,,an ,,enquiry ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morals ,by ,david ,hume ,a #aiab ,repr9t ,( ,! ,edition ,( #aggg ,in=mation ,ab\t ,?is ,e-,text ,edition ,! foll[+ is an e-text ( a #aiab repr9t ( ! #aggg edition ( ,david ,hume's ,an ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals4 ,ea* page 0 cut out ( ! orig9al book ) an ,x-acto knife & f$ into an ,automatic ,docum5t ,fe$] ,scann] to make ?is e-text1 s ! orig9al book 0 disb9d$ 9 ord] to save x4 ,"s adaptations f ! orig9al text 7 made :ile =matt+ x = an e-text4 ,italics 9 ! orig9al book are capitaliz$ 9 ?is e-text4 ,! orig9al spell+s ( words are pres]v$1 su* z connexion = connection1 lab\r = labor1 etc4 ,orig9al footnotes are put 9 brackets at ! po9ts :]e !y are cit$ 9 ! text4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,au?or',s ,,adv]tisem5t ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,an ,,enquiry ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morals ,,app5dix ,,au?or',s ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,mo/ ( ! pr9ciples1 & reason+s1 conta9$ 9 ?is volume1 ,footnote3 ,volume ,,ii4 ( ! po/hum\s edition ( ,hume's works publi%$ 9 #aggg & conta9+1 besides ! pres5t ,,enquiry1 ,a ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,passions1 & ,,an ,,enquiry ,,conc]n+ ,,human ,,und]/&+4 ,a repr9t ( ?is latt] treatise has already appe>$ 9 ,! ,religion ( ,sci5ce ,libr>y 7,,no4 #de7 7 publi%$ 9 a "w 9 ?ree volumes1 call$ ,a ,,treatise ,,( ,,human ,,nature3 ,a "w :i* ! ,au?or _h project$ be=e he left ,college1 & :i* he wrote & publi%$ n long aft]4 ,b n f9d+ x successful1 he 0 s5sible ( 8 error 9 go+ to ! press too e>ly1 & he ca/ ! :ole anew 9 ! foll[+ pieces1 :]e "s neglig5ces 9 8 =m] reason+ & m 9 ! expression1 are1 he hopes1 correct$4 ,yet sev]al writ]s :o h hon\r$ ! ,au?or's ,philosophy ) answ]s1 h tak5 c>e to direct all _! batt]ies aga9/ t juv5ile "w1 :i* ! au?or nev] ackn[l$g$1 & h affect$ to triumph 9 any advantages1 :i*1 !y imag9$1 !y _h obta9$ ov] x3 ,a practice v contr>y to all rules ( c&\r & fair-deal+1 & a /rong in/ance ( ^? polemical artifices :i* a bigott$ zeal ?9ks itself au?oriz$ to employ4 ,h5ce=?1 ! ,au?or desires1 t ! foll[+ ,pieces may alone be reg>d$ z conta9+ 8 philosophical s5tim5ts & pr9ciples4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,( ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,morals ,,ii4 ,( ,b5evol5ce ,,iii4 ,( ,ju/ice ,,iv4 ,( ,political ,society ,v4 ,:y ,utility ,pleases ,,vi4 ,( ,qualities ,useful to ,ourselves ,,vii4 ,( ,qualities ,imm$iately ,agreeable to ,ourselves ,,viii4 ,( ,qualities ,imm$iately ,agreeable to ,o!rs ,,ix4 ,conclusion ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,conc]n+ ,moral ,s5tim5t ,,ii4 ,( ,self-love ,,iii4 ,"s ,f>!r ,consid]ations ) ,reg>d to ,ju/ice ,,iv4 ,( ,"s ,v]bal ,disputes ,,an ,,enquiry ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morals ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,morals4 ,,disputes ) m51 p]t9aci\sly ob/9ate 9 _! pr9ciples1 are1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ irksome2 except1 p]haps1 ^? ) p]sons1 entirely dis+5u\s1 :o really d n believe ! op9ions !y def5d1 b engage 9 ! controv]sy1 f affectation1 f a _s ( opposition1 or f a desire ( %[+ wit & +5uity1 sup]ior to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! same bl9d adh]5ce to _! own argum5ts is to be expect$ 9 bo?2 ! same contempt ( _! antagoni/s2 & ! same passionate vehem5ce1 9 in=c+ sophi/ry & falsehood4 ,& z reason+ is n ! s\rce1 :5ce ei!r disputant d]ives 8 t5ets2 x is 9 va9 to expect1 t any logic1 :i* speaks n to ! affections1 w ev] engage him to embrace s\nd] pr9ciples4 ,^? :o h d5i$ ! reality ( moral di/9ctions1 may be rank$ among ! dis+5u\s disputants2 nor is x conceivable1 t any human creature c\ld ev] s]i\sly believe1 t all *>act]s & actions 7 alike entitl$ to ! affection & reg>d ( ev]yone4 ,! diff]5ce1 :i* nature has plac$ betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 is s wide1 & ?is diff]5ce is /ill s mu* f>!r wid5$1 by education1 example1 & habit1 t1 :]e ! opposite extremes come at once "u our appreh5sion1 !re is no scepticism s scrupul\s1 & sc>ce any assurance s det]m9$1 z absolutely to d5y all di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,let a man's ins5sibility be ev] s great1 he mu/ (t5 be t\*$ ) ! images ( ,"r & ,wrong2 & let 8 prejudices be ev] s ob/9ate1 he mu/ obs]ve1 t o!rs are susceptible ( l impressions4 ,! only way1 !re=e1 ( conv]t+ an antagoni/ ( ?is k9d1 is to leave him to himself4 ,=1 f9d+ t nobody keeps up ! controv]sy ) him1 x is probable he w1 at la/1 ( himself1 f m]e we>9ess1 come ov] to ! side ( common s5se & reason4 ,!re has be5 a controv]sy />t$ ( late1 mu* bett] wor? exam9ation1 conc]n+ ! g5]al f\ndation ( ,morals2 :e!r !y be d]iv$ f ,reason1 or f ,s5tim5t2 :e!r we atta9 ! k ( !m by a *a9 ( argum5t & induction1 or by an imm$iate feel+ & f9] int]nal s5se2 :e!r1 l all s\nd judgem5t ( tru? & falsehood1 !y %\ld be ! same to e rational intellig5t be+2 or :e!r1 l ! p]ception ( beauty & de=mity1 !y be f\nd$ entirely on ! p>ticul> fabric & con/itution ( ! human species4 ,! anci5t philosoph]s1 ?\gh !y (t5 affirm1 t virtue is no?+ b con=mity to reason1 yet1 9 g5]al1 seem to consid] morals z d]iv+ _! exi/5ce f ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our mod]n enquir]s1 ?\gh !y also talk mu* ( ! beauty ( virtue1 & de=mity ( vice1 yet h commonly endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ^! di/9ctions by metaphysical reason+s1 & by d$uctions f ! mo/ ab/ract pr9ciples ( ! und]/&+4 ,su* confusion reign$ 9 ^! subjects1 t an opposition ( ! greate/ consequ5ce c\ld prevail betwe5 "o sy/em & ano!r1 & ev5 9 ! p>ts ( almo/ ea* individual sy/em2 & yet nobody1 till v lately1 0 ev] s5sible ( x4 ,! elegant ,"l ,%aftesbury1 :o fir/ gave occasion to rem>k ?is di/9ction1 & :o1 9 g5]al1 adh]$ to ! pr9ciples ( ! anci5ts1 is n1 himself1 entirely free f ! same confusion4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t bo? sides ( ! "q are susceptible ( speci\s argum5ts4 ,moral di/9ctions1 x may be said1 are disc]nible by pure reason3 else1 :5ce ! _m disputes t reign 9 common life1 z well z 9 philosophy1 ) reg>d to ?is subject3 ! long *a9 ( pro(s (t5 produc$ on bo? sides2 ! examples cit$1 ! au?orities appeal$ to1 ! analogies employ$1 ! fallacies detect$1 ! inf]5ces drawn1 & ! sev]al conclusions adju/$ to _! prop] pr9ciples4 ,tru? is disputable2 n ta/e3 :at exi/s 9 ! nature ( ?+s is ! /&>d ( our judgem5t2 :at ea* man feels )9 himself is ! /&>d ( s5tim5t4 ,propositions 9 geometry may be prov$1 sy/ems 9 physics may be controv]t$2 b ! h>mony ( v]se1 ! t5d]ness ( passion1 ! brilliancy ( wit1 mu/ give imm$iate pleasure4 ,no man reasons conc]n+ ano!r's beauty2 b frequ5tly conc]n+ ! ju/ice or inju/ice ( 8 actions4 ,9 e crim9al trial ! fir/ object ( ! prison] is to disprove ! facts alleg$1 & d5y ! actions imput$ to him3 ! second to prove1 t1 ev5 if ^! actions 7 real1 !y might be ju/ifi$1 z innoc5t & lawful4 ,x is confess$ly by d$uctions ( ! und]/&+1 t ! fir/ po9t is asc]ta9$3 h[ c we suppose t a diff]5t faculty ( ! m9d is employ$ 9 fix+ ! o!r8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o w\ld resolve all moral det]m9ations into s5tim5t1 may endeav\r to %[1 t x is impossible = reason ev] to draw conclusions ( ?is nature4 ,to virtue1 say !y1 x belongs to be amiable1 & vice odi\s4 ,?is =ms _! v nature or ess5ce4 ,b c reason or argum5tation di/ribute ^! diff]5t epi!ts to any subjects1 & pron\nce be=eh&1 t ?is mu/ produce love1 & t hatr$8 ,or :at o!r reason c we ev] assign = ^! affections1 b ! orig9al fabric & =mation ( ! human m9d1 :i* is naturally adapt$ to receive !m8 ,! end ( all moral speculations is to tea* u our duty2 &1 by prop] repres5tations ( ! de=mity ( vice & beauty ( virtue1 beget correspond5t habits1 & engage u to avoid ! "o1 & embrace ! o!r4 ,b is ?is ev] to be expect$ f inf]5ces & conclusions ( ! und]/&+1 :i* ( !mselves h no hold ( ! affections or set 9 motion ! active p[]s ( m58 ,!y discov] tru?s3 b :]e ! tru?s :i* !y discov] are indiff]5t1 & beget no desire or av]sion1 !y c h no influ5ce on conduct & behavi\r4 ,:at is hon\rable1 :at is fair1 :at is becom+1 :at is noble1 :at is g5]\s1 takes possession ( ! he>t1 & animates u to embrace & ma9ta9 x4 ,:at is intelligible1 :at is evid5t1 :at is probable1 :at is true1 procures only ! cool ass5t ( ! und]/&+2 & gratify+ a speculative curiosity1 puts an end to our rese>*es4 ,ext+ui% all ! w>m feel+s & prepossessions 9 fav\r ( virtue1 & all disgu/ or av]sion to vice3 r5d] m5 totally indiff]5t t[>ds ^! di/9ctions2 & morality is no long] a practical /udy1 nor has any t5d5cy to regulate our lives & actions4 ,^! argum5ts on ea* side 7& _m m might be produc$7 are s plausible1 t ,i am apt to suspect1 !y may1 ! "o z well z ! o!r1 be solid & satisfactory1 & t reason & s5tim5t concur 9 almo/ all moral det]m9ations & conclusions4 ,! f9al s5t5ce1 x is probable1 :i* pron\nces *>act]s & actions amiable or odi\s1 praise-wor?y or blameable2 t :i* /amps on !m ! m>k ( hon\r or infamy1 approbation or c5sure2 t :i* r5d]s morality an active pr9ciple & con/itutes virtue our happ9ess1 & vice our mis]y2 x is probable1 ,i say1 t ?is f9al s5t5ce dep5ds on "s int]nal s5se or feel+1 :i* nature has made univ]sal 9 ! :ole species4 ,= :at else c h an influ5ce ( ?is nature8 ,b 9 ord] to pave ! way = su* a s5tim5t1 & give a prop] disc]nm5t ( its object1 x is (t5 necess>y1 we f9d1 t mu* reason+ %\ld prec$e1 t nice di/9ctions be made1 j conclusions drawn1 di/ant comp>isons =m$1 complicat$ relations exam9$1 & g5]al facts fix$ & asc]ta9$4 ,"s species ( beauty1 especially ! natural k9ds1 on _! fir/ appe>ance1 comm& our affection & approbation2 & :]e !y fail ( ?is effect1 x is impossible = any reason+ to r$ress _! influ5ce1 or adapt !m bett] to our ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,b 9 _m ord]s ( beauty1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! f9] arts1 x is requisite to employ mu* reason+1 9 ord] to feel ! prop] s5tim5t2 & a false reli% may frequ5tly be correct$ by argum5t & reflection4 ,!re are j gr\nds to conclude1 t moral beauty p>takes mu* ( ?is latt] species1 & dem&s ! assi/ance ( our intellectual faculties1 9 ord] to give x a suitable influ5ce on ! human m9d4 ,b ?\gh ?is "q1 conc]n+ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( morals1 be curi\s & important1 x is ne$less = u1 at pres5t1 to employ f>!r c>e 9 our rese>*es conc]n+ x4 ,= if we c be s happy1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is enquiry1 z to discov] ! true orig9 ( morals1 x w !n easily appe> h[ f> ei!r s5tim5t or reason ent]s into all det]m9ations ( ?is nature ,footnote3 ,see ,app5dix ,i4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is purpose1 we %all endeav\r to foll[ a v simple me?od3 we %all analyse t complication ( m5tal qualities1 :i* =m :at1 9 common life1 we call ,p]sonal ,m]it3 we %all consid] e attribute ( ! m9d1 :i* r5d]s a man an object ei!r ( e/eem & affection1 or ( hatr$ & contempt2 e habit or s5tim5t or faculty1 :i*1 if ascrib$ to any p]son1 implies ei!r praise or blame1 & may ent] into any panegyric or satire ( 8 "* & mann]s4 ,! quick s5sibility1 :i*1 on ?is head1 is s univ]sal among mank9d1 gives a philosoph] suffici5t assurance1 t he c nev] be consid]ably mi/ak5 9 fram+ ! catalogue1 or incur any dang] ( misplac+ ! objects ( 8 contemplation3 he ne$s only ent] into 8 own brea/ = a mom5t1 & consid] :e!r or n he %\ld desire to h ?is or t quality ascrib$ to him1 & :e!r su* or su* an imputation w\ld proce$ f a fri5d or an enemy4 ,! v nature ( language guides u almo/ infallibly 9 =m+ a judgem5t ( ?is nature2 & z e tongue possesses "o set ( words :i* are tak5 9 a good s5se1 & ano!r 9 ! opposite1 ! lea/ acqua9tance ) ! idiom suffices1 )\t any reason+1 to direct u 9 collect+ & arrang+ ! e/imable or blameable qualities ( m54 ,! only object ( reason+ is to discov] ! circum/ances on bo? sides1 :i* are common to ^! qualities2 to obs]ve t p>ticul> 9 :i* ! e/imable qualities agree on ! "o h&1 & ! blameable on ! o!r2 & !nce to rea* ! f\ndation ( e?ics1 & f9d ^? univ]sal pr9ciples1 f :i* all c5sure or approbation is ultimately d]iv$4 ,z ?is is a "q ( fact1 n ( ab/ract sci5ce1 we c only expect success1 by foll[+ ! exp]im5tal me?od1 & d$uc+ g5]al maxims f a comp>ison ( p>ticul> in/ances4 ,! o!r sci5tific me?od1 :]e a g5]al ab/ract pr9ciple is fir/ e/abli%$1 & is aft]w>ds bran*$ out into a v>iety ( inf]5ces & conclusions1 may be m p]fect 9 itself1 b suits less ! imp]fection ( human nature1 & is a common s\rce ( illusion & mi/ake 9 ?is z well z 9 o!r subjects4 ,m5 are n[ cur$ ( _! passion = hypo!ses & sy/ems 9 natural philosophy1 & w he>k5 to no argum5ts b ^? :i* are d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,x is full "t !y %\ld attempt a l re=mation 9 all moral disquisitions2 & reject e sy/em ( e?ics1 h[ev] subtle or +5i\s1 :i* is n f\nd$ on fact & obs]vation4 ,we %all beg9 our enquiry on ?is head by ! consid]ation ( ! social virtues1 ,b5evol5ce & ,ju/ice4 ,! explication ( !m w probably give u an op5+ by :i* ! o!rs may be acc\nt$ =4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,b5evol5ce4 ,,"p ,i4 ,x may be e/eem$1 p]haps1 a sup]flu\s task to prove1 t ! b5evol5t or s(t] affections are e/imable2 & :]ev] !y appe>1 engage ! approbation & good-w ( mank9d4 ,! epi!ts ,,sociable1 ,,good-,,natur$1 ,,humane1 ,,m]ciful1 ,,grateful1 ,,fri5dly1 ,,g5]\s1 ,,b5efic5t1 or _! equival5ts1 are kn[n 9 all languages1 & univ]sally express ! highe/ m]it1 :i* ,,human ,,nature is capable ( atta9+4 ,:]e ^! amiable qualities are att5d$ ) bir? & p[] & em95t abilities1 & display !mselves 9 ! good gov]nm5t or useful in/ruction ( mank9d1 !y seem ev5 to raise ! possessors ( !m above ! rank ( ,,human ,,nature1 & make !m approa* 9 "s measure to ! div9e4 ,exalt$ capacity1 undaunt$ c\rage1 prosp]\s success2 ^! may only expose a h]o or politician to ! envy & ill-w ( ! public3 b z soon z ! praises are add$ ( humane & b5efic5t2 :5 in/ances are display$ ( l5ity1 t5d]ness or fri5d%ip2 envy itself is sil5t1 or jo9s ! g5]al voice ( approbation & applause4 ,:5 ,p]icles1 ! great ,a!nian /atesman & g5]al1 0 on 8 dea?-b$1 8 surr\nd+ fri5ds1 deem+ him n[ ins5sible1 began to indulge _! sorr[ = _! expir+ patron1 by enum]at+ 8 great qualities & successes1 8 conque/s & victories1 ! unusual l5g? ( 8 adm9i/ration1 & 8 n9e trophies erect$ ov] ! enemies ( ! republic4 ,,y ,,=get1 cries ! dy+ h]o1 :o _h he>d all1 ,,y ,,=get ,,! ,,mo/ ,,em95t ,,( ,,my ,,praises1 ,,:ile ,,y ,,dwell ,,s ,,mu* ,,on ,,^? ,,vulg> ,,advantages1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,=tune ,,_h ,a ,,pr9cipal ,,%>e4 ,,y ,,h ,,n ,,obs]v$ ,,t ,,no ,,citiz5 ,,has ,,ev] ,,yet ,,worne ,,m\rn+ ,,on ,,my ,,acc\nt4 ,plut4 9 ,p]icle ,9 m5 ( m ord9>y tal5ts & capacity1 ! social virtues become1 if possible1 /ill m ess5tially requisite2 !re be+ no?+ em95t1 9 t case1 to comp5sate = ! want ( !m1 or pres]ve ! p]son f our sev]e/ hatr$1 z well z contempt4 ,a high ambition1 an elevat$ c\rage1 is apt1 says ,cic]o1 9 less p]fect *>act]s1 to deg5]ate into a turbul5t f]ocity4 ,! m social & s(t] virtues are !re *iefly to be reg>d$4 ,^! are always good & amiable ,cic4 de ,(ficiis1 lib4 ,i4 ,! pr9cipal advantage1 :i* ,juv5al discov]s 9 ! ext5sive capacity ( ! human species1 is t x r5d]s our b5evol5ce also m ext5sive1 & gives u l>g] opportunities ( spread+ our k9dly influ5ce ?an :at are indulg$ to ! inf]ior creation ,sat4 ,,xv4 #aci & seq44 ,x mu/1 inde$1 be confess$1 t by do+ good only1 c a man truly enjoy ! advantages ( be+ em95t4 ,8 exalt$ /ation1 ( itself b ! m exposes him to dang] & tempe/4 ,8 sole pr]ogative is to af=d %elt] to inf]iors1 :o repose !mselves "u 8 cov] & protection4 ,b ,i =get1 t x is n my pres5t bus9ess to recomm5d g5]osity & b5evol5ce1 or to pa9t1 9 _! true col\rs1 all ! g5u9e *>ms ( ! social virtues4 ,^!1 inde$1 suffici5tly engage e he>t1 on ! fir/ appreh5sion ( !m2 & x is difficult to ab/a9 f "s sally ( panegyric1 z (t5 z !y occur 9 disc\rse or reason+4 ,b our object "h be+ m ! speculative1 ?an ! practical "p ( morals1 x w suffice to rem>k1 7:at w readily1 ,i believe1 be all[$7 t no qualities are m intitl$ to ! g5]al good-w & approbation ( mank9d ?an b5efic5ce & humanity1 fri5d%ip & gratitude1 natural affection & public _s1 or :atev] proce$s f a t5d] sympa?y ) o!rs1 & a g5]\s conc]n = our k9d & species4 ,^! :]ev] !y appe> seem to transfuse !mselves1 9 a mann]1 into ea* behold]1 & to call =?1 9 _! own behalf1 ! same fav\rable & affectionate s5tim5ts1 :i* !y ex]t on all ar\nd4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,we may obs]ve t1 9 display+ ! praises ( any humane1 b5efic5t man1 !re is "o circum/ance :i* nev] fails to be amply insi/$ on1 namely1 ! happ9ess & satisfaction1 d]iv$ to society f 8 int]c\rse & good (fices4 ,to 8 p>5ts1 we are apt to say1 he ende>s himself by 8 pi\s atta*m5t & dute\s c>e /ill m ?an by ! connexions ( nature4 ,8 *ildr5 nev] feel 8 au?ority1 b :5 employ$ = _! advantage4 ,) him1 ! ties ( love are consolidat$ by b5efic5ce & fri5d%ip4 ,! ties ( fri5d%ip approa*1 9 a fond obs]vance ( ea* oblig+ (fice1 to ^? ( love & incl9ation4 ,8 dome/ics & dep5dants h 9 him a sure res\rce2 & no long] dread ! p[] ( =tune1 b s f> z %e ex]cises x ov] him4 ,f him ! hungry receive food1 ! nak$ clo?+1 ! ignorant & slo?ful skill & indu/ry4 ,l ! sun1 an inf]ior m9i/] ( provid5ce he *e]s1 invigorates1 & su/a9s ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,if conf9$ to private life1 ! sph]e ( 8 activity is n>r[]2 b 8 influ5ce is all b5ign & g5tle4 ,if exalt$ into a high] /ation1 mank9d & po/]ity reap ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs4 ,z ^! topics ( praise nev] fail to be employ$1 & ) success1 :]e we w\ld inspire e/eem = any "o2 may x n !nce be conclud$1 t ! utility1 result+ f ! social virtues1 =ms1 at lea/1 a ,,"p ( _! m]it1 & is "o s\rce ( t approbation & reg>d s univ]sally paid to !m8 ,:5 we recomm5d ev5 an animal or a plant z ,,useful & ,,b5eficial1 we give x an applause & recomm5dation suit$ to its nature4 ,z1 on ! o!r h&1 reflection on ! baneful influ5ce ( any ( ^! inf]ior be+s always inspires u ) ! s5tim5t ( av]sion4 ,! eye is pleas$ ) ! prospect ( corn-fields & load$ v9e-y>ds2 horses graz+1 & flocks pa/ur+3 b flies ! view ( bri>s & brambles1 af=d+ %elt] to wolves & s]p5ts4 ,a ma*9e1 a piece ( furniture1 a ve/m5t1 a h\se well contriv$ = use & conv5i5cy1 is s f> beautiful1 & is contemplat$ ) pleasure & approbation4 ,an exp]i5c$ eye is "h s5sible to _m excell5cies1 :i* escape p]sons ignorant & un9/ruct$4 ,c any?+ /rong] be said 9 praise ( a pr(ession1 su* z m]*&ize or manufacture1 ?an to obs]ve ! advantages :i* x procures to society2 & is n a monk & inquisitor enrag$ :5 we treat 8 ord] z useless or p]nici\s to mank9d8 ,! hi/orian exults 9 display+ ! b5efit aris+ f 8 lab\rs4 ,! writ] ( romance alleviates or d5ies ! bad consequ5ces ascrib$ to 8 mann] ( composition4 ,9 g5]al1 :at praise is impli$ 9 ! simple epi!t ,,useful6 ,:at reproa* 9 ! contr>y6 ,y\r ,gods1 says ,cic]o ,de ,nat4 ,deor4 lib4 i41 9 opposition to ! ,epicureans1 _c ju/ly claim any wor%ip or adoration1 ) :atev] imag9>y p]fections y may suppose !m end[$4 ,!y are totally useless & inactive4 ,ev5 ! ,egyptians1 :om y s mu* ridicule1 nev] consecrat$ any animal b on acc\nt ( its utility4 ,! sceptics ass]t ,sext4 ,emp4 adr]sus ,ma?4 lib4 viii41 ?\gh absurdly1 t ! orig9 ( all religi\s wor%ip 0 d]iv$ f ! utility ( inanimate objects1 z ! sun & moon1 to ! support & well-be+ ( mank9d4 ,?is is also ! common reason assign$ by hi/orians1 = ! deification ( em95t h]oes & legislators ,diod4 ,sic4 passim44 ,to plant a tree1 to cultivate a field1 to beget *ildr52 m]itori\s acts1 accord+ to ! religion ( ,zoroa/]4 ,9 all det]m9ations ( morality1 ?is circum/ance ( public utility is ev] pr9cipally 9 view2 & :]ev] disputes arise1 ei!r 9 philosophy or common life1 conc]n+ ! b\nds ( duty1 ! "q _c1 by any means1 be decid$ ) great] c]ta9ty1 ?an by asc]ta9+1 on any side1 ! true int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,if any false op9ion1 embrac$ f appe>ances1 has be5 f\nd to prevail2 z soon z f>!r exp]i5ce & s\nd] reason+ h giv5 u ju/] notions ( human affairs1 we retract our fir/ s5tim5t1 & adju/ anew ! b\nd>ies ( moral good & evil4 ,giv+ alms to common begg>s is naturally prais$2 because x seems to c>ry relief to ! di/ress$ & indig5t3 b :5 we obs]ve ! enc\ragem5t !nce aris+ to idl5ess & debau*]y1 we reg>d t species ( *>ity r z a weakness ?an a virtue4 ,tyrannicide1 or ! assass9ation ( usurp]s & oppressive pr9ces1 0 highly extoll$ 9 anci5t times2 because x bo? fre$ mank9d f _m ( ^! mon/]s1 & seem$ to keep ! o!rs 9 awe1 :om ! sword or poni>d c\ld n rea*4 ,b hi/ory & exp]i5ce hav+ s9ce conv9c$ u1 t ?is practice increases ! jeal\sy & cruelty ( pr9ces1 a ,timoleon & a ,brutus1 ?\gh treat$ ) indulg5ce on acc\nt ( ! prejudices ( _! times1 are n[ consid]$ z v improp] models = imitation4 ,lib]ality 9 pr9ces is reg>d$ z a m>k ( b5efic5ce1 b :5 x occurs1 t ! homely bread ( ! hone/ & indu/ri\s is (t5 !reby conv]t$ into delici\s cates = ! idle & ! prodigal1 we soon retract our he$less praises4 ,! regrets ( a pr9ce1 = hav+ lo/ a day1 7 noble & g5]\s3 b _h he int5d$ to h sp5t x 9 acts ( g5]osity to 8 gre$y c\rti]s1 x 0 bett] lo/ ?an misemploy$ aft] t mann]4 ,luxury1 or a ref9em5t on ! pleasures & conv5i5ces ( life1 _h n long be5 suppos$ ! s\rce ( e corruption 9 gov]nm5t1 & ! imm$iate cause ( faction1 s$ition1 civil w>s1 & ! total loss ( lib]ty4 ,x 01 !re=e1 univ]sally reg>d$ z a vice1 & 0 an object ( declamation to all satiri/s1 & sev]e morali/s4 ,^?1 :o prove1 or attempt to prove1 t su* ref9em5ts r t5d to ! increase ( indu/ry1 civility1 & arts regulate anew our ,,moral z well z ,,political s5tim5ts1 & repres5t1 z laudable or innoc5t1 :at _h =m]ly be5 reg>d$ z p]nici\s & blameable4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 x seems und5iable1 ,,t no?+ c be/[ m m]it on any human creature ?an ! s5tim5t ( b5evol5ce 9 an em95t degree2 & ,,t a ,,"p1 at lea/1 ( its m]it arises f its t5d5cy to promote ! int]e/s ( our species1 & be/[ happ9ess on human society4 ,we c>ry our view into ! salut>y consequ5ces ( su* a "* & disposition2 & :atev] has s b5ign an influ5ce1 & =w>ds s desirable an end1 is beheld ) complac5cy & pleasure4 ,! social virtues are nev] reg>d$ )\t _! b5eficial t5d5cies1 nor view$ z b>r5 & unfruitful4 ,! happ9ess ( mank9d1 ! ord] ( society1 ! h>mony ( families1 ! mutual support ( fri5ds1 are always consid]$ z ! result ( _! g5tle dom9ion ov] ! brea/s ( m54 ,h[ consid]able a ,,"p ( _! m]it we ought to ascribe to _! utility1 w bett] appe> f future disquisitions2 ,footnote3 ,sect4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 z well z ! reason1 :y ?is circum/ance has su* a comm& ov] our e/eem & approbation4 ,footnote3 ,sect4 ,v4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,ju/ice4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,t ,ju/ice is useful to society1 & consequ5tly t ,,"p ( its m]it1 at lea/1 mu/ arise f t consid]ation1 x w\ld be a sup]flu\s und]tak+ to prove4 ,t public utility is ! ,,sole orig9 ( ju/ice1 & t reflections on ! b5eficial consequ5ces ( ?is virtue are ! ,,sole f\ndation ( its m]it2 ?is proposition1 be+ m curi\s & important1 w bett] des]ve our exam9ation & enquiry4 ,let u suppose t nature has be/[$ on ! human race su* pr(use ,,abundance ( all ,,ext]nal conv5i5cies1 t1 )\t any unc]ta9ty 9 ! ev5t1 )\t any c>e or indu/ry on our "p1 e individual f9ds himself fully provid$ ) :atev] 8 mo/ voraci\s appetites c want1 or luxuri\s imag9ation wi% or desire4 ,8 natural beauty1 we %all suppose1 surpasses all acquir$ ornam5ts3 ! p]petual clem5cy ( ! seasons r5d]s useless all clo!s or cov]+3 ! raw h]bage af=ds him ! mo/ delici\s f>e2 ! cle> f\nta91 ! ri*e/ bev]age4 ,no labori\s occupation requir$3 no tillage3 no navigation4 ,music1 poetry1 & contemplation =m 8 sole bus9ess3 conv]sation1 mir?1 & fri5d%ip 8 sole amusem5t4 ,x seems evid5t t1 9 su* a happy /ate1 e o!r social virtue w\ld fl\ri%1 & receive t5fold increase2 b ! cauti\s1 jeal\s virtue ( ju/ice w\ld nev] once h be5 dream$ (4 ,= :at purpose make a p>tition ( goods1 :]e e "o has already m ?an en\gh8 ,:y give rise to prop]ty1 :]e !re _c possibly be any injury8 ,:y call ?is object ,,m9e1 :5 ^u ! seiz+ ( x by ano!r1 ,i ne$ b /ret* out my h& to possess myself to :at is equally valuable8 ,ju/ice1 9 t case1 be+ totally useless1 w\ld be an idle c]emonial1 & c\ld nev] possibly h place 9 ! catalogue ( virtues4 ,we see1 ev5 9 ! pres5t necessit\s condition ( mank9d1 t1 :]ev] any b5efit is be/[$ by nature 9 an unlimit$ abundance1 we leave x always 9 common among ! :ole human race1 & make no subdivisions ( "r & prop]ty4 ,wat] & air1 ?\gh ! mo/ necess>y ( all objects1 are n *all5g$ z ! prop]ty ( individuals2 nor c any man commit inju/ice by ! mo/ lavi% use & enjoym5t ( ^! bless+s4 ,9 f]tile ext5sive c\ntries1 ) few inhabitants1 l& is reg>d$ on ! same foot+4 ,& no topic is s mu* insi/$ on by ^?1 :o def5d ! lib]ty ( ! seas1 z ! unexhau/$ use ( !m 9 navigation4 ,7 ! advantages1 procur$ by navigation1 z inexhau/ible1 ^! reason]s _h nev] _h any adv]s>ies to refute2 nor _h any claims ev] be5 advanc$ ( a sep>ate1 exclusive dom9ion ov] ! ocean4 ,x may happ51 9 "s c\ntries1 at "s p]iods1 t !re be e/abli%$ a prop]ty 9 wat]1 none 9 l& ,footnote3 ,g5esis1 *aps4 xiii4 & xxi42 if ! latt] be 9 great] abundance ?an c be us$ by ! inhabitants1 & ! =m] be f\nd1 ) difficulty1 & 9 v small quantities4 ,aga92 suppose1 t1 ?\gh ! necessities ( human race cont9ue ! same z at pres5t1 yet ! m9d is s enl>g$1 & s replete ) fri5d%ip & g5]osity1 t e man has ! utmo/ t5d]ness = e man1 & feels no m conc]n = 8 own int]e/ ?an = t ( 8 fell[s2 x seems evid5t1 t ! use ( ju/ice w\ld1 9 ?is case1 be susp5d$ by su* an ext5sive b5evol5ce1 nor w\ld ! divisions & b>ri]s ( prop]ty & obligation h ev] be5 ?\ght (4 ,:y %\ld ,i b9d ano!r1 by a de$ or promise1 to d me any good (fice1 :5 ,i "k t he is already prompt$1 by ! /ronge/ incl9ation1 to seek my happ9ess1 & w\ld1 ( himself1 p]=m ! desir$ s]vice2 except ! hurt1 he !reby receives1 be great] ?an ! b5efit accru+ to me8 9 :i* case1 he kn[s1 t1 f my innate humanity & fri5d%ip1 ,i %\ld be ! fir/ to oppose myself to 8 imprud5t g5]osity4 ,:y raise l&m>ks betwe5 my neighb\r's field & m9e1 :5 my he>t has made no division betwe5 our int]e/s2 b %>es all 8 joys & sorr[s ) ! same =ce & vivacity z if orig9ally my own8 ,e man1 ^u ?is supposition1 be+ a second self to ano!r1 w\ld tru/ all 8 int]e/s to ! discretion ( e man2 )\t jeal\sy1 )\t p>tition1 )\t di/9ction4 ,& ! :ole human race w\ld =m only "o family2 :]e all w\ld lie 9 common1 & be us$ freely1 )\t reg>d to prop]ty2 b cauti\sly too1 ) z entire reg>d to ! necessities ( ea* individual1 z if our own int]e/s 7 mo/ intimately conc]n$4 ,9 ! pres5t disposition ( ! human he>t1 x w\ld1 p]haps1 be difficult to f9d complete in/ances ( su* enl>g$ affections2 b /ill we may obs]ve1 t ! case ( families approa*es t[>ds x2 & ! /rong] ! mutual b5evol5ce is among ! individuals1 ! ne>] x approa*es2 till all di/9ction ( prop]ty be1 9 a great measure1 lo/ & conf\nd$ among !m4 ,betwe5 m>ri$ p]sons1 ! cem5t ( fri5d%ip is by ! laws suppos$ s /rong z to aboli% all division ( possessions2 & has (t51 9 reality1 ! =ce ascrib$ to x4 ,& x is obs]vable1 t1 dur+ ! ard\r ( new en?usiasms1 :5 e pr9ciple is inflam$ into extravagance1 ! community ( goods has frequ5tly be5 attempt$2 & no?+ b exp]i5ce ( its inconv5i5cies1 f ! return+ or disguis$ selfi%ness ( m51 c\ld make ! imprud5t fanatics adopt anew ! ideas ( ju/ice & ( sep>ate prop]ty4 ,s true is x1 t ?is virtue d]ives its exi/5ce entirely f its necess>y ,,use to ! int]c\rse & social /ate ( mank9d4 ,to make ?is tru? m evid5t1 let u rev]se ! =ego+ suppositions2 & c>ry+ ev]y?+ to ! opposite extreme1 consid] :at w\ld be ! effect ( ^! new situations4 ,suppose a society to fall into su* want ( all common necess>ies1 t ! utmo/ frugality & indu/ry _c pres]ve ! great] numb] f p]i%+1 & ! :ole f extreme mis]y2 x w readily1 ,i believe1 be admitt$1 t ! /rict laws ( ju/ice are susp5d$1 9 su* a press+ em]g5ce1 & give place to ! /rong] motives ( necessity & self-pres]vation4 ,is x any crime1 aft] a %ipwreck1 to seize :atev] means or in/rum5t ( safety "o c lay hold (1 )\t reg>d to =m] limitations ( prop]ty8 ,or if a city besieg$ 7 p]i%+ ) hung]2 c we imag9e1 t m5 w see any means ( pres]vation be=e !m1 & lose _! lives1 f a scrupul\s reg>d to :at1 9 o!r situations1 w\ld be ! rules ( equity & ju/ice8 ,! use & t5d5cy ( t virtue is to procure happ9ess & security1 by pres]v+ ord] 9 society3 b :]e ! society is ready to p]i% f extreme necessity1 no great] evil c be dread$ f viol5ce & inju/ice2 & e man may n[ provide = himself by all ! means1 :i* prud5ce c dictate1 or humanity p]mit4 ,! public1 ev5 9 less urg5t necessities1 op5s gran>ies1 )\t ! cons5t ( proprietors2 z ju/ly suppos+1 t ! au?ority ( magi/racy may1 consi/5t ) equity1 ext5d s f>3 b 7 any numb] ( m5 to assemble1 )\t ! tie ( laws or civil jurisdiction2 w\ld an equal p>tition ( bread 9 a fam9e1 ?