dep?s4 ,:y x is important4--,x is an excell5t cattle food1 & cattle-rais+ = dairy purposes is ! lead+ special agricultural indu/ry 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,9 fact1 ,new ,york leads all ! ,/ates 9 ! value ( its dairy products4 ,any plant t is m nutriti\s & m productive ( pa/ure & hay ?an ! famili> clov]s & grasses w add imm5sely to ! dairy indu/ry1 & !re=e to ! weal? ( ! ,/ate4 ,alfalfa is su* a plant4 ,x gives ?ree cutt+s ( hay ye> aft] ye> 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 !reby yield+ twice z mu* z clov] does4 ,9 ! production ( dige/ible nutri5ts p] acre ranks above clov] z #bd ranks above #aj4 ,:5 once e/abli%$ x )/&s dr\ghts1 = ! roots gr[ deep4 ,alfalfa is ,s\? ,european4 ,x 0 e>ly introduc$ into ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x fir/ came into prom95ce 9 ! semi-arid ,we/ because ( its dr\ght-resi/+ qualities1 & n[ x has add$ millions ( doll>s to ! weal? ( ! nation4 ,gradually x is work+ its way into ! ,ea/4 ,x is discuss$ 9 ! agricultural press & be=e f>m]s' in/itutes4 ,la/ ye> ! ,college ( ,agriculture (f]$ to s5d a small packet ( se$s to su* s*ool *ildr5 9 ,new ,york ,/ate z want$ to gr[ a little g>d5 plat ( x4 ,ab\t #e1jjj *ildr5 7 suppli$4 ,! tea*] mu/ n[ le>n :at alfalfa is4 ,9 ne>ly e rural community1 suffici5t alfalfa c be f\nd = s*ool purposes4 ,9 _m places x has run wild along roadsides4 ,on ^! plants make ! foll[+ obs]vations3 #a4 ,"u :at conditions h y f\nd alfalfa gr[+8 ,h[ did ! plant come to gr[ !re1--s[n1 or run wild8 #b4 ,describe ! =m ( ! root4 ,h[ does ! root bran*8 #c4 ,d y f9d ! little tub]cles or nodules on ! roots8 ,on :at "p ( ! roots8 ,h[ l>ge8 ,h[ num]\s8 #d4 ,! cr[n ( ! plant 7at ! surface ( ! gr\nd71--describe x1 & h[ ! tops & ! roots />t f x4 #e4 ,! /ems1--h[ _m f ea* cr[n1 :e!r erect or pro/rate1 h[ !y bran*4 #f4 ,! leaves1--simple or comp\nd8 ,=m8 ,edges entire or f9e too!d8 ,d ! leaves sleep at night1 z ^? ( clov] d8 #g4 ,d y f9d any di/9ct spots on ! leaves8 ,:at d y ?9k is ! cause ( !m8 #h4 ,fl[]s1--h[ borne 7:e!r s+ly or 9 clu/]s71 color1 =m1 resemblance to any o!r fl[]s y may "k4 ,d !y v>y 9 color8 #i4 ,if possible1 f9d ! se$-pods & se$s1 & describe4 #aj4 ,make inquiries z to :e!r alfalfa is becom+ well kn[n 9 y\r vic9ity4 ,agricultural ,acc\nt ( ,alfalfa4 ,y may be ask$ "s practical que/ions ab\t alfalfa2 !re=e we give y a brief agricultural acc\nt ( x4 ,if y desire fur!r in=mation1 write to ! ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 = ,bullet9 #bba1 ,alfalfa 9 ,new ,york4 ,alfalfa is gr[n mo/ly = hay4 ,x is n adapt$ to pa/ure1 because ! new gr[? spr+s f ! cr[n at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & if ?is is de/roy$ ! gr[? w n be r5ew$ vigor\sly4 ,new ,york is a hay-produc+ ,/ate4 ,gra9 fe$s c be gr[n m *eaply 9 ! ,we/4 ,x is ( great importance to ! ,/ate1 !re=e1 if a bett] hay-produc+ plant c be f\nd4 ,we h se5 t ,new ,york leads ! ,/ates 9 dairy cattle4 ,o!r live/ock also is abundant4 ,la/ ye> m ?an half a million horses & mules 7 f$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,success has n att5d$ ef=ts to gr[ alfalfa 9 all p>ts ( ,new ,york4 ,?is is due to two pr9cipal reasons3 7#a7 f>m]s h n kn[n ! plant & its habits well en\gh to give x ! c>e & treatm5t x dem&s2 7#b7 ! soils ( _m localities1 because ( _! physical condition or composition1 are n suitable = ! plant4 ,! alfalfa se$l+ is n a /rong plant4 ,x _c compete ) we$s nor ov]come adv]se conditions ( moi/ure2 x _c adapt itself to conditions result+ f poor prep>ation ( l&1 & x is n vigor\s 9 its ability to get food f any s\rce4 ,c>e mu/ be giv5 to ! prep>ation ( ! l& 9 ord] t suffici5t moi/ure may be suppli$ dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( gr[? & t !re may be an abundance ( quickly available plant-food4 ,aft] gr[? has />t$1 alfalfa has ! p[] to get "s ( its nitrog5 f ! air ?r\gh ! nodules :i* gr[ ^u its roots2 yet dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( gr[? x is ess5tial t ! soil be suppli$ ) all elem5ts ( plant-food 9 available =m4 ,:ile alfalfa requires an abundance ( moi/ure = its be/ gr[? & developm5t1 yet x w n gr[ 9 soils t hold wat] = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,su* soils are usually ^? ) an imp]vi\s subsoil or h>d-pan1 or ^? ( clay or silt /ructure :i* reta9 free wat] to ! exclusion ( air4 ,!re=e1 x is important t alfalfa soils be well & uni=mly dra9$1 ei!r by natural conditions or by und]gr\nd dra9s4 ,"o o!r ess5tial ( prime importance is t ! soil be neutral or alkal9e 9 its reaction2 9 o!r words1 t x conta9 no free acid4 ,lime/one or blue-grass soils are ideal 9 ?is reg>d = alfalfa4 ,if acid is pres5t1 ! difficulty may be correct$ ei!r :olly or 9 "p by ! application ( #ejj to #b1jjj p\nds ( lime p] acre4 ,z 9 mo/ o!r legumes 7memb]s ( ! family ,legum9os1 includ+ peas1 beans1 clov]s71 !re is a peculi> relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! plant & excresc5ces or nodules ^u its roots4 ,^! nodules are ess5tial to ! normal gr[? & developm5t ( ! plant4 ,!y conta9 bact]ia1 & ^! bact]ia h ! p[] ( fix+ or appropriat+ ! free atmosph]ic nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,legumes are nitrog5-ga!r]s1 :]eas mo/ o!r plants secure _! nitrog5 only f decompos+ organic matt]4 ,failure to h ! soil inoculat$ ) ! prop] bact]ia = alfalfa is ! cause = _m failures ) ! crop4 ,9 mo/ in/ances :5 ! plants d n make satisfactory gr[?1 or h a yell[1 dw>f$ appe>ance1 ! tr\ble c be trac$ to ! abs5ce ( ^! bact]ia f ! soil1 & h5ce to a lack ( nodules on ! roots4 ,! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! plant & ! organism is "o ( mutual b5efit4 ,ea* k9d ( legum9\s plant seems to h its *>act]i/ic bact]ium1 :i* gr[s on no o!r plant1 al?\gh ?is "q is n ?or\ghly settl$4 ,f>m]s are becom+ aw>e ( ?is requisite 9 alfalfa culture & usually supply x 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,! old] me?od is to take ! surface soil f an old alfalfa field1 :]e ! plants h gr[n well & :]e nodules are to be f\nd on ! roots1 & to s[ x on ! l& to be se$$ at ! rate ( "o hundr$ or m p\nds p] acre4 ,9 ?is way ! soil becomes inoculat$ ) ! bact]ia1 & z ! "y plants spr+ into gr[? ! bact]ia develop on ! roots4 ,ano!r me?od is to inoculate ! se$ be=e s[+ ) artificial cultures ( ! bact]ia4 ,bo? ( ^! me?ods are usually successful1 & if soil conditions are "r ! *ances = failure are few4 ,alfalfa %\ld be cut :5 x op5s into fl[]4 ,at ?is "t ! /ems & leaves conta9 _! highe/ p]c5tage ( nutri5ts1 ! leaves d n s easily fall (f 9 cur+1 & ! /ems are n s woody4 ,besides ^! reasons1 if cutt+ be delay$ until aft] fl[]+1 ! plant may n spr+ quickly into subsequ5t gr[?4 ,disease does n sp>e ! alfalfa plant4 ,bo? leaves & roots are attack$1 ! leaf spot be+ s]i\s4 ,! p>asitic dodd] is a s]i\s enemy 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxv4 ,,h[ ,,plants ,,live ,,toge!r4#di ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #di ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly ,no4 #f3 ,leaflet #ai1 ,octob]1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,to ! g5]al obs]v]1 plants seem to be di/ribut$ 9 a promiscu\s & haphaz>d way1 )\t law or ord]4 ,?is is because he does n see & consid]4 ,! _w is n[ full ( plants4 ,e plant puts =? its supreme ef=t to multiply its k9d4 ,! result is an int5se /ruggle = an opportunity to live4 ,se$s are scatt]$ 9 pr(usion1 b only ! few c gr[4 ,! _m d n f9d ! prop] conditions4 ,!y fall on /ony gr\nd4 ,9 ,fig4 #bej ?is loss is %[n4 ,! trunk ( an elm tree /&s 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! cov]+ ( ! gr\nd1 except ab\t ! v base ( ! tree1 is a mat ( elm se$l+s4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( !m 9 ! space %[n 9 ! picture1 s _m t !y make a sod-l cov]+ :i* %[s little detail 9 ! photograph4 ,n "o ( ^! ?\s&s w ev] make a tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,a c>pet ( "y elms1 all ( :i* mu/ p]i%4 ,s9ce !re is int5se competition = e foot ( ! e>?'s surface t is capable ( rais+ plants1 x foll[s t e spot w probably h _m k9ds ( plant inhabitants4 ,plants mu/ live toge!r4 ,!y associate2 !y become adapt$ or accu/om$ to ea* o!r4 ,"s c live 9 %ade2 !y ?rive 9 ! =e/1 :]e sun-lov+ plants p]i%4 ,o!rs pref] ! sun1 & !reby live toge!r4 ,!re are plant societies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,a plant society wait+ = ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,weak1 n>r[-leav$ grasses gr[ 9 ! cat-tail =e/4 ,e di/9ct or sep>ate area has its own plant society4 ,!re is "o association = ! h>d-tramp$ doory>d1--knot-we$ & broad-leav$ planta9 ) int]sp]s$ grass & d&elions2 "o = ! f5ce-r[1--bri>s & *oke-*]ries & hid+ we$s2 "o = ! dry op5 field1--wire-grass & mulle9 & scatt]$ docks2 "o = ! slatt]n roadside1--sweet clov]1 ragwe$1 burdock2 "o = ! mead[ swale1--sm>twe$ & pit*=ks2 "o = ! b>ny>d1--rank pigwe$s & sprawl+ b>n-grass2 "o = ! dripp+ rock-cliff1--delicate bluebells & hang+ f]ns & grasses4 ,indef9itely might ^! categories be ext5d$4 ,we all "k ! plant societies1 b we h n consid]$ !m4 ,9 e plant society !re is "o dom9ant note4 ,x is ! individuality ( "o k9d ( plant :i* gr[s mo/ abundantly or ov]tops ! o!rs4 ,c]ta9 plant-=ms come to m9d :5 "o ?9ks ( will[s1 o!rs :5 he ?9ks ( an apple or*>d1 /ill o!rs :5 he ?9ks ( a bee* =e/4 ,! f>m] may associate pussly ) cabbages & beets1 b n ) :eat & oats4 ,he associates cockle ) :eat1 b n ) oats or corn4 ,we all associate d&elions ) grassy areas1 b n ) burdock or =e/s4 ,x is impossible to op5 "o's eyes out-(-doors1 outside ! pav$ /reets ( cities1 )\t see+ a plant society4 ,a lawn is a plant society4 ,x may conta9 only grass1 or x may conta9 we$s hidd5 away 9 ! sw>d4 ,:at we$s rema9 9 ! lawn8 ,only ^? :i* c )/& ! m[+4 ,:at are !y8 ,let a bit ( lawn gr[ z x w = a mon?1 & see :at !re is 9 x4 ,a swale1 a dry hillside1 a =e/ ( bee*1 a =e/ ( oak1 a =e/ ( hemlock or p9e1 a we$y y>d1 a tangl$ f5ce-r[1 a brook-side1 a deep quiet swamp1 a lake %ore1 a railroad1 a riv] bank1 a mead[1 a pa/ure1 a du/y roadway1--ea* has its *>act]i/ic plants4 ,ev5 9 ! w9t]1 "o may see ^! societies1--! tall plants /ill ass]t+ !mselves1 o!rs ( less aspir+ /ature1 & o!rs snuggl+ j "u ! sn[ 7,fig4 #bea74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,! wild grape cov]s ! treetop1 & ! *ildr5 play 9 ! b[]4 ,! grape is se>*+ = light4 ,(t5 ^! societies are 9 ! nature ( ov]gr[? & und]gr[?--"o society liv+ b5ea? ano!r4 ,( su* are =e/ societies4 ,few woods are s d>k t "s plants d n gr[ on ! gr\nd1 unless !y are ev]gre5 or conif]\s woods4 ,ev5 9 humbl] communities1 ! ov]gr[? & und]gr[? are usually app>5t if "o looks closely4 ,sep>ate ! cat-tails 9 ! d5se swamp & see ! weak & n>r[-leav$ grasses gr[+ betwe5 7,fig4 #beb74 ,note ! clov]1 "y grasses1 & o!r plants betwe5 ! grass 9 ! mead[3 ! f>m] says t 8 mead[ has good bottom4 ,"s plants ev5 gr[ on top ( o!r plants4 ,x is _! way ( gett+ light4 ,( su* are ! climb]s4 ,note ! mantle :i* ! wild grape ?r[s ov] ! trees 7,fig4 #bec74 ,(t5 ! support+ tree is smo!r$ & kill$4 ,:5 an area is newly cle>$1 _m plants ru% = x4 ,quickly x is cov]$ ) ambiti\s gr[?s1--pokewe$s1 firewe$s1 ?i/les1 bri>s1 nettles4 ,(t5 ea* plant occupies l>ge places alone1 mak+ clumps or pat*es4 ,^! pat*es are plant colonies1--made up mo/ly ( "o species or k9d 7,fig4 #bed74 ,b z ! /ruggle tight5s1 o!r plants ins9uate !mselves into ! colony & x is brok5 up2 a mix$ population results4 ,sometimes ^! colonies are brok5 up by ! %ade ( trees & tall bu%es :i* h come up ne> !m1 = all neglect$ areas1 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 t5d to return to =e/ if !y are n m[n1 pa/ur$ or burn$4 ,m[n & pa/ur$ areas run into grass1 = ! grass )/&s ! cutt+ & graz+4 ,9 burn$ areas ! /ruggle beg9s anew :5 ! fire has pass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,a colony ( clotbur4 ,plant societies are easy to /udy = ! s*ool4 ,! /udy ( !m appeals to ! desire = exploration & adv5ture1 & adds ze/ to ! excursion4 ,g to a swale1 swamp1 roadside1 =e/1 we$y field1 or o!r place1 & ask ! pupil to note3 7#a7 t ! flora ( ! place is unlike t ( places ) diff]5t physical features2 7#b7 t ^! p>ticul> plants gr[ toge!r because !y c all survive "u simil> conditions2 7#c7 :at ^! conditions are1--:e!r sun1 %ade1 dry soil1 wet soil1 s&1 clay1 rock2 7#d7 :at p>ticul> plant is mo/ abundant or gives "* to ! society4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,two plant societies1--! close-bitt5 sw>d & ! ru%y pond4 ,/udy "o society ?or\ghly4 ,make li/s ( ! k9ds ( plants & ( ! relative numb]s ( ea*4 ,if ! names ( ! plants are n kn[n1 call !m by numb]s2 make dri$ specim5s ( !m = ref]5ce4 ,:5 ano!r society is visit$1 repeat ^! obs]vations1 & comp>e "o society ) ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,! edge ( ! road4 ,trees & bu%es cr[d ! drive-way1 & a ribbon ( grass & we$s has pu%$ itself to ! v m>g94 ,ask e plant :y x gr[s !re4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxvi4 ,,plant+ ,a ,,plant4#ej ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #ej ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #h3 ,leaflet #ba1 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,mo/ p]sons are int]e/$ 9 plants1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n "k x4 ,!y enjoy ! gre5 v]dure1 ! brilliant fl[]1 ! graceful =m4 ,!y are int]e/$ 9 plants 9 g5]al4 ,i wi% t e p]son 7 int]e/$ 9 "s plant 9 p>ticul>4 ,!re is a pleasure 9 ! companion%ip1 m]ely because ! plant is a liv+ & a gr[+ ?+4 ,x expresses p[]1 vitality4 ,x is a complete1 self-suffici5t organism4 ,x makes its way 9 ! _w4 ,x is alive4 ,! companion%ip ) a plant1 z ) a bird or an insect1 means m ?an ! feel+ = ! plant itself4 ,x means t ! p]son has int]e/ 9 some?+ real & g5u9e4 ,x takes him out-(-doors4 ,x invites him to ! field4 ,x is sugge/ive4 ,x inculcates a habit ( m$itation & reflection4 ,x enables "o to discov] himself4 ,i wi% t e *ild 9 ,new ,york ,/ate _h a plant ( 8 own1 & 7 atta*$ to x4 ,:y _c ! tea*] sugge/ ?is idea to ! pupils8 ,x may be en\gh to h only "o plant ! fir/ ye>1 p>ticul>ly if ! pupil is "y4 ,x matt]s little :at ! plant is4 ,! important ?+ is t x %all be alive4 ,e plant is int]e/+ 9 its way4 ,a good pigwe$ is mu* m satisfactory ?an a poor rosebu%4 ,! pupil %\ld gr[ ! plant f ! beg9n+4 ,he %\ld n buy x ready gr[n1 = !n x is n 81 ev5 ?\gh he own x4 ,x is well to beg9 ) "s plant t gr[s quickly & matures e>ly4 ,"o is ambiti\s 9 spr+1 b 8 en?usiasm may )] & die 9 ! burn+ days ( summ]4 ,if possible1 gr[ ! plant 9 ! free op5 gr\nd2 if ?is is n feasible1 gr[ x 9 a pot or box or t9 c4 ,take advantage ( ! e>ly spr+ en?usiasm4 ,*oose h>dy & vigor\s plants3 s[ ! se$s :5 ! _s moves4 ,if a pupil is int]e/$ 9 kit*5-g>d5 vegetables1 recomm5d lettuce & radi%1 or a potato4 ,if 9 fl[]s1 sugge/ sweet pea1 ba*elor's button or blue-bottle1 annual phlox1 c&ytuft1 ,*9a a/]4 ,if 9 fruits1 sugge/ /rawb]ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we desire to inaugurate a g5]al movem5t = ! plant+ ( plants4 ,! s*ool gr\nd %\ld be plant$4 ,private y>ds %\ld be plant$4 ,roadsides %\ld be plant$4 ,9 "s cities & villages !re are committees or o!r organizations ^: object x is to enc\rage ! plant+ ( public & private places4 ,sometimes ?is organization is connect$ ) ! s*ool int]e/1 sometimes ) a local horticultural or agricultural society1 sometimes ) a bus9ess m5's organization4 ,!re %\ld be su* a committee 9 e village & t[n4 ,we wi% t ! tea*]s might help 9 ?is "w1 = !y w\ld n only be l5d+ _! aid to plant+1 b also be int]e/+ _! pupils 9 "s concrete & useful "w1 & tea*+ !m ! value ( public _s4 ,arbor ,day %\ld be m ?an a m]e c]emonial4 ,x %\ld be a means ( awak5+ int]e/ 9 def9ite plans = ! adornm5t ( ! neighborhood & ( direct+ ! att5tion ( ! *ildr5 nature-w>d4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxvii4 ,,cutt+s ,,& ,,cutt+s4#ea ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #ea ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly ,no4 #c3 ,leaflet #af1 ,janu>y1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration ,p]haps no subject connect$ ) ! gr[+ ( plants awak5s s mu* popul> wond] & inquiry z _! propagation by means ( cutt+s & grafts4 ,we assume t propagation by means ( se$s is ! natural way1 & !re=e d n wond]1 not)/&+ t x is wond]ful4 ,we assume t propagation by cutt+s is :olly unnatural1 & !re=e nev] cease to wond]1 not)/&+ t ?is is less wond]ful ?an ! o!r4 ,to common m9ds1 common ?+s are n wond]ful4 ,m]e commonplace famili>ity takes away ! *>m1 = su* m9ds h no desire ( inquiry4 ,! well tra9$ m9d goes b5ea? ! surface1 & wond]s at ev]y?+2 & ?is wond]1 gr[n old & wise1 is ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,a plant does n h a def9ite numb] ( p>ts1 z an animal does4 ,x may h t5 bran*es or fifty4 ,ea* ( ^! bran*es may d :at e o!r bran* does--produce leaves1 fl[]s1 fruits1 se$s4 ,x is n s ) ! high] animals1 = 9 !m ea* "p may d some?+ :i* "s o!r "p _c d3 if ! "p is a leg1 x runs2 if an e>1 x he>s4 ,ea* "p s]ves ! :ole animal2 & x _c reproduce ! animal4 ,b 9 ! plant1 ea* bran* lives = itself3 x gr[s on ! p>5t /ock2 or1 if x is remov$1 x may gr[ 9 ! soil4 ,& if x gr[ 9 ! soil1 x is reliev$ ( competition ) o!r bran*es & gr[s bigg]3 x makes :at we call a plant4 ,hav+ ?us bewild]$ my read]1 ,i may say t a bit ( a plant /uck into ! gr\nd /&s a *ance ( gr[+2 & ?is bit is a cutt+4 ,plants h pref]5ces1 h[ev]1 z to ! k9d ( bit :i* %all be us$2 b !re is no way ( tell+ :at ?is pref]5ce is except by try+4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is pref]5ce has n be5 discov]$1 & we may say t ! plant _c be propagat$ by cutt+s4 ,mo/ plants pref] t ! cutt+s be made ( ! s(t or gr[+ wood1 ( :i* ! slips ( g]aniums & coleus are examples4 ,o!rs gr[ equally well f cutt+s ( ! h>d or mature wood1 z currants & grapes2 & 9 "s in/ances ?is mature wood may be ( roots1 z 9 ! blackb]ry4 ,some:at diff]5t pr9ciples und]lie ! h&l+ ( ^! two k9ds ( cutt+s2 & ^! pr9ciples we may n[ consid]4 ,we %all f9d x excell5t practice to set ! pupils to mak+ cutt+s n[ & !n4 ,if we c d no?+ m1 we c make cutt+s ( potatoes1 z ! f>m] does2 & we c plant !m 9 a box 9 ! w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,g]anium cutt+4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,,! ,,s(twood ,,cutt+4 ,! s(twood cutt+ is made f tissue :i* is /ill gr[+1 or at lea/ f t :i* is n dormant4 ,x mu/ n be all[$ to wilt4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be protect$ f direct sunlight & dry air until x is well e/abli%$2 & if x has _m leaves1 "s ( !m %\ld be remov$1 or at lea/ cut 9 two 9 ord] to r$uce ! evaporat+ surface4 ,keep ! soil uni=mly moi/2 & avoid soils :i* conta9 mu* decay+ organic matt]1 = ^! soils are bre$+ places ( fungi :i* attack ! s(t cutt+ & cause x to damp (f4 ,= mo/ plants1 ! prop] age ( maturity ( wood = ! mak+ ( cutt+s may be det]m9$ by giv+ ! twig a quick b5d2 if x snaps & hangs by ! b>k1 x is 9 prop] condition2 if x b5ds )\t break+ x is too "y & s(t or too old2 if x spl9t]s1 x is too old & woody4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,c>nation cutt+4 ,natural size4 ,! tips ( /rong upright %oots usually make ! be/ cutt+s4 ,pref]ably ea* cutt+ %\ld h a jo9t or node ne> its base2 & if ! int]nodes are %ort1 x may comprise two or ?ree jo9ts4 ,all[ "o to ?ree leaves to rema9 at ! top4 ,if ^! leaves are l>ge1 cut !m 9 two4 ,ins]t ! cutt+ half or m its l5g? 9 clean s& or gravel4 ,press ! e>? firmly ab\t x4 ,?r[ a newspap] ov] ! b$ to exclude ! light--if ! sun /rikes x--& to prev5t too rapid evaporation4 ,see t ! soil is moi/ cle> ?r\gh1 n on top only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,rose cutt+4 ,m ?an "o-half natural size4 ,mason's s& is good e>? 9 :i* to />t cutt+s4 ,or f9e gravel--sift$ ( mo/ ( its e>?y matt]--may be us$4 ,if ! cutt+s are to be gr[n 9 a w9d[1 put ?ree or f\r in*es ( ! e>? 9 a %all[ box or a pan4 ,a soap box cut 9 two l5g?wise1 s t x makes a box f\r or five in*es deep--l a g>d5]'s flat--is excell5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,cutt+-b$1 %[+ c>nations & roses4 ,if ! box does n receive direct sunlight1 x may be cov]$ ) a pane ( glass to prev5t evaporation2 & !n ! *ildr5 may see ! plants m readily4 ,b take c>e t ! air is n kept too close1 else ! damp+-(f fungi may attack ! cutt+s & !y w rot at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,see t ! pane is rais$ a little at "o end to af=d v5tilation2 & if wat] collects 9 drops on ! "u side ( ! glass1 remove ! pane = a "t4 ,cutt+s ( common plants1 z g]anium1 coleus1 fu*sia1 c>nation1 %\ld be kept 9 a liv+-room temp]ature4 ,! pictures are bett] ?an words4 ,! l9e across !m %[s :]e ! soil comes4 ,!re are s(twood cutt+s ( ! g]anium 7,fig4 #beg71 ! c>nation 7,fig4 #beh71 & ! rose 7,fig4 #bei72 & !re is a g>d5]'s cutt+ b$ 7,fig4 #bfj7 ) cutt+s ( c>nations & roses4 ,be pati5t4 ,z long z ! cutt+s look bright & gre51 !y are safe4 ,x may be a mon? be=e roots =m4 ,:5 roots h =m$1 ! plants w beg9 to make new leaves at ! tip4 ,!n !y may be transplant$ into o!r boxes or into pots4 ,! v]b5a 9 ,fig4 #bfa is j ready = transplant+4 ,ea* *ild w want a plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,v]b5a cutt+ ready = transplant+4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,x is n always easy to f9d gr[+ %oots f :i* to make ! cutt+s4 ,! be/ practice is to cut back "s old plant sev]ely1 !n keep x w>m & well wat]$1 & !reby =ce x to ?r[ out new %oots4 ,! old g]anium plant f ! w9d[ g>d51 or ! "o tak5 up f ! lawn b$1 may be s]v$ ?is way4 ,see ,fig4 #bfb4 ,?is may seem h>d treatm5t1 b t is all ! old plant is good =2 x has pass$ its usefulness = bloom4 ,! be/ plants ( ! g]anium & ! coleus & _m w9d[ plants are ^? :i* are n m ?an "o ye> old4 ,! cutt+s t are made 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 or ,m>* w give compact bloom+ plants = ! next w9t]2 & !reaft] new ones take _! place4 ,"s plants may be propagat$ by means ( cutt+s ( leaves4 ,! ,rex begonias or beef/eak g]aniums are ! commone/ examples4 ,! l>ge1 ne>ly mature leaf is divid$ into triangul> pieces1 ea* piece conta9+ at its po9t a bit ( ! leaf-base 7top ( ! leaf-/alk74 ,?is k9d ( cutt+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,?is base is sometimes split 7z at o7 by g>d5]s to ha/5 ! =mation ( roots4 ,only ! tip ( ! cutt+ is /uck into ! s&2 o!rwise x is treat$ l o!r s(twood cutt+s4 ,,! ,,h>dwood ,,cutt+4 ,_m plants gr[ readily f cutt+s ( ripe or dormant wood4 ,! will[s ca/ _! bran*lets 9 sn[ & w9d1 & ^!1 fall+ 9 pleasant places propagate _! k9d2 & ?us ! riv] sides & ! lake %ores become will[-cr[n$4 ,grapes1 currants1 gooseb]ries1 popl>s readily take root f ! h>dwood4 ,fig4 #bfd %[s a currant cutt+4 ,x has only "o bud above ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,old g]anium plant cut back to make x ?r[ out %oots f :i* cutt+s c be made4 ,! be/ results are atta9$ :5 ! cutt+s are made 9 ! fall1 & !n buri$ until spr+ 9 s& 9 ! cell>4 ,!y are n idle :ile !y re/4 ,! l[] end calluses or heals1 & ! roots =m m readily :5 ! cutt+ is plant$ 9 ! spr+4 ,b if ! *ildr5 are int]e/$1 take cutt+s at any "t 9 w9t]1 plant !m 9 a deep box 9 ! w9d[1 & wat*4 ,!y w ne$ no %ad+ or special c>e4 ,:5 plants ( any v>iety are sc>ce1 ! cutt+s may be %ort]4 ,sometimes !y are r$uc$ to a s+le eye or bud1 ) an in* or two ( wood atta*$2 & ^! s+le-eye cutt+s are plant$ mu* z "o plants se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,begonia leaf cutt+4 ,natural size4 ,,! ,,graft4 ,if ! cutt+ 7 plant$ 9 a plant r ?an 9 ! soil1 we %\ld h a graft2 & ! graft might gr[4 ,9 ?is case1 ! cutt+ w\ld n make roots1 b x w\ld gr[ fa/ to ! o!r plant1 & ! twa9 w\ld become "o4 ,:5 ! cutt+ is ins]t$ 9 a plant x is no long] call$ a cutt+1 b a cion2 & ! plant 9 :i* x is ins]t$ is call$ ! /ock4 ,! complet$ ?+--! cion gr[+ 9 ! /ock--is a graft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,currant cutt+4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,plants are p>ticul> z to _! companions1 :5 x comes to su* close relation%ips z ^!4 ,!y *oose ! /ocks ^u :i* !y w gr[2 b we c f9d out :at _! *oice is only by mak+ ! exp]im5t4 ,!re are que] ?+s ab\t x4 ,! pe> gr[s well on ! qu9ce1 b ! qu9ce does n gr[ s well on ! pe>4 ,! pe> gr[s on "s ( ! haw?orns1 b x is an unwill+ subject on ! apple4 ,tomato plants w gr[ on potato plants & potato plants on tomato plants4 ,:5 ! potato is ! root1 bo? tomatoes & potatoes may be produc$2 :5 ! tomato is ! root1 nei!r potatoes nor tomatoes w be produc$4 ,*e/nuts are said to gr[ on "s k9ds ( oaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,cion = cleft-graft+4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,:y d we graft8 ,?9k a bit4 ,if ,i s[ se$s ( a ,baldw9 apple1 ,i %all probably h z _m k9ds ( apples z ,i h trees4 ,"s ( ^! apples may be l ! ,baldw91 & !y may n4 ,t is1 apple se$s d n reproduce ! p>ticul> v>iety4 ,!y w n be held to any /rict] acc\nt ?an m]ely to produce apples2 ^! apples may range all ! way f too?some k9ds to ,b5 ,davis4 ,! nurs]yman kn[s ?is1 & he does n wait = ! trees to be> 9 ! hope t !y w produce some?+ to 8 lik+4 ,s he grafts !m :5 !y /ill are "y1--takes a cion f ! k9d :i* he wi%es to p]petuate4 ,s x happ5s t all ! ,baldw9s & ! ,k+s & ! ,russets1 & all o!r nam$ v>ieties1 are gr[+ on ali5 roots2 & :at k9ds ( fruits ^! /ocks w\ld h produc$ no "o w ev] "k1 because _! heads 7 cut (f 9 y\? & o!r heads 7 put on to ord]4 ,9 ?is way apples & pe>s & plums & pea*es & *]ries & apricots are propagat$1 = !y w n gr[ readily f cutt+s4 ,b raspb]ries & blackb]ries & gooseb]ries & currants & grapes gr[ will+ly f cutt+s1 & !y are n graft$ by ! nurs]yman4 ,! =m+1 gr[+ tissue ( ! trunk is ! cambium1 ly+ on ! outside ( ! woody cyl9d]1 b5ea? ! b>k4 ,9 ord] t union may take place1 ! cambium ( ! cion & ! /ock mu/ come toge!r4 ,!re=e1 ! cion is set 9 ! side ( ! /ock4 ,i once knew a man :o believ$ t ev]y?+ 0 design$ = "s useful purpose4 ,! hole 9 ! pi? bo!r$ him1 until he discov]$ t a cion j fill$ x4 ,he graft$ 8 trees accord+ly2 b ! exp]im5t 0 productive ( no?+ except pi?y rem>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,cleft-graft4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,!re are _m ways ( %ap+ ! cion & ( prep>+ ! /ock to receive x4 ,^! ways are dictat$ l>gely by ! relative sizes ( cion & /ock1 al?\gh _m ( !m are matt]s ( m]e p]sonal pref]5ce4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciples are two3 see t !re is close contact betwe5 ! cambiums ( cion & /ock2 cov] ! w\nd$ surfaces to prev5t evaporation & to protect ! p>ts f disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,! graft wax$4 ,on l>ge /ocks ! common =m ( graft+ is ! cleft-graft4 ,! /ock is cut (f & split2 & 9 "o or bo? sides a w$ge-%ap$ cion is firmly ins]t$4 ,fig4 #bfe %[s ! cion2 ,fig4 #bff1 ! cions set 9 ! /ock2 ,fig4 #bfg1 ! /ock wax$4 ,x w be se5 t ! l[] bud--t ly+ 9 ! w$ge--is cov]$ by ! wax2 b be+ ne>e/ ! food supply & lea/ expos$ to wea!r1 x is ! mo/ likely to gr[3 x pu%es ?r\gh ! wax4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,%ield-budd+4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,! wax is made ( beeswax1 res91 & tall[4 ,! h&s are greas$1 & ! wax is !n work$ until x is s(t en\gh to spread4 ,= ! little graft+ :i* any s*ool w\ld d1 x is bett] to buy ! wax ( a se$sman4 ,h[ev]1 graft+ is h>dly to be recomm5d$ z a g5]al s*ool div]sion1 z ! mak+ ( cutt+s is2 & ?is acc\nt ( x is ins]t$ *iefly to satisfy ! g5]al curiosity on ! subject4 ,b we hope t n[ & !n a y\ng/] w make ! ef=t = himself1 = no?+ is m excit+ ?an to make a graft gr[ all by "o's self4 ,cleft-graft+ is done 9 spr+1 z gr[? beg9s4 ,! cions are cut previ\sly1 :5 p]fectly dormant1 & f ! tree :i* x is desir$ to propagate4 ,! cions are kept 9 s& or moss 9 ! cell>4 ,limbs ( v>i\s sizes may be cleft-graft$--f "o-half in* up to f\r in*es 9 diamet]2 b a diamet] ( "o in* is ! mo/ conv5i5t size4 ,all ! lead+ or ma9 bran*es ( a tree top may be graft$4 ,if ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! top are gradually cut away & ! scions gr[ well1 ! entire top w be *ang$ ov] to ! new v>iety 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,ea* cion may be a diff]5t v>iety2 b !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! op]ation or ! treatm5t ( ! tree4 ,on "y or small /ocks1 l nurs]y trees1 ! cleft-graft is n practicable1 & a diff]5t =m ( graft+ is employ$2 b ! tea*] w n c>e to be confus$ ) fur!r details4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,! bud set 9 ! matrix4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,we h se5 t a cutt+ may be r$uc$ to a s+le bud2 s may a cion4 ,if ! bud-cion has v little or no wood atta*$1 & is ins]t$ und]nea? ! b>k1 ! op]ation is kn[n z budd+4 ,! commone/ =m ( budd+ is %[n 9 ,figs4 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,?is is ! me?od kn[n z %ield-budd+1 because ! bud1 ) its atta*$ b>k1 is %ield-%ap$ 7,fig4 #bfh74 ,a ,t-%ape incision is made 9 ! /ock1 & "u ! b>k ! bud is ins]t$ 7,fig4 #bfi72 !n ! w\nd is tightly b\nd ) s(t cord or ba/ 7,fig4 #bgj74 ,budd+ may be p]=m$ :5ev] ! b>k w slip & :5 well gr[n buds c be secur$1--t is1 ei!r 9 spr+ or late summ]4 ,x is usually p]=m$ at ! latt] season2 & !n ! bud does n ?r[ out a %oot ! same season1 b m]ely gr[s fa/ to ! /ock4 ,! next spr+ x ?r[s out a %oot & makes a trunk2 & 9 ! meantime ! /ock has be5 cut (f j above ! bud4 ,t is1 ! bud-%oot takes ! place ( ! top ( ! /ock4 ,%ield-budd+ is p]=m$ only on small & "y /ocks4 ,x is usually exclusively employ$ 9 ! propagation ( /one fruits1 z *]ries1 pea*es1 plums1 apricots1 = exp]i5ce has prov$ t x is pref]able to o!r =ms ( graft+4 ,x may also be employ$ = o!r fruit trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,! bud ti$4 ,h[ is a pea* tree made8 ,9 #ahih a pit or se$ is sav$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahii x is plant$4 ,! "y tree comes up quickly4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahii1 ! little /ock has "o bud--( ! desir$ v>iety--ins]t$ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijj ! /ock is sev]$ j above ! bud3 ! bud ?r[s out a %oot :i* gr[s to a height ( f\r or six feet2 & 9 ! fall ( #aijj ! tree is sold4 ,x is kn[n z a ye>-old tree2 b ! root is two ye>s old4 ,h[ is an apple tree made8 ,! se$ is sav$ 9 #ahih1 plant$ 9 #ahii4 ,! se$l+s d n gr[ s rapidly z ^? ( ! pea*4 ,at ! end ( #ahii !y are tak5 up & sort$2 & 9 ! spr+ ( #aijj !y are plant$4 ,9 ,july or ,augu/1 #aijj1 !y are budd$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aija ! /ock is cut (f above ! bud2 & ! bud-%oot gr[s ?ree or f\r feet4 ,9 #aijb ! %oot bran*es1 or ! top beg9s to =m2 & 9 ! fall ( #aijb ! tree may be sold z a two-ye>-old1 al?\gh mo/ p]sons pref] to buy x 9 #aijc z a ?ree-ye>-old4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! we/1 ! little se$l+ is graft$ 9 ! w9t] ( #ahii-aijj 9 a graft+-room2 & ! "y grafts are set 9 ! nurs]y r[ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijj1 to complete _! gr[?4 ,i h n[ giv5 my read] an elem5t>y lesson 9 horticulture2 b ,i %all consid] x ( little avail if x is n trans=m$ into practice = ! *ildr54 ,febru>y is ! g>d5]'s "t = ! />t+ ( 8 cutt+-b$s1 9 :i* to gr[ plants = ! summ] bloom4 ,ask ! *ildr5 to br+ ! old g]aniums & fu*sias & coleus1 & o!r favorites4 ,keep !m 9 a w>m w9d[2 cut !m back2 see t !y are well wat]$2 !n take ! cutt+s :5 ! "t comes4 ,! *ildr5 w be int]e/$ to wat* ! =tunes ( ! diff]5t cutt+s4 ,!y w be int]e/$ 9 ,v]gil's c\plet1 z set to rhyme 9 old-fa%ion$ ,engli%3 ,"s ne$ no root1 nor do? ! ,g>dn] d\bt1 ,t ,sprigs ?\gh headlong set1 w timely spr\t4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxviii4 ,a ,,*ildr5',s ,,g>d54#eb ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #eb ,tea*]s' ,leaflet ,no4 #d1 ,april1 #ahig4 ,illu/ration ,we want e s*ool *ild 9 ! ,/ate to gr[ a few plants4 ,we want e "o ( !m to le>n some?+ ( :y & h[ plants gr[2 & ! be/ & sure/ way to le>n is to gr[ ! plants & to wat* !m c>efully4 ,we want ev]yone to become int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ t lives & gr[s4 ,x does n matt] s v mu* j :at k9ds ( plants "o gr[s z x does t he gr[s some?+ & gr[s x ! be/ t he kn[s h[4 ,we want ! *ildr5 to gr[ ^! plants = ! love ( x1--t is1 = ! fun ( x1--h5ce we propose t !y gr[ fl[]s2 = :5 "o gr[s pumpk9s & potatoes1 & su* ?+s1 he is usually ?9k+ ( h[ mu* money he is go+ to make at ! end ( ! season4 ,yet1 we %\ld l "s rivalry 9 ! matt] 9 e s*ool1 & we !re=e propose t a k9d ( a fair be held at ! s*ool-h\se next ,septemb]1 soon aft] s*ool beg9s1 s t ea* *ild may %[ ! fl[]s :i* he has gr[n4 ,:at a jolly "t t w be6 ,n[1 we mu/ n try to gr[ too _m ?+s or to d too mu*4 ,!re=e1 we propose t y gr[ sweet peas & ,*9a a/]s4 ,!y are bo? easy to gr[1 & ! se$s are *eap4 ,ea* "o has _m colors1 & ev]ybody likes !m4 ,n[ let u tell y j h[ we %\ld gr[ !m4 #a4 ,! place4--,nev] put !m--or any o!r fl[]s--9 ! middle ( ! lawn1--t is1 out 9 ! c5t] ( ! y>d4 ,!y d n look well !re1 & ! grass roots run "u !m & /eal ! food & ! moi/ure4 ,i am sure t y w\ld n l to see a picture hung up on a f5ce-po/4 ,x has no backgr\nd1 & x looks out ( place4 ,! picture does n mean any?+ :5 hung 9 su* a spot4 ,9 ! same way1 a fl[] b$ does n mean any?+ :5 set out 9 ! c5t] ( a lawn4 ,we mu/ h a backgr\nd = x1 if possible1--a wall ^u :i* to hang x4 ,s we w put ! fl[] b$ j 9 front ( "s bu%es or ne> ! back f5ce1 or alongside ! smoke-h\se1 or along ! walk at ! side ( ! h\se1 or 9 ! back y>d4 ,! fl[]s w n only look bett] 9 su* places1 b x w n matt] s mu* if we make a failure ( our fl[] b$2 !re are always risks to run1 = ! old h5 may scrat* up ! se$s1 ! c[ may break into ! y>d "s summ] night1 or "s bug may eat ! plants up4 ,p]haps "s ( ! *ildr5 may live s ne> to ! s*ool-h\se t !y c gr[ _! plants ^u ! s*ool gr\nds1 & s h sweet peas & a/]s :]e !re are usually docks & sm>twe$s4 ,gr[ !m alongside ! f5ce1 or aga9/ ! s*ool-h\se if !re is a place :]e ! eaves w n drip on !m4 #b4 ,h[ to make ! b$4--,spade ! gr\nd up deep4 ,take out all ! roots ( docks & ?i/les & o!r we$s4 ,%ake ! dirt all out ( ! sods & ?r[ ! grass away4 ,y may ne$ a little manure 9 ! soil1 especially if ! l& is ei!r v h>d or v loose & s&y4 ,b ! manure mu/ be v f9e & well mix$ into ! soil4 ,x is easy1 h[ev]1 to make sweet pea soil s ri* t ! plants w run to v9e & n bloom well4 ,make ! b$ long & n>r[1 b n n>r[] ?an ?ree feet4 ,if x is n>r[] ?an ?is ! grass roots w be likely to run "u x & suck up ! moi/ure4 ,if ! b$ c be got at on bo? sides x may be z wide z five feet4 ,s[ ! se$s 9 little r[s crosswise ! b$4 ,! plants c !n be we$$ & ho$ easily f ei!r side4 ,if ! r[s are m>k$ by little /icks1 or if a /rong m>k is left 9 ! e>?1 y c break ! cru/ betwe5 ! r[s 7) a rake7 be=e ! plants are up4 ,! r[s ought to be f\r or five in*es fur!r ap>t ?an ! wid? ( a n>r[ rake4 #c4 ,h[ to wat] ! plants4--,i wond] if y h a wat]+-pot8 ,if y h1 put x :]e y _c f9d x2 = we are go+ to wat] ?is g>d5 ) a rake6 ,we want y to le>n1 9 ?is little g>d51 ! fir/ great lesson 9 f>m+1--h[ to save ! wat] 9 ! soil4 ,if y le>n t mu* ?is summ]1 y w "k m ?an _m old f>m]s d4 ,y "k t ! soil is moi/ 9 ! spr+ :5 y plant ! se$s4 ,:]e does ?is moi/ure g to8 ,x dries up1--goes (f into ! air4 ,if we c\ld cov] up ! soil ) some?+1 we %\ld prev5t ! moi/ure f dry+ up4 ,let u cov] x ) a lay] ( loose1 dry e>?6 ,we w make ?is cov]+ by rak+ ! b$ e few days1--once e week anyway1 & (t5] ?an t if ! top ( ! soil becomes h>d & cru/y1 z x does aft] a ra94 ,in/ead ( p\r+ wat] on ! b$1 !re=e1 we w keep ! moi/ure 9 ! b$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! soil becomes s dry 9 spite ( y t ! plants d n ?rive1 !n wat] ! b$4 ,d n spr9kle x1 b wat] x4 ,wet x cle> ?r\gh at ev5+4 ,!n 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! surface beg9s to get dry1 beg9 ! rak+ aga9 to keep ! wat] f gett+ away4 ,spr9kl+ ! plants e day or two is "o ( ! sure/ ways to spoil !m4 #d4 ,:5 & h[ to s[4--,! sweet peas %\ld be put 9 j z soon z ! gr\nd c be dug1 ev5 be=e fro/s are pass$4 ,yet good results c be _h if ! se$s are put 9 z late z ! #aj? ( ,may4 ,9 ! sweet pea g>d5 at ,cornell la/ ye>1 we s[$ ! se$s on ! #bj? ( ,april4 ,?is 0 ab\t "r4 ,! ye> be=e1 we s[$ !m on ! #cj?4 ,if s[n v e>ly1 !y are likely to bloom bett]1 b !y may be gone be=e ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,! bloom+ c be mu* prolong$ if ! fl[]s are cut z soon z !y beg9 to fade4 ,plant sweet peas deep1--two or ?ree or sometimes ev5 f\r in*es4 ,:5 ! plants are a few in*es high1 pull out a "p ( !m s t !y w n /& ne>] toge!r ?an six in*es 9 ! r[4 ,x is a good plan to s[ sweet peas 9 d\ble r[s1--t is1 put two r[s only five or six in*es ap>t1--& /ick ! bru% or place ! *ick5-wire support betwe5 !m4 ,*9a a/]s may be s[n f ! middle ( ,may to ! fir/ ( ,june4 ,9 "o l>ge te/ at ,cornell1 we s[$ !m ! #d? ( ,june1 & _h good success2 b ?is is r lat] ?an we w\ld advise4 ,! ,*9a a/]s are autumn fl[]s1 & !y %\ld be 9 _! prime 9 ,septemb] & e>ly ,octob]4 ,s[ ! a/] se$ %all[1--n m ?an a half in* deep4 ,! tall k9ds ( a/]s %\ld h at lea/ a foot betwe5 ! plants 9 ! r[1 & ! dw>f k9ds six to eight in*es4 ,sometimes ,*9a a/]s h ru/y or yell[ spots on ! und]sides ( _! leaves4 ,?is is a fung\s disease4 ,if x appe>s1 h y\r fa!r make "s ammoniacal c>bonate ( copp] solution & !n spray !m ) x2 or ,bordeaux mixture w d j z well or bett]1 only t x discolors ! leaves & fl[]s4 #e4 ,:at v>ieties to *oose4--,9 ! fir/ place1 d n plant too mu*4 ,a g>d5 :i* looks v small :5 ! pussy will[s come out & ! frogs beg9 to peep1 is pretty big 9 ! hot days ( ,july4 ,a g>d5 f\r feet wide & tw5ty feet long1 half sweet peas & half a/]s1 is ab\t z big z mo/ boys & girls w take c>e (4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,a clump ( we$s 9 ! corn] by ! h\se1--mo!rwort & ,virg9ia creep]4 ,h[ pretty !y are6 ,9 ! next place1 d n get too _m v>ieties4 ,f\r or five k9ds ea* ( peas & a/]s w be en\gh4 ,buy ! nam$ v>ieties1--t is1 ^? ( kn[n colors1--n ! mix$ packets4 ,if y are v fond ( r$s1 !n *oose ! r$de/ k9ds2 b x is well to put 9 at lea/ ?ree colors4 ,! v>ieties :i* please y may n please me or y\r neighbor1 s t ,i _c advise y :at to get4 ,( ,*9a a/]s1 ! ,comet type--9 v>i\s colors--w probably give ! mo/ satisfaction4 ,!y are mo/ly l>ge-gr[+ k9ds4 ,o!r excell5t k9ds are ! ,p]fection & ,peony-fl[]$1 ,semple or ,bran*+1 ,*rysan!mum-fl[]$1 ,wa%+ton1 ,victoria1 &1 = e>ly1 ,que5 ( ! ,m>ket4 ,odd v>ieties are ,cr[n1 ,g]man ,quill$1 ,victoria ,ne$le1 & ,lilliput4 ,v dw>f k9ds are ,dw>f ,b\quet or ,dw>f ,g]man1 & ,%akespe>e4 ,"o ( ! *ief m]its ( ! ,*9a a/] is ! lat5ess ( bloom1 all[+ ! fl[]s to be us$ 9 ! s*ools aft] !y op5 9 ! fall4 ,an excell5t fl[] = s[+ dur+ ,may is ! common annual ,phlox 7,phlox ,drummondii ( ! catalogues74 ,poppies are also satisfactory1 b ! fl[]s d n la/ long4 ,petunias are excell5t & ,balsams1 ,cl>kias1 ,coreopsis 7or ,calliopsis71 & ,z9nias may be s[n4 ,n[1 let u see h[ _m boys & girls 9 ,new ,york ,/ate w raise sweet peas & ,*9a a/]s ?is ye>6 ,& we %\ld l !m to write u all ab\t x4 ,,leaflet ,,xxxix4 ,a ,,hill ,,( ,,potatoes4#ec ,,by ,i4 ,p4 ,,rob]ts4 #ec ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #g3 ,leaflet #bj1 ,janu>y1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,plant a hill ( potatoes4 ,y c d x 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,plant 9 a box or a fl[]-pot4 ,keep ! box w>m1 & d n let ! soil dry out4 ,plant :ole tub]s & pieces ( tub]s4 ,plant pieces ( v>i\s sizes4 ,plant "s t h no eyes4 ,plant %all[--s t ! tub] is j cov]$ ) soil--& deep4 ,wat* ! results4 ,all plants are abundantly suppli$ ) means = reproduc+ _! k9d3 "s by se$1 "s by multiplication at ! cr[n or base or by roots1 o!rs by means ( und]gr\nd /ems2 & "s1 z ! potato1 h two or m means ( reproduction4 ,9 its wild or p>tially improv$ /ate ! potato is abundantly suppli$ ) fruit1 se$ balls1 borne on ! top ( ! /alks4 ,! se$s ( a s+le ball w (t5 produce _m v>ieties ( potatoes2 b !y _c be dep5d$ ^u to reproduce ! p>5t /ock4 ,f>m]s seldom attempt to raise potatoes f ! se$s2 :5 !y d x is = ! purpose ( secur+ new v>ieties4 ,! common me?od ( reproduction is to plant a "p or all ( an enl>g$ und]gr\nd /em1 t is1 a "p ( ! potato or tub]4 ,:5 ! soil is reasonably por\s & f]tile1 a /rong root may />t at ! se$-piece & desc5d m or less directly into ! subsoil4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! roots spread lat]ally4 ,?is is a good illu/ration ( h[ plants may v>y 9 _! root habits 9 ord] to adapt !mselves to _! environm5t4 ,notice :]e ! roots =m on ! plants y are gr[+4 ,few f>m]s "k :]e !y =m4 ,di/+ui% ! true or fe$+ roots f ! und]gr\nd /ems4 ,det]m9e h[ _m tub]s =m on ea* und]gr\nd /em4 ,dig up a hill ( potatoes f ! g>d5 be=e s*ool closes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,und]gr\nd "p ( potato plant 9 mell[ soil4 ,a s+le eye1 ) a portion ( ! tub] atta*$ to furni% n\ri%m5t to ! bud until su/5ance c be secur$ f newly =m$ rootlets1 may produce "o1 occasionally m1 /rong upright /ems4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ /udy ( manifold reproduction may be made ev5 9 ! w9t] "t by plant+ 9 a f]tile soil a piece ( potato conta9+ a s+le eye 7,fig4 #bgc74 ,z soon z ! rootlets beg9 to />t1 divide ea* eye & piece into two p>ts & re-plant4 ,9 a few days aft] ! rootlets h aga9 />t$1 divide ! two pieces into f\r & re-plant4 ,?is op]ation may be p]=m$ aga9 & aga91 until _m plants suitable = transplant+ 9 ! op5 may be secur$ f a s+le eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,piece ( tub] = plant+1 be>+ a s+le eye4 ,demon/rate t ! potato conta9s />*4 ,?is c be done by apply+ a drop ( dilute iod9e to a fre%ly cut surface ( ! tub]3 ! />* gra9s turn blue-black4 ,five c5ts' wor? ( iod9e pur*as$ at ! drug-/ore w be suffici5t = _m te/s4 ,dilute x ab\t "o-half ) wat]4 ,?is />*1 aft] be+ *ang$ to sug>1 supplies ! "y plant ) n\ri%m5t4 ,dig up ! pieces y h plant$ & see :i* />t fir/1 %oots or roots4 ,! potato is an enl>g$ und]gr\nd /em provid$ ) num]\s buds simil> to ^? on ! /ems ( plants above gr\nd4 ,^! buds are plac$ spirally on ! und]gr\nd /em or tub] ) a consid]able degree ( uni=mity4 ,z on ! /ems ( o!r plants1 ! buds are less num]\s & weak] at ! base & mo/ num]\s & vigor\s at ! top or upp] end4 ,on a smoo? well develop$ long potato1 ! spiral arrangem5t ( ! buds may be illu/rat$ by /ick+ a too?