\gh effect$ by p[] & ev5 viol5ce1 be reg>d$ z crim9al or injuri\s8 ,suppose likewise1 t x %\ld be a virtu\s man's fate to fall into ! society ( ruffians1 remote f ! protection ( laws & gov]nm5t2 :at conduct mu/ he embrace 9 t melan*oly situation8 ,he sees su* a desp]ate rapaci\sness prevail2 su* a disreg>d to equity1 su* contempt ( ord]1 su* /upid bl9dness to future consequ5ces1 z mu/ imm$iately h ! mo/ tragical conclusion1 & mu/ t]m9ate 9 de/ruction to ! great] numb]1 & 9 a total dissolution ( society to ! re/4 ,he1 mean:ile1 c h no o!r exp$i5t ?an to arm himself1 to :omev] ! sword he seizes1 or ! buckl]1 may belong3 ,to make provision ( all means ( def5ce & security3 ,& 8 p>ticul> reg>d to ju/ice be+ no long] ( use to 8 own safety or t ( o!rs1 he mu/ consult ! dictates ( self-pres]vation alone1 )\t conc]n = ^? :o no long] m]it 8 c>e & att5tion4 ,:5 any man1 ev5 9 political society1 r5d]s himself by 8 crimes1 obnoxi\s to ! public1 he is puni%$ by ! laws 9 8 goods & p]son2 t is1 ! ord9>y rules ( ju/ice are1 ) reg>d to him1 susp5d$ = a mom5t1 & x becomes equitable to inflict on him1 = ! ,,b5efit ( society1 :at o!rwise he c\ld n suff] )\t wrong or injury4 ,! rage & viol5ce ( public w>2 :at is x b a susp5sion ( ju/ice among ! w>r+ p>ties1 :o p]ceive1 t ?is virtue is n[ no long] ( any ,,use or advantage to !m8 ,! laws ( w>1 :i* !n succe$ to ^? ( equity & ju/ice1 are rules calculat$ = ! ,,advantage & ,,utility ( t p>ticul> /ate1 9 :i* m5 are n[ plac$4 ,& 7 a civiliz$ nation engag$ ) b>b>ians1 :o obs]v$ no rules ev5 ( w>1 ! =m] mu/ also susp5d _! obs]vance ( !m1 :]e !y no long] s]ve to any purpose2 & mu/ r5d] e action or rec\nt] z bloody & p]nici\s z possible to ! fir/ aggressors4 ,?us1 ! rules ( equity or ju/ice dep5d entirely on ! p>ticul> /ate & condition 9 :i* m5 are plac$1 & owe _! orig9 & exi/5ce to t utility1 :i* results to ! public f _! /rict & regul> obs]vance4 ,rev]se1 9 any consid]able circum/ance1 ! condition ( m53 ,produce extreme abundance or extreme necessity3 ,implant 9 ! human brea/ p]fect mod]ation & humanity1 or p]fect rapaci\sness & malice3 ,by r5d]+ ju/ice totally ,,useless1 y !reby totally de/roy its ess5ce1 & susp5d its obligation ^u mank9d4 ,! common situation ( society is a m$ium amid/ all ^! extremes4 ,we are naturally p>tial to ourselves1 & to our fri5ds2 b are capable ( le>n+ ! advantage result+ f a m equitable conduct4 ,few enjoym5ts are giv5 u f ! op5 & lib]al h& ( nature2 b by art1 lab\r1 & indu/ry1 we c extract !m 9 great abundance4 ,h5ce ! ideas ( prop]ty become necess>y 9 all civil society3 ,h5ce ju/ice d]ives its usefulness to ! public3 ,& h5ce alone arises its m]it & moral obligation4 ,^! conclusions are s natural & obvi\s1 t !y h n escap$ ev5 ! poets1 9 _! descriptions ( ! felicity att5d+ ! gold5 age or ! reign ( ,saturn4 ,! seasons1 9 t fir/ p]iod ( nature1 7 s temp]ate1 if we cr$it ^! agreeable fictions1 t !re 0 no necessity = m5 to provide !mselves ) clo!s & h\ses1 z a security aga9/ ! viol5ce ( heat & cold3 ,! riv]s fl[$ ) w9e & milk3 ,! oaks yield$ honey2 & nature spontane\sly produc$ h] greate/ delicacies4 ,nor 7 ^! ! *ief advantages ( t happy age4 ,tempe/s 7 n alone remov$ f nature2 b ^? m furi\s tempe/s 7 unkn[n to human brea/s1 :i* n[ cause su* upro>1 & eng5d] su* confusion4 ,av>ice1 ambition1 cruelty1 selfi%ness1 7 nev] he>d (3 ,cordial affection1 compassion1 sympa?y1 7 ! only movem5ts ) :i* ! m9d 0 yet acqua9t$4 ,ev5 ! punctili\s di/9ction ( ,,m9e & ,,?9e 0 bani%$ f among ! happy race ( mortals1 & c>ri$ ) x ! v notion ( prop]ty & obligation1 ju/ice & inju/ice4 ,?is ,,poetical fiction ( ! ,,gold5 ,,age1 is 9 "s respects1 ( a piece ) ! ,,philosophical fiction ( ! ,,/ate ,,( ,,nature2 only t ! =m] is repres5t$ z ! mo/ *>m+ & mo/ peaceable condition1 :i* c possibly be imag9$2 :]eas ! latt] is pa9t$ out z a /ate ( mutual w> & viol5ce1 att5d$ ) ! mo/ extreme necessity4 ,on ! fir/ orig9 ( mank9d1 we are told1 _! ignorance & savage nature 7 s preval5t1 t !y c\ld give no mutual tru/1 b mu/ ea* dep5d ^u himself & 8 own =ce or cunn+ = protection & security4 ,no law 0 he>d (3 ,no rule ( ju/ice kn[n3 ,no di/9ction ( prop]ty reg>d$3 ,p[] 0 ! only measure ( "r2 & a p]petual w> ( all aga9/ all 0 ! result ( m5's untam$ selfi%ness & b>b>ity4 ,footnote3 ,?is fiction ( a /ate ( nature1 z a /ate ( w>1 0 n fir/ />t$ by ,mr4 ,hobbes1 z is commonly imag9$4 ,plato endeav\rs to refute an hypo!sis v l x 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? books de republica4 ,cic]o1 on ! contr>y1 supposes x c]ta9 & univ]sally ackn[l$g$ 9 ! foll[+ passage4 ',quis enim ve/rum1 judices1 ignorat1 ita naturam r]um tulisse1 ut quodam tempore hom9es1 nondum neque naturali neque civili jure descripto1 fusi p] agros ac disp]si vag>5tur tantumque hab]5t quantum manu ac viribus1 p] ca$em ac vuln]a1 aut erip]e aut ret9]e potuiss5t8 ,qui igitur primi virtute consilio prae/anti extit]unt1 ii p]specto g5]e humanae docilitatis atque +5ii1 dissipatos unum 9 locum congreg>unt1 eosque ex f]itate illa ad ju/itiam ac mansuetud9em transdux]unt4 ,tum res ad communem utilitatem1 quas publicas appellamus1 tum conv5ticula hom9um1 quae po/ea civitates nom9atae sunt1 tum domicilia conjuncta1 quas urbes dicamus1 inv5to div9o humano jure mo5ibus seps]unt4 ,atque int] hanc vitam1 p]politam humanitate1 llam immanem1 nihil tam int]e/ quam ,,jus atque ,,vis4 ,horum utro uti nolimus1 alt]o e/ ut5dum4 ,vim volumus ext+ui4 ,jus valeat necesse e/1 idi e/1 judicia1 quibus omne jus cont9etur4 ,judicia displic5t1 ant nulla sunt4 ,vis dom9etur necesse e/4 ,haec vid5t omnes4' ,pro ,sext4 sec4 #db4 ,:e!r su* a condition ( human nature c\ld ev] exi/1 or if x did1 c\ld cont9ue s long z to m]it ! appellation ( a ,,/ate1 may ju/ly be d\bt$4 ,m5 are necess>ily born 9 a family-society1 at lea/2 & are tra9$ up by _! p>5ts to "s rule ( conduct & behavi\r4 ,b ?is mu/ be admitt$1 t1 if su* a /ate ( mutual w> & viol5ce 0 ev] real1 ! susp5sion ( all laws ( ju/ice1 f _! absolute inutility1 is a necess>y & infallible consequ5ce4 ,! m we v>y our views ( human life1 & ! new] & m unusual ! lights are 9 :i* we survey x1 ! m %all we be conv9c$1 t ! orig9 "h assign$ = ! virtue ( ju/ice is real & satisfactory4 ,7 !re a species ( creatures int]m+l$ ) m51 :i*1 ?\gh rational1 7 possess$ ( su* inf]ior /r5g?1 bo? ( body & m9d1 t !y 7 incapable ( all resi/ance1 & c\ld nev]1 ^u ! highe/ provocation1 make u feel ! effects ( _! res5tm5t2 ! necess>y consequ5ce1 ,i ?9k1 is t we %\ld be b\nd by ! laws ( humanity to give g5tle usage to ^! creatures1 b %\ld n1 prop]ly speak+1 lie "u any re/ra9t ( ju/ice ) reg>d to !m1 nor c\ld !y possess any "r or prop]ty1 exclusive ( su* arbitr>y lords4 ,our int]c\rse ) !m c\ld n be call$ society1 :i* supposes a degree ( equality2 b absolute comm& on ! "o side1 & s]vile ob$i5ce on ! o!r4 ,:atev] we covet1 !y mu/ in/antly resign3 ,our p]mission is ! only t5ure1 by :i* !y hold _! possessions3 ,our compassion & k9dness ! only *eck1 by :i* !y curb our lawless w3 ,& z no inconv5i5ce ev] results f ! ex]cise ( a p[]1 s firmly e/abli%$ 9 nature1 ! re/ra9ts ( ju/ice & prop]ty1 be+ totally ,,useless1 w\ld nev] h place 9 s unequal a conf$]acy4 ,?is is pla9ly ! situation ( m51 ) reg>d to animals2 & h[ f> ^! may be said to possess reason1 ,i leave x to o!rs to det]m9e4 ,! great sup]iority ( civiliz$ ,europeans above b>b>\s ,indians1 tempt$ u to imag9e ourselves on ! same foot+ ) reg>d to !m1 & made u ?r[ (f all re/ra9ts ( ju/ice1 & ev5 ( humanity1 9 our treatm5t ( !m4 ,9 _m nations1 ! female sex are r$uc$ to l slav]y1 & are r5d]$ incapable ( all prop]ty1 9 opposition to _! lordly ma/]s4 ,b ?\gh ! males1 :5 unit$1 h 9 all c\ntries bodily =ce suffici5t to ma9ta9 ?is sev]e tyranny1 yet su* are ! ins9uation1 address1 & *>ms ( _! fair companions1 t wom5 are commonly able to break ! conf$]acy1 & %>e ) ! o!r sex 9 all ! rights & privileges ( society4 ,7 ! human species s fram$ by nature z t ea* individual possess$ )9 himself e faculty1 requisite bo? = 8 own pres]vation & = ! propagation ( 8 k9d3 ,7 all society & int]c\rse cut (f betwe5 man & man1 by ! prim>y int5tion ( ! supreme ,creator3 ,x seems evid5t1 t s solit>y a be+ w\ld be z mu* incapable ( ju/ice1 z ( social disc\rse & conv]sation4 ,:]e mutual reg>ds & =be>ance s]ve to no mann] ( purpose1 !y w\ld nev] direct ! conduct ( any reasonable man4 ,! headlong c\rse ( ! passions w\ld be *eck$ by no reflection on future consequ5ces4 ,& z ea* man is "h suppos$ to love himself alone1 & to dep5d only on himself & 8 own activity = safety & happ9ess1 he w\ld1 on e occasion1 to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 *all5ge ! pref]5ce above e o!r be+1 to none ( :i* he is b\nd by any ties1 ei!r ( nature or ( int]e/4 ,b suppose ! conjunction ( ! sexes to be e/abli%$ 9 nature1 a family imm$iately arises2 & p>ticul> rules be+ f\nd requisite = its subsi/5ce1 ^! are imm$iately embrac$2 ?\gh )\t compreh5d+ ! re/ ( mank9d )9 _! prescriptions4 ,suppose t sev]al families unite toge!r into "o society1 :i* is totally disjo9$ f all o!rs1 ! rules1 :i* pres]ve peace & ord]1 enl>ge !mselves to ! utmo/ ext5t ( t society2 b becom+ !n entirely useless1 lose _! =ce :5 c>ri$ "o /ep f>!r4 ,b aga9 suppose1 t sev]al di/9ct societies ma9ta9 a k9d ( int]c\rse = mutual conv5i5ce & advantage1 ! b\nd>ies ( ju/ice /ill gr[ l>g]1 9 proportion to ! l>g5ess ( m5's views1 & ! =ce ( _! mutual connexions4 ,hi/ory1 exp]i5ce1 reason suffici5tly in/ruct u 9 ?is natural progress ( human s5tim5ts1 & 9 ! gradual enl>gem5t ( our reg>ds to ju/ice1 9 proportion z we become acqua9t$ ) ! ext5sive utility ( t virtue4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,if we exam9e ! ,,p>ticul> laws1 by :i* ju/ice is direct$1 & prop]ty det]m9$2 we %all /ill be pres5t$ ) ! same conclusion4 ,! good ( mank9d is ! only object ( all ^! laws & regulations4 ,n only is x requisite1 = ! peace & int]e/ ( society1 t m5's possessions %\ld be sep>at$2 b ! rules1 :i* we foll[1 9 mak+ ! sep>ation1 are su* z c be/ be contriv$ to s]ve f>!r ! int]e/s ( society4 ,we %all suppose t a creature1 possess$ ( reason1 b unacqua9t$ ) human nature1 delib]ates ) himself :at rules ( ju/ice or prop]ty w\ld be/ promote public int]e/1 & e/abli% peace & security among mank9d3 ,8 mo/ obvi\s ?\ght w\ld be1 to assign ! l>ge/ possessions to ! mo/ ext5sive virtue1 & give e "o ! p[] ( do+ good1 proportion$ to 8 incl9ation4 ,9 a p]fect !ocracy1 :]e a be+1 inf9itely intellig5t1 gov]ns by p>ticul> volitions1 ?is rule w\ld c]ta9ly h place1 & might s]ve to ! wise/ purposes3 ,b 7 mank9d to execute su* a law2 s great is ! unc]ta9ty ( m]it1 bo? f its natural obscurity1 & f ! self-conceit ( ea* individual1 t no det]m9ate rule ( conduct w\ld ev] result f x2 & ! total dissolution ( society mu/ be ! imm$iate consequ5ce4 ,fanatics may suppose1 ,,t ,,dom9ion ,,is ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,grace1 & ,,t ,,sa9ts ,,alone ,,inh]it ,,! ,,e>?2 b ! civil magi/rate v ju/ly puts ^! sublime !ori/s on ! same foot+ ) common robb]s1 & tea*es !m by ! sev]e/ discipl9e1 t a rule1 :i*1 9 speculation1 may seem ! mo/ advantage\s to society1 may yet be f\nd1 9 practice1 totally p]nici\s & de/ructive4 ,t !re 7 ,,religi\s fanatics ( ?is k9d 9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! civil w>s1 we le>n f hi/ory2 ?\gh x is probable1 t ! obvi\s ,,t5d5cy ( ^! pr9ciples excit$ su* horror 9 mank9d1 z soon oblig$ ! dang]\s en?usia/s to r5\nce1 or at lea/ conceal _! t5ets4 ,p]haps ! ,,levell]s1 :o claim$ an equal di/ribution ( prop]ty1 7 a k9d ( ,,political fanatics1 :i* arose f ! religi\s species1 & m op5ly av[$ _! pret5sions2 z c>ry+ a m plausible appe>ance1 ( be+ practicable 9 !mselves1 z well z useful to human society4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 be confess$1 t nature is s lib]al to mank9d1 t1 7 all h] pres5ts equally divid$ among ! species1 & improv$ by art & indu/ry1 e individual w\ld enjoy all ! necess>ies1 & ev5 mo/ ( ! com=ts ( life2 nor w\ld ev] be liable to any ills b su* z might accid5tally arise f ! sickly frame & con/itution ( 8 body4 ,x mu/ also be confess$1 t1 :]ev] we dep>t f ?is equality1 we rob ! poor ( m satisfaction ?an we add to ! ri*1 & t ! slight gratification ( a frivol\s vanity1 9 "o individual1 frequ5tly co/s m ?an bread to _m families1 & ev5 prov9ces4 ,x may appe> )al1 t ! rule ( equality1 z x w\ld be highly ,,useful1 is n altoge!r ,,impracticable2 b has tak5 place1 at lea/ 9 an imp]fect degree1 9 "s republics2 p>ticul>ly t ( ,sp>ta2 :]e x 0 att5d$1 x is said1 ) ! mo/ b5eficial consequ5ces4 ,n to m5tion t ! ,agr>ian laws1 s frequ5tly claim$ 9 ,rome1 & c>ri$ into execution 9 _m ,greek cities1 proce$$1 all ( !m1 f a g5]al idea ( ! utility ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,b hi/orians1 & ev5 common s5se1 may in=m u1 t1 h[ev] speci\s ^! ideas ( ,,p]fect equality may seem1 !y are really1 at bottom1 ,,impracticable2 & 7 !y n s1 w\ld be extremely ,,p]nici\s to human society4 ,r5d] possessions ev] s equal1 m5's diff]5t degrees ( art1 c>e1 & indu/ry w imm$iately break t equality4 ,or if y *eck ^! virtues1 y r$uce society to ! mo/ extreme indig5ce2 & in/ead ( prev5t+ want & begg>y 9 a few1 r5d] x unavoidable to ! :ole community4 ,! mo/ rigor\s inquisition too is requisite to wat* e inequality on its fir/ appe>ance2 & ! mo/ sev]e jurisdiction1 to puni% & r$ress x4 ,b besides1 t s mu* au?ority mu/ soon deg5]ate into tyranny1 & be ex]t$ ) great p>tialities2 :o c possibly be possess$ ( x1 9 su* a situation z is "h suppos$8 ,p]fect equality ( possessions1 de/roy+ all subord9ation1 weak5s extremely ! au?ority ( magi/racy1 & mu/ r$uce all p[] ne>ly to a level1 z well z prop]ty4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t1 9 ord] to e/abli% laws = ! regulation ( prop]ty1 we mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ! nature & situation ( man2 mu/ reject appe>ances1 :i* may be false1 ?\gh speci\s2 & mu/ se>* = ^? rules1 :i* are1 on ! :ole1 mo/ ,,useful & ,,b5eficial4 ,vulg> s5se & slight exp]i5ce are suffici5t = ?is purpose2 :]e m5 give n way to too selfi% avidity1 or too ext5sive en?usiasm4 ,:o sees n1 = in/ance1 t :atev] is produc$ or improv$ by a man's art or indu/ry ought1 = ev]1 to be secur$ to him1 9 ord] to give enc\ragem5t to su* ,,useful habits & accompli%m5ts8 ,t ! prop]ty ought also to desc5d to *ildr5 & relations1 = ! same ,,useful purpose8 ,t x may be ali5at$ by cons5t1 9 ord] to beget t comm]ce & int]c\rse1 :i* is s ,,b5eficial to human society8 ,& t all contracts & promises ought c>efully to be fulfill$1 9 ord] to secure mutual tru/ & confid5ce1 by :i* ! g5]al ,,int]e/ ( mank9d is s mu* promot$8 ,exam9e ! writ]s on ! laws ( nature2 & y w always f9d1 t1 :atev] pr9ciples !y set out )1 !y are sure to t]m9ate "h at la/1 & to assign1 z ! ultimate reason = e rule :i* !y e/abli%1 ! conv5i5ce & necessities ( mank9d4 ,a concession ?us extort$1 9 opposition to sy/ems1 has m au?ority ?an if x _h be5 made 9 prosecution ( !m4 ,:at o!r reason1 inde$1 c\ld writ]s ev] give1 :y ?is mu/ be ,,m9e & t ,,y\rs2 s9ce un9/ruct$ nature surely nev] made any su* di/9ction8 ,! objects :i* receive ^? appellations are1 ( !mselves1 =eign to u2 !y are totally disjo9$ & sep>at$ f u2 & no?+ b ! g5]al int]e/s ( society c =m ! connexion4 ,sometimes ! int]e/s ( society may require a rule ( ju/ice 9 a p>ticul> case2 b may n det]m9e any p>ticul> rule1 among sev]al1 :i* are all equally b5eficial4 ,9 t case1 ! slighte/ analogies are laid hold (1 9 ord] to prev5t t indiff]5ce & ambiguity1 :i* w\ld be ! s\rce ( p]petual diss5sion4 ,?us possession alone1 & fir/ possession1 is suppos$ to convey prop]ty1 :]e no body else has any prec$+ claim & pret5sion4 ,_m ( ! reason+s ( lawy]s are ( ?is analogical nature1 & dep5d on v slight connexions ( ! imag9ation4 ,does any "o scruple1 9 extraord9>y cases1 to violate all reg>d to ! private prop]ty ( individuals1 & sacrifice to public int]e/ a di/9ction :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ = ! sake ( t int]e/8 ,! safety ( ! p is ! supreme law3 ,all o!r p>ticul> laws are subord9ate to x1 & dep5d5t on x3 ,& if1 9 ! ,,common c\rse ( ?+s1 !y be foll[$ & reg>d$2 x is only because ! public safety & int]e/ ,,commonly dem& s equal & imp>tial an adm9i/ration4 ,sometimes bo? ,,utility & ,,analogy fail1 & leave ! laws ( ju/ice 9 total unc]ta9ty4 ,?us1 x is highly requisite1 t prescription or long possession %\ld convey prop]ty2 b :at numb] ( days or mon?s or ye>s %\ld be suffici5t = t purpose1 x is impossible = reason alone to det]m9e4 ,,civil ,,laws "h supply ! place ( ! natural ,,code1 & assign diff]5t t]ms = prescription1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ,,utilities1 propos$ by ! legislator4 ,bills ( ex*ange & promissory notes1 by ! laws ( mo/ c\ntries1 prescribe soon] ?an bonds1 & mortgages1 & contracts ( a m =mal nature4 ,9 g5]al we may obs]ve t all que/ions ( prop]ty are subord9ate to ! au?ority ( civil laws1 :i* ext5d1 re/ra91 modify1 & alt] ! rules ( natural ju/ice1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> ,,conv5i5ce ( ea* community4 ,! laws h1 or ought to h1 a con/ant ref]5ce to ! con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ! mann]s1 ! climate1 ! religion1 ! comm]ce1 ! situation ( ea* society4 ,a late au?or ( g5ius1 z well z le>n+1 has prosecut$ ?is subject at l>ge1 & has e/abli%$1 f ^! pr9ciples1 a sy/em ( political k1 :i* ab\nds 9 +5i\s & brilliant ?\ghts1 & is n want+ 9 solidity4 ,footnote3 ,! au?or ( ,l',,esprit ,,des ,,loix1 ,?is illu/ri\s writ]1 h[ev]1 sets out ) a diff]5t !ory1 & supposes all "r to be f\nd$ on c]ta9 ,,rapports or relations2 :i* is a sy/em1 t1 9 my op9ion1 nev] w be reconcil$ ) true philosophy4 ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 0 ! fir/ t />t$ ?is ab/ract !ory ( morals1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,cudwor?1 ,cl>ke1 & o!rs2 & z x excludes all s5tim5t1 & pret5ds to f\nd ev]y?+ on reason1 x has n want$ foll[]s 9 ?is philosophic age4 ,see ,section ,i1 ,app5dix ,i4 ,) reg>d to ju/ice1 ! virtue "h treat$ (1 ! inf]5ce aga9/ ?is !ory seems %ort & conclusive4 ,prop]ty is all[$ to be dep5d5t on civil laws2 civil laws are all[$ to h no o!r object1 b ! int]e/ ( society3 ,?is !re=e mu/ be all[$ to be ! sole f\ndation ( prop]ty & ju/ice4 ,n to m5tion1 t our obligation itself to obey ! magi/rate & 8 laws is f\nd$ on no?+ b ! int]e/s ( society4 ,if ! ideas ( ju/ice1 sometimes1 d n foll[ ! dispositions ( civil law2 we %all f9d1 t ^! cases1 in/ead ( objections1 are confirmations ( ! !ory deliv]$ above4 ,:]e a civil law is s p]v]se z to cross all ! int]e/s ( society1 x loses all its au?ority1 & m5 judge by ! ideas ( natural ju/ice1 :i* are con=mable to ^? int]e/s4 ,sometimes also civil laws1 = useful purposes1 require a c]emony or =m to any de$2 & :]e t is want+1 _! decrees run contr>y to ! usual t5\r ( ju/ice2 b "o :o takes advantage ( su* *icanes1 is n commonly reg>d$ z an hone/ man4 ,?us1 ! int]e/s ( society require1 t contracts be fulfill$2 & !re is n a m mat]ial article ei!r ( natural or civil ju/ice3 ,b ! omission ( a trifl+ circum/ance w (t51 by law1 invalidate a contract1 9 =o humano1 b n 9 =o consci5tiae1 z div9es express !mselves4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! magi/rate is suppos$ only to )draw 8 p[] ( en=c+ ! "r1 n to h alt]$ ! "r4 ,:]e 8 int5tion ext5ds to ! "r1 & is con=mable to ! int]e/s ( society2 x nev] fails to alt] ! "r2 a cle> pro( ( ! orig9 ( ju/ice & ( prop]ty1 z assign$ above4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,man',s ,,prop]ty8 ,any?+ :i* x is lawful = him1 & = him alone1 to use4 ,,b ,,:at ,,rule ,,h ,,we1 ,,by ,,:i* ,,we ,,c ,,di/+ui% ,,^! ,,objects8 ,"h we mu/ h rec\rse to /atutes1 cu/oms1 prec$5ts1 analogies1 & a hundr$ o!r circum/ances2 "s ( :i* are con/ant & inflexible1 "s v>iable & arbitr>y4 ,b ! ultimate po9t1 9 :i* !y all pr(ess$ly t]m9ate1 is ! int]e/ & happ9ess ( human society4 ,:]e ?is ent]s n into consid]ation1 no?+ c appe> m :imsical1 unnatural1 & ev5 sup]/iti\s1 ?an all or mo/ ( ! laws ( ju/ice & ( prop]ty4 ,^? :o ridicule vulg> sup]/itions1 & expose ! folly ( p>ticul> reg>ds to meats1 days1 places1 po/ures1 app>el1 h an easy task2 :ile !y consid] all ! qualities & relations ( ! objects1 & discov] no adequate cause = t affection or antipa?y1 v5]ation or horror1 :i* h s mighty an influ5ce ov] a consid]able "p ( mank9d4 ,a ,syrian w\ld h />v$ r ?an ta/e pigeon2 an ,egyptian w\ld n h approa*$ bacon3 ,b if ^! species ( food be exam9$ by ! s5ses ( sight1 smell1 or ta/e1 or scrut9iz$ by ! sci5ces ( *emi/ry1 m$ic9e1 or physics1 no diff]5ce is ev] f\nd betwe5 !m & any o!r species1 nor c t precise circum/ance be pit*$ on1 :i* may af=d a j f\ndation = ! religi\s passion4 ,a f[l on ,?ursday is lawful food2 on ,friday abom9able3 ,eggs 9 ?is h\se & 9 ?is diocese1 are p]mitt$ dur+ ,l5t2 a hundr$ paces f>!r1 to eat !m is a damnable s94 ,?is e>? or build+1 ye/]day 0 pr(ane2 to-day1 by ! mutt]+ ( c]ta9 words1 x has become holy & sacr$4 ,su* reflections z ^!1 9 ! m\? ( a philosoph]1 "o may safely say1 are too obvi\s to h any influ5ce2 because !y mu/ always1 to e man1 occur at fir/ sight2 & :]e !y prevail n1 ( !mselves1 !y are surely ob/ruct$ by education1 prejudice1 & passion1 n by ignorance or mi/ake4 ,x may appe> to a c>eless view1 or r a too ab/ract$ reflection1 t !re ent]s a l sup]/ition into all ! s5tim5ts ( ju/ice2 & t1 if a man expose its object1 or :at we call prop]ty1 to ! same scrut9y ( s5se & sci5ce1 he w n1 by ! mo/ accurate enquiry1 f9d any f\ndation = ! diff]5ce made by moral s5tim5t4 ,i may lawfully n\ri% myself f ?is tree2 b ! fruit ( ano!r ( ! same species1 t5 paces (f1 x is crim9al = me to t\*4 ,_h ,i worn ?is app>el an h\r ago1 ,i _h m]it$ ! sev]e/ puni%m5t2 b a man1 by pron\nc+ a few magical syllables1 has n[ r5d]$ x fit = my use & s]vice4 ,7 ?is h\se plac$ 9 ! neighb\r+ t]ritory1 x _h be5 immoral = me to dwell 9 x2 b be+ built on ?is side ! riv]1 x is subject to a diff]5t municipal law1 & by its becom+ m9e ,i incur no blame or c5sure4 ,! same species ( reason+ x may be ?\ght1 :i* s successfully exposes sup]/ition1 is also applicable to ju/ice2 nor is x possible1 9 ! "o case m ?an 9 ! o!r1 to po9t out1 9 ! object1 t precise quality or circum/ance1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! s5tim5t4 ,b !re is ?is mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ,,sup]/ition & ,,ju/ice1 t ! =m] is frivol\s1 useless1 & burd5some2 ! latt] is absolutely requisite to ! well-be+ ( mank9d & exi/5ce ( society4 ,:5 we ab/ract f ?is circum/ance 7= x is too app>5t ev] to be ov]look$7 x mu/ be confess$1 t all reg>ds to "r & prop]ty1 seem entirely )\t f\ndation1 z mu* z ! grosse/ & mo/ vulg> sup]/ition4 ,7 ! int]e/s ( society n[ise conc]n$1 x is z un9telligible :y ano!r's articulat+ c]ta9 s\nds imply+ cons5t1 %\ld *ange ! nature ( my actions ) reg>d to a p>ticul> object1 z :y ! recit+ ( a liturgy by a prie/1 9 a c]ta9 habit & po/ure1 %\ld d$icate a heap ( brick & timb]1 & r5d] x1 !nce=? & = ev]1 sacr$4 ,footnote3 ,x is evid5t1 t ! w or cons5t alone nev] transf]s prop]ty1 nor causes ! obligation ( a promise 7= ! same reason+ ext5ds to bo?71 b ! w mu/ be express$ by words or signs1 9 ord] to impose a tie ^u any man4 ,! expression be+ once br\ght 9 z subs]vi5t to ! w1 soon becomes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! promise2 nor w a man be less b\nd by 8 ^w1 ?\gh he secretly give a diff]5t direction to 8 int5tion1 & )hold ! ass5t ( 8 m9d4 ,b ?\gh ! expression makes1 on mo/ occasions1 ! :ole ( ! promise1 yet x does n always s2 & "o :o %\ld make use ( any expression1 ( :i* he kn[s n ! mean+1 & :i* he uses )\t any s5se ( ! consequ5ces1 w\ld n c]ta9ly be b\nd by x4 ,nay1 ?\gh he "k its mean+1 yet if he use x 9 je/ only1 & ) su* signs z evid5tly %[1 t he has no s]i\s int5tion ( b9d+ himself1 he w\ld n lie "u any obligation ( p]=mance2 b x is necess>y1 t ! words be a p]fect expression ( ! w1 )\t any contr>y signs4 ,nay1 ev5 ?is we mu/ n c>ry s f> z to imag9e1 t "o1 :om1 by our quickness ( und]/&+1 we conjecture1 f c]ta9 signs1 to h an int5tion ( deceiv+ u1 is n b\nd by 8 expression or v]bal promise1 if we accept ( x2 b mu/ limit ?is conclusion to ^? cases :]e ! signs are ( a diff]5t nature f ^? ( deceit4 ,all ^! contradictions are easily acc\nt$ =1 if ju/ice arise entirely f its usefulness to society2 b w nev] be expla9$ on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,x is rem>kable t ! moral decisions ( ! ,,jesuits & o!r relax$ casui/s1 7 commonly =m$ 9 prosecution ( "s su* subtilties ( reason+ z are "h po9t$ out1 & proce$ z mu* f ! habit ( s*ola/ic ref9em5t z f any corruption ( ! he>t1 if we may foll[ ! au?ority ( ,mons4 ,bayle4 ,see 8 ,diction>y1 article ,loyola4 ,& :y has ! indignation ( mank9d ris5 s high aga9/ ^! casui/s2 b because e "o p]ceiv$1 t human society c\ld n subsi/ 7 su* practices au?oriz$1 & t morals mu/ always be h&l$ ) a view to public int]e/1 m ?an philosophical regul>ity8 ,if ! secret direction ( ! int5tion1 said e man ( s5se1 c\ld invalidate a contract2 :]e is our security8 ,& yet a metaphysical s*oolman might ?9k1 t1 :]e an int5tion 0 suppos$ to be requisite1 if t int5tion really _h n place1 no consequ5ce ought to foll[1 & no obligation be impos$4 ,! casui/ical subtilties may n be great] ?an ! snbtilties ( lawy]s1 h9t$ at above2 b z ! =m] are ,,p]nici\s1 & ! latt] ,,innoc5t & ev5 ,,necess>y1 ?is is ! reason ( ! v diff]5t reception !y meet ) f ! _w4 ,x is a doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 t ! prie/1 by a secret direction ( 8 int5tion1 c invalidate any sacram5t4 ,?is position is d]iv$ f a /rict & regul> prosecution ( ! obvi\s tru?1 t empty words alone1 )\t any mean+ or int5tion 9 ! speak]1 c nev] be att5d$ ) any effect4 ,if ! same conclusion be n admitt$ 9 reason+s conc]n+ civil contracts1 :]e ! affair is all[$ to be ( s mu* less consequ5ce ?an ! et]nal salvation ( ?\s&s1 x proce$s entirely f m5's s5se ( ! dang] & inconv5i5ce ( ! doctr9e 9 ! =m] case3 ,& we may !nce obs]ve1 t h[ev] positive1 arrogant1 & dogmatical any sup]/ition may appe>1 x nev] c convey any ?or\gh p]suasion ( ! reality ( its objects1 or put !m1 9 any degree1 on a balance ) ! common incid5ts ( life1 :i* we le>n f daily obs]vation & exp]im5tal reason+4 ,^! reflections are f> f weak5+ ! obligations ( ju/ice1 or dim9i%+ any?+ f ! mo/ sacr$ att5tion to prop]ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* s5tim5ts mu/ acquire new =ce f ! pres5t reason+4 ,= :at /rong] f\ndation c be desir$ or conceiv$ = any duty1 ?an to obs]ve1 t human society1 or ev5 human nature1 c\ld n subsi/ )\t ! e/abli%m5t ( x2 & w /ill arrive at great] degrees ( happ9ess & p]fection1 ! m inviolable ! reg>d is1 :i* is paid to t duty8 ,! dilemma seems obvi\s3 ,z ju/ice evid5tly t5ds to promote public utility & to support civil society1 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice is ei!r d]iv$ f our reflect+ on t t5d5cy1 or l hung]1 ?ir/1 & o!r appetites1 res5tm5t1 love ( life1 atta*m5t to (fspr+1 & o!r passions1 arises f a simple orig9al in/9ct 9 ! human brea/1 :i* nature has implant$ = l salut>y purposes4 ,if ! latt] be ! case1 x foll[s1 t prop]ty1 :i* is ! object ( ju/ice1 is also di/+ui%$ by a simple orig9al in/9ct1 & is n asc]ta9$ by any argum5t or reflection4 ,b :o is !re t ev] he>d ( su* an in/9ct8 ,or is ?is a subject 9 :i* new discov]ies c be made8 ,we may z well expect to discov]1 9 ! body1 new s5ses1 :i* _h be=e escap$ ! obs]vation ( all mank9d4 ,b f>!r1 ?\gh x seems a v simple proposition to say1 t nature1 by an in/9ctive s5tim5t1 di/+ui%es prop]ty1 yet 9 reality we %all f9d1 t !re are requir$ = t purpose t5 ?\s& diff]5t in/9cts1 & ^! employ$ ab\t objects ( ! greate/ intricacy & nice/ disc]nm5t4 ,= :5 a def9ition ( ,,prop]ty is requir$1 t relation is f\nd to resolve itself into any possession acquir$ by occupation1 by indu/ry1 by prescription1 by inh]itance1 by contract1 c4 ,c we ?9k t nature1 by an orig9al in/9ct1 in/ructs u 9 all ^! me?ods ( acquisition8 ,^! words too1 inh]itance & contract1 /& = ideas inf9itely complicat$2 & to def9e !m exactly1 a hundr$ volumes ( laws1 & a ?\s& volumes ( comm5tators1 h n be5 f\nd suffici5t4 ,does nature1 ^: in/9cts 9 m5 are all simple1 embrace su* complicat$ & artificial objects1 & create a rational creature1 )\t tru/+ any?+ to ! op]ation ( 8 reason8 ,b ev5 ?\gh all ?is 7 admitt$1 x w\ld n be satisfactory4 ,positive laws c c]ta9ly transf] prop]ty4 ,x is by ano!r orig9al in/9ct1 t we recognize ! au?ority ( k+s & s5ates1 & m>k all ! b\nd>ies ( _! jurisdiction8 ,judges too1 ev5 ?\gh _! s5t5ce be errone\s & illegal1 mu/ be all[$1 = ! sake ( peace & ord]1 to h decisive au?ority1 & ultimately to det]m9e prop]ty4 ,h we orig9al innate ideas ( praetors & *ancellors & juries8 ,:o sees n1 t all ^! in/itutions arise m]ely f ! necessities ( human society8 ,all birds ( ! same species 9 e age & c\ntry1 built _! ne/s alike3 ,9 ?is we see ! =ce ( in/9ct4 ,m51 9 diff]5t times & places1 frame _! h\ses diff]5tly3 ,"h we p]ceive ! influ5ce ( reason & cu/om4 ,a l inf]5ce may be drawn f comp>+ ! in/9ct ( g5]ation & ! in/itution ( prop]ty4 ,h[ great soev] ! v>iety ( municipal laws1 x mu/ be confess$1 t _! *ief outl9es pretty regul>ly concur2 because ! purposes1 to :i* !y t5d1 are ev]y:]e exactly simil>4 ,9 l mann]1 all h\ses h a ro( & walls1 w9d[s & *imneys2 ?\gh div]sifi$ 9 _! %ape1 figure1 & mat]ials4 ,! purposes ( ! latt]1 direct$ to ! conv5i5cies ( human life1 discov] n m pla9ly _! orig9 f reason & reflection1 ?an d ^? ( ! =m]1 :i* po9t all to a l end4 ,i ne$ n m5tion ! v>iations1 :i* all ! rules ( prop]ty receive f ! f9] turns & connexions ( ! imag9ation1 & f ! subtilties & ab/ractions ( law-topics & reason+s4 ,!re is no possibility ( reconcil+ ?is obs]vation to ! notion ( orig9al in/9cts4 ,:at alone w beget a d\bt conc]n+ ! !ory1 on :i* ,i insi/1 is ! influ5ce ( education & acquir$ habits1 by :i* we are s accu/om$ to blame inju/ice1 t we are n1 9 e in/ance1 consci\s ( any imm$iate reflection on ! p]nici\s consequ5ces ( x4 ,! views ! mo/ famili> to u are apt1 = t v reason1 to escape u2 & :at we h v frequ5tly p]=m$ f c]ta9 motives1 we are apt likewise to cont9ue me*anically1 )\t recall+1 on e occasion1 ! reflections1 :i* fir/ det]m9$ u4 ,! conv5i5ce1 or r necessity1 :i* leads to ju/ice is s univ]sal1 & ev]y:]e po9ts s mu* to ! same rules1 t ! habit takes place 9 all societies2 & x is n )\t "s scrut9y1 t we are able to asc]ta9 its true orig94 ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 is n s obscure1 b t ev5 9 common life we h e mom5t rec\rse to ! pr9ciple ( public utility1 & ask1 ,,:at ,,mu/ ,,become ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,if ,,su* ,,practices ,,prevail8 ,,h[ ,,c\ld ,,society ,,subsi/ ,,"u ,,su* ,,disord]s8 ,7 ! di/9ction or sep>ation ( possessions entirely useless1 c any "o conceive1 t x ev] %\ld h obta9$ 9 society8 ,?us we seem1 ^u ! :ole1 to h atta9$ a k ( ! =ce ( t pr9ciple "h insi/$ on1 & c det]m9e :at degree ( e/eem or moral approbation may result f reflections on public int]e/ & utility4 ,! necessity ( ju/ice to ! support ( society is ! sole f\ndation ( t virtue2 & s9ce no moral excell5ce is m highly e/eem$1 we may conclude t ?is circum/ance ( usefulness has1 9 g5]al1 ! /ronge/ en]gy1 & mo/ entire comm& ov] our s5tim5ts4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be ! s\rce ( a consid]able "p ( ! m]it ascrib$ to humanity1 b5evol5ce1 fri5d%ip1 public _s1 & o!r social virtues ( t /amp2 z x is ! sole s\rce ( ! moral approbation paid to fidelity1 ju/ice1 v]acity1 integrity1 & ^? o!r e/imable & useful qualities & pr9ciples4 ,x is entirely agreeable to ! rules ( philosophy1 & ev5 ( common reason2 :]e any pr9ciple has be5 f\nd to h a great =ce & en]gy 9 "o in/ance1 to ascribe to x a l en]gy 9 all simil> in/ances4 ,?is inde$ is ,newton's *ief rule ( philosophiz+ ,footnote3 ,pr9cipia4 ,lib4 iii44 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,( ,,political ,,society4 ,_h e man suffici5t ,,sagacity to p]ceive1 at all times1 ! /rong int]e/ :i* b9ds him to ! obs]vance ( ju/ice & equity1 & ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,m9d suffici5t to p]sev]e 9 a /eady adh]5ce to a g5]al & a di/ant int]e/1 9 opposition to ! allurem5ts ( pres5t pleasure & advantage2 !re _h nev]1 9 t case1 be5 any su* ?+ z gov]nm5t or political society1 b ea* man1 foll[+ 8 natural lib]ty1 _h liv$ 9 entire peace & h>mony ) all o!rs4 ,:at ne$ ( positive law :]e natural ju/ice is1 ( itself1 a suffici5t re/ra9t8 ,:y create magi/rates1 :]e !re nev] arises any disord] or iniquity8 ,:y abridge our native fre$om1 :51 9 e in/ance1 ! utmo/ ex]tion ( x is f\nd innoc5t & b5eficial8 ,x is evid5t1 t1 if gov]nm5t 7 totally useless1 x nev] c\ld h place1 & t ! sole f\ndation ( ! duty ( allegiance is ! ,,advantage1 :i* x procures to society1 by pres]v+ peace & ord] among mank9d4 ,:5 a numb] ( political societies are erect$1 & ma9ta9 a great int]c\rse toge!r1 a new set ( rules are imm$iately discov]$ to be ,,useful 9 t p>ticul> situation2 & accord+ly take place "u ! title ( ,laws ( ,nations4 ,( ?is k9d are1 ! sacr$ness ( ! p]son ( ambassadors1 ab/a9+ f poison$ arms1 qu>t] 9 w>1 ) o!rs ( t k9d1 :i* are pla9ly calculat$ = ! ,,advantage ( /ates & k+doms 9 _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,! rules ( ju/ice1 su* z prevail among individuals1 are n entirely susp5d$ among political societies4 ,all pr9ces pret5d a reg>d to ! rights ( o!r pr9ces2 & "s1 no d\bt1 )\t hypocrisy4 ,alliances & treaties are e day made betwe5 indep5d5t /ates1 :i* w\ld only be s mu* wa/e ( p>*m5t1 if !y 7 n f\nd by exp]i5ce to h ,,"s influ5ce & au?ority4 ,b "h is ! diff]5ce betwe5 k+doms & individuals4 ,human nature _c by any means subsi/1 )\t ! association ( individuals2 & t association nev] c\ld h place1 7 no reg>d paid to ! laws ( equity & ju/ice4 ,disord]1 confusion1 ! w> ( all aga9/ all1 are ! necess>y consequ5ces ( su* a lic5ti\s conduct4 ,b nations c subsi/ )\t int]c\rse4 ,!y may ev5 subsi/1 9 "s degree1 "u a g5]al w>4 ,! obs]vance ( ju/ice1 ?\gh useful among !m1 is n gu>d$ by s /rong a necessity z among individuals2 & ! moral obligation holds proportion ) ! ,,usefulness4 ,all politicians w all[1 & mo/ philosoph]s1 t reasons ( /ate may1 9 p>ticul> em]g5cies1 disp5se ) ! rules ( ju/ice1 & invalidate any treaty or alliance1 :]e ! /rict obs]vance ( x w\ld be prejudicial1 9 a consid]able degree1 to ei!r ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,b no?