-pick or p9 9 ea* eye1 beg9n+ at ! base or /em end1 & connect+ ! p9s ) a /r+ 7,fig4 #bgd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,h[ to illu/rate ! spiral arrangem5t ( ! eyes4 ,,f>m ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,potato4 ,n[ t we h se5 ! potato gr[+ 9 ! s*ool-room1 "s in=mation may be giv5 respect+ its treatm5t 9 ! field z a crop4 ,potatoes are easily rais$1 ev5 "u adv]se conditions1 al?\gh !y respond quickly to sup]ior f]tility & tillage4 ,! av]age yield 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s 0 #gf4f bu%els an acre1 al?\gh f ?ree to f\r hundr$ bu%els an acre are n uncommon "u sup]ior tillage :5 soil & climate are at _! be/4 ,! area devot$ to potatoes dur+ ! la/ decade 0 two & a half million acres annually4 ,potatoes d be/ on a mod]ately moi/ & deep soil & 9 a climate relatively cool4 ,s9ce ! p]iod ( gr[? is %ort1 v>y+ f ?ree to five mon?s1 !y %\ld be plant$ 9 soil :i* has an abundance ( readily available plant-food4 ,notice 9 ,fig4 #bgb t mo/ ( ! und]gr\nd /ems :i* h produc$ potatoes leave ! ma9 /em ab\t f\r in*es bel[ ! surface & b a %ort di/ance above ! se$-piece4 ,?is sugge/s t ! se$ %\ld be plant$ ab\t f\r in*es deep4 ,to produce ?ree hundr$ bu%els ( potatoes requires ! exhalation ( ov] ?ree hundr$ tons ( wat]3 !re=e wat] or moi/ure is ( q z mu* importance 9 secur+ l>ge yields z plant-food4 ,x is be/ to prep>e ! l& deeply1 to plant deep1 & !n to practice ne>ly or q level culture4 ,! practice ( hill+ up potatoes1 s common 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 is to be disc\rag$1 usually1 because x is wa/eful ( moi/ure & ! tub]s d n gr[ 9 ! coole/ "p ( ! soil4 ,= v e>ly potatoes1 hill+-up may be all[able4 ,till ! soil v (t5 to save ! moi/ure4 ,= ! philosophy ( ?is1 see ,leaflet ,no4 ,,ix4 ,n infrequ5tly ! potato is s]i\sly injur$ by blights :i* attack ! leaves4 ,! e>ly blight1 :i* usually appe>s 9 ,june1 may de/roy "s ( ! foliage1 !reby *eck+ gr[?4 ,! late blight1 :i* also attacks ! foliage1 is f> m s]i\s4 ,x diff]s little 9 outw>d appe>ance f ! e>ly blight4 ,9 r>e cases ! v9es are s s]i\sly injur$ t no potatoes are =m$4 ,! potato rot or blight did great damage to ! potato 9 _m localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahde4 ,9 #ahdf ! blight appe>$ 9 ,irel& & virtually de/roy$ ! entire crop4 ,be=e ?is date ! potato _h become ! *ief food supply ( ! peasantry4 ,! cultivation ( oats z a food crop _h be5 univ]sal be=e ! introduction ( ! potato1 b oats furni%$ s little food on a giv5 area z comp>$ to ! potato t ! cultivation ( !m at ! "t ! blight appe>$ _h be5 v l>gely ab&on$4 ,! loss ( ! potato crop produc$ widespread fam9e4 ,! mo/ cons]vative e/imate ( ! numb]s :o p]i%$ = want ( food or by disease caus$ by a meag] diet ( unheal?y & innutritions food is set d[n at six hundr$ ?\s& dur+ ! two ye>s ( ! potato blight4 ,?is disease 0 n s de/ructive 9 #ahdg z 9 #ahdf2 & by #ahdh x _h virtually disappe>$4 ,"s "o has said t if ,great ,brita9 _h exp5d$ "o doll> = inve/igat+ ! diseases ( potatoes :]e %e _h sp5t a ?\s& doll>s = p]fect+ ! eng9es ( w>1 ! t]rible fam9e might h be5 av]t$4 ,we n[ ?9k x a relatively easy matt] to keep ! blight 9 *eck by ?or\gh spray+ ) ,bordeaux mixture4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,potato ,,has ,,be5 ,,improv$4 ,all plants h _! orig9 9 pre-exi/+ plants4 ,:ile ! "y plant is always simil> to ! "o f :i* x 0 d]iv$1 x is nev] exactly l its p>5t 9 e detail4 ,?is arises f ! fact t all ( ! conditions "u :i* ! p>5t plant & its (fspr+ gr[ are nev] exactly alike4 ,! v>iations or diff]5ces 9 ! plants are usually exce$+ly small 9 a s+le g5]ation2 b occasionally !y are wide1 9 :i* case !y are call$ sports & are usually difficult to p]petuate4 ,if successive g5]ations ( plants are re>$ "u cont9u\sly improv$ conditions1 !re w be a cont9u\s & accumulat+ v>iation f g5]ation to g5]ation1 :i* 9 "t may come to be s great z to make x difficult to discov] a m>k$ simil>ity betwe5 ! wild & ! cultivat$ =ms ( ! same plant4 ,:5 conditions are undi/urb$ by man !re is f\nd to be a fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! h>die/ or ^? be/ suit$ to ! conditions prepond]ate1 & ?is )\t any ref]5ce to ! wants ( mank9d4 ,! f>m] /eps 9 & selects ^? plants :i* give promise ( be+ mo/ useful or mo/ beautiful & !n decreases or elim9ates ! /ruggle = ^! select$ plants1 by de/roy+ ! plants :i* are lea/ desirable1 by f]tiliz+ & till+ ! soil1 by cons]v+ moi/ure1 & by improv+ ! physical conditions ( ! l&1 !reby mak+ x m com=table = ! plants :i* he has *os54 ,! select$ or improv$ plant1 by reason ( be+ m com=table & bett] n\ri%$1 t5ds to v>y 9 "o or m directions f ! wild & unimprov$ types4 ,:5ev] ^! v>iations t5d t[>ds great] productiv5ess1 bett] quality or enhanc$ beauty1 selection is aga9 made ( su* specim5s z give promise ( supply+ ! wants & gratify+ ! desires ( civiliz$ man4 ,! bett]$ conditions ( ! plant1 by reason ( man's ef=t1 d n usually result 9 produc+ l v>iation along all l9es4 ,"o "p ( ! plant z ! fl[]1 ! fruit1 or ! /em1 v>ies m ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,all ?is t5ds to break up a s+le type or /ock into _m v>ieties4 ,!re are hundr$s ( v>ieties ( potatoes all traceable to a s+le wild species4 ,! k9d & quantity ( n\ri%m5t suppli$ plays ! mo/ important "p ( any s+le factor 9 produc+ v>iation4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! cultivat$ potato plant z to leaf1 /em1 root1 & habit ( gr[?1 is virtually ! same z ! wild plant1 v>iation hav+ be5 direct$ & acc5tuat$ along ! l9e ( increas+ ! size & quality ( ! und]gr\nd tub]s4 ,?is habit ( produc+ enorm\sly enl>g$ und]gr\nd /ems has be5 op]at+ s long t ! plant has inh]it$ ! p[] ( transmitt+ ?is acquir$ quality to ! succe$+ plants4 ,! mo/ improv$ v>ieties seldom produce se$ balls1 because gr[? has be5 direct$ s l>gely t[>d enl>g+ & multiply+ ! tub]s4 ,by select+ tub]s ) %all[ buds or eyes & avoid+ ^? ) deep1 sunk5 eyes1 v>ieties h be5 produc$ ) few eyes or buds1 & ^! set n 9 deep ind5tations b ne>ly ev5 ) ! surface ( ! potato4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a s*ool-room subject1 ! potato is n v tractable1 unless we /udy m]ely ! tub]s4 ,if ! s*ool is 9 session 9 summ]1 ! gr[+ plant may be _h4 ,!n x w be f\nd to be an int]e/+ & pr(itable ex]cise to set ! *ildr5 at ! problem ( det]m9+ ! root-sy/em ( ! potato plant4 ,h[ d ! roots look8 ,does ! plant h a tap-root1 or d ! roots spread lat]ally8 ,are ! tub]s borne on roots8 ,or on und]gr\nd /ems8 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,does ! tub] t]m9ate ! bran*8 ,:at relation1 9 position1 d ! tub]-be>+ bran*es be> to o!r p>ts ( ! und]gr\nd sy/em8 ,d y ?9k t ! tub]-be>+ bran*es aid 9 collect+ food f ! soil8 ,! top ( ! plant may be /udi$ 9 ! same _s1--bran*+1 leaves1 fl[]s1 b]ries4 ,if ! gr[+ plant _c be _h1 /udy tub]s4 ,comp>e z to size1 %ape1 color1 "* ( eyes1 :e!r scabby or smoo?4 ,use !m z objects 9 draw+4 ,plant tub]s 9 ! s*ool-room1 9 boxes or fl[] pots4 ,?is ,leaflet w sugge/ "s int]e/+ obs]vations4 ,h[ important is ! potato crop 9 ! ,/ate & nation8 ,! pupil c use 8 ma!matics "h4 ,,leaflet ,,xl4 ,,! ,,hepatica4#ed ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ed ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #cj1 ,m>*1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,z *ildr5 are always especially int]e/$ 9 ! wild fl[]s 9 spr+1 ,i h ?\ght be/ to /udy a few ( ! woodl& blossoms4 ,! wond]ful processes ( plant life are z well %[n 9 ^! z 9 any4 ,! hepatica is among ! fir/ :i* greets u 9 ! spr+1 & we w /udy ?is fir/4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( gett+ acqua9t$ ) a plant3 "o is to g-a-visit+1 & ano!r is to invite ! plant to our own home1 ei!r z gue/ on ! w9d[-sill1 or z a t5ant ( ! g>d54 ,:5 we visit ! hepatica 9 its own haunts x is usually ) ! long+ = spr+ 9 our he>ts t awak5s ) ! fir/ w>m sun%9e & :i* is really "o ( ! subtle/ z well z greate/ *>ms ( liv+ 9 a climate t has a sn[y w9t]4 ,z we ?read our way into ! sodd5 woods1 avoid+ ! /reams & puddles t are little glacial riv]s & lakes f fa/ disappe>+ sn[-drifts /ill heap$ on ! nor? sides ( ?+s1 we look eag]ly = signs ( return+ life4 ,! eye sl[ly diff]5tiates f ! v>i\s %ades ( br[n 9 ! floor ( ! =e/ a bit ( pale blue or p9k purple t at fir/ seems z if x 7 an optical delusion2 b z we look aga9 to make sure1 lo6 x is ! hepatica4 ,!re x is1 ris+ f its mass ( purple br[n leaves1 leaves t are always beautiful 9 %ape & color & sugge/ patt]ns = sculpture l ! acan?us or = ri* tape/ries l ! palm-leaf 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,!re ! brave little fl[] /&s ) its face to ! sun & its back to ! sn[-drift & looks out on a gray br[n _w & nods at x & calls x good4 ,x is :5 ! hepatica is our gue/ t we h a bett] opportunity = /udy+ its =m & features4 ,take up a hepatica root 9 ! fall & pot x & place x 9 a cool cell> until ,m>* #a4 ,!n give x light1 w>m?1 & moi/ure on y\r table & see h[ gladly x w blossom & tell its secrets4 ,or p]haps if we are n suffici5tly =eh&$ to get ! root 9 ! fall we c get x dur+ a ?aw 9 ,m>* :5 we g =ag+ = spr+ feel+s 9 w9t] woods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,hepatica1 h>b+] ( spr+4 ,:5 f9ally a bud has uncuddl$ & lift$ itself into a fl[]1 x w tell u ! /ory ( leaves 9 diff]5t disguises1 & we may be able to notice :e!r ! poll5 rip5s & is all di/ribut$ :5 ! fl[] beg9s to fade & fall4 ,we may note also ! numb] ( se$s & exam9e "o ( !m ) a l5s4 ,x is :at ! botani/s call an ak5e1 :i* simply means j "o se$ ) a tight envelope ab\t x4 ,we h a c>eless habit ( =gett+ all ab\t plants aft] _! blossoms fade unless _! fruits or se$ are good to eat or good to look at4 ,?is is z inconsi/5t z x w\ld be to lose all int]e/ 9 ! f>m be=e ! fields 7 plant$4 ,aft] ! fl[] is gone ! plant mu/ mature its se$s & someh[ mu/ s[ !m4 ,we w /udy ! hepatica ?r\gh ! summ] & autumn1 = we mu/ "k :at is happ5+ to x e mon?4 ,,que/ions ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,hepatica ,,to ,,be ,,answ]$ ,,dur+ ,,m>* ,,& ,,april4 #a4 ,9 :at situations are ! hepaticas f\nd8 #b4 ,h[ does ! hepatica prep>e = ! w9t] & /ore up en]gy = blossom+ e>ly 9 ! spr+8 #c4 ,h[ e>ly d y f9d blossom buds d[n 9 ! c5t] ( ! plant8 ,did y ev] look = ^! buds 9 ! fall8 #d4 ,d ! fl[]s come out ( ! cr[n bud8 #e4 ,are ! leaves t come up late 9 ! spr+ z fuzzy :5 !y fir/ appe> z ^? t come up e>ly8 #f4 ,make out z complete a life-hi/ory ( ! hepatica z y c1--h[ x s[s itself1 :]e x gr[s1 h[ long x lives1 ) :at plant x keeps company4 ,,leaflet ,,xli4 ,,jack-,,9-,,!-,,pulpit4#ee ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ee ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #ca1 ,april1 #aijc4 ,jack-9-!-,pulpit prea*es to-day ,"u ! gre5 trees1 j ov] ! way4 ,squirrel & song sp>r[ high on _! p]* ,he> ! sweet lily bells r++ to *ur*4 ,come1 he> :at 8 rev]5ce rises to say1 ,9 8 l[1 pa9t$ pulpit ?is calm ,sabba? day1 ,fair is ! canopy ov] him se51 ,p5cil$ by nature's h&1 black1 br[n1 & gre54 ,j4 ,g4 ,:itti]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,jack-9-!-,pulpit4 ,illu/ration ,at "o "t or ano!r1 p]haps all ( u are giv5 to ! belief t all fl[]s blossom = our especial enjoym5t4 ,x is h>d to ?9k back = a ?\s& ye>s & imag9e hepaticas bloom+ on our ,new ,york hills2 yet no d\bt1 !y blossom$ !n 9 f> great] numb]s ?an !y d to-day4 ,_m ( our native plants play$ _! "p 9 su/a9+ ! lives ( ! native ,am]icans1 & t little prea*]1 ,jack-9-!-pulpit1 0 a turnip long be=e he 0 a prea*]4 ,indian turnip 0 8 "n 9 ! days ( our ance/ors because ! ,indians boil$ 8 bulb-l root & ! ripe b]ries1 ?us mak+ !m a less pepp]y & a m palatable food4 ,! ,/4 ,ni*olas ,magaz9e 0 = s _m ye>s ! organ ?r\gh :i* ,jack prea*$ s _m s]mons to *ildr5 all ov] our l& t he is ev5 to-day "o ( ! be/ lov$ ( ! woodl& fl[]s4 ,:itti]1 9 8 ,*ild ,life1 & ,lucy ,l>com h bo? celebrat$ ,jack-9-!-pulpit 9 song1 & ^! v]ses %\ld be giv5 to ! *ildr5 :5 !y are /udy+ ! habits ( ?is int]e/+ plant4 ,jack-9-!-pulpit is a wild c\s9 ( ! ov]-civiliz$ calla lily4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy ! way ! fl[]s resemble ea* o!r1 & ?is y & ! *ildr5 w be able to /udy = y\rselves4 ,x w tea* y t ! %[y p>ts ( a blossom may be m]ely a protection1 & an adv]tisem5t = ! true fl[] hidd5 )94 ,,que/ions ,,conc]n+ ,,jack-,,9-,,!-,,pulpit4 #a4 ,:]e d y f9d ?is plant1 9 dry or 9 wet locations8 #b4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! root8 ,is x pleasant to ! ta/e8 #c4 ,h[ d ! leaves look :5 !y fir/ appe> above ! gr\nd8 #d4 ,h[ f> are ! leaves develop$ :5 ! fl[]s appe>8 #e4 ,does ! tip ( ! hood fold ov] at fir/8 #f4 ,d y see a resemblance to ! calla lily :5 y b5d ! tip ( ! hood backw>d8 ,comp>e or contra/ ! two plants4 #g4 ,h[ _m leaves has ,jack-9-!-pulpit8 ,are !y simple or comp\nd8 #h4 ,:at are ! colors ( ! pulpits 9 y\r locality8 ,,leaflet ,,xlii4 ,,indian ,,corn4#ef ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ef ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #cb1 ,may1 #aijc4 ,hail6 ,ha-w5-ni-yu6 ,li/5 ) op5 e>s to ! words ( ?y p4 ,cont9ue to li/54 ,we ?ank our "m e>? :i* su/a9s u4 ,we ?ank ! w9ds :i* h bani%$ disease4 ,we ?ank ,he-no = ra94 ,we ?ank ! moon & />s :i* give u light :5 ! sun has gone to re/4 ,we ?ank ! sun = w>m? & light by day4 ,keep u f evil ways t ! sun may nev] hide 8 face f u = %ame & leave u 9 d>kness4 ,we ?ank !e1 oh1 mighty ,ha-w5-ni-yu t we /ill live4 ,we ?ank !e t ?\ ha/ made our corn to gr[4 ,?\ art our creator & our good rul]1 ?\ can/ d no evil4 ,ev]y?+ ?\ doe/ is = our happ9ess4 ,illu/ration ,?us pray$ ! ,iroquois ,indians :5 ! corn _h rip5$ on ! hills & valleys ( ,new ,york ,/ate long be=e x 0 a /ate1 & ev5 be=e ,columbus _h turn$ 8 ambiti\s pr[s we/w>d 9 que/ ( ! ,indies4 ,_h he f\nd ! ,indies ) _! weal? ( fabrics & spices he w\ld h f\nd !re no?+ s valuable to ! _w z has prov$ ?is gold5 treasure ( rip5$ corn4 ,! orig9 ( ,indian corn1 or maize1 is %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,!re is a plant :i* gr[s on ! tablel&s ( ,mexico :i* is possibly ! orig9al species1 b s long _h maize be5 cultivat$ by ! ,am]ican ,indians t x 0 ?or\ghly dome/icat$ :5 ,am]ica 0 discov]$4 ,9 ^? e>ly days ( ,am]ican colonization x is d\btful1 says ,pr(essor ,john ,fiske1 if our =efa!rs c\ld h rema9$ "h _h x n be5 = ,indian corn4 ,no pl[+ nor ev5 cle>+ 0 necess>y = ! successful rais+ ( ?is gra94 ,! trees 7 girdl$1 ?us kill+ _! tops to let 9 ! sunlight2 ! ri* e>? 0 scrat*$ a little ) a primitive tool & ! se$ put 9 & cov]$2 & ! plants t grew !refrom took c>e ( !mselves4 ,if ! pione]s _h be5 oblig$ to dep5d alone ^u ! :eat & rye ( ,europe :i* w\ld only gr[ ) good tillage !y might h />v$ be=e !y _h ga9$ a foo?old on our =e/-cov]$ %ores4 ,:ile maize has nev] be5 a popul> gra9 9 ,european c\ntries outside ( ! s\!rmo/ p>ts1 yet on ! great cont95ts ( ,africa & ,asia x 0 welcom$ f ! fir/1 & is n[ l>gely gr[n4 ,x has rip5$ = s _m c5turies on ! slopes ( ! ,himalayas t if y 7 to ask "o ( ! natives to-day h[ long x _h gr[n !re he w\ld answ] y always4 ,x is fitt+ t a gra9 :i* is s peculi>ly adapt$ to be ! aid & support ( a great civilization %\ld gr[ ^u a plant ( su* dignity & beauty z is ! maize4 ,! p]fect proportions ( ! sl5d] /alk to ! long gracefully curv+ leaves2 ! plum$ tassels sway+ & b[+ to e breeze & s5d+ _! poll5 %[]s to ! wait+ ske9s ( silk hidd5 bel[2 ! rip5$ e> ) its exact r[s ( %9+ yell[ gra9s wrapp$ 9 silk5 husks2 all ^! make ! corn plant z delightful to ! eye z x is intr9sically important to ! welf>e ( nations4 ,no m wond]ful lesson 9 plant gr[? c we f9d = our /udy ?an ?is lesson ( ! ,indian corn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,p>ts ( corn k]nel4 ,,lesson ,,on ,,indian ,,corn ,,= ,,spr+ ,,& ,,summ]4 ,secure a k]nel ( corn & cut x 9 halves 7,fig4 #bgg7 & ) ! nak$ eye y w be able to see !re ! "y plant press$ close to its /or$ up food1 :i*1 ?\gh l>gely compos$ ( />*1 also has 9 x proteids & oil4 ,y w see t ?is food is dry & ?us _c be us$ by ! "y plant1 = plants1 :e!r "y or old1 mu/ take _! n\ri%m5t 9 a fluid condition4 ,soak ! se$ & see h[ soon ! "y plant passes on ! moi/ure to s(t5 ! food s t x may imbibe x & gr[4 ,fill a tumbl] ) e>? & plant a gra9 ( corn next to ! glass s t y may be able to see h[ x gr[s4 ,,corn ,,/alks1 ,,leaves ,,& ,,roots4 #a4 ,:i* appe>s fir/1 root p>ts or leaf8 #b4 ,h[ does ! leaf look :5 x fir/ comes up8 #c4 ,h[ old is ! corn :5 ! blossom /alks beg9 to %[ above ! leaves8 #d4 ,does ! /alk break m easily at ! jo9ts ?an else:]e8 ,measure ! di/ances betwe5 ! jo9ts 9 a /alk ( "y corn & two weeks lat] measure ^! di/ances aga91 & comp>e y\r figures4 ,f ^! measurem5ts tell :e!r ! plant gr[s only at ! top1 or has x sev]al gr[+ places8 #e4 ,are ! jo9ts ne>] ea* o!r at ! bottom or at ! top8 #f4 ,:]e d ! bases ( ! leaves clasp ! /alks8 #g4 ,tell :y ?is arrangem5t gives /r5g? to ! /alk4 #h4 ,d y see a little gr[? at ! base ( ! leaf t prev5ts ! ra9 f fl[+ d[n betwe5 ! /alk & ! clasp+ leaf8 ,?is is call$ ! ra9-gu>d4 ,h[ might x damage ! plant if ! wat] %\ld get 9 betwe5 ! leaf & /em8 #i4 ,:at is ! /ructure ( ! leaf & direction ( ! ribs8 #aj4 ,h[ does ?is /ructure keep ! long leaf f be+ torn to pieces by ! w9d8 #aa4 ,note ! ruffl$ edge ( ! leaf4 ,lay su* a leaf flat on a table & b5d x ?is way & t1 & note h[ ?is fullness all[s x to b5d )\t break+ ! edges4 ,:at advantage is ?is to ! plant8 #ab4 ,/udy ! roots ( a corn plant4 ,h[ f> d !y ext5d into ! gr\nd8 ,describe !m4 #ac4 ,/udy ! brace roots t come (f ! /alk an in* or m above ! gr\nd4 ,( :at utility are ^! to ! plant8 #ad4 ,b5d d[n a /alk ( gr[+ corn & place a /one on x ne> its base s z to hold x d[n1 & note h[ x acts4 ,does x comm5ce to lift itself up /raight f ! jo9t1 or f a place betwe5 ! jo9ts8 #ae4 ,cut (f ! wat] supply f a plant1 or wat* ! corn dur+ a dr\ght & tell h[ ! leaves behave4 #af4 ,d !y (f] z mu* surface to ! air = evaporation :5 !y are curl$8 ,is ?is ! way ! plant protects itself by reta9+ ?is moi/ure dur+ a dry "t8 #ag4 ,d ! /alks or leaves gr[ aft] ! e>s beg9 to =m8 #ah4 ,d y f9d suck]s gr[+2 if s :at is ! v>iety8 ,,fl[]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( fl[]s on ! corn3 ! tassels be>+ ! poll51 & ! e>s be>+ ! ovules :i* develop into se$s4 ,/udy fir/ ! tassel4 ,obs]ve ! fl[]ets ?r\gh a l5s if y h "o & note t ! poll5 sacs op5 a little at "o side in/ead ( at ! tip s t ! w9d is ne$$ 9 ord] to %ake out ! poll54 ,x is e/imat$ t on ea* corn plant !re may be develop$ eighte5 million poll5 gra9s & two ?\s& ovules4 ,! poll5-tube mu/ p5etrate ! :ole l5g? ( ea* ?read ( corn-silk 9 ord] to rea* ! ovules4 #ai4 ,:at ag5cy c>ries ! poll5 gra9s to ! e>8 #bj4 ,:at w\ld happ5 to a field ( corn if ! f>m] cut (f all ! tassels z soon z !y 7 =m$8 #ba4 ,f9d a tassel be=e x appe>s & /udy x4 ,secure an e> :5 only an in* or two long & /udy x4 ,^! %\ld be /udi$ z fl[] p>ts4 #bb4 ,h[ e>ly c y f9d ! e>8 ,look at e jo9t & tell h[ _m e>s y f9d on a "y /alk4 #bc4 ,9 /udy+ ! e>1 take fir/ ! husk4 ,does x resemble ! leaf 9 /ructure8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! out] & ! inn] husks8 #bd4 ,d y believe t ! husk is a modifi$ leaf2 if s :y8 ,9 ! "y e> does ea* ?read ( silk ext5d out to ! end ( ! e>2 if s :y8 #be4 ,is !re a ?read ( silk = ea* k]nel 9 ! e>8 #bf4 ,/udy corn :5 x is 9 ! milk4 ,is ! ta/e sweet8 #bg4 ,does ?is sweet ta/e cont9ue z ! k]nel matures8 #bh4 ,h[ is ! /alk modifi$ to fit ! e>8 ,,enemies4 ,! corn has _m difficulties to cont5d )3 !re are heavy w9ds1 too mu* or too little ra91 hail1 &1 wor/ ( all1 fro/s :i* n only kill x :5 x is fir/ plant$1 b also hurt x be=e x is matur$4 ,! corn has liv+ enemies also1 su* z wire-worms & cut-worms4 ,our =efa!rs 7 mu* tr\bl$ ) ! mis*ief :i* cr[s did 9 pull+ corn4 ,h[ev]1 _m ( our obs]v+ f>m]s to-day say t only 9 r>e in/ances d ! cr[s injure corn mu*4 ,! "w done by cut-worms is (t5 attribut$ to cr[s4 #bi4 ,please note 9 y\r locality :at difficulties ! corn has to cont5d )4 ,if possible make a special /udy ( ! damage said to be done by cr[s4 ,give ! results4 ,,leaflet ,,xliii4 ,,! ,,rip5$ ,,corn4#eg ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #eg ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #a1 ,octob]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,e boy & girl liv+ on a f>m 9 ,new ,york ,/ate tw5ty-five ye>s or m ago1 has 9 memory a picture l ?is3 a /ubbly hill-side field beset ) russet %ocks ( corn & con/ellations ( orange pumpk9s1 :5ce might be se5 wide valleys fill$ ) purple haze1 & f> hills b$eck$ ) autumn tape/ries wov5 ab\t em]ald pat*es ( new :eat4 ,to su* a field1 aft] ! lagg>d sun _h *ang$ ! ho> fro/ to dew1 w\ld !y ha/5 ( an ,octob] morn+1 to beg9 ! corn-husk+4 ,! en?usia/ic y\ng/]1 :o _h an eye to arti/ic unity 9 ! situation1 inv>iably select$ a pumpk9 = 8 seat1 scorn+ 8 m sordid fell[s :o _h br\ght milk+-/ools f ! b>n1 :5 nature _h plac$ s _m gold5 ?rones at _! disposal4 ,too soon a discov]y 0 made ab\t ?is t applies z well to o!r ?rones1--x prov$ an uneasy seat1 & 0 ab&on$ = a s(a con/ruct$ ( corn-/alks4 ,"h1 lean+ back ) a full s5se ( luxury1 li/5+ to ! ru/le ( ! dry leaves & husks & ! monoton\s song ( ! cricket1 enliv5$ n[ & !n by ! lazy call ( ! cr[ f ! hemlocks on ! hill1 ! sweet note ( ! belat$ mead[-l>k f ! valley1 or ! excit$ b>k ( ! dog z he *as$ a squirrel along ! f5ce1 ! busy husk] pass$ ! autumn day4 ,on ei!r side ( him 7 evid5ces ( 8 labor4 ,on ! "r /ood great di%evel$ /ooks ( corn /alks b]eft ( _! pockets ( gold2 on ! left lay 9 a heap ! %9+ yell[ e>s1 ready to be measur$ 9 ! wait+ bu%el-basket2 9 front 0 always a little pile ( noble e>s ) "s ( ! husks /ill atta*$1--! se$ corn4 ,pr\d 0 ! boy :5 he _h le>n$ to select successfully ! e> ( good l5g?1 cyl9drical r ?an po9t$1 ! cob firm & well fill$ f butt to tip ) gra9s uni=mly l>ge1 ( good color & 9 regul> r[s t %[$ no space betwe54 ,n[-a-days1 we *all5ge ?is ideal ( ! p]fect e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,! ,h>ve/ ( ! ,corn4 ,z *ore "t approa*$1 came ! wagon afield to ga!r ! h>ve/ ( e>s & take !m to ! cribs1 :]e _! gold gleam+ betwe5 ! bo>ds gave com=table assurance ( peace & pl5ty4 ,b ! se$ corn 0 /or$ 9 a way le>n$ by our =efa!rs f ! ,am]ican ,indians2 ! e>s 7 braid$ toge!r by _! husks1 by ! skill$ f>m]1 :o c\ld make a braid two or ?ree feet long1 /rong en\gh to hold ! weight ( ! e>s t hung a heavy fr+e along ea* side2 ?is braid :5 complet$ 0 ti$ ) a bit ( s(t1 t[ tw9e1 long sav$ = ! purpose1 & !n 0 hung on hooks on ! gran>y walls4 ,!re1 until spr+1 wait$ ! elect ( ! cornfield1 hold+ 9 p]fect k]nels all ! future corn weal? ( t f>m4 ,f ! fir/ day's husk+ a bu%el ( e>s 0 res]v$ f ! crib & 0 spread on a *amb] floor to dry quickly2 lat] ?is 0 tak5 to ! mill & gr\nd into samp1 "o ( ! priz$ luxuries ( ! autumn bill ( f>e4 ,o!r corn 0 gr\nd into f9] meal = ! delici\s ,johnny-cake & ! ,indian bread1 ! latt] rea*+ fulle/ p]fection :5 bak$ 9 a brick ov54 ,to ! t5ants ( ! f>m b>ns ! corn meant ev5 m ?an to ^? 9 ! f>m h\se4 ,9 ,augu/ ! cattle 9 dry pa/ures ca/ long+ eyes & expressive voices t[>d ! pale1 gre5 leaves & wav+ tassels ( ! s[$-corn1 & great 0 _! joy ! fir/ day !y ta/$ ?is delicacy2 9 ,novemb]1 !y mun*$ ! dry leaves ( ! plant$ crop1 leav+ 9 ! b>n-y>d an angul> patt]n$ c>pet ( b>e1 h>d /alks4 ,9 w9t] ! corn meal1 9 prop] proportions1 made = !m a food t kept !m w>m despite ! cold w9ds t clut*$ at !m1 ?r\gh crevices1 ) f+]s ( drift$ sn[4 ,& no less dep5d5t on ?is important crop 7 ! d5iz5s ( ! fold1 ( ! /y1 & ( ! *ick5-y>d4 ,! old-"t h>ve/+ & husk+ are pass+ f ! ,new ,york f>m ( to-day4 ,! gran>y is no long] fresco$ ) braids ( model e>s1 = ! se$ corn is n[ b\ght by ! bu%el f ! se$sm54 ,! corn h>ve/] has dissolv$ ! p>tn]%ip betwe5 corn & pumpk9 & fells ! /alks by ! acre1 do+ away ) ! old-"t /ooks or %ocks4 ,corn-/alks n[ become silage & are f$ 9 a gre5 condition ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,h[ (t5 d we lose some?+ ( picturesqu5ess :5 we ga9 ! advantages ( mod]n improvem5ts6 ,let u be ?ankful1 h[ev]1 t ! corn h>ve/] & ! silo make effici5t use ( ! great fields ( corn4 ,al?\gh !re is b "o species ( corn recogniz$ 7,zea ,mays71 !re h be5 an endless numb] ( v>ieties develop$ f x4 ,sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty ( ^! 7 suffici5tly di/9ct to be recogniz$ :5 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture publi%$ its acc\nt ( v>ieties4 ,! importance ( ! corn crop to ?is c\ntry & to o!rs is almo/ incalculable4 ,9 #aijb1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ m ?an two & a half billion bu%els & ! export price 0 4#fj p] bu%el4 ,:5 ! corn crop fails e man1 ri* or poor1 9 ,am]ica1 suff]s f x1 & e bus9ess is affect$ by x4 ,?\gh ! man work+ 9 ! cornfield may ?9k only ( 8 own crop1 yet he is ! man t is help+ ma9ta9 ! prosp]ity ( our c\ntry4 ,he is work+ = u all4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,rip5$ ,,corn4 #a4 ,is ! corn crop 9 y\r vic9ity good ?is ye>8 #b4 ,:at affect$ x1 b5eficially or o!rwise8 #c4 ,h[ _m e>s ( corn are !re usually on a mature /alk8 #d4 ,are !y on ! same side ( ! /alk1 or h[ are !y dispos$8 #e4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( corn d y "k8 #f4 ,describe an av]age e> ( ea* 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 %ape & color ( k]nel2 numb] ( r[s ( k]nels on ! cob2 numb] ( k]nels 9 a r[2 l5g? ( cob4 ,are ! r[s 9 di/9ct pairs8 ,d any ( ! r[s disappe> ne> ! tip2 if s1 h[ _m8 #g4 ,/udy a cob ) corn on x4 ,are ! k]nel-sockets ( adjac5t r[s opposite ea* o!r or alt]nate8 #h4 ,cut a k]nel ( pop-corn & a k]nel ( field corn across & comp>e ! texture ( ! two4 ,:at has ?is texture to d ) caus+ ! k]nel to pop8 #i4 ,h[ _m foods d y "k made f ! gra9 ( ! corn8 #aj4 ,h[ _m products d y "k made f /alks ( ! corn8 #aa4 ,d y "k ( any "p ( ! corn t is us$ 9 con/ruct+ battle%ips8 #ab4 ,:at is ! corn crop ( ,new ,york ,/ate wor? 9 doll>s a ye>8 7,see ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,bullet91 ,no4 #agi47 #ac4 ,h[ _m bu%els ( %ell$ corn are usually produc$ on an acre ( well cultivat$ l&8 #ad4 ,c\ld ! corn plant itself )\t ! ag5cy ( man8 ,if y are able to draw1 please make a sket* ( a k]nel ( sweet corn & a k]nel ( field corn4 ,break an e> ( corn 9 two & sket* ! brok5 end1 %[+ %ape ( ! cob & its relation to ! k]nels4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,new ,,corn ,,bre$+4#eh #eh ,extract$ f an article by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey 9 ,c\ntry ,life 9 ,am]ica1 ,july1 #aijc4 ,! p>ticul> mat]ials t give ! corn k]nel mo/ ( its value are ! oil1 ! prote9 & ! />*4 ,= ! production ( corn oil--= :i* ! dem& is l>ge--a corn t has a high oil cont5t is1 ( c\rse1 p>ticul>ly valuable2 :ile = ! production ( />* or = ! fe$+ ( bacon hogs1 a relatively high] p]c5tage ( o!r mat]ials is desirable4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t races ( corn %\ld be br$ = a p>ticul> cont5t1 dep5d+ on ! disposition to be made ( ! gra94 ,equal economic results _c be atta9$1 h[ev]1 9 increas+ ! cont5t ( any ( ! ?ree lead+ +r$i5ts1 s9ce a p\nd ( glut5 is wor? "o c5t1 a p\nd ( />* "o & "o-half c5ts1 & a p\nd ( oil five c5ts4 ,! am\nts ( ^! +r$i5ts 9 ! corn k]nel are am5able to increase or dim9ution by means ( selection1--by *oos+ = se$ ! k]nels ( e>s t are ri* or poor 9 "o or ! o!r ( ^! mat]ials4 ,=tunately1 ! oil & />* & prote9 ( ! corn k]nel occupy r di/9ct zones4 ,next ! outside hull is a d>k & horny lay] t is v ri* 9 prote92 9 ! c5t] is ! l>ge g]m1 v ri* 9 oil2 betwe5 ! two is a :ite lay] ( />*4 ,x is f\nd t ! k]nels on any e> are rem>kably uni=m 9 _! cont5t2 ! dissection ( a few k]nels1 !re=e1 enables ! bre$] to det]m9e ! e>s t are ri* 9 any "o ( ! sub/ances4 ,exp]im5t /ations 9 ! corn-gr[+ ,/ates are already mak+ great headway 9 ?is new bre$+ ( corn1 & "o private conc]n 9 ,ill9ois is tak+ x up z a comm]cial ent]prise4 ,all ?is recalls ! rem>kable bre$+ exp]im5ts ( ! ,vilmor9s 9 ,france1 :]eby ! sug>-cont5t ( ! beet 0 rais$ sev]al po9ts4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! value ( any conc]t$ corn-bre$+ "w ( ?is g5]al type4 ,! gra9 alone ( ! corn crop is wor? ab\t "o billion doll>s annually4 ,x is possible to increase ?is effici5cy sev]al p]c5tages2 ! com+ g5]ation w see x accompli%$4 ,an int]e/+ cognate inquiry to ?is direct bre$+ "w is ! /udy ( ! comm]cial grades ( gra9s4 ,x is a mo/ s+ul> fact t ! deal]'s grades are ( a v diff]5t k9d f ! f>m]'s v>ieties4 ,9 ! great m>kets1 = example1 corn is sold z ,no4 #a yell[1 ,no4 #b yell[1 ,no4 #c yell[1 & ! l4 ,any yell[ corn may be ?r[n into ^! grades4 ,:at con/itutes a grade is ess5tially a judgm5t on ! "p ( e deal]4 ,! result is t ! gra9 is likely to be condemn$ or criticis$ :5 x rea*es its de/9ation4 ,compla9ts hav+ come to ! gov]nm5t1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has und]tak5 to det]m9e h[ f> ! grades ( gra9 c be r$uc$ to indisputable in/rum5tal measurem5t4 ,! result is likely to be a clos] def9+ ( :at a grade is2 &1 ?is po9t once det]m9$1 ! produc] w make an ef=t to gr[ su* gra9 z w grade to ,no4 #a1 & !reby atta9 to ! extra price4 ,ev5tually1 ! effici5cy po9ts ( ! gr[] & ! comm]cial grades ( ! deal] ought ne>ly or q to co9cide4 ,!re %\ld come a "t :5 corn is sold on its intr9sic m]its1 z1 = example1 on its />* cont5t4 ,?is corn w\ld n !n be grad$ #a1 #b & #c1 on its />* cont5t1 because t cont5t w\ld be assur$ 9 ! entire product2 b ! grade #a w\ld mean prime physical condition1 & ! l[] grades inf]ior physical condition4 ,ev5tually1 some?+ l v>ietal names may be atta*$ to ^? k9ds ( corn t1 = example1 grade fifte5 p] c5t prote94 ,! "n w\ld be some?+ l a gu>antee ( ! approximate cont5t1 z x n[ is 9 a comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes "o 9 all ?is new "w is its /rong contra/ ) ! old ideals4 ,! po9ts ( ! plants are ^? ( p]=mance & effici5cy4 ,x br+s into %>p relief ! accu/om$ ideals z to :at are ! good po9ts 9 any plant1 illu/rat+ ! fact t ^! po9ts are = ! mo/ "p only fanciful1 are f\nd$ on a priori judgm5ts1 & are m (t5 correlat$ ) m]e looks ?an ) effici5cy4 ,an excell5t example may be tak5 f corn4 ,9 scal+ any v>iety ( corn x is cu/om>y to assume t ! p]fect e> is "o ne>ly or q uni=mly cyl9drical ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 & hav+ ! tip & butt well cov]$ ) k]nels4 ,n[1 ?is ideal is cle>ly "o ( p]fectness & complet5ess ( m]e =m4 ,we h no k t su* =m has any correlation ) productiv5ess 9 e>s1 h>d9ess1 dr\ght-resi/+ qualities1 prote9 or />* cont5t1--& yet ^! attributes are ! ones t make corn wor? gr[+ at all4 ,we only "k t su* e>s may be> m k]nels4 ,an illu/ration also may be tak5 f /r+ beans4 ,! ideal pod is consid]$ to be "o ( :i* ! tip-projection is v %ort & only slightly curv$4 ,?is1 app>5tly1 is a "q ( comel9ess1 al?\gh a %ort tip may be associat$ 9 ! popul> m9d ) ! abs5ce ( /r+ 9 ! pod2 b x is a "q :e!r ?is "* has any direct relation to ! effici5cy ( ! bean-pod4 ,we are also und]go+ mu* ! same *all5g+ ( ideas respect+ ! po9ts ( animals4 ,n[1 animals & plants are br$ to ! ideals express$ 9 ^! arbitr>y po9ts by *oos+ = p>5ts ! individuals t score ! highe/4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to reca/ our scales ( po9ts1 ! :ole c\rse ( evolution ( dome/ic plants & animals is likely to be *ang$4 ,we are to bre$ n s mu* = m]ely new & /rik+ *>act]s1 t w enable u to "n1 describe & sell a novelty1 z to improve ! p]=mance along accu/om$ l9es4 ,x may be wor? :ile to produce a new v>iety ( potato by rais+ new plants f ! se$-bolls2 b x is mu* m to ! po9t to augm5t ! meal9ess ( "s exi/+ v>iety or to int5sify its blight-resi/+ qualities4 ,we are n to />t ) a v>iety1 b ) a plant4 ,,leaflet ,,xliv4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,food ,,/or$ ,,9 ,,se$s4#ei ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ei ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #d1 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,a my/]y pass+ /range1 ,is ! se$ 9 its wondr\s *ange2 ,=e/ & fl[] 9 its husk conceal$1 ,& ! gold5 weal? ( ! h>ve/ field4 --,,lucy ,,l>com4 ,illu/ration ,z is ! case ) our own babies1 ! fir/ necessity ( ! infant plant is food close at h& to su/a9 ?is t9y speck ( life until x %all be l>ge & /rong en\gh to provide = itself4 ,if we /udy any se$ :atev] we %all f9d "s su* mo!rly provision = ! plant baby or g]m4 ,sometimes ! g]m is a m]e speck ) a l>ge am\nt ( food pack$ ar\nd x1 z is ! case ) ! nutmeg2 sometimes ! baby is l>g] & its food is pack$ 9 a "p adjac5t to x1 z is ! case ) ! corn 7,fig4 #bgi72 & sometimes ! "m /uffs ! baby itself s t x has en\gh to la/ x until its own little roots & leaves br+ x mature food1 z is ! case ) ! squa% se$4 ,9 any case ?is lun* put up by ! "m1 to use ,uncle ,john's words1 is s close at h& t z soon z favorable conditions occur ! little plant may eat & gr[1 & e/abli% itself 9 ! soil4 ,nature is rem>kable = h] skill 9 do+ up compact packages1 & 9 no o!r place is ?is skill bett] %[n ?an 9 /or+ food 9 se$s = ! "y plants4 ,n only is x conc5trat$1 b x is protect$ & ( su* *emical composition t x is able to rema9 fre% & good = _m ye>s await+ ! favorable mom5t :5 x may n\ri% ! />t+ g]m4 ,p (t5 wond] :y1 :5 a =e/ is cle>$ ( "o species ( trees1 ano!r species gr[s 9 its place4 ,?is (t5 may h result$ f ! se$s ly+ _m ye>s dormant await+ ! opportunity4 ,?is pres]vation ( ! food 9 ! se$ is l>gely due to ! protect+ %ell t keeps out ! enemies ( all sorts1 especially m\ld4 ,& yet1 h[ev] /rong ?is box may be1 z x is 9 ! h>d-%ell$ hickory nut1 x falls ap>t l magic :5 ! g]m )9 beg9s to exp&4 ,bra9 r ?an brawn is ! cause ( man's supremacy 9 ?is _w4 ,( all ! be+s t inhabit ! e>? he kn[s be/ h[ to use = 8 own advantage all ?+s t exi/4 ,8 progress f savag]y to civilization is m>k$ by 8 gr[+ p[] to dome/icate animals & plants4 ,v e>ly 9 8 hi/ory man le>n$ ! value to himself ( ! se$s ( ! c]eals4 ,he discov]$ t !y may be kept a long "t )\t injury2 t !y conta9 a great am\nt ( nutrition = _! bulk2 t !y are easily prep>$ = food2 t1 :5 plant$1 !y give l>ge/ return4 ,?us1 we see1 ! advantages ! plant "m _h develop$ = h] "y1 man has turn$ to 8 own use4 ,t ! food put up = ! "y plant is s protect$ & con/itut$ z to endure unhurt = a long "t gives ! c]eal gra9s _! keep+ quality4 ,t x is conc5trat$ & well pack$ r5d]s x conv5i5t = man to transport4 ,t ! box is easily sep>at$ f ! lun* makes ! prep>ation ( food by cru%+ & sift+ an easy matt] = man4 ,t e "m plant1 to insure ! cont9uation ( ! species1 develops _m se$s1 s t 9 ! great /ruggle = exi/5ce at lea/ "s %all survive1 makes ! c]eals pr(itable = man to plant1 & h>ve/ ! increase4 ,?9k once1 h[ few e>s ( corn x requires to plant an acre4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,section ( k]nel ( corn1 %[+ ! embryo1 & ! food supply at "o side ( x 7at ! "r74 ,because ( all ^! ?