+ less ?an ! mo/ extreme necessity1 x is confess$1 c ju/ify individuals 9 a brea* ( promise1 or an invasion ( ! prop]ties ( o!rs4 ,9 a conf$]at$ commonweal?1 su* z ! ,a*aean republic ( old1 or ! ,swiss ,cantons & ,unit$ ,prov9ces 9 mod]n times2 z ! league has "h a peculi> ,,utility1 ! conditions ( union h a peculi> sacr$ness & au?ority1 & a violation ( !m w\ld be reg>d$ z no less1 or ev5 z m crim9al1 ?an any private injury or inju/ice4 ,! long & helpless infancy ( man requires ! comb9ation ( p>5ts = ! subsi/5ce ( _! "y2 & t comb9ation requires ! virtue ( *a/ity or fidelity to ! m>riage b$4 ,)\t su* a ,,utility1 x w readily be own$1 t su* a virtue w\ld nev] h be5 ?\ght (4 ,footnote3 ,! only solution1 :i* ,plato gives to all ! objections t might be rais$ aga9/ ! community ( wom51 e/abli%$ 9 8 imag9>y commonweal?1 is1 ,greek quotation "h4 ,scite enim i/ud et dicitur et dicetur1 ,id quod utile sit hone/um esse1 quod autem inutile sit turpe esse4 ,de ,rep lib v p #deg ex edit ,s]4 ,& ?is maxim w admit ( no d\bt1 :]e public utility is conc]n$1 :i* is ,plato's mean+4 ,& inde$ to :at o!r purpose d all ! ideas ( *a/ity & mode/y s]ve8 ,nisi utile e/ quod facimus1 fru/ra e/ gloria1 says ,pha$rus4 ,greek quotation "h1 says ,plut>*1 de vitioso pudore4 ,nihil eorum quae damnosa sunt1 pul*rum e/4 ,! same 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,/oics ,greek quotation "h2 f ,sept4 ,emp lib ,,iii cap #bj4 ,an infidelity ( ?is nature is mu* m ,,p]nici\s 9 ,,wom5 ?an 9 ,,m54 ,h5ce ! laws ( *a/ity are mu* /rict] ov] ! "o sex ?an ov] ! o!r4 ,^! rules h all a ref]5ce to g5]ation2 & yet wom5 pa/ *ild-be>+ are no m suppos$ to be exempt$ f !m ?an ^? 9 ! fl[] ( _! y\? & beauty4 ,,g5]al ,,rules are (t5 ext5d$ beyond ! pr9ciple :5ce !y fir/ arise2 & ?is 9 all matt]s ( ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,x is a vulg> /ory at ,p>is1 t1 dur+ ! rage ( ! ,mississippi1 a hump-back$ fell[ w5t e day into ! ,rue de ,qu9cempoix1 :]e ! /ock-jobb]s met 9 great cr[ds1 & 0 well paid = all[+ !m to make use ( 8 hump z a desk1 9 ord] to sign _! contracts ^u x4 ,w\ld ! =tune1 :i* he rais$ by ?is exp$i5t1 make him a h&some fell[2 ?\gh x be confess$1 t p]sonal beauty arises v mu* f ideas ( utility8 ,! imag9ation is influ5c$ by associations ( ideas2 :i*1 ?\gh !y arise at fir/ f ! judgem5t1 are n easily alt]$ by e p>ticul> exception t occurs to u4 ,to :i* we may add1 9 ! pres5t case ( *a/ity1 t ! example ( ! old w\ld be p]nici\s to ! "y2 & t wom51 cont9ually =esee+ t a c]ta9 "t w\ld br+ !m ! lib]ty ( indulg5ce1 w\ld naturally advance t p]iod1 & ?9k m lightly ( ?is :ole duty1 s requisite to society4 ,^? :o live 9 ! same family h su* frequ5t opportunities ( lic5ce ( ?is k9d1 t no?+ c\ld prev5t purity ( mann]s1 7 m>riage all[$1 among ! ne>e/ relations1 or any int]c\rse ( love betwe5 !m ratifi$ by law & cu/om4 ,ince/1 !re=e1 be+ ,,p]nici\s 9 a sup]ior degree1 has also a sup]ior turpitude & moral de=mity annex$ to x4 ,:at is ! reason1 :y1 by ! ,a!nian laws1 "o might m>ry a half-si/] by ! fa!r1 b n by ! "m8 ,pla9ly ?is3 ,! mann]s ( ! ,a!nians 7 s res]v$1 t a man 0 nev] p]mitt$ to approa* ! wom5's ap>tm5t1 ev5 9 ! same family1 unless :]e he visit$ 8 own "m4 ,8 /ep-"m & h] *ildr5 7 z mu* %ut up f him z ! woman ( any o!r family1 & !re 0 z little dang] ( any crim9al correspond5ce betwe5 !m4 ,uncles & nieces1 = a l reason1 might m>ry at ,a!ns2 b nei!r ^!1 nor half-bro!rs & si/]s1 c\ld contract t alliance at ,rome1 :]e ! int]c\rse 0 m op5 betwe5 ! sexes4 ,public utility is ! cause ( all ^! v>iations4 ,to repeat1 to a man's prejudice1 any?+ t escap$ him 9 private conv]sation1 or to make any su* use ( 8 private lett]s1 is highly blam$4 ,! free & social int]c\rse ( m9ds mu/ be extremely *eck$1 :]e no su* rules ( fidelity are e/abli%$4 ,ev5 9 repeat+ /ories1 :5ce we c =esee no ill consequ5ces to result1 ! giv+ ( "o's au?or is reg>d$ z a piece ( indiscretion1 if n ( immorality4 ,^! /ories1 9 pass+ f h& to h&1 & receiv+ all ! usual v>iations1 frequ5tly come ab\t to ! p]sons conc]n$1 & produce animosities & qu>rels among p1 ^: int5tions are ! mo/ innoc5t & in(f5sive4 ,to pry into secrets1 to op5 or ev5 read ! lett]s ( o!rs1 to play ! spy ^u _! words & looks & actions2 :at habits m inconv5i5t 9 society8 ,:at habits1 ( consequ5ce1 m blameable8 ,?is pr9ciple is also ! f\ndation ( mo/ ( ! laws ( good mann]s2 a k9d ( less] morality1 calculat$ = ! ease ( company & conv]sation4 ,too mu* or too little c]emony are bo? blam$1 & ev]y?+1 :i* promotes ease1 )\t an indec5t famili>ity1 is useful & laudable4 ,con/ancy 9 fri5d%ips1 atta*m5ts1 & famili>ities1 is comm5dable1 & is requisite to support tru/ & good correspond5ce 9 society4 ,b 9 places ( g5]al1 ?\gh casual conc\rse1 :]e ! pursuit ( heal? & pleasure br+s p promiscu\sly toge!r1 public conv5i5cy has disp5s$ ) ?is maxim2 & cu/om !re promotes an unres]v$ conv]sation = ! "t1 by indulg+ ! privilege ( dropp+ aft]w>ds e indiff]5t acqua9tance1 )\t brea* ( civility or good mann]s4 ,ev5 9 societies1 :i* are e/abli%$ on pr9ciples ! mo/ immoral1 & ! mo/ de/ructive to ! int]e/s ( ! g5]al society1 !re are requir$ c]ta9 rules1 :i* a species ( false hon\r1 z well z private int]e/1 engages ! memb]s to obs]ve4 ,robb]s & pirates1 x has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 c\ld n ma9ta9 _! p]nici\s conf$]acy1 did !y n e/abli% a pew di/ributive ju/ice among !mselves1 & recall ^? laws ( equity1 :i* !y h violat$ ) ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,i hate a dr9k+ companion1 says ! ,greek prov]b1 :o nev] =gets4 ,! follies ( ! la/ debau* %\ld be buri$ 9 et]nal oblivion1 9 ord] to give full scope to ! follies ( ! next4 ,among nations1 :]e an immoral gallantry1 if cov]$ ) a ?9 veil ( my/]y1 is1 9 "s degree1 au?oriz$ by cu/om1 !re imm$iately arise a set ( rules1 calculat$ = ! conv5i5cy ( t atta*m5t4 ,! fam\s c\rt or p>liam5t ( love 9 ,prov5ce =m]ly decid$ all difficult cases ( ?is nature4 ,9 societies = play1 !re are laws requir$ = ! conduct ( ! game2 & ^! laws are diff]5t 9 ea* game4 ,! f\ndation1 ,i own1 ( su* societies is frivol\s2 & ! laws are1 9 a great measure1 ?\gh n altoge!r1 caprici\s & arbitr>y4 ,s f> is !re a mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! rules ( ju/ice1 fidelity1 & loyalty4 ,! g5]al societies ( m5 are absolutely requisite = ! subsi/5ce ( ! species2 & ! public conv5i5cy1 :i* regulates morals1 is inviolably e/abli%$ 9 ! nature ( man1 & ( ! _w1 9 :i* he lives4 ,! comp>ison1 !re=e1 9 ^! respects1 is v imp]fect4 ,we may only le>n f x ! necessity ( rules1 :]ev] m5 h any int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,!y _c ev5 pass ea* o!r on ! road )\t rules4 ,waggon]s1 coa*m51 & po/ilions h pr9ciples1 by :i* !y give ! way2 & ^! are *iefly f\nd$ on mutual ease & conv5i5ce4 ,sometimes also !y are arbitr>y1 at lea/ dep5d5t on a k9d ( caprici\s analogy l _m ( ! reason+s ( lawy]s4 ,footnote3 ,t ! light] ma*9e yield to ! heavi]1 &1 9 ma*9es ( ! same k9d1 t ! empty yield to ! load$2 ?is rule is f\nd$ on conv5i5ce4 ,t ^? :o are go+ to ! capital take place ( ^? :o are com+ f x2 ?is seems to be f\nd$ on "s idea ( dignity ( ! great city1 & ( ! pref]5ce ( ! future to ! pa/4 ,f l reasons1 among foot-walk]s1 ! "r-h& entitles a man to ! wall1 & prev5ts jo/l+1 :i* peaceable p f9d v disagreeable & inconv5i5t4 ,to c>ry ! matt] f>!r1 we may obs]ve1 t x is impossible = m5 s mu* z to murd] ea* o!r )\t /atutes1 & maxims1 & an idea ( ju/ice & hon\r4 ,w> has its laws z well z peace2 & ev5 t sportive k9d ( w>1 c>ri$ on among wre/l]s1 box]s1 cudgel-play]s1 gladiators1 is regulat$ by fix$ pr9ciples4 ,common int]e/ & utility beget infallibly a /&>d ( "r & wrong among ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,,section ,v4 ,,:y ,,utility ,,pleases4 ,,"p ,i4 ,x seems s natural a ?\ght to ascribe to _! utility ! praise1 :i* we be/[ on ! social virtues1 t "o w\ld expect to meet ) ?is pr9ciple ev]y:]e 9 moral writ]s1 z ! *ief f\ndation ( _! reason+ & enquiry4 ,9 common life1 we may obs]ve1 t ! circum/ance ( utility is always appeal$ to2 nor is x suppos$1 t a great] eulogy c be giv5 to any man1 ?an to display 8 usefulness to ! public1 & enum]ate ! s]vices1 :i* he has p]=m$ to mank9d & society4 ,:at praise1 ev5 ( an inanimate =m1 if ! regul>ity & elegance ( its p>ts de/roy n its fitness = any useful purpose6 ,& h[ satisfactory an apology = any disproportion or seem+ de=mity1 if we c %[ ! necessity ( t p>ticul> con/ruction = ! use int5d$6 ,a %ip appe>s m beautiful to an arti/1 or "o mod]ately skill$ 9 navigation1 :]e its pr[ is wide & swell+ beyond its poop1 ?an if x 7 fram$ ) a precise geometrical regul>ity1 9 contradiction to all ! laws ( me*anics4 ,a build+1 ^: doors & w9d[s 7 exact squ>es1 w\ld hurt ! eye by t v proportion2 z ill adapt$ to ! figure ( a human creature1 = ^: s]vice ! fabric 0 int5d$4 ,:at wond] !n1 t a man1 ^: habits & conduct are hurtful to society1 & dang]\s or p]nici\s to e "o :o has an int]c\rse ) him1 %\ld1 on t acc\nt1 be an object ( disapprobation1 & communicate to e spectator ! /ronge/ s5tim5t ( disgu/ & hatr$4 ,footnote3 ,we ought n to imag9e1 because an inanimate object may be useful z well z a man1 t !re=e x ought also1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 to m]it he appellation ( ,,virtu\s4 ,! s5tim5ts1 excit$ by utility1 are1 9 ! two cases1 v diff]5t2 & ! "o is mix$ ) affection1 e/eem1 approbation1 c41 & n ! o!r4 ,9 l mann]1 an inanimate object may h good col\r & proportions z well z a human figure4 ,b c we ev] be 9 love ) ! =m]8 ,!re are a num]\s set ( passions & s5tim5ts1 ( :i* ?9k+ rational be+s are1 by ! orig9al con/itution ( nature1 ! only prop] objects3 & ?\gh ! v same qualities be transf]r$ to an ins5sible1 inanimate be+1 !y w n excite ! same s5tim5ts4 ,! b5eficial qualities ( h]bs & m9]als are1 inde$1 sometimes call$ _! ,,virtues2 b ?is is an effect ( ! caprice ( language1 :i* out n to be reg>d$ 9 reason+4 ,= ?\gh !re be a species ( approbation att5d+ ev5 inanimate objects1 :5 b5eficial1 yet ?is s5tim5t is s weak1 & s diff]5t f t :i* is direct$ to b5efic5t magi/rates or /atesman2 t !y ought n to be rank$ "u ! same class or appellation4 ,a v small v>iation ( ! object1 ev5 :]e ! same qualities are pres]v$1 w de/roy a s5tim5t4 ,?us1 ! same beauty1 transf]r$ to a diff]5t sex1 excites no amor\s passion1 :]e nature is n extremely p]v]t$4 ,b p]haps ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ^! effects ( usefulness1 or its contr>y1 has kept philosoph]s f admitt+ !m into _! sy/ems ( e?ics1 & has induc$ !m r to employ any o!r pr9ciple1 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( moral good & evil4 ,b x is no j reason = reject+ any pr9ciple1 confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 t we _c give a satisfactory acc\nt ( its orig91 nor are able to resolve x into o!r m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,& if we w\ld employ a little ?\ght on ! pres5t subject1 we ne$ be at no loss to acc\nt = ! influ5ce ( utility1 & to d$uce x f pr9ciples1 ! mo/ kn[n & av[$ 9 human nature4 ,f ! app>5t usefulness ( ! social virtues1 x has readily be5 inf]r$ by sceptics1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 t all moral di/9ctions arise f education1 & 71 at fir/1 inv5t$1 & aft]w>ds enc\rag$1 by ! art ( politicians1 9 ord] to r5d] m5 tractable1 & subdue _! natural f]ocity & selfi%ness1 :i* incapacitat$ !m = society4 ,?is pr9ciple1 inde$1 ( precept & education1 mu/ s f> be own$ to h a p[]ful influ5ce1 t x may frequ5tly increase or dim9i%1 beyond _! natural /&>d1 ! s5tim5ts ( approbation or dislike2 & may ev51 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 create1 )\t any natural pr9ciple1 a new s5tim5t ( ?is k9d2 z is evid5t 9 all sup]/iti\s practices & obs]vances3 ,b t ,,all moral affection or dislike arises f ?is orig91 w nev] surely be all[$ by any judici\s enquir]4 ,_h nature made no su* di/9ction1 f\nd$ on ! orig9al con/itution ( ! m9d1 ! words1 ,,hon\rable & ,,%ameful1 ,,lovely & ,,odi\s1 ,,noble & ,,despicable1 _h nev] _h place 9 any language2 nor c\ld politicians1 _h !y inv5t$ ^! t]ms1 ev] h be5 able to r5d] !m intelligible1 or make !m convey any idea to ! audi5ce4 ,s t no?+ c be m sup]ficial ?an ?is p>adox ( ! sceptics2 & x 7 well1 if1 9 ! ab/rus] /udies ( logic & metaphysics1 we c\ld z easily obviate ! cavils ( t sect1 z 9 ! practical & m intelligible sci5ces ( politics & morals4 ,! social virtues mu/1 !re=e1 be all[$ to h a natural beauty & amiabl5ess1 :i*1 at fir/1 antec$5t to all precept or education1 recomm5ds !m to ! e/eem ( un9/ruct$ mank9d1 & engages _! affections4 ,& z ! public utility ( ^! virtues is ! *ief circum/ance1 :5ce !y d]ive _! m]it1 x foll[s1 t ! end1 :i* !y h a t5d5cy to promote1 mu/ be "s way agreeable to u1 & take hold ( "s natural affection4 ,x mu/ please1 ei!r f consid]ations ( self-int]e/1 or f m g5]\s motives & reg>ds4 ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$1 t1 z e man has a /rong connexion ) society1 & p]ceives ! impossibility ( 8 solit>y subsi/5ce1 he becomes1 on t acc\nt1 fav\rable to all ^? habits or pr9ciples1 :i* promote ord] 9 society1 & insure to him ! quiet possession ( s ine/imable a bless+1 ,z mu* z we value our own happ9ess & welf>e1 z mu* mu/ we applaud ! practice ( ju/ice & humanity1 by :i* alone ! social conf$]acy c be ma9ta9$1 & e man reap ! fruits ( mutual protection & assi/ance4 ,?is d$uction ( morals f self-love1 or a reg>d to private int]e/1 is an obvi\s ?\ght1 & has n aris5 :olly f ! wanton sallies & sportive assaults ( ! sceptics4 ,to m5tion no o!rs1 ,polybius1 "o ( ! grave/ & mo/ judici\s1 z well z mo/ moral writ]s ( antiquity1 has assign$ ?is selfi% orig9 to all our s5tim5ts ( virtue4 ,footnote3 ,undutifulness to p>5ts is disapprov$ ( by mank9d1 ,greek quotation ins]t$ "h4 ,+ratitude = a l reason 7?\gh he seems !re to mix a m g5]\s reg>d7 ,greek quotation ins]t$ "h ,lib4 vi cap4 #d4 7,ed4 ,gronorius47 ,p]haps ! hi/orian only meant1 t our sympa?y & humanity 0 m enliv5$1 by our consid]+ ! simil>ity ( our case ) t ( ! p]son suff]+2 :i* is a j s5tim5t4 ,b ?\gh ! solid practical s5se ( t au?or1 & 8 av]sion to all va9 subtilties1 r5d] 8 au?ority on ! pres5t subject v consid]able2 yet is n ?is an affair to be decid$ by au?ority1 & ! voice ( nature & exp]i5ce seems pla9ly to oppose ! selfi% !ory4 ,we frequ5tly be/[ praise on virtu\s actions1 p]=m$ 9 v di/ant ages & remote c\ntries2 :]e ! utmo/ subtilty ( imag9ation w\ld n discov] any appe>ance ( self-int]e/1 or f9d any connexion ( our pres5t happ9ess & security ) ev5ts s widely sep>at$ f u4 ,a g5]\s1 a brave1 a noble de$1 p]=m$ by an adv]s>y1 comm&s our approbation2 :ile 9 its consequ5ces x may be ackn[l$g$ prejudicial to our p>ticul> int]e/4 ,:]e private advantage concurs ) g5]al affection = virtue1 we readily p]ceive & av[ ! mixture ( ^! di/9ct s5tim5ts1 :i* h a v diff]5t feel+ & influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,we praise1 p]haps1 ) m alacrity1 :]e ! g5]\s humane action contributes to our p>ticul> int]e/3 ,b ! topics ( praise1 :i* we insi/ on1 are v wide ( ?is circum/ance4 ,& we may attempt to br+ ov] o!rs to our s5tim5ts1 )\t endeav\r+ to conv9ce !m1 t !y reap any advantage f ! actions :i* we recomm5d to _! approbation & applause4 ,frame ! model ( a praisewor?y "*1 consi/+ ( all ! mo/ amiable moral virtues3 ,give in/ances1 9 :i* ^! display !mselves aft] an em95t & extraord9>y mann]3 ,y readily engage ! e/eem & approbation ( all y\r audi5ce1 :o nev] s mu* z enquire 9 :at age & c\ntry ! p]son liv$1 :o possess$ ^! noble qualities3 ,a circum/ance1 h[ev]1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ mat]ial to self-love1 or a conc]n = our own individual happ9ess4 ,once on a "t1 a /atesman1 9 ! %ock & conte/ ( p>ties1 prevail$ s f> z to procure1 by 8 eloqu5ce1 ! bani%m5t ( an able adv]s>y2 :om he secretly foll[$1 (f]+ him money = 8 support dur+ 8 exile1 & soo?+ him ) topics ( consolation 9 8 mis=tunes4 ,,alas6 cries ! bani%$ /atesman1 ,,) ,,:at ,,regret ,,mu/ ,i ,,leave ,,my ,,fri5ds ,,9 ,,?is ,,city1 ,,:]e ,,ev5 ,,enemies ,,are ,,s ,,g5]\s6 ,virtue1 ?\gh 9 an enemy1 "h pleas$ him3 ,& we also give x ! j tribute ( praise & approbation2 nor d we retract ^! s5tim5ts1 :5 we he>1 t ! action pass$ at ,a!ns1 ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & t ! p]sons' names 7 ,es*9es & ,demo/h5es4 ,,:at ,,is ,,t ,,to ,,me8 ,!re are few occasions1 :5 ?is "q is n p]t95t3 ,& _h x t univ]sal1 infallible influ5ce suppos$1 x w\ld turn into ridicule e composition1 & almo/ e conv]sation1 :i* conta9 any praise or c5sure ( m5 & mann]s4 ,x is b a weak subt]fuge1 :5 press$ by ^! facts & argum5ts1 to say1 t we transport ourselves1 by ! =ce ( imag9ation1 into di/ant ages & c\ntries1 & consid] ! advantage1 :i* we %\ld h reap$ f ^! *>act]s1 _h we be5 contempor>ies1 & _h any comm]ce ) ! p]sons4 ,x is n conceivable1 h[ a ,,real s5tim5t or passion c ev] arise f a kn[n ,,imag9>y int]e/2 especially :5 our ,,real int]e/ is /ill kept 9 view1 & is (t5 ackn[l$g$ to be entirely di/9ct f ! imag9>y1 & ev5 sometimes opposite to x4 ,a man1 br\ght to ! br9k ( a precipice1 _c look d[n )\t trembl+2 & ! s5tim5t ( ,,imag9>y dang] actuates him1 9 opposition to ! op9ion & belief ( ,,real safety4 ,b ! imag9ation is "h assi/$ by ! pres5ce ( a /rik+ object2 & yet prevails n1 except x be also aid$ by novelty1 & ! unusual appe>ance ( ! object4 ,cu/om soon reconciles u to heights & precipices1 & we>s (f ^! false & delusive t]rors4 ,! rev]se is obs]vable 9 ! e/imates :i* we =m ( *>act]s & mann]s2 & ! m we habituate ourselves to an accurate scrut9y ( morals1 ! m delicate feel+ d we acquire ( ! mo/ m9ute di/9ctions betwe5 vice & virtue4 ,su* frequ5t occasion1 inde$1 h we1 9 common life1 to pron\nce all k9ds ( moral det]m9ations1 t no object ( ?is k9d c be new or unusual to u2 nor c\ld any ,,false views or prepossessions ma9ta9 _! gr\nd aga9/ an exp]i5ce1 s common & famili>4 ,exp]i5ce be+ *iefly :at =ms ! associations ( ideas1 x is impossible t any association c\ld e/abli% & support itself1 9 direct opposition to t pr9ciple4 ,usefulness is agreeable1 & engages our approbation4 ,?is is a matt] ( fact1 confirm$ by daily obs]vation4 ,b1 ,,useful8 ,= :at8 ,= somebody's int]e/1 surely4 ,^: int]e/ !n8 ,n our own only3 ,= our approbation frequ5tly ext5ds f>!r4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be ! int]e/ ( ^?1 :o are s]v$ by ! "* or action approv$ (2 & ^! we may conclude1 h[ev] remote1 are n totally indiff]5t to u4 ,by op5+ up ?is pr9ciple1 we %all discov] "o great s\rce ( moral di/9ctions4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,self-love is a pr9ciple 9 human nature ( su* ext5sive en]gy1 & ! int]e/ ( ea* individual is1 9 g5]al1 s closely connect$ ) t ( ! community1 t ^? philosoph]s 7 excusable1 :o fanci$ t all our conc]n = ! public might be resolv$ into a conc]n = our own happ9ess & pres]vation4 ,!y saw e mom5t1 in/ances ( approbation or blame1 satisfaction or displeasure t[>ds *>act]s & actions2 !y d5om9at$ ! objects ( ^! s5tim5ts1 ,,virtues1 or ,,vices2 !y obs]v$1 t ! =m] _h a t5d5cy to increase ! happ9ess1 & ! latt] ! mis]y ( mank9d2 !y ask$1 :e!r x 7 possible t we c\ld h any g5]al conc]n = society1 or any dis9t]e/$ res5tm5t ( ! welf>e or injury ( o!rs2 !y f\nd x simpl] to consid] all ^! s5tim5ts z modifications ( self-love2 & !y discov]$ a pret5ce1 at lea/1 = ?is unity ( pr9ciple1 9 t close union ( int]e/1 :i* is s obs]vable betwe5 ! public & ea* individual4 ,b not)/&+ ?is frequ5t confusion ( int]e/s1 x is easy to atta9 :at natural philosoph]s1 aft] ,"l ,bacon1 h affect$ to call ! exp]im5tum crucis1 or t exp]im5t :i* po9ts out ! "r way 9 any d\bt or ambiguity4 ,we h f\nd in/ances1 9 :i* private int]e/ 0 sep>ate f public2 9 :i* x 0 ev5 contr>y3 ,& yet we obs]v$ ! moral s5tim5t to cont9ue1 not)/&+ ?is disjunction ( int]e/s4 ,& :]ev] ^! di/9ct int]e/s s5sibly concurr$1 we always f\nd a s5sible increase ( ! s5tim5t1 & a m w>m affection to virtue1 & dete/ation ( vice1 or :at we prop]ly call1 ,,gratitude & ,,rev5ge4 ,compell$ by ^! in/ances1 we mu/ r5\nce ! !ory1 :i* acc\nts = e moral s5tim5t by ! pr9ciple ( self-love4 ,we mu/ adopt a m public affection1 & all[1 t ! int]e/s ( society are n1 ev5 on _! own acc\nt1 entirely indiff]5t to u4 ,usefulness is only a t5d5cy to a c]ta9 end2 & x is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 t any?+ pleases z means to an end1 :]e ! end itself no wise affects u4 ,if usefulness1 !re=e1 be a s\rce ( moral s5tim5t1 & if ?is usefulness be n always consid]$ ) a ref]5ce to self2 x foll[s1 t ev]y?+1 :i* contributes to ! happ9ess ( society1 recomm5ds itself directly to our approbation & good-w4 ,"h is a pr9ciple1 :i* acc\nts1 9 great "p1 = ! orig9 ( morality3 ,& :at ne$ we seek = ab/ruse & remote sy/ems1 :5 !re occurs "o s obvi\s & natural8 ,,footnote3 ,x is ne$less to pu% our rese>*es s f> z to ask1 :y we h humanity or a fell[-feel+ ) o!rs4 ,x is suffici5t1 t ?is is exp]i5c$ to be a pr9ciple 9 human nature4 ,we mu/ /op some:]e 9 our exam9ation ( causes2 & !re are1 9 e sci5ce1 "s g5]al pr9ciples1 beyond :i* we _c hope to f9d any pr9ciple m g5]al4 ,no man is absolutely indiff]5t to ! happ9ess & mis]y ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ has a natural t5d5cy to give pleasure2 ! second1 pa94 ,?is e "o may f9d 9 himself4 ,x is n probable1 t ^! pr9ciples c be resolv$ into pr9ciples m simple & univ]sal1 :atev] attempts may h be5 made to t purpose4 ,b if x 7 possible1 x belongs n to ! pres5t subject2 & we may "h safely consid] ^! pr9ciples z orig9al2 happy1 if we c r5d] all ! consequ5ces suffici5tly pla9 & p]spicu\s6 ,h we any difficulty to compreh5d ! =ce ( humanity & b5evol5ce8 ,or to conceive1 t ! v aspect ( happ9ess1 joy1 prosp]ity1 gives pleasure2 t ( pa91 suff]+1 sorr[1 communicates uneas9ess8 ,! human c\nt5ance1 says ,horace ',uti rid5tibus arrid5t1 ita fl5tibus adfl5t ,humani vultus1'--,hor41 borr[s smiles or te>s f ! human c\nt5ance4 ,r$uce a p]son to solitude1 & he loses all enjoym5t1 except ei!r ( ! s5sual or speculative k9d2 & t because ! movem5ts ( 8 he>t are n =w>d$ by correspond5t movem5ts 9 8 fell[-creatures4 ,! signs ( sorr[ & m\rn+1 ?\gh arbitr>y1 affect u ) melan*oly2 b ! natural symptoms1 te>s & cries & groans1 nev] fail to infuse compassion & uneas9ess4 ,& if ! effects ( mis]y t\* u 9 s lively a mann]2 c we be suppos$ altoge!r ins5sible or indiff]5t t[>ds its causes2 :5 a malici\s or trea*]\s "* & behavi\r are pres5t$ to u8 ,we ent]1 ,i %all suppose1 into a conv5i5t1 w>m1 well-contriv$ ap>tm5t3 ,we necess>ily receive a pleasure f its v survey2 because x pres5ts u ) ! pleas+ ideas ( ease1 satisfaction1 & enjoym5t4 ,! hospitable1 good-hum\r$1 humane l&lord appe>s4 ,?is circum/ance surely mu/ embelli% ! :ole2 nor c we easily =be> reflect+1 ) pleasure1 on ! satisfaction :i* results to e "o f 8 int]c\rse & good-(fices4 ,8 :ole family1 by ! fre$om1 ease1 confid5ce1 & calm enjoym5t1 diffus$ ov] _! c\nt5ances1 suffici5tly express _! happ9ess4 ,i h a pleas+ sympa?y 9 ! prospect ( s mu* joy1 & c nev] consid] ! s\rce ( x1 )\t ! mo/ agreeable emotions4 ,he tells me1 t an oppressive & p[]ful neighb\r _h attempt$ to dispossess him ( 8 inh]itance1 & _h long di/urb$ all 8 innoc5t & social pleasures4 ,i feel an imm$iate indignation arise 9 me aga9/ su* viol5ce & injury4 ,b x is no wond]1 he adds1 t a private wrong %\ld proce$ f a man1 :o _h enslav$ prov9ces1 depopulat$ cities1 & made ! field & scaffold /ream ) human blood4 ,i am /ruck ) horror at ! prospect ( s mu* mis]y1 & am actuat$ by ! /ronge/ antipa?y aga9/ its au?or4 ,9 g5]al1 x is c]ta91 t1 :]ev] we g1 :atev] we reflect on or conv]se ab\t1 ev]y?+ /ill pres5ts u ) ! view ( human happ9ess or mis]y1 & excites 9 our brea/ a sympa!tic movem5t ( pleasure or uneas9ess4 ,9 our s]i\s occupations1 9 our c>eless amusem5ts1 ?is pr9ciple /ill ex]ts its active en]gy4 ,a man :o ent]s ! !atre1 is imm$iately /ruck ) ! view ( s great a multitude1 p>ticipat+ ( "o common amusem5t2 & exp]i5ces1 f _! v aspect1 a sup]ior s5sibility or disposition ( be+ affect$ ) e s5tim5t1 :i* he %>es ) 8 fell[-creatures4 ,he obs]ves ! actors to be animat$ by ! appe>ance ( a full audi5ce1 & rais$ to a degree ( en?usiasm1 :i* !y _c comm& 9 any solit>y or calm mom5t4 ,e movem5t ( ! !atre1 by a skilful poet1 is communicat$1 z x 7 by magic1 to ! spectators2 :o weep1 tremble1 res5t1 rejoice1 & are inflam$ ) all ! v>iety ( passions1 :i* actuate ! sev]al p]sonages ( ! drama4 ,:]e any ev5t crosses our wi%es1 & int]rupts ! happ9ess ( ! fav\rite *>act]s1 we feel a s5sible anxiety & conc]n4 ,b :]e _! suff]+s proce$ f ! trea*]y1 cruelty1 or tyranny ( an enemy1 our brea/s are affect$ ) ! livelie/ res5tm5t aga9/ ! au?or ( ^! calamities4 ,x is "h e/eem$ contr>y to ! rules ( art to repres5t any?+ cool & indiff]5t4 ,a di/ant fri5d1 or a confid5t1 :o has no imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! cata/rophe1 ought1 if possible1 to be avoid$ by ! poet2 z communicat+ a l indiff]5ce to ! audi5ce1 & *eck+ ! progress ( ! passions4 ,few species ( poetry are m ent]ta9+ ?an ,,pa/oral2 & e "o is s5sible1 t ! *ief s\rce ( its pleasure arises f ^? images ( a g5tle & t5d] tranquillity1 :i* x repres5ts 9 its p]sonages1 & ( :i* x communicates a l s5tim5t to ! read]4 ,sannaz>ius1 :o transf]r$ ! sc5e to ! sea-%ore1 ?\gh he pres5t$ ! mo/ magnific5t object 9 nature1 is confess$ to h err$ 9 8 *oice4 ,! idea ( toil1 lab\r1 & dang]1 suff]$ by ! fi%]m51 is pa9ful2 by an unavoidable sympa?y1 :i* att5ds e conception ( human happ9ess or mis]y4 ,:5 ,i 0 tw5ty1 says a ,fr5* poet1 ,ovid 0 my fav\rite3 ,n[ ,i am =ty1 ,i decl>e = ,horace4 ,we ent]1 to be sure1 m readily into s5tim5ts1 :i* resemble ^? we feel e day3 ,b no passion1 :5 well repres5t$1 c be entirely indiff]5t to u2 because !re is none1 ( :i* e man has n1 )9 him1 at lea/ ! se$s & fir/ pr9ciples4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( poetry to br+ e affection ne> to u by lively imag]y & repres5tation1 & make x look l tru? & reality3 ,a c]ta9 pro(1 t1 :]ev] t reality is f\nd1 our m9ds are dispos$ to be /rongly affect$ by x4 ,any rec5t ev5t or piece ( news1 by :i* ! fate ( /ates1 prov9ces1 or _m individuals is affect$1 is extremely int]e/+ ev5 to ^? ^: welf>e is n imm$iately engag$4 ,su* intellig5ce is propagat$ ) cel]ity1 he>d ) avidity1 & enquir$ into ) att5tion & conc]n4 ,! int]e/ ( society appe>s1 on ?is occasion1 to be 9 "s degree ! int]e/ ( ea* individual4 ,! imag9ation is sure to be affect$2 ?\gh ! passions excit$ may n always be s /rong & /eady z to h great influ5ce on ! conduct & behavi\r4 ,! p]usal ( a hi/ory seems a calm ent]ta9m5t2 b w\ld be no ent]ta9m5t at all1 did n our he>ts beat ) correspond5t movem5ts to ^? :i* are describ$ by ! hi/orian4 ,?ucydides & ,guicci>d9 support ) difficulty our att5tion2 :ile ! =m] describes ! trivial enc\nt]s ( ! small cities ( ,greece1 & ! latt] ! h>mless w>s ( ,pisa4 ,! few p]sons int]e/$ & ! small int]e/ fill n ! imag9ation1 & engage n ! affections4 ,! deep di/ress ( ! num]\s ,a!nian army be=e ,syracuse2 ! dang] :i* s ne>ly ?reat5s ,v5ice2 ^! excite compassion2 ^! move t]ror & anxiety4 ,! indiff]5t1 un9t]e/+ /yle ( ,suetonius1 equally ) ! ma/]ly p5cil ( ,tacitus1 may conv9ce u ( ! cruel depravity ( ,n]o or ,tib]ius3 ,b :at a diff]5ce ( s5tim5t6 ,:ile ! =m] coldly relates ! facts2 & ! latt] sets be=e our eyes ! v5]able figures ( a ,soranus & a ,?rasea1 intrepid 9 _! fate1 & only mov$ by ! melt+ sorr[s ( _! fri5ds & k9dr$4 ,:at sympa?y !n t\*es e human he>t6 ,:at indignation aga9/ ! tyrant1 ^: causeless fe> or unprovok$ malice gave rise to su* dete/able b>b>ity6 ,if we br+ ^! subjects ne>]3 ,if we remove all suspicion ( fiction & deceit3 ,:at p[]ful conc]n is excit$1 & h[ mu* sup]ior1 9 _m in/ances1 to ! n>r[ atta*m5ts ( self-love & private int]e/6 ,popul> s$ition1 p>ty zeal1 a devot$ ob$i5ce to facti\s lead]s2 ^! are "s ( ! mo/ visible1 ?\gh less laudable effects ( ?is social sympa?y 9 human nature4 ,! frivol\sness ( ! subject too1 we may obs]ve1 is n able to deta* u entirely f :at c>ries an image ( human s5tim5t & affection4 ,:5 a p]son /utt]s1 & pron\nces ) difficulty1 we ev5 sympa?ize ) ?is trivial uneas9ess1 & suff] = him4 ,& x is a rule 9 criticism1 t e comb9ation ( syllables or lett]s1 :i* gives pa9 to ! organs ( spee* 9 ! recital1 appe>s also f a species ( sympa?y h>% & disagreeable to ! e>4 ,nay1 :5 we run ov] a book ) our eye1 we are s5sible ( su* unh>moni\s composition2 because we /ill imag9e1 t a p]son recites x to u1 & suff]s f ! pronunciation ( ^! j>r+ s\nds4 ,s delicate is our sympa?y6 ,easy & uncon/ra9$ po/ures & motions are always beautiful3 ,an air ( heal? & vig\r is agreeable3 ,clo!s :i* w>m1 )\t bur!n+ ! body2 :i* cov]1 )\t imprison+ ! limbs1 are well-fa%ion$4 ,9 e judgem5t ( beauty1 ! feel+s ( ! p]son affect$ ent] into consid]ation1 & communicate to ! spectator simil> t\*es ( pa9 or pleasure4 ,footnote3 ',dec5tior equus cujus a/ricta suntilia2 s$ idem velocior4 ,pul*] aspectu sit a?leta1 cujus lac]tos execitatio expressit2 idem c]tam9i p>atior nunquam enim ,,species ab ,,utilitate dividitur4 ,s$ hoc quidem disc]n]e modici judicii e/4'--,qu9tilian1 ,in/4 lib4 viii4 cap4 #c4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 if we c pron\nce no judgem5t conc]n+ ! "* & conduct ( m51 )\t consid]+ ! t5d5cies ( _! actions1 & ! happ9ess or mis]y :i* !nce arises to society8 ,:at association ( ideas w\ld ev] op]ate1 7 t pr9ciple "h totally unactive4 ,footnote3 ,9 proportion to ! /ation :i* a man possesses1 accord+ to ! relations 9 :i* he is plac$2 we always expect f him a great] or less degree ( good1 & :5 disappo9t$1 blame 8 inutility2 & mu* m d we blame him1 if any ill or prejudice arise f 8 conduct & behavi\r4 ,:5 ! int]e/s ( "o c\ntry int]f]e ) ^? ( ano!r1 we e/imate ! m]its ( a /atesman by ! good or ill1 :i* results to 8 own c\ntry f 8 measures & c\ncils1 )\t reg>d to ! prejudice :i* he br+s on its enemies & rivals4 ,8 fell[-citiz5s are ! objects1 :i* lie ne>e/ ! eye1 :ile we det]m9e 8 "*4 ,& z nature has implant$ 9 e "o a sup]ior affection to 8 own c\ntry1 we nev] expect any reg>d to di/ant nations1 :]e a competition arises4 ,n to m5tion1 t1 :ile e man consults ! good ( 8 own community1 we are s5sible1 t ! g5]al int]e/ ( mank9d is bett] promot$1 ?an any loose indet]m9ate views to ! good ( a species1 :5ce no b5eficial action c\ld ev] result1 = want ( a duly limit$ object1 on :i* !y c\ld ex]t !mselves4 ,if any man f a cold ins5sibility1 or n>r[ selfi%ness ( temp]1 is unaffect$ ) ! images ( human happ9ess or mis]y1 he mu/ be equally indiff]5t to ! images ( vice & virtue3 ,z1 on ! o!r h&1 x is always f\nd1 t a w>m conc]n = ! int]e/s ( our species is att5d$ ) a delicate feel+ ( all moral di/9ctions2 a /rong res5tm5t ( injury done to m52 a lively approbation ( _! welf>e4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 ?\gh great sup]iority is obs]vable ( "o man above ano!r2 yet none are s entirely indiff]5t to ! int]e/ ( _! fell[-creatures1 z to p]ceive no di/9ctions ( moral good & evil1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t t5d5cies ( actions & pr9ciples4 ,h[1 inde$1 c we suppose x possible 9 any "o1 :o we>s a human he>t1 t if !re be subject$ to 8 c5sure1 "o "* or sy/em ( conduct1 :i* is b5eficial1 & ano!r :i* is p]nici\s to 8 species or community1 he w n s mu* z give a cool pref]5ce to ! =m]1 or ascribe to x ! smalle/ m]it or reg>d8 ,let u suppose su* a p]son ev] s selfi%2 let private int]e/ h +ross$ ev] s mu* 8 att5tion2 yet 9 in/ances1 :]e t is n conc]n$1 he mu/ unavoidably feel ,,"s prop5sity to ! good ( mank9d1 & make x an object ( *oice1 if ev]y?+ else be equal4 ,w\ld any man1 :o is walk+ along1 tread z will+ly on ano!r's g\ty toes1 :om he has no qu>rel )1 z on ! h>d fl9t & pavem5t8 ,!re is "h surely a diff]5ce 9 ! case4 ,we surely take into consid]ation ! happ9ess & mis]y ( o!rs1 9 weigh+ ! sev]al motives ( action1 & incl9e to ! =m]1 :]e no private reg>ds draw u to seek our own promotion or advantage by ! injury ( our fell[-creatures4 ,& if ! pr9ciples ( humanity are capable1 9 _m in/ances1 ( influ5c+ our actions1 !y mu/1 at all times1 h "s au?ority ov] our s5tim5ts1 & give u a g5]al approbation ( :at is useful to society1 & blame ( :at is dang]\s or p]nici\s4 ,! degrees ( ^! s5tim5ts may be ! subject ( controv]sy2 b ! reality ( _! exi/5ce1 "o %\ld ?9k1 mu/ be admitt$ 9 e !ory or sy/em4 ,a creature1 absolutely malici\s & spiteful1 7 !re any su* 9 nature1 mu/ be worse ?an indiff]5t to ! images ( vice & virtue4 ,all 8 s5tim5ts mu/ be inv]t$1 & directly opposite to ^?1 :i* prevail 9 ! human species4 ,:atev] contributes to ! good ( mank9d1 z x crosses ! con/ant b5t ( 8 wi%es & desires1 mu/ produce uneas9ess & disapprobation2 & on ! contr>y1 :atev] is ! s\rce ( disord] & mis]y 9 society1 mu/1 = ! same reason1 be reg>d$ ) pleasure & complac5cy4 ,timon1 :o probably f 8 affect$ sple5 m ?an an invet]ate malice1 0 d5om9at$ ! manhat]1 embrac$ ,alcibiades ) great fondness4 ,,g ,,on1 ,,my ,,boy6 cri$ he1 ,,acquire ,,! ,,confid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,p3 ,,y ,,w ,,"o ,,day1 ,i ,,=esee1 ,,be ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,great ,,calamities ,,to ,,!m ,footnote3 ,plut>* fit vita ,ale44 ,c\ld we admit ! two pr9ciples ( ! ,mani*eans1 x is an infallible consequ5ce1 t _! s5tim5ts ( human actions1 z well z ( ev]y?+ else1 mu/ be totally opposite1 & t e in/ance ( ju/ice & humanity1 f its necess>y t5d5cy1 mu/ please ! "o deity & displease ! o!r4 ,all mank9d s f> resemble ! good pr9ciple1 t1 :]e int]e/ or rev5ge or envy p]v]ts n our disposition1 we are always incl9$1 f our natural philan?ropy1 to give ! pref]5ce to ! happ9ess ( society1 & consequ5tly to virtue above its opposite4 ,absolute1 unprovok$1 dis9t]e/$ malice has nev] p]haps place 9 any human brea/2 or if x _h1 mu/ !re p]v]t all ! s5tim5ts ( morals1 z well z ! feel+s ( humanity4 ,if ! cruelty ( ,n]o be all[$ entirely volunt>y1 & n r ! effect ( con/ant fe> & res5tm5t2 x is evid5t t ,tigell9us1 pref]ably to ,s5eca or ,burrhus1 mu/ h possess$ 8 /eady & uni=m approbation4 ,a /atesman or patriot1 :o s]ves our own c\ntry 9 our own "t1 has always a m passionate reg>d paid to him1 ?an "o ^: b5eficial influ5ce op]at$ on di/ant ages or remote nations2 :]e ! good1 result+ f 8 g5]\s humanity1 be+ less connect$ ) u1 seems m obscure1 & affects u ) a less lively sympa?y4 ,we may own ! m]it to be equally great1 ?\gh our s5tim5ts are n rais$ to an equal height1 9 bo? cases4 ,! judgem5t "h corrects ! inequalities ( our int]nal emotions & p]ceptions2 9 l mann]1 z x pres]ves u f error1 9 ! sev]al v>iations ( images1 pres5t$ to our ext]nal s5ses4 ,! same object1 at a d\ble di/ance1 really ?r[s on ! eye a picture ( b half ! bulk2 yet we imag9e t x appe>s ( ! same size 9 bo? situations2 because we "k t on our approa* to x1 its image w\ld exp& on ! eye1 & t ! diff]5ce consi/s n 9 ! object itself1 b 9 our position ) reg>d to x4 ,&1 inde$1 )\t su* a correction ( appe>ances1 bo? 9 int]nal & ext]nal s5tim5t1 m5 c\ld nev] ?9k or talk /eadily on any subject2 :ile _! fluctuat+ situations produce a cont9ual v>iation on objects1 & ?r[ !m into su* diff]5t & contr>y lights & positions4 ,footnote3 ,= a little reason1 ! t5d5cies ( actions & *>act]s1 n _! real accid5tal consequ5ces1 are alone reg>d$ 9 our m det]m9ations or g5]al judgem5ts2 ?\gh 9 our real feel+ or s5tim5t1 we _c help pay+ great] reg>d to "o ^: /ation1 jo9$ to virtue1 r5d]s him really useful to society1 !n to "o1 :o ex]ts ! social virtues only 9 good int5tions & b5evol5t affections4 ,sep>at+ ! "* f ! furtone1 by an easy & necess>y ef=t ( ?\ght1 we pron\nce ^! p]sons alike1 & give !m ! appe>ance3 ,b is n able entirely to prevail our s5tim5t4 ,:y is ?is pea*-tree said to be bett] ?an t o!r2 b because x produces m or bett] fruit8 ,& w\ld n ! same praise be giv5 x1 ?\gh snails or v]m9 _h de/roy$ ! pea*es1 be=e !y came to full maturity8 ,9 morals too1 is n ,,! ,,tree ,,kn[n ,,by ,,! ,,fruit8 ,& _c we easily di/+ui% betwe5 nature & accid5t1 9 ! "o case z well z 9 ! o!r8 ,! m we conv]se ) mank9d1 & ! great] social int]c\rse we ma9ta91 ! m %all we be famili>iz$ to ^! g5]al pref]5ces & di/9ctions1 )\t :i* our conv]sation & disc\rse c\ld sc>cely be r5d]$ intelligible to ea* o!r4 ,e man's int]e/ is peculi> to himself1 & ! av]sions & desires1 :i* result f x1 _c be suppos$ to affect o!rs 9 a l degree4 ,g5]al language1 !re=e1 be+ =m$ = g5]al use1 mu/ be m\ld$ on "s m g5]al views1 & mu/ affix ! epi!ts ( praise or blame1 9 con=mity to s5tim5ts1 :i* arise f ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! community4 ,& if ^! s5tim5ts1 9 mo/ m51 be n s /rong z ^?1 :i* h a ref]5ce to private good2 yet /ill !y mu/ make "s di/9ction1 ev5 9 p]sons ! mo/ deprav$ & selfi%2 & mu/ atta* ! notion ( good to a b5efic5t conduct1 & ( evil to ! contr>y4 ,sympa?y1 we %all all[1 is mu* fa9t] ?an our conc]n = ourselves1 & sympa?y ) p]sons remote f u mu* fa9t] ?an t ) p]sons ne> & contigu\s2 b = ?is v reason x is necess>y = u1 9 our calm judgem5ts & disc\rse conc]n+ ! *>act]s ( m51 to neglect all ^! diff]5ces1 & r5d] our s5tim5ts m public & social4 ,besides1 t we ourselves (t5 *ange our situation 9 ?is p>ticul>1 we e day meet ) p]sons :o are 9 a situation diff]5t f u1 & :o c\ld nev] conv]se ) u 7 we to rema9 con/antly 9 t position & po9t ( view1 :i* is peculi> to ourselves4 ,! int]c\rse ( s5tim5ts1 !re=e1 9 society & conv]sation1 makes u =m "s g5]al unalt]able /&>d1 by :i* we may approve or disapprove ( *>act]s & mann]s4 ,& ?\gh ! he>t takes n "p entirely ) ^? g5]al notions1 nor regulates all its love & hatr$ by ! univ]sal ab/ract diff]5ces ( vice & virtue1 )\t reg>d to self1 or ! p]sons ) :om we are m intimately connect$2 yet h ^! moral diff]5ces a consid]able influ5ce1 & be+ suffici5t1 at lea/ = disc\rse1 s]ve all our purposes 9 company1 9 ! pulpit1 on ! !atre1 & 9 ! s*ools4 ,footnote3 ,x is wisely orda9$ by nature1 t private connexions %\ld commonly prevail ov] univ]al views & consid]ations2 o!rwise our affections & actions w\ld be dissopat$ & lo/1 = want ( a prop] limit$ object4 ,?us a small b5efit done to ourselves1 or our ne> fri5ds1 excites m lively s5tim5ts ( love & approbation ?an a great b5efit done to a di/ant commonweal?3 ,b /ill we "k "h1 z 9 all ! s5ses1 to correct ^! inequalities by reflection1 & reta9 a g5]al /&>d ( vice & virtue1 f\nd$ *iefly on a g5]al usefulness4 ,?us1 9 :atev] light we take ?is subject1 ! m]it1 ascrib$ to ! social virtues1 appe>s /ill uni=m1 & arises *iefly f t reg>d1 :i* ! natural s5tim5t ( b5evol5ce engages u to pay to ! int]e/s ( mank9d & society4 ,if we consid] ! pr9ciples ( ! human make1 su* z !y appe> to daily exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 we mu/1 ,a ,,priori1 conclude x impossible = su* a creature z man to be totally indiff]5t to ! well or ill-be+ ( 8 fell[-creatures1 & n readily1 ( himself1 to pron\nce1 :]e no?+ gives him any p>ticul> bias1 t :at promotes _! happ9ess is good1 :at t5ds to _! mis]y is evil1 )\t any f>!r reg>d or consid]ation4 ,"h !n are ! fa9t rudim5ts1 at lea/1 or outl9es1 ( a ,,g5]al di/9ction betwe5 actions2 & 9 proportion z ! humanity ( ! p]son is suppos$ to increase1 8 connexion ) ^? :o are injur$ or b5efit$1 & 8 lively conception ( _! mis]y or happ9ess2 8 consequ5t c5sure or approbation acquires proportionable vig\r4 ,!re is no necessity1 t a g5]\s action1 b>ely m5tion$ 9 an old hi/ory or remote gazette1 %\ld communicate any /rong feel+s ( applause & admiration4 ,virtue1 plac$ at su* a di/ance1 is l a fix$ />1 :i*1 ?\gh to ! eye ( reason x may appe> z lum9\s z ! sun 9 8 m]idian1 is s inf9itely remov$ z to affect ! s5ses1 nei!r ) light nor heat4 ,br+ ?is virtue ne>]1 by our acqua9tance or connexion ) ! p]sons1 or ev5 by an eloqu5t recital ( ! case2 our he>ts are imm$iately caught1 our sympa?y enliv5$1 & our cool approbation conv]t$ into ! w>me/ s5tim5ts ( fri5d%ip & reg>d4 ,^! seem necess>y & infallible consequ5ces ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( human nature1 z discov]$ 9 common life & practice4 ,aga92 rev]se ^! views & reason+s3 ,consid] ! matt] a po/]iori2 & weigh+ ! consequ5ces1 enquire if ! m]it ( social virtue be n1 9 a great measure1 d]iv$ f ! feel+s ( humanity1 ) :i* x affects ! spectators4 ,x appe>s to be matt] ( fact1 t ! circum/ance ( ,,utility1 9 all subjects1 is a s\rce ( praise & approbation3 ,t x is con/antly appeal$ to 9 all moral decisions conc]n+ ! m]it & dem]it ( actions3 ,t x is ! ,,sole s\rce ( t high reg>d paid to ju/ice1 fidelity1 hon\r1 allegiance1 & *a/ity3 ,t x is insep>able f all ! o!r social virtues1 humanity1 g5]osity1 *>ity1 affability1 l5ity1 m]cy1 & mod]ation3 ,&1 9 a ^w1 t x is a f\ndation ( ! *ief "p ( morals1 :i* has a ref]5ce to mank9d & our fell[-creatures4 ,x appe>s also1 t1 9 our g5]al approbation ( *>act]s & mann]s1 ! useful t5d5cy ( ! social virtues moves u n by any reg>ds to self-int]e/1 b has an influ5ce mu* m univ]sal & ext5sive4 ,x appe>s t a t5d5cy to public good1 & to ! promot+ ( peace1 h>mony1 & ord] 9 society1 does always1 by affect+ ! b5evol5t pr9ciples ( our frame1 engage u on ! side ( ! social virtues4 ,& x appe>s1 z an additional confirmation1 t ^! pr9ciples ( humanity & sympa?y ent] s deeply into all our s5tim5ts1 & h s p[]ful an influ5ce1 z may enable !m to excite ! /ronge/ c5sure & applause4 ,! pres5t !ory is ! simple result ( all ^! inf]5ces1 ea* ( :i* seems f\nd$ on uni=m exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,7 x d\btful1 :e!r !re 7 any su* pr9ciple 9 our nature z humanity or a conc]n = o!rs1 yet :5 we see1 9 numb]less in/ances1 t :atev] has a t5d5cy to promote ! int]e/s ( society1 is s highly approv$ (1 we ought !nce to le>n ! =ce ( ! b5evol5t pr9ciple2 s9ce x is impossible = any?+ to please z means to an end1 :]e ! end is totally indiff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7 x d\btful1 :e!r !re 71 implant$ 9 our nature1 any g5]al pr9ciple ( moral blame & approbation1 yet :5 we see1 9 numb]less in/ances1 ! influ5ce ( humanity1 we ought !nce to conclude1 t x is impossible1 b t ev]y?+ :i* promotes ! int]e/ ( society mu/ communicate pleasure1 & :at is p]nici\s give uneas9ess4 ,b :5 ^! diff]5t reflections & obs]vations concur 9 e/abli%+ ! same conclusion1 mu/ !y n be/[ an undisput$ evid5ce ^u x8 ,x is h[ev] hop$1 t ! progress ( ?is argum5t w br+ a f>!r confirmation ( ! pres5t !ory1 by %[+ ! rise ( o!r s5tim5ts ( e/eem & reg>d f ! same or l pr9ciples4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,( ,,qualities ,,useful ,,to ,,ourselves4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,x seems evid5t1 t :]e a quality or habit is subject$ to our exam9ation1 if x appe> 9 any respect prejudicial to ! p]son possess$ ( x1 or su* z incapacitates him = bus9ess & action1 x is in/antly blam$1 & rank$ among 8 faults & imp]fections4 ,indol5ce1 neglig5ce1 want ( ord] & me?od1 ob/9acy1 fickl5ess1 ra%ness1 cr$ulity2 ^! qualities 7 nev] e/eem$ by any "o indiff]5t to a "*2 mu* less1 extoll$ z accompli%m5ts or virtues4 ,! prejudice1 result+ f !m1 imm$iately /rikes our eye1 & gives u ! s5tim5t ( pa9 & disapprobation4 ,no quality1 x is all[$1 is absolutely ei!r blameable or praisewor?y4 ,x is all accord+ to its degree4 ,a due m$ium1 says ! ,p]ipatetics1 is ! *>act]i/ic ( virtue4 ,b ?is m$ium is *iefly det]m9$ by utility4 ,a prop] cel]ity1 = in/ance1 & dispat* 9 bus9ess1 is comm5dable4 ,:5 defective1 no progress is ev] made 9 ! execution ( any purpose3 ,:5 excessive1 x engages u 9 precipitate & ill-conc]t$ measures & ent]prises3 ,by su* reason+s1 we fix ! prop] & comm5dable m$iocrity 9 all moral & prud5tial disquisitions2 & nev] lose view ( ! advantages1 :i* result f any "* or habit4 ,n[ z ^! advantages are enjoy$ by ! p]son possess$ ( ! "*1 x c nev] be ,,self-,,love :i* r5d]s ! prospect ( !m agreeable to u1 ! spectators1 & prompts our e/eem & approbation4 ,no =ce ( imag9ation c conv]t u into ano!r p]son1 & make u fancy1 t we1 be+ t p]son1 reap b5efit f ^? valuable qualities1 :i* belong to him4 ,or if x did1 no cel]ity ( imag9ation c\ld imm$iately transport u back1 into ourselves1 & make u love & e/eem ! p]son1 z diff]5t f u4 ,views & s5tim5ts1 s opposite to kn[n tru? & to ea* o!r1 c\ld nev] h place1 at ! same "t1 9 ! same p]son4 ,all suspicion1 !re=e1 ( selfi% reg>ds1 is "h totally exclud$4 ,x is a q diff]5t pr9ciple1 :i* actuates our bosom1 & int]e/s u 9 ! felicity ( ! p]son :om we contemplate4 ,:]e 8 natural tal5ts & acquir$ abilities give u ! prospect ( elevation1 advancem5t1 a figure 9 life1 prosp]\s success1 a /eady comm& ov] =tune1 & ! execution ( great or advantage\s und]tak+s2 we are /ruck ) su* agreeable images1 & feel a complac5cy & reg>d imm$iately arise t[>ds him4 ,! ideas ( happ9ess1 joy1 triumph1 prosp]ity1 are connect$ ) e circum/ance ( 8 "*1 & diffuse ov] our m9ds a pleas+ s5tim5t ( sympa?y & humanity4 ,footnote3 ,"o may v5ture to affirm1 t !re is no human nature1 to :om ! appe>ance ( happ9ess 7:]e envy or rev5ge has no place7 does n give pleasure1 t ( mis]y1 uneas9ess4 ,?is seems insep>able f our make & con/itution4 ,b !y are only m g5]\s m9ds1 t are !nce prompt$ to seek zeal\sly ! good ( o!rs1 & to h a real passion = _! welf>e4 ,) m5 ( n>r[ & ung5]\s spirits1 ?is sympa?y goes n beyond a slight feel+ ( ! imag9ation1 :i* s]ves only to excite s5tim5ts ( complac5cy or ensure1 & makes !m apply to ! object ei!r honorable or di%onorable appellations4 ,a grip+ mis]1 = in/ance1 praises extremely ,,indu/ry & ,,frugality ev5 9 o!rs1 & sets !m1 9 8 e/imation1 above all ! o!r virtues4 ,he kn[s ! good t results f !m1 & feels t species ( happ9ess ) a m lively sympa?y1 ?an any o!r y c\ld repres5t to him2 ?\gh p]haps he w\ld n "p ) a %ill+ to make ! =tune ( ! indu/ri\s man1 :om he praises s highly4 ,let u suppose a p]son orig9ally fram$ s z to h no mann] ( conc]n = 8 fell[-creatures1 b to reg>d ! happ9ess & mis]y ( all s5sible be+s ) great] indiff]5ce ?an ev5 two contigu\s %ades ( ! same col\r4 ,let u suppose1 if ! prosp]ity ( nations 7 laid on ! "o h&1 & _! ru9 on ! o!r1 & he 7 desir$ to *oose2 t he w\ld /& l ! s*oolman's ass1 irresolute & undet]m9$1 betwe5 equal motives2 or r1 l ! same ass betwe5 two pieces ( wood or m>ble1 )\t any incl9ation or prop5sity to ei!r side4 ,! consequ5ce1 ,i believe1 mu/ be all[$ j1 t su* a p]son1 be+ absolutely unconc]n$1 ei!r = ! public good ( a community or ! private utility ( o!rs1 w\ld look on e quality1 h[ev] p]nici\s1 or h[ev] b5eficial1 to society1 or to its possessor1 ) ! same indiff]5ce z on ! mo/ common & un9t]e/+ object4 ,b if1 in/ead ( ?is fanci$ mon/]1 we suppose a ,,man to =m a judgem5t or det]m9ation 9 ! case1 !re is to him a pla9 f\ndation ( pref]5ce1 :]e ev]y?+ else is equal2 & h[ev] cool 8 *oice may be1 if 8 he>t be selfi%1 or if ! p]sons int]e/$ be remote f him2 !re mu/ /ill be a *oice or di/9ction betwe5 :at is useful1 & :at is p]nici\s4 ,n[ ?is di/9ction is ! same 9 all its p>ts1 ) ! ,,moral ,,di/9ction1 ^: f\ndation has be5 s (t51 & s mu* 9 va91 enquir$ aft]4 ,! same end[m5ts ( ! m9d1 9 e circum/ance1 are agreeable to ! s5tim5t ( morals & to t ( humanity2 ! same temp] is susceptible ( high degrees ( ! "o s5tim5t & ( ! o!r2 & ! same alt]ation 9 ! objects1 by _! ne>] approa* or by connexions1 enliv5s ! "o & ! o!r4 ,by all ! rules ( philosophy1 !re=e1 we mu/ conclude1 t ^! s5tim5ts are orig9ally ! same2 s9ce1 9 ea* p>ticul>1 ev5 ! mo/ m9ute1 !y are gov]n$ by ! same laws1 & are mov$ by ! same objects4 ,:y d philosoph]s inf]1 ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty1 t ! moon is kept 9 its orbit by ! same =ce ( gravity1 t makes bodies fall ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 b because ^! effects are1 ^u computation1 f\nd simil> & equal8 ,& mu/ n ?is argum5t br+ z /rong conviction1 9 moral z 9 natural disquisitions8 ,to prove1 by any long detail1 t all ! qualities1 useful to ! possessor1 are approv$ (1 & ! contr>y c5sur$1 w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,! lea/ reflection on :at is e day exp]i5c$ 9 life1 w be suffici5t4 ,we %all only m5tion a few in/ances1 9 ord] to remove1 if possible1 all d\bt & hesitation4 ,! quality1 ! mo/ necess>y = ! execution ( any useful ent]prise1 is discretion2 by :i* we c>ry on a safe int]c\rse ) o!rs1 give due att5tion to our own & to _! "*1 weigh ea* circum/ance ( ! bus9ess :i* we und]take1 & employ ! sure/ & safe/ means = ! atta9m5t ( any end or purpose4 ,to a ,cromwell1 p]haps1 or a ,de ,retz1 discretion may appe> an ald]man-l virtue1 z ,dr4 ,swift calls x2 & be+ incompatible ) ^? va/ designs1 to :i* _! c\rage & ambition prompt$ !m1 x might really1 9 !m1 be a fault or imp]fection4 ,b 9 ! conduct ( ord9>y life1 no virtue is m requisite1 n only to obta9 success1 b to avoid ! mo/ fatal misc>riages & disappo9tm5ts4 ,! greate/ p>ts )\t x1 z obs]v$ by an elegant writ]1 may be fatal to _! own]2 z ,polyphemus1 depriv$ ( 8 eye1 0 only ! m expos$1 on acc\nt ( 8 enorm\s /r5g? & /ature4 ,! be/ "*1 inde$1 7 x n r too p]fect = human nature1 is t :i* is n sway$ by temp] ( any k9d2 b alt]nately employs ent]prise & caution1 z ea* is useful to ! p>ticul> purpose int5d$4 ,su* is ! excell5ce :i* ,/4 ,evremond ascribes to ,m>es*al ,tur5ne1 :o display$ e campaign1 z he grew old]1 m tem]ity 9 8 milit>y ent]prises2 & be+ n[1 f long exp]i5ce1 p]fectly acqua9t$ ) e incid5t 9 w>1 he advanc$ ) great] firmness & security1 9 a road s well kn[n to him4 ,fabius1 says ,ma*iavel1 0 cauti\s2 ,scipio ent]pris+3 ,& bo? succe$$1 because ! situation ( ! ,roman affairs1 dur+ ! comm& ( ea*1 0 peculi>ly adapt$ to 8 g5ius2 b bo? w\ld h fail$1 _h ^! situations be5 rev]s$4 ,he is happy1 ^: circum/ances suit 8 temp]2 b he is m excell5t1 :o c suit 8 temp] to any circum/ances4 ,:at ne$ is !re to display ! praises ( indu/ry1 & to extol its advantages1 9 ! acquisition ( p[] & ri*es1 or 9 rais+ :at we call a ,,=tune 9 ! _w8 ,! tortoise1 accord+ to ! fable1 by 8 p]sev]ance1 ga9$ ! race ( ! h>e1 ?\gh possess$ ( mu* sup]ior swiftness4 ,a man's "t1 :5 well husb&$1 is l a cultivat$ field1 ( :i* a few acres produce m ( :at is useful to life1 ?an ext5sive prov9ces1 ev5 ( ! ri*e/ soil1 :5 ov]-run ) we$s & brambles4 ,b all prospect ( success 9 life1 or ev5 ( tol]able subsi/5ce1 mu/ fail1 :]e a reasonable frugality is want+4 ,! heap1 in/ead ( increas+1 dim9i%es daily1 & leaves its possessor s mu* m unhappy1 z1 n hav+ be5 able to conf9e 8 exp5ces to a l>ge rev5ue1 he w /ill less be able to live cont5t$ly on a small "o4 ,! s\ls ( m51 accord+ to ,plato ,footnote3 ,pha$o41 inflam$ ) impure appetites1 & los+ ! body1 :i* alone af=d$ means ( satisfaction1 hov] ab\t ! e>?1 & haunt ! places1 :]e _! bodies are deposit$2 possess$ ) a long+ desire to recov] ! lo/ organs ( s5sation4 ,s may we see wor?less prodigals1 hav+ consum$ _! =tune 9 wild debau*es1 ?ru/+ !mselves into e pl5tiful table1 & e p>ty ( pleasure1 hat$ ev5 by ! vici\s1 & despis$ ev5 by fools4 ,! "o extreme ( frugality is av>ice1 :i*1 z x bo? deprives a man ( all use ( 8 ri*es1 & *ecks hospitality & e social enjoym5t1 is ju/ly c5sur$ on a d\ble acc\nt4 ,,prodigality1 ! o!r extreme1 is commonly m hurtful to a man himself2 & ea* ( ^! extremes is blam$ above ! o!r1 accord+ to ! temp] ( ! p]son :o c5sures1 & accord+ to 8 great] or less s5sibility to pleasure1 ei!r social or s5sual4 ,qualities (t5 d]ive _! m]it f complicat$ s\rces4 ,hone/y1 fidelity1 tru?1 are prais$ = _! imm$iate t5d5cy to promote ! int]e/s ( society2 b aft] ^? virtues are once e/abli%$ ^u ?is f\ndation1 !y are also consid]$ z advantage\s to ! p]son himself1 & z ! s\rce ( t tru/ & confid5ce1 :i* c alone give a man any consid]ation 9 life4 ,"o becomes contemptible1 no less ?an odi\s1 :5 he =gets ! duty1 :i*1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 he owes to himself z well z to society4 ,p]haps1 ?is consid]ation is "o ,,*ief s\rce ( ! high blame1 :i* is ?r[n on any in/ance ( failure among wom5 9 po9t ( ,,*a/ity4 ,! greate/ reg>d1 :i* c be acquir$ by t sex1 is d]iv$ f _! fidelity2 & a woman becomes *eap & vulg>1 loses h] rank1 & is expos$ to e insult1 :o is defici5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! smalle/ failure is "h suffici5t to bla/ h] "*4 ,a female has s _m opportunities ( secretly indulg+ ^! appetites1 t no?+ c give u security b h] absolute mode/y & res]ve2 & :]e a brea* is once made1 x c sc>cely ev] be fully repair$4 ,if a man behave ) c[>dice on "o occasion1 a contr>y conduct re9/ates him 9 8 "*4 ,b by :at action c a woman1 ^: behavi\r has once be5 dissolute1 be able to assure u1 t %e has =m$ bett] resolutions1 & has self-comm& en\gh to c>ry !m into execution8 ,all m51 x is all[$1 are equally desir\s ( happ9ess2 b few are successful 9 ! pursuit3 ,"o consid]able cause is ! want ( /r5g? ( m9d1 :i* might enable !m to resi/ ! temptation ( pres5t ease or pleasure1 & c>ry !m =w>d 9 ! se>* ( m di/ant pr(it & enjoym5t4 ,our affections1 on a g5]al prospect ( _! objects1 =m c]ta9 rules ( conduct1 & c]ta9 measures ( pref]5ce ( "o above ano!r3 & ^! decisions1 ?\gh really ! result ( our calm passions & prop5sities1 7= :at else c pron\nce any object eligible or ! contr>y87 are yet said1 by a natural abuse ( t]ms1 to be ! det]m9ations ( pure ,,reason & reflection4 ,b :5 "s ( ^! objects approa* ne>] to u1 or acquire ! advantages ( fav\rable lights & positions1 :i* cat* ! he>t or imag9ation2 our g5]al resolutions are frequ5tly conf\nd$1 a small enjoym5t pref]r$1 & la/+ %ame & sorr[ entail$ ^u u4 ,& h[ev] poets may employ _! wit & eloqu5ce1 9 celebrat+ pres5t pleasure1 & reject+ all di/ant views to fame1 heal?1 or =tune2 x is obvi\s1 t ?is practice is ! s\rce ( all dissolut5ess & disord]1 rep5tance & mis]y4 ,a man ( a /rong & det]m9$ temp] adh]es t5aci\sly to 8 g5]al resolutions1 & is nei!r s$uc$ by ! allurem5ts ( pleasure1 nor t]rifi$ by ! m5aces ( pa92 b keeps /ill 9 view ^? di/ant pursuits1 by :i* he1 at once1 ensures 8 happ9ess & 8 hon\r4 ,self-satisfaction1 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 is an advantage1 :i* equally att5ds ! fool & ! wise man3 ,b x is ! only "o2 nor is !re any o!r circum/ance 9 ! conduct ( life1 :]e !y are ^u an equal foot+4 ,bus9ess1 books1 conv]sation2 = all ( ^!1 a fool is totally incapacitat$1 & except condemn$ by 8 /ation to ! co>se/ drudg]y1 rema9s a useless bur!n ^u ! e>?4 ,accord+ly1 x is f\nd1 t m5 are extremely jeal\s ( _! "* 9 ?is p>ticul>2 & _m in/ances are se5 ( pr(ligacy & trea*]y1 ! mo/ av[$ & unres]v$2 none ( be>+ pati5tly ! imputation ( ignorance & /upidity4 ,dicae>*us1 ! ,mac$onian g5]al1 :o1 z ,polybius tells u ,footnote3 ,lib4 xvi4 ,cap4 #ce41 op5ly erect$ "o alt> to impiety1 ano!r to inju/ice1 9 ord] to bid defiance to mank9d2 ev5 he1 ,i am well assur$1 w\ld h />t$ at ! epi!t ( ,,fool1 & h m$itat$ rev5ge = s injuri\s an appellation4 ,except ! affection ( p>5ts1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ indissoluble bond 9 nature1 no connexion has /r5g? suffici5t to support ! disgu/ aris+ f ?is "*4 ,love itself1 :i* c subsi/ "u trea*]y1 +ratitude1 malice1 & infidelity1 is imm$iately ext+ui%$ by x1 :5 p]ceiv$ & ackn[l$g$2 nor are de=mity & old age m fatal to ! dom9ion ( t passion4 ,s dreadful are ! ideas ( an utt] incapacity = any purpose or und]tak+1 & ( cont9u$ error & misconduct 9 life6 ,:5 x is ask$1 :e!r a quick or a sl[ appreh5sion be mo/ valuable8 ,:e!r "o1 t1 at fir/ view1 p5etrates f> into a subject1 b c p]=m no?+ ^u /udy2 or a contr>y "*1 :i* mu/ "w out ev]y?+ by d9t ( application8 ,:e!r a cle> head or a copi\s inv5tion8 ,:e!r a pr(\nd g5ius or a sure judgem5t8 ,9 %ort1 :at "*1 or peculi> turn ( und]/&+1 is m excell5t ?an ano!r8 ,x is evid5t1 t we c answ] none ( ^! que/ions1 )\t consid]+ :i* ( ^? qualities capacitates a man be/ = ! _w1 & c>ries him f>!/ 9 any und]tak+4 ,if ref9$ s5se & exalt$ s5se be n s ,,useful z common s5se1 _! r>ity1 _! novelty1 & ! nobl5ess ( _! objects make "s comp5sation1 & r5d] !m ! admiration ( mank9d3 ,z gold1 ?\gh less s]viceable ?an iron1 acquires f its sc>city a value :i* is mu* sup]ior4 ,! defects ( judgem5t c be suppli$ by no art or inv5tion2 b ^? ( memory frequ5tly may1 bo? 9 bus9ess & 9 /udy1 by me?od & indu/ry1 & by dilig5ce 9 committ+ ev]y?+ to writ+2 & we sc>cely ev] he> a %ort memory giv5 z a reason = a man's failure 9 any und]tak+4 ,b 9 anci5t times1 :5 no man c\ld make a figure )\t ! tal5t ( speak+1 & :5 ! audi5ce 7 too delicate to be> su* crude1 undige/$ h>angues z our extempor>y orators (f] to public assemblies2 ! faculty ( memory 0 !n ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce1 & 0 accord+ly mu* m valu$ ?an at pres5t4 ,sc>ce any great g5ius is m5tion$ 9 antiquity1 :o is n celebrat$ = ?is tal5t2 & ,cic]o enum]ates x among ! o!r sublime qualities ( ,caes> himself4 ,footnote3 ,fruit 9 ,illo ,+5ium1 ratio1 memoria1 lit]ae1 cura1 cogitatio1 dilig5tia c4 ,phillip4 #b44 ,p>ticul> cu/oms & mann]s alt] ! usefulness ( qualities3 !y also alt] _! m]it4 ,p>ticul> situations & accid5ts h1 9 "s degree1 ! same influ5ce4 ,he w always be m e/eem$1 :o possesses ^? tal5ts & accompli%m5ts1 :i* suit 8 /ation & pr(ession1 ?an he :om =tune has misplac$ 9 ! "p :i* %e has assign$ him4 ,! private or selfi% virtues are1 9 ?is respect1 m arbitr>y ?an ! public & social4 ,9 o!r respects !y are1 p]haps1 less liable to d\bt & controv]sy4 ,9 ?is k+dom1 su* cont9u$ o/5tation1 ( late ye>s1 has prevail$ among m5 9 ,,active life ) reg>d to ,,public ,,_s1 & among ^? 9 ,,speculative ) reg>d to ,,b5evol5ce2 & s _m false pret5sions to ea* h be51 no d\bt1 detect$1 t m5 ( ! _w are apt1 )\t any bad int5tion1 to discov] a sull5 incr$ulity on ! head ( ^? moral end[m5ts1 & ev5 sometimes absolutely to d5y _! exi/5ce & reality4 ,9 l mann] ,i f9d1 t1 ( old1 ! p]petual cant ( ! ,,/oics & ,,cynics conc]n+ ,,virtue1 _! magnific5t pr(essions & sl5d] p]=mances1 br$ a disgu/ 9 mank9d2 & ,lucian1 :o1 ?\gh lic5ti\s ) reg>d to pleasure1 is yet 9 o!r respects a v moral writ]1 _c sometimes talk ( virtue1 s mu* boa/$ )\t betray+ symptoms ( sple5 & irony4 ,b surely ?is peevi% delicacy1 :5ce-ev] x arises c nev] be c>ri$ s f> z to make u d5y ! exi/5ce ( e species ( m]it1 & all di/9ction ( mann]s & behavi\r4 ,besides ,,discretion1 ,,caution1 ,,ent]prise1 ,,indu/ry1 ,,assiduity1 ,,frugality1 ,,economy1 ,,good-,,s5se1 ,,prud5ce1 ,,disc]nm5t2 besides ^! end[m5ts1 ,i say1 ^: v names =ce an av[al ( _! m]it1 !re are _m o!rs1 to :i* ! mo/ det]m9$ scepticism _c = a mom5t refuse ! tribute ( praise & approbation4 ,,temp]ance1 ,,sobriety1 ,,pati5ce1 ,,con/ancy1 ,,p]sev]ance1 ,,=e?\ght1 ,,consid]at5ess1 ,,secrecy1 ,,ord]1 ,,ins9uation1 ,,address1 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,quickness ,,( ,,conception1 ,,facility ,,( ,,expression1 ^!1 & a ?\s& m ( ! same k9d1 no man w ev] d5y to be excell5cies & p]fections4 ,z _! m]it consi/s 9 _! t5d5cy to s]ve ! p]son1 possess$ ( !m1 )\t any magnific5t claim to public & social des]t1 we are ! less jeal\s ( _! pret5sions1 & readily admit !m into ! catalogue ( laudable qualities4 ,we are n s5sible t1 by ?is concession1 we h pav$ ! way = all ! o!r moral excell5cies1 & _c consi/5tly hesitate any long]1 ) reg>d to dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce1 patriotism1 & humanity4 ,x seems1 inde$1 c]ta91 t fir/ appe>ances are "h1 z usual1 extremely deceitful1 & t x is m difficult1 9 a speculative way1 to resolve into self-love ! m]it :i* we ascribe to ! selfi% virtues above m5tion$1 ?an t ev5 ( ! social virtues1 ju/ice & b5efic5ce4 ,= ?is latt] purpose1 we ne$ b say1 t :atev] conduct promotes ! good ( ! community is lov$1 prais$1 & e/eem$ by ! community1 on acc\nt ( t utility & int]e/1 ( :i* e "o p>takes2 & ?\gh ?is affection & reg>d be1 9 reality1 gratitude1 n self-love1 yet a di/9ction1 ev5 ( ?is obvi\s nature1 may n readily be made by sup]ficial reason]s2 & !re is room1 at lea/1 to support ! cavil & dispute = a mom5t4 ,b z qualities1 :i* t5d only to ! utility ( _! possessor1 )\t any ref]5ce to u1 or to ! community1 are yet e/eem$ & valu$2 by :at !ory or sy/em c we acc\nt = ?is s5tim5t f self-love1 or d$uce x f t fav\rite orig98 ,!re seems "h a necessity = confess+ t ! happ9ess & mis]y ( o!rs are n spectacles entirely indiff]5t to u2 b t ! view ( ! =m]1 :e!r 9 its causes or effects1 l sun%9e or ! prospect ( well-cultivat$ pla9s 7to c>ry our pret5sions no high]71 communicates a secret joy & satisfaction2 ! appe>ance ( ! latt]1 l a l[]+ cl\d or b>r5 l&scape1 ?r[s a melan*oly damp ov] ! imag9ation4 ,& ?is concession be+ once made1 ! difficulty is ov]2 & a natural un=c$ int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( human life w aft]w>ds1 we may hope1 prevail among all speculative enquir]s4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,x may n be improp]1 9 ?is place1 to exam9e ! influ5ce ( bodily end[m5ts1 & ( ! goods ( =tune1 ov] our s5tim5ts ( reg>d & e/eem1 & to consid] :e!r ^! ph5om5a =tify or weak5 ! pres5t !ory4 ,x w naturally be expect$1 t ! beauty ( ! body1 z is suppos$ by all anci5t morali/s1 w be simil>1 9 "s respects1 to t ( ! m9d2 & t e k9d ( e/eem1 :i* is paid to a man1 w h some?+ simil> 9 its orig91 :e!r x arise f 8 m5tal end[m5ts1 or f ! situation ( 8 ext]ior circum/ances4 ,x is evid5t1 t "o consid]able s\rce ( ,,beauty 9 all animals is ! advantage :i* !y reap f ! p>ticul> /ructure ( _! limbs & memb]s1 suitably to ! p>ticul> mann] ( life1 to :i* !y are by nature de/9$4 ,! j proportions ( a horse1 describ$ by ,x5ophon & ,virgil1 are ! same t are receiv$ at ?is day by our mod]n jockeys2 because ! f\ndation ( !m is ! same1 namely1 exp]i5ce ( :at is detrim5tal or useful 9 ! animal4 ,broad %\ld]s1 a lank belly1 firm jo9ts1 tap] legs2 all ^! are beautiful 9 our species1 because signs ( =ce & vig\r4 ,ideas ( utility & its contr>y1 ?\gh !y d n entirely det]m9e :at is h&some or de=m$1 are evid5tly ! s\rce ( a consid]able "p ( approbation or dislike4 ,9 anci5t times1 bodily /r5g? & dext]ity1 be+ ( great] ,,use & importance 9 w>1 0 also mu* m e/eem$ & valu$1 ?an at pres5t4 ,n to insi/ on ,hom] & ! poets1 we may obs]ve1 t hi/orians scruple n to m5tion ,,=ce ,,( ,,body among ! o!r accompli%m5ts ev5 ( ,epam9ondas1 :om !y ackn[l$ge to be ! greate/ h]o1 /atesman1 & g5]al ( all ! ,greeks4 ,footnote3 ,,cum ,,alacribus1 ,,saltu2 ,,cumm ,,velocibus1 ,,cursu2 ,,cum ,,validis ,,recte ,,c]tabata4 ,sallu/ apud ,veget4 ,a l praise is giv5 to ,pompey1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,romans4 ,footnote3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 lib4 xv4 ,x may be improp] to give ! "* ( ,epam9ondas1 z drawn by ! hi/orian1 9 ord] to %[ ! idea ( p]fect m]it1 :i* prevail$ 9 ^? ages4 ,9 o!r illu/ri\s m51 say he1 y w obs]ve1 t ea* possess$ "s "o %9+ quality1 :i* 0 ! f\ndation ( 8 fame3 ,9 ,epam9ondas all ! ,,virtues are f\nd unit$2 =ce ( body4 eloqu5ce ( expression1 vig\r ( m9d1 contempt ( ri*es1 g5tl5ess ( disposition1 & :at is *iefly to be reg>d$1 c\rage & conduct ( w>4 ,?is in/ance is simil> to :at we obs]v$ above ) reg>d to memory4 ,:at d]ision & contempt1 ) bo? sexes1 att5d ,,impot5ce2 :ile ! unhappy object is reg>d$ z "o depriv$ ( s capital a pleasure 9 life1 & at ! same "t1 z disabl$ f communicat+ x to o!rs4 ,,b>r5ness 9 wom51 be+ also a species ( ,,inutility1 is a reproa*1 b n 9 ! same degree3 ( :i* ! reason is v obvi\s1 accord+ to ! pres5t !ory4 ,!re is no rule 9 pa9t+ or /atu>y m indisp5sible ?an t ( balanc+ ! figures1 & plac+ !m ) ! greate/ exactness on _! prop] c5tre ( gravity4 ,a figure1 :i* is n ju/ly balanc$1 is ugly2 because x conveys ! disagreeable ideas ( fall1 h>m1 & pa94 ,foot5ote3 ,all m5 are equally liable to pa9 & disease & sickness2 & may aga9 recov] heal? & ease4 ,^! circum/ances1 z !y make no di/9ction betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 are no s\rce ( pride or humility1 reg>d or contempt4 ,b comp>+ our own species to sup]ior ones1 x is a v mortify+ consid]ation1 t we %\ld all be s liable to diseases & infirmities2 & div9es accord+ly employ ?is topic1 9 ord] to depress self-conceit & vanity4 ,!y w\ld h m success1 if ! common b5t ( our ?