+s !re has gr[n up betwe5 dome/ic plants & man a p>tn]%ip4 ,man relieves ! plant ( ! responsibility ( scatt]+ its se$s1 & 9 return takes = himself t proportion ( ! se$s :i* w\ld h di$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce _h ! plant rema9$ uncultivat$4 ,?is p>tn]%ip is fair to bo? p>ties4 ,diff]5t plants /ore food mat]ials 9 diff]5t proportions 9 _! se$s2 ! mo/ important ( ^! food sub/ances are />*1 oil1 prote91 & m9]al matt]4 ,all ( ^! mat]ials are necess>y to man z food4 ,9 ! c]eals ! se$s conta9 a l>ge proportion ( />*1 b 9 ! nuts1 l ! butt]nuts & walnuts1 !re is a pr$om9ance ( oil4 ,let u = a mom5t exam9e a k]nel ( corn & a k]nel ( :eat & see h[ ! food is arrang$4 ,fig4 #bgi is a k]nel ( corn cut 9 two l5g?wise2 at ! l[] left-h& corn] are ! root p>ts & leaf p>ts ( ! "y plant 7! embryo72 above ! embryo is ! loose />* mat]ial4 ,n[ we h ! baby corn plant ly+ at "o side1 & its food pack$ ab\t x4 ,h[ev]1 ?is food is 9 ! =m ( />*1 & mu/ be *ang$ to sug> be=e ! "y plant c p>take ( x & gr[4 ,!re lies a connect+ "p betwe5 ! g]m & its food1 ! scutellum4 ,?is is s con/itut$ t :5 soak$ ) wat] x f]m5ts ! />* & *anges x to sug> = ! "y plant's use4 ,! g]m itself is also a v nutriti\s food = man2 h5ce ! se$ is eat51 baby & all4 ,9 ! corn1 ^? k]nels ) ! l>ge/ g]ms h ! l>ge/ food value1 &1 !re=e1 to-day corn bre$]s are develop+ k]nels ) v l>ge embryos4 ,if we exam9e ! microscopic /ructure ( ! food "p ( a gra9 ( :eat 7,fig4 #bhj71 we f9d t !re are two out] lay]s1 a & b4 ,next !re is a r[ ( cells d t divides ^! out] lay]s f ! fl\r cells )94 ,?is is ! aleurone lay]4 ,at e are ! fl\r cells :i* con/itute ! c5tral portion ( ! :eat k]nel4 ,!y conta9 />*1 & also glut51 & "s oil1 & "s m9]al sub/ances4 ,9 gr9d+ to make :ite fl\r1 ! mill] tries to leave ! aleurone lay] ( cells d ) ! out] lay]s a & b1 = if x is mix$ ) ! fl\r ! latt] spoils mu* soon]1 & x is also d>k] 9 color4 ,9 ! se$ is a f]m5t t helps dige/ ! food = ! "y plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,section ( gra9 ( :eat4 ,9 ord] to ?9k m intellig5tly ab\t our use ( food1 let u f9d out1 if we c1 :i* p>ts ( ! food /or$ up by ! plant = its su/5ance are us$ by u bo? = ourselves & our live/ock4 ,! intellig5t f>m] gives 8 /ock a c>efully balanc$ ration1 i4 e41 food t is well proportion$ = ! gr[? & product ( ! animal4 ,if he wi%es 8 c[s to give m milk he may give !m m proteids 9 _! food1 & less />* & fat4 ,if he wi%es to fatt5 !m he may give !m a great] am\nt ( />* & fat & less ( ! proteids4 ,9 ord] to "k :at ^! proteids & />* & fat mean1 bo? to u & to ! plant1 we h to "k a little *emi/ry4 ,! foll[+ table may aid u 9 ?is3 ,nutritive sub/ances :i* ,proteids 7case91 glut51 legum51 conta9 nitrog54 etc41 album9oids1 gelat9e1 :ite ( egg1 etc474 ,nutritive sub/ances :i* ,! c>bohydrates 7sug> & d n conta9 nitrog54 />*74 ,fats 7oils1 butt]74 ,m9]al sub/ances4 ,lime1 phosphorus1 sulfur1 etc4 ,! sub/ances m5tion$ 9 ! above table are all ne$ful to su/a9 ! life ( man & bea/4 ,if we comp>e ! body to a /eam eng9e1 !n we c see t its :ole framework is built out ( ! proteids1 m9]al matt] & wat]4 ,! />* & sug> & fats con/itute ! fuel us$ to heat ! boil] & make ! eng9e move4 ,/rictly speak+ ! proteids are also us$ some:at z fuel1 z well z = framework4 ,x is easily se5 f ?is t 9 ord] to be heal?y we %\ld try to give ourselves food conta9+ a prop] am\nt ( build+ mat]ial to repair ! breakage & we> & te> 9 ! eng9e1 & also give ourselves en\gh fuel to make ! boil] d its greate/ possible "w4 ,= if we d n h suffici5t build+ mat]ial we break d[n1 & if we d n h suffici5t fuel we lack en]gy4 ,food ?us prop]ly proportion$ is call$ a well balanc$ ration4 ,a well balanc$ ration p] day = ! av]age human be+ is z foll[s3 ,proteids1 - - - - - - 4#dj lbs4 ,/>*1 - - - - - - - #a4jj ,fats1 - - - - - - - - 4#dj ,m9]al matt]1 - - - 4#aj ----------- #a4ij lbs4 ,! above is ! am\nt ( nutrim5t necess>y1 & 9 addition to ?is !re %\ld be suffici5t bulk to keep ! dige/ive organs heal?y4 ,we are j n[ ent]+ ^u ! era ( intellig5ce 9 relation to our food4 ,x seems /range t ?is intellig5ce %\ld fir/ be appli$ to our dome/ic animals r ?an to man4 ,z soon z ! f>m] discov]$ t to make 8 animals pay bett] he mu/ give !m ! "r proportions ( build+ mat]ial & fuel = en]gy1 he dem&$ t ! agricultural *emi/s give him directions = mix+ & prep>+ _! food4 ,b h[ few ( ! cooks 9 our l& und]/& 9 ! slighte/ degree ?is necessity = ! prop] proportions to our food6 ,:5 !y d we may look =w>d to ent]+ ^u an era ( s]5e good heal?1 :5 we %all h /r5g? to be> & ability to d4 ,9 answ]+ ! foll[+ li/ ( que/ions y may be oblig$ to consult ) ! mill]1 or fe$-deal]1 b x is to be hop$ t y w ga9 a cle> conception ( ! p>ts ( ! se$ us$ 9 mak+ foods f c]eals4 #a4 ,:at is graham fl\r8 ,h[ does x diff] f :ite :eat fl\r8 #b4 ,:at is :ole :eat fl\r8 #c4 ,:at is bran8 #d4 ,:at is crack$ :eat8 #e4 ,:at are %orts1 middl+s1 or canaille8 #f4 ,:i* ( ! above are consid]$ ! m nutriti\s & :y8 #g4 ,:at "p ( ! corn k]nel is hom9y8 #h4 ,:at is corn meal8 #i4 ,is corn bran consid]$ good food8 #aj4 ,:at is glut5 meal8 #aa4 ,:at is g]m meal8 #ab4 ,:y is corn fatt5+ to cattle8 #ac4 ,h[ mu* ( ! oat gra9 is conta9$ 9 oat meal8 #ad4 ,:at is a cotyl$on8 #ae4 ,%[ by sket* or describe ! cotyl$on 9 ! *e/nut1 ! walnut or hickory nut1 & ! bean4 #af4 ,describe or %[ by sket* ! position ( ! g]m9al portion 9 ea* ( ^!4 ,if y _c f9d ! g]m 9 ^!1 soak !m 9 wat] = sev]al days & !n obs]ve4 ,! foll[+ publications may be _h f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 on application3 ,circul> ,no4 #df1 ,revis$--,! ,functions & ,uses ( ,food4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,langwor?y4 ,circul> ,no4 #dc1 ,revis$--,food-,nutri5ts-,food ,economy4 ,! ,co/ ( ,food z ,relat$ to its ,nutritive ,value4 ,by ,r4 ,d4 ,miln]4 ,a ,,problem ,,9 ,,fe$+4 ,z our k increases1 we give great] att5tion to ! economical & effici5t use ( all fe$s = live-/ock4 ,we _c af=d to fe$ ev5 ! corn /alks c>elessly1 ei!r = ! imm$iate conc]n ( ! pocket-book or = ! good ( ! animal4 ,! results ( _m exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ lead to ! conclusion t a suitable daily ration = a c[ giv+ milk & weigh+ #a1jjj p\nds %\ld conta9 #bd p\nds ( dry matt]1 ( :i* #b4e p\nds is dige/ible prote92 4#d p\nds dige/ible fat2 & #ab4e p\nds dige/ible c>bohydrates4 ,9 su* a ration1 ! ratio ( dige/ible prote9 to dige/ible c>bohydrates 9 ! ration w be z #a is to #e4d4 ,9 comput+ ?is ratio ! am\nt ( fat1 multipli$ by #b4d1 is add$ to ! c>bohydrates4 ,! fib] & ! nitrog5-free extract con/itute ! c>bohydrates4 ,individual animals v>y s mu* 9 dige/ive capacity & 9 o!r respects t ! =ego+ /&>ds may be frequ5tly widely dep>t$ f to advantage4 ,?us _m animals w pr(itably use m ?an #bd p\nds ( dry matt] 9 a day & ! ratio ( prote9 to c>bohydrates may v>y f #a3e to #a3f4e )\t mat]ially affect+ ! am\nt or "* ( ! product4 ,/&>ds are useful z guides4 ,! art ( fe$+ & ! skill ( ! fe$] consi/ 9 det]m9+ 9 h[ f> ! /&>d %\ld be con=m$ to or dep>t$ f 9 ea* individual case4 ,suppose a f>m] has corn silage & timo?y hay1 & may pur*ase cotton se$ meal1 :eat bran & buck:eat middl+s1 h[ may !y be comb9$ s t ! ration %all conta9 #bd p\nds dry matt]1 & ! ratio ( prote9 to ! c>bohydrates %all be approximately #a3e4d8 ,! foll[+ table gives ! data3 ,wat]4 ,prote94 ,fib]4 ,nitrog5-free ,fat4 extract4 ,9 #ajj p\nds ( silage#fj4 #gi4a #a4b #d4c #g4d 4#f ,timo?y hay #ac4b #c4d #af4h #bh4d #a4b ,cotton se$ meal #h4b #ca4c #a4c #aj4i #aa4i ,:eat bran #aa4i #ac4f #a4h #dc4a #c4b ,buck:eat middl+s #ac4b #bb4 #fa #cc4d #e4d #fj ,silage is (t5 put up :5 ! corn is m mature1 & !n ! wat] cont5t is less ?an "h giv54 #fa ,includ$ ) nitrog5-free extract4 ,,leaflet ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,beet4#fb ,,by ,,m>y ,,rog]s ,,mill]4 #fb ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #bi1 ,febru>y1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,if y are fond ( a di% ( gre5s made ( "y beet leaves 9 e>ly summ]1 y mu/ see to x t !re are beets 9 ! g>d54 ,:at %all be plant$8 ,se$s4 ,c]ta9ly2 b :]e d ! se$s come f8 ,mo/ ( u buy !m f a se$sman1 x is true2 b somebody mu/ gr[ !m4 ,!y are n manufactur$ articles4 ,if ! beet plant produces se$s x mu/ fir/ h fl[]s4 ,h y ev] se5 ! beet 9 blossom8 ,:5 d ! fl[]s come & h[ d !y look8 ,/udy ! picture 9 ,leaflet ,,lii4 ,read ! hi/ory b5ea? ! picture4 ,bett] /ill1 get a plump r$ beet f ! cell>1 & plant x 9 a c1 a box1 or a fl[]-pot4 ,if no beets are to be _h1 a turnip1 a c>rot1 or a p>snip w d z well4 ,x seems t plants come f beet roots z well z f beet se$4 ,! root y plant 9 ! fl[]-pot grew la/ summ] f a se$4 ,:5 may we expect ! plant to produce se$s ( its own1 ?us multiply+ accord+ to its nature8 ,if y keep a beet plant long en\gh x w answ] ?is "q4 ,beet se$s are r sl[ 9 g]m9at+4 ,= ?is reason x is common to soak !m 9 w>m wat] sev]al h\rs or a day be=e plant+ 9 ! g>d54 ,^! facts are int]e/+ 9 !mselves2 & in/ead ( be+ disc\rag$ %\ld we n try to f9d out "s reason :y ! beet se$ %\ld take m "t ?an ! corn or ! bean8 ,f a comp>ative /udy ( a beet se$l+ & ( a plant :i* comes f a beet root ?r\gh\t a season1 "o may le>n ! :ole life hi/ory ( a beet4 ,?is /ory is n writt5 d[n 9 books4 ,e /age ( gr[? not$ 9 ! two plants %\ld be reg>d$ z typical ( ! life ( an individual1 = ea* plant mu/ pass ?r\gh all ^! /ages 9 its developm5t f se$ to se$ aga94 ,! se$l+ beet pu%es out roots & beg9s e>ly to take food f ! soil4 ,"o may ev5 see ! root-hairs ?r\gh :i* ! liquids ent] ! plant4 ,inquire if ! plant gr[+ f a beet root has put out new roots4 ,h n its old ones dri$ long ago 9 ! cell>8 ,x is a good idea to h m ?an "o plant1 s t inve/igation ( a matt] l ?is may g on )\t di/urb+ all4 ,:]e1 if n f ! soil ?r\gh roots1 does ! food come f :i* n\ri%es ^? ?ick-ribb$ leaves8 ,f ! /or$-up mat]ial 9 ! root1 does x n8 ,is ?is n ! plant's way ( provid+ = ! second half ( its life1 aft] a long re/+ p]iod 9 ! beet /age8 ,:5 ! plant or top has gr[n q l>ge1 h[ does ! old beet look8 ,we may read 9 ! botany t c]ta9 plants are bi5nials1 tak+ two seasons to pass ?r\gh all ! phases f se$ to se$2 b we %all n "k ! joy ( ga9+ k f orig9al s\rces nor exp]i5ce ! m5tal tra9+ t comes ) ?is f9d+ out process until we h actually plant$ ! beets or o!r ?+s & wat*$ !m gr[4 ,! foll[+ que/ions relate to ! /udy ( a beet plant4 ,any o!r available plant may be report$ on4 ,! important ?+ is t a m9ute /udy be made ( "s p>ticul> plant4 ,:at plant are y mak+ ?is special /udy ( ?is mon?8 ,:at c>e d y give x8 ,:at conditions ( temp]ature & moi/ure d y f9d mo/ b5eficial to its gr[?8 ,:at o!r plants are relat$ to x8 7,m5tion a wild & a cultivat$ plant47 ,:at leads y to ?9k !m relat$8 7,make ?is cle> & def9ite47 ,h[ d ! plants :i* come f beet roots diff] f ^? :i* come f ! se$8 ,( :at utility to ! plant is ! fle%y root ( beet1 turnip1 or c>rot8 ,:5 is ?is root made use ( by ! plant8 ,:at becomes ( ! old beet z ! plant gr[s l>g] & /rong]8 ,:at is ! natural l5g? ( life ( an individual beet plant8 ,?r\gh h[ _m *anges ( =m does x pass8 ,:i* ( ^! are re/+ /ages8 ,give ! ev5ts 9 ! life hi/ory ( a beet 9 *ronological ord] by seasons1 beg9n+ ) a se$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijc1 & end+ ) ! fir/ crop ( rip5$ se$4 ,,leaflet ,,xlvi4 ,,prun+4#fc ,,by ,,m>y ,,rog]s ,,mill]4 #fc ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #bj1 ,febru>y1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration ,y %\ld "k h[ ! trees 9 y\r s*ool y>d h be5 prun$4 ,:o did ! "w1 nature or a man ) a saw8 ,"s p hold to ! idea t prun+ is unnatural1 & !re=e %\ld n be practic$4 ,let u see if ?is is true4 ,h y ev] gone into ! deep woods aft] a /orm8 ,:o has be5 !re1 te>+ & wr5*+ at ! big limbs1 twi/+ ! small bran*es until ! gr\nd is /rewn ) wreckage8 ,nature has be5 prun+ a few trees & %e works ) a fury :i* is awe-inspir+4 ,b ! trees are mu* ! worse = _! enc\nt] ) ! =ces !y mu/ obey )\t "q4 ,_! bran*es are brok52 m]e /ubs are left4 ,) ! melt+ sn[ & ! ,april ra9s g]ms ( decay are likely to ent] at e break 9 ! b>k4 ,9 a few ye>s ! trunk may be weak5$ & ! mon>* ( ! woods lie prone ^u ! =e/ floor4 ,we may le>n ! lesson ( h[ n to prune by look+ at ?is great p9e tree torn by ! /orm 7,fig4 #bha74 ,b :y d we prune8 "o asks4 ,let ! horticulturi/ answ]4 ,9 a ,f>m]s' ,read+-,c\rse lesson on ,! ,c>e ( ,trees1 ,pr(essor ,craig says3 ,fruit trees mu/ be prun$4 ,if a tree 9 an op5 field is all[$ to g unprun$1 ! cr[n soon becomes a d5se mass ( twigs & int]lac+ bran*es4 ,su* a tree may produce z l>ge a numb] ( apples z a well-prun$1 op5-head$ tree1 b w !re be ! same p]c5tage ( m]*antable fruit8 ,! *ief ef=t ( e plant "u natural conditions is exp5d$ 9 ensur+ its own reproduction4 ,?is is *iefly effect$ by means ( se$s4 ,a small apple may conta9 z _m se$s z a l>ge "o & ev5 m4 ,! or*>di/ wants big fruits1 & if !y are ne>ly se$less s mu* ! bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,a p9e tree prun$ by ! /orm4 ,9 a tree top !re is a %>p /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b few ( ! twigs :i* />t$ f la/ ye>'s buds w rea* any consid]able size4 ,"o ne$s only to c\nt ! dead & ! dormant buds on a bran*1 & ! weak1 /ubby1 or decay$ side %oots to appreciate ?is fact4 ,if "p ( ! bran*es are cut out1 ?is /ruggle is r$uc$ & en]gy is sav$4 ,by judici\s prun+ ! tree may be %ap$ to suit ! ne$s ( ! own]4 ,if a l[ tree is desir$ to make fruit-ga!r+ easy prun+ keeps ! head d[n4 ,an op51 spread+ habit may be enc\rag$ by cutt+ out su* bran*es z t5d to gr[ close to ! ma9 trunk4 ,a c>eful or*>di/ has an ideal 9 8 m9d & kn[s h[ to prune to br+ ! tree up to 8 /&>d4 ,he kn[s ! habits ( trees ( diff]5t v>ieties4 ,he w n prune all alike4 ,he mu/ prune "s e ye>1 or ! trees w n c>ry out 8 plans4 ,! prun] %\ld n only "k :y he prunes1 b h[ ! "w %\ld be done4 ,he %\ld be able to tell :y he removes "o limb & leaves ano!r4 ,:5 ,i look at ! trees 9 p>ks & along ! /reets ,i wond] at ! c>eless prun+4 ,judg+ f ! way !y are treat$ "o w\ld ?9k t a tree c\ld be produc$ 9 a ye> or two or ?ree at mo/4 ,prun+ %\ld n be conf9$ to fruit trees4 ,x may be practic$ ) pr(it on all k9ds ( plants f %ade trees to h\se plants4 ,p9*+ (f ! t]m9al bud ( a "y g]anium makes ! plant bran*4 ,cutt+ ! l[] limbs ( a "y elm makes ! tree m /ately4 ,nature may d ?is1 b brok5 bran*es leave w\nds :i* ! tree _c heal4 ,small bran*es may be cut close ) a %>p knife or prun+ %e>s4 ,! tree readily heals ^! places4 ,x is little %ort ( a crime to break or te> limbs f trees4 ,! injury done to ! trees is bad en\gh2 b does n su* he$less treatm5t ( liv+ ?+s also h a baneful influ5ce on ! mutilator8 ,= l>g] bran*es1 if ^! mu/ come (f1 no tool is bett] ?an a %>p saw4 ,! cut %\ld be smoo? & clean4 ,no ragg$ edges ( b>k %\ld be left4 ,! bran* %\ld all be cut (f1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to te> ! b>k ab\t ! w\nd4 ,if a /ub six or eight in*es long1 or ev5 "o in*1 be left1 ! tree is likely to suff]4 ,! bran* />t$ ye>s ago f a bud on ! side ( ! ma9 trunk1 !n b a twig itself4 ,! fib]s ( ! bran* are cont9u\s ) ^? ( ! trunk4 ,9 ! air are ! g]ms ( decay4 ,^! take hold ( ! b>e /ub & soon make _! way to ! c5t] ( ! tree itself4 ,try z x may1 ! tree _c quickly heal a w\nd s f> f ! ma9 pa?s travel$ by ! sap 9 ! trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,close cutt+ results 9 prompt heal+4 ,! two illu/rations 7,figs4 #bhb1 #bhc7 %[ ! "r & ! wrong way to remove a limb4 ,:5 ! bran* is cut close1 new gr[? takes place all ar\nd ! cut surface & 9 a few ye>s ! w\nd is heal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,! long /ub does n heal4 ,bad prun+ is worse ?an no prun+4 ,d y n ?9k t nature /ud5ts %\ld use _! influ5ce to protect ! trees 9 ! s*ool gr\nds1 9 ! door y>ds1 & along ! /reets8 ,trees h insect & fung\s enemies en\gh )\t hav+ to cont5d aga9/ c>elessness & neglect4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,prun+4 #a4 ,describe ! results ( "s ( ! natural =ces y h se5 prun+ trees4 ,obs]ve will[s aft] a /orm4 #b4 ,are all sorts ( trees affect$ alike by w9d1 ice1 & sn[8 #c4 ,f y\r obs]vations :i* k9ds suff] mo/8 ,give y\r op9ion z to :y4 #d4 ,nature does n always prune 9 ?is boi/]\s fa%ion4 ,sil5t =ces are at "w prun+ out ! weak buds & %oots1 giv+ ! /rong ones a bett] *ance4 ,select a v "y tree1 or a %rub l ! lilac4 ,exam9e ! tips ( ! bran*es4 ,y w f9d heal?y buds on la/ season's gr[?4 ,see if y c f9d any dormant buds4 ,are !re any weak-look+ or dead twigs8 #e4 ,comp>e ! numb] ( /rong heal?y %oots ) ! numb] :i* ! plant />t$ to make4 ,h[ _m ( ea*8 #f4 ,m5tion sev]al good effects :i* may result f prun+4 #g4 ,:at are "s ( ! bad results ( ov]-prun+8 ,( insuffici5t prun+8 #h4 ,consult "s or*>d-own] conc]n+ ?is subject4 ,:5 does he prune to increase ! production ( fruit8 ,:5 to increase ! gr[? ( ! woody "p ( ! tree8 #i4 ,if ! l[] bran*es ( a tree are n remov$1 :at is ! effect on ! %ape ( ! tree8 #aj4 ,= :at k9ds ( trees is ?is =m desirable8 #aa4 ,:at is y\r op9ion z to ! %e>+ ( ev]gre5s into fanta/ic %apes8 #ab4 ,if a tree has a t5d5cy to gr[ crook$1 h[ %\ld "o prune to correct ! habit8 #ac4 ,w\ld y prune an elm tree j z y w\ld an apple tree8 ,:y8 #ad4 ,:y does p9*+ (f ! t]m9al bud ( a g]anium produce a m bu%y plant8 #ae4 ,discuss 9 full ! reasons = cutt+ a limb (f smoo?ly & close to ! ma9 trunk or l>g] bran*4 ,look at e tree y pass to see :e!r x has be5 prun$ well4 ,has x be5 able to cov] its w\nds by ! heal+ process8 #af4 ,is x correct to suppose t anybody c prune a tree8 #ag4 ,! cut surfaces made by prun+ l>ge limbs f trees are (t5 cov]$ ) ?ick pa9t1 t>1 or ,bordeaux mixture4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ?is8 #ah4 ,:y is x bett] to prune a little e ye> ?an a great deal once 9 five ye>s8 #ai4 ,:5 is ! be/ "t to prune %ade trees8 ,:y8 #bj4 ,does a tree c>ry ! bases ( its bran*es upw>d z x gr[s high]1 or does ! base ( e bran* rema9 at ! level f :i* x />t$ orig9ally8 ,obs]ve _m trees 9 diff]5t situations be=e mak+ up y\r m9d on ?is po9t4 ,,leaflet ,,xlvii4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,tree4#fd ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #fd ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #b1 ,novemb]1 #aijc4 ,,! ,,sug> ,,maple4 ,! maple puts h] corals on 9 ,may1 ,:ile loit]+ fro/s ab\t ! l[l&s cl+1 ,to be 9 tune ) :at ! rob9s s+1 ,pla/]+ new log-huts 'mid h] bran*es gray2 ,b :5 ! autumn s\?w>d turns away1 ,!n 9 h] ve9s burns mo/ ! blood ( ,spr+1 ,& e leaf1 int5sely blossom+1 ,makes ! ye>'s sunset pale ! set ( day4 --,,l[ell4 ,illu/ration ,l a fri5d is a tree1 9 t x ne$s to be kn[n season aft] season & ye> aft] ye> 9 ord] to be truly appreciat$4 ,a p]son :o has n _h an intimate1 fri5dly acqua9tance ) "s special tree has miss$ some?+ f life4 ,yet ev5 ^? ( u :o love a tree because we f9d its %ade a com=t 9 summ] & its b>e bran*es et*$ aga9/ ! sky a delight 9 w9t]1 may h v little und]/&+ ( ! wond]ful life-processes :i* h made ?is tree a ?+ ( beauty4 ,if we w\ld become aw>e ( ! life ( our tree we mu/ /udy x c>efully4 ,we %\ld be/ beg9 by writ+ 9 a blank book week aft] week :at happ5s to our tree = a ye>4 ,if we keep su* a di>y1 lett+ ! tree dictate :at we write1 we %all !n "k m ( ! life ( our tree4 ,9 select+ a tree = ?is lesson ,i h *os5 ! sug> maple1 = sev]al reasons4 ,x is ev]y:]e common2 x is beautiful2 x is mo/ useful2 & x has be5 unanim\sly *os5 z ! repres5tative tree ( ! ,empire ,/ate4 ,let ea* ( u *oose "s maple tree 9 our imm$iate vic9ity t %all be ! subject = our lesson n[1 & aga9 9 ! w9t]1 & aga9 9 ! spr+4 ,our fir/ ?\ght 9 ?is /udy is t a tree is a liv+ be+1 9 a measure l ourselves1 & t x has be5 confront$ ) _m difficult problems :i* x mu/ h solv$ successfully1 s9ce x is alive4 ,x has f\nd brea?+ space & food2 x has won room = its roots 9 ! e>? & = its bran*es 9 ! light2 & x has matur$ its se$s & plant$ !m = a new g5]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,sug> maple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,a sug> maple gr[n 9 an op5 field4 ,,brief ,,physiology ,,( ,,! ,,tree4 ,! tree lives by brea?+ & by gett+ its daily food4 ,x brea!s ?r\gh ! num]\s pores 9 its leaves1 & gre5 b>k1 & roots4 ,! leaves are (t5 call$ ! lungs ( ! tree1 b ! "y b>k also has _m op5+s into :i* ! air p5etrates1 & ! roots get air t is pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,s ! tree really brea!s all ov] its active surface1 & by ?is process takes 9 oxyg5 f ! air4 ,x gives (f c>bon dioxid z we d :5 we brea!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,silv] maple4 ,:ile ! leaves act z p>tial lungs !y h two o!r mo/ important functions4 ,fir/1 !y mu/ manufacture ! food = ! entire tree4 ,/>* factories is ! "n t ,uncle ,john gives to ! leaves :5 he talks to *ildr51 & x is a good "n4 ,! leaf is ! factory2 ! gre5 pulp 9 ! leaf cells is "p ( ! ma*9]y2 ! ma*9]y is set 9 motion by sun-%9e p[] in/ead ( /eam or wat] p[]2 ! raw mat]ials are tak5 f ! air & f ! sap s5t up f ! roots2 ! fir/ product is usually />*4 ,?us1 x is well :5 we beg9 ! /udy ( our tree to notice t ! leaves are s arrang$ z to ga9 all sunlight possible1 = )\t sunlight ! />* factories w\ld be oblig$ to %ut d[n4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t on a mature maple ( vigor\s gr[? !re is expos$ to ! sun ne>ly a half acre ( leaf surface4 ,our tree appe>s to u 9 an unfamili> light :5 we ?9k ( x z a />* factory cov]+ half an acre4 ,plants are ! orig9al />* factories4 ,! manufactories t we build appropriate ! />* t plants make f ! raw mat]ials4 ,/>* is plant-food 9 a conv5i5t =m = /orage2 b z x _c be assimilat$ by plants 9 ?is =m x mu/ be *ang$ to sug> be=e x c be transport$ & us$ 9 build+ up plant tissues4 ,h5ce ! leaves h to p]=m ! (fice ( a /oma* 9 ord] to dige/ ! food !y h made = ! use ( ! tree2 !y *ange ! />* to sug>1 & !y take f ! sap nitrog51 sulfur1 phosphorus1 & o!r sub/ances :i* ! roots h appropriat$ f ! soil1 & to ^! !y add portions ( ! />*1 & ?us make ! proteids :i* =m ano!r "p ( ! diet ( ! tree4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t :ile ^! />* factories c op]ate only 9 ! sunlight1 ! leaves c dige/ ! food1 transport x1 & build up tissues 9 ! d>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,! bole ( a sug> maple gr[n 9 a wood4 ,! autumn leaf1 :i* is s beautiful1 has complet$ its "w4 ,! gre5 mat]ial :i* colors ! pulp 9 ! leaf cells is )drawn1 leav+ !re mat]ial :i* is useless1 s f> z ! gr[+ ( ! tree is conc]n$1 b :i* gl[s gold & r$1 !reby mak+ glad ! eye t loves ! v>y+ t9ts 9 autumn foliage4 ,x is a mi/ake to believe t ! fro/ makes ^! brilliant colors3 !y are caus$ by ! natural old age & dea? ( ! leaf1 & :]e is !re to be f\nd old age & dea? m beautiful8 ,:5 ! leaf turns yell[ or r$ x is mak+ ready to dep>t f ! tree2 a ?9 corky lay] is be+ develop$ betwe5 its petiole & ! twig1 & :5 ?is is f9ally accompli%$ ! leaf drops f its own weight1 f ! t\* ( ! lighte/ breeze1 or f a fro/ on a cold night4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,maples4 ,we want y to "k ! maples f actual obs]vation4 ,discov] ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ! tree1 ! "* ( b>k1 fruits1 & leaves4 ,v]ify ! pictures 9 ?is lesson4 ,?\gh ! fruit ( ! sug> maple matures 9 midsumm]1 yet y may p]haps f9d b5ea? y\r tree "s ( ! keys or se$s n[ p>tially plant$4 ,if ! tree /&s alone y may p]*ance see h[ well %e has /rewn its se$s1 & h[ _m ( its prog5y h be5 plac$ 9 positions :]e !y c gr[ successfully4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,leaves & fruits ( ,norway maple4 ,we h 9 ,new ,york ,/ate sev5 species ( maple common 9 our =e/s4 ,two ( ^! are dw>f species r>ely atta9+ ?irty-five feet 9 height1 m (t5 f\nd z m]e bu%es4 ,^! two are ! m\nta9 maple & ! /rip$ maple or moosewood4 ,?is latt] is sometimes call$ goose-foot maple1 because its leaf is %ap$ some:at l ! foot ( a goose4 ,( ! maples t atta9 to ! dignity ( tall trees we h f\r species3 ! sug> maple1 ! silv] or :ite maple1 ! r$ or swamp maple1 & ! box eld]4 ,! leaf ( ! box eld] does n look l ! leaf ( a maple at all2 x has a comp\nd leaf ( ?ree or five leaflets1 b ! fl[]s & fruits are ^? ( ! maples4 ,!re is also a v>iety ( sug> maple t is call$ black maple4 ,we h plant$ 9 our p>ks ! sycamore & ,norway maples introduc$ f ,europe1 & also ornam5tal species f ,japan4 ,our native species are easily di/+ui%$ f ^! & f ea* o!r2 j a little obs]vation z to ! %ape ( ! leaves1 ! =m ( ! trees1 & ! "* ( ! b>k enables a p]son to tell all ^! species at a glance4 ,i hope t y w become famili> ) ! sev5 native species4 ,su* k is n only ( practical use1 b gives real ze/ & pleasure4 ,:5 a p]son walks 9 ! morn+ he %\ld be able to call 8 tree acqua9tances z well z 8 human acqua9tances by "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,leaves & fruits ( /rip$ maple4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,maples4 #a4 ,h[ _m species ( maple trees d y "k & :at are !y8 #b4 ,h[ d y di/+ui% ! r$ maple & ! silv] maple f ! sug> maple8 #c4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! "o tree y h *os5 to /udy8 #d4 ,:at is !re 9 its %ape to tell y ( its hi/ory1 i4e41 did x gr[ 9 ! op5 or 9 ! =e/8 ,0 x ev] %ad$ on ei!r side2 if s1 :at 0 ! effect8 ,h[ h ! prevail+ w9ds affect$ its %ape8 #e4 ,h[ old d y ?9k ! tree is8 #f4 ,0 ! tree injur$ by /orm or insects dur+ ! pa/ season2 if s1 h[8 #g4 ,/udy ! leaves on ?is tree & note any diff]5ces 9 %ape & color4 #h4 ,:at is ! use ( ! skeleton ( ! leaf8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,leaves ( m\nta9 maple1 sug> maple1 r$ maple4 #i4 ,is !re always a bud 9 ! axil :]e ! leaf /alk jo9s ! twig8 #aj4 ,h[ are ! leaves arrang$ on ! twig8 #aa4 ,:at is ! color ( ! tree ?is autumn8 #ab4 ,:5 did ! leaves beg9 to fall8 ,place 9 y\r note book ! date :5 ! tree f9ally becomes b>e4 #ac4 ,h y f\nd any se$s f y\r tree8 ,if s1 describe !m4 #ad4 ,h[ are !y disp]s$ & plant$8 #ae4 ,are bo? se$s ( ! pair fill$ out8 #af4 ,h[ high is y\r tree8 #ag4 ,h[ l>ge an area ( %ade does x produce8 ,if x /&s alone1 measure ! gr\nd cov]$ by its %ad[ f morn+ until ev5+4 #ah4 ,h[ has its %ad[ affect$ ! plants b5ea? x8 ,are ! same plants gr[+ !re t gr[ 9 ! op5 field8 #ai4 ,make a sket* ( ! tree y are /udy+1 %[+ its outl9e4 #bj4 ,make a sket* ( ! leaf ( ! sug> maple4 ,,leaflet ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,maple ,,9 ,,febru>y4#fe ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #fe ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #e1 ,febru>y1 #aijd4 ,,sap4 ,/rong z ! sea & sil5t z ! grave1 x ebbs & fl[s unse53 ,flood+ ! e>?1--a fragrant tidal wave1 ) mi/s ( deep5+ gre51 --,,john ,b4 ,,tabb4 ,illu/ration ,tapp+ ! sug> bu% are magical words to ! c\ntry boy & girl4 ,! w9t] :i* 0 at fir/ s welcome ) its miracle ( sn[1 & its att5dant joys ( sleigh+ & skat+1 beg9s to pall by ! la/ ( ,febru>y4 ,too _m days ! cl\ds hang l[ & ! swirl+ flakes make out-(-door pursuits difficult4 ,!n !re comes a day :5 ! s\? w9d bl[s bl&ly & ! sn[ settles into h>d1 m>ble-l drifts1 & "h & !re a knoll appe>s b>e1 & soggy1 & br[n4 ,x is !n t !re comes j a sugge/ion ( spr+ 9 ! air2 & ! b>e trees %[ a flu% ( liv+ r$ ?r\gh _! grayness & e spray gr[s heavy ) swell+ buds4 ,well d we old] folk rememb] t 9 our own *ildhood aft] a few su* days ! fa!r w\ld say1 ,we w get ! sap buckets d[n f ! /able l(t & wa% !m1 = we c tap ! sug> bu% soon if ?is wea!r holds4 ,9 ^? days ! buckets 7 made ( /aves1 & 7 by no means s easily wa%$ z are ! metal buckets ( to-day4 ,/ill d we recall ! sicki% smell ( mu/y sap t greet$ our no/rils :5 we p\r$ ! boil+ wat] 9 to cleanse ^? old1 br[n buckets4 ,dur+ ! long w9t] ev5+s we _h all _h some?+ to d ) ! fa%ion+ ( ! sap spiles made f select$ /ems ( sumac2 aft] "s old] "o _h remov$ half ( ! small bran* l5g?wise ) a draw-%ave we y\ng] ones _h cle>$ out ! pi?1 ?9k+ ?ir/ily mean:ile ( ! sweet liquid :i* w\ld sometime fl[ !re4 ,) buckets & spiles ready :5 ! mom5t\s day came1 ! l>ge1 iron caldron kettle 0 load$ on a /oneboat toge!r ) ! sap cask & log *a91 ! axe & v>i\s o!r ut5sils1 & z _m *ildr5 z c\ld f9d /&+ room2 & !n ! ox5 7 hit*$ on & ! procession />t$ across ! r\gh pa/ure to ! woods :]e x ev5tually arriv$ aft] num]\s /ops = reload+ almo/ ev]y?+ b ! kettle4 ,:5 we came to ! boil+-place we lift$ ! kettle into place & flank$ x ) two great logs1 aga9/ :i* ! fire 0 to be k9dl$4 ,mean:ile ! ox5 & /oneboat _h return$ to ! h\se = a load ( buckets2 & ! ox5 bl9k+ ) b[$ heads or ) noses lift$ al(t to keep ! und]bru% f /rik+ _! faces ge$ & haw$ up hill & d[n dale ?r\gh ! woods1 /opp+ "h & !re :ile ! man ) ! aug] bor$ holes 9 c]ta9 trees ne> o!r holes :i* _h bl$ sweet juices 9 ye>s gone by4 ,:5 ! aug] 0 )drawn ! sap foll[$ x & en?usia/ic "y tongues met x half way ?\gh !y receiv$ m *ips ?an sweetness !refrom4 ,!n ! spiles 7 driv5 9 tightly ) a wood5 mallet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,sug> mak+ 9 ,new ,york4 ,! next day aft] tapp+1 ^? ( u l>ge en\gh to we> ! neck-yoke donn$ ?is badge ( s]vitude & ) its help br\ght pails ( sap to ! kettle1 & ! boil+ began4 ,z ! ev5+ %ades ga!r$1 h[ delici\s 0 ! odor ( ! sap /eam p]meat+ ! woods f>!r ?an ! %afts ( fire-light pi]c$ ! gloom6 ,h[ weird & delightful 0 ?is night exp]i5ce 9 ! woods6 & h[ *e]fully we swall[$ ! smoke :i* ! contr>y w9d seem$ ev] to turn t[>d u6 ,we pok$ ! fire to s5d ! sp>ks upw>d & n[ & !n we add$ m sap f ! b>rel & remov$ ! scum f ! boil+ liquid ) a skimm] :i* 0 ?ru/ into ! cleft end ( a /ick to provide x ) a suffici5tly long h&le4 ,z ! ev5+ wore on we drew clos] to ea* o!r z we told ! /ories ( ! ,indians & ! be>s & pan!rs t _h roam$ ^! woods :5 our fa!r 0 a little boy2 & !re came to ea* ( u a disquiet+ suspicion t p]haps !y 7 n all gone yet1 = ev]y?+ seem$ possible 9 ^? night-%r\d$ woods2 & our he>ts sudd5ly jump$ into our ?roats :5 ne>by !re s\nd$ ! tremul\s1 blood-curdl+ cry ( ! scree* owl4 ,x 0 ! mo/ fun to ga!r ! sap 9 ! w>m] morn+s1 :5 on ! m\nds ! r$ squaw-b]ries 7 gli/5+ ?r\gh a fro/y veil2 !n we look$ critically at ! tracks 9 ! sn[ to see :at visitors _h come sniff+ ar\nd our buckets4 ,we felt no?+ b scorn = him :o c\ld n translate correctly ^? hi]oglyphics on ! film ( s(t sn[ t made :ite aga9 ! soil$ drifts4 ,rabbit1 skunk1 squirrel1 m\se1 muskrat1 fox3 we knew !m all by _! tracks4 ,aft] ab\t ?ree days ( ga!r+ & boil+ ! sap1 came ! syrup+ d[n4 ,dur+ all t aft]noon we add$ no m sap1 & we wat*$ c>efully ! tawny /eam+ mass 9 ! kettle2 & :5 x ?reat5$ to boil ov] we ?rew 9 a ?9 slice ( fat pork :i* seem$ to h "s my/]i\s1 calm+ influ5ce4 ,! odor grew m & m delici\s1 & f9ally ! syrup 0 pron\nc$ suffici5tly ?ick4 ,! kettle 0 swung (f ! logs & ! syrup dripp$ ?r\gh a clo? /ra9] into ! c>ry+ pail4 ,oh6 ! blackness ( ! mat]ial left on t /ra9]6 b x 0 clean woods-dirt & nev] de/roy$ our fai? 9 ! maple sug> any m ?an did ! belief t our fri5ds 7 made ( dirt de/roy our fri5d%ip = !m4 ,n[ ! old /ave bucket & ! sumac spile are gone1 & 9 _! place a pat5t galvaniz$ spile n only conducts ! sap b holds 9 place a t9 bucket c>efully cov]$4 ,! old caldron kettle is brok5 or lies ru/+ 9 ! %$4 ,9 its place are evaporat+ vats plac$ ov] furnaces ) *imneys1 built 9 ! new-fangl$ sug> h\ses4 ,! maple molasses ( to-day seems to u a pale & anmic liquid & lacks j t delici\s flavor ( ! ri*1 d>k nect> :i* we1 ) ! help ( c9d]s & smoke & v>i\s o!r ?+s1 brew$ ( yore 9 ! op5 woods4 ,:ile sug>-mak+ int]e/s u *iefly z "o ( our own indu/ries1 yet we mu/ n =get t x is bas$ ^u ! life processes ( ! maple tree1 & 9 /udy+ ab\t x we may be able to le>n important facts ab\t ! tree :i* we h *os5 = our /udy4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,maple ,,tree4 #a4 ,h[ does ! maple tree look 9 w9t]8 ,describe x or sket* x4 #b4 ,are ! buds on ! twigs opposite or alt]nate8 #c4 ,are ! tips ( ! twigs ! same color z ! b>k on ! l>g] limbs & trunk8 #d4 ,if y c draw1 make a p5cil sket*1 natural size1 ( ?ree in*es squ>e ( b>k ( ! maple tree trunk4 #e4 ,h[ does ! b>k on ! trunk diff] f t on ! bran*es8 #f4 ,h[ does ! b>k on ! trunk ( a maple tree diff] f t on ! trunk ( a s(t maple or an elm8 #g4 ,:at "w = ! tree d ! trunk & bran*es p]=m8 #h4 ,is ! tree tapp$ on all sides8 ,if n1 :y8 #i4 ,h[ deep mu/ ! spiles be driv5 successfully to draw (f ! sap8 #aj4 ,w\ld y tap a tree directly above or at ! same spot tapp$ la/ ye>2 or w\ld y place two spiles "o above ! o!r8 ,give reasons4 #aa4 ,:y does ! sap fl[ m freely on w>m days aft] cold nights8 #ab4 ,is ! sap ( :i* we make sug> go+ up or d[n8 #ac4 ,h[ does ! sug> come to be 9 ! sap8 #ad4 ,:y is ! sug> made dur+ ! fir/ run bett] ?an t :i* is made lat]8 ,:y _c y make sug> 9 ! summ]8 #ae4 ,does x injure trees to tap !m8 #af4 ,d ! holes made 9 e>li] ye>s become f>!r ap>t z ! tree gr[s8 #ag4 ,:at o!r trees besides ! sug> maple give sweet sap8 #ah4 ,:at animals1 birds1 & insects are to be se5 9 ! woods dur+ sug>-mak+ "t8 #ai4 ,h y ev] se5 ! tracks ( animals on ! sn[ 9 ! woods8 ,if s1 make pictures ( !m & tell :at animals made !m4 ,,leaflet ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,squirrel ,,or ,,*ick>ee4#ff ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ff ,home ,nature-,/udy ,c\rse1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #b1 ,novemb]1 #aijc4 ,all day long ! r$ squirrels came & w5t1 & af=d$ me mu* ent]ta9m5t by _! manoeuvres4 ,"o w\ld approa* at fir/ w>ily ?r\gh ! %rub-oaks1 runn+ ov] ! sn[ cru/ by fits & />ts l a leaf bl[n by ! w9d1 n[ a few paces ?is way1 ) wond]ful spe$ & wa/e ( en]gy1 mak+ inconceivable ha/e ) 8 trott]s z if x 7 = a wag]1 & n[ z _m paces t way1 b nev] gett+ on m ?an half a rod at a "t2 & !n sudd5ly paus+ ) a ludicr\s expression & a gratuit\s som]set1 z if all ! eyes 9 ! univ]se 7 fix$ on him1--= all ! motions ( a squirrel1 ev5 9 ! mo/ solit>y recesses ( ! =e/1 imply spectators z mu* z ^? ( a danc+ girl1--wa/+ m "t 9 delay & circumspection ?an w\ld h suffic$ to walk ! :ole di/ance1--,i nev] saw "o walk1--& !n sudd5ly1 be=e y c\ld say ,jack ,rob9son1 he w\ld be 9 ! top ( a "y pit*-p9e1 w9d+ up 8 clock & *id+ all imag9>y spectators1 soliloquiz+ & talk+ to all ! univ]se at ! same "t1--= no reason t ,i c\ld ev] detect1 or he himself 0 aw>e (1 ,i suspect4--,,?oreau4 ,illu/ration ,f contact ) civilization "s wild animals fl\ri% :ile o!rs are soon ext]m9at$ by association ) man4 ,to ?is latt] class belongs ! black squirrel4 ,)9 my own memory ?is beautiful creature 0 almo/ z common 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,new ,york ,/ate z 0 ! r$ squirrel2 b n[ x is se5 no m except 9 mo/ retir$ places2 :ile ! r$ squirrel1 pugnaci\s & companionable1 defiant & %y1 climbs on our v ro(s & sits !re scold+ u = d>+ to come )9 8 range ( vision4 ,"o reason = ! disappe>ance ( ! black squirrel is1 und\bt$ly1 ! fact t its meat is a delici\s food4 ,! r$ squirrel is also good food at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 b because ( its less] size1 & its great] agility & cunn+1 x has succe$$ 9 liv+ n m]ely despite ( man1 b because ( man1 = n[ he rifles corn cribs & gra9 b9s & waxes opul5t by levy+ tribute on man's own sav+s4 ,al?\gh ! r$ squirrel is famili> to u all1 yet1 ,i ?9k1 !re are few :o really "k its habits1 :i* are z int]e/+ z are ^? ( be> or lion4 ,note1 = example1 ! way he peeps at u f ! f> side ( ! tree1 & ! way he uses 8 tail z a balance & a help 9 /e]+ z he leaps4 ,?is same tail he uses 9 ! w9t] z a boa by wrapp+ x ar\nd himself z he lies curl$ up 9 8 snug h\se4 ,8 vocal ex]cises are mo/ ent]ta9+ also2 he is ! only s+] ,i "k :o c c>ry two p>ts at a "t4 ,notice "s "t ?is autumn :5 ! hickory nuts are ripe t ! happy r$ squirrel is s++ y a duet all by himself1--a high1 %rill *att]1 ) a l[ *uckl+ accompanim5t4 ,we usually reg>d nuts z ! ma9 food ( squirrels1 b ?is is n necess>ily s2 = !y are fond ( ! se$s ( p9es & hemlocks1 & also hang ar\nd our or*>ds = apple-se$s4 ,9 fact1 _! diet is v>i$4 ,! r$ squirrel is a great ?ief & keeps 8 ke5 eye on *ipmunks & mice1 hop+ to f9d :]e !y /ore _! food s t he c /eal x if he c d s )\t dang] to 8 preci\s self4 ,,que/ions ,,on ,,! ,,r$ ,,squirrel4 ,we want y to make "s orig9al obs]vations on ! r$ squirrel4 #a4 ,9 summ]1 :at is ! color ( ! r$ squirrel on ! upp] p>ts8 ,b5ea?8 #b4 ,:at is ! color along ! side :]e ! two colors jo98 #c4 ,d ^! colors *ange 9 w9t]8 #d4 ,tell h[ & :]e ! squirrel makes its ne/4 #e4 ,does x c>ry nuts 9 its tee? or 9 its *eeks8 #f4 ,has x *eek pockets l ! *ipmunk8 #g4 ,does ! r$ squirrel /ore food = w9t] use8 ,if s1 :]e8 #h4 ,does x sp5d its "t sleep+ 9 w9t] l ! *ipmunk1 or does x g out (t5 to get food8 #i4 ,"n all ! k9ds ( food :i* y "k x eats4 #aj4 ,did y ev] see a r$ squirrel di/urb birds' ne/s8 #aa4 ,h[ does a squirrel get at ! meat ( a h>d-%ell$ nut l a black walnut1 or a hickory nut8 7,answ] ?is by a sket*1 if y c draw47 #ab4 ,d ! squirrels ( y\r neighborhood h c]ta9 pa?s 9 tree-tops :i* !y foll[8 #ac4 ,h[ _m emotions does ! squirrel express ) 8 voice8 #ad4 ,:at k9d ( tracks does ! r$ squirrel make 9 ! sn[8 7,%[ ?is by a sket* if possible47 ,,leaflet ,l4 ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,c\ntry ,,s*ool ,,gr\nds4#fg ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 #fg ,supplem5t to ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration ,,my ,,de> ,,tea*]3 ,despite all t is said & done ! av]age s*ool gr\nd is f> %ort ( its possibilities 9 an arti/ic way4 ,( ?is y are well aw>e1 & no d\bt y h (t5 wi%$ t y might rem$y ?is defect4 ,y\r h\rs are full ( ardu\s "w4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 y c int]e/ y\r *ildr5 to help y to clean & to improve ! gr\nds1 )\t mu* extra c>e or "w on y\r "p4 ,?is illu/ration ( a s*oolh\se 7,fig4 #bib7 is tak5 f ,bullet9 #afj1 publi%$ by ! ,college ( ,agriculture ( ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,! title ( ! bullet9 is ,h9ts on ,rural ,s*ool ,gr\nds4 ,i wi% y w\ld s5d = ! bullet94 ,x w be mail$ y free if y reque/ x4 ,! picture is n an imag9>y sket*1 b a fai?ful repres5tation ( :at /ood 9 a prosp]\s rural community less ?an five ye>s ago4 ,to "o famili> ) c\ntry s*ool build+s x w n be consid]$ z a solit>y awful example1 b r z a type ( _m t are scatt]$ ov] ! ,/ate4 ,i hope x is n y\r mis=tune to be tea*+ 9 su* a h\se1 ev5 ?\gh x is my desire to rea* e tea*] :o is t luckless4 ,h[ev]1 to make my talk m real let u make believe1 z *ildr5 say1 t y are ! prie/ess 9 a simil> temple ( le>n+4 ,toge!r we w plan h[ we c make ! mo/ ( v uncong5ial surr\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,a c\ntry s*ool prop]ty4 ,x w\ld be safe to wag] a r$ apple t ! inside ( ! build+ is e bit z dilapidat$ z ! outside4 ,a community t tol]ates su* a build+ w\ld n be likely to h any?+ b ! rude/ furniture & mo/ ( t on crut*es4 ,x w\ld be some?+ out ( ! usual if ! box /ove is n %ort a leg or two1 ) brick-bats be+ us$ z sub/itutes4 ,y w be =tunate if ! /ove door has two good h+es & if ! wood is n gre54 ,at ! la/ s*ool meet+1 did ! patrons in/ruct ! tru/ees n to pay m ?an six doll>s p] week = y\r s]vices8 ,0 ! proposition t ! di/rict raise five doll>s1 to :i* ! ,/ate w\ld add five m = ! pur*ase ( books = a libr>y1 unanim\sly vot$ d[n & ! poor man :o introduc$ ! resolution expect$ to apologize = 8 tem]ity8 ,! lead+ man 9 ! di/rict ea* ,sunday dur+ summ] drives two miles to salt 8 "y /ock1 inspect f5ces1 & see h[ ! ye>l+s are prosp]+2 b he nev] ?9ks ( visit+ ! s*ool to see h[ 8 *ildr5 are progress+4 ,yet ! p ( ?is di/rict are n bad4 ,!y are c\nt$ good citiz5s by ! b> & judge1 :5 !y are drawn on juries4 ,! public build+s at ! c\nty-seat are models ( _! k9d & ^! g5tlem5 d n remon/rate z to ! exp5se4 ,p]haps x has n occurr$ to !m t s*ool build+s & gr\nds %\ld h z high a /&>d z ^? ( ! c\nty4 ,a correct public ideal is ev]y?+4 ,x is n a hopeless und]tak+ to advance su* an ideal 9 ! community ( :i* we are speak+4 ,i sugge/ to y z tea*] 9 ?is s*ool to und]take "s improvem5ts 9 ! gr\nds4 ,i consid] ! above sket* to be a z]o case4 ,if improvem5ts c be develop$ "h1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! same c be repeat$ :]e conditions are prim>ily bett]4 ,! possibilities are suffici5t to w>rant ! und]tak+4 ,! victory w add to y\r /r5g?4 ,! lives ( ! *ildr5 w be bett] fill$ = ! "p !y may d1 & y w h />t$ a public improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,! girls organiz$ !mselves into a tug-(-w> team4 ,i %\ld n appeal to ! p>5ts = help4 ,y h a f\nta9 ( p[] 9 ! *ildr54 ,x is necess>y only to inspire & guide !m4 ,?is is no !ory ( m9e4 ,x is a result t has be5 work$ out 9 _m in/ances4 ,! beautiful city ( ,ro*e/] is pr\d ( its s*ools4 ,! developm5t ( ! t[n made ! con/ruction ( new s*ool build+s necess>y to su* an ext5t t little money rema9$ = ! improvem5t ( ! gr\nds4 ,"s ( !m 7 locat$ 9 ! breadw9n]s' di/ricts4 ,! gr\nds 7 z ! contractor left !m2 y\r imag9ation c picture _! condition4 ,! int]iors 7 well nigh p]fect4 ,! ext]ior 0 sometimes a ,sah>a ( mud & build]s' rubbi%4 ,! pr9cipal ( "o ( ! s*ools--a woman1 by ! way1--kn[+ ! =ce 9 *ildr51 set ab\t to apply x to ! improvem5t ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,h] me?od 0 fir/ to inspire1 & !n to direct4 ,h] success 0 ample4 ,bo? boys & girls p>ticipat$4 ,! girls organiz$ !mselves into a tug-(-w> team 7,fig4 #bic74 ,by fa/5+ ropes to /icks & beams1 ^! ?+s 7 haul$ out ( sight4 ,! boys level$ ! hummocks & br\ght f]tile soil f "s di/ance4 ,?is pr9cipal conf9$ h] improvem5ts to small areas--s small t ! *ildr5 want$ to d m :5 !y 7 ?r\gh4 ,f ! "t s*ool op5$ until ! rigors ( w9t] /opp$ ! juv5ile improvem5ts1 only "p ( ! space f ! front ( ! build+ to ! /reet 0 grad$4 ,"s ( ! boys br\ght *aff f a haym[1 :i* 0 rak$ 9 z lawn grass se$4 ,! foll[+ spr+ q z _m we$s appe>$ z grass1 b ! *ildr5 gave ! we$s ! p]sonification ( robb]s & made _! c>e] %ort4 ,! promot]s _h a j pride 9 :at !y _h accompli%$2 & t meagre bit ( lawn meant va/ly m to !m ?an _h x be5 made by a high-sal>i$ l&scape g>d5]4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) ano!r in/ance1 :]e ! patrons are l>gely ,poli% ,jews4 ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ t ! av]age head ( a family does n h a gross annual income to exce$ ?ree hundr$ & fifty doll>s4 ,?is necessitates t ! "m g out = "w & t ! *ildr5 leave s*ool z soon z ! law all[s to take up "w4 ,yet ) all ^! unfavorable circum/ances ! pupils h a pride 9 _! s*ool gr\nds t is glori\s to see4 ,9 ! fall ( #aija prizes 7 (f]$ = ! greate/ improvem5t ( s*ool gr\nds made by *ildr54 ,no?+ daunt$1 ! pr9cipal ent]$ 8 gr\nds 9 competition ) ^? 