\ghts 7 n p]petually turn$ to comp>e ourselves ) o!rs4 ,! infirmities ( old age are mortify+2 because a comp>ison ) ! "y may take place4 ,! k+'s evil is indu/ri\sly conceal$1 because x affects o!rs1 & is (t5 transmitt$ to po/]ity4 ,! case is ne>ly ! same ) su* diseases z convey any nause\s or frightful images2 ! epilepsy1 = in/ance1 ulc]s1 sores1 scabs1 c4 ,a disposition or turn ( m9d1 :i* qualifies a man to rise 9 ! _w & advance 8 =tune1 is entitl$ to e/eem & reg>d1 z has already be5 expla9$4 ,x may1 !re=e1 naturally be suppos$1 t ! actual possession ( ri*es & au?ority w h a consid]able influ5ce ov] ^! s5tim5ts4 ,let u exam9e any hypo!sis by :i* we c acc\nt = ! reg>d paid to ! ri* & p[]ful2 we %all f9d none satisfactory1 b t :i* d]ives x f ! enjoym5t communicat$ to ! spectator by ! images ( prosp]ity1 happ9ess1 ease1 pl5ty1 au?ority1 & ! gratification ( e appetite4 ,self-love1 = in/ance1 :i* "s affect s mu* to consid] z ! s\rce ( e s5tim5t1 is pla9ly insuffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,:]e no good-w or fri5d%ip appe>s1 x is difficult to conceive on :at we c f\nd our hope ( advantage f ! ri*es ( o!rs2 ?\gh we naturally respect ! ri*1 ev5 be=e !y discov] any su* fav\rable disposition t[>ds u4 ,we are affect$ ) ! same s5tim5ts1 :5 we lie s mu* out ( ! sph]e ( _! activity1 t !y _c ev5 be suppos$ to possess ! p[] ( s]v+ u4 ,a prison] ( w>1 9 all civiliz$ nations1 is treat$ ) a reg>d suit$ to 8 condition2 & ri*es1 x is evid5t1 g f> t[>ds fix+ ! condition ( any p]son4 ,if bir? & quality ent] = a %>e1 ?is /ill af=ds u an argum5t to our pres5t purpose4 ,= :at is x we call a man ( bir?1 b "o :o is desc5d$ f a long succession ( ri* & p[]ful ance/ors1 & :o acquires our e/eem by 8 connexion ) p]sons :om we e/eem8 ,8 ance/ors1 !re=e1 ?\gh dead1 are respect$1 9 "s measure1 on acc\nt ( _! ri*es2 & consequ5tly1 )\t any k9d ( expectation4 ,b n to g s f> z prison]s ( w> or ! dead1 to f9d in/ances ( ?is dis9t]e/$ reg>d = ri*es2 we may only obs]ve1 ) a little att5tion1 ^? ph5om5a :i* occur 9 common life & conv]sation4 ,a man1 :o is himself1 we %all suppose1 ( a compet5t =tune1 & ( no pr(ession1 be+ introduc$ to a company ( /rang]s1 naturally treats !m ) diff]5t degrees ( respect1 z he is in=m$ ( _! diff]5t =tunes & conditions2 ?\gh x is impossible t he c s sudd5ly propose1 & p]haps he w\ld n accept (1 any pecuni>y advantage f !m4 ,a travell] is always admitt$ into company1 & meets ) civility1 9 proportion z 8 tra9 & equipage speak him a man ( great or mod]ate =tune4 ,9 %ort1 ! diff]5t ranks ( m5 are1 9 a great measure1 regulat$ by ri*es2 & t ) reg>d to sup]iors z well z inf]iors1 /rang]s z well z acqua9tance4 ,:at rema9s1 !re=e1 b to conclude1 t1 z ri*es are desir$ = ourselves only z ! means ( gratify+ our appetites1 ei!r at pres5t or 9 "s imag9>y future p]iod1 !y beget e/eem 9 o!rs m]ely f _! hav+ t influ5ce4 ,?is inde$ is _! v nature or (f5ce3 !y h a direct ref]5ce to ! commodities1 conv5i5ces1 & pleasures ( life4 ,! bill ( a bank]1 :o is broke1 or gold 9 a des]t isl&1 w\ld o!rwise be full z valuable4 ,:5 we approa* a man :o is1 z we say1 at 8 ease1 we are pres5t$ ) ! pleas+ ideas ( pl5ty1 satisfaction1 cleanl9ess1 w>m?2 a *e]ful h\se1 elegant furniture1 ready s]vice1 & :atev] is desirable 9 meat1 dr9k1 or app>el4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 a poor man appe>s1 ! disagreeable images ( want1 p5ury1 h>d lab\r1 dirty furniture1 co>se or ragg$ clo!s1 nause\s meat & di/a/eful liquor1 imm$iately /rike our fancy4 ,:at else d we mean by say+ t "o is ri*1 ! o!r poor8 ,& z reg>d or contempt is ! natural consequ5ce ( ^? diff]5t situations 9 life1 x is easily se5 :at additional light & evid5ce ?is ?r[s on our prec$+ !ory1 ) reg>d to all moral di/9ctions4 ,footnote3 ,!re is some?+ extraord9>y1 & seem+ly unacc\ntable 9 ! op]ation ( our passions1 :5 we consid] ! =tune & situation ( o!rs4 ,v (t5 ano!r's advancem5t & prosp]ity produces envy1 :i* has a /rong mixture ( hatr$1 & arises *iefly f ! comp>ison ( ourselves ) ! p]son4 ,at ! v same "t1 or at lea/ 9 v %ort int]vals1 we may feel ! passion ( respect1 :i* is a species ( affection or good-w1 ) a mixture ( humility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mis=tunes ( our fell[s (t5 cause pity1 :i* has 9 x a /rong mixture ( good-w4 ,?is s5tim5t ( pity is ne>ly alli$ to contempt1 :i* is a species ( dislike1 ) a mixture ( pride4 ,i only po9t out ^! ph5om5a1 z a subject ( speculation to su* z are curi\s ) reg>d to moral enquiries4 ,x is suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose to obs]ve 9 g5]al1 t p[] & ri*es commonly cause respect1 pov]ty & meanness contempt1 ?\gh p>ticul> views & incid5ts may sometimes raise ! passions ( envy & ( pity4 ,a man :o has cur$ himself ( all ridicul\s pre-possessions1 & is fully1 s9c]ely1 & /eadily conv9c$1 f exp]i5ce z well z philosophy1 t ! diff]5ce ( =tune makes less diff]5ce 9 happ9ess ?an is vulg>ly imag9$2 su* a "o does n measure out degrees ( e/eem accord+ to ! r5t-rolls ( 8 acqua9tance4 ,he may1 inde$1 ext]nally pay a sup]ior def]5ce to ! great "l above ! vassal2 because ri*es are ! mo/ conv5i5t1 be+ ! mo/ fix$ & det]m9ate1 s\rce ( di/9ction4 ,b 8 int]nal s5tim5ts are m regulat$ by ! p]sonal *>act]s ( m51 ?an by ! accid5tal & caprici\s fav\rs ( =tune4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe1 family1 t is1 h]$it>y ri*es1 m>k$ ) titles & symbols f ! sov]eign1 is ! *ief s\rce ( di/9ction4 ,9 ,engl&1 m reg>d is paid to pres5t opul5ce & pl5ty4 ,ea* practice has its advantages & disadvantages4 ,:]e bir? is respect$1 unactive1 spiritless m9ds rema9 9 haughty indol5ce1 & dream ( no?+ b p$igrees & g5ealogies3 ! g5]\s & ambiti\s seek hon\r & au?ority1 & reputation & fav\r4 ,:]e ri*es are ! *ief idol1 corruption1 v5ality1 rap9e prevail3 arts1 manufactures1 comm]ce1 agriculture fl\ri%4 ,! =m] prejudice1 be+ fav\rable to milit>y virtue1 is m suit$ to mon>*ies4 ,! latt]1 be+ ! *ief spur to indu/ry1 agrees bett] ) a republican gov]nm5t4 ,& we accord+ly f9d t ea* ( ^! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 by v>y+ ! utility ( ^? cu/oms1 has commonly a proportionable effect on ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,( ,,qualities ,,imm$iately ,,agreeable ,,to ,,ourselves4 ,:oev] has pass$ an ev5+ ) s]i\s melan*oly p1 & has obs]v$ h[ sudd5ly ! conv]sation 0 animat$1 & :at sprightl9ess diffus$ itself ov] ! c\nt5ance1 disc\rse1 & behavi\r ( e "o1 on ! accession ( a good-hum\r$1 lively companion2 su* a "o w easily all[ t *e]fulness c>ries great m]it ) x1 & naturally conciliates ! good-w ( mank9d4 ,no quality1 inde$1 m readily communicates itself to all ar\nd2 because no "o has a great] prop5sity to display itself1 9 jovial talk & pleasant ent]ta9m5t4 ,! flame spreads ?r\gh ! :ole circle2 & ! mo/ sull5 & morose are (t5 caught by x4 ,t ! melan*oly hate ! m]ry1 ev5 ?\gh ,horace says x1 ,i h "s difficulty to all[2 because ,i h always obs]v$ t1 :]e ! jollity is mod]ate & dec5t1 s]i\s p are s mu* ! m delight$1 z x dissipates ! gloom ) :i* !y are commonly oppress$1 & gives !m an unusual enjoym5t4 ,f ?is influ5ce ( *e]fulness1 bo? to communicate itself & to engage approbation1 we may p]ceive t !re is ano!r set ( m5tal qualities1 :i*1 )\t any utility or any t5d5cy to f>!r good1 ei!r ( ! community or ( ! possessor1 diffuse a satisfaction on ! behold]s1 & procure fri5d%ip & reg>d4 ,_! imm$iate s5sation1 to ! p]son possess$ ( !m1 is agreeable4 ,o!rs ent] into ! same hum\r1 & cat* ! s5tim5t1 by a contagion or natural sympa?y2 & z we _c =be> lov+ :atev] pleases1 a k9dly emotion arises t[>ds ! p]son :o communicates s mu* satisfaction4 ,he is a m animat+ spectacle2 8 pres5ce diffuses ov] u m s]5e complac5cy & enjoym5t2 our imag9ation1 ent]+ into 8 feel+s & disposition1 is affect$ 9 a m agreeable mann] ?an if a melan*oly1 deject$1 sull51 anxi\s temp] 7 pres5t$ to u4 ,h5ce ! affection & probation :i* att5d ! =m]3 ! av]sion & disgu/ ) :i* we reg>d ! latt]4 ,footnote3 ,!re is no man1 :o1 on p>ticul> occasions1 is n affect$ ) all ! disagreeable passions1 fe>1 ang]1 dejection1 grief1 melan*oly1 anxiety1 c4 ,b ^!1 s f> z !y are natural1 & univ]sal1 make no diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 & c nev] be ! object ( blame4 ,x is only :5 ! disposition gives a ,,prop5sity to any ( ^! disagreeable passions1 t !y disfigure ! "*1 & by giv+ uneas9ess1 convey ! s5tim5t ( disapprobation to ! spectator4 ,few m5 w\ld envy ! "* :i* ,caes> gives ( ,cassius3 ,he loves no play1 ,z ?\ d'/1 ,an?ony3 he he>s no music3 ,seldom he smiles2 & smiles 9 su* a sort1 ,z if he mock'd himself1 & scorn'd 8 _s ,t c\ld be mov'd to smile at any ?+4 ,n only su* m51 z ,caes> adds1 are commonly ,,dang]\s1 b also1 hav+ little enjoym5t )9 !mselves1 !y c nev] become agreeable to o!rs1 or contribute to social ent]ta9m5t4 ,9 all polite nations & ages1 a reli% = pleasure1 if accompani$ ) temp]ance & dec5cy1 is e/eem$ a consid]able m]it1 ev5 9 ! greate/ m52 & becomes /ill m requisite 9 ^? ( inf]ior rank & "*4 ,x is an agreeable repres5tation1 :i* a ,fr5* writ] gives ( ! situation ( 8 own m9d 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ,,virtue ,i ,,love1 says he1 ,,)\t ,,au/]ity3 ,,pleasure ,,)\t ,,effem9acy3 ,,& ,,life1 ,,)\t ,,fe>+ ,,its ,,end4 ,footnote3 ',j'aime la v]tu1 sans rudesse2 ,j'aime le plaisir1 sans molesse2 ,j'aime la vie1 et n'en cra9s po9t la f94'-,,/4 ,,evremont4 ,:o is n /ruck ) any signal in/ance ( greatness ( m9d or dignity ( "*2 ) elevation ( s5tim5t1 disda9 ( slav]y1 & ) t noble pride & _s1 :i* arises f consci\s virtue8 ,! sublime1 says ,long9us1 is (t5 no?+ b ! e*o or image ( magnanimity2 & :]e ?is quality appe>s 9 any "o1 ev5 ?\gh a syllable be n utt]$1 x excites our applause & admiration2 z may be obs]v$ ( ! fam\s sil5ce ( ,ajax 9 ! ,odyssey1 :i* expresses m noble disda9 & resolute indignation ?an any language c convey ,footnote3 ,cap4 #i44 ,,7 ,i ,alex&]1 said ,p>m5io1 ,i ,,w\ld ,,accept ,,( ,,^! ,,(f]s ,,made ,,by ,,d>ius4 ,,s ,,w\ld ,i ,,too1 repli$ ,alex&]1 ,,7 ,i ,,p>m5io4 ,?is say+ is admirable1 says ,long9us1 f a l pr9ciple4 ,footnote3 ,idem4 ,,g6 cries ! same h]o to 8 soldi]s1 :5 !y refus$ to foll[ him to ! ,indies1 ,,g ,,tell ,,y\r ,,c\ntrym51 ,,t ,,y ,,left ,alex&] ,,complet+ ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ',alex&]1' said ! ,pr9ce ( ,conde1 :o always admir$ ?is passage1 'ab&on$ by 8 soldi]s1 among b>b>ians1 n yet fully subdu$1 felt 9 himself su* a dignity & "r ( empire1 t he c\ld n believe x possible t any "o w\ld refuse to obey him4 ,:e!r 9 ,europe or 9 ,asia1 among ,greeks or ,p]sians1 all 0 indiff]5t to him3 :]ev] he f\nd m51 he fanci$ he %\ld f9d subjects4' ,! confid5t ( ,m$ea 9 ! trag$y recomm5ds caution & submission2 & enum]at+ all ! di/resses ( t un=tunate h]o9e1 asks h]1 :at %e has to support h] aga9/ h] num]\s & implacable enemies4 ,,myself1 replies %e2 ,,myself ,i ,,say1 ,,& ,,x ,,is ,,en\gh4 ,boileau ju/ly recomm5ds ?is passage z an in/ance ( true sublime ,footnote3 ,reflexion #aj sur ,long944 ,:5 ,phocion1 ! mode/1 ! g5tle ,phocion1 0 l$ to execution1 he turn$ to "o ( 8 fell[-suff]]s1 :o 0 lam5t+ 8 own h>d fate1 ,,is ,,x ,,n ,,glory ,,en\gh ,,= ,,y1 says he1 ,,t ,,y ,,die ,,) ,,phocion8 ,footnote3 ,plut>* 9 ,phoc4 ,place 9 opposition ! picture :i* ,tacitus draws ( ,vitellius1 fall5 f empire1 prolong+ 8 ignom9y f a wret*$ love ( life1 deliv]$ ov] to ! m]ciless rabble2 toss$1 buffet$1 & kick$ ab\t2 con/ra9$1 by _! hold+ a poni>d "u 8 *91 to raise 8 head1 & expose himself to e contumely4 ,:at abject infamy6 ,:at l[ humiliation6 ,yet ev5 "h1 says ! hi/orian1 he discov]$ "s symptoms ( a m9d n :olly deg5]ate4 ,to a tribune1 :o insult$ him1 he repli$1 ,i ,,am ,,/ill ,,y\r ,,emp]or4 ,footnote3 ,tacit4 hi/4 lib4 iii4 ,! au?or ent]+ ^u ! n>ration1 says1 ,,laniata ,,ve/e1 ,,fo$um ,,specaculum ,,ducebatur1 ,,multis ,,increpantibus1 ,,nullo ,,inlacrimante3 de=matitas exitus mis]icordiam ab/ul]at4 ,to ent] ?or\ghly into ?is me?od ( ?9k+1 we mu/ make all[ance = ! anci5t maxims1 t no "o ought to prolong 8 life aft] x became di%on\rable2 b1 z he _h always a "r to dispose ( x1 x !n became a duty to "p ) x4 ,we nev] excuse ! absolute want ( _s & dignity ( "*1 or a prop] s5se ( :at is due to "o's self1 9 society & ! common int]c\rse ( life4 ,?is vice con/itutes :at we prop]ly call ,,meanness2 :5 a man c submit to ! base/ slav]y1 9 ord] to ga9 8 ends2 fawn ^u ^? :o abuse him2 & degrade himself by intimacies & famili>ities ) undes]v+ inf]iors4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( g5]\s pride or self-value is s requisite1 t ! abs5ce ( x 9 ! m9d displeases1 aft] ! same mann] z ! want ( a nose1 eye1 or any ( ! mo/ mat]ial feature ( ! face or memb] ( ! body4 ,footnote3 ,! abs5ce ( virtue may (t5 be a vice2 & t ( ! highe/ k9d2 z 9 ! in/ance ( +ratitude1 z well z meanness4 ,:]e we expect a beauty1 ! disappo9tm5t gives an uneasy s5sation1 & produces a real de=mity4 ,an abjectness ( "*1 likewise1 is disgu/ful & contemptible 9 ano!r view4 ,:]e a man has no s5se ( value 9 himself1 we are n likely to h any high] e/eem ( him4 ,& if ! same p]son1 :o cr\*es to 8 sup]iors1 is insol5t to 8 inf]iors 7z (t5 happ5s71 ?is contr>iety ( behavi\r1 in/ead ( correct+ ! =m] vice1 aggravates x extremely by ! addition ( a vice /ill m odi\s4 ,see ,sect4 ,,viii4 ,! utility ( c\rage1 bo? to ! public & to ! p]son possess$ ( x1 is an obvi\s f\ndation ( m]it4 ,b to any "o :o duly consid]s ( ! matt]1 x w appe> t ?is quality has a peculi> lu/re1 :i* x d]ives :olly f itself1 & f t noble elevation insep>able f x4 ,its figure1 drawn by pa9t]s & by poets1 displays1 9 ea* feature1 a sublimity & d>+ confid5ce2 :i* cat*es ! eye1 engages ! affections1 & diffuses1 by sympa?y1 a l sublimity ( s5tim5t ov] e spectator4 ,"u :at %9+ col\rs does ,demo/h5es ,footnote3 ,de ,corona4 repres5t ,philip2 :]e ! orator apologizes = 8 own adm9i/ration1 & ju/ifies t p]t9aci\s love ( lib]ty1 ) :i* he _h inspir$ ! ,a!nians4 ',i beheld ,philip1' says he1 'he ) :om 0 y\r conte/1 resolutely1 :ile 9 pursuit ( empire & dom9ion1 expos+ himself to e w\nd2 8 eye gor$1 8 neck wre/$1 8 arm1 8 ?igh pi]c$1 :at ev] "p ( 8 body =tune %\ld seize on1 t *e]fully rel9qui%+2 provid$ t1 ) :at rema9$1 he might live 9 hon\r & r5[n4 ,& %all x be said t he1 born 9 ,pella1 a place h]et(ore mean & ignoble1 %\ld be inspir$ ) s high an ambition & ?ir/ ( fame3 :ile y1 ,a!nians1 c4' ,^! praises excite ! mo/ lively admiration2 b ! views pres5t$ by ! orator1 c>ry u n1 we see1 beyond ! h]o himself1 nor ev] reg>d ! future advantage\s consequ5ces ( 8 val\r4 ,! mat]ial temp] ( ! ,romans1 inflam$ by cont9ual w>s1 _h rais$ _! e/eem ( c\rage s high1 t1 9 _! language1 x 0 call$ ,,virtue1 by way ( excell5ce & ( di/9ction f all o!r moral qualities4 ,,! ,suevi1 9 ! op9ion ( ,tacitus1 tus1 ,footnote3 ,de moribus ,g]m4 ,,dress$ ,,_! ,,hair ,,) ,a ,,laudible ,,int5t3 ,,n ,,= ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,lov+ ,,or ,,be+ ,,loves2 ,,!y ,,dorn$ ,,!mselves ,,only ,,= ,,_! ,,enemies1 ,,& ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,appe> ,,m ,,t]rible4 ,a s5tim5t ( ! hi/orian1 :i* w\ld s\nd a little oddly 9 o!r nations & o!r ages4 ,! ,scy?ians1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ,footnote3 ,lib4 iv4 aft] scalp+ _! enemies1 dress$ ! sk9 l lea!r1 & us$ x z a t[el2 & :oev] _h ! mo/ ( ^? t[els 0 mo/ e/eem$ among !m4 ,s mu* _h m>tial brav]y1 9 t nation1 z well z 9 _m o!rs1 de/roy$ ! s5tim5ts ( humanity2 a virtue surely mu* m useful & engag+4 ,x is inde$ obs]vable1 t1 among all uncultivat$ nations1 :o h n z yet _h full exp]i5ce ( ! advantages att5d+ b5efic5ce1 ju/ice1 & ! social virtues1 c\rage is ! pr$om9ant excell5ce2 :at is mo/ celebrat$ by poets1 recomm5d$ by p>5ts & in/ructors1 & admir$ by ! public 9 g5]al4 ,! e?ics ( ,hom] are1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 v diff]5t f ^? ( ,f5elon1 8 elegant imitator2 & su* z 7 well suit$ to an age1 :5 "o h]o1 z rem>k$ by ,?ucydides ,lib4i41 c\ld ask ano!r1 )\t (f5ce1 :e!r he 7 a robb] or n4 ,su* also v lately 0 ! sy/em ( e?ics :i* prevail$ 9 _m b>b>\s p>ts ( ,irel&2 if we may cr$it ,sp5c]1 9 8 judici\s acc\nt ( ! /ate ( t k+dom4 ,footnote f ,sp5c]3 ,x is a common use1 says he1 among/ _! g5tlem5's sons1 t1 z soon z !y are able to use _! weapons1 !y /rait ga!r to !mselves ?ree or f\r /raggl]s or k]n1 ) :om w&]+ a :ile up & d[n idly ! c\ntry1 tak+ only meat1 he at la/ falle? into "s bad occasion1 t %all be (f]$2 :i* be+ once made kn[n1 he is !nce=? c\nt$ a man ( wor?1 9 :om !re is c\rage4 ,( ! same class ( virtues ) c\rage is t undi/urb$ philosophical tranquillity1 sup]ior to pa91 sorr[1 anxiety1 & ea* assault ( adv]se =tune4 ,consci\s ( 8 own virtue1 say ! philosoph]s1 ! sage elevates himself above e accid5t ( life2 & securely plac$ 9 ! temple ( wisdom1 looks d[n on inf]ior mortals engag$ 9 pursuit ( hon\rs1 ri*es1 reputation1 & e frivol\s enjoym5t4 ,^! pret5ti\s1 no d\bt1 :5 /ret*$ to ! utmo/1 are by f> too magnific5t = human nature4 ,!y c>ry1 h[ev]1 a gr&eur ) !m1 :i* seizes ! spectator1 & /rikes him ) admiration4 ,& ! ne>] we c approa* 9 practice to ?is sublime tranquillity & indiff]5ce 7= we mu/ di/+ui% x f a /upid ins5sibility71 ! m secure enjoym5t %all we atta9 )9 ourselves1 & ! m greatness ( m9d %all we discov] to ! _w4 ,! philosophical tranquillity may1 inde$1 be consid]$ only z a bran* ( magnanimity4 ,:o admires n ,socrates2 8 p]petual s]5ity & cont5tm5t1 amid/ ! greate/ pov]ty & dome/ic vexations2 8 resolute contempt ( ri*es1 & 8 magnanim\s c>e ( pres]v+ lib]ty1 :ile he refus$ all assi/ance f 8 fri5ds & disciples1 & avoid$ ev5 ! dep5d5ce ( an obligation8 ,epictetus _h n s mu* z a door to 8 little h\se or hovel2 & !re=e1 soon lo/ 8 iron lamp1 ! only furniture :i* he _h wor? tak+4 ,b resolv+ to disappo9t all robb]s = ! future1 he suppli$ its place ) an e>!n lamp1 ( :i* he v peacefully kept possession ev] aft]4 ,among ! anci5ts1 ! h]oes 9 philosophy1 z well z ^? 9 w> & patriotism1 h a gr&eur & =ce ( s5tim5t1 :i* a/oni%es our n>r[ s\ls1 & is ra%ly reject$ z extravagant & sup]natural4 ,!y1 9 _! turn1 ,i all[1 w\ld h _h equal reason to consid] z romantic & incr$ible1 ! degree ( humanity1 clem5cy1 ord]1 tranquillity1 & o!r social virtues1 to :i*1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 we h atta9$ 9 mod]n times1 _h any "o be5 !n able to h made a fair repres5tation ( !m4 ,su* is ! comp5sation1 :i* nature1 or r education1 has made 9 ! di/ribution ( excell5cies & virtues1 9 ^? diff]5t ages4 ,! m]it ( b5evol5ce1 aris+ f its utility1 & its t5d5cy to promote ! good ( mank9d has be5 already expla9$1 & is1 no d\bt1 ! s\rce ( a ,,consid]able "p ( t e/eem1 :i* is s univ]sally paid to x4 ,b x w also be all[$1 t ! v s(tness & t5d]ness ( ! s5tim5t1 its engag+ ende>m5ts1 its fond expressions1 its delicate att5tions1 & all t fl[ ( mutual confid5ce & reg>d1 :i* ent]s into a w>m atta*m5t ( love & fri5d%ip3 x w be all[$1 ,i say1 t ^! feel+s1 be+ delightful 9 !mselves1 are necess>ily communicat$ to ! spectators1 & melt !m into ! same fondness & delicacy4 ,! te> naturally />ts 9 our eye on ! appreh5sion ( a w>m s5tim5t ( ?is nature3 our brea/ heaves1 our he>t is agitat$1 & e humane t5d] pr9ciple ( our frame is set 9 motion1 & gives u ! pure/ & mo/ satisfactory enjoym5t4 ,:5 poets =m descriptions ( ,elysian fields1 :]e ! bless$ inhabitants /& 9 no ne$ ( ea* o!r's assi/ance1 !y yet repres5t !m z ma9ta9+ a con/ant int]c\rse ( love & fri5d%ip1 & soo? our fancy ) ! pleas+ image ( ^! s(t & g5tle passions4 ,! idea ( t5d] tranquillity 9 a pa/oral ,arcadia is agreeable f a l pr9ciple1 z has be5 obs]v$ above4 ,footnote3 ,sect4 v4 ,"p #b4 ,:o w\ld live amid/ p]petual wrangl+1 & scold+1 & mutual reproa*es8 ,! r\ghness & h>%ness ( ^! emotions di/urb & displease u3 we suff] by contagion & sympa?y2 nor c we rema9 indiff]5t spectators1 ev5 ?\gh c]ta9 t no p]nici\s consequ5ces w\ld ev] foll[ f su* angry passions4 ,z a c]ta9 pro( t ! :ole m]it ( b5evol5ce is n d]iv$ f its usefulness1 we may obs]ve1 t 9 a k9d way ( blame1 we say1 a p]son is ,,too ,,good2 :5 he exce$s 8 "p 9 society1 & c>ries 8 att5tion = o!rs beyond ! prop] b\nds4 ,9 l mann]1 we say1 a man is too ,,high-,,spirit$1 ,,too ,,intrepid1 ,,too ,,indiff]5t ,,ab\t ,,=tune3 reproa*es1 :i* really1 at bottom1 imply m e/eem ?an _m panegyrics4 ,be+ accu/om$ to rate ! m]it & dem]it ( *>act]s *iefly by _! useful or p]nici\s t5d5cies1 we _c =be> apply+ ! epi!t ( blame1 :5 we discov] a s5tim5t1 :i* rises to a degree1 t is hurtful2 b x may happ51 at ! same "t1 t its noble elevation1 or its engag+ t5d]ness s seizes ! he>t1 z r to increase our fri5d%ip & conc]n = ! p]son4 ,footnote3 ,*e]fulness c\ld sc>ce admit ( blame f its excess1 7 x n t dissolute mir?1 )\t a prop] cause or subject1 is a sure symptom & *>act]i/ic ( folly1 & on t acc\nt disgu/ful4 ,! am\rs & atta*m5ts ( ,h>ry ! ,i,vth ( ,france1 dur+ ! civil w>s ( ! league1 frequ5tly hurt 8 int]e/ & 8 cause2 b all ! "y1 at lea/1 & amor\s1 :o c sympa?ize ) ! t5d] passions1 w all[ t ?is v weakness1 = !y w readily call x su*1 *iefly ende>s t h]o1 & int]e/s !m 9 8 =tunes4 ,! excessive brav]y & resolute inflexibility ( ,*>les ! ,x,i,ith ru9$ 8 own c\ntry1 & infe/$ all 8 neighb\rs2 b h su* spl5d\r & greatness 9 _! appe>ance1 z /rikes u ) admiration2 & !y might1 9 "s degree1 be ev5 approv$ (1 if !y betray$ n sometimes too evid5t symptoms ( madness & disord]4 ,! ,a!nians pret5d$ to ! fir/ inv5tion ( agriculture & ( laws3 & always valu$ !mselves extremely on ! b5efit !reby procur$ to ! :ole race ( mank9d4 ,!y also boa/$1 & ) reason1 ( _! w> l ent]prises2 p>ticul>ly aga9/ ^? innum]able fleets & armies ( ,p]sians1 :i* invad$ ,greece dur+ ! reigns ( ,d>ius & ,x]xes4 ,b ?\gh !re be no comp>ison 9 po9t ( utility1 betwe5 ^! peaceful & milit>y hon\rs2 yet we f9d1 t ! orators1 :o h writ su* elaborate panegyrics on t fam\s city1 h *iefly triumph$ 9 display+ ! w>like a*ievem5ts4 ,lysias1 ,?ucydides1 ,plato1 & ,isocrates discov]1 all ( !m1 ! same p>tiality2 :i*1 ?\gh condemn$ by calm reason & reflection1 appe>s s natural 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,x is obs]vable1 t ! great *>m ( poetry consi/s 9 lively pictures ( ! sublime passions1 magnanimity1 c\rage1 disda9 ( =tune2 or ^? ( ! t5d] affections1 love & fri5d%ip2 :i* w>m ! he>t1 & diffuse ov] x simil> s5tim5ts & emotions4 ,& ?\gh all k9ds ( passion1 ev5 ! mo/ disagreeable1 su* z grief & ang]1 are obs]v$1 :5 excit$ by poetry1 to convey a satisfaction1 f a me*anism ( nature1 n easy to be expla9$3 ,yet ^? m elevat$ or s(t] affections h a peculi> influ5ce1 & please f m ?an "o cause or pr9ciple4 ,n to m5tion t !y alone int]e/ u 9 ! =tune ( ! p]sons repres5t$1 or communicate any e/eem & affection = _! "*4 ,& c x possibly be d\bt$1 t ?is tal5t itself ( poets1 to move ! passions1 ?is pa!tic & sublime ( s5tim5t1 is a v consid]able m]it2 & be+ enhanc$ by its extreme r>ity1 may exalt ! p]son possess$ ( x1 above e "* ( ! age 9 :i* he lives8 ,! prud5ce1 address1 /ead9ess1 & b5ign gov]nm5t ( ,augu/us1 adorn$ ) all ! spl5d\r ( 8 noble bir? & imp]ial cr[n1 r5d] him b an unequal competitor = fame ) ,virgil1 :o lays no?+ into ! opposite scale b ! div9e beauties ( 8 poetical g5ius4 ,! v s5sibility to ^! beauties1 or a delicacy ( ta/e1 is itself a beauty 9 any "*2 z convey+ ! pure/1 ! mo/ durable1 & mo/ innoc5t ( all enjoym5ts4 ,^! are "s in/ances ( ! sev]al species ( m]it1 t are valu$ = ! imm$iate pleasure :i* !y communicate to ! p]son possess$ ( !m4 ,no views ( utility or ( future b5eficial consequ5ces ent] into ?is s5tim5t ( approbation2 yet is x ( a k9d simil> to t o!r s5tim5t1 :i* arises f views ( a public or private utility4 ,! same social sympa?y1 we may obs]ve1 or fell[-feel+ ) human happ9ess or mis]y1 gives rise to bo?2 & ?is analogy1 9 all ! p>ts ( ! pres5t !ory1 may ju/ly be reg>d$ z a confirmation ( x4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,( ,,qualities ,,imm$iately ,,agreeable ,,to ,,o!rs4 ,footnote3 ,x is ! nature &1 inde$1 ! def9ition ( virtue1 t x is ,a ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,agreeable ,,to ,,or ,,approv$ ,,( ,,by ,,e ,,"o ,,:o ,,consid]s ,,or ,,contemplates ,,x4 ,b "s qualities produce pleasure1 because !y are useful to society1 or useful or agreeable to ! p]son himself2 o!rs produce x m imm$iately1 :i* is ! case ) ! class ( virtues "h consid]$4 ,,z ! mutual %ocks1 9 ,,society1 & ! oppositions ( int]e/ & self-love h con/ra9$ mank9d to e/abli% ! laws ( ,,ju/ice1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! advantages ( mutual assi/ance & protection3 9 l mann]1 ! et]nal contr>ieties1 9 ,,company1 ( m5's pride & self-conceit1 h introduc$ ! rules ( ,good ,mann]s or ,polit5ess1 9 ord] to facilitate ! int]c\rse ( m9ds1 & an undi/urb$ comm]ce & conv]sation4 ,among well-br$ p1 a mutual def]5ce is affect$2 contempt ( o!rs disguis$2 au?ority conceal$2 att5tion giv5 to ea* 9 8 turn2 & an easy /ream ( conv]sation ma9ta9$1 )\t vehem5ce1 )\t int]ruption1 )\t eag]ness = victory1 & )\t any airs ( sup]iority4 ,^! att5tions & reg>ds are imm$iately ,,agreeable to o!rs1 ab/ract$ f any consid]ation ( utility or b5eficial t5d5cies3 !y conciliate affection1 promote e/eem1 & extremely enhance ! m]it ( ! p]son :o regulates 8 behavi\r by !m4 ,_m ( ! =ms ( bre$+ are arbitr>y & casual2 b ! ?+ express$ by !m is /ill ! same4 ,a ,spani>d goes out ( 8 own h\se be=e 8 gue/1 to signify t he leaves him ma/] ( all4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 ! l&lord walks out la/1 z a common m>k ( def]5ce & reg>d4 ,b1 9 ord] to r5d] a man p]fect ,,good ,,company1 he mu/ h ,wit & ,+5uity z well z good mann]s4 ,:at wit is1 x may n be easy to def9e2 b x is easy surely to det]m9e t x is a quality imm$iately ,,agreeable to o!rs1 & communicat+1 on its fir/ appe>ance1 a lively joy & satisfaction to e "o :o has any compreh5sion ( x4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd metaphysics1 inde$1 might be employ$ 9 expla9+ ! v>i\s k9ds & species ( wit2 & _m classes ( x1 :i* are n[ receiv$ on ! sole te/imony ( ta/e & s5tim5t1 might1 p]haps1 be resolv$ into m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,b ?is is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose1 t x does affect ta/e & s5tim5t1 & be/[+ an imm$iate enjoym5t1 is a sure s\rce ( approbation & affection4 ,9 c\ntries :]e m5 pass mo/ ( _! "t 9 conv]sation1 & visits1 & assemblies1 ^! ,,companionable qualities1 s to speak1 are ( high e/imation1 & =m a *ief "p ( p]sonal m]it4 ,9 c\ntries :]e m5 live a m dome/ic life1 & ei!r are employ$ 9 bus9ess1 or amuse !mselves 9 a n>r[] circle ( acqua9tance1 ! m solid qualities are *iefly reg>d$4 ,?us1 ,i h (t5 obs]v$1 t1 among ! ,fr5*1 ! fir/ que/ions ) reg>d to a /rang] are1 ,,is ,,he ,,polite8 ,,has ,,he ,,wit8 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ! *ief praise be/[$ is always t ( a ,,good-,,natur$1 ,,s5sible ,,fell[4 ,9 conv]sation1 ! lively _s ( dialogue is ,,agreeable1 ev5 to ^? :o desire n to h any %>e 9 ! disc\rse3 h5ce ! tell] ( long /ories1 or ! pomp\s declaim]1 is v little approv$ (4 ,b mo/ m5 desire likewise _! turn 9 ! conv]sation1 & reg>d1 ) a v evil eye1 t ,,loquacity :i* deprives !m ( a "r !y are naturally s jeal\s (4 ,!re is a sort ( h>mless ,,li>s1 frequ5tly to be met ) 9 company1 :o deal mu* 9 ! m>vell\s4 ,_! usual int5tion is to please & ent]ta92 b z m5 are mo/ delight$ ) :at !y conceive to be tru?1 ^! p mi/ake extremely ! means ( pleas+1 & incur univ]sal blame4 ,"s indulg5ce1 h[ev]1 to ly+ or fiction is giv5 9 ,,humor\s /ories2 because x is !re really agreeable & ent]ta9+1 & tru? is n ( any importance4 ,eloqu5ce1 g5ius ( all k9ds1 ev5 good s5se1 & s\nd reason+1 :5 x rises to an em95t degree1 & is employ$ ^u subjects ( any consid]able dignity & nice disc]nm5t2 all ^! end[m5ts seem imm$iately agreeable1 & h a m]it di/9ct f _! usefulness4 ,r>ity1 likewise1 :i* s mu* enhances ! price ( e ?+1 mu/ set an additional value on ^! noble tal5ts ( ! human m9d4 ,mode/y may be und]/ood 9 diff]5t s5ses1 ev5 ab/ract$ f *a/ity1 :i* has be5 already treat$ (4 ,x sometimes means t t5d]ness & nicety ( hon\r1 t appreh5sion ( blame1 t dread ( intrusion or injury t[>ds o!rs1 t ,pudor1 :i* is ! prop] gu>dian ( e k9d ( virtue1 & a sure pres]vative aga9/ vice & corruption4 ,b its mo/ usual mean+ is :5 x is oppos$ to ,,impud5ce & ,,arrogance1 & expresses a diffid5ce ( our own judgem5t1 & a due att5tion & reg>d = o!rs4 ,9 "y m5 *iefly1 ?is quality is a sure sign ( good s5se2 & is also ! c]ta9 means ( augm5t+ t end[m5t1 by pres]v+ _! e>s op5 to in/ruction1 & mak+ !m /ill grasp aft] new atta9m5ts4 ,b x has a fur!r *>m to e spectator2 by flatt]+ e man's vanity1 & pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a docile pupil1 :o receives1 ) prop] att5tion & respect1 e ^w !y utt]4 ,m5 h1 9 g5]al1 a mu* great] prop5sity to ov]value ?an und]value !mselves2 not)/&+ ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle ,footnote3 ,e?ic4 ad ,nicoma*um44 ,?is makes u m jeal\s ( ! excess on ! =m] side1 & causes u to reg>d1 ) a peculi> indulg5ce1 all t5d5cy to mode/y & self-diffid5ce2 z e/eem+ ! dang] less ( fall+ into any vici\s extreme ( t nature4 ,x is ?us 9 c\ntries :]e m5's bodies are apt to exce$ 9 corpul5cy1 p]sonal beauty is plac$ 9 a mu* great] degree ( sl5d]ness1 ?an 9 c\ntries :]e t is ! mo/ usual defect4 ,be+ s (t5 /ruck ) in/ances ( "o species ( de=mity1 m5 ?9k !y c nev] keep at too great a di/ance f x1 & wi% always to h a lean+ to ! opposite side4 ,9 l mann]1 7 ! door op5$ to self-praise1 & 7 ,montaigne's maxim obs]v$1 t "o %\ld say z frankly1 ,i ,,h ,,s5se1 ,i ,,h ,,le>n+1 ,i ,,h ,,c\rage1 ,,beauty1 ,,or ,,wit1 z x is sure we (t5 ?9k s2 7 ?is ! case1 ,i say1 e "o is s5sible t su* a flood ( imp]t95ce w\ld break 9 ^u u1 z w\ld r5d] society :olly intol]able4 ,= ?is reason cu/om has e/abli%$ x z a rule1 9 common societies1 t m5 %\ld n indulge !mselves 9 self-praise1 or ev5 speak mu* ( !mselves2 & x is only among intimate fri5ds or p ( v manly behavi\r1 t "o is all[$ to d himself ju/ice4 ,nobody f9ds fault ) ,maurice1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 = 8 reply to "o :o ask$ him1 :om he e/eem$ ! fir/ g5]al ( ! age1 ,,! ,,m>quis ,,( ,,sp9ola1 said he1 ,,is ,,! ,,second4 ,?\gh x is obs]vable1 t ! self-praise impli$ is "h bett] impli$1 ?an if x _h be5 directly express$1 )\t any cov] or disguise4 ,he mu/ be a v sup]ficial ?9k]1 :o imag9es t all in/ances ( mutual def]5ce are to be und]/ood 9 e>ne/1 & t a man w\ld be m e/eemable = be+ ignorant ( 8 own m]its & accompli%m5ts4 ,a small bias t[>ds mode/y1 ev5 9 ! int]nal s5tim5t1 is fav\rably reg>d$1 especially 9 "y p2 & a /rong bias is requir$ 9 ! outw>d behavi\r2 b ?is excludes n a noble pride & _s1 :i* may op5ly display itself 9 its full ext5t1 :5 "o lies "u calumny or oppression ( any k9d4 ,! g5]\s contumacy ( ,socrates1 z ,cic]o calls x1 has be5 highly celebrat$ 9 all ages2 & :5 jo9$ to ! usual mode/y ( 8 behavi\r1 =ms a %9+ "*4 ,iphicrates1 ! ,a!nian1 be+ accus$ ( betray+ ! int]e/s ( 8 c\ntry1 ask$ 8 accus]1 ,,w\ld ,,y1 says he1 ,,h1 ,,on ,a ,,l ,,occasion1 ,,be5 ,,guilty ,,( ,,t ,,crime8 ,,by ,,no ,,means1 repli$ ! o!r4 ,,& ,,c ,,y ,,!n ,,imag9e1 cri$ ! h]o1 t ,iphicrates ,,w\ld ,,be ,,guilty8 ,footnote3 ,qu9ctil4 lib4 v4 cap4 #ab4--;,9 %ort1 a g5]\s _s & self-value1 well f\nd$1 dec5tly disguis$1 & c\rage\sly support$ "u di/ress & calumny1 is a great excell5cy1 & seems to d]ive its m]it f ! noble elevation ( its s5tim5t1 or its imm$iate agreeabl5ess to its possessor4 ,9 ord9>y *>act]s1 we approve ( a bias t[>ds mode/y1 :i* is a quality imm$iately agreeable to o!rs3 ! vici\s excess ( ! =m] virtue1 namely1 insol5ce or haught9ess1 is imm$iately disagreeable to o!rs2 ! excess ( ! latt] is s to ! possessor4 ,?us are ! b\nd>ies ( ^! duties adju/$4 ,a desire ( fame1 reputation1 or a "* ) o!rs1 is s f> f be+ blameable1 t x seems insep>able f virtue1 g5ius1 capacity1 & a g5]\s or noble disposition4 ,an att5tion ev5 to trivial matt]s1 9 ord] to please1 is also expect$ & dem&$ by society2 & no "o is surpris$1 if he f9d a man 9 company to obs]ve a great] elegance ( dress & m pleasant fl[ ( conv]sation1 ?an :5 he passes 8 "t at home1 & ) 8 own family4 ,:]e91 !n1 consi/s ,vanity1 :i* is s ju/ly reg>d$ z a fault or imp]fection4 ,x seems to consi/ *iefly 9 su* an intemp]ate display ( our advantages1 hon\rs1 & accompli%m5ts2 9 su* an importunate & op5 dem& ( praise & admiration1 z is (f5sive to o!rs1 & encroa*es too f> on _! secret vanity & ambition4 ,x is besides a sure symptom ( ! want ( true dignity & elevation ( m9d1 :i* is s great an ornam5t 9 any "*4 ,= :y t impati5t desire ( applause2 z if y 7 n ju/ly entitl$ to x1 & might n reasonably expect t x w\ld = ev] at t5d y8 ,:y s anxi\s to in=m u ( ! great company :i* y h kept2 ! oblig+ ?+s :i* 7 said to y2 ! hon\rs1 ! di/9ctions :i* y met )2 z if ^! 7 n ?+s ( c\rse1 & :at we c\ld readily1 ( ourselves1 h imag9$1 )\t be+ told ( !m8 ,dec5cy1 or a prop] reg>d to age1 sex1 "*1 & /ation 9 ! _w1 may be rank$ among ! qualities :i* are imm$iately agreeable to o!rs1 & :i*1 by t means1 acquire praise & approbation4 ,an effem9ate behavi\r 9 a man1 a r\gh mann] 9 a woman2 ^! are ugly because unsuitable to ea* "*1 & diff]5t f ! qualities :i* we expect 9 ! sexes4 ,x is z if a trag$y ab\nd$ 9 comic beauties1 or a com$y 9 tragic4 ,! disproportions hurt ! eye1 & convey a disagreeable s5tim5t to ! spectators1 ! s\rce ( blame & disapprobation4 ,?is is t ,,indecorum1 :i* is expla9$ s mu* at l>ge by ,cic]o 9 8 ,(fices4 ,among ! o!r virtues1 we may also give ,cleanl9ess a place2 s9ce x naturally r5d]s u agreeable to o!rs1 & is no inconsid]able s\rce ( love & affection4 ,no "o w d5y1 t a neglig5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> is a fault2 & z faults are no?+ b small] vices1 & ?is fault c h no o!r orig9 ?an ! uneasy s5sation :i* x excites 9 o!rs2 we may1 9 ?is in/ance1 seem+ly s trivial1 cle>ly discov] ! orig9 ( moral di/9ctions1 ab\t :i* ! le>n$ h involv$ !mselves 9 su* mazes ( p]plexity & error4 ,b besides all ! ,,agreeable qualities1 ! orig9 ( ^: beauty we c1 9 "s degree1 expla9 & acc\nt =1 !re /ill rema9s some?+ my/]i\s & inexplicable1 :i* conveys an imm$iate satisfaction to ! spectator1 b h[1 or :y1 or = :at reason1 he _c pret5d to det]m9e4 ,!re is a mann]1 a grace1 an ease1 a g5teelness1 an ,i-"k-n-:at1 :i* "s m5 possess above o!rs1 :i* is v diff]5t f ext]nal beauty & comel9ess1 & :i*1 h[ev]1 cat*es our affection almo/ z sudd5ly & p[]fully4 ,& ?\gh ?is ,,mann] be *iefly talk$ ( 9 ! passion betwe5 ! sexes1 :]e ! conceal$ magic is easily expla9$1 yet surely mu* ( x prevails 9 all our e/imation ( *>act]s1 & =ms no inconsid]able "p ( p]sonal m]it4 ,?is class ( accompli%m5ts1 !re=e1 mu/ be tru/$ entirely to ! bl9d1 b sure te/imony ( ta/e & s5tim5t2 & mu/ be consid]$ z a "p ( e?ics1 left by nature to baffle all ! pride ( philosophy1 & make h] s5sible ( h] n>r[ b\nd>ies & sl5d] acquisitions4 ,we approve ( ano!r1 because ( 8 wit1 polit5ess1 mode/y1 dec5cy1 or any agreeable quality :i* he possesses2 al?\gh he be n ( our acqua9tance1 nor has ev] giv5 u any ent]ta9m5t1 by means ( ^! accompli%m5ts4 ,! idea1 :i* we =m ( _! effect on 8 acqua9tance1 has an agreeable influ5ce on our imag9ation1 & gives u ! s5tim5t ( approbation4 ,?is pr9ciple ent]s into all ! judgem5ts :i* we =m conc]n+ mann]s & *>act]s4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,conclusion4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,x may ju/ly appe> surpris+ t any man 9 s late an age1 %\ld f9d x requisite to prove1 by elaborate reason+1 t ,p]sonal ,m]it consi/s altoge!r 9 ! possession ( m5tal qualities1 ,,useful or ,,agreeable to ! ,,p]son ,,himself or to ,,o!rs4 ,x might be expect$ t ?is pr9ciple w\ld h occurr$ ev5 to ! fir/ rude1 unpractis$ enquir]s conc]n+ morals1 & be5 receiv$ f its own evid5ce1 )\t any argum5t or disputation4 ,:atev] is valuable 9 any k9d1 s naturally classes itself "u ! division ( ,,useful or ,,agreeable1 ! ,,utile or ! ,,dulce1 t x is n easy to imag9e :y we %\ld ev] seek fur!r1 or consid] ! "q z a matt] ( nice rese>* or inquiry4 ,& z e ?+ useful or agreeable mu/ possess ^! qualities ) reg>d ei!r to ! ,,p]son ,,himself or to ,,o!rs1 ! complete del9eation or description ( m]it seems to be p]=m$ z naturally z a %ad[ is ca/ by ! sun1 or an image is reflect$ ^u wat]4 ,if ! gr\nd1 on :i* ! %ad[ is ca/1 be n brok5 & unev52 nor ! surface f :i* ! image is reflect$1 di/urb$ & confus$2 a j figure is imm$iately pres5t$1 )\t any art or att5tion4 ,& x seems a reasonable presumption1 t sy/ems & hypo!ses h p]v]t$ our natural und]/&+1 :5 a !ory1 s simple & obvi\s1 c\ld s long h escap$ ! mo/ elaborate exam9ation4 ,b h[ev] ! case may h f>$ ) philosophy1 9 common life ^! pr9ciples are /ill implicitly ma9ta9$2 nor is any o!r topic ( praise or blame ev] recurr$ to1 :5 we employ any panegyric or satire1 any applause or c5sure ( human action & behavi\r4 ,if we obs]ve m51 9 e int]c\rse ( bus9ess or pleasure1 9 e disc\rse & conv]sation1 we %all f9d !m n[h]e1 except ! s*ools1 at any loss ^u ?is subject4 ,:at s natural1 = in/ance1 z ! foll[+ dialogue8 ,y are v happy1 we %all suppose "o to say1 address+ himself to ano!r1 t y h giv5 y\r daught] to ,clean!s4 ,he is a man ( hon\r & humanity4 ,e "o1 :o has any int]c\rse ) him1 is sure ( ,,fair & ,,k9d treatm5t4 ,footnote3 ,qualities useful to o!rs4 ,i congratulate y too1 says ano!r1 on ! promis+ expectations ( ?is son-9-law2 ^: assidu\s application to ! /udy ( ! laws1 ^: quick p5etration & e>ly k bo? ( m5 & bus9ess1 progno/icate ! greate/ hon\rs & advancem5t4 ,footnote3 ,qualities useful to ! p]son himself4 ,y surprise me1 replies a ?ird1 :5 y talk ( ,clean!s z a man ( bus9ess & application4 ,i met him lately 9 a circle ( ! gaye/ company1 & he 0 ! v life & s\l ( our conv]sation3 s mu* wit ) good mann]s2 s mu* gallantry )\t affectation2 s mu* +5i\s k s g5teelly deliv]$1 ,i h nev] be=e obs]v$ 9 any "o4 ,footnote3 ,qualities imm$iately agreeable to o!rs1 ,y w\ld admire him /ill m1 says a f\r?1 if y knew him m famili>ly4 ,t *e]fulness1 :i* y might rem>k 9 him1 is n a sudd5 fla% /ruck out by company3 x runs ?r\gh ! :ole t5or ( 8 life1 & pres]ves a p]petual s]5ity on 8 c\nt5ance1 & tranquillity 9 8 s\l4 ,he has met ) sev]e trials1 mis=tunes z well z dang]s2 & by 8 greatness ( m9d1 0 /ill sup]ior to all ( !m ,footnote3 ,qualities imm$iately agreeable to ! p]son himself4 ,! image1 g5tlem51 :i* y h "h del9eat$ ( ,clean!s1 cri$ ,i1 is t ( accompli%$ m]it4 ,ea* ( y has giv5 a /roke ( ! p5cil to 8 figure2 & y h unaw>es exce$$ all ! pictures drawn by ,gratian or ,ca/iglione4 ,a philosoph] might select ?is "* z a model ( p]fect virtue4 ,& z e quality :i* is useful or agreeable to ourselves or o!rs is1 9 common life1 all[$ to be a "p ( p]sonal m]it2 s no o!r w ev] be receiv$1 :]e m5 judge ( ?+s by _! natural1 unprejudic$ reason1 )\t ! delusive glosses ( sup]/ition & false religion4 ,celibacy1 fa/+1 p5ance1 mortification1 self-d5ial1 humility1 sil5ce1 solitude1 & ! :ole tra9 ( monki% virtues2 = :at reason are !y ev]y:]e reject$ by m5 ( s5se1 b because !y s]ve to no mann] ( purpose2 nei!r advance a man's =tune 9 ! _w1 nor r5d] him a m valuable memb] ( society2 nei!r qualify him = ! ent]ta9m5t ( company1 nor increase 8 p[] ( self-enjoym5t8 ,we obs]ve1 on ! contr>y1 t !y cross all ^! desirable ends2 /upify ! und]/&+ & h>d5 ! he>t1 obscure ! fancy & s\r ! temp]4 ,we ju/ly1 !re=e1 transf] !m to ! opposite column1 & place !m 9 ! catalogue ( vices2 nor has any sup]/ition =ce suffici5t among m5 ( ! _w1 to p]v]t entirely ^! natural s5tim5ts4 ,a gloomy1 hair-bra9$ en?usia/1 aft] 8 dea?1 may h a place 9 ! cal5d>2 b w sc>cely ev] be admitt$1 :5 alive1 into intimacy & society1 except by ^? :o are z deliri\s & dismal z himself4 ,x seems a happ9ess 9 ! pres5t !ory1 t x ent]s n into t vulg> dispute conc]n+ ! ,,degrees ( b5evol5ce or self-love1 :i* prevail 9 human nature2 a dispute :i* is nev] likely to h any issue1 bo? because m51 :o h tak5 "p1 are n easily conv9c$1 & because ! ph5om5a1 :i* c be produc$ on ei!r side1 are s disp]s$1 s unc]ta91 & subject to s _m int]pretations1 t x is sc>cely possible accurately to comp>e !m1 or draw f !m any det]m9ate inf]5ce or conclusion4 ,x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose1 if x be all[$1 :at surely1 )\t ! greate/ absurdity _c be disput$1 t !re is "s b5evol5ce1 h[ev] small1 infus$ into our bosom2 "s sp>k ( fri5d%ip = human k9d2 "s p>ticle ( ! dove knead$ into our frame1 along ) ! elem5ts ( ! wolf & s]p5t4 ,let ^! g5]\s s5tim5ts be suppos$ ev] s weak2 let !m be insuffici5t to move ev5 a h& or f+] ( our body1 !y mu/ /ill direct ! det]m9ations ( our m9d1 & :]e ev]y?+ else is equal1 produce a cool pref]5ce ( :at is useful & s]viceable to mank9d1 above :at is p]nici\s & dang]\s4 ,a ,,moral ,,di/9ction1 !re=e1 imm$iately arises2 a g5]al s5tim5t ( blame & approbation2 a t5d5cy1 h[ev] fa9t1 to ! objects ( ! "o1 & a proportionable av]sion to ^? ( ! o!r4 ,nor w ^? reason]s1 :o s e>ne/ly ma9ta9 ! pr$om9ant selfi%ness ( human k9d1 be any wise sc&aliz$ at he>+ ( ! weak s5tim5ts ( virtue implant$ 9 our nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are f\nd z ready to ma9ta9 ! "o t5et z ! o!r2 & _! _s ( satire 7= su* x appe>s1 r ?an ( corruption7 naturally gives rise to bo? op9ions2 :i* h1 inde$1 a great & almo/ an indissoluble connexion toge!r4 ,av>ice1 ambition1 vanity1 & all passions vulg>ly1 ?\gh improp]ly1 compris$ "u ! d5om9ation ( ,,self-,,love1 are "h exclud$ f our !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( morals1 n because !y are too weak1 b because !y h n a prop] direction = t purpose4 ,! notion ( morals implies "s s5tim5t common to all mank9d1 :i* recomm5ds ! same object to g5]al approbation1 & makes e man1 or mo/ m51 agree 9 ! same op9ion or decision conc]n+ x4 ,x also implies "s s5tim5t1 s univ]sal & compreh5sive z to ext5d to all mank9d1 & r5d] ! actions & conduct1 ev5 ( ! p]sons ! mo/ remote1 an object ( applause or c5sure1 accord+ z !y agree or disagree ) t rule ( "r :i* is e/abli%$4 ,^! two requisite circum/ances belong alone to ! s5tim5t ( humanity "h insi/$ on4 ,! o!r passions produce 9 e brea/1 _m /rong s5tim5ts ( desire & av]sion1 affection & hatr$2 b ^! nei!r are felt s mu* 9 common1 nor are s compreh5sive1 z to be ! f\ndation ( any g5]al sy/em & e/abli%$ !ory ( blame or approbation4 ,:5 a man d5om9ates ano!r 8 ,,enemy1 8 ,,rival1 8 ,,antagoni/1 8 ,,adv]s>y1 he is und]/ood to speak ! language ( self-love1 & to express s5tim5ts1 peculi> to himself1 & aris+ f 8 p>ticul> circum/ances & situation4 ,b :5 he be/[s on any man ! epi!ts ( ,,vici\s or ,,odi\s or ,,deprav$1 he !n speaks ano!r language1 & expresses s5tim5ts1 9 :i* he expects all 8 audi5ce are to concur ) him4 ,he mu/ "h1 !re=e1 dep>t f 8 private & p>ticul> situation1 & mu/ *oose a po9t ( view1 common to him ) o!rs2 he mu/ move "s univ]sal pr9ciple ( ! human frame1 & t\* a /r+ to :i* all mank9d h an accord & symphony4 ,if he mean1 !re=e1 to express t ?is man possesses qualities1 ^: t5d5cy is p]nici\s to society1 he has *os5 ?is common po9t ( view1 & has t\*$ ! pr9ciple ( humanity1 9 :i* e man1 9 "s degree1 concurs4 ,:ile ! human he>t is comp\nd$ ( ! same elem5ts z at pres5t1 x w nev] be :olly indiff]5t to public good1 nor entirely unaffect$ ) ! t5d5cy ( *>act]s & mann]s4 ,& ?\gh ?is affection ( humanity may n g5]ally be e/eem$ s /rong z vanity or ambition1 yet1 be+ common to all m51 x c alone be ! f\ndation ( morals1 or ( any-g5]al sy/em ( blame or praise4 ,"o man's ambition is n ano!r's ambition1 nor w ! same ev5t or object satisfy bo?2 b ! humanity ( "o man is ! humanity ( e "o1 & ! same object t\*es ?is passion 9 all human creatures4 ,b ! s5tim5ts1 :i* arise f humanity1 are n only ! same 9 all human creatures1 & produce ! same approbation or c5sure2 b !y also compreh5d all human creatures2 nor is !re any "o ^: conduct or "* is n1 by _! means1 an object to e "o ( c5sure or approbation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? o!r passions1 commonly d5om9at$ selfi%1 bo? produce diff]5t s5tim5ts 9 ea* individual1 accord+ to 8 p>ticul> situation2 & also contemplate ! great] "p ( mank9d ) ! utmo/ indiff]5ce & unconc]n4 ,:oev] has a high reg>d & e/eem = me flatt]s my vanity2 :oev] expresses contempt mortifies & displeases me2 b z my "n is kn[n b to a small "p ( mank9d1 !re are few :o come )9 ! sph]e ( ?is passion1 or excite1 on its acc\nt1 ei!r my affection or disgu/4 ,b if y repres5t a tyrannical1 insol5t1 or b>b>\s behavi\r1 9 any c\ntry or 9 any age ( ! _w1 ,i soon c>ry my eye to ! p]nici\s t5d5cy ( su* a conduct1 & feel ! s5tim5t ( repugnance & displeasure t[>ds x4 ,no "* c be s remote z to be1 9 ?is light1 :olly indiff]5t to me4 ,:at is b5eficial to society or to ! p]son himself mu/ /ill be pref]r$4 ,& e quality or action1 ( e human be+1 mu/1 by ?is means1 be rank$ "u "s class or d5om9ation1 expressive ( g5]al c5sure or applause4 ,:at m1 !re=e1 c we ask to di/+ui% ! s5tim5ts1 dep5d5t on humanity1 f ^? connect$ ) any o!r passion1 or to satisfy u1 :y ! =m] are ! orig9 ( morals1 n ! latt]8 ,:atev] conduct ga9s my approbation1 by t\*+ my humanity1 procures also ! applause ( all mank9d1 by affect+ ! same pr9ciple 9 !m2 b :at s]ves my av>ice or ambition pleases ^! passions 9 me alone1 & affects n ! av>ice & ambition ( ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,!re is no circum/ance ( conduct 9 any man1 provid$ x h a b5eficial t5d5cy1 t is n agreeable to my humanity1 h[ev] remote ! p]son2 b e man1 s f> remov$ z nei!r to cross nor s]ve my av>ice & ambition1 is reg>d$ z :olly indiff]5t by ^? passions4 ,! di/9ction1 !re=e1 betwe5 ^! species ( s5tim5t be+ s great & evid5t1 language mu/ soon be m\ld$ ^u x1 & mu/ inv5t a peculi> set ( t]ms1 9 ord] to express ^? univ]sal s5tim5ts ( c5sure or approbation1 :i* arise f humanity1 or f views ( g5]al usefulness & its contr>y4 ,virtue & ,vice become !n kn[n2 morals are recogniz$2 c]ta9 g5]al ideas are fram$ ( human conduct & behavi\r2 su* measures are expect$ f m5 9 su* situations4 ,?is action is det]m9$ to be con=mable to our ab/ract rule2 t o!r1 contr>y4 ,& by su* univ]sal pr9ciples are ! p>ticul> s5tim5ts ( self-love frequ5tly controll$ & limit$4 ,footnote3 ,x seems c]ta91 bo? f reason & exp]i5ce1 t a rude1 untaught savage regulates *iefly 8 love & hatr$ by ! ideas ( private utility & injury1 & has b fa9t conceptions ( a g5]al rule or sy/em ( behavi\r4 ,! man :o /&s opposite to him 9 battle1 he hates he>t$ly1 n only = ! pres5t mom5t1 :i* is almo/ unavoidable1 b = ev] aft]2 nor is he satisfi$ )\t ! mo/ extreme puni%m5t & v5geance4 ,b we1 accu/om$ to society1 & to m enl>g$ reflections1 consid]1 t ?is man is s]v+ 8 own c\ntry & community2 t any man1 9 ! same situation1 w\ld d ! same2 t we ourselves1 9 l circum/ances1 obs]ve a l conduct2 t2 9 g5]al1 human society is be/ support$ on su* maxims3 & by ^! suppositions & views1 we correct1 9 "s measure1 our rud] & n>r[] positions4 ,& ?\gh mu* ( our fri5d%ip & enemity be /ill regulat$ by private consid]ations ( b5efit & h>m1 we pay1 at lea/1 ?is homage to g5]al rules1 :i* we are accu/om$ to respect1 t we commonly p]v] our adv]s>y's conduct1 by imput+ malice or inju/ice to him1 9 ord] to give v5t to ^? passions1 :i* arise f self-love & private int]e/4 ,:5 ! he>t is full ( rage1 x nev] wants pret5ces ( ?is nature2 ?\gh sometimes z frivol\s1 z ^? f :i* ,horace1 be+ almo/ cru%$ by ! fall ( a tree1 effects to accuse ( p>ricide ! fir/ plant] ( x4 ,f in/ances ( popul> tumults1 s$itions1 factions1 panics1 & ( all passions1 :i* are %>$ ) a multitude1 we may le>n ! influ5ce ( society 9 excit+ & support+ any emotion2 :ile ! mo/ ungov]nable disord]s are rais$1 we f9d1 by t means1 f ! slighte/ & mo/ frivol\s occasions4 ,solon 0 no v cruel1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 an unju/ legislator1 :o puni%$ neut]s 9 civil w>s2 & few1 ,i believe1 w\ld1 9 su* cases1 incur ! p5alty1 7 _! affection & disc\rse all[$ suffici5t to absolve !m4 ,no selfi%ness1 & sc>ce any philosophy1 h !re =ce suffici5t to support a total coolness & indiff]5ce2 & he mu/ be m or less ?an man1 :o k9dles n 9 ! common blaze4 ,:at wond] !n1 t moral s5tim5ts are f\nd ( su* influ5ce 9 life2 ?\gh spr++ f pr9ciples1 :i* may appe>1 at fir/ sight1 some:at small & delicate8 ,b ^! pr9ciples1 we mu/ rem>k1 are social & univ]sal2 !y =m1 9 a mann]1 ! ,,p>ty ( humank9d aga9/ vice or disord]1 its common enemy4 ,& z ! b5evol5t conc]n = o!rs is diffus$1 9 a great] or less degree1 ov] all m51 & is ! same 9 all1 x occurs m frequ5tly 9 disc\rse1 is *]i%$ by society & conv]sation1 & ! blame & approbation1 consequ5t on x1 are !reby r\s$ f t le?>gy into :i* !y are probably lull$1 9 solit>y & uncultivat$ nature4 ,o!r passions1 ?\gh p]haps orig9ally /rong]1 yet be+ selfi% & private1 are (t5 ov]p[]$ by its =ce1 & yield ! dom9ion ( our brea/ to ^? social & public pr9ciples4 ,ano!r spr+ ( our con/itution1 t br+s a great addition ( =ce to moral s5tim5ts1 is ! love ( fame2 :i* rules1 ) su* uncontroll$ au?ority1 9 all g5]\s m9ds1 & is (t5 ! gr& object ( all _! designs & und]tak+s4 ,by our cont9ual & e>ne/ pursuit ( a "*1 a "n1 a reputation 9 ! _w1 we br+ our own deportm5t & conduct frequ5tly 9 review1 & consid] h[ !y appe> 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o approa* & reg>d u4 ,?is con/ant habit ( survey+ ourselves1 z x 71 9 reflection1 keeps alive all ! s5tim5ts ( "r & wrong1 & begets1 9 noble natures1 a c]ta9 rev]5ce = !mselves z well z o!rs1 :i* is ! sure/ gu>dian ( e virtue4 ,! animal conv5i5cies & pleasures s9k gradually 9 _! value2 :ile e inw>d beauty & moral grace is /udi\sly acquir$1 & ! m9d is accompli%$ 9 e p]fection1 :i* c adorn or embelli% a rational creature4 ,"h is ! mo/ p]fect morality ) :i* we are acqua9t$3 "h is display$ ! =ce ( _m sympa?ies4 ,our moral s5tim5t is itself a feel+ *iefly ( t nature1 & our reg>d to a "* ) o!rs seems to arise only f a c>e ( pres]v+ a "* ) ourselves2 & 9 ord] to atta9 ?is end1 we f9d x necess>y to prop our tott]+ judgem5t on ! correspond5t approbation ( mank9d4 ,b1 t we may accommodate matt]s1 & remove if possible e difficulty1 let u all[ all ^! reason+s to be false4 ,let u all[ t1 :5 we resolve ! pleasure1 :i* arises f views ( utility1 into ! s5tim5ts ( humanity & sympa?y1 we h embrac$ a wrong hypo!sis4 ,let u confess x necess>y to f9d "s o!r explication ( t applause1 :i* is paid to objects1 :e!r inanimate1 animate1 or rational1 if !y h a t5d5cy to promote ! welf>e & advantage ( mank9d4 ,h[ev] difficult x be to conceive t an object is approv$ ( on acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to a c]ta9 end1 :ile ! end itself is totally indiff]5t3 let u swall[ ?is absurdity1 & consid] :at are ! consequ5ces4 ,! prec$+ del9eation or def9ition ( ,p]sonal ,m]it mu/ /ill reta9 its evid5ce & au?ority3 x mu/ /ill be all[$ t e quality ( ! m9d1 :i* is ,,useful or ,,agreeable to ! ,,p]son ,,himself or to ,,o!rs1 communicates a pleasure to ! spectator1 engages 8 e/eem1 & is admitt$ "u ! hon\rable d5om9ation ( virtue or m]it4 ,are n ju/ice1 fidelity1 hon\r1 v]acity1 allegiance1 *a/ity1 e/eem$ solely on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to promote ! good ( society8 ,is n t t5d5cy insep>able f humanity1 b5evol5ce1 l5ity1 g5]osity1 gratitude1 mod]ation1 t5d]ness1 fri5d%ip1 & all ! o!r social virtues8 ,c x possibly be d\bt$ t indu/ry1 discretion1 frugality1 secrecy1 ord]1 p]sev]ance1 =e?\ght1 judgem5t1 & ?is :ole class ( virtues & accompli%m5ts1 ( :i* _m pages w\ld n conta9 ! catalogue2 c x be d\bt$1 ,i say1 t ! t5d5cy ( ^! qualities to promote ! int]e/ & happ9ess ( _! possessor1 is ! sole f\ndation ( _! m]it8 ,:o c dispute t a m9d1 :i* supports a p]petual s]5ity & *e]fulness1 a noble dignity & undaunt$ _s1 a t5d] affection & good-w to all ar\nd2 z x has m enjoym5t )9 itself1 is also a m animat+ & rejoic+ spectacle1 ?an if deject$ ) melan*oly1 torm5t$ ) anxiety1 irritat$ ) rage1 or sunk into ! mo/ abject bas5ess & deg5]acy8 ,& z to ! qualities1 imm$iately ,,agreeable to ,,o!rs1 !y speak suffici5tly = !mselves2 & he mu/ be unhappy1 inde$1 ei!r 9 8 own temp]1 or 9 8 situation & company1 :o has nev] p]ceiv$ ! *>ms ( a faceti\s wit or fl[+ affability1 ( a delicate mode/y or dec5t g5teelness ( address & mann]4 ,i am s5sible1 t no?+ c be m unphilosophical ?an to be positive or dogmatical on any subject2 & t1 ev5 if excessive scepticism c\ld be ma9ta9$1 x w\ld n be m de/ructive to all j reason+ & inquiry4 ,i am conv9c$ t1 :]e m5 are ! mo/ sure & arrogant1 !y are commonly ! mo/ mi/ak51 & h !re giv5 re9s to passion1 )\t t prop] delib]ation & susp5se1 :i* c alone secure !m f ! grosse/ absurdities4 ,yet1 ,i mu/ confess1 t ?is enum]ation puts ! matt] 9 s /rong a light1 t ,i _c1 at ,,pres5t1 be m assur$ ( any tru?1 :i* ,i le>n f reason+ & argum5t1 ?an t p]sonal m]it consi/s entirely 9 ! usefulness or agreeabl5ess ( qualities to ! p]son himself possess$ ( !m1 or to o!rs1 :o h any int]c\rse ) him4 ,b :5 ,i reflect t1 ?\gh ! bulk & figure ( ! e>? h be5 measur$ & del9eat$1 ?\gh ! motions ( ! tides h be5 acc\nt$ =1 ! ord] & economy ( ! heav5ly bodies subject$ to _! prop] laws1 & ,inf9ite itself r$uc$ to calculation2 yet m5 /ill dispute conc]n+ ! f\ndation ( _! moral duties4 ,:5 ,i reflect on ?is1 ,i say1 ,i fall back into diffid5ce & scepticism1 & suspect t an hypo!sis1 s obvi\s1 _h x be5 a true "o1 w\ld1 long ere n[1 h be5 receiv$ by ! unanim\s suffrage & cons5t ( mank9d4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! moral ,,approbation att5d+ m]it or virtue1 !re rema9s no?+ b briefly to consid] our int]e/$ ,,obligation to x1 & to inquire :e!r e man1 :o has any reg>d to 8 own happ9ess & welf>e1 w n be/ f9d 8 acc\nt 9 ! practice ( e moral duty4 ,if ?is c be cle>ly asc]ta9$ f ! =ego+ !ory1 we %all h ! satisfaction to reflect1 t we h advanc$ pr9ciples1 :i* n only1 x is hop$1 w /& ! te/ ( reason+ & inquiry1 b may contribute to ! am5dm5t ( m5's lives1 & _! improvem5t 9 morality & social virtue4 ,& ?\gh ! philosophical tru? ( any proposition by no means dep5ds on its t5d5cy to promote ! int]e/s ( society2 yet a man has b a bad grace1 :o deliv]s a !ory1 h[ev] true1 :i*1 he mu/ confess1 leads to a practice dang]\s & p]nici\s4 ,:y rake into ^? corn]s ( nature :i* spread a nuisance all ar\nd8 ,:y dig up ! pe/il5ce f ! pit 9 :i* x is buri$8 ,! +5uity ( y\r rese>*es may be admir$1 b y\r sy/ems w be dete/$2 & mank9d w agree1 if !y _c refute !m1 to s9k !m1 at lea/1 9 et]nal sil5ce & oblivion4 ,tru?s :i* are p]nici\s to society1 if any su* !re be1 w yield to errors :i* are salut>y & ,,advantage\s4 ,b :at philosophical tru?s c be m advantage\s to society1 ?an ^? "h deliv]$1 :i* repres5t virtue 9 all h] g5u9e & mo/ engag+ *>ms1 & makes u approa* h] ) ease1 famili>ity1 & affection8 ,! dismal dress falls (f1 ) :i* _m div9es1 & "s philosoph]s1 h cov]$ h]2 & no?+ appe>s b g5tl5ess1 humanity1 b5efic5ce1 affability2 nay1 ev5 at prop] int]vals1 play1 frolic1 & gaiety4 ,%e talks n ( useless au/]ities & rig\rs1 suff]+ & self-d5ial4 ,%e decl>es t h] sole purpose is to make h] vot>ies & all mank9d1 dur+ e in/ant ( _! exi/5ce1 if possible1 *e]ful & happy2 nor does %e ev] will+ly "p ) any pleasure b 9 hopes ( ample comp5sation 9 "s o!r p]iod ( _! lives4 ,! sole tr\ble :i* %e dem&s1 is t ( j calculation1 & a /eady pref]5ce ( ! great] happ9ess4 ,& if any au/]e pret5d]s approa* h]1 enemies to joy & pleasure1 %e ei!r rejects !m z hypocrites & deceiv]s2 or1 if %e admit !m 9 h] tra91 !y are rank$1 h[ev]1 among ! lea/ fav\r$ ( h] vot>ies4 ,&1 inde$1 to drop all figurative expression1 :at hopes c we ev] h ( engag+ mank9d to a practice :i* we confess full ( au/]ity & rig\r8 ,or :at !ory ( morals c ev] s]ve any useful purpose1 unless x c %[1 by a p>ticul> detail1 t all ! duties :i* x recomm5ds1 are also ! true int]e/ ( ea* individual8 ,! peculi> advantage ( ! =ego+ sy/em seems to be1 t x furni%es prop] m$iums = t purpose4 ,t ! virtues :i* are imm$iately ,,useful or ,,agreeable to ! p]son possess$ ( !m1 are desirable 9 a view to self-int]e/1 x w\ld surely be sup]flu\s to prove4 ,morali/s1 inde$1 may sp>e !mselves all ! pa9s :i* !y (t5 take 9 recomm5d+ ^! duties4 ,to :at purpose collect argum5ts to ev9ce t temp]ance is advantage\s1 & ! excesses ( pleasure hurtful1 :5 x appe>s t ^! excesses are only d5om9at$ su*1 because !y are hurtful2 & t1 if ! unlimit$ use ( /rong liquors1 = in/ance1 no m impair$ heal? or ! faculties ( m9d & body ?an ! use ( air or wat]1 x w\ld n be a :it m vici\s or blameable8 ,x seems equally sup]flu\s to prove1 t ! ,,companionable virtues ( good mann]s & wit1 dec5cy & g5teelness1 are m desirable ?an ! contr>y qualities4 ,vanity alone1 )\t any o!r consid]ation1 is a suffici5t motive to make u wi% = ! possession ( ^! accompli%m5ts4 ,no man 0 ev] will+ly defici5t 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,all our failures "h proce$ f bad education1 want ( capacity1 or a p]v]se & unpliable disposition4 ,w\ld y h y\r company covet$1 admir$1 foll[$2 r ?an hat$1 despis$1 avoid$8 ,c any "o s]i\sly delib]ate 9 ! case8 ,z no enjoym5t is s9c]e1 )\t "s ref]5ce to company & society2 s no society c be agreeable1 or ev5 tol]able1 :]e a man feels 8 pres5ce unwelcome1 & discov]s all ar\nd him symptoms ( disgu/ & av]sion4 ,b :y1 9 ! great] society or conf$]acy ( mank9d1 %\ld n ! case be ! same z 9 p>ticul> clubs & companies8 ,:y is x m d\btful1 t ! enl>g$ virtues ( humanity1 g5]osity1 b5efic5ce1 are desirable ) a view ( happ9ess & self-int]e/1 ?an ! limit$ end[m5ts ( +5uity & polit5ess8 ,are we appreh5sive le/ ^? social affections int]f]e1 9 a great] & m imm$iate degree ?an any o!r pursuits1 ) private utility1 & _c be gratifi$1 )\t "s important sacrifice ( hon\r & advantage8 ,if s1 we are b ill-in/ruct$ 9 ! nature ( ! human passions1 & are m influ5c$ by v]bal di/9ctions ?an by real diff]5ces4 ,:atev] contradiction may vulg>ly be suppos$ betwe5 ! ,,selfi% & ,,social s5tim5ts or dispositions1 !y are really no m opposite ?an selfi% & ambiti\s1 selfi% & rev5geful1 selfi% & va94 ,x is requisite t !re be an orig9al prop5sity ( "s k9d1 9 ord] to be a basis to self-love1 by giv+ a reli% to ! objects ( its pursuit2 & none m fit = ?is purpose ?an b5evol5ce or humanity4 ,! goods ( =tune are sp5t 9 "o gratification or ano!r3 ! mis] :o accumulates 8 annual income1 & l5ds x out at int]e/1 has really sp5t x 9 ! gratification ( 8 av>ice4 ,& x w\ld be difficult to %[ :y a man is m a los] by a g5]\s action1 ?an by any o!r me?od ( exp5se2 s9ce ! utmo/ :i* he c atta9 by ! mo/ elaborate selfi%ness1 is ! indulg5ce ( "s affection4 ,n[ if life1 )\t passion1 mu/ be altoge!r insipid & tiresome2 let a man suppose t he has full p[] ( modell+ 8 own disposition1 & let him delib]ate :at appetite or desire he w\ld *oose = ! f\ndation ( 8 happ9ess & enjoym5t4 ,e affection1 he w\ld obs]ve1 :5 gratifi$ by success1 gives a satisfaction proportion$ to its =ce & viol5ce2 b besides ?is advantage1 common to all1 ! imm$iate feel+ ( b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip1 humanity & k9dness1 is sweet1 smoo?1 t5d]1 & agreeable1 indep5d5t ( all =tune & accid5ts4 ,^! virtues are besides att5d$ ) a pleas+ consci\sness or remembrance1 & keep u 9 hum\r ) ourselves z well z o!rs2 :ile we reta9 ! agreeable reflection ( hav+ done our "p t[>ds mank9d & society4 ,& ?\gh all m5 %[ a jeal\sy ( our success 9 ! pursuits ( av>ice & ambition2 yet are we almo/ sure ( _! good-w & good wi%es1 s long z we p]sev]e 9 ! pa?s ( virtue1 & employ ourselves 9 ! execution ( g5]\s plans & purposes4 ,:at o!r passion is !re :]e we %all f9d s _m advantages unit$2 an agreeable s5tim5t1 a pleas+ consci\sness1 a good reputation8 ,b ( ^! tru?s1 we may obs]ve1 m5 are1 ( !mselves1 pretty mu* conv9c$2 nor are !y defici5t 9 _! duty to society1 because !y w\ld n wi% to be g5]\s1 fri5dly1 & humane2 b because !y d n feel !mselves su*4 ,treat+ vice ) ! greate/ c&\r1 & mak+ x all possible concessions1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t !re is n1 9 any in/ance1 ! smalle/ pretext = giv+ x ! pref]5ce above virtue1 ) a view ( self-int]e/2 except1 p]haps1 9 ! case ( ju/ice1 :]e a man1 tak+ ?+s 9 a c]ta9 light1 may (t5 seem to be a los] by 8 integrity4 ,& ?\gh x is all[$ t1 )\t a reg>d to prop]ty1 no society c\ld subsi/2 yet accord+ to ! imp]fect way 9 :i* human affairs are conduct$1 a s5sible knave1 9 p>ticul> incid5ts1 may ?9k t an act ( iniquity or infidelity w make a consid]able addition to 8 =tune1 )\t caus+ any consid]able brea* 9 ! social union & conf$]acy4 ,t ,,hone/y ,,is ,,! ,,be/ ,,policy1 may be a good g5]al rule1 b is liable to _m exceptions2 & he1 x may p]haps be ?\ght1 conducts himself ) mo/ wisdom1 :o obs]ves ! g5]al rule1 & takes advantage ( all ! exceptions4 ,i mu/ confess t1 if a man ?9k t ?is reason+ mu* requires an answ]1 x w\ld be a little difficult to f9d any :i* w to him appe> satisfactory & conv9c+4 ,if 8 he>t rebel n aga9/ su* p]nici\s maxims1 if he feel no reluctance to ! ?\ghts ( villa9y or bas5ess1 he has inde$ lo/ a consid]able motive to virtue2 & we may expect t ?is practice w be answ]able to 8 speculation4 ,b 9 all +5u\s natures1 ! antipa?y to trea*]y & rogu]y is too /rong to be c\nt]-balanc$ by any views ( pr(it or pecuni>y advantage4 ,inw>d peace ( m9d1 consci\sness ( integrity1 a satisfactory review ( our own conduct2 ^! are circum/ances1 v requisite to happ9ess1 & w be *]i%$ & cultivat$ by e hone/ man1 :o feels ! importance ( !m4 ,su* a "o has1 besides1 ! frequ5t satisfaction ( see+ knaves1 ) all _! pret5d$ cunn+ & abilities1 betray$ by _! own maxims2 & :ile !y purpose to *eat ) mod]ation & secrecy1 a tempt+ incid5t occurs1 nature is frail1 & !y give into ! sn>e2 :5ce !y c nev] extricate !mselves1 )\t a total loss ( reputation1 & ! =feiture ( all future tru/ & confid5ce ) mank9d4 ,b 7 !y ev] s secret & successful1 ! hone/ man1 if he has any t9cture ( philosophy1 or ev5 common obs]vation & reflection1 w discov] t !y !mselves are1 9 ! end1 ! greate/ dupes1 & h sacrific$ ! invaluable enjoym5t ( a "*1 ) !mselves at lea/1 = ! acquisition ( wor?less toys & gewgaws4 ,h[ little is requisite to supply ! necessities ( nature8 ,& 9 a view to pleasure1 :at comp>ison betwe5 ! unb\ght satisfaction ( conv]sation1 society1 /udy1 ev5 heal? & ! common beauties ( nature1 b above all ! peaceful reflection on "o's own conduct2 :at comp>ison1 ,i say1 betwe5 ^! & ! fev]i%1 empty amusem5ts ( luxury & exp5se8 ,^! natural pleasures1 inde$1 are really )\t price2 bo? because !y are bel[ all price 9 _! atta9m5t1 & above x 9 _! enjoym5t4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,conc]n+ ,,moral ,,s5tim5t ,,if ! =ego+ hypo!sis be receiv$1 x w n[ be easy = u to det]m9e ! "q fir/ />t$1 ,,footnote3 ,sect4 #a4 conc]n+ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( morals2 & ?