9 ! m weal?y "p ( ! city4 ,! committee ( aw>ds gave him ! ?ird prize4 ,to judge f ! m]e physical side1 ! decision 0 no d\bt j2 b :5 judg$ on ! score ( gett+ ! greate/ results f ! lea/ mat]ial1 ! pr9cipal & 8 s*ool may h des]v$ ! fir/ prize1 plus a rew>d4 ,! *ances are t y\r fuel is wood1 & p]haps n v dry at t4 ,x is 9 a pile 9 ! op54 ,sometimes ! /icks are scatt]$ ov] half ! lot4 ,?is y c prev5t by prop]ly appeal+ to ! pride ( y\r pupils4 ,y w f9d t !y wi% to be m tidy ?an is ! s*ool ov] 9 ,:ippoorwill ,holl[ or 9 "s o!r di/rict t is consid]$ to be a little m 9 ! back c\ntry ?an y\r own4 ,ab\t ! "t y he> ! fir/ spr+ notes ( ! bluebird & ! rob91 prep>e public op9ion 9 y\r little s*ool community = a spr+ furni%+4 ,y c devise _m ways to inspire !m4 ,tell !m ab\t ,col4 ,george ,r4 ,w>+ & 8 :ite brigade & :at !y did to make ,new ,york ,city clean] ?an x _h be5 = _m decades be=e4 ,aft] ! ,spani% w>1 :5 ,cuba became a responsibility ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! "q arose z to :at c\ld be done to make fil?y ,havana clean] & fre] f yell[ fev]4 ,no "o 0 ?\ght by ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t s compet5t to solve ! problem z ,colonel ,w>+4 ,he w5t1 sp>$ n himself1 & did 8 duty1 did x s fe>lessly t he di$ ! victim ( ! fil? he _h f\ght s valiantly4 ,he _h done mu* dur+ previ\s ye>s to comm5d 8 memory to po/]ity2 b probably no?+ w /& out s prom95tly z 8 great ability to correct municipal untid9ess4 ,ask y\r pupils to be ,w>+s 9 _! own neighborhoods4 ,by ?is "t ! gr\nd w be b>e ( sn[ & x w be s(t4 ,ask "s ( ! pupils to br+ rakes1 & h !m ga!r up ! rubbi%4 ,y c all play gypsies :5 y ga!r ab\t ! bonfire4 ,?is w be a favorable "t to s[ grass se$2 = ,i h no d\bt ! s*ool lot w ne$ x4 ,a lawn mixture ( se$ w\ld be ideal1 b ,i h>dly expect y to pay = x4 ,at ?is /age ( y\r improvem5ts1 ,i sc>cely expect t any ( ! patrons ( y\r s*ool w\ld d s ei!r4 ,lat] "s ( !m may feel diff]5tly4 ,y\r pupils c at lea/ foll[ ! plan ( ^? spok5 ( 9 ,ro*e/]--get *aff f a haym[4 ,x w inevitably be a mixture ( grass & we$s1 b ! latt] c be pull$ out aft] g]m9at+4 ,x is b>ely possible t "s f>m] w give y "s clov] & timo?y1 su* z he uses 9 se$+ 8 mead[2 & ?is w be f> bett]4 ,next1 ,i %\ld put out a hit*+-po/4 ,:5 y\r s*ool commission] calls x w be appreciat$4 ,if t function>y does n publicly complim5t y\r s*ool = ev5 su* small improvem5ts1 ,i wi% y w\ld report su* indiff]5ce to me1 giv+ 8 full address1 & ,i w reque/ him to expla9 ?is =getfulness4 ,good results 9 l&scape-g>d5+ dep5d on obs]v+ c]ta9 pr9ciples1 ! same z ) our w>drobe4 ,_m a clev] girl w accompli% m 9 dress ) tw5ty-five doll>s ?an o!rs c d ) twice t am\nt4 ,among ! fir/ & mo/ important ef=ts is to make a frame or sett+ = ! h\se by plant+ ar\nd ! bord]s ( ! place4 ,sometimes ! location w make ?is inconv5i5t if n impossible1 :51 = in/ance1 ! build+ is plac$ ne> ! /reet or cr[d$ betwe5 o!r build+s4 ,ev5 9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 x is well to keep ! idea cle>ly 9 m9d & to approa* x z ne>ly z circum/ances w p]mit4 ,an illu/ration ( a normal location to :i* ?is pr9ciple c be appli$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bid4 ,! trees & ! high] %rubs are plant$ fir/ & on ! extreme bord]s ( ! lot1 ) %ort] %rubs1 roses1 & ! l 9 front ( !m4 ,?is frame c be giv5 a f9i% by plant+ fl[]s or v l[ ?+s next ! grass4 ,if ! area be ample1 let ! edges be irregul> 7,fig4 #bid72 b if v limit$1 /raight l9es become necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,%[+ h[ ! bord]s may be plant$4 ,! op5 space )9 ! b\nd>ies %\ld be a mat ( gre5 c>pet+1 = no?+ c be m beautiful ?an sw>d4 ,fight all influ5ces to b$eck x ) b$s ( fl[]s 9 =ms ( />s & moons & o!r cele/ial & t]re/rial designs4 ,! dem&s = su* cap]s may be great1 b hold out aga9/ !m boldly4 ,c]ta9 small %rubs1 f]ns1 & fl[]s may be plant$ along ! walls ( ! build+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! angles2 b ,i beg ( y to leave ! gre5 plat unscallop$ & unspoil$1 only z is necess>y = drives & walks4 ,:5 ! build+s are unsightly1 cov] ) v9es & plant bu%es aga9/ !m4 ,fig4 #bie illu/rates h[ ,fig4 #bib may be improv$ ) v little ef=t4 ,n[ ,i w speak ( ! actual plant+4 ,9 ! light ( unnumb]$ ?\s&s ( ,arbor ,day trees put out to /ruggle a few weeks = life & !n die1 ?is may seem ! mo/ important feature ( my article4 ,to ! unsuccessful plant]1 let me sugge/ t he select %rubs & trees :i* take c>e ( !mselves "u adv]se conditions4 ,we h a numb] ( su*4 ,if !y 7 import$ f ,japan & sold at fancy prices1 !y w\ld be greatly appreciat$4 ,! common sumac is "o ( !m4 ,= a %rub ,i "k ( no?+ ( its class s sure to be> ! ordeal ( transplant+ or to make m vigor\s gr[? "u adv]se conditions4 ,x c be prun$ to suit1 & no?+ c rival its blaze ( color 9 late autumn2 yet z a f>m]1 ,i "k ! exp]i5ce ( fight+ aga9/ its exi/5ce 9 f5ce corn]s1 ab\t /one piles1 & on /eep hillsides4 ,i d ?is ev5 ?\gh ,i am fond ( ! %rub & admire x4 ,x encroa*es on my v9ey>d & injures ! crop4 ,grapes w help pay taxes & sumac w n4 ,9 my *]ry or*>d x is a we$4 ,9 my back y>d & on ! bord]s ( my lawn x is an ornam5tal %rub4 ,! same c be obs]v$ ( p4 ,:5 9 _! prop] sph]e !y are helpful factors 9 a community2 :5 out ( x !y are nuisances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,h[ ! gr\nds 9 ,fig4 #bib may be improv$4 ,if y ask me to m5tion a tree mo/ likely to live :5 plant$ by unskill$ h&s1 ,i %\ld "n ! will[4 ,i mean ! mo/ common k9d to be f\nd 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates--! k9d t /&s beside ! roadside wat]+-tr\gh4 ,! impression is common t will[s w ?rive only 9 wet places4 ,x is true t a will[ is v com=table 9 places :]e _m o!r trees w suff] f wet feet2 yet x w give good results else:]e4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t poor soil goes ) a poor s*ool build+1 & a ref9$ tree w\ld probably f9d life h>d 9 su* a place4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly plant a will[ 9 su* cases4 ,x w ?rive :]e a goat c1 & :]e a %eep _c4 ,= city places1 ! ,c>ol9a popl> is to be recomm5d$4 ,if ! soil is good en\gh1 plant maples1 elms1 or o!r trees4 ,a judici\s plant+ ( ,virg9ia creep] helps ! appe>ance ( build+s bo? good & bad4 ,i %\ld surely plant x ab\t ! ma9 build+ & ! outbuild+s & f5ces1 if ! patrons ( ! s*ool did n object4 ,! probabilities are t :5 ! v9es h begun to cov] "s ( ! de=mities ( ! place1 "s f9icky resid5t ( ! di/rict w cut !m out on ! plea t !y promote decay ( ! wea!r-beat5 clap-bo>ds2 b d n be disc\rag$ by su* a possibility4 ,v9es1 too1 usually int]f]e ) ! pa9t+ ( a build+4 ,al?\gh !y may be tak5 d[n & put back aft] ! pa9t]s are ?r\gh1 ! fir/ effect is n rega9$ unless ! process ( putt+ back has be5 done ) unusual c>e4 ,d n make ! mi/ake ( plant+ too mu*4 ,a small lawn c be ov]dress$ z is sometimes ! case ) wom54 ,lilac1 ,japan qu9ce1 syr+a1 hydrangea1 & l common %rubs1 c\ld be plant$ if ! opportunities ( space seem to w>rant4 ,i hope x w be y\r ta/e to all[ ! limbs ( ! trees to />t l[ & ^? ( ! %rubs to beg9 z ne> ! gr\nd z possible4 ,i am aw>e t among c\ntry p x is ! practice to tol]ate only ! high] limbs4 ,i c give a reason = ?is only on ! supposition t !y mu/ d some?+ 9 prun+1 & ! l[] limbs are ! mo/ conv5i5t to rea*4 ,i "k a man :o came into possession ( a place hav+ a f9e lot ( ev]gre5s ) ! l[] bran*es at ! gr\nd4 ,by way ( proclaim+ a *ange ( own]%ip he cut away ! l[] bran*es1 leav+ a b>e trunk ( ab\t five feet4 ,be=e he t\*$ !m !y 7 beautiful gre5 cones & :5 pass+ ! place ,i always turn$ my face 9 _! direction to enjoy ! beauty4 ,:5 he 0 ?r\gh !y 7 /&+ on "o leg1 & a wood5 leg at t4 ,i h nev] felt k9dly t[>d ! man s9ce4 ,9 ! matt] ( plant+ ,i "k ( no bett] me?od ?an t ( ! exp]i5c$ or*>di/4 ,z a rule he buys 8 trees ( a nurs]yman4 ,!y are (t5 dug 9 ! fall1 & are plant$ ! foll[+ spr+4 ,dur+ ! int]val !y are /or$ 9 specially con/ruct$ cell>s1 & at no "t are ! roots p]mitt$ to become dry4 ,:5 pack$ = %ipm5t damp moss is plac$ ab\t ! roots4 ,:5 ! or*>di/ removes !m f ! pack+ box he heels !m 91 :i* is a k9d ( probation>y plant+ 9 %all[ furr[s :]e !y /& until ready to be set out p]man5tly4 ,:5 t "t comes ! trees are tak5 f ! tr5* & ! roots plung$ 9 a tub ( ?9 mud or d\s$ ) wat] & cov]$ ) a blanket4 ,an or*>di/ c\nts a tree lo/ if ! roots h be5 all[$ to rema9 9 ! sun until ! small rootlets h s dri$ t !y h a gray appe>ance4 ,9 tak+ ! "y tree f ! nurs]y r[ only a fraction ( ! orig9al roots g ) ! tree1 & ^! are badly bruis$ at ! po9t ( cleavage4 ,^! ragg$ ends %\ld be dress$ smoo?ly by means ( a slant+ cut ) a knife4 ,all mutilat$ roots %\ld be remov$4 ,y mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! roots y f9d ) ! trees are capable ( p]=m+ b a small "p ( :at 0 done by all ! roots :5 gr[+ 9 _! native place4 ,! hole 9 :i* ! tree is set %\ld be l>ge en\gh to accommodate ! roots )\t cramp+ !m out ( _! natural positions4 ,x is important t ! e>? us$ = fill+ %\ld be f]tile1 & x is d\bly important t x %\ld be f9e--ev5 sup]f9e4 ,clods1 ev5 small clods l m>bles1 w n snuggle up to ! b>k ( ! root z closely z is absolutely necess>y4 ,set ! tree ab\t an in* deep] ?an y ?9k x orig9ally /ood1 s t :5 plant$ & ! e>? settles1 x w really be ab\t ! same dep?4 ,all ! e>? %\ld n be dump$ 9 at once & !n ! surface press$ firm ) ! feet4 ,a close exam9ation w %[ t ! soil has bridg$ 9 places1 leav+ _m roots 9 t9y cav]ns4 ,x is important t f9e soil %\ld be snuggl$ close to ea* little rootlet1 n = w>m? b = moi/ure4 ,fill ! hole by in/allm5ts ( "o-?ird at ea* fill+4 ,spr9kle ! f9e e>? ab\t ! roots4 ,!n da% 9 a ?ird ( a pail ( wat]4 ,?is w give ! roots mu* ne$$ moi/ure &1 be/ ( all1 w wa% ! e>? ab\t ea* root fib]4 ,i urge ! adoption ( ?is c>eful me?od = all trees & %rubs1 n except+ ! sumac & will[4 ,ev5 wall[s w %[ _! gratitude = su* consid]ate treatm5t1 ev5 ?\gh !y are able to survive r\gh] usage4 ,!y w pay = x :5 ! dr\ght & neglect ( summ] come4 ,! mo/ common mi/ake made 9 ! selection ( trees is 9 tak+ ^? t are too l>ge4 ,= ! conditions t we h "u consid]ation1 ,i sugge/ t a tree no l>g] ?an a broom-h&le be *os54 ,i "k t ! common feel+ is1 we %all h to wait too long = our %ade4 ,unless ! l>g] tree is 9 ! h&s ( an exp]t1 ! small] w be ! m desirable at ! end ( five ye>s4 ,i mu* pref]1 moreov]1 ! selection ( a tree or %rub gr[+ 9 ! sun%9e1 r ?an "o f ! %ade4 ,i h "o f9al reque/ to make1 :i* to ! novice w be ! mo/ difficult ( all & "o :i* he is q likely to fail 9 p]=m+ because ( lack ( moral c\rage4 ,i mean ! cutt+ back ( ! top ( ! tree or %rub aft] plant+4 ,be=e ! removal ( ! tree1 ! roots probably f\nd pa/urage 9 a c>t load ( soil4 ,aft] plant+1 ! root pa/urage is n m ?an half a bu%el ( soil4 ,:at foll[s :5 ! =ces ( plant gr[? beg98 ,a dem& = soil products1 ) a v mu* re/rict$ means ( supply4 ,! top mu/ be cut back to mat* ! %ort5$ root sy/em4 ,?\s& ( trees die e ye> because ?is pr9ciple is n duly obs]v$ & ! failure is (t5 attribut$ to ! nurs]yman4 ,! am\nt necess>y to cut back diff]s ) diff]5t trees & %rubs4 ,no h>d & fa/ rules c be giv54 ,) will[s & sumacs "o-?ird to "o-half ( ev]y?+ be>+ leaf buds c be cut away4 ,) a maple hav+ a diamet] ( "o & a half in*es at ! butt1 ,i %\ld sugge/ t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! bran* area be left to gr[4 ,9 ?is article ,i h _h 9 m9d ! improvem5t ( s*ool gr\nds :]e all ! conditions are at z]o--:]e ! build+ w\ld be a discr$it to any own]1 :]e ! patrons are totally indiff]5t1 & :]e ! only res\rce is to awak5 a public _s on ! "p ( ! *ildr54 ,) bett] s*ool build+s1 m ample gr\nds1 & a small numb] ( patrons favorable to improvem5t1 ! =ego+ ideas ne$ n be foll[$ closely4 ,h[ev]1 !y d conta9 pr9ciples & "s details t des]ve c>eful consid]ation1 ev5 9 l&scape plant+ ( ! highe/ =m4 ,! fir/ /ep %\ld be ! developm5t ( local pride4 ,some?+ may be accompli%$ among ! p>5ts2 b x is a problem z to :at ext5t t may be done4 ,to ! true tea*] ! pupils may be c\nt$ ^u z ! ma9/ay 9 su* an und]tak+4 ,to su* a tea*] ,i %\ld say1 ,d n = a mom5t believe t ! improvem5ts se5 ab\t ! s*ool gr\nds w be all ! good t is wr\ght4 ,fifty ye>s f n[ !re w be a few gray-hair$ m5 & wom5 :o take m int]e/ 9 ! appe>ance ( _! front-door-y>d1 & give _! *ildr5 enc\ragem5t 9 hav+ a posy b$ all _! own1 & :o ext5d sympa?y & s]vice to ! bett] appe>ance ( ! s*ool gr\nds1 because ( y\r altruism :5 y taught di/rict s*ool4 ,we h "s aids t may be helpful to y & to :i* y are welcome4 ,bullet9 #afj1 spok5 ( at ! beg9n+1 specifically treats ( ?is "w1 & ,bullet9 #aba1 on ,plant+ ( ,%rubb]y1 has be5 v popul>4 ,we h publi%$ a numb] ( articles on *ildr5's g>d5+1 all ( :i* w be s5t y free if y reque/ x4 ,if y h specific problems we %all be glad to h y write & we w help y all we c by correspond5ce4 ,! mo/ effici5t help we c give y is ?r\gh ! organiz+ ( y\r pupils into ,junior ,naturali/ clubs4 ,we give ^! clubs especial in/ruction 9 g>d5+ & ! improvem5t ( home & s*ool gr\nds4 ,*ildr5 receive great inspiration f l>ge numb]s do+ ! same ?+1 :ile we c give in/ruction to t5 ?\s& z easily z to "o *ild4 ,_m hundr$s ( tea*]s & ?\s&s ( *ildr5 f9d ! /udy ( nature a beam ( sun%9e 9 ! s*oolroom & a great aid 9 ! ,engli% p]iod )\t be+ a burd5 to ! tea*]4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*ildr5',s ,,leaflets4 ,,design$ ,,to ,,op5 ,,! ,,eyes ,,( ,,! ,,"y4 ,mo/ ( ^! leaflets 7 publi%$ z companions to ! ,tea*]s' ,leaflets & ,lessons1--! tea*]s' lessons writt5 9 "o ve9 & ! *ildr5's 9 ano!r4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! subject-matt] may be l>gely duplicat$ 9 ! two1 x seems wor? :ile to keep ^! sep>ate z %[+ a simple me?od ( pres5tation & z sugge/+ a means ( proc$ure to ^? :o w\ld rea* small *ildr54 ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,realm4 ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,a little *ild sat on ! slop+ /r& ,gaz+ at ! fl[ & ! free1 ,?ru/+ its feet 9 ! gold5 s&1 ,play+ ) ! waves & ! sea4 ,i snat*'d a we$ t toss'd on ! flood ,& p>t$ its tangl$ ske9s2 ,i trac'd ! c\rse ( ! f]tile blood ,t lay 9 its me%d ve9s2 ,i told h[ ! />s are g>n]'d 9 space1 ,h[ ! moon on its c\rse is roll'd1 ,h[ ! e>? is hung 9 its ceaseless place ,z x :irls 9 its orbit old3-- ,! little *ild paus'd ) its busy h&s ,& gaz'd = a mom5t at me1 ,!n dropp'd aga9 to its gold5 s&s ,& play'd ) ! waves & ! sea4 ,,leaflet ,,li4 ,a ,,sn[ ,,/orm4#fh ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,vii47 ,a *ill no coat h[ev] /\t1 ,( homespun /uff c\ld q %ut out1 99 99 99 99 99 ,! com+ ( ! sn[ /orm told4 --,,:itti]4 #fh ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,surely1 x is go+ to sn[1 says ,gr&fa!r1 z he puts an armful ( wood into ! old box beside ! fire2 & a happy feel+ comes ov] y1 & y l ,gr&fa!r a little bett] because he has promis$ y a sn[ /orm4 ,:at a wise old ,gr&fa!r he is6 y ?9k4 ,he always seems to "k :at is go+ to happ5 out-(-doors & y wond] h[ he le>n$ x all4 ,p]haps ,i c tell y :y ,gr&fa!r is s wise4 ,:5 he 0 a boy he liv$ on a f>m & 0 9 ! outdoor _w summ] & w9t]4 ,!re he le>n$ to "k ,nature day by day4 ,?is is :y he c consult h] n[ z to w9d & wea!r1 & :y he ne>ly always und]/&s :at %e tells him4 ,he is a good obs]v]4 ,if y hope ev] to be z wea!r-wise z ,gr&fa!r1 y mu/ beg9 "r away to see & to ?9k4 ,! next "t y he> him say1 ,x is go+ to sn[1 put on y\r fur cap & mitt5s & g out-(-doors4 ,is ! air cle>1 crisp1 & cold--! k9d y l to be out 98 ,or is x a ke5 cold t makes y long = ! fire-place8 ,c y see ! sun8 ,if s1 h[ does x look8 ,9 :at direction is ! w9d8 ,h[ cold does ! !rmomet] tell y x is8 ,all ! "t t y are le>n+ ^! ?+s ! /orm w be com+ ne>]4 ,!n on y\r d>k coat sleeve some?+ s(t & :ite & gli/5+ falls--a sn[flake4 ,y t\* ! bright ?+ & x disappe>s4 ,:]e did x come f & :i!r did x g8 ,o!rs foll[ fa/] & fa/]1 jo/l+ ea* o!r z !y :irl ?r\gh ! air4 ,look at !m closely4 ,are ! cry/als l>ge & fl[]y or small & cle>8 ,put y\r head back & let !m come d[n on y\r face4 ,is _! t\* s(t or d !y hurt z !y fall8 ,p]haps by ?is "t y are v cold & ?9k t supp] mu/ be ne>ly ready4 ,y g into ! h\se1 & y f9d ! gray kitt5 snooz+ com=tably on ! he>?rug4 ,y snuggle d[n beside h] to w>m y\r froz5 bones a bit1 & /ill ! /orm & outdoor _w are ne>2 = is x n spl5did music t ! w9d is mak+ z x ro>s d[n ! old *imney or sways ! tall p9e trees8 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,/udy4 ,answ] z _m ( ! foll[+ que/ions z y c f y\r own obs]vations3 #a4 ,h[ did ! sky look be=e x began to sn[8 ,dur+ ! /orm8 ,aft] ! /orm8 ,x is always a good ?+ to look up at ! sky4 #b4 ,9 :at direction did ! old wea!r-cock tell y ! w9d 0 bl[+ z ! /orm came on8 ,did ! w9d *ange dur+ ! /orm8 ,if s1 did ! sn[ *ange 9 any way8 #c4 ,look at sn[ cry/als ?r\gh a tripod l5s if y h "o4 ,h[ _m po9ts d !y h8 #d4 ,aft] supp] g to ! w9d[1 raise ! %ade1 & look out on ! /ormy night4 ,tell ,uncle ,john all t y see4 #e4 ,on y\r way to s*ool ! next day aft] a sn[ /orm1 h ! foll[+ 9 m9d to write to u ab\t3 7a7 ,! tracks 9 ! sn[4 ,h[ _m d y f9d8 ,did ,rov] make !m8 ! gray kitt58 a sn[ bird8 an old cr[8 a rabbit8 a squirrel8 7b7 ,! way ! trees & small plants receive ! sn[4 ,"s hold x1 o!rs ca/ x (f3 :y8 7c7 ,notice ! sn[ drifts4 ,:]e are !y highe/8 ,:y does ! sn[ pile up 9 "s places & n 9 o!rs8 ,is ! drift deepe/ close to build+s or a little way f !m8 ,are ! drifts deepe/ close to ! trees1 or is !re a space betwe5 ! tree & ! drift8 ,,leaflet ,,lii4 ,a ,,plant ,,at ,,s*ool4#fi ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #fi ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,i dropp$ a se$ into ! e>?4 ,x grew1 & ! plant 0 m9e4 ,x 0 a wond]ful ?+1 ?is plant ( m9e4 ,i did n "k its "n1 & ! plant did n bloom4 ,all ,i "k is t ,i plant$ some?+ app>5tly z lifeless z a gra9 ( s& & t !re came =? a gre5 & liv+ ?+ unlike ! se$1 unlike ! soil 9 :i* x /ood1 unlike ! air into :i* x grew4 ,no "o c\ld tell me :y x grew1 nor h[4 ,x _h secrets all its own1 secrets t baffle ! wise/ m52 yet ?is plant 0 my fri5d4 ,x fad$ :5 ,i )held ! light1 x wilt$ :5 ,i neglect$ to give x wat]1 x fl\ri%$ :5 ,i suppli$ its simple ne$s4 ,"o week ,i w5t away on a vacation1 & :5 ,i return$ ! plant 0 dead2 & ,i miss$ x4 ,al?\gh my little plant _h di$ s soon1 x _h taught me a lesson2 & ! lesson 0 t x is wor? :ile to h a plant4 ,i wi% t e ,junior ,naturali/ w\ld h a plant4 ,x matt]s little :at ! plant is4 ,j drop ! se$1 keep ! e>? w>m & moi/1 wat* ! plant come up1 see x gr[4 ,measure its height at a giv5 "t e day4 ,keep a record ( h[ _m times y wat] x4 ,make a note ( e new leaf t appe>s4 ,see :e!r x leans t[>ds ! light4 ,if x dies1 tell :y4 ,f\r weeks f ! "t :5 y plant ! se$1 s5d ,uncle ,john y\r notes4 ,a %eet ( foolscap pap] conta9s ab\t tw5ty-eight l9es1 "o l9e = ! notes ( ea* day1 & space en\gh at ! top to write y\r "n1 date ( s[+1 k9d ( se$1 & nature ( ! soil4 ,op5 ! %eet & on ea* l9e at ! left side write all ! dates = f\r weeks ahead2 !n fill 9 ^! l9es across ! two pages day by day z ! plant gr[s4 ,= ! fir/ few days !re w n be mu* to write1 b y c say :e!r y wat]$ ! e>? or n1 & :]e y kept ! pot or box4 ,x w be good practice to get into ! habit ( tak+ notes4 ,i suppose t ! record ( ! fir/ few days w run some?+ z foll[s3 ,,myron ,,johnson1 "n ( s*ool1 age ----4 ----1 ,tea*]4 ,feb4 #b4 ,monday4 ,plant$ six cabbage se$s 9 loose soil f ! *ip y>d4 ,i put ! e>? 9 a small old t9 cup1 & press$ x d[n firmly4 ,i made x j nicely moi/1 n wet4 ,i plant$ ! se$s ab\t equal di/ances ap>t & ab\t "o-f\r? in* deep1 & press$ ! e>? ov] !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,an egg-%ell f>m4 ,! plants1 f left to "r1 are3 cabbage1 field corn1 pop-corn1 :eat1 buck:eat4 ,feb4 #b4 ,did n wat] to-day1 = ! soil seem$ to be moi/ en\gh4 ,feb4 #c4 ,wat]$ at #aj3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,tea*] told me to be c>eful n to make ! soil too wet4 ,feb4 #d4 ,wat]$ at noon4 ,feb4 #e4 ,put ! cup ne>] ! /ove s t ! se$s w\ld come up m quickly4 ,feb4 #f4 ,! e>? is crack+ 9 two or ?ree places4 ,wat]$ at noon4 ,feb4 #g4 ,w5t to ! s*oolh\se & f\nd "s ( ! plants com+ up4 ,feb4 #i4 ,f\r ( ! plants are up4 7,"h tell h[ !y look1 or make a few m>ks to %[47 ,:5 y\r mon?'s record is all complete1 s5d ! %eet1 or a copy ( x1 to ,uncle ,john1 & ?is w be y\r club dues4 ,see h[ _m ?+s y c f9d out 9 ^! f\r weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,a w9d[ plant t is easy to gr[4 ,x is a common g>d5 beet4 ,! end ( ! beet 0 cut (f s t x c\ld be got into ! t9 c4 ,a v r$ beet w produce h&some r$-ribb$ leaves4 ,9 all cases1 be sure t ! cr[n or top ( ! plant has n be5 cut (f too close1 or ! leaves may n />t readily4 ,! beet />ts into gr[? quickly & ! gr[+ plant w /& mu* abuse4 ,x makes a v comely plant = ! s*ool-room w9d[4 ,try c>rot1 turnip1 & p>snip 9 ! same way4 ,be=e ! f\r weeks are pa/ write to ,uncle ,john & he w tell y :at next to d4 ,by t "t y\r plants w ne$ transplant+1 & he w tell y h[ to d x4 ,p]haps y c set "s ( ! plants outdoors lat] on & see !m gr[ all summ]2 :e!r y c or n w dep5d on ! k9ds ( plants t y gr[4 ,if y want to gr[ a/]s or cabbages next summ]1 y c />t "s ( !m 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,quick-g]m9at+ se$s1 fit = />t+ 9 ! s*oolroom1 are :eat1 oats1 buck:eat1 corn1 bean1 pumpk9 & squa%1 radi%1 cabbage1 turnip4 ,p]haps "s ( ^! require a w>m] place ?an o!rs 9 :i* to g]m9ate4 ,if y f9d out :i* !y are1 let ,uncle ,john "k4 ,y c gr[ ! plants 9 egg-%ells1 wood5 boxes 7z cig> boxes71 t9 cans1 fl[] pots4 ,if y use t9 cans x is well to pun* two or ?ree holes 9 ! bottom s t ! extra wat] w dra9 out4 ,set ! c or box 9 a sauc]1 plate1 or dripp+-pan s t ! wat] w n soil ! desk or table4 ,x is be/ n to put x 9 a sunny w9d[ until aft] ! plants are up1 = ! soil is likely to bake or to become h>d on top2 or if y d put x 9 su* a place1 ?r[ a newspap] ov] x to prev5t ! e>? f dry+ out4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,plant ,,/udy4#gj #gj ,alice ,g4 ,mc,closkey1 ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,la/ ye> hundr$s ( *ildr5 s5t u records ( _! plants4 ,?is k9d ( "w is mo/ satisfactory to ,uncle ,john4 ,foll[+ is a record :i* we receiv$ 9 ,m>*1 f a girl 9 ! f\r? grade3 ,feb4 #af--,monday4 ,i plant$ sev5 cabbage se$s 9 an egg%ell4 ,i did n wat] x4 ,feb4 #ag--;,did n see any?+4 ,feb4 #ah--,saw a little br[n ?+4 ,feb4 #ai--,saw a little se$ ly+ on top4 ,feb4 #bj--,saw little spr\t4 ,feb4 #ba--;,holiday4 ,feb4 #bb--;,holiday4 ,feb4 #bc--;,holiday4 ,feb4 #bd--,saw two little spr\ts4 ,feb4 #be--,! egg-%ell 0 full ( spr\ts4 ,feb4 #bf--,! plant 0 com+ up & ! e>? 0 v wet1 s ,i did n wat] x4 ,feb4 #bg--,saw six spr\ts4 ,feb4 #bh--;,holiday4 ,m>* #a--;,holiday4 ,m>* #b--,turn$ ! plant ar\nd1 s x w\ld look t[>d ! light4 ,m>* #b--,t aft]noon ,i plant$ ! cabbage 9 a t9 c ) tissue pap] ar\nd x1 because ! cabbage outgrew ! egg%ell "s "t ago4 ,m>* #c--;,i put ! plant out ( ! w9d[4 ,m>* #d--;,i did n look at x4 ,m>* #e--,"o ( ! spr\ts began to droop4 ,m>* #f--;,i dug ! dirt up ar\nd x4 ,!n x 0 put 9 ! air out ( ! w9d[4 ,m>* #g--;,holiday4 ,m>* #h--;,holiday4 ,m>* #i--;,i put x out ( ! w9d[4 ,m>* #aj--;,x 0 put out ( ! w9d[4 ,x 0 br\ght 9 at ! close ( s*ool4 ,m>* #aa--;,dug ! dirt out f ! plant & patt$ x d[n4 ,m>* #ab--,wat]$4 ,m>* #ac--,put out ( ! w9d[4 ,m>* #ad--;,holiday4 ,m>* #ae--;,holiday4 ,m>* #af--,wat]$ & put out ( ! w9d[4 ,,hel54 ,0 n ?is a good record = a little girl to make8 ,i wi% t %e _h told some?+ ab\t ! soil 9 :i* %e plant$ ! se$s4 ,?is is always important4 ,9 w9t] y may h "s difficulty 9 gett+ soil1 b 9 ! village a flori/ w let y h "s1 & 9 ! c\ntry y may be able to get x 9 ! cell> ( a groc]y /ore or f y\r own cell>4 ,p]haps y c f9d "s 9 ! potato b94 ,:5 !re is a ?aw1 get "s soil1 ev5 if x is v wet2 y c dry x ne> ! /ove4 ,p]haps y\r s*oolh\se w be too cold ov] ,sunday 9 mid-w9t] to all[ y to gr[ plants4 ,if s1 plant ! se$s at home4 ,:5 y h plant$ y\r se$s1 unless y take !m up e day1 y _c see h[ ! little plants are behav+ d[n "u ! soil4 ,i want to tell y h[ y c "k "s ?+s t ! plants are do+ )\t di/urb+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,radi% se$s g]m9at+ betwe5 blott+-pap] & ! side ( a tumbl]4 ,*oose an ord9>y glass 7,fig4 #bii71 roll up a piece ( blott+ pap] s t x is a trifle small] ?an ! glass1 & place x inside4 ,betwe5 ! blott+ pap] & ! glass1 put a few radi% se$s or any k9d ( se$ su* z y plant$ 9 ! soil4 ,keep ! blott+ pap] moi/ & wat* :at happ5s4 ,9 f\r or five days ! plants %\ld be up4 ,"h are "s ?+s to ?9k ab\t z y wat* !m3 #a4 ,note any *ange 9 ! se$s :5 !y h be5 moi/ = a few h\rs4 #b4 ,:at happ5s to ! out] coat ( ! se$8 #c4 ,9 :at direction does ! little root gr[8 ,! /em8 #d4 ,notice ! woolly gr[? on ! root8 ,does ?is gr[? ext5d to ! tip ( ! root8 #e4 ,:5 ! little plant has begun to gr[1 turn x ar\nd s t ! root is horizontal4 ,does x rema9 9 t position8 #f4 ,h[ soon d ! leaves appe>8 ,x may int]e/ "s ( ! ,junior ,naturali/s to see ! effect ( mu* wat] on se$s4 ,suppose y exp]im5t a little along ?is l9e4 ,*oose ?ree glasses4 ,9 "o put se$s into wat]1 9 ano!r put !m into v wet or muddy soil1 & 9 ! ?ird plant ! se$s 9 moi/ soil1 su* z se$s are ord9>ily plant$ 94 ,tell u ! results ( ! ?ree exp]im5ts4 ,a ,,?ird-,,grade ,,record4 ,foll[+ is a facsimile reproduction ( a spontane\s & unprun$ record made by a *ild 9 ! ?ird grade4 ,! *ild grew beans 9 a tumbl] aga9/ blott+ pap]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bii4 ,i hope t ?is w illu/rate to bo? tea*] & *ildr5 ! value ( simple note-tak+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,! bean plants t 7 gr[n by ! ?ird-grade *ild4 ,,leaflet ,,liii4 ,,an ,,apple ,,twig ,,& ,,an ,,apple4#ga ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xxxi47 #ga ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,janu>y1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,ye/]day ,i w5t ov] into ! old apple or*>d4 ,x 0 a cle> ,novemb] day4 ,! trees 7 b>e4 ,! w9d _h c>ri$ ! leaves into heaps 9 ! holl[s & along ! f5ces4 ,"h & !re a cold-blue wild a/] /ill bloom$4 ,a *ipmunk *itt]$ into a /one pile4 ,i notic$ _m fro/-bitt5 apples /ill cl++ to ! limbs4 ,!re 7 decay$ ones on ! gr\nd4 ,!re 7 sev]al small piles ( fruit t ! own] _h neglect$1 ly+ "u ! trees1 & !y 7 n[ wor?less4 ,i ?\ght t !re _h be5 mu* loss ( fruit1 & ,i wond]$ :y4 ,if ! fruit-gr[] _h n made a pr(it f ! trees1 p]haps ! reason 0 p>tly 8 own fault4 ,n all ! apples /ill cl++ to ! tree 7 fro/-bitt5 & decay$4 ,i saw _m v small apples1 no l>g] ?an ! end ( my f+]1 /&+ /iff on _! /ems4 ,pla9ly ^! 7 apples t _h di$ :5 !y 7 "y4 ,i wond]$ :y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #cja4 ,?is is ! bran* t tri$ & fail$4 ,i took a bran* home & photograph$ x4 ,y h ! engrav+ 9 ,fig4 #cja4 ,note t !re are ?ree dead "y apples at ! tip ( "o bran*4 ,ea* apple came f a s+le fl[]4 ,^! fl[]s grew 9 a clu/]4 ,!re 7 ?ree o!r fl[]s 9 ?is clu/]1 = ,i c\ld see ! sc>s :]e !y fell (f4 ,b :y did ^! ?ree fruits die8 ,! :ole bran* on :i* !y grew look$ to be only half alive4 ,i believe t x did n h vigor en\gh to cause ! fruit to gr[ & rip54 ,if ?is 7 n ! cause1 !n "s insect or disease kill$ ! "y apples1 = apples1 z well z p1 may h disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,^! are ! fl[]s t make ! apples4 ,h[ _m clu/]s are !re8 ,b5ea? ! ?ree dead apples1 is /ill ano!r dead "o4 ,notice h[ %rivell$ & dri$ x is1 & h[ ! sn[s & ra9s h beat5 away ! little leaves f its tip4 ,! ?ree upp]mo/ apples grew 9 #aijb2 b ?is apple grew 9 "s previ\s ye>4 ,if ,i c\ld %[ y ! bran* itself1 ,i c\ld make y see 9 j :at ye> ?is little apple 0 borne1 & j :at ?is bran* has tri$ to d e ye> s9ce4 ,?is bran* has tri$ its be/ to be> apples1 b ! fruit-gr[] has n giv5 x food en\gh1 or has n kept ! enemies & diseases away4 ,! lesson t ,i got f my walk 0 ?is3 if ! apples 7 n good & abundant x 0 n ! fault ( ! trees1 = !y _h done _! "p4 ,9 ! cell> at home we h apples4 ,i l to g into ! cell> at night ) a lant]n & pick apples f ?is box & t--plump & big & r\nd--& eat !m :]e ,i /&4 ,!y are crisp & cool1 & ! fle% snaps :5 ,i bite x & ! juice is z fre% z ! wat] f a spr+4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( !m1 ea* k9d kn[n by its own "n1 & "s are r$ & "s are gre51 "s are r\nd & "s are long1 "s are good & "s are poor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,! apples are usually borne "o 9 a place1 al?\gh ! fl[]s are 9 clu/]s4 ,:y8 ,ov] & ov]1 ^! apples 9 ! cell> h be5 sort$1 until only ! good ones are suppos$ to rema94 ,yet n[ & !n ,i f9d a decay$ he>t or a holl[ place4 ,! la/ "o ,i pick$ up 0 fair & h&some on ! outside1 b a black place & a little sawdu/ 9 ! blossom end made me suspici\s ( x4 ,i cut x op54 ,"h is :at ,i f\nd 7,fig4 #cjf74 ,someone else _h f\nd ! apple be=e ,i _h4 ,la/ summ] a little mo? _h laid an egg on ! gr[+ apple1 a worm _h come f ! egg & _h eat5 & eat5 into ! apple1 burr[+ ?r\gh ! core1 until at la/ x 0 full gr[n1 z %[n 9 ! picture4 ,n[ x is prep>+ to escape4 ,x has eat5 a hole ?r\gh ! side ( ! apple1 b has plugg$ up ! hole until x is fully ready to leave4 ,:5 x leaves x w crawl into a crack or crevice some:]e1 & next spr+ *ange into a pupa & f9ally come =? a small1 dun-gray mo?4 ,?is mo? w lay ! eggs & !n die2 & ?us w be complet$ ! ev5tful life ( ! codl9-mo?1 f egg to worm & pupa & mo?4 ,b 9 do+ all ?is ! insect has spoil$ ! apple4 ,! insect acts z if ! apple belong$ to him2 b ,i ?9k ! apple belongs to me4 ,i wond] :i* is correct8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,! ,baldw9 apple4 ,h[ _m k9ds ( apples d y "k8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cje4 ,! same ,baldw9 apple cut 9 two4 ,"s ( ^! apples are s\nd & solid on ! inside1 b !y h h>d blacki% spots on ! outside 7,fig4 #cjg74 ,?is is a disease--! apple-scab4 ,?is scab is caus$ by m9ute plants & ^! plants also claim ! apple z _! own4 ,!re are ways by means ( :i* ! apple-gr[] is able to de/roy ! codl9-mo? & ! apple-scab2 & !reby he secures fair & s\nd apples4 ,insects & diseases & m5 are all fight+ to own ! apple4 ,,t5 ,,?+s ,,to ,,le>n ,,f ,,an ,,apple4 ,:5 y write y\r dues to ,uncle ,john on ! apple1 answ] z _m ( ! foll[+ que/ions z y c4 ,y c get ! answ]s f an apple itself4 ,he does n want y to ask anyone = ! answ]s3 #a4 ,h[ mu* ( ! apple is occupi$ by ! core8 #b4 ,h[ _m p>ts or comp>tm5ts are !re 9 ! core8 #c4 ,h[ _m se$s are !re 9 ea* "p8 #d4 ,:i* way d ! se$s po9t8 #e4 ,are ! se$s atta*$ or jo9$ to any "p ( ! core8 ,expla94 #f4 ,:at d y see 9 ! blossom end ( ! apple8 #g4 ,:at d y see 9 ! opposite end8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,?is is an apple 9 :i* a worm made its home4 #h4 ,is !re any connection betwe5 ! blossom end & ! core8 #i4 ,f9d a wormy apple & see if y c make out :]e ! worm left ! apple4 ,p]haps y c make a draw+4 ,to d ?is1 cut ! apple 9 two4 ,press ! cut surface on a piece ( pap]4 ,:5 ! apple is remov$ y c trace out ! m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,^! are ! apples on :i* o!r plants are liv+4--,! apple-scab4 #aj4 ,:5 y hold an apple 9 y\r h&1 see :i* way x looks to be bigg]--l5g?wise or crosswise4 ,!n cut x 9 two l5g?wise1 measure x ea* way1 & see :i* diamet] is ! great]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,"h is :]e city boys & girls buy _! apples4 ,,leaflet ,,liv4 ,,twigs ,,9 ,,late ,,w9t]4#gb ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 #gb ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration ,along a c\ntry road1 ?r\gh a drift$ field1 ov] a rail f5ce1 & into ! woods ,i w5t1 ga!r+ twigs "h & !re z ,i pass$4 ,a ,febru>y ?aw _h come & ^! fir/ mess5g]s ( spr+1 rea*+ out f %rub & tree1 7 beg9n+ to %[ signs ( life4 ,_m "y p d n believe t spr+ is ne> until !y he> a rob9 or a bluebird4 ,! b>e little twigs tell u fir/4 ,look at !m z y g on y\r way to s*ool4 ,are !y ! same color 9 ,febru>y t !y 7 9 ! %ort ,decemb] days8 ,:5 ,i rea*$ home ) my bundle ( twigs1 x 0 fun to sit by ! w9d[ & /udy ! /range little ?+s4 ,!y 7 s diff]5t "o f ano!r1 & s int]e/+ 9 e way1 t ,i decid$ to ask our boys & girls to ga!r "s w9t] twigs & tell u ab\t !m4 ,select y\r twigs f ! butt]nut1 will[1 hickory1 horse*e/nut1 apple1 plum1 plane-tree1 maple1 or any o!r tree t y come across4 ,"h are "s sugge/ions t w help y 9 y\r /udy3 #a4 ,h[ _m colors d y f9d 9 "o twig8 ,c\nt ! t9ts & %ades4 ,i f\nd eight colors on a small maple bran* 7,fig4 #cji74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4 ,r$ or swamp maple4 #b4 ,notice ! diff]5ces 9 sev]al twigs z !y lie on ! table4 ,:at makes !m look s diff]5t3 size1 %ape1 color1 arrangem5t ( buds1 ! size or %ape ( ! buds8 #c4 ,on h[ _m twigs are ! buds opposite ea* o!r8 ,note ! opposite buds on ! horse*e/nut 7,fig4 #caj74 ,on h[ _m are !y alt]nate8 ,are ! buds opposite on ! butt]nut 7,fig4 #caa78 #d4 ,:i* twigs be> ! buds s+ly8 #e4 ,:5 y f9d two or m buds gr[+ toge!r on a /em1 is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! buds8 #f4 ,on h[ _m ( ! twigs c y see a sc> left by ! leaf :5 x dropp$ (f 7,fig4 #caj & ,fig4 #caa a1 a78 ,comp>e ! leaf sc>s on diff]5t twigs4 ,notice ! /range sc> on ! butt]nut 7,fig4 #caa74 ,x looks l ! face ( an old %eep4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj4 ,horse*e/nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa4 ,butt]nut4 #g4 ,d y see any cocoons on y\r twig8 #h4 ,y all "k ! r+s on an apple twig t tell h[ mu* x grew ea* ye>4 ,d y f9d r+s on o!r twigs8 ,d y see !m on any ( ^! pictures8 #i4 ,:at d y suppose makes ^! r+s8 ,d y ?9k !re 0 once a l>ge t]m9al bud :]e ^! r+s are8 ,,leaflet ,,lv4 ,,prun+4#gc ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xlvi47 #gc ,ext5d$ f ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,fir/ sn[1 !n sleet1 & !n a d[n-p\r ( ra9--x /orm$ all day4 ,at night-fall x grew cold]4 ,! w9d blew fi]cely4 ,! twigs & bran*es fell on ! :ite cru/ :i* cov]$ ! e>?4 ,nature 0 prun+ ! trees4 ,h y ev] se5 y\r fa!r g into ! or*>d & prune 8 trees8 ,:y did he d x8 ,comp>e ! "w done by nature & t :i* y\r fa!r does4 ,:i* seems to be ! m c>eful prun]8 ,let u exp]im5t a little4 ,x w please ,uncle ,john4 ,he always wants 8 boys & girls to f9d out ?+s = !mselves4 ,select a bran* ( lilac or "s o!r %rub4 ,m>k x s t y w always "k x4 ,c\nt ! buds on ! bran*4 ,wat* !m ?r\gh ! spr+ & ! summ]4 ,note ! numb] t become bran*es4 ,y w !n "k t nature prunes ! trees4 ,if y ?9k a m9ute1 y w see t prun+ is necess>y 9 ! plant _w4 ,suppose a bran* has ?irty buds1 & t e bud %\ld produce ?irty bran*es1 ea* ( :i* 9 turn %\ld produce ?irty m1--d y ?9k !re w\ld be any room left 9 ! _w = boys & girls8 ,w\ld a tree be able to hold s _m bran*es8 ,y c]ta9ly h notic$ decay$ holes 9 trees4 ,did y ev] wond] :y !y 7 !re8 ,i suppose t mo/ p]sons nev] wond] ab\t x at all2 or if !y d give x any pass+ ?\ght1 !y say x is only natural = trees to h rott5 spots4 ,b ^! rott5 spots mean t once ! tree 0 injur$4 ,p]haps ! injury 0 ! "w ( a c>eless or ?\ghtless man :o prun$ ! tree4 ,v few p]sons seem really to "k h[ to remove ! limbs ( a tree s t ! w\nd w heal readily4 ,z y g & come1 obs]ve h[ ! trees h be5 prun$4 ,d y see long /ubs left1 :]e limbs h be5 cut8 ,yes2 & t is ! wrong way to cut !m4 ,!y %\ld be cut close to ! ma9 bran* or trunk1 = !n ! w\nds w heal ov] bett] 7,fig4 #cab74 ,if we abus$ our c[s & horses1 z we sometimes abuse our %ade trees1 :at w\ld become ( ! animals8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab4 ,! wrong way & ! "r way to remove a limb4 ,did y ev] see trees t 7 mutilat$ to all[ ( ! /r++ ( telephone & telegraph wires8 ,:o owns ! %ade trees along a /reet or public highway8 ,,leaflet ,,lvi4 ,,! ,,hepatica4#gd ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xl47 #gd ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,some?+ new & pleasant happ5$ 9 my life ?is ye>4 ,9 ,febru>y1 :ile ! wood 0 sn[-cov]$ & ! roadsides pil$ high ) drifts1 ,i saw hepaticas 9 bloom4 ,oh1 no6 ,i did n f9d !m out ( doors4 ,i _h all ! fun ( wat*+ !m f my w>m *imney-corn]4 ,!n :5 w9ds blew fi]cely ,i (t5 w5t to ! w9d[ :]e !y grew & buri$ my head 9 ! sweet blossoms4 ,:at d y suppose !y told me8 ,if "s w9t] day y feel _! s(t t\* on y\r face1 & smell _! woodsy fragrance1 y w he> ! message4 ,p]haps y want to "k h[ ! hepaticas f\nd _! way into my w9d[-box4 ,la/ fall z ,i walk$ ?r\gh a leafy wood ,i ga!r$ a few plants1 roots & all1 t ,i _h kn[n & lov$ 9 spr+ & summ] days4 ,among !m 7 hepaticas4 ,^! ,i laid away 9 ! cell> until ! fir/ ( ,febru>y4 ,!n ,i plant$ !m 9 a corn] ( ! w9d[-box t ,i _h left = !m4 ,s9ce ! little woods plants h come to live ) me ,i h le>n$ to "k !m well4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important lesson !y h taught me is ?is3 ,! blossoms may be ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( a plant4 ,w y f9d out :at hepaticas h to tell z ! seasons pass8 ,ev5 be=e y he> ! fir/ rob91 g into ! woods1 f9d "o ( ! hepaticas1 & m>k x = y\r own4 ,y w "k x by ! old br[n leaves4 ,!n wat* x day by day4 ,! foll[+ que/ions w help y to le>n its life /ory3 #a4 ,:]e d hepaticas gr[1 9 sunny or %ady places8 ,dur+ :i* seasons d !y get ! mo/ sunlight8 #b4 ,wat* ! fir/ sign ( life 9 ! plant4 ,d ! new leaves or ! fl[]s come fir/8 #c4 ,look at ! hepatica blossom a long "t4 ,h[ _m diff]5t p>ts c y see 9 x8 ,:e!r y "k ! names ( ^! p>ts n[ does n matt]4 ,i want y to see !m4 #d4 ,notice ! ?ree small1 gre51 leaf-l p>ts t are ar\nd ! fl[] bud4 ,z ! fl[] op5s see :e!r !y are a "p ( x1 or :e!r !y are a little way f x on ! /em4 #e4 ,obs]ve ! /em closely4 ,is x %ort or long8 ,hairy or smoo?8 #f4 ,z ! new leaves appe> f9d out :e!r !y are fuzzy on ! inside z well z on ! outside4 ,notice h[ !y are roll$ up & wat* !m unroll4 #g4 ,9 h[ _m diff]5t colors d y f9d hepaticas8 #h4 ,d "s smell sweet] ?an o!rs8 ,if s1 does color seem to h any?+ to d ) x8 #i4 ,look at a hepatica plant at night or v late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,also wat* x e>ly 9 ! morn+ & 9 cl\dy wea!r4 ,!n look at x 9 bright sun%9e4 ,d y see any *ange 9 ! fl[]s8 ,i ?9k y w discov] some?+ ( mu* int]e/4 #aj4 ,se$-"t among hepaticas is v int]e/+4 ,notice :at becomes ( ! ?ree small1 leaf-l p>ts t 7 und]nea? ! fl[]4 ,h[ _m se$s are !re8 #aa4 ,h[ long d y ?9k ! leaves ( hepatica rema9 on ! plant8 ,d y suppose !y rema9 gre5 all w9t]8 #ab4 ,:at becomes ( ! hepatica plant aft] x blossoms8 ,did y ev] see "o 9 summ]8 ,describe4 ,,leaflet ,,lvii4 ,,jack-,,9-,,!-,,pulpit4#ge ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xli47 #ge ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,april1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,!y call him ,jack-9-!-,pulpit1 he /&s up s /iff & s que] ,on ! edge ( ! swamp1 & waits = ! fl[]-folk to come & he> ,! text & ! s]mon1 & all ! grave ?+s t he has to say2 ,b ! blossoms !y laugh & !y dance1 !y are wild] ?an ev] to-day2 ,& z nobody /ops to li/51 s nev] a ^w has he said2 ,b !re 9 8 pulpit he /&s1 & holds 8 umbrella ov] 8 head1 ,& we h n a d\bt 9 our m9ds1 ,jack1 y are wisely li/5+1 ,to ! organ-*ant ( ! w9ds1 ,jack1 & ! tunes t ! sweet birds s+6 ,,lucy ,,l>com4 ,x is ,indian turnip1 said ,i4 ,no1 said ,gr&mo!r1 x's memory root4 ,if y ta/e x once y w nev] =get x4 ,& :at ,gr&mo!r said to me s long ago1 ,i say to e boy & girl1 ,if y ta/e x once y w nev] =get x4 ,b ( all ! names = ?is /range little wood plant1 ,i l ,jack-9-!-pulpit be/4 ,?\gh nev] a ^w has x said 9 our lifelong acqua9tance1 x has be5 a helpful little c\ntry prea*] to me4 ,z we g into ! woods ?is ye>1 let u make up our m9ds t we w "k m ?an we ev] h kn[n be=e ( its int]e/+ life4 ,:]e d y f9d ! ,jack-9-!-pulpit8 ,9 :at k9d ( soil does x gr[8 ,h[ does x fir/ come up8 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! root8 ,"o is en\gh = ! :ole class to /udy & x %\ld be plant$ aga94 ,we d n want ! ,jack-9-!-pulpit to disappe> f our woods4 ,does ! little hood fold ov] at fir/8 ,! hood or umbrella is n ! fl[]4 ,y w f9d ! fl[]s on ! little c5tral /alk t y call ,jack4 ,see :e!r ! blossoms are alike4 ,look at ! blossoms on sev]al plants4 ,place a /ick by ! side ( "o ( ^! plants s t y w "k x lat] 9 ! ye> :5 ! ,jack-9-!-pulpit has disappe>$4 ,notice :e!r !re are insects 9 ! l[] "p ( ! fl[] /alk4 ,if s1 c !y get out8 ,:5 ! blossom has gone1 look = ! se$s4 ,:at color are !y 9 ,june8 ,9 ,augu/8 ,h y any h\se plant t y ?9k is relat$ to ,jack-9-!-pulpit8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac4 ,tub]s ( ,jack-9-!