\gh we po/pon$ ! decision ( t "q1 le/ x %\ld !n involve u 9 intricate speculations1 :i* are unfit = moral disc\rses1 we may resume x at pres5t1 & exam9e h[ f> ei!r ,,reason or ,,s5tim5t ent]s into all decisions ( praise or c5sure4 ,"o pr9cipal f\ndation ( moral praise be+ suppos$ to lie 9 ! usefulness ( any quality or action1 x is evid5t t ,,reason mu/ ent] = a consid]able %>e 9 all decisions ( ?is k9d2 s9ce no?+ b t faculty c in/ruct u 9 ! t5d5cy ( qualities & actions1 & po9t out _! b5eficial consequ5ces to society & to _! possessor4 ,9 _m cases ?is is an affair liable to great controv]sy3 d\bts may arise2 opposite int]e/s may occur2 & a pref]5ce mu/ be giv5 to "o side1 f v nice views1 & a small ov]balance ( utility4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly rem>kable 9 que/ions ) reg>d to ju/ice2 z is1 inde$1 natural to suppose1 f t species ( utility :i* att5ds ?is virtue ,footnote3 ,see ,app4 ,,ii44 ,7 e s+le in/ance ( ju/ice1 l t ( b5evol5ce1 useful to society2 ?is w\ld be a m simple /ate ( ! case1 & seldom liable to great controv]sy4 ,b z s+le in/ances ( ju/ice are (t5 p]nici\s 9 _! fir/ & imm$iate t5d5cy1 & z ! advantage to society results only f ! obs]vance ( ! g5]al rule1 & f ! concurr5ce & comb9ation ( sev]al p]sons 9 ! same equitable conduct2 ! case "h becomes m intricate & involv$4 ,! v>i\s circum/ances ( society2 ! v>i\s consequ5ces ( any practice2 ! v>i\s int]e/s :i* may be propos$2 ^!1 on _m occasions1 are d\btful1 & subject to great discussion & inquiry4 ,! object ( municipal laws is to fix all ! que/ions ) reg>d to ju/ice3 ! debates ( civilians2 ! reflections ( politicians2 ! prec$5ts ( hi/ory & public records1 are all direct$ to ! same purpose4 ,& a v accurate ,,reason or ,,judgem5t is (t5 requisite1 to give ! true det]m9ation1 amid/ su* intricate d\bts aris+ f obscure or opposite utilities4 ,b ?\gh reason1 :5 fully assi/$ & improv$1 be suffici5t to in/ruct u 9 ! p]nici\s or useful t5d5cy ( qualities & actions2 x is n alone suffici5t to produce any moral blame or approbation4 ,utility is only a t5d5cy to a c]ta9 end2 & 7 ! end totally indiff]5t to u1 we %\ld feel ! same indiff]5ce t[>ds ! means4 ,x is requisite a ,,s5tim5t %\ld "h display itself1 9 ord] to give a pref]5ce to ! useful above ! p]nici\s t5d5cies4 ,?is ,,s5tim5t c be no o!r ?an a feel+ = ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 & a res5tm5t ( _! mis]y2 s9ce ^! are ! diff]5t ends :i* virtue & vice h a t5d5cy to promote4 ,"h !re=e ,,reason in/ructs u 9 ! sev]al t5d5cies ( actions1 & ,,humanity makes a di/9ction 9 fav\r ( ^? :i* are useful & b5eficial4 ,?is p>tition betwe5 ! faculties ( und]/&+ & s5tim5t1 9 all moral decisions1 seems cle> f ! prec$+ hypo!sis4 ,b ,i %all suppose t hypo!sis false3 x w !n be requisite to look out = "s o!r !ory t may be satisfactory2 & ,i d>e v5ture to affirm t none su* w ev] be f\nd1 s long z we suppose reason to be ! sole s\rce ( morals4 ,to prove ?is1 x w be prop] t o weigh ! five foll[+ consid]ations4 ,i4 ,x is easy = a false hypo!sis to ma9ta9 "s appe>ance ( tru?1 :ile x keeps :olly 9 g5]als1 makes use ( undef9$ t]ms1 & employs comp>isons1 in/ead ( in/ances4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly rem>kable 9 t philosophy1 :i* ascribes ! disc]nm5t ( all moral di/9ctions to reason alone1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( s5tim5t4 ,x is impossible t1 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 ?is hypo!sis c s mu* z be r5d]$ intelligible1 :atev] speci\s figure x may make 9 g5]al declamations & disc\rses4 ,exam9e ! crime ( ,,+ratitude1 = in/ance2 :i* has place1 :]ev] we obs]ve good-w1 express$ & kn[n1 toge!r ) good-(fices p]=m$1 on ! "o side1 & a return ( ill-w or indiff]5ce1 ) ill-(fices or neglect on ! o!r3 anatomize all ^! circum/ances1 & exam9e1 by y\r reason alone1 9 :at consi/s ! dem]it or blame4 ,y nev] w come to any issue or conclusion4 ,reason judges ei!r ( ,,matt] ,,( ,,fact or ( ,,relations4 ,enquire !n1 fir/1 :]e is t matt] ( fact :i* we "h call crime2 po9t x out2 det]m9e ! "t ( its exi/5ce2 describe its ess5ce or nature2 expla9 ! s5se or faculty to :i* x discov]s itself4 ,x resides 9 ! m9d ( ! p]son :o is ungrateful4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 feel x1 & be consci\s ( x4 ,b no?+ is !re1 except ! passion ( ill-w or absolute indiff]5ce4 ,y _c say t ^!1 ( !mselves1 always1 & 9 all circum/ances1 are crimes4 ,no1 !y are only crimes :5 direct$ t[>ds p]sons :o h be=e express$ & display$ good-w t[>ds u4 ,consequ5tly1 we may inf]1 t ! crime ( +ratitude is n any p>ticul> individual ,,fact2 b arises f a complication ( circum/ances1 :i*1 be+ pres5t$ to ! spectator1 excites ! ,,s5tim5t ( blame1 by ! p>ticul> /ructure & fabric ( 8 m9d4 ,?is repres5tation1 y say1 is false4 ,crime1 inde$1 consi/s n 9 a p>ticul> ,,fact1 ( ^: reality we are assur$ by reason2 b x consi/s 9 c]ta9 ,,moral ,,relations1 discov]$ by reason1 9 ! same mann] z we discov] by reason ! tru?s ( geometry or algebra4 ,b :at are ! relations1 ,i ask1 ( :i* y "h talk8 ,9 ! case /at$ above1 ,i see fir/ good-w & good-(fices 9 "o p]son2 !n ill-w & ill-(fices 9 ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ^!1 !re is a relation ( ,,contr>iety4 ,does ! crime consi/ 9 t relation8 ,b suppose a p]son bore me ill-w or did me ill-(fices2 & ,i1 9 return1 7 indiff]5t t[>ds him1 or did him good (fices4 ,"h is ! same relation ( ,,contr>iety2 & yet my conduct is (t5 highly laudable4 ,twi/ & turn ?is matt] z mu* z y w1 y c nev] re/ ! morality on relation2 b mu/ h rec\rse to ! decisions ( s5tim5t4 ,:5 x is affirm$ t two & ?ree are equal to ! half ( t51 ?is relation ( equality ,i und]/& p]fectly4 ,i conceive1 t if t5 be divid$ into two p>ts1 ( :i* "o has z _m units z ! o!r2 & if any ( ^! p>ts be comp>$ to two add$ to ?ree1 x w conta9 z _m units z t comp\nd numb]4 ,b :5 y draw !nce a comp>ison to moral relations1 ,i own t ,i am altoge!r at a loss to und]/& y4 ,a moral action1 a crime1 su* z +ratitude1 is a complicat$ object4 ,does ! morality consi/ 9 ! relation ( its p>ts to ea* o!r8 ,h[8 ,aft] :at mann]8 ,specify ! relation3 be m p>ticul> & explicit 9 y\r propositions1 & y w easily see _! falsehood4 ,no1 say y1 ! morality consi/s 9 ! relation ( actions to ! rule ( "r2 & !y are d5om9at$ good or ill1 accord+ z !y agree or disagree ) x4 ,:at !n is ?is rule ( "r8 ,9 :at does x consi/8 ,h[ is x det]m9$8 ,by reason1 y say1 :i* exam9es ! moral relations ( actions4 ,s t moral relations are det]m9$ by ! comp>ison ( action to a rule4 ,& t rule is det]m9$ by consid]+ ! moral relations ( objects4 ,is n ?is f9e reason+8 ,all ?is is metaphysics1 y cry4 ,t is en\gh2 !re ne$s no?+ m to give a /rong presumption ( falsehood4 ,yes1 reply ,i1 "h are metaphysics surely2 b !y are all on y\r side1 :o advance an ab/ruse hypo!sis1 :i* c nev] be made intelligible1 nor quadrate ) any p>ticul> in/ance or illu/ration4 ,! hypo!sis :i* we embrace is pla94 ,x ma9ta9s t morality is det]m9$ by s5tim5t4 ,x def9es virtue to be ,,:atev] ,,m5tal ,,action ,,or ,,quality ,,gives ,,to ,a ,,spectator ,,! ,,pleas+ ,,s5tim5t ,,( ,,approbation2 & vice ! contr>y4 ,we !n proce$ to exam9e a pla9 matt] ( fact1 to wit1 :at actions h ?is influ5ce4 ,we consid] all ! circum/ances 9 :i* ^! actions agree1 & !nce endeav\r to extract "s g5]al obs]vations ) reg>d to ^! s5tim5ts4 ,if y call ?is metaphysics1 & f9d any?+ ab/ruse "h1 y ne$ only conclude t y\r turn ( m9d is n suit$ to ! moral sci5ces4 ,,ii4 ,:5 a man1 at any "t1 delib]ates conc]n+ 8 own conduct 7z1 :e!r he _h bett]1 9 a p>ticul> em]g5ce1 assi/ a bro!r or a b5efactor71 he mu/ consid] ^! sep>ate relations1 ) all ! circum/ances & situations ( ! p]sons1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! sup]ior duty & obligation2 & 9 ord] to det]m9e ! proportion ( l9es 9 any triangle1 x is necess>y to exam9e ! nature ( t figure1 & ! relation :i* its sev]al p>ts be> to ea* o!r4 ,b not)/&+ ?is appe>+ simil>ity 9 ! two cases1 !re is1 at bottom1 an extreme diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,a speculative reason] conc]n+ triangles or circles consid]s ! sev]al kn[n & giv5 relations ( ! p>ts ( ^! figures2 & !nce inf]s "s unkn[n relation1 :i* is dep5d5t on ! =m]4 ,b 9 moral delib]ations we mu/ be acqua9t$ be=eh& ) all ! objects1 & all _! relations to ea* o!r2 & f a comp>ison ( ! :ole1 fix our *oice or approbation4 ,no new fact to be asc]ta9$2 no new relation to be discov]$4 ,all ! circum/ances ( ! case are suppos$ to be laid be=e u1 ere we c fix any s5t5ce ( blame or approbation4 ,if any mat]ial circum/ance be yet unkn[n or d\btful1 we mu/ fir/ employ our inquiry or intellectual faculties to assure u ( x2 & mu/ susp5d = a "t all moral decision or s5tim5t4 ,:ile we are ignorant :e!r a man 7 aggressor or n1 h[ c we det]m9e :e!r ! p]son :o kill$ him be crim9al or innoc5t8 ,b aft] e circum/ance1 e relation is kn[n1 ! und]/&+ has no fur!r room to op]ate1 nor any object on :i* x c\ld employ itself4 ,! approbation or blame :i* !n ensues1 _c be ! "w ( ! judgem5t1 b ( ! he>t2 & is n a speculative proposition or affirmation1 b an active feel+ or s5tim5t4 ,9 ! disquisitions ( ! und]/&+1 f kn[n circum/ances & relations1 we inf] "s new & unkn[n4 ,9 moral decisions1 all ! circum/ances & relations mu/ be previ\sly kn[n2 & ! m9d1 f ! contemplation ( ! :ole1 feels "s new impression ( affection or disgu/1 e/eem or contempt1 approbation or blame4 ,h5ce ! great diff]5ce betwe5 a mi/ake ( ,,fact & "o ( ,,"r2 & h5ce ! reason :y ! "o is commonly crim9al & n ! o!r4 ,:5 ,o$ipus kill$ ,laius1 he 0 ignorant ( ! relation1 & f circum/ances1 innoc5t & involunt>y1 =m$ errone\s op9ions conc]n+ ! action :i* he committ$4 ,b :5 ,n]o kill$ ,agripp9a1 all ! relations betwe5 himself & ! p]son1 & all ! circum/ances ( ! fact1 7 previ\sly kn[n to him2 b ! motive ( rev5ge1 or fe>1 or int]e/1 prevail$ 9 8 savage he>t ov] ! s5tim5ts ( duty & humanity4 ,& :5 we express t dete/ation aga9/ him to :i* he himself1 9 a little "t1 became ins5sible1 x is n t we see any relations1 ( :i* he 0 ignorant2 b t1 = ! rectitude ( our disposition1 we feel s5tim5ts aga9/ :i* he 0 h>d5$ f flatt]y & a long p]sev]ance 9 ! mo/ enorm\s crimes4 ,9 ^! s5tim5ts !n1 n 9 a discov]y ( relations ( any k9d1 d all moral det]m9ations consi/4 ,be=e we c pret5d to =m any decision ( ?is k9d1 ev]y?+ mu/ be kn[n & asc]ta9$ on ! side ( ! object or action4 ,no?+ rema9s b to feel1 on our "p1 "s s5tim5t ( blame or approbation2 :5ce we pron\nce ! action crim9al or virtu\s4 ,,iii4 ,?is doctr9e w become /ill m evid5t1 if we comp>e moral beauty ) natural1 to :i* 9 _m p>ticul>s x be>s s ne> a resemblance4 ,x is on ! proportion1 relation1 & position ( p>ts1 t all natural beauty dep5ds2 b x w\ld be absurd !nce to inf]1 t ! p]ception ( beauty1 l t ( tru? 9 geometrical problems1 consi/s :olly 9 ! p]ception ( relations1 & 0 p]=m$ entirely by ! und]/&+ or intellectual faculties4 ,9 all ! sci5ces1 our m9d f ! kn[n relations inve/igates ! unkn[n4 ,b 9 all decisions ( ta/e or ext]nal beauty1 all ! relations are be=eh& obvi\s to ! eye2 & we !nce proce$ to feel a s5tim5t ( complac5cy or disgu/1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! object1 & disposition ( our organs4 ,euclid has fully expla9$ all ! qualities ( ! circle2 b has n 9 any proposition said a ^w ( its beauty4 ,! reason is evid5t4 ,! beauty is n a quality ( ! circle4 ,x lies n 9 any "p ( ! l9e1 ^: p>ts are equally di/ant f a common c5tre4 ,x is only ! effect :i* t figure produces ^u ! m9d1 ^: peculi> fabric ( /ructure r5d]s x susceptible ( su* s5tim5ts4 ,9 va9 w\ld y look = x 9 ! circle1 or seek x1 ei!r by y\r s5ses or by ma!matical reason+1 9 all ! prop]ties ( t figure4 ,att5d to ,palladio & ,p]rault1 :ile !y expla9 all ! p>ts & proportions ( a pill>4 ,!y talk ( ! cornice1 & frieze1 & base1 & entablature1 & %aft1 & ar*itrave2 & give ! description & position ( ea* ( ^! memb]s4 ,b %\ld y ask ! description & position ( its beauty1 !y w\ld readily reply1 t ! beauty is n 9 any ( ! p>ts or memb]s ( a pill>1 b results f ! :ole1 :5 t complicat$ figure is pres5t$ to an intellig5t m9d1 susceptible to ^? f9] s5sations4 ,till su* a spectator appe>1 !re is no?+ b a figure ( su* p>ticul> dim5sions & proportions3 f 8 s5tim5ts alone arise its elegance & beauty4 ,aga92 att5d to ,cic]o1 :ile he pa9ts ! crimes ( a ,v]res or a ,catil9e4 ,y mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! moral turpitude results1 9 ! same mann]1 f ! contemplation ( ! :ole1 :5 pres5t$ to a be+ ^: organs h su* a p>ticul> /ructure & =mation4 ,! orator may pa9t rage1 insol5ce1 b>b>ity on ! "o side2 meekness1 suff]+1 sorr[1 innoc5ce on ! o!r4 ,b if y feel no indignation or compassion arise 9 y f ?is complication ( circum/ances1 y w\ld 9 va9 ask him1 9 :at consi/s ! crime or villa9y1 :i* he s vehem5tly exclaims aga9/8 ,at :at "t1 or on :at subject x fir/ began to exi/8 ,& :at has a few mon?s aft]w>ds become ( x1 :5 e disposition & ?\ght ( all ! actors is totally alt]$ or annihilat$8 ,no satisfactory answ] c be giv5 to any ( ^! que/ions1 ^u ! ab/ract hypo!sis ( morals2 & we mu/ at la/ ackn[l$ge1 t ! crime or immorality is no p>ticul> fact or relation1 :i* c be ! object ( ! und]/&+1 b arises entirely f ! s5tim5t ( disapprobation1 :i*1 by ! /ructure ( human nature1 we unavoidably feel on ! appreh5sion ( b>b>ity or trea*]y4 ,,iv4 ,inanimate objects may be> to ea* o!r all ! same relations :i* we obs]ve 9 moral ag5ts2 ?\gh ! =m] c nev] be ! object ( love or hatr$1 nor are consequ5tly susceptible ( m]it or iniquity4 ,a "y tree1 :i* ov]-tops & de/roys its p>5t1 /&s 9 all ! same relations ) ,n]o1 :5 he murd]$ ,agripp9a2 & if morality consi/$ m]ely 9 relations1 w\ld no d\bt be equally crim9al4 ,v4 ,x appe>s evid5t t--! ultimate ends ( human actions c nev]1 9 any case1 be acc\nt$ = by reason1 b recomm5d !mselves entirely to ! s5tim5ts & affections ( mank9d1 )\t any dep5dance on ! intellectual faculties4 ,ask a man ,,:y ,,he ,,uses ,,ex]cise2 he w answ]1 ,,because ,,he ,,desires ,,to ,,keep ,,8 ,,heal?4 ,if y !n enquire1 ,,:y ,,he ,,desires ,,heal?1 he w readily reply1 ,,because ,,sickness ,,is ,,pa9ful4 ,if y pu% y\r enquiries f>!r1 & desire a reason ,,:y ,,he ,,hates ,,pa91 x is impossible he c ev] give any4 ,?is is an ultimate end1 & is nev] ref]r$ to any o!r object4 ,p]haps to y\r second "q1 ,,:y ,,he ,,desires ,,heal?1 he may also reply1 t ,,x ,,is ,,necess>y ,,= ,,! ,,ex]cise ,,( ,,8 ,,call+4 ,if y ask1 ,,:y ,,he ,,is ,,anxi\s ,,on ,,t ,,head1 he w answ]1 ,,because ,,he ,,desires ,,to ,,get ,,money4 ,if y dem& ,,:y8 ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,pleasure1 says he4 ,& beyond ?is x is an absurdity to ask = a reason4 ,x is impossible !re c be a progress ,,9 ,,inf9itum2 & t "o ?+ c always be a reason :y ano!r is desir$4 ,some?+ mu/ be desirable on its own acc\nt1 & because ( its imm$iate accord or agreem5t ) human s5tim5t & affection4 ,n[ z virtue is an end1 & is desirable on its own acc\nt1 )\t fee & rew>d1 m]ely = ! imm$iate satisfaction :i* x conveys2 x is requisite t !re %\ld be "s s5tim5t :i* x t\*es1 "s int]nal ta/e or feel+1 or :atev] y may please to call x1 :i* di/+ui%es moral good & evil1 & :i* embraces ! "o & rejects ! o!r4 ,?us ! di/9ct b\nd>ies & (fices ( ,,reason & ( ,,ta/e are easily asc]ta9$4 ,! =m] conveys ! k ( tru? & falsehood3 ! latt] gives ! s5tim5t ( beauty & de=mity1 vice & virtue4 ,! "o discov]s objects z !y really /& 9 nature1 )\t addition & dim9ution3 ! o!r has a productive faculty1 & gild+ or /a9+ all natural objects ) ! col\rs1 borr[$ f int]nal s5tim5t1 raises 9 a mann] a new creation4 ,reason be+ cool & dis5gag$1 is no motive to action1 & directs only ! impulse receiv$ f appetite or incl9ation1 by %[+ u ! means ( atta9+ happ9ess or avoid+ mis]y3 ,ta/e1 z x gives pleasure or pa91 & !reby con/itutes happ9ess or mis]y1 becomes a motive to action1 & is ! fir/ spr+ or impulse to desire & volition4 ,f circum/ances & relations1 kn[n or suppos$1 ! =m] leads u to ! discov]y ( ! conceal$ & unkn[n3 aft] all circum/ances & relations are laid be=e u1 ! latt] makes u feel f ! :ole a new s5tim5t ( blame or approbation4 ,! /&>d ( ! "o1 be+ f\nd$ on ! nature ( ?+s1 is et]nal & inflexible1 ev5 by ! w ( ! ,supreme ,be+3 ! /&>d ( ! o!r aris+ f ! et]nal frame & con/itution ( animals1 is ultimately d]iv$ f t ,supreme ,w1 :i* be/[$ on ea* be+ its peculi> nature1 & arrang$ ! sev]al classes & ord]s ( exi/5ce4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,( ,,self-,,love4 ,,!re is a pr9ciple1 suppos$ to prevail among _m1 :i* is utt]ly incompatible ) all virtue or moral s5tim5t2 & z x c proce$ f no?+ b ! mo/ deprav$ disposition1 s 9 its turn x t5ds /ill fur!r to enc\rage t depravity4 ,?is pr9ciple is1 t all ,,b5evol5ce is m]e hypocrisy1 fri5d%ip a *eat1 public _s a f>ce1 fidelity a sn>e to procure tru/ & confid5ce2 & t :ile all ( u1 at bottom1 pursue only our private int]e/1 we we> ^! fair disguises1 9 ord] to put o!rs (f _! gu>d1 & expose !m ! m to our wiles & ma*9ations4 ,:at he>t "o mu/ be possess$ ( :o possesses su* pr9ciples1 & :o feels no int]nal s5tim5t t belies s p]nici\s a !ory1 x is easy to imag9e3 & also :at degree ( affection & b5evol5ce he c be> to a species :om he repres5ts "u su* odi\s col\rs1 & supposes s little susceptible ( gratitude or any return ( affection4 ,or if we %\ld n ascribe ^! pr9ciples :olly to a corrupt$ he>t1 we mu/ at lea/ acc\nt = !m f ! mo/ c>eless & precipitate exam9ation4 ,sup]ficial reason]s1 inde$1 obs]v+ _m false pret5ces among mank9d1 & feel+1 p]haps1 no v /rong re/ra9t 9 _! own disposition1 might draw a g5]al & a ha/y conclusion t all is equally corrupt$1 & t m51 diff]5t f all o!r animals1 & inde$ f all o!r species ( exi/5ce1 admit ( no degrees ( good or bad1 b are1 9 e in/ance1 ! same creatures "u diff]5t disguises & appe>ances4 ,!re is ano!r pr9ciple1 some:at resembl+ ! =m]2 :i* has be5 mu* insi/$ on by philosoph]s1 & has be5 ! f\ndation ( _m a sy/em2 t1 :atev] affection "o may feel1 or imag9e he feels = o!rs1 no passion is1 or c be dis9t]e/$2 t ! mo/ g5]\s fri5d%ip1 h[ev] s9c]e1 is a modification ( self-love2 & t1 ev5 unkn[n to ourselves1 we seek only our own gratification1 :ile we appe> ! mo/ deeply engag$ 9 s*emes = ! lib]ty & happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,by a turn ( imag9ation1 by a ref9em5t ( reflection1 by an en?usiasm ( passion1 we seem to take "p 9 ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 & imag9e ourselves dive/$ ( all selfi% consid]ations3 b1 at bottom1 ! mo/ g5]\s patriot & mo/ nigg>dly mis]1 ! brave/ h]o & mo/ abject c[>d1 h1 9 e action1 an equal reg>d to _! own happ9ess & welf>e4 ,:oev] concludes f ! seem+ t5d5cy ( ?is op9ion1 t ^?1 :o make pr(ession ( x1 _c possibly feel ! true s5tim5ts ( b5evol5ce1 or h any reg>d = g5u9e virtue1 w (t5 f9d himself1 9 practice1 v mu* mi/ak54 ,probity & hon\r 7 no /rang]s to ,epicurus & 8 sect4 ,atticus & ,horace seem to h enjoy$ f nature1 & cultivat$ by reflection1 z g5]\s & fri5dly dispositions z any disciple ( ! au/]] s*ools4 ,& among ! mod]n1 ,hobbes & ,locke1 :o ma9ta9$ ! selfi% sy/em ( morals1 liv$ irreproa*able lives2 ?\gh ! =m] lay n "u any re/ra9t ( religion :i* might supply ! defects ( 8 philosophy4 ,an epicurean or a ,hobbi/ readily all[s1 t !re is su* a ?+ z a fri5d%ip 9 ! _w1 )\t hypocrisy or disguise2 ?\gh he may attempt1 by a philosophical *ymi/ry1 to resolve ! elem5ts ( ?is passion1 if ,i may s speak1 into ^? ( ano!r1 & expla9 e affection to be self-love1 twi/$ & m\ld$1 by a p>ticul> turn ( imag9ation1 into a v>iety ( appe>ances4 ,b z ! same turn ( imag9ation prevails n 9 e man1 nor gives ! same direction to ! orig9al passion2 ?is is suffici5t ev5 accord+ to ! selfi% sy/em to make ! wide/ diff]5ce 9 human *>act]s1 & d5om9ate "o man virtu\s & humane1 ano!r vici\s & meanly int]e/$4 ,i e/eem ! man ^: self-love1 by :atev] means1 is s direct$ z to give him a conc]n = o!rs1 & r5d] him s]viceable to society3 z ,i hate or despise him1 :o has no reg>d to any ?+ beyond 8 own gratifications & enjoym5ts4 ,9 va9 w\ld y sugge/ t ^! *>act]s1 ?\gh seem+ly opposite1 are at bottom ! same1 & t a v inconsid]able turn ( ?\ght =ms ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,ea* "*1 not)/&+ ^! inconsid]able diff]5ces1 appe>s to me1 9 practice1 pretty durable & untransmutable4 ,& ,i f9d n 9 ?is m ?an 9 o!r subjects1 t ! natural s5tim5ts aris+ f ! g5]al appe>ances ( ?+s are easily de/roy$ by subtile reflections conc]n+ ! m9ute orig9 ( ^! appe>ances4 ,does n ! lively1 *e]ful col\r ( a c\nt5ance inspire me ) complac5cy & pleasure2 ev5 ?\gh ,i le>n f philosophy t all diff]5ce ( complexion arises f ! mo/ m9ute diff]5ces ( ?ickness1 9 ! mo/ m9ute p>ts ( ! sk92 by means ( :i* a sup]ficies is qualifi$ to reflect "o ( ! orig9al col\rs ( light1 & absorb ! o!rs8 ,b ?\gh ! "q conc]n+ ! univ]sal or p>tial selfi%ness ( man be n s mat]ial z is usually imag9$ to morality & practice1 x is c]ta9ly ( consequ5ce 9 ! speculative sci5ce ( human nature1 & is a prop] object ( curiosity & enquiry4 ,x may n1 !re=e1 be unsuitable1 9 ?is place1 to be/[ a few reflections ^u x4 ,footnote3 ,b5evol5ce naturally divides into two k9ds1 ! ,,g5]al & ! ,,p>ticul>4 ,! fir/ is1 :]e we h no fri5d%ip or connexion or e/eem = ! p]son1 b feel only a g5]al sympa?y ) him or a compassion = 8 pa9s1 & a congratulation ) 8 pleasures4 ,! o!r species ( b5evol5ce is f\nd$ on an op9ion ( virtue1 on s]vices done u1 or on "s p>ticul> connexions4 ,bo? ^! s5tim5ts mu/ be all[$ real 9 human nature3 b :e!r !y w resolve into "s nice consid]ations ( self-love1 is a "q m curi\s ?an important4 ,! =m] s5tim5t1 to wit1 t ( g5]al b5evol5ce1 or humanity1 or sympa?y1 we %all h occasion frequ5tly to treat ( 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry2 & ,i assume x z real1 f g5]al exp]i5ce1 )\t any o!r pro(4 ,! mo/ obvi\s objection to ! selfi% hypo!sis is1 t1 z x is contr>y to common feel+ & our mo/ unprejudic$ notions1 !re is requir$ ! highe/ /ret* ( philosophy to e/abli% s extraord9>y a p>adox4 ,to ! mo/ c>eless obs]v] !re appe> to be su* dispositions z b5evol5ce & g5]osity2 su* affections z love1 fri5d%ip1 compassion1 gratitude4 ,^! s5tim5ts h _! causes1 effects1 objects1 & op]ations1 m>k$ by common language & obs]vation1 & pla9ly di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! selfi% passions4 ,& z ?is is ! obvi\s appe>ance ( ?+s1 x mu/ be admitt$1 till "s hypo!sis be discov]$1 :i* by p5etrat+ deep] into human nature1 may prove ! =m] affections to be no?+ b modifications ( ! latt]4 ,all attempts ( ?is k9d h hi!rto prov$ fruitless1 & seem to h proce$$ entirely f t love ( ,,simplicity :i* has be5 ! s\rce ( mu* false reason+ 9 philosophy4 ,i %all n "h ent] into any detail on ! pres5t subject4 ,_m able philosoph]s h %[n ! insuffici5cy ( ^! sy/ems4 ,& ,i %all take = grant$ :at1 ,i believe1 ! smalle/ reflection w make evid5t to e imp>tial enquir]4 ,b ! nature ( ! subject furni%es ! /ronge/ presumption1 t no bett] sy/em w ev]1 = ! future1 be inv5t$1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! b5evol5t f ! selfi% affections1 & r$uce all ! v>i\s emotions ( ! human m9d to a p]fect simplicity4 ,! case is n ! same 9 ?is species ( philosophy z 9 physics4 ,_m an hypo!sis 9 nature1 contr>y to fir/ appe>ances1 has be5 f\nd1 on m accurate scrut9y1 solid & satisfactory4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are s frequ5t t a judici\s1 z well z witty philosoph]1 ,footnote3 ,mons4 ,font5elle4 has v5tur$ to affirm1 if !re be m ?an "o way 9 :i* any ph5om5on may be produc$1 t !re is g5]al presumption = its aris+ f ! causes :i* are ! lea/ obvi\s & famili>4 ,b ! presumption always lies on ! o!r side1 9 all enquiries conc]n+ ! orig9 ( our passions1 & ( ! int]nal op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s cause :i* c !re be assign$ = any ph5om5on1 is probably ! true "o4 ,:5 a philosoph]1 9 ! explication ( 8 sy/em1 is oblig$ to h rec\rse to "s v intricate & ref9$ reflections1 & to suppose !m ess5tial to ! production ( any passion or emotion1 we h reason to be extremely on our gu>d aga9/ s fallaci\s an hypo!sis4 ,! affections are n susceptible ( any impression f ! ref9em5ts ( reason or imag9ation2 & x is always f\nd t a vigor\s ex]tion ( ! latt] faculties1 necess>ily1 f ! n>r[ capacity ( ! human m9d1 de/roys all activity 9 ! =m]4 ,our pr$om9ant motive or int5tion is1 inde$1 frequ5tly conceal$ f ourselves :5 x is m+l$ & conf\nd$ ) o!r motives :i* ! m9d1 f vanity or self-conceit1 is desir\s ( suppos+ m preval5t3 b !re is no in/ance t a concealm5t ( ?is nature has ev] aris5 f ! ab/rus5ess & intricacy ( ! motive4 ,a man t has lo/ a fri5d & patron may flatt] himself t all 8 grief arises f g5]\s s5tim5ts1 )\t any mixture ( n>r[ or int]e/$ consid]ations3 b a man t grieves = a valuable fri5d1 :o ne$$ 8 patronage & protection2 h[ c we suppose1 t 8 passionate t5d]ness arises f "s metaphysical reg>ds to a self-int]e/1 :i* has no f\ndation or reality8 ,we may z well imag9e t m9ute :eels & spr+s1 l ^? ( a wat*1 give motion to a load$ waggon1 z acc\nt = ! orig9 ( passion f su* ab/ruse reflections4 ,animals are f\nd susceptible ( k9dness1 bo? to _! own species & to ours2 nor is !re1 9 ?is case1 ! lea/ suspicion ( disguise or artifice4 ,%all we acc\nt = all ,,_! s5tim5ts1 too1 f ref9$ d$uctions ( self-int]e/8 ,or if we admit a dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce 9 ! inf]ior species1 by :at rule ( analogy c we refuse x 9 ! sup]ior8 ,love betwe5 ! sexes begets a complac5cy & good-w1 v di/9ct f ! gratification ( an appetite4 ,t5d]ness to _! (fspr+1 9 all s5sible be+s1 is commonly able alone to c\nt]-balance ! /ronge/ motives ( self-love1 & has no mann] ( dep5dance on t affection4 ,:at int]e/ c a fond "m h 9 view1 :o loses h] heal? by assidu\s att5dance on h] sick *ild1 & aft]w>ds langui%es & dies ( grief1 :5 fre$1 by its dea?1 f ! slav]y ( t att5dance8 ,is gratitude no affection ( ! human brea/1 or is t a ^w m]ely1 )\t any mean+ or reality8 ,h we no satisfaction 9 "o man's company above ano!r's1 & no desire ( ! welf>e ( our fri5d1 ev5 ?\gh abs5ce or dea? %\ld prev5t u f all p>ticipation 9 x8 ,or :at is x commonly1 t gives u any p>ticipation 9 x1 ev5 :ile alive & pres5t1 b our affection & reg>d to him8 ,^! & a ?\s& o!r in/ances are m>ks ( a g5]al b5evol5ce 9 human nature1 :]e no ,,real int]e/ b9ds u to ! object4 ,& h[ an ,,imag9>y int]e/ kn[n & av[$ = su*1 c be ! orig9 ( any passion or emotion1 seems difficult to expla94 ,no satisfactory hypo!sis ( ?is k9d has yet be5 discov]$2 nor is !re ! smalle/ probability t ! future indu/ry ( m5 w ev] be att5d$ ) m fav\rable success4 ,b f>!r1 if we consid] rightly ( ! matt]1 we %all f9d t ! hypo!sis :i* all[s ( a dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce1 di/9ct f self-love1 has really m ,,simplicity 9 x1 & is m con=mable to ! analogy ( nature ?an t :i* pret5ds to resolve all fri5d%ip & humanity into ?is latt] pr9ciple4 ,!re are bodily wants or appetites ackn[l$g$ by e "o1 :i* necess>ily prec$e all s5sual enjoym5t1 & c>ry u directly to seek possession ( ! object4 ,?us1 hung] & ?ir/ h eat+ & dr9k+ = _! end2 & f ! gratification ( ^! prim>y appetites arises a pleasure1 :i* may become ! object ( ano!r species ( desire or incl9ation t is second>y & int]e/$4 ,9 ! same mann] !re are m5tal passions by :i* we are impell$ imm$iately to seek p>ticul> objects1 su* z fame or p[]1 or v5geance )\t any reg>d to int]e/2 & :5 ^! objects are atta9$ a pleas+ enjoym5t ensues1 z ! consequ5ce ( our indulg$ affections4 ,nature mu/1 by ! int]nal frame & con/itution ( ! m9d1 give an orig9al prop5sity to fame1 ere we c reap any pleasure f t acquisition1 or pursue x f motives ( self-love1 & desire ( happ9ess4 ,if ,i h no vanity1 ,i take no delight 9 praise3 if ,i be void ( ambition1 p[] gives me no enjoym5t3 if ,i be n angry1 ! puni%m5t ( an adv]s>y is totally indiff]5t to me4 ,9 all ^! cases !re is a passion :i* po9ts imm$iately to ! object1 & con/itutes x our good or happ9ess2 z !re are o!r second>y passions :i* aft]w>ds arise1 & pursue x z a "p ( our happ9ess1 :5 once x is con/itut$ su* by our orig9al affections4 ,7 !re no appetite ( any k9d antec$5t to self-love1 t prop5sity c\ld sc>cely ev] ex]t itself2 because we %\ld1 9 t case1 h felt few & sl5d] pa9s or pleasures1 & h little mis]y or happ9ess to avoid or to pursue4 ,n[ :]e is ! difficulty 9 conceiv+1 t ?is may likewise be ! case ) b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip1 & t1 f ! orig9al frame ( our temp]1 we may feel a desire ( ano!r's happ9ess or good1 :i*1 by means ( t affection1 becomes our own good1 & is aft]w>ds pursu$1 f ! comb9$ motives ( b5evol5ce & self-enjoym5ts8 ,:o sees n t v5geance1 f ! =ce alone ( passion1 may be s eag]ly pursu$1 z to make u kn[+ly neglect e consid]ation ( ease1 int]e/1 or safety2 &1 l "s v9dictive animals1 infuse our v s\ls into ! w\nds we give an enemy2 ,footnote3 ,animasque 9 vuln]e ponunt4 ,,virg1 ,dum alt]i noceat1 sui neglig5s says ,s5eca ( ,ang]4 ,de ,ira1 ,i4 i4 & :at a malignant philosophy mu/ x be1 t w n all[ to humanity & fri5d%ip ! same privileges :i* are undisputably grant$ to ! d>k] passions ( enmity & res5tm5t2 su* a philosophy is m l a satyr ?an a true del9eation or description ( human nature2 & may be a good f\ndation = p>adoxical wit & raill]y1 b is a v bad "o = any s]i\s argum5t or reason+4 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,f>!r ,,consid]ations ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,ju/ice4 ,! int5tion ( ?is ,app5dix is to give "s m p>ticul> explication ( ! orig9 & nature ( ,ju/ice1 & to m>k "s diff]5ces betwe5 x & ! o!r virtues4 ,! social virtues ( humanity & b5evol5ce ex]t _! influ5ce imm$iately by a direct t5d5cy or in/9ct1 :i* *iefly keeps 9 view ! simple object1 mov+ ! affections1 & compreh5ds n any s*eme or sy/em1 nor ! consequ5ces result+ f ! concurr5ce1 imitation1 or example ( o!rs4 ,a p>5t flies to ! relief ( 8 *ild2 transport$ by t natural sympa?y :i* actuates him1 & :i* af=ds no leisure to reflect on ! s5tim5ts or conduct ( ! re/ ( mank9d 9 l circum/ances4 ,a g5]\s man *e]fully embraces an opportunity ( s]v+ 8 fri5d2 because he !n feels himself "u ! dom9ion ( ! b5efic5t affections1 nor is he conc]n$ :e!r any o!r p]son 9 ! univ]se 7 ev] be=e actuat$ by su* noble motives1 or w ev] aft]w>ds prove _! influ5ce4 ,9 all ^! cases ! social passions h 9 view a s+le individual object1 & pursue ! safety or happ9ess alone ( ! p]son lov$ & e/eem$4 ,) ?is !y are satisfi$3 9 ?is !y acquiesce4 ,& z ! good1 result+ f _! b5ign influ5ce1 is 9 itself complete & entire1 x also excites ! moral s5tim5t ( approbation1 )\t any reflection on f>!r consequ5ces1 & )\t any m enl>g$ views ( ! concurr5ce or imitation ( ! o!r memb]s ( society4 ,on ! contr>y1 7 ! g5]\s fri5d or dis9t]e/$ patriot to /& alone 9 ! practice ( b5efic5ce1 ?is w\ld r enhance 8 value 9 our eyes1 & jo9 ! praise ( r>ity & novelty to 8 o!r m exalt$ m]its4 ,! case is n ! same ) ! social virtues ( ju/ice & fidelity4 ,!y are highly useful1 or inde$ absolutely necess>y to ! well-be+ ( mank9d3 b ! b5efit result+ f !m is n ! consequ5ce ( e individual s+le act2 b arises f ! :ole s*eme or sy/em concurr$ 9 by ! :ole1 or ! great] "p ( ! society4 ,g5]al peace & ord] are ! att5dants ( ju/ice or a g5]al ab/95ce f ! possessions ( o!rs2 b a p>ticul> reg>d to ! p>ticul> "r ( "o individual citiz5 may frequ5tly1 consid]$ 9 itself1 be productive ( p]nici\s consequ5ces4 ,! result ( ! individual acts is "h1 9 _m in/ances1 directly opposite to t ( ! :ole sy/em ( actions2 & ! =m] may be extremely hurtful1 :ile ! latt] is1 to ! highe/ degree1 advantage\s4 ,ri*es1 inh]it$ f a p>5t1 are1 9 a bad man's h&1 ! in/rum5t ( mis*ief4 ,! "r ( succession may1 9 "o in/ance1 be hurtful4 ,its b5efit arises only f ! obs]vance ( ! g5]al rule2 & x is suffici5t1 if comp5sation be !reby made = all ! ills & inconv5i5ces :i* fl[ f p>ticul> *>act]s & situations4 ,cyrus1 "y & unexp]i5c$1 consid]$ only ! individual case be=e him1 & reflect$ on a limit$ fitness & conv5i5ce1 :5 he assign$ ! long coat to ! tall boy1 & ! %ort coat to ! o!r ( small] size4 ,8 gov]nor in/ruct$ him bett]1 :ile he po9t$ out m enl>g$ views & consequ5ces1 & in=m$ 8 pupil ( ! g5]al1 inflexible rules1 necess>y to support g5]al peace & ord] 9 society4 ,! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( mank9d1 aris+ f ! social virtue ( b5evol5ce & its subdivisions1 may be comp>$ to a wall1 built by _m h&s1 :i* /ill rises by ea* /one t is heap$ ^u x1 & receives increase proportional to ! dilig5ce & c>e ( ea* workman4 ,! same happ9ess1 rais$ by ! social virtue ( ju/ice & its subdivisions1 may be comp>$ to ! build+ ( a vault1 :]e ea* individual /one w\ld1 ( itself1 fall to ! gr\nd2 nor is ! :ole fabric support$ b by ! mutual assi/ance & comb9ation ( its correspond+ p>ts4 ,all ! laws ( nature1 :i* regulate prop]ty1 z well z all civil laws1 are g5]al1 & reg>d alone "s ess5tial circum/ances ( ! case1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! *>act]s1 situations1 & connexions ( ! p]son conc]n$1 or any p>ticul> consequ5ces :i* may result f ! det]m9ation ( ^! laws 9 any p>ticul> case :i* (f]s4 ,!y deprive1 )\t scruple1 a b5efic5t man ( all 8 possessions1 if acquir$ by mi/ake1 )\t a good title2 9 ord] to be/[ !m on a selfi% mis]1 :o has already heap$ up imm5se /ores ( sup]flu\s ri*es4 ,public utility requires t prop]ty %\ld be regulat$ by g5]al inflexible rules2 & ?\gh su* rules are adopt$ z be/ s]ve ! same end ( public utility1 x is impossible = !m to prev5t all p>ticul> h>d%ips1 or make b5eficial consequ5ces result f e individual case4 ,x is suffici5t1 if ! :ole plan or s*eme be necess>y to ! support ( civil society1 & if ! balance ( good1 9 ! ma91 d !reby prepond]ate mu* above t ( evil4 ,ev5 ! g5]al laws ( ! univ]se1 ?\gh plann$ by inf9ite wisdom1 _c exclude all evil or inconv5i5ce 9 e p>ticul> op]ation4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by "s1 t ju/ice arises f ,human ,conv5tions1 & proce$s f ! volunt>y *oice1 cons5t1 or comb9ation ( mank9d4 ,if by ,,conv5tion be "h meant a ,,promise 7:i* is ! mo/ usual s5se ( ! ^w7 no?+ c be m absurd ?an ?is position4 ,! obs]vance ( promises is itself "o ( ! mo/ consid]able p>ts ( ju/ice1 & we are n surely b\nd to keep our ^w because we h giv5 our ^w to keep x4 ,b if by conv5tion be meant a s5se ( common int]e/1 :i* s5se ea* man feels 9 8 own brea/1 :i* he rem>ks 9 8 fell[s1 & :i* c>ries him1 9 concurr5ce ) o!rs1 into a g5]al plan or sy/em ( actions1 :i* t5ds to public utility2 x mu/ be own$1 t1 9 ?is s5se1 ju/ice arises f human conv5tions4 ,= if x be all[$ 7:at is1 inde$1 evid5t7 t ! p>ticul> consequ5ces ( a p>ticul> act ( ju/ice may be hurtful to ! public z well z to individuals2 x foll[s t e man1 9 embrac+ t virtue1 mu/ h an eye to ! :ole plan or sy/em1 & mu/ expect ! concurr5ce ( 8 fell[s 9 ! same conduct & behavi\r4 ,did all 8 views t]m9ate 9 ! consequ5ces ( ea* act ( 8 own1 8 b5evol5ce & humanity1 z well z 8 self-love1 might (t5 prescribe to him measures ( conduct v diff]5t f ^? :i* are agreeable to ! /rict rules ( "r & ju/ice4 ,?us1 two m5 pull ! o>s ( a boat by common conv5tion = common int]e/1 )\t any promise or contract2 ?us gold & silv] are made ! measures ( ex*ange2 ?us spee* & words & language are fix$ by human conv5tion & agreem5t4 ,:atev] is advantage\s to two or m p]sons1 if all p]=m _! "p2 b :at loses all advantage if only "o p]=m1 c arise f no o!r pr9ciple ,!re w\ld o!rwise be no motive = any "o ( !m to ent] into t s*eme ( conduct4 ,footnote3 ,?is !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( prop]ty1 & consequ5tly ( ju/ice1 is1 9 ! ma91 ! same ) t h9t$ at & adopt$ by ,grotius1 ',h9c discimus1 quae fu]it causa1 ob quam a primaeva communione r]um primo mobilium1 de9de et immobil9m discessum e/3 nimirum quod cum non cont5ti hom9es vesci sponte natis1 antra habit>e1 corpore aut nudo ag]e1 aut corticibus arborum f]>umve pellibus ve/ito1 vitae g5us exquisitius delegiss5t1 indu/ria opus fuit1 quam s+uli rebus s+ulls adhib]5t4 ,quo m9us autem fructus 9 commune conf]r5tur1 primum ob/itit locorum1 9 quae hom9es discess]unt1 di/antia1 de9de ju/itiae et amoris defectus1 p] quem fiebat1 ut nee 9 labore1 nee 9 consumtione fructuum1 quae debebat1 aequalitas s]v>etur4 ,simul discimus1 quomodo res 9 proprietatem iv]9t2 non animi actu solo1 neque enim scire alii pot]ant1 quid alil suum esse vell5t1 ut eo ab/9]5t1 et idem velle plures pot]ant2 s$ pacto quodam aut expresso1 ut p] divisionem1 aut tacito1 ut p] occupationem4' ,de jure belli et pacis4 ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #b4 sec4 #b4 art4 #d & #e4 ,! ^w ,,natural is commonly tak5 9 s _m s5ses & is ( s loose a signification1 t x seems va9 to dispute :e!r ju/ice be natural or n4 ,if self-love1 if b5evol5ce be natural to man2 if reason & =e?\ght be also natural2 !n may ! same epi!t be appli$ to ju/ice1 ord]1 fidelity1 prop]ty1 society4 ,m5's incl9ation1 _! necessities1 lead !m to comb9e2 _! und]/&+ & exp]i5ce tell !m t ?is comb9ation is impossible :]e ea* gov]ns himself by no rule1 & pays no reg>d to ! possessions ( o!rs3 & f ^! passions & reflections conjo9$1 z soon z we obs]ve l passions & reflections 9 o!rs1 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice1 ?r\gh\t all ages1 has infallibly & c]ta9ly _h place to "s degree or o!r 9 e individual ( ! human species4 ,9 s sagaci\s an animal1 :at necess>ily arises f ! ex]tion ( 8 intellectual faculties may ju/ly be e/eem$ natural4 ,footnote3 ,natural may be oppos$1 ei!r to :at is ,,unusual1 ,,miracul\s or ,,artificial4 ,9 ! two =m] s5ses1 ju/ice & prop]ty are und\bt$ly natural4 ,b z !y suppose reason1 =e?\ght1 design1 & a social union & conf$]acy among m51 p]haps t epi!t _c /rictly1 9 ! la/ s5se1 be appli$ to !m4 ,_h m5 liv$ )\t society1 prop]ty _h nev] be5 kn[n1 & nei!r ju/ice nor inju/ice _h ev] exi/$4 ,b society among human creatures _h be5 impossible )\t reason & =e?\ght4 ,inf]ior animals1 t unite1 are guid$ by in/9ct1 :i* supplies ! place = reason4 ,b all ^! disputes are m]ely v]bal4 ,among all civiliz$ nations x has be5 ! con/ant endeav\r to remove ev]y?+ arbitr>y & p>tial f ! decision ( prop]ty1 & to fix ! s5t5ce ( judges by su* g5]al views & consid]ations z may be equal to e memb] ( society4 ,= besides1 t no?+ c\ld be m dang]\s ?an to accu/om ! b5*1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ in/ance1 to reg>d private fri5d%ip or enmity2 x is c]ta91 t m51 :]e !y imag9e t !re 0 no o!r reason = ! pref]5ce ( _! adv]s>y b p]sonal fav\r1 are apt to ent]ta9 ! /ronge/ ill-w aga9/ ! magi/rates & judges4 ,:5 natural reason1 !re=e1 po9ts out no fix$ view ( public utility by :i* a controv]sy ( prop]ty c be decid$1 positive laws are (t5 fram$ to supply its place1 & direct ! proc$ure ( all c\rts ( judicature4 ,:]e ^! too fail1 z (t5 happ5s1 prec$5ts are call$ =2 & a =m] decision1 ?\gh giv5 itself )\t any suffici5t reason1 ju/ly becomes a suffici5t reason = a new decision4 ,if direct laws & prec$5ts be want+1 imp]fect & indirect ones are br\ght 9 aid2 & ! controv]t$ case is rang$ "u !m by analogical reason+s & comp>isons1 & similitudes1 & correspond5cies1 :i* are (t5 m fanciful ?an real4 ,9 g5]al1 x may safely be affirm$ t jurisprud5ce is1 9 ?is respect1 diff]5t f all ! sci5ces2 & t 9 _m ( its nic] que/ions1 !re _c prop]ly be said to be tru? or falsehood on ei!r side4 ,if "o plead] br+ ! case "u any =m] law or prec$5t1 by a ref9$ analogy or comp>ison2 ! opposite plead] is n at a loss to f9d an opposite analogy or comp>ison3 & ! pref]5ce giv5 by ! judge is (t5 f\nd$ m on ta/e & imag9ation ?an on any solid argum5t4 ,public utility is ! g5]al object ( all c\rts ( judicature2 & ?is utility too requires a /able rule 9 all controv]sies3 b :]e sev]al rules1 ne>ly equal & indiff]5t1 pres5t !mselves1 x is a v slight turn ( ?\ght :i* fixes ! decision 9 fav\r ( ei!r p>ty4 ,footnote3 ,t !re be a sep>ation or di/9ction ( possessions1 & t ?is sep>ation be /eady & con/ant2 ?is is absolutely requir$ by ! int]e/s ( society1 & h5ce ! orig9 ( ju/ice & prop]ty4 ,:at possessions are assign$ to p>ticul> p]sons2 ?is is1 g5]ally speak+1 pretty indiff]5t2 & is (t5 det]m9$ by v frivol\s views & consid]ations4 ,we %all m5tion a few p>ticul>s4 ,7 a society =m$ among sev]al indep5d5t memb]s1 ! mo/ obvi\s rule1 :i* c\ld be agre$ on1 w\ld be to annex prop]ty to ,,pres5t possession1 & leave e "o a "r to :at he at pres5t enjoys4 ,! relation ( possession1 :i* takes place betwe5 ! p]son & ! object1 naturally draws on ! relation ( prop]ty4 ,= a l reason1 occupation or fir/ possession becomes ! f\ndation ( prop]ty4 ,:]e a man be/[s lab\r & indu/ry ^u any object1 :i* be=e belong$ to no body2 z 9 cutt+ d[n & %ap+ a tree1 9 cultivat+ a field1 c41 ! alt]ations1 :i* he produces1 causes a relation betwe5 him & ! object1 & naturally engages u to annex x to him by ! new relation ( prop]ty4 ,?is cause "h concurs ) ! public utility1 :i* consi/s 9 ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to indu/ry & lab\r4 ,p]haps too1 private humanity t[>ds ! possessor concurs1 9 ?is in/ance1 ) ! o!r motives1 & engages u to leave ) him :at he has acquir$ by 8 sweat & lab\r2 & :at he has flatt]$ himself 9 ! con/ant enjoym5t (4 ,= ?\gh private humanity c1 by no means1 be ! orig9 ( ju/ice2 s9ce ! latt] virtue s (t5 contradicts ! =m]2 yet :5 ! rule ( sep>ate & con/ant possession is once =m$ by ! indisp5sable necessities ( society1 private humanity1 & an av]sion to ! do+ a h>d%ip to ano!r1 may1 9 a p>ticul> in/ance1 give rise to a p>ticul> rule ( prop]ty4 ,i am mu* incl9$ to ?9k1 t ! "r succession or inh]itance mu* dep5ds on ^? connexions ( ! imag9ation1 & t ! relation to a =m] proprietor begett+ a relation to ! object1 is ! cause :y ! prop]ty is transf]r$ to a man aft] ! dea? ( 8 k9sman4 ,x is true2 indu/ry is m enc\rag$ by ! transf]5ce ( possession to *ildr5 or ne> relations3 b ?is consid]ation w only h place 9 a cultivat$ society2 :]eas ! "r ( succession is reg>d$ ev5 among ! greate/ ,b>b>ians4 ,acquisition ( prop]ty by accession c be expla9$ no way b by hav+ rec\rse to ! relations & connexions ( ! imag9ations4 ,! prop]ty ( riv]s1 by ! laws ( mo/ nations1 & by ! natural turn ( our ?\ghts1 is attribut$ to ! proprietors ( _! banks1 except+ su* va/ riv]s z ! ,rh9e or ! ,danube1 :i* seem too l>ge to foll[ z an accession to ! prop]ty ( ! neighb\r+ fields4 ,yet ev5 ^! riv]s are consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( t nation1 ?r\gh ^: dom9ions !y run2 ! idea ( a nation be+ ( a suitable bulk to correspond ) !m1 & be> !m su* a relation 9 ! fancy4 ,! accessions1 :i* are made to l&1 bord]+ ^u riv]s1 foll[ ! l&1 say ! civilians1 provid$ x be made by :at !y call alluvion1 t is1 ins5sibly & imp]ceptibly2 :i* are circum/ances1 t assi/ ! imag9ation 9 ! conjunction4 ,:]e !re is any consid]able portion torn at once f "o bank & add$ to ano!r1 x becomes n 8 prop]ty1 ^: l& x falls on1 till x unite ) ! l&1 & till ! trees & plants h spread _! roots into bo?4 ,be=e t1 ! ?\ght does n suffici5tly jo9 !m4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ ev] di/+ui% betwe5 ! necessity ( a sep>ation & con/ancy 9 m5's possession1 & ! rules1 :i* assign p>ticul> objects to p>ticul> p]sons4 ,! fir/ necessity is obvi\s1 /rong1 & inv9cible3 ! latt] may dep5d on a public utility m light & frivol\s1 on ! s5tim5t ( private humanity & av]sion to private h>d%ip1 on positive laws1 on prec$5ts1 analogies1 & v f9e connexions & turns ( ! imag9ation4 ,we may j obs]ve1 be=e we conclude ?is subject1 t aft] ! laws ( ju/ice are fix$ by views ( g5]al utility1 ! injury1 ! h>d%ip1 ! h>m1 :i* result to any individual f a violation ( !m1 ent] v mu* into consid]ation1 & are a great s\rce ( t univ]sal blame :i* att5ds e wrong or iniquity4 ,by ! laws ( society1 ?is coat1 ?is horse is m9e1 & ,,ought to rema9 p]petually 9 my possession3 ,i reckon on ! secure enjoym5t ( x3 by depriv+ me ( x1 y disappo9t my expectations1 & d\bly displease me1 & (f5d e by/&]4 ,x is a public wrong1 s f> z ! rules ( equity are violat$3 x is a private h>m1 s f> z an individual is injur$4 ,& ?\gh ! second consid]ation c\ld h no place1 7 n ! =m] previ\sly e/abli%$3 = o!rwise ! di/9ction ( ,,m9e & ,,?9e w\ld be unkn[n 9 society3 yet !re is no "q b ! reg>d to g5]al good is mu* en=c$ by ! respect to p>ticul>4 ,:at injures ! community1 )\t hurt+ any individual1 is (t5 m lightly ?\ght (4 ,b :]e ! greate/ public wrong is also conjo9$ ) a consid]able private "o1 no wond] ! highe/ disapprobation att5ds s iniquit\s a behavi\r4 ,,app5dix ,,iv4 ,,( ,,"s ,,v]bal ,,disputes4 ,no?+ is m usual ?an = philosoph]s to encroa* ^u ! prov9ce ( gramm>ians2 & to engage 9 disputes ( words1 :ile !y imag9e t !y are h&l+ controv]sies ( ! deepe/ importance & conc]n4 ,x 0 9 ord] to avoid alt]cations1 s frivol\s & endless1 t ,i endeav\r$ to /ate ) ! utmo/ caution ! object ( our pres5t enquiry2 & propos$ simply to collect1 on ! "o h&1 a li/ ( ^? m5tal qualities :i* are ! object ( love or e/eem1 & =m a "p ( p]sonal m]it2 & on ! o!r h&1 a catalogue ( ^? qualities :i* are ! object ( c5sure or reproa*1 & :i* detract f ! "* ( ! p]son possess$ ( !m2 subjo9+ "s reflections conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^! s5tim5ts ( praise or blame4 ,on all occasions1 :]e !re might arise ! lea/ hesitation1 ,i avoid$ ! t]ms ,,virtue & ,,vice2 because "s ( ^? qualities1 :i* ,i class$ among ! objects ( praise1 receive1 9 ! ,engli% language1 ! appellation ( ,,tal5ts1 r ?an ( virtues2 z "s ( ! blameable or c5surable qualities are (t5 call$ defects1 r ?an vices4 ,x may n[1 p]haps1 be expect$ t be=e we conclude ?is moral enquiry1 we %\ld exactly sep>ate ! "o f ! o!r2 %\ld m>k ! precise b\nd>ies ( virtues & tal5ts1 vices & defects2 & %\ld expla9 ! reason & orig9 ( t di/9ction4 ,b 9 ord] to excuse myself f ?is und]tak+1 :i* w\ld1 at la/1 prove only a grammatical enquiry1 ,i %all subjo9 ! f\r foll[+ reflections1 :i* %all conta9 all t ,i int5d to say on ! pres5t subject4 ,fir/1 ,i d n f9d t 9 ! ,engli%1 or any o!r mod]n tongue1 ! b\nd>ies are exactly fix$ betwe5 virtues & tal5ts1 vices & defects1 or t a precise def9ition c be giv5 ( ! "o z contradi/+ui%$ f ! o!r4 ,7 we to say1 = in/ance1 t ! e/eemable qualities alone1 :i* are volunt>y1 are entitl$ to ! appellations ( virtues2 we %\ld soon recollect ! qualities ( c\rage1 equanimity1 pati5ce1 self-comm&2 ) _m o!rs1 :i* almo/ e language classes "u ?is appellation1 ?\gh !y dep5d little or n at all on our *oice4 ,%\ld we affirm t ! qualities alone1 :i* prompt u to act our "p 9 society1 are entitl$ to t hon\rable di/9ction2 x mu/ imm$iately occur t ^! are inde$ ! mo/ valuable qualities1 & are commonly d5om9at$ ! ,,social virtues2 b t ?is v epi!t supposes t !re are also virtues ( ano!r species4 ,%\ld we lay hold ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ,,intellectual & ,,moral end[m5ts1 & affirm ! la/ alone to be ! real & g5u9e virtues1 because !y alone lead to action2 we %\ld f9d t _m ( ^? qualities1 usually call$ intellectual virtues1 su* z prud5ce1 p5etration1 disc]nm5t1 discretion1 _h also a consid]able influ5ce on conduct4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! he>t & ! head may also be adopt$3 ! qualities ( ! fir/ may be def9$ su* z 9 _! imm$iate ex]tion are accompani$ ) a feel+ ( s5tim5t2 & ^! alone may be call$ ! g5u9e virtues3 b indu/ry1 frugality1 temp]ance1 secrecy1 p]sev]ance1 & _m o!r laudable p[]s or habits1 g5]ally /ill$ virtues are ex]t$ )\t any imm$iate s5tim5t 9 ! p]son possess$ ( !m1 & are only kn[n to him by _! effects4 ,x is =tunate1 amid/ all ?is seem+ p]plexity1 t ! "q1 be+ m]ely v]bal1 _c possibly be ( any importance4 ,a moral1 philosophical disc\rse ne$s n ent] into all ^! caprices ( language1 :i* are s v>iable 9 diff]5t dialects1 & 9 diff]5t ages ( ! same dialect4 ,b on ! :ole1 x seems to me1 t ?\gh x is always all[$1 t !re are virtues ( _m diff]5t k9ds1 yet1 :5 a man is call$ virtu\s1 or is d5om9at$ a man ( virtue1 we *iefly reg>d 8 social qualities1 :i* are1 inde$1 ! mo/ valuable4 ,x is1 at ! same "t1 c]ta91 t any rem>kable defect 9 c\rage1 temp]ance1 economy1 indu/ry1 und]/&+1 dignity ( m9d1 w\ld b]eave ev5 a v good-natur$1 hone/ man ( ?is hon\rable appellation4 ,:o did ev] say1 except by way ( irony1 t su* a "o 0 a man ( great virtue1 b an egregi\s blockhead8 ,b1 ,secondly1 x is no wond] t languages %\ld n be v precise 9 m>k+ ! b\nd>ies betwe5 virtues & tal5ts1 vices & defects2 s9ce !re is s little di/9ction made 9 our int]nal e/imation ( !m4 ,x seems inde$ c]ta91 t ! ,,s5tim5t ( consci\s wor?1 ! self-satisfaction proce$+ f a review ( a man's own conduct & "*2 x seems c]ta91 ,i say1 t ?is s5tim5t1 :i*1 ?\gh ! mo/ common ( all o!rs1 has no prop] "n 9 our language1 ,footnote3 ,! t]m1 pride1 is commonly tak5 9 a bad s5se2 b ?is s5tim5t seems indiff]5t1 & may be ei!r good or bad1 accord+ z x is well or ill f\nd$1 & accord+ to ! o!r circum/ances :i* accompany x4 ,! ,fr5* express ?is s5tim5t by ! t]m1 ,,am\r ,,propre1 b z !y also express self-love z well z vanity by ! same t]m1 !re arises !nce a great confusion 9 ,ro*ef\cault1 & _m ( _! moral writ]s4 arises f ! end[m5ts ( c\rage & capacity1 indu/ry & +5uity1 z well z f any o!r m5tal excell5cies4 ,:o1 on ! o!r h&1 is n deeply mortifi$ ) reflect+ on 8 own folly & dissolut5ess1 & feels n a secret /+ or compunction :5ev] 8 memory pres5ts any pa/ occurr5ce1 :]e he behav$ ) /upidity ( ill-mann]s8 ,no "t c efface ! cruel ideas ( a man's own fooli% conduct1 or ( affronts1 :i* c[>dice or impud5ce has br\ght ^u him4 ,!y /ill haunt 8 solit>y h\rs1 damp 8 mo/ aspir+ ?\ghts1 & %[ him1 ev5 to himself1 9 ! mo/ contemptible & mo/ odi\s col\rs imag9able4 ,:at is !re too we are m anxi\s to conceal f o!rs ?an su* blund]s1 infirmities1 & meannesses1 or m dread to h expos$ by raill]y & satire8 ,& is n ! *ief object ( vanity1 our brav]y or le>n+1 our wit or bre$+1 our eloqu5ce or address1 our ta/e or abilities8 ,^! we display ) c>e1 if n ) o/5tation2 & we commonly %[ m ambition ( excell+ 9 !m1 ?an ev5 9 ! social virtues !mselves1 :i* are1 9 reality1 ( su* sup]ior excell5ce4 ,good-nature & hone/y1 especially ! latt]1 are s indisp5sably requir$1 t1 ?\gh ! greate/ c5sure att5ds any violation ( ^! duties1 no em95t praise foll[s su* common in/ances ( !m1 z seem ess5tial to ! support ( human society4 ,& h5ce ! reason1 9 my op9ion1 :y1 ?\gh m5 (t5 extol s lib]ally ! qualities ( _! he>t1 !y are %y 9 comm5d+ ! end[m5ts ( _! head3 because ! latt] virtues1 be+ suppos$ m r>e & extraord9>y1 are obs]v$ to be ! m usual objects ( pride & self-conceit2 & :5 boa/$ (1 beget a /rong suspicion ( ^! s5tim5ts4 ,x is h>d to tell1 :e!r y hurt a man's "* mo/ by call+ him a knave or a c[>d1 & :e!r a bea/ly glutton or drunk>d be n z odi\s & contemptible1 z a selfi%1 ung5]\s mis]4 ,give me my *oice1 & ,i w\ld r1 = my own happ9ess & self-enjoym5t1 h a fri5dly1 humane he>t1 ?an possess all ! o!r virtues ( ,demo/h5es & ,philip unit$3 b ,i w\ld r pass ) ! _w = "o end[$ ) ext5sive g5ius & intrepid c\rage1 & %\ld !nce expect /rong] in/ances ( g5]al applause & admiration4 ,! figure :i* a man makes 9 life1 ! reception :i* he meets ) 9 company1 ! e/eem paid him by 8 acqua9tance2 all ^! advantages dep5d z mu* ^u 8 good s5se & judgem5t1 z ^u any o!r "p ( 8 "*4 ,_h a man ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w1 & 7 ! f>!/ remov$ f all inju/ice & viol5ce1 he w\ld nev] be able to make himself be mu* reg>d$1 )\t a mod]ate %>e1 at lea/1 ( p>ts & und]/&+4 ,:at is x !n we c "h dispute ab\t8 ,if s5se & c\rage1 temp]ance & indu/ry1 wisdom & k confess$ly =m a consid]able "p ( ,,p]sonal ,,m]it3 if a man1 possess$ ( ^! qualities1 is bo? bett] satisfi$ ) himself1 & bett] entitl$ to ! good-w1 e/eem1 & s]vices ( o!rs1 ?an "o entirely de/itute ( !m2 if1 9 %ort1 ! ,,s5tim5ts are simil> :i* arise f ^! end[m5ts & f ! social virtues2 is !re any reason = be+ s extremely scrupul\s ab\t a ,,^w1 or disput+ :e!r !y be entitl$ to ! d5om9ation ( virtues8 ,x may1 inde$1 be pret5d$1 t ! s5tim5t ( approbation1 :i* ^? accompli%m5ts produce1 besides its be+ ,,inf]ior1 is also some:at ,,diff]5t f t :i* att5ds ! virtues ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,b ?is seems n a suffici5t reason = rank+ !m entirely "u diff]5t classes & appellations4 ,! "* ( ,caes> & t ( ,cato1 z drawn by ,sallu/1 are bo? ( !m virtu\s1 9 ! /ricte/ & mo/ limit$ s5se ( ! ^w2 b 9 a diff]5t way3 nor are ! s5tim5ts entirely ! same :i* arise f !m4 ,! "o produces love1 ! o!r e/eem3 ! "o is amiable1 ! o!r awful3 we %\ld wi% to meet ! "o "* 9 a fri5d2 ! o!r we %\ld be ambiti\s ( 9 ourselves4 ,9 l mann] ! approbation1 :i* att5ds temp]ance or indu/ry or frugality1 may be some:at diff]5t f t :i* is paid to ! social virtues1 )\t mak+ !m entirely ( a diff]5t species4 ,&1 inde$1 we may obs]ve1 t ^! end[m5ts1 m ?an ! o!r virtues1 produce n1 all ( !m1 ! same k9d ( approbation4 ,good s5se & g5ius beget e/eem & reg>d3 wit & hum\r excite love & affection4 ,footnote3 ,love & e/eem are ne>ly ! same passion1 & arise f simil> causes4 ,! qualities1 :i* produce bo?1 are su* z communicate pleasures4 ,b :]e ?is pleasure is sev]e & s]i\s2 or :]e its object is great1 & makes a /rong impression1 or :]e x produces any degree ( humility & awe2 9 all ^! cases1 ! passion1 :i* arises f ! pleasure1 is m prop]ly d5om9at$ e/eem ?an love4 ,b5evol5ce att5ds bo?2 b is connect$ ) love 9 a m em95t degree4 ,!re seems to be /ill a /rong] mixture ( pride 9 contempt ?an ( humility 9 e/eem2 & ! reason w\ld n be difficulty to "o1 :o /udi$ accurately ! passions4 ,all ^! v>i\s mixtures & compositions & appe>ances ( s5tim5t f a v curi\s subject ( speculation1 b are wide = our pres5t purpose4 ,?r\gh\t ?is enquiry1 we always consid] 9 g5]al1 :at qualities are a subject ( praise or ( c5sure1 )\t ent]+ into all ! m9ute diff]5ces ( s5tim5t1 :i* !y excite4 ,x is evid5t1 t :atev] is contemn$1 is also dislik$1 z well z :at is hat$2 & we "h endeav\r to take objects1 accord+ to _! mo/ simple views & appe>ances4 ,^! sci5ces are b too apt to appe> ab/ract to common read]s1 ev5 ) all ! precautions :i* we c take to cle> !m f sup]flu\s speculations1 & br+ !m d[n to e capacity4 ,mo/ p1 ,i believe1 w naturally1 )\t prem$itation1 ass5t to ! def9ition ( ! elegant & judici\s poet3 ,virtue 7= m]e good-nature is a fool7 ,is s5se & _s ) humanity4 ,footnote3 ,! ,art ( pres]v+ ,heal?4 ,book #d ,:at pret5sions has a man to our g5]\s assi/ance or good (fices1 :o has dissipat$ 8 weal? 9 pr(use exp5ses1 idle vanities1 *im]ical projects1 dissolute pleasures or extravagant gam+8 ,^! vices 7= we scruple n to call !m su*7 br+ mis]y unpiti$1 & contempt on e "o addict$ to !m4 ,a*aeus1 a wise & prud5t pr9ce1 fell into a fatal sn>e1 :i* co/ him 8 cr[n & life1 aft] hav+ us$ e reasonable precaution to gu>d himself aga9/ x4 ,on t acc\nt1 says ! hi/orian1 he is a j object ( reg>d & compassion3 8 betray]s alone ( hatr$ & contempt ,footnote3 ,polybius1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #b4 ,! precipitate flight & improvid5t neglig5ce ( ,pompey1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! civil w>s1 appe>$ su* notori\s blund]s to ,cic]o1 z q pall$ 8 fri5d%ip t[>ds t great man4 ,9 ! same mann]1 says he1 z want ( cleanl9ess1 dec5cy1 or discretion 9 a mi/ress are f\nd to ali5ate our affections4 ,= s he expresses himself1 :]e he talks1 n 9 ! "* ( a philosoph]1 b 9 t ( a /atesman & man ( ! _w1 to 8 fri5d ,atticus4 ,lib4 ix4 epi/4 #aj4 ,b ! same ,cic]o1 9 imitation ( all ! anci5t morali/s1 :5 he reasons z a philosoph]1 enl>ges v mu* 8 ideas ( virtue1 & compreh5ds e laudable quality or end[m5t ( ! m9d1 "u t hon\rable appellation4 ,?is leads to ! ,,?ird reflection1 :i* we propos$ to make1 to wit1 t ! anci5t morali/s1 ! be/ models1 made no mat]ial di/9ction among ! diff]5t species ( m5tal end[m5ts & defects1 b treat$ all alike "u ! appellation ( virtues & vices1 & made !m indiscrim9ately ! object ( _! moral reason+s4 ,! prud5ce expla9$ 9 ,cic]o's ,(fices ,footnote3 ,lib4 i4 cap4 #f4 is t sagacity1 :i* leads to ! discov]y ( tru?1 & pres]ves u f error & mi/ake4 ,,magnanimity1 ,,temp]ance1 ,,dec5cy1 are !re also at l>ge disc\rs$ (4 ,& z t eloqu5t morali/ foll[$ ! common receiv$ division ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 our social duties =m b "o head1 9 ! g5]al di/ribution ( 8 subject4 ,footnote3 ,! foll[+ passage ( ,cic]o is wor? quot+1 z be+ ! mo/ cle> & express to our purpose1 t any ?+ c be imag9$1 &1 9 a dispute1 :i* is *iefly v]bal1 mu/1 on acc\nt ( ! au?or1 c>ry an au?ority1 f :i* !re c be no appeal4 ',virtus autem1 quae e/ p] se ipsa laudabilis1 et s9e qua nihil laud>i pote/1 tam5 habet plures p>tes1 qu>um alia e/ alia ad laudationem aptior4 ,sunt enim aliae virtutes1 quae vid5tur 9 moribus hom9um1 et quadam comitate ac b5efic5tia positae3 aliae quae 9 +5ii aliqua facultate1 aut animi magnitud9e ac robore4 ,nam clem5tia1 ju/itia1 b5ignitas1 fides1 =titudo 9 p]iculis communibus1 jucunda e/ auditu 9 laudationibus4 ,omnes enim hae virtutes non tam ipsis1 qui eas 9 se hab5t1 quam g5]i hom9um fructuosae putantur4 ,sapi5tia et magnitude animi1 qua omnes res humanae t5ues et pro nihilo putantur1 et 9 cogit&o vis qua$am +5ii1 et ipsa eloqu5tia admirationis habet non m9us1 jucunditatis m9us4 ,ipsos enim magis vid5tur1 quos laudamus1 quam illos1 apud quos laudamus orn>e ac tu]i3 s$ tam5 9 laud5da jung5da sunt eliam haec g5]a virtutum4 ,f]unt enim aures bom9um1 cum ilia quae jucunda et grata1 tum etiam ilia1 quae mirabilia sunt 9 virtute1 laud>i4' ,de orat4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #hd4 ,i suppose1 if ,cic]o 7 n[ alive1 x w\ld be f\nd difficult to fett] 8 moral s5tim5ts by n>r[ sy/ems2 or p]suade him1 t no qualities 7 to be admitt$ z virtues1 or ackn[l$g$ to be a "p ( ,,p]sonal ,,m]it1 b :at 7 recomm5d$ by ,! ,:ole ,duty ( ,man4 ,we ne$ only p]use ! titles ( *apt]s 9 ,ari/otle's ,e?ics to be conv9c$ t he ranks c\rage1 temp]ance1 magnific5ce1 magnanimity1 mode/y1 prud5ce1 & a manly op5ness1 among ! virtues1 z well z ju/ice & fri5d%ip4 ,to ,,su/a9 & to ,,ab/a91 t is1 to be pati5t & cont95t1 appe>$ to "s ( ! anci5ts a summ>y compreh5sion ( all morals4 ,epictetus has sc>cely ev] m5tion$ ! s5tim5t ( humanity & compassion1 b 9 ord] to put 8 disciples on _! gu>d aga9/ x4 ,! virtue ( ! ,/oics seems to consi/ *iefly 9 a firm temp] & a s\nd und]/&+4 ,) !m1 z ) ,solomon & ! ea/]n morali/s1 folly & wisdom are equival5t to vice & virtue4 ,m5 w praise !e1 says ,david1 ,footnote3 ,psalm #di?4 :5 ?\ do/ well unto ?yself4 ,i hate a wise man1 says ! ,greek poet1 :o is n wise to himself ,footnote3 ,"h1 ,hume quotes ,eurip$es 9 ,greek4 ,plut>* is no m cramp$ by sy/ems 9 8 philosophy ?an 9 8 hi/ory4 ,:]e he comp>es ! great m5 ( ,greece & ,rome1 he fairly sets 9 opposition all _! blemi%es & accompli%m5ts ( :atev] k9d1 & omits no?+ consid]able1 :i* c ei!r depress or exalt _! *>act]s4 ,8 moral disc\rses conta9 ! same free & natural c5sure ( m5 & mann]s4 ,! "* ( ,hannibal1 z drawn by ,livy1 ,footnote3 ,lib4 xxi4 cap4 #d is e/eem$ p>tial1 b all[s him _m em95t virtues4 ,nev] 0 !re a g5ius1 says ! hi/orian1 m equally fitt$ = ^? opposite (fices ( comm&+ & obey+2 & x 71 !re=e1 difficult to det]m9e :e!r he r5d]$ himself ,,de>] to ! g5]al or to ! army4 ,to none w\ld ,hasdrubal entru/ m will+ly ! conduct ( any dang]\s ent]prize2 "u none did ! soldi]s discov] m c\rage & confid5ce4 ,great boldness 9 fac+ dang]2 great prud5ce 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,no lab\r c\ld fatigue 8 body or subdue 8 m9d4 ,cold & heat 7 indiff]5t to him3 meat & dr9k he s\ght z supplies to ! necessities ( nature1 n z gratifications ( 8 voluptu\s appetites4 ,wak+ or re/ he us$ indiscrim9ately1 by night or by day4--,^! great ,virtues 7 balanc$ by great ,vices2 inhuman cruelty2 p]fidy m ?an punic2 no tru?1 no fai?1 no reg>d to oa?s1 promises1 or religion4 ,! "* ( ,alex&] ! ,six?1 to be f\nd 9 ,guicci>d91 ,footnote3 ,lib4 i4 is pretty simil>1 b ju/]2 & is a pro( t ev5 ! mod]ns1 :]e !y speak naturally1 hold ! same language ) ! anci5ts4 ,9 ?is pope1 says he1 !re 0 a s+ul> capacity & judgem5t3 admirable prud5ce2 a wond]ful tal5t ( p]suasion2 & 9 all mom5t\s ent]prizes a dilig5ce & dext]ity incr$ible4 ,b ^! ,,virtues 7 inf9itely ov]balanc$ by 8 ,,vices2 no fai?1 no religion1 insatiable av>ice1 exorbitant ambition1 & a m ?an b>b>\s cruelty4 ,polybius1 ,footnote3 ,lib4 xii4 repreh5d+ ,timaeus = 8 p>tiality aga9/ ,aga?ocles1 :om he himself all[s to be ! mo/ cruel & impi\s ( all tyrants1 says3 if he took refuge 9 ,syracuse1 z ass]t$ by t hi/orian1 fly+ ! dirt & smoke & toil ( 8 =m] pr(ession ( a pott]2 & if proce$+ f su* sl5d] beg9n+s1 he became ma/]1 9 a little "t1 ( all ,sicily2 br\ght ! ,c>?ag9ian /ate into ! utmo/ dang]2 & at la/ di$ 9 old age1 & 9 possession ( sov]eign dignity3 mu/ he n be all[$ some?+ prodigi\s & extraord9>y1 & to h possess$ great tal5ts & capacity = bus9ess & action8 ,8 hi/orian1 !re=e1 ought n to h alone relat$ :at t5d$ to 8 reproa* & infamy2 b also :at might r$\nd to 8 ,praise & ,hon\r4 ,9 g5]al1 we may obs]ve1 t ! di/9ction ( volunt>y or involunt>y 0 little reg>d$ by ! anci5ts 9 _! moral reason+s2 :]e !y frequ5tly treat$ ! "q z v d\btful1 ,,:e!r ,,virtue ,,c\ld ,,be ,,taught ,,or ,,n ,vid4 ,plato 9 ,m5one1 ,s5eca de otio sap4 cap4 #ca4 ,s also ,horace1 ,virtutem doctr9a p>et1 naturane donet1 ,epi/4 lib4 ,i4 ep4 #ah4 ,aes*9es ,socraticus1 ,dial4 ,i48 ,!y ju/ly consid]$ t c[>dice1 meanness1 levity1 anxiety1 impati5ce1 folly1 & _m o!r qualities ( ! m9d1 might appe> ridicul\s & de=m$1 contemptible & odi\s1 ?\gh indep5d5t ( ! w4 ,nor c\ld x be suppos$1 at all times1 9 e man's p[] to atta9 e k9d ( m5tal m ?an ( ext]ior beauty4 ,& "h !re occurs ! ,,f\r? reflection :i* ,i purpos$ to make1 9 sugge/+ ! reason :y mod]n philosoph]s h (t5 foll[$ a c\rse 9 _! moral enquiries s diff]5t f t ( ! anci5ts4 ,9 lat] times1 philosophy ( all k9ds1 especially e?ics1 h be5 m closely unit$ ) !ology ?an ev] !y 7 obs]v$ to be among ! hea!ns2 & z ?is latt] sci5ce admits ( no t]ms ( composition1 b b5ds e bran* ( k to its own purpose1 )\t mu* reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( nature1 or to ! unbiass$ s5tim5ts ( ! m9d1 h5ce reason+1 & ev5 language1 h be5 w>p$ f _! natural c\rse1 & di/9ctions h be5 endeav\r$ to be e/abli%$ :]e ! diff]5ce ( ! objects 01 9 a mann]1 imp]ceptible4 ,philosoph]s1 or r div9es "u t disguise1 treat+ all morals z on a l foot+ ) civil laws1 gu>d$ by ! sanctions ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 7 necess>ily l$ to r5d] ?is circum/ance1 ( ,,volunt>y or ,,involunt>y1 ! f\ndation ( _! :ole !ory4 ,e "o may employ ,,t]ms 9 :at s5se he pleases3 b ?is1 9 ! mean "t1 mu/ be all[$1 t ,,s5tim5ts are e day exp]i5c$ ( blame & praise1 :i* h objects beyond ! dom9ion ( ! w or *oice1 & ( :i* x behoves u1 if n z morali/s1 z speculative philosoph]s at lea/1 to give "s satisfactory !ory & explication4 ,a blemi%1 a fault1 a vice1 a crime2 ^! expressions seem to d5ote diff]5t degrees ( c5sure & disapprobation2 :i* are1 h[ev]1 all ( !m1 at ! bottom1 pretty ne>ly all ! same k9d ( species4 ,! explication ( "o w easily lead u into a j conception ( ! o!rs2 & x is ( great] consequ5ce to att5d to ?+s ?an to v]bal appellations4 ,t we owe a duty to ourselves is confess$ ev5 9 ! mo/ vulg> sy/em ( morals2 & x mu/ be ( consequ5ce to exam9e t duty1 9 ord] to see :e!r x be>s any aff9ity to t :i* we owe to society4 ,x is probable t ! approbation att5d+ ! obs]vance ( bo? is ( a simil> nature1 & arises f simil> pr9ciples1 :atev] appellation we may give to ei!r ( ^! excell5cies4