-pulpit1 or ,indian turnip4 ,,leaflet ,,lviii4 ,,! ,,d&elion4#gf ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y & ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #gf ,supplem5t to ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration ,! fir/ w>m? ( spr+ br\ght ! d&elions out ( ! banks & knolls4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ pro(s t w9t] 0 really go+1 & we began to li/5 = ! blackbirds & swall[s4 ,we lov$ ! bright fl[]s1 = !y 7 s _m reflections ( ! w>m+ sun4 ,!y soon became m famili>1 & invad$ ! y>ds4 ,!n !y ov]ran ! lawns1 & we began to despise !m4 ,we hat$ !m because we _h made up our m9ds n to h !m1 n because !y 7 unlovable4 ,9 spite ( e ef=t1 we c\ld n get rid ( !m4 ,!n if we mu/ h !m1 we decid$ to love !m4 ,:]e once 7 we$s are n[ gold5 co9s scatt]$ 9 ! sun1 & bees revell+ 9 color2 & we are happy6 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,/udy4 ,i4 ,ask y\r tea*] to let y g out ( doors = t5 m9utes to look at d&elions4 ,9 y\r note books write answ]s to ! foll[+ que/ions3 #a4 ,at :at "t ( day are y look+ = ! d&elions8 ,is ! sun %9+1 or is ! sky ov]ca/8 ,make up y\r m9d to notice :e!r d&elions behave ! same at all h\rs ( ! day & 9 all k9ds ( wea!r4 #b4 ,h[ _m d&elions c y c\nt z y /& on ! s*ool-gr\nd8 ,! little yell[ heads c be se5 a long di/ance4 #c4 ,:]e d !y pref] to gr[1--on ! hillsides1 along ! roadsides1 9 ! m>%es1 or 9 y\r g>d58 ,,ii4 ,ga!r a basket full ( blossom+ d&elions1 roots & all1 take !m to s*ool1 & ask ! tea*] to let y h a d&elion lesson4 ,"h are "s sugge/ions t w help y3 #a4 ,ea* pupil %\ld h a plant1 root & all4 ,describe ! plant4 ,is x tall or %ort8 ,h[ _m leaves are !re8 ,h[ _m blossoms8 #b4 ,hold ! plant up s t y c see x well4 ,h[ _m di/9ct colors d y f9d8 ,h[ _m t9ts & %ades ( ^! colors8 #c4 ,look c>efully at ! blossom4 ,h[ _m p>ts has x8 ,h[ mu* c y f9d out ab\t ! way 9 :i* ! yell[ head is made up8 ,,iii4 ,m>k a d&elion plant 9 y\r g>d54 ,wat* x e day4 ,keep a record ( all t happ5s 9 its life4 ,lat] 9 ! ye> s5d ,uncle ,john a little hi/ory or acc\nt ( ! plant y h wat*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad4 ,bl[ ! d&elion balloon6 ,,d&elion4 ,de> common fl[]1 t gr['/ beside ! way1 ,fr++ ! du/y road ) h>mless gold1 ,fir/ pl$ge ( bli!some ,may1 ,:i* *ildr5 pluck1 &1 full ( pride uphold1 ,high-he>t$ buccane]s1 o'erjoy$ t !y ,an ,eldorado 9 ! grass h f\nd1 ,:i* n ! e>?'s ample r\nd ,may mat* 9 weal?1 ?\ art m de> to me ,?an all ! pr\d] summ]-blooms may be4 --,,l[ell4 ,,leaflet ,,lix4 ,,maple ,,trees ,,9 ,,autumn4#gg ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflets ,,xlvii & ,,xlviii47 ,! hills are bright ) maples yet1 ,b d[n ! level l& ,! bee* leaves ru/le 9 ! w9d1 ,z dry & br[n z s&4 ,! cl\ds 9 b>s ( ru/y r$ ,along ! hill-tops gl[1 ,& 9 ! /ill %>p air ! fro/ ,is l a dream ( sn[4--,,alice ,,c>y4 #gg ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,! hills are bright ) maples ab\t ! "t ,jack ,fro/ appe>s1 & _m p say t he makes ! leaves turn r$ & yell[4 ,wise folk tell u1 h[ev]1 t ,jack ,fro/ is n ! arti/2 t leaves *ange to autumn t9ts :5 _! "w is complet$4 ,boys & girls may n "k t leaves "w2 yet all ?r\gh ! long summ] days :5 y h be5 play+ 9 ! %ade ( "s old maple1 ! leaves ov] y\r head h be5 v busy4 ,uncle ,john says t ea* leaf is a />* factory1 & ?is is true4 ,/>* is necess>y = plant food & x is manufactur$ 9 ! leaves4 ,! gre5 leaves & /ems are ! ma*9]y1 :i* is run by sunlight4 ,look at a l>ge bran* ( maple & see h[ ! leaves are arrang$ to cat* e sunbeam4 ,! m light ! gre5 p>ts ( ! tree get1 ! m plant food c be made & ! /urdi] & h&som] ! tree4 ,b ! /ory ( ! way 9 :i* ! plant food is made is a long "o & n easy = "y p to und]/&4 ,?is c come lat] :5 y h become famili> ) ! _m int]e/+ ?+s t y le>n by wat*+ ! tree & by /udy+ ) ! microscope4 ,if ,i %\ld to g into y\r s*ool-room & %\ld ask h[ _m boys & girls "k a sug> maple1 ,i suppose e h& w\ld be rais$4 ,b if ,i %\ld ask3 ,:5 does ! sug> maple blossom8 ,:at d ! blossoms look l8 ,:5 d ! w+$ se$s fall8 ,i wond] h[ _m c\ld give me satisfactory answ]s to my que/ions6 ,*oose "s f9e old maple = /udy4 ,! "o t /&s ne> ! door w be be/1 s9ce y c see x e day4 ,write 9 a note book all t y c f9d out ab\t x z ! weeks g by4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,fall ,,/udy4 #a4 ,notice h[ ! leaves turn to ! sunlight4 #b4 ,try to f9d two leaves exactly alike 9 color1 =m1 size1 l5g? ( /em1 etc4 ,if y succe$ s5d !m to ,uncle ,john4 #c4 ,h[ _m diff]5t t9ts c y f9d 9 a s+le leaf8 #d4 ,z y look at two sug> maple trees1 d !y seem to be color$ alike8 #e4 ,are all sug> maples t y "k ! same %ape8 #f4 ,h[ are ! leaves arrang$ on ! bran*8 #g4 ,c y f9d any w+$ se$s ne> ! tree8 ,if s1 plant "o 9 a box ( e>? & see :e!r x w gr[4 #h4 ,if y f9d any plants gr[+ b5ea? ! maple tree1 describe !m or tell :at !y are4 #i4 ,d y "k any o!r k9ds ( maples8 ,h[ d y di/+ui% !m8 ,illu/ration3 ,*ild's draw+ ( a maple leaf4 ,fif? grade4 7,r$uc$47 ,,leaflet ,,lx4 ,a ,,corn ,,/alk4#gh ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflets ,,xlii & ,,xliii47 #gh ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,tom1 said ,i to a "y fri5d :o /ood by ! w9d[ toss+ a t5-c5t piece into ! air1 :at plant is us$ = "p ( ! design on t co98 ,! boy did n answ] "r away4 ,i d n believe he _h ev] look$ at x closely2 yet ?is is "o ( ! prettie/ ( our silv] pieces4 ,aft] a few m9utes he said1 ,x is corn1 isn't x8 ,he>+ a note ( surprise 9 8 voice1 ,i told him some?+ ab\t corn-rais+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we !n decid$ t x is a good ?+ to repres5t corn on "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates co9s1 s9ce x is a s\rce ( mu* ( our weal?4 ,b aside f its value1 ,indian corn %\ld int]e/ u because x is a wond]ful plant4 ,boys & girls d n "k mu* m ab\t x ?an does any old black cr[4 ,y h wat*$ ! f>m] plant corn & y l to eat x4 ,jim ,cr[ has wat*$ ! f>m] plant corn & he likes to eat x1 too4 ,! "t has come1 h[ev]1 :5 y c get ahead ( him if y c>e to2 & to get ahead ( cr[s on ! corn "q is wor? ! :ile4 ,let me tell y h[ to d x4 #a4 ,secure a k]nel ( corn1 cut x 9 halves1 & note ! food inside x4 ,?is food 0 /or$ 9 ! se$ by ! p>5t plant4 ,uncle ,john w\ld say t x is ! lun* t ! "m puts up = h] *ildr54 ,:at mu/ happ5 be=e ! food c be us$ by ! little plant8 #b4 ,place "s moi/ soil 9 a tumbl]1 & put a k]nel ( corn 9 x ne> ! side s t y c wat* x gr[4 ,h[ soon does ! root appe>8 ,! leaves8 ,h[ _m leaves come up at "o "t8 #c4 ,ask y\r fa!r to give y a small piece ( gr\nd 9 ! g>d54 ,plant a few k]nels ( corn s t y w h "s plants ( y\r own to /udy ?is summ]4 ,o!r p's plants are nev] s int]e/+ z our own4 #d4 ,z y\r corn plants pu% _! way up into ! light & air1 wat* !m e day4 ,notice h[ ! new leaves are protect$ by ! next old] ones4 #e4 ,is ! /em holl[ or solid8 ,9 :i* way w\ld x be /rong]8 #f4 ,notice ! jo9ts4 ,are !y ! same di/ance ap>t ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! /em8 ,does ! di/ance betwe5 ! jo9ts always rema9 ! same8 ,measure !m "s day2 !n 9 a week measure !m aga94 #g4 ,:]e does ! /alk break mo/ easily8 #h4 ,:]e does ! leaf clasp ! /alk8 #i4 ,notice h[ /rong ! leaf is4 ,9 :at direction d ! ribs ext5d8 ,if ^! long n>r[ leaves 7 n /rong :at w\ld happ5 to !m z !y wave back & =? 9 ! w9d8 #aj4 ,h y ev] notic$ ! ruffl$ edges ( ! leaves8 ,z y b5d !m y w see t ! edges d n te>4 #aa4 ,!re are two k9ds ( blossoms on a corn plant4 ,! e> be>s "o k9d1 ! tassel ! o!r4 ,if y 7 to cut all ! tassels f ! plants 9 y\r g>d51 ! k]nels w\ld n gr[ on ! e>s4 ,lat] on y w le>n :y4 #ab4 ,wat* ! e> closely z x gr[s4 #ac4 ,foll[ a ?read ( silk to ! place :]e x is atta*$4 ,notice :e!r !re is "o silk = ea* k]nel4 #ad4 ,:5 ! corn is 9 ! milk /age x is prep>+ to /ore up food = ! "y plants4 ,h[ does x ta/e at ?is "t8 #ae4 ,look closely at ! base ( ! corn /alk & y w see roots ext5d+ obliquely into ! soil4 ,^! are ! brace roots4 ,( :at use d y ?9k !y are to ! corn /alk8 ,,leaflet ,,lxi4 ,,9 ,,! ,,corn ,,fields4#gi ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflets ,,xlii & ,,xliii47 #gi ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,caw caw6 said ,jim ,cr[ z he flew ov] our heads4 ,0 he je]+ at u8 we wond]$1 ! *ildr5 & ,i4 ,p]haps he 0 inquisitive to "k :at bus9ess we _h 9 ! op5 c\ntry & 9 ! fields ( corn4 ,p]haps he 0 n conc]n$ ) u at all4 ,v likely cr[s are less conc]n$ ) u ?an we ?9k !y are4 ,jim ,cr[ flew on out ( sight1 b we /ay$ among ! rip5+ corn4 ,! e>s 7 fill+ out4 ,! ends ( ! silk 7 turn+ br[n4 ,we saw _m ?+s t we _h plann$ to look = 9 vacation3 ! tall /em1 ! brace roots1 ! long /rong leaves & ! way ! ribs ext5d 9 !m1 ! ruffl$ edges ( ! leaves1 ! two k9ds ( blossoms1 & :]e ea* silk5 ?read is atta*$4 ,! :ole /ory 0 be=e u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4 ,ov] ! fields 9 corn-h>ve/ "t4 ,b ?is is ! h>ve/ "t & we are ready to le>n a new lesson f ! corn fields4 ,z we wat* !m n[ let u answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 #a4 ,h[ is ! corn cut8 #b4 ,h[ _m e>s d y f9d on a /alk8 #c4 ,are ! e>s on ! same side ( ! /alk or on opposite sides8 #d4 ,take into ! s*ool room z _m k9ds ( corn z y c f9d & describe ea* z foll[s3 a--,! %ape & color ( ! k]nel4 b--,numb] ( r[s ( k]nels4 c--,! numb] ( k]nels 9 ea* r[4 #e4 ,p]haps ! girls w pop "s corn & br+ x to ! ,junior ,naturali/ ,club meet+4 ,let !m try to pop field corn4 ,cut k]nels 9 two ( field corn & pop-corn1 & report :e!r !y diff]4 ,:y does pop-corn pop8 #f4 ,make a li/ ( ! foods = :i* corn is us$4 #g4 ,:y are pumpk9s plant$ among corn8 #h4 ,:y n make = y\r s*ool room "s decorations f e>s ( corn8 ,illu/ration ,,leaflet ,,lxii4 ,,! ,,alfalfa ,,plant4#hj ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey & ,,john ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xxxiv47 #hj ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration ,all ! ?+s t ! f>m] sells are produc$ by plants & animals4 ,! animals live on ! plants4 ,x is important t we "k :at "s ( ^! plants are4 ,"s plants are gr[n = human food4 ,su* are potato1 :eat1 apple1 lettuce4 ,"s are gr[n only to fe$ to animals4 ,su* are grasses & clov]1--plants t are made into hay4 ,hay is ! mo/ important crop 9 ,new ,york ,/ate4 ,9 fact1 ,new ,york leads all ! ,/ates 9 ! value ( ! hay & =age4 ,?is value is m ?an #ff millions ( doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caf4 ,sprig ( ! alfalfa plant4 ,hay is important 9 ,new ,york also because !re are s _m dairy cattle 9 ! ,/ate4 ,!re are m ?an "o & "o-half millions ( dairy cattle 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 ! value ( ! milk & butt] & *eese1 ,new ,york also leads all o!r ,/ates4 ,!re are also great numb]s ( beef cattle1 horses1 mules1 & %eep4 ,all ^! millions ( animals mu/ be suppli$ ) hay 9 our long cold w9t]s4 ,hay is made 9 ,new ,york ,/ate f grasses & clov]4 ,suppose we c\ld f9d "s plant t w\ld yield twice z mu* hay z clov] yields1 & yet be z nutriti\s1--y c readily see h[ valuable su* a plant w\ld be to ! ,/ate4 ,x w\ld be bett] ?an a gift ( millions ( doll>s4 ,su* a plant is alfalfa4 ,n[ t y "k some?+ ab\t alfalfa 9 a g5]al way1 ,i want y to "k h[ ! plant looks & h[ x gr[s4 ,x is n yet v well kn[n ev5 among f>m]s1 b its cultivation is increas+ e ye>4 ,y w probably "k :]e !re are fields ( x4 ,sometimes x gr[s along roadsides z a we$4 ,la/ spr+ ,uncle ,john (f]$ to s5d a small packet ( alfalfa se$s to any ,junior ,naturali/ :o wrote = x4 ,he s5t ab\t #e1jjj packets4 ,b if y d n "k ! plant or _c f9d x1 write at once to ,uncle ,john & he w s5d y "s by mail f ! ,univ]sity f>m4 ,let u see h[ _m s*ool *ildr5 9 ,new ,york ,/ate w "k :at alfalfa is betwe5 n[ & ,?anksgiv+ "t4 ,:5 writ+ to ,uncle ,john ab\t alfalfa1 try to answ] z _m ( ! foll[+ que/ions z possible f y\r own obs]vation3 #a4 ,does ! plant rem9d y ( any o!r plant t y ev] saw8 ,( :at8 #b4 ,h[ does x gr[1--/raight up or spread+ out on ! gr\nd8 #c4 ,h[ _m /alks come f "o root8 #d4 ,:at are ! leaves l8 ,m>k out ! %ape ) a p5cil4 #e4 ,:at are ! fl[]s l8 ,d y "k any o!r fl[]s ( simil> %ape8 ,:at is ! color8 #f4 ,if possible1 dig ar\nd a plant & describe h[ ! root looks4 ,does x bran* into _m fibres1 z grass roots or corn roots d8 ,,uncle ,,john',s ,,lett] ,,ab\t ,,! ,,alfalfa ,,g>d5s4 ,my ,de> ,boys & ,girls3 ,d y "k mu* ab\t ! alfalfa plant8 ,d y rememb] t la/ spr+ we promis$ to s5d a packet ( se$ to ea* ( y :o ask$ = x8 ,did y s5d y\r "n ask+ t y be s]v$8 ,we receiv$ ! names ( sev]al ?\s& *ildr5 ask+ = se$ & ,i am wond]+ :e!r y are "o ( !m4 ,if s1 did y s[ ! se$8 ,w y write me a lett] tell+ me :at became ( x8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cag4 ,:at leaf is ?is8 ,is x enl>g$8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4 ,leaf ( alfalfa4 ,:at significance h ! spots8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai4 ,fl[]s ( ! alfalfa4 ,are !y natural size8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,alfalfa pods4 ,h[ mu* enl>g$8 ,i am v fond ( *ildr5's lett]s4 ,ea* ye> ,i receive m ?an ?irty ?\s& ( !m4 ,i sometimes wond] :e!r !re is ano!r man :o is honor$ by s _m lett]s f "y p1 = ,i c\nt x an honor to be s rememb]$4 ,z l>ge z t numb] is1 ,i _c sp>e "o lett]4 ,i always want a few m4 ,all y\r lett]s are read & ,i take great pa9s to answ] all que/ions4 ,if1 by any ov]sight1 y h be5 miss$ ,i am sorry4 ,i "k :at x co/s a boy or girl to write a lett]4 ,i nev] op5 "o )\t feel+ t ! writ] is a fri5d ( m9e1 o!rwise he w\ld n h exp5d$ s mu* h>d "w to write x4 ,s*ool has n[ begun & ( c\rse y are v busy1 & s is y\r tea*]4 ,"o ( ! be/ opportunities to write lett]s is 9 s*ool4 ,please ask y\r tea*] :e!r y may n write me dur+ y\r language p]iod4 ,y may say t %e may make au?ors ( all ( y if %e c1 b ,i w d all ,i c to help y become good lett] writ]s4 ,ask h] :e!r a lett] to me may n be a sub/itute = a composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cba4 ,cr[n ( ! alfalfa plant1 %[+ h[ root & top />t (f4 ,9 y\r lett] y may tell me y\r exp]i5ce ) alfalfa4 ,tell me y\r failures z well z y\r successes4 ,ev5 ?\gh y receiv$ y\r se$s & did n s[ !m1 tell me t4 ,i %all nev] f9d fault ) y = tell+ me ! tru?4 ,if y s[$ ! se$ & ! plants did n d well1 tell me t also4 ,! plants may look v small & un9t]e/+ to y ?is ye>1 b next ye> !y may surprise y4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! alfalfa crop is ( great value & ! loss ( x w\ld br+ di/ress to _m f>m]s4 ,i am wond]+ :e!r ! crop1 z rais$ 9 all p>ts ( our c\ntry1 is n wor? m money ?an all ! gold f\nd 9 ! ,klondike1 tak+ ! two ye> by ye>4 ,i d n "k h[ t may be4 ,i am wond]+4 ,m5 by ! ?\s& h gone to ! gold m9es & endur$ _m h>d%ips & lat] return$ ) less money ?an ^? :o _h rema9$ at home & took c>e ( _! alfalfa4 ,x may be t a m9e ( weal? lies v ne> y1 & to get x y may h to ask alfalfa to f9d x & br+ x to y4 ,gold _c be f\nd 9 all places 9 a gold c\ntry & alfalfa may n feel com=table & gr[ 9 all p>ts ( a good f>m+ c\ntry4 ,:at we ask$ ( y la/ spr+ 0 t y become alfalfa prospectors & lat] tell u :at y f\nd4 ,,john ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 ,,leaflet ,,lxiii4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,squirrel4#ha ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xlix47 ,! squirrel came runn+ d[n a slant+ b\gh1 & z he /opp$ twirl+ a nut1 call$ out r impud5tly1 ,look "h6 j get a snug-fitt+ fur coat & a pair ( fur gloves l m9e & y may laugh at a nor!a/ /orm4--,,?oreau4 #ha ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,= a *e]y companion give me ! r$ squirrel6 ,i ent] ! woods & !re ! little fell[ is1 ready to welcome me4 ,:at a f9e day x is = ga!r+ nuts6 he seems to say1 & /raightway1 z ,i li/5 to 8 m]ry *att]1 ,i ?9k x is a f9e day = any sport t includes him & ! br[n ,novemb] woods4 ,"y naturali/s may ?9k x is a difficult ?+ to become acqua9t$ ) r$ squirrels1 b y w (t5 f9d !m will+ to be sociable if y %[ !m a little k9dness4 ,i h _m times wat*$ two or ?ree squirrels play+ ab\t a fri5d z %e sat 9 h] g>d54 ,!y seem$ to f9d h] ne>ly z int]e/+ z ! old p9e tree ne> by4 ,!y are inquisitive animals4 ,h[ did y tame !m8 ,i ask$4 ,i f$ !m occasionally1 %e repli$4 ,at fir/ ,i put "s nuts on ! grass sev]al feet away f me4 ,!n ,i gradually plac$ a tempt+ meal ne>] & ne>] until ! little fell[s seem$ to lose all fe> ( me4 ,if we c>e to1 y & ,i1 we c le>n a great deal ab\t r$ squirrels be=e ano!r ye> has pass$4 ,if y live on a f>m y %\ld "k ! habits ( all ! wild creatures ab\t y4 ,y c !n be j to !m1 & decide :e!r or n y c af=d to let !m cont9ue to be t5ants on y\r f>m4 ,y w f9d t all ( !m h int]e/+ lives4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,squirrel4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,j a tawny glimm]1 ,a da% ( r$ & gray1-- ,is x a flitt+ %ad[1 ,or a sunbeam gone a/ray8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb4 ,9 ! haunts ( ! r$ squirrel4 ,x glances up a tree trunk1 ,& f "s bran*1 ,i "k ,a little spy 9 ambu% ,is measur+ 8 foe4 ,i he> 8 mock+ *uckle2 ,9 wra? he waxes bold1 ,& /ays 8 press+ bus9ess ,to scold & scold & scold4 ,,que/ions ,,ab\t ,,! ,,r$ ,,squirrel4 #a4 ,:at is ! color ( ! r$ squirrel8 ,is he really r$8 ,is 8 entire coat ( "o color8 ,does he we> diff]5t colors 9 w9t] & summ]8 #b4 ,did y ev] see a r$ squirrel's ne/8 ,if s1 describe x4 #c4 ,does ! r$ squirrel hib]nate2 t is1 does he sleep all w9t] z ! *ipmunk does8 #d4 ,:at does a r$ squirrel eat8 ,did y ev] see him gett+ ! w+$ se$s out ( a pit* p9e cone8 #e4 ,d y believe a squirrel ev] plant$ an oak8 ,give a reason4 #f4 ,if y live 9 ! c\ntry1 y h se5 r$ squirrels runn+ on ! rail f5ces4 ,:y d !y l rail f5ces8 ,d y see !m s (t5 on o!r k9ds ( f5ces8 #g4 ,notice ! tracks made 9 ! sn[ 9 w9t] woods4 ,try to f9d :e!r ! r$ squirrel's is among !m4 #h4 ,if y "k any o!r k9ds ( squirrels1 tell h[ !y diff] f ! r$ squirrel4 ,,leaflet ,,lxiv4 ,,rob94#hb ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #hb ,introduction pr9t$ 9 ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,! drifts along ! f5ces are settl+4 ,! brooks are brimm+ full4 ,! op5 fields are b>e4 ,a w>m knoll "h & !re is t+$ ) gre54 ,a smell ( e>? is 9 ! air4 ,a %ad[ d>ts ?r\gh ! apple tree3 x is ! rob96 ,rob96 ,y & ,i 7 lov]s :5 yet my ye>s 7 few4 ,we roam$ ! fields & hills toge!r4 ,we explor$ ! brook t ran up into ! great d>k woods & away ov] ! edge ( ! _w4 ,we knew ! old squirrel :o liv$ 9 ! maple tree4 ,we he>d ! fir/ frog peep4 ,we knew ! m9n[s t lay "u ! mossy log4 ,we knew h[ ! c[slips bloom$ 9 ! lu%y swale4 ,we he>d ! fir/ s(t roll ( ?und] 9 ! liquid ,april sky4 ,rob96 ,! fields are yond]6 ,y are my bett] self4 ,i c>e n = ! birds ( p>adise2 = :e!r "h or !re1 ,i %all li/5 = y\r c>ol 9 ! apple tree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our lesson on rob9 %all be a lesson out ( doors4 ,we %all leave ! books beh9d4 ,we %all see ! bird4 ,we %all wat* him & make up our m9ds :at he is do+ & :y4 ,we %all "k rob9 bett]2 & rob9 lives 9 ! fields4 ,p]haps y ?9k y "k rob94 ,suppose t "o ( y\r fri5ds nev] saw a rob92 d y ?9k y c\ld close y\r eyes & describe him s t y\r fri5d w\ld "k h[ ! bird looks8 ,!n tell me :]e rob9 builds its ne/1 & ( :at mat]ials2 & h[ _m eggs are laid & _! color2 & h[ long ! "m bird sits2 & h[ long ! fl$gl+s rema9 9 ! ne/4 ,y c readily f9d a family ( rob9s 9 "s ne>-by tree1 or p]haps ev5 on ! por*2 & y c le>n all ^! ?+s )\t ev] di/urb+ ! birds4 ,i want y to wat* a bird build its ne/4 ,y may ?9k t y "k h[ rob9 builds1 b c y really tell me j h[ ! bird c>ries ! mud1 & :]e x f9ds ! o!r mat]ials1 & h[ long ! build+ op]ation cont9ues8 ,d bo? birds take "p 9 ! build+8 ,!n ,i want to "k :e!r y c tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 fa!r rob9 & "m rob94 ,did y ev] notice :e!r rob9s t come fir/ 9 ! spr+ h bright] brea/s ?an ^? t come lat]8 ,& c y expla98 ,tell me1 too1 :at rob9 does ) 8 ye>4 ,y "k :5 he comes 9 spr+ & :5 he builds & :5 ! speckl$ "y ones fly4 ,b :]e is he 9 summ] & fall & w9t]8 ,& :at is he ab\t all ?is "t8 ,does he build ano!r ne/ & re> ano!r family1 or does he g vacation+8 ,& does he ga!r ! same k9d ( food 9 spr+ & summ]8 ,does he ga!r *]ries = 8 family or = himself8 ,did y ev] see rob9 9 w9t] 9 ,new ,york8 ,:at c y tell me ab\t ! song ( rob98 ,does he s+ all ! ye>8 ,or does he h a diff]5t note = summ]8 ,n "o ( y c tell h[ _m diff]5t notes & calls rob9 has4 ,i sometimes ?9k t rob9 kn[s sev]al languages4 ,i h se5 _m m spr+s ?an y h se53 & yet ,i always wait = rob9 on ! lawn4 ,i (t5 wond] :e!r ! same rob9s come back to my lawn4 ,!y seem to g to bus9ess at once4 ,!y hop ) ! mo/ confid5t air1 & day aft] day pull /r+s out ( ! gr\nd4 ,y "k :at ^! /r+s are3 b d y "k h[ rob9 f9ds !m8 ,is x by smell1 or sight1 or feel+1 or he>+8 ,d y suppose he is li/5+ :5 he cocks 8 head to "o side & !n to ! o!r8 ,or is he m]ely mak+ motions8 ,& ,i wond] :e!r birds & animals usually make motions j = ! sake ( mak+ !m8 ,i h ask$ y _m que/ions1 & n "o ( y c answ]4 ,p]haps ,i _c answ]4 ,y ask1 ,:at's ! use8 ,if y c see rob91 & le>n :y1 y c also le>n o!r ?+s4 ,b ,i l rob9 j because he is rob94 ,!re is "o ?+ m4 ,y w read ab\t rob9 r$brea/4 ,:o is he8 ,f9d out = me :e!r rob9 r$brea/ ( ,europe & ( ,engli% poetry is ! same z our ,am]ican bird4 ,,leaflet ,,lxv4 ,,cr[s4#hc ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xxiv47 #hc ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration ,at a wigwam 9 ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s a tame cr[ lives ) a family ( ,indians4 ,^! ,indians make baskets ( bir* b>k & o!r ?+s t !y f9d out ( doors1 & sell !m to visitors :o sp5d _! summ] 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! little cr[ helps 9 ! bus9ess4 ,he makes himself s int]e/+ to ! pass]s-by t !y /op to wat* him4 ,! ,indians !n h an opportunity to %[ _! baskets1 & v (t5 sell !m4 ,b we ne$ n g to ! ,adirondacks to f9d a cr[ t e>ns 8 liv+4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,beal1 :o has /udi$ cr[s a long "t1 speaks ( !m z valuable f>m h&s2 & ,neltje ,blan*an says t !y are z mu* entitl$ to a %>e ( ! corn z ! horse t pl[s x4 ,?is may surprise boys & girls :o h he>d cr[s spok5 ( z ?ieves & rascals4 ,let u look into _! /ory s t we c f9d out = ourselves :e!r to ! f>m] ! cr[ is a fri5d or an enemy4 ,h[ ,jim ,cr[ does h>m3-- #a4 ,by kill+ toads1 frogs1 small snakes1 & salam&]s 7liz>ds74 ,:y are ^! little creatures fir/ rate f>m h&s8 #b4 ,by pull+ up spr\t+ corn4 ,"s f>m]s prev5t ?is by t>r+ ! corn4 #c4 ,by /eal+ eggs1 small *ick5s1 & t9y birds4 ,x is said t ! cr[ is r>ely guilty ( ^! wrongs4 ,:at d y "k ab\t x8 ,h[ ,jim ,cr[ does good3-- #d4 ,by eat+ l>ge numb]s ( insects3 gras%opp]s1 cat]pill>s 7includ+ army worms & cut worms71 ,june bugs1 & o!r insects4 ,s _m insects does he dev\r t he e>ns m ?an he de/roys4 ,a half bu%el ( corn scatt]$ on a field is said to be suffici5t 9 _m cases to prev5t ,jim ,cr[ f pull+ ! gr[+ corn4 ,to /udy cr[s3-- ,wat* ! cr[s to f9d out j :at !y d4 ,d y ev] see !m fly+ 9 l>ge numb]s8 ,if s1 at :at "t ( day d !y fly8 ,:]e are !y go+8 ,notice h[ !y use _! w+s4 ,d !y come f ! same direction ea* morn+8 ,w\ld x n be a great exp]i5ce to make up a p>ty & visit ! place f :i* !y come8 ,:at d y ?9k y w\ld f9d !re8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,:o's afraid6 ,:5 y see cr[s fe$+ 9 a field try to le>n :at !y are eat+4 ,y c (t5 f9d cr[s' tracks 9 ! sn[4 ,!re ! pr9ts ( _! feet & w+s may be se54 ,:at d y ?9k int]e/$ ! cr[s 9 ! sn[-cov]$ field8 ,det]m9e :e!r ! caw is always ! same4 ,is x sometimes %ort1 sometimes long8 ,c y associate ^! diff]5ces ) ! actions ( ! birds8 ,i wi% y w\ld read ,john ,hay's poem1 ,! ,cr[s at ,wa%+ton4 ,,leaflet ,,lxvi4 ,a ,,fri5dly ,,little ,,*ickadee4#hd ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,,mccloskey4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xxiv47 ,?is scrap ( valor j = play ,fronts ! nor? w9d 9 wai/coat gray4 --,,em]son4 #hd ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,"o cold ,decemb] day a *ickadee f\nd himself alone 9 a wood4 ,he look$ v mu* l o!r *ickadees1 a small1 gray bird1 we>+1 z someone has said1 a black hood ) :ite side pieces & a black ve/4 ,he 0 l o!rs ( 8 k91 too1 9 t he 0 a skillful acrobat4 ,he c\ld /& "r side up on a twig or cl+ to x upside d[n--"o position seem$ z easy z ! o!r4 ,b ,i am n sure t ?is little *ickadee 0 l 8 fell[s 9 "o respect4 ,i h wond]$ :e!r !y are all z fri5dly z he4 ,i %all tell ( some?+ t he did1 & leave x to "y naturali/s to f9d out :e!r o!r *ickadees w %[ z fri5dly a _s4 ,x happ5$ on ! cold ,decemb] day :5 ! *ickadee 0 alone 9 ! sn[-*ok$ wood t a ,s5ior ,naturali/ w&]$ along t way4 ,:e!r or no ! little bird knew t ! tall man 0 !re ,i _c say4 ,at any rate1 he call$ out phoe-be1 ! pla9tive little pipe ( two notes1 cle>] & sweet] ?an ! real phoebe bird c make4 ,! tall man answ]$ ! call1 :i/l+ two notes z pla9tive & sweet z ! *ickadee's own4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! :i/le 0 repeat$ & e "t x 0 answ]$4 ,ne>] & ne>] came ! fluffy midget1 until f9ally he alight$ on a tree directly ov] ! tall man's head4 ,& !n a rem>kable ?+ happ5$6 ,y w sc>cely believe x1 yet x is true4 ,kn[+ h[ ne> ! *ickadee 01 ! tall man :i/l$ phoe-be v s(tly1 & ! little bird flew d[n & re/$ on 8 arm4 ,h[ pleas$ ! ,s5ior ,naturali/ mu/ h felt :5 he _h ga9$ ! confid5ce ( ?is wild bird6 ,i wi% t our boys & girls w\ld try to d ! same ?+ & tell ,uncle ,john :e!r ! exp]im5t is successful4 ,,/udy ,,( ,a ,,*ickadee ,,9 ,,w9t]4 #a4 ,keep a %>p look\t = *ickadees4 ,c y tell "o :5 y see x8 ,!y are (t5 ) nu?at*es & d[ny woodpeck]s4 ,if y tie a piece ( suet 9 a tree ne> y\r h\se ^! w9t] birds may visit y4 #b4 ,li/5 to ! notes ( all ! w9t] birds4 ,"s day y w he> "o say ,*ick-a-dee-dee-dee-dee4 ,!n he may s+ phoe-be1 & y w try to imitate ! notes4 ,he may answ] y4 ,tell u h[ ne> y c get to "o ( ^! fri5dly little birds4 #c4 ,wat* a *ickadee se>*+ = 8 breakfa/ on a twig4 ,:at k9d ( a bill has he8 ,:at d y ?9k he is f9d+ to eat8 #d4 ,if ,i liv$ on a f>m ,i %\ld h suet hung 9 my or*>d to enc\rage ! *ickadees to /ay !re4 ,c y tell :y8 #e4 ,d y see *ickadees 9 summ]8 ,:]e are !y !n8 #f4 ,if ,i 7 to ask y to f9d a des]t$ *ickadee's ne/1 :]e w\ld y look8 ,,leaflet ,,lxvii4 ,,! ,,family ,,( ,,woodpeck]s4#he ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,,mccloskey4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xxiv47 #he ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,janu>y1 ,m>*1 ,april1 & ,may1 #aijc4 ,i4 ,,! ,,r$-,,head$ ,,woodpeck]4 ,illu/ration ,! /ory goes t1 once ^u a "t1 a naturali/ f\nd a great _m gras%opp]s w$g$ into an old f5cepo/4 ,!y 7 alive b c\ld n get away4 ,bye & bye _! jailor appe>$4 ,he 0 nei!r somb] nor ugly1 z y might suppose1 b a m]ry r$-head$ woodpeck]4 ,) nev] a ?\ght ( cruelty 9 8 little r$ head1 he _h us$ ! f5cepo/ z a cold-/orage place1 & _h fill$ x ) a good supply ( food4 ,n[ ,i am sure our boys & girls w ask1 ,is ?is /ory true8 ,i _c say4 ,! be/ way to decide :e!r x may be true is to /udy ! habits ( a r$-head$ woodpeck]4 ,d y ?9k t we %all f9d him capable ( s clev] a trick8 ,! r$-head is n uncommon4 ,keep on ! look\t = him4 ,8 head1 neck1 ?roat1 & upp] brea/ are r$2 ! re/ ( 8 body is blue-black & :ite4 ,he is a h&some fell[1 a bright bit ( color 9 wood1 g>d51 or*>d1 or field4 ,let u see :at we c le>n ab\t him4 ,,sugge/ions4 #a4 ,try to get a ne>] view ( any bird t y see sitt+ on a telegraph pole or f5cepo/4 ,x may be a r$-head$ woodpeck]4 #b4 ,is ?is little fell[ z good a drumm] z 8 relatives8 #c4 ,8 mate likes 8 music4 ,if %e comes ne>1 ! bett] to he> him drum1 notice :e!r %e has a r$ head4 #d4 ,d y f9d bee*-nuts or o!r food /or$ 9 decay$ trees8 ,"u a bit ( rais$ b>k8 ,9 cracks 9 b>k8 ,9 gate po/s8 ,if s1 a r$-head may be ab\t4 #e4 ,^! woodpeck]s eat m gras%opp]s ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,f9d out :e!r !y eat !m on ! gr\nd4 #f4 ,h y ev] se5 "o fly into ! air aft] a pass+ insect8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,! r$-head$ woodpeck]4 #g4 ,d r$-head$ woodpeck]s ev] visit y\r *ick5 y>d8 ,wat* !m closely & f9d out :y !y are !re4 #h4 ,d y see !m lat] 9 ! ye> eat+ fruit on y\r f>m8 #i4 ,x has be5 f\nd t !y eat ants1 wasps1 beetles1 bugs1 gras%opp]s1 crickets1 mo?s1 spid]s1 & cat]pill>s4 ,if y f9d !m do+ h>m on y\r f>m w y n comp>e x ) ! good !y d8 #aj4 ,:at plants d !y visit8 #aa4 ,:]e is r$-head's ne/8 ,,ii4 ,,d[ny ,,woodpeck]4--,a ,,little ,,or*>d ,,inspector4#hf #hf ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,janu>y1 #aijc4 ,rap6 rap6 rap6 ! little inspector has come to look at our apple trees4 ,y are welcome1 d[ny woodpeck]1 say we e "o4 ,/ay z long z y l4 ,we want to look at y closely s t we %all "k y e "t we see y4 ,a bird ab\t ?ree in*es %ort] ?an a rob91 black above1 :ite bel[1 :ite along ! middle ( ! back1 & ! male r$ on ! nape ( ! neck3 ?is is ! way d[ny looks4 ,a h>dwork+1 useful1 sociable t5ant ( ! f>m3 ?is is :at d[ny is4 ,let u see h[ ?is little woodpeck] is useful4 ,if y live on a f>m1 y h probably he>d ( bor]s--grubs t get into trees & injure !m4 ,y\r fa!r does n l ^! grubs1 b d[ny does4 ,he seems to l any k9d ( grub4 ,wat* him on a tree sometimes :5 he is look+ = "o4 ,he kn[s :]e to f9d x1 al?\gh nei!r y nor ,i might suspect t an insect is liv+ b5ea? ! smoo? b>k4 ,!n he bores into ! tree1 & spe>s ! grub ) 8 long tongue4 ,8 tongue is a rem>kable weapon4 ,he c /ret* x two in*es beyond ! tip ( 8 bill1 & x is b>b$ on bo? sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,cocoons ( ! codl9-mo? z !y 7 f\nd atta*$ to a piece ( loose b>k1 natural size4 ,d[ny does n /op "w1 y mu/ rememb]1 :5 bor]s are n pl5ty4 ,beetles nibble no m plants aft] 8 eyes light on !m4 ,!y are trespass]s1 & z judge1 jury1 & execution]1 he proves 8 "r to be consid]$ a mo/ useful f>m h&4 ,ants1 too1 provide him ) a good meal occasionally4 ,among ! helpful de$s ( ! d[ny woodpeck]1 we mu/ n =get to m5tion t he de/roys great numb]s ( ! l>v or worms ( ! codl9-mo? 9 w9t]1 :5 ^! worms h tuck$ !mselves away 9 ! crevices ( ! b>k1 all wrapp$ 9 _! cocoons4 7,figs #cbe1 #cbf47 ,p]haps y\r fa!r has %[n y ^! little cocoons along ! body & 9 ! crot*es ( ! apple tree4 ,if n1 y c f9d !m y\rself4 ,op5 "s ( !m & see :e!r ! worm is /ill !re4 ,if he is n1 d[ny has probably tak5 him4 ,i suppose y "k t ! l>v ( ! codl9-mo? are ! worms y f9d 9 apples4 ,see ,leaflet ,,liii4 ,y mu/ n conf\nd ! d[ny woodpeck] ) t o!r woodpeck]1 ! sap-suck]1 t (t5 drills r+s ( holes 9 ! trunks ( apple trees4 ,! sapsuck] has yell[ on 8 "u p>ts4 ,i %all tell y ab\t him "s o!r "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,pup ( ! codl9-mo? 9 cocoons1 enl>g$4 ,y h le>n$ t insects & apple-scab & y\rselves all try to see :o %all own ! apple fruit4 ,n[ y "k t birds1 & insects t fe$ on leaves & 9 ! wood1 are also conc]n$ 9 ?is qu>rel ab\t ! apple4 ,a ,,few ,,?+s ,,to ,,obs]ve4 #a4 ,does ! d[ny woodpeck] travel d[n a tree head fir/ or does he hop backw>d8 #b4 ,try "s day to see 8 feet4 ,y w f9d t two ( 8 toes are turn$ =w>d & two backw>d4 ,are !re o!r birds t h ?is arrangem5t ( toes8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,! d[ny woodpeck]4 #c4 ,notice t he braces himself ) 8 tail z he works4 #d4 ,d y ev] see ! d[ny woodpeck] eat se$s ( plants t ! f>m]s d n l to h on _! l&8 #e4 ,hang a bone or piece ( unsalt$ suet out ( doors = ! woodpeck]s4 ,!y w enjoy an unexpect$ fea/4 #f4 ,:]e does d[ny make 8 ne/8 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sapsuck]4#hg #hg ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aijc4 ,if y are walk+ ?r\gh an or*>d or wood & see a jolly little woodpeck] ) r$ on its head1 d n say at once t x is a d[ny woodpeck]4 ,look aga94 ,has x yell[ on ! und]p>ts1 black on ! brea/1 a r$ ?roat1 & r$ on ! cr[n in/ead ( on ! nape8 ,!n x is a sapsuck]1 a new arrival4 7,fig4 #cbh47 ,x is l>g] ?an ! d[ny4 ,! female has no r$ on ! ?roat4 ,& to ?9k t su* a m]ry little fell[ has su* a bad reputation among f>m]-folk6 ,y w be surpris$ to f9d h[ unk9dly woodpeck]s are treat$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 because ( ! misde$s ( ! sapsuck]4 ,ev5 ! d[ny has suff]$ mu* abuse4 ,?is is un=tunate1 = ,i am sure d[ny woodpeck]s h done mu* m good ?an sapsuck]s h done h>m4 ,i wi% t all ,junior ,naturali/s w\ld try to f9d out :e!r ev5 ! sapsuck] des]ves all t has be5 said aga9/ him4 ,he does h>m by bor+ holes 9 trees1 b h[ mu*8 ,let u le>n4 ,z woodpeck]s are n %y1 x is n difficult to get ne> !m4 ,i h /ood )9 a few feet ( a sapsuck]1 & he did n m9d a bit4 ,he kept on bor+ holes 9 a tree )\t a ?\ght t any "o might object4 #a4 ,h[ _m trees c y f9d t h holes bor$ by ! sapsuck]8 #b4 ,h[ are ! holes arrang$2 "h & !re on ! trunk1 or 9 r+s ar\nd x8 ,h y ev] f\nd a complete r+ ( holes8 #c4 ,keep a record ( ! mon?s 9 :i* y f9d ! sapsuck]4 #d4 ,notice h[ ! sap runs d[n into ! holes t h be5 newly made by a sapsuck]4 #e4 ,x is said t ?is woodpeck] eats ! inn] b>k ( ! tree z well z ! sap4 ,:at c y f9d out ab\t ?is8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,! sapsuck]4 ,comp>e ?is picture ) t ( ! d[ny woodpeck] 9 ,fig4 #cbg4 #f4 ,d y ev] f9d insects ne> ! holes made by ! sapsuck]8 ,d y ?9k he eats !m8 #g4 ,f9d out :]e ! sapsuck] has 8 ne/4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,flick]4#hh #hh ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijc4 ,?ree woodpeck]s h be5 introduc$ to y 9 ^! leaflets3 ! r$-head1 ! h>d work+ d[ny 7,fig4 #cbg71 ! sapsuck] 7,fig4 #cbh74 ,!re is "o m t we ought to add to ! li/ = summ] /udy1 s9ce he is v likely to cross our pa?1--! flick] 7,fig4 #cbi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,! flick]4 ,?is woodpeck] has a great _m names1 probably because he lives 9 a great _m ,/ates4 ,! mo/ common are3 flick]1 highhole1 yell[-hamm]1 & gold5-w+$ woodpeck]4 ,i l ! "n flick] be/ ( all4 ,he is a good-siz$ bird1 ab\t two in*es long] ?an a rob94 ,8 colors are3 br[ni% ) black spots above1 :iti% spott$ ) black und]nea?1 a black cresc5t on ! brea/1 & a sc>let cresc5t on ! back ( ! neck4 ,:5 he flies y w notice two ?+s3 ! ri* gold5 color ( ! inside ( 8 w+s1 & ! :ite pat* on ! back j above ! tail4 ,n[1 s9ce he is a woodpeck]1 y w probably expect to f9d ! flick] 9 trees2 b y are q z likely to f9d him on ! gr\nd4 ,ab\t half ( 8 food consi/s ( ants1 & ^! he f9ds afield4 ,he also eats o!r insects1 z well z a good deal ( plant food4 ,i hope t y w see a flick] ?is ye> & he> him call out1 a-wick-a-wick-a-wick-a-wick-a-wick-a4 ,possibly "s ( y may f9d a ne/ t ^! birds h dug out 9 an old apple tree4 ,!y d n always make new ne/s1 h[ev]1 b live 9 ! des]t$ homes ( o!r woodpeck]s4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,has ! flick] a /raight bill l ! d[ny woodpeck]8 #b4 ,h y se5 ! flick]'s mate8 ,if s1 9 :at way does %e diff] f him 9 color or m>k+8 #c4 ,:]e does ! flick] build its ne/8 ,:at color are ! eggs8 #d4 ,try to wat* a flick] fe$+ its "y4 ,describe4 #e4 ,d y "k ! call ( ! flick]8 ,c y imitate x1 or write x s t ,uncle ,john c recognize x8 #f4 ,d flick]s rema9 all w9t]8 ,if n1 :5 d !y come8 ,:5 d !y leave8 ,,leaflet ,,lxviii4 ,,des]t$ ,,birds'-,,ne/s4#hi ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,,mccloskey4 #hi ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #aija4 ,illu/ration ,!re is a wagon trail :i* ,i l to foll[2 x is always a pleasant walk4 ,!re is no foot pa?2 s ,i d n ?9k _m p pass t way4 ,p]haps ?is is :y _m little wild creatures ( ! field & wood l to live !re4 ,i d n "k any o!r place :]e ! birds s+ s sweetly1 :]e ! wild fl[]s gr[ s ?ick1 & :]e ! insects are s num]\s4 ,by ! side ( ?is road ,i f\nd ! little vireo's ne/ :i* y see 9 ! picture4 ,x 0 ab\t five feet f ! gr\nd1 & hung ne> ! end ( a long bran*4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to f9d out :at x 0 made (1--grasses1 /rips ( b>k1 hair1 p9e ne$les1 plant fibres1 & bits ( pap]4 ,on ! outside 7 li*5s & spid]s' webs4 ,! pieces ( pap] 7 dropp$ along ! way1 ,i ?9k1 by ! lead] 9 a cross-c\ntry run4 ,ev5 ! little vireos h an int]e/ 9 ! outdoor sports ( ! college m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj4 ,! vireo's ne/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ bird homes is ! oriole's ne/4 ,uncle ,john w l to "k :e!r y f9d "o4 ,! "y orioles mu/ h happy times 9 _! cradle1 :i* hangs betwe5 ! e>? & ! sky4 ,w9t] is ! be/ "t ( ye> to hunt = birds' ne/s4 ,x is h>d to f9d !m 9 ! spr+ & ! summ]4 ,! p>5t birds int5d x %all be4 ,if y succe$ 9 gett+ a ne/1 take x into ! s*ool room s t ! o!r memb]s ( y\r club c /udy x ) y4 ,,sugge/ions4 ,:]e did y f9d ! ne/8 ,:at is its size & %ape8 ,"n x1 if y c4 ,0 x built on ! horizontal crot* ( ! bran*1 or on an upright crot*8 ,h[ 0 x fa/5$ to ! bran*8 ,notice ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cca4 ,! hang+ ne/ ( ! oriole4 ,a cord is wov5 into ! ne/4 ,9 ! oriole's ne/ y w see t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! way 9 :i* ! upp] & l[] p>ts are made4 ,:at is x8 ,h[ deep is ! oriole's ne/ :i* y f9d8 ,comp>e ! mat]ial on ! outside ) t on ! inside4 ,h[ is ! ne/ fa/5$ to ! twigs8 ,:]e does a catbird build its ne/8 ,rob98 ,bluebird8 ,swall[8 ,h58 ,turkey8 ,illu/ration3 ,:at8 ,,leaflet ,,lxix4 ,,! ,,p\ltry ,,y>d3 ,,"s ,,?anksgiv+ ,,lessons4#ij ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,,mccloskey & ,,james ,e4 ,,rice4 #ij ,ext5d$ f ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration ,a rosy-*eek$ girl1 a freckl$-fac$ boy & a little bald-head$ baby 7 ! only "y p]sons at ! ,?anksgiv+ d9n]4 ,! baby 0 n old en\gh to be invit$1 b we 7 s ?ankful to h h] ) u t we c\ld n resi/ draw+ h] *air up to ! table4 ,! turkey 0 a big "o & done to a turn4 ,we old folks ?\ght s1 ! freckl$-fac$ boy ?\ght s1 & ! rosy-*eek$ girl ?\ght s4 ,! baby1 s f> z ,i c\ld judge1 ?\ght n at all4 ,%e *ew$ en]getically on a spoon & left ! discussion ( ! turkey to h] eld]s4 ,hav+ kn[n = a long "t t *ildr5 l to *att]1 ,i decid$ t ,i w\ld give ! little lad & lassie opposite me an opportunity to talk ab\t turkeys1 ducks1 *ick5s1 & ! l4 ,^!1 ?\ght ,i1 are good ,?anksgiv+ topics1 & a boy & girl :o h liv$ on a f>m all _! lives c tell me "s int]e/+ ?+s ab\t !m4 ,b ?is _w is full ( _m /range surprises6 ,x 0 n long be=e ,i le>n$ t ^? little folk c\ld n answ] "s v simple que/ions ab\t p\ltry4 ,!y did n ev5 "k :y a *ick5 does n fall (f ! roo/ :5 x sleeps4 ,to be sure1 !y c\ld tell ! exact mom5t :51 9 ! process ( c>v+1 ! wi%-bone w\ld appe>3 b y w admit t ?is is v little4 ,i c]ta9ly 0 disappo9t$4 ,! bald-head$ baby *e]$ ?+s up a bit1 h[ev]1 by cr[+ lu/ily4 ,i rejoic$ 9 ! fact t app>5tly %e _h he>d s\nds f ! b>n-y>d4 ,n[ !re are _m reasons :y *ildr51 ,junior ,naturali/s especially1 %\ld "k some?+ ab\t p\ltry4 ,x may be t y live on a f>m & w want to raise *ick5s1 ducks1 & turkeys "s day2 & ! f>m] :o kn[s 8 p\ltry be/ w be mo/ successful 9 rais+ x4 ,b :e!r y live 9 c\ntry or city y w l to /udy ^! int]e/+ birds4 ,let u see :at we c f9d out ab\t !m 9 ! next ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,novemb]1 ! mon? ( ,?anksgiv+1 is a good "t to beg94 ,,turkeys4 ,let u fir/ pay our respects to ! k+ ( ! p\ltry y>d4 ,we may nev] "k ,8 ,royal ,highness1 ! old gobbl]1 v well1 because x is said he w n (t5 p]mit folks to meet him on 8 own gr\nd4 ,i am told t a visitor is m sure ( a welcome )9 8 doma9 if he we> sombre g>b4 ,al?\gh gaily dress$ himself ! old fell[ objects to bright colors on o!rs4 ,!re is "o ?+ t we c d if ! gobbl] does n let u ne> him1--we c peek at him ?r\gh ! f5ce4 ,!n1 too1 at ,?anksgiv+ "t _m a sla9 mon>* w hang 9 a ne>by m>ket4 ,foll[+ are a few sugge/ions t w help u to le>n some?+ ab\t turkeys4 ,i hope t y "k all ^! ?+s n[1 &1 !re=e1 w n ne$ to be ask$4 ,if y d1 please write ,uncle ,john4 ,h[ _m lett]s d y ?9k he w get f su* p]sons8 ,9 ! /udy ( any bird1 le>n to describe x fully3 ! size1 ! %ape1 ! bill1 ! l5g? ( legs1 ! feet1 & ! color4 ,is !re m ?an "o color ( turkey8 ,obs]ve ! head1 face & wattles ( ! turkey gobbl]4 ,notice ! /rong1 curv$ beak2 ! bright1 cle>1 hazel eyes4 ,h[ _m colors does he we>8 ,:5 ! turkey is be+ prep>$ = ! ,?anksgiv+ d9n]1 ask "m = ! foot4 ,are !re any fea!rs on x8 ,has x ! same numb] ( toes t y f9d on a roo/]'s foot8 ,is ! arrangem5t ( ! toes ! same8 ,p]haps y f9d scales on ! legs ( ! turkey4 ,d y f9d !m also on h5s' legs8 ,on :i* side ( ! leg1--front or back--are ! scales ! l>g]8 ,:5 ,i 0 a little girl ,i lik$ to pull a t5don t ,i f\nd 9 ! turkey's foot aft] x _h be5 cut (f4 ,x 0 amus+ to see ! toes curl up4 ,i did n "k !n t :5 birds roo/ at night ?is t5don is /ret*$ z !y b5d _! legs4 ,!n ! toes grasp ! p]* & hold ! bird on4 ,:5 x /ret*es its leg to leave ! roo/ ! toes spread out1 b n until !n ,because ( ?is birds c g to sleep )\t ! lea/ fe> ( fall+4 ,:at k9d ( p]* d !y *oose1 a wide "o or a n>r[ "o8 ,:y8 ,c y tell :i* is ! h5 turkey & :i* ! gobbl]8 ,expla94 ,on :i* "o d y f9d a hairy tuft on ! brea/8 ,did y ev] he> ( ! c>uncle on ! head ( ! turkey8 ,comp>e ?is ) ! comb 9 dome/ic f[ls4 ,does x diff] 9 %ape8 ,d ducks & geese h combs8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,a turkey likes to roam ?r\gh ! fields4 ,:at is ! color ( ! turkey's face8 ,does x *ange color8 ,d y notice any diff]5ce 9 color :5 ! turkey is angry8 ,:at are ! turkey's wattles8 ,notice ! f\r? toe4 ,:y is x plac$ 9 opposite direction to ! o!rs8 ,i wond] :e!r x enables ! f[l to grip ! p]*2 & :e!r x gives ! turkey a wide span = support 9 runn+ ov] loose bru%4 ,turkeys & *ick5s & o!r animals h habits1 z boys & girls d1 only t !y are n bad habits4 ,did y ev] wat* turkeys hunt+ gras%opp]s8 ,& did !y g 9 flocks or alone8 ,h[ d *ick5s hunt1--9 flocks or alone8 ,:i* roams f>!r f home1 turkeys or *ick5s8 ,d turkeys lay _! eggs 9 ! b>n or p\ltry h\se1 z *ick5s d8 ,did y ev] see a turkey's ne/1 & :]e 0 x8 ,we h ,junior ,naturali/s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w3 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,au/ralia1 ,egypt4 ,w !y h an opportunity to /udy turkeys8 ,see :at y c f9d out 9 answ] to ?is "q4 ,a ,,"t-,,honor$ ,,race--,,geese4 ,geese1 z y "k1 come ( a v di/+ui%$ race4 ,?is is no advantage to !m 9 a social way 9 ! p\ltry y>d1 h[ev]4 ,!re is n a duck nor a turkey nor ev5 a wise roo/]1 t kn[s or c>es :e!r 9 times gone by geese sav$ a ,roman city1 or :e!r !y 7 recogniz$ 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccc4 ,geese2 a v di/+ui%$ race4 ,! /ory ( ! old gray goose 0 ! "o ,i lik$ be/ long ago1--! goose t di$ be=e ,aunt ,nabby _h en\gh fea!rs to make a b$4 ,h[ (t5 y & ,i h li/5$ to "m s+ ab\t h]6 ,& :at an inconsid]ate old gray goose we ?\ght %e 01 to die be=e ! fea!r b$ 0 f9i%$4 ,"s ?+s = ,junior ,naturali/s to ?9k ab\t come into my m9d 9 connection ) ,aunt ,nabby's goose & o!rs ( its k9d3 ,:y d goose fea!rs make ! be/ b$s8 ,d y ?9k an old gr&mo!r goose w\ld give en\gh fea!rs 9 h] lifetime to make a good b$8 ,i h he>d ( "o t liv$ sixty ye>s4 ,are fea!rs ev] tak5 f live geese = b$s8 ,comp>e ! fea!rs ( l&-f[ls & wat]-f[ls4 ,probably "o or m ( our ,junior ,naturali/s w h a goose = 8 ,?anksgiv+ d9n]4 ,if s1 ,i wi% t ! w+ fea!rs might be br\ght to s*ool4 ,see :e!r y c f9d out :y ! w+ fea!rs ( a goose 7 pref]r$ = mak+ quill p5s4 ,make a p5 if y c & write a lett] to ,uncle ,john ) x4 ,! five out] w+ fea!rs are mo/ useful = writ+1 & ( ^! ! second & ?ird are be/4 ,:y8 ,d y ?9k t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 sign$ ) a quill p58 ,d goose quills make good hold]s = arti/s' bru%es8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,a happy family4 ,:at k9d ( food d geese l be/8 ,is ! tongue ( a goose simil> to t ( a turkey or *ick58 ,is ! old g&] z cross z ! turkey gobbl]8 ,h y ev] se5 a flock ( wild geese fly+ nor?w>d or s\?w>d8 ,:i* way are !y go+ 9 ! fall8 ,obs]ve t ne>ly always !y keep _! ,v-%ap$ ranks unbrok54 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a lead] ^: call ! flock foll[s4 ,:e!r ! lead] is "s *os5 memb] ( ! numb] or :e!r he takes 8 position by *ance ,i d n "k4 ,:at "t ( day d ! wild geese fly8 ,d y l to he> !m honk+ z !y g on _! way8 ,i wi% y w\ld f9d out :e!r our f>my>d geese are only ^! common wild geese tam$4 ,,*ick5s ,,& ,,ducks2 ,,& ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,two ,,"m ,,h5s4 ,"o "m h5 _h h] own brood ( fluffy little *icks 7,fig4 #ccd74 ,:5 !y 7 old en\gh !y scrat*$ = worms & ate gravel z ob$i5tly z any "o c\ld desire4 ,h[ happy !y 7 und]nea? ! hemlocks 9 ! long aft]noons6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cce4 ,"m h5 & baby ducks4 ,! o!r "m h5 _h to take c>e ( ducks 7,fig4 #cce74 ,pretty z any *icks !y 71 b tr\blesome z only little ducks c be ) a n]v\s old h5 = _! adopt$ "m4 ,! family 9 ! picture looks v cont5t$4 ,d y suppose t ! photograph] told !m to look pleasant8 ,:5 we come to "k ducks & *ick5s bett]1 we %all le>n :y ! little ducks are (t5 su* a trial to ! h5 "m4 ,x may be t :5 we ask boys & girls to /udy *ick5s & ducks !y w say t !re is no?+ new to le>n ab\t !m4 ,i am n s sure4 ,! freckl$-fac$ boy ?\ght he knew all ab\t !m1 too4 ,let u see :e!r we c sugge/ "s new ?+s to ?9k ab\t1 z y look ov] ! f5ce into ! p\ltry y>d1 or wat* ! cook prep>+ a h5 or duck = ! ,?anksgiv+ d9n]4 ,z ,i look$ at ! *ick5s 9 a b>n-y>d ! o!r day1 ,i 0 int]e/$ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds t ,i saw3 "s br[n1 "s :ite1 "s black1 "s speckl$2 "s _h fea!rs on _! feet1 o!rs _h n2 "s _h combs ) _m po9ts1 9 o!rs ! comb 0 close to ! head2 "s _h long tails1 "s %ort tails1 "s no tails at all to speak (4 ,if ,i 7 to "n ! diff]5ces t ,i notic$ y w\ld n get ?r\gh read+ !m 9 "t to write y\r ,novemb] dues4 ,h[ _m unlike m>ks or *>act]s c y f9d 9 *ick5s or ducks8 ,h y ev] se5 two *ick5s or two ducks exactly alike8 ,comp>e ! feet ( a h5 & a duck4 ,_! bills4 ,d y ?9k t a duck c scrat* = worms8 ,:at d ducks eat8 ,:at k9d ( food d h5s l be/8 ,h[ d a h5's fea!rs diff] f a duck's8 ,note ! scales on a h5's foot4 ,snakes h scales on _! bodies1 too4 ,"s day y may le>n a wond]ful /ory t ^! simil> features ( h5 & snake sugge/4 ,t\* a h5's eye lightly ) a p5cil4 ,does %e cov] x ) a ?9 eyelid8 ,a turtle does ?is4 ,has a turtle scales also8 ,if s1 may be x w come into ! wond]ful /ory connect$ ) h5s & snakes4 ,look closely at a h5's e>4 ,wat* *ick5s z !y make _! toilet4 ,a f>m] told me t among ! tail fea!rs ( b>n-f[ls !re is an oil sac t !y f9d useful 9 clean+ _! clo!s4 ,i wond] :e!r ?is is true8 ,:ile ,i 0 wat*+ "s *ick5s ! o!r day1 ,i saw "o jump up into ! air sev]al times4 ,%e 0 a skillful little acrobat4 ,:at d y ?9k %e 0 try+ to cat*8 ,wat* ! cook z %e prep>es a *ick5 or turkey = d9n]4 ,f9d ! crop into :i* ! food passes aft] x has be5 swall[$4 ,f ! crop x passes on to ! gizz>d4 ,look closely at ! gizz>d4 ,see :at /rong muscles x has4 ,x ne$s !m to gr9d ! gra9 & gravel /ones toge!r4 ,x is a v good mill1 y see4 ,try to f9d out :e!r a duck has a crop & a gizz>d4 ,d n ask any "o4 ,wait until !re is to be a duck = d9n] "s day4 ,w\ld y suppose f ! k9d ( food ducks eat t !y ne$ a crop & a gizz>d8 ,d little *ick5s h fea!rs :5 !y are hat*$8 ,:at is ! cov] ( _! bodies call$8 ,are !y always ( ! same color :5 !y are hat*$ t !y are :5 !y are gr[n up8 ,:at k9ds ( p\ltry *ange _! color :5 _! fea!rs gr[8 ,notice ! *ick5s ( ,black ,m9orcas 7if y "k any "o :o has t k9d71 !n write ,uncle ,john ab\t _! color4 ,did y ev] see f[ls )\t fea!rs8 ,:5 y g to ! fair be sure to look = "s ,silkies4 ,did y ev] see f[ls ^: fea!rs 7 all cr9kl$ up t[>d _! head8 ,look = ,frizzles :5 y g to ! fair4 ,a ,,lesson ,,on ,,eggs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccf4 ,a coop ( *ick5s4 ,:at is ! color ( ! turkey's egg8 ,d ! fir/-laid turkey's eggs diff] 9 color f ^? t are laid lat]8 ,h[ d ^! eggs diff] 9 color f ! eggs ( ducks1 geese1 & h5s8 ,d eggs f diff]5t bre$s ( h5s diff] 9 color8 ,d eggs f diff]5t k9ds ( p\ltry diff] 9 %ape8 ,c y n make "s draw+s ( eggs %[+ h[ !y diff]1 & s5d to ,uncle ,john8 ,n "o ( y c tell h[ mu* a turkey's egg weighs1 nor a h5's egg4 ,d y ?9k t eggs f all k9ds ( h5s weigh ! same8 ,& if !y d n1 d y ?9k t !y are wor? ! same price ! doz58 ,did y ev] look ?r\gh an egg at a /rong light8 ,:at did y see8 ,0 !re an air space8 ,0 x on ! big end or ! little end8 ,leave ! eggs 9 a dry room = a few days4 ,does ! air space increase 9 size8 ,boil an egg4 ,remove ! %ell c>efully ov] ! air space4 ,d y notice a membrane8 ,are !re two membranes8 ,boil an egg until x is v h>d2 does ! :ite ( ! egg sep>ate 9 lay]s8 ,break ! yoke c>efully2 d y notice lay]s ( light & d>k color8 ,is !re a little s(t light color$ spot 9 ! c5tre8 ,write to ,uncle ,john & ask him :at ?is is4 ,,"s ,,que/ions ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,h[ _m v>ieties ( f[ls c y "n8 ,h[ d !y diff] 9 size & color8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccg4 ,:at k9d ( h5s are ^!8 ,h y ev] se5 ducks1 geese1 h5s1 & turkeys /&+ on ! sn[ or ice8 ,if s1 h[ did !y behave8 ,:i* seem$ to enjoy x8 ,:y %\ld a duck or goose be able to swim 9 ice wat] )\t app>5tly suff]+ f cold8 ,:5 "m dresses a duck or goose = d9n]1 ask h] to let y see ! lay]s ( fat "u ! sk9 & inside ! body4 ,write to ,uncle ,john & tell him :at ! fat 9 ! body is =4 ,ask him h[ ?is fat came 9 ! body2 also :e!r !re is su* a ?+ z fat 9 ! food :i* ! ducks eat4 ,did y ev] see h5s & ducks out 9 ! ra98 ,did !y all enjoy x8 ,did y ev] see any?+ wett] ?an a wet h58 ,:y d !y look s disconsolate8 ,exam9e ! fea!rs ( diff]5t k9ds ( p\ltry4 ,h[ d ! fea!rs ( ducks1 geese1 turkeys & f[ls diff]8 ,try wett+ ! v>i\s fea!rs1 !n let !m dry out4 ,make draw+s ( ^! fea!rs1 %[+1 if y c1 ! diff]5t colors & %apes4 ,d turkeys ?9k8 ,did y ev] wat* a turkey /eal h] ne/8 ,:]e did %e g8 ,h[ long did y wat* h] be=e y f\nd ! ne/8 ,did %e cov] up h] eggs8 ,) :at8 ,:y d !y cov] ! eggs :5 !y leave ! ne/8 ,d ducks1 geese1 turkeys1 & h5s all cov] _! eggs8 ,:y d h5s diff] 9 ?is respect f ! turkeys8 ,d all k9ds ( ducks cov] _! eggs8 ,did y ev] wat* duckl+s & little *ick5s eat8 ,did y notice any diff]5ce 9 _! appetites8 ,:i* gr[ fa/]1 little *ick5s or little ducks8 ,d y "k t "s h5s d n pay _! bo>d8 ,sometimes h5s eat m ?an !y are wor?4 ,x may be ! fault ( ! h5 or x may be t %e is n provid$ ) ! prop] k9d ( food or giv5 ! prop] c>e4 ,a h5 _c make eggs unless %e has ! prop] k9d ( food4 ,"s p]sons s fe$ & h&le _! h5s t !y are able to produce eggs = six c5ts ! doz52 o!r p]sons exp5d m ?an a doll> to get ! doz54 ,h[ does ! f>m] make 8 money f f[ls 7t is1 :at k9d ( products does he sell78 ,y %\ld le>n to classify *ick5s accord+ to ! uses = :i* !y are gr[n4 7#a7 ,"s k9ds ( h5s excel 9 egg-lay+4 ,^! k9ds are kn[n z ! egg bre$s4 ,"o ( ! lead+ egg bre$s is ! ,leghorn4 7#b7 ,o!rs produce mu* meat1 & are kn[n z ! meat bre$s1 z ! ,brahma4 7#c7 ,o!rs are fairly good f[ls = bo? eggs & meat1 & are call$ g5]al-purpose bre$s1 ( :i* ,plym\? ,rock & ,wy&otte are good examples4 7#d7 ,!n !re are fancy bre$s1 gr[n z pets or curiosities or z game birds4 ,n[1 try to f9d out :e!r !re are any g5]al diff]5ces 9 =m & looks to di/+ui% "o class ( bre$s f ano!r4 ,& f9d out :e!r turkeys1 geese1 & ducks may be simil>ly classifi$4 ,,h[ ,,frank ,,& ,,h5ry ,,rais$ ,,*ick5s4 ,frank & ,h5ry want$ to keep *ick5s all by !mselves4 ,!y ?\ght !y might sell ! eggs & ! f[ls & get sp5d+ money4 ,!y knew little ab\t *ick5s1 b !n1 x did n matt]1 = *ick5s w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,all !re is to d is to give !m corn & wat] e day1--at lea/1 s ! boys ?\ght4 ,bo? boys _h a h>d "t ! fir/ ye>1 b !y kept at x4 ,frank f9ally made a success4 ,h5ry lo/ money2 8 h5s di$ or did n lay1 & he _h to give up4 ,"o boy turn$ out to be a good f>m] & ! o!r a poor f>m]4 ,y h se5 su* f>m]s liv+ side by side4 ,i w tell y :y ,frank succe$$4 #a4 ,he provid$ w>m & pleasant qu>t]s = ! *ick5s1 s t ! f[ls 7 com=table & cont5t$4 #b4 ,he le>n$ to l ! *ick5s1 s t he sp5t _m ( 8 extra h\rs wat*+ !m & c>+ = !m4 #c4 ,he le>n$ t some?+ m is requir$ 9 fe$+ a h5 ?an m]ely to satisfy h] appetite4 ,"s k9ds ( food may be be/ = gr[+ *icks & o!rs = lay+ h5s4 #d4 ,he soon f\nd t "s h5s lay m & l>g] eggs ?an o!rs1 & he sav$ eggs f ^! h5s = hat*+4 ,h5ry said t eggs are eggs & t !re 0 no s5se 9 be+ s fussy4 #e4 ,he le>n$ t eggs & p\ltry sell be/ :5 !y really are be/ & :5 !y are c>efully clean$ & neatly pack$4 ,frank _h le>n$ ! fir/ lessons 9 good f>m+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cch4 ,at ! dr9k+ f\nta94 ,,leaflet ,,lxx4 ,,little ,,h]mit ,,bro!r4#ia ,,by ,,anna ,,bots=d ,,com/ock4 #ia ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,june1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration ,9 f> ,?ibet exi/s a class ( ,buddhi/ monks :o are h]mits & :o dwell 9 caves4 ,i 0 told ab\t ^! /range p by a ,s5ior ,naturali/1 :o has sp5t 8 life go+ ar\nd ! _w & f9d+ ! c\ntries ^u x z easily z y ,junior ,naturali/s f9d ! same c\ntries on ! globe 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,a real naturali/ is nev] cont5t$ ) maps ( places & pictures ( ?+s1 b always desires to see ! places & ?+s !mselves4 ,! ,s5ior ,naturali/ told me t he f\nd ,?ibet a dre>y l& inhabit$ by que] p2 & ! h]mit monks 7 ! que]e/ ( all4 ,ea* "o dwelt 9 8 solit>y cave1 ate v little1 & work$ n at all1 b sp5t 8 "t 9 ?\ght4 ,c\ld we read 8 ?\ghts we %\ld be none ! wis]1 s9ce !y are only my/]i\s ?\ghts ab\t my/]i\s ?+s4 ,n[ x is a surpris+ fact t we h h]mits ( simil> habits "h 9 ,am]ica2 only our h]mits are little p :o dress 9 a :ite g>b & live 9 cells und]gr\nd2 !y also eat little & "w n at all1 & probably m$itate ^u my/]ies4 ,h[ev]1 !y are equipp$ ) six legs :ile ! monks ( ,?ibet h only two1 a diff]5ce ( little importance s9ce nei!r h]mit travels f> f 8 cave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are 9 eight or n9e c\nties 9 ,new ,york ,/ate places t may surely expect visitors on c]ta9 ye>s4 ,! connection betwe5 ^! gue/s & ! h]mits ( ,?ibet may n seem v close at fir/ sight2 b wait & see4 ,! reason :y ^! ,new ,york c\nties expect company is t !y ent]ta9$ a l>ge numb] ( simil> gue/s 9 #ahhb1 #ahfe1 #ahdh1 #ahca1 #ahad1 9 #agig1 & probably at int]vals ( sev5te5 ye>s long be=e t2 9 #agig1 h[ev]1 0 ! fir/ record made ( ! appe>ance ( ^! visitors4 ,e "t !y came !y probably out/ay$ _! welcome2 yet !y _h ! good quality ( all[+ _! ho/s sixte5 ye>s ( re/ betwe5 visits4 ,9 ord] t ! ,junior ,naturali/ may recognize ^! visitors ,i w describe _! me?ods ( arrival4 ,sometime 9 ! latt] "p ( ,may or 9 e>ly ,june y may he> a great buzz+ 9 "s trees1 z if !re 7 a ?\s& lilliputian buzz saws go+ at once4 ,if y exam9e ! trees y w f9d on !m _m que]-look+ insects1 ) black bodies ab\t an in* long1 cov]$ ) transp>5t w+s fold$ l a ro(4 ,naturally y w wond] h[ su* great numb]s ( l>ge insects c\ld appe> "o day :5 !y 7 n[h]e to be se5 ! day be=e4 ,b if y look at ! gr\nd b5ea? ! trees y w f9d 9 x _m small holes4 ,y w also f9d cl++ to ! trees _m :iti% objects1 :i* at fir/ sight seem l pale1 w+less insects1 b :i* on clos] exam9ation prove to be m]ely ! ca/ sk9s ( insects 7,fig4 #cci74 ,^! are ! c[ls & robes :i* our little ,am]ican h]mits ca/ (f aft] !y come out ( _! und]gr\nd cells1 & :i* !y mu/ %$ be=e !y c free _! w+s4 ,our little ,am]ican h]mits we call ! sev5te5-ye> locu/s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is "n is a mo/ confus+ "o1 s9ce we also call our gras%opp]s locu/s1 & to !m ! "n truly belongs4 ,^! sev5te5-ye> locu/s are really cicadas1 & !y belong to a diff]5t ord] f ! locu/s4 ,! real locu/s h m\?-p>ts =m$ = bit+1 :ile ! cicadas h m\?-p>ts gr[n toge!r 9 ! =m ( a tube1 ?r\gh :i* !y suck juices ( plants4 ,s we hope ! ,junior ,naturali/s w call our little h]mits by _! "r "n1 cicadas2 & w n p]mit !m to be spok5 ( z locu/s4 ,9 ord] t y may "k ! my/]i\s lives ( ^! wond]ful insects1 ,i w tell y ! /ory ( "o ( !m4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,little ,,h]mit ,,bro!r1 ,,cicada ,,sept5decim4 ,once a cicada "m made ) h] ovipositor a little slit or cavity 9 an oak twig1 & 9 ?is slit plac$ 9 v neat ord] two r[s ( eggs4 ,six weeks lat] !re hat*$ f "o ( ^! eggs a pale1 lively little creature1 t to ! nak$ eye look$ l a t9y :ite ant4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we c\ld h exam9$ him ?r\gh a l5s we %\ld h f\nd him v diff]5t f an ant2 = 8 two front legs 7 %ap$ some:at l lob/]s' big claws1 & in/ead ( jaws l an ant1 he _h simply a long beak t 0 holl[ l a tube4 ,aft] he came out ( 8 egg he ran ab\t ! tree & seem$ int]e/$ = a "t 9 ev]y?+ he saw4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 he w5t to ! side ( a limb & delib]ately fell (f4 ,to 8 little eyes ! gr\nd bel[ 0 invisible2 s our small cicada %[$ great fai? :5 he practically jump$ (f ! edge ( 8 _w into space4 ,he 0 su* a speck ( a creature t ! breeze took him & lift$ him g5tly d[n1 z if he 7 ! petal ( a fl[]2 & he alight$ on ! e>? unhurt & probably mu* delight$ ) 8 sail ?r\gh ! air4 ,at once he comm5c$ hunt+ = "s little crevice 9 ! e>?2 & :5 he f\nd x he w5t to ! bottom ( x & ) 8 %ovel-l =e-feet began digg+ d[nw>d4 ,i wond] if he /opp$ to give a la/ look at sky1 sun%9e1 & ! beautiful gre5 _w be=e he bade !m good-bye = sev5te5 long ye>s6 ,if s1 he did x hurri$ly1 = he 0 int5t ^u rea*+ some?+ to eat4 ,?is he f9ally f\nd a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 9 ! %ape ( a juicy rootlet ( ! great tree above4 ,into ?is he ins]t$ 8 beak & began to take ! sap z we take lemonade ?r\gh a /raw4 ,he made a little cell ar\nd himself & !n he f\nd exi/5ce q blissful4 ,he ate v little & grew v sl[ly1 & !re 0 no p]ceptible *ange 9 him = ab\t a ye>2 !n he %$ 8 sk9 = ! fir/ "t1 & ?us1 insect-wise1 grew l>g]4 ,aft] a "t he dug ano!r cell ne> ano!r rootlet deep] 9 ! gr\nd2 b he nev] ex]t$ himself m ?an 0 necess>y to obta9 ! little food t he ne$$4 ,?is idle life he f\nd entirely satisfactory1 & ! days grew into mon?s & ! mon?s into ye>s4 ,only six times 9 ! sev5te5 ye>s did our h]mit *ange 8 clo!s1 & ?is 0 ea* "t a necessity1 s9ce !y _h become too small4 ,judg+ f :at ! ,s5ior ,naturali/ told me1 ,i ?9k ?is is six times m ?an a ,?ibetan h]mit *anges 8 clo!s 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,:at may be ! m$itations ( a little h]mit cicada dur+ all ^! ye>s we _c ev5 imag9e4 ,if any ( ! ,junior ,naturali/s ev] f9d out ! secret !y w be v popul> inde$ ) ! sci5tific m5 call$ psy*ologi/s4 ,h[ev]1 if we may judge by actions1 ! sixte5? summ] aft] our h]mit buri$ himself he began to feel /irr+ 9 8 bosom aspirations t[>d a high] life4 ,he surely _h no memory ( ! beautiful _w he _h ab&on$ 9 8 babyhood2 b he became sudd5ly possess$ ) a desire to climb upw>d1 & began digg+ 8 way t[>d ! light4 ,x might be a long j\rney ?r\gh ! h>d e>?2 = dur+ ! _m ye>s he may h rea*$ ! dep? ( ne>ly two feet4 ,he is n[ z indu/ri\s z he 0 %iftless be=e2 & x takes him only a few weeks to climb out ( ! dep?s into :i* he _h fall5 ?r\gh ne>ly sev5te5 ye>s ( in]tia4 ,if x %\ld *ance t he rea*es ! surface ( ! gr\nd be=e he is ready to enjoy life1 he hits ^u a device = cont9u+ 8 way upw>d )\t dang] to himself4 ,sometimes 8 fell[s h be5 kn[n to crawl out ( _! burr[s & seek safety "u logs & /icks until ! "t came to ga9 _! w+s4 ,b ?is is a v dang]\s proce$+1 s9ce 9 =e/s !re are _m wat*ful eyes :i* belong to creatures :o are v fond ( bits ( s(t1 :ite meat4 ,s our cicada1 /ill a h]mit1 may build him a tall cell out ( mud above gr\nd4 ,h[ he builds ?is hut1 cone1 or turret z x is v>i\sly call$1 we d n "k2 b x is (t5 two in*es 9 height1 & he keeps himself 9 ! top ( x4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances our cicada w\ld n build a hut1 b rema9 9 8 burr[4 ,f9ally !re comes a fateful ev5+ :51 z soon z ! sun has set1 he claws 8 way ?r\gh ! top ( 8 mud turret or out ( 8 burr[ & looks ab\t him = fur!r means ( gratify+ 8 ambitions to climb4 ,a bu%1 a tree1 ! highe/ ?+ )9 8 range ( vision1 attracts 8 att5tion & he hurries t[>d x4 ,x may be he f9ds himself 9 company ) _m ( 8 k9d hurry+ t[>d ! same goal1 b !y are ( no int]e/ to him z yet4 ,l ! y\? 9 ! fam\s poem1 ,excelsior is 8 motto & he he$s no invitation to t>ry4 ,:5 he rea*es ! highe/ place )9 8 k5 he places himself1 probably back d[nw>d1 on "s bran* or twig1 takes a firm hold ) all 8 six pairs ( claws1 & keeps v /ill = a "t4 ,!n 8 skeleton nymph-sk9 breaks op5 at ! back & !re pu%es out ( x a /range creature long & :ite1 except = two black spots ^u its back2 on he comes until only ! tip ( 8 body rema9s 9 ! old nymph-sk92 !n he rea*es =w>d & grasps ! twig ) 8 s(t new legs & pulls himself entirely cle> f ! old h]mit g>b4 ,at once 8 w+s beg9 to gr[2 at fir/ !y are m]e pads on 8 back1 b !y soon exp& until !y cov] 8 body & are flat l ^? ( a mill]4 ,! _m ve9s 9 ! w+s are :ite & he keeps ! w+s flutt]+ 9 ord] t !y may h>d5 soon4 ,if1 9 ! moonlight ( "s ,june ev5+1 a ,junior ,naturali/ %\ld see a tree cov]$ ) cicadas at ?is /age he w\ld ?9k x _h sudd5ly blossom$ into beautiful1 :ite1 flutt]+ fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cci4 ,! cicada is full gr[n at la/1 & 8 empty nymph sk9 is hang+ to a bran*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdj4 ,! cicada's drum4 ,z ! night we>s on1 ! color ( our h]o *anges & 8 w+s h>d52 until :5 ! sun rises we behold him 9 ! glory ( a black uni=m ) fac+s ( orange & ) beautiful glassy w+s fold$ ro(-l above 8 body4 7,fig4 #cci47 ,great is ! *ange wr\ght 9 8 appe>ance dur+ ?is "o m>vel\s night1 & great] /ill ! *ange wr\ght 9 8 habits6 ,he is n[ no long] a h]mit2 !re are ?\s&s ( 8 k9d ab\t him1 a fact :i* he realizes ) great joy4 ,s happy is he t he feels z if he mu/ bur/ if he does n f9d "s adequate means = express+ 8 happ9ess 9 ?is beautiful _w ( sun%9e4 ,!n sudd5ly he f9ds 9 himself ! means ( expression & bur/s into song4 ,yet1 x is n a song exactly1 = he is a drumm] r ?an a s+]4 ,on 8 body j beh9d ea* ( 8 h9d w+s is a kettle drum4 ,! head to ?is drum is ( p>*m5t ?r[n into folds & may be se5 ) a l5s if y lift 8 w+s & look closely4 7,fig4 #cdj47 ,in/ead ( drum /icks he uses a pair ( /rong muscles to ?r[ ! membranes into vibration & !re is a complex arrangem5t ( cavities & s\nd+ bo>ds ar\nd ^! drum heads s t ! noise he gives (f is a great "o inde$ = a fell[ ( 8 size4 ,s fond is he ( mak+ music t he has no "t to eat or to d aught else b to s\nd fanf>es all ! sun%9y day4 ,he is n ! only musician on ! tree2 !re are _m o!rs & !y all jo9 9 a swell+ *orus t has be5 describ$ z a ro> l t made by ! ru%+ ( a /rong w9d ?r\gh ! trees4 ,if our cicada c\ld talk to "o ( y ,junior ,naturali/s he w\ld tell y t !re 0 a good reason = all ?is music4 ,he w\ld expla9 t only ! m5 ( ! cicada _w possess drums & t ! object & reason ( all _! music is ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! lady cicadas1 :o are n only v fond ( ?is drumm+1 b are good critics ( cicada music z well4 ,he w\ld p]haps tell y also t he _h 8 eye on a c]ta9 graceful maid5 p]*$ on ! leaf betwe5 him & ! sun2 b %e1 on ! o!r h&1 seem$ to give ab\t equal att5tion to him & ?ree o!r drumm]s situat$ ne> by4 ,excit$ by ! competition & by h] indiff]5ce1 he rattl$ 8 drum fa/] & fa/] until he rose to ! heights ( cicada melody & h>mony t left 8 rivals f> beh9d4 ,!n ! lady ( 8 *oice li/5$ spellb\nd & pron\nc$ him ! greate/ ( all musicians1 & ?us he won 8 bride4 ,h[ev]1 we may safely pr$ict t _! w$d$ life w be too full ( happ9ess to la/4 ,aft] a few weeks ! sun%9e1 ! music1 ! happ9ess ( woo+ & w9n+ w prove too mu* = our h]o & "o day he w beat 8 drum 9 a la/ mad ec/acy & fall to e>? & die f happy exhau/ion4 ,8 little wife may survive him only long en\gh to cut slits 9 "s ( ! twigs ( ! home tree & place 9 !m r[s ( eggs f :i* %all develop a family ( h]mits :i* %all come =? & fill ! _w ) _! music sev5te5 ye>s h5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are _m broods ( cicadas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s t !y appe> 9 diff]5t localities 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,new ,york ,/ate has five well-m>k$ broods4 ,!re are sev]al o!r species ( cicada peculi> to ,am]ica4 ,"o is call$ ,cicada tr$ecim1 s9ce x appe>s e ?irte5 ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is species is limit$ to ! ,s\?4 ,! dog-day h>ve/ fly1 or lyreman1 is ! cicada t is be/ kn[n to u ?r\gh ! nor!rn & middle ,/ates4 ,?is appe>s 9 small numb]s e ye> & is a di/9ct addition to ! summ] *orus ( insect s+]s4 ,he is l>g] & mu* m dignifi$ 9 appe>ance ?an is 8 c\s9 sept5decim4 ,he we>s a black suit embroid]$ ) scrolls ( d>k olive gre5 & ! :ole l[] surface ( 8 body is cov]$ ) :ite p[d]4 ,8 drums are situat$ above plates :i* may be se5 on ! l[] side ( ! body1 "o beh9d ea* h9d leg4 ,he hides 9 trees & 8 %rill music is s associat$ ) ! heat ( summ] noons t ! s\nd itself makes "o dr[sy4 ,! h]mit life ( ! lyreman 9 und]gr\nd cells is suppos$ to la/ only two ye>s4 ,:ile ! cicadas ( :i* we h spok5 are ! *ildr5 ( an anci5t race :i* inhabits ,am]ica1 ,europe also has h] anci5t races ( cicadas1 al?\gh !y are n ! k9d :i* live h]mit lives = sev5te5 ye>s4 ,we h evid5ce t _! music 0 held 9 high e/eem by ! anci5t races ( m5--especially ! ,greeks4 ,:5 ,hom] complim5t$ 8 orators he comp>$ !m ) cicadas4 ,?us x may l5d a special int]e/ to ! /udy ( ! cicada by our ,junior ,naturali/s :5 !y "k t 8 kettle drums h be5 celebrat$ in/rum5ts ( music by poets :o wrote ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ,am]ica 0 discov]$ by ,columbus4 ,,qu]ies ,,= ,,%>p ,,eyes4 #a4 ,:5 did y fir/ see "o ( ! cicadas8 #b4 ,:at 0 x do+ :5 y f\nd x8 #c4 ,did x d any?+ to attract y\r notice to x1 or did y f9d x by accid5t8 #d4 ,:]e did y f9d x8 #e4 ,see :e!r y c det]m9e :i* are ! fa!r & :i* ! "m cicadas4 #f4 ,try to f9d :]e a "m cicada has laid eggs4 #g4 ,if y f9d :]e ! cicada em]g$ f ! gr\nd1 or f a hut1 give a brief description ( ! location1 z to k9d ( soil1 etc4 #h4 ,:]e did y f9d ! mo/ ( ! ca/-(f nymph sk9s8 #i4 ,did y discov] animals or birds fe$+ ^u ! cicada8 ,,leaflet ,,lxxi4 ,a ,,home ,,= ,,fri5dly ,,little ,,neighbors4#ib ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,,mccloskey4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xvii47 #ib ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration ,la/ ye> :5 vacation days 7 ov] our "y p f\nd x h>d to leave ! acqua9tances t !y _h made dur+ ! summ]1--! g>d5-folk1 ! road-side-folk1 & ! wood-folk4 ,let u take !m indoors ) u ?is ye>4 ,x w n be difficult to provide a home = "s ( ! m fri5dly ones & !y w help to make ! s*oolroom a *e]ful place4 ,h[ pleasant x w be 9 ! long aft]noons to he> ! cricket's m]ry tune or see ! flutt] ( a butt]fly's w+s6 ,! quiet woods & ! gre5 fields w !n seem ne>] & we %all feel a little t\* ( _! my/]y & beauty4 ,x is n necess>y to h a f9e home = ! outdoor-folk4 ,!y w n object if x is n an up-to-date dwell+4 ,fig4 #cda illu/rates a v conv5i5t t]r>ium1 z ! home is call$4 ,! sides & top are cov]$ ) f9e wire scre5+ & ! front is glass4 ,by rais+ ! cov]1 :i* is fa/5$ to "o side by means ( h+es1 new visitors c be admitt$ easily4 ,ano!r t]r>ium is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abf1 page #bjh4 ,?is is made f an old b]ry crate4 ,x does n look q s well z ! o!r1 b1 z ,i said be=e1 ! inmates w n m9d a bit4 ,! toads w give _! high jump z gracefully & ! crickets fiddle z m]rily z 9 ! f9] "o4 ,:5 ! t]r>ium is ready to furni%1 y c h "s nature-/udy trips 9 se>* ( mat]ials = x4 ,cov] ! floor ) /ones & place ab\t ?ree in*es ( good soil ov] !m4 ,!n y w be ready to select ! c>pet4 ,let ?is be ( s(t gre5 moss1 ! prettie/ bits t y c f9d on ! =e/ floor4 ,leave "o corn] free = sods on :i* tall grasses gr[1 s t !re w be a cozy nook = ! or*e/ra 7crickets1 gras%opp]s1 katydids1 & ! l74 ,:at a f9e conc]t !re w be6 ,w ! mo/ conceit$ toad 9 ! t]r>ium ev] d>e to raise 8 voice 9 song aga9 aft] he>+ x8 ,p]haps next spr+ we %all "k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cda4 ,a %[] = ! little neighbors4 ,ev5 be=e ! home is complet$1 y c ga!r y\r small gue/s ab\t y4 ,tempor>y lodg+s c be provid$ )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,fig4 #cdb illu/rates a good insect cage1 & a box conta9+ damp moss & cov]$ ) mosquito nett+ w make fairly com=table qu>t]s = salam&]s 7liz>ds7 & toads4 ,! fir/ visitor t y welcome w probably be a little woolly-be>1 a br[n & black cat]pill> t y see s (t5 9 y\r autumn walks 7,fig4 #cdc74 ,he is "o ( my favorite insect fri5ds1 & ,i really l to h him snuggle up 9 a furry ball 9 my h&4 ,y w f9d woolly-be> a v re/less little creature4 ,y nev] "k :at he is go+ to d next4 ,he may sp9 a cocoon ?is fall or he may curl up l a wood*uck1 z ,uncle ,john says1 & sleep until spr+4 ,!n1 if all goes well1 he w sp9 8 cocoon & come out an ,isabella tig]-mo? 7,fig4 #cdd74 ,no matt] h[ fa/ woolly-be> may be hurry+ along ! highway :5 y meet him1 put him into ! t]r>ium1 = y w f9d t he is a mo/ ent]ta9+ little fell[4 ,if y h an insect net1 sweep x among %rubs & we$s4 ,i am hop+ t :5 y look into x y w f9d gold5-eyes or ! lace-w+$-fly4 ,:5 y see ! pretty little gre5 creature y w wond] t h] *ildr5 c be call$ aphis-lions1 = !y are n at all l _! "m 7,fig4 #cde72 b :5 y h wat*$ !m among ! aphids or plant-lice1 y w und]/& h[ !y h e>n$ _! "n4 ,!y h v long jaws & v l>ge appetites4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an gold5-eyes :at h] *ildr5 are capable ( do+ :5 on a =ag+ t\r4 ,= ?is reason %e places h] eggs high on silk5 /alks 7,fig4 #cde74 ,if %e laid !m on ! leaf close toge!r1 ! fir/ aphis-lion hat*$ w\ld n give ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family a *ance to op5 _! eyes1 nor to "k h[ pleasant x is to live on a gre5 leaf4 ,z x is he walks d[n ! silk5 /alk & f9ds himself among ! aphids4 ,!n1 :5 he has prov$ himself ! g>d5]'s fri5d by dev\r+ a great _m ( ! small gre5 insects1 he sp9s a pe>ly :ite cocoon & out ( ?is comes a lace-w+$-fly ) gli/5+ gold5 eyes4 ,if "o ( ^! da9ty creatures comes to live 9 y\r t]r>ium1 y may notice "s day t x has a disagreeable odor4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic t _m insects possess1 & ow+ to x ! birds d n l to eat !m4 ,!re is ano!r insect out 9 ! g>d5 t ought to be an inmate ( e t]r>ium ?is fall1 ! gre5 cabbage-worm4 ,"s ,junior g>d5]s w object to call+ ?is a fri5dly little neighbor1 b y w f9d t he w tea* y _m new ?+s1 9 ?is way prov+ himself fri5dly to y z a naturali/4 ,y mu/ rememb] t ^! gre5 cat]pill>s did n "k t y _h plant$ ! g>d5 9 :i* !y work$ de/ruction4 ,!y did n "k t y want$ to s5d ! v be/ cabbage to ! ,/ate fair4 ,!y knew only t :5 !y op5$ _! eyes !y 7 on a gre5 leaf & x 0 good to eat4 ,probably y w f9d ! eggs ( ! cabbage butt]fly on ! "u side ( ! leaves4 ,!n y c fe$ ! "y cat]pill>s :5 !y hat*4 ,!y w1 ( c\rse1 pref] cabbage leaves4 ,if y miss !m "s day1 se>* 9 ! t]r>ium = ! *rysalids into :i* !y h *ang$4 ,^! *rysalids sometimes imitate ! color ( ! support f :i* !y hang1 & y may h difficulty 9 f9d+ !m4 ,= ?is reason x may be well to keep "o ( ! cat]pill>s "u a lamp *imney1 ! top ( :i* has be5 cov]$ ) mosquito nett+ 7,fig4 #cdb71 s t y may "k h[ ! *rysalids look4 ,! cabbage butt]flies are famili> to mo/ boys & girls2 yet z !y come out ( ! *rysalid /ate 9 y\r t]r>ium1 y w be able to obs]ve !m m closely4 ,notice t ! w+s are dull :ite on ! upp] sides1 :ile on ! "u side ! apex ( ! =e w+s & ! entire surface ( ! h9d w+s are pale lemon yell[4 ,9 ! female y w f9d t !re are two black spots besides ! tip on ea* ( ! =e w+s1 & 9 ! male !re is b "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdb4 ,an insect cage4 ,n[ t ,i h put y 9 ! way to f9d a few memb]s ( ! insect _w = y\r t]r>ium1 ,i am go+ to ask y to ?9k ab\t "s o!r outdoor-folk t naturali/s le>n to l4 ,h y ev] turn$ ov] /ones or brok5 (f pieces ( an old /ump 9 ! woods or along ! bank ( a /ream8 ,if s1 y may h se5 salam&]s 7liz>ds7 mak+ _! escape z quickly z possible4 ,if y c get a few = y\r t]r>ium y w le>n to l !m1 = !y are h>mless & h v int]e/+ ways4 ,d n cat* !m by _! tails z !y try to get away1 or y may f9d t y h captur$ ! tails b lo/ ! salam&]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,woolly-be>1 natural size4 ,let ! excursion 9 se>* ( ^! little fell[s be "o ( ! jollie/ ( ! ye>4 ,y w f9d !m 9 moi/ places & %\ld !re=e1 c>ry a box conta9+ damp moss to put !m 94 ,i w\ld sugge/ t y take two boxes along1 "o = ! small] salam&]s1 ! o!r = _! l>g] bro!rs4 ,:y8 ,i w tell y4 ,x happ5$ ?is summ] t a p>ty ( little folks w5t out ) me on a salam&] hunt4 ,we f\nd ?ree k9ds3 ! ,spott$ ,salam&]1 :i* is black ) yell[ spots on ea* side ( ! back2 ! ,r$-back ,salam&]1 :i* usually has a r$di% br[n b& along ! back2 & a black "o cov]$ ) :iti% spots4 ,?is black "o ) :iti% spots 0 nam$ ,freckles by "o ( our numb]1 a mu* m attractive "n ?an 8 own1 :i* is ,ple?'-o-don glu-ti-no'-sus4 ,we plac$ ! ?ree 9 a box1 & z ,i clos$ x ! l>ge spott$ salam&] seem$ v well satisfi$ 7no wond]671 :ile ! o!r two rais$ _! heads 9 a mo/ appeal+ way4 ,i 0 firm1 h[ev]1 & made !m prison]s1 feel+ sure t !y w\ld be com=table 9 ! nice l>ge t]r>ium4 ,:5 morn+ came we op5$ ! box1 = we 7 ready to put our little neighbors into _! new home4 ,:at 0 our surprise to f9d ! spott$ salam&] alone6 ,z to c\nt5ance he 0 well cont5t2 z to sides he 0 mu* bulg$ out4 ,poor little ,freckles & poor little ,r$ ,back6 ,i wi% ,i _h li/5$ to y\r appeal6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,isabella tig] mo?s1 male & female4 ,! r$ & black woolly-be> is ! l>va or cat]pill> ( ?is mo?4 ,! small] mo? is ! male4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,/udy4 #a4 ,a t]r>ium is an inclos$ bit ( e>? on :i* ?+s may live & gr[4 ,d n ?9k t x is necess>y to h "o z well made at fir/ z t 9 ! illu/ration4 7,fig4 #cda47 ,uncle ,john w be well pleas$ to "k t y h made "s arrangem5t = hav+ outdoor-folk live 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,any su* home w be a t]r>ium4 #b4 ,e "o c h gras%opp]s = /udy4 ,h[ _m diff]5t k9ds c y f9d8 ,d all h ! feel]s or ant5n ! same l5g?8 ,obs]ve ! gr[? ( ! w+s 9 ! nymph1 z ! "y gras%opp] is call$4 ,9 ! gr[n-up ones notice t ! n>r[ w+ is on ! outside & ! pretty ones und]nea?4 #c4 ,e "o c also f9d crickets1 & no t]r>ium w be complete )\t !m4 ,9 ! w>m s*oolroom or home !y w make music until late 9 ! ye>4 ,wat* ! black cricket make music ) 8 w+s4 ,notice a t9y light speck ne> ! elb[ ( ! cricket's front leg4 ,?is is ! e>2 s y see ! little fell[s li/5 ) _! elb[s4 ,! "m cricket has a spe> at ! end ( h] body4 ,) ?is %e makes a hole 9 ! gr\nd 9 :i* to place h] eggs4 ,%e _c *irp1 b ! fa!r makes en\gh music = ! family4 ,y w see t ! "m seems to enjoy x4 ,plant fre% grass se$ & gra9 occasionally 9 ! cricket corn] ( y\r t]r>ium4 #d4 ,if y d n own an insect net1 try to f9d a lace-w+$ fly )\t "o4 ,x w n be difficult = "y naturali/s to see ! flies re/+ on ! bu%es along ! roadside4 ,^! insects are valuable to f>m]s because _! *ildr51 ! aphis-lions1 eat s _m plant-lice & o!r insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cde4 ,gold5-eyes or lace-w+$ fly2 eggs1 l>va or aphis-lion1 cocoon1 adult4 ,look on ! "u side ( ! leaves = ! cocoon illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cde4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a small pe>l4 ,! fir/ "t ,i f\nd "o ,i did n "k :at x 04 ,i left x on my desk hop+ t some?+ int]e/+ w\ld come out ( x4 ,! next morn+ !re 0 a pretty gre5 insect try+ to get out ( ! w9d[ & ,i wond]$ h[ x _h come !re4 ,:ile ?9k+ ab\t x my eye fell on ! cocoon ly+ on my desk4 ,i notic$ t a lid _h be5 rais$ on x & suspect$ at once h[ gold5-eyes _h f\nd h] way into my room4 ,:o w succe$ 9 gett+ ! eggs1 an aphis-lion1 a cocoon1 or a lace-w+$ fly8 ,let u "k4 #e4 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( butt]flies y c br+ into ! s*oolroom1 ! gay] w be ! t]r>ium _w4 ,ga!r fre% ?i/les or o!r fl[]s f :i* !y c suck ! nect> or give !m sweet5$ wat] 9 a di%4 ,notice _! long m\?-p>ts z !y eat4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ( all butt]flies is ! l>ge br[n & black "o4 ,?is is call$ ! mon>* butt]fly4 ,notice t _m ( ^! fly toge!r on autumn days4 ,!y are go+ s\? ) ! birds4 #f4 ,be sure to keep ! moss damp = ! salam&]s & add occasionally fre% pieces 9 :i* !y w get food4 ,p]haps y c tea* !m to eat raw meat aft] !y h be5 ) y a:ile4 #g4 ,! t]r>ium w n be complete )\t a toad or two4 ,y c fe$ !m flies1 o!r insects1 & e>?worms1 & !y may !n leave ! salam&]s alone4 ,y ne$ n be afraid to h&le ! toads = !y _c give y w>ts4 ,:5 !y h be5 9 ! t]r>ium a:ile !y w %[ y h[ !y l to sp5d ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a t]r>ium 9 ,s*ool ,no4 #bc1 ,buffalo4 ,,leaflet ,,lxxii4 ,,mo?s ,,& ,,butt]flies4#ic ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,,mccloskey4 #ic ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration ,( all ! insects t int]e/ boys & girls1 mo?s & butt]flies seem to hold ! fir/ place4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t "y p are n always able to di/+ui% ^! insects "o f ano!r1 & d n "k v mu* ( ! /range lives !y lead4 ,p]haps y may h f\nd out a few facts ab\t !m 9 books1 b ?is is n kn[+4 ,to "k1 "o mu/ see "s ( ! wond]ful ?+s t !y d4 ,:5 y h wat*$ ! :ole life-/ory ( a mo? or butt]fly1 y w h a f> great] int]e/ 9 ^! animals ?an _! h&some w+s & graceful flight h ev] giv5 y4 ,! mo/ important ?+ to rememb] 9 ! /udy ( mo?s & butt]flies is t !y appe> 9 f\r diff]5t =ms dur+ _! lives4 ,^! =ms are3 ,! egg4 ,! l>va4 ,! pupa4 ,! adult4 ,,! ,,eggs4 ,! eggs are laid s+ly or 9 clu/]s4 ,!y are usually f\nd on ! plant :i* is ! favorite food ( ! "y4 ,look = ! %9+ masses ( ! eggs ( ! t5t-cat]pill> on apple & wild *]ry trees2 also = ! yell[ eggs ( potato beetles on potato leaves4 ,,! ,,l>va4 ,! l>va or worm hat*es f ! egg4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod 9 its hi/ory ! insect eats & gr[s4 ,if y d\bt t !y h good appetites1 und]take to fe$ a few heal?y cat]pill>s ?is spr+4 ,if y d\bt t !y are p>ticul> z to ! k9d ( food !y h1 f9d out = y\rselves :e!r ! apple tree worm w eat milk-we$ leaves or :e!r ! milk-we$ cat]pill> w eat leaves tak5 f an apple tree4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s to notice 9 ! /udy ( l>v or cat]pill>s is t !y occasionally appe> 9 bright new coats1 & we f9d ! old ones h be5 ca/ aside4 ,x is necessity1 n pride1 t leads !m to d ?is4 ,y see1 an insect's skeleton is on ! outside ( its body2 & if x c\ld n be %$ once 9 a :ile h[ w\ld !re be room = ! little creature to gr[8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdf4 ,*rys'-a-lids ( ! m\rn+-cloak butt]fly4 ,,! ,,pupa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,cocoon ( ! cecropia mo?4 ,x is (t5 atta*$ to ! twig ( a fruit tree4 ,( all ! =ms 9 :i* mo?s & butt]flies appe>1 ! pupa is ! /range/4 ,al?\gh we speak ( ?is p]iod 9 ! life ( ! insect z "o ( re/ or sleep1 x is ! "t :5 ! mo/ wond]ful *anges take place 9 its body4 ,! que] little objects t y see illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cdf are ! pup ( ! m\rn+-cloak butt]fly4 ,:5 ! cat]pill>s 7 ab\t to %$ _! coats = ! la/ "t1 !y hung !mselves head d[nw>d f a twig by means ( a silk button :i* !y _h spun4 ,!n !y ca/ (f _! sk9s1 leav+ ! *rysalids or nak$ pup hang+2 protect$ f birds by _! sp9y =m & protect$ f _m enemies1 ev5 f "y naturali/s1 by _! wood-br[n color :i* s closely resembles ! support f :i* !y are susp5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdh4 ,! cecropia pupa inside ! cocoon4 ,ne>ly natural size4 ,let u next look at ! pupa ( a mo?4 ,?is is (t5 inside a cov]+ :i* is call$ a cocoon4 ,if y look on ! fruit trees or %ade trees ab\t y\r home y may f9d a cocoon ( ! ce-cr-pi-a mo?4 ,y w see t x is made ( silk4 ,?is cov]+ 0 spun by ! giant silkworm z a protection aga9/ ! /orms ( w9t]4 ,h[ snug ! pupa is inside1 & h[ firmly ! cocoon is fa/5$ to ! twig on :i* y f\nd x6 ,figs4 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi %[ ?is int]e/+ insect4 ,:5 y are /udy+ pup rememb] t butt]flies d n come out ( cocoons4 ,_! *rysalis or pupa is always uncov]$4 ,9 ! case ( mo?s1 h[ev]1 ! pupa is ei!r inside a cocoon or protect$ by be+ und]gr\nd or 9 "s well %elt]$ place4 ,^! facts sugge/ a "q4 ,is !re any reason :y ! "o %\ld be bett] fitt$ to endure cold & /orms ?an ! o!r8 ,,! ,,adult4 ,we n[ come to ! f\r? p]iod 9 ! lives ( mo?s & butt]flies1 a p]iod :i* has ev] _h & ev] w h an int]e/ = "y & old4 ,s9ce !re are _m p]sons1 little & big1 :o _c di/+ui% ! two gr\ps1 butt]flies & mo?s1 let u le>n ! m>ks by :i* !y may be kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cdi4 ,cecropia mo? j em]g$ f ! cocoon1 on :i* x hangs4 ,! mo? comes f ! pupa4 ,butt]flies h uncov]$ pup4 ,!y fly by day4 ,! w+s are fold$ ov] ! back :5 at re/4 ,! ant5n or feel]s h knobs on ! ends4 7,fig4 #cej ,b47 ,! body is sl5d]4 ,mo?s h pupae ei!r inside cocoons or protect$ by be+ und]gr\nd or 9 "s %elt]$ place4 ,_m mo?s fly at night4 ,! ant5n are nev] knobb$4 7,fig4 #cej ,m ,m47 leave ! w+s spread :5 !y are at re/4 ,! body is /\t4 ,occasionally y may come across insects t v closely resemble butt]flies1 yet h "s *>act]s t are simil> to ^? ( mo?s4 ,!y are ! skipp]s1 s nam$ because ( _! /rong & rapid flight4 ,! ant5n h knobs1 b ^! knobs are drawn out & turn$ back 9 ! =m ( a hook4 7,fig4 #cej ,s47 ,! body is r /\t4 ,! pupa is cov]$ by a ?9 cocoon4 ,9 "s species ! w+s are held v]tically1 9 o!rs horizontally4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,/udy4 ,cocoons & butt]fly *rysalids are v h>d to f9d because !y s closely resemble ! )]$ leaves t cl+ to %rubs & trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cej4 ,ant5n or feel]s4 ,y w probably f9d cocoons ( ! ce-cro-pi-a & pro-m-!-a mo?s4 ,! =m]1 illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #cdg to #cdi1 is commonly f\nd on fruit trees2 ! latt] sw+s loosely f a bran* ( a%1 wild *]ry1 or lilac4 ,! prome!a cocoon is enfold$ 9 a leaf :i* ! cat]pill> fa/5$ to a twig by means ( silk be=e x spun ! cocoon4 ,if y are rew>d$ = y\r se>* by f9d+ "s ( ^! w9t] homes1 leave a few ( !m 9 a cool place & occasionally dip !m 9 wat] t !y may n become too dry4 ,look at !m c>efully f "t to "t & note any *anges t take place4 ,foll[+ are a few sugge/ions t w help y 9 ! /udy ( cocoons3 #a4 ,obs]ve ! cov]+ ( ! pupa closely4 ,is x made ( o!r mat]ial beside silk8 ,:5 ! woolly-be>1 t _m ( y h c>$ = all w9t]1 sp9s 8 cocoon1 he w use "s ( 8 own hair z well z silk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cea4 ,luna mo? & swall[-tail butt]fly4 #b4 ,op5 ! cocoon4 ,is ! pupa free f x8 ,are ! ?reads ( silk wov5 9 ! same direction 9 all p>ts ( ! cov]+8 #c4 ,out ( :i* end d y ?9k ! mo? w come8 #d4 ,describe ! inside ( ! cocoon4 ,d y f9d any?+ 9 x beside ! pupa8 #e4 ,! cocoons ( ! ,*9ese silkworm are soak$ 9 hot wat] or s(t5$ by /eam be=e ! ?read c be unw\nd4 ,put "o ( ! cocoons t y f9d 9 hot wat] & see :e!r y c unw9d ! silk4 ,i wi% y c\ld secure "s cocoons ( ! real silkworm4 ,boys & girls (t5 ask u :at !y %all fe$ mo?s & butt]flies4 ,_m ( ! adult insects d n eat at all4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 sip ! nect> ( fl[]s or sap ( trees4 ,(t5times !y w dr9k sweet5$ wat] or ! juice ( fruit4 ,if y h an opportunity1 wat* "o :ile x eats4 ,notice ! long tongue ?r\gh :i* x takes its food4 ,?is is made ( two pieces groov$ on ! inn] side1 & :5 held toge!r !y =m a tube4 ,:5 ! insect is n eat+ ^! m\?-p>ts are coil$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceb4 ,! life-/ory ( an insect1 ! =e/ t5t cat]pill>4 m1 male mo?2 f1 female2 p1 pupa2 e1 egg-r+ rec5tly laid2 g1 hat*$ egg-r+2 c1 cat]pill>4 ,mo?s & cat]pill>s are natural size1 & eggs & pupa are slightly enl>g$4 ,,leaflet ,,lxxiii4 ,,! ,,pap]-,,mak]s4#id ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 #id ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aija4 ,a ,,ca/le ,,made ,,( ,,pap]4 ,illu/ration ,_m s*ool rooms 9 ! ,/ate h a hornet's ne/ :i* "s boy or girl has br\ght to %[ ! tea*]4 ,x is usually hung on ! wall or us$ z an ornam5t on top ( ! bookcase4 ,let u take x d[n "s day ?is mon? & le>n some?+ ab\t x4 ,d y ?9k ! ne/ c be call$ a ca/le8 ,:y n8 ,look inside4 ,is x n sev]al /ories high8 ,are !re n spaci\s gall]ies 9 x8 ,is x n z well gu>d$ :5 ! wasps are at home z if an army ( soldi]s /ood outside8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cec4 ,! pap] ca/le4 ,let u see h[ ?is ca/le is built4 ,y h he>d t wasps 7 ! fir/ pap] mak]s4 ,9 ! e>ly summ] y w see !m ar\nd wood t has be5 worn by ! wea!r4 ,!y take (f loose fibres & by means ( _! m\?-p>ts "w !m into pulp4 ,c ! ra9 get ?r\gh ?is pap]8 ,f9d out :e!r x is wat]pro(4 ,"s ( ! ne/s made by vespa 7,fig4 #cec71 z ! hornets or yell[-jackets are call$1 are v l>ge4 ,d y ?9k a wasp c\ld make "o alone8 ,no1 ^! are social wasps2 t is1 a great _m live toge!r4 ,!re are males1 females1 & work]s4 ,"s day we %all tell y h[ ! wasps =m _! colony1 b = ?is lesson we want y to /udy ! ne/4 ,notice ! envelope :i* cov]s ! cells4 ,h[ _m lay]s ( pap] are !re 9 x8 ,we might call ea* lay] a clapbo>d4 ,c y see any diff]5ce 9 ! direction ( ! outside lay]s on top ( ! ne/ & ^? :i* are bel[8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ced4 ,int]ior arrangem5t ( :ite-fac$ hornet's ne/4 ,h[ _m /ories high is ! ne/8 ,note ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! /ories4 ,:]e d y f9d ! smalle/8 ,c\nt ! rooms or cells 9 ea*4 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 t an egg is plac$ 9 ea* cell4 ,:5 ! l>v1 z ! "y ( ! wasps are call$1 are hat*$1 !y /ill live 9 ! cells4 ,h[ d !y manage to keep 9 _! cells8 ,y see ! ne/ is really turn$ upside d[n4 ,_! little heads mu/ hang :]e ! work] wasps c fe$ !m easily4 ,i wond] :e!r y c tell me :y ! "y wasps d n fall out8 ,! work]s *ew all ! food :i* !y give ! little ones4 ,:5 9 summ] y see hornets ab\t y\r fl[] b$s or fe$+ on o!r insects1 x may be t !y are prep>+ breakfa/ = ! "y4 ,notice ! fl[]s :i* !y visit4 ,,poli/es1 ,,! ,,pap]-,,mak]4 ,9 ! previ\s lesson ,i spoke ( vespa wasps t make homes ( pap]4 ,y le>n$ t !y bite (f pieces ( wea!r-worn wood ) _! jaws & *ew x until x is made into pulp4 ,7 y int]e/$ 9 ^! social wasps8 ,if s1 y may l to he> ab\t ano!r memb] ( ! same family4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cee4 ,home ( poli/es1 ! pap]-mak]4 ,hid+ 9 "s crevice ab\t y\r h\se or ! s*ool build+ !re is probably a wasp :i* naturali/s call po-lis-tes4 ,%e has be5 !re ev] s9ce ! cold wea!r came4 ,9 ! spr+ y may see h] te>+ (f pieces ( wood f "s unpa9t$ build+ or wea!r-worn f5ce4 ,let u see :at %e is go+ to d4 ,?is wasp is ! f\nd] ( a colony4 ,! fir/ ?+ %e does is to select a place = h] home4 ,!n %e makes a few cells--only a few1 = %e has no help4 ,:5 y f9d a ne/ l ! "o 9 ! picture 7,fig4 #cee71 y w see h[ ! comb is fa/5$ to ! ro( or to a tree or to ! "u side ( a /one4 ,z soon z ! cells are complet$1 ! "m lays an egg 9 ea*4 ,f ^! eggs little grubs or l>v are hat*$4 ,!y are f$ by ! "m until !y become pup4 ,! cells are seal$ ov] :ile ! wasps are 9 ! pupa /ate4 ,!y h to break op5 ! seals be=e !y c come out4 ,all memb]s ( ! fir/ brood are work]s4 ,z soon z !y are hat*$ ! "m has no?+ to d b to provide eggs4 ,!y clean out ! cells 9 :i* !y pass$ _! e>ly days2 !y make additions to ! ne/s2 !y take c>e ( ! "y4 ,d y rememb] h[ ! vespa work]s prep>$ food = ! l>v 9 _! colony & :at !y f$ !m8 ,! "y poli/es are c>$ = 9 ! same way4 ,y may see ! work]s fly+ ab\t 9 y\r g>d5 ?is summ]1 gett+ ! sweets f ! v>i\s fl[]s t y h plant$4 ,y w "k :y !y are s busy ?r\gh ! long sunny days4 ,y w ?9k ( ! hungry little wasps wait+ = _! d9n]4 ,y w wond] :e!r !y put _! heads out ( ! cells :5 ! work]s fe$ !m4 ,,ne/ ,,( ,,poli/es4 #a4 ,comp>e ! ne/ ( poli/es ) t ( vespa4 #b4 ,9 :at ways d !y diff]8 #c4 ,:]e did y f9d ! ne/8 #d4 ,h[ 0 x held 9 place8 #e4 ,h[ _m cells are !re 9 x8 #f4 ,notice ! pieces ( ! seals :i* /ill rema9 on ! ne/4 ,tell u :e!r !y are made ( ! same mat]ial z ! cells4 ,( :at utility are ! seals8 ,,leaflet ,,lxxiv4 ,,"s ,,c>p5t] ,,ants ,,& ,,_! ,,k94#ie ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y4 7,comp>e ,leaflet ,,xxi47 #ie ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,octob]1 #aijc4 ,illu/ration ,"o bright ,augu/ morn+1 z we 7 walk+ along ! edge ( a wood1 we f\nd an old tree trunk ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,i am sure x _h be5 !re a long "t4 ,l>ge pieces ( b>k 7 loose en\gh to be lift$ up2 be+ naturali/s1 we took advantage ( ?is fact to see :e!r any?+ 0 liv+ und]nea?4 ,:at que] little outdoor folk we f\nd3 ?\s&-legg$ worms1 s[-bugs1 a black beetle t look$ z if its back 7 made ( pat5t-lea!r1 & be/ ( all a colony ( ants6 ,^! ants 7 l>ge black ones kn[n z c>p5t] ants4 ,!y _h made v com=table qu>t]s 9 ?is old log4 ,h[ al>m$ !y 7 :5 we s rudely expos$ !m to ! light6 ,"o brave ant impress$ me m ?an any o!r memb] ( ! colony4 ,i wi% t all ( our girls & boys might h se5 x4 ,) my knife ,i comm5c$ to cut d[n ! wall ( "o ( ! rooms to see :at 0 inside4 ,! soldi]-l ant /ood ne> &1 in/ead ( runn+ away1 x attack$ ! l>ge /eel blade ) its jaws4 ,0 n t a brave ?+ to d8 ,are y surpris$ t ,i clos$ ! knife & put x into my pocket8 ,dur+ all ?is "t !re 0 great commotion 9 ! colony4 ,! work] ants 7 scurry+ (f ) ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! family1 try+ to f9d a safe place = !m4 ,"s ( ^! little bro!rs & si/]s 7 t9y :ite legless creatures2 "s 7 cov]$ up 9 :at look$ l little bags2 o!rs 7 gho/-l ?+s1 v :ite & app>5tly lifeless4 ,n[ be=e y c und]/& :at is go+ on 9 an ant's ne/1 y mu/ "k f\r ?+s3 #a4 ,! :ite oblong eggs are v small4 ,y w n see !m readily4 #b4 ,! little legless creatures1 or l>v1 hat* f ! eggs & are f$ by ! work]s4 ,mrs4 ,com/ock says t an ant l>va looks l a crook-neck squa%4 #c4 ,! l>v ei!r sp9 cocoons or re/ a:ile )\t any cov]+ be=e !y become fully gr[n ants4 ,9 _! re/+ =m !y are call$ pup4 ,*ildr5 usually ?9k ! little sack-l pup are ! eggs4 #d4 ,! fully gr[n ants come f ! pup4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cef4 ,mak+ a home = ants4 ,we want e ,junior ,naturali/ ,club to h an ant's ne/ 9 ! s*ool room & to obs]ve ! foll[+3 ,9 "t ( dang] d ! ants look to _! own safety fir/8 ,wat* ! work]s fe$ & clean ! "y4 ,try to see an ant help a y\ng] relative out ( ! pupa sk94 ,notice h[ _m uses ! ants seem to h = _! ant5n or feel]s4 ,has x ev] seem$ to y t ants c>ry on a conv]sation :5 !y meet8 ,see h[ _m diff]5t k9ds ( ants y c f9d out-(-doors1 ,tell u ab\t _! homes4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,ant',s ,,ne/4 ,9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #cef7 y w see an ant's ne/4 ,= ?is k9d ( ne/ y w ne$ a plank1 ne> ! outside edge ( :i* is a deep groove4 ,! plank %\ld be pa9t$2 c y tell :y8 ,9 ! c5t] use two pieces ( glass laid flat & sep>at$ by n>r[ /icks along ea* side1 s t !y are ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t4 ,! /icks %\ld n come close toge!r at "o corn]4 ,?is leaves a little doorway = ! ants4 ,cov] ! top glass ) black pap] or clo? s t ! space betwe5 ! two pieces ( glass may seem a nice1 d>k1 safe room 9 :i* ants may live4 ,x w be a good ?+ to keep a small piece ( damp blott+ pap] 9 "o corn] ( ?is room 9 case ! work]s want a moi/ place = ! "y ones4 ,fill ! groove 9 ! plank ) wat] & ! ne/ is ready4 ,! be/ ant colony to take indoors is ! "o t y f9d "u /ones 9 a pa/ure4 ,) a tr[el lift up ! ants1 pup1 l>v1 & s& & put ! cont5ts c>efully into a p9t c4 ,:5 y rea* ! s*oolroom put ! cont5ts ( ! c on ! plank & wat* :at happ5s4 ,if ! ants d n f9d ! room y h made = !m1 place a few l>vae & pup )9 x4 ,!y w probably f9d !m4 ,d n neglect to provide food = ! colony4 ,ants l to eat crack] soak$ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 bread1 cake1 b]ry jams1 sug>1 bits ( raw meat1 yolk ( h>d-boil$ egg1 & cu/>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,junior naturali/ museum 9 ! s*ool4 ,di/rict ,no4 #b1 ,%]idan1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,leaflet ,,lxxv4 ,a ,,g>d5 ,,all ,,y\r ,,own4#if ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 #if ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,may1 #aijd4 ,,my ,,de> ,,nephews ,,& ,,nieces3 ,illu/ration ,w\ld y l to h a g>d5 ?is summ]--a g>d5 all y\r v own8 ,if s1 y c surely h "o4 ,a man up 9 a balloon c\ld h "o if he 7 to try2 a man liv+ d[n 9 a coal m9e c\ld n1 because !re w\ld be no sunlight4 ,plants mu/ h light f ! sun1 :i* is ! vital s\rce ( all light4 ,i consid] t anyone :o c>es = a plant1 gr[+ ei!r 9 a w9d[ box or 9 a tomato c1 has a g>d54 ,yes2 a plant gr[+ 9 an egg%ell con/itutes a g>d54 ,a ,,little ,,girl',s ,,g>d54 ,ne> my desk is a picture ( a little girl1 hold+ 9 h] arms a big pumpk9 t %e rais$ 9 a g>d5 all h] own4 ,i d n "k h[ _m pies c\ld h be5 made f t pumpk91 b1 at any rate1 x 0 a big pumpk94 ,! se$ f :i* ! v9e />t$ 0 plant$ 9 an egg-%ell 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,:5 ! bright ,may days came ! egg-%ell _h become too small = ! plant or ! plant _h become too l>ge = ! egg-%ell1 s ! little girl plant$ x 9 ! op5 gr\nd at h] home4 ,%e mu/ h be5 a t9y girl or ! soil 9 h] g>d5 mu/ h be5 v h>d1 = )\t help %e 0 unable to spade x & make x f9e4 ,%e hir$ h] fa!r to d x = h] & paid him by c>ry+ 8 d9n] e day = a week to ! %op :]e he work$4 ,:5 lun* "t came1 papa & %e _h a little picnic all by !mselves4 ,!re is no pretti] picture ?an is made by su* /rong comrade%ip betwe5 a little girl & h] fa!r4 ,,make ,a ,,b>ga9 ,,) ,,y\r ,,tea*]4 ,i hope y\r tea*] w p]mit y to h "s boxes ( e>? 7,i mean soil7 9 ! w9d[s ( y\r s*ool-room1 9 :i* y may plant fl[] or vegetable se$s4 ,9 e>ly ,june1 j be=e ! close ( s*ool1 y c divide ! plants among y\rselves & set !m out 9 ! op5 gr\nd or 9 w9d[ boxes at y\r home4 ,ask y\r tea*] :e!r y may h su* a privilege4 ,promise t if %e w grant ?is favor y w be j z good z ! little girl :o _h a little curl t hung 9 ! middle ( h] =e-head1 & if at any "t y become horrid ! tea*] may give y\r %>e ( ! plants to "s "o bett] behav$ ?an y\rself4 ,if %e is a wise tea*] %e w cons5t1 b n until %e has made a b>ga9 ) y t y are to d all ! "w & to ask no?+ f h] b advice :5 y ne$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceg4 ,sweet peas4 ,a ,,plant ,,nurs]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ceh4 ,a ne/ ( w9d[ pots4 ,y\r fir/ g>d5 %\ld be 9 a %all[ box1 call$ a flat1 :i* y may consid] a k9d ( nurs]y = ! plants4 ,let ?is nurs]y1 or cradle1 be z long & z wide z a soap box1 & n m ?an ?ree or f\r in*es deep4 ,y c make a flat1 z g>d5]s d1 by saw+ a soap box 9 two4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! box make "s small aug] holes = dra9age4 ,"s ( y may be s =tunate z to be able to ga!r f ! woods & fields ! mat]ial = fitt+ up ! flat4 ,"s moss1--say ab\t an in* ( x1--%\ld fir/ be laid 9 ! bottom4 ,:5 moss _c be f\nd1 use /ones or pieces ( brok5 pott]y to cov] ! dra9age holes4 ,?is is to prev5t ! soil f wa%+ ?r\gh4 ,! rema9d] ( ! flat %\ld be fill$ ) good woods e>?4 ,pack ! soil firmly4 ,fill ! flat n ev5 full1 b to )9 half an in* ( ! top4 ,^? :o _c g to ! fields mu/ get ! be/ g>d5 soil to be f\nd4 ,a few *ildr5 may be unable to get ev5 g>d5 soil4 ,!y w be oblig$ to g to ! flori/'s = soil1 z !y mu/ d :5 !y fill _! w9d[ boxes4 ,because ( ! frequ5t wat]+s requir$ by all plants gr[+ 9 boxes1 x is important to get soil t is n /icky & t w n pack h>d4 ,,s[+ ,,! ,,se$4 ,:5 ! "t comes = ! s[+ ( se$s1 y _h bett] ask y\r tea*] to look ov] y\r %\ld] to see t y d x correctly4 ,9 s[+1 put ! se$s 9 /raight r[s4 ,^! r[s may be made by d5t+ ! soil ) ! %>p edge ( a /ick or rul]4 ,let ! r[s ext5d ! entire wid? ( ! flat4 ,into ! d5t1 drop ! se$s at regul> int]vals4 ,if any se$s drop outside ( ! d5t1 g5tly pu% !m into place ) a too?pick4 ,half a doz5 r[s ( "o v>iety ( fl[]s or vegetables hav+ small se$s w give a l>ge numb] ( plants4 ,"o flat may accommodate a numb] ( v>ieties4 ,at ! po9t :]e "o v>iety /ops & ano!r beg9s1 a neat label ( wood %\ld be /uck4 ,?is af=ds a good *ance = a boy to br+ 8 new jack-knife into use4 ,on ! label %\ld be writt5 ! "n ( ea* v>iety4 ,?is w give an excell5t opportunity = "o :o writes a good v]tical h& to make himself useful4 ,beg9 at ! v top ( ! label & write t[>ds ! l[] end2 !n if ! l[] "p ( ! label rots (f or becomes discolor$1 y w /ill h ! fir/ & mo/ important "p ( ! "n left4 ,! label %\ld nev] be di/urb$1 = a c>eless boy or girl might n put x back into ! exact place :]e x 0 f\nd1 :i* w\ld be inde$ un=tunate4 ,! ,smi?s & ,joneses ( t plant community w\ld become s mix$ t ! ,joneses w\ld be call$ ,smi?s & ! ,smi?s w\ld be kn[n z ,joneses4 ,x w\ld be z bad z *ang+ door-plates4 ,:5 ! se$s h be5 ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 r[s l h\ses along a /reet !re comes ano!r v important /ep1--! cov]+ ( ! se$s4 ,if se$s are cov]$ too deep !y w rot because ( too mu* moi/ure2 if ! cov]+ is too ?91 ! soil w dry s rapidly t ! se$s w fail because ( insuffici5t moi/ure4 ,! size ( ! se$ usually det]m9es ! am\nt ( cov]+ necess>y4 ,z a broad g5]al rule1 ! soil cov]+ %\ld be ab\t f\r times ! ?ickness ( ! se$4 ,hav+ be5 cov]$1 ! e>? mu/ be ?or\ghly wat]$4 ,?is mu/ be done g5tly & c>efully4 ,if done ) a ru%1 ! wat] w wa% ! cov]+ away & _m ( ! se$s w be left b>e4 ,:5ev] su* an accid5t occurs1 ! se$ may be pu%$ into ! soil ) a too?pick4 ,at mo/ times :5 wat]+1 cont9ue to apply ! wat] until x j beg9s to dra9 ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! flat4 ,?is %\ld be practic$ ev5 aft] ! se$s h g]m9at$ & become gr[+ plants4 ,keep ! flats %ad$ until ! plants beg9 to pu% _! heads ?r\gh ! soil4 ,aft] ?is "t /rong light %\ld gradually be giv5 !m t ! plants may n become tall & sp9dl+1 or leggy1 z g>d5]s say4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cei4 ,transplant$ into a pot4 ,if ! se$ boxes are 9 a sunny or w9dy place1 ! soil may dry out too rapidly4 ,?is c be prev5t$ by lay+ a newspap] ov] ! flat :5 ! sun /rikes x4 ,z ! plantlets gr[1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to %ade !m too mu*4 ,a ,,plant ,,k9d]g>t54 ,9 "s plants ! fir/ leaves are call$ ! se$-leaves1 &1 l *ildr5's milk tee?1 soon disappe>4 ,! next set are ! true leaves4 ,aft] ! true leaves appe>1 if ! plants seem cr[d$ & uncom=table1 l ?ree boys try+ to sleep 9 a n>r[ b$1 transplant !m into o!r flats prep>$ simil>ly to ! "o into :i* ! se$s 7 s[n4 ,y may ?9k ( ?is z ! promotion ( ! "y plants f ! cradle to ! k9d]g>t54 ,"h ! plants %\ld be plac$ ab\t an in* f ea* o!r1 9 squ>es4 ,wet ! plants ?or\ghly be=e tak+ !m up & also ! soil into :i* !y are to make _! second home4 ,aft] ?is is done1 ! soil %\ld be press$ firmly ab\t ! roots1 z y snuggle ! b$clo!s ab\t y\r neck on a cold w9t]'s night4 ,x is ent]ta9+ practice to transplant ! plants into pots1 if y happ5 to h any flori/'s pots ( small size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfj4 ,a soap box put to use4 ,?is transplant+ ( plants 9 ! s*ool-room gives a quiet occupation to boys & girls :o = a "t may n be engag$ 9 /udy4 ,! disob$i5t *ild or ! w\ld-be sm>t "o might bett] be d5i$ ! privilege4 ,i say privilege1 because ! wise tea*] w make w9d[ g>d5+ a privilege & n requir$ "w4 ,aft] ! transplant+ has be5 complet$ & ! plants ?or\ghly soak$ ) wat]1 !y mu/ be %ad$ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 aft] :i* !y _h bett] receive ! /rong light once m1 :5 !y w resume _! gr[?4 ,,plants ,,ne$ ,,wat]4 ,if plants c\ld feel & talk1 !y w\ld tell ( p]iods :5 !y _h endur$ great suff]+ because ( ?ir/3 suff]+ z great z t sometimes exp]i5c$ by travel]s 9 cross+ a des]t4 ,(t5 x has be5 s great z almo/ to ru9 a plant's con/itution4 ,i am (t5 ask$1 ,h[ frequ5tly %all ,i wat] plants8 ,x is z difficult to give a fix$ rule = wat]+ z to det]m9e h[ (t5 a boy %\ld be all[$ a dr9k4 ,dur+ cool cl\dy wea!r1 plants d n require z mu* wat] z :5 ! sun %9es bright & hot on !m4 ,i c give no bett] g5]al direction ?an ?is3--wat] plants :5 ! surface ( ! soil seems dry & p[d]-l1 :5 a p9* ( x roll$ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] does n =m a little ball4 ,"u conditions 9 :i* ! dra9age is good1 plants %\ld receive wat] until ! surplus beg9s to trickle out ( ! holes at ! bottom4 ,if y foll[ ^! directions c>efully1 y\r s*oolroom g>d5 %\ld af=d a good lot ( plants = cultivation at home 9 ! op5 gr\nd or 9 boxes4 ,,:at ,,y ,,may ,,plant4 ,z to ! k9d ( se$s to s[1 y mu/ be gov]n$ by :at y mo/ desire to h 9 y\r home g>d5 = summ] cultivation4 ,if y are able to h a g>d5 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 ,i w\ld h y make a selection ( bo? fl[]s & vegetables4 ,d n *oose a l>ge v>iety ( ei!r1 = *ildr5 are b little m5 & wom5 & mu/ %ape _! tasks to fit _! %\ld]s4 ,x w\ld be bett] to h a g>d5 ! size ( a horse blanket & h x 9 good condition all summ] ?an to h a l>g] "o & all[ x to become a wild]ness ( we$s4 ,9 ! vegetable l9e1 y c h radi%es & lettuce t may be h>ve/$ by ! ,f\r? ( ,july4 ,aft] ! fir/ crop has be5 remov$ ! gr\nd %\ld be spad$ & wax beans plant$ 9 r[s ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t & ! beans six in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,^! give ! juicie/ ( pods1 excell5t = pickl+4 ,k+s & pr9ces c\ld h none bett]4 ,?is plan gives y two crops f ! same gr\nd 9 "o summ]4 ,plant radi%es 9 r[s twelve in*es ap>t & ab\t two in*es ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,pull !m = ! table :5 ! roots are ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* or a little m 9 diamet]4 ,set lettuce ab\t ?ree in*es ap>t 9 ! r[1 :i* is twice or m z ?ick z ! plants %\ld be :5 full gr[n4 ,:5 half gr[n or m e o!r plant may be pull$ out = table use & ! rema9+ ones w soon fill ! vacancies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfa4 ,a w9d[-g>d5 ( "o's own4 ,9 sugge/+ y\r selection ( fl[]s1 ,i %all m5tion b a few4 ,i h *os5 ! foll[+ k9ds because !y are n too p>ticul> or exact+ z to c>e1 :ile "s are equally well adapt$ = cultivation ei!r 9 ! op5 gr\nd or 9 w9d[ boxes4 ,i hope y w include sweet peas1 dahlias1 & gladioli 9 y\r selection4 ,i h n nam$ !m 9 ?is li/ because !y are n suitable = plant+ 9 flats1 b are plant$ directly 9 ! op5 gr\nd :]e !y are to sp5d _! lives4 ,gladioli & mo/ dahlias y w n raise f se$s4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ f :i* y may make a selection = plant+ 9 y\r s*ool-room1 to divide lat] ) y\r mates = home plant+3-- ,petunia ,na/urtium ,suitable = plant+ ei!r 9 ,sweet ,alyssum w9d[ boxes or 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,mignonette ,ba*elor's ,button ,salvia 7,fl[]+ ,sage7 ,phlox ,to be plant$ 9 ,a/] ! op5 gr\nd4 ,m>igold ,c&ytuft ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfb4 ,plan ( ! improvem5t ( ! s*ool gr\nd1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,,make ,a ,,g>d5 ,,9 ,a ,,box4 ,!re is no reason :y y _c h a w9d[-box z attractive z ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #cfa4 ,plants w gr[ z well = y z = ! ri*e/ or ! greate/ man ( :om y ev] he>d4 ,all !y require is to be made com=table4 ,! two ?+s mo/ necess>y = _! com=t are wat] z (t5 z !y ne$ x1 & f]tile soil t w n become h>d f frequ5t wat]+4 ,plants 9 boxes ne$ wat] mu* (t5] ?an ^? 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,i once knew ( a w9d[-box on a t9 ro( on ! s\? side ( ! h\se t 0 wat]$ morn+1 noon1 & night4 ,^? plants mu/ h be5 com=table1 = !y made ?rifty gr[?4 ,:5 y h le>n$ h[ to make plants com=table 9 a flat1 y w "k :at is necess>y = _! com=t 9 a w9d[-box4 ,!y %\ld h ! same k9d ( e>?1 b m ( x4 ,! box %\ld nev] be less ?an eight in*es wide & eight in*es deep & z long z y c af=d to fill ) e>? & plants4 ,!re mu/ be holes 9 ! bottom = dra9age1 & moss or small /ones plac$ ov] ! holes to prev5t ! soil f wa%+ away4 ,! plants %\ld be set f\r to six in*es ap>t 9 ! box4 ,at fir/1 ?is w seem too great a di/ance1 b aft] a few weeks ( gr[?1 ! plants w cov] all b>e spots4 ,:5 transplant+ ei!r to w9d[-boxes or to ! op5 gr\nd1 d x ! same way z :5 *ang+ plants f ! cradle flat to ! k9d]g>t5 flat4 ,i "k ( a bro!r & a si/] :o f\nd en\gh soil to fill "s egg-%ells4 ,! %ells _h small dra9age holes 9 ! bottom4 ,9 "t ! plants grew & became too l>ge = ! egg-%ells4 ,!n ! *ildr5 w5t 9 se>* ( m soil4 ,!y f\nd en\gh to fill a few tomato cans4 ,^! cans also _h dra9age holes 9 ! bottom4 ,9 ea* c !y set a plant4 ,!y !n put ! cans into a soap box4 ,!n !y pack$ excelsior into all ! vacant places 9 ! soapbox4 ,! excelsior help$ to hold ! moi/ure4 ,! box /ood on a back v]&a :]e ! plants _h pl5ty ( sun%9e4 ,s long z !y 7 com=table !y did _! be/1 :i* is z mu* z !y c\ld h done if !y _h be5 9 exp5sive vases 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,:ite ,h\se at ,wa%+ton4 ,,consid] ,,y\r ,,s*ool ,,gr\nds4 ,on ! la/ page ( ?is leaflet are two pictures ( a s*ool-h\se4 ,! fir/ %[s h[ x look$ :5 x _h n a fri5d4 ,! second %[s :at ! fri5d%ip ( ! tea*] & ! *ildr5 c\ld d = x4 ,9 bo? cases ! build+ rema9s ! same4 ,look at "o picture & !n at ! o!r4 ,see1 if y c1 :at "o ?+ has be5 done to make ! diff]5ce--a diff]5ce z great z t betwe5 a tramp & a g5tleman4 ,a few %rubs h be5 plant$ by ! fri5ds1 b ! greate/ ?+ !y did 0 to clean up4 ,!y took away ev]y?+ t look$ untidy & %abby4 ,at ?is "t ( ! ye> y see _m beautiful crocuses1 tulips1 daffodils1 & hyac9?s4 ,no?+ *ildr5 c plant w give s mu* = ! labor z ^! bulbs4 ,:y n h "s on ! s*ool gr\nds8 ,:5 s*ool beg9s next ,septemb]1 write me = directions h[ to gr[ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfc4 ,product ( a *ild's g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfd4 ,s*ool premises be=e improv+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,s*ool premises aft] improv+4 ,c\ld y n d z mu* = y\r s*ool gr\nds8 ,,leaflet ,,lxxvi4 ,,! ,,g>d5s ,,& ,,! ,,s*ool ,,gr\nds4#ig ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 #ig ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #aijc4 ,,my ,,de> ,,boys ,,& ,,girls3 ,illu/ration ,( c\rse y believe t ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 ev5 ?\gh y 7 n ) him4 ,if y _h be5 on ! deck ( 8 %ip :5 ,san ,salvador rais$ its head on ! rim ( ! sea1 y w\ld be talk+ ab\t x e day ( y\r life4 ,z x is1 y\r k comes to y ?r\gh books1 & y ?9k y are =tunate if y are able to answ] que/ions correctly on exam9ation4 ,?is leads me to rem>k t !re is mu* m int]e/ 9 ?+s t we h help$ to make happ5 ?an 9 ?+s t we read ab\t & t 7 made to happ5 by "s "o else4 ,!re is a *ance = ea* ( y boys & girls1 9 a way1 to become a ,columbus4 ,x is true t1 n c\nt+ ! nor? & s\? poles1 all ! cont95ts are discov]$1 b !re is mu* pleasure & fun 9 discov]+ facts4 ,i am n[ speak+ f exp]i5ce4 ,i ?9k t ,james ,bu*anan 0 ,presid5t :5 ,i le>n$1 9 su* a way t ,i c\ld expla9 to o!rs1 ! pr9ciples ( a suction-pump4 ,"s ( ! sugge/ions l$ me to make a squirt gun f a bit ( eld] /alk4 ,sometimes :5 ,i made a demon/ration ! wat] w\ld fly 9 ! faces ( my audi5ce4 ,i />t$ a squirt gun factory1 b ! tea*] /opp$ ! ent]prise because x made too mu* litt] 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,i h a sugge/ion t w />t y on a voyage ( discov]y4 ,:5 y h gone z f> z y c ,i wi% y w\ld write me1 tell+ :at y h le>n$4 ,writ]s ( agricultural books sometimes use ! expression1 ,!re is f]tility 9 tillage4 ,is t true8 ,by f]tility is meant ! p[] ( ! soil to furni% plant-food4 ,f]tile soil is ri* soil4 ,by tillage is meant frequ5t /irr+ ( ! soil4 ,= example1 ,billy ,boy & 8 *um ea* h a fl[] g>d5 side by side ( equal size4 ,ea* boy s[s se$s f ! same bag4 ,! same sun%9e & ! same ra9s give vigor to ea* fl[]-b$ alike4 ,billy ,boy spades ! soil deep & makes x f9e4 ,8 *um /irs ! top & leaves clods on ! surface4 ,) ! end ( a %>p /ick ,billy makes a /raight drill = ! se$4 ,on ! bottom ( ! drill ! soil is f9e l meal1 & ! se$ is s[n ) great c>e & is cov]$ ) ! f9e/ soil4 ,if ! se$ is small he makes ! soil cov]+ v ?94 ,! la/ ?+ he does is to firm ! soil by patt+ x ) ei!r 8 h& or ! flat "p ( a hoe1 & he does x 9 an affectionate way z if he 7 patt+ a dog4 ,8 *um makes ! drill = ! se$ 9 a ha/y way1 leav+ 9 ! bottom little clods ( e>? z l>ge z hickory nuts4 ,he s[s ! se$ z if he 7 glad to get rid ( x1 & he cov]s x z if he want$ x out ( sight z soon z possible4 ,:i* ( ! two boys gave ! bett] tillage to ! soil8 ,dur+ ! summ] y w see h[ o!rs c>e = _! plants & y w see in/ances ( good tillage & poor tillage4 ,y mu/ obs]ve & write me :i* ( ! two _h ! bett] success 9 hav+ ! se$ come up4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ways does n end 9 s[+ & g]m9ation ( se$1 b cont9ues all summ] until ! end ( ! season4 ,billy ,boy w c>e = ! soil by comb+ x ) a rake sev]al times a week1 ) ! same c>e & affection ) :i* ! lov] ( a horse w groom ! animal ea* morn+4 ,! *um w ?9k ! plants are all l goats1 & ought to live ) almo/ any *ance4 ,billy ,boy w h no we$s among 8 plants & 8 *um w h !m 9 great numb]s4 ,! *um may say t we$s %ade ! plants & !reby protect !m f dr\ght4 ,i h kn[n gr[n-up f>m]s to say t4 ,is x true8 ,g on a voyage ( discov]y & f9d out4 ,i hope y\r g>d5 may be ( ! ,billy ,boy k9d1 receiv+ pl5ty ( tillage4 ,y w h no tr\ble to f9d any numb] ( ! o!r k9d ( g>d5s gr[+ to we$s & receiv+ no tillage4 ,x w please me v mu* if y w write me1 giv+ z _m reasons z y c :y tillage makes ! soil m f]tile 7or ri*7 & able to produce bett] plants & fl[]s4 ,ea* lett] w be c>efully read4 ,,an ,,exp]im5t4 ,p]haps y c answ] ! que/ions by wat*+ y\r g>d5 or "s "o's else g>d52 b y c answ] !m bett] if y w gr[ a few hills ( corn4 ,9 ! fall ,i %all h _m que/ions to ask y ab\t corn1 & ,i want y to be able to answ] by tell+ me :at y h se5 ) y\r own eyes4 ,^? ( y :o are ,junior ,naturali/s h done well ) y\r dues ?is ye>1 b we mu/ always d bett] next ye> ?an we did la/2 s ,i want y to "k _m ?+s ab\t ,indian corn :5 y come back to s*ool 9 ! fall4 ,y\r tea*] has also be5 ask$ to /udy corn1 & ,i am go+ to /udy x myself4 ,i am a f>m] & ,i h gr[n corn all my life4 ,once ,i ?\ght t ,i knew all ab\t x2 b frequ5tly "s "o asks me a "q ab\t x t ,i _c answ]4 ,n[1 ,i hope t y c plant at lea/ t5 hills ( corn1 or1 if y d n plant x 9 hills1 y may make two r[s1 ea* ( !m five or t5 feet long4 ,i want y to plant "p ( ^! hills 7or "o ( ! r[s7 9 good ri* soil4 ,p]haps y\r fa!r w let y plant !m 9 ! be/ "p ( ! g>d5 along ) ! cabbages or o!r crops2 or1 p]haps1 y\r "m w let y plant !m at ! back "p ( ! fl[] g>d54 ,!n ,i want y to keep d[n ! we$s & break or cultivate ! gr\nd (t5 ) a hoe or rake s t ! soil is always loose4 ,!n ,i want y to plant ! o!r "p ( ! corn 9 a poor or dry piece ( gr\nd1 :]e ! we$s gr[4 ,?is "p y ne$ n cultivate4 ,i ?9k t be=e ! summ] is half ov] y w le>n a v great lesson by look+ at ^! two pieces ( corn4 ,"s ( y w say t y "k be=eh& :at w happ52 b ,i want y to gr[ ! corn nev]!less4 ,by fall ,i hope y w be able to write me :e!r y c tell a ri* soil :5 y see x1 & also :y y ?9k x is ri*4 ,i want ev]yone ( ! ,junior ,g>d5]s to tell me t mu* :5 s*ool op5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! ,tea*]3 ,we mu/ dep5d ^u y\r c\rtesy to help 9 report+ :at has be5 done by y & y\r pupils 9 improvem5t ( s*ool gr\nds4 ,9 addition to ?is we hope x may be y\r pleasure to ask all ! *ildr5 :o are able to write to tell u 9 detail1 at "s language p]iod1 :at !y h done4 ,we are nev] able to get reports ( all ?is good "w4 ,_m tea*]s feel t no?+ b h]oic de$s 9 ! plant+ ( s*ool gr\nds are wor?y ( m5tion4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,"s gr\nds may be m improv$ by att5tion to simple tid9ess ?an by exp5sive plant+1 & !y are equally wor?y ( m5tion4 ,! att5dance at "s s*ools is small & ! pupils are "y4 ,small ef=ts f !m are relatively great :5 comp>$ ) :at is done by s*ools ) ample facilities4 ,we "k a tea*] :o began h] fir/ tea*+ 9 ! fall ( #aijb4 ,! pupils 7 eight 9 numb] & mo/ ( !m 7 small4 ,! s*ool 0 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! int]ior ( ! build+ 0 %abby4 ,! tea*] 0 c\rage\s & resolute4 ,) h] small h&ful ( n ov]-compet5t pupils1 %e _h s*ool ex]cises & ! *ildr5 sold tickets4 ,by ?is means en\gh pap] 0 b\ght to cov] ! walls1 & ! tea*] & ! *ildr5 put ! pap] on4 ,!n !y made o!r sales1 = :i* !y receiv$ z commission ?ree pictures cr$itably fram$4 ,!y 7 hung on ! walls ( ! s*ool-h\se4 ,by ?is "t1 ! tide ( civic improvem5t 9 t community began to turn t[>ds ! improv+ ( ! s*ool build+ & gr\nds4 ,we are eag]ly await+ reports to "k :at 0 done on ,arbor ,day4 ,"u su* conditions1 x 0 no small ?+ t ! tea*] & *ildr5 accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cff4 ,mak+ a s*ool-g>d5 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,,leaflet ,,lxxvii4 ,,some?+ ,,= ,,"y ,,f>m]s4#ih ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 #ih ,supplem5t to ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,april1 #aijb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,nephews ,,& ,,nieces3 ,illu/ration ,i wi% to make f>m]s ( y all4 ,i w try to tell y h[ to h f>ms all y\r own--f>ms on :i* y c plant se$s & see ! plants gr[4 ,once a little girl 9 ,buffalo1 :o is "o ( my ,junior ,naturali/s1 ask$ me :e!r ,i w\ld call at h] home & see ! h>ve/ f se$s %e plant$ on "o ( h] f>ms ! spr+ be=e4 ,! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool w5t ) me1 = he knew all ab\t ! little girl's success1 & seem$ pr\d ( :at %e _h accompli%$4 ,:at d y ?9k x 0 %e _h rais$8 ,x 0 some?+ t fill$ h] lap & 0 good to eat4 ,x 0 a f9e pumpk94 ,x weigh$ tw5ty-two p\nds4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld h a photograph ( h] hold+ ! pumpk91 h] face gl[+ ) pride & satisfaction4 ,y are surely able to d z mu* z ?is little girl did4 ,p]haps y w\ld pref] "s o!r crop to pumpk9s1 9 :i* case y h _m k9ds ( se$s f :i* to *oose4 ,la/ spr+1 9 s*ool1 ?is little girl ) o!r boys & girls began plant+ & c>+ = egg-%ell f>ms4 ,x co/s no money & b little tr\ble to own sev]al su* f>ms4 ,! greate/ pleasure & pr(it is to be f\nd 9 hav+ !m 9 s*ool1 = !n y h ! opportunity ( see+ h[ o!rs manage _! f>ms1 & !re is a spur 9 do+ :at o!rs are do+4 ,:5 y h read all ab\t my plan ,i wi% y w\ld ask y\r tea*] :e!r y _c h "s egg-%ell f>ms 9 y\r grade4 ,:5 y\r plants are l>ge en\gh to put p]man5tly 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 y c plant !m 9 a g>d5 or w9d[-box at y\r home4 ,if x is n conv5i5t to h egg-%ell f>ms at s*ool1 ask y\r p>5ts if y _c h "s at home4 ,please give me y\r e>s & y\r att5tion :ile ,i tell y h[ to get y\r f>ms4 ,9 ,april y h eggs at "s "o ( ! ?ree meals ( ! day1 & ! empty %ells c be easily obta9$4 ,! end ( ! %ell to be brok5 is ! %>p or peak$ end4 ,break away ab\t a qu>t] or a ?ird ( x & p\r out ! :ite & ! yolk t is inside4 ,?is empty %ell is to hold ! soil ( y\r f>m1 & y c h z _m f>ms z may be conv5i5t to c>e =4 ,on ea* egg-%ell y may write y\r "n1 = ! same reason t p h door plates on ! doors ( _! h\ses or signs on _! places ( bus9ess4 ,"s v me?odical boys & girls write also ! names ( ! k9d ( se$s s[n1 & ! dates ( plant+ & spr\t+4 ,d n =get to put a hole ?r\gh ! bottom ( ea* "o ( y\r f>ms = dra9age4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld be ) y :5 y get y\r soil2 we w\ld g out to ! pa/ures & ! woods = a supply4 ,i %\ld be able to tell y mu* ab\t diff]5t soils1 & h[ !y h be5 made4 ,x is an int]e/+ /ory t ,i mu/ tell y :5 we are pa/ ! hurry ( spr+'s "w4 ,if we c\ld g afield we %\ld f9d ! be/ soil = y\r egg-%ell f>ms ab\t ! roots ( rott$ /umps or 9 rott$ leaves4 ,x is necess>y t ! soil %all n bake h>d because ( frequ5t wat]+s1 %all n dry out quickly1 & %all h pl5ty ( plant-food4 ,i fancy ! mo/ conv5i5t plan w be = all ( y :o wi% soil to =m a syndicate by contribut+ a c5t ea* & g to a flori/ & buy y\r soil4 ,tell ! flori/ y wi% x = y\r use & ! probabilities are t he w be s mu* int]e/$ 9 y\r plants t y w get m = ! same am\nt ( money ?an ,i c\ld if ,i 7 to g = y4 ,! next difficulty w be to keep y\r f>ms "r side up4 ,t is easily accompli%$ by putt+ "s s& or sawdu/ 9 a %all[ box & mak+ a d5t :]e y wi% ea* f>m to /&4 ,if y h y\r f>ms 9 ! s*ool-room1 ,tom1 ,dick1 & ,h>ry c h all _! f>ms 9 ! same box4 ,!re w be no tr\ble 9 sep>at+ !m if ! own]'s "n is writt5 on ea* "o4 ,next comes ! plant+ ( se$s & ! problem ( ! am\nt ( e>? to put ov] !m4 ,big se$s require m cov]+ ?an little se$s4 ,se$s l peas1 beans1 & corn may be ?ru/ into ! middle ( y\r f>m4 ,small se$s1 l ^? ( ! petunia1 :i* are almo/ l du/1 require only ! g5tle/ spr9kl+ ( soil4 ,se$s z l>ge z ^? ( ! a/] & ! balsam %\ld be cov]$ ) a lay] ( e>? z ?ick z a lead p5cil4 ,i advise y to plant twice z _m se$s z y wi% to h gr[4 ,_m accid5ts may happ5 & if all gr[1 ! surplus plants c be replant$ lat] or ?r[n away4 ,! e>? cov]+ %\ld be spr9kl$ or sift$ ov] ! se$s1 & !n x mu/ be patt$ or press$ d[n firmly4 ,by ?is means ! p>ticles ( soil are snuggl$ close toge!r1 & ! se$ & ! soil hold moi/ure mu* bett] ?an :5 ! p>ticles lie loose & f> ap>t4 ,! next ?+ to d aft] plant+ is to spr9kle wat] ov] y\r f>ms4 ,d ?is z g5tly z possible1 = ) all y\r c>e "s se$s may be uncov]$4 ,look ov] ! gr\nd c>efully1 & ^? y f9d expos$ poke into ! e>? ) ! po9t ( a p5cil or a /ick4 ,! soil ( y\r f>ms mu/ be kept moi/ at all times4 ,?is is a po9t t w require y\r cont9u$ att5tion4 ,:5 y\r ,uncle ,john att5d$ s*ool1 _m ye>s ago1 !re 0 a passage 9 8 read] t taught him t ,et]nal vigilance is ! price ( lib]ty4 ,! att5tion requir$ to keep plants suitably wat]$ does n fall mu* %ort ( et]nal vigilance4 ,?is ne$ n sc>e y4 ,if y c>e = y\r f>ms y w f9d x a pleasure to wait on y\r plants4 ,if y h y\r egg-%ell f>ms 9 ! s*ool-room1 !re w be no opportunity to wat] y\r plants ,saturday or ,sunday1 :5 s*ool is n 9 session4 ,i ?9k if y make y\r f>ms soak+ wet ,friday at ! close ( s*ool1 & !n set !m back f ! w9d[ out ( ! direct rays ( ! sun1 no h>m w come f dryness be=e ,monday morn+4 ,y mu/ wat* to see :e!r all memb]s ( ! same family d ! same ?+ precisely alike4 ,aft] s[+ y\r se$s & wat]+ y\r f>ms y w g to !m _m times to see :e!r any?+ has happ5$4 ,y w n be able to see any?+ or he> any?+1 & y w conclude t no?+ is go+ on 9 ! soil4 ,9 ?is y w be mi/ak51 = "s active *anges are tak+ place4 ,!y are ( a k9d t y c nei!r see nor he>4 ,9 days to come1 :5 y are m5 & wom51 y w be able to appreciate ! fact t "s ( ! mo/ important ev5ts come ab\t sil5tly & "s ( ! lea/ important come ) a racket4 ,! fir/ leaves t appe> on mo/ plants are call$ ! se$-leaves4 ,if y\r plants are com=table1 b a few days w pass be=e true leaves develop4 ,y w f9d ! latt] v diff]5t f ! se$-leaves4 ,be=e ! fir/ or se$-leaves appe> x is n important t y\r f>ms h ! /rong sunlight4 ,9 fact ,i always put my egg-%ell f>ms 9 ! %ade :ile ! se$s are g]m9at+1 b at ! fir/ peep ( a leaf or /em ,i put !m 9 ! full sun%9e4 ,mo/ ( y w no d\bt h y\r f>ms on ! w9d[ l$ge4 ,among ! fir/ ?+s y w obs]ve is a way all ! leaves h ( look+ out ( doors4 ,if y turn y\r f>ms ar\nd s ! leaves are look+ 9 ! room1 ! "t w n be long be=e all ( !m w be fac$ out ( doors aga94 ,once on a "t "o ( my ,junior ,naturali/s told me t plants take to sun%9e z a duck does to wat]4 ,a duck is nev] s com=table z :5 9 wat]2 & ,i am c]ta9 t sun%9e is important to ! com=t ( mo/ plants4 ,"s ( my nephews & nieces w und]/& :y light is s necess>y to plants1 = ,i h spok5 ( ?is be=e4 ,i hope y w ?is mom5t decide to h "s egg-%ell f>ms1 & s[ "s se$ imm$iately aft] gett+ y\r soil4 ,lat]1 :5 ! plants are l>ge en\gh to plant 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 we w talk ( :at is be/ to d ) !m4 ,9 ,leaflet ,,lii y w f9d a picture ( an egg-%ell f>m4 ,,leaflet ,,lxxviii4 ,,bulbs4#ii ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,sp5c]4 #ii ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,a ,,bulb ,,g>d54 ,illu/ration ,x's r d>k 9 ! e>? to-day1 ,said "o little bulb to 8 bro!r2 ,b ,i ?\ght t ,i felt a sunbeam ray-- ,we mu/ /rive & gr[ till we f9d ! way8 ,& !y ne/l$ close to ea* o!r4 ,!n !y /ruggl$ & toil$ by day & by night ,till two little sn[drops 9 gre5 & :ite1 ,rose out ( ! d>kness & into ! light1 ,& s(tly kiss$ "o ano!r4--,bo/on ,j\rnal4 ,to succe$ ) ! cultivation ( fl[]s1 ! fir/ ?+ to h 9 m9d is to make ! plant com=table4 ,?is condition %\ld be n only ! fir/ ?\ght1 b also ! la/ ?\ght4 ,if y c d ?is successfully1 ! plant w d ! re/ ( ! "w & y\r results w be abundant4 ,:at plant com=t is1 is a "q m easily sugge/$ ?an answ]$1 = x is a v l>ge subject--ab\t z l>ge z ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,z a v5ture we w say t !re are z _m diff]5t k9ds ( plants z !re are p4 ,x is at lea/ safe to say t plants h z _m diff]5t notions z to _! conditions ( life z h ! p ( ! diff]5t nations & tribes ( ! _w4 ,if y 7 to h a bir?day p>ty & %\ld invite z y\r gue/s ! *ildr5 f ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 & by magic c\ld br+ !m to y 9 a jiffy1 ! boys & girls f ,gre5l& w\ld come enfold$ 9 seal-sk91 & ^? f ,hawaii w\ld br+ only _! ba?+ suits4 ,y w\ld h a busy "t keep+ !m com=table1 = :5 y op5$ ! door to cool (f ! little ,gre5l&]s1 ! little ,kanakas w\ld compla9 ( too mu* draft2 & at ! table ! =m] w\ld ask if y happ5$ to h "s tall[ c&les = dess]t1 & ! latt] w\ld ask = bread-fruit & bananas4 ,_m ( our fl[]+ plants h be5 br\ght toge!r f su* remote qu>t]s z t4 ,we h bulbs f ,holl&1 & pansies f ,engl&1 & phlox f ! dry atmosph]e ( ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfg4 ,! ,sn[-drop4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce 9 ! conditions necess>y = com=t 9 ^! diff]5t plants z !re is 9 ! requirem5ts ( ! little ,eskimos & little ,polynesians4 ,to "s ext5t1 plants c *ange _! mann] ( liv+1 b 9 ! ma9 !y are happie/ :5 !y c h _! own way1 j z y & ,i are4 ,we _c br+ ab\t ! foggy1 damp wea!r ( ,holl& & ,engl& :5 we want x2 nei!r c we br+ ! dry atmosph]e ( ,texas--air s dry t meat w cure h>d 9 ! hotte/ wea!r )\t ta9t+4 ,x s happ5s1 h[ev]1 t f "o ,f\r? ( ,july to ! next we h _m k9ds ( wea!r1 & if "o c\ld n f9d conditions suit$ to almo/ any k9d ( plant x w\ld be /range4 ,if we _c make ! wea!r accommodate itself to ! be/ com=t ( ! plant1 we mu/ set ! plant s z to accommodate itself to ! wea!r4 ,pansies f foggy ,engl& & bulbs f ! l[l&s ( ,holl& %\ld be plant$ to bloom 9 ! cool days ( spr+1 & ! phlox f ,texas w prosp] 9 ! heat & dr\ght ( ,july & ,augu/4 ,) ?is idea well fix$ 9 y\r m9d1 y w easily see t :5 y "k ! c\ntry f :i* a plant has come1 a k ( ! physical geography ( t c\ntry w be helpful 9 kn[+ h[ to make ! plant happy & prosp]\s4 ,we mu/ also make ! plant com=table 9 ! soil4 ,!re is great diff]5ce 9 :at plants require to make !m com=table4 ,"s1 l ?i/les or mulle9 or ragwe$1 w ?rive on almo/ any soil & are no m exact+ z to food ?an a goat or a mule2 b o!r plants are z notional z *ildr5 re>$ 9 ! lap ( luxury4 ,z a rule1 fl[]+ plants belong to ! lap-(-luxury class4 ,soil cov]s ! l& z ?9 sk9 cov]s an apple or z a ?9 coat ( butt] cov]s bread1 & x holds m or less plant-food4 ,:5 m5 erect s*ool build+s & aft]w>ds grade ! gr\nd !y usually turn a "p ( ! soil upside d[n4 ,!re is also consid]able rubbi% ( ! build]s left scatt]$ ab\t1 su* z brick-bats1 *ips ( /one1 & ! l1 t g to make ! place an uncom=table "o = notional plants4 ,= ?is reason ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to call y\r att5tion to ! mann] 9 :i* y %\ld prep>e ! gr\nd on :i* y int5d to plant4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to spade ! gr\nd ?or\ghly to ! dep? ( at lea/ t5 in*es4 ,all /ones z l>ge z a big boy's fi/ %\ld be ?r[n out1 & all lumps giv5 a bat ) ! back ( ! spade to break !m into f9e p>ticles4 ,?is is to be a fl[]-b$ & %\ld be s(t l y\r own b$4 ,x w\ld be bett] to make x up m ?an once4 ,aft] ! fir/ spad+ x w\ld be well to cov] ! b$ ) a coat ( /able f]tiliz] to a dep? ( six to eight in*es1 :i* w give additional plant-food2 & 9 spad+ ! second "t1 ?is f]tiliz] w become ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! soil4 ,! surface %\ld next be rak$ smoo?1 & y\r fl[]-b$ w !n be ready = plant+4 ,we all admire ! bright bulb fl[]s t are among ! fir/ to blossom 9 ! spr+4 ,^! mo/ly come f ,holl&1 or at lea/ atta9 _! p]fection !re4 ,we h j spok5 ( ! importance ( plant+ fl[]s at su* a "t t !y may live _! c>e] :5 our climate is mo/ l t f :i* !y come4 ,9 ! case ( bulbs1 spr+ & e>ly summ] is ! mo/ favorable "t = !m 9 ?is c\ntry1 & fall is ! prop] "t = plant+4 ,! exact "t 9 ! fall to plant1 h[ to plant1 :at bulbs to plant1 :5 to put a w9t] ov]coat on ! b$1 & o!r details1 ,i w leave = ,mr4 ,hunn to tell 9 ! foll[+ ,leaflet4 ,he has _h _m ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! managem5t ( fl[]s1 & ,i advise y to read c>efully :at he says4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfh4 ,a bulb b$ at ! s*ool h\se4 ,,leaflet ,,lxxix4 ,a ,,talk ,,ab\t ,,bulbs ,,by ,,! ,,g>d5]4#ajj ,,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,hunn4 #ajj ,nature-,/udy ,qu>t]ly1 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration ,p]haps y w\ld l to he> f ! g>d5]4 ,y\r ,uncle ,john has told y some?+ ab\t prep>+ a b$ = y\r plants4 ,8 advice is v good2 b ! bulbs we are to talk ab\t are l ^? notional *ildr5 :om he m5tions & !y d n want tall[ c&les = any "p ( _! meal4 ,y %\ld "k t bulbs d n want to come into direct contact ) ! /able f]tiliz]4 ,!y want ! f]tiliz] bel[ !m :]e ! fe$+ roots may nibble at x :5 ! bulb is h>d at "w develop+ ! leaves & fl[]4 ,y "k t all ! leaves & ! fl[]s 7 made ! ye> be=e1 & ! bulb simply holds !m until ! new roots h =m$4 ,no k9d ( treatm5t w make a bulb produce m fl[]s ?an 7 =m$ 9 ! ye> x grew 7la/ ye>72 b ! bett] ! treatm5t ! l>g] & f9] ! fl[]s w be4 ,if ,i want$ to make a bulb b$1 ,i %\ld *oose1 if possible1 a s&y soil & ?r[ out ! top soil to ! dep? ( six in*es4 ,!n ,i %\ld put into ! bottom ( ! b$ ab\t two in*es ( well rott$ manure & spade x into ! soil4 ,!n ,i %\ld ?r[ back half ( ! top soil1 level x (f nicely1 set ! bulbs firmly on ?is b$1 & !n cov] !m ) ! rema9d] ( ! soil2 9 ?is way y w h ! bulbs f ?ree to f\r in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,x is d>k d[n !re & 9 ! fall mon?s ! top ( ! gr\nd is cool] ?an at ! dep? ( five or six in*es & ! top ( ! bulb w n want to gr[1 :ile ! bottom1 :i* is always 9 a hurry1 w s5d out roots1 to pu% out ! leaves & fl[]s ! next spr+4 ,:5 ! wea!r is cold en\gh to freeze a h>d cru/ on ! soil1 ! b$ %\ld h its w9t] ov]coat4 ,?is may be /raw1 hay1 corn/alks1 or leaves spread ov] ! b$ to ! dep? ( six in*es if ! mat]ial is co>se2 b if y use leaves1 ?ree in*es w be en\gh1 because ! leaves lie close toge!r & may smo!r out ! fro/ t is 9 ! gr\nd & let ! bulbs />t4 ,:at we want is to keep !m asleep until spr+1 because if !y />t too e>ly ! h>d freezes ( ,m>* & e>ly ,april w spoil _! beauty if ! leaves or fl[]s are ne> or above ! surface4 ,e>ly 9 ,april ! cov]+ may be remov$ gradually & %\ld all be (f ! b$s be=e ! leaves %[ above ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cfi4 ,simple designs = bulb b$s4 ,p]haps _m ( y _c f9d a s&y place = y\r b$s2 if n1 make y\r b$s z has be5 told y1 leav+ ! /ones 9 ! bottom ( ! b$ = dra9age4 ,!n1 :5 y are ready to set ! bulb1 place a l>ge h&ful ( s& :]e y\r bulb is to g & set y\r bulb on x2 ?is w keep ! wat] f /&+ ar\nd ! bulb4 ,v good results may be obta9$ on heavy soil by ?is me?od4 ,:at k9d ( bulbs %all we put into ^! b$s8 ,*oose hyac9?s1 tulips1 n>cissus1 or daffodils1 ) sn[drops or crocuses ( v>i\s colors ar\nd ! edge4 ,if y use hyac9?s y c h ! national colors1 r$1 :ite1 & blue1 or _m %ades ( ei!r color1 z %[n 9 ! diagrams 7,fig4 #cfi74 ,( tulips y c h />s or ribbons ( yell[1 :ite1 or crimson1 or 9 fact almo/ any color except true blue4 ,9 n>cissus1 yell[1 sulfur1 & :ite are ! colors4 ,! little crocuses come 9 yell[1 blue1 :ite1 & /rip$ colors1 & are 9 bloom & gone be=e ! l>ge fl[]s take y\r att5tion4 ,_m o!r bulbs are f9e = spr+ fl[]+2 b z mo/ ( !m are m difficult to gr[ & _m ( !m r exp5sive1 ,i d n ?9k we w discuss !m n[4 ,suppose we want a b$ ( r$1 :ite1 & blue hyac9?s 7,fig4 #cfi71 & make x six feet 9 diamet]3 h[ _m bulbs w\ld y want8 ,n[1 hyac9?s %\ld be plant$ six in*es ap>t ea* way1 & ! outside r[ %\ld be at lea/ ?ree in*es f ! edge ( ! b$4 ,y see y w want a little ov] "o hundr$ bulbs1 :i*1 if "o p]son _h to buy !m1 w\ld co/ him a consid]able sum2 b if fifty or m boys & girls w\ld club toge!r x w\ld be easy = ev]yone4 ,if y want a b$ ( tulips1 !y %\ld be plant$ f\r or five in*es ap>t in/ead ( six in*es4 ,s y w ne$ m bulbs2 b !y are *eap] ?an hyac9?s4 ,! n>cissus bulbs1 be+ /ill small] ?an tulips1 may be plant$ ?ree in*es ap>t2 & ! little crocuses1 ! fir/ fl[]s ( spr+1 %\ld t\* "o ano!r1 z %\ld also ! sn[drops4 ,p]haps _m ( y d n wi% to wait until spr+ = y\r bulbs to fl[]1 9 :i* case we mu/ try to p]suade !m to bloom ?r\gh ! w9t]1 say at ,*ri/mas4 ,ne>ly all bulbs are good-natur$1 & may be coax$ to d ?+s t nature nev] asks !m to d2 s if we g at x "r we %all f9d x v easy to make !m ?9k _! "t to bloom has come1 ev5 if ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[ & ! ice is ?ick on ! ponds4 ,hyac9?s1 n>cissus1 & crocus c all be made to fl[] 9 ! w9t] by />t+ ?is way4 ,get ! bulbs s z to be able to pot !m by ! middle or la/ ( ,octob]1 or if e>li] all ! bett]4 ,! soil %\ld be ri*1 s&y loam if possible2 if n1 ! be/ y c get1 to :i* add ab\t "o-f\r? ! bulk ( s& & mix ?or\ghly4 ,if ord9>y fl[] pots are to be us$1 put 9 ! bottom a few pieces ( brok5 pots1 *>coal1 or small /ones = dra9age2 !n fill ! pot ) dirt s t :5 ! bulbs are set on ! dirt ! top ( ! bulb is ev5 ) ! rim ( ! pot4 ,fill ar\nd x ) soil1 leav+ j ! tip ( ! bulb %[+ above ! dirt4 ,if ! soil is heavy1 a good plan is to spr9kle a small h&ful ( s& "u ! bulb to c>ry (f ! wat]1 ! same z is done 9 ! b$s outdoors4 ,if y d n h pots y may use boxes4 ,/>* boxes are a good size to use z !y are n heavy to h&le2 & ,i h se5 excell5t fl[]s on bulbs plant$ 9 old tomato cans4 ,if boxes or cans are us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to h holes 9 ! bottoms to let ! wat] run out4 ,a l>ge-size hyac9? bulb w d well 9 a five-in* pot4 ,! same size pot w d = ?ree or f\r n>cissuses or eight to twelve crocuses4 ,aft] ! bulbs are plant$ 9 ! pots or o!r receptacles1 !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a cool place1 ei!r 9 a cold pit or cell> or on ! %ady side ( a build+1 or1 bett] yet1 plung$ or buri$ up to ! rim ( ! pot 9 a %ady bord]4 ,?is is done to =ce ! roots to gr[ :ile ! top /&s /ill2 z only ! bulbs ) good roots w give good fl[]s4 ,:5 ! wea!r gets cold en\gh s t a cru/ is froz5 on ! soil1 ! pots %\ld be cov]$ ) a little /raw1 & z ! wea!r gets cold] m /raw mu/ be us$4 ,f six to eight weeks aft] plant+1 ! bulbs %\ld h made roots en\gh to gr[ ! plant1 & ! pots may be tak5 up & plac$ 9 a cool room = a week or s2 aft] :i*1 if ! plants h />t$ into gr[?1 !y may be tak5 into a w>m] room :]e !y c h pl5ty ( light4 ,!y w gr[ v rapidly n[ & w want lots ( wat]2 aft] ! fl[]s beg9 to %[1 ! pots may /& 9 a sauc] ( wat] all ! "t4 ,:5 j com+ into bloom ! plants may h full sunlight "p ( ! "t to help br+ out ! color ( ! fl[]s4 ,fig4 #cgj %[s a pot ( tulips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgj4 ,pot ( tulips4 ,i want to tell y ( two bulbs t d n ne$ s mu* fuss+ ) to get !m to bloom = ,*ri/mas4 ,"o ( !m is call$ freesia 7,fig4 #cga7 & if ,i c\ld h b "o k9d ( bulb to fl[] 9 ! w9t]1 ,i %\ld *oose ?is4 ,! little bulbs are n half z l>ge z crocus bulbs & y w be a/oni%$ at ! l>ge leaves & fl[]s su* a bulb c produce4 ,! bulbs are ab\t ! *eape/ ( all w9t] bulbs & !y gr[ )\t putt+ !m away to make roots1 z ! tops d n seem z impati5t to />t z ^? ( mo/ o!r bulbs1 b wait until !re are roots to help !m along4 ,! fl[]s are borne on a sl5d] /em & look v graceful1 ei!r on ! plant or 9 b\quets4 ,!y are also v fragrant1 & a pot ) five or six bulbs w p]fume a l>ge room4 ,all !y ne$ is good light soil1 sunlight1 wat]1 & w>m? to make glad ! he>t ( anyone :o plants !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cga4 ,pot ( ! freesia4 ,! o!r bulb ,i %\ld select is ! ori5tal n>cissus or ,*9ese sacr$ lily4 ,?is gr[s 9 wat] )\t any soil :atev]4 ,j take a b[l or glass di% ab\t ?ree times ! size ( ! bulb2 put "s pretty /ones 9 ! bottom2 set 9 ! bulb & build up ar\nd x ) /ones s z to hold x /iff :5 ! leaves h gr[n2 tuck two or ?ree small pieces ( *>coal among ! /ones to keep ! wat] sweet2 !n fill up ! di% ) wat] & add a little e few days1 z x evaporates4 ,set ! di% 9 a w>m1 light place4 ,9 ab\t six weeks ! fragrant1 f9e :ite fl[]s w fill ! room ) p]fume & y w h ! pleasure ( wat*+ ! roots />t & gr[1 ! top ?r[ up long gre5 leaves1 & ! fl[] clu/]s develop & op5 _! fl[]s4 ,hyac9?s may also be gr[n 9 wat]1 b n z easily z ?is n>cissus1 or 9 su* inexp5sive di%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgb4 ,w9t] box ( bulbs4 ,! picture 7,fig4 #cgb7 ( a bulb box 0 tak5 la/ w9t] f a box ( mix$ bulbs gr[n at ,cornell4 ,! calla 9 ! c5t] & ! ,k5ilwor? ivy trail+ ov] ! front 7 plant$ 9 ! box 9 ,septemb]1 & pots ( g]aniums & o!r plants set on ! dirt to fill ! space4 ,:5 ! bulbs t 7 9 pots 7 ready to be />t$ !y 7 tak5 out ( ! pots & set 9 ! dirt 9 ! box1 :]e !y grew & fl[]$2 ! tall /ems are pap] :ite n>cissus1 ! be/ v>iety = w9t]4 ,on ea* side !re is a hyac9? j />t+ & 9 front a little freesia 9 bloom4 ,:5 ^! bulbs 7 done fl[]+1 small pots ( bloom+ plants 7 set on ! box & a *>m+ w9d[ box 0 obta9$ ) _m diff]5t ?+s 9 x ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,,:]e ,,to ,,plant ,,bulbs2 ,,& ,,o!r ,,advice ,,= ,,! ,,outdoor ,,g>d54 ,a l>ge "p ( ! beauty ( ! fl[]-b$ lies 9 its position4 ,a fl[]-b$ 9 ! middle ( ! lawn is usually out ( place4 ,x has no sett+1 z ! arti/s say4 ,x lacks backgr\nd4 ,x is m]ely an incid5tal ?+ dropp$ into ! sw>d4 ,x is out ( place4 ,a fl[]-b$ %\ld belong to "s "p ( ! g5]al plant+ ( ! gr\nds1 or x %\ld be a "p ( ! bord] or b\nd>y surr\nd+ ! place4 ,! c5t] ( any gr\nds %\ld be left op51 or free f heavy plant+4 ,a few trees may be plant$ 9 ! c5t]1 if "o desires %ade2 b all ! masses ( foliage & fl[]s %\ld be some:]e ne> ! sides or else ne> ! f\ndations ( ! h\se or ne> o!r def9ite b\nd>y l9es4 ,9 su* places ! fl[]-b$ is support$ by o!r h]bage4 ,x has relation to some?+ else4 ,x =ms a "p ( a g5]al picture2 & e good y>d %\ld be a picture4 ,along ! bord]s ! b$s are usually m easily c>$ = ?an !y are 9 ! c5t] ( ! lawn4 ,9 ! latt] place !y are 9 dang] ( be+ trampl$ ov]1 & ! roots ( ! grass run und]nea? ! b$ & absorb ! food & moi/ure :i* ! fl[]s ne$4 ,! beauty ( a =mal b$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! lawn is de/roy$ if "s ( ! plants are injur$ or d n develop4 ,symmetry is "p ( its m]it4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! b$ is along ! bord]1 a few vacant places 9 ! b$ d n attract great att5tion4 ,9 s*ool gr\nds x is well to h ! b$s some:at ne> toge!r or cont9u\s1 9 ord] t ! labor ( tak+ c>e ( !m may be less4 ,x is always well to plant pr(usely4 ,mu* ( ! beauty ( a fl[]-b$ lies 9 an abundance ( color4 ,"o mu/ consid]1 also1 t "s ( ! roots1 se$s1 or bulbs may fail4 ,"s ( !m may n gr[ 9 ! fir/ place1 & o!rs may be injur$ by wea!r or by accid5ts4 ,x is well to provide = all ^! cont+5cies4 ,"o ( ! be/ plants to use = ! s*ool bulb g>d5 is ! crocus1 because ! bulbs are *eap & v h>dy4 ,! mix$ bulbs1 compris+ all ! common colors1 c be _h = =ty or fifty c5ts p] hundr$ at retail1 & if "o %\ld buy !m 9 consid]able quantities1 !y c\ld be _h = less ?an ?is4 ,a ?\s& bulbs ( mix$ crocuses %\ld be got = ?ree doll>s or a little m1 & ^! w\ld make a great display along ! f5ce or walks ( any s*ool g>d54 ,"o ( ! ways to gr[ crocuses is to plant ! bulbs 9 ! grass1 n cutt+ out ! grass :]e !y are plant$4 ,t is1 !y gr[ "r 9 ! sod4 ,by ! "t ! lawn ne$s to be m[n 9 ! spr+1 ! fl[]s are gone & ! crocuses c be cut ) ! grass4 ,! crocuses w n la/ s long 9 a m[n sod z !y w 9 b$s :i* are especially prep>$ = !m1 b !y w ord9>ily give good results = two or ?ree ye>s if ! l& is good2 & !y are s *eap t !y c be r5ew$ f "t to "t4 ,o!r good1 h>dy bulbs = fall plant+ out-(-doors1 aside f lilies1 are hyac9?1 sn[drop1 sn[flake1 tulip1 n>cissus ( v>i\s k9ds 7includ+ daffodils & jonquils71 grape hyac9?1 squill4 ,all ^! are e>ly spr+ bloom]s & w delight ! *ildr5's eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgc4 ,a good arrangem5t ( %rubb]y & fl[]-b$s4 ,,leaflet ,,lxxx4 ,,horses4#aja ,,by ,,alice ,g4 ,mc,c,l,o,s,k,e,y & ,i4 ,p4 ,,rob]ts4 #aja ,junior ,naturali/ ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aijd4 ,illu/ration ,a few m9utes ago ,i w5t into ! /able to see ,peg & ,nan1 ! two bay horses4 ,on ! outside ( ea* /all ,i f\nd a door-plate1 ) ,nan writt5 9 l>ge1 black lett]s on "o1 ,peg on ! o!r4 ,i visit$ ea* old fri5d 9 turn4 ,!y are q diff]5t 9 disposition1 ^! two horses4 ,nan is g5tle1 affectionate1 pati5t2 ,peg is spirit$1 unfri5dly1 re/less4 ,i am v fond ( !m bo? & z yet h n be5 able to decide :i* ,i enjoy ! m1 quiet ,nan or spirit$ ,peg4 ,all horses are int]e/+ to me4 ,z ,i take my daily walk1 ,i l to look at ! diff]5t ones ,i meet along ! way4 ,!re is ! bak]'s horse & ! but*]'s2 ! doctor's horse1 sleek & active2 ! heavy gray horses t haul loads ( coal up ! hill all ?r\gh ! w9t] wea!r2 ,old ,speckle1 ! po/man's horse2 & ! fri5dly bay ,i s (t5 see fe$+ 9 ! mead[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgd4 ,nan4 ,( all ^! wayside acqua9tances1 ,i l be/ ! "o ,i meet 9 ! mead[4 ,p]haps ,i associate him ) ! mead[-l>k's song1 ! fre%1 gre5 grass1 & ! gay little d&elions t 7 ab\t :5 ,i fir/ cross$ 8 pa?2 or1 p]haps our fri5d%ip progress$ m rapidly ?an city /reets ev] w p]mit4 ,he seems to "k :5 ,i am approa*+ & raises 8 head 9 welcome4 ,i always pet him & talk to him a bit1 & we bo? "k t two fri5ds h met4 ,!re are _m ?+s ab\t horses t ev]yone ought to "k4 ,if we 7 to ask ,junior ,naturali/s h[ coa* horses diff] f road/]s & h[ road/]s diff] f draft horses1 h[ _m w\ld be able to tell u8 ,p]haps y w ask1 ,:at is a draft horse8 ,! draft horse has %ort legs1 a heavy body1 a %ort1 ?ick neck1 broad deep *e/ & %\ld]s1 /rong hocks & mod]ately l>ge feet4 ,x may be t y\r fa!r owns a draft horse4 ,ask him :e!r x is a ,p]*]on1 a ,clydesdale1 or an ,engli% ,%ire4 ,^! are ! mo/ famili> bre$s ( draft horses4 ,! ,p]*]ons came f ,france & at fir/ !y 7 gray4 ,n[ !y are (t5 black or d>k br[n4 ,! ,%ires1 commonly bay1 br[n or sorrel1 came f ,engl&2 & ! ,clydesdales1 simil> 9 appe>ance to ! ,%ires b small] & m active1 came f ,scotl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cge4 ,a typical draft horse4 ,all boys & girls "k coa* horses4 ,z y /& by ! s*ool-room w9d[1 y may see "o pass4 ,!y h long ar*$ necks & f9e heads4 ,_! bodies are r\nd$ & well proportion$4 ,road/]s1 trott]s1 & saddle horses are usually n s l>ge z coa*]s4 ,_! necks are incl9$ to be long] & _! *e/s n>r[] ?an 9 ! coa* horse2 h[ev]1 _! muscles & t5dons are /rong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgf4 ,wel% pony & its "m4 ,n[ y mu/ n ?9k t j because a horse is draw+ a load he is a draft horse2 nor because a horse is hit*$ to a coa* he is a coa* horse2 nor because he is driv5 on ! road he is a road/]4 ,^! ?ree names1--draft horses1 coa* horses1 road/]s1--repres5t types or classes4 ,!y mean k9ds ( horses t are suppos$ to be be/ adapt$ = draw+1 or = coa*es & c>riages1 or = fa/ driv+1 provid+ ! horse has no o!r "w to d4 ,b ! horses t y usually see are j m]e common horses ( no p>ticul> type1 & are us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes4 ,!y are nondescripts1 :i* means undescrib$ or unclassifi$4 ,y w\ld n ?9k ( putt+ a true draft horse1 l ! animal 9 ,fig4 #cge1 on a light c>riage2 nor ( hit*+ a coa*] l t 9 ,fig4 #cgg to a coal wagon4 ,d y ?9k !re is any real road/]1 or coa* horse1 or draft horse 9 y\r neighborhood8 ,if n1 p]haps y c tell1 z ! horses pass y1 :e!r !y are ne>e/ l "o type or ano!r4 ,try x4 ,if y w obs]ve horses closely y w f9d t "s are l>ge1 heavy1 & /rong1 & t !y are seldom made to move rapidly1 :ile o!rs may be ne>ly z tall b !y are slim1 & c>ry _! heads high & _! necks ar*$4 ,y %\ld also notice t ! heavy draft horse does n lift 8 feet high nor walk ) a pr\d & l(ty tread1 :ile ! coa* horse lifts 8 feet high1 c>ries 8 head high1 & moves v pr\dly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,a good coa*]4 ,!re are sev]al bre$s ( draft or heavy horses4 ,fig4 #cge %[s a f9e ,clydesdale horse import$ f ,scotl&4 ,notice h[ nicely he is m>k$4 ,! horseman w\ld say t he has f\r :ite /ock+s & pl5ty ( fea!r on 8 fetlock2 /range1 is x n1 t ?is long hair %\ld be call$ fea!r8 ,if y %\ld see a l>ge1 smoo? gray horse simil> to ! ,clyde1 )\t ! :ite /ock+s or ! fea!r1 y may conclude t he is a ,p]*]on horse4 ,z we h said be=e1 ! ,p]*]on bre$ ( horses came f ,france4 ,x is n always gray 9 color4 ,x is slightly small] ?an ! ,clydesdale4 ,aft] y h le>n$ t a draft horse %\ld be l>ge & /rong1 /udy ! picture ( ! coa* horse 7,fig4 #cgg74 ,comp>e him ) ! draft horse4 ,! coa* horse is n a fa/ trott] nor ev5 a fa/ road/]1 b he is usually v beautiful1 /rong1 & /yli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,arabian horse4 ,n[ ,i %all ask y to comp>e ! neck %[n 9 ,fig4 #chj ) t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cha4 ,:i* d y ?9k is ! m beautiful8 ,! horse ) ! long1 slim neck is a not$ trott]4 ,if ! neck & head 7 l>ge1 w\ld x help or h9d] ! trott]8 ,comp>e ! neck ( ! trott] ) t ( ! draft horse & see :e!r y c expla9 :y "o is heavy & ! o!r light4 ,c y expla9 to y\r p>5ts :y ! draft horse %\ld weigh m ?an ! coa* horse8 ,d y admire ! head & neck %[n 9 ,fig4 #chj8 ,:]e9 does x diff] f ! o!rs8 ,?is type is call$ ewe-neck4 ,c y tell :y8 ,tell me :e!r y ?9k ?is horse w\ld be a safe driv]4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! head & neck ( ! ,arabian horse 7,fig-#cgh78 ,y l x1 d y8 ,:y8 ,c y imag9e :at k9d ( horse belongs to t head & neck8 ,describe x4 ,probably ! ,arabian horse w\ld be too spirit$ = y s ,i %all %[ y a ,%etl& pony4 7,fig4 #cgi47 ,:]e is ,%etl&8 ,:y are horses s small 9 ! c\ntry :]e ?is little fell[ came f8 ,h[ does he diff] f ! o!r horses %[n 9 ! ,leaflet8 ,note all ( ! diff]5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cgi4 ,%etl& pony4 ,9 ,fig4 #cgf y w see ! picture ( a ,wel% pony1 & %e has a ponyette1 a baby only a few days old4 ,:i* is ! l>g]1 ! ,%etl& pony or ! ,wel% pony8 ,:i* "o w\ld y pref] if ! baby 7 left out8 ,c\ld y raise a calf until x became a gr[n c[ & !n trade x = a pony8 ,j a pla9 little pony c be b\ght = ! price ( a good c[4 ,x is "p ( a good education to "k h[ to raise & h&le c[s & horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chj4 ,ewe-neck1 a poor horse4 ,) ?is ,leaflet 9 y\r h&1 y %\ld g to ! /able1 or1 bett] /ill1 out on ! /reet1 & see :e!r y c f9d z good horses & ponies z ! pictures repres5t4 ,z y /udy horses try to answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 #a4 ,:]e is ! horse's knee jo9t8 ,:i* way does ! knee b5d8 #b4 ,:]e is ! hock jo9t8 ,:i* way does x b5d8 #c4 ,c a horse sleep :5 /&+8 #d4 ,h[ are ! legs plac$ :5 a horse lies d[n8 #e4 ,h[ does a horse get up1--front legs fir/ or h9d legs fir/8 ,h[ does a c[ get up8 #f4 ,:5 a horse />ts1 aft] /&+1 :at foot does he put =w>d fir/1--! left or ! "r8 ,=e or back8 ,:at foot moves next8 #g4 ,:5 a horse trots1 d ! two feet on "o side move toge!r8 ,or d lefts & rights move toge!r8 #h4 ,:at does a driv] mean :5 he says t a horse =ges or ov]-rea*es8 #i4 ,"n ! ?+s t a horse commonly eats4 ,:at is a good fe$ = a day1--h[ mu* ( ea* ?+1 & :5 giv58 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cha4 ,neck ( a trott]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #chb4 ,at pa/ure4 ,,index4 ,fig4 means t ! page ref]r$ to conta9s ! figure only1 no text ref]5ce4 ,,page4 ,agassiz1 glacial hypo!sis #aje mak+ ( surveys & maps #bjb1 #bjc ,agriculture1 its place 9 s*ools #de-dg ,agricultural education1 :at x is #de-ec ,air #hg1 #abc1 #abd ,alfalfa #dj1 #ced1 #cee1 #ceg-cfj1 #dhi-dic ,alluvial fans #acb ,annual r+s #cba1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cce1 #dgd ,ants #fb1 #fd1 7,fig47 #bbd1 #bdc-bea1 #bgd1 #ejh1 #eac ,ant-lions #bej ,aphids #fb1 #fh1 #bdh-bea1 #eci ,aphis-lion #bdi1 #eci1 #edj1 #edc ,apple1 buds #cbh1 #cbi fruit #dfg-dgb graft+ ( #cgd1 #cge %ape ( tree #cjd twigs #cag-cbe ,apple-scab #dgj1 7,fig47 #dga ,apricot #cbh1 #cge1 #cgg ,aqu>ia #ei1 #fj1 #ada-aef1 #afe1 #aff ,arborvitae #cde1 #cdf1 #cdg ,a/]s #cgi-chc ,azalea #cca ,back-swimm]s1 see ,bugs4 ,bagworms #fa ,balsams #chc ,b>ngrass #cfb ,bass1 black #afb ,basswood leaf-roll]1 see ,mo?s4 ,beans #bia1 #dfj-dff1 #efc1 #efd ,begonias #cgb1 #cgc ,bees1 w+s ( 7,fig47 #bbd bumble #fe1 #fh1 #cea1 #ceb c>p5t] #fa honey #fb1 #fd1 #fe1 #cec ,beet #beg1 #dae1 #daf sug> #dje ,beetles #baj1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #ejg engrav] #fa plum curculio #fh ,beetles1 potato #fb1 #fc1 #fh pr$ace\s div+ #aea snapp+ 7,fig47 #bbc tig] #fa wat] scav5g] #aeb :irligig #ace wood-bor+ 7,fig47 #bbc ,bibliography ( nature-/udy #gf-gi ,bi5nial #daf ,birds1 leaflets on #bec-bij1 #ejc1 #ejd1 #eae1 #eaf sugge/ions = /udy #gj1 #ga ,see special birds4 ,black bass1 see ,bass4 ,blackb]ry #cje1 #cgj1 #cge ,blackbird1 r$w+ #bfc ,black-fly1 see ,flies4 ,bluebells #cfb ,bluebird #bch1 #bfa ,black-nos$ dace1 see ,dace4 ,bordeaux mixture #cha1 #chb1 #chi ,bre$+ cage #bbh ,brook1 ,!1 insects ( #ace-adj sugge/ions = /udy #abe "w ( #abf-acd ,br[nie-bugs1 see ,bugs4 ,budd+ #cgf1 #cgg ,buds apple #cag-cbe apricot #cbh azalea #cca butt]nut #dgd dormant #cah1 #cad-cbj1 #cbi elm #ccj fl[] #cai1 #cbh1 #ccj hepatica #cib hickory #cbi1 7,fig47 #ccj horse-*e/nut 7,fig47 #dgd leaf #cai1 #cbh1 #ccj maple #cbi1 #dgc pea* #cbh pe> #cbh pussy-will[ #ccj t]m9al #cah1 #dgd w9t] #gb1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cbg-ccf1 #dgc1 #dgd ,bugs1 #bbc br[nie 7,fig47 #bbc back-swimm]s #acf1 #aeb1 #aec giant wat] #acg1 #aec ,june #bhh ,bugs1 lady #baj1 #bej /9k #bbc wat] boatm5 #acf1 #aeb wat] scorpions #aeb1 #aec wat]-/rid]s #acg ,bulbs #efg1 #egg-ehj1 #eha-ehc see special bulbs4 ,burdock #cfb ,butt]flies #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 #bbd1 #bch1 #edd cabbage #bjh1 #bji1 #baj1 7,fig47 #bbd1 #edj common blue #bdh milkwe$ #bjh1 #bji mon>* #fc1 #edd vic]oy #fc ,butt]nut 7,fig47 #dgd ,cabbage butt]fly1 see ,butt]flies4 ,caddice-worm #fa1 #acf1 #aee ,cambium #cge ,cank]worms #fh ,c>nations 7,fig47 #cgj1 #cgb ,c>rot #beg ,cat]pill>s #eh1 #fb1 #eja apple-tree t5t #ei1 #fi1 #bbg-bce ( cecropia mo? #afg1 #afh cabbage #fc1 #fh1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj ( codl9-mo? #dgj ( common blue butt]fly #bdh ( fall web-worm #fa ( prome!a mo? #afh1 #afi woolly-be> #baj1 #bch1 #eci1 7,fig47 #eda ,catfi% #aej1 #afa ,cat-tails #cfd ,cecropia mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,c]eals1 food value ( #dji-dad ,*>a 7,fig47 #adh1 #adi ,*>coal #add ,*]ry1 graft+ ( #cgg ,*e/nut1 graft+ ( #cgd ,*ickadee #bgi-bha1 #bhe1 #ejc1 #ejd ,*ick5s #gj1 #ebb-ebd1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #ebg ,*ild's ,realm1 ,! 7poem7 #dea ,*9ese lily1 see ,n>cissus4 ,*ipmunk #fi ,*oke-*]ries #cfb ,*rysalids #eh1 #ei ( apple-tree t5t cat]pill> #bcc cabbage butt]fly #bji1 #edj ,*rysalids1 codl9-mo? #dgj milkwe$ butt]fly #bjh ,cicada #ff1 #baj1 7,fig47 #bbc1 #ebi-ece dog-day h>ve/ fly #ecd1 #ece sev5te5-ye> locu/ #ebi-ece ,cion #cgd ,clam #aej ,cl>kias #chc ,clay #aag1 #aah ,clo!s mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,cl\ds #hd1 #he1 #hh1 #ij ,codl9-mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,clov] #abd1 #cdi-cfj alsike #cec buffalo #ceb1 #cec crimson #ceb hop1 see yell[4 hop trefoil1 see l[ hop4 lea/ hop #ced l[ hop #ced rabbit foot 7,fig47 #cec1 #ced r$ #cea1 #ceb sc>let1 see crimson4 /one1 see rabbit-foot4 zig-zag #ceb ,see1 also1 ,alfalfa1 ,m$ics1 ,melilots4 ,cocoons #eh1 #ei1 #afg-afi ( cecropia mo? #afg1 #afh codl9-mo? #ejh lace-w+$ fly #eci1 #edj1 #edc prome!a mo? #afh1 #afi t5t cat]pill> 7,fig47 #bcc1 #bce woolly-be> #baa1 #eci ,cockle #cfc ,cold-blood$ animals #aii ,coleus #cgj1 #cgb ,common blue butt]fly1 see ,butt]flies4 ,cones1 ( arborvitae #cde1 #cdg hemlock #cdd1 #cdg balsam fir #cdc1 #cdg ,au/rian p9e #cch1 #cci1 7,fig47 #cdj1 #cdf pit* p9e #ccg1 #cch1 #cdf ,scot* p9e #cch1 #cci1 #cdf :ite p9e 7,fig47 #cce1 #ccf1 #cdf black spruce #cda1 #cdb1 #cdf ,norway spruce #cda1 7,fig47 #cdb1 #cdf r$ spruce #cdb1 #cdg :ite spruce #cdb1 #cdf ,corn1 ,indian #cig-djg1 #dji-dad1 #dhe-dhh1 #ega ,coreopsis #chc ,corydalis1 #ach ,c[bird #bfa1 #bfb ,crane-fly1 see ,flies4 ,crayfi% #aej ,creek *ub #afe ,crickets #ei1 #ff1 #edc ,crocus #ehb1 #ehc1 #ehh ,cr[ #aig1 #bhd1 #bhg-bij1 #eja1 #ejb ,cross-f]tilization1 see ,poll9ation4 ,currants #cje1 #cgj1 #cgc1 7,fig47 #cgd1 #cge ,currant-worms #fh ,cutt+s #cfi-cgh ,cutworms #bhh1 #djj1 #eja ,cyanide bottle #baf1 #bag ,dace1 black-nos$ #aei ,daffodils #ehb-ehh ,dahlia #efd ,dairy products1 value 9 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate1 #dhi ,damp+-(f #cgj1 #cga ,damsel-flies #acf1 #aed ,d&elion #cfb1 #cfc1 #dha1 #dhb ,d>t]1 ,johnny #afc ,delta #ajc1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc ,dew #hc ,dobson #acg1 #ach ,dock #cfb1 #chj ,dodd] #cfj ,dog-day h>ve/ fly1 see ,cicada4 ,dome/ic animals #gj1 #dad ,see1 also1 ,horses1 ,p\ltry4 ,doves #bed1 #bfa1 #bfd ,dragon-flies #acf1 #aed1 #aee1 #bbb ,ducks #ebb-ebd1 #ebe1 #ebf ,duck-we$ #adh ,eel-grass #adg1 #adh ,eggs1 ( ants #bdf cat]pill>s #baj1 #bbi1 #bcj1 7,fig47 #bce cicada #ecj1 #ecd frogs #ahh gras%opp]s #baj lace-w+$ fly #eci1 #edc mosquito #bch1 #bci dome/ic f[ls #ebd1 #ebe salam&]s #ahh spid]s #aha-ahc1 #baa1 #bhh toads #ahf-ahi1 #bjj ,egg-%ell f>ms #def1 #eff1 #egc-egf ,electric-light bug1 see giant wat] bug "u ,bugs4 ,elm1 ,am]ican #cjj1 #cjc1 7,fig47 #cjh1 #cji1 #caj-caf1 #ccj slipp]y 7,fig47 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjc /ruggle = exi/5ce #cfa ,entomological supplies1 deal]s 9 #bbf ,evaporation #hb ,ev]gre5s #ccc-cdg ,see special k9ds4 ,fall web-worm1 see ,cat]pill>s4 ,f]ns #gf1 #cfb ,f9*1 grass1 see vesp] sp>r[ "u ,sp>r[s4 purple #bfa1 #bfe1 #bff ,fir1 balsam #cdc1 #cdg ,firewe$ #cfd ,fi% #fi1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeg-aff ,see special fi%4 ,flick]1 see ,woodpeck]s4 ,flies #fb1 #bbd black #aci crane 7,fig47 #bbc hellgrammite #ach horse #baj h\se #fc pomace 7,fig47 #bbb ,flood-pla9 #ajd1 #acj ,fl[]s1 pi/illate #djj /am9ate #djj /udy ( #ga1 #gb ,fog #hc1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi ,foods1 value ( v>i\s k9ds #daa1 #dab bullet9s on #dac ,=e/ry #ge ,fossils #ajg ,frog #aej1 #aea1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #eja ,fro/ #dbf1 #dbg ,fruits #ga1 #gb ,galls #fa p9e-cone will[ #ace1 #acf ,g>d5s1 *ildr5's #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #cgi-chc1 #eei-eff1 #efi-ega1 #egc-egf ,geese #ebj-ebb1 #ebe1 #ebf ,g]aniums #cgj1 #cgb1 #dai ,giant wat]-bug1 see ,bugs4 ,g]m9ation #efj-efb1 #eff1 #egc-egf ( bean #bia1 #dfj-dff squa% #bia-bie ,glacial scrat*es 7,fig47 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj ,glaci] 7,fig47 #ajj1 #ajd-aac ,gladiolus #efd ,gold-fi% #aej ,gooseb]ries #cje1 #cgc1 #cge ,grackle1 bronz$ #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc ,graft+ #cgd-cgh ,grape 7,fig47 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #cge ,grape hyac9? #ehh ,grass #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #chj ,gras%opp]s #ef1 #ei1 #fb1 #fc1 #ff1 #baj1 #bhh1 #ebd ,gu9ea-pigs #gj ,hail #hh1 #hi ,haw?orn #cgd ,hay1 value z crop 9 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate #dhi ,hellgrammite fly1 see ,flies4 ,hemlock #cdc-cde1 #cdg ,hepatica #cia-cic1 #dgg1 #dgh ,hib]nation1 ( butt]flies #fa1 #bch mosquitoes #bch toad #aii1 #bjj woolly-be> #eci ,hickory1 buds #cbi1 7,fig47 #ccj small-fruit$ %agb>k 7,fig47 #bih1 #cjj pignut 7,fig47 #bih1 #cjj ,high-hole1 see flick] "u ,woodpeck]s4 ,horse-*e/nut 7,fig47 #dgd ,horse-fly1 see ,flies4 ,horses #ehi-eid ,see1 also1 ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,horticulture #ge ,h\se-fly1 see ,flies4 ,hyac9? #ehb1 #ehc1 #ehf1 #ehh ,i*neumon flies #baj ,imp]ial mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,indian turnip1 see ,jack-9-!-,pulpit4 ,insects1 cage = #eci1 7,fig47 #edj h[ to collect & pres]ve #bac-bbf ( a brook #ace-adj sugge/ions = /udy #eh-fi ,isabella mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,jack-9-!-,pulpit #cie1 #cif1 #dgi1 #dhj ,johnny ,d>t]s1 see ,d>t]4 ,june bug1 see ,bugs4 ,katydid #ff ,k+fi%] #bfa1 #bff ,knotwe$ #bfb ,lace-w+$ fly #eci1 #edj1 #edc1 #edd ,lady-bugs1 see ,bugs4 ,leaf-m9]s #fj ,leaf-roll]s #fj basswood 7,fig47 #bbd ,leaf-sc>s #dgd ( ev]gre5s #ccd ,leaves1 autumn colors #ga1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #dhc fall ( #dbg functions ( #dbd1 #dbe1 #dbf1 #dhc ,l5ses #bbh ,lettuce #efc1 #efd ,lightn+ #hi1 #ia ,lilac #cje ,lime #aah ,lob/] #ej ,locu/s1 m\? p>ts #ecj sev5te5-ye>1 see ,cicada4 ,luc]ne1 see ,alfalfa4 ,luna mo?s1 see ,mo?s4 ,maple1 black #dbh box eld] #dbh goose-foot1 see /rip$4 m\nta9 #dbg1 7,fig47 #dbi ,norway #cbi1 #dbh plant+ ( #ddf r$ #dbh1 7,fig47 #dbi1 7,fig47 #dgc silv] #dbh /rip$ #dbg1 7,fig47 #dbh sug> #gc1 #gd1 #cbi1 #dbc-dcj swamp1 see r$4 ,maple sug> #dca-dcd ,maps1 con/ruction ( #bjb-bje ,m>t9s #bed ,may-flies #ach1 #aci ,mead[-l>k #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bgd ,m$ics #cej1 #cea black #cee hop1 see black too!d #cee spott$ #cee ,see1 also1 ,alfalfa4 ,melilots #cej1 #cea :ite sweet clov] #cef yell[ sweet clov] #cef ,bokh>a clov] #cef ,mice #fi ,milkwe$ butt]fly1 see ,butt]flies4 ,m9]al matt]1 9 se$s #daj1 #daa 9 soils #ajj ,m9n[s #adi1 #afe ,mon>* butt]fly1 see ,butt]flies4 ,mora9e #aaj ,mosquitoes #eh1 #ei1 #fb1 #aec1 #aed1 #bcg-bda1 #bgb ,mo?s1 h[ to collect #bbb h[ to di/+ui% f butt]flies #bbd life cycle #afi basswood leaf-roll] 7,fig47 #bbd cecropia #afg1 #afh clo!s #fh codl9 #fh1 #dfh-dga1 #ejh imp]ial 7,fig47 #bbe ,isabella tig] #eci1 7,fig47 #edb luna 7,fig47 #bbf prome!a #afg1 #afh1 #afi scallop-%ell #fa tussock #fh und]w+ 7,fig47 #bbe ,m\lt+1 ( cat]pill>s #bcb cicada #eca snake #aih toad #aih1 #aii ,mudwasps1 see ,wasps4 ,mul*+1 ( soil #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #chj1 #cha ,mulle9 #cfb1 #egi ,museum pe/s #bai1 #bbj ,mu%rooms #gd ,n>cissus #ehb1 #ehc1 #ehh ori5tal #ehe1 #ehf ,nature-/udy1 outl9e ( movem5t #ba-bi sugge/ions = 7grad$ c\rse & bibliography7 #ee-gi :at x is #aa-bj ,nettles #cfd ,n4 ,y4 ,tea*]s1 ,an appeal to #ca-dc ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,libr>y #adh ,nitella 7,fig47 #adh1 #adi ,nitrog5 #cej1 #cfj ,note-tak+ #dee-deg1 #deh1 #dei1 #dfj-dff ,nu?at*1 :ite-brea/$ #bhc-bhf r$-brea/$ #bhe ,nutmeg #dji ,oaks1 graft+ ( #cgd sc>let #cjj swamp :ite #cjj ,oil1 9 se$s #cih1 #dje1 #daj ,oriole #eae1 #eaf ,p>sley #cfc ,p>snips #beg ,p>rot's fea!r 7,fig47 #adh1 #adi ,pea*es #cbh1 #cge1 #cgg ,pe> #cgd1 #cge ,pepp]idge #cjj1 #cja1 #cjd1 #cji ,petunias #chc ,phlox #chc ,phoebe #bhj1 #cfa1 #cfc ,pigeons #bed ,pigwe$s #cfb1 #cfg ,p9es1 ,au/rian #cch1 #cci1 7,fig47 #cdj1 #cdf pit* #ccf-cch1 #cdf ,scot* #cch1 #cci1 #cdf ,pit*=ks #cfb ,planta9 #cfb ,plants1 bre$+ ( #chi1 #cij1 #dje-djg1 #daa plant+ ( #cfg1 #cfh physiology ( #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #adb1 #dbd-dbg societies ( #cfa-cfe ,plums #cge1 #cgg ,plum curculio1 see ,beetles4 ,pokewe$ #cfd ,poll9ation #cea1 #ceb1 #djj ,polliwogs1 see ,tadpoles4 ,pomace flies1 see ,flies4 ,ponies #eic1 #eid ,pop-corn #dhh ,popl>1 ,c>ol9a #ddd cutt+ ( #cgc ,lomb>dy #cja1 7,fig47 #cjc1 #cjd ,poppies #chc ,potatoes #cgj1 #cgd1 #che-cij1 #djg ,pot-holes #acc ,p\ltry #eag-ebg ,see1 also1 ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,pr$ace\s div+ beetles1 see ,beetles4 ,prome!a mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,protective coloration #fb1 #fc ,prote9 #cih1 #dje ,prun+ #dag-dba1 #ddd1 #dge1 #dgf ,pumpk9 #dja ,pupa1 ( ants #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf butt]flies1 see ,*rysalids4 mosquitoes #bci1 #bdj mo?s1 see ,*rysalids4 ,qu9ce #cgd ,rabbit #ef1 #gj ,radi% #efc1 #efd ,ragwe$ #cfb1 #egi ,ra9drops #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij ,ra9fall #aai1 #abc ,raspb]ry #cje1 #cge ,rob9 #bch1 #bfa1 #dii1 #ejj ,rock fl\r #aaj ,roots1 gr[+ po9t ( #bic1 #bid ,rose 7,fig47 #cga ,ru/1 on a/]s #cha1 #chb ,salam&]s #ahh1 #aig1 #eja1 #eci-edd ,s& #aag1 #abj ,sapsuck]1 see ,woodpeck]s4 ,sassafras #cja1 7,fig47 #cjb1 #cji ,scale insects #fh ,scallop-%ell mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,s*ool gr\nds1 improvem5t ( #ce1 #ch-da1 #dcg-ddg1 #eff-efh1 #ega1 #egb ,s*oolroom1 ,! #i ,scion1 see ,cion4 ,se$1 disp]sal ( #gb dormant #dji1 #daj uses ( /or$ food #dji-dad ,see1 also1 ,g]m9ation4 ,%9] #afb1 #afe ,%[]1 ,a ,summ] #ha-ia ,silage #djc ,siphon #add ,skipp]1 silv] spott$ #fa ,sleep1 ( fl[]s #gb ,slug #adi ,sm>twe$ #cfb1 #chj ,snakes #aig1 #aih1 #eja ,snails #adc1 #adh1 #adi ,sn[ #hd1 #he1 #ic-ig1 #dec1 #ded ,sn[ball bu% #cje ,sn[drops #ehb1 #ehc1 #ehh ,sn[flakes #ehh ,soil #ii-aad value ( v>i\s k9ds #aae-abd 9 s*ool g>d5s #efj1 #egj1 #ega1 #egd1 #egi1 #eha ,sp>r[s1 fox #bfd1 #bfe song #bfa1 #bfe tree #bfe :ite-cr[n$ #bfe :ite-?roat$ #bfa1 #bfe vesp] #bfe ,spid]s #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #aga-ahc1 #baa1 #bdi1 #bhh ,spray+ #fh1 #fi ,spr+s #abf ,spruce1 black #cda-cdc1 #cdf ,norway #cci-cda1 7,fig47 #cdb1 #cdf r$ #cdb1 #cdc1 #cdg ,squa% #bia-bie1 #djg ,squill #ehh ,squirrel1 r$ #dce1 #dcf black #dce h[ to /udy #fi ,/>* #cca1 #chf1 #chg1 #cih1 #dje1 #daj1 #dhc ,/ems1 gr[+ po9t ( #bie ,/ickleback #afc ,/9k-bugs1 see ,bugs4 ,/ock1 = graft+ #cgd ,/one-flies #ach1 #adj ,/orms1 sn[ #ic-ig1 #dec1 #ded ?und] #hf1 #hg1 #ij ,/ratification #acc ,/ream-cutt+ #abg-abi1 #acc ,/ream deposition #ajd1 #acj1 #acc ,/ruggle = exi/5ce #gd1 #ge1 #cfa1 #daj1 #dah ,sumac #dca1 #dcc1 #dff ,sunfi% #afa ,sweet clov]1 see ,melilots4 ,sweet-peas #cgi-chc1 #efd ,swall[1 tree #bed ,tadpoles #ace1 #ahi-aic ,tape-grass #adg1 #adh ,t]r>ium #bjg-bab1 #ecg-edd ,?i/le #cfd1 #egi ,?und] #hi ,?orn-apple #cja1 7,fig47 #cjc1 #cji ,tillage #egj1 #ega ,tomato #cgd ,trees1 w9t] aspect ( #big-cje h[ to draw #cjg-caf h[ to plant #ddd-ddf see special k9ds4 ,tree-toads #ahh1 #ahi1 #baj ,tussock mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,und]w+ mo?1 see ,mo?s4 ,virg9ia creep] #ddd ,vireo #eae ,v]b5a #cgb ,vegetables #ga ,vic]oy butt]fly1 see ,butt]flies4 ,walk+-/icks #fc ,w>m-blood$ #aii ,wasps #fb1 #fc1 7,fig47 #bbd mud #acf ,wat] #abj1 #abf ,wat] boatm51 see ,bugs4 ,wat]cress #adh ,wat]falls #abi1 #acc ,wat]-milfoil 7,fig47 #adh1 #adi ,wat]-purslane 7,fig47 #adh1 #adi ,wat]-scav5g] beetle1 see ,beetle4 ,wat]-scorpion1 see ,bugs4 ,wat]-/rid]1 see ,bugs4 ,wat]-tig] #aeb ,we$s #gd ,:eat #daa ,:irligig beetle1 see ,beetles4 ,will[s #cje1 #cgc1 #ddc1 #ddf pussy #ccj ,wire-grass #cfb ,wire-worms #djj ,woodpeck]s #bfi-bgg1 #eje-eac d[ny #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bhd1 #ejg-eaj flick] #bgd-bgg1 #eab1 #eac gold5-w+$1 see flick]4 hairy #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bhd r$-head #bgb1 #eje-ejg sapsuck] #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 #eaj-eab ,wr5s #bed ,y>up1 see flick] "u ,woodpeck]s4 ,yell[-hamm]1 see flick] "u ,woodpeck]s4 ,z9nias #chc ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,alt]native spell+ reta9$4 ,punctuation normaliz$ )\t comm5t4 ,spell+ *ange ,page #ajh1 moivng 0 *ang$ to read mov+ ,page #aee1 caddice-w>m 0 *ang$ to read caddice-worm4 ,page #agh1 entangel$ 0 *ang$ to read entangl$4 ,page #aij1 gr[ a a great 0 *ang$ to read gr[ a great4 ,page #bbc1 ,snappp+ beetle 0 *ang$ to read ,snapp+ beetle4 ,page #bgd1 ,orno?ology 0 *ang$ to read ,orni?ology4 ,page #bhd1 ,i p\nd$ on ! wid[ 0 *ang$ to read ,i p\nd$ on ! w9d[4 ,page #bhe1 ,audobon 0 *ang$ to read ,audubon4 ,page #bhh1 omniv]\s 0 *ang$ to read omnivor\s4 ,page #cba1 hi/]y 0 *ang$ to read hi/ory4 ,page #cfc1 op5 ones eyes 0 *ang$ to read op5 "o's eyes4 ,page #chc1 mo!rwor? & ,virg9ia creep] 0 *ang$ to read mo!rwort & ,virg9ia creep]4 ,page #cif1 ,is is pleasant 0 *ang$ to read ,is x pleasant4 ,page #ecj1 ?\s& liliputian 0 *ang$ to read ?\s& lilliputian4 ,page #eaj1 once t x x is 0 *ang$ to read once t x is4 ,page #eib1 ,is y %\ld 0 *ang$ to read ,if y %\ld4